cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tungsten diffusion in olivine

Abstract Diffusion of tungsten has been characterized in synthetic forsterite and natural olivine (Fo90) under dry conditions. The source of diffusant was a mixture of magnesium tungstate and olivine powders. Experiments were prepared by sealing the source material and polished olivine under vacuum in silica glass ampoules with solid buffers to buffer at NNO or IW. Prepared capsules were annealed in 1 atm furnaces for times ranging from 45 min to several weeks, at temperatures from 1050 to 1450 °C. Tungsten distributions in the olivine were profiled by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). The following Arrhenius relation is obtained for W diffusion in forsterite: D W = 1.0 × 10 - 8 exp ( - 365 ± 28 kJ mol - 1 / RT ) m 2 s - 1 Diffusivities for the synthetic forsterite and natural Fe-bearing olivine are similar, and tungsten diffusion in olivine shows little dependence on crystallographic orientation or oxygen fugacity. The slow diffusivities measured for W in olivine indicate that Hf–W ages in olivine–metal systems will close to diffusive exchange at higher temperatures than other chronometers commonly used in cosmochronology, and that tungsten isotopic signatures will be less likely to be reset by subsequent thermal events.
PLANNING THE SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORK FOR NEW PRODUCTS: A CASE STUDY

Abstract:Planning a supply chain for a new product requires addressing demand and cost uncertainty as well as changes in market conditions over time. We developed an approach to supply chain planning to determine production capacities, distribution locations, and material flows for a new product launch. The model finds an overall solution for all identified potential scenarios of demand growth. This model also addresses the financial viability of the company during a new product launch by considering initial investments and cash flow. We demonstrate this approach with a case study of a Fortune 200 company's experience launching a new product line.
Exact solutions of frustrated ordinary and chiral eight-site Hubbard models.

This contribution addresses the question of whether or not the ground state of a frustrated spin-1/2 Heisenberg model can be smoothly related to the ground state of a simple tight-binding model at half-filling in an appropriately chosen magnetic field. This continuity is considered explicitly for an eight-site square-lattice Hubbard model with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor hopping, which approaches a frustrated Heisenberg model with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic exchange coupling in the limit of large Hubbard U. In addition, a counterexample to the widely held belief that the half-filled band of the ordinary Hubbard model is nonmagnetic has been found in the regime where the hopping parameters and Hubbard interaction are all the same order of magnitude.
Natural mode analysis of hollow and annular elliptical cylindrical cavities

Analytical solutions for natural frequencies and mode shapes of elliptical cylindrical acoustic cavities were obtained by solving the homogeneous wave equation in elliptical cylindrical co-ordinates. Both hollow cylinder and annular cylinder cases were considered. The characteristic equation was obtained in terms of Mathieu functions. Natural frequencies and mode shapes were calculated for cavities of the size used as a typical hermetic compressor shell or a small automotive muffler. The results were compared with those of circular cylindrical cavities which have the same cross-sectional area and volume. The influence of the eccentricity on the general characteristics of cylindrically shaped acoustic devices is discussed.
Progress in semiconducting oxide-based thin-film transistors for displays

Recent progress in the development of transparent thin-film transistors for integration with flexible displays is discussed. Specifically, the fabrication and properties of ZnO-based thin-film transistors on glass are described. Top-gate-type thin-film transistors with transparent n-type ZnO as the active channel layer have been fabricated via wet photolithography processing. The ZnO layers were deposited using pulsed laser deposition. A low leakage current of 10−7 A cm−2 was realized with amorphous HfO2 or (Ce, Tb)MgA11O19 as the gate dielectric. N-channel depletion-mode operation was shown for the undoped ZnO thin-film transistors. Phosphorus-doped ZnO and (Zn, Mg)O were also utilized as channel materials in order to realize a reduction in carrier density. The current–voltage measurements demonstrate an enhancement-mode device operation for the thin-film transistors with P-doped (Zn, Mg)O as the active channel layer and HfO2 serving as the gate dielectric.
Varieties of chain-complete algebras☆

This paper is an extended version of results and ideas in [78] and 1791. Several of the properties given here for categories of algebras have been previously studied for their underlying base categories in [80] and [82]. The main purpose of this work is to show how the point of view of Lawvere about classical Universal Algebra: “equational theories are categories, algebras are functors, homomorphisms are natural transformations,” provides an optimal conceptual and technical tool for developing the kind of generalized Universal Algebra which is intimately related with the semantics of programming languages. Any choice of historical references in an area is always difficult, but we think that papers like Eilenberg and Wright [38], Scott [94] and BekiC [13] are among those at the beginning of what might be called the Universal Algebra approach to Computation. The list of references can give some indication of the work tvhich has followed, but for a far more complete orientation one should consult the bibliography collected in [lo]. Due perhaps to an emphasis in monadic computation, where predicates p : A -2 can be viewed as functions /j:A-Ax{O}UAx{1}=A1LA :x-(X,p(X)),
Role of nitric oxide in apoptosis of human peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts after hypoxia.

