cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caffeine promotes ethanol drinking in rats Examination using a limited-access free choice paradigm

There is growing evidence that caffeine may alter the pattern of intake of a variety of drugs. The present study was designed to assess the effect of caffeine pretreatment on voluntary ethanol consumption. The first experiment examined the effect of caffeine on the acquisition of ethanol intake in a limited-access-choice procedure in which water and ethanol were presented concurrently. Male Wistar rats, exposed to food and water ad lib, were presented with a daily 1-h choice session between water and progressively increasing concentrations of ethanol (2-10%). Each ethanol concentration was made available for 4-6 days for a total of 20 days of access to ethanol. Intraperitoneal injections of caffeine (5 or 10 mg/kg) or saline were administered to the rats 30 min prior to each choice session. Caffeine produced a dose-related facilitation in ethanol drinking whereby the lower caffeine dose produced enhancement in ethanol drinking. The second experiment examined the effect of caffeine on the maintenance of established ethanol consumption. Male Wistar rats, initially acclimatized to increasing concentrations of ethanol (2%-10), were presented with an additional 18 ethanol (10%) presentations, comprised of a 6-day baseline period followed by 6 days of treatment where animals were given one of three doses of caffeine (2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg) or saline prior to ethanol presentation. A final 6-day post-treatment period followed treatment. These results revealed an inverted-U effect of caffeine dose on ethanol ingestion where the low and high caffeine doses produced no effect but the moderate dose of 5 mg/kg enhanced ethanol drinking that persisted throughout the post-treatment period. A third experiment revealed that caffeine did not alter levels of blood ethanol within the time period used for the ethanol drinking session.
Aspects of the Police Procedural

The subject of this book is the complex role which crime fiction, particularly the police procedural, plays in mass culture. Superficially, the offer of potential criminality and transgression of the law provides readers with a fantasy freedom of action which is generally unavailable in advanced capitalist societies. Ernest Mandel notes that the fact that crime stories in general maintain their popularity among bourgeois readers is proof of the “partial, contradictory, and self-negating nature of that civilization.” Because bourgeois civilization is characterized by various forms of discipline such as the pressure of market forces, the “despotism of the nuclear family, authoritarian schools, and repressive sexual education,” it remains civilized through “fear of punishment.” At the same time, however, this civilization is marked by violence at its margins: against the Third World, the poor, foreigners, women, workers, and those who generally fail to conform. For these reasons, the crime novel responds to the “sublimation of violent drives [that] take the frustrated form of harking back to vicarious violence” (69). Mandel goes on to claim that such fiction, as a general category, is simply a means of escape “from the monotony of daily life into vicariously enjoyed adventures” which counterbalance the numbing security of daily existence (71).
Emergent Dirac fermions and broken symmetries in confined and deconfined phases of Z2 gauge theories

Lattice gauge theories are notoriously hard to analyse at finite fermion density, due to the so-called fermion sign problem. A study now shows this can be circumvented for the case of Ising gauge theories.
Exploring the intersection of active learning and stochastic convex optimization

First order stochastic convex optimization is an extremely well-studied area with a rich history of over a century of optimization research. Active learning is a relatively newer discipline that grew independently of the former, gaining popularity in the learning community over the last few decades due to its promising improvements over passive learning. Over the last year, we have uncovered concrete theoretical and algorithmic connections between these two fields, due to their inherently sequential nature and decision-making based on feedback of earlier choices, that have yielded new methods and proofs techniques in both fields. In this note, we lay down the foundations of these connections and summarize our recent advances.
Errors as Multistable Response Options

Five simulations mimicked benchmark phenomena of intact and dyslexic word naming. Initially, an iterative map was tuned to simulate the frequency × consistency interaction in skilled naming. Subsequently, two model parameters were changed, in turn, to produce the regularization error of surface dyslexia (PINT pronounced to rhyme with /mint/), “absent” pseudoword (BINT) naming of phonological dyslexia (words are named correctly; pseudowords are not), the semantic error of deep dyslexia (BUSH named as /tree/), and a dissociation in picture naming of spoken versus written responses (the spoken response to a picture of a bush is /tree/, but the written response is BUSH). All errors, except “absent” pseudoword naming, were simulated as transcritical bifurcations.
The Dark Side

This chapter argues that if administration continues to be perceived as always already co-opted by neoliberal concerns, then it will be increasingly difficult to recruit progressive and activist individuals to administrative positions, that is, individuals who will administrate with their eyes wide open to the negative effects of managerialism and are committed to pulling academe out of the neoliberal abyss. Without the support and solidarity of activist administrators who work in consort with faculty to overcome neoliberalism’s destructive academic legacies, there is little hope that education’s future will be any different than its recent past.
Driving CT developments the last mile: case examples of successful and somewhat less successful translations into clinical practice

