cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron microscopy and hydrodynamic properties of factor XIII subunits.

Factor XIII is a transglutaminase important in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Its function is to catalyze peptide bond formation between the γ-carboxamide group of glutamines in one protein and the ϵ-amino group of lysine in another. There are two zymogenic forms of factor XIII: one is a noncovalent, intracellular dimer (A2); the other is a noncovalent, extracellular tetramer (A2B2). The catalytic function resides in the activated A chain (A2*). Purified forms of factor XIII (A2B2, A2, A2*B2, B) were prepared and analyzed by electron microscopy, gel filtration, and gradient centrifugation. Hydrodynamic constants were derived. Electron microscopy of rotary-shadowed molecules showed A2 to consist of two globular particles each about 6O9 nm in size. The A2 dimer is significantly elongated, 18 nm long and 6 nm in diameter. Sedimentation and gel filtration of the A2 dimer are consistent with this asymmetric structure. B protein is a filamentous, flexible strand with kinks, with a contour length of 30 nm and a diameter of ∼2–3 nm. The sedimentation and gel filtration behavior of the B subunit are characteristic of a highly asymmetric molecule. The observed structure of the B subunit, combined with data for its amino acid sequence, suggests a modular structure. The B subunit is a member of a family of proteins composed of tandem, repeating structures (referred to as GP-I domains); the structure seen by electron microscopy for B subunit is probably applicable to all proteins in this family. Plasma and platelet factor XIII zymogens are tetrameric and dimeric, but B protein, in the absence of A protein, appears to be monomeric. Our model for the A2B2 zymogen has the elongated A2 dimer forming the core and the two B strands wrapping around the outside.
At the Holiday Crafts Fair

is perfumed?crushed lavender, curry soup. She's in her twenties and has a baby who all day travels from hip to lap. Both of them blond and every part of their bodies pumped full, the abundance of nature bursting into life. I remember learning to shade in art class, circles darkened from below until they were globes. A useful skill considering the lips and cheeks, the belly and ass. Watching the girl as she walks across the room, her hips in a stretch skirt, her milk-rich breasts straining the cotton tee, almost makes me a believer. And when she pops a breast out of her shirt to nurse, I can feel it in my mouth, both the nipple and the firm swell of flesh around it.
International Trade Theory: The Evidence

This paper provides a critical look at recent empirical work in international trade theory. The paper addresses the issue of why empirical work in international trade has perhaps not been as influential as it could have been. The paper also provides several suggestions on directions for future empirical research in international trade.
Analysis of ultramicro biomedical samples with microfabricated chemical sensors: sample/reagent adsorption on alumina vs. pyrex substrates

Microfabricated platinum redox sensors can be used for indication in redox diffusional microtitration of microliter size body fluid samples. The sensor can be deposited onto different substrate materials. Adsorption of reagent and/or sample on alumina ceramic substrate versus Pyrex glass substrate is compared. It is demonstrated that in a classical iodimetric redox titration system, significant adsorption occurs on alumina ceramic substrate, causing irreproducible results. Reproducibility with a 1.7% coefficient of variation (CV) is achieved using a sensor deposited on Pyrex substrate for the analysis of 20 /spl mu/L sample droplets. >
SU-E-T-644: Time-Resolved Stochastic IMRT Planning

Purpose: To develop a stochastic time‐resolved model that accounts for spatiotemporal changes in tumor over the extended course of the treatment. Furthermore, we aim to mitigate the effect of uncertainties, yet generate clinically acceptable plans even in worst‐case scenarios. The performance of the method is demonstrated based on a clinical lung cancer case. Method: Distinct tumor regression scenarios (from slow shrinkage to fast shrinkage) and their associated probabilities are constructed based on data from past studies. We minimize deviations from prescribed dose by taking all regression scenarios into account. These deviations are taken with respect to entire volume of interest, which consists of (right lung, left lung, heart, esophagus, spinal cord, tumor and tissue), over all time‐periods (5 weeks). Results: Conventional models disregarding tumor regression lead to significant overdose on OAR as time progresses, producing V 2 0> > 30%, hence beyond the threshold. The nominal time‐resolved model allows for redistribution of the dose based on tumor regression, leading to a V 2 0 < 19%, whilst improving the tumor coverage. On the other hand, when regression assumptions deviate from the realized, tumor coverage is sub‐optimal and clinically not acceptable. The proposed stochastic time‐resolved model mitigates the effect of lack of specific knowledge about tumor regression. In particular, it meets dose criterion for tumor, whilst sparing the OAR (V2 0 < 23%) even in the worst‐case scenario. Conclusion: Traditional models degrade amidst tumor regression, especially at latter time‐periods. The nominal time‐resolved model allows redistribution of doses based on tumor regression, enhancing OAR sparing, but holds only when assumptions are met. The stochastic model accounts for uncertainties in tumor regression and produces clinically acceptable plans, even in the worst‐case scenario when assumptions are not met.
Robotic Colorectal Surgery

