cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Exploratory Study Investigating the Effects of Barefoot Running on Working Memory

The aim of the present study was to compare the potential cognitive benefits of running barefoot compared to shod. Young adults (N = 72, M age = 24.4 years, SD = 5.5) ran both barefoot and shod on a running track while stepping on targets (poker chips) and when not stepping on targets. The main finding was that participants performed better on a working memory test when running barefoot compared to shod, but only when they had to step on targets. These results supported the idea that additional attention is needed when running barefoot to avoid stepping on objects that could potentially injure the foot. Significant increases in participant's heart rate were also found in the barefoot condition. No significant differences were found in participants' speed across conditions. These findings suggested that working memory may be enhanced after at least 16 minutes of barefoot running if the individual has to focus attention on the ground.
Felbamate: A new antiepileptic drug

The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical use, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage of felbamate are discussed. Felbamate (2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate) is chemically unrelated to any of the other currently marketed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). It appears that felbamate, like phenobarbital and valproic acid, decreases the frequency of seizures by decreasing seizure spread and increasing seizure threshold. Oral felbamate is at least 90% absorbed, and peak concentrations are reached in one to six hours. The half-life is a little less than one day. A therapeutic range of plasma concentrations has not been determined. Felbamate has been used effectively as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy in patients with partial seizures with or without secondary generalization and as adjunctive therapy in children with partial or generalized seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Felbamate may also be safe and effective in patients with generalized, absence, atypical absence, juvenile myoclonic, infantile, and gelastic seizures. The most frequently reported adverse effects of felbamate include nausea, anorexia, vomiting, headache, fatigue, somnolence, insomnia, and increased serum aspartate aminotransferase levels. The frequency of adverse effects is greater in patients receiving other AEDs in addition to felbamate. Felbamate affects the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and methsuximide; other AEDs also affect the pharmacokinetics of felbamate. The dosage of felbamate should begin at 400 mg orally three times daily and then increase by 600 mg/day every two weeks to up to 3600 mg/day. If the patient is receiving other AEDs concurrently, their dosage should be decreased as the dosage of felbamate is increased. If the goal is to switch to felbamate, the dosage should be increased weekly as the dosages of other AEDs are reduced. Felbamate offers a safe and effective alternative to other AEDs in the treatment of partial and secondarily generalized seizures; partial and generalized seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; and atypical absence seizures, gelastic seizures, and other difficult to control seizures.
Semiquantitative evaluation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity in human blood cells

Abstract Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity in human blood cells and its diagnostic significance for leukemic reticuloendotheliosis were criticaly evaluated. Activity of this enzyme was graded on a zero to 5 scale. In 22 patients with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, the pathognomonic reticulum cells in blood, marrow, and other organs had 5 + activity. In 378 control subjects, none had cells with 5 + enzyme activity in blood, but many had a few cells with 5 + activity in smears of their marrow, lymph nodes, and spleens. Epithelioid cells of Hodgkin's disease and sarcoidosis, Gaucher cells, and a rare histiocyte also had 5 + enzyme activity. Semiquantitation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity on cells in the blood was time consuming and was not as informative as scanning the blood smears for cells with 5 + enzyme activity. The presence of cells in the blood, even as few as one or two, with 5 + enzyme activity is characteristic of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis and should be considered as presumptive evidence for the diagnosis.
Radiation dose from dual energy CT applications

Dual energy CT has emerged as a topical scanning technique with advances in MDCT technologies which enable near simultaneous acquisition of scan data at two separate kV or energy levels. Major applications in kidney stone characterization, pulmonary CT angiography, gout evaluation and differentiation of blood and contrast media have been reported. Due to differences in acquisition techniques for dual energy CT between different vendor offerings, it is important to keep in mind that these variations have important implications on associated radiation doses. While recent publications suggest that radiation doses with dual energy CT are similar to single kV scanning techniques, these data should not be generalized without appropriate analysis of local practices and thorough rationale for clinical applications. In this presentation, we will review radiation dose aspects of dual energy CT using different acquisition techniques.
Testing varnished insulating fabrics and papers by the electrographic printing method

Actual defects, as well as areas of low resistance to the penetration of moisture, can be detected on coated insulating materials; and the spreading of these areas can be recorded by a modification of the electrographic printing method.
Insulin use, adipokine profiles and breast cancer prognosis

