cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Study of Taxi Drivers’ Fatigue Relieving Ways

The driving state of taxi drivers relate to passengers and the driver’s life safety. So the study of taxi drivers’ fatigue driving is of great significance, especially detection fatigue and fatigue ease. The taxi drivers usually have a short time rest after a long time driving. The rest mode can be divided into two kinds. One is relaxing in a taxi, another is outside a taxi. We have studied the two different relaxing ways in this paper. We have gathered the EEG signals of eight taxi drivers. Then we extracted δ, θ, α and β rhythm from drivers’ EEG signals using wavelet packet decomposition. We judged the effective ways to alleviate fatigue through comparing the EEG fatigue state index F. The results show that relaxing outside a taxi is more effective than in a taxi after a long time driving.
Strengthen Registration Management of Traditional Chinese Medicine Injections

To brief analyze the quality safety problem of traditional Chinese medicine injections such as puerarin injection,Yuxingcao injection,Shuanghuanglian injection,Qingkailing injection.This paper has considered about strengthening the registration management of traditional Chinese medicine injections from the following aspects,examination,standard,technical evaluation,reappraisal,and instruction.
Clustering method based on improved particle swarm optimization

This paper proposes a clustering algorithm which is based on improved Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) .Both the K-means,which has strong capacity of local searching,and the cross,mutation operation,which are based on the genetic algorithm,are combined in the PSO algorithm.It not only improves the PSO’s local searching capacity,accelerates the convergence rate,and effectively prevents the premature convergence,for it adds cross and mutation operations.Experiments show that this clustering algorithm has a better convergence.
Central Stimulant Treatment of Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder : Issues and Recommendations from a US Perspective.

The use of CNS stimulants for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children has steadily increased in most areas of the world over the last 30 years. In mid-1995, at least 1.5 million US children were receiving methylphenidate or dexamphetamine (dextroamphetamine). However, in other countries these agents are not used as widely.Specific stimulant-induced benefits for children with ADHD include: improved school grades, more completed classroom work, fewer reprimands for disruptive behaviour, improved handwriting, and improved behaviour at home and in social situtions. Stimulants benefit at least 75% of children with ADHD and are remarkably well tolerated, having few (for the most part minor and temporary) adverse effects.However, the benefits of stimulants that are obvious in most patients with ADHD during a brief clinical trial are primarily symptomatic. Although the behavioural benefits of stimulants are generally present during each period of treatment for as long as the ADHD condition exists (and children with ADHD are now often staying on stimulant medication into their mid-teens), the treatment has not been shown to change the long term outcome of the disorder.Before prescribing stimulants, paediatric physicians need to perform a careful diagnostic assessment for ADHD using multiple sources of information, including detailed ratings of the child's behaviour from his/her teachers and from a parent. If at baseline, the child's academic and behavioural adjustment in the classroom is good, stimulant medication would be inappropriate. However, if the child's pattern of ADHD has consistently and seriously interfered with his/her classroom and home adjustment, stimulant treatment should be actively considered. Should stimulant therapy be initiated, knowledgeable medical follow-up is required.
Growing Algae Alter Spectroscopic Characteristics and Chlorine Reactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter from Thermally-Altered Forest Litters.

Previous studies demonstrated that wildfires alter spectroscopic characteristics of terrestrial dissolved organic matter (DOM) and increase specific disinfection byproduct formation potential (SDBP-FP). However, it is unclear whether characteristics of thermally altered DOM (TA-DOM) are altered by biogeochemical processes (e.g., transformed by growing algae) before entering water treatment facilities. The freshwater green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa were separately incubated in the mixture of cultural medium and pine (Pinus palustris) litter-derived TA-DOMs (50 °C, 250 °C, and 400 °C) over 7 days to demonstrate the effects of algal growth on alterations in SDBP-FP. TA-DOM optical characteristics and SDBP-FP were quantified by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and chlorination-based DBP-FP experiments. After the inoculation with P. subcapitata, TA-DOM aromaticity (indicated by SUVA254) increased from 1.19 to 1.90 L/mg/m for 50 °C-extract but decr...
Summary and Final Comments

In this concluding chapter, the different chapters of this book will be summarized. Then, the future tendencies and not-yet-addressed challenges will be presented and discussed.
Neuroendocrine Control of Gonadotropins in Mammals

Publisher Summary Neuroendocrine factors released from the hypothalamus target the anterior pituitary stimulating the synthesis and secretion of large glycoprotein molecules that ultimately control the development, growth, and maintenance of the gonads in both males and females. Named for their ability to stimulate gonadal growth, these glycoproteins are collectively referred to as gonadotropic hormones or gonadotropins (GTHs). Central control of gonadotropin function is driven by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Numerous neurotrophic factors, such as steroid hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuroactive ions, contribute to the regulation of GnRH gene expression and pulsatile release. Moreover, there is an extensive degree of conservation and redundancy in the GnRH system across all vertebrate species, underscoring the paramount role GnRH has in conveying reproductive competency.
A Microbial Assay System for the Confirmation of Results of Receptor Assays for Antibiotic Residues in Milk1

