cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tensegrity and the Emergence of a Cellular Biophysics

Most physicists have kept their distance from living cells for good reason; they are just too complex. It is a long jump from a two body problem to cellular mechanics. However, the enormous advances made in polymer physics in recent years has greatly narrowed the distance between these two fields. As can be seen from the accompanying chapters in this volume, highly talented physicists are now working with biological polymers and molecular motors and are finding that the behavior of these complex systems are no longer beyond their reach. This is tremendously exciting because we will never fully understand life without defining its physical basis. At the same time, enormous advances have been made in the area of molecular cell biology. For example, the human genome project has led to the discovery of incredible numbers of new molecules and genes as well as many useful chemical reagents. However, we still do not understand how these molecules join together to form living cells that can change shape, grow, and move. This question of how life is structured is the ultimate problem in biology and solving this riddle will likely require the effort of physicists as well as biologists.
Survival-times after cardiac allografts.

Abstract During the period May 2, 1968, to March 1, 1969, fifteen patients underwent cardiac transplantation for end-stage heart-disease. Their survival-time is compared with that of forty-two potential recipients who did not receive allografts. Mean survival of the potential recipients was 74 days. The average for the transplant patients was 111 days (including 22 days waiting-time before operation). This difference does not justify wide clinical application of cardiac transplantation, but is an indication for its use in suitable cases where it may prolong life and relieve symptoms.
Experimental study on nanoparticle injection technology for remediating leaks in the cement from wellbore systems

Abstract The objective of this paper is to experimentally study the possibility of using nanoparticles for repairing cracks and leaks generated in the well cement used in underground gas storage and acquisition. Several types of nanoparticles can be injected into the intact/distressed (aged) cement with the newly developed electro-migration method to repair wellbore leakage. The injection of nanoparticles is evaluated by the saturate-drying method, electric conductivity method, and BET method. After the injection, the decrease of chloride permeability can be captured, and nanoparticle agglomeration can be observed. In addition, the capability of extracting harmful ions from the cement is provided simultaneously during the injection of nanoparticles.
Nothing “Errant” About It: The Berman and Midkiff Conference Notes and How the Supreme Court Got to Kelo With Its Eyes Wide Open

This Essay draws on the Supreme Court's conference notes in Berman v. Parker and Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff to contest Justice O'Connor's assertion in her Kelo v. City of New London dissent that there is a sense in which this troubling result [in Kelo] follows from errant language in Berman and Midkiff. The conference notes in those cases in fact reveal that the Court used broad language intentionally (in Berman) and was aware of the risk of broad language (in Midkiff). Further, the broad language that O'Connor found objectionable was essential to the Court's holdings in Berman and Midkiff, and the cases could not have been decided on narrower grounds. Justice O'Connor's suggestion that the broad language in Berman and Midkiff was the result of a judicial slip of the pen therefore is incorrect. The Court's decisions in Berman and Midkiff consciously avoided the hard questions presented by the issue of public use and deferred those questions to the legislature. The intentional abdication of the judicial role in reviewing issues of public use reflected in the Berman and Midkiff conference notes reinforce the position that Kelo is entirely consistent with the Supreme Court's public use precedents. A more compelling dissent by Justice O'Connor therefore would have argued not that Berman and Midkiff contained loose language, but that with the benefit of hindsight Berman and Midkiff's deference to the legislature was a mistake that should be corrected by overruling the prior cases.
Abstract 3035: Cripto/GRP78 signaling promotes the stem cell phenotype in normal and neoplastic mammary epithelial cells

Microenvironmental factors are critical regulators of stem cell and tumor cell behavior. However, few stem cell factors have been identified and targeted in breast and other cancers. Using a highly enriched stem cell pool isolated from fetal mammary rudiments and single cell analyses, we have identified the onco-fetal protein Cripto as a potent soluble factor that regulates the mammary stem cell state. Cripto is a GPI-anchored/secreted signaling protein and a known regulator of PI3K/AKT and TGF-beta pathways. Here, we develop a novel Cripto antagonist, ALK4L75A-Fc, which selectively blocks the growth factor-like effects of soluble Cripto. We show that this antagonist promotes the differentiation of mammary stem cells cultured ex vivo while Cripto treatment maintains the stem cell phenotype and yields colonies with enhanced mammary gland reconstitution capacity. We previously discovered that Cripto signaling requires binding to cell surface Glucose Response Protein 78kDa (GRP78). GRP78 is an HSP70 family member that is induced by stresses including hypoxia and glucose deprivation and it is highly expressed in tumors where these conditions prevail. We show here that cell surface GRP78 marks fetal mouse mammary stem cells and a population of bipotent adult mammary epithelial cells that are selectively responsive to soluble Cripto in vitro. GRP78high mammary epithelial cells also harbor substantially higher stem cell activity upon transplantation than GRP78low cells. Consistently, we further show that deletion of GRP78 from adult mammary epithelial cells ex vivo blocks mammary gland reconstitution. Finally, we find that Cripto antagonism with ALK4L75A-Fc inhibits the proliferation of triple negative breast cancer cell lines in vitro and that this antagonist can also inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Since Cripto and GRP78 are both induced by hypoxia and other stressful conditions found in tumors, our data raise the possibility that Cripto/GRP78 signaling may exacerbate breast and other cancers by increasing the number of stem cell-like tumor cells in tumor microenvironments where these conditions predominate. Citation Format: Benjamin T. Spike, Jonathan A. Kelber, Evan Booker, Madhuri Kalathur, Rose Rodewald, Julia Lipianskaya, Justin La, Marielle He, Tracy Wright, Richard Klemke, Geoffrey Wahl, Peter C. Gray. Cripto/GRP78 signaling promotes the stem cell phenotype in normal and neoplastic mammary epithelial cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3035. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3035
A transformational approach to constructive induction

