cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular biology of atherosclerosis

For much of the last century, the development of arteriosclerosis was regarded as an inevitable degenerative process. Osler stated: "the stability of tubing of any sort depends on the structure and on the sort of material used; and so it is with the human being. With the poor variety of elastic and muscular fibers in the blood vessels, some are unable to resist the wear and tear of daily life" [1]. Recently, thinking regarding atherogenesis has evolved from vague concepts of inevitable degeneration to a more precise sequence of molecular and cellular events. As we enhance our understanding of its fundamental mechanisms, we can begin to approach atherogenesis as a modifiable process. Eventually, mastery of the cell and molecular biologies of atherosclerosis may permit the development of novel strategies for mitigating this prevalent disease. Atherogenesis in humans generally occurs over many years, often measured in decades. Lesion initiation may occur as early as childhood. Lesion evolution and growth varies according to heredity, gender, and well-defined risk factors. Complications of atheroma that usually underlie the acute manifestations of this disease may come about suddenly. Some individuals with atherosclerosis may never have symptoms, others may have only chronic stable manifestations, and yet others may experience fatal or life-threatening acute events without having passed through a phase of chronic symptoms. This review will consider in turn each of the three major phases in the life history of an atheroma. We will discuss aspects of lesion initiation, progression, and complication. Rather than attempting a comprehensive overview, we will focus primarily on selected examples where new information sheds light on potential molecular mechanisms underlying these pathologic processes.
A process specification of expert lawyer reasoning

The ability to think like a lawyer is an often heard phrase but a vaguely understood phenomena. What is lawyer reasoning? Does it differ from reasoning in other fields and disciplines? This paper begins to answer these questions by explicating the problem solving and reasoning processes of an experienced practicing attorney and law professor in the field of housing law. A particularly noteworthy finding of these investigations involves the subject's construction and use of “component” mental models and “stories”. The active construction of mental models and the coherence of stories comprise the expert's problem solving and ald indexing and retrieval of legal theories from previous case experiences in episodic memory. These characteristics have strong architectural consequences for the use of artificial intelligence tools and techniques in law. Parallels are drawn between the approach taken in this study of lawyer reasoning and the growing body of research on “mental models”. Current efforts aimed at specifying the conceptual differences between novice and expert practitioners are outlined.
Observations of plasma injection into the ring current during substorm expansive phase

[1] The injection of plasmas during the expansive phase of four substorms was investigated with global auroral images and simultaneous measurements of plasmas and magnetic fields in the plasma sheet near the magnetic equator. The high-resolution images were gained at far-ultraviolet wavelengths with the Earth Camera on board the Polar spacecraft and the observations of plasmas and magnetic fields were acquired with the Geotail spacecraft at radial distances in the range of 11 to 15 RE. For each of the substorms an ion flow burst was detected with maximum speeds in the range of 200 to 400 km/s and durations of several minutes. The ion bulk flow was directed earthward. For the first time auroral images recorded the position of the flow bursts as the leading edge of the westward or eastward traveling surge during the expansive phase of the substorm. The time intervals from the substorm onset as recorded by the camera until the detection of the flow pulse at the Geotail spacecraft ranged from 3 to 11 min. With the exception of one event which was located near the duskside magnetopause, the ion velocity distributions were characterized by the same densities and temperatures during and after the flow pulse for each of the individual events. For three of the events the electron temperature increased by a factor of about 2 after passage of the flow pulse. For the fourth event the spacecraft was not in the plasma sheet prior to the flow pulse, and hence this temperature increase could not be determined. Substantial fluctuations of the magnetic fields accompany the flow pulses. The electron and ion spectra were smoothly varying during the flow pulses without evidence of the highly structured spectral features due to combined gradient and electric field drifts which are well documented for particle injections near the 6.6-RE synchronous orbit. The measurements at the Geotail spacecraft position support the existence of the previously proposed “injection front” for plasmas which is due to transient earthward convection during the expansive phase of substorms. This convection occurs during the diversion of the equatorial current sheet into the ionosphere at locations inside the Geotail position.
Polymeric membrane electrodes with high nitrite selectivity based on rhodium(III) porphyrins and salophens as ionophores.

Several porphyrin and salophen complexes with Rh(III) are examined as ionophores to prepare nitrite selective polymeric membrane electrodes. All ionophores tested exhibit preferred selectivity toward nitrite anion. Enhanced potentiometric nitrite selectivity is observed in the presence of either lipophilic anionic as well as cationic sites within the membranes, suggesting that the ionophores can function via either a charged or a neutral carrier response mechanism. Among a range of complexes and membrane formulations examined, optimal nitrite selectivity and reversible response down to 5 × 10−6 M is achieved using Rh(III)-tetra(t-butylphenylporphyrin) as the ionophore in the presence of lipophilic cationic sites in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane. Response times are substantially longer than typical membrane electrodes apparently because of a slow nitrite ligation reaction with Rh(III); however, a significant improvement in dynamic EMF response can be realized by optimizing the membrane formulat...
An Adaptive Framework Coping with Dynamic Target Speed for Device-Free Passive Localization

