cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data disaggregation and its discontents: discourses of civil rights, efficiency and ethnic registry

This paper examines recent political debates surrounding data disaggregation in education policy in one US state, and analyses the discourses taken up by supporters and opponents of these policies....
Nicolás Kanellos. Hispanic Inmigrant Literature: El sueño del retorno. University of Texas, 2011.

El trabajo de Nicolas Kanellos representa una herramienta fundamental para aquellos investigadores interesados en la amplia tradicion literaria elaborada por los inmigrantes que han hecho de la experiencia hispana en los Estados Unidos el motivo de su literatura. Las razones detras de una investigacion como esta no pueden ser mas claras: el autor reacciona, en primer lugar, hacia un sector de la critica que tiende a homogeneizar la literatura de los hispanos haciendo de ella un cuerpo indefinido de textos donde se confunden voces de muy distinta naturaleza. Al mismo tiempo, Kanellos se plantea el objetivo de dar a conocer una serie de manifestaciones literarias que han permanecido al margen de las investigaciones, precisamente por no corresponder con el modelo de hispanidad que las academias y la editoriales se han encargado de construir y promover.
A Theoretical Study: Selection of a Personalized Radiotherapy Fractionation ScheduleUsing Spatiotemporal Optimization

Purpose: To investigate the impact of using spatiotemporal optimization, i.e., intensity modulated spatial optimization followed by fractionation schedule optimization, to select the patient-specific fractionation schedule that maximizes the tumor biologically equivalent dose (BED) under dose constraints for multiple organs-at-risk (OAR).Methods: The optimal fractionation schedule for a patient using the linear-quadratic (LQ) cell survival model depends on the tumor and OAR sensitivity to fraction size, the effective tumor doubling time (Td), and the size and location of tumor target relative to one or more OAR (dose distribution). We used a spatiotemporal optimization method to identify the optimal number of fractions N that maximizes the 3D tumor BED distribution for sixteen lung phantom cases. The 15 selection of the optimal fractionation schedule used equivalent (30-fraction) OAR constraints for the heart (Dmean 45 Gy), lungs (Dmean 20 Gy), cord (Dmax 45 Gy), esophagus (Dmax 63 Gy), and unspecifed tissues (D05 60 Gy). To assess plan quality, we compared the minimum, mean, maximum, and D95 of tumor BED, as well as the equivalent uniform dose (EUD) for optimized plans to conventional IMRT plans prescribing 60 Gy in 30 fractions. A sensitivity analysis was 20 performed to assess the effects of Td (3 to 100 days), tumor lag-time (Tk = 0 to 10 days), and the size of tumors on optimal fractionation schedule.Results: Using an alpha/beta ratio of 10 Gy, the average values of tumor max, min, mean BED, and D95 were up to 19%, 21%, 20%, and 19% larger than those from conventional prescription, depending on Td and Tk used. Tumor EUD was up to 17% larger than the conventional prescription. For fast 25 proliferating tumors with Td less than 10 days, there was no significant increase in tumor BED but the treatment course could be shortened without a loss in tumor BED. The improvement in the tumor mean BED was more pronounced with smaller tumors (p-value = 0.08).Conclusions: Spatiotemporal optimization of patient plans has the potential to significantly improve local tumor control (larger BED/EUD) of patients with a favorable geometry, such as 30 smaller tumors with larger distances between the tumor target and nearby OARs. In patients with a less favorable geometry and for fast growing tumors, plans optimized using spatiotemporal optimization and conventional (spatial-only) optimization are equivalent (negligible differences in tumor BED/EUD). However, spatiotemporal optimization yields shorter treatment courses than conventional spatial-only optimization. Personalized, spatiotemporal optimization of treatment 35 schedules can increase patient convenience and help with the efficient allocation of clinical resources. Spatiotemporal optimization can also help identify a subset of patients that might benefit from non-conventional (large dose per fraction) treatments that are ineligible for the current practice of stereotactic body radiation therapy.
Racial differences in patient perception of interactions with providers are associated with health outcomes in type II diabetes.

Abstract Objectives Examine the association of patient perceptions of care with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), medication adherence, and missed appointments in non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and White (NHW) patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods We used linear and logistic regression models to analyze the association of the Interpersonal Processes of Care survey (IPC) with HbA1c, medication adherence, and missed appointments. We then examined how these associations differed by race. Results There was no overall association between IPC subdomains and HbA1c in our sample (N = 221). NHB patients perceiving their provider always explained results and medications had a HbA1c on average 0.59 (-1.13, -0.04; p = 0.04) points lower than those perceiving their provider sometimes explained results and medications. No effect was observed in NHWs. Never perceiving disrespect from office staff was associated with an average 0.67 (-1.1, -0.24; p = 0.002) point improvement in medication adherence for all patients. Never perceiving discrimination from providers was associated with a 0.44 (-0.63, -0.25; p Conclusions These results demonstrate that particular aspects of communication in the patient-provider interaction may contribute to racial disparities in T2DM. Practice Implications Communication training for both providers and staff may reduce disparities in T2DM.
Gastrointestinal Pathology in Samples from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Positive Patients.