Abstract Background Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and breast cancer (BC) share common cytokine signaling changes resultant from adipose tissue dysfunction. This modified adipokine signaling was shown to be directly associated with changes in the body mass index (BMI) and diet and it is expected to also be influenced by T2DM pharmacotherapy. We evaluated the relationship between pre-existing diabetes treatment, circulating adipokine levels at cancer diagnosis, and long-term outcomes. Methods All incident BC cases were reviewed (01/01/2003-12/31/2009, N = 2194). Each of the subjects with baseline T2DM (cases) was matched with two other subjects without T2DM (controls) based on the following criteria: age, BMI, ethnicity, menopausal status and tumor stage. All cases and controls with available baseline plasma and tumor biopsies, and being surgery and BC treatment naive, were included (N1 = 97, N2 = 194). Clinical history and vital status were documented. Adipokine levels (adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, CRP, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-6, and C-peptide) were assessed by either ELISA or Luminex® assays. Cancer outcomes were assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis; associations between categorical variables were assessed by Fisher’s exact test, categorical and continuous variables by Kruskal-Wallis or Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test, where appropriate. Multivariate adjustments (MVP, multivariate p-value) were performed accounting for age, tumor stage, BMI, estrogen receptor (ER) status and cumulative comorbidity. All biomarker correlations were assessed by the Pearson method. Utilization of insulin and insulin secretagogues was associated with ER (−) phenotype (p = 0.008, p = 0.043) and poorer BC outcomes (p = 0.012, p = 0.033). Insulin users were found to have lower C-peptide and higher IL-6, TNF-α and CRP levels, of which elevated CRP and TNF-α were associated with poorer BC outcomes (p = 0.003, MVP = 0.210). Insulin remarked by higher leptin levels as compared to controls (p = 0.052), but did not differ significantly from non-users. Although lower adiponectin levels were observed among non-insulin users as compared to controls (p Conclusion Insulin use is associated with elevated leptin, CRP, TNFα, and lower C-peptide and also linked to poor BC outcomes. More research is needed to verify these findings; however, we are among the first to correlate pharmacotherapy use, measures of adipose tissue dysfunction and cancer outcomes.
Antimalarial myopathy in a systemic lupus erythematosus patient with quadriparesis and seizures: a case-based review

Weakness, seizures, and encephalopathy have a broad differential diagnosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We present a case of a 26-year-old female with a recent diagnosis of SLE who experienced a clinical deterioration with quadriparesis, seizures, and encephalopathy. Her quadriparesis was found to be secondary to biopsy-proven hydroxychloroquine-induced myopathy with concomitant inflammatory myopathy. Her seizures and encephalopathy were suspected to be multifactorial in the setting of sepsis and critical illness with possible contributions from neuropsychiatric manifestations of SLE and macrophage activation syndrome. She experienced a dramatic clinical recovery with discontinuation of hydroxychloroquine, treatment of lupus disease activity with mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone, and antibiotic treatment for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia. This case-based review provides a systematic approach to quadriparesis, seizures, and encephalopathy in patients with SLE and an evidence-based discussion of antimalarial myopathy, which is of critical importance given the widespread use of antimalarial medications for rheumatologic diseases.
Probing for Neuroadaptations to Unpredictable Stressors in Addiction: Translational Methods and Emerging Evidence

Stressors clearly contribute to addiction etiology and relapse in humans, but our understanding of specific mechanisms remains limited. Rodent models of addiction offer the power, flexibility, and precision necessary to delineate the causal role and specific mechanisms through which stressors influence alcohol and other drug use. This review describes a program of research using startle potentiation to unpredictable stressors that is well positioned to translate between animal models and clinical research with humans on stress neuroadaptations in addiction. This research rests on a solid foundation provided by three separate pillars of evidence from (a) rodent behavioral neuroscience on stress neuroadaptations in addiction, (b) rodent affective neuroscience on startle potentiation, and (c) human addiction and affective science with startle potentiation. Rodent stress neuroadaptation models implicate adaptations in corticotropin-releasing factor and norepinephrine circuits within the central extended amygd...
Bridging Analysis and Action: How Feminist Scholarship Can Inform the Social Justice Turn

This article calls for recognition of ways in which feminisms have, do, and can inform social justice work in technical and professional communication (TPC)—even social justice work that is not exp...
Maria and Alida: Two Dutch Women in the English Hudson Valley

Dutch women in seventeenth century New Amsterdam/New York were often expected to participate in important economic affairs. This paper considers two such women: Alida Schuyler van Rensselaer Livingston and Maria van Cortlandt van Rensselaer. Each had a significant role as a trader and manager of property. However, they were quite different in that Maria lived most of her adult life as a widow, whereas Alida lived hers as a wife. We are able to examine these different gender roles as these were enacted and embodied through a corpus of wonderful letters written by each woman to a number of family members. I suggest that the expressions of gender (seen mostly in clothing and house furnishings) were quite different for these two women, and that the ability to present a “feminine” aspect depended on the presence of a man.
Some Effects of the Emerging Science of Design on the Design of Turbomachinery Using a Computer-Based Design Model in Conjunction with a Knowledge-Based Expert System