This paper describes an approach to constructive induction that transforms information about a search problem into a set of numeric terms that describe search states. The resulting terms are expected to be suitable for learning an evaluation function over search states because they are created directly from information about the search problem.
Selection of optimal materials and geometry for reliability of high density wiring substrates

The thermomechanical response of multi-layered High Density Wiring (HDW) substrates is influenced by various material and geometrical parameters. This study aims at understanding the role and interaction of various base substrate and dielectric materials on the different failure mechanisms. Non-linear finite element models are developed to estimate the warpage of the substrate, stresses in the dielectric layer and solder ball strains. The input factors for the analysis are grouped under material properties and geometry, and a selection technique is used to identify important factors. Based on the study, a response surface is generated to understand the role and interaction of input parameters on various failure mechanisms, and such a response surface will be used to tailor material properties for the HDW structures.
Zero-voltage-switching converters with multi-resonant bipolar switch

Full-wave mode operation of zero-voltage-switched (ZVS) power converters may be losslessly implemented by splitting the resonant capacitor across both the active switch (MOSFET) and the series diode. By appropriately choosing the relative size of each capacitor, charge otherwise trapped inside the MOSFET output capacitance at turn-on may be recirculated through the second capacitor, realizing true zero-voltage-switching. Improved load regulation of ZVS converters (such as ZVS-QRCs) is thereby achieved without sacrificing efficiency at high frequencies. Analysis, simulation, and experimental verification are presented. >
Velocity measurements in steady flow through axisymmetric stenoses at moderate Reynolds numbers

The velocity field in the neighborhood of axisymmetric constrictions in rigid tubes was investigated using laser Doppler anemometry and flow visualization. Upstream flow conditions were steady; and Reynolds numbers were in the range 500-2000, values which are representative of the larger arteries in humans. Stenoses of 25, 50 and 75% area reduction were studied. Velocity profiles are presented in sufficient detail to allow comparison with computational biofluid dynamics models. Wall shear stresses were estimated from the near wall velocity gradient, and the nature of observed poststenotic flow disturbances is discussed. Results indicate that flow disturbances of discrete oscillation frequency may be more valuable than turbulence as an indicator of early stages of stenosis development. Additionally, despite the fact that poststenotic turbulence exists for the higher degrees of stenosis and Reynolds numbers, the resulting wall shear stresses are only three to four times greater than the Poiseuille value and are considerably less than the wall shear stress within the stenosis itself.
Characterization of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/90-kilodalton ribosomal protein S6 kinase signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and its role in insulin-stimulated glucose transport.

Insulin exerts diverse effects on mitogenesis, metabolism, gene expression, and protein synthesis depending on the target cell type. A variety of extracellular serine/threonine kinases, including the ribosomal protein S6 kinases pp70-ribosomal S6 kinase (pp70-S6K) and pp90-ribosomal S6 kinase (pp90rsk) and the erk-encoded mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases pp44mapk/ERK-1 and pp42mapk/ERK-2, have been postulated as mediators of insulin action. In this study, we have investigated the role of the MAP kinase/pp90rsk signaling pathway in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts into adipocyte-like cells was accompanied by a marked increase in the capacity of insulin to activate pp90rsk and pp44mapk. Whereas the maximal insulin-stimulated pp90rsk and pp44mapk activities were only approximately 30% of the serum-stimulated activities in preadipocytes, the insulin-stimulated kinase activities in adipocytes were equal to or greater than the serum-stimulat...
Preparation and characterization of imidazole‐functionalized microspheres

