cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Device preview: Touch-user interface books for overcoming reading difficulty.

Purpose. To provide a rationale for the newly developed paper-to-digital book product, touch-user-interface (TUI) technology for improving reading comprehension for students with disabilities and developmental constraints.Method. TUI technology, enabling students to touch portions of the pages to actualise corresponding digital files, was theoretically and practically analysed by the author, a content-area expert in (a) reading fluency and comprehension and (b) learning disabilities, for judgment of product utility. Product function was juxtaposed with current reading research depicting learner challenges to fluency and comprehension.Results. TUI technology provides design solutions in-line with meeting student challenges with reading difficulty, namely that traditional paper book pages with ‘too much’ text block reading comprehension due to low fluency (reading rate is too slow for the brain to make sense of text causing a ‘bottleneck’ effect) inhibiting understanding. It is proposed that with a TUI book...
Structural breaks estimation for non-stationary time series signals

In this work we consider the problem of modeling a class of non-stationary time series signals using piecewise autoregressive (AR) processes. The number and locations of the piecewise autoregressive segments, as well as the orders of the respective AR processes, are assumed to be unknown. The minimum description length principle is applied to find the "best" combination of the number of the segments, the lengths of the segments, and the orders of the piecewise AR processes. A genetic algorithm is implemented to solve this difficult optimization problem. We term the resulting procedure auto-PARM. Numerical results from both simulation experiments and real data analysis show that auto-PARM enjoys excellent empirical properties. Consistency of auto-PARM for break point estimation can also be shown
Aplastic anemia and alymphocytosis in an infant with hypogammaglobulinemia: Graft-versus-host reaction?

The case of an infant with a defect in production of immune globulin, lymphopenia, and pancytopenia, with pathologic changes including severe bone marrow aplasia, lymphoid tissue depletion, and generalized histiocytosis is described. The similarity between these manifestations and the clinical and pathologic findings in animals with graft-versus-host reaction or runting syndrome is striking.
Risk factors for intimate partner violence and associated injury among urban women.

The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for abuse and IPV related injury among an urban population. This study reports an additional analysis of a case-control study conducted from 1994 to 2000 in 11 USA metropolitan cities where of 4746 women, 3637 (76.6%) agreed to participate. Control group women (N = 845) were identified through random digit dialing. Significant risk factors for abuse included women's young age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.05 p = .011), being in fair or poor mental health (AOR 2.65 p < .001), and former partner (AOR 3.33 p < .001). Risk factors for partners perpetrating IPV included not being a high school graduate (AOR 2.06 p = .014), being in fair or poor mental health (AOR 6.61 p < .001), having a problem with drug (AOR 1.94 p = .020) or alcohol use (AOR 2.77 p = .001), or pet abuse (AOR 7.59 p = .011). College completion was observed to be protective (AOR 0.60, p < .001). Significant risk factors for injury included partner's fair or poor mental health (AOR 2.13, p = .008), suicidality (AOR 2.11, p = .020), controlling behavior (AOR 4.31, p < .001), prior domestic violence arrest (AOR 2.66, p = .004), and relationship with victim of more than 1 year (AOR 2.30, p = .026). Through integration of partner related risk factors into routine and/or targeted screening protocols, we may identify more abused women and those at greater risk of abuse and injury.
Laser-induced melting of thin conducting films. II. Heat-dissipating substrates

For pt.I see ibid., vol.38, p.2042-50 (Sept. 1991). The authors study the application of pulsed laser radiation in the melting of thin conducting films deposited on heat-dissipating substrates. This situation is markedly different from that encountered in the adiabatic system. Real applications involve conducting films deposited on thin insulating films grown on conductive substrates such as silicon. The heat flow from the conducting film to the silicon substrate must be accounted for in attempting to describe real deletive and additive laser-induced processes. The present model makes use of the observed thermal profiles in aluminum in the adiabatic approximation. The authors assume a constant temperature profile along the normal to the surface of the conducting film. This allows closed-form analytic expressions for the important thermal quantities of the combined system to be obtained. >
Prevention of glycogen supercompensation prolongs the increase in muscle GLUT4 after exercise

Exercise induces an increase in GLUT4 in skeletal muscle with a proportional increase in glucose transport capacity. This adaptation results in enhanced glycogen accumulation, i.e., “supercompensat...
Metronidazole-Associated Pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of acute reversible pancreatitis associated with metronidazole-treated aspiration pneumonia.CASE SUMMARY: A 61-year-old white woman requiring coronary artery bypass surgery developed acute pancreatitis following treatment with metronidazole for suspected postsurgical aspiration pneumonia. The patient developed moderate to severe bilateral upper quadrant abdominal pain; laboratory studies revealed elevated amylase and lipase concentrations four days following the initiation of metronidazole therapy. After discontinuation of metronidazole, the patient's abdominal pain subsequently improved, and both amylase and lipase concentrations immediately declined and were within normal limits within one week.DISCUSSION: An acute attack of pancreatitis is characterized by moderate to severe abdominal pain that may radiate to the back, accompanied by increased concentrations of pancreatic enzymes and few morphologic changes in the pancreas. Metronidazole is reported as having a probable assoc...
Derivation of an applied nonlinear Schroedinger equation

