cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Palmer and Company: an Indian Banking Firm in Hyderabad State

c Cambridge University Press 2013 Modern Asian Studies 47, 4 (2013) pp. 1157–1184. doi:10.1017/S0026749X12000236 First published online 16 January 2013 Palmer and Company: an Indian Banking Firm in Hyderabad State KAREN LEONARD University of California, Irvine, USA Email: kbleonar@uci.edu. Abstract Although the misreading of Hyderabad’s early nineteenth century banking ﬁrm, Palmer and Company, as scandalous, illegal, and usurious in its business practices was contested at the time in Hyderabad, and at the highest levels of the East India Company in both Calcutta and London, such conspiracy theories have prevailed and are here challenged. The Eurasian William Palmer and his partner, the Gujarati banker, Benkati Das, are best understood as indigenous sahukars or bankers. Their ﬁrm functioned like other Indian banking ﬁrms and was in competition with them in the early nineteenth century as Hyderabad State dealt with the increasing power of the British East India Company and its man-on- the-spot, the Resident. Historians need to look beyond the English language East India Company records to contextualize this important banking ﬁrm more accurately. The Problem Palmer and Company, a banking ﬁrm in Hyderabad in the early nineteenth century, has been seriously misread. The ‘Palmer Affair’ has gone down in history as ‘one of the scandals of British Indian history;’ the ﬁrm was indicted and is known today for ‘making illegal usurious loans to the Nizam of Hyderabad’. 1 Although this interpretation was contested at the time in Hyderabad and at the highest levels of the East India Company in both Calcutta and London, conspiracy theories have prevailed but need to be challenged. The Zubaida Yazdani, Hyderabad During the Residency of Henry Russell 1811–1820: A Case Study of the Subsidiary Alliance System (Oxford: by the author, 1976), 4; Anthony Webster, The Richest East India Merchant: the Life and Business of John Palmer of Calcutta 1767–1836 (Rochester, New York: The Boydell Press, 2007), 103.
A Fluidized Bed Combustion Heat Transfer Model Using Finite Elements

This paper deals with the analysis of the axisymmetric heat transfer which occurs in a cylindrical combustion chamber using the finite element technique. The formulation of the equations used in the finite element method presented in this paper begins with the derivation of the heat conduction in three-dimensional polar coordinates. Through a series of transformations, the Poisson’s equation is numerically integrated to obtain the surface temperatures and overall heat transfer rates for the fluidized bed model. Several examples are given to demonstrate the application of the finite element principles to a thermal problem.Copyright © 1982 by ASME
“AND GRAVES GIVE UP THEIR DEAD”: THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP, VICTORIAN PSYCHOLOGY, AND THE NATURE OF THE FUTURE LIFE

Midway through the old curiosity shop (1840–41), Quilp returns home to discover his own wake in progress upstairs. He has been absent for three days, dogging the footsteps of the friends and family searching for Nell: materializing at Little Bethel, the chapel Kit's mother attends, or rising from the larder of the inn to which the single gentleman and Kit's mother retire after discovering from Mrs. Jarley that they have just missed Nell. Quilp's wife, having heard nothing from him all this time, has concluded that he has drowned, and so Quilp finds her, her mother, and the lawyer Sampson Brass at work on a descriptive advertisement for his corpse. As Quilp looks on, the group insultingly anatomizes him – “Large head, short body, legs crooked” (Dickens 382; ch. 49) – a process punctuated by the slightly inebriated Brass's musings on the afterlife to which the dwarf might have flown. Brass considers the possibility that the recently deceased might be at that moment watching from the next world, and this thought leads to another platitude about the dead: “I can almost fancy” said the lawyer shaking his head, “that I see his eye glistening down at the very bottom of my liquor. When shall we look upon his like again? Never, never! One minute we are here” – holding his tumbler before his eyes – “the next we are there” – gulping down its contents, and striking himself emphatically a little below the chest – “in the silent tomb.” (381; ch. 49) Brass's sentiments are, at least for a moment, tantalizingly vague. We, of course, know precisely where Quilp is – behind the door – but Dickens's suspension of Brass's speech until the lawyer has finished his drink seems to offer a much less definite possibility: that once the dead are no longer “here,” they are simply “there.” But where, when it comes to the future life, is that? Only in the silent tomb? For all its lack of seriousness, this scene gets to the heart of a fundamental curiosity in this novel about what might await us in the next life. In other words, while readers of the novel have tended to focus most intently on whether Little Nell might die, the novel itself seems equally interested in what might happen to Nell – and to us – after death.
Sympathy in Space(s)

In this essay the author explores the relation between sympathy and proximity in Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments. The essay proceeds in two parts. First, the author demonstrates that Smith’s description of our various attachments and affections, and the inevitable conflicts among them, draws us into the rich spatial texture of sympathetic response and stimulates further inquiry into a variety of spaces in which sympathetic activity takes place. In the second part, the author explores three such spaces—the physical, the affective, and the historical/cultural—to critique the way that some contemporary moral and political theorists have appropriated Smith’s account of sympathy as a tool for cosmopolitan aspirations. To what extent can Smith’s sympathy model detach us from and get us beyond the partiality and particularity generated by our physical, affective, and cultural entanglements
LIVER TRANSPLANTATION FOR THE ALCOHOLIC PATIENT