The preparation of imidazole-functionalized latex microspheres by a two-stage emulsion copolymerization process and their characterization are reported on. Emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene (St) and 1-vinyl imidazole (VIMZ) exhibited bimodal particle size distributions caused by secondary homogeneous nucleation process. However, secondary nucleation can be avoided by using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a stabilizer at a concentration below its cmc (critical micelle concentration). This would result in the formation of monodisperse latex particles. The final particle size diameter depended on the concentration of CTAB as well as the amount of VIMZ. To control the amount of the functional imidazole groups on the latex particle surfaces, independent of the latex diameters, without secondary nucleation of particles, the seeded emulsion copolymerization of styrene and VIMZ was explored as a second-stage polymerization at different concentrations and ratios of monomers in the presence of the previously prepared monodisperse poly(styrene-co-1-vinyl imidazole) seed latex particles. The concentration of imidazole functional groups on the surface of the latex particles could also be varied through the rearrangement of hydrophilic imidazole groups by varying the second-stage monomer addition process such as the utilization of monomer-swollen seed particles or a shot addition of monomers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120:5753–5762, 2006
Rhetoric as Economics: Samuel Newman and David Jayne Hill on the Problem of Representation

This article compares economic and rhetorical writings by examining two nineteenth-century American rhetorician-economists, Samuel Newman and David Jayne Hill. Both men directed both their rhetorical and their economic writings toward a common purpose—making citizens comfortable with new and uncertain instruments of (monetary and linguistic) representation. Considering the economic and rhetorical writings on representation, we come to understand how rhetoric (both theory and pedagogy) fits into the emerging and quickly morphing capitalism of industrializing and financializing America.
A three-decade comparison of college faculty characteristics, satisfactions, activities, and attitudes

Information about personal background, professional activities, job satisfactions and dissatisfactions, and career appraisal was gathered by means of a questionnaire administered to a 25 percent random sample, stratified by rank, of full-time faculty in Minnesota's accredited, nontheological colleges and universities. Results of the survey are compared to results of earlier surveys in 1956 and 1968 using the same instrument with similar samples. Preliminary analysis suggests that the professoriate has remained relatively unchanged across the two and a half decades of the surveys, that the educational level of the faculties has risen sharply over the years, that Minnesota college teachers find their careers satisfying, and that most of them would make the same career selection again if given the opportunity.
Empirical solar continuum models

A model of the solar photosphere is derived on the basis of observed absolute intensities and limb darkening of the continuous spectrum between 5000 and 19450 A.
Critical Potentials of Copper by Electron Impacts

THE following method has been used successfully in the determination of some of the critical potentials of copper by electron impact. Essentially the method is the ordinary three electrode one in which an equipotential source of electrons, a gauze, and a receiving electrode are used. The gauze in this case was made of a copper strip 0.025 mm. thick, through which holes were bored. This gauze was heated electrically and served as a source of copper vapour, the electrons being accelerated to it at the same time.
Marine incursion synchronous with plate-boundary localization in the Gulf of California

Volcanic strata on southwest Isla Tiburon define the age of interstratified marine rocks and, through revision of existing correlations, the age of the proto–Gulf of California marine incursion. A 5.7 ± 0.2 Ma ash flow was emplaced at the base of the marine section. A rhyodacite dike and its related lava flow, dated as 11.2 ± 1.3 Ma, 3.7 ± 0.9 Ma, and 4.2 ± 1.8 Ma, intrudes and overlies, respectively, the marine rocks. The 11.2 Ma age, which was the core datum for a middle Miocene proto–Gulf of California origin for the underlying rocks, is discordant with all other isotopic and microfossil ages. An alternative interpretation, utilizing all available geologic and geochronologic data except this discordant age, is that marine strata on Isla Tiburon are latest Miocene to early Pliocene age. Reinterpretation of these strata supports a simplified history of marine incursion into the Gulf of California. Marine rocks as old as 8.2 Ma in the southern Gulf of California indicate an early marine incursion, perhaps flooding a region of more intense proto–Gulf of California continental extension. Flooding of the entire basin by 6.5–6.3 Ma correlates to the sudden onset of significant Pacific–North American plate-boundary motion within the Gulf of California.
THE THYROTROPIC HORMONE AND THE ANTIHORMONE PROBLEM1

Since the initial demonstrations (1, 2, 3) that injections of hypophyseal extracts containing thyrotropic hormone will induce marked activation of the thyroid gland, reports have been fairly uniform in stating that their excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland cannot be maintained much beyond 4 to 5 weeks (4 to 9), except in experiments with the duck (3, 10). The basal metabolic rate of the treated animals has been found to return to normal and the thyroid gland to become microscopically inactive upon continued treatment. Bruner and Starr (11) noted that when the decline in thyroid activity occurred, doses of extract up to 200 times the original did not restimulate the gland. Similar refractoriness has been shown to develop with the other hypophyseal hormones and the gonadotropic principle in pregnancy urine (12 to 15). Substances inhibitory to the thyrotropic hormone (7, 16) and also to the other hypophyseal principles (17, 18, 19) have been reported in the serum of refractory animals. To explain both...
Distribution of parity of the partition function in arithmetic progressions

