cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of multiple pore ceramic materials fabricated via fused deposition process

In this paper, a new approach is presented which can be used to model the compressive strength behavior of brittle non-random porous materials. Elastic interactions between pores have been considered and the finite element method (FEM) is used to numerically evaluate them for the stress fields that are developed. A two-pore system is found to represent the multiple pore material system. The FEM results are found to correlate quantitatively with uniaxial compression experimental data of non-random porous ceramics for different porosities. Controlled three-dimensional porous structures have been processed from solid freeform fabrication (SFF) techniques. These structures have interconnected cylindrical pores along a defined X, Y and Z-axis direction. The processing method allows for pores to be designed of specific shape, size and connectivity, thereby allowing control over the volume fraction porosity as well. In this paper, variable volume fraction porosities were achieved by varying pore-pore interaction between two pores in horizontal plane of the non-random porous structures. The pore shapes and pore sixes were maintained constant. Mullite ceramic powders were used with other additives to form ceramic slurry.
EEG analysis gives model of neuronal template-matching mechanism for sensory search with olfactory bulb

The spatial pattern of EEG activity at the surface of the olfactory bulb tends to be invariant with respect to input and to change to a new pattern whenever an animal is trained to expect or search for a particular odor. It is postulated here that the spatial EEG pattern is dependent on a neural template for that odor that is formed during training. This hypothesis is expressed in the form of a model consisting of an array of interconnected elements (1x10 or 6x6). Each element represents 2 excitatory and 2 inhibitory subsets of neurons with 3 types of internal feedback: negative, mutually excitatory, and mutually inhibitory. The elements are interconnected only by mutual excitation and mutual inhibition. Each neural subset is represented by a nonlinear differential equation; the connections are represented by modifiable coupling coefficients. With appropriate values of the time, coupling, and gain coefficients, and with input that is modelled on olfactory input, the set of 40 or 144 equations gives output that simulates the time and space patterns of the EEG. In the naive state the coefficients are uniform. A template is formed by giving input to selected elements, cross-correlating the outputs, and weighting the mutually excitatory coupling coefficient between each pair of elements by the corresponding correlation coefficient. When a template has been formed, input to nontemplate elements is treated as noise. Optionally a matched filter is made to simulate habituation by reducing the synaptic gain coefficients of those excitatory subsets that receive the noise. The model is tested by giving input to nontemplate elements and to none, part or all of the template elements. There are two outputs of the model. One is the spatial pattern V j of the root mean square (rms) amplitudes of the individual outputs v(j,t) of the elements. The other output is the rms amplitude E rms of the ensemble average E(t) over v(j, t). The results show that V j depends on the template and is relatively insensitive to input, whether or not input is given to template elements. However, E rms increases in proportion to the number of "hits" on the template. If the number of elements receiving noise does not exceed the number of elements in a template, or if the noise is matched with a habituation filter, then E rms rises above the noise level for a "hit" on any one or more template elements irrespective of location or combination. V j conforms to the performance of the surface EEG. E rms is not yet accessible to physiological measurement.
Falling Dominoes and System Dynamics: A Risk Aversion Perspective

I would like to thank Ben Frankel and Jim Wirtz for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article.
Testing the Effect of Computer-Assisted Detection on Interpretive Performance in Screening Mammography

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to test whether the use of computer-assisted detection (CAD) improves sensitivity at no cost to specificity for the detection of breast cancer and enables more accurate assessment of fatty breast tissue compared with dense breast tissue.MATERIALS AND METHODS. We created a stratified random sample of screening mammograms weighted with difficult cases split evenly among women with fatty breast tissue and those with dense breast tissue: 114 patients were cancer-free, 114 had cancer 1 year after screening, and 113 had cancer 13-24 months after screening. In test settings 6 months apart, 19 community radiologists interpreted 341 bilateral screening mammograms with and without CAD. We compared the sensitivity and specificity using regression models adjusting for repeated measures.RESULTS. CAD assistance did not affect overall sensitivity (cancer by 1 year: 63.2% without CAD and 62.0% with CAD; cancer in 13-24 months: 33.5% without CAD and 32.3% with CAD), but its effect...
On the Riemann zeta-function—Mean value theorems and the distribution of |S(T)|

Abstract Asymptotic formulae for the mean values of |S(t)|λ, where λ is any nonnegative number are proved,. These are then used with λ ∈ N , to obtain information of the distribution of |S(t)|.
Factor Structure of the Social Skills Rating System Across Child Gender and Ethnicity

The Social Skills Rating System (SSRS) provides a multi-rater assessment of child social behaviors that influence the development of social competence and adaptive functioning. This study examined whether the items on the teacher version of the SSRS provide reasonable indicators of the three first-order social skills dimensions proposed by the authors. In addition, multi-group methods of confirmatory factor analysis were used to investigate the invariance of factor loadings across ethnicity and gender. Results support the presence of three factors that were invariant for White and non-White groups and nearly invariant for boys and girls.
Venous Thromboembolism in the Neonatal Period

