cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Odor fear conditioning modifies piriform cortex local field potentials both during conditioning and during post-conditioning sleep.

Background Sleep plays an active role in memory consolidation. Sleep structure (REM/Slow wave activity [SWS]) can be modified after learning, and in some cortical circuits, sleep is associated with replay of the learned experience. While the majority of this work has focused on neocortical and hippocampal circuits, the olfactory system may offer unique advantages as a model system for exploring sleep and memory, given the short, non-thalamic pathway from nose to primary olfactory (piriform cortex), and rapid cortex-dependent odor learning. Methodology/Principal Findings We examined piriform cortical odor responses using local field potentials (LFPs) from freely behaving Long-Evans hooded rats over the sleep-wake cycle, and the neuronal modifications that occurred within the piriform cortex both during and after odor-fear conditioning. We also recorded LFPs from naive animals to characterize sleep activity in the piriform cortex and to analyze transient odor-evoked cortical responses during different sleep stages. Naive rats in their home cages spent 40% of their time in SWS, during which the piriform cortex was significantly hypo-responsive to odor stimulation compared to awake and REM sleep states. Rats trained in the paired odor-shock conditioning paradigm developed enhanced conditioned odor evoked gamma frequency activity in the piriform cortex over the course of training compared to pseudo-conditioned rats. Furthermore, conditioned rats spent significantly more time in SWS immediately post-training both compared to pre-training days and compared to pseudo-conditioned rats. The increase in SWS immediately after training significantly correlated with the duration of odor-evoked freezing the following day. Conclusions/Significance The rat piriform cortex is hypo-responsive to odors during SWS which accounts for nearly 40% of each 24 hour period. The duration of slow-wave activity in the piriform cortex is enhanced immediately post-conditioning, and this increase is significantly correlated with subsequent memory performance. Together, these results suggest the piriform cortex may go offline during SWS to facilitate consolidation of learned odors with reduced external interference.
Influence of acute hyperglycemia on otoacoustic emissions and the medial olivocochlear reflex

Stimulus-frequency (SF) otoacoustic emission (OAE) amplitude and the amplitude of medial olivocochlear (MOC) inhibition of SF OAEs for ipsilateral, contralateral and bilateral MOC reflex elicitors were recorded in six subjects with type 2 diabetes during a glucose tolerance test (GTT). Five of the six subjects were tested twice for a total of 11 trials and three subjects were tested in a control experiment. During the GTT experiment, the subjects’ blood glucose was elevated from a euglycemic level below 150 mg/dL to a hyperglycemic level above 160 mg/dL following the consumption of a bolus of 80 g of sugar. A subset of three subjects were tested in a control experiment during which SF OAE and MOC reflex measurements were made while blood sugar levels remained constant within the euglycemic region. Mean SF OAE amplitudes were elevated following glucose consumption. A statistically significant increase in MOC inhibition amplitude was observed during elevated sugar levels for the 11 GTT trials. Maximum inhibition occurred about an hour after glucose consumption when blood glucose levels peaked. Results indicate that acute hyperglycemia influences efferent control of the cochlea in people with type 2 diabetes.
Dichotic listening and paired-associate recall.

Paired-associate recall was investigated in fast-rate dichotic listening. The 72 Ss listened to 24 trials composed of six pairs of words presented simultaneously at 1 pr./1/2 sec. After each trial S was given a word and instructed to report the one paired simultaneously with it in presentation. A very low level of recall was obtained. The results, taken in combination with slow-rate findings, are in line with a model that hypothesizes sequential processing of simultaneous stimuli.
Efficient Photoelectrochemical Splitting of Water to H2 and O2 at Nanocrystalline Carbon Modified (CM)-n-TiO2 Thin Films

The carbon modified n-type titanium oxide (CM-n-TiO2) thin films were synthesized by flame oxidation of Ti metal sheets both flat and grooved and also by using combination of spray pyrolysis and flame oxidation of flat surface. Also undoped reference n-TiO2samples were also synthesized in an electric oven for comparison. Photoresponse of CM-n-TiO2 and n-TiO2 were evaluated by measuring the rates of water splitting to hydrogen and oxygen, in terms of observed photocurrent densities. Under the white light illumination of intensity of 100 mW cm-2 from the xenon lamp the photocurrent densities were found to be 1.60, 9.17, 11.44 and 14.68 mA cm-2 for optimized oven made n-TiO2 (sample1), flame made on flat surface (sample 2), on grooved surface (sample 3) and spray pyrolysis-flame made CM-n-TiO2 (sample 4) thin films at 0.477 V, 0.240 V, 0.242 V and 0.215 V biases respectively. The corresponding maximum photoconversion efficiencies for these thin films were found to be 1.2 %, 9.08 %, 11.31 % and 14.04 % for samples 1-4 respectively. Under monochromatic light illumination from the xenon lamp the maximum photoconversion efficiencies for samples 1-4 were found to be 0.94 %, 8.86 %, 11.16 % and 13.79 % respectively. However, under actual natural global AM 1.5 sunlight illumination of 1 sun, the maximum photoconversion efficiencies reduced to 0.67 %, 5.63 %, 7.62 % and 12.26 % for samples 1, 2, 4 and 3 respectively. These values compared well with those found under monochromatic light illumination from the xenon lamp. The increasing efficiencies were found consistent with lowering of band gaps from 2.9 eV for sample 1 to 2.65 eV and generation of mid-gap band at 1.6 eV for both samples 2 and 3 and 1.4 eV above the valence band for sample 4. Carbon contents were found to be 0.0, 17.60, 19.38 and 23.23 atom % for samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
Control and the elderly: "goodness-of-fit".

