cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Energy-Efficient PUF Design: Computing While Racing

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) take advantage of the effect of process variation on hardware to obtain their unclonability. Traditional PUF design only focuses on the analog signals of circuits. An arbiter PUF, for example, generates responses by racing delay signals. Implementations of such PUFs usually employ large area and power consumption while providing very low throughput.To address this problem, we propose an energy efficient PUF design in such a way that it races analog signals and computes digital logic simultaneously. More importantly, the analog portion of the circuit (racing) shares a large amount of hardware resources with the digital portion of the circuit (computing) by introducing only small overhead in terms of area and power. Our test results on Spartan-6 field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platforms indicate that by combining the two outputs, our design enables much larger PUF output throughput, better randomness and less power consumption compared to traditional PUFs.
The East German Revolution

The communist leaders of the non-Soviet WTO states each reacted quite differently to Gorbachev’s reforms, yet they were all replaced by pro-reform leaders by the end of 1989. Throughout the year, reformers in Eastern Europe would test the limits of acceptable change, discovering an ally for change in the USSR in the process, and finding that the hard-line communists were largely unable or unwilling to act against organized opposition. Even more quickly than it had been established after World War II, state socialism in Eastern Europe fell, almost literally like dominoes.
Robust estimation of value-at-risk through correlated frequency and severity model

In this article we develop a novel method for accurately estimating the Value-at-Risk (VaR) in the context of modern Operational Risk Management (ORM). We develop a method called Data Partition of Frequency and Severity (DPFS) which more accurately computes the VaR in a modern ORM context. The DPFS involves using clustering analysis to partition the frequency and severity components of the loss data. Since the fundamental theory of modern ORM implicitly assumes a “correlation” between frequency and severity of losses, we argue that this approach should follow naturally. To test this idea, we perform simulation based studies which show that in a theoretical situation, the new DPFS method will perform better than and in worst case as well as the current VaR best practices (which we call “classical” method). In addition, we implement our methodology on two publicly available datasets: (1) Financial Index data of SP (2) Chemical Loss spills as tracked by the US National Coast Guard. We observe that the “classical” VaR calculation inaccurately estimates the data in both the simulation and real-world data studies while DPFS attains much more accurate VaR estimates.
A survey of domestic reform movement sites in Boston and Cambridge, Ca. 1865–1905

This research is concerned with identifying site types connected with socio-political movements directed at improving women’s status by shifting women’s gender roles from the domestic to the public sphere. This survey is specifically concerned with potential archaeological contributions to our knowledge of women’s domestic reform movements in 19th century Boston and Cambridge. Domestic reform movements are particularly appropriate for archaeological research because they attempted to raise women’s status by altering the material culture conditions supporting the continuation of women’s work in the private domestic sphere, in a subordinate position to men’s work in the public sphere. Domestic movements tried to achieve women’s equality by transforming housework from private unremunerated labor into marketable professional wage labor comparable to men’s skilled occupations. A site survey has been undertaken to archaeologically assess the impacts of domestic reform movements on the historic use of urban space, by measuring the quantity, variety, and distribution of sites associated with these movements. This survey was undertaken to address three questions. First, what new site types were 1) generated by and 2) survive from these domestic movements? Second, what can be learned about the scale and impacts of housekeeping movements from their site type distribution patterns? Third, some suggestions are made for archaeological identification of domestic reform site types and ways that archaeological data could contribute to our understanding of how these movements changed participants’ lifeways.
Estimating the marginal costs of bridge damage due to overweight vehicles using a modified equivalent-vehicle methodology and in-service data on life-cycle costs and usage

Abstract Civil infrastructure managers have a profound interest in knowing the costs of infrastructure degradation caused by user operations that exceed statutory limits; that way, they are better informed to establish or revise policies related to permit fee structures for such extra-legal operations. In the specific context of vehicle weight permitting for highway bridges, past determinations have typically relied largely on bridge damage simulation using theoretical relationships between the loading and failure modes. Unlike the theory-based simulations, empirical data analysis uses observed field data and therefore are expected to yield more intuitive insights about the actual relationship between in-service loading patterns and their damage (and the cost of repair thereof). A few past studies have used such empirical approaches with some success but have generally been stymied by practical considerations including the lack of adequate translational relationships between the vehicles operating on the road and the vehicle classes typically considered in load analysis. Also, the overweight (OW) cost differences across different bridges attributes (material type, design type, functional class, and age) remain to be investigated. In a bid to overcome these limitations, this paper uses observed in-service data for vehicle loads and the life-cycle costs associated with bridge deterioration repair. The proposed methodology includes a technique that correlates AASHTO design vehicles to FHWA vehicle classes, estimates the total life-cycle cost of bridge upkeep, and allocates this cost to each user group (vehicle class) based on the axle configuration and usage frequency (vehicle-miles travelled) of that class. For each vehicle class, the marginal cost of bridge damage is determined on the basis of the incremental cost responsibility (as a result of adding that vehicle class to the traffic stream) and the typical traffic volume of that vehicle class, and were found to range from $0.01 to as much as $36.35 per ft. length per pass of bridge, depending on OW class, and bridge functional class, material type, and age. The paper quantifies the extent to which bridge damage cost due to an overweight truck is influenced by the attributes of the truck and the bridge. The results can be of help to agencies seeking to formulate, update, or evaluate current or future OW permitting policies from the perspective of highway bridge damage among other impacts. This effort is considered timely in the current era when several highway agencies are considering relaxation of their OW permitting policies as a part of efforts to project a business-friendly image in a bid to spur economic development in their states.
Access to Scientific Knowledge: A Historical Perspective

