cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linguistic Evidence, Status of

Linguistics concerns itself in principle with any kind of evidence that seems capable of informing us about the human language faculty, though individual researchers may find certain kinds of evidence more fruitful for their goals than others. A survey of the major sources of evidence used by linguists leads to an assessment of their relative merits and consideration of the kinds of explanations of linguistic phenomena this evidence can lead to. Keywords: grammaticality; corpora; experiments; linguistic methodology; individual differences
Diversity in High Energy Physics

I will start the session with a short talk about the need for diversity in high energy physics. I consider the proton decay experiment we just heard about an excellent ecample of the value of diversity.
Hankel Determinants of Eisenstein Series

In this paper we prove Garvan’s conjectured formula for the square of the modular discriminant Δ as a 3 by 3 Hankel determinant of classical Eisenstein series E2n. We then obtain similar formulas involving minors of Hankel determinants for E2rΔm, for m = 1, 2, 3 and r = 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and E14 Δ4. We next use Mathematica to discover, and then the standard structure theory of the ring of modular forms, to derive the general form of our infinite family of formulas extending the classical formula for Δ and Garvan’s formula for Δ2. This general formula expresses the n x n Hankel determinant det \(\left( {{E_{2\left( {i + j} \right)}}\left( q \right)} \right)1 \leqslant i,j \leqslant n\) as the product of Δn-1(τ), a homogeneous polynomial in E 4 3 and E 6 2 , and if needed, E4. We also include a simple verification proof of the classical 2 by 2 Hankel determinant formula for Δ. This proof depends upon polynomial properties of elliptic function parameters from Jacobi’s Fundamenta Nova. The modular forms approach provides a convenient explanation for the determinant identities in this paper.
Recent Perspectives on Christianity in the Modern Arab World

Although Christians constitute large and important communities in much of the modern Arab world, scholars have long tended to overlook their histories, viewing them as little more than pawns of Western interests or victims of Muslim overlords. Recently, however, a body of new scholarship has sought to explore the modern experience of Christians in the Arab world. This historiographical article examines the past reluctance to deal with the modern history of Christianity in the Arab world; investigates the reasons for its recent emergence as a topic of interest to historians; analyzes the approaches and contributions of the new scholarship; and suggests some possibilities for future directions.
Deeds Under a Doctrine: Civil Liberties in the 1963 Term.

Judged by any standards the 1963 term of the United States Supreme Court was one of momentous importance to the future of the American political system. Most immediately, the Justices once again found themselves embroiled in political controversy, their decisions attacked by the Republican party platform, by the Republican presidential candidate and by many members of Congress. Among the more notable deeds of the 1963 term were decisions writing into the margins of the Constitution the formula "one man, one vote" as the proper rule for apportioning electoral districts for the House of Representatives and for both houses of state legislatures. The Court also invalidated two acts of Congress, and in the field of criminal justice introduced several new principles while overturning supposedly settled law. In addition the Court again struck down officially sanctioned prayers in public schools. For its part, Congress seriously considered constitutional amendments to reverse the school prayer decisions of this and previous terms, and to modify the doctrine of the reapportionment cases.' The House went so far as to pass a bill to remove from federal courts jurisdiction to hear apportionment suits. After a quasi-filibuster by liberal senators had beaten down a stronger measure, the Senate then adopted a resolution urging federal judges to allow state legislators ample time to redistrict their states. This resolution was adopted as an amendment to the foreign aid bill, but was deleted in conference. The most personal and perhaps the most
Relative peripheral refractive error and the risk of onset and progression of myopia in children

Numerous experiments show that chronic exposure to lenses simulating hyperopic refractive error accelerates axial growth in a predictable manner in various species, suggesting that defocus at the fovea influences eye growth.1–5 Greater amounts of accommodative lag from a deficient accommodative response is the putative analogous source of hyperopic defocus during near work in children.6–8 Several studies have shown that myopic children or those undergoing more rapid myopic progression spend more time in near work than nonmyopes or more slowly progressing myopes,9–13 yet the association between refractive error and near work is not always statistically significant.14–17 In addition, the potency of accommodative lag in stimulating human ocular growth is not clear. Hyperopic defocus is less related to the rate of emmetropization in infancy than is the level of accommodative effort expended by hyperopic infants.18 In children, many attempts to reduce accommodative lag through plus lens corrections at near have had only modest results in slowing myopic progression.12,19–23 However, other studies and subsamples of myopic children—for example, esophores at near with high accommodative lag—have shown a larger treatment effect of plus at near.24–26 Whether a high accommodative lag increases the risk of onset of myopia in nonmyopic children is also unclear. One study found increased accommodative lag 2 years before the onset of myopia and in the year of onset.7 Our own larger investigation showed no increase in accommodative lag before myopia onset in children who became myopic compared with children who were emmetropic.8 Recent investigations of the effects of hyperopic defocus on ocular growth have shifted their attention away from measures at the fovea and moved toward the retinal periphery. Ablation and occlusion experiments in primates have shown that manipulation of the more extensive peripheral visual environment can guide not only peripheral ocular growth, but also axial growth, suggesting that perhaps peripheral hyperopic defocus can act as a guide for foveal refractive error.27,28 Myopes have relative peripheral hyperopia more often than other refractive error groups, at least in the lateral visual field, because of their relatively less oblate ocular shape.29–35 This exposure to peripheral hyperopic defocus appears about 2 years before myopia onset, on average.36 The degree of risk for myopia onset from peripheral hyperopia has not yet been quantified, nor has it been adjusted for foveal refractive error or ethnicity. The purpose of this analysis was to use longitudinal data from the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study to evaluate the following hypotheses: (1) nonmyopic children with more relative peripheral hyperopia are at higher risk for becoming myopic, and (2) myopic children with more relative peripheral hyperopia have a faster rate of myopic progression.
A technique for analyzing transient EEG abnormalities.

