cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“But Still, I’m Latino and I’m Proud”: Ethnic Identity Exploration in the Context of a Collegiate Cohort Program

Although increasing numbers of Latino/a students are pursuing higher education, many do not persist to graduation. The disparity of Latino/a students attending and graduating from Christian colleges and universities is even more pronounced than at comparison institutions. As institutions of Christian higher education seek to increase diversity on their campuses, alignment of mission and core values with research and best practices on Latino/a student success is one strategy to increase the academic achievement of this growing group of college learners. Prior research affirms that ethnic identity exploration can be helpful as students of color navigate multiple cultures encountered in predominantly White institutions (PWIs). Utilizing qualitative methods, this study examined ethnic identity exploration among 30 Latino/a students who were participants in an ethnically rooted leadership program at a predominantly White faith-based college. For first-year students, the opportunity to explore ethnic identity p...
Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for treatment of ovarian and primary peritoneal cancer: Single institutional experience

Objective: To report our institutional experience on hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) at the time of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) for ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer. Methods: We reviewed charts of patients who underwent CRS and HIPEC. Optimal cytoreduction was defined as residual disease < 1cm. HIPEC was administered using closed technique. The postoperative complications were graded using the Clavien-Dindo classification. Grade III and IV complications were considered as major. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: During the study period, we identified 262 patients who underwent HIPEC and CRS. Fifteen of those patients (6%) were diagnosed with gynecologic tumors. Five patients (33%) had primary CRS and HIPEC for primary peritoneal carcinoma and ten patients (66%) had CRS and HIPEC for recurrent ovarian tumors. The median OR time was 327 min. Optimal cytoreduction was achieved in all patients (100%) and 7 patients (47%) had no gross residual disease. Major postoperative complications were reported in five patients (33%). The median follow up was 34 months. The median progression free survival (PFS) was 7 months (95% confidence interval (CI), 1-15 months) for recurrent disease. For the primary disease the median PFS was 26 months (95% CI: 7-26 months) comparable with IP arm in GOG-172. Conclusion: Combination of CRS and HIPEC is a feasible therapeutic modality for patients with ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal malignancies. Addition of HIPEC to CRS does not seem to increase the rate of grade III and IV postoperative complications and may be associated with survival benefit.
The effects of thermal and compositional stratification on the ignition and duration of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion

Abstract In this work, the effects of thermal and compositional stratification on the ignition and burn duration of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion are studied with full-cycle 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with gasoline chemical kinetics performed during the closed portion of the cycle, from intake valve closing (IVC). The stratification was varied through the use of negative valve overlap (NVO) and positive valve overlap (PVO) breathing strategies. To remove charge energy and phasing effects from the simulation results, the fuel mass and ignition timing were held constant, while mean composition effects were isolated from those of local stratification by maintaining the same mean oxygen concentration, fuel–oxygen equivalence ratio and charge heat capacity. Fuel was premixed with the intake to avoid potential stratification effects arising from direct injection. With NVO, the incomplete mixing of the fresh charge with the large mass fraction of product gases retained within the cylinder from the previous combustion cycle leads to a 23% increase in the pre-ignition thermal stratification, and an order of magnitude increase in the levels of stratifications in fuel to oxygen equivalence ratio and oxygen mole fraction relative to the PVO strategy, which employs a premixed mixture of fresh and product gases. Under the conditions studied, the use of NVO resulted in a 30% increase in the 10–90% burn duration (CA10-90) compared to the PVO condition. Two additional analyses were performed to decouple the effects of thermal and compositional stratification. The first examined the reaction space (based on the ignition delay distribution within the charge prior to ignition) for both breathing strategies to quantify the inherent reactivity stratification. The second examined the more stratified NVO case with a quasi-dimensional multi-zone model. These analyses revealed that under the conditions studied, HCCI reactivity and combustion duration are governed primarily by thermal stratification and are largely insensitive to compositional stratification at the time of ignition.
Regional changes in cerebral blood flow during standard behavioral activation in patients with disorders of speech and mentation compared to normal volunteers.

Changes of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) that accompany spontaneously occurring or induced alterations in behavioral activity will be reviewed based on over 2000 measurements made in human subjects aged from 15 to 91 years. Previously unpublished measurememts of the effects of behavioral activation in patients with dysphasic disturbances will also be reported. The subjects studied included 125 healthy volunteers and many patients with different disorders of the central nervous system, that might be expected to alter or influence behavioral responses. The induced changes in rCBF were taken as an index of changes in regional cerebral function during behavioral adaptation since it is well established that cerebral blood flow metabolism and function are all correlated. The methods used for noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood flow together with establishment of their validity have been described in previous publications and are reviewed elsewhere in this monograph (Obrist, Thompson, King, et al., 1978: Meyer, 1978; Juge, Meyer, Sakai, Yamaguchi, Yamamoto, & Shaw, 1979; Deshmukh & Meyer, 1978, McHenry, Merory, Toole, et al., 1977; Reivich, Obrist, Slater, et al., 1975.) They will be only briefly mentioned here. All rCBF measurements were made following I-min inhalation of 5-7 mCi of 133Xe mixed in room air using our own modification of the Obrist model (Obrist et al., 1967).
Roles of neurotransmitters in regulating reproductive hormone release and gonadal maturation in decapod crustaceans

