cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TCP-DCR: Making TCP Robust to Non-congestion Events

In this paper, we propose and evaluate TCP-DCR. TCP-DCR makes simple modifications to the TCP congestion control algorithm to make it more robust to non-congestion events. The key idea here is to delay the congestion response of TCP for a short interval of time τ, thereby creating room for local recovery mechanisms to handle any non-congestion events that may have occurred. If at the end of the delay t, the event is not handled, then it is treated as a congestion loss. We evaluate TCP-DCR through analysis and simulations. The evaluation is done for three scenarios — a wireless network with channel errors, a wired network with packet reordering and a network with zero non-congestion events. The simulation results show that significant performance improvements can be achieved by using TCP-DCR in the presence of non-congestion events with zero or marginal impact in the absence of non-congestion events. TCP-DCR remains fair to the native implementations of TCP that respond to congestion immediately after receiving three dupacks. TCP-DCR is a simple, effective scheme providing a unified solution to several problems with minimal implementation overhead.
Gender and parity: Potential sources of variance in ACTH-induced memory reactivation in weanling rats

The effect of ACTH on retention of Pavlovian fear conditioning was investigated in weanling rats. No influence of ACTH on memory was observed in male and female pups of primiparous dams. Male offspring of multiparous dams displayed increased retention with the ACTH reactivation treatment, as indexed by three behavioral measures. Female offspring of multiparous dams, as well as those of primiparous dams, demonstrated linear ACTH dose-dependent increases in vacillatory activity, but no facilitation of memory. Collectively, the present data extend the generality of ACTH-induced memory reactivation to include the attenuation of infantile amnesia, but also suggest that this effect is constrained by gender of the offspring and maternal parity.
Keynote address: Multi-dimensional RF signal-processing and analog/digital circuits

The Advanced Signal Processing Circuits (ASPC) laboratory at the University of Akron was established in 2010, to conduct basic research involving antenna array signal processing, reconfigurable systems, and multidimensional filters. The target applications span communications, cognitive radio, radio astronomy, microwave imaging, and radar. In this talk, we will discuss our areas of investigation, starting with an overview of the impending spectral scarcity problem. The accelerating growth of wireless systems is rapidly leading to scarcity of electromagnetic spectral bandwidth. The spectrum is a finite natural resource that is subject to oversubscription. Cognitive radio (CR) is an approach for mitigating spectral scarcity. In a CR, situational awareness is provided to a wireless network, allowing intelligent decisions on the use of electromagnetic spectral resources without being limited by licensing schemes. The technologies and approaches that would enable an unprecedented increase in wireless system capacity, data rates and connectivity is known as the 1000 x Game.
The Prediction of STOVL Noise- Current Semi-Empirical Methods and Comparisons with Jet Noise Data

The prediction of conventional or STOVL turbojet propulsion system-using aircraft noise is presently undertaken by means of a method incorporating empirical models for jet-mixing noise, engine core noise, and broadband shock noise. The free-jet noise is coupled with a novel empirical equation for ground-interaction noise generated by a vertically impinging jet, and supplemented with the out-of-ground-effect free-jet acoustic directivity pattern of a Harrier-type vectoring nozzle installation. This acoustic-prediction method yielded reasonable agreement with measured far-field Harrier noise during hover in and out of ground effect. Unlike small-scale studies of jet impingement on a hard surface, no tones were found in the present Harrier nozzle spectra.
Ideas That Score

(1958). Ideas That Score. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 63-63.
The Effect of Flow Capacities on the Burstiness of Aggregated Traffic

Several research efforts have recently focused on the burstiness of Internet traffic in short, typically sub-second, time scales. Some traces reveal a rich correlation structure in those scales, while others indicate uncorrelated and almost exponential interarrivals [1]. What makes the Internet traffic bursty in some links and much smoother in others? The answer is probably long and complicated, as burstiness in short scales can be caused by a number of different application, transport, and network mechanisms. In this note, we contribute to the answer of the previous question by identifying one generating factor for traffic burstiness in short scales: high-capacity flows. Such flows are able to inject large amounts of data to the network at a high rate. To identify high-capacity flows in a network trace, we have designed a passive capacity estimation methodology based on packet pairs sent by TCP flows. The methodology has been validated with active capacity measurements, and it can estimate the pre-trace capacity of a flow for about 80% of the TCP bytes in the traces we analyzed. Applying this methodology to Internet traces reveals that, if a trace includes a significant amount of traffic from high-capacity flows, then the trace exhibits strong correlations and burstiness in short time scales.
Monte Carlo simulation of film morphology of carbon overcoat

In this paper, we describe carbon film morphology under different deposition conditions using Monte Carlo simulation.
Contraception and the etiology of pelvic inflammatory disease: New perspectives

