cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Giving the caller the finger: collaborative responsibility for cellphone interruptions

We present a system in which a cell phone decides whether to ring by accepting votes from the others in a conversation with the called party. When a call comes in, the phone first determines who is in the conversation by using a decentralized network of autonomous body-worn sensor nodes. It then vibrates all participants' wireless finger rings. Although the alerted people do not know if it is their own cellphones that are about to interrupt, each of them has the possibility to veto the call anonymously by touching his/her finger ring. If no one vetoes, the phone rings. A user study showed significantly more vetoes during a collaborative group-focused setting than during a less group oriented setting. Our system is a component of a larger research project in context-aware computer-mediated call control.
Clarifications About Teratorns

The News Focus article “Antiextinction tip: eat to live” (E. Stokstad, 26 Nov. 2004, p. [1466][1]) contains two unfortunate errors. Teratornis merriami was cited as “the largest flighted bird ever, with a wingspan of 3 meters or more,” but this title actually belongs to the late Miocene
''Illuminating'' electron diffusion regions of collisionless magnetic reconnection using electron agyrotropy

[1] Agyrotropy is a scalar measure of the departure of the pressure tensor from cylindrical symmetry about the local magnetic field direction. Ordinarily electrons are well modeled as gyrotropic with very small agyrotropy. Intensified layers of electron agyrotropy are demonstrated to highlight the thin electron gyroradius scale boundary regions adjoining separatrices, X and O lines of full particle simulations of collisionless magnetic reconnection. Examples are presented to show these effects in antiparallel and guide field geometries, pair plasmas, and simulations at a variety of mass ratios, including a hydrogen plasma. Agyrotropy has been determined from the PIC pressure tensor using a new, fast algorithm developed to correct discreteness contributions to the apparent agyrotropy. As a local scalar diagnostic, agyrotropy is shown to be potentially useful with single spacecraft data to identify the crossing or proximity of electron scale current layers, thus providing a kinetic level diagnosis of a given layer’s ability to be a possible site of the collisionless reconnection process. Such kinetic tools are certainly complimentary to the other macroscopic signatures of reconnection. Because of the extreme circumstances required for electron agyrotropy, detection of these signatures with framing macroscopic signatures might prove useful for the discovery of new reconnection sites in nature and 3-D codes of collisionless reconnection. Theagyrotropy inthe2-D PICcodesreflect long-livedbulgeson the distribution function that appear to be organized by the direction and size of slowly evolving perpendicular electric fields in these layers and are not consistent with gyrophase bunching.
Paleohydrologic regimes in the southwestern Great Basin, 0–3.2 my ago, compared with other long records of “gobal” climate

Nine distinct paleohydrologic regimes in the southwestern Great Basin over the last 3.2 my are recorded by the lacustrine deposits in KM-3, a 930-m core from Searles Lake, California. These are characterized as being “wet,” “intermediate,” or “dry” (like today). Excepting the present incomplete regime, each lasted 0.12 to 0.76 my. Major regime changes 0.01, 0.13, 0.6, and 2.5 my ago appear to coincide with recognized changes in global ice-sheet histories as represented by 18O and other records from marine sediments, but comparable changes 0.3, 1.0, 1.3, and 2.0 my ago do not appear to coincide closely with comparable perturbations in ice-sheet histories. However, all regime boundaries (during the last 1.75 my) coincide closely in time with changes in sea-surface temperatures in the tropical Atlantic, and many coincide with other deep-sea and continental paleoclimatic boundaries.The average duration of these paleohydrologic regimes was about 0.4 my (standard deviation, 0.2 my or less, depending on assumptions), and it is suggested that the regime boundaries reflect times of change in global(?) sea-surface temperatures, possibly controlled in part by the Earth's 413,000-yr orbital eccentricity cycle. During the wettest and driest regimes in the Searles Lake area, lake levels were not sufficiently affected by the 23,000-, to 42,000-, or 100,000-yr climate cycles related to high-latitude ice-sheet fluctuations to produce changes in the lacustrine sediment character. During intermediate regimes, however, when lacustrine sedimentation in this area was more sensitive to climate, the sediments, in KM-3, record lake fluctuations with average frequencies near those of the ice sheets. This seems to indicate that the high-latitude ice-sheet fluctuations caused local climatic perturbations but did not dominate the hydrologic component of climate in this area. Other lacustrine deposits in the southwestern Great Basin of California and Nevada have ages comparable in part to those of the wet to intermediate regimes indicated by KM-3, and they may all be products of finite periods when lake expansion, alluvial fan growth, increased spring discharge, and fluvial deposition were promoted in this area by widespread wet climates. Glacier expansion in the Sierra Nevada may also have been primarily an expression of, and in phase with, these wet regimes.
The solar Lyman continuum and the structure of the solar chromosphere

