cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classroom Computer Capsule

where wiy) is the winding number of the curve y around the point zQ. We will study the case for which fiz) = 1 and z0 = 0; even in this case, students have problems with the idea that the integral of 1/(2iriz) around a closed curve should be an integer that counts the number of trips around the origin. The library of "demo" programs in fiz) includes one that is intended to illustrate the Cauchy integral formula, but it is not especially effective as the first illustration. We assume that you will prepare your own demonstration page with the features shown in Figure 1: separate screens to show the z plane, the integrand, and the integral, suitably positioned, sized, scaled, and labeled, with five circles selected in the domain, some of which contain the origin, and some of which do not. The tic marks on the axes in each picture are at one unit from 0 in each direction. The preparation requires one additional step: In the Circles menu, change the default n-gon approximation to each circle to n = 720. This will reduce the step size in the numerical integration (Euler's method) enough to make the graphical answer really look like an integer. Lesson. Load your Cauchy integral formula page, and press the "draw" key. The dynamics of the drawing are at least as important as the finished product. The five circles are drawn one at a time, smallest first. As each circle is drawn in the left picture, the inversion appears simultaneously in the right picture and the integral
The Role of Ecosystems in Building Climate Change Resilience and Reducing Greenhouse Gases

The fourth assessment report of the Nobel-prize winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a synthesis of hundreds of peer reviewed scientific studies and concludes that human-induced climatic change is already occurring (IPCC 2007). Observed impacts range from longer growing seasons in temperate to polar zones; changes in the timing of plant bud break, bird migrations, and egg-laying; to poleward and upward shifts in ranges in plant and animal species (IPCC 2007). Projected changes have varying degrees of associated uncertainty, but include warmer temperatures, changes in the amount and distribution and intensity of rainfall, potential changes in hurricane and cyclone frequency and intensity, fire frequency, changes in agricultural productivity, spread of temperature-related disease vectors and pests, and sea-level rise (IPCC 2007). Further evidence suggests that this climate disruption will continue for decades to centuries (Solomon et al. 2009).
Cell Individuality and Connectivity, an Evolutionary Compromise

I deal in this essay with individuality at the cellular level. This is a far cry from individuality of a whole organism, but it is something a reductionist can try his hand at in the hope that eventually the roots of that which sets one organism apart from another (similar) one may be traced to its cells, to their molecular machineries and interactions with each other and the environment. I try to look for clues at the interaction level.
Searching for Food (Justice): Understanding Access in an Under-served Food Environment in New York City

Abstract Problems of food access, food insecurity and hunger, are linked to numerous adverse health outcomes as well as highlight social justice problems, such as spatial segregation and neighborhood deprivation, within the larger food system. This project explores the links between food systems, access, and food practices among low-income residents living in the Queensbridge micro-neighborhood located within the larger neighborhood of Long Island City, NYC. Given the complexity of the issues surrounding the food system and the differential impacts on people across various socio-economic statuses the aims of this study include gaining a better understanding of the issues and processes involved among low-income community members related to the ways in which they source and consume food in the conventional and alternative food systems. These issues are examined through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and archival research with members of a community-based advocacy organization, as well as community members living in and around the Queensbridge micro-neighborhood, and staff members and volunteers of area community-based organizations. Findings in this study focus on participants’ perceptions and experience of the food environment in this community utilizing a food justice framework to interrogate the forms of race and class based differences that undergird residents’ food practices.
Marital Commitment and Family Life Transitions

It is probably a safe assumption that at some point in time, most marriage-like relationships were ones in which partners were clearly highly attracted to their relationships and highly invested in their maintenance. The relationships were viewed as special—there was the expectation that the relationship would remain intimate, exclusive, and stable into the future.
Choledochoduodenostomy for calculi in the infant

Abstract We present an unusual case of common bile duct (CBD) obstruction from gallstones in a premature infant treated by common duct exploration and choledochoduodenostomy in an abdomen with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. We present this as an alternative method of treatment when an endoscopic method is not feasible and when a common duct -tube is thought to be suboptimal.
Implementing Outcomes Collection in Clinical Practice

As we transition to value-based medicine, the incorporation of patient outcomes and satisfaction into compensation formulas has illustrated the urgency and importance of collecting outcomes in an orthopedic surgery practice. Needless to say, research using outcomes data is critical to improving the quality of musculoskeletal care and provides a medium to establish evidence-based practice. The variety of outcomes extends into subjective and objective realms, with the former relying heavily on patient-reported outcomes to highlight the patient perspective, and the latter relying on observation and documentation from care providers. In this chapter, we explore the importance and breadth of orthopedic outcomes supplemented with the insight, tools, and methodology required to implement a successful outcomes collection system for the orthopedic practice looking to stay ahead of the curve.
Pea Genes Associated with the Non-Host Resistance to Fusarium Solani are also Induced by Chitosan and in Race-Specific Resistance by Pseudomonas Syringae

Many of the disease resistance traits in plants can be transferred within the species using conventional cross-breeding techniques. These specific traits are often inherited as single mendelian genes and often occur as alleles at a given locus, suggesting that a single enzyme or protein product is associated with each gene. We have proposed that the “gene for gene” interaction associated with a given disease reaction involves the interaction of a product (inducer) coded by an avirulence gene in the pathogen with a resistance gene associated with a host response [1,2].
Practice pattern treating older women with early stage breast cancer at Johns Hopkins.