The scientific communication system familiar to us today has evolved over several centuries. Journal articles became the conventional means for publishing ideas, theories, and research findings and journals became the formal “dissemination carriers.” Although learned societies played a dominant role in journal publishing at the beginning, toward the end of the twentieth century, both societies and commercial publishers controlled journal publishing, but commercial publishers became dominant players in the twenty-first century. While the subscription-based journal access model persisted overtime, issues related to restrictions imposed upon accessing scientific knowledge which is essential to the progress of science and the sustainability of this system gained attention toward the end of the twentieth century and continued to the twenty-first century. Continuously increasing scientific journal subscription rates , publishers offering package deals reducing journal selection options, and publisher merges increasing oligopolistic control of journal publishing created the “serial crisis” in which university libraries struggle to provide access of scientific journals to their academic communities. These developments, how the university communities and academic libraries reacted to the situation, and how advances in the computer and communication technologies started reshaping the entire scholarly communication landscape, opening up new horizons in the quest for seeking alternative journal publishing models are discussed.
Cruise Ships, Community, and Collective Memory at Millars Plantation, Eleuthera, Bahamas

Tourism is a central part of contemporary Bahamian life. Yet, the complex relationship between Bahamian cultural identity and dependency on the tourism industry has also created an interesting space for resistance for many Bahamian communities. Incorporating Black feminist archaeological theory and a community-collaborative approach, this project has provided a plausible alternative interpretation of the larger effects of the remnants of the colonial past, the contemporary tourist economy, and the complicated relationship between developing cultural heritage sites in the region and the needs of local community members. The Millars Plantation, in the southern region of the island of Eleuthera, provided the research team an opportunity to explore, through oral history and small-scale memory mapping, a concentrated view of how the plantation landscape operated as a site of captivity, then a site of survival, and ultimately a space of ancestral connection between people, history, landscapes, and contemporary tourism.
Design of a GaN-based, 9-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter with low inductance layout

Multilevel inverters such as the flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCML) hold large potential benefit in applications where the size and weight of the inverter is constrained. This work presents the design and implementation of an inverter module which incorporates two individual 9-level FCML single-phase inverters in an interleaved design. Each inverter utilizes GaN FETs switching at 100 kHz, for an effective inductor ripple frequency of 800 kHz. The implementation features an innovative dual-sided integrated switching cell layout which decreases the effective commutation loop inductance of the inverter and enables fast switching with minimal ringing while also simplifying efficient double-sided cooling.
Blockade of NF-kappa B sensitizes prostate cancer cells to ionizing radiation

1290 Prostate cancer is one of most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and radiation therapy is a frequently used treatment modality. However, nearly 30% of patients treated with potentially curative doses relapse at the sites of irradiation. It is unknown how prostate tumors acquire radioresistance. One of the immediate early responses of cells to IR is the activation of NF-kappa B/Rel transcription factor. Although it is well accepted that NF-kappa B protects cell from TNF-alpha or other stresses, the role of this transcription factor in tumor cell survival after radiotherapy remains obscure. Subjection of prostate cancer cells (DU145 and PC3) to IR was found to activate NF-kappa B activity via reducing the level of IkB-alpha. To determine the role of NF-kappa B in radioresponse, we generated DU145 stable transfectants expressing the dominant negative form of IkB-alpha. The activation of NF-kappa B was significantly impaired in the transfectants after treatment with TNF-alpha or IR. The blockade of NF-kappa B significantly increased radiosensitivity of prostate cancer cells as evidenced by the increased apoptosis, more G2/M arrest, and reduced clonogenic cell survival after radiation. NF-kappa B blockade by dominant negative IkB-alpha was found to stimulate P38 MAP kinase, one of cellular kinases activated by IR. Inhibition of P38 MAP kinase SB203580 attenuated IR-caused cell death. Our results suggest that impaired activation of NF-kappa B in prostate cancer cells enhance their intrinsic radiosensitivity and raise an exciting possibility of targeting NF-kappa B to enhance radiosensitivity in prostate cancer cells.
A role for autophagy in long‐term spatial memory formation in male rodents

