cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An object oriented model of behavior encoded virtual tools

We propose a model of attribute laden virtual tools to aid manipulation, interaction and navigation in a virtual manufacturing environment for controlling robots and machines. Fundamental to the concept of using such virtual tools, and other object-oriented virtual entities of this type generally (e.g. virtual obstacles, virtual workpieces, virtual machines etc.), is that each virtual entity represents both the graphical representation, and other physical plus "intellectual" attributes of the real entity. The aim of the virtual tool concept is to create the next generation of interface which will solve problems associated with multiple hierarchies of menu, information and other tasks such as interaction, and manipulation associated with cyberspace.
Huygens, Mackintosh, Dalí, and Medusa: Polarization engineering (and more?)

As Christiaan Huygens must have felt in his bones but could not have articulated with a mathematical theory, engineering of the polarization state of light is easily accomplished with anisotropic materials. Examine a crystal to see that its capabilities are quite restricted by its rigid Cartesian morphology reminiscent of the straitened designs of Charles Rennie Mackintosh. But let loose the genius of Salvador Dali to transform straight rods into the flowing tresses of Medusa, and you begin to appreciate what all can be done to the polarization state by nanoengineering morphology such that it is locally cartesian but globally curvilinear. If you exclaim "What rot!," a few simple examples may suffice to convince you that engineering of both the polarization state and the operating frequency band can be accomplished by nanoengineering the morphology of complex substances called sculptured thin films (STFs). These nanoengineered metamaterials offer other promises too.
Comparative effects of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate on ventricular diastolic function with young and aged female mice

The adrenal steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated derivative [DHEA(S)] have been extensively studied for their potential anti-aging effects. Associated with aging, DHEA lev...
A comparison of game theory and learning theory

It is shown that Estes' formula for the asymptotic behavior of a subject under conditions of partial reinforcement can be derived from the assumption that the subject is behaving rationally in a certain game-theoretic sense and attempting to minimax his regret. This result illustrates the need for specifying the frame of reference or set of the subject when using the assumption of rationality to predict his behavior.
The identification of structural components of an unknown language

Adult subjects attempted to identify structures (words and constituents) in sentences of a language they did not know. They heard each sentence twice-once with a pause interrupting a structural component and once with a pause separating different structural components. They were asked to choose the version that sounded more natural. An experimental group of subjects who had been previously exposed to a spoken passage in the same language as the test sentences was more successful in identifying structures of the sentences than was the control group with previous exposure to another language. This result was interpreted as demonstrating that language structure may be partially acquired during a brief exposure without reliance on meaning. It was also noted that the experimental group identified constituents more accurately than words. This result suggested that constituents, more than words, function as acquisitional units of language.
New stationary bounds on matrix elements including positron-atom scattering lengths

In a previous study of bound-state matrix elements of a Hermitian operator $W$, it was possible to obtain at most an upper (or lower) stationary bound. The possibility arose only for the diagonal matrix element case, and only for $W$ nonpositive (or nonnegative). In the present treatment, both upper and lower stationary bounds are obtained, for diagonal and off-diagonal matrix elements, and, though some restrictions on $W$ remain, the requirement that $W$ be of well-defined sign can be dropped. The derivation also improves upon that given previously in that the possibility of any difficulty with near singularities in the equation defining the trial auxiliary (or Lagrange) function is unambiguously avoided. As an example, the method is applied to the problem of the zero-energy scattering of positrons by atoms or ions, and an expression is derived which provides a rigorous stationary upper bound on the scattering length; the target ground-state wave function need not be known exactly. Crude but rigorous numerical results are obtained quite simply in the Born approximation.
Errors versus correct responses in the serial learning of word lists

Using percent error as the dependent variable in serial anticipation learning of 15-word lists, no difference in the serial position curve was found for lists of high or low approximation to sentence word-order. When percent correct responses were examined, high approximation lists produced a flatter curve.
A Three-Phase Approach to Solving the Bidline Problem

This paper describes a three-phase approach to solving the bidline generation problem within airline flightcrew scheduling. Phase 1 builds “patterns” from existing pairings. Phase 2 builds bidlines from the “patterns” found in Phase 1 and solves a set partitioning problem to generate a final schedule. If Phase 2 fails to cover enough of the scheduled work, Phase 3 is used to fill in the uncovered pairings. Along with this methodology is a new rule set that tries to improve the work–rest schedule for flightcrews by trying to take into account circadian rhythms. This new rule set is an attempt at addressing some of the flightcrews's quality of life issues.
The Entolomataceae of the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana III: new species of Rhodocybe

Rhodocybe pruinosostipitata, found on woody debris, and R. spongiosa, found on soil litter, are described as new species from tropical rainforests of the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana. Both species possess pustulate basidiospores and pseudocystidia. Rhodocybe pruinosostipitata is classified in section Rhodocybe based on its centrally attached stipe, pleurocystidia as pseudocystidia with brightly colored contents, and lack of clamp connections. Rhodocybe spongiosa is classified in section Crepidotoides based on its pleurotoid stature and hymenial pseudocystidia. Macromorphological, micromorphological, and habitat data are provided for the new species.
Upper rate lockout: an unexpected feature of rate adaptive atrioventricular delay.