Introduction Minimally invasive surgery has many potential benefits, and the application of recently developed robotic technology to patients with colorectal diseases is rapidly gaining popularity.
PET Reveals Inflammation around Calcified Taenia solium Granulomas with Perilesional Edema

Objective Neurocysticercosis, an infection with the larval form of the tapeworm, Taenia solium, is the cause of 29% of epilepsy in endemic regions. Epilepsy in this population is mostly associated with calcified granulomas; at the time of seizure recurrence 50% of those with calcifications demonstrate transient surrounding perilesional edema. Whether edema is consequence of the seizure, or a result of host inflammation directed against parasite antigens or other processes is unknown. To investigate whether perilesional edema is due to inflammation, we imaged a marker of neuroinflammation, translocater protein (TSPO), using positron emission tomography (PET) and the selective ligand 11C-PBR28. Methods In nine patients with perilesional edema, degenerating cyst or both, PET findings were compared to the corresponding magnetic resonance images. Degenerating cysts were also studied because unlike perilesional edema, degenerating cysts are known to have inflammation. In three of the nine patients, changes in 11C-PBR28 binding were also studied over time. 11C-PBR28 binding was compared to the contralateral un-affected region. Results 11C-PBR28 binding increased by a mean of 13% in perilesional edema or degenerating cysts (P = 0·0005, n = 13 in nine patients). Among these 13 lesions, perilesional edema (n=10) showed a slightly smaller increase of 10% compared to the contralateral side (P = 0·005) than the three degenerating cysts. In five lesions with perilesional edema in which repeated measurements of 11C-PBR28 binding were done, increased binding lasted for 2-9 months. Conclusions Increased TSPO in perilesional edema indicates an inflammatory etiology. The long duration of increased TSPO binding after resolution of the original perilesional edema and the pattern of periodic episodes is consistent with intermittent exacerbation from a continued baseline presence of low level inflammation. Novel anti-inflammatory measures may be useful in the prevention or treatment of seizures in this population.
Antidiabetic effects of 11β‐HSD1 inhibition in a mouse model of combined diabetes, dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis

AIM 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) is considered to contribute to the aetiology of the metabolic syndrome, and specific inhibitors have begun to emerge as treatments for insulin resistance and other facets of the syndrome, including atherosclerosis. Given the role of glucocorticoids and 11beta-HSD1 in the anti-inflammatory response and the involvement of inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis, 11beta-HSD1 inhibition may exacerbate atherosclerosis. Our aim was to investigate in vivo the effects of a specific 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor (2922) on atherosclerosis while assessing glucose homeostasis. METHODS We conducted a 12-week study administering 2922 (at three doses, 3, 10 and 100 mg/kg body weight) in Ldlr 3KO (Ldlr(-/-)Apob(100/100)Lep(ob/ob)) mice, a genetic model of obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis. Rosiglitazone and simvastatin were used to test the responsiveness of our model in both types of therapy. RESULTS 2922 was effective in reducing 11beta-HSD1 activity in inguinal adipose tissue (>90% for 100 mg/kg) and was efficacious in improving glucose homeostasis at doses > or =10 mg/kg. Plasma insulin, blood glucose, glucose tolerance and homeostatic model assessment indices were all improved in mice treated with 2922 (100 mg/kg) compared with control animals. Despite an improvement in these parameters, no differences were observed in body weight, adipose or lean tissue masses in the 2922-treated mice. Interestingly, circulating lipids, proinflammatory cytokines and atherosclerosis were unaltered in response to 2922, although a small reduction in LDL cholesterol was detected. CONCLUSIONS Importantly, 11beta-HSD1 inhibition leads to improved glucose metabolism and does not result in a worsening of atherosclerotic lesion area, yet retained antidiabetic potential in the face of multiple severe metabolic aberrations. This study reinforces the potential use of 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors in patients with the metabolic syndrome without negatively impacting atherosclerosis.
Genetic-Algorithm-Based Optimization Approach for Energy Management

This paper proposes a new strategy to meet the controllable heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) load with a hybrid-renewable generation and energy storage system. Historical hourly wind speed, solar irradiance, and load data are used to stochastically model the wind generation, photovoltaic generation, and load. Using fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering, these data are grouped into 10 clusters of days with similar data points to account for seasonal variations. In order to minimize cost and increase efficiency, we use a GA-based optimization approach together with a two-point estimate method. Minimizing the cost function guarantees minimum PV and wind generation installation as well as storage capacity selection to supply the HVAC load. Different scenarios are examined to evaluate the efficiency of the system with different percentages of load shifting. The maximum capacity of the storage system and excess energy are calculated as the most important indices for energy efficiency assessment. The cumulative distribution functions of these indices are plotted and compared. A smart-grid strategy is developed for matching renewable energy generation (solar and wind) with the HVAC load.
Large spin pumping from epitaxial Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 thin films to Pt and W layers

