cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the enzyme activities of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol synthesis in freshly isolated type II pneumocytes and whole lung from the adult rat.

Abstract We compared the activities of enzymes of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol synthesis in whole lung tissue and freshly isolated type II pneumocytes from adult rats. The activities of 1-acylglycerophosphocholine acyltransferase and CDPdiacylglycerol-glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphati-dyltransferase were 2.9- and 4.4-fold higher, respectively, in type II cell sonicates than in whole lung homogenates. There was little difference between the type II cells and whole lung in the activities of choline kinase, choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, cholinephosphotransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase, phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase or CDPdiacylglycerol-inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase. Since the type II cell is the source of pulmonary surfactant, and disaturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol are major components of surfactant, it is of interest that this cell is enriched in the activities of enzymes exclusively involved in the synthesis of these lipids. In view of possible proteolytic damage during isolation we compared freshly isolated type II cells with those cultured for 1 day. The rates of incorporation of [methyl-3H]choline and [2-3H]glycerol into phospholipids, l -[U-14C]phenylalanine into protein and [methyl-3H]thymidine into DNA were the same in the freshly isolated and cultured cells. The composition of the phospholipids synthesized from [2-3H]glycerol and sodium [1-14C]acetate were also the same. The freshly isolated cells were at least 90% pure and did not release significant amounts of lactate dehydrogenase. Since use of freshly isolated cells avoids cell loss during culture they provide an attractive alternative, particularly in studies requiring large amounts of material.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for broadcast consensus protocols

We consider consensus protocols in asynchronous distributed systems that are based on broadcast communication. We show that a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a deterministic consensus protocol is delivery of each broadcast message to at least ⌈(n + k + 1)/2⌉ processes in an n-process system subject to k crash failures with either eventual fair broadcasting or eventual full broadcasting. The broadcast model captures the idea of a broadcast communication medium, such as the Ethernet, in which messages, if delivered, are delivered immediately and in order but not necessarily to all processes.
Analysis of Plastic Deformation in Metal-Ceramic Nanolayers During Cyclic Indentation

The indentation behavior of metal/ceramic nanolayers is studied, with attention devoted to cyclic response under fixed maximum and minimum indentation loads. The primary objective is to examine the evolving plastic deformation in the ductile metal constrained by the hard ceramic layers. The model consists of alternating aluminum (Al) and silicon carbide (SiC) thin films on a silicon substrate, with the Al/SiC layered structure being indented by a diamond indenter. The rate-dependent viscoplastic response of Al is taken into account in the numerical model. It is shown that plastic deformation in the ductile Al layers continues to occur during the unloading phase of the first cycle, as well as during subsequent reload/unload processes. The cyclic plasticity results in an open load-displacement loop, and the indenter continues to move deeper with each cycle. For the control model of a homogeneous Al film, there is no hysteresis loop and the transient behavior soon approaches stabilization, showing repetitive elastic loading/unloading. The modeling results are also compared with cyclic nanoindentation experiments conducted on the same metal-ceramic multilayer system and control specimen.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
EVALUATION OF TOLERANCE LIMITS FOR RESTORATION AND PHYTOREMEDIATION WITH SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORAIN CRUDE OIL-CONTAMINATED COASTAL SALT MARSHES

ABSTRACT Information and knowledge about the oil tolerance of native coastal plants are limited, but are essential for restoring and remediating oil impacted habitats. Spartina alterniflora is the dominant native salt marsh plant species along the Northern Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast; the presence of this species is important to sustain healthy coastal salt marshes. The crude oil tolerance limits of S. alterniflora and its capacity to phytoremediate South Louisiana crude (SLC) oil in marsh sediments were investigated in a greenhouse. Spartina alterniflora was transplanted into marsh sediments contaminated with SLC at concentrations of 0, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640 and 800 mg/g. Plant photo synthetic rate, stem density, shoot height, aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were analyzed periodically during a one-year plant growth cycle to determine the oil tolerance limits of S. alterniflora. Most plant parameters were significantly lower at 320 and 640 mg/g of SLC oil in the soil compared to the ...
An Analysis Of The Determinants Of Hepatic Allograft Rejection Using Stepwise Logistic Regression

Hepatic allograft rejection is currently diagnosed using both histologic and clinical criteria. The purpose of this study is to extract data from the allograft biopsy, which can establish the diagnosis of rejection with more precision. A total of 566 allograft biopsies were examined in 56 patients following orthotopic liver transplantation, and 35 variables were examined. Using stepwise logistic regression, only six of these variables affected the diagnosis of rejection. These were portal tract spillover, portal tract eosinophilia, portal vein endothelialitis, portal tract neutrophilia, central vein endothelialitis, and cholestasis. Coefficients of these variables were determined, and could be used to calculate the probability of rejection for a given biopsy. Using this model the probability of having rejection can be calculated using histologic data alone.
Influence of aerosol optical properties on surface temperatures computed with a radiative-convective model

