cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of astigmatism in infant monkeys

Abstract Purpose: Human infants exhibit a high prevalence of astigmatism. Although macaque monkeys are commonly used as animal models in experiments on early ocular growth and emmetropization, the prevalence of astigmatism in infant monkeys is unexplored. In this study we examine the prevalence and nature of astigmatism in infant monkeys. Methods: Refractive and corneal astigmatism were measured in 132, 2–5-week-old rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) using cycloplegic retinoscopy and keratometry, respectively. Longitudinal measures of refractive development were obtained from 16 normal infants over the first 6 months of life. Results: Infant monkeys exhibited a low prevalence of astigmatism. Approximately 90% of the 2–5-week-old infants had 1.00 D (n=20), it was predominantly against-the-rule in nature (70.0%). The infant monkeys that were followed longitudinally rarely showed significant astigmatic errors at any time during the observation period. When these infant monkeys exhibited significant astigmatism, it was usually transient and not present on subsequent measurements. Conclusions: Unlike human infants, infant monkeys exhibit relatively little astigmatism. The low prevalence of astigmatism during early development suggests that astigmatism does not provide an essential cue for vision-dependent eye growth in infant primates.
Contrast for vascular imaging

This article discusses the use of standard contrast agents that, when coupled with high-resolution carotid ultrasound, offers the dramatic potential to improve measurement of intimal medial thickness, better defining luminal endothelial surface, improving the determination of plaque ulceration, and offering the dramatic capabilities to visualize directly neovasculature growth of the vasa vasorum. The technique may identify vulnerable plaques and may also show their alterations with therapeutic pharmacologic interventions. In the coronary circulation, use of contrast significantly enhances the ability to image the epicardial coronary arteries to obtain data on coronary flow reserve for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.
Optical detection of the superconducting proximity effect

The authors present the first detection of a superconducting proximity effect by optical techniques. Raman scattering on n{sup +}-InAs is performed through very thin, high-quality, superconducting Nb films grown directly on the (100) InAs surface. The 6 to 10 nm thick Nb films exhibit {Tc}`s of 2.5 to 5.5 K, as measured by electronic transport, and are flat to {approximately}0.5 nm, as measured by x-ray reflectivity. As the Nb/InAs structure is cooled below the superconducting transition temperature, the magnitude of the unscreened LO phonon mode, associated with the surface charge accumulation layer in the InAs, is observed to be enhanced by more than 40%. This reversible change is observed only when the Nb is in good electrical contact with the InAs.
Protection or Harm? Suppressing Substance-Use Data

The CMS policy of withholding from research data sets any claim with a substance-use–disorder diagnosis or related procedure code impedes research evaluating policies and practices meant to improve care for patients with such disorders.
Rat ghrelin stimulates growth hormone and prolactin release in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus

Recently, ghrelin (Ghr), a new peptide which specifically stimulates growth hormone (GH) release from the pituitary, was identified in the rat and human stomach. Ghrelin has been shown to stimulate GH release by acting through a growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor in the rat. The present study describes the in vitro effect of rat Ghr on the release of GH and two forms of prolactin (PRL(177) and PRL(188)) in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Rat Ghr stimulated the release of GH in a dose-related manner after 8 and 24 hr of incubation. Rat Ghr also significantly stimulated the release of PRL(177) and PRL(188) in a dose-related manner after 24 hr. Rat Ghr had no effect on the pituitary content of GH or PRL(188), but significantly increased PRL(177) content. These results show for the first time that rat Ghr significantly stimulates GH and PRL release in teleosts, and suggest that Ghr and a GHS receptor are present in fish.
Unusual organization and diversity of T-cell receptor a-chain genes

T lymphocytes recognize cell-bound antigens in the molecular context of the self major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene products through the surface T-cell receptor(s). The minimal component of the T-cell receptor is a heterodimer composed of α and β subunits, each of relative molecular mass (Mr)∼ 45,000 (refs 1–3). Recently, complementary DNA clones encoding these sub-units have been isolated and characterized along with that of a third subunit of unknown function, termed γ (refs 4–9). These studies revealed a primary structure for each subunit that was clearly similar to that of immunoglobulin and indicated a somatic rearrangement of corresponding genes that are also immunoglobulin-like. Recently, the analysis of the sequence organization of the T-cell receptor β-chain10–16 and T-cell-specific γ-chain gene families17 has been reported. We now present an initial characterization of the murine T-cell receptor α-chain gene family, and conclude that although it is clearly related to the gene families encoding immunoglobulins18, T-cell receptor β-chains10–16 and also T-cell γ-chains17, it shows unique characteristics. There is only a single constant (C) region gene segment, which is an exceptionally large distance (∼20–40 kilobases (kb) in the cases studied here) from joining (J) gene segments. In addition, the J cluster and the variable (V) segment number seem to be very large. Finally, in the case studied here, a complete α-chain gene shows no somatic mutation and can be assembled directly from Vα, Jα and Cα segments without inclusion of diversity (Dα) segments.
Import demand for Brazilian ethanol: a cross-country analysis

