cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase from Castor Bean Endosperm I. Subcellular Localization and Induction of the Enzyme

Summary In germinating castor beans total activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) in endosperm extracts increased until day 4 of germination, then declined. In endosperms from 5 day old seedlings about 13 % of this activity was located in the particulate fraction sedimenting at 12,000 xg, and the enzyme was found to be associated with glyoxysomes and mitochondria, separated on sucrose gradients. Treatment of the seedlings with MnCl 2 for 24 hr increased PAL activity in endosperm and cotyledons by as much as 30-fold. This increase was inhibited by cycloheximide.
Methods for Assessing the Maintained and Initial Detection Performance of Occupancy Sensors

(1994). Methods for Assessing the Maintained and Initial Detection Performance of Occupancy Sensors. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 108-115.
Iatrogenic phenol injury: A case report and review of medication safety and labeling practices with flexible laryngoscopy

Medication errors can be reduced by following standards in patient identification and medication labeling. We present an investigation of a life-threatening event from medication error: A newborn that received intranasal phenol instead of topical anesthetic prior to flexible laryngoscopy. The patient required urgent intubation for respiratory distress and suffered chemical burns of the face, neck, and upper aerodigestive tract. The hospital course was prolonged and included intensive care, delayed oral feeding with enteral support, and the need for several endoscopies. Current standards of medication labeling are reviewed as well as evidence for and against using topical agents for flexible laryngoscopy.
Nest spacing in relation to settlement time in colonial cliff swallows

How colonial animals space their nests in relation to conspecifics may provide clues as to whether coloniality provides net benefits or occurs only because breeding sites are limited. We examined how nearest-neighbour distance varied in relation to settlement time in the highly colonial cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, comparing observed nearest-neighbour distances to those expected if birds spread out to maximize nest spacing. Cliff swallows generally settled closer to each other than required by the available substrate, and clustered their nests closer in large colonies than in small ones. The first settlers at a colony site spaced themselves further apart than later arrivals but did not maximize nearest-neighbour distances. The first arrivals maintained greater nest spacing throughout the season than did birds that arrived later. Colony size and amount of nesting substrate had no effect on initial settlement distances of the first arrivals, but eventual nearest-neighbour distances declined with colony size. First arrivals may gain less from nesting with conspecifics and thus are less likely to cluster their nests than later arrivals, which may often be young or naive birds that gain more from the social benefits of colonial nesting. The results are consistent with the presumed social advantages cliff swallows receive from coloniality and do not support the hypothesis that colonies result from nesting site limitation. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Interprotein metal ion exchange between cadmium-carbonic anhydrase and apo- or zinc-metallothionein.

s − 1 at 25 °C and pH 7.4 in Tris.HCl buffer and 0.1 M KCl. At 25 °C, Zn7-metallothionein also exchanged metal ions with Cd-carbonic anhydrase with a rate constant of 0.33 ± 0.02 M − 1 s − 1 to reconstitute enzymatically active protein. Cd-carbonic anhydrase reacted within the time of mixing with the peptide sequence 49–61 of rabbit metallothionein 2 which contains four cysteinyl residues, leading to the exchange of most of the Cd2+ into the peptide. At pH 7.4 and 25 °C, Cd2+ has higher affinity for apometallothionein than for the apo-peptide.
DECISION MAKING BY VARIABLE CONTRIBUTION IN DISCRIMINANT, LOGIT, AND REGRESSION ANALYSES

Comparative contribution of predictors in multivariate statistical models is widely used for decision making on the importance of the variables for the aims of analysis and prediction. However, the analysis can be made difficult because of the predictors' multicollinearity that distorts estimates for coefficients in the linear aggregate. To solve the problem of the robust evaluation of the predictors' contribution, we apply the Shapley Value regression analysis that provides consistent results in the presence of multicollinearity both for regression and discriminant functions. We also show how the linear discriminant function can be constructed as a multiple regression, and how the logistic regression can be approximated by linear regression that helps to obtain the variables contribution in the linear aggregate.
Depression and Risk Factors Among Iowa Farmers

SUMMARY Previous studies have reported high rates of depression and suicide for farmers compared to other occupations. From a representative sample of 390 Iowa farmers in the Iowa Farm Family Health and Hazard Survey, we found that 12.1− of Iowa principal farm operators had depressive symptoms based on a cut-off point of 16 on a standardized questionnaire for depressive symptoms (the CES-D Scale). A weighted multiple logistic regression model yielded the following risk factors for depressive symptoms: had legal problems (adjusted odds ratio = 7.35, 95− confidence interval = 3.09-17.48); not married (3.89, 1.10-13.73); sentimental value loss (2.96, 1.03-8.54);substantial income decline (2.91, 1.67-5.06); and decline in general health assessment compared with the excellent health group [very good and good group (3.39, 0.82-14.06) and fair and poor group (5.41, 1.89-15.43)].
1 Moving Beyond Schumpeter: Management Research on the Determinants of Technological Innovation

