cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GIANT HERBIG-HARO FLOWS IN L1228: A SECOND LOOK

We present second epoch narrowband H{alpha} and [S II] images of the giant Herbig-Haro flows HH199 and HH200 in the L1228 molecular cloud. Proper motions for several members of the HH200 flow were determined by comparing the new images to similar narrowband images taken 13 years earlier. Based on our measurements, the HH200 flow is inclined by 15 deg. to the plane of the sky and has a steady, fixed outflow axis with P.A. = 49 deg. There is a general nonlinear decline in the proper motions with increasing distance from the source, and it appears that successive eruption episodes have cleared out a relatively free channel through the L1228 cloud. The bright knot HH200B6 is located at the end of the channel along the edge of L1228, and appears to be tracing the location where the outflow erupts from the cloud. We did not detect any proper motions for HH200B6, and suggest that it is the plug of material that has been bored out by the cumulative effects of numerous eruptions along a steady outflow axis. The proper motions combined with the spacing of the HH200 knots along the flow axis are consistent with a velocity variable outflow, whichmore » erupts periodically on timescales of the order of 600 years. The relatively small size of the knots combined with the large proper motions and derived bow-shock speeds would seem to rule out the presence of a less collimated wind component. We also discuss the HH199 flow, which is radically different from HH200. The members of the HH199 flow exhibited large changes in the morphology and emission, and were not suitable for determining proper motions. The HH200 and HH199 flows appear to be the opposite ends of the spectrum of giant HH flows.« less
Sex differences and gonadal hormones influence susceptibility to the activity-stress paradigm

The present study investigated the effect of gonadal hormones on activity, food consumption, severity of ulceration, weight loss, and survival duration in male and female rats exposed to the activity-stress (A-S) paradigm. Animals received either sham surgery or gonadectomy and were housed in activity wheels or standard suspended cages. Results indicated that gonadectomized animals were more likely to engage in high running levels in the A-S paradigm; in addition, castrated males developed significantly more ulceration than the other groups. Neither sex nor gonadectomy affected the survival duration of A-S animals.
Protection of pigs by vaccination of pregnant sows against eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus

Serum-virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in serum and colostrum of sows vaccinated during pregnancy with commercially available vaccines against eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEEV), and antibodies were detected in serum from nearly all pigs from vaccinated sows following colostrum uptake. Serum-virus neutralizing antibody (SVN) test titers were measured in colostrum and pigs at the next farrowing, and additional vaccination of sows prior to the third farrowing led to elevated SVN titers in serum, colostrum and all pigs. Six pigs from vaccinated sows challenged at 8 to 9 days of age with 1 x 10(6) TCID50 EEEV did not develop the high temperatures or signs of central nervous system disease that 6 pigs from non-vaccinated sows developed. Virus was isolate from blood and oropharyngeal swabs from all pigs from non-vaccinated sows with blood virus titers as high as 9.3 x 10(4) TCID50, while only low levels of virus were detected in blood and oropharyngeal swabs from pigs from vaccinated sows. Virus was also isolated from tonsils collected at necropsy from 3 pigs from non-vaccinated and 1 pig from vaccinated sows. Vaccination of pregnant sows leads to development of maternal antibodies that are transmitted via colostrum to pigs and are protective against clinical EEEV related disease after experimental challenge with EEEV. In addition, vaccination prevents amplification of virus in infected pigs and could result in protection of animals and farm labor in the environment of infected pigs.
Comparison of Supersaturation Profiles Employed on Lysozyme Crystallization from a Hanging Drop

Fiber optic Raman spectroscopy combined with a partial least-squares regression model was used as a monitor of lysozyme concentration during crystallization in a hanging-drop experiment in real tim ...
A Dynamic Equilibrium Model of Housing Demand and Mobility with Transactions Costs

Abstract This study addresses intertemporal housing demand in the presence of transactions costs. The consumer solves a problem similar to a government′s calculation of the socially optimal level of a public good. Instead of the government′s optimizing across individuals, the consumer optimizes over time periods, subject to the constraint that housing consumption remains constant. The resulting immobility cost provides a latent variable that can be modeled and compared to moving costs in the move-stay decision. Housing demand, number of moves, and lengths of stay all emerge endogenously. Comparative statics results are derived, and simulation analysis shows the dynamic properties.
Differential mineral uptake by Maize Inbreds

Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds were grown on soils known to produce Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca, and Cu deficiency and Al and Mn toxicity. The inbreds were assessed for their differential responses to the elemental problem induced by each soil. Marked differences in susceptibility and/or tolerance to limited or excess amounts of mineral nutrients were noted among the inbreds. Information on differential responses of plants to the various mineral elements should be beneficial for overcoming particular element problems and for developing plants which utilize mineral elements more efficiently.
Enhancement of photoacoustic emission through terahertz-field-driven electron motions