Data on the spectrum and center-to-limb variation of the solar Lyman continuum have been analyzed. They show: (a) The brightness temperature of the Lyman continuum is about 6500 K, but the kinetic temperature, as deduced from the slope of the continuum, lies between 8000 and 9000 K. The difference between the kinetic temperature and the brightness temperature requires that the source function be smaller than the Planck function by a factor of several hundred. (b) The Lyman continuum exhibits slight limb darkening longward of 825 A, and slight limb brightening shortward of 750 A. The crossover point varies from equator to pole and with solar activity. (c) The slope d ln I(λ)/dλ of the Lyman continuum decreases toward the limb, implying that the kinetic temperature increases outward in the region of Lyman continuum formation.
Structure-derived electronic and optical properties of transparent conducting oxides

Using the first-principles method, we have studied the stability and electronic band structures of the transparent conducting oxides $\mathrm{Sn}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, $\mathrm{Sn}{\mathrm{Cd}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, and $\mathrm{Cd}{\mathrm{In}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. Our calculated lowest-energy phases of these compounds are similar to those found experimentally. However, we find an orthorhombic structure of $\mathrm{Sn}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, which is close in energy to the inverse spinel structure, and a new ``inverse'' orthorhombic structure for $\mathrm{Cd}{\mathrm{In}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, with an energy close to that of the inverse spinel structure. The stability of these compounds can be explained by the Coulomb energy, atomic size, and chemical character of the constituent elements. We analyze the chemical character of the band edges and explain the general trend observed in the fundamental band gap and energy difference between the first and second conduction bands. The latter is found to be large for the thermodynamically stable structures, which explains the transparency of these $n$-type conducting oxides. Based on these analyses, we derive general rules for designing more efficient transparent conducting oxides. We have also calculated the Moss-Burstein electron effective masses and the optical transition matrix elements of these compounds. We find that transitions between the valence band maximum and the conduction band minimum are forbidden by symmetry, and that the optical gaps are about $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ larger than the corresponding fundamental band gaps. The same forbidden transitions are found between the first and second conduction bands. Our calculated dependence of the absorption spectrum on the carrier concentration reveals new features for $n$-type doped transparent conductor oxides. At very high doping concentration, we find a possible ``inverse'' Moss-Burstein shift, where the apparent band gap decreases with increasing carrier concentration.
HMM-Based Recognition of Online Handwritten Mathematical Symbols Using Segmental K-Means Initialization and a Modified Pen-Up/Down Feature

This paper presents a recognition system based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for isolated online handwritten mathematical symbols. We design a continuous left to right HMM for each symbol class and use four online local features, including a new feature: normalized distance to stroke edge. A variant of segmental K-means is used to get initialization of the Gaussian Mixture Models' parameters which represent the observation probability distribution of the HMMs. The system obtains top-1 recognition rate of 82.9% and top-5 recognition rate of 97.8% on a dataset containing 20281 training samples and 2202 testing samples of 93 classes of symbols. For multi-stroke symbols, the top-1 recognition rate is 74.7% and the top-5 recognition rate is 95.5%. For single-stroke symbols, the top-1 recognition rate is 86.8% and the top-5 recognition rate is 98.9%. (MacLean et al., 2010) applied dynamic time warping algorithm on all the 70 classes of single-stroke symbols. Their top-1 recognition rate is 85.8%, and top-5 recognition rate is 97.0%. Our system gets top-1 recognition rate of 85.5% and top-5 recognition rate of 99.1% on the same 70 classes of single-stroke symbols.
Studies of autonomic balance: a summary.

A summary of a series of studies of autonomic balance and differential patterns of autonomic function in normal and hospitalized adult males, covering the period of 1944 to the present.
Very High Efficiency Bends for Low Group Velocities in Photonic Crystal Waveguides

We present experimental demonstration of high efficiency bends for low group velocity modes in photonic crystal waveguides. We show that careful modification of bend region can help improve bend bandwidth by 15nm for 1.55µm wavelength.
Utilization of microparticles in next-generation assays for microflow cytometers

Micron-sized particles have primarily been used in microfabricated flow cytometers for calibration purposes and proof-of-concept experiments. With increasing frequency, microparticles are serving as a platform for assays measured in these small analytical devices. Light scattering has been used to measure the agglomeration of antibody-coated particles in the presence of an antigen. Impedance detection is another technology being integrated into microflow cytometers for microparticle-based assays. Fluorescence is the most popular detection method in flow cytometry, enabling highly sensitive multiplexed assays. Finally, magnetic particles have also been used to measure antigen levels using a magnetophoretic micro-device. We review the progress of microparticle-based assays in microflow cytometry in terms of the advantages and limitations of each approach.
The relative diffusion of strong magnetic fields and tenuous gases

General equations are given for treating the diffusion of a magnetic field in a fluid with electrical conductivity and a resistive diffusion coefficient. Consequences of nonnegligible gas motion are investigated by considering the one-dimensional problem where a tenuous isothermal gas with pressure expressed as a function of x-coordinate and time is enmeshed in a magnetic field in the y-direction. Approximate equations are obtained for the case of weak fluctuations in gas or field pressure, and the properties of a nonlinear diffusion equation are illustrated with the example of an initial thin slab of gas confined by a uniform field on either side. The advance of a gas front into a nonvanishing gas density is illustrated by using the progressive wave solution. Application of the results to the evolution of streamers and filaments observed in the solar corona is briefly discussed
Extracellular fluid conditioned during peripheral nerve regeneration stimulates Schwann cell adhesion, migration and proliferation.