We derive from first principles a mathematical physics model useful for understanding nonlinear optical propagation (including filamentation). All assumptions necessary for the development are clearly explained. We include the Kerr effect, Raman scattering, and ionization (as well as linear and nonlinear shock, diffraction and dispersion). We explain the phenomenological sub-models and each assumption required to arrive at a complete and consistent theoretical description. The development includes the relationship between shock and ionization and demonstrates why inclusion of Drude model impedance effects alters the nature of the shock operator. Unclassified Unlimited Release
Key Components of Demand Driven Supply Chain

In this chapter, it will be briefly reviewed the supply chain processes based on the work developed by Lambert (2008), then it will be presented the three Demand Driven Supply Chain components proposed by the author, followed by a literature review for each one of the components. The reason to choose Lambert’s processes review was due to its broad coverage of supply chain processes, including customers and suppliers.
Diversity on Corporate Boards – Limits to the Business Rationale and the Connection between Supporting Rationales and the Appropriate Response of the Law

It has often been suggested that diversity on corporate boards of directors will lead to new perspectives and hence better decision-making by the board. It would seem to follow that improved decision-making will lead to better corporate performance and thus presents a “business case” for increasing diversity on corporate boards. This essay explores the limits of the business case and some of the alternative rationales for increasing diversity on corporate boards and the extent to which those rationales provide a basis for the law mandating or encouraging increased diversity. The essay concludes that the recently adopted SEC rule mandating disclosure of any policies relating to the role of diversity in board selection is a measured response to the current rationales, although it could have gone a bit further. Although, the current rationales for increased diversity do not provide a clear mandate for more proactive government intervention, these rationales clearly support regulatory intervention.
Delayed hospital admission until active labour may help prevent unnecessary caesarean delivery.

Commentary on: Tilden EL, Lee VR, Allen AJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of latent versus active labor hospital admission for medically low-risk, term women. Birth 2015;42:219–26[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3]. In March 2014, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine published ‘Safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery’.1 The impetus for this statement was the rapid increase in caesarean deliveries from 1996 to 2011 without concomitant improvement in obstetric outcomes.2 ,3 These findings raise concern that medically unnecessary caesarean deliveries are being performed in the USA. The long-term reproductive risks of successive repeat caesarean deliveries have also helped shift the focus to the prevention of unnecessary primary caesarean deliveries.4 … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBirth%26rft.volume%253D42%26rft.spage%253D219%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252Fbirt.12179%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26095829%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/birt.12179&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=26095829&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F20%2F6%2F228.atom
Geodesy and Photogrammetry in the 1960’s

The basic geodetic control network in the United States includes about 100,000 monumented first- and second-order horizontal control stations that are accurately related one to another, and whose positions are expressed in latitude, longitude, and State plane coordinates. This network provides the framework for mapping and charting, for cadastral and property surveys, etc. Its primary purpose is to provide: (1) Means of maintaining a given standard of accuracy over long distances; (2) a means whereby surveys or maps done at different places at different times can be connected into a coordinated whole; and (3) the means of reestablishing the position of any point that has been lost. The network, however, must be expanded and strengthened in order to meet the needs of all types of surveying. New methods of satellite triangulation and superaccurate geodimeter traverse are now providing a means of testing and strengthening the horizontal control network. Analytic aerial photogrammetry can now be considered a surveying tool of high accuracy.
Moment Matching for Sensitivity Analysis of Probabilistic Model Output

With the advent of highly complex engineering simulation models that describe the relationship between input variables and output response, the need for an efficient and effective sensitivity analysis is more demanding. In this article, a generalized approach that can provide efficient as well as accurate global sensitivity indices is developed. The approach consists of two steps: running an orthogonal array based experiment using moment-matched levels of the input variables and followed by a variance contribution analysis. The benefits of the approach are demonstrated through three different examples.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Childhood human immunodeficiency virus infection: the spectrum of costs.

