cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-photon absorption in Ge: Band effects

Calculations are reported of the two-photon absorption in germanium using a Kane band model. All bands within 10 eV of the valence-band edge are considered. The matrix elements are evaluated using $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}$ theory to find the relevant wave functions. The spherical model of Baldereschi and Lipari is used to treat the distinction between the light-hole and heavy-hole bands properly. Detailed calculations are made to test various approximations that simplify the evaluation of these complicated nonlinear optical coefficients. For Ge it is essential that the split-off band be included as an intermediate state and that the nonparabolicity of the conduction band be treated correctly. The results of the most complete calculation are in good agreement with experimental results.
Fractional quantum Hall effect in a curved space: gravitational anomaly and electromagnetic response.

The electromagnetic response of fractional quantum Hall states is shown to be analogous to gravitational anomalies, allowing for the computation of previously unknown kinetic coefficients.
Four distinct movement qualities in music: a performer's guide

Beat, melody, the cadential tonic, phrase and climax, are all musical features which reflect movement qualities. The performer needs to sense the movement in these features. Beat is pendular, like swinging the arms and legs in walking; it is a succession of components centered on a momentary metric accent. Melodic contour is like the gestures accompanying speech; it is a sustained and curvilinear line, not a series of notes, and its life derives from the body's flexibility. The cadential tonic reflects a balanced, energized stillness, rather than a merely passive state; it is like standing comfortably upright, not like flopping in a chair. It is movement in stillness. Phrase and climax are characterized by an upward-and-outward elastic movement, resembling a breath. It has a “stretchy” quality, like a deliberate muscular action. If we sense each of these kinetic qualities in performing, we may observe our habits and alter them for the better.
Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of neuroendocrine liver metastases: a 10-year experience evaluating predictors of survival

Background A decade ago we reported the first use of laparoscopic radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) for the treatment of neuroendocrine hepatic metastases. This study analyzes our 10-year experience and determines characteristics predictive of survival. Methods Eighty RFA sessions were performed in 63 patients with neuroendocrine hepatic metastases in a prospective trial. All patients had unresectable disease with computed tomography (CT) documented lesion and/or symptom progression. Perioperative morbidity, symptom relief, disease progression, and long-term survival were analyzed. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Results There were 22 women and 41 men, age 54.4 ± 1.5 years followed for 2.8 ± 0.3 years (range, 0.1 to 7.8). Tumor types included 36 carcinoid, 18 pancreatic islet cell, and 9 medullary thyroid cancer. RFA was performed 1.6 ± 0.3 years after the diagnosis of liver metastases. Number of lesions treated was 6 ± 0.5 (range, 1 to 16). Forty-nine patients underwent 1 ablation session, and 14 (22%) had repeat sessions caused by disease progression. Mean hospital stay was 1.1 days. Perioperative morbidity was 5%, with no 30-day mortality. Fifty-seven percent of patients exhibited symptoms. One week postoperatively 92% of these reported at least partial symptom relief, and 70% had significant or complete relief. Duration of symptom control was 11 ± 2.3 months. CT follow-up demonstrated 6.3% local tumor recurrence. Larger dominant liver tumor size and male gender adversely impacted survival (P < .05). Median survival times were 11.0 years postdiagnosis of primary tumor, 5.5 years postdiagnosis of neuroendocrine hepatic metastases, and 3.9 years post-1st RFA. Survival for patients undergoing repeat ablation sessions was not significantly lower. Conclusions This study represents the largest series of neuroendocrine hepatic metastases treated by RFA. In this group of patients with aggressive neuroendocrine tumor metastases and limited treatment options, RFA provides effective local control with prompt symptomatic improvement.
Comparison of the non-stress test with the evaluation of centralization of blood flow for the prediction of neonatal compromise.

Objective To determine whether the middle cerebral to umbilical artery systolic/diastolic velocity waveform ratio (MC/UA) was a more sensitive indicator of fetal compromise than the non-stress test (NST). Study design An outcome study of high-risk patients undergoing NST testing and MC/UA studies within 10 days of delivery. Patients were divided into four groups based on their test results, and neonatal outcome parameters were compared. Results There were significant differences between all four test result groups with respect to length of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Patients in whom both the NST and MC/UA ratio were normal had significantly lower utilization of Cesarean section for delivery, admission and length of stay in the NICU and occurrence of significant neonatal complications. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the combination of the NST and MC/UA ratio was an excellent predictor of perinatal outcome. Conclusions The MC/UA ratio improves the sensitivity for the prediction of poor perinatal outcome when it is combined with the NST. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Chirped-Pulse Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Nuclear Forensics

Experimental evidence for a significant effect of pulse chirp in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of uranium is reported. A 27% improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio is demonstrated by the use of linear chirp.
Extended leaf phenology and the autumn niche in deciduous forest invasions