AbstractSchumpeter’s conjecture that large monopolistic firms were the key source of innovation in modern industrial economies has been the underpinning for much work on the topic of innovation. In this review paper we consciously move beyond the Schumpeterian tradition of focusing on firm size and market structure as the primary determinants of innovation to identify a broader set of innovation determinants that have been investigated by the management literature. We make a distinction between innovative efforts and innovative output and for each of these outcomes we group the determinants of innovation into four broad headings—industry structure, firm characteristics, intra‐organizational attributes, and institutional influences. We examine four aspects of the industrial structure and how they influence innovation: the horizontal market structure which reflects the influence of competition and collaboration, as well as the role of buyers, suppliers and complementors. Under the rubric of firm characteris...
Up-and-down routing in mobile opportunistic social networks with bloom-filter-based hints

In this paper, an up-and-down routing protocol is proposed for mobile opportunistic social networks, which exhibit a nested core-periphery structure. In such a network, a few active nodes with large weighted degrees form the network core, while the network peripheries are composed of many inactive nodes with small weighted degrees. By nested, it means that the core-periphery structure is preserved, when periphery nodes are removed. Based on this structure, a message can be uploaded from the source to the network core, through iteratively forwarding the message to a relay that has a higher position in the nested network hierarchy. Then, space-efficient Bloom-filter-based hints are introduced to provide guidance for downloading messages from the network core to the destination. Through utilizing the network structure and space-efficient routing hints, subtle balances between the data delivery delay, ratio, and cost are achieved by our proposed approach. Finally, through extensive simulations, we show that the up-and-down routing scheme achieves a competitive performance on the data delivery delay and ratio, with a relatively small cost on the prior information maintenance and a relatively low forwarding cost.
Hydrodynamics of Fractal Aggregates with Radially Varying Permeability

Abstract Hydrodynamic properties of fractal aggregates with radially varying permeability are investigated in terms of two parameters: radius of equivalent solid sphere experiencing the same drag as the aggregate (Ω*radius of aggregate) and fluid collection efficiency (η) of the aggregate. Resistance to the fluid flow through the aggregate is predicted to increase with increasing fractal dimension, while the fluid collection efficiency is expected to decrease. It is shown that a reasonable estimate of the fluid drag force on a fractal aggregate may be obtained by assigning a constant volume-averaged porosity to the aggregate and using any of the expressions available in the literature for aggregates with uniform permeability. The two hydrodynamic parameters, Ω and η, are used to modify the existing expressions for interactions between solid spheres to account for the porous nature of aggregates and thus calculate the collision rate kernels for interacting aggregates. The ratio of hydrodynamic radius of an aggregate to its radius of gyration predicted by the proposed model was in reasonable agreement with an experimental value reported in the literature.
Fullerenic nanostructures in flames

High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was used to characterize nanostructures in soots produced in flames of benzene, acetylene, or ethylene premixed with oxygen and an inert diluent gas. The nanostructures ranged from ∼2 nm to ∼30 nm in size with a hollow core measuring about ∼ 1 nm to ∼10 nm in diameter and containing 5 to 20 shells. The shapes of the nanostructures included spherical, spheroidal, tubular, and trigonous.
The Genetic Basis of Chronic Mountain Sickness

Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) is a disease that affects many high-altitude dwellers, particularly in the Andean Mountains in South America. The hallmark symptom of CMS is polycythemia, which caus...
Nonlinear hardening and softening resonances in micromechanical cantilever-nanotube systems originated from nanoscale geometric nonlinearities

Micro/nanomechanical resonators often exhibit nonlinear behaviors due to their small size and their ease to realize relatively large amplitude oscillation. In this work, we design a nonlinear micromechanical cantilever system with intentionally integrated geometric nonlinearity realized through a nanotube coupling. Multiple scales analysis was applied to study the nonlinear dynamics which was compared favorably with experimental results. The geometrically positioned nanotube introduced nonlinearity efficiently into the otherwise linear micromechanical cantilever oscillator, evident from the acquired responses showing the representative hysteresis loop of a nonlinear dynamic system. It was further shown that a small change in the geometry parameters of the system produced a complete transition of the nonlinear behavior from hardening to softening resonance.
Report on a conference analyzing the role of cerebrospinal fluid prophylaxis for brain tumors

This is a report of a meeting sponsored by MundiPharma International to identify ways to exploit the cerebrospinal fluid system pharmacologically, for more effective management and prevention of primary and metastatic CNS tumors.
Comparison of the FT-IR mapping and imaging techniques applied to polymeric systems

