cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technological innovation governance for winning the future

Abstract Both developed and developing worlds today face significant economic crises. For winning their future, all countries will have to boost their capacity to innovate. Since technological innovation has now become the mantra for employment generation through growth of exported goods and to ensure sustained economic growth, current national technological innovation capacity governance policies need to be grounded on four basic pillars: (1) adopting an actionable taxonomy of technological system components utilized by enterprises operating in the fiercely competitive global marketplace; (2) relying on greater public-private partnership for targeted specialization in emerging technology industries; (3) complementing research-university-linked incubators with metropolis-based innovation hotspots; and (4) mandating a prioritized choice criteria function for technological innovation project funding. Why these pillars are important and how to strengthen national technological innovation capacity building-blocks are described in this essay on the basis of lessons learned from studies in many Asian developing countries and some developed countries of the world.
Adsorption of plasma proteins in solution to uncharged, hydrophobic polymer surfaces

Infraref internal reflection spectroscopy has been used to study the adsorption of certain plasma proteins on a variety of hydrophobic polymer surfaces. The behavior of the systems studied was almost identical. Under Static conditions the proteins appear to be rapidly adsorbed as monomolecular layers from solutions varying in concentration between a few mg-% and normal plasma levels. These monolayers are deduced to be closely packed arrays in which the protein molecules appear to retain their native globular form. The bearing of these results on the mechanism of surface-induced coagulation is significant.
The rupture process of the Great 1979 Colombia Earthquake: Evidence for the asperity model

We have determined the asperity distribution in the segment of the Ecuador-Colombia subduction zone that was ruptured by the 1979 (Mw = 8.2) and 1958 (Mw = 7.7) earthquakes. For the 1979 earthquake, we are able to document directivity in the P-wave source time functions and consequently, have spatially located the moment release. By combining results from both P-wave and surface wave directivity, we have defined three regions: (1) from 0 to 56 km northeast of the epicenter, with low moment release and a small seismic displacement, (2) the asperity, from 56 to 116 km northeast of the epicenter, with most of the moment release and a displacement of ∼6 m, and (3) a small-displacement region from 116 to 180–240 km northeast of the epicenter. Thus the 1979 rupture zone is composed of an asperity 60 km in length, bounded by two weak (small displacement) regions. The displacement at the asperity is equal to the cumulative tectonic displacement between 1979 and 1906 (the year of the previous great earthquake in this segment). The 1958 earthquake is characterized by the rupture of a small asperity (length scale approximately 25 km) in the epicentral region. The 1958 event continued to rupture past this small epicentral asperity and stopped near the epicenter of the following 1979 event. This detailed study of the spatial variation in moment release offers strong support for the asperity model of large earthquake occurrence.
The reactivity of tetrahydroquinoline, benzylamine and bibenzyl with supercritical water

Abstract An examination of the reactions of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, benzylamine and bibenzyl with supercritical water was made since water has been found to be effective as the solvent in the supercritical fluid extraction of coal. Also these model compounds contain functional groups thought to be present in coal or to be formed during liquefaction reactions. In addition, a brief examination of the pyrolyses of these compounds was made to better define the effects of the supercritical water. It was found that initially tetrahydroquinoline lost hydrogen, then reacted similarly to quinoline in the presence of a hydrogen donor. Benzylamine, thought to be similar to an intermediate formed from the isoquinoline-supercritical water reaction, reacted rapidly forming the most abundant product, toluene, at a constant yield in all conditions run. The second major product, benzene, formed more slowly apparently by oxidation of the benzylic carbon, as evidenced by the presence of the intermediates, benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde. Thus, benzylamine reacts by two major pathways leading to these products. Bibenzyl appears to pyrolyse and to react with supercritical water at about the same rate, both reactions produced about the same yield of the most abundant products, toluene and stilbene. However, since benzene is not a major product in the latter reaction, it appears that the presence of nitrogen is necessary for the oxidation sequence of the benzylic carbon to occur.
Preglacial Connecticut River Course Near Amherst, Massachusetts

