cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrography of South Pass, Mississippi River

In the lower South Pass channel, a combination of salt-water intrusion and tide dominate circulation and mixing. Seaward discharge and vertical mixing in the channel are greatest during ebbing tide, when the hydrostatic gradient is at a maximum. Direction of flow within the salt-water wedge is largely a function of tidal phase, upstream currents prevailing during flooding tide, and downstream currents characterizing ebbing tide. Bed load transport in the lower channel, particularly at low and normal river stage, is, therefore, considered to be tide dependent.
FORMYLTETRAHYDROFOLATE HYDROLASE FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI

Publisher Summary This chapter presents formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase from Escherichia coli. Formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase, encoded by the Escherichia colipurU gene, is a regulatory enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of N10-formyltetrahydrofolate (formyl-FH4). Formyl-FH4 hydrolase has two important roles in Escherichia coli. First, the enzyme monitors the relative pools of FH4 and FH4 one-carbon adducts (C1-FH4) and functions to replenish FH4 when other routes of FH4 regeneration are shut down due to growth conditions that repress biosynthetic pathways for histidine, methionine, and purine nucleotides. Tetrahydrofolate is needed by serine hydroxymethyltransferase for glycine synthesis. A second role for the enzyme is to generate formate during aerobic growth. Formate is utilized by 5'-phosphoribosylglycinamide (GAR) transformylase-T for synthesis of 5'-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide (FGAR). Although Escherichia coli contains a second GAR transformylase-N that utilizes formyl-FH4 as the one-carbon donor for the synthesis of FGAR, formate can contribute up to 50% of the carbon for position 8 of the purine ring in wild-type cells. Mutant analysis has indicated that formyl-FH4 hydrolase supplies the formate that is utilized by the GAR transformylase-T reaction during aerobic growth.
The Ultraviolet Spectrum of an Extremely Metal Deficient Star: HD 52961

We report on an LTE model atmosphere analysis of the UV spectrum of the extremely metal-poor F-type supergiant HD 52961.
Effects of 2 G on adiposity, leptin, lipoprotein lipase, and uncoupling protein-1 in lean and obese Zucker rats

Male Zucker rats were exposed to 2 G for 8 wk to test the hypothesis that the leptin regulatory pathway contributes to recovery from effects of 2 G on feeding, growth, and nutrient partitioning. After initial hypophagia, body mass-independent food intake of the lean rats exposed to 2 G surpassed that of the lean rats maintained at 1 G, but food intake of the obese rats exposed to 2 G remained low. After 8 wk at 2 G, body mass and carcass fat were less in both genotypes. Leptin and percent fat were lower in lean rats exposed to 2 G vs. 1 G but did not differ in obese rats exposed to 2 G vs. 1 G. Although exposure to 2 G did not alter uncoupling protein-1 levels, it did elicit white fat pad-specific changes in lipoprotein lipase activity in obese but not lean rats. We conclude that 2 G affects both genotypes but that the lean Zucker rats recover their food intake and growth rate and retain "normal" lipoprotein lipase activity to a greater degree than do the obese rats, emphasizing the importance of a functional leptin regulatory pathway in this acclimation.
An Exploration of Greek Business Executives’ Intercultural Communication Competence

Managers’ ability to build global organizations and synergies is imperative, which in turn necessitates effective and appropriate intercultural communication skills. Literature to date primarily focuses on countries whose financial/corporate interdependence is of utmost importance. Not surprisingly then, the body of literature indicates that existing research addressing ICC within a Greek business context is inexistent. Consequently, this study is a preliminary attempt to start redressing this balance and hence, this proposed research aims to contribute to a poorly existing knowledge base by reporting on an enquiry undertaken to quantitatively determine middle managers’ ICC in Greece by measuring intercultural sensitivity -a determining factor of ICC. Quantitative data was obtained using the ISS from a body of fifty-five Greek middle-level managers. The results indicated that overall these managers have a high level of ICC; however no significant statistical correlations were found between the demographic variables explored and intercultural sensitivity. This paper concludes with some practical implications and recommendations for further research.
Susan Crawford, Captive Audience: The Telecom Industry and Monopoly Power in the New Gilded Age

Set against the backdrop of the growing dependence on information and communication technologies, Captive Audience offers a critical examination of regulatory issues facing the U.S. cable industry. Policy makers continue to favor a free market that they hope will foster competition. However, Susan Crawford contends that efforts to maintain the deregulation of the cable industry have instead reinforced monopolistic behavior, reduced innovation, and enabled cable companies to overcharge for their products.
On the Motion of an Axial Through Crack in a Pipe

Based upon photographs of running cracks, a simple split ring model is proposed to simulate axially running cracks in very ductile materials. The model is used in conjunction with a one-dimensional transient fluid flow analysis to calculate the velocity of the crack and the fluid pressure history for air, cold water, and hot water-filled pipes. The model is capable of predicting crack initiation, extension, and arrest. 15 references.
Donepezil and flight simulator performance: Effects on retention of complex skills