A microbial assay system has been devised as a unified confirmation procedure for antibiotic residues found in milk using the Charm II receptor assay. Chlortetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, penicillin and chloramphenicol residues are assayed using three organisms and five types of agar. Assay specificity is achieved by making use of the differences in the antibiotics' activity at selected pH's and differences in stability with regard to enzymes and temperatures, as well as differences in the sensitivity of the organisms to different antibiotics. The system has the flexibility to be used piecemeal when only one or two residues require confirmation, or in its entirety when confirmation of multiple residues is needed.
Britain and the sea of darkness: Islandology in al-Idrīsī’s Nuzhat al-Mushtaq

This paper argues that al-Idrīsī’s geography, while pursuing the sovereign interests of the Norman king of Sicily, Roger II, nonetheless critiques Norman empire-building using insular tropes and littoral uncertainty in his description of Britain and the other countries of the seventh climate.
Dopamine D2 Receptor Signaling in the Nucleus Accumbens Comprises a Metabolic–Cognitive Brain Interface Regulating Metabolic Components of Glucose Reinforcement

Appetitive drive is influenced by coordinated interactions between brain circuits that regulate reinforcement and homeostatic signals that control metabolism. Glucose modulates striatal dopamine (DA) and regulates appetitive drive and reinforcement learning. Striatal DA D2 receptors (D2Rs) also regulate reinforcement learning and are implicated in glucose-related metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, interactions between striatal D2R and peripheral glucose have not been previously described. Here we show that manipulations involving striatal D2R signaling coincide with perseverative and impulsive-like responding for sucrose, a disaccharide consisting of fructose and glucose. Fructose conveys orosensory (ie, taste) reinforcement but does not convey metabolic (ie, nutrient-derived) reinforcement. Glucose however conveys orosensory reinforcement but unlike fructose, it is a major metabolic energy source, underlies sustained reinforcement, and activates striatal circuitry. We found that mice with deletion of dopamine- and cAMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) exclusively in D2R-expressing cells exhibited preferential D2R changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a striatal region that critically regulates sucrose reinforcement. These changes coincided with perseverative and impulsive-like responding for sucrose pellets and sustained reinforcement learning of glucose-paired flavors. These mice were also characterized by significant glucose intolerance (ie, impaired glucose utilization). Systemic glucose administration significantly attenuated sucrose operant responding and D2R activation or blockade in the NAc bidirectionally modulated blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance. Collectively, these results implicate NAc D2R in regulating both peripheral glucose levels and glucose-dependent reinforcement learning behaviors and highlight the notion that glucose metabolic impairments arising from disrupted NAc D2R signaling are involved in compulsive and perseverative feeding behaviors.
Bendable tube-shaped supercapacitor based on reduced graphene oxide and Prussian blue coated carbon fiber yarns for energy storage

Abstract Carbon fiber yarns (CFY) are promising as a new type of flexible building blocks for the construction of flexible architectures for the energy storage applications. The main hurdle with CFY is how to make them high energy and power capable by using economically and environmentally viable materials. Here, we report reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Prussian blue (PB) coated CFY, derived from a facile electrochemical process at room temperature for supercapacitor electrodes. The PB coated CFY and rGO coated CFY electrodes exhibit the excellent gravimetric capacitance of 339 F/g and 160.2 F/g, respectively, in aqueous KCl electrolyte in three-electrode cell configuration. When we coupled these electrodes inside the flexible plastic tube and separated by the electrolyte wet filter paper in order to construct flexible architecture, the resulting device delivers excellent specific energy of 52.1 Wh/kg and 26.5 Wh/kg with offering specific power of 3100 W/kg and 14400 W/kg respectively, under a wide operating potential of 1.8 V with excellent rate capability. The device shows high tolerance towards bending, and retained its efficiency to the capacitance after being bent at an angle of 360° for 200 bending cycles.
Uplifting Spiritual Cultivation for Lay People: Bhikṣuṇī Master Daehaeng (1927–2012) of the Hanmaum Seonwon (One Mind Sŏn Center) in South Korea

This paper examines Bhikṣuṇī Daehaeng, who in 1972 established the One Mind Zen Center, one of the most successful urban mega-centres in South Korea. The Centre is located in Anyang, near Seoul, an...
Pathways from Academe to Industry: An Empirical Analysis of Academic Marketing to Prospective Students

Historically, universities and industry have exchanged money, knowledge, and people to profit from markets. Moving students into the workforce could be the strongest economic contribution to efforts, but how do universities recruit prospective students into academe-industry links? This study analyzed discourse on websites of Association of American Universities institutions. Analyses revealed that institutions: (1) showcased organizational developments that provided specialized knowledge for students to leverage for economic gain; (2) highlighted curricula to develop—and certify—student entrepreneurs; and (3) presented cocurricula as pathways to the industry. Together, themes suggest academic messaging that serves market interests, differentiating which students may benefit most.
Heat Evolution and Electrical Work of Batteries as a Function of Discharge Rate: Spontaneous and Reversible Processes and Maximum Work

