cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Random-deposition models for thin-film epitaxial growth

The simple on-top site random-deposition model for film growth on a simple-cubic (100) substrate is extended to other adsorption-site geometries and crystal structures. Nontrivial statistical correlations within the growing film typically result. However, the master equations can be solved exactly to elucidate, e.g., growth kinetics, Bragg intensity (${I}_{\mathrm{Br})}$ behavior for surface diffraction, and spatial correlations within the film. Other techniques facilitate analysis of the percolative structure of intralayer islands. For random deposition at fourfold hollow sites on a face-centered cubic (100) substrate, despite the absence of diffusion, there are distinct ${I}_{\mathrm{Br}}$ oscillations similar to those observed experimentally during deposition of Pt on Pd(100) at low temperature.
Imaging spectropolarimeters for use in visible and infrared remote sensing

An imaging variable retardance, Fourier transform spectropolarimeter (VRFTSP) is presented that is capable of creating spectropolarimetric images of scenes with independent characterization of spatial, spectral, and polarimetric information. The device is used to image simple, canonical targets such as spheres and cylinders in a laboratory setup. The resulting images demonstrate the capability of developing systems to collect spectropolarimetric data of field images using the concept of pushbroom scanning and serial collection of polarimetric information, with the possibility of developing a parallelized collection strategy allowing the collection of near-real-time images of real-world targets.
Alterations of PLCβ1 in mouse eggs change calcium oscillatory behavior following fertilization

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate generated by the action of a phospholipase C (PLC) mediates release of intracellular Ca2+ that is essential for sperm-induced activation of mammalian eggs. Much attention currently focuses on the role of sperm-derived PLCzeta in generating changes in egg intracellular Ca2+ despite the fact that PLCzeta constitutes a very small fraction of the total amount of PLC in a fertilized egg. Eggs express several isoforms of PLC, but a role for an egg-derived PLC in sperm-induced Ca2+ oscillations has not been examined. Reducing egg PLCbeta1 by a transgenic RNAi approach resulted in a significant decrease in Ca2+ transient amplitude, but not duration or frequency, following insemination. Furthermore, overexpressing PLCbeta1 by microinjecting a Plcb1 cRNA significantly perturbed the duration and frequency of Ca2+ transients and disrupted the characteristic shape of the first transient. These results provide the first evidence for a role of an egg-derived PLC acting in conjunction with a sperm-derived PLCzeta in egg activation.
Alpha II Spectrin breakdown products in immature Sprague Dawley rat hippocampus and cortex after traumatic brain injury

After traumatic brain injury (TBI), proteolysis of Alpha II Spectrin by Calpain 1 produces 145 Spectrin breakdown products (SBDPs) while proteolysis by Caspase 3 produces 120 SBDPs. 145 and 120 SBDP immunoblotting reflects the relative importance of caspase-dependent apoptosis or calpain-dependent excitotoxic/necrotoxic cell death in brain regions over time. In the adult rat, controlled cortical impact (CCI) increased 120 SBDPs in the first hours, lasting a few days, and increased 145 SBDPs within the first few days lasting up to 14 days after injury. Little is known about SBDPs in the immature brain after TBI. Since development affects susceptibility to apoptosis after TBI, we hypothesized that CCI would increase 145 and 120 SBDPs in the immature rat brain relative to SHAM during the first 3 and 5 days, respectively. SBDPs were measured in hippocampi and cortices at post injury days (PID) 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14 after CCI or SHAM surgery in the 17 day old Sprague Dawley rat. 145 SBDPs increased in both brain tissues ipsilateral to injury during the first 3 days, while changes in contralateral tissues were limited to PID2 cortex. 145 SBDPs elevations were more marked and enduring in hippocampus than in cortex. Against expectations, 120 SBDPs only increased in PID1 hippocampus and PID2 cortex. 145 SBDPs elevations occurred early after CCI, similar to previous studies in the adult rat, but resolved more quickly. The minimal changes in 120 SBDPs suggest that calpain-dependent, but not caspase-dependent, cell death predominates in the 17 day old rat after CCI.
The impact of the new sexual pharmaceuticals on sex therapy

Since the March 27, 1998 introduction of sildenafil, opportunities for sex therapists have expanded, primarily in three ways: 1) public education, 2) colleague education, and 3) treatment. Primary care physicians and urologists learned that incorporating sex therapy techniques improved the effectiveness of sildenafil; furthermore, sex therapists discovered that integrating adjunctive use of sildenafil with sex therapy accelerated the therapy process and improved outcome. As new pharmaceuticals are developed and approved for men and women, opportunities for medical and nonmedical sex therapists will only increase. In fact, sex therapists are playing an increasingly important consultative role to industry in the research and development of new sexual pharmaceuticals. However, optimism for nonphysician sex therapists is tempered by recognition of the continuing trend toward medicalization of sexual dysfunction.
Patterns of Calcification in Coronary Artery Disease A Statistical Analysis of Intravascular Ultrasound and Coronary Angiography in 1155 Lesions

