cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobility prediction and routing in ad hoc wireless networks

By exploiting non-random behaviors for the mobility patterns that mobile users exhibit, we can predict the future state of network topology and perform route reconstruction proactively in a timely manner. Moreover, by using the predicted information on the network topology, we can eliminate transmissions of control packets otherwise needed to reconstruct the route and thus reduce overhead. In this paper, we propose various schemes to improve routing protocol performances by using mobility prediction. We then evaluate the effectiveness of using mobility prediction via simulation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renal toxicity of antineoplastic agents.

Most of the drugs currently used in the treatment of cancer are highly cytotoxic and possess relatively low therapeutic selectivity. Given the major role of the kidney in the excretion of these drugs or their metabolites, it is perhaps surprising that clinically significant nephrotoxicity occurs with a limited number of drugs. Adriamycin induces a nephrotic syndrome in rats characterized by severe acute glomerular injury and sustained proteinuria. Tubular lesions subsequently develop, and the formation of tubular casts with resulting interstitial changes is accompanied by the appearance of glomerulosclerosis. Although the mechanism of adriamycin-induced nephrotoxicity is not known, it has been suggested that redox cycling may contribute to this toxicity by enhancing membrane lipid peroxidation, resulting in damage to kidney endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membranes [l]. Mitocycin C is another redox-cycling drug with a cytotoxic mechanism of action that is very different from adriamycin. A hemolytic uremic syndrome of unknown pathogenesis has been reported in some patients treated with mitomycin C; this syndrome has been reproduced in’a unilateral perfusion study in the rat [2]. Nephrotoxicity has been reported for the nitrosoureas in both clinical and laboratory studies. Methyl-CCNU administered as a single, high dose produces acute proximal tubular necrosis in the rat; impaired tubular transport was evident 1 h after drug treatment. Proteinuria and decreased urine-concentrating ability accompanied necrosis of the papillary collecting ducts l-6 days later. Low-dose treatment resulted in a delayed-onset chronic progressive nephropathy involving polyuria, enzymuria, and decreased urine-concentrating ability [3,4]. Several lines of evidence point to the
Formation and utilization of 11-cis vitamin A by the eye tissues during light and dark adaptation.

Formation and Utilization of 11-CIS Vitamin a by the Eye Tissues During Light and Dark Adaptation
Progress and variations in two-hybrid and three-hybrid technologies

Abstract The original yeast two-hybrid system and its variants have proven to be effective tools for identification and analysis of protein–protein, protein–DNA and protein–RNA interactions. The two-hybrid assay is being applied to the entire complement of proteins of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to characterize the network of protein–protein interactions in the eukaryotic cell. The development of nontranscriptional cytosolic and membrane-associated two-hybrid methods has made it possible to detect and examine a number of protein–protein interactions in their normal cellular locations. Small-molecule hybrid systems have been developed which can be used to study protein–ligand interactions and to activate cellular processes by forcing protein associations.
Problem-oriented policing in practice

Research Summary: Interviews and surveys were used to measure the extent of problem-oriented policing (POP) by individual police officers in the San Diego Police Department. Officers tended to engage in small-scale problem solving with little formal analysis or assessment. Responses generally included enforcement plus one or two more collaborative or nontraditional initiatives. Policy Implications: Despite 15 years of national promotion and a concerted effort at implementation within the San Diego Police Department, POP as practiced by ordinary police officers fell far short of the ideal model. It may be unreasonable to expect every police officer to continuously engage in full-fledged POP.
Electrochemical characterization of dehaloperoxidase adsorbates on COOH/OH mixed self-assembled monolayers

Abstract Electrochemical characterization of Amphitrite ornata dehaloperoxidase, a monomeric hemoglobin, adsorbed on COOH/OH-terminated alkanethiolate mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is reported. Adsorption was achieved by simple electrode exposure to low ionic strength protein solution at pH 6.0, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) was employed to measure surface concentration, electron transfer rate, and formal potential under anaerobic conditions. Surface concentration values determined by CV were found to be inversely proportional to scan rate, a behavior that is different than that observed for electron transfer proteins such as cytochrome c. We attribute this behavior to a dynamic heterogeneous adsorbate layer that permits some fraction of the molecules to undergo reorientation during a CV scan. A model was proposed that classifies adsorbates among three populations with respect to their most stable orientations, namely, electroactive adsorbates, latent electroinactive adsorbates capable of undergoing reorientation to electroactive states, and electroinactive adsorbates. Electrochemical results and the proposed model are discussed in terms of the tertiary structure and surface properties of dehaloperoxidase and are compared to the docking and electron transfer reactions of the myoglobin/cytochrome b5 system. Examination of the effects of ionic strength and mixed SAM composition provide support for the proposed model.
Glucagon: a protein catabolic hormone in the isolated perfused rat liver.