CT technology has advanced rapidly in recent years, yet not all innovations translate readily into clinical practice. Technology advances must meet certain key requirements to make it into routine use: They must provide a well-defined clinical benefit. They must be easy to use and integrate readily into existing workflows, or better still, further streamline these workflows. These requirements heavily favor fully integrated or automated solutions that remove the human factor and provide a reproducible output independent of operator skill level. Further, to achieve these aims, collaboration with the ultimate end users is needed as early as possible in the development cycle, not just at the point of product testing. Technology innovators are encouraged to engage such collaborators even at early stages of feature or product definition. This manuscript highlights these concepts through exploration of challenging areas in CT imaging in an Emergency Department setting. Technique optimization for pulmonary embolus CT is described as an example of successful integration of multiple advances in radiation dose reduction and imaging speed. The typical workflow of a trauma “pan-scan” (incorporating scans from head through pelvis) is described to highlight workflow challenges and opportunities for improvement. Finally, Dual Energy CT is discussed to highlight the undeniable clinical value of the material characterization it provides, yet also its surprisingly slow integration into routine use beyond early adopters.
The Learning Science Foundation for Project Based Learning

Our paper summarizes the principles of Ambrose's "How Learning Works" and describes how the best practices of project based learning instantiate the emerging scholarship of educational and cognitive psychology. Ambrose's principles suggest criteria by which we might identify best practices in contextual and project based learning. We're seeking to shift the arguments for contextual and project based learning from appeals to intuition to a sound foundation built from the teaching and learning sciences. We intend an active session exploring the application of these principles to the CDIO community's observations regarding what works in project based learning.
Presumed intimacy: Para-social relationships in media, society & celebrity culture by Chris Rojek

Defining one’s terms is both a responsibility and an opportunity for the author of a theoretical work, and Chris Rojek effectively establishes a useful terminology in Presumed Intimacy. With expert...
Co-creating an alternative: the moral economy of participating in farmers’ markets

Growing dissatisfaction with the globalised food system, articulated on the behalf of both producers and consumers, has caused a variety of public debates surrounding the ethics of food production ...
Novel Method for The Generation of the Gaussian Density and Distribution Functions

Novel method for the generation of the Gaussian density and distribution functionsA method is presented for generating the Gaussian density and distribution functions. These functions are generated...
Patient and surgeon factors explain variation in the frequency of frontal sinus surgery.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Ethmoidectomy may be sufficient to address frontal sinus disease, but some surgeons may perform frontal recess dissection initially. Our objectives were to describe patient-associated factors with frequency of frontal sinus surgery and analyze the association with provider volume. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort analysis. METHODS The 2013 State Ambulatory Surgery Databases of New Jersey, Florida, and Kentucky were queried to identify adults who underwent anterior ethmoidectomy or total ethmoidectomy using standard Current Procedural Terminology codes. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the odds of undergoing concurrent frontal sinus exploration along with ethmoidectomy, adjusting for age, gender, race, insurance type, median income, and the metropolitan designation by zip code. We also examined provider and center volume, use of image guidance, and total charges. RESULTS There were 10,564 ethmoidectomies, of which 4,726 had concurrent frontal sinus surgery. Women were less likely to have frontal sinus surgery (P = .0011), as were patients with Medicare (P = .007). Hispanics were more likely to have frontal sinus surgery (P = .0003). Surgeons with higher surgical volumes were more likely to perform frontal sinus surgery; it was also more likely to be performed in centers where more sinus procedures occurred (P < .0001, both). CONCLUSIONS Variation in the utilization of frontal sinus surgery is associated with patient sex, ethnicity, insurance status, geography, as well as provider and hospital volumes. These data support the idea that nonclinical factors may influence the treatment of frontal sinus disease. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. Laryngoscope, 128:2008-2014, 2018.
19 – Social Regulation of Reproduction: What Changes and Why?

Social status influences reproduction and must do so via the hypothalamic–pituitary–gondal axis in which gonadotropin-releasing hormone is used by the brain to signal the pituitary about reproductive state. In the social fish, Astatotilapia (Haplochromis) burtoni, dominance status is tightly coupled to fertility. This link has been exploited to understand the regulatory systems from circulating hormones to gene expression that are influenced by social dominance. Ascending or descending in status produces numerous changes in the physiology of A. burtoni at every level of organization. But how do animals perceive and use social information to modify their reproductive system and where is this information processed in the brain? This chapter describes our current understanding of how social information sculpts the brain.
Ecotourism Education and Development in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan has an abundance of natural and cultural resources that offer ample opportunities to further develop, package, and promote tourism, especially niche-based segments such as ecotourism, cultural tourism, and adventure tourism. The government’s goal is to increase the number of international and domestic visitors; however, a major effort will need to be undertaken in developing a qualified, trained, and skilled labor force. Based on the need to develop skill sets, especially in ecotourism, this article documents 4 objectives along with the process and outcomes associated with a curriculum development and capacity building project. This article outlines the execution of the stated objectives based on field visits, collaborative engagement, development of courses, and training programs.
Kir2.1 & Nav1.5 in Sickness and in Health: Who Needs a Chaperone When They Have an Alpha Partner?