Two Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers with microspectroscopic capabilities-one equipped with a focal plane array (FPA) mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) detector (imaging) and the other a single-element MCT detector (mapping)- are compared. Two samples, a one-dimensional diffusion system and a two-dimensional phase-separated system, were studied with both analytical tools. Diffusion regions and concentration gradients were determined in the diffusion sample. Phase-specific chemical composition data were obtained in the phase-separated sample. The utility of each instrument for specific cases and their respective limitations are illustrated. It is shown that the FPA system has the ability to sample a large sample area with high spatial resolution in a short time without adverse diffraction effects. Because of this very rapid sampling, many dynamic processes can be studied which are otherwise poorly monitored by the point-by-point mapping technique. The spatial resolution achievable, the quality of data obtained [signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)], and temporal resolution between mapped areas are intimately connected in the mapping system. However, the imaging systems have a fixed spatial resolution (dependent on the optics and detector) and the SNR considerations determine temporal resolution. However, it was also shown that by aperturing to a localized region, the single-element detector system is able to arrive at phase concentration information more rapidly, with less cumbersome processing and with higher SNRs than is possible with the current FPA technology. The chemical information obtained from both instruments is, within a small experimental error, identical. This work demonstrates what can be accomplished with each analytical FT-IR instrument, and serves as a comparative study to demonstrate the value of each analytical tool in specific situations. Index Headings: FT-IR imaging; FT-IR mapping; Microspectroscopy; Polymer composites; Diffusion; Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals; Real-time imaging.
In Vitro Effects of Herbicides and Insecticides on Human Breast Cells

Numerous studies have indicated that the pesticides and herbicides used in agricultural processes in the United States and Europe may have detrimental effects upon human health. Many of these compounds have been indicated as potential endocrine and reproductive disruptors, although the studies have examined supraphysiological levels well above the US EPA safe levels for drinking water and have often examined these effects in “model” cell lines such as Chinese hamster ovary cells. We have now examined the cytotoxicity of more environmentally relevant concentrations of four herbicides, acetochlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine, and two insecticides, chlorpyrifos and resmethrin, in three human breast cell lines. Interestingly, cytotoxicity was not observed in the estrogen-dependent MCF-7 mammary epithelial carcinoma cells; rather increases in cell viability were seen for some of the compounds at select concentrations. These results vary greatly from what was observed in the estrogen independent MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and the non-cancerous MCF-10A breast cells. This gives insight into how different tumors may respond to pesticide exposure and allows us to make more accurate conclusions about the potential cytotoxicity or, at times, stimulatory actions of these pesticides.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SENSORY QUALITY ATTRIBUTES AND KERNEL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FRESH-FROZEN SWEET CORN

Knowledge of relationships between kernel composition and sensory attributes of sweet corn could be helpful in selection of corn genotypes for the food industry. Frozen samples of four shrunken2 sweet corn inbred lines and two commercial hybrids were assayed for dimethyl sulfide (DMS), phytoglycogen and sugar concentrations. Sensory evaluation of the same samples by a trained descriptive panel was conducted to determine intensity of attributes of the three main components of sweet corn quality (aroma, flavor and texture). The relationships between sensory attributes, overall liking and kernel characteristics were determined. Sweetness was strongly correlated with sweet corn flavor, total sugars and sucrose. Grassy flavor and aroma were logarithmically correlated with DMS. Volatiles present in the inbred lines, but not in the commercial samples, could also contribute to the grassy flavor. Sweetness, starchy flavor, crispness and tenderness were the key sensory attributes correlated with overall liking. Selection for tender genotypes with high sugar concentration would increase the eating quality of the product.
The validity of smoking self-reports by adolescents: a reexamination of the bogus pipeline procedure

Abstract Cigarette smoking was measured in a naive tenth grade population under conditions expected to influence the student's willingness to admit smoking. All students were tested for smoking both by questionnaire and by expired-air carbon monoxide assessment. The carbon monoxide data were used to test the equivalence of the study groups and to partition the sample into smokers and nonsmokers. Of the smokers those who were advised in advance of the biological test were twice as likely to admit cigarette use in the past week compared to those who were advised of the testing procedure only after they had completed their questionnaire. A live explanation and demonstration of the biological testing procedure proved as effective as a videotaped message. These data support earlier reports of the ‘bogus pipeline’ effect. Several methodological issues are discussed which may explain previous failures to replicate this finding.
Prospecting virtual collections

Virtual collections are a distinct sub-species of digital collections and digital archives. Archivists and curators as archivists and curators do not construct virtual collections; rather they enable virtual collections through the application of descriptive and other standards. Virtual collections are constructed by end users.
Neurocardiology shows that the central, not peripheral, action of propranolol reduces mortality following acute coronary artery occlusion in the conscious pig.

