cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Red Blood Cell Transfusion and Postoperative Delirium in Hip Fracture Surgery Patients: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study.

Background Patients having hip fracture surgery are at high risk for postoperative delirium. Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion may increase postoperative delirium risk by causing neuroinflammation. We hypothesized that RBC transfusion would be associated with postoperative delirium in patients having hip fracture surgery. Methods An observational cohort study was performed using the United States National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) participant use files for hip fracture from 2016 to 2018. Propensity score analysis and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) were used to reduce bias from confounding. An IPTW adjusted odds ratio for developing postoperative delirium was calculated for patients who received RBC transfusion during surgery or in the 72 hours after. Results There were 20,838 patients who had eligible current procedural terminology (CPT) codes for primary hip fracture surgery and complete study data. After employing strict exclusions to balance covariates and reduce bias, 3,715 patients remained in the IPTW cohort. Of these, 626 patients (16.9%) received RBC transfusion and 665 patients (17.9%) developed postoperative delirium. IPTW adjustment led to good covariate balance between patients who received RBC transfusion and those who did not. Patients who received RBC transfusion had significantly higher odds of postoperative delirium, IPTW adjusted odds ratio = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.43, and P = 0.02. Discharge location also differed significantly between patients who received RBC transfusion and those who did not (P < 0.001) with in-hospital mortality or referral to hospice occurring in 1.6% of patients who received RBC transfusion and 1.3% of patients who were not transfused. Conclusion RBC transfusion is associated with increased odds of postoperative delirium after hip fracture surgery and may be associated with worse clinical outcome.
Visual Benefit of Correcting Higher Order Aberrations in Keratoconus With Customized Scleral Lens

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 • Eleven keratoconic (KC) patients (13 eyes) and one normal eye were recruited in this study. • Conventional scleral lenses were fitted to individual eyes and aberration measurements were performed on each eye with the scleral lens on using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. • The aberration was calculated for the subject’s maximum natural pupil size under the mesopic illumination condition. From the measured aberration, the polychromatic modulation transfer functions (MTFs) were calculated to estimate expected improvements in retinal image quality by customizing the scleral lens. • Theoretical visual benefit was defined as the ratio of area under the MTFs with customized scleral lens to with the conventional scleral lens. Visual Benefit of Correcting Higher Order Aberrations in Keratoconus With Customized Scleral Lens
NORTEAMERICANOS EN EL MINERAL DE POTRERILLOS

The document that is published is connected with the advices that the Copper Mining Company makes to its northamerican workers that come to work to Potrerillos Mine. It is dated in 1918 and takes part from the Archives of such Company that is kept in The Montana Historical Society Archives.
Stumbling over consensus research: misunderstandings and issues

The consensus problem has recently emerged as a major interest in systems conferences, yet the systems community tends to ignore most of the large body of theory on this subject. In this chapter, I examine why this might be so. I point out misunderstandings by the systems community of the theory. I also consider some issues in this work that remains to be addressed by the theory community.
Mahr Agreements: Contracting in the Shadow of Family Law (and Religious Law) - A Comment on Oman

This article is a Comment on Nathan Oman, "Bargaining in the Shadow of God's Law: Islamic Mahr Contracts and the Perils of Legal Specialization" (45 Wake Forest Law Review 579 (2010)). Oman's article shows that there are real disadvantages in looking at contracts through the lens of narrow transaction types, especially where individual agreements might fit poorly with the assumed narrative of that transaction type. The example Oman uses, mahr agreements treated within the category of premarital agreements, gives partial (but only partial) support for his thesis. The vast majority of those agreements should not be treated as premarital agreements, but not because they do not fit some ascribed narrative, but because mahr provisions should not generally be understood as waiving the recipient spouse’s rights at divorce regarding property division and alimony. However, when one or both parties claims that the mahr agreement does waive divorce rights, then that party should have the burden of showing both that this reading of the mahr agreement is reasonable, and that any such waiver was consistent with the procedural and substantive fairness safeguards created by state law to protect those who might otherwise make such waivers in an inconsiderate way.
Mis on filosoofia

Minu eesmargiks antud artiklis on pakkuda uht vaadet filosoofia olemuse, eesmargi ja rolli kohta kaasaja maailmas. Artikli esimeses osas kirjeldan luhidalt nelja tanapaeva filosoofiat oluliselt mojutanud filosoofiakontseptsiooni: ideaalkeele traditsiooni filosoofiamoistmist, tavakeele filosoofia arusaamu, Wittgensteini terapeutilis-deflatsionalistlikku kontseptsiooni ning kaasaegse filosoofilise naturalismi metafilosoofiat. Teises osas visandan Wilfrid Sellarsist inspireerituna filosoofiamoistmise, mis voimaldab meil naha koiki eelnevalt kasitletud filosoofiakontseptsioone taitmas uhe ja sama projekti erinevaid osi ning moista keskset osa kaasaja filosoofiast. My main aim in this paper is to provide a certain sort of answer to the question 'What is philosophy?'. In the first part I will give a short overview of the central ideas of the four most dominant conceptions of philosophy of the 20th century: the ones supported by philosophers belonging to the ideal and the ordinary language traditions, the one suggested by later Wittgenstein, and the one championed by modern-day methodological naturalists. In the second part I will build on Wilfrid Sellars's ideas and sketch a conception of philosophy which amalgamates the four conceptions into one and sees philosophy as an intellectual activity that aims at constructing a comprehensive, true and practical worldview by, first, constructing both the manifest and the scientific images of man and world and, second, fitting them together.
Guiding Students Through The Jungle of Research-Based Literature