CONTEXT: -Although primarily considered a respiratory illness, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause gastrointestinal manifestations. OBJECTIVE: -To evaluate histopathology and in situ hybridization for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in gastrointestinal samples from patients with recent and remote COVID-19. DESIGN: -Patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal tests and a gastrointestinal tissue specimen were included. SARS-CoV-2 in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed on each sample. A subset had SARS-CoV-2 next generation sequencing (NGS) performed. RESULTS: -Twenty-five patients met inclusion criteria. Five had positive SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal tests within 7 days of their gastrointestinal procedure. Two were ulcerative colitis patients on steroid therapy who lacked typical COVID-19 symptoms. Their colectomies showed severe ulcerative colitis; one demonstrated SARS-CoV-2 by NGS but a negative ISH. Another had an ischemic colon resected as a complication of the COVID-19 course; however, both ISH and NGS were negative. A fourth had a normal-appearing terminal ileum but positive ISH and NGS. The fifth patient had ileal ulcers with SARS-CoV-2 negativity by both modalities. The remaining 20 patients had positive nasopharyngeal tests an average of 53 days prior to procedure. None of their samples demonstrated SARS-CoV-2 ISH positivity, but one was positive on NGS despite a negative nasopharyngeal test. CONCLUSIONS: -Gastrointestinal findings from SARS-CoV-2-infected patients ranged from normal with virus detected by ISH and NGS, to bowel ischemia secondary to systemic viral effects, without evidence of virus in the tissue. No distinct histologic finding was identified in those with gastrointestinal tissue specimens demonstrating SARS-CoV-2 positivity in this cohort.
Psychometric Evaluation of a Controlled Social Affiliation Paradigm: Findings From Anxiety, Depressive Disorder, and Healthy Samples.

Abstract Social impairments are common across many psychiatric conditions. Standardized dyadic assessments intended to elicit social affiliation between unacquainted partners are used to elucidate mechanisms that disrupt relationship formation and inform possible treatment targets; however, the psychometric properties of such paradigms remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of a controlled social affiliation paradigm intended to induce connectedness between a target participant and trained confederate. Individuals with an anxiety or depressive disorder diagnosis (clinical group; n = 132) and those without (control group; n = 35) interacted face-to-face with a trained confederate; partners took turns answering a series of increasingly intimate questions about themselves. Social connectedness, affect, and affiliative behavior measures were collected during the interaction. Participant symptom and social functioning measures were collected to examine validity. The paradigm elicited escalating social connectedness throughout the task for both participants and confederates. Parallel forms (i.e., different question sets) elicited similar affiliation outcomes. Self-reported (but not behavioral) affiliation differed across some demographic variables (e.g., participant gender, Hispanic ethnicity). Within-task affiliation measures were associated with one another and with global social connectedness and social anxiety symptom measures, but not with somatic anxiety measures. Clinical participants reported lower social affiliation and positive affect reactivity and higher negative affect reactivity than healthy participants. These findings provide initial psychometric support for a standardized and controlled dyadic affiliation paradigm that could be used to reliably probe social disconnection mechanisms across psychopathology. Keywords: social affiliation, psychometrics, reliability, validity, relationship formation, behavioral, social anxiety, anxiety, depression, reciprocal self-disclosure paradigm
Benefit comparison of captioned online courses for american, international, and deaf/hard of hearing students: from the viewpoint of individual value and total value

This study evaluated benefits toward Captioned Online Courses (COC) among American, International, and Deaf/Hard of Hearing students from two California universities. As a result, COC were not just viewed as accommodations for DHH students, but also as providing benefits for American and International students. Study results indicated that international students showed higher individual value for COC than the other groups, while American students had the smallest individual value but presented the larger total value toward COC than the other groups due to their comprising the largest population at both universities. The aggregate total value for all groups was approximately $2,000,000.00, which would represent the cost of conducting 370 classes at the lowest price of $2.00 per minute. These results indicate the possibility of expanding future COC as Universal Design model for postsecondary educational institutions.
Ethics in Laboratory Research

As novel advances are being made in the laboratory at an extraordinary pace, ethical conduct in science and biomedical research is critically important now more than ever. With the expanding horizon of science and modern medicine, new moral and ethical conflicts frequently arise. Things that were inconceivable to previous generations are at the forefront of ethical considerations including the completion of the Human Genome project, the expansion of genetic engineering, and stem cell research. The importance of ethics in the conduct of sciences is also highlighted by the emphasis that mass media places on ethical misconduct, as well as the increasing scrutiny of science’s complex financial interdependence with business and industry. Due to the growing need for ethics in science, we, as scientists, must cultivate our moral and ethical character. In this chapter, we provide an overview of ethical issues in laboratory research.
Arginase isozymes of rat mammary gland, liver, and other tissues.