Neurocardiology emphasizes the role of the higher cerebral mechanisms in cardiovascular disorders. Several large clinical trials (BHAT, MIAMI, and ISIS) have consistently shown that treatment with a beta-receptor blocker (propranolol, metoprolol, or atenolol) will produce a 26% to 29% reduction in mortality in high-risk survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Becauseall beta-blockers cross the blood-brain barrier, it is not clear whether the salutary action is on the central or peripheral receptors. Therefore the effects of intracerebral versus intravenous propranolol were observed in 30 conscious pigs following complete occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Controls showed the propranolol to remain confined throughout the experiment to the central or peripheral compartment into which it was injected. To assure the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation (VF), each pig was psychologically stressed by being unconditioned to the laboratory.Intracerebral propranolol (0.05 mg/kg) prevented VF within a 20 min period of reversible ischemia in 6 of 9 pigs, whereas VF was prevented in 0 of 11 controls injected intravenously with either dextro-propranolol (2 pigs) or vehicle (9 pigs) (P<.0006, binomial probability ratio). In some pigs in which VF was not manifested by 20 min, the ischemia was reversed and additional control observations were achieved; a total of 10 counter-balanced within-subjects experiments confirmed the between-subjects result (P<.01, paired-t test). In contrast intravenous propranolol (0.2 to 2.0 mg/kg) in 7 pigs had no effect on VF latency compared to 7 vehicle controls. It is concluded that beta-receptor antagonists prevent VF in the ischemic myocardium by their effect on thebrain andnot the heart.
Research in multi-organizational processes and semantic information brokering at the LSDIS lab

The Large Scale Distributed Information Systems Lab (LSDIS) at the University of Georgia was established in the Fall of 1994 to perform research and technology development on two complementary themes in distributed information systems: Enabling Infocosm and Processes for Networked Organizations. Enabling Infocosm Theme. The merging of computers and communications with significant advances in networking infrastructure has made millions of information sources with wide varieties of information accessible. This capability gives us a vision of an information rich society "infocosm", where we expect to have any information any where we want in (m)any form(s) for effective decision making and knowledge-centric activities, improved productivity, and fun. Emphasis of our research is on semantics (meaning and use) of information and semantic interoperability supported by an information brokering architecture. This is closely tied to the recent interest in Semantic Web, which is presented as  the Web of data (and connections) with meaning in the sense that a computer program can learn enough about what the data means to process it (Tim Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, 1999). Our emphasis is on organizing and utilizing Web-based as well as enterprise content semantically, rather than though syntactic and structural methods.
Evolutionary psychology is not the only productive evolutionary approach to understanding consumer behavior

Abstract I respond to Vladas Griskevicius and Douglas T. Kendrick (G&K) and Gad Saad's (S) defenses of the view that Consumer Studies would benefit from the appeal to evolution in all work aimed at understanding consumer behavior. I argue that G&K and S's reliance on one theoretical perspective, that of evolutionary psychology, limits their options. Further, I point out some specific problems with the theoretical perspective of evolutionary psychology. Finally, I introduce some alternative evolutionary approaches to studying human behavior that could profitably be adopted in consumer research.
Roles of Cyclophilins in Cancers and Other Organ Systems

Cyclophilins are originally identified as cellular binding proteins for the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A. Many cyclophilins, including CypA, CypB, CypC, CypD, and Cyp40, have been discovered and shown to be ubiquitously distributed in many types of cells and organ systems. Recent investigations have uncovered many important properties and functions for cyclophilins including peptidyle-prolyl-isomerase activity and protein folding/repair; maintaining mitochondrial functions and involvement in apoptosis; roles in regulation of T-cell function and inflammation; interaction with CD147; and pathogenesis of vascular disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, the expression and functions of cyclophilins may be correlated with tumor biology of several types of cancers including pancreatic carcinoma. Molecular mechanisms of cyclophilin-mediated biologic events and future directions of research are discussed in this review. Understanding the roles of cyclophilins in cancers and other organ systems will be crucial in determining clinical applications for the treatment or diagnosis of human diseases.
Changes in modal parameters of a bridge during fatigue testing

The effects of high-cycle fatigue on the dynamic modal properties of a full-scale bridge test section are examined in this study. A span 30.5 m (100 ft) in length was salvaged from an interstate bridge for experimental testing to establish the fatigue performance of the retrofit procedures which could be used for future field repairs of the fatigue cracks. Horizontal cracks had formed in the webs of the twin bridge girders in the vicinity of the web-flange weld at or near the connections of the girders to the floor beams. An electrohydraulic vibration shaker was used to excite the test span in the torsional and bending modes to promote fatigue crack growth. In addition to the experimental evaluation of the retrofit procedures, the dynamic response characteristics of the test span during the high-cycle fatigue test were monitored. Experimental data have been used to establish mode shapes and modal damping ratios during the four-million-cycle fatigue test. Damping ratios ranged from 1.09 percent to 0.53 percent. Modal stiffnesses were calculated based on the experimental mode shapes. There is a modest correlation between the changes in stiffness and the observed cracking of the steel girders and the subsequent repairs.
Colonoscopy with a VideoEndoscope™: preliminary experience

