cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internet of Things: A Privacy Law Case Study

The typical law school seminar contains a set of readings, accompanied by a series of session-specific introductions and “notes & questions” to help structure class discussion. This document provides a comprehensive set of materials for such a seminar, on a fourteen-week calendar, that explores privacy law through the lens of the new technologies popularly known as “the Internet of Things” (IoT). Indeed, two of the most discussed topics in the legal profession right now are privacy law and the implications that IoT may have on data privacy and security. By examining major topics in privacy law while paying special attention to the implications of IoT devices, this seminar provides a unique format for analyzing and studying a topic as broad and storied as privacy law. Created as an independent study project by a third-year law school student, this “seminar in a box” document provides all of the reading lists, introductory materials, and discussion questions needed to conduct this topical seminar. A professor might use this document or portions of it in her classroom, or a student may find this resource useful as a starting point for further research. A central aim of this project is to provide a useful introductory guide to privacy law.
The Proceduralist Case for Judicial Review

This essay explores majority decisions to give up majority power. In particular, it analyzes a majority’s decision to institute judicial review as a method of final decision-making on questions of constitutional rights and contrasts that decision with the majority’s election of a dictator. Both decisions involve a majority’s voluntary transfer of power for certain matters in irreversible ways. Adopting the proceduralist viewpoint, the essay argues that these types of decisions - involving majoritarian renunciation of power - require a greater justification than decisions that do not alter future decision-procedures. That greater justification requires these types of decisions, decisions this essay terms “delegation decisions,” to satisfy three legitimacy conditions. First, the majority can only legitimately give up power over issues that can be decided by procedures other than majority vote. Second, the procedural mechanism the majority gives power to must be a fair procedure. Finally, the procedural mechanism must also be appropriate for the decisions it is supposed to make. The essay argues that majoritarian imposition of judicial review satisfies these three conditions. Majoritarian election of a dictator does not. First, the imposition of judicial review hands over only one set of issues to the constitutional court - bill of rights questions - that is capable of resolution by a nonmajoritarian procedure. Second, judicial review as practiced by an ideal constitutional court is a fair procedure for rights questions because it exemplifies qualities such as anonymity and neutrality that are central to procedural fairness. Finally, a constitutional court is appropriate for deciding constitutional rights questions because its virtues - particularly its transparency, deliberative capacity, principled reasoning, and impartiality - are relevant for these questions and mitigate distortions in the decision-making process concerning rights. On the other hand, an elected despot makes decisions on questions that the majority cannot legitimately relinquish power over, fails to instantiate values of procedural fairness, and is inappropriate for any number of the infinite questions that it has authority to decide. Proceduralists can thus resist the majority’s election of a dictator without also having to resist its imposition of judicial review. And they need not abandon proceduralism in order to do so.
Benchmarking the redesign of "business process reengineering" curriculum A continuous process improvement (CPI)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the application of business process reengineering (BPR) and benchmarking principles to redesign an undergraduate course on BPR to achieve continuous improvements. The principles are applied on a course on BPR in the curriculum of engineering management (EM) program at Stevens Institute of Technology. The EM program aims to provide the students the knowledge and skills, which are necessary to work effectively at the interface between technology, management, and engineering. BPR course (EM435) is recently added to EM program's curriculum to support the need for providing the bridge between the engineering of systems and business operations.Design/methodology/approach – The research approach design is laid out from the time the EM435 course is first offered in the fall of 2006 to the senior year EM students. The students are surveyed and areas of redesign and improvements are identified based on benchmarking against ABET criteria and their associated outco...
Management of Information Technology

From the Publisher: This text focuses on the management and enterprise-wide issues of information technology from the managerial perspective.
Instructor Privacy Management in the Classroom: Exploring Instructors’ Ineffective Communication and Student Communication Satisfaction

The aim of this investigation was twofold: (a) drawing from communication privacy management theory, we wanted to examine the associations between instructors’ ineffective communication (i.e., inappropriate conversations, amount of disclosures) and student communication satisfaction; and (b) we wanted to determine if students’ positive perceptions of instructor nonverbal immediacy mediated the negative influences of instructors’ inappropriate conversations and amount of disclosures on student communication satisfaction. Overall, students reported lower levels of communication satisfaction when instructors engage in inappropriate conversations and frequent disclosures. Based on results, we also concluded that instructor nonverbal immediacy maintains students’ communication satisfaction even when instructors engage in inappropriate conversations or disclose too frequently.
Spontaneous rupture of the abdominal aorta. Unusual complication following resection for coarctation of aorta.

Abstract A case of spontaneous rupture of the abdominal aorta following surgical repair for coarctation of the aorta is presented. A review of the world literature and of 122 patients with coarctation of the aorta seen at Children's Hospital of Michigan has not revealed a similar case.
Chaos Router: Finally, a Practical Adaptive Router?

