cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant Hormones Isolated from ''Katahdin'' Potato Plant Tissues and the Influence of Photoperiod and Temperature on Their Levels in Relation to Tuber Induction

Qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out on vegetative tissues of potato (Solanum tuberosum cv. “Katahdin”) in search of natural products thought to play a role in tuber induction. Tissues were obtained from plants initially grown in a growth chamber under noninducing conditions (30°C day and 28°C night with an 18-h photoperiod), and then half of the plants were moved to inducing chambers (28°C day and 13°C night with a 10-h photoperiod) for 10 days prior to tissue harvest. Plants from each chamber were then harvested at 2-day intervals for 10 days, separated into above- and belowground portions, and the lyophilized tissues were extracted and subjected to rigorous purification and separation using high-performance liquid chromatography. This was followed by identification and quantification using combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compounds isolated and identified included gibberellic acid; cytokinins cis-zeatin riboside, trans-zeatin, trans-zeatin riboside, and isopentenyladenine; and jasmonates jasmonic acid, tuberonic acid and its methyl ester, methyl 7-isocucurbate, and 9,10-dihydromethyljasmonate. Methyl 7-isocucurbate and 9,10-dihydromethyljasmonate were detected for the first time in potato tissue as endogenous compounds. Cytokinin and jasmonate levels generally increased under inducing conditions, whereas gibberellic acid levels declined progressively during the 10-day sampling period. Only gibberellic acid, jasmonic acid, and cis-zeatin riboside levels were significantly influenced by induction.
The Effects of Project Management Certification on the Triple Constraint

This research paper describes key information technology IT project management activities in terms of project scope, time, and cost management, namely the triple constraint. The authors contend that the ability to properly manage and execute these activities is the quintessential component that oftentimes drives whether projects succeed or fail. The literature shows that IT projects have a dismal success rate but successful projects have been on the rise. The authors attempt to determine if the increase of successful projects correlates to the increase in the number of certified project managers. Empirical evidence is presented that indicates certified project managers do not perform project scope, time, and cost management activities better than project managers without professional certification credentials.
Natural orbit approximations in single power-law potentials

In a previous paper, I demonstrated the accuracy of simple, precessing, power ellipse (p-ellipse) approximations to orbits of low-to-moderate eccentricity in power-law potentials. Here I explore several extensions of these approximations to improve accuracy, especially for nearly radial orbits. 1) It is found that moderately improved orbital fits can be achieved with higher order perturbation expansions (in eccentricity), with the addition of `harmonic' terms to the solution. 2) Alternately, a matching of the extreme radial excursions of an orbit can be imposed, and a more accurate estimate of the eccentricity parameter is obtained. However, the error in the precession frequency is usually increased. 3) A correction function of small magnitude corrects the frequency problem. With this correction, even first order approximations yield excellent fits at quite high eccentricity over a range of potential indices that includes flat and falling rotation curve cases. 4) Adding a first harmonic term to fit the breadth of the orbital loops, and determining the fundamental and harmonic coefficients by matching to three orbital positions further improves the fit. With a couple of additional small corrections one obtains excellent fits to orbits with radial ranges of more than a thousand for some potentials. These simple corrections to the basic p-ellipse are basically in the form of several successive approximations, and can provide high accuracy. They suggest new results including that the apsidal precession rate scales approximately as $log(1-e)$ at very high eccentricities $e$. New insights are also provided on the occurrence of periodic orbits in various potentials, especially at high eccentricity.
Program behavior characterization in large memory systems

We introduce models to characterize large cache performance in terms of various statistics related to sojourn time of a line in the cache. These statistics themselves depend on cache configuration parameters and we are currently working to isolate this dependency using LCS data and models. This will then help us in obtaining explicit relation between cache performance and its configuration parameters which will be helpful in identifying an optimal set of configuration parameters during early design phase of large memory systems.
Effect of Treating Induced Mitochondrial Damage on Embryonic Development and Epigenesis