Many types of batteries power an ever-growing number of devices. Electrochemical devices like batteries and fuel cells can, in principle, exceed Carnot efficiency for energy conversion. In this novel laboratory experiment, students explore the partitioning of the enthalpy change of a battery’s electrochemical reaction between useful electrical work and waste heat, ΔH = welec + q. Work is measured by monitoring cell potential and current during battery discharge; waste heat evolved at the battery is simultaneously measured in a calorimeter. Results from discharging AA-size “alkaline” batteries are presented. Data for nickel–cadmium, nickel–metal hydride; a D-size, single cell, lead-acid storage battery; and Zn/Ag2O watch batteries are also presented in the Supporting Information.
The Dutch Origins of the Quasi War: John Adams, the Netherlands, and Atlantic Politics in the 1790s

In 1797, John Adams called together a special session of Congress. Adams informed the assembled members that he had sent new ambassadors to France and requested a buildup of the military. Adams’s belligerent message set the stage for the military engagement with France that came to be known as the Quasi War. In the message, Adams included some documents about French depredations in the Netherlands. While these documents have caused some historians pause, this article argues that the use of these documents offer insight into the much larger role the Dutch played in the Early American Republic and in Adams’s own decision-making process. In order to fully understand the origins of the Quasi War, we must consider Adams’s connections with the Netherlands and the Dutch people.
Defending Positive Cocaine Tests

People try to defend positive cocaine test results by claiming they drink herbal tea or visit a dentist who uses procaine as an anesthetic. Although a positive cocaine test result as confirmed urinary benzoylecgonine may result from drinking coca tea, the import of such tea in the United States is illegal. Nevertheless, there are few reports in the literature describing the presence of cocaine in certain herbal teas. Procaine does not contain cocaine and use of procaine cannot result in positive test results. Although some reports describe the presence of cocaine and other drugs of abuse in paper currencies of the United States and other countries, handling such paper money cannot produce a positive drug test in the urine.
CHAPTER 13 - Mechanical Systems Reliability Modeling

ABSTRACT The ever increasing demand for better and reliable mechanical systems necessitates the explicit consideration of reliability in the modeling and design of mechanical systems. The inadequacy of the traditional factor of safety in ensuring proper degree of safety of mechanical systems is explained. The differences between the reliability modeling of electronic/electrical and mechanical systems are outlined. The role of modeling strength, load, and geometry in the reliability analysis of mechanical and structural systems is described. The methods of analyzing the probability of failure of weakest-link and fail-safe systems are presented. The modeling and analysis methods described in this chapter are illustrated through the reliability analysis of a compound gear train and a Geneva mechanism. The techniques presented in this work are quite general and are applicable for the modeling, analysis, and design of any mechanical system.
Controlling Substrate Coupling in Heavily-Doped Bulk Processes

The chip substrate acts as a collector and distributor of noise on the IC. The amount of coupling varies depending on the structure and doping of the chip substrate as well as how it is tied to its assigned voltage potential on chip. Essentially every chip voltage transient on chip signal wires, I/O pads, and power rails is capacitively coupled to the chip substrate. This includes energy from card reflections back to I/O pads and transmitted to the substrate via I/O protect devices. Experiments done at IBM and outside have determined that the noise energy coupled to and from the substrate is proportional to the total chip switching power as well as to the logic power rail inductance and chip substrate tie inductance. Coupled noise peak voltages are frequency dependent, unlike the coupled energy, due to constructive and destructive interference of the various frequencies.
Calibration of the ERG Stimulus

Calibration of the photostimulus has long been a problem in clinical electroretinography. Each investigator must normalize his own apparatus with a series of normal subjects, and he is then unable to accurately compare his clinical findings with those of other investigators. He is also unable to monitor changes in his own apparatus as the components age or become altered, thus making follow up patient examinations less accurate.
The Shikimate Pathway

The shikimate pathway is the major metabolic route leading to the formation of aromatic compounds in living systems. It operates in microorganisms and in higher plants, but not in animals, which is why the latter are dependent on a dietary supply of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. In addition to providing these essential protein constituents, the shikimate pathway is necessary for the synthesis of essential cofactors, like folic acid or various isoprenylated quinones, and of the important structural material, lignin, and it is involved in the formation of a vast array of so-called secondary metabolites in plants and microorganisms, like phenylpropanoids, alkaloids or many antibiotics.
Latent Network Summarization: Bridging Network Embedding and Summarization