Abstract Schwann cell movement and proliferation occur during peripheral nerve regeneration and remyelination. We asked whether soluble factors promoting these activities were present in fluid surrounding rat sciatic nerves regenerating across a 10-mm gap bridged by a silicone tube. In this model, regenerated and remyelinated axons extend across the gap by 28 days following nerve transection and tube implantation. Fluid conditioned by cells participating in nerve regeneration (RCF) was assayed for its ability to promote Schwann cell adhesion, migration and proliferation in vitro. RCFs collected at post-transectional days 1–28 were equally effective in promoting Schwann cell-substratum adhesion. In contrast, the motility-promoting activity of RCF was minimal at 1–2 days following nerve-transection, peaked at 7 days and remained elevated through 21 days. The RCF peak response was 87-fold greater than control. Schwann cell proliferative activity of RCF exhibited peaks of activity at 1 and 14 days post-transection. The biological potency of this fluid for each activity assayed in vitro correlated well with the behavior of Schwann cells chronicled during nerve repair in vivo. These findings suggest that soluble factors promoting Schwann cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation accumulate extracellularly during peripheral nerve regeneration and remyelination.
Two-dimensional reflection of magnetosonic radiation by gyroballistic waves: an analytic theory

Abstract For the first time, the three-step process (conversion-propagation-conversion) underlying gyroresonant reflection is analytically developed for two-dimensional geometry. Phase-space methods are used for the conversion of an incident magnetosonic wave field to a continuum of gyroballistic waves, for their propagation along guiding-center orbits in the poloidal plane of a tokamak, and for their conversion to the two-dimensional magnetosonic reflection field. The wave fronts and amplitude of that field are obtained explicitly.
Disability Estimates between Same- and Different-Sex Couples: Microdata from the American Community Survey (2009-2011).

Disability and sexual orientation have been used by some to unjustly discriminate against differently-abled and differently-oriented minority groups. Because little is known about the disability rates of individuals in same-sex unions, this technical report presents disability rates by separating couples into: same-sex-female; same-sex-male; different-sex-married; and different-sex-unmarried couples. Data from the American Community Survey (ACS) Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) 2009–2011 3-year file is utilized to produce estimates (and their standard errors) for the following six disability items: independent living; ambulatory; self-care; cognitive; hearing; and vision. Estimates of disability by selected geographies—i.e., Public Use Microdata Areas (PUMAs)—are also presented as is a figure showing a PUMA polygon. Qualitative comparisons seem to indicate that: same-sex-female couples have higher rates of disability compared to the other three groups; that in general, disability estimates for individuals in same-sex couples have a greater degree of uncertainty; and that disability-item-allocations are most prevalent in same-sex couples. Because societal marginalization may increase through cumulative processes, public health professionals should continue to seek out ways to identify underserved populations.
Urban Vegetation Cover and Vegetation Change in Accra, Ghana: Connection to Housing Quality

The objectives are to (1) quantify, map, and analyze vegetation cover distributions and changes across Accra, Ghana, for 2002 and 2010; and (2) examine the statistical relationship between vegetation cover and a housing quality index (HQI) for 2000 at the neighborhood level. Pixel-level vegetation cover maps derived using threshold classification of 2002 and 2010 QuickBird normalized difference vegetation index images have very high overall accuracies and yield an estimate of 5.9 percent vegetation cover reduction over the study area between 2002 and 2010. A high degree of variance in vegetation cover for individual dates is explained by HQI at the neighborhood level, although minimal covariability between absolute or relative vegetation cover change and HQI for 2000 was observed.
SEX-ROLE STEREOTYPES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO RESPONDENTS' AGE AND SEX

Summary.-The relationship of an individual's age and sex to his sex-role stereotypes was investigated using the Personal Attributes Questionnaire. The 140 males and 276 females differed significantly in their view of the masculine but not the feminine role; males held a more traditional view of the masculine sex role than females. In contrast age differences occurred only on the feminine sex role with subjects over 25 yr. of sge consistently expressing a less stereotyped view of the feminine role. The existence of sex-role stereotypes, i.e., characteristics which males and females are popularly thought to possess, has been addressed by several studies in the recent literature (Ellis & Bentler, 1973; Rosenkrantz, Vogel, Bee, Broverman, & Broverman, 1968; Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1974). Rosenkrantz and his associates (1968) originated a 122-item Sex-role Stereotype Questionnaire to assess the attributes stereotypically ascribed to men and women. They found significant agreement among participants of both sexes in applying approximately two-thirds of these attributes to the typical male and female. Spence, ej al. (1974), using a shortened form of the questionnaire retitled the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, also obtained evidence for masculine and feminine stereotypes. These previous studies have focused upon sex-role stereotypes as they are generally held by college age samples, however, with little or no exploration of individual differences. In particular the possible influence of respondents' age and sex upon the tendency to use masculine and feminine stereotypes has nor been fully clarified. Spence, et al. (1974) did report that the males in their sample demonstrated stronger stereotypes, but no invescigation of the effect of respondents' age on responses to either questionnaire has yet been done. Earlier research carried out by Neugarten and Gutmann (1958) using a projective technique with middle-aged and older adults suggested that sex-role stereotypes may alter drastically with age, however. This previous research suggests that masculine and feminine stereotypes may indeed vary for the two sexes and different age groups. The purpose of the present study was to explore further the relationship of respondents' age and sex to sex-role stereotyping using the Personal Attributes Quesrionnaire. Congruent with Spence, et al.'s findings, it was hypothesized that males would demonstrate stronger stereotyping for both masculine and feminine characteristics. No specific hypothesis was made with regard to age.
Information on Projected-Growth Occupations: Its Effect on Individuals' Prestige Ratings.

