cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Pursuit of Conversation Analysis: An Interview with Professor John Heritage

On the late-summer evening of September 23, 2017, we had the privilege of speaking over dinner with John Heritage, a plenary speaker at the eighth annual Conference of The Language and Social Interaction Working Group (LANSI) held at Teachers College, Columbia University. Dr. Heritage is Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and one of the key scholars in the discipline of conversation analysis (CA).
Treatment of the Elongated Lower Face and the Gummy Smile

Patients with excessive vertical dimension of the maxilla undergo substantial improvement when correction is planned with the assistance of an orthodontist. Both the skeletal and soft tissue deformities must be corrected.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LINEAR AND CROSSLINKED AB-TYPE POLYURETHANES

Novel AB-type polyurethanes have been prepared. Six of these contain in-chain aromatic units and have generic formula I, including ortho-substituted structures with m, n combinations of (1,0), (0,1), (1,1), (0,2) and para-substituted structures with m, n combinations of (0,0) and (0,2). The aliphatic was prepared for comparison. Ortho (0,0) could not be prepared by either the decomposition-intermolecular reaction of the hydroxy acylazide (cyclic benzoxazolinone was formed) or by thermal ring-opening of the benzo-substituted cyclic carbamate. Ortho (1,0) and (0,1) could be prepared by either route, though ring formation was favored in the Curtius reaction. Thermal polymerization of the cyclic benzoxazinones under mild conditions formed the amorphous linear polyurethanes; upon polymerization at high temperature or upon heating of the linear polymers, crosslinked materials were obtained, with urea, isocyanurate, and diarylmethane and polymerized carbodiimide moieties, respectively, being favored as the temperature was increased. Crystalline ortho (1,1), amorphous ortho (0,2), and crystalline para (0,0) and (0,2) could be prepared in good yield by the Curtius route; again the crosslinked structures progressively increased with post-polymerization heating. Infrared spectroscopy in the “near IR” range was found to be a valuable supplement in characterization of these polymeric materials.
Die Anwendung radioaktiver Isotope in der Erforschung des Gestagenstoffwechsels in der Schwangerschaft

Im Jahre 1945 veroffentlichte Konrad Bloch (1) das Ergebnis einer interessanten Untersuchung. Er gab einer Frau im achten Schwangerschaftsmonat mehrere Tage lang oral Cholesterin, das mit dem stabilen Isotop des Wasserstoffs markiert war. Anschliesend isolierte er aus dem Harn chemisch reines Pregnandiol, in dem er das Wasserstoffisotop nachweisen konnte. Dieses Ergebnis fuhrte zu der Annahme, das Cholesterin eine wesentliche Vorstufe in der Biosynthese des Progesterons darstellt. Seit diesem klassischen Versuch haben zahlreiche in vivo und in vitro Versuche die Annahme BLOCHS bestatigt, und es besteht heute wohl kein Zweifel, das das Cholesterin nicht allein eine wichtige Vorstufe des Progesterons, sondern auch anderer Steroidhormone einschlieslich der Oestrogene (2) ist. In den folgenden Ausfuhrungen werde ich mich auf Untersuchungen beschranken, die mit Hilfe von radioaktivem Progesteron und 17-Hydroxyprogesteroncapronat am Chicago Lying-in Hospital und am Argonne Cancer Research Hospital der Universitat Chicago durchgefuhrt wurden. Bezuglich der Versuchsanordnung und Methodik verweise ich auf fruhere Veroffentlichungen (3–10).
Muscle Fiber Size and Chronic Exposure to Hypoxia

Fiber size is an important variable to consider when estimating several aspects of the geometry of peripheral tissue gas exchange. It directly affects diffusion and intercapillary distances, capillary density (often estimated as capillary counts per fiber cross-sectional area, capillary/ mm2 of fiber), and capillary-to-fiber perimeter ratio.
Sphingolipids Signaling in Lamellipodia Formation and Enhancement of Endothelial Barrier Function

Sphingolipids, first described in the brain in 1884, are important structural components of biological membranes of all eukaryotic cells. In recent years, several lines of evidence support the critical role of sphingolipids such as sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and ceramide as anti- or pro-inflammatory bioactive lipid mediators in a variety of human pathologies including pulmonary and vascular disorders. Among the sphingolipids, S1P is a naturally occurring agonist that exhibits potent barrier enhancing property in the endothelium by signaling via G protein-coupled S1P1 receptor. S1P, S1P analogs, and other barrier enhancing agents such as HGF, oxidized phospholipids, and statins also utilize the S1P/S1P1 signaling pathway to generate membrane protrusions or lamellipodia, which have been implicated in resealing of endothelial gaps and maintenance of barrier integrity. A better understanding of sphingolipids mediated regulation of lamellipodia formation and barrier enhancement of the endothelium will be critical for the development of sphingolipid-based therapies to alleviate pulmonary disorders such as sepsis-, radiation-, and mechanical ventilation-induced acute lung injury.
Screening for Intimate Partner Violence, Elder Abuse, and Abuse of Vulnerable Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Final Recommendation Statement.