WE have reported that the isolated perfused rat liver from a fasted animal produces urea in linear fashion1, at the expense of both liver and plasma proteins. Urea production occurs, and the blood amino-acid level is maintained in the absence of added extraneous amino-acids. When a free amino-acid supplement is added, urea production is greatly enhanced. The addition of glucose or fructose supplements is associated with a nitrogen-sparing effect manifest as a diminished production of urea. This nitrogen-sparing effect is seen in either the presence or absence of added amino-acids.
Localization of human SAA gene(s) to chromosome 11 and detection of DNA polymorphisms

Abstract A human serum amyloid A (SAA) cDNA was used as a probe in chromosome mapping studies to detect human SAA gene sequences in DNA isolated from human/mouse somatic cell hybrids. Southern analysis of DNA from 20 hybrid cell lines, including some with translocations of human chromosomes, placed the SAA gene(s) in the p11→pter region of chromosome 11. Screening of human DNA from unrelated individuals by Southern analysis using the SAA cDNA probe revealed restriction fragment polymorphisms for HindIII and PstI. An analysis of the segregation of these polymorphisms with other markers on the short arm of chromosome 11 should more precisely map the SAA gene(s).
P02-161 - Alzheimer's madonna

Alzheimer's disease is hard to talk and think about and even harder to accept. It pitilessly cuts the afflicted off from the self and points out to all of us how fragile the mind is. There is perhaps no expression more fitting than the term “loss of soul”, used by some tribal societies, to express the universal fear brought on by this disease. Its landscape lies at the furthest limit along the continuum of mental decline that is in its milder form a normal part of aging. Like a mythical land, it lies beyond the sun, far from the hum of life. It calls to mind the river Lethe, the river of forgetfulness of Greek and Roman myth, from which mortals must drink before embarking on the journey to the underworld. I made a sculpture of the Alzheimer's Madonna because I felt a need to address the fear of Alzheimer's Disease. Both figures in the sculpture turn in a spiraling motion, as in a dance. As she stands at the beginning of adult life, he marks the end. Together, they form a kind of whole, as we each, in our own psyche, carry them inside of us- the image of hope, and youthful beauty, which denies any reality but eternal youth; the image of our decline, of the waning of our powers.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE AND FORMATION OF RED PIGMENT GRANULES IN HAIR FOLLICLES.

!Hair color is determined to a large extent by the quantity and type of pigment present in the keratinized cells of the hair shaft. The pigment of the keratinized cells is derived from melanocytes, the most important function of which is the synthesis and transfer of pigment granules into the differentiating hair cells.
Enhanced Light Absorption and Scattering by Carbon Soot Aerosol Internally Mixed with Sulfuric Acid

Light absorption by carbon soot increases when the particles are internally mixed with nonabsorbing materials, leading to increased radiative forcing, but the magnitude of this enhancement is a subject of great uncertainty. We have performed laboratory experiments of the optical properties of fresh and internally mixed carbon soot aerosols with a known particle size, morphology, and the mixing state. Flame-generated soot aerosol is size-selected with a double-differential mobility analyzer (DMA) setup to eliminate multiply charged particle modes and then exposed to gaseous sulfuric acid (109−1010 molecule cm−3) and water vapor (5−80% relative humidity, RH). Light extinction and scattering by fresh and internally mixed soot aerosol are measured at 532 nm wavelength using a cavity ring-down spectrometer and an integrating nephelometer, respectively, and the absorption is derived as the difference between extinction and scattering. The optical properties of fresh soot are independent of RH, whereas soot inte...
Social cognition and interpersonal affect: correlates of role-taking skills in young adulthood

Summary Social cognition of adults, unlike children's social understanding, has rarely been addressed from a developmental viewpoint. The present research extends the developmental perspective and assesses relationships between adults' social cognitive abilities and their skills in various other domains. Fifty-two college students were compared in role-taking performance and nonsocial cognitive performance. In addition, Ss' role-taking ability was assessed in relation to an interpersonal capacity for intimacy in friendship relations. As expected, the results revealed a weak and nonsignificant correlation between adults' role-taking skills and their nonsocial cognitive abilities. The results also revealed a strong positive association between role taking and level of intimacy in relations with same-sex peers. Discussion centers on the implications of these findings for theories of social cognition, especially for those emphasizing interpersonal and affective factors in social cognitive growth.
Past obstetric history of the mother and its association with low birthweight of a subsequent child: a population based study

A total population sample of 7286 multigravidae from the Greek National Perinatal Survey (April 1983) was used to determine the association between maternal obstetric history and low birthweight of the subsequent singleton delivery. Significant associations were found with previous early and late fetal losses (miscarriages, induced abortions, stillbirths) and history of haemorrhage during a prior pregnancy. It was found that mothers who had experienced miscarriage(s), induced abortion(s) or stillbirth(s) had relative risks (RRs) of 1.65, 1.81 and 3.59 respectively compared with mothers without any fetal loss. The risk increased substantially with the increasing number of losses and reached 8.83 for the small group of mothers who had experienced all three kinds of fetal loss. For mothers with a history of bleeding in a previous pregnancy the risk was double that of mothers without such a history. The results above were changed only slightly when the significant socio-economic characteristics of the family were taken into account.
Understanding the pathogenesis and management of hepatitis B/HIV and hepatitis B/hepatitis C virus coinfection

