cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Contribution of Agroforestry to Restoration and Conservation: Biodiversity Islands in Degraded Landscapes

Biodiversity islands can contribute to protect biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes. Agroforestry systems (AFS), as they can harmonize productivity with environmental functions, can be part of biodiversity islands, especially in the buffer zones of protected areas. AFS are heterogeneous in their design and management, with consequences for their restoration and conservation functions. This chapter discusses the role of AFS on restoration and conservation of biodiversity at the ecosystem and landscape levels, with emphasis on tropical Latin America and examples from other regions.
24-Hour Urine and Serum Tests: When and What?

Kidney stones are a common condition in the United States. Prevention methods usually require the testing of blood and urine. The causes of kidney stones in individuals vary, and therefore the testing should not always be the same. Kidney stone disease is increasingly recognized as being correlated with other systemic conditions. Performing all tests for blood and urine related to kidney stones on all patients may not be economically and/or clinically necessary. By sequentially ordering lab tests, we may be able to avoid unnecessary testing. Also, by determining the times when additional testing should be done, we can identify causes that may have been otherwise missed. This chapter will focus on the use of various tests and when they need to be ordered.
Executive Education for C-Suiters

Reports on effective management and educational strategies to ensure that the C-Suite of business executives have technology expertise.
Assessing Patient Safety Culture in Hospital Settings.

The current knowledge about patient safety culture (PSC) in the healthcare industry, as well as the research tools that have been used to evaluate PSC in hospitals, is limited. Such a limitation may hamper current efforts to improve patient safety worldwide. This study provides a systematic review of published research on the perception of PSC in hospitals. The research methods used to survey and evaluate PSC in healthcare settings are also explored. A list of academic databases was searched from 2006 to 2020 to form a comprehensive view of PSC’s current applications. The following research instruments have been applied in the past to assess PSC: the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSPSC), the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ), the Patient Safety Climate in Health Care Organizations (PSCHO), the Modified Stanford Instrument (MSI-2006), and the Scottish Hospital Safety Questionnaire (SHSQ). Some of the most critical factors that impact the PSC are teamwork and organizational and behavioral learning. Reporting errors and safety awareness, gender and demographics, work experience, and staffing levels have also been identified as essential factors. Therefore, these factors will need to be considered in future work to improve PSC. Finally, the results reveal strong evidence of growing interest among individuals in the healthcare industry to assess hospitals’ general patient safety culture.
Area from image analyses accurately estimates dry-weight biomass of juvenile tissue from the moss Ceratodon purpureus.

PREMISE Mosses have long served as models for studying many areas of plant biology. Investigators have used two-dimensional measurements of juvenile growth from photographs as a surrogate for dry-weight biomass. The relationship between area and biomass, however, has not been critically evaluated. METHODS Here we grew axenic tissue cultures of 10 Ceratodon purpureus isolates to study the relationship between these parameters. We measured area and biomass on replicate cultures with two distinct starting inoculum sizes each week for three weeks. We then examined the correlation between area and biomass as well as the influence of variation in inoculum size on both parameters. RESULTS We found a strong correlation between area and biomass after two weeks of growth. Furthermore, we found inoculum size affected biomass during the first week of growth but not in subsequent weeks and inoculum size had no detectable effect on area. DISCUSSION These analyses provide experimental confirmation that area is a suitable proxy for biomass and provide clear guidelines for when inoculum size variation may affect downstream growth estimates.
Digital therapeutics for Substance Use Disorders: Research priorities and clinical validation.

Abstract Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) have a substantial adverse impact in the United States, with more than $700 billion annually in health care expenditures and lost earnings. 1 The incidence is widespread; approximately 21.6 million individuals over the age of 12 experience substance use or dependence. 1 There are safe and effective FDA approved pharmacological treatments for opioid and nicotine use disorders, but long-term SUD treatment remains challenging. Similarly, despite available efficacious behavioral therapies for SUDs delivered in-person by trained professionals, relapse rates are high. As evidenced during the COVID-19 pandemic, traditional methods of delivering treatment have limitations and can be difficult or even impossible to access. Therefore, additional treatments for SUDs are urgently needed. Digital therapeutics (DTx) represent a new opportunity to address this significant public health challenge and were recently identified by the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) in the priority to expand access to evidence-based treatment including “reimbursement for motivation incentives and digital treatment for addiction.”
Representational Style in Congress: What Legislators Say and Why It Matters

1. Representation inside and outside Congress 2. Representation and evaluation on the senator's terms 3. Measuring presentational styles with Senate press releases 4. Measuring presentational styles in thousands of press releases 5. Types of presentational styles in the US Senate 6. The electoral connection's effect on senators' presentational styles 7. Correspondence between senators' work in Washington and presentational styles 8. Why presentational styles matter for dyadic representation 9. Why presentational styles matter for collective representation 10. Presentational styles and representation.
Stricture Rate after Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass with a 21-mm Circular Stapler versus a 25-mm Linear Stapler.

