cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precipitation Type Classification Method for Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) Onboard the GPM

Precipitation classification is a critical module in the retrieval algorithm set, for the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) that will be onboard the global precipitation measurement (GPM) core satellite. Precipitation type classification namely stratiform, convective, and other rain type classification is an important part of the classification module. Characteristics of measured dual-frequency ratio ( DFRm), defined as the difference between measured reflectivity at two frequency channels (Ku- and Ka- band), were studied for different rain types. This paper shows that DFRm can be used to separate stratiform and convective rain. In this paper, a precipitation type classification model is developed for DPR profile classification using characteristics of DFRm. Data collected by the airborne PR (ARP-2) in NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis, Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes, and Wakasa Bay campaigns are employed in model validation. The performance of the precipitation classification method for the GPM-DPR resolution is evaluated and is shown to be applicable to the GPM resolution.
Gut mucosal-arterial Pco2 gradient as an indicator of splanchnic perfusion during systemic hypo- and hypercapnia.

Objectives: By accounting for influences of systemic acid-base disturbances, gut mucosal-arterial Pco 2 gradient (Pico 2 -Paco 2 ) has been increasingly advocated as a more specific marker of splanchnic perfusion than Pico 2 alone. We examined the stability of the Pico 2 - Paco 2 gradient compared with raw Pico 2 measurements during induced systemic hypo- and hypercapnia. Design: A prospective animal study. Settings: A university research laboratory. Subjects: Twenty anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated mongrel dogs. Interventions: After a baseline period during which Paco 2 was maintained near 40 torr, the animals were divided into four groups. Minute ventilation was then altered by adjusting tidal volume, frequency, or both to achieve group Paco 2 values of 15, 20, 60, and 80 torr for groups 1 through 4, respectively. Portal blood flow was monitored and maintained near baseline levels by infusion of intravenous fluids. Intestinal Pico 2 was measured continuously by using capnometric recirculating gas tonometry. Measurements and Main Results: Mean (± SE) aggregate baseline Pico 2 - Paco 2 was 16.9 ± 3.3 torr. After 60 mins of hypoventilation, Pico 2 - Paco 2 decreased to 14.2 ± 1.1 and to 13.7 ± 2.7 torr in groups 3 and 4, respectively (p = NS, compared with baseline for both). On the other hand, after 60 mins of hyperventilation, Pico 2 - Paco 2 increased to 37.9 ± 3.6 and 28.0 ± 6.3 torr in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p <.0001, compared with baseline for both). Conclusions: In this model of maintained portal blood flow, Pico 2 - Paco 2 remained essentially stable after hypoventilation but increased significantly after inducing hyperventilation. Our findings warrant cautious interpretation of Pico 2 - Paco 2 as an indicator of splanchnic perfusion during systemic hypocapnia.
Portraits in painting and photography

This article addresses the portrait as a philosophical form of art. Portraits seek to render the subjective objectively visible. In portraiture two fundamental aims come into conflict: the revelatory aim of faithfulness to the subject, and the creative aim of artistic expression. In the first part of my paper, studying works by Rembrandt, I develop a typology of four different things that can be meant when speaking of an image’s power to show a person: accuracy, testimony of presence, emotional characterization, or revelation of the essential “air” (to use Roland Barthes’ term). In the second half of my paper this typology is applied to examples from painting and photography to explore how the two media might differ. I argue that, despite photography’s alleged ‘realism’ and ‘transparency,’ it allows for artistic portraiture and presents the same basic conflict between portraiture’s two aims, the revelatory and the expressive.
IBM academic information systems (ACIS): the IBM-PC on the IBM token-ring network

Abstract With the availability of an IBM Token-Ring Network conforming to the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) standards 89, and to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.5 a new base for communicating between Personal Computer (PC) has arisen. IBM has actively participated into the Star wiring, Token-Ring architecture development and has now a full range of products available from PC's to Main Computers. The applications of this architecture are numerous; amongst wish Scientific Environments. CERN Geneva is currently implementing a Token-Ring based PC to PC communication for their new Main Control Room which will be used to control both the future Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider ring and the existing Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) accelerator. This article summarize the IBM products available and describes the CERN application. The development and implementation made at CERN where based on a CERN-IBM joint Study Agreement.
ON ESTIMATING ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY IN CROSS‐SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION

In a recent reappraisal of evidence adduced for allocative efficiency in traditional agriculture, Dillon and Anderson employed a method based on a combination of traditional economic aspects and statistical aspects of estimated production functions. However, their reappraisal involved using marginal rather than the (appropriate) joint distributions of the regression coefficients. This paper investigates the error associated with using the inappropriate marginal distribution in a reassessment of allocative efficiency in wool growing in the Australian pastoral zone.
Intravenous and Isolated Limb Perfusion Delivery of Wild Type and a Tumor-Selective Replicating Mutant Vaccinia Virus in Nonhuman Primates

