cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Following the Leader: Race and Player Behavior in the 1987 NFL Strike

The NFL's decision to hold regularly scheduled games during the 1987 strike by the NFL Players' Association forced NFL players to choose between behaving in a manner consistent with either the union's objective (i.e., withholding labor) or the employing team's objective (i.e., supplying labor). In this chapter, we use data on player behavior during this strike to test the general proposition that a member of an organization will be more likely to behave in a manner that is consistent with the organization's objectives when the demographic traits, in particular race, of organizational leaders with whom the member has opportunities to interact regularly are similar to those of the member. Our findings suggest that having formal organizational leaders in the same racial category significantly influences the behavior of nonwhites, but not of whites. As hypothesized, the percent of the team?s coaches who are of the same race as the player has a significantly positive effect and having a team union representative of the same race has a significantly negative effect on the probability that a nonwhite player returns to work during the strike. Neither the percent of the team?s coaches who are of the same race as the player nor having a team union representative of the same race has a statistically significant effect on the choice made by white players. Our results also suggest that both white and nonwhite players are more likely to cross the picket line when a same-race peer leader crosses the picket line than when a different-race peer (team) leader crosses the picket line.
Risk creation, loss of chance, and legal liability

One can now only speculate as to the future of the law regarding risk creation and loss of chance. Freed from the moorings of the traditional rules in medical malpractice cases, courts are adopting a variety of approaches to this problem in a manner that approaches the idiosyncratic--the law is whatever it happens to be on any given day, in any given jurisdiction. Regrettably, until such time as uniform guiding principles are established, it appears that the laws governing the interaction between risk, causation, and liability will remain in a state of flux.
Organic nitrates in remote marine environments: Evidence for long range transport

This paper examines both in-situ production and long-range transport of urban air as sources of marine alkyl nitrates. It is shown that alkyl nitrates are produced fairly rapidly in urban settings and persist for long times. The transport from urban areas can lead to alkyl nitrate concentrations of 4-83 pptv after 120-240 hours. These levels are far higher than those possible from marine in-situ production. Additionally, alkyl nitrates may be more abundant than PAN in remote marine environments.
Spectral splitting and wave-function scaling in quasicrystalline and hierarchical structures

We give a comprehensive presentation of a renormalization-group theory for the study of a set of one-dimensional Schr\"odinger equations on quasicrystalline and hierarchical structures. Particular attention is focused on the spectral clustering and wave-function scaling properties. New results are given on (i) a general characterization of the wave functions, (ii) the scaling of the localized edge states, and (iii) a hierarchical-lattice implementation of the renormalization group.
Sociology as socioanalysis: Tales ofHomo Academicus

An unusually imaginative and productive thinker, French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu has, over the past three decades, produced one of the most ambitious and fertile bodies of sociological work of the postwar era. The sheer range and diversity of his investigations, however, have until recently hampered the efforts of Anglo-American readers to grasp its overarching unity and therefore its full originality. Spanning the anthropology of colonial Algeria, the sociology of language and culture (including education, science, literature and the arts, sports, taste, and religion), the analysis of class and politics, and the dissection of the theoretical and epistemological underpinnings of social science, Bourdieu's writings may, from the outside, seem eccentric and overly dispersed. They scarcely allow for easy entry; on the contrary, their scattered and daunting appearance has often encouraged superficial assimilation. Indeed, a quick survey of their reception in several areas of contemporary theory and research in the United States reveals a distinct pattern of fragmentation, misunderstanding, and selective ignorance. Beyond the intrinsic difficulty of Bourdieu's texts and, until recently, the erratic flow of translations, this laborious and truncated appropriationand, sometimes, outright expropriation-of Bourdieu in American sociology can be traced to a number of factors (Wacquant, 1989). Among them are the institutional and cognitive cleavages that structure the field of U.S. social science and inform the assimilation of foreign intellectual products; an oversight of the collective nature of Bourdieu's enterprise, due to the effect of the stereotype of the French "patron" and his "circle"; the relative unfamiliarity of American researchers with the Continental traditions of social
Activity of Quinolones Against Chlamydia pneumoniae

Quinolones are currently being used as empirical therapy for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and other respiratory infections as they cover a broad range of conventional bacterial and 'atypical' pathogens, including Chlamydia pneumoniae. C. pneumoniae has been associated with 10 to 20% of community-acquired pneumonia in adults and recently has been implicated as being associated with several nonrespiratory conditions, including atherosclerosis. However, data on the treatment of even respiratory infection due to C. pneumoniae are limited. Although currently available quinolones have good activity against C. pneumoniae in vitro, all published treatment studies have relied on serological diagnosis, thus microbiological efficacy has not been assessed. Anecdotal experience suggests that in vitro activity may not always correlate with efficacy in vivo.
Effect of parental mental health status on adolescents' dietary behaviors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore whether adolescents of substance-abusing and depressed parents were more likely to have poor dietary behaviors than those in the healthy comparison families. Methods: The sample consisted of 841 adolescents in families of substance-abusing parents, depressed parents, and parents without a diagnosable psychiatric disorder. All adolescents were given a food frequency questionnaire. Results: Adolescents whose parents had substance abuse disorder had lower intakes of fruits and higher intakes of high fat foods, and also ate more frequently at fast-food restaurants and purchased more snacks. Adolescents whose parents were depressed had lower intakes of all food groups. Mother's mental health status impacted more on adolescents' dietary behaviors than did the father's mental health status. Conclusion: This research suggests that at-risk behaviors among youth of psychiatrically impaired parents may extend to food behaviors.
Regional Estimation of Base Recharge to Ground Water Using Water Balance and a Base‐Flow Index

