cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrity of sulfur concrete subjected to simulated lunar temperature cycles

Abstract In view of potential application as a construction material on the lunar surface the mechanical integrity of sulfur concrete was evaluated after being subjected to simulated temperature cycles. Here, small cubes of sulfur concrete were repeatedly cycled between room (20 °C) and liquid nitrogen (−191 °C) temperatures after which they, and non-cycled cubes, were evaluated by compression testing. The compression strength of the non-cycled samples averaged ∼35 MPa (5076 psi) before failing whereas the cycled samples fractured at about 7 MPa (1015 psi). Microscopic examination of the fracture surfaces from the cycled samples showed clear de-bonding of the sulfur from the aggregate whereas it was seen adhering in those non-cycled. Based on a simple analysis it was concluded that the large strength discrepancy between cycled and non-cycled samples is due to differences between the coefficients of thermal expansion of the materials constituting the concrete.
Interstrain resistance to polyoma virus oncogenesis and runting in inbred mice treated with antilymphocyte serum (ALS).

SummaryNewborn DBA/2 mice and C57/BL mice were inoculated at various times in the postnatal period with either polyoma virus, antilymphocyte sera (spleen cell), or both. The DBA/2 mice runted and died in 2-3 weeks when virus and ALS were given within the first week of life. The C57/BL mice treated the same way did not die and some runted temporarily. All DBA/2 mice which received ALS and virus within the first 2 weeks developed malignant parotid gland tumors within 19 weeks after birth. The onset of tumor development was related to the time of ALS treatment. Only C57/BL mice which received ALS and virus within 3 days of birth developed tumors. Early killing, runting, and tumor production in DBA/2 mice and tumor development in C57/BL mice appear to be associated with the developmental level of the animals.
GIS based analysis for photovoltaic deployment in the Southeast US

The photovoltaic (PV) market development in the Southeast US has been experiencing a much slower growth compared to the Southwest, mainly due to low electricity costs and lack of solar incentives. However, the Southeast has probably significant potential to grow. In this work, a GIS based site-suitability analysis is performed to assess the feasible areas for a utility-scale PV deployment in four states with high population growth and good solar insolation. Besides the feasible areas, technical potential and capacity factors are also calculated. The results, together with newly established criteria, are used in a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) established for a PV power plant. The MCDA is conducted to have a better understanding on how to prioritize development based on natural resource potential, technical feasibility but also economic factors such as solar incentives and installation costs.
A numerical model of iceberg scour

Abstract A numerical model of iceberg seabed scour is presented. Deformation of the seabed soil follows a Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion, and a pressure–solids volume fraction relationship. The model employs a Particle-In-Cell (PIC) advection scheme, which is suited to dealing with large displacements and discontinuities. Simulations addressed cases of two-dimensional deformation caused by a moving rigid indentor, representing an iceberg. The resulting deformation patterns display expected failure zones and the development of shear layers. The simulations examined the dependence of stresses on scour depth, soil properties, compaction and scour velocity. Comparisons with experimental measurements are also carried out. The results show that the mean normal stress on the iceberg increased with deeper scours and the angle of internal friction of the sand. A decay of stresses was observed in the seabed under the scouring iceberg with higher stress values observed for higher initial solids volume fraction of the sand.
Predicting Adolescents' Discharge Status Following Residential Treatment

ABSTRACT A record review was conducted on 130 adolescents who had completed residential treatment to determine their discharge status. Five sets of variables were used to predict discharge status. One set of variables consisted of demographic variables. A second set of variables consisted of the victimization variables. A third set of variables consisted of family dysfunctional behaviors. A fourth set of variables consisted of the residents' antisocial behaviors prior to placement. A fifth set of variables consisted of seven different types of therapy. The results showed that the odds were 8:1 that residents who received family therapy were discharged to less restrictive settings. Residents who experienced both parental abandonment and sexual abuse or came from families with a criminal history and family substance abuse problem were more likely to be discharged to juvenile detention or a psychiatric hospital.
Acquisition of the hierarchy of tonal functions in music.

The acquisition of the hierarchy of tonal stabilities in music is investigated in children of elementary school age. Listeners judge how good short tone sequences sound as melodies. The ratings show a pattern of increasing differentiation of the pitches in an octave range. The youngest listeners distinguish between scale and nonscale tones; older listeners distinguish between the tonic triad tones and other scale components. A group of adult listeners show octave equivalence and temporal asymmetries, with a preference for sequences ending on the more stable tones within the hierarchy. Pitch height effects do not interact with the age of the listener. These results are discussed in terms of the primacy of physical variables, novice-expert differences, and general cognitive principles governing the acquisition and development of internal representations of pitch relationships.
Using the earth to save energy: Four underground buildings

Abstract Four energy-conserving buildings are described and the reasons for building underground are explored. Reduction of conduction, flattening peak space conditioning loads, controlling air infiltration and the effects of evaporation are discussed.
Absence of bounds of products of normalized eigenvector components of non-symmetric probability matrices