9529 Background: The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines incorporated omission of radiation therapy (RT) after breast-conservation surgery in woman age ≥ 70 years with stage I, ...
Growth hormone release after N-methyl-D,L-aspartate in sheep: dose response and effect of an opioid antagonist.

The objectives of our experiments were 1) to determine the effect of N-methyl-D,L-aspartate (NMA), an agonist of the neuroexcitatory amino acids aspartate and glutamate, on growth hormone (GH) release in ovariectomized ewes, and 2) to determine the effect of naloxone, an opioid antagonist, on the GH response to NMA. Jugular blood was collected via venipuncture at 12-min intervals for 2 h before and 2 h after i.v. injection of NMA. In Exp. 1, ewes received either 0, 6, 12 or 24 mg NMA/kg BW dissolved in .9% saline solution (n = 4 per treatment). Growth hormone concentrations were similar (P greater than .1) between groups prior to injection (9.8 +/- .7 ng/ml; mean +/- SEM) and were unaffected (P greater than .1) by saline treatment. In contrast, 6, 12 or 24 mg NMA/kg BW increased mean GH concentration by 210% (P less than .04), 273% (P less than .02) and 234% (P less than .02), respectively. In Exp. 2, ewes received NMA (6 mg/kg BW) 5 min after either saline (n = 4) or naloxone (1 mg/kg BW; n = 4) pretreatment. Serum GH concentrations averaged 7.0 +/- 1.1 ng/ml before pretreatment and increased similarly (238%; P greater than .1) in both groups following NMA. In summary, NMA increased GH concentrations in ovariectomized ewes by some mechanism that does not involve opioid receptors that are antagonized by naloxone.
How do grandparents influence child health and development? A systematic review.

Abstract Grandparents are often a key source of care provision for their grandchildren, yet they are sidelined in caregiving research and policy decisions. We conducted a global, systematic review of the literature to examine the scope and quality of studies to date (PROSPERO database CRD42019133894). We screened 12,699 abstracts across 7 databases, and identified 206 studies that examined how grandparents influence child health and development. Indicators of grandparent involvement were contact, caregiving behaviors, and financial support. Our review focused on two research questions: how do grandparents influence child health and development outcomes, and what range of child outcomes is reported globally? We examined study design, sample characteristics, key findings, and outcomes pertaining to grandchildren’s physical health, socio-emotional and behavioral health, and cognitive and educational development. Our search captured studies featuring grandparent custodial care (n = 35), multigenerational care (n = 154), and both types of care (n = 17). We found substantial heterogeneity in the data provided on co-residence, caregiving roles, resources invested, outcomes, and mechanisms through which “grandparent effects” are manifested. We identified two important issues, related to operationalizing indicators of grandparent involvement and conceptualizing potential mechanisms, leading to gaps in the evidence base. Currently, our understanding of the pathways through which grandparents exert their influence is constrained by limited data on what grandparents actually do and insufficient attention given to interpersonal and structural contexts. We present a conceptual framework to explicitly measure and theorize pathways of care, with a view to inform research design and policy implementation. We underscore the need for more robust data on three indicators of caregiver involvement—contact, behavior, and support—and for careful description of structural and interpersonal contexts in caregiving research.
Establishing Urinary Leukotriene E4 as a Diagnostic Biomarker for Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Comorbid Asthma and Atopy.

ObjectiveWhile urinary leukotriene E4 (uLTE4) is a validated biomarker for the cysteinyl leukotriene pathway, which is central to the pathophysiology of asthma, atopy, and chronic rhinosinusitis (C...
Fluorinated Organic Porous Materials

Fluorine is in many aspects unique among the elements, and its incorporation into organic molecules can dramatically change their physical and chemical properties. This minireview will survey the existing classes of fluorinated porous materials, with a particular focus on all-organic porous materials. We will highlight our work on the preparation and study of metal–organic frameworks and porous molecular crystals derived from extensively fluorinated rigid aromatic pyrazoles and tetrazoles. Where possible, comparisons between fluorinated and nonfluorinated materials will be made.
Fostering collective action to reduce wildfire risk across property boundaries in the American West