Background Target lesion calcium is a marker for significant coronary artery disease and a determinant of the success of transcatheter therapy. Methods and Results Eleven hundred fifty-five native vessel target lesions in 1117 patients were studied by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and coronary angiography. The presence, magnitude, location, and distribution of IVUS calcium were analyzed and compared with the detection and classification (none/mild, moderate, and severe) by angiography. Angiography detected calcium in 440 of 1155 lesions (38%): 306 (26%) moderate calcium and 134 (12%) severe. IVUS detected lesion calcium in 841 of 1155 (73%, P<.0001 versus angiography). The mean arc of lesion calcium measured 115±110°; the mean length measured 3.5±3.7 mm. Target lesion calcium was only superficial in 48%, only deep in 28%, and both superficial and deep in 24%. The mean arc of superficial calcium measured 85±108°; the mean length measured 2.4±3.4 mm. Three hundred seventy-three of 1155 reference segments ...
Model of an integrated solar thermochemical reactor/reticulated ceramic foam heat exchanger for gas-phase heat recovery

Abstract The efficiency of solar thermochemical cycles to split water and carbon dioxide depends in large part on highly effective gas phase heat recovery. To accomplish this goal, we present the design and analysis of the thermal and hydrodynamic performance of a counter-flow, tube-in-tube alumina heat exchanger operating at temperatures of 1500 °C and integrated with a solar thermochemical reactor for isothermal production of syngas via the ceria redox cycle. The heat exchanger tubes are filled with alumina reticulated ceramic to enhance heat transfer. The effects of foam morphology and heat exchanger size on heat transfer, pressure drop, and process solar-to-fuel efficiency are explored by coupling a computational fluid dynamic model of the heat exchanger, including radiative transport, with the overall reactor energy balance. We examine foam pore densities of 10, 20 and 30 PPI, and porosities of 65–90%. The 10 PPI foam yields the best heat transfer performance and lowest pressure drop, as the larger pores enhance radiative heat transfer and decrease fluid phase drag forces. Although lower porosity is preferred to improve solid phase conduction in the RPC, the tradeoff in heat transfer and pressure drop point to use of higher porosity foam. Optimization for solar-to-fuel reactor efficiency is achieved with 85–90% porosity, 10 PPI RPC.
Some comparative data on differential pitch sensitivity under quantal and non-quantal conditions.

(1947). Some Comparative Data on Differential Pitch Sensitivity under Quantal and Non-Quantal Conditions. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 107-112.
Integrated viewing and analysis of phenotypic, genotypic and environmental data with “GenPhEn arrays”

Abstract A recurring challenge in agronomic research is how to interpret large data sets that combine information on genotypes, phenotypes and environments. High-resolution color graphics offer the possibility of presenting such data as pseudo-maps or arrays, where x- and y-coordinates represent genotypes and environments, and the z-values represent phenotypic data using dots or other symbols and an appropriate color scheme to indicate the range of values. This paper describes use of such “GenPhEn arrays” with data from three studies: a survey of leaf thickness in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines, a multi-location trial of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines and a simulation analysis for response of common bean to increased air temperature. By standardizing the phenotypic values, the genotypic and environmental effects can be easily viewed and better comprehended, especially when presented in multi-trait arrays. The arrays allow presenting large amounts of data (i.e., 5000 data points or more) in a compact and readily interpretable fashion. Appending symbols to indicate levels of significance of specific effects or to characterize genotypes or environments can further assist interpretation and hypothesis generation. It is expected that GenPhEn arrays can be used by plant breeders, agronomists and others to rapidly examine large sets of data for patterns that merit further study using more quantitative approaches.
Facilitation or attenuation of mixed leukocyte culture responsiveness by adherent cells.

IT is generally agreed that adherent cells, or macrophages, are required for maximum reactivity in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). The system has been incompletely defined, for the mode of function of the adherent cell is unclear. There is evidence from human and animal systems that adherent cells have either a nonspecific helper role1–4 or a more precise genetically defined stimulator role5. We report here that adherent cells which ingest latex particles seem to be capable of nonspecifically facilitating or attenuating human lymphocyte proliferation in MLC.
Characterization of diffraction gratings by use of a tabletop soft-x-ray laser

We have demonstrated the use of a high-repetition-rate 46.9-nm tabletop laser to characterize diffraction gratings designed for grazing-incidence operation in the soft-x-ray spectral region. The efficiencies for various diffraction orders were measured as a function of angle of incidence and compared with the results of model simulations. This measurement technique provides benchmarks with which to improve electromagnetic codes used in the design of soft-x-ray diffraction gratings. The results illustrate the potential of compact tabletop soft-x-ray lasers for use as a new tool for characterization of short-wavelength optics at the manufacturer’s site.
A model of the nicotinic receptor extracellular domain based on sequence identity and residue location