Naturally occurring long-term mean annual base recharge to ground water in Nebraska was estimated with the help of a water-balance approach and an objective automated technique for base-flow separation involving minimal parameter-optimization requirements. Base recharge is equal to total recharge minus the amount of evapotranspiration coming directly from ground water. The estimation of evapotranspiration in the water-balance equation avoids the need to specify a contributing drainage area for ground water, which in certain cases may be considerably different from the drainage area for surface runoff. Evapotranspiration was calculated by the WREVAP model at the Solar and Meteorological Surface Observation Network (SAMSON) sites. Long-term mean annual base recharge was derived by determining the product of estimated long-term mean annual runoff (the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration) and the base-flow index (BFI). The BFI was calculated from discharge data obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey's gauging stations in Nebraska. Mapping was achieved by using geographic information systems (GIS) and geostatistics. This approach is best suited for regional-scale applications. It does not require complex hydrogeologic modeling nor detailed knowledge of soil characteristics, vegetation cover, or land-use practices. Long-term mean annual base recharge rates in excess of 110 mm/year resulted in the extreme eastern part of Nebraska. The western portion of the state expressed rates of only 15 to 20 mm annually, while the Sandhills region of north-central Nebraska was estimated to receive twice as much base recharge (40 to 50 mm/year) as areas south of it.
THE NEW URBANISM: WHERE AND FOR WHOM? INVESTIGATION OF AN EMERGENT PARADIGM

New Urbanism has diffused rapidly, transforming landscapes across the United States. This paper is primarily an empirical examination of what the New Urbanism is, where these developments are found, and for whom they are being built. The empirical focus is contextualized by an analysis that emphasizes the timeliness of the New Urbanism movement but cautions against its uncritical adoption. Three maps that show the prevalence of New Urbanism by region, state, and individual project are discussed with the objective of explaining, in part, its geographical distribution. Advocates claim that New Urbanism “is good for everyone.” In contrast, I argue that it may benefit many people in the long run, but that in the short term, it favors design professionals, developers, and upper-class homebuyers. [Key words: New Urbanism (NU), urban landscape, residential development.]
Identification of novel in vitro protein kinase A phosphorylation sites on recombinant non-muscle myosin light chain kinase: Nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methodology

Protein phosphorylation is a key event in endothelial cell signaling and barrier regulation. We previously demonstrated that the non-muscle myosin light chain kinase (nmMLCK) isoform present in endothelium (1914aa) is a multi-functional enzyme which drives the participation of the actin cytoskeleton in vascular barrier regulation, trafficking of inflammatory cells into the lung, and susceptibility to sepsis-induced acute lung injury. The activity of the nmMLCK isoform is differentially regulated by both Ser/Thr and Tyr phosphorylation; however, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated nmMLCK phosphorylation exerts paradoxical effects on kinase activity depending on the exact Ser/Thr sites. To address this conundrum, we mapped in vitro phosphorylation sites of nmMLCK catalyzed by the catalytic unit of PKA using data-dependent nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. High mass-accuracy MS and optimized biochemical protocols identified 26 novel nmMLCK1 PKA p...
Tyrosine-to-Cysteine Modification of Human α-Synuclein Enhances Protein Aggregation and Cellular Toxicity

The deposition of α-synuclein and other cellular proteins in Lewy bodies in midbrain dopamine neurons is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. Nitrative and oxidative stress can induce α-synuclein protein aggregation, possibly initiated by the formation of stable cross-linking dimers. To determine whether enhanced dimer formation can accelerate protein aggregation and increase cellular toxicity, we have substituted cysteine for tyrosine at positions 39, 125, 133, and 136 in human wild-type (WT) α-synuclein, and in A53T and A30P mutant α-synuclein. To reduce the likelihood of cross-linking, phenylalanine was substituted for tyrosine at the same sites. We have found that overexpression of Y39C or Y125C mutant proteins leads to increased intracellular inclusions and apoptosis in a rat dopaminergic cell line (N27 cells) and in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Expression of Y133C, Y136C, and all four Tyr-to-Phe mutations were not more cytotoxic than WT control. Exposure to oxidative stress increased Y39C and Y125C α-synuclein aggregation and toxicity. Dimers and oligomers were found in Triton X-100-soluble fractions from adenovirus-mediated overexpression of Y39C and Y125C in N27 cells. In contrast, WT β-synuclein and all four Tyr-to-Cys mutant β-synucleins did not cause protein aggregation and cell death. We conclude that cysteine substitution at critical positions in the α-synuclein molecule can increase dimer formation and accelerate protein aggregation and cellular toxicity of α-synuclein.
An identifiability-based access control model for privacy protection in open systems