In this study we examine the safety, feasibility, and biodistribution of a tumor-selective mutant vaccinia (vvDD) and wild-type WR (vF13) vaccinia after delivery via intradermal or intravenous infection or isolated limb perfusion (ILP) in rhesus macaques. By intradermal inoculation, 106 PFU of vvDD caused a minimal skin reaction whereas vF13 caused marked erythema and necrosis with a peak indurated area of 108 cm2. By intravenous delivery, vvDD caused no clinical symptoms of viremia and no viral recovery from tissues, serum, saliva, urine, or feces. In contrast, vF13 caused symptoms of lethargy, anorexia, fever, and signs of viremia. Delivery of vF13 via ILP resulted in numerous cutaneous pox lesions localized solely to the perfused limb with high viral recovery in the perfused skin and muscle. ILP with vvDD resulted in no visible pox lesions and no clinical signs or symptoms of viremia. No long-term toxicity was identified after ILP with 109 PFU of vvDD, and no virus was recovered from any tissue, serum,...
Noninterfering optical method of HBT circuit evaluation

We report a novel noninterfering and simple approach for evaluation of circuits implemented with AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). This method makes use of radiative recombination in the base region of currentcarrying HBTs. The infra-red radiation emitted is ‘visible’ to the closed-circuit TV (CCTV) cameras. Therefore, one can view the operation of the HBT circuit under test at normal biases with a TV monitor. This method can be used to determine logic states of gates, as well as collector current of individual HBTs within integrated circuits.
CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE (CGD) IN A BLACK FAMILY WITH ATYPICAL GENETIC TRANSMISSION

We studied CGD in a Black family with three children, including a pair of identical twin sisters (10 yr.), DJ and SJ, and brother (13 yr.), BJ. SJ has had recurrent lung, liver abscesses, DJ recurrent pulmonary infections. BJ has always been in good health. DJ, SJ and BJ could not reduce NBT (.04, .03, .03 O.D.). Father (.16) and mother (.12) were normal (.14). Neutrophil auperoxide production was absent in twins (.00, .03, O.D.) and brother (.02). Mother (.13) was intermediate between control (.39), father (.34), and children. HMP activity for twins (31, 101 CPM) and brother (85 CPM) were well below control (1350), mother (1307) and father (1350). Neutrophils of twins and brother killed only 23%, 32% and 16% Staph. aureus after 2 hours (control 83%). Mother and father were normal. All had normal neutrophil MPO staining. Phagocytic neutrophil 02 consumption expressed in nanomoles/min/12×106 cells was DJ (.00), SJ (.01), and BJ (.00). Father (7.3) was normal (5.5). Mother (.77) was very low. Since children of both sex are affected, the mode of inheritance of CGD is not sex-linked. If the mode is autosomal recessive, the apparent absence of neutrophil dysfunction in the father suggests an undetectable carrier state. The unusual severity and frequency of infection in the female twins and the total absence of infection in the brother, a classic CGD, suggest a new variant of this syndrome.
ACP-103, a 5-HT2A/2C inverse agonist, potentiates haloperidol-induced dopamine release in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens

Atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) such as clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone are serotonin (5-HT)2A antagonists and relatively weaker dopamine (DA) D2 antagonists, with variable 5-HT2C antagonist properties. The ability of atypical APDs to preferentially increase DA release in the cortex compared to the limbic system is believed to be due in part to their antagonism of 5-HT2A and D2 receptors and believed to contribute to their beneficial effects on cognition, negative, and psychotic symptoms. Previous studies from this laboratory using microdialysis have shown that pretreatment of the 5-HT2A antagonist M100907 with the typical APD and D2 antagonist haloperidol produced an increase in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), but not in the nucleus accumbens (NAC), DA release. However, pretreatment with the 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist SR46349-B with haloperidol increased both mPFC and NAC DA release, suggesting that both 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C properties may be important for atypical APD effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a novel putative atypical APD ACP-103 on mPFC and NAC DA release using in vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats that are awake. ACP-103 is an inverse agonist at both 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors and has intermediate affinities for 5-HT2C receptors relative to their affinities for 5-HT2A receptors compared to M100907 and SR46349-B. In addition, the effects of ACP-103 were compared to M100907 and SR46349-B, and ACP-103 was also coadministered with haloperidol. ACP-103 10.0 mg/kg, but not 3.0 mg/kg, increased DA release in the mPFC, while neither dose increased DA release in the NAC. Like M100907, ACP-103 (3.0 mg/kg) potentiated 0.1 mg/kg haloperidol-induced DA release in the mPFC while inhibiting that in the NAC. However, ACP-103 (3.0 mg/kg), similar to SR46349-B, potentiated a high dose of haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg)-induced DA release in both regions. The potent 5-HT2C antagonist SB242084 1.0 mg/kg significantly potentiated 0.1 mg/kg haloperidol-induced DA release in both the mPFC and NAC. However, SB242084, at 0.2 mg/kg, significantly potentiated DA release only in the NAC. Moreover, SB242084 0.2 mg/kg potentiated DA release in the NAC produced by the combination treatment of 3 mg/kg ACP-103 and 0.1 mg/kg haloperidol. These data suggest that the relative extent of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C antagonism, as well as the extent of D2 receptor blockade, has a critical influence on DA release in the mPFC and NAC and may be a determining factor in the action of this class of atypical APDs on these two potentially clinically relevant parameters.
Protein kinase C and F1/GAP-43 gene expression in hippocampus inversely related to synaptic enhancement lasting 3 days