We have modeled the extracellular domains of individual subunits (amino acids 31–200) in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor using sequence homology with copper binding proteins of known crystal structure, plastocyanin and pseudoazurin, and data from recent site-specific mutagenesis, antibody mapping, and site-directed labelling studies. These data formed an initial model that was refined using molecular dynamics and mechanics as well as electrostatic and solvation energy calculations. The sequences between residues 31 and 164 in the alpha 1-subunit and corresponding residues in homologous receptor subunits show similarity with the core sequence of the cation binding site in plastocyanin and pseudoazurin, a region in the template proteins characterized by multiple hairpin loops. In addition to defining the subunit interfaces that comprise the site for agonist and competitive antagonist binding in more detail, the findings show that negatively charged residues cluster in domains arranged to diminish electrostatic free energy of the complex. Electrostatic factors also appear to distinguish the ligand binding interfaces, alpha gamma and alpha delta, from the other three interfaces on the pentameric receptor.
Using the Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus, in Vision Research

The American horseshoe crab, Limulus Polyphemus is one of the oldest creatures on earth, and the animal continues to play an indispensable role in biomedical research. Not only does their blood contain special cells that scientists use to detect bacteriotoxins in our medicines, but their eyes also contain a neural network that has provided much insight about physiological processes operating in our visual system, such as light adaptation and lateral inhibition. The horseshoe crab remains an attractive model for vision research because the animal is large and hardy for an invertebrate, its retinal neurons are big and easily accessible, its visual system is compact and extensively studied, and its visual behavior is well defined. Moreover, the structure and function of the eyes are modulated on a daily basis by a circadian clock in the animal s brain. In short, the visual system of horseshoe crabs is simple enough to be understood yet complex enough to be interesting. In this video we present three electrophysiological paradigms for investigating the neural basis of vision that can be performed in vivo with Limulus. They are electroretinogram recording, optic nerve recording, and intraretinal recording. Electroretinogram (ERG) recordings measure with a surface electrode the summed electrical response of all cells in the eye to a flash of light. They can be used to monitor the overall sensitivity of the eye for prolong periods of time. Optic nerve recordings measure the spiking activity of single nerve fibers with an extracellular microsuction electrode. They can be used to study visual messages conveyed from the eye to the brain as well as circadian-clock messages fed back from the brain to the eye. Intraretinal recordings measure with an intracellular microelectrode the voltage fluctuations induced by light in individual cells of the eye. They can be used to elucidate cellular mechanisms of retinal processing.
Using the Social Organizational Affordances of Pretend Play in American Preschool Girls' Interactions

Goodwin (1990, 1993) found that preadolescent girls could use the social organizational affordances of pretend play to enact hierarchical forms of social organization among themselves. This study examines how members of a preschool friendship group of 3 girls utilize the social organizational affordances of news reporter and Prince-Princess play. Asymmetry was created through the actions of 1 girl enacting the role of lead news reporter, assuming a master of ceremonies-like role to manage the other girls' activity and subverting the format of new act announcements to end peers' turns on stage too quickly. In the Prince-Princess scenario, asymmetry was created when group members voiced directives by the Prince and to the Prince in ways that projected that character as more knowledgeable and in control of the activity. Examples of talk illustrate several ways young preschool aged children can utilize the social organizational affordances of pretend play to create role differentiation among them.
Ironic uses of group communication technology: Evidence from meeting transcripts and interviews with group decision support system users

This research examined unexpected uses of group decision support systems (GDSSs) related to three key communication characteristics of that technology: anonymity, equality of participation, and equality of influence. Using Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST) as a heuristic framework for exploring ironic appropriations of technology, this study included both interview data from users and transcripts from actual group meetings. The results suggest several ironic uses related to anonymous communication (including overt efforts to determine another's identity both during and after meetings, signing of comments, sensory evidence used to determine a comments’ source, and actual attributions of a comment's source—as well as extreme efforts to preserve anonymity that also go against the overall spirit of the technology). Several ironic uses relevant to influence equality were also noted; however, the data revealed very little evidence of ironic use related to participation equality (only social loafing was detect...
THE FUTURE OF COMMODITY DRIVEN SOCIETIES IN THE NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY

This paper addresses issues related to future of CDSs in a changing global market environment, discusses the nature of CDSs economies, and provides three scenarios relative to the role of CDSs in the global marketplace. Specific recommendations are provided to assist CDSs in realizing a strategic position on the global stage.
Haemoglobin variants in a species of wild mice-Peromyscus maniculatus.