Objective To study the modulation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide (iNOS/NO) expression system in fibroblasts isolated from human peritoneum and adhesion tissues by hypoxia. Design Prospective experimental study. Setting University medical center. Patient(s) Cultures of fibroblasts from both peritoneum and adhesion tissues of five patients. Intervention(s) Hypoxia treatment of the primary cultured fibroblasts. Main outcome measure(s) We used Western and Northern blots to determine whether iNOS mRNA and its protein were present in peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts and whether this expression is modulated by hypoxia. Multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was used to quantify type I collagen mRNA in response to NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). A terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to quantify apoptosis in response to NO donor S-nitro-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) treatment. A Griess assay was used to measure NO levels. Result(s) Peritoneal fibroblasts have significantly higher NO levels than adhesion fibroblasts. Hypoxia decreased NO in peritoneal fibroblasts to levels observed for adhesion fibroblasts. In addition, hypoxia increased both mRNA and protein levels of the iNOS gene in peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts. Augmentation of NO by SNAP treatment increased apoptosis in adhesion fibroblasts. In contrast, SNAP had no effect on apoptosis of peritoneal fibroblasts. Inhibition of NO by L-NAME treatment increased type I collagen mRNA levels in peritoneal fibroblasts. Conclusion(s) Our findings confirm that adhesion fibroblasts produce less NO than normal peritoneal fibroblasts; NO may be the mechanism responsible for the creation and persistence of the adhesion phenotype.
Single-marker and two-marker association tests for unphased case-control genotype data, with a power comparison.

In case-control Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) data, the Allele frequency, Hardy Weinberg Disequilibrium (HWD) and Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) contrast tests are three distinct sources of information about genetic association. While all three tests are typically developed in a retrospective context, we show that prospective logistic regression models may be developed that correspond conceptually to the retrospective tests. This approach provides a flexible framework for conducting a systematic series of association analyses using unphased genotype data and any number of covariates. For a single stage study, two single-marker tests and four two-marker tests are discussed. The true association models are derived and they allow us to understand why a model with only a linear term will generally fit well for a SNP in weak LD with a causal SNP, whatever the disease model, but not for a SNP in high LD with a non-additive disease SNP. We investigate the power of the association tests using real LD parameters from chromosome 11 in the HapMap CEU population data. Among the single-marker tests, the allelic test has on average the most power in the case of an additive disease; but, for dominant, recessive and heterozygote disadvantage diseases, the genotypic test has the most power. Among the six two-marker tests, the Allelic-LD contrast test, which incorporates linear terms for two markers and their interaction term, provides the most reliable power overall for the cases studied. Therefore, our result supports incorporating an interaction term as well as linear terms in multi-marker tests.
Sturmian expansion of Green's function and its application to multiphoton ionization of hydrogen.

We report a study of the Sturmian expansion of Green's function and its convergence properties in the complex energy plane. We take as a model for our study multiphoton ionization of hydrogen. Convergence difficulties arise from the fact that the stationary wave of the outgoing photoelectron contains both outgoing and ingoing parts, whereas the Sturmian functions have outgoing wave character and so do not provide an expansion of the ingoing part of the photoelectron wave. We show how this difficulty can be overcome. We have tested the method for N-italic-photon ionization of hydrogen when (N-italic-1)-photon ionization is possible, with N-italic = 2--5, and for three-photon ionization when ordinary photoionization is possible.
Structure and function of the platelet integrin αIIbβ3

The platelet integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) is required for platelet aggregation. Like other integrins, alpha(IIb)beta(3) resides on cell surfaces in an equilibrium between inactive and active conformations. Recent experiments suggest that the shift between these conformations involves a global reorganization of the alpha(IIb)beta(3) molecule and disruption of constraints imposed by the heteromeric association of the alpha(IIb) and beta(3) transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. The biochemical, biophysical, and ultrastructural results that support this conclusion are discussed in this Review.
Size effects in small electron-hole drops

Abstract The self-consistent formulation of density functional theory is used to calculate the single-particle properties of electron-hole droplets in Ge with between 10 and 120 pairs. Results are presented for the recombination luminescence lineshape, the electron and hole density profiles and the work function. As in the physics of the nucleus there are strong effects associated with the filling of the various electron and hole shells. In particular, the luminescence line narrows and oscillates as N decreases for a drop with less than 120 pairs. If N = 70 the width is 70% of the bulk value; while for N = 50 it is 80%. The density profiles and work functions for different N are rather varied and show very strong shell effects.
Preparation of tissues for liquid scintillation radioactivity counting.