Abstract The mRNA levels of protein F1 (also known as GAP-43), and protein kinase C (PKC) subtypes were measured 3 days after the induction of long-term enhancement (also known as long-term potentiation) in the hippocampus of chronically prepared conscious rats by quantitative in situ hybridization. Altered mRNA levels correlated significantly with alternations in synaptic efficacy; such correlations have not been reported previously. Rats with greater synaptic enhancement had lower gene expression in the CA3 subfield of F1/GAP-43 and both beta-PKC and gamma-PKC, but not alpha-PKC. For microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), neurogranin, and the glutamate receptor subtype B-flip, no correlation was observed in any cell field between synaptic enhancement and hybridization to the mRNA. To our surprise, alterations in mRNA levels of F1/GAP-43 and gamma-PKC were highly correlated (r = +0.928, P < 0.001), suggesting coordinate regulation. Since F1/GAP-43 is associated with neurite growth, its lowered expression at 3 days would reduce potential growth, leading to synaptic stabilization. We propose that long-term synaptic change is mediated by gene expression of the very same proteins initially modified posttranslationally.
65 Nutrient responses of harmful algal blooms in south carolina brackish lagoonal systems

The widespread occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in South Carolina brackish lagoons has recently been documented. Over the last 2 years, dense blooms of raphidophytes, dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria, and prymnesiophytes were commonly observed, mostly in storm water retention ponds associated with housing developments or golf courses. As part of an effort to understand the physiological ecology of these blooms, bioassays were performed testing the effects of nutrients on HAB population growth. The first bioassay was conducted on a mixed bloom of Heterosigma akashiwo and Chattonella verruculosa, and the second on a mixed bloom of Fibrocapsa japonica, Karlodinium micrum and C. verruculosa. The growth of all species but F. japonica could be stimulated by the addition of DIN or DON substrates, including nitrate, ammonium, urea, and glycine. F. japonica was only stimulated by the addition of a fertilizer (Miracle Grow™) or an inhibitor of photosynthesis (DCMU). Stimulation by the fertilizer, but not N or P substrates, suggests that this response was related to trace metal (e.g. Fe) use. Growth stimulation by DCMU may reflect a high heterotrophic capability or insensitivity of F. japonica's photosynthetic system to this inhibitor. The results suggest that the nutritional versatility of these species may contribute to their widespread occurrence and ability to form blooms in these low flow, nutrient- and organic-rich systems. Also, the responses of F. japonica infer that contaminant loading (e.g. herbicides with similar effects as DCMU) should be considered as a selective factor in HAB initiation or maintenance.
BH3 domains of BH3-only proteins differentially regulate Bax-mediated mitochondrial membrane permeabilization both directly and indirectly.

Abstract Using a Bax-dependent membrane-permeabilization assay, we show that peptides corresponding to the BH3 domains of Bcl-2 family "BH3-only" proteins have dual functions. Several BH3 peptides relieved the inhibition of Bax caused by the antiapoptotic Bcl-x L and/or Mcl-1 proteins, some displaying a specificity for either Bcl-x L or Mcl-1. Besides having this derepression function, the Bid and Bim peptides activated Bax directly and were the only BH3 peptides tested that could potently induce cytochrome c release from mitochondria in cultured cells. Furthermore, Bax activator molecules (cleaved Bid protein and the Bim BH3 peptide) synergistically induced cytochrome c release when introduced into cells along with derepressor BH3 peptides. These observations support a unified model of BH3 domain function, encompassing both positive and negative regulation of other Bcl-2 family members. In this model, the simple inhibition of antiapoptotic functions is insufficient to induce apoptosis unless a direct activator of Bax or Bak is present.
The insulin resistance syndrome: physiological considerations.

The insulin resistance syndrome, also referred to as the ‘metabolic syndrome’ or ‘syndrome X’, is associated with a primary cellular defect in insulin action (insulin resistance) and a compensatory increase in insulin secretion. The combination of insulin resistance and subsequent hyperinsulinaemia causes a number of metabolic and cardiovascular changes that result in a syndrome typically characterised by type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia, coronary artery disease and hypertension. Moreover, disturbances in sleep (sleep apnoea) and ovarian dysfunction are also characterised by insulin resistance. The pathophysiological basis for these disturbances reflects the impact of variable genetic and environmental influences. At a molecular level, insulin resistance involves defects of insulin signalling such as reduced insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity and reduced post-receptor phosphorylation steps that impinge on metabolic and vascular effects of insulin. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res 2007;4:13‐19
Plasma Etching of Si in SF6/O2 and NF3/O2 Mixtures: Computer Simulations And Experimental Results.