We present a case in which use of rate adaptive AV delay resalted in unexpected pacemaker 2:1 AV block when the patient's atrial rate exceeded the pacemaker maximum tracking rate but was below the predicted multiblock rate. “Lockout” of normal upper rate behavior was accompanied with the requirement of a slower atrial rate for reassociation than loss of atrial tracking, a form of upper rate hysteresis. The mechanism of upper rate lockout is discussed, along with potential ways to avoid the problem. The use of software based pacemakers with an extended range of programmable options allows the most flexibility in optimizing pacemaker performance in an individual patient.
The level polynomials of the free distributive lattices

We show that there exist a set of polynomials {L"k@?k = 0, 1...} such that L"k(n) is the number of elements of rank k in the free distributive lattice on n generators. L"0(n) = L"1(n) = 1 for all n and the degree of L"k is k-1 for k>=1. We show that the coefficients of the L"k can be calculated using another family of polynomials, P"j. We show how to calculate L"k for k = 1,...,16 and P"j for j = 0,...,10. These calculations are enough to determine the number of elements of each rank in the free distributive lattice on 5 generators a result first obtained by Church [2]. We also calculate the asymptotic behavior of the L"k's and P"j's.
Effects of fermion back reaction on instantons

Abstract We show how systematically incorporate back reaction into fermion number violating amplitudes in Yang-Mills theories. We discuss the possible recovery of unittarity at high energies for these processes.
Time‐Dependent Increase in Protein Phosphorylation Following One‐Trial Enhancement in Hermissenda

One-trial conditioning of the nudibranch mollusk Hermissenda produces short- and long-term changes in excitability (enhancement) of identified sensory neurons. To investigate the biochemical mechanisms underlying this example of plasticity, we have examined changes in protein phosphorylation at different times following the in vitro conditioning trial. Changes in the incorporation of 32 PO 4 into proteins were determined using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, autoradiography, and densitometry. Conditioning resulted in increases in levels of several phosphoproteins, five of which, ranging in apparent molecular mass from 22 to 55 kDa, were chosen for analysis. The increased phosphorylation of the 46- and 55-kDa phosphoproteins detected 2 h postconditioning was significantly greater than the level of phosphorylation detected in an unpaired control group, indicating that long-term enhancement is pairing specific. Statistically significant increases in phosphorylation as compared with the control group that received only light were detected immediately after conditioning (5 min) for the 55-, 46-, and 22-kDa phosphoproteins, at 1 h for the 55- and 46-kDa phosphoproteins, and at 2 h for the 55-, 46-, and 22-kDa phosphoproteins. The 46- and 55-kDa phosphoproteins are putative structural proteins, and the 22-kDa phosphoprotein is proposed to be a protein kinase C substrate previously identified in Hermissenda following multitrial classical conditioning. Time-dependent increases in protein phosphorylation may contribute to the induction and maintenance of different memory stages expressed in sensory neurons after one-trial conditioning.
Mapping of application software to the multimedia instructions of general-purpose microprocessors

This paper describes how media processing programs may be accelerated by using the multimedia instruction extensions that have been added to general-purpose microprocessors. As a concrete example, it describes MAX2, a minimalist, second- generation set of multimedia instructions included in the PA-RISC 2.0 processor architecture. MAX2 implements subword parallel instructions, which utilize the microprocessor's 64-bit wide data paths to process multiple pieces of lower- precision data in parallel. It also includes innovative, new instructions like Mix, which are very useful for matrix transpose and other common data rearrangements. The paper examines some typical multimedia kernels, like block match, matrix transpose, box filter and the IDCT, coded with and without the MAX2 instructions, to illustrate programming techniques for exploiting subword parallelism and superscalar instruction parallelism. The kernels using MAX2 show significant speedups in execution time, and more efficient utilization of the processor's resources.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Computational Fluid Dynamics-Based Aeroservoelastic Analysis with Hyper-X Applications

A finite element computational fluids dynamics-based aeroservoelastic analysis methodology is presented in this paper, in which both structural and fluids discretization are achieved by the finite element method, and their interaction is modeled by the transpiration boundary condition technique. In the fluids discipline either inviscid or viscous flow may be accounted for, usually employing unstructured grids.Adescription of a novel viscous flow solver employing unstructured grids is given in detail. Provisions are made for digital as well as analog controllers. These new aeroservoelastic analysis techniques are next applied for the solution of a number of example problems including the novel Hyper-X launch vehicle. Experimental and actual flight test data are also compared with analysis results that signify to the efficacy and accuracy of the newly developed solution procedures.
New genetic hypothesis of schizophrenia