Abstract Calculations on the effects of aerosols (i.e. suspended particles) have been shown to lead to heating or cooling in atmospheric models, depending on the size distribution of the aerosols, the height of the aerosol layer, and nature of the underlying surface. This work reports a study of the influence of different aerosol optical properties on surface temperature. The calculated surface temperatures are shown to be relatively insensitive to the real part of the refractive index and to the aerosol size distribution assumed. The sensitivity to surface albedo is similar for three aerosol types characteristic of marine aerosols, continental aerosols and stratospheric aerosols. For an aerosol composed of limonite or silicate, an increase in the absorptive component of the refractive index n2 increases the calculated surface temperature for a constant global average airborne aerosol density as shown below. Surface albedo Surface temperature change for 0.1 increase in n2 0.07 (oceans) 0.4 K 0.60 (snow and ice) 1.0 K It can be seen that the heating is increased 2–3 times as the surface albedo is increased by an order of magnitude. A 0.1 increase in n2, corresponds very roughly to a factor of two increase in the percentage of solar absorption by an average particle. It would be useful to be able to determine from the results of this study, if global average aerosols heat or cool the atmosphere. Unfortunately our knowledge of the actual global aerosol distribution, optical properties and optical density is inadequate to make this determination.
A quantitative theory of grain-boundary motion and recrystallization in metals in the presence of impurities

Abstract The experimental facts concerning the influence of small amounts of impurities upon recrystallization are briefly reviewed and a quantitative atomistic theory of these phenomena has been developed. In this theory it is assumed that interaction forces exist between the foreign atoms in solid solution and the boundary, increasing the concentration of foreign atoms in the boundary. At high concentrations (or low temperatures) the moving boundaries are held back by the foreign atoms and the speed of the boundary is controlled by the speed of the foreign atoms diffusing behind the boundary. At low concentrations (or high temperatures) the boundary cannot be held by the foreign atoms, breakaway occurs, and the boundary moves much faster. Below the critical concentration for which breakaway just occurs the recrystallization temperature drops much faster with decreasing concentration than it does above this concentration. The quantitative formulation of these ideas leads to expressions for the absolute rate of boundary migration, its temperature-dependence, for the activation energy of recrystallization, etc. They agree rather well with the experimental results so far available. The fact that the influence of a foreign element upon the rate of recrystallization increases with increasing difference in atomic radius between the solute and the basic metal shows the interaction between boundary and foreign atoms is largely of elastic nature.
Total Synthesis of (−)-Acutumine

The first total synthesis of the tetracyclic alkaloid (−)-acutumine is described. Key reactions include an asymmetric ketone allylation mediated by Nakamura’s chiral allylzinc reagent, an anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement, and the Lewis acid-promoted cyclization of an amine onto an α,β-unsaturated dimethyl ketal.
Detection of EEG Abnormalities with Feedback Stimulation

A feedback method for testing the reactivity of the occipital-parietal EEG in selected brain-lesioned patients revealed abnormalities of (a) insufficient reactivity, (b) bilateral differences in reactivity, and (3) asynchrony. These abnormalities were more evident during feedback stimulation than in the baseline conditions. The utility of feedback method for detecting EEG abnormalities rests on the increased stability or decreased “noisy” variation in the EEG during feedback. The EEG becomes more predictable even to the “on-line” human observer This makes it easier to detect aberrations or deviations from normal effects Some effects can only be seen with feedback such as the bilateral differences that occur when the left side controls the feedback compared to when the right side controls it. The results show that feedback EEG is a useful tool in clinical research and indicate that a clinical diagnostic test could be developed with more research. However, the feedback EEG method is not yet a proven diagnostic technique.
A glow discharge device for atomic emission spectrometry of microliter solution samples

Abstract A novel glow discharge device designed specifically for solution analysis is described. The detection limits obtained are comparable to those obtained with demountable hollow cathode lamps, but with better precision. Rotational and excitation temperatures are examined as functions of fill gas pressure and discharge current. A sputtering constant is presented and the technique for measuring this parameter is described.
Previous reward decreases errors of commission on later ‘No‐Go’ trials in children 4 to 12 years of age: evidence for a context monitoring account

Inhibitory control is widely hypothesized to be the cornerstone of executive function in childhood and the central deficit in a number of developmental disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, recent evidence from adults indicates that performance on response inhibition tasks may primarily reflect non-inhibitory attentional control (context monitoring) processes. Yet it may be that inhibition plays a more central role in childhood - a time when the architecture of cognitive processes might be more transparent due to wide variability in skill level. Here we directly test inhibitory and context monitoring explanations of task performance on a Go/No-Go task in a large group of children 4-12 years of age. We conclude that traditional inhibitory conceptualizations of task performance on the Go/No-Go task cannot account for our findings, calling into question evidence supporting a central role for inhibitory control in cognitive development or developmental psychopathology.
It Is Not Always Necessary to Do Axillary Dissection for T1 and T2 Breast Cancer—Reply to Point