The Chaos router is compared with several contemporary adaptive router designs as well as with the state-of-the-art oblivious router used in contemporary parallel machines. The Chaos router is argued to approximate the oblivious router for raw performance and to be superior (as indicated in simulation studies) at high traffic loads and nonuniform loads.
A parameterized 3D mesh generator for optimization in NDE and shape design on a GPU

While 3D mesh generators do exist, those that meet the special needs of nonstop parametrically described shape iterations for optimization are commercial and use unknown algorithms. For nonstop optimization iterations, the mesh needs to be generated for changing parameters without user intervention. This paper presents our parameterized mesh generation with example NDE and shape optimization problems. The mesh runs on the CPU while finite element optimization is on the GPU for speed.
Measuring Walk Access to Transit in Terms of Sidewalk Availability, Quality, and Connectivity

AbstractWalking as the major transit access mode confers health benefits to the public while presenting planners with the challenge of overcoming walk-accessibility costs which deter mass-transit use. The literature indicates sidewalk quality, availability, and street network connectedness are crucial access factors in walking to transit stations. However, the literature has not yielded a pragmatic tool for planners to assess walk access to transit stations in these terms. This paper offers a sidewalk availability and quality index (SAQI) and a connectivity index (CI) which grant insight into the pedestrian-rider’s ability to access mass transit through the built environment. The methods are presented through an analysis of the Orange Line bus rapid transit (BRT) in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles. The analysis of the Orange Line using the SAQI and CI method determines which stops are least accessible to riders and indicates access solutions by identifying the overriding problem along the axes of qua...
Examining Individualism, Collectivism, and Self-Differentiation in African American College Women

This study examined aspects of individualism, collectivism, and self-differentiation in 123 African American women attending a predominantly White university. Specifically, the study explored the relationship between Triandis's (1995) model of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism, and four self-differentiation constructs (i.e., emotional reactivity, I-position, emotional cutoff, and fusion with others) proposed by Skowron and Friedlander (1998). Results revealed that aspects of individualism and collectivism were differentially related to self-differentiation in African American college women. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Milankovitch climatic origin of mid-Cretaceous black shale rhythms in central Italy

The Earth's orbital variations, reflected in Pleistocene ice volume, were also recorded in non-glacial times. Carbonate production in pelagic mid-Cretaceous sediments, quantified by calcium carbonate and optical densitometry time series, reflects the orbital eccentricity and precessional cycles. Minimal eccentricity brought deep-sea anoxia. Most of the sedimentary variability of this 100-Myr-old sequence lies within the Milankovitch (orbital) frequency band.
Amphiphilic Bicyclic Peptides as Cellular Delivery Agents

Two bicyclic peptides composed of tryptophan and arginine residues were synthesized from monocyclic peptide building blocks and evaluated as cellular delivery agents. [W5G]-(triazole)-[KR5] and [W5E]-(β-Ala)-[KR5] containing triazole and β-alanine linkers improved the cellular delivery of fluorescein (F')-labeled phosphopeptide F'-GpYEEI (F'-PP) by 7.6- and 19.3-fold, respectively, in human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells. However, parent monocyclic peptide [R5 ] and monocyclic peptide [WR]4 only enhanced the cellular uptake of the phosphopeptide by only 1.3- and 3.7-fold, respectively. Confocal microscopy showed that the corresponding fluorescein-labeled bicyclic peptide F'-[KW4E]-(β-Ala)-[KR5] was localized in the cytosol and nucleus. Studying the cellular uptake of F'-[KW4E]-(β-Ala)-[KR5] in the presence of endocytosis inhibitors indicated that the clathrin- and caveolin-dependent endocytosis are the main pathways for cellular uptake. The bicyclic peptide was able to improve antiproliferative activity of doxorubicin by 20 %. These data suggest that this bicyclic peptide can be utilized as a new class of cell-penetrating peptides and cellular delivery tools.
Design of superionic polymer electrolytes

Despite potential significant advantages of polymer based batteries, the poor ionic conductivity of dry polymer electrolytes at ambient and low temperatures has limited their application. This review describes the approach for improving conductivity by decoupling ionic transport from polymer segmental relaxation. It is emphasized that the decoupling approach is the key for design of superionic polymer electrolytes.
Disruption of downstream MyD88 or TRIF Toll-like receptor signaling does not protect against cerebral ischemia.

