cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epstein-Barr virus tissue tropism: a major determinant of immunopathogenesis.

Epstein-Barr virus is perhaps uniquely adapted to survival in its human host. The success with which it establishes itself in an apparently lifelong interplay with B cells, epithelial cells, and possibly T cells, in almost everyone of us on the face of the earth, is extraordinary. We are slowly beginning to understand the effects that EBV may have on a cell that it infects, but we still have a long way to go in understanding how the virus gets into the cell in order to exert these effects. We know the identity of the virus receptor on the B cell and the attachment protein on the virus that interacts with it. We know the route that the virus takes into the B cell and we know one of the proteins involved in penetration through the membrane, but we know next to nothing about how penetration occurs and are still in the process of identifying the components of the virus membrane that are candidate players in the event. Parallel work on early interactions of virus with epithelial cells and T cells lags far behind, although an intriguing story is unfolding in which the B cell receptor CR2 or a closely related molecule is a recurring theme. The drive to explain the pathogenesis of ubiquitous infection with EBV should sustain efforts to address the many questions remaining about the crucial first steps in virus growth. Answering some of them may well produce insight relevant to infections with other agents and, if history repeats itself, provide stimulus and knowledge relevant to understanding normal cellular processes as well.
Crumpling in dynamically triangulated random surfaces with extrinsic curvature

Abstract We present the results of a numerical simulation of dynamically triangulated random surfaces of fixed topology with extrinsic curvature. We use two different discretizations of the extrinsic curvature and observe the differing nature of the crumpling transitions and smooth phases. The effect of the extrinsic curvature on both the extrinsic and intrinsic geometry of the model is examined in three and four dimensions. We also discuss the similarities between our simulation and those of surfaces of fixed triangulation and consider the connection between models with extrinsic curvature and superstrings.
Working towards the automatic detection of blood vessels in x-ray angiograms

Abstract A technique which provides quantitative moving 3-dimensional images of the heart requires automation in order to We clinically useful. We describe a method for automatically detecting arterial bifurcations in successive angiogram frames and a proposed automated analysis system utilising this.
Cutaneous vasculitis in breast cancer treated with chemotherapy

A patient from the University of California Los Angeles Medical Center who developed cutaneous vasculitis during the course of treatment for metastatic breast cancer is presented (status: post-lumpectomy and radiation therapy). Since the onset of vasculitis occurred during the course of therapy for the neoplasm, it was difficult to differentiate between drug-induced vasculitis and paraneoplastic vasculitis. The patient had been exposed to medications including gabapentin, methimazole, trastuzumab, fulvestrant, and letrozole - which could cause endothelial cell toxicity. Drug-induced small vessel vasculitis usually attacks the skin or subcutaneous parts of the skin. In cancer therapy, there have been case reports that hormonal drugs such as estrogen receptor antagonists, aromatase inhibitors, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors can induce cutaneous vasculitis. On the other hand, paraneoplastic syndromes manifested as cutaneous vasculitis have been documented, possibly mediated by unknown immunological mechanisms associated with the tumor such as formation of immune complexes, direct antibody-mediated effects on endothelial cells, or direct effects of tumor cells on the vascular wall. Some patients with drug-induced cutaneous vasculitis have antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA) directed to one or more neutrophil cytoplasm antigens - the most common being granule protein myeloperoxidase (MPO), human leukocyte elastase (HLE), cathepsin G and lactoferrin. Some patients also have antibodies against histones and antiphospholipid. Serologic testing and measurements suggest an influence of therapy on vasculitis, yet the lack of sensitivity and specificity for a biomarker in endothelial injury indicate the need to search and evaluate new markers for improved predictive value of the tests, and to provide guidance in therapy.
Variation in use of nephron-sparing surgery among children with renal tumors

Objective Given the negative long-term effects of renal insufficiency, nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) is increasingly discussed for the treatment of pediatric renal tumors. We sought to examine variation in practice patterns of NSS among children with renal tumors.
Frequency of familial colon cancer and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) in a large population database.

Background and aims: Estimates have been made concerning the fraction of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases that meet Amsterdam I criteria but not Amsterdam II criteria. The aim of this study was to determine in a population setting what fraction of CRC cases can be considered familial high-risk, what fraction of these meet Amsterdam I or II criteria, and what fraction of CRC cases overall meet Amsterdam I and II criteria. Methods: The Utah Population Data Base (UPDB), which links Utah genealogies to the Utah Cancer Registry, was used to examine the aims of the study. Familial high-risk was operationally defined as CRC occurring at an age <50 years or as a part of a first-degree relative pair. A subset of Amsterdam positive cancers was tested for microsatellite instability (MSI) to determine what fraction of Amsterdam families was likely to have hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Results: Of the 6,628 CRC cases in the UPDB, 24.5% met the criteria for familial high-risk. Of these, 2.6% met Amsterdam I criteria and 5.5% Amsterdam II. Of total data base CRC cases, 0.8% met Amsterdam I criteria and 2.3% Amsterdam II. In a subset of colon tumors from Amsterdam families, 70% were MSI stable. Conclusions: Although nearly 25% of CRC cases in our population data base met a simple definition of familial high-risk, only a small fraction of these and a smaller fraction of total CRC cases met Amsterdam I or II criteria. Less than half of a limited set of tumors from Amsterdam families were MSI positive.
Evidence-Based Youth Psychotherapy in the Mental Health Ecosystem