The authors examine information on projected growth occupations and its effects on prestige ratings. Growth data does not affect the ratings. Career counseling implications are also discussed.
Postconditioning : a mechanical maneuver that triggers biological and molecular cardioprotective responses to reperfusion

Infarct size is determined not only by the duration and severity of ischemia, but also by pathological processes initiated at reperfusion (reperfusion injury). Numerous pharmacological strategies have been reported which administer drugs at or just before the onset of reperfusion, with subsequent salubrious effects, notably a reduction in infarct size. However, few if any of these strategies have become standard of care in the catheterization laboratory setting. Postconditioning, defined as repeated brief cycles of reperfusion interrupted by ischemia (or hypoxia) applied at the onset of reperfusion, was recently introduced as a mechanical strategy to attenuate reperfusion injury. Postconditioning intervenes only during the first few minutes of reperfusion. However, it reduces endothelial activation and dysfunction, the inflammatory response to reperfusion, necrosis, and apoptosis both acutely and long-term. Cardioprotection has been demonstrated by multiple independent laboratories and in multiple species. Postconditioning stimulates G-protein coupled receptors by their cognate endogenously released ligands and surprisingly activates survival kinases that may converge on mitochondrial K(ATP) channels and the permeability transition pore. Postconditioning has been shown in two clinical studies to reduce infarct size in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the catheterization laboratory, and at least five other studies are in some phase of implementation. This significant reduction in infarct size has implications for reduction in heart failure as a consequence of myocardial infarction, but this link has yet to be demonstrated. The salubrious effects of postconditioning are an indirect validation of the experimental and clinical importance of reperfusion injury in the setting of coronary artery occlusion.
Observation and Measurement of Emission Cross-section of B 2∑+ 1/2 → X 2∑+ 1/2 band of HgBr at 502 nm

Abstract Emission spectra of the HgBr (B 2∑−X 2∑) band system and atomic mercury lines have been observed during collisions of HgBr2 and Ne+ ions at different laboratory kinetic energies. By using the integrated intensity of the most intense band of HgBr (B 2∑, vt′ = 0; X 2∑, v″ = 22) transition at 502 nm, emission cross-sections have been measured at different laboratory kinetic energies of Ne+ ions.
Integration of self-consistent polycrystal plasticity with dislocation density based hardening laws within an implicit finite element framework: Application to low-symmetry metals

Abstract We present an implementation of the viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) polycrystalline model in an implicit finite element (FE) framework, which accounts for a dislocation-based hardening law for multiple slip and twinning modes at the micro-scale grain level. The model is applied to simulate the macro-scale mechanical response of a highly anisotropic low-symmetry (orthorhombic) crystal structure. In this approach, a finite element integration point represents a polycrystalline material point and the meso-scale mechanical response is obtained by the mean-field VPSC homogenization scheme. We demonstrate the accuracy of the FE-VPSC model by analyzing the mechanical response and microstructure evolution of α-uranium samples under simple compression/tension and four-point bending tests. Predictions of the FE-VPSC simulations compare favorably with experimental measurements of geometrical changes and microstructure evolution. Specifically, the model captures accurately the tension–compression asymmetry of the material associated with twinning, as well as the rigidity of the material response along the hard-to-deform crystallographic orientations.
A new non-LTR retrotransposon porvides evidence for multiple distinct site-specific elements in Crithidia faciculata miniexon arrays

We have identified a new member of the family of trypanosome site-specific retrotransposons, using a degenerate oligonucleotide PCR strategy. The 9595 bp element, termed Crithidia retrotransposable element 2 (CRE2), was cloned and found to be inserted in the tandemly arrayed miniexon genes of Crithidia fasciculata. The element is flanked by 29 bp target site duplications but lacks the 3' poly dA tract characteristic of most other non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons. The amino terminal region of the single 2518-codon open reading frame contains a putative metal-binding motif and a proline-rich region similar to gag-like domains of other retrotransposons. The carboxy terminal region of this open reading frame shares sequence homology with the reverse transcriptase and putative endonuclease regions of three previously described trypanosomatid site-specific retrotransposons. All four of these retrotransposons are specifically inserted between nucleotides 11 and 12 of the highly conserved 39mer sequence of the miniexon gene. Most copies of CRE2 and the previously characterized CRE1 are located on different sized chromosomes. Additional CRE-related sequences were identified by screening Crithidia libraries. These results suggest that a particular sequence in the C. fasciculata miniexon repeat is the target for multiple distinct site-specific retrotransposon insertions.
Differential solubility of curcuminoids in serum and albumin solutions: implications for analytical and therapeutic applications

