cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Drawings of Early Christian Basilicas in Rome: St. Peter's and S. Maria Maggiore

The National Museum in Stockholm owns a most remarkable collection of architectural drawings, approximately twenty thousand in number. The bulk was gathered in the eighteenth century on study trips to France and Italy by three Swedish architects: Nicodemus Tessin the Younger, Carl Harleman, and Count Johan Cronstedt.1 This group is supplemented by two smaller collections, likewise in the custody of the National Museum and named after the former owners, d'Anckarvard and Celsing. Together the drawings fall into different categories: sketches and projects by Tessin, Harleman, and Cronstedt; original drawings by their famous contemporaries in France such as Le Notre, Le Brun, and Audran; innumerable copies by these Swedish architects after projects by the outstanding architects of their days, among them the maquettes of Bernini's drawings for the Louvre,2 copies after what seems a Bernini project for the Spanish Stairs,3 and after Juvara; and surveys of exemplary buildings in France and Italy. Intermingled wi...
PM3-SM3: a general parameterization for including aqueous solvation effects in the PM3 molecular orbital model

Our recently proposed scheme for including aqueous solvation free energies in parameterized NDDO SCF models is extended to the Parameterized Model 3 semiempirical Hamiltonian. The solvation model takes accurate account of the hydrophobic effect for hydrocarbons, as well as electric polarization of the solvent, the free energy of cavitation, and dispersion interactions. Eight heteroatoms are included (along with H and C), and the new model is parameterized accurately for the water molecule itself, which allows meaningful treatments of specifically hydrogen bonded water molecules. The unphysical partial charges on nitrogen atoms predicted by the Parameterized Model 3 Hamiltonian limit the accuracy of the predicted solvation energies for some compounds containing nitrogen, but the model may be very useful for other systems, especially those for which PM3 is preferred over AM1 for the solute properties of the particular system under study. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Competitive facilitated transport through liquid membranes

A mathematical model is presented which solves the dimensionless, transient, non-linear partial differential equations governing the competitive facilitated transport of two gases through a liquid membrane. The model incorporates the mass transfer coefficients in the boundary conditions for the free gas concentrations. Several studies were carried out. A comparison of this model with a steady-state “equilibrium core” model was excellent. Through varying the dimensionless parameters, it was found that gas I would have a higher steady-state facilitation factor than gas 2 if k1 >k2 and k-1k-2. The boundary conditions and mass transfer coefficients were also varied to see their effects on the facilitation factors. The idea of pumping one of the gases against its concentration gradient was shown to be theoretically possible.
Mechanisms of thermal injury to the lower genital tract with radiofrequency resectoscopic surgery

Abstract Study objective Identification of mechanisms of thermal injury to the lower genital tract during radiofrequency (RF) resectoscopic surgery. Design Laboratory comparative study using uterovaginal tissue models. Setting University surgical laboratory. Patients No patients involved. Interventions A tissue model was created to simulate the uterus, contiguous posterior vaginal wall, and the introitus. Instrumentation included a RF electrosurgical generator; a continuous-flow resectoscope; and rollerball electrodes, both intact and with insulation defects created in a standardized fashion. The resectoscope was serially activated, varying electrode insulation defects and RF waveforms and wattage, both in open-circuit conditions, with or without cervical contact, and with variable amounts of the external sheath within the simulated cervical canal. The cervix was either overdilated or minimally dilated so that the surrogate cervical tissue was snug to the external sheath. After activation of the generator, the external sheath was brought into contact with the proximal vagina and perineum, any visible arcing was noted, and tissue effects were visually graded according to a zero-to-three scale. Measurements and main results When the resectoscope was in contact with the cervix, the prerequisites for vaginal injury included cervical overdilation, a proximal electrode insulation defect, and less than 2 cm of the external sheath in the canal. There was greater risk with larger electrode insulation defects located beside the telescope, and there was a greater degree of coupling and injury with high voltage outputs. Conclusion The incidence of vaginal and perineal burns associated with unipolar RF resectoscopes can likely be minimized by careful attention to technique.
Selection of events in time enhances activity throughout early visual cortex

Temporal selection poses unique challenges to the perceptual system. Selection is needed to protect goal-relevant stimuli from interference from new sensory input. In addition, contextual informati...
Analytical approaches to determine cytochrome P450 inhibitory potential of new chemical entities in drug discovery.