Five decades of randomized trials research have produced dozens of evidence-based psychotherapies (EBPs) for youths. The EBPs produce respectable effects in traditional efficacy trials, but the effects shrink markedly when EBPs are tested in practice contexts with clinically referred youths and compared to usual clinical care. We considered why this might be the case. We examined relevant research literature and drew examples from our own research in practice settings. One reason for the falloff in EBP effects may be that so little youth treatment research has been done in the context of everyday practice. Researchers may have missed opportunities to learn how to make EBPs work well in the actual youth mental health ecosystem, in which so many real-world factors are at play that cannot be controlled experimentally. We sketch components and characteristics of that ecosystem, including clinically referred youths, their caregivers and families, the practitioners who provide their care, the organizations within which care is provided, the network of youth service systems (e.g., child welfare, education), and the policy context (e.g., reimbursement regulations and incentives). We suggest six strategies for future research on EBPs within the youth mental health ecosystem, including reliance on the deployment-focused model of development and testing, testing the mettle of current EBPs in everyday practice contexts, using the heuristic potential of usual care, testing restructured and integrative adaptations of EBPs, studying the use of treatment response feedback to guide clinical care, and testing models of the relation between policy change and EBP implementation.
Personality and sexually deviant behavior

Abstract The present research expands on the relationship between subclinical paraphilia and Big Five and Dark Triad personality traits in an online sample of 585 adults. In this sample, sexually deviant courtship behaviors such as exhibitionism and voyeurism were related to high levels of narcissism while transvestism related to greater openness to experience. Further, there were gender differences in the relationship between sadomasochism and personality with sadomasochism reflecting greater openness in men and Machiavellianism in women. These findings suggest that deviant sexual behaviors represent both a degree of antisocial personality functioning and a degree of personal openness that depends on the specific behavior being examined and that more research is needed in this area.
The low-frequency, low-temperature dielectric behavior of n-type germanium below the insulator-metal transition

Dielectric constant and ac conductance measurements of a number of n-type Ge samples (mostly Sb-doped) have been made with a low-frequency, three-terminal capacitance bridge between 4.2 and 0.011 K. From the concentration dependence of the low-temperature asymptotic values of the dielectric constant the value of the polarizability of the Sb donor has been determined to be αSb = (7.3 ± 1.0) × 106 »3. When employed with a new theory of the polarizability enhancement α D (N)/α D (0) and the Clausius-Mossotti expression, a calculated value of N c,calc = 2.5 × 1017/cm3 is obtained for the onset of metallic behavior for Ge:Sb. Although much larger than the current value of 1 × 1017/cm accepted in the literature, a correction of the neutral donor densities employing room-temperature resistivities and the Sze-Irvine curve rather than Hall coefficient data as applied to the transport data of Fritzsche shows N c,expt ≈ (1.9 ± 0.1) × 1017/cm. Data on ultra high-purity Ge samples yield a host dielectric constant ɛGe = 15.40−0.08 +0.01 (after a Kramers-Kronig analysis correction to remove a hopping conductivity contribution to ɛ), in excellent agreement with the value of 15.36 determined by Faulkner from the positions of the 2p and 3p levels of the Sb shallow donors. The data demonstrate the importance of the Kramers-Kronig analysis in obtaining values of ɛ(N) without any conductivity contribution. The ac conductance data are also briefly discussed.
Thalamocortical projections to the temporal and parietal association cortices in the rat

Abstract Thalamic projections to the parietal cortex were studied with the Nissl technique and thalamic projections to the temporal cortex were studied with both Nissl and horseradish peroxidase techniques. Results indicated that the parietal cortex receives projections from the lateral thalamic nucleus, pars principalis while the temporal cortex receives projections from the latero-posterior nucleus. It was suggested that the temporal cortex may be homologous to the primate posterior association cortex receiving projections from the pulvinar.
Statistical Design, Models and Analysis for the Job Change Framework

The elements combine to create a feeling S of satisfaction or dissatisfaction in the individual (Figure 2 of Loughead and Black). This feeling of satisfaction, in turn, is asserted to be the sole determinant of job change for the individual. Any such change in job status for the individual then can change future values of D, R, 0 and A, and thus S, perhaps leading to new job change. In consequence, the proposed framework has cross-sectional (over individuals) and longitudinal (over time for an individual) implications. Kinnier (this issue) suggests ways to measure the key variables (D, R, O, S and job change), as well as such other potentially important variables as "readiness to change" and life status. 1 He proposes several research hypotheses to test implications arising from (or sug-
Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: evaluation of prognostic parameters based on a clinicopathological analysis of 100 cases.

Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological features of ovarian clear cell carcinomas in order to identify which, if any, are prognostically significant, and to determine whether there is value in grading these tumours. Methods and results One hundred tumours with clinical follow-up were reviewed. Features evaluated included age, preoperative/intraoperative rupture, size, architectural pattern(s), presence of oxyphilic cells, degree of cytological atypia, nucleolar grade, mitoses, background precursor and stage. Survival differences were analysed using the log–rank test and Kaplan–Meier estimator. Stage and lymph node status were the only parameters that were statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Patients with stage I disease (71%) had a 92% 5-year survival compared to a 31% 5-year survival in advanced stage disease (29%). Those with negative lymph nodes (92%) had an 80% 5-year survival compared to a 22% 5-year survival for those with positive nodes (8%). Conclusions This study shows that stage and lymph node status are the only prognostically significant parameters in patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma. It also confirms that most patients with clear cell carcinoma present with disease confined to the ovary, and have an excellent prognosis. Grading ovarian clear cell carcinomas based on morphological features is not recommended, as none are of prognostic significance.
TU‐A‐WAB‐05: Using 4DCT‐Ventilation Based Multi‐Modality Imaging to Assess Lung Function and Optimize Radiation Therapy for Lung Cancer Patients

Purpose: A new form of imaging has been developed to assess ventilation‐based lung function using 4DCT. Because 4DCTs are acquired as part of thoracic simulation, calculation of 4DCT‐ventilation maps enables exciting opportunities to assess pre‐treatment lung function and create functional avoidance radiotherapy plans. The purpose of our work was to use 4DCT‐ventilation to evaluate lung function differences between stage I and IIIlung cancer patients and investigate strategies to adapt plans to a patients ventilation profile. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 40 stage I and 69 stage IIIlung cancer patients collected from 2 different institutions. Pre‐treatment ventilation maps were calculated using the simulation 4DCT, deformable image registration, and a density‐change based model. To assess ventilation homogeneity of stage I and III patients we studied visually observed ventilation defects, an ipsilateral/contralateral ventilation ratio, and the standard deviation (SD) of lung ventilation. Plans for both stage groups were created using ventilation‐based functional avoidance maps. The feasibility and quality of plans was assessed using dose‐volume and dose‐function metrics. Results: Fifteen percent of the stage I cohort and 33% of the stage III cohort had ventilation defects. The ipsilateral/contralateral ventilation ratio was significantly different (p=0.005) between stage I (ratio=1.06) and stage III (ratio=0.83) patients. Similarly, the SD of stage I and stage III patients was significantly different (p=0.023). Representative functional avoidance plans are presented for both stage I and III groups that improve dose sparing of functional lung. Conclusion: Patients at varying stages of lung disease have different functional profiles and require unique strategies to create functional avoidance plans. We present quantitative data to highlight the impaired lung function of advanced disease patients and explore the potential of using that functional information to adapt plans to a patients ventilation profile. Our study presents an important step of incorporating 4DCT‐based ventilation imaging into the clinic.
Comparative study of hermit crab responses to shell-related chemical cues.

The responses of Australian hermit crabs to two types of shell-related odor cues were compared. Introduction of gastropod snail odor elicited an increase in grasping of shells in all four species tested (Clibanarius infraspinatus, C. taeniatus, C. virescens, andDiogenes avarus). However, the magnitude of response in the case ofC. virescens was significantly lower than the responses of individuals of the other species. Individuals ofC. infraspinatus responded to introduction of conspecific hemolymph with an increase in both locomotion and the frequency of grasping of shells.C. infraspinatus also responded to the hemolymph of the other three species, and there were no differences in the magnitude of the responses depending upon the source of the hemolymph. When individuals ofC. infraspinatus were exposed to snail odor and conspecific hemolymph at the same time, the responses were indistinguishable from those shown to hemolymph alone.
Frontal-view face detection and facial feature extraction using color, shape and symmetry based cost functions

We describe an algorithm for detecting human faces and facial features, such as the location of the eyes, nose and mouth. First, a supervised pixel-based color classifier is employed to mark all pixels that are within a prespecified distance of ''skin color'', which is computed from a training set of skin patches. This color-classification map is then smoothed by Gibbs random field model-based filters to define skin regions. An ellipse model is fit to each disjoint skin region. Finally, we introduce symmetry-based cost functions to search the center of the eyes, tip of nose, and center of mouth within ellipses whose aspect ratio is similar to that of a face.
Young adults with spina bifida: does a specialized outpatient program make a difference in functional status and quality of life?