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling plays an important role in cerebral ischemia, but downstream signaling events, which can be organ-specific, are incompletely understood. We thereby investigated involvement of the MyD88-dependent (MyD88) and MyD88-independent (TRIF) TLR signaling pathways in 2 in vitro and 2 in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. For in vitro studies, we used a model of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by flow cytometric analysis to determine:1) viability of PC12 cells following knock-down with MyD88 siRNA compared to negative control siRNA and 2) viability, apoptosis and necrosis of cortical neurons from MyD88 null (−/−) , TRIF mutant, and wild type (WT) mice. In addition, in vivo, 1) We examined CA1 neuronal survival 7 days after global forebrain ischemia and 2) infarct volumes 24 h after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) in all 3 types of mice. OGD: 1) There were no differences in either percent viability of PC12 cells transfected with MyD88 compared to negative control siRNA or 2) in percent viability, apoptosis and necrosis of cortical neurons from MyD88−/−,TRIF mutant and WT mice. Global ischemia: neuronal survival was similar in all 3 groups of mice. Finally, MCAO: infarct volumes were not statistically different among all 3 groups of mice: MyD88−/−, 23.9 ± 9.9 mm3, TRIF mutant, 26.7 ± 5.8 mm3 and WT, 17.9 ± 8.4 mm3. These findings show that disruption of MyD88 or TRIF signaling does not confer protection in brain ischemia and suggests the possibility of additional or alternate downstream adaptors during TLR signaling in cerebral ischemia.
User-process model approach to improve user interface usability

Our purpose in this study is to inductively reorganize software interface menu items based on a user's process model. The proposed menu interface in this study used direct users' input, such as goals and strategies for solving their information needs, to reorganize and re-label menus. To assess its effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with actual users, we implemented and compared this new menu version to the original interface that was based upon a traditional categorical menu organization. The significance of this study is that it incorporates user process modeling into the design of the user interface, providing insights into the impact of such modeling on the usability of an information system. Results from the usability testing do indicate that the proposed menu and the traditional menu are similarly effective for users in terms of task completion time and accuracy. User preferences and debriefing comments from usability testing also indicate users preferred the user-process based arrangement of menu items as displayed. However, the types of tasks (different problem type) suggest significant differences for results in task completion time and in accuracy, sometimes favoring the new version. In other words, usable and effective menu organization depends more on the types of tasks and the domain of knowledge than mere menu organization, although menu organization is a factor in the process.
Selective Disulfide Bond Cleavage in Gold(I) Cationized Polypeptide Ions Formed via Gas-Phase Ion/Ion Cation Switching

Gaseous multiply protonated disulfide-linked peptides have been subjected to reactions with AuCl2- ions to explore the possibility of effecting cation switching of Au+ for two protons and to determine whether cationization by Au+ ions affords selective dissociation of disulfide linkages. The incorporation of Au+ into several model disulfide-linked peptides proved to be straightforward. The primary ion/ion reaction channels were proton transfer, which does not lead to Au+ incorporation, and attachment of AuCl2- ions to the polypeptide cation, which does incorporate Au+. Fragmentation of the attachment product, the extent of which varied with peptide and charge state, led to losses of one or more molecules of HCl and, to some extent, cleavage of polypeptides at the disulfide linkage into its two constituent chains. Collisional activation of the intact metal-ion-incorporated peptides showed cleavage of the disulfide linkage to be a major, and in some cases exclusive, process. Cations with protons as the only...
Management Support of Workplace Health Promotion: Field Test of the Leading by Example Tool:

Abstract Purpose. This study tested a repeated-measures application of the Leading by Example (LBE) questionnaire, a self-report instrument measuring organizational leadership support for health promotion. Design. The efficacy of the LBE was tested in a quasi-experimental health promotion intervention trial. Twelve worksites were assigned to three intervention conditions (i.e., control, moderate, high intensity). Setting. The worksites were selected from a large U.S.-based chemical company. Subjects. Baseline data were collected from employees in various job roles in 2005 (N = 125). Follow-up data were collected in 2006 (N = 114) and 2007 (N = 106). Response rates ranged from 54% to nearly three-fourths of potential respondents. Intervention. Worksites assigned to both treatment conditions received changes in the built environment via supports for weight management. Worksites assigned to the intense condition received additional elements designed to impact leadership's support for a positive health ...
iso-OMPA-induced potentiation of soman toxicity in rat.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats, injected with the irreversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) 25 μg/kg sc, showed no signs of toxicity. Pretreatment with iso-OMPA (tetra-isopropylpyrophosphoramide) 1 mg/kg sc 1 h before the soman administration, caused severe signs of hypercholinergic activity, similar to those seen with an acute signs-producing nonlethal dosage (100 μg soman/kg sc). Within 1 h iso-OMPA alone significantly reduced the activity of carboxylesterases (CarbE) in all tissues studied and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity was significantly reduced in plasma (22%) and liver (27%). Soman (25 μg/kg) alone significantly reduced the plasma activity of CarbE (15%), BuChE (53%) and AChE (18%), but had no effect on these enzymes of liver. The combined treatment of iso-OMPA and soman, however, reduced CarbE activity in liver (0%) and produced significantly greater effects than iso-OMPA or soman alone on AChE and BuChE in all the brain areas and skeletal muscles tested. The number of necrotic lesions found in skeletal muscles was many times higher with the combined treatment than seen with soman (25 μg/kg) alone, and was equal to those seen with an acute toxicity signs-producing dose of soman. It is concluded that the observed iso-OMPA-induced potentiation of soman toxicity is probably caused via reduced nonspecific binding sites (BuChE and CarbE) for soman leading to greater inhibition of AChE.
Bimodal mesoporous TiO2–P25 composite thick films with high photocatalytic activity and improved structural integrity

