cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entrainment of cerebellar Purkinje cell spiking activity using pulsed ultrasound stimulation.

Abstract Background Focused ultrasound (FUS) has excellent characteristics over other non-invasive stimulation methods in terms of spatial resolution and steering capability of the target. FUS has not been tested in the cerebellar cortex and cellular effects of FUS are not fully understood. Objective/hypothesis To investigate how the activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) is modulated by FUS with varying pulse durations and pulse repetition frequencies. Methods A glass microelectrode was inserted into the cerebellar vermis lobule 6 from the dorsal side to extracellularly record single unit activity of the PCs in anesthetized rats. Ultrasonic stimulation (500 kHz) was applied through a coupling cone, filled with degassed water, from the posterior side to target the recording area with varying pulse durations and frequencies. Results Simple spike (SS) activity of PCs was entrained by the FUS pattern where the probability of spike occurrences peaked at around 1 ms following the onset of the stimulus regardless of its duration (0.5, 1, or 2 ms). The level of entrainment was stronger with shorter pulse durations at 50-Hz pulse repetition frequency (PRF), however, peri-event histograms spread wider and the peaks delayed slightly at 100-Hz PRF, suggesting involvement of a long-lasting inhibitory mechanism. There was no significant difference between the average firing rates in the baseline and stimulation periods. Conclusion FUS can entrain spiking activity of single cells on a spike-by-spike basis as demonstrated here in the rat cerebellar cortex. The observed modulation potentially results from the aggregate of excitatory and inhibitory effects of FUS on the entire cortical network rather than on the PCs alone.
Chapter 19 – AIDS Psychiatry: Psychiatric and Palliative Care, and Pain Management

This chapter provides guidelines for psychiatric and palliative care and pain management to help persons with AIDS to cope better with their illnesses, live their lives to the fullest, and minimize pain and suffering for them and their loved ones. Psychiatric disorders and distress play a significant role in the transmission of, exposure to, and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). They are relevant to prevention, clinical care, and adherence throughout every aspect of illness from the initial risk behavior to death. They result in considerable suffering from diagnosis to end-stage illness. Psychiatric disorders can accelerate the spread of the virus by creating barriers to risk reduction. It is noted that delirium, dementia, depression, substance dependence, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other psychiatric disorders complicate the course and add considerably to the pain and suffering of persons with AIDS. However, psychiatric care can help prevent HIV transmission through recognition and treatment of substance-related disorders, dementia, and mood disorders.
Bases in Banach Spaces

Now we reach the centerpiece of this volume, which is the theory of bases in Banach spaces. Since every Banach space is a vector space, it has a basis in the ordinary vector space sense, i.e., a set that spans and is linearly independent.However, this definition of basis restricts us to using only finite linear combinations of vectors, while in any normed space it makes sense to deal with infinite series. Restricting to finite linear combinations when working in an infinite-dimensional space is simply too restrictive for most purposes. Moreover, the proof that a vector space basis exists is nonconstructive in general, as it relies on the Axiom of Choice. Hence we need a new notion of basis that is appropriate for infinite-dimensional Banach spaces, and that is the main topic of this chapter.
A Calibration of Corn Spot Prices: Revisiting Kalman Filter and Two-Factor Commodity Pricing Model

To fill in the need that a uniform corn spot price across a wide geometry region is hard to collect, the main purpose of this article is to calibrate the spot prices applying Kalman filter. The calibration is based on the Schwartz-Smith (2000) two-factor commodity pricing model and statistically significant parameters are obtained. This article also provides evidence that no serial correlation exists in the residuals and variances of the spot price VAR(1) transition equation, but cross-sectional and serial correlations exist in the measurement errors of the futures price measurement equation. By comparing the calibrated spot price and the futures price, I conclude that though the futures prices with the shortest maturity, one month in this case, is the best proxy compared to other alternatives, there is still a statistically significant gap between the spot and futures prices.
Mode of Action of Antimalarial Drugs

Chloroquine, quinine, quinacrine and related drugs are effective antimalarial agents only against parasites that degrade haemoglobin. This fact prompted an examination of the role of ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FP), a product of haemoglobin degradation, in the mode of action of chloroquine. FP was identified as a high affinity drug receptor of malaria parasites by showing that it has the appropriate affinity for chloroquine, with a dissociation constant on the order of 10(-8) M, and specificity for amodiaquine, quinacrine, quinine and mefloquine. Moreover, FP and its complex with chloroquine impair the ability of cell membranes to maintain cation gradients, and they lyse normal erythrocytes, Plasmodium berghei and P. falciparum. The amount of FP required for lysis is less than 0.1% of the haem in erythrocytic haemoglobin. Recently, evidence has been obtained that FP in the parasite forms transient, non-toxic complexes with cytoplasmic haem binders and that FP in this form can interact with chloroquine. Thus, chloroquine and related drugs may act as antimalarial agents by shunting FP away from natural haem binders and into toxic drug-FP complexes. In addition FP released from haemoglobin, either spontaneously or by oxidant drugs, may contribute to haemolysis and protection against malaria in patients with Heinz body haemolytic anaemias.
LaRC ™-SI: A Soluble Aromatic Polyimide