Importance Intimate partner violence (IPV) and abuse of older or vulnerable adults are common in the United States but often remain undetected. In addition to the immediate effects of IPV, such as injury and death, there are other health consequences, many with long-term effects, including development of mental health conditions such as depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, and suicidal behavior; sexually transmitted infections; unintended pregnancy; and chronic pain and other disabilities. Long-term negative health effects from elder abuse include death, higher risk of nursing home placement, and adverse psychological consequences. Objective To update the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) 2013 recommendation on screening for IPV, elder abuse, and abuse of vulnerable adults. Evidence Review The USPSTF commissioned a review of the evidence on screening for IPV in adolescents, women, and men; for elder abuse; and for abuse of vulnerable adults. Findings The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for IPV in women of reproductive age and providing or referring women who screen positive to ongoing support services has a moderate net benefit. There is adequate evidence that available screening instruments can identify IPV in women. The evidence does not support the effectiveness of brief interventions or the provision of information about referral options in the absence of ongoing supportive intervention components. The evidence demonstrating benefit of ongoing support services is predominantly found in studies of pregnant or postpartum women. The benefits and harms of screening for elder abuse and abuse of vulnerable adults are uncertain, and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined. Conclusions and Recommendation The USPSTF recommends that clinicians screen for IPV in women of reproductive age and provide or refer women who screen positive to ongoing support services. (B recommendation) The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for abuse and neglect in all older or vulnerable adults. (I statement)
Slowly progressive facial paralysis: Intraneural squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary.

Abstract Background In this report, we present a unique case of intraneural squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary found within the facial nerve and the proposed algorithms for diagnosis and management of progressive idiopathic facial paralysis. Case presentation A 66-year-old female with a previous history of basal cell carcinoma presented with right-sided progressive facial paralysis. Repeated magnetic resonance imaging as well as targeted workup failed to reveal a diagnosis. 20 months following symptom onset, after the patient's facial function slowly progressed to a complete paralysis, repeat magnetic resonance imaging revealed enhancement at the stylomastoid foramen. The patient underwent superficial parotidectomy, transmastoid facial nerve decompression and resection of descending and proximal extratemporal facial nerve segments, as well as great auricular nerve interposition grafting. Intraoperatively, frozen sections from the surface of the facial nerve, and the proximal and distal segments of the facial nerve following resection, were negative for malignancy. The final pathology revealed infiltrating poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the facial nerve with negative margins. Conclusion In cases of slowly progressive facial paralysis the clinician needs to consider malignancy until proven otherwise. Without an identifiable primary malignancy, early algorithmic assessment of presenting characteristics may facilitate expedited clinical decision making and surgical management of malignancy involving the facial nerve. In cases of slowly progressive facial paralysis, when the time comes for surgical exploration and biopsy, head and neck surgeons must be aware that malignancy can exist entirely within the facial nerve, without pathologic changes on the surface of the nerve or in the surrounding tissue.
Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines in healthcare workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation

Healthcare workers exposed to ionizing radiation in the workplace are at increased risk for cancer. The exact mechanism is complex; however, DNA damage, immunosuppression, and oxidative stress triggered by ionizing radiation appear to play a central role. In the present study, we investigated the influence of occupational radiation exposure on DNA oxidation, antioxidants and cytokine levels in healthcare personnel. A total of 60 volunteers of which 20 were occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation and 40 were non-exposed control subjects participated in this research study. Plasma levels of DNA oxidation, cytokines, percentage of glutathione disulfide (%GSSG), and extracellular superoxide dismutase (EcSOD) activity were measured. A significant increase was observed in the levels of interleukin (IL)-6 (0.6±0.08 pg/mL), IL-1α (0.36±0.1 pg/mL) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α (16.2±1.4 pg/mL) in radiation-exposed workers compared to control subjects (0.44±0.08 pg/mL; 0.24±0.07 pg/mL; 12±1.6 pg/mL; respectively, p
Laser-Tissue/Water Interaction Of The Erbium 2.9 Pm Laser