Thromboembolism occurs more frequently in newborns than in older infants or children. The developing hemostasis system of neonates has decreased concentrations of procoagulant proteins and the naturally occurring anticoagulants and hemostatic control proteins. Overall, neonatal hemostasis provides protection from excessive bleeding at the expense of an increased risk for thromboembolism. Intensive medical care for premature and ill infants often requires central vascular assess, and the most frequent risk factor for thromboembolism is the presence of an indwelling vascular catheter. Management of venous thromboembolism in the newborn period varies depending on the location and extent of the thrombus as well as the risk for acute embolic complications and later vascular compromise. Therapeutic decisions are guided by practitioners' past experience, published case reports and case series, several large registries, and extrapolation from results of clinical trials in adults with thromboembolic disease. Valuable consensus guidelines have been compiled by the AACP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Heparin, either unfractionated or a low molecular weight preparation, is the most commonly utilized anticoagulant to treat thromboembolism in newborn infants. Thrombolytic therapy may be considered if the thrombus is life or limb threatening and there is no hemorrhagic contraindication. Multicenter, prospective, controlled clinical trials in this important patient population are needed to provide evidence-based data to better inform optimal management.
Inhibition of ATP‐activated current by zinc in dorsal root ganglion neurones of bullfrog

1. The effect of Zn2+ on ATP-activated current was studied in bullfrog dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. 2. Zn2+ (2-800 microM) inhibited current activated by submaximal concentrations of ATP. The Zn2+ concentration that produced 50% inhibition (IC50) of current activated by 2.5 microM ATP was 61 +/- 9.8 microM. When ATP concentrations were adjusted to account for chelation of Zn2+, the IC50 of Zn2+ was 86 +/- 18 microM. 3. The inhibitory action of Zn2+ on ATP-gated channels did not appear to be due to a decrease in the concentration of one or more species of ATP. 4. Zn2+ inhibition of ATP-activated current was independent of membrane potential between -80 and +40 mV, and did not involve a shift in the reversal potential of the current. 5. Zn2+ (100 microM) shifted the ATP concentration-response curve to the right in a parallel manner, increasing the EC50 for ATP from 2.5 +/- 0.5 microM to 5.5 +/- 0.4 microM. 6. Zn2+ decreased the time constant of deactivation of ATP-gated ion channels without affecting the time constant of activation or desensitization. 7. Dithiothreitol (DTT) reversed Zn2+ inhibition of ATP-activated current. 8. 2-Methylthio ATP, alpha,beta-methylene ATP and ADP activated current with EC50 values of 2.4 +/- 0.3. 50.1 +/- 5.8 and 303.1 +/- 53.9 microM, respectively. Adenosine, AMP or beta,gamma-methylene ATP did not evoke detectable current. 9. Reactive Blue 2 and pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid inhibited ATP-activated current. 10. The results suggest that Zn2+ can inhibit P2X purinoceptor function by decreasing the affinity of the binding site for ATP. These observations provide the first evidence for this action of Zn2+ on a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Furthermore, the receptor-channel in these neurones appears to be a novel member of the P2X purinoceptor class.
Exercise pad testing in continent exercisers: Reproducibility and correlation with voided volume, pyridium staining, and type of exercise

This study was undertaken to determine normal values for a modified pad test to be used for testing outcomes of studies addressing therapy for exercise incontinence. Fourteen asymptomatic volunteers who were continent by history completed three similar exercise sessions wearing pre-weighed pads after ingesting phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium, Parke-Davis, Sandy, UT). The mean pad weight gain for all exercise sessions combined was 3.19 +/- 3.16 g (range 0.1-12.4). The mean area of pyridium staining was 2.66 +/- 3.14 mm. Mean volume voided after the exercise sessions was 193 +/- 108 cc (range 10-625). The Kendall coefficient of concordance used to test the interest reliability was 0.96 for pad weight gain, 0.76 for area of stain, and 0.60 for volume voided. All but one of the subjects had at least one spot of pyridium stain on at least one of the three pads. The increase in pad weight attributable to sweat and vaginal moisture is reproducible in a given individual performing the same exercise routine, but due to the large variation between subjects, we were unable to establish a cut-off value separating continence from incontinence. Adding pyridium did not improve the specificity of the test, despite instructing subjects to milk the urethra and blot before applying the pad.
A multitarget training method for artificial neural network with application to computer-aided diagnosis

Purpose: The authors propose a new training method for artificial neural networks (ANNs) in two-class classification tasks such as classifying breast lesions on a mammogram as malignant or benign. Methods: Whereas the conventional binary training method uses binary training target values based on the diagnostic truth of a lesion being malignant or benign, the authors use multiple training target values based on more detailed histological diagnosis that presumably are related to the posterior probability of a lesion being malignant. The authors performed Monte Carlo simulation studies in which training target values were assigned based on posterior probability, and they also performed a mammography study in which training target values were assigned according to histological subtypes. Results: These studies showed that the multitarget training method produced less variability in the ANN outputs than the binary training method. The simulation studies also showed that except for when the number of training cases was extremely large, the multitarget training method produced improved overall classification performance over the binary training method. Conclusions: Therefore, the multitarget ANN training method is potentially useful for ANN applications in computer-aided diagnosis of breast cancer.
Evaluation of Quality, Quantity, and Timing of Colostrum Feeding on Immunoglobulin G1 Absorption in Jersey Calves