Abstract We consider the usual expansion of a non-symmetric probability matrix M in terms of its left ( L i ) and right eigenvectors ( R i ): M βα =Σ i λ i L α i R β i , where Σ α L α i R α j =δ ij (and 0⩽¦λ i ¦⩽1). In an analytical treament, we show that L α i R β i is unbounded (with no simple relation to the magnitude of the eigenvalue λ i ). However, in numerical calculations on 4×4 M's in which the elements are chosen randomly we find that only a small percentage of the M 's have associated ¦λ i L α i R β i ¦>1. Thus, for practical purposes, in computations of Markov chains involving a finite number of time steps s , we speculate that the magnitude of λ i is still a useful guide in determining which terms to keep in the eigenvector expansion of M s .
The Effects of Root Shape and Biology on Bone Growth

A statistical study was carried out on the influence of root surfaces on adjacent cellular activity. This activity is indeed affected by both the shape and the biology of those surfaces. Flat surfaces tend to inhibit, nicked surfaces tend to stimulate bone formation in a bone-growing environment. A biologic effect is exerted by the matrix of diseases roots. They contain an inhibitory principle which is not present in healthy roots. This factor is masked by the apatite structure and is destroyed by heat.
Speed adaptive mobile IP over wireless LAN

In this paper, the performance of MIP-WLAN at different moving speeds is evaluated on a testbed. The result shows that current MIP protocol is not suitable for rapid moving environments. Through analyzing the relationship of the performance and the moving speed and breaking down the handoff latency of MIP over WLAN, we propose a speed adaptive MIP protocol extension. In this protocol extension, a concept, handoff rate, is defined and is used to extend the MIP protocol. An evaluation of the speed adaptive MIP shows that it greatly improves the performance of MIP over WLAN in rapid moving environments. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inheritance of Mating Type and a Lethal Factor in Cosmarium Botrytis Var. Subtumidum Wittr.

Summary.-The heterothallic strains of Cosmarium botrytis var. subtumidum Wittr. provide the first material for genetic investigations in the desmids. As aresult of the survival of only two non-sister-nuclei following the second division in meiosis, two gonesrather than four are producedby a germinating zygospore.The mating type of sexual strains is shown to be determined by a single gene,whichsegregatesinthenormal Mendelianfashion. The two mating typessegregate, as a rule, in thefirst divisioni of themeioticprocess; therefore, the twogonesfroma single zygospore are usually of different mating types. The abortion of all zygotes resulting from certain backerosses of gones with theminus parental strain is due to a single factor which is undetectable in thehaploid vegetative cell or in the heterozygous condition in the zygote. Zygotes formed bythefusion of two gametes, each carrying thelethal factor, always lyse shortly aftertheir formation. The lethal factor is inherited as a single gene,
Meat Textured Fish Protein Concentrate from Minced Cod (Gadus Morhua)

Abstract The objectives of this study were, firstly, to prepare a meat textured fish protein concentrate (marinbeef) from minced flesh of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) and, secondly, to determine its suitability as a meat replacer for the Canadian consumer. The final product had a moisture content of 9–10%, a crude fat content of 0.15–0.19% and a rehydration capacity of 3.0–3.5 (w/w). The product yield was approximately 10% of the initial weight of minced fish. Sensory tests showed that the acceptance of a hamburger product was not affected when approximately 30% of the ground beef was replaced by rehydrated marinbeef or when 45% of the ground beef was replaced by rehydrated marinbeef plus fat. Sensory tests also showed that the acceptability of a sausage product was not significantly affected when approximately 30% of the meat constituents of the sausage were replaced by rehydrated marinbeef. The rehydrated product was flavorless, had an off-white color, and a texture very similar to cooked ground beef. These results indicate fish protein concentrate prepared from minced cod flesh by the “marinbeef process” can function as a meat replacer in hamburger and sausage products.
The response to injustice: Effects of varying levels of social support and position of advantage or disadvantage☆

Abstract This study investigated the effects of varying levels of social support as well as position of advantage or disadvantage on subjects' response to injustice. Conditions of advantage and disadvantage were established by randomly assigning one member of each experimental dyad to a method of working which prevented him/her from earning points for prizes. Three levels of social support (“none,” “peer,” “authoritative”) were created. Advantaged and disadvantaged subjects receiving authoritative support for the possibility of change and disadvantaged subjects receiving peer support in the form of divided opinion statements rated the system as less fair than either group in the absence of support or the advantaged receiving only peer support. Disadvantaged subjects evidenced a tendency to assume personal responsibility for their lower outcomes. Social support reduced this tendency but did not eliminate it.
Plagiarism in computer sciences courses(Panel Discussion)