Summary Experiments done in this laboratory showed 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) stimulates gonadal maturation in male and female sand fiddler crabs, Uca pugilator, and red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. This action of 5-HT is indirect, 5-HT apparently stimulating release of the gonad-stimulating hormone (GSH) that is present in the brain and thoracic ganglia. For example, studies with ovarian explants showed 5-HT has no direct effect on the ovary. But, when ovarian explants were incubated with 5-HT and brain or thoracic ganglia, the incubation medium produced greater ovarian maturation than did the medium when ovarian explants were incubated with brain or thoracic ganglia alone, 5-HT presumably enhancing GSH release. In males 5-HT not only induces testicular maturation but also development of the androgenic glands. 5-HT in males, as in females, apparently triggers GSH release; but in males GSH in turn stimulates the androgenic glands which release the androgenic gland hormone, resulting in testicular ...
Effect of powdery mildew of pecan shucks on nut weight and quality and relevance to fungicide application

Abstract Powdery mildew of pecan, caused by Microsphaera penicillata (Wallr.:Fr.) Lev., infects pecan shucks but rarely infects other parts of the plant. Although common in orchards in the southeastern United States, it has not been a concern in irrigated pecans in the Southwest until recently. In the past three years, orchards in southern Arizona have been heavily infested. Infections were superficial but caused discoloration of much of the shuck surface. Trials were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to determine if powdery mildew affected nut quality in these orchards by comparing nut weight, kernel weight and kernel color from infected and non-infected fruits. Since powdery mildew infections were ubiquitous throughout the orchards, preventive fungicide applications were made to selected fruits to maintain disease-free shucks as non-infected controls. After harvest, there were no significant differences in whole nut weights, kernel weights, percent fill and kernel color ratings in infected fruits compared to non-infected fruits. Results indicate that powdery mildew infection of pecan shucks does not affect nut weight or kernel quality in irrigated orchards of the Southwest and that control measures for powdery mildew infections are not needed.
Pathogenesis of a Venezuelan Encephalitis Virus Strain Lethal for Adult White Rats

The pathogenesis for adult rats of a Venezuelan encephalitis virus (VEE) strain, V-198, was studied. This virus strain was chosen following virulence-testing of 12 prototype alphavirus strains, selected from the Semliki Forest, Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western encephalitis virus complexes; only VEE strain V-198 killed all adult rats when inoculated subcutaneously (sc) with 6.0–6.5 log10 plaque-forming units (PFU). Lower doses of strain V-198 by the same route were also lethal: 5.0 and 3.0 log10 PFU killed 100%, and 1.0 log10 PFU killed 70% of rats. Viral infectivity titrations of tissues obtained from V-198 straininfected rats demonstrated that virus replicated early in thymus and spleen, but did not replicate in bone marrow or liver. Following a brief viremia, virus infectivity titers peaked in brain, but did not persist there. A biphasic neutrophilia also occurred. Lower doses of inoculum virus affected the timing but not the degree of neutrophil fluctuations, virus replication, and clinical disease. Rats, moribund seven days after inoculation of 4.3 log10 PFU, exhibited central nervous system signs and histologic evidence of encephalomyelitis. Significant proportions of rats, otherwise lethally infected with V-198 virus, were protected by a single intraperitoneal inoculation of hyperimmune V-198 antiserum, administered 3 or 4, but not 5 days after virus. Since the rat has been well characterized with respect to metabolic alterations following other infectious diseases, it is anticipated that this model for lethal virus-induced disease will be useful for defining more precisely the functional relationships between viral growth, tissue destruction, metabolic alterations, and clinical course of disease, and that it may suggest specific approaches for effective treatment of viral diseases in general.
Archaean palaeosols and Archaean air (reply)

Ohmoto et al. reply - The idea of a methane-rich Archaean atmosphere has become popular since Rye et al. assumed in their calculation1 that siderite was absent in pre-2.2-Gyr palaeosols. We have concluded that the absence of siderite in some Archaean palaeosols does not constrain the atmospheric pCO2, but the presence of much siderite in sedimentary rocks does2. Sleep's recognition3 that siderite occurs in Archaean palaeosols substantiates our arguments2: although siderite should be absent in well aerated soils of all geological ages, it may form in waterlogged soils where pO2 became less than about 10−60 atm owing to the abundant anaerobic production of H2. In fact, we have reported this in a 2.6-Gyr soil profile at Schagen, South Africa4: abundant ferric-rich minerals formed while the soil was exposed to air, but ferrous-rich carbonate formed while it was apparently submerged under an anoxic pond.
Cutting Line Design Method for Woven Composite Materials Fitting to Free Surface

