cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
By Way of Deduction: Schütz's Essay on Taxation

Alfred Schutz's 1927 essay on capital income taxation is examined in the contexts of the evolution of the German progressive income tax, the fiscal and monetary crises of the time, and Schutz's relationship to the Austrian school of economics.
Weevil seed damage reduces germination and seedling growth of hybrid American chestnut

Seed predation by weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) has been implicated as a limiting factor in oak recruitment throughout eastern US forests. We examined the effects of weevil seed predation on American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.). Although an introduced pathogen eradicated sexually reproducing populations of American chestnut in the early 1900s, the recent development of a blight-resistant hybrid makes reintroduction feasible. We nondestructively assessed the amount of weevil damage to seeds using X-ray imagery and traditional float test methods in American and blight-resistant hybrid chestnut. We quantified the effects of weevil damage on seed germination and seedling growth. The float test method misidentified damage for up to 50% of seeds, whereas the X-ray method misidentified only 3% of the sample. Germination declined with damage: the smallest damage level reduced germination from 94% to 32%. No seeds with >50% damage germinated. Weevil damage reduced seedling growth by 50% compa...
3-D X-Ray Computed Tomography

Though well established in medicine as a technique of inspection, x-ray computed tomography (CT) is just beginning to have an impact on nondestructive evaluation. A recent review [1] emphasizes the potential of the technology. An aspect which is apparent from the description of most current systems is that they are being applied to inspection of objects which tend to be locally uniform in the axial direction, e.g., electrical and telephone poles, trees, and rocket motors. The CT systems used are basically adaptations of medical CT technology, and reconstruct slices of an object one at a time. Under the hypothesis that single- or few-slice CT examination will not suffice for certain NDE problems, we have been developing a tomographic system which performs direct three-dimensional reconstruction, in the sense that the transaxial slice is not the fundamental unit of reconstruction. This is accomplished by collecting a set of 2D projection images and performing a reconstruction directly into a 3D array, using an algorithm developed for the purpose. The result differs from a set of spaced conventional slices primarily in the respect that our spatial resolution in the axial direction is substantially as good as that in transaxial planes. Our developmental system is currently limited by beam energy and physical size to examination of small objects; because of its scale it has better absolute resolution (approx. 0.1 mm) than is generally found in CT equipment. The principles employed are quite general and, given appropriately energetic radiation and a 2D array of detectors, could be applied to the inspection of much larger objects. The system will be described, and example reconstructions will be used to illustrate salient aspects of the methodology.
The Malabar Hill murder trial of 1925 Sovereignty, law and sexual politics in colonial princely India

This article seeks to address issues relating to sovereignty, law and sexual politics in colonial princely India through an examination of the Malabar Hill Murder Trial of 1925 in the Bombay High Court. In this particular case, the Hindu Maratha Maharaja of Indore was charged with the murder of his Muslim courtesan's lover. The ensuing trial illuminates two important developments in late colonial Indian law. First, it reveals how British courts empowered some Indian women as individual agents before the law, despite the restrictions of pardah (or seclusion), to contest and resist indigenous patriarchies. Second, it exposes the complex rela-tionship between Indian kingship and British paramountcy. Due to their position as semi-autonomous rulers, who were not under the restrictions of British Indian law, native princes were exempt from being tried in British Indian courts on the basis of their treaty regulations. This case discusses the extent to which the sexual desires and love unions of the Indian kings ...
Residue Management Effects on Soil Temperature

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of residue management practices on soil surface temperatures and on soil surface-air temperature relationships for the southern Great Plains. Soil surface and air (at 2-m height) temperatures were measured during the fallow period after winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harvests in 1982 and 1983. Residue management treatments were disk, sweep, and no-tillage (with standing or shredded residues).
Educating Without Overwhelming: Authorial Strategies in Children's Holocaust Literature

This article reviews a number of works of fiction about the Holocaust intended for children and young adult readers and discusses the strategies used by their authors to educate their readers without overwhelming them with highly emotional information. Several popular and effective strategies are highlighted, along with examples of works of literature in this genre employing such strategies. The use of sensitive and age-appropriate literature as an important component in educating children about the Holocaust is emphasized.
Controlling the Weed Nuisance in Turn-of-the-Century American Cities