Abstract Arginase activity accumulates in rat mammary gland during lactation, although an effective urea cycle is absent. This arginase has been partially purified and its properties have been compared to those of the purified rat liver enzyme. Conditions that allow solubilization of liver arginase leave more than 60% of the mammary gland enzyme particulate. Since solubilization requires treatment with 1-butanol, the enzyme is probably located in the membrane. Liver arginase is stable at 60°, whereas mammary gland enzyme is labile at 55°. Liver arginase has maximal catalytic activity between pH 10.0 and 10.6. At pH 10.6 the mammary gland enzyme has lost 75% of its activity. Chromatography on Sephadex G-150 separates the mammary gland activity into two fractions of different molecular weights (42,000 and 94,000), both less than that of the liver enzyme (120,000). A rabbit anti-serum that quantitatively precipitates adult and fetal liver arginases does not cross-react with the enzyme of mammary gland extracts. Arginase preparations from small intestine, kidney, and a transplanted renal carcinoma share some of these properties, and also do not cross-react with the anti-serum to liver arginase. An intermediate type of arginase found in hepatoma 7777 reacts with the antiserum, but less strongly than does liver arginase.
The paradox of asset pricing

Asset pricing theory abounds with elegant mathematical models. The logic is so compelling that the models are widely used in policy, from banking, investments, and corporate finance to government. To what extent, however, can these models predict what actually happens in financial markets? In The Paradox of Asset Pricing, a leading financial researcher argues forcefully that the empirical record is weak at best. Peter Bossaerts undertakes the most thorough, technically sound investigation in many years into the scientific character of the pricing of financial assets. He probes this conundrum by modeling a decidedly volatile phenomenon that, he says, the world of finance has forgotten in its enthusiasm for the efficient markets hypothesis--speculation. Bossaerts writes that the existing empirical evidence may be tainted by the assumptions needed to make sense of historical field data or by reanalysis of the same data. To address the first problem, he demonstrates that one central assumption--that markets are efficient processors of information, that risk is a knowable quantity, and so on--can be relaxed substantially while retaining core elements of the existing methodology. The new approach brings novel insights to old data. As for the second problem, he proposes that asset pricing theory be studied through experiments in which subjects trade purposely designed assets for real money. This book will be welcomed by finance scholars and all those math--and statistics-minded readers interested in knowing whether there is science beyond the mathematics of finance. This book provided the foundation for subsequent journal articles that won two prestigious awards: the 2003 Journal of Financial Markets Best Paper Award and the 2004 Goldman Sachs Asset Management Best Research Paper for the Review of Finance.
The Estimation of Polypeptide Chain Molecular Weights by Gel Filtration in 6 M Guanidine Hydrochloride

Abstract Gel filtration of reduced protein polypeptide chains in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride has been evaluated as a means of estimating protein or protein subunit molecular weights as suggested by Davison (Science, 161, 906 (1968)). As a gel filtration medium, 6% agarose permits useful molecular weight estimates between the extreme limits of 80,000 and 1,000. Provided weight rather than volume is used to measure elution position, excellent precision and accuracy can be obtained. A plot of log molecular weight versus elution position yields a sigmoidal curve from which molecular weights can be estimated with an accuracy of 7% in the nearly linear portion of the curve (40,000 to 10,000 molecular weight) and 10% at the extreme calibration limits.
Fischer-tropsch synthesis on cobalt catalysts: Structural requirements and reaction pathways

Abstract Fischer-Tropsch synthesis turnover rates on supported Co catalysts are independent of Co dispersion and of support identity over the accessible dispersion range (0.01–0.12). Turnover rates increase when small amounts of Ru (Ru/Co 5 + selectivity increases with increasing Co site density because diffusion-enhanced readsorption of α-olefins reverses β-hydrogen abstraction chain termination steps. Severe diffusional restrictions, however, can also deplete CO within catalyst pellets and decrease chain growth probability. Therefore, high C 5 + selectivities are obtained on catalysts with moderate diffusional restrictions. Diffusional constraints depend on pellet size and porosity and on the density and radial location of Co sites within catalyst pellets. The support pore structure and pellet size and the intrapellet distribution and density of Co sites can be used to design supported Co catalysts with high C 5 + selectivity and reaction rates.
PRODUCTION OF LIPASE BY PSEUDOMONAS FRAGI IN A SYNTHETIC MEDIUM.