The trivalent Erbium transition, 4 T 11/2 4[/supI 13/2 has an emission wavelength close to , 3 μm in a variety of host laser crystals. The fundamental 0-H vibrational stretch in water occurs at approximately the same wavelength. It is therefore expected that the absorption coefficient of water near 3 μm would be of the order of 10 4 cm -1 . In order to measure this value precisely with a transmission spectrometer, it is necessary to have a film with a thickness of the order of the reciprocal of the absorption coefficient of water. This implies a thin film of water of about one micron. It is also desirable to measure the water absorption coefficient in the infrared out to wavelengths as long as 12 μm. This would require cell thicknesses up to 20 μm. A special cell has been designed and constructed to meet these criteria of variable thickness, IR transmission and compatibility with high purity water samples. The cell is shown in cross section in Figure 1. It is designed to provide a variable thickness film of water and a liquid filled space adjacent to the film that acts as a reservoir. The IR transparent ZnSe windows are attached to the Invar holders which are separated by two Teflon gaskets and a Invar spacer with inflow and outflow ports. The two Invar holders are squeezed together, compressing the Teflon gaskets. This not only changes the film thickness, but provides a positive seal with the gaskets. The film thickness is adjusted to the desired value, the transmission of the water film is measured and the film thickness is verified after the transmission measurement. The sequence can then be repeated for different thicknesses of the cell.
Determining the kinetics of desolvation of a TNT/aniline solvate

Desolvation of a TNT/aniline solvate was investigated using various experimental techniques by isothermal and non-isothermal methods. Conventional kinetic thermal analysis techniques (differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and atomic force microscopy) were used to study the kinetics during desolvation. The results indicate that the transition involves two steps, transformation into an amorphous or glassy state, and reconstruction of crystalline TNT by nucleation and growth. Isothermal powder X-ray diffraction studies revealed that different polymorphs of TNT were recrystallized during the desolvation process depending on the temperature. The kinetic parameters for desolvation and recrystallization processes were obtained and discussed. From the DSC and AFM results, the activation energies for these two processes were calculated to be 86.0 kJ mol−1 and 22.8 kJ mol−1, respectively.
Supravital staining of spermatozoa: relationship of eosin concentration to the percentage of cells staining live.

AbstractSupravital staining of human spermatozoa is a useful technique to assess semen quality. We compared 3 concentrations of eosin (1, 2.5 and 5 per cent) for their effectiveness to differentiate viable and non-viable spermatozoa. The percentage of viable cells determined by each concentration was compared as well as the percentage of cells estimated to be active.The results indicate that the percentage of spermatozoa determined to be viable with the supravital stains can be altered by changing the percentage of eosin in the stains. Use of 1 per cent eosin gave values that were significantly higher than the percentage of cells determined to be viable with 5 per cent eosin and the percentage of cells estimated to be active. Better quality slides were produced with 5 per cent eosin, which provided values that correlated favorably with motility estimations.
Targeted Return Portfolio Construction

This seminal work introduces a portfolio construction framework for risk-averse investors that aims to meet, or exceed, a return objective or liability coverage obligation. The author presents Skew-Risk Modeling, a practical application of Targeted Return Portfolio Construction designed to enable the investor to efficiently manage a portfolio that has a target return objective. The innovation of the Liability-Skew Ratio is also presented; it provides the most effective measurement instrument for understanding a portfolio’s risk relative to achieving a target return. Skew-Risk Modeling allows the investor to efficiently manage a portfolio relative to policy, time, upside, and downside risks while pursuing a risk-managed target return objective. The results of the empirical tests are compelling. TOPICS:Portfolio construction, statistical methods, risk management
The Use of Stimulus Preference Assessments for Persons With Neurocognitive Disorder: A Literature Review

Objectives: Stimulus preference assessments are a systematic, observation-based approach for identifying preferences among individuals with impaired communication skills. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the existing empirical literature that has utilized these methods with persons who have neurocognitive disorder (NCD).Methods: Studies were identified by searching online databases using a variety of search terms. Articles were included in the review if they were peer-reviewed, in English, were empirical in nature, and conducted a stimulus preference assessment with older adults diagnosed with NCD.Results: Eleven articles met the search criteria. Results revealed that data from stimulus preference assessments could increase activity engagement, increase requests for preferred items, identify reinforcers, and reduce behavioral and psychological symptoms.Conclusions: A small body of empirical literature suggests that data derived from stimulus preference assessments can be used to improve the lives of persons with NCD and their caregivers. Additional research is needed, however, to determine how effectively these procedures can be implemented into everyday practice in long-term care facilities.Clinical Implications: Stimulus preference assessments may provide a clinically useful means for efficiently identifying preferences in persons with severe NCD who cannot verbalize their needs.
The Moral Limits of Predictive Practices: The Case of Credit-Based Insurance Scores:

Corporations gather massive amounts of personal data to predict how individuals will behave so that they can profitably price goods and allocate resources. This article investigates the moral found...
Separation of Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Fractions for Chimeric RNA Characterization