On the fitting process simulation, the dangerous area related with buckling or tearing phenomena is identified with special colors and values, then deleting, cutting line designing, refitting and spreading processes are implemented to obtain a reasonable blank shape with dart feature. Moreover, a so called expanding surface method was presented in order to realize the fitting and spreading of free surface with hole feature. The above provided methods are realized through software codes and used in some cases effectively.
The effects of neonatal injections of α-MSH on the open-field behavior of juvenile and adult rats

Male and female infant albino rats, between the ages of 2 and 7 days, were treated with either MSH or the vehicle solution and then tested in an open-field apparatus when they were 45 days old and again when they were 120 days old. Treatment with α-MSH resulted in greater body contact of adult males both at 45 and at 120 days of age. Females treated with α-MSH exhibited greater body contact when tested at 45 days of age, but did not display increased body contact when tested at 120 days of age. These results are indicative of a sex difference in response to neonatal administration of α-MSH.
Convergence Insufficiency: When and How to Treat

The purpose of this paper is to identify conditions prompting consideration of therapy for convergence insufficiency, to recognize the symptoms of convergence insufficiency and the presenting compl...
Noninvasive predictors of patency for infrapopliteal PTFE bypasses with combined arteriovenous fistula and vein interposition technique

Abstract Background: Despite recent increased indications for infrapopliteal prosthetic bypass grafts with complementary arteriovenous fistulas, objective documentation of improved perfusion to the foot is lacking. In addition, the value of post-operative noninvasive testing in the prediction of bypass success remains unclear. Patients and methods: Over a 3-year period, 41 patients with limb-threatening ischemia were treated with 41 infrapopliteal 6-mm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) bypasses with a complementary arteriovenous fistula at our institution. Twenty-four patients were men and 17 were women, with an average age of 71.3 ± 8.6 years. Thirty-one patients (76%) had undergone at least 1 previous failed ipsilateral arterial bypass. Preoperative and early postoperative (less than 1 month) pulse-volume recordings of transmetatarsal amplitude (TMA) were available for analysis in 28 patients. Postoperative duplex evaluations of graft velocity, fistula patency, and prograde distal arterial flow were performed in 26 of the original 41 patients. These data were correlated to early graft failure in an attempt to identify specific noninvasive predictors. Results: Cumulative primary patency rates of the original 41 patients were 79.0%, 69.2%, and 63.8% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The early postoperative TMA values ranged from 3 to 50 mm with a mean of 21.6 ± 14.8 mm ( P P P Conclusions: These data show that infrapopliteal PTFE arterial bypasses with complementary arteriovenous fistulas significantly improve arterial perfusion at the level of the foot in the majority of patients. Also, both the postoperative TMA and midgraft PSV appear to be reliable predictors of graft outcome. Further experience with the noninvasive surveillance of these bypasses may become as rewarding as it is in standard vein bypasses.
SU-FF-T-170: Tomotherapy Daily Quality Assurance Phantom

Purpose: To present a phantom specifically designed for daily quality assurancemeasurements of the radiation beam characteristics of the tomotherapy Hi‐Art machine over a large angular range of the beam. Method and Materials: The phantom is made out of solid water carved in the shape of two co‐axial hemi‐cylinders with two different radii, and the same depth. The radii are chosen to be 5.0 and 10.0 cm. The depth of the phantom is chosen to be 6.0 cm. The two hemi‐cylinders are supported on top of a 16.0 cm high stand also made out of solid water. A hole along the phantom's central axis accommodates a PTW ion chamber which is connected to an electrometer for current or charge reading. A delivery plan utilizing the synchrony between the MLC and the gantry rotational speed is specifically designed to run while the phantom is placed at the machine isocenter. The electrometer reading can be manually or automatically entered into a computer program that will calculate the instantaneous or average rotational output and energy consistency of the machine. Results: When collecting the current from the electrometer, six output reading segments (each segment covers 120 degrees) at two different depths, can be collected in six minutes. If the electrometer is setup to collect charge, six output readings will be collected; each reading is the cumulative charge from 120 degrees of the rotational beam. Conclusion: Using this phantom, daily quality assurance of the Hi‐Art Tomotherapy machine can include measurements of the consistency of rotational output, rotational beam energy, gantry rotational speed, and MLC synchrony with the gantry speed all packed within on six‐minute procedure.
Facile Dehydrogenation of Ethers and Alkanes with a β-Diiminate Pt Fragment

Reaction between a neutral β-enamineimine ligand (nacnacH) and Me4Pt2(μ-SMe2)2 in diethyl ether results in dehydrogenation of the solvent to form the Pt(II) olefin hydride complex (nacnac)Pt(ethyl vinyl ether)(H). Activation of ethers is kinetically favored over activation of alkanes. The KIE for ether activation (2.2) is significantly lower than that for pentane activation (3.8), indicating that initial coordination through oxygen is the likely pathway for ether activation. Marginal catalytic transfer dehydrogenation of diethyl ether and THF was achieved by heating (nacnac)Pt(neohexene)(H) at 50 °C for several days with excess neohexene acting as a hydrogen acceptor.
Number-Resolving Photon and Non-Photon Detectors