Background: Obesity is estimated to affect more than one and a half billion adults. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) has become one of the preferred weight loss procedures. However, complications can occur. Strictures at the gastrojejunal anastomosis lead to clinical symptoms such as vomiting, dysphagia, and patient discomfort. The stricture rate has been correlated with the size and type of stapler used. Methods: A retrospective review of the clinical records of patients who underwent LRYGB was performed between 2003 and 2010. A comparison was made between a 21-mm circular stapler technique and a 25-mm linear stapler technique. Results: The stricture rate for the 21-mm circular stapler group was 7.12% and comparable to the national average. Using the 25-mm linear stapler, this complication rate significantly decreased to 1.09% (p<0.0004; odds ratio 6.5; [95% confidence interval 1.96-33.83]). Conclusions: Stricture after LRYGB is a serious complication. This study found that with a change in technique, this complication can be decreased considerably.
A new model for self-organized robotic clustering: Understanding boundary induced densities and cluster compactness

For self-organized multi-robot systems, one of the widely studied task domains is object clustering, which involves gathering randomly scattered objects into a few piles. Earlier studies have pointed out that environmental boundaries influence the cluster formation process, generally causing clusters to form around the perimeter rather than centrally within the workspace. But it is usually central clusters that are desired in robotic clustering systems. In this paper, we derive general conditions that prevent the problem of boundaries causing perimeter clusters. We develop a mathematical model to explain how sets of clusters evolve into a single cluster without any boundary cluster being formed. Through analysis of the model, we show that time-averaged spatial densities of the robots play a significant role in producing conditions that ensure a single central cluster emerges. Thus, local densities of robots can be considered a system-level control parameter to achieve this task. We further investigate how the physical packing of clusters affects clustering dynamics. To do this, we introduce a measure of scaled compactness and show that the lifetime of clusters is well predicted by this descriptor.
The Efficiency of Individual and Composite Measures for Identifying Value Stocks

We determined whether there is a significant value premium for a broad cross-section of tradable U.S. stocks, examined the relative efficiency of individual value measures, and investigated whether composite value measures can be used to enhance the performance of value portfolios. Our results show that value portfolios dominate growth portfolios. Among portfolios based on individual valuation ratios, low-P/S provides the highest excess returns, while low-P/C offers the lowest risk and best risk-return tradeoff. However, using composite value measures expands the set of efficient portfolios, enabling investors to achieve a wider range of risk-return tradeoffs.
Long-term storage and survival structure of three species of Phytophthora in water

Cultures of Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. parasitica, and P. palmivora remained viable in water at room temperature for periods ranging from 6 to 23 years. The colonies that developed from the stored cultures were thin-walled and spherical, ranging from 19.2 to 30.0 μm in diameter. The survival structures are thought to be small chlamydospores produced in the absence of adequate nutrition and aeration.
The measurement of software design quality

Software quality involves the conformance of a software product to some predefined set of functional requirements at a specified level of quality. The software is considered valid when it conforms to these “quality factors” at some acceptable level. There are a large number of quality factors against which software may be validated. This paper discusses the development of traditional software metrics in relation to the anticipated structure of a software system. The taxonomy of a software system primarily relies upon the dissection of the software system into modules. Modular design is the cornerstone of quality software, and metrics that can predict an optimum modular structure are critical. By examining the theoretical bases on quality metrics, a base set of common quantitative metrics can be devised and mapped to quality metrics in which they reside. This paper surveys existing metrics and suggests the derivation of software design metrics from software quality factors. Measurable software attributes are identified and suggested as potential design metrics.
"She Won’t Make Me Feel Dumb”: Identity Threat in a Male-Dominated Discipline

Fields of study in college and graduate school, as well as careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) continue to be chosen more frequently by men than by women, contributing to the gendered wage gap. Using data from interviews with undergraduate physics students, I challenge prevalent notions of ‘critical mass,’ and argue that women’s hyper-visibility in male-dominated STEM fields produces identity threat - concern that their perceived inadequacies are attributed both to themselves and to women as a group. In response, women seek out ‘friendlier,’ less identity-threatening environments, thereby clustering together in female-dominated work spaces. Implications for future research and policy on gender in STEM fields are discussed.
Diversity and Collective Action

We elucidate the dynamics of ongoing collective action among intentional agents with diverse beliefs and imperfect information. Their decisions on whether or not to contribute to the collective good depend not only on the past but also on their expectations as to how their actions will affect those of others. We show that in attempts at collective action the onset of overall cooperation can take place in a sudden and unexpected way. Likewise, defection can appear out of nowhere in very large, previously cooperating groups. These outbreaks mark the end of long transient states in which defection or cooperation persists in groups that cannot sustain it indefinitely. Computer experiments demonstrate these predictions, as well as verifying that diversity of beliefs among individuals acts as an additional source of uncertainty, instigating the outbreaks.
Foreign Animals, Hawaiian Practices: Zooarchaeology in the Leprosarium at Kalawao, Moloka‘i, Hawaii