American cities inspired many environmental reforms at the end of the nineteenth century, but one movement that has escaped scholarly attention is weed control. Botanist Edgar Anderson has asserted that "the history of weeds is the history of man," but historians, geographers, and scientists have neglected these plants' pasts, particularly in cities. As turn-of-the-century cities rapidly grew outward, weeds proliferated in vacant spaces and surrounded the new subdivisions, storefronts, and factories that replaced farmland, primarily on the urban fringe. Urban Americans worked to eliminate these weeds.' Public health officials, municipal leaders, botanists, landscape aesthetes, homeowners, civic organizations, and newspapers cast noxious weeds as sanitary and safety threats as well as aesthetic blights. Weeds undermined public health by spreading disease, abetting waste dumping, fouling the air, and harboring pests. Weeds compromised safety by sheltering dangerous people. Weeds clashed with the sensibilities of homeowners settling the urban fringe. Urban weed control advocates worked to establish the plants and the people that belonged in a stable environment. They believed that weed-free cities would be healthy, safe, and comfortable. Camden, Cincinnati, Columbus, Denver, Indianapolis, St. Louis, Washington, and Wilmington were among the cities that enacted weed ordinances around the turn of the century. At least five of the nation's ten most populous cities-New York, Chicago, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh-had established these laws by 1917. This essay employs evidence from St. Louis and Washington to illustrate why cities struggled to control weeds.2 Examining urban weed control reveals how nature complicated Progressive municipal housekeeping efforts. Weeds were a nuisance that represented filth and inefficiency to reformers. Like air and water pollution, weeds indicated that rapidly growing industrial cities were unhealthy, disorderly environments that'necessitated control. Eradicating weeds, like abating other environmental and moral nuisances, required establishing municipal authority to regulate private property. Yet weeds were an anomaly among the city's myriad environmental problems. Dense smoke and cacophonous noise, for example, were effluents of urban industrial
Low temperature photon-controlled growth of thin films and multilayered structures

Abstract Pulsed ArF (193 nm) excimer laser photolysis of disilane, germane, and disilane-ammonia mixtures has been used to deposit amorphous superlattices containing silicon, germanium and silicon nitride layers. Transmission electron microscope cross-section views demonstrate that structures having thin (5–25 nm) layers and sharp interlayer boundaries can be deposited entirely under laser photolytic control, using low reactant gas partial pressures and with the excimer laser beam parallel to the substrate. Growth of epitaxial films and structures under similar conditions is discussed.
The Biographical Method in Adult Education Research

Adult learning cannot be separated from the life and the life history of the adult person. As such, adult learning is intimately tied to an overall, lifelong process of adult transformation. Research on adult transformation should therefore seek a better understanding of how, why and for what adults transform themselves during their lives. A deeper understanding of adults’ transformative processes, though badly needed, is methodologically difficult to achieve. That is why I will outline, in a first section, the main characteristics of a human science research approach I have developed, called the “Biographical Method”. In a second section I will present some preliminary findings from research using this method.
Facile synthesis of a novel class of organometalloid-containing ligands, the sila-β-diketones: preparation and physical and structural characterization of the copper(II) complexes, Cu[R′C(O)CHC(O)SiR3]2

Abstract The substitution of a carbon atom by silicon provides an attractive, novel approach to modification of the thermal stability and volatility of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition precursors supported by β-diketonate ancillary ligands. The low temperature reaction of the lithium enolates of acetyltrialkylsilanes with acyl chlorides affords the sila-β-diketones, R′C(O)CH2C(O)SiR3 (R′=Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, s-Bu, t-Bu; SiR3=SiMe3, SiEt3, SiMe2(t-Bu), SiMe2(t-hexyl), Si(i-Pr)3), in good yields. Multinuclear NMR studies suggest that the sila-β-diketones exist as the enolic tautomer with a vinylsilane isomeric structure. Homoleptic Cu(II) sila-β-diketonate complexes were prepared in a first pass study to evaluate how precursor performance is affected by modulation of the peripheral substituents in the ligands. Thermal analyses, (TGA, DSC) show that the silylated Cu(II) precursors (SiR3=SiMe3; R′=t-Bu or i-Bu) have greater volatility than the corresponding carbon analogues. Some of the new Cu(II) complexes exist as liquids or low melting solids, which are preferred states for industrial deposition processes. X-ray diffraction studies of selected copper complexes showed them to have typical, square planar geometry; calculations of molecular volumes suggest that packing in the solid-state is less efficient for the silicon-containing complexes than for the non-silylated analogues.
Laparoscopic resections of liver and pancreas.

It is our belief that there will be a significant role for minimally invasive approaches to HBP surgery in the future.There is great potential for reduction of perioperative morbidity, possibly more so than in other fields of surgery, due to the major impact on the patient after the maximally invasive open procedures. At this early stage in development,however,we must be cautious about too rapid an assimilation of the techniques without proper evaluation of the outcomes. High-quality data,collected prospectively, from randomized trials where possible, remain the key to implementing proper utilization.
Personal, Social, and Organizational Factors That Influence Black Female Athletic Administrators' Identity Negotiation

