cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some observations on teaching a software project course

The main purpose of a software project course is to give students experience in developing large software systems. The authors offer some observations and suggestions based on their experience teaching such courses. In particular, they make recommendations about selecting suitable projects, organizing student groups, use of development schedules, difficulties in finding qualified instructors, and the need for extra administrative support when teaching such a course.
Is There Natural Killer Cell Memory and Can It Be Harnessed by Vaccination? Natural Killer Cells in Vaccination

Natural killer (NK) cells have historically been considered to be a part of the innate immune system, exerting a rapid response against pathogens and tumors in an antigen (Ag)-independent manner. However, over the past decade, evidence has accumulated suggesting that at least some NK cells display certain characteristics of adaptive immune cells. Indeed, NK cells can learn and remember encounters with a variety of Ags, including chemical haptens and viruses. Upon rechallenge, memory NK cells mount potent recall responses selectively to those Ags. This phenomenon, traditionally termed "immunological memory," has been reported in mice, nonhuman primates, and even humans and appears to be concentrated in discrete NK cell subsets. Because immunological memory protects against recurrent infections and is the central goal of active vaccination, it is crucial to define the mechanisms and consequences of NK cell memory. Here, we summarize the different kinds of memory responses that have been attributed to specific NK cell subsets and discuss the possibility to harness NK cell memory for vaccination purposes.
Patients with Progressive Neurological Diseases

Sometimes it is not until residual impairments develop that the full implications of an incurable, debilitating disease become an emotional reality
FlexVol: flexible, efficient file volume virtualization in WAFL

Virtualization is a well-known method of abstracting physical resources and of separating the manipulation and use of logical resources from their underlying implementation. We have used this technique to virtualize file volumes in the WAFL® file system, adding a level of indirection between client-visible volumes and the underlying physical storage. The resulting virtual file volumes, or FlexVol® volumes, are managed independent of lower storage layers. Multiple volumes can be dynamically created, deleted, resized, and reconfigured within the same physical storage container. We also exploit this new virtualization layer to provide several powerful new capabilities. We have enhanced SnapMirror®, a tool for replicating volumes between storage systems, to remap storage allocation during transfer, thus optimizing disk layout for the destination storage system. FlexClone® volumes provide writable Snapshot® copies, using a FlexVol volume backed by a Snapshot copy of a different volume. FlexVol volumes also support thin provisioning; a FlexVol volume can have a logical size that exceeds the available physical storage. FlexClone volumes and thin provisioning are a powerful combination, as they allow the creation of light-weight copies of live data sets while consuming minimal storage resources. We present the basic architecture of FlexVol volumes, including performance optimizations that decrease the overhead of our new virtualization layer. We also describe the new features enabled by this architecture. Our evaluation of FlexVol performance shows that it incurs only a minor performance degradation compared with traditional, nonvirtualized WAFL volumes. On the industry-standard SPEC SFS benchmark, FlexVol volumes exhibit less than 4% performance overhead, while providing all the benefits of virtualization.
The Clinical Applications of the Biopsychosocial Model

In attempting to teach the biopsychosocial model (1–3) to medical students and house staff, I found that few would disagree with the basic concepts, but, for most, the model remained at the level of a homily psychiatrists were wont to give to nonpsychiatric colleagues about the importance of the psyche. While most students recognized that psychological factors were, indeed, important in the management of their patients, such as their personality styles and patterns of psychological defense, few were convinced of the role of the psychological factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of most medical disorders. Another problem with the traditional biopsychosocial model was that the open-ended interacting bio-psychosocial model did not render itself easily to a crisp medical case presentation format -- i.e., chief complaint, present illness, past history, etc.
Detection and Evaluation of Potential Hazards to Human Health Chairman’s Comments

This morning our speakers will present several approaches for assessing genetic toxicity, including plant and animal systems. As with any scientific experiment, we should be evaluating each assay system in regard to: the adequacy of controls, the statistical validity of the effects, the completeness of metabolism by activating systems, the relevance of the genotoxic endpoints to germinal or somatic mutation, and the relevance of the biological system and genotoxic endpoints to mutation in humans.
How many pounds of oxygen do we "eat" each day?

