cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organizations, Internal Labor Market Policies, and Gender Inequality in Workplace Supervisory Authority

Typically, it is assumed that bureaucratic labor policies associated with internal labor markets (ILMs) both promote the efficient use of workers' skills and foster equality in the workplace by publicizing managers' decisions and increasing the accountability they face. This article uses data from a national probability sample of U.S. workplaces to test these assumptions about ILM policies with regard to gender inequality in workplace supervisory authority. The analysis also considers supply-side and occupational segregation as explanations for gender inequality in work authority, as well as several organizational characteristics emphasized in the organizational literature that have so far been left untested. Results indicate that occupational segregation accounts for most of the gap in supervisory authority, while purely human capital accounts are insufficient. Other results are consistent with an institutional interpretation—that organizations adopt ILM policies in order to “symbolically comply” with bo...
Some modified algorithms for Dijkstra's longest upsequence problem.

Using the techniques of "specification and transformation by parts", algorithms are derived for the longest upsequence problem. First Dijkstra's algorithm and then two new modified merge algorithms are derived and presented in detail. The merge algorithms take advantage of natural runs in the input sequence and have a worst caseO(n logn) time complexity when appropriate merging techniques are used, but can be linear if long runs are present in the sequence. The first merge algorithm is logically equivalent to Dijkstra's algorithm; the second algorithm is based on the first one but uses a different merging technique. Expository remarks describe related results which evolved out of our work in programming by transformation; in particular, parallels are drawn between algorithms for the longest upsequence problem and algorithms for sorting.
Selenocysteine Confers Resistance to Inactivation by Oxidation in Thioredoxin Reductase: Comparison of Selenium and Sulfur Enzymes

Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TR) is a selenocysteine (Sec)-containing homodimeric pyridine nucleotide oxidoreductase which catalyzes the reduction of oxidized thioredoxin. We have previously demonstrated the full-length mitochondrial mammalian TR (mTR3) enzyme to be resistant to inactivation from exposure to 50 mM H2O2. Because a Sec residue oxidizes more rapidly than a cysteine (Cys) residue, it has been previously thought that Sec-containing enzymes are "sensitive to oxidation" compared to Cys-orthologues. Here we show for the first time a direct comparison of the abilities of Sec-containing mTR3 and the Cys-orthologue from D. melanogaster (DmTR) to resist inactivation by oxidation from a variety of oxidants including H2O2, hydroxyl radical, peroxynitrite, hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid, and hypothiocyanous acid. The results show that the Sec-containing TR is far superior to the Cys-orthologue TR in resisting inactivation by oxidation. To further test our hypothesis that the use of Sec confers strong resistance to inactivation by oxidation, we constructed a chimeric enzyme in which we replaced the active site Cys nucleophile of DmTR with a Sec residue using semisynthesis. The chimeric Sec-containing enzyme has similar ability to resist inactivation by oxidation as the wild type Sec-containing TR from mouse mitochondria. The use of Sec in the chimeric enzyme "rescued" the enzyme from oxidant-induced inactivation for all of the oxidants tested in this study, in direct contrast to previous understanding. We discuss two possibilities for this rescue effect from inactivation under identical conditions of oxidative stress: (i) Sec resists overoxidation and inactivation, whereas a Cys residue can be permanently overoxidized to the sulfinic acid form, and (ii) Sec protects the body of the enzyme from harmful oxidation by allowing the enzyme to metabolize (turnover) various oxidants much better than a Cys-containing TR.
Simultaneous electron density and ion temperature measurements of a moderately dense plasma using Doppler and Stark broadened He II lines.

He II line profiles were measured in the TRISOPS machine and fitted with Gaussian curves as a demonstration of simultaneous Doppler a Stark broadening plasma diagnostic measurements. (AIP)
Understanding Organisational Adaptation

Recent enthusiasms have emphasised particularly ideas of “learning organisations”, calling attention both to the ways organisations learn and to the possibilities for improving organisational intelligence through increasing the rate and precision of learning. These enthusiasms have often encouraged the too easy assumption that learning processes necessarily lead to organisational improvement. The usefulness of learning as an instrument of organisational intelligence has to be demonstrated, not assumed. Adaptive processes such as learning are not guaranteed to reach or sustain a global maximum on an outcome surface. In order for proposals for “learning organisations” to be more than vague wishes for improvement, learning must be defined in terms of some specific process and the conditions under which that process does or does not lead to improvement must be established. This essay is built around six simple propositions, a kind of catechism for consideration of learning as an instrument of intelligence.
The effects of septal and dorsal hippocampal lesions on the cardiac component of the orienting response.