We argue that in open systems one's private information disclosure needs to be dynamically controlled based on both its sensitivity and the possibility that a user's identity is revealed. Then we propose an identifiability-based access control scheme, which not only properly control usrers' private information, but also increase users' access to web services.
BRCA1 RING domain cancer-predisposing mutations. Structural consequences and effects on protein-protein interactions.

Cancer-predisposing missense mutations in the RING domain of BRCA1 primarily target Zn2+-liganding residues. Here we report on the structural consequences of such mutations introduced into the second Zn2+ site (Site II) of the BRCA1 RING domain and their effect on the interaction with the BARD1 RING domain. Each of the BRCA1 Site II mutants still interact and form a stable heterodimer with BARD1. Limited proteolysis of BRCA1/BARD1 complexes, monitored by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight spectrometry, show that the mutations cause a local structural perturbation that is primarily confined to the second Zn2+ binding loop of the BRCA1 subunit. These findings are consistent with the structure of the BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer, which shows this region is well removed from the helices required for dimerization with BARD1. Instead, the mutations alter a region of BRCA1 that appears to be required for interaction with ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes.
Chlorogenic acid as a competitive inhibitor of indoleacetic acid oxidase.

Abstract An enzyme system oxidizing indoleacetic acid was isolated from pea epicotyls. It had an optimal activity at pH 5.6. Chlorogenic acid was a competitive inhibitor for the oxidase in vitro. Caffeic acid inhibited IAA oxidase in a noncompetitive fashion, and quinic acid, the other moiety of chlorogenic acid, was inactive.
Development of the female reproductive system and effect of males on oöcyte production in Sitona cylindricollis (Coleoptera : Curculionidae).

Periodic dissections of adult female Sitona cylindricollis Fahraeus showed that the reproductive system remains underdeveloped and unproductive prior to hibernation. Only overwintered females showed fully developed and productive systems. Separation of males from females of the overwintered, producing populations showed that very frequent or continuous contact with males is necessary for sustained production of oocytes and eggs by females. Separation of the sexes for very brief periods leads to gaps in the chains of oocytes; longer periods cause complete cessation of oocyte production.
Theoretical analysis of kinetic effects on the quantitative comparison of Kd values and contaminant retardation factors

Abstract Distribution coefficients (Kd values) describe contaminant partitioning between liquids and solids for linear sorption at equilibrium conditions. If experimentally-determined Kd values do not represent sorption equilibria, errors are introduced in contaminant transport models. These errors may be further propagated when Kd values are used to compare contaminant mobility under different chemical solution conditions. Our theoretical analysis based on pseudo-first order sorption kinetics shows that, independent if two systems have the same or different sorption kinetics, relative comparisons of Kd values and retardation factors are always affected by sorption times under non-equilibrium conditions. The time-frames required for attaining constant Kd values are not only dependent on kinetic sorption characteristics, but also the equilibrium Kd values approached. The type of kinetic errors introduced is affected by the specific differences in sorption kinetics and equilibrium Kd values between the two systems. For systems with the same sorption kinetics, relative increases or decreases in contaminant velocities are always underestimated. In case of different kinetics, either an under- or overestimation of relative differences seems possible. Experimental sorption times should aim to equilibrate the system with the highest Kd value for systems with comparable kinetics, and the system with the slowest sorption kinetics for different kinetics.
Seven new rare-earth transition-metal oxychalcogenides: Syntheses and characterization of Ln4MnOSe6 (Ln=La, Ce, Nd), Ln4FeOSe6 (Ln=La, Ce, Sm), and La4MnOS6

Abstract The quaternary oxychalcogenides Ln4MnOSe6 (Ln=La, Ce, Nd), Ln4FeOSe6 (Ln=La, Ce, Sm), and La4MnOS6 have been synthesized by the reactions of Ln (Ln=La, Ce, Nd, Sm), M (M=Mn, Fe), Se, and SeO2 at 1173 K for the selenides or by the reaction of La2S3 and MnO at 1173 K for the sulfide. Warning: These reactions frequently end in explosions. These isostructural compounds crystallize with two formula units in space group C 6 v 4 – P 6 3 mc of the hexagonal system. The cell constants (a, c in A) at 153 K are: La4MnOSe6, 9.7596(3), 7.0722(4); La4FeOSe6, 9.7388(4), 7.0512(5); Ce4MnOSe6, 9.6795(4), 7.0235(5); Ce4FeOSe6, 9.6405(6), 6.9888(4); Nd4MnOSe6, 9.5553(5), 6.9516(5); Sm4FeOSe6, 9.4489(5), 6.8784(5); and La4MnOS6, 9.4766(6), 6.8246(6). The structure of these Ln4MOQ6 compounds comprises a three-dimensional framework of interconnected LnOQ7 bicapped trigonal prisms, MQ6 octahedra, and the unusual LnOQ6 tricapped tetrahedra.
Endothelium-dependent pulmonary artery vasorelaxation is dysfunctional in males but not females after acute lung injury.