The purpose of this article is to examine factors that influence how Black female athletic administrators negotiate their personal identity. Negotiation of identities is not only about what people say and do, but where and when they do it, as well as with whom they do it. Thus, it is important to identify social, personal, and organizational factors that influence identity negotiation outcomes. In doing so, this article integrates Thomas and Ely's (1996) diversity perspectives with behavioral confirmation theory and Swann's (1987) theory of self-verification to gain an understanding of the mechanisms and processes that influence Black female athletic administrators' and coaches' identity negotiation outcomes. Six propositions are advanced concerning how personal factors, social status, organizational status, and three diversity perspectives (integration and learning, discrimination and fairness, and access and legitimacy), can support Black females in verifying their self views or conforming their identit...
PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF THE ABELIAN HIGGS MODEL AND RIGID ROTATION OF VORTICES

The metric and potential energy on the reduced moduli space of selfdual vortices in the Abelian Higgs model on \( S^2 \) are computed in a certain limit, first identified by Bradlow. In this limit it is proved that the Higgs field is asymptotic to a standard holomorphic section. These results are then used to prove a theorem asserting the existence of time-periodic solutions of the Abelian Higgs model on \( {\Bbb R} \times S^2 \) which represent two vortices in rigid rotation about one another. The theorem answers affirmatively the question, raised by Jaffe and Taubes, of whether a balance between the inter-vortex attraction and the centrifugal repulsion provides for the existence of such solutions (as it does in the classical two body problem for point particles.) The starting point of the analysis is the adiabatic limit system, i.e. the Hamiltonian system defined by restricting the Abelian Higgs model to the moduli space of self-dual vortices. The Hamiltonian consists of a potential energy term and kinetic energy term which is given by the metric on the moduli space induced from \( L^2 \). It is shown under two assumptions on the metric and potential energy that the adiabatic limit system admits periodic solutions of the required type. Periodic solutions to the full system are then obtained by an application of the implicit function theorem. Explicit examples where the assumptions on the adiabatic limit system hold are provided by the computations of the metric and potential in the Bradlow limit.
A cement based syntactic foam

Abstract In this study, a cement based syntactic foam core was proposed and experimentally investigated for composite sandwich structures. This was a multi-phase composite material with microballoon dispersed in a rubber latex toughened cement paste matrix. A trace amount of microfiber was also incorporated to increase the number of mechanisms for energy absorption and a small amount of nanoclay was added to improve the crystal structure of the hydrates. Three groups of cement based syntactic foams with varying cement content were investigated. A fourth group of specimens containing pure cement paste were also prepared as control. Each group contained 24 beam specimens. The total number of beam specimens was 96. The dimension of each beam was 30.5 cm × 5.1 cm × 1.5 cm. Twelve foam specimens from each group were wrapped with plain woven 7715 style glass fabric reinforced epoxy to prepare sandwich beams. Twelve cubic foam specimens, three from each group, with a side length of 5.1 cm, were also prepared. Three types of testing, low velocity impact test and four-point bending test on the beam specimens and compression test on the cubic specimens, were conducted to evaluate the impact energy dissipation, stress–strain behavior, and residual strength. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was also used to examine the energy dissipation mechanisms in the micro-length scale. It was found that the cement based syntactic foam has a higher capacity for dissipating impact energy with an insignificant reduction in strength as compared to the control cement paste core. When compared to a polymer based foam core having similar compositions, it was found that the cement based foam has a comparable energy dissipation capacity. The developed cement based syntactic foam would be a viable alternative for core materials in impact-tolerant composite sandwich structures.
Mari-Beffa, M., and J. Knight. 2005. Key Experiments in Practical Developmental Biology. Cambridge University Press, New York, 382 pp. ISBN 0-521-83315-9, price (hardbound), $110

M. Mari-Beffa, J. Knight. 2005. Key Experiments in Practical Developmental Biology. Cambridge University Press, New York, 382 pp. ISBN 0-521-83315-9, price (hardbound), $110. The text professes to be “… twenty-seven easy-to-follow laboratory exercises … described by leaders in the field … .” Featured authors are widely published and recognizable to individuals working in developmental biology. Some of the laboratory exercises are easy to follow, yet many are advanced for the typical college or small university. The text is organized into 12 sections, most with multiple examples of key experiments. The selection of sections and exercises follows current literature in the field of developmental biology. Sections include Graftings, Specific Chemical Reagents, Bead Implantation, Nucleic Acid Injections, Genetic Analysis, Clonal Analysis, In Situ Hybridization, Transgenic Organisms, Vertebrate Cloning, Cell Culture, Evo-Devo Studies , and Computational Modeling . There are opportunities to see how the field has developed and …
Properties of the Nuclear Proteasome Activator PA28γ (REGγ)

