cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Home to Hospital: Sustainable Transfers of Care in the United States

Due to a range of factors, including but not limited to obstetric complications, a person who had planned to give birth at home may be transferred to a hospital setting. These transfers of care can be facilitated in a sustainable manner by maintaining the pregnant individual’s support personnel, avoiding unnecessary replication of tests and procedures, limiting obstetric interventions to those medically indicated and desired by the pregnant individual, and eliminating the fragmentation of care between sites and providers during the transfer. The Best Practice Guidelines for transfers of planned homebirths to hospital settings, as developed by delegates to the Home Birth Summit, provide a humanized framework for these transfers that may be all the more urgent during disruptive times and for pregnant individuals who face additional vulnerabilities.
Early identification of epilepsy surgery candidates: A multicenter, machine learning study.

OBJECTIVES Epilepsy surgery is underutilized. Automating the identification of potential surgical candidates may facilitate earlier intervention. Our objective was to develop site-specific machine learning (ML) algorithms to identify candidates before they undergo surgery. MATERIALS & METHODS In this multicenter, retrospective, longitudinal cohort study, ML algorithms were trained on n-grams extracted from free-text neurology notes, EEG and MRI reports, visit codes, medications, procedures, laboratories, and demographic information. Site-specific algorithms were developed at two epilepsy centers: one pediatric and one adult. Cases were defined as patients who underwent resective epilepsy surgery, and controls were patients with epilepsy with no history of surgery. The output of the ML algorithms was the estimated likelihood of candidacy for resective epilepsy surgery. Model performance was assessed using 10-fold cross-validation. RESULTS There were 5880 children (n = 137 had surgery [2.3%]) and 7604 adults with epilepsy (n = 56 had surgery [0.7%]) included in the study. Pediatric surgical patients could be identified 2.0 years (range: 0-8.6 years) before beginning their presurgical evaluation with AUC =0.76 (95% CI: 0.70-0.82) and PR-AUC =0.13 (95% CI: 0.07-0.18). Adult surgical patients could be identified 1.0 year (range: 0-5.4 years) before beginning their presurgical evaluation with AUC =0.85 (95% CI: 0.78-0.93) and PR-AUC =0.31 (95% CI: 0.14-0.48). By the time patients began their presurgical evaluation, the ML algorithms identified pediatric and adult surgical patients with AUC =0.93 and 0.95, respectively. The mean squared error of the predicted probability of surgical candidacy (Brier scores) was 0.018 in pediatrics and 0.006 in adults. CONCLUSIONS Site-specific machine learning algorithms can identify candidates for epilepsy surgery early in the disease course in diverse practice settings.
Distinctive Clinicopathologic Features of Monomorphic B-cell Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders in Children:

IntroductionPost-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) comprise a heterogeneous group of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive or negative lymphoid or plasmacytic lesions in solid organ or h...
Point Based Solution Method for Communicative IPOMDPs.

Communicative interactive POMDPs (CIPOMDPs) provide a principled framework for optimal interaction and communication in multi-agent settings by endowing agents with nested models (theories of mind) of others and with the ability to communicate with them. In CIPOMDPs, agents use Bayes update to process their observations and messages without the usual assumption of cooperative discourse. We propose a variant of the point-based value iteration method, called IPBVI-Comm, to compute the approximate optimal policy of a CIPOMDP agent. We then use the IPBVI-Comm to study the optimal communicative behavior of agents in cooperative and competitive scenarios. Unsurprisingly, it is optimal for agents to attempt to mislead if their preferences are not aligned. But it turns out the higher depth of reasoning allows an agent to detect insincere communication and to guard against it. Specifically, in some scenarios, the agent is able to distinguish a truthful friend from a deceptive foe based on the message received.
High-growth Women's Entrepreneurship: Programs, Policies and Practices

While women’s entrepreneurship is widely recognized as a source of economic and social development, there is a persistent storyline that women entrepreneurs do not perform as well as their male counterparts, and research examining performance and growth shows inconclusive results regarding gender differences in performance and the causes of them. This introduction chapter defines programs, policies, and practices, and explains why they matter for understanding and stimulating higher levels of growth among women’s businesses. This chapter provides an outline for the book that is organized about three key themes that emerged from the research produced by the collaborators in this book: the practice of building networks, programs and the support environment, and policies and regulations. These three themes comprise the elements of our new framework for policies, programs and practices for high-growth women’s entrepreneurship.
BEACON: BEst Approximations for Complete BehaviOral HeterogeNeous SoCs