Abstract A technique is described whereby a computer program operating in real time is used to identify the wave form measurements that discriminate most efficiently between abnormal paroxysmal waves and background activity in an EEG signal. The program computes the extent to which a measurement of each consecutive wave differs from a moving average derived from similar measurements of preceding waves; an indicator pulse is generated when this difference exceeds a pre-set threshold.
An integrated system of summer solarization and fallow tillage for Cyperus esculentus and nematode management in the southeastern coastal plain

Abstract Solarization is a form of pest control using clear plastic mulch that allows sunlight to heat the soil to temperatures lethal to plant pests. Fallow tillage is a proven practice to reduce baseline weed densities. Field trials were conducted at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station Ponder Farm from 2003 to 2006 to evaluate integrated systems of pest control using solarization and fallow tillage. Treatments included all possible combinations of four solarization regimes and three fallow tillage regimes. Solarization regimes began in either May, July, September, and included a non-solarized control. Plots were solarized using clear-colorless polyethylene mulch. Frequencies of fallow tillage were weekly and monthly using a power-tiller, and included a non-tilled control. All solarization materials were removed in early October each year and turnip green were direct seeded into the pre-existing plots. The following spring, sweet corn were seeded into pre-existing plots a second time. Solarization beginning in May or July provided excellent control of Cyperus esculentus in plots planted to turnip green and reduced densities of plant parasitic nematodes. Fallow tillage throughout the summer with a power-tiller at monthly or weekly intervals were equally effective. C. esculentus in spring planted sweet corn responded similarly. These results show that an integrated system of solarization and fallow tillage can effectively reduce populations of C. esculentus to manageable levels without the use of fumigants or herbicides, provided that the solarization period during the summer lasts at least 90 days.
Altered behavior and memory loss

Dr. Robert Barish: A 55year-old man was brought to the emergency department for the evaluation of strange behavior and memory loss. The patient was right-handed and had been in excellent health until one month previously. About that time his wife noticed him to be somewhat depressed and not as bright or sharp as usual. This pattern was relatively stable until one week before his arrival in the emergency department, when his wife noticed he was having great difftculty finding correct words or remembering the names of people. Over the next week this condition worsened and he was observed to be sleeping more than usual. Two days before his arrival, he complained of left-sided headache and went to bed early. The following night he could not remember what had happened during the day or recall family plans for the coming weekend. The patient could not dress himself properly. He had difficulty finding his belt, and tied only one shoe. On the day of arrival at the emergency department, the patient clearly was having difficulty expressing himself and was even unable to complete a sentence . There was no history of nausea, vomiting, or dizziness. There had been no fever, chills, or signs of upper respiratory tract infection. No recent surgery or dental procedures had been performed. There was no history of seizures, head trauma, or recent loss of consciousness. The patient was not taking any medications, and there was no recent history of alcohol or drug abuse. The patient’s medical history was essentially negative. The patient had a 45 pack-year smoking history. There was no family history of neurological disease. He had visited Thailand the previous year and had lost 10 pounds over the past month.
Channel quality comparison for OOGIO bus designs

Traditionally, Intel supports ODM/OEM (original design manufacturer / original equipment manufacturer) IO bus designs via PDG (platform design guide). If IO bus design is out of PDG guidelines (OOG), usually Intel cannot support it. However, Intel is experiencing overwhelming customer requests for OOG support since more and more customers are designing products OOG for cost vs. performance tradeoff. On the other hand, OEMs/ODMs usually have very stringent schedules and limited SI resources, and it is not practical for them to follow Intel's internal complicated SI simulation process for a robust platform design. Therefore, we propose a simple but very accurate and powerful approach, channel quality comparison (CQC), to address this problem. CQC can significantly improve Intel OOG support quality and enable OEMs/ODMs to support all OOG designs. CQC also helps them to optimize PCB Design BOM cost vs. performance and reduce product development cycle for time-to-market (TTM).
A brief history of the treatment of viral hepatitis C.

