cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forecasting the Behavior of the St. Louis, Missouri, Pollutant Plume

Abstract Forecasts of the position and structure of the St. Louis pollutant plume became necessary during the NCAR Fate of Atmospheric Pollutants Study (FAPS). The purpose of the project was to obtain estimates of the mean lifetimes of a number of short-lived pollutants by taking measurements at distances of 80 and 120 km from the Gateway Arch. Determining where and when to make such measurements at a reasonable cost involved assessing the interaction of the pollutants from the city with the atmosphere. This paper describes the concepts used by the meteorologist to help anticipate the variation of the plume in space and time, including its diurnal variation, in weather conditions considered favorable for sampling. The plume models that evolved from these concepts are presented, and a comparison is made of the actual behavior of the plume as determined from measured concentrations of the pollutants with the behavior predicted by the models. The comparison shows good agreement.
Economic analysis of commercial hatchery production of sturgeon

Abstract A systems model of a commercial sturgeon hatchery is developed to estimate costs of production for various sizes of hatchery facilities and different management strategies with respect to stocking densities and final product marketing. The systems model is based on biological functions relating to mortality, growth, feed consumption, and stocking density and operating procedures as obtained from the experimental sturgeon facility at the University of California, Davis. These functions and operating procedures provide the basis for establishing input-output relationships from which costs of operations are derived. Simulation is used to analyze the impact on costs and rate of return of altering the size of plant, stocking density, and marketing the fish ( Acipenser transmontanus ) at various stages of growout.
Potential clinical correlates and risk factors for interatrial block.

Background: Interatrial block (IAB; P wave ≧110 ms) denotes a conduction delay between the atria, is strongly associated with atrial tachyarrhythmias, left atrial enlargement, left
Inquiry, empathy and art in the social sciences: Thinking and feeling like a social artist☆

As a context for my remarks this afternoon, I am calling your attention to circumstances around the world and efforts underway to help people, and to recently expressed media stories about politica...
Pulse testing in machine tool dynamic analysis

Abstract This paper proposes the application of the pulse testing technique for the evaluation of the dynamic behaviour of machine tool systems. The history of pulse testing is discussed, the theory is outlined and a computer program is presented that has proven to be highly successful in accomplishing the numerical analysis. The theory and techniques which may be used to recover the frequency response of lightly damped, multi-degree of freedom, linear systems is discussed and applied to examples.
Social Group Size Predicts the Evolution of Individuality

Summary Discriminating among individuals is a critical social behavior in humans and many other animals [1–3] and is often required for offspring and mate recognition, territorial or coalitional behaviors, signaler reliability assessment, and social hierarchies [4–9]. Being individually discriminated is more difficult in larger groups, and large group size may select for increased individuality–signature information–in social signals, to facilitate discrimination [4, 10–14]. Small-scale studies suggest that more social species have greater individuality in their social signals, such as contact calls [4, 12, 13]. However, this relationship has not been evaluated in a broader-scale evolutionary context or in social signals other than contact calls. It is not yet known whether social group size may be viewed as a general evolutionary driver of individuality. Here we show a strong positive evolutionary link between social group size in sciurid rodents and individuality in their social alarm calls. Social group size explained over 88% of the variation in vocal individuality in phylogenetic independent contrasts. Species living in larger groups, but not in more complex groups, had more signature information in their calls. Our results suggest that social group size may promote the evolution of individual signatures and that the sociality-individuality relationship may be a general phenomenon in nature.
Characterization of two hydrophobic methyl clusters in HIV-1 protease by NMR spin relaxation in solution.

Nearly 50 % of the amino acid residues of HIV-1 protease contain methyl side-chains, most of which appear to be organized into two clusters: the inner cluster that nearly surrounds the active site and the outer cluster that contains the hydrophobic core which stabilizes the inhibitor-free protease structure. NMR relaxation experiments sensitive to motions of methyl groups on the sub-nanosecond and the milli-microsecond time-scales revealed flexible methyl groups in residues that link the two clusters, the methyl groups of L10, L23, V75, and L76. We hypothesize that flexibility at the junctions of these clusters allows the protease to minimize conformational changes upon drug-binding. The two-methyl cluster motif appears to be a common structural feature among retroviral proteases and may play a similar role throughout this family of enzymes.
CONJUGATES OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND ITS METABOLITES1

Compounds a and b, previously described as major metabolites formed in the dog from 3,5,3′-I131 triiodothyronine (T3), have been identified by enzymatic and chromatographic technics as T3 sulfate and 3,3′ T2 sulfate. These sulfoconjugates occur together in the bile in amounts equal to or greater than that of T3 glucuronide; and with a third, but unidentified, sulfate they account for 90% of the I131 excreted in the urine by the dehepatized dog after the injection of radioactive T3. The major metabolite of T3 in blood and urine of the dehepatized dog is 3,3% T2 sulfate. Deiodination of T3 by extrahepatic tissues is extensive, but it involves chiefly the removal of iodine (nonradioactive in the compound given) from the benzene ring with the alanine side chain, and to a very limited extent, the I131 from the phenolic ring.
Benefits and Risks for Public Housing Adolescents Experiencing Hope VI Revitalization: A Qualitative Study