HAEMOGLOBINS from various strains of mice have been referred to as single (Hbs) or diffuse (Hbd)1–3, according to the appearance of the electrophoretic patterns of the haemoglobin haemolysates. Popp1 has suggested that two allelic genes are responsible for the single or double (diffuse) bands. Recently, two investigators4,5 have shown independently that the diffuse patterns are the result of polymerization of mouse haemoglobins to eight-chain double molecules, and hence from 4S to 7S tetramers. This transformation can be enhanced by reduced glutathione (GSH) or oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and inhibited by iodoacetamide (IOA). These polymerization products, frequently encountered with inbred strains and with domestic mice (Mus musculus), are not often found with wild species.
Multimode effects and vibronic borrowing

Abstract The effects of a large multidimensional vibrational subspace on the Herzberg-Teller (HT) theory of vibronic borrowing are explored. It is found that under certain circumstances significant vibronic intensity can be induced at the OO transition of a weakly allowed electronic excitation. Complete breakdown of the HT theory for large polyatomic systems is discussed.
Entre filología y antropología: Fernando Ortiz y el Día de la Raza

Este articulo estudia la critica de Fernando Ortiz de la fiesta del Dia de la Raza como un ejemplo de su compromiso con asuntos centrales para la discusion antropologica internacional del periodo de entreguerras (1918-1945), en particular la redefinicion de los conceptos de raza y cultura. Demuestra que Ortiz dejo de definir la cultura latinoamericana con base en la filologia formulando un concepto antropologico de cultura con enfasis en procesos de transculturacion y la critica de ideologias
The Brown-Urban-Joy Spirograph: A postscript

This brief article is a postscript to ‘The dream of personal interactive media: A media archaeology of the Spirograph, a failed moving picture revolution’, which appeared in Early Popular Visual Culture 11, no. 4 (November 2013).
Behavioural biology of the collared lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (Traill): I. Agonistic behaviour

1. 1. Agonistic behaviour displayed by male collared lemmings, Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (Traill), was studied by means of observations of paired encounters in a neutral arena. Cinematography was employed in order to facilitate a structural analysis of the behaviour. 2. 2. Eleven major components of agonistic behaviour were described and recorded quantitatively. The recording system allowed both the duration and frequency of components to be recorded and the sequential nature of these events to be investigated. 3. 3. Fighting invariably occurred following brief investigatory activity. Aggressive responses were evoked rapidly, but the cues eliciting attack are unknown. Actual time spent in aggression was small, and injuries of a serious nature were rare. The incidence of vigorous fighting typically decreased with time, indicating some degree of tolerance for the opponent. 4. 4. Little evidence of any rigid timing in the display of acts and postures was obtained. It was suggested that the observed variability in display durations reflected the dependence upon the opponent's behaviour. 5. 5. Significant differences between combatants in the frequencies of chase and attack displays were employed as criteria for the existence of dominance-subordination relationships. Such relationships were demonstrable in 12 of 21 recorded contests. Large interindividual variation in aggressiveness was observed, although rarely were both animals extremely aggressive. It was postulated that the extreme passivity of certain animals had an inhibitory effect on aggression in their opponents. Other factors with possible influence on individual aggressiveness are discussed. 6. 6. Relationships between agonistic components were investigated by means of an analysis of their distribution in time. Certain two-act sequences occurred with frequencies significantly greater than expected, indicating affinity between approach and retreat, defensive and retreat, and between offensive and the acts approach, groom, boxing and chase. Contrary to this, a negative association existed between offensive and retreat, and between displays of offensive, defensive and retreat. 7. 7. Communication between animals was evident from the significant changes in the opponent's behaviour which followed the display of various agonistic components. Certain acts and postures had consistent effects on the opponent's actions. Retreat was followed by approach or chase but not by retreat, offensive, defensive or boxing. Approach and mount led to retreat by the opponent, and boxing was followed by offensive. Offensive and defensive postures led to each other, but not to themselves. 8. 8. It was found that an animal's behaviour at any time is partly determined by the opponent's antecedent display, although dependencies of a higher order may exist. Present behaviour is also influenced by the individual's preceding action, indicating that the context in which the opponent's display occurs is of importance in determining the individual's response.
Further histological comparisons of black spot, physiological internal necrosis, black heart, and hollow heart in potatoes

Necrotic cells of black heart, hollow heart and physiological necrosis show light to pronounced melanin discolorations of both protoplasmic contents and cell walls. In these respects they are comparable with necrotic cells of blackspot. In very early stages of black heart, and perhaps of all cellular necrosis, the discoloration is scarcely visible but the contents of the cells are granular-containing small ovoid bodies. Chlorogenic acid and tyrosine tend to accumulate in affected areas with tyrosine increasing the most in the inner parenchyma zones of the tuber. Wound phellogen is initiated early in the development of physiological necrosis and hollow heart in cells surrounding small necrotic patches. A complete internal wound periderm is formed in advanced hollow heart. Suberization of cell walls is pronounced in physiological necrosis and hollow heart, but appears to be much less characteristic of black heart. Cell wall thickening and increases in hemicelluloses and pectins occur in physiological necrosis, to some extent in necrotic centers of early hollow heart, but are less characteristic of black heart. Changes in the state and distribution of lipids occur in all three disorders. These preliminary observations stress the need for more comprehensive histological and histochemical information on physiological disorders of potatoes.
572 ERYTHROCYTE 2,3 DIPHOSPHOGLYCERATE (2,3 DPG), A MARKER FOR EARLY DETECTION OF RICKETS