Epitaxial Y${}_{3}$Fe${}_{5}$O${}_{12}$ thin films deposited by off-axis sputtering exhibit excellent crystalline quality enabling observation of large spin pumping signals in Pt/Y${}_{3}$Fe${}_{5}$O${}_{12}$ and W/Y${}_{3}$Fe${}_{5}$O${}_{12}$ bilayers driven by cavity ferromagnetic resonance. The inverse spin Hall voltages reach 2.10 and \ensuremath{-}5.26 mV in 5-mm-long Pt/Y${}_{3}$Fe${}_{5}$O${}_{12}$ and W/Y${}_{3}$Fe${}_{5}$O${}_{12}$ bilayers, respectively, excited by a radio-frequency magnetic field of 0.3 Oe. From the ferromagnetic resonance linewidth broadening, we obtain high interfacial spin mixing conductances of 4.56\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10${}^{14}$ and 2.30\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10${}^{14}$ ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ m${}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ for Pt/Y${}_{3}$Fe${}_{5}$O${}_{12}$ and W/Y${}_{3}$Fe${}_{5}$O${}_{12}$ bilayers, respectively.
Statins prevent cataracts: a meta-analysis

Purpose: To investigate the occurrence of cataract among statin users. Methods: We performed a systematic search of the MedLine, Web of Knowledge, Cochrane database and ClinicalTrials.gov and identified 363 records of all titles pertaining to statins and cataract. After exclusion of 295 titles based on reading the abstracts, we examined 68 full text articles. Fifty-three were excluded because of the absence of controls or cataract as an outcome, were duplicate reports from the same study, reviews, nutrition studies, animal studies or basic science studies. The meta-analysis included 13 clinical trials, two of which had separate data for clinical cataract and for ophthalmologist detected opacities. Using random effects models, we examined all studies and separately studies of clinical cataracts and opacities detected by ophthalmologists. Publication bias was examined by studying funnel plots. Results: Use of statins was associated with lower rate of cataract (odds ratio [OR] 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72, 0.92, p=0.0009). The effect was statistically significant for studies examining clinical cataract (OR 0.81, CI 0.71, 0.92, p=0.0016), while only a trend was seen in studies examining opacities detected by ophthalmologists (OR 0.84, CI 0.60, 1.17, p=0.2930). Meta-regression indicated an increase in benefit of statins with longer duration of use with OR varying from 0.45 for a treatment duration of 13 years to 0.90 for a treatment duration of 6 months. Also, older age was associated with lower benefit (OR 0.90 for persons in their 70s [who probably already had cataract] to 0.50 for persons in their 40s). ![Figure][1] Conclusions: Statins have a protective effect for cataract and this effect is magnified with longer use and among younger individuals. [1]: pending:yes
Non-Intrusive Pressure Measurement in Microchannels

Direct pressure and flow rate measurement in microsystems has been problematic due to micro and nano length scales. Commercially available pressure and flow rate transducers are typically orders of magnitude larger than the channel cross sections making these sensors impractical for microchannels. A novel, non-intrusive measurement technique has proven to be adaptable for making such measurements. The technique, based upon backscattering interferometry, correlates changes in interferometric fringe morphology to fluid compressibility. Sub-Pascal pressure detection has been demonstrated using an unfocused laser beam impinging on a fluid-filled, glass capillary tube. Fringe movement and thickness change, resulting from fluid velocity changes and transverse tube deflection, have been correlated to pressure values via the Hagen-Poiseuille relationships for laminar flow.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
“A Big Dying Vat”: The Vilifying of Shanghai during the Good Eighth Company Campaign

This article demonstrates how the popular perception of Shanghai as a decadent city was heightened during the campaign for Emulating the Good Eighth Company of Nanjing Road and argues for the central role of cinema in shaping the symbolism of Shanghai’s locales. The campaign, which peaked in 1963, was linked to the Lei Feng campaign and was an important preamble to the Cultural Revolution. The Good Eighth Company campaign shifted the emphasis from Shanghai’s image as a revolutionary bastion to that of a reactionary stronghold, a “big dying vat” that might contaminate the revolutionary forces and that needed to be brought back into the socialist fold. Using internal Party documents, the author maps out the campaign; by examining films, culminating in Sentinels under the Neon Lights (1964), the author also traces the dynamics that made Nanjing Road into a metonym of Shanghai’s depravity and redefined the city’s revolutionary status.
The GATT‐WTO system: Environmental friend or Foe?