A review of the data from the University of Michigan and other transplant centers suggests that the outcome of liver transplantation, when considered as either mortality or psychological morbidity, is similar for alcoholics and nonalcoholics alike. The process to select alcoholic patients for transplantation has been outlined herein. Care is taken to identify alcoholic patients in whom long-term abstinence is likely, but a fixed period of abstinence prior to transplantation does not appear to be a useful selection tool. Resource utilization by alcoholics undergoing liver transplantation does not appear to differ from that by nonalcoholic recipients. Carefully conducted long-term studies are necessary to assess the natural history of liver allografts in alcoholics.
Technique of Open Mesenteric Catheter Embolectomy

The arterial perfusion of the gastrointestinal tract is provided by the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries. The celiac artery (CA) supplies arterial blood flow to the foregut, the spleen, and the hepatobiliary system. The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) supplies the jejunum, ileum, and ascending and transverse colon. The inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) supplies the hindgut from the transverse colon to the rectum. Robust collaterals between each vessel (superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries and arch of Riolan, respectively) allow for stenosis and occlusion of one or even two of these main arteries without sequelae in the setting of chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI), where the mesenteric vasculature has had the time to adapt to the reduced blood flow in the usual antegrade manner. However, sudden occlusion of one of the mesenteric arteries without prior development of the collateral network leads to profound ischemia of the bowel. Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is a surgical emergency with a well-documented high in-hospital mortality between 59 and 93 %. The pathophysiology of the situation leading to compromise of the mesenteric circulation and development of AMI can be arterial embolism, arterial thrombosis, nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI), and mesenteric venous thrombosis. The focus of this chapter will be the management of AMI secondary to arterial embolism.
Trimethylsilyl Derivatization of Iso-α-Acids to Facilitate Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Analysis

trans-Iso-α-acids were isolated from a commercial isomerized hop extract by way of their dicyclohexylamine salts. Silylation of the iso-α-acids was accomplished by heating with hexamethyldisilazane...
Cross-Sex Friendships

Cross-sex friendships represent a historical novelty embedded in a heteronormative cultural milieu. As social institutions integrate men and women, the opportunities for, and the occurrence of, cross-sex friendships grow increasingly common. The emergence of opposite-sex friendships as commonplace in the last half century presents challenges to both scholarly inquiry and practical maintenance of cross-sex friendships. This entry presents conceptualizations of the term “cross-sex friendship” and uses heterosexism as a frame for understanding both research in cross-sex friendship and the challenges faced by cross-sex friends in maintaining their relationship. Keywords: cross-sex friendship; interpersonal communication; relational communication
Heparin's solution structure determined by small-angle neutron scattering.

Heparin is a linear, anionic polysaccharide that is widely used as a clinical anticoagulant. Despite its discovery 100 years ago in 1916, the solution structure of heparin remains unknown. The solution shape of heparin has not previously been examined in water under a range of concentrations, and here is done so in D2O solution using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Solutions of 10 kDa heparin-in the millimolar concentration range-were probed with SANS. Our results show that when sodium concentrations are equivalent to the polyelectrolyte's charge or up to a few hundred millimoles higher, the molecular structure of heparin is compact and the shape could be well modeled by a cylinder with a length three to four times its diameter. In the presence of molar concentrations of sodium, the molecule becomes extended to nearly its full length estimated from reported X-ray measurements on stretched fibers. This stretched form is not found in the presence of molar concentrations of potassium ions. In this high-potassium environment, the heparin molecules have the same shape as when its charges were mostly protonated at pD approximate to 0.5, that is, they are compact and approximately half the length of the extended molecules.
Unobservable communication over fully untrusted infrastructure

Keeping communication private has become increasingly important in an era of mass surveillance and state-sponsored attacks. While hiding the contents of a conversation has well-known solutions, hiding the associated metadata (participants, duration, etc.) remains a challenge, especially if one cannot trust ISPs or proxy servers. This paper describes a communication system called Pung that provably hides all content and metadata while withstanding global adversaries. Pung is a key-value store where clients deposit and retrieve messages without anyone-- including Pung's servers--learning of the existence of a conversation. Pung is based on private information retrieval, which we make more practical for our setting with new techniques. These include a private multiretrieval scheme, an application of the power of two choices, and batch codes. These extensions allow Pung to handle 103× more users than prior systems with a similar threat model.
Estimating US dairy clinical disease costs with a stochastic simulation model