Undergraduate students of today often lack the ability to effectively process research-based literature. In order to offer education students the most up-to-date methods, research-based literature must be considered. Hence a dilemma is born as to whether professors should discontinue requiring the processing of this type of information or teach effective skills on how to process research-based information. This article offers a solution by way of an updated version of a reading strategy designed for the college-level student known as SQ6R. This guide offers students a systematic approach to understanding complex research studies. Explanation of each step of the method is offered.
1263 LACTIC ACID TOLERANCE IN THE NON-HYPOXIC FETAL LAMB

Lactic acid is considered in contradictory ways: as a normal fetal nutrient or as an indicator of fetal distress. Fetal lactic acidemia has been induced experimentally by hypoxia, combining effects of hypoxia and lactic acidemia. We chose to separate these effects by infusing lactic acid into 14 late gestation fetal lambs via a continuous infusion technique, and into 5 lambs using a lactate clamp technique. Animals (Fetal Weight=3.5±0.2 kg) had catheters in the umbilical vein, fetal pedal artery, pedal vein and brachial vein, and, in 6 animals, the fetal hepatic vein. Animals were well oxygenated and well nourished after recovery for at least 7 days. Lactic acid infusion into the fetal brachial vein at an average of 20 mg/min for 90-180 min rapidly established a new metabolic steady state, increasing arterial lactate by 2.8±0.36 mM*, and decreasing arterial pH from 7.36±0.006 to 7.29±0.02*. Umbilical lactate uptake determined by the Pick Principle fell from 7.3±1.2 to 3.1±1.7 mg/min* during infusion, and fetal arterial glucose increased from 1.02±0.06 mM to 1.13±0.05 mM*, decreasing both umbilical glucose uptake from 18.2±1.4 to 14.9±2.7 mg/min* and umbilical glucose/oxygen quotient (GOQ) from .51±.05 to .39±.02*. During infusion, hepatic lactate/oxygen quotient rose from 0.31±0.08 to .77±.12*, and hepatic GOQ reversed from +0.33±.05 (consumption) to -0.56±0.27* (production). [*=p <0.05, paired]. Rapid continuous fetal lactic acid infusion is well tolerated by the non-hypoxic fetal lamb, and alters fetal metabolism of glucose and lactic acid.
Ethnic language maintenance among Chinese immigrant children in the United States

Abstract Based upon ethnolinguistic theory, this study examined the familial and peer influences on immigrant Chinese American children’s ethnic language maintenance. Children’s decisions to retain their ethnic language were hypothesized to be influenced by their parents’ attitude toward the maintenance of Chinese, parent–child cohesion, grandparent–child cohesion, peer influence on language behavior, and age of immigration. Of the 250 respondents, 131 were first-generation and 114 were second-generation immigrants to the United States. The results indicated that Chinese-speaking peer influence, followed by English-speaking peer influence, were the most important factors in Chinese American children’s ethnic language retention. Parent–child cohesion was an important mediating factor in the relationship between parent’s language attitude and the children’s ethnic language retention. In addition, age of immigration played an important role in Chinese American children’s ethnic language maintenance.
Working towards a consensus for antibody validation.

Commercial research antibodies are the most commonly used product in the life science tools market, and their applications represent a significant investment of time and resources for researchers. Frequently however, the quality of antibodies does not meet the expectations of consumers, causing loss of valuable time and money. This can delay research efforts and scientific discovery, or even lead to false, irreproducible results to be published in the scientific literature. This raises the question of whether there should be universal standards for validating antibodies. During the 1 st International Antibody Validation Forum, hosted by St John’s Laboratory Ltd on October 15 th 2014 at Queen Mary University of London, scientists from academia and industry presented data highlighting quality issues arising from lack of antibody validation. While the forum identified significant current problems in the antibody market, it also discussed future opportunities for improved quality and transparency by encouraging data disclosure and data sharing. This article highlights the key issues and conclusions reached at the forum.
The 'labours of Hercules', the cartulary, church and abbey for nuns of la Cour-Notre-Dame-de-Michery

