cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaling Limit for the Incipient Spanning Clusters

Scaling limits of critical percolation models show major differences between low and high dimensional models. The article discusses the formulation of the continuum limit for the former case. A mathematical framework is proposed for the direct description of the limiting continuum theory. The resulting structure is expected to exhibit strict conformal invariance, and facilitate the mathematical discussion of questions related to universality of critical behavior, conformal invariance, and some relations with a number of field theories.
Changes in diagnostic decision-making after a computerized decision support consultation based on perceptions of need and helpfulness: a preliminary report.

We examined the degree to which attending physicians, residents, and medical students' stated desire for a consultation on difficult-to-diagnose patient cases is related to changes in their diagnostic judgments after a computer consultation, and whether, in fact, their perceptions of the usefulness of these consultations are related to these changes. The decision support system (DSS) used in this study was ILIAD (v4.2). Preliminary findings based on 16 subjects' (6 general internists, 4 second-year residents in internal medicine, and 6 fourth-year medical students) workup of 136 patient cases indicated no significant main effects for 1) level of experience, 2) whether or not subjects indicated they would seek a diagnostic consultation before using the DSS, or 3) whether or not they found the DSS consultation in fact to be helpful in arriving at a diagnosis (p > .49 in all instances). Nor were there any significant interactions. Findings were similar using subjects or cases as the unit of analysis. It is possible that what may appear to be counter-intuitive, and perhaps irrational, may not necessarily be so. We are currently examining potential explanatory hypotheses in our ongoing current, larger study.
(T, I, F)-Neutrosophic Structures

In this paper we introduce for the first time a new type of structures, called (T, I, F)-Neutrosophic Structures, presented from a neutrosophic logic perspective, and we show particular cases of such structures in geometry and in algebra.
Efficient Large Scale Acquisition of Building Interiors

We describe a system for the rapid acquisition of building interiors. In 40 hours, a two member team with a single acquisition device captured a model of the corridors and 20 individual rooms spanning 6 floors of a large building. Our custom acquisition device operates at interactive rates. The system provides immediate feedback to the operator. The operator guides the acquisition device in realtime and trivially avoids over sampling the planar parts of the scene such as floors, ceilings, walls, or doors. Most of the acquisition time budget is spent on the parts of the scene with complex geometry. A corridor section is modeled by acquiring a depth enhanced panorama (DEP) a teach one of its two ends and by fitting proxy geometry to the two DEPs. A room is acquired with a single DEP and proxy geometry is fitted to the planar parts. A room or a corridor section is acquired in less than 15 minutes. The acquisition device acquires high quality color intrinsically registered with the depth data. The resulting model is a texture mapped triangle mesh that supports photo realistic interactive rendering an dissuitable for applications such as virtual training and simulation. Categories and Subject Descriptors (ACM CCS): I.3.5 [Computer Graphics]: Computational Geometry and Object Modeling.
Information and the concept of option value

This paper examines the Arrow-Fisher-Henry concept of option value and analyzes its properties including its relationship to the value of information and the effects of increasing uncertainty about the future consequences of irreversible development. It is shown that this option value is distinct from but bounded by the value of information in the overall decision problem. Also, it is distinct from a concept of option value that appears in B. S. Bernanke, Quart. J. Econom. 98, 85–106 (1983). However, when there is a continuum of development levels, rather than a binary choice between full development and no development, some of these conclusions need to be modified.
Identifying several biased coins encountered by a hidden random walk

Suppose that attached to each site z ∈ Z is a coin with bias θ(z), and only finitely many of these coins have nonzero bias. Allow a simple random walker to generate observations by tossing, at each move, the coin attached to its current position. Then we can determine the biases {θ(z)}z∈Z, using only the outcomes of these coin tosses and no information about the path of the random walker, up to a shift and reflection of Z. This generalizes a result of Harris and Keane.
Does conditionality in IMF-supported programs promote revenue reform?

This paper studies whether revenue conditionality in Fund programs had any impact on the revenue performance of 126 low- and middle-income countries during 1993–2013. The results indicate that such conditionality had a positive impact on tax revenue, with strongest improvement felt on taxes on goods and services, including the VAT. Revenue conditionality matters more for low-income countries, particularly those where revenue ratios are below the group average. Moreover, revenue conditionality appears to be more effective when targeted to a specific tax. These results hold after controlling for potential endogeneity, sample selection bias, and when revenues are adjusted for economic cycle.
Temperature and pentavalent plutonium

Two reasons for understanding the increasing fraction of pentavalent plutonium with rising temperature in dilute acid are presented. The reasons make the results of calculations easier to understand.
Analysis and interface for instructional video

We present a new method for segmenting, and a new user interface for indexing and visualizing, the semantic content of extended instructional videos. Using various visual filters, key frames are first assigned a media type (board, class, computer, illustration, podium, and sheet). Key frames of media type board and sheet are then clustered based on contents via an algorithm with near-linear cost. A novel user interface, the result of two user studies, displays related topics using icons linked topologically, allowing users to quickly locate semantically related portions of the video. We analyze the accuracy of the segmentation tool on 17 instructional videos, each of which is from 75 to 150 minutes in duration (a total of 40 hours); it exceeds 96%.
Economics of Soil Conservation from the Farmer's Perspective