Lack of complete concordance for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins has been interpreted as indicative of non-genetic cofactors in transmission of the illness. We present an alternative hypothesis that can parsimoniously explain, using known genetic mechanisms, the heredity pattern, the phenotypic spectrum and the biological abnormalities found in schizophrenia. The inheritance of a single recessive mutated allele of a gene crucial in brain development if followed by a somatic mutation in the normal allele during critical periods of brain development could result in developmental abnormalities that are expressed behaviorally as schizophrenic illness. Acquisition of this somatic mutation is likely enhanced during periods of intense cell division; therefore, the window of opportunity would be restricted to key periods in neurodevelopment. The somatic mutation may not always occur, thus explaining the variability of expression seen in the clinical population. Because the single allele mutation is still transmissible, the equal incidence of schizophrenia in the offspring of monozygotic twins discordant for the disease could also be explained. This possibility has implications for the development of genetic models and the source of genetic material for studies isolating the gene(s) of schizophrenia.
Palmer, Eustace. An introduction to the African novel. New York: Africana, 1972

(1973). Palmer, Eustace. An introduction to the African novel. New York: Africana, 1972. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 45-47.
EARNINGS ANNOUNCEMENTS, QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF INFORMATION, AND STOCK PRICE CHANGES

We analyze the informational effect of earnings announcements on stock price changes. Although prior studies postulate that the direction and magnitude of earnings surprises contribute to abnormal stock price changes, we attribute earnings surprises and subsequent stock price changes to the quality and quantity of available information. If a stock is followed by many financial analysts, the amount of information available to investors contributes to higher quality information, which in turn is reflected by a small earnings surprise. Furthermore, we demonstrate that as the quality and quantity of information increase, stock prices adjust more quickly, which sheds additional light on the post-earnings-announcement drift issue. Finally, cross-sectional analysis reveals that the flow of information, as measured by the rate of trading volume changes, and the stock of information, as measured by the number of financial analysts, contributes significantly to the variations in excess returns and return volatility. Traditional variables, such as earnings surprises, earnings reporting lag, and firm size, do not perform well.
Generation of resistance to the diphenyl ether herbicide acifluorfen by MEL cells.

The diphenyl ether herbicide acifluorfen has been shown to act by inhibition of the terminal enzyme of the protoporphyrin biosynthetic pathway, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (E.C. 1.3.3.4) (PPO), in plant and animal cells. In the present study we show that long term maintenance of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells in acifluorfen, which is normally toxic to these cells at 5 microM concentration, results in cells that grow at a near normal rate in 100 microM acifluorfen. Acifluorfen resistant cells do not have increased levels of PPO activity, nor does the PPO made by these cells have increased resistance to acifluorfenin, but these cells accumulate porphyrin and have elevated levels of heme. Data is presented that suggests the resistance of these MEL cells to acifluorfen may be attributable to induction of a cytochrome P450(s).
Model-based reconstruction for creature animation

An semi-automatic technique for creating 3D models of creatures suitable for animation is presented. An anatomically based canonical model is deformed, given a sparse set of feature points derived from measurements describing the target animal. The layered canonical model is built on top of an articulated structure hierarchy and contains a representation of the animal's skeleton, muscles, and skin. The joint hierarchy and associated body components are transformed based on the input data. A denser set of feature points is then automatically generated from the new underlying structural components. The feature points are used to deform the attached mesh skin representation, using a segmented interpolation approach. Results are shown using measurements from a scale model and from a live horse. Our main contributions are (1) a novel approach for automatically reconstructing complete jointed creatures from an anatomically based canonical model of similar structure; and (2) an integrated application of skin interpolation for both morphing and animation. In this research, we have addressed the problem in the context of modeling and animating horses; however, the general techniques that we have developed could be applied to a wide range of creatures, at the cost of constructing a canonical model for each creature type.
High gain effects for solid-state impact-ionization multipliers

We report the demonstration of a current amplification device, built from silicon and based on impact ionization, which can be cascaded to achieve very high gains. Arbitrary current sources including photodiodes can be interfaced with this device. Testing was done by amplifying the output signal from an independent silicon photodiode. Current gains over 600 were measured for initial photocurrents of 10 nA when two amplifying devices were cascaded together. Additionally, the gain saturation phenomenon of the amplifier due to space-charge effects is investigated. The measured gain saturation is observed to match very well with theoretical predictions. We also present guidelines for obtaining high current gain from the cascaded structure while avoiding gain saturation. Because of the low-noise gain mechanism employed, this device is of potential interest to a variety of fields requiring high-sensitivity optical or electronic detection.
Brief paper: Modeling and analysis of teams of interacting decisionmakers with bounded rationality