Watch the interview with the authors Watch the video presentation of this article Answer questions and earn CME
The semiclassical evolution of wave packets

Abstract The theory of the semiclassical evolution of wave packets is developed as a version of WKB theory in phase space. Special attention is given to the transformation properties of wave packets, their Wigner functions, and their classical analogs under operations in phase space. A complete development of the Heisenberg and metaplectic operators is presented, including their interaction with the Wigner-Weyl formalism and the question of caustics. A metaplectically covariant wave packet propagator is presented and discussed. Finally, a group theoretical discussion of Gaussian wave packets is given.
DEPROTONATION OF WATER IN THE PRESENCE OF CARBOXYLATE AND MAGNESIUM IONS

The effects of a metal ion-bound carboxylate group on the acidity of a water molecule bound to the same cation have been assessed by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. In the hexahydrate Mg[H2O]62+ the free energy required to deprotonate one coordinated water molecule is only 40% of that required to deprotonate a free water molecule, indicating that the presence of the magnesium ion facilitates the ionization of water. However, if one of the water molecules in this hexahydrate Mg[H2O]62+ is replaced by a carboxylate ligand, the energy required to dissociate a proton from a metal ion-bound water molecule is increased by approximately 80 kcal/mol and is intermediate between the energy required to deprotonate one water molecule in Mg[H2O]62+ and that for a free water molecule. This effect of the carboxylate group on the pKa of metal ion-bound water appears to be primarily the result of a reduction of the net positive charge of the overall Mg[H2O]52+−(RCOO-) complex rather than any changes in the elect...
On the effect of a ring current on the terminal shape of the geomagnetic field

The interaction between a neutral stream of ionized solar corpuscles and the combined magnetic fields of a three-dimensional dipole and an equatorial ring current is investigated. It is assumed that the stream is confined to the exterior and the magnetic field to the interior of a hollow, the boundary of which is defined by a thin current sheath. The shape of the hollow is sought by application of an approximate method of solution. Results are presented for the traces of the boundary in the equatorial plane and the meridian plane containing the dipole axis and the sun-earth line for the case in which the dipole axis is normal to the sunearth line. It is found that the presence of the ring current has the effect of greatly increasing the size, as well as altering the form, of the region bounded by the current sheath. The calculated results are, moreover, in essential agreement with the observations when representative values are inserted for the properties of the ring current and the solar corpuscular stream.
Isolation rearing reveals latent antisnake behavior in California ground squirrels ( Otospermophilus becheeyi ) searching for predatory threats

This study of California ground squirrels (Otospermophilus beecheyi) investigated the long-term effects of isolation rearing on alarm-call recognition. Six wild-caught squirrels, trapped as yearlings, and six laboratory-reared squirrels were maintained in solitary cages for approximately 3 years prior to the study. Visual searching and olfactory searching were measured as squirrels emerged from their burrow-like nest box into a laboratory room after hearing repetitive playbacks of alarm calls or control sounds consisting of pulses of white-noise or ambient laboratory sounds. Before exiting completely after hearing alarm calls, both groups exhibited similar levels of visual searching that was reliably higher than after hearing the other sounds. After exiting completely, the laboratory-reared squirrels exhibited a reliably greater amount of olfactory investigation than the wild-caught squirrels. Five laboratory-reared squirrels turned around after exiting and inspected their dark nest-box opening, three of which tail flagged repeatedly and one threw substrate into the opening. Since pups recognize snakes and engage in this behavior, this latent expression of antisnake behavior illustrates its robust organizational properties in the appropriate burrow-like context irrespective of the presumed retardation of neural development known to occur in other species of rodent subjected to similar isolation rearing.
Helly-type theorems and Generalized Linear Programming

Recent combinatorial algorithms for linear programming can also be applied to certain nonlinear problems. We call these Generalized Linear-Programming, or GLP, problems. We connect this class to a collection of results from combinatorial geometry called Helly-type theorems. We show that there is a Helly-type theorem about the constraint set of every GLP problem. Given a familyH of sets with a Helly-type theorem, we give a paradigm for finding whether the intersection ofH is empty, by formulating the question as a GLP problem. This leads to many applications, including linear expected time algorithms for finding line transversals and mini-max hyperplane fitting. Our applications include GLP problems with the surprising property that the constraints are nonconvex or even disconnected.
Effect on the potential field by a conducting or insulated grate