Background Mortality after acute respiratory distress syndrome is higher in males than in females. Gender differences in pulmonary vascular reactivity and local inflammatory response may explain this disparity. We hypothesized that endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasorelaxation is impaired in males and that this effect is related to differences in local inflammatory cytokine expression from the pulmonary vasculature. Methods Pulmonary artery (PA) rings (n = 12-16 per group) were isolated from adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats treated with endotoxin (Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide, 20 mg/kg IP) or vehicle (0.9% normal saline), and connected to force transducers for measurement of isometric force displacement. Dose-response curves (0.01-10 μmol/L) to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine and the endothelium-independent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside were generated. PA rings were also evaluated for inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin 1β messenger RNA (mRNA) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results Endotoxin had no effect on the maximum PA contraction in males (564.4 ± 37.37 mg vs 633.3 ± 54.67 mg vehicle) or females (446.3 ± 20.00 mg vs 444.2 ± 33.02 mg vehicle), but endothelium-dependent vasodilation was significantly decreased in males (47.49 ± 5.63% vs 77.61 ± 9.41% vehicle). Endothelium-independent vasodilation remained intact during endotoxemia. Endotoxin increased the PA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA, but there was no gender difference. There was no change in expression of PA tumor necrosis factor, whereas endotoxemic males, but not females, had increased interleukin 1β mRNA, compared with vehicle. Conclusions These results suggest that sepsis-induced vascular dysfunction differs between males and females, and, therefore, treatment of acute lung injury may require gender-specific therapies.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip treated with Mohs micrographic surgery: Outcome at 5 years

Abstract Background: Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is believed to be a highly effective treatment of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lip. Objective: The goals of our study were to determine the long-term (5-year) outcome of patients treated with MMS for SCC of the lip and to identify factors associated with tumor recurrence. Methods: Clinical and histopathologic data from 50 consecutive cases of SCC of the lip treated with MMS were retrospectively reviewed. Results: There were no tumor-related deaths or metastases. Forty-six patients (92%) remained free of disease. Four patients (8%) were diagnosed with SCC at the surgical site after MMS. Recurrent lesions tended to be superficial and occurred in the setting of severe actinic cheilitis. The average time to diagnosis after MMS was 2.5 years. All patients with recurrent disease were treated with further MMS and had successful results. No recurrences were seen among patients who received adjuvant treatment for actinic cheilitis with the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser, had clinical lesions 1 cm or less in diameter, or had post-MMS defects 2 cm or less in diameter. Conclusion: MMS is highly effective for treating both primary and recurrent SCC of the lip. Treatment of coexisting actinic cheilitis may lower the risk for local recurrence after MMS.(J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:960-6.)
Radiation Effects on Piezoresistive Accelerometers

This paper describes the results of combined neutron and gamma ray irradiation tests conducted on two makes of piezoresistive accelerometers. Units were irradiated to total neutron doses of 7 X 1013, 5 X 1014, and 5 X 1015neutronscm2. One make, Bytrex, Inc. Model AV 1000, operated satisfactorily at all doses.
An update measure of supervisor-rated job performance for programmer/analysis

In this research an updated measure of job performance is proposed. The measure is based on the work of Arvey and Hoyle (1974) and is modified to meet the changes in MIS jobs over the last several years. The eighteen item job performance measure was given to 238 programmer/analysts and their supervisors at a large company. A factor analysis of the items yielded a five factor model of performance composed of: overall performance, communication skills, job attitude, business knowledge, and technical skills. The factors were found to be both reliable and valid. Relationships among the factors, and between the factors and both demographic variables and work satisfaction, are explored.
Rapid Aquisition Signal Design in a Multiple-Access Environment

Acquisition in a communication receiver is the operation of determining the arrival time of a transmitted periodic timing marker. This is generally accomplished by sending a known acquisition waveform to aid in the arrival time measurement. Certain classes of waveforms are called rapid acquisition waveforms and are advantageous for reducing the time to acquire when sequential methods are used. A multiple-access acquisition environment occurs when a multiplicity of transmitter-receivers are attempting to each individually perform an acquisition operation, each pair interfering with all others. In this paper, a study is made of the interference effects when rapid acquisition techniques are used in a multiple-access environment. The prime object is to determine the manner in which the actual acquisition waveform structure effects the overall system performance. When interference variance is used as a criterion, it is shown that rapid acquisition waveforms made up of component waveforms having disjoint, flat, wideband spectra produce minimal interference. The result suggests the use of coded tone acquisition waveforms. The results have primary application to ranging, surveillance, or navigation operations performed in a many-user situation.
COMMUNICATING THE UTILITY OF HUMAN RESOURCE ACTIVITIES: A SURVEY OF I/O AND HR PROFESSIONALS