The dramatic increase in use of contraception worldwide makes it imperative to understand the effects of contraceptives on the health of women using them. In this article, we review the literature on the relationships of modern nonsurgical contraception with pelvic inflammatory disease. Subsequently, we identify areas where further research is needed to better define the risks and benefits of these contraceptive methods in various settings. From our review, two new conclusions emerge. First, our reanalysis of published data on the risk of PID associated with intrauterine device (IUD) use compared with no contraceptive use shows, with one exception, less risk than the previous comparisons to all non-IUD use. Second, and probably most importantly, the studies, when taken together, strongly imply that oral contraceptives have a protective effect against PID. Only one study of 11 is equivocal on this point.
Lower limits of deformation suppression in flexible structures

Based on the four-block formulation of the active deformation suppression problem, the concepts of actual and optimistic lower limits of deformation suppression in terms of the H/sup /spl infin// norm have been introduced for flexible structures for limited numbers of actuators and sensors. These limits have been used to construct a hybrid search algorithm for actuator and sensor mapping optimization, resulting in significant gains in computational costs. A simply supported beam control has been used as a numerical testbed, to demonstrate the acclaimed properties of the lower limits of deformation suppression.
Small‐angle neutron scattering from magnetic correlations in Fe0.7Al0.3

Ordered Fe0.7Al0.3 becomes ferromagnetic below 400 K but paramagnetic on cooling below 170 K and then is mictomagnetic below 92 K. A previous neutron study of this material showed magnetic diffuse scattering over this entire temperature range and we present here an extension of this study to very small angles (6×10−3?κ?30×10−3 A−1). We find that the scattering measured at constant K shows a hump at Tc as a function of temperature but also peaks near the inverse Curie temperature and these peaks occur at different temperatures for different κ. This result is reminiscent of spin glass behavior. No significant change occurs in the scattering at the mictomagnetic transition at 92 K. The κ dependence of the scattering can be described by both a Lorentzian (Ornstein‐Zernike type) and by the square of a Lorentzian (Debye type) but a more reasonable fit is found for the latter form. The application of a field of a few kilogauss eliminates the small angle scattering at all temperatures, and for scattering directio...
A survey of the practices and opinions of the domestic members of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine

The report on the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) survey presents intriguing information regarding the diverse membership of the ASRM and the practices they provide, as well as the opinions that they hold regarding reproductive medicine.It is important for the ASRM to remain in vigorous contact with its members so that there can be an excellent two-way exchange of information.
Perturbation of the quaternary structure and allosteric behavior of rat liver phosphofructokinase by polyethylene glycol

Abstract The effect that polyethylene glycol (PEG) has on the aggregation of rat liver phosphofructokinase (PFK) has been directly assessed by measuring the fluorescence polarization of pyrenebutyrate covalently attached to the enzyme. After correcting for the changes in bulk viscosity that accompany PEG addition, the results confirm that PEG causes a substantial association of rat liver PFK. PEG also perturbs the linked-function kinetic parameters that describe the relationship between the allosteric inhibitor MgATP and the substrate fructose 6-phosphate (Fru-6-P). Despite the fact that PEG lowers the concentration of Fru-6-P required to produce half-maximal activity, Ka, at all concentrations of MgATP, PEG actually increases the severity of the MgATP inhibition of the enzyme by decreasing the apparent dissociation constant for MgATP in the absence of Fru-6-P and increasing the magnitude of the antagonistic coupling between MgATP and Fru-6-P. The direct effect of PEG on the inherent affinity of the enzyme for Fru-6-P in the absence of MgATP is of sufficient magnitude that the effects of the increased MgATP inhibition are overcome, resulting in net activation. By assuming that these effects arise from the aggregation induced by PEG, the relative tendency of the four enzyme forms, defined by the four limiting states of ligation, to aggregate is inferred to be K a b ax d 2 /K x d ⪡K d , where Kd equals the dissociation constant for the most aggregated form of PFK dissociating to form n tetramers, and the superscripts a, x, and ax refer to the existence of bound Fru-6-P, MgATP, or both Fru-6-P and MgATP, respectively.
PsychBusters: A Means of Fostering Critical Thinking in the Introductory Course

We discuss a project given to introductory psychology students that increased their critical thinking regarding psychological findings, such as those that might appear in news reports (e.g., “listening to Mozart makes you smarter”) or everyday life (e.g., “birds of a feather flock together”). Relative to students who did not do the project, students improved in their ability to take a psychological issue and decide how best to analyze it. Given these results and the positive student attitude toward it, this project seems to be an effective way to get students to engage critically with psychological issues.
Tenure, firm's performance, and CEO's compensation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the association between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) tenure, compensation, and firm's performance.Design/methodology/approach – The paper compares the influence firms' performance on CEOs' cash and total compensation based on the length of tenure. It also examines pay–performance relationship for new CEOs vs those serving their last year in such positions.Findings – The firm size appears to be a significant explanatory variable for CEOs' cash and total compensation regardless of CEOs tenure and measure of performance. Additionally, firms' performance is a significant determinant of cash compensation for CEOs during the first three years of their work as CEOs and not significant for those with 15 years or more as the company's CEO. Both market‐based and accounting‐based performance measures are negatively correlated with CEOs' total compensation regardless of length of experience.Research limitations/implications – This study did not differentiate routine C...
An iterative approach to VLSI circuit lifetime estimation