LaRC™-SI (NASA Langley Research Center-Soluble poly Imide) is a wholly aromatic, high-performance thermoplastic with a unique combination of physical, mechanical and adhesive properties. LaRC™-SI is synthesized from equimolar amounts of the dianhydrides 4, 4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) and 3, 3′, 4, 4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA); 3, 4′-oxydianiline (3, 4′-ODA) and phthalic anhydride (PA) as an endcapping reagent. The most unique property of LaRC™-SI is its initial solubility in conventional high-boiling aprotic solvents. However, when exposed to temperatures above its softening point of 250 °C it becomes insoluble yet retains its melt processability. This allows LaRC™-SI to be solution processed as both a polyamic acid and a polyimide. In addition to this solubility characteristic and high softening point, LaRC™-SI is extremely tough and fracture resistant with G1c and K1c values of 4.6 kJ m−2 and 4.4 MN m−3/2 respectively. As a melt extruded film, LaRC™-SI has been used as a hot melt ...
Red/Green Color Discrimination and Stimulus Size

The model of Boynton and Kambe was used to analyze wavelength discriminationfunctions measured in the fovea by McCree. The long-wavelength portions of these functions. which were measured with several field sizes at three different luminance levels. are described well by the model. Thresholds decrease with increasing field size. but the relationship between threshold and field size is dependent on the color of the test stimulus. Two factors. summation and opponent-mechanism adaptation. appear to affect the relationship. These two factors can be described with variations in the two coefficients of the Boynton and Kambe equation for red-green discriminations.
Complementary α-alkylation approaches for a sterically hindered spiro[pyrazolopyranpiperidine]ketone

Abstract Complementary α-alkylation methods are used to derivatize a sterically hindered spiro[pyrazolopyranpiperidine]ketone. More specifically, enolate alkylations in the presence of DMPU and aldol condensations are employed to deliver these compounds.
Second-stage dissociation of N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-amino-ethanesulfonic acid (bes) in water + 10, + 30, and + 50 mass per cent tetrahydrofuran from 278.15 to 328.15 K

Abstract The second-step thermodynamic dissociation constants of the zwitterionic form of bes , a useful secondary-standard biological buffer, have been determined at 278.15 to 328.15 K in 10, 30, and 50 mass per cent of tetrahydrofuran ( thf ) + water solvent mixtures. E.m.f. measurements of (hydrogen + silver bromide) cells without liquid junction have been made at intervals of 5 K for the process bes ±(S) = bes −(S) + H+(S). The values of pK2 are given as a function of T by the equation: p K 2 = 2706.4( K T ) − 6.7375 + 0.16112( T K ) for 10 mass per cent: p K 2 = 2069.1( K T ) − 2.4673 + 0.0088648( T K ) for 30 mass per cent; and p K 2 = 763.87( K T ) + 5.7135 − 0.0033996( T K ) for 50 mass per cent of thf . The results are compared in terms of standard Gibbs free energies, enthalpies, and entropies of transfer, from water to 50 mass per cent methanol + water, 2-methylpropan-2-ol + water, and thf + water.
Expression pattern of IAPP and prohormone convertase 1/3 reveals a distinctive set of endocrine cells in the embryonic pancreas

Abstract The earliest endocrine cells in the developing pancreas make glucagon and are described as α cells. We show here that these cells express islet amyloid polypeptide and prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), proteins that are not expressed by mature α cells, but are found in β cells. PC1/3 converts proglucagon to the functionally distinct hormones glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and GLP-2 rather than glucagon. Despite these differences, the early proglucagon-positive cells express, as do mature α cells, the POU domain transcription factor Brn-4, and do not express the β cell factor pdx-1. The early production of atypical peptide hormones by these cells suggests that they could play an important role locally or systemically in the development of the embryo.
A review of: “SMALL ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING”, edited by O. Glatter and O. Kratky (Universitat Graz, Austria) New York: Academic Press, 1982, 515 pp. $89.50. ISBN 0-12-286280.

(1983). A review of: “SMALL ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING”, edited by O. Glatter and O. Kratky (Universitat Graz, Austria) New York: Academic Press, 1982, 515 pp. $89.50. ISBN 0-12-286280. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 22, No. 5-6, pp. 377-378.
Reducing self-injurious masturbation using a least intrusive model and adaptive equipment

An intensive behavior management plan that employs the use of picture discrimination boards, adaptive sexual equipment, and sexual education/sexual function training for the resident and staff is described. The purpose is to aid a 74-year-old male with severe to moderate mental retardation, living in a residential facility to masturbate safely and appropriately. Baseline data was collected to determine the frequency of the potentially self-injurious behavior, which was the insertion of various objects into his rectum. Results indicated a significant reduction in potentially injurious masturbation.
Microbial differences in 2 clinically distinct types of failures of osseointegrated implants