Abstract The effects of septal and dorsal hippocampal lesions on the cardiac component of the rat's orienting response (OR) to auditory stimulation were examined. Control, septal and hippocampal rats all showed deceleratory responses, maximal at 2 sec following onset, to a 1000 Hz tone. With repeated presentations of the tone the control rat's deceleratory OR's disappeared, and a longer latency acceleratory response followed stimulus onset. Septal and hippocampal rats failed to show this evidence of habituation to the 1000 Hz tone. Subsequent presentations of a 1375 Hz tone resulted in deceleratory OR's in all groups. The control rats' OR's again habituated with repeated presentations of the stimulus, being replaced by a longer latency acceleration; while septal rats continued to make OR's throughout the series. The hippocampal rats' deceleratory OR's to the second tone did habituate; but neither they nor the septal rats showed the longer latency acceleratory response characteristic of the later stages of habituation. Resting cardiac rate differences between septal and control rats were shown to be a function of the severity of imposed restraint.
Effect of cellulose on soil erosion by water

Wirkung von Cellulose auf die Bodenerosion durch Wasser Boden aus sechs verschiedenen Gebieten von Uttar Pradesh, Indien, wurden fur diese Untersuchung ausgewahlt. Cellulose wurde zu einem Anteil von 1 und 2% mit diesen Boden vermischt und fur 15 und 30 Tage bei Raumtemperatur bebrutet. Die Boden wurden danach kunstlich mit Wasser erodiert unter Benutzung des De-Subhash-Apparates. Konzentration der Cellulose und Lange der Bebrutungsperiode zeigen eine bestimmte Beziehung zur Erosionsverminderung, und dies ist wiederum korreliert mit einigen physiko-chemischen Eigenschaften der Boden.
THE INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSAMINITIS IN HIV INFECTED CHILDREN. 1001

THE INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSAMINITIS IN HIV INFECTED CHILDREN. 1001
Activation Parameters as Mechanistic Probes in the TAML Iron(V)–Oxo Oxidations of Hydrocarbons

The results of low-temperature investigations of the oxidations of 9,10-dihydroanthracene, cumene, ethylbenzene, [D10]ethylbenzene, cyclooctane, and cyclohexane by an iron(V)-oxo TAML complex (2; see Figure 1) are presented, including product identification and determination of the second-order rate constants k2 in the range 233-243 K and the activation parameters (ΔH(≠) and ΔS(≠)). Statistically normalized k2 values (log k2') correlate linearly with the C-H bond dissociation energies DC-H, but ΔH(≠) does not. The point for 9,10-dihydroanthracene for the ΔH(≠) vs. DC-H correlation lies markedly off a common straight line of best fit for all other hydrocarbons, suggesting it proceeds via an alternate mechanism than the rate-limiting C-H bond homolysis promoted by 2. Contribution from an electron-transfer pathway may be substantial for 9,10-dihydroanthracene. Low-temperature kinetic measurements with ethylbenzene and [D10]ethylbenzene reveal a kinetic isotope effect of 26, indicating tunneling. The tunnel effect is drastically reduced at 0 °C and above, although it is an important feature of the reactivity of TAML activators at lower temperatures. The diiron(IV) μ-oxo dimer that is often a common component of the reaction medium involving 2 also oxidizes 9,10-dihydroanthracene, although its reactivity is three orders of magnitude lower than that of 2.
Tiebout Sorting in Metropolitan Areas

In this article, we tackle the issue of sorting at the metropolitan area by utilizing an alternative methodological approach that permits us to avoid problems plaguing earlier studies. For this analysis, we take two Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) as our test cases: the Houston MSA and the Atlanta MSA. For each metropolitan area, we employ Monte Carlo computer simulations to randomly create a large number of metropolitan “jurisdictional” groupings. Based upon these Monte Carlos, we are able to estimate the level of jurisdictional homogeneity that is attributable to random chance. The observed levels of sorting, including the increasing homogeneity as populations decrease, are entirely consistent with what one might find if clusters of households were randomly grouped together into municipalities.
Room temperature deformation and mechanisms of slip transmission in oriented single-colony crystals of an α/β titanium alloy

Abstract Primary creep at low homologous temperatures and low stresses has been widely reported in α/β Ti alloys. Creep in these alloys is dependent on microstructure, with the colony microstructure showing the least creep resistance. There exists a Burgers orientation relationship between the α and the β phase, which has been assumed to allow for easy slip transmission across the α/β interfaces. Constant strain rate and creep tests were performed on single-colony crystals of a near-α alloy oriented for slip along different prismatic slip systems in the α phase. A distinct anisotropy in the deformation behavior of different colony crystals is found. The origin of this anisotropy is due to the relative misalignment of the slip systems between the α and the β phases which results in the formation of residual dislocations during slip transmission. A simple model is presented based on the accumulation of residual dislocations at both the α/β interface and the α matrix, which provides insight into the mechanism of slip transmission, strain hardening and primary creep of these colony structures.
Picosecond Kinetic Study of the Dynamics for Photoinduced Homolysis and Heterolysis in Diphenylmethyl Chloride

The kinetics of both the ions and radicals formed upon photolysis of diphenylmethyl chloride, (4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl chloride, and bis(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl chloride in acetonitrile and propionitrile are examined by picosecond pump−probe spectroscopy. Both radical pairs and ion pairs are formed directly from a common excited state. In addition, the geminate radical pair decays by electron transfer to form either the contact ion pair or a covalent bond, as well as undergoes diffusional separation to free radicals.
Monte Carlo modeling of solid state photoswitches