See Point by Morrow, [p. 7151][1] Dr. M. Morrow is correct in stating that the axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is no longer a standard management for patients with T1/T2, clinically node-negative patients found to have a positive sentinel node. However, we must be careful not to infer that to
Some post-war developments in ground-based radiowave sounding of the ionosphere

Abstract This paper briefly reviews the theory and practice of four ground-based radio wave methods of sounding the Earth's ionosphere that came into being since the Second World War. Two of the methods, Wave-Interaction (Cross Modulation) and Partial Reflection (Differential Absorption) were devised as means of investigating the D -region of the ionosphere, which is not open to study through conventional HF sounding. The third high-power radar technique discussed is the Moon-Reflection (differential-Faraday rotation) method of measuring the total content of the Earth's ionosphere. This was developed initially to determine the extent of the ionosphere above the F 2-layer peak. The fourth technique discussed is the incoherent scatter method of sounding the ionosphere. This provides measurements of electron density, electron and ion temperature, some parameters of the neutral atmosphere (including winds) and electric fields. Incoherent scatter presently enjoys considerable attention as it rivals and complements in situ sampling with rockets and satellites.
Insufflation treatment of occluded nasolacrimal apparatus in the child.

Abstract The conventional probing technique for the treatment of occlusion of the nasolacrimal apparatus can cause damage to the lining mucosa of the nasolacrimal duct and permanent scarring. The insufflation technique obviates these complications.
Dorsomedial hindbrain catecholamine regulation of hypothalamic astrocyte glycogen metabolic enzyme protein expression: Impact of estradiol

The brain astrocyte glycogen reservoir is a vital energy reserve and, in the cerebral cortex, subject among other factors to noradrenergic control. The ovarian steroid estradiol potently stimulates nerve cell aerobic respiration, but its role in glial glycogen metabolism during energy homeostasis or mismatched substrate supply/demand is unclear. This study examined the premise that estradiol regulates hypothalamic astrocyte glycogen metabolic enzyme protein expression during normo- and hypoglycemia in vivo through dorsomedial hindbrain catecholamine (CA)-dependent mechanisms. Individual astrocytes identified in situ by glial fibrillary acidic protein immunolabeling were laser-microdissected from the ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH), arcuate hypothalamic (ARH), and paraventricular hypothalamic (PVH) nuclei and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of estradiol (E)- or oil (O)-implanted ovariectomized (OVX) rats after insulin or vehicle injection, and pooled within each site. Stimulation [VMH, LHA] or suppression [PVH, ARH] of basal glycogen synthase (GS) protein expression by E was reversed in the former three sites by caudal fourth ventricular pretreatment with the CA neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). E diminished glycogen phosphorylase (GP) protein profiles by CA-dependent [VMH, PVH] or -independent mechanisms [LHA]. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH) increased GS expression in the PVH in OVX+E, but reduced this protein in the PVH, ARH, and LHA in OVX+O. Moreover, IIH augmented GP expression in the VMH, LHA, and ARH in OVX+E and in the ARH in OVX+O, responses that normalized by 6-OHDA. Results demonstrate site-specific effects of E on astrocyte glycogen metabolic enzyme expression in the female rat hypothalamus, and identify locations where dorsomedial hindbrain CA input is required for such action. Evidence that E correspondingly increases and reduces basal GS and GP in the VMH and LHA, but augments the latter protein during IIH suggests that E regulates glycogen content and turnover in these structures during glucose sufficiency and shortage.
Biological and structural evaluation of 10R- and 10S-methylthio-DDACTHF reveals a new role for sulfur in inhibition of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase.

Glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GAR Tfase) is a folate-dependent enzyme in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway, which has long been considered a potential target for development of anti-neoplastic therapeutics. Here we report the biological and X-ray crystallographic evaluations of both independent C10 diastereomers, 10S- and 10R-methylthio-DDACTHF, bound to human GAR Tfase, including the highest-resolution apo GAR Tfase structure to date (1.52 A). Both diastereomers are potent inhibitors (Ki = 210 nM for 10R, and Ki = 180 nM for 10S) of GAR Tfase and exhibit effective inhibition of human leukemia cell growth (IC50 = 80 and 50 nM, respectively). Their inhibitory activity was surprisingly high, and these lipophilic C10-substituted analogues show distinct advantages over their hydrophilic counterparts, most strikingly in retaining potency in mutant human leukemia cell lines that lack reduced folate carrier protein activity (IC50 = 70 and 60 nM, respectively). Structural characterization revea...
Maternal mortality at LAC/USC Women’s Hospital: a 17-year review