What constitutes cheating on programming assignments? What methods can be used to detect cheating? What should be done with offenders? How can cheating be eliminated in programming courses? These are all pertinent questions, but they are directed more towards treating symptoms rather than towards correcting some very fundamental problems.How can student interest in computer programming be stimulated? What can be done to reduce the frustrations inherent in writing and debugging code? What should be expected (and what should not be expected) of students taking introductory programming courses? How can individual performance and achievement be measured effectively for grading purposes?With critical problems of computer fraud and software theft increasing all the time, making Computer Science students aware of the ethics of the computer industry seems not only appropriate but necessary.
Transport and diffusion in a statistical medium

Abstract The problem of formulating and solving linear kinetic (transport) equations in a random maedium is considered. In such a medium, the cross sections and external source are known only in a statistical sense. A projection operator technique is used to derive the appropriate equation for the ensemble averaged distribution function. This equation contains and infinite series, with the nth term involving an n-fold applicaytion of the inverse operator for a non-statistical transport equation. This multiple inverse operator (a multiple integral over Green's functions) acts on various correlation functions describing the statistical nature of the medium. Fokker-Planck approximation can be employed to localize these integral operators. For a static statistical mixture of two fluids, a stationary Markov model is assumed to compute the required correlations. Various explicit solutions to the ensemble averaged transport equation, both exact and approximate, are given for the purely absorbing (no scattering) ...
Ureteral duplication and prostatic disease

Abstract The coincidence of ureteral duplication and prostatic disease often causes adverse interactions between the two conditions, creates difficulties in diagnosis, complicates treatment, and lengthens postprostatectomy follow-up. A logical grouping of the characteristic problems is offered as an aid to their recognition and has been found useful in planning the management of the patient. In some patients, surgical treatment for ureteral duplication may be safely combined with prostatectomy.
Omeprazole as an adjuvant to antimicrobial therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection

Abstract The first therapies to reliably eradicate Helicobacter pylori used combinations of bismuth, metronidazole, and tetracycline or amoxicillin. The increasing frequency of metronidazole resistance, however, has limited the effectiveness of the original combination therapies. As with the use of bismuth compounds, proton pump inhibitors can be used to kill H pylori but are themselves insufficient to eradicate the infection. Proton pump inhibitors markedly increase gastric pH. Because this action may make antimicrobials more effective, we evaluated omeprazole as an adjuvant to antimicrobial therapy. We tested omeprazole 20 mg TID for 7 days as an adjuvant to oral clarithromycin 500 mg TID or gentamicin 20 mg TID (each was given for the final 5 days of the 7-day treatment course). Eradication was defined as the absence of evidence of H pylori 4 or more weeks after cessation of therapy. Eleven patients with active peptic ulcer disease were treated with omeprazole/clarithromycin; the eradication rate was 64%. Six healthy H pylori -infected volunteers were treated with omeprazole/gentamicin; no eradication was achieved. Omeprazole appears to be a useful adjuvant to some therapies but the results cannot be predicted. Combination therapy with omeprazole and clarithromycin warrants further study.
PAGES: Always bottom up

In a recent article titled “Back to the Future” (Eos, 16 March, p. 107), L. C. Witton lays out the goals of IGBP-PAGES for the next few years, noting that, “PAGES is aiming to become a truly bottom-up organization that is driven by the insights of individual scientists…” In fact, PAGES has always been a truly bottom-up organization, and this statement unfortunately fosters the view that it has been otherwise. Those who promote such a view choose to overlook the countless workshops that PAGES has organized, largely at the suggestion of those “at the bottom,” and the numerous publications that have resulted from these meetings. These include reports and recommendations on inter alia: IDEAL—An International Decade for the East African Lakes, the PAGES/CLIVAR Intersection, High Resolution Records of Past Climate from Monsoon Asia, Paleomonsoons in Africa, IMAGES—International Marine Global Change Study, PANASH-Paleoclimates of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, GNIP—Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation, Continental Drilling for Paleoclimate Records, Climate Impact of Explosive Volcanism, International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE), ARTS—Annual Records of Tropical Systems and the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) (see http://www.pages.unibe.ch).
The terminal area automated path generation problem

The automated terminal area path generation problem in the advanced Air Traffic Control System (ATC), has been studied. Definitions, input, output and the interrelationships with other ATC functions have been discussed. Alternatives in modeling the problem have been identified. Problem formulations and solution techniques are presented. In particular, the solution of a minimum effort path stretching problem (path generation on a given schedule) has been carried out using the Newton-Raphson trajectory optimization method. Discussions are presented on the effect of different delivery time, aircraft entry position, initial guess on the boundary conditions, etc. Recommendations are made on real-world implementations.
The Public Face of Kinesiology in the 21st Century