Gravity measurements in the Connecticut Valley near Amherst, Massachusetts, delineate a narrow north-south-trending “low gravity” zone that is interpreted as a part of the pre-late-glacial drainage channel of the Connecticut River and its tributaries. These are entrenched in the Triassic Sugarloaf Arkose. The gravity data were derived from a network of 208 stations arranged in an east-west sub-parallel array covering 42 square miles between Bull Hill at the north and the Northampton-Amherst road at the south. The reduced Bouguer values were plotted with one-half milligal intervals. Data were correlated with well logs to determine subsurface geological relationships. The course of the buried Connecticut River in this area appears to be compatible with suggested pre-late-glacial channel locations to both the north and south of the area as determined by seismic investigations.
Safety and immunogenicity of tetravalent rhesus-based rotavirus vaccine in Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis among children worldwide. OBJECTIVES To compare the safety, immunogenicity and shedding patterns of rhesus rotavirus (RRV)-tetravalent vaccine vs. placebo among infants in rural Bangladesh. METHODS A double blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in which infants (n = 120) were randomly assigned to receive three doses of either vaccine or placebo administered at approximately 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age together with routine immunizations. Data on possible adverse effects of vaccinations were collected daily for 7 days after each dose. Stool samples were collected after each dose, and serum samples were obtained before the first and after the third vaccination. RESULTS Fever (> or = 38 degrees C), as measured by study assistants, was noted more frequently among vaccinees (15%) than among placebo recipients (2%) during the 7 days after vaccination but was not reported more frequently by parents of vaccinees vs. placebo recipients. Overall 87% of vaccinees had an antibody response (measured by IgA or anti-RRV-neutralizing antibodies) after vaccination compared with 32% of placebo recipients. Rates of seroconversion were higher among subjects with lower levels of prevaccination antibodies and those who shed rotavirus after vaccination. Vaccine strain viruses were detected in stools from placebo vaccine recipients who had evidence of IgA seroconversion. CONCLUSIONS In this population RRV-tetravalent vaccine was comparably immunogenic and safe as in trials conducted in developed countries, where this vaccine has been proved effective in preventing severe rotavirus diarrhea. These data support continued evaluation of rotavirus vaccines in developing countries.
Portable Voter Registration

I find that statewide registration portability—permitting registrants who move anywhere within a state to transfer their registration and vote on Election Day at their new polling place—increases turnout rates among movers by 2.4% points. The effect is similar among movers living in EDR states, suggesting that about a quarter of the beneficial turnout effect of EDR is realized by recent movers. Yet, movers are still less likely to vote even where these policies are present. These findings further challenge existing literature that finds that reregistering is the primary impediment of voting among movers.
Retrieval of apparent surface reflectance from AVIRIS data: A comparison of empirical line, radiative transfer, and spectral mixture methods

Abstract Three methods for converting Airborne Visible / Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) radiance data to apparent surface reflectance were compared using data collected over the Lunar Crater Volcanic Field in Nevada and the Pavant Butte tuff cone in Utah. The methods examined were the empirical line method, radiative transfer modeling (using LOWTRAN 7), and spectral mixture analysis using reference endmembers. Of the three, the empirical line and spectral mixture methods both provided good results. The approach utilizing LOWTRAN 7 accentuates noise inherent in AVIRIS data and requires a very accurate estimate of atmospheric water.
Pharmacokinetics and bioactivity of glial cell line-derived factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) infused into the rat brain.

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of GDNF and NTN was employed to determine the tissue clearance of these factors from the rat striatum and the response of the dopaminergic system to a single infusion. Two doses of GDNF (15 and 3 μg) and NTN (10 μg and 2 μg) were infused into the rat striatum. Animals were euthanized 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post-infusion. Brains were processed for ELISA, HPLC, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Both doses of the infused GDNF resulted in a sharp increase in striatal GDNF levels followed by a rapid decrease between day 3 and 7. Interestingly, IHC revealed GDNF in the septum and the base of the brain 14 days after GDNF administration. Dopamine (DA) turnover was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner for more than 7 days after a single GDNF infusion. NTN persisted in the brain for at least two weeks longer than GDNF. It also had more persistent effects on DA turnover, probably due to its precipitation in the brain at neutral pH after infusion. Our data suggest that daily or continuous dosing may not be necessary for delivering growth factors into the CNS.
The psychophysiology of combat-induced post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans

The psychophysiological responses of heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, skin conductance level and forehead electromyogram were compared during: rest, mental arithmetic and combat sounds of gradually increasing intensity for five groups of Ss: Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); Vietnam veterans without PTSD but with comparable levels of combat experience; Vietnam veterans with other psychiatric disorders; Vietnam-era veterans; and nonveteran phobics. HR response to low-intensity combat sounds provided good discrimination between veterans with PTSD and the other groups and seems to resemble a conditioned emotional response.
Paleoceanography of Coral Reefs in the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain

The fossil record of shallow marine organisms in the Hawaiian Archipelago and Emperor seamount chain indicates that reef corals were absent during the first half of the Tertiary. Their appearance during the early Oligocene, 34 million years ago, is associated with several paleoceanographic events that appear to have combined to intensify gradually gyral surface currents in the north Pacific. This association suggests that corals were absent in the early Tertiary because of isolation of the Hawaiian Archipelago from the Indo-West Pacific (IWP), the center of reef coral abundance and diversity in the Pacific. Today, the number of species of reef corals in Hawaii is less than 10 percent of the number of species in the IWP. Since their initial colonization, reef corals have been present continuously in the Hawaiian Archipelago, although not without taxonomic change. Episodes of extinction and recolonization are the most likely cause of change in species composition. Recolonization from the IWP may also explain the low rate of endemism (about 20 percent) in the present-day coral fauna.
An electrochemical study on the effect of pitting inhibition in weakly alkaline solution by copper addition in pure iron

