cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of synthetic boundary conditions for continuous-flow systems

Abstract The analysis of continuous-flow situations requires identification of a “system,” which is the region of particular interest, and its “surroundings,” which are represented by conditions imposed at the boundary of the “system.” General procedures for choosing boundary conditions at surfaces at which no phase boundary exists, i.e. “synthetic” boundaries, seem to be lacking. Drawing on the example of immiscible displacement of oil by water in a one-dimensional, semi-infinite porous medium, we compare four types of synthetic downstream boundary conditions—Dirichlet (first kind), Neumann (second kind), Robin (third kind), and what is in essence none—to find which is the most efficient when predictions are to be computed from the solution of the governing equation set. The Robin-type condition proves best: it gives the most accurate solution at fixed cost or, alternatively, requires the least work to achieve a given accuracy. To represent faithfully the physics of the situation, the Dirichlet and Neumann conditions must be imposed farther downstream of the region of interest than the Robin condition. In addition, we explore the behavior of a “pseudo-boundary condition,” which is in fact not a proper boundary condition at all, but discretization and truncation errors mask its redundant nature and allow it to perform well in cases where there is little upstream signalling. Although our findings are drawn from the displacement problem, they are more broadly applicable to analysis of transport phenomena.
Performance increase in ion-implanted p-channel MOST

In this paper, the effects of ion-implantation upon p-channel MOST structures in Si are discussed. A brief review of the literature on the subject of threshold shifting will be given. The paper will then describe how ion-implantation of boron beneath the gate of a p-channel MOST can change the mode of operation of the device from a surface channel device to a bulk device. (Commonly known as a deep depletion device.) Measurements will be presented of the change in "apparent" channel conductivity of the p-channel sturcture versus implanted boron concentration. It will be shown that under certain conditions "apparent" channel conductivities may be increased 60% over that of a comparative unimplanted device. Detailed analysis of the transfer characteristics of a number of implanted p-channel devices will be given and compared to unimplanted devices.
Thermodynamic properties of aqueous HClO4 to 373 K and at low pressure : A comprehensive Pitzer ion-interaction model

We present a Pitzer ion-interaction model fit to most of the available isopiestic, dilution enthalpy, heat capacity, and volumetric data for HClO4(aq). Osmotic and activity coefficients are accurately reproduced for molalities between infinite dilution and 8 mol kg-1 at 298 K. Isopiestic data at temperatures other than 298 K do not appear to be reliable. The dilution enthalpy data at 298 K are also reproducible to 8 mol kg-1; consequently, HClO4(aq) activities may be calculated to 8 mol kg-1 at 298 K and at somewhat higher or lower temperatures with only minor losses in confidence. Heat capacity data do not extend beyond 1.7 mol kg-1 at 298 K and 1.0 mol kg-1 at T > 328 K, and interlaboratory agreement is poor. Consequently, activity coefficients and thermal properties may only be calculated to about 1 mol kg-1 at 373 K. There are numerous volumetric data for molalities between 0.02 and 18 mol kg-1 and at 298 K; however, there are large variances between datasets at m > 5 mol kg-1. Volumetric data at T > ...
Two-Dimensional Radiative Equilibrium: Boundary Fluxes for a Finite Medium Subjected to Cosine Varying Radiation

Abstract The influence of spatial fluctuations in the incident radiation on the flux at the boundaries of a two-dimensional, finite, planar, absorbing-emitting, gray medium is investigated. Both collimated and diffuse incident radiation are considered. The boundary fluxes are expressed only in terms of the emissive powers at the boundaries. Numerical results are obtained for a wide range of spatial frequencies and optical thicknesses. The range of usefulness of the semi-infinite approximation is determined.
Spatial and temporal localization of secretory IgA in healing tooth extraction sockets in a rabbit model

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to look at the spatial and temporal localization of secretory IgA in healing tooth extraction sockets in a rabbit model. Materials and methods Twenty-four male New Zealand White rabbits were used in the study. Incisor teeth were extracted from both jaws, and the healing extraction socket with the surrounding jaw bone was harvested at 48 hours, 4 days, and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Tissues were fixed, decalcified, and processed for hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining. The sections were stained to detect secretory IgA. The stained sections were then imaged, and an automated computer program was used to detect the brown 3,3′-diaminobenzidine stain that represented the secretory IgA. The data were obtained in the form of percentage area and intensity of stain and analyzed using analysis of variance (Tukey-Kramer and Scheffe’s tests). Results Spatial and temporal differences in localization of secretory IgA were observed across time frames in both jaws. Conclusion The results of this study showed definite trends in the spatial and temporal localization of secretory IgA in healing tooth extraction sockets in a rabbit model.
Good Dog: Aspects of Humans' Causal Attributions for a Companion Animal's Social Behavior