Abstract PA28 or 11S REG is a proteasome activator composed of homologous α- and β-subunits and predominantly found in the cytosol. A homologous protein originally known as the Ki antigen but now called PA28γ or REGγ is predominantly localized in the nucleus. To further characterize the biochemical properties of PA28γ, we expressed and purified homogenous recombinant human protein with and without an N-terminal 6-His extension. PA28γ is a heptamer based on the molecular masses of the native and monomeric proteins. The heptameric 6-His fusion protein can dimerize. Recombinant PA28γ stimulates the proteasome-mediated hydrolysis of synthetic substrates containing hydrophobic, basic, and acidic amino acids in the P1 position. Stimulation is dependent on substrate size. PA28γ only minimally stimulates degradation of the oxidized B chain of insulin. PA28γ may facilitate the later stages of protein metabolism in the nucleus and/or have a more specialized role in controlling the levels of biologically active peptides in the nucleus.
Real Time Detection and Intervention of Poorly Phrased Questions

Answer helpfulness in Intuit's TurboTax AnswerXchange can be predicted with reasonable accuracy based on the attributes of the question alone. The ability to predict the likelihood of a good answer provides an opportunity to help the asker craft better formulated questions. Towards this goal, this paper presents a new concept of question-asking experience that address the following business cases: (1) transforming a "knowledge" question into a "closed-ended" question, (2) converting a search query into a grammatically correct question, and (3) converting "unanswerable" and rhetorical questions to well-formed questions. We also present a "Question Optimizer" interface system that prompts the asker with personalized instructions created dynamically based on real time analysis of their question's structure and semantics.
Randomized Phase II Comparison of Dose-Intense Gemcitabine: Thirty-Minute Infusion and Fixed Dose Rate Infusion in Patients With Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Purpose: To conduct a randomized phase II trial of dose-intense gemcitabine using a standard 30-minute infusion or the fixed dose rate (FDR) infusion (10 mg/m2/min) in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Patients and Methods: In this prospective trial, patients with locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma were treated with 2,200 mg/m2 gemcitabine over 30 minutes (standard arm) or 1,500 mg/m2 gemcitabine over 150 minutes (FDR arm) on days 1, 8, and 15 of every 4-week cycle. The primary end point of this trial was time to treatment failure. Secondary end points included time to progression, median survival, safety, and pharmacokinetic studies of gemcitabine. Results: Ninety-two patients were enrolled onto this study; 91% of the patients had metastatic disease. Time to treatment failure was comparable in both treatment groups; however, the median survival for all patients was 5.0 months in the standard arm and 8.0 months in the FDR arm (P = .013). For patients with metastases, the medi...
Relativity and Degrees of Relationality

Some things are relative. Left and right are relative to spatial orientation, for example, and legality is relative to jurisdiction. We also wonder about more controversial cases. Is morality relative to culture? Is color relative to type of perceiver? In this essay I am not concerned with any particular relativistic thesis. Rather, I am concerned with the prior question: What is it for one thing to be relative to another? This question is interesting, I think, not only for its own sake, but also because it has considerable bearing on first-order disputes between absolutists and relativists. Some of the most formidable objections to relativism are metaphysical in nature. Relativism is true, these objections allege, only if the world is ontologically thus-and-so, and the world is not ontologically thus-and-so. There are a variety of metaphysical arguments run against relativism, but I want to focus on two sorts, which I label ‘arity arguments’ and ‘simplicity arguments’. Let me begin with arity arguments. Many philosophers believe that there is some intimate connection between relativity and degrees of relationality. According to Robert Streiffer (2004, 4), for example, if moral relativism is true, then moral properties
From eradication to resistance: five continuing concerns about pediculosis

: A school nurse, serving in the capacity of infection control officer, is responsible for managing head lice infestations. The nurse's concerns on the student and parent levels include dispelling misconceptions about lice, screening, motivating correct treatment, and providing follow-up. The nurse's responsibility to the community as a whole also involves putting into practice policies that prevent the spread of infestations without promoting pediculicide resistance. (J Sch Health. 1998; 68(4): 146-150)
Complementary use of the reversed-phase and anion-exchange modes of high-pressure liquid chromatography for studies of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

The reversed-phase and anion-exchange modes of high-pressure liquid chromatography were used to separate breakdown products and impurities in solutions of the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The two chromatographic modes are compared for studies of NADH. Their use in following the course of acidic breakdown of NADH is described.
Adult chronic rhinosinusitis: diagnosis and dilemmas

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most frequent otolaryngologic diseases encountered. The diagnosis of CRS is made by a wide variety of practitioners, including primary care physicians,physician extenders, pulmonologists, and otolaryngologists. Therefore, an accurate, efficient, and accessible method of making a CRS diagnosis is required. This article describes the criteria for making a diagnosis and the problems encountered in applying those criteria.
Functional specialization within a vesicle tethering complex: bypass of a subset of exocyst deletion mutants by Sec1p or Sec4p