The hypothesis that erythrocyte 2,3 DPG content may serve as an important marker for early detection of nutritional hypophos-phatemic rickets in the premature infant was examined in 12 AGA infants x B. Wt. 1163±83 grams (S.E.M.) for a x of 64 days (range 33-99). All infants were fed a commercial 18:82 formula containing 510 mgms. calcium and 390 mgms. phosphate per liter. Patients entered the study when 100 k cals/kg/day were tolerated enterally and the following plasma and erythrocyte determinations were performed. No significant differences in erythrocyte 2,3 DPG content, calcium, nor phosphate were noted. No infants demonstrated biochemical, clinical nor radiologic evidence of nutritional hypo-phosphatemic rickets. These data suggest that the phosphorus balance in infants fed a commercially available formula in the absence of nutritional hypophosphatemic rickets prevents reduction in erythrocyte 2,3 DPG.
Attacker Detection Game in Wireless Networks with Channel Uncertainty

Identification and isolation of attackers in a distributed system is a challenging problem. This problem is even more aggravated in a wireless network because the unreliable channel makes the actions of the users (nodes) hidden from each other. Therefore, legitimate users can only construct a belief about a potential attacker through monitoring and observation. In this paper, we use game theory to study the interactions between regular and attacker nodes in a wireless network. We model the attacker node detection process as a Bayesian game with imperfect information and show that a mixed strategy perfect Bayesian Nash Equilibrium is attainable. Further, we show how an attacker node can construct a nested belief system to predict the belief held by a regular node. By employing the nested belief system, a Markov Perfect Bayes-Nash Equilibrium is reached and the equilibrium postpones the detection of the attacker node. Simulation results and their discussions are provided to illustrate the properties of the derived equilibria.
Formation mechanisms and properties of semifluorinated molecular gradients on silica surfaces.

The goal of this study is to elucidate the formation of molecular gradients made of semifluorinated organosilanes (SFOs) on flat substrates by using a methodology developed by Chaudhury and Whitesides (Science 1992, 256, 1539). We use surface-sensitive combinatorial near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (combi-NEXAFS) spectroscopy to measure the position-dependent concentration and orientation of SFO molecules in SFO molecular gradients on flat silica surfaces. Using the combi-NEXAFS data, we establish the correlation between the fraction of the F(CF2)8(CH2)2− species on the substrate and the average tilt angle of the −(CF2)8F group in the SFO as a function of the deposition gas medium (air vs nitrogen) and the end group around the silicon atom (monofunctional vs trifunctional). In addition, we utilize the gradient geometry to comprehend the mechanism of formation of SFO self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Specifically, we provide evidence that depending on the nature of the end group in the SFO and the...
The Cover of the First Edition of Leaves of Grass

Offers a close examination of the floriated font on the cover of the 1855 Leaves of Grass, compares that font to the font used on the title page, and discusses the significance of the way Whitman shaped the letters of his title; goes on to examine a Whitman poetry manuscript that unveils some otherwise disguised homosexual references in the poem eventually entitled "The Sleepers."
Future Therapeutic Developments of Estrogen Use

The potential long-term benefits of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in the prevention of osteoporosis and heart disease have been reasonably well established. However, the favorable effects of ERT on cognitive function and prevention of senile dementia in old age now represents a revitalized area of clinical research. A growing body of experimental evidence has recently provided the neurobiologic basis to support the hypothesis that gonadal hormones such as estrogen have psychologic effects on human brain function and behavior. Studies in women who have undergone surgical menopause have demonstrated that the menopause is associated with subclinical cognitive and affective dysfunction, which is improved by ERT. In addition, a growing body of evidence suggests that estrogen may be an effective therapy for senile dementia in some elderly women. Recent epidemiologic studies have indicated that long-term postmenopausal ERT may prevent late-life cognitive dysfunction in older women. Several clinical trials employing oral estrogen therapy have also observed that some aged women with senile dementia have improved cognitive and affective function after estrogen therapy. Estrogen loss resulting in cognitive disorders, including menopausal cognitive dysfunction and senile dementia in late life, may act via several mechanisms. Estrogen may be an important growth factor for estrogen-responsive neurons. Estrogen therapy may also have substantial neurochemical effects, direct effects on the vasculature, and effects on the generation of free radicals, which may be toxic to neurons. At this time, several important clinical questions need to be answered regarding the role of ERT in the cognitive and affective dysfunctions associated with menopause and senile dementia. Should estrogen be used for menopausal women whose sole complaint is cognitive or affective dysfunction? Does long-term ERT prevent cognitive decline in late life if initiated at the time of menopause? Can ERT improve cognition and affective function in postmenopausal women with Alzheimer's disease, and does estrogen therapy prevent the progression of Alzheimer's disease in these patients? Finally, do the vascular effects of estrogen play a role in the treatment or prevention of both Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia?
Cell wounding and repair in ventilator injured lungs