This article reviews projections of prevalence, the elements of cost, and available resources, and will comment on the politics of seeking support. Reference will be made to specific studies on costs in adults and to the few data available on the costs of HIV infection in the very young
Human Non-MHC-Restricted Immunosuppression by Alloantigen and IL2-Activated Cells

We have detected and characterized a small population of human non-MHC restricted suppressor cells which arise following alloantigen and IL2 stimulation and which are potent inhibitors of T-cell activation.
Decreased toxicity of the N-methyl analogs of acetaminophen and phenacetin

The N-methyl analogs of p-hydroxyacetanilide (acetaminophen) and p-ethoxyacetanilide (phenacetin) were prepared and tested for toxicity. N-Methylacetaminophen was found to cause no hepatic necrosis in mice, rats, or hamsters in doses that caused massive hepatic necrosis in the same animals when acetaminophen was administered. Neither acetaminophen nor its N-methylated analog caused methemoglobinemia at these dose levels. Fischer rats that were administered large doses of acetaminophen (900 mg/kg s.c.) sustained necrosis in the proximal renal tubules, whereas N-methylacetaminophen caused no renal injury at higher dose levels (1800 mg/kg s.c.). N-Methylphenacetin caused no observable hepatic necrosis in 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) pretreated hamsters at dose levels higher than those in which phenacetin caused hepatic necrosis. Also, in contrast to phenacetin, N-methylphenacetin did not cause extensive methemoglobinemia in mice, rats, or hamsters.
Synthesis and Characterization of One-Dimensional Cu-Sn Nanowire Diffusion Couples for Nanowire Assembly and Interconnection

In this work, we show that Cu-Sn based nanowires can be used as a one-dimensional (1-D) diffusion couple to study the atomic diffusion. In order to control the nano-soldering process and form reliable nano-joints (nanoscale interconnects between nanowires), fundamental study of wetting and intermetallic diffusion at the small dimension is necessary. An electrodeposition method is used to synthesize multisegmented nanowires in nanoporous templates in the diameter range of 15-200 nm and length up to 20 µm. By choosing two-segment Sn-Cu nanowires and symmetric three-segment Sn-Cu-Sn nanowires as the model systems in which Sn acts as the solder element and Cu serves as a functional element, we aim to understand the nanoscale soldering reaction along the one-dimension. The morphological evolutions of Sn and Cu segments and Kirkendall void formation in the Cu segment during the oven based soldering process have been observed. The fundamental principles of diffusion kinetics, primarily at a phenomenological level, are discussed. These studies and results provide important understanding in the design, assembly and integration of functional nanowires into nanoelectronics and nanodevices.
Sylvinite, Other Potash Ore Processing

The modern processing of sylvinite and other potash ores is usually a comparatively simple and standardized procedure, practiced in much the same way at most potash plants. In the early days of the industry, and still with some operations having complex ores or to process fines or waste streams, the ore was given a hot leach, the undissolved salt and insolubles rejected, and the clarified brine crystallized. Now, however, in most plants the ore is first ground to a size where the potash is liberated from the halite, it is “deslimed” to remove the insolubles and fines, and the coarser particles are separated by flotation (although a few plants use a dry electrostatic or wet heavy media separation). After benefication (and possibly a quick leach) the potash is dried, part of it is compacted to a larger size, the fines (and perhaps the slimes) are leached and recrystallized and the rest is sold as is or further processed. As might be expected, differences in the ore, the total recovery achieved, and individual preference among processing steps have resulted in many variations in the details of these procedures. The generalities and some of the typical practices in the industry will be discussed in the following chapter. Again it must be cautioned that the descriptions are of the practice at the time of the listed reference, and might currently be quite different.
Abstract 159: Empowering Cardiac Progenitor Cell-mediated Repair of Injured Myocardium by Overexpressing P2Y2 Nucleotide Receptor

Heart failure is a leading cause of death in the US due to the limited capability of adult mammalian heart to regenerate following injury. Autologous stem cell therapy holds promise for regeneration of injured myocardium after myocardial infarction. However, stem cells derived from diseased organs exhibit impaired proliferative and migratory capabilities and increased susceptibility to cell death. Empowering stem cells from diverse origins, including cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), with pro-survival genes has been attempted. Despite the well-established roles of purinergic signaling mediated by extracellular nucleotides in regulating diverse cellular responses in cardiovascular diseases, it has not been well-defined in CPCs. Our preliminary data show, for the first time, that the majority of P2 purinergic receptors are expressed and exhibit functional responses to ATP and UTP in mouse and human CPCs. Since previous findings have shown that the G protein-coupled P2Y 2 receptor (P2Y 2 R) induces cardioprotective responses in animal models as well as human cardiomyocytes and regulates a wide range of signaling pathways that are crucial to tissue repair in various experimental models and in stem cells from diverse origins, we aim to determine whether P2Y 2 R plays similar roles in CPCs. Our preliminary data show that the P2Y 2 R agonists ATP and UTP enhance human CPC (hCPC) proliferation, migration and survival. Interestingly, hCPCs that exhibit relatively slower growth kinetics and higher levels of senescence markers show a dramatic decrease in P2Y 2 R expression as compared to fast-growing hCPCs consistent with our hypothesis that overexpressing P2Y 2 R participates in rejuvenating hCPCs and improving their growth capabilities. This hypothesis will be tested in vivo by determining whether P2Y 2 R overexpression in hCPCs improves their reparative potential for injured mouse myocardium. We also introduce the novel hypothesis that P2Y 2 R-induced regenerative responses in hCPCs involve the activation of Hippo signaling that is known to be regulated by different GPCRs, which links the extracellular nucleotides released during cardiac ischemia to extracellular matrix sensing and Hippo signaling that have been recently implicated in cardiac regeneration.
Alternative Agrifood Projects in Communities of Color: A Civic Engagement Perspective