A hallmark of long-term memory formation is the requirement for protein synthesis. Administration of protein synthesis inhibitors impairs long-term memory formation without influencing short-term memory. Rapamycin is a specific inhibitor of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) that has been shown to block protein synthesis and impair long-term memory. In addition to regulating protein synthesis, TORC1 also phosphorylates Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase-1 (Ulk-1) to suppress autophagy. As autophagy can be activated by rapamycin (and rapamycin inhibits long-term memory), our aim was to test the hypothesis that autophagy inhibitors would enhance long-term memory. To examine if learning alters autophagosome number, we used male reporter mice carrying the GFP-LC3 transgene. Using these mice, we observed that training in the Morris water maze task increases the number of autophagosomes, a finding contrary to our expectations. For learning and memory studies, male Long Evans rats were used due to their relatively larger size (compared to mice), making it easier to perform intrahippocampal infusions in awake, moving animals. When the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or Spautin-1 were administered bilaterally into the hippocampii prior to training in the Morris water maze task, the drugs did not alter learning. In contrast, when memory was tested 24 hours later by a probe trial, significant impairments were observed. In addition, intrahippocampal infusion of an autophagy activator peptide (TAT-Beclin-1) improved long-term memory. These results indicate that autophagy is not necessary for learning, but is required for long-term memory formation.
Listen to the Elders: Design Guidelines for Affordable Multifamily Housing for the Elderly Based on Their Experiences

There is an increasing demand for affordable multifamily housing for a rapidly growing population of ethnic elders. Using the lived experiences of Korean American elders currently residing in affordable housing in the Midwest as one such example, this study seeks to develop design guidelines to meet the specific living needs and desires of this aging population. Verified against well-established building standards and accepted guidelines, these design recommendations lay the groundwork for multifamily housing that will assist elders to age in place in safer, healthier and happier environments.
A flicker of hope: Genomic data distinguish Northern Flicker taxa despite low levels of divergence

ABSTRACT Next-generation sequencing technologies are increasingly being employed to explore patterns of genomic variation in avian taxa previously characterized using morphology and/or traditional genetic markers. The hybridization dynamics of the Northern Flicker complex have received considerable attention, primarily due to the conspicuous plumage differences among these birds and the geographically extensive hybrid zone between the Red-shafted (Colaptes auratus cafer) and Yellow-shafted (Colaptes auratus auratus) flickers in the Great Plains region of North America. However, no traditional molecular techniques have been able to differentiate these 2 morphologically well-defined taxa from one another, or conclusively from the closely related Gilded Flicker (Colaptes chrysoides). Here, we use a next-generation sequencing approach to assess the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of these 3 taxa. We confirm the overall low levels of differentiation found using traditional molecular markers, but are...
Earthfast (Pieux en Terre) structures at old mobile

Recent investigations at Old Mobile have included excavation of the first earthfast pieux en terre buildings discovered at this early French colonial site. These small one-room structures may have been barracks for soldiers garrisoned at Fort Louis. Previously excavated structures, interpreted as domestic dwellings, are multi-room buildings of poteaux sur sole (post-on-sill), a more substantial construction method. Differences in floor plan, size, construction method, and associated artifact assemblages reflect differences in structure function and occupation.
Simulation of Motor Impairment in Head-Controlled Pointer Fitts' Law Task

Participants with motor impairments may not always be available for research or software development testing. To address this, we propose simulation of users with motor impairments interacting with a head-controlled mouse pointer system. Simulation can be used as a stand-in for research participants in preliminary experiments and can serve to raise awareness about ability-based interactions to a wider software development population. We evaluated our prototype system using a Fitts' Law experiment and report on the measured communication rate of our system compared to users without motor impairments and with a previously reported participant with motor impairments.
TOUGH-Based Hydraulic Fracturing Models

This chapter provides a brief overview of TOUGH-based hydraulic fracturing models, including application examples to demonstrate their capabilities. These models are all based on the linking of geomechanics codes to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s (LBNL’s) TOUGH2 multiphase flow and heat transport simulator. These geomechanics codes consider a wide range of approaches for fracturing, including fractured continuum elements, node-splitting between elements, partitioning of unity for fractures through elements, and lattice models with breaking of springs between elements. Some of the models apply mixed mode linear elastic fracture mechanics, while others apply a Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion with tensile cut-off. It is concluded that the TOUGH-based hydraulic fracturing models overviewed in this Chapter, TOUGH-FLAC, TOUGH+ROCMECH, TOUGH-RDCA, TOUGH-RBSN, and TOUGH-FEMM are complementary in terms of capabilities and application areas and the choice of model for a specific application will always be up to the user based on experience with different models, their capability and availability.
Pediatric Chest Pain.

