cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origins of Situation Awareness: Cautionary Tales From the History of Concepts of Attention

Core elements of Endsley’s models of situation awareness can be found in the history of the psychology of attention. History affords cautionary tales about the fuzzy nature of all attention constructs, the trap of reification, and the benefits of mindfulness in the modeling of cognitive phenomena.
Relationship of acetyl transferase activity to antinuclear antibodies and toxic symptoms in hypertensive patients treated with hydralazine.

Abstract Fifty-seven hypertensive patients who ingested from 200 to 3,000 Gm. of hydralazine during 1 to 15 years were studied in search of factors related to delayed hydralazine toxicity, minimal manifestations of which were considered to be arthralgia plus elevated cephalin cholesterol flocculation of the plasma. Throughout the study blood pressure was measured and circulating cells and proteins were examined. At the end of the study the presence of serum antinuclear antibodies (ANA) was determined by a fluorescent antibody technique and the activity of hepatic acetyl transferase, an enzyme which metabolizes hydralazine, was assayed. The patients could be divided into 33 "slow" and 24 "fast" acetylators of hydralazine, and 31 of the 57 were found to have ANA. During the study 12 patients had symptoms of hydralazine toxicity; all 12 belonged to the Caucasian race, were slow acetylators, and had ANA. Almost half of the nontoxic patients also had ANA, with the incidence being the same for Negro as for Caucasian patients. The data suggested that ANA might develop with less exposure to hydralazine in "slow" than "fast" acetylators. Good control of blood pressure accompanied drug toxicity, but toxic symptoms could not be related to severity of hypertension before treatment or to anemia, leukopenia, or hyperglobulinemia during treatment.
How Can a Group Best Achieve Cohesive Group Interaction

Cohesion is essential in group prevention. Cohesion grows out of group process and the interactive structure of the prevention group. Group-centered prevention allows members to become totally engaged in the process and to thereby generate a more cohesive atmosphere and structure within which to work. Cohesion is not automatic, and it takes time to develop cohesion in a group. Cohesion is interwoven into group process. Cohesion is essential for change in a group and almost every discussion of group prevention talks about achieving cohesive group interaction. This chapter explains why cohesive group interaction is essential and then proceeds to discuss several approaches that can be taken to achieve an interactive cohesive group atmosphere. A case study example gives a detailed description of the thought process followed in designing interventions to create a cohesive interactive group structure. The training session for this chapter gives an example of a group totally lacking in cohesive interaction and shows how to transform this group into a cohesive group structure using group-centered prevention interventions.
Die Geschichte der modernen Familie als Geschichte ihrer Krise

Ein Kernelement der agrarischen „Sinnwelt“ bezog sich stets auf die zumindest als Ideal fortwirkende traditionelle Familienwirtschaft. In jenen Regionen, in denen der kleinbauerliche Familienbetrieb dominierte und uberwiegend vollbauerliche Familien bestanden, findet man bis in das 20. Jahrhundert hinein die Spuren dieses traditionellen Familientypus.87 Umgekehrt gehorte die Klage uber seinen Verfall zum Kanon des agrarischen Protests. Wenn im folgenden uber die Familie als „Indikator“ des Zusammenhangs zwischen Moderne und Krisenbewustsein gehandelt wird, so bezieht sich dies jedoch explizit nicht auf das traditionelle, sondern auf das moderne „burgerliche“ Familienmodell. Was mit ihm freilich genau gemeint sei, blieb, wie sogleich hinzugefugt werden mus, uber die gesamten zwei Jahrhunderte seiner Existenz umstritten. „Der historisch vieldeutige Begriff [der Familie A.W.] ist nur brauchbar, wenn im Einzelfall sein Sinn klargestellt wird.“88 Tatsachlich gehort zur Geschichte der modernen Familie unaufloslich auch die Unsicherheit daruber, auf welchen Grundlagen sie beruht, welche Substanz und welche Form sie hat und welche sozialen Funktionen sie erfullt. Zugespitzt formuliert: Die Geschichte der Selbstvergewisserung daruber, was Familie sei, ist zugleich auch die Geschichte der Feststellung, die Familie befinde sich in einer Krise. Die Klage uber den drohenden Verfall der Familie ist so alt wie die moderne Familie selbst.
14 – THE IDEAL MIXTURE

This chapter focuses primarily on the ideal gas mixture. The concepts of molar and partial molar quantities and of mole fractions are discussed. These concepts together with the characteristics of the ideal mixture that are common to the multicomponent ideal gas and the ideal solution are emphasized in this chapter. In a multicomponent simple system a set of thermodynamic quantities are needed, which represent the contributions of the i th component to each extensive variable of the system. These quantities are the partial molar quantities. The partial molar quantities of a pure substance are identical with the molar quantities. The simplest and most frequently encountered multicomponent simple system is the two-component simple system or binary system or mixture, which has been discussed in the chapter.
An Illustrative Example

