cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Debunking Misinformation in Advertising

The prevalence of misinformation in advertising has spurred various interested parties – regulators, the media and competing firms - to debunk false claims in the marketplace. This paper studies whether such debunking messages provided by these parties can reduce the impact of misinformation on consumer purchase behavior. If so, does debunking effectively change consumers' misbeliefs, a prediction consistent with standard Bayesian updating, or does it merely reinforce consumers' correct beliefs, a prediction consistent with confirmation bias? We design and implement a conjoint experiment that enables us to measure willingness-to-pay under exposure to real-world misinformation and debunking messages. Focusing on three ingredients in product categories where misinformation is prevalent (aluminum in deodorants, fluoride in toothpastes, and GMOs in food), we find that debunking plays an important role in mitigating the impact of misinformation. Debunking can reduce even the strongest misinformed beliefs, a promising finding for policymakers aiming to correct such misbeliefs in the marketplace. We discuss the incentives for firms to debunk or introduce new products that conform to misinformation.
Rules of the road: doing fieldwork and negotiating interactions with hesitant public figures

In this article, we address negotiating interactions with hesitant participants who are public figures, yet do not traditionally fit within the category of the advantaged. We target new field resea...
On higher order Bourgain algebras of a nest algebra

Following earlier work in which we provided algebraic characterizations of the right, left, and two-sided Bourgain algebras, as well as the second order Bourgain algebras, associated with a nest algebra, we herein demonstrate that a given nest algebra has (essentially) at most six different third order Bourgain algebras, and that every fourth order (or higher) Bourgain algebra of the nest algebra coincides with one of at most third order. This puts the final touch on the description of Bourgain algebras of nest algebras. Following the work of Bourgain in [1], the notion of what is now referred to as the 'Bourgain algebra' associated with a subset X of a C(K) space was formalized by Cima et al. ([2], [3]), who, among numerous other things, showed it to be a norm-closed algebra. The Bourgain algebras of various function spaces have since been studied by several authors (cf. [7], [8]). In [5] and [6], working in the non-commutative setting of operators, we formulated analogous definitions, in topological terms, of right, left, and two-sided Bourgain algebras associated to a given algebra of operators, and provided algebraic characterizations of these in the case where the given operator algebra is a nest algebra. The second order Bourgain algebras associated to a nest algebra were characterized as well. In this note, we demonstrate that a given nest algebra has (essentially) at most six possible third order Bourgain algebras, and that every fourth order (or higher) Bourgain algebra of the nest algebra coincides with one of at most third order. This puts the final touch on the description of the Bourgain algebras associated with nest algebras.
Meta‐Analysis of Lost Ecosystem Attributes in Urban Streams and the Effectiveness of Out‐of‐Channel Management Practices

Urban development is a leading cause of stream impairment that reduces biodiversity and negatively affects ecosystem processes and habitat. Out-of-stream restoration practices, such as stormwater ponds, created wetlands, and restored riparian vegetation, are increasingly implemented as management strategies to mitigate impacts. However, uncertainty exists regarding how effectively they improve downstream ecosystems because monitoring is uncommon and results are typically reported on a case-by-case basis. We conducted a meta-analysis of literature and used response ratios to quantify how downstream ecosystems change in response to watershed development and to out-of-stream restoration. Biodiversity in unrestored urban streams was 47% less than that in reference streams, and ecological communities, habitat, and rates of nutrient cycling were negatively affected as well. Mean measures of ecosystem attributes in restored streams were significantly greater than, and 156% of, those in unrestored urban streams. Measures of biodiversity in restored streams were 132% of those in unrestored urban streams, and indices of biotic condition, community structure, and nutrient cycling significantly improved. However, ecosystem attributes and biodiversity at restored sites were significantly less than, and only 60% and 45% of, those in reference streams, respectively. Out-of-stream management practices improved ecological conditions in urban streams but still failed to restore reference stream conditions. Despite statistically significant improvements, assessing restoration success remains difficult due to few comparisons to reference sites or to clearly defined targets. These findings can inform future monitoring, management, and development strategies and highlight the need for preventative actions in a watershed context.
Angular Distributions of Electrons from Resonant Two-Photon Ionization of Sodium