Address: 1Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA, 2Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA, 3Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA and 4Seattle Quality of Life Group, Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Picosecond magnetic spectroscopy with integrated DC SQUIDs

Advanced VLSI (very large scale integration) technology was used to fabricate ultraminiature integrated SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) susceptometers. With the appropriate design parameters, the sensitivity of the devices approaches the quantum limit. The use of integrated circuits in conjunction with pulsed optical techniques allows magnetic systems to be probed with a picosecond time resolution. The response can be mapped out as a function of the energy of the optical excitation, providing detailed spectroscopic information. Applying these techniques to the study of II-VI dilute magnetic semiconductors has yielded new insight into the mechanics of magnetic polaron formation and the dynamics of the magnetic spins. First experiments were carried out on a small approximately 10*10*1- mu m/sup 3/ single crystal platelet of Cd/sub 0.8/Mn/sub 0.2/Te. The results of the time-averaged magnetic spectroscopy at two different temperatures are presented, displaying the magnetic response to optical excitation at constant intensity from a photon energy of 1.83 to 2.0 eV. >
Renewable electricity generation in India—A learning rate analysis

Abstract The cost of electricity generation using renewable technologies is widely assumed to be higher than the cost for conventional generation technologies, but likely to fall with growing experience of the technologies concerned. This paper tests the second part of that statement using learning rate analysis, based on large samples of wind and small hydro projects in India, and projects likely changes in these costs through 2020. It is the first study of learning rates for renewable generation technologies in India, and only the second in any developing country—it provides valuable input to the development of Indian energy policy and will be relevant to policy makers in other developing countries. The paper considers some potential problems with learning rate analysis raised by Nordhaus (2009. The Perils of the Learning Model for Modeling Endogenous Technological Change. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series No. 14638). By taking account of these issues, it is possible both to improve the models used for making cost projections and to examine the potential impact of remaining forecasting problems.
A document linkage program for digital computers

Modern computer technology makes it possible to put to increased use the vast amount of information filed away in various governmental offices. This paper deals with some of the problems encountered when documents from two sources are to be reconciled.
THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON WAMI PROGRAM: 25 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE WITH MANPOWER SHORTAGES IN RURAL AREAS

ABSTRACT: The University of Washington is the only United States medical school serving the health care education needs of Washington, Alaska, Montana and Idaho (WAMI) and has evolved a unique set of partnerships to address this predominantly rural region of the United States. Three specific aspects of this program are relevant to Australia's rural health needs: (i) ‘pipeline’ efforts that groom rural and minority students long before medical school in order to keep them in the potential applicant pool; (ii) a decentralized medical school curriculum that provides repetitive training opportunities in rural and community-based settings; and (Hi) special residency rotations, physician assistant programs and rural hospital support all of which train and maintain health care providers in rural remote settings.
A planting aid for potato seedling transplants

Hand planting large numbers of seedlings into field plots is difficult, time consuming and labor intensive. Conventional mechanical planters have long been available, but do not do an adequate job when numerous small plots are to be planted, seedlings vary widely in size, or when the seedbed is not uniform or contains rocks or clods. A conventional peat pot transplanter was modified to make it more effective in planting potato seedlings. The planting mechanism and supporting structures were removed. Seats were relocated to make it possible for the operator to place the pot in the furrow by hand. The modified planter gives results comparable in quality to hand planting, but requiring significantly less time and effort.
Chemical studies of L chondrites. VI: variations with petrographic type and shock-loading among equilibrated falls

To study compositional trends associated with open and closed system metamorphism and/or shock-induced heating of the L4-6 chondrite parent(s), we used ICPMS and RNAA to quantify 51 trace elements in 48 chemically representative fall samples. With these data, we used graphic and two multivariate statistical methods for examining evidence for compositional differences with respect to petrographic type and degree of shock loading. Comparisons of mildly shocked (S1-S3) L5 and L6 suites (9 and 8 chondrites, respectively) yield no convincing statistical evidence for a difference in trace element content. Our multivariate comparisons show a difference on a model-dependent basis, but yield indeterminate results on a model-independent basis. Compositionally, suites of strongly shocked (S4-S6) and mildly shocked L4-6 chondrites (26 and 19 samples, respectively) can be distinguished at statistically significant levels on both model-dependent and -independent bases. In the strongly shocked suite, contents of refractory lithophiles are higher, and siderophiles and volatiles are lower than those of the mildly shocked suite at moderately (p ≤ 0.05) to highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) levels. Our studies suggest that chemical differences from vaporization and loss of volatiles along with metal/silicate partitioning are present from extended cooling of shock-heated bodies produced by intermittent impacts, especially the massive impact(s) that disrupted the L chondrite parent(s) ∼500 Ma ago.
Conjugated estradiol increases female sexual receptivity in response to oxytocin infused into the medial preoptic area and medial basal hypothalamus.