We report a randomized, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled study to test the effects of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil (5 mg/d for 30 days), on aircraft pilot performance in 18 licensed pilots with mean age of 52 years. After 30 days of treatment, the donepezil group showed greater ability to retain the capacity to perform a set of complex simulator tasks than the placebo group, p < 0.05. Donepezil appears to have beneficial effects on retention of training on complex aviation tasks in nondemented older adults.
The research of ecological security evaluation for mineral-resource enterprises-a case of China

As the rapid development of economy and society in the world, the situation of ecological security has become more and more severe. The problem on ecological security is concerned with whether the continuous development of economy and society can realize or not, as well as the regional stability and international safety, so ecological security has become the primary measurement of the continuous development. Meanwhile there are a lot of research on ecological security of hometown and abroad, and the research range is becoming wider and in depth. With this background, this paper analyses the meaning of mineral-resource ecological security, sets up ecological security index system of mineral-resource enterprises based on the pressure-state-response (P-S-R) model, then determined the weights of the indices by analytical hierarchy process (AHP), and presents a method to evaluating it. After empirical analysis, the paper pointed out that evaluating the ecological environment security of mineral- resource enterprise is not only necessary but also the base of building ecological security alarming mechanism.
Shopping Enjoyment, Perceived Time Poverty, and Time Spent Shopping

The purpose of this study was to propose an enjoyment-based motivational framework for shopping behavior research. The effects of shopping enjoyment, perceived time poverty, and selected demographic variables on the amount of time spent shopping among employed customers of a large Midwest retail firm were investigated. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the simultaneous effect of the classification and measurement variables on time spent shopping. The factors affecting time spent shopping were found to be complex and interrelated. Significant main and interaction effects were found for shopping enjoyment, marital status, and age. Shopping enjoyment was positively related to time spent shopping; however, the effect of shopping enjoyment was mediated by marital status. The findings did show that shopping enjoyment is a viable motivational construct influencing time allocation to shopping and provided support for extending traditional utility maximization models to include shopping enjoyment.
Fluid Requirements for Neonatal Anesthesia and Operation

Thirty-six neonates undergoing anesthesia and major surgical operations in the first 24 hours of life were studied to determine whether requirements for fluids and electrolytes were similar to those of adults and how the neonates could handle sodium and water given during anesthesia and the postoperative period. During operation, 5 per cent dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution was ad-ministered at the rate of 8 ml/kg body weight/hr. Postoperatively, fluid replacement was at the rate of 100 ml/kg/day, one-filth to two-fifths of this volume as 5 per cent dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution and the remainder, 5 per cent dextrose in water. Abnormal losses were replaced with isotonic saline solution and/or blood and/or albumin. Potassium supplementation was routine. Balance studies carried out over four postoperative days showed a tendency to hyponatremia and an inability to conserve sodium even with adequate volume administration. Findings suggest that the neonate requires increased amounts of multi-electrolyte solution during major surgical operations and continued administration of sodium in the postoperative period.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OP EPINEPHRIN IN MUSCULAR ACTIVITY

Since 1855 (1), a symptom-complex has been linked with the destruction of the suprarenal glands or the chromaffin system in general. This disease, “Mortus Addisonii,” is characterized by muscular and vascular asthenia, irritation of the stomach, pigmentation of the skin and changes in the blood picture. Abelous, Langlois and Charrin (2) showed that persons suffering from this malady were less capable of doing muscular work, than were individuals suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. According to Langlois this myasthenia can be markedly diminished by organotherapic measures. After six weeks treatment with suprarenal extract, the subject of their investigations was able to lift a weight 5.8 times longer and the highest contractions were four times as high as those recorded before the treatment. Such a marked improvement is not always observed. In fact the results obtained by the different men and by the same men working on different patients vary a great deal. Adams (3) has collected from the literature re...
Hiding dark energy transitions at low redshift

We show that it is both observationally allowable and theoretically possible to have large fluctuations in the dark energy equation of state as long as they occur at ultralow redshifts $z\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.02$. These fluctuations would masquerade as a local transition in the Hubble rate of a few percent or less and escape even future, high precision, high redshift measurements of the expansion history and structure. Scalar field models that exhibit this behavior have a sharp feature in the potential that the field traverses within a fraction of an e-fold of the present. The equation of state parameter can become arbitrarily large if a sharp dip or bump in the potential causes the kinetic and potential energy of the field to both be large and have opposite sign. While canonical scalar field models can decrease the expansion rate at low redshift, increasing the local expansion rate requires a noncanonical kinetic term for the scalar field.
Chemical precursor to optical damage detected by laser ionization mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry was used in conjunction with Nomarski microscopy to characterize the initiation of optical damage in selected commercial optics. The reflective optics (351 nm) consisted of Sc2O3/SiO2 multilayer coatings on 7940 (glass) substrates. These samples were exposed to loosely focused 1.06 μm, 10 ns pulses at 10 Hz. At fluences above 100 mJ/cm2, transient iron signals were observed at each increasing fluence level, with concomitant appearance of small circular (10 μm) pits in the surface. The latter was observed by Nomarski microscopy. These small pits were also associated with macroscopic damage features resulting from threshold damage testing.
Hierarchical binary search