Lay theories or assumptions about nonhuman animal mentality undoubtedly influence relations between people and companion animals. In two experiments respondents gave their impressions of the mental and motivational bases of companion animal social behavior through measures of causal attribution. When gauged against the matched actions of a boy, as in the first experiment, respondents attributed a dog's playing (good behavior) to internal, dispositional factors buta dog's biting (bad behavior) to external, situational factors. A second experiment that focused on a dog's bite revealed clear attributional process on the part of observers. Higher ratings of a dog as the cause of a victim's distress predicted higher ratings of a dog's guilt. Higher ratings that a dog had an excuse predicted stronger recommendations for forgiveness. Individual differences in seeing the actor as a "good dog" systematically predicted judgments of severity of the outcome and recommendations for punishment. Discussion of these attributional findings referred to tolerance for companion animal misbehavior and relinquishment decisions. This article illustrates the utility of causal attribution as a tool for the study of popular conceptions of nonhuman animal mind and behavior.
D-Methionine protects against cisplatin damage to the stria vascularis.

Abstract D -Methionine ( D -met) protects against cisplatin (CDDP)-induced hearing loss and outer hair cell loss (Campbell et al., 1996). However, D -met’s protective effects on the stria vascularis has not been previously investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine, using semi-quantitative analysis, whether D -met also protects the stria vascularis. We removed a basal turn section of the stria vascularis from five groups of five male Wistar rats each: (1) a CDDP-treated control group receiving a 30 min i.p. infusion of 16 mg/kg CDDP, (2) a saline-injected control group receiving an equivalent volume of saline, and (3) three groups injected with either 75, 150, or 300 mg/kg D -methionine ( D -met) i.p. 30 min prior to receiving the 16 mg/kg CDDP dosing. Using transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy, we analyzed strial volume (i.e. edema), marginal cell damage classification (bulging and/or compression), and relative optical density (ROD) ratios (i.e. depletion of marginal cell cytoplasmic organelles). All three levels of D -met provided complete protection against marginal cell bulging and/or compression but only partial protection against strial edema. At 300 mg/kg, D -met significantly reduced ROD ratio degradation in the spiral prominence and middle stria vascularis regions. In Reissner’s membrane region, values from the D -met pretreated group were not significantly different from either the treated or untreated control groups suggesting only partial protection for that area. Protection of marginal cell cytoplasmic organelles was also noted. In summary, D -met partially or fully protects the stria vascularis from several types of CDDP-induced damage.
RAINFALL AND WATER QUALITY IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS

ABSTRACT The chemical composition of rainfall, agricultural runoff, groundwater, and pond water at several rural Oklahoma and north Texas locations was determined over a number of years (1972–1985). The inputs of acid, P, Cl, and cations in rainfall are not of major agronomic importance, although inputs of N (as NO3-N and NH4-N) and S (as SO4) in rainfall can contribute a significant proportion of the uptake of these elements by grasses or crops. The mean annual pH of rainfall was consistently greater than that of pure rainfall (5.6) averaging 6.5, while the average pH of two farm ponds (7.8) was even greater than that of rainfall. If a decrease in the pH of rainfall in the Southern Plains should occur in the future, the impact of the acidity on surface water will be reduced to a certain degree by the buffering capacity of the area soils. Appreciably more acid was added annually to the agricultural soils of the area via fertilizer P and N than in rainfall. Under present conditions it would take up to 1,50...
Sliding along frictionally held incoherent interfaces in homogeneous systems subjected to dynamic shear loading: a photoelastic study

An experimental investigation was conducted to study dynamic sliding at high strain rates along incoherent (frictional) interfaces between two identical plates. The plates were held together by a uniform compressive stress, while dynamic sliding was initiated by an impact-induced shear loading. The case of freely-standing plates with no external pressure was also investigated. The dynamic stress fields that developed during the events were recorded in a microsecond time scale by high-speed photography in conjunction with classical dynamic photoelasticity. Depending on the choice of experimental parameters (impact speed and superimposed static pressure), pulse-like and crack-like sliding modes were observed. Visual evidence of sub-Rayleigh, intersonic and even supersonically propagating pulses were discovered and recorded. Unlike classical shear cracks in coherent interfaces of finite strength, sliding areas in frictional interfaces seem to grow at various discrete speeds without noticeable acceleration phases. A relatively broad loading wave caused by the interference between the impact wave and the preexisting static stress field was observed emanating from the interface. There was a cusp in the stress contours at the interface, indicating that the propagation speed was slightly faster along the interface than in the bulk. The observed propagation speeds of the sliding tips were dependent on the projectile speed. They spanned almost the whole interval from sub-Rayleigh speeds to nearly the sonic speed of the material, with the exception of a forbidden gap between the Rayleigh wave speed and the shear wave speed. Supersonic trailing pulses generating Mach lines of different inclination angles, emanating from the sliding zone tips, were discovered. In addition, behind the sliding tip, wrinkle-like opening pulses were observed for a wide range of impact speeds and confining stresses. They always traveled at speeds between the Rayleigh wave speed and the shear wave speed of the material.
Feeding Response of the Mysid Mysidopsis bahia Reared on Artemia