Sodium atoms are excited to either the $3^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ or $3^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state using a linearly polarized dye-laser beam and are subsequently ionized using a linearly polarized nitrogen-laser beam. Angular distributions of the ejected electron have been both measured and calculated for several relative orientations of the photon polarization vectors. The difference between the $s$- and $d$-continuum partial-wave phase shifts ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{s}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{d}$ and the ratio of the radial dipole matrix elements ($\frac{{d}_{s}}{{d}_{d}}$) are obtained.
Trends in American Academic Work and Careers

tutoring, distinction between formal and informal learning would get blurred. Private tutoring costs will occupy a significant proportion of household expenditure on education. Efforts to control or monitor private tutoring are likely to meet with only limited success. Several measures could be taken to cope with the growing incidence of private tutoring. These could include making teachers in the formal school system more accountable and the schools qualitatively more competitive; reviewing the selection criteria for entry to higher education institutions; and, finally, supporting students from poor households and in rural areas so that they are better prepared for entry to reputed and highly competitive higher education institutions. Since it is not feasible to control supplementary private tutoring and perhaps not even desirable to curb it, considering that it might be raising the country’s average levels of achievement, the best option is to adopt a coping strategy that takes care of its negative consequences.
Surfactant selection criteria for enhanced subsurface remediation: Laboratory and field observations

Traditional approaches to ground water remediation have proven ineffective, especially when trapped oil phases exist. Surfactants are being widely evaluated to enhance remediation of such ground water contamination episodes. Successful implementation of surfactant enhanced subsurface remediation requires careful consideration of fundamental surfactant properties. The economic viability of this technology requires targeting the residual contamination, minimizing surfactant losses, and recovery and reuse of the surfactant. The relative efficiencies and advantages of surfactant solubilization and mobilization systems are described, as well as means to optimize these systems. Unit processes for contaminant-surfactant separation and surfactant reuse are summarized, along with unique surfactant impacts on these separation processes. Factors affecting the environmental acceptability of surfactants are discussed. Finally, results of field demonstrations are presented that reinforce concepts presented. This study thus provides an introduction to surfactant chemistry and highlights key factors critical to the successful design and implementation of surfactant enhanced subsurface remediation systems.
NA - AND K-STIMULATED ATPASE IN HUMAN STRIATED MUSCLE.

Abstract A particulate fraction having Na + -K + -Mg + -stimulated ATPase activity has been obtained from human striated muscle homogenized in deoxycholate. The effect of azide, ouabain, and ageing on this preparation, as well as on the activation-pattern at various Na + and K + concentrations, has been studied. The muscle enzyme appears to be similar to the Na + , K + , and Mg ++ in ATPase isolated from other tissue.
Subjective brightness during dark-adaptation

The course of dark-adaptation was studied with threshold measurements and with measures of the luminance required to maintain a constant supraliminal brightness. A stimulus in the light-adapted right eye was matched in brightness to a stimulus presented to the left eye, which was dark-adapted. Two different methods were used and several levels were tested. The usual transition from cone to rod function observed in threshold measurements is also observed in curves of constant subjective brightness, provided the brightness is of the order of 1 bril, or a luminance in the dark-adapted eye of 40 dB (1.0 µL). The brightness function (operating characteristic) produced by light-adaptation plus recovery does not correspond identically to the characteristic produced by adaptation to a lower luminance, although the characteristic curves may be rather similar when only cone vision is involved.
Erythropoietin increases hemoglobin during radiation therapy for cervical cancer.

Abstract Purpose: Anemia during radiation therapy independently predicts poor outcome in patients with cervical cancer. Despite a randomized trial demonstrating red cell transfusions improve local control and survival, many patients are not transfused due to toxicity concerns. This study evaluates the efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) in reversing anemia in patients undergoing radiation therapy. Methods and Materials: Twenty patients with criteria of anemia (Hgb n = 7), IIA ( n = 1), IIB ( n = 9), and IIIB ( n = 3), ranging in ages from 23–75 years (median 43), were included in this Phase I/II study. Fifteen were treated with r-HuEPO (200 U/kg/day) and ferrous sulfate 5–10 days prior to initiation of external beam radiation therapy, continuing until Hgb was ≤ 14 g/dL or completion of radiation therapy. Five patients were treated with ferrous sulfate alone. An additional 61 historical controls meeting eligibility criteria were analyzed. All received external beam radiation therapy and two intracavitary cesium applications. Cisplatinum chemotherapy (20 mg/m 2 /week) was given as a radiosensitizer in 14 r-HuEPO patients, 4 concurrent controls, and 17 historical controls. Results: A marked reticulocytosis was seen in the r-HuEPO group, but not the study controls. In the r-HuEPO group, the mean ± SD serum Hgb rose +30% over the course of radiation therapy from a baseline of 10.3 ± 1.04 g/dL to 13.2 ± 1.7 g/dL. Average increase in Hgb was 0.5 g/dL per week. Average Hgb during RT was 13.4 g/dL. In study and historical controls, mean initial Hgb levels were 10.7 ± 1.04 g/dL and 11.1 ± 1.3g/dL, respectively, remaining unchanged over the course of radiation therapy. Average Hgb levels during radiation therapy were 11.1 g/dL in study controls and 11.4 g/dL in historical controls, significantly lower than r-HuFP0 patients ( p = 0.0001). Erythropoietin was well tolerated. There were no significant differences in white blood counts ( p = 0.6) or platelet counts ( p = 0.4) between r-HuEPO patients and both control groups. No patients had blood pressure changes during r-HuEPO therapy. The only possible side effect was deep venous thrombosis, occurring in two patients who were withdrawn from r-HuFP0 therapy. Two additional patients developed deep venous thrombosis 9 and 10 days after radiation therapy and r-HuFP0 were completed. Conclusion: Erythropoietin appears to be both safe and effective at raising Hgb levels in anemic cervical cancer patients receiving radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Daily fluctuations in adrenal catecholamine concentration.