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common, frequently hospital-acquired condition with a high morbidity and mortality. The stress associated with invasive mechanical ventilation represents a potentially harmful exposure, and attempts to minimize deforming stress through low tidal ventilation have proven efficacious. Lung cells are both sensors and transducers of deforming stress, and are frequently wounded in the setting of mechanical ventilation. Cell wounding may be one of the drivers of the innate immunologic and systemic inflammatory response associated with mechanical ventilation. These downstream effects of mechanotransduction have been referred to collectively as "Biotrauma". Our review will focus on cellular stress failure, that is cell wounding, and the mechanisms mediating subsequent plasma membrane repair, we hold that a better mechanistic understanding of cell plasticity, deformation associated remodeling and repair will reveal candidate approaches for lung protective interventions in mechanically ventilated patients. We will detail one such intervention, lung conditioning with hypertonic solutions as an example of ongoing research in this arena.
An exploration into inquiry-based learning by a multidisciplinary group of higher education faculty

This manuscript describes faculty and student experiences and future activities of a multidisciplinary group of university faculty who are implementing inquiry-based learning (IBL) in their classrooms for the first time. This opportunity to implement the IBL instructional method was provided to the faculty through a grant from the university’s Center for Teaching Excellence (CTE). The goal of this paper is to provide a discussion on the implementation of IBL in the classroom and students’ responses to IBL. The multidisciplinary group was from the following disciplines: philosophy, journalism and mass communications, business and technology education, public health, civil engineering, and social work. This manuscript describes the (1) fundamentals of the CTE inquiry grant, (2) fundamentals of IBL, (3) IBL strategies and implementation, (4) students’ responses to IBL, and (5) the implications of IBL for higher education.
Multiple Sclerosis and Voiding Dysfunction in Women

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder that often progresses to disability. Lower urinary tract symptoms and voiding dysfunction are common, and due to the complex and changing nature of the disease process, they are often difficult to treat. In this review, we attempt to summarize the pathophysiology and epidemiology of multiple sclerosis and to provide information on the urological evaluation and treatment of these patients.
Plummer-Vinson syndrome and reactive thrombocytosis mask a JAK2-V617F positive myeloproliferative neoplasm.

![Figure][1] A 52-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain, dysphagia, and fatigue. She had gastric adenocarcinoma treated with lower esophago-gastroduodenectomy without splenectomy and chemoradiotherapy 6 years prior. CT angiography demonstrated a thrombus in the abdominal aorta with
Capillary electrophoresis of DNA in agarose solutions at 40°C

DNA fragments ranging from 72 to 1353 bp in length (phi X174 RF DNA/HaeIII) were separated by capillary electrophoresis in 0.3-2.0% solutions of agarose (Sea-Plaque GTG) at 40 degrees C. Liquified agarose above its gelling temperature is easily filled and refilled into capillaries. Its background absorbance at 260 nm was sufficiently low to allow for DNA detection at an estimated DNA load of 13 ng/10 components. Sample injection proceeded at 1 kV for 16 s. The internal capillary diameter was 150 mu, the migration path 27 cm. Migration times varied from 5 to 14 min at 185 V/cm. Potentially, the applicability of capillary electrophoresis in agarose solutions can be expected to extend to the entire size range of DNA, in view of the recent demonstration of kb-sized circular DNA separations in agarose solutions, and those of Mb-sized DNA-agarose complexes in linear polyacrylamide solutions.
A Balkan Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone: Viability of the Regime and Implications for Crisis Management*

terms of its utility as a bargaining chip or as a by-product of build-down formulae. When used as a bargaining chip, non-deployment is rarely the intended outcome; in a builddown context, any advantage resulting from even the dismantling of weapons is often outweighed by the disadvantage of technical upgrading, or by the deployment of other categories of weapons. There is, however, another approach to non-deployment which receives little attention in the United States; namely, the nuclear weapon-free zone (NWFZ). Nuclear weapon-free zones serve several purposes of arms control which are often overlooked: in addition to reducing the actual numbers of weapons deployed, nuclear weapon-free zones can contribute to effective crisis prevention and crisis management, and they can make it possible to limit destruction in the event of actual hostilities. If a conflict which threatened to draw in both the United States and the Soviet Union
Fat Euclidean gravity with small cosmological constant

Abstract The cosmological constant problem is usually considered an inevitable feature of any effective theory capturing well-tested gravitational and matter physics, without regard to the details of short-distance gravitational couplings. In this paper, a subtle effective description avoiding the problem is presented in a first quantized language, consistent with experiments and the Equivalence Principle. First quantization allows a minimal domain of validity to be carved out by cutting on the proper length of particle worldlines. This is facilitated by working in (locally) Euclidean spacetime, although considerations of unitarity are still addressed by analytic continuation from Lorentzian spacetime. The new effective description demonstrates that the cosmological constant problem is sensitive to short-distance details of gravity, which can be probed experimentally. “Fat Gravity” toy models are presented, illustrating how gravity might shut off at short but testable distances, in a generally covariant manner that suppresses the cosmological constant. This paper improves on previous work by allowing generalizations to massless matter, non-trivial spins, non-perturbative phenomena, and multiple (metastable) vacua.
Batoid wing skeletal structure: novel morphologies, mechanical implications, and phylogenetic patterns.