Abstract Bimodal mesoporous TiO2–P25 composite thick films with improved structural integrity (less crack formation) were successfully synthesized by employing an environmental friendly and highly viscous nonionic surfactant Tween 20 as a tri-functional template, which can simultaneously improve film texture, bimodal mesopore structure and structural integrity in the films. It was found that increasing Tween 20 loading from 10% to 50% (v/v) could simultaneously increase both volumes of small mesopore and secondary large mesopore. Degussa P25 nanoparticle can function as a kind of pore wall contributing to the formation of secondary large mesopore. Optimizing the loading of Tween 20 could result in optimum film thickness, even with only one dip-coating cycle. The final film at optimum Tween 20 loading (50%, v/v) exhibited large porosity (50.6%) and bimodal mesoporous size distribution with small mesopore size of ∼5 nm and large mesopore size of ∼34 nm. Compared with mono-modal mesoporous TiO2 film (no Degussa P25) at optimum preparation conditions (Tween 20, 50% (v/v), six dip-coating layers), the TiO2–P25 composite films prepared with the same Tween 20 loading (one dip-coating layer) or with 25% (v/v) Tween 20 loading (two dip-coating layers) demonstrated higher photocatalytic activities in the degradation of creatinine, an important human metabolite present in human urine. These results prove that bimodal mesoporous TiO2–P25 composite films have promising properties for photocatalytic water treatment.
Indications for the design of porous gas diffusion electrodes arising from analyses of their electrode kinetics

Porous gas diffusion electrodes design for electrochemical energy converters, noting contribution of theory of electrode kinetics
Isotoping Heegaard surfaces in neat positions with respect to critical distance Heegaard surfaces

Abstract Suppose a closed orientable 3-manifold M has a genus g Heegaard surface P with distance d ( P ) = 2 g . Let Q be another genus g Heegaard surface which is strongly irreducible. Then we show that there is a height function f : M → I induced from P such that by isotopy, Q is deformed into a position satisfying the following; (1) f | Q has 2 g + 2 critical points p 0 , p 1 , … , p 2 g + 1 with f ( p 0 ) f ( p 1 ) ⋯ f ( p 2 g + 1 ) where p 0 is a minimum and p 2 g + 1 is a maximum, and p 1 , … , p 2 g are saddles, (2) if we take regular values r i ( i = 1 , … , 2 g + 1 ) such that f ( p i − 1 ) r i f ( p i ) , then f − 1 ( r i ) ∩ Q consists of a circle if i is odd, and f − 1 ( r i ) ∩ Q consists of two circles if i is even.
Laboratory studies of radiation effects in water ice in the outer solar system

Abstract We present new experimental results on radiolysis of water ice below 140 K induced by 150-eV electrons and 100-keV ions, obtained to understand processes occurring in the outer solar system and interstellar space. The experimental methods discussed are low-energy electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Fourier-transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The phenomena studied are the formation and trapping of radiation products, in particular H 2 O 2 , and radiation-induced amorphization of crystalline ice.
Oligomycin resistance in normal and mutant yeast.

Abstract Yeast mutants with genetically altered mitochondria are extremely useful in the study of oxidative phosphorylation mechanisms ( Beck et al. , 1968 ). Such mutants are usually detected by their inability to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources, their spectral characteristics, and by selective staining. Drug resistance has also been employed in obtaining mitochondrial mutants ( Thomas and Wilkie, 1968 ; Butow and Zeydel, 1968 ), but as yet this method has not been extended to include specific inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. This report describes the isolation of 50 oligomycin-resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants and the genetic characterization of two of these mutants and a naturally resistant strain. At least two Mendelian genes control the resistance in these strains. Resistance displays partial dominance and additivity in heterozygous diploids. Oligomycin partially inhibits cytochrome synthesis, and increases the frequency of mutation to cytoplasmic respiratory deficiency (p − ). Oligomycin resistance is accompanied by resistance to venturicidin.
The Political Business Cycle and Republican Administrations: an Empirical Investigation

This article examines the effects of the political business cycle on unemployment for the first quarter of 1951 through the fourth quarter of 1987. The results for the autoregressive model provide empirical support for the existence of a political business cycle during Republican administrations. A number of simulations are presented to illustrate the longer-term effects of the political business cycle on unemployment for this model and for the 1986 model offered by Allen, Sulock, and Sabo. These results suggest that the unemployment effects of the electoral cycle are not only statistically significant, but are also economically significant.
Prosthetics/Orthotics Research for the Twenty-First Century:: Summary of 1992 Conference Proceedings

This article summarizes the findings from a 1992 conference sponsored by the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (NCMRR), which brought together a multidisciplinary group of scientists, clinicians and consumers from the United States and abroad. Participants reported on current prosthetic and orthotic practice and developed recommendations for research initiatives to advance the state of the art. The conference's text, Prosthetic/Orthotic Research for the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of an NCMRR Conference, is available from the NCMRR.
Diet, fecal bile acids, and neutral sterols in carcinoma of the colon.