The approach to the hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patient who is also infected with HIV or hepatitis C virus (HCV) is very different from the approach to the patient with only one virus infection. HBV/HIV coinfection is common. Agents that have dual activity against HBV and HIV should be considered as treatment of choice in combination regimens in HBV/HIV-coinfected patients beginning antiretroviral therapy. In HBV/HCV coinfection HCV usually tends to predominate over HBV. More investigation is needed into the mechanisms by which viral pathogenesis is altered and the optimal treatment modalities for coinfected patients.
Mathematical aspects of the fluctuating barrier problem.: Existence of equilibrium and relaxation solutions

Abstract For the simplest fluctuating barrier rate problem – diffusion in a symmetric double well over a barrier fluctuating randomly between `high' and `low' – we prove the existence of equilibrium and relaxation eigenvectors of the corresponding matrix of Smoluchowski diffusion operators, thereby establishing the validity of rate calculations for this problem by the eigenvector–eigenvalue method.
Experimental studies on morphological variation in the cestode genus Hymenolepis. VI. Somatic pairing of chromosomes in normal and mutant strains of H. diminuta

Somatic pairs in normal H. diminuta , though intimate in somatic tissues, do not all appear early in embryonic development. In early cleavages, 1–1, 4–4, and 6–6 pairs are usually formed whereas 3–3, 5–5 and possibly even 4-4-5-5 pairs are formed later in cleavage (numbers are idiogram numbers). It appears that the number 2 homologues do not pair. Pairing in mutant worms (i.e., 9th and 10th generations subsequent to X-irradiation) resembles the same process in normal material except for non-homologous pairing (1–3, 1–5 and 3-1-5 associations being the most common) and formation of terminal loops on chromosomes 1, 2, and 3. Translocations of short segments from chromosomes 3 and 5 to chromosome 1 seems a probable cause for the non-homologous pairing while translocation of short piece to chromosome 1 from its homologue may account for loop formation on strand number 1.
Evaluation of interstitial water as a route of exposure for ammonia in sediment tests with benthic macroinvertebrates

Ammonia commonly is present at detectable concentrations in overlying and interstitial water in solid-phase sediment toxicity tests. There are scenarios in which it is desirable to discern ammonia toxicity from that caused by other contaminants. The objective of this study was to verify the technical basis for defining the bioavailability of ammonia in solid-phase sediment toxicity tests based on interstitial-(pore-) water concentrations of the compound. We compared the toxicity of ammonia in spiked-sediment versus water-only exposures with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, the midge Chironomus tentans, and the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Sediment exposures were conducted in a test system that enabled the maintenance of target concentrations of ammonia in pore water, while keeping overlying water concentrations of the compound below potential effect levels. To enable direct comparison of the water-only and sediment exposures, the same test conditions (including pH) were used for each. There was good correspondence between the LC50 values of water-only tests and spiked-sediment toxicity tests for both L. variegatus and C. tentans. Hyalella azteca apparently avoided the spiked sediments and was frequently observed in the less contaminated overlying water, thus limiting the evaluation of a pore-water exposure model for the amphipod. Overall, at least for some benthic species, ammonia bioavailability and toxicity can be accurately predicted from pore-water concentrations of the compound; however, the model maybe less robust for more epibenthic organisms, such as H. azteca.
Measuring malaria drug efficacy and transmission intensity.

Recently Damon Francis and colleagues reported on clinical parasitological and molecular measures of antimalarial drug resistance at six sites in Uganda in which malaria transmission intensity ranged from three to 1564 infective bites per person a year. Malaria patients were randomised to receive chloroquine plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine or amodiaquine plus sulfa doxine-pyrimethamine and followed-up for 28 days according to a standard protocol. In addition the researchers characterised mutations associated with resistance to chloroquine amodiaquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine at six locations on the Plasmodium falciparum genome in samples taken at enrolment. Francis and colleagues document a strong association between the rate of treatment failure and geographic site. Patients from sites with lower levels of malaria transmission failed treatment more often than those from sites with higher levels. This association remained significant in patients with all six mutations and when controlled for age and multiple infection. They conclude that geographic differences in response to antimalarial treatment in Uganda are mediated more by host factors--acquired immunity through exposure to intense malaria transmission--than by parasite factors. (excerpt)
The Alexandrian Library: Crucible of a Renaissance

At the end of the 4th century BC, the Macedonian-Greek armies of Alexander the Great swept across Asia from Egypt to the Indus River, redefining political boundaries within that vast territory at a time when important cultural changes were also taking place in the Greek world. New literary forms were beginning to emerge from the classical literature, which was then the subject of scholarly investigation. There was growing curiosity about the physical world and mathematics. Aristotle and his contemporaries were redefining scholarship at a time when Alexander was redefining the political sphere. These remarkable transformations converged in Alexandria, which became the center of a new intellectual universe. The first Ptolemaic rulers founded two unique institutions--the Alexandrian Library and the Mouseion--and the Library became the crucible within which the Hellenistic renaissance was forged.
On long-wave propagation over a fluid-mud seabed