This qualitative research project conducted in-depth interviews to explore the experiences of youths who participated in a Hope VI community revitalization project. Data analysis uncovered four themes identified by these teens as they discussed the destruction of their old homes, life on a construction site, and the creation of renovated structures moving toward the development of a new community. Although favorable experiences were discussed, the teens interviewed for this project also expressed a painful sense of loss in reaction to their involvement in this revitalization project. This finding highlights the need for social work research that gives voice to populations such as children and teens whose crucial opinions are often overlooked.
Policy implications of LESA factor and weight determination in Douglas County, Kansas

The Land Evaluation and Site Assessment System (LESA) developed by the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service is designed as an aid to local planning officials to protect important agricultural lands. Preliminary LESA development for Douglas County, Kansas indicates the overall usefulness of the model for its designated purpose within Douglas County. However, model development also indicates several inherent problems with the original system, stemming predominantly from arbitrary weight recommendations and predetermined factor suppositions which do not reflect the needs of a given planning area. The effect of these recommendations and suppositions are most evident when there is a conflict of scale due to incorporation of both national and local standards through the LESA model.
A chat room assignment for teaching network security

This paper describes a chat room application suitable for teaching basic network programming and security protocols. A client/server design illustrates the structure of current scalable network services while a multicast version demonstrates the need for efficient simultaneous distribution of network content to multiple receivers (e.g., as required by video broadcasts). The system also includes implementations of two security protocols, one similar to Kerberos and another based on public key encryption.
Vancomycin derivative with damaged D-Ala-D-Ala binding cleft binds to cross-linked peptidoglycan in the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus.

Des-N-methylleucyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)benzyl-vancomycin (DFPBV) retains activity against vancomycin-resistant pathogens despite its damaged d-Ala-d-Ala binding cleft. Using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a DFPBV binding site in the cell walls of whole cells of Staphylococcus aureus has been identified. The cell walls were labeled with d-[1-13C]alanine, [1-13C]glycine, and l-[ϵ-15N]lysine. Internuclear distances from 19F of the DFPBV to the 13C and 15N labels of the cell-wall peptidoglycan were determined by rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) NMR. The 13C{19F} and 15N{19F} REDOR spectra show that, in situ, DFPBV binds to the peptidoglycan as a monomer with its vancosamine hydrophobic side chain positioned near a pentaglycyl bridge. This result suggests that the antimicrobial activity of other vancosamine-modified glycopeptides depends upon both d-Ala-d-Ala stem-terminus recognition (primary binding site) and stem-bridge recognition (secondary binding site).
Intrinsic sphincter deficiency: what is it and does it matter anymore?

There was a time when intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD) had a definition that was clinically relevant and guided the therapeutic decision-making process. However, over time the definition has become muddied and has somewhat morphed into a vague term defined in various ways with various tests. Currently, I doubt that any two clinicians use the same definition, and ISD has become more of a euphemism than a defined disease. So how did we get here? It may be the result of some technology introduced in the mid 1990s that has been described by my colleague T. Fleming Mattox as “The single most important practice altering technology in urogynecology in our lifetime,” the tensionfree vaginal tape (TVT). The term ISD was originally coined by McGuire et al. in the urology literature from the 1980s and was used to describe a severe form of stress urinary incontinence, equating it to an earlier term “type III urinary incontinence” (reported in Blavais and Olsson [1]). In the urogynecology literature ISD was equated with a concept introduced by Sand et al. in 1987 in an article describing the “low pressure urethra” [2]. These terms were urodynamically defined as a Valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP) of less than 60 mm H2O and a maximal urethral closure pressure (MUCP) of less than 20 cm H2O respectively. The disease ISD was a poor prognostic indicator and helped clinicians identify those patients at risk of failing our “gold standard” procedure for treating stress urinary incontinence, the Burch retropubic urethropexy. Subjects with ISD were felt to be better candidates for a pubovaginal sling. This literature contributed to ISD being formally defined in an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) 1996 manual on the evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence in adults as follows:
Multiscale Modeling of Turbulence, Radiation, and Combustion Interactions in Turbulent Flames