Abstract Objective: To determine the rate, trends, and etiologies of maternal mortality in a large, inner-city tertiary care facility. Study design: Data on all cases of maternal mortality occurring at Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Women’s Hospital from January 1, 1982, to December 31, 1998, were prospectively gathered. Cases were then classified according to the 1991 Centers for Disease Control maternal mortality review guidelines. Maternal mortality ratios, defined as the number of deaths (indirect and direct) per 100,000 live births, were then calculated. Results: Among 219,493 live births, there were 50 maternal deaths (maternal mortality ratio = 22.8). The mean annual mortality rate was 24.1 (range, 0–94.6). The majority of deaths were classified as direct (n = 29, 58%), whereas 18 cases (36%) were related to pregnancy indirectly. Conclusions: The rate of maternal mortality seems to be higher than previously reported. Preeclampsia and hemorrhage continue to represent the primary causes of maternal death. Etiology 1982–89 (N = 27) 1990–98 (N = 23) Preeclampsia/eclampsia 8 (29.7%) 6 (26.1%) Hemorrhage 3 (11.1%) 4 (17.4%) Sepsis 6 (22.2%) 4 (17.4%) Cardiac disease 3 (11.1%) 4 (17.4%) Embolic phenomena 3 (11.1%) 2 (8.7%) Cerebrovascular accident 1 (3.7%) 1 (4.4%) Nonobstetric 3 (11.1%) 2 (8.7%)
Real time kinematic solutions of a non-contacting, three dimensional metrology frame

The forward and the inverse kinematics solutions for a three dimensional, non-contacting metrology system are presented. The solutions are a continuation of earlier works involving the derivation of an error budget for the metrology system; however, the earlier work required iterative methods. The kinematic solutions presented in this paper are closed form, providing real-time feedback and making the system practical for metrology applications. The kinematics are developed using a line geometry, resulting in an efficient representation that may describe a general assembly of the kinematic system and error parameters determined through calibration. The inverse kinematics solution is a general solution, assuming very little about the assembly of the system. The forward kinematics solution is less general and requires a few assumptions. In the development of the forward and inverse kinematics solutions, singularities of the system are identified. The resulting analyses provide the kinematics necessary to enable real-time determination of position and orientation of a target in space.
Identification of antennal chemoreceptors of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti: a correction.

Deux corrections sont faites dans la classification des chemorecepteurs antennaires de la femelle du moustiqueAedes aegypti. Le sensillum «A4» est classi comme sensillum basiconicum (A3), et l'«A3» deLacher11, etDavis etRebert10 comme sensillum trichodeum (type A2). Les resultats electrophysiologiques anterieurs ne sont pas contestes.
Preparation and characterization of oriented MAPO-39 membranes

Abstract Thin films of MAPO-39, a small pore (4 A) magnesium aluminophosphate molecular sieve (ATN topology), have been prepared via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) for the first time. Laser ablation of MAPO-39 onto porous metal substrates followed by a post-hydrothermal treatment of the PLD film results in oriented crystalline MAPO-39 membranes. The MAPO-39 crystals grow with pores oriented primarily normal to the porous metal substrate. Decomposition of the template provides access to the membrane pores. Preliminary results for the separation of water/alcohol mixtures using the MAPO-39 oriented membrane are described. Selective permeation of water was observed in all the cases.
Quantum Monte Carlo study of a proton in an electron gas

The polarization of jellium by a fixed proton impurity at 0 K is determined for an electron density range from metallic to dilute using the quantum Monte Carlo algorithm. Preliminary results show the correct H− binding limit for the impurity in a dilute electron gas. The screening indicates transitions from two-to one-electron binding and from localized to delocalized electrons as the jellium density increases. The results are compared to density functional calculations. Pair distribution functions, Friedel oscillations, and binding energies are discussed.
Direct marketing strategies: The rise of community supported fishery programs $

Abstract Community Supported Fishery (CSF) Programs are arrangements between fishermen and consumers where consumers provide upfront payments to fishermen in exchange for scheduled seafood deliveries. They are modeled after the popular Community Supported Agriculture Programs, a form of direct-to-consumer-marketing in which a group of individuals support a farm. There are multiple market and non-market benefits from these programs. Fishermen receive higher prices for fish, are guaranteed a stable income, and can activate political and regulatory support through direct interaction with consumers. Consumers are provided with access to high-quality novel types of fish and benefit from interactions with the producers of their food. CSFs have frequently collaborated with non-governmental organizations to address the challenges associated with these programs. Under the catch share system in the Northeast US groundfish fishery, sectors may be well-positioned to implement a CSF. Direct marketing through a CSF is not likely to completely replace traditional markets for fishermen, but can be a valuable supplement to their operations.
Thymosin β4 and Cardiac Regeneration: Are We Missing a Beat?

Epicardial resident stem cells are known to differentiate into cardiomyocytes during cardiac development, amongst other cell types. Whether epicardium-derived progenitor cells (EPDCs) retain this plasticity in the adult heart has been the topic of heated scientific debate. Priming with thymosin beta 4, a peptide which has been suggested to be critical for cardiac development and to have cardio-protective properties, was recently shown to induce differentiation of EPDCs into cardiomyocytes in a small animal model of myocardial infarction. This finding is in stark contrast to another recent study in which thymosin beta 4 treatment following myocardial infarction did not induce cardiomyocyte differentiation of EPDCs. While EPDCs seem to exhibit overall cardio-protective effects on the heart following myocardial infarction, they have not been shown to differentiate into cardiomyocytes in a clinically relevant setting. It will be important to understand why the ability of one therapeutic agent to induce cardiomyocyte differentiation of EPDCs seemingly depends on a single variable, i.e. the time of administration. Furthermore, in light of a recent report, it appears that thymosin beta 4 may be dispensable for cardiac development.
Self-Consistent Electronic Structure of a d x 2 − y 2 and a d x 2 − y 2 + id xy Vortex