Engineers are at a turning point with respect to how they view their design problems. They are moving from a world view based in the Newtonian concepts of reductionism and mechanism and closed systems in equilibrium isolated from their environments to another based in the holism of systems thinking and systems open to their environments. The effects of this Kuhnian paradigm shift are discussed here in terms of the state of the art and state of the science of design, especially as they apply to the design of turbomachinery.
UV radiation and potential biological effects beneath the perennial ice cover of an antarctic lake

High-resolution spectral scans of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) were obtained directly beneath the 4.0–5.0 m thick, perennial ice cover of Lake Hoare, South Victoria Land, Antarctica. Both UVA (320–400 nm) and UVB (280–320 nm) radiation were detectable beneath the ice using a diver-deployed, underwater scanning spectroradiometer which permitted accurate measurement in the 280–340 nm range, while avoiding effects of surface shading and/or hole effects. UVR at wavelengths <310 nm was not detectable below the ice. This lower wavelength UVB appears to penetrate the Lake Hoare ice to depths of no more than 1.5 m during relatively cloud-free austral summer days. Based upon estimated biologically effective UVR dosages and DNA dosimeter data, exposure of benthic and planktonic microbes to the UVR encountered immediately beneath the ice is unlikely to inhibit microbial metabolism. Although waters of oligotrophic antarctic lakes are highly transparent to UVR, the thick, high scattering and optically dense ice covers on many of these lakes offers organisms a degree of protection largely unavailable in temperate and tropical systems. Thinning or complete loss of these overlying ice covers is likely to have major consequences for the structure of antarctic lake microbial communities.
International Students in American Higher Education: A Quantitative Study Comparing Their Distribution from Both Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives and the Implications on Policy Making

This study examined the distribution of international students in American higher education in each region of America. Non-parametric tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Kruskal-Wallis test, were employed to explore the significant differences of international student population among the five American regions from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives. The results of the study show that 1) there is significant difference of international student population among the five American regions in 2016; 2) Northeastern, Southeastern, and Midwestern regions have significantly larger international student population in 2016 than that in 2015; however, Western and Southwestern regions do not have significantly larger international student population in 2016 than that in 2015; 3) climate and geographic location, and the population of immigrants are the reasons of the current distribution of international students; and 4) there are four potential strategies that can be applied to promote the internationalization of higher education and the enrollment of international students. Two future research directions were proposed at the end of the paper.
Adsorption of organic micropollutants onto biochar: a review of relevant kinetics, mechanisms and equilibrium

As an alternative to activated carbon, biochar has been considered for removal of organic micropollutants from water and wastewater via adsorption. This review elaborates on the fundamental basis of adsorption kinetics, mechanisms, and equilibrium with respect to biochar-based adsorption of micropollutants. The objectives include: 1) linking biochar surface properties with adsorption abilities, 2) categorizing the kinetics of adsorption of aqueous-phase organic compounds onto biochar, 3) categorizing the molecular-scale interactions between organic micropollutants and biochar, and 4) reviewing existing quantitative methods for characterizing adsorption equilibrium of organic micropollutants from water onto an adsorbent surface. To fulfill these goals, the relationships among biochar surface properties, adsorption kinetics, mechanisms, and equilibrium were clarified as current literature often lacks such discussion or may include conflicting descriptions. Due to its heterogeneous nature, research on biochar's adsorption potential for micropollutants is ambiguous. By adapting adsorption theories to biochar application specifically, this review helps to inform future research in terms of addressing knowledge gaps in characterizing and improving biochar adsorption.
Evaluation of Outpatient Cardiac Stress Testing After Emergency Department Encounters for Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome

Study objective Professional guidelines recommend 72-hour cardiac stress testing after an emergency department (ED) evaluation for possible acute coronary syndrome. There are limited data on actual compliance rates and effect on patient outcomes. Our aim is to describe rates of completion of noninvasive cardiac stress testing and associated 30-day major adverse cardiac events. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of ED encounters from June 2015 to June 2017 across 13 community EDs within an integrated health system in Southern California. The study population included all adults with a chest pain diagnosis, troponin value, and discharge with an order for an outpatient cardiac stress test. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who completed an outpatient stress test within the recommended 3 days, 4 to 30 days, or not at all. Secondary analysis described the 30-day incidence of major adverse cardiac events. Results During the study period, 24,459 patients presented with a chest pain evaluation requiring troponin analysis and stress test ordering from the ED. Of these, we studied the 7,988 patients who were discharged home to complete diagnostic testing, having been deemed appropriate by the treating clinicians for an outpatient stress test. The stress test completion rate was 31.3% within 3 days and 58.7% between 4 and 30 days, and 10.0% of patients did not complete the ordered test. The 30-day rates of major adverse cardiac events were low (death 0.0%, acute myocardial infarction 0.7%, and revascularization 0.3%). Rapid receipt of stress testing was not associated with improved 30-day major adverse cardiac events (odds ratio 0.92; 95% confidence interval 0.55 to 1.54). Conclusion Less than one third of patients completed outpatient stress testing within the guideline-recommended 3 days after initial evaluation. More important, the low adverse event rates suggest that selective outpatient stress testing is safe. In this cohort of patients selected for outpatient cardiac stress testing in a well-integrated health system, there does not appear to be any associated benefit of stress testing within 3 days, nor within 30 days, compared with those who never received testing at all. The lack of benefit of obtaining timely testing, in combination with low rates of objective adverse events, may warrant reassessment of the current guidelines.
Investigating the hysteretic behavior of Mars-relevant chlorides