Let’s develop an example that will delineate the process of selecting and modifying a learning object in one domain for employment in another domain. Obviously, the difficulty of performing such a process is proportional to the degree of dissimilarity of the two domains. For instance, trying to extend a learning object for astronomy to the field of zoology may prove difficult. However, let’s look at the field of meteorology. One of the weather phenomena that everyone knows is a tornado. It is a short-lived rotating funnel-shaped column of air that can cause tremendous damage and loss of life (Fig. 11.1 left). However, there are other phenomena that look similar but are different in composition and original. Two of these are the fire whirl (Fig. 11.1 center) and the dust devil (Fig. 11.1 right).
Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Basal Nucleus of Meynert in Cigarette Smokers: Dependence Level and Gender Differences.

Introduction Numerous studies have characterized impaired cerebral functioning in nicotine-addicted individuals. Whereas nicotine interacts with multiple neurotransmitters in cortical and subcortical circuits, it directly targets the cholinergic system, sourced primarily from the basal nucleus of Meynert (BNM). However, no studies have examined how this cholinergic system is influenced by cigarette smoking. Here, we addressed this gap of research. Methods Using a dataset from the Functional Connectome Projects, we investigated this issue by contrasting seed-based BNM connectivity of 40 current smokers and 170 age- and gender-matched nonsmokers. We followed our data analytic routines in recent work and examined differences between smokers and nonsmokers in men and women combined as well as separately. Results Compared to nonsmokers, female but not male smokers demonstrated greater positive BNM connectivity to the supplementary motor area, bilateral anterior insula, and right superior temporal/supramarginal gyri as well as greater negative connectivity to the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus. Further, BNM connectivity to the supplementary motor area is negatively correlated to the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence score in male but not female smokers. Conclusions Along with a previous report of upregulated nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in male but not female smokers, these new findings highlight functional changes of the cholinergic systems in cigarette smokers. The results suggest sex-specific differences in cholinergic dysregulation and a need for multiple imaging modalities to capture the neural markers of nicotine addiction. Implications Nicotine influences cognition via cholinergic projections of the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex. This study examined changes in resting-state whole-brain functional connectivity of the BNM in cigarette smokers. The new findings elucidate for the first time sex differences in BNM-cerebral connectivity in cigarette smoking.
Characterization of biofuel refinery byproduct via selective electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract To achieve economic viability, biorefineries need to increase efficiency through characterization of byproducts for the purpose of valorization. One such byproduct is the liquid stream produced after autohydrolysis pretreatment, autohydrolyzate liquor, which contains valuable organic derivatives of hemicellulose and lignin from biomass. To characterize the autohydrolysis liquor, we employed a novel method for such liquor analysis that uses electrospray ionization and ion dopants in combination with tandem mass spectrometry using a quadrupole–time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Electrospray expands current analysis of such liquors through softer ionization. Ion dopants provide for differentiation of the complex mixture components without requiring derivatization or preliminary separation. The dopants—ammonium chloride and sodium hydroxide—primarily target and enhance ionization of hemicellulosic or lignin derivative species, respectively, based on the species’ differing functionalities. Valuable structural information can be gleaned from these enhanced species by ion isolation and collision-activated dissociation (CAD), which reveals the presence of hemicellulosic or lignin derivative functionalities. These ionization techniques coupled with CAD enabled us to not only confirm the presence of low molecular weight ions, such as vanillin, as previously seen with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry but also expand the characterization to high molecular weight species. This expanded knowledge of the composition of autohydrolyzate liquor opens up the potential to develop lucrative co-products from this stream in a commercial biorefinery.
The Information and Communication Technology User Role: Implications for the Work Role and Inter-Role Spillover

Management and organization research has traditionally focused on employees' work role and the interface between their work and family roles. We suggest that persons assume a third role in modern society that is relevant to work and organizations, namely the Information and Communication Technology User (ICTU) role. Based on role theory and boundary theory, we develop propositions about the characteristics of this role, as well as how ICTU role characteristics are related to boundary spanning activity, inter-role spillover with the work role, and work role performance. To this end, we first conceptualize the ICTU role and its associations with work and family roles. We then apply identity theory and boundary management theory to advance our understanding of how the ICTU role is related to criteria that are important to individuals and to organizations, namely self-selection into certain types of work roles and positive and negative inter-role spillover. The implications of this role for theory, research, and practice in management and organizations are discussed.
Controlling the folding of conjugated polymers at the single molecule level via hydrogen bonding

