cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social networks and industrial geography

In many industries, production resides in a small number of highly concentrated regions; for example, several high tech industries cluster in Silicon Valley. Explanations for this phenomenon have focused on how the co-location of firms in an industry might increase the efficiency of production. In contrast, this article argues that industries cluster because entrepreneurs find it difficult to access the information and resources they require when they reside far from the sources of these valuable inputs. Since existing firms often represent the largest pools of these important factors, the current geographic distribution of production places important constraints on entrepreneurial activity. As a result, new foundings tend to arise in the same areas as existing ones, and hence reproduce the industrial geography. In support of this thesis, the article reviews empirical evidence from the shoe manufacturing and biotechnology industries.
Output feedback boundary control by backstepping and application to chemical tubular reactor

We design exponentially convergent observers for a class of parabolic partial integro-differential equations (P(I)DEs) with only boundary sensing available. The problem is posed as a problem of designing invertible coordinate transformation of the observer error system into exponentially stable target system. Observer gain (output injection function) is shown to satisfy a well-posed hyperbolic PDE that is closely related to the hyperbolic PDE governing backstepping control gain for the state-feedback problem. It is shown how observer gain can be obtained directly from the control gain. Backstepping controller and observer are then combined to obtain a solution for the boundary output-feedback problem. Collocated and anti-collocated positions of sensor and actuator are considered. Explicit solutions to the output-feedback problem are obtained for certain classes of PDEs. It is shown that the order of the compensator can be substantially lowered without affecting stability. Simulation study for the model of chemical tubular reactor is presented.
The Contradictions of Public Sociology: A View from a Graduate Student at Berkeley.

Reflecting on my experiences as a graduate student, I argue that the terminology of public sociology should be dropped. The public sociology rhetoric is at odds with the fundamental professional reality in the discipline. Sociology, as a "hyper-professionalized" endeavor, primarily values abstract, explanatory theories, even if those theories make the world less descriptively comprehensible to people seeking to act in the world. Moreover, I question whether sociologists, as a professional class, should or can take on the public position as the partisan representatives of civil society and marginalized peoples. Instead, I argue for a greater openness within professional sociology to descriptive work, as well as more departmental supports for graduate students to pursue careers outside of sociology. Sociologists interested in public engagement should focus primarily on cataloguing and practical evaluation of engaged research tactics and community oriented teaching strategies, rather than theoretical discussions of what sociology can or should be.
Cutaneous thermal hyperemia: more than skin deep

human skin is an amazingly complex circulation that lends itself to pharmacological studies due to the ease of access with limited invasiveness. Because of this, a growing body of literature has been directed toward a better understanding of the mechanisms behind regulation of cutaneous vascular
Investigation of a high-resolution detector for whole-body PET imaging

Increased focus towards improved detector spatial resolution in PET (for whole-body as well as small animal imaging) has led to the use of smaller crystals in some form of light sharing detector design. We have performed simulations for a generic whole-body scanner with varying crystals sizes in order to better understand the limitations in achieving good uniform spatial resolution using discrete crystal based detectors in a whole-body scanner. These results show that using small 2-mm crystals leads to a noticeable improvement in the reconstructed spatial resolution of whole-body scanners due to better sampling in the sinogram. Over the years we have investigated using large continuous detectors with Anger positioning, cutting slots in continuous detectors to produce semi-continuous detectors, and more recently pixelated Anger-logic detectors. Our aim is to develop a new detector concept that incorporates high detector sampling with very good intrinsic spatial resolution to produce high resolution reconstructed images. In this work we investigate three different techniques for achieving our goals: (1) Using regions-of-interest (ROI) which are half the crystal size in the crystal identification map. (2) Dual layers of 4/spl times/4/spl times/15-mm/sup 3/ offset crystals. (3) Large continuous crystals with 3D positioning of interaction (3D crystals) using maximum likelihood positioning algorithm. Our results show a reasonable improvement in spatial resolution (1-mm at center) using smaller ROI's and a similar improvement in off-center positions using the offset crystals. A more noticeable improvement is observed with the 3D crystal detector where the resolution seems to be intrinsically limited by the physics of positron annihilation and amount of Compton scatter in the crystal.
Multiobjective Construction Schedule Optimization Using Modified Niched Pareto Genetic Algorithm

AbstractA construction schedule must satisfy multiple project objectives that often conflict with each other. While several earlier approaches attempted to generate optimal schedules in terms of several criteria, most of their optimization processes were segmented into multiple steps. Owing to such a lack of simultaneous optimization, limited alternative solutions could be searched and some trade-offs between goals could not be identified. This paper presents an optimization approach that enables a simultaneous search for an optimal construction schedule in terms of three objectives: minimization of construction duration, cost, and resource fluctuation. A multiobjective optimization (MOO) approach was adopted to generate scheduling solutions considering all those objectives. To enable a simultaneous optimization, we propose a new data structure that can compute the performances of solutions in terms of all the objectives at the same time. A Niched Pareto Genetic Algorithm (NPGA) is modified to facilitate ...
Spatially and temporally varying selection on intrapopulation quantitative trait loci for a life history trade-off in Mimulus guttatus

