cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Precision, Gas-Phase Hydrogen/Deuterium-Exchange Kinetics by Mass Spectrometry Enabled by Exchange Standards.

Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a primary tool for identifying and quantifying biological molecules. In combination with other orthogonal techniques, such as gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange...
Properties and Promise of Catenated Nitrogen Systems As High-Energy-Density Materials

The properties of catenated nitrogen molecules, molecules containing internal chains of bonded nitrogen atoms, is of fundamental scientific interest in chemical structure and bonding, as nitrogen i...
Ruche Networks: Wire-Maximal, No-Fuss NoCs : Special Session Paper

Network-On-Chip design has been an active area of academic research for two decades, but many proposed ideas have not been adopted in real chips because they have complex behavior or create significant risks in chip implementation. For this reason, many existing chips just employ fast, replicated vanilla dimension-ordered mesh NoCs. However, these networks do not come close to utilizing the full available VLSI wiring capabilities, and propagate packets at speeds that are significantly below the raw speed of wires.The ideal network would not require any custom circuits, and would decompose easily into a hierarchical CAD flow consisting of a top-level design instantiating a mesh of identical hardened tiles with short-wire neighbor connections.At the same time, this ideal network would easily scale to efficiently utilize the majority of the available chip wiring resources, and would offer a mechanism for scaling this wire usage up or down based on available bandwidth. Packets would spend a significant fraction of their time in wire delay rather than router delay. Finally, the NoC would be simple to understand.This paper proposes Ruche Networks, which fulfill these requirements. They are based on simple 2-D mesh networks but amplify the NoC bandwidth and reduce NoC diameter of tiled architectures by adding long-range physical channels from each tile to other tiles on the same row or column. The more distant the connections, the greater the bandwidth of the network and the lower the diameter. The distance is typically increased until all of the physical VLSI wiring bandwidth have been absorbed.We explain the rational for this "ruching" and provide a simple methodology for designing and implementing these networks using a standard cell VLSI CAD flow.In this paper, we show the steps involved in ruching the HammerBlade Manycore’s mesh networks; these steps can easily apply to other designs.
Learning the Gap in the Day-Ahead and Real-Time Locational Marginal Prices in the Electricity Market.

In this paper, statistical machine learning algorithms, as well as deep neural networks, are used to predict the values of the price gap between day-ahead and real-time electricity markets. Several exogenous features are collected and impacts of these features are examined to capture the best relations between the features and the target variable. Ensemble learning algorithm namely the Random Forest issued to calculate the probability distribution of the predicted electricity prices for day-ahead and real-time markets. Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) is utilized to capture long term dependencies in predicting direct gap values between mentioned markets and the benefits of directly predicting the gap price rather than subtracting the predictions of day-ahead and real-time markets are illustrated. Case studies are implemented on the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) electricity market data for a two years period. The proposed methods are evaluated and neural networks showed promising results in predicting the exact values of the gap.
Impact of Food Insecurity Nutrition Incentives on Household Fruit and Vegetable Expenditures.

Abstract Objective Evaluate the impact of the Food Insecurity Nutrition Incentive (FINI) grant program on self-reported fruit and vegetable (FV) expenditures. Design Pre-post quasi-experimental study design. Setting Farmers markets and grocery stores in states with FINI projects. Participants A total of 2,471 Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) households in 4 intervention groups who lived near a FINI retailer (farmers market or grocery store) and 4 matched comparison groups who did not live near a FINI retailer. Main Outcome Measures Awareness and use of point-of-sale incentives and changes in self-reported monthly household FV expenditures. Analysis Ordinary least squares intent-to-treat regression model using lagged dependent variable model framework. Results Awareness of FINI was higher among households who were near a FINI retailer and had shopped there before FINI than those who lived near a FINI retailer but had not shopped there before FINI; the number of information sources from which SNAP participants heard about FINI was positively associated with incentive receipt (P Conclusions and Implications Point-of-sale incentives were associated with an increase in FV expenditures among SNAP households. Further research is needed to examine (1) effective messaging strategies to increase incentive awareness and (2) the long-term impact of incentives on FV expenditures.
High-Voltage Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells have emerged as one of the most recent alternatives in photovoltaic (PV) technology. Perovskite refers to a compound with an ABX3 structure; A and B being different sized cations, and X is a bonding anion. Perovskites have a cubic structure that enables different properties, among them solar power conversion efficiency (PCE). Perovskites’ tunable bandgaps make them suitable for tandem perovskite solar cells, either perovskite-perovskite or Si-perovskite. This paper presents the manufacturing process for high-voltage organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbI3−xBrx perovskite solar cells which consists of depositing SnO2, Perovskite, and Spiro OmeTAD layers on top of a glass substrate with transparent contacts on one side (used as the front contact to avoid light blocking, and metal layers on the other side as the back contact. The power conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cells was obtained through current-voltage (I-V) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements. Perovskite solar cells presented in this paper resulted in high open circuit voltage (Voc) greater than 1 V, a PCE of about to 10%, and external quantum efficiency (EQE) close to 70% throughout most of the visible light spectrum and an energy bandgap of ~1.6 eV.
Thermophilic fungi in Araucaria Forest, Atlantic Forest Biome, Brazil