Abstract The feeding response of the mysid Mysidopsis bahia, reared in the laboratory on artemia (Artemia sp.), was investigated, and juvenile mysid production was evaluated in relation to prey preference. This was accomplished by differentiating and enumerating swimming (stage-I nauplii) and nonswimming (membranous-sac) stages of artemia and relating this information to the number of juvenile mysids less than 2 mm in body length produced per day. It was found that artemia from commercial sources sometimes failed to achieve stage-I nauplii irrespective of their geographic origin. Juvenile mysid production is markedly improved when the artemia strain provides sufficient numbers of stage-I nauplii. The source of artemia must first be checked to insure adequate prey for mysid production in the laboratory.
In-Band Control for an Ethernet-Based Software-Defined Network

A distinguishing characteristic of a software-defined network is separation of the network's control plane from its data plane. Especially when the granularity of control is an individual network flow, such separation entails frequent communications between these two planes. This communication pattern demands the same level of resilience from the control plane as that from the data plane, and thus calls into question the conventional out-of-band control network design as used in many existing SDN systems. Peregrine is an Ethernet-based software-defined network that was originally designed as the internal network of a container computer, and unifies storage access, inter-server communication, and network control into a single network comprising only commodity off-the-shelf Ethernet switches. To fully utilize all available physical network links, Peregrine treats the physical network as an explicitly routed mesh and equalizes the loads of its links using a global load-balancing routing algorithm running on a centralized controller. The in-band control architecture of Peregrine leads to two issues: (1) how to evolve a Peregrine network from its initial bootstrapping mode to the explicit routing mode at run time, and (2) how to support fast fail-over for physical failures that break both the control and data plane. This paper describes how Peregrine addresses these two issues, and shows its effectiveness with performance measurements collected from a fully operational test-bed.
Learning at Any Time: Supporting Student Learning Wherever It Happens.

A new residential college and a faculty-in-residence program demonstrate how student affairs educators and academic faculty at one institution have collaborated to create transformational learning experiences for their students.
Bias in Appraisal‐Based Returns

This note quantifies and extends Giliberto's [AREUEA Journal 16(1)] analysis of bias in appraisal-based returns. An important clarification and distinction is made, defining two different perspectives from which one may view appraisal return bias. The Giliberto analysis addressed bias in the holding period return only. Here, after reviewing and extending Giliberto's analysis in this regard, bias is considered from another perspective, that of the arithmetic mean of a time-series of appraisal-based returns. The two types of bias are likely to be of opposite sign, thereby possibly offsetting one another, so that we may often observe very little bias in the means of empirical appraisal-based returns time-series.
The Social and Economic Integration of Portuguese Immigrants in Brazil in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

Like most of the peripheral countries of Europe in the nineteenth century, Portugal experienced population growth, agricultural expansion and even serious industrial development. By mid-century, in fact, it compared reasonably well in basic economic indices with most comparable late industrialising European countries. Although Portugal continued to develop in the second half of the century, its economy did not grow as rapidly as the rest of Europe and by the end of the century it had fallen seriously behind, becoming one of the poorest societies on the continent. This relative backwardness had several causes. Severe problems of land distribution affected the ability of national agriculture to modernise rapidly, especially in the densely populated north where minifundia land holdings predominated. Portugal's important wine industry was modernised but in only one sector and this sector could not expand its international markets.
Sandwich probes: two simultaneous reactions for templated nucleic acid detection

Fluorescence-quenched nucleic acid probes with reactive moieties at both the 5′ and 3′ ends are synthesized and tested for reaction with two adjacent nucleophile-containing DNAs. These probes improve signal to background over singly reactive probes and can discriminate single nucleotide polymorphisms in the target DNA or RNA.
Twelve tips for maximizing the effectiveness of game-based learning

Game-based learning (GBL) in medical education is emerging as a valid alternative to traditional teaching methods. Well-designed GBL sessions use non-threatening competition to capitalize on heightened learner arousal, allowing for high-level engagement and dynamic group discussion. While many templates for specific educational games have been published, little has been written on strategies for educators to create their own or how to use them with maximal effectiveness. These 12 tips provide specific recommendations for the successful design and implementation of GBL sessions in medical education based on a review of the literature and insight from experienced designers.
Body composition in clinically stable men with HIV infection

Clinically stable HIV-infected men ( N =106) receiving investigational antiretrovirals were recruited. Subjects were divided into three HIV disease severity groups by CD4+ cell count. Standard measures of body composition were assessed, as well as serum measures of visceral protein stores and kilocalorie intake. Group 1 subjects (CD4+ T cells 600) despite adequate kilocalorie intake. Group 2 and Group 3 were not significantly different from each other. Our entire cohort had significantly lower muscle mass compared to norms. Our data demonstrate that people with advanced HIV disease have reduced muscle and fat.
Characterization of neural control and contractile function in airway smooth muscle of the ferret.