Why do populations remain genetically variable despite strong continuous natural selection? Mutation reconstitutes variation eliminated by selection and genetic drift, but theoretical and experimental studies each suggest that mutation-selection balance insufficient to explain extant genetic variation in most complex traits. The alternative hypothesis of balancing selection, wherein selection maintains genetic variation, is an aggregate of multiple mechanisms (spatial and temporal heterogeneity in selection, frequency-dependent selection, antagonistic pleiotropy, etc.). Most of these mechanisms have been demonstrated for Mendelian traits, but there is little comparable data for loci affecting quantitative characters. Here, we report a 3-year field study of selection on intrapopulation quantitative trait loci (QTL) of flower size, a highly polygenic trait in Mimulus guttatus. The QTL exhibit antagonistic pleiotropy: alleles that increase flower size, reduce viability, but increase fecundity. The magnitude and direction of selection fluctuates yearly and on a spatial scale of metres. This study provides direct evidence of balancing selection mechanisms on QTL of an ecologically relevant trait.
Leveraging the Creative Arts in Business Ethics Teaching

The purpose of this paper is to describe a way of teaching business ethics using the creative arts, especially literature and theater. By drawing on these disciplines for both method and texts, we can more easily make the connection to business as a fully human activity, concerned with how meaning is created. Students are encouraged to understand story-telling and narrative and how these tools lend insight into the daily life of businesspeople. The paper describes two main courses, Business Ethics Through Literature and Leadership, Ethics and Theater, and the rationale for each. We begin by suggesting three main leverage points that the courses engender. We then rely on the words of students who have taken the courses for insights into what they learned. We then critically assess some of the principles that have informed course design over time. We conclude by suggesting that paying attention to the creative arts gives rise to a rather different approach to business ethics, one grounded in the pragmatist tradition in philosophy.
Towards a theory of small worlds

Practical probabilistic reasoning requires that a reasoning agent be able to construct and reason from small, problem-specific inference models. Such inference models are sometimes called small worlds, because they involve reasoning from a limited set of facts, hypotheses and outcomes. A truly general purpose probabilistic reasoning sytem must have the ability to construct and reason from small worlds. There are difficult philosophical and practical issues associated with the question of how to construct, reason from, and revise small worlds. Unfortunately, Bayesian decision theory provides little theoretical guidance for addressing these issues. This is because the axioms of Bayesian theory imply global coherence, which in turn implies that these issues do not exist. The authors overview some work addressing these issues. >
Treatment of Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas.

Considerable progress has been made in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and the other lymphomas during the past 15 years. The present paper summarizes, in part, studies which our department has conducted or in which we have participated during this period. Studies of chlorambucil, prednisone, mitorgen mustard, vinblastine, cytoxan, and vincristine used as single agents have shown the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of particular lymphomas. Our patients with late stage Hodgkin's disease have been treated in protocols of the Acute Leukemia Group B in which various types of combination chemotherapy, with or without maintenance therapy, have been and are being explored. In our studies, combination chemotherapy has shown no better results than single agent induction followed by oral maintenance therapy with chlorambucil or cytoxan in treating lymphosarcoma. Treatment of reticulum cell sarcoma remains discouraging.
A structured approach to waveform delivery for FPGA-based designs

Todaypsilas advanced MILSATCOM terminals depend heavily on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices to support the increased demands of above 2 GHz, high bandwidth high throughput (HBHT), high data rate (HDR) waveforms. One critical issue is that the delivery approach of FPGA-based waveforms is not standardized. However, the techniques developed by the Software Communications Architecture (SCA) for software defined radio (SDR) platforms to enable waveform porting on general purpose processor (GPP) devices can be extended to FPGA-based modem architectures. Leveraging existing SCA concepts, this paper advocates a structured approach to waveform delivery for FPGA-based designs. The MITRE Programmable Radio Technology (PRT) Laboratory demonstrated such an approach through the development, and delivery of a scalable and portable High Data Rate Radio Frequency (HDR-RF) Test Waveform. The proposed approach provides a structured delivery methodology that significantly reduces the risk of porting FPGA-based waveforms across SDR platforms.
Simulation of Taylor-Couette flow. Part 2. Numerical results for wavy-vortex flow with one travelling wave

