cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adoption, rejection, or convergence: Consumer attitudes toward book digitization

Abstract This paper investigates 1) how a tech-enabled change in the form of experiential products (e.g., print books to e-readers) transforms utilitarian and experiential values, and 2) how a tech-enabled change in product form affects the relationship between old and new technologies in terms of adoption, rejection and convergence. A qualitative study of consumers reveals how this change in form alters four experiential and four utilitarian values of book reading. The decision to adopt, reject, or converge is characterized by a system of tradeoffs amongst these values. Utilitarian values are more salient to consumers who adopt a tech-enabled change in form; experiential values are more salient to participants who reject a tech-enabled change in form; when there are experiential or utilitarian values that are not substitutable by a tech-enabled change in form, then convergence (adoption of both old and new technologies) is the outcome. Results are discussed and strategic recommendations are provided for each possible outcome.
Educating Children of Immigrant Workers: Language Policies in France & the USA

This article presents a comparative overview of education law and policy addressing the linguistic and cultural needs of migrant children in two destination countries of immigration. The author relies on the experience of the United States and France as two important immigrant host countries in the industrialized west, or Global North. Part I documents the legal instruments, i.e. the major legislative acts, administrative regulations and judicial decisions, adopted in both countries. Part II compares and critiques the policies promoted by the law in these two countries. Both France and the U.S. have instituted educational programs designed to meet the special needs of the children of immigrant workers and to aid "host" schools in absorbing large numbers of students from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. While the French and American experiences are shaped by different political, demographic, cultural and educational factors, there are lessons of significance to be learned from the ways legislators, judges and other policy-makers in each country have dealt with this phenomenon.
Voice capacity under quality constraints for IEEE 802.11a based WLANs

The communication of voice over wireless local area networks (WLANs) is influenced by the choice of speech codec, packetization interval and PHY layer bit rates. These choices affect the number of voice users that can be supported on the WLAN as well as the speech quality experienced by each user. We investigate the effect of different combinations of these parameters for a 802.11a WLAN in different channel conditions with the objective of maximizing the number of voice users supported on the WLAN subject to a quality constraint. We use an indicator for assessing the speech quality experienced by a single user in a WLAN, based on a Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ) Mean Opinion Score (MOS) constraint and the probability of a voice user achieving this constraint. The contributions of this paper are three-fold. First, a PHY layer rate adaptation scheme is proposed, in which the operating rate for each Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is chosen as the one that maximizes the capacity given a quality constraint. Second, based on the PHY layer rate adaptation scheme, we evaluate the effect of the choice of codec and voice payload size on the capacity values obtainable at different SNRs. Finally, we show the effect of channel conditions and the tightening of quality constraints on the capacity values at different SNRs.
Abstract 3438: Expression of a novel tumor-derived axonal guidance molecule Sema7a in a breast cancer model

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The purpose of this study is to explore the expression of axonal guidance molecule Sema7a by breast cancer cells and the possible hijacking of macrophages by Sema7a to promote tumor growth. We have recently identified the novel expression and secretion of axonal guidance molecule Sema7a by two different mouse mammary tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. No studies have yet elucidated the implications of Sema7a expression in cancer. The over-expression of Sema7a in murine breast cancer cell lines may parallel the expression of this axonal guidance molecule in human breast cancer. Furthermore, we have evidence that Sema7a is expressed at higher levels in the macrophages and activated T lymphocytes of tumor bearers compared to the normal mice. To determine the role of the tumor on Sema7a expression, Sema7a expression was assessed in macrophages and T cells from normal mice cultured with tumor-derived factors. Sema7a, originally discovered for its chemotactic activity, is a known immune modulator through α1β1integrins. Sema7a mediates chemotaxis of human peripheral blood monocytes and induces them to produce proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8. Murine macrophages treated with Sema7a significantly increased their expression of CXCL2/MIP-2 an angiogenic chemokine that is a homologue of human IL-8. This proinflammatory chemokine is known to promote leukocyte-mediated angiogenesis and tumor growth. Monocytes recruited to the tumor adopt a macrophage phenotype that is of M2. M2 macrophages secrete angiogenic factors including VEGF, IL-8, and TNF-α, as well as TNF-α-dependent MMP-9 that degrades extracellular matrix to promote metastasis. It is not clear which tumor-derived factors drive the switch to M2 phenotype in the macrophages and their subsequent production of angiogenic chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases. A putative relationship between tumor-derived Sema7a and monocytes could prove valuable in establishing new research avenues towards unraveling important tumor-host immune interactions in breast cancer patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3438.
The health benefits of writing about intensely positive experiences

Abstract In a variation on Pennebaker’s writing paradigm, a sample of 90 undergraduates were randomly assigned to write about either an intensely positive experience (IPE) (n=48) or a control topic (n=42) for 20 min each day for three consecutive days. Mood measures were taken before and after writing. Three months later, measures of health center visits for illness were obtained. Writing about IPEs was associated with enhanced positive mood. Writing about IPEs was also associated with significantly fewer health center visits for illness, compared to controls. Results are interpreted as challenging previously considered mechanisms of the positive benefits of writing.
Value of Family and Group Counseling Models Where Grandparents Function as Parents to their Grandchildren