Background: Commercially available curcumin preparations contain a mixture of related polyphenols, collectively referred to as curcuminoids. These encompass the primary component curcumin along with its co-purified derivatives demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Curcuminoids have numerous biological activities, including inhibition of cancer related cell proliferation and reduction of amyloid plaque formation associated with Alzheimer disease. Unfortunately, the solubility of curcuminoids in aqueous solutions is exceedingly low. This restricts their systemic availability in orally administered formulations and limits their therapeutic potential. Results: Methods are described that achieve high concentrations of soluble curcuminoids in serum. Solid curcuminoids were either mixed directly with serum, or they were predissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and added as aliquots to serum. Both methods resulted in high levels of curcuminoid-solubility in mammalian sera from different species. However, adding aliquots of dimethyl sulfoxide-dissolved curcuminoids to serum proved to be more efficient, producing soluble curcuminoid concentrations of at least 3 mM in human serum. The methods also resulted in the differential solubility of individual curcuminoids in serum. The addition of dimethyl sulfoxidedissolved curcuminoids to serum preferentially solubilized curcumin, whereas adding solid curcuminoids predominantly solubilized bisdemethoxycurcumin. Either method of solubilization was equally effective in inhibiting dose-dependent HeLa cell proliferation in culture. The maximum concentration of curcuminoids achieved in serum was at least 100-fold higher than that required for inhibiting cell proliferation in culture and 1000-fold higher than the concentration that has been reported to prevent amyloid plaque formation associated with Alzheimer disease. Curcuminoids were also highly soluble in solutions of purified albumin, a major component of serum. Conclusion: These results suggest the possibility of alternative therapeutic approaches by injection or infusion of relatively small amounts of curcuminoid-enriched serum. They also provide tools to reproducibly solubilize curcuminoids for analysis in cell culture applications. The differential solubility of curcuminoids achieved by different methods of solubilization offers convenient alternatives to assess the diverse biological effects contributed by curcumin and its derivatives.
On the propagation of smoothness for semilinear systems of Maxwell-Klein-Gordon type

We prove a Bony-type result about the propagation of Sobolev smoothness for a particular type of semilinear strictly hyperbolic system with an application to the Maxwell-Klein-Gordon system.
Evolution of polymer blend morphology during compounding in an internal mixer

Abstract The evolution of blend morphology during compounding in an internal mixer was investigated using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Emphasis was placed on investigating the effects of viscosity ratio, blend composition, and processing variables (temperature, rotor speed, and mixing time) on the evolution of blend morphology in five blend systems: (i) nylon-6/high-density polyethylene (HDPE), (ii) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/polystyrene (PS), (iii) polycarbonate (PC)/PS, (iv) PS/HDPE, and (v) PS/polypropylene (PP). These blend systems were chosen on the basis of the difference in the melting temperature (Tm) between two crystalline polymers (nylon-6–HDPE pair), the difference in the ‘critical flow temperature’ (Tcf) between two amorphous polymers (PMMA–PS and PC–PS pairs), or the difference between the Tcf of an amorphous polymer and the Tm of a crystalline polymer (PS–HDPE and PS–PP pairs). The Tcf of an amorphous polymer is de facto equivalent to the Tm of a crystalline polymer in that from a rheological point of view an amorphous polymer may be regarded as being a ‘rubber-like solid’ at temperatures below Tcf and a ‘liquid’ at temperatures above Tcf, which is approximately 55°C above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of an amorphous polymer. We observed a co-continuous morphology in PMMA–PS, PC–PS, PS–HDPE and PS–PP blends when the melt blend temperature was above the Tg, but below the Tcf of the constituent amorphous components, and a dispersed morphology when the melt blending temperature was increased far above the Tcf of the constituent amorphous components. Further, we found that the formation of a co-continuous morphology depends on blend composition and the viscosity ratio of the constituent components at a specified melt blending temperature. Most importantly, we have reached the conclusion that a co-continuous morphology is a transitory morphological structure that appears when a phase inversion takes place from one mode of dispersed morphology to another mode of dispersed morphology. The mode of a dispersed morphology is found to depend upon the blend composition and the viscosity ratio of the constituent components.
Juncture flow control using leading-edge fillets