Several recent studies have characterized neuroanatomical and neurophysiological aspects of ferret airways, but regional differences in reactivity and cholinergic, adrenergic and non-adrenergic-non-cholinergic (NANC) neural responses have not been examined. The aim of this study was to characterize the contractile and relaxant response elicited by electrical field stimulation (EFS), and the contractions induced by cholinergic agonists in isolated ferret tracheal and bronchial preparations. EFS produced frequency-dependent contractions and relaxations. Contractions in both the trachea and bronchi were inhibited by atropine and potentiated by neostigmine. Tracheal relaxations were found to be entirely adrenergic, but bronchial relaxations were mediated by a combination of adrenergic and inhibitory NANC (i-NANC) innervations. Trachea and bronchi were more sensitive to methacholine (MCh) and carbachol than to acetylcholine (ACh); middle tracheal segments being more sensitive to ACh than distal segments, however, in the presence of neostigmine ACh potency was equal in both segments. The results suggest that regional differences exist in cholinergic responsiveness of ferret trachea and bronchi, resulting from differences in ACh degradation.
Demonstration of coherent imaging through a phased array of single-mode optical fibers

We demonstrate coherent imaging through a phased array of single-mode optical fibers. Specifically, we show that two laboratory point sources located within the individual-fiber single-mode acceptance angle can be resolved. Such techniques could eventually enable direct imaging with arrays of small collecting telescopes.
Immunomodulatory Treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Antithymocyte Globulin, Cyclosporine, and Alemtuzumab

It is now well accepted that a subgroup of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) can recover from pancytopenia following immunosuppressive treatment (IST). For many years immunosuppression with antilymphocyte antibodies has been a standard treatment approach for patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA). The initial concept of using immunosuppression to treat pancytopenic patients with MDS was based on the premise that MDS might share with SAA an autoimmune basis for the bone marrow failure common to both conditions. The idea was supported by reports of favorable outcomes in occasional cases of MDS treated with antithymocyte globulin (ATG). Today, various forms of IST have been successfully used to restore hematopoiesis in MDS in many centers worldwide. In this review we outline the rationale for use of IST in MDS, and describe studies which help to define the patients with MDS likely to respond to IST. We summarize 18 published clinical trials using IST for MDS and discuss how these studies have helped to define the MDS subgroups likely to respond to treatment, the nature and durability of the response, the impact of IST on long-term outcome, and the best treatment approach.
Deconstructing Homophobia Through Performance: A Review of Ugly Ducklings: A National Campaign to Reduce Bullying and Harassment of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Youth

This review critically examines Ugly Ducklings: A National Campaign to Reduce Bullying and Harassment of LGBTQ Youth through a DVD and educator's guidebook. The Ugly Ducklings Community Action Kit has two parts: (1) a documentary about the harassment of lesbian youth and (2) short dialogues with Ugly Ducklings cast members, parents, lesbian teens, and others. The guidebook is divided into three broad areas: Educators, Parents, and Youth, with additional information on teen suicide risk and prevention.
From Snake Oil to Medicine: Pioneering Public Health – By R. Alton Lee

This is the fascinating story of a largely forgotten individual, Dr. Samuel J. Crumbine. That he has been largely forgotten is a shame because in his day Crumbine was a “mover and shaker” in the fi...
Properties of amylose-iodine complexes prepared in the presence of excess iodine

Abstract A potentiometric-titration procedure, in which samples are always exposed to an excess of I2-KI has been developed for measuring iodine-binding capacity of starches. Binding capacity of amylose under these conditions is ∼30% as opposed to 20% by conventional potentiometric titration. Spectrophotometric absorbance is essentially the same for either method, but is proportional to potentiometric values only in the excess-iodine titration procedure. Effects of variation of concentration of I2, KI, and phosphate buffer and of temperature on the reaction have been examined. Calculations based on concentration of reactants in solution indicate that the binding species varies from I3− at 10−1 m KI to I11− at 5 × 10−4 m KI.
Direct stress measurements in a shallow, sinuous estuary