Those involved in circumstances in which children are raised by their grandparents often encounter serious problems that require assistance from counselors. Research suggests that grandparents and parents in these families typically experience heightened stress and psychosocial distress. Additionally, the children often encounter behavioral, emotional, and academic difficulties. These difficulties usually occur partly as a result of the factors that lead to grandparents having to assume responsibility for the children. This paper provides a report of the phenomenon, particularly as it relates to the various members’ psychosocial well-being. In addition, family and group counseling are advanced as valuable relational psychotherapeutic models to enhance the well-being of the children, grandparents and parents involved.
What are the slowest metastable-ion decompositions?

Abstract An upper limit on the lifetime of a metastable-ion decomposition is imposed by the competing relaxation of internal excitation by i.r. radiative cooling. Quantitative estimates of this limiting lifetime have been calculated for molecules in the size range of ∼ 20– ∼ 100 internal degrees of freedom. The lifetime of the most slowly decomposing metastable ions observable in significant abundance is predicted to be of the order of 30 ms for typical molecules, and is affected, but not strongly, by molecular size, dissociation threshold energy and nature of the activated complex. The largest factor in determining the slowest metastable-ion lifetimes is the i.r. luminosity, and for molecules of exceptionally low luminosity at low internal temperatures, metastable-ion lifetimes may approach 1 s−1 under the most favorable circumstances.
Shoemaker on the Duplication Argument, Survival, and What Matters

(1988). Shoemaker on the duplication argument, survival, and what matters. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 234-239.
Functional and inclusion dependencies a graph theoretic approach

We present a new graph theoretic approach to the implication problem for functional (FD) and inclusion (IND) dependencies. Using this methodology we prove decidability for the case of typed IND's and acyclic FD's. We provide new lower bounds for the implication of typed, acyclic IND's and FD's --- NP-hardness and PSPACE-hardness for bounded domains. Finally, we show that there is no k-ary complete axiomatization for implication of FD's, even when we have pairwise consistency, i.e., all possible typed IND's hold.
Foucault and the politics of our selves

Exploring the apparent tension between Foucault's analyses of technologies of domination -- the ways in which the subject is constituted by power-knowledge relations -- and of technologies of the self -- the ways in which individuals constitute themselves through practices of freedom -- this article endeavors to make two points: first, the interpretive claim that Foucault's own attempts to analyse both aspects of the politics of our selves are neither contradictory nor incoherent; and second, the constructive claim that Foucault's analysis of the politics of our selves, though not entirely satisfactory as it stands, provides important resources for the project of critical social theory.
Functional Morphology of Perihelia conradi Relative to Shell-Penetration

The pholad, Penitella conradi, is found along the California coast in the calcareous shell of the abalone, Haliotis rufescens. These pholads penetrate the abalone shell, and when they break through the inside of the shell they cease boring, secrete a callum, and then become sexually mature. The normal adult is a stenomorphic form,defined by Bartsch as an animal whose sexual maturity is induced by over-crowding or insufficient substratum in which to bore. In the case of P. conradi, sexual maturity is always induced by the spatial limits of the substratum, that is, the relatively thin abalone shell. The role of mechanical abrasion by the valves of P. conradi is minor. Experiments indicate that the teeth of P. conradi are worn at a greater rate than the polished shell of the abalone. The boring process in P. conradi proceeds mainly by chemical dissolution of the calcareous substrate. The pathway of the solvents is unknown. It may be through the organic matrix, or the solvent may react directly with the crystals. Mechanical abrasion helps to remove loosened crystals and/or organic matrix which are then carried to the exterior by the ciliary currents flowing in through the pedal gape and out through the exhalent siphon.
Hemichannel and junctional properties of connexin 50.

Abstract Lens fiber connexins, cx50 and cx46 ( α 3 and α 8), belong to a small subset of connexins that can form functional hemichannels in nonjunctional membranes. Knockout of either cx50 or cx46 results in a cataract, so the properties of both connexins are likely essential for proper physiological functioning of the lens. Although portions of the sequences of these two connexins are nearly identical, their hemichannel properties are quite different. Cx50 hemichannels are much more sensitive to extracellular acidification than cx46 hemichannels and differ from cx46 hemichannels both in steady-state and kinetic properties. Comparison of the two branches of the cx50 hemichannel G-V curve with the junctional G - V curve suggests that cx50 gap junctions gate with positive relative polarity. The histidine-modifying reagent, diethyl pyrocarbonate, reversibly blocks cx50 hemichannel currents but not cx46 hemichannel currents. Because cx46 and cx50 have very similar amino acid sequences, one might expect that replacing the two histidines unique to the third transmembrane region of cx50 with the corresponding cx46 residues would produce mutants more closely resembling cx46. In fact this does not happen. Instead the mutant cx50H161N does not form detectable hemichannels but forms gap junctions indistinguishable from wild type. Cx50H176Q is oocyte lethal, and the double mutant, cx50H61N/H176Q, neither forms hemichannels nor kills oocytes.
Japanese speakers of American English: competence with connectives in written language.

