cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumer Lending in France and America: Credit and Welfare

Why did America embrace consumer credit over the course of the twentieth century, when most other countries did not? How did American policy makers by the late twentieth century come to believe that more credit would make even poor families better off? This book traces the historical emergence of modern consumer lending in America and France. If Americans were profligate in their borrowing, the French were correspondingly frugal. Comparison of the two countries reveals that America's love affair with credit was not primarily the consequence of its culture of consumption, as many writers have observed, nor directly a consequences of its less generous welfare state. It emerged instead from evolving coalitions between fledgling consumer lenders seeking to make their business socially acceptable and a range of non-governmental groups working to promote public welfare, labor, and minority rights. In France, where a similar coalition did not emerge, consumer credit continued to be perceived as economically regressive and socially risky.
Planning for Decisional Incapacity

Practitioners and elderly patients share a common interest in advance planning for future health care decision-making in the event of decisional incapacity. It is argued that advance directives can: 1) assist the elderly person in maximizing self-determination; and 2) help physicians in caring for the elderly and their families by removing conflict potential. Furthermore, the author compares the legal and medical understandings of patient self-determination and the uses of best interest and substituted judgment standards. It is argued that medicine and law differ on the important issues only in degree of emphasis, not in principle. To clarify the issues, a systematic classification of the multiple levels of instruction directives and agent-proxy decision-making models is developed. Finally, it is recommended that health care decision-making for the elderly can be enhanced by encouraging patients to: 1) create as much evidence as possible to affirm their preferences and values; and 2) plan the delegation of decisions by appointing a proxy.
Mathematical Formalism for the Properties of Four Basic Models of Indirect Pharmacodynamic Responses

Four basic models for characterizing indirect pharmacodynamic responses were proposed previously and applied using differential equations. These models consider inhibition or stimulation by drug of the production or loss of mediators or response variables. This report develops partially integrated solutions for these models which allow more detailed examination of the roles of model parameters and pharmacokinetic functions in affecting the time course of drug effects. Because of the nonlinear Hill function, the solutions are represented by means of definite integrals containing kinetic and dynamic functions. These solutions allow a qualitative examination, using calculus, of how response is controlled by Dose. IC50 or SC50, Imax or Smax, and kout for drugs exhibiting monotonic or biphasic disposition. Characteristics of the response curves that were identified include shape, maximum or minimum, and changes with the above parameters and time. These relationships, together with simulation studies, provide a fundamental basis for understanding the temporal aspects of the basic indirect response models.
Drosophila Unc-13 is essential for synaptic transmission

The UNC-13 protein family has been suggested to be critical for synaptic vesicle dynamics based on its interactions with Syntaxin, Munc-18 and Doc 2α. We cloned the Drosophila homolog (Dunc-13) and characterized its function using a combination of electrophysiology and ultrastructural analyses. Dunc-13 contained a C1 lipid-binding motif and two C2 calcium-binding domains, and its expression was restricted to neurons. Elimination of dunc-13 expression abolished synaptic transmission, an effect comparable only to removal of the core complex proteins Syntaxin and Synaptobrevin. Transmitter release remained impaired under elevated calcium influx or application of hyperosmotic saline. Ultrastructurally, mutant terminals accumulated docked vesicles at presynaptic release sites. We conclude that Dunc-13 is essential for a stage of neurotransmission following vesicle docking and before fusion.
INTRODUCTION: DECADENCE (OR NOT) IN THE MING DYNASTY

This volume arose as a selfish exercise: I wanted to know, really and truly, what my colleagues in History thought about the late Ming period. Did they understand it to be a period of decadence? And if so, why? These questions were prompted by my increasing discomfort with established art histories in light of new investigations into late Ming discourses in the arts. What my research was revealing was that artists, critics, theorists, and collectors were championing the new age and its opportunities to be new and different; they seemed to act happily released from the burdens of the past. Close examination of their texts and images showed that none of these authors was remarking on decadence in their era. What, then, was it about the late Ming that made my distinguished art historian predecessors stake this claim in their studies? Since we in Art History rely on the research of our colleagues in History, I thought to turn to them to provide some answers. An inquiry was sent to the Society for Ming Studies 2010 leaders, Yonglin Jiang, Lucille Chia, Ken Hammond, and Katy Carlitz: Would the Society for Ming Studies consider having a panel or roundtable at the next AAS meeting which would discuss the issue of “Ming decadence” (or not), and examine philosophical, literary, art historical, and so on, shifts and differences between sixteenthand seventeenth-century thought and production? I explained that it seemed to me that the centuries are often blended together, when in fact they represent distinct periods with significantly different worldviews. I hoped that an organized roundtable discussion during the Society for Ming Studies annual meeting would be helpful because it would encourage conversation and varied perspectives from the myriad talents in the room. This query was met with enthusiasm: both a panel and a roundtable should be formed. Further consultations suggested a number of fine minds who might be induced to participate in these exercises. From this larger pool, a smaller group of scholars agreed to participate. Proposals were drafted and then accepted by the AAS review committee in 2011. We were in business. The panel, So How Bad Was It? Comparative Decadence of the Jiajing and Wanli Eras, was sponsored by the Society for Ming Studies, and presented at the AAS Annual Conference in Toronto in 2012, with this writer as Chair, and Ken Hammond and this writer as Co-Organizers. In our proposal, we asked what was so damnable aboutMing society?Wanli had not yet completely turned his attentions away from the court. Li Zhi had not yet been strongly endorsed by the leading intellectuals. Still, as the Jiajing and theWanli periods were viewed as corrupt, we wanted Ming Studies, 71, 3–4, May 2015
Detection of group B rotavirus in fecal specimens by dot hybridization with a cloned cDNA probe.