Traditional modeling of radiative transfer in reacting flows has ignored turbulence–radiation interactions (TRI), due to difficulties caused by their inherent nonlinearities and their vast range of length scales and time scales. The state-of-the-art of modeling TRI is reviewed, and some results are presented, in which TRI are calculated from basic principles from the composition PDF method and from DNS calculations. The results show that, in turbulent jet flames, TRI are always of great importance, and that they are dominated by the correlation between the absorption coefficient and the radiative Planck function. Introduction Most fires as well as commercial combustion processes, such as boilers, internal combustion engines, gas turbines, etc., involve high temperatures and, therefore, thermal radiation usually contributes a significant fraction to the overall heat transfer rates. At the same time, the vast majority of these combustion applications occur under turbulent conditions, which is known to enhance heat transfer. Radiation, chemical kinetics and turbulence individually are among the most challenging fundamental and practical problems of computational science and engineering, due to their inherent nonlinearities and their vast range of length scales and time scales. In turbulent combustion, these phenomena are coupled in interesting and highly nonlinear ways, leading to entirely new classes of interactions. In much the same way as convection is aided by turbulence, so is radiation, which in the presence of chemical reactions may increase several fold due to turbulence interactions. While coupling between turbulence and chemistry has received a great deal of attention over the years [1, 2], turbulence-radiation interaction (hereafter TRI) has until recently been ignored by virtually all investigations due to its extreme complexity, even though its importance has been widely recognized [3–7]. Preliminary and state-of-the-art calculations have shown that TRI always increases the heat loss from a flame, and that this additional heat loss can reach 60% of the total and more, leading to a reduction in the local gas temperature of 200 C or more. Therefore,
Software synchronizing of video displays and Z-80 processing in the Model III TRS-80

A machine language technique is described whereby the Z-80 microprocessor of the Model III TRS-80 can be programmed to monitor position of the electron beam during CRT scanning. This technique provides the opportunity to synchronize the appearance of video displays with Z-80 processing. The programmer can therefore be assured of crisp stimulus displays and precisely recorded reaction times. The computer’s real-time clock operates on video circuitry as part of a routine that is initiated by a maskable interrupt. The real-time clock interrupt can be vectored from its normal use to a routine that signals the Z-80 when the electron beam is at a known screen location. A machine language program and a TRSDOS BASIC program that demonstrate the technique are described.
Identification of student misconceptions in genetics problem solving via computer program

A genetics problem practice program and tutor on microcomputer was used by 135 undergraduate education majors enrolled in an introductory biology course at Purdue University. The program presented four genetics problems, two monohybrid and two dihybrid, and required the users to predict the number and type of each class of offspring. Student responses were recorded on diskette and analyzed for evidence of misconceptions and difficulties in the genetics problem-solving process. Three main areas of difficulty were identified: difficulties with computational skills, difficulties in the determination of gametes, and inappropriate application of previous learning to new problem situations.
The inhibition of photochemical smog VI. The reaction of O3 with diethylhydroxylamine

Ozone and diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA) react rapidly at 23°C to give C2H5NO2, CH3CHO, O2, and H2O as major products. Also found were CO2, CO, and C2H5OH. In air or in excess ozone, one molecule of DEHA produced one molecule of C2H5NO2. Less CH3CHO was found, but this is attributed to its further oxidation to produce CO, CO2, and other undetected compounds, including CH2O and HCOOH.
Free-electron lasing in the wake field of an elliptical pill-box cavity

It is shown using the photon concept that free-electron lasing (or net stimulated bremsstrahlung) is unrelated to the electron phase with respect to the laser wave, while the net acceleration (or net two-photon absorption) in an RF acceleration cavity depends on the electron phase with respect to the RF wave. The gain formula for the free-electron laser using a magnetic wiggler (MFEL) derived using the recently developed quantum-augmented classical theory in which the electron phase is ignored is in excellent agreement with that obtained quantum-mechanically. It is found by means of this theory that if an electric wiggler is added to a MFEL, the synchronization between the transverse velocity and the laser wave, which is required for coherence of the laser light, is not affected, while the laser gain is enhanced owing to the increase in the amplitude of the energy modulation by the electric wiggler. As a configuration of this turbo-MFEL, a two-beam elliptical wake-field cavity is proposed. An electron beam injected in the antiparallel direction along the lasing-beam path in this cavity lases through transverse wiggling by the transverse wake field and energy modulation by the longitudinal wake produced by relativistic drivingbeam bunches. This laser (WFEL) becomes of greater advantage compared with the MFEL as the laser wavelength is made shorter. It is also shown that the amplification of the WFEL is much greater than that of the present MFEL if we can produce a wake field whose longitudinal component has field strength greater than 1 MV m–1.
A unique case of polyostotic Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Introduction Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a relatively rare dendritic cell disorder with an unclear etiology. The incidence is 2:1 million and it is most commonly seen in children from 5 to 10 years of age. The diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy with treatment options varying from simple observation to systemic chemotherapy. The four-year event-free survival for patients with solitary bone disease approaches 90% compared with 58% of those with polyostotic bone disease. Case Description A 10-month-old female was brought to her pediatrician with a 2-month history of a mass of the left temporal area. The physical examination was remarkable only for a 4-cm nodule over the left temporal bone. Results Laboratory values revealed a microcytic anemia with an alkaline phosphatase of 1994 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of 536. Multiple skull defects were found on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, with increased activity on bone scan and skeletal survey. A bone biopsy was CD1a- and S100-positive, consistent with LCH. The patient was started on the LCH-3 protocol with positive results and is currently in 5 years of remission. Conclusions Although cases of LCH are rare, they do occur in primary care settings; hence it is important to recognize it quickly. This case demonstrates how a timely diagnosis and treatment can lead to a good clinical outcome. Not all cases, however, have an equally favorable result and therapy may be ineffective or include many potential side effects. Furthermore, investigation and research is needed for improved treatment protocols for LCH.
Distance and Orientation Dependence of Excitation Transfer Rates in Conjugated Systems: Beyond the Förster Theory