Motivated by the computational and storage challenges that dense embeddings pose, we introduce the problem of latent network summarization that aims to learn a compact, latent representation of the graph structure with dimensionality that is independent of the input graph size (\i.e., #nodes and #edges), while retaining the ability to derive node representations on the fly. We propose Multi-LENS, an inductive multi-level latent network summarization approach that leverages a set of relational operators and relational functions (compositions of operators) to capture the structure of egonets and higher-order subgraphs, respectively. The structure is stored in low-rank, size-independent structural feature matrices, which along with the relational functions comprise our latent network summary. Multi-LENS is general and naturally supports both homogeneous and heterogeneous graphs with or without directionality, weights, attributes or labels. Extensive experiments on real graphs show 3.5-34.3% improvement in AUC for link prediction, while requiring 80-2152x less output storage space than baseline embedding methods on large datasets. As application areas, we show the effectiveness of Multi-LENS in detecting anomalies and events in the Enron email communication graph and Twitter co-mention graph.
Water Poisons H2 Activation at the Au–TiO2 Interface by Slowing Proton and Electron Transfer between Au and Titania

Understanding the dynamic changes at the active site during catalysis is a fundamental challenge that promises to improve catalytic properties. While performing Arrhenius studies during H2 oxidatio...
Scattering properties and femtosecond laser ablation thresholds of human and canine vocal folds (Conference Presentation)

Ultrafast laser ablation may provide treatment for vocal fold (VF) scarring. Optical properties of VF must be known prior to clinical implementation to select appropriate laser surgery conditions. We present scattering lengths and ablation thresholds of human and canine tissues measured using an experimental approach which involves an image-guided, laser-ablation based method. We study effects of tissue storage and cumulative pulse overlap on scattering properties and ablation thresholds. We perform deep tissue ablation using moderate numerical apertures and multiple laser operating conditions to imitate predicted surgical implementation. Results provide guidelines for clinical implementation towards VF restoration therapy.
Extensive Palisaded Neutrophilic Granulomatous Dermatitis with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-system disease with a myriad of mucocutaneous and systemic findings. One of the atypical cutaneous manifestations is palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis (PNGD). This uncommon condition presents as tender or asymptomatic, flesh-colored, red to violaceous subcutaneous nodules. The diagnosis may be suspected clinically but is confirmed by biopsy. The impact of the disease may be the direct result of pain, psychosocial, cosmetic concerns, or be the initial presentation of an underlying systemic disease. We present a patient with known SLE who developed PNGD. We also review similar clinical and microscopic disease entities with a summative comparison of neutrophilic dermatoses in patients with autoimmune connective tissue diseases.
A void descriptor function to uniquely characterize pore networks and predict ductile-metal failure properties

Porosity, a commonly occurring void defect in casting and additive manufacturing, is known to affect the mechanical response of metals, making it difficult or impossible to predict response variability. We introduce a new method of uniquely characterizing pore networks using a void descriptor function (VDF), which can be used to predict ductile-metal failure properties, namely, toughness modulus, ultimate strength, elongation, and fracture location. The VDF quantifies the inter-relationships of pores by accounting for pore location, size, and distance to free surface. Using a finite-element-modeling framework, 120 tensile specimens with statistically similar pore networks were simulated (virtually tested) to failure. The pore networks were characterized by the proposed VDF, which was then compared to the nominal location of fracture (defined as the fracture-initiation location corresponding to the dominant crack responsible for final rupture). The location of maximum VDF accurately predicted the fracture location (within ± 0.2 mm) for 91 (76%) of the 120 samples and proved to be a more reliable indicator than the location of maximum reduced cross-section area and the location of largest pore diameter for predicting fracture location. Furthermore, the maximum VDF value was found to be more highly correlated than fraction porosity, pore size, reduced-cross section area, and total number of pores to the ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and toughness modulus.
Geographic Variation In The Consolidation Of Physicians Into Health Systems, 2016-18

Physician consolidation into health systems increased in nearly all metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) from 2016 to 2018. Of the 382 US MSAs, 113 had more than half of their physicians in health systems in 2018. Consolidation of physicians was most notable in the Midwest and Northeast and in small-to-midsize MSAs.
The Necessity Defense in Civil Disobedience Cases: Bring in the Jury

This article reviews the history of the necessity defense and the history of civil disobedience. It then illustrates and analyzes the conflicting applications of the necessity defense in civil disobedience trials in state and federal courts. Finally, this article outlines how this defense ought to be applied in these trials and concludes by arguing that the trend of refusing juries the ability to decide these defenses is seriously misguided and ought to be reversed. The long term health of order, freedom, and justice, as well as the straightforward words of the necessity defense, argue that judges are not entitled to, and should not, make unilateral pre-trial decisions about the contest. That is for the jury to decide. If judges engage in a reasonable analysis and use the clear and simple words of the law, the jury should be allowed to hear the defendant and her evidence of necessity. In cases where it is not clear whether the good of order or the good of freedom and justice should prevail - and most of the time it will not be clear - then, for the health of all, let the jury decide.
A letter to your care providers: implementation and analysis of a letter-based advance care planning initiative for gynecologic oncology patients