The ventricular action potential is sculpted by the orchestrated activity of multiple depolarizing and repolarizing ion currents, exchangers, and pumps. Owing to the time and voltage dependency of these ion transport mechanisms, even a subtle change in one will influence the activity of the others. This, in turn, will profoundly impact the electrophysiological properties of the myocyte and the heart as a whole. Indeed, altered ion channel activity in response to pharmacological agents, acquired diseases, or congenital disorders is a major cause of malignant ventricular arrhythmias leading to sudden cardiac death.1 Article, see p 1501 Chief among the many cardiac ion currents that generate the action potential are the inward rectifier K current ( I K1) and the voltage-gated fast inward Na current ( I Na), along with their pore-forming α subunits, Kir2.1 and Nav1.5.2 The relative importance of these 2 channels is underscored by the tight control that they exert on myocyte excitability. Whereas I K1 establishes the resting membrane potential, I Na is responsible for generating the action potential upstroke (or phase 0). Because the driving force for I Na is fueled by the difference in voltage between the resting membrane potential and the reversal potential for Na, I K1 exerts primary control over myocyte excitability and secondary control over action potential formation and propagation. The relevance of the functional interplay between I K1 and I Na extends beyond the regulation of normal excitability because it plays a particularly important role in pathophysiological situations, such as hyperkalemia and ischemia. In both settings, membrane depolarization reduces I Na and promotes its partial inactivation. In addition to the indirect …
The Real Gold Standard: Measuring Counterfactual Worlds That Matter Most to Social Science and Policy

The randomized experiment has achieved the status of the gold standard for estimating causal effects in criminology and the other social sciences. Although causal identification is indeed important...
Neighborhood Diversity and the Rise of Artist Hotspots: Exploring the Creative Class Thesis Through a Neighborhood Change Lens

The diversity of the U.S. urban population has increased dramatically in recent decades, yet the processes through which population diversity may be driving neighborhood change remain insufficientl...
Pediatric Injuries Treated at a Level 1 Trauma Center After an F5 Tornado.

BACKGROUND On May 22, 2011, an F5 tornado ripped through the city of Joplin, Mo, resulting in over 150 fatalities and over 750 injuries. Pediatric trauma centers in the region needed to be prepared to receive patients. Little data exist on the types of patients who are received at pediatric trauma centers after disasters such as tornados. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to describe the patients received at the nearest level 1 pediatric trauma center after the tornado. METHODS Cases were identified through the trauma registry. Data regarding patient demographics, past medical history, characteristics of injury, treatment received, and outcomes were obtained retrospectively from medical records. RESULTS A total of 10 patients were received at the pediatric trauma center. Traumatic brain injury was the most common diagnosis followed by orthopedic and maxillofacial injuries. Seven patients required surgical procedures in the operating room, but only 1 patient required surgery within the first 24 hours of arrival. Eight patients were intubated and were in the pediatric intensive care unit. The average length of stay in the hospital was 19.4 days with a range of 14 hours to 94 days. CONCLUSIONS Immediately after a significant tornado in the referral region, pediatric trauma centers need to prepare to receive patients. Head injuries will likely be common, and pediatric trauma centers will likely receive multiple intubated patients. Knowledge of injuries received and resources needed can better prepare these trauma centers for future devastating tornadoes.
Building and Regenerating the Lung Cell by Cell

The unique architecture of the mammalian lung is required for adaptation to air breathing at birth and thereafter. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling its morphogenesis ...
A Typology of Consumer Responses to Cause-Related Marketing: From Skeptics to Socially Concerned:

Although cause-related marketing has become increasingly popular, academic researchers have only begun to examine how consumers respond to it. In this study, the authors explore in depth how consum...
Peripheral Downbeat Positional Nystagmus: Apogeotropic Posterior Canal or Anterior Canal BPPV.

Background and Purpose:Downbeat nystagmus (DBN) during the Dix-Hallpike test (DHT) suggests excitation of the anterior canal (AC) or inhibition of the posterior canal (PC) underlying benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). This case series describes 2 individuals presenting with DBN in position
MAGE-3 peptide amphiphile micelle vaccine promote anti-tumor immunity in mice with stomach cancer