Abstract Potential theory is important in many disciplines such as mass diffusion, thermal conduction and flow in porous media. The effect of a grate or netting on the potential flux is particularly important in predicting transport through fiber composites. The difficult problem is solved by the method of domain decomposition and eigenfunction expansions which is superior to direct numerical integration. The equivalent conductivity or macroscopic property is determined for both two- and three-dimensional insulated or conducting grates.
Spectral optimization for constituent retrieval in Case 2 waters II: Validation study in the Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Coastal waters (Case 2) are generally more optically complex than oceanic waters and contain much higher quantities of colored detrital matter (CDM, a combination of dissolved organic matter and detrital particulates) as well as suspended sediment. Exclusion of CDM in the retrieval can lead to an overestimation of chlorophyll a concentration (C). We present a validation of a Case 2 version of the coupled spectral optimization algorithm (SOA) for simultaneous atmospheric correction and water parameter retrieval using Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) satellite ocean color data. Modeling of water constituents uses the Garver, Siegel and Maritorena (GSM) semi-analytic bio-optical model locally tuned for Chesapeake Bay. This includes a parameterization for CDM through its absorption spectrum. SOA-retrieved C and CDM are compared with in situ measurements in Chesapeake Bay. Results are also compared with output from two alternate models 1) the standard algorithm (Std) and 2) the standard atmospheric correction combined with the locally tuned GSM model (StdGSM). The comparisons indicate that the SOA is a viable alternative to both given models in Chesapeake Bay. In contrast, StdGSM appears to require improvement before it can be considered for operational use in these waters. Perhaps the most important result is the high-quality of CDM retrievals with the SOA. They suggest that there is value added using the SOA method in Chesapeake waters, as the Std method does not retrieve CDM. In a companion paper we describe in detail the model implementation, and its accuracy and limitations when applied to the Chesapeake Bay.
Echocardiographic-morphologic correlations in tricuspid atresia

Objectives Our aim was to clarify the anatomic substrate in hearts diagnosed as having tricuspid atresia by studying autopsy specimens and comparing the findings with those in twodimensional echocardiograms. Background Traditionally, tricuspid atresia was thought, and is still believed by some, to be due to an imperforate valvular membrane interposed between the floor of the blind-ending right atrium and the hypoplastic right ventricle. Others argued that the dimple, when present, pointed to the outflow tract of the left ventricle rather than to the right ventricle, making the lesion more akin to double-inlet left ventricle. Methods We examined 39 autopsy specimens catalogued as having tricuspid atresia. We then studied 24 two-dimensional echocardiograms from patients with a primary diagnosis of tricuspid atresia. Results Of the 39 specimens, 37 had a completely muscular floor to the right atrium (absent right atrioventricular [AV] connection). The dimple, when identified, was (except in one case) directed to the left ventricular outflow tract. Only two hearts had an imperforate tricuspid valve. Two-dimensional echocardiograms in all cases showed an echo-dense band, produced by the fibrofatty tissue of the AV groove and representing absence of the right AV connection, between the muscular floor of the morphologically right atrium and the ventricular mass. Conclusions Tricuspid atresia is usually, but not always, due to morphologic absence of one AV connection. In most cases, the ventricular mass then comprises a dominant left ventricle together with a rudimentary and incomplete right ventricle.
Computation of Incompressible Flow in Turbomachines Using the Primitive Variable Formulation

The primitive variable approach is adapted here for the solution of incompressible flow in turbomachines using non-staggered grids. In this approach, a pressure Poisson equation with Neumann boundary conditions is solved in lieu of the continuity equation. Solutions for the Poisson equation exist only if a compatibility condition is satisfied. This condition is not automatically satisfied on non-staggered grids. Failure to satisfy the compatibility condition results in non-convergent solutions. A consistent finite difference method which satisfies this condition using a non-staggered grid in general curvilinear coordinates is developed. Numerical solutions are obtained for the pressure equation using the successive over-relaxation method. The velocity field is computed from the momentum equations by explicitly marching in time. The computed solutions are compared with the available numerical results for both inviscid and viscous laminar flows in cascades.Copyright © 1987 by ASME
Assignment of the Y17 Locus to Classical Soybean Linkage Group 14

The classical genetic map of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] remains at a primitive stage of development relative to the maps of other crops. This study was undertaken to augment the information base needed for a more comprehensive classical map. The cultivar Minsoy, which carries the dominant allele Pb that conditions a sharp pubescence tip, was crossed to the genetic type T162, which carries the recessive allele y17 that conditions chlorotic foliage. The F2 seedlings were classified for sharp vs. blunt pubescence tip and green vs. chlorotic foliage. The chi-square for linkage partitioned from the total chi-square was significant and a recombination value of 27% was calculated for the y17 and Pb loci. Because a recombination value of 27% had previously been reported for Pb and the y9 gene, which also conditions foliar chlorosis, an allelism test was conducted to test for the allelism of y1 7 and y9 by hybridizing genetic type T135, which carries the recessive allele y9, with T162, which carries the recessive allele y17. The F1 hybrids had normal green foliage indicating that y17 and y9 were separate loci. To determine whether y9 and y17 were on the same side or opposite sides of the Pb locus, the F2 of the T135 × T162 cross was tested with chi-square for fit to a 9:7 ratio or a 1:1 ratio for green:chlorotic foliage. The F2 segregation data fit the 1:1 ratio indicating that the Y17 and Y9 loci were both on the same side of the Pb locus and in close proximity.
Dendritic spines: structure, dynamics and regulation.