Large-scale, high severity wildfires are a major challenge to the future social-ecological sustainability of fire-adapted forest ecosystems in the American West. Managing forests to mitigate this risk is a collective action problem requiring landowners and stakeholders within multi-ownership landscapes to plan and implement coordinated restoration treatments. Our research question is: how can we promote collective action to reduce wildfire risk and restore fire-resilient forests in the American West? To address this question we draw on collective action theory to produce an environmental public good (fire-resilient forests), and empirical examples of collective action from six projects that are part of the U.S. Forest Service–Natural Resources Conservation Service Joint Chiefs Landscape Restoration Partnership. Our findings are based on qualitative, semi-structured interviews conducted with 104 individuals who were purposively selected to represent the diverse stakeholders involved in these projects. Fostering collective action to restore fire-resilient forests entails getting as many landowners (especially large landowners) to participate in wildfire risk reduction as possible to increase its areal extent; and landowner coordination in planning and implementing strategically-designed restoration treatments to optimize their effectiveness. We identify factors that enabled and constrained landowner participation and coordination in the Joint Chiefs projects. Based on our findings and theory about when collective action will emerge, we specify a suite of practices to promote collective action for wildfire risk reduction across property boundaries, emphasizing incentives and enabling conditions. These include proactive education and outreach targeting landowners; multi-stakeholder processes with broad landowner representation to develop coordinated management approaches; financial and technical assistance to support fuels treatments on all ownerships within similar time frames; strong partnerships; and using common forestry professionals to plan and implement treatments on different ownerships (especially private lands). Our findings can inform cross-boundary management for landscape-scale conservation and restoration in other contexts.
More fertilizer and impoverished roots required for improving wheat yields and profits under climate change

Abstract To mitigate adverse effects of climate change on agricultural productivity, it is essential to obtain a better understanding of how plant traits influence crop yields and profits. To explore such interactions, we used a coupled ecohydrological and biogeochemical model, ecosys, and applied it to an agricultural farm cultivating wheat in Ardmore, Oklahoma, USA. Our results show that positive impacts of elevated CO2 on winter wheat cannot offset negative influences of warming that shortens grain filling periods and thereby grain content. We found that CO2 fertilization effects were weaker than expected without additional fertilizer addition. To identify conditions that simultaneously optimize wheat yields and profits, we performed model optimization analyses by varying root radius, nutrient transfer conductance, and fertilizer application rates. Optimum conditions were found for root radius in the range 0.1–0.25 mm and nutrient transfer conductance in the range 0.004–0.008 h−1. However, under climate change, an additional 5.6 gN m−2 of fertilizer was required to maximize net profits compared to present-day climate conditions. These optimum conditions led to yield improvements of 38%, 23%, 20%, and 17% under RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5, respectively, which in turn improved net profits by 98%, 90%, 76%, and 31% compared to baseline, respectively. That is, crop breeding alone may not be sufficient to meet growing food demands without additional N fertilizer applications. However, these higher fertilization application rates lead to increased nitrogen losses as leachate and N2O, motivating analyses on the net radiative balance of these systems and their sensitivity to future climate.
Targeting chromosomal architectural HMGB proteins could be the next frontier in cancer therapy

Chromatin-associated architectural proteins are part of a fundamental support system for cellular DNA-dependent processes and can maintain/modulate the efficiency of DNA replication, transcription, and DNA repair. Interestingly, prognostic outcomes of many cancer types have been linked with the expression levels of several of these architectural proteins. The high mobility group box (HMGB) architectural protein family has been well studied in this regard. The differential expression levels of HMGB proteins and/or mRNAs and their implications in cancer etiology and prognosis present the potential of novel targets that can be explored to increase the efficacy of existing cancer therapies. HMGB1, the most studied member of the HMGB protein family, has pleiotropic roles in cells including an association with nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, mismatch repair, and DNA double-strand break repair. Moreover, the HMGB proteins have been identified in regulating DNA damage responses and cell survival following treatment with DNA-damaging agents and, as such, may play roles in modulating the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs by modulating DNA repair pathways. Here, we discuss the functions of HMGB proteins in DNA damage processing and their potential roles in cancer etiology, prognosis, and therapeutics.
Psychological Treatments: Randomized Controlled Trials

The evolution of controlled clinical trials for psychological treatments began in the 1930s and became more frequent with the development of behavior therapy following Eysenck's critique of the effectiveness of psychological therapies in 1966. Now there are a number of different experimental designs suitable for the investigation of different questions posed by investigators. Multisite clinical trials are useful because they can recruit larger number of participants with a particular problem in a shorter time than can be accomplished at one site and are more likely to lead to policy change. Issues such as mediators and moderators of outcome, cost-effectiveness, and future developments are also highlighted.
Education and Economic Growth