Abstract Cloned cDNA copies were synthesized from the genomic RNA of the IDIR strain of group B rotavirus (GBR) isolated in Baltimore, Md. These clones were screened for hybridization with heterologous GBR to identify cDNA for use in dot hybridization experiments. In multiple screening experiments, cDNA clones derived from gene segment 3 provided the most intense hybridization signals. 32P-labeled probes were produced from one of the gene 3 clones, and these were employed in dot hybridization assays. Purified preparations of bovine GBR were detected in concentrations of greater than or equal to 0.5 ng, and GBR was detected in fecal specimens obtained from five of six infected calves. Four of six human fecal specimens containing the Baltimore strain of GBR were also positive in the hybridization assay, while GBR was identified in only one of the six specimens by means of immunoelectron microscopy. A fecal specimen obtained from a patient infected with the adult diarrhea rotavirus strain of GBR was also positive in the dot hybridization assay. Fecal specimens from uninfected humans, calves, and rats, as well as specimens containing group A rotaviruses, did not hybridize with the cloned cDNA probe.
Mapping magnetic fields in the ISM: Infrared and sub-mm polarimetry

This paper outlines why mapping the magnetic field in the interstellar medium is useful, why established techniques for mapping the field (e.g. polarimetry of background starlight) fail in dense clouds, and why new techniques that exploit the polarized emission from grains should succeed.
Eugenia W. Herbert. Iron, Gender and Power.

Iron, Gender and Power: Rituals of Transformation in African Societies, EUGENIA W. HERBERT. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.277 pp. 42 b/w photographs,. figures, appendix, bibliography, index. $39.95 (cloth), $18.95 (paper).
The Particle Structure of the Weakly Coupled P(φ)2 Model and Other Applications of High Temperature Expansions

From the point of view of physics, there are essentially two problems in the study of quantum field models. The first problem is to find the phenomena of interest to physics (e.g. particles, bound states, resonances, broken symmetries, and asymptotic power series expansions) in the two and three dimensional quantum field models.1 This problem includes obtaining the mathematical structure underlying these phenomena, and determining qualitatively which interactions and/or parameter values give rise to these phenomena and which do not. We believe this problem is feasible at the present time; indeed the initial progress is the subject of the present lectures. The second problem is the construction of nontrivial fields in four space time dimensions. Here it seems that some new ideas are needed to supplement those which have already been used in the construction of quantum fields.
Parallel computing with distributed shared data

Summary form only given. The issue of ease of using shared data in a data-intensive parallel computing environment is discussed. An approach is investigated for transparently supporting data sharing in a loosely coupled parallel computing environment, where a moderate to a large number of individual computing elements are connected via a high-bandwidth network without necessarily physically sharing memory. A system called VOYAGER is discussed which serves as the underlying system facility that supervises the distributed shared virtual memory. VOYAGER allows shared-data parallel applications to take advantage of parallel and distributed processing with relative ease. The application program merely maps the shared data onto its virtual address space replicates itself on distributed machines and spawns appropriate execution threads; the threads would automatically be given coordinated access to the shared data distributed in the network. Multiple computation threads migrate and populate the processors of a number of computing elements, making use of the multiple processors to achieve a high degree of parallelism. The low-level resource management chores are made available once and for all in the underlying facility VOYAGER, usable by many different data-intensive applications. >
The IMI-30: a 30 kHz imaging and mapping instrument

The Imaging and Mapping Instrument (IMI-30) is a new 30 kHz phase-bathymetric sidescan sonar developed and operated by the Hawaii Mapping Research Group at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Capable of operation at depths of up to 6000 meters and altitudes above the seafloor of approximately 500 meters, it maps a swath up to 5 kilometers in width. This new system performs all signal processing in the digital domain, using Motorola 56309 digital signal processors to acquire signals from the vehicle’s transducer arrays. All transducer channels can be driven with arbitrary waveforms during transmit, allowing both conventional CW transmissions and coded pulses with FM, AM, and/or phase modulation. Center frequencies for quadrature detection are programmable, as is decimation filtering to match the transmitted waveforms. The programmable nature of the system electronics design allows use at a range of frequencies up to 140 kHz, and is also used as part of the DSL-120A sonar operated by the Deep Submergence Laboratory at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Processed acoustic data, along with environmental parameters and electronics monitors are telemetered to the surface via optical fiber. At the surface, the sonar telemetry link is converted to a standard AES/EBU digital audio stream for compatibility with commercial off-the-shelf components making up a Linux workstation.
Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia Using Topical and Parenteral Antimicrobial Agents

