cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of MEBES III and CORE 2564 performance in a manufacturing environment

Many of the same considerations that were instrumental in providing the state-of-the-art e- beam process were implemented in the recent installation of the ETEC CORE 2564 laser-beam mask/reticle lithography system and the associated process setup. The possession of two high- performance mask/reticle production processes created a need to perform a comparative investigation of the manufacturing performance of the two systems and their associated processes. This study points out some of the manufacturing strengths and weaknesses of these two distinctly different mask/reticle production processes. This is done on the basis of each system's performance to published specifications, (relative to each other) and on the manufacturing process capability characteristics of the finished mask/reticle.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A mixture model for bovine abortion and foetal survival.

The effect of spontaneous abortion on the dairy industry is substantial, costing the industry on the order of $200 million per year in California alone. We analyse data from a cohort study of nine dairy herds in Central California. A key feature of the analysis is the observation that only a relatively small proportion of cows will abort (around 10¯15 per cent), so that it is inappropriate to analyse the time-to-abortion (TTA) data as if it were standard censored survival data, with cows that fail to abort by the end of the study treated as censored observations. We thus broaden the scope to consider the analysis of foetal lifetime distribution (FLD) data for the cows, with the dual goals of characterizing the effects of various risk factors on (i) the likelihood of abortion and, conditional on abortion status, on (ii) the risk of early versus late abortion. A single model is developed to accomplish both goals with two sets of specific herd effects modelled as random effects. Because multimodal foetal hazard functions are expected for the TTA data, both a parametric mixture model and a non-parametric model are developed. Furthermore, the two sets of analyses are linked because of anticipated dependence between the random herd effects. All modelling and inferences are accomplished using modern Bayesian methods. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dust mites' dirty dealings in the lung

Toll-like receptors on lung epithelia recognize allergens and help provoke asthma. The findings put new emphasis on innate immunity as a driver of allergic responses (pages 410–416).
NUMERICAL STUDY OF CONVECTION-DIFFUSION-REACTION EQUATIONS FOR LARGE DAMKOHLER AND CELL REYNOLDS NUMBERS

The issues of the large cell Reynolds number and large Damkohler number are examined. Thirteen finite-difference schemes for solving a system of highly nonlinear convection-diffusion-reaction integrodifferential equations are studied. The system models the propagation of a one-dimensional unsteady laminar flame in closed or open combustors. The numerical schemes include an explicit scheme with upwind, central, and hybrid differencing, a predictor-corrector explicit scheme, a sequential implicit scheme, a quasi-linear implicit scheme, a block implicit scheme, the standard Crank-Nicolson implicit scheme, two methods of lines, a projection implicit scheme, an operator-splitting scheme, and the QUICK scheme. The efficiency, accuracy, and stability of these schemes art discussed. In particular, it is shown that the treatment of convection terms and of reaction terms, as well as the flow conditions, has a strong impact on the selection of an optimum numerical technique. Generally, for a large Damkohler number t...
Monoclonal Antibodies as Probes for Differentiating Tropoelastin a and b

BALB/C mice were immunized with a mixture of aortic tropoelastin a and b. To ensure the presence of tropoelastin a, the lathyritic chick aortic tissue was first extracted with denaturing and reducing agents. After dialysis, the standard procedure for tropoelastin purification was followed. Following immunization, the lymphocytes were fused with a myeloma cell line. Resulting hybridomas were cloned and tested for reactivity towards tropoelastin a and b. The majority of monoclonal antibodies exhibited crossreactivity between the two tropoelastins. Two of the clones were further characterized because of their ability to differentiate both tropoelastin a and b. As demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analyses, one clone reacted preferentially with tropoelastin b and the other with tropoelastin a and b. Significantly, these results demonstrate that tropoelastin a and b can be differentiated by immunological techniques.
Incipient Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem-cell-derived Osteogenesis

Tissue regeneration strategies invoke cell-based therapies for effective tissue formation. Current assessment of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) directed bone regeneration during in vivo assays is dependent on histologic determination of bone formation. It was the aim of this study to determine the relationship between bone sialoprotein (BSP) expression and osteocalcin expression with subsequent osteogenesis occurring in MSC-based implants. RT-PCR assessment of human actin, collagen type I, BSP, and osteocalcin indicated that undifferentiated cells did not express BSP or osteocalcin. Three weeks following implantation, human BSP could be identified in RNAs isolated from the retrieved implants. For every implant from which human BSP cDNA was amplified, parallel implants harvested at 6 weeks demonstrated bone formation at the histologic level. This study confirms that, in the context of the severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) mouse model, culture-expanded, cryopreserved human MSCs have osteogenic po...
Effects of Protocalliphora braueri (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Parasitism and Inclement Weather on Nestling Sage Thrashers

Infection with blow fly larvae (Protocalliphora braueri) had no effect on sage thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus) nestling weight or size at fledging nor on mean fledging age. However, the combination of cold, wet weather and parasite infection did significantly reduce nestling survival and the percent young fledged.
NEW FORMULAS FOR LOWER BOUNDS TO EXPECTATION VALUES.