The rate at which economies grow and the contribution that education in both formal and informal settings makes to such growth has been a subject of considerable study and debate going back to the founding of economics as a social science discipline. Numerous models and approaches have been tried and some progress has been made in understanding the complexities of this relationship.
A novel gripper for multiaxial mechanical testing of microtubes at elevated temperatures

The success of a microtube hydroforming (μTHF) process heavily depends on the material properties of microtubes, which can reveal the material response under multiaxial stress and influence the formability of hydroformed products. However, these material properties are not well understood because of the limited availability of material testing apparatus that would permit control of axial force and internal pressure simultaneously to mimic realistic μTHF loading. The main purpose of this study is to develop a set of grippers that can transfer required testing loads under fully coupled combinations of axial force and internal pressure. The grippers are designed so that they may be kept at the safe working temperature even when tests are carried out at higher temperatures. The grippers are also designed to fit in a load frame that is integrated in a scanning electron microscope for in situ material testing. The capabilities of the grippers are demonstrated by performing uniaxial and multiaxial material tests on SS304 microtubes with 1 mm outside diameter and 0.15 mm nominal tube wall thickness. The finite element simulations and experimental results show that the designed grippers can firmly hold the specimen and thus enable tensile, compression, torsion, and microtube bulge material tests to be accurately performed.
Progress on diagnositic methods of bronchiectasis in children

Bronchiectasis is one of the common chronic lung diseases in children.Now chest high resolution CT is the best method for the diagnosis of bronchiectasis.Chest MRI is an accurate,radiation-free technique,and it contributes to finding early lung lesions.Lung function and airway inflammation test are used for effectively assessing the disease status.This review focuses on the main diagnostic methods of bronchiectasis in children. Key words: Bronchiectasis; Diagnosis; Children
Scenarios for an 8 GeV Linac “Booster Replacement”

Increasing the Main Injector (MI) beam power above ~1.2 MW requires replacement of the 8 GeV Booster by a higher intensity alternative. In the Project X era, rapid-cycling synchrotron (RCS) and Linac solutions were considered for this purpose. In this paper, we consider the Linac version that produces 8 GeV H- beam for injection into the Recycler Ring (RR) or Main Injector (MI). Starting from the Project X version, which has a 3 GeV cw segment followed by a 3-8 GeV pulsed linac, we consider alternative configurations. SRF improvements and changes in physics requirements may enable shorter linac configurations and different configurations of pulsed and cw components. Direct injection into the MI has advantages, but may conflict with MI-10 extraction for LBNF.
A Compact Central Object in the Supernova Remnant Kes 79

A Chandra X-ray observation has detected an unresolved source at the center of the supernova remnant Kes 79. The best single-model fit to the source spectrum is a blackbody with an X-ray luminosity Lx (0.3-8.0 keV) = 7 x 10^{33} ergs s^{-1}. There is no evidence for a surrounding pulsar wind nebula. There are no cataloged counterparts at other wavelengths, but the absorption is high. The source properties are similar to the central source in Cas A even though the Kes 79 remnant is considerably older.
Aptamers for Detection and Diagnostics (ADD): Can mobile systems process optical data from aptamer sensors to identify molecules indicating presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus? Should healthcare explore aptamers as drugs for prevention as well as its use as adjuvants with antibodies and vaccines? (preprint)

Proposed SARS-CoV-2 surveillance tool using a mobile app for non-invasive monitoring of humans and animals. Engineering a biomedical device as a low-cost, non-invasive, detection, and diagnostic platform for surveillance of infections in humans, and animals. The system embraces the IoT “digital by design” metaphor by incorporating elements of connectivity, data sharing and (secure) information arbitrage. Using an array of aptamers to bind viral targets may help in detection, diagnostics, and potentially prevention in case of SARS-CoV-2. The ADD tool may become part of a broader platform approach.
Competing Risks to Transplant in Bridging with Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Abstract Background Continuous flow left ventricular assist device(CF-LVAD) support is a mainstay in the hemodynamic management of patients with end-stage heart failure refractory to optimal medical therapy. In this report, we evaluated waitlist complications and competing outcomes for CF-LVAD patients compared to primary transplant candidates listed for orthotopic heart transplantation(OHT) at a single center. Methods All patients listed for OHT between 2006-2020 at our institution were retrospectively reviewed(n=300 CF-LVAD; n=244 primary transplant). Kaplan-Meier methodology with log-rank testing was used to evaluate survival outcomes. Terminal outcomes of death, delisting, and transplant were assessed as competing risks and compared between groups using Gray’s test. Multivariable Fine-Gray regression was used to identify predictors of transplantation. Results One-year rates of transplant, delisting, and death were 48%, 8%, and 2%, respectively for CF-LVAD patients and 45%, 15%, and 9% for primary transplant(all P Conclusions While device related-complications were significantly associated with decreased rates of transplant, CF-LVAD patients had excellent waitlist outcomes overall. In light of the 2018 allocation score change, the risk of complications should be taken into account when deciding whether to offer CF-LVAD as a bridge to transplant.
Media pluralism by default: The case of Moldova

