cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calreticulin Is a receptor for nuclear export.

In previous work, we used a permeabilized cell assay that reconstitutes nuclear export of protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) to show that cytosol contains an export activity that is distinct from Crm1 (Holaska, J.M., and B.M. Paschal. 1995. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95: 14739–14744). Here, we describe the purification and characterization of the activity as calreticulin (CRT), a protein previously ascribed to functions in the lumen of the ER. We show that cells contain both ER and cytosolic pools of CRT. The mechanism of CRT-dependent export of PKI requires a functional nuclear export signal (NES) in PKI and involves formation of an export complex that contains RanGTP. Previous studies linking CRT to downregulation of steroid hormone receptor function led us to examine its potential role in nuclear export of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We found that CRT mediates nuclear export of GR in permeabilized cell, microinjection, and transfection assays. GR export is insensitive to the Crm1 inhibitor leptomycin B in vivo, and it does not rely on a leucine-rich NES. Rather, GR export is facilitated by its DNA-binding domain, which is shown to function as an NES when transplanted to a green fluorescent protein reporter. CRT defines a new export pathway that may regulate the transcriptional activity of steroid hormone receptors.
Socket preservation of implant sites

A critical summary of Ten Heggeler JMAG, Slot DE, Van der Weijden GA. Effect of socket preservation therapies following tooth extraction in non-molar regions in humans: a systematic review (published online ahead of print Nov. 22, 2010). Clin Oral Implants Res 2011;22(8):779-788. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.02064.x.
Apparatus for Studying the Effect of Mechanical Deformation on the Permeation of Organics through Polymeric Films

A new experimental apparatus for studying the effect of mechanical deformation on the permeation of organic compounds through polymeric membranes is described. The apparatus consists of a custom-built biaxial membrane stretching device and an ASTM F739 permeation cell. Infrared spectroscopy was used as the analytical technique to measure, in real time, the downstream concentration of organic compounds that passed through the membrane. The equipment was used to monitor the permeation of single organic liquids and organic mixtures through uniaxially and biaxially elongated membranes composed of polyisoprene rubber and carbon black. The steady-state flux of acetone through a 40% uniaxially deformed membrane increased by 100%, as compared to that for a nonelongated film, whereas the acetone flux decreased by 25% when the membrane was deformed biaxially 40x40%. Variations in membrane thickness with stretching were small and could not account for the observed change in acetone flux with uniaxial elongation. For an equivolume feed mixture of acetone, benzene, and hexane, the steady-state permeation of all three compounds increased when the membrane was elongated 40x40%, as compared to the nonstretched case. Some deterioration of the membrane occurred during permeation of pure benzene with biaxial stretching (40x40%), as evidenced by a step-jump increase in the benzene flux. No deterioration was observed with nonelongated and uniaxially stretched films.
Large-aperture quantum well shutters for fast retroreflected optical data links in free space

This paper reports progress on the development of a fast modulating retroreflector for a free space optical data link. A previous publication reported sustaining video over a 17 meter link using a multiple quantum well shutter with a diameter of 0.5 cm at a rate on the order of 0.5 Mbps, limited by the demonstration electronics. This work describes improvements in the device performance, which is on the order of 4 Mbps to 6 Mbps with a Bit Error Rates of 10 -6 over a robust optical link. This device lends itself to an array configuration for long range applications and will clearly support T1 rates of 1.54 Mbps, and higher.
Probing condensate order in deep optical lattices

We study interacting bosons in optical lattices in the weak-tunneling regime in systems that exhibit the coexistence of Mott-insulating and condensed phases. We discuss the nature of the condensed ground state in this regime and the validity of the mean-field treatment thereof. We suggest two experimental signatures of condensate order in the system. (1) We analyze the hyperfine configuration of the system and propose a set of experimental parameters for observing radio-frequency spectra that would demonstrate the existence of the condensed phase between Mott-insulating phases. We derive the structure of the signal from the condensate in a typical trapped system, taking into account Goldstone excitations, and discuss its evolution as a function of temperature. (2) We study matter-wave interference patterns displayed by the system upon release from all confining potentials. We show that as the density profiles evolve very differently for the Mott-insulating phase and the condensed phase, they can be distinguished from one another when the two phases coexist.
A two-scan algorithm and architecture to a root for morphological filters

A novel concept for determining the root called backpropagation morphology is defined. The backpropagation morphology feeds back the immediate result to replace the input sample and continues until it scans to the end. The theorems of a two-scan algorithm using backpropagation morphology to derive the root generation without recursively applying forward morphology are developed. The algorithm's operation is independent of the object's size and saves significant computation time compared with the number of iterations in forward morphology. A systolic array for efficiently processing the two-scan operation is also presented. The array uses 3n cells to process an n*n image in 6n-2 cycles. The cell utilization is 100%. Also studied is the implementation of the two-scan algorithm on a distributed-memory multicomputer. A programming paradigm called pipelined data parallelism is used to develop the parallel program, which is asynchronous, data driven, and very efficient. Performance of the program can be tuned by choosing appropriate partition parameters. >
Ethnic Identity and Change in Social Context