The ovarian steroid estradiol (E) has been found to increase both receptor affinity and release of the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) in plasma membrane preparations. Therefore, we hypothesized that E conjugated to bovine serum albumin at position 6 (E-6-BSA) would increase behavioral responsiveness to OT. Preliminary results showed that 200 ng/μl of E-6-BSA increased sexual receptivity slightly, but not significantly. Therefore, this dose was used as a subthreshold dose to test whether it would increase sexual responsiveness when infused in combination with 100 ng/μl OT. After recovery from cannula implantation surgery animals were injected with 0.5 μg E benzoate daily for 3 days before testing. On the fourth day, after a baseline preinfusion test rats were infused bilaterally with E-6-BSA alone or with OT, OT with BSA, or conjugated progesterone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone equimolar to OT alone, or with E-6-BSA or conjugated progesterone alone. When infused into either the medial preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus or the medial basal hypothalamus the combination of OT and E-6-BSA significantly increased sexual receptivity over receptivity after artificial cerebrospinal fluid control infusions. Neither bilateral infusions of OT in combination with conjugated progesterone nor E-6-BSA in combination with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone enhanced sexual receptivity. Results presented here strongly support the conclusion that some of the effects that E has in sensitizing brain systems to the facilitating effects of OT occur at the membrane level in the medial preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus and medial basal hypothalamus.
Fine structural abnormalities in the developing mouse embryo

Initial changes in the fine morphology of apparently normal mouse zygotes and embryos were studied in serial sections of mouse oviducts that had been fixed in situ. These changes included extra sperm in the perivitelline space, nuclear budding, the presence of large nucleoli, perinuclear vesicles, the concentration of cytoplasmic organelles, and the extrusion of cytoplasmic ground substance. Initial changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm were undetectable when the zygotes and embryos were examined with the light microscope. It was concluded that serious abnormalities in zygotes and embryos, which may not be identified at the light microscope level, may be detected if they are examined in the electron microscope. Therefore, zygotes and embryos should be critically evaluated before being rated as normal.
Salt marsh pore water geochemistry does not correlate with microbial community structure

Spatial and temporal trends in pore water geochemistry and sediment microbial community structure are compared at three intertidal sites of a saltmarsh on Sapelo Island, GA. The sites include a heavily bioturbated, unvegetated creek bank, a levee with dense growth of Spartina alterniflora, and a more sparsely vegetated ponded marsh site. The redox chemistry of the pore waters ranges from sulfide-dominated at the ponded marsh site to suboxic at the creek bank site. At the three sites, the vertical redox stratification of the pore waters is more compressed in summer than in winter. The trends in redox chemistry reflect opposing effects of sediment respiration and pore water irrigation. Intense and deep burrowing activity by fiddler crabs at the creek bank site results in the efficient oxidation of reduced byproducts of microbial metabolism and, hence, the persistence of suboxic conditions to depths of 50 cm below the sediment surface. Increased supply of labile organic substrates at the vegetated sites promotes microbial degradation processes, leading to sharper redox gradients. At the levee site, this is partly offset by the higher density and deeper penetration of roots and macrofaunal burrows. Surprisingly, the microbial community structure shows little correlation with the variable vertical redox zonation of the pore waters across the saltmarsh. At the three sites, the highest population densities of aerobic microorganisms, iron- plus manganese-reducing bacteria, and sulfate reducers coexist within the upper 10 cm of sediment. The absence of a clear vertical separation of these microorganisms is ascribed to the high supply of labile organic matter and intense mixing of the topmost sediment via bioturbation.
Naturalistic Teaching Strategies (NATS) to Teach Speech to Children with Autism: Historical Perspective, Development, and Current Practice

The present manuscript reviews four promising procedures for teaching speech to children with autism: Natural Language Paradigm, Speech/Play Enhancement for Autistic Kids, Multiple Incidental Teaching Sessions, and Time Delay. These training procedures are called Naturalistic Teaching Strategies (NaTS) because they incorporate components and strategies known to facilitate acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of new behaviors. These components include motivation, functional relationships, and facilitators of generalization and are briefly defined and discussed in relation to the four teaching procedures. All of the procedures and findings are data-based and can be used in a variety of settings such as classroom, playground, home, and community settings. The manuscript begins with a historical perspective of behavioral speech/language training and the need for NaTS and concludes with a discussion of the merits of NaTS and their importance in the treatment of children with autism.
Modeling the effects of population growth on water resources: a CGE analysis of the South Platte River Basin in Colorado