We report the study of enhanced photoacoustic emission from a laser-induced plasma under the influence of the terahertz field up to 100 kV/cm. We theoretically and experimentally investigate the energy transfer from terahertz radiation to molecular translational motion, through terahertz-field-driven electron motion and inelastic electron-molecule collision. The enhanced photoacoustic emission in the frequency range of 1-140 kHz is quadratically dependent on the incident terahertz field. We also demonstrate, as an application, that the enhancement of photoacoustic emission from gases asymmetrically ionized by two-color laser field can be used for coherent terahertz wave detection.
External Imaging of CCND1, MYC, and KRAS Oncogene mRNAs with Tumor‐Targeted Radionuclide‐PNA‐Peptide Chimeras

In 2005, breast cancer will kill approximately 40,410 women in the U.S., and pancreatic cancer will kill approximately 31,800 men and women in the U.S. Clinical examination and mammography, the currently accepted breast cancer screening methods, miss almost half of breast cancers in women younger than 40 years, approximately one-quarter of cancers in women aged 40-49 years, and one-fifth of cancers in women over 50 years old. Pancreatic cancer progresses rapidly, with only 1% of patients surviving more than 5 years after diagnosis. However, if the disease is diagnosed when it is localized, the 5-year survival is approximately 20%. It would be beneficial to detect breast cancer and pancreatic cancer at the earliest possible stage, when multimodal therapy with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have the greatest chance of prolonging survival. Human estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells typically display elevated levels of Myc protein due to overexpression of MYC mRNA, elevated cyclin D1 protein due to overexpression of CCND1 mRNA, and elevated insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) due to overexpression of IGF1R mRNA. We hypothesized that scintigraphic detection of MYC or CCND1 peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes with an IGF1 peptide loop on the C-terminus, and a Tc-99m-chelator peptide on the N-terminus, could measure levels of MYC or CCND1 mRNA noninvasively in human IGF1R-overexpressing MCF7 breast cancer xenografts in immunocompromised mice. Similarly, human pancreatic cancer cells typically display elevated levels of KRAS mRNA and elevated IGF1R. Hence, we also hypothesized that a KRAS Tc-99m-chelator PNA-peptide probe could detect overexpression of KRAS mRNA in pancreatic cancer xenografts by scintigraphic imaging, or by positron emission tomography (PET) with a KRAS Cu-64-chelator PNA-peptide. Human MCF7 breast cancer xenografts in immunocompromised mice were imaged scintigraphically 4-24 h after tail-vein administration of MYC or CCND1 Tc-99m-chelator PNA-peptides, but not after administration of mismatch controls. Similarly, human Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells xenografts were imaged scintigraphically 4 and 24 h after tail-vein administration of a KRAS Tc-99m-chelator PNA-peptide, and AsPC1 xenografts were imaged by PET 4 and 24 h after tail-vein adminstration of a KRAS Cu-64-chelator PNA-peptide. The radioprobes distributed normally to the kidneys, livers, tumors, and other tissues. External molecular imaging of oncogene mRNAs in solid tumors with radiolabel-PNA-peptide chimeras might in the future provide additional genetic characterization of pre-invasive and invasive breast cancers.
Changing ethnic/racial stereotypes: The roles of individuals and groups

The effects of various types of information on stereotypical beliefs were examined. Undergraduate students read either stereotypical or nonstereotypical descriptions of Korean, Mexican, and Jewish individuals. Participants’ responses to questions about the described individuals differed significantly across description type. Participants were also asked to estimate the percentages of individuals in the three ethnic groups who possessed certain stereotypical traits. Some participants were shown estimates supposedly given by previous participants. Both the individual descriptions and the provided percentages were associated with significant differences in participants’ estimated percentages. Group information (percentages) was more often effective in producing differences in the estimated percentages than was information about individuals.
Identification and Characterization of Nuclear 3,5,3′- Triiodothyronine-Binding Sites in Fetal Human Lung*

Thyroid hormones have been implicated in the prenatal lung development of several species. To investigate the possibility that thyroid hormones could play a role in human lung development, we examined nuclei from fetal human lung for the presence of high affinity T3-binding sites. A single class of high affinity (Kd = 35 ±ff 3 pM) binding sites for L-T3 was identified in nuclei from fetuses between 12–19 weeks of gestation. The T3-binding capacity increased 65% between 12–13 weeks (binding capacity, 0.227 and 0.282 fmol⁄µg DNA in two experiments) and 16–19 weeks of gestation [binding capacity, 0.420 ± 0.014 (SEM) fmol⁄jug DNA; n = 8]. Maximal binding was achieved after 4 h of incubation at 20 C. The halftimes for dissociation of the T3-receptor complex were 36 h, 10.5 h, 3 h, and 23 min at 2, 20, 25, and 37 C, respectively. The relative order of potency of thyroid hormone analogs in displacing L-T,) from the receptor was: T3-proprionate > 3,3′-5-triiodothyroacetic acid > L-T3 > D-T3 > L-T4 > 3,5-diethyl-3...
Impact of the Delaney Clause in the EPA