The phenology of growth in temperate deciduous forests, including the timing of leaf emergence and senescence, has strong control over ecosystem properties such as productivity and nutrient cycling, and has an important role in the carbon economy of understory plants. Extended leaf phenology, whereby understory species assimilate carbon in early spring before canopy closure or in late autumn after canopy fall, has been identified as a key feature of many forest species invasions, but it remains unclear whether there are systematic differences in the growth phenology of native and invasive forest species or whether invaders are more responsive to warming trends that have lengthened the duration of spring or autumn growth. Here, in a 3-year monitoring study of 43 native and 30 non-native shrub and liana species common to deciduous forests in the eastern United States, I show that extended autumn leaf phenology is a common attribute of eastern US forest invasions, where non-native species are extending the autumn growing season by an average of 4 weeks compared with natives. In contrast, there was no consistent evidence that non-natives as a group show earlier spring growth phenology, and non-natives were not better able to track interannual variation in spring temperatures. Seasonal leaf production and photosynthetic data suggest that most non-native species capture a significant proportion of their annual carbon assimilate after canopy leaf fall, a behaviour that was virtually absent in natives and consistent across five phylogenetic groups. Pronounced differences in how native and non-native understory species use pre- and post-canopy environments suggest eastern US invaders are driving a seasonal redistribution of forest productivity that may rival climate change in its impact on forest processes.
Construction tradition for housing determines disaster potential from severe tropical cyclones

Abstract Potentials for catastrophe exist in highly developed industrialized and residential communities located on tropical cyclone vulnerable coastal plains. The catastrophes which will occur will be the result of damage to buildings, including housing, that are vulnerable to the effects of extreme winds. In many of these areas, the relatively low frequency of tropical cyclones has permitted the development of a construction tradition that does not reflect an awareness of extreme winds. Billion dollar disaster events in the last decade substantiate this observation. More importantly, however, these events offer planning opportunities for mitigating the threat through the engineering of residential construction.
Assessing outpatient drug abuse treatment programs

Drug abuse is a major domestic health problem in the United States, and evaluators, policy makers, interest groups, and the general public are critically interested in knowing which treatments work best. Costs of drug abuse in America are conservatively estimated at 47 billion dollars per year (Harwood, 1984). It is estimated that over 27 million persons in households in the United States, or about one in every ten Americans, used illicit drugs in 1990 (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991). The Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP) and the Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (TOPS) represent two major drug abuse treatment outcome studies. The DARP study tracked over 44,000 drug users admitted to 52 drug abuse treatment programs during 1969-1973. DARP found that demographic and socioeconomic characteristics explained only a small amount of outcome variance (Sells and Simpson, 1980). Better predictors of treatment outcome were the length of time in treatment and the behavior during treatment (Simpson et al., 1982). TOPS included 11,750 drug users admitted to 41 drug abuse programs during 1979-l 98 1. A finding from this study was that drug abuse treatment reduced illicit drug use and criminal behavior (Hubbard et al., 1989). As in DARP, time in treatment was positively related to drug abuse treatment outcome. While the DARP and TOPS studies established the effectiveness of drug abuse treatment, many issues remain to be clarified. For example, more work is needed in efforts to match clients to treatment. The study of treatment process has remained tantalizingly difficult and little is known about the role that treatment structure and organization play in treatment outcome (Tims and Ludford, 1984). The purpose of this paper is to report data about outpatient treatment unit followup evaluations drawn from selected evaluation items in the recent National Drug Abuse Treatment Survey. A section of questions related to treatment evaluation activities was included in this national survey of drug abuse treatment programs. These
Three dimensional reconstruction of the components of the carotid plaque from standard CT medical images

The present study compares plaque and calcium volumes between sixteen diseased human carotid arteries. Half were from symptomatic patients, and half were from asymptomatic patients. In-house software was developed for the 3-D reconstruction of the plaque components from computerized tomography (CT) images. Results revealed higher mean total volume (TV) in the symptomatic group compared to the asymptomatic group. In contrast, the mean ratio of calcium volume (CV) to TV was lower for the symptomatic group compared to the asymptomatic group. This shows that symptomatic patients have a significantly greater plaque burden with minimal plaque calcification. The process of acquiring the data helped understand what tools/features are needed to conduct this work. One important feature of this software is the ability to create automated regions of interest (ROI) in addition to simple manual selection/modification of the ROIs in a GUI environment.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Cache conscious programming in undergraduate computer science