Abstract In this paper, the problem of VLSI circuit lifetime estimation is discussed. It is shown that lifetime determination is equivalent to finding the smallest zero of a continuous non-differentiable function for a specific circuit realization. An iterative multiple cubic spline approximation algorithm is proposed to determine the lifetime. Application in VLSI circuit analysis is given, in which the degradation resulting from the hot electron effects are considered. The results show that our proposed approach is efficient.
Relationships between dimensions of perfectionism and exercise behavior among college students

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which dimensions of perfectionism were characteristic of college age adults (N=186 undergraduate college students from a university in the southeastern U.S.) who engaged in aerobic and strength exercise. Participants completed one inventory, the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Frost et al., 1990), and additional questions regarding their maintenance of an exercise regimen. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to determine the adequacy of the factor structure of the MPS model compared to factor structures proposed by Stober (1998), Purdon, Antony, and Swinson (1999) and Cox, Enns, and Clara (2002). Results of the analyses indicate that the Brief MPS, a refined perfectionism scale offered by Cox et al. (2002) utilizing only 22 of the original 35 items on the MPS, provided the best overall structural fit to this population. Moreover, the maintenance of a regular exercise regimen was found to have a significant but small positi...
Micro-Scale Strain Transfer in Fiber-Reinforced Native Tissue Is Distinct From Cell-Seeded Aligned Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Mechanical signals influence cell viability, differentiation, proliferation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) production in load-bearing tissues. However, the current understanding of how macroscopic tissue level strain is transferred to cells is confounded by the highly variable strain fields that arise within the ECM of these tissues. In tendon and outer annulus fibrosus (AF), microscale strains in the ECM can be significantly lower than the applied strains.1,2,3 In meniscus, both strain amplification and attenuation were observed at the microscale level.4© 2012 ASME
Determining chemotactic responses by two subsurface microaerophiles using a simplified capillary assay method

A simplified capillary chemotaxis assay utilizing a hypodermic needle, syringe, and disposable pipette tip was developed to measure bacterial tactic responses. The method was applied to two strains of subsurface microaerophilic bacteria. This method was more convenient than the Adler method and required less practice. Isolate VT10 was a strain of Pseudomonas syringae, which was isolated from the shallow subsurface. It was chemotactically attracted toward dextrose, glycerol, and phenol, which could be used as sole carbon sources, and toward maltose, which could not be used. Isolate MR100 was phylogenetically related to Pseudomonas mendocina and was isolated from the deep subsurface. It showed no tactic response to these compounds, although, it could use dextrose, maltose, and glycerol as carbon sources. The chemotaxis results obtained by the new method were verified by using the swarm plate assay technique. The simplified technique may be useful for routine chemotactic testing.
Campylobacter pylori is not associated with gastroparesis

There is a high incidence of Campylobacter pyloriin the gastric mucosa of patients with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and nonulcer dyspepsia. Factors that lead to development of this infection are unknown. We hypothesized that delayed solid-phase gastric emptying, a condition characterized by antral stasis, might predispose to Campylobacter pyloriinfection. We prospectively studied 51 patients with symptoms of gastroparesis using a solid-phase gastric emptying study and upper endoscopy. Patients were excluded if they had predominant symptoms of epigastric pain or an abnormal endoscopy. Three biopsies were obtained from the antrum and stained with H&E. When any inflammation was present, a Warthin-Starry stain was also performed. These were blindly examined for chronic inflammation, activity, and presence of Campylobacter pylori. Campylobacter pyloriwas not more common in patients with gastroparesis, documented by delayed gastric emptying, than in patients with a normal emptying study. On the contrary, there was a significantly lower incidence of Campylobacter pyloriin those with delayed emptying compared to those with normal emptying (5% vs 31%, P<0.05).Gastritis activity correlated closely with Campylobacterpresence. Inactive chronic gastritis with Campylobacterwas equally common in those with delayed or normal gastric emptying. Diabetics were no more likely to harbor Campylobacter pylorithan nondiabetics (16% vs 25%). The 5% incidence of Campylobacterin the gastroparesis group is less than, but approaches, that previously reported in asymptomatic controls. The 31% incidence of Campylobacterin the group with symptoms of gastroparesis but normal gastric emptying approaches that reported for nonulcer dyspepsia. Our data suggest that gastroparesis does not predispose to Campylobacter pyloriinfection or histologic chronic gastritis.
Declining Memberships During an Economic Downturn in U.S. Private Clubs