Approximate computing has shown to be an effective approach to generate smaller and more power-efficient circuits by trading the accuracy of the circuit vs. area/power. So far, most work on approximate computing has focused on specific components within a system. This severely limits the approximation potential as most Integrated Circuits (ICs) are now complex heterogeneous systems. This paper investigates if lower-power designs can be found through mixing approximations across the different components in the SoC as opposed to only aggressively approximating a single component. The main hypothesis is that some approximations amplify across the system, while others tend to cancel each other out, thus, allowing to maximize the power savings while meeting the given maximum error threshold. In this work, we consider the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC), CPU, hardware accelerators, and interconnect between all these components. Moreover, to quickly measure the effect of different approximation mixes, we have developed a framework that allows generating complete SoCs at the behavioral level through a bus generator and a library of synthesizable bus interfaces. This enables the use of fast simulation models (transaction and cycle-accurate) to accurately measure the error at the system’s output while measuring the benefit in terms of area or energy reduction of different mixes of approximations. Experimental results show that taking into account the entire system as oppose to only individual components leads to an additional average energy savings of 14% to 17% for different maximum error thresholds and the best case up to 39%.
Integrating airborne and mobile lidar data with UAV photogrammetry for rapid assessment of changing forest snow depth and cover

Abstract Forest structure and topography can influence the ecohydrologic function and resiliency to drought and changing climate. It is, therefore, important to understand how forest restoration treatments alter snowpack distribution and design the treatments accordingly. We use a combination of aerial lidar, multi-temporal terrestrial mobile lidar, and UAV photogrammetry to estimate rapidly changing snow depth and cover in northern Arizona, USA. We then examine the impact of forest structure and topography on snow depth and snow cover persistence to inform forest restoration treatments. Our results show that mobile lidar data can be used to estimate snow depth with standard errors of 8 cm when differenced with snow-off airborne lidar data. UAV-based Structure-from-Motion data can be used to estimate snow cover persistence with 92–97% overall accuracies in forested ecosystems. Random forest models indicate spatially varying importance of forest structural and topographic variables in predicting snow depth and cover persistence, when summarized at different spatial scales (from 5 m to 250 m) and with variable directional location offsets. Forest snow depth was best explained (R2 ≈ 0.46) by canopy height metrics at summary scales of >75 m, while canopy cover was most important at summary scales of 75 m) by topographic and forest patch characteristics (R2 ≈ 0.34). Our results demonstrate that 3-dimensional datasets are critical in rapidly characterizing changing snowpack to better understand the impacts of forest structure and topography to inform forest restoration treatment designs. The relationships observed in our study can inform currently ongoing regional-scale forest restoration in the southwest to improve forest health and resiliency.
NMR methods for exploring ‘dark’ states in ligand binding and protein-protein interactions

Abstract A survey, primarily based on work in the authors’ laboratory during the last 10 years, is provided of recent developments in NMR studies of exchange processes involving protein–ligand and protein–protein interactions. We start with a brief overview of the theoretical background of Dark state Exchange Saturation Transfer (DEST) and lifetime line-broadening (ΔR2) NMR methodology. Some limitations of the DEST/ΔR2 methodology in applications to molecular systems with intermediate molecular weights are discussed, along with the means of overcoming these limitations with the help of closely related exchange NMR techniques, such as the measurements of Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) relaxation dispersion, exchange-induced chemical shifts or rapidly-relaxing components of relaxation decays. Some theoretical underpinnings of the quantitative description of global dynamics of proteins on the surface of very high molecular weight particles (nanoparticles) are discussed. Subsequently, several applications of DEST/ΔR2 methodology are described from a methodological perspective with an emphasis on providing examples of how kinetic and relaxation parameters for exchanging systems can be reliably extracted from NMR data for each particular model of exchange. Among exchanging systems that are not associated with high molecular weight species, we describe several exchange NMR-based studies that focus on kinetic modelling of transient pre-nucleation oligomerization of huntingtin peptides that precedes aggregation and fibril formation.
Evidence for the presence of α-bungarotoxin in venom-derived κ-bungarotoxin

Publisher Summary The post-synaptic neurotoxins can be defined as either α-neurotoxins or κ-neurotoxins according to functional differences; however, the sequence and structural homology among the α- and κ-neurotoxins and among their respective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) suggests that the toxins might demonstrate cross-reactivity. This chapter describes the observation that recombinant κ-Bungarotoxin (κ-bgt) has an affinity for the muscle receptor— that is, 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than reported previously for venom derived κ-bgt. The functional comparison of venom-derived and recombinant κ-bgt is predicated on the assumption that the recombinant toxin is properly folded and accurately reflects the native affinity of κ-bgt for the muscle receptor. Both recombinant and venom-derived κ-bgt have shown an identical ability to block the nAChR in the chick ciliary ganglion, indicating that the recombinant toxin had attained its functional conformation. Whether the observed muscle receptor block is due in part to contamination by α-bgt can be answered definitively only by further purifying venom-derived κ-bgt, and showing that the active component in the sample is α-bgt by direct analysis. The chapter describes that potential cross contamination of venom-derived toxins suggested by these observations should be considered in the design and interpretation of any future studies, involving such toxins.
A prediction framework for cardiac resynchronization therapy via 4d cardiac motion analysis