The present study is an investigation of the effects of person-environment fit on control in an elderly population. Person-environment fit theory predicts that a fit or a match between the characteristics of the person and the characteristics of the environment is important in determining positive outcomes. In the present study, a measure of the misfit (i.e., the mismatch) between an individual's perceptions of control and that individual's desire for control was used to predict life satisfaction, depression, and self-reported health. The misfit between these constructs was found to be a significant predictor of depression, suggesting that a person-environment fit model may be important in explaining this outcome variable. In contrast to the hypothesis, misfit did not significantly predict life satisfaction, and only approached significance in the physical health model. Possible interpretations and implications of these findings were discussed, and potential future research directions were suggested.
Evaluation of a carbon monoxide dosimeter

A potential carbon monoxide dosimeter has been evaluated. It consists of a MDA Accuhaler® pump and a Drager Long-Term Tube. While this combination has limitations, it shows promise as a relatively inexpensive and reasonably accurate CO dosimeter.
Effect of Vascular Convexity on Diffusive Delivery of Blood-Borne Substances in Normal and Tumor Tissues

Blood-borne substances such as oxygen, nutrients, drugs and particles arrive at targeted tissues through a multi-step process that begins with convection along the blood vessels and then movement from the blood vessels to the surrounding tissues by convection through the cellular interstices or molecular diffusion. Interstitial convection may be important in the margins of tumors where highly permeable blood vessels encounter high transmural pressures, but otherwise, transport from the blood vessels to the tissues progresses primarily by diffusion.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Does the third culture kid experience predict levels of prejudice

Abstract The study sought to explore whether levels of exposure (as measured by number of years spent abroad and number of countries lived in) predicted levels of prejudice (as measured by the Quick Discrimination Index and the Social Dominance Orientation Scale) in Adult Third Culture Kids (ATCKs), as well as whether there was a significant difference in levels of prejudice between American ATCKs and non-American ATCKs. One hundred and ninety-six ATCKs completed a web-based survey including measures of discrimination and social dominance, as well as demographic information. Only number of countries lived in significantly predicted scores on the Affective subscale of the Quick Discrimination Index (QDI). American ATCKs reported significantly higher levels of prejudice than non-American ATCKs on the Cognitive subscale of the QDI and the Social Dominance Orientation scale (SDO).
Wavelet Analysis of Energy Content in Pavement Roughness and Truck Dynamic Axle Loads

A wavelet approach is used to study the interaction between pavement roughness profile and heavy-truck axle dynamics. Profile and load variation are quantified in terms of their sum of squares or energy, in units of millimeters squared per meter and kilonewtons squared per meter, respectively. The dynamic axle load and pavement roughness profile data are decomposed into distinct frequency subbands and relative or percent energy is computed. The results are presented in the form of three-dimensional plots of relative dynamic load energy, pavement roughness energy, and pavement roughness frequency. They demonstrate the drastically different response of two types of suspensions to roughness excitation. Energy also was normalized by dividing by the length traveled, resulting in units of millimeters squared per meter and kilonewtons squared per meter for the profile and the dynamic load, respectively. The normalized energy results show a much higher dynamic load activity for the rubber suspension than for the air suspension. The normalized energy of load shows a high correlation with the normalized energy of the pavement roughness. The normalized energy of the pavement roughness profile shows a high correlation with the conventional international roughness index.
Effects of Ethnicity on Prison Sentencing

When the race of the subject, the victim, and the accused were varied, there was no interaction; however, the 48 black college students gave longer sentences than the 128 white ones
Pharmacological characterization of a 7‐benzylidenenaltrexone‐preferring opioid receptor in porcine ileal submucosa