In quantum optical computing and quantum cryptography a very important problem is that of developing an efficient photon-number resolving detector. Such a device is critical for the development of linear optical quantum computing (LOQC) [1], and can be also used in quantum cryptography [2]. A recent paper claims to have demonstrated the operation of a superconducting, number-resolving photon detector, developed by a group at NIST [3]. However, this device operates with a quantum efficiency of only about 20%, and we show here that it cannot discriminate photon number, even in principal. However, the NIST device has a very low dark-count rate, much less than 1%, which means that it can quite efficiently discriminate against the absence of photons of particular numbers. We call such a device a number-discriminating non-photon detector. Interestingly enough, even though this detector cannot yield photon number—its ability to discriminate against photons of certain numbers allows it to be used, under suitable assumptions, to reconstruct the ensemble photostatistics of the incoming photon field. However, such a low-efficiency device cannot be used, say, in LOQC, where single-shot photon number discrimination is required.
Marković's concept of Praxis as norm 1

This study elucidates and appraises a conception of praxis developed by the Yugoslav Marxist Mihailo Markovic. This notion is first distinguished from everyday and alternative theoretical uses of ‘practice’, ‘practical’, and ’praxis’. Markovic's view is then characterized as a normative, pluralistic theory of both human being and doing. Praxis, for Markovic, is activity which realizes one's best potentialities: (i) the humanly generic dispositions of intentionality, self‐determination, creativity, sociality, and rationality, and (ii) one's relatively distinctive abilities and bents compatible with (i). Following a critical analysis of Markovic's attempts to justify praxis as norm, two substantive criticisms are advanced. The theory needs (i) priority rules for the relative weighting of praxis components when they cannot all be (fully) realized in an action, and (ii) a specification of the genus praxis so as to recognize important differences among optimal activities which shape things, construct theories,...
Balloon-assisted coiling through a 5-French system

Introduction We present a catheter technique that utilizes a 5F system for the purpose of balloon-assisted coiling in the setting of intracranial aneurysms.
Long-term repetition priming with symmetrical polygons and words.

In two different tasks, subjects were asked to make lexica! decisions (word or nonword) and symmetry judgments (symmetrical or nonsymmetrical) about two-dimensional polygons. In both tasks, every stimulus was repeated at one of four lags (0, 1, 4, or 8 items interposed between the first and second stimulus presentations). This paradigm, known as repetition priming, revealed comparable short-term priming (Lag 0) and long-term priming (Lags 1, 4, and 8) both for symmetrical polygons and for words. A shorter term component (Lags 0 and 1) of priming was observed for nonwords, and only very short-term priming (Lag 0) was observed for nonsymmetrical polygons. These results indicate that response facilitation accruing from repeated exposure can be observed for stimuli that have no preexisting memory representations and suggest that perceptual factors contribute to repetition-priming effects.
Conversion of tricoordinate to hexacoordinate phosphorus. Formation of a phosphorane-phosphatrane system.

Reaction of RPCl2 with tris(2-hydroxy-3-tert-butyl-5-methylbenzyl)amine (4) led to the formation of a tricoordinated phosphonite (1) when R = Ph and to a hexacoordinated phosphorane−phosphatrane (2) when R = Et. The X-ray structures showed that the unreacted hydroxyl group in 1 oxidatively added to phosphorus in 2 leading to the formation of three additional bonds, a P−O, a P−H, and a P−N linkage. In solution, 31P measurements assisted by solid-state 31P measurements revealed that each of the compounds existed in both structural forms. VT 31P established equilibria where the solid-state structures predominated in each case. This is the first example of a conversion of three-coordinate to six-coordinate phosphorus on going from the solid to the solution state and the existence of these two disparate geometries in equilibrium with one another in solution. In the absence of steric protection with the use of an analogous amine (5) without tert-butyl groups, a hydrolysis reaction occurred with PhPCl2. X-ray an...
Direct quantification of the mechanical anisotropy and fracture of an individual exoskeleton layer via uniaxial compression of micropillars.

A common feature of the outer layer of protective biological exoskeletons is structural anisotropy. Here, we directly quantify the mechanical anisotropy and fracture of an individual material layer of a hydroxyapatite-based nanocomposite exoskeleton, the outmost ganoine of Polypterus senegalus scale. Uniaxial compression was conducted on cylindrical micropillars of ganoine fabricated via focused ion beam at different orientations relative to the hydroxyapatite rod long axis (θ = 0°, 45°, 90°). Engineering stress versus strain curves revealed significant elastic and plastic anisotropy, off-axial strain hardening, and noncatastrophic crack propagation within ganoine. Off-axial compression (θ = 45°) showed the lowest elastic modulus, E (36.2 ± 1.6 GPa, n ≥ 10, mean ± SEM), and yield stress, σY (0.81 ± 0.02 GPa), while compression at θ = 0° showed the highest E (51.8 ± 1.7 GPa) and σY (1.08 ± 0.05 GPa). A 3D elastic–plastic composite nanostructural finite element model revealed this anisotropy was correlated ...
Compounds Contributing to the Odor of Aqueous Slurries of Soy Protein Concentrate

