cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital media studies futures

Television and media studies embraced diverse methodologies as scholars sought to interrogate textuality, social contexts, economic and industrial imperatives, and policy and audience formations. Media studies has always existed on the fuzzy boundary line (or border war, depending on your perspective) between the humanities and the social sciences; its hybrid nature has often provoked debates about the future of the field. Current prescriptions for the future of media and cultural studies from John Hartley and Graeme Turner provide new directions for researchers; our attempt here is to add to their provocations and think through some of the research and collaboration opportunities of digital media studies futures while pointing toward the economic, institutional, and disciplinary challenges of further enriching and hybridizing media studies. While we take seriously the critiques made by Graeme Turner (2012) against a small slice of scholarship on creative industries, new media studies, and/or convergence culture studies, we find it important to stress the variety and depth of digital media scholarship as well as the theoretical and methodological vigor of “new” media studies. We also want to stress a wider array of digital media scholarship than Turner acknowledges and point to the ways that critical race, feminist, queer, postcolonial and globalization scholars interrogate digital poetics and politics and open up new pedagogical and research horizons. As scholars interested in game studies and digital media studies, we argue that future media scholars will need to do even more to talk and work across disciplinary boundaries. Game studies and digital culture studies are not simply media studies. Computer scientists, software studies scholars, game designers, designers (in fields from interaction design to human computer interaction to industrial design), cultural anthropologists,
Comparison of a phased experimental approach and a single randomized clinical trial for developing multicomponent behavioral interventions

Background Many interventions in today's health sciences are multicomponent, and often one or more of the components are behavioral. Two approaches to building behavioral interventions empirically ...
Initial examination of a model of intercultural adjustment

Abstract This article reviews relevant literature to present a model of intercultural adjustment based on Black's (1988) three-facet model of expatriate adjustment. The literature is organized around the different individual, organizational, and contextual variables likely to be related to the three facets of adjustment. The model is partially tested with data from 169 adults working abroad in 12 different countries. The results suggest that intercultural adjustment is affected by some controllable factors such as expatriate selection and management practices, but also by some uncontrollable factors such as the degree of culture novelty. The practical implications are described for those making expatriate selection decisions and are discussed in light of prior research on intercultural adjustment.
Effects on hemodynamics and left ventricular ejection fraction of intravenous be pridil for impaired left ventricular function secondary to coronary artery disease

Abstract To define the hemodynamic effects of bepridil in patients with depressed left ventricular (LV) function, 22 patients with an LV ejection fraction (EF) of 0.45 or less were studied before, and after 2 mg/kg (n = 11) and 4 mg/kg (n = 11) of intravenous bepridil. Maximal hemodynamic effects were evident between between 15 and 30 minutes after drug infusion. After 2 mg/kg, heart rate decreased 9 % (p
Routine imaging of asymptomatic melanoma patients with metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes rarely identifies systemic disease.

Hypothesis The diagnostic yield of chest radiography; computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis; and CT or magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in the initial evaluation of melanoma with metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes may not identify systemic disease. Design Retrospective analysis. Setting Tertiary care referral center. Patients Of 1183 patients identified from a database of individuals who underwent selective sentinel lymphadenectomy for primary melanoma (Breslow thickness, 0.2-30 mm), we studied 185 with at least 1 sentinel lymph node positive for metastatic melanoma (Breslow thickness, 0.8-14.5 mm). Interventions Chest radiography; CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis; and CT or magnetic resonance imaging of the brain after selective sentinel lymphadenectomy with positive sentinel lymph nodes. The medical records of the 185 patients were systematically reviewed by 4 physician reviewers, and data were extracted primarily from pathology and radiology reports. When medical records were unavailable, information was taken from formal clinic and inpatient progress notes. Main Outcome Measure Diagnostic yield of imaging studies. Results The results of 0.5% of the imaging studies were positive for metastatic disease, 86% were negative, and 14% were indeterminate. Indeterminate results were confirmed to be negative by additional studies ranging from repeated imaging to invasive procedures, including thoracotomy and brain biopsy. The yields are as follows: chest radiography, 0%; chest CT, 0.7%; abdominal and pelvic CT, 0.7%; brain CT, 0%; and brain magnetic resonance imaging, 0%. Only 1 patient (0.5%) had detectable metastatic disease, and he had symptoms of systemic disease at the time of imaging. Conclusions Computed tomography of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, and brain rarely reveals systemic metastasis at the time of selective sentinel lymphadenectomy. Routine imaging of asymptomatic patients at the time of selective sentinel lymphadenectomy is not indicated.
Methods of blood pressure determination to assess antihypertensive agents: Are casual measurements enough?