Germinal vesicle transplantation (GVT) has been proposed as a possible treatment to correct age-related oocyte aneuploidy caused by dysfunctional ooplasm. How healthy ooplasm regulates normal meiosis and subsequent development has yet to be elucidated, but impaired mitochondrial metabolism may be attributable to incomplete segregation of the oocyte chromosomes. In the present study, after ooplasmic mitochondrial damage by photoirradiating chloromethyl-X-rosamine, examination of the oocyte nuclei’s ability to survive after transfer into healthy ooplasts was performed. To assess their fertilizability and potential for development, GVT oocytes were fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and transferred to foster mice. Condition of the offspring at birth was assessed, and epigenetic analysis was performed. Photosensitization consistently inhibited oocyte maturation. However, after GVT of photosensitized nuclei into healthy ooplasts, 67.2% were reconstituted, and 76.2% of these matured normally, with an overall rate of 51.2%, much higher than that (6.0%) in the mitochondrially injured oocytes. After ICSI, 65.8% (52/79) of GVT oocytes were fertilized normally, and 21.1% (11/52) eventually reached the blastocyst stage. The transfer of 132 two-cell GVT embryos into the oviducts of pseudopregnant females resulted in 17 apparently healthy live offspring. For some key developmental genes, a high level of expression was identified in the GVT and ‘‘rescue’’-derived fetal adnexa. Thus, one can induce in oocyte mitochondria a photosensitization-based type of damage, which consistently inhibits GV breakdown, meiotic spindle formation, chromosomal segregation, and polar body extrusion. Germinal vesicle transplanted and rescued oocytes were able to undergo maturation, fertilization, and embryonic cleavage and, ultimately, to develop to term. This approach may provide a model with which to study the age-related ooplasmic dysfunction seen in human oocytes. fertilization, gamete biology, gene regulation, genomic imprinting, germinal vesicle transplantation, meiosis, mitochondrial photosensitization, oocyte development, ooplasmic dysfunction
Non-leaky coplanar waveguide active antenna

A newly developed structure, non-leaky coplanar waveguide (NLC), is used for an active antenna. Spectral domain and FDTD codes are developed to provide the design parameters. The circuit is successfully operated with an antenna gain better than the CPW design. >
The evolution of pulmonary arterial stenosis associated with congenital rubella.

Abstract The pressure relationships in the main pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary arteriograms in 20 patients under the age of 2 years with pulmonary arterial stenosis secondary to congenital rubella have been described. Systolic pressure differences between the main pulmonary artery and a major division are variable at all stages of the disorder and do not appear to progress rapidly during infancy. Pulmonary arteriograms show that classical pulmonary artery bifurcation stenosis with post stenotic dilatation is not evident until 6 months of age unless a complicating factor of increased pulmonary blood flow as through a patent ductus arteriosus is also present. The angiographic appearance of PAS in patients under 6 months of age is demonstrated by a long hypoplastic appearance of the major pulmonary artery divisions which have an angle of intersect with the main pulmonary artery of less than 20 degrees. There is no area of visible stenosis in the proximal branch of the pulmonary arteries and certainly no recognizable degree of peripheral dilatation. In patients with PAS under 6 months of age, however, in whom there is the complicating factor of a left to right shunt through a PDA, the angiographic appearance is similar to that seen in uncomplicated PAS in older infants. The arteriograms in both show a short stenotic segment at the origin of the right or left pulmonary artery main division and a distal dilatation of the peripheral vessels. Furthermore, the angles of intersect are under 20 degrees in both situations. It is suggested that the changes in angiographic appearance are due to increasing stresses during the first year of life at points of branching in the pulmonary arteries. These stresses may be produced by a gradual increase in pulmonary blood flow occurring in a prenatally weakened arterial wall.
The impact of uncertainties in hydrologic measurement on phosphorus budgets and empirical models for two Colorado reservoirs.

Water budgets and related chemical budgets of aquatic ecosystems commonly are interpreted without reference to uncertainties resulting from errors of measurement. The importance of such uncertainties in the use and interpretation of the phosphorus budgets of two Colorado reservoirs was determined. Water budgets were calculated from data from on-site measurement of precipitation, evaporation, reservoir stage, outflow, and inflow from the major river of each reservoir. Direction of groundwater flow was determined with existing well information and seepage meters. Contributions of ungauged watersheds and groundwater were estimated from the residual of measured water budget terms. Less than 25% of both water and phosphorus input to Gross Reservoir remained as a residual term: the contribution of errors in budget measurement to empirical model uncertainty was 45% of the phosphorus input was calculated as residual: errors in budget measurement contributed almost 50% to empirical model uncertainty. Measured concentrations of total phosphorus in each reservoir in both years were within the confidence limits of empirical model predictions. However, the confidence limits of those models were too large to produce accurate predictions, especially for the Williams Fork Reservoir. Attempts to predict the effect of changes in water or phosphorus budgets on reservoir concentrations of total phosphorus and chlorophyll would be subject to large uncertainties.
Ether: malware analysis via hardware virtualization extensions

Malware has become the centerpiece of most security threats on the Internet. Malware analysis is an essential technology that extracts the runtime behavior of malware, and supplies signatures to detection systems and provides evidence for recovery and cleanup. The focal point in the malware analysis battle is how to detect versus how to hide a malware analyzer from malware during runtime. State-of-the-art analyzers reside in or emulate part of the guest operating system and its underlying hardware, making them easy to detect and evade. In this paper, we propose a transparent and external approach to malware analysis, which is motivated by the intuition that for a malware analyzer to be transparent, it must not induce any side-effects that are unconditionally detectable by malware. Our analyzer, Ether, is based on a novel application of hardware virtualization extensions such as Intel VT, and resides completely outside of the target OS environment. Thus, there are no in-guest software components vulnerable to detection, and there are no shortcomings that arise from incomplete or inaccurate systememulation. Our experiments are based on our study of obfuscation techniques used to create 25,000 recent malware samples. The results show that Ether remains transparent and defeats the obfuscation tools that evade existing approaches.
Packet Forwarding: Name-based Vs. Prefix-based