The microflora associated with osseointegrated implants suspected of failing from infection or trauma were evaluated. Of 75 patients examined, 11 demonstrated failing fixtures. 22 of 48 fixtures failed in 6 fully edentulous patients and 10 of 34 failed in 5 partially edentulous patients. The etiology of failure was attributed to infection if there was bleeding, suppuration, pain, high plaque and gingival indices and granulomatous tissue upon surgical removal. Traumatic etiology was suspected in the absence of these signs. Direct phase-contrast microscopy and culture analysis were performed on samples from the implant sulcus, the implant itself and the extraction socket. The 2 failure types exhibited distinct bacteriologic profiles. For implants failing with infection, spirochetes and motile rods averaged 42% of total morphotypes. Many suspected periodontopathic organisms including Peptostreptococcus micros, Fusobacterium species, enteric gram-negative rods and yeasts, constituted high proportions of the cultivable microflora. In contrast, implants failing from suspected traumatic etiology demonstrated a morphotype profile consistent with periodontal health and cultivable microflora predominated by streptococci. When evaluating the time of failure after initial insertion, it was found that fixture loss resulting from infection occurred most often between initial placement and second-stage surgery, whereas failure in the absence of infection occurred primarily after insertion of the final prosthesis. The terms infectious and traumatic failure have been introduced to describe these 2 clinically and microbiologically distinct phenomena.
Thickness of the peripapillary retina in healthy subjects with different degrees of ametropia

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the thickness of the peripapillary retina in healthy subjects with different degrees of ametropia. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Forty-three healthy normal subjects, ages 15 to 64 years (38 ± 15 years) were recruited. Methods The method of retinal thickness mapping was applied to generate serial optical section images in the temporal peripapillary retinal area. The digitized images were analyzed to detect the separation between the vitreoretinal and chorioretinal interfaces. The separation was converted to absolute thickness by taking into account the magnification of the optical system and the optical dimensions of the eyes. Main outcome measures The refractive error of the eyes ranged from +8.25 to −12.75 diopters (spherical equivalent). The axial length of the eyes ranged from 19.3 to 27.35 mm. The retinal thickness in a 2- × 2-mm temporal peripapillary retinal area was determined. Results The separation between the retinal interfaces decreased with increasing axial length ( P P = 0.3). A lack of statistically significant difference between the average thickness in the hyperopic, emmetropic, and myopic eyes ( P ≥ 0.06) was found. Conclusions The average thickness in the temporal peripapillary retinal area was not influenced by the axial length of the eye, when the magnification of the optical system and the optical dimension of the eyes were taken into consideration.
The Migrant Syndrome: Seasonal U.S. Wage Labor and Rural Development in Central Mexico

The author analyzes the effects of seasonal migration on the economic development of the town of Guadalupe Mexico. He attempts to identify the differences in earning of families with legal illegal and no migrants and compares patterns of consumption between the three family groups. He also discusses the implications of U.S. labor migration for the sending communities of rural Mexico (ANNOTATION)
Mechanism of Inner-Sphere Electron Transfer via Charge-Transfer (Precursor) Complexes. Redox Energetics of Aromatic Donors with the Nitrosonium Acceptor

Spontaneous formation of colored (1:1) complexes of various aromatic donors (ArH) with the nitrosonium acceptor (NO+) is accompanied by the appearance of two new (charge-transfer) absorption bands in the UV−vis spectrum. IR spectral and X-ray crystallographic analyses of the [ArH,NO+] complexes reveal their inner-sphere character by the ArH/NO+ separation that is substantially less than the van der Waals contact and by the significant enlargement of the aromatic chromophore. The reversible interchange between such an inner-sphere complex [ArH,NO+] and the redox product (ArH+• + NO•) is quantitatively assessed for the first time to establish it as the critical intermediate in the overall electron-transfer process. Theoretical formulation of the NO+ binding to ArH is examined by LCAO-MO methodology sufficient to allow the unambiguous assignment of the pair of diagnostic (UV−vis) spectral bands. The MO treatment also provides quantitative insight into the high degree of charge-transfer extant in these inner-...
Semiclassical treatment of multiphoton interactions: ac Stark shifts

The extraction of ac Stark shifts and splittings from a semiclassical treatment of multiple wave-atom interactions is considered. Within the rotating-wave and quasistatic approximations, we show that the information can be extracted from the complex Beer's coefficient sensed by a weak tunable probe wave, whose lower level is fully populated and unconnected to the strong fields. This situation leads to a great simplification of the density-matrix equations of motion, from which algorithms are derived for the algebraic construction of the Beer's coefficients appropriate to other cases not treated. Both level-shifted resonance and line-strength information are contained in the Beer's coefficient, many examples of which are given, some for the first time. Generalized sum rules for the transitions are derived along with a connection of this approach to other approaches including dressing transformations.
SO2, sulfate and HNO3 deposition velocities computed using regional landuse and meteorological data