In hierarchical search the data structure holding the file keys is partitioned into substructures of the same type; these are searched consecutively until the queried key is found or the substructures are exhausted. The interest here is in the conditions under which the performance of a hierarchical organization of static files is superior to that of the nonhierarchical organization and in the construction of the hierarchy when these conditions are met. The performance criterion is the average number of comparisons in a successful search, where averaging extends over all keys and over all permutations of the key's access probabilities. General properties of hierarchical search are first derived, and attention is then focused on the hierarchical binary organization—the special case where each of the data substructures is a sorted array (or a balanced binary tree) and where the keys are accessed by binary search. It is shown that an advantageous two-stage hierarchy is always implementable when the keys' access density function p(i) is “steeper” than Zipf's density function z(i)—the steeper it is, the greater the advantage. A simple method for constructing the two-stage hierarchy is formulated, based on finding the intersection of p(i) and z(i). For the r-stage hierarchical organization, partitioning procedures are proposed which are based on the iterative application of the two-stage techniques.
Eighty thousand information systems: The utilization of computing in American local governments

Abstract Computer use in American local governments is as varied as the governments that employ it. Nevertheless, important similarities exist across local governments. Seven distinct characteristics of American local governments seem to account for these similarities in computer use, explaining for example its limited use and fragmented quality—both within local governments as well as between them. These characteristics include the poverty, autonomy, geographical dispersion, structural fragmentation, limited role, pluralism, and split political culture of American local governments as compared with other organizations both here and abroad.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MINERAL COMPOSITION OF SPELEOTHEMS AND MINERALIZATION OF BRECCIA PIPES: EVIDENCE FROM CORKSCREW CAVE, ARIZONA, USA

Solution-collapse breccia pipes are common features in northwestern Arizona. They were mineralized with uranium, but associated with it are a suite of elements ( e.g., As, Mo, V, Ba, Cu, Pb, and Fe) that may form other ore minerals. Breccia bodies are in some cases cut by cave passages, such as at Corkscrew Cave, Arizona, where such structures are exposed along the walls and on the cave ceilings. The abundance of gypsum and barite throughout the cave and their isotopically light δ34S value (−11 to −7‰) suggest deposition from warm sulfidic solutions that were also responsible, at least in part, for development of the recent cave passages that dissect older paleokarst breccia bodies. The presence of calcite showing depleted δ18O values (−11.3 and −16.9‰) is considered indicative of a low-temperature hydrothermal episode in the deposition history of cave minerals. Groundwater percolating through the breccia-pipe bodies mobilized and transported ore-related ions into the cave, where they formed a unique assemblage of minerals ( i.e., hornesite, talmessite, carnotite, tyuyamunite, claudetite, and powellite) that mirror breccia-pipe mineralization.
Manufacturing considerations of the phase 3D satellite

The Amsat Phase 3D (P3D) Satellite is now in the construction phase at Weber State University's undergraduate manufacturing and mechanical engineering technology program. The first year of a three-year manufacturing project has brought the students many interesting and challenging tasks. This paper discusses some of the unique manufacturing aspects of the P3D satellite by focusing on a satellite component fabricated from honeycomb panel and an assembly fixture designed and built by the students.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Targeted disruption of the dopamine D2 and D3 receptor genes leads to different alterations in the expression of striatal calbindin-D28k

The present study used mice deficient for dopamine D(2) and D(3) receptors to test whether the expression of these two members of the D(2) class of receptors is essential for the normal expression of three markers that characterize the neurochemical differentiation of the striatum: the calcium-binding protein calbindin, tyrosine hydroxylase and acetylcholinesterase. Results from these experiments revealed that the expression of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (the rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine synthesis) and acetylcholinesterase is unaffected even by the combined knockout of D(2) and D(3) receptors. However, D(2) and D(3) receptor knockouts differently affect the striatal expression of calbindin-D(28k) immunoreactivity. Prominent changes in the cellular distribution of calbindin are detected in striatal neurons of D(2) mutant mice. Whereas calbindin immunolabeling of wild-type neurons is prominent in the nuclei and the cytoplasm of medium spiny neurons, in D(2) mutant mice, calbindin immunoreactivity is concentrated exclusively in the cytoplasmic rim of these neurons. Such changes in the cellular distribution of calbindin expression are not detected in mice lacking D(3) receptors. In these mutants, however, a lesser density of calbindin-immunoreactive neuropil is detected in the ventral portions of the striatum, i.e. in regions in which D(3) receptors are thought to be expressed at highest levels. Mice lacking both D(2) and D(3) receptors show both phenotypes. The altered cellular distribution of calbindin in D(2) mutants is likely to have functional consequences for some of the Ca(2+)-mediated cellular functions. The topography of the decreased density of striatal calbindin immunorectivity in D(3) mutants suggests a role for D(3) receptors in supporting the expression of striatal calbindin. The observation that mice lacking both D(2) and D(3) receptors show a combination of the D(2) and D(3) mutant phenotypes indicates that each of the different phenotypes detected in the single mutants is indeed related to the lack of the two different D(2)-like receptor subtypes.
Pathway Towards Fluency: Using ‘disaggregate instruction’ to promote science literacy