Examination of the private economics of soil conservation is particularly germane at this time of policy reassessment under the provisions of the Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act of 1977. An understanding of farmers' perceptions of their economic interests is essential in the development of policy instruments that will achieve social objectives. We classify the evidence on the farmer's perspective into (a) what farmers say about soil conservation as indicated in surveys of opinion, (b) the record of what they are doing, and (c) the results of models which purport to show what farmers are, should be, or are going to do. A final section of the paper deals with modeling needs.
Natural conservation laws for neutral currents

We explore the consequences of the assumption that the direct and induced weak neutral currents in an $\mathrm{SU}(2)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{U}(1)$ gauge theory conserve all quark flavors naturally, i.e., for all values of the parameters of the theory. This requires that all quarks of a given charge and helicity must have the same values of weak ${T}_{3}$ and ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{T}}^{2}$. If all quarks have charge +2/3 or -1/3 the only acceptable theories are the "standard" and "pure vector" models, or their generalizations to six or more quarks. In addition, there are severe constraints on the couplings of Higgs bosons, which apparently cannot be satisfied in pure vector models. We also consider the possibility that neutral currents conserve strangeness but not charm. A natural seven-quark model of this sort is described. The experimental consequences of charm nonconservation in direct or induced neutral currents are found to be quite dramatic.
Silicon-hydrogen bonding and hydrogen diffusion in amorphous silicon

The mechanisms for hydrogen diffusion in amorphous silicon are investigated in the context of first-principles results for silicon-hydrogen interactions. For quantities such as the hydrogen chemical potential and the Si-H bond energy, a comparison between theory and experiment provides insight into the microscopic structures as well as the basics of the diffusion process.
The crotonase superfamily: Divergently related enzymes that catalyze different reactions involving acyl coenzyme a thioesters

Synergistic investigations of the reactions catalyzed by several members of an enzyme superfamily provide a more complete understanding of the relationships between structure and function than is possible from focused studies of a single enzyme alone. The crotonase (or enoyl-CoA hydratase) superfamily is such an example whereby members catalyze a wide range of metabolic reactions but share a common structural solution to a mechanistic problem. Some enzymes in the superfamily have been shown to display dehalogenase, hydratase, and isomerase activities. Others have been implicated in carbon−carbon bond formation and cleavage as well as the hydrolysis of thioesters. While seemingly unrelated mechanistically, the common theme in this superfamily is the need to stabilize an enolate anion intermediate derived from an acyl-CoA substrate. This apparently is accomplished by two structurally conserved peptidic NH groups that provide hydrogen bonds to the carbonyl moieties of the acyl-CoA substrates and form an “oxy...
COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF VANADIUM IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

F. Organisms that accumulate vanadium ......... (i) Amanita muscaria (ii) Tunicates G. Vanadium-protein interactions (i) Vanadium transferrin (ii) Vanadoenzymes (a) Vanadium bromoperoxidase (b) Vanadium nitrogenase H. Other systems (i) Vanadyl-substituted bleomycin (ii) Vanadyl-substituted dopamine /J-monooxygenase (iii) Vanadocene interaction with nucleic acids .... I. Summary and a look to the future Acknowledgements References
Synthesis and Biochemical Activity of 5-Tethered Carborane-Containing Pyrimidine Nucleosides as Potential Agents for DNA Incorporation

Abstract Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of a series of 5-tethered carborane-containing pyrimidine nucleosides have been undertaken. The biochemical studies with human TK demonstrated that these compounds can be phosphorylated to the corresponding 5′-monophosphate and that the most significant conversion occurred when seven atoms were inserted between the carborane cage and the pyrimidine base, and of these the best was the one with saturated ester.
A Novel Approach to Enhance the Hydrogen Yield of Biomass Gasification Using CO2 Sorbent

Hydrogen yield of conventional biomass gasification is limited by chemical equilibrium constraints. A novel technique that has the potential to enhance the hydrogen yield by integrating the gasification and absorption reactions has been suggested. The method involves gasification of biomass in presence of a CO 2 sorbent. Ethanol was used as the model biomass compound and CaO was the representative sorbent. Equilibrium modeling was used to determine the product gas composition and hydrogen yield. The analysis was done using ASPEN PLUS software (version 12.1) and the Gibbs energy minimization approach was followed. The effects of temperature, pressure, steam/ethanol ratio, and CaO/ethanol ratio on product yield were investigated. Three case studies were conducted to understand the effect of sorbent addition on the hydrogen yield. Thermodynamic studies showed that the use of sorbents has the potential to enhance the equilibrium hydrogen yield of conventional gasification by ∼ 19% and reduce the equilibrium CO 2 content of product gas by 50.2%. It was also found that the thermodynamic efficiency of sorbent- enhanced gasification (72.1%) was higher than conventional gasification (62.9%). Sorbent-enhanced gasification is a promising technology with a potential to improve the yield and lower the cost of hydrogen production.
Iterative Fixture Layout and Clamping Force Optimization Using the Genetic Algorithm