Th is article shows how Moldova's weak political state, anemic economy, and cultural frag- mentation are interestingly key contributors to the country's media pluralism. Print and broadcast journalists from Moldovan-language and Russian-language media in Moldova represent a variety of views, ranging from independent coverage to advocacy journalism, according to several national and international monitoring groups. Yet the country has endured governmental, fi nancial, and ethnic instability during the 17 years since its independence from the Soviet Union. Th is analysis shows how such instability can fuel media diversity, rather than quash it. Th e fi ndings expand what is known about media pluralism by demonstrating how it can grow in seemingly inhospitable environments.
The Fundamental Infra-red Threshold in thermal Image Detection as Affected by Detector Cooling and Related Problems

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the fundamental infra-red threshold in thermal image detection as affected by detector cooling and the related problems. The threshold in thermal image detection depends on the cooling of the detector, each spectral range and task may require a different amount of cooling. The spectral distribution of the radiation emitted by a thermal scene follows Planck's blackbody radiation law, and thus the radiation of such images for the appropriate temperatures covers a wide spectral range in the infra-red. The accuracy with which the radiant power and the corresponding quantum flux can be determined depends on the effective bandwidth, as fairly accurate results can only be obtained from a trapezoidal approximation, based on the midpoint value of the appropriate interval, for a rather narrow bandwidth. It is suggested that for broader bandwidths, an appropriate number of sufficiently small subintervals would have to be used. If there are translucent radiation sources between the target source and the detector, the effective radiances, or the quantum radiances, of the different sources must be added in an appropriate manner. The radiant power and quantum flux incident on detecting elements are also elaborated.
SEBAG: a new dynamic end-to-end connection management scheme for multihomed mobile hosts

The next generation wireless communication devices are expected to be capable of communicating with the best possible network as well as to utilize multiple networks, simultaneously. Existing solutions such as the interoperability mechanisms and the Always Best Connected (ABC) paradigm limit the access of wireless devices to only one, preferably the best possible network. Such schemes, though found to be better than the traditional single interface communication, are limited in their ability to utilize the services in the best possible way. Existing work focuses mainly on network layer or transport layer bandwidth aggregation mechanisms which either need to change the existing TCP protocol or require proxy nodes to perform the bandwidth scheduling process. We, in this paper, propose a new wireless access paradigm for multi-homed hosts based on a session layer bandwidth aggregation mechanism. The major advantages of our solution are the high end-to-end throughput, glitch free transition during both mobility and interface changes, dynamic selection of number of end-to-end paths, and above all our solution can work with existing transport and network layer protocols in today’s Internet. In this paper, we provide the architectural and protocol solutions for the proposed scheme and results from extensive simulations and a Linux based implementation.
TLR6 modulates first trimester trophoblast responses to peptidoglycan.

Intrauterine bacterial infections are a well-established cause of pregnancy complications. One key observation in a number of abnormal pregnancies is that placental apoptosis is significantly elevated. First trimester trophoblast cells are known to express TLR1 and TLR2 and to undergo apoptosis following exposure to Gram-positive bacterial peptidoglycan (PDG). Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine whether PDG-induced pregnancy complications are associated with placental apoptosis and to characterize the cellular mechanisms involved. We have demonstrated, using an animal model, that delivery of PDG to pregnant mice early in gestation resulted in highly elevated placental apoptosis, evidenced by trophoblast M-30 and active caspase 3 immunostaining. Using an in vitro model of human first trimester trophoblasts, apoptosis induced by PDG was found to be mediated by both TLR1 and TLR2 and that this could be blocked by the presence of TLR6. Furthermore, in the presence of TLR6, exposure to PDG resulted in trophoblast NF-κB activation and triggered these cells to secrete IL-8 and IL-6. The findings of this study suggest that a Gram-positive bacterial infection, through TLR2 and TLR1, may directly promote the elevated trophoblast cell death and that this may be the underlying mechanism of pregnancy complications, such as preterm delivery. Furthermore, the expression of TLR6 may be a key factor in determining whether the response to PDG would be apoptosis or inflammation.
New perspectives on vierordt's law: memory-mixing in ordinal temporal comparison tasks

Distortions in temporal memory can occur as a function of differences in signal modalities and/or by the encoding of multiple signal durations associated with different timing tasks into a single memory distribution – an effect referred to as “memory mixing”. Evidence for this type of memory distortion and/or categorization of signal durations as an explanation for changes in temporal context (e.g., duration ranges), as well as for Vierordt's law (e.g., overestimation of “short” durations and underestimation of “long” durations), can be studied by examining proactive interference effects from the previous trial(s). Moreover, we demonstrate that individual differences in the magnitude of this “memory-mixing” phenomenon are correlated with variation in reaction times for ordinal temporal comparisons as well as with sensitivity to feedback effects in the formation of duration-specific memory distributions.
The 1990 SAE Methanol Challenge: Summary of a Successful Student Design Competition