Abstract La Cour-Notre-Dame was an abbey of Cistercian nuns in the diocese of Sens in France founded circa 1225 and suppressed circa 1496. At the latter date its female occupants were replaced by a community of monks detached from Citeaux; henceforth la Cour was called a priory of Cistercian monks. The church of la Cour-Notre-Dame still stands and its preservation has become a matter of local political concern. Its cartulary, compiled at the time of the suppression, is unusual; rather than simply a collection of land acquisition documents (although preservation of title deeds was important), the cartulary's major purpose seems to have been to justify the suppression of the community of religious women, the takeover of their properties by the abbot of Citeaux, and the diversion of some properties to Saint-Germain-des-Pres (as is noted in the cartulary's margins) to pay debts owed to that Parisian abbey by Citeaux. In addition to considering how problematic the cartulary for la Cour-Notre-Dame is as a witness to the financial condition of la Cour or its abbesses' management of its properties, this evaluation of the community of nuns and their church addresses larger questions about the financing of space for communities of religious women and about the propriety of accusations of ‘extravagance’ in architecture designed for them.
Sensitivity of a Ribavirin Resistant Mutant of Hepatitis C Virus to Other Antiviral Drugs

Background While ribavirin mono-therapy regimens have minimal effect on patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, they can be efficacious when combined with interferon. Clinical studies show that interferon-free combination therapies containing ribavirin are also efficacious, suggesting that an interferon-free therapy could be adopted in the near future. However, generation of drug resistant mutants and cross resistance to other drugs could impair the efficacy of the treatment. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of HCV resistance to ribavirin and cross resistance to other antiviral drugs could be of major importance. Methods We tested the ability of a J6/JFH1 derived HCV ribavirin resistant mutant to grow in tissue cultured Huh7D cells in the presence of the mutagen 5-Fluorouracil and the nucleoside analog 2′-C-Methylcytidine. Virus replication was assessed by detecting HCV antigens by immunofluorescence and by titrating virus present in the supernatants. Recovered viruses were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Results The sensitivity of HCV-RR relative to parental J6/JFH1 to the tested drugs varied. HCV-RR was more resistant than J6/JFH1 to 5-Fluorouracil but was not more resistant than J6/JFH1 to 2′-C-Methylcytidine. Growth of HCV-RR in 5-Fluorouracil allowed the selection of an HCV-RR derived mutant resistant to 5-Fluorouracil (HCV-5FU). HCV-5FU grows to moderate levels in the presence of high concentrations of 5-Fluorouracil and to parental levels in the absence of the drug. Sequence of its genome shows that HCV-5FU accumulated multiple synonymous and non-synonymous mutations. Conclusions These results indicate that determinants of resistance to ribavirin could also confer resistance to other anti-HCV drugs, shedding light toward understanding the mechanism of action of ribavirin and highlighting the importance of combination drug selection for HCV treatment. The results also show that it is possible to select a 5-Fluorouracil HCV resistant mutant that replicates to levels similar to parental virus when grown in the absence of 5-Fluorouracil.
Application of diesel-electric locomotives

FORTY-FIVE PER CENT of the total operating expense of a railroad is affected directly by the character of the motive power used. Consequently, very careful consideration should be given to the proper selection of this power. From a strictly engineering viewpoint, a locomotive should be purchased as a tool to fit the job.
Tráfico sexual: entrevista

Gayle Rubin e uma antropologa que escreveu grande numero de artigos muito influentes, entre os quais “The Traffic in Women: Notes on the ‘Political Economy’ of Sex”, “Thinking Sex”, “The Leather Menace” e “Misguided, Dangerous and Wrong: An Analysis of Anti-Pornography Politics”. Em breve a University of California Press vai publicar uma coletânea de ensaios seus. Atualmente ela esta escrevendo um livro baseado numa pesquisa etnografica e historica sobre uma comunidade de homens gays leather 1 de San Francisco. Rubin e militante do movimento feminista desde o final da decada de 1960, e teve intensa atuacao na politica gay e lesbica por mais de duas decadas. Ela foi uma critica apaixonada do movimento contra a pornografia e da agressao as minorias sexuais. Seu trabalho apresentou uma serie de sugestoes metodologicas para os estudos do feminismo e do homosssexualismo masculino que estabeleceram algumas balizas no processo de desenvolvimento de ambos os campos de estudo.
Measuring Health Care Quality

Quality has become a headline issue in American health care. The topic has drawn the attention of professional societies, purchaser groups, regulators, and patient advocacy organizations, and questions about quality are becoming, in one form or another, part of the daily life of the doctor. To the practitioner, schooled in self-discipline, high standards, and a striving toward excellence, this sudden storm concerning quality may seem bewildering. Is the quality of care really so threatened today? What new and burdensome forms of regulation and surveillance may result from the concerns of those who buy and use health care? Where doctors once have felt trusted, admired, and valued, will we now feel increasingly the suspicion, surveillance, and control of the society we seek to help? Constructive response to the concern about quality in health care requires an understanding of the sources of that concern, skills and techniques with which to study and improve the quality of our care, and, above all, a change in the attitudes of both professionals and patients from one dominated by fear to one dominated by jointly held values to achieve the best possible care for our community.
Serum selenium and lipid levels: Associations observed in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2012