We propose a novel framework to predict pacing sites in the left ventricle (LV) of a heart and its result can be used to assist pacemaker implantation and programming in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), a widely adopted therapy for heart failure patients. In a traditional CRT device deployment, pacing sites are selected without quantitative prediction. That runs the risk of suboptimal benefits. In this work, the spherical harmonic (SPHARM) description is employed to model the ventricular surfaces and a novel SPHARM-based surface correspondence approach is proposed to capture the ventricular wall motion. A hierarchical agglomerative clustering technique is applied to the time series of regional wall thickness to identify candidate pacing sites. Using clinical MRI data in our experiments, we demonstrate that the proposed framework can not only effectively identify suitable pacing sites, but also distinguish patients from normal subjects perfectly to help medical diagnosis and prognosis.
High electron density, atmospheric pressure air glow discharges

The pulsed electron heating effect has been studied on an atmospheric pressure air glow discharge. Application of a high voltage pulse causes a shift in the electron energy distribution function to higher energies. This causes a temporary increase of the ionization rate and consequently an increase of the electron density. The electron density after a 10 ns pulse application to a direct current glow discharge increased from its DC value of 2 10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/ to 2.8 10/sup 15/ cm/sup -3/. The average power density, required for sustaining the high pressure plasma with a given minimum electron density, was found to be lowered when the discharge was operated in a repetitive pulsed mode compared to a DC mode. For an atmospheric pressure air plasma, an average power density of 1.5 kw/cm/sup 3/ and 50 w/cm/sup 3/ is required for an average electron density of 10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/ and 10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/, respectively. This value is less by a factor of three than that required to sustain a DC plasma with the same base electron density.
Half De Rham complexes and line fields on odd-dimensional manifolds

In this paper we introduce a new elliptic complex on an odddimensional manifold with a self-dual line field. The notion of a self-dual line field is a generalization of the notion of a conformal line field. Ellipticity, Fredholm properties and Hodge decompositions of these new complexes are proved both in the case of a closed manifold and in the case of a manifold with boundary. The cohomology groups of these elliptic complexes are computed in some cases. In addition, in this paper, we generalize the notion of an antiself-dual connection on a smooth 4-manifold to a 3-manifold with a line field and a smooth 5-manifold with a line field. The above new elliptic complexes can be twisted by anti-self-dual connections in dimensions 3 and 5, but only by flat connections in dimensions above 5. This reveals a special feature of dimensions 3 and 5.
Compiler optimizations in the PACT HDL behavioral synthesis tool for ASICs and FPGAs

This paper describes the PACT HDL compiler, which allows users to develop algorithms in C and synthesize hardware designs onto FPGAs and ASICs. It also explicitly addresses low power issues during the high-level synthesis stages. Several power-saving compiler optimizations are discussed.
Interaction between alternative income measures

Abstract This study examines the incremental information content of current cost operating income over historical cost operating income. The model used to test for incremental information content incorporates interaction effects between these two measures of income, thus explicitly recognizing any complementary or substitution effects that may exist between current cost operating income and historical cost operating income. The empirical results indicate that current cost operating income has significant incremental information content over historical cost operating income. Second, the interaction variables are significant, indicating that the model is better specified with the inclusion of interaction terms. Third, the signs of the coefficients of the interaction variables indicate that current cost operating income and historical cost operating income are substitutes for one another.
Applying Vibration Models

This chapter focuses on the simple harmonic oscillator, with and without damping, with and without a forcing function, and in several different guises. These applications include the classical mechanical spring-mass system, inductor-capacitor oscillators, a parallel resistor–inductor–capacitor (RLC) circuit, the vibration of tall buildings, and oscillation in a cyclotron and of a vehicle suspension system. The electrical–mechanical analogy is useful to define the different terms in the various oscillator models. Forced vibration occurs when there is a persistent, repetitive input, such as the kind an air conditioning system imparts to the building it cools. The forced harmonic vibration of an oscillator involves the very important concepts of resonance and impedance. In impedance, the various elements (spring, mass, and damper) provide different response regimes, that is, frequency regimes that are controlled, respectively, by stiffness, mass, and damping. For the development of oscillatory behavior, systems must have elements with stiffness that store potential energy (springs and capacitors), elements with mass that store kinetic energy (masses and inductors), and elements that dissipate energy (dashpots and resistors). Stiffness may take many forms, but there must always be an element that stores potential energy in order for there to be an exchange with an element that stores kinetic energy.
Survey of cytopathologists and cytotechnologists for the clinical impact of the use of atypia or follicular lesion of undetermined significance.