Abstract Liquid solution stability has been a highly studied topic in the Martian community since the detection of perchlorate (ClO4−) at the Phoenix landing site and the global detection of chloride (Cl−) by THEMIS (Thermal Emission Imagining System, onboard Mars Odyssey). Understanding how brines form and react to changing environmental conditions helps identify potentially habitable environments on Mars, both at present and in the past. Here we measure the extent of metastability of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and sodium chloride (NaCl) brines when freezing. We find that the metastable eutectic temperature of MgCl2 depends on the maximum temperature (Tmax) reached before freezing. If Tmax −15 °C, mTeu is 15 °C below the stable eutectic temperature (Teu). We speculate that this metastable behavior follows the phase diagram for the transition into the 8 hydrate for MgCl2, thus, yielding a different freezing temperature, the peritectic for MgCl2·8H2O. However, mTeu for NaCl is independent of Tmax and was constantly at 3 °C below Teu with no peritectic (consistent with the phase diagram). We also found that MgCl2 brine can exist for at least 60 h at 5 °C below its Teu. Applying our findings, we determined the potential time evolution of brines at Palikir crater, using a time-series of modeled temperature profiles. Surficial layers melt more frequently, but layers at 2–3 cm depth are able to warm above Tmax > −15 °C and maintain brine for longer than surficial layers. The evaporation rate of brine buried by 2–3 cm of regolith is greatly reduced due to the generally cold temperatures, solute concentration, and by the regolith overburden. We also found that at Palikir crater, only the deep subsurface (~9.5 cm depth) has water activities (~0.75) high enough to support life. Overall, the metastable properties of brines can drastically affect their formation and longevity on Mars, and should be considered in future models.
Improving Water Consumption Estimates from a Bottle-Attachable Sensor Using Heuristic Fusion

This paper demonstrates a strategy for improving aggregate (i.e.: multiple drink) water consumption estimates obtained from a bottle-attachable IMU sensor through heuristic fusion. Aggregate consumption is estimated based upon residual container volume using a Gaussian process regression model trained on over 1,500 drinks. The model estimates the fill level of the bottle using hand-engineered features describing the estimated inclination during drinking. Fill level estimates are fused with an empirically parameterized heuristic consumption model. For initial proof-of-concept, fusion is performed using complementary and Kalman filtering. Both techniques are evaluated for 32 dedicated testing experiments containing 12 drinks each. Root mean square fill ratio estimation errors are reduced by 17.3% and 39.6% versus raw sensor estimates using the complementary and Kalman fusion frameworks, respectively.
Genetic basis for postpartum depression

Abstract Familial, genome-wide linkage and association studies, and candidate gene studies, most conducted in the past 10 years, have examined the genetic etiology of postpartum depression (PPD). The most commonly studied genes include genes that have been implicated in other mood disorders, particularly major depression though some like estrogen receptor 1 have been studied based on a theoretical involvement in PPD itself. Evidence is strong for the genetic basis for PPD with approximately a 40% heritability. The heritability is thought to be a mixture of genetic risks for other types of mood disorders and genetic risks that are unique to PPD. Positive associations have been found in family studies and in several genes associated with major depression as well as genes involved in estrogen signaling but only when PPD onset is defined shortly after delivery. Our findings underscore the need for additional studies with larger samples, as well as the crucial importance of timing in the definition of PPD for genetic studies.
Muscle-Directed Delivery of an AAV1 Vector Leads to Capsid-Specific T Cell Exhaustion in Nonhuman Primates and Humans

With the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) approvals for Zolgensma, Luxturna, and Glybera, recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are considered efficient tools for gene transfer. However, studies in animals and humans demonstrate that intramuscular (IM) AAV delivery can trigger immune responses to AAV capsids and/or transgenes. IM delivery of rAAV1 in humans has also been described to induce tolerance to rAAV characterized by the presence of capsid-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) in periphery. To understand mechanisms responsible for tolerance and parameters involved, we tested 3 muscle-directed administration routes in rhesus monkeys: IM delivery, venous limb perfusion, and the intra-arterial push and dwell method. These 3 methods were well tolerated and led to transgene expression. Interestingly, gene transfer in muscle led to Tregs and exhausted T cell infiltrates in situ at both day 21 and day 60 post-injection. In human samples, an in-depth analysis of the functionality of these cells demonstrates that capsid-specific exhausted T cells are detected after at least 5 years post-vector delivery and that the exhaustion can be reversed by blocking the checkpoint pathway. Overall, our study shows that persisting transgene expression after gene transfer in muscle is mediated by Tregs and exhausted T cells.
Clinical concept extraction: A methodology review