As teachers we feel the need to do more than merely teach basic facts and concepts. We want to make the subject matter more relevant; we would like to help integrate the various threads of the stud...
Analysis of Male and Female Athletes’ Muscle Activation Patterns During Running, Cutting, and Jumping

This chapter provides an overview of muscle activation patterns during running, cutting, and jumping in athletes. Biomechanical factors such as the kinetics and kinematics of these types of movements that share a complex interaction with muscle activation patterns are discussed. Electromyographical studies of the muscles commonly associated with the ankle, knee, and hip joint for these sports activities are summarized. The muscle activations required for reducing ACL injuries in female athletes are provided for specific biomechanical risk factors. Exercises that optimally activate these muscles which may provide dynamic control and potentially reduce ACL injuries are described.
Comparison of EUS-guided versus percutaneous and transjugular approaches for the performance of liver biopsies

Abstract Background Liver biopsy through endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has become a novel approach for tissue acquisition. We aim to evaluate the adequacy of EUS-guided liver biopsies in comparison to those obtained through interventional radiology (IR) techniques. Methods A retrospective single-center analysis was performed of all IR (transjugular or image-guided percutaneous) and EUS-guided liver biopsies performed at an academic medical center from January 2016 to January 2018. Patient demographics, histologic characteristics, and clinical outcomes were collected. Results 152 procedures were included for analysis. 45% of liver biopsies were performed through EUS-guidance. The most common indication for liver biopsy was NASH fibrosis staging (n = 64). IR-guided biopsies contained a higher number of complete portal triads (13.6 vs. 10.8 p ≤ 0.01) while EUS-guided biopsies produced an increased total specimen length (4.6 cm vs. 3.6 cm p ≤ 0.01).47% of biopsy samples were fragmented with the majority of these (72%) occurring with EUS-guided procedures (p ≤ 0.01). IR-guided biopsies led to more complications in comparison to EUS-guided procedures (p = 0.03) Conclusion Liver biopsies performed through EUS-guidance are comparable to IR-guided liver biopsies and may have an enhanced safety profile with acceptable tissue acquisition characteristics. Standardization of techniques and needles is needed for optimization of tissue sampling.
AGING, DELIRIUM, AND POST-INTENSIVE CARE SYNDROME: NOVEL TREATMENTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS: Session 311

Abstract Delirium has been traditionally defined as an acute onset of fluctuating cognitive status, usually in the context of precipitating medical or surgical events. Most interventions have focused on in-hospital prevention and pharmacologic symptom-focused management. Recent data suggest, however, that delirium may be better conceptualized as a chronic disorder, with long-term cognitive, mental health, and physical effects. Delirium also impacts family members who witness loved ones suffering in the hospital and care for them after discharge. Currently, there are no evidence-based models focused on delirium survivors and their caregivers. This symposium presents innovative clinical care approaches and ongoing research that promote both the well-being of patients suffering from delirium, and their family members who care for them. Examples will focus on the intensive care unit (ICU) population because of the high prevalence of ICU delirium and the rapidly increasing number of ICU survivors. In this symposium, we will cover novel pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches, including a pharmacologic bundle of care to treat established delirium, a personalized music intervention to prevent delirium, and a visual reality intervention to treat delirium. The second part will focus on groundbreaking work in two new areas of delirium clinical care and research: models of care for delirium survivors, and mental health symptoms in family members of patients with delirium. This part starts off with a presentation about models of care and ongoing clinical trials for ICU survivors. The Critical Care Recovery Center (CCRC) is a novel model of care for survivors of ICU delirium, and one of the first ICU survivor clinics in the U.S. Then there will be discussion about ongoing novel research trials to study the efficacy of home based care in ICU survivors, and a cognitive and physical training program to ameliorate long-term cognitive impairment from ICU delirium. Finally, there will be a presentation about PICS-family (PICS-F), the mental health symptoms that family members of ICU patients experience, and treatment approaches for caregivers of patients with delirium.
A Validated, Specimen-Specific Finite Element Model of the Supraspinatus Tendon Mechanical Environment

Rotator cuff tears are a significant clinical problem previously investigated by unvalidated computational models that either use simplified geometry or isotropic elastic material properties to represent the tendon. The objective of this study was to develop an experimentally validated, finite element model of supraspinatus tendon using specimen-specific geometry and inhomogeneous material properties to predict strains in intact supraspinatus tendon. Three-dimensional tendon surface strains were determined at 60°, 70°, and 90° of glenohumeral abduction for articular and bursal surfaces of supraspinatus tendon during cyclic loading to serve as validation data. A finite element model was developed using the tendon geometry and inhomogeneous material properties to predict surface strains for loading conditions mimicking experimental loading conditions. Experimental strains were directly compared with computational model predictions to validate the model. Overall, the model successfully predicted magnitudes of strains that were within the experimental repeatability of 3% strain of experimental measures on both surfaces of the tendon. Model predictions and experiments showed the largest strains to be located on the articular surface (~8% strain) between the middle and anterior edge of the tendon. Importantly, the reference configuration chosen to calculate strains had a significant effect on strain calculations, and therefore must be defined with an innovative optimization algorithm. This study establishes a rigorously validated, specimen-specific computational model using novel surface strain measurements for use in investigating the function of the supraspinatus tendon and to ultimately predict the propagation of supraspinatus tendon tears based on the tendon's mechanical environment.
The health utility of mild and severe dysphonia