The distance (RDA) and orientation dependence of the rate for electronic excitation transfer (EET) from a segment of polyfluorene (PF6) to tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) is studied using semiempirical quantum chemical methods. The fundamental issue concerns the applicability of the traditional Forster theory, which uses a point-dipole approximation, in describing the transfer rate in such systems involving large chromophores that may approach each other closely. In our theoretical calculation of the resonance-Coulomb rate, explicit account is taken of the extended transition dipole moment densities that are spread along the donor and acceptor molecules. Although we recover the Forster rate at large separations, the present study reveals several results not anticipated in the conventional theory: (a) The actual rate shows a much weaker short-range distance dependence (closer to than to the Forster value). The Forster expression overestimates the energy transfer rate by more than 2 orders of magnitude at short...
The neutron-proton mass difference from a composite neutron model

The author’s previous results in general relativity about the neutron as a composite (p+-Φα(p+-p−)-e−), having yielded the correct order of magnitude of the binding energy of this composite neutron as well as the magnitude and sign of the magnetic moment, is applied here to the problem of the neutron-proton mass difference. Following from the expression for the inertial mass as a function of «spin-affine-connection» (a geometrical curvature field for the «pairs» in the neighborhood of any observed elementary particle), the estimate follows that the neutron-proton mass difference should be the order of magnitude of 3me∼-1.5 MeV, whereme is the electron mass. The empirical value for this mass difference is the order of 1.3 MeV. While the agreement is not exact, the author feels that it is close enough (in view of the approximations used) to not rule out the composite neutron model of this theory.
Mechanism of carbon nanotube growth by CVD

The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) formation by catalytic chemical vapor deposition is initiated by precursor decomposition to form a multitude of reactive species. During large-scale CNT self-assembly, these species vary with residence time leading to a non-uniform CNT growth. This Letter studies the self-assembly, and the reaction pathways leading to CNT formation. A tubular plug flow reactor, where CNT deposition occurred at various residence times was used to study the process, and kinetic simulation was used to predict the reaction pathways. There was excellent agreement between experimental and the modeling results, providing an insight into the mechanism of CNT growth.
Magnetic resonance imaging monitors physiological changes with antihedgehog therapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenograft model

Objectives The sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway has an established role in pancreatic cancer (pancreatic adenocarcinoma [PDAC]). We tested whether magnetic resonance imaging measures of vascular volume fraction (VVF) using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are sensitive to the antiangiogenic effect of targeted Shh therapies in a PDAC xenograft model.
Field and temperature dependence of remanent magnetization in a single crystal of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O y

We report the studies of the virgin and remanent magnetization in a single crystal of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{y}}$ over a wide range of fields and temperatures. Based on the critical-state model, the field and temperature dependence of the magnetization can be well understood. The first and second penetration fields have been estimated, based upon the measurements of the magnetization in a single crystal of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{y}}$. Also discussed are flux pinning, applications of the critical-state model, and related issues in this material.
Infrared spectra of the methyl halides. Methyl fluoridenear 4100 Cm−11

Abstract High resolution infrared spectra of methyl fluoride between 3900 and 4500 cm −1 have been obtained and analyzed. The parallel band near 4011 cm −1 has been assigned to ν 1 + ν 3 , and the perpendicular band near 4060 cm −1 has been assigned to ν 3 + ν 4 . Several perturbations were observed in ν 3 + ν 4 , and one of them has been interpreted as a combination of a first-order Coriolis effect with ν 1 + va and l-type doubling in the K = l = ± 1 upper states of ν 3 + ν 4 . A set of molecular constants which reproduce the transition frequencies of the nonmeasurably perturbed transitions has been obtained together with a value for 14 X and the l-type doubling constant for ν 3 + ν 4 .
The solubility of argon in aqueous solutions of a complex-ion electrolyte