Abstract Nanoparticles as a vaccine carrier can protect antigen from enzymatic hydrolysis, enhance immunogenicity, is a kind of great potential for development of new vaccine carriers. In this study, a nanometer vaccine loaded with CD4+ & CD8+ T cell epitope MAGE-3 polypeptide antigen was prepared to investigate its related properties and anti-tumor immunity. Methods: the use of self-assembly technology to prepare polypeptide / Chit2DC (chitosan - deoxycholate) drug micelles, transmission electron microscopic morphology, fluorescence spectrophotometry to calculate the loading rate, drug loading, and drug release rule. Flow cytometric detection of DC (dendritic cells) on the phagocytic rate of the drug, enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot test (ELISPOT) and cytotoxicity assay MAGE-3 polypeptide nanometer vaccine activation status of the body’s cellular immune response. In vivo tumor suppressor effect was observed in animals. Results: the peptides /Chit2DC micelles were prepared successfully. the drug encapsulation efficiency was about 37% and the drug loading was 17%. Drug-loaded nanoparticles polypeptide at pH 7.14 of the "cancer" ELISPOT and cytotoxicity experiments show that MAGE-3 polypeptide nanometer vaccine can activate the immune response in vivo to produce CTL against MAGE-3, specifically killing tumor cells expressing MAGE-3. In vivo tumor inhibition experiments showed that the relative tumor inhibition rate of polypeptide nanoparticles group was 37.181%.
(E)-1-(PHENYLSULFONYL)-4-(TRIMETHYLSILYL)-1-BUTENE : AN ADVANTAGEOUS SYNTHETIC EQUIVALENT FOR THE 1-(1,3-BUTADIENYL) ANION AND THE 1,1-(1,3-BUTADIENYL ) DIANION

The (E)-1-(arylsulfonyl)-4-(trimethylsilyl)-1-butenes 9, 25, and 26 are prepared by CuCl2-promoted and by photolytic additions of their precursor 1-arylsulfonyl chlorides and bromides to 4-(trimethylsilyl)-1-butene (14) and then dehydrohalogenation of the resulting 1-(arylsulfonyl)-2-halo-4-(trimethylsilyl)butanes 15a, 15b, 23a, and 23b with KOH, LDA, or n-BuLi. Silylbutene 14 is obtained from reaction of [(trimethylsilyl)methyl]magnesium chloride (16, X = Cl) and allyl bromide (17) and better by protiodesilylations of (E)- and (Z)-1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2-butenes (20) with sulfuric or trifluoroacetic acids. (Arylsulfonyl)(trimethylsilyl)-1-butenes 9, 25, and 26 are converted efficiently by LDA or n-BuLi at −78 °C to 1-(arylsulfonyl)-1-lithio-4-(trimethylsilyl)-1-butenes 10, 27a, and 27b, respectively. Reactions of 27a and 27b with deuterium oxide yield (E)-1-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)-1-deuterio-4-(trimethylsilyl)-1-butene (28a, 83%) and (E)-1-deuterio-1-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-4-(trimethylsilyl)-1-buten...
P26 Food-Related Decision Patterns Among SNAP Participants in Mississippi

Background While food assistance programs in the US have collectively shifted from a primary focus on food provision to include an emphasis on diet quality, insight from program participants may shed light on ways to improve nutritional impacts. Objective The objective of the current study was to qualitatively explore food-related decision patterns among SNAP recipients in Mississippi. Study Design, Settings, Participants Focus groups (n = 18) were conducted with 127 low-income female caregivers of children under the age of 18. The Health Belief Model was used as a guide to assess food-related decision patterns. Cluster sampling was used to randomly recruit participants from the four regional divisions of Mississippi State University Extension for participation in the study. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Audio recorded focus groups were transcribed verbatim and coded by two independent researchers using thematic analysis. Results Drivers of food selection among participants often overlapped with barriers to healthy eating. Participants used many strategies to manage food costs and viewed healthy foods as out of reach and quick to perish. Cost, taste preferences, habits, and lifestyle/family factors were primary drivers of food selection and preparation; each of these areas presented barriers to healthy eating. Health issues were most often shared as a driver of food selection once disease was established. Participants reported a variety of strategies used in striving for healthier eating. Conclusion SNAP participants in Mississippi report a variety of strategies for managing food costs and striving for healthier eating, while also reporting barriers. Focusing on ways to manage costs of healthy foods, honor taste preferences, and work within lifestyle/family contexts may enhance efforts to support healthy eating in this audience.
The Impact of Questioning Techniques on STEAM Instruction

In STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Math) instruction, inquiry and authentic problem solving connect the disciplines to encourage higher-order thinking and increase student engage...
Organizational and Nursing Issues Related to Spine Pain Care

People with back and neck pain are high utilizers of healthcare, despite having comorbidities, disability, and limited financial resources that impede access. Globally, these conditions have been ranked the most burdensome cause of disability for decades, yet real-world reduction in the prevalence, cost, and suffering attributed to spine pain has been elusive. Back and neck pain accounts for tens of millions of office visits in the USA and a million surgical procedures each year. When pain is complex and persists despite first-, second-, and third-line therapies, interprofessional collaboration can develop a thoughtfully tailored multimodal treatment plan. In this collaborative model, healthcare professionals share their different understandings, assessments, and critical thinking about pain to best serve patients. Nurses comprise the largest segment of the healthcare workforce and may be an underutilized resource to strengthen coordination of team-based care. The role and scope of practice are delineated for nurses and other healthcare professionals. The role organizations play in supporting the best possible patient-centered care, professional practices, in a financially responsible way is reviewed. Given the imperative to address pain, professionals and organizations must balance concerns for helping without hurting, advising without dictating, and doing what is best for both the individual and community served.
Could HIV-1 RNA Testing be an Option as the Second Step in the HIV Diagnostic Algorithm?