In the intestine, opioids produce antidiarrhoeal and constipating actions that are mediated by enteric neurones. Through interactions with opioid receptors (ORs) on submucosal neurones, opioids suppress active ion transport evoked by transmural electrical stimulation (TES) in mucosa–submucosa sheets from the porcine ileum. In this study, we examined the pharmacological characteristics of the previously described OR, which is sensitive to the δ1-OR antagonist 7-benzylidenenaltrexone and modulates neurogenic transepithelial ion transport in this tissue preparation. Increases in short-circuit current (Isc, a measure of active anion transport) evoked by TES in ileal mucosa–submucosa sheets were inhibited by opioid agonists possessing high selectivity for either δ- or μ-ORs including [D-Pen2,5]enkephalin (DPDPE), [D-Ala2, Glu4]deltorphin II, and [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO). As determined by the Schild analysis, the actions of these agonists were competitively inhibited by 7-benzylidenenaltrexone. The nonequilibrium μ-OR antagonist β-funaltrexamine inhibited the actions of DAMGO only at a high concentration (1 μM) but did not alter DPDPE or deltorphin II action. At concentrations up to 10 μM, the nonequilibrium δ-OR antagonist naltrindole 5′-isothiocyanate did not alter the actions of δ- or μ-OR agonists. Radioligand binding analyses of neuronal homogenates from the ileal submucosa revealed that the nonselective OR ligand [3H]diprenorphine bound to two populations of specific binding sites. One of these sites possessed binding characteristics similar to the δ-OR. In summary, neurogenic ion transport in the porcine intestine is modulated by an OR which shares pharmacological characteristics of both μ- and δ-ORs and may represent a novel receptor entity. British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 140, 691–700. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705485
INHIBITION OF WARMED‐OVER FLAVOR IN RETORTED TURKEY BY ANTIOXIDANTS FORMED DURING PROCESSING

Retorted turkey meat was evaluated for susceptibility to warmed-over flavor by means of organoleptic evaluation and the TBA test. The retorted turkey was found to have significant resistance to development of warmed-over flavor which was not found in less severely cooked turkey. This resistance was shown to be due to the presence of water soluble, low molecular weight antioxidative substances. These substances are probably formed as the result of browning interactions which occur in the meat during retorting. Indications are that these compounds inhibit warmed-over flavor by acting as primary antioxidants, interrupting the free radical mechanism characteristic of lipid oxidation.
Variations in slow wave activity during sleep in the rat

Scoring of human electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings usually includes subdivisions of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep based on amount of slow wave activity. This procedure has revealed relationships between slow wave activity and many other variables. In animals, however, few experimenters have described variations in slow wave activity within NREM sleep. The present study quantifies, by filtering and integration techniques, variations in amount of slow wave activity during NREM sleep in the rat. Slow wave activity was found to be greatest at the start of the light period; the diurnal variation of slow wave activity within NREM sleep was correlated with variations in amount of NREM sleep. An amplitude criterion was used to define NREM sleep, but overall EEG amplitude during NREM sleep did not show the same diurnal variation as slow wave activity. The results indicate the value of measuring variations in slow wave amplitude during NREM sleep in animals in addition to overall EEG amplitude.
Preparation and maintenance of the patient receiving irradiation for gynecologic cancer.

Results of animal experiments and experience in irradiated humans are discussed from the viewpoint of protecting patients from the side-effects of radiotherapy, particularly individuals simultaneously debilitated by cancer. Animals in negative protein balance show a minimal adaptation response when exposed to irradiation and their tumors are relatively more radioresistant as compared with animals in positive nitrogen balance before therapy began. The radiation syndrome and its clinical manifestations are an additional stress to the cancer patient. Therefore, before therapy is stanted, the anorexia- malnutrition cycle prevalent in cancer must be corrected. This cycle can be broken by hyperalimentation with tube feeding, if necessary, with a caloric intake of 3500 calories a day and a minimum of 110 g of protein. The cancer patient needs approximates 3 times more protein than the normal intake to bolster the body's defenses. The importance of protein in preparing an animal to cope with the radiation stress is emphasized. Fat is also an important factor in making animals more resistant to radiation injury. All objective signs of irfection in patients should also be controlled before therapy is started. In addition, prophylactic, broad spectrum antibiotics may be used. The incidence of radiation sickness is directiy related tomore » the psychological and physiological preparation of the patient for therapy. Since irradiation depresses the hemopoietic system, the blood profile must be foilowed closely during therapy. Close clinlcal observation is necessary to detect the warning symptoms and signs of impending complications. With high-voltage equipment in the treatment of gynecologic cancer, the gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary system are the most sensitive regions. (P.C.H.)« less
Images of Community in Scientific Texts: A Grid/Group Approach to the Analysis of Journal Editorials*

The justifications scientists use when starting new journals often rely on “indigenous theories” which represent their particular cognitive communities. In an analysis of new journal editorials, this paper examines these indigenous theories, together with the images of scientific community they contain, and compares them with the images of science which exist in the sociological literature. As evidenced in the editorials, scientists share with sociologists a concern for the question of whether the manner in which science grows is prescriptive for, or creates obligations for, the community of researchers or instead, the community of researchers constitutes, or produces by conscious efforts, what comes to be accepted as authoritative in the particular scientific community. Douglas’grid/group model is used as an interpretive tool to map the two dimensions of concern in this question and suggests some differences between discipline groups and some changes over time.
A new canker disease of crabapple trees caused by Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis in Washington State.