A farm-level stochastic model was used to estimate costs of 7 common clinical diseases in the United States: mastitis, lameness, metritis, retained placenta, left-displaced abomasum, ketosis, and hypocalcemia. The total disease costs were divided into 7 categories: veterinary and treatment, producer labor, milk loss, discarded milk, culling cost, extended days open, and on-farm death. A Monte Carlo simulation with 5,000 iterations was applied to the model to account for inherent system variation. Four types of market prices (milk, feed, slaughter, and replacement cow) and 3 herd-performance factors (rolling herd average, product of heat detection rate and conception rate, and age at first calving) were modeled stochastically. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to study the relationship between total disease costs and selected stochastic factors. In general, the disease costs in multiparous cows were greater than in primiparous cows. Left-displaced abomasum had the greatest estimated total costs in all parities ($432.48 in primiparous cows and $639.51 in multiparous cows). Cost category contributions varied for different diseases and parities. Milk production loss and treatment cost were the 2 greatest cost categories. The effect of market prices were consistent in all diseases and parities; higher milk and replacement prices increased total costs, whereas greater feed and slaughter prices decreased disease costs.
Noise reduction for enzymatic reactions: A case study for stochastic product clearance

A basic (though rather general) enzymatic reaction scheme is investigated here, with a substrate that transforms into a product by means of the catalytic action of an enzyme. The aim is of quantifying the effects of feedback in noise propagation. Noise sources are twofold: one affects the enzyme production, assuming to happen according to finite bursts of molecules; the other concerns the product clearance, with the classical linear elimination rate affected by a Bernoulli random variable that can switch ‘on’ or ‘off’ the clearance. Two distinct feedback control schemes on enzyme production are considered here: one from the final product of the pathway activity, the other from the enzyme accumulation (negative autoregulation). Metabolic noise is defined in terms of the square of the coefficient of variation of the product, and computations are carried out by means of moment equations. Results show that, according to the type of the feedback parameter chosen to tune the feedback action, one of the two feedback schemes is preferable to the other with respect to noise reduction.
Online Conditional Outlier Detection in Nonstationary Time Series

The objective of this work is to develop methods for detecting outliers in time series data. Such methods can become the key component of various monitoring and alerting systems, where an outlier may be equal to some adverse condition that needs human attention. However, real-world time series are often affected by various sources of variability present in the environment that may influence the quality of detection; they may (1) explain some of the changes in the signal that would otherwise lead to false positive detections, as well as, (2) reduce the sensitivity of the detection algorithm leading to increase in false negatives. To alleviate these problems, we propose a new two-layer outlier detection approach that first tries to model and account for the nonstationarity and periodic variation in the time series, and then tries to use other observable variables in the environment to explain any additional signal variation. Our experiments on several data sets in different domains show that our method provides more accurate modeling of the time series, and that it is able to significantly improve outlier detection performance.
Cladogenesis and Genomic Streamlining in Extracellular Endosymbionts of Tropical Stink Bugs.

Phytophagous stink bugs are globally distributed and many harbor vertically inherited bacterial symbionts that are extracellular, yet little is known about how the symbiont's genomes have evolved under this transmission strategy. Genome reduction is common in insect intracellular symbionts but limited genome sampling of the extracellular symbionts of distantly related stink bugs has precluded inferring patterns of extracellular symbiont genome evolution. To address this knowledge gap, we completely sequenced the genomes of the uncultivable bacterial symbionts of four neotropical stink bugs of the Edessa genus. Phylogenetic and comparative analyses indicated that the symbionts form a clade within the Pantoea genus and their genomes are highly reduced (∼0.8 Mb). Furthermore, genome synteny analysis and a jackknife approach for phylogenetic reconstruction, which corrected for long branch attraction artifacts, indicated that the Edessa symbionts were the result of a single symbiotic event that was distinct from the symbiosis event giving rise to Candidatus "Pantoea carbekii," the extracellular symbiont of the invasive pentatomid stink bug, Halyomorpha halys. Metabolic functions inferred from the Edessa symbiont genomes suggests a shift in genomic composition characteristic of its lifestyle in that they retained many host-supportive functions while undergoing dramatic gene loss and establishing a stable relationship with their host insects. Given the undersampled nature of extracellular insect symbionts, this study is the first comparative analysis of these symbiont genomes from four distinct Edessa stink bug species. Finally, we propose the candidate name "Candidatus Pantoea edessiphila" for the species of these symbionts with strain designations according to their host species.
A PARAMETRIC MODEL FOR THE ENTRAINMENT OF A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM BY DAILY LIGHT CYCLES

ABSTRACT A mathematical formulation useful in characterizing the entrainment of a circadian rhythm by general light cycles is developed. The derivation is based upon the premise that the underlying pacemaker oscillator, during entrainment, behaves in a manner analogous to a customized version of a phase-locked loop. The light cycle causing entrainment appears explicitly in the formulation. It is this parametric feature which extends the domain of applicability to general light cycles.
Mikro- und Makroökonomische Nachfrageanalysen als Grundlage für die Erarbeitung neuer Geschäftsmodelle im Personenluftverkehr