Selenium is an essential micronutrient, and due to its antioxidant activity, is hypothesized to be beneficial to cardiovascular health. However, the evidence for an association between selenium and health markers such as lipid levels has been mixed. This may be due to substantial variability in the level of selenium intake between populations and potential non-linearity of selenium-health outcome associations. We used the 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to examine the relationship between serum selenium and lipid levels among participants aged 12 years and older. Associations were evaluated using both linear regression models, as well as ordinal logistic regression and quantile regression models to allow for potential non-linear relationships. In all models, potential confounders of sex, age group, race/ethnicity, educational attainment and cotinine were included. Overall, 40% of participants had total cholesterol levels classified as borderline or elevated, and total cholesterol increased with increasing selenium (p=0.01). A similar pattern was seen for triglycerides (p=0.02). LDL cholesterol was also associated with selenium but not in a linear fashion; HDL cholesterol did not vary with selenium. Multivariate quantile regression showed significant associations between selenium and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. The effect of selenium was stronger with increasing quantile for total cholesterol and for triglycerides. In contrast, for LDL cholesterol the association was positive in the 10th and 50th percentiles, but (non-significant and) negative in the 90th percentile. These results show that while selenium may impact cardiovascular health via effects on lipid levels, the associations may not be linear.
Transthoracic echocardiography does not reliably predict involvement of the aortic valve in patients with a discrete subaortic shelf

BACKGROUND A discrete subaortic membrane cannot only cause left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, but can grow onto the aortic valve leaflets. The late finding of this encroachment is aortic valve insufficiency or stenosis. Echocardiography is used to follow the progression of outflow tract obstruction, but its ability to show subaortic membrane encroachment onto the aortic valve is unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine the sensitivity and specificity of echocardiography for diagnosing whether a discrete subaortic membrane involves the aortic valve. METHODS A pre-operative determination of aortic valve involvement by a discrete subaortic membrane was obtained by review of the official pre-operative echocardiogram reading and a retrospective blinded review of the pre-operative echocardiogram by an independent echocardiographer. These findings were compared to the intra-operative findings. RESULTS A total of 48 consecutive patients underwent primary resection for isolated discrete subaortic membrane between October, 1995 and May, 2006. The pre-operative and blinded readings both predicted a statistically lower rate of aortic valve involvement - 35% in 11 of 31 patients and 31% in 10 of 31 patients, respectively - than found at surgery - 65% in 31 of 48 patients. The sensitivity and specificity of pre-operative echocardiography to diagnose aortic valve involvement is 35% and 76%. Overall survival was 100%. There were no strokes, re-operations for bleeding or wound infections, or need for a pacemaker. CONCLUSION Echocardiography is not sensitive in assessing whether a discrete subaortic membrane involves the aortic valve. Since the morbidity and mortality for discrete subaortic membrane resection is negligible, resection may be indicated at the time of diagnosis to minimise aortic valve impairment.
Somatostatin: Hypothalamic Inhibitor of the Endocrine Pancreas

Somatostatin, a hypothalamic peptide that inhibits the secretion of pituitary growth hormone, inhibits basal insulin secretion in fasted cats and rats. In fasted baboons both basal and arginine-stimulated secretion of insulin and glucagon are inhibited. Somatostatin appears to act directly on the endocrine pancreas. The action is dose-related, rapid in onset, and readily reversed.
Cancer in the elderly: systems overview.

A LTHOUGH some gerontologists make a distinction between two major subgroups of the elderly, those aged 65 to 70, and those 75 and older, for the purposes of this paper the elderly refers to all those aged 65 and older.’ Aging may be broadly defined as “a generalized loss of cellular and extracellular function, one that is often accompanied by detectable structural changes in various cells, tissues, and organs”.* The aging phenomenon constitutes a universal, progressive decline in the function of physiological processes.3 “Every process involved in the maintenance of homeostasis become progressively less effective after growth cessation”.4 For many forms of cancer, the increase in frequency is positively correlated with advancing age, at least to about age 80.5 King et al* stress that one should distinguish between diseases of aging, diseases commonly associated with aging, and lesions often seen in the elderly (Table 1). Although diseases of aging and diseases associated with aging are pertinent to gerontology, this paper will focus on the lesions associated with aging, specifically, hypertrophy and hyperplasia. As individuals age, widespread cell loss occurs, resulting in organ atrophy. In a possible attempt to make up for lost cells and decreased function, hyperplastic or hypertrophic growth in the affected organs occurs. * With the exception of the heart and brain which are composed of fixed, postmitotic cells, it is recognized that the organs that undergo appreciable atrophy are the thymus, ovaries, uterus, and testes. * There is increasing evidence of hyperplasia, metaplasia, and neoplastic changes in other organs with age.3T6 These organs include the skin, bone marrow, endocrine glands, and organs of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal systems. This paper will describe by system the most prevalent malignancies in the elderly. Special attention will be paid to the incidence, possible patbophysiological explanation, and clinical presentation.
Supporting longevity in an information infrastructure architecture