Abstract This study presents an empirical analysis of the import demand for Brazilian ethanol by its six major foreign buyers. The primary objectives of this study were to identify the economic factors affecting the demand for ethanol imports and to derive long-run price and income elasticities of import demand. These elasticities could be used to analyze the impact of government policies such as mandatory gasoline/ethanol blends and import tariffs. Import demand models were estimated with ordinary least squares (OLS), using quarterly time series data for the 1997–2007 time period. The results suggest that the factors influencing the import demand for ethanol vary across countries. Markets adopting mandatory blends of renewable fuels tend to have less price elastic import demand schedules. Ethanol imports were found to be price elastic and statistically significant in the Caribbean region (−1.66), Mexico (−2.08), Japan (−1.44) and Nigeria (−1.38), while import demand was price inelastic and not statistically different from zero in the US (−0.76) and Europe (−0.21). The regression results could not determine the impacts of import tariffs for the United States, Mexico and Nigeria on the quantity of imports because tariffs did not vary during the time period studied. Results show that mandatory gasoline/ethanol blends have been an important determinant of ethanol imports.
A method of solving the three-dimensional laminar boundary-layer equations with application to a lifting re-entry body.

A method is proposed in which the three-dimensional laminar compressible boundarylayer equations are reduced to a sequence of two-dimensional equations by means of a systematic perturbation procedure. The perturbation parameter is related to the inviscid streamline curvature which must be small. The equations of lowest (zeroth) order are identical with the small crossflow equations of Hayes. Two alternate finite-difference methods (for physical and transformed variables, respectively) are developed to solve the zeroth- as well as the first-order equations exactly. Local similarity methods are also considered for comparison. A variety of boundary conditions are possible including the case for which the heatand mass-transfer rates are coupled through an energy balance. The methods have been applied to the problem of boundary-laye r flow on a blunted cone at angle of attack. The results show that the crossflow often becomes rather large near the wall. The first-order corrections to the enthalpy and tangential velocity in the boundary layer are nevertheless small for the cases considered.
Deformation style way back when: thoughts on the contrasts between Archean/Paleoproterozoic and contemporary orogens

Abstract In many important ways, Archean and Paleoproterozoic (`older') orogens differ structurally from contemporary examples. This essay examines the premise that contrasts between older orogens and contemporary orogens reflect long-term changes in the temperature of the continental crust, in the density of supracrustal sections, and in exhumation rates. For example, if continental crust were warmer and exhumation rates faster, earlier in Earth history, then higher grade rocks would occur closer to the surface of older orogens, and the orogens would be lower and wider. This situation might contribute to the formation of wide belts of high-grade gneiss found in ancient crust. If the high-strength layer of the crust were thinner and supracrustal sequences denser, earlier in Earth history, then regional extensional tectonism might lead to crustal-scale boudinage and diapirism. This situation might explain formation of the extensive dome-and-keel provinces found in ancient crust. Testing such speculations, through the application of structural analysis coupled with petrologic studies, dating, and rheological modelling, will constrain models of Earth's long-term physical evolution.
The effect of orthographic structure on word recognition in a visual search task

The effect of the orthographic structure of the stimulus field on the visual search performance of third graders (8-8 years), sixth graders (1 l-7 years) and adults was investigated in three experiments. In Experiment 1, where the predesignated target was one word, subjects of all ages searched equally fast through fields consisting of words, pseudowords, and nonwords. In contrast, subjects of all ages displayed effects of orthographic structure when searching for instances of a semantic category (Experiment 2) or for three words (Experiment 3). Subjects searched faster through nonwords than through pseudowords and faster through pseudowords than through words. The use of orthographic structure to facilitate search did not increase with age, suggesting that children of the youngest age group were already making maximal use of intraword redundancy. The visual search task popularized by Neisser and colleagues (Neisser, 1963; Neisser & Beller, 1965; Neisser, Novick, & Lazar, 1963) has become a major diagnostic tool of researchers investigating human information processing. The general paradigm involves having the subject scan down a vertical list of items and indicate when he has found a predesignated target. The latency in locating the target has been the primary dependent variable in this research. The number of targets and the makeup of the items in the list have been important independent variables. In recent years, several investigators have employed visual search tasks in order to tap various components of the reading process. Krueger (1970) found that adults could search for a letter faster through lists composed of
Studies of the effect of thermomechanical treatments on the supersaturation content of strip-cast aluminum alloy 3004