Archaeological research on the Hansen’s disease settlement at Kalawao, Moloka‘i highlights the relationship between the institutional mandates of the Hawaiian Board of Health, and the village organisation evident in the physical remains of the leprosarium. One aspect of this work focuses on the role of animals in the settlement, using archaeological surface remains as well as faunal remains recovered from excavations. Zooarchaeology in Kalawao reveals changes in diet due to provisioning by the state, notably increased consumption of cattle, but also continuity in traditional Hawaiian food procurement strategies such as shellfish collecting, in addition to other patterns relevant to human-animal interactions.
Peer to PCAST: what does open video have to do with open government?

The Obama Administration has outlined a set of principles and practices to support Open Government in which citizens can collaborate with the government to solve problems. The Administration is using technology, especially web-based technology, to support Open Government in practice. Many of the government's websites include video. We examine the website built to support the President's Council of Advisers on Science and Technology (PCAST). We critique it and argue that a number of important design decisions made for the current site should be changed to better support Open Government. Key to our argument is what has come to be known as Open Video, an application of the ideals of Open Source Software to video. Our critique is followed by a discussion of a prototype system we have built to demonstrate an alternative to the current PCAST site. Our prototype is called Peer-to-PCAST to call attention to the similarities between our proposals and Peer-to-Patent, the first Open Government system built for a different context, the US Patent and Trademark Office [34].
Ethnographies de Lucha (of Struggle) in Latino Education: Toward Social Movement

In this article, I describe the fight back imperatives of Latino educational ethnography at a time when Latino children's education continues to be the battleground for nation and culture wars. I briefly trace the expansion of the field of Latino educational ethnography during the last two decades, and point to the possibilities for the future of Latino ethnographies de lucha as social movement. [Latino education, ethnography, agency, social movement]
Developmental origins of chronic inflammation: a review of the relationship between birth weight and C-reactive protein.

Abstract Purpose The developmental origins of adult disease hypothesis suggests that the intrauterine environment may program postnatal health outcomes through mechanisms such as chronic inflammation. The purpose of this article was to review the literature on the association between infant birth weight and C-reactive protein (CRP), markers of the fetal environment and inflammation, respectively. Methods We used PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, the citation lists of the reviewed literature, and recommendations from experts in the field to identify potential articles. Inclusion criteria for the studies, regardless of study design, included human subjects, documented or self-reported infant birth weight, and a minimum of one measurement of CRP (during childhood, adolescence, or adulthood). Results Several studies demonstrated a statistically significant inverse association between birth weight and CRP in adulthood, although in many cases only after controlling for markers of current adiposity. No studies significantly linked birth weight to CRP in childhood or adolescence. Conclusions Longitudinal studies, including multigenerational studies, are needed to further understand whether adult CRP has origins in the fetal environment.
Thermal performance of adobe structures with domed roofs and moist internal surfaces

Abstract The inside air and the mean radiant temperatures of two buildings, one built of brick having a flat roof and the other built of lightweight adobe and having a domed roof, were estimated through a thermal network analysis. The analysis was repeated for both buildings when their ceilings and inside wall surfaces were kept moist and evaporatively cooled. A design day for a hot, arid region was considered for the analysis. It is shown that the temperature of the moist surfaces is reduced appreciably and the floor and the air temperatures are also reduced by their heat transfer to the moist surfaces. When natural ventilation rate is high, the room air does not become uncomfortably humid. With low mean radiant temperature in the moist buildings, thermal comfort can be maintained for the occupants. The total area and the duration when the surfaces are kept moist, along with the natural ventilation rate, can be controlled by the occupants to provide thermal comfort when it is otherwise uncomfortable. The use of a domed roof with a hole in its crown can ensure high ventilation rates at low wind velocities and in buildings which cannot otherwise be sufficiently vented.
Factors That Influence Phoneme---Grapheme Correspondence Learning

The present study examined (a) the relative impact visual and phonetic factors have on learning phoneme-grapheme correspondences, and (b) the relationship between measures of visual and phonological processing and children's ability to learn novel phoneme-grapheme correspondence pairs. Participants were 20 children with reading disabilities (RD), 10 normally achieving children matched for mental age (MA), and 10 children matched for reading age (RA). The children ranged in age from 5 years 2 months to 9 years 3 months. All children completed a phoneme-grapheme learning task consisting of four novel correspondence pairs, a visual processing task, and five measures of phonological processing. The MA and RA groups learned the four correspondence pairs in significantly fewer trials than the RD group. The RD group had the least difficulty learning the correspondence pair with different phonemes and graphemes and the most difficulty learning the correspondence pair with similar phonemes and graphemes. Performance on the learning task was significantly correlated to performance on the visual processing task and the five measures of phonological processing. Performance on the phonological processing task of short-term memory was the best predictor of overall performance on the learning task. Although children with RD were able to learn the four novel correspondence pairs, their processing deficiencies affected how readily they learned each of the correspondence pairs.
Differences in Drug Use among Rural and Suburban High School Students in Ohio