Abstract Observations from a 4 element mooring array collected in a bend of a shallow, sinuous estuary are used to describe the flow, density structure and momentum balance over a 10-day period. In general, the flow in the lower 3 m is stratified on ebb and unstratified on flood and shear is concentrated near the bed on flood and nearly uniform throughout the water column on ebb. At spring tides stratification is reduced and the flows 1 m above bottom (mab) are consistently greatest at the downstream end of the bend. The along-channel density gradient is weakest during spring tides owing to zero gradient over most of ebb flow. At neap tides vertical stratification is strong enough to raise the gradient Richardson number well above 0.25 for most of the ebb tide. Currents are weaker and do not display a regular along-channel pattern. The variation in density and current structure is interpreted to result from variations in cross-channel circulation associated with the channel bend. At spring tides, the cross-channel circulation appears to be strong enough to overturn the water column whereas at neap tides stratification is strong enough to halt the overturning. Reynolds stress measured with a Benthic Acoustic Stress Sensor undergoes a four-fold increase between neap and spring tide. The drag coefficient relative to flow at 1 mab is 0.0015–0.0025. Bed stress in the bend is estimated using this drag coefficient and the maximum instantaneous velocity at 1 mab over the array. Because of the along-channel variability in current speed, the estimated bed stress is roughly twice as large as the measured Reynolds stress in the middle of the bend. The estimated bed stress is found to balance the horizontal pressure gradient and local acceleration, implying that a depth-averaged linear momentum balance adequately describes the dynamics on the bend when the impact of the cross-channel circulation is taken into account in the estimate of the bottom stress.
The potential influence of gastric acid secretion during fasting on digestion time in leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata).

Abstract Vertebrates are known to differ in their response of gastric acid secretion during periods of fasting, yet the reasons for these differences remain unclear. Previously, continuous measurements of gastric pH in leopard sharks ( Triakis semifasciata ) had determined that acid secretion in this species is continuous. In order to determine if maintaining an empty acidic stomach may reduce digestion time of a subsequent meal, a simple descriptive model based on acid secretion rates was developed. In vivo gastric acid secretion rates were measured using an auto-titration technique. Acid secretion rates were pH dependent, with rates of 6.1 ± 3.0 (± 1 SD) mmol/h when gastric pH was > 2.5, and 1.7 ± 0.8 mmol/h when pH was 2.0–2.5. Analysis by Western blots suggests that pepsin secretion occurs within 1 h of feeding, and that there is a de-coupling of acid and pepsin secretion. The model estimates that digestion time can be reduced by 5.7 ± 1.3 h and pepsin activity increased by 10–100% during that time if the stomach is acidic before feeding. Gastric acid secretion during fasting is hypothesized to reduce digestion time of a subsequent meal in frequently feeding sharks, which may be advantageous for exploiting resources that are spatially and temporally unpredictable.
Changes in ventricular refractoriness after an extrastimulus: effects of prematurity, cycle length and procainamide.

Abstract This study was performed to determine the ability of extrastimuli to change ventricular refractoriness. We prospectively evaluated the effects of stimulus prematurity and paced cycle length (PCL) in 30 patients and the effect of procainamide in 8 patients on changes in the ventricular effective refractory period (ERP) after a right ventricular extrastimulus (S2). An S2 was introduced at preselected coupling intervals at a PCL (S1-S1) of 600 and 400 ms. At each S1-S2 interval, a second extrastimulus (S3) was introduced in 5-ms decrements and the ERP of S2 measured. The decrease in the ERP after an S2 was directly related to prematurity and most of the shortening occurred over a narrow range of S1-S2 intervals. At a PCL of 600 ms, the ERP of S2 at S1-S2 intervals ≤ 400 ms was significantly shorter than the ERP of S1 (maximal shortening 23%). At a PCL of 400 ms, the ERP of S2 at S1-S2 intervals ≤ 350 ms was significantly shorter than the ERP of S1 (maximal shortening 25%). The ERP of S2 at the shortest S1-S2 interval was greater with a PCL of 600 ms than with 400 ms (200 ± 31 versus 180 ± 26 ms, p
VLSI architectures for string matching and pattern matching

Abstract In this paper, we discuss string-matching and dynamic time-warp pattern-matching. The string-matching problem arises in a number of applications such as in artificial intelligence, pattern recognition and information retrieval. The method of dynamic time-warping is a well-established technique for time alignment and comparison of speech and image patterns. It has found extensive application in speech recognition and related areas of pattern-matching. We propose a VLSI architecture based on the space-time domain expansion approach which can compute the string distance and also give the matching index-pairs which correspond to the edit sequence. The time complexity is O (max( m , n )) by using m × n processing elements array, where m is the length of the input string and n is the length of the reference string. With a uniprocessor the matching process will have the time complexity O ( m × n ). If there are p reference strings, using the proposed architecture the string-matching problem can be solved in time O (max( m , n , p )). With a uniprocessor the time complexity will be O ( m × n × p ). We also propose a VLSI architecture for dynamic time-warping based on the space-time expansion method which can obtain high throughput by using extensive pipelining and parallelism. It can measure the dissimilarity between two patterns in time O (max( m , n , N )). If using a uniprocessor the time complexity will be O ( m × n × N ), where m and n are the numbers of feature vectors of the unknown input pattern and the reference template respectively, and N is the number of elements of the feature vector. If there are p reference templates, the time complexity will be O (max( m , n , N × p )), and if using a uniprocessor the time complexity will be O ( m × n × p × N ). The algorithm partition problems are discussed. Verifications of the proposed VLSI architectures are also given. The backtracking procedures are discussed in much detail and their hardware implementations are also given. The proposed architectures can be applied to many areas such as pattern recognition, information retrieval, image processing, speech processing, remote sensing, robotics, computer vision, artificial intelligence and office automata. They are useful to real-time information processing.
Inferring the History of Speciation from Multilocus DNA Sequence Data: The Case of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Close Relatives