1. Gal Barbut, MD* 2. Joshua P. Needleman, MD* 1. *Maimonides Children’s Hospital, Brooklyn, NY * Abbreviations: ECG: : electrocardiogram NSAID: : nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug SCAMP: : standardized clinical assessment and management plan Lack of familiarity with a systems-based approach and differential diagnosis of chest pain in pediatric patients may lead to inappropriate use of electrocardiography and echocardiography. Clinicians should be aware of the various causes of chest pain in children and the current guidelines and algorithms being used to determine which children are at risk for cardiac chest pain and should have further testing performed. After completing this article, readers should be able to: Chest pain is a common complaint in the pediatric population, encountered in both outpatient settings and emergency and urgent care settings. There are numerous causes of chest pain in children, with most studies ultimately not determining an etiology (1) or attributing the pain to musculoskeletal causes. The complaint may be anxiety provoking for patients, their families, and care providers alike because a cardiac cause is often feared (2)(3)(4); however, the incidence of a cardiac-related cause for chest pain in the pediatric population is exceedingly low, ranging from 0.2% to 1% of cases. (5)(6)(7) Most etiologies of chest pain in pediatric patients can be grouped into musculoskeletal, pulmonary, gastroenterologic, psychogenic, or cardiac causes. Despite …
Intravenous Iron or Red Blood Cell Supplementation and Risk of Serious Infection in Left Ventricular Assist Device Patients

Introduction Patients with durable left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are at high risk for serious infection and associated mortality. Furthermore, these patients also have a high prevalence of iron deficiency due to ongoing hemolysis, increased propensity for gastrointestinal bleeding, and dysregulated iron metabolism that accompanies mechanical circulatory support and heart failure. Intravenous (IV) iron-related supplementation [IVIRS, including IV iron infusion or red blood cell transfusion (RBC)] has been hypothesized to increase risk of infection. Hypothesis IVIRS (IV iron infusion or RBC transfusion) is associated with an increased risk of serious infection in LVAD patients. Methods This is a single center, retrospective, observational cohort study of 211 consecutive adult patients [median age 57.2 years (25th-75th percentile: 48.7-65.7 years), 19% female] who were discharged and followed after de-novo LVAD implantation between May 2008 and December 2019. Patients were followed until either end of the study period, or occurrence of death, heart transplantation, or LVAD removal/replacement, whichever came first. All administration of IVIRS and diagnosis of serious infection after discharge from index hospitalization was abstracted from the electronic medical record. Serious infection was defined as the first incident infection requiring hospitalization, divided into LVAD-associated infections (pump/cannula, pocket or driveline infection) and non-LVAD infections. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association between IVIRS and serious infections. Results Over a median follow-up of 15.2 months (25th-75th percentile: 6.9-29.4 months), 69 (33%) LVAD patients received IVIRS, of whom 47 (68%) received IV iron and 44 (64%) received RBC transfusion. During follow-up, 87 (41%) patients suffered a serious infection, of which 48 (55%) were LVAD-associated infections and 39 (45%) were non-LVAD infections. After adjustment for age, sex, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, prior cardiac surgery, destination therapy and pre-IVIRS serious infection, LVAD patients who received IVIRS had 2.85 times higher odds of any first serious infection compared to those who did not receive IVIRS during the study period (95% CI 1.49-5.46, p=0.002). Patients who received IVIRS had a significant 3.03 times greater odds of non-LVAD infection (95% CI 1.37-6.70, p=0.006) and a non-significant 1.54 times greater odds of LVAD infection (95% CI 0.75-3.18, p=0.24), compared to LVAD patients who did not receive IVIRS. Conclusion IVIRS use is associated with a higher risk of serious infection in LVAD patients, primarily due to serious non-LVAD infections. These findings merit further study in larger cohorts and randomized trials to determine best practices surrounding IVIRS in LVAD patients.
Peroxisome import stress impairs ribosome biogenesis and induces integrative stress response through eIF2α phosphorylation