Abstract Let p(n) be the number of partitions of a non-negative integer n. In this paper we prove that for any progression r (mod t), and for large X, we have 1. (a) The number of n ≤ X such that n ≡ r (mod t) and p(n) is even is ⪢ √X, and 2. (b) The number of n ≤ X such that n ≡ r (mod t) and p(n) is odd is ⪢ √X log X , provided that one such n exists.
Survey Results of Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages by Headspace Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Benzene, a carcinogen that can cause cancer in humans, may form at nanogram per gram levels in some beverages containing both benzoate salts and ascorbic or erythorbic acids. Through a series of reactions, a hydroxyl radical forms that can decarboxylate benzoate to form benzene. Elevated temperatures and light stimulate these reactions, while sugar and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) can inhibit them. A headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the determination of benzene in beverages was developed and validated. The method was used to conduct a survey of 199 soft drinks and other beverages. The vast majority of beverages sampled contained either no detectable benzene or levels below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s drinking water limit of 5 ng/g. Beverages found to contain 5 ng/g benzene or more were reformulated by the manufacturers. The amount of benzene found in the reformulated beverages ranged from none detected to 1.1 ng/g.
Can the Seattle Heart Failure Model Be Used to Risk-stratify Heart Failure Patients for Potential Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy?

Background According to results of the REMATCH trial, left ventricular assist device therapy in patients with severe heart failure has resulted in a 48% reduction in mortality. A decision tool will be necessary to aid in the selection of patients for destination left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) as the technology progresses for implantation in ambulatory Stage D heart failure patients. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether the Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) can be used to risk-stratify heart failure patients for potential LVAD therapy. Methods The SHFM was applied to REMATCH patients with the prospective addition of inotropic agents and intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) ± ventilator. Results The SHFM was highly predictive of survival ( p = 0.0004). One-year SHFM-predicted survival was similar to actual survival for both the REMATCH medical (30% vs 28%) and LVAD (49% vs 52%) groups. The estimated 1-year survival with medical therapy for patients in REMATCH was 30 ± 21%, but with a range of 0% to 74%. The 1- and 2-year estimated survival was ≤50% for 81% and 98% of patients, respectively. There was no evidence that the benefit of the LVAD varied in the lower vs higher risk patients. Conclusions The SHFM can be used to risk-stratify end-stage heart failure patients, provided known markers of increased risk are included such inotrope use and IABP ± ventilator support. The SHFM may facilitate identification of high-risk patients to evaluate for potential LVAD implantation by providing an estimate of 1-year survival with medical therapy.
Effect of estrogen on the elongation rate and number of RNA chains being synthesized in uterine nucleoli

Administration of estradiol (E2) to ovariectomized mature rats resulted in a time-dependent increased transcriptional activity of uterine nucleoli isolated from hormone-treated animals compared to uterine nucleoli isolated from control animals. Early (4 h) E2 stimulation of uterine nucleolar transcription, resulted from an increased rate of elongation of chain growth on preinitiated nucleolar RNA with no significant effect of E2 on the number of nucleolar RNA chains being synthesized. Longer (24 h) treatment of animals with hormone resulted in both significant increased numbers of uterine nucleolar RNA chains in the act of synthesis and increased rate of elongation of nucleolar RNA chain growth. Salt extraction (150 mM NaCl) of uterine nucleoli isolated from 4 h E2-treated animals decreased transcriptional activity to the level observed in nucleoli isolated from control animals. The loss in nucleolar transcriptional activity from salt extraction was due to decreased rate of elongation of nucleolar RNA synthesis with no significant effect on the number of RNA chains being synthesized. Salt extracts from nucleoli isolated from 4 h E2-treated animals, but not control animals, contained factor(s) capable of stimulating the rate of elongation of nucleoli isolated from control animals to elongation rates observed in unextracted nucleoli isolated from 4 h E2-treated animals. Synthesis and phosphorylation of a high molecular weight uterine nucleolar protein(s) was seen after 4 h of E2 treatment with the nucleolar phosphoprotein(s) salt extractable.
The domain structure of LaNbO4 in the low temperature monoclinic phase

A rare-earth orthoniobate LaNbO4 was studied by means of TEM, X-ray diffraction techniques and mathematic approach. The existence of domains was confirmed and the orientation relationship between domains established.
Evaluation of the prenatally diagnosed mass

Summary With the advent of advanced imaging technologies, the field of prenatal diagnosis and counseling has grown rapidly. The use of fetal ultrasound and ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging has allowed for prenatal identification of structural anomalies as well as neoplasm. The differential diagnosis of a fetal mass is dependent upon its location and the tissue characteristics of the mass on imaging. The use of amniocentesis for chromosomal analysis and genetic testing for known tumor-related genetic abnormalities may aid in further refining the diagnosis. Herein we describe a general diagnostic algorithm for fetal masses based upon their location within the body and how the appropriate diagnostic modalities may be applied in the clinical setting.
Motivational correlates of real to ideal occupational aspiration shifts among black and white men and women