Dendritic spines are tiny protrusions that receive excitatory synaptic input and compartmentalize postsynaptic responses. Heterogeneous in size and shape, and modifiable by activity and experience, dendritic spines have long been thought to provide a morphological basis for synaptic plasticity. Although advanced imaging techniques have highlighted the rapid and regulated motility of spines in living neurons, the functional significance of spine plasticity remains elusive. Recent insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate spine morphogenesis offer potential ways to manipulate dendritic spines in vivo and to explore their physiological roles in the brain.
Analysis of a large cluster of nonessential genes deleted from a vaccinia virus terminal transposition mutant

Abstract The principal objectives of this study were to analyze the structure and coding potential of a long segment oi DNA missing from a previously isolated ( B. Moss, E. Winters, and J. A. Cooper (1981) J. Virol. 40, 387–395) attenuated variant of vaccinia virus strain WR and to examine the precise changes in the genome accompanying the deletion. The sequences of a 14.5-kbp region located at the left end of the standard vaccinia virus genome, extending from, thin the inverted terminal repetition (ITR) of the Hin dIII C fragment to the end of the Hin dIII N fragment, and of a kbp segment from a corresponding region of the variant genome were determined. A comparison of these sequences revealed that the variant contained a deletion of 12 kbp and an insertion of 2.1 kbp. The origin of the inserted DN, was traced to the Hin dIII B region by using oligonucleotide probes indicating that a transposition of unique DNA located adjacent to the right ITR had occurred. Structural analysis indicated no extensive homologies, nucleotide substitutions, additions, or deletions at the boundaries of the transposed DNA. Examination of the right end of the variant genome indicated that a copy of the transposed DNA was still present and, therefore, the length of the ITR had been increased by 2.1 kbp. The variant genome could have formed by a mechanism that resulted in the replacement of a 22-kbp left-terminal fragment with a 12-kbp right-terminal fragment. The DNA missing from the variant and contained within the standard vaccinia virus WR genome contains 17 contiguous open reading frames (ORFs), all of which are directed leftward and apparently not required for replication in cultured cells. One deleted ORF has a 60% sequence similarity to another gene encoding a 42,000-Da protein present within the ITR suggesting that duplications have previously occurred during the evolution of vaccinia virus. Another deleted ORF has a 39% sequence similarity to a complement 4b binding protein. The transposed DNA contains two complete ORFs one of which has a 40% identity to a cowpox gene and a 30% identity to a family of plasma serine protease inhibitors.
Rigidity in the Invariant Theory of Compact Lie Groups

A compact Lie group G and a faithful complex representation V determine the Sato-Tate measure μG,V on C, defined as the direct image of Haar measure with respect to the character map g 7→ tr(g|V ). We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a Sato-Tate measure to be an isolated point in the set of all Sato-Tate measures, regarded as a subset of the space of distributions on C. In particular we prove that if G is connected and semisimple and V is irreducible, then μG,V is an isolated point.
Viscosity-enhancing bleaching of hardwood kraft pulp with xylanase from a cloned gene.

The idea of removing lignin from kraft pulp with ligninolytic microorganisms has been around for some time.' More recently, a peroxidase has been described2 which, in the presence of low concentrations of peroxide, might depolymerize lignin and, in combination with an extraction, thereby bleach kraft pulp. An alternative approach is based on reports that residual lignin in unbleached kraft pulp is linked to hemi~ellulose~ and that cleavage of this linkage will allow lignin to be r e l e a ~ e d . ~ Hydrolysis of the lignin-hemicellulose linkage would have to be specific, in order to prevent deterioration of pulp qualities, e.g. viscosity, due to cellulose hydrolysis . 5 Ideally, the ligninhemicellulose linkage itself should be the only one cleaved. In hardwoods, the linkage is mainly betwen lignin and xylan, possibly through arabinose side chain^.^" We recently produced clones of E . coli capable of endoxylanase or P-xylosidase production in the absence of cellulase,8,' which could find potential application in lignincarbohydrate cleavage, especially for hardwood kraft pulps where xylan is the predominant hemicellulose, and can even be redeposited on the pulp during cooking." We now describe experiments which demonstrate that lignin removal can, indeed, be aided by treatment with xylanase from a cloned system, and that the resulting pulp retains viscosity as well as the required strength properties.
Isolation and characterization of taro ferredoxin