Fixture design is a critical step in machining. An important aspect of fixture design is the optimization of the fixture, the primary objective being the minimization of workpiece deflection by suitably varying the layout of fixture elements and the clamping forces. Previous methods for fixture design optimization have treated fixture layout and clamping force optimization independently and/or used nonlinear programming methods that yield sub-optimal solutions. This paper deals with application of the genetic algorithm (GA) for fixture layout and clamping force optimization for a compliant workpiece. An iterative algorithm that minimizes the workpiece elastic deformation for the entire cutting process by alternatively varying the fixture layout and clamping force is proposed. It is shown via an example of milling fixture design that this algorithm yields a design that is superior to the result obtained from either fixture layout or clamping force optimization alone.
Ankle Mechanical Impedance Under Muscle Fatigue

This paper reports preliminary results on the effects of ankle muscle fatigue on ankle mechanical impedance. The experiment was designed to induce fatigue in the Tibialis Anterior and Triceps Surae muscle group by asking subjects to perform isometric contractions against a constant ankle torque generated by the Anklebot, a backdriveable robot that interacts with the ankle in two degrees of freedom. Median frequencies of surface electromyographic signals collected from Tibialis Anterior and Triceps Surae muscle group were evaluated to assess muscle fatigue. Using a standard multi-input and multi-output stochastic impedance identification method, multivariable ankle mechanical impedance was measured in two degrees of freedom under muscle fatigue. Preliminary results indicate that, for both Tibialis Anterior and Triceps Surae muscle group, ankle mechanical impedance decreases in both the dorsi-plantarflexion and inversion-eversion directions under muscle fatigue. This finding suggests that decreasing ankle impedance with muscle fatigue may help to develop joint support systems to prevent ankle injuries caused by muscle fatigue.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Highly uniform periodic inverse quantum dots arrays

We demonstrate high density, periodic arrays of inverse quantum dots with ±1 nm (σd/d = 0.025) variation of the critical dimension. Finite element calculations are performed to determine the effect of this size variation on the energy dispersion and intersubband gap. The subband gap is smeared for size variations greater than 1 nm for all lattice constants. This establishes an upper bound on the fabrication tolerances required to realize devices based on inverse quantum dot lattices. The quantum well wet etching step is found to be the limiting step to achieving greater pore to pore uniformity.
Cyclizations of substituted benzylidene-3-alkenylamines: synthesis of the tricyclic core of the martinellines.

The martinellines (1 and 2) are natural products that possess both interesting biological activity and chemical structure. During the investigation of a hetero Diels−Alder route to these molecules, alternate Lewis acid-dependent cyclizations of (2‘-amino-N‘-tert-butoxycarbonyl-5‘-chlorobenzylidene)-3-butenylamine (10) were observed. The reaction of a variety of imines with TMSOTf or TiCl4 led to the formation of different heterocycles including iminodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocines, hexahydropyrido[1,2-c]quinazolin-6-ones, tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-c]quinazolin-5-ones, 2-arylpiperidines, and 2-arylpyrrolidines. Tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-c]quinazolin-5-one 54, obtained via this new methodology, was used as an intermediate in the synthesis of the tricyclic ring system (65) of the martinellines.
Cornell Caltech Atacama Telescope (CCAT): a 25 m aperture telescope above 5000 m altitude

Cornell, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), and Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) have joined together to study development of a 25 meter sub-millimeter telescope (CCAT) on a high peak in the Atacama region of northern Chile, where the atmosphere is so dry as to permit observation at wavelengths as short as 200 μm. The telescope is designed to deliver high efficiency images at that wavelength with a total one-half wavefront error of about 10 μm. With a 20 arc min field of view, CCAT will be able to accommodate large format bolometer arrays and will excel at carrying out surveys as well as resolving structures to the 2 arc sec resolution level. The telescope will be an ideal complement to ALMA. Initial instrumentation will include both a wide field bolometer camera and a medium resolution spectrograph. Studies of the major telescope subsystems have been performed as part of an initial Feasibility Concept Study. Novel aspects of the telescope design include kinematic mounting and active positioning of primary mirror segments, high bandwidth secondary mirror segment motion control for chopping, a Calotte style dome of 50 meter diameter, a mount capable of efficient scanning modes of operation, and some new approaches to panel manufacture. Analysis of telescope performance and of key subsystems will be presented to illustrate the technical feasibility and pragmatic cost of CCAT. Project plans include an Engineering Concept Design phase followed by detailed design and development. First Light is planned for early 2012.
Calcium independence of slow currents underlying spike frequency adaptation