The efficacy of antimicrobial agents applied topically in the oropharynx and trachea with and without intravenous antibiotics in preventing bacterial pneumonias during prolonged (7 to 10 days) mechanical ventilation was studied in 35 baboons, 30 of which had acute lung injury induced by either oleic acid or hyperoxia. In 12 animals receiving no antibiotics, only topical application of polymyxin B (PB), or only intravenous penicillin and gentamicin (IV PCN/GM), moderate or severe pneumonia was found in 81% of lobes examined at necropsy; no lobes were sterile. Pneumonias were polymicrobial in the absence of antibiotics, due to PCN-sensitive organisms in the topical PB group, and due to gram-negative bacilli in the IV PCN/GM group. Combinations of topical PB or GM or both plus IV PCN were highly efficacious in preventing pneumonia in 23 animals as only 15% of the lobes contained moderate to severe pneumonia and 52% of lobes were sterile. In these groups, histologically evident pneumonias were associated with...
Population-density-dependent mating frequency amongPlodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) in the presence of synthetic sex pheromone with behavioral observations

Mating frequency amongPlodia interpunctella (Hubner) held in enclosed environments was reduced in the presence of the synthetic sex pheromone, (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-l-ol acetate. The effectiveness of any dose of pheromone was markedly increased as population densities were decreased from 10 to 0.1 pairs/m2 of wall and ceiling surface. Mating behaviors of the insect are described.
Riparian trees, shrubs, and forest regeneration in the coastal mountains of Oregon

Riparian trees and shrubs are important providers of shade, bank stability, and woody debris needed for optimal stream quality and fish habitat in the coastal mountains of Oregon, but more data are needed to relate this woody vegetation to environmental variables. Trees, shrubs, and forest regeneration were studied in 22 riparian environments to provide those data. Conifer basal area increased with elevation, stream gradient, time since disturbance, and distance from the stream; it decreased with stream width. Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis Pursh) cover and stink currant (Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook.) cover were highest near the streams. Dwarf Oregon grape (Berberis nervosa Pursh) cover and salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh) cover were lowest near the streams. Although forest regeneration was poor everywhere, it decreased with total shrub cover and increased with stream gradient. Existing riparian conifer stands should be maintained wherever a continuing supply of coarse woody debris is required.
Field mice: extracting hand geometry from electric field measurements

Several members of a family of techniques called Electric Field Sensing are described. Each sensing technique can be understood as a measurement of the value of a different component in an effective circuit diagram that summarizes all possible current pathways involving the body to be sensed and the sensing electrodes. An analytical model of the sensor response is presented, and then a probabilistic framework for inferring geometrical information from field measurements is described. The inference framework is demonstrated for the cases of a two-dimensional and a three-dimensional mouse.
Accumulation of iron in subcutaneous sponge implants in normal and lathyritic rats

Abstract Microscopic and chemical examination of polyvinyl surgical sponges implanted in rats fed β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) and in their normal pair-fed controls revealed unexpected iron accumulation in both normal and lathyritic new sponge connective tissues. Iron levels were higher in tissues from animals fed BAPN than in tissues of equal age from pair-fed controls. The higher levels in BAPN-fed animals were apparently not due to hemolysis because phenylhydrazine, a known hemolytic agent, did not increase iron levels in sponge tissue above those found in normal controls. Microscopic examination of healing incisions did not show any accumulation of stainable iron.
The Star Formation Efficiency within Galaxies

We combine H? imaging with the CO-line observations of the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory Extragalactic CO Survey to study the relationship between molecular gas and high-mass star formation for 568 regions in 121 galaxies at 45'' resolution. Our study finds a strong correlation between these quantities when sampled locally within galaxies, consistent with recent studies of globally averaged quantities. For spiral galaxies, there are no strong radial gradients in the star formation efficiency across the star-forming disk, although star formation efficiencies measured in the outermost regions (R > 9 kpc) of midsized galaxies tend to be systematically low. Additionally, star formation efficiencies in large (D0 > 60 kpc) galaxies are uniformly low at all radii compared with smaller galaxies. As a function of morphology and environment, the behavior of the star formation efficiency within galaxies is consistent with the results of our previous investigation of the global quantities. Among spirals the star formation efficiency does not depend on Hubble type, with a similar range of efficiencies within each type and less than 25% variation in the mean from type to type. Finally, relative to an isolated galaxy sample, the star formation efficiency is found to be sensitive only to extreme variations in the galaxy environment. The star formation efficiency decreases steadily with increasing H I deficiency among Virgo cluster spirals, and it is enhanced in strong interactions and mergers.
Factors Underlying the Definitions of Broad Money: An Examination of Recent U.S. Monetary Statistics and Practices of Other Countries