Abstract Thermophilic fungi constitute an ecologically well-defined group, commonly found in environments wherever decomposition of organic matter takes place, making them self-heating. The importance of thermophilic fungus in ecosystems contrasts with the incompleteness of our understanding of the group’s biogeography patterns, phylogenies and coevolution relationships. Actually, the lack of data about thermophilic fungi from the Brazil is a limiting factor that also contributes for this scenario. In order to reduce this gap of knowledge, we aimed to characterize thermophilic filamentous fungi in Araucaria Forest, Atlantic Forest biome. Species identification was achieved by using internal transcribed spacers (ITS) as molecular ribosomal markers. In total, 240 heat-tolerant fungal strains were isolated and identified as Thermothielavioides terrestris, Thielavia sp., Thermoascus crustaceus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizomucor miehei, Rhizomucor pusillus, and Rhizopus microsporus. All thermophilic strains exhibited optimal growth at 45 °C. T. crustaceus, T. miehei e R. pusillus were the dominant species, with the frequencies of occurrence of 35.00%, 28.33% and 23.33%, respectively. Our data reveals the apparent diversity of the Neotropical realm and may serve as reference to future studies that will try to elucidate important aspects of group.
Evaluation Of Toric IOL Implantation In Cataract Surgery

1. Bethke W. Toric IOLs Are Gaining Fans: A look at cataract surgeons' favorite techniques for getting the best outcomes. Review of Ophthalmology 2011. 11(12). 2. Walkow T., Anders N., Klebe S. Endothelial cell loss after phacoemulsification: relation to preoperative and intraoperative parameters. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2000 May;26(5):727-32. REFERENCES • There are a number of options available to cataract surgeons for correcting astigmatism.
‘The Honour & Credite of the Whole House’: Family Unity and Honour in Early Modern England

ABSTRACTA concern with honour was ubiquitous in early modern England. Yet analyses of honour among the social elite in the period have been surprisingly restricted in scope, focusing most often upon the issues of honour-based violence and sexual propriety. This article considers an often overlooked source of honour, family unity, and examines it through the efforts of several families to heal rifts between various members of the family. In a social landscape which placed a high premium on the observation of proper forms of obedience and deference within the family, unity within a family mattered a great deal and had the ability to affect the honour of its members.
Slicing Java TM programs using the JPDA and dynamic object relationship diagrams with XML

Recent advances in object-oriented technology and computer networking have changed the way we maintain and develop software systems, i.e., you may need to maintain the system that is running in remote area. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic program slicing method applied to JavaTM programs using the JPDA [1] (Java Platform Debugger Architecture) facilities. Our approach produces DORDs (dynamic object relationship diagrams) with respect to given slicing criterion in XML format, for export and graphical representations. The resulting slice is collectively called DORD-XML. The slicing algorithm keeps track of dynamic dependencies of objects so that it can compute a minimum set of objects with respect to given slicing criterion. By using DORD-XML and a graph-drawing tool, we attempt to reduce the complexity of Java programs and to make distributed, remote, and local systems more maintainable and understandable.
Internationalism, Kapteyn and the Dutch Pipeline

Internationalism in science, particularly in astronomy and the geophysical sciences, has taken on many forms, reflecting the need to record synoptically as well as over both spatially and temporally large landscapes. By the late eightteenth century Alexander von Humboldt was teaming up with Biot, Gay-Lussac and others to create international geomagnetic campaigns called “World Magnetic Surveys” and these efforts were continued by the Magnetic Crusades at mid-century. Cooperative programs in astronomy were at first geodetic in nature, determining the figure of the earth from ever-larger “arc of the meridian” surveys. Possibly the first truly international cooperative effort was the observation of the transits of Venus in 1761 and 1769 to determine the solar parallax. This sort of cooperation required simultaneous observations from widely spaced points. Also in this category were observations of asteroids, first organized by David Gill in the 1880s, culminating in the world-wide Eros Campaign of 1900–1901, and again in 1930–1931. A somewhat different form of cooperation appeared as the International Latitude Service in 1898 centered in Turin, with standardized observatories across the globe.
The role of ecological availability and host plant characteristics in determining host use by the bogus yucca moth Prodoxus decipiens