Monte Carlo Modeling of Solid-State PhotoswitchesP. W. Rambo and J. DenavitUniversity of California, Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryP.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94550ABSTRACTLarge increases in conductivity induced in GaAs and other semiconductors by photoionization allow fast switching bylaser light with applications to pulse-power technology and microwave generation. Experiments have shown that under high-field conditions (10 to 50kY/cm),conductivity may occur either in the linear mode where it is proportional to the absorbedlight, in the "lock-on" mode, where it persists after termination of the laser pulse or in the avalanche mode where multiplecarriers are generated. We have assembled a self-consistent Monte Carlo code to study these phenomena and in particular tomodel hot electron effects, which are expected to be important at high field strengths.1. INTRODUCTIONLaser-triggered solid-state switches, operating at high fields have promising applications to fast pulse-power technology,to microwave generation, and may play an important role in the development of impulse radar. Experiments have been donewith GaAs chips 2 cm x 0.5
Bone Loss in the Forearm after Disuse: Response Variability and the Role of Systemic Factors

Bone density loss in the forearm following cast immobilization was examined with time for 6 months after re-ambulation. Although there was a substantial bone loss, here was a substantial variability as well. This analysis examined the various levels of response as well as some systemic factors that may offer some insights.
A Substitutional Theory of Truth

Chris starts with schema (T): "The thought that p is true if and only if p". He considers Paul Horwich's minimalism, according to which the theory of truth consists in the collection of propositions, or thoughts, expressed by the substitution instances of this schema. He rejects minimalism on the grounds that it fails to account for various generalizations involving truth that it ought to account for and claims to be able to account for. This objection is closely related to another worry one might have: according to minimalism, the theory of truth is just a collection of particular propositions about truth; but anything deserving to be called a "theory" or an "account" of truth should offer a generalization about truth. Though Chris does not explicitly mention the second point, he in effect attempts to address both points by offering a generalization (of sorts), namely his simple substitutional theory of truth:
Roof sequence response to emplacement of the Wills Mountain duplex: the roles of forethrusting and scales of deformation

Abstract This paper focuses on the behavior of a roof sequence in the Appalachian Plateau of West Virginia, U.S.A., and emplacement of the Wills Mountain duplex with 17.5 km of displacement. Unlike the Plateau along strike in Pennsylvania and New York where forethrusting was previously documented, this roof sequence lacks an underlying salt-dominated roof decollement. Kinematic analyses reveal that the roof sequence in the West Virginian Plateau accommodated about two-thirds of the 17.5 km of shortening by the adjacent Wills Mountain duplex, as a forethrusting kinematic response. The remaining shortening imbalance of about 5 km between the duplexes and younger roof sequence rocks is accommodated by additional forethrusting further into the foreland and local compensation. This kinematic response matches that along strike in the central Appalachians despite the loss of the salt decollement. We interpret that an Ordovician shale-dominated formation was sufficiently weak to substitute for the salt horizon. Thus, a weak mechanical unit rather than specifically a salt decollement is a necessary prerequisite for forethrusting. A contributing factor to forethrusting may be the subvertical front of the Wills Mountain duplex, which inhibited other responses by the roof sequence. Mesoscale and smaller processes, including grain-to-grain pressure solution, twinning and cleavage formation account for over 75% of the shortening in the roof sequence, and, if ignored, would result in an erroneous interpretation of backthrusting or local compensation. This result suggests that failure to consider all deformation scales could lead to incorrect kinematic conclusions in other tectonic systems.
Stray Light Simulation With Advanced Monte Carlo Techniques

The Monte Carlo approach to the solution of radiant energy transfer among surfaces of a system represents radiant energy flux statistically as rays which can be traced through the system according to a set of probability distribution functions. Although the ray repre-sentation of the radiant energy is similar to that of a photon characterization, it is treated in this method as merely a statistical representation. Previous computer programs of this type have experienced considerable problems in achieving attenuation prediction accuracy, with acceptable confidence, in a reasonable computer run time. Traditionally, problems have arisen in the areas of excessive computer time requirements, poor statistical convergence, biased results, and related problems. Advanced Monte Carlo variance reduction techniques were applied in the development of the GUERAP III program which have alleviated problems in this area. The techniques of ray-splitting, expected value, and importance sampling have led to very significant reductions in the required GUERAP run times.
An Elementary U(2) Theory of Radiation Fields with Spin J

An elementary theory for a radiation field with any spinJ is presented. This is a natural extension of Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field. The idea is to use the generators for theU(2) group in a multidimensional representation. These generators are a linear combination of the ones for infinitesimal Lorentz transformations. The constants of the motion in this formalism are discussed. As an example, angular distributions of the Poynting vector are given.
Islet autotransplantation after pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis with a new method of islet preparation