The effects of copper on the corrosion rafe of steel have been investigated in order to propose the application of scraps as material of reinforcing steels in concrete structures. The corrosion behaviors of pure iron and several Fe−Cu alloys were examined by conducting potentio-dynamic and galvanostatic polarization in pH 10, 12.5 and 13.5 Ca(OH)2 solutions added to several chloride concentrations. Values of the pitting potential (E p) of pure iron were plotted at negative potential. In contrast to pure iron, theE p values of Fe−Cu alloys showed much more positive values. The polarization curves in weakly alkaline solutions containing chloride ions indicated that the addition of copper up to 3 mass% significantly improved the corrosion resistance of steel.
Noise temperature variation with mount style

Noise temperatures in argon discharges at 1-20 torr in 0.63-cm inner radius tubes are presented. The noise temperatures measured at 147 MHz were dependent upon the noise-extracting electrode arrangements; this dependence resulted from a radial noise temperature variation within the discharges. The radial variation is expected to cause a frequency dependence in the microwave region.
Using direct electrochemistry to probe rate limiting events during nitrate reductase turnover

Protein film voltammetry of the nitrate reductase Paracoccus pantotrophus NarGH reveals a catalytic response whose shape, magnitude and position reflect intrinsic thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the enzyme. Under steady state conditions the catalytic wave is displaced to more negative potentials as the substrate concentration is increased and reaches a limiting value of 7.5±10 mV for concentrations exceeding 1 mM nitrate, pH 6. The shape of the wave remains in general agreement with that predicted for an napp≈1 process across the complete range of nitrate concentrations investigated and the magnitude of the catalytic response varies in agreement with a Michaelis–Menten description of enzyme kinetics. NarGH is a multi-centred redox enzyme containing iron–sulfur clusters in addition to a molybdenum–bis-molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide cofactor, Mo(MGD)2, capable of accommodating multiple electrons at the enzyme's active site. It is suggested that progression from the semi-reduced to fully-reduced state of the active site, constitutes a rate defining event in the catalytic cycle. Formation of the fully-reduced active site may be limited either by relayed, intramolecular electron delivery to the active site and/or the rates of chemical transformations within the semi-reduced form of the active site.
In Situ Infrared Study of Methanol Synthesis from H2/CO over Cu/SiO2and Cu/ZrO2/SiO2

The interactions of CO and H2/CO with Cu/SiO2, ZrO2/SiO2, and Cu/ZrO2/SiO2have been investigated by in situ infrared spectroscopy with the aim of understanding the nature of the species involved in methanol synthesis and the dynamics of the formation and consumption of these species. In the case of Cu/SiO2, carbonate species adsorbed on Cu and methoxide species adsorbed on Cu and silica are observed at 523 K, H2/CO=3, and a total pressure of 0.65 MPa. When ZrO2/SiO2or Cu/ZrO2/SiO2is exposed to H2/CO, the majority of the species observed are associated with ZrO2. CO adsorption on either ZrO2/SiO2or Cu/ZrO2/SiO2results in the formation of carboxylate, bicarbonate, and formate species on zirconia. In the presence of H2, formate species are hydrogenated to methoxide species adsorbed on ZrO2. The presence of Cu greatly accelerates the rate of formate hydrogenation to methoxide species, a process in which methylenebisoxy species are observed as intermediates. Cu also significantly promotes the reductive elimination of methoxide species as methanol. Thus, methanol synthesis over Cu/ZrO2/SiO2is envisioned to occur on ZrO2, with the primary role of Cu being the dissociative adsorption of H2. The spillover of atomic H onto ZrO2provides the source of hydrogen needed to hydrogenate the carbon-containing species. Spillover of absorbed CO from Cu to zirconia facilitates formate formation on zirconia at lower temperatures than in the absence of Cu. The reductive elimination of methoxide species appears to be the slow step in methanol formation by CO hydrogenation. The lower rate of methanol synthesis over Cu/ZrO2/SiO2from CO as compared to CO2hydrogenation is attributed to the lack of water formation in the former reaction, preventing facile release of methoxide by hydrolysis. The enhanced rate of methanol synthesis from CO over Cu/ZrO2/SiO2as compared to Cu/SiO2is attributed to the lower energy-barrier (formate) pathway available on Cu/ZrO2/SiO2.
In a multi-resource environment, how much is enough?