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The impact of disease states can be measured using health state utilities, which are values that reflect economic preferences for health outcomes. Utilities for dysphonia have not been studied using direct methods. The objective of this project was to establish the baseline health utilities of mild and severe dysphonia from a societal perspective. STUDY DESIGN Direct utility elicitation survey. METHODS Four health states (monocular blindness, binocular blindness, mild dysphonia, and severe dysphonia) were evaluated by a convenience sample of adults recruited from the general public with three computer-aided estimation techniques (visual analog scale [VAS], standard gamble [SG], and time trade-off [TTO]). Standardized descriptions and voice recordings from multiple dysphonic patients were employed. Perfect health was defined as a utility of 1, with death 0. Analysis of variance with post hoc pairwise comparison was used to calculate significant differences between health states. RESULTS Three hundred participants were surveyed, and 225 (75.0%) responses met quality thresholds. Severe dysphonia (VAS = 48.3, SG = 0.810, TTO = 0.798) was valued significantly worse than monocular blindness (VAS = 56.2, SG = 0.834, TTO = 0.839) on the VAS (P < .001) and equivalent on SG and TTO; it was preferred over binocular blindness (VAS = 25.7, SG = 0.631, TTO = 0.622; P < .001) with all methods. Mild dysphonia evaluated favorably with all methods to the other health states (VAS = 78.5, SG = 0.902, TTO = 0.908; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Voice disorders may have a measurable impact on utility, with severe dysphonia valued equivalently to monocular blindness. Mild dysphonia has a utility decrement from perfect health. These estimates are critical for quality-of-life assessment and could be used to assess cost-effectiveness of treatments for voice disorders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 130:1256-1262, 2020.
Auditory Narrative Does Not Improve Learning when Added to Visual Computer-Based Learning Modules.

Computer-based learning (CBL) is considered by many to be an effective means of education. However, features of computer-based modules purported to contribute to learning have not been studied with medical student education. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of auditory supplements in a computer-based instructional module on learning and knowledge retention. A prospective, randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of two types of web-based instructional presentations used to teach key aspects of systems-based practice to fourth-year medical students. The intervention and control group each received a computer-based module comprised of the same mix of visual and written material, but the intervention group also received an auditory narration of the materials. The primary outcome measures were the difference in the students’ scores between the two modules using an online 8-item knowledge test completed immediately after the first exposure to the module and again 1 to 7 months later. Students were also asked whether they considered themselves auditory learners. Learning efficiency (the amount of learning per unit time) was calculated for each student and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare scores between the two groups. One hundred thirty fourth-year medical students were randomized by a computer program to one of the two modules. All students completed the first knowledge test and 86 (66%) students completed the second test. Test scores did not differ significantly between the two groups in either the first or the second test. Learning efficiency was lower in the intervention group. Self-identification as auditory learners had no effect on performance. The addition of narration to a computer-based instructional module did not improve learning or knowledge retention even in students who self-identified as auditory learners and resulted in overall lower learning efficiency.
CHAPTER 186 – AKAP Signaling Complexes: The Combinatorial Assembly of Signal Transduction Units

Understanding the molecular organization of intracellular signaling pathways is a topic of considerable research inter-est. Multiprotein signaling complexes create focal points of enzyme activity to disseminate the intracellular action of many hormones and neurotransmitters. The spatio-temporal activation of protein kinases and/or phosphatases is important in controlling where and when phosphorylaton events occur. Anchoring proteins and targeting subunits provide a molecular framework that orients protein kinases and phosphatases toward selected substrates. Prototypic examples of these "signal-directing molecules" are A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) that sustain multi-component signaling complexes of the cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) and G proteins and other enzymes. These protein-protein interactions not only focus PKA toward certain substrates but also spatially segregate parallel signaling pathways.
Review of David Kershaw, The Foundations of Anglo-American Corporate Fiduciary Law

How does legal doctrine form, why does it change, and why do doctrines with a common starting point, in legal systems with a shared heritage, diverge? This essay reviews and critiques a book by David Kershaw that addresses these questions. The book charts the evolution of corporate fiduciary law in the United Kingdom and United States and, comparing the two systems, explains how and why the respective legal regimes evolved as they did. Kershaw weighs in on contested U.S. scholarly debates, confronting the common claim that doctrinal change is less the product of internal logic or strict precedent than a response to extra-legal factors, including interest group politics, policy concerns, and state competition for corporate charters. Kershaw rejects this claim, offering other, provocative accounts for the production of U.S. corporate fiduciary law and for Delaware’s lead in attracting incorporations.
Ocular Features in Turner Syndrome