Objectives: To determine the impact of a prospective, student-led, letter-based advance care planning (ACP) intervention on rates of ACP conversations and documentation among gynecologic oncology (GO) inpatients. Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients admitted to the GO service at a single academic institution in 2019 showed that compliance with recommendations for ACP documentation was suboptimal. We initiated a quality improvement initiative from January through September 2020 to improve our compliance. Patients admitted to the GO service were given ACP packets with a letter-based advance directive (AD) worksheet modeled after the Stanford Letter Project. In January and February 2020, patients who were interested in learning more about ACP were visited by medical students trained to lead ACP conversations. From March through September 2020, students were unavailable to facilitate in-person ACP conversations due to COVID-19 restrictions. Pre and post-intervention ACP documentation of patients admitted to the GO service were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and associations between sociodemographic characteristics and ACP documentation were analyzed using logistic regression. Results: Since implementation of the letter-based ACP intervention, 98 patients were admitted to the GO service. The majority of those admitted had cancer (n=60, 61%). Only 16 patients (16%) had an AD on admission, and 65 patients (66%) reported never having an ACP conversation. Of 82 patients without ADs, 71 (87%) received an ACP packet. Of those receiving packets, 8 (11%) requested more information about ACP and 6 (8%) participated in an ACP conversation with a student. At 9-month follow-up among patients receiving a packet, 9 patients added an AD to their EMR (13%), and 2 updated their AD (3%). After the intervention, AD completion in our population went from 16% to 26%. Among those receiving ACP packets, increasing age was associated with increased post-admission AD completion (OR 1.1, p=0.01). Conclusions: Completion of AD among patients continues to be low. Barriers to AD completion include patient and provider reluctance surrounding discussing these issues and difficulty with uploading these documents into the EMR. Letter-based ADs offer a unique method for introducing ACP earlier in cancer care and may lead to increased conversations about patient values and goals of care. More work is needed to improve occurrence and documentation of ACP conversations.
Chapter 3 Tropolonic Colchicum Alkaloids and Allo Congeners

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that practical synthesis of natural (aS, 7S)-colchicine and its 3-demethyl analog remain a challenge for organic chemists. Variation of the structure of colchicine has led to several possibly less toxic analogs, such as deacetylcolchicine and 3-demethylthiocolchicine. Whereas the former can readily be applied in the form of water-soluble salts, the latter, which is not very soluble in water or commonly used solvents, requires study about its formulation. Information on the metabolism of colchicine and its analogs in humans is still inadequate. The same conclusion holds for the biosynthesis of colchicine, which lacks details in the construction of the tropolonic unit and in the formation of the acetamido group. The chapter reviews the beneficial effects of colchicines, which reported in amyloidosis, familial Mediterranean fever, and cirrhosis, for which presently no good therapeutic agents are available, may stimulate interest in the development of one of its less toxic analogs, including phenyltropolones and biphenyls with proper substitution and proper axial chirality.
“THE EMERGENCE OF PREDICTION MARKETS WITHIN BUSINESS FIRMS: A SKEPTICAL PERSPECTIVE FROM AN INTRIGUED ACADEMIC.”

Learning about the recent emergence of prediction markets within business firms has been fascinating and a bit confusing. As an economist who works on historical political stock markets, I believe this intriguing endeavor will be a road worth traveling but one littered with potholes and rocks at unexpected places. Perhaps my sense that employing prediction markets within firms will be a jarring experience comes from the impression formed by my first exposure to the idea: where higher-ups at Microsoft created a small-stakes market for the programming team designing internal-company software about whether their project manager’s deadline would be met. I could readily see why the higher-ups wanted this insider information, but creating such a market seemed entirely at odds with employing hierarchal authority (bosses) or scheduling plans (artificial deadlines) in the first place. Perhaps this sense that prediction markets and business firms do not naturally coexist comes from my professional training.
Precise Theory of Orbits in General Relativity, the Cosmological Constant and the Perihelion Precession of Mercury

We first discuss the exact solution of the timelike geodesic and the perihelion precession in the Schwarzschild gravitational field without cosmological constant ʌ. Results for the perihelion precession of Mercury and values of perihelion and aphelion are listed for different values of the invariant parameters. By use of Jacobi’s inversion theorem the influence of the cosmological constant is taken into account and the modified results are presented for different values of ʌ.
Improving Reading Skills in Science

(1990). Improving Reading Skills in Science. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 105-106.
Equality and Entitlement in Marriage

Over the last two decades there has been a growing interest in the relative equality of men and women. At first, the focus centered on achieving equal opportunities for women in the paid labor force. More recently, attention has focused on the inequalities between husbands and wives in the sharing of the responsibilities of unpaid labor at home. Indeed, a recent Gallup Poll of 1,234 randomly selected adults from across the country found that 57% of the population now says that the ideal marriage is one in which both the husband and the wife have jobs and share in the responsibilities of child rearing and caring for the home (DeStefano & Colasanto, 1990).
Highly efficient energy metering and trend analysis techniques for maximum control