Flow measurements have been made in the wake region of a simulated wing-fuselage juncture, with and without leading-edge fillets, in order to assess the effect of leading-edge modifications on the flow field around the juncture. Preliminary results indicate that there is some reduction in juncture drag at moderate angles of attack with the use of leading-edge fillets. There is also evidence of improvement in the flow characteristics on the surface downstream of the juncture when fillets are used. As the fillet size is increased, flow characteristics start deteriorating at some point, and an optimum fillet size may be required to achieve an overall improvement in the flow field.
Cognitive skills and young children's comprehension of television

Abstract The relation between young children's visual and verbal skills and their comprehension of an age-appropriate narrative television program was assessed. Forty-four children, aged 5 years, 3 months to 5 years, 9 months, were individually tested with 6 subscales from a comprehensive standardized intelligence test. Their comprehension of the central and incidental events, and of inferences from a 35-min narrative TV program, was also individually tested within 2 weeks of the intelligence testing. Verbal skills accounted for 42% of the variance in children's comprehension of the central events from the program. Verbal skills were also related to selectivity of memory for central versus incidental events. Visual short-term memory skills accounted for 20% of the variance in their comprehension of incidental events. It was suggested that children with high verbal skills have more capacity available for the processing of information relevant to the centrality of televised events.
Tissue inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity stimulates angiogenesis in vivo.

Background—Endothelial cells (ECs) represent the critical cellular element responsible for postnatal angiogenesis. Because ACE inhibitors may favorably affect endothelial function, we investigated the hypothesis that administration of the ACE inhibitor quinaprilat could enhance angiogenesis in vivo. Methods and Results—Ten days after resection of 1 femoral artery, New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were randomly assigned to receive recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF) administered as a single intra-arterial injection (n=6), quinaprilat (n=8) or captopril (n=7) administered as a daily subcutaneous injection, or no treatment (controls, n=6). Angiogenesis was monitored in vivo by measurement of blood pressure, vasoreactivity, and resistance in ischemic versus normal limbs at day 10 (D10) and D40; angiographic studies to identify sites of neovascularization were performed at D10 and D40, and morphometric analysis of capillary density in the ischemic limb was performed at necropsy (D40). ...
A software tool for learning about stochastic models

The Symbolic Hierarchical Automated Reliability/Performance Evaluator (SHARPE), a software system that analyzes stochastic models, is discussed. SHARPE allows students to set up and solve a variety of model types, to compare results for different models of the same system, to see how altering system parameters affects measures of effectiveness of the system, and to experiment with modeling techniques, including the use of exact and approximate system or model decomposition. It can also be used to illustrate problems of large state spaces and stiff systems and to provide examples of methods for avoiding these problems. Using SHARPE, one can specify and analyze the following model types separately or in combination: fault trees, reliability block diagrams, reliability graphs, product-form queuing networks, series-parallel acyclic directed graphs, Markov and semi-Markov chains, and generalized stochastic Petri nets. >
Exceptional tumor-initiating activity of 4-fluorobenzo[j]-fluoranthene on mouse skin: comparison with benzo[j]-fluoranthene, 10-fluoro-benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.

Abstract Exceptional tumorigenic potency was observed with 4-fluorobenzo[ j ]fuoranthene (4-fluoroB[ j ]F) relative to benzo[ j ]fluoranthene (B[ j ]F) and 10-fluorobenzo[ j ]fluoranthene (10-fluoroB[ j ]F) in a mouse skin initiation promotion bioassay. Comparison of the tumorigenic response obtained at total initiating doses of 50, 100, and 1000 nmol firmly established the greater tumorigenic potency of 4-fluoroB[ j ]F. B[ j ]F produced a significant tumorigenic response only at total initiating doses of 100 and 1000 nmol per mouse. 10-FluoroB[ j ]F produced a significant tumorigenic response only at the highest initiating dose, 1000 nmol per mouse. In contrast, 4-fluoroB[ j ]F produced a significant tumorigenic response at all three doses. At a total initiating dose of 50 nmol, a 90% incidence of tumor-bearing mice with an average of 3.05 tumors per mouse was observed with 4-fluoroB[ j ]F. A second initiation promotion bio-assay was performed to establish the tumorigenic potency of 4-fluoroB[ j ]F relative to benzo[ a ]pyrene (B[ a ]P), 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene (DMBA), and dibenzo[ a,l ]pyrene (DB[ a,l ]P. 4-FluoroB[ j ]F did exhibit significant tumorinitiating activity at doses of 10 and 25 nmol per mouse, inducing a 45 and 60% incidence of tumorbearing mice with an average of 0.75 and 1.65 tumors per mouse, respectively. While B[ a ]P was not tumorigenic at these doses, DMBA and DB[ a,l ]P exhibited significant tumorigenic activity at doses of 1, 4, 10, and 25 nmol per mouse. DB[ a,l ]P induced a 95% incidence of tumor-bearing mice with an average of 5.0 tumors per mouse at a total initator dose of 1 nmol. DMBA at this dose produced an 85% incidence of tumor-bearing mice with an average of 1.30 tumors per mouse. The results of these initiation promotion bioassays clearly demonstrate that 4-fluoroB[ j ]F is significantly more active than B[ j ]F, 10-fluoroB[ j ]F and B[ a ]P and less active than either DMBA or DB[ a,l ]P as a tumor initiator on mouse skin.
Spinal hematoma compressing cauda equina