Abstract The use of a cassette incubation of probe substrates with human liver microsomes (HLM) – also known as the ‘cocktail’ approach – is becoming a widely accepted approach to determine the interaction of new chemical entities (NCEs) with cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) in early drug discovery. This article describes two LC–MS/MS-based analytical methods used at the high-throughput (HT) stage and late discovery (LD) stage for analysis of ‘cocktail’ incubates to analyze the probe metabolites 1′-hydroxymidazolam (CYP3A4), 4′-hydroxydiclofenac (CYP2C9), dextrorphan (CYP2D6), 1′-hydroxytacrine (CYP1A2) and 4′-hydroxymephenytoin (CYP2C19). The analytical methods are advantageous over currently reported methods due to their sensitivity, shorter analyses times (
High-speed impact of electromagnetically sensitive fabric and induced projectile spin

This work deals with the dynamic contact of a rigid body with a deformable electromagnetically sensitive fabric structure, represented by a network model. Of particular interest are the electromagnetically induced forces generated on the fabric, which are proportional to the external electric field (E EXT ) and the velocity crossed with the external magnetic field (v × B EXT ). These forces transmit reactions to the rigid contacting object, which can induce rotational motion. Modeling and simulation of this effect can be useful in ballistic shielding applications, because the rotation of an incoming, ogival, projectile allows it to be more easily impeded. A modular formulation for the deformation of impacted fabric structures, represented by a network model, is developed in this paper, characterized by (1) stretching of interconnected yarn networks, described by simple constitutive relations, including yarn damage, (2) interaction with impacting objects, incorporating contact with friction and (3) electromagnetic sensitivity and actuation, demonstrating how the Lorentz force can be harnessed to break symmetric deformation patterns in order to induce spin onto an incoming object, whether that object is electromagnetically sensitive or not.
The hot corrosion of Co-25Cr-10Ni-5Ta-3Al-0.5Y alloy (S-57)

A cobalt-base alloy, Co-25Cr-10Ni-5Ta-3Al-0.5Y (S-57), was subjected to hot corrosion in Mach 0.3 burner-rig combustion gases at maximum alloy temperatures of 900 and 1000 C. Various salt concentrations were injected into the burner: 0.5, 2,5, and 10 parts per million synthetic sea salt and 4 parts per million sodium sulfate (Na2SO4). The extent of corrosion was determined by measuring the maximum depth of corrosion in the alloy, and the corrosion process was studied by metallography, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. While S-57 was found to possess only moderate oxidation resistance at these temperatures, this alloy resisted significant hot corrosion attack under all but the most severe test conditions. The process of hot corrosion attack under the most severe conditions of this study was primarily sulfidation.
Visions of fact; languages of evidence: History, memory, and the trauma of legal research

Visions of Fact; Languages of Evidence: History, Memory, and the Trauma of Legal Research Bill Maurer AUSTIN SARAT AND THOMAS R. KEARNS, EDS. History, Memory, and the Law. Amherst Series in Law, Jurisprudence, and Social Thought. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. Pp. 328. $57.50. 1. REASON AND FACT IN LAW’S COMMEMORATIONS In Catholic doctrine, St. Lucy is the patron saint of the blind and of authors. According to legend, Lucy lived in Syracuse under the reign of Diocletian in the fourth century A.D. In one story, her mother, afflicted by a flux of the blood, is miraculously cured after Lucy keeps vigil at the temple of St. Agatha. Once healed, her mother assents t o Lucy’s desire not to wed her pagan betrothed. Diocletian, however, learns of her faith and sends his army to capture her and force her into prostitution. When they attempt to do so, they find Lucy immovable, like a mountain, and immune even to fire and boiling oil. They are able to gouge out her eyes, however, and they rape her and slit her throat. During the rape, and before she dies, mute from her wound, she silently cries out to God, who causes her eyes to appear, whole and flawless, o n a metal plate nearby. T h e new eyes witness her martyrdom. In another story, Lucy gouges out her own eyes so that her suitor will not recognize her. The suitor betrays her to the army, and again, at her rape and martyrdom, her eyes miraculously reappear outside her body to bear witness. Bill Maurer is associate professor of anthropology, University of California, Irvine. I would like to thank Tom Boellstorff for his comments on earlier versions of this paper. I would also like to thank Diane Nelson, Richard Perry, Adriana Petryna, Hugh Raffles, and Suzana Sawyer for conversations that helped this paper take shape. 0 2001 American Bar Foundation. 0897-6546/01/2604-893$01 .OO
The Role of JAK1/2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

In 2005, the description of the JAK2V617F mutation for the first time provided a molecular key to enable more rapid diagnosis and target for novel therapeutics in the myeloproliferative neoplasms. ...
Distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in specific areas of the rat brain stem.