Using domain names for routing, instead of IP prefixes, has the potential to address many of the core outstanding issues in today's Internet. To initiate research in that direction, this paper compares the performance of name-based routing in the core of the Internet with that of IPv4 routing. Our analysis concludes that name-based routing is well within the scope of feasibility.
Context-aware protocol engines for ad hoc networks

The protocols and architectures of the ad hoc networks of today reflect the severe memory and processing constraints that were imposed on computing equipment that was dedicated to communication tasks 40 years ago. As a result, most protocols are decoupled from the physical medium, each protocol layer operates independently of others, and processing and storage "inside" the network is kept to a minimum. We present the design and performance of a new approach to packet switching for MANETs, which we call a context-aware protocol engine. With a CAPE, nodes disseminate information in the network by means of context-aware packet switching, which enables the statistical multiplexing of bandwidth and the processing and storage of resources using integrated signaling that covers channel access, routing, and other functions, to share and store the context within which information is disseminated. Data packet headers consist of simple pointers to their context, and elections and opportunistic reservations integrated with routing are used to attain high throughput and low channel-access delay.
Introducing connection-oriented service in MLAN to provide seamless interface to ATM networks

ATM being a connection-oriented technology, there will be a need for connection-oriented service on LANs to be able to provide seamless internetworking between LANs and ATM broadband networks. We present a general technique to provide connection-oriented service on LANs and then show how this technique is incorporated into a recently designed multimedia LAN (MLAN) protocol. The results are presented of a performance evaluation of the MLAN protocol with connection-oriented service. >
Superconductor electronic device applications

Superconductors are becoming important in many applications where high sensitivity or speed is required. A brief introduction to superconductive device physics is presented, and the role of high-temperature superconductors is considered. The basic principles of a number of applications in metrology, electromagnetic sensing, and analog and digital circuits are presented. The prospects for hybrid semiconductor-superconductor devices, circuits, and systems are discussed. >
Targeting genes and transcription factors to segregated nuclear compartments

With increasingly detailed images of nuclear structures revealed by advanced microscopy, a remarkably compartmentalized cell nucleus has come into focus. Although this complex nuclear organization remains largely unexplored, some progress has been made in deciphering the functional aspects of various subnuclear structures, revealing how this elaborate framework can influence gene activation. Several recent studies have helped illustrate how cells might utilize the nuclear architecture as an additional level of transcriptional control, perhaps by targeting genes and regulatory factors to specific sites within the nucleus that are designated for active RNA synthesis.
The Neuropsychology of Stroke

The study of cerebrovascular disease is of central interest to neuropsychologists involved in both clinical care and research. In clinical settings, the incidence and prevalence of stroke are high in comparison to other neurological disorders. Over a half-million strokes are estimated to occur yearly in the United States alone, and there are over 3 million Americans who have survived a cerebrovascular accident (Dobkin, 1995). For an aging population these statistics are especially pressing, with the incidence of stroke more than doubling with each decade after age 55. Although stroke mortality has been declining, especially from 1960 to 1980, cerebrovascular disease remains the third leading cause of death in the United States. The decline in mortality may relate to better supportive care, more accurate identification of mild strokes, or changes in risk factor management and the natural history of stroke (Shahar et al., 1995). Tremendous resources are allocated to the problems of stroke prevention, acute stroke treatment, poststroke management, and rehabilitation. Neuropsychologists contribute to each of these areas in direct clinical service and outcome research.
Sexual and Hormonal Cycles in Geriatric Gorilla gorilla gorilla

As our closest living relatives, great apes likely experience behavioral and physiological patterns associated with reproductive aging and menopause that are similar to human patterns. We present results from a nationwide zoo-based study on behavioral and hormonal changes in female western gorillas. We evaluated progestogen concentrations via daily fecal sampling in 30 gorillas, 22 of which were geriatric (≥30). We collected concurrent behavioral data 1–3 times weekly on 16 of the females. While control females cycled regularly, ca. 23% of geriatric females are acyclic (menopausal), and another 32% show variable hormonal patterns suggesting perimenopause. Patterns included increased variability in cycle length and peak progestogen values, and frequent insufficient increases in progestogen levels during the luteal phase. Acyclic females have significantly lower overall progestogen concentrations than the self cycling females, though differences are not significant when cycle phase is incorporated. We detected behavioral estrus in 9 of 10 cycling females for which data were available. In all but 1 case, proceptive behavior occurred during the follicular phase, preceding ovulation on average by 6.6 d. Females spent more time in proximity to the silverback male while in behavioral estrus than during other periods. To date, maximum longevity in captive female gorillas is 52 yr, with poor reproductive prognosis beginning from the age of 37. We demonstrate that both perimenopause and menopause characterize aged female gorillas, which may experience a postreproductive lifespan of >25% of their lives. Continued study of aging apes is warranted, and apes may serve as models for age-related reproductive changes in humans.
Electrical conductivity of open-cell metal foams

