cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic ultrasound and pars plana vitrectomy in penetrating ocular trauma.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of diagnostic ultrasonography in the preoperative evaluation of eyes with media opacity after penetrating ocular trauma and correlate the preoperative findings with ultimate visual outcome. Methods: A retrospective comparison was made between the preoperative ultrasound diagnoses and the intraoperative findings in 46 eyes of 45 patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy after penetrating ocular trauma associated with dense media opacities. The preoperative echographic findings were correlated with long-term visual and anatomic outcome. Results: Preoperative echography was both sensitive and specific in evaluating traumatized eyes for retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, posterior scleral wounds, and hemorrhagic choroidal detachments. The overall anatomic success rate was 87% (40/46) with 48% (22/46) of eyes obtaining visual acuity of 20/200 or better after surgery. The visual prognosis was worse in those eyes in which preoperative echography detected retinal detachment, subretinal blood, massive choroidals, or posterior exit wounds. Conclusion: Diagnostic echography is accurate and provides useful prognostic information in eyes with media opacity after penetrating ocular trauma.
On the Fine Structure of Gastrotrichs with Description of Chordodasys antennatus sp.n.1

Chordodasys antennatus sp.n. is described from sublittoral sediments off the US Atlantic Coast. This species has been also studied by transmission electron microscopy. The new species is particularly characterized by extremely enlarged sensory processes which have a segmented appearance. The fine-structure of the chordoid organ, characteristic of the genus Chordodasys, has been studied in both known species of this genus. According to this investigation the chordoid organ consists of plate-like muscle cells, surprisingly similar to the notochord of Amphi-oxus. Particular emphasis has been made in this study to elucidate the fine structure of the body cavity and the system of lateral and central chambers as described by Remane in 1936. The electron micrographs substantiate the fact that gastrotrichs exhibit an acoelomate construction of their body cavity. The systematic position of the new species and the genus Chordodasys is discussed in the light of the new ultrastruc-tural information.
Diffusivity of sub-1,000 Da molecules in 40 nm silicon-based alumina pores

Porous anodic alumina has been of an increasing interest to applications of on-chip biosensors and bioseparations. However, the characteristics of molecular diffusion in alumina nanopores have not been fully explored. Here, we have investigated an ultra-thin freestanding alumina membrane fabricated on a silicon substrate as a new on-chip diffusion system. Sub-1,000 Da molecules such as caffeine were diffused through alumina pores with a pore diameter of 40 nm and a pore length of 1.2 μm. The diffusion dynamics was characterized by modeling the molecular transport as one-dimensional convective Fickian flow. The diffusion coefficients were calculated to be on the order of 10−8 cm2 s−1. The transport rate of coions was enhanced by increasing the ionic strength of diffusion solution. Relative to thick alumina membranes, the thin-film alumina was able to achieve a significantly higher flux rate, making it more favorable for rapid molecular transport. The characterizations we present here have contributed important experimental data to alumina nanofluidics, and are believed to be valuable for applications such as drug deliveries, molecular separations, and membrane biosensors.
Persistence of maternal RNA in Engystomops embryos

Females of the neotropic anuran Engystomops pustulosus were injected with 3H-uridine and produced eggs containing RNA labeled during synchronous oogenesis. The >4S, labeled RNA extracted from these eggs, and from embryos which developed from them, was hybridized with an isolated repetitive fraction of Engystomops DNA, and the hybrids were assayed on hydroxyapatite columns. About 1% of the egg RNA is transcribed from DNA sequences included in this fraction. Hybridization of labeled ribosomal RNA was minimized by the addition of excess unlabeled ribosomal RNA extracted from Xenopus ovaries. The labeled RNA of embryos up to the tadpole stage was identified as maternal transcript by competition experiments with unlabeled Engystomops oocyte RNA. It was found that maternally-labeled RNA is retained in embryos at least up to the tadpole stage.
Biomechanical analysis of endobutton versus screw fixation after Lisfranc ligament complex sectioning.

Abstract Background Our goal was to compare diastasis after endobutton and screw fixation after Lisfranc ligament complex sectioning. Methods Twenty-four (12 pairs) fresh-frozen cadaveric feet were assigned to endobutton or screw fixation and loaded to 343N. Displacement (first–second metatarsal bases) was measured in intact feet and after ligament sectioning (Lisfranc, medial–intermediate cuneiform ligaments), fixation, and 10,000 cycles. Results The mean change in diastasis for endobutton and screw fixation under initial loading was 1.0mm (95% CI, 0.2–1.9mm) and 0.0mm (95% CI, −0.4 to 0.4mm), respectively ( p =0.017). After cyclic loading, diastasis decreased (mean, −0.7mm, 95% CI, −1.2 to −0.1mm) in the endobutton group but was unchanged in the screw group ( p =0.035). Conclusions Diastasis after endobutton fixation was significantly greater than after screw fixation under initial loading but did not increase further after cyclic loading.
INDIRECT COST RATE VARIATION FOR UNIVERSITY RESEARCH: SEVERAL CONVENTIONAL EXPLANATIONS DO NOT WORK