In this commentary we very briefly highlight farming- and land-related historical injustices impacting African Americans, and outline useful ways for racially diverse food justice organizations, activists, and academics to collaborate on place-based interventions in an equitable and inclusive way. Place-based strategies to address inequity in the food system must begin with an equitable and inclusive environment within which residents can engage in developing solutions. Equitable and inclusive civic engagement can build capacity, trust, and empowerment in marginalized communities, creating an environment where communities can enact transformative local food system change using their own resources. Transformative change is change that occurs at the very core of ourselves as individuals and in our communities. Such change requires us to reexamine our long-standing customs, assumptions, beliefs, and institutional practices, moving community conversations towards those that build relationships, foster mutual accountability, and strive for respectful understanding among neighbors and neighborhoods. Transformative change doesn't come easily. However, practicing equitable engagement can help build capacity for sustaining change. Alternative food movement scholars and activists can lift up and build on community assets, but to do so requires historical understanding, recognition of individual and community strengths, and work to build long-term relationships of trust.
The Temperature Resistance of Alaskan Plants from the Continental Boreal Zone

Summary 1. The temperature resistance of Alaskan mosses, lichens and vascular plants varied throughout the year in accordance with changing conditions of the natural habitat. 2. The maxima of heat resistance were found at the begin, at the end or during high winter and the minima during summer. 3. According to the time in winter, when the maxima of heat resistance were observed, three groups of plants were distinguished: A. Plants with a maximum increase in heat resistance during the coldest winter months. No specific increase in heat resistance during seasonal changes. B. Plants with a maximum increase in heat resistance during high winter, but with an additional smaller peak in heat resistance at the end of winter (time of melting of the snowcover). C. Plants with two about equal peaks in heat resistance at the begin and end of winter. 4. Lichens were the most heat resistant group of plants. The vascular plants were less heat resistant than the lichens, but still more resistant than mosses. 5. All maxima of frost resistance were observed during the winter months and all minima during summer. 6. In consideration of the maxima for frost resistance, two groups of plants can be differentiated: A. Plants with a maximum increase in frost resistance during the coldest winter months. B. Plants with a maximum frost resistance during high winter, but with an additional small peak in frost resistance at the end of the winter. In group B plants are found, who are exposed to the danger of winter drought — not so plants of group A. Therefore plants of group B seem to increase their drought resistance together with frost tolerance and heat resistance at the time of melting of the snowcover. This way the increase in frost resistance in late winter would be an induced process. 7. Generally lichens were found more frost resistant throughout the year than mosses and vascular plants. 8. During winter all plants showed an extremely high resistance towards cold and the values for frost resistance represent some of the highest so far reported for plants from a natural habitat. In the frost hardiest state most plants were able to resist an exposure to − 80 °C up to several days. 9. The heat resistance of Alaskan plants in winter was also extremely high. At the time the heat resistance of the plants was found generally higher than the one reported for tropical and desert plants during summer. 10. Since Alaskan summers are relatively short and the winters long, the plants appearently orient their resistance behaviour towards the cold season of the year. Furthermore in this climate the rhythm of resistance seems to be widely connected with the rhythm of resting. 11. A linking of heat and frost resistance seems to exist for plants of Alaska caused by the extremes of the natural habitat, representing a further indication of L evitt ’s theory of the “general plasmatic resistance”.
Dual Organ Duel: The Hepatorenal Axis