Abstract The GATT‐WTO system has been attacked for being at best indifferent to the environment and at worst hostile to it. However, rather than being an environmental foe, the GATT‐WTO system is environmentally‐friendly in many respects. Several World Trade Organization agreements — the Agreement on Agriculture, the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures — not only permit but encourage WTO member‐countries to implement national programs and laws to protect the environment free from WTO interference. Multilateral initiatives through organizations such as the WTO, as opposed to unilateral bullying, are the surest way of securing robust legal protections for the environment.
The Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Scarification on the Seed Dormancy and Germination in Luzula spicata

Luzula spicata L. seeds are completely dormant at maturity. A germination inhibitor is present at the micropylar end. Normally, the only effective means of eliciting germination is a precise scarification of the micropylar end which inactivates the inhibitor. Exogenous application of gibberellic acid, kinetin, KNO3, and thiourea have no affect on the dormancy of unscarified seeds. Scarification of the hilar end of the seed does not elicit germination, but when gibberellic acid is applied to the hilar scarified seeds moderate germination results. Presumably, these seeds are dormant due to a deficit of endogenous gibberellin; a condition which can be overcome by the application of gibberellic acid to seeds scarified at a site in itself ineffective in producing germination. Apparently the gibberellic acid serves to initiate amylase activity in the endosperm, overcoming the inhibitor block. Luzula spicata seed dormancy is apparently unique in that a germination inhibitor is operative in conjunction with the commonly recognized gibberellin-amylase mechanism.
'False' Optimism: The Key to Historic Breakthroughs? A Response to Michael Burawoy's 'From Polanyi to Pollyanna: The False Optimism of Global Labour Studies'

Michael Burawoy has been a foundational figure for the contemporary left in sociology. His method has shaped the thinking and the work of a generation of scholars. At numerous points he has taken strong stands on principle regardless of the risk to his career, most notably in exposing the American Sociological Association’s (ASA) machinations to prevent a black candidate from becoming editor of the association’s flagship journal. Burawoy’s whistleblowing led the president of the association to threaten to expel Burawoy from the ASA. When Burawoy ran for president of the ASA he insisted that there be a political reason for the campaign and the presidency, that it not be (as it almost always is) simply an individual honor. From this he developed and promoted the concept of ‘public sociology’, a sociology that reaches out to and engages with a larger public, a concept that has opened vital debates within sociology and provided room for numerous scholars who wish to be politically engaged but fear the professional consequences of doing so (Burawoy 2007). Burawoy’s presidency of the International Sociology Association will have a similar character, devoted not to his own career but rather to an attempt to make a significant political intervention. One of Michael Burawoy’s distinguishing characteristics is his generosity, his willingness to devote substantial amounts of time and attention to the work of not only his students, but of scholars working in related areas. His comments are serious and engaged, and therefore often critical, but consistently supportive, written from a sense of ‘we are comrades in struggle and should treat each other as such’. Even those who strongly disagree with him are treated generously. Which poses the question of why, in this piece, Burawoy has adopted a tone that is not just
Multiple Achievement Goals and Multiple Pathways for Learning: The Agenda and Impact of Paul R. Pintrich

This article considers the profound impact that Paul R. Pintrich had on the field of achievement motivation, specifically achievement goal theory. The article highlights Pintrich's groundbreaking research and theorizing, beginning with his early work integrating research on motivation and cognition and ending with his development of a multiple goals and multiple pathways to learning model. The article concludes with a discussion of 3 important directions for future research: (a) the testing and refinement of Pintrich's (2000a, 2000c) 2 × 2 model of achievement goals, (b) the advancement of methodology to better assess and analyze multiple goal pursuit, and (c) the continued expansion of research on achievement goals to include culture and context.
Use of computer fire models for analyzing thermal detector spacing

This paper presents a methodology for evaluating heat detection systems installed in buildings. Previous work for use primarily in designing new thermal fire detection systems was used as a starting point. The previous work was enhanced and supplemented to make it more useful for evaluating existing systems. The resulting equations were programmed into a user-interactive computer program. This program is available in both BASIC and FORTRAN and will run on mainframes as well as personal computers. A modified version of the FORTRAN program was used to develop an extensive set of tables listing detector activation times for given building geometries, detector characteristics, and fire growth rates. These tables are useful for quick evaluation of alternative heat detector installations. Practical examples are used to illustrate the utility of the concepts presented in the tables and computer programs.
Intermediaries in the U.S. Hardwood Lumber Market: Comparing and Contrasting Sawmills and Distributors

The objective of this study was to better understand changes in the hardwood lumber supply chain from the perspective of lumber producers and distributors and to assess the degree of judgmental convergence between suppliers and buyers of hardwood lumber. Results from two nationwide surveys conducted in 2008 and 2009 were used for the analysis. Findings confirmed a decline in demand for red oak and an increase in species diversity in the market, although a majority of sales were dominated by five species. Results also showed an increasing importance of markets for lower grades of lumber, such as pallets, containers, and railroad ties, and a decline in demand for higher-value products such as furniture and kitchen cabinets. The importance of the lumber distributor role in the hardwood supply chain also has increased. Both sawmills and suppliers have increased their offerings of customized products and services in response to market demand. The customer base is changing, with smaller, more customized orders being sold to smaller businesses. Some of the trends and changes identified are structural and long-running in nature and are not expected to change in the short term.
Convex n-ominoes