Competence with literate connectives (e.g., conversely, similarly, moreover) is important for academic success, particularly in university settings. This study examined the ability of Japanese spea...
Some Factors Related to Success of Fish Populations in Iowa Farm Ponds

Abstract Minnow seines and larger bag seines were used to determine the reproductive success of fish in all (60) farm ponds known to have been stocked with fish in Marion County, Iowa. Additional data on lengths, weights, ages, and abundance of the fish were collected from many of the ponds. Ponds smaller than 0.5 acre were less successful than larger ponds. Fifteen of 26 ponds stocked with the bass-bluegill-bullhead combination were successful, and four of 18 ponds stocked with the bass-bluegill-bullhead combination were successful. The rates of stocking within the range of 300 to 1,000 bluegills per acre in combination with bass had little influence on success or failure of fish ponds. Pond management practices by the farm operator were generally limited to fencing for exclusion of livestock. The ponds were not heavily fished, and harvest did not exceed 65 pounds of fish per acre per year at the most heavily fished ponds. Clay turbidity probably delayed growth of bass. Aquatic vegetation was not importa...
Obesity and thyroid hormone

Summary The actions of thyroid hormone in the obese patient appear to be qualitatively similar to the effects in normal weight individuals, although there may be some small quantitative differences in the magnitude of the response. These effects include an increase in metabolic requirements, an increase in turnover of protein, fatty acids and calcium, and modification of enzymatic and hormonal systems. The decision as to whether thyroid is useful in the treatment of an obese patient depends on the particular question. If the patient is clinically or chemically hypothyroid, there is little question that its use is necessary. For the euthyroid obese patient, however, there may also be a place for the judicious use of thyroid hormones. Such a situation might arise during profound caloric restriction when metabolic rate is known to decline. In this situation, the appropriate doses of thyroid hormone may obviate this physiologic adaption of caloric deprivation.
Tibial tuberosity fractures in adolescents

Background Tibial tuberosity fractures in adolescents are uncommon. We retrospectively reviewed all tibial tuberosity fractures in adolescents (10–19) who presented to our level 1 pediatric trauma center over a 7-year period to review fracture morphology, mechanism of injury, fracture management including return to play, as well as complications. Additionally, we present a review of the literature and treatment algorithm.
Effect of allopurinol on the toxicity of high‐dose 5‐fluorouracil administered by intermittent bolus injection

The effect of allopurinol pretreatment on the toxicity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was examined in a clinical trial. Twenty-three patients were given bolus infusions of 5-FU every two weeks in doses that produced mild toxicity (0.8-1.9 g/m2). On alternate courses patients were pretreated with allopurinol either 300 mg two hours prior to and 10 hours after 5-FU, or 300 mg every 8 hours for 4 doses starting 24 hours before 5-FU. Seventeen and 20 pairs of courses were evaluable from the 2- and 24-hour pretreatment groups, respectively. Allopurinol did not produce a significant degree of protection against 5-FU-induced myelosuppression or mucositis on either dose schedule. Neurotoxicity manifesting as both cerebellar and encephalopathic signs and symptoms was the most important toxicity encountered and was dose-limiting for 5-FU on this schedule. Mean oxipurinol serum concentrations at the time of 5-FU administration were 24 microM and 104 microM for the 2- and 24-hour allopurinol pretreatment schedules respectively. Allopurinol increased the T 1/2 of 5-FU by a mean of 67% in three of the four patients studied. Pretreatment with allopurinol did not reduce the toxicity of 5-FU administered as an intravenous bolus.
Light Scattering Experiment: The Viking Mars Lander

Abstract Microbial growth can be detected with great sensitivity by light scattering. Even the low level of bacterial multiplication in distilled water can be reliably detected. It is proposed to observe the turbidity of an aqueous phase in contact with Martian soil for changes which can be interpreted as growth.
Conjugates of lytic peptides and LHRH or βCG target and cause necrosis of prostate cancers and metastases

Abstract In a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments, it was shown that membrane disrupting lytic peptides (Hecate, Phor14, or Phor21) conjugated to a 15 amino acid segment of the β chain of CG or to LHRH were able to target and destroy hormone dependent and independent human prostate cancer xenografts in nude mice. In vitro sensitivity of the cells to the drugs was directly related to LH/CG receptor expression, and pretreatment in vitro or in vivo with estrogens or FSH to enhance LH/CG receptor expression capacity and increased sensitivity to the drugs. Administration of unconjugated Hecate and LHRH was ineffective. Most importantly, all of the lytic peptide–βCG conjugates tested were highly effective in destroying prostate cancer metastatic cells in lymph nodes, bones and lungs.
Neuronal firing patterns in the feline hippocampus during sleep and wakefulness