Cellular metal foams are of interest because of the ability to tailor their mechanical, thermal, acoustic, and electrical properties by varying the relative density and cell morphology. Here, a tetrakaidecahedral unit-cell approach is used to represent an open-cell aluminum foam and a simplified electrical resistor network derived to model low frequency current flow through the foam. The analysis indicates that for the range of relative densities studied (4–12%), the conductivity of tetrakaidecahedral foams has a linear dependence upon relative density. The distribution of metal in the cell ligaments was found to significantly affect the conductivity. Increasing the fraction of metal at the ends of the ligaments resulted in a decrease in electrical conductivity at a fixed relative density. Low frequency electrical conductivity measurements of an open-cell aluminum foam (ERG Duocel) confirmed the linear dependence upon density, but the slope was smaller than that predicted by the unit-cell model. The difference between the model and experiment was found to be the result of the presence of a distribution of cell sizes and types in real samples. This effect is due to the varying number of ligaments, ligament lengths, and the cross-sectional areas available for current conduction across the cellular structure.
Luminescence dating and modern human origins

For the most recent evolutionary history of our species, that covering the emergence of anatomically modern humans during the last 100,000 years or more, few dating methods have such a wide range of potential application as luminescence dating. With its ability to provide direct ages in this time range for both archeological and depositional events, and using commonly occurring materials, luminescence seems to be an appropriate tool for almost any location containing modern or near-modern human fossils or artifacts. However, the method is complicated and expensive, depending on variables that may be difficult to estimate in any given situation. This has deterred widespread use, although recent methodological developments have increased accuracy and reliability. An understanding of the potential and limitations of luminescence dating should help students of human origins judge its value and evaluate its applications.
The Value of Using Imprecise Probabilities in Engineering Design

Engineering design decisions inherently are made under uncertainty. In this paper, we consider imprecise probabilities (i.e. intervals of probabilities) to express explicitly the precision with which something is known. Imprecision can arise from fundamental indeterminacy in the available evidence or from incomplete characterizations of the available evidence and designer's beliefs. Our hypothesis is that, in engineering design decisions, it is valuable to explicitly represent this imprecision by using imprecise probabilities. We support this hypothesis with a computational experiment in which a pressure vessel is designed using two approaches, both variations of utility-based decision making. In the first approach, the designer uses a purely probabilistic, precise best-fit normal distribution to represent uncertainty. In the second approach, the designer explicitly expresses the imprecision in the available information using a probability box, or p-box. When the imprecision is large, this p-box approach on average results in designs with expected utilities that are greater than those for designs created with the purely probabilistic approach. In the context of decision theory, this suggests that there are design problems for which it is valuable to use imprecise probabilities.
Outcomes of Patients Requiring Blood Pressure Control Before Thrombolysis with tPA for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess safety and efficacy of thrombolysis in the setting of aggressive blood pressure (BP) control as it compares to standard BP control or no BP control prior to thrombolysis. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients treated with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) between 2004-2011. We compared the outcomes of patients treated with tPA for AIS who required aggressive BP control prior to thrombolysis to those requiring standard or no BP control prior to thrombolysis. The primary outcome of interest was safety, defined by all grades of hemorrhagic transformation and neurologic deterioration. The secondary outcome was efficacy, determined by functional status at discharge, and in-hospital deaths. Results: Of 427 patients included in the analysis, 89 received aggressive BP control prior to thrombolysis, 65 received standard BP control, and 273 required no BP control prior to thrombolysis. Patients requiring BP control had more severe strokes, with median arrival National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale of 10 (IQR [6-17]) in patients not requiring BP control versus 11 (IQR [5-16]) and 13 (IQR [7-20]) in patients requiring standard and aggressive BP lowering therapies, respectively (p=0.048). In a multiple logistic regression model adjusting for baseline differences, there were no statistically significant differences in adverse events between the three groups (P>0.10). Conclusion: We observed no association between BP control and adverse outcomes in ischemic stroke patients undergoing thrombolysis. However, additional study is necessary to confirm or refute the safety of aggressive BP control prior to thrombolysis.
A multiscale molecular dynamics allowing macroscale mechanical loads