The problem of device-free passive localization aims on locating moving objects which do not carry any localization devices. The rationale of this problem is based on the fact that a moving object can result in the changes of received signal strength (RSS) of the wireless links. Existing studies on this problem usually do not consider the impact of dynamic target speed on device-free passive localization. However, the experiments show that the localization performance degrades substantially when an object is moving at dynamic speed. To meet this challenge, in this paper, we propose an adaptive device-free passive localization framework which has three components to detect target speed change and perform adaptive localization. This framework can be easily adapted for existing device-free localization methods which are based on the detection of signal strength changes. As demonstrated in the experiments, the proposed framework can lead to 50 and 30 percent improvement on median and maximum error respectively over the localization algorithms without considering dynamic moving speeds of the target.
Septal lesions and hyperdipsia in the Mongolian gerbil

Abstract Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) were subjected to anterior septal lesions. Lesions involved primarily the septal and parolfactorial areas bilaterally. Following the lesions, gerbils became hyperdipsic compared to previously obtained baseline measurements. Lesioned animals also showed prolonged water ingestions following the injection of hyperoncotic solutions compared both to non-lesioned controls and their own preoperative responses. Finally, results indicate that response inhibition following septal lesions in gerbils seems unimpaired as differential-reinforcement of-low-rate response performance was at preoperative levels. These results suggest that portions of the septal area of the gerbil forebrain function in a similar manner to that reported in the white rat.
Surface Passivation And Barrier Height Enhancement Of N-type In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As Sc≍hottky Barrier Photodiodes

Studies of surface passivation and new barrier height enhancement of n-type In0.53Ga0.47As Schottky barrier photodiodes have been carried out in this work. For surface passivation, various dielectric films such as Si02, Si3N4 and polyimide were studied and compared. The results showed that MSM photodiodes passivated with polyimide film yielded the lowest leakage current, whereas the Si02 passivated device had the highest leakage current. A new barrier height enhancement method on n- type In0.53Ga0.47As Schottky diodes was developed by depositing a thin graded superlattice of In0.53Ga0.47As/Ino.52A10.48As (10 periods, 60 Aper period) on n- In0.53Ga0.47As epilayer using MBE technique. Effective barrier heights of 0.71 and 0.60 eV were obtained for Au and Cr Schottky contacts deposited on this graded superlattice, respectively.
Dependency algebra: a theoretical framework for dependency management in real-time control systems

The large and complex dependency relationship between software components is at the root of system instability. A seemingly minor fault can propagate along dependency chains and bring down the system. Therefore, the first step in the development of a robust system is the management and control of dependency relations between software components. The two contributions of this paper are: 1) a refinement of the commonly used failure semantics in the context of a real time control system; 2) the development of a dependency algebra. Component dependency relationships can be described in terms of a set of refined failure semantics mappings, enabling differentiation and comparison of different relationships and designs. The system-wide evaluation and tracking of these dependency relationships are performed using dependency algebra.
A Mode-Matching ΔΣ Closed-Loop Vibratory-Gyroscope Readout Interface with a 0.004°/s/√Hz Noise Floor over a 50Hz Band

A mode-matching DeltaSigma closed-loop vibratory-gyroscope readout interface fabricated in a 0.35 mum CMOS process is presented. This paper describes the architecture and circuits used to exploit mode matching effectively to attain order-of-magnitude noise and power dissipation reductions over state-of-the-art implementations without sacrificing other aspects of system performance. As micromachined vibratory gyroscopes push to lower noise floors, mode matching is necessary to moderate interface power dissipation. Our design overcomes these limitations by using force feedback to achieve a stable scale factor, a well defined phase relationship, and a bandwidth well in excess of 50Hz, commensurate with the requirements of automotive and consumer applications.
A Model-Theoretic Approach to Specification, Extension, and Implementation

The questions of specification and particularly extensions of abstract data types are investigated within the framework of many-sorted logic and model theory. A new constructive method of extensions of abstract specification is presented defining a notion of a first order constructor. This is useful for step-wise development of specifications. A first order relative completeness and consistency theorem is proved guaranteeing that the extension method is sound. This is a syntactic preservation theorem for type extension. A corresponding semantic preservation theorem follows as a simple generalization of a known result of model theory.
Observation of an EF2 tornado winds using networked radar test-bed

Tornadoes are known as a high-impact weather hazard with fine-scale space-time variability. To detect, monitor and track tornadoes requires very high spatiotemporal resolution sensing observations. Initiated to address this need, a networked sensing concept was recently introduced, known as DCAS paradigm, and a networked Doppler radar system was engineered and deployed in southwest Oklahoma. The system is automated in a closed-loop adaptive control scheme. A scan strategy was developed for dual-Doppler wind measurement close to the ground by optimizing the sensing resource of this multi-nodes radar network. Facilitated by this optimized scan strategy, Doppler wind product was generated in real-time. This paper presents the observations and Doppler wind product of an EF2 tornado touchdown. An offline evaluation of this event demonstrates the improved capability of the networked sensing for detecting and tracking the lower-level tornadic circulation.
Prenatal Craniofacial Development: New Insights On Normal and Abnormal Mechanisms