Deposition velocity fields were generated for SO2, sulfate and HNO3 over eastern United States and southeastern Canada by combining detailed landuse data with meteorological information predicted using a mesoscale meteorology model. When there is significant variation in land type within an averaging area, it was found that subgrid scale meteorological variations can significantly influence area-averaged deposition velocities. The assumption that uu is constant over the averaging area can realistically address the subgrid variations in wind speed and friction velocity. For a 3-day springtime simulation, domain-averaged mid-day SO2, sulfate and HNO3 deposition velocities at a height of approximately 40 m were found to be 0.8 cm s−1, 0.2 cm s−1, and 2.5 cm s−1, respectively. At night, the deposition velocities were approximately 50%, 45% and 70% of the corresponding daytime values for SO2, sulfate and HNO3. Using a simple parameterization to account for rainfall-wetted surfaces increased domain-averaged SO2 deposition velocities by up to a factor of two, indicating that precipitation can significantly enhance dry deposition of SO2.
Nutritional significance of fermented foods

Abstract Fermented foods are of great significance because they provide and preserve vast quantities of nutritious food in a wide diversity of flavours, aromas and textures which enrich the human diet. Fermented foods have been with us since humans arrived on earth. They will be with us far into the future as they are the source of alcoholic foods/beverages, vinegar, pickled vegetables, sausages, cheeses, yogurts, vegetable protein amino acid/peptide sauces and pastes with meat-like flavours, and leavened and sour-dough breads. While the Western world can afford to enrich its foods with synthetic vitamins, the developing world must rely upon biological enrichment for its vitamins and essential amino acids. The affluent Western world cans and freezes much of its food but the developing world must rely upon fermentation and dehydration to preserve and process its foods at costs within the budget of the average consumer. All consumers today have a considerable portion of their nutritional needs met through fermented foods and beverages. This is likely to expand in the 21st century when world population reaches 8–12 billion (10 9 ).
Ion optical design and field-shaping calculations for the 180° Oak Ridge sector isotope separator

Abstract An analysis of the optical properties of sector magnetic fields and of the field-shaping techniques used to produce them is presented in connection with their applications to high-purity, medium-current, isotopes separators. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of axially symmetric, inhomogeneous, magnetic sector fields. The Oak Ridge Sector Isotope Separator (ORSIS), which resulted from this study, has been constructed and has successfully operated at strontium beam currents of 6.4 mA for 65 h with a beam resolution of ≈ 3000 fwhm. This separation used natural strontium metal charge having 0.56% 84 Sr and produced a purified sample of 99.40% 84 Sr weighing 3.7 mg. The ORSIS operates with a beam-deflecting radius of 24-in., 180° of beam deflection, field inhomogeneity of n =0.8, object and image distances of 100-in., acceleration voltage of 40 kV, and uses an electron-bombardment ion source which employs a side-extraction slit geometry. The optical techniques, which are being used to improve the resolution and throughput of this separator, are reported along with the projected improvement in machine performance expected from these changes. The first test model of this separator presently averages 1–7 mA of total collected beam current with isotopic enrichments ranging from 1000 to 60 000. These figures vary with the element being separated and the program emphasis.
Two-photon spectroscopy of Na 3s-4d without Doppler broadening using a cw dye laser

Abstract We have observed the optically forbidden 3s-4d transition in sodium vapor, using two-photon excitation with a cw dye laser and monitoring the 4d population via fluorescence cascades. High resolution spectra without Doppler broadening and line widths of less than 30 MHz were obtained with two counter-propagating laser beams, whose Doppler shifts cancel. We have measured the 4d fine structure splitting to be 1035 ± 10 MHz.
Loss of the NHE2 Na+/H+ exchanger in mice results in dilation of folliculo-stellate cell canaliculi.

Genetic ablation of the NHE2 Na+/H+ exchanger causes gastric achlorhydria, absorptive defects in kidney and colon, and low fertility. Here we show that NHE2 is expressed in the pituitary, with the highest mRNA expression in pars distalis and lower expression in pars intermedia. In pars distalis of NHE2-null mice, prominent cyst-like dilatations of folliculo-stellate (FS) cell canaliculi developed with age, and there were increased FS cell area, accumulation of lipid in FS cell cytoplasm, redundancies in FS cell basement membrane, and other changes. The expansion of the canaliculi indicates that NHE2 is a major absorptive Na+/H+ exchanger in the luminal membranes lining the extensive network of channels formed by FS cells, which may provide a means of intrapituitary communication. The results suggest that NHE2 contributes to homeostatic regulation of the volume and composition of the canalicular fluid and may counter the secretory activity of the CFTR Cl− channel, which is known to be expressed in pituitary.
NIMBLE: a toolkit for the implementation of parallel data mining and machine learning algorithms on mapreduce