Gas chromatography olfactometry/mass spectrometry (GCO/MS) studies on static and concentrated headspace of the aqueous slurries from soy protein concentrate (SPC) revealed acetaldehyde, methanethiol, hexanal, dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), and 2-pentyl furan as the most odorous volatiles. Further aroma extract dilution analy- sis (AEDA) of the volatile extracts identified the following as the odorous substances: hexanal, 2-heptanone, octanal, 2-octanone, 1-octen-3-one, DMTS, 3-octen-2-one, 2-decanone, benzaldehyde, 2-pentyl pyridine and trans, trans- 2,4- nonadienal, along with several unidentified odorants. Methanethiol and acetaldehyde, which have low boiling points, were not detected by AEDA, however. This is the first time that acetaldehyde, methanethiol, and dimethyl
Seafloor spreading history of the western North Atlantic Basin derived from the Keathley sequence and computer graphics

Abstract An analysis of sea-surface magnetic profiles and an aeromagnetic contour chart west of Bermuda yields a new tectonic framework for the Keathley (M-series) seafloor spreading magnetic anomaly sequence. Changes in spreading direction derived from the western Keathley sequence occur at times corresponding to M24, M21 and M11, of which M11 is a time of continental breakup. The models facilitate new identifications of the anomalies between M16 and M4, obviating the need for anomalously slow spreading between M11 and M4, previously suggested by other workers and by us, and placing the location of the well-defined rough-smooth basement boundary at M11. The models show that spreading rates contemporaneously vary among profiles collected between flowlines as determined by a recently presented kinematic history. This strongly suggests that individual ridge axis segments act independently of another in detail. Our reconstruction technique records in map form where the ridge crest has made significant departures from perfect symmetry and a predictable spreading rate during its evolutionary history. Among eight profiles collected parallel to seafloor spreading flowlines in the western North Atlantic encompassing only 2700 km of “normal” oceanic crust we can identify more than fourteen ridge-jump events. There is evidence for a small (≈ 30 km) ridge jump to the east of many ridge axis segments at M24. This is supported in the eastern North Atlantic conjugate crust of the Canary basin where M25 and M24 are poorly represented. A series of four ridge jumps to the east along one paleoridge axis segment now located at 36°N, 65°W is related to the passage of the Mesozoic Mid-Atlantic Ridge crest over the Verde hotspot at ≈ 137 m.y. B.P. The Project Magnet magnetic anomaly contour chart for the area between 29° N and 40° N has been used to determine stage poles of motion for processes occurring at the ridge crest related to its segmentation, which have a component oblique to spreading between chrons M21 and M11. These trends may relate to the motion of the ridge crest over the mantle.
Special Feature Component Progress: Its Effect on High-Speed Computer Architecture and Machine Organization

Anyone concerned with understanding the past, present, and future of high-speed computing must of necessity focus on progress in the components field. He must formulate searching questions about the outlook of that technology and how it affects progress in high-speed computer development.
Soil-methanogen interactions in two peatlands (Bog, Fen) in central New York State

Rates of methanogenesis vary widely in peat soils, yet the reasons are poorly known. We examined rates of methanogenesis and methanogen diversity in relation to soil chemical and biological characteristics in 2 peatlands in New York State. One was an acidic (pH < 4.5) bog dominated by Sphagnum mosses and ericaceous shrubs, although deeper peat was derived from sedges. The other was a fen dominated by Carex lacustris sedges with near-neutral pH soil. At both sites, the most active rates of methanogenesis occurred in the top 20 cm of the peat profile, even when using a substrate-induced methanogenesis technique with added glucose that stimulated rates up to 2 μ mol g − 1 day −1 in the bog and 6 μ mol g −1 day −1 in the fen. Rates of anaerobic CO 2 production were greater in the bog (0–36 μ mol g −1 day −1 ) than in the fen (0–5 μ mol g −1 day −1 ), and added glucose induced greater rates in the sedge-derived peat from the bog than the fen. The peat soil was much more decomposed throughout the profile in the...
Diagenesis of metabolites and a discussion of the origin of petroleum hydrocarbons

Abstract Proteins and carbohydrates are rapidly degraded to compounds of no direct interest in the problem of the origin of petroleum. Lignin, if carried into marine basins in the form of humic substances, is probably the major progenitor of kerogen rather than the precursor of petroleum. Pigments are but minor contributors to petroleum. The fate of fatty acids in a marine environment is not completely understood. Although they may not be directly decarboxylated biochemically, it is shown how they can be converted into oxygenated or dehydrogenated acids more reactive than the parent compounds. Illustrations are also given for Diels-Alder reactions that could account for the formation from these compounds of the alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum. It is most likely that crude oil is generated in sediments containing concentrations of lipids, the character of which governs the nature of the oil that is formed.
Calico: a prototype sketching tool for modeling in early design