The wide-spread use of microprocessor based systems that utilize cache memory to alleviate excessively long DRAM access times introduces a new dimension in the quest to obtain good program performance. To fully exploit the performance potential of these fast processors, programmers must reason about their program's cache performance. Heretofore, this topic has been restricted to the supercomputer, multiprocessor, and academic research community. It is now time to introduce this topic into undergraduate computer science curriculum.As part of the CURIOUS project at Duke University, we are in the initial stages of incorporating cache performance issues into an undergraduate course on software design and implementation. Specifically, we are introducing students to the notion of a cache profile that maps cache behavior to source lines and data structures, and providing a cache profiler that can be used along with other performance debugging tools. In the end, we hope to produce cache conscious programmers that are able to exploit the full performance potential of today's computers.
A saint-venant principle for the gradient in the Neumann problem

The maximum principle for subharmonic functions is used to obtain upper bounds for the gradient in the Neumann problem of potential theory. These bounds, which concern a curvilinear strip domain having nonzero boundary data only on an end, entail an exponential decay of the gradient magnitude with distance from that end.
Transoesophageal echocardiography during scoliosis repair: comparison with CVP monitoring

Accurate haemodynamic assessment during surgical repair of scoliosis is crucial to the care of the patient. The purpose of this study was to compare transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) with central venous pressure monitoring in patients with spinal deformities requiring surgery in the prone position. Twelve paediatric patients undergoing corrective spinal surgery for scoliosis/kyphosis in the prone position were studied. Monitoring included TEE, intra-arterial and central venous pressure monitoring (CVP). Haemodynamic assessment was performed prior to and immediately after positioning the patient prone on the Relton-Hall table. Data consisted of mean arterial blood pressure (mBP), heart rate (HR), CVP, left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters (LVESD and LVEDD respectively) and fractional shortening (FS). Right ventricular (RV) function and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) were assessed qualitatively. Analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Student’s t test, sign rank, and correlation analysis. There was an increase in CVP (8.7 mmHg to 17.7 mmHg;P <.01), and decreases in LVEDD (37.1 mm to 33.2 mm;P <.05), and mean blood pressure (75.0 mmHg to 65.7 mmHg;P <.05) when patients were placed in the prone position. Fractional shortening, LVESD, and HR did not change from the supine to the prone position. Right ventricular systolic function and tricuspid regurgitation were unchanged. These data indicate that the CVP is a misleading monitor of cardiac volume in patients with kyphosis/scoliosis in the prone position. This is consistent with previous studies. In this clinical situation, TEE may be a more useful monitoring tool to assess on-line ventricular size and function.
Uncertainty Reduction for Knowledge Discovery and Information Extraction on the World Wide Web

In this paper, we give an overview of knowledge discovery (KD) and information extraction (IE) techniques on the World Wide Web (WWW). We intend to answer the following questions: What kind of additional uncertainty challenges are introduced by the WWW setting to basic KD and IE techniques? What are the fundamental techniques that can be used to reduce such uncertainty and achieve reasonable KD and IE performance on the WWW? What is the impact of each novel method? What types of interactions can be conducted between these techniques and information networks to make them benefit from each other? In what way can we utilize the results in more interesting applications? What are the remaining challenges and what are the possible ways to address these challenges? We hope this can provide a road map to advance KD and IE on the WWW to a higher level of performance, portability and utilization.
Multichannel waveforms and topographic mapping of the auditory brainstem response under common stimulus and recording conditions

Topographic representation of brain electrical activity may be employed to provide information about excitation patterns and symmetry of responses to sensory stimulation. The present investigation describes the waveforms and topographic distribution of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) in normal-hearing and neurologically-normal women during several stimulus and recording conditions using a multiple electrode array. Acoustic stimuli were rarefaction clicks presented monaurally at five intensities. Latencies and amplitudes for the sagittal and coronal electrodes as well as the topographies of waves I, III, and V were described. Wave I, in an ipsilateral inverting reference condition, exhibited smallest amplitudes at the temporal electrode ipsilateral to the stimulated ear and maximum voltage at electrode sites contralateral to the stimulated ear. Amplitude and latency patterns of wave III were perculiar to level of stimulation, ear of stimulation and selection of inverting electrode site. Wave III maximum voltage was detected at fronto-central scalp areas contralateral to the stimulated ear. Wave V latencies and amplitudes varied across electrode site and inverting electrode position. Its topography revealed maximum positive voltage at fronto-central electrodes, slightly asymmetric in some instances. Analysis of amplitude and topographic patterns of ABR components may provide useful information to supplement that provided by conventional displays of waveforms.
WHETHER SPIES TOO CAN BE SAVED

Spies, like soldiers, do a job and employ tactics that need justifying. I offer an argument for how Christian ethics may handle the moral problems of spying and do so by looking at the morally troubling tactics used by spies through the eyes of those who played an important role in shaping Christian theology and philosophy and have become normative in Christian moral thinking on the use of force. I argue that spying may be justifiable when we conceive the profession as a kind of use of force that is governed by the just war criteria. Spying is a particular kind of use of force that takes its moral character from those who authorize it, with what justification, to what ends, and with what methods. Particular attention is given to the tactics of disregarding the rules of war, the telling and living of lies, running covert operations, and assassinating military and political leaders.
Measured backscatter signature of a fiber recirculating delay line.