Cellular organelle fractionation, a basic technique in molecular biology, has been devised to separate various cell components, which can then be purified and analyzed biochemically. Isolation of proteins or RNAs from these fractions provides insight into fraction-specific or even organelle-specific expression, which may indicate potential modes of functionality or likelihood for a transcript to encode a protein. These findings can be further utilized to observe differences in expression between normal and diseased cell states, such as cancer. We utilize these techniques to observe expression of chimeric RNAs in these fractions. Within this chapter we describe the most frequently used cellular fractionation technique: the separation of the cytoplasmic fraction from the nuclear fraction in a cell.
Low-Dose Naltrexone for Chronic Pain: Update and Systemic Review

The purpose of this review is to evaluate and explain our current understanding of the clinical use of low-dose naltrexone in the treatment of chronic pain. Recent pre-clinical uses and clinical studies further elucidate the use of low-dose naltrexone in the treatment of chronic pain. Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has shown promise to reduce symptoms related to chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia, inflammatory bowel conditions, and multiple sclerosis. The mechanism of LDN appears to be modulation of neuro-inflammation, specifically, the modulation of the glial cells and release of inflammatory chemicals in the central nervous system. These effects appear to unique at low dosage compared to dosage for food and drug administration approved use for alcohol and opioid dependence. We review the evidence that LDN has shown more than promise and should be further investigated in clinical practice.
Quantifying the Announcement Effects in the U.S. Lumber Futures Market

The impact of information release from public report announcements has been widely investigated in many commodity markets, but little attention has been paid to the lumber market. In this paper, we use generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models to examine the effect of two housing market reports, namely the New Residential Construction (Housing Starts) and the New Residential Sales reports, on the U.S. lumber futures market from 2000 to 2017. Our results suggest that the housing starts report indeed affects lumber market volatility, while the new home sales report exerts a minor impact. We further find that the effect of the two reports decreases with inventory levels and differs depending on the nature of the news. When the level of inventory is low, larger-than-expected housing starts has a more substantial effect than lower-than-expected housing starts. During periods of abundant stocks, however, lower-than-expected housing starts increase the volatility more than larger-than-expected news. For the new home sales reports, we find that while lower-than-expected sales do not affect lumber price volatility, larger-than-expected sales do increase the volatility.
Efficiency Spillovers From Foreign Direct Investment and Domestic‐exporting Firms: The Case of Ethiopian Manufacturing

This study examines efficiency spillovers from foreign‐owned and domestic‐exporting firms in the Ethiopian manufacturing sector using a two‐stage econometric approach. We estimate firm‐level technical efficiency using the ‘true’ fixed effects stochastic frontier analysis and apply system generalized methods of moments to examine how spillovers impact the efficiency of local firms. Results show that the presence of domestic‐exporting firms in the same sector increases the efficiency of local non‐exporting firms with a higher absorptive capacity. Furthermore, spillovers from foreign‐owned firms improve the efficiency of vertically linked domestic‐exporting enterprises but negatively impact non‐exporting firms. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extraplanar Dust in Spiral Galaxies: Tracing Outflows in the Disk-Halo Interface

There is now ample evidence that the interstellar thick disks of spiral galaxies are dusty. Although the majority of extraplanar gas in the first few kiloparsecs above the plane of a spiral galaxy is matter that has been expelled from the thin disk, the feedback-driven expul- sion does not destroy dust grains altogether (and there is not yet any good measure suggesting it changes the dust-to-gas mass ratio). Di- rect optical imaging of a majority of edge-on spiral galaxies shows large numbers of dusty clouds populating the thick disk to heights z ∼ 2 kpc. These observations are likely revealing a cold, dense phase of the thick disk interstellar medium. New observations in the mid-infrared show emission from traditional grains and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the thick disks of spiral galaxies. PAHs are found to have large scale heights and to arise both in the dense dusty clouds traced through direct optical imaging and in the diffuse ionized gas. In this contribution, we briefly summarize these probes of dust in the thick disks of spiral galaxies. We also argue that not only can dust can be used to trace extraplanar material that has come from within the thick disk, but that its absence can be a marker for newly accreted matter from the circumgalactic or intergalactic medium. Thus, observations of dust can perhaps provide a quantitative measure of the importance of "outflow versus infall" in spiral galaxies.
An Investigation of Androgyny and Sexual Orientation in Advertising: How Androgynous Imagery and Sexual Orientation Impact Advertisement and Brand Attitudes