The paper examines the experiences of countries in defining monetary aggregates, particularly those countries that have undertaken substantial redefinitions. It finds that both the functional and empirical approaches are important; and that monetary definitions tend to be dynamic in nature, becoming prone to revisions whenever the current definition no longer satisfies both criteria. While countries may adhere to both approaches, monetary definitions may still vary across countries, reflecting specific institutional settings and the requirements of the empirical approach. This finding supports the approach in the IMF's Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual of not prescribing specific definitions of broad money.
Effect of Potassium & Other Univalent Cations on Activity of Pyruvate Kinase in Pisum sativum

Potassium is a major component of both plant and animal organisms, yet information on the role of this element in metabolism is limited. A compilation (1) of the inorganic composition of many plant species reveals that a major portion of normal leaves contain from 1 to 4 % K+ on a dry weight basis. Potassium deficiency symptoms are noted when the K+ contents of leaves range from 0.1 to 1.3 % of their dry matter. There are many general statements (3) to the effect that K+, Na+, and other ions that are present in biological materials in high concentrations function in the osmotic regulation of tissue fluids. Undoubtedly this is an important role of the so-called bulk ions, but relatively recent biochemical investigations (3) have provided convincing evidence that a series of enzyme systems require K+, NH4+ or Rb+ for activity and that the concentration of these ions needed for maximum reaction velocities is in the same range as the concentration of K+ in normal biological materials. Pyruvate kinase was one of the first enzyme systems shown to require a univalent cation. Initial experiments by Boyer, et al., (2) and further investigations by Lardy and Ziegler (6) and Kachmar and Boyer (5) provided evidence that either K+, NH4+ or Rb + was essential for the activity of pyruvate kinase from animal sources. Sodium ions activated the enzyme slightly and Li+ and Ca++ were inhibitory. Miller and Evans (9) demonstrated that pyruvate kinase from a series of higher plants also require K+, NH4+ or Rb+ and that a concentration near 0.04 N was necessary for maximum reaction velocity. Several attempts have been made by the author to determine the effect of K+ deficiency in higher plants on pyruvate kinase in tissue extracts. In all cases, crude extracts of the species investigated contained an active phosphatase which catalyzed the hydrolysis of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). The enzymic cleavage of the substrate for pyruvate kinase has prevented an accurate determination of the activity of this enzyme. McCollum, et al. (8) also have observed appreciable phosphatase activity in their investigations of the pyruvate kinase in higher plant species. A possible means of inhibiting certain plant phosphatases is suggested by the work of Spencer (10) who found that low concentrations of molybdate inhibited the hydrolysis of a series of phosphate esters by an acid phosphatase from tomato. Phosphoenolpyruvate was not used as a substrate for the phosphatase in Spencer's investigations. The purpose of the experiments reported here was to develop procedures that will allow valid pyruvate kinase assays in crude extracts of higher plants and to determine the effect of a range of K + and other univalent cation concentrations in nutrient media on the pyruvate kinase activity of cell-free extracts of the pea plant.
The exciton-polariton microcavity as an optical transistor

Exciton-polariton systems were demonstrated as a medium for all-optical switching independently by several groups in 2012 and 2013. The polariton system is promising for such an application due to its strong nonlinearities and potentially low threshold densities. The photonic component of the polariton enables long-range motion and low losses. We review reports on several different techniques for polariton optical switching, and discuss how these depend on the high density effects in microcavity polaritons.
IL-27 is required for shaping the magnitude, affinity distribution, and memory of T cells responding to subunit immunization

An elusive goal of cellular immune vaccines is the generation of large numbers of antigen-specific T cells in response to subunit immunization. A broad spectrum of cytokines and cell-surface costimulatory molecules are known to shape the programming, magnitude, and repertoire of T cells responding to vaccination. We show here that the majority of innate immune receptor agonist-based vaccine adjuvants unexpectedly depend on IL-27 for eliciting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. This is in sharp contrast to infectious challenge, which generates T-cell responses that are IL-27-independent. Mixed bone marrow chimera experiments demonstrate that IL-27 dependency is T cell-intrinsic, requiring T-cell expression of IL-27Rα. Further, we show that IL-27 dependency not only dictates the magnitude of vaccine-elicited T-cell responses but also is critical for the programming and persistence of high-affinity T cells to subunit immunization. Collectively, our data highlight the unexpected central importance of IL-27 in the generation of robust, high-affinity cellular immune responses to subunit immunization.
The rate of nucleic acid annealing to cytological preparations is increased in the presence of dextran sulfate.