Alford, John A. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md.) and David A. Pierce. Production of lipase by Pseudomonas fragi in a synthetic medium. J. Bacteriol. 86:24–29. 1963.—The growth and production of lipase by Pseudomonas fragi in 41 dehydrated media were determined. From a chemical analysis of the peptone medium which gave the maximal lipase production, numerous synthetic media were prepared. Good cell growth, but no lipase production, was obtained on a buffered ammonium sulfate-glucose medium. The addition of arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid to this medium gave lipase production approaching that obtained in the peptone medium. Omission of the glucose had little effect on growth, but no lipase were produced. Sterilization of the glucose with either the amino acids or phosphate buffer had no effect on growth, but sharply reduced lipase production. Gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acids liberated from lard, corn oil, and coconut oil indicated that medium composition had no effect on enzyme specificity. P. fluorescens produced very little lipase in any of the synthetic media examined.
Trends over 5 decades in U.S. occupation-related physical activity and their associations with obesity.

Background The true causes of the obesity epidemic are not well understood and there are few longitudinal population-based data published examining this issue. The objective of this analysis was to examine trends in occupational physical activity during the past 5 decades and explore how these trends relate to concurrent changes in body weight in the U.S. Methodology/Principal Findings Analysis of energy expenditure for occupations in U.S. private industry since 1960 using data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Mean body weight was derived from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). In the early 1960's almost half the jobs in private industry in the U.S. required at least moderate intensity physical activity whereas now less than 20% demand this level of energy expenditure. Since 1960 the estimated mean daily energy expenditure due to work related physical activity has dropped by more than 100 calories in both women and men. Energy balance model predicted weights based on change in occupation-related daily energy expenditure since 1960 for each NHANES examination period closely matched the actual change in weight for 40–50 year old men and women. For example from 1960–62 to 2003–06 we estimated that the occupation-related daily energy expenditure decreased by 142 calories in men. Given a baseline weight of 76.9 kg in 1960–02, we estimated that a 142 calories reduction would result in an increase in mean weight to 89.7 kg, which closely matched the mean NHANES weight of 91.8 kg in 2003–06. The results were similar for women. Conclusion Over the last 50 years in the U.S. we estimate that daily occupation-related energy expenditure has decreased by more than 100 calories, and this reduction in energy expenditure accounts for a significant portion of the increase in mean U.S. body weights for women and men.
Relative Intensity Calibration of Rotational Raman Spectra

Ratios of the intensities of rotational Raman lines having the same initial state have been used to obtain a spectral sensitivity calibration of the optical system used to record those rotational lines. The advantages are that no
Talking about corporal punishment: nine low-income African American mothers' perspectives

Qualitative interviews conducted over the course of 5 years with nine young low-income African American mothers were analyzed in order to gain understanding of their perspectives on corporal punishment. All used corporal punishment with their children. Results pertain to the vocabulary mothers used to describe corporal punishment (pop, tap, whup, spank, hit, and smack), the circumstances in which different levels of corporal punishment were used, the criteria mothers used when deciding whom to allow to administer corporal punishment to their children, and the reasons they supported the use of (non-abusive) corporal punishment.
Kinetics of the hydrolysis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) muscle proteins by alkaline proteases and a visceral serine protease mixture

Abstract The hydrolytic efficiency of an extract of serine proteases from cultured Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) pyloric caeca and four commercially available alkaline proteases (Alcalase 2.4L, Flavourzyme 1000L, Corolase PN-L and 7089) on salmon muscle mince were compared (pH 7.5, T =40°C) at the same activity level based upon Azocoll results. Alcalase 2.4L had the highest activity per g on the Azocoll substrate compared with the other enzymes. When the enzymes were added to the salmon muscle system at the same Azocoll activity level Corolase 7089 hydrolyzed the salmon muscle protein most efficiently reaching 14.4% degree of hydrolysis (%DH) within 180 min. The pyloric caeca extract (PCE) was also highly efficient (14.1%DH), followed by Flavourzyme 1000L (7.5%DH), Corolase PN-L (6.7%DH) and Alcalase 2.4L (5.6%DH) under the same reaction conditions. The reaction kinetics for each enzyme preparation was determined at different Azocoll activity units to evaluate cost effectiveness of using each enzyme in a commercial process. Alcalase 2.4L was the most cost-efficient.
Catholic and Protestant emigration from the Netherlands in the 19th century: a comparative social structural analysis.

The purpose of this paper is to describe analyze and compare the characteristics of three Dutch emigrant groups--Dutch Reformed Seceders (Afgescheidenen) and Roman Catholics--in the nineteenth century. Because the Catholics are a neglected group in emigration research the paper will focus on the Roman Catholic emigrants from the southern provinces of the Netherlands (Limburg Noord-Brabant and Gelderland) although the other two groups will form a reference for comparison throughout the paper. Data are from official Dutch emigration records. (EXCERPT)
Characteristics of Four Kinship Placement Outcome Groups and Variables Associated with these Kinship Placement Outcome Groups