Abstract A method of preparation of biological samples for liquid scintillation counting is presented. The method produces samples with a low degree of quenching and is especially suitable when radionuclides of very low energy of emission are used. Small amounts of Triton X-100 and NCS (Nuclear Chicago Corp.) are used to dissolve completely 20 mg of tissue in a scintillation mixture, followed by optionl bleaching of the solution by exposure to light.
Immune Regulation in Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is an animal model of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) that shows many of the characteristics of human IDDM. In the NOD model, there exists a discrepancy between the onset of insulitis and diabetes suggesting the potential existence of some form of immune regulation that delays β cell destruction. Our transfer system using NOD-scid/scid (NOD-scid) mice as recipients of donor NOD cells suggested that immune regulatory cells exist in the periphery of NOD mice, not in the islets. These regulatory cells are considered to be memory CD4 + cells which show a Th2 (or Th0) type cytokine profile following activation in vitro . The function of the memory CD4 + cells seems to change from protective to pathogenic as the disease progresses. Moreover, cytokine profiles of this CD4 + CD45RB low (memory) population shifted from a Th2 (or Th0) to a Th1 type response coincident with the onset of hyperglycaemia. These data suggest that the progression of NOD disease from insulitis to frank hyperglycaemia is under the control of CD4 + CD45RB low immune ‘regulatory’ cells.
A world of opportunities: CPS, IOT, and beyond

The continuous evolution of computing and networking technologies (e.g., Moore's Law) is creating a new world populated by many sensors on physical and social environments. This emerging new world goes much further than the original visions of ubiquitous computing and World Wide Web. Aspects of this new world have received various names such as Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) and Internet of Things (IOT). CPS links many physical sensor data to detailed simulation models running on large data centers. IOT brings together many appliances, making much more environmental data available and supporting control of these appliances. CPS/IOT applications are many, including personalized healthcare, intelligent transportation, smart grid, sustainable environment, and disaster recovery as representative examples. These CPS/IOT applications are motivated and strongly pushed by significant new social, economic, and human benefits. At the same time, these applications are also mission-critical with serious quality of service requirements such as real-time performance, continuous availability, high security and privacy.We will argue that the traditional process-oriented programming languages and software architectures should be augmented by distributed event-based facilities and abstractions for the construction of large scale distributed CPS/IOT applications. In addition to the focus on performance, we anticipate that other quality of service dimensions such as availability, reliability, security, and privacy will become important concerns in the research on distributed event-based systems. We will discuss research opportunities and challenges that bring the distributed event-based systems technology to CPS/IOT applications.
The effect of clays on the oligomerization of HCN

The reaction of 0.1 M HCN and dilute solutions of diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN) at pH 8–9 and 25°C in the presence of suspensions of montmorillonite (bentonite) clays were investigated. Montmorillonite clays inhibit the oligomerization of aqueous solutions of HCN. Yields of colored oligomers, urea, and DAMN, are all diminished by clays, but the rate of loss of cyanide is not significantly decreased. The inhibition of oligomer formation is due to the clay-catalyzed decomposition of DAMN. The absence of strong binding of DAMN to clays was suggested by our failure to detect DAMN when a clay that had been incubated with DAMN was washed with spermidine (6 × 10−3 g/{ie317-1}). It was established that DAMN does not simply bind to the clays by the observation that the bulk of the radioactivity was recovered from the supernatant in the reaction of14C-DAMN with montmorillonite. The clay-catalyzed decomposition of DAMN was observed when montmorillonite from two different sources was used and with a variety of homoionic montmorillonites and bentonites. A modification of the established procedure for using the cyanide electrode for cyanide analyses was used to follow the release of HCN from DAMN. This new method can be used in both the acidic and basic pH range and it does not result in the destruction of DAMN by the reagents used for the analysis. Quantitative analyses of the reaction solution from the clay-catalyzed decomposition of DAMN revealed the formation of 1–2 equivalents of HCN per mole of DAMN. The possible significance of these clay-catalyzed reactions in chemical evolution is discussed.
Influence of volume expansion on proximal tubular sodium reabsorption in congestive heart failure.

Abstract Proximal tubular sodium reabsorption was studied in ten patients with severe decompensated congestive heart failure when marked extracellular fluid volume expansion was present and again after diuresis to dry weight. The technique used was pharmacologic blockade of distal nephron sites by diuretic agents. The percentage of the filtered load of sodium reabsorbed by the proximal tubule increased from 68 ± 5 per cent to 85 ± 2 per cent and of chloride from 61 ± 6 per cent to 78 ± 4 per cent following reduction of the expanded extracellular volume. This increase could not solely be accounted for by change in filtered sodium load or enhanced aldosterone activity. It is concluded that although the proximal tubule responds in an appropriate manner qualitatively to volume stimuli, an enhanced fractional proximal sodium reabsorption at any given level of extracellular fluid volume may characterize the patient with congestive heart failure. The exact mechanism of sodium retention in heart failure must remain speculative.
Wound healing in total joint arthroplasty.