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency serves as the lead agency of the Federal government for the regulation of pesticide use in the United States. Regulatory responsibilities are mandated in the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and several sections of the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). In order for a pesticide to be used in the U.S., it must either be granted a full registration under Section 3, or offered special consideration under Section 18 or 24 of FIFRA. Tolerances (maximum allowable residue limits) for pesticides to be used on agricultural commodities meant for human consumption or animal feed are established under Sections 408 and/or 409 of FFDCA. This presentation will describe the underlying conflict between Section 409 of FFDCA and both Section 408 and FIFRA, the recommendations made by the National Academy of Sciences in its 1987 publication Regulating Pesticides in Food--The Delaney Paradox, EPA's attempts to implement these recommendations, the true impact of "Delaney" on the ability of EPA to grant tolerances on raw or processed foods for chemicals determined to meet the "induce cancer" criterion and the status of legislation designed to "fix" Delaney.
Chronic, But Not Acute, Nicotine Exposure Attenuates Ethanol Withdrawal‐Induced Hippocampal Damage In Vitro

BACKGROUND: Long-term ethanol use and long-term tobacco use frequently occur together, which suggests concurrent dependence on ethanol and nicotine. Consequences of this form of polydrug dependence are not well understood, however. Previous evidence suggests detrimental effects of long-term ethanol and beneficial effects of nicotine exposure on neuronal viability. Thus, the present study was designed to use an organotypic hippocampal slice culture model to examine the ability of chronic and acute nicotine exposure to reduce neurotoxicity associated with withdrawal from long-term ethanol exposure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-four hours of withdrawal after continuous 10 day ethanol exposure (50 or 100 mM in culture medium) resulted in cytotoxicity in hippocampal slice explants obtained from neonatal rat, most notably in pyramidal cell layers of the CA1 region. Exposure of slices to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker MK-801 during ethanol withdrawal significantly reduced this toxicity. Exposure of slices to nicotine (0.1-10.0 microM) during the 24 hr withdrawal period did not reduce hippocampal damage. However, treatment of slices with nicotine (0.1-10.0 microM) during 10 days of ethanol exposure was associated with significant reductions in subsequent withdrawal-induced cytotoxicity, an effect reduced by mecamylamine coexposure with nicotine and ethanol. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate the development of marked hippocampal neurotoxicity during withdrawal from long-term ethanol exposure that is mediated, in part, by overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Furthermore, these data suggest that one consequence of concurrent dependence on ethanol and nicotine may be reduced neurological damage associated with ethanol withdrawal.
Child and adolescent psychotherapy in research and practice contexts: Review of the evidence and suggestions for improving the field

The body of evidence on child and adolescent psychotherapy outcomes has now grown to more than 500 studies. Here we summarize key findings, focusing on effectiveness and efficacy research. Research is sparse on the effectiveness of treatment in everyday practice, but available evidence suggests little benefit. By contrast, extensive research on efficacy of structured treatments administered under controlled conditions shows very substantial evidence of benefit. We note several specific treatments for which evidence is encouraging, and we offer suggestions for future research. Particularly important will be research on treatment models most often used in practice settings, tests of outcome mediators and moderators, tests employing a broadened range of treatment delivery models, and research bridging the gap between lab-tested treatments and the conditions of real-world practice.
Q-analysis for modeling and decision making

This paper provides an overview of existing and potential applications of a system-theoretic approach called Q-analysis, using the examples of design and analysis of expert systems in medical image processing and analysis: namely the organization of a histopathologic knowledge base. Q-analysis is also applied to a multicriterion decision-making (MCDM) problem using a method called multicriterion Q-analysis (MCQA). A brief discussion of the advantages and limitations of Q-analysis is given, with suggestions for further applications.
Inverse agonist properties of N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide HCl (SR141716A) and 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-4-cyano-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid phenylamide (CP-272871) for the CB1 cannabinoid receptor

Abstract Two subtypes of cannabinoid receptors are currently recognized, CB 1 , found in brain and neuronal cells, and CB 2 , found in spleen and immune cells. We have characterized 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-4-cyano-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1 H -pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid phenylamide (CP-272871) as a novel aryl pyrazole antagonist for the CB 1 receptor. CP-272871 competed for binding of the cannabinoid agonist 3 H-labeled (−)-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-phenyl]-4-[3-hydroxypropyl]cyclohexan-1-ol ([ 3 H]CP-55940) at the CB 1 receptor in rat brain membranes with a K d value 20-fold greater than that of N -(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1 H -pyrazole-3-carboxamide HCl (SR141716A). CP-272871 also competed for binding with the aminoalkylindole agonist 3 H-labeled ( R )-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(4-morpholinyl)methyl]pyrrolo[1,2,3- de ]1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl](1-naphthyl)methanone ([ 3 H]WIN-55212–2), as well as the aryl pyrazole antagonist [ 3 H]SR141716A. Inverse agonist as well as antagonist properties were observed for both SR141716A and CP-272871 in signal transduction assays in biological preparations in which the CB 1 receptor is endogenously expressed. SR141716A augmented secretin-stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation in intact N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells, and this response was reversed by the agonist desacetyllevonantradol. CP-272871 antagonized desacetyllevonantradol-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in N18TG2 membranes, and increased adenylyl cyclase activity in the absence of agonist. SR141716A and CP-272871 antagonized desacetyllevonantradol-stimulated 35 S-labeled guanosine-5′- O -(γ-thio)-triphosphate ([ 35 S]GTPγS) binding to brain membrane G-proteins, and decreased basal [ 35 S]GTPγS binding to G-proteins. K + enhanced CP-272871 and SR141716A inverse agonist activity compared with Na + or NMDG + in the assay. These results demonstrated that the aryl pyrazoles SR141716A and CP-272871 behave as antagonists and as inverse agonists in G-protein-mediated signal transduction in preparations of endogenously expressed CB 1 receptors.
Using xQx to model and solve the uncapacitated task allocation problem

