cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transfer of polarized infrared radiation in optically anisotropic media: application to horizontally oriented ice crystals

We have developed a theory for the computation of the polarization of infrared radiation in optically anisotropic media, with specific application to horizontally oriented ice crystals that frequently occur in cirrus clouds. Both emission and scattering contributions are accounted for in the basic formulation concerning the transfer of thermal radiation in anisotropic media. The symmetry relations of the phase matrix elements for horizontally oriented ice crystals, which are required in the infrared polarization formulations, are presented for the first time to our knowledge. Phase matrix elements for horizontally oriented hexagonal ice crystals are computed by a geometric ray-tracing technique. Radiance and linear-polarization patterns at a 10-μm wavelength that are emergent from cirrus clouds that contain plates and columns oriented in two-dimensional space are presented and discussed in physical terms. Downward polarization emergent from the cloud base is negative, while upward polarization emergent from the cloud top has a positive maximum value near the limb directions. These polarization configurations differ distinctly from the configurations of polarization emergent from ice clouds that contain randomly oriented ice crystals in three-dimensional space. Given these results, it appears feasible to infer the orientation characteristics of ice crystals in cirrus clouds with the use of infrared polarization measurements either above or below the cloud.
Crystallization Processes In Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) / Polycarbonate Blends

Blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate), or PET, and polycarbonate (PC) over a range of compositions were studied in isothermal crystallizations from the melt using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Both crystallization rate and degree of crystallinity of PET depend on blend composition. The glass transition temperature, Tg, of PET and PC in blends and pure polymer were also measured by DSC. Elevation of the Tg of PET and depression of the Tg of PC are observed upon blending. In cooling scans, dynamic crystallization from the melt was observed. In PET/PC blends with high PC content, a novel dual-peak crystallization of PET was observed. The effects of thermal history on crystallization kinetics and degree of crystallinity were also determined in isothermal crystallization studies. For melt processing times between 1 and 30 min and for processing temperatures between 280 and 300 °C, melt processing temperature was seen to have a stronger effect than processing time.
Testing the jGRASP structure identifier with data structure examples from textbooks

The jGRASP IDE has been extended to provide object viewers that automatically generate dynamic, state-based visualizations of data structures in Java. These viewers provide multiple synchronized visualizations of data structures as the user steps through the source code in either debug or workbench mode. This tight integration in a lightweight IDE provides a unique and promising environment for learning data structures.The jGRASP structure identifier, which is used to automatically identify data structure objects and generate appropriate visualizations, has been tested with examples from 20 CS2 data structure textbooks. The results of the testing indicate that the structure identifier is extremely robust.
Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), an antimicrobial protein with chemotactic activities for dendritic cells

Recent publications have highlighted the chemotactic activities of antimicrobial proteins derived from the granules of neutrophils and basophils. Eosinophil granules also contain antimicrobial proteins. One of them is eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), a protein belonging to the ribonuclease A (RNase A) superfamily, which has recently been found to have antiviral activity in vitro. We found that EDN was selectively chemotactic for dendritic cells (DCs). The DC chemotactic activity of EDN was inhibited by either pretreatment of DCs with pertussis toxin or by simultaneous addition of placental RNase inhibitor to inhibit the activity of EDN. EDN was not chemotactic for leukocytes other than DCs. Mouse eosinophil-associated RNase 2 (mEAR2), one of a cluster of divergent orthologs of human EDN, was also chemotactic for human as well as mouse DCs. Sequence and mutational analysis demonstrated the importance of the N-terminal region of mEAR2 in mediating its chemotactic effect on DCs. EDN also induced the activation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in DCs. Furthermore, injection of mEAR2 into the air pouches of mice resulted in the recruitment of DCs into the air pouches. Thus, EDN and its mouse ortholog, mEAR2, are eosinophil granule-derived antimicrobial RNases that function as chemoattractants for DCs in vitro and in vivo.
A hybrid life cycle assessment of public transportation buses with alternative fuel options