With the growth in the Internet and network-based community, comes an interest in building applications independently of the information or data on which they will operate. In conjunction with this divergence of information from application and significant growth in the amount of information available on the net the issues of longevity are taking a more prominent position. As investment in information grows, the amount of information that has long-term value also grows. The URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) used as identifiers and access methods for Web documents will not, and in fact even now do not, suffice. Tying identification to location and access protocol leads to significant problems as information moves, underlying storage facilities are reorganized, or as different access protocols are needed. Furthermore, we will experience evolution many dimensions. Applications and the sorts of information on which they operate will evolve. Existing information is likely to evolve. The underlying transport mechanisms are continually evolving to meet higher or new demands. The question we as researchers must ask ourselves is how do we design a system that is prepared for the problems of longevity, with the long-term future in mind, rather than working only to solve the problems of the present, as we have so often done.My current research project is the Information Mesh, the design of an information infrastructure architecture which has among its primary goals the support of longevity, mobility, and evolvability. In this note, I will briefly summarize the goals and highlights of the architecture of the Information Mesh. The note will conclude with a description of some of the significant ways in which it addresses mobility and evolvability. It should be noted that this work is described in more detail in [11, 9]. In this note I will only refer briefly to differences between the Information Mesh and the World Wide Web, CORBA and OLE.
Reprint of 'Concerning surgical intervention for the intracranial hemorrhages of the new-born' by Harvey Cushing, M.D.

This paper was first presented at a meeting in 1905 and gives an insight into the problems faced in early neurosurgical operations in newborns and the way they were approached by an adventurous surgeon.
Papilledema associated with dialysis disequilibrium syndrome.

The purpose of this paper is to report a case of dialysis disequilibrium syndrome as an unusual cause of papilledema. A 38-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus presented with decreased visual acuity and bilateral optic nerve swelling associated with systemic signs and symptoms of dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. Repeated lumbar punctures revealed elevated intracranial pressures. She was placed on acetazolamide with some improvement in symptoms. After renal transplantation, the patient had complete resolution of headaches, nausea and the papilledema. Our conclusion is that patients with visual disturbance and focal neurological symptoms during and after hemodialysis should be suspected of having dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS). DDS is thought to occur as a result of a rapid reduction in plasma osmolality during dialysis. As the shift of urea from cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is delayed, the relative increase in CSF osmolality draws fluid into the brain. The ensuing cerebral edema is responsi...
Reduction in sleep duration and Type A behavior

As a test of the hypothesis that sleep habits are associated with the level of Type A behavior, the responses of 180 college students to the Jenkins Activity Survey and a self-report sleep questionnaire were used to demonstrate a direct relationship between amount of sleep reduction and level of Type A behavior. In addition to providing support for the hypothesis, these data serve to suggest that both sleep reduction and sleep duration be taken into account in defining shortened sleep.
The clinical use of polymer-coated metal pins as endosteal implants.

Abstract The polymer-coated metal pin, its fabrication, and use for treating patients have been described. It gives promise of being the most effective and safe type of implant that can be used for long-term fixed partial denture support.
Time course of maximal and submaximal adaptation to endurance training in women

This study observed the time course of the maximal and submaximal physiologic response of nine moderately fit women (peak oxygen consumption [VO2peak] 41.5 ± 1.6 ml.kg‐1.min‐1), 20 to 25 years of age, during 6 weeks of cycle ergometer training. Each subject completed a weekly maximum cycle ergometer exercise test and 4 days a week of training for 40 min‐day‐1 at 80 to 85% VO2peak. The Astrand‐Ryhming submaximal cycle ergometer test was used to compare the weekly change in predicted VO2max to actual VO2peak. A significant (p ≤0.05) decrease in mean submaximal heart rate response to an absolute (‐12 b.min‐1) and relative (‐8 b.min‐1) work rate was observed and there was a significant increase in mean predicted VO2max (0.47 L.min‐1) after 1 week of training. A significant increase in actual VO2peak (0.27 L.min‐1) occurred after 3 weeks of training. Correlation between the predicted and actual VO2peak values decreased significantly (p ≤0.05) after weeks 1 and 2 of training but in weeks 3 to 6 the correlation ...
Making autoradiographs of individual blood cells.