Surveys were sent to managers at one thousand private clubs, who were members of the Club Managers Association of America (CMAA) to determine what membership changes clubs have experienced during the economic downturn from 2000 to 2003. The majority of respondents managed country clubs, member-owned clubs, and represented different areas of the United States. An overall response rate of 50% was achieved. Most clubs experienced a decline in the overall number of members and a higher annual attrition rate. Fewer clubs reported having a waitlist of members wanting to join and the clubs having a waitlist reported a smaller number of individuals on the waitlist. The clubs without a waitlist reported a higher number of openings in their club. The results of this study suggest that clubs need to implement membership marketing strategies in order to increase the number of candidates for membership during economic downturns.
Long-term oxidation of superalloys

The oxidation of 24 commercially available superalloys was measured after exposure in still air at up to 1150°C for up to 10,000 hr. The total depth affected by oxidation, which includes subscale reactions, followed the expected exponential relationship with temperature and the expected parabolic relationship with exposure time at 1000°C; oxidation of “Haynes” 25 and TD nickel chromium was not parabolic at 1150°C. The alloys could be divided into four groups according to relative resistance to oxidation at 1000°C. These differences in resistance could be explained qualitatively by the nominal compositions of the alloys.
Communication and Coordination Problems in the Hydocarbon Processing Industry

Effective communication and coordination is important in the hydrocarbon processing industry. This paper represents the first step in a larger study with the goal of improving communication and designing solutions (technology, training, work processes) to support effective coordination. We administered a survey to 11 sites to understand and characterize communication and coordination issues. Results showed that communication and coordination could be improved between planning and operations (console, field, head operators), communication between units, between maintenance (technicians, coordinators, supervisors) and operations and during shift handover. Specific constraints that hinder communication and coordination included weak leadership, poor control room design, closed communication culture, deficient work processes, and varied situation and work environment constraints. Potential solution areas include procedures, electronic logs, group displays, CRM and leadership training, and the use of video-mediated communication. Language: en
Correlation between lidar-derived intensity and passive optical imagery

When LiDAR data are collected, the intensity information is recorded for each return, and can be used to produce an image resembling those acquired by passive imaging sensors. This research evaluated LiDAR intensity data to determine its potential for use as baseline imagery where optical imagery are unavailable. Two airborne LiDAR datasets collected at different point densities and laser wavelengths were gridded and compared with optical imagery. Optech Orion C200 laser data were compared with a corresponding 1541 nm spectral band from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). Optech ALTM Gemini LiDAR data collected at 1064 nm were compared to the WorldView-2 (WV-2) 949 – 1043 nm NIR2 band. Intensity images were georegistered and spatially resampled to match the optical data. The Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient was calculated between datasets to determine similarity. Comparison for the full LiDAR datasets yielded correlation coefficients of approximately 0.5. Because LiDAR returns from vegetation are known to be highly variable, a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated utilizing the optical imagery, and intensity and optical imagery were separated into vegetation and nonvegetation categories. Comparison of the LiDAR intensity for non-vegetated areas to the optical imagery yielded coefficients greater than 0.9. These results demonstrate that LiDAR intensity data may be useful in substituting for optical imagery where only LiDAR is available.
A multifactorial test of the effects of carotenoid access, food intake and parasite load on the production of ornamental feathers and bill coloration in American goldfinches.

It has been well established that carotenoid and melanin pigmentation are often condition-dependent traits in vertebrates. Expression of carotenoid coloration in birds has been shown to reflect pigment intake, food access and parasite load; however, the relative importance of and the potential interactions among these factors have not been previously considered. Moreover, carotenoid and melanin pigmentation have been proposed to signal fundamentally different aspects of individual condition but few data exist to test this idea. We simultaneously manipulated three environmental conditions under which American goldfinches ( Cardeulis tristis ) grew colorful feathers and developed carotenoid pigmentation of their bills. Male goldfinches were held with either high or low carotenoid supplementation, pulsed or continuous antimicrobial drug treatment, or restricted or unlimited access to food. Carotenoid supplementation had an overriding effect on yellow feather coloration. Males given more lutein and zeaxanthin grew yellow feathers with hue shifted toward orange and with higher yellow chroma than males supplemented with fewer carotenoids. Parasites and food access did not significantly affect yellow feather coloration, and there were only minor interaction effects for the three treatments. By contrast, bill coloration was significantly affected by all three treatments. Carotenoid supplementation had a significant effect on yellow chroma of bills, drug treatment and food access both had a significant effect on bill hue, and food access had a significant effect on the yellow brightness of bills. Neither the size nor blackness of the black caps of male goldfinches was affected by any treatment. These results indicate that pigment intake, food access and parasite load can have complex and variable effects on color displays, and that feather and bill coloration signal different aspects of male condition.
Quantum Theory and the Boundary between Science and Spirit: Some Remarks from a Friend of Kabbalah