Two new formulas are presented for rigorous lower bounds to the true quantum-mechanical expectation value of an arbitrary positive Hermitian operator. These formulas strengthen and extend previous results while requiring relatively simple additional matrix elements. Illustrative numerical applications are made at two levels of approximation to various one- and two-electron properties, powers of ${r}_{1}$ and ${r}_{12}$, in the normal helium atom.
Response to Maarten Van Dyck's commentary

In response to Maarten Van Dyck’s commentary, I present a translation of Vailati’s original paper with a short introductory note.
Cortactin branches out: Roles in regulating protrusive actin dynamics

Since its discovery in the early 1990's, cortactin has emerged as a key signaling protein in many cellular processes, including cell adhesion, migration, endocytosis, and tumor invasion. While the list of cellular functions influenced by cortactin grows, the ability of cortactin to interact with and alter the cortical actin network is central to its role in regulating these processes. Recently, several advances have been made in our understanding of the interaction between actin and cortactin, providing insight into how these two proteins work together to provide a framework for normal and altered cellular function. This review examines how regulation of cortactin through post-translational modifications and interactions with multiple binding partners elicits changes in cortical actin cytoskeletal organization, impacting the regulation and formation of actin-rich motility structures.
Aptamer in bioanalytical applications.

With over 2,000 publications, including about 250 reviews, resulting from a SciFinder search in just a two year period (2009–2010), the field of aptamer research has continuously generated lots of interest in the scientific community. Aptamers, first reported by three groups independently in 1990,1–3 are the artificial single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences (more recently, peptides) that fold into secondary and tertiary structures making them bind to certain targets with extremely high specificity. Owing to the high specific affinity of an aptamer to its target molecule (small molecules, proteins and even entire cells), it is thought to resemble chemical antibodies, with the dissociation constants ranging from nanomolar to picomolar level. Aptamers have a number of unique features which make them a more effective choice than antibodies. First, aptamers can be screened via in vitro process against a synthetic library, making it possible to target any molecules (from small inorganic ions to intact cells), overcoming the limit of having to use cell lines or animals, as is necessary for antibodies. Second, aptamers, once selected, can undergo subsequent amplification through polymerase chain reaction to produce a large quantity with high purity. Third, the simple chemical structure of aptamer makes it easily amendable to further modifications with functional groups according to different purposes. Finally, aptamers are much more stable than antibodies, making them suitable in applications requiring harsh conditions (e.g., high temperature or extreme pH). The applications of aptamers remain very dynamic, with increasing explorations in the fields of biosensing, diagnostics and therapeutics (some aptamer-based applications are illustrated in Figure 1). There have been a numbers of excellent reviews in recent years with different emphases.4–8 Herein, as the first review of aptamers on Analytical Chemistry, we attempt to cover major progresses in bioanalytical applications of aptamers in the past 2 years. Figure 1 The widespread use of aptamers for numerous analytical and biological applications. Bioanalytical applications of aptamers are highlighted in red.
Pharmacokinetics of meperidine in pregnancy.

Abstract The disposition of meperidine was studied in 11 term pregnant humans after the administration of a single 50 mg intravenous dose of meperidine through 48 h post-injection. Half-lives of the rapid and terminal elimination phases were calculated as 2.3 and 13.3 h, respectively. These values are much greater than previously reported half-lives which were based on data collected over less than 8 h after injection. An accurate value for t 1 2 β may be particularly important in sequential dosing of analgesic medication. These pharmacokinetic constants calculated on data collected through 48 h in this study may have important clinical correlates.
Controlled patterning of polymer films using an AFM tip as a nano-hammer

A force-modulated atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to produce controlled two-dimensional nano-structure arrays in polymer films. Unmodulated AFM methods have not achieved the registry control necessary to generate multi-dimensional structures. Registry control was achieved by generating optimally modulated stress waves using a scanning AFM cantilever tip as a nano-hammer. Ordered nano-dots in selected two-dimensional lattice structures were constructed by reshaping the surface of polystyrene thin films using the force-modulated AFM tip. Selecting the wavelength and orientation of the stress distribution in polymer films enabled control of the periodicity and symmetry of nano-arrays. The formation and growth of the nano-structures are attributed to the stress-induced reconstruction in the thin polymer films. Surface reconstruction models based on the stress-induced instability near polymer surfaces may provide further insight into structures induced in polymers by a scanning tip.
Assessing the Risk Posed by Terrorist Groups: Identifying Motivating Factors and Threats