: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was measured by a radiochemical assay in 30 specific areas of the rat brain stem. ACE activity is unevenly distributed, with a 60-fold difference between the lowest and the highest activity. The area postrema exhibits the highest activity. The substantia nigra (pars reticulata), the locus coeruleus, the areas A1 and A2, the nuclei commissuralis, and tractus solitarii have a substantial ACE activity, whereas the lowest activity is found in the raphe nuclei and the nuclei of the reticular formation.
On the deactivation of Pt/L-zeolite catalysts

Pt/L-zeolite catalysts have a unique activity forn-hexane aromatization to benzene. There have been proposals which attribute this to electronic and to geometric origins of the L-zeolite. Recently, the uniqueness of the L-zeolite support has been understood to derive from the ability to stabilize very small particles in a non-acidic environment and it has been proposed that a further stabilization against deactivation (by geometric constraint of bimolecular coke precursor reactions) is what distinguishes these catalysts relative to SiO2 supported small Pt particles. We have investigated the initial deactivation rate of four Pt/L-zeolite catalysts and a Pt/SiO2 reference during reaction ofn-hexane, neopentane and 2-methyl-2-pentene. In all cases, the relative rates of deactivation correlate with the apparent acidity (as determined by competitive benzene/toluene hydrogenation) suggesting that the deactivation stabilization may have an electronic component.
Temperature effects on functionalized filter media for nutrient removal in stormwater treatment

Attempts to achieve better removal efficiencies of nutrients in stormwater treatment by using aggregates (e.g., mixes of tire crumbs, sawdust, sand, clay, zeolite, sulfur, or limestone) in filter media, has been a common practice in green infrastructures. These material mixes mainly promote the adsorption/absorption and precipitation of orthophosphate in the physicochemical process step and the transformation of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate via oxidation and reduction reactions in the microbiological stage. Some processes, however, are known to be active only in a limited temperature range and variations in filtration kinetics of the sorption media are still unknown. This article aims to explore the filtration kinetics of selected filter media mixes for nutrient removal at various temperatures. With the basic understanding gained in material characterization, a laboratory column study was conducted to simulate the conditions in saturated media. A kinetics study of this kind allowed a comparison of a natural soil with soil augmentations in terms of nutrient removal within a range of the initial concentrations and temperatures. The temperatures (28, 23, and 10°C) were selected to reflect the normal temperature variations in subtropical regions. Significant differences of nutrient removal efficiencies associated with these temperatures were statistically confirmed by ANOVA analyses. The temperature correction factor model was finally applied to address the impact on treatment processes due to the seasonal temperature variations. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011.
What are the limits to the time delay achievable using "slow-light" methods?

Practical applications of slow light methods require that one be able to controllably delay a pulse of light by many pulse lengths. In this contribution we analyze the possible limitations to the maximum achievable time delay and suggest methods for overcoming these limits.
Chalcedony vein horizons and clastic dikes in the White River Group as products of diagenetically driven deformation

Chalcedony veins occur as local stratabound arrays at multiple levels within the finer-grained sediments of the White River Group, making up to 2%–3% of the outcrop volume. The veins are commonly deformed by small folds, faults with well-developed striae, and various fold-fault combinations, and they also exhibit striae and slickenslides on vein walls. These indicate significant vertical shortening of the veins. The combination of a stratabound distribution and vertical shortening is consistent with an origin by diagenetically driven deformation, where changes in clay and/or silica phases drive syneresis and associated dewatering and compaction. In this way, the chalcedony veins bear similarities in origin to stratabound polygonal normal fault systems seen in fine-grained marine strata. Smectite clays, silica phases, and clinoptolite in the White River Group are associated with diagenetic reactions that could produce syneresis. At different localities, vein strike distributions vary from being statistically random to highly organized. These distributions are also consistent with a syneresis origin, with local stress fields organizing the distribution into multiple coeval directions in some cases. Chalcedony veins locally occur inside and parallel to clastic dikes, clearly indicating that the veins were emplaced at the same time as or after the dikes. Thin-section textures from dike-vein composites indicate that vein formation occurred while the clastic fill was unlithified and still mobile. These relationships, along with common orientations when in proximity, link clastic dike and chalcedony vein formation. Dikes also show complex strike orientation distributions that differ by locality. Internal dike features indicate multiple fill events with intervening lithification. Evidence for vertical dike shortening suggests synchronous or later compaction. The clastic dikes are also postulated to result from syneresis. We suggest that chalcedony vein formation, silica mobilization, local uranium mineralization, and clastic dike formation are part of diagenetically driven fracture development that produced a fluid flow network, initiating feedback relationships among diagenesis, dewatering, fluid migration, and associated compaction. Given that the clastic dikes occur within the Sharps Formation, the event was Miocene or later.
Transcriptional activation of the membrane-bound progesterone receptor (mPR) by dioxin, in endocrine-responsive tissues.

We originally identified the membrane-bound progesterone receptor (mPR) using a screening for genes differentially expressed in liver of rats exposed to dioxin. Recent findings have suggested a role for the mPR in sperm cells, ovary, and brain; however, its mechanisms of action are largely unknown. In this study, we examined the expression pattern of the mPR in liver of rats exposed to dioxin and identified possible mechanisms of its regulation. We observed that mPR expression was induced by dioxin, but was also dependent on the hormonal responsiveness of the tissue. In particular, in male, but not female liver, dioxin induced the expression of the mPR. However, in control, untreated female liver the level of mPR transcript was higher than in control males. Moreover, in breast cancer cells MCF-7 dioxin induced mPR expression. Promoter studies using the luciferase assay indicated that a fragment of ∼350 bp of the mPR promoter was able to induce luciferase activity in the presence of dioxin, suggesting that the presumptive XREs sites contained in this mPR promoter region are responsive to dioxin. Analysis of mPR protein level confirmed the results observed at the RNA level, both in rat liver and MCF-7 cells. Taken together, these observations suggest the existence of a novel cross-talk between steroid and aromatic hydrocarbon receptors (AhR), and underline the importance of the mPR as a mediator of physiologic effects of the sex hormones. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 70: 166–174, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Elimination of Self-Sterility in the Styela Egg—A Re-Interpretation with Further Experiments