Alternative fuel options are gaining popularity in the vehicle market. Adopting alternative fuel options for public transportation compared to passenger vehicles contributes exponentially to reductions in transportation-related environmental impacts. Therefore, this study aims to present total air pollutant emissions and water withdrawal impacts through the lifetime of a transit bus with different fuel options. In consideration of market share and future development trends, diesel, biodiesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), hybrid (diesel-electric), and battery electric (BE) transit buses are analyzed with an input-output (IO)-based hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA) model. In order to accommodate the sensitivity of total impacts to fuel economy, three commonly used driving cycles are considered: Manhattan, Central Business District (CBD), and Orange County Transit Authority (OCTA). Fuel economy for each of these driving cycles varies over the year with other impacts, so a normal distribution of fuel economy is developed with a Monte Carlo simulation model for each driving cycle and corresponding fuel type. Impacts from a solar panel (photovoltaic, PV) charging scenario and different grid mix scenarios are evaluated and compared to the nation’s average grid mix impacts from energy generation to accommodate the lifetime electricity needs for the BE transit bus. From these results, it was found that the BE transit bus causes significantly low CO2 emissions than diesel and other alternative fuel options, while some of the driving cycles of the hybrid-powered transit bus cause comparable emissions to BE transit bus. On the other hand, lifetime water withdrawal impacts of the diesel and hybrid options are more feasible compared to other options, since electricity generation and natural gas manufacturing are both heavily dependent on water withdrawal. In addition, the North American Electricity Reliability Corporation’s (NERC) regional electricity grid mix impacts on CO2 emissions and water withdrawal are presented for the BE transit bus. As an addition of current literature, LCA of alternative fuel options was performed in this paper for transit buses with the consideration of a wide variety of environmental indicators. Although the results indicate that BE and hybrid-powered buses have less environmental emissions, the US’s dependency on fossil fuel for electricity generation continues to yield significant lifetime impacts on BE transit bus operation. With respect to water withdrawal impacts, we believe that the adoption of BE transit buses will be faster and more environmentally feasible for some NREC regions than for others.
Interleukin-2 alters distribution of CD144 (VE-cadherin) in endothelial cells

High-dose IL-2 (HDIL2) is approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma, but its use is limited in part by toxicity related to the development of vascular leak syndrome (VLS). Therefore, an understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the initiation and progression of HDIL2-induced increases in endothelial cell (EC) permeability leading to VLS are of clinical importance. We established a novel ex vivo approach utilizing primary human pulmonary microvascular ECs to evaluate EC barrier dysfunction in response to IL-2. Complementary in vitro studies using exogenous IL-2 and ex vivo studies using serum from patients treated with IL-2 demonstrate that HDIL2 induces VLS through CD144 (vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin) redistribution. These findings provide new insight into how IL-2 induces VLS and identifies VE-cadherin as a potential target for preventing IL-2-related VLS.
CBR anisotropy and the running of the scalar spectral index.

Accurate (\ensuremath{\lesssim}1%) predictions for the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation (CBR) are essential for using future high-resolution (\ensuremath{\lesssim}1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) CBR maps to test cosmological models. In many inflationary models the variation (``running'') of the spectral index of the spectrum of density perturbations is a significant effect and leads to changes of around 1\char21{}10 % in the CBR power spectrum. We propose a general method for taking running into account which uses the derivative of the spectral index (dn/dlnk). Conversely, high-resolution CBR maps may be able to determine dn/dlnk, giving important information about the inflationary potential.
Perineal self-acupressure's mechanism of action.

To the Editor: We appreciate Dr. Olson raising these issues and bringing additional perspective to perineal self acupressure’s mechanism of action. The site at which study participants were directed to apply pressure is indeed an acupressure point, although it is Huiyin or CV 1 (the point between the genitals and the anus), not Changquian or GV 1 (the point between the coccyx and the anus).1 Huiyin is used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) not only to treat constipation, but also to treat a variety of conditions including impotence, hemorrhoids, rectal prolapse and dysmenorrhea.1 Given that JGIM is a physician-oriented publication, we elected to avoid using TCM nomenclature to prevent confusion, and we selected a treatment with a mechanism of action that has been described in the conventional medical literature. That is not to say that perineal self-acupressure does not also work as a result of its neurostimulatory or anti-inflammatory effects, or through activation of endogenous opioid mechanisms.2,3 Electrical stimulation of the perineal and sacral regions is even being investigated by urologists to improve bladder function.4 In addition, perineal self-acupressure was an appealing candidate for study because while it can be used as part of a TCM-based treatment, it is also appropriate for discrete integration into a conventional medical practice. At the UCLA Center for East West Medicine, we employ a physician-directed, team-based approach to patient care that integrates conventional medical care with TCM. Patients with constipation are treated holistically, which includes education in self-acupressure as well as trigger point stimulation and changes to diet and lifestyle. Readers interested in learning more about acupressure and TCM, or accessing instructional content and clinical tools for perineal self-acupressure, may visit www.exploreim.ucla.edu and http://perinealpressure.yale.edu.
Why the Gene Will Not Return

I argue that four of the fundamental claims of those calling themselves ‘genic pluralists’—Philip Kitcher, Kim Sterelny, and Ken Waters—are defective. First, they claim that once genic selectionism is recognized, the units of selection problems will be dissolved. Second, Sterelny and Kitcher claim that there are no targets of selection (interactors). Third, Sterelny, Kitcher, and Waters claim that they have a concept of genic causation that allows them to give independent genic causal accounts of all selection processes. I argue that each one of these claims is either false or misleading. Moreover, the challenge that arises from the availability of genic causal accounts, namely, the inability to choose on rational grounds among genic and higher‐level accounts, is unsupported.
The body in decay: a review of Sebastián Hofmann’s Halley