Epidural and subdural spinal hematomas are unusual complications of diagnostic lumbar punctures. A renal allograft recipient on anticoagulant therapy underwent lumbar puncture. Urinary retention and evidence of an S2, S3, and S4 neurologic deficit developed subsequently. A myelogram showed a defect of the posterior lumbosacral spinal canal. Urodynamic investigation demonstrated normal sympathetic innervation of the proximal urethra and impaired parasympathetic and pudendal innervation of the detrusor and external urethral sphincter, respectively.
Boosting leukemia-specific T cell responses in patients following stem cell transplantation

Whole tumor cell-based vaccines administered within the first 2 to 3 months after allogeneic stem cell transplantation stand out as a promising approach to enhance graft-vs.-leukemia responses. Herein, the implications of this finding for the development of strategies to improve the outcome of patients subjected to allogeneic stem cell transplantation are discussed.
The Differential Effects of Marital and Custodial Status on Perceptions of Mothers and Fathers

Abstract While divorced persons are viewed more negatively than married persons, there has been no research on the effects of marital and custodial status on perceptions of parents. Half of each of 60 male and 60 female adults were randomly assigned to rate either three mother or three father stimulus persons, each briefly described as a married parent, divorced with custody, or divorced without custody on tour different scales developed by Hoffman and Willers (1996): Interpersonal Adjustment, Psychological Deviance, Morality, and Professional Competence. Married mothers were the most highly rated group and were more positively evaluated than custodial mothers; both groups were more positively rated than noncustodial mothers. Ratings for married and custodial fathers did not differ from one another, with both groups evaluated more positively than noncustodial fathers. Gender differences were interpreted in relation to differential normative parenting roles for mothers and for fathers, particularly in the ...
Growth Response and Resistance to Streptococcus iniae of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Fed Diets Containing Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary levels of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth, body composition, hematology, and resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus ,t oStreptococcus iniae challenge. Five isocaloric diets containing DDGS at levels of 0, 10, 20, and 40%, and 40% DDGS + lysine (Diets 1–5) as partial replacements of a combination of soybean meal (SBM) and corn meal (CM) on an equal protein basis were fed to juvenile Nile tilapia (9.41 6 0.14 g) for 10 wk. Fish fed Diet 4 had the lowest weight gain (WG), feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio (PER), and whole-body protein. Supplementation of lysine to the 40% DDGS diet (Diet 5) improved WG and PER. Hematological and immunological parameters were not affected by dietary treatment. There were no significant differences among the average number of days to first mortality after S. iniae challenge and cumulative mortality 14 d postchallenge among fish in various treatments. DDGS can be incorporated in tilapia diet at a level of 20% as a substitute for a combination of SBM and CM without affecting their growth performance, body composition, hematological parameters, immune response, and resistance to S. iniae infection.
The complex of amylose and iodine

Abstract The organization of polyiodide chains in the amylose-iodine complex was investigated by Raman spectroscopy, by UV/vis, and by second-derivative UV/vis spectroscopies complemented by semiempirical calculations based on a simple structural model. The Raman spectra indicate that the primary substructures of the polyiodide chains are I3− and I5− sub-units. The second derivatives of the UV/vis spectra reveal four absorption peaks that can be attributed to the four polyiodide species I93−, I113−, I133−, and I153− on the basis of AM1 calculations and a polyiodide structural model. In an amylose-iodine-iodide solution, the polyiodides within the amylose helices exist in equilibrium with iodine and iodide. Changing the iodide concentration causes changes in the relative population of the different polyiodide chains and their substructures. The change in population of the various polyiodide species is accompanied by a corresponding shift in the positions of the UV/vis absorption maxima. The Raman spectra reflect parallel changes in the population of the I3− and I5− subunits. The proposed polyiodide chain lengths are consistent with previously reported observations concerning changes in the color characteristics of iodine-amylose complexes with the length of the amylose molecule up to a dp between 40 and 50.
Phosphorylated smooth muscle heavy meromyosin shows an open conformation linked to activation.

Abstract Smooth muscle myosin and smooth muscle heavy meromyosin (smHMM) are activated by regulatory light chain phosphorylation, but the mechanism remains unclear. Dephosphorylated, inactive smHMM assumes a closed conformation with asymmetric intramolecular head–head interactions between motor domains. The “free head” can bind to actin, but the actin binding interface of the “blocked head” is involved in interactions with the free head. We report here a three-dimensional structure for phosphorylated, active smHMM obtained using electron crystallography of two-dimensional arrays. Head–head interactions of phosphorylated smHMM resemble those found in the dephosphorylated state but occur between different molecules, not within the same molecule. The light chain binding domain structure of phosphorylated smHMM differs markedly from that of the “blocked” head of dephosphorylated smHMM. We hypothesize that regulatory light chain phosphorylation opens the inhibited conformation primarily by its effect on the blocked head. Singly phosphorylated smHMM is not compatible with the closed conformation if the blocked head is phosphorylated. This concept has implications for the extent of myosin activation at low levels of phosphorylation in smooth muscle.
Quantification of behavior