Feststellung eines Tag-Nacht-Rhythmus der Konzentration von Adrenalin und Noradrenalin in den Nebennieren von Ratten.
The place of valuation in the theory of politics: A phenomenological critique of political behavioralism

When it reaches its absolute limit, namely, when it comes to the question of good and evil, politics must seek ethics for help, for I do not wish to consider political power as an ultimate end in itself though it is an intermediary end. There is not only the reality of power but also an ethic of power as well. For “the concept of the ‘good life’ mutually implicates politics and ethics.” As a relationship between man and man, the exercise of power is not ethically neutral but is moral; and ethical questions arise only when man is not alone, that is, he exists in relation to others. Because the possibility of evil is inherent in every move of power, the problem of power is an ethical problem: “the problematic of evil is intertwined with the problematic of power.”
IA Channels: Diverse Regulatory Mechanisms

In many peripheral and central neurons, A-type K+ currents, IA, have been identified and shown to be key determinants in shaping action potential waveforms and repetitive firing properties, as well as in the regulation of synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. The functional properties and physiological roles of native neuronal IA, however, have been shown to be quite diverse in different types of neurons. Accumulating evidence suggests that this functional diversity is generated by multiple mechanisms, including the expression and subcellular distributions of IA channels encoded by different voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channel pore-forming (α) subunits, interactions of Kv α subunits with cytosolic and/or transmembrane accessory subunits and regulatory proteins and post-translational modifications of channel subunits. Several recent reports further suggest that local protein translation in the dendrites of neurons and interactions between IA channels with other types of voltage-gated ion channels furthe...
Nrf2-regulated phase II enzymes are induced by chronic ambient nanoparticle exposure in young mice with age-related impairments

Many xenobiotic detoxifying (phase II) enzymes are induced by sublethal doses of environmental toxicants. However, these adaptive mechanisms have not been studied in response to vehicular-derived airborne nano-sized particulate matter (nPM). Because aging is associated with increased susceptibility to environmental toxicants, we also examined the expression of Nrf2-regulated phase II genes in middle-aged mice and their inducibility by chronic nPM. The nPM from vehicular traffic was collected in urban Los Angeles and reaerosolized for exposure of C57BL/6J male mice (3 and 18 months old) for 150 h over 10 weeks. Brain (cerebellum), liver, and lung were assayed by RT-PCR and/or Western blots for the expression of phase II enzymes, glutamate cysteine ligase (catalytic GCLC, and modifier GCLM subunits), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and relevant transcription factors, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), c-Myc, Bach1. Chronic nPM exposure induced GCLC, GCLM, HO-1, NQO1 mRNA, and protein similarly in cerebellum, liver, and lung of young mice. Middle-aged mice had elevated basal levels, but showed impaired further induction by nPM. Similarly, Nrf2 increased with age and was induced by nPM in young but not old. c-Myc showed the same age and induction profile while the age increase in Bach1 was further induced by nPM. Chronic exposure to nanoparticles induced Nrf2-regulated detoxifying enzymes in brain (cerebellum), liver, and lung of young adult mice, indicating a systemic impact of nPM. In contrast, middle-aged mice did not respond above their elevated basal levels except for Bach1. The lack of induction of phase II enzymes in aging mice may be a model for the vulnerability of elderly to air pollution.
Locomotor suppressive and anxiolytic-like effects of urocortin 3, a highly selective type 2 corticotropin-releasing factor agonist.

Murine urocortin 3 (mUcn 3), a member of the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) peptide family, was recently identified. Of known agonists, this neuropeptide displays the highest degree of selectivity in binding to the CRF(2) receptor. These experiments sought to test the hypothesis that CRF(2) receptors have a role in modulating stress by examining intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of mUcn 3 in animal models of activation and anxiety. To investigate the effects of mUcn 3 on motor activity, rats were injected with mUcn 3 (0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 microg, i.c.v.) 10 min prior to testing and activity was monitored for 6 h. To determine changes in novelty-induced exploration, rats were injected with mUcn 3 (0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 microg, i.c.v.) 10 min prior to testing and examined in the elevated plus maze. Finally, delayed effects of mUcn 3 were tested in rats injected with 1.0 microg of mUcn 3 or vehicle 30 or 60 min prior to testing in the elevated plus maze. Injections of mUcn 3 significantly decreased locomotor activity in rats during the first hour of testing. In the elevated plus maze, mUcn 3 injections significantly increased open arm preference compared to vehicle when tested using a 10-min pretreatment interval. mUcn treated rats tested in the elevated plus maze following the delayed pretreatment interval did not differ from controls. These data demonstrate that injection of mUcn 3 leads to acute locomotor suppressive effects and decreases in stress-like behaviors, indicating an anxiolytic-like action for mUcn 3, and suggests a possible role of the CRF(2) receptor in the regulation of stress-related behavior.
How Neglect and Punitiveness Influence Emotion Knowledge