This exploratory study examines differences in the prevalence of drug use by gender among twelfth grade students (n = 464) in selected rural and suburban high schools in west-central Ohio. The lifetime use of alcohol and other drugs is common among all groups. Proportionally fewer boys in rural schools than boys in suburban schools reported the use of marijuana, inhalants, and LSD, or recent episodes of drunkenness. No statistically significant differences emerged between girls in rural and suburban schools. Afterschool employment practices may help explain the observed differences.
First- And Second-Order Analysis of Axially Loaded Crystals in n-Fold Symmetry

A comprehensive theoretical investigation of multiple slip in axially tensile-loaded f.c.c. crystals in n -fold symmetry positions ( n = 4, 6, 8) is presented. The analysis is complete to second order in terms of series expansions of all variables in the prescribed small load increment. In the first part of the paper, general kinematic relations and slip-system inequalities are given, and several new results discovered that apply independently of hardening rule and degree of symmetry. Subsequent sections contain extensive firsthand second-order analyses corresponding to four specific hardening theories, including Taylor9s classical isotropic rule and the ‘ simple theory’ of anisotropic latent hardening. For minimum work, unifying relations are found connecting a generic hardening parameter, its rate of change with load, and the first and second derivatives of axial stretch that hold for all four theories.
Studies of the mechanism of action of the antitumor agent 5(4)-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) imidazole-4(5)-carboxamide in Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract The effect of 5(4)-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) imidazole-4(5)-carboxamide (NSC 45388; DIC) on Bacillus subtilis has been investigated under various conditions. The exposure of DIC to light prior to its addition to bacterial cultures markedly decreased its lethality, presumably as a result of its conversion of 2-azahypoxanthine. However, exposure to light of cultures growing in the presence of DIC dramatically enhanced the inhibitory activity of the agent, compared to identical cultures growing in the dark. 4-Diazoimidazole-5-carboxamide, the immediate photodecomposition product of DIC, was subsequently tested and found to be highly inhibitory for B. subtilis. Amino acids were found to enhance the inhibitory activity of both DIC and the diazo compound. DIC inhibition of growth could be reversed by the addition of reduced glutathione. A DIC-resistant strain of B. subtilis was isolated and found to be resistant also to the diazo compound. Studies on the effect of DIC on macromolecular syntheses indicated that the drug slightly stimulated DNA, RNA and protein synthesis at low concentrations and inhibited DNA synthesis at higher levels.
Enantiomer separations using chloroacyl pentyl cyclodextrins as chiral GC stationary phases

Chloroacyl pentyl β-cyclodextrin derivatives were synthesized for use as gas chromatographic stationary phases. Capillary columns of identical phase ratios were prepared with the liquid undiluted monochloro-, dichloro-, and trichloroactyl phases and the respective column efficiency, capacity factor, and separation selectivity values were determined. For most of the enantiomeric pairs studied, monochloroacetyl pentyl β-cyclodextrin (M) offers the highest selectivity values, though at the expense of large capacity factors (long analysis times) and low column efficiencies. Dichloroacetyl pentyl β–cyclodextrin (D) provides a good compromise between sufficiently high chiral selectivities and acceptable column efficiencies. Trichloroacetyl pentyl β-cyclodextrin (T) permits the preparation of very efficient columns, but offers lower chiral selectivities than the other two chloroacyl derivatives. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Double bonding in aminoheterocycles. An X-ray and NQR study

Abstract An examination of the molecular geometries of the three monoaminopyridines and several similar molecules shows that the CNH 2 bond lengths are linearly correlated both with the dihedral angle between the ring plane and the NH 2 plane and with the degree of pyramidality at the amino nitrogen. Using 14 N NQR data and simple valence bond models corrected for the observed bond angles, it is shown that the π populations of the ring nitrogens and of the amino nitrogens are also linearly correlated with the CNH 2 bond lengths. Estimates of the charge transfer between the amino group and the ring are obtained as a function of bond length.
Photodissociation of vibrationally excited CH3Cl: modification of the dissociation dynamics