Shifts from traditionally open real to traditionally closed ideal occupational aspirations were examined among black and white men and women as functions of social class and achievement, affiliation, and power motivations. It was hypothesized that achievement and power, but not affiliation, motivations would manifest an effect in fantasized ideal closed aspirations. In general, women shifted, men did not. Middle class white women shifted regardless of motive type or strength. Among middle and working class black women, the predominant trend for the three motives is for the low-motivation group to shift and the high-motivation group not to shift, contrary to the hypothesis. Rather than strong motivation in women resulting in tendencies to fantasize about motive-related closed occupations, it appears that strong motivation results in a correspondence between real and ideal occupational aspirations in black women but not in white women. The latter fantasize about ideal occupational goals regardless of motive strength.
Equilibrium Properties of a System of Charged Particles

Motivated by the formal identification that can be made between the electronic charge e and a range parameter γ that we have previously studied, we have developed high‐temperature, high‐density expansions of the Helmholtz free energy and potentials of average force for systems of ions with repulsive cores. It appears that the natural ordering parameter for our free energy expansion is κR, where κ is the inverse Debye length and R an effective core diameter, and as a result the expansion is useful for either sufficiently high temperatures at any density or sufficiently low densities at any temperature. We find the terms in this expansion through order (κR)7. We have also found effects that will serve to modify the shielding length at high densities so that it is no longer just κ−1. One such effect depends upon the disparity in the core sizes of the positive and negative ions, and it vanishes only when the disparity does. A higher‐order modification of the shielding length that remains in this symmetric cas...
Low-temperature properties of the random Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain

The one-dimensional quantum spin-\textonehalf{} Heisenberg antiferromagnetic model with randomly distributed interaction strengths is solved approximately for several different distributions. Ground-state energy and low-temperature properties are evaluated. Universal qualitative features are found in the specific heat and the magnetic susceptibility, which display a power-law dependence on temperature. Such features hold for nonsingular distributions as well as for distributions with power-law divergence at the origin. The approximate method of solution is based on successive eliminations of spins coupled by the maximum coupling constant.
X-ray studies of iodine sorption in some silver zeolites

After saturation sorption, in a static system, of molecular iodine onto some silver zeolites at 130° C, powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed sharp reflections due to crystalline α-Agl. However, this α-Agl contained only a fraction of the sorbed iodine and it seems likely that this α-Agl involves “unlocalized” ions such that a continuous three-dimensional network of α-Agl forms in the zeolite channels. Water in the zeolite channels is probably the underlying cause: heating to 200 to 300° C in air destroyed the sharp α-Agl reflections and no such reflections were observed if the sorption was carried out with the zeolites dehydrated beforehand. α-Agl formation was enhanced when the zeolite framework was broken down by heating in air at ≳ 800° C, heating in water or brine at 200° C, or γ-irradiation.
WE‐C‐201C‐01: Perspective on the Developing Modalities for Breast Cancer Imaging

Perspective on the Developing Modalities for Breast CancerImagingDigital mammography has already become the new standard, replacing screen‐film for breast cancer screening, and for diagnostic work‐up of suspicious findings. New digital imaging technologies may use x‐ray beam characteristics such as tungsten target, silver filtration, and higher kVp; in ways that represent a departure from the long established screen‐film techniques. Representing a logical evolution from two‐dimensional to tomographic and 3D imaging of the breast, breast tomosynthesis and dedicated breast CT are currently investigated as potential replacements or adjuncts to mammography.Mammography (screen‐film or digital) is the single most effective tool for the detection of occult breast cancer with an overall sensitivity as high as about 85% for older women and about 60% or lower for women under the age of 50 years (Rosenberg RD et al. Radiology. 1998;209:511–8, Pisano E et al. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;353: 1773–83). Attempts to increase sensitivity have included the use of intravenously injected (IV) contrast with digital mammography,tomosynthesis or breast CT but these efforts are in the research stage. With improved hardware and image acquisition techniques, the role of IVcontrast injected MRI is gradually expanding as a diagnostic tool, and it is also recommended for screening of high risk patients, due to its high sensitivity. Ultrasound, a well established modality for diagnostic work‐up is evolving from the conventional pulse echo‐based approach to elasticity imaging and ultrasoundCT of the breast. Breast scintigraphy with a dedicated camera is now in clinical use and it receives much attention as an adjunct to mammography. Other technologies that include diffuse optical tomography as a stand‐alone modality or in conjunction with MRI or with x‐ray imaging are currently under investigation. We are likely to see an increasing use of alternative imaging approaches in conjunction with mammography,ultrasound and MRI, the three essential modalities for breast cancer detection and for diagnostic work‐up of positive findings. Learning Objectives: 1. Appreciate recent advances in the physics and engineering in x‐ray detector technology that contributed to the development of digital mammography,tomosynthesis and dedicated breast CT. 2. Recognize the potential quantitative applications and important limitations of the x‐ray based breast imaging modalities. 3. Appreciate recent technological developments in current clinical non‐x‐ray modalities such as MRI and ultrasound and their increasingly important role in breast cancerimaging. 4. Gain perspective on some emerging modalities such as optical diffuse tomography and their potential role in the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer.
Photosynthesis and respiration of exposed salt-marsh fucoids