A prototype VideoEndoscope™ was tested that does not have an optical fiber bundle. This was replaced by a sensing device in the instrument's distal tip that transmits an image to a video processor for display on a television monitor. The television image was excellent, and the instrument system and its concept in general were thought to be acceptable for diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopy. The instrument has unique advantages with regard to documentation, demonstration, and review of endoscopic findings.
Global master equation. — II

The structure of the global master equation is clarified by means of a projection operator formalism which allows us to exhibit the physical meaning of the quantities that appear in the evolution of the momentum distribution. With the help of our new formulation, we give an explicit form to theH-theorem for the master equation and calculate to first order the effect of phase mixing on the propagator.
Immunologic abnormalities in botryomycosis

Botryomycosis is an uncommon chronic bacterial infection that mimics fungal disease clinically and histologically. Microscopically the hallmark of the disease is the presence of fungus-like granules in which the causative organism is embedded. A patient with typical cutaneous botryomycosis is presented, along with the immunologic abnormalities discovered on laboratory examination. The botryomycosis literature is reviewed, with special emphasis on the immunologic status of the host. Additional studies of the causative organism and cell-mediated immunity in the host in future patients with botryomycosis may help to further elucidate the pathogenesis of this most interesting disease.
Phenotypic expression of human hepatoma cells in culture.

Hepatomas thrive in a hypoxic environment resulting in the induction of a cluster of hypoxia related genes. The protein phenotypic expression include hypoxia inducible factor-α, prolyl-4-hydroxylase, vascular endothelear growth factor and erythropoietin. The present study was undertaken to determine if human hepatoma cells when cultured for 72 h in the presence of serum under normoxia would maintain their cancerous phenotypic expression of certain hypoxia inducible genes. Our positive results affords an in vitro model system to test hypoxia inhibitors on the expression and the intracellular compartmentalization or the secretion of these hypoxia-inducible proteins. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1081–1085, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Childhood Depression: Diagnostic Considerations.

The basic purposes of this review are to: (a) examine existing definitions of childhood depression and their implications for diagnosis; (b) evaluate certain of the better known self-report inventories, parent rating scales, psychiatric interviewing schedules, and peer nomination techniques; and (c) address diagnostic issues associated with reliability, validity, consistency across raters, settings, and time, and requirements for symptom duration.
An approach to error-resistant software design

This paper presents a flexible framework, using a System Monitor, to design error-resistant software. The System Monitor contains the code and data for error detection, error containment and recovery at the module level, program level, and system level. It contains five types of components: the Internal Process Supervisor, the External Process Supervisor, the Interaction Supervisor, the System Monitor Kernel, and the Maintenance Program. The functions of each component is discussed, followed by a discussion of the strategies to handle errors in the module, program, and system levels.
Podocytes as Target of Vitamin D

Abstract Vitamin D deficiency is a prominent feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD) even in its early stages. While vitamin D deficiency leads to mineral imbalance and bone problems in CDK patients, it also accelerates the progression of kidney disease. Ever since the observation that vitamin D analogs reduce proteinuria in CKD patients, it has been postulated that podocytes are major target of the reno-protective action of vitamin D. Recent large randomized clinical trials have confirmed the potent anti-proteinuric activity of vitamin D therapy. Studies from various animal models of kidney disease have demonstrated that vitamin D prevents podocyte injury and cell loss, promotes the expression of slit diaphragm proteins and maintains the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. Emerging experimental data suggest that vitamin D may protect podocytes by targeting multiple pathways, including the renin-angiotensin system, Wnt/β-catenin pathway and pro-apoptotic pathway.
Exploratory Studies of the Usefulness of a Developmental Approach for Supervising Evaluation Students

Three exploratory studies examined the relevance of a developmental model for approaching supervision of graduate students in evaluation studies. The developmental model described in this article includes three stages and eight developmental tasks within each stage. The studies found a significant correlation between a measure of autonomy and self-ratings of competence, in that self-ratings of competence and attitudes toward evaluation were more positive after a graduate seminar but did not change significantly after a practicum experience. Case studies found the developmental model helpful in conceptualizing student progress and that it provided useful ways of thinking about students and instructional strategies.
An Electron Microscope Study of Rolling Contact Fatigue