We proposed a novel multiscale molecular-dynamics model in order to apply macroscale boundary conditions to microscale molecular systems, which is difficult for classical molecular dynamics. Unlike in statistical mechanics, in which macroscale quantities such as temperature and pressure are collected from molecular information, the proposed approach is a reversed procedure to find optimal molecular states when macroscale conditions such as traction are enforced. The model is originated from Parrinello-Rahman molecular dynamics but extends it to solve finite-size, inhomogeneous molecular-dynamics problems by generalizing the representative volume element to a "material point" in continuum mechanics. An example of compressing a nickel nanowire is presented to demonstrate the capacity of the method to simulate localized phase transition in a finite-size molecular system, which validates the effectiveness of the method.
The Future of Psychiatric Research

The psychiatrist and philosopher Karl Jaspers has described four types of science: the physical, biological, psychological, and mind sciences—as exhausting the content of all existents... in each of the four realms, actuality has a different mode of objectiveness; and the actualities mesh. Physics (together with chemistry) is relatively an internally coherent field of study. So is biology, although the coherence is due to its relation to the exact natural sciences, on which it draws at each step while its own roots remain obscure. Psychology is far more questionable; in fact, it strays into the realms of life and the mind, or else it poses as a universal science. Mind science, finally, is actual only as a multiplicity resulting from research into the documents, works, deeds or institutions of Man; by no means has it produced a kind of unity we see in physics and biology. It is the arena for the battles of differing world views, battles which decide, radically and without appeal, about the meaning and value of proposed inquiries and modes of research. (Jaspers cited in Ehrlich, Ehrlich, & Pepper, 1986, p. 360)
Indium Oxide—Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composite for Ethanol Sensing at Room Temperature

Utilizing a sol-gel synthesis, indium oxide is grown on the surface of oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) to form a hybrid material with high conductivity and sensitivity toward certain organic vapors. The room-temperature sensing of dilute ethanol and acetone vapors on the surface of indium oxide/SWCNT hybrid material is studied using electrical conductance experiments in a nonoxidizing environment. Through testing of variously calcinated materials, it was observed that the degree of annealing greatly affects the material's response to acetone and ethanol, such that the intermediate calcination condition yields the best sensitivity. DFT simulations are used to study the interface between defective SWCNT and indium oxide, as well as the interaction between ethanol and acetone molecules with the indium oxide/SWCNT hybrid material.
Treatment of Liver Cirrhosis Complicated with Chronic Renal Failure by Chinese Medicine:A Report of One Case

This article presents professor Chen Yipings experience in the treatment of liver cirrhosis complicated with chronic renal failure.It is argued that it should be treated by warming and nourishing spleen and kidneys,discharging turbidity and relieving toxin.Meanwhile,an empirical case was listed in detail.
Surgical treatment of interstitial cystitis. Indications, techniques, and results.

Abstract Conservative treatment should be satisfactory for 90 per cent of patients with interstitial cystitis. When severe symptoms are refractory and constitute a major disability, surgical treatment should be considered. Usually symptoms will have been present for at least three years before operative methods are used. If bladder capacity (general anesthetic) is greater than 400 ml, and the major symptom is bladder pain, denervation by cystolysis may be considered. If bladder capacity (general anesthetic) is less than 400 ml, supratrigonal cystectomy and substitution colocystoplasty is the treatment of choice.
Flow dependence of chloride transport in rat S1 proximal tubules.

These studies examined whether the luminal flow dependency of chloride absorption in the S1 proximal tubule during glomerulotubular balance was due to change in active and/or passive transport of chloride. Using in vivo microperfusion in the Munich-Wistar rat and an essentially pure sodium chloride perfusate (devoid of bicarbonate and organic solutes), we found that an increase in luminal perfusion rate from 30 to 45 nl/min caused stimulation of total chloride absorption (active plus passive) by 87 peq.mm-1.min-1 (632 +/- 17 to 719 +/- 11, P < 0.001). When cyanide was added to this perfusate to eliminate active transport, the flow-induced change in passive transport was 58 peq.mm-1.min-1 (479 +/- 9 to 537 +/- 11, P < 0.001). The cyanide-inhibitable active transport component was therefore 29 peq.mm-1.min-1. With elimination of the transepithelial chloride gradient and, hence, passive transport by isethionate substitution, active transport increased by 63 peq.mm-1.min-1 (121 +/- 4 to 184 +/- 7, P < 0.001) as flow rate rose from 30 to 45nl/min. Removal of organic solutes from a glomerular ultrafiltrate-like perfusate had a minimal effect on flow-induced change in chloride transport (190 vs. 207 peq.mm-1.min-1). In conclusion, flow-dependent active and passive chloride transport in the S1 proximal tubule may both contribute to normal glomerulotubular balance.
A Ternary-Valued, Floating Gate Transistor-Based Circuit Design Approach