In this manuscript, we report a design strategy to control polychromophore polymer folding at the single molecule level through hydrogen-bonding (H-bonding) interactions. Polymers composed of bis(2-ethylhexyl)-p-phenylene vinylene (BEH-PPV) oligomers (trimers) containing H-bonding capable side-chains (e.g., carboxylic acid or urea units) were prepared by copolymerization with flexible linkers. Control polymers with masked H-bonding side-chains (e.g., t-butyl ester) were also prepared. Different polymer folding schemes are proposed including random or non-folding for the control polymers, and side-on and face-on geometries for the carboxylic acid and urea motifs, respectively. Single molecule excitation polarization spectroscopy demonstrates that the highest folding order is achieved with the urea containing side-chains and isotropic folding is found in polymers that do not contain H-bonding units. We propose that the effects of the chromophore conformational geometries and the type of H-bonding are additive and lead to highly aligned urea-containing polymers. In addition, an examination of the individual polymers’ spectral signatures via single molecule spectroscopy showed an overall red-shift of ∼0.06 eV in the 0–0 origin peak for the urea-containing polymer compared to the other two polymer systems. This spectral shift is attributed to planarization of the backbone and further supports the presence of a highly ordered urea-containing polymer structure. Utilization of this H-bonding inclusion synthetic strategy to control polymer secondary structure could provide important design elements for future functional material design.
Alu-Alu Recombinations in Genetic Diseases

Mobile elements make up almost half of the human genome. Alu elements are the most successful human mobile element family with 1.1 million Alu elements in the genome. In addition to their ability to cause genetic diseases through insertional mutagenesis, Alu elements contribute to genetic instability due to their sequence similarity and high density in the genome. Nonallelic homologous recombination between Alu elements occurs in somatic and germline cells and subsequently results in chromosomal rearrangements such as duplications, deletions, and inversions associated with many human genetic disorders. These events primarily occur relatively locally within a chromosome, resulting in deletion or duplication of exons in a gene, but they also can occur over larger distances, causing more complex chromosomal abnormalities. We estimate that this mode of mutagenesis accounts for at least 0.5 % of new human genetic diseases. Between these different mechanisms, Alu elements have not only contributed a great deal to the evolution of the genome but also continue to contribute to a significant portion of human genetic diseases.
Microscopic diffusion of CO 2 in clay nanopores

Abstract Natural gas production from shale in recent years has made a significant impact on the energy sector. It also presents potential opportunities to mitigate global warming by using shale reservoirs for CO 2 sequestration. We attempt to understand the microscopic impact of shale on CO 2 transport. We utilize equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) to study the diffusion behavior of CO 2 in the clay part of shales. Such microscopic examination can connect micro-scale calculations to macro-scale measurements. Results show that confinement has profound effects on CO 2 diffusion. The diffusion coefficient was found to be slightly anisotropic due to the nature of the clay surface.
Diagnosis of morbid obesity may not impact healthcare utilization for orthotopic liver transplantation: A propensity matched study.

Diagnosis of morbid obesity may not impact healthcare utilization for orthotopic liver transplantation: A propensity matched study
Great Lakes: Science can keep them great

Abstract The Laurentian Great Lakes are an invaluable natural and economic resource for two North American countries, but really the entire world. They are threatened by anthropogenic, climate and biotic stresses; and it is increasingly difficult to manage them due to the complexity of interactions among these different stressors. At the same time, funding for Great Lakes scientific research is decreasing and there are threats from the current US administration to decrease funding significantly in the near future. Now is not the time to move our understanding of these incredible ecosystems back in time. We call for implementing a science plan that addresses critical Great Lakes issues, including upgrading infrastructure (e.g. field stations and observing networks) and resolving current and emerging issues (e.g. harmful algal blooms, recurring bottom water hypoxia, invasive species, changing water levels and nutrient cycles) by strengthening NSF, NOAA and EPA support of basic and applied science in the Great Lakes.
Neural networks as controllers

Control of automobile engine operating under idle conditions, must operate far away from its optimal region of operation. The idling is highly nonlinear time-varying process influenced by electric loads, shifting from neutral to drive in automatic transmissions, and other periodic or random disturbances. Regulating the engine control by using physical modeling and traditional adaptive control is a difficult problem, because there are a number of unknown variables in the physical model, and because of random disturbances. This is precisely a situation where neural network control might offer an alternate and more effective approach.
Feeding lambs high-oleate or high-linoleate safflower seeds differentially influences carcass fatty acid composition.