Abstract Ferredoxin was isolated and purified from taro, a tropical monocotyledonous plant. The absorption spectrum of the protein has maxima at 465, 420, 330 and 277 nm. The molecular weight of the protein determined by gel filtration and sedimentation analysis is 12,000 ± 1000. The protein contains two atoms of iron, two molecules of labile sulfide and five cysteinyl groups per molecule. The amino acid composition is Lys 4–5 , His 1 , Ang 1 , Cys 5 , Asx 10 , Thr 6 , Ser 8 , Glx 16 , Pro 4 , Gly 9–10 , Ala 7 , Val 10 , Ile 4 , Leu 6 , Tyr 4 , Phe 2 , and Trp 1 . The amino and carboxy terminals of the protein are alanine.
Magnetic field dependence of 2D sodium impurity band conduction in activated regions

We have measured the temperature dependence of conductance of electrons in 2D sodium induced impurity bands in silicon inversion layers from 4.2 to 80 K observing both activation of electrons to a mobility edge. E1, and nearest neighbor hopping, E3 in magnetic fields up to 25 T. The results are that E1 decreases slightly between 0 and about 20 T and then increases slightly. The prefactor decreases by about a factor of four. E3 increases monotonically. None of these results was expected.
An Isothermal Finite Difference Model for Droplet Spread in the Spraying of Hot Die Surfaces With Water-Based Graphite Lubricants

Dilute sprays are used in hot die processing to lubricate and cool the die surface prior to forming of the part. These sprays are often stochastic in nature with fine droplets that are randomly deposited at high velocities. Consequently, the spraying mechanism is difficult to measure and to model. This paper presents a simple isothermal deterministic model for the spreading of droplets on hot die surfaces. This model is based on the volume of fluid (VOF) finite difference approach. The lubricant properties for this model are inverse calculated from simple experiments using various lubricant dilution ratios. Using similarity principles, the model is validated by comparing it with results from single droplet experiments with different droplet diameters and deposition speeds. It is found that for dilute suspensions the isothermal assumption is valid for surface temperatures where no-steam forms and that a simple linear relationship exists in the logarithmic scale between the spread factor and the droplet Weber number.
An elevated bax/bcl-2 ratio corresponds with the onset of prostate epithelial cell apoptosis.

The prostate gland in adult male rats is highly dependent on androgenic steroids. Castration initiates the regression of this tissue through a process involving the loss of the vast majority of cells by means of apoptosis. We studied this well characterized in vivo model of apoptosis to evaluate how the expression of two particular gene products, bcl-2 and bax, known to be important for the regulation of apoptosis were affected by castration. An RNase protection assay designed to quantify the levels of bax mRNA showed that this transcript was transiently elevated after castration, reaching a peak in expression at 3 days and declining thereafter. In contrast, bcl-2 mRNA expression was continuously elevated over a period of up to 7 days after castration. The distinct changes in the expression of the mRNAs encoding these two genes were confirmed by an in situ hybridization analysis of regressing rat ventral prostate tissues. The elevation in mRNAs were apparently restricted to the secretory epithelial cells of the gland, the cellular compartment of the tissue most affected by castration. Finally, SDS–PAGE/Western blot analysis of bax and bcl-2 protein expression in the regressing rat prostate gland with bax and bcl-2-specific antibodies showed that the changes in the bax and bcl-2 protein levels were similar and consistent to that found for the mRNAs. In summary, the expression of both bax and bcl-2 gene products are uniquely modulated during castration-induced regression of the rat ventral prostate gland. The changes we observed identify a transient but marked increase in the bax/bcl-2 expression ratio of the tissue that peaks on the second and third days after castration, coinciding with the peak periods of prostate cell apoptosis. These data support previous studies done on in vitro systems wherein it was shown that the bax/bcl-2 ratio determines the apoptotic potential of a cell.
Black-hole-scalar-field interactions in spherical symmetry.

We examine the interactions of a black hole with a massless scalar field using a coordinate system which extends ingoing Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates to dynamic spherically symmetric-spacetimes. We avoid problems with the singularity by excising the region of the black hole interior to the apparent horizon. We use a second-order finite difference scheme to solve the equations. The resulting program is stable and convergent and will run forever without problems. We are able to observe quasi-normal ringing and power-law tails as well an interesting nonlinear feature.
Initial subsensitivity to anxiolytic treatments on conflict behavior in rats: Parametric studies across drug classes