Design is an inherently creative process, particularly so during the early stages of design when a solution is just beginning to form. At this time, the more formal models and modeling languages to which we are so accustomed in software engineering serve a limited if non-existent role. But this does not mean that modeling is not relevant during early design; on the contrary, it is critical. It is just that a different form of modeling and overall design process takes place. In this paper, we present early results from our foray into exploring how designers can be supported in the early, highly creative stages of software design. We particularly build upon the existing body of work in creativity and general design, and apply key lessons found there to the construction of Calico, a prototype sketching tool for modeling in early design.
Learning to solve the right problems: The case of nuclear power in America

Three general types of problems entail different strategies. Continuing to seek solutions to “tame problems” when we face “messes,” let alone “wicked problems,” is potentially catastrophic hence fundamentally irresponsible. In our turbulent times, it is therefore becoming a strategic necessity to learn how to solve the right problems. Successful problem solving requires finding the right solution to the right problem. We fail more often because we solve the wrong problem than because we get the wrong solution to the right problem. Russell Ackoff (1974). But then, you may agree that it becomes morally objectionable for the planner to treat a wicked problem as though it were a tame one, or to tame a wicked problem prematurely, or to refuse to recognize the inherent wickedness of social problems. Rittel and Webber (1973).
Sex, stimulus, association strength, duration and rate of repetition in semantic satiation

Forty-eight males and 48 females repeated either the test word (experimental) or a nonsense syllable (control) under different speeds and durations for semantic satiation in a “posttest only” design, with no pre-repetition word associations or semantic differential ratings. No experimental satiation was noted in number of associations and frequency of first associate, and experimental generation was surprisingly found in semantic ratings.
An application of the very weak Bernoulli condition for amenable groups.

In this paper, we give an application of the recently developed Very Weak Bernoulli condition for amenable groups. The setting for the application is an attractive particle system with the usual lattice replaced by a general countable amenable group
Structure and function of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels.

Abstract The primary structures of the Na+ channel a-subunits from several species have now been deduced from cDNA sequences, and complete primary structures of all of the subunits of skeletal muscle L-type Ca2+ channels have been defined. Current research on voltage-gated ion channels is focusing on defining the structural components responsible for specific aspects of channel function. Recent experiments have identified regions of these channels that are important for voltage-dependent activation and inactivation, ion conductance, regulation by protein phosphorylation, and modulation by drugs and neurotoxins using a combination of antibody mapping and site-directed mutagenesis approaches. The results form the outlines of a structural map of ion channel function.
Hepatic effect of sulfonylureas.

Abstract The sulfonylureas, tolbutamide, tolazamide and acetohexamide significantly diminish uptake of insulin by the isolated perfused rat liver, whereas the nonhypoglycemic metabolite of tolbutamide, carboxytolbutamide, has no such effect. These results suggest that the sustained action of the sulfonylureas may in part be due to reduced hepatic uptake of endogenously secreted insulin.
ADDITIVE EFFECT OF SUB-THRESHOLD CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH FOOD AROMAS.

Additive Effect of Sub-Threshold Concentrations of Some Organic Compounds Associated with Food Aromas
CALCIUM-DEPENDENT AFTERHYPERPOLARIZATION AND LEARNING IN YOUNG AND AGING HIPPOCAMPUS

Hippocampally-dependent trace eyeblink conditioning has been shown to be affected by aging. Aging animals take more trials to acquire the association and are more likely to be unable to learn the task. Hippocampal neurons show decreased post-burst afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) and less accomodation after conditioning, in a time-dependent fashion which may relate to the role of hippocampus in learning consolidation. CA1 neurons in aging rabbits show increased AHPs and more accomodation, i.e., they are less excitable, and larger calcium action potentials. These age-related changes may underlie the learning deficits in aging rabbits. The lipophylic calcium channel blocker nimodipine reduces the AHP, accomodation and calcium action potential at low concentrations in aging but not young CA1 neurons. Nimodipine also enhances learning rate in a variety of tasks, including eyeblink conditioning, in aging but not young animals and humans. Altered calcium handling by neurons of aging mammals is a striking change, is pharmacologically manipulable, and may be an important factor in altered learning and cognitive abilities in the aging.
Microstructure and thermal conductivity of surfactant-free NiO nanostructures

High purity, nanometer sized surfactant-free nickel oxide (NiO) particles were produced in gram scale using a solution combustion method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), gas pycnometry and gas adsorption analysis (BET). The average particle size of the as-synthesized NiO increases significantly with the preheating temperature of the furnace, while the specific surface area decreases. A BET specific surface area of ∼100 m2/g was obtained for NiO nanoparticles with size as small as 3 nm synthesized at 300 °C. The thermal conductivity (κ) of pressed pellets of the synthesized NiO nanoparticles obtained using spark plasma sintering (SPS) and uniaxial hot pressing is drastically decreased (∼60%) compared to that of NiO single crystal. This strong reduction in κ with particle size suggests the suitability of the synthesized surfactant-free NiO nanoparticles for use as nanoinclusions when designing high performance materials for waste heat recovery.
Advanced human computer interfaces for the Army after next