This study examines the impact of Disaggregate Instruction on students’ science learning. Disaggregate Instruction is the idea that science teaching and learning can be separated into conceptual and discursive components. Using randomly assigned experimental and control groups, 49 fifth‐grade students received web‐based science lessons on photosynthesis using our experimental approach. We supplemented quantitative statistical comparisons of students’ performance on pre‐ and post‐test questions (multiple choice and short answer) with a qualitative analysis of students’ post‐test interviews. The results revealed that students in the experimental group outscored their control group counterparts across all measures. In addition, students taught using the experimental method demonstrated an improved ability to write using scientific language as well as an improved ability to provide oral explanations using scientific language. This study has important implications for how science educators can prepare teachers...
Angle closure in highly myopic eyes.

Purpose Patients with angle-closure glaucoma and high myopia are uncommon. We evaluated the clinical characteristics of all patients with angle closure and high myopia in our database and propose possible mechanisms for angle closure in these atypical patients. Design Retrospective noncomparative case series. Participants Our database of 17938 patients was searched for patients with myopia of spherical equivalent of more than −6.0 diopters and angle closure. Data recorded included age at time of initial consultation, gender, slit-lamp examination results, gonioscopy results, biometric parameters, ultrasound biomicroscopy results (from 1993 onward), clinical diagnosis, and therapy. Results Twenty patients (11 females, 9 males) were identified. Mean age at the time of consultation was 52.9±19.3 years. Angle-closure diagnoses included primary pupillary block (9 patients), pupillary block in an eye with keratoconus (1 patient), pupillary block secondary to a pupillary membrane associated with retinopathy of prematurity (1 patient), plateau iris configuration and syndrome (3 patients), phacomorphic glaucoma in Weill-Marchesani syndrome (2 patients), malignant glaucoma secondary to a scleral buckle (2 patients), miotic-induced angle closure (1 patient), and Marfan syndrome (1 patient). Conclusions Angle closure can occur in eyes with high myopia. Causes of angle closure other than relative pupillary block are more common than in the general angle-closure glaucoma population. Careful gonioscopy accompanied by biometry and ultrasound biomicroscopy can lead to the correct diagnosis and individualized management in these eyes.
Query and information management support for consultation and conference systems involving medical images

The practice, training and research of medical image reading or medical sciences involving medical images often require interactions among individuals for expertise/information exchange, sharing and transfer. Examples include diagnosis, case correlation and resident consultations as well as teaching and research conferences. Recently, computer-based consultation and conference support enabling multimedia interactions and precise spatial references on images has been developed. However, the focus has primarily been on interaction support. More research is needed to develop proper query and information management support for before, during and after computer-aided consultations and conferences that are essential to effective interactions and information dissemination. The information management needs of computer-aided consultations and conferences include storage, retrieval, editing, migration and distribution of case-related information. Query support is expected to handle not only predicate-based retrievals but also content-based and similarity-based retrievals in distributed environments. This paper analyzes the requirements of query and information management support for computer-aided consultation and conference systems and presents the design of query and information management functions for before-, during- and after-consultation/conference. The user interface of a computer-aided consultation and conference system along with the architecture of the backend information management system are described. The paper concludes with the implementation status and future directions of this study.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of serotonin antagonists on the development of inherited muscular dystrophy in the chicken.