Profile control in polysilicon etching with SF6/O2 and NF3/O2 gas mixtures has been explored as a function of feed gas composition, power, pressure and total flow. Polysilicon appears to etch anisotropically under certain anomalous combinations of these parameters, such as high power/dilute etchant gas composition, low power/high etchant gas composition and high power/high etchant gas composition. Very rapid etch rates (3.5 µm/min) and anisotropic etching were obtained simultaneously in SF6/O2 mixtures at 250 mtorr. In order to provide a rational for explaining these anomalies, a kinetic model for these plasmas has been developed which couples electron impact events in the plasma to gas-phase chemistry and surface reactions of the etching process. Peculiarities in the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) of these gas mixtures, determined by Boltzmann calculations, appear related to the anisotropy under dilute conditions. However, anisotropic etching observed at 250 mtorr and rich SF6 gas mixtures appears more related to anomalies in power deposition to the discharge, possibly including wave interactions or resonant processes. Comparisons between computer simulations and experimental results are presented.
Efficacy of Various Carbohydrates as Cryoprotectants for Casein in Skim Milk

Diafiltered skim milk of two compositions (high-calcium, normal carbohydrate and normal-calcium, reduced carbohydrate) was used as media for testing the efficacy of various carbohydrates and glutamic acid as cryoprotectants for casein in skim milk stored at −9°C. In both test media, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and ethylene glycol were among the most effective cryoprotectants, and raffinose, glucose, sucrose, and xylose were among the least effective. Glutamic acid, tested in only one medium, was also highly effective. Cryoprotective efficacy was strongly related to a compound's ability to depress the freezing point and to offer many hydrogen bonding sites per molecule.
A clinical trial of the Delta-T intrauterine device: Immediate postpartum insertion

The Copper T-220C intrauterine device was modified for use in early postpartum insertions. Biodegradable extensions consisting of No. 2 chromic suture were added to the horizontal arms of the device to enhance retention. This new device, Delta-T IUD, was inserted in 100 patients within 55 hours of the delivery of the placenta. No uterine perforations or cervical lacerations occurred in this study. There was one accidental pregnancy 4 months following the IUD insertion. Seven IUDs were removed for bleeding and pain. There was one case of postpartum endometritis. Seventeen IUD expulsions occurred. Expulsions were more frequent at the beginning of the study and when the IUD was inserted more than 30 minutes after delivery of the placenta. The immediate postpartum insertion of IUDs with the event rates observed in this study is acceptable in situations where alternatives for other family planning modalities or interval insertion of intrauterine devices are not feasible.
Seasonal variation of infestation by ectoparasitic chigger mite larvae (Acarina: Trombiculidae) on resident and migratory birds in coffee agroecosystems of Chiapas, Mexico

Parasitism is not well documented for birds found in tropical habitats. Long-distance migratory birds may face additional risks to an already hazardous journey when infected. This study explores the ecology of an ectoparasite infestation in Chiapas, Mexico. During a mist-netting project in 2 different coffee management systems, chigger mites (Acarina: Trombiculidae), ectoparasitic during the larval stage, were found on both resident and migratory birds. Using a rapid assessment protocol, it was observed that 17 of 26 species of long-distance migrants and 33 of 71 resident species had at least 1 infested individual. Infestation prevalences were unexpectedly high on some long-distance migrants, as high as 0.73 for Swainson's thrush (Catharus ustulatus), a value on par with heavily infested resident species. Prevalence was highest during winter sampling: 0.18 overall, 0.16 of migrants, and 0.23 of residents. Prevalence was 0.14 for resident birds during the summer breeding season. Mean abundance and mean intensity of infestation are reported for 97 species captured and inspected during the course of this study. In this region, chigger mite larvae are relatively common on birds and their abundance varies seasonally. High prevalence for some migratory birds suggests that more research and monitoring of ectoparasites are needed, especially in light of emerging diseases.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Systematic Analysis of Shear-Wave Splitting in the Aftershock Zone of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake: Shallow Crustal Anisotropy and Lack of Precursory Changes,’ by Yunfeng Liu, Ta-Liang Teng, and Yehuda Ben-Zion,” by Stuart Crampin and Yuan Gao