Mexican filmmaker, Sebastian Hofmann’s recent festival success, Halley, which has played at prestige venues such as Sundance and Rotterdam is a fascinating new contribution to the cinema of the body and illness. Recent publicity has marketed the film as a horror movie, and although there are similarities in theme to zombie films, this is rather an instance of so-called ‘slow’ cinema with long takes, static framings and little in the way of conventional plot devices depicting a man’s body in decay. Protagonist Beto (Alberto Trujillo) works at a city gym, and the film’s story begins with his explanation to the manager, Silvia (Luly Trueba), that he can no longer continue there: he is too sick. Although Silvia presses him a bit on what is wrong, Beto never tells her, and the audience never finds out either. In fact, he is suffering form the decay of his body and, indeed, seems already dead. The opening shots of the movie are of a glass full of flies, and much later we see Beto removing grubs from his flesh and placing them in a similar jar. We also see images of a large cut in the side of his torso, and when he returns from work in the evening, his skin peels off along with his shirt. Thus begins the depiction of the routine management of a body in decay. Rather than examining the consequences or treatments of any specific medical condition, the film asks us to consider the decomposition that will eventually come to us all along with the practices by which we daily manage our own bodies. At one point, Beto’s still, silent ride to work on the train is juxtaposed with images of two women using mirrors to apply lipstick and preparing their faces for the workday. Beto’s mirror at home serves a similar purpose but to an extreme degree, allowing the examination and preparation of a body that is able to function only minimally, that can be kept in control only with patient and precise effort. The careful depiction of the application of dressings, washing of scabs, setting up of an IVdrip, removal of maggots, and the clipping of hairs and fabrics that constitute much of the film is further counterpointed by the gym-goers, some fit and muscular, many overweight and outof-breath, that populate Beto’s place of work. Beto’s apartment is calm and ordered, and both home and work spaces are shot in pallid, desaturated colors with a shallow focus that reflects his own attention. We see him carefully prepare his meal, then throw it away, untouched, in the trash, while he spends his evenings polishing decorative cups and plates, delicately turning them in hands sheathed in rubber gloves. The china is as delicate as the body he cares for and requires similar, careful attention. In contrast, a scene in a taqueria where Silvia takes Beto on J Med Humanit (2014) 35:455–457 DOI 10.1007/s10912-013-9261-5
Roles for mitochondrial and reverse mode Na+/Ca2+ exchange and the plasmalemma Ca2+ ATPase in post-tetanic potentiation at crayfish neuromuscular junctions.

We have explored the processes regulating presynaptic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in the generation of post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) at crayfish neuromuscular junctions, using spectrophotometric dyes to measure changes in [Ca2+]i and [Na+]i and effects of inhibitors of Ca2+-transport processes. The mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchange inhibitor CGP 37157 was without effect, whereas the reverse mode plasmalemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchange inhibitor KB R7943 reduced PTP and Ca2+ accumulation caused by increased [Na+]i. Exchange inhibitory peptide and C28R2 had opposite effects, consistent with their block of the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase. All drugs except CGP 37157 reduced Ca2+ accumulation caused by Na+ accumulation, which occurred on block of the Na+/K+ pump, acting in proportion to their effects on plasmalemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchange. We find no role for mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+exchange in presynaptic Ca2+ regulation. The plasma membrane Na+/Ca2+ exchanger acts in reverse mode to admit Ca2+ into nerve terminals during and for some minutes after tetanic stimulation, while at the same time the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase operates as an important Ca2+ removal process. The interplay of these two Ca2+ transport processes with Na+-independent mitochondrial Ca2+ fluxes and the plasmalemma Na+/K+ pump determines the magnitude of tetanic [Ca2+]iaccumulation and potentiation of excitatory transmission, and the post-tetanic time courses of decay of elevated [Ca2+]i and PTP.
Surfactant enhanced removal of PCE in a nominally two-dimensional, saturated, stratified porous medium

Abstract Although surfactant enhanced remediation of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) by pump-and-treat technology has been studied extensively in the laboratory with one-dimensional columns, very few multi-dimensional investigations have been reported. In this study we focus on the removal of perchloroethylene (PCE) from a two-dimensional, saturated porous medium containing a low permeability sand layer situated in an otherwise high permeability sand. A PCE spill was applied at the surface of the porous medium and allowed to redistribute until static equilibrium was achieved. The porous medium was then flushed with various surfactant and co-solvent formulations injected at the PCE source location and extracted at the bottom of the porous medium using a configuration similar to that of Abdul and Ang [Abdul, S.A., Ang, C.C., 1994. In situ surfactant washing of polychlorinated biphenyls and oils from a contaminated field site: Phase II. Pilot study. Ground Water 32, 727–734]. Effluent samples were analyzed for dissolved PCE concentrations. Volumetric water and PCE content values were determined at a number of locations by means of dual-energy gamma radiation measurements. Once surfactant flushing had started, PCE moved as a distinct separate phase ahead of the surfactant front. Most of this downward moving PCE accumulated on top of the low permeability sand layer. Some PCE, however, passed quickly through this layer and subsequently through the high permeability sand below it. Movement of some of the PCE into and through the low permeability sand layer was attributed to local heterogeneities combined with reduced interfacial tensions associated with the surfactant formulation. Clean-up of PCE in most of the high permeability sand was considered to be effective. PCE accumulated on top of the fine layer, however, posed a significant challenge to remediation and required several pumping configurations and surfactant/co-solvent formulations before most of it was removed.
Surgical Site Infection Prevention