We investigate quasiparticle states associated with an isolated vortex in a $d$-wave superconductor using a self-consistent Bogoliubov--de Gennes formalism. For a pure ${d}_{{x}^{2}{\ensuremath{-}y}^{2}}$ superconductor we find that there exist no bound states in the core; all the states are extended with continuous energy spectrum. This result is inconsistent with the existing experimental data on cuprates. We propose an explanation for this data in terms of a magnetic-field-induced ${d}_{{x}^{2}{\ensuremath{-}y}^{2}}{+id}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ state recently invoked in connection with the thermal conductivity measurements on ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$.
A Reinvestigation of Teachers' Motivations Toward and Perceptions of Residential Environmental Education: A Case Study of the New Jersey School of Conservation

The author presents the findings of a study that explored teachers' motivations toward and perspectives of the residential environmental education (EE) program at the New Jersey School of Conservation (NJSOC). Thirty-five program coordinators were administered a 24-item instrument that explored the variables of interest. The findings revealed that (a) the coordinators feel strongly that a residential EE experience should be included as part of their students' academic preparation because of the positive effect it has on them, (b) the coordinators were involved with the effort because they perceive it as a requirement of their position, and (c) the cost of a residential EE program and the administrative duties or responsibilities associated with it are two of the biggest challenges.
Impact of developmental pharmacology on pediatric study design: overcoming the challenges.

The need to establish drug-dosing guidelines in children highlights the challenges associated with the development of phases I and II pediatric clinical trials. These challenges are the consequence of significant developmental changes that characterize childhood and adolescence and can affect drug absorption, binding, renal elimination, and, especially, metabolism. In addition, genetic polymorphism can contribute to the variations in the expression of activity for specific drug-metabolizing enzymes. These developmental and genetic variations in pharmacokinetics are the major determinants of drug exposure over time and are thus directly related to the safety, efficacy, and toxicity of a drug dose. Therefore, in the development of pediatric protocols and appropriate dosing in children, it is essential to develop a strategy for addressing the developmental variables that affect drug exposure and to incorporate them into study design. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:S128-38.)
Evaluating light source efficacy under mesopic conditions using reaction times

(1997). Evaluating Light Source Efficacy under Mesopic Conditions Using Reaction Times. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 125-138.
Acoustic Analysis of the NREL Phase VI Wind Turbine

The aim of this work is to predict the aerodynamic noise emitted from the NREL Phase VI Wind Turbine [1]. Specifically rotational noise and broadband noise of the blade have been investigated. The approach to predict aeroacoustic noise is based on the acoustic analogy [2]. In acoustic analogy, the sources of aerodynamic noise are derived from the flow equations and the resulting radiated noise is calculated using the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation [3]. Thus, the prediction of aerodynamic noise requires an accurate solution of the flow field. In this work the flow field around the blade has been modeled using FLUENT’s k-ω SST turbulence model. A hybrid grid containing approximately 1.5 × 106 tetrahedral and prismatic elements has been created. The near field around the blade is a structured O-grid with 100 cells along the chord and 50 cells normal to the blade surface. To obtain the resolution of the viscous sublayer, a y+ of approximately unity has been chosen. For the flow computation a simple scheme is used with a second order upwind method and wind speeds of 7m/s, 10m/s and 25 m/s, respectively and a rotor rotation speed of 72 rpm.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
De Novo Cerebrovascular Malformation in the Adult Mouse After Endothelial Alk1 Deletion and Angiogenic Stimulation

Background and Purpose—In humans, activin receptor-like kinase 1 (Alk1) deficiency causes arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in multiple organs, including the brain. Focal Alk1 pan-cellular deletion plus vascular endothelial growth factor stimulation induces brain AVMs in the adult mouse. We hypothesized that deletion of Alk1 in endothelial cell (EC) alone plus focal vascular endothelial growth factor stimulation is sufficient to induce brain AVM in the adult mouse. Methods—Focal angiogenesis was induced in the brain of 8-week-old Pdgfb-iCreER;Alk12f/2f mice by injection of adeno-associated viral vectors expressing vascular endothelial growth factor. Two weeks later, EC-Alk1 deletion was induced by tamoxifen treatment. Vascular morphology was analyzed, and EC proliferation and dysplasia index (number of vessels with diameter >15 μm per 200 vessels) were quantified 10 days after tamoxifen administration. Results—Tangles of enlarged vessels resembling AVMs were present in the brain angiogenic region of tamo...
Environmental etch performance, and scratch and mar of automotive clearcoats