Increased concentrations of fecal bile acids and neutral sterols or their degradation products have been linked to certain diets and are implicated in colonic carcinogenesis. We measured fecal bile acid and neutral sterol concentrations by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography in 15 patients with colonic adenocarcinoma, 23 controls, and 16 patients with nongastrointestinal cancer. We compared these results with dietary intake. Detailed dietary histories showed no differences among the groups in the ingestion of calories, protein, fiber, fat, or carbohydrate. A wide variation in fecal concentration of individual bile acids and neutral sterols was found within each group, but no significant differences in the total bile acid or total neutral sterol per gram dry weight feces were found. Decreased coprostanol, coprostanone, and lithocholic acid excretion was found in the colon cancer group compared with controls. The fecal excretion of all bile acids and neutral sterols was lower significantly in the nongastrointestinal cancer patients with liver metastases as compared with those without. We conclude that total bile acid and total neutral sterol excretion is similar in the three groups, all ingesting similar diets. We cannot confirm reported increased excretion of total bile acids nor excessive bacterial conversion to degradation products in colonic cancer patients. Hepatic metastases correlate with decreased fecal excretion of both bile acids and neutral sterols, which may be due to diminished hepatobiliary excretion.
Human Hepatitis B Antibody: Evaluation of Assays and Development of a Reference Panel

Human hepatitis B antibody (anti-HBs) assays have been compared, and an interim reference panel has been developed. Eight reference laboratories demonstrated comparable levels of sensitivity of passive hemagglutination (PHA) tests with detectable endpoint dilutions approximately 1000fold greater than by counterelectrophoresis and 3000-fold greater than by immunodiffusion. Some radioimmunoassays (RIA) were of equal or greater sensitivity than PHA but were more difficult to evaluate as a class because of greater variation in design.
Specificity of preventative pediatric intervention effects in early infancy

The efficacy of two contrasting short term preventative interventions administered to a heterogeneous sample of new mothers during the perinatal period was evaluated. The first was infant-centered and used the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) as a method of highlighting newborn behavior to new mothers. The second was mother-centered and consisted of an in-depth interview focused on the mothers' concerns about parenting. Mothers were randomized into groups and were administered intervention by experienced clinicians at 3 days in the hospital and again at 14 and 30 days at home. Effects of intervention on maternal reports of parenting stress, mother-infant interactive behavior, and infant developmental quotient were evaluated at 4 months infant age. It was hypothesized that participation in the infant-centered intervention would be related to more positive maternal and infant outcomes at 4 months. It was also expected that the impact of each intervention would be moderated by differences in maternal and infant risk and parity. Hierarchical multiple regressions controlling for risk and parity yielded no significant main effects of intervention at 4 months. However, significant interactions of intervention with parity and risk were observed, indicating that intervention was beneficial for specific groups of mothers. These data suggest that early intervention should be tailored to the needs of individual groups of mothers. J Dev Behav Pediatr 16:158-166, 1995. Index terms: parent-infant intervention, Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale, intrauterine growth retardation, parenting stress, mother-infant interaction.
Moonlets in Saturn's rings?

The brightness structure within Cassini's division in Saturn's rings is explained in terms of perturbations produced by moonlets embedded within an optically thin disk of smaller ring particles. The moonlets exert gravitational torques on neighboring ring particles and create gaps; diffusion acts to fill the gaps. A new explanation is offered for the inner edge of the Cassini division being located at the 2:1 resonance with Mimas.
Memory and the Brain: Unexpected Chemistries and a New Pharmacology☆☆☆