This study investigated factors that might be associated with the disrupted kinship care placements of abused and neglected children. Data were collected from face-to-face interviews of 130 kin caregivers who were randomly selected from lists provided by two child protection agencies and divided into four different outcome groups. Findings of the study revealed that characteristics of the children such as their health status, ages, and the extent to which they were getting into “trouble” were significantly associated with placement outcomes. The caregivers’ perceptions of the quality of relationships between themselves and the children in their care and the birth parents of those children were also associated with placement outcomes. Two other factors affecting outcomes were the frequency of contact between social workers and caregivers and the extent to which services plans were discussed. Practice implications related to these findings are discussed.
Significantly Improved Sensitivity of Q-Band PELDOR/DEER Experiments Relative to X-Band Is Observed in Measuring the Intercoil Distance of a Leucine Zipper Motif Peptide (GCN4-LZ)

Pulsed electron double resonance (PELDOR)/double electron−electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy is a very powerful structural biology tool in which the dipolar coupling between two unpaired electron spins (site-directed nitroxide spin-labels) is measured. These measurements are typically conducted at X-band (9.4 GHz) microwave excitation using the four-pulse DEER sequence and can often require up to 12 h of signal averaging for biological samples (depending on the spin-label concentration). In this work, we present for the first time a substantial increase in DEER sensitivity obtained by collecting DEER spectra at Q-band (34 GHz), when compared to X-band. The huge boost in sensitivity (factor of 13) demonstrated at Q-band represents a 169-fold decrease in data collection time, reveals a greatly improved frequency spectrum and higher-quality distance data, and significantly increases sample throughput. Thus, the availability of Q-band DEER spectroscopy should have a major impact on structural biology stud...
Detecting 13C in solid pitches by CP/MAS solid state NMR

Abstract Comparison of 13 C NMR spectra in solid pitches taken under conditions of: cross polarization with strong proton decoupling, but no sample rotation (CP), and cross polarization with strong proton decoupling and magic angle sample spinning (CP/MAS) indicate that there is a considerable loss of intensity in the aliphatic region, and indications of a loss in the aromatic region, under MAS. This effect is discussed.
The Relation between Grammatical Development and Mean Length of Utterance in Morphemes.

A widely held practice in many studies of child language development and disorders has been to employ an easily calculated numerical metric, mean length of utterance measured in morphemes (MLU), as a ‘general index of grammatical development’. While this practice seems to have found acceptance among many students of child language, the usefulness of MLU past Stage II has been assumed but never empirically tested. This study evaluated the grammatical performance and MLU of 18 normally developing 2- and 3-year-old children and found that MLU did not correlate significantly with age (r = 0·26), nor did it discriminate children's profiles of grammatical development.
The Brosimum allene: a structural revision

Insight derived from a synthetic model, calculated (13)C NMR data, and comparison to experimental data indicate that the proposed allenic structure A, originally assigned to an isolate from Brosimum acutifolium Huber, should be revised to B, a natural product and nonallenic substance, mururin C.
Green Nanotechnology from Cumin Phytochemicals: Generation of Biocompatible Gold Nanoparticles.

ABSTRACT The powerful antioxidant characteristics of various phytochernicals within cumin prompted us to test their efficacy in reducing sodium tetrachloroaurate to corresponding gold nanoparticles. We, herein, report an unprecedented synthetic route that involves the production of well-defined spherical gold nanoparticles by simple mixing of cumin to an aqueous solution of sodium tetrachloro aurate. Production of gold nanoparticles in this cumin–mediated Green Nanotechnological process is achieved under biologically benign conditions. The gold nanoparticles generated through cumin-mediated process did not aggregate suggesting that the cocktail of phytochemicals including proteins serve as excellent coatings on nanoparticles and thus, provide robust shielding from aggregations. In addition, the phytochemical coatings on nanoparticles have rendered nontoxic features to these ‘Green Gold Nanoparticles’ as demonstrated through detailed MTT assays performed on 'normal fibroblast cells. Results of our studies ...
Lethal territorial aggression in a white‐handed gibbon

During an intergroup conflict an adult male white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) from one group was attacked and wounded by the adult male of a neighboring group. The wounded male's calling behavior, general activity level, feeding, and participation in territorial defense declined dramatically in the days following the injury as he instead spent long periods resting and tending the wound. The normal and healthy appearance of this male prior to injury, the circumstances of the fight that caused the injury, the resultant deterioration in normal maintenance and social behavior, and finally the apparent infection of the wound by insect larvae all suggested that his disappearance 24 days later was the result of death due directly or indirectly to the wound he had suffered. The observations reported here suggest that the ritualization of territorial aggression in this species has not eliminated risks of serious injury and death. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Need fulfillment in the career development of women

Abstract To test Harmon's proposal that Maslow's needs theory can explain differences in women's career decisions, need importance scores of 481 college graduate women of 1968 were contrasted. Since full-time homemakers are dependent upon another person for fulfillment of basic needs (Maslow's security-safety and social needs), it was hypothesized that these needs would remain prepotent and, therefore, would be higher for homemakers than for women employed outside the home. Esteem and self-actualization needs of employed women were expected to be higher for employed women than for homemakers. The results of the analyses generally supported the hypotheses. The major resulting discriminant function contrasted negative weights on basic needs with positive weights on high-level needs. Homemakers scored highest on security-safety and social needs, while professional-managerial and clerical-sales workers scored highest on the esteem need. In an unexpected finding, self-actualization was found to be the highest-ranked need for all groups of women in the study.
Why Don't Social Workers Make Better Child Welfare Workers than Non-Social Workers?.