In-depth analyses of customer behavior, customer values, and especially price-elasticity of customer demand, are key contributors to the development of sustained competitive strategies for new business models in the field of passenger air travel (airline, low-cost, and business aviation). Success in such highly competitive markets depends on innovative strategies built – among others factors – on a deep understanding of the correlation of these three issues. The past has shown that many new business models in passenger air travel have failed because of incorrect assumptions, lack of market knowledge, and factually flawed information.
The Management of Penile Mondor’s Phlebitis: Superficial Dorsal Penile Vein Thrombosis

Superficial dorsal penile vein thrombosis was diagnosed 8 times in 7 patients between 19 and 40 years old (mean age 27 years). All patients related the onset of the thrombosis to vigorous sexual intercourse. No other etiological medications, drugs or constricting devices were implicated. Three patients were treated acutely with anti-inflammatory medications, while 4 were managed expectantly. The mean interval to resolution of symptoms was 7 weeks. Followup ranged from 3 to 30 months (mean 11) at which time all patients noticed normal erectile function. Only 1 patient had recurrent thrombosis 3 months after the initial episode, again related to intercourse. We conclude that this is a benign self-limited condition. Anti-inflammatory agents are useful for acute discomfort but they do not affect the rate of resolution.
Celestial-Based Navigation: An Overview

In this chapter, we present an overview of spacecraft navigation using X-ray pulsars. In Sect. 2.2, we present a concise treatment of current navigation methods being utilized for space missions. Section 2.3.1 describes why employing celestial-based navigation techniques is desirable for space missions. We introduce different types of pulsars in Sect. 2.3.2. Section 2.3.3 explains why X-ray pulsars are interesting candidates to be used for navigation purposes. A short history of pulsar-based navigation is given in Sect. 2.3.4.
Homeostatic Control of Spontaneous Activity in the Developing Auditory System.

Summary Neurons in the developing auditory system exhibit spontaneous bursts of activity before hearing onset. How this intrinsically generated activity influences development remains uncertain, because few mechanistic studies have been performed in vivo. We show using macroscopic calcium imaging in unanesthetized mice that neurons responsible for processing similar frequencies of sound exhibit highly synchronized activity throughout the auditory system during this critical phase of development. Spontaneous activity normally requires synaptic excitation of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Unexpectedly, tonotopic spontaneous activity was preserved in a mouse model of deafness in which glutamate release from hair cells is abolished. SGNs in these mice exhibited enhanced excitability, enabling direct neuronal excitation by supporting cell-induced potassium transients. These results indicate that homeostatic mechanisms maintain spontaneous activity in the pre-hearing period, with significant implications for both circuit development and therapeutic approaches aimed at treating congenital forms of deafness arising through mutations in key sensory transduction components.
Designing Structures and Pathways to Support Language Development and Content Learning for English Learners: Dilemmas Facing School Leaders

ABSTRACTEfforts to understand disparities in educational outcomes between students designated as English Learners (ELs) and their monolingual English-speaking peers have focused on factors that lim...
Using Detailed Ground Modeling to Evaluate Electric Grid Impacts of Late-Time High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulses (E3 HEMP)

High-altitude electromagnetic pulses (HEMPs) are magnetic field fluctuations generated by nuclear bombs detonated above the earth's surface. They have the potential to disrupt the power grid by inducing geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) on transmission lines. The magnitude of the GIC highly depends on the conductivity of the earth hundreds of thousands of meters beneath the surface. This paper describes a method to calculate HEMP electric fields using the one-dimensional (1-D) conductivity model, in which the earth is modeled with flat layers of varying thicknesses and conductivity levels. This method applies the 1-D conductivity model by modifying a publicly available HEMP electric field originally calculated under the uniform conductivity model. The electric fields resulting from each model have significant differences in magnitude and locational sensitivity. A comparison of these electric fields and their impact on a power system is presented using a 10 000 bus synthetic grid.
Six Infrastructure Trends

The Internet does not resemble any other network in the modern economy. Broadcasting and electricity simply do not work the same way, for example. The primary driver of U.S. infrastructure investment has been the satisfaction of user needs by privately managed firms. Firms largely provide services in relations to the comparative revenues and costs, and invest in infrastructure that supports their projections about revenues and costs. Despite its optimization to user needs, the present system is rife with collective issues. It is also too soon to declare whether recent expansion in the value chains is a bridge to even more prosperity or merely the last instantiation of rapid growth.
Coining the Pablo Picasso Syndrome.