The wide variation in indirect cost rates that universities charge the federal government in research grants and contracts has reduced the credibility of universities, as have accompanying charges that universities have been overreaching in indirect cost recovery. Many explanations for rate differences have been presented, but not systematically examined. Detailed cost and policy data from seven major research universities were used to simulate a standardization of costs and policies to eliminate several of the differences widely believed to contribute to rate variation. The result was an increase in rate variation, rather than the expected decrease. Furthermore, each of the universities could have charged the federal government a higher rate than actually charged, providing evidence that universities have not been over-reaching in indirect cost recovery.
Saphenous Vein Graft Stenosis and Thrombotic Lesions in Acute Myocardial Infarction.

This issue of Interventional Cardiology Clinics provides a comprehensive review of two important clinical scenarios faced by interventional cardiologists: saphenous vein graft (SVG) stenosis and thrombotic lesions in acute myocardial infarction. The use of SVGs is a mainstay in the surgical revascularization of coronary artery disease. Unfortunately, these conduits possess a limited lifespan, and patients often require repeat revascularization using percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Dr Mukherjee and colleagues and Dr Virmani and colleagues provide a comprehensive analysis of the natural history and histopathologic mechanisms of SVG failure and an understanding of the reasons for the high-risk nature of these interventions. Drs Ziada, Pichard, and Gurm and colleagues discuss the use of specific methods and devices to optimize the short-term and longterm results of SVG PCI, including embolic protection devices, intravascular imaging, and stent choice. Drs Lincoff and Wu provide a guide to the
Elevated interleukin-8 in the alveolitis of individuals with asbestos exposure

Asbestosis is a fibrotic and inflammatory interstitial lung disease occurring after chronic occupational exposure to asbestos. An alveolitis has been described with activated alveolar macrophages and increased neutrophils as sampled by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Animal models and in vitro studies demonstrate that asbestos can stimulate alveolar macrophages to release neutrophil chemotactic factor. We performed BAL on 18 nonsmoking individuals with asbestos exposure and observed a twofold increase in percent neutrophils recovered. Alveolar macrophages cultured in vitro from the asbestos-exposed individuals spontaneously released significant amounts of the neutrophil chemotaxin, interleukin-8 (IL-8). In addition, the alveolar macrophages expressed a 2.7-fold increase in steady state mRNA levels compared to unexposed normal controls utilizing the reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction. In vitro experiments confirmed that crocidolite or chrysotile asbestos could stimulate the release of IL-8 from mononuclear phagocytes in a dose-dependent fashion. We conclude that asbestos exposure causes a mild neutrophilic alveolitis, and that IL-8 is one potential mediator capable of contributing to this inflammation in the lower respiratory tract.
Evidence that a 41,000 dalton brain phosphoprotein is pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Abstract Phosphorylation of a brain protein of M r =41,000, termed band F 2 , is selectively regulated by effectors of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (pyruvate, dichloroacetate, NAD, NADH, CoA, and acetyl CoA). Subcellular fractionation studies indicate a mitochondrial localization of a phosphoprotein with this molecular weight. The phosphorylated α-subunit of purified bovine kidney pyruvate dehydrogenase comigrates with band F 2 on polyacrylamide gels and both appear as a doublet band of M r =41,000−42,000. On the basis of similar regulatory properties, subcellular location and electrophoretic mobility, we propose that band F 2 is the α-subunit of the brain pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Because band F 2 can be affected by physiological and behavioral treatments, our hypothesis suggests a potential regulatory role for pyruvate dehydrogenase in brain function.
Pharmacokinetics of mitomycin C in non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung

The disposition kinetics of the cancer chemotherapeutic agent mitomycin C have been studied in six male patients receiving mitomycin C in combination with cisplatin and vinblastine for non-oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Following rapid IV administration of mitomycin C (10 mg/m2), serum concentration-time course data were biexponential, with biologic half-lives of 46.2 ± 12.1 min (mean ± SD). Pharmacokinetic analysis of data by the CSTRIP and NONLIN digital computer programs generated parameters which suggested extensive distribution (Varea=656.8±169.8 ml·kg−1, mean ±SD) and, as reported for other alkylating agents, rapid elimination (total body clearance=10.3 ± 3.2 ml · kg−1 · min−1, mean ± SD). Interpatient variations in pharmacokinetic parameters were relatively small, suggesting that close monitoring of mitomycin C therapy might be unnecessary in patients with normal renal and hepatic function.
Vascular reactivity of mesenteric arteries and veins to endothelin-1 in a murine model of high blood pressure.