This invited response contends that Dr. Perry's main findings are really not that surprising nor should they be. It argues that he should have asked a different question rather than the one posed in his title. The reasons offered for social workers not differing from non–social workers in their respective performance of tasks at Florida's Department of Children and Families are the relative sameness in baccalaureate education at their foundation years, personality characteristics of those who enter helping professions in general, and the pervasive organizational culture in which they work. The response argues for an understanding of the sameness rather than an apology for the nondifference.
Compactness theorems for differential forms

We prove compactness properties of various sets of differential forms with bounds on their exterior derivatives. This gives simple proofs of the Federer-Fleming result on normal currents and of „compensated compactness” lemmas.
EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLINS ON ABSCISSION IN COTTON SEEDLING EXPLANTS

Gibberellic acid (GA3) accelerated abscission when applied, in a wide concentration range, to excised abscission zones of cotton. Abscission was promoted equally by distal or proximal applications of from 10-3 to 100 μg. A slight, but inconsistent, abscission retardation was obtained with distal applications of 10-6 and 10-7 μg. Seven different gibberellins accelerated abscission equally when applied distally at amounts of 5×10-4 to 5×10-1 μg per abscission zone. At 5×10-5 μg there were great differences in effectiveness; their activities can be ranked: A3>A5≥A4>A7=A8>A1=A9. The ready translocatability of GA3 was suggested when 1.0 or 0.01 μg was applied to one petiole, and the opposite untreated petiole abscised at the same time as the treated one. However, 0.001 μg was not effective in moving across the stem and inducing abscission of the untreated petiole. The rate of abscission of petioles treated with 1.0 μg GA3 was not affected by increasing the length of the petiole from 3 to 9 mm. However, abscission of petioles treated with smaller amounts is inversely proportional to petiole length. The rate of abscission of petioles treated with GA3 decreased with increasing seedling age; there was a simultaneous increase in abscission rate of the controls.
Time-series temperature measurements at high-temperature hydrothermal vents, East Pacific Rise 9°49′–51′N: evidence for monitoring a crustal cracking event

Abstract Temperature measurements of hydrothermal vent fluids provide an important indicator of the physical and chemical state of mid-ocean ridge crest hydrothermal and magmatic systems. Changes in vent fluid temperature and chemistry can have dramatic effects on biological communities that inhabit these unique ecosystems. In an attempt to understand temporal variability of ridge crest hydrothermal activity as it relates to geological processes at the ridge axis, six high-temperature hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise crest between 9°49′N and 9°51′N were instrumented and sampled repeatedly during five years following a submarine volcanic eruption in 1991. Bio9 vent, located on the floor of the axial trough near 9°50.2′N, has the most complete record of fluid temperatures from 1991 to 1997, including a continuous temperature record of nearly three years (1994–1997). Bio9 vent fluids were 368°C in 1991, increased to an estimated temperature ≥388°C after a second volcanic event in 1992, and thereafter declined over the next ∼2 years reaching a temperature of 365°C in December 1993. Continuous temperature records and point measurements made by Alvin's thermocouple probe show Bio9 vent fluids were stable for ∼15 months at 365±1°C, until March 26, 1995. On March 26, an abrupt 7°C increase occurred over a period of eight days at this vent, and a maximum temperature of 372±1°C persisted for 14 days. The vent fluid cooled gradually over ∼3.5 months to 366±1°C, and for several months at the end of the recording period the temperature increased a few degrees. A continuous record of fluid temperature at this vent between November 1995 and November 1997 shows a 5±1°C increase for the two-year period. The abrupt temperature increase at Bio9 vent, and coincident changes in faunal community structure, and geochemistry of vent fluids from this area suggest that a crustal event occurred, either in the form of a cracking front in the crust or intrusion of a small dike. Based on the results of a microseismicity experiment conducted around the Bio9 vent in 1995 [Sohn et al., Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 78 (1997) F647; Sohn et al., Nature (in press)], and the identification of a small earthquake swarm which occurred on March 22, 1995 we conclude that the temperature anomaly measured at Bio9 four days following the swarm was caused by a cracking front penetrating into hot crustal rocks beneath the vent.
Mechanoreceptors and central command.

static exercise increases mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and ventilation. Central command and the exercise pressor reflex are the two neural mechanisms causing these responses to static exercise. Central command is defined as the parallel activation of the locomotor and autonomic circuits in
Connectivity Modeling System: A probabilistic modeling tool for the multi-scale tracking of biotic and abiotic variability in the ocean