Abstract The antiserotoninergic drugs methysergide and cyproheptadine were investigated for their therapeutic effects on an hereditary strain of dystrophic chickens (New Hampshire, line 304). The drugs, given intraperitoneally either alone or in combination, significantly delayed the onset of dystrophic symptoms, as quantitated by a “flip test” for muscular disability. Untreated dystrophic chickens reached a maximum flip-test average at approximately day 23 ex ovo, and subsequently declined in this ability to flip upright when overturned. Concomitant with this decline, there was a marked rise in the activity of plasma creatine phosphokinase, reaching values of 8500 mU/ml plasma, as compared to approximately 350 mU/ml plasma found constantly in nondystrophic chickens. At day 60 ex ovo, 80% of the methysergide-treated chickens retained the unimpaired ability to rise from the supine, as compared to only 6% of the untreated dystrophics at that age. The other drug treatments gave rather similar results. The plasma creatine phosphokinase was found to be significantly lower in the treated dystrophic chickens, about two-thirds of its rise (at about day 60) being prevented in the drug-treated birds now passing the flip test. The negative correlation between the flip-test ability of the treated and untreated dystrophic chickens and their plasma creatine phosphokinase, is illustrated. Determinations of plasma alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase in these cases are also presented. Blood serotonin was significantly higher in the untreated dystrophic chickens (2.03 μg/ml blood) compared to the concentrations found in normal, nondystrophic animals (1.55 μg/ml blood). The drug treatments were found to reduce the serotonin in dystrophic animals. The use of antiserotoninergic drug therapy is discussed in light of the vascular hypothesis for muscular dystrophy etiology.
SU-FF-T-103: Application of the Strydom Analytical Model to the Remote Monitoring of Electron Beam Dosimetry Parameters by Thermoluminescent Dosimetry

Purpose: To provide a practical methodology and a reference percentage depth dose (PDD) data set for streamlining the Radiation Dosimetry Services (RDS) TLD verification of electron beam output and PDD. Methods and Materials: PDD data from 29 Siemens Primus and 19 Varian Clinac 21EX accelerators were retrieved from the databases of RDS and the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) and were simultaneously fitted to the nonlinear Strydom analytical model. The NLIN (SAS 9.1) procedure was used to fit the models. The PDD data sets used in the models were independently measured by many physicists from many institutions and verified by TLD and RPC onsite measurements. The resulting reference PDD data sets were incorporated into the RDS TLDanalysissoftware for electron beam monitoring. Results: The parameters of the model were estimated for 5 to 21 MeV electron beams for Siemens and Varian machines. Individual PDD data fell within ± 1.5 mm of the reference PDD data for all depths for all beams analyzed. The curves exhihited similar shapes and were found to agree within ± 1.0 mm at all depths when all the curves for a particular energy were made to coincide at the depth of 50%. The validated reference model's predictions shows good agreement with other published results. Conclusions: The shape of the PDD curves was found to depend only on beam energy, and was independent of model for newer machines. These results allowed RDS to streamline its process of evaluating TLD results for electron beams and to acquire additional information about an institution's PDD data to facilitate the identification of problems. The reference PDD data sets can serve as a resource to the medical physics community. This work was supported by PHS grant CA 10953 awarded by the NCI, DHHS and Radiation Dosimetry Services.
Experimental and numerical study of topographic effects on deposition from two-dimensional, particle-driven density currents

Abstract Topographic effects on deposition from particle-driven density current were investigated. The laboratory experiments were carried out on topography consisting of a ramp and a series of humps. The results show a localized increase in deposit distribution downstream of the slope break and on the upslope of a hump. A numerical model is developed to predict the topographic effects on deposit distribution. The model, based on layer-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, is applied to the experiments, and the process of the topographic influence is analyzed. The preferential deposition downstream of the slope break is interpreted to result from deceleration of the flow, which increases deposit distribution through loss of capacity of the flow and longer duration of the flow passage. The former effect is more influential than the latter, while additional effects of a hydraulic jump may be imposed. Increased deposit on the upslope of a hump is attributed to partial blocking of the flow at the hump crest, as well as to the differential deposition due to deceleration on the upslope.
Effect of policy-based bioenergy demand on southern timber markets: A case study of North Carolina

Key factors driving renewable energy demand are state and federal policies requiring the use of renewable feedstocks to produce energy (renewable portfolio standards) and liquid fuels (renewable fuel standards). However, over the next decade, the infrastructure for renewable energy supplies is unlikely to develop as fast as both policy- and marketmotivated renewable energy demands. This will favor the use of existing wood as a feedstock in the first wave of bioenergy production. The ability to supply wood over the next decade is a function of the residual utilization, age class structure, and competition from traditional wood users. Using the North Carolina Renewable Portfolio Standard as a case study, combined with assumptions regarding energy efficiency, logging residual utilization, and traditional wood demands over time, we simulate the impacts of increased woody biomass demand on timber markets. We focus on the dynamics resulting from the interaction of short-run demand changes and long-term supply responses. We conclude that logging residuals alone may be unable to meet bioenergy demands from North Carolina’s Renewable Portfolio Standard. Thus, small roundwood (pulpwood) may be used to meet remaining bioenergy demands, resulting in increased timber prices and removals; displacement of traditional products; higher forest landowner incomes; and changes in the structure of the forest resource.
Viral-associated glomerulopathies in children