Photosynthesis and respiration of the salt-marsh fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum ecad scorpioides and Fucus vesiculosus were investigated using an infrared CO2 gas analyzer under a variety of light intensities, temperatures, and levels of desiccation while the algae were exposed to the atmosphere. Results indicated that net photosynthesis (0.5 to 2.0 mg C/g dry weight/h) saturated rapidly at light intensities (0.1 to 0.2 g cal/cm2/min) which were approximately 10 to 50% of the daily summer maximum intensities for algae found under phanerogam (Spartina alterniflora) canopies. Desiccation exhibited the most pronounced effect on photosynthesis, which increases slightly between 0 and 25% water loss, levels off, and decreases sharply at water losses greater than 50%. Dark respiration (0.1 to 0.3 mg C/g dry weight/h) is also inhibited by desiccation. Both species of algae appear to be broadly adapted to all three parameters investigated.
ON THE DETERMINATION OF DISINTEGRATION RATES BY THE COINCIDENCE METHOD USING HIGH EFFICIENCY DETECTORS

Discussion is given on the coincidence method when applied under high efficiency conditions. Discussion is also given on disintegration rates in which a separation of the total observed coincidence rate into trues and accidentals is made. The definition of coincidence is given, and the disintegration rates are determined in terms of the total coincidence rate and single-channel counting rates. (P.C.H.)
Rosiglitazone versus placebo for men with prostate carcinoma and a rising serum prostate-specific antigen level after radical prostatectomy and/or radiation therapy.

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to assess the biologic activity of rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist that has been approved to treat type 2 diabetes, in men with recurrent prostate carcinoma using change in prostate specific antigen (PSA) doubling time (PSADT) as the primary outcome variable. METHODS Men with histologically confirmed prostate carcinoma, no recent hormone therapy, a rising serum PSA level after radical prostatectomy and/or radiation therapy, and no radiographic evidence of metastases were assigned randomly to receive either oral rosiglitazone (4 mg twice daily) or placebo. The treatment was continued until the men developed disease progression or adverse effects. A positive outcome was defined as a posttreatment PSADT > 150% the baseline PSADT and no new metastases. RESULTS One hundred six men were enrolled. The median treatment duration was 315 days for men in the placebo group and 338 days for men in the rosiglitazone group (P = 0.28). Forty percent of men in the in the placebo group and 38% of men in the rosiglitazone group had a posttreatment PSADT > 150% of the baseline PSADT and no new metastases (P = 1.00). In exploratory analyses, the rate of a positive outcome remained higher than expected in the placebo group, even when a positive outcome was redefined using more stringent criteria. The time to disease progression was similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Rosiglitazone did not increase PSADT or prolong the time to disease progression more than placebo in men with a rising PSA level after radical prostatectomy and/or radiation therapy. The unexpected discordance between baseline and posttreatment PSADT in the placebo group reinforced the importance of randomized controlled trials in this setting. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
ReMAP: Reuse and memory access cost aware eviction policy for last level cache management

To mitigate the significant main memory access latency in modern chip multiprocessors, multi-level on-chip caches are used to bridge the gap by retaining frequently used data closer to the processor cores. Such dependence on the last-level cache (LLC) has motivated numerous innovations in cache management schemes. However, most prior works focus their efforts on optimizing cache miss counts experienced by applications, irrespective of the interactions between the LLC and other components in the memory hierarchy such as the main memory. This results in sub-optimal performance improvements, since reducing miss rates does not directly translate to increased IPC performance. In this paper, we show that in addition to the recency information provided by the cache replacement policy, post eviction reuse distance (PERD) and main memory access latency cost are useful to make better-informed eviction decisions at the LLC. We propose ReMAP, Reuse and Memory Access Cost aware eviction policy, that takes reuse characteristics and memory access behavior into consideration when making eviction decisions. ReMAP achieves higher performance compared to prior works. Our full-system simulation results show that ReMAP reduces the number of misses of SPEC2006 applications by as much as 13% over the baseline LRU replacement and by an average of 6.5% while MLP-aware replacement and DRRIP reduce the miss counts by −0.7% and 5% respectively. More importantly, ReMAP achieves an average of 4.6% IPC performance gain across the SPEC2006 applications while MLP-aware replacement and DRRIP see only 1.8% and 2.3% respectively.
Popular Communication Audiences: A Historical Research Agenda