Background: The cytologic diagnosis of atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) is controversial because of variation in how it is applied in practice, as well as uncertainty about patient management. We aimed to assess the percentage of thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs) with AUS/FLUS diagnoses in different North American and European practice settings (e.g. community, academic, etc.), assess whether patients were managed according to current guidelines, and determine patient outcomes. Materials and Methods: A detailed questionnaire survey was posted in secure websites used separately by cytopathologists and cytotechnologists. The questionnaire was posted from August 1 through December 31, 2013. Results: Endocrinologists and cytopathologists performed 51.7% and 37.1% of thyroid FNABs, respectively. The Bethesda reporting system for thyroid FNAB was used in 90% of practices. The rate of AUS/FLUS varied widely among institutions, with 46.1% of represented institutions reporting AUS/FLUS rates of 3-10%. The median follow-up rate of patients with an initial AUS/FLUS diagnosis was 70% (range, 10-100%). For the majority of represented institutions (86.4%), patients with initial AUS/FLUS diagnosis had follow-up with endocrinologists. Of repeat AUS/FLUS thyroid FNABs, a median of 52% was considered benign, and 18% were suspicious of or positive for malignancy (median, 10% and 7.5%, respectively). Conclusions: Reporting of the AUS/FLUS category varied widely among different institutions. The median follow-up rate was lower than published guidelines. The most common follow-up diagnosis was benign thyroid nodule. Improved standardization of cytologic criteria should be adopted to reduce such variation.
Intrapericardial denervation: responses to water immersion in rhesus monkeys

Eleven anesthetized rhesus monkeys were used to study cardiovascular, renal, and endocrine alterations associated with 120 min of head-out water immersion. Five animals underwent complete intrapericardial denervation using the Randall technique, while the remaining six monkeys served as intact controls. Each animal was chronically instrumented with an electromagnetic flow probe on the ascending aorta, a strain gauge pressure transducer implanted in the apex of the left ventricle (LV), and electrocardiogram leads anchored to the chest wall and LV. During immersion, LV end-diastolic pressure, urine flow, glomerular filtration rate, sodium excretion, and circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) each increased (P < 0.05) for intact and denervated monkeys. There were no alterations in free water clearance in either group during immersion, yet fractional excretion of free water increased (P < 0.05) in the intact monkeys. Plasma renin activity (PRA) decreased (P < 0.05) during immersion in intact monkeys but not the denervated animals. Plasma vasopressin (PVP) concentration decreased (P < 0.05) during the first 30 min of immersion in both groups but was not distinguishable from control by 60 min of immersion in denervated monkeys. These data demonstrate that complete cardiac denervation does not block the rise in plasma ANP or prevent the natriuresis associated with head-out water immersion. The suppression of PVP during the first minutes of immersion after complete cardiac denervation suggests that extracardiac sensing mechanisms associated with the induced fluid shifts may be responsible for the findings.
Uncertainty of Illness Relationships with Mental Health and Coping Processes in Fibromyalgia Patients

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic musculoskeletal pain condition poorly understood in terms of etiology and treatment by both physicians and patients. This condition of "uncertainty of illness" was examined as a variable involved in the adjustment of FMS patients, relating it to their depression, anxiety, affect, and coping styles. Fifty-one community-residing FMS patients provided self-report information on subsets of adjustment variables. Both cross-sectional and more dynamic longitudinal analyses showed that illness uncertainty was significantly associated with anxiety, negative affect, and avoidant and passive coping. Its positive relationship with depression was eliminated when a control variable, pain helplessness, was included as a covariate. Longitudinally, illness uncertainty interacted with interpersonally stressful daily events in predicting reports of reduced positive affect, suggesting that illness uncertainty acts as a risk factor for affective disturbances during stressful times. Implications of these results for therapeutic interventions are discussed.
Reconstructing labroid evolution with single-copy nuclear DNA

Fifteen per cent of all living fishes are united in a single suborder (Labroidei) and display a dazzling array of behavioural and ecological traits. The labroids are considered monophyletic and members share a pharyngeal jaw apparatus (PJA) modified for crushing and processing prey. Outside of the explicitly functional PJA, there is no corroborative evidence for a monophyletic Labroidei. Here, we report the first molecular phylogenetic analysis of the suborder. Contrary to morphology-based phylogenies, our single-copy nuclear DNA data do not support labroid families as a natural group. Our data indicate that pharyngognathy has evolved independently among labroid families and that characters of the PJA are not reliable markers of perciform evolution. This work 'crushes' conventional views of fish phylogeny and should engender novel concepts of piscine life history evolution.
Admixture and population replacement of the Sells Papago indians: three strategies.