In a previous communication' I noted that the Ascidian Styela partita may exhibit complete or partial self-sterility, and experiments were cited indicating that this self-sterility was eliminated by adding to the sea water in which the eggs were fertilized small amounts of NH40H or NaOH. Since only normally shed eggs can be used in this species and since sperm are passed into the sea water simultaneously, all the eggs used have already been exposed to sperm from the same animal before any experimental crosses can be made. After sperm suspensions were taken, the dishes were stirred to secure an even exposure to "own" sperm, and equal samples of eggs placed in 10 c. cm. of sea water. To these were added equal amounts of the various sperm suspensions, including the own sperm. The results of crossing were thus doubly controlled-by a sample of eggs from the original dish as well as by one with an added amount of own sperm. Styela aggs often give no evidence of self-sterility, a high percentage developing from the start with no increase on crossing. When, on the other hand, they show no development with own sperm-which is found to be effective in crosses-but positive results with sperm of other individuals, the animal producing them may be called completely self-sterile. The more usual result is that a certain number of eggs develop following selffertilization, but much higher percentages of development following exposure to sperm suspensions from other individuals. Such animals are said to be partially self-sterile. We may speak of the elimination of selfsterility in either case. When eggs which have shown complete or partial self-sterility subsequently give as great a percentage of successful fertilization with own sperm as do any of the crosses, the self-sterility has been eliminated. It is clear that complete self-fertility and complete (100%) fertility may be quite different things. During the past summer at Woods Hole I have made a large number of attempts to eliminate self-sterility by the use of alkaline sea water, but, contrary to last year's work, with generally negative results. Duplicate sets of egg samples were made, and selfed or crossed with the sperm suspensions available. Immediately afterward 4 drops of a N/10 solution of NH40H or NaOH were added to each dish of one set. The results were variable but showed most frequently a slightly reduced percentage of fertilization as compared with the controls in both selfed and crossed
X-Ray Bremsstrahlung Measurements of an Intense Relativistic Electron Beam Propagating in a Plasma

Information on the peak electron energy, angular spread, and current density of a relativistic electron beam propagating in a plasma column is obtained from measurements of two-absorber transmission ratios, anistropy, and intensity, respectively, of x-ray bremsstrahlung from thin target foils in the plasma. Measurements indicate a 10% loss in peak electron energy and a factor of two loss in peak beam intensity over the distance of the plasma column, and show a large angular spread in the beam.
Moving IT beyond IT

"Excellent problem solving skills, critical thinker, comfortable with modern operating systems and applications, a strong understanding of the campus' technical infrastructure, knowledge of the campus business models, excellent customer service skills..." Does this sound like a job description for a help desk employee? An IT project manager? How about a Campus Life administrator or a manager of Customer Service in the Facilities department? The job skills developed in the central IT organization are quickly becoming the cornerstone of every job description on campus. Can you imagine if your Campus Life administrator had the same understanding of the technology tools available as your best help desk employee? Would processes and organizational challenges be handled differently if technology were a tool and not an impediment? As you look to advance your career, consider the skill set you have developed in the central IT organization. Do you think it would benefit the university if you took that knowledge to another department? You bet.Information technology is the foundation on which our universities and colleges are building. Your IT knowledge, plus the problem solving skills that are inherent in any help desk environment, positions you to add immediate and critical value to many other areas on campus. This paper addresses the benefits of transitioning IT beyond the central IT organization - and how your career can continue to grow - as IT moves into every facet of our institutions.
Optimization of computational grids

We consider the problem of mesh grading or gridr-point redistribution using optimization techniques. Some representate forms of the objective functions are considered and the assocated scaling parameterization and nonlinear programming algorithms examined. Numerical results for representative test problems involving two-and three-dimensional grids are presented.
Fingerprinting Acute Leukemia: DNA Methylation Profiling of B-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Geng and colleagues report on their use of a combination of promoter cytosine methylation profiling with gene expression and ChIP sequencing to elucidate molecular signatures of adult B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient samples with BCR-ABL1, E2A-PBX1, and MLL rearrangements. The unique epigenetic and gene expression signatures of these clinically unfavorable B-ALL subtypes identify novel biomarkers and provide a strong rationale for repurposing existing therapies to treat these molecularly distinct diseases.
Validation and Application of a Fish-Based Index of Biotic Integrity for Small Central Minnesota Lakes