One of the important elements of strategic management is to establish resource levels over the long run—capacity planning. More specifically, managers are faced with the need to determine resource ...
Nodulation and growth ofPhaseolus vulgaris in solution culture

Conditions and techniques for achieving good nodulation ofPhaseolus vulgaris L. in continuously aerated solution were developed from greenhouse experiments.
The physiological legacy of the Fenn, Rahn, and Otis school

Extraordinary advances in respiratory physiology occurred between 1941 and 1956 in the Department of Physiology, University of Rochester. These were principally the result of a collaboration between Wallace Fenn, Hermann Rahn and Arthur Otis. Remarkably all three scientists had worked in very dissimilar areas of physiology before and, by their own admission, were largely ignorant of respiratory physiology. However because of the exigencies of war they were brought together to study the physiology of pressure breathing. The result was that they laid much of the foundations of pulmonary gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics and some of their work is still cited today. In pulmonary gas exchange they exploited the new oxygen-carbon dioxide diagram, clarified the effects of changes of altitude, hyperventilation and pressure breathing, and pioneered the analysis of ventilation-perfusion relationships. In respiratory mechanics, they carried out ground-breaking work on the pressure-volume behavior of the lung and chest wall, and went on to analyze aspects of gas flow and work of breathing. This explosion of ideas from what initially appeared to be a poorly prepared group has lessons for us today.
Isolation, sequence, and characterization of the bovine myogenic factor-encoding gene myf-5

We report here the isolation, sequencing, and characterization of the bovine homologue of the myogenic factor-encoding gene myf-5 (termed bmyf). The transcription unit of the gene is 4.2 kb in length and contains two introns. Primer extension experiments mapped the transcription start point at 158 bp upstream from the predicted start codon and 29 bp downstream from a canonical TATA box. The 3' untranslated region contains four AATAAA sites, three of which are used to produce transcripts of 1.5, 2, and 3 kb in bovine fetal muscle RNA.
How lexical stress affects speech segmentation and interactivity : Evidence from the migration paradigm

Abstract Current models of word recognition differ on the potential influence of lexical knowledge on sublexical processes. The present study addresses this issue through a paradigm based on the perceptual “migration” of linguistic units between two stimuli presented simultaneously, resulting in an illusory percept. For example, “kin·tro·ver·sy” and “bos·glo·ra·fe” were played at the same time, with subjects judging, in one condition, if “controversy” was presented and, in another condition, if “bis·glo·ra·fe” was presented. The results showed that, in dichotic listening, the migration of the vowel, leading to erroneous detection of the prespecified target, occurred less often with real word targets than with nonsense word targets. However, when the two items of the pairs were played in both ears at different amplitudes so that they were perceived to be closer to each other than in the dichotic situation, the lexical effect only remained when the mispronounced phoneme was in an unstressed syllable. This observation suggests that the mispronunciation of stressed syllables of words impairs lexical access in such a way that no lexical influence on early processing stages is possible. In contrast, the mispronunciation of unstressed syllables does not affect lexical access, thus allowing the lexical influence to take place. These results are problematic for temporally sequential (left-to-right) models of lexical access. Rather, they support models that include the stress patterns of words as an important aspect of both lexical access and the interaction between sublexical and lexical knowledge.
Abstract 4623: HDAC6 inhibition is a novel strategy to selectively impact inflammatory breast cancer cell survival

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a lethal and understudied variant of breast cancer, presenting with a signature clinical phenotype of rapidly metastasizing diffuse tumor emboli and rapid resistance to traditional chemotherapeutics. In an unbiased, highthroughput search for novel genes and therapeutics which specifically impact IBC cell survival, we performed a genome wide shRNA screen on two IBC cell lines and identified Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) as vital for IBC vs non-IBC breast cancer cell line survival. In IBC vs non-IBC breast cancer cell lines, individual knockdown of HDAC6 decreases cell viability and causes apoptosis via cleaved PARP expression and annexin V assays. Importantly, HDAC6 is a therapeutically viable candidate. The orally bioavailable next generation HDAC6-selective inhibitor, Rocilinostat, also preferentially impacts IBC vs non-IBC cell survival. We transitioned these findings in vivo by treating a well-established mouse xenograft model of IBC with Rocilinostat and found significant slowing of tumor growth rates. Taken together, these data represent a new and tailored treatment option for IBC. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Preeti Putcha, Jiyang Yu, Andrea Califano, Jose Silva. HDAC6 inhibition is a novel strategy to selectively impact inflammatory breast cancer cell survival. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4623. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4623
Blood flow and vascular gene expression: fluid shear stress as a modulator of endothelial phenotype

Vascular endothelium, the cellular monolayer lining the entire cardiovascular system, is exposed to a variety of biochemical and biomechanical stimuli. Fluid shear stresses generated by blood flow in the vasculature can profoundly influence the phenotype of the endothelium by regulating the activity of certain flow-sensitive proteins (for example, enzymes), as well as by modulating gene expression. The finding that specific fluid mechanical forces can alter endothelial structure and function has provided a framework for a mechanistic understanding of flow-dependent processes, ranging from vascular remodeling in response to hemodynamic changes, to the initiation and localization of chronic vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.
Teleostean Interrelationships, Morphological Function and Evolutionary Inference