This paper presents a method to use floating gate (flash) transistors to implement low power ternary-valued digital circuits targeting handheld and IoT devices. Since the threshold voltage of flash devices can be modified at a fine granularity during programming, our approach has several advantages. For one, speed binning at the factory can be controlled with precision. Secondly, an IC can be re-programmed in the field, to negate effects such as aging, which has been a significant problem in recent times, particularly for mission-critical applications. We present the circuit topology that we use in our flash-based ternary-valued logic digital circuit approach, and, through circuit simulations, show that our approach yields significantly improved power (~11%), energy (~29%) and area (~83%) characteristics while operating at a clock rate that is 36% as compared to a traditional CMOS standard cell based approach, when averaged over 20 designs. Unlike CMOS, our ternary-valued, flash-based implementation provides in-field configuration flexibility.
Stem Cells in Carcinogenesis of the Prostate

A key to solving the beginning of cancer is to elucidate its cell of origin. Hence, an unspoken appeal of the stem-cell theory of cancers is its focus on the cellular aspects of cancer. Many biologic phenomena vital for cancer cells are shared by stem cells. Both stem-cell and cancer cell activities are tightly regulated by their respective microenvironments or niches. Therefore, it is not coincidental that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and epithelial-stromal interactions, which are critical for organogenesis, also play an important role in carcinogenesis. We propose that the theory of a stem-cell origin of cancers that encompasses all aspects of cancer, including heterogeneity, metastasis, drug resistance, etc., may be our long-sought unified theory of cancer.
Feedback delay reduction of Tomlinson–Harashima precoder in 14 nm CMOS via pipelined MAC units operated entirely with CSA arithmetic

The data rate of a Tomlinson–Harashima (TH) precoder is limited by the delay in the feedback path of its infinite impulse response (IIR) filter that cancels the channel's post-cursor intersymbol interference (ISI). One reason for long loop delays is the requirement to perform the ISI subtraction from the data signal in binary arithmetic in order to properly execute the modulo (MOD) operation, which stabilises the IIR filter and limits the transmitter amplitude. The restriction to binary arithmetic is unfortunate, because some filter subcomponents such as, e.g. adder trees are often implemented in a faster data format that has no slow carry propagation [e.g. the carry-save adder (CSA) format]. This paper proposes a novel architecture for TH precoders in which the MOD operation is taken out of the loop, so that the remaining IIR filtering is performed entirely in CSA arithmetic to reduce the feedback delay as no conversion to binary format is required within the loop. With the pipelining technique applied, the filter's feedback delay reduces to the propagation delay of a multiply-accumulate unit operated with CSA arithmetic. The proposed concept was verified in a 14 nm CMOS test chip with multi-level signalling (NRZ, 4-/8-/16-PAM).
It's More Than Where: Geography Teacher Preparation in the Twenty-First Century

In my last column as president, I revisit my passion for teacher preparation in geography. When Sarah Bednarz, 2015–2016 president of the American Association of Geographers, asked me to participat...
Portable Features for Classifying Emotional Text

Are word-level affect lexicons useful in detecting emotions at sentence level? Some prior research finds no gain over and above what is obtained with ngram features---arguably the most widely used features in text classification. Here, we experiment with two very different emotion lexicons and show that even in supervised settings, an affect lexicon can provide significant gains. We further show that while ngram features tend to be accurate, they are often unsuitable for use in new domains. On the other hand, affect lexicon features tend to generalize and produce better results than ngrams when applied to a new domain.
The analytical laboratory as an integral part of a process control circuit—A model on laboratory scale

A model process on laboratory scale is presented for the demonstration of the influence of the properties of an analytical method on the controllability of a process. Investigated are the influence of the analysis accuracy, the analysis time and the time between two sampling actions. As the model simulates a years operation of a real process in a few days, it can be used for educational training. Moreover, it enables the analyst to deduce the optimal analytical parameters in those cases also for which theoretical relations are missing.
The Role of Group Psychology in Behavioural Finance: A Research Starting Point for Banking, Economic, and Financial Historians

This paper discusses the significance of group psychology within the field of behavioural finance in order to provide a starting point for researchers in banking, economic, and financial history. Some of the major themes of behavioural finance are presented, including overconfidence, representativeness, anchoring, worry, and herd behaviour. The other major portion of this piece examines group behaviour within the investment decision-making process, drawing on the social sciences (largely social psychology) to consider the topics of group polarisation and groupthink. The author provides an overview of each topic to encourage researchers to investigate these important issues as potential causes of historical events within banking, economics, and finance. Of course there are limitations to applying behavioural finance theories and themes to historical research. Historians should investigate these potentially new ideas with a degree of caution.
A biodynamical model of human T-cell development and pathology: design, testing and validation