This paper illustrates how large instances of the unconstrained task allocation problem can be effectively modeled and efficiently solved as unconstrained quadratic binary programs. Computational experience and a comparison to the state-of-the-art commercial code (CPLEX) illustrate the attractiveness of our approach.
A spectrophotometric method for the microestimation of hydrazine and primary hydrazides

Abstract A method is described for the estimation of microgram quantities of hydrazine hydrate, monomethylhydrazine, betainehydrazide hydrochloride, and N, N-dimethyl-glycinehydrazide hydrochloride. The method requires a minimum of manipulation and is based on the reaction of a nitrogenous reducing substance with ferric iron at 85 °C in acetate buffer solution containing 2,2′-bipyridyl and on the determination of the ferrous-bipyridyl complex spectrophotometrically. A micro ion-exchange procedure is also described that can be used to separate hydrazine hydrate or betainehydrazide from solutions containing nonadsorbable reducing substances that might interfere in the analysis procedure.
Short-term memory and item similarity

Retention of word triads homogeneous with respect to taxonomic category (e.g., ROBIN-WREN-THRUSH) was measured individually by the Peterson method for four groups of 30 S s. Triads were presented successively from each category or alternated among two or four categories. The results showed that (a) retention was maximal for the first item of each category; (b) retention significantly decreased for the second item of each category; (c) the majority of overt intrusions were attributable to prior items of the same category; and (d) transposition errors were more frequent than in studies using nonhomogeneous items. Results are interpreted as indicating that proactive inhibition is a function of recency and similarity in short-term memory.
Architecture of a nascent viral fusion pore.

Enveloped viruses use specialized protein machinery to fuse the viral membrane with that of the host cell during cell invasion. In influenza virus, hundreds of copies of the haemagglutinin (HA) fusion glycoprotein project from the virus surface. Despite intensive study of HA and its fusion activity, the protein's modus operandi in manipulating viral and target membranes to catalyse their fusion is poorly understood. Here, the three-dimensional architecture of influenza virus–liposome complexes at pH 5.5 was investigated by electron cryo-tomography. Tomographic reconstructions show that early stages of membrane remodeling take place in a target membrane-centric manner, progressing from punctate dimples, to the formation of a pinched liposomal funnel that may impinge on the apparently unperturbed viral envelope. The results suggest that the M1 matrix layer serves as an endoskeleton for the virus and a foundation for HA during membrane fusion. Fluorescence spectroscopy monitoring fusion between liposomes and virions shows that leakage of liposome contents takes place more rapidly than lipid mixing at pH 5.5. The relation of ‘leaky' fusion to the observed prefusion structures is discussed.
Complacency in Carcinoma of the Lung

Complacency in diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the lung is based upon poorly understood statistical evidence. All statistical evidence indicates only 2 to 5 per cent of patients with carcinoma of the lung will survive five years or longer, but the figures are based upon patients when first seen by the thoracic surgeon even though the greatest number of these patients are beyond help by any method of treatment when first seen. The deficiency of early detection and diagnosis must be emphasized. There is a long interval of time when the carcinoma of the lung is not detectable by present methods; effort to study detection of invisible cancer during this period must be accentuated. All methods of detection now available must be utilized efficiently. No lesion of the lung should be allowed to exist unidentified. The medical profession should by careful clinical research and study establish a pretreatment clinical staging classification of carcinoma of the lung. If acceptable and adopted by the responsible medical and surgical associations throughout the world, a pretreatment clinical staging classification could become a method of pinpointing the deficiency in early detection and serve as a basis for recognition or judging the results of various types of treatment. The pretreatment clinical staging classification would permit careful study of groups of patients that are comparable at the time of diagnosis and at the time of treatment. It would in no manner dictate the type of treatment that might be used.
Physiological consequences of intrauterine insults