Abstract Efforts to characterize long-term potentiation (LTP) and to identify its substrates have led to the discovery of novel synaptic chemistries, computational algorithms, and, most recently, pharmacologies. Progress has also been made in using LTP to develop a “standard model” of how unusual, but physiologically plausible, levels of afferent activity create lasting changes in the operating characteristics of synapses in the cortical telencephalon. Hypotheses of this type typically distinguish induction, expression, and consolidation stages in the formation of LTP. Induction involves a sequence consisting of theta-type rhythmic activity, suppression of inhibitory currents, intense synaptic depolarization, NMDA receptor activation, and calcium influx into dendritic spines. Calcium-dependent lipases, kinases, and proteases have been implicated in LTP induction. Regarding the last group, it has been recently reported that theta pattern stimulation activates calpain and that translational suppression of the protease blocks potentiation. It is thus likely that proteolysis is readily driven by synaptic activity and contributes to structural reorganization. LTP does not interact with treatments that affect transmitter release, has a markedly differential effect on the currents mediated by colocalized AMPA vs NMDA synaptic receptors, changes the waveform of the synaptic current, modifies the effects of drugs that modulate AMPA receptors, and is sensitive to the subunit composition of those receptors. These results indicate that LTP is expressed by changes in AMPA receptor operations. LTP is accompanied by modifications in the anatomy of synapses and spines, something which accounts for its extreme duration (weeks). As with various types of memory, LTP requires about 30 min to consolidate (become resistant to disruption). Consolidation involves adhesion chemistries and, in particular, activation of integrins, a class of transmembrane receptors that control morphology in numerous cell types. Platelet activating factor and adenosine may contribute to consolidation by regulating the engagement of latent integrins. How consolidation stabilizes LTP expression is a topic of intense investigation but probably involves modifications to one or more of the following: membrane environment of AMPA receptors; access of regulatory proteins (e.g., kinases, proteases) to the receptors; receptor clustering; and space available for receptor insertion. Attempts to enhance LTP have focused on the induction phase and resulted in a class of centrally active drugs (“ampakines”) that positively modulate AMPA receptors. These compounds promote LTP in vivo and improve the encoding of variety of memory types in animals. Positive results have also been obtained in preliminary studies with humans.
Enhanced activation of the repressed epstein-barr viral genome by inhibitors of DNA synthesis

Abstract Inhibition of DNA synthesis during the early S phase (S-1 period) by 1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine, hydroxyurea, or excess thymidine in synchronized human lymphoblastoid cells resulted in enhancement of the number of Epstein-Barr virus-activated cells. The critical S-1 period for enhanced virus activation by inhibitors of DNA synthesis was related temporally to the previously reported critical period for virus activation by thymidine analogs Enhanced virus activation by inhibitors of DNA synthesis occurred most efficiently in cell populations which already had the capability to undergo spontaneous virus activation. A hypothesis is proposed which suggests that a priming event may be required before the cells become susceptible to virus activation by inhibitors of DNA synthesis, and that inhibition of DNA synthesis in itself, may not be sufficient for initiation of the virus activation sequence.
Pushing the boundaries of cultural congruence pedagogy in science education towards a third space

This review explores Meyers and Crawford’s “Teaching science as a cultural way of knowing: Merging authentic inquiry, nature of science, and multicultural strategies” by examining how they combine the use of inquiry-based science instruction with multicultural strategies. In this conversation, I point to the need of specific discourse strategies to help teachers and students create hybrid spaces to push the boundaries of cultural congruence as described in this article. These strategies include a reflective component to the explicit instruction that encourages an integration of home and science discourses. My response to this work expands on their use of multicultural strategies to push toward a congruent Third space that asks not only what happens to the students who do not participate in science, but also what happens to science when a diverse group of people does not participate?
On establishing the Shannon ordering for discrete memoryless channels

This paper studies several problems concerning channel inclusion, which is a partial ordering between discrete memoryless channels (DMCs) proposed by Shannon. Specifically, checkable conditions are derived for channel inclusion between DMCs with certain special structure, and these conditions are related to the mathematical theory of majorization. The conditions for channel inclusion between binary erasure channel (BEC) and binary symmetric channel (BSC) are also derived, which are shown to be equivalent to those for channel output degradation. Furthermore, the determination of channel inclusion is considered as a convex optimization problem, and the sparsity of the weights related to the representation of the worse DMC in terms of the better one is revealed when channel inclusion holds between two DMCs.
Studies on the Taste of Some Sweet Substances

The sweetness of various sweet substances, such as sugars, synthetic sweetners, and amino acids were evaluated by sensory analysis. The relative sweetness varied in many ways as the concentration increased and the quantitative relationships between the sweetness and the concentration were established. The substances were clasified according to their patterns of the taste intensity curves.
Liaison in Reverse: The Role of a Psychosomatically-Oriented Internist in a Department of Psychiatry

The renewal of interest in the physician identity of the psychiatrist has exposed widespread deficits in skills such as physical examination. A program designed to provide medical consultation and teaching in a 107 bed psychiatric inpatient unit of a university medical center is described. The contributions of a psychosomatically-oriented internist to the development of this program of reverse liaison are considered. Bidirectional liaison units may prove to be a resource for psychiatry departments in the remedicalization process.
Histology of Metaplasia and Dysplasia in Barrett's Esophagus

The histologic diagnosis of Barrett's dysplasia requires the identification of intestinal metaplasia, which often presents a challenge due to sampling error, observer variation, and difficulty in histologic interpretation. Particularly problematic is the separation of negative, indefinite, and low-grade dysplasia, the varied histological appearances of high-grade dysplasia, and the diagnosis of suboptimal biopsy material. This article seeks to aid in the histological evaluation of metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus.
Children's processing of information in motor skill acquisition.