Etude generale sur les methodes de surveillance biologique de la pression sanguine pour l'evaluation des antihypertenseurs: mesures occasionnelles ou mesures effectuees chez des patients ambulatoires sur 24 heures. Evaluation des reponses de la pression sanguine pendant un exercice physique en cours de traitement
Occurrence of Giant Impacts during the Growth of the Terrestrial Planets

Three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations of the accumulation of the terrestrial planets in the absence of gas drag produced results that are in general agreement with the number and distribution of the present planets. The accumulation process appears to be characterized by impact of bodies as large as three times the mass of Mars at velocities of about 9 kilometers per second. These giant impacts on Earth may have supplied the material and angular momentum that formed the moon, should have heated Earth to the melting point, and may have been responsible for the differences in the content of inert gases of the atmospheres of Earth and Venus.
Design and performance of blocked-impurity-band detector focal plane arrays

Blocked-Impurity-Band (BIB) extrinsic silicon (Si:As) detectors have demonstrated high sensitivity and quantum efficiency in the long wavelength infrared (LWIR) spectral region (to 28 microns) as well as wide frequency response, low optical crosstalk, nuclear radiation hardness, and stable, predictable performance. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that SWItched mosFET (SWIFET) multiplexers provide a low noise readout approach for use with BIB detectors. This paper describes the state-of-the-art of multiplexed BIB detector hybrid focal plane arrays (HFPAs). The principle of operation and performance of optimized BIB and Back Illuminated BIB (BIBIB) detectors are presented. The SWIFET multiplexer, including necessary circuitry for BIBIB detector readout, has been designed and fabricated using a newly developed process for cryogenic (<20K) MOS electronics which avoids anomalies (lack of device isolation, excess noise, and long time constants) associated with conventional silicon processes. A description of the design and operation of this multiplexer is given. A number of uniform, highly responsive, 500 element HFPAs have been fabricated and their performance evaluated. The characterization measurements, to be described in the paper, include evaluation of detector dark current, responsivity, noise for various operating conditions, and uniformity of array characteristics. The results obtained and presented demonstrate that focal plane arrays with excellent, unprecedented, LWIR performance have been realized with Blocked-Impurity-Band detector technology.
Hückel-level calculations on the band structure of poly-AT.

THE linear combination of molecular orbitals (LCMO) approximation (ref. 1 and unpublished results of R. L. F.) has been suggested as a feasible method for studying the electronic properties of random biopolymers2. In the course of some preliminary Huckel-level calculations on random polymers of adenine and thymine we found some interesting behaviour in the energy bands of the polymer, which we report here.
Postcordotomy spontaneous dysesthesias in macaques: recurrence after spinal cord transection.

Abstract Monkeys chronically attack the hypoalgesic hindlimb after thoracic contralateral anterolateral cordotomy or hemisection. This compulsive behavior could be induced by innocuous stimulation in the hyalgesic region, and it also appeared to occur spontaneously. The postcordotomy spontaneous compulsive self-directed behavior was studied in 4 macaques after subsequent upper lumbar crush spinal transection. Despite the paraplegia and bilateral analgesia/anesthesia, this spontaneous abnormal behavior continued to be directed to the same hindlimb as before transection, but not to the opposite hindlimb. Hence, it is concluded that the recurring syndrome originated from the initial contralateral cordotomy. The rationale for the presumption of postcordotomy spontaneous dysesthesias is presented, and the experimental results are offered in refutation of alternative hypotheses. In conjunction with previous findings, these results lead to the argument that postcordotomy dysesthesias are caused by a neuropathological compensatory response to partial deafferentation of brain somatosensory neurons.
Prioritizing quality improvement in pediatric cardiac surgery.

Background Several efforts are under way to conduct quality-improvement initiatives in pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery. Our goal was to develop an objective prioritization scheme for such initiatives based on encounter frequency and relative contribution of quality measures of morbidity (and associated variances), particularly in the setting of low mortality. Methods We identified patients in the Pediatric Health Information System in Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery 1 category 1 to 6 for 32 pediatric cardiac surgical procedures conducted between 2003 and 2011 (n = 67,550). These were examined for their overall contribution to mortality, intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay (coefficient of variation and excess days), adverse events, and readmission rates. A ranking scheme was created on the basis of the outcome measures. Then we ordered the procedures across metrics to develop a prioritization scheme. Results Observed mortality rates were consistent with published rates. A few procedures accounted for significant variation in hospital and intensive care length of stay across the hospitals. Likewise, a few procedures accounted for most excess days of stay and readmission rates. Up to 60% of the hospital stay was accounted for by intensive care unit stay. Although there was a linear relationship between adverse event rates and Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery 1 categories, a few procedures once again accounted for disproportionate event rates within and across their respective Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery 1 categories. Conclusions A small number of procedures account for a substantial burden of morbidity, even among low mortality risk groups. Consideration should be given to using such objective prioritization schemes to develop targeted quality-improvement measures.
A method to determine the angular momentum of a human body about three orthogonal axes passing through its center of gravity