Abstract Obtaining primary wound healing in total joint arthroplasty is essential to a good result. Wound healing problems can occur and the consequences can be devastating. Determination of the host healing capacity can be useful in predicting complications. Cierney and Mader classified patients as type A, no healing compromises; and type B, systemic or local healing compromising factors present. Local factors include traumatic arthritis, multiple previous incisions, extensive scarring, lymphedema, poor vascular perfusion. Systemic compromising factors include diabetes, rheumatic diseases, renal or liver disease, immunocompromise, steroids, smoking, and poor nutrition. In high-risk patients, the surgeon should encourage positive choices such as smoking cessation and nutritional supplementation to elevate the total lymphocyte count and total albumin. Careful planning of incisions, particularly in patients with scarring or multiple previous operations, is productive. Around the knee the vascular viability is better in the medial flap. Thus, use the most lateral previous incision, do minimal undermining, and handle tissue meticulously. We perform all potentially complicated total knee arthroplasties without tourniquet to enhance blood flow and tissue viability. The use of perioperative anticoagulation will increase wound problems. If wound drainage or healing problems occur, immediate action is required. Deep sepsis can be ruled out with a joint aspiration and cell count (>2000), differential (>50% polys), and negative culture and sensitivity. All hematomas should be evacuated and necrosis or dehiscence should be managed by debridement to obtain a live wound.
Sleeping blood, tremor and paralysis: A trans-cultural approach to an unusual conversion reaction

An unusual conversion reaction and a related folk belief system are described in a Cape Verdean-American woman. A clinical approach is presented which stresses the need to negotiate between professional and popular explanatory models of illness. It is suggested that a significant factor in the successful management of this patient's symptoms was the acceptance of a mutually-understandable idiom for communication and treatment.
The Wnt Signaling Pathway in Bipolar Disorder

The Wnt signaling pathway is a highly conserved pathway critical for proper embryonic development. However, recent evidence suggests that this pathway and one of its key enzymes, glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, may play important roles in regulating synaptic plasticity, cell survival, and circadian rhythms in the mature CNS-all of which have been implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder. Furthermore, two structurally highly dissimilar medications used to treat bipolar disorder, lithium and valproic acid, exert effects on components of the Wnt signaling pathway. Together, these data suggest that the Wnt signaling pathway may play an important role in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Here, the authors review the modulation of the Wnt/GSK-3beta signaling pathway by mood-stabilizing agents, focusing on two therapeutically relevant aspects: neuroprotection and modulation of circadian rhythms. The future development of selective GSK-3beta inhibitors may have considerable utility not only for the treatment of bipolar disorder but also for a variety of classical neurodegenerative disorders.
Optimal exercise program length for patients with claudication

Background This prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial determined whether an optimal exercise program length exists to efficaciously change claudication onset time (COT) and peak walking time (PWT) in patients with peripheral artery disease and claudication. Methods The study randomized 142 patients to supervised exercise (n = 106) or a usual care control group (n = 36), with 80 completing the exercise program and 27 completing the control intervention. The exercise program consisted of intermittent walking to nearly maximal claudication pain 3 days per week. COT and PWT were the primary outcomes obtained from a treadmill exercise test at baseline and bimonthly during the study. Results After exercise, changes in COT (P .05). When changes were expressed per mile walked during the first 2 months, middle 2 months, and final 2 months of exercise, COT and PWT only increased during the first 2 months (P Conclusions Exercise-mediated gains in COT and PWT occur rapidly within the first 2 months of exercise rehabilitation and are maintained with further training. The clinical significance is that a relatively short 2-month exercise program may be preferred to a longer program to treat claudication because adherence is higher, costs associated with personnel and use of facilities are lower per patient, and more patients can be trained for a given amount of personnel time and resource utilization.
The effects of feline retroviruses on cytokine expression.

Abstract To identify potential roles of cytokines in retroviral pathogenesis, we used reverse transcription-quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-qcPCR) assays to characterize mRNA levels of 19 different lymphokines, chemokines, monokines and hematopoietic growth factors in three feline cell lines productively infected with subgroup A feline leukemia virus (FeLV-A) or various feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) strains. Infection of a CD8+, CD5− large granular lymphocyte (LGL) cell line with FeLV-A activated expression of interleukin-7 (IL-7), induced modest (4-fold) increases in granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) transcripts, and decreased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) mRNA (4-fold). The LGL cells were not susceptible to infection by FIV. Infection of MYA-1 cells, a CD4+ T-lymphoblastoid cell line, with FeLV-A activated expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), increased transcript levels of GM-CSF (8-fold), macrophage CSF (M-CSF) (16-fold) and stem cell factor (SCF) (250-fold), and decreased (4-fold) expression of IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Productive infection with four different FIV molecular clones caused progressive MYA-1 cell death; however, the mRNA expression profiles were unchanged except for 2- to 4-fold increases in M-CSF and 16- to 500-fold increases in SCF. Thus, FIV-induced MYA-1 cytopathicity was not associated with dysregulation of pro-apoptotic or survival factor transcript levels. Lastly, productive infection of PNI cells, a marrow-derived fibroendothelial cell line, with FeLV-A or any of three FIV strains induced 4-fold higher levels of IL-12p40 transcripts and variably higher levels (4- to 64-fold) of GM-CSF. Two viral strains, the FIV-14 molecular clone and the clinical isolate FIV-5122, caused syncytia formation and unique activation of IL-1β and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) expression, suggesting a potential role for those factors in viral spread and/or cytopathicity. In addition, infection with FIV-5122, but not the other FIV strains or FeLV-A, induced significant increases in mRNA levels of the hematopoietic inhibitors TNF-α and MIP-1α, along with increased concentrations of soluble proteins in culture supernatants. Consistent with this, supernatant from FIV-5122 infected PNI cells suppressed hematopoietic progenitor growth in colony assays, compared to supportive activities in supernatants from other infected or uninfected PNI cell cultures. Together, these data demonstrate that feline retroviruses alter cytokine mRNA levels in general and strain-specific patterns. These changes may result in specific alterations in cell function and contribute to retroviral pathogenesis. Our observations provide a basis for directed studies of candidate factors within the hematopoietic, thymic and lymphoid microenvironments.
Variability in payoff disbursement in coalition formation experiments