Recent developments in our understanding of the pathogenesis of kidney disease in the setting of liver failure have highlighted that kidney injury, rather than occurring in isolation, is a marker of systemic disease and poor prognosis. The differential diagnosis of kidney disease associated with liver failure is broader than formerly described and new biopsy data, along with better acute kidney injury classification tools, have increased appreciation for distinct pathophysiological mechanisms. Evidence suggests that acute kidney injury contributes to worsening hepatic failure by directly injuring hepatic cells and by imposing restrictions on therapeutic strategies for portal hypertension. Furthermore, kidney injury limits the use of various therapeutic agents and increases their toxicity due to altered pharmacodynamics. A greater appreciation of CKD in this population is also overdue because management decisions are affected and increased vigilance may avoid further kidney injury. A multidisciplinary approach to kidney injury in the setting of liver failure will enable targeted therapeutic strategies that are safe and effective and serve to guide further research, while limiting clinical potential for harm. Finally, new hepatitis C antiviral therapies promise to change the landscape of liver failure, and a discussion of kidney risk factors and antiviral therapy of patients with kidney disease and hepatitis C is worthwhile.
Listening to the Pain of Others: Isabel Coixet’s La vida secreta de las palabras (The Secret Life of Words)

Isabel Coixet’s film, La vida secreta de las palabras (The Secret Life of Words, 2005), primarily set on an oilrig off the coast of Britain, dramatises the struggle of its hearing-impaired protagonist Hanna (Sarah Polley) to overcome the trauma of the Balkan wars (1990s). The chapter situates Hanna’s trauma-induced silence within the context of the politics of truth commissions. This analysis is primarily vococentric (Chion 1999) since Coixet explores Hanna’s suffering through her voice rather than her image. The traumatic past of experiences in the Balkans echoes in the disembodied voice of Hanna’s pain. As well as the haunting acousmatic voice of Hanna’s trauma, we have the voice of her American burn victim patient Josef (Tim Robbins). As discussed in several feminist readings, the director disables the male lead’s gaze by virtue of his temporary blindness so that he may learn how to listen to Hanna’s voiced experiences. I posit that Hanna and Josef begin to practise what Lisbeth Lipari has called ‘listening otherwise’, or allowing oneself to be transformed by listening to the other. I argue further that listening otherwise in the film supports an ethics of healing that runs counter to the shock value of images of war and torture that Susan Sontag discusses in Regarding the Pain of Others (2003).
A Comparison on Sparse Coding and Moran's I Method for Image Denoising

Image denoising is crucial to improve the quality of image visual, their effects, and/ or facilitating image analysis and processing. Image noise can appear in many imaging applications such as remote sensing surveillance and assistant of medical surgery. Noises are often introduced during the image acquisition process when the image acquisition sensor is being interfered. Hence, the image denoising technique is commonly used to restore the original signal through the estimation and approximation. Recently, a sparse coding technique employing the dictionary learning method has been used for image denoising. In this study, we compare a recently proposed image denoising method called Moran's I Vector Median Filter (MIVMF) with the sparse coding method and a traditional scalar median filter for the impulse noise. In these preliminary results, the sparse coding does not give satisfactory results as what we expected. Instead, the MIVMF has the best denoising results.
How Time Gets Used in Afterschool Maker Programs

Makerspaces are situated in diverse settings and engage in differing projects. Consequently, it appears that there is variation in what activities are engaged in and how time is spent in makerspaces. To date, the time-use of these activities within makerspaces has yet to be explored. The present paper identifies seven primary activity categories and discusses how time is devoted to these activities across three maker camps.
The intelligibility of metaphysical structure

Theories that posit metaphysical structure are able to do much work in philosophy. Some, however, find the notion of ‘metaphysical structure’ unintelligible. In this paper, I argue that their charge of unintelligibility fails. There is nothing distinctively problematic about the notion. At best, their charge of unintelligibility is a mere reiteration of previous complaints made toward similar notions. In developing their charge, I clarify several important concepts, including primitiveness, intelligibility, and the Armstrong-inspired “ontologism” view of the world. I argue that, ultimately, their charge is best understood as an objection whose central premise is that the notion of ‘structure’ runs contrary to an important presupposition of contemporary metaphysics. But that central premise is, on closer inspection, implausible. I respond to the objection by identifying three popular metaphysical theories that violate the alleged presupposition but are still generally regarded as intelligible. The objection thus fails to show that a theory that posits metaphysical structure is unintelligible.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae H2A copies differentially contribute to recombination and CAG/CTG repeat maintenance, with a role for H2A.1 threonine 126