Abstract A self-paced post-KR (knowledge of results) interval was used to assess children's use of response outcome information in learning motor skills of varying difficulty. In Expt 1, 8-, 10-, and 14-year-old children and adults learned a rapid linear timing movement through a specified distance. Typical developmental trends were found: The adults and 14 year olds were more accurate than the younger subjects. However, while the accuracy of the 14 year olds and adults approached an asymptotic level, the 14 year olds required significantly less KR processing time. There was a direct relationship between accuracy and post-KR time, especially during the early trials. In Expt 2, a more difficult task was used. The 11- and 14-year-old children and adults were required to determine both the criterion response time and distance for the task. The results were similar to those obtained in Expt 1, but now the adults required less time to process KR than either of the child groups, particularly during the later trials. The results confirm children's differential use of KR, and suggest that any description of motor skill acquisition must account for the complex interaction between the subjects developmental level and the difficulty of the task at hand.
An invariant imbedding analysis of wave propagation through multilayer systems of biological tissue

Abstract This article develops a computational method using invariant imbedding to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients associated with electromagnetic radiation of a multilayer system of skin, fat, and muscle tissue. Typical results are given for both normal and oblipue incidence. The problem of tissue with inhomogeneous properties is also discussed.
Chemoradiotherapeutic wrinkled mesoporous silica nanoparticles for use in cancer therapy

Over the last decade, the development and application of nanotechnology in cancer detection, diagnosis, and therapy have been widely reported. Engineering of vehicles for the simultaneous delivery of chemo- and radiotherapeutics increases the effectiveness of the therapy and reduces the dosage of each individual drug required to produce an observable therapeutic response. We here developed a novel chemoradiotherapeutic 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine lipid coated/uncoated platinum drug loaded, holmium-containing, wrinkled mesoporous silica nanoparticle. The materials were characterized with TEM, FTIR, 1H NMR, energy dispersive x-ray, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and zeta potential measurements. In vitro platinum drug release from both lipid coated and uncoated chemoradiotherapeutic wrinkled mesoporous silica are reported. Various kinetic models were used to analyze the release kinetics. The radioactivity of the chemoradiotherapeutic nanocarriers was measured after neutron-activation.
TETANY INDUCED DURING INTRALIPID INFUSION-ELEVATED FREE FATTY ACID EFFECTS ON SERUM IONIZED Ca (iCa) IN VITRO

A pre-term one-mo-old neonate developed laryngospasm and overt tetany during 10% Intralipid-heparin infusion. Serum total Ca was 5.0-6.0 mg%. This observation led to the hypothesis that Ca might be complexed by elevations of free fatty acids (FFA), lowering serum iCa and possibly serum total Ca. Ca and Mg form soaps with FFA that are generally water insoluble. Hydrolysis of intralipid produces FFA's, predominantly C 18: linoleic, linolenic and oleic acid; marked elevations (2.0-7.0 mM) are reported during intravenous fat infusions, especially in SGA and pre-term infants. FFA effects on serum iCa were examined in vitro from umbilical cord(6), infant(1) and adult(3) blood samples. To aliquots of serum increasing concentrations of palmitic (C16), oleic (C18) or butyric acids (C4), from 0-10 mM were added. Sample pH was unchanged; iCa determinations (Orion SS-20) were made under 5% CO2 and in room air. The slope of the change in iCa/mM FFA by regression analysis for oleic acid was 0.166± .018 (X±SEM), palmitic acid was 0.11±.006 and no change for butyric acid. Oleic acid reduced iCa significantly greater than palmitic acid (t test p<.02). These findings represent a 60% drop in serum iCa when FFA are increased by 10 mM oleic acid. Precipitates are seen when FFA exceeds 5 mM. Presumably iCa is complexed by FFA's and forms insoluble Ca soaps at higher concentrations. Since many infants in intensive care nurseries are simultaneously at risk for both high FFA and low iCa the use of intralipid may expose them to an added risk for tetany.
Nature of Glycine and Its α-Carbon Radical in Aqueous Solution: A Theoretical Investigation.

Quantum chemistry calculations and classical molecular dynamics simulations have been used to examine the equilibria in solution between the neutral and zwitterionic forms of glycine and also of the glycyl radical. The established preference (by 30 kJ mol−1) for the zwitterion of glycine was confirmed by both the quantum chemical calculations and the classical molecular dynamics simulations. The best agreement with experiment was derived from thermodynamic integration calculations of explicitly solvated systems, which gives a free energy difference of 36.6 ± 0.6 kJ mol−1. In contrast, for the glycyl radical in solution, the neutral form is preferred, with a calculated free energy difference of 54.8 ± 0.6 kJ mol−1. A detailed analysis of the microsolvation environments of each species was carried out by evaluating radial distribution functions and hydrogen bonding patterns. This analysis provides evidence that the change in preference between glycine and glycyl radical is due to the inherent gas-phase stab...
The pathway from child personality to adult adjustment: The road is not straight ☆