Technical advances are radically altering our concepts of normal prenatal craniofacial development. These include concepts of germ layer formation, the establishment of the initial head plan in the neural plate, and the manner in which head segmentation is controlled by regulatory (homeobox) gene activity in neuromeres and their derived neural crest cells. There is also a much better appreciation of ways in which new cell associations are established. For example, the associations are achieved by neural crest cells primarily through cell migration and subsequent cell interactions that regulate induction, growth, programmed cell death, etc. These interactions are mediated primarily by two groups of regulatory molecules: "growth factors" (e.g., FGF and TGF alpha) and the so-called steroid/thyroid/retinoic acid superfamily. Considerable advances have been made with respect to our understanding of the mechanisms involved in primary and secondary palate formation, such as growth, morphogenetic movements, and the fusion/merging phenomenon. Much progress has been made on the mechanisms involved in the final differentiation of skeletal tissues. Molecular genetics and animal models for human malformations are providing many insights into abnormal development. A mouse model for the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), a mild form of holoprosencephaly, demonstrates a mid-line anterior neural plate deficiency which leads to olfactory placodes being positioned too close to the mid-line, and other secondary changes. Work on animal models for the retinoic acid syndrome (RAS) shows that there is major involvement of neural crest cells. There is also major crest cell involvement in similar syndromes, apparently including hemifacial microsomia. Later administration of retinoic acid prematurely and excessively kills ganglionic placodal cells and leads to a malformation complex virtually identical to the Treacher Collins syndrome. Most clefts of the lip and/or palate appear to have a multifactorial etiology. Genetic variations in TGF alpha s, RAR alpha s, NADH dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in oxidative metabolism, and cytochrome P-450, a detoxifying enzyme, have been implicated as contributing genetic factors. Cigarette smoking, with the attendant hypoxia, is a probable contributing environmental factor. It seems likely that few clefts involve single major genes. In most cases, the pathogenesis appears to involve inadequate contact and/or fusion of the facial prominences or palatal shelves. Specific mutations in genes for different FGF receptor molecules have been identified for achondroplasia and Crouzon's syndrome, and in a regulatory gene (Msx2) for one type of craniosynostosis. Poorly co-ordinated control of form and size of structures, or groups of structures (e.g., teeth and jaws), by regulatory genes should do much to explain the very frequent "mismatches" found in malocclusions and other dentofacial "deformities". Future directions for research, including possibilities for prevention, are discussed.
The organization of narrative discourse in Lewy body spectrum disorder

Narrative discourse is an essential component of day-to-day communication, but little is known about narrative in Lewy body spectrum disorder (LBSD), including Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We performed a detailed analysis of a semi-structured speech sample in 32 non-aphasic patients with LBSD, and we related their narrative impairments to gray matter (GM) atrophy using voxel-based morphometry. We found that patients with PDD and DLB have significant difficulty organizing their narrative speech. This was correlated with deficits on measures of executive functioning and speech fluency. Regression analyses associated this deficit with reduced cortical volume in inferior frontal and anterior cingulate regions. These findings are consistent with a model of narrative discourse that includes executive as well as language components and with an impairment of the organizational component of narrative discourse in patients with PDD and DLB.
Abundance, complexation, and trafficking of Wnt/β-catenin signaling elements in response to Wnt3a

Background: Wnt3a regulates a canonical signaling pathway in early development that controls the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and its activation of Lef/Tcf-sensitive transcription of developmentally important genes. Results: Using totipotent mouse F9 teratocarcinoma cells expressing Frizzled-1 and biochemical analyses, we detail the influence of Wnt3a stimulation on the expression, complexation, and subcellular trafficking of key signaling elements of the canonical pathway, i.e., Dishevelled-2, Axin, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and β-catenin. Cellular content of β-catenin and Axin, and phosphoglycogen synthase kinase-3β, but not Dishevelled-2, increases in response to Wnt3a. Subcellular localization of Axin in the absence of Wnt3a is symmetric, found evenly distributed among plasma membrane-, cytosol-, and nuclear-enriched fractions. Dishevelled-2, in contrast, is found predominately in the cytosol, whereas β-catenin is localized to the plasma membrane-enriched fraction. Wnt3a stimulates trafficking of Dishevelled-2, Axin, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β initially to the plasma membrane, later to the nucleus. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer measurements reveal that complexes of Axin with Dishevelled-2, with glycogen synthase kinase- 3β, and with β-catenin are demonstrable and they remain relatively stable in response to Wnt3a stimulation, although trafficking has occurred. Mammalian Dishevelled-1 and Dishevelled-2 display similar patterns of trafficking in response to Wnt3a, whereas that of Dishevelled-3 differs from the other two. Conclusion: This study provides a detailed biochemical analysis of signaling elements key to Wnt3a regulation of the canonical pathway. We quantify, for the first time, the Wnt-dependent regulation of cellular abundance and intracellular trafficking of these signaling molecules. In contrast, we observe little effect of Wnt3a stimulation on the level of protein-protein interactions among these constituents of Axin-based complexes themselves.
Vigorous Physical Activity and Fall Occurrence