DNA are sites of genomic instability. Long CAG/CTG repeats form hairpin structures, are fragile, and can expand during DNA repair. The chromatin response to DNA damage can influence repair fidelity, but the knowledge of chromatin modifications involved in maintaining repair fidelity within repetitive DNA is limited. In a screen for CAG repeat fragility in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, histone 2A copy 1 (H2A.1) was identified to protect the repeat from increased rates of breakage. To address the role of H2A in CAG repeat instability, we tested the effect of deleting each histone H2 subytpe. Whereas deletion of HTA2, HTZ1, HTB1, and HTB2 did not significantly affect CAG repeat maintenance, deletion of HTA1 resulted in increased expansion frequency. Notably, mutation of threonine 126, unique to H2A.1, to a non-phosphorylatable alanine increased CAG repeat instability to a similar level as the hta1Δ mutant. CAG instability in the absence of HTA1 or mutation to hta1-T126A was dependent on the presence of the homologous recombination (HR) repair proteins Rad51, Rad52, and Rad57, and the Polδ subunit Pol32. In addition, sister chromatid recombination (SCR) was suppressed in the hta1Δ and hta1-T126A mutants and this suppression was epistatic to pol32Δ. Finally, break-induced replication (BIR) is impaired in the hta1Δ mutant, resulting in an altered repair profile. These data reveal differential roles for the H2A subtypes in DNA repair and implicate a new role for H2A.1 threonine-126 phosphorylation in mediating fidelity during HR repair and promoting SCR. Using a fragile, repetive DNA element to model endogenous DNA damage, our results demonstrate that H2A.1 plays a greater role than H2A.2 in promoting homology-dependent repair, suggesting H2A.1 is the true homolog of mammalian H2AX, whereas H2A.2 is functionally equivalent to mammalian H2A.
Time Course of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Upregulation Following Endotoxin Administration

Bacterial cell wall derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the primary endotoxin contributing to localized in_ammation and systemic toxicity as a result of gram-negative infection. Complexes of LPS are major components of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria and are released as a result of cell lysis as well as during active growth [1]. Circulating LPS can bind with several blood components including LPS binding protein (LBP). The LPS-LBP complex is capable of interacting with leukocyte boundor soluble-CD14, which stimulates leukocytes and endothelial cells, respectively [2]. In addition, circulating LPS can activate complement which eventually leads to the release of in_ammatory mediators from several cell types including platelets, mast cells, and endothelial cells. Adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to the endothelium is one of the initial steps in an acute in_ammatory response. Following activation by in_ammatory mediators, interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells begin with transient adhesive forces which result in the rolling of leukocytes along the endothelium. This rolling is primarily mediated by the selectin family of adhesion molecules (i.e., P-, E-, and L-selectin) [3–5]. Early shedding of L-selectin from the leukocyte leads to a rapid upregulation of the b2 integrin CD11/CD18 on the leukocyte cell surface. Interactions between CD11/CD18 and ICAM-1 are responsible in large part for the ~rm adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial surface and their subsequent extravasation [6,7]. This has been demonstrated in several studies in which the administration of a monoclonal antibody directed against ICAM-1 inhibited PMN adherence to endothelial cells both in vivo and in vitro [8–10]. The progression of endotoxin-induced in_ammation relies to a large extent on the surface expression of cellular adhesion molecules on both leukocytes and endothelial cells. Although changes in the af~nity of these molecules may be involved, the regulation of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions is primarily the result in quantitative changes in cell surface expression. Of the endothelial-derived adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin are upregulated by a number of stimuli including interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and LPS. Marked upregulation of cellular adhesion molecules in endotoxemia may be due to LPS directly or to the release of humoral factors that are initiated by endotoxin [11,12]. Nevertheless, the time course of upregulation appears to differ with each stimulus and adhesion molecule, possibly relating to the fact that these endothelial adhesion molecules are under transcriptional regulation. In order to investigate the effects of endotoxin administration on the upregulation of cell adhesion molecules, we utilized an ex vivo model of leukocyte adherence to rat superior mesenteric artery endothelium.
Human Behavior Under Emergency and Its Simulation Modeling: A Review

An emergency is a serious, unexpected, and potentially life-threatening situation requiring immediate action. Emergency evacuation is the most critical step to save people’s lives. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of various factors to investigate human behavior under emergency situations. Computational modeling and simulation as a practical way to replicate human behavior change requires quantifying psychological and physical parameters. Previous studies on humans and animals, as well as common simulation approaches were reviewed. According to the results of this literature review, future experiments or simulations can consider not only physical parameters such as human dynamics, but also quantifying psychological parameters such as interpersonal relationship, goal-seeking behavior, decision-making differences, and many more.
Motivating Maddy’s Naturalist to Adopt Pluralism

In this chapter, the reader is taken on a journey from Maddy’s naturalist position to a more pluralist position. The pluralist is inspired by Maddy’s mathematical naturalism in the following respect. With Maddy, the pluralist is very interested in the practice of mathematics, and is quite willing to let mathematical practice delimit what is to count as ‘mathematics’. The pluralist parts company with Maddy over the data concerning the philosophical inclinations of mathematicians. Given different data, the pluralist finds himself driven towards a more pluralist conception of mathematics than Maddy’s.
LINAC: Past, Present, and Future of Radiosurgery

Radiosurgery is truly minimally invasive treatment, delivering therapeutic energy to an accurately defined target without an incision. It has been used to treat a wide variety of pathologic conditions including benign and malignant brain tumors, vascular lesions such as arteriovenous malformations, and pain syndromes such as trigeminal neuralgia. Although initially described with use of the Gamma Knife, stereotactic radiosurgery is now most commonly delivered using linear accelerators (LINACs). This review covers the history of the development of LINACs, the modifications necessary to deliver radiosurgery, and current and future applications of LINAC radiosurgery.
High-resolution in vivo optical imaging of stroke injury and repair.