Unit squares having their vertices at integer points in the Carresian plane are called cells. A connected union of n distinct cells having no finite cut set is an n-omino. Two n-ominoes are the same if one is mapped onto the other by a translation of the plane. An n-omino is convex if the cells in each row and each column to an a connected strip. When viewed from a distance, most convex n-ominoes resemble rods tilted 45^o from the vertical with horizontal (and vertical) thickness roughly equal to 2.37597. If c(n) denotes the number of convex n-ominoes, then c(n) ~ fy^n, where y = 2.30914 and f = 2.67564. (It is understood that all constants are accurate to within -12 in the last place.)
Rethinking Criminal Libel: An Empirical Study

The prevailing view of criminal libel among communication law scholars in the United States is that there are very few prosecutions, that most of the prosecutions are about politics or public issues, and that none of the prosecutions are necessary because victims of defamation can sue for civil libel. The results of an empirical study of all Wisconsin criminal libel cases from 1991 through 2007, however, suggest that criminal libel is prosecuted far more often than realized, that most criminal libel prosecutions have nothing to do with political or public issues, and that the First Amendment is an effective shield on the rare occasions when a criminal libel prosecution is politically motivated. This article concludes that criminal libel can be a legitimate way for the law to deal with expressive deviance that harms the reputations of private figures in cases that have nothing to do with public issues.
URETERAL STRICTURE FORMATION AFTER REMOVAL OF IMPACTED CALCULI

AbstractPurpose: We retrospectively evaluated the records of 21 patients a mean of 46.1 years old with ureteral stones that had been impacted for greater than 2 months to determine predisposing factors for stricture formation.Materials and Methods: Between January 1993 and September 1996, 21 patients were referred for ureteral stones that had remained unchanged in location for at least 2 months. In 11 patients previous attempts at stone removal had failed. Each patient underwent successful stone extraction by retrograde or percutaneous antegrade ureteroscopy, or laparoscopic or open ureterolithotomy. Outcome was determined by reviewing the clinical records and radiographic studies, including excretory urography and nephrostography.Results: Average duration of stone impaction before definitive treatment was 8.8 months (range 2 to 48) and mean stone size was 10.3 mm. (range 1 to 30). All stones were calcium based. There were 3 proximal, 8 mid and 10 distal ureteral calculi. At a mean followup of 7 months ur...
Turbulent Flow Structure Characterization of Angled Injection into a Supersonic Crossflow

An experimental analysis of the three-dimensional, turbulent, compressible e ow structure of a highly underexpanded Mach 1.8 jet injected at an angle of 25 deg into a Mach 2.9 freestream is described. The experimental methods include cross-e lm anemometry, conventional mean-e ow probes (pitot and cone-static pressure ), schlieren photography, and surface oil-e ow visualization. The mean-e ow data consist of axial mass e ux, y-z plane mass e ux vector, and total pressure contour plots. Turbulence data include x, y, and z mass e ux turbulence intensity components, x-y and x-z Reynolds shear stresses, and anisotropy coefe cients. Two relatively large recirculation cells were located just downstream of the injector. In addition, the vortex pair within the plume dramatically affected the overall mean and turbulent e ow structure. The axial turbulence intensity had two peaks that were collocated with thevortex pair.Thetransverseand spanwiseintensitiespeaked on therightand leftsidesof theplume, respectively. The anisotropy contours also showed a strong dependence on the secondary motion of the two counter-rotating vortices. In particular, the z-y coefe cient had a maximum located within one vortex, and a minimum in the other.
Potential use of ozone to disinfect sea water of fungi causing diseases of cultured marine crustacea

Abstract This report describes the testing of ozone as a treatment of water for the removal of spores of fungi (Lagenidium callinectes, Haliphthoros milfordensis, and Fusarium solani) having known, severe pathogenicity to cultured marine crustacea. Using a specially designed test apparatus and dry weight analysis of fungal growth at timed intervals, ozone (measured on the basis of total residual oxidant TRO) effected 100% mortality of the test organisms at approximately 6–9 min after initiation of ozone introduction to the system, at a final TRO concentration of approximately 0.8–1.0 ppm. Microscopic examination indicated that death of the spores was due to cellular lysis resulting in total cytoplasmic disruption. Results from the present study are compared with similar tests involving fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and viruses.
The Elston-Stewart Algorithm for Continuous Genotypes and Environmental Factors

The Elston-Stewart algorithm for a normally distributed trait under a polygenic model is explained in detail and extended to allow for other continuous environmental variables. This formulation is especially useful for large pedigrees, as it avoids the need to invert matrices. Whereas it may not be feasible by this method to estimate all the various components of previously suggested models for polygenic inheritance, it can allow for a reasonably flexible pedigree correlational structure under which valid tests can be performed for fixed effects that may affect the phenotype.
Direct observation of frictional contacts: New insights for state-dependent properties

Rocks and many other materials display a rather complicated, but characteristic, dependence of friction on sliding history. These effects are well-described by empirical rate- and state-dependent constitutive formulations which have been utilized for analysis of fault slip and earthquake processes. We present a procedure for direct quantitative microscopic observation of frictional contacts during slip. The observations reveal that frictional state dependence represents an increase of contact area with contact age. Transient changes of sliding resistance correlate with changes in contact area and arise from shifts of contact population age. Displacement-dependent replacement of contact populations is shown to cause the diagnostic evolution of friction over a characteristic sliding distance that occurs whenever slip begins or sliding conditions change.
Rates of axial ligand rotation in diamagnetic d6 Co(III) and Fe(II) porphyrinates