Recent enrollment growth in kinesiology places it second among academic areas of study in higher education. This article addresses issues that have prompted that growth, will allow it to continue, and examines other likely changes in the field. A major factor in growth has been the value of kinesiology as a major for allied health professional programs such as physical therapy and occupational therapy. In general, this growth is good for the field but creates the need for added faculty and facilities, stressing the capacity of current doctoral programs in kinesiology. Questions also arise about the distribution of undergraduate majors with many more seeking allied health options rather than kinesiology’s traditional fields of fitness leadership and physical education teaching. Other topics addressed include the increasing use of lecturers rather than tenure/tenure-line faculty, large public versus smaller private universities, use of the kinesiology core (American Kinesiology Association), direction of ki...
Significance of Some Receiver Errors to Color Reproduction

A method is shown for approximating the significance of color television-receiver errors to color reproduction. For representative colors, the deviations in chromaticity caused by errors in various signals are evaluated in terms of MacAdam's unit of equal noticeability. An experimental investigation of viewer tolerances is reported.
Strategic Role of Affect-Based Attitudes in the Acquisition, Development, and Retention of Customers

Abstract Marketing practitioners seem to have become more intrigued with and informed about complex emotional motives for consumption than academicians. Using affective persuasion strategy to help brands achieve their strategic objectives of acquiring, developing, and retaining customers is one area in which the above statement is likely to be true and is the focus of this article. Review of the extant literature and examples from the real world are discussed to support this argument. Next, drawing on the literature on affect- vs. cognition-based attitudes, a set of propositions are presented that not only examine the conditions under which affect- compared to cognition-based persuasion strategy helps brands achieve the above three strategic objectives but also delineate the influence of using affect- compared to cognition-based persuasion strategy on various outcome measures related to each of the three strategic objectives.
Norepinephrine content, release, and disposition in isolated dog coronary artery.

AbstractThe content of norepinephrine, its release, and subsequent disposition was studied in unlabeled and [3H]norepinephrine-labeled strips of canine coronary artery using standard superfusion techniques. Endogenous norepinephrine was isolated from superfusate and vessel by column chromatography then measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Release of NE was studied in both unlabeled and radiolabeled preparations. The relative importance of neuronal and extraneuronal dispositions of norepinephrine was determined by quantitation of the efflux of the 3H metabolites of norepinephrine, known to arise by neuronal and extraneuronal metabolism, during basal conditions and during increased efflux of norepinephrine by electric stimulation. Similar amounts of endogenous norepinephrine were present in segments of left (0.36 μg NE/g) and right (0.42 μg NE/g) coronary arteries. Levels were not significantly different after 15 min of continuous electric stimulation (0.37 and ...
Analysis of a Commutated Network

A theoretical analysis of the comb-filter properties of synchronously commutated capacitors is presented. The introduction of extraneous frequencies due to the time variance of such a network is investigated. The effects of the number of commutator segments and the input and output time constants on the bandwidth and phase shift are considered. The use of this integrator circuit as a postdetection filter of a spinning-goniometer radio direction finder is discussed.
Heat transfer to a liquid fluidized bed

An experimental study of the rate of heat transfer from the retaining wall to a fluidized bed of solids was carried out for liquid water and glass spheres. The independent variables included mass velocity, particle size, bulk temperature, and wall temperature. Significant increases in heat transfer were observed, owing to the presence of the suspended solids, even to the extent of tripling the coefficient. For each of several particle sizes, the coefficient passed through a maximum corresponding to a particular mass velocity. The behavior of the bed at velocities below and above those for maximum coefficient was studied and categorized. Tentative correlations for both regions are offered.
Direct Biophotolithographic Method for Generating Substrates with Multiple Overlapping Biomolecular Patterns and Gradients

We describe an approach to generate multicomponent surface-immobilized patterns and gradients on the basis of the photochemically controlled covalent coupling of solution-phase biomolecules to benzophenone-modified substrates. Gradients were simply achieved by continuously varying the exposure to nondamaging UV light across the surface with the gradient profile controlled by biomolecule concentration and the spatial and temporal illumination of the surface. Sequential exposure of the same surface in the presence of different biomolecules resulted in overlapping patterns and gradients of proteins and carbohydrates. Finally, we preliminarily demonstrate that the resulting surfaces are suitable for generating model substrates to probe cell-substrate interactions.
On expected occupation time of Brownian bridge

Abstract Consider a Brownian bridge from 0 to c > 0 . It is known that the density of the expected occupation time by the Brownian bridge is constant in [ 0 , c ] . We give a simple elementary proof for this result based on a direct examination of the corresponding integral. The expected occupation time plays an important role in the analysis of animal movement.
Biochemical characterization of the deafness-associated mitochondrial tRNASer(UCN) A7445G mutation in osteosarcoma cell cybrids.