Abstract The study addressed the problem of information transmission in mammalian brain as reflected in the emergence or disappearence of temporal patterns in extra-cellularly monitored single action potentials from the dorsal hippocampus of unrestrained cats during slow wave sleep (SWS), rapid eye movement sleep (REM), and motionless quiet wakefulness (QW). The spike trains were analyzed with a non-paarametric technique. Chi-square statistics were used to measure deviations of firing patterns from the theoretical model which is based on the assumption that the intervals are random and/or independent from each other. The plots of the chi-square values for a given set of patterns represented the neuronal ‘signatures’ characteristic a behavioral state. During SWS most neurons followed the theoretical model, i.e. their ‘signatures’ were flat and statistically non-significant. However, during REM sleep and QW their firing modes showed specific deviations from the theoretical model: some patters occured more often while others less often than expected, thus generating large and statistically significant ‘signatures’. During REM sleep some neurons shared similar tendencies in their departures from the theoretical model. However, during QW the same neurons developed their individual ‘signatures’ which were significantly different from each other. Hence, the QW episodes were characterized by a greater differentiation of neuronal firing patterns. The mean firing rate and the shape of the time interval histogramwere not necessarily correlated with the emergence of specific temporal patterns in spike trains. The results suggest that information transmission from one neuron to anothe depends on the emergence of repetitive and specific temporal patterns. The strong tendency of most neurons to lapse during SWS into a firing mode that closely follows the theoretical model constitutes the basis for a working hypothesis which states that the essence of SWS recovery processes in cognitive systems is the disappearance of temporal patterns, and that the ‘noisy’ interactions between neurons plays an important role in the recuperative processes.
Visualisation of presence, location, and transmural extent of healed Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction.

Summary Background A technical advance in contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has significantly improved image quality. We investigated whether healed myocardial infarction can be visualised as hyperenhanced regions with this new technique, and whether assessment of the transmural extent of infarction yields new physiological data. Methods 82 MRI examinations were carried out in three groups: patients with healed myocardial infarction; patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy; and healthy volunteers. Patients with healed myocardial infarction were prospectively enrolled after enyzmatically proven necrosis and imaged 3 months (SD 1) or 14 months (7) later. The MRI procedure used a segmented inversion-recovery gradient-echo sequence after gadolinium administration. Findings were compared with those of coronary angiography, electrocardiography, cine MRI, and creatine kinase measurements. Findings 29 (91%) of 32 patients with infarcts imaged at 3 months (13 non-Q-wave) and all of 19 imaged at 14 months (eight non-Q-wave) showed hyperenhancement. In patients in whom the infarct-related-artery was identified by angiography, 24 of 25 imaged at 3 months and all of 14 imaged at 14 months had hyperenhancement in the appropriate territory. None of the 20 patients with non ischaemic cardiomyopathy or the 11 healthy volunteers showed hyperenhancement. Irrespective of the presence or absence of Q waves, the majority of patients with hyperenhancement had only non-transmural involvement. Normal left-ventricular contraction was shown in seven patients examined at 3 months and three examined at 14 months, but in these cases hyperenhancement was limited to the subendocardium. Interpretation The presence, location, and transmural extent of healed Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction can be accurately determined by contrastenhanced MRI.
Structure of CBM4 from Clostridium thermocellum cellulase K.

Here, a 2.0 A resolution X-ray structure of Clostridium thermocellum cellulase K family 4 carbohydrate-binding module (CelK CBM4) is reported. The resulting structure was refined to an R factor of 0.212 and an R free of 0.274. Structural analysis shows that this new structure is very similar to the previously solved structure of C. thermocellum CbhA CBM4. Most importantly, these data support the previously proposed notion of an extended binding pocket using a novel tryptophan-containing loop that may be highly conserved in clostridial CBM4 proteins.
Energy, Government Policies, and the Structure of the Food and Fiber System