Abstract In order to investigate the rates of rotation of pyridine and imidazole ligands in diamagnetic low-spin d 6 Co(III) and Fe(II) porphyrinate systems, we have synthesized tetramesitylporphyrinate (TMP) complexes of each of these metals with pyridine and imidazole ligands and investigated them as a function of temperature by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. We have already reported that for TMPFe(III) and -Co(III) complexes with hindered imidazoles the TMP o -CH 3 resonances can be used to measure the rates of rotation (N.V. Shokhirev, T.Kh. Shokhireva, J.R. Polam, C.T. Watson, K. Raffi, U. Simonis and F.A. Walker, J. Phys. Chem. A, 101 (1997) 2778). For the bis-1,2-dimethylimidazole complex, [TMPCo(1,2-Me 2 Im) 2 ]BF 4 , at ambient temperatures ligand rotation is slow but measureable on the NMP time scale, and four o -CH 3 resonances are observed, as we have already reported. In contrast, as shown in the present work, for the bis-4-dimethylaminopyridine complex, [TMPCo(4-NMe 2 Py) 2 ]BF 4 , ligand rotation is extremely rapid at ambient temperatures. At temperatures below −50°C at 300 MHz the o -CH 3 resonance broadens and the rates of rotation can be estimated using the modified Bloch equations simplified for the fast exchange regime. The activation parameters ΔH ≠ and ΔS ≠ have been determined, and the extrapolated rate constant at 25°C, k ex ≥ 1.1 × 10 6 s −1 . These results contradict previous reports (J. Huet and A. Gaudemer, Org. Magn. Reson., 15 (1981) 347; I. Cassidei, H. Bang, J.O. Edwards and R. G. Lawler, J. Phys. Chem., 95 (1991) 7186) that pyridine ligands bound to Co(III) porphyrinates do not rotate at room temperature in homogeneous solution. For unhindered imidazole complexes, such as [TMPCo(NMeIm) 2 ] + BF 4 − , no broadening of the o -CH 3 resonance is observed, even at −90°C, and thus the rate of axial ligand rotation is too fast to measure, even at that low temperature (or the difference in chemical shift of the two resonances expected if ligand rotation is slow is very small). For the corresponding Fe(II) porphyrinate complexes, the rates of pyridine and unhindered imidazole rotation are too fast to measure, even at −90°C. The 2-methylimidazole complex undergoes chemical reactions that prevent detailed study of this system by NMR spectroscopy, but the 1,2-dimethylimidazole complex is stable and of similar structure (ruffled porphyrinate ring, axial ligands in perpendicular planes) to the Co(III) and Fe(III) analogs, with the rate constant for ligand rotation, k ex ∼ 1 s −1 , at −90°C. Assuming a similar activation enthalpy to those of the Co(III) and Fe(III) systems, the rate of rotation of axial ligands in [TMPFe(1,2-Me 2 Im) 2 ] at 25°C is estimated to be about 2 × 10 4 s −1 .
Electron Capture Dissociation of Oligosaccharides Ionized with Alkali, Alkaline Earth, and Transition Metals

We extend the application of electron capture dissociation (ECD) (which requires at least two charges) to oligosaccharides without basic functionalities by utilizing alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+, and Zn2+) as charge carriers in electrospray ionization. Both linear and branched oligosaccharides were examined, including maltoheptoase, p-lacto-N-hexaose, and an N-linked glycan from human α1-acid glycoprotein. For comparison, infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) was also applied to all oligosaccharide species. We show that, for certain metal-adducted oligosaccharides, particularly maltoheptaose, cross-ring cleavage, which can provide saccharide linkage information, is the dominant fragmentation pathway in ECD. By contrast, glycosidic cleavages dominate in IRMPD although cross-ring fragmentation was also observed to varying degrees depending on metal ion type. The branched N-linked glycan did not fragment as easily following ECD compared to the linea...
The Direct Assessment of Functional Abilities (DAFA): A Comparison to an Indirect Measure of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

The Direct Assessment of Functional Abilities (DAFA) was designed as a direct measure of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) that could be compared with an indirect assessment of IADLs by the Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (PFAQ). The DAFA (28 demented and 15 control subjects) and PFAQ (subjects and informants) were administered twice, together with a brief cognitive battery. Demented subjects performed significantly worse on direct assessment (DAFA) than predicted by self-report (PFAQ), and overestimation of abilities increased with severity of dementia. In contrast, informants tended to underestimate abilities of demented subjects, but not to a significant degree. Control (nondemented) subjects had comparable results with the two methods. The DAFA may provide a more objective measure of functional status in demented subjects than do indirect methods of assessment.
Neutrino oscillations and moments of electron spectra