To explore whether punitive parenting styles contribute to early-acquired emotion knowledge deficits observable in neglected children, we observed 42 preschool children's emotion knowledge, expression recognition time, and IQ. The children's mothers completed the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales to assess the recent use of three types of discipline strategies (nonviolent, physically punitive, and psychological aggression), as well as neglectful parenting. Fifteen of the children were identified as neglected by Child Protective Services (CPS) reports; 27 children had no record of CPS involvement and served as the comparison group. There were no differences between the neglect and comparison groups in the demographic factors of gender, age, home language, minority status, or public assistance, nor on IQ. Hierarchical multiple regression modeling showed that neglect significantly predicted emotion knowledge. The addition of IQ contributed a significant amount of additional variance to the model and maintained the fit. Adding parental punitiveness in the final stage contributed little additional variance and did not significantly improve the fit. Thus, deficits in children's emotion knowledge may be due primarily to lower IQ or neglect. IQ was unrelated to speed of emotion recognition. Punitiveness did not directly contribute to emotion knowledge deficits but appeared in exploratory analysis to be related to speed of emotion recognition.
An 8-Channel, ultrasonic, marine bio-telemetry transmitter utilizing C/MOS digital integrated circuits

Up to 8 multiplexed channels of shark behaviorial data at sea are obtained with a 40 KHz acoustic transmitter with a range exceeding 5 km and a life of up to 1 week. Conservation of battery power is achieved with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (C/MOS) integrated circuits and a pulse-interval data format of 10 ms pulses at intervals between 200 ms and 2 sec. A multivibrator oscillator is used to control the operating frequency which is essentially independent of temperature and pressure, and decreases slightly with battery voltage (<800 Hz/ 2-volt drop). An optional crystal oscillator maintains constant frequency. The pulse repetition rate is not significantly affected by voltage, pressure, and temperature. Fail safe devices ensure operation in the event of sensor or multiplexer failure.
Stress-axis, coping and dementia: gene-manipulation studies.

I thank Mary Stenzel-Poore and Wylie Vale for collaboration with the CRF overexpressor mouse model and Lee Ellingson for figure preparation.
The Commonwealth Council for Educational Administration: A New Centre for Educational Leadership

The second International Intervisitation Program held in Australia in August, 1970, must now be considered a milestone in the development of the study and practice of educational administration. From the second Program emerged the establishment of the Commonwealth Council for Educational Administration. Membership of the Council, which is determined on an individual rather than an institutional basis, is open to all interested in the administration of education. The Commonwealth Council for Educational Administration has a seven point programme of objectives: 1. To foster close links between those concerned with the improvement of educational administration in Commonwealth countries. 2. To foster a high standard in the practice and study of educational administration at all levels. 3. To hold Commonwealth‐wide and regional conferences on various aspects of educational administration. 4. To facilitate the dissemination of knowledge about research and practice in educational administration. 5. To foster high standards in the preparation of administrators. 6. To facilitate the exchange between member countries of teachers, students and practitioners of educational administration. 7. To encourage the establishment in Commonwealth countries of national associations of those concerned with the improvement of educational administration. Financial support for the Council was provided initially by the second International Intervisitation Program and “The Journal of Educational Administration”. Further generous and significant assistance has been given by the University of New England and the Commonwealth Foundation.
Construction and Implantation of a Microinfusion System for Sustained Delivery of Neuroactive Agents.

Sustained delivery of neuroactive agents is widely used in neuroscience, but poses many technical challenges. It is necessary to deliver the agent with high precision while minimizing localized trauma and inflammation. Also, the ability to customize the system to accommodate animals of different species and sizes is desirable. This video presentation demonstrates the construction of an infusion system that can be fitted to any particular research animal. The delivery microcannula diameter is approximately 10-fold smaller than most infusion cannulas presently used. This translates into enhanced accuracy and reduced trauma to the brain region under study. The delivery cannula can also be sculpted to fit the contour of the surface of the animal's skull, thereby allowing closure of the scalp incision neatly over the infusion system, precluding the need for a skull-mounted pedestal, reducing risk of infection, and ensuring a greater level of comfort to the animal. The system is assembled in an air-free environment and requires the researcher to fashion glass micropipettes with a heat source. These construction methods require special skills that are best acquired, if not in person, using video instruction. (This article is based on work first reported in J Neurosci Methods. 2008 Jan 30;167(2):213-20. Epub 2007 Aug 28.).
Researchers, practitioners, and funders: using the framework to get us on the same page.