Abstract A technique to compute three orthogonal components of the angular momentum of the human body is presented. The procedure is basically a development of an earlier one which computed only one component of angular momentum. The angular momentum of the whole body was considered to be composed of the sum of the angular momenta of 14 body segments about the center of gravity of the whole body. The angular momentum of each segment was considered to be composed of a transfer term and a local term. In turn, the local term was considered to be composed of local term about a transverse axis of the segment and local term about the longitudinal axis. The values of all terms were computed, except those of the local terms about the longitudinal axis of the non-trunk segments, which were assumed to be zero. This assumption was shown to involve little error.
Stress fields due to dislocation walls in infinite and semi-infinite bodies

Abstract Stress fields due to dislocation walls in infinite and semi-infinite bodies are derived. Finite, infinite, and semi-infinite walls of identical edge dislocations with uniform spacing are considered. The results corresponding to walls with discrete dislocation distributions are compared to those of the walls with continuous distribution of infinitesimal dislocations. The stress relaxation effects produced by the free surface in the neighborhood of a dislocation wall are studied. It is shown that the long range stresses are exerted by bounded walls in both infinite and semi-infinite bodies. The stress divergence or its absence is discussed for various wall configurations.
Cognitive function of children with cystic fibrosis: deleterious effect of early malnutrition.

Objective. Patients who have cystic fibrosis (CF) and experience delayed diagnosis by traditional methods have greater nutritional insult compared with peers diagnosed via neonatal screening. The objective of this study was to evaluate cognitive function in children with CF and the influence of both early diagnosis through neonatal screening and the potential effect of early malnutrition. Methods. Cognitive assessment data were obtained for 89 CF patients (aged 7.3-17 years) during routine clinic visits. Patients had been enrolled in either the screened ( N = 42) or traditional diagnosis (control) group ( N = 47) of the Wisconsin CF Neonatal Screening Project. The Test of Cognitive Skills, Second Edition was administered to generate the Cognitive Skills Index (CSI) and cognitive factor scores (Verbal, Nonverbal, and Memory). Results. Cognitive scores in the overall study population were similar to normative data (CSI mean [standard deviation]: 102.5 [16.6]; 95% confidence interval: 99.1-105.9). The mean (standard deviation) CSI scores for the screened and control groups were 104.4 (14.4) and 99.8 (18.5), respectively. Significantly lower cognitive scores correlated with indicators of malnutrition and unfavorable family factors such as single parents, lower socioeconomic status, and less parental education. Our analyses revealed lower cognitive scores in patients with low plasma α-tocopherol (α-T) levels at diagnosis. In addition, patients in the control group who also had vitamin E deficiency at diagnosis (α-T Conclusion. Results suggest that prevention of prolonged malnutrition by early diagnosis and nutritional therapy, particularly minimizing the duration of vitamin E deficiency, is associated with better cognitive functioning in children with CF.
Bond cleavage of diethylstilbestrol of vicinal diol by a rat liver enzyme.

Abstract Incubation of the vicinal diol of diethylstilbestrol with rat liver microsomes yields p-hydroxypropiophenone when reduced pyridine nucleotides are included. The reaction is sensitive to SKF-525A, metyrapone, and sodium cyanide. Oxygen is not required for this reaction. There appears to be no substrate specificity for this novel enzyme system present in liver microsomes.
Characterization of a defective pseudotype particle of Kirsten sarcoma virus.

Abstract A cell line has been isolated that produces a defective pseudotype particle of Kirsten sarcoma virus without detectable infectious helper virus. Normal rat kidney cells were infected at low multiplicity with a virus stock obtained by the rescue of Kirsten sarcoma virus with woolly monkey leukemia virus. The individual transformed cell foci which resulted were propagated. One was found to produce noninfectious oncovirus particles containing high reverse transcriptase activity. These defective particles contained an active sarcoma genome but no detectable helper virus genome as cells fused to the particles became transformed but did not show evidence of helper woolly monkey leukemia virus expression. Nevertheless, the rat kidney cells producing the defective particles contained the complete woolly monkey leukemia virus genome; after prolonged culture, infectious woolly monkey leukemia viruses were released and rapidly spread through the culture. The defect of the noninfectious particle could be attributed to the absence of the viral envelope glycoprotein. Helper virus env gene products were not detected in cells producing the defective particle, nor did these cells exhibit interference to superinfection by woolly monkey leukemia virus. The protein composition of the defective particle was unusual. Major proteins were a woolly monkey virus p28 and a novel 55,000-dalton protein of rodent origin. The 55,000-dalton protein was not immunologically related to the known rodent type-C virus gag or env gene products; nevertheless, it was immunoprecipitated by several anti-murine leukemia virus sera, suggesting that a related protein is commonly present in preparations of purified mouse type-C viruses.
Synthesis and characterization of platinum – selenium derivatives: X-ray structure of trans -Pt(PEt 3 ) 2 (SePh) 2