Popular communication research can benefit from a historical approach. Consistent with current approaches, historical research is contextual (e.g., looking at actual audiences in natural settings). It is also comparative. Comparing radio to television helps to highlight by contrast features not otherwise noticed, including assumptions we have made unawares. Historical research is developmental, allowing us to understand how things come about and change. Examples from the author's own research illustrate the benefits and surprising discoveries historical research can offer. Historical research has developed very unevenly across media and topics. There is a good deal of film history but a paucity of radio history; a good bit on media industry and technology, but little on audiences. This leaves room for a great deal of valuable history yet to do.
Morphological, molecular, and in situ behavioral observations of the rare deep-sea anglerfish Chaunacops coloratus (Garman, 1899), order Lophiiformes, in the eastern North Pacific

Abstract In situ observations and collections of Chaunacops coloratus ( Garman, 1899 ) from seamounts in the eastern North Pacific Ocean lend new behavioral, morphological and molecular data to an under-sampled, deep-sea group of fishes in the order Lophiiformes. Seven observations were made at Davidson Seamount, 130 km southwest of Monterey, CA, and from the Taney Seamount chain, 290 km west of Moss Landing, CA, from depths ranging from 2313 to 3297 m. Specimens were collected at both locations. Morphometric and meristic analyses were performed to identify individuals to the species level. These observations of C. coloratus provide greater latitude and depth distributions in the eastern North Pacific Ocean than previously known. Detailed habitat information indicated the fish occurred near manganese-encrusted volcanic talus slopes, a highly rugose habitat. Video observations revealed possible ontogenetic color changes in which small fish were blue and large fish were red. Video recorded rapid, vertical swimming as an escape response and maneuvering, or walking, with pectoral and pelvic fins and esca deployment. Phylogenetic analyses used here verify what has been known since Garman first described C. coloratus in 1899, that Chaunax and Chaunacops are closely related; molecular tools complement previous knowledge and genetic information created has been submitted to GenBank for further use by the scientific community.
Public Health and Health Education in Faith Communities

This special issue of Health Education & Behavior is devoted to broadly examining the interconnections among public health, health education, and faith-based communities. In addition to a focus on questions related to the practice of public health and health education within religious settings (e.g., program development, implementation, and evaluation), the articles in this issue examine a broad range of both substantive and methodological questions and concerns. These articles include contributions that address (1) various theoretical and conceptual issues and frameworks explaining the relationships between religious involvement and health; (2) substantive reviews of current research in the area; (3) individual empirical studies exploring the associations between religious involvement and health attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors; (4) evaluations of health education programs in faith communities; and (5) religious institutions and their contributions to the development of health policy. The articles comprising the issue are selective in their coverage of the field and provide different and complementary perspectives on the connections between religious involvement and health. It is hoped that this approach will appeal to a broad audience of researchers, practitioners, policy makers, and others from health education, public health, and related social and behavioral science disciplines.
Charge and current transition densities

Abstract The measurement of electron scattering from nuclei has been a major contribution to the advancement of the field of nuclear structure. In this presentation I will review a few examples to show how electron scattering has affected our views of nuclear physics.
Plane Analysis of Finite Multilayered Media With Multiple Aligned Cracks—Part I: Theory

Elasticity solutions are developed for finite multilayered domains weakened by aligned cracks that are in a state of generalized plane deformation under two types of end constraints. Multilayered domains consist of an arbitrary number of finite-length and finite-height isotropic, orthotropic or monoclinic layers typical of differently oriented, unidirectionally reinforced laminas arranged in any sequence in the plane in which the analysis is conducted. The solution methodology admits any number of arbitrarily distributed interacting or noninteracting cracks parallel to the horizontal bounding surfaces at specified elevations or interfaces. Based on half-range Fourier series and the local/ global stiffness matrix approach, the mixed boundary-value problem is reduced to a system of coupled singular integral equations of the Cauchy type with kernels formulated in terms of the unknown displacement discontinuities. Solutions to these integral equations are obtained by representing the unknown interfacial displacement discontinuities in terms of Jacobi or Chebyshev polynomials with unknown coefficients. The application of orthogonality properties of these polynomials produces a system of algebraic equations that determines the unknown coefficients. Stress intensity factors and energy release rates are derived from dominant parts of the singular integral equations. In Part I of this paper we outline the analytical development of this technique. In Part II we verify this solution and present new fundamental results relevant to the existing and emerging technologies.
Experimental study of wind loading of rectangular sign structures

Abstract A three-phase experimental campaign was conducted to study wind loading of sign structures with rectangular sign faces. Full-scale measurements and wind-tunnel tests conducted in phase 1 of the studies showed consistent results for wind loading of a prototype rectangular box sign and its scaled model, validating the methodologies used in the wind tunnel tests. Five models of representative rectangular signs of different configurations were tested in the wind tunnel as the second phase of the study, the results of which revealed the significant influence of the geometrical configuration of rectangular sign structures on their wind loading. Motivated by the observations made in this phase of comparative investigation, an extensive series of wind tunnel tests were performed in the last phase of the study to evaluate wind loading of rectangular box signs of various configurations. The effects of the aspect and clearance ratios on wind loading of rectangular box signs are highlighted based on this phase of the study.
Reduced time as a unified parameter determining fixity and free recovery of shape memory polymers