A national survey of industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists and other human resource (HR) specialists was conducted to examine experiences with and attitudes about utility estimates. Forty-six percent of respondents who had presented a HR activity to management (N = 192) reported using utility estimates. Results suggest that utility estimation in dollars provides but one of several means of expressing value. Areas for researchers to explore that may aid in the use of utility analysis by I/O and HR professionals are presented.
Rationality, Reasonableness, and Critical Rationalism: Problems with the Pragma-dialectical View

A major virtue of the Pragma-Dialectical theory of argumentation is its commitment to reasonableness and rationality as central criteria of argumentative quality. However, the account of these key notions offered by the originators of this theory, Frans van Eemeren and Rob Grootendorst, seems to us problematic in several respects. In what follows we criticize that account and suggest an alternative, offered elsewhere, that seems to us to be both independently preferable and more in keeping with the epistemic approach to arguments and argumentation we favor.
The observed hazard and multicomponent systems

Abstract : Let X denote the life of some system. We define the observed hazard rate at time t, call it R(t), as the instantaneous probability (density) of failure of X at time t given survival up to t and given a complete description of the system state at t. We conjecture that the total observed hazard--namely, the integral of R(t)dt from the limits of 0 to x--is an exponential random variable with mean 1 and verify this for the special case when X is the distribution of system life of an n component system having an arbitrary monotone structure function. (Author)
A factor analysis of mechanical ability tests

The intercorrelations of thirty-seven variables, including the Minnesota battery of “mechanical ability” tests, the seven MacQuarrie tests of “mechanical ability,” O'Connor's Wiggly blocks, and the Stenquist picture-matching test, were analyzed by Thurstone's centroid method. Five factors, Perceptual, Verbal, Youth, Manual Agility, and Spatial, were taken out. Factors prominent in so-called mechanical ability tests are the Spatial and Perceptual ones with Mac-Quarrie's dotting test significantly high in the Manual Agility factor. Each of the factors can be measured with group pencil-and-paper tests.
Field evaluation of wood bark-based down-flow biofilters for mitigation of odor, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide emissions from confined swine nursery barns.

Two down-flow wood bark-based biofilters were evaluated for their effectiveness in treating odor, NH3 and H2S under actual swine farm conditions. The water requirement for maintaining proper media moisture contents (MC) under different ventilation rates and intervals were determined. The effect of media depth and MC on the biofilters' performance was also evaluated. The aerodynamic resistance on biofilters was studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. Water requirements for biofilters were obtained in the range of 3.8–556.0 L/m3/d for ventilation duration of 1–24 h/d (depending on the age of the pig and environmental conditions). The highest reductions in odor, NH3 and H2S, obtained in this study at empty bed residence times (EBRT) of 1.6–3.1 s, were 73.5–76.9%, 95.2–97.9% and 95.8–100.0%, respectively. The pressure drop was 28.8–68.8 Pa for a media depth of 381 mm at an EBRT of 1.6–3.1 s and an MC of 64–65%. The pressure drop followed a secondary order polynomial line with both airflow rate and media MC (R2 = 0.927–0.982). The results of odor, NH3 and H2S reduction efficiency and pressure drop suggest a media depth of ≥254 mm, MC ≥ 35–50% and EBRT of 2–3 s for successful operations of the wood bark-based biofilters. A high correlation was found between the measured and predicted pressured drops obtained using CFD software (R2 = 0.921, RMSE = 0.145).
Infective endocarditis due to fusobacterium nucleatum: Case report and review of the literature

Endocarditis caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum is exceedingly rare. We report a case of F. nucleatum right-sided endocarditis in a patient with no known intravenous drug abuse. A detailed computer and manual search of the literature using Med-Line and Index Medicus, respectively, revealed a total of five cases of endocarditis due to this species. The clinical characteristics and the patient's hospital course are summarized and reviewed.
Structural Variation Induced by Different Nucleotides at the Cleavage Site of the Hammerhead Ribozyme

The hammerhead ribozyme is capable of cleaving RNA substrates at 5' UX 3' sequences (where the cleavage site, X, can be A, C, or U). Hammerhead complexes containing dC, dA, dI, or rG nucleotides at the cleavage site have been studied by NMR. The rG at the cleavage site forms a Watson-Crick base pair with C3 in the conserved core of the hammerhead, indicating that rG substrates inhibit the cleavage reaction by stabilizing an inactive conformation of the molecule. Isotope-edited NMR experiments on the hammerhead complexes show that there are different short proton-proton distances between neighboring residues depending upon whether there is a dC or dA at the cleavage site. These NMR data demonstrate that there are significant differences in the structure and/or dynamics of the active-site residues in these hammerhead complexes. Molecular dynamics calculations were used to model the conformations of the cleavage-site variants consistent with the NMR data. The solution conformations of the hammerhead ribozyme-substrate complexes are compared with the X-ray structure of the hammerhead ribozyme and are used to help understand the thermodynamic and kinetic differences among the cleavage-site variants.
Darwin's barnacles, dickens's little Dorrit, and the social uses of Victorian seaside studies