Using the Boussinesq approximation, a set of depth-integrated wave equations for long-wave propagation over a mud bed is derived. The wave motions above the mud bed are assumed to be irrotational and the mud bed is modelled as a highly viscous fluid. The pressure and velocity are required to be continuous across the water-mud interface. The resulting governing equations are differential-integral equations in terms of the depth-integrated horizontal velocity and the free-surface displacement. The effects of the mud bed appear in the continuity equation in the form of a time integral of weighted divergence of the depth-averaged velocity. Damping rates for periodic waves and solitary waves are calculated. For the solitary wave case, the velocity profiles in the water column and the mud bed at different phases are discussed. The effects of the viscous boundary layer above the mud-water interface are also examined.
Production of taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene by transgenic Physcomitrella patens

Taxadiene synthase gene from Taxus brevifolia was constitutively expressed in the moss Physcomitrella patens using a ubiquitin promoter to produce taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene, the precursor of the anticancer drug paclitaxel. In stable moss transformants, taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene was produced up to 0.05% fresh weight of tissue, without significantly affecting the amounts of the endogenous diterpenoids (ent-kaurene and 16-hydroxykaurane). Unlike higher plants that had been genetically modified to produce taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene, transgenic P. patens did not exhibit growth inhibition due to alteration of diterpenoid metabolic pools. Thus we propose that P. patens is a promising alternative host for the biotechnological production of paclitaxel and its precursors.
Colorants used in ancient Egyptian glassmaking: Specialized studies using PIXE spectrometry

Abstract Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry has several practical advantages over other analytical techniques currently used in the study of ancient glass. It is nondestructive, it can conveniently determine a glassmaking recipe (i.e. the primary constituents used) within a single X-ray spectrum, it has superior detection limits for the minor and trace elements that are most influential in glass coloration, and, when run in a microbeam mode (with an analysis area as small as 10−2 mm2), it can provide valuable spatial resolution in the study of individual regions of decoration on multicolored vessels and jewelry. This paper discusses the current operation of the Bartol PIXE facility, with emphasis on the use of customized selective filters which allow high-sensitive measurements for trace elements in glass matrices complicated by the presence of high levels of copper, iron and lead. PIXE data recently obtained for artifacts and manufacturing debris from the New Kingdom workshop site at El-Amarna provides a practical application of these concepts.
Facile synthesis of β-Cyclodextrin dithiols

Nucleophilic addition of 4-methoxy-α-toluenethiol to capped cyclodextrins followed by deprotection in TFA affords cyclodextrin dithiols in good yields with no disulfide formation and requires only minimal purification.
The international working group for harmonization of dementia drug guidelines: A progress report

Alzheimer’s disease(AD) and related disorders are public health and social problems of growing magnitude in all countries, but particularly in those with high proportion of older citizens. Worldwide major research and development efforts in academia, industry and government are bringing the rapid development in the fields of molecular neurobiology and biosystems science to focus on interventions improving the quality of life of patients with dementia. Regulatory guidelines in the United States, Canada, Europe and Japan have been proposed which serve some essential features butdiffer on important aspects such as trial design and outcome measures. To date, few multicentered trials in dementiahave involved sites in different countries outside Europe because of the practical difficulties of executing the same protocol across national boundaries.
Immunization of Volunteers with Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Strain Ty21a Elicits the Oligoclonal Expansion of CD8+ T Cells with Predominant Vβ Repertoires

CD8(+) T cells are likely to play an important role in host defense against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi by several effector mechanisms, including lysis of infected cells (cytotoxicity) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion. In an effort to better understand these responses, we studied the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of serovar Typhi-specific CD8(+) T cells in humans. To this end, we determined the TCR beta chain (Vbeta) usage of CD8(+) T cells from three volunteers orally immunized with Ty21a typhoid vaccine by flow cytometry using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Although TCR Vbeta usage varied among volunteers, we identified oligoclonal Vbeta subset expansions in individual volunteers (Vbeta 2, 5.1, 8, 17, and 22 in volunteer 1; Vbeta 1, 2, 5.1, 14, 17, and 22 in volunteer 2; and Vbeta 3, 8, 14, and 16 in volunteer 3). These subsets were antigen specific, as shown by cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma secretion assays on Vbeta sorted cells and on T-cell clones derived from these volunteers. Moreover, eight-color flow cytometric analysis showed that these clones exhibited a T effector memory phenotype (i.e., CCR7(-) CD27(-) CD45RO(+) CD62L(-)) and coexpressed gut homing molecules (e.g., high levels of integrin alpha4beta7, intermediate levels of CCR9, and low levels of CD103). In conclusion, our results show that long-term T-cell responses to serovar Typhi in Ty21a vaccinees are oligoclonal, involving multiple TCR Vbeta families. Moreover, these serovar Typhi-specific CD8(+) T cells bearing defined Vbeta specificities are phenotypically and functionally consistent with T effector memory cells with preferential gut homing potential.
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids pretreatment improves amyloid β-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured rat hippocampal astrocytes.