The exocyst is an octameric protein complex required to tether secretory vesicles to exocytic sites and to retain ER tubules at the apical tip of budded cells. Unlike the other five exocyst genes, SEC3, SEC5, and EXO70 are not essential for growth or secretion when either the upstream activator rab, Sec4p, or the downstream SNARE-binding component, Sec1p, are overproduced. Analysis of the suppressed sec3Δ, sec5Δ, and exo70Δ strains demonstrates that the corresponding proteins confer differential effects on vesicle targeting and ER inheritance. Sec3p and Sec5p are more critical than Exo70p for ER inheritance. Although nonessential under these conditions, Sec3p, Sec5p, and Exo70p are still important for tethering, as in their absence the exocyst is only partially assembled. Sec1p overproduction results in increased SNARE complex levels, indicating a role in assembly or stabilization of SNARE complexes. Furthermore, a fraction of Sec1p can be coprecipitated with the exoycst. Our results suggest that Sec1p couples exocyst-mediated vesicle tethering with SNARE-mediated docking and fusion.
Software reverse engineering: a case study

This paper presents lessons learned from an experiment to reverse engineer a program. A reverse engineering process was used as part of a project to develop an Ada implementation of a Fortran program and upgrade the existing documentation. To accomplish this, design information was extracted from the Fortran source code and entered into a software development environment. The extracted design information was used to implement a new version of the program written in Ada. This experiment revealed issues about recovering design information, such as, separating design details from implementation details, dealing with incomplete or erroneous information, traceability of information between implementation and recovered design, and re-engineering. The reverse engineering process used to recover the design, and the experience gained during the study are reported.
Neural differentiation in the OTT-6050 mouse teratoma: Effects of intracerebral environment on the neural differentiation of embryoid bodies

Small embryoid bodies (EB's) from the OTT-6050 transplantable mouse teratoma, obtained by gravity filtration through a 74 μ mesh, were injected into the right cerebral hemisphere of syngeneic newborn or adult mice of both sexes in order to produce differentiating teratomas after a single passage. In subsequent experiments, two solid tumors resulting from two different EB-implants into the brains of adult hosts were used to initiate sequential tumors and were carried intracerebrally in adult mice for 12 and 18 passages respectively. The animals were sacrificed when signs of increased intracranial pressure developed. Survival times were as follows: single passages in adult mice: mean, 35 days; single passages in neonatal mice: mean, 19 days; sequential passages in adult mice: mean, 25 days. Multipotential stem cells accounted for l/2 to 3/4 of the cens in all tumors. Primitive neural cells, ependymoblastic rosettes, neuroblasts and glia were present in all; stem cells, primitive neural cells and rosettes decreased proportionately as the more differentiated neural populations became prominent. Mature ganglion cells were found only in the sequentially passaged tumors and in tumors maintained for more than one month after a single passage in adult mice. Synapses were noted in the most differentiated areas. Neuroblasts were infrequent in tumors developing in neonatal hosts, and mature ganglion cells were absent. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was present by the 24th day in tumors obtained in adult hosts after single passage and in sequential passages.
Chemical ionization mass spectrometry of some representative 16-membered ring macrolide antibiotics

Chemical ionization mass spectrometry, using isobutane as a reactant gas, is shown to be useful in the structural characterization of representative 16-membered ring macrolide antibiotics. The spectra of spiramycin I, spiramycin III, and niddamycin contain relatively intense protonated molecule ion peaks (MH+) making establishment of molecular formulae straightforward. There are relatively few fragment ion peaks in comparison with the corresponding electron impact mass spectra, but these peaks are nonetheless highly significant. The major fragmentations observed involve sequential loss of the sugar moieties and loss of other small molecules such as water, acetic acid, and methanol. Scission of carbon-carbon bonds is uncommon. The nature of these reactions and the mechanisms responsible are discussed briefly.
Ferroelectric thin-film characterization through use of coplanar waveguide varactors

This paper investigates the implementation of a least squares estimation of varactor capacitance values across a wafer for reasons of characterizing thin-film ferroelectric Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3, barium strontium titanate (BST). The varactor design utilized for this characterization as well as an equivalent schematic representation of the device used will be presented. Comparisons between the estimated thin-film performance and those of previously presented results will also be discussed.
Stenting for atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the subclavian artery.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of stenting subclavian artery pathologic lesions. Between July 1991 and December 1995, 69 patients (36 males: mean age 67 years, range 34–87 years) underwent intraluminal balloon dilatations followed by stent implantations in 70 subclavian arteries to treat primary atherosclerotic stenoses > 70%. Twenty-three patients (34%) were treated for vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI), 25 patients (36%) were treated for upper limb ischemia (ULI), and 10 patients (15%) were treated for both VBI and ULI. Other indications included symptomatic subclavian steal phenomenon (SSS), protection of dialysis arteriovenous fistula, coronary steal syndrome, protection of axilloaxillary bypass, distal embolization, and protection of left internal mammary artery (LIMA)-coronary bypass. Fifty-three cases (78%) were treated for stenosis and 17 cases (22%) for total occlusion of the origin of the subclavian artery. The results of this series indicate that stenting of subclavian artery stenosis appears safe and feasible with good short and mid-term patency, improving at those intervals the initial disappointing reports of balloon angioplasty alone. However, its long-term durability is at present unknown.
Relationship of trait anger to resting blood pressure: A meta-analysis.

