cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond Patriots and Traitors: Collaborations and Resistance in Iraq, 2003-2005

Why do some subnational political groups collaborate with foreign occupiers, while others resist and still others wait the occupation out? Popular history and scholarly literature often sidesteps this question, focusing on resistance at the expense of collaboration and assuming a simple dyadic relationship between the occupier and occupied populace whereby nationalism produces widespread resistance. This paper will argue that conceptualization is empirically misleading: it exaggerates both the extent and diversity of resistance and glosses over the pervasiveness of collaboration in occupied states. As an alternative, this paper proposes a theory for explaining subnational variation in collaboration and resistance that is rooted in the domestic politics of the occupied state. I argue that political groups are primarily interested in increasing or maintaining their own domestic political power and ensuring political survival, not in international sovereignty, and that this provides occupying powers with wide latitude to shape outcomes through their policies. Because of its high cost, violent resistance is only likely to emerge when a group’s political survival is threatened, or when the group has enough foreign support to make victory feasible. Meanwhile, because it is a relatively cheap pathway to influence, groups are likely to collaborate, regardless of ideology, so long as the occupier offers them significant power. If neither of these conditions hold, groups are likely to wait. As a preliminary test of the theory, this paper analyzes the behavior of political groups in U.S.-occupied Iraq between 2003 and 2005.
Cultural Adaptations of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

In increasingly multicultural societies, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) must be made appropriate for diverse groups. This article examines cultural adaptations of CBT, focusing on anxiety and depressive disorders. The article presents a culturally informed, transdiagnostic model of how anxious-depressive distress is generated and culturally shaped. Guided by this model, it discusses how interventions can be designed to decrease anxiety-type and depressive-type psychopathology in a culturally sensitive way. It describes such concepts as explanatory model bridging, cultural grounding, and contextual sensitivity.
Experimental and modeling study on the effects of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) addition on H2, CH4, and C2H4 ignition

Abstract Dimethyl methylphosphonate (C3H9O3P, DMMP) is considered both a surrogate of Sarin, a chemical weapon of mass destruction, and a fire suppressant. In this study, new ignition delay time measurements were taken in a heated shock tube for a mixture of DMMP/O2 in 99% Ar and for diluted mixtures of H2, CH4, and C2H4 doped with DMMP. These data can be used to validate and refine a detailed kinetics model for DMMP. Results showed that the DMMP addition did not modify the ignition delay times obtained with the C2H4 mixture, while a strong promoting effect was observed with CH4. Results were compared to detailed kinetics models from the literature, and it was shown that these models need to be significantly improved. A tentative model was assembled based on a modern hydrocarbon mechanism from the group of Curran and on updated phosphorus chemistry and thermochemistry recently proposed. Computations using this tentative model exhibited the need to revise several aspects of the DMMP oxidation chemistry, such as the rate coefficients of the reactions describing the rapid thermal fragmentation of DMMP and potentially the interactions between the phosphorus chemistry and radicals and molecules in the C2 chemistry.
Developing a GIS-Based Online Survey Instrument to Elicit Perceived Neighborhood Geographies to Address the Uncertain Geographic Context Problem

Although neighborhood factors have been consistently associated with health, technological difficulties in eliciting self-defined neighborhoods from large cohorts have compromised the interpretabil...
Evaluation of the artifacts due to the positron range correction in PET image reconstruction using experimental phantom scans

1998 Objectives The point spread function (PSF) modeling has been used to compensate various resolution effects in PET imaging. However, PSF modeling can cause edge artifacts in the reconstructed images. Furthermore, the incorporation of the positron range component in the PSF modeling makes the artifacts even more apparent. In this work, we evaluate the artifacts strictly due to the positron range correction using experimental phantom studies at various counting statistics and number of reconstruction iterations. Methods A contrast recovery phantom underwent a one-hour emission scan on the microPET-F120 after a 0.5 mCi injection of a solution of Br-76 (which has one peak at ~1 mm and a second peak at ~5 mm in the range spectrum). For the high statistics evaluation, the list-mode data were histogrammed using the entire scan duration (i.e. ~1.3 billion counts). The data were then reconstructed with a maximum a posteriori (MAP) method with and without the positron range correction. The transaxial profile as a function of the number of iterations was evaluated. The list-mode data were then divided into a number of lower statistics frames for the dynamic evaluation. Results The ring artifacts were observed at the activity boundaries for images reconstructed with the range correction, and it appears as early as 2 iterations. Moreover, the artifacts produce more apparent overshoot at later iterations. From the dynamic evaluation, additional distortion in the activity distribution due to the range correction was also observed for frames with less than 10M counts. Conclusions The results demonstrated that the ring artifacts due to the range correction appear even in very early iterations of the reconstruction for Br-76, and additional artifacts were also observed in low counts situations. Similar evaluations will be performed for other PET nuclides such as F-18, C-11, and O-15. It is expected that the nuclides with shorter positron range would show less apparent ring artifacts due to the range correction in the reconstructed image
NONLINEAR PERTURBATIONS OF LINEAR PROBLEMS WITH INFINITE DIMENSIONAL KERNEL

Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes nonlinear perturbations of linear problems with infinite dimensional kernel. It considers the problem of existence of solutions of nonlinear problems of the type Ex = Nx , where x ∈ X , X is a real Hubert space, E is a linear operator with domain D ( E ) ⊂ X , and N is a nonlinear operator over X . The chapter considers the case when the kernel of E , denoted by X 0 , is such that dim X 0 = ∞. The purpose of this chapter is to show that analogous abstract existence theorems can be obtained in the case when X 0 is infinite dimensional. Ex = Nx is approximated by a sequence of problems E n x = N n x , where x ∈ X n , X n are finite dimensional subspaces of X , E n is a linear operator with finite dimensional kernel, and N n is a suitably modified operator obtained from N . The chapter applies the abstract existence results and obtains solutions x n ∈ X n of E n x = N n x .
Identification of Learning and Attention Disabilities

The physician hears about manifestations of learning and attention disabilities in the classroom from parents, educators, psychologists, language and reading specialists, and others. Much is written in the nonmedical professional literature on how to identify educational features of such disabilities. Details of such approaches are left to other authors.
Common Queries on Cancer Therapy

The myths and fantasies that surround cancer as a disease also encircle its treatments. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are as mysterious and awesome to patients as the disease itself, and the thought of receiving them often provokes extreme reactions from fear to panic. It is important to educate patients and to coordinate the details of their therapy with their life style and personal needs. This planning can evolve in response to patient inquisitiveness or can be initiated by nurses and physicians who may broach various areas spontaneously during the course of treatment. But the initial preparation is crucial and the health care team must guard against their own assumptions and casual acceptance of the treatment modality and relate the basics of the treatment to each patient in a simple way.
Using Ca2+-channel biosensors to profile amphetamines and cathinones at monoamine transporters: electro-engineering cells to detect potential new psychoactive substances.

The appearance of stimulant-class new psychoactive substances (NPS) is a frequent and significant problem in our society. Cathinone variants are often sold illegally as 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (“ecstasy”) or disguised for legal sale using misleading names such as “bath salts” and carry the risk of promoting disruptive mental states, addiction, and fatal overdose. The principal targets of these recreational drugs are monoamine transporters expressed in catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Some transporter ligands can be transported into cells, where they can promote a massive release of neurotransmitters through reverse transport, and others can block uptake. A ligand’s dopamine vs. serotonin transporter selectivity, potency, and activity as a substrate or blocker can help elucidate the abuse liability and subjective effects of a drug. Here, we describe the discovery, development, and validation of an emerging methodology for compound activity assessment at monoamine transporters. Substrates generate inward electrical currents through transporters and can depolarize the plasma membrane, whereas blockers work as a “cork in a bottle” and function as antagonists. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels were co-expressed with monoamine transporters in cultured cells and used to measure fluctuations of the membrane electrical potential. In this system, substrates of monoamine transporters produce reliable dose-dependent Ca2+ signals, while blockers hinder them. This system constitutes a novel use of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels as biosensors for the purpose of characterizing ligand activity at monoamine transporters using fluorimetry. This approach in combination with in vivo evaluations of drugs’ abuse-related effects is a powerful strategy for anticipating potential stimulant-class NPS.
Elaborating the Connection between Social Class and Classism in College.

Scholarship has documented the challenges that face college students of marginalized economic backgrounds, an issue that is relevant for Community Psychology because of the field's commitment to social justice. Community psychologists are concerned with facilitating access to social resources such as education across the full range of social identities. The current study builds on recent research that has identified the key role of classism in students' struggles. We developed a new measure of college student financial stress in order to investigate the relationship between indices of social class (financial stress, subjective social status, and parental education) and indices of classism (institutional, interpersonal, and citational). We also explored whether race or immigration status moderated these relationships in a sample of diverse students (N = 278). Findings show that students' current financial stress has the strongest relationship with classism, and immigration status moderates the exposure to citational classism. Specifically, we found evidence for perpetuation of classism among U.S. born students higher on the social class ladder. Implications for future research include the importance of considering multiple domains of social class, studying social class in a context-specific way, and differentiating dimensions of classism. Findings also suggest that financial stress is an important focus in the work to support marginalized students, and that classist narratives need to be addressed among students of higher social class.
Modals under epistemic tension