Strength of ethnic identity was measured among 110 1st-year U.S. minority students upon their arrival at college and at midyear. Results indicated that strength of ethnic identity (a) was predicted by family participation in cultural traditions and high school involvement with ethnic organizations and ethnic friends and (b) was associated with an exploration of the meaning of one's ethnicity. By year's end, affiliation with ethnic people and activities on campus (a) contributed to the prediction of strength of ethnic identity more than did the background variables and (b) replaced the family as a predictor. Although measures of ethnic identity at the beginning and end of the year were highly correlated, the students showed a significant increase in ethnic identity and greater involvement in ethnic behaviors and practices by the end of the year. Joining ethnic organizations provided support for ethnic identity and had no negative impact on larger campus adjustment or involvement.
Nonlinear servomechanism of limited dynamic range

THE METHODS of analysis and synthesis of linear feedback control systems have now reached such a state of perfection that the design of a system to meet any set of performance specifications should be a fairly simple matter. Unfortunately no practical system can ever be completely linear, and therefore the theory developed for linear systems applies only approximately to practical systems.
Ceci n’est pas une psychose. Toward a Historical Epistemology of Model Psychoses

After an interruption of almost 20 years, psychopharmacological research on hallucinogenic drugs was revived in several countries simultaneously around 1990. Most of the projects that have been initiated since then have been based on the conception of model psychosis: by administering hallucinogens to healthy test subjects, psychiatrists induce a state regarded as an artificial and temporary psychosis, which can be studied under controlled experimental conditions in the laboratory. As a model of psychosis, the hallucinogen intoxication is meant to provide important clues to schizophrenia research. This article examines the history of the concept and practice of model psychosis in order to demarcate the peculiarities of its most recent articulation in the vocabulary of cognitive neuroscience. It highlights the shift from phenomenological to biological psychiatry. The analysis contributes to an understanding of the ‘regional epistemology’ of psychopharmacology by reflecting on the question: what kind of a model is the hallucinogen model of psychosis?
Neuropsychological indicators of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease among depressed older adults

Older adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) may also have preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD). Differential diagnosis is quite challenging due to the overlapping symptoms of MDD and AD. In the current study, we predicted that impaired long-term memory (an area most affected in early AD), but not executive function (an area affected in MDD and AD), would distinguish older depressed patients who developed AD from those who did not. Patients (N = 120) assessed as having MDD but not dementia at baseline were administered tests of cognitive function and followed longitudinally for subsequent diagnosis of AD. Using structural equation modeling we found a latent construct of long-term memory to be associated with AD to a greater extent than executive functioning. Additional analyses to enhance clinical utility of findings indicated that individual tests of episodic memory were most predictive of AD status. Tests of long-term memory can be utilized by the clinician when assessing for preclinical AD among depressed elderly.
Titanium dioxide-supported non-precious metal oxygen reduction electrocatalyst.

A new non-precious metal oxygen reduction catalyst was developed via heat treatment of in situ polymerized polyaniline onto TiO2 particles in the presence of Fe species. The TiO2 provides for improved performance relative to a carbon black-based catalyst and, at a high catalyst loading, allows for reducing the performance gap between non-precious-metal catalyst and Pt/C to ca. 20 mV in RDE testing.
Role of Fe(III), Phosphate, Dissolved Organic Matter, and Nitrate during the Photodegradation of Domoic Acid in the Marine Environment

The photodegradation of domoic acid in model seawater containing varying amounts of total Fe(III) (expressed as Fe(III)), NO3-, total phosphate (expressed as PO43-), and dissolved organic matter (DOM) is reported. A multivariate, microscale, high-throughput experimental approach is described for evaluating how these components interact to control the removal of domoic acid from natural waters. Under the nominal conditions of the study ([Fe(III)]o 0−4 μM; [NO3-]o 0−35 μM; [PO43-]o 0−4 μM; [DOM]o 0−10 mg/L), it is apparent that Fe(III) and DOM are significant promoters of domoic acid photooxidation. In contrast, PO43- interacts with Fe(III) to inhibit the photooxidation of domoic acid, but PO43- alone does not act to slow or accelerate domoic acid photodegradation. No other variables (singly or interactively) have a statistically significant impact. At an incident light intensity of 765 W/m2 and initial domoic acid concentration of 0.96 μM, domoic acid half-lives range over 12−36 h, with half-life a functio...
Sensory-Motor Interaction in the Primate Auditory Cortex During Self-Initiated Vocalizations