Viral infections associate temporally with the onset of many glomerular diseases, particularly in children. In other cases of glomerulonephritis, when infection is clinically silent, viral syndromes can still be implicated as a trigger. However, strong evidence for viral causality in most glomerular disease is still lacking. While numerous case reports in children document the occurrence of specific forms of glomerular disease after seroconversion to a wide range of viruses, relatively few reports provide pathologic evidence of viral infection associated with glomerular lesions on kidney biopsy. Strong associations between hepatitis viruses and glomerular injury have been acknowledged in adults, but hepatitis C virus appears not to be an etiology in children. In the context of treating glomerular diseases, when diagnosed, the treatment of hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus in children with membranoproliferative, membranous and collapsing glomerulopathy plays an important role. Otherwise, there is no evidence suggesting that the identification of a viral infection in a child with glomerulopathy should change the management of the infection or the glomerulonephritis. Therefore, additional research into this topic is very much needed.
Hispanic and Anglo gang membership in two southwestern cities

Abstract Delinquent gangs have attracted the attention of social scientists for most of the twentieth century. The current study presents a systematic comparison of the gang-related attitudes and behavior of youths living in cities of dramatically differing size but subjected to similar cultural forces. Specifically, we explored the attitudes and orientations of gang and nongang eighth grade students living in two southwestern cities with large pluralities of Mexican Americans: Phoenix, Arizona, and Las Cruces, New Mexico. While statistical comparisons supported the position that the Phoenix children expressed higher levels of pro-gang attitudes, there did not appear to be significant differences in self-reported gang membership. Hispanic youths in both cities were not only more pro-gang in their attitudes and orientations, but they reported higher levels of gang membership. However, multivariate analyses reveal that a far more complex set of forces is at work.
The effect of technological uncertainty on the optimal location of a competitive firm

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the location decision of a competitive firm which is facing technological uncertainty. This technological uncertainty could be the result of changes in production methods, production machinery, or input quality. The analysis assumes the firm is risk averse and has decreasing absolute risk aversion. Using a simple model, the results show that a competitive firm will locate closer to its sources under technological uncertainty when it is risk averse.
Electric field fluctuations drive vibrational dephasing in water.

We present a microscopic description of the vibrational spectroscopy of the OH stretch of HOD in liquid D2O. Our model predicts that OH frequency correlations decay with a sharp and rapid (≈35 fs) decrease, followed by a beat at ≈125 fs from intermolecular oxygen vibrations. On a short time scale (≈200 fs), ultrafast infrared spectroscopy of the OH stretch is sensitive to localized intermolecular motions. For times longer than ≈200 fs, cooperative molecular rearrangements drive dephasing. The interplay of electric field fluctuations, both local and cooperative, dictate vibrational frequency shifts and destroy vibrational coherence in water.
Rebels, Conspirators, and Parrots, Oh My!: Lacanian Paranoia and Obsession in Three Postmodern Novels

ABSTRACT Three postmodern novels—Pale Fire, The Crying of Lot 49, and Flaubert's Parrot—are discussed in relation to Lacan's work on the nature of paranoia to claim that paranoia and obsession can be seen to play positive roles in helping the novels' protagonists acclimate to, and even develop and maintain identity in, a chaotic postmodern world. The argument is made that these literary, not clinical, psychological responses serve to ameliorate the protagonists' overall psychological condition and to enhance their sense of identity. Ultimately, they arrive at, if not resolution, then varying degrees of accommodation with that postmodern world.
Evaluating the effectiveness of a court sponsored abuser treatment program

The literature on abuser treatment programs reveals the following problems: (1) the dominance of shelter-related abuser programs, (2) little understanding of the effectiveness of such programs, and (3) low recruitment and high attrition rates in shelter-related programs. This study attempts to deal with some of these difficulties by an evaluation of a court mandated abuser treatment program. The sample used in this study includes a treatment group of 120 court-referred abusers and a control group of 101 nonreferred abusers. The research was designed to deal with problems such as differential participation in the treatment sessions and self-selection bias. Results indicated that the relationship between treatment attendance and recidivism was not linear. Only those defendants who attended 75% of the treatment sessions or more have decreased recidivism; others showed no impact. Some policy implications are also discussed.
Surrogate-assisted evolutionary programming for high dimensional constrained black-box optimization

This paper presents a novel surrogate-assisted evolutionary programming (EP) method for high dimensional constrained black-box optimization with many black-box inequality constraints. A cubic radial basis function (RBF) surrogate is used and the resulting RBF-assisted EP outperforms a standard EP, an RBF-assisted penalty-based EP, Stochastic Ranking Evolution Strategy and Scatter Search on a 124-D automotive problem with 68 black-box constraints.
NEW RESULTS FROM THE K2K EXPERIMENT

The K2K long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment has analyzed all data including the period ending in February 2004. The total data sample is from 8.9 × 1019 protons on target. We observe 108 events at the far detector, Super-Kamiokande, when 150.9 + 11.6 - 10.0 were expected. Further, we observe a distortion of the neutrino energy spectrum which is consistent with νμ to ντ oscillation. The probability that we would observe these results if there is no neutrino oscillation is 0.011%, a 3.9 σ significance.
A bacteriologic basis for the evolution and severity of empyema