This study assessed the role of calcium in the activation of the slow potassium current responsible for spike frequency adaptation in molluscan neurons. Inward calcium currents were eliminated by using Co2+, Cd2+, or OCa2+ EGTA in the bathing solution. In each case adaptation was found to persist, as did the slow current believed to be responsible for adaptation. Injection of EGTA into neurons was also found not to block adaptation. This potassium current provides an example of a slow voltage-dependent potassium process which is independent of calcium influx.
Fluorescent histochemical demonstration of estrogen and progesterone binding in giant cell tumors of bone: Preliminary observations

Hormonal receptors of giant cell tumors (GCTs) have not been previously reported. Five cases of GCT of bone were analyzed for estrogen and progesterone binding. Frozen sections were studied by a histochemical method, using 17-beta-6-CMOBSA-FITC and 11-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone-HS-BSA-TMRITC. Cytoplasmic fluorescence with estradiol-BSA-FITC was seen in stromal cells of all five tumors; three also showed cytoplasmic staining with progesterone-BSA-TMRITC. No fluorescence was seen in the giant cells. Two cases were also analyzed by a dextran-coated charcoal cytosol assay. No estrogen or progesterone receptor was detected by cytosol assay. This study suggests that the estrogen and progesterone binding is present in GCT of bone, possible to low-affinity sites rather than high-affinity receptors. Further investigation of hormonal receptors of GCTs of bone is warranted.
Thermodynamics and phase separation of dense fully ionized hydrogen-helium fluid mixtures

The free energy of a hydrogen-helium fluid mixture is evaluated for the temperatures and densities appropriate to the deep interior of a giant planet such as Jupiter. The electrons are assumed to be fully pressure-ionized and degenerate. In this regime, an appropriate first approximation to the ionic distribution functions can be found by assuming hard sphere interactions. Corrections to this approximation are incorporated by means of the perturbation theory of Anderson and Chandler. Approximations for the three-body interactions and the nonlinear response of the electron gas to the ions are included. It is predicted that a hydrogen-helium mixture, containing 10% by number of helium ions, separates into hydrogen-rich and helium-rich phases below about 8000 K, at the pressures relevant to Jupiter (4-40 Megabars). It is also predicted that the alloy occupies less volume per ion than the separated phases. The equations of state and other thermodynamic derivatives are tabulated. Implications of these results are discussed.
Association between interferon use and reduced metabolic and vascular complications among patients with hepatitis C

We examined whether interferon treatment is associated with reduced metabolic/vascular complications in hepatitis C virus patients. The study had historical prospective cohort design using Maryland Medicaid administrative data (2006–2009). The end point was the incidence rate of mild, severe and combined mild/severe events from the Diabetes Complications Severity Index (DCSI). Interferon-treated and -untreated hepatitis C virus patients were matched on baseline covariates. Using multivariate counting process Cox regressions, we modeled the association between interferon receipt of at least 24 weeks and DCSI events incidence rate. Treated whites had similar rate of mild DCSI events, significantly 64% (p < 0.01) lower rate of severe DCSI events, and overall 29% (p = 0.14) lower rate of mild/severe DCSI events, compared with untreated whites. Compared with untreated blacks, treated blacks had a similar rate of DSCI events. Future studies should confirm our findings and should include important clinical varia...
Experimental and analytical analysis of grid fin configurations

V. Numerical Results Table 1 lists the values of dCL/da and Xac/Cr, where a is the wing incidence for various aspect ratios of rectangular and delta wings, as computed from Lawrence's method and the present method. The agreement is excellent. Although not tabulated here, similar excellent agreement exists for dg/dx in all cases. However, when a check on the results plotted in Lawrence's paper was made, it was found that his dg/dx plots were in gross error for both rectangular and delta wings, which are clearly computational errors.
Using patents to mislead rivals

. Firms claim they do not rely heavily on patents. Yet they patent, as indicated by the large number of patents that are granted. This paper offers a possible resolution to this puzzle. It takes a simplified version of a duopoly innovation race and studies the patenting decision of an innovator who has private information about the improvability of her innovation. It is shown that a firm may use the patenting decision to mislead her rival. Under symmetric information, research can be stimulated but not disclosed. However, under asymmetric information, disclosure is more likely, even though research incentive may be weakened. JEL Classification: 031, L1 De l’utilisation des brevets pour leurrer les concurrents. Les entreprises innovatrices pretendent ne pas compter sur leurs brevets afin de s’approprier les rendements de leurs innovations. Cependant, les firmes brevetent comme l’atteste le nombre de brevets deposes. Nous proposons une explication a cette apparente contradiction. Dans un modele simplifie de course a l’innovation a deux firmes, nous etudions la decision de breveter d’un innovateur qui a une information privee sur l’ameliorabilite de son innovation. Nous montrons que la decision de breveter peut etre utilisee afin de leurrer la firme concurrente. Lorsque les deux firmes partagent la meme information, bien que la recherche puisse etre stimulee, nous montrons qu’elle reste non brevetee et donc non divulguee. Cependant, lorsque l’information est asymmetrique, l’innovateur brevete plus souvent son innovation mais son concurrent a alors moins d’incitation a entreprendre la recherche.
Optimization of electric field strength for DNA sequencing in capillary gel electrophoresis