Peroxisome biogenesis diseases (PBDs) are characterized by global defects in peroxisomal function and can result in severe brain, liver, kidney, and bone malfunctions. PBDs are due to mutations in peroxisome biogenesis factors (PEX genes) that are responsible for peroxisome assembly and function. Increasing evidence suggests that peroxisome import functions decline during aging. However, the transcriptome profiling of peroxisome import defects and how they affect disease development are still lacking. PEX5 encodes the cytoplasmic receptors for peroxisome-targeting signal types 1. We generate knock-in human HEK293 cells mutant using CRISPR to transiently express PEX5 cysteine 11 to alanine mutant (PEX5C11A), which blocks PEX5 recycling and exerts dominant negative effect on PEX5 mediated peroxisome import. To identify conserved responses, we perform transcriptomic analysis on Drosophila oenocyte-specific Pex1, Pex12 and Pex5 knockdowns and on human cells with impaired peroxisome import (PEX5C11A and PEX5 siRNA respectively). PEX5C11A induction triggers vast transcriptomic changes, including decreased oxidative phosphorylation, increased MAPK signaling and HIPPO signaling. PEX5 siRNA specifically decreases spliceosome activity and increases cholesterol metabolism. Using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), we identify protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathway, specifically ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway is induced in all PEX knockdowns in Drosophila. Peroxisome dysfunction elevates eIF2α phosphorylation in both Drosophila and human cell culture independent of XBP1 activation, suggesting increased integrative stress response (ISR). Moreover, peroxisome stress decreases ribosome biogenesis genes and impairs ribosome biogenesis in flies and human cells. Specifically, peroxisome stress impairs the 59-ETS cleavage activity during the ribosome biogenesis and dampens 40S small ribosomal export in both flies and human. Our results suggest that reduced ribosome biogenesis and elevated ISR could be conserved cellular response to peroxisome import stress.
Sex Differences in Carotid Plaque Composition in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source.

Background We examined sex differences in nonstenotic carotid plaque composition in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Methods and Results Patients with anterior circulatio...
A comparative evaluation of the wearable augmented reality-based data presentation interface and traditional methods for data entry tasks

Abstract Data entry is a ubiquitous task performed in today's offices. Persistent data entry is linked with high workload and fatigue due to poor ergonomic workplace design and poor posture. This study aims to alleviate data entry operators' workload and improve data entry performance by applying wearable augmented reality (AR) technology to data entry tasks. An AR-based interface was developed and used to present data to the participants, who entered the data in web-based data entry forms. A total of eighteen participants performed data entry tasks to evaluate the AR interface with traditional methods – extra desktop monitor and paper-based data presentation methods. Each method's performance was judged on the task completion time, typing error rate, workload, and usability. The usability and overall perceived workload while using an AR interface for data entry were similar to the traditional way of using paper, despite the additional burden due to the weight of the AR headset. AR interface did not perform better than the extra desktop monitor interface for usability and overall perceived workload. The results from this study can be utilized to design AR devices that are suited for data entry tasks.
Resting-state functional connectivity predicts the strength of hemispheric lateralization for language processing in temporal lobe epilepsy and normals

In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), determining the hemispheric specialization for language before surgery is critical to preserving a patient's cognitive abilities post-surgery. To date, the major techniques utilized are limited by the capacity of patients to efficiently realize the task. We determined whether resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) is a reliable predictor of language hemispheric dominance in right and left TLE patients, relative to controls. We chose three subregions of the inferior frontal cortex (pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, and pars opercularis) as the seed regions. All participants performed both a verb generation task and a resting-state fMRI procedure. Based on the language task, we computed a laterality index (LI) for the resulting network. This revealed that 96% of the participants were left-hemisphere dominant, although there remained a large degree of variability in the strength of left lateralization. We tested whether LI correlated with rsFC values emerging from each seed. We revealed a set of regions that was specific to each group. Unique correlations involving the epileptic mesial temporal lobe were revealed for the right and left TLE patients, but not for the controls. Importantly, for both TLE groups, the rsFC emerging from a contralateral seed was the most predictive of LI. Overall, our data depict the broad patterns of rsFC that support strong versus weak left hemisphere language laterality. This project provides the first evidence that rsFC data may potentially be used on its own to verify the strength of hemispheric dominance for language in impaired or pathologic populations.
The characterization of instantaneous causality: A correction

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show that it is not possible to determine whether instantaneous causality exists between two time series by examining their contemporaneous cross-correlation.
The Influence of Dissolved Hydrogen on the Superconducting Properties of Molybdenum

Baldwin1 found that molybdenum becomes brittle on addition of dissolved hydrogen and exhibits ductility curves typical of the alloys of hydrogen with bcc transition metals. The popular theories2 of “hydrogen embrittlement” associate this interesting phenomenon with one or more of the following mechanisms: stresses due to hydrogen gas precipitation in voids and cracks; the reduction of surface free energy on hydrogen adsorption; reduced cohesive energy on hydrogen solution. All these theories are based essentially on the observed mechanical properties. We undertook a study of the influence of dissolved hydrogen on the superconducting properties of molybdenum to obtain information about the effects of interstitial hydrogen on the electronic properties of the host metal and their correlation with its mechanical behavior.
Prospects on fuel economy improvements for hydrogen powered vehicles.