We use a numerical method that was described in Part 1 (Marcus 1984 a ) to solve the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equation and boundary conditions that govern Taylor-Couette flow. We compute several stable axisymmetric Taylor-vortex equilibria and several stable non-axisymmetric wavy-vortex flows that correspond to one travelling wave. For each flow we compute the energy, angular momentum, torque, wave speed, energy dissipation rate, enstrophy, and energy and enstrophy spectra. We also plot several 2-dimensional projections of the velocity field. Using the results of the numerical calculations, we conjecture that the travelling waves are a secondary instability caused by the strong radial motion in the outflow boundaries of the Taylor vortices and are not shear instabilities associated with inflection points of the azimuthal flow. We demonstrate numerically that, at the critical Reynolds number where Taylor-vortex flow becomes unstable to wavy-vortex flow, the speed of the travelling wave is equal to the azimuthal angular velocity of the fluid at the centre of the Taylor vortices. For Reynolds numbers larger than the critical value, the travelling waves have their maximum amplitude at the comoving surface, where the comoving surface is defined to be the surface of fluid that has the same azimuthal velocity as the velocity of the travelling wave. We propose a model that explains the numerically discovered fact that both Taylor-vortex flow and the one-travelling-wave flow have exponential energy spectra such that In [E(k)] ∝ k 1 , where k is the Fourier harmonic number in the axial direction.
A Multistate Outbreak of Sporotrichosis associated with Sphagnum Moss

In the spring of 1988, the largest documented US outbreak of cutaneous sporotrichosis to date occurred, with 84 cases among persons from 15 states who were exposed to Wisconsin-grown sphagnum moss used in packing evergreen tree seedlings. In New York State, 13 cases occurred among 109 forestry workers. All 13 cases occurred among 76 workers who had handled evergreen seedlings and moss (attack rate = 17%). For those exposed to evergreens and moss, the risk of infection increased as worktime exposure to moss increased (attack rates: less than 10 hours, 8%; 10-19 hours, 12%; greater than 19 hours, 33%). While environmental samples of moss from the Wisconsin supplier were negative, Sporothrix schenckii was cultured from multiple samples of the sphagnum moss obtained from one of six Pennsylvania tree nurseries, representing the nursery that was identified as the source for 79 (94%) of the moss-associated cases. Differences in tree-handling procedures at this nursery--including the use of 1- to 3-year-old moss to pack seedlings, use of a pond water source to wet the moss, use of an organic polymer gel on the seedling root system, and underground storage and longer storage of moss-packed seedlings before shipping--suggested possible explanations for the association. Efforts to prevent sporotrichosis among persons handling evergreen seedlings should include the use of alternate types of packing material (e.g., cedar wood chips or shredded paper) and protective clothing such as gloves and long-sleeved shirts.
Cuba and the Missile Crisis

On 16 October 1962, President John F. Kennedy learned that the Soviet Union was building bases in Cuba for ballistic missiles that could destroy major US cities. In the days that followed, US officials focused nearly all their attention on strategies for removing the Soviet missiles, on Soviet motives, and on the Soviet Union's reaction to the naval quarantine. Cuba was the locus of this most dramatic superpower confrontation, but Cuban perceptions, motives, and reactions were largely ignored.
Treating Chemical Dependency: The Need for Including the Family

Regression analysis was used to test Family Systems Therapy as a fruitful approach in chemical dependency treatment. Results indicate that the concerned person's perceptions of family life are critical in determining whether a family completes therapy or terminates early. Using both family and individual level variables, the significance and direction of the coefficients are consistent with the Family Systems Therapy model. Results support the importance of including the family in chemical dependency treatment
Identifying amino acid residues that influence plasma clearance of murine IgG1 fragments by site‐directed mutagenesis

Site-directed mutagenesis has been used to change amino acid residues of a recombinant Fc-hinge fragment derived from the murine immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 molecule, and the effects of these mutations on the pharmacokinetics of the Fc-hinge fragment have been determined. Specifically, Ile-253, His-310 and Gln-311 of the CH2 domain and His-433 and Asn-434 of the CH3 domain have been changed. In the three dimensional structure of an antibody, these amino acids are in close proximity to each other at the CH2-CH3 domain interface. The mutated Fc-hinge fragments have been purified from recombinant Escherichia coli cells and their pharmacokinetic parameters determined in mice and compared with those of the wild-type Fc-hinge fragment. The results show that the site of the IgG1 molecule that controls the catabolic rate (the ‘catabolic site’) is located at the CH2-CH3 domain interface and overlaps with the Staphylococcal protein A binding site.
Self-diffusion in sheared suspensions