Amyloid-β (Aβ) has long been implicated as a causative protein in Alzheimer's disease. Cellular Aβ accumulation is toxic and causes mitochondrial dysfunction, which precedes clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease pathology. In the present study, we explored the possible use of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), epoxide metabolites of arachidonic acid, as therapeutic target against Aβ-induced mitochondrial impairment using cultured neonatal hippocampal astrocytes. Inhibition of endogenous EET production by a selective epoxygenase inhibitor, MS-PPOH, caused a greater reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential in the presence of Aβ (1, 10 μM) exposure versus absence of Aβ. MS-PPOH preincubation also aggravated Aβ-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. Preincubation of the cells with either 14,15- or 11,12-EET prevented this mitochondrial depolarization and fragmentation. EET pretreatment also further improved the reduction observed in mitochondrial oxygen consumption in the presence of Aβ. Preincubation of the cells with EETs significantly improved cellular respiration under basal condition and in the presence of the protonophore, carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP). The uncoupling of ATP synthase from the electron transfer chain that occurred in Aβ-treated cells was also prevented by preincubation with EETs. Lastly, cellular reactive oxygen species production, a hallmark of Aβ toxicity, also showed significant reduction in the presence of EETs. We have previously shown that Aβ reduces EET synthesis in rat brain homogenates and cultured hippocampal astrocytes and neurons (Sarkar P, Narayanan J, Harder DR. Differential effect of amyloid beta on the cytochrome P450 epoxygenase activity in rat brain. Neuroscience 194: 241–249, 2011). We conclude that reduction of endogenous EETs may be one of the mechanisms through which Aβ inflicts toxicity and thus supplementing the cells with exogenous EETs improves mitochondrial dynamics and prevents metabolic impairment.
Secure Wireless Communication with Dynamic Secrets

This paper introduces a set of low-complexity algorithms that when coupled with link layer retransmission mechanisms, strengthen wireless communication security. Our basic idea is to generate a series of secrets from inevitable transmission errors and other random factors in wireless communications. Because these secrets are constantly extracted from the communication process in realtime, we call them dynamic secrets. Dynamic secrets have interesting security properties. They offer a complementary mechanism to existing security protocols. Even if the adversary exploits a vulnerability and steals the underlying system secret, security can be automatically replenished. In many scenarios, it is also possible to bootstrap a secure communication with the dynamic secrets.
703-2 Detection of Regional Perfusion Abnormalities During Adenosine Stress Echocardiography Using Intravenous Perfluoropropane-enhanced Sonicated Dextrose Albumin

Altering sonicated dextrose albumin microbubble gas diffusivity and solubility with perfluoropropane results in microbubbles which produce myocardial contrast (MC) following an intravenous injection. It is unknown whether the intensity of MC produced will accurately identify flow abnormalities due to coronary ischemia. Accordingly, we measured peak myocardial videointensity (PMVI) from the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCX) perfusion beds following intravenous 0.06 ml/kg injections of perfluoropropane enhanced sonicated dextrose albumin (PESDA). The same injection was given under resting conditions, and during peak adenosine stress (ADS) (140μ/kg/min) in 6 open-chest dogs who had either no stenosis or an angiographically significant stenosis in the proximal LCX coronary artery (using quantitative angiography). PMVI from the LCX perfusion beds during ADS was compared with actual flows measured with a Transonic Doppler cuff around the LCX, and quantitative angiographic (QA) severity. Wall thickening (WT) responses were also measured as the difference in LCX perfusion bed end-diastolic and end-systolic wall thickness. Injections of PESDA were given during 10 different stenosis severities in the six dogs (range 0-87% diameter). There was a strong correlation between PMVI in the LCX bed and actual LCX flow by Doppler (r = 0.75, p l 0.001). In the absence of a g50% stenosis, the PVI ratio in the LCX perfusion bed during ADS compared to baseline PVI ranged from 1.8 to 2.1, while the Doppler flow ratios in the LCX ranged from 2.0 to 4.2. When a greater than 70% diameter stenosis was present in the LCX, the PVI ratio during ADS compared to baseline ranged from 0.8 to 1.4 (P = 0.02; compared to PVI ratio without g70% stenosis), while the simultaneous Doppler ratios also decreased to a range of 0.5 to 2.8. There was a close correlation between Doppler flow ratios in the LCX and PMVI ratios during ADS (r = 0.75; p l 0.05). WT increased during ADS by 20% or greater in three of the six dogs despite a greater than 70% diameter stenosis. These data indicate that the background-subtracted PMVI produced with intravenous PESDA can identify abnormalities in coronary perfusion during ADS. This ultrasound contrast agent, therefore, could be a non-invasive method of determining myocardial perfusion abnormalities during adenosine stress echocardiography in humans.
Laser microdissection and mass spectrometry–based proteomics aids the diagnosis and typing of renal amyloidosis