Abstract The effect of homogenization practices, room temperature deformation and annealing conditions on the solid solution supersaturation of strip-cast aluminum alloy 3004 was investigated using electrical resistivity and hardness measurements. The precipitation (resistivity decrements) and reversion (resistivity increments) processes that take place in the material as a result of increasing the homogenization temperature are discussed. Segregation effects arising solely from mechanical deformation of the material are reported. The simultaneous recrystallization and precipitation phenomena in supersaturated alloys are discussed with the results, indicating suppression of precipitation due to onset of recrystallization.
Equivalent reduced model technique development for nonlinear system dynamic response

The dynamic response of structural systems commonly involves nonlinear effects. Often times, structural systems are made up of several components, whose individual behavior is essentially linear compared to the total assembled system. However, the assembly of linear components using highly nonlinear connection elements or contact regions causes the entire system to become nonlinear. Conventional transient nonlinear integration of the equations of motion can be extremely computationally intensive, especially when the finite element models describing the components are very large and detailed.
Common Grace and the Ends of Creation in Abraham Kuyper and Herman Bavinck

Despite its marginal place in contemporary dogmatics, the doctrine of common grace potentially has much to offer to a theological account of the created order. Describing its relationship to special grace, however, to salvation, is no easy task. This article finds that Abraham Kuyper—the most prominent supporter of the doctrine—attempts to describe this relationship in two ultimately irreconcilable ways. In addition, it argues that only one of these ways—one in which common grace is always ordered to special grace—is acceptable. Such an account, which is defended by Kuyper’s contemporary Herman Bavinck, provides the basis for an understanding of the created order that should resonate with Christian theologians both inside and outside the Neo-Calvinist tradition, including those who have been influenced by Karl Barth.
Note-An Application of Closed-Form Error Analysis to Fiscal Impact Models

For a variety of reasons, predictive power is not always a useful criterion of model validity. One alternative is a closed-form analysis of error propogation, but often the exact functional form is too unwieldy to use. A similar analysis is performed here, using a Taylor series approximation to the impact-multiplier submodel of a fiscal impact model, developed for coal and oil shale assessment.
Integrity in Embedded Control Networks

As threats from malicious attackers increase, integrity approaches in networked embedded systems will have to evolve to provide both the security and safety aspects of integrity in a unified approach. And they'll have to do it on a shoestring, using only a few bits per message. To help achieve this, you can exploit two embedded-systems characteristics: the periodic sampling of messages and the system's inertia.
Breakdown of time–temperature superposition: From experiment to the coupling model and beyond

Abstract We studied chain and segmental relaxation in polyisoprene using broadband dielectric and light scattering spectroscopy. Our results demonstrate different temperature dependence of these processes (i.e. failure of the time–temperature superposition) in the entire temperature range studied. Segmental relaxation varies with temperature faster than chain relaxation at low temperatures while reverse is observed at high T. The transition between two regimes seems to occur around the dynamic crossover temperature. It appears that non-entangled and slightly entangled polymers exhibit the same behavior. The results are compared to predictions of the coupling model. We emphasize that current models cannot describe the data consistently.
Changes In Consumer Attitudes Toward Marketing, Consumerism and Government Regulation: 1971–1975

Trends in consumer attitudes toward business philosophy, product quality, advertising, consumer responsibilities, government regulation and price controls are examined. The findings of three national surveys indicate that the level of consumer discontent did not change substantially between 1971 and 1975. Despite expanding efforts to advance the interests of consumers, the basic criticisms and frustrations expressed by respondents in 1971 were echoed again in 1973 and 1975. However there were some notable trends in the kinds and magnitudes of consumer concerns over this period. The need to treat consumer dissatisfaction as a relative concept is emphasized, and it is suggested that comparisons of present levels of consumer unrest to a zero base would probably lead to exaggerated interpretations of current conditions.
Effects of Social Stimuli on Laughing and Smiling in Young Children With Angelman Syndrome

The effects of social stimuli present and absent on laughing and smiling in 2 young children with Angelman syndrome were assessed via a multielement design. Results indicated that laughing and smiling for either child was unaffected by the social stimuli assessed in the social interaction condition. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of biological variables and environmental stimuli on children with specific genetic disorders across the lifespan.
The transfer of polarized radiation in spectral lines: Formalism and solutions in simple cases

A general treatment of the transfer of polarized radiation in spectral lines assuming a Rayleigh phase function and a general law of frequency redistribution is derived. It is shown how nine families of coupled integral equations for the moments of the radiation field arise which are necessary to fully describe the state of polarization of the emergent radiation from a plane-parallel, semi-infinite atmosphere. The special case of angle independent redistribution functions is derived from the general formalism, and it is shown how the nine families of integral equations reduce to the six linearly independent integral equations derived by Collins (1972). To serve as a test of the formulation, solutions for isothermal atmospheres are given.
Crystalline Alcoholamine Borates and the Triborate Monoanion