Background The Alice in Wonderland Syndrome has been well described in the literature. Along with sensory disturbances, patients notably experience metamorphopsias, or distortions in size (micropsia/macropsia) and distance (teleopsia), particularly of body parts. Some migraineurs, however, report dislocation and disorientation of body parts, which are common features found in paintings of Pablo Picasso. Methods A 60-year-old female with a 20-year history of chronic migraine presented for evaluation of frequent headaches and visual disturbances. In between her attacks of migraine, she would occasionally notice alterations which she describes as a "Picasso" painting. When looking at people, she would note their ear on top of their head, or their right arm would be short and attached to the face. This would occur 1-2 times per week and would last 5 to 10 minutes. Inanimate objects, however, would not appear distorted. Results The available literature, including published works and biographies, suggests Picasso did not suffer from migraine. Nonetheless, careful descriptions taken from migraineurs with visual disturbances may uncover features that resemble his paintings, be it dislocation of limbs with hints of cubism, as reported above, or illusory splitting as has been previously reported. Conclusion Dislocation or disorientation of body parts as a migraine-related visual phenomenon is rare and only sparsely reported in the medical literature. Coining of a "Pablo Picasso Syndrome" may better describe this occurrence.
Rinded, Iron-Oxide Concretions in Navajo Sandstone Along the Trail to Upper Calf Creek Falls, Garfield County

Concretions are hard rock masses, usually spheroidal, but commonly oblate or discoidal, that are formed by strongly localized precipitation of minerals in the pores of an otherwise weaker sedimentary rock (see Bates and Jackson, 1980, for a more extensive definition). The iron-oxide-rich concretions in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone in southern Utah are unusual in two fundamental ways. First, they are cemented by iron oxide (Fe2O3, or Fe(OH)3); most other concretions are cemented by silica (SiO2), calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), or siderite (FeCO3). Second, unlike other concretions, they are not strongly cemented throughout, but instead, the iron oxide is concentrated in a very strongly cemented, sharply defined, exterior rind or shell. In the smaller concretions, the entire interior lacks iron-oxide cement, and is similar to the rock outside the concretion; in the larger concretions, there is a central zone that is strongly cemented by iron oxide, but the sandstone between the central core and the rind has no iron-oxide cement.
Bacterial infections and patterns of antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19.

Bacterial coinfection is associated with poor outcomes in patients with viral pneumonia, but data on its role in the mortality of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited. This is a single-center retrospective analysis of 242 patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to both intensive care and non-intensive care settings. Bacterial coinfection was determined by the presence of characteristic clinical features and positive culture results. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association of concomitant bacterial infection with inpatient death after adjusting for demographic factors and comorbidities. Antibiotic use pattern was also determined. Bacterial coinfection was detected in 46 (19%) patients. Genitourinary source was the most frequent, representing 57% of all coinfections. The overall mortality rate was 21%. Concomitant bacterial infections were independently associated with increased inpatient mortality (OR, 5.838; 95% CI, 2.647-12.876). Patients with bacterial coinfection were relatively older (71.35 ± 11.20 vs 64.78 ± 15.23; P = .006). A total of 67% of patients received antibiotic therapy, yet 72% did not have an obvious source of bacterial infection. There was a significantly higher rate of inpatient mortality in patients who received antibiotics compared to those who did not (30% vs 5%; P < .0001). Bacterial coinfection in COVID-19 is associated with increased mortality.
Unique Considerations for the Management of Gout in the Hmong Population: Examining Tertiary Encounters at a Large Regional Health Care System.

OBJECTIVE Evaluate patient demographic, care encounter, comorbidity, and clinical differences in Hmong and non-Hmong gout patients. METHODS Using retrospective chart review, all inpatient encounters (Hmong vs non-Hmong) were reviewed from 2014 to 2017. Acute or chronic gout was the primary or secondary diagnosis for the encounter. RESULTS Hmong gout patients were on average 11 years younger than non-Hmong patients, but after adjustment for age, sex, and type of encounter, had similar rates of hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease. Hmong patients had significantly decreased renal function at time of presentation; the odds ratio of CKD for Hmong patients was 2.33 vs. 1.48 for non-Hmong patients (p<0.05), mean creatinine 3.3 mg/dL vs. 2.0 mg/dL (beta = 1.35, p<0.001) and GFR 44.8 mL/min vs 49.3 mL/min (beta = -6.95, p<0.001). Hmong gout patients were more likely to use emergency care vs. elective/ urgent care, less likely to be using medications for the treatment of gout prior to admission (32.3% vs. 58.2%), and the length of hospital stay was increased (8.8 vs. 5.2 days, p<0.05). CONCLUSION Hmong gout patients who had a tertiary care encounter were 11 years younger than non-Hmong patients with similar rates of comorbidities, but had worse renal function despite the age differences. They were more likely to use emergency services, be insured through Medicaid, and not use preventive medications for gout prior to their encounter. Intensive efforts are needed in the Hmong population for culturally-appropriate preventive care management of gout along with diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and kidney disease.
Community Membership and Reciprocity in Lending: Evidence from Informal Markets