Metering/monitoring is a method used to obtain energy data while the trend analysis process is a method of converting data to useful information in the form of graphical and report output. The techniques of analysis using energy invoices, and unmetered energy consumption data, are discussed. Other optics covered include the evolution of metering and trending systems and their justification. Six reasons to meter energy are provided. The fundamentals of flow metering are noted, as are personal computer energy software and its applications. The ultimate goal of a metering and trending system is to assist the plant or facility in managing the energy required to produce a specific product of service. Monitoring and trending energy consumption allows for close control while minimizing expenses. >
Word association norms: Stability of response and chains of association

Word association norms are reported for 200 boys and girls, aged 12 yr. 9 mos., to 13 yr. 8 mos. For those words which constituted a retest, analysis showed a high consistency in the primary response. When the primaries were used as S words, subjects frequently responded with the word that had originally produced the primary. In 14 cases, however, a new association was produced and these “chains of association” are presented.
Ozone and sulphur dioxide effects on the lilac powdery mildew fungus

Abstract Colonisation of lilac ( Syringa vulgaris ) by the powdery mildew fungus ( Microsphaera alni ) is often sparse in sites exposed to urban air pollutants. The influence of ozone (O 3 ) and sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) on conidial germination and the establishment of infection by M. alni was studied. Although tolerant of O 3 , mildew infection was reduced by acute and chronic doses of SO 2 . Conidial germination and the appressorium phase were the stages most sensitive to SO 2 . Infection was unimpeded on leaves previously fumigated, thus confirming that these reactions were due more to the fungicidal, rather than the phytotoxic, properties of the pollutant. There was no synergism between the two gases that lowered the threshold of toxicity to conidia. A member of the Fungi Imperfecti, Hyalodendron album , sporulated on mildew colonies on lilac leaves. It was antagonistic to the mildew by reducing both conidial germination and the formation of appressoria. Conidia of H. album were more sensitive to O 3 and SO 2 than M. alni . These results suggest that the role of non-pathogenic microbial epiphytes should be considered when assessing the full impact of air pollutants on obligate parasites, and possibly on other foliar pathogens.
Calmodulin Enhances the Stability of the Estrogen Receptor

The estrogen receptor mediates breast cell proliferation and is the principal target for chemotherapy of breast carcinoma. Previous studies have demonstrated that the estrogen receptor binds to calmodulin-Sepharose in vitro. However, the association of endogenous calmodulin with endogenous estrogen receptors in intact cells has not been reported, and the function of the interaction is obscure. Here we demonstrate by co-immunoprecipitation from MCF-7 human breast epithelial cells that endogenous estrogen receptors bind to endogenous calmodulin. Estradiol treatment of the cells had no significant effect on the interaction. However, incubation of the cells with tamoxifen enhanced by 5–10-fold the association of calmodulin with the estrogen receptor and increased the total cellular content of estrogen receptors by 1.5–2-fold. In contrast, the structurally distinct calmodulin antagonists trifluoperazine and CGS9343B attenuated the interaction between calmodulin and the estrogen receptor and dramatically reduced the number of estrogen receptors in the cell. Neither of these agents altered the amount of estrogen receptor mRNA, suggesting that calmodulin stabilizes the protein. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that, in the presence of Ca2+, calmodulin protected estrogen receptors from in vitro proteolysis by trypsin. Furthermore, overexpression of wild type calmodulin, but not a mutant calmodulin incapable of binding Ca2+, increased the concentration of estrogen receptors in MCF-7 cells, whereas transient expression of a calmodulin inhibitor peptide reduced the estrogen receptor concentration. These data demonstrate that calmodulin binds to the estrogen receptor in intact cells in a Ca2+-dependent, but estradiol-independent, manner, thereby modulating the stability and the steady state level of estrogen receptors.
Immediate and delayed reinforcers for flavor preferences in rats

Abstract When rats received, on alternate days, one flavored saccharin solution for 5 min and a differently-flavored saccharin solution for 60 min, they showed no consistent preference between the flavors. On the other hand, when they received one flavor in a concentrated saccharin solution and a different flavor in a dilute one, they preferred the first flavor in tests with saccharin concentration held constant; also, rats learned to prefer a flavor immediately followed by a concentrated saccharin solution to one followed by nothing. They showed no consistent preference, however, between a flavor followed 30 min later by a concentrated saccharin solution and one followed by nothing; but they learned to prefer a flavor followed 30 min later by a dextrose solution to one followed by nothing. In other words, consummatory responding did not reinforce flavor preference, sweet taste did so with immediate but not delayed reinforcement, and nutrition did so even with delayed reinforcement.
Redefinition of Dodecatheon dentatum (Primulaceae) and rationale for use of varietal rank