Summary Near-total (95 percent) pancreatectomy with intraportal islet autotransplantation was performed in five patients with chronic pancreatitis. Two patients are completely insulin-independent 7 and 14 months after autotransplantation; the other three patients obtained partial independence. A new method of islet cell preparation is described. Islet cell autotransplantation after total or near-total pancreatectomy should at present be viewed with cautious optimism. Additional cases need to be studied and followed up before its role in the surgery of chronic pancreatitis will be clear.
Cognitive battery for differential diagnosis of mental retardation vs. psychosis

Because of their severe cognitive and social deficits, seriously impaired and regressed psychotics are often misdiagnosed as mentally retarded. This diagnostic confusion, which carries dire consequences for treatment, has prevailed due to the lack of objective tests directed at this problem. Procedures are needed to specifically measure and differentiate the hallmarks of the intellectual dysfunction in both conditions (i.e., cognitive abnormality [psychosis] and subnormality [mental retardation]). Such methods also must be adapted to the particular problems and limitations of these populations. We propose here the use of three long established tests and a new developmentally rooted Cognitive Diagnostic Battery, one that assesses conceptual, perceptual-motor, and social maturity. Empirical study supported the validity of this Battery for differential diagnosis between mentally and functionally retarded psychotics matched for IQ, 97% of the developmentally disabled group exhibiting deficits on all three tests of conceptual development vs. 27% in the functionally mentally retarded group.
Impact of Airway Gas Exchange on the Multiple Inert Gas Elimination Technique: Theory

Associate Editor Kenneth R. Lutchen oversaw the review of this article. Abstract—The multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET) provides a method for estimating alveolar gas exchange efficiency. Six soluble inert gases are infused into a peripheral vein. Measurements of these gases in breath, arterial blood, and venous blood are interpreted using a mathematical model of alveolar gas exchange (MIGET model) that neglects airway gas exchange. A mathematical model describing airway and alveolar gas exchange predicts that two of these gases, ether and acetone, exchange primarily within the airways. To determine the effect of airway gas exchange on the MIGET, we selected two additional gases, toluene and m-dichlorobenzene, that have the same blood solubility as ether and acetone and minimize airway gas exchange via their low water solubility. The airway-alveolar gas exchange model simulated the exchange of toluene, m-dichlorobenzene, and the six MIGET gases under multiple conditions of alveolar ventilation-to-perfu- sion, _ VA= _ Q, heterogeneity. We increased the importance of airway gas exchange by changing bronchial blood flow, _
Electronic journals: a bibliography

This bibliography presents a selected list of articles covering many facets of electronic journals. Due to the extensive amount of literature available, only 1997 articles have been included, and publisher announcements have been excluded. The bibliography listed below, authored by C.W. Bailey, Jr., is an excellent source for earlier publications. To assist browsing, each entry has been placed in a broad topic category. Key e-journal title lists and Internet links are provided at the conclusion.
On one-way functions and polynomial-time isomorphisms

It is shown that if one-way functions exist, then there are sets A and B such that A and B are equivalent under one-one and length-increasing polynomial-time reductions, and such that A is not polynomial-time isomorphic to B. Furthermore, sets A and B can be constructed such that they are polynomial-time truth-table complete for the class of exponential-time computable sets.
Nonspecificity of the Triple Response for Ethylene

The triple response has been used frequently by physiologists as a measure of ethylene production by ripening fruit, by fungi, and by injured and healthy plant tissues. When ethyl alcohol is also produced by living material, as with certain fungi, the triple response is unreliable as a specific detector of ethylene. Exposure to ethyl alcohol significantly reduced the length of pea epicotyls and the angle between the plumule and the epicotyl below. These are the two responses commonly used by investigators to indicate a positive triple response. 6 references, 1 table.
Microzooplankton grazing on harmful dinoflagellate blooms: Are ciliates or heterotrophic dinoflagellates important?

Microzooplankton grazing can be important in regulating growth of dinoflagellate populations, including species responsible for harmful algal blooms. In the Chesapeake Bay region, microzooplankton community grazing coefficients on small cell-size dinoflagellates are often greater than potential gross growth coefficients of dinoflagellates, and thus grazing may prevent bloom formation. Who are the major microzooplankton grazers on small dinoflagellates? Ciliates or other dinoflagellates? Data from Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries indicate both; sometimes ciliates and sometimes dinoflagellates are the major grazers. The importance of ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates varies with season and location, but often one group dominates the microzooplankton assemblage. Specific clearance and division rates of ciliates are higher than that of heterotrophic dinoflagellates, thus it could be expected that ciliates would be the dominant microzooplankton grazers. However, during summer, small heterotrophic dinoflagellates are often the dominant grazers on small dinoflagelllates in the mesohaline Bay. Differential predation by copepods on ciliates may be responsible for this pattern. When microzooplankton community grazing is less than dinoflagellate cell division, red tides may result. Thus, it is important to understand the factors controlling both ciliate and heterotrophic dinoflagellate populations and their grazing impacts.
Discussion of Dupont's “Statistical inference from clinical trials: Choosing the right P value”