We study how wholesalers assess borrower credit risk and extend trade credit to retailers in economies where formal market institutions, such as financial reporting systems, auditing, and courts, are nonexistent or function poorly. Using the setting of a large market in India, we find that community membership plays a strong role in the access to credit. Wholesalers are more likely to provide trade credit and to offer less restrictive credit terms to within-community retailers, are more lenient when these retailers default, and are less likely to experience defaults from them. Our analyses suggest that this cooperation between same-community wholesalers and retailers is achieved through an indirect reciprocity mechanism, which is sustained by within-community information flows and provides insurance against income shocks.
From Bench to Keyboard and Back Again: A Brief History of Lambda Phage Modeling

Cellular decision making is the process whereby cells choose one developmental pathway from multiple possible ones, either spontaneously or due to environmental stimuli. Examples in various cell types suggest an almost inexhaustible plethora of underlying molecular mechanisms. In general, cellular decisions rely on the gene regulatory network, which integrates external signals to drive cell fate choice. The search for general principles of such a process benefits from appropriate biological model systems that reveal how and why certain gene regulatory mechanisms drive specific cellular decisions according to ecological context and evolutionary outcomes. In this article, we review the historical and ongoing development of the phage lambda lysis-lysogeny decision as a model system to investigate all aspects of cellular decision making. The unique generality, simplicity, and richness of phage lambda decision making render it a constant source ofmathematical modeling-aided inspiration across all of biology. We discuss the origins and progress of quantitative phage lambda modeling from the 1950s until today, as well as its possible future directions. We provide examples of how modeling enabled methods and theory development, leading to new biological insights by revealing gaps in the theory and pinpointing areas requiring further experimental investigation. Overall, we highlight the utility of theoretical approaches both as predictive tools, to forecast the outcome of novel experiments, and as explanatory tools, to elucidate the natural processes underlying experimental data.
Analysis of Price Risk Management Strategies in Dairy Farming Using Whole-Farm Simulations

Combinations of futures and options contracts on milk and feed were simulated to determine their influence on a representative dairy farm's ability to meet cash flow requirements and reduce the variance of net income. Compared with the reference scenario of selling milk and procuring inputs on a monthly cash basis, the risk management activities did not result in a significant change in either the level or variance of net farm income. The results suggest that on average the current marketing procedure of monthly cash milk pricing and monthly feed purchases (and pricing) produces a strong built-in natural hedge for dairy farmers.
Magnetoencephalographic Measurements of a Developing Infant: A Pilot Study

MEG time-series recording of spontaneous activity is being used in our laboratory to study the adult brain in association with the mechanisms for stroke [7] and Migraine [9, 1]. In the present study MEG is used to study the development of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in a developing infant. In the past electroencephalography (EEG) has been used for similar studies. EEG has recorded the organization of the frequencies associated with CNS development [2, 4, 6]. MEG studies are much more easily conducted on a sleeping infant. One feature of the data obtained, sleep spindles are bursts of activity in the 11–15 Hz range lasting from tenths of seconds to approximately four seconds [5]. Sleep spindles of early childhood first occur during the third month of life and are an indication of normal sleep patterns being established. This particular activity in the 11–15 Hz tends toward an adult 14 Hz rhythm between 18 and 24 months of age, when a more mature (shorter spindle train length with a less spike-like negative component) sleep spindle activity is developing [3]. Early childhood sleep spindles have been seen on EEG and are considered to be a good indication of a normal developing Central Nervous System [6, 8]. Sleep spindles are observed in the frontal or central cortex during stage 2, and stage 3 sleep [5]. There tends to be an asynchrony in the appearance of sleep spindles between hemispheres in infants under one year of age [6, 8]. The absence or decrease of early childhood sleep spindle activity indicates an abnormality of the CNS such as cerebral dysfunction [3, 6, 8]. A second feature of the data obtained is the low frequency activity in the 4–10 Hz range. Low frequencies tend to decrease over time in the maturing CNS [5]. Magnetoencephalographic measurements were performed on a developing infant during this longitudinal study.
Saccharopine, an Intermediate of the Aminoadipic Acid Pathway of Lysine Biosynthesis III. AMINOADIPIC SEMIALDEHYDE-GLUTAMATE REDUCTASE

Abstract An enzyme, aminoadipic semialdehyde-glutamate reductase (ϵ-N-(L-glutaryl-2)-L-lysine: NAD+(P) oxidoreductase (L-2-aminoadipate-semialdehyde forming)), of concern in lysine synthesis from α-aminoadipic acid in yeast was purified over 100-fold from bakers' yeast by procedures which included ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on calcium phosphate gel cellulose and diethylaminoethyl cellulose, and negative adsorption on alumina gel Cγ. The enzyme was shown to catalyze the following reversible reaction. See PDF for Structure At a neutral pH, saccharopine was formed only when aminoadipic semialdehyde, glutamate, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide were all present. NADH was much less active than NADPH as the coenzyme. In this system, when aminoadipic semialdehyde (3) or glutamate were radioactive, saccharopine, recognized by its behavior on paper electrophoresis, was radioactive. At an alkaline pH, e.g. pH 9.75, saccharopine was cleaved oxidatively either by NADP+ or NAD+ to form aminoadipic semialdehyde, as characterized by its o-aminobenzaldehyde adduct, and glutamate, detected with glutamic dehydrogenase. In this latter instance, the amount of glutamate formed corresponded to the amount of NADP+ reduced. Aminoadipic semialdehyde-glutamate reductase is a sulfhydryl enzyme having an s20,w value of 4.9 and a molecular weight of approximately 73,000 as estimated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The Michaelis constants for saccharopine and NADP+ are 0.92 mM and 0.022 mM, respectively. Aminoadipic semialdehyde-glutamate reductase, when coupled with saccharopine dehydrogenase which will be discussed in the accompanying paper (9), functions to synthesize lysine from aminoadipic semialdehyde via the stable intermediate, saccharopine.
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN AN AUTOMATED WAREHOUSE