The crystal structure of trans-[((bis)triethylphosphine)(bis(phenylselenato))platinum (II)] has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystallization occurs in the triclinic space group P-1 (No. 2) with a = 8.9964(2) A, b = 11.5103(2) A, c = 14.9335(3) A; α = 85.8750(10)°, β = 72.5350(10)°, γ = 68.4450(10)°. Details of the structure and spectroscopic results are presented and discussed and comparisons are made with related square planar platinum (II) structures.
Wireless strain and crack sensing using a folded patch antenna

In this research, folded patch antennas are investigated as low-cost and wireless smart-skin sensors that monitor the strain and crack in metallic structures. A radio frequency identification (RFID) chip is used for signal modulation. When the antenna is under strain/deformation, its resonance frequency varies accordingly. The variation can be easily interrogated and recorded by a reader that wirelessly delivers power for the antenna operation. Therefore, the antenna sensor can measure strain/crack. This paper reports latest test results on the strain and crack sensing performance of the antenna. In particular, tensile tests show that the wireless antenna sensor can detect small strain changes lower than 20 μe, and can perform well at large strains higher than 10,000 μe. In the crack test, a growing sub-millimeter crack is successfully detected by the antenna sensor.
Syndrome of Vigorous Achalasia: Clinical and Physiologic Observations

Vigorous achalasia is an esophageal disorder manifesting clinical and x-ray characteristics of achalasia and diffuse spasm. Since 1956, 88 of more than 5,800 patients referred to the Mayo Clinic for esophageal motility tests have been diagnosed as having vigorous achalasia. Sixteen cases were excluded as not representative or as showing some peculiarities. Thus, 72 cases form the basis of this report. The patients ranged in age from 12 to 79 years. All but one had dysphagia, 56 had regurgitation, and 51 had pain. Cardiospasm, dilatation, and diffuse spasm were the most common of the roentgenologic interpretations. Esophageal motility studies were obtained in all cases, and pressure-detecting units were passed into the stomach in 68 cases. The orderly relaxation and contraction of the gastroesophageal sphincter observed in health after swallowing were not observed. Relaxation was absent or poor in all cases, and only one patient had normal contraction of the sphincter. All patients developed high esophageal pressures during the simultaneous contractions. No peristalsis was detected. Resistance to the passage of a sound felt to the examiner like achalasia in ten of 14 cases and more like diffuse spasm in four. Endoscopy, performed in 32 cases, suggested achalasia in 11 and spasm in three; results were normal in eight cases and suggested other lesions in the remaining ten. Treatment consisted of simple dilatation (eight cases), hydrostatic dilatation alone (ten cases), a modified Heller myotomy alone (40 cases), and a combination of the last-named procedures (seven cases). Seven patients were not treated at this clinic. Surgical treatment by the modified Heller myotomy was more effective than hydrostatic dilatation.
Cellular responses to chemical and morphologic aspects of biomaterial surfaces. II. The biosynthetic and migratory response of bone cell populations.

The biosynthetic and migratory response of bone cells to changes in both surface composition and morphology of polystyrene (PS) substrates was examined. A system was devised wherein micromachined silicon wafers were used as templates to solvent-cast PS replicas [using 0, 1, or 2 wt % styrene (S) monomer additions] with either 0.5- or 5.0- μm-deep surface grooves. Smooth replicas (0% S) served as the control surfaces. The chemical and morphologic characteristics of the nine unique model biomaterial surfaces (MBSs) produced using this system were documented and were found to be distinct. For the biosynthetic studies, bone cells isolated from neonatal rat calvaria were plated onto the MBSs and labeled at postconfluence with [14C]proline for 24 h. Total DNA per surface, total newly synthesized collagenous (CP), and noncollagenous protein (NCP) (cell associated and secreted) were determined. Cell-associated CP was found to increase significantly for the bone cells cultured on the substrates with 0.5-μm grooves and 2% S (P < .05). Cell-associated NCP was found to be elevated for all 2% S substrates and for the 0.5-μm grooves substrates with 1% S. For the migration studies, bone cells were plated first onto 5-mm nitrocellulose disks that were attached to standard Petri dishes using a plasma clot. At confluence, the disks were removed aseptically and placed on the replicas. The cellular area occupied as a result of the outward migration of the bone cells was measured after 4 days of culture using an image analysis system. An average velocity for the leading edge of bone cell populations on each of the nine MBSs was calculated: Cells on surfaces with either 1% S or 5.0-μm grooves displayed significantly higher velocities than did the control cultures. A significant interaction effect between chemistry and morphology was observed. The biosynthetic and migratory responses of in vitro cultures of bone cells were not predictable from the observations of the cellular responses to the individual features, but appeared to depend on cellular responses to more than one substrate factor. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cellular death in morphogenesis of the avian wing