Surgical site infections (SSI) are the leading surgical complication with rates varying based on procedure, ranging from <1 % to upwards of 20 %. It is estimated that SSI cost an estimated $1 billion annually. SSI are associated with increased morbidity and are a leading risk factor for readmission during the 30-day period after hospital discharge. In addition to patient harm, SSI are associated with increased health care use, such as increased length of hospital stay, doctor visits, use of wound care supplies, and home care. Increasingly, SSI and readmission are being used as a quality metric in surgical care by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and other payers with mandatory reporting of SSI rates after colon and hysterectomy surgery being mandated in January 2013 with anticipated impact on reimbursement in 2015.
Rights, Obligations, and the Special Importance of Health Care

My aim in this essay is to develop a more rigorous moral case than has hitherto been made for establishing a general right to a “decent minimum” or “adequate level” of health care.1 The most distinctive characteristic of the approach I shall pursue is that it does not attempt to support the establishment of such a general legal right by appealing to a general moral right to health care. Since attempts to justify the claim that there is a general moral right to health care have been extensively criticized by myself and others, I will not here rehearse the difficulties of the general moral right approach [5]. Nor will I review the equally familiar and compelling reasons for maintaining that if there is a sound moral justification for a general legal right to health care, then it must be a limited right, a right to a “decent minimum” or “adequate level” of health care or “health care floor”, rather than a right to all beneficial care, a right of all to equal dollar amounts for care, or a right to a level of care equal to that which others receive ([10], Vol. I, pp. 18–21). Instead, I shall concentrate on developing a case for a limited general legal right to health care based on the thesis that there is a general moral obligation to provide such care to those who cannot provide it for themselves, even if there is no general moral right to health care of any kind. In doing so, I shall offer answers to four questions.
To Catch a Fly: Landing and Capture of Ceratitis capitata in a Jackson Trap with and without an Insecticide

Attractant-based traps are a cornerstone of detection, delimitation and eradication programs for pests such as tephritid fruit flies. The ideal trap and lure combination has high attraction (it brings insects to the trap from a distance) and high capture efficiency (it has a high probability of capturing the insect once it arrives at the trap). We examined the effect of an insecticide (DDVP) in combination with a pheromone lure (trimedlure) on capture of Ceratitis capitata using 1) digital images of surfaces of a Jackson trap analyzed via computer vision, and 2) counts of the number of flies caught in the trap and in the area under the trap. Our results indicate no significant difference in trap capture without or with insecticide (means ± SD = 324 ±135 and 356 ±108, respectively). However, significantly more dead flies were found around the trap with insecticide (92 ±53 with insecticide compared with 35 ±22 without), suggesting a possible decrease in trap efficiency due to mortality before insects enter the trap. Indeed, the average number of flies detected on all surfaces of the traps with insecticide was lower than that for lure-only (4.15±0.39 vs 8.30±1.18), and both were higher than control (no lure: 0.76 ±0.08). We found that the majority of fly sightings, 71% of the total, occurred on the inside panels of the lure-only traps, suggesting that increased efficiency of the Jackson trap may be obtained by adding a contact insecticide to those surfaces.
Flow fields and acoustics in a unilateral scarred vocal fold model.

Objectives:From prior work in an excised canine larynx model, it has been shown that intraglottal vortices form between the vocal folds during the latter part of closing. It has also been shown that the vortices generate a negative pressure between the folds, producing a suction force that causes sudden, rapid closing of the folds. This rapid closing will produce increased loudness and increased higher harmonics. We used a unilateral scarred excised canine larynx model to determine whether the intraglottal vortices and resulting acoustics were changed, compared to those of normal larynges.Methods:Acoustic, flow field, and high-speed imaging measurements from 5 normal and 5 unilaterally scarred canine larynges are presented in this report. Scarring was produced by complete resection of the vocal fold mucosa and superficial layer of the lamina propria on the right vocal fold only. Two months later, these dogs were painlessly sacrificed, and testing was done on the excised larynges during phonation. High-spe...
Similar efficacy and safety of tenofovir in Asians and non-Asians with chronic hepatitis B.