This research examines the effect of advertising imagery, sexual orientation, and gender on customer attitude toward the advertisement and attitude toward the brand. When viewing separate advertisements featuring a female, a male, or an androgynous model, heterosexual subjects had significantly lower evaluations of the androgynous advertisement and significantly higher evaluations of the female advertisement. In a second study, an androgynous model representing a luxury brand received significantly higher evaluations than when associated with a nonluxury brand. Male subjects offered significantly lower evaluations of the androgynous advertisements than other subjects. The combined results suggest that advertisements featuring androgynous imagery may evoke diverse responses from mainstream and LGBTQ+ consumer segments.
Serum SCCA as an Early Indicator of Recurrence in Cervical Cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Patients with recurrence of cervical cancer after definitive radiation therapy (RT) have < 5% long-term survival. Early detection of asymptomatic recurrence may provide an opportunity for salvage. Serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) is an effective biomarker for response to RT and overall prognosis. Retrospective studies indicate that elevated serum SCCA in the post-RT surveillance setting may also be useful to detect asymptomatic recurrence. We hypothesized that elevated serum SCCA at follow-up is a specific indicator of recurrence after definitive RT. MATERIALS/METHODS Serum SCCA (fuSCCA) values measured during the surveillance of patients treated with definitive-intent RT from 2007-2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Serum SCCA was measured by ELISA in a CLIA-certified lab (normal range 0.0-2.2 ng/mL), and was recorded along with patient and tumor factors. Follow-up consisted of history, physical examination, serum SCCA, and imaging when indicated. Recurrence was confirmed pathologically when possible. FuSCCA was defined as the last available value, or as the value closest to the date of recurrence (no more than 6 months prior and 3 weeks after). Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of fuSCCA was determined for recurrence. Analysis was performed for the whole cohort and for a subgroup of patients with available pretreatment SCCA values. Difference in fuSCCA between patients with and without recurrence was compared using a Student's t-test. RESULTS 258 patients were identified with any follow-up SCCA value, 227 with fuSCCA as defined above. Mean age at diagnosis of the whole cohort was 52.7 years. FIGO stage was IB in 19.8%, IIB in 22.9%, IIIC1 in 39.1%, and IIIC2 in 13.2% of patients. After a median of follow-up 50.4 months (range 1.4 - 147.7), 67.1% of patients had no evidence of disease, 6.2% were alive with disease, 21.7% had died of cervical cancer, and 5.0% had died of intercurrent disease. Mean fuSCCA was 0.9 ng/mL (range 0-26.6) for 175 patients with no recurrence and 6.0 ng/mL (range 0-97) for 52 patients with recurrence (two-tailed P = 0.02). Se, Sp, PPV, and NPV of last fuSCCA for recurrence all patients and those with elevated pretreatment serum SCCA is shown in Table 1. Of 81 patients with normal pre-treatment SCCA only two had an elevated value at any point during surveillance, one of whom experienced recurrence. CONCLUSION For patients with elevated pre-treatment serum SCCA, surveillance serum SCCA is an inexpensive and accessible test with high specificity and negative predictive value for recurrence. Surveillance of serum SCCA is of limited utility in patients with normal pre-treatment values.
Bovine mitochondrial protein synthesis elongation factors. Identification and initial characterization of an elongation factor Tu-elongation factor Ts complex.

Animal mitochondrial protein synthesis factors elongation factor (EF) Tu and EF-Ts have been purified as an EF-Tu. Ts complex from crude extracts of bovine liver mitochondria. The mitochondrial complex has been purified 10,000-fold to near homogeneity by a combination of chromatographic procedures including high performance liquid chromatography. The mitochondrial EF-Tu.Ts complex is very stable and cannot be dissociated even in the presence of high concentrations of guanine nucleotides. No guanine nucleotide binding to this complex can be observed in the standard nitrocellulose filter binding assay. Mitochondrial EF-Ts activity can be detected by its ability to facilitate guanine nucleotide exchange with Escherichia coli EF-Tu. The EF-Tumt exhibits similar levels of activity on isolated mammalian mitochondrial and E. coli ribosomes, but displays minimal activity on Euglena gracilis chloroplast 70 S ribosomes and has no detectable activity on wheat germ cytoplasmic ribosomes. In contrast to the bacterial EF-Tu and the EF-Tu from the chloroplast of E. gracilis, the ability of the mitochondrial factor to catalyze polymerization is not inhibited by the antibiotic kirromycin.
Association Mining in Large Databases: A Re-examination of Its Measures

In the literature of data mining and statistics, numerous interestingness measures have been proposed to disclose succinct object relationships of association patterns. However, it is still not clear when a measure is truly effective in large data sets. Recent studies have identified a critical property, null-(transaction) invariance, for measuring event associations in large data sets, but many existing measures do not have this property. We thus re-examine the null-invariant measures and find interestingly that they can be expressed as a generalized mathematical mean, and there exists a total ordering of them. This ordering provides insights into the underlying philosophy of the measures and helps us understand and select the proper measure for different applications.
No‐Arbitrage Price Relations for Options