While terrorist organizations have been analyzed for their motivations and tactics, little has been done to develop a systematic understanding of what makes some groups more dangerous than others. Knowing what makes some groups more threatening than others, or what conditions can influence a single group to become more or less of a threat, would help governments to prioritize resources during counterterrorism efforts. Using an approach similar to Ted Robert Gurr's assignment of a risk score to identify impending minority group rebellion, this article develops and tests a set of terrorist organizational characteristics. A two-phased approach is used. First, the authors identify key characteristics that could be anticipated to drive groups to be more active or deadly. The characteristics were identified and measured for terrorist groups for 1990–1994. The authors test group characteristics against subsequent group violence intensity from 1995 to 1999. Findings indicate that some group characteristics, such ...
New requirements for resident duty hours.

new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. JAMA. 1992;268:24202425. 5. Parkes J, Hyde C, Deeks J, Milne R. Teaching critical appraisal skills in health care settings [database on CD-ROM]. Oxford, England: Cochrane Library, Update Software; 2002;issue 2. 6. Taylor R, Reeves B, Ewings P, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of critical appraisal skills training for clinicians. Med Educ. 2000;34:120-125. 7. Norman GR, Shannon SI. Effectiveness of instruction in critical appraisal (evidencebased medicine) skills: a critical appraisal. CMAJ. 1998;158:177-181. 8. Linzer M, Brown JT, Frazier LM, DeLong ER, Siegel WC. Impact of a medical journal club on house-staff reading habits, knowledge, and critical appraisal skills: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1988;260:2537-2541. 9. Stern DT, Linzer M, O’Sullivan PS, Weld L. Evaluating medical residents’ literatureappraisal skills. Acad Med. 1995;70:152-154. 10. Bennett KJ, Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Neufeld VR, Tugwell P, Roberts R. A controlled trial of teaching critical appraisal of the clinical literature to medical students. JAMA. 1987;257:2451-2454. 11. Grimes DA. Introducing evidence-based medicine into a department of obstetrics and gynecology. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86:451-457. 12. Murray E. Challenges in educational research. Med Educ. 2002;36:110-112. 13. Campbell M, Fitzpatrick R, Haines A, et al. Framework for design and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health. BMJ. 2000;321:694-696. 14. Bogdan R, Biklen SK. Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston, Mass: Allyn & Bacon; 1982. 15. Green ML, Ellis PJ. Impact of an evidence-based medicine curriculum based on adult learning theory. J Gen Intern Med. 1997;12:742-750. 16. Cabell CH, Schardt C, Sanders L, Corey GR, Keitz SA. Resident utilization of information technology. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:838-844. 17. Taylor R, Reeves B, Mears R, et al. Development and validation of a questionnaire to evaluate the effectiveness of evidence-based practice teaching. Med Educ. 2001;35:544-547. 18. Flynn C, Helwig A. Evaluating an evidence-based medicine curriculum. Acad Med. 1997;72:454-455. 19. Dobbie AE, Schneider FD, Anderson AD, Littlefield J. What evidence supports teaching evidence-based medicine? Acad Med. 2000;75:1184-1185.
Reaction of Formic Acid over Amorphous Manganese Oxide Catalytic Systems: An In Situ Study

The interaction of formic acid with amorphous manganese oxide (AMO) is investigated using in situ photoelectron and infrared spectroscopy techniques. Soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (sXPS) and in situ FTIR illustrate two possible modes of formate bound species at the AMO surface. Two peaks in the IR region from 1340−1390 cm−1 are indicative of formate species bound to the surface in a bidentate configuration. However, a 224 cm−1 band gap between νsOCO and νasOCO suggests formate is bound in a bridging configuration. Temperature-programmed desorption studies confirm the formate bound species desorbs as carbon dioxide from the surface at multiple binding sites. At temperatures above 700 K, the presence of K+···OC complex suggests the bound species interacts at vacant sites related to framework oxygen and cation mobility.
Which 'managed care' for Medicare?

Medicare could gain much of the value of managed care without taking on the risk of selective contracting.
The effects of foundation width on model tests for the bearing capacity of sand with geogrid reinforcement

Laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of surface strip foundations on geogrid-reinforced sand and unreinforced sand are presented. A fine uniform sand and one type of geogrid (Tensar BX1000(SSO)) were used for the tests. The width of the foundation and the relative density of sand were varied to determine their effects on the bearing capacity ratio. It was found that the bearing capacity ratio of the sand-geogrid system decreased with an increase in foundation width. However, above a certain foundation width (130–140 mm) a practically constant value of bearing capacity ratio was observed.
Splenectomy attenuates streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis and alters leukocyte activation.