Fuel cell vehicles are the subject of extensive research and development because of their potential for high efficiency and low emissions. Because fuel cell vehicles remain expensive and the demand for hydrogen is therefore limited, very few fueling stations are being built. To try to accelerate the development of a hydrogen economy, some original equipment manufacturers (OEM) in the automotive industry have been working on a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine (ICE) as an intermediate step. Despite its lower cost, the hydrogen-fueled ICE offers, for a similar amount of onboard hydrogen, a lower driving range because of its lower efficiency. This paper compares the fuel economy potential of hydrogen-fueled vehicles to their conventional gasoline counterparts. To take uncertainties into account, the current and future status of both technologies were considered. Although complete data related to port fuel injection were provided from engine testing, the map for the direct-injection engine was developed from single-cylinder data. The fuel cell system data represent the status of the current technology and the goals of FreedomCAR. For both port-injected and direct-injected hydrogen engine technologies, power split and series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) configurations were considered. For the fuel cell system, only a series HEV configuration wasmore » simulated.« less
Maitotoxin: effects on calcium channels, phosphoinositide breakdown, and arachidonate release in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells.

Maitotoxin (MTX) increases formation of [3H]inositol phosphates from phosphoinositides and release of [3H]arachidonic acid from phospholipids in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Formation of [3H]inositol phosphates is detected within 1 min of incubation even with concentrations as low as 0.3 ng/ml (90 pm) MTX, whereas release of [3H]arachidonic acid is not detected until 20 min even with concentrations as high as 1 ng/ml (300 pm) MTX. Stimulation of arachidonic acid release can be detected at 0.03 ng/ml (9 pm) MTX, whereas 0.1 ng/ml (30 pm) MTX is the threshold for detection of phosphoinositide breakdown. Organic and inorganic calcium channel blockers, except Cd2+ and a high concentration of Mn2+, have no effect on MTX-elicited phosphoinositide breakdown, whereas inorganic blockers (e.g., Co2+, Mn2+, Cd2+), but not organic blockers (nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem), inhibit MTX-stimulated arachidonic acid release. All calcium channel blockers, however, inhibited MTX-elicited influx of 45Ca2+ and the MTX-elicited increase in internal Ca2+ measured with fura-2 was markedly reduced by nifedipine. MTX-elicited phosphoinositide breakdown and arachidonic acid release are abolished or reduced, respectively, in the absence of extracellular calcium plus chelating agent. The calcium ionophore A23187 has little or no effect alone but, in combination with MTX, A23187 inhibits MTX-elicited phosphoinositide breakdown and enhances arachidonic acid release, the latter even in the absence of extracellular calcium. The results suggest that different sites and/or mechanisms are involved in stimulation of calcium influx, breakdown of phosphoinositides, and release of arachidonic acid by MTX.
Dimethylsulfoxide-induced alterations in the growth properties and protein composition of in vitro-propagated murine hepatoma cells.

The effects of the differentiation-inducing agent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) on the growth properties and protein synthetic capacity of BW77-1 mouse hepatoma cells were compared at various media concent
Parametric cross‐field current instability in solar coronal holes

[1] We consider a parametric instability of fast and Alfven waves with length scales of the order of the proton inertial length. The instability is driven by currents that are associated with these pump waves and that flow in the direction perpendicular to the background magnetic field. The initial pump waves generate secondary ion cyclotron waves with length scales below the proton gyroradius. The important property of the cross-field current instability is that it can exist at relatively low amplitudes of the pump waves. As a result, it can be excited in the solar corona, where turbulent fluctuations are much smaller than in the distant solar wind. The instability of the pump wave provides an additional mechanism of wave damping compared to direct cyclotron damping. This mechanism starts to operate in the region of spatial scales where the direct cyclotron damping is weak. We show that the wave amplitudes, derived from an observed spectrum of density fluctuations, are sufficient to excite the cross-field current instability and that the turbulent heating associated with the instability is fast enough to provide a heating mechanism for protons in the coronal holes.
Practical aspects of testing Phasor Data Concentrators for wide area monitoring systems

K Phasor Data Concentrator or Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) is the key building block of the Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) architecture. This paper presents practical aspects of functional testing of a PDC based on industrial experience on product design and testing. The specific contributions presented in this paper are listed below: test setup to ensure that all requirements that guided the PDC's design and development are met; key aspects to examine during validation of different PDC functions (i.e. acceptable data rates and formats, time alignment, wait time etc.); validation of the synchrophasor communication protocols implemented on PDC (i.e. IEEE 37.118 and IEC 61850-90-5); time synchronization (with UTC - Coordinated Universal Time or local time zone); Device diagnosis functions (i.e. event recorder/SOE - Sequence Of Events, remote device status etc.); performance and stress testing; and Negative testing concepts.
Expectations and Urban Housing Prices

This paper presents a simple model of price expectations and urban housing prices. The empirical results for a sample of houses sold in the city of Chicago during 1970-1972 indicate that the expectation of nominal price increase, estimated as an extrapolation of past price increases in the neighborhood, have a significant impact on the current price.
Neuraminidase assay utilizing sialyl-oligosaccharide substrates with tritium-labeled aglycone.