Abstract Changes in rates of admixture on the Sells Papago Indian reservation over the last century are shown to reflect ethnohistorically recorded events of extra‐tribal contact. Three distinct strategies providing, in varying degrees, for the preservation of group identity were identified. It is argued that strategies favoring maximum preservation of ethnic identity have threatened the survival of the reservation breeding units because traditional patterns of mate selection are inconsistent with present settlement patterns and result in delay of mate selection and childbearing early in reproductive life.
ATTITUDES TOWARD THE POLICE: THE EFFECTS OF DIRECT AND VICARIOUS EXPERIENCE

Researchers have emphasized the importance of direct encounters with the police as a determinant of attitudes toward the police, yet cross-sectional studies allow for limited causal inference. This study includes the measurement of attitudes before and after encounters with the police among African American, Hispanic, and White residents of Chicago. Contrary to previous research, direct contact with the police during the past year is not enough to change attitudes, but vicarious experience (i.e., learning that someone else has had a good or bad encounter with the police) does influence attitudes in a predictable manner. Also, residents’ initial attitudes about the police play a critical role in shaping their judgments of subsequent direct and indirect experiences as well as their future attitudes. The findings are discussed in terms of stereotypes about the police that are resistant to change.
The distortion of electromagnetic pulses undergoing total internal reflection in a stratified troposphere

The treatment of total internal reflection of electromagnetic pulses at the sharp boundary of two homogeneous half-spaces is extended to cover the case of total internal reflection in a stratified nonionized half-space. It is indicated that any inhomogeneity of the reflecting medium perturbs each harmonic spectral component of the reflected pulse in phase and amplitude as both the real and the imaginary parts of the reflection coefficient actually become functions of the frequency.
Maintenance of Mating-induced, Regulatory Patterns in Castrated, Testosterone-treated Male Rats

Mating-induced changes in body weight and food intake were compared for intact male rats; orchiectomized rats, subdivided into three groups, according to treatment level of testosterone; and untreated, orchiectomized rats. All groups were mated twice-weekly for 6 weeks. Both the intact and the three-testosterone-treated, orchiectomized rats significantly decreased body weight and food intake in the 24-h period following mating. In addition, the 6 week weight gain of these groups was reduced. For the six week period, mating depressed mean food efficiency, but mean daily food intake was unaffected. These results show that the regulatory effects in mated rats are not dependent on the sexually-stimulated, acute rise in gonadal testosterone. Moreover, since the effects in the three testosterone-treated groups were similar both to those in intact males and to each other, the present results indicate that chronic differences in testosterone are not involved either. Nonetheless, there was evidence for an indirect role of testosterone. Untreated, orchiectomized rats initially mated and showed a decrease in body weight and food intake. However, after mating behaviors had ceased, the regulatory responses persisted only briefly. These findings indicate that testosterone plays a permissive or indirect role and that testosterone is essential in so far as it is necessary for the production of mating behavior in the male rat.
Noise Performance and SNR Threshold in PFM

Pulse frequency modulation (PFM) has been considered by several authors for transmitting wide-band signals. However, the noise performance of PFM has been analyzed only above the SNR threshold. In this correspondence the results on the noise performance of PFM available in the literature are summarized, and a more general expression describing noise performance of PFM, both above and below the SNR threshold, is derived. This expression can be used to evaluate the SNR threshold for channels with both signal-independent noise (e.g., metallic facilities) and signal-dependent noise (e.g., fiber optic facilities). In particular, it is shown that in systems with signal-independent white noise, the SNR threshold is approximately 20 dB.
Rayleigh-Lamb wave propagation on a fractional order viscoelastic plate

A previous study of the authors published in this journal focused on mechanical wave motion in a viscoelastic material representative of biological tissue [Meral et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 126, 3278–3285 (2009)]. Compression, shear and surface wave motion in and on a viscoelastic halfspace excited by surface and sub-surface sources were considered. It was shown that a fractional order Voigt model, where the rate-dependent damping component that is dependent on the first derivative of time is replaced with a component that is dependent on a fractional derivative of time, resulted in closer agreement with experiment as compared with conventional (integer order) models, such as those of Voigt and Zener. In the present study, this analysis is extended to another configuration and wave type: out-of-plane response of a viscoelastic plate to harmonic anti-symmetric Lamb wave excitation. Theoretical solutions are compared with experimental measurements for a polymeric tissue mimicking phantom material. As in the previous configurations the fractional order modeling assumption improves the match between theory and experiment over a wider frequency range. Experimental complexities in the present study and the reliability of the different approaches for quantifying the shear viscoelastic properties of the material are discussed.
The biological cost of consciousness.