Objective To investigate the role of the spleen in the pathogenesis of streptococcal cell wall (SCW)–induced arthritis and determine the impact of splenectomy on monocytes and T cells involved in the arthritis. Methods Female Lewis rats were separated into 4 groups: 1) saline-injected, sham-operated; 2) saline-injected, splenectomized; 3) peptidoglycan–polysaccharide (PG-PS)–injected, sham-operated; and 4) PG-PS–injected, splenectomized. After a 10-day recovery period, rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of saline or PG-PS (25 μg rhamnose/gm body weight). We evaluated the effect of splenectomy on joint inflammation, histopathology, leukocyte subtypes in blood and lymph nodes, cytokines, and cell surface expression of CD44 and CD45RC in the chronic phase of the disease (day 28). Results Splenectomy dramatically decreased chronic joint inflammation and histopathologic damage as well as altered cell types in lymph nodes and peripheral blood, as analyzed by flow cytometry. Nitric oxide (NO) production, levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and a biomarker of Th1 cell predominance correlated with the level of joint inflammation. Surprisingly, in splenectomized animals, increased expression of adhesion molecules thought to track T cells to inflamed tissue were observed in lymph nodes. Conclusion The result of splenectomy was attenuation of SCW-induced arthritis and changes in mediators of inflammation, including T cell subsets, proinflammatory cytokines, and NO production. Splenectomy may remove an important antigen reservoir and alter immune cell activation in the SCW-induced arthritis model.
Positively Selected Sites in the Arabidopsis Receptor-Like Kinase Gene Family

We analyze members of the receptor-like kinase (RLK) gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana for positive selection. Likelihood analyses find evidence for positive selection in 12 of the 52 RLK family sequences groups. These 12 groups represent 97 of the 403 sequences analyzed. The majority of genes in groups subject to positive selection have not been functionally characterized, but sites under selection are predominantly located in the extracellular region. The pattern of selection in the extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motif of groups 14 and 51 is similar to previous studies where positively selected positions are located in a solvent exposed β-strand that may determine disease specificity, raising the possibility that some RLK genes function in a similar role.
Searching techniques in slope stability analysis

Abstract Searching techniques for location of critical potential failure surfaces in two-dimensional slope stability analysis are presented. A computer program, STABL, developed at Purdue University, features unique random techniques for generation of circular as well as irregular trial failure surfaces in the search for the more critical ones. The stability calculation in STABL is based on methods of slices. The simplified Bishop method is adopted for circular failure surfaces, and the simplified Janbu method for general shapes of failure surfaces. The Janbu procedure usually provides somewhat conservative results. Other procedures may be adapted to the program.
Interaction of triplets or aromatic hydrocarbons with oxygen and nitric oxide

Abstract The quenching of the phosphorescence of several polynuclear aromatci hydrocarbons, dissolved in a fluff-like polystyrene matrix, by oxygen and nitric oxide has been investigated. Nitric oxide is a less efficient quencher than oxygen. Although Franck-Condon factors appear to be important in determining the magnitude of the dynamic oxygen quenching constant, experiments with coronene and monomethyl derivatives of 1, 2 benzanthracene indicate that other factors also play a role.
An electron microscope study of spermiogenesis in Spirorbis (Laeospira) mörchi Levinsen (polychaeta).

1. In the hermaphroditic polychaete Spirorbis (Laeospira) morchi, early spermatids develop in clusters within the coelom of the male segments. The cells within a single cluster are all in the same stage of development and are connected by an extensive cytoplasmic bridge system. 2. The acrosome forms in a single lamella of the Golgi apparatus which bears a close association to the plasma membrane. The final position of the acrosome is at a point considerably removed from the site of formation. 3. The nuclear changes culminating in condensation and elongation of the head are described. A rearrangement of cytoplasmic microtubules occurs simultaneously with nuclear elongation. 4. Redundant nuclear envelope, resulting from nuclear volume reduction, is pinched off in the form of four vesicles. The latter structures are lost with the residual cytoplasm. 5. Pour spherical mitochondria elongate to become incorporated into the middle-piece. A rearrangement of microtubules also occurs simultaneously with mitochondrial elongation. Cytoplasmic microtubules are absent from the fully formed sperm.
A Generalized Hysteresis Model

A new mathematical model of hysteresis, based upon the previous work of Chun and Stromsmoe, is introduced. The model not only provides for hysteresis loops at frequencies down to dc but allows for extensive control over higher frequency behavior. Loop widening with increased frequency can be included, as well as loop narrowing (a phenomenon present in the i-v curves of fluorescent lamps). Loop widening can be reduced to insignificant amounts beyond an upper threshold or can be eliminated all together. Other behavior with frequency variation can be provided once the model is understood. Applications of the model include the simulation of ferrite "memory" cells and the analysis of hysteretic systems capable of operating at arbitrarily low frequencies.
ED management of pediatric syncope: searching for a rationale.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate emergency department (ED) management of childhood syncope, focusing on diagnostic tests ordered, whether a reason for specific testing was recorded, and hospital admission rates. Methods We reviewed ED records of patients aged 5 to 20 years who presented to a community hospital ED with syncope or near-syncope over a 1-year period (April 1, 2004, to March 31, 2005). Patient charts were nonelectronic (paper). We reviewed the elements of the recorded history and physical examination for each patient. The specific tests ordered in the ED were classified into 3 general testing categories for each patient as follows: (1) simple testing, with a hospital charge of $100 or less per test; (2) expanded testing, more than $100 per test, with a recorded explanation; and (3) expanded testing without a recorded explanation. Results The charts of 140 patients were reviewed. Of these, we excluded 27 based on exclusion criteria, including history of neurologic disorders. The mean age of the remaining 113 patients was 14.8 ± 3.3 years. Most (80%) presented with syncope; 20% had near-syncope. Ten percent were admitted to the hospital, over half for an electrocardiogram (ECG) interpreted as abnormal by an ECG machine and/or the ED staff. Overall, 17.5% of patients had simple testing, 32.5% had expanded testing with explanation, and 50% had expanded testing without explanation. Patients with syncope were more likely than patients with near-syncope to be in the expanded testing category (P Conclusions A relatively high number of our subjects were admitted (10%), most often because of questions raised by the ECG. Although an ECG is widely recommended for pediatric syncope presenting to the ED, this suggests that ECG interpretation by a pediatric cardiologist would be helpful before the decision to admit is made. In addition, 58% of our subjects had a head CT in the ED; all CT results were negative. This high percentage of head CTs for pediatric syncope has not been previously reported.
Are Immigrants from Asia Healthier than Immigrants from Other Regions?: Self-reported Health Status and Functional Difficulties of Immigrants in the USA