Accurate diagnosis and typing of renal amyloidosis is critical for prognosis, genetic counseling, and treatment. Laser microdissection and mass spectrometry are emerging techniques for the analysis and diagnosis of many renal diseases. Here we present the results of laser microdissection and mass spectrometry performed on 127 cases of renal amyloidosis during 2008–2010. We found the following proteins in the amyloid deposits: immunoglobulin light and heavy chains, secondary reactive serum amyloid A protein, leukocyte cell–derived chemotaxin-2, fibrinogen-α chain, transthyretin, apolipoprotein A-I and A-IV, gelsolin, and β-2 microglobulin. Thus, laser microdissection of affected areas within the kidney followed by mass spectrometry provides a direct test of the composition of the deposit and forms a useful ancillary technique for the accurate diagnosis and typing of renal amyloidosis in a single procedure.
Prolactin, human nutrition and evolution, and the relation to cystic fibrosis.

Abstract Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal, genetically transmitted disease of Caucasian populations. Its prevalence is highest (ca 1:2000 live births) among Western and Central Europeans and their descendants. Major clinical symptoms are chronic, obstructive, pulmonary disease, impaired intestinal digestion and absorption and elevated concentration of salt in sweat. The last is important, not only for diagnosis, but because it is an example of an electrolyte transport defect present in other epithelial tissues. Numerous other clinical manifestations are generally present. The history of prolactin (PRL), especially its role in osmoregulation, is outlined and related to the symptomatology and electrolyte defect of CF. Data are presented showing the relation of PRL to regulation of sweat electrolytes and its presence and probable synthesis in the coil of the human sweat gland. The basic biochemical defect of CF has not yet been elucidated, but recent research has shown that it is probably an abnormality of a regulatory factor. We propose that PRL is a likely candidate. The large variety of functions of PRL, in particular the regulation of the transport of sodium and chloride across epithelial membranes, and the regulation of mucus production, can be matched to the major disease symptomatology. Additionally, every other one of the multiple abnormalities of CF can be associated with described activities of PRL. In lower vertebrates epithelial tissues regulated by PRL are phylogenetic progenitors of affected tissues in CF. In the human, these tissues contain cells of the Diffuse Neuroendocrine System, or APUD cells, that show PRL-like immunoreactivity, or overt synthesis of the hormone. Thus, the regulatory activity of these tissues could be paracrine. The geographic distribution and the dietary habits of early Caucasians are examined. It appears that the Neolithic revolution, with the necessity of adapting to agriculturally produced foods, i.e. milk and wheat, could have brought about the genetic selection of post-translational variants of PRL. It is suggested that the combination of two or more of these mutations in the same individual may be responsible for CF. This is illustrated with proposed models of CF inheritance. We conclude by postulating that PRL acts at the level of the target cell by triggering (in conjunction with a steroid) the gene expression of unique proteins; these act as intermediaries of PRL activity; two or more abnormalities of these proteins when present in an individual produce CF; the protein abnormalities are the consequence of nutritional and ecological pressure.
Printing the Regicide of Charles I

The execution of Charles I by the English republic on 30 January 1649 was the most unpopular political act of the seventeenth century. Yet within three weeks of Charles's death the leaders of the new government were ‘cheerful and well pleased’. This article explores one of the key reasons for their good mood: they had just managed a polemical triumph. In the weeks following the regicide, parliament and its supporters had justified the king's execution with a wide array of printed documents. Further, various government agents severely hampered the republic's opponents from printing their own missives, thereby creating a fairly clear space for the pro-regicide press. Although the long-term impact may have been limited, there can be little doubt that the English republic and its proponents asserted a potent case for regicide in early February 1649.
Infrared and Raman spectra of 1,2,5-thiadiazole

Abstract The infrared spectra of 1,2,5-thiadiazole and 1,2,5-thiadiazole-d2 in the gaseous and liquid states, have been measured between 4000 and 400 cm−1. The Raman spectrum of liquid 1,2,5-thiadiazole has also been obtained. An assignment of all the infrared active modes was based on the rotational envelope contours of the gas phase spectra, the isotope shift and the polarization measurements of the Raman spectrum. The two infrared inactive but Raman active A2 modes were not detected.
Mechanism of hypotension following rapid infusion of protamine sulfate in anesthetized dogs.