Abstract We characterized vascular reactivity to endothelin-1 (ET-1) in mesenteric vessels from DOCA-salt hypertensive and SHAM control mice and assessed the effect that endothelial-derived vasodilators have on ET-1-induced vasoconstriction. Changes in the diameter of unpressurized small mesenteric arteries and veins (100- to 300-μm outside diameter) were measured in vitro using computer-assisted video microscopy. Veins were more sensitive than arteries to the contractile effects of ET-1. There was a decrease in arterial maximal responses (Emax) compared to veins, this effect was larger in DOCA-salt arteries. The selective ETB receptor agonist, sarafotoxin 6c (S6c), contracted DOCA-salt and SHAM veins but did not contract arteries. The ETB receptor antagonist, BQ-788 (100 nM), but not the ETA receptor antagonist, BQ-610 (100 nM), blocked S6c responses. BQ-610 partially inhibited responses to ET-1 in mesenteric veins from DOCA-salt and SHAM mice while BQ-788 did not affect responses to ET-1. Co-administration of both antagonists inhibited responses to ET-1 to a greater extent than BQ-610 alone suggesting a possible functional interaction between ETA and ETB receptors. Responses to ET-1 in mesenteric arteries were completely inhibited by BQ-610 while BQ-788 did not affect arterial responses. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition potentiated ET-1 responses in veins from SHAM but not DOCA-salt mice. There was a prominent role for ET-mediated nitric oxide release in DOCA-salt but not SHAM arteries. In summary, these studies showed a differential regulation of ET-1 contractile mechanisms between murine mesenteric arteries and veins.
Probabilistic simulation of multi-stage decisions for operation of a fractionated satellite mission

We present two complementary analysis models to study the effect of programmatic management decisions on the distribution of net present value for a fractionated satellite constellation. The goal is to begin development of an approach to quantify when system attributes associated with design flexibility have realizable benefits for space systems. The first approach is a heuristics-based decision model, which utilizes a Monte Carlo simulation to produce value distributions for satellite operator decision sets; the second approach is a multi-stage decision process model, which utilizes a dynamic programming algorithm to find value-optimal decisions. We use a generic Department of Defense (DoD) terrestrial weather satellite program as a case study for analysis. We find evidence that technological evolution of a fractionated satellite system within the scope of a single program may not be desirable due to cost and schedule risks.
Adaptive notch filtering using multi-rate frequency-sampling band-pass filters

A significant problem in decoding spread-spectrum binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signals is the presence of narrow-band interference from nearby transmissions. A multi-rate technique is proposed that achieves a typical throughput rate of 30 MHz with hardware that is sampling only at a 5 MHz rate. This achieved by using a frequency-sampling-like structure to divide the incoming spread-spectrum signal into five frequency bands and then processing in each of these small frequency bands at a lower sampling rate. These low-sampling-rate filters consist of an array of complex arithmetic bandpass filters that can be placed anywhere on the unit circle. These bandpass filters are monitored by the adaptive algorithm to detect when the energy in that band exceeds the value expected for the BPSK signal. When this occurs, narrow band interference is detected. A simple algorithm is used to subtract the output of the bandpass filter from the input to generate a notch at the interference frequency, thus attenuating the interference. >
The Influence of Students' Pre-College Characteristics, High School Experiences, College Expectations, and Initial Enrollment Characteristics on Degree Attainment

The present research examined the extent to which pre-college characteristics, high school experiences, college expectations, and initial enrollment characteristics were related to graduation from college. Data from admission applications, the ACT Compass survey, and initial enrollment measures for Fall 2004 and Fall 2005 first-time students were analyzed. Because almost one-third of the students had missing data, multiple imputation procedures were utilized. Results revealed that several measures of student characteristics, high school experiences, college expectations, and initial enrollment characteristics were consistently related to degree attainment. Other variables were related to a single degree-attainment measure. These results demonstrated that pre-matriculation data can be used to identify at-risk students, identify risk factors, and provide institution-specific benchmarks for evaluating efforts to improve degree attainment.
Evidence of Extrahepatic Sites of Replication of the Hepatitis E Virus in a Swine Model

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the major cause of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in many developing countries and is also endemic in many industrialized countries. Due to the lack of an effective cell culture system and a practical animal model, the mechanisms of HEV pathogenesis and replication are poorly understood. Our recent identification of swine HEV from pigs affords us an opportunity to systematically study HEV replication and pathogenesis in a swine model. In an early study, we experimentally infected specific-pathogen-free pigs with two strains of HEV: swine HEV and the US-2 strain of human HEV. Eighteen pigs (group 1) were inoculated intravenously with swine HEV, 19 pigs (group 2) were inoculated with the US-2 strain of human HEV, and 17 pigs (group 3) were used as uninoculated controls. The clinical and pathological findings have been previously reported. In this expanded study, we aim to identify the potential extrahepatic sites of HEV replication using the swine model. Two pigs from each group were necropsied at 3, 7, 14, 20, 27, and 55 days postinoculation (DPI). Thirteen different types of tissues and organs were collected from each necropsied animal. Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was used to detect the presence of positive-strand HEV RNA in each tissue collected during necropsy at different DPI. A negative-strand-specific RT-PCR was standardized and used to detect the replicative, negative strand of HEV RNA from tissues that tested positive for the positive-strand RNA. As expected, positive-strand HEV RNA was detected in almost every type of tissue at some time point during the viremic period between 3 and 27 DPI. Positive-strand HEV RNA was still detectable in some tissues in the absence of serum HEV RNA from both swine HEV- and human HEV-inoculated pigs. However, replicative, negative-strand HEV RNA was detected primarily in the small intestines, lymph nodes, colons, and livers. Our results indicate that HEV replicates in tissues other than the liver. The data from this study may have important implications for HEV pathogenesis, xenotransplantation, and the development of an in vitro cell culture system for HEV.
An ad hoc network with mobile backbones