Physicists and philosophers argue whether quantum theory has spiritual implications. The vast majority of opinions are at two extremes: Some contend that quantum theory has absolutely no spiritual implications whatsoever, whereas others assert that it forms the very basis of a modern spirituality and can be directly applied to the human condition. It is this article's contention that neither extreme is correct. Quantum theory does have spiritual implications—a fact that its founders intuited and its enemies, Einstein preeminent among them, considered prima facie evidence of its as yet undiscovered flaws. Quantum theory has proven itself against all challenges more successfully than any other scientific theory, but its spiritual implications are extremely subtle. It provides a boundary to the materialistic, deterministic worldview and shows that there must be more to reality than that, but is inherently incapable of providing evidence as to the nature of what lies beyond that boundary.
Colorimetric assay of cystine using noradrenochrome

Abstract A highly specific colorimetric determination of cysteine based on its reaction with noradrenochrome to form a yellow complex having an absorption maximum at 414 mμ has recently been described by Roston (1). We have adapted this assay to permit the determination of total cysteine moieties present in biological fluids as cysteine, cystine, and mixed disulfides of cysteine.
Thyroid hormone clearance kinetics in adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus

The clearance kinetics of T3 and T4 were studied in anadromous sea lampreys, 6–7 days after heart cannulation. Continuous sampling from 0.5 to 48 hr after injection of labeled hormones revealed clearance curves characterized by an initial very fast component, disappearing within less than 7 hr, and a slow component that persisted for the duration of the experiment. Production of radiolabeled ∗T3 from ∗T4 was detected only within the first 2 hr following injection. The disappearance rates of plasma T3 and T4 calculated for cannulated sea lampreys are comparable to those reported in trout.
High-angle-of-attack aerodynamics - Lessons learned

Recently, the military and civil technical communities have undertaken numerous studies of the high angle-of-attack aerodynamic characteristics of advanced airplane and missile configurations. The method of approach and the design methodology employed have necessarily been experimental and exploratory in nature, due to the complex nature of separated flows. However, despite the relatively poor definition of many of the key aerodynamic phenomena involved for high-alpha conditions, some generic guidelines for design consideration have been identified. The present paper summarizes some of the more important lessons learned in the area of high angle-of-attack aerodynamics with examples of a number of key concepts and with particular emphasis on high-alpha stability and control characteristics of high performance aircraft. Topics covered in the discussion include the impact of design evolution, forebody flows, control of separated flows, configuration effects, aerodynamic controls, wind-tunnel flight correlation, and recent NASA research activities.
Asymmetric Distribution of Nuclear Pore Complexes and the Cytoplasmic Localization of β2-Tubulin mRNA in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract Although it is generally accepted that nuclear architecture is an important determinant of nuclear activity, it is not clear whether cytoplasmic events, such as transcript localization and cell polarity, are affected by this architecture. Characterization of the nuclear architecture of the single-cell alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii revealed a polarized nucleus, with nuclear pore complexes preferentially concentrated at the posterior side of the nucleus. Nuclear asymmetry was greatly exaggerated during the upregulation of genes encoding flagellar proteins, when nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) were observed to hyperpolarize to the posterior side of the nucleus while heterochromatin polarized to the anterior side. Interestingly, prior to deflagellation, the β2-tubulin gene was preferentially located in the posterior region of the nucleus, and following deflagellation, β2-tubulin transcripts accumulated posteriorly in polysome-rich cytoplasmic regions adjacent to the highest concentration of NPCs, suggesting a connection between nuclear architecture and cytoplasmic transcript localization.
Three-coordinate late transition metal fluorinated alkoxide complexes

Homoleptic fluorinated alkoxide complexes have been prepared from KOC4F9, 1, via salt metathesis routes. One four-coordinate K{K(18C6)}[Co(OC4F9)4], 2, and four three-coordinate complexes: {K(18C6)}[Fe(OC4F9)3], 3, {K(18C6)}[Co(OC4F9)3], 4, {K(18C6)}[Cu(OC4F9)3], 5, and {K(18C6)}[Zn(OC4F9)3], 6, have been prepared and all except 5 have been characterized crystallographically. Compounds 3, 4, and 6 are very rare examples of monomeric, trigonal alkoxide complexes. All compounds have been characterized with UV-vis and IR spectroscopy, solution magnetic susceptibility, and elemental analysis. In solution, compound 2 exists in an equilibrium with 4 and 1, which has been probed with cyclic voltammetry, supporting energetically different Co2+/Co3+ potentials in the three-coordinate (E(p,a) = approximately 1.2 V vs Fc/Fc+) and four-coordinate (E(p,a) = approximately 0.9 V) geometries. The ligand field engendered by the perfluoro-t-butoxide ligand has been studied with DFT calculations on 4 and the hypothetical [Co(OC4H9)3]- as well as the previously reported [Co(mes)3]- and [Co{N(TMS)2}3]- showing significant -type interactions in the xy plane as well as above and below for the two alkoxide species.
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 increase mitochondrial complex I activity in endothelial cells

Oxidized lipids are capable of initiating diverse cellular responses through both receptor-mediated mechanisms and direct posttranslational modification of proteins. Typically, exposure of cells to...
The spring mass model for running and hopping