CONCLUSION: TDF demonstrated similar viral suppression, normalization of ALT, improvements in liver fibrosis, and no detectable resistance in Asian and non-Asian patients regardless of baseline HBeAg status.
Design and Implementation of neurological emergency electronic medical record

The With the Oracle as backend database and Powerbuilder 6.5 as front-desk development tool,it is designed and developed the neurological emergency electronic medical record system in order to effectively collect,process,store and transmit patients' information.This kind of system can not only carry out scientific management and intelligent control in the course of medical treatment to raise effectively the clinical medical quality and the doctor's writing of medical record,but also can accumulate numerous medical record information which facilitates clinical and scientific research work and lays a basis for realizing decision support and standardizing and assisting the treatment.
To Market, To Market—2003

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses 27 drugs which were manufactured in the year 2003 related to cardiovascular, anticancer, allergic and respiratory diseases, male erectile dysfunction, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The cardiovascular sector had four new drugs entering the market in 2003: Crestor™ (rosuvastatin), Livalo ® (pitavastatin), Calblock ® (azelnidipine), a gradual-onset, long-acting calcium antagonist, and Inspra™(eplerenone). The anticancer field saw the introduction of three new drugs: Velcade ® (bortezomib), Erbitux ® (cetuximab), and Bexxar ® (tositumomab). In the field of allergic and respiratory diseases, two new entities reached the market: Rupafin ® (rupatidine fumarate) and Xolair ® (omalizumab). In the area of endocrine and metabolic diseases, three new drugs appeared on the market: Somavert ® (pegvisomant) and Aldurazyme ® (laronidase). Zavesca™ (miglustat), a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor, was introduced as the first orally active treatment for type 1 Gaucher's disease. Following the success of Viagra ® (sildenafil) in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction (ED), two new phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors were launched: Cialis™ (tadalafil) and Levitra™ (vardenafil). The CNS area was represented by the launch of Strattera™ (atomoxetine). Two new biologic immunosuppressive agents were also launched: Amevive ® (alefacept) and Raptiva™ (efalizumab). A significant NBE introduced last year was Humira™ (adalimumab). The other notable NBE launched in 2003 was FluMist™ (influenza virus live).
On the interplay of environmental factors affecting taxis and motility in Rhodospirillum rubrum.

Resting suspensions of Rhodospirillum rubrum exhibit a positive chemotaxis toward sulfhydryl compounds, ATP, ADP, and oxidizable organic substrates such as malate and yeast extract.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreak Associated with Restaurant Beef Grinding.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a common cause of foodborne illness in the United States. Beef ground at establishments regulated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service is routinely tested for E. coli O157:H7. Prior to December 2013, boxed beef product (wholesale cuts of beef, such as beef loin, packaged into bags and boxed for shipping) was not always tested for this pathogen. Downstream processors or retailers may grind the product; and, if the ground beef is not cooked to the recommended temperature, pathogens on the exterior of the beef introduced to the interior through grinding may survive. On 18 October 2013, the Allegheny County Health Department identified two E. coli O157:H7 cases, both of whom were food handlers at restaurant A, a restaurant that ground locally produced boxed beef for hamburgers on site. Case finding was conducted through public messaging, employee surveys, and disease surveillance. All potential cases were interviewed using a standard questionnai...
Stereotactic Biopsy of Segmental Breast Calcifications: Is Sampling of Anterior and Posterior Components Necessary?

Rationale and Objectives Core needle biopsy results of segmental calcifications on mammography can have direct impact on surgical management. Although dependent on breast size, cancer spanning greater than 5 cm is usually treated with mastectomy, and cancer less than 5 cm is managed with lumpectomy. Approach to stereotactic biopsy of morphologically similar segmental calcifications that span more than 5 cm on mammography varies geographically and is currently largely based on preference of the surgical or medical oncology colleagues. Some clinicians prefer biopsy of the anterior and posterior aspects of the abnormality, whereas others believe a single biopsy within the abnormality is adequate. There is insufficient data to support whether a single biopsy of calcifications is adequate to establish the need for mastectomy, or if pathology-proven cancer in the anterior and posterior components to define the extent of disease is required. This study aims to evaluate concordance rates of paired biopsies of suspicious segmental mammographic calcifications. Materials and Methods From a 5-year review of our imaging database, 32 subjects were identified with breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) 4 or 5 segmental calcifications on mammography who underwent anterior and posterior stereotactic biopsies. The paired biopsy results were independently analyzed for concordance on benign, high-risk, or malignant pathology. Results Of the 32 cases, there was perfect agreement (32/32 cases = 100% concordance, 95% confidence interval = 89.3–100%) in anterior and posterior pairs in benign, high-risk, or malignant findings (kappa = 1, P Conclusions The absence of data on pathological concordance in anterior and posterior aspects of suspicious, morphologically similar, segmental calcifications spanning 5 cm or more has led to a varied clinical approach to stereotactic biopsy. The 100% rate of pathological concordance in our study suggests that a single biopsy is adequate for diagnosis and representative of the whole mammographic abnormality. Implementation of this approach will potentially reduce unnecessary biopsies and surgeries, minimize healthcare costs, and decrease patient morbidity.
MASSACHUSETTS V. EPA HEATS UP CLIMATE POLICY NO LESS THAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: A COMMENT ON PROFESSORS WATTS AND WILDERMUTH