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is usually assumed to be homogeneous, where each mobile node shares the same radio capacity. However, a homogeneous ad hoc network suffers from poor scalability. Recent research has demonstrated its performance bottleneck both theoretically and through simulation experiments and testbed measurement Building a physically hierarchical ad hoc network is a very promising way to achieve good scalability. In this paper, we present a design methodology to build a hierarchical large-scale ad hoc network using different types of radio capabilities at different layers. In such a structure, nodes are first dynamically grouped into multihop clusters. Each group elects a cluster-head to be a backbone node (BN). Then higher-level links are established to connect the BN into a backbone network. Following this method recursively, a multilevel hierarchical network can be established. Three critical issues are addressed in this paper. We first analyze the optimal number of BN for a layer in theory. Then, we propose a new stable clustering scheme to deploy the BN. Finally LANMAR routing is extended to operate the physical hierarchy efficiently. Simulation results using GloMoSim show that our proposed schemes achieve good performance.
Re-evaluation of the Devonian family Helianthasteridae Gregory, 1899 (Asteroidea: Echinodermata)

Because of their taxonomic and morphologic diversity, the asteroids of the Lower Devonian Hunsruck Slate of Germany are important to both an understanding of the history of the class Asteroidea and to the interpretation of community evolution during the Paleozoic. Helianthaster Roemer, 1863, a large multiarmed Hunsruck asteroid, is redescribed. The Helianthasteridae Gregory is restricted to Helianthaster and Arkonaster Kesling, 1982 (Middle Devonian, Canada); Lepidasterella Schuchert is similar to the other two genera but known specimens are of poor quality and as a result the status of the genus is uncertain. Helianthaster is noteworthy in part because its size, multiarmed state, and presence of pedicellariae suggest certain crown-group genera, yet aspects of the arrangement of the ambulacral column are characteristic of the Paleozoic asteroid evolutionary grade. Neither Helianthaster nor other Hunsruck asteroids appear closely linked to the crown group; instead, functional patterns apparently re-emerged through time, although identification of specific behavior of ancient asteroids is difficult to impossible.
Modeling Two Types of Peace The Zero-inflated Ordered Probit (ZiOP) Model in Conflict Research

A growing body of applied research on political violence employs split-population models to address problems of zero inflation in conflict event counts and related binary dependent variables. Nevertheless, conflict researchers typically use standard ordered probit models to study discrete ordered dependent variables characterized by excessive zeros (e.g., levels of conflict). This study familiarizes conflict scholars with a recently proposed split-population model—the zero-inflated ordered probit (ZiOP) model—that explicitly addresses the econometric challenges that researchers face when using a “zero-inflated” ordered dependent variable. We show that the ZiOP model provides more than an econometric fix: it provides substantively rich information about the heterogeneous pool of “peace” observations that exist in zero-inflated ordinal variables that measure violent conflict. We demonstrate the usefulness of the model through Monte Carlo experiments and replications of published work and also show that the ...
Analysis of high density expression microarrays with signed-rank call algorithms.

Motivation: We consider the detection of expressed genes and the comparison of them in different experiments with the high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. The results are summarized as the detection calls and comparison calls, and they should be robust against data outliers over a wide target concentration range. It is also helpful to provide parameters that can be adjusted by the user to balance specificity and sensitivity under various experimental conditions. Results: We present rank-based algorithms for making detection and comparison calls on expression microarrays. The detection call algorithm utilizes the discrimination scores. The comparison call algorithm utilizes intensity differences. Both algorithms are based on Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test. Several parameters in the algorithms can be adjusted by the user to alter levels of specificity and sensitivity. The algorithms were developed and analyzed using spiked-in genes arrayed in a Latin square format. In the call process, p-values are calculated to give a confidence level for the pertinent hypotheses. For comparison calls made between two arrays, two primary normalization factors are defined. To overcome the difficulty that constant normalization factors do not fit all probe sets, we perturb these primary normalization factors and make increasing or decreasing calls only if all resulting p-values fall within a defined critical region. Our algorithms also automatically handle scanner saturation. Availability: These algorithms are available commercially as part of the MAS 5.0 software package. Contact: wei-min liu@affymetrix.com
Full Digital Current Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for Vehicular Applications