1. Specialisation in host plant use is strongly correlated with speciation in many plant-feeding insects. Specialised taxa, however, could be restricted in host range due to limits in ecological availability of host plant species rather than trade-offs in using alternate host species. 2. Moths in the genus Prodoxus are extreme specialists on Yucca and speciation is closely tied to host plant shifts. However, many Yucca ranges are allopatric. This study examined whether the bogus yucca moth Prodoxus decipiens is limited in host range because of biogeographic factors or due to differences in the characteristics of host plant species. 3. In a common garden, local P. decipiens moths that use Yucca filamentosa were exposed to individuals of five Yucca species, two that are known hosts of P. decipiens in other parts of its range and three that are used by its sister species, Prodoxus quinquepunctellus. 4. Local moths were attracted to flowers of all Yucca species and females attempted oviposition in the flowering stalks of all species. However, larvae successfully completed development to diapause in only one of the five host plant species. Larval development on non-natal Yucca species was significantly reduced compared with the local host. 5. The results suggest that differences in host plant characteristics among Yucca species would result in strong natural selection during a host shift. Thus, specialisation in host plant use is probably due to trade-offs involved with using novel host plant species as well as ecological availability.
Inhibition of Transmethylations of Biogenic Amines by S-Adenosylhomocysteine ENHANCEMENT OF TRANSMETHYLATION BY ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINASE

Abstract The supernatant fraction of brain homogenate stimulates partially purified phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, catechol methyltransferase, and acetylserotonin methyltransferase activities in vitro. The stimulating factor was purified, and the mechanism of stimulation was investigated. The results show that S-adenosylhomocysteine, a product from S-adenosylmethionine, is a potent inhibitor of these methyltransferases, and that the stimulating factor in brain is an enzyme which enhances transmethylations by hydrolyzing S-adenosylhomocysteine. The question is raised whether inhibition by S-adenosylhomocysteine or removal of inhibition by adenosylhomocysteinase might control transmethylations of biogenic amines.
Psychometric Properties of the Centrality of Pain Scale.

Abstract The Centrality of Pain Scale (COPS) is a recently developed patient-centered, 10-item self-report measure designed to assess how central, or dominating, in their lives individuals with chronic pain perceive pain to be. The COPS underwent initial development and validation previously; preliminary results suggested that the measure had excellent psychometric properties and that COPS scores were associated with important clinical factors. The purpose of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the COPS in a sample of individuals with mixed chronic pain diagnoses (N = 178) being treated at a U.S. Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Principal components analysis of COPS items revealed a single factor, and all items loaded highly. The COPS had high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .902) and was significantly correlated with other measures of pain, mental health, psychological factors associated with pain, and chronic pain coping styles, suggesting convergent and divergent validity. Hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated that COPS score was independently associated with both pain severity and interference. Future research should evaluate the generalizability of the COPS in different samples, its responsiveness to treatment, and the extent to which pain centrality may be a focus of nonpharmacologic interventions for chronic pain. Perspective We conducted psychometric testing of the COPS, a recently developed patient-centered self-report measure designed to examine how central or dominating pain is to a person's life. Study results indicated a reliable and valid measure, which was significantly associated with pain severity and interference, even after controlling for demographic and clinical factors.
Characterization of Immobilized β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase1

Abstract The properties of fl-N -acetylhexosaminidase chemically bound to Sepharose 4B were determined and compared to those of the soluble enzyme. External diffusion effects on the kinetics of the immobilized enzyme were eliminated by assaying in a recirculation reactor with rapid flow rates. The immobilized 15-N-acety Hexosaminidase exhibited a broad pH optimum quite similar to that of the soluble enzyme. Compared to the soluble enzyme the immobilized enzyme demonstrated a markedly enhanced stability at each pH and temperature investigated. Immobilization caused an increase in both the apparent K and K., with rrm. A preliminaty account of this work was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Atlantic City, N. J., April, 197 3.
Multivariate regression analysis with dependent observations: conditions for the invariance of the distribution of the Lawley-Hotelling test for the model utility

In this paper we derive necessary and sufficient conditions on the error covariance structure such that the Lawley-Hotelling statistic for testing model utility is invariant from its distribution under the usual assumption of normal i.i.d. observation vectors. We, therefore, generalize the work of Arnold (1979), Ghosh and Sinha (1980), and Tranquilli and Baldesarri (1988).
Efficient management of materialized path aggregation

A data structure is given for storing materialized aggregated path information such that the evaluation of a traversal recursion that consists of the traversal of an acyclic directed graph with path aggregation is simply a look-up. The retrieval time is proportional to the size of the answer. Using the data structure, insertions and deletions of edges can also be performed efficiently. The scheme is effective in retrieval-intensive environments. The scheme is also easily extended to multiple-processor environments. >
Prosthetic Replacement of Cardiac Valves : Results in 242 Patients

SUMMARY Total replacement of the mitral or aortic valve with a ball-and-seat prosthesis was employed in 242 patients with an over-all cumulative mortality rate of 19.4 per cent. All patients were in the class III or IV group of cardiac function and were evidencing progressive cardiac deterioration despite intensive medical management or previous surgery. The valves were all inserted during cardiopulmonary bypass utilizing a disposable oxygenator primed with 5 per cent dextrose under normothermic conditions. Early, or hospital, mortality rate declined steadily as improvements in surgical technique and management developed. Nearly all late deaths occurred within six months after operation and most were due either to myocardial failure or prosthetic complications. Deaths due to myocardial failure occurred in class IV patients with giant cardiomegaly, extreme pulmonary hypertension or other associated cardiovascular abnormalities. Complications developing at the prosthetic site consisted of thrombosis, infection and detachment of the prosthesis. Surviving patients have been greatly improved and only seven patients of 195 survivors are even moderately disabled. Within two to three months after operation, nearly all patients demonstrated a reduction in cardiac size and relief of disabling symptoms, and most patients under 60 have returned to a full time occupation.
High pressure hydrogen absorption study on YNi5, LaPt5 and ThNi5