Dr. Dupont's example concerns observations (16 successes in 20 trials) that might have been obtained under either of two stopping rules (Cases I and II). The P value is the probability of observations this extreme or more if the success probability were actually one-half on each trial. Of course this probability depends on which stopping rule was used. The question "Which P value, P. or P.,, should be associated with our observations?" has an obvious answer: Choose the one that corresponds to the stopping rule you really used. This answer is admirably straightforward. Why not accept it? Dr. Dupont offers two reasons. One is that in the real world it is often impossible to say just what stopping rule was used, since this entails describing, not just what was done, but what would have been done under every possible contingency, and even a study following a carefully planned protocol can produce unexpected results forcing unforeseen actions. Real stopping rules are vastly more complicated than Cases I and II. A counterargument might point out that our statistical models are always approximate. Modeling observations as realizations of random variables obeying some mathematically convenient probability law is just an attempt to approximate some aspect of the world in a useful way, not to describe in detail all the complexity of the actual relationships among the things being observed. So we should not be surprised to find that the behavior of a data monitoring committee can only be described approximately. Perhaps the proposed answer should be stated more realistically: Choose the P value of the stopping rule which best approximates the one you really used. Dr. Dupont's second reason for resisting the naive answer is harder to deflect. His argument is based on the contention that P values per se are actually inappropriate for the job at hand (the job for which they are most commonly used), namely measuring the strength of evidence which these observations represent. In his example it seems wrong that observation of 16
Molecular Characterization of a Broad Selectivity Neutral Solute Channel

In all living cells, coordination of solute and water movement across cell membranes is of critical importance for osmotic balance. The current concept is that these processes are of distinct biophysical nature. Here we report the expression cloning of a liver cDNA encoding a unique promiscuous solute channel (AQP9) that confers high permeability for both solutes and water. AQP9 mediates passage of a wide variety of non-charged solutes including carbamides, polyols, purines, and pyrimidines in a phloretin- and mercury-sensitive manner, whereas amino acids, cyclic sugars, Na+, K+, Cl−, and deprotonated monocarboxylates are excluded. The properties of AQP9 define a new evolutionary branch of the major intrinsic protein family of aquaporin proteins and describe a previously unknown mechanism by which a large variety of solutes and water can pass through a single pore, enabling rapid cellular uptake or exit of metabolites with minimal osmotic perturbation.
Integrating equilibrium assignment in game-theoretic approach to measure many-to-many transportation network vulnerability

In transportation networks, the vulnerable links will be those which play a critical role and are therefore the most likely to be attacked. High-volume edges with few alternative paths represent obvious system vulnerabilities. Conflict between a terrorist organization and a transportation management agency can be characterized as two opponents who compete with each other to win a game. In this paper a mixed-strategy, stochastic game theoretic approach is presented to mathematically capture each player's strategy and predict the possible result. A game considering all possible origin-destination pairs is constructed between a router, which seeks to maximally ensure safety and efficiency for all travelers, and the tester, which seeks to maximally disrupt network performance by disabling links within the network. The User-equilibrium assignment is utilized for routing probabilities computing, while the Method of Successive Averages (MSA) is employed to update the link cost during the game play. The method is demonstrated on a small sample network and then applied to the Sioux Fall network and large scale city network of Anaheim, California.
The effect of TN-16 on the alkylation of tubulin

Abstract The synthetic anti-tumor drug 3-(1-anilinoethylidene)-5-benzylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione (TN-16) is known to block microtubule assembly and colchicine binding to tubulin, although its structure does not resemble those of either colchicine, podophyllotoxin, or nocodazole ( Arai, FEBS Lett. 155 :273–276 (1983) ). We have found that TN-16 affects the intra-chain cross-linking of β-tubulin by N,N′-ethylene-bis(iodoacetamide) in a manner identical to that of colchicine, podophyllotoxin, and nocodazole, but different from that of vinblastine or maytansine. TN-16 also inhibits alkylation of tubulin by iodo[14C]acetamide, as do colchicine and its congeners. TN-16 appears to bind to tubulin at the colchicine binding site and one of its phenyl groups is likely to bind at the site on tubulin where colchicine's A ring binds.
Spontaneous remission in patients with essential blepharospasm and Meige syndrome

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of remission in patients with essential blepharospasm and Meige syndrome. METHOD: Retrospective analysis of patients by means of questionnaire in an institutional setting. RESULTS: Among 238 patients diagnosed in a single institution as having essential blepharospasm or Meige syndrome, 27 (11.3%) claimed to be symptom free without curative surgery. The average time between onset and resolution in the patients who claimed remission was 4.85 years (range, 3 months to 22 years). Among these patients, the duration of remission averaged 6.33 years (range, 1 year to 14 years). CONCLUSION: Patients with essential blepharospasm or Meige syndrome have a small but definite potential for spontaneous remission of symptoms, particularly within the first 5 years after onset of symptoms.
Morphology of Nanotube Governs the Photoelectric Performance

Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube array hasbeen widely used as the dye-sensitized solar cells’ (DSSCs) light anode material forits abilities of inhibiting electronic recombination at the interface and improving the beam transmission of the carrier. The morphology and structure of the nanotube would influence the efficiency of the cell. In thisstudy, TiO2 nanotubes (caliber ranging from 50 to 150nm, length ranging from 0.9 to 4μm) were prepared by a two-step anodization method and the morphology of nanotubes was regulated bythe parameters such as oxidation voltage and oxidation time. The absorbing capacities of nanotubes were measured by the dye adsorption test and the corresponding photoelectric conversion efficienciesweremeasured too. The results indicated that the conversion efficiency was related to the specific surface area and length of the nanotube. The length of nanotube would increase with theoxidation time within acertain limit.Then thedissolution on the top of TNT would reduce nanotubes’ length and lead to the decrease of the specific area, eventuallyimpairedthe photoelectric conversion.
Depression by hyaluronic acid of glycosaminoglycan synthesis by cultured chick embryo chondrocytes.

Abstract The effects of hyaluronic acid on the expression of differentiation by pure populations of cultured chick embryo chondrocytes are studied. In medium containing serum, hyaluronic acid has little effect on sulfate incorporation. In the absence of serum, 200 μg/ml of hyaluronic acid inhibits sulfate incorporation into hyaluronidase-sensitive material associated with the cell layer by as much as 50%. This effect is seen by 6 hr and is progressive. Hyaluronic acid has no effect on leucine or thymidine incorporation or sulfate uptake, matrix turnover, or collagen synthesis under these same conditions. It is shown that hyaluronic acid inhibits chondroitin sulfate synthesis and the accumulation of newly synthesized proteoglycan in the cell layer. These effects are not produced by other glycosaminoglycans, such as chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, or heparan sulfate, or by monosaccharides, but oligosaccharides derived from hyaluronic acid mimic the effect of hyaluronic acid. These data indicate that specific glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid, can affect the synthesis and accumulation of other glycosaminoglycans and should be considered as possible regulators of specific cellular activities.
Uncertainty, the Demand for Health Care, and Precautionary Savings

We analyze the demand for medical care and precautionary saving in a framework with uncertainty surrounding the incidence of illness and the effectiveness of medical treatments and a representation of preferences that disentangles ordinal preferences, risk preferences, and intertemporal smoothing preferences. We consider a ‘pure consumption’ model with exogenous health capital and a model where young consumers invest in preventive care to increase their future health stock. In both cases we establish conditions for the different sources for uncertainty to induce precautionary saving and we evaluate how uncertainty affects the demand of curative and preventive care. We also show that, given the self-insurance function of preventive care, consumer’s welfare may increase with the degree of uncertainty surrounding health care effectiveness.
Health Reform, Polarization, and Public Administration

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 constituted an epic policy breakthrough, culminating a century of effort to ensure that nearly all Americans can obtain health insurance. The articles in this special issue seek to illuminate the challenges involved in implementing this law and other health reforms in a context marked by deep-seated partisan polarization. This introductory essay provides a backdrop to frame the more specific insights of the contributors. It introduces two key legacies in place at the time of the ACA’s passage: the health insurance regime and rising health care costs. Certain pivotal provisions of the ACA then receive attention, including the “individual mandate,” health insurance exchanges, and the Medicaid expansion. This introduction shows how the ACA and related health care developments intersect with broader issues of governance and public administration: the rise of executive branch discretion within the nation's separation of powers system, the increased importance of the administrative presidency, and the emergence of fractious federalism rooted in partisan polarization.
The origin of10Be in island-arc volcanic rocks

The presence of cosmogenic10Be (t1/2 = 1.5 × 106 y) in island-arc volcanic rocks has been interpreted as indicating that sediments are subducted to the depths of island-arc magma genesis [1,2]. We have measured10Be and9Be (the stable common isotope) in phenocryst and groundmass fractions separated from four Aleutian volcanic rocks.10Be and9Be covary linearly in three of the rocks proving that the10Be was incorporated prior to the formation of phenocrysts. In the other rock10Be and9Be do not covary; the lack of covariation indicates either that the rock incorporated10Be during weathering or that9Be-rich xenocrysts were incorporated by mechanical mixing. Our results strongly support the hypothesis of Brown et al. [1] and Tera et al. [2] that sediments containing10Be are an integral part of island-arc magmatic systems. As we cannot identify the depth at which the10Be was incorporated we still cannot completely rule out the possibility of assimilation of sediments or altered crust near the Earth's surface as a source of10Be.
Regulation of Expansin Gene Expression Affects Growth and Development in Transgenic Rice Plants