Fetal lung development occurs as a complicated series of interactions between the different cell types in the lung in response to different growth factors and hormones. At birth, the human lung is in the stage of alveolar development in which the gas exchange units (alveoli) are being actively formed. The alveolar growth continues into postnatal life. Different intrauterine insults perturb this sequence of lung development in different ways. The ultimate result of aberrant lung development depends on the type of intrauterine insult, the severity, the duration of the insult and the developmental stage at which the insult occurs. This review article focuses on the common intrauterine insults encountered in clinical practice, such as infections, disorders of amniotic fluid volume, nutrition and maternal smoking. The information derived from clinical studies is juxtaposed with data from animal experiments to discuss the physiological consequences of intrauterine insults on fetal lung growth.
Up-regulation of nitric oxide synthase and its mRNA in vagal motor nuclei following axotomy in rat

Effects of vagotomy on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) protein and mRNA levels in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMV) and nucleus ambiguus (NA) of rats were examined by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) staining, brain NOS (bNOS) immunostaining and in situ hybridization. NADPH-d staining and bNOS immunoreactivity increased in neurons of the ipsilateral DMV and NA 5, 10, and 20 days after vagotomy. These changes were not observed in unoperated or sham-operated rats. In situ hybridization showed that bNOS mRNA levels were also elevated in neurons of DMV and NA on the operated side. Our results suggest that transection of vagal efferents up-regulates bNOS and its mRNA expression in the DMV and NA.
Design of a high power S-Band backward-wave oscillator with a metamaterial interaction circuit

We present designs for a high power backward-wave oscillator (BWO) which use a metamaterial loaded waveguide as the interaction circuit. Metamaterials have unique electromagnetic properties not normally found in nature, and have been shown to support negative index modes (permittivity and permeability simultaneously less than zero) that could be used to interact with an electron beam. The design incorporates planar, all-metallic metamaterial elements that are compatible with both a vacuum and a high power microwave environment. A 500 kV 80 A gun will be used to test the device which has been designed to operate in the S-Band near 2.856 GHz. Electromagnetic simulations of the metamaterial loaded waveguide have been performed to investigate the negative dispersion of the guide and estimate the beam-wave coupling. In addition, PIC simulations are presented to evaluate device performance and output power. The PIC simulations predict a power output of 5 MW using the 500 kV electron gun operating in one microsecond pulses. Experimental measurements of low-power microwave transmission through two test metamaterial waveguide structures are presented that show very good agreement with simulation and verify the excitation of the negative index mode.
Resonant Cancelation of Raman Scattering from CdS and Si

A pronounced decrease in the TO Raman scattering efficiencies of CdS has been observed as the incident photon energy approaches the direct-energy gap. Previous resonant Raman measurements have shown only monotonically increasing efficiencies. A decrease of the ${F}_{2g}$ mode in Si has also been observed as the resonance with the indirect-energy gap is approached. The observed decreases in CdS and Si can both be accounted for by extending Loudon's theory to include a destructive interference between the resonant and nonresonant contributions to the Raman scattering amplitudes.
Tyrosine phosphorylation in the postnatal rat brain: A developmental, immunohistochemical study

We have used antibodies against phosphotyrosine to probe 50-μm cerebellar sections from rats of various ages as well as sections of adult brainstem, cerebrum, and olfactory bulb to investigate the developmental appearance of this phosphorylation system as revealed by light microscopy. While the overall intensity of staining in the cerebellum was highest at 7 days, the pattern of staining in the adult is quite disparate from that seen in younger animals. From 10 to 21 days postnatal, staining is associated primarily with the white matter and/or the lower premigratory zone of the external granular layer and adjacent formative molecular layer. While the temporal and spatial appearance of phosphotyrosine immunoreactivity corresponds well to the established patterns of axonal growth in these areas, we cannot at the light level ascertain whether the immunoreactivity is intrinsic or extrinsic to the growing fibers. In animals 28 days and older, however, staining is restricted to a subpopulation of multipolar cells distributed throughout the cerebellum, as well as the olfactory bulb, cerebrum, and brainstem. The phosphotyrosine-positive cells in the adult cerebellum are not comparable to glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein-immunoreactive elements with regard to morphology or distribution, and they fail to colocalize with neuronal somata stained with anti-microtubule-protein-2 antibodies. While it appears that the radial fibers of the Bergmann glia in the external granular layer stain at 7 days, there is no staining detected in the mitotically active neuroblasts of this layer at any age. We conclude that in the immature cerebellum, the majority of tyrosine phosphorylation detectable by this method may be involved in the formation and growth of axonal processes. In the adult rat cerebellum, however, it is most likely that detectable tyrosine phosphorylation occurs in the somata and processes of a neuroglial subpopulation.
Reflections about IS doctoral programs: a status report on Indiana University and doctoral education in general

A review is given of the history and status of the MIS area, with emphasis on the IS doctoral program, at Indiana University. The discussion includes the graduate curriculum and teaching mission, philosophy of doctoral education at IU and culture of IS doctoral program, research paradigms practiced, placement of doctoral graduates, strengths and weaknesses of the program, and faculty interests, among other characteristics. The authors also use their experience and analysis of IS doctoral education to raise issues of interest to all doctoral/research schools. >
Analytical weight shifting models for self-recovery networks