Our objective was to determine effects of dietary high-oleate (Oleate; 76% 18:1) or high-linoleate (Linoleate; 78% 18:2) safflower seeds on fatty acids in muscle and adipose tissue of feedlot lambs. White-faced ewe lambs (n = 36) were fed a beet pulp, oat hay, and soybean meal basal diet (Control), blocked by BW, and allotted randomly to dietary treatments. Cracked safflower seeds were used in isocaloric and isonitrogenous replacement of beet pulp, oat hay, and soybean meal so that Oleate and Linoleate diets contained 5.0% additional fat. Fatty acids were determined in semitendinosus, longissimus dorsi (longissimus), and adipose tissue from the tail head (tailhead adipose tissue), adjacent to the 12th rib (s.c. adipose tissue), and kidney and pelvic fat (KPH adipose tissue) depots. Fatty acid data were analyzed within muscle and adipose tissue as a split-block design. Single degree of freedom orthogonal contrasts were used to compare treatment effects. Average daily gain, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics did not differ (P = 0.15 to 0.96) across dietary treatments. Adipose tissue saturated fatty acids were greater (P = 0.04) for Controls but were not different (P = 0.36) in muscle. Trans-vaccenic acid (18:1 trans-11 ) increased (P s.c. adipose tissue and semitendinosus > longissimus, whereas CLA ranked tailhead adipose tissue > s.c. adipose tissue > KPH adipose tissue and semitendinosus > longissimus. Feeding mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased tissue 18:1 trans-11 and CLA, which is a favorable change in regard to current human dietary guidelines.
Fractionation and characterization of lignin streams from unique high-lignin content endocarp feedstocks.

Lignin is a promising source of building blocks for upgrading to valuable aromatic chemicals and materials. Endocarp biomass represents a non-edible crop residue in an existing agricultural setting which cannot be used as animal feed nor soil amendment. With significantly higher lignin content and bulk energy density, endocarps have significant advantages to be converted into both biofuel and bioproducts as compared to other biomass resources. Deep eutectic solvent (DES) is highly effective in fractionating lignin from a variety of biomass feedstocks with high yield and purity while at lower cost comparing to certain ionic liquids. In the present study, the structural and compositional features of peach and walnut endocarp cells were characterized. Compared to typical woody and herbaceous biomass, endocarp biomass exhibits significantly higher bulk density and hardness due to its high cellular density. The sugar yields of DES (1:2 choline chloride: lactic acid) pretreated peach pit (Prunus persica) and walnut shell (Juglans nigra) were determined and the impacts of DES pretreatment on the physical and chemical properties of extracted lignin were characterized. Enzymatic saccharification of DES pretreated walnut and peach endocarps gave high glucose yields (over 90%); meanwhile, compared with dilute acid and alkaline pretreatment, DES pretreatment led to significantly higher lignin removal (64.3% and 70.2% for walnut and peach endocarps, respectively). The molecular weights of the extracted lignin from DES pretreated endocarp biomass were significantly reduced. 1H–13C HSQC NMR results demonstrate that the native endocarp lignins were SGH type lignins with dominant G-unit (86.7% and 80.5% for walnut and peach endocarps lignins, respectively). DES pretreatment decreased the S and H-unit while led to an increase in condensed G-units, which may contribute to a higher thermal stability of the isolated lignin. Nearly all β-O-4′ and a large portion of β-5′ linkages were removed during DES pretreatment. The high lignin content endocarps have unique cell wall characteristics when compared to the other lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks. DES pretreatment was highly effective in fractionating high lignin content endocarps to produce both sugar and lignin streams while the DES extracted lignins underwent significant changes in SGH ratio, interunit linkages, and molecular sizes.
Time-resolved radiation chemistry: femtosecond photoelectron spectroscopy of electron attachment and photodissociation dynamics in iodide–nucleobase clusters

Iodide-nucleobase (I-·N) clusters studied by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) are an opportune model system for examining radiative damage of DNA induced by low-energy electrons. By initiating charge transfer from iodide to the nucleobase and following the dynamics of the resulting transient negative ions (TNIs) with femtosecond time resolution, TRPES provides a novel window into the chemistry triggered by the attachment of low-energy electrons to nucleobases. In this Perspective, we examine and compare the dynamics of electron attachment, autodetachment, and photodissociation in a variety of I-·N clusters, including iodide-uracil (I-·U), iodide-thymine (I-·T), iodide-uracil-water (I-·U·H2O), and iodide-adenine (I-·A), to develop a more unified representation of our understanding of nucleobase TNIs. The experiments probe whether dipole-bound or valence-bound TNIs are formed initially and the subsequent time evolution of these species. We also provide an outlook for forthcoming applications of TRPES to larger iodide-containing complexes to enable the further investigation of microhydration dynamics in nucleobases, as well as electron attachment and photodissociation in more complex nucleic acid constituents.
How to Avoid Getting into Difficult Operative Situations

Difficult situations are encountered every day in medicine and surgery. It is critical as surgeons that we not only prepare for them but also do our best to avoid them. This chapter highlights some key issues with navigating through these complex situations.
Overqualified Employees: A Review, A Research Agenda, and Recommendations for Practice

Managers are often concerned about hiring overqualified candidates, assuming that such individuals will be difficult to retain and keep satisfied. This paper reviews the consequences, moderators, and management of employee overqualification. The author identifies gaps in the literature, proposes an agenda for future research, and provides recommendations for practice. It is argued that prior research has been limited by its overreliance on self-reports of overqualification. Also, more research is needed to understand how hiring managers categorize candidates as overqualified, how coworkers perceive overqualification, and why individuals may choose to work in positions for which they are overqualified.
Factors influencing selection of an interventional radiology training program.