To investigate the in vivo functions of expansins, we generated transgenic rice plants that express sense and antisense constructs of the expansin gene OsEXP4. In adult plants with constitutive OsEXP4 expression, 12% of overexpressors were taller and 88% were shorter than the average control plants, and most overexpressors developed at least two additional leaves. Antisense plants were shorter and flowered earlier than the average control plants. In transgenic plants with inducible OsEXP4 expression, we observed a close correlation between OsEXP4 protein levels and seedling growth. Coleoptile and mesocotyl length increased by up to 31 and 97%, respectively, in overexpressors, whereas in antisense seedlings, they decreased by up to 28 and 43%, respectively. The change in seedling growth resulted from corresponding changes in cell size, which in turn appeared to be a function of altered cell wall extensibility. Our results support the hypothesis that expansins are involved in enhancing growth by mediating cell wall loosening.
Simplified Modeling, Simulation and Performance Analysis Using Circuit Model for a Corporate Feed Microstrip Patch Array

This work is an effort in investigating and modeling an accurate circuit model derived from the transmission line method (CM/TLM) by simulating a rectangular microstrip patch array using two different simulation techniques, the transmission line method (TLM) and method of moments (MoM). Each array contains two element units of rectangular patches. This basic rectangular patch is very accurately modeled in a previous work. The array, which is a combination of several unit of this basic structure, is designed to resonate at 3G/UMTS frequency of 2 GHz. A standard software platform is chosen to simulate both techniques and Microwave Officetrade software is utilized. Both simulation sets (using CM/TLM and MoM) are compared and to determine their level of variation in terms of bandwidth, resonant frequency (fres) and S11. MoM-simulated structure is then fabricated and measured to determine the degree of distinction between hardware and the two simulation sets. Fabrication is done on an FR-4 board with a relative permittivity (epsivr) of 4.7. Antennas designed and simulated for each feeding technique achieved the best return losses at the desired frequency, which is 2 GHz, with S11 values lower than -10 dB. At the same time, both produced relatively sufficient bandwidth for its kind which is about 3.2% CM presented in this work has been found out to have less than 5% difference compared to its MoM counterpart in terms of S11 and resonant frequency (ffres), and slightly higher variation of 6.4% in terms of bandwidth
Integrated perception, planning and control for autonomous soil analysis

The authors describe an autonomous system that performs closed loop control of a differential thermal analyzer (DTA) and a gas chromatograph (GC) to identify minerals and organics in soil samples. The system is presented as an instantiation of an integrated agent architecture designed to autonomously control scientific equipment in remote locations. The motivational context and general requirements of the application are described, followed by a description of the DTA-GC problem in terms of specific requirements for integrated perception, analysis, planning and control. The AI techniques applied to each of the specified requirements are considered. The system implementation status is discussed. The original contributions include a general architecture that integrates perception, analysis, planning and control for scientific experiments. The new analysis instrument integrates two previously distinct methods. Issues at the integration level as well as those relating to the individual components are examined. >
Enhanced Detection of Protein in Urine by Droplet Evaporation on a Superhydrophobic Plastic

Protein in urine can be detected using a simple colorimetric output by evaporating droplets on a superhydrophobic (SH) surface. Evaporation on a SH surface allows fluid to dramatically concentrate; the weak surface adhesion allows the droplet of fluid to constantly decrease its footprint area and contact diameter. On a SH surface, pure water completely evaporates. Molecules in solution, however, are confined to a footprint that is 8.5 times smaller than the original and are greatly concentrated. By concentrating molecules, a 160 times improved detection sensitivity is achieved compared to controls. With the low-cost fabrication method and simple technique, highly sensitive detection can be achieved in a low-cost platform. Utility is demonstrated by detecting protein in urine in the pre-eclampsia range (150–300 μgmL−1) for pregnant women.
Algorithm for stochastic multiple-choice knapsack problem and application to keywords bidding

We model budget-constrained keyword bidding in sponsored search auctions as a stochastic multiple-choice knapsack problem (S-MCKP) and design an algorithm to solve S-MCKP and the corresponding bidding optimization problem. Our algorithm selects items online based on a threshold function which can be built/updated using historical data. Our algorithm achieved about 99% performance compared to the offline optimum when applied to a real bidding dataset. With synthetic dataset and iid item-sets, its performance ratio against the offline optimum converges to one empirically with increasing number of periods.
Distance-preserving projection of high-dimensional data for nonlinear dimensionality reduction

A distance-preserving method is presented to map high-dimensional data sequentially to low-dimensional space. It preserves exact distances of each data point to its nearest neighbor and to some other near neighbors. Intrinsic dimensionality of data is estimated by examining the preservation of interpoint distances. The method has no user-selectable parameter. It can successfully project data when the data points are spread among multiple clusters. Results of experiments show its usefulness in projecting high-dimensional data.
A molecular basis for interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems.