Self-diffusion in a suspension of spherical particles in steady linear shear flow is investigated by following the time evolution of the correlation of number density fluctuations. Expressions are presented for the evaluation of the self-diffusivity in a suspension which is either raacroscopically quiescent or in linear flow at arbitrary Peclet number Pe = ẏa^2/2D, where ẏ is the shear rate, a is the particle radius, and D = k_BT/6πηa is the diffusion coefficient of an isolated particle. Here, k_B is Boltzmann's constant, T is the absolute temperature, and η is the viscosity of the suspending fluid. The short-time self-diffusion tensor is given by k_BT times the microstructural average of the hydrodynamic mobility of a particle, and depends on the volume fraction o = 4/3πa^3n and Pe only when hydrodynamic interactions are considered. As a tagged particle moves through the suspension, it perturbs the average microstructure, and the long-time self-diffusion tensor, D_∞^s, is given by the sum of D_0^s and the correlation of the flux of a tagged particle with this perturbation. In a flowing suspension both D_0^s and D_∞^s are anisotropic, in general, with the anisotropy of D_0^s due solely to that of the steady microstructure. The influence of flow upon D_∞^s is more involved, having three parts: the first is due to the non-equilibrium microstructure, the second is due to the perturbation to the microstructure caused by the motion of a tagged particle, and the third is by providing a mechanism for diffusion that is absent in a quiescent suspension through correlation of hydrodynamic velocity fluctuations. The self-diffusivity in a simply sheared suspension of identical hard spheres is determined to O(φPe^(3/2)) for Pe « 1 and o « 1, both with and without hydro-dynamic interactions between the particles. The leading dependence upon flow of D_0^s is 0.22DoPeE, where E is the rate-of-strain tensor made dimensionless with ẏ. Regardless of whether or not the particles interact hydrodynamically, flow influences D_∞^s at O(oPe) and O(oPe^(3/2)). In the absence of hydrodynamics, the leading correction is proportional to oPeDE. The correction of O(oPe^(3/2)), which results from a singular advection-diffusion problem, is proportional, in the absence of hydrodynamic interactions, to oPe^(3/2)DI; when hydrodynamics are included, the correction is given by two terms, one proportional to E, and the second a non-isotropic tensor. At high o a scaling theory based on the approach of Brady (1994) is used to approximate D_∞^s. For weak flows the long-time self-diffusivity factors into the product of the long-time self-diffusivity in the absence of flow and a non-dimensional function of Pe = ẏa^2/2D^s_0(φ)$. At small Pe the dependence on Pe is the same as at low o.
Female emotional eaters show abnormalities in consummatory and anticipatory food reward: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that emotional eaters show greater neural activation in response to food intake and anticipated food intake than nonemotional eaters and whether these differences are amplified during a negative versus neutral mood state. Method: Female emotional eaters and nonemotional eaters (N = 21) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during receipt and anticipated receipt of chocolate milkshake and a tasteless control solution while in a negative and neutral mood. Results: Emotional eaters showed greater activation in the parahippocampal gyrus and anterior cingulate (ACC) in response to anticipated receipt of milkshake and greater activation in the pallidum, thalamus, and ACC in response to receipt of milkshake during a negative relative to a neutral mood. In contrast, nonemotional eaters showed decreased activation in reward regions during a negative versus a neutral mood. Discussion: Results suggest that emotional eating is related to increased anticipatory and consummatory food reward, but only during negative mood. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Quantifying Communication in Graph Analytics

Data analytics require complex processing, often taking the shape of parallel graph-based workloads. In ensuring a high level of efficiency for these applications, understanding where the bottlenecks lie is key, particularly understanding to which extent their performance is computation or communication-bound. In this work, we analyze a reference workload in graph-based analytics, the Graph 500 benchmark. We conduct a wide array of tests on a high-performance computing system, the MareNostrum III supercomputer, using a custom high-precision profiling methodology. We show that the application performance is communication-bound, with up to 80 % of the execution time being spent enabling communication. We equally show that, with the increase in scale and concurrency that is expected in future big data systems and applications, the importance of communication increases. Finally, we characterize this representative data-analytics workload and show that the dominating data exchange is uniform all-to-all communication, opening avenues for workload and network optimization.
What Peer-Review Systems Can Learn from Online Rating Sites

As their core functionality, peer-review systems present ratings of student work. But online ratings are not a new concept. Sites rating products or services have a long history on the Web, and now boast hundreds of millions of users. These sites have developed mechanisms and procedures to improve the accuracy and helpfulness of their reviews. Peer-review systems have much to learn from their experience. Online review sites permit users to flag reviews they consider inappropriate or inaccurate. Peer-review systems could do the same. Online review systems have automated metrics to decide whether reviews should be posted. It would be good for peer-review systems to post only reviews that pass an automatic quality check. Online rating sites give recognition to their best reviewers by means of levels or badges. Recognition is often dependent on upvotes by other users. Online review sites often let readers see helpfulness ratings or other information on reviewers. Peer-review systems could also allow authors to see ratings of the students who reviewed their work.
Unsupervised Play: Machine Learning Toolkit for Max