The divergence of Drosophila pseudoobscura from its close relatives, D. persimilis and D. pseudoobscura bogotana, was examined using the pattern of DNA sequence variation in a common set of 50 inbred lines at 11 loci from diverse locations in the genome. Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. persimilis show a marked excess of low-frequency variation across loci, consistent with a model of recent population expansion in both species. The different loci vary considerably, both in polymorphism levels and in the levels of polymorphisms that are shared by different species pairs. A major question we address is whether these patterns of shared variation are best explained by gene flow or by persistence since common ancestry. A new test of gene flow, based on patterns of linkage disequilibrium, is developed. The results from these, and other tests, support a model in which D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis have exchanged genes at some loci. However, the pattern of variation suggests that most gene flow, although occurring after speciation began, was not recent. There is less evidence of gene flow between D. pseudoobscura and D. p. bogotana. The results are compared with recent work on the genomic locations of genes that contribute to reproductive isolation between D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis. We show that there is a good correspondence between the genomic regions associated with reproductive isolation and the regions that show little or no evidence of gene flow.
Low-voltage, fast-programming P-channel flash memory with JVD tunneling nitride

High-quality JVD nitride is applied to a P-channel flash memory as the tunneling dielectric for the first time. Compared to control devices with SiO/sub 2/ tunneling dielectric, much faster programming speed can be achieved with low programming voltage as well as better retention time. Multilevel capability is also demonstrated. This device can be programmed by hot electrons and erased by hot holes, or vice versa.
Binding the material and the discursive with a relational approach of affordances

As Norman's vision of affordances developed twenty-six years ago is unable to address complex challenges faced by today's designers, we outline a view of affordances as discursive relations in HCI design. This argument is framed in the discussion of a larger trend of work beyond the HCI field, the scholarship on relational affordances from the fields of communication and organization studies. Through comparison and interrogation, we maintain a relational approach of affordances that bind the material and the discursive will help us to address design issues such as discursive power, cultural values, performed identities, mediated agency, and articulated voices in this increasingly globalized world and design culturally sensitive technology for transformation and emancipation. With a few cases, this paper deciphers the hidden power relationship of interaction design and suggests ways of we should design for social affordances.
Orality and technology: Rap music and Afro‐American cultural resistance

(1989). Orality and technology: Rap music and Afro‐American cultural resistance. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 35-44.
Development of Ground-Motion Prediction Equations Relevant to Shallow Mining-Induced Seismicity in the Trail Mountain Area, Emery County, Utah

To provide a basis for assessing the seismic hazard to the Joes Valley Dam due to future coal mining in the nearby Cottonwood Tract, central Utah, we developed ground-motion prediction relations using data recorded by a seismic network, established and operated by the University of Utah Seismograph Stations. The network was centered on the Trail Mountain coal mine, located adjacent to the Cottonwood Tract. From late 2000 until early 2001, this network recorded numerous mining-induced events with magnitudes as large as 2.17. The ground motion from these events, recorded at hypocentral distances ranging from about 500 m to approximately 10 km, were well suited to developing new ground-motion prediction relations, especially when augmented by data from a M 4.2 earthquake in the Willow Creek mine, about 50 km north of Trail Mountain. Using a two-stage regression analysis, we determined prediction relations for peak acceleration, peak velocity, and pseudovelocity response spectra, at 5% damping, for periods of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 s. To illustrate the potential seismic hazard at the Joes Valley dam, we used these ground-motion relations to predict a peak velocity of 6.8 cm/s due to an earthquake with the probable maximum magnitude of 3.9, at a hypocentral distance of 1 km, recorded at a rock site typical for this region. This result does not take into account the site response at the dam.
White Servitude and the Growth of Black Slavery in Colonial America

The role of white servitude evolved in a similar way during the American colonial period in those West Indian and southern mainland colonies where slavery became quantitatively important. The change from primary reliance on bound white labor to the use of slaves occurred in two steps, with an initial transition from servants to slaves in unskilled field work, followed some time later by widespread training of blacks and substitution of slaves for servants in skilled occupations. The timing of the two steps can be explained as a function of the changing relative costs of indentured and slave labor in the markets for unskilled and skilled labor.
Death of an axon: studying axon loss in development and disease