The worlds of prevention research and practice are largely disconnected. The growing body of scientific knowledge regarding effects of prevention programs is not often disseminated and translated in a manner that leads to wide scale changes in practice. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in collaboration with a team of academic researchers, has developed the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation to help us understand the roles and interactions of those associated with developing knowledge, those associated with using the knowledge in practice settings, and those acting in the roles of bridge, support, and broker between the research and practice communities. This special issue on the Framework presents a variety of theoretical, practical and empirical issues related to this framework and its subsystems. This compilation of articles discuss the capacity of the Framework’s subsystems, provide examples of the generally under-developed prevention support system, describe the additional challenges involved in disseminating a change in culture, discuss the delicate balance and interaction of fidelity and adaptation, present a meta-analysis of the relationships between program implementation and program outcomes, and include examples of how the Framework has been used to guide action. The present commentary on this special issue provides a critical examination of the contributions, implications, and challenges raised by each of these articles. It also includes a discussion of how the Framework relates to the basic values and practice of community psychology and concludes with some suggested future directions and challenges for the continued development and use of the Framework.
Strength and Reliability Analysis of Hydraulic Support

Hydraulic support is an important equipment of synthesis mechanization caving coal and safe production in modernization coal mine. According to the research object of ZF5000/16/28’s mould hydraulic support, stress distribution of dangerous parts is obtained by stress testing and ANSYS software. The relevant total displacement distribution rule and equivalent stress distribution rule of the type hydraulic support prototype were found. At the same time, reliability analysis of a single stent and stent system reliability prediction were carried out, which guides design and use of hydraulic support in theory better.
Resources exploitation by ants facilitates lizard egg survival

1. This study investigated the interaction between eggs of the lizard Mabuya longicaudata Hallowell and two species of ant: a lizard egg commensalist (Paratrechina longicornis Latreille), and an egg predator (Pheidole taivanensis Forel). The ecological interaction between P. longicornis and lizard eggs was tested, and it was predicted that when the interaction was removed, lizard eggs would be attacked by P. taivanensis. 2. Field observations showed that both ant species actively searched for lizard eggs, and that P. taivanensis typically found new lizard nests earlier than P. longicornis did. Left undisturbed, P. taivanensis predation dramatically reduced lizard egg survival. While P. longicornis usually found nests later, they were able to displace P. taivanensis. As a result, proportional egg survival was higher in nests with P. longicornis (0.95 ± 0.04 eggs) compared to nests without either ant species (0.65 ± 0.09 eggs), or nests occupied by P. taivanensis (0.07 ± 0.02 eggs). 3. When P. longicornis ants were experimentally excluded from lizard nests, the proportion of eggs surviving significantly decreased because of increased P. taivanensis predation. Paratrechina longicornis benefits from water that condenses on the eggs. When this resource disappears P. longicornis abandons the nest, leading to predation of the eggs by P. taivanensis.
QCD enhancement of radiative B decays.

We study the b→sγ decay. We show that the QCD corrections enhance by more than an order of magnitude the prediction for B(b→sγ), for mt<mW. The implications for the standard model with three generations and the possible experimental signatures in the inclusive and exclusive modes are discussed.
Dynamic interpretation of maternal inputs by the Drosophila segmentation gene network

Patterning of body parts in multicellular organisms relies on the interpretation of transcription factor (TF) concentrations by genetic networks. To determine the extent by which absolute TF concentration dictates gene expression and morphogenesis programs that ultimately lead to patterns in Drosophila embryos, we manipulate maternally supplied patterning determinants and measure readout concentration at the position of various developmental markers. When we increase the overall amount of the maternal TF Bicoid (Bcd) fivefold, Bcd concentrations in cells at positions of the cephalic furrow, an early morphological marker, differ by a factor of 2. This finding apparently contradicts the traditional threshold-dependent readout model, which predicts that the Bcd concentrations at these positions should be identical. In contrast, Bcd concentration at target gene expression boundaries is nearly unchanged early in development but adjusts dynamically toward the same twofold change as development progresses. Thus, the Drosophila segmentation gene network responds faithfully to Bcd concentration during early development, in agreement with the threshold model, but subsequently partially adapts in response to altered Bcd dosage, driving segmentation patterns toward their WT positions. This dynamic response requires other maternal regulators, such as Torso and Nanos, suggesting that integration of maternal input information is not achieved through molecular interactions at the time of readout but through the subsequent collective interplay of the network.
A New Species of Phocoid Pinniped Pinnarctidion from the Early Miocene of Oregon