This research examines the general equilibrium implications of economic and population growth on a fixed (or exogenously determined) total supply of available water in the South Platte River Basin in Colorado. Instead of looking at the effects of increased demand for water on a fixed allocation regime, we allow for transfers of water between agricultural and municipal water users based on the respective factor demand for water across the economy. The study utilizes an 18-sector computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, where water is incorporated as a primary factor of production for agricultural operations and for a municipal water supply sector, but as an intermediate input for all other sectors. It is determined that, by allowing for water transfers with a fixed supply of water, the projected 50% increase in population from 2002 to 2030 will result in a 5.7% shift in water allocation from agriculture to other sectors. However, the total real value of agricultural sales is expected to increase slightly over this same period. The price of municipal water is expected to increase by 8.4% and the price of agricultural water is expected to increase by 10.4%. This result is contrasted to a scenario where significant barriers to water transfers are enacted. In this case the price of municipal water increases by 25% and agricultural water prices remain constant.
The effect of insulin deficiency, hypothyroidism, and hypertension on atherosclerosis in the squirrel monkey

Abstract Squirrel monkeys with induced insulin deficiency, hypothroidism, and hypertension, as well as controls were fed a diet containing 1 mg of cholesterol per calorie for over 3 years. The hypothyroid and insulin-deficient monkeys had significantly greater concentrations of serum cholesterol and β-lipoprotein than did the controls, while the controls and hypertensive monkeys did not differ in these regards. The insulin-deficient, hypothyroid, and hypertensive groups all had more extensive coronary arterial and aortic atherosclerosis than did the controls. Atherosclerosis was especially severe in the insulin-deficient monkeys. The level of systolic blood pressure, the concentration of serum cholesterol, and the concentration of serum β-lipoprotein were significantly and positively correlated with coronary arterial and aortic atherosclerosis. The rate of disappearance of intravenously administered glucose was inversely related to serum cholesterol concentration and the indices of atherosclerosis. The squirrel monkey may be a good animal in which to study the mechanisms by which these disorders affect atherosclerosis, since these syndromes appear to affect atherosclerosis in this animal similarly as in man.
Exploring victim-offender relationships in homicide: The role of individual and event characteristics

A feature common to both macro-and micro-level analyses of homicide is the relationship between victims and offenders. Previous research generally conceptualized this relationship as a dichotomy—either primary and secondary or stranger and nonstranger. Such classifications, however, mask important variation in these subcategories. This paper employs a five-category description of the relationship between victims and offenders: strangers, acquaintances, friends, relatives, and those romantically linked. The relationship between this expanded typology and individual attributes, motives, and event characteristics are examined. Results show that motives and victim-offender relationships are related less strongly than previous research would suggest. Despite this finding, other correlates generally confirm the findings of earlier research.
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of pairs of isotopic labeled (deuterium/protium) molecules

Abstract The separation of n-octane-d0 and n-octane-d18 has been accomplished using a liquid chromatographic technique; baseline separation was exhibited with the n-octane-d18 eluting first. Thus, the liquid chromatographic separation exhibits an inverse isotope effect just as has been observed for gas chromatographic separations. An inverse isotope effect was observed for isotopomer pairs even when they were not separated sufficiently to exhibit two distinct peaks.
Applying a Quantitative Pedogenic Energy Model across a Range of Environmental Gradients

Conceptual energy-based pedogenic models present a framework for quantitatively linking pedon energy throughflow to soil development. In this study, we utilized a quantitative pedogenic energy model (QPEM) based on rates of effective energy and mass transfer (EEMT, kJ m- 2 yr -1 ) to the soil system to predict pedogenesis across a wide range of pedogenic environments. Our objectives were to: (i) derive a global equation for estimating EEMT; (ii) test the QPEM framework at the pedon scale across a series of environmental gradients on igneous rock residuum; and (iii) develop quantitative transfer functions between pedogenic indices and EEMT. We derived a simplified two-dimensional Gaussian expression for estimating EEMT from mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) (R 2 = 0.96, significant at P < 0.001) using a global climate data set. Environmental gradient data indicated significant differences in EEMT between soil orders (i.e., Entisol = 14,586 vs. Ultisol = 36,521 kJ m -2 yr -1 ), whereas neither MAT nor MAP demonstrated significant differences among soil orders. Pedon data from the gradients were used to derive quantitative transfer functions between EEMT and pedogenic indices, including pedon depth, clay content, subsurface chemical index of alteration minus potassium (CIA-K), and the ratio of free Fe oxides to total Fe (Fe d /Fe T ). Significant linear and nonlinear functions were derived between EEMT and all of the pedogenic indices, whereas no significant functions could be fit between pedogenic indices, MAT, or MAP. The favorable results from this study suggest that the QPEM framework and EEMT may provide a basis for quantitative pedogenic modeling and prediction of soil properties.
RNA editing : transfer of genetic information from gRNA to precursor mRNA in vitro