Abstract We evaluated the performance of an index of biotic integrity (IBI) based on 16 fish population metrics of three types: species richness, community assemblage, and trophic composition. Two sets of central Minnesota lakes independent from the original set of lakes used to develop the IBI model were used to validate it. One set of lakes (n = 15) had physical features similar to those used to develop the IBI, while the other set (n = 22) averaged 9 m shallower with 28% more littoral area. We used general linear models to test whether the relationships between IBI or individual metric score and indicators of lake quality (trophic state, floristic quality, or surrounding land use) were the same or differed for the original IBI data set and each new data set. Responses were similar among all data sets, lake IBI scores and individual metrics reflecting differences in land use, trophic state, and aquatic habitat. Sensitivity of individual metrics to different measures of stress varied, supporting the need...
MJO Intensification with Warming in the Superparameterized CESM

AbstractThe Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the dominant mode of tropical intraseasonal variability, characterized by an eastward-propagating envelope of convective anomalies with a 30–70-day time scale. Here, the authors report changes in MJO activity across coupled simulations with a superparameterized version of the NCAR Community Earth System Model. They find that intraseasonal OLR variance nearly doubles between a preindustrial control run and a run with 4×CO2. Intraseasonal precipitation increases at a rate of roughly 10% per 1 K of warming, and MJO events become 20%–30% more frequent. Moist static energy (MSE) budgets of composite MJO events are calculated for each scenario, and changes in budget terms are used to diagnose the physical processes responsible for changes in the MJO with warming. An increasingly positive contribution from vertical advection is identified as the most likely cause of the enhanced MJO activity. A decomposition links the changes in vertical advection to a steepening of...
Development of a model for the δ‐opioid receptor pharmacophore: 3. Comparison of the cyclic tetrapeptide Tyr‐c[D‐Cys‐Phe‐D‐Pen] OH with other conformationally constrained δ‐receptor selective ligands

We have previously proposed a model of the δ-opioid receptor bound conformation for the cyclic tetrapeptide, Tyr-c[D-Cys-Phe-D-Pen]OH (JOM-13) based on its conformational analysis and from conformation-affinity relationships observed for its analogues with modified first and third residues. To further verify the model, it is compared here with results of conformational and structure-activity studies for other known conformationally constrained δ-selective ligands: the cyclic pentapeptide agonist, Tyr-c[D-Pen-Gly-Phe-D-Phe]OH (DPDPE); the peptide antagonist, Tyr-Tic-Phe-PheOH (TIPP); the alkaloid agonist, 7-spiroindanyloxymorphone (SIOM); and the related alkaloid antagonist, oxymorphindole (OMI). A candidate δ-bound conformer is identified for DPDPE that provides spatial overlap of the functionally important N-terminal N+3 and C-terminal COO− groups and the aromatic rings of the Tyr and Phe residues in both cyclic peptides. It is shown that all δ-selective ligands considered have similar arrangements of their pharmacophoric elements, i.e., the tyramine moiety and a second aromatic ring (i.e., the rings of Phe3, Phe4, and Tic2 residues in JOM-13, DPDPE, and TIPP, respectively; the indole ring system in OMI, and the indanyl ring system in SIOM). The second aromatic rings, while occupying similar regions of space throughout the analogues considered, have different orientations in agonists and antagonists, but identical orientations in peptide and alkaloid ligands with the same agonistic or antagonistic properties. These results agree with the previously proposed binding model for JOM-13, are consistent with the view that δ-opioid agonists and antagonists share the same binding site, and support the hypothesis of a similar mode of binding for opioid peptides and alkaloids. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
X10 and APGAS at Petascale

X10 is a high-performance, high-productivity programming language aimed at large-scale distributed and shared-memory parallel applications. It is based on the Asynchronous Partitioned Global Address Space (APGAS) programming model, supporting the same fine-grained concurrency mechanisms within and across shared-memory nodes.We demonstrate that X10 delivers solid performance at petascale by running (weak scaling) eight application kernels on an IBM Power 775 supercomputer utilizing up to 55,680 Power7 cores (for 1.7 Pflop/s of theoretical peak performance). We detail our advances in distributed termination detection, distributed load balancing, and use of high-performance interconnects that enable X10 to scale out to tens of thousands of cores.For the four HPC Class 2 Challenge benchmarks, X10 achieves 41% to 87% of the system's potential at scale (as measured by IBM's HPCC Class 1 optimized runs). We also implement K-Means, Smith-Waterman, Betweenness Centrality, and Unbalanced Tree Search (UTS) for geometric trees. Our UTS implementation is the first to scale to petaflop systems.
Nonlinear Evolution Equations, Solitons, Chaos and Cellular Automata