Twenty-four Jersey calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups (6 calves per group). Pooled colostrum from first milkings (colostrum high in IgG1, 84 mg/mL) of multiparous cows was fed to treatment groups 1 and 2. Pooled colostrums from second and third milkings (colostrum low in IgG1, 31.2 mg/mL) of multiparous Jersey cows were fed to calves in treatment groups 3 and 4. The quality and timing of colostrum feeding was as follows: group 1 were fed (high IgG1 colostrum) 4 L at 0 h (birth); group 2 calves were fed (high IgG1 colostrum) 2 L at 0 h (birth) and 2 L at 12 h; group 3 calves were fed (low IgG1 colostrum) 4 L at 0 h (birth); and group 4 calves were fed (low IgG1 colostrum) 2 L at 0 h (birth) and 2 L at 12 h. Mean serum Ig() was 38.66, 45.66, 13.81 and 9.95 mg/mL in groups 1 to 4, respectively. At 48 h of age, calves fed colostrum with higher concentrations of total ingested IgG1 (groups 1 and 2) had significantly higher serum protein and IgG1 concentrations than calves fed low IgG1 colostrum at 48 h of age (groups 3 and 4). Mean apparent efficiency of IgG1 absorption was measured at 48 h; calves (group 2) receiving 2 L at birth and 2 L at 12 h of high IgG1 colostrum had higher mean apparent efficiency of IgG1 absorption than calves (group 4) fed 2 L of colostrum that was low in IgG1 at birth and 12 h (31.2 and 18.2% in groups 2 and 4, respectively). Results suggest that Jersey calves should receive 2 separate feedings of high quality colostrum to maximize the colostral IgG1 absorption.
Characteristics of injecting point contacts on semiconductors—I In darkness

Abstract A theory of charge transport through hemispherical metal contacts on semiconductors is developed which, with appropriate approximations, permits the calculation of IV characteristics and injection ratios as a function of the band gap, barrier height, doping level and contact radius.
Synthetic studies on quassinoids: total synthesis of (±)-glaucarubolone and (±)-holacanthone

Abstract The first total synthesis of (±)-glaucarubolone ( 1 ) and (±)-holacanthone ( 2 ) is detailed which commences with tetracyclic alcohol 3 .
Cesarean delivery for nonreassuring fetal heart rate tracing.

An understanding of cesarean delivery for nonreassuring fetal heart rate tracing is important for several reasons. This article describes the prevalence of cesarean delivery for nonreassuring fetal heart rate tracing and the risk factors, indicates what type of fetal heart rate tracing abnormalities prompts cesarean delivery, reiterates the intrauterine resuscitation that the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends before making the incision, explains why clinicians often do not comply with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines, and suggests steps clinicians should undertake to minimize legal liability.
Pressure Distribution on an Eccentric Annular Seal at Fractional Whirl Ratios

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation aimed at understanding the variation of wall pressure distributions for a 50% eccentric annular seal as the whirl ratio is altered from 0 to 1 in incremental steps of 0.1. The test apparatus is constructed such that the stator can be set at different eccentricities and precessed in a circular orbit at a speed set independently of the rotor speed allowing for the fractional whirl ratios. The rotor is mounted concentric on the shaft and operated at a fixed speed of 1800 rpm (Ta = 3300) while the stator is mounted eccentrically. Ensemble-averaged transient and mean wall-pressure distributions are measured along the seal axis for a Reynolds number of 2.4 x 10 4 using water as the working fluid. The results indicate that the peak low and high pressures at the seal exit migrate from the suction zone to the pressure zone between whirl ratios of 0.8 and 0.9. Also the magnitude of pressures measured for the smaller whirl ratios (0.1 to 0.5) are considerably lower than those encountered at the higher whirl ratios (0.6 to 1).
Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland as a Secondary Malignancy in a Childhood Survivor of Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor

We report the first case of mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) arising as a secondary malignancy in a 14 years old child with a history of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT). Although MASC and ATRT are both rare malignancies, they do not share the same genetic and molecular profiles. MASC is a salivary malignancy characterized by a t(12;15)(p13;q25) translocation, resulting in an ETV6-NTRK3 fusion product encoding for a tyrosine kinase. ATRT is a highly malignant pediatric tumor characterized by a chromosome 22 mutation in the hSNF5/INI1 gene, encoding for a chromatin remodeling protein. Additionally, although mucoepidermoid carcinoma has been described as a secondary malignancy post-therapy for head and neck tumors, MASC has only been reported as a primary malignancy. Our patient was treated with a complete resection of his left sided ATRT at age 3 followed postoperatively with chemoradiotherapy. At age 14 he underwent a parotidectomy for his 1 year history of a left sided preauricular mass and was subsequently diagnosed with MASC. We not only report a case of two rare malignancies in one patient, but also the first case of MASC arising as a secondary malignancy.
A cluster of supraependymal neurons located within the infundibular recess of the rat third ventricle