On a recemment propose d'utiliser des lignes a retard a recirculation a fibre pour tester les performances des reflectometres optiques dans le domaine temps
GERM CELL LOCALIZATION OF TESTICULAR GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (GHRH)

Hypothalamic releasing hormones have been found outside of the CNS, however, their extrahypothalamic function remains largely unknown. We have identified a testicular GHRH-like peptide and mRNA in human and rat testis. Human testis, like hypothalamus and placenta, contains an abundant 750bp GHRH mRNA. Rat testis has been shown to produce a larger mRNA of 1750bp. This study was designed to localize GHRH production in testis. Rat testes were fractionated following collagenase and trypsin digestion. Germ cells were further separated by sedimentation, using a staput device. Total RNA was extracted from each cell population by the guanidinium thiocyanate method. Northern analysis, using a 32P-labeled riboprobe complementary to a GHRH cDNA (gift of R. Evans), revealed an abundant 1750bp transcript in spermatocytes, round spermatids and, to a lesser extent, in Sertoli cells. No transcript was detected in RNA from elongating spermatids, Leydig cells, or epididymis. Further localization by in sint hybridization using this probe, revealed prominent labeling of early spermatogenic cells. Because human germ cell cancers are the result of dysregulated growth of undifferentiated spermatogenic cells, we probed the Tera-2 and NT2D1 human germ cell cancer lines with the GHRH riboprobe. Like hypothalamus and human testis, a 750bp transcript was clearly delectable in both cell lines. To determine if GHRH might play a role as an autocrine mitogenic factor in these cancers, we evaluated thymidine incorporation into Tera-2 celis following treatment with GHRH (100nM). There was a 52% increase in thymidine incorporation suggesting that GHRH can induce DNA synthesis in these cells. We conclude that GHRH is produced in normal and cancerous germ cells and speculate that it may function as a local testicular growth factor.
Performance Study of Live Video Streaming Over Highway Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Live video streaming over vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) is an attractive feature to many applications, such as emergency live video transmission, road-side video advertisement broadcasting and inter-vehicle video conversation. Though vehicles have ample bandwidth, computation and storage capacity to support data intensive communication, the high mobility may cause persistent network partition. The performance of video streaming suffers from the delay and packet loss incurred by the long time disconnection. Although many solutions have been proposed to handle the high mobility problem, few of them addressed the problem in the context of video transmission. In this paper, we focus on video streaming between vehicles in highway, where the traffic density is adequate to mitigate frequent link disconnections and persistent network partitions. We study the performance of video streaming under different data forwarding and buffer management schemes. Real video data and the dedicated short range communications (DSRC) are used in the simulation study to better match the reality. The result of this paper gives insight for the design of the future inter-vehicle video streaming system.
On types of search and the allocation of library resources

This article discusses the different types of searches made in libraries in two ways. In Part I a review of some examples of searches leads to the conclusion that the traditional dichotomy of “known item” and “subject search” is inadequate. A more satisfactory method would be to regard every search as being for both (more or less) specified documents and (more or less) specified “subjects.” Part II considers the allocation of library resources in relation to patterns of searches. The literature of user studies reveals significant variations in the nature of searches in different groups of users. Alternative allocations of library resources and choices concerning library technology vary considerably with respect to the cost effectiveness of the resulting service in meeting demands upon it. Viewing libraries from this perspective provides an explanation and rationalization of the distinctive features of different types of library: public, academic, and special.
High-Order Accurate Dual Time-Stepping Algorithm for Viscous Aeroacoustic Simulations

The field of computational aeroacoustics (CAA) has shown great promise in the solution of primarily inviscid noise generation and wave propagation problems that are governed by the Euler equations. The present research extends these ideas to the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations in multi-dimensions where the acoustic and flow fields may be influenced by viscous effects. In this paper, efficient acceleration techniques typical of explicit steady-state solvers are extended to time-accurate calculations. Stability restrictions based on the grid spacing are relaxed greatly with the implementation of a fully implicit time discretization. Some simplified problems that address the important issues of viscous calculations are investigated. A two-dimensiona l, Navier-Stokes code, written in Fortran 90 with the Message Passing Library (MPI) as a parallel implementation, is used to perform these calculations. As an example calculation, scattering of an acoustic source by a flat plate in the presence of a mean flow including a viscous boundary layer is presented.
Simple perfusion apparatus for manipulation, tracking, and study of oocytes and embryos.