This study examines how regions of origin are related to immigrant health status in the USA. This paper uses the National Health Interview Survey to examine health status differences between East and Southeast Asian immigrants and immigrants from other regions. The models control for duration, socioeconomic factors, and behavioral factors. Two health indicators are examined: self-reported health and functional difficulties. Results from ordered logit regression analyses demonstrate that some of the regions of birth do significantly predict differences in health for immigrants. Specifically, immigrants from Central America and the former Soviet Union do exhibit significant health disadvantages when compared with immigrants from East and Southeast Asia. The duration effect was positively related to functional difficulties but not to self-reported health status. Overall, economic resources and education typically have a strong relationship to the measures of immigrants’ physical health. It was also found that drinking is persistently associated with better measures of physical health while smoking appears to have the opposite effect.
Preservation of the secretory granules of rat parotid gland for electron microscopy.

Abstract Fixation of rat parotid gland for electron microscopy with osmium tetroxide, in several different buffer systems, results in imperfect preservation of the acinar secretory granules. This is obviated by prior fixation in glutaraldehyde. In the latter instance, two types of secretory granules can be discerned: one associated with the Golgi regions, and the other located primarily in the apical cytoplasm. The findings raise the question as to whether osmium tetroxide, without prior fixation with aldehydes, brings about the solubilization of the contents of the secretory granules.
A message-passing control structure for text understanding

This paper describes an object-oriented, message-passing system for natural language text understanding. The application domain is the texts of Texas Instruments' patent descriptions. The object-oriented environment permits syntactic analysis modules to communicate with domain knowledge modules to resolve ambiguities as they arise.
Fabrication of 3D structures using self-assembly at an air-water interface

This paper presents a novel self-assembly method for 3D structures with orthogonal or tilted surfaces. The assembly is achieved in a two-step process: part delivery using fluidic self-assembly and part folding to assemble the 3D structure. A magnetic field is employed for both processes. The folding angle is controlled by adjusting the direction of the magnetic field. The parts are fixed with solder reflow once they are assembled. As a proof of concept, millimeter-scale pyramid and rectangular shaped structures with different folding angles are fabricated.
Stromal Responses among Carcinomas—Response

We thank the authors for their interest in our study on the clinical relevance of stromal signatures ([1][1]). We have been delighted to see how the field of stromal signatures, as defined by gene expression profiling, in cancer has grown since our description of clinical variation in stromal
Maximum Divert for Planetary Landing Using Convex Optimization

This paper presents a real-time solution method of the maximum divert trajectory optimization problem for planetary landing. In mid-course, the vehicle is to abort and retarget to a landing site as far from the nominal as physically possible. The divert trajectory must satisfy velocity constraints in the range and cross range directions and a total speed constraint. The thrust magnitude is bounded above and below so that once on, the engine cannot be turned off. Because this constraint is not convex, it is relaxed to a convex constraint and lossless convexification is proved. A transformation of variables is introduced in the nonlinear dynamics and an approximation is made so that the problem becomes a second-order cone problem, which can be solved to global optimality in polynomial time whenever a feasible solution exists. A number of examples are solved to illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the solution method.
Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron-Emission Tomography Findings in Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Abstract Objective Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with a propensity for extranodal involvement. The role of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)–positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in common types of lymphoma has been well-established. However, there is limited information in the literature about the utility of FDG-PET imaging in patients who have MCL. The aim of this study was to determine the role of FDG-PET imaging in assessment of disease activity in MCL compared with conventional imaging techniques such as computerized tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI). Methods FDG - PET images of 20 patients with MCL who were referred to our center for assessment of extent of disease were reviewed retrospectively. The FDG-PET findings were compared with those of CT/MRI and were correlated with clinical information, histopathology, and outcome. Results The diagnostic sensitivity for PET was 90% (17/19), and specificity was 100% (1/1). For CT/MRI, the sensitivity was 87% (14/16) and specificity was 50% (2/4). PET was better than CT/MRI in detecting nodal involvement. With respect to extranodal involvement, PET detected more cases of spleen involvement than CT/MRI. PET was equivalent to conventional imaging in detecting bowel involvement. Conclusions PET imaging has a high sensitivity in detecting both nodal and extranodal involvement in patients who have MCL. Based on the available data in patients who had other subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the specificity of PET also appears to be superior to anatomic imaging techniques. FDG-PET imaging may prove to be the single most effective method for detection.
From Phenomenology to Scripture: A General Response