A follow-up to the 1989 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Methanol Marathon called the Methanol Challenge was held in April 1990. One of a series of engineering student competitions using alternative fuels organized and conducted by the Center for Transportation Research at Argonne National Laboratory, the Methanol Challenge pushed the technology for dedicated M85 (85% methanol, 15% hydrocarbon fuel) methanol passenger cars to new levels. The event included complete federal exhaust emissions, cold-start and driveability, performance, and fuel economy testing. Twelve teams of student engineers from the United States and Canada competed in the Challenge using Chevrolet Corsicas donated by General Motors (GM) to the schools. The winning car, from the University of Tennessee, simultaneously demonstrated extremely low emissions, dramatically increased performance, and significantly improved fuel economy. This paper describes the goals, the conversion approaches used by the various university students, and results of the competition on emissions, cold-start, road rally performance, fuel economy, cold driveability, acceleration, maneuverability, and exhaust noise. 4 figs., 15 tabs.
God Willing and the Creek Don't Rise

Abstract A client who used the phrase “God willing and the creek don't rise” in response to problems was encouraged to cross the creek. The therapist provided materials such as stickers and markers to facilitate problem solving and decision making. The client was able to come up with individual and family centered ways to deal with his problems should the creek rise.
Culture: Negro, Black and Nigger.

(1970). Culture: Negro, Black and Nigger. The Black Scholar: Vol. 1, Black Culture, pp. 40-44.
Optical imaging techniques (histochemical, immunohistochemical, and in situ hybridization staining methods) to visualize mitochondria.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the histochemical, immunohistochemical, and in situ hybridization (ISH) methods that, in experience, appear to be the most reliable for the correct identification of mitochondria on frozen or paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The chapter illustrates that the potential of the methods, using specific pathological samples, and provides an updated version of the methods. While the described protocols refer to skeletal muscle or brain mitochondria, the described methods can be applied to any cell type. The visualization of normal and pathological mitochondria on frozen tissue sections can be carried out using a number of cytochemical techniques. These include the modified Gomori trichrome and hematoxylin-eosin stains and histochemical methods for the demonstration of oxidative enzyme activity. The enzyme histochemistry for the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase have proven to be the most reliable methods for the correct visualization of normal mitochondria the interpretation, and ultimately the diagnosis of some of the mitochondrial disorders affecting skeletal muscle. There are several immunocytochemical methods to study of mitochondria on tissue sections. These include enzyme-linked methods (peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and glucose oxidase) and methods based on the application of fluorochromes. For studies on frozen tissue sections, the chapter favors the use of fluorochromes, because they allow for the direct visualization of the antigen-antibody binding sites and because they are more flexible for double-labeling experiments. ISH is a technique that permits the precise cellular localization and identification of cells that express a particular nucleic acid sequence. The essence of this method is the hybridization of a nucleic acid probe with a specific nucleic acid sequence found in a tissue section.
Patent Medicines: An Early Example of Competitive Marketing

Patent medicines in the United States played a pioneering role in marketing. The nostrum manufacturer, during the early decades of the nineteenth century, exploited a brand name and developed a distinctive symbol as a trademark. His wares were sold in a package of distinctive shape or design. He sought to achieve as national a market as transportation conditions permitted. His advertising appeared in newspapers of all regions, appealing to citizens to buy from local retailers an article made hundreds of miles away. In a highly competitive market, the remedy promoter was forced to explore in his advertising a wide variety of psychological lures.
On (Not) Overcoming Our History of Hierarchy: Complexities of University/School Collaboration

Science educators have recently begun to enact and study new, collaborative forms of professional development. Yet, few recognize that doing so requires contesting historical meanings of ?university–school collaboration? and ?professional development,? both of which may operate to sustain a hierarchy model of collaboration. The hierarchy model maintains the flow of information and knowledge from universities to teachers to students. In science education, the hierarchy model may be strengthened by science‘s own history of hierarchy. This study describes the authors‘ attempt to contest the hierarchy model by facilitating a collaborative planning project with elementary teachers. Critical discourse analysis is used as the primary theoretical and methodological tool to (1) explain how the hierarchy model was shaped by and shaped the group‘s actions, interactions, and identities; (2) explain the complexities of collaboration by moving beyond deficit-based explanations (e.g., blaming individuals or organizational structures); (3) offer theoretical and methodological approaches for understanding better the nature of collaboration and practical solutions for those attempting to challenge the history of hierarchy. In focusing on how meaning is made in interaction, the authors demonstrate how language and interaction are inextricably bound with history and culture.
Higher-rank wavelet transforms, ridgelet transforms, and Radon transforms on the space of matrices