Abstract High pressure hydrogen gas (up to 1550 atm) was used to study hydrogen absorption in YNi5, LaPt5 and ThNi5, which do not absorb hydrogen at moderate pressures and at room temperature. They are found to absorb a large quantity of hydrogen at high pressures. YNi5 and LaPt5 form hydride phases whereas ThNi5 dissolves hydrogen as a continuous series of solid solutions to high hydrogen concentrations. Comparing this behavior with the results obtained for CaNi5, LaNi5 and other compounds, the hydride formation in YNi5 and LaPt5 is thought to be controlled mainly by their lattice compressibility and not by the unit cell size. The anomalous behavior of ThNi5 is probably a result of the tetravalency of thorium.
Deletion of the cancer-amplified coactivator AIB3 results in defective placentation and embryonic lethality.

The amplified in breast cancer-3 (AIB3, ASC-2, RAP250, PRIP, TRBP, NRC, or NcoA6) gene is characterized as a cancer-amplified transcriptional coactivator for nuclear receptors, which include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). To assess its biological function, we deleted theAIB3 gene in mice by homologous recombination. AIB3+/− mice are developmentally normal and fertile. AIB3−/− embryos exhibit growth restriction and lethality during 9.75–11.5 days postconception. The embryonic lethality is probably attributed to defects in the development of the placental vascular network and cardiac hypoplasia. These defects include the failure of labyrinthine development, the dilation of maternal blood sinuses, the massive erythrophagocytosis by trophoblasts, the alteration of trophoblast populations, and the lower proliferation of myocardium, which are similar to those encountered in mice lacking PPARγ or the PPARγ-binding protein (PBP, TRAP220, or DRIP205). In addition, the transcriptional activities of PPARγ are significantly affected in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking AIB3. These results suggest that AIB3 is required for PPARγ function in placental development and for normal heart development. These results also indicate that the biological function of AIB3 is not redundant with other classes of nuclear receptor coactivators such as PBP and members of the steroid receptor coactivator family.
On the kinetics of the reaction of Zn(1S) with N2O

Abstract The rate constant for the reaction of ground state zinc atoms with nitrous oxide at 303 K was determined to be (1.8 ± 0.5)×10 −15 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 at pressures of ≈ 10 Torr. In contrast to a previous experiment, no chemiluminescent products were observed. The result, discussed in terms of an ionic intermediate mechanism and recent ZnO electronic structure calculations, is shown to be consistent with the surface crossing model even though the rate constant is orders of magnitude less than those typically used to invoke the model.
Analysis of the 5' Flanking Sequence of Murine ICAM-1 in Transformed Alveolar Type II Cells (A549) Exposed to Endotoxin † 180

Analysis of the 5' Flanking Sequence of Murine ICAM-1 in Transformed Alveolar Type II Cells (A549) Exposed to Endotoxin † 180
Abstract: Memory-Conscious Collective I/O for Extreme-Scale HPC Systems

The continuing decrease in memory capacity per core and the increasing disparity between core count and off-chip memory bandwidth create significant challenges for I/O operations in exascale systems. The exascale challenges require rethinking collective I/O for the effective exploitation of the correlation among I/O accesses in the exascale system. In this study, considering the major constraint of the memory space, we introduce a MemoryConscious collective I/O. Given the importance of I/O aggregator in improving the performance of collective I/O, the new collective I/O strategy restricts aggregation data traffic within disjointed subgroups, coordinates I/O accesses in intra-node and inter-node layer and determines I/O aggregators at run time considering data distribution and memory consumption among processes. The preliminary results have demonstrated that the new collective I/O strategy holds promise in substantially reducing the amount of memory pressure, alleviating contention for memory bandwidth and improving the I/O performance for extreme-scale systems.
Optimizing timing of early extubation in coronary artery bypass surgery patients

Abstract Background . This study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of extubation performed within 4 hours of the patient's arrival in the surgical intensive care unit after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods . A matched retrospective cohort study was performed including 412 consecutive patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery between January 1996 and December 1997, constituting the experience of a single surgeon (J.H.L.). Early extubation (defined as extubation within 8 hours of arrival at the surgical intensive care unit) was achieved in 308 of 412 patients (75%). Patients extubated in fewer than 4 hours after arrival (n = 200) were compared with patients extubated within 4 to 8 hours (n = 108). Results . Four deaths occurred in 412 patients, for an overall operative mortality rate of 1.0%. Patients extubated in fewer than 4 hours were younger than those extubated 4 or more hours after admission (62 versus 67 years old, respectively; p = 0.001), more likely to be male (74% versus 63%, p p p p p = 0.01) than those extubated later. Conclusions . Extubation in fewer than 4 hours may offer a substantial advantage in terms of accelerated recovery compared with extubation within 4 to 8 hours. Very few differences in clinical parameters were noted between the two groups we studied, suggesting that efforts to reduce extubation times further might be worthwhile.
Properties of the selenium-containing moiety of nicotinic acid hydroxylase from Clostridium barkeri.