We thank Crampin and Gao (2005, hereinafter referred to as cg) for their interest in the analysis and results of Liu et al. (2004, hereinafter referred to as ltbz). We disagree that the lines they draw through some of the data points of figure 14a of ltbz (reproduced here as Fig. 1) carry quantitative scientific information, and we maintain our assessment that the results of ltbz do not show systematic temporal evolution of anisotropy parameters that could be used to forecast impending large earthquakes in our study area. Our response to cg focuses on features involving directly the results of ltbz. We do not discuss the broader claims of cg on general scaling relations, associated with their figures 2 and 3, other than to note that they have been controversial (e.g., Aster et al. , 1990, 1991; Seher and Main, 2004). Prompted by the comment of cg, we perform a more detailed analysis of spatio-temporal variations of the time delays between fast and slow shear waves in our data. The detailed examination indicates clearly that the apparent precursory pattern identified by cg is dominated by spatial rather than temporal variations of properties. Figure 1. Observed time-delay values for the section deeper than 0.2 km versus time. Each data point is a time-delay measurement with an error given by the vertical line. The mean values and standard deviations of the measurements before and after the Chi-Chi mainshock are indicated by solid and dashed lines, respectively. The numbers near the points mark the sequential ordering of the measurements. Figure 1 is an enlarged version of figure 14a of ltbz, with sequential numbering of the data points before the 1999 Chi-Chi mainshock and several later points. The “subtle temporal changes” referred to by cg are associated with a …
A high performance complementary bipolar process controlling base poly-Si over-etching in emitter region and using SOI or PBSOI technique

In this paper, for the first time, we suggest a unique complementary bipolar process which is using the 1st base poly-Si in collector interface, and controlling base poly-Si over-etching in emitter region to obtain high voltage and high speed in NPN tr. and PNP tr. concurrently. And we could find out that the peak fr has a lot of variation according to the degree of base poly silicon over etching. We provide a novel high voltage, high speed and latch-up free complementary process fabrication technology using SOI or PBSOI [J.H. Kim], STI (shallow trench isolation) and DTI (deep trench isolation) technology. The biggest strong point is the NPN and PNP transistors have the same values in terms of size and speed. And also, we have solved the crystal defect generated in SOI substrate. The peak fr for NPN and PNP transistors attained 8.0GHz and 8.5GHz, the BVceo for the NPN and PNP devices achieved 15V and 17V, respectively. These values were found to be excellent results as shown in the maximum value of Johnson-limit for the fT-BVceo product in silicon. [Kwok K.Ng] Currently an operational amplifier product, which is higher than competitors in terms of B/W (band width) at same condition, is being developed with this process.
Practice guidelines for autopsy pathology: autopsy reporting. Autopsy Committee of the College of American Pathologists.

The Autopsy Committee of the College of American Pathologists has prepared this guideline in conjunction with representatives of other organizations to assist pathologists in the performance of autopsies. The guideline is to be regarded as being primarily an educational tool. Application of these recommendations on autopsy performance is to be made on the basis of the judgment of the pathologist engaged in a specific case.
Nonlinear suppression of range ambiguities in pulse-diverse radar

Coherent pulse train processing gives improved Doppler resolution, compared to single pulse processing, but introduces range and Doppler ambiguities. Diversely coded pulse trains produce a weighted composite ambiguity function at the origin and cross-ambiguity terms at multiples of the pulse repetition interval. An idealised nonlinear suppression operator is introduced to suppress these terms, effectively reducing the total volume under the ambiguity surface. Nonlinear suppression is introduced to approximate ideal suppression operation and illustrated by example.
Electromagnetic scattering interference between two shallow objects buried under 2-D random rough surfaces

A rigorous electromagnetic model has been used to analyze the scattering from two dielectric shallow objects buried under the two-dimensional (2-D) random rough ground (3-D scattering problem) as a means of predicting false alarms. The method of moments (MoM) accelerated by the steepest descent fast multipole method (SDFMM) is used to compute the equivalent electric and magnetic surface currents on all scatterers (i.e., the rough ground and the two buried objects). The roughness parameters influence the scattering interference mechanism of the two objects, however, a large separation distance (e.g., several correlation lengths) showed stronger effect for small ground roughness.
Computer simulation on surfaces and [001] symmetric tilt grain boundaries in Ni, Al, and Ni 3 Al

We have used “local volume” (embedded atom) type potentials to study the surfaces and grain boundaries of Ni, Al, and Ni3Al. The simulations show that with appropriately fit potentials, the surface and grain boundary structure can be realistically calculated. The surface rippling and relaxation show good agreement with experiments. The energies of most surfaces and grain boundaries also agree with existing data. The structural unit model for grain boundaries in Ni3Al shows the same generic units as in pure metals, but with large variations due to distortions and multiplicity. The utility of the structural unit model is thus more limited for alloys. The grain boundary energies were found to be the highest for Al-rich Ni3Al grain boundaries, and depend significantly on the local composition of the grain boundary. The cusps in the grain boundary energy as a function of misorientation angle are different for different grain boundary stoichiometries. The Ni3Al grain boundaries have approximately the same grain boundary energy and cohesive energy as that of Ni.
Central Nervous System Nutrient Signaling: The Regulation of Energy Balance and the Future of Dietary Therapies