A nidus of supraependymal cells was located within the infundibular recess of a rat's third ventricle. Upon transmission electron microscopic analysis, these cells were clearly identified as neurons. Neuronal processes, as well as end-terminals that contained dense-core and clear synaptic-like vesicles, were also observed coursing around these cells. It is suggested that some of the supraependymal cells that have been observed in previous scanning electron microscopic studies could be neurons similar to those described here.
Decline in cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity of rat brain with progress of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis followed by rebound during recovery.

Cholesteryl ester hydrolase and cholesteryl esters were measured in brain homogenates from rats in various stages of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis, and in age-matched controls. Cholesteryl esters were elevated approximately 280–507% in EAE rats with clinical indices of 1–3, corresponding to increasing severity of symptoms, but were not significantly different from controls upon disappearance of symptoms during the recovery period (stage = R2). Cholesteryl ester hydrolase declined progressively 12–34% during stages 1–3, rebounded to a level 16% greater than controls during the initial stage of recovery (R1) and remained significantly elevated by 6% over controls upon disappearance of symptoms (R2). A highly significant (P<0.001) correlation of reduction in cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity with clinical index was confirmed by linear regression analysis (R = 0.91). It is concluded that a decline in cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity is an early event in EAE which leads to accumulation of cholesteryl esters and may play a role in induction and progression of this demyelinating disorder.
Air-puff-elicited startle: Habituation over trials and measurement of a hypothetical emotional response

In the first of two experiments, it was demonstrated that an air puff elicited a reliable startle reflex in rats which showed no habituation over 50 trials. In the second study an attempt was made to measure an emotional response by recording startle reactions to the air puff during presentation of a presumed fear-eliciting CS. It was concluded that the air-puff-elicited startle reflex can be employed as an indirect measure of a hypothetical emotional response.
Zidovudine‐induced diaphragmatic contractile dysfunction: Impact of an antioxidant diet

Objective: Zidovudine (AZT) is a primary drug therapy used to treat HIV-infected individuals. While AZT inhibits replication of HIV, it also induces a drug-specific myopathy resulting in altered muscle mitochondria, increased oxidative stress and muscle contractile dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of an antioxidant diet (high in vitamins C and E) on AZT-mediated diaphragmatic contractile dysfunction in rodents. Methodology: Adult, Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to feeding groups: control (CON, n = 9), AZT-treatment (AZT, n = 8), antioxidant diet only (Anti-Ox, n = 6), and AZT + antioxidant diet (AZT + Anti, n = 9). Two costal diaphragm strips were removed from each animal (under surgical anaesthesia) and evaluated for force-frequency relationship, maximal specific tension, and fatigue resistance using an in vitro preparation. Results: Results indicate significant reductions in normalized force production (20–200 Hz), including maximal specific tension, between AZT animals and all other groups. While AZT reduced diaphragm contractility, the addition of an antioxidant diet eliminated this decrease. Conclusion: These data suggest that an increase in oxidative stress mediated by AZT may contribute to AZT-induced muscle contractile dysfunction, and that antioxidant vitamin supplementation may help ameliorate this effect.
Evidence that cytochrome P450 CYP2B19 is the major source of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in mouse skin

Abstract CYP2B19 is an arachidonic acid monooxygenase highly expressed in the outer, differentiated cell layers of mouse epidermis. We aimed to establish whether CYP2B19 is the source of epidermal epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are implicated in mechanisms regulating epidermal cornification. We show that primary cultures of mouse epidermal keratinocytes expressed native CYP2B19, as determined by mass spectrometry. Differentiation upregulated CYP2B19 mRNA levels (≈39-fold) detected by real-time PCR, CYP2B19 immunoreactivity detected by Western blotting, and cellular levels of the CYP2B19 product 11,12-EET. Cellular 11,12-EET formed from endogenous arachidonic acid increased preferentially (4- to 12-fold) at Day 4 or 5 of differentiation, compared with undifferentiated (Day 0) keratinocyte cultures. Temporally, these results concur with the maximal levels of CYP2B19 mRNA measured at Day 2 and CYP2B19 immunoreactivity at Day 4. We conclude that while mouse epidermis likely expresses multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes, existing evidence supports native CYP2B19 as being the major source of epidermal EET formation.
Metamorphosis in the Summer Flounder (Paralichthys dentatus): Stage-Specific Developmental Response to Altered Thyroid Status

The summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) undergoes a true metamorphosis during which the bilaterally symmetrical larva transforms into an asymmetrical juvenile. This study addresses the influence of manipulating thyroid status on larval development and growth. Development was assessed by categorizing larvae in stages based on the position of the translocating eye and growth was assessed as a change in total length. Larvae were raised in seawater or in seawater containing thyroxine-sodium salt (100 ppb, T4) or thiourea (30 ppm, TU). Ambient T4 raised whole-animal T4 concentration almost threefold, whereas treatment with TU reduced whole-animal T4 concentration by 95%. The whole-animal T4 concentrations of untreated larvae increased during metamorphic climax (MC) and were related to developmental stage rather than age. Altering thyroid status of larvae in different stages had different consequences. T4 treatment of late premetamorphic (late pre-M) larvae accelerated their rate of development to prometamorphosis (pro-M), early MC, and mid MC, whereas TU treatment at this stage caused developmental stasis in early MC. T4 treatment of pro-M larvae accelerated development to early MC only and, unlike the response of late pre-M larvae, some of the pro-M larvae treated with TU slowly developed to late MC. TU treatment could inhibit completion of metamorphosis in early MC and mid MC, but not in late MC. Thyroid status of larvae had no effect on growth. However, starting at an age when most untreated and T4-treated larvae were in late MC, they began to grow longer than TU-treated larvae in developmental stasis at early MC and mid MC. Thus, T4 is necessary and sufficient for metamorphosis in summer flounder and, at this single dose, has a more pronounced effect on development at earlier stages.
Interplay between DNA supercoiling and transcription elongation

Transcription-coupled DNA supercoiling has been shown to be an important regulator of transcription that is broadly present in the cell. Here we review experimental work which shows that RNA polymerase is a powerful torsional motor that can alter DNA topology and structure, and DNA supercoiling in turn directly affects transcription elongation.
An inducible HSP70 gene from the midge Chironomus dilutus: characterization and transcription profile under environmental stress

In the present study, we identified and characterized an inducible heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) from the midge Chironomus dilutus and investigated the transcriptional profile of the gene under baseline and environmentally stressful conditions. Using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), we observed increased expression of CD-HSP70-1 in response to both heat shock and copper stress. We also investigated the expression of this gene during midge development. All C. dilutus developmental stages expressed CD-HSP70-1 under normal conditions, although at extremely low levels. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequence demonstrated distinct clustering of this gene with inducible HSP70s from other insect species.
Motherboard heat transfer modeling methodology

A standard modeling method to represent conduction in motherboard (MB) for predicting a ball-grid array package temperature is developed. It is shown that discrete representation of individual copper and FR4 layers within MB rather than an effective block is needed for accurate thermal prediction. The MB signal layers consists of set of parallel copper traces and are represented by orthotropic layer to capture direction-sensitive thermal conduction along the traces. The role of through-hole vias in MB is captured by augmenting the through-plane conductivity of FR4 layers. The methodology uses a set of prismatic and/or polygon blocks with orthotropic thermal conductivities and can be implemented in existing computational fluid dynamic (CFD) and heat transfer tools. A MB-level test set-up is developed to validate the proposed modeling methodology under a range of airflow conditions and it is shown that the model results match the test data with maximum error of 14%
Teaching, learning, and millennial students

Literature on teaching and learning in college classrooms is reviewed and findings are discussed through a generational lens. From assumptions about generations of students, recommendations for enhancing student learning-especially for Millennial students-are provided.
Capital-Skill Complementarity and Jobless Recovery

In this study, we focus on the structural change in production technology and show that the capital-skill complementarity explains the phenomenon of jobless recovery better without any assumption of nominal rigidity. In particular, we show that the job creation for unskilled worker becomes more sluggish as capital-skill complementarity intensifies. The result implies that we did not observe jobless recovery three or four decades ago because the capitalskill complementarity was not strong enough then. Sluggish job creation in recent decades could be due to the facts that skilled labor has become more complementary to capital.
A Multicenter Survey of Heparin Prophylaxis Practice in Pediatric Critical Care

Heparin prophylaxis (HP) is commonly used for prevention of central venous catheter (CVC)-related complications among pediatric intensivists, yet efficacy of this therapy is unknown. We conducted a survey of pediatric intensivists and their experiences with HP. A total of 96 responses were received. Almost half of the respondents regularly used HP in patients with CVCs, yet most were unsure of its benefit. The majority of respondents claimed to experience no adverse effects; the complications that were reported to occur were related to bleeding or suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Overall, participants felt CVC-associated HP was safe in pediatric critical illness, while acknowledging the paucity of compelling data.
Revision of the Scopula cajanderi (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Sterrhinae) species group with description of a new species