Quantification of behavior starts with the observation of behavioral phenomena. These observations can be classified by fundamental types of behavior and the energies associated with these behaviors can be measured or calculated using known procedures. Behaviors can occur, if, and only if, energy is available for use in the behavior and the behaving system has the capacity to direct energy. A relationship is developed among behavior, available energy, and the capacity to direct energy that gives a coherent interpretation of behavioral phenomena and allows the quantification of behavior.
Macroelements for variable-section beams

Abstract A procedure is described for developing macroelements using distributions, and is applied to variable-section beams. An element can include any number of step variations in the cross-section without increasing the number of degrees of freedom, which is six for two-dimensional beam elements. Any beam element with a continuous profile can be approximated to any desired accuracy by one with step variations. A symbolic manipulation system is used to derive the expressions for the terms of the stiffness matrix and load vector.
Minifying Government: The Unintended Consequences of the Bergman Secondary Road Act of 1929*

Objective. In 1929, Iowa adopted the Bergman Secondary Road Act, which transferred control of the state's rural roads from the townships to the counties. This study examines the interesting and potentially important unintended consequences of the law. Method. We gathered the minutes from 2,275 Iowa township meetings in 20 townships from 1917 to 1950 to investigate the effect of the Bergman Act. Results. Multiple regression analysis shows that this apparently innocuous Act turned out to have dramatic and unintended consequences on Iowa's township governments. Without responsibility for the roads, township government activity plunged dramatically—the annual number of meetings and the length of those meetings fell by half from 1929 to 1930. The effect of the law on township activity remains substantial even after controlling for competing explanations, such as the onset of the Depression. Conclusions. The Bergman Act unintentionally caused a sharp drop in township activity and it may have initiated the gradual marginalization of Iowa township governments that continues today. It is even possible that it had a depressing effect on voter turnout in rural Iowa.
An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Detection of Antibodies to Channel Catfish Virus (CCV) in Channel Catfish

Abstract An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies against channel catfish virus (CCV) in the serum of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. The ELISA was used to test sera from 20 waterborne CCV-exposed juvenile channel catfish and 10 unexposed channel catfish for antibodies to CCV. Each serum was tested at a single dilution (1:10, volume:volume), and positive–negative cutoff values were established as the mean of negative sera plus either 2, 3, or 4 standard deviations. The resulting ELISA was highly reproducible and accurate with sensitivities and specificities of 100% and 90%, 95% and 90%, and 95% and 100%, respectively. Most fish seroconverted between 22 and 28 d after first exposure to CCV. This immunoassay is capable of handling large numbers of samples reliably and rapidly for detection and assessing prevalence of CCV exposure in channel catfish.
The Experimental Ordinary: Deleuze on Eating and Anorexic Elegance

The paper discusses Deleuze's concept of the feminine through exploration of the questions of eating, cooking, and specifically anorexia, as well as an ‘anorexic relation’ to fashion and dressing. It argues that anorexia should be understood as a micro-political experimentation in fashioning one's own body on its flight to becoming woman. In accordance with Deleuze's ontology of the surface, the anorexic body can be seen as the invention of the BWO that forms an assemblage with clothes and, in so becoming different, invents for itself different desires.
Angiosarcoma of the axillary vein

Angiosarcoma is a malignant tumor of vascular origin. Malignant primary vein tumors are rare. The case of a 64-year-old patient who underwent a left forequarter amputation for angiosarcoma arising from the left axillary vein, a site not previously described, is presented. Also, the literature is reviewed.
CFD Modeling of a Submersible in a Realistic Surfaced Sea State Condition for Predictions of Hydrodynamic Wave Impact Loading

Topside features on submersibles are subject to wave impact loading while surfaced. At the surface, operations are typically conducted at low to zero ship speeds so hydrodynamic loading is dominated by wave loading as opposed to bow/wave slamming which is typically evaluated for surface ships. The typical circular or cylindrical hull situated mainly below the water line places topside features right around the mean water line, where the largest wave impact loading is expected. The roll, heave, and pitching motion of such a hull shape and the curvature of the hull at the water surface may result in a different distribution of wave impact loading when compared to the expected loading on typical surface ship hull. Current studies have been conducted using traditional scale-model experiments complimented with computational fluid dynamic (CFD) methods to improve the predictions and the understanding of the contributing factors to the wave impact loading. The end goal is to try to validate CFD modeling methods for these submersible design cases to support the design process. The end products are design wave impact load requirements and ship operating guidance to help avoid damage due to wave impact load conditions.
Removal of Canine Renal Calculi by Pyelolithotomy

The operative technique of pyelolithotomy for the removal of renal calculi in the dog is described. Three selected cases are used to illustrate its application. Pyelolithotomy may be a better technique than nephrolithotomy for the removal of renal calculi that have enlarged the renal pelvis and proximal ureter outside the confines of the renal parenchyma.