Single blood cell autoradiographs were made by smearing blood, diluted with serum, directly upon the emulsion of an Eastman NTB plate. After exposure, the plates were developed in D19. A 10% sodium sulfate solution was used for the photographic fixing to prevent lysis of the cells. After staining with Wright's stain the cells and autographs could be examined simultaneously under the microscope.
Drug Interactions During Anesthesia: General Principles

Anesthesia for most procedures in small animal practice involves administration of more than one drug. In addition, many patients concurrently receive a number of other drugs related to their surgical condition or disease. The probability of a drug interaction increases exponentially with the number of drugs a patient receives; therefore, the potential for drug interactions may be greater in anesthesia than for any other area of medicine. This article describes potentially harmful drug interactions that may occur in the anesthetic setting.
A comparison of S+ and S2212 depression effects in differential conditioning

A.total of 240 albino rats, across two experiments, receIved reward magnitude (differential or n~md.iff~re~tial) training in a nonchoice brightness dlscnmInatlOn apparatus. Results indicated significant S+ and S- depression effects and showed that variability (among Ss) in performance to S- was greater than that to S+ for the differentially rewarded Ss. Transformed ?pe~ds, taking into account the discrepant variances, mdlcated comparable S+ and S- depression effects. The results were discussed in terms of current models of differential conditioning. In differential conditioning. the finding that the performance of rats receiving differential reward is depressed to the small (S-) reward stimulus relative to that of a condition that receives small reward in both discriminanda is well documented and has received considerable theoretical attention (cf. Black, 1968; McHose, 1970). The similar observation for performance to the large (S+) reward stirn ul us. speeds being depressed relative to those of a group receiving large reward in both "S+" and "S-," has only recently received primary theoretical attention (cf. McHose, 1970: Perkins, 1970). There are several possibilities for this earlier neglect. First, early investigators. perhaps influenced by the perception literature. were interested in symmetrical contrast effects, depressed S- speeds and elated S+ speeds; thus, equal and depressed S+ speeds may have been viewed as a failure to demonstrate S+ contrast (cf. Dunham, 1968). The graphical differences for these depression effects is perhaps yet another factor responsible for the emphasis on S- effects. S+ depression, based on mean speed differences. is much smaller than the similar comparison of S- speeds (Gavelek & McHose, 1970: MacKinnon. 1967: Matsumoto, 1969). Also, the initial investigation in this
Synthesis and Characterization of a Chiral, Aza-15-Crown-5-Functionalized Ferrocenyldiphosphine Ligand for Asymmetric Catalysis

A chiral ferrocenyldiphosphine ligand that is functionalized with an aza crown ether, (S)-1-[(R)-1‘,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyl-1-aza-2,3-benzo-15-crown-5 (1), has been synthesized. Both the resolved and racemic ligands react rapidly with Pt(II) precursors to form stable metal−ligand adducts; the complexes PtMeI(rac-1) and PtMe2(rac-1) have been characterized crystallographically. Reaction of rac-1 with [Rh(NBD)2]OTf yields [Rh(NBD)(rac-1)]OTf. The three-dimensional solution structure of [Rh(NBD)(rac-1)]OTf has been determined by NOESY experiments and analysis using the two-dimensional conformer population analysis algorithm (2DCPA). The NOESY data reveal a rapid, pairwise chemical exchange between vinyl protons. The complex [Rh(NBD)(rac-1)]OTf is a catalyst precursor for hydrogenation reactions. However, we demonstrate that the lability of the aza crown ether may limit the ability of these catalysts to control selectivity via secondary interactions.
Dietary niche and population dynamic feedbacks in a novel habitat

Population dynamics and resource use are often intricately connected via density-dependent intraspecific competition. However, experimental studies of concurrent change in population and resource use dynamics are scarce. In particular, the impact of factors such as genetic diversity, which can affect both population dynamics and competition, remains unexplored. Using stable isotope analysis and periodic population censuses, we quantified both diet and population dynamics in wheat-adapted Tribolium castaneum (flour beetle) populations provided with an additional novel resource (corn). Populations were initiated with different levels of genetic variation for traits relevant to population growth and resource use (e.g. fecundity and survival).We found that high population size decreased subsequent corn use, and high corn use in turn lowered population size. Surprisingly, we did not detect a significant effect of founding genetic variation on resource niche expansion, although genetic variation increased overall population size and stability. In contrast, dietary niche expansion decreased both population size and stability. Finally, larval and adult niche dynamics were uncorrelated, suggesting that various life stages perceive or respond differentially to intraspecific competition and resource availability. Our experiments indicate that population performance in a novel habitat depends on stage-specific interactions between resource use, standing genetic variation, and population size.
In my end is my beginning : control of end resection and DSBR pathway 'choice' by cyclin-dependent kinases

The genome is constantly subjected to chemical alterations that have the potential to cause genetic mutation, chromosomal rearrangements and, in the case of multicellular organisms, cancer. Particular vulnerability exists during DNA replication, when the two DNA strands of a chromosome separate to form templates for the synthesis of sister chromatids. Attempted replication across a damaged or nicked DNA template can result in the formation of a double-strand break (DSB), arguably the most dangerous of DNA lesions. DSBs can also arise directly at any cell cycle stage following exposure to ionizing radiation or radiomimetic agents. To combat these recurrent threats of genomic instability, numerous distinct enzyme systems have evolved that sense DNA damage and coordinate its repair. Part of this coordination involves the activation of signal transduction cascades that target repair proteins, trigger DNA damage-dependent cell cycle checkpoints and profoundly affect chromatin neighboring a DSB. Here, we discuss current models of how lesion processing itself helps to coordinate these signals in dividing cells. Recent evidence in yeast of a role for cyclin-dependent kinases in DNA end resection suggests a possible solution to the long-standing puzzle of how DSBR pathway 'choice' is regulated through the cell cycle.
Serial self-portrait: A technique to monitor changes in self-concept