A Human Computer Interface HCI research program is being conducted collaboratively between Rockwell, its Consortium Members and the Army Research Laboratory. The research is exploring human-computer interfaces and displays to dramatically improve the interface between Army users and their information systems. This critical link to the human must be maximized to enable the Army to fully leverage its investments in information hardware and systems for the Digitization ofthe Battlefield and the Army After Next. Research is being conducted in the areas of databases, information filtering, visualization, augmented reality, and virtual reality. It also includes the integration of novel interfaces like gesture recognition and tactile to improve the overall throughput and reliability. Constructs, algorithms and techniques are being developed to provide users common views of the battlefield regardless of the display system utilized. Future systems must consider the human to maximize the conversion of data and information into usable knowledge.
Fast perceptual method for evaluating color scales for Internet visualization

We have developed a fast perceptual method for evaluating color scales for data visualization that uses a monochrome photographic image of a human face as a test pattern. We conducted an experiment in which we applied various color scales to a photographic image of a face and asked observers to rate the naturalness of each image. We found a very strong correlation between the perceived naturalness of the images and the luminance monotonicity of the color scales. Since color scales with monotonic luminance profiles are widely recommended and used for visualizing continuous scalar data, we conclude that using a human face as a test patten provides a quick, simple method for evaluating such color scale in Internet environments.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cloning and sequencing of the alkaline extracellular protease gene of Yarrowia lipolytica.

Abstract The XPR2 gene encoding an alkaline extracellular protease (AEP) from Yarrowia lipolytica was cloned, and its complete nucleotide sequence was determined. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence reveals that the mature AEP consists of 297 amino acids with a relative molecular weight of 30,559. The gene codes for a putative 22-amino-acid prepeptide (signal sequence) followed by an additional 135-amino-acid propeptide containing a possible N-linked glycosylation site and two Lys-Arg peptidase-processing sites. The final Lys-Arg site occurs at the junction with the mature, extracellular form. The mature protease contains two potential glycosylation sites. AEP is a member of the subtilisin family of serine proteases, with 42.6% homology to the fungal proteinase K. The functional promoter is more than 700 base pairs long, allowing for the observed complex regulation of this gene. The 5' and 3' flanking regions of the XPR2 gene have structural features in common with other yeast genes.
Model-free control of nonlinear stochastic systems with discrete-time measurements

Consider the problem of developing a controller for general (nonlinear and stochastic) systems where the equations governing the system are unknown. Using discrete-time measurement, this paper presents an approach for estimating a controller without building or assuming a model for the system. Such an approach has potential advantages in accommodating complex systems with possibly time-varying dynamics. The controller is constructed through use of a function approximator, such as a neural network or polynomial. This paper considers the use of the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation algorithm which requires only system measurements. A convergence result for stochastic approximation algorithms with time-varying objective functions and feedback is established. It is shown that this algorithm can greatly enhance the efficiency over more standard stochastic approximation algorithms based on finite-difference gradient approximations.
United by Faith? Race/Ethnicity, Congregational Diversity, and Explanations of Racial Inequality.

This study examines the extent to which the racial composition of a congregation moderates explanations for Black/White inequality among White, Black, and Hispanic congregants. Using nationally representative data from General Social Surveys and National Congregations Studies, we find that religiously affiliated Blacks and Hispanics tend to hold different racial attitudes than religiously affiliated Whites, but these differences largely disappear inside multiracial congregations. Importantly, we find that attending a multiracial congregation is unassociated with Whites’ explanations for racial inequality, and Blacks who attend multiracial congregations are actually less likely to affirm structural explanations for Black/White inequality than Blacks in nonmultiracial congregations or Whites in multiracial congregations. We find little evidence that multiracial congregations promote progressive racial views among attendees of any race or ethnicity. Rather, our findings suggest that multiracial congregations (1) leave dominant White racial frames unchallenged, potentially influencing minority attendees to embrace such frames and/or (2) attract racial minorities who are more likely to embrace those frames in the first place.
Singular value analysis of the Jacobian matrix in microwave image reconstruction