Abstract Central nervous system (CNS) function and dysfunction are best understood within a framework of interactions between neuronal, glial and vascular compartments comprising the neurovascular unit (NVU), all of which contribute to stroke-induced CNS injury, plasticity, repair, and recovery. Recent advances in in vivo optical microscopy have enabled us to observe and interrogate cells and their processes with high spatial resolution in real time and in their natural environment deep in the brain tissue. Here, we review some of these state-of-the-art imaging techniques with an emphasis on imaging the interactions among the constituents of the NVU during ischemic injury and repair in small animal models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke .
Delayed diagnosis of splenic injuries: A case series.

Abstract Introduction Injury of the spleen may result in significant morbidity and mortality, often related to blood loss. Splenic injuries may be missed on the initial Emergency Department (ED) presentation. This study was undertaken to describe cases of delayed diagnosis, and to identify factors associated with delayed diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Methods This retrospective study examined eligible participants with injury to the spleen who were admitted between July 2015–December 2017. Eligible participants included patients age 16 and over with injury to the spleen, with two or more ED presentations prior to admission and inpatient management. Data collected included age, gender, ethnicity, trauma triage category, vital signs, mechanism of injury, CT diagnosis, time from injury to diagnosis, toxicologic test results, inpatient management, outcome, and days of hospitalization. Results Among 210 patients with splenic injury, the mean age was 36. Most participants were male (N = 132; 63%) and White (N = 165; 79%). A small percentage (6%) was not diagnosed with splenic injury during the initial ED encounter. Missed diagnosis on the initial ED visit was not associated with age, gender, ethnicity, mechanism of injury, vital signs, grade of injury, intervention, or days of hospitalization. Most patients were discharged home (N = 9); a minority died (N = 1) or were discharged to a rehabilitation facility (N = 1). Conclusions In this study, 6% of patients with splenic injury were not diagnosed during the initial ED encounter. These patients with delayed diagnosis had similar grade of injury, need for intervention, days of hospitalization, and outcome.
Fellow-Eye Conversion and Treatment in Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration:

Purpose:This article assesses anatomical and visual outcomes after intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment in fellow eyes with wet age-related macular degeneration...
Reproductive performance of sows associated with single, fixed-time insemination programs in commercial farms based on either average herd weaning-to-estrus intervals or postweaning estrous activity

ABSTRACT Objective Three separate studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of adjusting the timing of triptorelin (Ovugel, United Animal Health, Sheridan, IN) administration based on historical weaning-to-estrus intervals (Exp. 1), the occurrence of proestrus (Exp. 2), or the occurrence of estrus (Exp. 3) on reproductive performance of weaned sows. Materials and Methods All studies were conducted on commercial farms in eastern North Carolina during the summer months when both the length and variation associated with weaning-to-estrus intervals for sows were increased. In Exp. 1, sows were assigned at weaning to receive triptorelin at either 96 ± 6 h (n = 196) or 120 ± 6 h (n = 196) followed by a single insemination 22 ± 2 h later. Sows bred once each day of estrus (n = 398) served as the control treatment. In Exp. 2, sows were given boar exposure beginning on d 3 after weaning and at proestrus were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: (1) control (n = 301), which were bred once each day of detected estrus, or (2) triptorelin (n = 296) followed by a single insemination 22 ± 2 h later. In Exp. 3, sows were given boar exposure beginning on d 3 after weaning, and those detected in estrus on d 4 or 5 were assigned to be bred once each day of estrus (control d 4, n = 98 and control d 5, n = 118) or treated with triptorelin (d 4, n = 97 and d 5, n = 117) followed by a single insemination 22 ± 2 h later. Results and Discussion Reproductive performance was significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) when triptorelin was given at a fixed time after weaning irrespective of estrous status compared with the control sows that were bred once each day of estrus (Exp. 1). This was due to the subset of treated sows that were not in estrus when they were bred. In contrast, weaned sows treated with triptorelin at either proestrus or estrus and bred once 22 ± 2 h later had similar reproductive performance (P ≥ 0.63) compared with their counterparts bred once each day of estrus. Implications and Applications Use of either proestrus or estrus as the criterion for intravaginal administration of triptorelin and the subsequent fixed-time AI in herds with extended or variable weaning-to-estrus intervals was effective in terms of maintaining reproductive performance equivalent to conventional AI strategies.
Pembrolizumab (Pem) in combination with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for resectable liver oligometastatic MSS/MMR proficient colorectal cancer (CRC).