We show that the effects of neutrino oscillations on ${}^{8}$B solar neutrinos are described well by the first two moments (the average and the variance) of the energy distribution of scattered or recoil electrons. For the SuperKamiokande and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory experiments, the differences between the moments calculated with oscillations and the standard, no-oscillation moments are greater than three standard deviations for a significant fraction of the neutrino mass-mixing $(\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}^{2},{\mathrm{sin}}^{2}2\ensuremath{\theta})$ parameter space.
On the hippocampus and learned conditional responding: Effects of aspiration versus ibotenate lesions

To study the possible involvement of the hippocampus in learned conditional responding, rats with aspiration lesions of the hippocampus and others that had the hippocampus removed with ibotenic acid were trained on concurrent Pavlovian conditional and nonconditional discriminations. In agreement with the results reported by Ross et al. (1984), animals that had the hippocampus removed with aspiration were unable to learn the conditional discrimination, but learned the simple nonconditional discrimination without difficulty. In contrast, rats that had the hippocampus removed with ibotenic acid did not differ from controls in learning either discrimination. Furthermore, transfer test results were consistent with the hypothesis that ibotenate-lesioned rats performed conditional operations to solve the conditional discrimination problem. Histological analysis indicated that the ibotenate lesions resulted in the removal of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus with minimal involvement of other structures. In aspiration hippocampal animals there was less overall damage to the hippocampus, but there was also extensive damage to the axons passing in alveus and fimbria, together with bilateral loss of cells in the subicular complex, the cingulate gyrus, and the cortex. Since rats with ibotenate lesions had more complete removal of the hippocampus, yet learned both discriminations, the impaired conditional responding found in aspiration hippocampals must be due to extrahippocampal damage.
Demonstration of a phase conjugate resonator using degenerate four-wave mixing via coherent population trapping in rubidium

We demonstrate a ring cavity laser using the gain mechanism of a four-wave mixing process, mediated by two-photon Zeeman coherence resulting from coherent population trapping in a rubidium vapor cell. The cell acts as an amplifying phase conjugate mirror at one corner of the ring cavity. Even though the fundamental process requires non-degeneracy between the probe and the conjugate in the atom's frame, they are degenerate in the laboratory frame, via selection of a moving band of atoms for the gratings. As such, no frequency shifting is necessary in the cavity. The polarization orthogonality of the probe and the conjugate is compensated by an intra-cavity quarter wave plate.
Substrate properties of stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) developmental sites associated with round bale hay feeding sites in eastern Nebraska.

Residues at sites where stationary feeders were used to provide hay as supplemental forage for cattle during the winter are developmental substrates for immature stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), in the central United States. Spatial patterns in physical (substrate depth, temperature, water content), chemical (pH, electrical conductivity [EClab], total nitrogen [N] and carbon [C], ammoniacal nitrogen [NH4-N], extractable phosphorus [P]), and biological (microbial respiration rate) substrate properties for two feeding sites were estimated and the correlations between these properties and adult emergence were characterized. Hay feeding sites had a circular footprint with residues extending ≈7 m from the feeder. With the exception of extractable P and total N, all substrate properties exhibited spatial patterns centered on the feeder location. Adult stable fly emergence densities were significantly correlated with substrate microbial respiration rate, NH4-N concentration, EClab, total C concentration, pH, and moisture content. Logistic regression indicated that EC best predicted the probability of stable flies emerging from a substrate and that the other properties did not provide additional information. A better understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological conditions needed for stable fly larval development may help in identifying previously unrecognized developmental habitats and management of this pest. Targeted implementation of management practices such as sanitation and chemical treatments can be applied to smaller areas reducing labor and improving cost effectiveness.
Schistosoma mansoni: Patch-clamp study of a nonselective cation channel in the outer tegumental membrane of females

An apparent ion channel with a conductance of 295 pS is present in isolated inside-out patches of outer tegumental membrane taken from female Schistosoma mansoni. With positive voltages applied to the intracellular face of the patch, percentage open time for the channel was 0 to 50; with negative voltages applied, percentage open time was greater than 99. Step changes in applied voltage characteristically induced opening-closing activity. However, there was no maintained applied voltage at which there was a high level of sustained opening-closing activity. The 295 pS conductance was by far the most commonly occurring conductance but it appears to result from cooperativity among several channels, the unitary conductance for the channel averaging 95 pS. Alterations in the Na+ or K+ concentration ratios changed the reversal potential for this conductance but alterations in the Cl- concentration did not. From this it is concluded that this channel is selective for Na+ or K+ over Cl- and it appears to be a nonselective cation channel.
Jewish ethnicity and Black race: contrasting influences on the prognosis of breast cancer.