Results from 680 plays, gathered in four different 3-person characteristic function game experiments, are summarized to show that there is considerable inter-group variability in payoff disbursement in coalition formation experiments that does not decrease with practice. This Variability is inconsistent with models predicting unique payoff vectors, one for each coalition structure. Data from a 3-person game experiment by Komorita and Kravitz are then employed to test and corroborate a recently proposed model, which predicts a range of payoff vectors in which each point depends on a single parameter interpretable as a standard of fairness. Obtenus dans 4 experiences avec des jeux a fonction caracteristique de 3 personnes, les resultats de 680 jeux ont ete resumes pour montrer qu'existe une considerable variabilite des gains entre-groupes dans les recherches sur la formation de coalitions. Cette variabilite ne decroit pas avec l'experience. Cette variabilite est inconsistante avec les modeles qui predisent des vecteurs uniques de gain, un pour chaque structure de coalition. Des donnees obtenues par Komorita et Kravitz dans une experience avec un jeu de 3 personnes sont alors utilisees pour tester et corroborer un modele recemment propose qui predit un eventail de vecteurs de gain sur lesquels chaque point depend d'un seul parameere interpetable comme ‘standard de fair-play’.
Transducers — fact and fiction

Abstract In ultrasonic-testing, the transducer should be considered as an integral part of the equipment. Unfortunately, transducers are generally bandied about and used as appendages during a given test. Such a casual approach can lead to problematic results. The fickle nature of the transducer is discussed in this report.
Multiconfigurational self-consistent field and multireference internally contracted configuration interaction studies on the excited states of weakly bonded NO2 dimer (N2O4)

In this paper, the vertical excitation energies of total of 32 states of N2O4 including the lowest two singlet states and two triplet states of each of the Ag, B3u, B2u, B1g, B1u, B2g, B3g, and Au symmetries were calculated at multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) and the multireference internally contracted configuration interaction (MRCI) levels of theory on the active space (15o,16e) with aug-cc-pVDZ basis set. The potential energy curves of the eight singlet states(1Ag1, 1B3u1, 1B2u1, 1B1g1, 1B1u1, 1B2g1, 1B3g1, and 1Au1) and eight triplet states (1Ag3, 1B3u3, 1B2u3, 1B1g3, 1B1u3, 1B2g3, 1B3g3, and 1Au3) were calculated at MCSCF and MRCI levels of theory on the active space (15o,16e) with aug-cc-pVDZ basis set along the N–N distance. The vertical excitation energies of 1B3u1, 1B2u1, and 1B1u1 states with nonzero transition moment are 4.60eV (269.6nm), 6.06eV (204.6nm), and 7.71eV (160.8nm), respectively, at MRCI level of theory. The photodissociation asymptotics were assigned as NO2(XA12)...
Precriterion stationarity in markovian learning models

Two forms of stationarity prior to criterion in absorbing Markov chains are examined. Both forms require that the probability of a particular response on a particular trial before absorption be independent of trial number. The stronger of these forms holds that this is true independent of starting state; the weaker, only for a specified set of starting probabilities. Simple, necessary and sufficient conditions for both forms are developed and applied to several examples.
Differential gene expression in high- and low-active inbred mice.