A simple spring-mass model consisting of a massless spring attached to a point mass describes the interdependency of mechanical parameters characterizing running and hopping of humans as a function of speed. The bouncing mechanism itself results in a confinement of the free parameter space where solutions can be found. In particular, bouncing frequency and vertical displacement are closely related. Only a few parameters, such as the vector of the specific landing velocity and the specific leg length, are sufficient to determine the point of operation of the system. There are more physiological constraints than independent parameters. As constraints limit the parameter space where hopping is possible, they must be tuned to each other in order to allow for hopping at all. Within the range of physiologically possible hopping frequencies, a human hopper selects a frequency where the largest amount of energy can be delivered and still be stored elastically. During running and hopping animals use flat angles of the landing velocity resulting in maximum contact length. In this situation ground reaction force is proportional to specific contact time and total displacement is proportional to the square of the step duration. Contact time and hopping frequency are not simply determined by the natural frequency of the spring-mass system, but are influenced largely by the vector of the landing velocity. Differences in the aerial phase or in the angle of the landing velocity result in the different kinematic and dynamic patterns observed during running and hopping. Despite these differences, the model predicts the mass specific energy fluctuations of the center of mass per distance to be similar for runners and hoppers and similar to empirical data obtained for animals of various size.
Maturational changes in renal blood flow in piglets.

Extract: Cardiac output, renal blood flow, and intrinsic renal vasuclar resistance were measured in piglets ranging in age from 6 h to 45 days. During this period of time the mean cardiac output increased from 0.9 to 6.5 litres/min/m2, the mean renal blood flow increased from 0.043 to 0.76 litters/min/m2, and intrinsic renal vasuclar resistance dropped from 1,605 to 133 mm Hg/liter/min/m2. These data demonstrate that the large increase in renal blood flow in the pig during the first 6 weeks of life was due to both an increase in cardiac outputs as well as decrease in renal vascular resistance. By 6 weeks of age, cardiac output was at adult levels. Since in the adult pig the kindney receives 20% of the cardiac output, increases in renal blood flow beyond 6 weeks of age must result from further decreases in renal vascular resistance. Speculation: In the human infant, cardiac index is comparable to values observed in the adult. It appears, therefore, that the entire increase in renal blood flow observed during year I of life is due to steadily decreasing renal vascular resistence. Since glomerular filtration rate is modified by the relative resistances in the glomerular afferent and efferent arterioles, the parallel increases in filtration rate during infancy may be related to the same mechanism.
Global parametrization by incremental flattening

Global parametrization of surfaces requires singularities (cones) to keep distortion minimal. We describe a method for finding cone locations and angles and an algorithm for global parametrization which aim to produce seamless parametrizations with low metric distortion. The idea of the method is to evolve the metric of the surface, starting with the original metric so that a growing fraction of the area of the surface is constrained to have zero Gaussian curvature; the curvature becomes gradually concentrated at a small set of vertices which become cones. We demonstrate that the resulting parametrizations have significantly lower metric distortion compared to previously proposed methods.
meteorological effects of energy dissipation at large power parks

Abstract Large (10 000 to 50 000 MW) power parks are being studied as one means of satisfying the nation's demand for energy. The dissipation of waste energy from these installations may result in significant meteorological effects. It is shown that the rate of atmospheric dissipation of the waste energy from these power parks is approximately equal to the atmospheric dissipation of energy by geophysical phenomena such as thunderstorms. volcanoes, and large bushfires. Cumulus clouds and whirlwinds often result from these energy releases. There is a possibility that natural vorticity will be concentrated by large power parks. A theory of multiple plume rise is used to estimate the enhancement of plume rise from multiple cooling towers. Calculations of plume rise, ground level fog intensity, and drift deposition due to emissions from cooling towers at a hypothetical 40 000 MW nuclear power park are made. The plume rise from 50 towers is estimated to be more than 110% of that from a single tower if the tower...
Physical force optimization for advanced photomask cleaning

We investigated methods to extend the damage-free process window for fragile Sub-Resolution Assist Features (SRAF) in mask cleaning using MegaSonic and binary spray techniques. Particle removal efficiency (PRE) was found to increase by 8% and damage reduced from 7 ppm to 0 ppm with the optimization of the spray droplet characteristics through liquid media control. MegaSonic damage was eliminated completely from 10 ppm to 0 ppm by varying physical and chemical properties of the cleaning media. Since particles in the deep trenches are very difficult to remove using droplet spray alone, a combination of MegaSonic and Binary Spray processes was tested. The acoustic effects generated through the MegaSonic combined with optimized droplet impact showed an improvement of 4% in PRE of hard-to-remove trench particles. Overall, the improved process points to a promising solution for overcoming the roadblock in mask cleaning for the advanced mask cleaning.
HORNEMANNIA, A MUCH-DESCRIBED WEST INDIAN GENUS