It has become almost trite to suggest that the United States and the world are presently in a fundamentally changed economic situation requiring new diagnoses, prescriptions, and treatments. However, many have reached that conclusion after an assessment of recent economic events, including two devaluations of the U.S. dollar, formation of price-raising raw material-producing country cartels and threats of others, wage and price controls, and their lingering distortions, stagflation, U.S. balance of payments-inflow of petrodollars, expanded U.S. trade in agricultural commodities-detente with new trading partners, growing obsolescence of U.S. manufacturing plant and equipment relative to major trading nations of Europe and Japan, decline in the rate of U.S. technological innovation relative to the rest of the world, slowed growth rate of the U.S. labor force, environmental impact regulations, and more energy conscious consumers and producers. Taken individually, the economic system would likely respond to these shocks in traditional ways. Interacting together, however, they strain our ability to sort out past impacts and to predict future changes. Many of these events are new and hence, data are not organized for analyzing them, which contributes to greater uncertainty. The economic units of the system are having difficulty in formulating expectations upon which to base decisions. Our purposes in this paper are to evaluate the energy-environment component of this confluence of forces, giving special attention to government policies as both a source of and solution to problems of uncertainty and to discuss important potential impacts of uncertainty forces in general on the organizational structure of the food and fiber system. The initial focus is on economic units directly affected by recent economic events, but the ultimate concern is with the likely effects on the growth rate of our domestic economy, on the economic organization of production, on our ability to compete in world trade, and on our role in reducing world hunger. Economic growth in excess of the rate of population growth has been the formula by which the United States has developed the highest standard of living in the world. Labor-saving technology has permitted the economic pie to yield an ever larger slice to each person. Growth has been viewed as subject only to the constraints of the rate of technological advance, the rate of saving and capital formation available to finance new technology, and the rate of growth of the labor force. Two new kinds of apparent constraints have now entered the growth equation: environmental and natural resource considera-
Vertical versus horizontal spatial compatibility: right-left prevalence with bimanual responses.

For two-choice tasks in which stimulus and response locations vary along horizontal and vertical dimensions, the spatial compatibility effect is often stronger on the horizontal than vertical dimension. Umilta and Nicoletti [(1990) Spatial stimulus-response compatibility (pp. 89–116). Amsterdam: North-Holland] attributed this right-left prevalence effect to an inability to code vertical location when horizontal codes are present simultaneously. Hommel [(1996) Perception & Psychophysics, 43, 102–110] suggested instead that it reflects a voluntary strategy. This study reports four experiments that examine this issue. Experiment 1 was a conceptual replication of Hommel's Experiment 1, with responses made on a numeric keypad and subjects instructed in terms of the vertical or horizontal dimension. The results replicated Hommel's findings that showed a right-left advantage with horizontal instructions; however, with vertical instructions, we found a benefit of vertical compatibility alone that he did not. This benefit for vertical compatibility alone was eliminated in Experiment 2 using a varied practice schedule similar to that used by Hommel. Experiment 3 showed right-left prevalence and a benefit of vertical compatibility alone, even with varied practice and vertical instructions, when subjects responded on perpendicularly arranged handgrips. These benefits were eliminated in Experiment 4 using Hommel's method of urging subjects to respond only in terms of the instructed dimension. With bimanual responses, right-left prevalence is a robust phenomenon that is evident when comparing across vertical and horizontal instructions and, when the right-left distinction is relatively salient, within the vertical instructions condition alone.
Throughput of 802.11g wireless devices in ad hoc mode

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory has used IEEE 802.11g standard wireless LANs for implementation in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). One common problem with the use of 802.11g wireless devices is maintaining a high operational throughput over distances. In this paper, we assess the throughput performance of four 802.11g wireless network interface cards (NIC) performing in ad-hoc mode and an outdoor environment. This assessment was based on characteristics of NICs, such as chipset, signal amplification, and antenna diversity over various operating distances. The assessment showed that antenna diversity for outdoor environment has no throughput improvement, and amplification did not always improve data rates. The wireless communication with small buffer size minimizes fluctuation of throughput date rate over large range of distances.
Labyrinth Weirs: Nappe Interference and Local Submergence

AbstractThe interaction of nappes from adjacent weir walls near an upstream apex can cause local submergence, which reduces labyrinth weir discharge efficiency. Local submergence effects can cause the head-discharge relationships for labyrinth weirs of equivalent lengths but different cycle numbers to differ. Empirical labyrinth weir discharge coefficients implicitly account for apex effects and local submergence; however, the uncertainty associated with applying hydraulic design data developed from specific weir geometries to comparable but different labyrinth weir geometries is not well understood. This study investigates the concept of labyrinth weir nappe interference and identifies labyrinth weir flow characteristics that decrease discharge efficiency, including local submergence. Parametric methods for quantifying nappe interference region size as a function of weir geometry (e.g., sidewall angle and crest shape) and flow conditions (e.g., headwater and nappe aeration) are presented. A comparison be...
Levels in 30Si excited by the 26Mg(α, n)29Si, 26Mg(α, γ)30Si and 26Mg(α, α)26Mg reactions

Abstract The reactions 26 Mg(α, n) 29 Si, 26 Mg(α, γ) 30 Si and 26 Mg(α, α) 26 Mg have been investigated for E α = 2.5−4.3 MeV. Twenty-nine resonances were observed in the 26 Mg(α, n) 29 Si reaction and the total widths of the corresponding 30 Si levels were estimated. Three of the resonances were also seen in the 26 Mg(α, γ) 30 Si reaction and their spin and parity could be determined from angular distribution data for the ground state transition. The measured resonance strengths were found to support the isobaric spin selection rule for El transitions in self-conjugate nuclei. A multi-channel multi-level R -matrix calculation was used to analyse the elastic scattering data, yielding spin, parity and partial widths of the observed levels.
PROJECTILE CHARGE DEPENDENCE OF K-SHELL IONIZATION BY SWIFT LIGHT NUCLEI.