Abstract The nicotinic acid hydroxylase from Clostridium barkeri is a selenoenzyme, as evidenced by the copurification of selenium with enzyme activity. This conclusion is supported by data showing a 23-fold increase in nicotinic acid hydroxylase activity when C. barkeri was cultured in media supplemented with selenium. A labile, selenium-containing compound was released from the native protein by treatment with either chaotropic agents and heat or by heating alone. A stable selenium compound was formed when the enzyme was alkylated prior to denaturation. This compound had the same chromatographic properties as dialykyl selenide in a number of systems. The formation of dialkyl selenide upon alkylation is not consistent with the selenium moiety being selenocysteine. Thus, nicotinic acid hydroxylase represents a new type of selenoenzyme.
On-line fault detection using integrated neural networks

A practical neural networks paradigm is described for material handling. The learning algorithm is a modification of the cerebella model articulation controller (CMAC) developed by Albus. A table look-up approach detects faults by monitoring the output patterns from sensors and actuators. By analyzing the timing sequence, abnormal conditions can be detected. CMAC offers an alternative to conventional back-propagated, multilayered networks, with the advantage of rapid convergence. The approach appears to be more efficient for the on-line and real-time applications required in automated systems.
Spectrographic Analysis of Biological Samples I. the Preparation of Samples for Analysis

The major problems associated with the spectrographic analysis of biological samples are 1) the methods of sampling, 2) the preparation of the samples for analysis, and 3) the selection of a satisfactory spectrographic technique. The latter two are not independent considerations. For example, an oxidation procedure yielding sulfate solutions could not be combined conveniently with the copper spark technique in as much as sulfate solutions cannot be evaporated on copper electrodes without undue oxidation effects.
LIGHT‐DEPENDENT AND LIGHT‐INDEPENDENT PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN GAS BY PHOTOSYNTHESIZING RHODOSPIRILLUM RUBRUM MUTANT C

. Rhodospirillum rubrum mutant C grew photosynthetically in the light and produced copious amounts of H2. During light-growth mutant C produced 7.9mmol of H2 in medium with 9mmol of Na-pyruvate per mg protein. When parent strain R. rubrum S1 was grown similarly, these cells only produced a trace amount of H2. Light-grown mutant C evolved H2 by H2-nitrogenase and formic hydrogenlyase. Although both hydrogenases were previously detected in R. rubrum S1, the activities of the reactions in light-grown mutant C were higher and they operated under different conditions. In the parent strain S1, the production of nitrogenase was strongly repressed during growth in medium enriched with organic nitrogen and the cells only reduced 0.06 pmol of acetylene per mg protein after 30 min in the light. Under similar conditions, nitrogenase activity measured by the acetylene reduction test in mutant C was 10-fold greater. In addition to nitrogenase, mutant C also produced large amounts of H2 with formate as an intermediate when the cells were grown with Na-pyruvate. Formic hydrogenlyase in mutant C operated equally well in anaerobic light or dark conditions. The analogous formate oxidation reaction in parent strain S1 only functioned in the dark. These data, compared with results with R. rubrum S1 suggested that C was a regulatory mutant. Additional observations suggested that formic hydrogenlyase occurred constitutively in R. rubrum. Pyruvate formate-lyase, however, which produced formate for formic hydrogenlyase, was only detected in the cells after growth in media with Na-pyruvate. The reaction was not formed when R. rubrum was grown in the light in media with dl-malate as the sole carbon substrate.
Evolution of man's erect posture (preliminary report)

Animal posture cannot be regarded as an actual inheritance, for it constitutes a current physiological interaction between gravity and an organism, according to the structure and physical powers of the latter. Hence, ‘inherited posture’ merely implies that in a given species physical qualifications are congenitally transmitted, which facilitate a certain characteristic position of the body. Evolution of posture, therefore, has inevitably been associated with corresponding evolutionary changes in organic structures. Evidence furnished by the application of biomechanics to studies of ancient and modern primate structures indicates that man's erectly supported body posture could only have originated from a vertically suspended posture (arboreal). The fact that the prehuman stem passed through an earlier arboreal and brachiating period is attested to by the grasping character of his hands, the ratio of arm-body length, the extreme mobility of the shoulder-joints, as well as the extension of his legs on the body. The semierect posture of the great apes is not an advance toward human bipedism, but a modern reversion toward quadrupedism. Postural evidence conforms with the many other lines of testimony which maintain the close relationship of the human and anthropoid stems, and signifies that man has been an erect terrestrial biped since the time of his physical origin.
Population fluctuations of seven macroalgae in southern california during 1981–1983 including effects of severe storms and an El Niño