Due to high efficiency, compactness, and less generated noise of permanent magnet synchronous motors, they have received a lot of attention for traction applications in land, sea, and undersea vehicles. In this paper, a new digital deadbeat controller is designed, implemented, and applied to a permanent magnet synchronous machine. The objective of the controller is to achieve a deadbeat dynamic response for the speed of the machine. The analysis of the controller shows that it adjusts the current and voltage of the machine with two and four sampling periods, respectively. A robust simple sensorless method is used to estimate the position and velocity of the rotor. The experimental results of a laboratory prototype is presented, which show the viability of the proposed controller for this machine.
Regulation of Androgen-Responsive Transcription by the Chromatin Remodeling Factor CHD8

The androgen receptor (AR) mediates the effect of androgens through its transcriptional function during both normal prostate development and in the emergence and progression of prostate cancer. AR is known to assemble coactivator complexes at target promoters to facilitate transcriptional activation in response to androgens. Here we identify the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factor chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 8 (CHD8) as a novel coregulator of androgen-responsive transcription. We demonstrate that CHD8 directly associates with AR and that CHD8 and AR simultaneously localize to the TMPRSS2 enhancer after androgen treatment. In the LNCaP cell line, reduction of CHD8 levels by small interfering RNA treatment severely diminishes androgen-dependent activation of the TMPRSS2 gene. We demonstrate that the recruitment of AR to the TMPRSS2 promoter in response to androgen treatment requires CHD8. Finally, CHD8 facilitates androgen-stimulated proliferation of LNCaP cells, emphasizing the physiological importance of CHD8. Taken together, we present evidence of a functional role for CHD8 in AR-mediated transcriptional regulation of target genes.
Reflectance spectroscopy for in vivo detection of cervical precancer

Optical technologies, in particular fluorescence spectros- copy, have shown the potential to provide improved detection meth- ods for cervical neoplasia that are sensitive and cost effective through accurate, objective, instantaneous point-of-care diagnostic tools. The specific goals of this study were to analyze reflectance spectra of nor- mal and neoplastic cervical tissue in vivo and to evaluate the data for use in diagnostic algorithm development. Spectroscopic measure- ments were obtained at four distinct source-detector separations from 324 sites in 161 patients. As the source-detector separation increases, greater tissue depth is probed. The average spectra of each diagnostic class differed at all source-detector separations, with the greatest dif- ferences occurring at the smallest source-detector separations. Algo- rithms, based on principal-component analysis and Mahalanobis dis- tance classification, were developed and evaluated for all combinations of source-detector separations relative to the gold stan- dard of colposcopically directed biopsy. The diagnostic combination of squamous normal versus high-grade squamous intraepithelial le- sions gave good discrimination with a sensitivity of 72% and a speci- ficity of 81%; discrimination of columnar normal versus high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions also was good, with sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 83%. Thus, reflectance spectroscopy appears promising for in vivo detection of cervical precancer. Strategies that combine fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy may enhance the discrimination capabilities. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engi-
A Survey of Minimum Saturated Graphs

Given a family of (hyper)graphs $\mathcal{F}$ a (hyper)graph $G$ is said to be $\mathcal{F}$-saturated if $G$ is $F$-free for any $F \in\mathcal{F}$ but for any edge e in the complement of $G$ the (hyper)graph $G + e$ contains some $F\in\mathcal{F}$. We survey the problem of determining the minimum size of an $\mathcal{F}$-saturated (hyper)graph and collect many open problems and conjectures.
Channel loss and queuing loss tradeoffs in voice transmission over ATM switching systems

More efficient transmission of coded speech over packet switching systems can be achieved by channel coding. The redundancy introduced by channel coding to recover lost or impaired packets results in an increased traffic and an increased queuing loss. Hence there is a critical tradeoff between channel coding rate and queuing loss. We show that the channel loss rate, the traffic level and congestion rate affect the optimum channel coding rate.
Gamma-ray induced photoconductivity in pyrex, quartz, and vycor

Results of an experimental investigation are reported on photoconductive response of Pyrex, Quartz and Vycor. This research was conducted as a feasibility study for developing a new gamma dose measurement device based on the principle of photoconductivity. However, data collected in this study are equally valuable for various other applications where these materials are to be used in high radiation field. Our experiments and analyzes indicated that the selected dosimeter materials exhibit photoconductivity and respond to changes in gamma dose rate within a useful range. Pyrex glass suffered radiation damage at a relatively high dose rate of 0.25 Gys-1. Quartz and Vycor exhibit significant advantages over Pyrex as dosimeter material. However, their limit of operability was found to be at a dose rate of approximately 28 mGy s-1. Vycor dosimeter in particular appears promising for gamma measurement applications. From an endurance point of view, Quartz appears to be the most suitable material for applications in high dose rate conditions, in that photo-currents in Quartz were observed to be minimum
A Rentier Theory of Subnational Regimes: Fiscal Federalism, Democracy, and Authoritarianism in the Argentine Provinces