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway coordinates cell growth in response to nutrient availability. Increasing evidence points to a role for mTOR to also direct whole-body energy balance in response to micronutrient as well as hormonal cues. This positions mTOR as a key central integrator of acute and chronic changes in fuel status. Energy balance is affected by mTOR in several organ systems, including the hypothalamus, where the pathway can modulate feeding. We propose that a greater understanding of this nutrient-sensitive pathway may open the door to more intelligent, effective diet design based on the effects of micronutrients on specific signaling pathways.
Immunocytochemical demonstration of anterior pituitary hormones in the pars tuberalis of long‐term hypophysectomized rats

The hormone-containing cells of the pars tuberalis of the rat adenohypophysis were studied, 4--5 months after hypophysectomy, with a double bridge immunocytochemical technique and with antisera directed against the hormones of the pars distalis. Corticotropes, lactotropes, somatotropes, thyrotropes, and gonadotropes were found in the pars tuberalis of all animals. These cells are well well situated to receive blood, nerve terminals, and tanycyte processes from the median eminence and, thus, to be influenced by the chemical messengers from the hypothalamus. It is concluded that the pars tuberalis has to be regarded as a potential source of adenohypophyseal hormones in an animal model traditionally considered to be free of such hormones.
A Comparison of Theories on Southern Athapaskan Kinship Systems

O VER the past twenty years, the kinship systems of the various Athapaskans have intrigued cultural anthropologists. In particular, the Southern Athapaskans have had their kinship systems analyzed in four different studies, either as a separate substock or as part of the larger Athapaskan pattern (Opler 1936; Kroeber 1937; Bellah 1952; and Hoijer, 1956). In each of these studies some attempt is made to reconstruct a basic pattern from which all the tribes have deviated in one way or another. By modifying a technique outlined by Murdock (1949), I have added a fifth reconstruction which is set forth below. A comparison of the five postulated reconstructions reveals some interesting disagreements. Consequently, each of the five analyses will be summarized, and then the differences revealed will be discussed. The selection of groups for this intensive comparison is of course limited to the Southern Athapaskans.
A Determination of Some of the Properties of the Piezo-Electric Quartz Resonator

Entirely consistent determinations of the logarithmic decrement of X-cut quartz rods whose natural frequencies are of the order of seventy kilocycles have been obtained during the last few years. The decrement is obtained from measurements on oscillographic records of the decay of the free vibrations of the resonator. The most extreme (lowest) values of decrement have been checked by an entirely independent method; namely, by tracing the resonance curve, the agreement between the two methods being to within a few per cent. Extended studies by the former method have shown the logarithmic decrement to be a linear function of the pressure of the surrounding gas, and the energy losses in the two gases tried, air and hydrogen, to be in the ratio of their radiation resistances. This assumes previous elimination of mounting losses, which for ordinary mountings are even larger than radiation losses. When radiation losses have been eliminated, the effect of the abrasive used in making the usual ground finish of the surfaces of the quartz becomes obvious, the lowest decrements being obtained when the surfaces have been etched. Representative decrements measured under various conditions are as follows, the corresponding reactanceresistance-ratio Q being inserted in parentheses following each logarithmic decrement. Ground surfaces, in air at atmospheric pressure, 126×10-6(25,000) Ground surfaces, in hydrogen at atmospheric pressure, 31×10-6(101,000) Ground surfaces, in vacuum, 11-17×10-6(290,000-180,000) Etched surfaces, in vacuum, 6.4×10-6(490,000) Etched surfaces, polished, in vacuum, 5.
Rothbard vs. Strauss: Libertarianism, Rights and Reason

This paper undertakes to make some comparative observations on the thought of Murray N. Rothbard and Leo Strauss. It hinges around Rothbard and Strauss’s different views on such subjects as the philosophy of Hobbes, Locke and Hume, the meaning of natural law, natural rights, and natural equality, the roots of liberalism, conservatism and totalitarianism, and la querelle entre les anciens et les moderns. While sharing a common commitment to reason and its power to explain our world and a common rejection of modern relativism, subjectivism, scepticism, nihilism and “postmodernism,” Strauss and Rothbard part company on a series of vital questions. The nub of their disagreement is to do with the compatibility of the doctrine of modern, “Lockean” natural rights with the pre-modern tradition of natural law and its claim that there are natural obligations or duties of equal or higher importance than natural rights. While himself not being a natural law thinker Strauss nevertheless insists against those who take the “Rothbardian” view that the doctrines of modern natural rights and pre-modern natural law, to say nothing of classical natural right, are incompatible. This difference on the history of western philosophy is reflected in the political disagreement between Rothbard and Strauss on the nature and meaning of modern liberal democracy. While Strauss is only a qualified supporter of modern liberalism given its premise of the absolute priority of the “self” or the Cartesian ego in more technical terms, Rothbard is a vigorous supporter of modern liberalism precisely because it accords absolute superiority to the “self” or ego. For Rothbard liberal democracy is estimable to the very extent to which it is prepared to push hard for the sovereignty of the “Lockean” absolute “self” and less so to the extent it does not. But for Strauss, this commitment to the primary and radical detachment of the individual from all social or political connection is exceedingly problematic precisely because it is a political reflection of the radical subjectivism of modern philosophy which radical subjectivism he takes to be at the root of liberal democracy’s most evident evils. In short, Rothbard pits the radically free and unencumbered self against the Leviathan state while Strauss pits classical vision of man as a naturally political or social animal against them both. While Strauss sees a necessary connection between “metaphysics” or “natural theology” and the good society, Rothbard sees any such connection as a implicitly representing an authoritarian or even totalitarian threat to “Lockean” rights and individual freedom, which rights and freedom he takes to be man’s highest achievement.
Pregnancy Prevention in Adolescents