Little is known about sensory-motor interaction in the auditory cortex of primates at the level of single neurons and its role in supporting vocal communication. The present study investigated sing...
Pathogenicity and Transmission in Pigs of the Novel A(H3N2)v Influenza Virus Isolated from Humans and Characterization of Swine H3N2 Viruses Isolated in 2010-2011

Swine influenza virus (SIV) H3N2 with triple reassorted internal genes (TRIG) has been enzootic in Unites States since 1998. Transmission of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus to pigs in the United States was followed by reassortment with endemic SIV, resulting in reassorted viruses that include novel H3N2 genotypes (rH3N2p). Between July and December 2011, 12 cases of human infections with swine-lineage H3N2 viruses containing the pandemic matrix (pM) gene [A(H3N2)v] were detected. Whole-genome analysis of H3N2 viruses isolated from pigs from 2009 to 2011 sequenced in this study and other available H3N2 sequences showed six different rH3N2p genotypes present in the U.S. swine population since 2009. The presence of the pM gene was a common feature among all rH3N2p genotypes, but no specific genotype appeared to predominate in the swine population. We compared the pathogenic, transmission, genetic, and antigenic properties of a human A(H3N2)v isolate and two swine H3N2 isolates, H3N2-TRIG and rH3N2p. Our in vivo study detected no increased virulence in A(H3N2)v or rH3N2p viruses compared to endemic H3N2-TRIG virus. Antibodies to cluster IV H3N2-TRIG and rH3N2p viruses had reduced cross-reactivity to A(H3N2)v compared to other cluster IV H3N2-TRIG and rH3N2p viruses. Genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene indicated that although rH3N2p and A(H3N2)v are related to cluster IV of H3N2-TRIG, some recent rH3N2p isolates appeared to be forming a separate cluster along with the human isolates of A(H3N2)v. Continued monitoring of these H3N2 viruses is necessary to evaluate the evolution and potential loss of population immunity in swine and humans.
Physical modeling of low-frequency sound propagation through human thoracic tissue

This work aims at modeling, in the presence of simplifying physical and geometrical assumptions, acoustic wave propagation through human thoracic tissue. Presented here are preliminary modeling results that are indicative of dominant lung resonances at specific frequencies. These resonant modes strongly impact pressure distribution in the tissue as well as the pressure and acceleration at the tissue-air interface. Under the modeling conditions, the effect of these lung resonant modes outweighs that of bones on acoustic waves at these frequencies.
Interhemispheric comparison of mirror image stimuli in chiasm-sectioned monkeys

Abstract Normal and chiasm-sectioned monkeys compared a sample stimulus presented to one eye with two possible matching stimuli presented to the other eye. The possible matches were either up-down (U-D) or left-right (L-R) mirror images of each other. The normal monkeys matched correctly on all tests; the chiasm-sectioned monkeys matched the U-D patterns correctly but were inconsistent with the L-R patterns, matching veridically on one problem while matching to the mirror image on another problem. This variability in performance cannot be explained by anatomical models such as the one proposed by Noble, which assumes that the commissural fibers reverse the cortical representation of a stimulus left for right. Behavioral mechanisms based on the bitemporal hemianopia caused by section of the optic chiasm, however, can interpret both the present data and the pre-existing data on interocular reversal of mirror image discriminations.
Human gastrin response after ulcer surgery

Abstract The effects of a standard liquid meal on gastric acid and gastrin responses of 21 patients undergoing elective ulcer surgery are reported. Only vagotomy and B II antrectomy reduced gastrin response. Vagotomy alone increased basal gastrin levels only. Intragastric alkalinization did not allow for increased gastrin responses following vagotomy alone. Postoperative gastrin levels do not correlate with the effectiveness of ulcer surgery or acid reduction.
Similarity of Introductory Psychology Textbooks: Reality or Illusion?:

Because the perception of extensive similarity in introductory psychology textbooks is important in the textbook selection process, we examined whether this perception was accurate. We systematically reviewed extant research encompassing 6 textbook dimensions and found that perceived similarity is the product of 2 salient, easily accessible, global text variables: chapter topics and organization. Beyond these variables, textbook homogeneity disappears. We consider stereotyping due to the arduous, complex nature of the textbook selection process as an explanation for this misperception of similarity and urge teachers to consider introductory texts more thoroughly to make the best choices for their individual courses.
Optimizing response of the neonate and infant to cardiopulmonary bypass.