In the last decade, advances in data collection and storage technologies have led to an increased interest in designing and implementing large-scale parallel algorithms for machine learning and data mining (ML-DM). Existing programming paradigms for expressing large-scale parallelism such as MapReduce (MR) and the Message Passing Interface (MPI) have been the de facto choices for implementing these ML-DM algorithms. The MR programming paradigm has been of particular interest as it gracefully handles large datasets and has built-in resilience against failures. However, the existing parallel programming paradigms are too low-level and ill-suited for implementing ML-DM algorithms. To address this deficiency, we present NIMBLE, a portable infrastructure that has been specifically designed to enable the rapid implementation of parallel ML-DM algorithms. The infrastructure allows one to compose parallel ML-DM algorithms using reusable (serial and parallel) building blocks that can be efficiently executed using MR and other parallel programming models; it currently runs on top of Hadoop, which is an open-source MR implementation. We show how NIMBLE can be used to realize scalable implementations of ML-DM algorithms and present a performance evaluation.
Involvement in a Conversation and Attributions Concerning Excessive Self-Disclosure

Based on social exchange theory, one assumes that inordinate levels of highly personal information presented by one conversational partner lead to undesirable perceptions and relational consequences. However, conversational participants hearing disclosures may devote attentional capacity to encoding processes, self-monitoring, or responding. Alternatively, there is reason to suggest that an interpersonal bonding may mitigate the negative evaluations associated with high self-disclosure. Those factors would not be present in research designs not employing actual conversations. The present study examined moderate and high levels of self-disclosure in an initial interaction. The study found that participants in such interactions displayed significantly greater tolerance for high levels of disclosure than did observers. As a result, previous work in self-disclosure must be carefully interpreted in terms of methodologies.
Differences between normal and autoimmune T cell responses to autologous erythrocytes and haemoglobin: impairment of haptoglobin-mediated inhibition in NZB spleen cells.

Abstract Helper T cells are required for development of the autoantibody responses to native mouse erythrocytes (MRBC) that spontaneously develop in NZB mice. However, the stimulus for these Th is not known. Therefore, we compared the abilities of splenic T cells from actively autoimmune old NZB mice and preautoimmune, young NZB mice with those of T cells from nonautoimmune strains of mice to respond to autologous erythrocytes. We found that autologous RBC ghosts, washed free of haemoglobin, induced low, but statistically significant, proliferative responses in T cells from old NZB mice but not in T cells from young NZB or from normal young and old BALB/c mice. In addition, autologous RBC lysates induced proliferative responses detectable by 3 H-thymidine uptake in T cells from nonautoimmune as well as auto-immune mice. CD4 + T cells accounted for most of the observed RBC lysate-induced proliferation, with virtually no response made by CD8 + T cells or B cells. T cells from actively autoimmune NZB mice were not more active in their responses to RBC lysates than T cells from normal strains of mice in terms of their level of proliferation, kinetics, or dose response. Haemoglobin was the major stimulus in the autologous RBC lysates and a similar stimulation was seen with lysates and haemoglobins from horse, human, and mouse sources. Haptoglobin, a haemoglobin-binding serum protein, inhibited T cell responses to haemoglobin and haemoglobin-containing RBC lysates but did not have the same effect on these responses in T cells from either young or old NZB mice. Therefore, either or both of the RBC stimuli from autologous RBC might account for the helper T cell activity in autoimmune NZB mice. T cells in normal mice do not respond either to RBC lysates in the presence of haptoglobin or to RBC ghosts.
Mammalian cell/vaccinia virus expression vectors with increased stability of retroviral sequences in Escherichia coli: production of feline immunodeficiency virus envelope protein.

Abstract Many eukaryotic DNA sequences, especially lenti-retrovirus proviral genomes and their env genes, are unstable when cloned in high-copy-number plasmids in Escherichia coli. Stability can be increased by the use of low-copy-number vectors, although plasmid yields are low. Vectors are described here that contain the intermediate-copy-number P15A ori for cloning, stable propagation and higher-yield production of plasmid DNA in E. coli, and the f1 ori for propagation as single-stranded phage. These vectors also have the capacity to direct high-yield production of protein in mammalian cells, and the option of incorporation into and expression via a T7 promoter in vaccinia virus. The SRα promoter, encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus untranslated leader sequence, and poly(A) signal sequence serve as a high-yield mammalian cell expression cassette without the requirement for mRNA capping. A polyhistidine sequence is available at the 3′ end of the cassette to facilitate chromatographic purification of protein, neo and gpt genes were included in some vectors to serve as selectable markers, and the dhfr gene was included in one to achieve gene amplification in mammalian cells. Dicistronic mRNAs can be generated by insertion of coding sequences up and downstream from the EMC leader. The utility of these vectors was shown through expression of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) Env protein, in conjunction with the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) leader sequence.
Chronic Effects of Copper on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of the Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)