For derivative instruments, in the absence of costless arbitrage price relations can be developed. In the case of options (calls and puts), there are three types of price relations that can be obtained. The first is the lower bound on the option's price. The second, and perhaps most important, no-arbitrage price relation is the one between the price of a put and the price of a call. This relation is called the put-call parity relation and arises from simultaneous trades in the call, the put, and the asset. The third price relation is the intermarket relation, which is the link between the prices of asset options and the prices of futures options. The price relations exist for European-style and American-style options and under both the continuous rate and discrete flow net cost of carry assumptions. Price relations are important for risk management strategies using options. Option pricing models go beyond these price relations to provide a fair value for an option. Keywords: no-arbitrage price relations; costless arbitrage; put-call parity; net cost of carry; forward; call; put; net cost of carry; convenience yield; early exercise; futures option; European-style; American-style
Optical pumping of cesium atoms with second resonance light

Abstract We report the first successful optical pumping of cesium atoms to a state of high spin polarization with a CW dye laser tuned to the D 1 second resonance line (4593 A) of the cesium atom. Results of spin polarization versus laser power measurements for cells containing high-density cesium vapors (10 13 –10 15 cm -3 ) plus mixtures of nitrogen (10–200 torr) and helium (≈1 atmosphere) gases are presented. These experiments have revealed unexpected limits to the spin polarization of dense alkali vapors.
Allograft (Alloderm) and autograft (temporalis fascia) implantation for glottic insufficiency: a novel approach.

Summary Objective Traditionally, glottic insufficiency because of scar, atrophy, and sulcus has been treated by injection or medialization laryngoplasty. These procedures do not reestablish the vertical height of the vocal fold margin. We propose soft tissue augmentation laryngoplasty with allograft (sheet Alloderm; LifeCell Corporation, Branchburg, NJ) or autograft (temporalis fascia) via a minithyrotomy or a transoral approach. Study Design A retrospective case series analysis of 21 patients treated by sheet Alloderm or temporalis fascia for correction of glottic insufficiency. Methods Twenty-one patients with glottic insufficiency secondary to scar, atrophy, or sulcus were treated. Ten failed prior techniques. Seventeen had minithyrotomy by a small fenestration in the thyroid cartilage. Exploration of scar or lamina propria through the fenestration allowed for the creation of a pocket for Alloderm implantation within the intermediate layer of the lamina propria. Four patients underwent a transoral approach by cordotomy with either Alloderm or temporalis fascia implantation, which also allowed for exploration of scar but required repair using sutures. These implantation approaches allowed for both restoration of the layered structure and augmentation of the middle third of the musculomembranous vocal fold. Preoperative and postoperative videostroboscopic examinations were reviewed with review of clinical outcome. Results With a median follow-up time of 12 months, patients demonstrated excellent long-term vocal fold augmentation and minimal absorption of the implant in 19 out of 21 patients. There is improved pliability of the vocal fold with good oscillation in scar patients. Conclusion Minithyrotomy with soft tissue augmentation is a novel approach for soft tissue augmentation of glottic insufficiency. It has the advantage of augmentation of the medial edge of the vocal fold with a soft tissue implant that has long-term viability. Its role should be explored further in patients with atrophy and scar.
Liver mixed function oxidases in chickens: induction by polychlorinated biphenyls and lack of induction by DDT.

Microsomal hydroxylase and demethylase activities were compared in livers from White Leghorn cockerels fed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) containing 21 to 68% chlorine, orp,p′-DDT. The higher chlorinated PCBs, Aroclor 1254 and 1268, were potent inducers of hepatic enzyme activity while DDT did not induce these enzymes. Aroclor 1254 was the most potent inducer because feeding 5 ppm increased liver aminopyrine demethylase activity 1.5X but did not affect liver weight. Feeding 50 and 500 ppm of Aroclor 1254 and 1268 increased liver weight and demethylase activity per mg of protein. A differential response in the two enzymes occurred. Only 500 ppm of Aroclor 1268 increased hydroxylase activity. Aroclor 1242 had no effect on liver enzyme concentration but 50 and 500 ppm of Aroclor 1242 increased liver weights and consequently increased total enzyme activity. Our data demonstrated that in the avian species DDT and PCB did not have the same effect on hepatic microsomal enzyme activity.
Effects of prostaglandin E-1 on the hypothalamo-hyophyseal-adrenocortical axis in rats.