Abstract Vibrationally excited CH3Cl is prepared by laser excitation in the fourth CH stretch overtone transition and photodissociated at fixed wavelengths near 238 nm which also probe the Cl ( 2 P 3 2 ) and Cl ( 2 P 1 2 ) photofragments through (2 + 1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Jet cooling reveals two partially resolved bands, which are assigned as transitions to the local-mode [5,0,0]A1,E and [3,0,0] + 4ν2 (A1,E) levels. The ratio of Cl ( 2 P 1 2 ) to Cl ( 2 P 3 2 ) spin-orbit populations was found to be 1.08 ± 0.08 for 238 nm photolysis of vibrationally excited CH3Cl, significantly larger than the spin-orbit population ratio (0.27 ± 0.01) in Cl fragments from the 235 nm photolysis of ground state CH3Cl.
Tectonic evolution of forearc nappes of the active Banda arc-continent collision: Origin, age, metamorphic history and structure of the Lolotoi Complex, East Timor

Abstract An integrated multidisciplinary investigation of the Lolotoi Complex of East Timor (Timor Leste) indicates that it is part of the Banda forearc that was metamorphosed and rapidly exhumed during the Eocene and accreted to the NW Australian continental margin during Late Miocene to present arc–continent collision. Greenschist, graphitic phyllite, quartz–mica schist, amphibolite and pelitic schist dominate metamorphic rock types. Mineral, whole rock, and trace element geochemical analyses of metabasites indicate protolith compositions consistent with tholeiitic basalt and basaltic andesite with mixed MORB and oceanic arc affinities. Metapelite schist is mostly composed of metasedimentary units derived from mafic to intermediate rocks with oceanic to continental volcanic arc provenance. Thermobarometric calculations show peak metamorphic conditions of 530 °C to 680 °C for garnet–biotite pairs and amphibole, and peak pressures of 5 to 10 kbar for garnet–aluminosilicate–quartz–plagioclase assemblages. Peak metamorphism occurred at 45.36 ± 0.63 Ma, as indicated by Lu–Hf analyses of garnet. Detrital zircon grains have a U/Pb age distribution with spikes at 663, 120 and 87 Ma, which is typical of detrital zircon ages throughout the Great Indonesian Arc of Asia, but is distinct from Australian affinity units. These data indicate deposition and later metamorphism occurred after 87 Ma. Structural analyses of the metamorphic rocks and their sedimentary and volcanic cover units reveals 5–6 deformational phases of alternating shortening and extension. There is little to no evidence of strike-slip deformation. Phases 1–4 are inferred as pre-Oligocene from age determinations. Phases 5 and 6 are most likely related to latest Miocene to Pliocene nappe emplacement and Pliocene to present collisional deformation. Kinematic indicators show mostly top to the SE directed shortening and top to the south and SE extension. Structural mapping indicates that the Lolotoi Complex and some of its cover units are in thrust contact with underlying Gondwana Sequence rocks. Asian affinity volcanic and sedimentary cover units are found mostly in normal fault contact with metamorphic rocks. These data indicate that the Lolotoi Complex of Timor Leste is correlative with the Mutis Complex of West Timor and both form part of the Banda Terrane, which is composed mostly of dispersed fragments of the eastern Great Indonesian Arc. The study demonstrates the complex nature and deformational history of forearc basement.
The preparation and properties of sodium dinitro-bis-acetylacetonato-cobaltate(III) and some complexes of the type nitro-ammine-bis-acetylacetonato-cobalt(III)

Abstract On the basis of the chemical and spectral properties of sodium dinitro-bis-acetylacetonato-cobaltate (III), a trans configuration is suggested for this complex. A series of compounds, nitro-ammine-bis-acetylacetonato-cobalt(III), where ammine represents ammonia, ten substituted pyridines, quinoline, isoquinoline, imidozole and benzimidozole, have been prepared and their vibration and electronic spectra recorded. On the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, the latter compounds are assigned a trans configuration.
Attributions of Success, Grade Level, and Gender as Factors in Choral Students' Perceptions of Teacher Feedback

This study examined 120 secondary school choral students' perceptions of teacher feedback behaviors as a function of students' attributions of success in vocal music, grade level, and gender. Subjects rated 29 audiotaped excerpts of applied vocal instruction that featured teacher approval or disapproval behaviors. The tape presented four excerpts each for approval-improvement, approval-information, approval-control, person-praise, personal approval, norm-referenced approval, and five excerpts of disapproval. Subjects rated excerpts using four 7-point scales: good-bad, effective-ineffective, sincere-insincere, and appropriate-inappropriate. Subjects provided information concerning their attributions of success in vocal music. Responses were coded as internal-stable (ability), internal-unstable (effort), external-stable (task difficulty), and external-unstable (luck). Results indicated that (a) frequencies for students' internal-unstable and internal-stable attributions were greater than frequencies for ext...
Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2007

Abstract The 2007 Atlantic hurricane season had 15 named storms, including 14 tropical storms and 1 subtropical storm. Of these, six became hurricanes, including two major hurricanes, Dean and Felix, which reached category 5 intensity (on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale). In addition, there were two unnamed tropical depressions. While the number of hurricanes in the basin was near the long-term mean, 2007 became the first year on record with two category 5 landfalls, with Hurricanes Dean and Felix inflicting severe damage on Mexico and Nicaragua, respectively. Dean was the first category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic basin to make landfall in 15 yr, since Hurricane Andrew (1992). In total, eight systems made landfall in the basin during 2007, and the season’s tropical cyclones caused approximately 380 deaths. In the United States, one hurricane, one tropical storm, and three tropical depressions made landfall, resulting in 10 fatalities and about $50 million in damage.
Possible Serotonin Syndrome in Association With 5-HT3 Antagonist Agents