Abstract During a 22-month exposure of bluegills to copper in soft water, adult bluegill survival was reduced, growth was retarded, and spawning was inhibited at 162 μg/liter of copper (Cu). Tissue-residue analysis of the gill and liver indicated that significant quantities of copper had accumulated in these tissues at test-water concentrations of 40-162 μg Cu/liter. Larval bluegill survival after 90 days' exposure to copper was adversely affected at 40-162 μg Cu/liter. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for bluegills exposed to copper in water with a hardness of 45 mg/liter (as CaCO3 and a pH range of 7-8 lies between 21 and 40 μg Cu/liter. The mean 96-hour TL50 for juvenile bluegills is 1,100 μg Cu/liter, and the application factor (MATC/96-h TL50) lies between 0.02 and 0.04.
Prediction of total emissivity of nitrogen-broadened and self-broadened hot water vapor

Abstract Predictions of the total (engineering) emissivity of nitrogen-broadened and self-broadened water vapor in the temperature range from 600°–3000°K and optical depths from 0·1 to 10 000 cm atm are made, based on a set of spectral absorption coefficients, fine structure parameters which are temperature-dependent but frequency-independent, and the assumption that the curve of growth is given by a statistical band model. The uncertainties in the predicted values are calculated on the basis of the uncertainties in the absorption coefficients and the fine structure parameters at various temperatures. A comparison of these predictions with available limited experimental results shows satisfactory agreement for the total emissivities and the individual band emissivities of water vapor. A comparison with other theoretical work is also made.
Corrective movements following refixation saccades: type and control system analysis.

Abstract Refixational saccades frequently do not achieve the intended amplitude with the initial displacement; the errors are either equal in the two eyes (conjugate) or dysconjugate. A binocular saccadic (high-velocity) corrective movement (CM) follows conjugate dysmetria after a 125 msec latency. Slow, drift-tike glirsadic CMs, continuous with the termination of the original saccade, correct dysconjugate errors. We discuss the possible rotes of “pre-packaging” and visual, proprioceptive and internal prenuclear feedback in the generation of CMs. We conclude that a prenuclear internal monitor best accounts for glissadic CMs whereas saccadic CMs may be explained by either proprioceptive feedback or an internal monitor.
Transcriptional Regulation of the Mouse Ferritin H Gene INVOLVEMENT OF p300/CBP ADAPTOR PROTEINS IN FER-1 ENHANCER ACTIVITY

We previously identified a major enhancer of the mouse ferritin H gene (FER-1) that is central to repression of the ferritin H gene by the adenovirus E1A oncogene (Tsuji, Y., Akebi, N., Lam, T. K., Nakabeppu, Y., Torti, S. V., and Torti, F. M. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 5152–5164). To dissect the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation of ferritin H, E1A mutants were tested for their ability to repress FER-1 enhancer activity using cotransfection with ferritin H-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter constructs. Here we report that p300/CBP transcriptional adaptor proteins are involved in the regulation of ferritin H transcription through the FER-1 enhancer element. Thus, E1A mutants that failed to bind p300/CBP lost the ability to repress FER-1, whereas mutants of E1A that abrogated its interaction with Rb, p107, or p130 were fully functional in transcriptional repression. Transfection with E1A did not affect endogenous p300/CBP levels, suggesting that repression of FER-1 by E1A is not due to repression of p300/CBP synthesis, but to E1A and p300/CBP interaction. In addition, we have demonstrated that transfection of a p300 expression plasmid significantly activated ferritin H-CAT containing the FER-1 enhancer, but had a marginal effect on ferritin H-CAT with FER-1 deleted. Furthermore, both wild-type p300 and a p300 mutant that failed to bind E1A but retained an adaptor function restored FER-1 enhancer activity repressed by E1A. Sodium butyrate, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, mimicked p300/CBP function in activation of ferritin H-CAT and elevation of endogenous ferritin H mRNA, suggesting that the histone acetyltransferase activity of p300/CBP or its associated proteins may contribute to the activation of ferritin H transcription. Recruitment of these broadly active transcriptional adaptor proteins for ferritin H synthesis may represent an important mechanism by which changes in iron metabolism are coordinated with other cellular responses mediated by p300/CBP.
Dietary Management of the “Old–Old”: An Individualized Approach

The population of the United States continues to shift toward the “oldest–old,” often defined as 85 years old or more. Multiple personal and environmental factors may contribute to suboptimal diets among this group. However, practitioners are urged to assess each older patient on an individual basis because many health-related problems that occur with advancing age do not affect all older people at the same rate or in the same manner. ▪ Key Words: aged, aging, elderly, nutrition assessment, geriatrics, nutritional requirements
Ethics in Business Today

(1980). Ethics in Business Today. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 61-62.
One hospital, one appendectomy: The cost effectiveness of a standardized doctor's preference card.