The purpose of this study was to examine whether vigorous physical activity, defined as sports, heavy housework, or a job that involves physical labor, is associated with falls, falls with a serious injury, broken hip, and fall frequency. This study uses the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) database survey developed by the University of Michigan to examine the relationship of key attribute variables (in addition to vigorous physical activity) associated with falls. The sample consisted of 11,226 older Americans age 65 to 106. A Logit and Tobit regression analysis indicated that vigorous physical activity is negatively associated with falls and falls with a serious injury, broken hip, and fall frequency. Although the study does not differentiate which component of vigorous physical activity (i.e., sports, heavy housework, or a job that involves physical labor) it does indicate that those who participate in these activities are less likely to be associated with fall-related consequences.
Context and Spoken Word Recognition in a Novel Lexicon

Three eye movement studies with novel lexicons investigated the role of semantic context in spoken word recognition, contrasting 3 models: restrictive access, access-selection, and continuous integration. Actions directed at novel shapes caused changes in motion (e.g., looming, spinning) or state (e.g., color, texture). Across the experiments, novel names for the actions and the shapes varied in frequency, cohort density, and whether the cohorts referred to actions (Experiment 1) or shapes with action-congruent or action-incongruent affordances (Experiments 2 and 3). Experiment 1 demonstrated effects of frequency and cohort competition from both displayed and non-displayed competitors. In Experiment 2, a biasing context induced an increase in anticipatory eye movements to congruent referents and reduced the probability of looks to incongruent cohorts, without the delay predicted by access-selection models. In Experiment 3, context did not reduce competition from non-displayed incompatible neighbors as predicted by restrictive access models. The authors conclude that the results are most consistent with continuous integration models.
After‐school program attendance and the social development of rural latino children of immigrant families

One difficulty of evaluating after-school programs is that providers often lack resources necessary to employ rigorous evaluation designs. One strategy is to investigate the relationship between attendance and outcomes while covarying for important potentially confounding variables. The current study investigates the influence of after-school program attendance on immigrant Latino children’s (N 94) social development. Hierarchical linear regressions indicated that after covarying for other important variables, high program dosage was related to increased social competence and decreased behavior problems. Implications of this research are that after-school programs may promote the positive youth development of immigrant Latino children, that it is important that attendance data be collected when evaluating after-school programs, and that community-funded research can lead to scientifically relevant findings. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. A number of social forces are reshaping the landscape of the family, school, and community in ways that affect young people. Factors operating within the social contexts affecting children’s lives, such as high rates of family mobility; changing patterns in parental employment; larger, more heterogeneous schools; media themes of violence and drug use; and the deterioration and disorganization of neighborhoods and schools have weakened the formal and informal supports once available to youth (National Research
Out-of-sample extrapolation using semi-supervised manifold learning (OSE-SSL): Content-based image retrieval for prostate histology grading

In this paper, we present an out-of-sample extrapolation (OSE) scheme in the context of semi-supervised manifold learning (OSESSL). Manifold learning (ML) takes samples with high dimensionality and learns a set of low dimensional embeddings. Embeddings generated by ML preserve nonlinear relationships between samples allowing dataset visualization, classification, or evaluation of object similarity. Semi-supervised ML (SSL), a recent ML extension, exploits known class labels to learn embeddings, which may result in greater separation between samples of different classes compared to unsupervised ML schemes. Most ML schemes utilize the eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) to learn embeddings. For instance, Graph Embedding (GE) learns embeddings by EVD on a similarity matrix that models high dimensional feature vector similarity between samples. In datasets where new samples are acquired, such as a content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system, recalculating EVD is infeasible. OSE schemes obtain new embeddings without recalculating EVD. The Nystrom method (NM) is an OSE algorithm where new embeddings are estimated as a weighted sum of known embeddings. Known embeddings must describe the embedding space for NM to accurately estimate new embeddings. In this paper, NM and semi-supervised GE (SSGE) are combined to learn embeddings which cluster samples by class and rapidly calculate embeddings for new samples without recalculating EVD. OSE-SSL is compared to (i) NM paired with GE (NM-GE), and (ii) SSGE obtained for the full database, where SSGE results represent ground truth embeddings. OSE-SSL, NM-GE, and SSGE are evaluated in their ability to: (1) cluster samples by label, measured by Silhouette Index (SI); (2) CBIR accuracy, measured by area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC). In a synthetic Swiss roll dataset of 2000 samples, OSE-SSL requires training on 50% of the dataset to achieve SI and AUPRC similar to SSGE while NM-GE requires 70% of dataset to achieve SI and AUPRC similar to GE. For a prostate histology dataset of 888 glands, a CBIR system was evaluated on its ability to retrieve images according to Gleason Grade. OSE-SSL had AUPRC of 0.6 while NM-GE had AUPRC of 0.3.
Coincident Objects: Could a ‘Stuff Ontology’ Help?