The skeleton of the "wings" of skates and rays consists of a series of radially oriented cartilaginous fin rays emanating from a modified pectoral girdle. Each fin ray consists of small, laterally oriented skeletal ele- ments, radials, traditionally represented as simple cylin- drical building blocks. High-resolution radiography re- veals the pattern of calcification in batoid wing elements, and their organization within the fin ray, to be consider- ably more complex and phylogenetically variable than previously thought. Calcification patterns of radials var- ied between families, as well as within individual pectoral fins. Oscillatory swimmers show structural interconnec- tions between fin rays in central areas of the wing. Mor- phological variation was strongly predictive of locomotor strategy, which we attribute to oscillatory swimmers needing different areas of the wing stiffened than do un- dulatory swimmers. Contributions of various forms of cal- cification to radial stiffness were calculated theoretically. Results indicate that radials completely covered by min- eralized tissue ("crustal calcification") were stiffer than those that were calcified in chain-like patterns ("catenated calcification"). Mapping this functionally important vari- ation onto a phylogeny reveals a more complicated pattern than the literature suggests for the evolution of locomotor mode. Therefore, further investigation into the phyloge- netic distribution of swimming mode is warranted. J. Mor- phol. 264:298 -313, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Incremental dialogue understanding and feedback for multiparty, multimodal conversation

In order to provide comprehensive listening behavior, virtual humans engaged in dialogue need to incrementally listen, interpret, understand, and react to what someone is saying, in real time, as they are saying it. In this paper, we describe an implemented system for engaging in multiparty dialogue, including incremental understanding and a range of feedback. We present an FML message extension for feedback in multipary dialogue that can be connected to a feedback realizer. We also describe how the important aspects of that message are calculated by different modules involved in partial input processing as a speaker is talking in a multiparty dialogue.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Bacteriorhodopsin's Photoisomerization Using Ab Initio Forces for the Excited Chromophore

Retinal proteins are photoreceptors found in many living organisms. They possess a common chromophore, retinal, that upon absorption of light isomerizes and thereby triggers biological functions ranging from light energy conversion to phototaxis and vision. The photoisomerization of retinal is extremely fast, highly selective inside the protein matrix, and characterized through optimal sensitivity to incoming light. This article describes the first report of an ab initio quantum mechanical description of the in situ isomerization dynamics of retinal in bacteriorhodopsin, a microbial retinal protein that functions as a light-driven proton pump. The description combines ab initio multi-electronic state molecular dynamics of a truncated retinal chromophore model (N-methyl-g-methylpenta-2,4-dieniminium cation fragment) with molecular mechanics of the protein motion and unveils in complete detail the photoisomerization process. The results illustrate the essential role of the protein for the characteristic kinetics and high selectivity of the photoisomerization: the protein arrests inhomogeneous photoisomerization paths and funnels them into a single path that initiates the functional process. Supported by comparison with dynamic spectral modulations observed in femtosecond spectroscopy, the results identify the principal molecular motion during photoisomerization.
Cuando Tomo Mas, Siento Que Es Un Refugio: Context of alcohol use among Latino immigrant men

protocol was facilitated by providing monetary compensation for attendance and for returning blister packs. Supervised urines were obtained thrice weekly. The primary outcome was relapse (i.e., 2 consecutive urines positive for cocaine). Results: Logistic regression showed the odds ratio (OR) of the SERT group vs. the placebo group to be 0.64 (p<0.0001), making SERT-treated subjects significantly less likely to relapse than placebo subjects. The model also adjusted for several other covariates including: gender, age, current alcohol dependence diagnosis (ADD) and the interaction of treatment group and current ADD. Womenwere less likely to relapse thanmen (OR=0.45, p<0.0001). Older subjects were more likely to relapse than younger subjects (OR=1.06, p=0.02). ADD subjects were more likely to relapse than those who were not dependent (OR=3.45, p=0.0002). However, the ADD effect was moderated in SERT-treated subjects by the interaction term (OR=0.30, p=0.0004). Conclusions: Thus, participants who are women or younger may have better outcomes in a relapse model regardless of treatment. In addition, outcomes in ADD participants were more negative than non-ADD participants when receiving placebo, but not SERT. Overall, the results suggest that SERT improves outcomes relative to placebo, especially in those with comorbid ADD. Financial support: Supported by NIDA grant P50 DA12762.
A review and critique of emotional intelligence measures.