The loss of axon branches is a common feature of both the developing and the diseased nervous system. Despite its fundamental importance, a clear mechanistic understanding is lacking on how axonal loss occurs. However, the first molecular inroads into post-traumatic (Wallerian) axon degeneration have recently been made. In parallel, imaging techniques that allow visualizing single axons in vivo are providing a first glimpse at the cellular mechanisms of active dismantling of superfluous or diseased axons. This gives hope that soon a clearer mechanistic understanding of axon loss will emerge: comparing different forms of axon loss will reveal the spectrum of axon loss mechanisms; studies aimed at integrating the known molecular and cellular players during axon loss will provide mechanistic insight into axon dismantling; finally—by understanding how axons are normally lost—we will hopefully find ways to protect them during neurological disease or after trauma.
Evaluation of Permit Success in Wetland Mitigation Banking: A Florida Case Study

With the recent Final Compensatory Mitigation Rule by the US Army Corps of Engineers and US Environmental Protection Agency, wetland mitigation banking has been designated as the preferred means of compensatory mitigation after avoidance and minimization of wetland impacts. Permits and supporting documents were reviewed and site visits conducted at 29 Florida wetland mitigation banks to assess their permit-based success. Just over half of the banks included three or more ecological criteria in permit success requirements. Release of a majority of potential credits (60–75%) was strongly based on completion of activities (e.g. conservation easement, financial assurance, ditch filling). A review of bank compliance suggested that over 40% of banks had reached final success criteria or were clearly trending towards success, but that 17% of the banks were not trending towards success. Most banks were deemed successful according to permit criteria and compliance considerations, although permit criteria were not explicitly tied to ecological considerations. While permit success criteria may have been met, it was unclear what level of functional performance wetland mitigation banks provided.
An optimal control formulation for inviscid incompressible ideal fluid flow

In this paper we consider the Hamiltonian formulation of the equations of incompressible ideal fluid flow from the point of view of optimal control theory. The equations are compared to the finite symmetric rigid body equations analyzed earlier by the authors. We discuss various aspects of the Hamiltonian structure of the Euler equations and show in particular that the optimal control approach leads to a standard formulation of the Euler equations-the so-called impulse equations in their Lagrangian form. We discuss various other aspects of the Euler equations from a pedagogical point of view. We show that the Hamiltonian in the maximum principle is given by the pairing of the Eulerian impulse density with the velocity. We provide a comparative discussion of the flow equations in their Eulerian and Lagrangian form and describe how these forms occur naturally in the context of optimal control. We demonstrate that the extremal equations corresponding to the optimal control problem for the flow have a natural canonical symplectic structure.
A risk score to predict acute renal failure in adult patients after lung transplantation.

Background. Despite the significant morbidity associated with renal failure after lung transplantation (LTx), no predictive models currently exist. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to develop a preoperative risk score based on recipient-, donor-, and transplant-specific characteristics to predict postoperative acute renal failure in candidates for transplantation. Methods. The United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was queried for adult patients (‡ 18 years of age) undergoing LTx between 2005 and 2012. The population was randomly divided into derivation (80%) and validation (20%) cohorts. The primary outcome of interest was new-onset renal failure. Variables predictive of acute renal failure (exploratory p value < 0.2) within the derivation cohort were incorporated into a multivariable logistic regression model. Odds ratios were used to assign values to the independent predictors of postoperative renal failure to construct the risk stratification score (RSS). Results. During the study period, 10,963 patients underwent lung transplantation, and the incidence of renal failure was 5.5% (598 patients). Baseline recipient-, donor-, and transplant-related factors were similar between the cohorts. Eighteen covariates were included in the multivariable model, and 10 were assigned values based on their relative odds ratios (ORs). Scores were stratified into 3 groups, with an observed rate of acute renal failure of 3.1%, 5.3%, and 15.6% in the low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups, respectively. The incidence of renal failure was found to be significantly increased in the highest risk group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the risk model’s predicted rates of renal failure highly correlated with actual rates observed in the population (r [ 0.86). Conclusions. We introduce a novel and simple RSS that is highly predictive of renal failure after LTx.
Overlapping Matrix Pattern Visualization: A Hypergraph Approach

In this work, we study a visual data mining problem: Given a set of discovered overlapping submatrices of interest, how can we order the rows and columns of the data matrix to best display these submatrices and their relationships? We find this problem can be converted to the hypergraph ordering problem, which generalizes the traditional minimal linear arrangement (or graph ordering) problem and then we are able to prove the NP-hardness of this problem. We propose a novel iterative algorithm which utilize the existing graph ordering algorithm to solve the optimal visualization problem. This algorithm can always converge to a local minimum. The detailed experimental evaluation using a set of publicly available transactional datasets demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
An approximation to bounded phase coordinate control problem for linear discrete systems