What is the relationship between the statue and the copper of which it is made, between the ice sculpture and the water of which it is constituted, between my body and the cellular tissue now making it up? And what sorts of things are these constituting entities, the referents of mass terms preceded by definite or indefinite article (where the indefinite article appropriate to mass terms is the unstressed 'some', as in 'The ice sculpture contains some water from the rain barrel and some water from the tap')?T There are two relatively familiar sets of answers to these questions: (1) The quantities or masses of stuff in question are themselves physical objects, wholes, that spatially coincide with the objects they constitute; and (2) the quantities or masses of stuff are sets or pluralities, the members of which are all parts of the constituted objects.2 Although the first approach has been more popular, the second promises a way to 'preserve the principle of one object to a place' surely a worthy goal.3 For example, in order to avoid coincident physical objects, Michael Burke suggests that the copper in the statue be construed not as a 'single object' but rather as 'a plurality' namely, 'the many copper atoms of which the statue is composed'.4 If the copper is not a single thing, then the fact that it and the statue coincide does not imply that there are two precisely coincident things. But there is one sort of stuff for which the plurality approach will not work: 'ultimate' stuff-kinds, quantities of which are not composed of any more fundamental kinds of stuff. Let 'K' be replaceable by what Tyler Burge calls 'concrete mass terms' e.g., 'water' or 'bronze', but not 'courage' or 'anger' (Burge 1972: 263). A mass or quantity of stuff-kind K belongs to an ultimate stuff-kind if and only if it is 'homeomerous' that is, if and only if it is K 'through-and-through'. As I have argued elsewhere, it is exceedingly problematic to insist that there are no such stuffs; to reject them is to suppose that matter must be infinitely complex, consisting of
Context dependent function of APPb enhancer identified using enhancer trap-containing BACs as transgenes in zebrafish

An enhancer within intron 1 of the amyloid precursor protein gene (APPb) of zebrafish is identified functionally using a novel approach. Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) were retrofitted with enhancer traps, and expressed as transgenes in zebrafish. Expression from both transient assays and stable lines were used for analysis. Although the enhancer was active in specific nonneural cells of the notochord when placed with APPb gene promoter proximal elements its function was restricted to, and absolutely required for, specific expression in neurons when juxtaposed with additional far-upstream promoter elements of the gene. We demonstrate that expression of green fluorescent protein fluorescence resembling the tissue distribution of APPb mRNA requires both the intron 1 enhancer and ~28 kb of DNA upstream of the gene. The results indicate that tissue-specificity of an isolated enhancer may be quite different from that in the context of its own gene. Using this enhancer and upstream sequence, polymorphic variants of APPb can now more closely recapitulate the endogenous pattern and regulation of APPb expression in animal models for Alzheimer's disease. The methodology should help functionally map multiple noncontiguous regulatory elements in BACs with or without gene-coding sequences.
Cloning and localization of KCC4 in rabbit kidney: expression in distal convoluted tubule.

Cl-dependent K secretion is a feature of renal distal tubules and collecting ducts. Recent cloning and identification of K-Cl cotransporter proteins led us to search for additional novel KCC isofor...
619: High dose methadone maintenance (HDMM) and its effect on neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)

ABSTINENCE SYNDROME (NAS) MONA PRASAD, SUSIE LIM, DEBRA GARDNER, LEANDRO CORDERO, PHILIP SAMUELS, Ohio State University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State University, Department of Pharmacy, Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State University, Department of Pediatrics, Columbus, Ohio OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of HDMM on NAS. STUDY DESIGN: The amount of methadone required for maintenance of opiate-addicted patients during pregnancy is increasing. Many patients require maintenance doses of 100 mg per day at term. The neonatal effects HDMM has not not been investigated. We employed a retrospective chart review, 2002-present, of all infants with antenatal methadone exposure to examine the effect of HDMM on NAS. RESULTS: 72 infants were identified to have antepartum methadone exposure. The avg maternal methadone daily dose 101 / 50mg; avg length of stay (LOS) 23.9 / 16 days; avg days requiring meds for NAS 19 / 14 days. 6 babies required medication upon discharge. The most common neonatal complication was jaundice (n 12). When comparing lower dose methadone with higher dose methadone, no statistically significant differences were identified in LOS or days on meds for NAS. We do identify a statistically significant difference in EGA and birthweight. Similar results were identified when comparing the extremes ( 50 mg vs 150 mg) of dosing as well. Breastfed infants have fewer days of medications for NAS versus bottle-fed infants (17 vs 25, p 0.06). CONCLUSION: NAS appears to be dependent on more than degree of dosing alone. Perhaps specific pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamic parameters warrant investigation to understand NAS fully. Breastfeeding should be considered in women on methadone maintenance, regardless of dose. This study suggests that aggressive treatment of addiction with HDMM may contribute to an environment conducive to prolongation of pregnancy, which may be beneficial to the neonate in terms of avoidance of neonatal comorbidities.
Retrospective chart review of catatonia in child and adolescent psychiatric patients.