Abstract Purpose Appendicitis in children provides a unique opportunity to explore changes that reduce variation, reduce cost, and improve value. In this study we sought to evaluate the effectiveness of standardization of surgical technique and intraoperative disposable device utilization for laparoscopic appendectomy among all surgeons at a tertiary children's hospital. Methods All 6 surgeons at our tertiary children's hospital agreed to standardize to a single technique of performing a laparoscopic appendectomy. We collected data on all pediatric patients who had a laparoscopic appendectomy following implementation of the uniform doctor's preference card (DPC) (March 1, 2013 to February 28, 2014) and compared them to a historical control group. Results Implementation of the uniform DPC decreased the device cost per appendectomy from $844.11 to $305.32. Operative times (skin incision to skin closure) were 34.8 minutes prior to the uniform DPC and 37.0 minutes using the uniform DPC. There were no significant differences in postappendectomy outcomes. Conclusion We have demonstrated that implementation of a uniform DPC and technical standardization for laparoscopic appendectomy can significantly reduce cost. Furthermore, this can occur without dramatically increasing operative times, length of stay, or postoperative complications.
Comparison of positive pressure gloves on hand function in adults with burns.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of a standard, custom-made pressure glove vs The NewYork-Presbyterian Dexterity Glove (NYPDG) with silon application on the palmer surface on functional hand use of burn survivors. A standard, custom-made pressure glove and NYPDG were given to 18 participants in a randomized order. Subjects wore each glove for 7 to 10 days during all activities of daily living (ADL). Variables such as hand function, difficulty of fine and gross motor ADL, and participant glove preference were assessed with each glove condition. Data collection of the second glove took place 7 to 10 days later incorporating a quasiex-perimental, repeated measure design. A crossover design was used to analyze the data. The NYPDG demonstrated significantly better results in all of the four outcome categories measured: time to complete the Jebsen, the Jebsen Likert scale, fine motor ADL, and gross motor ADL. This study demonstrated that functional tasks took less time to complete and were more easily performed when using the NYPDG.
DNA Base-Calling from a Nanopore Using a Viterbi Algorithm

Nanopore-based DNA sequencing is the most promising third-generation sequencing method. It has superior read length, speed, and sample requirements compared with state-of-the-art second-generation methods. However, base-calling still presents substantial difficulty because the resolution of the technique is limited compared with the measured signal/noise ratio. Here we demonstrate a method to decode 3-bp-resolution nanopore electrical measurements into a DNA sequence using a Hidden Markov model. This method shows tremendous potential for accuracy (∼98%), even with a poor signal/noise ratio.
PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN MILK 25

Epidemiological studies conducted over the past thirty years to investigate the protective function of human milk strongly support the notion that breastfeeding prevents infantile infections, particularly those affecting the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. However, more recent clinical and experimental observations have been directed to the notion that human milk not only provides passive protection, but also can directly modulate the immunological development of the recipient infant. For example, breastfed infants have a reduced incidence of allergic diseases and other pathological conditions associated with an auto- or dysregulated immunity, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis,insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and some lymphomas, long after the termination of breastfeeding. The study of this remarkable defence system in human milk has been difficult due to its biochemical complexity, the small concentration of certain bioactive components, the lack of specific reagents to quantify these agents, the compartmentalization of some of these agents and the dynamic quantitative and qualitative changes of milk during lactation. Nevertheless, a host of bioactive substances including hormones, growth factors and immunological factors such as cytokines have been identified in human milk. Some of these factors are abundant in the early milk while the neonatal immune system is immature, suggesting that they may «compensate» for such developmental delays. Functional interactions among bioactive factors present in human milk as well as common features, such as their physical state in milk, are also only recently being discovered. Furthermore, there is still a substantial lack of knowledge about the origin of many of these factors present in human milk and precisely how they affect the recipient infant. Some of the findings related to the presence, protective function and immunomodulating activity of milk-borne substances are presented.
Cognitive Processing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Secondary to a Motor Vehicle Accident: A Single-Subject Report

Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are fairly common occurrences in all developed countries. Although only a small percentage of total MVAs result in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the high base rate in the population has resulted in the estimation that MVAs are the leading cause of PTSD in the United States. Occupations that require substantial travel, such as long-haul trucking, significantly increase the risk of being exposed to a traumatic MVA. Developing PTSD secondary to such exposure can be disabling and can thus have significant and specific implications for occupational functioning. This case study describes the successful treatment, using Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), of a long-haul trucker diagnosed with PTSD after a serious MVA. The intervention is described and the results discussed with specific attention both to this case as well as to its generalizability to the larger MVA trauma population.
Group process under conditions of organizational decline

While organizational decline and retrenchment have become increasingly common phenomena, relatively little research has focused on either their organizational implications or their management. Usin...
Fabrication of micro-channel arrays on thin metallic sheet using internal fluid pressure: Investigations on size effects and development of design guidelines