According to Kratzer’s influential account of epistemic must and might, these operators involve quantification over domains of possibilities determined by a modal base and an ordering source. Recently, this account has been challenged by invoking contexts of ‘epistemic tension’: i.e., cases in which an assertion that must $$\phi $$ is conjoined with the possibility that $$\lnot \phi $$ , and cases in which speakers try to downplay a previous assertion that must $$\phi $$ , after finding out that $$\lnot \phi $$ . Epistemic tensions have been invoked from two directions. Von Fintel and Gillies (Nat Lang Semant 18(4):351–383, 2010) propose a return to a simpler modal logic-inspired account: must and might still involve universal and existential quantification, but the domains of possibilities are determined solely by realistic modal bases. In contrast, Lassiter (Nat Lang Semant 24(2):117–163, 2016), following Swanson (Interactions with context. Ph.D. thesis, MIT, 2006; and in A. Eagan and B. Weatherstone, eds., Epistemic Modality, Oxford UP, 2011), proposes a more revisionary account which treats must and might as probabilistic operators. In this paper, we present a series of experiments to obtain reliable data on the degree of acceptability of various contexts of epistemic tension. Our experiments include novel variations that, we argue, are required to make progress in this debate. We show that restricted quantificational accounts a la Kratzer fit the overall pattern of results better than either of their recent competitors. In addition, our results help us identify the key components of restricted quantificational accounts, and on that basis propose some refinements and general constraints that should be satisfied by any account of the modal auxiliaries.
Diversity in Plastic Surgery: Trends in Minority Representation among Applicants and Residents.

BACKGROUND Prior studies have shown a lack of diversity among plastic surgery trainees. The authors evaluate trends in minority representation among applicants to plastic surgery and the correlation with practicing residents, compared to other specialties. METHODS The Association of American Medical Colleges Electronic Residency Application Service provided applicant data for integrated, independent plastic surgery, and other select specialties from 2010 to 2016. Journal of the American Medical Association Graduate Medical Education annual reports and Association of American Medical Colleges graduate student questionnaires provided resident and medical student data. Binomial distribution analysis was used to assess differences in Black, Hispanic, and female proportions of applicants and residents. Best-fit trend lines were compared among groups and specialties. RESULTS Women have seen an increase in integrated and independent resident representation (+2.23 percent and +0.7 percent per year, respectively) over the past 7 years, despite a relative decrease in applicants. The proportion of female applicants and residents correlated yearly for all specialties (p > 0.05). Conversely, for all years and all specialties, the Black proportion of applicants was significantly higher than the resident representation of the same year (p < 0.05). Hispanic applicant and resident representation have seen a minimal change. CONCLUSIONS Female representation among trainees has increased greatly, but there has been a decline in Black representation of integrated plastic surgery residents despite increases in medical school graduates and applicants. The data highlight a discrepancy between the population of applicants and residents suggesting that barriers starting from medical school may contribute to the lack of diversity in plastic surgery.
Muscle Mass Versus Muscle Strength and Performance: Is Muscle Mass Measurement Alone Enough?

In the world of advanced liver disease, no person can deny the loss of physical function that occurs to patients with cirrhosis. As the disease progresses, the physical manifestations of muscle mass loss and reduced physical function are apparent. Providers, patients, and caregivers to patients know this all too well. Unfortunately, however, this highly devastating physical manifestation is evaluated in a subjective manner at the current time. At best these assessments are inaccurate, at worse unequitable. Whether in the research or clinical settings, sarcopenia and frailty may be useful biomarkers to study reduction in physical function and worsened outcomes in patients awaiting liver transplantation. Each is linked to morbidity and mortality and is useful in different clinical scenarios. Here, we examine more closely the similarities and differences between sarcopenia and frailty.
Introducing privacy to undergraduate computing students

Since the release of the Kodak Camera in 1888, the relationship of technology and privacy has been a matter of public consciousness [5]. Recently, the rise of ubiquitous computing and `big data' has created new questions about privacy for policy- and technology-makers alike [16, 28]. However, few computer science programs have incorporated privacy education into their curriculum. Looking at ABET accredited programs as a sample, we find that less than 2% of CS programs have a dedicated undergraduate privacy course. In this paper, we introduce a privacy course tailored to undergraduate computing students. We establish units, readings, assignments, and activities for this course. Lastly, we analyze student feedback from a pilot of this course.
Long-term follow-up of percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass grafting in left main coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the long-term outcomes of PCI compared to CABG in patients with LMCAD. BACKGROUND Recent data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has raised concerns regarding the long-term efficacy and safety of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD). METHODS We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for published RCTs comparing PCI using stenting with CABG in patients with LMCAD. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis guidelines were used for the present study. End-points of interest were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CV) mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and repeat revascularization at longest available follow-up. Relevant data were collected and pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated using random-effects model. RESULTS Five RCTs including a total of 4,499 patients were included in the final analysis. Mean duration of follow-up was 96 months. The risks of all-cause mortality [OR 1.09 (95% CI 0.88-1.34)] and cardiovascular mortality [1.14 (0.88-1.47)] were comparable between PCI and CABG. There were no statistically significant differences between PCI and CABG for MI [1.52 (0.98-2.37)] and stroke [0.84 (0.48-1.45)]. Conversely, repeat revascularization was significantly higher with PCI as compared with CABG [1.82 (1.49-2.22)]. CONCLUSION At long-term follow-up, PCI is associated with similar risks of mortality but a higher risk of repeat revascularization compared with CABG in LMCAD. Long-term risk of MI with PCI compared to CABG needs to be further explored in future studies.
Repurposing p97 inhibitors for chemical modulation of the bacterial ClpB-DnaK bichaperone system.