SYNOPSIS. Notions of functional and behavioral transformations among traits of similar organisms are ad hoc unless viewed within the context of a corroborated scheme of relationships of the taxa involved. For purposes of exposition a current best estimate of the interrelationships of the main groups of teleosts (as expressed by a branching diagram or cladogram) is used as a basis for evaluating the transformations of feeding and locomotor mechanisms. When the various states of these mechanisms are incorporated into the branching structure, the cladogram, when interpreted historically, specifies certain conceptual constraints such that, 1) specializations of the upper jaw first arose and proliferated before specializations of the paired fins, and 2) that fin spines arose only after changes in both feeding and locomotor mechanisms were well under way. These results are contrasted with familiar though unsupported adaptationist statements about the relative importance of locomotor and feeding mechanisms for the evolution of the spiny-finned teleosts ( acanthopterygians )—a contrast between the interpretation of what happened as opposed to why it happened. The particular reasons why a given structure, function or behavior exists are unknowable and theories addressing such questions are untestable. Adaptationist arguments in general are framed in terms of forces external to the organism which impose a process of change that leads to good design. The concept of an external agency or process (such as selection) that can design structures or whole organisms to fit their environments, even when stated in rigorously biological language, are effectively the same, and almost as far removed from the empirical data, as the creationist argument for adaptation. To the extent that the empirical data of systematics are not allowed to constrain the evolutionary interpretation of functional anatomists, their explanation of historical change will be limited only by their own inventiveness and the gullibility of their audience.
Power Spectrum Estimation by using Digital Frequency Tracking Filter

In this paper, three approaches of estimating the spectrum by using digital frequency tracking filter are presented. The common structure of these approaches are. (1) to have a bank of filters to process the received signals (signals are seperated into a few sections as the excitation frequency sweeps from low to high), (2) to use the Welsh method to compute the spectral density via the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) algorithm. The bandpass filter bank is employed in the 1st approach to remove noises which are contained in all sections of received signals. The decimation and interpolation schemes are used is the 2nd approach to reduce the unnecessary computations which exist in the over sampled sections of received signals. The modulation and demodulation schemes (for high-frequency sections only) combined with decimation and interpolation schemes (for over sampled section only) are employed in the 3rd approach.
Spin trapping of free radicals formed during peroxidation of sarcolemmal membranes (SLM).

The generation of free radicals in a superoxide (O2-)driven Fe+3 catalysed reactions with isolated myocytic sarcolemma using electron spin resonance was investigated. Incubation of highly purified canine myocytic sarcolemma in the presence of the spin trap, 2–methyl-2–nitrosopropane (MNP). followed by the addition of dihydroxyfurmarate (DHF) and Fe+3-ADP resulted in the generation and detection of radical adducts of this spin trap. Spin trapping of the alkyl radicals with 2–methyl-2–nitrosopropane led to the identification of methyl radical adduct following exposure to DHF/Fe+3-ADP. With sarcolemma and the alkyl nitroso compound, the only radical product trapped was the methyl radical formed by β-scission of alkoxyl radical. The participation of hydroperoxide-derived radicals in this system verified that the decomposition of unsaturated hydroperoxy fatty acid does proceed via a free radical mechanism.
An efficient generalized least squares algorithm for periodic trended regression with autoregressive errors

Time series data with periodic trends like daily temperatures or sales of seasonal products can be seen in periods fluctuating between highs and lows throughout the year. Generalized least squares estimators are often computed for such time series data as these estimators have minimum variance among all linear unbiased estimators. However, the generalized least squares solution can require extremely demanding computation when the data is large. This paper studies an efficient algorithm for generalized least squares estimation in periodic trended regression with autoregressive errors. We develop an algorithm that can substantially simplify generalized least squares computation by manipulating large sets of data into smaller sets. This is accomplished by coining a structured matrix for dimension reduction. Simulations show that the new computation methods using our algorithm can drastically reduce computing time. Our algorithm can be easily adapted to big data that show periodic trends often pertinent to economics, environmental studies, and engineering practices.
Ionospheric variability from an incoherent scatter radar long‐duration experiment at Millstone Hill