Recovery work for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse can be difficult because survivors have endured traumas and events that marred and disrupted the development of their sense of self. Serial portrait drawing, an expressive technique, can be useful for clients and therapists to monitor changes and progress. These changes can lead to increased awareness, insight development, and motivation for continuing the often grueling work of recovery. Recognizing and exploring self-concept issues are necessary for healing to occur.
The Value of Brand Equity

Through the 1960s and early 1970s, Schlitz beer was a strong number‐two beer brand supported by the well regarded gusto campaigns, such as the “You only go around once in life—so grab all the gusto you can.” In the mid‐1970s, Schlitz converted to a fermentation process that took four days instead of 12 and substituted corn syrup for barley malt to gain a strategic cost advantage. The result was a beer that became flat or cloudy after time on the store shelf; Schlitz developed an image of being a “green” beer with “cheap” ingredients.
Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate mediates both the mitogenic effect of thyrotropin and its ability to amplify the response to insulin-like growth factor I in FRTL5 cells

In previous studies we have demonstrated that bovine TSH (bTSH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) independently stimulate both the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA and replication in quiescent FRTL5 cells. In the case of TSH, evidence was presented that these responses are cAMP mediated. In addition, responses of thymidine incorporation are greatly amplified when particular concentrations of the two agents are added together, but this effect diminishes as the concentration of either bTSH or IGF-I is increased. The present experiments were undertaken to obtain further information concerning the mechanism of the independent mitogenic effects of bTSH and IGF-I and to explore the nature of the biphasic synergistic interaction with respect to thymidine incorporation that occurs when bTSH and IGF-I are added together. Verification that the increases in [3H] thymidine incorporation induced by bTSH and IGF-I, alone and together, are truly reflective of increases in DNA synthesis was obtained in experiments in which labeled nuclei were counted in cultures of cells grown in the presence of one or both mitogenic agents to which [3H]thymidine had been added. In these studies the number of cells with labeled nuclei was increased markedly by each of the two agents, and the response when the two mitogens were added together was far greater than the sum of their individual effects. Over a range of concentrations which included those that elicit a mitogenic response in FRTL5 cells, IGF-I, unlike bTSH, failed to increase cAMP generation when added alone. Moreover, IGF-I did not significantly enhance the cAMP response to varying concentrations of bTSH. A concentration-dependent increase in the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA was induced by culturing cells in the presence of the cAMP analog (Bu)2cAMP (Bt2cAMP), the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine, and the stimulator of adenylate cyclase forskolin. When increasing concentrations of these agents were added together with IGF-I, a biphasic pattern of response of DNA synthesis, mimicking that produced by the combination of IGF-I and increasing concentrations of bTSH, was observed. Further evidence that cAMP mediates the mitogenic response to bTSH was the observation that adenosine inhibited the stimulation of both cAMP generation and DNA synthesis that bTSH produced. Although preincubation of quiescent FRTL5 cells for 24 h in the presence of bTSH resulted in only a small increase in DNA synthesis, measured during the last 3 h of a subsequent 24-h incubation carried out in the absence of bTSH, it greatly amplified the response to IGF-I added alone during the second incubation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Symptoms and Their Correlates in Chronic Kidney Disease

While there is a significant body of literature documenting the impairments in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) experienced by patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), recent work has helped to elucidate the mediators of impaired well-being in this patient group. Physical and emotional symptoms have been shown to be common, frequently severe, and directly linked with impaired HRQOL. The following review explores the process of symptom assessment in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), presents an overview of the composite burden and importance of symptoms in patients with ESRD, highlights particularly common and distressing symptoms for which existing treatment strategies may be applicable, and discusses future directions for efforts to address and alleviate symptoms in the growing population of patients who suffer from CKD.
Equilibrium properties and the phase transition of grey and white tin

The structural and thermodynamic properties of two phases of tin are reported. Equilibrium properties of both phases obtained from an ab initio nonrelativistic calculation are in good agreement with experiment. From our calculation, we suggest that the measured bulk modulus for grey tin reported in the literature is in error. The grey-to-white-tin transition is discussed using the total internal energy and the free energy [$E(T)$ and $F(T)$] curves as well as the valence charge distribution for each phase. Our method utilizes self-consistent pseudopotentials derived to identically reproduce results of all-electron calculations.
Surface-normal plasmonic modulator using sub-wavelength metal grating on electro-optic polymer thin film