The ClpB–DnaK bichaperone system reactivates aggregated cellular proteins and is essential for survival of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and plants under stress. AAA+ ATPase ClpB is a promising target for the development of antimicrobials because a loss of its activity is detrimental for survival of many pathogens and no apparent ClpB orthologs are found in metazoans. We investigated ClpB activity in the presence of several compounds that were previously described as inhibitor leads for the human AAA+ ATPase p97, an antitumor target. We discovered that N2,N4-dibenzylquinazoline-2,4-diamine (DBeQ), the least potent among the tested p97 inhibitors, binds to ClpB with a Kd∼60 μM and inhibits the casein-activated, but not the basal, ATPase activity of ClpB with an IC50∼5 μM. The remaining p97 ligands, which displayed a higher affinity toward p97, did not affect the ClpB ATPase. DBeQ also interacted with DnaK with a Kd∼100 μM and did not affect the DnaK ATPase but inhibited the DnaK chaperone activity in vitro. DBeQ inhibited the reactivation of aggregated proteins by the ClpB–DnaK bichaperone system in vitro with an IC50∼5 μM and suppressed the growth of cultured Escherichia coli. The DBeQ-induced loss of E. coli proliferation was exacerbated by heat shock but was nearly eliminated in a ClpB-deficient E. coli strain, which demonstrates a significant selectivity of DBeQ toward ClpB in cells. Our results provide chemical validation of ClpB as a target for developing novel antimicrobials. We identified DBeQ as a promising lead compound for structural optimization aimed at selective targeting of ClpB and/or DnaK.
The market for amino acids: understanding supply and demand of substrate for more efficient milk protein synthesis.

For dairy production systems, nitrogen is an expensive nutrient and potentially harmful waste product. With three quarters of fed nitrogen ending up in the manure, significant research efforts have focused on understanding and mitigating lactating dairy cows’ nitrogen losses. Recent changes proposed to the Nutrient Requirement System for Dairy Cattle in the US include variable efficiencies of absorbed essential AA for milk protein production. This first separation from a purely substrate-based system, standing on the old limiting AA theory, recognizes the ability of the cow to alter the metabolism of AA. In this review we summarize a compelling amount of evidence suggesting that AA requirements for milk protein synthesis are based on a demand-driven system. Milk protein synthesis is governed at mammary level by a set of transduction pathways, including the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), the integrated stress response (ISR), and the unfolded protein response (UPR). In tight coordination, these pathways not only control the rate of milk protein synthesis, setting the demand for AA, but also manipulate cellular AA transport and even blood flow to the mammary glands, securing the supply of those needed nutrients. These transduction pathways, specifically mTORC1, sense specific AA, as well as other physiological signals, including insulin, the canonical indicator of energy status. Insulin plays a key role on mTORC1 signaling, controlling its activation, once AA have determined mTORC1 localization to the lysosomal membrane. Based on this molecular model, AA and insulin signals need to be tightly coordinated to maximize milk protein synthesis rate. The evidence in lactating dairy cows supports this model, in which insulin and glucogenic energy potentiate the effect of AA on milk protein synthesis. Incorporating the effect of specific signaling AA and the differential role of energy sources on utilization of absorbed AA for milk protein synthesis seems like the evident following step in nutrient requirement systems to further improve N efficiency in lactating dairy cow rations.
Isolated Liner Revision for Total Knee Arthroplasty Instability: A Road That Should Remain Less Taken.

Isolated polyethylene liner exchange (IPLE) is infrequently selected as a treatment approach for patients with primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) prosthetic joint instability. Potential advantages of less immediate surgical morbidity, faster recovery, and lower procedural cost need to be measured against reoperation and re-revision risk. Few published studies have directly compared IPLE with combined tibial and femoral component revision to treat patients with primary TKA instability. After obtaining institutional review board (IRB) approval, we performed a retrospective comparison of 20 patients treated with IPLE and 126 patients treated with tibial and femoral component revisions at a single institution between 2011 and 2018. Patient demographic characteristics, medical comorbidities, time to initial revision TKA, and reoperation (90 days, 2 years) were assessed using paired Student's t-test or Fisher's exact test with a p-value 2 years (p = 0.19) were not significant. Reoperation for instability (30.0 vs. 4.0%, p
Bloodless intrasegmental liver resection with the aid of the ultrasonic surgical knife