Background There is benefit to early HIV-1 diagnosis and treatment, but there is no Food and Drug Administration-approved quantitative assay with a diagnostic claim. We compared the performance of the Hologic Aptima HIV-1 Quant (APT-Quant) and Aptima HIV-1 Qual (APT-Qual) assays for diagnostic use and the performance of a diagnostic algorithm consisting of Bio-Rad BioPlex 2200 HIV Ag-Ab assay (BPC) followed by APT-Quant (2-test) compared with BPC followed by Geenius HIV-1/2 supplemental assay (Geenius) with reflex to APT-Qual (3-test). Methods Five hundred twenty-four plasma, which included 419 longitudinal specimens from HIV-1 seroconverters (78 were after initiating antiretroviral therapy [ART]) and 105 from ART-naive persons with established HIV-1 infections, were used to evaluate APT-Quant performance for diagnostic use. Specimens from 200 HIV-negative persons were used to measure specificity. For the algorithm comparison, BPC-reactive specimens were evaluated with the 2-test or 3-test algorithm. McNemar's test was used to compare performance. Results The APT-Quant detected more samples early in infection compared with APT-Qual. The APT-Quant specificity was 99.8%. Before ART initiation, the algorithms performed similarly among samples from different stages of infection. After ART initiation, the 3-test algorithm performed significantly better (P = 0.0233). Conclusions The APT-Quant has excellent performance for diagnostic use. The 2-test algorithm works well in ART-naive samples, but its performance decreases after the IgG response is elicited and with ART-induced suppressed viremia. Providing confirmation and viral load assay with 1 test result could be advantageous for patient care. However, additional factors and challenges associated with the implementation of this 2-test algorithm, such as cost, specimen type, and collection need further evaluation.
ADEA Faculty Diversity Toolkit: A Comprehensive Approach to Improving Diversity and Inclusion in Dental Education

Population demographic shifts in the United States and Canada have led to an increasingly diverse postsecondary student population. However, the largely homogenous dental faculty in the United States and Canada does not reflect the rapidly changing student body and the diverse patient population academic dentistry has been called to serve. Therefore, recruitment and retention of diverse dental faculty in dental education must be a priority. Substantial evidence also indicates improved outcomes for faculty, students, and institutions when faculty diversity on campus is increased. Beyond the positive impact faculty diversity can deliver to the learning and working environments of an academic institution, a variety of regulatory bodies mandate good faith efforts to maintain a diverse faculty, including the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) standards for dental schools and dental therapy education programs. To assist its member institutions with answering the call for improved faculty diversity, the American Dental Education Association (ADEA) worked with its members to develop the ADEA Faculty Diversity Toolkit (ADEA FDT), a landmark evidence-based resource designed to assist dental education with the design and implementation of faculty recruitment and retention initiatives that can be tailored to their unique needs. This article provides an overview of the changing landscape of the United States and Canadian populations, shares the historic homogeneity of dental education faculty, provides an overview of some of the benefits associated with faculty diversity and highlights the challenges and barriers related to recruiting and retaining diverse faculty. Most importantly, it introduces the ADEA FDT and the need for dental schools and allied dental programs to use the Toolkit as a proactive resource in increasing and maintaining faculty diversity. Furthermore, it provides an overview of how to utilize and adapt the highlighted best practices and model programs to improve faculty diversity on their campuses.
“Just Birth”: Childbirth Advocacy and the Rhetoric of Feminist Health Justice

I examine writing produced in an online community of childbirth advocacy during a 2010 National Institutes of Health Conference convened to develop a consensus resolution on best practices regardin...
Inhibition of miR-21 Regulates Mutant KRAS Effector Pathways and Intercepts Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Development

Almost all pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDA) develop following KRAS activation, which triggers epithelial transformation and recruitment of desmoplastic stroma through additional transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, but only a few of these regulatory mechanisms have been described. We profiled dysregulated miRNAs starting with the earliest premalignant pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanIN) in genetically engineered mutated KRAS and P53 (KPC) mice programmed to recapitulate human PDA tumorigenesis. We identified miR-21 and miR-224 as cell-specific and compartment-specific regulators in PanINs and PDA. miR-21 is overexpressed in tumor epithelial cells of premalignant ducts, while miR-224 is overexpressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts in PDA stroma. Inhibition of miR-21 reverted protumorigenic functionalities to baseline levels. Overexpression of miR-224 induced activated phenotypes in normal fibroblasts. In vivo miR-21 inhibition improved survival in established PDA. Importantly, early systemic miR-21 inhibition completely intercepted premalignant progression. Finally, an evaluation of miR-21 expression in the PDA cohort of The Cancer Genome Atlas identified a correlation between tumor epithelial cell content and miR-21 expression in human tumors providing further rationale for conducting human studies. Thus, miR-21 may be useful for early PanIN detection, and for intercepting developing premalignant pancreatic lesions and other KRAS-driven premalignancies.
Abstract 100: HIV Protein Tat Induces Macrophage Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis Development in LDLR-deficient Mice