A methodology for analyzing and evaluating alternative organizational structures is presented. An information theoretic framework is used in which each team member is described by a two-stage model consisting of situation assessment and response selection stages as well as interconnections with the rest of the organization. The information processing and decisionmaking load of each team member and the measure of organizational performance are depicted in the performance-workload space as implicit functions of the decision strategies of each individual member. The approach to evaluating organizational structures using the methodology for analysis analysis of an organization consisting of two decisionmakers with bounded rationality.
A switching circuit for three-plane stereovectorcardiography

Abstract A simple circuit has been described which may be interposed between three amplifiers and two cathode-ray oscilloscopes to record stereovectorcardiograms in all three mutually perpendicular planes with any reference frame of orthogonal leads. This represents a considerable advantage over single plane stereoscopic systems in visualizing the configuration of a spatial loop.
α1-Antitrypsin phenotypes in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms

The alpha 1-antitrypsin phenotypes were determined in 47 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. The MM phenotype was present in 85%, the MS phenotype in 4%, the MZ phenotype in 11%, and the ZZ phenotype not present in any patients. The MZ phenotype occurred significantly more often in patients with aneurysms than would be expected in the general population. The current data would support a genetic mechanism of either autosomal-dominant or multifactorial influences but not an X-linked mechanism for families with a history of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
Viscous properties of muskox blood.

Abstract Viscous properties of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) blood appear to be substantially different than those reported for other mammals in the following respects. 1. 1. For a given hematocrit, blood viscosity at all rates of shear is higher. 2. 2. The shape of the shear rate—viscosity curve is more concave and this concavity is increased by low temperature. 3. 3. Plasma exhibits slight non-Newtonian characteristics at 38°C and marked ones at 10°C. 4. 4. Classical equations describing stress-strain relationship of human blood do not appear to apply to muskox. 5. 5. The yield stress is higher especially at low temperatures.
Detailed in-situ monitoring of film growth: application to TiSi2 chemical vapor deposition

Abstract An experimental approach for monitoring chemical vapor deposition is described that combines in-situ, real-time monitoring of deposition rate and gas composition together with transfer capabilities into ultrahigh vacuum for Auger analysis. This approach has been applied in the specific case of TiSi 2 low-pressure deposition on Si using TiCl 4 and SiH 4 . In the early stages of growth, Si for the growing film is supplied directly from the substrate. In later stages, Si arrives through SiH 4 adsorption. The primary gas phase reaction products are H 2 , HCl, SiH 3 Cl and the radical species SiCl 2 . Removing surface contamination from the substrate is not sufficient to promote film nucleation; surface defects are apparently required as well. Steady-state multiplicity in the reaction rate is observed near 700°C for large SiH 4 :TiCl 4 ratios.
A core plug and play architecture for reusable flight software systems

The Flight Software Branch, at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), has been working on a run-time approach to facilitate a formal software reuse process. The reuse process is designed to enable rapid development and integration of high-quality software systems and to more accurately predict development costs and schedule. Previous reuse practices have been somewhat successful when the same teams are moved from project to project. But this typically requires taking the software system in an all-or-nothing approach where useful components cannot be easily extracted from the whole. As a result, the system is less flexible and scalable with limited applicability to new projects. This paper will focus on the rationale behind, and implementation of, the run-time executive. This executive is the core for the component-based flight software commonality and reuse process adopted at Goddard.
Dynamic changes in sensitivity occur during the acute response to cocaine and methylphenidate.

Rationale: We have previously shown that during the acute response to amphetamine, a stimulant that released dopamine, behavioral sensitivity to the drug undergoes dynamic changes, as evident in the altered behavioral profile expressed to the subsequent administration of a low dose of the drug. Objective: The present studies were designed to determine if these dynamic changes in sensitivity occur with amphetamine-like stimulants that act primarily by blocking dopamine uptake. Methods: Groups of animals were primed with 40 mg/kg cocaine or 30 mg/kg methylphenidate, then during the acute response, a low, locomotor-stimulant dose of amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg) was administered to probe for changes in sensitivity. Conversely, to determine whether the manifestation of the increased responsivity is idiosyncratic to amphetamine, animals were also primed with amphetamine (4 mg/kg), then probed with low doses of cocaine (10 and 20 mg/kg) or methylphenidate (10 mg/kg). Parallel microdialysis studies were performed to assess the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens extracellular dopamine responses. Results: Priming with the uptake blockers each resulted in a stereotypy response to the subsequent low-dose amphetamine probe. Likewise, after priming with amphetamine, the uptake blockers each induced a pronounced stereotypy response. In each case, these changes in behavioral responsivity were expressed in the absence of corresponding changes in the probe-induced regional dopamine responses. Conclusions: Dynamic changes in behavioral sensitivity during the response to acute stimulant administration are a characteristic common to both dopamine releasers and uptake blockers. These rapid changes in sensitivity may contribute to the behaviors associated with binge patterns of drug abuse.
INVARIANT IMBEDDING AND NONVARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES IN ANALYTICAL DYNAMICS