Progressive changes in the surface topography of the running track in a rolling contact fatigue tester were studied by using replica techniques and the electron microscope. Early in the life of a specimen, micron she cracks appeared on the stressed surface. With further running more cracks appeared, but those existing did not grow to any extent except for isolated cases. When the lubricant was changed, the time to form the first few cracks and the rate of formation of additional cracks correlated well with the fatigue performance. Etching of the ball tracks showed that the surface cracks observed were almost always located at the chrome carbide to martensite interface. It is postulated that corrosion fatigue may contribute to the differences between the fatigue performance of lubricants as much or more so than elastohydrodynamic effects. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the Lubrication Conference held in Washington, D. C., October 13–16, 1964.
On boundary conditions in the element-free Galerkin method

Accurate imposition of essential boundary conditions in the Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method often presents difficulties because the Moving Least Squares (MLS) interpolants, used in this method, lack the delta function property of the usual finite element or boundary element method shape functions. A simple and logical strategy, for alleviating the above problem, is proposed in this paper. A discrete norm is typically minimized in the EFG method in order to obtain certain variable coefficients. The strategy proposed in this work involves a new definition of this discrete norm. This new strategy works very well in all the numerical examples, for 2-D potential problems, that are presented here. In addition to the discussion of boundary conditions, some recommendations are also made in this paper regarding strategies for refinements in order to improve the accuracy of numerical solutions from the EFG method.
Transphoresis and isotachophoresis as preparative techniques with reference to zero-gravity

Transphoresis and isotachophoresis are high resolution electrophoretic separation methods for biological materials. They benefit substantially from a weightless environment. Low power consumption and apparatus payload per unit product yield reflect their high electrophoretic efficiency. Properties unique to these systems, including their imposition of self-stabilizing geometry, suggest novel apparatus automatically controllable by largely electrical means with few or no moving parts. Configurations allowing continuous and semicontinuous operation, and further improvement of efficiency, are discussed.
COMPUTER MODELING OF ANTENNAS NEAR THE GROUND

ABSTRACT An accurate and efficient numerical method based on the rigorous Sommer-feld theory is described for modeling antennas near an interface such as the ground. The Sommerfeld integrals are evaluated by numerical integration along contours in the complex plane and two-dimensional interpolation is used subsequently to obtain the many Sommerfeld integral values needed for the moment-method solution of an integral equation. These methods permit modeling an antenna within 10-6 wavelengths of the ground for about two to four times the computation time for the same antenna in free space. Results showing currents and radiation patterns are included.
Genetic variability among peoples of Aruba and Curaçao.

Data were obtained from 252 elementary school pupils in four regions of Aruba and in the suburbs of Willemstad, Curacao. Data included ABO and MN blood groups, ratings of skin color and hand prints. Pupils in the Noord region of Aruba differ significantly from those at other schools in both islands with respect to frequencies of MN blood group genes; mean ridge counts on fingers; and pattern frequencies in hypothenar and thenar/first interdigital palmar areas. Noord pupils have significantly darker skin color than those in other Aruban areas. No significant differences were encountered in ABO frequencies, which are more similar to those of Negroes than to American Indians and Caucasians. MN blood group frequencies and finger prints of pupils in the Noord region are similar to those of American Indians, whereas those in other regions are similar to those of Negroes and western Europeans.
On Pairwise and Mutual Independence: Characterizations of Rectangular Distributions

Abstract Examples are given of three absolutely continuous random variables X, Y, and Z, which are identically distributed, pairwise but not mutually independent, and for which Z is a simple function of X + Y. These are shown to provide characterizations of the absolutely continuous rectangular distributions. The results carry over to the discrete rectangular distributions.
Ultrasoft X-ray absorption measurements using a photoelectron spectrometer

The feasibility of measuring by the PAX technique (photoelectron analysis of X-rays) continuous absorption profiles in the ultrasoft X-ray region was explored. Bremsstrahlung from a tungsten anode bombarded with 1 to 5 keV electrons served as a radiation source. Photoelectrons ejected by X-rays from the neon converter atom were analysed with a spherical electrostatic electron spectrometer having an instrumental resolution of Delta E/E=0.15%. As an example, absorption structures at the Sm N4,5 and Al L2,3 edges were measured and compared with results obtained at the DESY synchrotron. A brief evaluation of the technique is presented and some possible applications are discussed.
An Artificial Intelligence Approach to the Scheduling of Flexible Manufacturing Systems

Abstract Scheduling in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS)must take into account the shorter lead-time, the multiprocessing environment, the flexibility of machine tools, and the dynamically changing states. The scheduling approach described in this paper employs a knowledge-based system to carry out the nonlinear planning method developed in artificial intelligence. The state-space process for plan-generation, by either forward- or backward-chaining, can handle scheduling requirements unique to the FMS environment. A prototype of this scheduling system has been implemented on a LISP machine and is applied to solve the scheduling problem in flexible manufacturing cells. This scheduling method is characterized by its knowledge-based organization, symbolic representation, state-space inferencing, and its ability for dynamic scheduling and plan revision. It provides a foundation for integrating intelligent planning, scheduling, and machine learning in FMSs.
The Nexus between Academic Deans and Corporate CEOs: An Opportunity in the Making.