Abstract Despite the ability to surgically correct complex defects in neonates and infants, limitations in outcome are sometimes encountered in relation to exposure to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The deleterious effects of CPB in neonates are often pronounced because of their immature tissue/organ function and the disparity between the CPB circuit size and the patient. A variety of techniques that have been developed to prevent or lessen tissue edema, including miniaturization of the circuit and oxygenator, prime additives (eg, albumin, steroids), biocompatible circuitry, and variations in perfusion strategies, are discussed as are post-CPB strategies such as modified ultrafiltration, which removes inflammatory mediator-rich fluid from the patient and bypass circuit. With optimization of the response of the infant to our systems used during repair of their cardiac lesion, we will see significant improvement in surgical outcomes. Copyright 2003 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
Related base sequences in the DNA of simple and complex organisms. I. DNA-DNA duplex formation and the incidence of partially related base sequences in DNA.

A comparative study has been made of the reactions of bacteriophage T4, B. subtilis,and mouse DNA with homologous DNA trapped on a membrane filter. The variation of reaction rate with temperature provides information as to the number of unique and partially related base sequences. The thermal stability of the duplexes formed at various temperatures has been used as a criterion of the extent of base pairing. These studies suggest that no closely related base sequences exist within the T4 genome. Similar results were obtained with Bacillus subtilisDNA although the data suggest the possibility of some very distant intragenome homologies. In contrast, mouse DNA contains so many related base sequences that the predominant reaction product is always one containing partially complementary strands. These results suggest that gene duplication has been a major mechanism operative in the increase of DNA content of metazoans through evolution. The relationship between the existence of partial base sequence redundancies and the mechanism of recombination is also discussed.
Effects of osmotic stress on the essential oil content and composition of peppermint.

Abstract The essential oil content and composition of hydroponically-grown peppermint ( Mentha x piperita L.) plants (29- and 36-day-old cuttings) were each affected by growth solution potential (ψ s ) and duration of exposure to mild and moderate osmotic stress. After one week of treatment, the essential oil content of leaves increased from 44.0 to 61.1 ul μl g −1 leaf dry wt as ψ s decreased from −0.05 to −0.6 MPa, and no differences in shoot biomass, leaf area, or total oil production by leaves were evident in plants grown at these treatment levels. The same levels of ψ s applied for two weeks resulted in larger differences in plant growth and leaf oil content. When plants were subjected to increasing levels of osmotic stress, leaf essential oil content increased linearly from 44.0 to 70.8 μl g −1 dry wt, but shoot biomass and leaf area each decreased exponentially. Total essential oil yield of plants subjected to two weeks of treatment was significantly reduced as stress increased. The major constituents of essential oil, menthone and menthol, together accounted for ca 80% of the total monoterpenes, and this proportion was unaffected by treatment. Few consistent trends in oil composition among stress treatments were evident, although the relative proportion of sesquiterpenes increased with osmotic stress.
Reusing electronic patient data for dental clinical research: A review of current status

Abstract Objectives The reuse of electronic patient data collected during clinical care has received increased attention as a way to increase our evidence base. The purpose of this paper was to review studies reusing electronic patient data for dental research. Data sources 1527 citations obtained by searching MEDLINE and Embase databases, hand-searching seven dental and informatics journals, and snowball sampling. Study selection We included studies reusing electronic patient data for research on dental and craniofacial topics, alone or in combination with medical conditions, medications and outcomes. Studies using administrative or research databases and systematic reviews were excluded. Three reviewers extracted data independently and performed analysis jointly Results The 60 studies reviewed covered epidemiological (32 studies), outcomes (16), health services research (10) and other (2) topics; were primarily retrospective (58 studies); varied significantly in sample size (9–153,619 patients) and follow-up period (1–12 years); often drew on other data sources in addition to electronic ones (25); but rarely tapped electronic dental record (EDR) data in private practices (3). Type of research was not associated with data sources used, but research topics/questions were. The most commonly reported advantages of reusing electronic data were being able to study large samples and saving time, while data quality and the inability to capture study-specific data were identified as major limitations. Conclusions Dental research reusing electronic patient data is nascent but accelerating. Future EDR design should focus on enhancing data quality, begin to integrate research data collection and implement interoperability with electronic medical records to facilitate oral-systemic investigations. Clinical significance Measuring and improving the quality of dental care requires that we begin to reuse electronic patient data collected in practice for clinical research. Practice data can potentially serve as a useful complement to data collected in traditional research studies.
The effect of rishitin on potato tonoplast vesicle and vacuole proton transport

Abstract Rishitin, a known potato phytoalexin, was tested for its effects on proton transport. Like the pterocarpan phytoalexins, glyceollin and phaseollin, rishitin was found to inhibit proton transport. At 100 μM rishitin, proton transport in potato tonoplast vesicles was inhibited by >95%. This inhibition appears to be due to an increase in proton conductance and not to inhibition of the tonoplast ATPase. Potato vacuoles were also shown to have increased proton leakage in the presence of rishitin.
Creative group performances to assess core competencies in a first-year patient-centered medicine course