Background and Objectives For reasons that are incompletely understood, race and ethnicity are associated with differing mortality from breast cancer. This investigation was undertaken to evaluate racial and ethnic influences on survival of women with breast cancers and to identify influential factors. Methods A population of 766 racially and ethnically defined women with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancers in a clinical practice were prospectively evaluated and observed on a continuing basis. Survivals were compared with multiple demographic and clinicopathologic variables. Results Compared to White, non-Jewish patients, no significant difference was found in survival of Jewish patients. Stage of cancers at diagnosis and measures of tumor biology were also comparable. By contrast, the survival of Black patients was significantly worse than that of White patients. Advanced tumor stage at diagnosis, unfavorable tumor biology and poor ancillary health all appeared to contribute to the poor survival of Black women. Conclusion No adverse influence of Jewish ethnicity was found on the prognosis of breast cancer. The poor prognosis of Black women compared to White women appeared to be the result of multiple untoward influences. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;87:61–67. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Politics of representation in the digital media environment: presentation of the female candidate between news coverage and the website in the 2007 Korean presidential primary

This study analyzes how a female candidate was presented in the news media and on her campaign website, in order to compare the politics of gender representation in news coverage and campaign communication. Content analysis of news coverage of a Korean female candidate and the candidate's website shows that the female candidate was differently portrayed in the two media in presentations of personal trait frames, the linkage between issues and personal traits, and other gender-related characteristics, although the quantity of issue frames did not differ significantly. The findings suggest that although the news coverage still tends to reinforce gender stereotypes regarding a female candidate, the candidate used or articulated gender identities in her campaign website to oppose framing stereotypes in the traditional news media.
Long-Term Forecasting of World Grain Trade and U.S. Gulf Exports

Important changes occurring in the world grain trade will affect the spatial distribution of grain flows and affect large-scale transportation projects. Most important among these are developments in ethanol and in Brazil and China. This paper develops a spatial optimization model based on a long-term competitive equilibrium to make projections in the world grain trade and shipments from individual ports to 2025. Results indicate that world trade should increase by about 47%, with the fastest growth occurring in imports to China and Pakistan and the slowest growth in Japan and the European Union, traditionally large markets. Most increases in terms of volume are expected in soybeans (49%), followed by corn (26%). Most of the U.S. export growth is expected through the barge system to U.S. ports on the Gulf of Mexico, with negligible growth through the Pacific Northwest and lakes. Although a multitude of reasons explain this expected trend, one is the growth in ethanol concentrated in the western states, wh...
Copper Exposure and Metal Fume Fever: Lack of Evidence for a Causal Relationship

A systematic search was made of the world literature concerned with possible adverse health effects of inhalation exposure to copper fume and dust. Seven reports published over the past 88 years were identified that contain original human data and purport to document that exposure to copper dust or fume caused metal fume fever (MFF) or an MFF-like syndrome. Insufficient evidence was found to conclude that exposures to copper dust and copper fume cause MFF. Limitations included absence of exposure measurements, atypical symptoms and complaints, and lack of consistency among types of work associated with symptoms. Given the extensive use of copper in many industries and operations, it is evident that if copper-induced MFF does occur, it is a rare event.
Weak localization and mobility in ZnO nanostructures

We conduct a comprehensive investigation into the electronic and magnetotransport properties of ZnO nanoplates grown concurrently with ZnO nanowires by the vapor-liquid-solid method. We present magnetoresistance data showing weak localization in our nanoplates and probe its dependence on temperature and carrier concentration. We measure phase coherence lengths of 50-100 nm at 1.9 K and, because we do not observe spin-orbit scattering through antilocalization, suggest that ZnO nanostructures may be promising for further spintronic study. We then proceed to study the effect of weak localization on electron mobility using four-terminal van der Pauw resistivity and Hall measurements versus temperature and carrier concentration. We report an electron mobility of -100 cm 2 /V s at 275 K, comparable to what is observed in ZnO thin films. We compare Hall mobility to field-effect mobility, which is more commonly reported in studies on ZnO nanowires and find that field-effect mobility tends to overestimate Hall mobility by a factor of 2 in our devices. Finally, we comment on temperature-dependent hysteresis observed during transconductance measurements and its relationship to mobile, positively charged Zn interstitial impurities.
Two new species of Oobius Trjapitzin (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) egg parasitoids of Agrilus spp. (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) from the USA, including a key and taxonomic notes on other congeneric Nearctic taxa.

Oobius Trjapitzin (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) species are egg parasitoids that are important for the biological control of some Buprestidae and Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Two species, Oobius agrili Zhang & Huang and Oobius longoi (Siscaro), were introduced into North America for classical biocontrol and have successfully established. Two new native North American species that parasitize eggs of Agrilus spp. (Buprestidae) are described and illustrated from the USA: Oobius minusculus Triapitsyn & Petrice, sp. n. (Michigan), an egg parasitoid of both Agrilus subcinctus Gory on ash (Fraxinus spp.) and Agrilus egenus Gory on black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) trees, and Oobius whiteorum Triapitsyn, sp. n. (Pennsylvania), an egg parasitoid of Agrilus anxius Gory on European white birch (Betula pendula Roth). A taxonomic key and notes on the Nearctic native and introduced Oobius species are also included.