Abstract Background Concept extraction, a subdomain of natural language processing (NLP) with a focus on extracting concepts of interest, has been adopted to computationally extract clinical information from text for a wide range of applications ranging from clinical decision support to care quality improvement. Objectives In this literature review, we provide a methodology review of clinical concept extraction, aiming to catalog development processes, available methods and tools, and specific considerations when developing clinical concept extraction applications. Methods Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a literature search was conducted for retrieving EHR-based information extraction articles written in English and published from January 2009 through June 2019 from Ovid MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the ACM Digital Library. Results A total of 6,686 publications were retrieved. After title and abstract screening, 228 publications were selected. The methods used for developing clinical concept extraction applications were discussed in this review.
Psychometric Testing of a Structured Assessment Instrument for Non-technical Skills (NANTS-no) for Use in Clinical Supervision of Student Nurse Anesthetists.

Background This study evaluated psychometric properties of a structured behavioral assessment instrument, Nurse Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills-Norway (NANTS-no). It estimated whether reliable assessments of nontechnical skills (NTS) could be made after taking part in a workshop. An additional objective was to evaluate the instrument's acceptability and usability. Methods An explorative design was used. Nurse anesthetists (n = 46) involved in clinical supervision attended a 6-hour workshop on NTS, then rated NTS in video-recorded simulated scenarios and completed a questionnaire. Results High reliability and dependability were estimated in this setting. Participants regarded the instrument as useful for clinical supervision of student nurse anesthetists (SNAs). Conclusions Findings suggest that NANTS-no may be reliable for performing clinical assessments of SNAs and encouraging critical reflection. However, further research is needed to explore its use in clinical settings.
The Trajectories of Communications Interception

This chapter examines some of the findings in the qualitative data that were outlined earlier, within the wider scholarly literature on information security and communications interception. Following a comparison between the British and American communications-interception debates, there will be a discussion of the impact of market deregulation on state-sponsored surveillance structures on both sides of the Atlantic. In conclusion, there will be an analysis of the ongoing technical process of integrating communications interception mandates into the very structure of the telecommunications network infrastructure, which is stipulated by CALEA and RIPA. The analysis will also take into consideration the political and cultural developments that are shaping the evolving legal framework of state-sponsored surveillance in our century.
Economic Nationalism: U.S. and Chinese Style

The United States and China have the two largest national economies in the world and are also the world’s leading proponents of Economic Nationalism. In this context, this term refers to the use of national policies to promote exports while creating barriers to imports and is a twenty first century version of 17th century mercantilism. Both nations hold these polices, but there is a stark contrast in how they are implementing them. As both nations have similar, but conflicting goals, they have been locked in a two year trade dispute that could destabilize the global economy as a whole. Recently, the two nations announced a historic phase I agreement to suspend trade hostilities. This development provides a good opportunity to explore some of the ramifications of the rise of Economic Nationalism and what it portends for the future.
Shōjo Murasaki, Seinen Genji: Sexual Violence and Textual Violence in Yamato Waki’s Fleeting Dreams and Egawa Tatsuya’s Tale of Genji Manga

This paper examines how two manga versions of the Heian classic Tale of Genji , belonging to two different genres and targeting different readership, engage with and interpret the tale’s episodes depicting sexual encounters, which may be read as problematic in the original text. The shojo version, Yamato Waki’s Asaki yumemishi , published between 1980 and 1993, and targeting predominantly female audiences, how two distinct approaches in its treatment of certain potentially uncomfortable episodes: some episodes which verge too close to a reading of sexual violence, are outright erased from the manga versions. Others, whose presence is invaluable to the narrative, are remarkably faithful to the original text, while at the same time contextualizing and domesticating all threats of sexual violence that might have marred the original text. By contrast, Egawa Tatsuya’s seinen version of Genji monogatari , marketed towards a young male adult readership, takes the extreme approach of depicting all sexual encounters in the tale as consensual, pleasurable and highly explicit. The ambiguity of the original text is simply done away with by juxtaposing said text and its fairly accurate rendition into modern Japanese with quasi-pornographic, shunga -evoking scenes of sex.
What's in a Name? Purchases and Sales of Financial Assets As a Monetary Policy Instrument

Large-scale asset purchases are now a conventional tool for monetary policymakers. In August 2019, Federal Reserve balance sheet expansion began for the first time since December 2015, with the federal funds rate away from the zero lower bound (ZLB). The Federal Reserve expanded the balance sheet by $400 billion by the end of 2019. This paper studies active balance sheet management by the Federal Reserve with the federal funds rate away from and at the ZLB. Purchases and sales of financial assets allow the Federal Reserve to simultaneously stabilize financial markets, thus moderate long-term interest rates, and pursue the dual mandate. At the ZLB, active financial asset portfolio management alleviates the effects of the constraint on the federal funds rate.
National Institutes of Health Career Development (K) Awards to Young Surgeons: An Academic Milestone or One-hit Wonder?