$K$-shell x-ray yields were measured for Al and Ni bombarded by H, D, He, and Li of kinetic energies between 1 and 7.5 MeV/amu. Ratios of $K$-shell ionization cross sections for projectiles of different atomic numbers ${Z}_{1}$, at equal velocities, show pronounced deviations from the $Z_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}$ dependence predicted in the plane-wave Born approximation. The effect can be understood in terms of distortions of the $K$ shell in the field of the ionizing particles.
Word Learning in a Supported-Learning Context by Preschool Children With Specific Language Impairment

Word learning in a supported-learning context is described for 30 preschoolers with SLI and 30 age- and sex-matched children without SLI. Daily production probes assessed number of words learned to...
Outpatient Cholecystectomy at Hospitals Versus Freestanding Ambulatory Surgical Centers

Background Because of safety concerns, some payers do not reimburse for laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed in freestanding ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs). This policy has been controversial because of increasing competition between ASCs and hospitals for low risk surgical patients. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing elective outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the state of Florida in 2002 and 2003 (n=40,040), using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality State Ambulatory Surgery Database. Patients treated in hospitals and ASCs were compared with respect to patient characteristics, charges, outcomes, and processes of care. Results For both hospital-based and ASC-based laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients, greater than 99% were successfully discharged home, and there were no reported deaths. Compared with those treated in hospitals, patients in ASCs had a higher rate of intraoperative cholangiogram (39% versus 36%, p=0.008). There was no difference in the proportion of procedures converted to open cholecystectomy. ASC-based patients were slightly younger (mean age 45 years versus 49 years, p Conclusions In a population of slightly younger, healthier patients, laparoscopic cholecystectomy in freestanding ASCs appears to be performed safely and with substantially lower charges than in hospitals.
Suppression of the normal mouse c-myc oncogene in human lymphoma cells.

In Burkitt's lymphoma, which carries the t(8;14) chromosome translocation, the c-myc oncogene normally located on band q24 of human chromosome 8 (refs 1–3) translocates to the heavy-chain locus on chromosome 14 (refs 1,4,5); this results in transcriptional deregulation of the translocated c-myc oncogene, which is transcribed constitutively at elevated levels5–9, while the normal c-myc oncogene on the uninvolved chromosome 8 is either silent6–11 or expressed at very low levels (A.ar-R. and C.M.C., unpublished results). We have now introduced the active c-myc oncogene of proliferating mouse spleen cells into human lymphoma cells carrying the t(8;14) chromosome translocation by hydridization, and have examined the hybrids for expression of the human and murine c-myc oncogene. The results of this analysis, reported here, indicate that the active mouse myc gene is shut off at the transcriptional level in the human lymphoma cells, implying that human B cells at the stage of differentiation of lymphoma cells used in this study are nonpermissive for normal c-myc transcription.
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients with a Tracheostoma: Use of a Bilateral Thoracotomy Incision

The performance of cardiac surgical procedures via median sternotomy in patients with a tracheostoma can present difficult problems, including stomal necrosis, mediastinitis, and inadequate operative exposure. Bilateral thoracotomy is an alternative approach in such patients. This approach separates the stoma from the operative field and provides satisfactory exposure for internal mammary artery dissection and performance of coronary artery bypass grafting.
Quantifying transcription of clinically relevant immobilized DNA within a continuous flow microfluidic reactor.

Flow-through reactors are commonly used to control and optimize reagent delivery and product removal. Although recent research suggests that transcription reactions using picogram quantities of cDN...
The roles of RecBCD, Ssb and RecA proteins in the formation of heteroduplexes from linear-duplex DNA in vitro.

The formation of heteroduplexes from linear duplex DNA, where one molecule possesses a DNA doublestrand break, was assayed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Using unlabeled whole-length linear duplex DNA and 3H-labeled half-length linear duplex DNA (obtained from plasmid pACYC184), the appearance of 3H-labeled DNA that migrated as whole-length linear DNA was taken as evidence for formation of heteroduplex DNA. When the DNA mixtures were incubated with RecA, RecBCD, or Ssb proteins, or any double or triple combination of these proteins under a variety of reaction conditions, no heteroduplex DNA was detected. However, heteroduplex DNA was detected when the DNA mixtures were first incubated briefly with the RecBCD and Ssb proteins under reaction conditions that allow unwinding to proceed, and then the MgCl2 concentration was raised such that renaturation could proceed. The inclusion of the RecBCD and Ssb proteins was sufficient to catalyze the slow formation of heteroduplex DNA, but the presence of RecA protein greatly increased the kinetics. The roles of the RecBCD, Ssb and RecA proteins in heteroduplex formation in vitro are discussed.
Timing of orchiopexy in the United States: a quality-of-care indicator.