With the new ultrasonic knife, it is feasible to resect portions of the liver without injury to the blood vessels or to the bile ducts. After ligating these vessels, hepatic resections are performed without significant blood loss.
Paying the price for heightened ethics scrutiny: Legal

This article takes a comprehensive look at a problem of growing significance for government officials: how to pay the legalfees they incur when they or their colleagues are investigated for wrongdoing. Since Watergate, an increasing number of government officials have had to hire attorneys when called before grand juries and legislative committees or subjected to internal administrative investigations. Their legalfees often outstrip their government salaries or even their net worth. This article examines three existing mechanisms for government reimbursement of legal fees-Justice Department regulations, the Independent Counsel statute, and private legislation-and identifies the shortcomings of each. It then explores the legal status of legal defense funds, which top officials have used to raise millions of dollars to pay their legal fees. Finally, the article identifies several reforms that would treat government officials much more fairly and protect against corrupting influences.
Hidden transformations in entropy-stabilized oxides

Abstract Entropy-stabilized oxides (ESO) display a reversible entropy-driven phase transformation that can be leveraged to produce a continuum of metastable phase states, allowing for property optimization and novel functionalities. X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that entropic stabilization extends to the electronic structure (valence state and cation coordination) in sintered (Co,Cu,Mg,Ni,Zn)O, manifesting as a tunable lattice distortion in the entropy-stabilized phase. Co, Cu, and Zn ions reversibly transform from six-fold to four-fold coordinated structures and from low to high valence states due to the competition between electronic structures that are equilibrium and enthalpy-driven or metastable and entropy-driven. The segregation of a Cu-rich tenorite phase and a Co-rich spinel phase influences the electronic structure evolution. ESOs can adjust their electronic structures through heat treatment, providing a powerful tool for developing functional properties. These results indicate that the definition of entropy stabilization should include entropy-stabilized electronic structures, providing motivation to reassess previously studied HEO materials.
Civil Society and Political Liberalization in Rwanda: Imagining Political Culture at the Center

This paper examines the enduring effects that events and culture have had on Rwanda's state-civil society relations. Using ethnographic and historical analysis, I explore ways in which three variables: a) deference to the state, b) risk aversion and c) social trust, have contributed to how civil society's quest to democratize Rwanda is imagined, realized, and challenged. To find explanations to Rwanda's unvarying democratic trajectory, I compare and contrast this interplay of culture and democratization across three major political epochs of Rwanda, i.e., the 1960s to 1989, 1990 to 1994, and 1994-today. I argue that both State and civil society have consistently behaved in identical ways towards the question of democracy, primarily because the political culture that they both operate in is more potent than the conventional democratic norms can influence. Consequently, I posit that for future democratization projects to be successful, those will have to integrate, adopt and adapt to such contextual cultural realities instead of deploying in the intractable conventional format of democracy in the 1990s. A successful civil society will also need to take an eccentric approach (citizen-oriented) as opposed to the limitative and obsessive approach that is only state-focused.
Hydroxyurea: effects on hemoglobin F production in patients with sickle cell anemia [see comments]

Patients with sickle cell anemia were treated with daily doses of hydroxyurea, to assess pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and increase in fetal hemoglobin (Hb) production in response to the drug. Plasma hydroxyurea clearances were not a useful guide to maximum tolerated doses of the drug. The mean daily single oral dose that could be maintained for at least 16 weeks was 21 mg/kg (range, 10 to 35 mg/kg). Among 32 patients, last HbF levels were 1.9% to 26.3% (mean, 14.9%) with increases in HbF over initial values of 1.4% to 20.2% (mean, 11.2%). The most significant predictors of last HbF were last plasma hydroxyurea level, initial white blood count and initial HbF concentration. Last HbF was not related to beta globin haplotype or alpha globin gene number. No serious toxicity was encountered. Clinically significant bone marrow depression was avoided, and chromosome abnormalities after 2 years of treatment were no greater than those observed before treatment. The period of observation has been too short to evaluate the risk of carcinogenesis. Patient's red cells developed striking macrocytosis. Median red cell Hb concentrations did not change. Hb concentrations increased, on average 1.2 g/dL, but serum erythropoietin levels increased. Patients' body weights increased, and some returned to work or school, but no conclusions regarding therapeutic efficacy could be drawn from this uncontrolled open-label study.
Ciamician—Dennsted rearrangement

Cyclopropanation of a pyrrole with dichlorocarbene generated from CHCl3 and NaOH. Subsequent rearrangement takes place to give 3-chloropyridine.
On the 3-7 commensurability between Jupiter's outer two Galilean satellites.