Abstract Recruitment and standing stocks of individuals of six brown and one green macroalgae were quantified within 5 × 5 m quadrats in intertidal areas at La Jolla, California from September 1981 into December 1983. Algal abundances in 1981 often were similar to those in the same quadrats in 1977 but fluctuated subsequently. Although individuals of all seven species died during severe winter storms in 1982–1983, such losses were greatest among plants on unstable substrata. Both recruits and adult sporophytes of two laminarian brown algae died during a prolonged warm-water period (El Nino) in 1982–1983, but net recruitment by three other species was relatively high. Absolute differences in algal abundances during the disturbances and during 1973–1977 often resulted from population fluctuations occurring before the El Nino began.
Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen expression loss and PD1 positivity in early cutaneous lesions of rapidly progressive mycosis fungoides

Key Clinical Message It's important to assess cases both clinically and pathologically for factors potentially predictive of an aggressive clinical course. We concluded that the relative immunosuppressive effects of PD1 may contribute to tumor progression while the lack of staining for cutaneous lymphocyte antigen may be an additional factor facilitating distant extracutaneous migration.
Isoplethic Method to Estimate Critical Lines for Binary Fluid Mixtures from Subcritical Vapor−Liquid Equilibrium: Application to the Azeotropic Mixtures R32 + C3H8 and R125 + C3H8

A new, isoplethic method is used to determine critical lines of azeotropic binary fluid mixtures using vapor-liquid equilibrium data including saturated vapor and liquid densities below the lowest critical temperature of the pure components. Thermodynamic paths that access mixture critical lines from this region of the vapor-liquid surface are described by the liquid volume fraction (set at 1/2), fixed overall composition, and pressure. Data along these paths behave like those for a pure fluid and are extrapolated to the critical line by means of simple, pure-fluid-like expressions for the density difference, vapor pressure, and rectilinear diameter for vapor and liquid in equilibrium. The method is tested successfully for an azeotropic mixture for which critical-point estimates can be compared to those in the literature (C 3 H 8 (propane) + C 4 F 8 (perfluorocyclobutane)). The method is then applied to the two azeotropic mixtures, R32 (CH 2 F 2 (difluoromethane)) + C 3 H 8 (propane) and R125 (C 2 F 5 H (pentafluoroethane)) + C 3 H 8 (propane), for which no information is available on the critical line. Analytical expressions for the critical temperature, critical pressure, and critical density are given as functions of the overall composition for these mixtures. The combination of relatively easily measured vapor-liquid equilibrium data along with a simple, thermodynamically correct path to the critical line provides an efficient, relatively simple method for characterizing the vapor-liquid coexistence surfaces for binary mixtures.
her9 promotes floor plate development in zebrafish

Notochord, floor plate, and in anamniotes hypochord, are vertebrate embryonic midline structures that are the sources of molecules that pattern the nervous system, somites, and dorsal aorta. Midline precursor cells arise from the dorsal organizer during gastrulation, and Notch signaling is an important regulator of midline cell fate specification. To understand fully how Notch signaling regulates midline development, we investigated the role of potential Notch target genes. We show here that midline precursors express her9, a member of the hairy/Enhancer of split gene family. Although her9 inhibits notochord development and promotes floor plate specification, her9 expression in floor plate cells appears not to require Notch signaling. We show that, instead, her9 is a downstream effector of Nodal signaling for floor plate specification.
Electron irradiation-enhanced water and hydrocarbon adsorption in EUV lithography devices

Abstract The accumulation of water and hydrocarbons molecules on pure Au smooth surfaces were monitored during 100 eV electron bombardment at various beam current levels. Our studies showed that these low energy electrons could accelerate the physical adsorption processes of the gaseous contaminant molecules on the mirror surface. The 100 eV electron beam was used to provide a rough simulation of the secondary electrons generated during the interaction between the EUV beam at 13.5 nm wavelength and the mirror surface in an EUVL device. The adsorption enhancement phenomenon was explained in accordance with Langmuir's Adsorption model by the increase of the sticking coefficient of adsorbed molecules onto the mirror surface. We have also shown that a positive biasing of the top of mirror surface can be used for preventing the secondary electron emission from the mirror surface.
Improved radial dose function estimation using current version MCNP Monte-Carlo simulation: Model 6711 and ISC3500 125I brachytherapy sources

Improved cross-sections in a new version of the Monte-Carlo N-particle (MCNP) code may eliminate discrepancies between radial dose functions (as defined by American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group 43) derived from Monte-Carlo simulations of low-energy photon-emitting brachytherapy sources and those from measurements on the same sources with thermoluminescent dosimeters. This is demonstrated for two 125I brachytherapy seed models, the Implant Sciences Model ISC3500 (I-Plant) and the Amersham Health Model 6711, by simulating their radial dose functions with two versions of MCNP, 4c2 and 5.
Siglec‐8 on human eosinophils and mast cells, and Siglec‐F on murine eosinophils, are functionally related inhibitory receptors