Objective To investigate whether orchiopexies are occurring later than recommended by American Academy of Pediatrics 1996 guidelines (around age 1). Adherence to guidelines is poorly studied. Methods The main cohort consisted of 4103 boys insured from birth (Innovus i3, insurance claims database). The complementary cohort consisted of 17 010 insured and noninsured boys (Pediatric Health Information System, PHIS). The inclusion criteria was age ≤5 years at time of International Classification of Disease, 9th revision-defined cryptorchidism diagnosis. The primary outcome was timely surgery (orchiopexy by age 18 months). Results In Innovus, 87% of boys who underwent an orchiopexy had a timely orchiopexy. Of those who did not undergo surgery (n = 2738), 90% had at least 1 subsequent well-care visit. Those who underwent timely surgery were referred to a surgeon at a younger age compared with those who underwent late surgery (4.1 vs 16.1 months, P P Conclusion We found an unexpectedly high adherence to guidelines in our continuously insured since birth Innovus population. Primary care continuity and well-care visits were associated with timely surgery. Further studies can confirm these findings in nonprivately insured patients with the ultimate goal of instituting quality improvement initiatives.
Amperometric determination of isoniazid in a flowing stream at the glassy carbon electrode

Abstract A flow-injection method for the determination of isoniazid based on electrochemical oxidation at the glassy carbon electrode is presented. The amperometric method is highly specific and may be used to determine isoniazid in the presence of most other drugs and/or preservatives commonly found in its pharamaceutical dosage forms or administered concurently in therapeutic situations. Using an electrode potential of +825 mV, a calibration curve is linear (r = 0.9999) in the 0.05-6 μg/ml concentration range with minimum detectability at 0.5 ng (S/N = 2). The method applied to the analysis of isoniazid in a pharmaceutical dosage form shows good accuracy and precision. Although automation was not used in this study, the method could readily be incorporated in automated systems because it employs the technique of continuous analysis in a flowing stream.
The Cauchy problem for the Fokas–Olver–Rosenau–Qiao equation

Abstract It is shown that the initial value problem for the Fokas–Olver–Rosenau–Qiao equation (FORQ) is well-posed in Sobolev spaces H s , s > 5 / 2 , in the sense of Hadamard. Furthermore, it is proved that the dependence on initial data is sharp, i.e. the data-to-solution map is continuous but not uniformly continuous. Also, peakon travelling wave solutions are derived on both the circle and the line and are used to prove that the solution map is not uniformly continuous in H s for s 3 / 2 .
Optimization of image-forming optics for transmission optical projection tomography

A new optical system for transmission optical projection tomography (TOPT) is presented to reduce the divergence of the projection data from the true parallel projections. This is performed by introducing an iris at the back focus of the objective lens. The influence of the defocusing on TOPT is demonstrated by computational simulations and experiments. We compare the performances of the new and conventional TOPT systems in order to optimize the optical system for three-dimensional imaging of the embryos of small animals. The optimal imaging performance is given by the new system with numerical apertures between 0.007 and 0.014, with which the spatial resolution of 25 microm is achieved. The optimal configuration is validated by TOPT of a phantom sample and a fixed five-day chick embryo.
Bisulfite Atlernatives in Processing Abrasion-Peeled Russet Burbank Potatoes

Whole, abrasion-pecled Russet Burbank potatoes were dipped in a solution containing 3% D-araboascorbic acid (erythorbic acid), 0.25% sodium acid pyrophosphate and 2% sodium chloride or water. They were drained and packed in 0.2% citric acid, 0.2% sorbic acid and 0.25% calcium chloride or water, sealed in plastic bags and stored at 3.8°C. Potatoes packed in the citric acid mixtures maintained a lower microbial load after 6 days storage when compared to bisulfite-treated or water-dipped potatoes. All potatoes maintained acceptable color through 18 days storage. Treatments did not alter shear force measurements of raw, peeled potatoes or perceived flavor and texture of cooked, mashed potatoes.
Dosimetric feasibility of real-time MRI-guided proton therapy.