The triborate and pentaborate compounds 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropylammonium triborate(1+), [HOCH2C(CH3)2NH3][B3O3(OH)4] (1), and 2-hydroxyethylammonium pentaborate(1−), [HOCH2CH2NH3][B5O6(OH)4]·H2O (2), were prepared by crystallization from concentrated aqueous boric acid solutions containing the respective alcoholamines at a boric acid−alcoholamine mole ratio of 3.33:1.00. Compound 1 crystallized in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 5.9595(9) A, b = 6.3024(9) A, c = 15.594(2) A, α = 91.218(2)°, β = 91.138(2)°, γ = 118.034(2)°, V = 516.56(13) A3, and Z = 2; 2 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 11.2469(8) A, b = 9.5091(6) A, c = 11.5422(8) A, β = 90.175(1)°, V = 1234.41(15) A3, and Z = 4. Compound 1 contains a rare example of a structurally characterized hydroxyl-hydrated triborate monoanion. Comparisons are made with other known examples of this anion.
Hemodynamic studies in long- and short-term portal hypertensive rats: the relation to systemic glucagon levels.

It is not known whether the hyperdynamic state which has been observed in several experimental models and in patients with portal hypertension reflects a temporary phase during the evolution of the portal hypertensive syndrome or is an expression of a permanent steady state. A hemodynamic study was performed in a group of rats with long-standing portal hypertension induced by portal vein constriction performed 6.2 ± 0.1 months earlier. A group of rats matched by age and weight with short-term (20.7 ± 0.9 days) portal hypertension and a group of long-term (6.2 ± 0.1 months) sham-operated rats were used as controls. Cardiac output and regional blood flows were measured using a radioactive microsphere technique. Arterial blood levels of glucagon, a known vasodilator that was implicated in the etiology of the hyperdynamic circulation, were also measured. Portal pressure in long- and short-term portal hypertensive groups (12.3 ± 0.4 and 13.7 ± 0.4 mm Hg; not statistically significant) was higher than in the sham group (9.0 ± 0.3 mm Hg; p<0.01). Cardiac output in the long-term portal hypertensive rats was similar to the sham-operated group and lower than in the short-term portal hypertensive group (19.4 ± 1.0 and 20.6 ± 1.5 vs. 32.7 ± 2.0 ml·min−1. 100 gm body weight−1; p<0.01). Portal venous inflow in the long-term portal hypertensive group was also similar to the sham group and lower than in the short-term portal hypertensive group (4.51 ± 0.36 and 4.58 ± 0.39 vs. 6.72 ± 0.48 ml·min−1 100 gm body weight−1; p<0.01). Systemic glucagon levels were 244 ± 17 and 297 ± 33 pg·ml−1 in long- and short-term portal hypertensive groups, respectively (not statistically significant). Glucagon level in the sham group was lower (181 ± 22 pg·ml−1; p<0.05) compared to the other two groups. These results indicate that after long-term portal vein constriction, the hyperdynamic circulation disappears while the portal hypertension persists. Whether this is unique to this model or is a universal phenomenon in portal hypertension has yet to be established. High glucagon blood levels do not induce a hyperdynamic circulation in chronic portal hypertension.
Preparation and biological evaluation of an astatine-211 labeled biotin conjugate: Biotinyl-3-[211At]astatoanilide

Abstract Biotinyl-3-[ 211 At]astatoanilide ([ 211 At]AtBA) was prepared in more than 80% yield by destannylation. In vitro , [ 211 At]AtBA exhibited a high affinity for streptavidin, and was stable after incubation in human serum, cerebrospinal fluid and distilled water, whereas it was rapidly degraded in mouse serum. HPLC analysis showed that the main degradation pathway in mouse serum was the cleavage of [ 211 At]astatoaniline. In mice, [ 211 At]AtBA and its 125 I-labeled analogue cleared rapidly from most tissues; however, there was some evidence for dehalogenation of both tracers.
A REVIEW OF STIMULANT DRUG RESEARCH WITH HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN

SUMMARY A number of studies using stimulant drugs with hyperactive children are reviewed. Results indicated that most children are judged as improved on the drugs while a small percentage are not. Although most side effects are transitory, suppressed weight and height gain may remain problematic throughout treatment. The drugs appear to energize the central nervous system of these children while increasing their ability to concentrate without responding impulsively. Changes in other abilities are occasionally observed but appear to result from improvement in attentional processes. In contrast, follow-up studies find the long-term psycho-social adjustment of these children to be essentially unaffected by stimulant drug treatment.
SEROLOGIC SURVEY FOR ANTIBODIES TO BORRELIA BURGDORFERI IN WHITE-TAILED DEER IN GEORGIA