Abstract Let M n , m be the space of real n × m matrices which can be identified with the Euclidean space R n m . We introduce continuous wavelet transforms on M n , m with a multivalued scaling parameter represented by a positive definite symmetric matrix. These transforms agree with the polar decomposition on M n , m and coincide with classical ones in the rank-one case m = 1 . We prove an analog of Calderon's reproducing formula for L 2 -functions and obtain explicit inversion formulas for the Riesz potentials and Radon transforms on M n , m . We also introduce continuous ridgelet transforms associated to matrix planes in M n , m . An inversion formula for these transforms follows from that for the Radon transform. The new approach makes it possible to reconstruct a function on R n m from data on a set of planes of zero measure.
Causes and conflicts : the centennial history of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, 1870-1970

More than a century ago over 200 leading lawyers met in a schoolroom on Fifth Avenue and Twenty-Sixth Street to organize the Association of the Bar of the City of New York. They were hot with reform and with the sting of professional shame. Boss Tweed and his cronies were not only robbing the city's treasury, but, worse, were also corrupting the courts and judges. Boss Tweed and his gang were routed but not without a long struggle and the help of many others in the city. Since that historical victory, the Association has taken up other causes and conflicts,sometimes with wide success, sometimes failing, but continuing a wide variety of activities with unabated zeal. George Martin tells of these struggles in this volume. It is the story of the Association through times of turbulence and times of trouble, including the famous March on Washington, the toppling of Mayor Jimmie Walker under the Judge Seabury investigation, and the Joseph McCarthy Era. George Martin has brought these great events and a number of no less interesting footnotes to history alive in Causes and Conflicts through these many vignettes about the Associations' leaders.
The Varieties of Wisdom: Contemplative, Cross-Cultural, and Integral Contributions

Contemporary research on wisdom consists of several approaches, inherited from diverse philosophical, religious, and contemplative contributions. This article therefore introduces integral theory to provide an encompassing conceptual framework that can compare approaches and integrate them into a larger picture. Among other things, this facilitates the overdue integration into wisdom research of cross-cultural and contemplative perspectives that offer rich reservoirs of information about wisdom as well as disciplines to cultivate it. Contemplative traditions also point to a further kind of wisdom—a transconceptual seeing into the nature of self and reality—that needs to be included in an expanded category system of the varieties of wisdom.
Regional-scale phenology modeling based on meteorological records and remote sensing observations

[1] Changes of vegetation phenology in response to climate change in the temperate forests have been well documented recently and have important implications on the regional and global carbon and water cycles. Predicting the impact of changing phenology on terrestrial ecosystems requires an accurate phenology model. Although species-level phenology models have been tested using a small number of vegetation species, they are rarely examined at the regional level. In this study, we used remotely sensed phenology and meteorological data to parameterize the species-level phenology models. We used a remotely sensed vegetation index (Two-band Enhanced Vegetation Index, EVI2) derived from the Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 8-day reflectance product from 2000 to 2010 of New England, United States to calculate remotely sensed vegetation phenology (start/end of season, or SOS/EOS). The SOS/EOS and the daily mean air temperature data from weather stations were used to parameterize three budburst models and one senescence model. We compared the relative strengths of the models to predict vegetation phenology and selected the best model to reconstruct the “landscape phenology” in New England from year 1960 to 2010. Of the three budburst models tested, the spring warming model showed the best performance with an averaged Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of 4.59 days. The Akaike Information Criterion supported the spring warming model in all the weather stations. For senescence modeling, the Delpierre model was better than a null model (the averaged phenology of each weather station, averaged model efficiency = 0.33) and has a RMSD of 8.05 days. A retrospective analysis using the spring warming model suggests a statistically significant advance of SOS in New England from 1960 to 2010 averaged as 0.143 days per year (p = 0.015). EOS calculated using the Delpierre model and growing season length showed no statistically significant advance or delay between 1960 and 2010 in this region. These results suggest the applicability of species-level phenology models at the regional level (and potentially terrestrial biosphere models) and the feasibility of using these models in reconstructing and predicting vegetation phenology.
Detection of novel sequence heterogeneity and haplotypic diversity of HLA class II genes.