This paper considers the penalty function method to obtain an approximate solution to the bounded phase coordinate optimal control problem for linear discrete systems with essentially quadratic cost functionals. The penalty function assumes positive values outside the phase constraint set, and zero inside the phase constraint set. The problem is to find an optimal control from a convex compact control restraint set such that the cost functional is minimum, and the sum of the penalty function along the response is smaller than a prescribed constant. It is shown that the maximum principle is a necessary and sufficient condition for an optimal control in a number of cases, and an analytic method of finding an optimal control is given. Also, the existence of an optimal control is proved.
A Measure of Prejudice Against Accented English (MPAAE) Scale Development and Validation

Though numerous experiments support the presence of linguistic prejudice toward English speakers with foreign accents, there is, to date, no self-report measure of such prejudice. To capture the mu...
Demodulation of FM data in free-space optical communication systems using discrete wavelet transformation

Atmospheric noise signals are fundamental limitation of free-space optical communications, as the decrease in signal-to-noise ratio reduces the range and/or bandwidth of the link. In this paper we consider the limitations that this imposes, and investigate the use of discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) to overcome them. Simulations are performed to validate the use of the DWT in the demodulation of the analog data in the presence of noise. Results of the experiments are presented.
Evaluation of a Two Dimensional Analysis Method as a Screening and Evaluation Tool for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury

Background: Increased knee valgus predicts the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, particularly in women. Reducing injury rates thus relies on detecting and continually evaluating people with relatively large valgus motions. Objectives: To examine the potential of a two dimensional (2D) video analysis method for screening for excessive valgus. Methods: Ten female and 10 male National Collegiate Athletic Association basketball players had three dimensional (3D) knee valgus and two dimensional (2D) frontal plane knee angle quantified during side step, side jump, and shuttle run tasks. 3D valgus was quantified from external marker coordinates using standard techniques, and 2D data were obtained from both the frontal plane projections of these coordinates (2D-Mot) and manual digitisation of digital video footage (2D-Cam). A root mean square (RMS) error was calculated between 2D-Mot and 2D-Cam data to evaluate the reliability of the latter. Correlations between 2D-Cam and 3D data (intersubject and intrasubject) were also conducted, and regression slope and r2 values obtained. Results: 2D-Cam and 2D-Mot data were consistent for side step (RMS = 1.7°) and side jump (RMS = 1.5°) movements. Between subjects, 2D-Cam and 3D data correlated well for the side step (r2 = 0.58) and side jump (r2 = 0.64). Within subjects, 2D-Cam and 3D data correlated moderately for the side step (r2 = 0.25 (0.19)) and side jump (r2 = 0.36 (0.27)). Conclusions: The 2D-Cam method can be used to screen for excessive valgus in elite basketball players, particularly for movements occurring primarily in the frontal plane. This method may also be a useful training evaluation tool when large reductions in dynamic valgus motions are required.
Molecular studies of the structural properties of hydrogen gas in bulk water

We report on our studies of the structural properties of a hydrogen molecule dissolved in liquid water. The radial distribution function, coordination number and coordination number distribution are calculated using different representations of the interatomic forces within molecular dynamics (MD), Monte Carlo (MC) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation frameworks. Although structural details differ in the radial distribution functions generated from the different force fields, all approaches agree that the average and most probable number of water molecules occupying the inner hydration sphere around hydrogen is 16. Furthermore, all results exclude the possibility of clathrate-like organization of water molecules around the hydrophobic molecular hydrogen solute.
Thermal Ablation of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Triage, Treatment, and Follow-up

The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is increasing. With the increasing emphasis on minimally invasive nephron-sparing surgery, thermal ablation is playing a larger role in the management of patients with this disease. This review outlines imaging management, intraoperative and percutaneous ablation, and postprocedural follow-up of RCC.
Do immigrants counter the effect of cultural distance on trade? Evidence from US state-level exports

We examine the effects of immigrants and cultural distance on US state-level exports, placing emphasis on the extent to which immigrants may offset the influence of cultural distance with respect to the initiation and intensification of exports. Our findings suggest that greater cultural differences between the US and immigrants’ home countries reduce both the likelihood that exporting occurs and, when exporting is taking place, the level of exports. Immigrants are found to exert pro-export effects that offset, at least partially, the trade-inhibiting effects of cultural distance. The estimated effects of both cultural distance and immigrants are found to be greater when the level of exports is examined as compared to when the likelihood that exporting occurs is considered; however, significant variation in the export-initiation and intensification effects of immigrants and cultural distance is reported across states.
Loss reduction methods for planar circuit designs on lossy substrates

Loss reduction methods using porous silicon for the design of filters on lossy substrates are investigated. The results show that the underlying bulk silicon properties play an important role in the resulting performance of the filter. Reduction in the thickness of the lossy underlying bulk silicon leads to a 30% decrease in the insertion loss in the passband (at 10 GHz) and as 35% improvement in the stopband performance (35 GHz).