Objective To develop and implement a device and protocol for oocyte analysis at a single cell level. The device must be capable of high resolution imaging, temperature control, perfusion of media, drugs, sperm, and immunolabeling reagents all at defined flow rates. Each oocyte and resultant embryo must remain spatially separated and defined. Design Experimental laboratory study. Setting University and academic center for reproductive medicine. Patient(s)/Animal(s) Women with eggs retrieved for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles, adult female FVBN and B6C3F1 mouse strains, sea stars. Intervention(s) Real-time, longitudinal imaging of oocytes after fluorescent labeling, insemination, and viability tests. Main Outcome Measure(s) Cell and embryo viability, immunolabeling efficiency, live cell endocytosis quantification, precise metrics of fertilization, and embryonic development. Result(s) Single oocytes were longitudinally imaged after significant changes in media, markers, endocytosis quantification, and development, all with supreme control by microfluidics. Cells remained viable, enclosed, and separate for precision measurements, repeatability, and imaging. Conclusion(s) We engineered a simple device to load, visualize, experiment, and effectively record individual oocytes and embryos without loss of cells. Prolonged incubation capabilities provide longitudinal studies without need for transfer and potential loss of cells. This simple perfusion apparatus provides for careful, precise, and flexible handling of precious samples facilitating clinical IVF approaches.
Barotropic Impacts of Surface Friction on Eddy Kinetic Energy and Momentum Fluxes: An Alternative to the Barotropic Governor

As the surface drag is increased in a comprehensive general circulation model (GCM), the upper-level zonal winds decrease and eddy momentum flux convergence into the jet core increases. Globally averaged eddy kinetic energy decreases, a response that is inconsistent with the conventional barotropic governor mechanism whereby decreased barotropic shears encourage baroclinic wave growth. As the conventional barotropic governor appears insufficient to explain the entire response in the comprehensive GCM, the nondivergentbarotropicmodelonthesphereisusedtodemonstrateanadditionalmechanismfortheeffectof surface drag on eddy momentum fluxes and eddy kinetic energy. Analysis of the pseudomomentum budget shows that increased drag modifies the background meridional vorticity gradient, which allows for enhanced eddy momentum flux convergence and decreased eddy kinetic energy in the presence of a constant eddy source. This additional feedback may explain the changes in eddy momentum fluxes observed in the comprehensive GCM and was likely present in previous work on the barotropic governor.
An information-theoretic approach to the design of robust digital watermarking systems

A variety of emerging applications require the design of systems for embedding one signal within another signal. We describe a new class of embedding methods called quantization index modulation (QIM) and develop a realization termed coded dither modulation in which the embedded information modulates the dither signal of a dithered quantizer. We also develop a framework in which one can analyze the performance trade-offs among robustness, distortion, and embedding rate, and we show that QIM systems have considerable performance advantages over previously proposed spread-spectrum and low-bit modulation systems.
Undocumented Citizens: The Civic Engagement of Activist Immigrants.

IDEAS is the undocumented student support group at University of California Los Angeles. This ethnography follows their planning of a conference on immigrant rights legislation. How do undocumented immigrants engage in active citizenship? Patterns of student activism are seen during the conference planning process. IDEAS members emulate Freirean ideals. Schwarzenegger expressed sympathy, but issued vetoes; students learn leadership on their own terms and learn organizing on professors’ terms. Despite their agency, IDEAS members are disenfranchised and marginalized in specific ways. For university support services, the political engagement of undocumented activists raises important issues. For researchers, this illuminates gaps between conceptualizations of active citizenship and legal citizenship.
Response to "The many faces of dyslexia".

It is a great honor for me to comment on Dr. Rawson's paper. Let me stress, however, that my doing so gives only the illusion of a peer relationship between us. In reality I, as most of you I am sure, am awed by what she has to say and view her as the teacher she really is for all of us. But what makes her a great teacher, I am convinced, is that she is herself a perpetual student. It is clear that she has thought a great deal and for a long time about many facets of dyslexia, and therefore, it is not surprising that she can arrive at what I believe to be profound conclusions. However, I know for a fact that she could not have thought about the anatomical findings for very long; after all, the earliest observations date back to only 1979. I must conclude, therefore, that Margaret has remained the attentive student, and you can rest assured that what she has told us in her present lecture includes reflections that are undeniably au courant. Why do I say that I believe Margaret Rawson's conclusions are profound? Simply, it is because they agree with my own. But wait, it is not what it sounds like. We have both come to similar conclusions, approaching the analysis from broadly different perspectives. This is, in fact, the aim of science: to reach the same conclusions using widely different methods. But, in addition, she did it first. Furthermore, she did it first without the help of the modern tools of neuroanatomy that have helped me reach my conclusions. Let me take the next few minutes to underscore what I think are some of her most important messages. Dr. Rawson first tells us that she is becoming more and more convinced that the definition of dyslexia is not very positive or productive. It somehow does not ring right with her that dyslexia is
Practical Uses of Continuous Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitoring

The comparison between intermittent Pao 2 samples and a continuous transcutaneous PO 2 recording can be compared to viewing a sports event by means of a single black and white photograph taken during the game versus a televised version complete with instant replays. Transcutaneous monitoring has made it possible to visualize the immediate effect of therapeutic maneuvers on PO 2 as well as the physiologic response to a variety of routine procedures. In certain clinical situations with circulatory compromise, this measurement of tissue oxygenation may be a more pertinent clinical parameter than Pao 2 . The ability to monitor transcutaneous O 2 tension continuously should enable researchers to further unravel the relationship of Po 2 to various neonatal disorders such as retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and intraventricular hemorrhage. Other physiologic parameters may also be measured transcutaneously. A transcutaneous Pco 2 monitor is now in use clinically, and a transcutaneous pH electrode, still in the developmental process, should be available in the near future. Like the transcutaneous Po 2 monitor, these devices generate a continuous flow of clinical data enabling nurses and physicians to make rapid informed decisions based on the patient9s current physiologic status.
Augmenting glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor signaling to treat painful neuropathies.

Peripheral neuropathies are a group of disorders affecting peripheral nerves, characterized by either distal axonal degeneration or dysfunction of the ensheathing Schwann cells. Depending on the type of peripheral nerve involvement, there are many different symptoms and examination findings in patients with peripheral neuropathy. However, neuropathic pain is probably the single most prevalent complaint that results in consultation with a doctor. Although symptomatic therapies exist for treating pain in peripheral neuropathies (1), none are very effective or specific to the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, often resulting in too many side effects. There is a desperate need in the field to develop pathogenesis-based specific treatments to treat painful symptoms in patients with peripheral neuropathies. In PNAS, Hedstrom et al. present convincing preclinical data to show that enhancement of glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signaling with a small molecule agonist offers such a hope (2).
Ambulance diversion: economic and policy considerations.

Descriptive statistics of patients arriving by ambulance in the current study are similar to 2003 data from the National Center for Health Statistics. 5 These data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey showed that about 18% of emergency department patients arrive by ambulance, of whom 39% are seniors, 68% have urgent or emergency conditions at triage, and approximately one third are admitted to the hospital. Medicare (32%) and Medicaid (29%) account for the majority of ambulance patients’ health care coverage. During 2003, about 45% of hospitals reported some period of time on ambulance diversion. In the current study, an increase in the number of ICU beds resulted in fewer ambulance diversions, more admissions, and increased net revenues from ambulance patients. After expansion of the ICU, the study reported an average decrease in monthly time on diversion of about 60%. There was an 18% increase in admission of ambulance patients to the ICU. The authors concluded that ambulance patients generate substantial net revenues for the hospital, and reducing diversion could represent a feasible financial strategy for some institutions. Internal validity or causality is always an important limitation in such studies. Many other factors could have contributed to the results reported in this study, such as changes in diversion policy at other area hospitals, changes within the emergency medical services (EMS) system, and relative availability of inpatient beds among area hospitals. The authors acknowledge this limitation, and lacking any evidence of significant changes in the EMS system or among area hospitals, it is reasonable to attribute much of the observed results of decreased diversion and increased ICU admissions to the expansion of ICU services at the study hospital. The authors correctly point out that net profitability is more important to hospitals than merely increasing revenues.
Microbial Conversion of Corn Stalks to Riches

If all of the corn stover (mature cured stalks with the ears removed) in the United States could be converted annually to an utilizable form of energy such as ethanol, the United States would not have to import as much foreign oil ([2][1]; David Johnston, personal communication). This would have a
Microbial ecology comes of age and joins the general ecology community.