Summary form only given, as follows. An efficient self-recovery technique for neural networks called weight shifting and its analytical models have been proposed. The technique was applied to recover a network when some faulty links and neurons occurred during the operation. The proposed model is suitable for VLSI inclusion with the network in terms of quick recovery time and silicon area. >
Green Machining of Gelcast Ceramic Materlals

Ceramic green bodies prepared by gelcasting were shown to be readily machinable using WC cutting tools. Samples of alumina and silicon nitride were examined. It was found that a gelcasting formulation which uses a high molecular weight cross-linking agent produces a green body having superior machining characteristics. Samples fabricated with a lower molecular weight cross-linker exhibited a poor machined surface finish due to chipping. Machining tests showed that using a 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) diameter cutting tool at a cutting speed of 162.5 cm/sec (64 ft./sec.) to machine a flat-bottomed groove 3.2 mm wide and 9.5 mm deep (0.125 x 0.375 in.) using three passes, feed rates ranging from 0.85 to 6.35 cm/sec (0.33 to 2.50 in./sec.) could be used without damaging the sample.
Single-Layer Resonant High Reflector in TE Polarization: Theory and Experiment

We present the fabrication and characterization of a guided-mode resonance-based high reflector operating in transverse-electric (TE) polarization. This reflector consists of a single periodic layer of amorphous silicon on a glass substrate. It is fabricated by silicon sputtering, holographic interference patterning, and dry etching. The measured reflectance exceeds 90% over a ~ 130-nm wavelength range with maximum reflectance of ~ 98% in a band centered at a ~ 1560-nm wavelength. The experimental spectrum approximates the theoretical spectral response of this fundamental minimal device.
Communicating Professional Identity in Medical Socialization: Considering the Ideological Discourse of Morning Report

In this study, the authors investigate how medical ideology and physician professional identity are socially constructed during morning report, a formal teaching conference considered to be a cornerstone of medical education. Analysis of transcripts from 20 meetings reveals physician identity is developed through ideological discourse that produces and reproduces systems of domination that privilege scientific medicine and marginalize humanistic approaches. Findings indicate how, in a socialization context uniquely focused on discourse, communication functions to construct a professional identity grounded in the principles of the biomedical model. Although medical residents deviate from traditional ideology by articulating the voice of the lifeworld, faculty physicians counter these moves by asserting the voice of medicine. The authors draw conclusions regarding identity formation and the socialization practices of medical education.
Effect of long-term digoxin therapy on autonomic function in patients with chronic heart failure

Abstract Objectives.This study was conducted to determine the effect of long-term digoxin therapy on autonomic function in patients with mild to moderate chronic heart failure. Background.Chronic heart failure is characterized by increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity. Intravenous digitalis has been found to reduce sympathetic activity immediately in these patients, but whether short-term neurohormonal effects are sustained during long-term oral therapy has not been assessed. Methods.We determined sympathetic activity in 26 patients with heart failure by measuring plasma norepinephrine levels and parasympathetic activity from variables of heart period variability derived from 24-h ambulatory electrocardiographic Holter recordings obtained before and after 4 to 8 weeks of digoxin therapy. Results.After digoxin therapy, plasma norepinephrine decreased significantly from a mean ± SEM of 552 ± 80 to 390 ± 37 ng/ml. In addition, the RR interval increaed significantly from 719 ± 19 to 771 ± 20 ms. High frequency power increased from 84 ± 24 to 212 ± 72ms2, and the root mean square of successive differences in RR interval increased from 203 ± 1.8 to 27.0 ± 3.4 ms, indicating a substantial increase in parasympathetic activity. Low frequency power, an index of baroreflex activity, was also significantly increased (239 ± 80 to 482 ± 144 ms2) by digoxin therapy. Conclusions.These results indicate 1) that long-term therapy with digoxin acts to ameliorate the autonomic dysfunction of patients with heart failure, and 2) that the short-term neurohormonal effects of digoxin are sustained during prolonged treatment with the drug.
Robots with inflatable links

The use of robots in assistive roles will be an increasingly significant application for robotics. Assistive robots need to physically interact with humans in a safe manner. We propose the use of inflatable robot links as structural members instead of traditional rigid links. We believe such links would allow the development of inherently safe robots. For these robots to be useful in tasks such as assisting humans, it is essential that we be able to control contact forces with these robots. In this paper, we propose a model for force control with a single inflatable link, investigate the dynamics of the model, and present experimental results.
An Efficient Solution Procedure for the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations

This paper describes an efficient numerical method for solving the steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The method is a fully implicit method based on the generalized Galerkin method, and the resulting system of equations is solved in a sweeping mode by iterative line relaxation. Results of the present method are compared with published results for separating and reattaching flows, and parameteric studies showing the effects of step size, boundary locations, and Reynolds number are presented. The present method is substantially faster than previously published methods; typical run times range from 10 sec to 1 min of 7600 CPU time; and, based on results obtained to date, it is stable at any Reynolds number.
Interaural self-motion linear velocity thresholds are shifted by roll vection