A series of meta-analyses were conducted to assess whether anger is related to essential hypertension. The present review also considered the relevance of the distinction between anger experience and anger expression, the effect of participant selection bias, and the white-coat hypertension effect for the anger-blood pressure (BP) association. Anger experience was correlated with elevated BP, but the relationship was small and highly variable. When positive effects emerged, both participant selection and the reliability of BP measurement posed interpretational problems. Persons high in anger are not merely exhibiting elevated BP in response to testing, so a white-coat effect is not evident. Being labeled as hypertensive may contribute to higher anger scores, however. The review suggests lines of future research concerning associations between trait anger and blood pressure.
Dyn-MPI: Supporting MPI on medium-scale, non-dedicated clusters

Distributing data is a fundamental problem in implementing efficient distributed-memory parallel programs. The problem becomes more difficult in environments where the participating nodes are not dedicated to a parallel application. We are investigating the data distribution problem in non-dedicated environments in the context of explicit message-passing programs. To address this problem, we have designed and implemented an extension to MPI called dynamic MPI (Dyn-MPI). The key component of Dyn-MPI is its run-time system, which efficiently and automatically redistributes data on the fly when there are changes in the application or the underlying environment. Dyn-MPI supports efficient memory allocation, precise measurement of system load and computation time, and node removal. Performance results show that programs that use Dyn-MPI execute efficiently in non-dedicated environments, including up to almost a threefold improvement compared to programs that do not redistribute data and a 25% improvement over standard adaptive load balancing techniques.
Experimental investigation of the influence of molecular weight distribution on the rheological properties of polypropylene melts

An experimental study of steady shear and elongational flow Theological properties of a series of polypropylene melts of varying molecular weight and distribution is reported. Broadening the molecular weight distribution increases the non-Newtonian character of the shear viscosity function and increases the principal normal stress differences at fixed shear stress. The behavior is compared to earlier rheological property-molecular weight studies. Correlations are developed for these properties in terms of molecular structure. Elongational flow studies indicate that for commercial and broader molecular weight distribution samples, ready failure by neck development occurs and the elongational viscosity appears to decrease with increasing elongation rate. For narrower molecular weight distribution samples, the elongational viscosity is an increasing function of elongation rate, The implication of these experimental results to viscoelastic fluid constitutive equations and polymer melt processing is developed.
The preparation of thin self-supporting Boron films

Abstract A technique for the preparation of thin (20–400 μg/cm 2 ) self-supporting Boron films by an electron bombardment method is described. The technique differs from those used previously in that it uses a water-cooled anode and a new method of removing the evaporated film from the backing.
Solubilization of β-carotene and retinol into aqueous solutions of mixed micelles

Abstract 1. 1. The solubility of β-carotene (non-polar solute) and retinol (polar solute) into aqueous solutions containing mixed micelles has been studied in vitro using experimental conditions simulating those present in the lumen of the human small intestine during fat digestion with respect to bile salts, lipids, Na+, pH and temperature. 2. 2. Altering the glycine to taurine conjugated bile salt ratio had no effect on the solubility of either β-carotene or retinol. Altering the ratio of tri- to dihydroxy bile salts changed the solubility of both solutes; the higher the ratio the lower the solubility. The solubility of retinol in the systems studied was approximately 7–9-fold greater than that of β-carotene. 3. 3. Increasing the concentration of Na+ greatly increased the solubility of β-carotene but only slightly increased the solubility of retinol. 4. 4. In a mixture containing both solutes, no competition for solubilization occurred. 5. 5. pH values between 4.5 and 7 had no effect on the solubility of either solute but at pH values below 4.5, the solubility of both solutes markedly decreased.
On some connections between equivalent single material and mixture theory models for fiber reinforced hyperelastic materials

Abstract There are two approaches that can be used to model the large strain mechanical response of material systems in which elastic fibers are embedded in an elastic matrix. In the first approach, a fiber reinforced material undergoing large deformation is homogenized in the sense that it is assumed to act as an equivalent single material that is transversely isotropic and hyperelastic. Both constituents then share a common reference configuration, which is typically assumed to be a natural or stress-free configuration for the equivalent single material. The stress depends on a single deformation gradient defined with respect to the natural configuration. In the second approach, the fiber/matrix system is treated as a mixture, with the matrix and the fibrous constituents having their own reference configurations and material symmetries. The total stress depends on the deformation gradients and material symmetries for both constituents, defined with respect to their reference configurations. Under appropriate assumptions, the constitutive theory developed using mixture theory can coincide with the constitutive theory assuming an equivalent single material that is transversely isotropic and hyperelastic. This paper explores the connection between the two approaches by considering the various reference configurations and material symmetries.
Effects of ritodrine infusion on hemodynamics and lung lymph in awake sheep