Since its development, capillary gel electrophoresis has demonstrated the ability to separate DNA sequencing reactions at speeds roughly 25 times as great as conventional slab gel electrophoresis. These increased speeds are the result of using the more efficient dissipation of Joule heating by capillaries. However, to date there have been no studies which quantitate the advantages of disadvantages in operating these gels at high electric field strength. This work addresses this question by investigating the band-broadening of DNA sequencing reactions as they are separated through a fixed distance of gel at field strengths ranging from 50 V/cm to 400 V/cm. It is found that the bandwidths of DNA fragments do decrease with the higher field strengths due to a reduction in diffusional broadening. However, at sufficiently high electric field strengths, the bands begin to broaden again under the influence of an increasing thermal gradient across the diameter of the capillary. The result is an optimum electric field strength in the intermediate range of 100 - 250 V/cm depending on the length of fragments being separated. The relative importance of diffusion and thermal gradients are discussed and used to generate an equation that models the observed band broadening of DNA in capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE).© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Causal Inference in Longitudinal Studies with History-Restricted Marginal Structural Models

A new class of Marginal Structural Models (MSMs), History-Restricted MSMs (HRMSMs), was recently introduced for longitudinal data for the purpose of defining causal parameters which may often be better suited for public health research or at least more practicable than MSMs (6, 2). HRMSMs allow investigators to analyze the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome based on a fixed, shorter and user-specified history of exposure compared to MSMs. By default, the latter represent the treatment causal effect of interest based on a treatment history defined by the treatments assigned between the study’s start and outcome collection. We lay out in this article the formal statistical framework behind HRMSMs. Beyond allowing a more flexible causal analysis, HRMSMs improve computational tractability and mitigate statistical power concerns when designing longitudinal studies. We also develop three consistent estimators of HRMSM parameters under sufficient model assumptions: the Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighted (IPTW), G-computation and Double Robust (DR) estimators. In addition, we show that the assumptions commonly adopted for identification and consistent estimation of MSM parameters (existence of counterfactuals, consistency, time-ordering and sequential randomization assumptions) also lead to identification and consistent estimation of HRMSM parameters.
A model of the magnetic fields created by single motor unit compound action potentials in skeletal muscle

We have developed a computationally simple model for calculating the magnetic-field strength at a point due to a single motor unit compound action potential (SMUCAP). The motor unit is defined only in terms of its anatomical features, and the SMUCAP is approximated using the tripole model. The distributed current density J is calculated within the volume defined by the motor unit. The law of Biot and Savart can then be cast in a form necessitating that J be integrated only over the region containing current sources or conductivity boundaries. The magnetic-field strength is defined as the summation of the contributions to the field made by every muscle fiber in the motor unit. Applying this model to SMUCAP measurements obtained using a high-resolution SUper Conducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometer may yield information regarding the distribution of action currents (AC's) and the anatomical properties of single motor units within a muscle bundle.
Organometallic chemistry of hexanuclear carbonyl clusters

Abstract Aspects of the synthesis, structures, and reactivity of hexanuclear metal carbonyl clusters that contain hydrocarbyl fragments as ligands are reviewed. The synthesis of these compounds includes a wide range of techniques, but most rely on the production of reactive metal fragments which then aggregate into larger clusters. Typical methods include the treatment of metal carbonyls with a base, with heat, or both. These methods tend to lead to a range of product nuclearities, although in many cases the conditions can be optimized for a particular cluster. More rational syntheses, by ligand mediation in the coupling of smaller clusters or by capping reactions, are rarer, and they rely on the availability of suitable precursor compounds. The structures of most hexanuclear metal complexes can be predicted by electron counting and application of the Wade-Mingos rules for cluster bonding. The commonest structures are the regular octahedron, the bicapped tetrahedron, and the trigonal prism, though less symmetrical and more open clusters are also known. The reactivity of these clusters with organic fragments is reviewed according to the transition element. Specific reactions with alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds are described and compared where possible. The most abundant information is available for ruthenium and osmium clusters. Ruthenium compounds tend to give products which retain the cluster geometry and have less bond activation in the ligands. Osmium compounds, in contrast, tend to lead to products with open geometries and a high degree of bond activation. The hexanuclear clusters of other transition elements are rarer, but examples involving rhodium, iridium, and rhenium are all described. The few compounds reported, however, allow no general conclusions to be drawn. A growing area of interest has been heterometallic cluster compounds, and a variety of systems are described, including molybdenum-, cobalt-, and platinum-ruthenium, and osmium-platinum systems.
Genetic Relationship Between Predisposition for Binge Alcohol Consumption and Blunted Sensitivity to Adverse Effects of Alcohol in Mice