From measurements of the solubility of argon in aqueous solutions of the complexion electrolyte t-[Co(en)2NCSCl]Br at 25°C, the Setschenow parameter for this system is found to be +0.336. Using the scaled-particle theory of the salt effect with this value ofk5 and the Waddington crystal radius of the Br− ion, 1.98 A, the radius of the complex cation is calculated to be 3.71 A. This value is in reasonably good agreement with that estimated from scale models of the t-[Co(en)2-NCSCl]+ cation, about 3.9 A. It is somewhat larger than the radius calculated from various semiempirical equations relating the molal volume of an ion at infinite dilution to its radius; values of r obtained in this manner range from 3.32 to 3.66 A.
An algorithm for comparing medians

An algorithm is presented for computing a test statistic for comparing medians based on a small-sample size estimate of the variance of the usual sample median.
GEOSTROPHIC VORTEX MOTION

Abstract The concept of a geostrophic point vortex results from incorporating the geostrophic approximation in the equations of motion of the one-layer homogeneous atmosphere with a free surface. A consistent, systematic approximation procedure is used, yielding higher-order approximations without requiring additional physical assumptions. Application to the prediction of hurricane tracking and upper-air cyclogenesis is discussed. This paper is based on Report IMM–NYU 226, “On the Theory of Large-Scale Nearly-Horizontal Motions in the Atmosphere” (February 1956) written under the auspices of the Geophysical Research Directorate, U. S. Air Force Cambridge Research Center and the U. S. Office of Naval Research.
The transitional dynamics of caloric ecosystems: changes in the food supply around the world

Changes to the global food supply have been characterized by greater availability of edible oils, sweeteners, and meats – a profound ‘nutrition transition’ associated with rising obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Through an analysis of three longitudinal databases of food supply, sales, and economics across the period 1961–2010, we observed that the change in global food supply has been characterized by a dramatic rise in pig meat consumption in China and poultry consumption in North America. These changes have not been experienced by all rapidly developing countries, and are not well explained by changes in income. The changes in food supply include divergence among otherwise similar neighboring countries, suggesting that the changes in food supply are not an inevitable result of economic development. Furthermore, we observed that the nutrition transition does not merely involve an adoption of ‘Western’ diets universally, but can also include an increase in the supply of edible oils t...
What is an expert

Experts play an important role in society, but there has been little investigation about the nature of expertise. I argue that there are two kinds of experts: those whose expertise is a function of what theyknow (epistemic expertise), or what theydo (performative expertise). Epistemic expertise is the capacity to provide strong justifications for a range of propositions in a domain, while performative expertise is the capacity to perform a skill well according to the rules and virtues of a practice. Both epistemic and performative experts may legitimately disagree with one another, and the two senses are conceptually and logically distinct.
Principles of passive mode locking

The ultrashort pulse-forming properties of lasers are reviewed in terms of the master equation time-domain description of mode locking. The pulse shortening strengths and steady-state operating characteristics of a broad range of modern experimental systems are discussed within the framework of the classic slow-saturable-absorber and fast-saturable-absorber analytical models.
Ventricular enlargement following infarction is a modifiable process.

Abstract The dilation and distortion of the left ventricle that may occur as a consequence of myocardial infarction are associated with a heightened risk for adverse cardiovascular events. Infarcts that are extensive, transmural, and involve the apex as well as persistently occluded, infarct-related coronary arteries are predisposing factors for ventricular enlargement. Infarct expansion is an early component of the overall process of volume enlargement, which later continues as a volume overload hypertrophy of the remaining myocardium. Therapy to limit myocardial necrosis has been associated with the preservation of a more normal ventricular architecture. The late phase of ventricular remodeling has also been shown to be amenable to therapy, as chronic administration of angkrtensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors has been associated with a reduction in the extent of ventricular dilation. There is currently a great deal of clinical investigative interest not only in whether ACE inhibition therapy following acute myocardial infarction will result in preservation of ventricular volume and topography, but, more importantly, whether it will lead to an improvement in clinical outcome.
Analysis of beverages by capillary electrophoresis

Rapid analysis of carbonated beverages by capillary electrophoresis (CE) allows the simultaneous determination of aspartame, benzoic acid and caffeine in 2 min using 20 mM glycine buffer at pH 9.0 and direct detection at 215 nm. The rapid determination of these compounds with minimal sample preparation offers an excellent method for evaluating stability and shelf-life of commercial products. This method is easily adapted to the analysis of these substances in other aqueous-based consumer products.
Changing the Landscape of Autism Research: The Autism Genetic Resource Exchange

Autism Speaks' Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) represents the largest private collection of genetic and phenotype data for families with ASD that is made available to qualified researchers worldwide. The availability of large and comprehensive registries that include detailed phenotype and genetic information for individuals affected with an ASD and family members is crucial for the discovery of autism susceptibility genes and the development and application of biologically based approaches to diagnosis and treatment. The model that AGRE has developed can be applied broadly to other disorders with complex etiologies.
Some irreverent thoughts on paradox.