ABSTRACT A well preserved, complete skull from the upper part of the Nye Mudstone (early Miocene; late Arikareean or early Hemingfordian correlative) of coastal Oregon is referred to a new species of pinniped, Pinnarctidion rayi, sp. nov. Several additional crania and associated postcranial elements from this same rock unit are referred to cf. Pinnarctidion rayi. Until now, Pinnarctidion was based on a single species, Pinnarctidion bishopi from the Pyramid Hill Sand Member of the Jewett Sand in Pyramid Hill, California. Pinnarctidion rayi, sp. nov. is diagnosed by a narrow crest connecting the paroccipital and mastoid process, and a transversely compressed infraorbital foramen. Pinnarctidion is a member of the phocoid clade which includes Desmatophoca, Allodesmus, and the Phocidae.
Host predilection and transmissibility of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus strains in domestic cattle ( Bos taurus ) and swine ( Sus scrofa )

Epidemiologic data collected during epidemics in the western United States combined with limited experimental studies involving swine and cattle suggest that host predilection of epidemic vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) strains results in variations in clinical response, extent and duration of virus shedding and transmissibility following infection in different hosts. Laboratory challenge of livestock with heterologous VSNJV strains to investigate potential viral predilections for these hosts has not been thoroughly investigated. In separate trials, homologous VSNJV strains (NJ82COB and NJ82AZB), and heterologous strains (NJ06WYE and NJOSF [Ossabaw Island, sand fly]) were inoculated into cattle via infected black fly bite. NJ82AZB and NJ06WYE were similarly inoculated into swine. Clinical scores among viruses infecting cattle were significantly different and indicated that infection with a homologous virus resulted in more severe clinical presentation and greater extent and duration of viral shedding. No differences in clinical severity or extent and duration of viral shedding were detected in swine. Differences in clinical presentation and extent and duration of viral shedding may have direct impacts on viral spread during epidemics. Viral transmission via animal-to-animal contact and insect vectored transmission are likely to occur at higher rates when affected animals are presenting severe clinical signs and shedding high concentrations of virus. More virulent viral strains resulting in more severe disease in livestock hosts are expected to spread more rapidly and greater distances during epidemics than those causing mild or inapparent signs.
Synthesis of ethylene and ethane by partial oxidation of methane over lithium-doped magnesium oxide

The partial oxidation of methane into more useful chemicals such as methanol, ethylene and benzene has been investigated extensively, although yields for these products have been poor1–4. Moreover, in several of these processes the required oxidant is N2O rather than O2. Recent work5 in our laboratory has demonstrated that lithium-doped magnesium oxide (Li/MgO) in the presence of O2 has high activity for abstracting H from CH4 to form ·CH3 radicals. This suggests that C2H6 and C2H4 (C2 compounds) are produced by a coupling between two gaseous ·CH3 radicals formed on this catalyst. We report here our success in converting CH4 to C2 compounds in high yields in conventional catalytic conditions.
Osmium-labeled polysaccharides for atomic microscopy.

Abstract With the objective of localizing cell surface polysaccharides, the reaction of several osmium (VI)-ligand complexes with glycols has been applied to sugar residues in mono- and polysaccharides. The hydrophilic ligands 4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine have been employed to produce water-soluble osmate esters of the sugar glycols. Methyl glycosides react with osmium (VI) reagents to give stable products containing one osmium atom per sugar. α-Cyclodextrins, with six glucose residues in a ring, and β-cyclodextrins with seven, can bind up to, but not exceeding three osmium ligand complexes per molecule, indicating possible nearest-neighbor exclusion of reaction among the residues. Reaction of as little as 1% of the sugar residues in amylose with the dicarboxybipyridyl osmate complex allows the amylose strands to be extended on a grid for electron microscopy. Further reaction with the tetramethylethylenediamine osmate complex rapidly saturates the amylose to a level of 0.39 osmium atom per sugar residue, consistent with the nearest-neighbor exclusion hypothesis. High resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy images reveal a row of osmium atoms along each amylose strand.
PHOTOEMISSION OVERVIEWS OF VALENCE BAND DENSITIES-OF-STATES FOR Ge, GaAs, GaP, InSb, ZnSe AND CdTe USING SYNCHROTRON RADIATION

We present photoemission overviews of major valence band fe~tures for the valence bands of several common group IV, 111-V and 11-VI semiconductors, which were obtained using synchrotron radiation in the 20-90 eV range from the 2.5 GeV storage ring at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator. Comparisons of our photoeniission data with empirical pseudopotential method (EPM) calculations fit to optical data show systematic and significant differences which typically increase with increasing ionicity. InSb is described in some detail, including measurements of core level binding energies, spin-orbit splittings and Auger processes. Several precautions when interpreting valence band photoemission measurenients in the 20 to 90 eV photon energy range are discussed (e. g. Auger processes, surface preparation, small matrix elements).
A comparison of globin genes in duck reticulocytes and liver cells.