The new variety,Dodecatheon dentatum var.utahense, represents a geographic stepping stone betweenD. dentatum var.dentatum of the Pacific Northwest andD. dentatum var.ellisiae of the Southwest. Rationale for using the infraspecific rank of variety includes historical precedence and preponderant usage, convenience of grouping multiple varieties into subspecies, and elimination of subjectivity in grading the magnitude of genetic differences.
Hydrogen by Catalytic Steam Reforming of Liquid Byproducts from Biomass Thermoconversion Processes

Biomass, a product of photosynthesis, is a renewable resource that can be used for sustainable production of hydrogen. We propose an approach that combines production of hydrogen with valuable coproducts and shows promising economics. The concept is based on a two-stage process: fast pyrolysis of biomass to generate bio-oil, followed by catalytic steam reforming of the bio-oil, or a fraction thereof, to produce hydrogen. The preferred option is separation of the bio-oil into a lignin-derived fraction, which could be used for producing phenolic resins or fuel-blending components, and a carbohydrate-derived material, which would be reformed to produce hydrogen. The coproduct strategy can also be applied to residual fractions derived from pulping operations or ethanol production and to effluents from other biomass conversion technologies such as transesterification of vegetable oils or food processing residues. In addition, all of the biomass-derived liquids can be coprocessed with natural gas to produce hy...
More choices allow more faults : set consensus problems in totally asynchronous systems

Abstract We define the k-SET CONSENSUS PROBLEM as an extension of the CONSENSUS problem, where each processor decides on a single value such that the set of decided values in any run is of size at most k. We require the agreement condition that all values decided upon are initial values of some processor. We show that the problem has a simple (k−1)-resilient protocol in a totally asynchronous system. In an attempt to come up with a matching lower bound on the number of failures, we study the uncertainty condition, which requires that there must be some initial configuration from which all possible input values can be decided. We prove using a combinatorial argument that any k-resilient protocol for the k-set agreement problem would satisfy the uncertainty condition, while this is not true for any (k−1)-resilient protocol. This result seems to strengthen the conjecture that there is no k-resilient protocol for this problem. We prove this result for a restricted class of protocols. Our motivation for studying this problem is to test whether the number of choices allowed to the processors is related to the number of faults. We hope that this will provide intuition towards achieving better bounds for more practical problems that arise in distributed computing, e.g., the renaming problem. The larger goal is to characterize the boundary between possibility and impossibility in asynchronous systems given multiple faults.
Effect of xid on anti-DNA B-cell precursors

The influence of the xid gene on murine autoimmunity was investigated by precursor frequency analysis of anti-DNA-producing B cells in non-xid and congenic xid autoimmune and normal mice. Antibody responses were induced in vitro by lipopolysaccharides under limiting-dilution conditions with IgM anti-DNA and antitrinitrophenyl (TNP) determined as models of an autoantibody and nonautoantibody, respectively. All mice demonstrated high frequencies of precursors for anti-DNA without differences between the autoimmune (NZB and MRL-lpr/lpr) and nonautoimmune (CBA/J and DBA/2) strains. In these strains, the presence of the xid gene was associated with a marked reduction of anti-DNA. For NZB.xid mice, this loss of anti-DNA precursors was much greater than that for anti-TNP precursors, whose frequency was similar to that of NZB mice. In contrast, xid-bearing CBA/N, DBA/2.xid, and MRL.xid mice showed marked reductions in both anti-DNA and anti-TNP precursors relative to non-xid mice. The intact anti TNP response of NZB.xid mice may be an additional manifestation of immune abnormalities of the NZB strain and suggests that their B-cell populations differ from those of other mice in the conditions for activation. Since NZB.xid spleens had a preferential reduction of anti-DNA responses, this result suggests that in NZB mice precursors for anti-DNA antibodies are predominantly distributed in the B-cell subset affected by xid, explaining the abrogation of their autoantibody production. The equivalent number of precursors in non-xid mice indicates, however, that additional regulatory abnormalities underlie the change from precursor to autoantibody-producing B cell.
Glucose-oxidized low-density lipoproteins enhance insulin-like growth factor I-stimulated smooth muscle cell proliferation by inhibiting integrin-associated protein cleavage.

Prior published reports have demonstrated that glucose-oxidized low-density lipoproteins (g-OxLDL) enhance the proliferative response of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) to IGF-I. Our previous studies have determined that the regulation of cleavage of integrin-associated protein (IAP) by matrix-metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) in diabetic mice in response to hyperglycemia is a key regulator of the response of SMC to IGF-I. Because chronic hyperglycemia enhances glucose-induced LDL oxidation, these studies were conducted to determine whether g-OxLDL modulates the response of SMC to IGF-I by regulating MMP-2-mediated cleavage of IAP. We determined that exposure of SMC to g-OxLDL, but not native LDL, was sufficient to facilitate an increase in cell proliferation in response to IGF-I. Exposure to an anti-CD36 antibody, which has been shown to inhibit g-OxLDL-mediated signaling, inhibited the effects of g-OxLDL on IGF-I-stimulated SMC proliferation. The effect of g-OxLDL could be attributed, in part, to an associat...
Learned helplessness and “fear of success” in college women