Purpose: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a prime candidate for image-guided radiotherapy. This study was designed to assess the feasibility of real-time MRI-guided proton therapy by quantifying the dosimetric effects induced by the magnetic field in patients’ plans and identifying the associated clinical consequences. Methods: Monte Carlo dose calculation was performed for nine patients of various treatment sites (lung, liver, prostate, brain, skull-base, and spine) and tissue homogeneities, in the presence of 0.5 and 1.5 T magnetic fields. Dose volume histogram (DVH) parameters such as D 95, D 5, and V 20 as well as equivalent uniform dose were compared for the target and organs at risk, before and after applying the magnetic field. The authors further assessed whether the plans affected by clinically relevant dose distortions could be corrected independent of the planning system. Results: By comparing the resulting dose distributions and analyzing the respective DVHs, it was determined that despite the observed lateral beam deflection, for magnetic fields of up to 0.5 T, neither was the target coverage jeopardized nor was the dose to the nearby organs increased in all cases except for prostate. However, for a 1.5 T magnetic field, the dose distortions were more pronounced and of clinical concern in all cases except for spine. In such circumstances, the target was severely underdosed, as indicated by a decrease in D 95 of up to 41% of the prescribed dose compared to the nominal situation (no magnetic field). Sites such as liver and spine were less affected due to higher tissue homogeneity, typically smaller beam range, and the choice of beam directions. Simulations revealed that small modifications to certain plan parameters such as beam isocenter (up to 19 mm) and gantry angle (up to 10°) are sufficient to compensate for the magnetic field-induced dose disturbances. The authors’ observations indicate that the degree of required corrections strongly depends on the beam range and direction relative to the magnetic field. This method was also applicable to more heterogeneous scenarios such as skull-base tumors. Conclusions: This study confirmed the dosimetric feasibility of real-time MRI-guided proton therapy and delivering a clinically acceptable dose to patients with various tumor locations within magnetic fields of up to 1.5 T. This work could serve as a guide and encouragement for further efforts toward clinical implementation of hybrid MRI–proton gantry systems.
Atmospheric and sea state dependence of polarized infrared contrast

Sea radiance in the mid and far infrared shows a considerable degree of polarization which affects observed target-to-background contrast. An improvement in contrast is achieved with horizontal (s-plane) polarization filtering to suppress sea surface emission. Visibility and range affect the contrast in both polarizations. Scenes recorded during the MAPTIP measurement series off the coast of the Netherlands with the oceanographic ship HrMs Tydeman show decrease in contrast with range and better contrast for horizontal polarization against sea background. A simple mathematical model is presented relating contrast to extinction and path radiance which increase with increasing path length or worsening visibility.
Association Between Physician Specialty and Uptake of New Medical Technologies: HPV Tests in Florida Medicaid

BACKGROUND It is well established that specialists often adopt new medical technologies earlier than generalists, and that racial and ethnic minority patients are less likely than White patients to receive many procedures and prescription drugs. However, little is known about the role that specialists or generalists may play in reducing racial and ethnic disparities in uptake of new medical technologies. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA tests, introduced as a cervical cancer screening tool in 2000, present a rich context for exploring patterns of use across patient and provider subgroups.
Current saturation control in silicon emitter switched thyristors

Abstract In this paper a novel Dual Channel Emitter Switched Thyristor (DC-EST) structure with diode diverter connected to the P-base region is shown to provide reduced saturation current density without compromising the on-state voltage drop. During the on-state, the diode diverter does not carry any current and the P-base region is effectively floating in potential, which results in a low on-state voltage drop. During current saturation, as the P-base potential rises, the diode diverter diverts the holes collected in the P-base, thus leading to an improved forward biased safe operating area (FBSOA). The saturation current density is lowered significantly which is desirable to achieve a good short circuit safe operating area (SCSOA). The dynamic clamping behavior of the diode diverter allows for independent optimization of the forward drop and saturation current density. Experimental results are reported to confirm the superior characteristics observed through simulations. The novel diode diverter DC-EST structure is found to be particularly suitable for high voltage (4 kV) applications.
Learning flow of control: recursive and iterative procedures

Two experiments were performed to study students' ability to write recursive and iterative programs and transfer between these two skills. Subjects wrote functions to accumulate instances into a list. Problems varied in terms of whether they were recursive or iterative, whether they operated on lists or numbers, whether they accumulated results in forward or backward manner, whether they accumulated on success or failure, and whether they simply skipped or ejected on failure to accumulate. Subjects had real difficulty only with the dimensions concerned with flow of control, namely, recursive versus iterative, and skip versus eject. We found positive transfer from writing iterative functions to writing recursive functions, but not vice versa. A subsequent protocol study revealed subjects had such a poor mental model of recursion that they developed poor learning strategies which hindered their understanding of iteration. It is argued that having an adequate model of the functionality of programming is prerequisite to learning to program, and that it is sensible pedagogical practice to base understanding of recursive flow of control on understanding iterative flow of control.
The Immigration Industrial Complex: Why We Enforce Immigration Policies Destined to Fail

This article provides a genealogy of the idea of an immigration industrial complex. The immigration industrial complex is the confluence of public and private sector interests in the criminalization of undocumented migration, immigration law enforcement, and the promotion of ‘anti-illegal’ rhetoric. This concept is based on ideas developed with regard to the prison and military industrial complexes. These three complexes share three major features: (a) a rhetoric of fear; (b) the convergence of powerful interests; and (c) a discourse of other-ization. This article explores why Congress has not passed viable legislation to deal with undocumented migration, and instead has passed laws destined to fail, and has appropriated billions of dollars to the Department of Homeland Security to implement these laws. This has been exacerbated in the context of the War on Terror, now that national security has been conflated with immigration law enforcement. This is the first in a two-part series on the immigration industrial complex.