OBJECTIVE To assess contemporary trends in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Career Development (K) Awards within the Departments of Surgery and its impact on the likelihood of achieving independent R01 grants. BACKGROUND The NIH provides K-type Career Development Awards to nurture young clinicians toward a productive academic career, thereby maintaining a pipeline of physician-scientists. However, the impact of K awards on career trajectory of surgeons remains unclear. METHODS The NIH grant data was queried for all new K08/K23 grants awarded to Departments of Surgery (1999-2019). Principal Investigators' data and grant-related information was obtained. RESULTS The NIH awarded 298 K08/23 surgical grants ($41,893,170) over the last 2 decades. Median budget increased from $116,370 to $167,508 (P<0.001). Of grantees, 83.2% were MDs, 15.1% MD/PhD, and 1.7% PhDs, with 25.2% being women. Principal Investigators' were mostly practicing surgeons (91.1%) with fellowship training (82.4%) and young in their careers {4 [interquartile ranges (IQR) 4] years of experience}. Vascular surgery (15.9%), Complex General Surgical Oncology (15.1%), and Trauma/Critical Care (14.6%) were the most frequent specialties. Awards were associated with 3,336 publications [median 8/project (IQR 13)]. The majority of K grantees (77.2%) currently hold an academic faculty position. Only 32.2% of awardees received independent R01 grant funding, at a median of 5.5 years (IQR 5) after their K awards. Sex (P = 0.71), previous fellowship training (P = 0.63), type of surgical specialty (P = 0.72), or MD/PhD degree (P = 0.75) were not associated with increased likelihood of achieving a subsequent R01 award. CONCLUSION Although the majority of K awardees maintain an academic career, only a limited number of grantees progress to obtain NIH R01 funding. Increased mentorship, financial support, and infrastructure are needed to facilitate career development awardees opportunities to enhance their ability to achieve independent funding.
Time-Varying Risk of Nominal Bonds: How Important Are Macroeconomic Shocks?

I analyze the risk of nominal assets within an external habit model supplemented with realistic non-Gaussian macroeconomic dynamics. The estimation identifies time-varying "demand-like" and "supply-like" macroeconomic shocks directly linked to the risk of nominal assets. After matching standard properties of the US financial markets, I investigate if macroeconomic shocks can reproduce time-varying stock and bond return correlations. Macroeconomic shocks generate sizable positive and negative correlations, although negative correlations are less extreme than in data. Macroeconomics shocks are most important in explaining high correlations from the late 70's until the early 90's and low correlations pre- and during the Great Recession.
Editorial: Globalization, History, Technology and Mathematics Education

Welcome to Vol.2,no.2 of The Montana Mathematics Enthusiast. The Fall 2005 issue is being released a month earlier to coincide with the start of the school year in Montana. As the table of contents will indicate this is the first of (hopefully) many high quality international issues, featuring articles from mathematicians and mathematics educators worldwide. The journal is now indexed in the Zentralblatt fur Didaktik der Mathematik (ZDM) and articles appearing in the journal are periodically reviewed by ZDM.
Saving the IMF’s Seal of Approval

The rash of international financial crisis in recent years has brought increased public scrutiny of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Many charges against the fund have been wide of the mark, some even confusing it with the World Bank, but the public debate about the IMF has been quite beneficial. While the IMF was established to help oversee the Bretton Woods system of adjustably pegged exchange rates, the breakdown of this regime in the 1970s, while changing its role, did not eliminate the usefulness of an international monetary organization like the IMF. The fund has made many mistakes but unlike its strongest critics, I would judge that overall its benefit-cost ratio has been favorable. This said, I must also agree that the IMF has not done nearly as well as it should have. Major efforts need to be made to improve its effectiveness.
Environmental justice without environmental racism

In this paper, I propose to defend an account of environmental justice that is not only acceptable both from an anthropocentric or human-centric perspective and from a non-anthropocentric or biocentric perspective, but also deals squarely with the problem of environmental racism.
Associations of Escherichia coli K-12 OmpF trimers with rough and smooth lipopolysaccharides.