Introduction:A novel assessment of systems-based practice and practice-based learning and improvement learning objectives, implemented in a first-year patient-centered medicine course, is qualitatively described. Methods: Student learning communities were asked to creatively demonstrate a problem and solution for health care delivery. Skits, filmed performances, plays, and documentaries were chosen by the students. Video recordings were reviewed for themes and the presence of course competencies. Results: All performances demonstrated not only the index competencies of team work and facilitation of the learning of others, but many other core objectives of the course. The assignment was rated positively both by the faculty and the students and has been added to the assessment modalities of the course. Keywords: patient-centered medicine; core competencies; creative performances (Published: 15 February 2010) Citation: Medical Education Online 2010, 15: 4879 - DOI: 10.3402/meo.v15i0.4879
Imaging of complications of lung transplantation

With the increasing number and improved survival of lung transplant recipients, radiologists should be aware of the imaging features of lung transplants and the associated complications. Reimplantation response, a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema seen 48 hours after transplantation that subsequently resolves, varies in appearance from a mild perihilar haze to a dense consolidation in the perihilar areas and lung bases. A late complication of omentopexy (used to prevent bronchial dehiscence) is herniation of abdominal contents through the diaphragmatic incision into the thorax. Extrabronchial air collections are a radiologic manifestation of anastomotic dehiscence. Stricture formation that compromises the bronchial lumina is usually visible with plain radiography, but computed tomography can aid in the evaluation. Acute rejection is evident radiographically as new or increasing pleural effusions, septal lines, subpleural edema, peribronchial cuffing, and air-space disease, without increase in cardiac size. R...
Turbulence and dispersion parameters derived from smoke-plume photoanalysis

Abstract Instantaneous and time-averaged photographs of a smoke plume generated in a large wind tunnel are analyzed to obtain downwind estimates of single-particle and two-particle dispersion rates. Single particle i.e. time-averaged, dispersion rates are measured directly from a methane gas plume released and sampled under wind tunnel conditions identical to the smoke-plume release. The correlation between smoke-plume derived dispersion rates and measured values is 0.99; the r.m.s. error between these values is 7.6 per cent, and the geometric mean of the ratio of measured to derived values is 1.09. Using estimates of single-particle and two-particle dispersion values, the following turbulence parameters are calculated: crosswind velocity variance, σ2v, Lagrangian integral time scale, τL, eddy diffusivity, K , eddy dissipation rate, e, and crosswind turbulence intensity, i . The values of these parameters agree well with values directly measured from the flow field. Details on the use of smoke-plume methods are given, and it is demonstrated that this method is accurate, useful and cost effective.
Cigarette smoking and hemostatic function

Abstract Epidemiologic studies clearly link cigarette smoking with vasoccclusive cardiovascular disease. Postmortem studies provide evidence of accelerated atherogenesis in asymptomatic smokers. However, the rapid regression of cardiovascular risk within the first year of quitting smoking is difficult to explain solely in terms of vascular disease. Recent evidence indicates that plasma fibrinogen, which has been prospectively associated with the risk of ischemic heart disease, is elevated in urine confirm those involving radiolabeled platelet turnover, suggesting that platelets are activated in he circulation of chronic smokers. Altered hemostatic function, either as a direct result of smoking or caused by smoking-induced vascular damage, may account for the more rapidly reversible component of cardiovascular risk observed in chronic smokers.
Transitional properties of the mechanically evoked perioral reflex from infancy through adulthood

Abstract The organization of motor responses in the orbicularis oris muscle following the delivery of punctate mechanical inputs to vermilion skin of the lips was studied in a group of young infants, school-age children, and adults during periods of voluntary lip muscle activation. A specially designed multi-point array skin contactor, coupled to a position-servo controlled linear motor, was highly effective in driving the early component of the perioral reflex (R1). Overall, the evoked R1 response obtained from the infant was of variable amplitude relative to the children and adults, lacked response specificity, and occurred it a longer latency. This brainstem mediated sensorimotor action appears to take on several characteristics of the adult form by the age of 12. The emergence and maturation of mechanically evoked perioral reflexes is discussed in relation to the acquisition of motor skills, including speech and smiling.
Implant dentures: Prosthodontic—Unfavorable