Siglecs (sialic acid-binding, Ig-like lectins) are a family of single-pass transmembrane cell surface proteins found predominantly on leucocytes. Their unique structural characteristics include an N-terminal carbohydrate-binding ('lectin') domain that binds sialic acid, followed by a variable number of Ig-like domains, hence these structures are a subset of the Ig gene superfamily. Another unique feature of Siglecs is that most, but not all, possess so-called immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs in their cytoplasmic domains, suggesting that these molecules function in an inhibitory capacity. Siglec-8, the eighth member identified at the time, was discovered as part of an effort initiated almost a decade ago to identify novel human eosinophil and mast cell proteins. Since that time, its selective expression on human eosinophils and mast cells has been confirmed. On eosinophils, Siglec-8 engagement results in apoptosis, whereas on mast cells, inhibition of FcepsilonRI-dependent mediator release, without apoptosis, is seen. It has subsequently been determined that the closest functional paralog in the mouse is Siglec-F, selectively expressed by eosinophils but not expressed on mast cells. Despite only modest homology, both Siglec-8 and Siglec-F preferentially recognize a sulphated glycan ligand closely related to sialyl Lewis X, a common ligand for the selectin family of adhesion molecules. Murine experiments in normal, Siglec-F-deficient mice and hypereosinophilic mice have resulted in similar conclusions that Siglec-F, like Siglec-8, plays a distinctive and important role in regulating eosinophil accumulation and survival in vivo. Given the resurgent interest in eosinophil-directed therapies for a variety of disorders, plus its unique additional ability to also target the mast cell, therapies focusing on Siglec-8 could some day prove to be a useful adjunct to our current armamentarium for the treatment of asthma, allergies and related disorders where overproduction and overactivity of eosinophils and mast cells is occurring.
Development and Validation of a Kinetic Model for Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass

A multireaction kinetic model was developed for closed-system enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass such as corn stover. Three hydrolysis reactions were modeled, two heterogeneous reactions for cellulose breakdown to cellobiose and glucose and one homogeneous reaction for hydrolyzing cellobiose to glucose. Cellulase adsorption onto pretreated lignocellulose was modeled via a Langmuir-type isotherm. The sugar products of cellulose hydrolysis, cellobiose and glucose, as well as xylose, the dominant sugar prevalent in most hemicellulose hydrolyzates, were assumed to competitively inhibit the enzymatic hydrolysis reactions. Model parameters were estimated from experimental data generated using dilute acid pretreated corn stover as the substrate. The model performed well in predicting cellulose hydrolysis trends at experimental conditions both inside and outside the design space used for parameter estimation and can be used for in silico process optimization.
Maximum-density droplet to lower-density droplet transition in quantum dots

We show that the Landau level mixing in two-dimensional quantum dot wave functions can be taken into account very effectively by multiplying the exact lowest Landau level wave functions by a Jastrow factor which is optimized by variance minimization. The comparison between exact diagonalization and fixed phase diffusion Monte Carlo results suggests that the phase of the many-body wave functions are not affected much by Landau level mixing. We apply these wave functions to study the transition from the maximum density droplet state [incipient integer quantum Hall state with angular momentum $L=N(N\ensuremath{-}1)∕2$] to lower density droplet states $[LgN(N\ensuremath{-}1)∕2]$.
A comparison of esterolytic mechanisms of several sulfhydryl proteases

Abstract A comparison was made of the esterolysis reactions catalyzed by chymopapain, papaya peptidases A and B, several asclepains of both the A and B families, ficin, and bromelain. Michaelis parameters for a series of aryl mesyl glycinates were measured and plotted versus the relevant Hammett σ values. All enzymes exhibited the same response to the substrates used.
Original Contribution: On learning the derivatives of an unknown mapping with multilayer feedforward networks

Recently, multiple input, single output, single hidden-layer feedforward neural networks have been shown to be capable of approximating a nonlinear map and its partial derivatives. Specifically, neural nets have been shown to be dense in various Sobolev spaces. Building upon this result, we show that a net can be trained so that the map and its derivatives are learned. Specifically, we use a result of Gallant's to show that least squares and similar estimates are strongly consistent in Sobolev norm provided the number of hidden units and the size of the training set increase together. We illustrate these results by an application to the inverse problem of chaotic dynamics: recovery of a nonlinear map from a time series of iterates. These results extend automatically to nets that embed the single hidden layer, feedforward network as a special case.
Simulation of the evolution of particle size distributions containing coarse particulate in the atmospheric surface layer with a simple convection-diffusion-sedimentation model