The associations of both rough and smooth lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with the OmpF porin of Escherichia coli K-12 were examined in galE strains deleted for ompC. Transformation with pSS37 and growth with galactose conferred the ability to assemble a Shigella dysenteriae O antigen onto the core oligosaccharide of E. coli K-12 LPS. The association of LPS with OmpF trimers was assessed by staining, autoradiography of LPS specifically labeled with (1-14C)galactose, and Western immunoblotting with a monoclonal antibody specific for OmpF trimers. These techniques revealed that the migration distances and multiple banding patterns of OmpF porin trimers in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels were dictated by the chemotype of associated LPS. Expression of smooth LPS caused almost all of the trimeric OmpF to run in gels with a slower mobility than trimers from rough strains. The LPS associated with trimers from a smooth strain differed from the bulk-phase LPS by consisting almost exclusively of molecules with O antigen.
Review Essay: Taking a Step Toward a Law for Sovereign Wealth Funds

In The Law of Sovereign Wealth Funds. Fabio Bassan has taken on a very great challenge. He would provide a legal structure for sovereign wealth fund regulation, and simultaneously, he would interrogate the consequences of the sovereign character of projections of private power between states. But the world he describes is both unified by the logic of globalization. On the one side is the state system, grounded in principles of sovereignty and of the fundamental distinction between the state and everything else, On the other is the emerging system of societally constituted functionally distinct governance organs, grounded in principles of free movement of capital and investment. When they collide only fracture is possible. The more these forces work toward harmonization, the more relentlessly they illuminate the resulting fracture of governance. That is perhaps the greatest insight of Bassan’s masterful effort to organize the law of SWFs. This essay considers that effort.
Reappraisal of hypothetical Franciscan thrust wedging at Coalinga: Implications for tectonic relations along the Great Valley flank of the California Coast Ranges

[1] Correlation of the character and orientation of seismic reflectors imaged on profiles across the Coalinga anticline with known surface geology indicates that local Franciscan thrust wedging, favored for past geodynamic interpretations of the 1983 Coalinga earthquake, is an untenable hypothesis. The inference that a subhorizontal detachment surface of simple shear is present beneath the anticline is consequently unnecessary, and unlikely in view of the coherent areal pattern of wrench folding within the southern Diablo Range. Elsewhere along the structural front of the California Coast Ranges at the western flank of the Great Valley, interpretations of similar thrust wedging based in part on analogy with supposed structural relations at Coalinga are equally questionable. In a wider context, the seismogenic behavior of blind thrust and reverse faults in California cannot be interpreted with the invalid concept of thrust wedging at Coalinga as a guiding template for geotectonic interpretations.
A Five Dimensional Space Without Local Lorentz Invariance

Physics Department, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7316, USA(Dated: March 25, 2011)A ﬁve dimensional space without invariance under local Lorentz transformations is studied, andthe transformations under which the theory is invariant are introduced. We show that the Lorentzforce is included in the ensuing equations of motion. The four dimensional Einstein and Maxwellequations emerge from the ﬁeld equations while the homogeneous Maxwell equations naturallyappear in the work. A corresponding quantum theory is introduced. The spectrum of a free particleand the hydrogen atom are recovered. Quantum structure of Schwarzschild spaces are also studied.I. INTRODUCTION
Back to Reality: A Critique of Postmodern Theory in Psychotherapy

This work provides an analysis of postmodern/narrative theory, with its underlying antirealist/constructivist philosophy that the subject makes rather than discovers reality. The author sees the ascent of this theory as a misguided attempt to solve a recalcitrant problem within psychotherapy: how to achieve a theory that attends to the uniqueness of each client and yet preserves a systematic, replicable enterprise. As an alternative she introduces readers to the integrative/eclectic therapy movement and proposes a "modest realism".
The Colored Bridges Problem: In Memory of Frank Harary (1921–2005)

A town has a network of walkways running through it, each colored gray. A red bridge is constructed between every two walkway intersections that are two blocks apart, and a blue bridge is constructed between every two intersections that are three blocks apart. The colored bridges problem asks whether it is possible to take a round-trip about the town passing through each of its intersections exactly once such that during this trip the walkway or bridge used to enter every intersection is of a different color than that used to exit it. With the aid of graph theory, we show that such a round-trip is always possible when the walkways of the town form a grid. Conditions are determined under which no blue bridges are needed. Una ciudad tiene una red de caminos de color gris que la atraviesan. Un puente rojo se construye entre cada dos intersecciones de caminos separados por dos manzanas y un puente azul se construye entre cada dos intersecciones que estan a tres manzanas de distancia. El problema de los puentes de colores se pregunta si es posible hacer un viaje alrededor de la ciudad pasando por cada una de las intersecciones exactamente una sola vez de modo que durante este viaje el camino o puente utilizado para entrar en cada interseccion es de color distinto al que se utiliza para salir. Con la ayuda de la teoria de grafos, mostramos que tal viaje es siempre posible cuando los caminos de la ciudad forman una cuadricula. Se determinan las condiciones bajo las cuales no son necesarios los puentes azules. 城镇中贯穿于其中的通道构成的网络标记为灰色。任意两个分离区域的通道交叉处构建一个红色的桥，而三个分离区域的两两交叉处则构建一个蓝色的桥。有色桥问题是关于能否对任意交叉处仅通过一次就能遍历整个城镇，也就是在该旅程中在进入和走出每个交叉点的道路或桥是不同颜色的问题。借助于图论，本文显示了当城镇道路网络构建格网时，上述路径总是存在的。当不需要蓝色的桥时，条件是完全确定的。
A multisensor robotic module interchange system for space maintenance