The prevalence of ocular disorders is higher in individuals with Turner syndrome than in the general population. Significant refractive error and strabismus are common and can lead to irreversible amblyopia if not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. Ptosis and color vision deficiency are also commonly seen, with varying impact on daily activities and visual development. Nystagmus, congenital or childhood onset cataracts, and glaucoma are rare in any population, but are more frequent in the setting of Turner syndrome. Regular ophthalmologic examinations beginning in the first 12–18 months of life, or sooner if concerns are identified, are important to ensure timely identification and management of ocular disorders to maximize the visual potential of children with Turner syndrome.
Risk of kidney toxicity with carfilzomib in multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

The incidence and relative risk of kidney toxicity with carfilzomib in multiple myeloma (MM) has been incompletely characterized. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing carfilzomib-based with non-carfilzomib-based regimens in MM to investigate the risk of kidney toxicity. Point estimates were pooled in the form of risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the random-effects model. We identified four RCTs with 2954 patients. The median duration of treatment ranged from 16.3 to 88 weeks in carfilzomib arms. The cumulative rate of kidney toxicities in the carfilzomib arms was 21.3% for all grades and 8.3% for grades 3–5 toxicities, with acute kidney injury being the predominantly reported event. Patients receiving a carfilzomib-based regimen had a significantly higher risk of total kidney toxicity compared with those in the control arms, with pooled RR of 1.79 (95% CI, 1.43–2.23, p < 0.001) and 2.29 (95% CI, 1.59–3.30; p < 0.001), for all grades and grades 3–5 toxicities, respectively. Despite adjustment for the duration of exposure in treatment arms, pooled incidence rate ratios (IRR) for kidney toxicity was significantly increased in the carfilzomib arm compared with control (pooled IRR of 1.28 for all grades and 1.66 for grades 3–5 toxicity). Subgroup analysis based on carfilzomib dose, infusion length, and treatment setting did not identify any significant subgroup effect. Kidney toxicity is an important adverse effect of carfilzomib-based regimens. Prospective studies should investigate patient-, disease-, and treatment-related risk factors for severe kidney toxicities and impact on long-term outcome.
Cardiac Rehab for Functional Improvement

Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) was originally designed to return patients to their prior level of functioning after myocardial infarction (MI). Research has since revealed the mortality benefit of CR, and CR has been given a class 1A recommendation by the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC). In this review, we shift our focus back to function and highlight the most recent research on the functional benefits of CR in a broad range of cardiac diseases and conditions. Currently, CR is indicated for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), and cardiac transplant. Among patients with those conditions, CR has been shown to improve exercise capacity, cognition, mental health, and overall quality of life. As survival of cardiac diseases increases, CR emerges as an increasingly important tool to lend quality to patients’ lives and therefore give meaning to survival.
Bringing Inclusive Diversity to Data Science: Opportunities and Challenges

As data science research continues to expand into a variety of applied fields, the need for talented and diverse individuals has been widely acknowledged. Despite this acknowledgement, data science lags behind other STEM disciplines in achieving a diverse workforce. Through work we have undertaken in the past as part of the Broadening Participation in Data Mining workshop (BPDM) and our work with ACM SIGKDD, we seek to build a better workforce that is positioned to address the data science problems of the next hundred years. A significant barrier to trainee long-term career success is their limited ability of underrepresented trainees to demonstrate their analytical abilities and sophisticated inferential talents to address key data issues in our community. In this talk we will present an overview of the goals of the Diversity and Inclusion track and share our vision for how we bridge this diversity divide that our society and our data science workforce needs right now. We are interested in how diversity is encountered across ethnic, gender, and ability identities. To this end we have prepared an exciting new program activities to facilitate broader conversations in the data science field that cover not only technical ideas but innovative thinking in what the future of data science can look like if we diversify the group of contributors and enlarge those included.
Some necessary conditions for allowing the PQ scale as high as M GUT in SUSY models with an axino or neutralino LSP

We examine some conditions which are needed to allow the Peccei-Quinn scale (f a ) as high as the SUSY GUT scale (M GUT ∼ 1016 GeV) in the context of the PQMSSM with either an axino or a neutralino LSP. The main problem in non-SUSY models with f a ∼ M GUT is the generation of an overabundance of axion dark matter (∼ f a 7/6) due to vacuum misalignment. We show that once all the components of the axion supermultiplet are included, the upper limit on f a can be evaded due to large entropy injection from saxion decays. This large entropy injection also dilutes all other quasi-stable relic densities, naturally evading the BBN constraints and solving the gravitino problem. We find that f a ∼ M GUT can be allowed by relic density/BBN constraints provided that the saxion mass m s ≲ 50TeV, the initials axion field value is of order of the PQ scale and the initial axion mis-alignment angle θ i ≲ 0.05. These restrictions can be considerably loosened for f a ∼ 1015 GeV. The allowed range for the re-heat temperature (T R ) is strongly dependent on the nature of the LSP. For the axino LSP, T R ≳ 108 GeV, while for neutralino LSP any value is allowed. In the latter case, f a ∼ M GUT can be more easily accommodated than in the axino LSP scenario. For f a ∼ M GUT in SUSY models, the dark matter abundance should be dominated by axions, albeit with mass m a ∼ 10−10 eV, far below the region currently probed by experiment.
Classical Common Law Jurisprudence (Part I)