Numerous candidate genes have been suggested in the recent literature with proposed roles in regulation of voluntary physical activity, with little evidence of these genes' functional roles. This study compared the haplotype structure and expression profile in skeletal muscle and brain of inherently high- (C57L/J) and low- (C3H/HeJ) active mice. Expression of nine candidate genes [Actn2, Actn3, Casq1, Drd2, Lepr, Mc4r, Mstn, Papss2, and Glut4 (a.k.a. Slc2a4)] was evaluated via RT-qPCR. SNPs were observed in regions of Actn2, Casq1, Drd2, Lepr, and Papss2; however, no SNPs were located in coding sequences or associated with any known regulatory sequences. In mice exposed to a running wheel, Casq1 (P = 0.0003) and Mstn (P = 0.002) transcript levels in the soleus were higher in the low-active mice. However, when these genes were evaluated in naive animals, differential expression was not observed, demonstrating a training effect. Among naive mice, no genes in either tissue exhibited differential expression between strains. Considering that no obvious SNP mechanisms were determined or differential expression was observed, our results indicate that genomic structural variation or gene expression data alone is not adequate to establish any of these genes' candidacy or causality in relation to regulation of physical activity.
A novel Maximum Power Points Tracking (MPPT) operation of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind power system

To extract power more efficiently, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods are always applied in variable-speed generator wind power systems. However, due to the fast wind speed variation, fast and real-time calculations of optimal system operation points are difficult to achieve. Also, the dependence of optimal references on the system model can hardly be removed. This paper proposes a novel real-time MPPT algorithm which simply updates the reference power curve by tuning the curve coefficients. Due to the independence on system model, this method is immune to the potential system variations and thus robust. To verify its performance, the proposed algorithm is simulated in Matlab/Simulink and experimentally tested on doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind power system. Both simulation and experimental results validate the proposed method.
FOXA1 as a therapeutic target for breast cancer.

Gene expression profiling studies have classified breast cancer into five intrinsic subtypes with distinct prognostic significance: luminal type A, luminal type B, normal-like, HER-2-positive and b...
Microstructure and fatigue crack growth mechanisms in high temperature titanium alloys

Abstract This paper examines the influence of microstructure on the crack growth behavior in high temperature titanium alloys. A focus is made on the concept that the fracture mechanisms in these alloys are governed by the slip process taking place within the crack tip region. This concept is applied to Widmanstatten and fully lamellar microstructures in order to explain the different fracture modes observed under effects of the loading frequency and temperature. In the Widmanstatten microstructure, it is proposed that interactions of slip bands with both the colony boundary and the grain boundary result in transcolony and intergranular fracture, respectively. The selectivity of either boundary is correlated with the loading frequency and the ensuing hardening on the active slip planes. This mechanism has been validated through crack growth experiments preformed on a Widmanstatten microstructure that has been modified through the precipitation of internal slip barriers. In fully lamellar microstructure, the predominant transgranular fracture occurring along heavily shear slip bands is categorized in terms of the angle between the corresponding crack path and the lamella long axis direction within a single colony. The dominant parallel- and transverse-to-lamella crack directions are shown to be governed by slip along the a1 and a2-prism directions of the α phase. Variations in the critical resolved shear stress along these two slip directions, and thus, the selectivity of the crack path direction is described as a function of temperature and loading frequency.
G quadruplexes are genomewide targets of transcriptional helicases XPB and XPD

G4 motifs are greatly enriched near promoters, suggesting that quadruplex structures may be targets of transcriptional regulation. Here we show, by ChIP-Seq analysis of human cells, that 40% of the binding sites of the transcription-associated helicases, XPB and XPD, overlap with G4 motifs. The highly significant overlap of XPB and XPD binding sites with G4 motifs cannot be explained by GC richness or parameters of the genomewide analysis, but instead suggests that these proteins are recruited to quadruplex structures that form in genomic DNA (G4 DNA). Biochemical analysis demonstrates that XPD is a robust G4 DNA helicase and that XPB binds G4 DNA. XPB and XPD are enriched near the transcription start site at 20% of genes, especially highly transcribed genes. XPB and XPD enrichment at G4 motifs characterizes specific signaling pathways and regulatory pathways associated with specific cancers. These results identify new candidate pathways for therapies targeted to quadruplexes.
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions

Abstract OJECTIVE: Steatohepatitis is a morphological pattern of liver injury that may be seen in alcoholic or nonalcoholic liver disease. This pattern may occur with obesity, diabetes, the use of certain drugs, or the cause may be idiopathic. The well-recognized histopathological features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) include hepatocellular steatosis and ballooning, mixed acute and chronic lobular inflammation, and zone 3 perisinusoidal fibrosis. Currently, there are no systems for grading necroinflammatory activity or for staging fibrosis as exist for various other forms of chronic liver disease. The purpose of this study was to develop such a grading and staging system and was based on review of liver biopsies from 51 patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center. METHODS: For determination of grade, 10 histological variables of activity were initially analyzed; an overall impression of mild, moderate, and severe was made and the variables considered to be most significant were used to develop the necroinflammatory grade. RESULTS: The histological lesions considered to be significant were: steatosis, ballooning, and intra-acinar and portal inflammation. A staging score was developed to reflect both location and extent of fibrosis. The fibrosis score was derived from the extent of zone 3 perisinusoidal fibrosis with possible additional portal/periportal fibrosis and architectural remodeling. Fibrosis stages are as follows: Stage 1, zone 3 perisinusoidal fibrosis; Stage 2, as above with portal fibrosis; Stage 3, as above with bridging fibrosis; and Stage 4, cirrhosis. CONCLUSION: We propose a grading and staging system that reflects the unique histological features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Comparison of distribution coefficients for americium and curium: Effects of pH and naturally occurring colloids