Abstract The management of pediatric empyema remains controversial. An experimental study was undertaken to evaluate the role of bacteria in the evolution and severity of empyema, using specific bacteria that are pathogens of empyema in children. A rabbit model was used. The groups were Haemophilus influenzae (n = 9), Bacteroides fragilis (n = 8), the combination (n = 12), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 6), and control (n = 6). The total bacterial inoculum (10 8 ) was constant. Diagnostic thoracentesis was performed at regular intervals. Characteristics of the empyema were evaluated when the rabbits were killed (at 4, 7, and 10 days). Most rabbits other than those of the mixed-bacteria group cleared the bacteria from their pleural cavities. Eleven of 12 mixed-bacteria animals had multiloculated empyemas; only one resolved spontaneously. In the other groups, the tendency was toward unilocular empyemas, which resolved by the 10th day in one third of the H influenzae animals, two thirds of the Bacteroides fragilis animals, and half the S aureus animals. The empyemas that persisted until the 10th day were in the exudative or fibrinopurulent stage, except for those of the mixed-bacteria group, all of which were in the advanced organizing stage. The amount of pleural debris and the degree of organization were significantly greater for the mixed bacteria group ( P > .01). These findings support the clinical management of monobacterial empyema by simple drainage, whereas mixed aerobic-anaerobic empyemas may require more aggressive drainage procedures.
Computer science curriculua for small colleges

Denison University is a small, liberal arts college located in Granville, Ohio. It has a student body of approximately 2000 undergraduates and a faculty of approximately 165. Courses in Computer Science have been offered since 1969, and in 1972 it became possible to award a Bachelor's degree in Mathematical Sciences with a Concentration (minor) in Computer Science. In 1975, a full scale Bachelor's program in Computer Science was authorized, and the first degrees were awarded in 1976. The program was designed to satisfy two objectives. First, there are a number of students who are oriented towards management and are interested in the applications of computing in industrial environments. Many of these students either pursue a double major or major in one area and develop a strong background in another field. These students frequently do not need a strong mathematical background, but do need a broad exposure to a variety of applications. The Bachelor of Arts degree program was designed for these students. Our second objective was to construct a program for those students who were interested in computer science as a profession; these students would probably go to graduate school or take technical positions in industry upon graduation. For these students we provided the Bachelor of Science degree, which is a more rigorous program.
Relative Hidden Markov Models for Video-Based Evaluation of Motion Skills in Surgical Training

A proper temporal model is essential to analysis tasks involving sequential data. In computer-assisted surgical training, which is the focus of this study, obtaining accurate temporal models is a key step towards automated skill-rating. Conventional learning approaches can have only limited success in this domain due to insufficient amount of data with accurate labels. We propose a novel formulation termed Relative Hidden Markov Model and develop algorithms for obtaining a solution under this formulation. The method requires only relative ranking between input pairs, which are readily available from training sessions in the target application, hence alleviating the requirement on data labeling. The proposed algorithm learns a model from the training data so that the attribute under consideration is linked to the likelihood of the input, hence supporting comparing new sequences. For evaluation, synthetic data are first used to assess the performance of the approach, and then we experiment with real videos from a widely-adopted surgical training platform. Experimental results suggest that the proposed approach provides a promising solution to video-based motion skill evaluation. To further illustrate the potential of generalizing the method to other applications of temporal analysis, we also report experiments on using our model on speech-based emotion recognition.
All-Optical Switching In Silicon Ring Resonators

We demonstrate selective all-optical control of a single resonance in a silicon micro-ring resonator using Raman-induced loss. This enables a single micro-ring to act as a broadband reconfigurable all-optical add-drop multiplexer (ROADM).” Article not available.
Finding conductivity from surface measurements

Abstract A method is given to determine conductivity of a body from the measurements of the potential and either normal component of the current on the surface Γ of the body, or the normal derivative of the potential on Γ and the value of conductivity at a single point on Γ.
Exaggerated Vertical Scale in Cgi Terrain Perspectives

The use of a 3:1 ratio of vertical to horizontal exaggeration in CGI for digitized terrain data was investigated by the method of constant stimuli. Hard copy line drawings of CGI was compared with actual terrain. The overall ratio of exaggeration picked by four observers was 1.25:1 to 1.50:1. The range of exaggerations for different viewing distances was 1:1 to 1.75:1. The data showed evidence of visual constancy matching and an anchoring effect. Language: en
Gas Adsorption on HiPco Nanotubes: Surface Area Determinations, and Neon Second Layer Data

We report on adsorption results obtained on bundles of HiPco nanotubes. We compare the values for the specific surface area of these nanotubes, measured by performing monolayer completion determinations on the same sample with four different adsorbates. We also present adsorption results for neon on the HiPco nanotubes at coverages beyond monolayer completion. The second layer neon data are compared to data obtained for the same adsorbate on lower purity arc discharge nanotubes.
Catabolic Functions of Peroxisomes: Modification by Hypoupidemic Drugs