(2002). Classical Common Law Jurisprudence (Part I) Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 155-180.
Endoscope-assisted greater neurovascular palatal bundle release in cleft palatoplasty

Performing surgery in the oral cavity is difficult because of the limited view of the surgical field. Intraoral surgery for infantile oral disorders, such as cleft palate, is even more challenging. Endoscopy provides a minimally invasive approach and clear surgical view in surgeries with a constrained field of view. To date, very few reports have described endoscope-assisted palate surgery for children with cleft palate. At the authors' institution, endoscopes have been used in primary palatoplasty using the double-opposing Z-plasty technique. A novel endoscope-assisted procedure is described herein, in which a dissection around the greater palatine neurovascular bundle is used to obtain tension-free closure of the palatal cleft. With this technique, it was possible to minimize the application of additional von Langenbeck-type relaxation incisions, which were previously introduced in most of our cases; the relaxation incision was successfully circumvented in 42.3% of cases. This led to lesser surgical interference, which possibly resulted in favourable palatal development. It was also found that the endoscopic procedure did not increase the operation time or blood loss when compared to those patients who underwent the non-endoscopic procedure. It is concluded that endoscopic guidance is quite useful in primary palatoplasty procedures with a constricted surgical view.
J’Accuse: An Essay on Animus

Posits that a President or other state actor who acts out of animus toward racial or religious minorities does not deserve constitutional protection under the plenary power doctrine or any other prerogative or immunity. Such an actor acts ultra vires and deserves no greater judicial consideration than would an ordinary actor, such as a grocer or back-room clerk.
Optimal Transport on Networks

Have you ever thought about how to ship a collection of packages from their original locations to fi nal destinations, how to construct a wall using a pile of bricks, or how to pair customers with providers in an industrial supply chain? If your answer is yes to any of these questions, you thought about optimal transport. If your answer is no, you still must have encountered problems like how to drive from one location to another in the shortest time or distance or how to walk from one place to another quickly. We all have thought about optimal transport, either consciously or subconsciously. The problem can be as simple as moving a box from one point to another in a straight line (which obviously is the optimal solution), or it can be more complicated (when the number of packages becomes large and the optimal solution can't be identifi ed easily, even with the help of modern supercomputers).
Controlling the Complexity of Hierarchical Scheduling Frameworks

Hierarchical scheduling frameworks are a new scheduling paradigm where multiple system schedules are integrated (one-within-another). HSFs presents a multi-layered complexity problem that system engineers are struggling to contain. A promising trend in the aerospace and defense industry is to employ Digital Engineering’s Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to deal with the complexity of HSFs. MBSE permits the abstraction of application-specific details that can radically speed up system design exploration. Thus, this paper investigates how the output from an HSF algorithm can be converted into an MBSE modeling language that enables architectural exploration for resource allocation. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) Modeling and Analysis of Real-Time and Embedded Systems (MARTE) Profile is the chosen unified modeling language of MBSE. The modeling language is used with an HSF application for demonstration purposes. The approach in this paper seeks to limit tool use by combining an inline verification method (Genetic Algorithm) with a new MBSE workflow.
Rhizosphere microbiome selection by Epichloë endophytes of Festuca arundinacea

Loline alkaloids produced by Epichloe spp. are known to deter feeding by insect herbivores while also serving as a significant carbon source for certain epiphytic bacteria on tall fescue leaves. In this study we examined the role of loline alkaloids in attracting certain bacteria to the rhizosphere of tall fescue plants that harbor loline producing fungal endophytes. Population studies were used to compare the fitness of known loline catabolizing strains to other rhizosphere bacteria. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA fragments compared the composition of bacterial communities inhabiting the endophyte infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) rhizosphere to those of endophyte free fescue plants. Rhizosphere population studies demonstrated that loline catabolizing strains Burkholderia ambifaria 7R and Pseudomonas aureofaciens outcompete and suppress the growth of non-loline catabolizing strains. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA fragments showed greater percentages of certain plant growth promoting bacteria in rhizosperes seeded with B. ambifaria 7R than non-inoculated soils. Rhizospheres of endophyte infected plants showed higher species richness (Shannon diversity index = 4.03) over endophyte free rhizospheres (Shannon diversity index = 3.08) and a greater percentage of Firmicutes. The differences in microbial community composition between endophyte-infected and endophyte-free rhizospheres suggest that the presence of fungal endophytes influences microbial community structure. Loline alkaloid production may be one proxy by which the fungal endophyte shapes microbial communities, as evidenced by increased fitness of loline catabolizing bacteria in the tall fescue rhizosphere.
Project Information Literacy: What Can Be Learned About the Information-Seeking Behavior of Today's College Students?