The serotonin syndrome results when serotonergic activity increases to abnormally high levels. It occurs with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), opioids, and other serotonergic agents when the serotonin system has been modulated by another serotonergic agent or compromised by illness. Although the symptoms are quite variable, the syndrome is characterized by a triad of altered mental status, neuromuscular abnormalities, and autonomic dysfunction. The authors report the probable occurrence of the serotonin syndrome with serotonin receptor subtype 3 (5-HT 3 ) antagonist therapy when used to control nausea associated with chemotherapy in two seriously ill children. The first case involves combined use with mirtazapine and the second with fentanyl. These agents may pose a potential risk when used in such combination in seriously ill patients.
Large plastic deformation of metallic honeycomb: orthotropic rate-independent constitutive model

Abstract This paper deals with the development of a phenomenological, orthotropic, rate-independent constitutive model of metallic honeycombs guided by earlier experimental investigations. Previous physical and virtual experiments have shown that under large out-of-plane deformation, the cellular microstructure of a honeycomb is progressively folded while the macroscopic normal and shear stress–strain curves exhibit pronounced stress plateaus. Furthermore, it follows from the experimental results that in a monolithic hexagonal honeycomb, the direction of macroscopic plastic flow during crushing under combined out-of-plane loading is coaxial with the direction of the compressive principal stress. Based on these experimental observations, a constitutive model is formulated that describes the out-of-plane mechanical behavior of a metallic honeycomb in the crushing and densification regimes. The model is incorporated into a commercial finite element code and successfully utilized to simulate several biaxial experiments on a hexagonal aluminum honeycomb. A universal procedure to calibrate the model for other types of metallic honeycombs is provided.
SPACs as Alternative Investments: An Examination of Performance and Factors that Drive Prices

This study provides an analysis of the U.S. market for Special Purpose Acquisition Corporations (SPACs) starting with a description of how the investment vehicles are structured, provides a brief history, explains the purpose that they serve in the IPO market, and documents the sizeable growth of the industry. The analysis provides various descriptive statistics such as the pricing structure, 1st year returns, 1st day returns, trading volume, size, and trust amounts. Lastly, we examine the relationship between the warrant price, share price, and other SPAC variables using regression models.
Spacecraft Autonomy at JPL

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has been involved in the incorporation of autonomous features in spacecraft design since the early 1960's. The unique requirements of deep space missions, such as long communication delay times, have been the major driver for increasing autonomous capabilities. More recently, the Viking Orbiter mission at Mars, and the Voyager missions to Jupiter and Saturn, have demonstrated great strides in planetary spacecraft autonomy. These capabilities offer not only increased protection for the spacecraft, but significant reduction in ground support manpower dedicated to spacecraft health and welfare. JPL is currently developing additional autonomous capabilities for the Galileo mission to Jupiter, and is studying autonomy applications for advanced NASA planetary missions. JPL is also supporting the U.S. Air Force's satellite autonomy program through a transfer of NASA planetary spacecraft experience, and a demonstration of autonomous health and welfare techniques on a selected Air Force satellite.
So Real Illusions of Black Intellectualism: Exploring Race, Roles, and Gender in the Academy

The absence of any written mainstream valuation of African American theories and historical relevancies presents a significant commentary and dilemma within the field of human communication studies and other disciplines as well. It forces committed African American intellectuals to ask ourselves if we have created a large enough arsenal of quality theories or if we have simply recycled theories produced by “observers” to describe our communicative behavior. If African American theories have been created, tested, and verified, then where are they, and why are they not being recognized by the academy? African American scholars must define what it means to be central to critical scholarship, determine whether this position has been achieved, and finally decide to continue to push the margins. This essay is to be read as an initial exploration that examines the sociopolitical factors of race and gender as contributing variables to the success of African American intellectualism.
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency: Adult Onset of Severe Symptoms

Abstract Deficiency of ornithine transcarbamylase, an enzyme in the urea cycle, results in hyperammonemia. The X-linked recessive inheritance results in neonatal death of affected males but a varia...
Developmental variability in frontal lobe function

This study examines the relationship between frontal lobe function and Piagetian formal operational reasoning processes in normal young adults. A standardized version of the classical Piagetian Shadows Task, a battery of neuropsychological measures commonly used to detect deficits associated with frontal lobe dysfunction, and four experimental tasks from cognitive psychology were administered to 58 young adults. Factor analysis revealed four well‐defined factors accounting for 70% of the variance. Examination of the analysis indicates strong relationships among results from the booklet form of the Category Test, the Trail Making Test‐Part B, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and the Piagetian measure of formal operational reasoning. Further, the Shadows Task was most strongly related to these variables and not to the other measures, including those of verbal abilities.
The petF region of the chloroplast genome from the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii: sequence, organization and phylogeny