Introduction: As the average lifespan of HIV-infected patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy lengthens, morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease pose considerable challenges. HIV inf...
CPAP Therapeutic Options for Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Introduction There are many options available to patients who are placed on constant positive airway pressure (CPAP) for obstructive sleep apnea. Despite the success of CPAP in correcting apnea, a significant number of patients have difficulty with the therapy. A large number of those patients who have difficulty stop therapy and are often labeled as "CPAP Failure". Non-sleep specialists may view CPAP therapy as a singular course of treatment, but there are many ways CPAP may be ordered for a patient. Each patient experiences a unique set of options that constitute a unique order set. Methods In order to demonstrate the magnitude of the possible options, estimates of the number of unique order sets were calculated. The author chose individual order options and the number of selections possible within each option. The calculated sets included a "Generous, Limited and Minimal" number of selections for each option. Calculations were done separately for standard CPAP and for auto-adjusting CPAP. Additional calculations were performed using the number of commercially available masks in the United States. Results The maximum number of unique order sets was seen using a standard CPAP combined with commercially available masks: 49,152 unique order sets. The fewest number of unique order sets were seen with the auto-adjusting CPAP and the "Minimal" selections: 288 unique order sets. Discussion There are a large number of unique CPAP orders that a patient may experience. CPAP treatment is not a singular or simple therapy. When evaluating obstructive sleep apnea patients with histories of CPAP failure or prior difficulty with CPAP, paying close attention to the patient's treatment experiences may help explain a significant number of those patients' CPAP therapy problems.
Laboratory aspects of chlamydial infections.

Although Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens, it is not recognized to be a major cause of upper urinary tract infections (1). It is, however, appropriate to discuss this organism in the context of this symposium because it is an important genital tract pathogen and these infections may be associated with urethral signs and symptoms. The purpose of this review is to briefly discuss those clinical conditions where chlamydial infection of the urinary tract is important and to discuss the currently used diagnostic tests for correctly identifying these infections and how these tests can be used. Some of the newer tests that are appearing with the technologic revolution in diagnostic procedures will also be mentioned.
The First Class: Subjective Value and Time Preference

Civil Engineers often claim to work for the public good. Their work between two environments, the physical and the economic, has been described in the following way: “[t]he function of engineering is to create utility in the economic environment by altering elements in the physical environment.” (Thuesen and Fabrycky in Engineering economy. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 2001)
Object-Oriented Design and Programming With C++

Software engineering principles overview of C++ elementary programming in C++ elementary C++ program structure arrays and pointers structured data types in C++ advanced input and output advanced C++ program structure modelling object-oriented systems an example - a graphical database transitioning to an object-oriented system. Appendices: reserved words in C++ syntax summary of C++ review of C language the ANSI standard C++ library.
Demonstration of in-line monitoring and dynamic broadband compensation of polarization dependent loss

We demonstrate in-line monitoring and dynamic broadband compensation of polarization dependent loss (PDL) for an 800-km optical link with 2.4-dB average PDL and 14-ps average polarization mode dispersion (PMD). The 2% power penalty tail of 10-Gb/s, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) signals is reduced from 6.5 dB <2 dB within a 6-nm PDL compensation bandwidth.
New Lenses on Learning.

Patricia Cross offers an important prescription for today's campuses: get everyone focused on student learning again.
The Aspectual System of French

Aspectual viewpoint is expressed through tense in French. The inseparability of viewpoint and tense creates a close connection, formally and conceptually, between aspect and temporal location. The language has a perfective, an imperfective, and a neutral viewpoint. There is a choice of perfective and imperfective viewpoint in the past tense; the other tenses offer no choice, conveying the neutral or the perfective viewpoint. No viewpoint is dominant formally in the system, because they appear with all situation types. The perfective viewpoint departs from the Universal Grammar formulation: it is available to states, presenting them as closed.
Cardiac Safety of Noncardiac Drugs

This chapter is a set of recollections that would be difficult to document because they are based on my experience as a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulator and a pharmacologist with a special interest in cardiac repolarization. As is the common precedent, this is not related to considerations of antiarrhythmic drugs. Rather, this focus is upon drugs that have not been developed for the express purpose of modifying the behavior of cardiac ion channels, but as we all know many unexpectedly do.
Children's use of on‐package nutritional claim information