In examining a move from phenomenology to scripture, this symposiumdoes not address all possible readers; it addresses a specific readership, fora specific reason, and within the framework of specific assumptions. By wayof response, I want first to identify a few features of what I take to be thesymposium's specific address or context. Then, I will comment on whatmessages I believe the authors have delivered to this context.
Speaker bias in children's evaluation of the external consistency of statements

Abstract The hypothesis of this study is that an assumption of speaker credibility affects children's judgments of the external consistency of statements. In two experiments, first and third grade children (6 and 8 years of age, respectively) and college adults were read short paragraphs containing contradictory information from a contextual source and a speaker. The contextual source was described as either authoritative or nonauthoritative and discredited. The speaker was either an adult or child. Thus the contextual source was either more or less reliable than the speaker. Subjects were asked to affirm or contradict the speaker's statement, and to choose either the source or the speaker as most believable. The results showed that adult responses varied with the contextual source alone, while the responses of the first graders varied primarily with the speaker's age. The responses of the third graders varied with both factors. The results suggest young children can assess the external consistency of statements but frequently do not because of their assumptions about speakers and other performance factors.
Neuronal stem cells in the brain of adult vertebrates

It is generally assumed that neurogenesis in the central nervous system ceases before or soon after birth. In the last three decades, however, several studies have reported that new neurons continue to be added into the brain of adult fish, frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals. The precursor cells that give rise to the neurons generated in adulthood are generally located in the walls of the brain ventricles. From these proliferative regions, neuronal precursors migrate toward their final targets where they differentiate; they often traverse long distances through complex brain parenchyma. The identity of the neuronal precursors in the brains of adult animals is still unknown. Experiments in adult birds suggest that proliferating radial cells may be the neuronal precursors. In adult mice, cells present in the sub‐ventricular zone can generate neurons in vivo and in vitro. These neuronal precursors can be induced to proliferate in vitro when exposed to growth factors and retain their potential to differentiate into neurons and glia. Whether these putative neural stem cells can differentiate into multiple neuronal types remains to be determined. The neuronal precursors of the adult brain could be used as a source of cells for neuronal transplantation. In addition, these cells could be manipulated in vivo or in vitro to introduce genes into the brain. Adult neurogenesis offers new experimental opportunities to study neuronal birth, migration and differentiation and for the treatment of neurological diseases.
Right ventricular systolic function is not the sole determinant of tricuspid annular motion.

Maximal tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) correlates well with right ventricular (RV) function; however, little is known regarding the impact of left ventricular (LV) systolic function on TAPSE. Consequently, TAPSE was examined in 206 patients (105 men; mean age 56 ± 17 years), and the data were analyzed with respect to RV (RV fractional area change 45 ± 19%) and LV (56 ± 17%) systolic function. The mean TAPSE for the population studied was 1.97 ± 0.72 cm. Although a strong linear correlation was noted between RV fractional area change and TAPSE (r = 0.73, p 2.0 cm suggests normal biventricular systolic function.
Roles of Mitochondrial DNA Changes on Cancer Initiation and Progression.

Roles of Mitochondrial DNA Changes on Cancer Initiation and Progression Mitochondria are essential organelles that generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. This process is accomplished by a series of protein complexes and mitochondrial respiratory chains (MRC) encoded by nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
Localization of glycine-containing neurons in the Macaca monkey retina.

Autoradiography following 3H-glycine (Gly) uptake and immunocytochemistry with a Gly-specific antiserum were used to identify neurons in Macaca monkey retina that contain a high level of this neurotransmitter. High-affinity uptake of Gly was shown to be sodium dependent whereas release of both endogenous and accumulated Gly was calcium dependent. Neurons labeling for Gly included 40-46% of the amacrine cells and nearly 40% of the bipolars. Synaptic labeling was seen throughout the inner plexiform layer (IPL) but with a preferential distribution in the inner half. Bands of labeled puncta occurred in S2, S4, and S5. Both light and postembedding electron microscopic (EM) immunocytochemistry identified different types of amacrine and bipolar cell bodies and their synaptic terminals. The most heavily labeled Gly+ cell bodies typically were amacrine cells having a single, thick, basal dendrite extending deep into the IPL and, at the EM level, electron-dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclear infoldings. This cell type may be homologous with the Gly2 cell in human retina (Marc and Liu: J. Comp. Neurol. 232:241-260, ′85) and the AII/ Gly2 of cat retina (Famiglietti and Kolb: Brain Res. 84:293-300, ′75; Pourcho and Goebel: J. Comp. Neurol. 233:473-480, ′85a). Gly+ amacrines synapse most frequently onto Gly− amacrines and both Gly− and Gly+ bipolars. Gly+ bipolar cells appeared to be cone bipolars because their labeled dendrites could be traced only to cone pedicles. The pattern of these labeled dendritic trees indicated that both diffuse and midget types of bipolars were Gly+. The EM distribution of labeled synapses showed Gly+ amacrine synapses throughout the IPL, but these composed only 11-23% of the amacrine population. Most of the Gly+ bipolar terminals were in the inner IPL, where 70% of all bipolar terminals were labeled. These findings are consistent with previous data from cats and humans and suggest that both amacrine and bipolar cells contribute to glycine-mediated neurotransmission in the monkey retina.
Hallucinations in the acute schizophrenic-type psychosis: effects of gender and age of illness onset.