Abstract In this work, we present the design, fabrication, and characterization of a surface-normal plasmonic modulator using sub-wavelength metal grating. The device consists of a 1.77 μm efficiently poled electro-optic polymer film, which is sandwiched between a plasmonic grating and an indium–tin oxide film. A strong Fano resonance with a sharp plasmonic bandgap at 1522 nm wavelength was observed and electro-optical modulation was demonstrated based on the refractive index modulation of the polymer film. With future improvement in lowering the driving voltage and increasing the modulation depth, this hybrid organic/plasmonic modulator can readily expand into modulator arrays for three dimensional optical interconnects.
Dependent feature trees for density approximation I. Optimal construction and classification results

Abstract This paper deals with the approximation of probability density functions with dependent feature trees. The optimal dependent feature trees are proposed to be constructed using criteria of mutual information and distance measures. Expressions are derived for the criteria when the distributions of the features are Gaussian. Expressions are developed for the covariances between the features connected by a path in a dependent feature tree. The case when the nodes in a dependent feature tree represent a set of features is also considered. Furthermore, experimental results from the classification of remotely sensed multispectral scanner imagery data are presented.
Kinetics of Iron Import into Developing Mouse Organs Determined by a Pup-swapping Method

Abstract The kinetics of dietary iron import into various organs of mice were evaluated using a novel pup-swapping approach. Newborn pups whose bodies primarily contained 56Fe or 57Fe were swapped at birth such that each nursed on milk containing the opposite isotope. A pup from each litter was euthanized weekly over a 7-week period. Blood plasma was obtained, and organs were isolated typically after flushing with Ringer's buffer. 56Fe and 57Fe concentrations were determined for organs and plasma; organ volumes were also determined. Mossbauer spectra of equivalent 57Fe-enriched samples were used to quantify residual blood in organs; this fraction was excluded from later analysis. Rates of import into brain, spleen, heart, and kidneys were highest during the first 2 weeks of life. In contrast, half of iron in the newborn liver exited during that time, and influx peaked later. Two mathematical models were developed to analyze the import kinetics. The only model that simulated the data adequately assumed that an iron-containing species enters the plasma and converts into a second species and that both are independently imported into organs. Consistent with this, liquid chromatography with an on-line ICP-MS detector revealed numerous iron species in plasma besides transferrin. Model fitting required that the first species, assigned to non-transferrin-bound iron, imports faster into organs than the second, assigned to transferrin-bound-iron. Non-transferrin-bound iron rather than transferrin-bound-iron appears to play the dominant role in importing iron into organs during early development of healthy mice.
Modelling and analysis of tracer flow in oil reservoirs

Abstract Tracer flow in oil reservoirs has been studied using a finite difference compositional reservoir simulator (UT-CHEM). One of the applications of this type of study is to aid reservoir characterization. For this purpose several tracer components have been added to UTCHEM. These tracers can partition between oil and water, adsorb on the rock surface and undergo radioactive decay. Comparisons with an analytical solution for a five-spot well pattern gave excellent agreement, which indicates the dispersion control scheme used works well. Actual field tracer data from the Big Muddy Field, Wyoming, were analyzed succesfully taking into account reservoir heterogeneity based on core data, and both dispersion and adsorption of the tracers. Agreement with the data for both the tritium and thiocyanate tracers was excellent. This results illustrates the potential for quantitative analysis of oil field tracer flow and has great utility for modelling enhanced oil recovery processes in oil reservoirs.
Budget Deficits and Redistributive Politics

This paper proposes a new view of the forces in the political process that cause governments to accumulate debt. The analysis builds on a model of redistributive politics that, contrary to median voter models, does not restrict the set of policies that politicians can propose. I show that deficits occur even in an environment where voters (and periods) are homogeneous. This is an environment where previous political theories of debt would predict budget balance. In the model deficits are a way for candidates to better target promises to voters and are therefore used as tools of redistributive politics. The main contribution of the analysis is to show that the same forces that push candidates to redistribute resources across voters to pursue political advantage are forces that generate budget deficits. Most countries have sizeable national debts. Indeed, thinking of governments as debtors seems so customary that it feels awkward to talk about a "national credit". This suggests that there are systematic forces pushing governments to regularly borrow to cover the excess of spending over receipts. At the same time, a significant amount of government spending consists of transfers to special interest groups that are hard to justify on efficiency or equity grounds. This paper presents a political-economic model that suggests that these two phenomena are connected: debt is at least in part caused by the fact that in order to get elected candidates need to appeal to groups of voters with promises of transfers. Debt allows candidates a finer control over the promises they make to these groups.
Effect of Device Variants in 32 nm and 45 nm SOI on SET Pulse Distributions

Single-Event Transient (SET) pulse widths were obtained from the heavy-ion irradiation of inverters designed in 32 nm and 45 nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI). The effects of threshold voltage and body contact are shown to significantly impact the SET response of advanced SOI technologies. Also, the reverse cumulative distribution is extracted from the count distribution for several targets and is shown to be a useful aid in selecting the temporal filtering for radiation-hardened circuitry.