This is the first report of this fungus causing cankers and twig dieback on crabapple trees. Our findings indicate that canker symptoms on crabapple trees caused by P. washingtonensis are similar t...
Stochastic Parameterization to Represent Variability and Extremes in Climate Modeling

Abstract Unresolved sub-grid processes, those which are too small or dissipate too quickly to be captured within a model's spatial resolution, are not adequately parameterized by conventional numerical climate models. Sub-grid heterogeneity is lost in parameterizations that quantify only the ‘bulk effect’ of sub-grid dynamics on the resolved scales. A unique solution, one unreliant on increased grid resolution, is the employment of stochastic parameterization of the sub-grid to reintroduce variability. We administer this approach in a coupled land-atmosphere model, one that combines the single-column Community Atmosphere Model (CAM-SC) and the single-point Community Land Model (CLM-SP), by incorporating a stochastic representation of sub-grid latent heat flux to force the distribution of precipitation. Sub-grid differences in surface latent heat flux arise from the mosaic of Plant Functional Types (PFT) that describe terrestrial land cover. With the introduction of a stochastic parameterization framework to affect the distribution of sub-grid PFT's, we alter the distribution of convective precipitation over regions with high PFT variability. The stochastically forced precipitation probability density functions (pdf) show lengthened tails, demonstrating the retrieval of rare events. Through model data analysis we show that the stochastic model increases both the frequency and intensity of rare events in comparison to conventional deterministic parameterization.
Contradiction in Buddhist Argumentation

Certain Buddhist texts contain statements that are prima facie contradictions. The scholarly consensus has been that such statements are meant to serve a rhetorical function that depends on the apparent contradictions being resolvable. But recently it has been claimed that such statements are meant to be taken literally: their authors assert as true statements that are of the form ‘p and not p’. This claim has ramifications for our understanding of the role played by the principle of non-contradiction in Buddhist argumentation. I argue that these make the claim less plausible.
Spontaneous breakdown of diffeomorphism invariance

Abstract A mechanism for spontaneous breakdown of a hypothetical diffeomorphism invariant phase of gravity, with vanishing expectation value for the metric, is described. The conformal sector of gravity destabilizes the invariant vacuum, leading to a spontaneous breakdown of diffeomorphism invariance.
Localization of deformation in thin shells under indentation

We perform a hybrid experimental and numerical study of the localization of deformation in thin spherical elastic shells under indentation. Past a critical indentation, the deformation of the shell ceases to be axisymmetric and sharp points of localized curvature form. In plates, these sharp points are known as d-cones. By way of analogy, we refer to regions of localization in shells as s-cones, for ‘shell-cones’. We quantify how the formation and evolution of s-cones is affected by the indenter's curvature. Juxtaposing results from precision model experiments and finite element simulations enables us to explore the frictional nature of the shell–indenter contact and characterize the relative properties of strain energy focusing, at different loci of localization. Our combined experimental and computational approach allows us to gain invaluable physical insight towards rationalizing this geometrically nonlinear process.
Studies in free radical initiation

In this paper, the consequences of the standard assumptions made in free radical initiation are explored to explain effects that could be attributed to the kinetics of initiation. Experimental results based on end-group analysis through the course of bulk and suspension polymerizations demonstrate the importance of reactions involving initiator molecules. Studies on the combined effects of mixing and initiator decomposition, and oxidation reduction systems further demonstrate the importance of an adequate description of free radical initiation mechanisms.
No-race charge-recycling differential logic (NCDL)

This paper describes no-race charge-recycling differential logic (NCDL) which realizes low power computation with less sensitivity to input signal skews. Performance comparison with previous charge recycling logics is shown for a 2-input NAND logic. NCDL operates in push-pull mode and achieves about 35% improvement in power-delay product over full swing differential logic without the pre-evaluation problems. Thus, it shows increased effectiveness for the implementation of random logic with input signals arriving in an arbitrary sequence.
Interposition of the Prepuce into the External Urethral Meatus A Case Report

An unusual case of preputial interposition into the external urethral meatus resulting from urethral catheterization is presented. The importance of adequate care of an indwelling catheter is emphasized.
Social networks and health-related quality of life in breast cancer survivors: a prospective study.