Abstract The deafness-associated A7445G mutation in the precursor of mitochondrial tRNA Ser(UCN) has been identified in several pedigrees from different ethnic backgrounds. To determine the role of nuclear background in the biochemical manifestation associated with the A7445G mutation, we performed a biochemical characterization of this mutation using cybrids constructed by transferring mitochondria from lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from a New Zealand family into human osteosarcoma mtDNA-less ( ρ 0 ) cells. Compared with three control cybrids, three cybrids derived from an affected matrilineal relative carrying the homoplasmic A7445G mutation exhibited ∼38–57% decrease in the steady-state level of tRNA Ser(UCN) , which is less reduced levels than in lymphoblastoid cells in the previous study. Furthermore, ∼22% reduction in the level of aminoacylation of tRNA Ser(UCN) was observed in the mutant cybrid cells. Interestingly, ∼60–63% decrease of steady-state level of ND6 gene, which belongs to the same precursor as that of tRNA Ser(UCN) , in cybrid cell lines carrying the A7445G mutation, is more than that observed in lymphoblastoid cells. These observations strongly point out a mechanistic link between the processing defect of the tRNA Ser(UCN) precursor and decreased stability of ND6 mRNA precursor. These results also imply the influence of nuclear background on the biochemical phenotype associated with the A7445G mutation.
Ion-exchange chromatography of soybean saponins.

Abstract Resolution of soybean saponins on Dowex-1 is influenced by resin particle size, flow rate, temperature and eluting agent. Separations were good when columns of −400 mesh resin were operated at 50° and eluted at slow flow rates either acetic or propionic acid. A linear gradient of 1.5 to 3 N propionic acid separated the saponins into twelve fractions, many of which consisted of two or more components when analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. Glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose rhamnose, xylose and arabinose were found in acid hydrolyzates of all fractions, but relative amounts of the neutral sugars varied in most fractions. On analysis of the aglycones, three column fractions contained only soyasapogenol A, one contained only soyasapogenol E, while four consisted of soyasapogenol B plus small amounts of soyasapogenols C and D. Another fracion yielded a previously unreported aglycone which appears related to soyasapogenol D.
A retrospective study of nosocomial pneumonia at a long-term care facility

Background: Results of a passive surveillance system (pneumonia confirmed by x-ray examination) suggested that in 1989 a total of 187 cases of nosocomial pneumonia had occurred at the Canandaigua Veterans Administration Medical Center among 250 long-term care patients. Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken to validate cases and to enumerate risk factors. A chart review showed that 136 of 187 cases (72%) met predetermined criteria for nosocomial pneumonia. Results: Three nursing units characterized as at high risk had a pneumonia rate of 1.90 per 1000 patient days, as compared with a rate of 0.70 cases per 1000 patient days on the two other units. There were no differences in age, mean white blood cell count, or clinical symptoms between high- and average-risk patients. Two thirds of all patients had a history of chronic aspiration. High-risk patients were more likely to be confined to bed, to have a debilitating neurologic disease, and to require tube feedings. Twenty percent of patients on high-risk units died of nosocomial pneumonia or with nosocomial pneumonia as a contributory factor. Conclusions: Facility-associated pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in long-term care facilities.
A behavioral validation of the anxiety sensitivity index

Abstract The purpose of this study was to validate the Reiss-Epstein-Gursky Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) as a measure of the fear of anxiety. College students were asked to respond to two questions about the experience of anxiety and to two questions about anxiety-irrelevant topics. Mahl's speech disturbance ratio, a valid and unobtrusive indicator of anxiety, served as the primary dependent measure. Compared with the Low ASI Group, the High ASI Group showed more anxiety to anxiety-relevant than anxiety-irrelevant questions. The findings provide some behavioral evidence of the validity of the ASI as a measure of the fear of anxiety.
Sex pheromone blend discrimination in two races and hybrids of the European corn borer moth, Ostrinia nubilalis.

. The response specificity of males of two races, and hybrids, of the European corn borer moth, to a large series of doses/ratios of E- and Z11-14:OAc, was determined in a sustained-flight tunnel. For both races an area of peak response was determined, which included the natural ratio eliciting peak levels of source contact, and other treatments eliciting response profiles over the behavioural sequence not significantly different from the peak. Consistent with studies on other moth species response specificity was controlled by two threshold effects, one affecting locking-on to odour plumes of lower doses and off-ratios containing lower proportions of the E or Z isomer than the natural blend, and the other resulting in arrestment of upwind flight to higher doses and off-ratios containing higher proportions of the E or Z isomer man the natural blend. A comparison of the size of the areas of peak response showed that males of the univoltine Z race (UZ) using a 3:97 E:Z mix displayed greater specificity and sensitivity than did males of the bivoltine E race (BE) responding to a 99:1 E:Z pheromone mix. At doses higher than those eliciting peak response (<100 μg) response specificity was lower for both races, but especially for the BE race, with increased levels of upwind flight and source contact occurring to off-ratios. Finally, consistent with a previous behaviour/genetic study on this species, F1 hybrid males displayed peak levels of source contact not only to their natural isomer ratio (65:35 E:Z), but also to an expanded range of doses of ratios ranging from 2% to 98% E.
The child and the serpent: Reflections on popular Indian symbols

An introduction to Indian religious symbolism and a description of a dozen common symbols and what they signify.
Synthesis and characterization of novel dipeptide ester prodrugs of acyclovir.