Abstract A hybridization buffer containing 10% dextran sulfate has been used to increase the rate of in situ nucleic acid reannealing to cytological preparations.
Out-of-plane stability analysis of collinear spinning three-craft Coulomb formations

Abstract The results of a stability analysis focusing on the out-of-plane motion of collinear three-craft Coulomb formations with set charges are discussed. Such a formation is assumed to be spinning in deep space without relevant gravitational forces present. Assuming in-plane motion only with circular relative trajectories and initial position and velocity perturbations confined to the orbital plane, the previous work analytically proves marginal stability in the linear sense and numerically shows marginal stability in the short term. In this paper, the equations of motion are presented in the cylindrical coordinate frame in order to analyze the out-of-plane motion in more detail. The out-of-plane motion is shown to decouple to first order from the marginally stable in-plane motion. A simple control law is developed and applied, which directly controls the out-of-plane motion only within specified deadbands. For a wide variety of out-of-plane perturbations, the control law succeeds in preserving the in-plane variant shape despite some out-of-plane motion. A trend between the settling time and deadband, which defines the largest out-of-plane errors allowed before the controller is turned on, is determined, which illustrates how large the deadband may be before the in-plane motion is affected.
Conservative treatment of deep partial thickness hand burns--a long term audit of outcome.

Abstract Fourteen patients with 23 burned hands assessed as deep partial thickness were studied. Fourteen (61%) hands re-epithelialised within 3 weeks. A detailed hand assessment at a mean of 19 months post-injury was carried out. The functional outcome compared favourably with a group of matched normal controls. There was no statistically significant functional difference between the 7 late grafted hands and the 16 spontaneously healed hands except for total passive motion. Seventeen (74%) hands were considered by the patients to be functionally as good as before the injury.
Creative and tailored strategies needed to foster researcher-community partnerships

The strategies put forth by Christopher et al.1 are consistent with the experience of HIV researchers who are part of the Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions. These researchers (including us) have been working for more than 5 years in 13 urban areas across the United States and in Puerto Rico to help create and sustain local coalitions focused on HIV structural change strategies.2 We've found that having defined research parameters does not preclude building trusting and sustaining relationships with community members, as long as flexibility and transparency are employed. Researchers must be clear about the requirements versus areas of flexibility. In addition, researchers must allow opportunity for partners to lead in meaningful ways. Based on our experience so far, here are some additional strategies to consider: First, find ways to support community partners’ institutional needs. Before ever asking partners for their time, we provided them with several resources, including a community-wide resource directory of youth health services, as well as maps depicting local HIV and sexually transmitted disease prevalence, and results from interviews with local youth regarding their risk behaviors, which support grant writing. It is critical to become an honest broker that can help partners gain the resources that they need to prosper. For example, connect a partner who is looking for “people power” to another organization that has volunteers ready to staff community events. In addition, allow time at each coalition meeting for partners to discuss their assets and needs. Foster an environment where partners feel comfortable requesting assistance from one another and exchanging resources. Second, use an outside facilitator to help define the course of work for the coalition. In our case, this meant having a facilitator—who was chosen by researchers and partners—lead a strategic planning session whereby the goals and objectives of the coalition were identified. This helped build trust by keeping the planning process open. Third, maintain regular and ongoing communication, preferably face-to-face, with key managers and supervisors from partner organizations, even if those individuals do not regularly attend coalition meetings. Ensure that high-level staff has a clear understanding of the coalition's work. In our experience, this helps to facilitate a productive and trusting coalition environment, because coalition members are more likely to be active participants. In general, building trust between researchers and community members requires multifaceted and creative approaches. Strategies must be tailored, and researchers must be committed over the long haul.
Caging of carbonyl compounds as photolabile (2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylene glycol acetals.

Aldehydes and ketones caged as 4-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxolanes are efficiently (Φ = 0.1−0.2) released in a good to excellent chemical yield upon irradiation with 300 nm light. Caged carbonyl compounds are prepared by their acetalization with (2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylene glycol followed by oxidative demethylation to produce corresponding (1,3-dioxolane-4-yl)-1,4-benzoquinones. The latter acetals are photochemically inert but can be converted into photolabile hydroquinones by mild reduction in situ.
Hydrogen nuclear spin relaxation in hydrogen-ice clathrate.