Abstract Purpose: To examine prospectively the influence of social networks on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among breast cancer survivors. Methods: Social networks and HRQoL were assessed among women free of breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS). Women who developed breast cancer over a 4-year follow-up ( n =708) completed detailed questions related to treatment together with an assessment of general and cancer-specific HRQoL. Results: On average, socially isolated women were more adversely affected by breast cancer—their role function was lower by 14 points, vitality lower by 7 points, and physical function lower by 6 points compared to the most socially integrated women. Conclusion: Prediagnosis level of social integration is an important factor in future HRQoL among breast cancer survivors, and appears to explain more of the variance in HRQoL than treatment or tumor characteristics. Rehabilitation programs should incorporate interventions that address the availability of adequate social support among breast cancer survivors.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER III. THE LEUCOCYTIC ORIGIN OF ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN IN ACUTE INFLAMMATORY EXUDATES

The evolution of an acute inflammatory exudate produced in rabbits by the intraperitoneal injection of saline has been described. Evidence has been presented that polymorphonuclear leucocytes release endogenous pyrogen into the cell-free fluid of the exudate. Leucocytes from such exudates have also been shown to release pyrogen into the surrounding medium during incubation in vitro at 37 degrees C. The results of parallel cytological studies have provided evidence which suggests that the leucocytes give up their pyrogen while functionally intact. These observations add further support to the hypothesis that polymorphonuclear leucocytes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of fever.
Predictors of indoor absolute humidity and estimated effects on influenza virus survival in grade schools

Background: Low absolute humidity (AH) has been associated with increased influenza virus survival and transmissibility and the onset of seasonal influenza outbreaks. Humidification of indoor environments may mitigate viral transmission and may be an important control strategy, particularly in schools where viral transmission is common and contributes to the spread of influenza in communities. However, the variability and predictors of AH in the indoor school environment and the feasibility of classroom humidification to levels that could decrease viral survival have not been studied. Methods: Automated sensors were used to measure temperature, humidity and CO2 levels in two Minnesota grade schools without central humidification during two successive winters. Outdoor AH measurements were derived from the North American Land Data Assimilation System. Variability in indoor AH within classrooms, between classrooms in the same school, and between schools was assessed using concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). Predictors of indoor AH were examined using time-series Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity models. Classroom humidifiers were used when school was not in session to assess the feasibility of increasing indoor AH to levels associated with decreased influenza virus survival, as projected from previously published animal experiments. Results: AH varied little within classrooms (CCC >0.90) but was more variable between classrooms in the same school (CCC 0.81 for School 1, 0.88 for School 2) and between schools (CCC 0.81). Indoor AH varied widely during the winter (range 2.60 to 10.34 millibars [mb]) and was strongly associated with changes in outdoor AH (p < 0.001). Changes in indoor AH on school weekdays were strongly associated with CO2 levels (p < 0.001). Over 4 hours, classroom humidifiers increased indoor AH by 4 mb, an increase sufficient to decrease projected 1-hour virus survival by an absolute value of 30% during winter months. Conclusions: During winter, indoor AH in non-humidified grade schools varies substantially and often to levels that are very low. Indoor results are predicted by outdoor AH over a season and CO2 levels (which likely reflects human activity) during individual school days. Classroom humidification may be a feasible approach to increase indoor AH to levels that may decrease influenza virus survival and transmission.
A DVD processor with dual CPUs and integrated digital front-end for advanced DVD-based consumer appliances

We present a single-chip DVD processor. It combines two 32-b RISC cores, a 24-b/32-b audio DSP, video MPEG and subpicture decoders, a graphics and video processor with six video DACs that supports both progressive and interlaced output video, audio, video, and I/O interface units, and several dedicated processing units. In addition, the processor integrates the front-end channel decoder and error correction functions, traditionally part of the DVD loader circuitry. The DVD processor has been implemented using a standard-cell library in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology.
Robot control with a fully tuned Growing Radial Basis Function neural network

A fully tuned Growing Radial Basis Function (GRBF) neural network controller for the control of robot manipulators is proposed. In addition to the weights, the centers and the standard variations are adapted online. Furthermore, we present an algorithm in which nodes of the network are appended based on sliding window performance criteria. Lyapunov analysis is used to show uniform ultimate boundedness and a discretization method is used to derive the growing algorithm. Simulations of a 2-DOF planar robot arm are presented to illustrate the method.
A reconfigurable fully parallel associative processor

An associative parallel processing system using novel VLSI associative memory is described. By optimizing the VLSI associative memory architecture, the restrictions that are generally ascribed to classical associative memory systems no longer exist. High performance is achieved without sacrificing memory density due to enhancements in the peripheral circuitry rather than in the storage cell. Using the chip as a basic building block, a dynamically reconfigurable associative processor is proposed. A shifter interconnection network provides the interchip communication required to emulate different networks with a constant routing time for processor data transfers. It also allows for fast communication with a host computer. Parallel arithmetic algorithms are given, together with the application of the Associative Processor to diverse areas such as computer graphics, image processing, and list processing. Results are summarized to show the power of the proposed associative machine which proves to be a general-purpose parallel processor with a broad range of applications.
A biological approach to computational models of proteomic networks

Computational modeling is useful as a means to assemble and test what we know about proteins and networks. Models can help address key questions about the measurement, definition and function of proteomic networks. Here, we place these biological questions at the forefront in reviewing the computational strategies that are available to analyze proteomic networks. Recent examples illustrate how models can extract more information from proteomic data, test possible interactions between network proteins and link networks to cellular behavior. No single model can achieve all these goals, however, which is why it is critical to prioritize biological questions before specifying a particular modeling approach.
Fathead minnow vitellogenin: Complementary DNA sequence and messenger RNA and protein expression after 17β-estradiol treatment†