Shape memory polymers are at the forefront of recent materials research. Although the basic concept has been known for decades, recent advances in the research of shape memory polymers demand a unified approach to predict the shape memory performance under different thermo-temporal conditions. Here we report such an approach to predict the shape fixity and free recovery of thermo-rheologically simple shape memory polymers. The results show that the influence of programming conditions to free recovery can be unified by a reduced programming time that uniquely determines shape fixity, which consequently uniquely determines the shape recovery with a reduced recovery time. Furthermore, using the time-temperature superposition principle, shape recoveries under different thermo-temporal conditions can be extracted from the shape recovery under the reduced recovery time. Finally, a shape memory performance map is constructed based on a few simple standard polymer rheology tests to characterize the shape memory performance of the polymer.
Parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the auditory cortex of a mouse model of presbycusis

Age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) affects ∼35% of humans older than sixty-five years. Symptoms of presbycusis include impaired discrimination of sounds with fast temporal features, such as those present in speech. Such symptoms likely arise because of central auditory system plasticity, but the underlying components are incompletely characterized. The rapid spiking inhibitory interneurons that co-express the calcium binding protein Parvalbumin (PV) are involved in shaping neural responses to fast spectrotemporal modulations. Here, we examined cortical PV expression in the C57bl/6 (C57) mouse, a strain commonly studied as a presbycusis model. We examined if PV expression showed auditory cortical field- and layer-specific susceptibilities with age. The percentage of PV-expressing cells relative to Nissl-stained cells was counted in the anterior auditory field (AAF) and primary auditory cortex (A1) in three age groups: young (1-2 months), middle-aged (6-8 months) and old (14-20 months). There were significant declines in the percentage of cells expressing PV at a detectable level in layers I-IV of both A1 and AAF in the old mice compared to young mice. In layers V-VI, there was an increase in the percentage of PV-expressing cells in the AAF of the old group. There were no changes in percentage of PV-expressing cells in layers V-VI of A1. These data suggest cortical layer(s)- and field-specific susceptibility of PV+ cells with presbycusis. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that a decline in inhibitory neurotransmission, particularly in the superficial cortical layers, occurs with presbycusis.
Optimal two-stage genotyping in population-based association studies

We propose a cost-effective two-stage approach to investigate gene-disease associations when testing a large number of candidate markers using a case-control design. Under this approach, all the markers are genotyped and tested at stage 1 using a subset of affected cases and unaffected controls, and the most promising markers are genotyped on the remaining individuals and tested using all the individuals at stage 2. The sample size at stage 1 is chosen such that the power to detect the true markers of association is 1� b1 at significance level a1. The most promising markers are tested at significance level a2 at stage 2. In contrast, a one-stage approach would evaluate and test all the markers on all the cases and controls to identify the markers significantly associated with the disease. The goal is to determine the two-stage parameters (a1, b1, a2) that minimize the cost of the study such that the desired overall significance is a and the desired power is close to 1� b, the power of the one-stage approach. We provide analytic formulae to estimate the two-stage parameters. The properties of the two-stage approach are evaluated under various parametric configurations and compared with those of the corresponding one-stage approach. The optimal two-stage procedure does not depend on the signal of the markers associated with the study. Further, when there is a large number of markers, the optimal procedure is not substantially influenced by the total number of markers associated with the disease. The results show that, compared to a one-stage approach, a two-stage procedure typically halves the cost of the study. Genet Epidemiol 25:149–157, 2003. & 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Neuropsychological Impact of Bilateral Cerebral Abscesses in an Adolescent

Existing literature on neuropsychological outcomes of cerebral abscesses is limited to a single prior study in the adult population. To our knowledge, there is no existing study of neuropsychological outcomes of pediatric cerebral abscesses. Additionally, to our knowledge, no such studies of cerebral abscesses in either a pediatric or an adult population have been published in North America. Through presentation of comprehensive neuropsychological and imaging data, this case of pediatric cerebral abscesses demonstrates the anatomical and neuropsychological impact of right frontal and left thalamic Streptococcus intermedius infection in an adolescent with a history of complex congenital heart disease, a known risk factor for cerebral abscesses. Abscess localization is clearly connected to functional outcomes, specifically deficits in nonverbal reasoning, visual-motor integration, bilateral fine motor speed, motor-based processing speed, memory, and executive functioning. Recommendations are provided for post-acute neuropsychological evaluation of bilateral cerebral abscesses. doi:10.4021/jnr104w