In conflict paradigms, benzodiazepines (BZs) often exhibit maximal anticonflict effects only after three to four BZ exposures (anxiolytic initial subsensitivity; AIS). The present experiments examined 1) whether AIS occurs with non-BZ anxiolytics and 2) whether prior exposure to non-BZs prevents the occurrence of BZ AIS. Female rats were trained to stable responding levels on a repeated-measures punished drinking paradigm. In Experiment 1, dose-response curves for the effects of the BZs chlordiazepoxide and diazepam, the barbiturates (BBs) pentobarbital and amobarbital, and the non-BZ, non-BB agent carbamazepine were determined in five groups of rats (one group/drug); dose-response curves were determined on two occasions for each drug. There was an AIS with both BZs, with the anticonflict effect being significantly greater for dose-response determination #2. There was no AIS with the BBs (robust and dose-dependent increases in punished responding on both determinations) or with carbamazepine (weak anticonflict effect on both determinations). In Experiment 2, the rats from Experiment 1 received a single-dose challenge with chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg). This challenge resulted in a robust anticonflict effect in subjects with a history of repeated BZ treatment; in contrast, subjects with a history of repeated BB or carbamazepine treatment exhibited smaller anticonflict responses. These data suggest that 1) the AIS does not occur with non-BZ anxiolytics and 2) the BZ AIS cannot be prevented by repeated exposure to non-BZs.
Apropos sonification: a broad view of data as music and sound

Numbers have been identified with symbolic data forever. The profound association of both with acoustics, music, and sonic art from Pythagoras to current work is beyond reproach. Recently, sonification looks for ways to realize symbolic data (representing results or measurements) as well as “raw” data (signals, impulses, images, etc.) into compositions. In the strictest sense, everything in a computer is symbolic, that is, represented by 0s and 1s. In the arts, the digital age has broadened and enhanced the conceptual landscape not simply through its servitude to the creative process, but as its partner. However, there is a rich history of the use of data that no doubt has paved the way for many of today’s experiments including my own.
Coordinate sensitivity of variability analysis: A revised method to quantify covariation

Analyzing the structure of motor variability is important to understand neural control of movement. Although many previous studies have suggested analysis methods to account for task-relevant variability, it has been revealed that even a simple linear transformation of the coordinate system causes qualitatively different interpretation of the variability analysis. The present study suggests a revised version of the Covariation cost analysis and shows that it has little coordinate sensitivity. The modified algorithm allows more flexible optimization, but does not change mean and standard deviation of the execution variables. We also show that the cost analysis takes anisotropy of execution variables into account regardless of two tested coordinate systems. While not resolving the cause of the coordinate sensitivity, the present study is a step forward to coordinate invariance of variability analysis. Together with Tolerance and Noise cost analyses, which is already known to be coordinate insensitive, it is expected that the analysis will elucidate neural mechanism in goal-directed motor behavior in contexts of motor control, learning and rehabilitation.
Pulse analysis spectroradiometer system for measuring the spectral distribution of flash solar simulators

Flashing artificial light sources are used extensively in photovoltaic module performance testing and plant production lines. There are several means of attempting to measure the spectral distribution of a flash of light; however, many of these approaches generally capture the entire pulse energy. We report here on the design and performance of a system to capture the waveform of flash at individual wavelengths of light. Any period within the flash duration can be selected, over which to integrate the flux intensity at each wavelength. The resulting spectral distribution is compared with the reference spectrum, resulting in a solar simulator classification.
Review: Some clinical tests performed by specialists identify rotator cuff disease or tears

Source Citation Hermans J, Luime JJ, Meuffels DE, et al. Does this patient with shoulder pain have rotator cuff disease? The Rational Clinical Examination systematic review. JAMA. 2013;310:837-47. ...
The use of autonomous vehicles for spatially measuring mean velocity profiles in rivers and estuaries

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are commonly used in oceanic and more recently estuarine and riverine environments because they are small, versatile, efficient, moving platforms equipped with a suite of instruments for measuring environmental conditions. However, moving vessel observations, particularly those associated with Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurements, can be problematic owing to instrument noise, flow fluctuations, and spatial variability. A range of ADCPs manufactured by different companies were integrated on to an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV), an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV), and some additional stationary platforms and were deployed in a number of natural riverine and estuarine environments to evaluate the quality of the velocity profile over the depth, minimum averaging time interval requirements, and AV mission planning considerations. Measurements were obtained at fixed locations to eliminate any spatial variations in the mean flow characteristics. The USV has the unique capability to station-keep to within 1 m owing to its dual-propeller design, providing the best setup for spatially mapping velocity profiles. Single-propeller UUVs can perform a quasi-station-keeping ( 1 m/s. An appropriate averaging window, T *, was determined using the Kalman Algorithm with a Kalman gain equal to 1%. T * was found to be independent of depth, flow velocity, and environment. There was no correlation (R 2 = 0.18) for T * between flow magnitude and direction. Results from all measurements had a similar T * of approximately 3 min. Based on this, an averaging window of 4 min is conservatively suggested to obtain a statistically confident measure of the mean velocity profile.
Statistical analysis of Bragg reflectors

The effects on reflectivity of a statistical variation in the thickness of layers in a multilayered Bragg reflector are studied. Analytic expressions are obtained for 〈ρ〉 and 〈ρρ*〉, the expected value of the reflection and reflectivity coefficients as a function of σ, the standard deviation in layer thickness. These expressions are then compared with values obtained using a computer routine which "builds" a reflector with the desired parameters and σ value, and then calculates the reflection. The results of the computer experiment are presented in the form of p(ρρ*), the probability distribution function of a statistical Bragg reflector. Finally, simple phenomenological expressions are presented for the reflectivity probability distribution.
A comment on the possibility of distinguishing between Dirac and Majorana neutrinos in νμme scattering