(1999). Darwin's barnacles, dickens's little Dorrit, and the social uses of Victorian seaside studies. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 327-347.
A BEAM PULSE STRETCHER OF THE SYNCHRO-CYCLOTRON

Abstract A r.f. beam pulse stretcher has been applied successfully to the Carnegie Institute of Technology 450 MeV synchrocyclotron. The beam pulses are stretched completely. The duty factors are almost unity for the long time scale and less than two for the nanosecond time scale due to the phase bunch. The beam loss is 30–40 percent of the bunched beam.
Parental role in decision making about pediatric cardiac transplantation: familial and ethical considerations.

Parents of children with complex or terminal heart conditions often face agonizing decisions about cardiac transplantation. There are differences in the level of involvement that parents prefer when making such decisions. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe parents’ preferences for their roles in decisions related to cardiac transplantation. A prospective ethnographic method was used to study 24 parents of 15 children prior to their decision of accepting or rejecting the transplant option for their children. Findings revealed that the style of parent decision making ranged from a desire to make an independent, autonomous choice to a wish for an authoritarian, paternalistic choice. Nurses and physicians can best support families in this situation, showing sensitivity to the steps that parents use to make their decisions. An ethical model of decision making is proposed that includes respect for differences in beliefs and values of all persons involved in the transplantation discussion. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in the detritivore caddisfly Limnephillus sp. exposed to low pH & aluminum

Respiration and excretion were measured relative to pH and aluminum in three nymphal weight groups of a detritivore caddisfly. Although a reduction in respiration rates was consistently observed within all stages exposed to a pH of 4 and 0.3 mg 1−1 of aluminum, the differencewas not statistically significant among treatments. Excretion rates, on the other hand, were significantly increased throughout the low pH treatment, but not when exposed to low pH and aluminum combined. The derived O:N ratios indicate low pH causes a shift to a protein-oriented metabolism which was most pronounced in the smallest size group. Aluminum mitigates this effect.
Force-momentum fields in a dual-jet flow

Measurements of mean velocity, mean flow direction, normal turbulent stress in the direction of flow, and mean static pressure are reported for the subsonic flow field generated by identical twin jets of air issuing from parallel slot nozzles in a common wall and mixing turbulently with ambient room air. At the low nozzle velocity employed (72ft./sec), the two-dimensional plano-symmetric flow was effectively incompressible. Since the end walls prevented interjet air entrainment from the surroundings, a region of highly convergent flow was formed near the nozzles. In this region, contour maps clearly reveal (1) the sub-atmospheric static pressure through that accounts for the jet convergence, (2) a free stagnation point on the plane of symmetry, (3) stable symmetrical contrarotary vortices which recycle air on the concave side of each converging jet, and (4) the super-atmospheric static pressure mound that redirects the merging jet streams in a common downstream direction. Comparisons are made between the development of the flow, in both the region of jet convergence and the region of combined jet flow, and that of the single-jet counterpart which was previously reported.
An energy estimation framework for event-based methods in Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is a set of techniques used to estimate the electricity consumed by individual appliances in a building from measurements of the total electrical consumption. Most commonly, NILM works by first attributing any significant change in the total power consumption (also known as an event) to a specific load and subsequently using these attributions (i.e. the labels for the events) to estimate energy for each load. For this last step, most published work in the field makes simplifying assumptions to make the problem more tractable. In this paper, we present a framework for creating appliance models based on classification labels and aggregate power measurements that can help to relax many of these assumptions. Our framework automatically builds models for appliances to perform energy estimation. The model relies on feature extraction, clustering via affinity propagation, perturbation of extracted states to ensure that they mimic appliance behavior, creation of finite state models, correction of any errors in classification that might violate the model, and estimation of energy based on corrected labels. We evaluate our framework on 3 houses from standard datasets in the field and show that the framework can learn data-driven models based on event labels and use that to estimate energy with lower error margins (e.g., 1.1–42.3%) than when using the heuristic models used by others.
Pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 regulates Aurora kinase A activity

Pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1), a transforming gene highly expressed in several cancers, is a mammalian securin protein regulating both G1/S and G2/M phases. Using protein array screening, we showed PTTG1 interacting with Aurora kinase A (Aurora-A), and confirmed the interaction using co-immunoprecipitation, His-tagged pull-down assays and intracellular immunofluorescence colocalization. PTTG1 transfection into HCT116 cells prevented Aurora-A T288 autophosphorylation, inhibited phosphorylation of the histone H3 Aurora-A substrate and resulted in abnormally condensed chromatin. PTTG1-null cell proliferation was more sensitive to Aurora-A knock down and to Aurora kinase Inhibitor III treatment. The results indicate that PTTG1 and Aurora-A interact to regulate cellular responses to anti-neoplastic drugs. PTTG1 knockdown is therefore a potential approach to improve the efficacy of tumor Aurora kinase inhibitors.
Deriving better questions : creating better clinical instruction