Among the remarkable discoveries in applied mathematics during the past twenty or so years, have been the concept of the soliton and completely integrable nonlinear partial differential equations, chaotic phenomena associated with nonintegrable equations, and the understanding of cellular automata. Certainly, these developments have been largely responsible for the current widespread interest in nonlinear phenomena. Although these concepts are rather disparate, nevertheless, there are certain links between the different areas and one typically finds that ideas and techniques developed for one field can be applied to other areas as well. In this article we wish to touch upon two of these — chaos in numerically perturbed versions of soliton equations, and soliton solutions of cellular automata. First some background material is provided.
Kinematic Representations of Pop-Up Paper Mechanisms

Pop-up paper mechanisms use techniques very similar to the well-studied paper folding techniques of origami. However, popups differ in both the manner of construction and the target uses, warranting further study. This paper outlines the use of planar and spherical kinematics to model commonly used pop-up paper mechanisms. A survey of common joint types is given, including folds, interlocking slots, bends, pivots, sliders and rotating sliders. Also included is an overview of common onepiece and layered mechanisms, including single-slit, double-slit, V-fold, tent, tube strap and arch mechanisms. Each mechanism or joint is described using a kinematic or compliant mechanism representation. In addition, it is shown that more complex mechanisms may be created by combining simple mechanisms in various ways. The principles presented are applied to the creation of new pop-up joints and mechanisms. The new mechanisms employ both spherical and spatial kinematic chains. Various other applications are also mentioned which could benefit from the use of pop-up mechanism principles. Possible applications include deployable structures, packaging and instruments for minimally invasive surgery.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Evaluate cost and time in supply chain selection under price-dependent demand for one product family

Supply chain selection and sale price decision problem in one product family can be formulated as a profit-driven optimization problem in which the decision variables are supplier options, retail sale prices, and whole sale prices for all product variants and the object is to maximize the profit of the decision-making leader. Two supply chain options are considered under stochastic and price-dependent demand environment. One option might be domestic based high-cost providers with short procedure-time and another option could be low-cost international suppliers with long procedure time. Results show that appropriate procedure cost reduce could justify a longer procedure time in supply chain selection or vise versa. But the required procedure cost or procedure time reduce rate is affected by the price-demand function and the inventory holding rate. The method proposed provides an integrated approach to evaluate cost and procedure time in the supply chain selection.
Crystallographic elucidation of the saccharide binding mode in wheat germ agglutinin and its biological significance.

Abstract The specific saccharide binding sites in wheat germ agglutinin have been characterized by difference Fourier analysis of a number of WGA † -sugar complexes. All four domains (A,B,C,D) of each WGA protomer (I and II) were found to contribute to sugar binding at four locations in the protomer/protomer contact region: B I C II , B II C I , I D II , A II D I . The two equivalent binding sites involving the B and C domains have been shown to bind N-acetylneuraminic acid, a common cell surface sialic acid (Wright, 1980a). These two sites, termed the primary binding location, are readily accessible in the crystal to all three saccharides investigated: di-N-acetylglucosamine (2.8 A data), 6-iodo-1, 4-dimethyl-N-acetylglucosamine (3 A data) and N-acetylneuraminic acid lactose (4 A data). The other two sites involving A and D domains are designated as the secondary binding locations, since they are only poorly occupied by di-N-acetylglucosamine in glutaraldehyde-crosslinked crystals and not at all by the sialic acid sugar. The early observation that native WGA crystals disintegrate in the presence of N-acetylglucosamine, is attributed to interference of sugar binding at this secondary site with molecular lattice interactions. Despite differences in their accessibility in the crystal and specificity toward the two types of acetylated sugars, the two unique binding locations exhibit very similar saccharide binding modes. The main contribution to binding of oligosaccharides comes from interactions of the acetamido and one hydroxyl group of the non-reducing terminal sugars with the protein at subsite 1, whereas little or no contribution is provided by subsites 2 and 3. Moreover, oligosaccharides binding at the primary binding location which possess terminal sialic acid, assume a distinctly different orientation from that of N-acetylglucosamine oligomers, although they share subsite 1. This is due to a difference in position of their glycosidic hydroxyl groups. Space limitations in crosslinked crystals prevent oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine larger than the dimer from binding either at the primary or secondary binding locations. These results suggest that differing accessibility and specificity determinants for the two unique binding sites in WGA, as well as protein self-association as seen in the crystal lattice, could explain (1) the co-operative binding behavior of WGA binding to various cells, and (2) the rapid release of cell-bound WGA when N-acetylglucosamine is introduced.
SNPxGE(2): a database for human SNP-coexpression associations.