Abstract In my discussion of the unfavorable prosthodontic aspects of implant dentures, I have avoided reference to the surgical techniques and consequences which are being discussed by others. I have only touched upon what I believe to be disadvantages or deficiencies of the procedures. The most serious disadvantage is that the procedure cannot be used for those who need it most. It is not advised for aged, infirm, or unhealthy people. Soft tissue-borne dentures can be and are made for these people, and if they are carefully and precisely constructed, these dentures do provide teeth which are comfortable and usable. Judging by the implant dentures I have seen and by many illustrations in books and periodicals, insufficient attention has been paid to jaw relations and occlusion. These are phases of construction techniques that could be corrected easily, however, if more attention was paid to them. The illustrations I have seen of upper implant dentures indicate that too little consideration has been given to phonetics. The shape of the maxillae and mandible is altered by resorption. This resorption may occur under soft tissue-borne dentures and implant dentures alike. It is more disastrous when it occurs under implant dentures. The expense of treatment of edentulous patients by implant dentures makes the procedure unavailable to many people who might be benefited by it. The time involved in treatment of edentulous patients by implant dentures makes the procedure unavailable to most edentulous patients because there are not enough dentists to provide the service, even if all other unfavorable considerations were eliminated. This discussion is not intended to discourage sincere workers from further experimentation in this field of prosthodontics. Instead, I hope that it may point the way to an improvement of implant denture service.
Optimal control of diffusion-convection-reaction processes using reduced-order models

Two approaches for optimal control of diffusion-convection-reaction processes based on reduced-order models are presented. The approaches differ in the way spatial discretization is carried out to compute a reduced-order model suitable for controller design. In the first approach, the partial differential equation (PDE) that describes the process is first discretized in space and time using the finite difference method to derive a large number of recursive algebraic equations, which are written in the form of a discrete-time state-space model with sparse state, input and output matrices. Snapshots based on this high-dimensional state-space model are generated to calculate empirical eigenfunctions using proper orthogonal decomposition. The Galerkin projection with the computed empirical eigenfunctions as basis functions is then directly applied to the high-dimensional state-space model to derive a reduced-order model. In the second approach, a continuous-time finite-dimensional state-space model is constructed directly from the PDE through application of orthogonal collocation on finite elements in the spatial domain. The dimension of the derived state-space model can be further reduced using standard model reduction techniques. In both cases, optimal controllers are designed based on the low-order state-space models using discrete-time and continuous-time linear quadratic regulator (LQR) techniques. The effectiveness of the proposed methods are illustrated through applications to a diffusion-convection process and a diffusion-convection-reaction process.
Choice and measurement of crucial aircraft coatings system properties

Abstract All components of an aerospace coatings system must be functioning properly for it to provide all of the elements of physical protection and optical performance that it was designed to provide. To insure proper coatings system functions over its desired lifetime, one must have the capability to define, measure and evaluate those system properties that determine these functions in use. For military aircraft, the desired properties can be summarized as mechanical/chemical protection of the airframe with controlled electromagnetic emission and reflection properties. This is easily enough said, but difficult to achieve in practice. There are many possible properties one can measure on an aerospace coatings system and the cohort of designers and users of these systems are uncertain of which is the absolute correct set of measurements to choose. They seek the set that gives the maximum amount of pertinent information at the least amount of effort and expense. The sine qua non of such properties has yet to be determined, but the current “best practice” thinking among the coatings science community focuses on system flexibility, adhesion, solvent resistance, corrosion protection and camouflage optics as determined over the coatings lifetime while taking into account the effects of UV exposure, hot and cold organic fluids, sea water, humidity and temperature cycling, mechanical stressing and abrasion. All of these must be considered in choosing the tests/results protocol that the coatings/pretreatment must undergo to be “fit for use.” We will discuss the current thinking on the measurements/exposures for aerospace coatings as well as the accuracy/validity that they provide in practice. We will concentrate on spectral, optical and electrochemical testing of coatings system properties and their changes in simulated and field exposure. The differences between test performance and real use performance will be considered, especially with respect to film application uniformity and film damage.
Inductance calculation of an air-core disk winding

The study of transient voltages in transformer windings has aroused interest recently with the presentation of more efficient methods of modelling. This paper presents a method of modelling the magnetic field of an air-core disk winding which has sections lumped together. Past methods have proved to be cumbersome and required detailed representations of the winding. The method presented allows direct computation of the self-and mutual inductances fop lumped sections and is shown to be accurate compared to classical methods.
The place of the clock in pediatric advice: Rationales, cultural themes, and impediments to breastfeeding