The otolith organs respond equivalently to changes in gravitational force due to head tilt and to changes in inertial force due to linear acceleration. It has been shown that the central nervous system (CNS) uses internal models of the laws of physics to distinguish tilt from translation. Models with these internal models predict that illusory tilt, if large enough, will be accompanied by an illusion of linear motion. To investigate this prediction, we measured interaural, self-motion, direction-detection thresholds in darkness and with roll optokinetic stimulation. Each lateral translation consisted of a single cycle of sinusoidal acceleration, after which subjects indicated whether they translated to the left or right. We found that the interaural direction-detection threshold measured during clockwise and counterclockwise optokinetic stimulation shifted in opposite directions relative to thresholds in darkness. Using a generalized linear model, we determined that this finding was statistically significant (P < 0.005) and is consistent with the prediction that illusory tilt should be accompanied by a non-zero neural estimate of linear velocity that, if large enough (supra-threshold), contributes to translation perception.
Physician-Owned Specialty Hospitals: A Market Signal For Medicare Payment Revisions

ABSTRACT: Jean Mitchell's findings show that physician-entrepreneurs respond to financial incentives and take advantage of variations in profitability within Medicare's hospital payment system. The...
A growing and splitting elastic network for vector quantization

A new vector quantization method is proposed which incrementally generates a suitable codebook. During the generation process, new vectors are inserted in areas of the input vector space where the quantization error is especially high. A one-dimensional topological neighborhood makes it possible to interpolate new vectors from existing ones. Vectors not contributing to error minimization are removed. After the desired number of vectors is reached, a stochastic approximation phase fine tunes the codebook. The final quality of the codebooks is exceptional. A comparison with two methods for vector quantization is performed by solving an image compression problem. The results indicate that the new method is clearly superior to both other approaches. >
Micro-Computed Tomography analysis methods to assess sheep cancellous bone preservation

The goal of this study was to determine if mineral dissolution from cancellous bone specimens alters stereology parameters determined by Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT). Sheep cancellous bone cores were excised from lumbar vertebrae and randomized for immediate storage in one of four “bathing” solutions — Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), PBS supersaturated with Hydroxyapatite (HA) (PBS+HA), PBS supplemented with Protease Inhibitor cocktail solution (PBS+PI), and Supersaturated HA PBS supplemented with Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (PBS+HA+PI). An additional sample was stored in 70% Ethanol (EtOH) to provide reference values since samples are often stored and processed by micro-CT in EtOH prior to mechanical tests. Common micro-CT parameters used to examine bone structure and quality can assess vertebral cancellous bone changes due to storage and handling. Micro-CT data were collected while the samples were stored in their storage and bathing solutions at baseline (t=0 months). Following data collection, samples were stored at −20°C for 6 months. Micro-CT data were re-collected and degradation effects on the cancellous bone specimens were evaluated in stereology parameters between samples stored in different solutions and for both time points. Specimen geometry and selected volumes used for data analysis were assessed for possible computational differences due to the software algorithms used for stereology. No differences were seen at baseline due to the specimen size or the pre-determined analysis volumes. Stereology differences were seen between bathing media groups at 6 months. Additionally, threshold values used for processing were different between the bathing solutions, reflecting changes due to solution density differences.
The high spontaneous mutation rate: Is it a health risk?

The human mutation rate for base substitutions is much higher in males than in females and increases with paternal age. This effect is mainly, if not entirely, due to the large number of cell divisions in the male germ line. The mutation-rate increase is considerably greater than expected if the mutation rate were simply proportional to the number of cell divisions. In contrast, those mutations that are small deletions or rearrangements do not show the paternal age effect. The observed increase with the age of the father in the incidence of children with different dominant mutations is variable, presumably the result of different mixtures of base substitutions and deletions. In Drosophila, the rate of mutations causing minor deleterious effects is estimated to be about one new mutation per zygote. Because of a larger number of genes and a much larger amount of DNA, the human rate is presumably higher. Recently, the Drosophila data have been reanalyzed and the mutation-rate estimate questioned, but I believe that the totality of evidence supports the original conclusion. The most reasonable way in which a species can cope with a high mutation rate is by quasi-truncation selection, whereby a number of mutant genes are eliminated by one “genetic death.”
STROMAL HYPERPLASIA IN MALE BLADDERS UPON LOSS OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-β SIGNALING IN FIBROBLASTS