We describe a coupled ordinary differential equation model of human T-cell proliferative disorders based upon documented changes in various pools such as the bone marrow, thymic compartments and peripheral blood. The conceptual design of the model is based upon previously collected experimental data, its testing and validation by comparing with normal human cell pool data at various ages as well as their changes in response to HTLV-1, HHV-6 and HIV-1 viral infections. These viruses were chosen because they all target the same CD4 lymphocyte, yet produce different response patterns such as hyperplasia, aplasia and neoplasia. They were also selected because respective cell pool data were available for comparison with detailed human studies. The ultimate task of this modeling effort is to simulate the development of T-cell lymphomas and other immunoproliferative or aproliferative (i.e. aplastic) abnormalities reported in the literature.
Relative clauses in Western Muskogean languages

Chickasaw and Choctaw, the two Western Muskogean languages, have several different relative clause constructions, each of which is internally headed: (1) relative clauses with final demonstratives; (2) relative clauses in which the verb is marked with the suffix -kaash ; and (3) relative clauses in which the verb is marked with a form of the complement switch-reference marker ‑ ka . Western Muskgean relative clauses sometimes take the marking predicted by the case system, sometimes the marking predicted by the switch-reference system, and sometimes can take either marker, with different conditions for the three different relative clauses types and for extraposed modifying clauses. This complexity, we argue, arose from syntactic change in progress. This article is part of the special collection: Internally-Headed Relative Clauses
Silicon-Based Reagents for Difluoromethylation and Difluoromethylenation Reactions

There have been significant developments in the area of perfluoroalkyl group transfer using silicon reagents, specifically in nucleo­philic trifluoromethylation. The mild and versatile activation conditions bestow significant synthetic prowess to the silicon reagents in the area of fluoroalkylations. Owing to the importance of difluoromethylene (CF 2 ) containing compounds in pharmaceuticals, materials, and agrochemicals, several CF 2 group transfer methods using related silicon reagents have been developed and studied in detail. This review summarizes the recent developments and trends in this area. 1 Introduction 2 Trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane (Me 3 SiCF 3 ) 3 (Difluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (Me 3 SiCF 2 H) 3.1 Nucleophilic Addition 3.2 Nucleophilic Substitution 3.3 Nucleophilic Difluoromethylation of Electron-Deficient Hetero­cycles 3.4 Metal-Mediated Cross Coupling 3.5 Oxidative Coupling of Terminal Alkynes 4 Post-functionalizable Difluoromethyl Transfer Reagents 4.1 (Chlorodifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (Me 3 SiCF 2 Cl) 4.2 (Bromodifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (Me 3 SiCF 2 Br) 4.3 [Difluoro(iodo)methyl]trimethylsilane (Me 3 SiCF 2 I) 4.4 [Difluoro(phenylthio)methyl]trimethylsilane (Me 3 SiCF 2 SPh) 4.5 [Difluoro(phenylsulfonyl)methyl]trimethylsilane (Me 3 SiCF 2 SO 2 Ph) 4.6 Diethyl [Difluoro(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phosphonate [Me 3 SiCF 2 P(O)(OEt) 2 ] 4.7 Ethyl Difluoro(trimethylsilyl)acetate (Me 3 SiCF 2 CO 2 Et) 4.8 Difluoro(trimethylsilyl)acetamides (Me 3 SiCF 2 CONR 2 ) 4.9 Difluoro(trimethylsilyl)acetonitrile (Me 3 SiCF 2 CN) 5 Others 6 Conclusions
Lipidic Nanoparticles Comprising Phosphatidylinositol Mitigate Immunogenicity and Improve Efficacy of Recombinant Human Acid Alpha-Glucosidase in a Murine Model of Pompe Disease

Enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant human acid α-glucosidase (rhGAA) is complicated by the formation of anti-rhGAA antibodies, a short circulating half-life, instability in the plasma, and limited uptake into target tissue. Previously, we have demonstrated that phosphatidylinositol (PI) containing liposomes can reduce the immunogenicity and extend plasma survival of factor VIII (FVIII) in a mouse model of hemophilia A. In this article, we investigate the ability of PI liposomes to be used as a delivery vehicle to overcome the issues that complicate therapy with rhGAA. In a murine model of Pompe disease, administration of PI-rhGAA mitigated the immunogenicity of rhGAA, resulting in a significantly lower formation of anti-rhGAA antibodies. PI-rhGAA also showed minimal improvements to the pharmacokinetic parameters and efficacy measures compared to free rhGAA. Overall, these data suggest that PI-rhGAA may have the potential to be a useful therapeutic option for improving the treatment of Pompe disease.
Operational cost value assessment and value based stacked energy storage management for active power distribution systems

In this paper, a formal procedure to evaluate the operational value of ancillary services provided by battery energy storage systems is presented along with a methodology on how to schedule the battery considering maximum benefits. The ancillary services considered are photovoltaic (PV) power output smoothing, voltage support and energy time shift (ETS). The benefits provided by energy storage applications are quantified in terms of monetary value. First, the issues related to such value studies are mentioned and a method has been proposed to resolve these issues. Second, utilizing the value information, an optimization method is developed to modify the algorithms for energy storage applications. It has been concluded that monetary value of different energy storage applications provides additional information that can be used schedule energy storage applications to yield maximum cost benefit of the applications. Results obtained using the field validated simulation model show the potential of proposed method.
Examining user privacy practices while shopping online: what are users looking for?