Levels of subnational democracy vary significantly within countries around the world. Drawing on fiscal theories of the state, the author argues that this variance is often explained by a type of rentierism that is not geographically determined by natural resources but politically created by certain fiscal federalism arrangements. He posits that less democratic regimes are more likely in rentier provinces—those that receive disproportionately large central government transfers and practically forgo local taxation. Intergovernmental revenue-sharing rules that produce large vertical fiscal imbalances and favor the economically smaller districts provide their incumbents with generous "fiscal federalism rents" that allow them to restrict democratic contestation and weaken checks and balances. Statistical evidence from a panel data set of the Argentine provinces strongly confirms this expectation, even after controlling for standard alternative explanations such as level of development. Sensitivity analysis shows that this finding is extremely robust to alternative panel estimators. Qualitative and quantitative evidence suggests that the effect of heavy public spending on the economic autonomy of political actors is the main causal mechanism at work.
Scaling Analysis for the Interaction between a Buoyant Coastal Current and the Continental Shelf: Experiments and Observations

Abstract This paper addresses how the geometrical parameters (ambient ocean depth, H; bottom slope, α) of coastal bathymetry affect the evolution of buoyant coastal currents flowing over a sloping continental shelf. Scaling arguments are presented that show the coastal current dynamics can be classified by a two-variable nondimensional parameter space: the ambient depth parameter, h/H, and the bottom slope parameter, R/yb. The ratio h/H is the fraction of the available depth occupied by the buoyant layer; the bottom slope parameter is the ratio of two horizontal length scales, the internal Rossby radius R to the bottom-trapped width yb. The scale depth h is derived from geostrophic dynamics and is representative of the depth of the buoyant layer of the coastal current. The resulting parameter space is delineated by surface-advected currents that do not depend upon the bottom slope parameter and bottom-trapped currents that do. For bottom-trapped coastal currents, the across-shore width and downstream velo...
On the images of multilinear maps of matrices over finite-dimensional division algebras ☆

Abstract Let R be a central simple algebra finite-dimensional over its center F of characteristic 0. We will show that every element of reduced trace 0 in R can be expressed as [ a , [ c , b ] ] + λ [ c , [ a , b ] ] for some a , b , c ∈ R where λ ≠ 0 , − 1 . In addition, let D be a division algebra satisfying the conditions above. We will also show that the set of values of any nonzero multilinear polynomial of degree at most three, with coefficients from the center F of D , evaluated on M k ( D ) , k ≥ 2 , contains all matrices of reduced trace 0.
The good experiment

Doing almost any experiment requires much effort and expense. There is no point in spending a lot of time and money unless the result really helps solve some geological problem. This means setting up the experiment to minimize uncertainties in the technique itself. But, because there is usually a trade-off between time and precision, it is also important to know the level of precision and accuracy required of the experiment before beginning. In this chapter we discuss what we think are important things to do, and to avoid, in the process of planning and executing experiments.
Clonal evolution in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia by contemporaneous VH-VH gene replacements and VH-DJH gene rearrangements

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), more frequently than any other B-lineage neoplasm, exhibits oligoclonal Ig heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement in 15% to 43% of all cases studied. To study the molecular processes that promote multiple IgH rearrangements, a comprehensive sequence analysis of a B-ALL case was performed in which seven clonal IgH gene rearrangements were identified. The genetic profiles suggested that a single leukemic progenitor clone evolved into several subclones through dual processes of variable (VH) to preexisting diversity-joining (DJH) gene segment rearrangement and VH to VH gene replacement. Predominant IgH-V usage and the uniquely rearranged clonotype-specific VHDJH region gene sequences were identified using a novel DNA-based gene amplification strategy. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was directed by an IgH-J generic primer and a complement of family-specific IgH-V primers that defined the major B-cell IgH-V gene usage. Clonality of rearranged VHDJH bands was substantiated by high resolution denaturant gel electrophoretic analysis. Sequence patterns of the amplified VHDJH fragments segregated into two groups defined by common DJH sequences. Partial N region homology at the VHD junction as well as shared DJH sequences firmly established VH to VHDJH gene replacement as a mechanism generating clonal evolution in one group. In the second subset, oligoclonality was propagated by independent VH gene rearrangements to a common DJH precursor. The contributions of all clonal Ig-VHDJH repertoires for each group was approximately 50% and reflected a symmetric distribution of leukemic subclones generated by either process. Thus, oligoclonal rearrangements evolved by two independent, yet seemingly contemporaneous molecular genetic mechanisms. All seven clones displayed nonfunctional Ig-VHDJH recombinations. These observations may have relevance to the recombinatorial opportunities available during normal B-cell maturation.
Demand, Supply, and Price Relationships for the Beef Sector, Post-World War II Period