Abstract Four dipeptide (Gly–Gly, Gly–Val, Val–Val, Val–Gly) ester prodrugs of 9-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]guanine (acyclovir, ACV) were synthesized. LC/MS was used to characterize the new prodrugs. Both 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra of the four prodrugs of ACV were measured and assigned based on spectral comparison with compounds of similar structures.
Platelets and Tumor Cells: A New Form of Border Control

Tumor metastasis is the primary cause of death due to cancer, but the mechanisms by which tumor cells metastasize remain incompletely understood. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Schumacher and colleagues suggest that ATP released from tumor-associated platelets in the blood facilitates tumor metastasis by relaxing endothelial barrier function.
The neuroscience of motivated cognition

Goals and needs shape individuals' thinking, a phenomenon known as motivated cognition. We highlight research from social psychology and cognitive neuroscience that provides insight into the structure of motivated cognition. In addition to demonstrating its ubiquity, we suggest that motivated cognition is often effortless and pervades information processing.
Dizinc Phosphohydrolase Model Built on a m-Terphenyl Scaffold and Its Use in Indicator Displacement Assays for Pyrophosphate Under Physiological Conditions

A dinucleating ligand {1,3-bis[2-(di-2-picolylaminomethyl)phenyl]benzene, L2} built on a m-terphenyl scaffold was prepared. The dissociation constants for the dizinc complex of L2 (Zn2L2) binding to phosphate, pyrophosphate and commercially available complexometric indicators were determined under physiological pH [10 mMN-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer at pH 7.4]. Colorimetric and fluorescence-based indicator displacement assays with selectivity for pyrophosphate over other anions were achieved with Zn2L2 as the receptor component. These assays show good response characteristics for quantification of pyrophosphate concentrations as low as 2.5 × 10–6M, suggesting their utility for measuring pyrophosphate levels in synovial fluid. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Paleomagnetism of the triassic chugwater redbeds revisited (Wyoming, U.S.A.)

Abstract Paleomagnetic results from 107 samples of the Chugwater Group near Lander, Wyoming, show a regular progression in pole positions from bottom to top of the sequence. This pole position trend of about 25° matches very well the North American apparent polar wander path between Early Permian and Early Triassic. It could be argued that this “agreement” results in a conflict between the apparent magnetic age (Permian) and the Early to Late Triassic age generally assigned to the Chugwater Group. However, similar progressions of paleomagnetic pole positions have been reported for the Early Triassic Moenkopi Formation in Colorado; thus it appears that long-term variations and swings characterized the geomagnetic field at that time. With detailed paleomagnetic sampling, these features can be utilized for stratigraphic correlation in addition to magnetic-reversal stratigraphy. This will eliminate, to some degree, part of the non-uniqueness inherently present in correlations based on reversal stratigraphy only.
Discrimination and classification of beet and cane inverts in honey by FT-Raman spectroscopy

As a natural product, honey has been prone to adulteration. Adulteration of honey by substituting with cheap invert sugars is a critical issue in the honey industry. Fourier Transform (FT) Raman Spectroscopy was used to detect adulterants such as cane and beet invert in honey. FT Ra man spectrum of adulterated samples were characterized and the region between 200 and 1600 cm−1 (representing carbohydrates and amino acid fractions) was used for quantitative and discriminant analysis. Partial least squares, and principal component regression analysis were used for quantitative analysis while linear discriminant analysis and canonical variate analysis (CVA) were used for discriminant analysis. FT-Raman spectroscopy was efficient in predicting beet and cane invert adulterants (R2>0.91) in all three floral types of honey considered. Classification of adulterants in honey using CVA gave a minimum classification accuracy of about 96%.
Pt nanocrystals: shape control and Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer formation.

We report the synthesis of monodisperse Pt nanocrystals with three different shapescubes, cuboctahedra, and octahedra, selectively, with similar sizes of 9−10 nm by a modified polyol process. We found that addition of silver ion enhances the crystal growth rate along 〈100〉, and essentially determines the shape and surface structure of the Pt nanocrystals. After the reaction, the silver species can be easily removed by repetitive precipitation giving pure Pt nanoparticles. Two-dimensional arrays of the Pt nanocrystals were assembled by using the Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) method. The particles were evenly distributed on the entire substrate, and their surface coverage and density can be precisely controlled by tuning the surface pressure. The resulting Pt LB layers are potential candidates for 2-D model catalysts as a result of their high surface area and the structural uniformity of the metal nanocrystals.
Time course of cadmium-induced ultrastructural changes in rat liver