A new method for the radioisotopic assay of neuraminidase activity has been developed. The substrate utilized, α-d-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2 → 3′)-lactit[3H]ol, was prepared by reduction of α-d-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2 → 3′)-lactose with tritiated borohydride and purified by ion-exchange chromatography. After incubation with neuraminidase, the reaction mixtures were applied to small columns of AG 1-X2 (formate) in order to remove free sialic acid and unhydrolyzed substrate. The lactit[3H]ol released by neuraminidase action was then recovered by washing the columns with distilled water and quantitated by utilizing a liquid scintillation spectrometer. Studies with bacterial, avian, and mammalian neuraminidases are described.
Serological studies on twelve species of Candida

Two main types of immunological reactions are tested in twelve species of Candida. The agglutination reaction produces agglutination varying from ±, or trace, to ++++ or .100 per cent agglutination. This is due to cross-reactions among the Candida and cannot be completely removed by adsorption. The precipitin reactions seem to give the most specific results, and most of the cross-reaction bands are adsorption-removable.
Carbachol Stimulates Transactivation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase in T84Cells IMPLICATIONS FOR CARBACHOL-STIMULATED CHLORIDE SECRETION

Abstract We have examined the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in regulation of calcium-dependent chloride secretion across T84 colonic epithelial cells. The calcium-mediated agonist carbachol (CCh, 100 μm) stimulated a time-dependent increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of a range of proteins (with molecular masses ranging up to 180 kDa) in T84 cells. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein (5 μm), significantly potentiated chloride secretory responses to CCh, indicating a role for CCh-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation in negative regulation of CCh-stimulated secretory responses. Further studies revealed that CCh stimulated an increase in both phosphorylation and activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) isoforms of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Chloride secretory responses to CCh were also potentiated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, PD98059 (20 μm). Phosphorylation of ERK in response to CCh was mimicked by the protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol myristate acetate (100 nm), but was not altered by the PKC inhibitor GF 109203X (1 μm). ERK phosphorylation was also induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF) (100 ng/ml). Immunoprecipitation/Western blot studies revealed that CCh stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor (EGFr) and increased co-immunoprecipitation of the adapter proteins, Shc and Grb2, with the EGFr. An inhibitor of EGFr phosphorylation, tyrphostin AG1478 (1 μm), reversed CCh-stimulated phosphorylation of both EGFr and ERK. Tyrphostin AG1478 also potentiated chloride secretory responses to CCh. We conclude that CCh activates ERK in T84cells via a mechanism involving transactivation of the EGFr, and that this pathway constitutes an inhibitory signaling pathway by which chloride secretory responses to CCh may be negatively regulated.
Extrusion of corn for ethanol fermentation

Extrusion and conventional cooking of corn for ethanol production were compared. Extrusion processing requires less energy and water than conventional cooking methods. Optimal autogenous extrusion conditions were determined as: feed rate=5.2kg/min, moisture=15% (wet basis) and extrusion discharge temperature=1600 C. Improved yields of glucose and ethanol from the extruded samples were found over conventionally cooked samples.
Dissatisfaction with Life Work among Adult Workers1

The need for more realistic occupational planning is stressed in this article on job satisfaction, based on data gathered in the St. Paul Study of Employment, Unemployment, and Relief. Experienced counselors will recognize the universal tendency of both youth and adults to “hitch their wagons to a star” in planning their life work.
Left-right asymmetry in inverse pi - photoproduction from a transversely polarized proton target.

Accurate measurements of the left-right asymmetry in ..pi../sup -/p..--> gamma..n at p/sub ..pi../ = 427--625 MeV/c with a transversely polarized target are reported. Results are compared with the predictions from the Arai and Fujii single-pion photoproduction partial-wave analysis and with data on the inverse process measured with a deuterium target. The agreement is poor, casting doubt on the correctness of the value for the radiative-decay amplitude of the neutral Roper resonance now in use.
INFLATION IN THE THEORY OF PUBLIC FINANCE

What are the essential features of the thought-experiment one has in mind when he speaks of the “tax-like effect” of an increase in the anticipated rate of inflation? Various authors have had various experiments in mind and thus arrived at differing measures of the revenue from inflation.
Analysis of the anisotropy of point defect diffusion in hcp Zr

Abstract A combination of density functional theory (DFT), kinetic Monte Carlo and mean-field rate theory is applied to analyze point defect migration and its effect on the observed growth of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Zr under 1 MeV electron irradiation. DFT is used to study stability of various configurations of vacancies and self-interstitial atoms (SIAs) and migration barriers. The data are used in kinetic Monte Carlo modeling of defect diffusion at different temperatures. It is found that both defects exhibit anisotropic diffusion, predominantly parallel to the basal planes. The ratio of diffusion coefficients parallel and perpendicular to the basal planes is found to be higher for vacancies as compared to SIAs at temperatures below ∼600 K. This raises doubts that the observed radiation growth in Zr irradiated with 1 MeV electrons, namely positive strains in prismatic and negative strains in basal directions, and void alignment along basal planes, can be accounted for by the anisotropy of point defect diffusion, which predicts opposite strain signs. It is speculated that formation of small SIA clusters with higher diffusion anisotropy may be responsible for the experimental observations.
Optimum output coupling for a laser with excited state absorption