H 2 in D 2 O ice clathrate has been studied by hydrogen NMR. In a previous report, the H 2 line shape was shown to be due to incompletely averaged intramolecular dipolar interactions. Here the relaxation times T 1 , T 1 p, and T 2 are reported. T 1 passes through a minimum at 10 K, indicating that the rotational transition rate r between the three sublevels of J = 1 passes through the resonance frequency at this temperature. On the cold side, T 1 varies as T -2.6 ; on the hot side, the rate T 1 -1 varies as Th -2 plus a constant (due to paramagnetic impurities). These indicate a two-phonon process drives the rotational transitions Γ. The spin-echo T 2 is nearly independent of temperature and in reasonable agreement with the Van Vleck intermolecular H 2 -H 2 second moment. T 1 p deviates from the expected T 1 p = T 1 behavior above 85 K, revealing an additional slow-motion source of relaxation. The deviation is driven by the hopping of H 2 between large cages. Ortho-para conversion is measured to be much slower in the clathrate than in the bulk solid, reflecting the greater distances between the H 2 molecules.
Approximate Frequency Domain Analysis for Linear Damped Space Structures

A method is presented for the analysis of damped structures in which the structural components are represented by impedance models and analyzed in the frequency domain. Methods are presented to assemble and condense system impedance matrices and then to identify approximate mass, stiffness, and viscous damping matrices for systems whose impedances are complicated functions of frequency. Formulas are derived for determination of approximate values for the natural frequencies and damping of systems represented by mass, stiffness, and viscous damping matrices. The sensitivities of these approximate values to system parameter changes are analyzed. The implementation of these analysis tools is discussed and applied to a simple mechanical system. Nomenclature C = damping matrix E = Young's modulus F = vector of global forces K — stiffness matrix M = mass matrix P = real power T = transformation matrix for reduction of coordinates v = vector of global velocities dv ?= first variation of the velocity mode shape W(s) — complex weighting function X = reactive power Z = impedance matrix &m,pn = viscoelastic material parameters f = damping ratio rj = loss factor a>n = natural frequency Subscripts. E = eliminated degrees of freedom (DOF) EXT = external / = imaginary L = linear NL — nonlinear R = real or retained DOF V = viscoelastic
SELECTIVE CHANGES IN HIPPOCAMPAL NEUROPEPTIDE Y NEURONS FOLLOWING REMOVAL OF THE CHOLINERGIC SEPTAL INPUTS

The number and distribution of subpopulations of hilar interneurons containing neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivities were examined in the hilus of the dentate gyrus following removal of the cholinergic septal inputs. One, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks after intracerebroventricular injections of immunotoxin, consisting of antibody to the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor conjugated to saporin (192 IgG-saporin), lesioned rats were processed simultaneously with controls for NPY, SOM, or GABA immunolabeling. Across all time points, the number of NPY-labeled neurons was reduced to a statistically significant level (paired t-test, P = 0.001) in the injected rats (73% of control values, on average). The decrease in the number of NPY-labeled neurons was not limited to any particular subregion rostrally but appeared greater in the central region caudally. The size of NPY-labeled neurons did not differ statistically between control and immunolesioned rats examined at 1, 2, and 24 week time points. In contrast, the number of both SOM- and GABA-immunoreactive neurons in injected rats did not appear to be affected in any consistent manner. Examination of the hilus in adjacent Nissl-stained sections with the optical dissector revealed that although the total number of small nonprincipal cells (5–15 μm in diameter) did not appear affected at the 4-week time point, there was a statistically significant (P = 0.03) reduction across the 8–24-week time points (to 80% of control values, on average). Dual-labeling studies on separate rats showed that a small subpopulation of the NPY- and SOM-labeled neurons, primarily in the infragranular hilus, were colocalized with neurons containing GABA immunoreactivity (18% and 5%, respectively). These studies demonstrate that removal of the cholinergic septal inputs (1) can cause relatively rapid, selective decreases in the number of NPY-immunoreactive hippocampal interneurons and (2) appears to lead to the death of hippocampal interneurons over a longer time course. The changes in NPY immunoreactivity seem to occur in the portion of interneurons that probably does not contain either SOM or GABA immunoreactivity. J. Comp. Neurol. 386:46–59, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of duck hepatitis B virus replication by interferon-γ

Interferons have been evaluated extensively as candidate antiviral agents in hepadnaviral infection. We examined the effect of recombinant human interferon-gamma on duck hepatitis B virus replication in human hepatoma cells (Huh 7) transiently transfected with cloned duck hepatitis B virus DNA. Cells transfected in the presence of interferon-gamma display a dose-dependent reduction in the levels of encapsidated replicative intermediates in the cytoplasm, as judged by Southern blotting of purified viral core DNA. The effect is observed at interferon-gamma concentrations that do not affect growth rate or viability of Huh 7 cells or their transfection efficiency. Northern analysis of duck hepatitis B virus transcripts in transfected cells demonstrated markedly diminished levels of pre- and subgenomic RNA in interferon-gamma-treated cells. Nuclear run-on analysis was performed to determine whether these transcripts were diminished due to decreased rates of transcription initiation or increased rates of RNA degradation. Levels of transcription initiation were unaffected by interferon-gamma, implying that duck hepatitis B virus transcripts in interferon-gamma-treated cells are degraded more rapidly than in untreated cells.
Stimulation of plant growth by malformin A.