There is currently great interest in the use of paradox in psychotherapy. Unfortunately, there is also considerable confusion and misunderstanding of paradox, owing, in part, to the lack of a comprehensive theory that explains the role of paradox in human problems. This paper does not address itself to such theory but explores some cultural and epistemological components of therapists' misperceptions and misattributions of "paradox."
Growing Church Organizations in Diverse U.S. Communities 1890-1906

We examine the classic question of how religious diversity in a community affects church membership in a period of high growth and social change. Culling the literature, we develop hypotheses about five possible mechanisms underlying a diversity-growth relation: (1) secularization; (2) organization environment isomorphism; (3) organizational competition; (4) identity activation; and (5) capacity utilization. We test these hypotheses using panel data from 1890 to 1916, using models specified to overcome recently identified artifactual problems and estimators to deal with community-specific omitted factors. The findings support the plausibility of mechanisms based on secularization and identity activation; they contradict predictions from mechanisms based on isomorphism, competition, and capacity utilization. We also find that Protestant and Catholic religions thrived in communities that differed in nativity.
Th230-U234 dating of pedogenic carbonates in gravelly desert soils of Vidal Valley, southeastern California

Radioactive disequilibrium relationships among Th 230 , U 234 , and U 238 can be used to date pedogenic carbonates formed in regions of arid to semiarid climate. Samples suitable for dating consist of dense carbonate rinds around pebbles from the Cca soil horizon. Analytically, the method involves leaching the samples with dilute hydrochloric acid and measuring U 238 , U 234 , Th 230 , and Th 232 in both the leachate and residue fractions. As the soil carbonate commonly incorporates silicate mineral-bearing detritus, corrections are made to account for possible introduction of detrital Th 230 and U 234 into the acid leachate. The corrections are based on the assumptions that (1) the carbonate initially contains negligible amounts of Th 232 and Th 230 , or has a Th 230 /Th 232 ratio similar to that in detrital minerals, (2) U 238 , U 234 , and Th 230 in the detrital silicate phase are in secular equilibrium with each other, and (3) the thorium isotopes in the detrital phase are not fractionated by the acid leaching. Application of the method to calcareous soils developed on upper Quaternary alluvial deposits of the eastern Mojave Desert in southern California gives ages that are internally consistent and that agree with the geomorphic and stratigraphic relative age relationships. Fourteen samples from an upper Pleistocene geomorphic surface, Q2b, yielded an average age of 83,000 ± 10,000 yr. This age is confirmed by a different assessment of the data independent of the aforementioned assumptions. On one specimen two different layers of a pebble coating were dated, and a carbonate accumulation rate of about 1 mm/8,000 yr was obtained. It is hoped that this study will serve as a basis for further research into the absolute dating of various types of impure carbonates of late Quaternary origin.
Male and Female Inhibin

The testis and ovary secrete a nonsteroidal hormone that selectively inhibits pituitary FSH secretion. Inhibin, a polypeptide hormone produced by Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules and by the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle, is isolated from seminal fluid, rete testis fluid testicular and ovarian extracts, and follicular fluid. There may be two forms of inhibin, a form of higher molecular weight (> 10,000 daltons) being the precursor of a low-molecular-weight form (> 5,000 daltons). The functional integrity of inhibin is destroyed by trypsin or pepsin digestion and exposure to heat. This induces the formation of antibodies that are able to neutralize endogenous inhibin when injected into adult males or females. Apart from its main action at the pituitary level, inhibin could also function at the hypothalamus or directly at the gonad. Inhibin inhibits the release of FSH and to a lesser extent of LH induced by exogenous GnRH in vivo and in vitro. Inhibin reduces the endogenous GnRH content of...
Geochemical Performance Evaluation and Characterization of a Potential Cementitious Repository Sealing Material for Application in the Topopah Spring Tuff Nnwsi Investigations

Preliminary geochemical evaluations of some portland cement based materials have been made in Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigations (NNWSI), for possible nuclear waste repository sealing applications in welded tuff focused in the Yucca Mountain area. Portland cement based sealing materials have been evaluated in the NNWSI for possible sealing applications in a nuclear waste repository in the Topopah Spring tuff member. Cementitious sealing materials developed for long-term stability should be as nearly as possible in thermodynamic equilibrium with the host rock, or any disequilibrium should not have negative impact upon the integrity of the host rock. A primary step in achieving this equilibrium condition is to minimize the chemical potential between the sealant and the host rock. Two different approaches were evaluated to achieve this compatibility. The one approach utilized indigenous materials for the formulation of the concrete and the other utilized reactive admixtures to adjust the bulk chemical composition of the concrete formulation to approximate the local rock bulk chemistry. Testing of both formulations at conditions that represented the maximum credible temperature and pressure conditions of a repository were completed and show that the use of an indigenous tuff in the formulation without adjusting the matrix chemistry caused alterationsmore » which might compromise the performance of the concrete. In contrast, the chemically adjusted cementitious formulation exhibited minimal alteration in the J-13 groundwater of the designed test. 3 refs., 2 figs., 4 tabs.« less
The college application essay: A rhetorical paradox