La revision du groupe d'especes Scopula cajanderi (Hertz), un ensemble holarctique, est basee sur des caracteres externes et des caracteres genitaux. Le groupe comprend d'abord Scopula cajanderi (Hertz 1903 [pas 1904]) (= le taxon palearctique Scopula elwesi sajanensis Prout, 1935, syn.nov., = le taxon palearctique Scopula elwesi achlyoides Prout, 1935 syn.nov., = le taxon nearctique Scopula septentrionicola McDunnough, 1939 syn.nov.), qui devient donc une espece holarctique; le groupe est forme aussi de Scopula mustangensis Yazaki, 1995 et de Scopula aegrefasciata sp.nov. Des lectotypes ont ete designes pour les especes suivantes, decrites a partir de plusieurs specimens et pour lesquelles il n'y a pas eu de choix d'holotype: S. cajanderi, Scopula anaitaria (Hertz) et S. elwesi achlyoides. La position systematique de S. elwesi elwesi Prout, 1922 au sein du genre Scopula demeure incertaine. On trouvera ici une cle d'identification des especes, ainsi que des illustrations des adultes et des genitalia et la carte de repartition de chaque taxon. Un examen de la biogeographie de S. cajanderi permet de croire que les glaciations du Wisconsinien et du Sartan peuvent etre en partir responsables de la discontinuite entre les populations de cette espece.
Correction of systematic odometry errors in mobile robots

This paper describes a practical method for reducing odometry errors caused by kinematic imperfections of a mobile robot. These errors, here referred to as "systematic" errors, stay almost constant over a prolonged period of time. Performing an occasional calibration as described here will increase the robot's odometric accuracy and reduce operation cost because an accurate mobile robot requires fewer absolute positioning updates. Many manufacturers or end-users calibrate their robots-usually in a time-consuming and non-systematic trial and error approach. By contrast the authors' method is systematic, provides near-optimal results, and can be performed easily and without complicated equipment. Experimental results are presented that show a consistent improvement of at least one order of magnitude in odometric accuracy (with respect to systematic errors) for a mobile robot calibrated with the procedure described in this paper.
Large-eddy simulation of free-surface turbulence

In this paper we investigate the large-eddy simulation (LES) of the interaction between a turbulent shear flow and a free surface at low Froude numbers. The benchmark flow field is first solved by using direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the Navier–Stokes equations at fine (1282 × 192 grid) resolution, while the LES is performed at coarse resolution. Analysis of the ensemble of 25 DNS datasets shows that the amount of energy transferred from the grid scales to the subgrid scales (SGS) reduces significantly as the free surface is approached. This is a result of energy backscatter associated with the fluid vertical motions. Conditional averaging reveals that the energy backscatter occurs at the splat regions of coherent hairpin vortex structures as they connect to the free surface. The free-surface region is highly anisotropic at all length scales while the energy backscatter is carried out by the horizontal components of the SGS stress only. The physical insights obtained here are essential to the efficacious SGS modelling of LES for free-surface turbulence. In the LES, the SGS contribution to the Dirichlet pressure free-surface boundary condition is modelled with a dynamic form of the Yoshizawa (1986) expression, while the SGS flux that appears in the kinematic boundary condition is modelled by a dynamic scale-similarity model. For the SGS stress, we first examine the existing dynamic Smagorinsky model (DSM), which is found to capture the free-surface turbulence structure only roughly. Based on the special physics of free-surface turbulence, we propose two new SGS models: a dynamic free-surface function model (DFFM) and a dynamic anisotropic selective model (DASM). The DFFM correctly represents the reduction of the Smagorinsky coefficient near the surface and is found to capture the surface layer more accurately. The DASM takes into account both the anisotropy nature of free-surface turbulence and the dependence of energy backscatter on specific coherent vorticity mechanisms, and is found to produce substantially better surface signature statistics. Finally, we show that the combination of the new DFFM and DASM with a dynamic scale-similarity model further improves the results.
Exercise-induced Airflow Obstruction in a Healthy Military Population

Clinical asthma is estimated to occur in 4 to 7 percent of the US population, but respiratory symptoms are much more common. The correlation between asthma, tests of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and symptoms is imprecise and difficult to ascertain. The prevalence of exercise-induced airflow obstruction is not well known in healthy adults. We studied 100 consecutive US Air Force members to determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and the incidence of airflow obstruction after standardized free-run exercise. Subjects who developed airflow obstruction with exercise underwent methacholine challenge. We found that 31 percent of our population had respiratory complaints, but only 6 percent had significant airflow obstruction after exercise. Three of six subjects with abnormal results on exercise spirometry had bronchial hyperresponsiveness in response to methacholine. In summary, objective evidence of exercise-induced airflow obstruction was uncommon in our healthy subjects, although nonspecific respiratory complaints were frequent. In our study, methacholine challenge was positive in only half the subjects with abnormal spirometric data after exercise. We conclude that the diagnosis of exercise-induced asthma in healthy individuals is difficult because of the uncertain relationship between symptoms and objective testing and between modes of objective testing. Additionally, the role of free-run exercise testing needs further investigation in adults being screened for asthma.
Environmental controls on the increasing GPP of terrestrial vegetation across northern Eurasia