Ghaziuddin N, Dhossche D, Marcotte K. Retrospective chart review of catatonia in child and adolescent psychiatric patients. Objective: Identify the frequency of catatonia among at-risk children and adolescents receiving psychiatric treatment. Method: Subjects were children and adolescents (<18 years), who had received psychiatric treatment at a University Hospital during 2004–2009, and were diagnosed with disorders with known risk for catatonia or displayed symptoms suggestive of catatonia. Approval was obtained from the Investigational Review Board (IRB). The first 101 (n = 101) subjects were selected among 570 subjects identified by psychiatric diagnoses: any pervasive developmental disorder, psychosis-NOS (Not Otherwise Specified), intermittent explosive disorder, mental retardation, catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Subjects met study-defined criteria for catatonia, if they had three or more of the following symptoms: unexplained agitation/excitement, disturbed or unusual movements, reduced movements, repetitive or stereotyped movements, or reduced or loss of speech. Results: Eighteen (17.8%) subjects, among a group suspected to be at a higher risk for catatonia, met the study-defined criteria for this syndrome. However, only two subjects had been diagnosed by their treatment providers. Higher rates of intellectual disability and aggression were found among the group that met study-criteria. Conclusion: We concluded that catatonia is under recognized and undertreated among children and adolescents receiving psychiatric treatment.
"Thinking About Tomorrows": Scenarios, Global Environmental Politics, and Social Science Scholarship

Unlike many environmental scientists (and Fleetwood Mac), most social scien- tists do not think yesterday has gone and do not much want to think about tomorrow—at least not in their work. Yet, debate and analysis about global environmental change are often discussions about tomorrow. For example, dis- cussions about climate change rely on projections of the future: of future green- house gas emissions, of future population growth, of future changes in energy use, of future technological innovation, and of future biophysical impacts. Those who grapple with the challenge of "thinking about tomorrow" do so by producing scenarios. Scenarios are commonly deaned as "plausible, chal- lenging and relevant stories about how the future might unfold." 1 Environmen- tal change scenarios generally combine quantitative biophysical models and qualitative storylines of social and political trends. They are also explicitly inter- ventionist. Scenario analyses are commissioned with the stated goal of aiding decision-makers in envisioning, understanding, and planning for the future. Many engage in "futurizing." In the climate change arena, the Nobel Prize-
The product of two dependent random variables with regularly varying or rapidly varying tails

Abstract Let X and Y be two nonnegative and dependent random variables following a generalized Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern distribution. In this short note, we study the impact of a dependence structure of X and Y on the tail behavior of X Y . We quantify the impact as the limit, as x → ∞ , of the quotient of Pr ( X Y > x ) and Pr ( X ∗ Y ∗ > x ) , where X ∗ and Y ∗ are independent random variables identically distributed as X and Y , respectively. We obtain an explicit expression for this limit when X is regularly varying or rapidly varying tailed.
Urdu Political Poetry during the Khilafat Movement

The Khilafat movement, which took place among Indian Muslims immediately following the First World War, was so called because it was a political agitation designed to pressure the British government to preserve the defeated Ottoman Empire and its ruler, the Caliph of Islam. The Khilafat movement was also, more fundamentally, a campaign to unite Indian Muslims politically by means of religious and cultural symbols meaningful to all strata of the community. The movement gained added significance because it took place simultaneously, and cooperated fully, with Gandhi's first non-violent non-cooperation movement against British rule. Muslim and Hindu were thus engaged in parallel political activity: the broadening of national political participation from the elite to the mass through new techniques of organization and communication.
Rheological behavior of polymer blends

Steady and oscillatory shearing flow properties of compatible and incompatible polymer blend systems were measured, using a cone-and-plate rheometer. The compatible blend systems investigated are blends of two low-density polyethylenes (LDPE) having different values of molecular weight and blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). The incompatible blend system investigated is a blend of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with polystyrene (PS). It was found that (1) plots of first normal stress difference (τ11 – τ22) vs. shear stress (τ12) and plots of storage modulus (G′) vs. loss modulus (G″) for the LDPE blends become independent of temperature and blend composition; (2) plots of τ11 – τ22 vs. τ12, and G′ vs. G″ for the PMMA/PVDF blends become independent of temperature but dependent upon blend composition. It was found further that, for the incompatible PMMA/PS blends, the dependence of τ11 – τ22 on blend composition, when plotted against τ12, is different from the dependence of G′ on blend composition, when plotted against G″. However, in both compatible and incompatible blend systems, plots of τ11 – τ22 vs. τ12 and plots of G′ versus G″ are independent of temperature. The seemingly complicated composition-dependent rheological behavior of the incompatible blend system is explained with the aid of photomicrographs describing the state of dispersion.
Family history of alcohol and drug use in healthcare professionals