The 3-7 commensurability between Jupiter's outer two Galilean satellites is investigated. The solution is developed in a manner which enables its adoption to any subsequent revision of Sampson's theory of their motion. A comparison with the results of de Heardtl is used to demonstrate the validity of the final expressions. The effect of the commensurability is to introduce periodic perturbations in longitude on the order of 20-40 km.
Guiding Designs of Self-Organizing Swarms: Interactive and Automated Approaches

Engineering design has traditionally been a top-down process in which a designer shapes, arranges and combines various components in a specific, precise, hierarchical manner, to create an artifact that will behave deterministically in an intended way (Minai et al. 2006; Pahl et al. 2007). However, this process does not apply to complex systems that show self-organization, adaptation and emergence. Complex systems consist of a massive amount of simpler components that are coupled locally and loosely, whose behaviors at macroscopic scales emerge partially stochastically in a bottom-up way. Such emergent properties of complex systems are often very robust and dynamically adaptive to the surrounding environment, indicating that complex systems bear great potential for engineering applications (Ottino 2004).
Distributed Deduction by Clause-Diffusion: The Aquarius Prover

Aquarius is a distributed theorem prover for first order logic with equality, developed for a network of workstations. Given in input a theorem proving problem and the number n of active nodes, Aquarius creates n deductive processes, one on each workstation, which work cooperatively toward the solution of the problem. Aquarius realizes a specific variant of a general methodology for distributed deduction, which we have called deduction by Clause-Diffusion and described in full in [6]. The subdivision of the work among the processes, their activities and their cooperation are defined by the Clause-Diffusion method. Aquarius incorporates the sequential theorem prover Otter, in such a way that Aquarius implements the parallelization, according to the Clause-Diffusion methodology, of all the strategies provided in Otter.
Radioluminescence Microscopy: Measuring the Heterogeneous Uptake of Radiotracers in Single Living Cells

Radiotracers play an important role in interrogating molecular processes both in vitro and in vivo. However, current methods are limited to measuring average radiotracer uptake in large cell populations and, as a result, lack the ability to quantify cell-to-cell variations. Here we apply a new technique, termed radioluminescence microscopy, to visualize radiotracer uptake in single living cells, in a standard fluorescence microscopy environment. In this technique, live cells are cultured sparsely on a thin scintillator plate and incubated with a radiotracer. Light produced following beta decay is measured using a highly sensitive microscope. Radioluminescence microscopy revealed strong heterogeneity in the uptake of [18F]fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) in single cells, which was found consistent with fluorescence imaging of a glucose analog. We also verified that dynamic uptake of FDG in single cells followed the standard two-tissue compartmental model. Last, we transfected cells with a fusion PET/fluorescence reporter gene and found that uptake of FHBG (a PET radiotracer for transgene expression) coincided with expression of the fluorescent protein. Together, these results indicate that radioluminescence microscopy can visualize radiotracer uptake with single-cell resolution, which may find a use in the precise characterization of radiotracers.
Fluorination of USY and modification of its catalytic properties

A set of ultrastable Y zeolites with different amounts of framework and nonframework aluminum was prepared by fluorination of H-USY zeolite. The samples were characterized by chemical analysis, physical adsorption of nitrogen at low temperature and of pentane at room temperature, XRD, {sup 29}Si, and {sup 27}Al MAS NMR. n-Pentane isomerization has been studied mainly at 285{degrees}C, while the activation energy was measured on several samples. The fluorine treatment removed Al from the framework position and stabilized the zeolite structure. Hence, it decreases the number of Bronsted sites. Despite an increase in the amount of nonframework aluminum. the number of Lewis sites decreases; this means that the dispersion of the Lewis sites on the nonframework alumina particles decreases dramatically. The catalytic activity appears to be a direct function of both the number of Lewis and the number of Bronsted acid sites. These numbers being close to one another, it might be that the {open_quotes}acid site{close_quotes} is, in fact, a complex resulting from the interaction between the proton donor and an electron acceptor. 30 refs., 5 figs., 4 tabs.
Adolescents' relational schemas and their subjective understanding of romantic relationship interactions

This study examines the association between adolescents' relational schemas and their subjective understanding of interactions in the context of male-female romantic relationships. We employed an innovative multimodal methodology: the video-recall system [Welsh, D. P., & Dickson, J. W. (2005). Video-recall procedures for examining subjective understanding in observational data. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(1), 62-71], which includes both adolescent participants' perspectives, as well as those of trained coders. Dyadic structural equation modeling (SEM) with latent variables was used to examine two dependent variables: Discomfort and Power. Relational schemas were only associated with the participants' interpretation of Discomfort, and did not differ by gender. The association between relational schemas and Power were different by gender, suggesting males and females with more vulnerable relational schemas may employ different strategies to cope with their insecurity. Males' relational schemas were also associated with the observers' interpretations of Power for both couple members. Possible implications of this finding for attachment theory and adolescent romantic relationships are discussed.
FT EPR Study of the Hydrated Electron Generated by Laser Excitation of Phenothiazine in Quinone-SDS Micellar Systems‖