Abstract Distribution coefficients (K D ) were measured by a batch technique for sorption of americium-243 and curium-244 to Lake Michigan sediment from four different natural surface waters. The dependences of K D values on pH and on the concentrations of naturally occurring colloidal organic carbon (COC) were studied. The comparison of K D values showed that, while changes in pH and in COC concentrations cause significant changes in sorption for both americium and curium, neither variable causes a significant difference in sorption between these two elements.
Bivariate Knop-Sahi and Macdonald polynomials related to q -ultraspherical functions

Abstract Knop and Sahi introduced a family of non-homogeneous and non-symmetric polynomials, G α ( x ; q , t ), indexed by compositions. An explicit formula for the bivariate Knop–Sahi polynomials reveals a connection between these polynomials and q -special functions. In particular, relations among the q -ultraspherical polynomials of Askey and Ismail, the two variable symmetric and non-symmetric Macdonald polynomials, and the bivariate Knop–Sahi polynomials are explicitly determined using the theory of basic hypergeometric series.
The effects of paradigm on cognitive activities in design

This research examines differences in cognitive activities and final designs among expert designers using object-oriented and procedural design methodologies, and among expert and novice object-oriented designers, when novices have extensive procedural experience. We observed, as predicted by others, a closer alliance of domain and solution spaces in object-oriented design compared to procedural design. Procedural programmers spent a large proportion of their time analysing the problem domain. In contrast, object-oriented designers defined objects and methods much more quickly and spent more time evaluating their designs through simulation processes. Novices resembled object-oriented experts in some ways and procedural experts in others. Their designs had the general shape of the object-oriented experts' designs, but retained some procedural features. Novices were very inefficient at defining objects, going through an extensive situation analysis first, in a manner similar to the procedural experts. Some suggestions for instruction are made on the basis of novice object-oriented designers' difficulties.
Acute adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma presenting with florid cutaneous disease.

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (atll) is characterized by cutaneous disease, hypercalcemia, associated htlv-i infection, and a fulminant course refractory to therapy. A patient with acute atll is described, and the natural history of atll is reviewed.
Good’s Syndrome, CVID, and Selective Antibody Deficiency in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Good’s syndrome and common variable immune deficiency (CVID) are associated with chronic rhinosinusitis. Good’s syndrome is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, B-cell depletion, variable defects in cellular immunity and thymoma. Immunodeficiency and recurrent infections can initially present after thymectomy. The pathogenesis can involve cytokines from bone marrow along with genetic defects. Intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) restores defective signaling and can reestablish immune homeostasis. IVIG at regular intervals is the most effective way to improve the clinical symptoms and reduce patient mortality. Increased awareness of the clinical and immunological profile of this syndrome may increase its early recognition. CVID patients have hypogammaglobulinemia, respond to IVIG and have a dysregulated antimicrobial peptide response to pathogenic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract. This article reviewed selected literature on Good’s syndrome, described an unusual case of Good’s syndrome, CVID including SAD related to chronic rhinosinusitis.
Some Psychological Effects of Cosmetics

This study represents a pre-post design to determine the possible effects of cosmetics on self-concept in a group of 42 college girls with various degrees of facial blemishes which could not be imp...
THE EVOLVING GENETIC FOUNDATIONS OF EATING DISORDERS

Data described earlier are clear in establishing a role for genes in the development of eating abnormalities. Estimates from the most rigorous studies suggest that more than 50% of the variance in eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors can be accounted for by genetic effects. These high estimates indicate a need for studies identifying the specific genes contributing to this large proportion of variance. Twin and family studies suggest that several heritable characteristics that are commonly comorbid with AN and BN may share genetic transmission with these disorders, including anxiety disorders or traits, body weight, and possibly major depression. Moreover, some developmental research suggests that the genes involved in ovarian hormones or the genes that these steroids affect also may be genetically linked to eating abnormalities. Molecular genetic research of these disorders is in its infant stages. However, promising areas for future research have already been identified (e.g., 5-HT2A receptor gene, UCP-2/UCP-3 gene, and estrogen receptor beta gene), and several large-scale linkage and association studies are underway. These studies likely will provide invaluable information regarding the appropriate phenotypes to be included in genetic studies and the genes with the most influence on the development of these disorders.
Direct estimation of entropy loss due to reduced translational and rotational motions upon molecular binding