Abstract Micro-feature (channel, protrusion, cavity, etc.) arrays on large area-thin metallic sheet alloys are increasingly needed for compact and integrated heat/mass transfer applications (such as fuel cells and fuel processors) that require high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, good electrical/thermal conductivity, etc. The performance of these micro-feature arrays mainly affects the volume flow velocity of the reactants inside the arrays which directly controls the rate of convection mass/heat transport. The key factors that affect the flow velocity include channel size and shape, flow field pattern, flow path length, fluid pressure, etc. In this study, we investigated these micro-feature arrays from the manufacturability perspective since it is also an important factor to be considered in the design process. Internal fluid pressure (hydroforming) technique is investigated in this study with the specific goals to, first, understand if the so-called “size effects” (grain vs. feature size) are effective on the manufacturability of thin metallic sheet into micro-channels, and second, to establish design guidelines for the micro-channel hydroforming technique for robust mass production conditions. Thin stainless steel 304 blanks of 0.051 mm thick with three different grain sizes of 9.3, 10.6, and 17.0 μm were used in hydroforming experiments to form micro-channels with the dimensions between 0.46–1.33 and 0.15–0.98 mm in width and height, respectively. Based on the experimental results, the effect of the grain size on the channel formability was found to be insignificant for the grain size range used in this study. On the other hand, the effect of the channel (feature) size was shown to dominate the overall formability. In addition, FE models of the process were developed and validated with the experimental results, then used to conduct a parametric study to establish micro-channel design guidelines. The results from the parametric study suggested that in order to obtain the maximum aspect ratio (height-to-width ratio) a small channel width should be used. Even though a large channel width would result in a higher channel height, the height-to-width ratio was found to be lower in this case. In addition, higher aspect ratio could be obtained by using larger corner radius (Rd), wider distance between adjacent channels (Wint), or less number of channels. On the other hand, the variation in draft angle (α) between 5° and 20° in combinations with the other channel geometries was found to be insignificant on the channel formability/height. All in all, these channel parameters (W, Rd, Wint, α, channel number, etc.) should be taken into account simultaneously in the design process in order to obtain such a design of the micro-feature arrays that would meet both performance and manufacturing requirements and constraints.
Neurosteroids and brain sexual differentiation

There is new evidence that the brain of developing songbirds can synthesize estradiol de novo. In males, this neurally derived estrogen might masculinize a connection within the neural song system. These results challenge traditional concepts about mechanisms of brain sexual differentiation and reveal a significant function for neurosteroids.
From learning community to community learning: pedagogy, technology and interactivity

The authors of this article discuss three pedagogical approaches, learning community, community of practice and community learning, and analyse their significance for knowledge acquisition and construction in higher education. The authors also explore the roles of technology in creating adequate environments for educators to implement teaching practices supported by these approaches and explain, through an illustrative course example, how technology and teaching methods can be used together to promote interaction among learners and help them achieve course goals. De la communaute apprenante a l’apprentissage communautaire: la pedagogie’la technologie et l’interactivite Les auteurs de cet article examinent trois approches pedagogiques:la communaute apprenante, la communaute de pratique et l’apprentissage communautaire et analysent leur signification pour l’acquisition et la construction des connaissances dans l’enseignement superieur. Les auteurs etudient aussi le role de la technologie pour creer les envi...
Transnationalism and Diffusion: A Study of the Food Sovereignty Movements in the UK and Canada

AbstractThis paper explores a number of questions surrounding the transnational diffusion of social movements and their ideas through case studies of the food sovereignty movements in the UK and in Canada: How do social movements in one country or world region diffuse to another country or region? How do social movement participants learn about other movements and their ideas in different countries and organize and mobilize around these same ideas while at the same time adapting them to their local context? What are the channels and mechanisms of social movement diffusion? In addressing these questions, the paper contributes to our understanding of the transnational diffusion of social movements and the ways in which social movement participants adopt, interpret, and adapt new ideas, organizational forms, and agendas and causes that originated outside their own countries. It highlights the ways in which groups and communities around the world recontextualize social movement discourses to make them relevan...
Adrenergic stimulation of prostacyclin production in the rat tail artery. I. Response to agonists and antagonists.

The release of prostacyclin (PGI2) as measured by the production of 6-keto-PGF1α was assessed in vitro in rat tail artery segments after exposure to norepinephrine (NE). Time course studies demonstrated a three fold increase in 6-keto-PGF1α production in response to 6×10 M NE that persisted for approximately one hour. This production was almost completely prevented by the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and ibuprofen and the phospholipase inhibitor mepacrine. Vigorous rubbing of the vessel intima did not prevent the response to NE. Previously stimulated tissues were unresponsive to further addition of NE. However, the addition of arachidonic acid following NE resulted in further increases in PGI production which exceeded that of the addition of arachidonic acid alone. NE stimulation was significantly inhibited by phentolamine and prazosin pretreatment of the tissues but was not affected by yohimbine or propranolol. Alpha-1 adrenergic agonists (cirazoline, methoxamine, and phenylephrine) were stimulatory whereas alpha-2 agonists in high doses (tramazoline, BHT-920, xylazine, and UK-14304) were without effect. It is concluded that norepinephrine stimulates PGI2 reduction in the rat tail artery via an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor. NE also enhances the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGI2. Exhaustion of the response appears to be due to consumption of available arachidonic acid. The fact that procedures which generally remove most of the endothelium did not prevent NE-induced stimulation points to the vascular smooth muscle as the likely source of adrenergically mediated prostacyclin generation in this tissue.