Executive Summary There is a belief in the academy that colleges are not businesses and academic deans are not corporate CEO's. This may be true, but when we take a close look at deans and CEO's, their work environments and their profiles, we see distinct similarities. In this article, we address the question: Is there an opportunity for them to learn from each other?
Design of Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography for Amino Acid Separations

A systematic design method was used to develop a pilot-scale simulated moving bed (SMB) process for the fractionation of two amino acids, tryptophan and phenylalanine. In this method, isotherms were estimated using both frontal chromatography and batch equilibrium methods, and mass-transfer parameters were estimated using frontal chromatography data. SMB experiments were then conducted using the zone flow rates and port velocity calculated from a theoretical analysis without considering mass-transfer effects (an equilibrium design). The estimated parameters were validated with computer simulation and SMB data based on the equilibrium design. A design considering mass-transfer effects (a nonequilibrium design) was then obtained from the standing wave analysis and tested experimentally. The effluent histories at the extract, raffinate, and sampling ports agreed with those from computer simulations. A sensitivity analysis shows that accurate isotherms, intraparticle diffusivities, and bed voidage are importa...
Mouse cofactor of BRCA1 (Cobra1) is required for early embryogenesis

Background Negative elongation factor (NELF) is a four-subunit protein complex conserved from Drosophila to humans. In vitro biochemical and tissue culture-based studies have demonstrated an important role of NELF in controlling RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pausing in transcription. However, the physiological significance of NELF function is not clear due to the lack of any genetic systems for studying NELF. Principal Findings Here we show that disruption of the mouse B subunit of NELF (NELF-B), also known as cofactor of BRCA1 (Cobra1), causes inner cell mass (ICM) deficiency and embryonic lethality at the time of implantation. Consistent with the phenotype of the Cobra1 knockout (KO) embryos, knockdown of Cobra1 in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) reduces the efficiency of colony formation and increases spontaneous differentiation. Cobra1-depleted ESCs maintain normal levels of Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2, master regulators of pluripotency in ESCs. However, knockdown of Cobra1 leads to precocious expression of developmental regulators including lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (Lef1). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) indicates that Cobra1 binds to the Lef1 promoter and modulates the abundance of promoter-bound RNA polymerase. Conclusions Cobra1 is essential for early embryogenesis. Our findings also indicate that Cobra1 helps maintain the undifferentiated state of mESCs by preventing unscheduled expression of developmental genes.
Indicators of depression and suicidal ideation among drug abusers.

The purpose of this study was to provide data relating to the validity of the Dysthymia and Psychotic Depression scales of the Millon Clinical Mulriaxial Inventory as indicators of serious depression measured by self-report data from che Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (TOPS) survey form. Scores on both Millon scales had low bur staristically significant correlations with TOPS survey items dealing with depression-related physical immobilization and suicidal ideation. Results indicate that these scale had limited value in identifying these significant depression-related symptoms among the 88 drug abusers (M age of 29 yr.)
Efflux Time Courses of Cytosolic Proteins from Rabbit Skinned Muscle Fibers Reflect Dissociation of Enzyme Complexes

In many multi-system metabolic diseases characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction (e.g. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis), glycolysis appears to be an important compensatory pathway for generating ATP. It is postulated that glycolytic enzymes form a complex that enhances the rate of ATP production through substrate channeling of metabolic product intermediates. To search for evidence of a reduced diffusion coefficient indicative of supramolecular complexes, we examined the efflux of endogenous glycolytic enzymes from rabbit psoas muscle fibers. Single fiber segments were skinned in oil and transferred to physiological salt solution. Cytosolic proteins that diffused into the solution were separated by gel electrophoresis and compared to load-matched standards for quantitative analysis. A radial diffusion model incorporating the dissociation and dissipation of supramolecular complexes accounts for an initial lag and subsequent efflux of glycolytic enzymes. The model includes terms representing protein crowding, myofilament lattice hindrance, and cytomatrix binding. Optimization of model to data returned estimates of apparent diffusion coefficients that were very low at the onset of diffusion (∼10−10 cm2 s−1) but increased with time as cytosolic protein density decreased. The initial values are consistent with the presence of complexes in situ; higher later values (e.g., 0.2 × 10−7 cm2 s−1 for phosphofructose kinase), with molecular sieving and transient binding of dissociated proteins. Channeling of metabolic intermediates via enzyme complexes may enhance production of ATP at rates beyond that possible with randomly distributed enzymes, thereby matching supply with demand. Metabolic channeling may allow glycolysis to better compensate for reduced ATP production in aerobic metabolic diseases.
Sounds like a winner: voice pitch influences perception of leadership capacity in both men and women