This study sought to ascertain if family histories of alcohol (FHPA) and drug problems (FHPD) are more prevalent among certain healthcare professions than others, and if an association between FHPA or FHPD and current alcohol and drug use exists. As part of a larger mail survey during the summer of 2002, 479 (response 68.7%) dentists, nurses, pharmacists and physicians from a north‐eastern US state completed self‐report items on FHPA, FHPD, monthly alcohol and past‐year drug use. Nurses reported a higher prevalence of FHPA than other groups of healthcare professionals (HCPs). Contrary to our prediction, FHPA in nursing was not associated with drinking level. Nurses also reported significantly higher FHPD than dentists and physicians, but not pharmacists. FHPD was significantly associated with past‐year drug use among physicians. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess quantitatively FHPA and FHPD across multiple groups of HCPs. The results of this study suggest that FHPA and FHPD differ across...
Problems meeting basic needs predict cognitive decline in community-dwelling Hispanic older adults.

Objectives: Indices of low socioeconomic status (SES) have been found to predict negative health outcomes. However, problems meeting basic needs (e.g., not having enough money for health care, adeq...
A predictive model-I: predicting the effect of stimulation frequency and pattern on fatigue and a predictive model-II: predicting the effect of resting times on fatigue

We recently had two articles published [1], [2] that present a mathematical model that can predict forces and fatigue produced by human skeletal muscles. In Fig. 5 of the Part I article and in Fig. 3 of the Part II article, predictions and experimental data from typical subjects, together with the parameter values for the subjects, were presented. For each figure, three parameter values were not correct. Because the parameter values are subject specific, the error will not affect the research by investigators who apply our model to their own subjects’ data. However, one will fail to replicate our results if using the parameter values presented in those two figures. Hence, I express my deep apology to the journal and its readers for the error.
Dynamic on-line group-tree matching for large scale group communications: a performance study

Traditional IP multicast faces a serious state scalability problem when there are a large number of groups in the network. Recently, a novel approach called aggregated multicast was proposed [6], in which multiple groups share one delivery tree. A key problem in aggregated multicast is group-tree matching (i.e., assigning groups to trees). In this paper, we formally study the dynamic version of the group-tree matching problem. We propose a generic dynamic on-line algorithm (GDOA) and provide an approach to determine the upper bound on its performance. We quantitatively compare the performance of GDOA and other existing on-line heuristics. Extensive simulations demonstrate that GDOA is a very practical solution with promising performance and reasonable computation requirement.
Interactions between psychotherapy procedures and patient attributes that predict alcohol treatment effectiveness:: A preliminary report

This study examined interactions between patient attributes and therapist interventions on alcoholism treatment outcome. Process analyses of an early psychotherapy session from either cognitive-behavioral (CBT) or family systems (FST) therapy and baseline patient information (N=47) were used to measure theory-based therapy and patient variables. Hierarchical linear regression was used to test the effect of each patient-therapy interaction on changes in drinking behavior. Two disordinal interactions were predictors of alcohol use during the maintenance phase of treatment. Patients high in emotional distress did best when their therapy addressed emotional experiences, and the converse was observed for patients low in distress. Patients high in reactance had better drinking outcomes when their therapy was nondirective, and patients low in reactance improved more with directive therapy. In contrast to the interactions between patient attributes and the therapy process, the interactions between patient attributes and treatment model (CBT versus FST) were not reliable predictors of alcohol use.
Saphenous Vein Graft Intervention: Discussion on Acute Vein Graft Occlusion Intervention

We read with interest the State-of-the-Art paper on saphenous vein graft (SVG) intervention by Lee et al. ([1][1]), and commend the authors for a comprehensive review. We would like to highlight that the review failed to mention the management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction due to
Lurking in the Shadow

To bargain in law's shadow means to settle disputes in light of the costs and likely outcome of litigation if settlement fails. Law's most famous shadow is cast by unpredictable child custody standards, which enable some divorcing men to tell their wives "give me a good financial settlement, or I will litigate custody." Some divorcing women capitulate hoping to avoid the risk, pain, cost, and delay of litigation. Part I of this paper documents the frequency and variety of custody-property trades. Part II considers the morality of litigation threats and custody trades. Part III reviews the legal status of litigation threats and custody trades and proposes a legal change.
The caries balance: contributing factors and early detection.