[1] An incoherent scatter radar experiment at Millstone Hill covering 30 consecutive days in September 2005 has enabled this study of day-to-day ionospheric variability. This was a period of low solar activity with few magnetically disturbed periods. Our discussion focuses on ionospheric variability during quiet magnetic activity in the 100–500 km height range, with emphasis on its height variation at noon. (1) Very large midday variability is present for the ion temperature Ti near 120 km, which is verified by two other 30-d experiments at Millstone Hill. This is not apparently associated with solar flux and magnetic activity. The percentage variability in the midday electron density Ne changes with height, being smaller between 150 and 250 km and larger in the topside. (2) With increasing solar flux, Ne decreases between 170 km and the F2 peak and increases elsewhere, being essentially unchanged near the F2 peak. With increasing magnetic activity, Ne decreases between 160 and 325 km. Ti increases with solar flux and magnetic activity, in particular in the F2 region. (3) There is a time lag of ionospheric responses, varying with height, to changes in solar-geophysical conditions: In the E region, the lag is almost zero; above the F2 peak, both Ne and Ti respond to F10.7 with a 2–3-d delay. The delay in response to 3-hourly ap index changes for Ne above the F2 peak can be 9–12 h and between 160 km and the F2 peak can be 0–3 h. The time delay for Ti is 6–9 h. (4) We estimate that the majority of the topside variability in Ti and Ne can be explained in terms of solar flux F107 and magnetic activity ap effects. Near the F2 peak, Ne variability seems to be complicated, and nearly one half (10%) of it cannot be ascribed directly to F10.7 and ap effects.
Sparse Maximum A Posteriori adaptation

Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) adaptation is a powerful tool for building speaker specific acoustic models. Modern speech applications utilize acoustic models with millions of parameters, and serve millions of users. Storing an acoustic model for each user in such settings is costly. However, speaker specific acoustic models are generally similar to the acoustic model being adapted. By imposing sparseness constraints, we can save significantly on storage, and even improve the quality of the resulting speaker-dependent model. In this paper we utilize the l 1 or l 0 norm as a regularizer to induce sparsity. We show that we can obtain up to 95% sparsity with negligible loss in recognition accuracy, with both penalties. By removing small differences, which constitute “adaptation noise”, sparse MAP is actually able to improve upon MAP adaptation. Sparse MAP reduces the MAP word error rate by 2% relative at 89% sparsity.
Preparing Social Work Students for Interprofessional Practice in Geriatric Health Care: Insights from Two Approaches

Although several interprofessional education projects have addressed training allied health students for effective teamwork in geriatrics, few curriculum evaluation studies have examined differences in learning outcomes between interprofessional and traditional uniprofessional approaches, especially for social work students. This paper compares and contrasts two brief curriculum models designed to prepare graduate social work students for interdisciplinary collaboration in geriatric health care. The first model is an interprofessional approach that brings together students from social work, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and nutrition for an interactive session on interdisciplinary care. The second model is a uniprofessional approach that addresses interdisciplinary collaboration within a traditional social work practice course. A pretest/posttest quasiexperimental design was employed to examine differences between the two curriculum approaches in terms of changes in social work students' attitudes and valu...
CFD Analysis of the Survivability of a Square-Rigged Sailing Vessel

AbstractA CFD-based model has been developed for predicting the aerodynamic forces on the rig and sails of the U.S. Brig Niagara. Wind tunnel tests and full-scale experiments were performed to validate the model. The model was then used to predict the heel angle for different wind speeds and sail configurations, with a focus on determining whether the ship would be able to survive a storm. The results show that the Captain’s practice of not allowing the ship to heel greater than 10 degrees is prudent, and that one of the sail configurations examined should be safe for any reasonably expected wind conditions on the Great Lakes. These results are useful for providing guidance to the Niagara’s officers regarding survivability of the ship.
Elastic-plastic bending of annular plates with large deflection

Abstract The concept of load analogy is used in the elastic-plastic analysis of annular plates undergoing moderately large deflection. The effects of the nonlinear terms of lateral displacement and plastic strain are considered as additional fictitious lateral loads, edge moments, and in-plane forces acting on the plate. The solution of an inelastic von Karman-type plate is thus reduced to that of an equivalent elastic plate undergoing small displacements. The von Mises yield criterion and the associated flow rule are used in the analysis of uniformly loaded simply supported and clamped plates of strain hardening materials. The method of solution employed in this study is computationally efficient and can easily be extended to composite plates. Moreover, the present formulation may be used to predict the creep behavior of annular plates with a variety of load and boundary conditions. In alt example problems considered in this study, convergence to final solutions was achieved quite rapidly.
Effect of Magnetic Field on the Corrosion Behavior of Magnetostrictive Iron-Gallium Alloy Single Crystals

Abstract This paper reports the first study on the effect of magnetic field application on the corrosion behavior of single crystals of magnetostrictive Fe-Ga alloys. The effect of a magnetic field...
Low-power ovenization of fused silica resonators for temperature-stable oscillators