Abstract Purpose To understand factors influencing the choice and ranking of Interventional Radiology (IR) training programs among a cohort of medical students and diagnostic radiology residents pursuing careers in IR. Materials and methods An IRB approved, 34 question online survey ( surveymonkey.com ) evaluated the impact of twenty-two different factors and demographics on IR training program selection for medical students and residents. The factors analyzed included programmatic features, location characteristics, academic reputation, program size, benefits/financial incentives, emphasis on clinical care, and future job opportunities. Comparison of Likert scale responses between medical students and residents were performed by using unpaired two-sample t-tests. Results 181 (145 male, 35 female) individuals responded to the survey, 74 medical students (40.9%) and 107 residents (59.1%). Medical students and residents both selected variety of IR cases as the most important and highest rated factor when choosing an IR program. Medical students ranked availability of a mentor (p = .03), inpatient consultation service (p = .003), outpatient clinic experience (p = .003), and ICU rotation experience (p Conclusions The top rated factors are similar among medical students and residents however medical students value the clinical aspects of the program (ICU experience, inpatient consultation service, outpatient clinic) more than residents. Residents placed more value on job placement opportunities in selecting an IR program.
Barriers and Facilitators to the Implementation of a Mobile Insulin Titration Intervention for Patients With Uncontrolled Diabetes: A Qualitative Analysis

Background: In 2016, a short message service text messaging intervention to titrate insulin in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes was implemented at two health care facilities in New York City. Objective: This study aimed to conduct a qualitative evaluation assessing barriers to and the facilitators of the implementation of the Mobile Insulin Titration Intervention (MITI) program into usual care. Methods: We conducted in-depth interviews with 36 patients enrolled in the MITI program and the staff involved in MITI (n=19) in the two health care systems. Interviews were transcribed and iteratively coded by two study investigators, both inductively and deductively using a codebook guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Results: Multiple facilitator themes emerged: (1) MITI had strong relative advantages to in-person titration, including its convenience and time-saving design, (2) the free cost of MITI was important to the patients, (3) MITI was easy to use and the patients were confident in their ability to use it, (4) MITI was compatible with the patients’ home routines and clinic workflow, (5) the patients and staff perceived MITI to have value beyond insulin titration by reminding and motivating the patients to engage in healthy behaviors and providing a source of patient support, and (6) implementation in clinics was made easy by having a strong implementation climate, communication networks to spread information about MITI, and a strong program champion. The barriers identified included the following: (1) language limitations, (2) initial nurse concerns about the scope of practice changes required to deliver MITI, (3) initial provider knowledge gaps about the program, and (4) provider perceptions that MITI might not be appropriate for some patients (eg, older or not tech-savvy). There was also a theme that emerged during the patient and staff interviews of an unmet need for long-term additional diabetes management support among this population, specifically diet, nutrition, and exercise support. Conclusions: The patients and staff were overwhelmingly supportive of MITI and believed that it had many benefits and that it was compatible with the clinic workflow and patients’ lives. Initial implementation efforts should address staff training and nurse concerns. Future research should explore options for integrating additional diabetes support for patients.
Ethnography in Uncertain Times

ABSTRACTEthnographic fieldwork in contexts of war and massive political change has revealed the ways violence produces acute feelings of uncertainty in the lives of our interlocutors. Other researc...
Will white people work collectively to trump white power? Stepping up for struggle beyond the yard sign

AbstractWhat can white people do to resist racism and white supremacy in this political moment? Using the conceptual frameworks of transformative justice and community accountability drawn from ant...
DIC Determination of SIF in Orthotropic Composite

Based on original analytical concepts by Khalil et al. (International Journal of Fracture 31:37–51, 1986) and subsequently augmented by Ju and Rowlands (Journal of Composite Materials 37:2011–2025, 2003) to study inclined cracks thermoelastically in orthotropic plates, this paper determines the stress intensity factor (SIF) in a double-edge cracked finite orthotropic tensile composite (Fig. 10.1) from a single digital image correlation (DIC) recorded displacement field. The traction-free condition of the crack-face was accounted for using conformal mapping.
Real-world approach to managing dysgeusia following the use of esketamine nasal spray: a case report.