Induction of vitellogenin (VTG) in oviparous animals has been proposed as a sensitive indicator of environmental contaminants that activate the estrogen receptor. In the present study, a sensitive ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) for VTG messenger RNA (mRNA) was developed for the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), a species proposed for routine endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) screening. The utility of this method was compared with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for fathead minnow VTG protein. Assessment of the two methods included kinetic characterization of the plasma VTG protein and hepatic VTG mRNA levels in male fathead minnows following intraperitoneal injections of 17β-estradiol (E2) at two dose levels (0.5, 5.0 mg/kg). Initial plasma E2 concentrations were elevated in a dose-dependent manner but returned to normal levels within 2 d. Liver VTG mRNA was detected within 4 h, reached a maximum around 48 h, and returned to normal levels in about 6 d. Plasma VTG protein was detectable within 16 h of treatment, reached maximum levels at about 72 h, and remained near these maximum levels for at least 18 d. While the RPA was about 1,000 times more sensitive than the ELISA, the ELISA appears superior for routine screening tests. The ELISA method is relatively simple to perform and, because males lack a clearance mechanism for VTG, the protein remains at relatively high concentrations in the plasma for an extended period of time. As part of the development of the RPA, the complementary DNA (cDNA) sequence for fathead minnow VTG was determined and the deduced amino acid sequence compared with VTG sequences for other fish species.
Epigenetic modification of the oxytocin receptor gene influences the perception of anger and fear in the human brain

In humans, the neuropeptide oxytocin plays a critical role in social and emotional behavior. The actions of this molecule are dependent on a protein that acts as its receptor, which is encoded by the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR). DNA methylation of OXTR, an epigenetic modification, directly influences gene transcription and is variable in humans. However, the impact of this variability on specific social behaviors is unknown. We hypothesized that variability in OXTR methylation impacts social perceptual processes often linked with oxytocin, such as perception of facial emotions. Using an imaging epigenetic approach, we established a relationship between OXTR methylation and neural activity in response to emotional face processing. Specifically, high levels of OXTR methylation were associated with greater amounts of activity in regions associated with face and emotion processing including amygdala, fusiform, and insula. Importantly, we found that these higher levels of OXTR methylation were also associated with decreased functional coupling of amygdala with regions involved in affect appraisal and emotion regulation. These data indicate that the human endogenous oxytocin system is involved in attenuation of the fear response, corroborating research implicating intranasal oxytocin in the same processes. Our findings highlight the importance of including epigenetic mechanisms in the description of the endogenous oxytocin system and further support a central role for oxytocin in social cognition. This approach linking epigenetic variability with neural endophenotypes may broadly explain individual differences in phenotype including susceptibility or resilience to disease.
Modeling of the rotavirus group C capsid predicts a surface topology distinct from other rotavirus species

Rotavirus C (RVC) causes sporadic gastroenteritis in adults and is an established enteric pathogen of swine. Because RVC strains grow poorly in cell culture, which hinders generation of virion-derived RVC triple-layered-particle (TLP) structures, we used the known Rotavirus A (RVA) capsid structure to model the human RVC (Bristol) capsid. Comparative analysis of RVA and RVC capsid proteins showed major differences at the VP7 layer, an important target region for vaccine development due to its antigenic properties. Our model predicted the presence of a surface extended loop in RVC, which could form a major antigenic site on the capsid. We analyzed variations in the glycosylation patterns among RV capsids and identified group specific conserved sites. In addition, our results showed a smaller RVC VP4 foot, which protrudes toward the intermediate VP6 layer, in comparison to that of RVA. Finally, our results showed major structural differences at the VP8* glycan recognition sites.
Citizenship, Political Competence and Civic Studies: The Ostromian Perspective

The Ostroms’ vision of governance and normative political economy is strongly anchored in a well-articulated theory of civic competence and a well-defined view of citizenship and civic behavior. Yet, very few have noticed that once the themes of political competence and citizenship get introduced into the picture, the perspective on the Ostroms’ work gains instantly an entirely new dimension. It is hence a great loss that their contribution to civic studies – seen both as a conceptual reflection and an input to governance processes- is less discussed, although it occupies in the end such an essential position in their system. This chapter will be an attempt to focus on this issue. The chapter will start with the more visible and relatively better known views of the Ostroms regarding citizenship and civic and political competence. Then it will focus on the less known and less understood dimension that pertains to a deeper and more profound level of their perspective: a possibilist epistemology and ontology of social order and change in which citizenship (and civic studies) (may) play a decisive role. In combination, the two parts will show why the Ostroms’ interest in civic studies should not be seen as a mere footnote or marginal extension of their main work but as part and parcel of their core message.
Resistance in Aedes aegypti to chemosterilants: effect of apholate selection on resistance to apholate, tepa, and metepa.