Our objective was to test the hypothesis that gender, the age of illness onset, or the interaction between these two variables, would distinguish acutely ill schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients who hallucinated from those who did not. Hallucinatory experiences were measured by the hallucination item of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale in a sample of 160 drug-free inpatients admitted for the treatment of an acute episode. Patients were categorized as either non-hallucinators or hallucinators. An additional analysis included only those who had 'severe' hallucinations (i.e., score > or = 5). Female gender, but not age of onset, predicted a higher frequency of hallucinations (irrespective of degree of severity) in the total sample, but specifically in the schizophrenic patients. These results indicate that there may be gender differences in the propensity to experience hallucinations during the acute schizophrenic episode.
Frontal P3 event-related potential is related to brain glutamine/glutamate ratio measured in vivo.

Abstract Background The auditory P3 event-related potential (ERP) is thought to index cognitive processing relevant to attention and working memory processes. Drug challenge studies suggest that glutamate neurotransmission plays an important role in modulating P3 ERP. However, while direct links between glutamate activity and P3 ERP response in humans are suspected, mechanistic details remain largely unknown. We investigated here the relationships between P3 ERP and indices of glutamatergic processing measured in vivo with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H MRS). We hypothesized that a higher index of glutamatergic processing (glutamine/glutamate ratio; abbreviated Gln/Glu) in the anterior cingulate (ACC) and in the parietal–occipital (POC) cortices would associate with larger frontal P3a and parietal P3b amplitudes, respectively. Methods Frontal P3a (Fz) and parietal P3b (Pz) were collected from 32 healthy participants who performed an auditory oddball task. Resting glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and Gln/Glu (an index of glutamatergic processing) measures were obtained on a 4 T MR scanner using J-resolved MR spectroscopy. Linear regression and partial correlations were used for statistical analysis. Results Significant positive correlations were found between frontal P3a amplitude and ACC Gln/Glu ratio (partial R = 0.57; P = 0.001) and between frontal P3a amplitude and ACC Gln concentration (partial R = 0.43; P = 0.02). Relationships between parietal P3b and the glutamate indices in the POC were not significant. Conclusions These results indicate a specific connection between an index of glutamate neurotransmitter function in ACC and frontal P3 ERP, providing a novel insight into the neurochemistry underlying scalp recorded EEG response. Abnormalities in glutamate neurotransmission have been observed in schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions and may underlie illness related deficits of P3 ERP.
Applications of algebraic topology in bounding the rank of the skew-symmetric curvature operator

Abstract Let V be an inner product space of signature ( p , q ), let R be an algebraic curvature tensor on V , and let R (·) be the associated skew-symmetric operator. Assume the rank of R (·)= r is constant on the Grassmannian of nondegenerate 2 planes. We use Stiefel–Whitney classes and K -theory to show that r =2 if p =0,1 and q ⩾9 or if p =2 and if q ⩾10 and if q and q +2 are not powers of 2.
Thomas Church as author: publicity and the professional at mid-century

Abstract Between 1938 and 1969, a few authors attempted to establish and codify a modem idiom in landscape design in a series of publications. Not surprisingly, the authors of these books and articles were the landscape architects one has come to associate with the development of modernism in landscape architecture: Christopher Tunnard (Gardens in the Modem Landscape, 1938), Garrett Eckbo (Landscape for Living, 1950, and Art of Home Landscaping, 1956), and James Rose (Creative Gardens, 1958). But no other landscape architect of the postwar period published his work or ideas more frequently or to greater professional effect than Thomas Dolliver Church. His 1955 Gardens are for People, now reissued in a third paperback edition, became a key text in the development of the profession of landscape architecture in postwar America. Church's writings, like the architectural treatises that had preceded his by millennia, helped establish both an audience and a body of informed clients, formulating the boundaries of...
Effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on vestibular compensation in primates