A serologic survey for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi utilizing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) serum samples collected in Georgia (USA) from 1979 to 1990. Serologic results from four regions (Barrier Islands, Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountain) and three age classes (0.5, 1.5, and ≥2.5 yr) were compared. Antibody prevalence, as determined by positive results at a 1:64 dilution or higher, was 36% in the Barrier Islands, 14% in the Coastal Plain, 8% in the Piedmont, and 4% in the Mountain regions. Statewide antibody prevalence was 19%. Antibody titers generally were low, and if a more conservative cutoff titer of 1:128 were used, the statewide prevalence estimate would have been reduced to 5%. Antibody prevalence as determined at this higher cutoff value, however, still remained highest in the Barrier Islands and lowest in the Mountains. Prevalence estimates were lower in the 0.5-yr age class than in the 1.5-yr or ≥2.5-yr age c...
RE-SITUATING FUGARD; RE-THINKING REVOLUTIONARY THEATRE

(1995). RE-SITUATING FUGARD; RE-THINKING REVOLUTIONARY THEATRE. South African Theatre Journal: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 39-50.
Using videotaped lessons to facilitate the development of manual sign skills in students with mental retardation

In an extension of prior research, the impact of a videotaped curriculum on the spoken and manually signed lexicon of students with mental retardation was assessed. Seven videotaped lessons presenting 29 target items in the context of entertaining skits served as the basis of a 16-week intervention implemented by classroom teachers. The expressive and receptive vocabulary of 47 students with mental retardation following the curricular intervention was compared to their own pretest performance and to the pretest and post-test performance of a no-treatment control group of 41 students. Students in the curriculum group showed significant increases in manual sign production and in receptive understanding of manual sign produced by others. Comprehension of manual sign productions was measured using a unique test stimulus that consisted of a videotape of the 29 target signs produced by two students with mental retardation.
Natural Occurrence of Samarium-146

SAMARIUM-146 was discovered in 1953 by Seaborg and Dunlavey, who produced the nuclide by an intense bombardment of neodymium with α-particles1. They reported that it emitted α-particles of 2.55-MeV. energy and decayed with an α-half-life of approximately 5 × 107 years.
Flamelet/flow interaction in premixed turbulent flames: simultaneous measurements of gas velocity and flamelet position

An experimental technique for obtaining simultaneous measurements of fluid velocity and flamelet position in premixed flames is described and applied in a turbulent V-flame. The flamelet position information is used to calculate conditional velocity statistics, conditional on both zone (reactants or products) as well as conditional on distance from the flamelet. The conditional zone statistics demonstrate that increases (or decreases) in turbulence across the flame are dependent on axial position and location within the flame brush. The product- zone conditional covariance, coupled with the measured conditional mean velocity profiles, indicate that turbulence generation by shear may be a significant contribution to product zone turbulence levels. Velocity statistics conditional on distance from the flamelet demonstrate a considerable interaction between the flamelet and velocity field. Man and rms velocities vary significantly with proximity to the flamelet, such that differences in velocities which which occur just across the flamelet surface. The change in rms velocities just across the flamelet is found to be anisotropic, with the largest increase (smallest decrease) occurring in the axial velocity component. Rms velocities conditional on flamelet position further support the hypothesis that increased product gas velocity fluctuations may have a significant component associated with turbulence generation by meanmore » shear.« less
Global phosphoproteome of HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells.

Phosphorylation events in cellular signaling cascades triggered by a variety of cellular stimuli modulate protein function, leading to diverse cellular outcomes including cell division, growth, death, and differentiation. Abnormal regulation of protein phosphorylation due to mutation or overexpression of signaling proteins often results in various disease states. We provide here a list of protein phosphorylation sites identified from HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) combined with liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis. In this study, proteins extracted from HT-29 whole cell lysates were digested with trypsin and carboxylate groups on the resulting peptides were converted to methyl esters. Derivatized phosphorylated peptides were enriched using Fe 3+ -chelated metal affinity resin. Phosphopeptides retained by IMAC were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed by electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight (ESI-Q-TOF) mass spectrometry. We identified 238 phosphorylation sites, 213 of which could be conclusively localized to a single residue, from 116 proteins by searching MS/MS spectra against the human protein database using MASCOT. Peptide identification and phosphorylation site assignment were confirmed by manual inspection of the MS/MS spectra. Many of the phosphorylation sites identified in our results have not been described previously in the scientific literature. We attempted to ascribe functionality to the sites identified in this work by searching for potential kinase motifs with Scansite (http://scansite.mit.edu) and obtaining information on kinase substrate selectivity from Pattern Explorer (http://scansite.mit.edu/pe). The list of protein phosphorylation sites identified in the present experiment provides broad information on phosphorylated proteins under normal (asynchronous) cell culture conditions. Sites identified in this study may be utilized as surrogate bio-markers to assess the activity of selected kinases and signaling pathways from different cell states and exogenous stimuli.
AIDS education in an Islamic nation: content analysis of Farsi-language AIDS-education materials in Iran