The occurrence of localized zones of intensive cell degeneration in the wing bud of the chick embryo between stages 17 and 32 has been studied chiefly by means of Nile blue staining in vivo and in vitro, and has been shown to be correlated spatiotemporally with the topographic distribution of prospective wing parts and with the morphogenetic movements which carve their definitive contours. Particular attention has been directed to the role of cell death in the shaping of the upper arm and forearm and in the elimination of tissues between the digits. A zone of necrosis which appears at stage 24 at the posterior junction of the wing bud and trunk (the “PNZ”), and which participates in the morphogenetic movements which shape the posterior margin of the upper arm and adjoining body wall, has been selected for experimental analysis. Extirpation of the prospective PNZ in stages 17 through 23 usually results in the complete absence of cell deaths in the operated region at stage 24. Sometimes, however, in operations made at stage 20, or earlier, a full or partial complement of degenerating cells may be found at stage 24. The interpretation of these results is somewhat equivocal because of an element of uncertainty in the localization of the prospective degenerating cells prior to stage 20. Regardless of the postoperative occurrence of cell deaths, however, the wing develops normally, indicating that necrosis at stage 24 is not, per se, a requisite to morphogenesis. When the prospective PNZ is grafted to the somites as early as stage 17, it shows massive necrosis at stage 24, regardless of the age of the host and in contrast to grafts of dorsal wing-bud tissues which do not. Grafts of the prospective PNZ to the dorsal side of the wing bud, however, usually do not show massive necrosis, except when taken from a donor of stage 22, or older. These results are discussed in relation to general problems of the developmental role of cell death and its control through genetic and humoral factors and factors of the immediate tissue environment.
Regulation of Human Gonadotropins. XIV. Gel Filtration and Electrophoretic Analysis of Endogenous and Extracted Immunoreactive Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone of Pituitary, Serum and Urinary Origin

To obtain further information regarding the nature of the immunoreactive material measured as FSH with one radioimmunoassay method, a number of different preparations were subjected to electrophoresis (7.5% polyacrylamide gel, boric acid-EDTA-tris buffer, pH 8.9) or gel filtration (Sephadex G-100, 0.05m ammonium bicarbonate buffer, pH 8.0) and resulting elution profiles of immunoreactive material measured by radioimmunoassay. Preparations studied included sera from non-pregnant and pregnant subjects, serum from a patient with choriocarcinoma, urinary extract and pituitary extract. With the exception of activity in sera from pregnant subjects, immunoreactive material was eluted as a single symmetrical peak, nearly coincident with that observed for highly purified, radioiodinated human FSH of pituitary origin. In contrast, no discrete peak of activity was located when sera from women at all stages of pregnancy were examined in a similar fashion. Instead, low amounts of “FSH” activity were identified over a ...
Is Real Estate Becoming Important Again? A Neo-Ricardian Model of Land Rent

Classical economists believed that land rent as a share of total income would increase with economic growth. This belief was important to many 19th and 20th century critiques of capitalism. Land rents as a share of national income apparently declined for most of the 20th century, but increased during the 1990s. In this paper, we develop a model of the classical theory of land rent that allows rent to increase or decrease as a share of national income, depending on several parameters. It seems likely that the long decline in land rent is over and that land rent in the future will slowly increase as a share of national income.
Precision measurement of gamma rays from 94Nb decay

Abstract Gamma rays resulting from the ground state beta-decay of 94 Nb were studied using high resolution Ge(Li) detectors. The energies of the cascade gamma rays from the 1.57 MeV excited state of 94 Mo were determined to be 702.630±0.030 keV and 871.104± 0.035 keV, with relative intensities of (0.98±0.02)/1.00. No new gamma ray transitions were found. An upper limit of 0.015% was established for the 1.57 MeV crossover transition probability.
Taking risks within the constraints of gender: Mexican-American women as professional auto thieves

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of traditional gender roles as it pertains to gaining access and participating in organized crime in the U.S./Mexico border of Texas and Tamaulipas. This paper also brings attention to the problems that exist in essentializing gender and ignoring the multiplicity of color in crime research. This study found that introduction to professional auto theft varies according to gender. Males were introduced via friends, while for females, introduction was done via intimate sexual relationships and family ties. The study also found that in order to have a successful theft, robacarros [auto thieves] developed a division of labor. This division of labor is characterized by three roles: the chauffeur, the specialist, and the mounter. The women were involved as chauffeurs and mounters, which were low and high risk roles, but none were specialized. The most prestigious role, the specialist was only practiced by males.
The European Central Bank: powers, policies and problems

Outlines the formation, structure and powers of the European Central Bank, which has the objective of maintaining price stability. Discusses its implementation of monetary policy and considers both actual and potential problems in terms of its independence, leadership, interest rate management, co‐ordination with national fiscal authorities, transparency of operations and cross‐border settlement systems. Criticizes its limited powers for prudential supervision of banks in the EMU and suggests that it needs wider objectives, more authority and greater independence from national influences.
Grundverhalten passiver Legierungen