Machine learning models are useful and attractive tools for the interactive computer musician, enabling a breadth of interfaces and instruments. With current consumer hardware it becomes possible to run advanced machine learning algorithms in demanding performance situations, yet expertise remains a prominent entry barrier for most would-be users. Currently available implementations predominantly employ supervised machine learning techniques, while the adaptive, self-organizing capabilities of unsupervised models are not generally available. We present a free, new toolbox of unsupervised machine learning algorithms implemented in Max 5 to support real-time interactive music and video, aimed at the non-expert computer artist.
Proof Without Words: A Generalization from Pythagoras

(1998). Proof Without Words: A Generalization from Pythagoras. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 64-64.
Vinca alkaloids XXXV. Desacetoxyvinblastine a new minor alkaloid fromVinca rosea L. (Catharanthus roseus G. Don)

Auf Grund spektroskopischer Untersuchungen konnte die Struktur eines neuen Alkaloids ausVinca rosea L. als Desacetoxy-VLB aufgeklart werden.
The Spread of Horizontal Chains: Efficiency or Information?

In the last 30 years, chain businesses have become dominant in many industries. The conventional explanation for this trend is that chain firms are more efficient, taking advantage of economies of scale. An alternative explanation is that chain firms gain market power from their brand reputation and low consumer information. Which explanation is most responsible for this trend? Why do firms organize into chains? This paper uses a detailed firm level dataset to examine empirically the spread of the chain model in the hotel industry. A reduced form analysis of firm revenues finds that firms affiliated with chains enjoy a substantial advantage, a roughly 20% revenue premium, that cannot be explained by firm or market characteristics. The evidence further suggests this advantage is caused in part by low consumer information: it appears immediately when a firm joins a chain, it declines over time as consumers have greater access to information, and it disappears completely for firms with large numbers of online reviews. To test if chain firms are more efficient or have lower costs than independent firms, I estimate dynamic industry model. This allows recovery of unobserved firm operating and entry costs. After controlling for market level unobserved heterogeneity, the estimates show chain firms do not have any significant cost advantage. Thus, in this industry, the rapid spread of the chain business model is not attributable to lower costs but instead likely results from low consumer information. Finally, I solve and simulate the model to consider policies that cap or restrict chain firms, and find that even mild caps reduce the overall number of firms active and also result in lower average quality.
Herbal supplements did not relieve vasomotor symptoms of menopause.

Source Citation Newton KM, Reed SD, LaCroix AZ, et al. Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo: a randomized trial. Ann Int...
Interplanetary Magnetic Field Sector from Solar Wind around Pluto (SWAP) Measurements of Heavy Ion Pickup near Pluto

On 2015 July 14, the New Horizons spacecraft flew by the Pluto system. The Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) instrument on board New Horizons, which detects ions in the energy per charge range ~0.035 to 7.5 keV/q, measured the unique interaction between the solar wind and Pluto's atmosphere. Immediately after the closest approach, SWAP detected a burst of heavy ion counts when the instrument's field of view (FOV) was aligned north and south of the Sun–Pluto line and approximately normal to the solar wind flow direction, suggesting their origin as heavy neutral atoms from Pluto that were ionized and being picked up by the solar wind. The trajectories of heavy pickup ions depend on the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). New Horizons is not equipped with a magnetometer, and we cannot directly measure the IMF. However, we can utilize SWAP's measurements and instrument FOV during this brief period of time to determine the most likely sector of the IMF that could reproduce SWAP's observations of heavy ion pickup. We find that the IMF was most likely in an outward sector, or retrograde to the planets' motion, during the Pluto encounter, and that the heavy ions detected by SWAP are more likely than . This supports the existence of a methane exosphere at Pluto.
Restoration of vasa recta hemodynamics and pressure natriuresis in SHR by L-arginine.

An increase in medullary blood flow has been implicated as a mediator of the natriuresis following increases in renal perfusion pressure (RPP). We examined whether administration of L-arginine, the...
Conclusion: Christakis at Thermopylae

I return to the furor over Halloween, which generated a heated clash between students at Yale University and Nicholas Christakis, master of a residential college, over whether he should provide a home for the students, keeping them safe from ideas that made them feel threatened, or an intellectual community. The exchange brings forward a number of themes explored in the book.
An Overview Of Ergonomics And Human Factors

Many important developments in the human factors enterprise occurred during the Second World War with the deployment of new military technology, such as high-performance aircraft (Christensen, 1958). The use of such airplanes provided tremendous opportunities and challenges. But its promise and effectiveness was tempered severely by numerous problems. For example, it took more than two years of training to prepare a pilot to fly one of the larger planes. Many trainees were unable to master the many steps along the way; often these trainees had accidents resulting in the loss of lives and equipment. Flight training was a costly, time-consuming endeavor, given the relatively low percentage of pilot trainees who would graduate to combat roles.
A Museum is Born: Albert-Charles Wulffleff and the Parc-Musée of Dakar, 1936