Das Wachstum etiolierter, wurzelfreier Bohnenkeimlinge vonPhaseolus vulgaris war mit Malformin A im Licht, nicht aber in der Dunkelheit stimuliert, und zwar obwohl die Athylenproduktion durch Malformin-Behandlung gesteigert wird.
Arthrographic evaluation of the carpal triangular fibrocartilage complex.

One hundred sixty-two patients had analyses for correlation of triangular fibrocartilage abnormalities (TFCC), with duration and location of pain and other possible associated radiographic, scintigraphic, and arthrographic abnormalities. Results indicated that TFCC perforations did not correlate with any pain complex or other associated radiographic, arthrographic, or scintigraphic abnormality. No association with carpal instability or with ulnar variance could be identified. No definition between perforations that were posttraumatic and those that were the result of a degenerative process could be made. Several small defects on both the proximal and distal surfaces of the TFCC were identified. They do not appear to have been reported previously in the literature. Their significance is discussed.
Sediment source identification: a review and a case study in some Canadian streamsThis paper is one of a selection of papers in this Special Issue in honour of Professor M. Selim Yalin (1925–2007).

The state-of-the-art of sediment source identification is reviewed in this paper. Sediment “fingerprinting” techniques using different “fingerprint” properties were examined. With these techniques,...
THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE SELF-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF ARGON, NEON, NITROGEN, OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND METHANE

The self-diffusion coefficients of A, Ne, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, and C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ have been measured as functions of the temperature: A, Ne, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ in the range --- 196\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ in the range --- 78.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ in the range --- 183\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The experimental figures have been compared with values calculated on the assumption that the molecular interaction potential is of the form$V(r)=4\ensuremath{\epsilon}[\ensuremath{-}{(\frac{{r}_{0}}{r})}^{6}+{(\frac{{r}_{0}}{r})}^{12}]$ With the exception of the lowest point for methane, all figures are in essential agreement with theory.
Surfactant Protein B (SP-B) −/− Mice Are Rescued by Restoration of SP-B Expression in Alveolar Type II Cells but Not Clara Cells

Surfactant protein B (SP-B) mRNA and protein are restricted to alveolar Type II and Clara cells in the respiratory epithelium. In order to investigate the function of SP-B in these distinct cell types, transgenic mice were generated in which SP-B expression was selectively restored in Type II cells or Clara cells of SP-B -/- mice. The 4.8-kilobase murine SP-C promoter was used to generate 3 transgenic lines which expressed human SP-B in Type II cells (mSP-C/hSP-B). Likewise, the 2.3-kilobase murine CCSP promoter was used to generate two transgenic lines which expressed human SP-B in Clara cells (mCCSP/hSP-B). mSP-C/hSP-B and mCCSP/hSP-B transgenic mice were subsequently bred to SP-B +/- mice in order to selectively express SP-B in Type II cells or Clara cells of SP-B -/- mice. Selective restoration of SP-B expression in Type II cells completely rescued the neonatal lethal phenotype in SP-B -/- mice. Expression of SP-B in some, but not all Type II cells of SP-B -/- mice, allowed postnatal survival, but resulted in significantly altered lung architecture and function. Selective restoration of SP-B expression in Clara cells of SP-B -/- mice resulted in respiratory dysfunction and invariable neonatal death, related to the complete absence of mature SP-B peptide in these mice. These results indicate that expression and processing of the SP-B proprotein to the mature peptide in Type II cells is absolutely required for lung function in vivo and that SP-B expression in Clara cells cannot substitute for this function.
How to Cut a Cake Fairly

(1961). How to Cut a Cake Fairly. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 68, No. 1P1, pp. 1-17.
Gene therapy of the rheumatic diseases: 1998 to 2008

During the decade since the launch of Arthritis Research, the application of gene therapy to the rheumatic diseases has experienced the same vicissitudes as the field of gene therapy as a whole. There have been conceptual and technological advances and an increase in the number of clinical trials. However, funding has been unreliable and a small number of high-profile deaths in human trials, including one in an arthritis gene therapy trial, have provided ammunition to skeptics. Nevertheless, steady progress has been made in a number of applications, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, Sjogren syndrome, and lupus. Clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis have progressed to phase II and have provided the first glimpses of possible efficacy. Two phase I protocols for osteoarthritis are under way. Proof of principle has been demonstrated in animal models of Sjogren syndrome and lupus. For certain indications, the major technological barriers to the development of genetic therapies seem to have been largely overcome. The translational research necessary to turn these advances into effective genetic medicines requires sustained funding and continuity of effort.
Effects of CO2 and anoxia on feeding, growth, metabolism, water balance, and blood composition in larval female house crickets, Acheta domesticus