Inconsistent statistics about the number of HIV/AIDS cases in Iran and misinformation about HIV/AIDS among Iranian adolescents necessitate proper understanding and knowledge of HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention. This is particularly important since many issues related to HIV/AIDS, such as sex, homosexuality, and drug use, are taboo topics in the Islamic world. We analyzed Farsi-language educational and informational small media items to ascertain the nature of HIV/AIDS-related material available in society. While all of the documents mentioned sexual contact as a means of transmitting the virus, and the majority (87%) mentioned condom use as a preventive means, mention of homosexuality (43%) and prostitution (17%) was lacking in most. Thus, mention of “safe sex” strategies was not avoided due to fear of promoting sex outside of marriage, as has been noted in other Islamic nations. Mention of intravenous drug use in 90% of the documents shows an acknowledgment of the drug problem in the nation, and an e...
Hirsute esophagus: clinical and roentgen features.

Clinical and roentgen features of hirsute esophagus in 3 patients are described. Exuberant hair growth and masses of hair in the endopharyngoesophagus produced the classic clinical triad of progressive dysphagia, hair-spitting, and choking spells. This unique and rare complication of reconstructive surgery of the pharynx and esophagus is related to the skin flaps which are mobilized and rotated to reconstruct a skin tube endopharyngoesophagus and to restore anatomical continuity of the gastrointestinal tract.
Public health and child maltreatment prevention: the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Child maltreatment is a serious and preventable public health problem. Recent studies indicate a dose-response relationship between exposure to child maltreatment and the presence of adult diseases, clearly positioning child maltreatment as a public health burden. This commentary describes the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) public health approach to prevention, and identifies elements of the CDC role that are complementary to the efforts of criminal justice and child protective services. CDC’s goal for child maltreatment prevention is to assure the widespread adoption of prevention and intervention strategies that are evidence based. Immediate and practical impact can occur by improving collection of child maltreatment data, emphasizing positive parenting skills, and promoting programs representing the best prevention practices in child maltreatment prevention.
Antiradiation Compounds XIII: 1-(Dithioacetic Acid)-Pyridinium Betaines

Active mono-S-alkyl esters prepared from 1-(dithio-acetic acid)-pyridinium betaine (III) were found to be sufficiently stable for screening as radiation-protective agents, and e-withdrawing substituents in the pyridine ring gave stable betaines. Reaction of the methyl ester of III with phenacyl bromide and alkali resulted in S-alkylation to give a ketene mercaptal betaine (VIII). Both the allyl and p-nitrobenzyl esters of 1-(dithioacetic acid)-pyridinium halides were radiation-protective in mice, and betaines with substituents in the pyridine ring were radiation-protective in a bacterial test.
The anomalous Roxana silt and mid-Wisconsinan events in and near southern Michigan

Abstract Thick deposits of Roxana Silt are recognized only along the Illinois River (downstream from the Woodfordian terminal moraine) and are generally interpreted as being mainly loess, with the bulk accumulating from about 40,000 to 30,000 yr ago in association with an Altonian-age glacier in northeastern Illinois. Yet 11 14C dates indicate that southern Michigan was not ice-covered during that interval; thus, any proximate ice must have, at best, been restricted to Great Lakes basins, an interpretation supported by the absence of late Altonian till at critically located Michigan, and nearby, sites. Late mid-Wisconsinan ice did, however, obstruct eastern drainage of the ancestral Great Lakes. Such glacial blockage, the distribution of many Michigan organic deposits within pre-Woodfordian lacustrine sediments, and radiocarbon dates suggest that, more than once, late Altonian lakes associated with the Lake Michigan basin drained into the Illinois River. Erosion of lake and spillway bluffs along with repeated river fluctuations provided a source for the thick, geographically restricted Roxana Silt. Meanwhile, along other nearby rivers the supply was meager and the loess thin.
Assessing algal biomass and bio-optical distributions in perennially ice-covered polar ocean ecosystems

Abstract Under-ice observations of algal biomass and seasonality are critical for understanding better how climate-driven changes affect polar ocean ecosystems. However, seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass has been studied sparsely in perennially ice-covered polar ocean regions. To address this gap in polar ocean observing, bio-optical sensors for measuring chlorophyll fluorescence, optical scattering, dissolved organic matter fluorescence, and incident solar radiation were integrated into Ice-Tethered Profilers (ITPs). Eight such systems have been deployed in the Arctic Ocean, with five profilers completing their deployments to date including two that observed an entire annual cycle in the central Arctic Ocean and Beaufort Sea respectively. These time series revealed basic seasonal differences in the vertical distributions of algal biomass and related bio-optical properties in these two regions of the Arctic Ocean. Because they conduct profiles on daily or sub-daily scales, ITP bio-optical data allow more accurate assessments of the timing of changes in under-ice algal biomass such as the onset of the growing season in the water column, the subsequent export of particulate organic matter at the end, and the frequency of intermittent perturbations, which in the central Arctic Ocean were observed to have time scales of between one and two weeks.
Determination of the impact vector in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions

We examine a variety of methods for determining both the impact parameter and the direction of the impact vector in symmetric nuclear collisions at intermediate energies. Two quantities, the particle multiplicity and the midrapidity charge, retain their dependence on the impact parameter after filtering through the acceptance of a typical 4\ensuremath{\pi} detector. By gating on these quantities we can select four ranges of impact parameters. There is some overlap of these ranges. It is noted that this is dependent on the model used to simulate the collisions. The midrapidity charge has the advantage that it integrates over the final fragments and should be less sensitive to how the collision zone disassembles. The angle of the impact vector is well reproduced with the method developed by Danielewicz and Odyniec. The difference between known and determined reaction plane has a half-width at half-maximum of less than 70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Some comparisons are made to experimental data.
TH-C-330A-01: Data Cube Based Tumor Respiratory Motion Characterization

Purpose: Adequate understanding and precise characteristics of tumor motion is essential for accurate radiationdose delivery in real‐time image‐guidedradiation treatment. We propose a data cube based approach for representing, analyzing and characterizing tumor motion information at various concept levels. More precise patient clustering and characterization can be achieved by combining the tumor motion information and the patient biomedical information. Method and Materials: Based on a finite state model, a breathing cycle of tumor motion is represented by three line‐segments: exhale (EX), end‐of‐exhale (EOE) and inhale (IN). A data cube is constructed to provide the means of multi‐dimensional data analysis that computes summary information based on arbitrary combination of dimensions. Data navigation methods — roll‐up, drill‐down, slice‐and‐dice — are applied to assist in interactively selecting points of interest and navigating among the concept hierarchy. Patient clusters and motion patterns are detected with the assistance of the visualization tools and advanced data mining techniques, such as K‐means clustering algorithm. In addition, we incorporate the patient biomedical information in this process to obtain more precise patient motion classification and characterization. Results: Experiments have been performed on real patient data. Using our approach, summary information is generated automatically and visually displayed. Patient clustering can be easily detected manually or by clustering algorithms. Interesting motion patterns have been discovered from out preliminary results. More precise patient clustering and motion characterization are accomplished when the approach is used on the combination of motion information and patient biomedical information. Conclusion: The data cube based tumor motion characterization approach not only eliminates all the manual processing on patient motion characterization, but also provides the facility to refine the patient clustering and detect interesting patterns, which will provide valuable input for better understanding of tumor motion and for effective real‐time image guided radiation treatment.
5-AZACYTIDINE AND ARABINOSYL ADENINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA*

Abstract The combination of 5-azacytidine and arabinosyl cytosine was used as secondary treatment for patients with acute leukemia. Only five of 39 evaluable patients achieved a complete remission, although 15 patients showed some response to this therapy. The median duration of complete remission was only 3 3 4 months. Major toxicity included myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The results of this study were no better than those obtained previously with 5-azacytidine alone.
The Coordination Pyramid: A Perspective on the State of the Art in Coordination Technology

Any software development project uses software tools that assist its developers in coordinating their efforts. These tools, termed coordination technologies in this paper, have undergone remarkable changes over time in the functionality that they offer. We contribute a novel perspective on this historical trend with our Coordination Pyramid, a framework that recognizes four distinct paradigms of coordination and classifies coordination technologies according to which paradigm they primarily support. Although historical in its construction, the Pyramid has strong implications for both current practice and future re-search directions. With respect to practice, the Pyramid helps organizations in identifying and articulating future coordination needs, mismatches that exist between these needs and the portfolio of coordination tools presently in use, and solution strategies for addressing these mismatches. With respect to research, the Pyramid clearly highlights several trends in how tools have historically evolved and can be anticipated to evolve in future.
Reduction in birth weight associated with smoking among young and older-age women

This study examined the combined effects of maternal smoking and maternal age on birth weight. A sample of 1,851 white, full-term infants (37 to 42 weeks) born to primiparous mothers ranging in age from 18 to 41 years was derived from the database of the Child Health and Development Studies (CHDS), available through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The mothers were classified into three age groups-young, middle-aged, and older-aged-corresponding respectively to values below the 15th, between the 15th and 85th, and at or above the 85th percentile of age. Analyses of the data show that the reduction in birth weight associated with maternal smoking when compared with nonsmoking averaged 181 gm for the young group (18 to 20 years), 162 gm for the middle-aged group (21 to 29 years), and 154 gm for the older-aged group (30 to 41 years). These differences are independent of total income. Hence it appears that the birth weight-reducing effect of smoking is not enhanced among women of older reproductive ages (30 to 41 years). Furthermore, the reduction in birth weight is dose responsive. That is, the greater the number of cigarettes smoked per day, the lower is the resulting mean birth weight and the higher is the proportion of low-birth-weight infants.
Design of the 500 GeV Slow Extracted Beam and Proton Beam Lines