Background Initial sensitivity to ethanol (EtOH) and the capacity to develop acute functional tolerance (AFT) to its adverse effects may influence the amount of alcohol consumed and may also predict future alcohol use patterns. The current study assessed sensitivity and AFT to the ataxic and hypnotic effects of EtOH in the first replicate of mice (HDID-1) selectively bred for high blood EtOH concentrations (BECs) following limited access to EtOH in the Drinking in the Dark (DID) paradigm. Methods Naive male and female HDID-1 and HS/Npt mice from the progenitor stock were evaluated in 3 separate experiments. In Experiments 1 and 2, EtOH-induced ataxia was assessed using the static dowel task. In Experiment 3, EtOH-induced hypnosis was assessed by using modified restraint tubes to measure the loss of righting reflex (LORR). Results HDID-1 mice exhibited reduced initial sensitivity to both EtOH-induced ataxia (p < 0.001) and hypnosis (p < 0.05) relative to HS/Npt mice. AFT was calculated by subtracting the BEC at loss of function from the BEC at recovery (Experiments 1 and 3) or by subtracting BEC at an initial recovery from the BEC at a second recovery following an additional alcohol dose (Experiment 2). The dowel test yielded no line differences in AFT, but HS/Npt mice developed slightly greater AFT to EtOH-induced LORR than HDID-1 (p < 0.05). Conclusions These results suggest that HDID-1 mice exhibit aspects of blunted ataxic and hypnotic sensitivity to EtOH which may influence their high EtOH intake via DID, but do not display widely different development of AFT. These findings differ from previous findings with the high alcohol-preferring (HAP) selected mouse lines, suggesting that genetic predisposition for binge, versus other forms of excessive alcohol consumption, is associated with unique responses to EtOH-induced motor incoordination.
A new catalyst for the asymmetric Henry reaction: synthesis of β-nitroethanols in high enantiomeric excess.

A new chiral tetrahydrosalen ligand has been designed and synthesized from cis-2,5-diaminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane. The complex generated in situ by the interaction of the ligand with (CuOTf)2·C6H5CH3 was an efficient catalyst for the asymmetric Henry reaction, producing nitroaldol products in high yield and good stereoselectivity. Henry reactions catalyzed by this tetrahydrosalen-Cu(I) complex led to syntheses of β-adrenergic blocking agents (S)-toliprolol, (S)-moprolol, and (S)-propanolol.
Hitchin's conjecture for simply-laced Lie algebras implies that for any simple Lie algebra

Abstract Let g be any simple Lie algebra over C . Recall that there exists an embedding of sl 2 into g , called a principal TDS, passing through a principal nilpotent element of g and uniquely determined up to conjugation. Moreover, ∧ ( g ⁎ ) g is freely generated (in the super-graded sense) by primitive elements ω 1 , … , ω l , where l is the rank of g . N. Hitchin conjectured that for any primitive element ω ∈ ∧ d ( g ⁎ ) g , there exists an irreducible sl 2 -submodule V ω ⊂ g of dimension d such that ω is non-zero on the line ∧ d ( V ω ) . We prove that the validity of this conjecture for simple simply-laced Lie algebras implies its validity for any simple Lie algebra. Let G be a connected, simply-connected, simple, simply-laced algebraic group and let σ be a diagram automorphism of G with fixed subgroup K . Then, we show that the restriction map R ( G ) → R ( K ) is surjective, where R denotes the representation ring over Z . As a corollary, we show that the restriction map in the singular cohomology H ⁎ ( G ) → H ⁎ ( K ) is surjective. Our proof of the reduction of Hitchin's conjecture to the simply-laced case relies on this cohomological surjectivity.
Ill-Posed Problems in Early Vision: From Computational Theory to Analogue Networks

We outline a theoretical framework that leads from the computational nature of early vision to algorithms for solving them and finally to a specific class of analogue and parallel hardware for the efficient solution of these algorithms. The common computational structure of many early vision problems is that they are mathematically ill-posed in the sense of Hadamard. Regularization analysis can be used to solve them in terms of variational principles of a specific type that enforce constraints derived from a physical analysis of the problem. Studies of human perception may reveal whether principles of a similar type are exploited by biological vision. We also show that the corresponding variational principles can be implemented in a natural way by analogue networks. Specific electrical and chemical networks for localizing edges and computing visual motion are derived. We suggest that local circuits of neurons may exploit this unconventional model of computation.
The Drosophila Genome Nexus: A Population Genomic Resource of 623 Drosophila melanogaster Genomes, Including 197 from a Single Ancestral Range Population

Hundreds of wild-derived Drosophila melanogaster genomes have been published, but rigorous comparisons across data sets are precluded by differences in alignment methodology. The most common approach to reference-based genome assembly is a single round of alignment followed by quality filtering and variant detection. We evaluated variations and extensions of this approach and settled on an assembly strategy that utilizes two alignment programs and incorporates both substitutions and short indels to construct an updated reference for a second round of mapping prior to final variant detection. Utilizing this approach, we reassembled published D. melanogaster population genomic data sets and added unpublished genomes from several sub-Saharan populations. Most notably, we present aligned data from phase 3 of the Drosophila Population Genomics Project (DPGP3), which provides 197 genomes from a single ancestral range population of D. melanogaster (from Zambia). The large sample size, high genetic diversity, and potentially simpler demographic history of the DPGP3 sample will make this a highly valuable resource for fundamental population genetic research. The complete set of assemblies described here, termed the Drosophila Genome Nexus, presently comprises 623 consistently aligned genomes and is publicly available in multiple formats with supporting documentation and bioinformatic tools. This resource will greatly facilitate population genomic analysis in this model species by reducing the methodological differences between data sets.
Effects of destructive distillation on the uranium associated with selected naturally occurring carbonaceous substances.