4046Background: SBRT is used to treat liver metastatic CRC, causing an increase in immunogenic antigen release and influx of responding immune cells. We hypothesize that radiation enhances the immu...
Oral Immunotherapy for Food Allergy-a US Regulatory Perspective

The recent approval of Palforzia for treatment of peanut allergy by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) predicts that additional products for oral immunotherapy (OIT) are on the horizon. In this article, the authors review the legal framework by which the USFDA regulates products for OIT of food allergy and the clinical data that demonstrated that the safety and effectiveness profile of Palforzia supported approval and conclude with a discussion of oral food challenge (OFC) as a clinical endpoint to demonstrate safety and effectiveness of OIT products.
Informational Issues in Decentralized Control

The long-standing decentralized optimal control problem posed by Witsenhausen is analyzed and the underlying modeling issues are discussed. The strong connection to communication theory is highlighted. Informational aspects are emphasized and it is shown that, to some extent, Witsenhausen’s decentralized optimal control problem is somewhat contrived.
Growing a sustainable local grain economy in Arizona: A multidimensional analytical case study of an alternative food network

Local grain economies are being developed in North America and Europe as alternatives to the global grain economy and its negative externalities. Little is known, however, about their size, structure, and sustainability, in particular as they evolve. This study offers such insights from a case study of the local grain economy in Arizona. The study uses an analytical framework that combines quantitative and qualitative data and a number of analytical methods to construct a multidimensional profile of the local grain economy. The findings indicate steady growth of the local grain economy in Arizona—in production quantities, range of businesses, diversity of products, and local economy benefits over a number of developmental stages. The findings also suggest that challenges of consolidation, transparency, and other growth issues might undermine its sustainability. The insights can inform the further development of the local grain economy in Arizona and other regions. The study also provides a framework that, through comparative research, allows for creating generalized knowledge about local grain economies and alternative food networks.
Model Fit and Comparison in Finite Mixture Models: A Review and a Novel Approach

One of the greatest challenges in the application of finite mixture models is model comparison. A variety of statistical fit indices exist, including information criteria, approximate likelihood ratio tests, and resampling techniques; however, none of these indices describe the amount of improvement in model fit when a latent class is added to the model. We review these model fit statistics and propose a novel approach, the per parameter likelihood increment percentage (per parameter LIP), targeting the relative improvement in model fit when a class is added to the model. Simulation work based on two previous simulation studies highlighted the potential for the per parameter LIP to identify the correct number of classes, and describe the importance of the improvement in model fit. We conclude with recommendations and future research directions.
A geometric branch and bound method for robust maximization of convex functions

We investigate robust optimization problems defined for maximizing convex functions. While the problems arise in situations which are naturally modeled as minimization of concave functions, they also arise when a decision maker takes an optimistic approach to making decisions with convex functions. For finite uncertainty set, we develop a geometric branch-and-bound algorithmic approach to solve this problem. The geometric branch-and-bound algorithm performs sequential piecewise-linear approximations of the convex objective, and solves linear programs to determine lower and upper bounds at each node. Finite convergence of the algorithm to an $$\epsilon -$$ optimal solution is proved. Numerical results are used to discuss the performance of the developed algorithm. The algorithm developed in this paper can be used as an oracle in the cutting surface method for solving robust optimization problems with compact ambiguity sets.
Impact of delayed intervention on clinical outcomes following traumatic hip fracture in the elderly: A national analysis

Abstract The present study sought to evaluate clinical outcomes of delayed intervention following hip fractures. Adults (≥60 years) who underwent operative intervention for hip fracture following traumatic fall were identified using the 2008–2018 National Inpatient Sample. Patients were classified as Delayed if repair was >48 h after admission and otherwise considered Early. Of an estimated 1,942,905 patients, 148,441 (7.6%) were Delayed. Delayed more commonly suffered neck fractures, underwent hip arthroplasty and were managed at low-volume hospitals. After adjustment, delayed operation was associated with greater likelihood of mortality (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.28, 95% CI: 1.17–1.40), studied complications, hospitalization duration and costs.
The SEQUEST Family Tree

Since its introduction in 1994, SEQUEST has gained many important new capabilities, and a host of successor algorithms have built upon its successes. This Account and Perspective maps the evolution of this important tool and charts the relationships among contributions to the SEQUEST legacy. Many of the changes represented improvements in computing speed by clusters and graphics cards. Mass spectrometry innovations in mass accuracy and activation methods led to shifts in fragment modeling and scoring strategies. These changes, as well as the movement of laboratories and lab members, have led to great diversity among the members of the SEQUEST family.