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) depleted adrenal ascorbic acid and cholesterol and increased plasma and adrenal corticosterone in rats. The log dose relationship between PGE1 iv and adrenal ascorbic acid concentration was linear between 0.5 and 2.0 μg. PGE1 was relatively specific since PGA1 and PGF2a did not deplete adrenal ascorbic acid at doses 10 times that of PGE1 and the respective vasopressor and vasodilator activities of the 3 prostaglandins did not correlate with capacity to stimulate the adrenal cortex. PGE1 did not affect adrenal ascorbic acid in cortisol-pretreated intact rats or in 24-hr hypophysectomized rats, indicating that it has no ACTH-like effect on the adrenal cortex but acts by stimulating ACTH release. Morphine strongly inhibited the adrenal ascorbic acid response to PGE1 in intact rats anesthetized with pentobarbital, indicating that the action of PGE1 on ACTH release is not direct on the anterior pituitary gland but is at some level in the central nervous system, possibly the hypothalamus...
Cardiac magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion reserve index is reduced in women with coronary microvascular dysfunction. A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored study from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation.

Background—Women with signs and symptoms of ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease often have coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), diagnosed by invasive coronary reactivity testin...
Fire performance of flame retardant polypropylene and polystyrene composites screened with microscale combustion calorimetry

Flame retardant polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) materials were prepared by the incorporation of decabromodiphenyl oxide and Sb2O3 in addition to nanoparticles, montmorillonite clay, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Their fire performance was screened with microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) as well as evaluated by cone calorimetry. The decabromodiphenyl oxide–Sb2O3 system exhibited better efficiency in reducing the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of PP compared to PS in the MCC, whereas the trend was the opposite in cone calorimetry. Introduction of clay or CNTs to the decabromodiphenyl oxide–Sb2O3 system was beneficial in reducing the PHRR of both composites in cone calorimetry; however, a reduction in the PHRR in the MCC was only observed in the PS composites. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies revealed that the fire results from the MCC for the two types of composites were strongly correlated with their thermal degradation traces. There were poor relationships between the parameters of MCC and cone calorimetry, but good correlation between the temperature difference of the first and second peak of mass loss rate in the TGA, temperature at the PHRR in the MCC, and fire performance index in the cone calorimetry. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An interdisciplinary practical approach to teaching the software development life-cycle

A majority of programming courses offered by computer science departments focus on application design and implementation. While this type of programming is useful for the computer science (CS) student, it is not as beneficial to the information technology (IT) student. Students planning to work as IT professionals need a different set of skills than students planning to work in a software developer capacity.An IT discipline-specific perspective should emphasize a practical hands-on approach to install, secure, maintain, and upgrade an organization's portfolio of application programs. In contrast, the traditional CS teaching approaches are geared more at the analysis, design, and implementation of application development. Given this dichotomy, how can instructors' best teach the software development life-cycle (SDLC) process to a class comprised of both IT and CS students? This paper discusses the types of skills needed in the software community and describes a successful teaching approach to teach those skills to a capstone project interdisciplinary class comprised of both IT and CS students.
Colorectal cancer screening: Clinical guidelines and rationale

Evidence exists that reductions in colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality can be achieved through detection and treatment of early-stage CRCs and the identification and removal of adenomatous polyps, the precursor to these cancers. An expert, multidisciplinary panel was convened to review this evidence and to produce recommendations to guide clinicians and the public in making decisions regarding CRC screening and surveillance. As part of its review, the panel also commissioned a simulation model that estimates and compares the clinical consequences (benefits and major complications) of each screening approach. This guideline report presents the panel’s recommendations with respect to screening and surveillance in people at average risk for CRC and those at increased risk because of a family history of CRC or genetic syndromes or a personal history of adenomatous polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, or curative-intent resection of CRC. The cost-effectiveness of potential screening strategies was taken into account when preparing the recommendations. A summary of the evidence on each screening test’s performance, effectiveness, frequency, complications, and patient acceptance is included. Also provided are suggestions for ways to increase compliance with the recommendations, questions for which additional research is needed, and the results of the simulation model on screening consequences.
Word segmentation with universal prosodic cues

When listening to speech from one's native language, words seem to be well separated from one another, like beads on a string. When listening to a foreign language, in contrast, words seem almost impossible to extract, as if there was only one bead on the same string. This contrast reveals that there are language-specific cues to segmentation. The puzzle, however, is that infants must be endowed with a language-independent mechanism for segmentation, as they ultimately solve the segmentation problem for any native language. Here, we approach the acquisition problem by asking whether there are language-independent cues to segmentation that might be available to even adult learners who have already acquired a native language. We show that adult learners recognize words in connected speech when only prosodic cues to word-boundaries are given from languages unfamiliar to the participants. In both artificial and natural speech, adult English speakers, with no prior exposure to the test languages, readily recognized words in natural languages with critically different prosodic patterns, including French, Turkish and Hungarian. We suggest that, even though languages differ in their sound structures, they carry universal prosodic characteristics. Further, these language-invariant prosodic cues provide a universally accessible mechanism for finding words in connected speech. These cues may enable infants to start acquiring words in any language even before they are fine-tuned to the sound structure of their native language.
The Sensitivity of Relocatable Local Area Models to Temporal Interpolation Noise at Open Boundaries