We have studied nanosecond kinetics of the hydrated electron (e{sup -}{sub aq}) generated by laser excitation of phenothiazine (PTH) in the presence of quinone in SDS solution using FT EPR. Using two different quinones, idebenone (IDB) and CoQ{sub 0}, we have observed the unique photochemical processes due to the micellar effect in the system. The analyses of FT EPR results suggested that IDB with the long alkyl alcohol chain at the 6-position became the corresponding anion radical by quenching of e{sup -}{sub aq}. On the other hand, CoQ{sub 0}, without the long chain, was reduced by two processes, quenching of e{sup -}{sub aq} and direct electron transfer from the triplet precursor. Moreover, the distinctive dispersive pattern, which implied the radical pair of [PTH{sup .+}...e{sup -}{sub aq}], was observed at 30 ns after the excitation of PTH in IDB/SDS micellar system but was not observed for CoQ{sub 0}. 20 refs., 7 figs.
Aurora B Interacts with NIR-p53, Leading to p53 Phosphorylation in Its DNA-binding Domain and Subsequent Functional Suppression

NIR (novel INHAT repressor) is a transcriptional co-repressor with inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase (INHAT) activity and has previously been shown to physically interact with and suppress p53 transcriptional activity and function. However, the mechanism by which NIR suppresses p53 is not completely understood. Using a proteomic approach, we have identified the Aurora kinase B as a novel binding partner of NIR. We show that Aurora B, NIR and p53 exist in a protein complex in which Aurora B binds to NIR, thus also indirectly associates with p53. Functionally, overexpression of Aurora B or NIR suppresses p53 transcriptional activity, and depletion of Aurora B or NIR causes p53-dependent apoptosis and cell growth arrest, due to the up-regulation of p21 and Bax. We then demonstrate that Aurora B phosphorylates multiple sites in the p53 DNA-binding domain in vitro, and this phosphorylation probably also occurs in cells. Importantly, the Aurora B-mediated phosphorylation on Ser269 or Thr284 significantly compromises p53 transcriptional activity. Taken together, these results provide novel insight into NIR-mediated p53 suppression and also suggest an additional way for p53 regulation.
Capstone programming courses considered harmful

When Edgster Dijkstra wrote his paper Go To Statements Considered Harmful, programmers were lost in millions of lines of spaghetti code. Now programmers have lost their way again---this time amidst thousands of unread resumes. Between 2000 and 2004, the percentage of incoming computer science freshmen fell by 60%. Drop rates of 30--50% are common. Results are similar for the other computing related fields including Information Systems, Software Engineering, and Information Technology. Many of these degree programs, which H.A. Simon referred to collectively as the Artificial Sciences, have failed or are about to fail. This loss of student interest in artificial sciences has been blamed in part on the impression that they require extraordinary programming skills. Computing journals perpetuate these notions. For example, in capstone (senior level) computer science courses, students should design and code a 'real world' application. This article is an opposing viewpoint.
The benefits of posing application software as a language interpreter

Complicated and comprehensive software that is meant to execute in a non-interactive or semi-interactive mode needs to be configured to carry out the desired tasks, needs to carry out those tasks efficiently, needs to be extensible to take on additional ambitions, and needs to be maintainable. To reduce costs, it is helpful if experts in the discipline to which the program applies can configure and operate the program without needing to become expert software engineers and without needing to become familiar with the internal details of the program, and if software engineers who develop and maintain the program need not become experts in its target discipline. Progress toward these goals can be advanced by posing the software as a language interpreter. We describe the application of this principle to ground-based data analysis software for the Microwave Limb Sounder instrument on the NASA Earth Observing System Aura satellite, but we believe the principle has substantially broader applicability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex differences in vasopressin neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis by in situ hybridization

Abstract To determine whether a sex difference exists in the biosynthetic capacity of vasopressinergic (AVP) neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), we have used in situ hybridization and quantitative autoradiography to measure propressophysin messenger RNA levels in these cells from adult male and female rats. We have found that significantly more ( p ) neurons are labeled in male rats than in female rats and that these labeled cells averaged more grains/cell ( p ) in males than in females. Therefore, the sexual dimorphism of AVP pathways in the BNST and lateral septum recently shown by immunohistochemistry results from a sex difference in the biosynthetic capacity of these AVP neurons.
SU-E-T-187: The Value of Rapid Reviews