Abstract The authors provide an integration theory for the canonical equations of motion with parallels to the classical theory of Jacobi. The new approach is applicable to the general case where there is no variational principle underlying the equations of motion.
Pueblos Indigenas ante ei derecho

Pueblos Indigenas ante ei derecho. Victoria Chenaut and Maria Teresa Sierra. eds. Tlalpan, Mexico: Centra de Investigaciones. Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social, Mexico: Centra Frances de Estudios Mexicanos. Centroamericanos, 1995. 370 pp., notes, bibliography, contributors.
Effect of sulfhydryl group reagents on the crayfish stretch receptor neuron

Abstract 1. The effect of the sulfhydryl group reagents N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PHMB) and p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonate (PHMPS) on ATP content, as well as sodium pump activity and other membrane properties of the crayfish stretch receptor neuron (SRN), has been studied. 2. ATP content of both the SRN and of the nerve segment was significantly decreased by NEM (0.05–1.0 mM), but not by PHMB or PHMPS of similar concentrations. 3. The sodium pump activity as represented by the hyperpolarization which follows intracellular injection of sodium ions was inhibited by all of these reagents. 4. The three sulfhydryl reagents were also found to produce the following electrophysiological changes in the SRN: depolarization of the resting membrane potential, leading to spontaneous firing; change in membrane resistance; decrease in action potential amplitude; and lowering of the triggering level. 5. NEM, at the concentrations used, affected the crayfish SRN and the Aplysia R2 neuron differently. 6. Mechanism of the effect of the SH reagents on SRN function is discussed.
Human Semilunar Cardiac Valve Remodeling by Activated Cells From Fetus to Adult Implications for Postnatal Adaptation, Pathology, and Tissue Engineering

Background— The evolution of cell phenotypes and matrix architecture in cardiac valves during fetal maturation and postnatal adaptation through senescence remains unexplored. Methods and Results— We hypothesized that valvular interstitial (VIC) and endothelial cell (VEC) phenotypes, critical for maintaining valve function, change throughout life in response to environmental stimuli. We performed quantitative histological assessment of 91 human semilunar valves obtained from fetuses at 14 to 19 and 20 to 39 weeks’ gestation; neonates minutes to 30 days old; children aged 2 to 16 years; and adults. A trilaminar architecture appeared by 36 weeks of gestation but remained rudimentary compared with that of adult valves. VECs expressed an activated phenotype throughout fetal development. VIC density, proliferation, and apoptosis were significantly higher in fetal than adult valves. Pulmonary and aortic fetal VICs showed an activated myofibroblast-like phenotype (α-actin expression), abundant embryonic myosin, and matrix metalloproteinase-collagenases, which indicates an immature/activated phenotype engaged in matrix remodeling versus a quiescent fibroblast-like phenotype in adults. At birth, the abrupt change from fetal to neonatal circulation was associated with a greater number of α-actin–positive VICs in neonatal aortic versus pulmonary valves. Collagen content increased from early to late fetal stages but was subsequently unchanged, whereas elastin significantly increased postnatally. Collagen fiber color analysis revealed a progressive temporal decrease in thin fibers and a corresponding increase in thick fibers. Additionally, collagen fibers were more aligned in adult than fetal valves. Conclusions— Fetal valves possess a dynamic/adaptive structure and contain cells with an activated/immature phenotype. During postnatal life, activated cells gradually become quiescent, whereas collagen matures, which suggests a progressive, environmentally mediated adaptation.
Application of the continuity equation to a breathing motion model.

Purpose: To quantitatively test a breathing motion model using the continuity equation and clinical data. Methods: The continuity equation was applied to a lung tissue and lung tumor free breathing motion model to quantitatively test the model performance. The model used tidal volume and airflow as the independent variables and the ratio of motion to tidal volume and motion to airflow were defined as α and β vector fields, respectively. The continuity equation resulted in a prediction that the volume integral of the divergence of the α vector field was 1.11 for all patients. The integral of the divergence of the β vector field was expected to be zero. Results: For 35 patients, the α vector field prediction was 1.06±0.14, encompassing the expected value. For the β vector field prediction, the average value was 0.02±0.03. Conclusions: These results provide quantitative evidence that the breathing motion model yields accurate predictions of breathing dynamics.
Measuring alcohol consumption among older adults: a comparison of available methods.