The entropic cost due to the loss of translational and rotational (T-R) degree of freedom upon binding has been well recognized for several decades. Tightly bound ligands have higher entropic costs than loosely bound ligands. Quantifying the ligand's residual T-R motions after binding, however, is not an easy task. We describe an approach that uses a reduced Hessian matrix to estimate the contributions due to translational and rotational degrees of freedom to entropy change upon molecular binding. The calculations use a harmonic model for the bound state but only include the T-R degrees of freedom. This approximation significantly speeds up entropy calcula- tions because only 6 3 6 matrices need to be treated, which makes it easier to be used in computer- aided drug design for studying many ligands. The methodological connection with other methods is discussed as well. We tested this approximation by applying it to study the binding of ATP, peptide inhibitor (PKI), and several bound water molecules to protein kinase A (PKA). These ligands span a wide range in size. The model gave reasonable estimates of the residual T-R entropy of bound ligands or water molecules. The residual T-R entropy demonstrated a wide range of values, e.g., 4 to 16 cal/Kmol for the bound water molecules of PKA. # 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 79: 277-285, 2005 This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The ''Published Online'' date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
An approach for adaptive DRAM temperature and power management

With rising capacities and higher accessing frequencies, high-performance DRAMs are providing increasing memory access bandwidth to the processors. However, the increasing DRAM performance comes with the price of higher power consumption and temperature in DRAM chips. Traditional low power approaches for DRAM systems focus on utilizing low power modes, which is not always suitable for high performance systems. Existing DRAM temperature management techniques, on the other hand, utilize generic temperature management methods inherited from those applied on processor cores. These methods reduce DRAM temperature by controlling the number of DRAM accesses, similar to throttling the processor core, which incurs significant performance penalty. In this paper, we propose a customized low power technique for high performance DRAM systems, namely the Page Hit Aware Write Buffer (PHA-WB). The PHA-WB improves DRAM page hit rate by buffering write operations that may incur page misses. This approach reduces DRAM system power consumption and temperature without any performance penalty. Our proposed Throughput-Aware PHA-WB (TAP) dynamically configures the write buffer for different applications and workloads, thus achieves the best trade off between DRAM power reduction and buffer power overhead. Our experiments show that a system with TAP could reduce the total DRAM power consumption by up to 18.36% (8.64% on average). The steady-state temperature can be reduced by as much as 5.10°C and by 1.93°C on average across eight representative workloads.
he swarming behavior of the copepod Dioithona oculata: In situ and laboratory studies

The behavior of the swarm-forming copepod Dioithona oculata was studied both in situ and in the laboratory using a video-computer system for motion analysis. In nature, swarms form in light shafts between the prop roots of red mangroves. Swarms maintain their position within these light shafts despite currents of up to 2 cm s-l. In the laboratory, swimming speeds and turning rates of swarming copepods in still water were lower than those observed in the field. Copepods studied in a flowthrough chamber in the laboratory had swimming behaviors similar to those observed in nature; the stimulation from water movement caused increases in both swimming speed and rate of change of direction. Increased current speeds also caused the swarms to become more tightly packed within the center of a vertical light shaft. Nonswarming copepods were unable to maintain their position in a current in darkness. In laboratory experiments, the presence of actively feeding planktivorous fish caused swarms to temporarily disperse due to escape responses of the copepods. However, planktivorous fish were rarely observed feeding on swarms in nature, perhaps due to the presence of predatory fish hiding among the prop roots.
Laser-driven ionization of Cs and absorption spectrum of resultant Cs + vapor

By pumping the 6s–7p line of neutral cesium at 4593 A with a flash-pumped dye laser we obtained ~80% ionization in a heat-pipe-generated Cs vapor. An absorption spectrum of Cs+ was then obtained, showing the 5p6–5p5nd and ns Rydberg series both below and above the 5p5 2P3/2 threshold. Effects of channel mixing are seen in the broadening of the nd series members above threshold and in the anomolous intensity behavior below. This strong interaction is reflected in the Lu–Fano plot shown for these data.
Nucleate and film pool boiling of ethane‐ethylene mixtures

Experimental results are presented for saturated nucleate and film pool boiling heat transfer to ethane, ethylene, and three binary ethane-ethylene mixtures containing approximately 25, 50, and 75 mole % ethylene. Data were obtained at reduced pressures from 0.05 to 0.75. The nucleate boiling data are compared with several predictions; the film boiling data are favorably compared with the Sciance, Colver, and Sliepcevich correlation.
Successful ablation of focal left atrial tachycardia using Stereotaxis Niobe remote magnetic navigation system.

Stereotaxis Niobe™ remote magnetic navigation system (MNS) (St Louise, USA), is a new technology that has applications in the field of catheter based ablation treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Most if not all data on the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the Stereotaxis Niobe™ MNS comes from select centres where highly skilled personnel have acquired considerable experience using this technology. Herein, we report a case where the Stereotaxis Niobe™ MNS was successfully used to perform remotely-controlled high density three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping and radiofrequency ablation of a focal atrial tachycardia originating from the anteroseptal region of the left atrium.