Homeostatic and psychologic alterations associated with infections and tumors are very interesting yet poorly understood pathophysiologic responses. Numerous anecdotal and indirect examples suggest that these responses occur through a link between the central nervous and immune systems (for review see Blalock, Bost, & Smith, 1985; Spector & Komeva, 1981; Maestroni & Pierpaoli, 1981; Felton et al., 1985; Jankovic, 1985). Interactions between the two systems are just now being described. One possible mechanism is direct modulation of the immune system by the sympathetic nervous system. This could occur in innervated immune organs such as spleen, thymus, and bone marrow (Felton et al., 1985). The evidence for this is that sympathectomy and lesioning of specific regions of the brain can be shown to both enhance and/or suppress immune responses (Miles et al., 1985; Roszman et al., 1985). Also, the firing rate of hypothalamic neurons is altered during an immune response (Besedovsky et al., 1977).Alternatively, ...
Autozeroing and correlated double sampling techniques

In linear ICs fabricated in a low-voltage CMOS technology, the reduction of the dynamic range due to dc offset and low-frequency noise becomes increasingly significant. Also, the achievable amplifier gain is often quite low in such a technology, since cascoding may not be a practical circuit option due to the resulting reduction of the output signal swing. In this paper, some old and some new circuit techniques will be described for the compensation of these nonideal effects.
Further Evidence on the Factor for Bitterness in the Sweet Almond.

VOLUME 11, 1926 Page 422, line 3 from bottom, for "the following F2 ratio" read "the following ratio." Page 425, line 6, for "C. N. Collins" read "G. N. Collins." Page 428, line 10, for "was found to 41.5" read "was found to be 41.5." Page 430, line 2, for "17 plants" read "17 virescent plants
Cardiac malformation in two infants with hypochondrogenesis

Autopsy records from the Women and Infants' Hospital from January 1974 through January 1994 were reviewed to identify cardiac malformations in the presence of skeletal dysplasia. Of 24 cases of lethal fetal or neonatal osteochondrodysplasias, 4 were given diagnoses in which disorders of type II collagen are regarded as causative. These 4 were categorized in the spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED) spectrum of disorders; specifically two patients with hypochondrogenesis and two with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita were identified. Defects in cardiac septation were noted in the 2 patients with hypochondrogenesis. No cardiovascular abnormalities were present in the remaining cases, which included thanatophoric dysplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta, and asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. Although cardiovascular malformations have been described in other types of osteochondrodysplasias, e.g., short rib polydactyly syndrome type II and chondroectodermal (Ellis-van Creveld) dysplasia, congenital heart disease has not been described in hypochondrogenesis. Type II collagen, which has been found to be abnormal in some patients with hypochondrogenesis, is considered to have a limited tissue distribution, and has not been detected as yet in human myocardium. The findings presented here suggest that type II collagen may function in human cardiogenesis.
Reducing the Effective Coupling Capacitance in Buses Using Threshold Voltage Adjustment Techniques

This paper proposes a bus architecture which improves the performance and/or power dissipation of online buses. The proposed architecture reduces the delay on alternate lines by lowering the threshold voltage of its devices. Furthermore, the shifting of the signal switching on adjacent lines reduces the worst case coupling capacitance. Two implementations of this bus architecture are proposed, the alternate-Vt and the alternate forward body biased schemes, and are compared to a conventional bus scheme. For a flop distance of 1800 mum, the proposed schemes use the gained delay slack to reduce the total device width, and thus reducing the energy dissipation by 31.2%. For a 500-ps cycle time, the proposed bus schemes increase the maximum distance between flip-flops by 33%
The market for political activism: Interest groups as a challenge to political parties

The emergence of new interest groups and social movements in the 1960s and 1970s facilitated a participation explosion in Western democracies. With increased levels of education and improved understanding of the workings of the political process, modern citizens are now faced with a vibrant and growing market for political activism. Political parties face an especially strong challenge in this market‐place as it appears that citizens now make a succession of participatory decision, akin to impulse buying in a supermarket. It is not surprising that the market share which traditional parties retain is apparently in decline. Whether this is problematic for democracy is more open to debate than conventional models of participation would suggest.
Calculation of the fractional order number at the center of a Fabry–Perot interferometer-fringe system*

With the traditional least-squares-calculation procedure, some measurements have great influence on the calculated fractional order number, whereas others contribute nothing to the final value. This is very unfortunate for the experimentalist, who would like to make full use of each measured value. To obtain the desired equal influence, the calculation procedure must be modified to use a fixed value of Δ(R2). This fixed value may come from the average of many adjacent spectral lines. Use of the modified procedure results in much greater precision without increasing the measurement effort.
Cavity ringdown spectroscopy of thin films in the mid-infrared.

To demonstrate the potential of the cavity ringdown technique in mid-infrared spectroscopy of thin film samples, we measured absorption losses in a C60 film on a BaF2 substrate using a tunable optical parametric amplifier source. With a Brewster angle sample geometry, we achieved a fractional loss sensitivity as small as 1.3 × 10-7 with 1.5 cm-1 resolution, an improvement in sensitivity of 2 orders of magnitude compared to standard Fourier transform infrared methods. At an absorption sensitivity of 5 × 10-7, spectra of several C60 overtone lines were recorded.