Massachusetts v. EPA 1 is easily the Supreme Court’s most important environmental law decision in well over a decade. By a vote of 5–4, the Supreme Court set the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on a course to regulate greenhouse gas emissions and potentially remade much of administrative law. 2 While the Supreme Court has been reluctant to authorize broad federal regulatory authority in other areas, the Massachusetts majority readily unearthed expansive yet untapped authority to control emissions of the most ubiquitous byproduct of modern industry. It is no wonder environmental advocates greeted the decision with cheer. In their essay, Massachusetts v. EPA: Breaking New Ground on Issues Other than Global Warming, 3 Professors Kathryn A. Watts and Amy J. Wildermuth have presented a thoughtful analysis of the Supreme Court’s handiwork in Massachusetts v. EPA. They are correct that the decision potentially paves new ground in administrative law, particularly with regard to state standing. The Court’s approach to review of agency decisions to decline rulemaking petitions is also potentially significant, but less groundbreaking than Watts and Wildermuth suggest. In the context of climate change policy, their assessment of the Court’s decision is farthest from the mark, however, for the Massachusetts majority did everything it could,
Theorizing the Value of English Proficiency in Cross-Cultural Rhetorics of Health and Medicine: A Qualitative Study

This study reports the results of 12 recent interviews with nonnative-English-speaking (NNES) authors who have conducted research and written articles on health and medical subjects. Analyzing the ...
Embedding in Products of Real Lines

The existence of a compactification of an arbitrary completely-regular space X was first established, by Tychonoff, by embedding X in a product of a suitable number of copies of the interval [0, 1]. His process yields βX. The ideas involved will be presented in this chapter, along with the development of an analogous embedding that yields the realcompactification υX.
Three-dimensional printed models in multidisciplinary planning of complex tracheal reconstruction

Three-dimensional printed models are increasingly used in medicine and surgery, but applications of these models in the planning of operative procedures is not well described. In particular, their benefits have not been documented in complex, multiservice, high-risk operations. We describe five cases of complex pediatric tracheal reconstruction for which three-dimensional models had specific benefits in planning as well as in education of trainees, operating room staff, and patient families. We also describe our method for producing models so that others can adopt the technology if desired. Laryngoscope, 127:967-970, 2017.
ANALYSIS OF TRITIUM/DEUTERIUM RETENTION AND PERMEATION IN FW/DIVERTOR INCLUDING GEOMETRIC AND TEMPERATURE OPERATING FEATURES

Available data and mathematical formulations concerning tritium transport in the FW/Divertor with tungsten and beryllium as plasma facing materials were implemented in the commercial code COMSOL Mu...
Is the Educational Technology Revolution Losing Steam? What Academic Leaders Can Do to Keep Us Moving Forward

Educational technology has fueled a revolution in higher education. Technology-based models such as blended learning, fully online courses, online degree programs, and MOOCs (massive open online co...
Chinese Cosmopolitanism (Tianxia He Shijie Zhuyi) in China’s Heritage Tourism

This chapter explores how cosmopolitanism, a complex of ideas about global citizenship that encompass ethical, political, and trans-cultural issues, is reconstituted in China as tianxia (Confucian, heritage-based worldview) and shijie zhuyi (outward-looking engagement with the changing world). Drawing from case studies in the Stone Forest and Northwest Shangri-la regions of Yunnan, both lauded for strong indigenous cultural identity and ecological sustainability, the chapter argues Chinese cosmopolitanism is a strategic concept useful for all tourism practitioners. It demonstrates that ethnic and ecological heritage tourism development is shaped by Chinese cosmopolitanism, adding a global dimension to discussions of cosmopolitanism and local heritage.
Crowdsourcing and Automated Retinal Image Analysis for Diabetic Retinopathy

As the number of people with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the USA is expected to increase threefold by 2050, the need to reduce health care costs associated with screening for this treatable disease is ever present. Crowdsourcing and automated retinal image analysis (ARIA) are two areas where new technology has been applied to reduce costs in screening for DR. This paper reviews the current literature surrounding these new technologies. Crowdsourcing has high sensitivity for normal vs abnormal images; however, when multiple categories for severity of DR are added, specificity is reduced. ARIAs have higher sensitivity and specificity, and some commercial ARIA programs are already in use. Deep learning enhanced ARIAs appear to offer even more improvement in ARIA grading accuracy. The utilization of crowdsourcing and ARIAs may be a key to reducing the time and cost burden of processing images from DR screening.
A compact broadband circularly polarized WSS antenna for future 5G communication systems

This paper presents a small broadband circularly polarized square slot antenna for future 5G communication systems. The proposed antenna has a compact size of 5.5×5.5 mm2 and consists of a wide square slot (WSS) and a T-shaped stub in the ground plane. The WSS structure is fed through a microstrip transmission line designed on the other side of the substrate. Symmetric and asymmetric fractals are made with in the WSS structure to achieve wide CP bandwidth. The impedance and 3dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 72.15% (21.6–41.8 GHz) and is 67.17% (25.69–44.5 GHz) respectively. The simulated peak gain of 4.85 dBic is achieved with in the AR band.
Podoplanin expression is an independent predictor of survival in malignant gliomas