However, after many hours of observing clinical and ward teaching, I have some concerns about the natural use of questions by doctors as they teach. Certainly, questions are a part of their toolbox. But are these questions always pedagogically sound? Will they engage students at the proper intellectual and critical levels? Are they enhancing educational activities? Good teachers use good questions to create significant learning experiences Practical teaching
Spouse Control and Type 2 Diabetes Management: Moderating Effects of Dyadic Expectations for Spouse Involvement

For married patients, chronic illness management often includes involvement of their spouses. We examined expectations regarding spouse involvement in the health of a partner with type 2 diabetes (N = 139 couples) from the perspectives of the patient and spouse. Partners' dyadic expectations and spouses' gender were posited to moderate spouses' diet-related control and patients' diet adherence. Among male patients, when both partners shared an expectation for spouse involvement greater diet-related spouse control was associated with better diet adherence of patients. In contrast, when expectations for spouse involvement were not shared, greater spouse control by wives was associated with poorer diet adherence. Dyadic expectations for spouse involvement did not moderate the association between spouse control and diet adherence among female patients. Findings suggest that shared expectations for spouse involvement can facilitate spouses' attempts to improve patients' dietary adherence, especially among male patients and their wives.
The liver in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A clinical and histologic study

We reviewed the clinical data and hepatic histologic findings of 25 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who underwent 29 liver biopsies. Our experience indicates that the only hepatic feature characteristic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is serologic evidence of exposure to the hepatitis B virus. The most common histologic finding was macrovesicular steatosis. Granulomas appeared in seven patients and were due to mycobacterial disease (3 patients), histoplasmosis (1 patient), adverse reaction to sulfonamide (2 patients) and unknown causes (1 patient). The clinical indication for liver biopsy was not significantly different in the patients without or with granulomas or with granulomas secondary to mycobacteria or fungi. Mycobacteria were cultured from all histologically positive specimens and one histologically negative specimen. Liver biopsy should be performed in any patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who has unexplained fever, hepatomegaly or abnormal results of serum biochemical liver tests, and all specimens should be stained and cultured for mycobacteria and fungi.
Reinnervation of the Rat Bladder With a Somatic Nerve and a Striated Muscle Flap

AbstractPurpose: Current techniques of ventral sacral root stimulation to regain voluntary motor control of the decentralized urinary bladder depend upon intact parasympathetic innervation of the detrusor. We investigated techniques that might allow restoration of motor control of the bladder after efferent parasympathetic impairment.Materials and Methods: In a chronic rat model, we evaluated whether motor control of a peripherally denervated bladder could be restored by transplantation of autologous excitable tissues and subsequent electrostimulation. Either a somatic nerve or a striated muscle flap was used as the transplant.Results: Four months after the initial surgery, electrostimulation of the somatic nerve implant provoked bladder contractions—a response that was blocked by atropine. Stimulation of the nerve innervating the striated muscle flap also provoked bladder contractions; these were not affected by atropine and were slightly reduced by hexamethonium.Conclusion: Reinnervation of the bladder ...
Resonant Raman studies of confined LO modes and interface modes in a small-period GaAs/AlAs superlattice.

Resonant Raman scattering has been used to study the confined LO modes and interface modes near the lowest direct band gap of a GaAs/AlAs superlattice. We have studied the polarization dependence of the resonance profiles in detail. The peak positions of the polarized and depolarized resonance profiles are not the same. When the laser is polarized along (110) or (11-bar0), we see an interference effect for some of these modes similar to that seen by Menendez and Cardona in bulk GaAs. In bulk GaAs, this interference is an intrinsic effect. In superlattices, this effect is a violation of the selection rules for confined LO modes; we attribute this ''forbidden'' scattering by confined LO modes to an impurity-induced Froehlich mechanism.
Determination of noise source height, part I: The measurement of equivalent acoustic source height above a reflecting surface

Abstract This is the first of two companion papers which describe the measurement of the equivalent noise source height on highway vehicles. The first paper considers the measurement method, and the second its application to highway vehicles. This paper shows how measurements may be made of the equivalent source height of a distribution of sources above a reflecting plane. First the equivalent point source position is defined for an arbitrary distribution of acoustic sources. The effects of source directionality and the impedance of the reflecting surface are also discussed. A measurement method is proposed which minimizes the effect of horizontal source mislocation and ground impedance. This method is then used to measure the equivalent height of a number of source distributions, and is shown to be accurate over the frequency range 200–2500 Hz for sources which are less than 2.5 m above the ground.
Interpretation Of Topographic Relief From Digital Multispectral Imagery