Dakar’s art museum was in the early stages of development in the opening decades of the twentieth century. Its creators intended it as a catalyst for specific types of knowledge. That occurred, although in unanticipated ways. Designed by the Swiss/French architect Charles-Albert Wulffleff, it is one example of Africa’s rich heritage of Art Deco architecture. Looking at the specific circumstances of its planning reveals layer upon layer of complexity, or irony at every turn. French colonial authorities did not impose a French style on Senegal as much as they furthered a set of representational norms, which they deployed in differing circumstances. Wulffleff is not well known. Elsewhere he created modern buildings, but his West African buildings – he also designed Dakar’s Catholic Cathedral – are fusions of Beaux-Arts, Art Deco, and a number of historicisms. Parts of the museum are based on African precedents, although in a convoluted way. The immediate influences were colonial exhibition buildings that emulated African structures of questionable authenticity. Wulffleff contributed more to African modernity than he did to architectural modernism. The building and its collections demonstrate the ambiguities of French colonialism; it was intended to promote knowledge and cross-cultural understanding, but in fostering an African elite, it also helped set the stage for African independence.
By Design: Using Comics to Teach Ecological Systems Theory

Thorough understanding of the theoretical basis of family science is essential for practitioners. However, the teaching and study of family science theories is challenging because theory is often presented in abstract ways. This paper examines the use of comics, cartoons and sequential art as an innovative way to teach family science theory. Review of a lesson on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory as applied to child kinship care demonstrates the pedagogical usefulness of comics to teach theory in family science.
Contracts as entry barriers for unlicensed spectrum

Greater unlicensed access to spectrum has the potential to increase competition among wireless service providers and encourage innovations by lowering barriers to entry. However, early providers offering service in such a band could create new entry barriers through the use of contracts that impose a penalty on customers who switch to a new provider. This paper discusses cases in which an exclusive or non-exclusive contract may be signed before entrants come into an unlicensed spectrum market. Our results indicate that the incumbents will always offer an exclusive contract, which would increase the expected customer surplus. The expected social welfare may increase or decrease depending on how we model the customers' demand, and the technology of the incumbents and entrants.
Building on OArb Attributes in Pursuit of Justice

This Chapter will consider the use of online arbitration (“OArb”) for resolution of disputes, especially those in business-to-consumer (“B2C”) transactions. First, it will provide background on arbitration law and explain the impetus for moving arbitration from face-to-face (“F2F”) to online procedures in order to augment the efficiency and fairness of these processes. Next, the Chapter will discuss the development of quasi-OArb and OArb programs already in existence that may serve as models for OArb aimed to benefit both businesses and consumers. The Chapter will conclude by acknowledging hurdles and drawbacks to OArb programs, and suggest ideas for fostering global development of OArb that expand individuals’ access to justice.
Comparison of Debriefing Methods and Learning Outcomes in Human Patient Simulation

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to compare student outcomes after three different methods of simulation debriefing; these were facilitated debriefing, feedback, and self-debriefing. Method The study included 95 second semester undergraduate nursing students divided into four groups based on assigned laboratory faculty and course sections. Each group received one debriefing method consistently during the course of a semester, except for one group who received all three methods in a predetermined sequence. Institutional review board approval was obtained, and the Visual Aural Read/Write Kinesthetic Learning Style Questionnaire was administered to acquire data on student learning preferences. Results The group that received facilitated debriefing had the greatest improvement in scores from simulations 1 to 3 and the highest score of the groups on the final individual skills observation simulation. Conclusions Data from this study demonstrated that students and faculty preferred facilitated debrief to self-debrief or feedback.
Psychodynamic and Life-Stage Considerations in the Response to Rape

The experiences that we call rape range from surprise attacks with threats of death or mutilation to insistence on sexual intercourse in a social encounter where sexual contact is unexpected or not agreed upon. Consent is crucial to the definition of rape. The importance of mutual consent is often overlooked and misinterpreted; many people assume that certain social communications imply willingness for a sexual relationship. Although men, women, and children are raped, the majority of rape victims are women; this chapter focuses on understanding rape as a psychological stress for the woman victim.
Cutaneous ureterostomy in children--long-term followup.

AbstractFrom 1963 to 1983, 45 children with benign disease underwent urinary diversion with cutaneous ureterostomy. Patient selection for cutaneous ureterostomy was predicated on the presence of at least 1 dilated ureter. Followup ranged from 4 months to 20 years, with a mean of 7.9 years. Of the patients 29 (64 per cent) had a minimum followup of 5 years and 18 (40 per cent) were followed for more than 10 years.Postoperative complications, results of followup excretory urography and the ultimate fate of these children were analyzed. The results demonstrate the usefulness of cutaneous ureterostomy as a permanent form of urinary diversion in selected children
Endothelial Progenitor Cells Modulate Inflammation-Associated Stroke Vasculome