Pelagic organisms' movement and motion of buoyant particles are driven by processes operating across multiple, spatial and temporal scales. We developed a probabilistic, multi-scale model, the Connectivity Modeling System (CMS), to gain a mechanistic understanding of dispersion and migration processes in the ocean. The model couples offline a new nested-grid technique to a stochastic Lagrangian framework where individual variability is introduced by drawing particles' attributes at random from specified probability distributions of traits. This allows 1) to track seamlessly a large number of both actively swimming and inertial particles over multiple, independent ocean model domains and 2) to generate ensemble forecasts or hindcasts of the particles' three dimensional trajectories, dispersal kernels, and transition probability matrices used for connectivity estimates. In addition, CMS provides Lagrangian descriptions of oceanic phenomena (advection, dispersion, retention) and can be used in a broad range of oceanographic applications, from the fate of pollutants to the pathways of water masses in the global ocean. Here we describe the CMS modular system where particle behavior can be augmented with specific features, and a parallel module implementation simplifies data management and CPU intensive computations associated with solving for the tracking of millions of active particles. Some novel features include on-the-fly data access of operational hydrodynamic models, individual particle variability and inertial motion, and multi-nesting capabilities to optimize resolution. We demonstrate the performance of the interpolation algorithm by testing accuracy in tracing the flow stream lines in both time and space and the efficacy of probabilistic modeling in evaluating the bio-physical coupling against empirical data. Finally, following recommended practices for the development of community models, we provide an open source code with a series of coupled standalone, optional modules detailed in a user's guide.
Evolution of embedded processing for wide area surveillance

The AirWASP framework leverages enabling technologies to aid in persistent surveillance missions onboard a manned aircraft. While the system as described was developed to fulfill the needs of the Gotcha II program, the system's versatility and modular design provide an abundance of technology options through framework design that will accommodate growing computing needs and can leverage technological advances.
Stability of pre-tilt angle and polar anchoring strength and its impact on the performance of liquid crystal devices

: In this paper, the optical performance degradation of a liquid crystal (LC) cell due to the instability of pre-tilt angle and polar anchoring strength of the alignment surface of liquid crystal devices is explored. Under accelerated thermal treatment, changes in both the pre-tilt angle and polar anchoring strength are observed. The impacts of these changes are modeled for both twist nematic (TN) and electrically controlled birefringence (ECB) cells. Through this modeling, we find that a stable surface is very important to the long term performance of liquid crystal devices for the telecommunication applications.
Acquisition and transfer of feature-negative discriminations.

This experiment examined the acquisition and transfer of inhibitory stimulus control in serial feature-negative (A+, X→A−) discriminations in a conditioned suppression situation. A variety of visual and auditory stimuli were used as A and X in separate groups of rat subjects. The choice of the stimuli used as X and A substantially affected the rate of acquisition of those discriminations. But in no case did X inhibit conditioned responding to another excitor that was separately paired with the unconditioned stimulus. These results replicated, over a wide range of acquisition rates and performance levels, Holland and Lamarre’s (Learning and Motivation, 1984) observation that the inhibitory stimulus control established to the feature in serial feature-negative discrimination procedures was highly specific to the excitor with which it had been trained.
Three Voices in Portraiture: Actor, Artist, and Audience

This article explores the interaction of artist and actor voice as presented by Lawrence-Lightfoot and Davis in three portraits of African American secondary school female principals that had been constructed in the lead author’s dissertation study. After describing various manifestations of actor and artist voice, emphasis shifts to a third voice—that of the audience. The responses of six diverse reviewers are examined in terms of how they reflect the artist’s intent and add new meaning to the portraits. The article concludes with brief thoughts about the interpretation of portraits, the uses of portraits, and the factors that prepare an audience to learn from a portrait.
3D Finite Element Analysis of PWA-Oil Sand Terrain System Interaction

A simulator for analyzing the interaction between the oil sand terrain and a pipe wagon articulating (PWA) system has been developed in this paper. An elastic-plastic oil sand model was built based on the finite element analysis (FEA) method and von Mises yield criterion using the Algor mechanical event simulation (MES) software. The three-dimensional (3D) distribution of the stress, strain, nodal displacement, and deformed shape of the oil sands was animated at an environmental temperature of 25&#xb0;C. The 3D behavior of the oil sand terrain was investigated with different loading conditions. The effect of the load and contact area on the stress and nodal displacement was analyzed, respectively. The results indicate that both the max stress and max nodal displacement increase with the load varying from 0 to 3.6𝐸
Some Thoughts on Teaching a Pluralistic History in the History and Systems of Psychology Course.