Patients with depression who are treated with esketamine nasal spray may commonly experience dysgeusia (bad/metallic/bitter taste) and related side effects such as nausea and vomiting. While pretreatment with antiemetics can mitigate or prevent nausea and vomiting, it may not address dysgeusia as a contributing factor. Alternative interventions could help to manage vomiting due to dysgeusia following administration of esketamine nasal spray in those patients who are affected. A 40-year-old man presented to the emergency department with depression and started treatment with an oral antidepressant. After providing informed consent to participate in a clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of esketamine for major depressive disorder with active suicidal ideation with intent, he received 84 mg of esketamine nasal spray twice per week for 4 weeks. On the first 2 days of esketamine administration, the patient reported dysgeusia lasting several hours and intermittent retching lasting approximately 20 min. The patient was then given a fruit punch–flavored powdered drink (Crystal Light Fruit Punch™) approximately 25 min after nasal spray administration during the study period. The use of a fruit punch drink resulted in notable improvement of dysgeusia and associated vomiting, with time to resolution occurring within 30 min of the report of the adverse event. A fruit punch–flavored powdered drink mix taken shortly after administration of esketamine nasal spray may rapidly manage and prevent vomiting due to dysgeusia.
Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma of the Lacrimal Sac and Literature Review of the Lacrimal System.

BackgroundEpithelial–myoepithelial carcinomas make up less than 0.1% of head and neck malignancies and are regarded as rare, low-grade malignant neoplasms of the salivary gland. They are thought to...
Along for the Ride: Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma with Concomitant LECT2 Amyloidosis

We present a case of a 69-year-old Hispanic male with a past medical history of type II diabetes mellitus who presented with a two-month history of abdominal pain. A CT scan was performed which identified a liver mass. Biopsy of the liver mass revealed infiltration of normal liver parenchyma by atypical glands surrounded by pale eosinophilic material. The atypical glands were positive for CK7, while negative for CK20, CDX-2, and TTF-1, consistent with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. A Congo red stain was performed, which highlighted salmon-orange areas, some with a globular appearance, around the glands and within the sinusoids and vasculature. Under polarized light, these areas displayed apple-green birefringence. These findings were consistent with amyloidosis, which was further supported by identification of ALECT2- (leukocyte chemotactic factor-2-) type amyloid on mass spectrometry. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma arising in association with LECT2 amyloidosis.
Incidence of colon resections is increasing in the younger populations: should an early initiation of colon cancer screening be implemented?

The American Cancer Society recently lowered the recommended age for screening of colorectal cancer (CRC) to age 45 due to recent data showing increased incidence of CRC in younger populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if younger patients have increased likelihood of resection for CRC through the use of a statewide longitudinal database. The New York SPARCS administrative database was used to identify all patients with diagnosis of colon cancer undergoing colorectal resections from 2000 to 2016. Patients were divided into seven age groups. Patients’ characteristics, demographics, co-morbidities, and complications were evaluated. Chi-square test was used to compare patients’ characteristics, comorbidities and complications among age groups. The linear trend of colon resection in different age groups over years was examined using log-linear Poisson regression models with year as an explanatory variable, as well as using multivariable logistic regression models after adjusting for patients’ gender, race, payment, region, any comorbidity and any complication. There were 73,697 colon resection surgeries extracted from 2000 to 2016. Younger age was significantly associated with increased colorectal cancer resection over time. Patients age 21–70 had a significantly increasing trend over the years (age group 21–30: RR 1.06, p-value 70 was significantly associated with decreasing trend of colorectal cancer resection over the years (age group 71–80: RR 0.98, p 80: RR 0.99, p-value < 0.0001). Such trends also existed after further adjustment for patients’ characteristics, any comorbidity and any complication. Over the years, younger patients have an increased trend of undergoing colorectal resections for cancer, with up to a 6% yearly increase over the studied period. New screening initiation guidelines should be considered and awareness among clinicians and the general public should be increased.
Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Topical Mupirocin to Reduce Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of topical mupirocin in reducing Staphylococcus aureus colonization in infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Study design A prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial of mupirocin vs placebo in S aureus-colonized infants was conducted in a tertiary care NICU between October 2016 and December 2019. Weekly universal active surveillance with polymerase chain reaction screening identified colonized infants. Colonized infants received a 5-day course of mupirocin (mupirocin group) or petroleum jelly (control group). Repeat courses were given for additional positive screens. Results A total of 216 infants were enrolled; 205 were included in data analyses. Primary decolonization was more successful for mupirocin-treated infants (86 of 104 [83%]) than for controls (20 of 101; 20%) (P Conclusions Universal active surveillance and targeted treatment with topical mupirocin is a successful decolonization strategy for NICU infants and may prevent S aureus infection. However, S aureus colonization frequently recurs, necessitating repeat treatment. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov : NCT02967432.
Early Years at the University of Washington

However, the atmosphere within the department was positive and reassuring. Phil Church and his wife, Laurie (Loretta), welcomed my family warmly and eased our first weeks greatly. Phil had won approval for increasing my annual salary by $99, a surprise to me; and he arranged to put me on a research payroll from September 1 to 15, when my regular appointment began. The objective of the project was to understand local differences in surface temperature in Alaska; I continued with the project during 1948 and 1949 and published several papers on that work.
Amnioscopy for prenatal transfusion.