A colony of the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) , which had been selected by exposing the larvae to 5-25 ppm of apholate for 43 generations, was 20 times as resistant as the regular colony to the sterilizing effect of larval treatments with apholate. Little cross resistance to tepa was evident, though the selected strain did show a 3- to 4-fold increase in resistance to metepa. At high con centrations all 3 compounds caused extensive pupal and adult mortality, although the apholate-resistant colony could withstand higher dosages of apholate (but not tepa or metepa) than regular colony without any detrimental effect on development. Adults of the selected colony showed only a 6- to 7-fold increase in resistance to the sterilizing effects of apholate when it was administered by ad libitum feeding in sugar solution.
Los equívocos de la identidad

Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina, 24 abril 2014 Quien soy? Who am I? Chi sono? Esta pregunta tiene muchas respuestas depende de quien pregunte. A mi llegada a este pais, la respuesta de rigor estaba en mi pasaporte. En mi pasaporte, figura escrito que mi nombre es Teresa De Lauretis, que mi nacionalidad es estadounidense, mi lugar de nacimiento Italia, mi fecha de nacimiento es… (la que alguien hace mucho tiempo dijo que era), y que mi sexo es F. Ya, desde el momento de apoyar los pies en Argentina, existe una ambiguedad en mi identidad: en otro pasaporte se declara que mi nacionalidad es italiana. Sucede que tengo dos pasaportes, ambos perfectamente legales. Mi identidad depende de cual pasaporte utilice, pero ambos declaran que mi sexo es F.
On the relation of blood-volume to the nutrition of the tissues. I. The effects of hemorrhage and intravenous injections of gumsaline on the response to the administration of a mixture of carbon dioxide and room air, and of room air alone:

At the last meeting of the American Physiological Society some experiments were reported on the effects of hemorrhage on the response to a gradual reduction in the percentage of oxygen in the respired air. These experiments were performed on the normal unanesthetized dog connected by means of a mask with a rebreathing apparatus arranged to absorb the carbon dioxide of the expired air as the oxygen was consumed. The purpose of the experiments was to determine the detrimental effects of hemorrhage and the subsequent effects of replacing the lost blood with a gum-saline solution.We reasoned that if a normal percentage of hemoglobin and a normal flow of blood are essential for a normal gaseous exchange, that the response of an animal to a reduction in the percentage of oxygen in the respired air would be altered by hemorrhage; and further that if the intravenous injection of gum-saline accelerated the volume-flow of blood out of proportion to the accompanying dilution, the reduced tolerance to low pressures o...
Power generation industry considerations

Because of its commitment to the principle of following relevant exposure limits set by government, the electricity industry makes certain it has representation whenever exposure limits are being formulated. Once the guideline or limit is set, however, the industry's policy is that of compliance. This paper systematically identifies and characterizes all compliance issues to enable the electricity industry to supply the information to the HSE to assist them in negotiating the Physical Agents Directive. [Includes 9 Powerpoint slides.]
Methodology of Developing an Audio-Tutorial Program for Teaching Entomology

In entomology, as in many other disciplines, there is need for better quality visual materials and similar teaching software. Recent proliferation of textbooks has enhanced our discipline; yet, with the exception of the Brigham Young Univ./ Entomological Society of America slide/tape program (Tipton 1973), there have been few attempts to generate these type materials.
Effects of well spacing on geological storage site distribution costs and surface footprint.

Geological storage studies thus far have not evaluated the scale and cost of the network of distribution pipelines that will be needed to move CO(2) from a central receiving point at a storage site to injection wells distributed about the site. Using possible injection rates for deep-saline sandstone aquifers, we estimate that the footprint of a sequestration site could range from 100,000 km(2), and that distribution costs could be $10/tonne. Our findings are based on two models for determining well spacing: one which minimizes spacing in order to maximize use of the volumetric capacity of the reservoir, and a second that determines spacing to minimize subsurface pressure interference between injection wells. The interference model, which we believe more accurately reflects reservoir dynamics, produces wider well spacings and a counterintuitive relationship whereby total injection site footprint and thus distribution cost declines with decreasing permeability for a given reservoir thickness. This implies that volumetric capacity estimates should be reexamined to include well spacing constraints, since wells will need to be spaced further apart than void space calculations might suggest. We conclude that site-selection criteria should include thick, low-permeability reservoirs to minimize distribution costs and site footprint.
Analysis on Agricultural Support Level and Support Policy in Brazil:Based on the Latest Policy Classification of OECD