Some philosophers maintain that consciousness as subjective experience has no biological function. However, conscious brain events seem very different from unconscious ones. The cortex and thalamus support the reportable qualitative contents of consciousness. Subcortical structures like the cerebellum do not. Likewise, attended sensory stimuli are typically reportable as conscious, while memories of those stimuli are not so reportable until they are specifically recalled.Reports of conscious experiences in normal humans always involve subjectivity and an implicit observing ego. Unconscious brain events are not reportable, even under optimal conditions of report. While there are claimed exceptions to these points, they are rare or poorly validated.Normal consciousness also implies high availability (rapid conscious access) of the questions routinely asked of neurological patients in the Mental Status Examination, such as common sense features of personal identity, time, place, and social context. Along with “current concerns,” recent conscious contents, and the like, these contents correspond to high frequency items in working memory. While working memory contents are not immediately conscious, they can be rapidly re-called to consciousness.The anatomy and physiology of reportable conscious sensorimotor contents are ultraconserved over perhaps 200 million years of mammalian evolution. By comparison, full-fledged language is thought to arise some 100,000 years ago in homo sapiens, while writing, which enables accel-erated cultural development, dates between 2.5 and 6 millennia. Contrary to some claims, therefore, conscious waking precedes language by hundreds of millions of years.Like other major adaptations, conscious and unconscious brain events have distinctive biological pros and cons. These involve information processing efficiency, metabolic costs and benefits, and behavioral pros and cons. The well known momentary limited capacity of conscious contents is an example of an information processing cost, while the very large and energy-hungry corticothalamic system makes costly metabolic demands.After a century of scientific neglect, fundamental concepts like “conscious,” “unconscious,” “voluntary” and “non-voluntary” are still vitally important, because they refer to major biopsychological phenomena that otherwise are difficult to discuss.
Getting There Cuando No Hay Camino (When There Is No Path): Paths to Discovery Testimonios by Chicanas in STEM

This essay outlines how the book, Paths to Discovery: Autobiographies from Chicanas with Careers in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering (Cantu, 2008) came about. I then use testimonio theory to analyze the narratives in this book as the data of a qualitative study, and I describe the general themes that the analysis highlights. 1 I scrutinize the factors that affected the authors’ success in school and career, including the roles of parents, teachers, extended family, and community; I also describe the impact of the intersection of gender, race, and class on their academic journeys. This article looks at Chicanas 2 in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and concludes with policy recommendations for increasing the number of Chicanas and Latinas in STEM.
Status of planar film memory

The planar film memory is presented as the most desirable type of memory on the basis of performance, having greater speed and reliability and lower power consumption. The various factors that have caused these memories to be economically unfeasible are explored with the conclusions that this is no longer the case. Dramatic new breakthroughs in element design and packaging are presented as further causes for a new low-cost potential. It is concluded that planar film memories will start immediately to displace ferrite cores on both a cost and performance basis.
Aberrant sporogonic development of Dmc1 (a meiotic recombinase) deficient Plasmodium berghei parasites.

Background In Plasmodium, meiosis occurs in diploid zygotes as they develop into haploid motile ookinetes inside the mosquito. Further sporogonic development involves transformation of ookinetes into oocysts and formation of infective sporozoites.
Differential sensitivity of venular and arteriolar α-adrenergic receptor constriction to inhibition by hypoxia: Role of receptor subtype and coupling heterogeneity

Abstract Reflex adrenergic constriction of the venous circulation is considerably less sensitive than the arterial circulation to local metabolic inhibition, but the basis for this difference remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether α-adrenergic receptor (AR) constriction of venular smooth muscle is in fact protected against inhibition by hypoxia, per se, and to examine possible mechanisms for this protection. An intermediate level of α1-AR (norepinephrine+rauwolscine) or α2-AR (UK 14,304+prazosin) tone was induced in rat cremaster skeletal muscle arterioles and venules (control lumen diameter, 134 and 194 μm, respectively), and tissue bath Po2 was lowered from the control value (30 mm Hg). Arteriolar α2-AR tone was inhibited by 29% at 5 mm Hg Po2 (P<.05), whereas arteriolar α1-, venular α1-, and venular α2-AR constrictions were unaffected. Like these findings obtained for in situ vessels with normal blood flow, α1-AR tone induced in vascularly “isolated” venules and basa...
Production functions and tract rents in Western U.S. surface coal mining

Abstract This study introduces the coal tract as an input to a mining production function and reports empirical estimates of surface coal mining technology in the Powder River Basin and Green River/Hams Fork region. Cobb-Douglas and constant elasticity of substitution production functions were estimated for twenty mines using data on capital, labor, and energy inputs from 1982 operations, and data describing tract geological characteristics. Several prominent results appear. The mines exhibit constant returns to scale, and the analysis could not detect any effects of depletion on mining costs across mines at different stages of exploitation. The Cobb-Douglas specification appears to be satisfactory. Using data on flows of capital services rather than simply on capital stocks, surface coal mining in these two regions appears much less capital-intensive than the nationwide estimate for surface coal mining previously offered. Of the geological characteristics considered in the analysis, only remaining reserves appear appropriately viewed as an input to mining. The stripping ratio has a very pronounced, negative effect on production, but it affects the productivity of all inputs rather than having its effects restricted to operating as a tract characteristic. Our methodology permits direct assessment of tract, or royalty, rent, which is almost exactly 12.5% of the value of output. Keeping in mind the limitations of the data base and the statistical nature of the estimate of 12.5%, we suggest that the current federal royalty rate of 12.5%, probably extracts a share of sales revenue very close to the government's `proper' share as owner of the tract. Sensitivity analysis of tract rents for representative mines, using prices, geological characteristics and estimated coefficients from the production function, indicates particular sensitivity to the stripping ratio, much more than to reserve base size.
Contrast Sensitivity and Color Vision in HIV-infected Individuals Without Infectious Retinopathy