This analysis treats the U.S. medical literature as evidence concerning the formal system of knowledge in allopathic medicine. An examination of pediatric advice on breastfeeding reveals the logic of medical reasoning, the use of scientific rationales, and the intrusion of specific cultural themes. The corpus of data includes works of 18 authors published in 36 volumes from 1897 to 1987, 27 volumes being editions of two major pediatric textbooks. All sources advocate breastfeeding but the detailed advice on how to carry out the process actually tends to undermine it. Moreover, the clock has provided the main frame of reference, creating regimentation reminiscent of factory work, segmenting breastfeeding into a series of steps, and emphasizing efficiency in time and motion. Feeding schedules were advocated in former decades as a matter of discipline for the infant, but nowadays they are viewed as biologically innate to normal infants and to breast milk production. The literature manifests responses over the century to behavioral, biochemical and physiological studies; however, except possibly for one textbook, no thorough rethinking has occurred. Sources of the 1980s continue to focus on the tempo of feeding as a major concern. Cultural themes besides the factory model of breastfeeding include the extension of professional advice to family matters, the subordination of lay women to professional expertise, mistrust of women's bodily signals including the let-down reflex in determining the timing of feedings, mistrust of signals from infants as well, and a professional ideal of flexible advice coupled with rigid limits concerning schedules. The literature interweaves the cultural themes with rationales based on physiological studies in support of specific regimens in breastfeeding, and the relegation of control in breastfeeding to medical experts denies the validity of mutual bodily and emotional responses within the mother-infant dyad. Pediatric authorities thus participate in the selection of cultural themes emphasized in motherhood. Although the pediatric literature is not the only influence on physicians and women, it reinforces pressures on women regarding their orientations toward their infants and hence, may be expected to shape our views of infancy, motherhood, and humanity in general. The break from the bindings of schedules has been proclaimed at various points during the century; however, the clock ironically remains the major reference point in most pediatric sources today.
Thermally driven motion of strongly heated fluids

Abstract A formal, unified method is used to derive two sets of approximate equations governing the thermally driven motion of strongly heated fluids. Account is taken of the temperature dependence of the fluid properties: The limits considered correspond to: (a) a strongly heated, shallow fluid and (b) a strongly heated, deep liquid with a small coefficient of volume expansion. Two additional limits that are considered correspond to: (c) a weakly heated, deep fluid; and (d) a weakly heated, shallow fluid. For cases (a), (c) and (d), use is made of two basic expansion parameters: the nondimensionalized depth ϵ of the fluid and the nondimensionalized strength δ′ of the heat source distribution. Case (a) corresponds to ϵ ⪡ 1; the resulting equations govern the temperature, density and pressure to lowest order. The lowest order pressure is uniform but time dependent. Case (c) corresponds to δ ′ ⪡ 1. The unperturbed state for this case is taken to be steady and quiescent; this restricts it to the so-called adiabatic state. Case (d) is obtained from the results of case (c) by also taking ϵ ⪡ 1. The resulting equations constitute the Boussinesq approximation, and are valid independent of the relative magnitude of δ′ and ϵ. An arbitrary temperature gradient of order δ′ can be added to the unperturbed state of a weakly heated fluid. For the case of a weakly heated, shallow ideal gas maintained at constant volume and heated throughout the volume, the equations account for the effect of perturbation pressure on perturbation density and on compression heating. Case (b) yields an energy equation that is significantly different from that for case (d). When applied to a liquid under normal conditions, case (b) leads to the Boussinesq equations with temperature-dependent fluid properties. The sets of equations obtained all are based on a characteristic velocity that is vanishingly small compared with the speed of sound. As a result, the equations do not contain acoustic waves, and their numerical solution is no more difficult than that of incompressible flow equations.
Efficient estimation of models for dynamic panel data

Abstract In this paper we consider a dynamic model for panel data. We show that, under standard assumptions, there are more moment conditions than are currently exploited in the literature. Some of these are linear, but others are quadratic, so that nonlinear GMM is required. We also show that exogenous regressors generate a larger number of relevant moment conditions in a dynamic model than they would in a static model.
Measurement of three-dimensional concentrations in turbulent jets and flames

Laser-based techniques for obtaining measurements of a three-dimensional scalar field in turbulent jets and flames are described. In one experiment, three-dimensional scalar gradients are determined by detecting the scattered light intensity from two parallel illumination sheets intersecting the flow. Another experimental approach gives more complete three-dimensional data by scanning a single laser sheet through the flow, and recording the scattering corresponding to different sheet locations. Data from nonreacting and reacting flows are presented and important factors in the measurement techniques are discussed.
Incidence and clinical significance of distal embolization during percutaneous interventions involving the superficial femoral artery