We study the application of decentralization to the problem of Resource Management (RM) in a Large FIAT Warehouse, where a very large number of Activities share limited resources. Our emphasis is on the feasibility aspect of the problem, that is, of keeping the warehouse operational in the face of changing characteristics of the Activities. The size of the problem, and the ill-behaved resource-usage functions, make standard techniques unsuitable. However, by replacing the feasibility problem by a suitable "Artificial" optimization problem, we can use Lagrange Multipliers to provide a simple solution through decentralization of decisions. A Theorem is presented giving simple conditions for the existence of optimal multipliers for the Artificial Problem. Algorithms to solve the RM problem are also given, having proveable convergence properties, and quadratic convergence rates. (Our theorems are proved without the usual strict convexity conditions.) Based on our results we have designed a computerized RM system for the FIAT warehouse.
Ventricular fibrillation associated with calcium administration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Abstract In this particular example the use of calcium therapy in resuscitation resulted in a toxic serum level and was strongly linked to the initiation of VF. A review of current arguments reveals that in the setting of cardiac arrest, calcium administration may be valueless or even hazardous, except in cases of calcium antagonist overdose, hypoparathyroidism, hyperkalemia, or hypocalcemia associated with massive citrated blood transfusion. There are no data yet on which to recommend the use of calcium in patients who have suffered cardiac arrest and who have taken a therapeutic dose of a calcium-channel antagonist. This case illustrates that ventricular fibrillation may result from the rapid induction of excessive calcium levels associated with standard doses of IV calcium chloride. Prospective evaluation is necessary to establish the appropriate dose and indications for the use of calcium chloride in cardiac arrest.
Smithsonian Institution Coral Reef Research

Through the Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems program in Belize and the Smithsonian Marine Station in Florida we are involved in systematic studies of marine organisms. STRI coral reef studies have revealed that marine tropical environments contain 4-5 times more species on average than has been generally realized and that the diversity of Caribbean reefs is an order of magnitude greater than previously assumed. SERC scientists are investigating the biocomplexity of mangroves, systems that are integrally linked to coral reefs. Perhaps the most dramatic revelation of long-term major reef changes was the 95% demise of the long-spined sea urchin (Diadema) population throughout the western Atlantic. The sea urchin saga demonstrates how even extraordinarily abundant organisms are potentially vulnerable to rapid elimination by diseases that combine the lethality of Ebola with the contagion of the common cold. Mass spawning events, in which hundreds of organisms release eggs and sperm simultaneously, have been documented in Panamanian corals. Many green seaweeds also spawn in synchrony just before sunrise. The Smithsonian seeks to guide the conservation and management of coral reef resources by making research results available through the scientific literature, by sharing information gained from documentation of its millions of collections, and by active collaborative work with conservation organizations and other government agencies.
A study of cervical polyps

Abstract The clinical and pathologic features of cervical polyps, as encountered in 117 patients, are presented. It is shown that the etiology of a cervical polyp cannot be ascribed to an endocrine disorder and that it is more likely an independent neoplastic process with some relationship to the trauma of childbirth. The importance of a careful histologic study of removed cervical polyps is emphasized because the tendency to epidermization, or substitution of the columnar epithelium by stratified squamous epithelium, may lead, when misinterpreted, to either overlooking of a squamous cell carcinoma or a useless radical operation. The histories of two patients (1.7 per cent) who had carcinomatous polyps are related. The follow-up studies of 104 of the 117 patients indicate the relative infrequency of recurrence of cervical polyps removed either by polypectomy or by cervical amputation.
The Weaning of the American Economy: Independence, Market Changes, and Economic Development

Disagreement on the state of the economic health of the new nation has persisted since contemporary observers disputed over the changes wrought by the end of the War for Inpendence. In recent years, diagnosis has ranged from the gloomy picture of commercial depression painted by Curtis Nettels to the rather different evaluation of Merrill Jensen, who found the period “one of extraordinary economic growth.”
Critical issues in design and evaluation of computer aided process planning systems