We report the cloning and characterization of a 1881 bp Thalassiosira weissflogii (Bacillariophyceae, Centrales) plastid genomic fragment containing the ferredoxin gene (petF) and several other genes. The organization of this fragment is exactly the same as its equivalent region from the plastid genome of another centric diatom, Odontella sinensis, and the sequences share high homology in both coding and non-coding regions. Traces of a probable vestigial protein-coding gene and of a partial trn gene are found just after the trnR gene in both diatoms as well as in the plastid genome of the red alga Porphyra purpurea, illustrating the close relationship between red algal and heterokont algal plastid genomes and arguing in favour of the origin of the latter by secondary endosymbiosis. In accordance with phylogenetic analyses of most plastid genes, phylogenetic trees inferred from 69 ferredoxin sequences show that both the green and the red algal plastid genes arose from cyanobacterial genes; our results furt...
The Variance in Foreclosure Spillovers across Neighborhood Types

The estimation of foreclosure spillover effects has been the subject of a number of studies following the most recent housing market crash. An important issue largely overlooked by these studies is...
On the Approach to Statistical Equilibrium

We consider as a random process the distribution of a gas in momentum space as function of the time. The probability of changes of the distribution in infinitesimal time intervals is assumed to be given by the "Stosszahlansatz." For the Rayleigh model of a gas we derive the probability of a distribution as a function of the time. For the Boltzmann gas with microscopic reversibility we show that the probability of a distribution approaches the stationary value in the limit of infinite time.
Argillic Alteration and Uranium Emplacement on the Colorado Plateau

Argillic alteration is recognized in association with uranium deposits on the Colorado Plateau and along border areas. Alteration and mineralization are geometrically related in sedimentary strata where solution conduits result from lithologic and structural changes. The association also exists in collapse features and in breccia pipes. Occasional diatremes bearing uranium point to hypogene solution activity following igneous invasion as one original source for uranium ions. In several places ascending fluids apparently were confined under sufficient pressure to blast consolidated strata into vertical chimneys of brecciated masses. Pipes and fracture systems which transect porous strata provide paths along which hypogene solutions may ascend from depth and migrate horizontally. Alteration may extend both vertically and horizontally, encircling such areas.
Bombesin alters the sympathetic nervous system response to cold exposure

Abstract The accumulation of dopamine in interscapular brown fat, heart, kidney and mesenteric white fat has been used as an index of sympathetic nervous activity in rats in which dopamine β-hydroxylase has been blocked. Intracerebroventricular administration of bombesin impaired the cold-induced increase of dopamine accumulation in interscapular brown fat but not in other tissues. These studies provide evidence that bombesin acts within the central nervous system to modify efferent sympathetic nervous system responses to cold exposure in a viscerotopically specific manner. This action of bombesin is consistent with the other central nervous system actions of this peptide, i.e. inhibition of heat production and disruption of thermoregulation.
Reaction products from a discharge of N2 and H2S: The microwave spectrum of NH2SH

Abstract Thiohydroxylamine has been identified as one of the reaction products from the discharge reaction of N2 + H2S. Both cis and trans conformers have been observed. The rotational spectra have been studied from 56 to 170 GHz for the normal species and several deuterated isotopic species of each conformer. The electric dipole moments of both conformers have been determined. A number of the transitions of the cis conformer exhibit splittings due to the nuclear quadrupole moment of the 14N nucleus. A least squares fit of the frequency splittings have led to an analysis of the eQq values. Ab initio calculations using a 4-31G basis set both with and without polarization functions have been carried out to aid in the analysis and to provide a final structural comparison with the microwave results.
Analysis of grande and petite yeast mitochondrial DNA by tRNA hybridization

Abstract The hybridization of mitochondrial alanyl-, phenylalanyl-, isoleucyl- and glycyl-tRNAs with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of grande and cytoplasmic petite yeast has been studied. The tRNAs were charged in vitro with tritiated amino acids of high specific activity. All four mitochondrial tRNAs hybridized with mtDNA but not appreciably with nuclear DNA. Unlabeled yeast mitochondrial tRNA competed for the hybridization. Yeast supernatant tRNA competed only slightly or not at all. MtDNA was isolated from seven subclones of a spontaneously mutated cytoplasmic petite strain (R1–6) that we have previously found to be heterogeneous with respect to tRNA hybridization. Mitochondrial alanyl-tRNA hybridized with the mtDNA of all subclones. The level of hybridization equaled or exceeded that of grande DNA in all but two instances. On the other hand, isoleucyl-tRNA hybridized with the mtDNA of only one subclone. Phenylalanyl-tRNA hybridized with DNA of all subclones but with diminished effectiveness.
Electric field-induced phase transitions in ferroelectric oxides: An in situ TEM study (Invited)

High electric fields were delivered to specimens during imaging in the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) chamber to reveal details of electric field-induced phase transitions in ferroelectric oxides. These include the growth of polar nanodomains in a Sc-modified Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 ceramic and the R3c to R3m phase transition in a 0.02% Nb-doped Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 ceramic.
Functional clustering of neurons in motor cortex determined by cellular resolution imaging in awake behaving mice.