Hornemammia racemosa appears to be a fairly common species in the higher West Indies from Hispaniola southeastward, representing a monotypic genus of Vacciniaceae. That it has been so frequently described is partly due to its occurrence in isolated mountainous regions, where students have been observant for endemism. The present paper is intended to bring together references to the species. Harnemannia racemosa was first described in i8io by Vahl, who noted that he had seen several specimens in fruit before seeing a flowering specimen in Richard's Herbarium at Paris. This specimen, from Mt. Soufriere in Guadeloupe, may be considered the type. The species was next described as Symphysia martinicensis in 1827 in an elaborate document by Presl, based upon a collection which Sieber had designated on his labels as Marcgravia umbellata. Presl's description was apparently drawn up without knowledge of the name Hornemannia. In the following year Swartz described the species as Vaccinium guadelupensis, from a collection by Forsstr6m in Guadeloupe. This is the plant which Dunal in I839 made the basis of his genus Andreusia, to which he referred Richard's unpublished name Peyrusa. In the addenda to this same volume of the Prodromus, however, DeCandolle noted these generic names as synonyms of Symphysia. Also in I828, Preissler described the same Sieber collectionl which Presl had called Syinphysia martinicensis as Tauschia hederaefolia, believing it to be a new genus of Loranthaceae. In I840 Hooker described as Vacciniumn Irnrayi a plant collected by Imray in Dominica; this was taken by Klotzsch to represent a new subgenus, Scytanthemum. More recently the species has been described as Thibautdia Krugii Urb. & Hoer., based upon a collection of Sintenis in Porto Rico, and Thibaudia domningensis Urb., collected by Fuertes in Santo Domingo. The validity of the two latter species was questioned by the present writer (1932). The genus has been considered a member of the tribe Thibaudieae by Bentham and Hooker (1876), Drude (i89i), and Hoerold (1909). However, it appears better placed in the tribe Vaccinieae, being distinct from Vaccinirnt on the basis of its stout flowers with short carnose corollas and squat anthers dehiscing by subterminal pores. The flowers are 5-, 6-, or 7-merous. The plant is a shrub with elongate, often scandent, branches, in which respect it is also differentiated from Vacciniumii. After examining type material of all the above-mentioned names except one, I am forced to the conclusion that
The role of anions in surface electrochemistry

Some issues of the current state of understanding in the surface electrochemistry are discussed, with emphases on the role of specifically adsorbing anions in hydrogen adsorption and oxide formation, adsorption and ordering of molecular adsorbates and metal ions, metal deposition, restructuring and stability of surface atoms, and kinetics of electrochemical reactions.
Does exogenous GM1 ganglioside enhance the effects of electrical stimulation in ameliorating degeneration after neonatal deafness

This study examined the combined effects of administration of exogenous GM1 ganglioside and electrical stimulation on the cochlear nucleus (CN) of cats deafened neonatally by ototoxic drugs. Five normal hearing adult cats served as controls. Another 12 cats were deafened bilaterally by daily injections of neomycin sulfate (60 mg/kg) for 17^21 days after birth until auditory brainstem testing demonstrated profound hearing loss. Six of the deaf animals comprised the GM1 group, which received daily injections of GM1 ganglioside (30 mg/kg) for 28^38 days during the period after profound deafness was confirmed, and prior to receiving a cochlear implant. The non-GM1 group (n = 6) received no treatment during this interim period. All the deafened animals underwent unilateral cochlear implantation at 6^9 weeks postnatal and received several months (mean duration, 32 weeks) of chronic electrical stimulation (4 h/day, 5 days/week). Stimulation was delivered by intracochlear bipolar electrodes, using electrical signals that were designed to be temporally challenging to the central auditory system. Results showed that in the neonatally deafened animals, both the GM1 and non-GM1 groups, the volume of the CN was markedly reduced (to 76% of normal), but there was no difference between the animals that received GM1 and those that did not. The cross sectional areas of spherical cell somata in both GM1 and non-GM1 groups also showed a highly significant reduction in size, to 9 75% of normal after neonatal deafening. Moreover, in both the GM1 and non-GM1 groups, the spherical cells in the CN ipsilateral to the implanted cochlea were significantly larger (6%) than cells in the control, unstimulated CN. Again, however, there was no significant difference between the GM1 group and the non-GM1 group in spherical cell size. These results contrast sharply with previous reports that exogenous GM1 prevents CN degeneration after neonatal conductive hearing loss and partially prevents spiral ganglion cell degeneration when administered immediately after ototoxic drug deafening in adult animals. Taken together, findings to date suggest that GM1 may be effective in preventing degeneration only if the GM1 is administered immediately at the time hearing loss occurs. fl 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The Use of Turkey Poults and Chickens as Test Animals for Nitrate and Nitrite Toxicity