We determined levels of agreement and concordance between five alcohol measures among older veterans from a VA primary care clinic ( N =303) and community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries ( N =511)....
The HIV/HCV-Coinfected Patient and New Treatment Options

Hepatitis C (HCV) treatment is on the cusp of change with the approval of the first direct-acting antivirals: telaprevir and boceprevir. Drug-drug interactions with HIV antiretrovirals, increased toxicity, and rapid selection of HCV-resistant mutants are among the treatment complexities expected in this difficult-to-treat population. Until the current standard of care changes, focus should be on strategies to optimize management of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with currently available options. This article reviews the latest predictive factors of response to HCV treatment with the current standard of care in HIV-coinfected patients, and new treatment options.
Purification of rodent eosinophils on discontinuous metrizamide gradients

Abstract Methods are described for the purification of rat and mouse eosinophilis. Peritoneal exudate cells obtained from Schistosoma mansoni- or Trichinella spiralis-infected mice were plated on plastic dishes, and the nonadherent cells were centrifuged over discontinuous hypertonic metrizamide gradients. Approximately 41% of those eosinophils present in the original preparations were recovered from the interfaces between 20% and 22% metrizamide at an average of 88% purity. Peritoneal cells obtained from either uninfected or S. mansoni-infected rats were placed directly onto metrizamide gradients. After centrifugation, essentially all eosinophils present in the original preparations were recovered at the interface between 18.5% and 22.5% metriazamide, with an average of 80% purity. These methods for eosinophil purification have proven to be reproducible and to yield cells which are morphologically preserved and functional, as demonstrated by their ability to respond to a chemotactic stimulus.
Effect of stage of maturity at harvest on nutritive value of combine-type grain sorghum silage.

Abstract The relative feeding value of RS610 combine-type grain sorghum cut at three stages of maturity was determined. Average silage dry matter percentages were milk to dough stage, 25.3; dough, 27.4; and hard seed, 34.6. There was a decrease in crude fiber and an increase in NFE with each more advanced stage of maturity. The per cent of dry matter represented by seed doubled between the first and third silage stages. A switchback milk production study with 18 cows was conducted in 1964 and repeated in 1965. A Latin-square digestion trial with six bred heifers was conducted each year. Daily silage dry matter intake by the lactating cows increased with each more advanced stage of maturity. The 2-yr average was 1.64, 1.80, and 1.96kg per 100kg body weight daily. However, there was no significant difference in average daily FCM production or milk fat test either year. The digestion coefficients for crude protein decreased significantly with advancing maturity in both studies. In the 1965 trial there was a significant reduction in digestibility of crude fiber with increased maturity and a nonsignificant trend toward lower digestibility of dry matter, crude fat, and gross energy. Nitrogen-free extract digestibility appeared to increase slightly with increased maturity of the silage crop.
Linear Reoriented Coordinates Method

This paper presents a non-traditional method and algorithm to calculate the inverse solution for a one-dimensional function without the diffeomorphism property. The proposed method is called the linear reoriented coordinates method (LRCM). The LRCM is a very powerful and useful too to calculate the symbolic solutions for transcendental functions where the inverse function is not possible to calculate using other traditional methods and only analytic solutions can be calculated but symbolic solutions are not possible to obtain. The description and conditions for the application of the method are presented in the paper. Three of the applications presented in the paper will be to optimize the maximum rectangular area for a floor plan for an 8-bit A/D converter given space constraints, to determine the maximum power for a photovoltaic module (PVM) and for a fuel cell. In both applications, it is not possible to calculate the maximum values using only differential calculus. Finally, examples and simulations for the LRCM are presented
LOWER INCIDENCE OF REOPERATION WITH LONGER SHUNT SURVIVAL WITH ADULT VENTRICULOPERITONEAL SHUNTS PLACED FOR HEMORRHAGE-RELATED HYDROCEPHALUS

Objective The incidence of reoperation for ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS) in adults, although lower than in pediatric patients, is not insignificant. We hypothesize that adult VPS placed for hemorrhage-related hydrocephalus have a lower incidence of reoperation than those placed for other types of hydrocephalus. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all adult (>/= 20 yr) VPS initially placed from February 2001 to August 2006 at the University of Florida. We determined the incidence and time interval to reoperation. Follow-up was conducted by telephone interview and review of medical records. Results A total of 286 adult VPS were initially placed: 96 (34%) hemorrhage and 190 (66%) nonhemorrhage. A total of 15 (16%) hemorrhage patients underwent 22 shunt reoperations, compared with 50 (27%) nonhemorrhage patients who underwent 82 shunt reoperations (P = 0.0316). A Poisson regression analysis of the number of reoperations, factoring hemorrhage, age, and sex, demonstrated a significantly lower incidence of reoperation in hemorrhage patients (P = 0.0900). A Cox proportional hazards model analysis of time to first reoperation, factoring hemorrhage, age, and sex, demonstrated a significantly longer shunt survival in hemorrhage patients (P = 0.0404). Conclusion Adult VPS placed for hemorrhage-related hydrocephalus have a significantly lower incidence of reoperation and significantly longer shunt survival. This result may be related to an incidence of transient shunt dependency in patients with hemorrhage-related hydrocephalus. However, the precise mechanism remains unclear.
Papillary carcinoma associated with black thyroid gland