For non-linear inverse scattering problems utilizing Gauss-Newton methods, the Jacobian matrix encodes rich information concerning the system performance and algorithm efficiency. In this paper, we perform an analytical evaluation of a single-iteration Jacobian matrix based on a previously derived nodal adjoint representation. Concepts for studying linear ill-posed problems, such as the degree-of-ill-posedness, are used to assess the impact of important system parameters on the expected image quality. Analytical singular value decomposition (SVD) of the Jacobian matrix for a circular imaging domain is derived along with the numerical SVD for optimizing imaging system configurations. The results show significant reductions in the degree-of-ill-posedness when signal frequency, antenna array density and property parameter sampling are increased. Specifically, the decay rate in the singular spectrum of the Jacobian decreases monotonically with signal frequency being approximately 1/3 of its 0.1 GHz value at 3 GHz, is improved with antenna array density up to about 35 equally-spaced circumferentially positioned elements and drops significantly with increased property parameter sampling to more than twice the amount of measurement data. These results should serve as useful guidelines in the development of design specifications for an optimized hardware installation
A new ESD model induced yield loss during chip-on-film package process and it's failure mechanism

A new model of electrostatic discharge (ESD) event is found in ICs during chip-on-film (COF) package. The behavior of this new kind of ESD is different from the human-body mode (HBM), machine model (MM) and charge device model (CDM) model. We call it the charge tape model (CTM). It often damages the gate oxides of the input circuit and output circuit in IC to result in the yield loss. The mechanism of COF package induced yield loss has been identified. Two factors dominate the yield loss. One is the ESD generation on the tape surface during COF tape reeled out process. The other one is the required high temperature for the inner lead bonding, which lowers the breakdown voltage of the gate oxide. As a result, an IC might be damaged to induce the yield loss.
Human-Centric Mechanism Design in Peer-to-Peer Networks

The foundation of peer-to-peer systems is based on the contribution of resources from peers and such contribution plays a significant role in the efficiency and performance of the system, thus a protocol to facilitate the negotiation and compromises constitute a critical part of the systems success. However, conventional mechanism design process does not take into account of human intervention, which may significantly impact the social welfare of the system. We present our position on the need of a human-centric mechanism design framework in light of generating research interests.
Commentary: Progress, Issues, and Implications of Prodromal Research: An Inside View

This issue of the Schizophrenia Bulletin focuses around research in the prodromal phase of severe mental illness, largely schizophrenia. The years since the last Bulletin issue on early detection and intervention have witnessed success at identifying the prodrome prospectively, positive initial data about treating prodromal symptoms and delaying psychosis onset, and hopeful data about elucidating the pathophysiology of psychosis through the prodrome. In this overview I will comment on some of the opportunities and challenges generated by this new line of research. Themes include the recruitment of prodromal subjects, characteristics of prodromal samples thus far collected, the process of conversion to psychosis in these samples, minimizing false positive prodromal subjects, dosing of drug treatments in prodromal clinical trials, treatment practice implications of prodromal research, defining conversion to psychosis prospectively, and screening, assessing, and naming the prodrome. It is concluded that prodromal research holds much promise but will require the formal collaboration of many investigators and the availability of resources for sustained efforts to recruit what amounts to an incidence sample.
Muscle fiber architecture of the dog diaphragm

Boriek, Aladin M., Charles C. Miller III, and Joseph R. Rodarte. Muscle fiber architecture of the dog diaphragm.J. Appl. Physiol. 84(1): 318–326, 1998.—Previous measurements of muscle thickness and...
Consensus and causal attributions for negative affect

Abstract The present study examined whether a person's causal attributions for his or her own negative affect are influenced by information concerning other individuals' affect. Undergraduate subjects from a Canadian university were surreptitiously led to experience negative affect by reading sad stories while being exposed to sad music. In the dissimilar condition, they were informed that their responses to the stories were more negative than those of most other participants, and in the similar condition, that their responses were similar to those of most others. In both conditions, they were told that most others reacted negatively to the stories. As expected, the subjects who were informed that they had reacted more negatively made more internal causal attributions for their own negative affect than those who were informed that they had reacted as most others did. The ratings of perceived consensus and the attributions made by subjects in the neutral-affect control group suggest that people may general...
Allometric Relationships in Field-grown Soybean

Abstract Allometric relationships in plants uncover size-correlated variations in form and development and characterize the relative growth of a part of a plant in comparison with a whole. Stable allometric relationships in ontogeny can be used as components of crop models and to estimate plant parameters that are difficult to measure. Our objective was to discover whether stable allometric relations exist in ontogeny of field-grown soybeans ( Glycine max L.). We used field data on vegetative stages, plant height, stem weight, and leaf weight of 16 soybean cultivars measured on farms and on the experiment station of Mississippi State University during 1993–1995 growing seasons. The number of observed crops for each cultivar ranged from one to 14. Stem heights displayed linear log-log dependencies on the vegetative stage, before and after the breakpoint stage, which typically was between the ‘fourth node’ and ‘sixth node’ vegetative stages. Slopes of the log-log dependencies after the breakpoint stage were similar in all cultivars. Stem mass had log-log linear dependencies on stem height. Slopes of these dependencies differed among cultivars grown under the same conditions, and among crops of the same cultivar grown under different conditions. Water stress could be a modifier of these relationships. The proportion of leaf weights in the total weight of leaves and stems decreased linearly as the vegetative development progressed. Since allometric relations are stable for a specific crop, they can be used to forecast vegetative development as soon as they are established.