Die Korrosionsanfalligkeit eines Grundmetalls wie Eisen kann wesentlich durch geeignete Legierungsbestandteile, z.B. Chrom, herabgesetzt werden, welche die Tendenz zur Passivierung erhohen, indem entweder die zur passivierung erforderliche Stromdichte auf Werte von der Grose des Korrosionsstromes herabgedruckt wird oder das Fladepotential zu unedleren Werten verschoben wird. Eine weitere Moglichkeit besteht darin, Leigierungsbestandteile zuzusetzen, an denen der Ubergang fur kathodische Wasserstoffentwicklung klein ist, wodurch die anfangliche Korrosionsstromdichte auf die kritische Passivierungsstromdichte erhoht werden kann. Dies ist beispielsweise bei der Zugabe von Palladium zu rostfreiem 18/8-Stahl oder Titan der Fall. Bei einer Mehrphasenlegierung kann Passivitat im Grunde genommen auf ahnliche Weise erzeugt werden, und zwar durch Lokalstromwirkung bei Erhohung der Geschwindigkeit der kathodischen Reaktion. Die kritische Passivierungstromdichte erreicht ein Minimum bei un oberhalb einer kritischen Legierungszusammensetzung, die fur Cr-Fe-Legierungen bei 12% Cr und Ni-Cu-Legierungen bei 30 bis 40% Ni liegt. Die Grunde fur die beobachtete kritische Legierungszusammensetzung werden diskutiert. Basic behaviour of passive alloys The corrosion proneness of a base metal such as iron can be considerably reduced by suitable alloying constituents, e. g. chromium, which increase the passivation tendency, either by reducing the current density required for passivation to values of the magnitude of the corrosion current, or by shifting the Flade potential to more electro-negative values. A further possibility consists in adding alloying components where the transition for cathodic hydrogen generation is small so that the initial corrosion current density can be increased to the critical passivation current density. This is the case, for example, if palladium is added to stainless 18/8 steel or to titanium. With a multi-phase alloy, passivity can essentially be created in a similar way, viz. Through a local current effect by increasing the speed of the cathodic reaction. The critical passivation current density reaches a minimum at and above a critical alloy composition which lies at 12 per cent. Cr with Cr-Fe alloys, and at 30 to 40 per cent. Ni with Ni-Cu alloys. The reasons for the observed critical alloy composition are discussed.
River chloride trends in snow-affected urban watersheds: increasing concentrations outpace urban growth rate and are common among all seasons.

Abstract Chloride concentrations in northern U.S. included in this study have increased substantially over time with average concentrations approximately doubling from 1990 to 2011, outpacing the rate of urbanization in the northern U.S. Historical data were examined for 30 monitoring sites on 19 streams that had chloride concentration and flow records of 18 to 49 years. Chloride concentrations in most studied streams increased in all seasons (13 of 19 in all seasons; 16 of 19 during winter); maximum concentrations occurred during winter. Increasing concentrations during non-deicing periods suggest that chloride was stored in hydrologic reservoirs, such as the shallow groundwater system, during the winter and slowly released in baseflow throughout the year. Streamflow dependency was also observed with chloride concentrations increasing as streamflow decreased, a result of dilution during rainfall- and snowmelt-induced high-flow periods. The influence of chloride on aquatic life increased with time; 29% of sites studied exceeded the concentration for the USEPA chronic water quality criteria of 230 mg/L by an average of more than 100 individual days per year during 2006–2011. The rapid rate of chloride concentration increase in these streams is likely due to a combination of possible increased road salt application rates, increased baseline concentrations, and greater snowfall in the Midwestern U.S. during the latter portion of the study period.
Genomics: frontiers of gene function.

The technique of RNA interference continues to pay dividends. The latest application of the method to the nematode worm adds detail to the list of genes known to function in the early stages of development.
Alumina scale failure resulting from stress relaxation

Abstract Relaxation of the stresses, produced by high-temperature oxidation, is analyzed in terms of its influence on the morphology and spalling resistance of the alumina scales on Fe–Cr–Al heat-resistant alloys. Despite a general belief that stress relaxation is a beneficial factor in oxide adherence, several types of scale failure are shown to occur as a direct result of stress relaxation. These failure modes include: cracking of the alumina scale under thermally induced tension during re-heating; “sub-critical” buckling and spalling during cooling; and spalling promoted by stress-driven morphological changes in the scale. The importance of the rate of temperature change, the substrate compliance, and the oxide–metal interface morphology is emphasized.
Electron Injection into Plasma Wakefields by Colliding Laser Pulses

An injector and accelerator is analyzed that uses three collinear laser pulses in a plasma: an intense pump pulse, which generates a large wake field $(\ensuremath{\ge}20\mathrm{GV}/\mathrm{m})$, and two counterpropagating injection pulses. When the injection pulses collide, a slow phase velocity beat wave is generated that injects electrons into the fast wake field for acceleration. Particle tracking simulations in 1D with injection pulse intensities near ${10}^{17}\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{cm}{}^{2}$ indicate the production of relativistic electrons with bunch durations as short as 3 fs, energy spreads as small as 0.3%, and densities as high as ${10}^{18}\mathrm{cm}{}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
Mechanisms Mediating Reduced Responsiveness of Neonatal Neutrophils to Lipoxin A4