In this paper, we report on temperature-stable operation of silica MEMS oscillators on an ovenized fused silica platform. Temperature servo-control circuits are implemented using an on-chip RTD-based temperature sensor and a resistive heater. A wide-range linear analog controller has been implemented to reduce the effective TCF of the fused silica resonator by an order of magnitude. Digital calibration method is used to mitigate offset errors caused by non-ideal temperature sensing. By effectively removing the offset errors, the frequency drift of an oscillator using a silica micromechanical resonator is reduced to less than 11 ppm over 105 °C of external temperature change. The power consumption to ovenize the entire platform consisting of four resonators is lower than 15.8 mW.
No Sustained Attention Differences in a Longitudinal Randomized Trial Comparing Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction versus Active Control

Background Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is a secular form of meditation training. The vast majority of the extant literature investigating the health effects of mindfulness interventions relies on wait-list control comparisons. Previous studies have found that meditation training over several months is associated with improvements in cognitive control and attention.
Determining surface wave arrival angle anomalies

[1] A new method for measuring arrival angles of teleseismic Love and Rayleigh waves is developed. The new method utilizes estimates of surface wave dispersion to create a phase-matched filter to isolate the Love or Rayleigh wave in three-component recordings. The polarization of the filtered wave group is determined in the time domain by application of a variation of the complex polarization method of Vidale [1986]. Orientation, linearity, and ellipticity of particle motion are estimated in several frequency bands to determine the frequency-dependent polarization. The method employs an iterative scheme, by which a predicted Love wave, based on the estimated dispersion and polarization, is subtracted from the three-component data prior to the estimation of Rayleigh wave polarization, and vice versa. The method is applied to an extensive set of Global Seismographic Network data covering the years 1989–1998. Between 4244 and 15,075 measurements are collected for fundamental mode Love and Rayleigh waves at nine different periods (37 to 150 s). Measurement uncertainties are estimated using the statistics of observations for pairwise similar paths and are generally of the order of 15–50% of the total signal, depending on the period and the wave type. Large and azimuthally invariant angle anomalies are documented for several stations and are consistent with misorientation of the horizontal seismometers. Two schemes are employed to determine the misorientations: (1) an azimuthally weighted average at each station, and (2) a joint inversion for seismometer misorientation and globally heterogeneous phase velocities. The determined corrections are robust and correlate well with those reported in earlier studies. Azimuthally varying arrival angle anomalies are shown to agree qualitatively with predictions of wave refraction calculated for recent phase velocity maps, which explain up to 30% of the variance in the new measurements.
Growth Cone Pathfinding and Filopodial Dynamics Are Mediated Separately by Cdc42 Activation

Although evidence exists that activation of the Rho family GTPase Cdc42 affects axonal development, its specific roles within a growth cone are not well delineated. To evaluate the model that Cdc42 activation regulates growth cone navigation by promoting filopodial activity, we adopted a live analysis strategy that uses transgenic Drosophila lines in which neurons coexpressed constitutively active Cdc42 (Cdc42 V12 ) and membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein. We found that growth cones that displayed pathfinding defects exhibited little change in their filopodial activity, whereas others without pathfinding defects exhibited an 50% increase in their filopodial activity. Moreover, effector loop mutations that were added to the constitutively active Cdc42 (Cdc42 V12C40 and Cdc42 V12A37 )e xerted little influence over filopodial activity caused by Cdc42 activation but suppressed the pathfinding defects of the growth cones. Together, these data suggest that Cdc42 controls filopodial activity in axonal growth cones independently of its effects on their pathfinding.
Gene modifiers of lung disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, but there is great heterogeneity of lung-disease severity. If we could understand non-CFTR genetic factors (modifier genes) that contribute to the severity of lung disease, we could develop novel therapies. Early studies were small and/or phenotyping methodologies were limited; consequently, most findings have not been replicated. RECENT FINDINGS Several large gene-modifier studies have been established. These studies are complementary in terms of design and the types of patient, and employ specialized approaches to quantitate pulmonary disease severity. Emerging data indicate that non-CFTR genetic variants contribute to at least half the variability in pulmonary disease severity, and genetic variation in transforming growth factor beta1 clearly modifies the severity of cystic fibrosis lung disease. SUMMARY The cystic fibrosis community is working to identify the most important gene modifiers for lung disease. Candidate genes are currently being tested, and high-resolution, whole-genome scans are now affordable. For cystic fibrosis, several hundred thousand genetic markers (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) will identify key chromosomal regions and genes. If successful, these studies will provide the opportunity for novel approaches and therapies for cystic fibrosis lung disease.
Multiepoch Interferometric Study of Mira Variables. I. Narrowband Diameters of RZ Pegasi and S Lacertae