Project Information Literacy (PIL) has conducted six studies since 2008 to investigate what it is like to be a college student in the digital age. Survey and interview data has been collected from more than 11,000 US college students to investigate how they find, evaluate, and use information for their course work and for addressing issues that arise in their everyday lives. This paper highlights findings from these studies. In particular, the students surveyed have reported having more difficulty with defining and narrowing research topics than with conducting searches for materials, and they use the same small set of information resources when conducting course-related and everyday life research. Taken together, findings from the six studies suggest these students use strategies driven by efficiency and predictability in order to manage and control the vast amount of information that is available to them. PIL’s typology is reviewed about the four information contexts undergraduates seek during their research processes.
More on long string dynamics in gravity on AdS 3 : Spinning strings and rotating BTZ black holes

In this paper we study the classical dynamics of long strings in ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{3}$, generalizing our previous study, arXiv:1410.3424, to rotating strings and BTZ black holes. As in the nonrotating case, BTZ black holes are generated in the large tension limit, in which string backreaction must be taken into account. When backreaction is properly accounted for, collapsing heavy, physical, rotating strings do not generate naked singularities but only BTZ black holes, including extremal ones. The rotating string must contain world-sheet excitations in order to have consistent equations of motion; we describe such additional degrees of freedom implicitly in terms of an effective equation of state.
Chapter 32 The clinical neurophysiology of myoclonus

Publisher Summary Myoclonus is a clinical symptom (or sign) defined as sudden, brief, shock-like, involuntary movements caused by muscular contractions or inhibitions. There are two major methods for the classification of myoclonus: etiological and physiological. Both methods offer different advantages and insights. Over time, the myoclonus literature has created strong and useful associations between clinical, etiological, and neurophysiological findings. Thus, the various etiologies of myoclonus have had “clinico-electrophysiologic” types described for them. Etiological classification provides a framework to match a patient's myoclonus to an etiology from a comprehensive list of disorders. However, there are at least three advantages to classifying the myoclonus with regard to its physiology. First, physiology can provide localizing information for the myoclonus and thus can provide at least partial localization for diagnosis of the underlying process. Second, some physiological myoclonus types are characteristic for certain disorders, so identifying their presence can aid in identifying certain underlying diagnoses. Third, certain myoclonus treatments are known to have variable success, depending on the physiological myoclonus type being treated. Comparing and contrasting the myoclonus physiology in various disorders provides insights about the disease processes that create them. The myoclonus physiology in the essential or epileptic categories is similar within the clinical category, but the types of myoclonus physiology seen in symptomatic myoclonus are much more variable. Thus, as with many other clinical problems, neurophysiology acts as a useful extension of the clinical evaluation.
Improved blotch detection in color old films through a robust preprocessing

Blotches are artifacts that contaminate old films and cause the loss of some information in the film. Their detection is required prior to any restoration. The goal of this paper is to reduce the false alarm rate of the detection. By assuming that blotches correspond to local illumination variations between the degraded frame and its surrounding ones, the novelty of the approach we propose is threefold. Firstly, an appropriate photometric parametricmodel is adopted. Secondly, a motion analysis involving a robust adaptive cross-correlationmeasure is used to locally measure the illumination variation. Thirdly, the extension to color sequences is performed. Experimental evaluation shows the efficiency of the proposed preprocessing.
Intelligent web-based whole body visualization for anatomy education.

Few subjects are as foundational to the practice of medicine as gross anatomy, yet few subjects are as resource-intensive to teach. The expense of cadavers, the high cost of maintaining lab spaces, and the increasing scarcity of the highly qualified expertise to teach the subject is driving the creation of software-based virtual methods of delivering instructional content to a willing population of technology-savvy students. There exists a collection of software-based solutions for anatomy instruction which have each contributed unique features facilitating the adoption of rich, digital learning environments. Biolucida [1], a 3D Virtual Realty based anatomy scene generator, takes another step toward promoting anatomy instruction in silico by allowing authors to create custom scenes and interactive lessons, including audio narration. Bioloucida also includes the ability to use intelligent queries to build scenes, with the assistance of the Foundational Model of Anatomy [2]. The FMA knowledgebase enables scene construction via queries such as “construct a scene from structures that are continuous with the aorta” rather than using a traditional line-item approach. While the functionality of Biolucida has allowed for the creation of novel interactive content, the system has suffered from an acute lack of 3D models. In this report, we describe a process of applying intelligent scene generation to a newly acquired complete set of 3D models representing the whole human body.
Extent of resection and overall survival for patients with atypical and malignant meningioma