RNA editing in the mitochondrion of Trypanosoma brucei extensively alters the adenosine triphosphate synthase (ATPase) subunit 6 precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) by addition of 447 uridines and removal of 28 uridines. In vivo, the guide RNA gA6[14] is thought to specify the deletion of two uridines from the editing site closest to the 3' end. In this study, an in vitro system was developed that accurately removed uridines from this editing site in synthetic ATPase 6 pre-mRNA when gA6[14] and ATP were added. Mutations in both the guide RNA and the pre-mRNA editing site suggest that base-pairing interactions control the number of uridines deleted in vitro. Thus, guide RNAs are required for RNA editing and for the transfer of genetic information to pre-mRNAs.
Research on Geese in the United States

Research on geese is underway at several locations in the United States. Much of the research is related to disease producing organisms such as Escherichia coli, Heterakis gallinarum, Histomonas me...
Hardiness and death attitudes: Predictors of depression in the institutionalized elderly

There are varied and high estimated prevalence rates of depression in the institutionalized elderly. Personality characteristics and attitudes are two attributes in the uniqueness of humans that have been overlooked in explaining depression. This study examined the relationships of hardiness and death attitudes to depression. The sample consisted of 90 consenting participants; 46 women and 44 men. The mean age of the sample was 73.3 years. This study produced the following three major findings: hardiness and depression are correlated; healthy death attitudes are related to low depression scores; and the combination of nonhardiness and health-limiting death attitudes are reliable predictors of depression in the institutionalized elderly.
Maximum Likelihood Failure Detection of Aircraft Flight Control Sensors

A recently developed maximum likelihood failure detection algorithm, based on processing the residuals from an observer designed on the assumption of no failures, is applied to the problem of detecting and correcting gyro or accelerometer failures in the vertical axis of an aircraft flight control system. Design calculations are illustrated with a simplified dynamic model and the effectiveness of the failure detection method is demonstrated by simulation.
NAFLD in children: A prospective clinical-pathological study and effect of lifestyle advice

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a common cause of chronic liver disease in adults, is incompletely characterized in children. We conducted a prospective study to better characterize the clinical presentation of NAFLD in children and to determine the effect of lifestyle advice in the management of pediatric NAFLD. From June 2001 to April 2003, 84 children (age 3-18.8 yr) who had elevated aminotransferases and the diagnosis of NAFLD confirmed via liver biopsy underwent a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test and a 12-month program of lifestyle advice consisting of diet and physical exercise. Thirty-four (40.5%) patients were obese (body mass index [BMI] >97th percentile), and 43 (51.2%) were overweight (BMI 85th-97th percentile). Ten (12%) had abnormal glucose tolerance; 10 (12%) had elevated triglycerides, cholesterol, or both; and all had normal blood pressure. Most children (67/84, 80%) were insulin-resistant, including the 7 children with normal BMI (<85th percentile). Increased liver fibrosis was present in 49 (58.1%) patients and was independently associated with obesity (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2-6.2) and age (1-year increase; OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.04-1.5). A 12-month program with diet and physical exercise resulted in a significant decrease in BMI, and levels of fasting glucose, insulin, lipids, and liver enzymes, as well as liver echogenicity on ultrasonography. In conclusion, children with NAFLD are almost always insulin-resistant regardless of BMI. Obesity and older age are independently associated with increased liver fibrosis. A simple lifestyle advice program significantly improves insulin resistance, and the liver disease in pediatric NAFLD. (HEPATOLOGY 2006;44:458–465.)
Uncertainty, Spatial Proximity, and the Stability of Oligopoly Pricing:

One of the most pervasive characteristics of mature oligopolistic industries is their reluctance to engage in price competition, and their channeling of competitive efforts into rivalry using advertising and other marketing costs as well as product differentiation. This leads to questions concerning the nature of the economic and social matrix within which such firms operate, and these questions in turn motivate the theorist to construct frameworks that yield such results. Spatial proximity has generally been accepted as an intensifier of price competition, but in many local oligopolistic markets it seems to act as an inhibitor of price competition. In this paper I attempt to study the role of uncertainty in explaining the ‘rivalrous consonance of interests’ which tends to keep prices above the competitive level in spatially concentrated markets. By using Weibull density functions to approximate subjective expectations of firms, I seek to cast light upon some of the factors that play a role in explaining ...
Managing an oligopoly of would-be sovereigns: the dynamics of joint control and self-control in the international oil industry past, present, and future