Tests were made to determine if volatile U compounds could be formed during the course of the Fischer retort assay procedure. The materials tested (Chattanooga (carbonaceous) shale, from Tennessee, subbituminous coal, from Wyoming, coal from the Tennessee shale sample, and Swedish kolm) were subjected to destructive distillation. The results were evaluated on the basis of percentages of U in the original sample, in the ash of the sample, in the distillation char, and in the ash of the char. The content of U in the test specimens was determined by the extraction-fluorimetric procedure. From the test results it was concluded that destructive distillation of carbonaceous substances results in no appreciable loss of U.
Simulation of a D-T neutron source for neutron scattering experiments

Abstract A new generation of high-yield fusion-based neutron generators is being developed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Novel design features provide the potential for neutron yields as high as 10 14 n/s in a compact geometry. Such high neutron yields make the neutron generator applicable to the production of thermal or cold neutrons for neutron scattering experiments. This paper describes a scheme to simulate a neutron scattering setup and to estimate neutron flux and resolution with the particle transport code MCNP. For an estimated resolution of 1–4%, depending on the scattered angle and neutron energy, a thermal neutron flux at the sample position of 7×10 5 n/cm 2 s has been estimated. Such a neutron generator is particularly suitable for cold neutron scattering experiments due to relatively longer flight times.
Unveiling Structure–Property Relationships in Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6−δ, an Electrode Material for Symmetric Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

We characterize experimentally and theoretically the promising new solid oxide fuel cell electrode material Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6−δ (SFMO). Rietveld refinement of powder neutron diffraction data has determined that the crystal structure of this material is distorted from the ideal cubic simple perovskite, instead belonging to the orthorhombic space group Pnma. The refinement revealed the presence of oxygen vacancies in the as-synthesized material, resulting in a composition of Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O5.90(2) (δ = 0.10(2)). DFT+U theory predicts essentially the same concentration of oxygen vacancies. Theoretical analysis of the electronic structure allows us to elucidate the origin of this nonstoichiometry and the attendant mixed ion–electron conductor character so important for intermediate temperature fuel cell operation. The ease with which SFMO forms oxygen vacancies and allows for facile bulk oxide ion diffusivity is directly related to a strong hybridization of the Fe d and O p states, which is also responsible for ...
Stereoselective production of β-amino alcohols and β-thioacyl alcohols via an application of the non-aldol aldol process

Abstract The mesylates used as protecting groups to permit the formation of bis(polypropionates) via the non-aldol aldol process can be easily displaced with good nucleophiles, e.g., azide, thioacetate, acetate, to generate β-azido (and β-amino) alcohols, β-thioacyl alcohols, and aldols of the opposite chirality, e.g., syn isomers afford anti products. Thus the anti mesylate 15 affords the all-anti mzido aldol system 16 in good yield.
Optimal Sparse Kernel Learning in the Empirical Kernel Feature Space for Hyperspectral Classification

In this paper, a novel framework for optimal sparse kernel learning for support vector machine (SVM) classifier in a finite-dimensional space called the empirical kernel feature space (EKFS) is presented. In conventional sparse kernel learning techniques, feature selection algorithms are optimal up to linear kernel because the contributions of individual features in the input space to the margin of the classifier can be determined explicitly for a linear kernel. But the use of nonlinear kernels leads to high dimensional, possibly infinite dimensional, Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces (RKHS). Here, feature selection problem is highly combinatorial, and is NP-hard to solve because the number of all the possible combinations of the input features mapped from the input space into the RKHS is often prohibitively large to determine the contributions of subsets of features. To tackle this issue, in the proposed work, feature selection is explicitly and optimally performed in the EKFS instead of in the corresponding RKHS. Unlike the RKHS, the EKFS associated with any positive definite kernel including Gaussian RBF kernel can explicitly be built by using empirical kernel mapping. The feature selection in the EKFS has the same effect as the feature selection in the RKHS since both the EKFS and RKHS associated with same kernel have the same geometrical structure. The features in the EKFS are a kernel representation of each input vector with respect to all the training samples available. Thus, they represent nonlinear similarity measure of each data point with respect to reference samples with known labels. The proposed sparse kernel learning can optimally select multiple subsets of newly mapped features in the EKFS in order to improve the generalization performance of the classifier. The sparse kernel-based learning is tested on several hyperspectral datasets and a performance comparison among different feature selection techniques is presented.
Are computers ready for the checkless society