BACKGROUND The prognosis for patients with atypical and malignant meningioma is guarded; whether the extent of resection is associated with survival-based outcomes in this population remains poorly defined. This study investigated the association between gross total resection (GTR) and all-cause mortality in patients with atypical and malignant meningioma. METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program was used to identify 575 and 64 patients betweens the ages of 18 and 70 years who were diagnosed with atypical and malignant meningioma, respectively, between 2004 and 2009. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the adjusted impact of GTR versus subtotal resection on all-cause mortality. RESULTS Baseline patient characteristics were similar for patients who did undergo GTR and patients who did not undergo GTR. The 5-year overall survival rates were 91.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 86.2%-94.5%) and 78.2% (95% CI, 70.0%-84.3%) for patients with atypical meningioma who did and did not undergo GTR, respectively, and 64.5% (95% CI, 45.9%-78.1%) and 41.1% (95% CI, 17.9%-63.1%) for patients with malignant meningioma who did and did not undergo GTR, respectively. After adjustments for available, pertinent confounding variables, GTR was associated with lower all-cause mortality in patients with atypical (hazard ratio, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.23-0.67; P < .001) and malignant meningioma (hazard ratio, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.15-0.81; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS The extent of resection is a powerful predictor of outcome for patients with atypical and malignant meningioma. These data highlight the hazard associated with the presence of gross tumor bulk after surgery and suggest a value for more extensive resections that should be balanced against the additional potential morbidity. Cancer 2015;121:4376–81. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Assembly of the Alu domain of the signal recognition particle (SRP): dimerization of the two protein components is required for efficient binding to SRP RNA.

Abstract The signal recognition particle (SRP), a cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein, plays an essential role in targeting secretory proteins to the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane. In addition to the targeting function, SRP contains an elongation arrest or pausing function. This function is carried out by the Alu domain, which consists of two proteins, SRP9 and SRP14, and the portion of SRP (7SL) RNA which is homologous to the Alu family of repetitive sequences. To study the assembly pathway of the components in the Alu domain, we have isolated a cDNA clone of SRP9, in addition to a previously obtained cDNA clone of SRP14. We show that neither SRP9 nor SRP14 alone interacts specifically with SRP RNA. Rather, the presence of both proteins is required for the formation of a stable RNA-protein complex. Furthermore, heterodimerization of SRP9 and SRP14 occurs in the absence of SRP RNA. Since a partially reconstituted SRP lacking SRP9 and SRP14 [SRP(-9/14)] is deficient in the elongation arrest function, it follows from our results that both proteins are required to assemble a functional domain. In addition, SRP9 and SRP14 synthesized in vitro from synthetic mRNAs derived from their cDNA clones restore elongation arrest activity to SRP(-9/14).
The Cost of Distress: Survival, Truncation Risk and Valuation

Traditional valuation techniques - both DCF and relative - short change the effects of financial distress on value. In most valuations, we ignore distress entirely and make implicit assumptions that are often unrealistic about the consequences of a firm being unable to meet its financial obligations. Even those valuations that purport to consider the effect of distress do so incompletely. In this paper, we begin by considering how distress is dealt with in traditional discounted cash flow models, and when these models value distress correctly. We then look at ways in which we can incorporate the effects of distress into value in discounted cashflow models. We conclude by looking at the effect of distress on relative valuations, and ways of incorporating its effect into relative value.
Hamster Weight Patterns Predict the Intensity and Course of Schistosoma haematobium Infection

Abstract: Although Syrian golden hamsters are widely used as hosts for experimental infection by Schistosoma haematobium, surprisingly little is known about the course of infection and associated intensity (as defined by measures of parasite burden). As such, we sought to define inexpensive, simple, noninvasive, and accurate methods for assessing and predicting the severity of disease in S. haematobium–infected hamsters in order to prevent premature hamster sacrifice and unexpected morbidity and mortality. Through monitoring the weight and behavior of infected hamsters, we determined that the weight-loss patterns of infected hamsters are highly correlated with commonly used measures of the severity of infection (i.e., numbers of eggs passed in the stool, worm burdens, and total egg yields). In contrast, we found no significant correlation between hamster weight-loss patterns and egg yields from liver and intestinal tissues. Our findings suggest that a more complex relationship exists among worm burden, f...
Environmental Regulations, Transfers, and Trade: Theory and Evidence

Abstract This paper develops a theory of compensation of producers for the costs associated with environmental regulations. We show that the existence of transfers can give counter-intuitive effects of environmental policy on both output and trade flows. In particular, the compensation obtained by producers neutralizes the effect of environmental policy on output, and consequently on trade flows. This may help explain why previous empirical research has found weak evidence that environmental regulations affect trade patterns. The theory is tested using agricultural sector data. The evidence supports the hypothesis that environmental regulations and transfers are positively correlated.
Steric effects in tin-phenyl cleavage by substituted 8-quinolinol