Abstract A new instrument and method for amnioscopy is described. Amnioscopy increases the precision and safety of prenatal transfusion and opens new avenues for fetal research and the photographic recording of prenatal events.
Association of mental health problems with gastrointestinal disorders in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans.

Background Gastrointestinal disorders (GIDs) represent a large public health burden, affecting an estimated 60–70 million Americans annually. Our goal was to examine the relationship between GID and the most common mental health disorders in a national group of newly returning veterans. We also evaluated gender differences in the association of mental health disorders and GID. Methods We utilized a retrospective, longitudinal cohort analysis of veterans’ health records. Participants were 603,221 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who were new users of VA healthcare from October 7, 2001 (start of the war in Afghanistan) to December 31, 2010. Results The prevalence of GID in newly returning veterans was nearly 20%, and veterans with a mental health disorder were at least twice as likely to have a GID as those without mental health disorders. For women, the increased risk of all GIDs was greatest among those with depression. Among men, the increased risk of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was greatest among those with posttraumatic stress disorder. IBS was the GID most strongly associated with mental health conditions among both genders. Conclusions The large proportion of newly returning veterans with GIDs and comorbid mental health diagnoses is concerning. Successful detection and treatment of GIDs associated with mental health disorders will require integrated efforts from primary care and mental health.
The revised self‐leadership questionnaire: Testing a hierarchical factor structure for self‐leadership

Despite the popularity and potential of self‐leadership strategies in modern organizations, no acceptably valid and reliable self‐leadership assessment scale has heretofore been developed. The present study tests the reliability and construct validity of a revised self‐leadership measurement scale created on the basis of existing measures of self‐leadership. Results from an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) demonstrate significantly better reliability and factor stability for the revised scale in comparison to existing instruments. Further, results from a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) utilizing structural equation modeling techniques demonstrate superior fit for a higher order factor model of self‐leadership, thus providing evidence that the revised scale is measuring self‐leadership in a way that is harmonious with self‐leadership theory. Based on these results, the revised scale appears to be a reasonably reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of self‐leadership skills, behaviors, and cognitions. Implications for future empirical self‐leadership research are discussed.
O2(a1Δg, υ = 0) chemical loss coefficients determined from SABER sunset measurements

[1] Retrievals of mesospheric O3 using the 1.27 μm emission of O2(a1Δg, υ = 0) are critically dependent on the O2(1Δg) loss rate, which remains an uncertain parameter. We have analyzed the loss of O2(1Δg) after sunset using measurements of its 1.27 μm emission by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) experiment aboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft. The observed loss rates in the 70 to 90 km altitude region were fit using the Einstein A-Coefficient at 1.27 μm and O2 collisional quenching rate coefficient as parameters. Our results agree well with currently accepted values, and confirm the only existing laboratory measurement of the quenching rate coefficient at mesospheric temperatures.
A formal model for software evolution

Proposes a formal model with mathematical definitions to represent and explore the complicated hierarchy and multidimensional structure of software evolution. This formalization of software evolution is based on a hypergraph and extended to an evolutionary hypergraph with different software evolution objects. In an evolutionary hypergraph, a top-level software evolution step can be refined into several finer software evolution steps and related top-level software evolution components can be decomposed into finer software evolution components. The hypergraph model, in conjunction with prototyping, can help developers describe and understand software evolution processes. We provide an example of multimedia system evolution to illustrate this formalization.
Ecology and Management of Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Southern Pine Forests

Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) have been an important historic and current factor affecting pine forest production in the southern United States. Although tree mortality to bark beetles often detracts from forest management goals, the natural role of bark beetles is canopy opening, thinning, and diversification of stand structure and composition, effects that contribute to some ecosystem services in forests managed for multiple uses. Strategies to prevent bark beetle outbreaks exploit their sensitivity to host tree spacing and reliance on pheromones to attract sufficient numbers to overwhelm tree defenses. Tree species selection at planting or through selective thinning can favor pine species that are more tolerant of site conditions and resistant to bark beetles. Precommercial or commercial thinning improves tree condition and creates barriers to beetle population growth and spread. Remedial options include salvage harvest, pheromones for trap-out or disruption of host location, and white paint to disrupt the dark silhouette of the tree bole. Given the labor costs and trade-offs among tactics and the marginal profitability of fiber and timber production, harvest in advance of, or salvage harvest after, bark beetle attack often is the favored management strategy. However, this strategy is not as appropriate in public forests managed for values provided by older, more vulnerable trees. High-value sites for cultural or endangered species protection may require use of more expensive management options.
Methodology and application of combined watershed and ground-water models in Kansas