The key to the success of the oil oligopoly has been the ability of its members to make commitments to each other credible despite great divisiveness and enormous uncertainties. To accomplish this, the oil companies constructed a regime of suprasovereign constraints to control the pursuit of individual self-interest. When these anti-democratic, anti-autonomous institutions functioned effectively, the corporations met challenges far greater than those OPEC subsequently faced; when they began to disintegrate, the companies' ability to hold price above marginal cost deteriorated. OPEC reinvigorated the oligopoly using the ready-made self-denial and surveillance mechanisms built by the companies, then systematically unravelled them in moving towards a “mature” cartel held together by “mere” common interest, promises, and threats. To reconstruct an oligopoly that has the cohesiveness of the corporate era, OPEC will need not only a more moderate price trajectory, but also a binding structure that gives preponderance to the most conservative members, provides prompt and accurate verification of cheating, and automatically imposes penalties in magnified form for competitive behavior (without the need for direct retaliation). Beyond predictions about the future of the oil industry, these findings have important implications for economic approaches to imperfect competition, for anti-trust analyses of collusion, and for organizational theories of hegemonic leadership.
Tremor Reduction and Modeled Neural Activity During Cycling Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation

Objective The effectiveness of deep brain stimulation (DBS) depends on both the frequency and the temporal pattern of stimulation. We quantified responses to cycling DBS with constant frequency to determine if there was a critical on and/or off time for alleviating tremor.
The State, Relational Governance, and Nomad Sedentarization: Land Reform in Inner Mongolia, 1900–1911

This article is a study of the Inner Mongolian land reform undertaken by the Qing government in the last decade of its rule. Instead of portraying land reform as a state process of taming and transforming nomads, I examine the metamorphosis of the multi-ethnic governing relationships enabled by the reform. The frontier governance system on which I focus consisted of coalitions and conflicts among four key players: Mongol banners, neighboring Han Chinese provinces, the Court of Dependencies, and frontier military governors. By elucidating the changing relationships that bound these players together, I pinpoint the most significant agendas of land reform, how the Mongols' position vis-a-vis state agencies changed throughout the reform process, and to what extent these changes resulted in state centralization. My study illuminates a variety of topics, including nomad sedentarization, frontier politics, and modern state expansion.
PD-spectral theory for multivariable linear time-varying systems

In this paper a recently developed differential algebraic spectral theory for scalar linear time-varying (LTV) systems is extended to the more general class of multivariable (MV) LTV systems. LTV counterparts of the left-half-plane stability criterion, PBH type controllability and observability tests, and stabilization and decoupling by eigenstructure assignment are developed. The results can be applied to nonlinear tracking and decoupling by trajectory linearization without resorting to ad hoc gain scheduling.
Compression of the ambulatory ECG by average beat subtraction and residual differencing

A strategy is evaluated for compression of ambulatory electrocardiograms (ECGs) that uses average beat subtraction and Huffman coding of the differenced residual signal. A sample rate of 100 sps and a quantization level of 35 mu V are selected to minimize the mean-square-error distortion while maintaining a data rate that allows 24 h of two-channel ECG data to be stored in less than 4 MB of memory. With this method, sample rate, and quantization level, the ambulatory ECG is compressed and stored in real time with an average data rate of 174 b/s per channel. It is demonstrated that, for the low sample rate and coarse quantization required for ambulatory recording, without sufficient temporal resolution in beat location, beat subtraction does not significantly improve compression, and may even worsen compression performance. It is also shown that with average beat subtraction, compression is improved if multiple beat averages maintained. Improvement is most significant for ECG signals that exhibit frequent ectopic beats. >
Review of Groundwater Reactive Transport Models by F. Zhang, G.-T. Yeh, and J. C. Parker

Reactive transport modeling in subsurface situations is highly complex, since it involves the complexity of physical, chemical, and biological processes, as well as interactions between solutes and geological media. Developing efficient computational techniques (e.g., high-performance computing and input/output) for reactive transport modeling presents another challenge. This book collectively documents nine groundwater reactive transport models that have been developed for decades by national laboratories and academia, mainly in the United States. The selected models have been used to study a broad range of situations, including multiphase multicomponent flow, mass transport, heat transport, and geochemical reactions, in shallow and deep formations. These models are capable of simulating complex physical, chemical, and biological processes in complex geoenvironments, for example, CO2 sequestration, oil spill, gas entrapment and release, and nuclear waste repository. The book provides detailed mathematical equations for individual models, numerical schemes to solve the governing equations, and necessary examples to illustrate model capabilities. Numerical schemes to solve transport equations include finite-element (e.g., HYDROGEOCHEM, CORE2D V4, and NUFT), discontinuous Galerkin (e.g., IPARS), finite-difference (e.g., TOUGHREACT, RT3D, and STOMP-ECKEChem), and finite-volume (e.g., PFLOTRAN and MIN3P) methods. Some models (e.g., TOUGHREACT,MIN3P, STOMP-ECKEChem)were developed in modules such that they are easily maintained and expanded for specific purposes. Many of the models (e.g., IPARS, PFLOTRAN, NUFT, and STOMP-ECKEChem) have been parallelized for high-performance computing. The book presents comprehensive knowledge and technology on developing groundwater reactive transport models. Readers who aim to study reactive transport in porous media will find this book as a useful reference for either developing their own codes or using these existing models for their work.