Although the pregnancy rate in adolescents has declined steadily in the past 10 years, it remains a major public health problem with lasting repercussions for the teenage mothers, their infants and families, and society as a whole. Successful strategies to prevent adolescent pregnancy include community programs to improve social development, responsible sexual behavior education, and improved contraceptive counseling and delivery. Many of these strategies are implemented at the family and community level. The family physician plays a key role by engaging adolescent patients in confidential, open, and nonthreatening discussions of reproductive health, responsible sexual behavior (including condom use to prevent sexually transmitted diseases), and contraceptive use (including the use of emergency contraception). This dialogue should begin before initial sexual activity and continue throughout the adolescent years.
Invasive Breast Cancer

The estimated number of cases of invasive breast cancer in 2006 exceeded 214,000; nearly 40,000 will die each year from the disease. The vast majority of patients are women, although 1,700 men will be affected. Factors associated with increased risk include increasing age, early onset menarche, late menopause, nulliparity, late first pregnancy, and family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer. The genetic predisposition to breast cancer through the BRCA 1 or 2 mutations account for nearly 7% of the cases of breast cancer in the United States. The median age at diagnosis is 61. The primary pathologic subtypes of breast carcinoma are invasive ductal (80%), invasive lobular (10–15%), and mixed ductal/lobular carcinoma. The overall survival and outcome is the same for these groups stage for stage. Rare types include medullary, mucinous, tubular, adenoid cystic, and metaplastic carcinomas. The incidence of breast cancer continues to increase at a rate of 0.3% per year, while mortality has decreased by over 2% per year. With the advent of widespread screening mammography, breast cancer is detected at a much earlier stage than decades past. Surgical treatment has evolved from the Halsted radical mastectomy where the nipple, areola, breast, pectoralis muscles, and axillary lymph nodes were removed to localized treatment pioneered by Drs. Bernard Fisher and Umberto Veronesi with lumpectomy and quadrantectomy, respectively.
Seroepidemiological Studies of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Domestic and Wild Animals

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widely distributed, tick-borne viral disease. Humans are the only species known to develop illness after CCHF virus (CCHFV) infection, characterized by a nonspecific febrile illness that can progress to severe, often fatal, hemorrhagic disease. A variety of animals may serve as asymptomatic reservoirs of CCHFV in an endemic cycle of transmission. Seroepidemiological studies have been instrumental in elucidating CCHFV reservoirs and in determining endemic foci of viral transmission. Herein, we review over 50 years of CCHFV seroepidemiological studies in domestic and wild animals. This review highlights the role of livestock in the maintenance and transmission of CCHFV, and provides a detailed summary of seroepidemiological studies of wild animal species, reflecting their relative roles in CCHFV ecology.
Dual Lenses: Using Theology and Human Rights to Evaluate China's 2005 Regulations on Religion

In order for China to move forward in the international community, it needs to continue to improve its standing on human rights issues. Of particular concern to many observers is the relationship between the government and religion. While foreign religious organizations and missionaries are still heavily regulated by a 1994 law, a new law respecting religious citizens and organizations within China went into effect in 2005. This new law is salutary in some respects in that it provides a much fuller delineation of the relationship between government and religion within China, and it appears more solicitous toward religious rights than previous regulations. But the new law is very vague in places and contains several provisions that could be troublesome and problematic depending on how and whether they are implemented. This paper is primarily built on a lecture given at Fuller Theological Seminary in 2005. Its premise is that international human rights laws are a useful but not sufficient benchmark by which to assess China's law. It is also important to understand the theological premises of some of the religious communities and believers for a broader measure of the efficacy and fairness of China's law. By focusing upon and using these dual lenses of law and religion, the paper offers both preliminary assessments of the 2005 law and also some possible ways forward that will further China's efforts to respect its heritage while simultaneously allowing it to better align itself with prevailing international norms regarding religious rights and obligations.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT VISUAL ATTENTION TASKS ON OBSTACLE CROSSING IN HEALTHY YOUNG ADULTS