Abstract The feasibility of utilizing regional model data to force the open boundaries of a relocatable local area model (RLAM) is investigated mathematically and numerically. The error associated with the interpolation in time of a periodic signal at the open boundaries of a numerical ocean circulation model can generate high-frequency noise in the interior of the model domain. This error is investigated for a tidal signal represented by a sine wave with a period of 12 h and an amplitude of 1 m. The original time series is subsampled and reconstructed using first- and third-order polynomial interpolations. The power spectra of the reconstructed time series contain additional peaks, regardless of sample interval or interpolation order. The pattern of error growth with increasing sample interval is examined. Several suites of numerical model simulations are described. These include an idealized basin forced at the open boundaries by semidiurnal tide and residual (storm surge) water-level time series. Also ...
Advantages of a unified science and a unified theory of pain

Sullivan astutely raises interesting questions and issues that we can use in elaborating principles of unification. He agrees with PB in that pain involves emotional reactions-that pain is a response to a nociceptive stimulus, a response that involves the same central nervous system mechanisms as negative emotional responses. He agrees that the pain response follows the principles of emotional responding and accordingly should be related to the study of emotions. He also agrees with PB theory in that it is important to integrate the biomedical consideration of pain with the effects of culture and is concerned with how emotion can be included in this integration. His discussion, however, highlights the need for developing one framework theory with one theory language. The separate theories have developed separate theory languages. He uses a cognitive theory language (a social constructionist language) in considering mat-
Analysis of pattern formation in Neurospora perithecial development using genetic mosaics.

Abstract Genetic mosaics have been used to elucidate the development of structures in the sexual phase of Neurospora. Heterokaryons containing nuclei of per-1 (an autonomous color mutant) and per-1+ were used to construct these mosaics. The studies suggest: (1) 100–300 vegetative nuclei make up the perithecial initiating population; (2) three developmentally distinct tissues are present within the wall of the perithecium; (3) the inner and middle wall layers as well as the rosette of ascospores and the neck of the perithecium are derived from a small, related group of nuclei; (4) this latter anlage is probably a subpopulation of the nuclei which form the outer wall layer; (5) the rosette of ascospores arises from only one maternal nucleus in the majority of perithecia. These results provide a basis for understanding mechanisms of pattern formation in a structure which has been rather intractable to traditional cytological analysis. In Neurospora, unlike Drosophila, there seems to be little rigid determination of cell lineage or patterns of growth. Instead the average amount of growth which an entire tissue or perithecium undergoes is controlled.
The magnetosphere: A union of interdependent parts

On October 24, 1863, Abraham Lincoln spoke before an audience here in Baltimore and confessed, in effect, that he considered himself ill chosen for the duty that had been thrust upon him. Regarding my infinitely smaller duty pertaining to this lecture, I must make, respectfully, without wishing to offend the selection committee, the same confession. Lincoln spoke here less than a month before he delivered his address at Gettysburg. With that weak justification, I take liberty to begin this lecture as follows
The benefits of a long-lens approach to leader development: Understanding the seeds of leadership

Abstract Although research has identified techniques for leader development, most of the extant research has focused on development in adulthood, ignoring development at an early age. A recent resurgence in interest in the genetic or other early development factors, such as attachment, points to the benefits of understanding the developmental trajectories (Day, Harrison, & Halpin, 2009) of individuals throughout adulthood. This paper argues for an examination of the earliest “seeds” of leader development. In this paper we present a framework that explores the tasks of leadership at various ages before adulthood, the skills required to accomplish these tasks, and the mechanism by which younger leaders develop these skills. In understanding what skills and what features of leadership identity have long roots, we can begin to understand more fully the developmental needs of adults. Without a more comprehensive look at leadership over the lifespan, leader development practices will not meet their full potential.
Model to Quantify Removal and Inactivation of Microorganisms Occluded in Effluent Wastewater Particles Using Filtration and Disinfection Systems

A model is presented to quantify microbial occlusion in effluent particles and improve understanding of the removal and inactivation of occluded microorganisms in filtration and disinfection systems. Microbial occlusion in particles is described in the model as a function of the particle size distribution, the microbial density ( N1 ) , which is the average quantity of target microorganisms within the subset of particles that contain microorganisms, and the frequency of association ( N2 ) , which is the ratio of particles that contain at least one target microorganism. To demonstrate the model, undisinfected secondary effluent samples were collected from an extended aeration treatment facility and analyzed to determine values for the model variables, N1 and N2 for heterotrophic bacteria and aerobic endospores and N2 for total coliform bacteria. Heterotrophic bacteria were present in most effluent particles (73–100%) at high densities (7–93 per particle), whereas aerobic endospores and total coliform bacte...