Abstract We derive output power and optimum coupling for a homogeneously broadened laser whose active medium is characterized by excited state absorption.
Enhanced low-temperature sintering of tungsten

The effects of various transition metal additions on the sintering of a well-characterized, fine tungsten powder were analyzed using both isothermal and constant heating rate experiments in the temperature range 900 to 1400°C. Approximately four atomic mono-layers of palladium on the tungsten powder surface were found to be the optimal enhancer, followed by nickel, cobalt, platinum, and iron. The addition of Cu to the tungsten had no appreciable effect on the sintering kinetics. Sintering enhancement by these transition metals is related to their periodic chart position (i.e., electron structure). An overall non-Arrhenius shrinkage temperature dependence is attributed to grain growth in the activator-treated specimens. The activation energy for tungsten densification was determined to be 430 to 450 kJ/mol, which is in general agreement with a grain boundary diffusion process.
Price bundling in competitive markets

This research investigates mixed bundling pricing in oligopoly markets with both comparison and uninformed shoppers. We examine how additivity and correlation of multi-product customer values influence single item and bundle prices. We characterize the mixed strategy equilibrium and for specific parameters we compute undominated pricing strategies. We also conduct two sets of controlled laboratory experiments with human decision makers, focusing on additivity and on correlation. Across all conditions sellers display a systematic bias by overemphasizing comparison shoppers. The markets are highly efficient with low pricing for both buyer-types. Thus, competitive pressure seems to reduce the exploitative properties of monopolist bundling.
Towards the understanding of material property influence on automotive crash structures

Abstract Developing general crashworthiness guidelines for the design engineer is a complex task. This study begins to show that large parameter studies using actual vehicle models may prove fruitful in this endeavor. For the midrail component and the vehicle side structure studied, an initial generalized guideline developed is as follows: • • for a specific stress, a 10% change in thickness results in a 14% change in energy absorption • • for a specific thickness, a 10% change in stress results in a 7% change in energy absorption. These results are relative to baseline models, and are limited to the practical range of thickness and stress of actual vehicle components. Although the analyst must strive for precise solutions, the benefit of generalizing behavior for the design engineer must also be recognized.
HPLC Method for Determination of Diazepam Injection

Abstract A reverse-phase HPLC system using a microparticulate hexyl bonded-phase column and a methanol-water mobile phase was employed to quantitate diazepam in its injectable formulation. The method was accurate over the range of 15 to 150 ng on column, as employed in our laboratory, corresponding to 0.6 - 6 mg/ml of diazepam in the injection solution. It was precise (3.97 to 4.63% coefficient of variation) and has been used in stability studies of diazepam. The method was also used to quantitate a degradation product of diazepam, 2-methylamino-5-chlorobenzophenone, over the range of 0.5 to 4.5 ng on column (corresponding to 20-180 ug/ml in the injection solution) with a precision of 2.18 to 7.07% coefficient of variation. Samples were prepared by dilution with methanol containing biphenyl as internal standard. Each chromatogram required about 6 minutes.
Hybrid observer design for online battery state-of-charge estimation

This paper presents a method for estimating battery state-of-charge based on linear hybrid estimation theory. Contrasting with existing battery estimation techniques, hybrid linear models permit systematic introduction of additional dynamics online, which can capture cell aging or temperature effects. Piecewise regression with free-knots was employed to segment the nonlinear model into linear regions, enabling a decoupled hybrid observer scheme to independently identify the continuous and discrete hybrid states. Simulation and experimental studies demonstrate the observer efficacy.
A modified Voigt method for calculation of the elastic constants of ensembles selected by diffraction methods

Abstract The Voigt assumption describes a polycrystalline material under load as having an isotropic strain tensor in all grains. Consequently the corresponding stiffness tensor is isotropic according to Voigt. Extension of the Voigt limit to the calculation of elastic compliances used with diffraction stress determination techniques by Moller and Martin yielded values that are independent of the reflection used for the measurement. Since the data obtained by diffraction originated solely from the domains that satisfy Bragg's law, one can modify the Voigt assumption by requiring that the strain tensors of the diffracting grains be equal to an average strain 〈∊ij〉hkl for the particular reflection, where this average is different from the macroscopic average strain of the aggregate. In this paper this calculation is discussed. It is shown that this modification of the Voigt assumption yields compliances that are dependent on the crystallographic orientation of the diffracting crystallites. The isotropic nat...