Black discoloration of thyroid gland was originally described in monkeys, dogs, and rats in 1967 by Benitz et al’ during clinical trial with minocycline in laboratory animals. Attwood and DennetP reported the first human case of macroscopic uniform black pigmentation of thyroid gland in a patient receiving long-term minocycline. The nature of the pigment in black thyroid syndrome has been the subject of multiple studies.3-7 Ultrastructurally, black thyroid glands associated with minocycline administration contain predominantly lipofuscins with a small amount of minocycline-related pigments.3 Different mechanisms have been proposed for black pigmentation of thyroid gland. Attwood and DennetP attributed black discoloration of the thyroid gland to a specific concentration of minocycline within the thyroid gland and an increase in lipofuscin deposition. Saul et al7 proposed that the pigments that were confined to the lysosomes seemed to be either oxidativedegraded products of the drug itself or the result of unknown alteration of thyroxin metabolism by the drug. Twenty cases of black thyroid syndrome (Table 1) have been reported in the English language literature; all except two cases were associated with minocycline therapy. Of the 20 reported cases of black thyroid syndrome, nine were incidental findings at autopsy, six were associated with a clinical thyroid nod-
On James Buchanan

Abstract The social engagement on which Buchanan has placed his focus is particularly important to bear in mind in solving the problems that the world faces today. Whether we are concerned with global warming or other environmental challenges, or with crippling unemployment and a stalled economy, the need for interactive public reasoning has never been stronger. The cultivation of the taste for public reasoning in an open-minded way, which James Buchanan has done so much to advance, is one of the features of his greatness for which economists and other social scientists—and indeed the world at large—have much reason to be grateful.
Cell damage by lithotripter shock waves at high pressure to preclude cavitation

Acoustic cavitation has been implicated as a cause of cell damage by lithotripter shock waves, particularly under in vitro conditions. When red blood cells were exposed to shock waves (from an electrohydraulic lithotripter) while under high hydrostatic pressure (> 80 atm), cell lysis was dramatically reduced over that seen at atmospheric pressure, which is consistent with damage due to acoustic cavitation. However, even at > 120 atm of pressure, lysis was still 97% above that of cells not exposed to shock waves, revealing significant damage that apparently was due to mechanisms other than cavitation. Hydrostatic pressure alone did not cause cell lysis, and shock-wave-dependent damage occurred when the cells were in fluid suspension, or when they were centrifuged to the end of the vial. Shock-wave damage at high pressure increased with increasing shock-wave number, and was seen at 24 and 20 kV, but not at 16 kV. This shock-wave damage at high pressure makes up a noteworthy portion of the total cell injury seen at atmospheric pressure (about 10% at 24 kV), suggesting significant noncavitational injury to cells in vitro. Because cavitation occurs far more readily in vitro than in vivo, the noncavitational damage seen in the present study could represent a substantial portion of cell injury seen in vivo with shock-wave lithotripsy.
Discriminative stimulus properties of CGS 10746B: similarity to dopamine D1 receptor antagonists

CGS 10746B is an imidazole-derivative related to the atypical antipsychotic clozapine which produces a decrease in dopamine release without altering dopamine metabolism or occupying D2 receptors. Rats were trained on an appetitively-motivated, two-choice, operant task to discriminate 20.0 mg/kg CGS 10746B from its vehicle. CGS 10746B was highly discriminable, producing rapid acquisition of the discrimination, and its effects were dose-responsive allowing generation of an ED50 value of 6.16 mg/kg. Substitution tests were conducted with other typical and atypical antipsychotic compounds: haloperidol, chlorpromazine, clozapine and SCH 23390. Additional tests examined generalization from the CGS 10746B stimulus properties to the calcium channel blocker isradipine, as well as to the anticholinergics atropine, scopolamine and methylscopolamine, as well as to the serotonergic agonist DOI. Clozapine and SCH 23390 were the only substances to substitute for the CGS 10746B stimulus cue. Results are discussed in terms of potential D1 receptor selectivity of CGS 10746B.
Analysis of block-organized buffers for Poisson input and periodic block output

Abstract The statistical behaviour of the block-organized buffers is studied under Poisson input and periodic block output. Analytical expressions concerning mean information loss, channel utilization and expected queueing delay in relation to traffic intensity, block size and buffer length are derived. Results are given for a range of parameters and the block-organized buffer is compared to the corresponding word-organized on a cost-performance basis. The study should prove useful to the design of on-line computer systems, computer networks, storage allocation strategies and the like.
2D displacement field reconstruction of left ventricle from tagged MR images using discontinuity-preserving regularization