The peroxisome is a subcellular organelle that is widely distributed in nature and which carries out both catabolic and anabolic functions (Ann. NY Acad. Sch 386:1-550, 1982). The catabolic functions include respiration (based on the formation and decomposition of H2O2) and the s-oxidation of fatty acids. A number of drugs share the attributes of beingi) hypo-lipidemic, (2) inducers of the peroxisomal s-oxidation enzyme system, (Lazarow, Science 197: 580-581, 1977), 3) peroxisome proliferators, and 4) carcinogens in rodents. Reddy et al. (Nature 283: 397-398, 1980) have hypothesized that peroxisome proliferators as a class may be carcinogenic Data is presented showing that bezafibrate, at a suitable hypolipidemic dose in rats, induces peroxisomal s-oxidation but does not cause the striking organelle proliferation commonly observed with hypolipidemic drugs. Similar results have been obtained with clofibrate treatment of female rats. Christiansen et al. (Eur.). Cell Biol. 26: 77-20, 7987) have shown that fe...
Consistent collimator overlaps in field matching with computer-controlled x-ray collimators

Consistent collimator overlaps in field matching with computer-controlled asymmetric x-ray collimators have been observed and investigated. The results indicate that, although this consistent overlapping is small and within manufacturer's +/- 1 mm discrepancy specification, it can produce more than 10% cold spots at matchlines if unheeded. This undesirable dose inhomogeneity, however, can be improved to within +/- 3% with a simple and practical solution of artificially offsetting the collimators by exactly the same amount (e.g., 1 mm) they overlap.
Variable flip angle imaging and fat suppression in combined gradient and spin-echo (GREASE) techniques.

Conventional “proton density” and “T2-weighted” spin-echo images are susceptible to motion induced artifact, which is exacerbated by lipid signals. Gradient moment nulling can reduce motion artifact but lengthens the minimum TE, degrading the “proton density” contrast. We designed a pulse sequence capable of optimizing proton density and T2-weighted contrast while suppressing lipid signals and motion induced artifacts. Proton density weighting was obtained by rapid readout gradient reversal immediately after the excitation RF pulse, within a conventional spin-echo sequence. By analyzing the behavior of the macroscopic magnetization and optimizing excitation flip angle, we suppressed T1 contribution to the image, thereby enhancing proton density and T2-weighted contrast with a two- to four-fold reduction of repetition time. This permitted an increased number of averages to be used, reducing motion induced artifacts. Fat suppression in the presence of motion was investigated in two groups of 8 volunteers each by (i) modified Dixon technique, (ii) selective excitation, and (iii) hybrid of both. Elimination of fat signal by the first technique was relatively uniform across the field of view, but it did not fully suppress the ghosts originating from fat motion. Selective excitation, while sensitive to the main field inhomogeneity, largely eliminated the ghosts (0.21 ± 0.05 vs. 0.29 ± 0.06, p < 0.01). The hybrid of both techniques combined with bandwidth optimization, however, showed the best results (0.17 ± 0.04, p < 0.001). Variable flip-angle imaging allows optimization of image contrast which, along with averaging and effective fat suppression, significantly improves gradient- and spin-echo imaging, particularly in the presence of motion.
Pseudorandom generators for low degree polynomials

We investigate constructions of pseudorandom generators that fool polynomial tests of degree d in m variables over finite fields F. Our main construction gives a generator with seed length O(d4 log m (1 + log(d ⁄ e) ⁄ log log m) + log |F|) bits that achieves arbitrarily small bias e and works whenever |F| is at least polynomial in d, log m, and 1⁄e. We also present an alternate construction that uses a seed that can be described by O(c2d8m6⁄(c-2) log(d⁄e) + log |F|) bits (more precisely, O(c2d8m6⁄(c-2)) field elements, each chosen from a set of size poly(cd⁄e), plus two field elements ranging over all of F), works whenever |F| is at least polynomial in c, d, and 1⁄e, and has the property that every element of the output is a function of at most c field elements in the input. Both generators are computable by small arithmetic circuits. The main tool used in the construction is a reduction that allows us to transform any "dense" hitting set generator for polynomials into a pseudorandom generator.
UW solution as an experimental microvascular skin flap perfusate.

UW solution has been found to be an effective organ perfusate for transplantation. Initial studies in experimental pedicle skin flaps have also demonstrated its unique effectiveness in prolonged ischemia. To understand better the limits of its preservation properties without the influence of endothelial clamp damage, we have undertaken to study the properties of UW solution in experimental microvascular free flaps. Control, lactated Ringer's, and UW solutions were utilized in pedicle and microvascular free flaps in Sprague-Dawley rats over varying periods of ischemia. UW solution demonstrated a clear superiority over all other solutions in both flap models. In addition there also was a significant prolongation of critical ischemia time in UW-treated free flaps compared to pedicle flaps. © 1993 Wiley-Liss Inc.