Abstract. Terrestrial ecosystems of northern Eurasia are demonstrating an increasing gross primary productivity (GPP), yet few studies have provided definitive attribution for the changes. While prior studies point to increasing temperatures as the principle environmental control, influences from moisture and other factors are less clear. We assess how changes in temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, and forest fires individually contribute to changes in GPP derived from satellite data across northern Eurasia using a light-use- efficiency-based model, for the period 1982–2010. We find that annual satellite-derived GPP is most sensitive to the temperature, precipitation and cloudiness of summer, which is the peak of the growing season and also the period of the year when the GPP trend is maximum. Considering the regional median, the summer temperature explains as much as 37.7 % of the variation in annual GPP, while precipitation and cloudiness explain 20.7 and 19.3 %. Warming over the period analysed, even without a sustained increase in precipitation, led to a significant positive impact on GPP for 61.7 % of the region. However, a significant negative impact on GPP was also found, for 2.4 % of the region, primarily the dryer grasslands in the south-west of the study area. For this region, precipitation positively correlates with GPP, as does cloudiness. This shows that the south-western part of northern Eurasia is relatively more vulnerable to drought than other areas. While our results further advance the notion that air temperature is the dominant environmental control for recent GPP increases across northern Eurasia, the role of precipitation and cloudiness can not be ignored.
Rapid accretion and early differentiation of Mars indicated by 142Nd/144Nd in SNC meteorites

Small differences in the ratio of neodymium-142 to neodymium-144 in early formed mantle reservoirs in planetary bodies are the result of in situ decay of the extinct radionuclide samarium-146 and can be used to constrain early planetary differentiation and therefore the time scale of planetary accretion. The martian meteorite Nakhla (approximately 1.3 billion years old), the type sample of the nakhlite subgroup of the Shergottite-Nakhlite-Chassigny (SNC) meteorites, exhibits a 59 +/- 13 parts per million excess in the ratio of neodymium-142 to neodymium-144 relative to normal neodymium. This anomaly records differentiation in the martian mantle before 4539 million years ago and implies that Mars experienced no giant impacts at any time later than 27 million years after the origin of the solar system.
Ultra-low velocity knee dislocations: patient characteristics, complications, and outcomes.

Background:Knee dislocations resulting in multiligament knee injuries (MLIs) are usually associated with high-energy mechanisms such as motor vehicle accidents or sports injuries; however, obese patients are at risk of MLIs from simple falls. Termed “ultra-low velocity” (ULV) dislocations, these injuries occur in obese patients during activities of daily living and may be associated with higher associated risks and complications.Hypothesis:Ultra-low velocity knee dislocations occur more commonly in obese female patients, are associated with higher risks of neurovascular injuries, and have more significant perioperative complications compared with other MLIs.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:The records of 215 consecutive patients with MLIs were identified over a 12-year period. Their charts were reviewed to identify a cohort of patients with mechanisms consistent with ULV dislocations (n = 23). This cohort was compared with all patients with MLIs. Additionally, ULV patients with neuro...
Application of Nonlinear Model Updating for a Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall

The detection of changes in vibrational behavior has long been applied as a potential means of damage detection. However, existing damage diagnosis techniques are primarily limited to linear models in which the stiffness of some of the elements is reduced to represent damage. Although these methods appear to be adequate for locating and quantifying the present damage in the structure, they are not sufficient for determining future performance of the structure, which can only be determined using nonlinear models. This paper focuses on the challenging task of updating nonlinear models for reinforced concrete civil engineering structures. A nonlinear hysteretic material model is applied to accurately portray the fundamental hysteretic behavior of concrete structures. A systematic methodology to perform damage detection and, more importantly, update the nonlinear model for prediction is proposed. This new method is designed to use low-level ambient vibration data to detect changes in the modal parameters. With the acquired modal information, the damage parameters that control the nonlinear material model are updated. The final updated nonlinear model may be utilized not only to evaluate the structure’s current damage state but also to predict its future behavior. A concrete shear wall is analyzed numerically to demonstrate the proposed method.
Getting Ready to Leave: Transition Readiness in Adolescent Kidney Transplant Recipients

Objective To develop a measure of transition readiness and assess factors associated with perceived readiness for transition of healthcare responsibility and transfer among adolescent kidney transplant recipients. Methods The Readiness for Transition Questionnaire (RTQ-teen; RTQ-parent) was created to assess overall transition readiness, adolescent healthcare behavior, and familial involvement in healthcare. Participants were 48 adolescent kidney transplant recipients ages 15–21 years. Thirty-two (66.7%) of the adolescents’ caregivers also participated. Adolescents completed the RTQ-teen, as well as self-reported measures of adherence and barriers to adherence. Parents completed the RTQ-parent. Results The RTQ showed good internal consistency, inter rater reliability, and demonstrated construct validity. Increased adolescent responsibility and decreased parental involvement predicted higher transition readiness. Additionally, greater adolescent adherence factors predicted greater transition readiness. Conclusions The preliminary psychometrics of the RTQ appear to be supported. Additional research should evaluate healthcare transition programming to identify clinical components related to improved transition readiness, adolescent responsibility, and medical outcomes.
Age, obesity, medical comorbidities and surgical technique are predictive of symptomatic anastomotic strictures after contemporary radical prostatectomy.