Abstract An informal study explored the dynamics of writing college application essays. Four students were instructed to conduct think-aloud protocols as they drafted a response to an application question. A copy of each essay was sent anonymously to four participating admissions officers. They were tape-recorded as they responded to a first reading of the essays. Applications ask that students engage in a rhetorical paradox: take a risk and disclose some aspect of their personal lives in what becomes a test of “emotional literacy”. The institutional request for personal writing for an unknown audience with hidden criteria is one that immediately puts the student in his on her place in the academy. Furthermore, the injunction “to relax” conceals a deep institutional concern about mechanical correctness. Successful essayists are able to compromise with a kind of rhetorical counterparadox that precludes surrender of power and that balances the forces that call for self-exposure and those that “devour” the results.
Existentialism, the Rule of Law and Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code

Books reviewed in this article: “¨¨ I have no fatuous notion that the judicial process can be made perfect. It is a human process, involving inherent human failings and weaknesses¨¨ (T)o better it requires a recognition of its unavoidably human, fallible character.” Jerome Frank.
Migrations of Common Snook from a Tidal River with Implications for Skipped Spawning

Abstract Common snook Centropomus undecimalis support a recreational fishery that contributes greatly to Florida's economy and have been the subject of many diverse studies in which aspects of their life history, reproductive biology, and fishery dynamics have been defined. The current stock assessment contains assumptions based on historical reproductive schedules measured at the population level during the early 1990s. Recent research, however, suggests our understanding of habitat residency and spawning schedules may be overly generalized. We used acoustic telemetry to study the movements and migrations of common snook from the tidal reaches of the Caloosahatchee River, a major tributary of Charlotte Harbor, for 3 years (2005–2007). During this period, 60% of the tagged snook left the study area during at least one spawning season, presumably to enter higher salinity waters where they spawn. The onset and duration of these annual migrations are similar to those reported in previous reproductive studies...
Erratum to “A journey shared; a task fulfilled” [J. Neuroimmunol. 221(2010)1–3]

Beginning April 2010, the Journal of Neuroimmunology will have at its helm a new Editor-in-Chief, Michael K. Racke, whose charge it will be to lead us to new heights as clinical and molecular technologies continue to develop. For this departing (and yes, somewhat saddened) Editor-in-Chief, the inception, launching, and day-to-day running of our Journal has been an exciting journey, a journey shared for three decades with all who have contributed — authors, reviewers and readers alike. In science, sharing is what it is all about and sharing affects all tasks, the mundane and the scientific.
Size‐Dependent Transport and Thermoelectric Properties of Individual Polycrystalline Bismuth Nanowires

Thermoelectric materials convert a temperature difference into electricity and vice versa. [1–3] Such materials utilize the Seebeck effect for power generation and the Peltier effect for cooling. In the Seebeck effect, a temperature difference across a material causes the diffusion of charged carriers across that gradient, thus creating a voltage difference between the hot and cold ends of the material. Conversely, the Peltier effect explains the fact that when current flows through a material a temperature gradient arises because the charged carriers exchange thermal energy. Thermoelectrics perform these functions without moving parts or toxic gases, which make them unique among power generation and cooling methods. Presently, thermoelectrics find only limited use because of their poor efficiency. The efficiency of a thermoelectric material is determined by the dimensionless figure of merit
Noradrenergic sprouting in response to cholinergic denervation: The sympathohabenular connection

Abstract Using anterograde transport of HRP, we confirm the presence of a septal projection to the medial habenulae of rats. After a septal lesion, peripheral sympathetic fibers appeared in the medial habenulae. The similarity of this phenomenon to the appearance of sympathetic fibers in the rat hippocampal formation after septal lesions and the presumably cholinergic nature of the septal projections to the habenulae and hippocampal formation suggest that sympathetic fibers may appear in other brain regions after cholinergic denervation.
The effects of debate participation on argumentativeness and verbal aggression

This study examined the influence of competitive debate participation on argumentative‐ness (ARG) and verbal aggression (VA). Results indicated that students with participation experience in competitive debate differ from those prior to such experience in their level of ARG and VA. Post hoc analysis revealed that policy and non‐policy formats of debate, and male and female participants, differ significantly in their levels of ARG and VA.
Analyzing the Results of Monte Carlo Studies in Item Response Theory

Monte Carlo studies in item response theory have been used in a number of ways, for example, to evaluate new parameter estimation procedures, to compare item analysis programs, and to study the effects of multidimensional data on parameter estimation. These studies typically rely on simple descriptive methods to analyze Monte Carlo results, implying that complex effects are unlikely to be detected or their magnitudes estimated. These problems are exacerbated when Monte Carlo studies lack an experimental design to guide the data analyses. The results from two Monte Carlo studies in item response theory are analyzed with inferential methods to illustrate the strengths of these procedures. It is recommended that researchers in item response theory employ both descriptive and inferential methods to analyze Monte Carlo results.
Methodologies for the characterization, identification and quantification of S-nitrosylated proteins.