In this article, I discuss the possible advantages of focusing more extensively on the history of selected areas or fields of psychology and following that history to the present time as the conclusion of the History and Systems course. The use of this topical approach may allow students to see more clearly the different insights and advantages provided by a historical perspective because they already have some knowledge of the areas being reviewed. It also may provide a more germane history for the actual discipline they are learning and lay a better foundation for the kind of integrative insights one hopes occur in this course. A short annotated bibliography of source materials for lectures and readings is provided.
Vitamin D Deficiency in the Urological Population: A Single Center Analysis

Purpose: Vitamin D has a well-known role in calcium metabolism and bone health. It may also help prevent a number of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and malignancies such as breast, colorectal and prostate cancer. To our knowledge the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has never been reported in the general urological population. We evaluated the vitamin D status of this population at a large academic center.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 3,763 male and female patients from a urology database at a single academic institution. Patients were identified whose levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured for the first time between 1997 and 2010. We determined the prevalence of normal—greater than 30, insufficient—20 to 29 and deficient—less than 20 ng/ml 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for vitamin D deficiency.Results: Overall 2,559 patients (68%) had suboptimal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (le...
Growths of InGaN-based light-emitting diodes with AlInN thin barrier for efficiency droop suppression

The growths of InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes with AlInN thin barrier were performed by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, and this approach led to reduction in thermionic carrier escape and efficiency droop.
Space Weather: Physics and Effects

With the launching of Sputnik, Explorer 1, and the other early satellites, the new discipline of space physics was born, about 50 years ago. Although earlier ground-based observations had provided strong hints about the nature of our space environment above the upper atmosphere, those early satellites initiated a series of surprises and discoveries, including Van Allen's discovery of the Earth's radiation belts. Young scientists were attracted to this new field, and it grew quickly. When the Journal of Geophysical Research was divided into two sections, in 1964, one section was devoted to space physics. The field explored not only new regions of space but also a new state of matter: the rarefied, fully ionized plasma that fills space and interacts intimately with magnetic fields.
A miniaturized in vitro diffusion culture system.

Abstract A miniaturized diffusion culture apparatus holding 24 individual cultures and utilizing 1 10 the cells and volume of standard Marbrook-type cultures is described. This system was evaluated by studying the anti-sheep erythrocyte response of spleen cells from unprimed or primed and boosted mice. Compared to parallel Mishell-Dutton plate cultures memory responses in mini-diffusion cultures rise more slowly, peak 1–2 days later and thereafter decline less rapidly. Moreover, the diffusion cultures give a pronounced IgG response peaking at 6 days, while the abortive IgG response evident in plate cultures at 4 days rapidly disappears. While viability in the two systems is equivalent, cell recovery on days 7 and 8 is markedly higher in the diffusion cultures. Of 4 cell concentrations tested, 2 million cells are found to produce the optimum anti-sheep erythrocyte plaque-forming cell response. A 0.2 μ nuclepore membrane is preferable to a dialysis membrane and yields up to a 2-fold higher response. Replacement of the reservoir medium on day 4 impairs rather than improves the response. The culture system was also found to support and excellent primary response. This response is dependent on the presence of 2-mercapto-ethanol and does not require rocking.
Only the nose knows: penile hemodynamic study of the perineum-saddle interface in men with erectile dysfunction utilizing bicycle saddles and seats with and without nose extensions.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the differential impact of straddles (A ns and B ns ) and noseless two‐cheek seats (A ntcs and B ntcs ) on penile hemodynamics and perineal compressive forces in subjects who cycle in a stationary bicycle. Materials and Methods Subjects underwent cavernosal artery peak systolic velocity (CAPSV) measurements after intracavernosal injection of vasoactive agents while supine, sitting upright on an examination table, straddling a saddle, sitting on a seat, and again supine. Mean perineal compression pressures recorded while straddling the saddles were compared with those while sitting upright. Results No differences were found in right and left CAPSV values while supine, sitting upright on an examination table, sitting on a seat, and supine again. Right/left CAPSV (cm/second) values straddling A ns and saddle B ns (0.7 ± 2.9/1.5 ± 6.2 and 0/0, respectively) were significantly lower than values obtained while sitting on A ntcs and B ntcs (25.6 ± 13.4/23.8 ± 12.0 and 17.3 ± 6.4/18.3 ± 6.5, respectively) ( P ns and saddle B ns (315.2 ± 39 and 387.9 ± 64.3, respectively) were significantly higher than values obtained while sitting upright on an examination table (47.6 ± 5.2 and 46.0 ± 8.1, respectively) ( P Conclusions e have identified an objective test to assess if an individual bicycle rider, sitting on a certain shape of bicycle saddle or seat generates sufficient compressive forces at the perineal–saddle interface to obstruct cavernosal arterial inflow. This study also demonstrated that straddling bicycle saddles with nose extensions is associated with perineum–saddle interface compressive pressures that exceed systolic perfusion pressures, significantly diminishing penile hemodynamics. Munarriz R, Huang V, Uberoi J, Maitland S, Payton T, and Goldstein I. Only the nose knows: Penile hemodynamic study of the perineum–saddle interface in men with erectile dysfunction utilizing bicycle saddles and seats with and without nose extensions. J Sex Med 2005;2:612–619.