Abstract Synthetic duck globin DNA has been used to compare the number of genes corresponding to globin in duck reticulocytes and liver cells. The results indicate that the number of globin genes does not differ significantly in these organs and suggest, therefore, that neither amplification nor extensive reiteration of these genes occurs as these two cell types become committed to divergent lines of development.
Replicating SV40 molecules containing closed circular template DNA strands.

SV40 DNA replicates as a closed circle and it is suggested that at least some SV40 DNA molecules replicate bidirectionally.
Periodic Interface Destabilization in High-Speed Gas-Liquid Flows at the Capillary Scale

Recent research efforts have illustrated the importance of capillarity on the behavior of two-phase flow (gas-liquid) in low Bond number systems; that is, systems where capillary forces are important relative to gravitational forces. Such systems include capillary tubes and microchannels as well as the gas flow channels of a PEM fuel cell. High speed microscopy experiments visualizing air-water flow through a 500 micrometer square glass capillary, 10 cm long were conducted. The flow rates are significant with velocities of 6.2 m/s for the air and 0.2 m/s for the water. A unique annular flow with periodic destabilization of the gas-liquid interface has been observed. Standing waves develop on the liquid film and grow into annular lobes typical of that observed in low speed two-phase flow in capillary tubes. Atypical is the interface destabilization phenomena. The leading face of the lobe will decelerate and suddenly become normal to the wall of the square capillary while the trailing face of the lobe will remain gently sloped back into the annular liquid film. The transition between the leading and trailing faces acquires a sharp edge having a exceptionally large curvature. The entire structure then rapidly collapses and produces travelling waves which propagate upstream and downstream along the annular liquid film. The entire sequence of events takes approximately a half millisecond. This destabilization phenomenon is regular and periodic. Visualization of the destabilization from the high speed microscopy setup and preliminary analysis are presented.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Universal lossless source coding with the Burrows Wheeler transform

We here consider a theoretical evaluation of data compression algorithms based on the Burrows Wheeler transform (BWT). The main contributions include a variety of very simple new techniques for BWT-based universal lossless source coding on finite-memory sources and a set of new rate of convergence results for BWT-based source codes. The result is a theoretical validation and quantification of the earlier experimental observation that BWT-based lossless source codes give performance better than that of Ziv-Lempel-style codes and almost as good as that of prediction by partial mapping (PPM) algorithms.
Influence of the particle size on recrystallization and grain growth in Al-Mg-X alloys

Abstract Recrystallization and grain growth studies of Al-Mg-X (where X is Mn, Zr or Sc) alloys have been carried out using a combination of optical and transmission electron microscopy of interrupted heating tests, changes in hardness, and in-situ observations in the transmission electron microscope. Nucleation sites have been identified as typically large (> 1 μm diameter) eutectic constituent particles, but also occasionally clusters of sub-micron dispersoids. By altering the density and size of the Mn-, Sc- and Zr-based particles with selected thermomechanical treatments, recrystallization could be suppressed up to temperatures near the melting point. These results can be explained by examination of the stored energy from cold work and the particle-substructure interactions due to the precipitate morphology. Implications of these results for grain size control in Al-Mg based alloys will be discussed.
Stability and Geotechnical Characteristics of Marine Sediments, Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT

Studies of shear strength and consolidation characteristics of marine sediments were made from the following four major provinces of the Gulf of Mexico: Mississippi fan, Gulf abyssal plain, Texas-Louisiana continental slope, and Mexican continental slope. These studies indicate that the sediments in these regions, to a depth of 10 m below the sediment-water interface, are stable in their present environment. Shear-strength versus normal-stress plots indicate that minimum average values of o (angle of internal friction) ranges from 11° for the Texas-Louisiana and Mexican continental slope sediments to 10° for the Mississippi fan and abyssal plain sediments. Average values of o ranged from a high of 20° for the Texas-Louisiana continental slope sediments to 16° for Mississippi fan and abyssal plain sediments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1831------------
A far infrared spectrometer.

A moderate resolution vacuum far ir spectrometer has been built with a data acquisition system designed for computer processing of the data. The spectral range of the instrument is 20–1600 μ. Sensitive low temperature bolometer detectors have been made of doubly doped silicon. The radiation filtering scheme is discussed in detail. In addition, an analysis is made of the effect of detector noise and impurity radiation on the accuracy of the results. Sample spectra illustrating the performance of the instrument are presented.
Induction of nerve growth factor receptor (p75NGFr) mRNA within hypoglossal motoneurons following axonal injury.