A simultaneous equation beef model which allows for simultaneity between supplies and demands is formulated and estimated. The supply of beef is partitioned into fed, domestic nonfed, and import components; the demand for beef is split into fed and nonfed components. The findings, which are comparable with those of several earlier studies as far as the price flexibilities of total demand and price elasticity of total supply are concerned, indicate that analysts have underestimated the income elasticity of demand for fed beef by focusing on all beef and overlooking the inferior income-demand relationship for nonfed beef. By use of these results, the depression in fed beef prices in the 1962-1964 period was found to have resulted largely from heavy supplies of fed beef and lack of commensurate growth in consumer purchasing power. The findings further indicate that Cochrane's aggregate analysis requires either more information than recognized or less aggregation than used before meaningful policy inferences can be made. N 13 out of 18 econometric analyses either focusing on or encompassing the beef sector, primary emphasis was given to the demand side of the models estimated.' Supplies were assumed to be predetermined in all but two of the studies [5 and 9]. Hildreth and Jarrett [9] analyzed all livestock sectors as an aggregate. Cromarty [5] estimated an econometric model for the total agricultural economy, fitting simultaneous supply and demand relationships for beef, hogs, poultry meat, dairy products, eggs, and feed grains. In this study, a simultaneous equation model is formulated and estimated for the beef sector. The model reflects the behavioral relationships of the postwar period and allows for simultaneity between supplies and demands. Twelve relationships are included in the model. No simultaneity is involved in five of these, four of which are identities. Simultaneity is involved in seven equations. Eight of the relationships contain disturbances: (1) number of fed beef slaughtered, (2) weight per head of fed beef
Density Functional Theory Study of the β-Carotene Radical Cation

The hybrid density functional theory method B3LYP is employed to study the β-carotene radical cation. The radical is characterized by means of its geometry, spin distribution, and isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine coupling constants. It is shown that the spin is delocalized over the whole π-conjugated system, including the double bonds of the headgroups. This delocalization results in methyl hyperfine coupling constants lower than 9 MHz, in excellent agreement with recent experimental couplings of the carotene radical in Photosystem II and in vitro, but in conflict with previous theoretical calculations. It is also demonstrated that rotation of the headgroups can affect the properties of the radical, in particular the spin delocalization to the ring.
Field Tests of Insecticides to Protect Ponderosa Pine from the Mountain Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Individual ponderosa pines, Pinus ponderosa Lawson, can be protected from Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins attacks by spraying the boles with 2% carbaryl-water suspension. Although lindane emulsion at 2% gives equal protection, numerous pitch tubes leave trees cosmetically inferior. Other dose rates and materials are considered inferior. Insecticides tested kill a broad spectrum of insects, including predators of the mountain pine beetle. Predators may have been attracted to certain insecticide formulations.
Quality of Commercially Available Controls in Laser Immunonephelometry

Lack of accuracy in expressing concentrations of specific proteins in different lots of Hyland calibrating reference and quality control materials, supplied for the Hyland PDQ laser nephelometer, prompted an attempt to find alternative and more reliable calibrating materials available commercially. Laser grade (Atlantic Antibodies) and radial immunodiffusion grade materials (Behring Diagnostics) were evaluated in this study. Using Atlantic Antibodies' calibrator, only five of 11 specific proteins assayed in Atlantic control serum were within acceptable ranges; precision was less than that using Hyland materials of identical lots. Mean values for each of 10 of the same 11 specific proteins of Behring control plasma assayed against Behring stabilised human serum, were within manufacturers' acceptable ranges; however, precision was less than that with Hyland materials from identical lots. Nine of the 11 specific proteins in a frozen serum pool sample, measured on the laser nephelometer, agreed well with results of the specific proteins measured by radial immunodiffusion, using the same Behring calibration and quality control. Only the Hyland materials were prediluted for use, which explains the greater precision that was obtained. Intercomparison of concentrations, as expressed by respective manufacturers, was largely unacceptable. Based on these results there is need, until satisfactory reagents become available, to standardise on one parent Hyland reference sample giving best precision and to calibrate all subsequent working standards against the parent reference.
Population-level responses of life history traits to flow regime in three common stream fish species

Trait-based approaches may improve understanding in ecology by linking environmental variation to fitness-related characteristics of species. Most trait–environment studies focus on assemblage-level relationships; yet intraspecific trait variation is important for community, ecosystem, and evolutionary processes, and has substantial implications for these approaches. Assessing population-level trait–environment relationships could test the generality of trait models whilst assessing intraspecific variation. We evaluated the generality of the trilateral life history model (TLHM opportunistic, periodic, and equilibrium endpoints) for fishes – a well-studied trait–environment model at the assemblage level – to populations of three stream fishes in the Midwestern United States in relation to flow regime. The TLHM adequately described major trade-offs in traits amongst populations in all species. Some TLHM flow-based predictions were confirmed, with periodic traits (high fecundity) favoured at sites with greater flow seasonality and lower flow variability in two species, and equilibrium traits (large eggs) in more stable flow conditions in two species. Size at maturity was also inversely related to variability in one species. However, relationships contradicting the TLHM were also found. Coupled with the explanatory power of the TLHM for populations, supporting relationships suggest that synthesizing habitat template models with demographic life history theory could be valuable. Trait–environment models that are well-supported at multiple levels of biological organization could improve understanding of the impacts of environmental change on populations and communities and the valuable ecosystem services that they support. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intelligent Test System for Induction Motor Based on Electricity Feedback Technology