Protamine sulfate (PS), used to neutralize the anticoagulant effect of heparin, is often associated with systemic hypotension. Whether this hypotension is secondary to a depression of myocardial function is not clear. The present study tested the hypothesis that systemic hypotension was accompanied by a depression in myocardial function and examined the possible role of histamine in mediating the cardiovascular response to PS. Seven conditioned dogs were chronically instrumented with pressure and ultrasonic dimension transducers. Studies were conducted under halothane anesthesia 7 to 10 days after instrumentation. Cardiac contractility was assessed using the slope, Ees, of the linear regression of the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-diameter relationship. Intravenous infusion of PS, 5 mg/kg, when given in periods of less than 30 seconds, decreased systemic arterial pressure by 45% (from 101 +/- to 54 +/- 5 mm Hg) without change in heart rate. Cardiac output decreased by 22% from control and the slope Ees decreased by 37% (from 14.5 +/- 1.2 to 8.7 +/- 1.4 mm Hg/mm). Systemic vascular resistance decreased by 34% (from 2581 +/- 121 to 1712 +/- 200 dyne.s.cm-5). The cardiovascular depression caused by PS was transient and could not be reproduced by a repeated dose given within a 60-minute period. Antagonists of histamine (diphenhydramine and cimetidine) could not attenuate the PS-induced cardiovascular depression. This depression was independent of preheparinization and did not occur when PS was infused slowly over a 2-minute period. The data clearly demonstrate negative inotropic and vasodilator effects of PS following rapid administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Androgen-metabolizing enzymes show region-specific changes across the breeding season in the brain of a wild songbird.

The Lapland longspur (Calcarius lapponicus) is an arctic-breeding songbird that shows rapid behavioral changes during a short breeding season. Changes in plasma testosterone (T) in the spring are correlated with singing but not territorial aggression in males. Also, T treatment increases song but not aggression in this species. In contrast, in temperate-zone breeders, song and aggression are highly correlated, and both increase after T treatment. We asked whether regional or temporal differences in androgen-metabolizing enzymes in the longspur brain explain hormone-behavior patterns in this species. We measured the activities of aromatase, 5alpha-reductase and 5beta-reductase in free-living longspur males. Aromatase and 5alpha-reductase convert T into the active steroids 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT), respectively. 5beta-Reductase deactivates T via conversion to 5beta-DHT, an inactive steroid. We examined seven brain regions at three stages in the breeding season. Overall, aromatase activity was high in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and ventromedial telencephalon (containing nucleus taeniae, the avian homologue to the amygdala). 5beta-Reductase activity was high throughout the telencephalon. Activities of all three enzymes changed over time in a region-specific manner. In particular, aromatase activity in the rostral hypothalamus was decreased late in the breeding season, which may explain why T treatment at this time does not increase aggression. Changes in 5beta-reductase do not explain the effects of plasma T on aggressive behavior.
Cellulolytic and Xylanolytic Potential of High β-Glucosidase-Producing Trichoderma from Decaying Biomass

Availability, cost, and efficiency of microbial enzymes for lignocellulose bioconversion are central to sustainable biomass ethanol technology. Fungi enriched from decaying biomass and surface soil mixture displayed an array of strong cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities. Strains SG2 and SG4 produced a promising array of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes including β-glucosidase, usually low in cultures of Trichoderma species. Nucleotide sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of rRNA gene revealed that strains SG2 and SG4 are closely related to Trichoderma inhamatum, Trichoderma piluliferum, and Trichoderma aureoviride. Trichoderma sp. SG2 crude culture supernatant correspondingly displayed as much as 9.84 ± 1.12, 48.02 ± 2.53, and 30.10 ± 1.11 units mL−1 of cellulase, xylanase, and β-glucosidase in 30 min assay. Ten times dilution of culture supernatant of strain SG2 revealed that total activities were about 5.34, 8.45, and 2.05 orders of magnitude higher than observed in crude culture filtrate for cellulase, xylanase, and β-glucosidase, respectively, indicating that more enzymes are present to contact with substrates in biomass saccharification. In parallel experiments, Trichoderma species SG2 and SG4 produced more β-glucosidase than the industrial strain Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30. Results indicate that strains SG2 and SG4 have potential for low cost in-house production of primary lignocellulose-hydrolyzing enzymes for production of biomass saccharides and biofuel in the field.
Assembly of Ribonucleoproteins Involved in Viral RNA Trafficking

Oligomerization of the HIV-1 protein Rev on the Rev Response Element (RRE) regulates nuclear export of genomic viral RNA and partially spliced viral mRNAs encoding for structural proteins. Single-molecule fluorescence imaging has been used to dissect the multi-step assembly pathway of this essential ribonucleoprotein under physiologically relevant conditions, revealing dynamic intermediates and the mechanism of assembly. Assembly is initiated by binding of Rev to a high-affinity site in stem-loop IIB of the RRE and proceeds rapidly by addition of single Rev monomers, facilitated by cooperative Rev-Rev interactions on the RRE. Dwell time analysis of fluorescence trajectories recorded during individual Rev-RRE assembly reactions has revealed the microscopic rate constants for several of the Rev monomer binding and dissociation steps. The high-affinity binding of multiple Rev monomers to the RRE is achieved on a much faster time scale than reported in previous bulk kinetic studies of Rev-RRE association, indicating that oligomerization is an early step in complex assembly. In addition to Rev, a variety of cellular proteins are also required for nuclear export of the viral mRNA. Hence, the single-molecule imaging system has also been used to monitor Rev-RRE complex assembly in the presence of selected cellular cofactors.
Sputtered nickel oxide thin film for efficient hole transport layer in polymer–fullerene bulk-heterojunction organic solar cell

Bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPV) are very promising thin film renewable energy conversion technologies due to low production cost by high-throughput roll-to-roll manufacturing, an expansive list of compatible materials, and flexible device fabrication. An important aspect of OPV device efficiency is good contact engineering. The use of oxide thin films for this application offers increased design flexibility and improved chemical stability. Here we present our investigation of radio frequency magnetron sputtered nickel oxide (NiO{sub x}) deposited from oxide targets as an efficient, easily scalable hole transport layer (HTL) with variable work-function, ranging from 4.8 to 5.8 eV. Differences in HTL work-function were not found to result in statistically significant changes in open circuit voltage (V{sub oc}) for poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C{sub 61}-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) BHJ device. Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) characterization of the NiO{sub x} film and its interface with the polymer shows Fermi level alignment of the polymer with the NiO{sub x} film. UPS of the blend also demonstrates Fermi level alignment of the organic active layer with the HTL, consistent with the lack of correlation between V{sub oc} and HTL work-function. Instead, trends in j{sub sc}, V{sub oc}, and thus overall device performance are related to the surface treatmentmore » of the HTL prior to active layer deposition through changes in active layer thickness.« less
The representation of self through the dialogic properties of talk and conduct

It is a basic dialogical principle that the meaning of what is said or done is based on its similarities and especially its differences with other things that might have been said or done as relevantly instead, just then, just there. This makes what was actually said or done meaningful as a “choice” for all practical purposes, whether the actor made it consciously or not. And any choice a person makes (or is deemed to make) is revealing about what he or she had in mind — his or her intentions and wants, values and affects, character and qualities as a social being — that subjectively warranted producing what was said or done instead of one of the alternatives. What one’s talk and conduct reveal about what one had in mind constitutes a representation of one’s self as a social being. This representation is a persona, a “face” in Goffman’s sense. This representation is discursively, dialogically produced, such that actors’ talk and conduct will unavoidably produce a representation of themselves regardless of whether they intend it. Accordingly, persons who would not be expected to have such competence nonetheless produce representations of self, for example young children or impaired adults. Insofar as those representations are in the person’s self-interest, there is a warrant for considering that they have that competence after all. In contrast, persons who can be expected to have such competence may nonetheless produce representations that work against their self-interest by accident or deficiencies of performance. Arguably, it is an additional dimension of the representation of self that an actor produces, having to do with his or her competence, whether the representation seems to be intentional, and beyond that, artful or clever. I examine two cases to elaborate on the key propositions here: (a) that representations of self are produced whether intended or not, (b) that ones that seem to be intended because they are in the actor’s self-interest are evidence of his or her competence, and (c) that ones that seem unintentional because they are not in the actor’s self-interest are evidence of a performance lapse, or more broadly, deficiencies of competence. The first case is of two young children whose talk and conduct interactively produce representations of self that do serve their respective interests, and thus warrant reconsideration of the expressive and interactional competence of children of that age. The second is of a doctor in an urban clinic whose representation of self is not in his self-interest.
Interrelationships between fertility and marital dissolution: Results of a simultaneous logit model

Previous studies have failed to examine (a) the simultaneity of decisions to bear children and to dissolve a marriage and (b) the effects of the childbearing in the period just before dissolution on the likelihood of disruption. We attempted to resolve both problems by developing a simultaneous logit model of the interrelationship between the probability of separation and of having a birth during this period (when dissolution presumably is being considered). The model was estimated at successive durations of first marriage, using data for white women in the 1970 National Fertility Survey. The results indicate that childbearing patterns--number of children and age of youngest child at the beginning of the marital interval being studied and fertility during the interval--did not influence the likelihood of separation in simple or consistent ways over the marital life course, nor did marital strife (as indicated by separation) seem to affect childbearing throughout marriage.
A MODIFIED DELPHI TECHNIQUE FOR OBTAINING CONSENSUS ON INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH PRIORITIES

This article describes a modified Delphi technique for use in establishing research needs and priorities at the institutional level. Six steps comprise the technique: identification of needs, collection of rankings of the identified needs by institutional administrators, calculation of the rank of identified needs using an importance/consensus method, feedback of rankings to campus‐level administrators, planning of actions with campus administrators and reporting of developed plans to all administrators. The modified Delphi technique relies on individual or small‐group interviews during the first round of information gathering and relies on much more face‐to‐face interaction during later rounds of data analysis and reporting than does the traditional Delphi technique. It is suggested that this process is both efficient and effective as a method for obtaining institutional consensus on research needs and priorities.