The authors show the feasibility of realistic autonomous space manipulation tasks using multisensory information from a vision, force/torque, and touch sensor. They describe the basic functions of the robotic system including the design, implementation, and integration of each of the sensors mentioned above. The cooperative use of sensors is shown through mating/demating of a module interchange system. Autonomous location of the mating element, autonomous location of a guiding light target, mating and demating of the system are successfully performed. >
Growing in value: NGOs, social movements and the cultivation of developmental value chains in Uttarakhand, India

The social consequences of global value chains – including their effects on economic development – are shaped, in part, by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and social movement organizations (SMOs). While scholars have extensively explored the causes and effects of downstream corporate social responsibility, we know little about the influence of upstream NGOs and SMOs in shaping value chains. To address this lacuna, I draw on a case study of rural development organizations in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. I find that these groups build marginal producers’ organizational and technical capacity, assist producers in meeting certification standards, and work to cultivate alternative value chain segments, both local and global. Results suggest that NGOs and SMOs help marginal producers to engage more profitably with corporate value chains, even as they simultaneously pursue strategies that are more contentious and that aim to create deeper structural change.
Recent developments in X-ray lithography systems

Abstract High resolution, high throughput x-ray lithography systems are being developed to meet future needs for submicron integrated circuit fabrication. An advanced step-and-repeat x-ray system, under development at the Perkin-Elmer Corporation, is described. The critical technologies, precision alignment and high-power x-ray source, are explored. To achieve half-micron or better resolution, overlay accuracy of at least 0.1 micron is required. This is achieved by a proximity system that controls alignment in six degrees of freedom on a field-by-field, real-time basis. Alignment techniques are described and overlay measurements presented for Boron Nitride mask-to-wafer levels. The demands placed on the x-ray source are great. High power is required to achieve practical levels of throughput, and a finite x-ray emitting area is required to achieve a small penumbra blur. The source developed achieves a system resolution of 0.2 micron or less, with a throughput of 40 wafer levels per hour. Experimental results on this source are shown.
CONTRIBUTION OF EDUCATION TO ADULTS’ QUALITY OF LIFE

This paper will examine the impact of and need for educational opportunities among adult U.S. citizens. To assess quality of life across 15 different dimensions, 3‐ to 4‐hour interviews were conducted with nationally representative samples of 30‐, 50‐, and 70‐year‐olds. Ratings on importance indicated that learning was of decreasing importance to older groups. However, a large proportion of all age groups reported that their needs were not being well met in learning. Correlations of ratings on needs met with ratings on overall quality of life, weighted by importance ratings, revealed that learning related substantially to overall quality of life. Analyses of the educational needs of these cohorts identified adult education programs needed to improve quality of life. This paper is adapted from a presentation given at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society, San Francisco, 1977. Support for this project was provided by a grant from the National Institute of Education (Grant NIE‐G‐00‐3‐0148) for the...
EVALUATING CAPITAL INVESTMENTS IN THE NATIONAL AIRPORT SYSTEM: SOME POLICY IMPLICATIONS

This article develops a statistical model that relates delay at an airport to aircraft demand, airport capacity, and aircraft-peaking patterns. The results of estimating the model suggest that both airport capacity and aircraft demand are significant determinants of delay. However, enhancements in airport capacity seem to be more effective in reducing delay than strategies aimed at reducing aircraft demand. Some policy implications are also discussed.
The Chinese Government Scholarship Program: An Effective Form of Foreign Assistance?.

This study investigates the effectiveness of Chinese international education assistance through an examination of student experience in the Chinese Government Scholarship Program, an important mechanism of Chinese foreign aid. Grounded in Pascarella’s (1985) model of the impact of college on students, the study investigates participants’ level of satisfaction with their higher education experience in China and their perception of the role of the scholarship program in promoting positive relationships between China and the scholarship students’ home countries. Findings indicate that participants are generally satisfied with their experiences in China and are positive about the impact of the program in building friendships with their home countries. The authors discuss the implications of these findings in terms of China’s emerging prominence as a provider of international development assistance.