As part of the long-term monitoring of Mira variables at the Palomar Testbed Interferometer, we report high-resolution narrowband angular sizes of the oxygen-rich Mira S Lac and the carbon-rich Mira RZ Peg in the near-infrared. The data set spans three pulsation cycles for S Lac and two pulsation cycles for RZ Peg (a total of 1070 25 s observations) and represents the first study to correlate multiepoch narrowband interferometric data of Mira variables. When the calibrated visibility data are fitted using a uniform disk brightness model, differences are seen in their angular diameters as a function of wavelength within the K band (2.0-2.4 μm), the source of which is believed to be molecular absorptions in or above the photospheres of the two chemically different Miras. Using visible photometric data provided by the Association Francaise des Observateurs d'Etoiles Variables (AFOEV), the continuum minimum size of RZ Peg lags this by 0.28 ± 0.02 in pulsation, similar to the phase lag found in Correlation Radial Velocities (CORAVEL) data. However, for S Lac, the continuum minimum size tracks the visual maximum brightness. Based on the mean of the continuum angular diameter cycloids, basic stellar parameters are computed for both RZ Peg and S Lac, with both showing maximum atmospheric extension with respect to the 2.0 and 2.4 μm diameters near phase 0.9. Using the mean value of the fitted cycloids, RZ Peg has a radius Rmean = 377 ± 111 R☉ and a mean Teff = 2706 ± 36 K; S Lac has a radius Rmean = 292 ± 73 R☉ and a mean Teff = 2605 ± 47 K. The dominant source of error in the radii is the large uncertainty in the distances to these two stars.
The Effects of Ethnicity and Perceived Power On Women's Sexual Behavior.

To aid development of programs to prevent HIV transmission in women, differences in sexual attitudes and behavior were examined among women who described themselves as dominant in their relationship with a male partner, sharing dominance equally with a male partner, or being dominated by a male partner. Ethnic differences were also examined among these three groups. Results indicated that perceived dominance was a significant predictor of women's personal empowerment (self-efficacy and outcome expectancies) with regard to sexual decision-making in their current relationship and safer sex behaviors. Ethnic differences were found between African American and White women in personal empowerment and safer sex behavior. Perceived dominance did not appear to affect African American and White women differently.
Partner selection and relationship satisfaction in early dating couples: The role of couple similarity

Abstract Although much research has been conducted to test the role of couple similarity in partner selection and predicting relationship satisfaction, previous research was limited to couples in well-established relationships. The current study examined couple similarity in a sample of 117 couples who recently started dating (dating length ⩽ six months). The early dating couples showed strong to moderate similarity on demographics (age and ethnicity), personal interests, values, and political attitudes but weaker similarity on a range of personality domains. With regard to satisfaction prediction, the absolute difference tended to be a better predictor than the profile similarity. However, couple similarity overall was not a strong predictor.
Stability of the face-centered structure of noble metals

Abstract Explanations more sophisticated than those based on two body interatomic potentials are required in order to accouht for the stability of the face-centered cubic structure of the noble metals.
An Infrared Spectrophotometric Technique for Determining Residues of Several Organophosphorus Insecticides from Cotton Foliage.

Infrared spectra of azinphosmethyl; azinphosmethyl oxon ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate S -ester with 3-(mercaptomethyl)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3 H )-one; EPN ( O -ethyl O -( p -nitrophenyl) phenylphosphonothioate); EPN oxon (ethyl p -nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate); malathion; malaoxon (diethyl mercaptosuccinate S -ester with O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate); fenitrothion; and fenitrothion oxon (dimethyl 4-nitro- m -tolyl phosphate) were comparpd for dissimilarities from 1300 to 400 cm−1. Recoveries of azinphosmethyl, EPN, and fenitrothion from cotton-leaf homogenates by P = S absorbances ranged from 71 to 97%; recoveries from leaf washes ranged from 44 to 90%. Residues of malathion by P = S 655 cm−1 absorbance and seale expansion showed a regression of Ŷ (log ppm) = 8.89–0.49X (X = days) from the time of application.
The Generation of Plays: Yoruba Popular Life in Theater

The Generation of Plays: Yoruba Popular Life in Theater. Karin Barber. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. ix. 485 pp., photographs, appendix, notes, bibliography, index.
HypoEnergy. Hybrid supercapacitor-battery power-supply optimization for Energy efficiency

This paper presents HypoEnergy, a framework for extending the hybrid battery-supercapacitor power supply lifetime. HypoEnergy combines high energy density and reliable workload supportability of an electrochemical battery with high power density and high number of recharge cycles of supercapacitors. The lifetime optimizations consider nonlinear battery characteristics and supercapacitors' charging overhead. HypoEnergy-KI studies the hybrid supply lifetime optimization for a preemptively known workload and for one ideal superca-pacitor. We show a mapping of HypoEnergy-KI to the multiple-choice knapsack problem and use dynamic programming to address the problem. HypoEnergy-KN considers the optimization for the known workload but in the case of having a nonideal supercapacitor bank that leaks energy. Evaluations on iPhone load measurements demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the HypoEnergy framework in extending the system's lifetime.