Continual administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (250 µg/kg/day) for 14 days using an osmotic mini-pump in unilateral labydnthectomized squirrel monkeys induced accelerated vestibular compensation. Decrease in total gait deviation counts and reduction of slow-phase eye velocity of spontaneous nystagmus were significantly faster in the TRH-treated group as compared with the control group.
Soil Compaction above Long-Term Lysimeter Installations

Equilibrium tension lysimeters are useful tools for monitoring soil water and solute fluxes. The potential residual effects of lysimeter installation procedures are unknown, however. During summer 2006, 12 lysimeters were excavated after long-term installation, and soil deformations above the lysimeters and installation materials were observed and documented. Bulk density of soil clods collected from above lysimeters and of clods confined in the lysimeters' pans increased 11 and 8%, respectively, between 1995 and 1999 (grouped together) and 2001 installations. This compaction probably introduced some increasing amount of error to water flux measurements as the installations aged, although this could not be assessed. Minor modifications to installation methods including supporting the soil at the front of the excavated cavity, increasing support spring length, and eliminating the use of soil slurry above the lysimeter's porous plate may reduce the potential for soil compaction above lysimeters and increase performance longevity in field installations.
Effect of yeast on feed intake and performance of cows fed diets based on corn silage during early lactation

Thirty-six multiparous Holstein cows were fed a mixture of corn silage and concentrate [1:1; dry matter (DM) basis] and long hay (0.9 kg/d) through wk 18 of lactation. Beginning at 30 d prepartum through wk 4 of lactation, the total mixed rations of 18 of these cows were top-dressed daily with 10 g of Biomate® Yeast Plus® (Chr. Hansen's, Inc., Milwaukee, WI). The other 18 cows served as controls. At wk 5, both control and treated cows were divided into three groups and fed 0, 10, or 20 g/d of yeast. Yeast supplementation during early lactation significantly improved DM intake, milk yield, and the digestibility of crude protein and acid detergent fiber. Least squares means for DM intake, fat-corrected milk yield, crude protein digestibility, and acid detergent fiber digestibility for cows fed 0, 10, 20 g/d of yeast during wk 5 to 18 of lactation were 23.8, 24.7, and 25.0 kg/d; 37.7, 40.7, and 41.4 kg/d; 78.5, 80.8, and 79.5%; and 54.4, 60.2, and 56.8%, respectively. Although numerical responses in DM intake and milk yield were greater for cows fed 20 g/d of yeast than for cows fed 10 g/d of yeast, the response was not significant.
Infrared emission detection tympanic thermometry May be useful in diagnosing acute otitis media

Abstract To determine the utility of infrared emission detection (IRED) tympanic thermometry in diagnosing acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM), a prospective, nonblinded sampling of ear temperatures was performed. Children between the ages of 6 months and 6 years presenting to an urban emergency department were included in the study. Tympanic temperatures were determied in all subjects. Clinical data, tympanic audiometry, and telephone follow-up were used to define ASOM. Temperature differences were determined for children with unilateral ASOM and those without ear infection. Data from 48 patients were analyzed. The mean temperature difference in the control group, 0.23° ± 0.15°C (95% confidence interval [Cl], 0.17° to 0.29°C) differed from those with ASOM: 0.39° ± 0.29°C (95% Cl, 0.25° to 0.53° C, P = .047). Logistic regression was used to describe the predictive relationship between temperature difference and probability of ASOM. We conclude that IRED tympanic thermometry may be useful in diagnosing ASOM when used with other clinical data.
7-O-acylpaclitaxel analogues: potential probes to map the paclitaxel binding site

The synthesis and biological evaluation of several 7-O-acylpaclitaxel analogues as potential photoaffinity, electrophilic, and fluorescent probes are described.
Radiocarbon chronology of Andean khipus

Unlike every other high civilisation of the ancient world, the Incas did not develop a system of writing based on graphic signs on twodimensional surfaces. Rather, Inca administrative records took the form of three-dimensional knotted-cords made of spun and plied fibers. It is widely believed that khipu technology associated with the rise and expansion of the Inca Empire, during the Late Horizon period (ca. 1400-1532 AD), developed out of an earlier cord recording technology associated with the Wari culture of the Middle Horizon period (ca. 600-1000 AD). There were good studies of the patterns of thread-wrapping on a few Middle Horizon samples and archaeological recovery of one sample from Middle Horizon context. Three Middle Horizon, Wari khipus have been dated between 780-1024 AD. The principal problem of khipu chronology arises with respect to the dating of Inca samples. Thirty-one samples of Inca khipus from museums in the USA, Latin America and Germany have been analysed. The samples were analysed by the accelerator mass spectrometry technique at three laboratories. About half of the samples analysed at the University of Georgia have been analysed twice to get a higher precision. Most of the samples have been dated from Late Horizon times to the early Colonial period, 1500-1600 AD. One of the samples was dated to the beginning of the Late Horizon 1390-1423 AD and another sample was even earlier, i.e. 1188-1282 AD. Unfortunately, the existing calibration data for Inca khipus do not allow high enough sensitivity for precise analysis, thereby requiring a reappraisal of the calibration curve for South America.