Lipoxin A4 is an eicosanoid that plays a key role in the resolution of neutrophilic inflammation. In these studies, we investigated the hypothesis that responses to lipoxin A4 are impaired in neonates, relative to adults. Lipoxin A4 was found to inhibit chemotaxis and respiratory burst in adult neutrophils. In contrast, it had no effect on these activities in neonatal neutrophils. In addition, while lipoxin A4 augmented apoptosis in LPS-treated adult neutrophils, apoptosis in neonatal cells was not affected by lipoxin A4 alone or in combination with LPS. The biologic actions of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids are mediated, in part, via the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). Expression of PPAR-γ mRNA and its target gene, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were significantly reduced in neonatal cells when compared with adult cells. Moreover, whereas treatment of adult neutrophils with lipoxin A4 increased PPAR-γ expression, no effects were observed in neonatal cells. 5- and 15-lipoxygenase, enzymes required for the synthesis of lipoxin A4, were also reduced in neonatal neutrophils. These findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of lipoxin A4 is impaired in neonatal neutrophils and that this is due, in part, to reduced PPAR-γ signaling. This may contribute to diseases associated with chronic inflammation in neonates.
Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red studies of crystalline-amorphous content on polyethylene surfaces

Abstract Intensity ratios of the bands due to CH 2 bending and rocking normal vibrations, used as a measure of the surface crystallinity in polyethylene, are examined by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra-red (ATR FT i.r. ) spectroscopy. This study shows that the ATR optical dispersions and the orientation of surface crystallites have a substantial effect on the crystallinity measurements. It appears that improper analysis of strong, overlapping i.r. bands in the ATR spectra may generate systematic errors. While the optical effects associated with ATR measurements can be accounted for and corrected by the use of the Kramers-Kronig transform and Fresnel's equation, determination of the crystallinity gradients and orientation of the crystallites requires detailed polarization studies and theoretical considerations.
Structural and Electronic Insights into Tryptophan Radicals in Proteins

Tryptophan radicals play significant roles in mediating biological electron transfer reactions and catalytic processes. Despite their prevalence in Nature, there is a dearth of knowledge on the structure and dynamics of these transient species. Here, we report absorption, EPR, and resonance Raman spectra of long-lived solvent-exposed and buried tryptophan neutral radicals in azurin mutants. These spectra reveal important markers and trends that reflect the local environment, structure, hydrogen bonding state, and protonation state of the radical; comparison of these spectra to those of the closed-shell counterparts indicates that the spectral features of the radical are highly sensitive to structure and environment. The results and analysis described here not only provide detailed basis spectra for ongoing work, but also shed light on the nature of proton-coupled electron transfer reactions.
Size effect for dynamic fracture

Abstract A relationship between size and fracture probability for metals as well as ceramics is developed. This dynamic scale-up relationship is formally identical with Weibull's law. However, it is not a consequence of the statistics of flow distribution but follows from a least action law for dynamic fracture. For Hookean bodies this law can be derived from theoretical concepts. For metals, an empirical relationship is used to arrive at similar results.
Infection of Acholeplasma laidlawii by MVL51 virus.

The infection of Acholeplasma laidlawii cells by MVL51 virus has been studied, MVL51 is a bullet-shaped virus, about 14 nm wide and 71 nm long. At multiplicities of infection less than 10, virus infected cells continue to grow during virus production, but the cell doubling time is 160 min, rather than the normal 110 min. Progeny virus assembly and maturation occur at the cell membrane as the viral particles are extruded. This model is suggested by the data of one-step growth curves, premature lysis experiments, single burst size measurements, and electron microscopy of infected cells.
$\mathcal{PT}$ Symmetry in Statistical Mechanics and the Sign Problem

Generalized \(\mathcal{PT}\) symmetry provides crucial insight into the sign problem for two classes of models. In the case of quantum statistical models at non-zero chemical potential, the free energy density is directly related to the ground state energy of a non-Hermitian, but generalized \(\mathcal{PT}\)-symmetric Hamiltonian. There is a corresponding class of \(\mathcal{PT}\)-symmetric classical statistical mechanics models with non-Hermitian transfer matrices. We discuss a class of Z(N) spin models with explicit \(\mathcal{PT}\) symmetry and also the ANNNI model, which has a hidden \(\mathcal{PT}\) symmetry. For both quantum and classical models, the class of models with generalized \(\mathcal{PT}\) symmetry is precisely the class where the complex weight problem can be reduced to real weights, i.e., a sign problem. The spatial two-point functions of such models can exhibit three different behaviors: exponential decay, oscillatory decay, and periodic behavior. The latter two regions are associated with \(\mathcal{PT}\) symmetry breaking, where a Hamiltonian or transfer matrix has complex conjugate pairs of eigenvalues. The transition to a spatially modulated phase is associated with \(\mathcal{PT}\) symmetry breaking of the ground state, and is generically a first-order transition. In the region where \(\mathcal{PT}\) symmetry is unbroken, the sign problem can always be solved in principle using the equivalence to a Hermitian theory in this region. The ANNNI model provides an example of a model with \(\mathcal{PT}\) symmetry which can be simulated for all parameter values, including cases where \(\mathcal{PT}\) symmetry is broken.
Experimental method for determining through thickness residual hoop stresses in thin walled pipes and tubes without inside access