Purpose: Anastomotic strictures are relatively common after radical prostatectomy and are associated with significant morbidity, often requiring multiple surgical interventions. There is controversy in the literature regarding which factors predict the development of anastomotic strictures. In this study we determined predictors of symptomatic anastomotic strictures following contemporary radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: Between 1999 and 2007, 4,592 consecutive patients underwent radical prostatectomy without prior radiotherapy at our institution. Data were collected from prospective surgical and institutional morbidity databases, and retrospectively from inpatient and outpatient medical and billing records. Cases were assigned a Charlson score to account for comorbidities. Complications were graded according to the modified Clavien classification.Results: Open radical prostatectomy was performed in 3,458 men (75%) and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed in 1,134 (25%). The laparo...
Low progesterone concentration during the development of the first follicular wave reduces pregnancy per insemination of lactating dairy cows

Objectives were to determine the effect of progesterone (P4) concentration on fertility of lactating dairy cows induced to ovulate follicles of the first follicular wave. Lactating dairy cows (n=989) at 38±3d postpartum were balanced by parity and body condition score and randomly assigned to 3 treatments: first follicular wave (FFW), first follicular wave with exogenous P4 (FFWP), or second follicular wave (SFW). All cows had their estrous cycle presynchronized with 2 injections of prostaglandin (PG) F(2α) given 14 d apart. Cows in the FFW and FFWP treatments started the ovulation synchronization protocol 3 d after the last PGF(2α) of the presynchronization protocol, whereas SFW cows received a GnRH injection (100 μg of gonadorelin diacetate; Cystorelin, Merial Ltd., Duluth, GA) 3 d after the last PGF(2α) of the presynchronization protocol and started the synchronization protocol 7 d later. The synchronization protocol consisted of GnRH on d -10, PGF(2α) on d -3, and GnRH concurrent with timed artificial insemination (AI) on d 0. Cows in the FFWP treatment received 2 controlled internal drug release inserts containing 1.38 g of P4 from d -8 to -3. Progesterone concentration was determined on d -10, -8, -6, -3, and 0 from all cows and at 7, 14, and 21 d after AI from a subsample of cows (n=170). Cows (n=715) had their ovaries scanned by ultrasound on d -10, -3, and 7 d. Pregnancy was diagnosed at 38 and 66 d after AI. Concentration of P4 from study d -8 to -3 was lowest for FFW cows (1.4±0.1 ng/mL) and similar between SFW (3.7±0.2 ng/mL) and FFWP (3.7±0.1 ng/mL) cows. Diameter of the dominant follicle on study d -3 was greater for FFW cows (16.5±0.3 mm) than for SFW cows (15.4±0.3 mm), but diameter of the dominant follicle of FFWP cows was not different (15.9±0.3 mm) compared with that of SFW and FFW cows. The incidence of multiple ovulation was largest for FFW cows (SFW=19.5, FFW=33.6, FFWP=19.0%), but pregnancy per AI (P/AI) at 66 d was smallest for FFW cows (SFW=38.9, FFW=22.3, FFWP=32.0%). Anovular cows in the SFW (19.4 vs. 42.8%) and FFWP (22.1 vs. 37.2%) treatments had reduced P/AI compared with cyclic cows, despite having similar or greater P4 concentration from study d -8 to -3, respectively. Estrus and ovulation synchronization protocols for lactating dairy cows must result in growth of ovulatory follicle under P4 concentration >2 ng/mL to ensure high P/AI.
Pathobiology of henipavirus entry: insights into therapeutic strategies

The recently emerged paramyxoviruses, Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV), designated as Biosafety Level 4 pathogens, can cause lethal respiratory and neurological disease in both animals and humans. NiV outbreaks have been associated with efficient transmission amongst livestock (pigs) and mortality rates exceeding 70%, with documented cases of human-to-human transmission. Without vaccines or effective therapeutics, NiV and HeV continue to present an impending threat to global health and economies. The current understanding of henipavirus pathobiology has led to the development of small animal models reflecting certain aspects of the human pathology. In this review, we discuss how these animal models have been critical in testing vaccination strategies and in eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the envelope glycoproteins. Additionally, the discovery of the viral receptor and development of pseudotyped-viral systems have allowed us to explore the multiple opportunities for therapeutic intervention existing...
Ethical Responsibility and Human Wholeness In Matthew 25:31–46

My purpose in this article will not be to deal with the tradition history behind Matt 25:31–46 or with the actual eschatological identity of the nations, the sheep and the goats, and Jesus' least brothers, although some attention will need to be given to the latter. My primary purpose will rather be to inquire about the nature and quality of the stance or posture or self-understanding that constitutes the responses of the sheep and goats—which responses Matthew is implicitly calling his readers respectively to actualize and to reject. And what is required of human beings has implications for the possibilities and nature of human beings. The first order of business, however, will be to locate the text generically and in the context of Matthew 23–25.