Oblique illumination of irregular topography generates a pattern of highlighting and shadow as slopes facing the solar beam receive direct illumination, and as those on opposite sides of ridges are shadowed. On remotely sensed images these patterns appear as alternating dark and bright regions that reveal approximate positions of ridges and valleys. Knowledge of scene-specific variables (such as sun angle and elevation), general knowledge of geomorphology, atmospheric scattering, and spectral characteristics of landscapes permits reconstruction of the topography from its manifestation on the image. Raw image data record combined effects of topography, atmosphere, and varied spectral reflections of surface materials as a single image. Our interpretation procedure isolates brightnesses caused by direct and indirect illumination, varied material reflectances, and topographic modulation. From varied brightnesses caused by direct and indirect illumination, positions of ridges and valleys can be approximated. From variations in material reflectance, large rivers (channels with large areas of open water) can be detected. Finally, relative elevations can be estimated from analysis of drainage and ridge patterns using a strategy of "elevation growing" that assigns increasing elevation values to pixels as they are positioned at greater distances from rivers or other valley pixels already assigned elevations. Elevations along directions perpendicular to valleys increase as they climb towards the ridges interpreted from the shadow pattern. The result is an image that approximates the patterns of relief of the original topography.
Distance Education in the Business Aviation Industry: Issues and Opportunities

The purpose of this research is to understand the expectations and behaviors of business aviation pilots toward online learning. The authors believe that the company able to offer an integrated, individualized and useful online training experience will gain a significant competitive advantage. To that end, the authors have researched and synthesized studies that are currently available and relate to this important future product. In addition, an exploratory survey of business aviation pilots and interviews with key aviation industry players are used to determine current attitudes and expectations toward online learning. The scope of this paper will be limited to exploring the niche market of business aviation pilots using the aviation training company CAE SimuFlite and their new Simfinity TM . technology. However, the authors consider the concepts discussed to be applicable to all business aviation pilots.
Length distributions in metallic alloys.

We use the embedded-atom potential of Johnson to compute the length-distribution functions for a large number of fcc binary metallic alloys. From these distributions, we extract the mean lengths of the nearest-neighbor bonds, which compare well with recent EXAFS experiment in Ni x Au 1-x or with mean lattice parameter as determined by diffraction experiments
Sex ratios and social evolution

Dusing's basic insight into how sex ratios evolve has been developed into a wide-ranging and successful theory that predicts both the conventional 1:1 sex ratios and numerous extraordinary ones. A surprising amount of the evidence has come from haplodiploid Hymenopteran insects, though many of these effects can also be found in other organisms, even where chromosomal sex determination mechanisms would seem to lock them into 1:1 sex ratios. Most important, this seemingly arcane topic has played very prominent roles in the development of game theory, in the debate over group selection, in supporting kin selection and parent-offspring conflict, and in the field of within-organism conflict. Many biological advances will require high tech instrumentation and deeper probing into molecular mechanisms of model organisms. But there remains room for a good theory, for adroit choice of non-standard organisms, and even for simple counting.
A basic inequality for the Stokes operator related to the Navier boundary condition

We show that ‖Au+Δu‖L2(Ωe)⩽C(e‖∇u‖L2(Ωe)+‖u‖L2(Ωe)), where Ωe is a thin domain in R3 of depth e, the vector field u belongs to the domain of A, which is the Stokes operator for divergence-free vector fields on Ωe satisfying the Navier boundary condition.
Analysis and Refinement of a Method for Numerically Modeling Deep- Penetration Welding Processes Using Geometric Constraints

A detailed analysis and refinement of a method of numerically modeling deep-penetration welding processes using geometric constraints based on boundary information obtained experimentally is presented. The general features of the numerical method have been described previously. This paper considers issues concerning accurate numerical calculation of temperature and velocity fields in regions of the melt pool where the flow of fluid is characterized by quasi-stationary Stokes flow. It is this region of the melt pool that is closest to the heat-affected zone and that represents a significant fraction of the fusion zone.
Left knee prosthesis-related Mycobacterium goodii infection

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria are increasingly being recognized as important human pathogens. We present the case of a 44-year-old non-diabetic male who underwent left total knee arthroplasty for degenerative arthritis after trauma. He developed left knee swelling and progressively worsening pain over the next 4 weeks. He was referred for treatment using whirlpool baths and developed a blister at the surgical incision site. Repeated aspirations of the left knee failed to show any growth of organism on routine cultures. He finally underwent explantation of the left knee prosthesis with antimicrobial spacer placement 4 months later. Cultures of three different intra-operative specimens turned positive for Mycobacterium goodii. This infection was successfully treated with combination oral antimicrobials for 6 months. The patient underwent revision left knee arthroplasty subsequently and was symptom-free until his last follow-up visit 1 year later. This patient highlights the importance of testing for mycobacteria in prosthesis-related infections with previously negative routine bacterial cultures.