In a prospective longitudinal study of 62 individuals from the Berkeley Guidance Study of the Institute of Human Development, we examined the pathway from early childhood personality to early adult adjustment and maladjustment. The results from a path analysis indicated that shifts in personality from childhood to adulthood, influenced by the use of defense mechanisms, was the strongest predictor of adult adjustment. Developmental shifts in Outgoingness, influenced by the use of the defense of projection, predicted better psychological health, less depression, but more anxiety. Shifts in Self-confidence, influenced by the use of the defense of identification, predicted better psychological health, less depression, and less anxiety. A theoretical explanation of these relations is provided.
Stably updating mean and standard deviation of data

By considering the (sample) mean of a set of data as a fit to this data by a constant function, a computational method is given based on a matrix formulation and Givens transformations. The (sample) mean and standard deviation can be updated as data accumulates. The procedure is numerically stable and does not require storage of the data. Methods for dealing with weighted data and data removal are presented. When updating the mean and square of the standard deviation, the process requires no square roots.
Increased MDSC accumulation and Th2 biased response to influenza A virus infection in the absence of TLR7 in mice.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the induction of innate and adaptive immune response against influenza A virus (IAV) infection; however, the role of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) during the innate immune response to IAV infection and the cell types affected by the absence of TLR7 are not clearly understood. In this study, we show that myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) accumulate in the lungs of TLR7 deficient mice more so than in wild-type C57Bl/6 mice, and display increased cytokine expression. Furthermore, there is an increase in production of Th2 cytokines by TLR7-/- compared with wildtype CD4+ T-cells in vivo, leading to a Th2 polarized humoral response. Our findings indicate that TLR7 modulates the accumulation of MDSCs during an IAV infection in mice, and that lack of TLR7 signaling leads to a Th2-biased response.
On the structural basis for size-selective permeation of organic cations through the voltage-gated sodium channel. Effect of alanine mutations at the DEKA locus on selectivity, inhibition by Ca2+ and H+, and molecular sieving.

Recent evidence indicates that ionic selectivity in voltage-gated Na+ channels is mediated by a small number of residues in P-region segments that link transmembrane elements S5 and S6 in each of four homologous domains denoted I, II, III, and IV. Important determinants for this function appear to be a set of conserved charged residues in the first three homologous domains, Asp(I), Glu(II), and Lys(III), located in a region of the pore called the DEKA locus. In this study, we examined several Ala-substitution mutations of these residues for alterations in ionic selectivity, inhibition of macroscopic current by external Ca2+ and H+, and molecular sieving behavior using a series of organic cations ranging in size from ammonium to tetraethylammonium. Whole-cell recording of wild-type and mutant channels of the rat muscle μ1 Na+ channel stably expressed in HEK293 cells was used to compare macroscopic current–voltage behavior in the presence of various external cations and an intracellular reference solution containing Cs+ and very low Ca2+. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that the Lys residue in domain III of the DEKA locus is responsible for restricting the permeation of large organic cations. Mutation of Lys(III) to Ala largely eliminated selectivity among the group IA monovalent alkali cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) and permitted inward current of group IIA divalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+). This same mutation also resulted in the acquisition of permeability to many large organic cations such as methylammonium, tetramethylammonium, and tetraethylammonium, all of which are impermeant in the native channel. The results lead to the conclusion that charged residues of the DEKA locus play an important role in molecular sieving behavior of the Na+ channel pore, a function that has been previously attributed to a hypothetical region of the channel called the “selectivity filter.” A detailed examination of individual contributions of the Asp(I), Glu(II), and Lys(III) residues and the dependence on molecular size suggests that relative permeability of organic cations is a complex function of the size, charge, and polarity of these residues and cation substrates. As judged by effects on macroscopic conductance, charged residues of the DEKA locus also appear to play a role in the mechanisms of block by external Ca2+ and H+, but are not essential for the positive shift in activation voltage that is produced by these ions.
Curriculum translation and environmental education: considering issues of discursive intentionality, interpretation, and validity

We would like to thank our commentators Reis, Ercikan and Alper for their insightful comments on our research study and respond in brief to a few of their criticisms. More specifically, we would like to address what we consider to be the three main issues they raise with regard to the practices of curriculum translation and implementation across languages, namely viewing speakers’ intentions as a mode of signification in discourse analysis, exploring curriculum translation through an interpretive research approach, and establishing the validity of research on curriculum translation.
Poloidal divertor for the Wisconsin Tokamak Reactor Design

Abstract A poloidal divertor has been incorporated in the Wisconsin Tokamak Reactor Design (UWMAK-I). Its main features include a double null design using superconducting divertor coils located outside the main toroidal magnets and liquid lithium particle collectors located inside the blanket and shield.
Application of the limiting current method to mass transfer in packed beds at very low reynolds numbers

The limiting current technique is used to obtain mass transfer coefficients at very low Reynolds numbers (Re less than 0.1) in a packed bed consisting of stainless steel spheres. The data show that for Re less than 0.015, the Nusselt numbers are below those predicted by existing empirical correlations. The results are discussed in the light of some mathematical models for packed beds reported in the literature and show semiquantitative agreement with the values predicted by Sorensen and Stewart (1974a).