The layout of the extraction system and proton beam transport to the experimental areas is shown. Experimental results of the electrostatic septum and Lambertson septum testing are discussed. Also presented are the tunnel complex and focusing system for the proton beam lines.
Wouldn’t It Be Nice: Performing the Mediated Self:

What are love, happiness, and youth? Can questions such as this be answered in a song? This article explores the connection between the consumption of popular music and the process of performing the author's identities, the author's realities. Using the work of Roland Barthes, Simon Frith, Richard Schechner, Helene Cixous, and others, this autoethnographic textual performance explores how popular music, with its embodied hegemonic metanarratives and mechanisms of social control, becomes somehow necessary, even desirable, to the process of performing the author's everyday life. Through the reflexive writing process in which the author interacts with her journals, songs, boy-friends, theorists, supermarkets, music, mirrors, the mysteries of travel, and her various writerly selves, she strives to deconstruct the elusive affectations of youth, love, and happiness as gifted to her in The Beach Boys' song "Wouldn't It Be Nice".
Linear radial and nonradial modes of oscillation of hot white dwarfs

Low-order linear radial and nonradial quadrupole modes of oscillation of hot white dwarfs with hydrogen envelopes are evaluated in the quasi-adiabatic approximation. Luminosities range from 10 to the 36th to 10 to the 38th power. Masses range between 0.6 and 1.4 solar masses. Models are found with unstable radial modes as high as the third harmonic. The first nonradial quadrupole gravity mode is always unstable. The results may be relevant to pulsating X-ray sources in general and are specifically applied to Cen X-3, Her X-1, and SMC X-1.
Guanylate cyclase and the ⋅NO/cGMP signaling pathway

Signal transduction with the diatomic radical nitric oxide (NO) is involved in a number of important physiological processes, including smooth muscle relaxation and neurotransmission. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a heterodimeric enzyme that converts guanosine triphosphate to cyclic guanosine monophosphate, is a critical component of this signaling pathway. sGC is a hemoprotein; it is through the specific interaction of NO with the sGC heme that sGC is activated. Over the last decade, much has been learned about the unique heme environment of sGC and its interaction with ligands like NO and carbon monoxide. This review will focus on the role of sGC in signaling, its relationship to the other nucleotide cyclases, and on what is known about sGC genetics, heme environment and catalysis. The latest understanding in regard to sGC will be incorporated to build a model of sGC structure, activation, catalytic mechanism and deactivation.
Flow Control with Electric Actuators

High levels of measurement noise, nonlinear behavior, and conflicting performance requirements pose challenging problems for flow controllers in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. In this paper, a strategy is developed which is based on an analysis of the maximum system gain and an estimate of the variance of the noise. The conflicting requirements of good setpoint tracking and minimal actuator motion are managed automatically by control logic that determines when the control actions should be aggressive or conservative. Experimental results from tests on a working VAV air-handling unit demonstrated the benefits of the algorithm.
Plants made poisonous by selenium absorbed from the soil.

It was rather alarming to read four years ago that grain from certain sections of the great cereal-growing region of the north central plains harbors the cause of a serious and sometimes fatal disease afflicting farm animals and possibly also man; that farm animals get the disease from eating hay and grain raised in the affected areas; and that flour and other mill products made from the grains might poison human beings (1). Equally startling was the statement that records of similar disorders have been found running back for many years, into early exploration days, but that until recently the malady was merely shoved aside as "alkali trouble" and not seriously considered (1). A review of the literature shows that a number of phases of this problem are being studied. Much is yet to be discovered, however, and mnany interesting problems remain to be solved by workers in botany, chemistry, veterinary science, public health, and government.
Optical and photoredox properties of small colloidal semiconductor particles in the presence of trivalent lanthanide ions

Abstract Size quantization effects upon the optical properties of small size semi-conductor particles ( d A ) have been documented in several systems. As the particle size decreases the band gap energy increases accompanied by a blue-shifted emission, and consequently the photoredox activity should increase. We are studying the correlation between the recombination luminescence of CdS particles and the redox potential of the conduction band probed in terms of oxidative luminescence quenching via electron transfer to Ln 3+ Ln 2+ and Ln 3+ Ln redox couples associated with different redox potentials. The electron transfer process from the conduction band of small CdS particles to electron acceptors (ΔG°el.tr
An instability of finite amplitude circularly polarized Alfven waves

A demonstration is presented that a finite-amplitude circularly-polarized Alfven wave is generally unstable in a MHD fluid. The wave decays by a four-wave coupling process in which the daughter waves are forward propagating random density and magnetic fluctuations and a backward-propagating magnetic wave. For parameters typical of the solar corona and the solar wind (thermal to magnetic energy density ratios between 0.1 and 1, and values between 0.1 and 0.9 for the ratio of magnetic energy density of the initial Alfven wave to that of the background magnetic field), large decay rates are found.