Abstract A single 5 min exposure of larval house crickets to CO2 or N2 caused a 12 hr feeding inhibition and a 24 hr drinking inhibition. Daily 1–5 min gas exposure throughout the last instar caused a minimal 1 3 reduction in total food consumption and 1 3 reduction in weight gain. The crickets were most sensitive to feeding-growth retardation in the first half of the instar, when almost all feeding normally occurs. Gas treatment also lowered the efficiency of food conversion to body weight. The mortality threshold, measured by survival to the final ecdysis, for daily exposures was about 5 min, but for a single exposure the threshold was about 30 min. The metabolic rate was very slightly depressed by 5 min of anoxia, but was depressed for over 2 days following 15 min of anoxia. Single 1–5 min gas treatments of 3 and 5 day old larvae led to an average 20 mg diuretic water loss over the following 2–3 hr. Blood pH was lowered by CO2 (carbonic acid) and by N2 (lactic acid). A brief 1–5 min of anoxia caused a blood lipid increase within 3 hr with recovery to normal in 24 hr; blood NPS decreased within 3 hr and returned to normal in 24 hr; blood sugars increased within 3 hr, then decreased below controls before returing to normal in 24 hr. Blood lactate concentration indicated the extent of anoxia caused by CO2 and N2 exposure. Nitrogen caused asphyxiation with almost immediate anoxia. Carbon dioxide caused an immediate anesthesia which stopped breathing. Thus CO2 delayed the onset of anoxia but did not prevent it. Anesthesia resulted from the direct diffusion of CO2 from tracheae into neurones, and did not via the blood. Neither lowered blood pH or high lactate concentration directly caused immobilization, feeding-growth retardation, or any alteration in blood organic composition. We suggest that as little as 1–5 min of anoxia caused a long term disruption of certain neuroendocrine functions, which resulted in 3 hr of diuresis, 12 hr of feeding inhibition, and 12–24 hr of deviations in blood sugars, NPS, and lipids.
Observation of topological defects in the xylem of populus deltoides and implications for the vascular cambium

Abstract The mechanism which controls the orientation of cells in the vascular cambium of trees, and hence the direction of wood grain, is poorly understood. We argue that disordered grain patterns known as “whirled” grain provide significant constraints on proposed theories of cambial orientation. We present observations of whirled grain in knot calluses ofPopulus deltoides (eastern cottonwood), and argue that point- and line-discontinuities in the grain direction are evidence for topological defects in the vascular cambium of this species. Topological defects are a common means of classifying patterns in the physics of partially ordered systems. In this case, the symmetry of the defects implies (1) cambial orientation is controlled by a vector quantity and (2) the (unspecified) orientation mechanism tends to minimize the divergence of the grain. These constraints correctly account for the normal growth habits of cylindrical branch. We also discuss the time evolution of whirled grain. In the knot callus, a high density of defects originate within 1mm of the surface of the encased branch and thereafter undergo elimination from the cambium through a process of annihilation.
Hyperspectral information efficiency and pattern classification

This paper explores the relationship between information efficiency and pattern classification in hyperspectral imaging systems. Hyperspectral imaging is a powerful tool for many applications, including pattern classification for scene analysis. However, hyperspectral imaging can generate data at rates that challenge communication, processing, and storage capacities. System designs with fewer spectral bands have lower data overhead, but also may have reduced performance, including diminished capability to classify spectral patterns. This paper presents an analytic approach for assessing the capacity of a hyperspectral system for gathering information related to classification and the system's efficiency in that capacity. Our earlier work developed approaches for analyzing information capacity and efficiency in hyperspectral systems with either uniform or non-uniform spectral-band widths. This paper presents a model-based approach for relating information capacity and efficiency to pattern classification in hyperspectral imaging. The analysis uses a model of the scene signal for different classes and a model of the hyperspectral imaging process. Based on these models, the analysis quantifies information capacity and information efficiency for designs with various spectral-band widths. Example results of this analysis illustrate the relationship between information capacity, information efficiency, and classification.
Genetic localization of a regulatory site necessary for the production of the glue protein P5 in Drosophila melanogaster.

The glue proteins are products of a developmentally regulated gene family. These genes are transcriptionally active during the third larval instar and code for the major protein products of salivary glands. The activity of several of the genes can be visualized as intermoult puffs in the polytene salivary gland chromosomes. The amount of one of these proteins, P5, varies widely among wild-type strains. We have used biochemical and genetic methods to investigate the source of this variation. The results of in vitro translation of salivary gland RNA suggest that the variation occurs pretranslationally. Genetic mapping experiments showed that sites on several chromosomes can modulate the amount of P5, but that one site on the third chromosome determines the absence and presence of this protein. We have mapped this glue protein gene, called GP5 , to the interval between bx (3–58·8) and sr (3–62·0) which also includes the intermoult puff at 90BC. We discuss the relationship between P5 and the glue protein gene Sgs-5 which is also located at 90BC.