It is well known that non-human animals respond to information encoded in vocal signals, and the same can be said of humans. Specifically, human voice pitch affects how speakers are perceived. As such, does voice pitch affect how we perceive and select our leaders? To answer this question, we recorded men and women saying ‘I urge you to vote for me this November’. Each recording was manipulated digitally to yield a higher- and lower-pitched version of the original. We then asked men and women to vote for either the lower- or higher-pitched version of each voice. Our results show that both men and women select male and female leaders with lower voices. These findings suggest that men and women with lower-pitched voices may be more successful in obtaining positions of leadership. This might also suggest that because women, on average, have higher-pitched voices than men, voice pitch could be a factor that contributes to fewer women holding leadership roles than men. Additionally, while people are free to choose their leaders, these results clearly demonstrate that these choices cannot be understood in isolation from biological influences.
A new absorbable pressure-equalizing tube

Abstract Objective: We investigated pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes made of biodegradable, absorbable material in an animal model. Methods: PE tubes, made of poly-bis(ethylanate)phosphazene (PBE) were inserted in 55 ears of 28 Hartley guinea pigs, with survival times of 10, 30, and 60 days after tube insertion. In vivo reactions between the PBE-PE tube and the tympanic membrane (TM) were studied. Tubes, TMs, and middle ears were examined by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Results: There was neither infection nor an inflammatory reaction to the tube within the middle ear in any animal. At 30 days, 53% of the tubes had disintegrated. At 60 days, tubes were still functioning in the 25% of ears. Conclusion: More research must be performed before these new PBE PE tubes can be considered for clinical use. Nonetheless, these tubes are promising. The disintegration rate can be controlled by varying the formulation of the polymer, so treatment can be adjusted to the needs of each patient. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;127:67-72.)
Dynamic Evolution of Business Performance Management

Business performance management (BPM) is a new frontier in IT-enabled enterprise that supports the monitoring business operations. BPM solutions must be able to efficiently process business events, compute business metrics, detect business situations, and provide the real-time visibility of key performance indicators (KPIs) in dynamic environments, wherein sources of dynamicity are plentiful, including new strategies, operations, KPIs, etc. Therefore, BPM solutions need to adapt these changes by dynamic evolution. We propose a policy-driven approach, where evolution policies capture the evolution mechanism of BPM solutions. This frees solution developers from low-level programming concerns. We implemented a hybrid compilation-interpretation framework that enables execution of wide spectrums of evolution policies. Further, our framework enables execution of evolution policies in parallel with on going event processing and guarantees the integrity on both of them
K10M4M′4S17 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Zn; M′ = Sn, Ge) and Cs10Cd4Sn4S 17: Compounds with a discrete supertetrahedral cluster

The cluster compounds K10Zn4Sn4S17 ,K 10Mn4Sn4S17, K10Fe4Sn4S17 ,K 10Co4Sn4S17 ,C s 10Cd4Sn4S17 and K10Zn4Ge4S17 are described. The structures of these compounds, refined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques, contain the discrete cluster (M4M4S17) 10 (M Zn, Mn, Co, Fe, Cd; M Sn or Ge) which has the structure of Si8C17H36. It is built from the sulfur- connected tetrahedral SnS4 and MS4 units with the additional qua- druply bridging sulfur atom at the center of the cluster. All com- pound show some solubility and stability in water and formamide.
An intron loss in the chloroplast gene rpoC1 supports a monophyletic origin for the subfamily Cactoideae of the Cactaceae.

The deletion of an approximately 700-bp intron in the chloroplast-encoded generpoC1 was shown in 21 representative species of the subfamily Cactoideae of the angiosperm family Cactaceae. Members of the subfamilies Pereskioideae and Opuntioideae were found to possess the intron, as did members of the related families Aizoaceae, Basellaceae, Didiereaceae, Phytolaccaceae, and Portulacaceae. These results support a monophyletic origin for the most-speciose subfamily of the cactus family, and represent a first report of the loss of this intron in dicots.
Caloric requirements of rat intestinal microorganisms

Abstract A gain in weight equivalent to that produced by 0.5 gm. D-glucose was obtained when neomycin was added to the diet of rats on a restricted caloric intake. A decrease in moisture-free fecal output indicative of a reduction in the intestinal microflora was also observed. It was concluded that 10% of the dietary caloric intake of rats was required to support the population of intestinal microorganisms.