Stroke remains a major unmet clinical need that warrants novel therapies. Following an ischemic insult, the cerebral vasculature secretes inflammatory molecules, creating the stroke vasculome profile. The present study evaluated the therapeutic effects of endothelial cells on the inflammation-associated stroke vasculome. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that specific inflammation-related vasculome genes BRM, IκB, Foxf1, and ITIH-5 significantly upregulated by oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD. Interestingly, co-culture of human endothelial cells (HEN6) with human endothelial cells (EPCs) during OGD significantly blocked the elevations of BRM, IκB, and Foxf1, but not ITIH-5. Next, employing the knockdown/antisense technology, silencing the inflammation-associated stroke vasculome gene, IκB, as opposed to scrambled knockdown, blocked the EPC-mediated protection of HEN6 against OGD. In vivo, stroke animals transplanted with intracerebral human EPCs (300,000 cells) into the striatum and cortex 4 h post ischemic stroke displayed significant behavioral recovery up to 30 days post-transplantation compared to vehicle-treated stroke animals. At 7 days post-transplantation, quantification of the fluorescent staining intensity in the cortex and striatum revealed significant upregulation of the endothelial marker RECA1 and a downregulation of the stroke-associated vasculome BRM, IKB, Foxf1, ITIH-5 and PMCA2 in the ipsilateral side of cortex and striatum of EPC-transplanted stroke animals relative to vehicle-treated stroke animals. Altogether, these results demonstrate that EPCs exert therapeutic effects in experimental stroke possibly by modulating the inflammation-plagued vasculome.
A semi-empirical laminar-to-turbulent flame transition model coupled with G equation for early flame kernel development and combustion in spark-ignition engines

It has been reported that early combustion in a spark-ignition engine determines the subsequent combustion. Also, the early combustion has a very strong correlation with cycle-to-cycle variability,...
A single nucleotide polymorphism of PLIN2 is associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and causes phenotypic changes in hepatocyte lipid droplets

ABSTRACT Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) is a lipid droplet-associated protein which regulates cellular lipid storage and is highly expressed in the liver. Previous studies of a missense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PLIN2, Ser251Pro, (i.e. rs3556875) have shown this SNP to cause decreased lipolysis and increased intracellular lipid accumulation. To explore if this SNP is associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we genotyped 116 adults with NASH and 67 age- and gender-matched controls. rs3556875 was significantly associated with NASH with an allelic odds ratio of 2.98 (95% confidence interval 1.12 - 7.31, p=0.02) and in a dominant inheritance model. In an in vitro model of hepatic steatosis, expression of the Pro251 variant protein led to phenotypic changes in intracellular lipid droplets, yielding smaller diameter and up to 7 fold more lipid droplets per cell when compared to wild type PLIN2. In conclusion, the Ser251Pro SNP of PLIN2 may convey risk for NASH and causes phenotypic changes in hepatocyte lipid droplets.
Regulation of vascular cambium activity.

Abstract Vascular cambium contributes to lateral growth in dicotyledonous plants and gymnosperms. Physiological, genetics and molecular studies indicate that cambial activity is regulated by a combination of long-distance hormonal signals and short-range peptide signaling pathways. Communication from endodermis and phloem tissues also affects cambial stem cell proliferation. Interactions between these signaling pathways provide flexibility for vascular development. In this mini-review, we discuss the new findings in long- and short-range signaling pathways in regulating vascular cambium proliferation and provide future perspectives in the cambium research. Deep imaging and mathematical modeling will help further dissecting the functional mechanisms of cambial activity control.
Prosocial consumer socialization: how socialization agents impact prosocial attitudes and behavior

Individuals donating to and volunteering with charitable organizations is an important and increasingly necessary aspect of society. Through the use of an online survey of college students from a l...
Discordant Values in Lower Extremity Physiologic Studies Predict Increased Cardiovascular Risk.

Background Ankle‐brachial indexes (ABI) are a noninvasive diagnostic tool for peripheral arterial disease and a marker of increased cardiovascular risk. ABI is calculated using the highest systolic...
Classifying Breast Cancer Tissue Through DNA Methylation and Clinical Covariate Based Retrieval

In the current era of medicine where clinicians and researchers alike are seeking to personalize treatment plans to individuals, the integration of clinical data with microarray data is surprisingly absent. With this in mind, clinical covariate data was used to pre-select previously classified breast cancer tissue, and employ these classifications to new test cases. The pool of retrieved cases was then reduced further by investigating similar DNA methylation patterns. We first compared breast cancer tissue to normal tissue samples. This work was then extended to differentiating triple-negative breast cancer samples from ER-positive samples followed by investigating these subtypes at a genomic region level. In order to use the clinical covariate data, categorical distance measures were used to locate similar cases before being narrowed down with numeric DNA methylation data. Classification was then carried out using a novel, confidence-based procedure that automatically retrieves solved cases for each test sample until a threshold is met. We find that integrating clinical covariates increases the accuracy within our constructed two-stage system as opposed to using microarray data alone. Further, we outperformed random forest, naive bayes and kNN after refining the cases to a genomic region level.
Message-Passing Strategy for Decentralized Connectivity Maintenance in Multiagent Surveillance