This study evaluated users' behaviors when performing inexpensive or expensive e-commerce purchases on familiar and unfamiliar Web sites. Users were more comfortable with making inexpensive than expensive purchases. They also felt more secure and that their privacy was better protected when shopping with a familiar Web site than an unfamiliar one, especially for expensive purchases. For inexpensive purchases, if the price was "right", participants were willing to purchase the product on unfamiliar Web sites. For expensive purchases, though, the reputation of the organization hosting the Web site was the most important factor. In both cases, privacy was a minor determinant for deciding whether to make a purchase from a Web site. Only 20% of the users regularly accessed the sites' privacy policies during their interactions with the sites. Moreover, less than half of the participants even looked at privacy-policy links during their interactions with the Web sites.
Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, 6th Ed.

(2000). Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, 6th Ed. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 296-297.
Comments On ‘Ontic Commitments Of Quantum Mechanics’

Dr. MacKinnon’s paper is part of the recent trend to try to bring philosophy of science closer to the actual practice of scientists; to get away from the attempt to tell physicists what they are doing (or should be doing) — for example, by constructing elaborate formalisms for their theories; but rather to try to observe and conceptualize what they actually do. He voices his skepticism about excessive formalization, and his desire to bring philosophy of science into a position where it not only can look at a given theory considered as a finished product; but also allow for the discussion of the relationship between competing or successive theories, and conceptual revolutions in science. He is concerned with what ground such theories have in common, as well as their differerences. I can only join him in this desire to view science in its evolutionary perspective; and on this score the only questions I shall raise will be about whether he goes far enough in this direction.
Photochemical keratodesmos for repair of lamellar corneal incisions.

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of photochemical keratodesmos (PKD) for closing surgical incisions in the cornea of enucleated rabbit eyes compared with that achieved using sutures and self-sealing incisions. METHODS: A 3.5-mm incision, at an angle parallel to the iris, was made in the cornea of enucleated New Zealand White rabbit eyes. The intraocular pressure required to cause leakage (IOP(L)) from the untreated incision was then recorded. Photochemical keratodesmos treatment was then performed by application of a dye, Rose Bengal (RB), in saline solution to the surfaces of the incision wound, followed by laser irradiation at 514 nm from an argon ion laser. Immediately after treatment, the IOP(L) was measured. Both dose and laser irradiance dependencies were studied in five or more eyes for each condition and appropriate control eyes. The IOP(L)s were compared with those obtained using conventional interrupted 10-0 nylon sutures. Other dyes were tested in a similar fashion. RESULTS: The IOP(L) of 300 mm Hg was obtained using a fluence of 1270 J/cm(2) with an irradiance of 1.27 W/cm(2) (laser exposure time, 16 minutes 40 seconds). No sealing was observed using dye or light alone where control pressures of approximately 30 mm Hg were found. At higher dose (1524 J/cm(2)) and irradiance (3.82 W/cm(2); 6 minutes 35 seconds), PKD was less effective, which may be attributable to thermal effects. PKD produced IOP(L)s similar to those in closure by sutures. Other dyes such as riboflavin-5-phosphate and N:-hydroxy-pyridine thione also produced efficient bonding after PKD. Nonphotochemically active dyes did not produce significant increases in the IOP(L) at which leakage occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in IOP(L) after PKD treatment, comparable with that with sutures, in enucleated rabbit eyes demonstrates the feasibility of this technique ex vivo.
Rapid functional divergence of grass duplicate genes

Gene duplication has played an important role in the evolution and domestication of flowering plants. Yet little is known about how plant duplicate genes evolve and are retained over long timescales, particularly those arising from small-scale duplication (SSD) rather than whole-genome duplication (WGD) events. Here we address this question in the Poaceae (grass) family by analyzing gene expression data from nine tissues of Brachypodium distachyon, Oryza sativa japonica (rice), and Sorghum bicolor (sorghum). Consistent with theoretical predictions, expression profiles of most grass genes are conserved after SSD, suggesting that functional conservation is the primary outcome of SSD in grasses. However, we also uncover support for widespread functional divergence, much of which occurs asymmetrically via the process of neofunctionalization. Moreover, neofunctionalization preferentially targets younger (child) duplicate gene copies, is associated with RNA-mediated duplication, and occurs quickly after duplication. Further analysis reveals that functional divergence of SSD-derived genes is positively correlated with both sequence divergence and tissue specificity in all three grass species, and particularly with anther expression in B. distachyon. Therefore, as found in many animal species, SSD-derived grass genes often undergo rapid functional divergence that may be driven by natural selection on male-specific phenotypes.