The article by Boles et al. (1) in a recent issue of PNAS is profoundly important because it addresses a major change in the etiology of human bacterial diseases that has passed unnoticed during the last half of the past century. Acute diseases caused by mobile cells of specialized pathogens have largely disappeared because we have identified the pathogens and countered with vaccines and antibiotics. Diphtheria, typhoid fever, and posttraumatic gangrene have ceased to threaten us. However, these acute epidemic diseases have been largely replaced (2) by environmental organisms that gain a foothold in the human body, especially in compromised organs (like the lung in cystic fibrosis), and initiate the invidious twin processes of inflammation and chronic disease. The new microbial enemies are common and ubiquitous in nature, they live in protected biofilms where they resist antibiotics and host defenses, and they can mount small or large acute attacks on the host that may eventually succeed when his or her defenses are depleted. In their article, Boles et al. (1) relate modern biofilm diseases to the basic ecological principles that govern all forms of life on the planet, and they wisely invoke the insurance hypothesis that is well established in general ecology (3). Microbial ecology has not yet embraced either the concepts or the methods developed to study the ecology of higher plants and animals, so microbial ecologists stand to learn every bit as much from this masterful review as do the medical ecologists to whom it may seem to be directed. When a human is attacked by bacteria, our elaborate innate and acquired defense mechanisms swing into action, and the attackers soon become defenders, as cytokines immobilize phagocytes, and defensins and antibodies flood the area and kill the invaders. If the threatening agents are homogeneous, and if they operate …
Stability of the planar full 2-body problem

The stability of the Full Two-Body Problem is studied in the case where both bodies are non-spherical, but are restricted to planar motion. The mutual potential is expanded up to second order in the mass moments, yielding a highly symmetric yet non-trivial dynamical system. For this system we identify all relative equilibria and determine their stability properties, with an emphasis on finding the energetically stable relative equilibria and conditions for Hill stability of the system. The energetically stable relative equilibria always correspond to the classical “gravity gradient” configuration with the long ends of the two bodies pointed at each other, however there always exists a second equilibrium in this configuration at a closer separation that is unstable. For our model system we precisely map out the relations between these different configurations at a given value of angular momentum. This analysis identifies the fundamental physical constraints and limitations that exist on such systems, and has immediate applications to the stability of asteroid systems that are fissioned due to a rapid spin rate. Specifically, we find that all contact binary asteroids which are spun to fission will initially lie in an unstable dynamical state and can always re-impact. If the total system energy is positive, the fissioned system can disrupt directly from this relative equilibrium, while if it is negative the system is bound together.
Predictors of Survival in Patients with Resectable Gastric Cancer Treated with Preoperative Chemoradiation Therapy and Gastrectomy.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the overall survival (OS) of patients with resectable gastric cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiation therapy and gastrectomy. Study Design The medical records of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma presenting to our institution (January 1995 to August 2012) were reviewed to identify patients who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy, preoperative chemoradiation, and gastrectomy. Associations between various clinicopathologic factors and OS were examined with Cox proportional hazards models. Results Of 192 patients who met inclusion criteria, 103 (54%) required total gastrectomy. One hundred sixty-eight patients (88%) had an extended lymph node dissection, 26 (14%) had resection of adjacent organs, and 178 (93%) had an R0 resection. Median follow-up time for surviving patients was 4.2 years. Median OS for all patients was 5.8 years, and 5-year OS rate was 56%. Multivariable Cox regression model results identified variables associated with diminished OS including age ≥ 65 years (hazard ratio [HR] 1.62; 95% CI 1.05 to 2.51), male sex (HR 1.76; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.74), adjacent organ resection (HR 1.97; 95% CI 1.16 to 3.35), R1 status (HR 2.29; 95% CI 1.17 to 4.48), pathologic N1 stage (HR 1.92; 95% CI 1.24 to 2.98), N2 stage (HR 2.58; 95% CI 1.01 to 6.58), and N3 stage (HR 6.54; 95% CI 2.69 to 15.93). Five-year OS rates for patients with pathologic N0, N1, N2, and N3 disease were 67%, 42%, 43%, and 0%, respectively. Conclusions Patients with gastric cancer who undergo diagnostic laparoscopy, preoperative chemoradiation, and gastrectomy have a high frequency of obtaining an R0 resection and excellent OS rates. Nodal status after surgery remains an important determinant of OS.
B mixing and flavor tagging at CDF

The CDF Collaboration has made a preliminary measurement of Bd mixing as a first step toward measuring mixing in the Bs system. Flavor tagging using opposite-side jets and muons as well as same-side tagging schemes have been applied. Results agree well with precise results from the B-factories. We use these results to estimate CDF's Bs mixing range using the present data set (~250pb-1) and extrapolate to the potential from larger data sets in future running.
Intimate partner violence in rural environments.