Once the furor over the legal and regulatory issues of electronic funds transfer dies down, the data processing industry will find several complications in the development of a systems architecture suitable for implementing a nationwide system. Apart from interface difficulties presented by the equipment and software designs of competing manufacturers, there are complications to the control of such a system that appear to merit the attention of the data processing industry. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate the exchange of opinions on how the industry should cope with differences in end-user protocols, different routing techniques, different methods of controlling terminal devices, the value of various communication line disciplines, and the overall management of a nationwide network.
Two new Weyl-type bounds for the Dirichlet Laplacian

In this paper, we prove two new Weyl-type upper estimates for the eigenvalues of the Dirichlet Laplacian. As a consequence, we obtain the following lower bounds for its counting function. For λ> λ 1 , one has N(λ) > 2 n+2 1 H n (λ -λ 1 ) n/2 λ 1 -n/2 and N(λ)>(n+2/n+4) n/2 1 H n (λ-(1+4/n)λ 1 ) n/2 λ 1 -n/2 , where H n = 2n j 2 n/2-1,1J 2 n/2(jn/2-1,1) is a constant which depends on n, the dimension of the underlying space, and Bessel functions and their zeros.
Enhanced Raman intensity of molecules adsorbed on metal surfaces experiments and theory

Abstract The results of AES, SIMS and SEM studies of silver surfaces which have been electrochemically oxidized and reduced in aqueous chloride solutions show that the processing yields a highly purified layer of metallic silver with a monolayer of chloride. The Raman peak reported at 240 cm−1 for such surfaces is attributed to a surface chloride vibration, an assignment supported by lattice-sum calculations that include image charge effects.
A high-resolution Godunov method for compressible multi-material flow on overlapping grids

A numerical method is described for inviscid, compressible, multi-material flow in two space dimensions. The flow is governed by the multi-material Euler equations with a general mixture equation of state. Composite overlapping grids are used to handle complex flow geometry and block-structured adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is used to locally increase grid resolution near shocks and material interfaces. The discretization of the governing equations is based on a high-resolution Godunov method, but includes an energy correction designed to suppress numerical errors that develop near a material interface for standard, conservative shock-capturing schemes. The energy correction is constructed based on a uniform-pressure-velocity flow and is significant only near the captured interface. A variety of two-material flows are presented to verify the accuracy of the numerical approach and to illustrate its use. These flows assume an equation of state for the mixture based on the Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) forms for the components. This equation of state includes a mixture of ideal gases as a special case. Flow problems considered include unsteady one-dimensional shock-interface collision, steady interaction of a planar interface and an oblique shock, planar shock interaction with a collection of gas-filled cylindrical inhomogeneities, and the impulsive motion of the two-component mixture in a rigid cylindrical vessel.
Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Small Renal Masses

Introduction. To evaluate the association between preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and clinicopathologic characteristics in patients with small renal masses (SRM). Methods. Retrospective chart reviews of patients with renal masses ≤4 cm who underwent nephrectomy from January 2007 to July 2012 were conducted. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the association between preoperative NLR and clinicopathologic variables. Results. In 1001 patients, we noted higher mean preoperative NLR in men ( versus in women, ) and Caucasians ( versus in African Americans, ) but no significant differences in patients with low (I-II) versus high (III-IV) American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores ( versus , ) or benign versus malignant pathology ( versus , ). Spearman correlation analysis () showed preoperative NLR significantly correlated with age (, ) and preoperative serum creatinine (Crea) [, ]. On multivariable linear regression analysis older age, male gender, Caucasian race, and preoperative Crea were predictive of higher preoperative NLR, but ASA score and tumor pathology were not. Conclusions. In patients with SRM, we found no association between preoperative NLR and tumor pathology.
Cu(I)/Bis(azaferrocene)-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of β-lactams via couplings of alkynes with nitrones

As a consequence of the wide-ranging significance of β-lactams (e.g., use as drugs and as chiral building blocks), a great deal of effort has been dedicated to the development of methods for their stereoselective synthesis. Although considerable progress has been achieved, nearly all of the approaches that have been described are based on the use of chiral precursors; direct catalytic enantioselective routes to β-lactams are rare as well as limited in scope. In this communication, we establish that, using a new C2-symmetric planar-chiral bis(azaferrocene) ligand, we can generate β-lactams with very good enantiomeric excess and cis diastereoselection via catalytic enantioselective Kinugasa reactions (couplings of alkynes with nitrones). Appealing attributes of this process include the ready availability of the starting materials, the functional-group tolerance of the reaction, and the convergency of the approach.
The unsteady suction analogy and applications

A method of the unsteady suction analogy is developed by using the unsteady quasi-vortex-Iattice method, which is capable of accurately predicting unsteady leading- and side-edge suction forces. The method is applicable to any reduced frequency. The importance of vortex lag is demonstrated. Good agreement in variation of predicted roll damping derivatives with reduced frequencies and angles of attack with data is shown. Applications to predicting longitudinal dynamic stability derivatives for slender wings at high angles of attack are presented.