Magnetic resonance tagging has been shown to be a useful technique for non-invasively measuring the deformation of an in vivo heart. Tagged images appear with a spatially encoded pattern of lines called tag lines that move with the tissue and can be analyzed to reconstruct a description of left ventricular (LV) displacement during a portion of the cardiac cycle. Existing analysis methods require user- defined epicardial and endocardial contours. In this paper we present a method based on edge-preserving regularization techniques for reconstructing dense 2D left ventricular displacement field from tag line position data without prior knowledge of the LV contours. Our methods are demonstrated on both simulated and in vivo data.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solutions for a class of n‐person games in partition function form

A unique polyhedral solution is given for most n-person games in partition function form when only partitions into coalitions with 1, n-1, and n players have large payoffs.
Learning to taste: Child socialization and food habits in France

Learning to appreciate food in France means learning to make distinctions. It means acquiring a specialized vocabulary to talk about food and enough practical, sensory experiences with different types of food to be able to compare and judge foods. Data from ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a Loire Valley town have been used analyze the ways in which a group of French children were expected to broaden their palates, begin to obtain different types of practical culinary knowledge, and gain mastery of “taste”-related talk. There were three different but inter-related aspects of what in France is known as “l’apprentissage du gout,” which one could translate as “learning about taste” or, simply, “taste mastery”, where the word “taste” (“le gout”) relates to cultural and class-based meanings in France. Specific examples were found of how children acquired such concepts through participation in food-related experiences in the school lunchroom, in the home kitchen, and around the family dinner table. From the school lunch producer's intent to educate young palates by creating special “taste week” menus and flipping crepes with Grandma, to impassioned appeals by parents to eat “good” food, children's hearts, minds and tastebuds were the objects of many taste socialization efforts.
Tardive dyskinesia and coupling constraints in inter-limb tremor

Abstract The coupling of inter-limb tremor in finger and arm postural tasks was examined in adult tardive dyskinetic, severely/profoundly mentally retarded, tardive dyskinetic and severely/profoundly mentally retarded, and normal healthy subjects. In finger tremor, the index fingers were found to operate independently in the time and frequency domains for normal adults but there was a modest level of coupling in the time domain in both tardive dyskinetic groups. Inter-limb coupling in the time and frequency domains was enhanced in arm tremor for all groups, with the effect stronger in the time domain for the tardive dyskinetic groups and in the frequency domain for the groups of normal intelligence. There was also a persistent phase lag in the coupling of the two limbs in both postural tasks for the tardive dyskinetic subjects. These data show that prolonged intake of neuroleptic medication constrains inter-limb coupling even when the task demands do not explicitly require such a coordination strategy. The coupling effects are stronger in arm tremor which suggests that the mass of the effector system is also a factor in constraining the coupling of inter-limb coordination.
A note on choosing the number of factors

We study the problem of model selection in Bayesian factor analysis. We propose a new model selection criterion for this model, which is to select that number of factors that maximizes the posterio...
New edge detection algorithms using alpha weighted quadratic filter

In this paper, we introduce two novel edge detection algorithms based on a negative alpha weighted quadratic filter. The goal of this work is to utilize the characteristics of the nonlinear filter to preserve and enhance edges for the purpose of edge detection. Unlike traditional edge detection algorithms, which detect edges by using derivatives, the proposed algorithms operate on local regions and modify the color tones of uniform regions while preserving the original edges. We also incorporate the luminance mas2king feature of the Human Visual System by masking the gradient image before edge labeling. Experimental simulations show that the proposed algorithms can extract fine edge information from images contaminated by noise and affected by non-uniform illumination; the obtained edge maps are more consistent to the edges perceived by the human eye. Comparison with existing algorithms will be also presented.
Socioemotional support in African American families coping with maternal HIV : An examination of mothers' and children's psychosocial adjustment

This longitudinal study examined the functions of socioemotional support among 205 African American mothers and children who reside in a low-income inner city environment. Approximately one-third of participating mothers were HIV-infected. Results indicated that HIV-infected women and their children endorsed receiving lower levels of socioemotional support than noninfected women and their children. More social and emotional support from neighbors and friends was associated with less psychological distress of both HIV-infected and noninfected women. More socioemotional support from the mother was associated with less depressive mood and disruptive behavior among all children. Some evidence indicated that higher levels of emotional support received by mothers from children were associated with greater psychological distress in mothers. With few exceptions, the HIV status of the mother did not qualify the relationship between socioemotional support and psychosocial adjustment. Thus, socioemotional support appeared to serve as a resource factor, rather than a protective factor, among these families. The current results tentatively indicate that families facing these stressors may benefit from clinical services enhancing mothers' access to socioemotional support from other adults.