MOTIVATION: Recently, gene-coexpression relationships have been found to be often conditional and dynamic. Many studies have suggested that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have impacts on gene expression variations in human populations. RESULTS: The SNPxGE(2) database contains the computationally predicted human SNP-coexpression associations, i.e. the differential coexpression between two genes is associated with the genotypes of an SNP. These data were generated from a large-scale association study that was based on the HapMap phase I data, which covered 269 individuals from 4 human populations, 556 873 SNPs and 15 000 gene expression profiles. In order to reduce the computational cost, the SNP-coexpression associations were assessed using gap/substitution models, proven to have a comparable power to logistic regression models. The results, at a false discovery rate (FDR) cutoff of 0.1, consisted of 44 769 and 50 792 SNP-coexpression associations based on single and pooled populations, respectively, and can be queried in the SNPxGE(2) database via either gene symbol or reference SNP ID. For each reported association, a detailed information page is provided. AVAILABILITY: http://lambchop.ads.uga.edu/snpxge2/index.php CONTACT: wyp1125@uga.edu, rrekaya@uga.edu.
Breakpoint characterization of the ret/PTC oncogene in human papillary thyroid carcinoma

The ret/PTC oncogene, rearranged form of the ret proto-oncogene (c-ret), has been detected specifically in a minority of papillary thyroid carcinomas. Three forms of the ret/PTC oncogene have been identified; the two most common forms, ret/PTC-1 and ret/PTC-3, both result from a paracentric inversion, of the long arm of chromosome 10. In this study, we have successfully amplified the chimeric introns resulting from these inversions, ranging from 1.4 to 10 kb, from four of five tumors known to contain the ret/PTC-1 oncogene (where c-ret rearranges with the H4 gene), and from 1/1 tumors containing the ret/PTC-3 oncogene (where c-ret rearranges with the ele1 gene). We localized the breakpoints within the chimeric introns using nested PCR, and determined the exact nucleotide sequence at the breakpoint for each tumor. Our results indicate that the breakpoints in c-ret occur at sites distributed across intron 11, where breaks in H4 intron 1 appear more frequently at the 5'- end of the intron. Interestingly, in all tumors that we investigated, the breakpoints occurred at sits of two or three nucleotide matches between the contributing germline sequences. In summary, we describe a simple, convenient way to investigate the ret/PTC breakpoints, and have revealed several common features of the breakpoints which warrant further investigations.
Shape from texture: integrating texture-element extraction and surface estimation

A method is presented for identifying texture elements while simultaneously recovering the orientation of textured surfaces. A multiscale region detector, based on measurements in a Del /sup 2/G (Laplacian-of-Gaussian) scale space, is used to construct a set of candidate texture elements. True elements are selected from the set of candidate elements by finding the planar surface that best predicts the observed areas of the latter. Results are shown for a variety of natural textures, including waves, flowers, rocks, clouds, and dirt clods. >
The α1B-adrenergic receptor decreases the inotropic response in the mouse Langendorff heart model

Objective: α1-Adrenergic receptors (ARs) are known mediators of a positive inotropy in the heart, which may play even more important roles in heart disease. Due to a lack of sufficiently selective ligands, the contribution of each of the three α1-AR subtypes (α1A, α1B and α1D) to cardiac function is not clearly defined. In this study, we used a systemically expressing mouse model that overexpresses the α1B-AR to define the role of this subtype in cardiac function. Methods: We used the mouse Langendorff heart model to assess changes in contractility under basal and phenylephrine-induced conditions. Results: We find that a 50% increase of the α1B-AR in the heart does not change basal cardiac parameters compared to age-matched normals (heart rate, ±d P /d T and coronary flow). However, the inotropic response to phenylephrine is blunted. The same results were obtained in isolated adult myocytes. The difference in inotropy could be blocked by the selective α1A-AR antagonist, 5-methylurapidil, which correlated with decreases in α1A-AR density, suggesting that the α1B-AR had caused a compensatory downregulation of the α1A-AR. Conclusions: These results suggest that the α1B-AR does not have a major role in the positive inotropic response in the mouse myocardium but may negatively modulate the response of the α1A-AR.
Development of small-scale soft-x-ray lasers: aspects of data interpretation

The widespread application of soft-x-ray laser technology is contingent on the development of small-scale soft-x-ray lasers that do not require large laser facilities. Progress in the development of soft-x-ray lasers that are pumped by a neodymium laser of energy 6–12 J is reported. Some aspects of data interpretation and gain measurements in such systems are discussed.
Thermodynamics and specificity of the Mbp1-DNA interaction.

The DNA binding domain of the yeast transcription factor Mbp1 is a winged helix−turn−helix structure, with an extended DNA binding site involving C-terminal “tail” residues. The thermodynamics of the interaction of the DNA binding domain with its target DNA sequence have been determined using fluorescence anisotropy and calorimetry. The dissociation constant was determined as a function of pH and ionic strength in assessing the relative importance of specific and nonspecific ionic interactions. Mutational analysis of the residues in the binding site was used to determine their contributions to binding. The three tail histidine residues and His 63 in the recognition helix accounted for most of the pH dependence of the DNA binding. The tail histidine residues, along with two previously identified lysine residues, account for a major part of the polyelectrolyte contribution to binding and for the nonspecific affinity of Mbp1 for DNA. Gln 67 was shown to be a very important residue, which interacts in the min...
Antipredator calls of tufted titmice and interspecific transfer of encoded threat information