The motor test system based on electricity feedback technology was introduced. The DC motor acts as the load of performance test and temperature rise test, operates as the generator and feeds back electricity to the grid during the test, so the energy saving control was achieved. The system adopts the IEEE488 bus and PLC control, greatly improves its automation. The facts demonstrated that the testing system has many characteristics, such as advanced system structure, reasonable configuration, high reliability, high accuracy, convenient operation and rapid testing speed.
Effects of immature recruitable collaterals on myocardial blood flow and infarct size after acute coronary occlusion.

This study assessed the ability of immature recruitable coronary collateral vessels to alter regional myocardial blood flow and to protect jeopardized myocardium from infarction after acute coronary occlusion. An inflatable balloon occluder was placed around the left circumflex coronary artery of 7 dogs (group A), while nine dogs (group B) underwent placement of an Amerold constrictor around the circumflex artery proximal to a balloon occluder. Group A dogs were studied 2 to 3 days after surgery; those in group B were studied 12 days after surgery, when partial collateralization had occurred. The circumflex artery was acutely occluded in both groups for 4 hours. Myocardial blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres before, immediately after, and 4 hours after coronary occlusion. Infarct size, expressed as percent of left ventricular area at risk, was determined by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining after infusion of colored dyes to delineate perfusion beds. Flows in the ischemic circumflex bed 90 seconds after coronary occlusion decreased in both groups for both endocardial (0.04±0.02 ml/min/gm vs 0.09±0.04 ml/min/gm) and epicardial (0.19±0.07 ml/min/gm vs 0.26±0.08 ml/min/gm) layers. Four hours after coronary occlusion, endocardial flow did not rise significantly in group A (0.11±0.05 ml/min/gm), but increased significantly in group B to 0.52±0.13 ml/min/gm (p<0.05). Epicardial glow at 4 hours was also significantly greater in group B (1.03±0.15 ml/min/gm) than in Broup A (0.55±0.13 ml/min/gm, p<0.05). Infarct size was 44.6%±8.5% of the circumflex perfusion bed in group A, while in group B it was only 9.8%±3.4% of the perfusion bed (p<0.05). Thus, developing collaterals augment coronary blood flow after acute coronary occlusion, and these recruitable collaterals do significantly reduce infarct size
Alloreactivity Studies of Lymphocytes in Bronchoalveolar Lavages from Canine Lung Allografts

Although heart-lung transplantation is increasingly being recognized as a therapeutic modality to treat end-stage lung disease, its success rate is still considerably lower than other organ transplants. The transplanted lung appears more susceptible to rejection than heart, liver, and kidney transplants (1). The diagnosis of lung allograft rejection is difficult and there is limited value in measurements of nonimmunological parameters such as radiographic pulmonary infiltrates, arterial blood gases, and clinical status. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of pulmonary allografts has been proven useful in the diagnosis of rejection and infection (2–4). This approach enables access to lymphocytes directly involved in lung allograft rejection. It also provides a unique model of in situ transplant immunity (2,3). In order to better understand and monitor the cellular events taking place during rejection episodes, an experimental model of canine unilateral lung transplant has been developed (5). In this dog model, rejection was allowed to occur by maintaining the dog on subtherapeutic immunosuppression. Sequential BAL procedures were utilized to probe the development of in situ immune response to the lung allograft. In this paper we describe our findings on donor-specific alloreactivity of immunocompetent cells retrieved by the BAL procedure during the posttransplant period.
Factors associated with relationship dissolution and post-dissolution adjustment among lesbian adoptive couples.

ABSTRACTSame-sex adoptive couples are increasingly visible, yet few studies have addressed relationship stability and dissolution among these couples. In this study, using a theoretical framework based on Investment Models and Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation Theory, factors associated with dissolution and post-dissolution adjustment among 27 lesbian adoptive couples were examined across two points. At Wave 1, all 27 couples were together; children were on average 3 years old. Results revealed that nearly one third broke up over 5 years (between Waves 1 and 2). Factors related to shorter relationship length and undermining coparenting at Wave 1 distinguished women who later broke up versus stayed together. Worse mental health at Wave 2 characterized women in dissolved rather than sustained relationships, even with comparable individual adjustment at Wave 1. Weaker parenting alliance and greater dissatisfaction with childcare divisions were reported by women no longer with their partners at Wave 2 as compar...