Objective Distal embolization of plaque or thrombus may cause organ ischemia following percutaneous peripheral interventions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical significance of particulate embolization during percutaneous superficial femoral artery (SFA) intervention by monitoring with continuous Doppler ultrasound. The rate and timing of embolization at various phases of intervention such as guidewire crossing, balloon angioplasty, stent deployment, and directional atherectomy were analyzed and compared. Methods Sixty patients underwent SFA intervention. Of these 60 patients, 10 patients underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) alone, 40 patients underwent PTA with stenting, and 10 patients underwent plaque excision with the SilverHawk atherectomy device (8) or Spectranetics excimer laser (2) with or without additional PTA or stent placement. A 4-MHz Doppler probe was used for continuous monitoring in the ipsilateral popliteal artery. Distal embolization was registered as embolic signals (ES). ES were quantitatively assessed during critical portions of the procedure including guidewire crossing, balloon angioplasty, stent deployment and/or atherectomy. ES during different phases of intervention were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results ES was noted in every patient during wire crossing, angioplasty, stent deployment and atherectomy. The average number of ES noted during guidewire crossing was 8, PTA was 12, stent deployment was 28, SiverHawk atherectomy was 49, and Spectranetics excimer laser was 51. The frequency of ES was statistically higher during stent deployment vs wire crossing or balloon angioplasty but equivalent to that generated by plaque excision. ES was observed more frequent during balloon angioplasty than during wire crossing. In one patient who was treated with the excimer laser, a single runoff vessel was occluded with embolic debris but patency was restored angiographically after thrombolysis. The patient went on to require below knee amputation. During follow-up, all patients with claudication reported improved symptoms and those with ulcers or gangrene demonstrated healing. The average increase in ankle-brachial index following intervention was 0.31. Conclusion While ES were recorded at each step of SFA intervention, the frequency was greatest during stent deployment. Despite the frequency of these events, only one patient developed angiographically and clinically significant embolization. Thus, our findings do not support the routine use of protection devices during percutaneous SFA intervention.
Improvement of protein quality of whole wheat.

SummaryExperiments are reported showing that the cooking of whole wheat as in the preparation of shredded wheat results in a significant improvement in the nutritional value of the whole wheat. This improvement is not lost when the material is fan-dried or oven-dried in the preparation of shredded wheat.
Analysis of the Impact of Nonlinearity on the Capacity of Communication Channels

We study the impact of nonlinearities on the transmission rate of a communication system by establishing lower and upper bounds on the channel capacity. Our analysis is based on a general transmission model that includes transmitter and receiver nonlinearities, environmental thermal noise, and receiver chain noise. Using this model, we derive lower and upper bounds for the channel capacity of additive white Gaussian noise channels, fading channels, and multiple input multiple output channels in various thermal noise and receiver noise regimes.
Implications for treatment: pH, Helicobacter pylori or alternative approaches?

There are three well-accepted management strategies for patients with non-investigated dyspepsia. These are the early endoscopy for all, empiric antisecretory therapy, or the Helicobacter pylori test and treat strategy, with benefits and limitations to each of these methods. Although early endoscopy provides a precise diagnosis that guides treatment, its widespread use is limited by its cost (at least in countries such as the USA), availability, and risk for complications that is largely related to the need for conscious sedation. Therefore, it is generally reserved for those patients with onset of dyspepsia symptom after aged 45–50 years, those of all ages with concurrent alarm symptoms, and those who fail to respond to H. pylori test and treat strategies or empiric antisecretory therapy. The test and treat strategy has the advantage of not requiring endoscopy, being less costly than endoscopy, and offers the potential for curative treatment in those found to be infected with H. pylori. Its clinical utility is probably greatest in younger patients without alarm symptoms in geographic regions where H. pylori prevalence remains robust but gastric cancer prevalence is low. The contribution of H. pylori infection to dyspeptic symptoms appears to vary based upon geographic and demographic factors. A recent update of the Cochrane systematic review of H. pylori eradication therapy in patients with functional dyspepsia found a small but significant benefit associated with cure of the infection: 37% mean response rate in the active treatment group compared with 29% in those treated with placebo or a short course of PPI therapy. Empiric antisecretory therapy is a widely used, costeffective, safe management strategy in those with dyspepsia. In a recent publication, two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials involving 921 patients with functional dyspepsia found that treatment with a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI; lansoprazole 15 mg or 30 mg once daily for 8 weeks) produced significantly (P < 0.001) greater mean reductions in the percentage of days with upper abdominal discomfort and, as illustrated in Figure 1, significantly greater number of patients with complete symptom resolution compared with placebo-treated patients. The finding of PPIs being superior to placebo in relieving symptoms is similar to that of a recently updated Cochrane meta-analysis of pharmacological interventions for functional dyspepsia. The major disadvantage to this strategy is that it may, on rare occasions, mask serious disease and postpone timely investigation or subject patients with a curable disease (i.e. H. pylori-related ulcer disease) to long-term pharmacological therapy. A recent study reported that response to PPI treatment in functional dyspepsia was most reliable in patients with dyspepsia of short-duration (few days of heartburn during the first week and a history of symptoms for <3 months); low scores for bloating, epigastric pain and diarrhoea; and in young patients with dyspepsia and no alarm symptoms.