Birds in family Paridae (titmice and chickadees) produce complex and distinct alarm vocalizations in response to predator encounters. In 2 controlled aviary experiments, we tested for information transfer between 2 different species of parids. We first recorded the vocal and nonvocal alarm displays of captive tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) flocks responding to presentations of live predators and controls (no animal and quail). Second, we broadcast the recorded titmouse vocalizations to captive Carolina chickadees (Poecile carolinensis) and recorded their vocal and nonvocal responses. By evaluating the situational specificity of responses by, both, titmice (production specificity, H1) and chickadees (response specificity, H2) to their respective treatments, we could test for information transfer (H3) from titmice to chickadees. Analyses revealed that information content encoded in titmouse calls completely distinguished the different predation threats presented to them (confirming H1). Similarly, chickadee responses clearly distinguished the different predator threats encoded in titmouse calls they heard (confirming H2). Responses of the 2 species were, both, parallel and threat appropriate, confirming that heterospecific information transfer occurred (from titmice to chickadees; H3). Evidence abounds that parids convey important facilitative benefits to other species within Holarctic forest bird communities. We propose that information sharing about predation threats may underlie these benefits for species that participate in communication networks with parids and suggest titmice function as community informants. Key words: alarm calls, chickadee, heterospecific information transfer, mobbing, production and perception specificity, titmouse. [Behav Ecol]
Particle spin in anisotropic granular materials

Abstract We adopt the simplest theory for the description of the mechanical behavior of a random array of elastic spheres and show that it is necessary that the average rotation of the spheres about their centers be distinguished from the average rotation of the aggregate. Without such a distinction, the stress in an anisotropic aggregate, subjected to a deformation that involves an average rotation, would not be symmetric. We illustrate this by calculating the incremental stress–strain relation for an orthotropic aggregate.
Essential Medication Information for Patients Ensuring Access

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is developing a new framework to provide patients with quality, up-to-date prescription product information that will promote the safe use of prescribed medication. The goal of this new Patient Medication Information is to provide patient-oriented information for each prescription product. Described in this article are the efforts of the FDA to help ensure that patients receive essential prescription medication information.
Abstract 278: Vascular Anatomic and Physiologic Relationships with Local Adipose Phenotype in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Introduction: Local adipose biomarkers have recently been shown to correlate with outward remodeling (adiponectin, IL-8, MCP-1, resistin and TNF) and flow volume (adiponectin, MCP-1) after human hemodialysis AVF creation. As a potential mechanism underlying this observation, we hypothesized that vascular anatomy and physiologic function is dependent on local adipose phenotype. Methods: During AVF creation surgery, adipose tissue contiguous to the proximal anastomosis was obtained from patients at two institutions participating in the NIDDK Hemodialysis Fistula Maturation (HFM) Study (n=112). Nine adipose-associated biologic mediators (adiponectin, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, leptin, MCP-1, PAI-1, resistin, and TNF) were quantified. Levels of adipose biomarkers were correlated to measurements obtained from comprehensive pre-operative non-invasive vascular anatomic and functional studies performed as part of the HFM Study protocol using Spearman correlation (before logarithmic transformation) and Pearson correlation (after transformation). Bonferroni correction was performed for multiple testing (alpha/9=0.006) Results: Smaller brachial arterial diameter correlated with higher IL-8 (r=-0.23, 95% CI -0.41 to -0.03, p=0.02), MCP-1 (r=-0.24, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.05, p=0.01), and PAI-1 (r=-0.25, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.05, p=0.01) levels and lower brachial arterial flow velocity correlated with higher MCP-1 (r=-0.22, 95% CI -0.40 to -0.02, p =0.03), but the associations were not significant after Bonferroni adjustment. Brachial artery flow- and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (FMD and NMD), carotid-radial and -femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index, and the slope of the venous volume-pressure relationship did not correlate with adipose mediator levels. Conclusions: While there was suggestion of a relationship between local adipose mediator levels and baseline brachial artery characteristics, relationships with vascular function as assessed by FMD, NMD, PWV and venous capacitance slope were not evident using tests of monotonic associations. Processes not reflected in these measures of vascular characteristics and function may underlie relationships between adipose phenotype and vascular remodeling in human AVFs.
Expanding translation use to improve the quality of technical communication

Traditionally, many American technical communicators have tended to view translation as a "one-way" system in which they create English-language source text that is converted into another language. This singular perspective of translation can be seen in professional communication literature that tends to focus on how to better "write for translation" rather than exploring other ways in which technical communicators might be able to make use of translators or the translation process. While English is a key language used in international technical and scientific discourse, it is not the only language being used. Speakers of languages other than English are increasingly contributing to various scientific and technical fields. As a result of this factor, technical communicators should begin rethinking ways in which they view and use translation if they wish to remain effective communicators in the new global marketplace.