Since 1980s,Brazil agriculture has developed rapidly.The proportion of agricultural income in national income is higher than the proportion of many developed countries.The contribution of agriculture policy adopted by Brazil government can not be neglected.This paper analyzes support level and evolution of the support structure by using the latest OECD evaluation methodology and indicators.In the study of support structure,this paper introduces the support tools,support measures,and purposes of Brazil agricultural policy under the policy classification of OECD.Based on the analysis,the paper brings about the inspiration of adjustment of China′s agricultural policy.
Qualitative and quantitative determination of muscarine in amanita muscaria of Yunnan province with gas chromatography and mass spectrum

Objective:To study research analytical method of muscarine.Methods:Using muscarine standard sample to set up mass spectrum library.Muscarine in Amanita muscaria was extracted with methanol.Appling xcalibur sofeware of gas chromatography and mass spectrum instrument,we compared mass peak of amanita muscaria with mass peak of muscarine standard,qualitative and quantitative determination of muscarine in amanita muscaria.Results:25.6 mg/kg muscarine content were determined in Amanita muscaria of Yunnan province.Conclusion:This method is fast,sensitive and accurate.
The Analysis of Abnormal of Shaft Vibration and Bearing Temperature Turbine Inlets Mode's Shifting

Shaft vibration and bearing temperature increases at shifting steam turbine inlets mode in some turbine-generator sets.In this paper,the reason is analyzed in the view of force on shaft.It is found that the force is changed by changing the sequence of valves' opening.And so the increasing of vibration and temperature decreases.Some applications show that this approach is effective.The approach is applicable to other similar cases.
Vasopressin release during cardiac operation

Plasma vasopressin (VP), serum and urine osmolality (Sosm, Uosm), serum and urine electrolytes (Na+, K+), cardiac index, and arterial pressure were studied before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in 27 patients. Of these, 13 underwent coronary artery bypass (CAB), seven underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR), and seven underwent mitral valve replacement (MVR). During CPB, plasma VP concentration rose significantly in all three groups. The CAB group showed the highest average increase in plasma VP concentration during CPB over the preinduction values, an increase significantly higher than that in the valve groups (p
The Spectrum of a Composition Operator and Calderón’s Complex Interpolation

Using the method of complex interpolation due to A.P. Calderon, we give a general theorem for identifying the spectrum of an operator acting on a family of interpolation spaces. We then use this to determine the spectrum of certain composition operators acting on the weighted Dirichlet and analytic Besov spaces of the unit disk.
Primär kutane CD30(+) lymphoproliferative Erkrankungen.

Primar kutane CD30(+) lymphoproliferative Erkrankungen zahlen zu der zweit haufigsten Gruppe der kutanen T-Zell-Lymphome (CTCL) und umfassen die Krankheitsbilder der lymphomatoiden Papulose (LyP) und des primar kutanen anaplastischen groszelligen Lymphoms (cALCL). Beide Erkrankungen haben klinische, histopathologische und molekulare Gemeinsamkeiten und reprasentieren ein Spektrum von kutanen CD30(+) lymphoproliferativen Erkrankungen. Man kann LyP vom cALCL anhand des Zusammenspiels von klinischen und histopathologischen Befunden unterscheiden. In manchen Patienten konnen LyP und MF gemeinsam auftreten, oder konnen wahrend des Krankheitsverlaufes entstehen. Mycosis fungoides (MF), ist die haufigste Form von CTCL und zahlt nicht zur Gruppe der primar kutanen CD30(+) lymphoproliferativen Erkrankungen. Manche LyP-Patienten konnen jedoch von beiden Krankheitsbildern gemeinsam betroffen sein. Es ist aber auch moglich, dass ein MF-Patient LyP-artige Lasionen entwickelt, die eher eine Manifestation der MF darstellen als zwei unterschiedliche Erkrankungen. Besondere Vorsicht ist jedoch im Zusammenhang mit CD30(+) transformierten MF-Lasionen geboten, da die Gefahr besteht, dass diese falschlicherweise als LyP oder cALCL diagnostiziert werden, was moglicherweise zu einer inadaquaten Behandlung fuhrt.
The Impact of Li Grain Size on Coulombic Efficiency in Li Batteries.

One of the most promising means to increase the energy density of state-of-the-art lithium Li-ion batteries is to replace the graphite anode with a Li metal anode. While the direct use of Li metal may be highly advantageous, at present its practical application is limited by issues related to dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency, CE. Here operando electrochemical scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is used to directly image the deposition/stripping of Li at the anode-electrolyte interface in a Li-based battery. A non-aqueous electrolyte containing small amounts of H2O as an additive results in remarkably different deposition/stripping properties as compared to the “dry” electrolyte when operated under identical electrochemical conditions. The electrolyte with the additive deposits more Li during the first cycle, with the grain sizes of the Li deposits being significantly larger and more variable. The stripping of the Li upon discharge is also more complete, i.e., there is a higher cycling CE. This suggests that larger grain sizes are indicative of better performance by leading to more uniform Li deposition and an overall decrease in the formation of Li dendrites and side reactions with electrolyte components, thus potentially paving the way for the direct use of Li metal in battery technologies.