Abstract Environmental etch damage to automotive coatings, and scratch and mar of these coatings are an important element of customer satisfaction as well as a significant warranty repair consideration for automotive companies. The conditions that result in environmental etch are examined and a laboratory test proposed. Data from this test are compared to automotive hoods exposed in Florida. The performance of various crosslinking chemistries is discussed and the requirements for improved environmental etch are outlined. Scratch and mar performance of these systems is also reviewed. We have found that coatings respond to physical stress by elastic recovery, by plastic flow and by brittle fracture. Classifying types of damage in this way is important for understanding the chemistry needed for improved scratch and mar of coatings.
Poster 23: Characterization of Frontal Lobe Behavioral Syndromes in Huntington's Disease (HD)

Frontal lobe changes are a common feature of Huntington's disease (HD). The Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe; Grace & Malloy, 2001) is a rating scale that measures behaviors associated with frontal lobe damage. Three behavioral syndromes—apathy, disinhibition, and executive dysfunction—are quantified as subscales. The FrSBe can be used to discriminate patterns of frontal impairment at two different time points (i.e., Before Diagnosis and Current). In the present study, 24 HD patients completed the FrSBe self-report form. Raw scores were converted into z-scores based on previously reported norms (Grace & Malloy, 2001). Paired t-tests were conducted to test for differences in Before Diagnosis and Current self-ratings on all three subscales. Change scores were calculated by subtracting the Before Diagnosis ratings from the Current ratings for each subscale. Paired t-test analyses revealed that ratings were significantly different for all three subscales: apathy (t = −5.58, p p p after the diagnosis of HD as compared to before diagnosis. The overall magnitude of the change was largest in the domain of apathy (mean z-score change = 2.69), followed by executive dysfunction (mean z-score change = 1.46), and disinhibition (mean z-score change = 0.62). Generally, apathy, executive dysfunction, and disinhibition ratings before HD diagnosis appear similar to that of a non-clinical sample and fall within normal range. HD patients report elevated rates of apathy, executive dysfunction, and disinhibition symptoms after diagnosis. Overall, behaviors associated with frontal lobe damage appear to be prominent in HD, and these findings suggest that the greatest change, according to patient ratings, may occur within the domain of apathy.
RADIAL PARTICLE FLUX AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER IN THE CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

Abstract The solid particle concentration distribution in the riser of a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) is dilute at the center and dense near the wall because of the axial particle momentum exchange. In our study, the radial particle concentration distribution was investigated theoretically and experimentally. To assess the radial particle motion, a special flux probe was designed. We found that near the wall, the radial particle flux was much higher then the net axial particle flux, and that the measured radial profile of particle flux was similar to that of the particle concentration. The resulting radial flux is very valuable in developing a model of heat transfer between the gas-particle suspensions and the wall surface.
Novel Roles for P53 in the Genesis and Targeting of Tetraploid Cancer Cells

Tetraploid (4N) cells are considered important in cancer because they can display increased tumorigenicity, resistance to conventional therapies, and are believed to be precursors to whole chromosome aneuploidy. It is therefore important to determine how tetraploid cancer cells arise, and how to target them. P53 is a tumor suppressor protein and key regulator of tetraploidy. As part of the “tetraploidy checkpoint”, p53 inhibits tetraploid cell proliferation by promoting a G1-arrest in incipient tetraploid cells (referred to as a tetraploid G1 arrest). Nutlin-3a is a preclinical drug that stabilizes p53 by blocking the interaction between p53 and MDM2. In the current study, Nutlin-3a promoted a p53-dependent tetraploid G1 arrest in two diploid clones of the HCT116 colon cancer cell line. Both clones underwent endoreduplication after Nutlin removal, giving rise to stable tetraploid clones that showed increased resistance to ionizing radiation (IR) and cisplatin (CP)-induced apoptosis compared to their diploid precursors. These findings demonstrate that transient p53 activation by Nutlin can promote tetraploid cell formation from diploid precursors, and the resulting tetraploid cells are therapy (IR/CP) resistant. Importantly, the tetraploid clones selected after Nutlin treatment expressed approximately twice as much P53 and MDM2 mRNA as diploid precursors, expressed approximately twice as many p53-MDM2 protein complexes (by co-immunoprecipitation), and were more susceptible to p53-dependent apoptosis and growth arrest induced by Nutlin. Based on these findings, we propose that p53 plays novel roles in both the formation and targeting of tetraploid cells. Specifically, we propose that 1) transient p53 activation can promote a tetraploid-G1 arrest and, as a result, may inadvertently promote formation of therapy-resistant tetraploid cells, and 2) therapy-resistant tetraploid cells, by virtue of having higher P53 gene copy number and expressing twice as many p53-MDM2 complexes, are more sensitive to apoptosis and/or growth arrest by anti-cancer MDM2 antagonists (e.g. Nutlin).
2,4-diamino-5, 6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline, a new pteridine antagonist.