Abstract The hypoglossal nerve is a useful model system for analysis of gene expression in injured motoneurons. In particular, we sought to determine whether the increased appearance of the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75 NGFr ) observed immunocytochemically following nerve injury can be directly correlated to increased levels of the p75 NGFr mRNA. The present study also examined the relative effects of nerve crush versus nerve transection on the expression of p75 NGFr mRNA. In sham-operated or intact animals, p75 NGFr mRNA is detected rarely and then only at levels slightly higher than background. Following unilateral transection or crush of the rat hypoglossal nerve, the levels of p75 NGFr mRNA increase in a time dependent fashion that parallels the appearance of the protein as reported previously. Moreover, this increase in p75 NGFr mRNA following transection is dependent on a signal from the injured site, since blockage of axonal transport with vincristine also blocks the increased p75 NGFr mRNA levels. When comparing the effect of nerve crush to nerve transection, we observed that the intensity of the response was greater in the crush paradigm versus that observed following transection. The duration of the response following nerve crush was shorter than that observed following transection of the nerve. The increase in p75 NGFr mRNA after crush was most robust 4 days postlesion and appeared more robust primarily due to a 90–150% increased number of motoneurons expressing p75 NGFr mRNA when compared to nerve transection. These data suggest that nerve crush is more effective than nerve transection in eliciting increased p75 NGFr mRNA levels.
New class II-like genes in the murine MHC.

MAJOR histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present endogenous antigens to CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells. MHC class II molecules present primarily exogenously derived antigens to CD4+ T cells. Three new genes (Ma, Mbl and Mb2) located between the Pb and Ob genes of the murine MHC have properties indicating that they are members of the MHC class II gene family, but they are the most divergent class II members so far identified and are almost as closely related in sequence to class I genes as they are to the known class II genes.
A Systems Perspective of Individual Development and Family Functioning

Systems concepts in the family area have generally been applied almost exclu sively to dysfunctional families, whereas it is normal functioning and develop ment of the individual that have been described from a systems perspective. Nonetheless, the value of a systems approach lies in its applicability to all forms of development and behavior. The purpose of this article is to advance under standing of the individual and family from a systems perspective and to facilitate interdisciplinary communication among individual and family theorists. This ar ticle, therefore, outlines the systems concepts in human development and family theories to show that, although the areas often remain isolated, the groundwork for unification is already present.
Critical behavior of n-->0 gauge-invariant theory: Self-avoiding random surfaces.

We study the critical behavior, in a mean-field approximation, of a grand-canonical ensemble of nonplanar self-avoiding random surfaces (SAS's) which arises as an n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 limit of a gauge-invariant theory. We show explicitly that our model is equivalent to the usual ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ theory near the critical point, with the upper critical dimension equal to 4. The fractal dimension of SAS is 2.
A new bi-primary color system for doubling the reflectance and colorfulness of e-paper

There are several paradigms for color generation in reflective displays (e-Paper) including RGBW color filtering or stacked RGB or CMY. Theoretically, the highest white state reflectance and best color gamut are achieved by stacking three layers of pixels. However, stacking 3 layers induces significant optical losses especially at high resolution and typically does not allow for video operation. Therefore RGBW color filtering is currently preferred for higher resolution and single-layer e-Paper, but only provides color at 25% of the area and a maximum theoretical white reflectance of 50%. Presented herein is a new bi-primary color-system that cooperatively displays two complimentary colors inside a single sub-pixel, and therefore doubles the white state reflectance and color gamut for single-layer e-Paper. Also discussed are candidate e-Paper technologies that may be able to adopt the bi-primary color system, including possible advantages and challenges for each technology.
Robust CFAR detection in nonhomogeneous correlated interference

Among the few adaptive filtering algorithms which have an embedded constant false alarm rate (CFAR) performance feature, the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) test algorithm has been found to be robust in the non-Gaussian interference. The detection performance of the GLR algorithm is examined in nonhomogeneous/nonstationary interference environments which cause the non-identically distributed secondary (training) data. For two common types of nonhomogeneity, i.e. the signal contamination and interference edge, the symptotic detection performance is derived and compared to the simulation. The GLR performance loss due to the nonhomogeneity is also evaluated. >
The hydrophobic effect and the organization of living matter

Biological organization may be viewed as consisting of two stages: biosynthesis and assembly. The assembly process is largely under thermodynamic control; that is, as a first approximation it represents a search by each structural molecule for its state of lowest chemical potential. The hydrophobic effect is a unique organizing force, based on repulsion by the solvent instead of attractive forces at the site of organization. It is responsible for assembly of membranes of cells and intracellular compartments, and the absence of strong attractive forces makes the membranes fluid and deformable. The spontaneous folding of proteins, however, involves directed polar bonds, leading to more rigid structures. Intercellular organization probably involves polar bonds between cell surface proteins.
Impact effects and tektites

Abstract Data on the composition, form and distribution of tektites are examined in the light of our knowledge of high speed impact phenomena to see how strong the evidence is for an impact origin. It is concluded that tektites could be of impact origin, but the arguments are inconclusive. A strong argument against such an origin, is the lack of nickel-ferrous materials within the tektite.