Surprisingly little is known about how children respond to marketer-provided information in retail environments and how such information might impact decisions. In this paper, we investigated children's responses to a particular type of marketer-provided information—on-package nutritional claim information. Using a 4 × 2 between-subjects experiment, we examined whether 8- to 12-year-old children are aware of this information, whether it influences their choices, and whether this influence is moderated by the type of claim and/or exposure to an in-school health curriculum. Our findings reveal that this information impacts choices in an intriguing way—it has a backlash effect, causing children to make unhealthier choices when on-package claims are present in the choice set. This negative effect is most pronounced for general claims. Further, the negative impact of on-package claims is reduced, but not eliminated, by health education. Implications for designing more effective ways to communicate nutritional information are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PLASMA HEATING BY RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON BEAMS AND APPLICATIONS TO CONTROLLED FUSION

A review is given of recent experimental results obtained by two of the NRL relativistic electron beam generators, TRITON and SOL, in the study of the interaction of relativistic electron beams and plasmas. Some of the possible implications of these results to the controlled thermonuclear fusion research effort are discussed. (MOW)
Learning-based approaches to nonlinear multisensor fusion in target tracking

We consider a network of sensors wherein the state estimates are sent from the sensors to the fusion center to generate a global state estimate. Conventionally, state estimates are linearly combined to produce the global (fused) state estimate, but the use of nonlinear fusers in multisensor fusion for target tracking has been fairly unexplored. In this work, we compare several learning-based nonlinear fusers (namely, Artificial Neural Networks, Support Vector Regression, the Nadaraya-Watson estimator, and the Nearest Neighbor Projective Fuser) in system-level simulations under two different scenarios: one where the target is a ballistic target in the coast phase, and in the other the target is performing a maneuver. Results demonstrate that several of these learning-based fusers are able to outperform linear fusion. In addition, we propose a modification to one of the nonlinear fusers to incorporate additional information that we have about the input data, which appears to result in better generalization capabilities for the Artificial Neural Network Fuser and superior performance.
Real-time self-tracking in the Internet of Things

We investigate the problem of real-time self-tracking of tagged objects in a new system with low-cost “smart” tags. These tiny and battery-less devices will play a pivotal role in the infrastructure of the Internet of Things (IoT). With capabilities of low-power computation and tag-to-tag backscattered communication, no readers will be needed for running the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system. In order to allow for low-cost tags, self-tracking has to be performed with simple algorithms while still exhibiting high accuracy. In this paper we propose a linear observation model for which Kalman filtering (KF) is the optimal method. We also consider a nonlinear model for which we apply particle filtering (PF) of reduced complexity as the tracking method. The performance and computational complexity of the different methods are compared by computer simulations.
A robust two step approach for fingerprint identification

Due to the complex distortions involved in two impressions of the same finger, fingerprint identification is still a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a two step fingerprint identification approach based on the triplets of minutiae. The features that we use to find the potential corresponding triangles include angles, triangle orientation, triangle direction, maximum side, minutiae density and ridge counts. In the first step, based on the number of corresponding triangles between the query fingerprint and the model database constructed offline, hypotheses are generated. In the second step, called verification, false corresponding triangles are eliminated by applying constraints to the transformation between two potential corresponding triangles. The experimental results on National Institute of Standards and Technology special fingerprint database 4, NIST-4, show that the proposed approach provides a reduction by a factor of 10 for the number of the hypotheses that need to be considered if linear search is used and can achieve a good performance even when a large portion of fingerprints in the database are of poor quality.
Development and applications of metal composites from pressure casting

Abstract To obtain sound products in sand casting, the molten metal is not supposed to penetrate but only fill the mould. If penetration occurs throughout the entire mold, a mixture or a composite of metal and sand grains will result instead of a simple metal casting. A technique for complete penetration, ie, metal-particle composite making, has been developed in this study by introducing two steps to the casting process. The first step is to preheat the sand mold or the particle aggregate not higher than the melting point of the prospective matrix metal and not lower than the critical preheating temperature. The latter has been found to be uniquely defined by some physical constants such as density and heat capacity of the composite component concerned. The second step is to pour the molten metal under pressure onto the particle aggregate to encourage penetration, which gives a metal-particle composite. Since any combination of metal and particle, powder, or fibre can be selected, it is expected that a new variety of materials will be developed. What have been developed thus far in the laboratory are particle distributed metals, metal-inermetallic compound composites and cast permeable metals.
Topical Hypothermic Protection of the Myocardium