Purpose: The Radiological Physics Center (RPC) performs rapid reviews for several different study groups and for a variety of disease sites including colon, breast, endometrial and cervix. Rapid Reviews have been performed for high dose rate brachytherapy studies, 3D CRT and IMRT studies. The purpose of rapid reviews is to verify that the radiation oncologist is capable of treating a patient per protocol prior to treatment commencing with the goal of reducing the number of deviations. Methods: The rapid review process requires that the institution electronically submit the protocol patient treatment plan prior to the commencement of treatment for a dosimetric and clinical review. Dependent on the protocol, the first patient or every patient submitted by a physician might require a rapid review. Rapid reviews enable the RPC to provide feedback to the physician to rectify errors prior to the start of treatment. Deviations are assessed according to defined criteria within the specific protocolResults: For three protocols, where rapid reviews were required for the first patient placed on protocol, 24%, 48% and 53% required a revision and resubmission for a re‐review due to a significant protocol deviation. For one protocol, where rapid reviews were required for all patients, 81% of the submitted patient cases required a revision and resubmission for a re‐review. Radiation Oncologists who completed the rapid review process received no major deviations on subsequent patient's placed on protocol. Conclusion: Rapid reviews serve the purpose of reducing the number of protocol deviations by providing feedback to Radiation Oncologists on how to better comply with the requirements of the protocol prior to commencing treatment of a patient on the study.This work was supported by PHS grants CA10953 and CA081647 awarded by NCI, DHHS. This work was supported by PHS grants CA10953 and CA081647 awarded by NCI, DHHS.
Hemolytic anemia associated with lead poisoning from shotgun pellets and the response to succimer treatment

Symptomatic lead poisoning with severe hemolytic anemia was observed in a patient with retained shot gun pellets. Surgical resection of the retained pellets and the use of a newer chelating agent, Succimer (2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid) successfully lowered blood lead level. Hemolytic anemia was associated with deficient erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase, and lowering of the lead level corrected the deficiency, suggesting that the enzyme deficiency is responsible for the hemolysis associated with lead poisoning. This case illustrates that retained lead pellets from shotgun wounds can cause severe lead poisoning.
Minimally separating sets, mediatrices, and Brillouin spaces

Abstract Brillouin zones and their boundaries were studied in [J.J.P. Veerman et al., Comm. Math. Phys. 212 (3) (2000) 725] because they play an important role in focal decomposition as first defined by Peixoto in [J. Differential Equations 44 (1982) 271] and in physics [N.W. Ashcroft, N.D. Mermin, Solid State Physics, Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston, 1976; L. Brillouin, Wave Propagation in Periodic Structures, Dover, 1953]. In so-called Brillouin spaces, the boundaries of the Brillouin zones have certain regularity properties which imply that they consist of pieces of mediatrices (or equidistant sets). The purpose of this note is two-fold. First, we give some simple conditions on a metric space which are sufficient for it to be a Brillouin space. These conditions show, for example, that all compact, connected Riemannian manifolds with their usual distance functions are Brillouin spaces. Second, we exhibit a restriction on the Z 2 -homology of mediatrices in such manifolds in terms of the Z 2 -homology of the manifolds themselves, based on the fact that they are Brillouin spaces. (This will used to obtain a classification up to homeomorphism of surface mediatrices in forthcoming paper [J. Bernhard, J.J.P. Veerman, The topology of surface mediatrices, Portland State University].)
Reduction of genital sensory input and sexual behavior of female guinea pigs.

Abstract The role of the pelvic, pudendal and genitofemoral nerves in governing the display of lordosis and in determining the duration of estrus was examined in the female guinea pig. The effect of transection of these nerves was to increase the amount of time lordosis was held during intromission as reflected by increased time from the first intromissive thrust to termination of lordosis and increased thrusts per intromission by the male. Although lordosis was held for a longer time, lordosis was terminated by neurectomized females before the male broke contact with the female, as is the case with intact female guinea pig. Abbreviation of the duration of estrus as a result of mating was not prevented by transection of the pelvic, pudendal, and genitofemoral nerves. The results suggest that sensory input transmitted via the pelvic, pudendal and genitofemoral nerves is capable of molding the character of the lordosis response of the female guinea pig, but is not responsible for the inhibition of the display of lordosis following copulation.
Smoking cessation: Long-term irrelevance of mode of treatment

Abstract After determining whether or not individuals smoked in response to anxiety, rapid smoking, systematic desensitization and relaxation treatments were administered to anxious and nonanxious smokers. At the end of treatment all treatments were effective with rapid smoking slightly superior. The experienced therapist obtained better results, but at follow-up both treatment and therapist-experience effects had largely dissipated.
Families, Neighborhood Socio-Demographic Factors, and Violent Behaviors among Latino, White, and Black Adolescents:

Youth violence is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among Blacks and Latinos. Violent behaviors within Latino subgroups and the reasons for subgroup differences are not well understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 16,615), this study examined the risk for violent behaviors among an ethnically diverse sample of youth, with special attention to different Latino subgroups. Family dynamics were examined as moderators between neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and violent behaviors who lived in neighborhoods with different racial/ethnic compositions. RESULTS indicated that neighborhood SES was positively associated with risk for violent behaviors among youth living in predominately Black and Latino neighborhoods, but negatively in predominately White neighborhoods. Additionally, family cohesion, parental engagement, and adolescent autonomy differentially impacted the relationship between neighborhood SES and youth violent behaviors for youth living in predominately Latino neighborhoods. Language: en