Summary Emotional intelligence measures vary widely in both their content and in their method of assessment. In particular, emotional intelligence measures tend to use either a self-report personality-based approach, an informant approach, or an ability-based assessment procedure. In this paper, the measurement and psychometric properties of four of the major emotional intelligence measures (Emotional Competence Inventory, Emotional Quotient Inventory, Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale, Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test) are reviewed, the comparability of these measures is examined, and some conclusions and suggestions for future research on emotional intelligence measures are provided. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age and Carotid Artery Occlusive Disease Are Important Determinants of Cerebral Blood Flow Changes After Antihypertensive Therapy

Study Objective. To determine the short-term effects of antihypertensive therapy on cerebral blood flow (CBF). Design. Prospective, observational study. Setting. A university-affiliated teaching hospital. Patients. Twenty-four patients (age range 53–85 yrs) with chronic hypertension, nine of whom had carotid artery occlusive disease (CAOD). Interventions. The CBF (xenon-133 inhalation technique) and blood pressure were measured before and at 60 minutes after administration of antihypertensive therapy. Measurements and Main Results. Age was inversely related to the change in CBF in patients with CAOD (p>0.01). In all patients, the change in CBF after taking antihypertensive drugs was significantly inversely associated with baseline CBF (p>0.01). Changes in regional CBF, measured by asymmetry scores, were significantly greater in patients with CAOD than in those without CAOD (p<0.05). Conclusions. Elderly patients with occlusive extracranial cerebrovascular disease are at risk of drug-induced changes in both mean and regional CBF, and may benefit from a CBF assessment before being prescribed antihypertensive therapy.
Online Optimal Transmission Line Parameter Estimation for Relaying Applications

Transmission line protective relaying algorithms usually require transmission line parameters as inputs and thus accuracy of line parameters plays a pivotal role in ensuring the reliable performance of relaying algorithms. Online estimation of line parameters is highly desirable and various methods have been proposed in the past. These methods perform well when the measurements utilized are accurate; they may yield erroneous results when the measurements contain considerable errors. Based on nonlinear optimal estimation theory, this paper puts forward an optimal estimator for deriving the positive sequence line parameters, capable of detecting and identifying the bad measurement data, minimizing the impacts of the measurement errors and thus significantly improving the estimation accuracy. The solution is based on the distributed parameter line model and thus fully considers the effects of shunt capacitances of the line. Case studies based on simulated data are presented for demonstrating the effectiveness of the new approach.
Index modulation and spatial harmonic generation in dichromated gelatin films

A model for volume hologram formation in thick dichromated gelatin films is given. Using the model and a few basic film measurements, we can quantify the index modulation vs. exposure curve. The effects of saturation and dynamic absorption increase during exposure are considered in the generation of spatial harmonics. The effects of exposure with non-unity beam-ratio and multiple incoherent exposures are predicted and experimentally verified. The thick transmission grating diffraction efficiencies resulting from first-and higher-order index modulations are calculated and compared to experiments. The methods and conclusions are applicable to other phase materials.
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel T-Type calcium channel antagonists.

This paper describes the synthesis of several novel T-type calcium channel antagonists that inhibit calcium influx into the cell, which in turn regulates unknown aspects of the cell cycle pathway that are responsible for cellular proliferation. A library of compounds was synthesized anda brief structure activity relationship will be described. From these studies we have identified a compound (1) that displays anti-proliferative activity in the low micromolar range across a variety of cancer cell lines.
Data Quality of Query Results with Generalized Selection Conditions

Information systems play a very important role in managerial decision making within modern organizations. While making different types of decisions at operational, tactical, and strategic levels, managers are increasingly relying on information gleaned from various databases, data warehouses, and data streams feeding them. The quality of organizational decisions, therefore, often depends on the quality of the information derived from these databases and data streams, and a manager is able to make better use of the information if she also understands the quality level of that information. Previous research has examined how the quality level of a database query output can be estimated based on the quality level of the input data. In this research, we generalize this stream of research and allow a query to have general selection conditions involving multiple attributes with any combination of conjunction or disjunction of subconditions that may include functions of multiple attributes. Results of this research can easily be implemented in real-world decision contexts.
Signal-to-noise ratio in neuro activation PET studies

It has become commonplace to compare scanner sensitivity characteristics by comparing noise equivalent count rate curves. However, because a 20-cm diameter uniform phantom is drastically different from a human brain, these curves give misleading information when planning a neuro activation PET experiment. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations have been performed using measured data (Siemens 921 scanner) from the three-dimensional (3-D) Hoffman brain phantom for the purpose of determining the optimal injection and scanning protocol for [/sup 15/O] labeled activation experiments. Region of interest (ROI) values along with the variance due to prompt (trues plus randoms) and random events were determined for various regions and radioactivity concentrations. Calculated attenuation correction was used throughout. Scatter correction was not used when calculating the SNR in activation studies because the number of scattered events is almost identical in each data acquisition and hence cancels. The authors results indicate that randoms correction should not be performed and that rather than being limited by the scanner capabilities, neuro activation experiments are limited by the amount of radioactivity that can be injected and the length of time the patient can stay in the scanner.