The purpose of this chapter is to review nursing and other research related to rural intimate partner violence. The author presents a review of research in the area of intimate partner violence in the rural setting. The findings indicate that there is limited nursing research related to intimate partner violence in rural communities. The review describes the prevalence and types of abuse, the rural service issues, and the consequences of battering. The chapter also discusses the health implications of violence in the rural setting. The author concludes with a presentation of a research agenda for nursing research in rural environments. Language: en
Learning to fish, fishing to learn: guided participation in the interpersonal ecology of practice

In Section II, I first explore supervisory sources of learning in traditional clinical terms, describing a full range of teaching/learning interdependencies with clinical supervisors including role-modeling, top-down collaboration, mentoring, case supervision, feedback, and mandatory reflection. However, it is not clear that ecological learners benefit from workplace experiences solely because they receive "instruction" from idealized supervisors nor that the quality of their learning experience is dependent on the availability of high quality, didactic supervision. Accordingly, we might ask ourselves a series of questions about additional sources of learning: do students learn from participation itself and if so how? What internal and external factors increase or decrease the quality of students' participation and how might educators positively affect those factors? Assuming students learn laterally from their peers, how do they do so and how might educators intensify that learning? Assuming theory is not the end all of learning in the workplace, what role does theory and theory talk play in the replication of expertise? Assuming feedback and reflection are not the only appropriate forms of supervision, what kinds of lawyering and performances, assigned tasks, collegial communications, and exposures really do facilitate learning with senior colleagues? How directive or non-directive should senior colleagues be, how intensively must they supervise, and what is the best timing and location of their guidance? To begin answering these questions, in Section III, I describe participatory and lateral sources of learning that challenge and supplement the clinical model. In Section IV, I turn to the more traditional concern of clinicians and focus on expert/novice interactions and explore how students acquire competence through interaction with their more senior colleagues. After briefly summarizing evidence concerning the nature of expertise and the differences between expert and novice performance, I identify multiple circumstances that might facilitate is replication. Ultimately, I propose a model of guided participation in apprentice-like opportunities as the best means to assist the socialization of a novice and to ensure the rapid replication of expertise.
The 1911-1912 Debate on the Political Model of Macau

This article looks at the history of Portugal's first Republic in the first decade of the 20th century. Macau was a very conservative society where the orientations of the colonial authorities in Lisbon were not welcome if they appeared to change the local balance of power that favoured the resident group of Portuguese descendants named "Macanese". Although the Chinese ethnic group was the largest group of the population it did not have any political representation, namely in the traditional centre of local powers, the Leal Senado (Loyal Senate). The author goes through the short mandate of Alvaro Melo Machado, first Republican Governor of the Portuguese Asian Territory, and explains why his impetus for reform was blocked by the local lobbies using their party connection in Lisbon to prevent the reforms. Machado looked to restructure the organs of government, extinguishing the Leal Senado and creating a new legislative and executive structure that would professionalize Macau's administration and assure larger representation to every community living in the colony. That reform for a new status for the colony was prepared by Machado and discussed in a Committee representative of the Portuguese groups of Macau society. Blocked in Lisbon, it took several decades before Machado's initiative became reality. The vision of Melo Machado, a transitional governor between the monarchy and the Republic, was quite emblematic of the revolutionary spirit that animated that 1910 decade both in Macau and China. Machado may be acknowledged today as someone much ahead of his time and contemporaries who had a pragmatic way of changing things to improve the livelihood of local communities.
Effects of endbrain lesions on visual discrimination learning in pigeons.

While there has been considerable study of the avain forebrain, we still have little understanding of its role in behavior. Zeigler (1963) found that lesions restricted to hyperstriatal areas produced deficits in pattern and intensity discrimination. Because this region is itself composed of two areas, a hyperstriatum and an accessory hyperstrian~m, it was not possible to determine to which area the deficits were attributable. The present study was designed to investigate the role of these two areas in visual discrimination learning by training 12 adult male pigeons to 90% criterion for 50 trials on two consecutive days to make pattern (triangle vs circle), intensity (high vs low), and color (red vs green) discriminations in key pecking, balancing stimulus and transfer effects. Ss were then divided into four surgical groups (unilateral and bilateral lesions for each area) and retested. Ablation of either accessory hyperstriatum produced deficits in visual discrimination confirming the findings of Zeigler (1963). While unilateral lesions were not accompanied by deficits, bilateral lesions of accessory hyperstriatum produced deficits in pattern discrimination (p < .08) and bilateral lesions of hyperstriatum produced deficits in color discrimination (p < .08). These results suggest that the deficit^ produced were more a function of the extent of the lesion rather than its loczls. Ss with lesions in accessory hyperstriatum showed no differences in color or intensity discrimination, and Ss with lesions in hyperstriatum showed no differences in pattern or intensity discrimination. Examination of the learning curves for these Ss indicated that the original learning on those tasks in which no deficit was produced was better, suggesting that the magnitz~de of the deficit was, in paTt, a function of difficulty in original learning and inherent problem difficulty rather than the specific cype of problem, i.e., pattern discrimination. It was also noted that positive and negative transfer effects in the sequential presentation of problems with similar elements conuibute to retention after ablation as well as original learning. It, therefore, seems methodologically important to minimize transfer effects when studying the effects of ablation on learning.