The determination of through thickness residual stresses in pipes and pressure vessels is of growing interest because of emphasis placed on life prediction, design, and failure analysis of piping systems. Most of the through thickness residual stress measurement techniques require the placement of gauges on the outside and inside of the pipe. These methods are severely hampered when gauges cannot be placed on the inside of the pipe. This constraint could arise for small diameter pipes, long pipes or for pipes that have been used in a service condition causing corrosion or fouling of the inner surface. This paper focuses on the first step of a three step procedure for determining residual hoop stresses in thin walled pipes and tubes. The method described is designed for cases where it is impossible to place gauges on the inside of the pipe. The method yses biaxial strain gauges on the outside of the pipe and involves a through thickness axial cut of the pipe. Based on the change in strain on the outside of the pipe, changes in the hoop residual stress distribution due to the axial cut are obtained with the method presented here. The method provides a means to evaluate changes in stresses on both the outside surface and the inside surface of the pipe as well as an evaluation of the change in through thickness hoop stress distribution at any location in the pipe cross section. This paper further demonstrates that the problem of shortening long pipes to enable placement of gauges on the inside of the pipe can result in the loss of significant residual stress information.
Gender differences in depression: perspectives from neuropsychology

Although there has been much productive research in neuropsychology on the topic of depression, rarely has the issue of gender differences been taken into consideration. It is not uncommon for researchers investigating the neuropsychological concomitants of depression to test only women, or far more women than men, making it impossible to examine the prospect that there might be differences between these two groups. This article is an attempt to integrate research from two areas of neuropsychology: (1) gender differences in neuropsychological functions and (2) neuropsychological functions in depression. Since so few studies have examined gender differences in depression and their relation to neuropsychological patterns, there will be few firm conclusions to be drawn. However, some speculations will be offered, and some suggestions outlined for potentially fruitful future research.
Creating interactive web data applications with spreadsheets

While more and more data are available through web services, it remains difficult for end-users to create web applications that make use of these data without having to write complex code. We present Gneiss, a live programming environment that extends the spreadsheet metaphor to support creating interactive web applications that dynamically use local or web data from multiple sources. Gneiss closely integrates a spreadsheet editor with a web interface builder to let users demonstrate bindings between properties of web GUI elements and cells in the spreadsheet while working with real web service data. The spreadsheet editor provides two-way connections to web services, to both visualize and retrieve different data based on the user input in the web interface. Gneiss achieves rich interactivity without the need for event-based programming by extending the 'pull model' of formulas that is familiar to the spreadsheet users. We use a series of examples to demonstrate Gneiss's ability to create a variety of interactive web data applications.
Nonlinear Monetary Dynamics

This article uses the correlation-dimension technique, along with the residual and shuffle tests, to look for evidence of nonlinear dynamic structure in various weekly monetary aggregates, their components, the monetary base, and the money multipliers. The results support the Barnett and Chen (1988) and Chen (1988) findings of nonlinearity in Divisia M2, Divisia M3, and simple sum M2. Evidence of nonlinear structure is also found for simple sum M1, currency, demand deposits, all checkable deposits, M3 minus M2, the monetary base, and the multipliers of M1, M2, and M3.
Seasonal variations in oviductal activity, extensibility, and tensile strength in Chrysemys picta

In vivo and in vitro myometrial activity, tissue extensibility, and tensile strength were measured during the annual cycle of the female turtle Chrysemys picta. Contractile rate, in vivo and in vitro, increased to a maximum in the periovulatory period, but contractile strength in vitro was inversely proportional to rate, being least in the periovulatory period. Initial oviductal circumference was highest in April and lowest in September. Although extensibility varied little, this parameter was inversely proportional to the initial circumference. Tensile strength was greatest in midwinter and least in postovulatory animals. The results are discussed in relationship to the known seasonal endocrine cycle and suggest important hormonal (estrogen, progesterone) effects upon egg retention and egg laying in this species.
Randomized evaluation of pulse oximetry in 20,802 patients: II. Perioperative events and postoperative complications.

BackgroundThe authors describe the effect of pulse oximetry monitoring on the frequency of unanticipated perl-operative events, changes In patient care, and the rate of postoperative complications in a prospective randomized study.MethodsThe study Included 20,802 surgical patients in Denmark randoml