In multiagent surveillance missions, a group of agents monitors some points of interest to provide situational awareness. For agents with local communication capabilities, one way to transmit the surveillance information to a base is streaming by the instantaneous data via multihop communications over a connected network. However, a connected communication network may become disconnected if some agents leave the surveillance area (for example, for refueling). This paper presents a locally applicable, efficient, and scalable strategy that guarantees a connected communication network between the base and the agents in the face of any agent removal. The proposed decentralized strategy is based on a sequence of local replacements, which are initiated by the agent leaving the network. It is shown that the replacement sequence always ends with the relocation of an agent, for which the absence from its current position does not disconnect the network. Furthermore, the optimality (that is, the minimum number of r...
Genetic Influences on Pediatric AKI

Pediatric acute kidney injury is becoming a widely recognized clinical diagnosis that can be found across the clinical spectrum. The advances of genomic studies in the field of nephrology, specifically the pathophysiology mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion, sepsis, and nephrotoxicity as they relate to acute kidney injury, have stimulated the desire to understand a genotype-phenotype connection. Ranging from targeted gene to genome-wide association studies, acute kidney injury genetic study designs warrant thoughtful methodology considerations in order to minimize bias and to improve result validity.
Machine Learning for Exotic Metasurfaces

We introduce one deep neural network and an inverse method called neural adjoint method to solve high-dimensional metasurface inverse design problem. We find that, even when the solution is outside the geometry space, the neural adjoint method is still able to find a metasurface design with low error.
Methods of Measurement for Angle-Polished Optical Fiber Launching Efficients

It is well known that single-mode fiber technology requires strict alignment tolerances to maintain coupling integrity. With acceptable bit-error-rates (BERs) of 10-12 for telephony and as low as 10-15 for datacommunication applications, even small link losses can render a system inoperable. Before standards can be established for in-the-field matings and products, it must be well understood how to measure coupling changes in the lab, as these are more easily controlled so that small changes may be observed. This paper discusses experimental techniques to measure the influence of small changes of the overall coupling efficiency between a laser diode and a single-mode fiber. Particular emphasis is placed on fibers with non-zero endface angles (i.e. angle-polished fibers). It is increasingly important to model and measure the effects of out-of-plane misalignments (OPM) and this paper will present some of the primary methods and concerns involved.
MICROPHYSICS OF NEUTRON STAR OUTER ENVELOPES IN THE PERIODIZED, MAGNETIC THOMAS-FERMI MODEL

ABSTRACTObservations of several types of neutron stars indicate surface temperature inhomogeneities. Inrecent years magneto-thermal simulations have supported the idea that the magnetic eld andanisotropic heat conduction play important roles in generating these inhomogeneities. Simulationsrely on crustal microphysics input heretofore calculated at the level of a plasma model { neglectinglattice structure and electron polarizability. We focus on the low density outer envelope, treatingboth of these elements by a proper periodization of the magnetic Thomas-Fermi model. Our solu-tion method involves a novel domain decomposition and we describe a scalable implementation usingHypre. The method may be seen as a prototype for the general class of problems involving nonlinearcharge screening of periodic, quasi-low-dimensionality structures, e.g. liquid crystals. Findings in-clude low density c 0 <0 elastic instabilities for both bcc and fcc lattices, reminiscent of the situationin some light actinides, and phonon thermal conductivity three orders of magnitude larger than thatderived from the plasma model. The former result suggests there is a symmetry-lowering transitionto a tetragonal or orthorhombic lattice. The latter indicates transport anisotropy may be greatlyreduced within ˘10 meters of the surface, giving the e ect of a \heat-spreader cladding" which maysigni cantly increase the size of polar hot spots and alter pulse pro les.Subject headings: conduction { magnetic elds { methods: numerical { stars: neutron
THE USE OF MIXED EFFECTS ANCOVA TO CHARACTERIZE VEHICLE EMISSION PROFILES

A mixed effects analysis of covariance model to characterize mileage dependent emissions profiles for any given group of vehicles having a common model design is used in this paper. These types of evaluations are used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to certify whether or not new models conform to existing emissions standards. The statistical models introduced describe both the average emissions profile for a group of vehicles as well as an accounting for individual vehicle variability within the group. Realistic confidence bounds for an average emissions deterioration profile within a given group can also be provided to allow accurate emissions comparison of multiple groups. Sample of emissions data is presented for two types of vehicles: natural gas Dodge Ram vans and gasoline Dodge Ram vans (all from the 1992-94 model years). Additionally, the population profile for nonmethane hydrocarbons is explored.