Profound topical hypothermia for intraoperative protection of the heart has been employed as an alternative to selective coronary perfusion with excellent clinical results. Based upon observations that hypothermia decreases cellular metabolism and prevents cellular damage from anoxia, topical hypothermia has been employed to provide protection for anoxic intervals exceeding 60 minutes. Additional advantages of this technique include a bloodless operative field with a flaccid myocardium. A continuous infusion of saline at 4 degrees C provides a simple and effective method of creating myocardial hypothermia. While topical hypothermia has been used successfully with anoxic intervals of 120 minutes, recent evidence indicates that in patients with combined coronary disease and ventricular hypertrophy, the degree of protection is inadequate after 70 minutes. Further investigation is needed to define more completely the degree and length of protection and to identify those situations in which the protection becomes inadequate.
Arteriovenous malformation of the maxillary sinus: An unusual clinical presentation

Arteriovenous (AV) malformation is a rare vascular lesion of the jaws with a benign clinical presentation. As a result, AV malformation may be excluded from a presurgical differential diagnosis, with catastrophic results. Review of the pertinent literature showed no documentation of AV malformation in the maxillary sinus, and therefore we present the case of a 43-year-old white man with a history of blunt trauma to the paranasal region, whose differential diagnosis included a vascular lesion.
Immunoreactive T and Tn antigens in malignancy: role in carcinoma diagnosis, prognosis, and immunotherapy.

T AND Tn SPECIFICITIES were associated with carcinoma for the first time by Springer and coworkers 1,2 a quarter of a century ago; however, these specificities were well known to transfusion medicine personnel several decades earlier. About 70 years ago, HiJbener, Thomsen, and Friedenreich reported that in vitro bacterial contamination of human blood may render red blood cells (RBCs) panagglutinable by one's own and all human sera, except those of infants, without visible change in the RaGs. 3,4 Almost 2 decades later, it was shown that RBCs, after exposure to influenza viruses, become agglutinable. 5 This acquired polyagglutinability became known as the (Hiibener)ThQmsen-Friedenreich phenomenon, or the T phenomenon, and was associated with errors in blood grouping. 3-6 This phenomenon is attributable to unmasking of a cryptantigen, the Thomsen (T) antigen, named by Friedenreich to honor his teacher, O. Thomsen. Other T specificities not related to the ThomsenFriedenreich phenomenon have been described in virology, bacteriology, and immunology. The term T for Thomsen-Friedenreich specificity precedes all these other 'T ' designations by decades and therefore should not be abandoned. The term T specificity does not categorize the nature of the molecule carrying this specificity; glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipopolysaccharides all may carry the T specificity. Exposure of the T antigen is due to the enzymatic action of neuraminidase present in certain bacteria and viruses. 3,5 This enzyme, also known as the receptor destroying enzyme (RDE) or sialidase, 71~ releases terminal sialic acid and uncovers a masked
Relationship between self‐seeded and epitaxial crystallization from polymer solutions: A potentially new method for molecular weight separation and a new decoration method for alkali halides

It was established that polyethylene and polyoxymethylene crystallize epitaxially on NaCl cleavage faces over a temperature range in which the usual polymer single crystals dissolve but a crystallization memory remains due to very small quantities of self-seeding nuclei persisting in the solution. By performing this epitaxial crystallization in the presence of self-seeding nuclei, it could be established that epitaxial crystallization at these elevated temperatures involves only the very largest molecules in the distribution. Further, the self-seeding nuclei themselves could be isolated for observation, and these results were found consistent with previous predictions. By utilizing both the adhesion of these nuclei to NaCl and the selective nature of the epitaxial crystallization, the largest molecules could be extracted and reintroduced again to the same or different solutions. This opens up the possibility of a novel kind of chromatography for the separation and characterization of the highest molecular weight end of a distribution to a sensitivity which cannot be approached by other methods. The epitaxy phenomenon itself, under the circumstances involved, provides a new decoration method for the study of the surface topography of alkali halides. The origin of such as epitaxy occurring at low supercoolings and terminating at a limiting thickness raises important questions regarding long-range forces and some unsettled features in the theory of chain-folded crystal growth in polymers.
Attributions for Relatives’ Behavior and Perceived Criticism: Studies With Community Participants and Patients With Anxiety Disorders

The relationship between perceived criticism from one's relative and attributions about that relative's behavior was examined in two studies. In Study 1, 50 community couples volunteered to participate in a study of marital interaction. Participants rated their interaction-specific perceived criticism after a 10-min problem-solving interaction and their attributions for their spouses' behavior during a review of the videotaped interaction. In Study 2, 70 outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (n=41) or panic disorder with agoraphobia (n=29) completed a measure of global perceived criticism in their relationship with their spouse or other family member and on another occasion participated in a 10-min problem-solving interaction with that relative. Using interaction transcripts, coders extracted and coded attributions from patients' speech and, using the videotapes themselves, rated relatives' observable criticism. In both studies higher scores on negative attributions were related to higher perceived criticism ratings. In Study 2, negative attributions contributed to the prediction of perceived criticism above and beyond the contribution of observed criticism. These findings suggest that targeting attributions about perceived criticism may be fruitful in reducing the negative impact of perceived criticism on treatment outcome for a variety of psychiatric disorders.