Ultrastructural changes in rat liver were studied 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hr after administration of a single, high dose of Cd (3.9 mg Cd/kg, iv) or after repeated administration of a lower dose (0.5 mg Cd/kg, sc, 6 days/week for 6 months). These dosing regimens have been previously shown to produce hepatotoxicity and result in large accumulations of Cd in liver. In addition to light and electron microscopy, plasma enzyme activities indicative of liver injury, namely alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferase, were determined at the aforementioned times. One hour after an acute dose of Cd, electron photomicrographs of liver showed dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum with concomitant loss of membrane-associated ribosomes, nucleolar condensation, and an increase in the number of perichromatin granules. At later times (4 and 6 hr), ultrastructural changes included mitochondrial swelling associated with matrical inclusions, further dilation and vesiculation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and presence of a fibrillar material within cytoplasm. In contrast to changes observed after single administration of Cd, the predominant hepatic lesions in rats injected repeatedly with the metal over 6 months were interstitial fibrosis, nuclear enlargement, and an increase in number and predominance of nucleoli. Ultrastructural evidence of nuclear alterations included condensation of nucleoli and an increase in the number of perichromatin granules. These results indicate that Cd interferes with hepatic protein synthesis early after injection of a large dose, and that further degenerative changes occur later and possibly in response to protein inhibition. Although severe degenerative changes in liver were not evident in rats chronically exposed to the metal, Cd-induced changes in nuclei and nucleoli also indicate the likelihood of altered protein synthesis.
ABSENCE OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL BRAGG GLASSES

The stability to dislocations of the elastic phase, or ``Bragg glass'', of a randomly pinned elastic medium in two dimensions is studied using the minimum-cost-flow algorithm for a disordered fully-packed loop model. The elastic phase is found to be unstable to dislocations due to the quenched disorder. The energetics of dislocations are discussed within the framework of renormalization group predictions as well as in terms of a domain wall picture.
The conformations of filamentous and soluble tau associated with Alzheimer paired helical filaments.

Paired helical filaments (PHF) occur in Alzheimer's diseased brains and are known to be composed of the microtubule-associated protein, tau. In the present report, circular dichroism (CD) spectrosc...
Synthesis and Properties of Rhenium Carbonyl Complexes of α,α‘-Bis[(1-pyrenyl)pyrazol-1-yl]alkane Ligands

The reaction between (1-acetyl)pyrene and dimethylformamide dimethylacetal followed by condensation of the resulting product mixture with hydrazine affords 3(5)-(1-pyrenyl)pyrazole (2) in good yield. The easily separable bis[(1-pyrenyl)pyrazole]methane derivatives CH2(3-pzpyrene)2 (3a, pz = pyrazolyl ring) and CH2(3-pzpyrene)(5-pzpyrene) (3b) were prepared by metathetical reactions between pyrazole and CH2Cl2, while CH(nPr)(pzpyrene)2 (4) was prepared by transamination of 2 with butyraldehyde diethylacetal. Compounds 2−4 are luminescent under irradiation with UV light and have pyrenyl monomer-based emissions centered near 400 nm. Compounds 3a and 4 each react with Re(CO)5Br in a 1:1 molar ratio to form highly insoluble complexes Re(CO)3Br[(pzpyrene)2CH2] (5) and Re(CO)3Br[(pzpyrene)2CH(nPr)] (6). Complex Re(CO)3Br[(pz)2CMe2] (7) was also prepared. X-ray structural studies of 6 show extensive π-stacking of pyrenyl groups to form two-dimensional sheets. Pulsed field gradient spin−echo NMR (PGSE-NMR) experim...
Subject-Coded Versus Researcher-Coded TST Protocols: Some Methodological Implications

Roose, Kenneth D. 1969 "Observations on interdisciplinary work in the social sciences." Pp. 323-327 in Muzafer Sherif and Carolyn M. Sherif (eds.), Interdisciplinary Relationships in the Social Sciences. Chicago: Aldine. Schnore, L. F. 1958 "Social morphology and human ecology." American Journal of Sociology 63 (May): 620-634. Starr, C. 1969 "Social benefit versus technological risk." Science 165 (September 19):1232-1238. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare 1969 Toward a Social Report. Washington, D.C. Zelditch, Morris and William M. Evan 1962 "Simulated bureaucracies: a methodological analysis." Pp. 48-60 in Harold Guetzkow (ed.), Simulation in Social Science: Readings. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Treatment of Human Disseminated Strongyloidiasis with a Parenteral Veterinary Formulation of Ivermectin

There are no parenteral antihelminthic drugs licensed for use in humans. We report the successful treatment of disseminated strongyloidiasis with a parenteral veterinary formulation of ivermectin in a patient presenting with severe malabsorption and paralytic ileus. To our knowledge, ivermectin levels are reported for the first time in this situation.
Sports and Development in Malawi