Abstract The growth of the flagellate, Crithidia fasciculata , is inhibited by 2, 4-diamino-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydroquinazoline. This inhibition is reversed by biopterin. Folic acid does not reverse the inhibition but increases the effectiveness of biopterin in reversing the inhibition at low concentrations of the inhibitor.
Two-Component Regulators Control hilA Expression by Controlling fimZ and hilE Expression within Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium

ABSTRACT Salmonellae initiate disease through the invasion of host cells within the intestine. This ability to invade requires the coordinated action of numerous genes, many of which are found within Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1). The key to this process is the ability of the bacteria to respond to the environment, thereby upregulating the necessary genes under optimal conditions. Central to the control of SPI-1 is the transcriptional activator hilA . Work has identified at least 10 different activators and 8 different repressors responsible for the control of hilA . We have previously shown that hilE is a Salmonella-specific negative regulator that is able to repress hilA expression and invasion. Additionally, fimZ , a transcriptional activator responsible for the expression of type I fimbriae as well as flagellar genes, has also been implicated in this process. fimZ is homologous to response regulators from other two-component regulatory systems, although a sensor for the system has not been identified. The phoPQ and phoBR regulons are both two-component systems that negatively affect hilA expression, although the mechanism of action has not been determined. Our results show that PhoBR is capable of inducing fimZ expression, whereas PhoPQ does not affect fimZ expression but does upregulate hilE in an FimZ-dependent manner. Therefore, phosphate (sensed by PhoBR) and magnesium (sensed by PhoPQ) levels are important in controlling hilA expression levels when Salmonella is in the intestinal environment.
Electroless copper deposition on aluminum-seeded ABS plastics

We report a method of converting non-conductive plastic surfaces into conductive by coating either aluminum or aluminum-carbon black containing enamel pastes onto acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastics to create aluminum-seeded surfaces for a subsequent copper deposition. Through a simple electroless procedure, copper ions were reduced on the Al seeds and deposited on the ABS surface to develop a conductive layer in about 10-min deposition time. We demonstrate that addition of carbon black particles to the pastes shorten the time to reach the maximum conductivity and enhance the adhesion of electrolessly deposited copper layer to the ABS substrate surface. The electroless copper deposition process developed in this study may open up a new route of plating on plastics (POP) for printed circuit boards, electromagnetic interference shielding, and many other applications.
Fast Layered Manufacturing Support Volume Computation on GPUs

We present a GPU-accelerated algorithm for computing a fast approximation of the volume of supports required for layered manufacturing in a given build direction, one criterion often used to choose a direction that requires less time and material. In a sequence of rendering passes that project the part in the given build direction, we use depth peeling to identify faces bounding supports. We exploit programmable graphics hardware to compute the total height of all supports at each projected pixel location, scale the values by pixel area, and finally sum over all pixels to find the total volume of supports. For sample parts tested, our algorithm achieves over 99% accuracy and running times ranging from .2 seconds, for a part with 1,252 facets and depth complexity 2, to 1.86 seconds, for a part with 419,798 facets and depth complexity 9.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Third order nonlinear integrated optics

The authors review progress in the application of nonlinear optical phenomena to integrated optics. Essentially all integrated optics devices such as directional couplers, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, prism couplers, etc., can be used for all-optical signal processing when at least one of the waveguiding media exhibits an intensity-dependent refractive index. Experimental and theoretical results on the operating characteristics and figures of merit of such devices, as well as a new class of phenomena based on large nonlinear changes in waveguide properties will be summarized. Also discussed are measurement techniques for evaluating waveguide nonlinearities. Progress in the implementation of other nonlinear third order interactions, such as degenerate four-wave mixing and nonlinear spectroscopy, will also be reviewed. >
Nuclear-nuclear and nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions contribute to the reproductive incompatibility between two strains of the twospotted spider mite

Des hybrides entre deux races de Tetranychus urticae, une portant la mutation marquee yeux blancs, ont donne des mâles viables avec une proportion d'yeux blancs, 1 type sauvage, avec une grande proportion d'œufs non viables. La proportion est la meme dans le cas des deux croisements reciproques. Les interactions nucleo-nucleaires et nucleocytoplasmiques contribuent a la sterilite partielle des hybrides observee
A system of parallel and selective microchannels for biosensor sample delivery and containment

This paper presents an integrated microfluidic system for selectively interrogating parallel biosensors at programmed time intervals. Specifically, the microfluidic system is used for delivering a volume of sample from a single source to a surface-based arrayed biosensor. In this case the biosensors were an array of electrochemical electrodes modified with sample specific capture probes. In addition, the sample was required to be captured, stored and removed for additional laboratory analysis. This was accomplished by a plastic laminate stack in which each thin laminate was patterned by CO2 laser ablation to form microchannels and two novel valves. The first valve was a normally closed type opened by heat via an electrically resistive wire. The second valve was a check type integrated into a removable storage chamber. This setup allows for remote and leave-behind sensing applications and also containment of sensed sample for further laboratory analysis.
Mesenteric Ischemia: The Whole Spectrum