Purpose To investigate the relationship between abnormal contrast sensitivity and abnormal color vision among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals who have normal visual acuity and to seek host factors that predict these abnormalities. Design Noninterventional, cross-sectional study. Methods We evaluated 71 HIV-infected subjects with visual acuity of 20/25 or better, clear media, and no vision-threatening retinal lesions. Visual function was determined using the Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity test and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue color test (FM-100). Results were compared with published values for normal populations and to measures of HIV disease severity. We evaluated two levels of impairment for each visual function. “Mild dysfunction” was defined as ≥1 standard deviation (SD), but Results The prevalences of abnormal contrast sensitivity and abnormal color vision were 7.0% and 9.9%, respectively. We did not identify relationships between impaired contrast sensitivity and impaired color vision. Impaired color vision was associated with increasing age (r = 0.36, P = .002). We could not identify significant correlations between either contrast sensitivity or color vision values and the following factors: current or nadir (lowest previous) CD4+ T-lymphocyte count, HIV blood level, and Karnofsky score. Conclusions Abnormal contrast sensitivity and abnormal color vision can occur independently in HIV-infected individuals and can be present in the absence of severe immunosuppression.
Complex Adaptive Immunity to Enteric Fevers in Humans: Lessons Learned and the Path Forward

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever, and S. Paratyphi A and B, causative agents of paratyphoid fever, are major public health threats throughout the world. Although two licensed typhoid vaccines are currently available, they are only moderately protective and immunogenic necessitating the development of novel vaccines. A major obstacle in the development of improved typhoid, as well as paratyphoid vaccines is the lack of known immunological correlates of protection in humans. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in understanding the complex adaptive host responses against S. Typhi. Although the induction of S. Typhi-specific antibodies (including their functional properties) and memory B cells, as well as their cross-reactivity with S. Paratyphi A and S. Paratyphi B has been shown, the role of humoral immunity in protection remains undefined. Cell mediated immunity (CMI) is likely to play a dominant role in protection against enteric fever pathogens. Detailed measurements of CMI performed in volunteers immunized with attenuated strains of S. Typhi have shown, among others, the induction of lymphoproliferation, multifunctional type 1 cytokine production and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses. In addition to systemic responses, the local microenvironment of the gut is likely to be of paramount importance in protection from these infections. In this review we will critically assess current knowledge regarding the role of CMI and humoral immunity following natural S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi infections, experimental challenge, and immunization in humans. We will also address recent advances regarding cross-talk between the host’s gut microbiota and immunization with attenuated S. Typhi, mechanisms of systemic immune responses, and the homing potential of S. Typhi-specific B and T cells to the gut and other tissues.
ACCURACY OF PHYLOGENETIC‐ESTIMATION METHODS UNDER UNEQUAL EVOLUTIONARY RATES

A comparative study of the accuracy of three different approaches to phylogenetic estimation was made on simulated data with differing rates of change in different lineages. The three approaches were maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and phenetic clustering. The data were generated by simulating genetic drift with different population sizes over a simple four-species tree topology. Although the accuracy of all three approaches was found to be dependent on the number of loci (characters), maximum likelihood was found to perform considerably and consistently better than maximum parsimony or phenetic clustering.
Increased collagen synthesis by Duchenne myogenic clones

Abstract Myogenic cell clones were grown in triplicates from 3 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 5 with late onset myotonic dystrophy, 2 with spinal muscular atrophy, 6 male children controls, 4 adult controls and 6 normal aborted fetuses (10–12 weeks old). The clones from patients with myotonic dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy had normal collagen synthesis. The fetal clones showed 3.3-fold lower values than control clones for [3H] extracellular (medium) hydroxyproline, while intracellular [3H]hydroxyproline levels showed normal values. Analysis of [3H]proline incorporation demonstrated a 4-fold increase in [3H]hydroxyproline released into the medium of Duchenne myogenic cell clones while intracellular [3H]hydroxyproline levels showed normal values. The collagen turnover of Duchenne clones was normal. These results strongly suggest that the increased amount of collagen present in Duchenne dystrophic muscle is related to the primary defect of the disease and is not due to secondary replacement fibrosis.
The relative influence of fire and herbivory on savanna three-dimensional vegetation structure.