Abstract INTRODUCTION NITRATE and/or nitrite toxicity or poisoning has been the subject of extensive studies over the years. Numerous articles have appeared with information on reduction of nitrate to nitrite by micro-organisms and higher plants, Kurup and Vaidyanathan (1964). Conversion of nitrate to nitrite has, also, been reported in whole herbage, Jones and Griffith (1965). Perhaps the earliest recorded account of nitrate toxicity in animals was made by Mayo (1895) when he reported high mortality in range cattle fed corn stalks. Some forty years later Bradley et al. (1942) encountered similar problems when they fed oat hay to calves. It has now been established that these conditions only occur on the range when there is a large amount of nitrate present in the soil or when some other factors interfere with the normal processes of the plant. Experimental results of recent years have produced evidence of retarded growth in cattle, Weichenthal . . .
Stochastic dislocation dynamics for dislocation-defects interaction: A multiscale modeling approach

A stochastic dislocation dynamics (SDD) model is developed to investigate dislocation elide through dispersal obstacles. The model accounts for: 1) the dynamics of the flight process between successive meta-stable dislocations under various dray mechanism using discrete dislocation dynamics, and 2) thermal activation processes for meta-stable pinned dislocations using a stochastic force. The integration of the two processes allows one to examine the transient regime of dislocation motion between obstacle-controlled motion and drag-controlled motion. Result pertaining to the stress-strain rate behavior in copper are obtained. The stress and temperature dependence of the average dislocation velocity show obstacle-controlled region below the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) and drag controlled region above the CRSS, which is in good qualitative agreement with experimental data. In the transient region right below the CRSS, negative temperature sensitivity is observed due to the competition between the drag effects in dislocation flight process and thermal activation process.
Cryogenics and nuclear physics—Part II

Abstract This is the concluding part of a two-part report. Recent cryogenic developments are described in beam-handling including superconducting accelerators, moderators, detectors, low temperature irradiation facilities, and other miscellaneous applications.
Phase transformation in thiamine hydrochloride tablets: Influence on tablet microstructure, physical properties, and performance

The objective of this article was to monitor phase transformation in thiamine hydrochloride, from a nonstoichiometric hydrate (NSH) to a hemihydrate (HH), in stored tablets, prepared both by direct compression and wet granulation, and to relate the storage-induced phase transformation with changes in tablet microstructure, physical properties, and performance. Raman spectroscopy revealed complete NSH → HH transformation in tablets, within 30 h of storage at 40°C/75% relative humidity. When the tablets were prepared by wet granulation of NSH alone, there was a marked increase in both tablet volume and hardness on storage. However, when microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was included in granulation, the resulting stored tablets also exhibited a pronounced increase in disintegration time. In contrast, tablets prepared by dry processing via compression of a NSH-MCC physical mixture did not exhibit any changes in properties, despite the in situ solid form conversion. Scanning electron microscopy revealed growth of needle-like HH crystals in all stored tablets and mercury porosimetry revealed considerable changes in the pore size distribution during storage. Longer storage led to crystal growth (Ostwald ripening), causing further gradual but less dramatic changes in properties. The phase transformation and the complex interparticulate associations in the tablet influenced the changes in tablet microstructure, compact physical properties, and product behavior.
Inertia in reforming China's state-Owned enterprises: The case of Chongqing

Abstract This research analyzes the current reform status of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Through field trips and interviews (that took place July–August 1995) with state enterprises in Chongqing, one of China's largest industrial cities, the author wishes to provide insights into the operation and mentality of Chinese SOEs. The author finds that the Chinese SOEs' inability to phase out government protection results not only from their heavy burden of social responsibilities, but also their reluctance to accept the challenges of market forces and to divorce themselves from the fundamentals that characterize socialist enterprises. The findings shed light on the pace as well as strategy of reforming China's SOEs.
Stochastic analysis of flow-induced dynamic instabilities of wind turbine blades

Abstract Wind turbine blades continue to grow in length to extract more energy from the wind. This trend results in more flexible blades that are more susceptible to flow-induced instabilities. Recent studies have shown that coupled-mode flutter can be a major concern for future wind turbine blades. In this work, we study the influence of uncertainty in system parameters on the onset of coupled-mode flutter for wind turbine blades. We consider two major sources of randomness: (i) flow forces through a random lift coefficient and (ii) structural properties through a random variation of the blade׳s torsional natural frequency. We use a linear stability analysis in order to predict the onset of instability and we apply the method to the NREL 5 MW wind turbine blade. Both normal and uniform probability distributions are considered to describe the random parameters. For each case, the coefficient of variation ( cov ) is set to be equal to 0.1 and 0.2, which has been shown in the literature to be a plausible variability. We show that randomness in both the flow forces and the structural properties affect the onset of instability. In all the cases, the higher cov values result in non-negligible occurrence of instability at a blade critical rotor speed considerably lower than the value found in the absence of randomness. It is also found that the structural randomness can decrease the critical speed for the onset of coupled-mode flutter to speeds lower than the wind turbine׳s designed operational speed.
The Ocular Surface Center at the University of Southern California.

The USC Keck School of Medicine is a growing center for basic and clinical research on the ocular surface and for treatment of ocular surface disease.