Abstract Increased irrigation in Kansas and other regions during the last several decades has caused serious water depletion, making the development of comprehensive strategies and tools to resolve such problems increasingly important. This paper makes the case for an intermediate complexity, quasi-distributed, comprehensive, large-watershed model, which falls between the fully distributed, physically based hydrological modeling system of the type of the SHE model and the lumped, conceptual rainfall-runoff modeling system of the type of the Stanford watershed model. This is achieved by integrating the quasi-distributed watershed model SWAT with the fully-distributed ground-water model MODFLOW. The advantage of this approach is the appreciably smaller input data requirements and the use of readily available data (compared to the fully distributed, physically based models), the statistical handling of watershed heterogeneities by employing the hydrologic-response-unit concept, and the significantly increased flexibility in handling stream–aquifer interactions, distributed well withdrawals, and multiple land uses. The mechanics of integrating the component watershed and ground-water models are outlined, and three real-world management applications of the integrated model from Kansas are briefly presented. Three different aspects of the integrated model are emphasized: (1) management applications of a Decision Support System for the integrated model (Rattlesnake Creek subbasin); (2) alternative conceptual models of spatial heterogeneity related to the presence or absence of an underlying aquifer with shallow or deep water table (Lower Republican River basin); and (3) the general nature of the integrated model linkage by employing a watershed simulator other than SWAT (Wet Walnut Creek basin). These applications demonstrate the practicality and versatility of this relatively simple and conceptually clear approach, making public acceptance of the integrated watershed modeling system much easier. This approach also enhances model calibration and thus the reliability of model results.
Binding sites and stabilities of transition metal ions with nucleosides and related ligands

Abstract Stability constant logarithms for Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ binding at pyridine or purine N1 type nitrogens and imidazole or purine N7 type nitrogens display a linear relationship with pKa for each metal ion and nitrogen type. The slopes of all lines vary only from 0.3 to 0.5. For all three aqueous metal ions and dienPd2+, at the same pKa, the stability constant for N7 binding is 0.8 to 1.2 log units stronger than for N1 binding. For neutral adenosine the N1 site is intrinsically 320 times more basic than the N7 site. However, for the above three aqueous metal ions the ratio of N1 to N7 bound adenosine complexes is projected to be 3, 2.5, and 1, respectively. Thus solutions of neutral adenosine and these aqueous metal ions contain comparable amounts of N1 metalated and N7 metalated complexes. Intrinsic protonation and metal ion stability constants are compared for adenosine, guanosine and inosine. N7 coordination in purine bases predominates at low pH and gives way to favored N1 coordination for dienPd2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ between pH 1.5 to 2.7 for adenosine, pH 6.1 to 6.7 for inosine, and pH 6.9 to 7.5 for guanosine. Absolute chemical shifts for both tetramethylammonium ion and acetonitrile are found to be dependent on ionic strength in opposite senses. There seems to be no reliable internal chemical shift reference when ionic strength is varied.
Improved Dental Composites Utilizing Dibenzylidene Sorbitol Networks

Dibenzylidene sorbitol (DBS) is a sugar derivative that is capable of self-organizing into a 3D nanofibrillar network at relatively low concentrations in a wide variety of organic solvents and polymer melts to induce physical gelation. This research was aimed at determining the effect of DBS networks on vinyl conversion, polymerization shrinkage, and mechanical strength of bioactive dental composites containing zirconyl-modified amorphous calcium phosphate (Zr-ACP) and a polymer matrix derived from the photopolymerization of ethoxylated bisphenol-A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA). Flexural strength was enhanced while polymerization shrinkage and its associated stress development were both significantly reduced by the incorporation of DBS into the composites, suggesting that DBS may be a useful additive for dental composites.
Stability of brines on Mars

The detection of high chlorine and sulfate abundances and duricrusts on Mars strongly suggests the occasional presence of brines on the Martian surface. Ternary phase diagrams for the likely chloride and sulfate brines indicate that the minimum temperature at which a brine can be stable is near 210 K with a water concentration of approximately 70 wt % and a high concentration of calcium chloride. The dominance of sulfate over chlorine in the Martian regolith suggests precipitation of salts at temperatures higher than the minimum.