Anagram performance in comparison and noncomparison situations of 90 high, medium, or low fear-of-success (FOS) women was examined after these subjects had experienced conditions within the traditional triadic learned helplessness design. Low FOS women in the comparison condition proved significantly more susceptible to learned helplessness effects than high FOS women on one dependent measure (number of incorrect anagrams), though not on the other (response latency). Results are discussed with reference to the FOS construct and to Zuckerman and Allison's (1976) scale, used in the present study. An argument is made for increased attention to personality variables within the learned helplessness paradigm.
The Future of Comparative Neurology

Comparative neurology should be seen as not only anatomical but also physiological, chemical, developmental and behavioral neurobiology that exploits the vast diversity of nervous systems, revealing differences as well as commonalities. The anatomical approach has forged ahead rapidly in recent years but other approaches are lagging. Particularly scarce are studies that compare. The aims of comparative neurology are not unitary but several. Specific actions are urged for each of several classes of scientists. Two challenges are lifted up: the search for relevant behavioral correlates of known anatomical differences between taxa, and the search for brain correlates relevant to observed gross differences in behavior.
An ENU-induced recessive mutation in Mpl leads to thrombocytopenia with overdominance

Objective The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the causative mutation in the thrombocytopenic mouse strain HLB219 that was generated at the Jackson Laboratory as part of a large-scale N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis screen. Materials and Methods The HLB219 mutation was identified by interval mapping of F2 mice generated from intercross breeding of HLB219 to both BALB/cByJ (BALB) and 129/SvImJ (129/Sv). Mpl was identified as a candidate gene and sequenced. The mutation was characterized in vivo in mouse hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell assays and in cell culture by expression in Ba/F3 cells. Results A novel mutation in the thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor Mpl in HLB219 mice caused a Cys→Arg substitution at codon 40 in the extracellular region of the receptor. Mice homozygous for the Mpl hlb219 mutation had an 80% decrease in the number of platelets in comparison to the wild-type C57BL/6J strain, low numbers of bone marrow megakaryocytes, high TPO levels, and decreased competitive repopulating ability, consistent with a loss-of-function mutation in the receptor. Mice heterozygous for Mpl hlb219 however, showed an overdominance effect with a significant increase in platelet number. Functional analysis in vitro demonstrated that Ba/F3 cells expressing the mutant MPL hlb219 protein failed to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase and signal transducers and activators of transcription 5, but proliferated in the absence of TPO and required constitutive phosphorylation of RAC-alpha serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT) for cytokine-independent growth. Conclusion Thrombocytopenia in HLB219 mice is caused by a recessive mutation in Mpl that abrogates mitogen-activated protein kinase–extracellular signal regulated kinase and janus kinase–signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling.
The influence of the launch site operational environment on Space Shuttle scientific payloads

The effects of prelaunch assembly, testing, and integration activities on the scientific payload at the KSC are examined. The functions of the Shuttle and payload organizations of the KSC are discussed. The processing of the various types of pyaloads, and the amount of access to the payload during processing and after landing are described. The KSC facility contains: an Operations and Checkout Building, a Vertical Processing Facility, Cargo Integration and Test Equipment, an Orbiter Processing Facility, a Payload Changeout Room, payload transportation equipment, and Shuttle launch pads.
A modified approach to transcrural celiac plexus block.

Objectives Transcrural celiac block using the needle “walking off” the L1 vertebra technique may cause complications. We used patient-specific computed tomography (CT) images as a roadmap to perform the block under fluoroscopy. We present 1 case to describe the technique. Case Report The patient is a 63-year-old woman with refractory pain from pancreatic cancer. Her CT showed the celiac trunk at the upper L1 vertebra and 2 cm left to the midline. Needle trajectories were drawn on that film. The line representing the classic “walking off” the bone technique on the left side crossed the aorta. Two lines targeting the base of the celiac trunk were modified, thereby avoiding both the L1 vertebra and the surrounding organs. The following were measured: the distance from the midline to the left needle entry (2.5 cm), the angle for the left needle insertion (90°), the distance (6 cm) and the angle (65°) for the right needle entry, and the distance from the anterior margin of the L1 to the celiac trunk (2.6 cm). During the procedure, 2 needles were placed according to these measurements in a plane superior to the transverse process of the L1. No bony contact or needle redirection was made. Both needles reached 3 cm anterior to the anterior margin of the L1. X-ray contrast crossed the midline and silhouetted the target vasculature. Five milliliters of 0.2% ropivacaine followed by 10 mL of 6% phenol were injected on each side. The patient’s pain level improved to 0 to 1/10 on a visual analog scale. Conclusions The modified technique avoided painful needle contact on the bone, reduced needle redirections, and decreased the possibility of vital organ puncture.