2438 Despite aggressive clinical care, glioblastoma (GBM) is a near uniformly fatal disease with median survival of 10 to 12 months. Few molecular markers exist that are prognostic for overall survival. Data from multiple expression profiling experiments suggested that the mucin-type transmembrane glycoprotein podoplanin may be a significant marker of survival. We sought to validate this finding in an independent cohort of GBM patients. Cases of GBM (WHO grade IV) or low and intermediate grade astrocytoma (WHO grade II and III) who underwent surgical resection from 11/1985 to 6/2005 with available medical records and archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue were selected for this study. Podoplanin expression was detected by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and scored as negative, intermediate, or high expression. Radiation response was previously determined in patients without a gross-total resection by evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging. Quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) of PDPN cDNA was performed following reverse transcription of total RNA derived from FFPE tissue. A total of 113 GBMs were initially examined for podoplanin expression by IHC using the D2-40 antibody. Median survival in the podoplanin expressing group was 60 wks vs. 148 wks in the non-expressing group (p=0.008, log-rank test). This result was validated using an independent set of 95 GBMs with a 2 year survival of 52% vs. 10% (p=0.017). Median and 2-year survival among all GBMs (median follow-up of 55 weeks) for podoplanin expression vs. non-expression was 54 wks vs. 148 wks and 15% vs. 56%, respectively (p
Clotting-Factor Concentrations 5 Days after Discontinuation of Warfarin

Background The American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine guidelines recommend discontinuation of warfarin and an international normalized ratio (INR) of 1.2 or less before a neuraxial injection. The European and Scandinavian guidelines accept an INR of 1.4 or less. We evaluated INR and levels of clotting factors (CFs) II, VII, IX, and X 5 days after discontinuation of warfarin. Methods Patients who discontinued warfarin for 5 days and had an INR of 1.4 or less had activities of factors II, VII, IX, and X measured. The primary outcome was the frequency of subjects with CF activities of less than 40%. Results Twenty-three patients were studied; 21 (91%) had an INR of 1.2 or less. In these 21 patients, the median (interquartile range) activities of factors II, VII, IX, and X were 66% (52%–80%), 114% (95%–132%), 101% (84%–121%), and 55% (46%–63%), respectively. Ninety-five percent (99% confidence interval, 69%–99%) had CF activities of greater than 40%. The patient who did not CF activities greater than 40% had end-stage renal disease. Two subjects had an INR of greater than 1.2; the activities of factor II, VII, IX, and X were 37% and 46%, 89% and 105%, 66% and 78%, and 20% and 36%, respectively. Neither patient had CF activities of greater than 40%. Conclusions Based on 40% activity of CFs, patients with INRs of 1.2 or less can be considered to have adequate CFs to undergo neuraxial injections. The number of patients with an INR of 1.3 and 1.4 is too small to make conclusions.
Rethinking Research Ethics, Power, and the Risk of Visibility in the Era of the “Alt-Right” Gaze:

This essay explores what the “alt-right” (White ethnonationalist, fascist, misogynistic, and anti-intellectual communities) means for social media researchers in terms of research ethics, risk, and...
The effects of NSAIDs and E-prostaglandins on bone: a two signal hypothesis for the maintenance of skeletal bone.

Since the formulation of the Raisz hypothesis asserting that prostaglandin-E (PGE) was responsible for bone resorption [1], arachidonic acid metabolites, particularly PGE2 have been the focus of a great number of experimental bone studies. Primarily carried out in vitro, these studies showed that particular cyclooxygenase products are the mediators of osteoclast activity and consequently bone resorption. Considerable data, especially whole animal studies, dispute this widely held hypothesis.
Uric Acid and Hypertension: Is There Really a Link?

Hypertension affects 30 % (66 million) of the adult US population and remains one of the leading causes for cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. The etiology of primary (essential) hypertension is complex, and consists of genetic, maternal–fetal, and environmental factors. Ideally, one would like to identify modifiable risk factors that could either prevent or treat hypertension. An elevated serum uric acid, which is a clearly amendable risk factor, is widely prevalent in patients with hypertension. Although uric acid was linked with hypertension as early as the 1800s, the evidence suggesting uric acid as a causative factor for hypertension has been mounting over the past few years. This has challenged the wisdom of attributing elevated serum uric acid to the presence of renal insufficiency, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. In this chapter, we discuss the evidence that supports the role of uric acid in hypertension as well as current challenges of this hypothesis.
Background on Processor Verification