The effect of the β-agonist, ritodrine HCl, was studied on cardiac output (CO) and pulmonary lymph flow (QL) in sheep. Increased CO is associated with an increase in pulmonary QL in sheep during exercise. Isoproterenol increases CO but has not been shown to increase pulmonary QL. Ritodrine HCl was chosen because of its association with pulmonary edema when used to halt premature labor in pregnant women. Unanesthetized sheep received an intravenous infusion of ritodrine in increasing doses over 4 h up to a maximum of 6.3 μg/kg/min. Pulmonary pressure increased 2 mmHg after 1 h and returned to baseline by hours 3 and 4 with no change in left atrial pressure or lymph to plasma protein ratio. Pulmonary QL increased by 61% and CO by 80% at hour 3 of infusion (ritodrine dose 5.4 μg/kg/min) and remained at this level. Pulmonary QL and CO (normalized to baseline) correlated, r = 0.72, p< 0.001, but there was no correlation between pulmonary QL and calculated microvascular pressure. Although an increase in pulmonary microvascular endothelium permeability with concurrent pulmonary vasodilation can not be completely ruled out, it appears from this study that β-agonist theray with ritodrine increases pulmonary QL by a CO related recruitment of microvessels.
Accumulated Lives: Metaphor, Materiality, and the Homes of the Elderly

The representation of personal history and identity in the familiar spaces and objects of the home is a common imaginative practice that is particularly apparent, and particularly critical, in the homes of the elderly. Gerontologists who study place attachment among the elderly employ the contradictory metaphors of navigation and amalgamation to describe the complex relationship that exists between self, space, and habit when elders identify with their homes. By analyzing novels that both address and employ the operation of home-based metaphors of identity, as well as philosophical studies of memory and space, this essay attempts to investigate the relationship between metaphorical and material apprehensions of the self in order to better understand the determination of many elderly people to remain in their homes.
External ear injuries

The unique shape of the external ear depends on the underlying cartilaginous framework. Injuries of the external ear are common. In dealing with lacerations, subperichondrial hematomas, perichondritis, burns and frostbite, particular care should be taken to maintain the cartilaginous framework and to prevent infection. In this way cosmetic deformities of the external ear can be prevented.
Shock-induced minerals in meteorite provide prospecting tools for mineral physics

Over the last 40 years, a combination of seismic data from Earth's interior and experimentation at high pressures on materials of composition similar to that in Earth's mantle has led to an increasingly accurate picture of what succession of phases must be present at increasing depths. During the same time period, it has been discovered that many of these phases are present in minute amounts in meteorites that, before their arrival on Earth, were shocked to high pressures and temperatures during collisions between the asteroids from which the meteorites were derived. In a recent issue of PNAS, Chen et al . (1) reported a previously uncharacterized mineral from such a shocked meteorite and, by using diamond anvil experiments and synchrotron x-ray analysis, derived the stability conditions of that mineral and another closely related one discovered earlier this year from the same meteorite. Both of these phases are high-pressure polymorphs of the mineral chromite FeCr2O4, which is a common (although minor) mineral in peridotites, rocks of the upper mantle that are abundantly exposed at the surface and also found as inclusions (xenoliths) in volcanic rocks. Some of this volcanism (e.g., kimberlite) also carries diamonds and hence must be derived from a minimum depth of ≈120 km. The authors suggest that the newly discovered polymorphs of chromite, if found in natural rocks on Earth, could serve as anchor points for estimation of the depths of origin of rocks transported from great depth. The two polymorphs place minimum pressures of 12–13 GPa (CaFe2O4 structure) and 20 GPa (CaTi2O4 structure). These pressures are equivalent in Earth to depths of ≈400 km and ≈680 km, respectively. However, is there any reason to believe that any rocks presently at the surface have ever seen such pressures? …
Solid Polymers Doped with Neodymium. Complex Formation and Morphology in NdCl3 and Nd(DPM)3-Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Systems

The complex formation and morphology of the NdCI 3 —PEO system are presented together with some preliminary results on the Nd(DPM) 3 \Nd—tris—2,2,6,6—tetramethyl —3,5—heptane dionate]—PEO system. Although the NdCl 3 —PEO complex is found to be highly hygroscopic, it is shown that residual moisture can be removed reversibly, thereby permitting the role of water in affecting the morphology of the solid to be examined. It is concluded that complexation is a competitive process between the ether oxygens on the polymer backbone and water. Under anhydrous conditions the resultant complex is amorphous at a \EO]/\NdCl 3 ] molar ratio approximately less than ca. 8, but above this critical value the PEO in excess of the stoichiometric ratio presents a second partially crystalline phase. The glass transition temperatures were found to increase sigmoidally with increasing salt content. Despite the hygroscopic nature of Nd(DPM) 3 the resultant complexes were found to be moisture resistant upon prolonged exposure to the atmosphere.
Actuation of micro-optomechanical systems via cavity-enhanced optical dipole forces