This essay examines alternative strategies available to developing countries in the face of structural barriers impeding conventional economic growth. One of these avenues is through sport. The exploitation of sport for purposes of development are turned on their head by the efforts of the author to inculcate a sense of civic duty in return for sporting opportunities above and beyond what could normally be expected. Through the enticement of sporting equipment not readily available, the author has made an attempt to impede the spread of HIV/AIDS through Malawi. Conversely, through notions of a social conscience, various international contacts of the author have been persuaded to aid his fight. These mutually reinforcing behaviours have spread hope to the region, and are serving as a model for similar programmes in places such as Mexico. Special attention is also paid to the careful considerations relating to the often sensitive political situation in Malawi, and the pitfalls attached to a civic organizati...
GROWTH IN SILVER DWARF MICE, WITH AND WITHOUT INJECTIONS OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACTS

WE HAVE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN (1) that, when dwarf mice from the purebred Silver strain are used throughout, a recombination of isoelectrically insoluble and soluble fractions from extracts of the anterior pituitary yields potentiation beyond their additive growth-stimulating effects by as much as 10 to 20-fold. The significance of this conclusion has been questioned by Boettiger and Osborn (2) who present data for untreated dwarf mice that show as much growth as most of our treated dwarfs. Since the statement had been repeatedly published that, under the conditions of our laboratory, dwarf mice from the pure-bred Silver strain do not show any significant growth after weaning, it was not deemed necessary to publish the records for the untreated dwarfs that were actually carried in every group of treated dwarfs as controls on the daily variations in food and other environmental influences.
Involuntary Commitment Laws and Their Effect on Crime

While there is a well-documented link between violence and mental health, there is substantially less known about the relationship between mental health laws and violence. One policy in particular that may have an effect on crime is based on the mental health professional’s ability to involuntarily detain a patient who is deemed dangerous. It is unclear, a priori, if involuntarily detaining mental health patients will deter violent crime by removing the threat of violence, or actually encourage violence by altering the doctor-patient relationship. To address this question empirically, I exploit the state to state variation in timing of passage and length of stay laws that dictate both the minimum and maximum mental health facility stays for those who are involuntarily detained. Using a state panel, I find that while laws dictating the maximum length of time an individual can stay in a mental health facility have no effect on violence, laws dictating the required minimum stay do. That is, we would expect to see the general homicide rate decrease by 0.12%, or about 1 murder every two years, for each state that adopts a 3 day minimum stay law.
e-Voting intent: A comparison of young and elderly voters

Abstract The ability to vote online has the potential to increase voter turnout for elections due to increased convenience over traditional voting polls. This study examines factors that can affect a citizen's intent to vote online. Survey subjects came from two different age groups: young adults, 18–25 years of age; and senior citizens, ages 60 plus. Using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), the study found that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, trust in the internet, and computer anxiety were significantly related to intent to use online voting. Trust in the government was insignificant. Performance expectancy, social influence, and computer anxiety were related to intent to vote online for both young adults and seniors. Effort expectancy was related to intent to vote for the seniors but not young adults, and trust in the internet was related to intent to vote for young adults but not seniors.
A racing start in life? The hurdles of equine feto-placental pathology

Significant progress has been made in understanding and monitoring the causes of equine abortion over past decades. However, not all in utero pathology results in abortion. It has long been recognised that some in utero pathology, such as twinning or chronic placentitis, can result in the birth of live but growth-retarded foals and there is historical evidence that birth weight may influence future athletic performance. Clinical experience (e.g. from twins) and experimental studies (pony-Thoroughbred embryo transfer) have highlighted the importance of reduced functional placental area in limiting growth in utero in horses. Many other nonfatal in utero pathologies (e.g. umbilical cord-related circulatory compromise) can potentially affect either placental function or other organ systems. Their influence on the short- and long-term health of the foal and its future athletic performance is in many cases poorly documented or understood. This review summarises the main causes of in utero pathology and reflects on how these may potentially affect the foal if born alive, highlighting the need for long-term studies on this important subject.
Negative inotropic vagal preganglionic neurons in the nucleus ambiguus of the cat: neuroanatomical comparison with negative chronotropic neurons utilizing dual retrograde tracers

The vagal postganglionic controls of cardiac rate and left ventricular contractility are mediated by separate intracardiac ganglia, the sino-atrial (SA) and cranio-ventricular (CV) ganglia, respectively. We injected a different retrograde tracer into each of these ganglia (in the same animal) and subsequently examined the brain for the presence of single labeled or double labeled vagal preganglionic neurons. Retrogradely labeled cells from either ganglion were found exclusively in the ventrolateral nucleus ambiguus (NA-VL). There was considerable overlap in the distribution of labeled cells from either ganglion, however fewer than 3% of labeled neurons were double labeled. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the preganglionic controls of cardiac rate and left ventricular contractility are mediated by largely separate but overlapping groups of cardioinhibitory neurons originating from the NA-VL. These neurons have parallel but morphologically independent pathways projecting to the SA and CV ganglia. Physiological experiments are needed to support this hypothesis.