Abstract The relative importance of fire and herbivory on vegetation structure has been the subject of much debate in savanna ecology. Fire regime and herbivore numbers are two key variables that managers of protected areas can manipulate to meet their conservation objectives. We deployed a new airborne remote sensing system (Carnegie Airborne Observatory) to the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa, to map a unique herbivore/fire exclusion experiment on basaltic soils. We collected high resolution (56 cm) three-dimensional (3-D) vegetation structural data over areas that have been protected from herbivores (34 yr) and/or fire (7 yr), as well as those exposed to both disturbance agents. Canopy height distribution, as well as the distribution of foliage within the vertical canopy profile, differed significantly between all treatments and between each treatment and the control area (Kolmogorov–Smirnov, p 9 m) and up to 66 times more small tree canopy (3–6 m). Fire restricted growth of vegetation in the 0–3 m height range, both in the absence and presence of herbivores. Our findings highlight the active role that conservation managers can play in modifying vegetation structure and heterogeneity through herbivore and fire management, as well as the value of 3-D remote sensing for the assessment of conservation management outcomes.
Webs of Entanglement: Complicity and Memorialization in Elfriede Jelinek's Die Kinder der Toten

This article examines the ways in which Elfriede Jelinek's 1995 horror novel, Die Kinder der Toten, confronts Austria's complicity in the Holocaust and challenges contemporary efforts to memorialize its victims. It concentrates on one figure in particular: an animated, monstrous web of hair [Haargespinst]. The Haargespinst serves as a metonym for the victims and becomes the vehicle by means of which the dead avenge themselves on the living. The Haargespinst furthermore enacts a critique of memorial spaces, particularly the museum at Auschwitz. In addition to discussing its function within the text, the article argues that the Haargespinst illuminates the poetics of the novel as a whole, helping make sense of its complicated narratorial positions, its use of generic tropes and cliches, and its critique of memory discourses around the Holocaust. Taking the Haargespinst as a point of departure, the article argues that Jelinek's social criticism and self-conscious narration make Die Kinder der Toten a work of...
Strong Purcell enhancement of emission from close-packed colloidal quantum-dots in a photonic-lattice cavity

High Purcell spontaneous emission enhancement factor of 116 is achieved by integrating a self-assembled, close packed monolayer of colloidal PbS quantum dots with a L3-type silicon photonic crystal cavity.
Learning a joint manifold with global-local preservation for multitemporal hyperspectral image classification

Adapting a pre-trained classifier with labeled samples from an image for classification of another temporally related image is a common multitemporal image classification strategy. However, the adaptation is not effective when the spectral drift exhibited in temporal data is significant. Instead of iteratively redefining classifier parameters, we exploit similar data geometries of temporal data and project temporal data into a joint manifold space where similar samples are clustered. The proposed classification framework is based on aligning global temporal data manifolds. In addition to global structures, we also consider the local scale by incorporating local point relations into the alignment process. In experiments with challenging temporal hyperspectral data, the proposed framework provides favorable classification results, compared to the baseline.
Photoaffinity labeling of rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin.

Abstract Photoaffinity labeling with bovine rhodopsin using a retinal with a fixed 11-cis-ene cross-linked exclusively to Trp-265/Leu-266 in helix F, showing that the β-ionone C-3 is close to helix F. Moreover, since these labeled amino acids are in the middle of helix F, while the Schiff-base linkage to Lys-296 at the other terminus of the chromophore is also in the middle of helix G, the chromophore lies horizontally near the center of the lipid bilayer. In bacteriorhodopsin, photoaffinity studies using a retinal with a C-10 tritiated phenylazide appended through a 13 A spacer cross-linked to Arg-175/Asn-176 on the cytoplasmic side of helix F; this indicates that 9-Me points toward the extracellular space. This result agrees with our earlier studies with 9-sulfate analogs but is opposite to that deduced by biophysical measurements.
Localization of VP4 neutralization sites in rotavirus by three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy

Three-dimensional structures of several spherical viruses have been determined by electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography. We report here the first three-dimensional structure of the complex between an intact virus and Fab fragments of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. The antibody is against VP4, one of the two outer capsid proteins of rotaviruses. These large icosahedral viruses cause gastroenteritis in children and young animals and account for over a million human deaths annually. VP4 in these viruses has been implicated in several important functions such as cell penetration, haemagglutination, neutralization and virulence. Here we demonstrate that the surface spikes on rotavirus particles are made up of VP4. Antigenic sites are located near the distal ends of the spikes and two Fab fragments bind to each of the sixty spikes. The mass of the spike indicates that it is a dimer of VP4. The bilobed structure at the distal end of the spike may be involved in both the attachment to the cell and in viral penetration. A novel feature in the virus-Fab complex is the structural difference between the two chemically equivalent Fab fragments on each spike, which could be indicative of variations in the Fab elbow angles.