Abstract A series of compounds of the type Cl 2 Sn(Ox′) 2 (where Ox′ is a substituted 8-quinolinolate) have been prepared by tin-phenyl cleavage of diphenyltin dichloride at 180°C. The kinetics of the reaction have been studied with 2-methyl-8-quinolinol and diphenyltin dichloride in dimethyl sulfoxide at 192° and compared with the kinetic pattern using 8-quinolinol. Kinetics with both chelating agents follow pseudo-first order rate law: rate = ( k 1 + k 2 [HOx′] n [(C 6 H 5 ) 2 SnCl 2 ]). Both show a mass-law retardive effect with added tetramethylammonium chloride. The values of n also differ; 2 for 8-quinolinol and 1 for the 2-methyl derivative. The evidence for incursion of steric effects and the significance is considered.
Transferrin receptor-independent uptake of differic transferrin by human hepatoma cells with antisense inhibition of receptor expression

The hepatic uptake of transferrin-bound iron by a nontransferrin receptor (NTR)-mediated process was investigated using the human hepatoma cell line HuH7. Because HuH7 cells also acquire iron from transferrin by a receptor (TR)-mediated process, TR expression was inhibited by transfecting the cells with a plasmid containing human TR complementary DNA in antisense orientation relative to a human cytomegalovirus promoter/enhancer element. Cell clones were obtained that expressed a 50% to 60% reduction in cell surface TR, leading to a corresponding decrease in transferrin and iron uptake compared with wild-type cells. Uptake of transferrin by a second process was nonsaturable and not inhibited by a 100-fold excess of unlabeled transferrin. The amounts of transferrin taken up by the wild-type and antisense cells by this process were similar, showing that it did not involve TR. The proteolytic enzyme Pronase reduced the uptake of transferrin, suggesting that the NTR-mediated process entailed the nonsaturable binding of transferrin to plasma membrane proteins. This process, like the TR-mediated one, involved the internalization and recycling of transferrin, leading to accumulation of iron with time. Iron uptake mediated by NTR process was saturable and displaced by 100-fold excess unlabeled transferrin and reduced by weak bases and metabolic inhibitors. Therefore, the NTR-mediated process entailed transferrin adsorption to membrane-bound proteins, internalization, and release of iron from transferrin by a pH-dependent step followed by the intracellular transport of iron into ferritin and heme by a saturable carrier-mediated mechanism.
Observation of the flux-line lattice in superconducting V3Si

Abstract A small-angle neutron-diffraction technique has been used to obtain the first direct observations of a well-defined flux-line lattice (FLL) in the mixed state of a single-crystal sample of the A-15 compound V 3 Si. From the measurements made at 4.85 K, the form factor of the FLL was deduced, and found to be nearly London-like. For a scattering geometry employing the neutron beam parallel to the flux lines, the sample rocking-curve widths reveal that there is no significant correlated bending of the flux lines greater than ± 0.3° from the mean direction of their axes. With the neutron beam orthogonal to the flux lines, the FLL morphology was determined, and found to be strongly correlated with the symmetry properties of the crystal axis parallel to the applied magnetic field.
Biot poroelastic model of soils

Measurements of a soil surface using a laser Doppler vibrometer are associated with the vibration velocity of the solid particles. Therefore, to model these measurements the deformation of the solid granular frame must be described. To properly account for the coupling of sound into the earth's surface it must be modeled as a porous medium. One model described wave propagation through porous materials with a deformable framework was developed by Biot. Poro- elastic material, described by Biot, can support two dilatational waves and one rotational wave. The dilatational waves are usually referred to as fast, or type I, waves and slow, or type II, waves. These waves deform both the solid and fluid components as they propagation. An overview of the Biot poro-elastic model is presented. Laboratory measurements on an air-filled unconsolidated packing of sand, are discussed to illustrate the predicted behavior of poro-elastic materials. The sand was excited using an acoustic wave from an air-borne source. The transmitted waves were detected using geophones and microphones buried within the sand. These measurements are compared to those using a mechanical shaker in contact with the surface.
Origin of OH Chemiluminescence during the Induction Period of the H2–O2 Reaction behind Shock Waves

The intensity and the rate of increase of light emitted by the OH* 2Σ+→2II(0–0) transition were studied during the induction period behind shock waves in 5% H2—95% air mixture. Induction‐zone temperatures ranged from about 1000° to 1900°K, and the initial pressure was 10 Torr. A standard lamp was used to calibrate the optical system, so that photomultiplier signals could be transformed to OH* concentration. The results are interpreted in terms of radical‐recombination reactions. It is found that OH* is formed in the reaction H+O2+H2→H2O+OH* and is effectively quenched, in these experiments, only by water. The excitation process is an inefficient reaction, with an average rate constant of 2×105 liter2/mole2·sec.