Abstract The Fugitive Dust Model (FDM) and Industrial Source Complex (ISC), widely used coarse particulate dispersion models, have been shown inaccurate due to the neglect of vertical variations in atmospheric wind speed and turbulent diffusivity (Vesovic et al., 2001), omission of the gravitational advection velocity, and an underestimation of the ground deposition velocity (Kim and Larson, 2001). A simple, transient two-dimensional convection-diffusion-sedimentation model is proposed to simulate the evolution in particle size distribution of an aerosol ‘puff’ containing coarse particulate in the atmospheric surface layer. Monin-Okhubov similarity theory, accompanied by empirical observations made by Businger et al. (1971), is adopted to characterize the surface layer wind speed and turbulent diffusivity profiles over a wide range of atmospheric conditions. A first order analysis of the crossing trajectories effect suggests simulation data presented here are not significantly affected by particle inertia. The model is validated against Suffield experimental data in which coarse particulate deposition was measured out to a distance of 800 m from the source (Walker, 1965). Good agreement is found for the decay in ground deposits with distance from the source for stable atmospheres. Deposition data was also simulated for unstable atmospheric stratification and the current model was determined to modestly underestimate the peak concentration with increasing accuracy further downwind of the release. The current model's effective deposition velocity was compared to that suggested by Kim et al. (2000) and shows improvement with respect to FDM. Lastly, the model was used to simulate the dispersion of nine lognormal aerosol puffs in the lowest 50 m of the atmospheric surface layer for four classes of atmospheric stability. The simulated mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) at multiple downwind sampling locations were calculated and plotted with distance from the source. The first 50 m from the source was found to have a substantial impact on the evolution of MMAD for stable atmospheric conditions. Away from the source, it was observed that particle size distributions were truncated by removal of all particles larger than about 60 μm. A particle Peclet number was also defined to quantify the relative importance of turbulent dispersion and sedimentation on particle motion in the vertical direction.
Histamine Test Kit Comparison

Abstract Six commercially available test kits designed to determine histamine in canned and raw fish were selected to compare the performance of each kit. The histamine concentration in seven tuna and eight mahimahi test samples as determined by each test kit was compared to the histamine concentrations as determined by the official AOAC method 977.13. All the kits tested were acceptable for use as screening tests for histamine and were able to distinguish between products that contained less than 50 ppm and those that contained more than 50 ppm.
Test case comparison and clustering using program profiles and static execution

Selection of diverse test cases and elimination of duplicates are two major problems in product testing life cycle, especially in sustained engineering environment. In order to solve these, we introduce a framework of test case comparison metrics which will quantitatively describe the distance between any arbitrary test case pair of an existing test suite, allowing various test case analysis applications. We combine program profiles from test execution, static analysis and statistical techniques to capture various aspects of test execution and compute a specialized test case distance measurement. Using these distance metrics, we drive a customized hierarchical test suite clustering algorithm that groups similar test cases together. We present an industrial strength framework called SPIRiT that works at binary level, implementing different metrics in the form of coverage, control, data, def-use, temporal variances and does test case clustering. This is step towards integrating runtime analysis, static analysis, statistical techniques and machine learning to drive new generation of test suite analysis algorithms.
Some characteristics of Na/K-ATPase from rat intestinal basal lateral membranes.

Basal lateral membrane vesicles were isolated from rat intestinal epithelial cells. The sodium potassium triphosphatase (Na/K-ATPase) of these plasma membranes has been characterized by (1) the molecular weight of the phosphorylated intermediate, (2) the sensitivity of the phosphorylated intermediate to hydroxylamine, (3) its ouabain binding constants, and (4) its susceptibility to digestion by pronase. The phosphorylated intermediate was shown by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be a protein of 100,000 Daltons apparent mol wt. Its extensive hydrolysis in hydroxylamine demonstrated that it was an acyl phosphate. The isolated basal lateral membranes bound ouabain with a dissociation constant,K m (1.5×10−5m), similar to the inhibitory constantK I (3×10−5m), measured for ouabain inhibition of the Na/K-ATPase activity. The association rate constant measured for ouabain binding at 22°C was 1.3×103m−1 sec−1 and is similar to the association rate constants reported for other tissues and species. The high dissociation rate constant, 3.6×10−2 sec−1, is consistent with the insensitivity of the rat to ouabain. Digestion of the intact cells by pronase yielded basal lateral membranes in which the Na/K-ATPase had been unaffected. The phosphorylated intermediate ran as a sharp band at 100,000 Daltons on electrophoresis, and the ouabain dissociation constant appeared to be unchanged. In these membranes, protein stains of polyacrylamide gels revealed digestion of the major high mol wt proteins including the major protein at 100,000 Daltons. This suggests that the Na/K-ATPase represent a minor component, less than 1%, of the basal lateral membrane protein. From these characteristics of the phosphorylated intermediate and the ouabain binding constants, we conclude that the Na/K-ATPase of the basal lateral membranes of rat intestinal epithelial cells is similar to that found in other tissues and species. Estimates of the number of pump sites and the turnover number predict rates of Na transport that are consistent with observed values.