Abstract Background Protein S-nitrosylation plays a central role in signal transduction by nitric oxide (NO), and aberrant S-nitrosylation of specific proteins is increasingly implicated in disease. Scope of Review Here, methodologies for the characterization, identification and quantification of SNO-proteins are reviewed, focusing on techniques suitable for the structural characterization and absolute quantification of isolated SNO-proteins, the identification and relative quantification of SNO-proteins from complex mixtures as well as the mass spectrometry-based identification and relative quantification of sites of S-nitrosylation (SNO-sites) in proteins. Major Conclusions Structural characterization of SNO-proteins by X-ray crystallography is increasingly being utilized to understand both the relationships between protein structure and Cys thiol reactivity as well as the consequences of S-nitrosylation on protein structure and function. New methods for the proteomic identification and quantification of SNO-proteins and SNO-sites have greatly impacted the ability to study protein S-nitrosylation in complex biological systems. General Significance The ability to identify and quantify SNO-proteins has long been rate-determining for scientific advances in the field of protein S-nitrosylation. Therefore, it is critical that investigators in the field have a good understand the utility and limitations of modern analytical techniques for SNO-protein analysis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of cellular processes by S-nitrosylation.
FLOODWATER TEMPERATURE AND STEM LENTICEL HYPERTROPHY IN MANGIFERA INDICA (ANACARDIACEAE)

One-year-old seedling trees of Mangifera indica L. cv. Peach were exposed to floodwater temperatures of 15, 22.5, or 30 C for at least 13 days. Immediately prior to flooding, and at daily intervals thereafter, trees were visually examined for evidence of lenticel hypertrophy. Although lenticel hypertrophy was first apparent after 5 days of submergence at 30 C, and after 6 days at 22.5 C, the mean number of days of flooding until lenticel hypertrophy was first observed was 6.6 and 8.1 for the 30 and 22.5 C treatments, respectively. Even after 28 days, lenticel hypertrophy did not occur on plants flooded at 15 C. Initial stages of lenticel hypertrophy were characterized by development of intercellular spaces in the phellem and production of additional phellem tissue by increased phellogen activity. Later stages of hypertrophy were characterized by development of intercellular spaces in the phellem and cortex. Tree survival was not affected by floodwater temperature or lenticel hypertrophy.
Genome-wide localization of mobile elements: experimental, statistical and biological considerations

The distribution and location of insertion elements in a genome is an excellent tool to track the evolution of bacterial strains and a useful molecular marker to distinguish between closely related bacterial isolates. The information about the genomic locations of IS elements is available in public sequence databases. However, the locations of mobile elements may vary from strain to strain and within the population of an individual strain. Tools that allow de novo localization of IS elements and are independent of existing sequence information are essential to map insertion elements and advance our knowledge of the role that such elements play in gene regulation and genome plasticity in bacteria. In this study, we present an efficient and reliable method for linear mapping of mobile elements using whole-genome DNA microarrays. In addition, we describe an algorithm for analysis of microarray data that can be applied to find DNA sequences physically juxtaposed with a target sequence of interest. This approach was used to map the locations of the IS5 elements in the genome of Escherichia coli K12. All IS5 elements present in the E. coli genome known from GenBank sequence data were identified. Furthermore, previously unknown insertion sites were predicted with high sensitivity and specificity. Two variants of E. coli K-12 MG1655 within a population of this strain were predicted by our analysis. The only significant difference between these two isolates was the presence of an IS5 element upstream of the main flagella regulator, flhDC. Additional experiments confirmed this prediction and showed that these isolates were phenotypically distinct. The effect of IS5 on the transcriptional activity of motility and chemotaxis genes in the genome of E. coli strain MG1655 was examined. Comparative analysis of expression profiles revealed that the presence of IS5 results in a mild enhancement of transcription of the flagellar genes that translates into a slight increase in motility. In summary, this work presents a case study of an experimental and analytical application of DNA microarrays to map insertion elements in bacteria and gains an insight into biological processes that might otherwise be overlooked by relying solely on the available genome sequence data.
Targeted Reading Intervention A Coaching Model to Help Classroom Teachers With Struggling Readers

This study examined the effectiveness of a classroom teacher intervention, the Targeted Reading Intervention (TRI), in helping struggling readers in kindergarten and first grade. This intervention ...