ABSTRACT Purpose: Rapid bladder growth associated, partial urethral obstruction and embryonic bladder development entail stromal-epithelial interactions involving signaling by the cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). However, to our knowledge the role of TGF-β in bladder stromal hyperplasia and hypertrophy is not understood. Materials and Methods: In an effort to understand the specific role of TGF-β signaling in bladder stroma a fibroblast specific conditional knockout mouse of the type II TGF-β receptor gene, Tgfbr2 fspko , was generated using Cre-lox methodology. Bladders from 18, 7 to 8-week-old mice were harvested for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Results: Bladders from homozygous Tgfbr2 fspko male mice showed marked hypertrophy in the lamina propria and smooth muscle layers in the absence of visible or functional bladder obstruction by age 8 weeks. However, age matched female mice of the same genotype maintained bladder architecture similar to that in wild-type littermate male and female controls. Immunohistochemistry for the phosphorylated form of Smad2 indicated a general loss in TGF-β signaling in the lamina propria of bladders of male and female Tgfbr2 fspko mice, and yet pronounced α-smooth muscle actin expression was noted in male Tgfbr2 fspko bladders, which is a marker for myofibroblasts. Conclusions: A sex disparity was observed in the Tgfbr2 fspko mouse model lacking TGF-β signaling in fibroblasts. Deletion of TGF-β in males leads to a hypertrophied lamina propria and muscularis externa with myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation. Female homozygous Tgfbr2 fspko bladders appeared the same as those of wild-type male and female controls. This model suggests a role for stromal TGF-β signaling with estrogens and androgens in bladder fibrosis.
The Baroclinic Processes of Monsoon Depressions

Abstract Two cases of summer monsoon depressions in the vicinity of the Bay of Bengal are analyzed to study the importance of the baroclinic mechanism. Both cases show a baroclinic structure with well-defined warm and cold sectors, the latter being situated to the east of the former in a region where the thermal wind is easterly throughout the troposphere. In a developing depression, the geopotential and the temperature fields differ in phase such that warm advection from the north occurs to the west of the depression center and cold advection from the south to the east. There is also strong convergence to the west and divergence to the east of the depression center in the lower troposphere, and vice versa in the upper troposphere. Thus a divergent secondary circulation exists in the zonal-vertical plane with warm air rising to the west and cold air sinking to the east. Marked increases in upward motion and relative divergence (divergence at 200 mb minus divergence at 850 mb) in the southwest sector occur...
The Architecture of Jurisprudence

Two marks of a mature field of inquiry are that its central problems are well-formulated and that its conventional wisdom is sound. Even in the most mature fields, however, the conventional wisdom can sometimes be misleading and the central problems poorly cast. Unfortunately, this is the state of affairs in analytic jurisprudence. Progress can be made only if much of the conventional wisdom is displaced and its central questions are reframed.
Pediatric Fever of Unknown Origin

1. James W. Antoon, MD, PhD* 2. Nicholas M. Potisek, MD† 3. Jacob A. Lohr, MD†† 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL. 2. †Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC. 3. ††Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC. Pediatricians often confuse fever without a source and fever of unknown origin. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Adopt a systematic approach to evaluation and management of fever of unknown origin in patients of various ages. Fever is a common complaint in children. In most cases, fevers are due to self-limited viral infections and require no more than symptomatic treatment. Sometimes fever is due to common bacterial infections that are diagnosed by history and physical examination and require antibiotic treatment without laboratory evaluation. In a few clinical situations, the cause of fever is not easily identified. Fever without a source (FWS) may need further evaluation that includes laboratory tests or imaging. Rarely, the fever is more prolonged, requires more intensive evaluation, and falls in the category of fever of unknown origin (FUO). There is often confusion about the terms FUO and FWS. Distinguishing between FUO and FWS is important and is based on duration of fever. FWS can progress to FUO if no cause is elicited after 1 week of fever. The current incidence and prevalence of pediatric FUO remain unclear. Several factors contribute to the difficulty in determining the epidemiology, including the lack of a standardized definition, clinical criteria, and coding using the International Classification of Diseases-9 code for the condition. Furthermore, the causes of FUO often have an overlapping collection of symptoms and insidious disease courses. The general direction of the evaluation varies based on patient presentation, geographic location, associated symptoms, environmental exposures, physician experience, and available testing techniques. Body temperature is primarily controlled by the hypothalamus via regulation of pulmonary, skin, and metabolic …
The genetics of Neurospora

CertainNeurospora mycelia, incapable of producing perithecia when grown alone, were shown to contain both (+) and (-) nuclei, but these nuclei were incapable of reacting with each other to produce perithecia due to the presence of sterility factors. The possibility that such sterile bisexual heterokaryons are common among fungi is discussed.
Discriminant analysis on the hazard-rank and vaccination of human rabies post-exposure

The data of 468 human rabies cases from 2004 to 2009 in Henan Province were investigated and examined by SPSS15.0 to explore the discriminant analysis on hazard-rank and vaccination of human rabies post-exposure.The results showed that in Fisher discriminant function,the correct discriminant rate was 51.0% for high hazard-rank,34.2% for middle hazard-rank,and 67.7% for low hazard-rank.The correct discriminant rate was 74.5% for vaccination post-exposure,and 85.1% for non-vaccination post-exposure.In conclusion,it is difficult to classify the hazard-rank of human rabies post-exposure,but the discriminant analysis could classify vaccination post-exposure.