The focus of the book now shifts to a different kind of symbolic simulation based verification. Instead of reasoning about circuits at the bit level, we will work on circuits described at a much higher level of abstraction. We will apply circuit representations that assume the datapath is correct and completely abstract it away. This difference in abstraction enables verification techniques to deal with entire descriptions of microprocessors. This chapter provides background on the overall approach. Chapter 7 presents a technique that extends the reach of high-level verification to new processor architectures.
Why? Versus Why Not?: Potentialities of Aging in Shaw's Back to Methuselah

Bernard Shaw's critique of society's “sacred cows,” as well as his participation in the social, cultural and political marketplace in which he lived, resemble the new historical/cultural materialism of contemporary theory. In Back to Methuselah, Shaw examines the notions of aging and illuminates the degree to which our chronological standards of “old age” are sociological not biological constructs. This tour de force on aging both dramatizes age as a function of societal and/or individual choice, not as a biological given, and juxtaposes opinions toward aging in such a way that flexible attitudes toward the subject emerge.
The relationship between emotional clarity and suicidal ideation among trauma-exposed adolescents in inpatient psychiatric care: does distress tolerance matter?

ABSTRACTThe present investigation examined associations between low emotional clarity (the extent to which individuals are confused about the specific emotions they are experiencing) and suicidal i...
Clinical Importance of Nasal Air Conditioning: A Review of the Literature:

BackgroundNasal air conditioning (ie, heating and humidification of inspired air) is an important function of the nasal cavity. This function may be reduced in cases of aggressive nasal surgery. Fu...
Order by chance: origins and benefits of stochasticity in immune cell fate control.

Abstract To protect against diverse challenges, the immune system must continuously generate an arsenal of specialized cell types, each of which can mount a myriad of effector responses upon detection of potential threats. To do so, it must generate multiple differentiated cell populations with defined sizes and proportions, often from rare starting precursor cells. Here, we discuss the emerging view that inherently probabilistic mechanisms, involving rare, rate-limiting regulatory events in single cells, control fate decisions and population sizes and fractions during immune development and function. We first review growing evidence that key fate control points are gated by stochastic signaling and gene regulatory events that occur infrequently over decision-making timescales, such that initially homogeneous cells can adopt variable outcomes in response to uniform signals. We next discuss how such stochastic control can provide functional capabilities that are harder to achieve with deterministic control strategies, and may be central to robust immune system function.
Re-evaluation of the Uplift Clinical Trial Using Age-Appropriate Spirometric Criteria.

Background The clinical trial of tiotropium in COPD, UPLIFT, enrolled adults with a mean age of 65 years and moderate-to-severe airflow obstruction, based on criteria from the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). For the UPLIFT cohort, however, GOLD-based criteria are not age-appropriate. Research Question Will the use of more age-appropriate criteria for airflow obstruction from the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) modify the spirometric classification of the UPLIFT cohort and, in turn, the mortality effect of tiotropium in COPD? Study Design and Methods Baseline spirometric classifications were first cross-tabulated by GLI- and GOLD-based criteria. Next, in GLI- and GOLD-based airflow obstruction, modified intention-to-treat analyses evaluated differences in time to death over 4 years, comparing tiotropium vs placebo. Because treatment response may differ by COPD severity, the mortality effect also was evaluated within stratum defined by GLI- and GOLD-based moderate and severe airflow obstruction. Results Of 5,898 participants with GOLD-based airflow-obstruction, staged as moderate in 2,739 (46.4%) and severe in 3,156 (53.5%), GLI-based criteria established airflow obstruction in 5,750 (97.5%), staged as moderate in 795 (13.5%) and severe in 4,947 (83.9%). Relative to placebo, tiotropium yielded statistically nonsignificant adjusted hazard ratios (adjHRs) (95% CI) for death of 0.91 (0.80-1.04) and 0.91 (0.79-1.03) in GLI- and GOLD-based airflow obstruction, respectively. However, statistically significant effect modification was observed, but only in GLI-based moderate and severe airflow-obstruction, with tiotropium yielding adjHRs for death of 0.53 (0.34-0.81) and 0.99 (0.86-1.13), respectively. The P value for interaction was .007. Interpretation Mortality reduction by tiotropium was only statistically significant in GLI-based moderate airflow-obstruction, a group that was underrepresented in UPLIFT because of severity misclassification by the original GOLD-based enrollment criteria.
Intracerebral Astrocytoma in a Horse.

Summary An 8-year-old Anglo-European gelding with progressive neurological signs was humanely destroyed and submitted for necropsy examination. The right parietal cortex was disrupted by a well-demarcated, intraparenchymal, 1.5 cm diameter, tan, homogeneous, dense mass. Microscopical examination was consistent with an astrocytoma, which was confirmed on the basis of strong immunohistochemical labelling for glial fibrillary acidic protein. The neoplastic population lacked immunolabelling for oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2. Labelling for ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 highlighted large numbers of reactive microglia throughout the proliferation and in the adjacent neuroparenchyma. While rare, primary brain tumours should be considered as a differential in horses presenting with progressive neurological signs.