Nucleic acid sequences of the second exons of HLA-DRB1, −DRB3/4/5, −DQB1, and −DQA1 genes were determined from 43 homozygous cell lines, representing each of the known class II haplotypes, and from 30 unrelated Caucasian subjects, comprising 60 haplotypes. This systematic sequence analysis was undertaken in order to a) determine the existence of sequence microheterogeneity among cell lines which type as identical by methods other than sequencing; b) determine whether direct sequencing of class II genes will identify the presence of more extensive sequence polymorphism at the population level than that identified with other typing methods; c) accurately determine the molecular composition of the known class II haplotypes; and d) study their evolutionary relatedness by maximum parsimony analysis. The identification of seven previously unidentified haplotypes carrying five new allelic amino acid sequences suggests that sequence microheterogeneity at the population level may be more frequent than previously thought. Maximum parsimony analysis of these haplotypes allowed their evolutionary classification and indicates that the higher mutation rate at DRB1 compared to DQB1 loci in most haplotypic groups is inversed in specific haplotype lineages. Furthermore, the extent and localization of gene conversions and point mutations at class II loci in the evolution of these haplotypes is significantly different at each locus. Identification of additional HLA class II molecular microheterogeneity suggests that direct sequence analysis of class II HLA genes can uncover new allelic sequences in the population and may represent a useful alternative to current typing methodologies to study the effects of sequence allelism in organ transplantation.
Driving High-Resolution Facial Scans with Video Performance Capture

We present a process for rendering a realistic facial performance with control of viewpoint and illumination. The performance is based on one or more high-quality geometry and reflectance scans of an actor in static poses, driven by one or more video streams of a performance. We compute optical flow correspondences between neighboring video frames, and a sparse set of correspondences between static scans and video frames. The latter are made possible by leveraging the relightability of the static 3D scans to match the viewpoint(s) and appearance of the actor in videos taken in arbitrary environments. As optical flow tends to compute proper correspondence for some areas but not others, we also compute a smoothed, per-pixel confidence map for every computed flow, based on normalized cross-correlation. These flows and their confidences yield a set of weighted triangulation constraints among the static poses and the frames of a performance. Given a single artist-prepared face mesh for one static pose, we optimally combine the weighted triangulation constraints, along with a shape regularization term, into a consistent 3D geometry solution over the entire performance that is drift free by construction. In contrast to previous work, even partial correspondences contribute to drift minimization, for example, where a successful match is found in the eye region but not the mouth. Our shape regularization employs a differential shape term based on a spatially varying blend of the differential shapes of the static poses and neighboring dynamic poses, weighted by the associated flow confidences. These weights also permit dynamic reflectance maps to be produced for the performance by blending the static scan maps. Finally, as the geometry and maps are represented on a consistent artist-friendly mesh, we render the resulting high-quality animated face geometry and animated reflectance maps using standard rendering tools.
Reliability of vacuum phenomenon in the sacroiliac joint as a sign of traumatic injury.

Objective: To determine whether a vacuum phenomenon in the sacroiliac joint is a reliable sign of pelvic injury in trauma patients. Materials and methods: Prospective data were collected over a 1-year period for 107 patients with pelvic trauma and 104 nontrauma patients. Age ranges were 13–93 years in the trauma group and 19–83 years in the nontrauma group. All the patients had pelvic CT scans. The cases were assessed with regard to gas in the sacroiliac joint, osseous pelvic injuries, and mechanism of injury, and demographic data were analyzed. Injuries were caused by motor vehicle accidents in 67 cases, pedestrians being struck by a motor vehicle in 20, falling from a height in 18, gunshot wound in 1, and crush injury in 1. The indications for CT scan in the nontrauma patients were pain in 33 cases, infection in 31, cancer in 29, transplant in 5, bleeding in 4, and abnormal liver function tests in 2. Results: Gas in the sacroiliac joint was present in 11 out of 107 trauma patients (10%) and 12 out of 104 nontrauma patients (12%). There was no statistical difference in the incidence of the vacuum phenomenon between the two patient populations according to the Χ2 test. Degenerative sacroiliac changes were evident in 18 out of 107 trauma patients (17%) and 32 out of 104 nontrauma patients (41%). Conclusion: Gas in the sacroiliac joint is not a reliable indicator of sacroiliac joint injury.
Generalized Cauchy difference functional equations

This article concerns primarily the study of functional equations of the form f(x) + f(y) − f(x + y) = g(H(x, y)), where H is a given function of two (real or complex) variables, and where f and g are unknown functions. The problem of finding general methods to solve equations of this type was posed at the 37th International Symposium on Functional Equations in 1999 by R. Ger and L. Reich. We present results including the following. Let I be a nonvoid real interval or complex region with I + I ⊂ I. Suppose there exists a particular solution (f0, g0) on I such that f0 is analytic and not affine (or, in the real case, continuously differentiable and strictly convex). If g0 and H are analytic (or, in the real case, continuously differentiable), then all solutions of the equation are of the form $$g(u) = A_{1} \circ g_{0} (u) + c,\;f(x) = A_{1} \circ f_{0} (x) + A_{2} (x) + c,$$ where A1, A2 are arbitrary additive functions and c is an arbitrary constant. Analogous results hold for functional equations of the form $$f(x) + f(y) - f \circ \theta ^{{ - 1}} (\theta (x) + \theta (y)) = g(H(x,y))$$ with invertible smooth θ.