Macroscopic (millimeter scale) functional clustering is a hallmark characteristic of motor cortex spatial organization in awake behaving mammals; however, almost no information is known about the functional micro-organization (∼100 μm scale). Here, we optically recorded intracellular calcium transients of layer 2/3 neurons with cellular resolution over ∼200-μm-diameter fields in the forelimb motor cortex of mobile, head-restrained mice during two distinct movements (running and grooming). We showed that the temporal correlation between neurons was statistically larger the closer the neurons were to each other. We further explored this correlation by using two separate methods to spatially segment the neurons within each imaging field: K-means clustering and correlations between single neuron activity and mouse movements. The two methods segmented the neurons similarly and led to the conclusion that the origin of the inverse relationship between correlation and distance seen statistically was twofold: clusters of highly temporally correlated neurons were often spatially distinct from one another, and (even when the clusters were spatially intermingled) within the clusters, the more correlated the neurons were to each other, the shorter the distance between them. Our results represent a direct observation of functional clustering within the microcircuitry of the awake mouse motor cortex.
Down's syndrome and toddler temperament

Summary The temperament profiles of infants and toddlers with Down's syndrome were compared with those of a non-handicapped, age reference group. The comparison revealed that the children with Down's syndrome were generally similar to the non-handicapped group in terms of temperament characteristics. The results provide support for examining the temperament of children with Down's syndrome as a function of chronological rather than developmental age. The significance of documenting the diversity of behavioural styles among toddlers with Down's syndrome in evaluation and intervention is discussed.
Suboptimal Kalman filtering for linear systems with Gaussian-sum type of noise

This paper develops several suboptimal filtering algorithms for discrete-time linear systems that have state and/or measurement noise of the Gaussian-sum type. These new computational schemes are modifications and generalizations of the well-known algorithms of Sorenson and Alspach and of Masreliez. Under the common minimum mean square estimation criterion, these new schemes are derived as recursive computational algorithms. Monte Carlo simulations have shown that these new filtering algorithms significantly improve the computational efficiency and/or filtering performance of the existing algorithms.
The matrix-t distribution and its applications in predictive inference

The predictive distributions of the future responses and regression matrix under the multivariate elliptically contoured distributions are derived using structural approach. The predictive distributions are obtained as matrix-t which are identical to those obtained under matrix normal and matrix-t distributions. This gives inference robustness with respect to departures from the reference case of independent sampling from the matrix normal or dependent but uncorrelated sampling from matrix-t distributions. Some successful applications of matrix-t distribution in the field of spatial prediction have been addressed.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans adhesion inhibited in a flow cell.

Introduction: Microbial interactions are considered important in the adhesion process of pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity. This study addressed the hypothesis that a streptococcal biofilm influences the hard tissue colonization by the periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans under hydrodynamic conditions. Methods: The colonization of a green-fluorescent-protein-labelled A. actinomycetemcomitans strain on surfaces coated with a streptococcal biofilm, was monitored in real time using a confocal laser scanning microscope-mounted flow cell. Culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction data were obtained in parallel from a Modified Robbins Device. Results: Colonization of A. actinomycetemcomitans was inhibited by the four tested streptococci (Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus mitis). The most inhibiting species was S. sanguinis. Conclusion: These results confirmed the hypothesis that some bacterial species influence A. actinomycetemcomitans colonization of hard surfaces in vitro under hydrodynamic conditions.
Soil CO2 efflux simulations using Monte Carlo method and implications for recording paleo-atmospheric PCO2 in pedogenic gibbsite

Abstract Monte Carlo simulation testing of the sensitivity of the Fickian diffusion model used for paleo-PCO 2 proxies indicates that assuming annual average soil respiration rate results in over-estimation of PCO 2 . In all cases, the natural variability of the factors of the model, including soil porosity and inverse tortuosity and the δ 13 C value of the soil produced CO 2 were not able to account for discrepancies between measured δ 13 C values from a modern soil and modeled results using established assumptions. Assuming that there is negligible carbon isotope fractionation during the occlusion of CO 2 in pedogenic gibbsite, the flaw in the model appears to be the assumed value of soil respiration rate. If correct, the implication is that previous paleo-PCO 2 estimates from soil hydroxides may be too high by as much as a factor of ten.