Dual-task obstacle crossing gait paradigms are commonly adopted to examine how attentional demands are associated with sensory-motor processing during obstacle crossing. Various attention tasks have been used with mixed findings. This raises a question whether and how different attention tasks would affect motor function differently. Therefore, we examined and compared the effects of two visual attention tasks on obstacle crossing in healthy young adults. In the first experiment, 10 young adults responded to a 200ms visuospatial attention task during the approaching phase of obstacle crossing. In the second experiment, another 10 young adults responded to a visual Stroop task while approaching and crossing an obstacle. In both experiments, subjects completed an obstacle crossing only, a visual attention only, or a dual-task obstacle crossing condition in a random order. Dual-task costs were calculated for each visual attention task on the accuracy rates, toe-obstacle clearances and gait velocities. Two tripping incidences occurred only in the dual-task condition with visuospital attention task. Trailing toe-obstacle clearance reduced in the dual-task condition with visuospital attention task, but toe-obstacle clearances of both limbs increased in the dual-task condition with Stroop task. Gait velocities were not affected by the visuospatial attention task but were significantly reduced when concurrently performing the Stroop task. Dual-task costs were significantly different between two experiments on the gait velocity and toe clearances, but not on the accuracy rate. Our findings demonstrated that different visual attention tasks lead to distinct modifications on obstacle crossing behaviors.
A meteorite perspective on asteroid hazard mitigation

Abstract Meteorites, and their fall to Earth, have the potential to inform studies of the asteroid impact hazard and of impact mitigation. We describe six ways in which they have relevance to understanding the behavior of meteoroids in the atmosphere and thus impact mitigation. (1) Hundreds of meteorite falls have been described in the literature. While eyewitness observations are subjective, at their core there is unique information on which to build and test numerical models of an asteroid’s behavior as it passes through the atmosphere. (2) For 19 recovered meteorites, film or video recordings have been obtained and for most of these light curves have been derived which provide quantitative information on meteorite fall and fragmentation. (3) There are 188 known meteorite craters on Earth and in 10 cases fragments of the meteorite responsible have been recovered. In these cases numerical impact models can utilize the known properties of the projectile and the dimensions of the crater. (4) Studies of the meteorites provide information on their preatmospheric size, internal structure and physical properties (tensile strength, density, porosity, thermal conductivity etc.) which are essential for understanding the behavior of objects coming through the atmosphere. (5) The flow patterns on the fusion crust of the meteorite, and the shape of the recovered meteorite, provides information on orientation and physical behavior during flight. Petrographic changes under the fusion crust provide information on thermal history during the latter stages of flight. (6) The structure and composition of the so-called “gas-rich regolith breccias” provide information on the outermost layer of the parent asteroid from which the meteorites came. This information is critical to certain mitigation strategies. We conclude by describing initiatives for hazardous asteroid impact mitigation at Ames Research Center and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory that will exploit and disseminate the information available from meteorites. This includes characterization of the meteorites likely to be analogous of incoming asteroids and the development of a website to advise the world-wide community of information available.
The Changing Role of Surgery in Contemporary Head and Neck Oncology

The Changing Role of Surgery in Contemporary Head and Neck Oncology Surgery has been considered the historic mainstay of therapy for patients with advanced squamous cancer of the head and neck. This approach has been modified with the recognition that combining chemotherapy with irradiation therapy is effective in controlling cancer in some patients with advanced disease. The enthusiasm for nonoperative intervention with CRT has resulted in worldwide recognition of the fact that treatment-related toxicity associated with chemoradiation can be severe in over 40% of patients.
Comparing and Optimizing the DARPA System F6 Program Value-Centric Design Methodologies

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) System F6 (Future, Fast, Flexible, Fractionated, Free-Flying) Program has the long-term objective of demonstrating that, in certain mission contexts, fractionated spacecraft are a desirable alternative to monolithic spacecraft. Conceptually, fractionated spacecraft consist of physically independent, “free-flying” modules that collaborate on-orbit to achieve a certain level of systemwide performance or functionality. During Phase I of the System F6 Program, four major aerospace companies developed computer-based simulation models, referred to as valuecentric design methodology (VCDM) tools, to quantitatively compare the risk-adjusted, net value of comparable monolithic and fractionated spacecraft. This research effort seeks to further learning from the four VCDM tools through two independent investigations, both focused on developing key methodological insights for future value-centric design tool development. The first investigation entails objectively comparing characteristics of the tools such as their respective modeling architectures and quantification of risk-adjusted, net value. And the second investigation entails the optimization of PIVOT, one of the four tools from Phase I, using several complementary multi-disciplinary optimization methodologies. The first major conclusion from this research is that consensus amongst the four VCDM tools from Phase I, per the most valuable fractionated spacecraft is untenable given substantial diversity in their respective modeling architectures, inherent assumptions, and ensuing interpretation of value. The second conclusion is that the solution stability of wellvetted multi-disciplinary optimization methodologies is significantly inhibited by nested uncertainty in a tool, often manifested in non-deterministic objective functions, as found in all of the Phase I VCDM tools.