Abstract In this article an overview of the techniques and the role of process planning within today's modern manufacturing industry is identified. Characteristics and critical issues associated with the evaluation and selection of a CAPP system are also discussed. Finally, the stages associated with the design and implementation of a Knowledge-Based Computer-Aided Process Planning is identified. The developed system is structured based feature-based modeling, geometric dimensioning and tolerancing, and group technology.
Gödel's Second Incompleteness Theorem Explained in Words of One Syllable

First of all, when I say "proved", what I will mean is "proved with the aid of the whole of math". Now then: two plus two is four, as you well know. And, of course, it can be proved that two plus two is four (proved, that is, with the aid of the whole of math, as I said, though in the case of two plus two, of course we do not need the whole of math to prove that it is four). And, as may not be quite so clear, it can be proved that it can be proved that two plus two is four, as well. And it can be proved that it can be proved that it can be proved that two plus two is four. And so on. In fact, if a claim can be proved, then it can be proved that the claim can be proved. And that too can be proved. Now: two plus two is not five. And it can be proved that two plus two is not five. And it can be proved that it can be proved that two plus two is not five, and so on. Thus: it can be proved that two plus two is not five. Can it be proved as well that two plus two is five? It would be a real blow to math, to say the least, if it could. If it could be proved that two plus two is five, then it could be proved that five is not five, and then there would be no claim that could not be proved, and math would be a lot of bunk. So, we now want to ask, can it be proved that it can't be proved that two plus two is five? Here's the shock: no, it can't. Or to hedge a bit: if it can be proved that it can't be proved that two plus two is five, then it can be proved as well that two plus two is five, and math is a lot of bunk. In fact, if math is not a lot of bunk, then no claim of the form "claim X can't be proved" can be proved. So, if math is not a lot of bunk, then, though it can't be proved that two plus two is five, it can't be proved that it can't be proved that two plus two is five. By the way, in case you'd like to know: yes, it can be proved that if it can be proved that it can't be proved that two plus two is five, then it can be proved that two plus two is five.
Acid-induced unfolding of flounder hemoglobin: evidence for a molten globular state with enhanced pro-oxidative activity.

The acid-induced unfolding of flounder oxyhemoglobin was investigated and the effect on pro-oxidative activity assessed. Hemoglobin exhibited multistep unfolding transitions as pH was lowered, with the major transition between pH 3.5 and 4 5. The protein was maximally acid-unfolded (but not fully unfolded) at ∼pH 2.5, and further titration with HCl led to a partially refolded protein due to a stabilizing effect of Cl- anions. At low pH, the protein retained a sizable amount of secondary structure and had increased ANS binding, suggesting a molten globular form at low pH. Dramatic changes in the heme environment occurred concurrently with the changes in protein conformation. These changes resulted in an enhancement in the pro-oxidative activity of the protein. The results show that an increase in flounder hemoglobin pro-oxidation was correlated with the extent of its unfolding, and they provide useful insight into what may occur with hemoglobin in processes where highly acidic conditions are employed. Keyw...
Infection: The Motivating Factor Behind Nora's Flight in A DOLL HOUSE

Nora Helmer is without a doubt one of the most widely interpreted characters in Western literature. Characterizations of her range from a childish neurotic to a “romantic standard bearer of the fem...
Refracting Boundaries In Thin Film Glass Lightguides

Alumina and lanthana glasses in ternary systems containing BaO and SiO2 are useful for the vacuum deposition of thin film lightguides.1 Evaporated with an electron gun they produce low-loss films of refractive index 1.64-1.66. These can serve as the interconnecting lightguide for components of an integrated optics system. Understanding the refraction process at the boundaries of refracting components is vital. This paper describes experimental studies of refraction at a straightline boundary between evaporated glass lightguides and evaporated thin film overlays of Sb203 with index 2.10. In the guide the angle of incidence on the boundary was 60°. Refraction was measured versus overlay thickness. As an example, for lowest order modes, a lightguide optically 2.4 quarterwaves thick with a 1.8 quarterwave overlay refracts a HeNe beam 7° in TM polarization and 11° in TE. The overlay edge was tapered a width of 1 mm. The refraction process is a continuous direction change through the taper. Snell's law gives the total change if mode indices on each side of the boundary are used. The work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFSC), The United States Air Force, and the Army Research Office, United States Army.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Differentiation and volcanism in the lunar highlands: photogeologic evidence and Apollo 16 implications

Study of materials of possible volcanic origin in the lunar highlands, including highland plains materials, materials forming closely spaced hills in which summit furrows and chains of craters are common, and materials forming closely spaced hills (some of which parallel the lunar grid) on which summit furrows and chain craters are rare. The highland plains materials probably are basaltic lavas with less Fe and Ti than the mare plains materials. The two hilly units appear to consist of materials that, if volcanic, were more viscous in the molten state than any of the lunar plains units; thus these materials may be significantly enriched in felsic components. Most of the highland materials of possible volcanic origin formed after the Imbrium multiring basin but before mare material completed flooding parts of the moon; they therefore postdate accretion of the moon and may represent several episodes of pre-mare volcanism.