Optical forces can produce significant mechanical effects in micro- and nanophotonic systems. Here we demonstrate a novel optomechanical system using a movable, micrometre-scale waveguide evanescently coupled to a high-Q optical microresonator. Micrometre-scale displacements of the waveguide are observed for milliwatt-level optical input powers. Measurement of the spatial variation of the force on the waveguide indicates that it arises from a cavity-enhanced optical dipole force resulting from the stored optical field of the resonator. This force is used to realize an all-optical tunable filter operating with submilliwatt control power. A theoretical model of the system shows that the maximum achievable force is independent of the intrinsic Q of the optical resonator and scales inversely with the cavity mode volume, suggesting that such forces may become even more effective as devices approach the nanoscale.
The effect of structurally related substances on the nucleation kinetics of paracetamol (acetaminophen)

Abstract A computer controlled and monitored apparatus is described in which supersaturation was induced in paracetamol solutions by cooling. The induction time before nucleation occurred was determined by the attenuation of a laser beam which passed through the solution. Certain additives, particularly p-acetoxyacetanilide (PAA) (2–4 mol%), caused significant inhibition of nucleation. The induction time was expressed as a function of the supersaturation and absolute temperature, leading to estimates of the interfacial tension between the solution and the critical nucleus in the presence and absence of the additives, and to estimates of the number of molecules comprising the critical nucleus.
Teaching Historical Geographies of American Film Production

Abstract The geographies of Hollywood are multiple, contradictory, ephemeral and tangible. Our preconceived conceptions of space and place play a dynamic role in what elements we tend to focus on when discussing the cultural industry of American cinema. This essay uses Hollywood as a metaphor for the American film production industry and a historical geography of production as a framework to explore major spatial and structural changes within this industry from its inception to the present. It highlights teaching methods and materials from the course A Geography of Film at Southern Connecticut State University. Mode of production relates to the economic process where capital, labor, knowledge and imagination are blended to produce a culturalized product for consumption. The American film industry is a fine example of the commodification of culture.
Some Important Considerations in the Selection of a Tunable UV Laser Excitation Source

Laser technology has recently evolved to the point where tunable uv radiation can be obtained using commercially available lasers. The uv output between 217–260 nm is generated indirectly by using nonlinear optical devices such as frequency doubling and mixing crystals and/or by utilizing anti-Stokes Raman shifting techniques. For any scientist using lasers, even experts, the choices in commercial laser systems can be confusing. Because these laser systems are extremely expensive, an error in choice can result in a major scientific disaster.
Theta rhythm of navigation: link between path integration and landmark navigation, episodic and semantic memory.

Five key topics have been reverberating in hippocampal- entorhinal cortex (EC) research over the past five decades: episodic and semantic memory, path integration (''dead reckoning'') and landmark (''map'') navigation, and theta oscillation. We suggest that the systematic relations between single cell discharge and the activity of neuronal ensem- bles reflected in local field theta oscillations provide a useful insight into the relationship among these terms. In rats trained to run in direction-guided (1- dimensional) tasks, hippocampal cell assemblies discharge sequentially, with different assemblies active on opposite runs, i.e., place cells are unidirec- tional. Such tasks do not require map representation and are formally identi- cal with learning sequentially occurring items in an episode. Hebbian plasti- city, acting within the temporal window of the theta cycle, converts the travel distances into synaptic strengths between the sequentially activated and unidirectionally connected assemblies. In contrast, place representa- tions by hippocampal neurons in 2-dimensional environments are typically omnidirectional, characteristic of a map. Generation of a map requires exploration, essentially a dead reckoning behavior. We suggest that omni- directional navigation through the same places (junctions) during explora- tion gives rise to omnidirectional place cells and, consequently, maps free of temporal context. Analogously, multiple crossings of common junction(s) of episodes convert the common junction(s) into context-free or semantic memory. Theta oscillation can hence be conceived as the navigation rhythm through both physical and mnemonic space, facilitating the formation of maps and episodic/semantic memories. V C 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Races among products

In this paper we revisit a 1987 question of Rabbi Ehrenpreis. Among many things, we provide an elementary injective proof thatP1(L,y,n)?P2(L,y,n) for any L,n>0 and any odd y>1. Here, P1(L,y,n) denotes the number of partitions of n into parts congruent to 1, y+2, or 2y(mod2y+2) with the largest part not exceeding (2y+2)L-2 and P2(L,y,n) denotes the number of partitions of n into parts congruent to 2, y, or 2y+1(mod2y+2) with the largest part not exceeding (2y+2)L-1.