Correspondence: Michael J. Sise, M.D. 550 Washington St, Suite 641 San Diego, CA 92103, U.S.A. Email: sise.mike@scrippshealth.org tic branches to the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. However, many of these patients have intestinal angina when eating large meals. The venous drainage of the gut is via the portal venous system. Gastric drainage is via the splenic vein. The small bowel and the proximal colon through the splenic flexure drain via the superior mesenteric vein. The remainder of the colon drains via the inferior mesenteric vein. Collateral venous vessels are present between each major area. The celiac and mesenteric artery origins from the aorta are closely associated with the renal artery origins in the upper abdomen just below the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm. Their proximal portions each have a closely applied plexus of lymphatic and neurologic tissue. These vessels are relatively thin-walled, unlike similarly sized extremity arteries, and must be handled with care. The portal vein and major mesenteric veins are also thin-walled, easily torn, and equally easily injured during exposure.
Decoding low-density parity check codes with normalized APP-based algorithm

We propose a normalized a posteriori probability (APP) based algorithm for the decoding of low-density parity check (LDPC) codes. The normalized APP-based algorithm utilizes normalization to improve the accuracy of the soft values delivered by the simplified APP-based algorithm from one iteration to another during the iterative decoding, and can achieve very good tradeoff between decoding complexity and performance.
Comfort Properties of Heat-Resistant Protective Workwear in Varying Conditions of Physical Activity and Environment. Part I: Thermophysical and Sensorial Properties of Fabrics:

This series of studies investigates the impact of thermophysiologial and sensorial properties and end-use conditions of heat-resistant protective workwear on the wear comfort response. In Part I of this paper, material features and test methods are screened to obtain fabric characteristics that explain wear comfort effectively. Thermophysiological and sensorial properties including liquid moisture transfer properties are assessed for six heat resistant workwear materials with different fiber content, yarn property, weave type, and functional finishes. Based on the thermophysical values, small differences among the test garments are predicted. Measured sensorial properties, obtained from fabric mechanical, surface, and liquid moisture management properties, provide more distinctive comparisons. The remaining moisture (A) is calculated from the evaporated (E) and total driven (T) water to predict the sensation of clamminess after sweating. Results from surface roughness, contact area, and wet cling analysis...
Efficiency, economic and environmental assessment of ground-source heat pumps in Central Pennsylvania

The energy use of a ground-source heat pump (GSP) for heating, cooling and hot water in a Central Pennsylvania residence (namely, the authors house) is analyzed, compared to a simulation of electricity and a heating-oil furnace (with electric cooling) for these same energy uses. Energy demands for space conditioning in the house are simulated by building a model of the house using the Transient Energy System Simulation (TNRSYS) tool. Overall, the efficiency gain for the ground-source heat pump compared to electricity is 43% for cooling and 81% for heating. For home heating and hot water, the ground-source heat pump has a 42% efficiency gain over a fuel-oil furnace. The system modeled in this paper has a payback period of between four and five years compared to an all-electric system. The payback period compared to a hybrid system of fuel-oil heat and electric cooling is between two and three years.
Detection of massive pulmonary embolus-in-transit by transesophageal echocardiography.

Pulmonary embolus-in-transit represents an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the critically ill patient. Unexplained shock and acute pulmonary hypertension were evaluated with echocardiography. Standard transthoracic echocardiography failed to identify a large embolism-intransit that was easily visualized by transesophageal imaging. A review of the literature involving emboli-in-transit suggests that early intervention in these patients may be beneficial.
Factors Associated with Having Flextime: A Focus on Married Workers

To examine flexible work scheduling of married workers a conceptual framework was developed and tested using the 1997 Current Population Survey Work Schedules Supplement. Odds of flextime use were higher for married males, non-Hispanic whites, those with relatively higher levels of education and income, those with a preschool aged child, residents of the Midwest or West (as compared with the South), managers or professionals, and employees of the federal government.
Synthesis of compatible impedances using semi-uniformly lossy two-port coupling networks

The authors present a theory for the synthesis of compatible impedances using coupling networks with resistive losses. This is achieved by introducing an impedance transformation that transforms a semiuniformly lossy network into a lossless counterpart, together with a complex normalized scattering matrix for describing a semiuniformly lossy two-port, terminated in two compatible non-Foster PRD/sub z/ impedances, one of which is 1 Omega . The resulting scattering matrix has paraunitary characteristics. A constructive synthesis procedure for the design of a semiuniformly lossy two-port is used to establish sufficiency with examples to illustrate the usage of the new generalized compatibility theorem. >
Size and speed capabilities of DRO film memories

The memory cycle time and size capabilities of destructive read-out (DRO) film memories are examined on the following bases: an assumed memory-element geometry which can be easily fabricated, a memory organization which minimizes propagation delays per element, the gain bandwidth product of drive and amplifying devices, the switching speed of magnetic films (including the effects of eddy currents), the recovery time from digit-line transients, and the limitations of demagnetizing fields. The results show that, depending on the size of the memory and the capabilities of the drive and amplifying devices, the memory speed can be limited chiefly by propagation delay, electronic delay, or the magnetic-film switching speed. The analysis indicates that memories with 10 6 bits of storage and cycle times less than 100 nsec (nanoseconds) could be achieved with existing devices.