Abstract The aim of this article is to present a brief overview of the dental caries process, in particular, the management of dental caries and the role of early detection methods in the clinical management of caries.
Toxicology Profile of the Antimicrobial Zinc Bis 1-Hydroxy-2-(1H-Pyridinethionate)

The compound 1-hydroxy-2-(1H)-pyridinethione and its metal complexes were synthesized as part of a program to develop new antimicrobial compounds (Shaw et al. 1950). These compounds were found to have potent, broad spectrum, antimicrobial activity (Pansy et al. 1953). The antimicrobial potency of zinc bis 1-hydroxy-2-(1H-pyridinethionate) (ZPT) at concentrations well below concentrations having any toxic effects to mammalian species from dermal application led to the use of this metal complex in antidandruff shampoo formulations. Results of numerous toxicologic studies with ZPT in various species by different routes of administration have been reported (Adams et al. 1976, Cloyd et al. 1978, Moe et al. 1960, Snyder et al. 1965, Wedig et al. 1974, Winek et al. 1966, Ziller 1977). The significant toxic effects and the no effect level for different effects are summarized in this toxicology profile.
A new species of rail from the solomon islands and convergent evolution of insular flightlessness

GalIiralIus rovianae is an extant new species of flightless or weak-flying rail from the Solomon islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Within the Solomon islands it is known from New Georgia and reported from four neighboring islands, all joined at Pleistocene times of low sea level. The new species belongs to the G. philippensis group (sensu Olson 1973a) and is most similar to the widespread G. philippensis and to G. owstoni (Guam) and next most similar to G. wakensis (Wake). It exemplifies the phenomenon of convergent evolution in two respects. First, a volant ancestor similar to G. philippensis has independently given rise to flightless or weak-flying derivatives on numerous oceanic islands, including G. rovianae, G. owstoni, G. wakensis, G. australis (New Zealand), and others. Emphasizing the ease with which rails evolve flightlessness on islands, I note 10 other groups of rails in which insular flight- lesshess has evolved repeatedly. Second, I suggest that the ancestral species had boldly patterned plumage similar to that of G. philippensis, and that insular reduction of bold pat- terning has proceeded independently in G. rovianae, G. owstoni, G. wakensis, and several other G. philippensis derivatives. Received 13 February 1990, accepted 14 February 1991.
Sol-gel derived porous silica as a constituent material for designing optical fiber chemical sensors

Sol-gel processes were developed to prepare nano porous silica materials. The obtained porous sol-gel silica (PSGS) materials have been used as constituent materials in designing optical fiber chemical sensors. A PSGS membrane coated on the surface of an optical fiber was used as a transducer for sensing humidity level in air. A PSGS membrane doped with an ammonia indicator dye has been coated on an optical fiber to sense ammonia in air. Both of the coating based sensors are reversible and fast response. In the tested range, relative humidity (RH) in air down to 3% can be detected with the PSGS coated fiber optic sensor. The fiber optic ammonia sensor with ammonia indicator doped PSGS coating can be used to sense ammonia in air down to sub-ppm level. PSGS has also been used as a constituent material in preparing porous silica optical fibers. The obtained porous optical fibers have been used to design optical fiber chemical sensors for sensing humidity, ammonia and volatile organic compounds. A CuCl2 doped PSGS fiber has been tested for sensing ammonia in a high temperature gas sample. Ammonia in the high temperature air gas diffuses into the PSGS fiber, reversibly reacts with CuCl2 doped in the PSGS fiber to form a complex. The formed complex was detected with fiber optic spectrometric method. This sensor can detect ammonia in a high temperature (450 °C) air gas stream down 0.3 ppm. Techniques of preparing PSGS, coating PSGS on an optical fiber, making a porous optical fiber with PSGS as a constituent material will be presented. Examples of optical fiber sensors using PSGS coatings and a PSGS fiber as transducers for gas sensing are presented.
Increasing number of hemodialysis patients treated for ischemic heart disease prior to or at the induction of dialysis therapy

近年, 透析導入以前に虚血性心疾患 (IHD) に対して何らかの治療を受けている症例が増加している. そこで1983年から2002年までの20年間に当院で透析導入した1,060例の中から, 導入前または導入時のIHDの合併について分析した. このうち, 導入前, 導入時にIHDと診断され, 薬物療法, 経皮的冠動脈形成術あるいは冠動脈バイパス術を施行されている110症例を抽出し, その背景を検討した. HD導入以前にIHD治療を受けている患者を導入年により5年ごとにGroup I (1983-1987年, 10 patients), Group II (1988-1992年, 21 patients), Group III (1993-1997年, 38 patients), Group IV (1998-2002年, 41 patients) の4グループに分けた. DMは5人/10人 (50%), 10/21 (48%), 21/38 (55%), 22/41 (54%) とそれぞれこれらのグループの中の大きな背景疾患であった. IHD治療は, 6人/10人 (60%), 4/21 (19%), 17/38 (45%) と12/41 (29%) が薬物であった. PCIは3人/10人 (30%), 12/21 (57%), 15/38 (39%), 18/41 (44%) であった. 冠動脈バイパス術は, 1人/10人 (10%), 5/21 (24%), 6/38 (16%), 11/41 (27%) であった. IHDの診断から透析導入までの期間は長期化の傾向が認められた. 近年の透析導入例ではIHD症例が増えていることから, 透析患者の予後改善には保存期腎不全における虚血性心疾患の対策が望まれる, 一方, IHD患者の腎不全進行の予防も合わせて重要と考えられた.