Abstract We demonstrate explicitly that a recent suggestion in this journal for distinguishing between Dirac and Majorana neutrinos in the standard model cannot work at the level predicted. Effects that distinguish between the two types in the ratio ν μm e→ν μm e to ν μm e → ν μm e are shown to be much too small to be addressed by accelerator experiments in the near future (unless accompanied by flavor oscillations).
The role of system dynamics in understanding the impact of changes to key project personnel on design production within construction projects

Abstract Within the construction industry the combination of an increasingly fragmented design process, the insatiable demand for detailed information and growing client expectations in delivery times, has placed greater emphasis on the need for effective communication. However information exchange is notoriously inadequate resulting in poor project performance. Both traditional planning and management techniques and risk analysis and management have failed to uncover the most disruptive factors on projects which lead to duration overrun. It is now being understood that the loss of key project personnel is highly disruptive to communication and the absence of recognition and allowance for this eventuality results in a significant under-estimation of uncertainty. System dynamics is seen as an approach to modelling projects which emphasises the interrelationships and concentrates on the whole project. This paper examines the concepts of system dynamics and how they enhance our understanding of the design process. A model of the design process is proposed which looks at the causes behind erosion of design productivity arising from staff changes. In addition it looks at those issues which aggravate the assimilation period of new recruits.
The search for a digitalis substitute II milrinone (Win 47203) its action on the heart-lung preparation of the dog

Milrinone (Win 47203) is a dipyridine related to amrinone, which is about 20-50 times as effective as amrinone when assayed on cardiac contractility. In dog heart-lung preparations, milrinone in a concentration of 0.25-0.5 microM produced a near maximal positive inotropic effect on a variety of acute heart failures. This dosage produced a minimal increase in heart rate and reduced the PR interval. Large doses of milrinone did not produce cardiac irregularities and in Nifedipine heart failure with ventricular irregularities, it eliminated these irregularities. Papaverine-induced heart failure was resistant to ouabain, epinephrine and milrinone therapy. In the presence of positive inotropic amounts of papaverine or theophylline, a pentobarbital heart failure was superimposed. This heart failure responded poorly to milrinone, although it responded to both the addition of epinephrine and ouabain. It is thus possible that milrinone, papaverine and theophylline have closely related sites of action.
NF-κB: An essential transcription factor in psoriasis

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a protein transcription factor that orchestrates inflammation and other complex biological processes. It is a key regulatory element in a variety of immune and inflammatory pathways, in cellular proliferation and differentiation and in apoptosis. Therefore NF-κB is a crucial mediator involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Psoriasis, an inflammatory dermatosis, is marked by elevated levels of active, phosphorylated NF-κB. Genomic studies have also linked psoriasis with mediators in the NF-κB pathway. NF-κB has been hypothesized to connect the altered keratinocyte and immune cell behavior that characterizes the psoriatic milieu. Several anti-psoriatic therapies, including tumor necrosis factor-α blockers and glucocorticoids, reduce active NF-κB levels and related down-stream elements, and other biologics currently in development, including interleukin-17 blockers, may also target this pathway. Compounds that specifically target NF-κB signaling may be developed as novel therapeutics for chronic inflammatory disorders including psoriasis. However, chronic NF-κB inhibition could also result in immunodeficiencies. Therefore, a delicate balance must be found that maximizes therapeutic potential while limiting harmful effects, and may be achieved through several possible approaches, including localized therapy, selective inhibition of NF-κB signaling in pathologic cells, incomplete pathway inhibition or short treatment durations.
The use of two reactive elements to optimize oxidation performance of alumina-forming alloys

Standard reactive element (RE) studies have characterized the behavior of single RE additions such as Y, La or Hf. However, several commercial alumina-forming alloys are “co-doped” with two or more...
Linguistic globalization and the call center industry: Imperialism, hegemony or cosmopolitanism?

Linguistic imperialism, linguistic hegemony and linguistic cosmopolitanism are broad and contrasting conceptualizations of linguistic globalization that are frequently, if implicitly, invoked in the literature, both academic and non-academic, on language practices and perceptions in the call center industry. I begin with outlining each of these three conceptual frameworks and show how they inform analyses of the dynamics and relations between Indian call center agents and their American customers. I then switch the focus to the Canadian call center industry, which is both a near-shore site for American customers and offshores voice services to India. By examining the Canadian industry in terms of the three conceptual frameworks, we can begin to discern contrasts and similarities in global language practices and perceptions, leading to a refinement of our understanding of linguistic globalization. I conclude by recommending, from a social science research perspective, a linguistic hegemony framework for its rich analysis.