cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a Biological Therapy to Improve Stroke Outcomes After Thrombolytic Therapy.

Stroke is a devastating event, especially in the lives of the elderly, and remains a worldwide public health problem. In the United States alone, the prevalence of stroke is 8.8 million people, and stroke is responsible for 200 000 deaths annually, ≈1 of every 16 deaths.1 Every 40 s, someone in the United States has a new stroke, which results in 800 000 new strokes annually. Of those who do survive, many are disabled: stroke is the most common cause of disability worldwide, and costs associated with its effects are estimated to be >$60 billion per year in the United States alone.2 Article see p 2237 More than 80% of strokes are attributable to ischemia that is caused by either thrombus or thromboembolism. Early in the 20th century, the development of antihypertensive drugs dramatically reduced the incidence of stroke. It was not until the end of the 20th century that a treatment was developed to improve outcomes after a stroke. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator administered within 4.5 hours after stroke onset is the only proven therapy for improving outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke.3 For large-artery strokes unresponsive to thrombolytic therapy, endovascular recanalization therapy achieves a higher recanalization rate and, in so doing, reduces disability and death according to a recent meta-analysis.3 The rapid reperfusion after thrombolytic therapy also has deleterious effects. Ischemia-reperfusion causes increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the …
Frederick Law Olmsted and the World’s Columbian Exposition:

This article presents the following three arguments: that Frederick Law Olmsted and his partner Henry Sargent Codman played the decisive role in the selection of Jackson Park as the site of the Wor...
Arsenic Speciation by Capillary Gas-Liquid Chromatography

Specific environmentally significant arsenic compounds are determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Inorganic (arsenite, arsenate) and organic (monomethylarsonate, dimethylarsinate) arsenicals are measured as the corresponding methylthioglycolate derivatives, which are simultaneously separated on wide-bore borosilicate glass and fused-silica columns under conditions of temperature programming. Inorganic arsenate and arsenite cannot be differentiated by the derivatization technique. Flame-ionization and electron-capture detection are evaluated. A simple and rapid sample preparation procedure is used for water, urine, blood, and tissue.
The dynamic buckling of rods at large plastic strain

The variation of parameters for tests at high collision velocities during several years of experiment on dynamic plasticity at finite strain provided, as a by-product, a large collection of data from specimens that underwent dynamic plastic buckling. After efforts to correlate these observations with extant flexural analyses proved unsuccessful, the data are found to be unified when referred to a modification of the 19th century Euler-Engesser theory for the initiation of buckling in nonlinear struts. In the modification, the “fixed ends” propagate with the maximum stress of the plastic wave. This “fixity” is the subject of a new series of buckling experiments included in the present study.
An Integral Test for Series and Generalized Contractions

(1975). An Integral Test for Series and Generalized Contractions. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 82, No. 8, pp. 827-829.
Two thoughts omitted in treating difficult and complicated diseases with TCM

Sometimes, two important factors were omitted when treating difficult and complicated diseases with TCM. The first was five evolutive phases and six climatic changes theory and constitution structure of the patients. The second was Taiji gasification and Taiji resonance structure about whole conception of the sky and people. To treat these diseases, we must consider the whole conception of the sky and people, five evolutive phases and six climatic changes theory and integrate the strengthening body resistance of Taiji resonance structure about whole conception of the sky and people. This method may be possible to arouse self-restoration system of the body.
Cognition in personality and the treatment process: a psychoanalytic view.

(1980). Cognition in Personality and the Treatment Process. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 41-66.
Trauma history is associated with prior suicide attempt history in hospitalized patients with major depressive disorder

Although the relationships between PTSD, abuse history, and suicidal behaviors are well-established in military and outpatient samples, little data is available on this relationship in inpatient samples. This study examines the relationships between these variables and related demographic and clinical correlates in a sample of psychiatric inpatients with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder using electronic medical record (EMR) data. Controlling for relevant demographic and clinical variables, PTSD diagnosis and history of abuse were both significantly associated with history of suicide attempt, but in a combined model, only history of abuse remained as a significant predictor. Whereas history of abuse was associated with a history multiple suicide attempts, PTSD diagnosis was not. Both insurance status and gender acted as significant moderators of the relationship between history of abuse and history of suicide attempt, with males and those with public/no insurance having greater associations with history of suicide attempts when an abuse history was present. These data indicate the importance of documentation of PTSD, abuse history, and history of suicide attempts. The results also suggest that in the presence of an abuse history or PTSD diagnosis, additional time spent on safety and aftercare planning following hospital discharge may be indicated.
The Health Effects of Diesel Exhaust: Laboratory and Epidemiologic Studies

Publisher Summary Over 40 studies provide estimates of the risk of lung cancer associated with occupational exposure to diesel exhaust. The studies of occupational exposure to diesel exhaust and lung cancer have consistently observed elevated lung cancer rates among exposed workers, which cannot be readily attributed to known sources of bias or confounding. Unfortunately, however, no study provides quantitative estimates of the past exposure of study subjects to any constituent of diesel exhaust; therefore, the dose-response relation cannot be estimated with great accuracy from the available epidemiologic data. The most frequently studied occupational groups have been railroad workers and truck drivers. The studies of truck drivers show a 20–50% excess incidence and/or mortality from lung cancer, which persists when cigarette smoking is accounted for in data analysis. Some studies included only small numbers of subjects, and therefore, they offer imprecise estimates of the relative risk as indicated by the width of the 95% confidence intervals. However, the upper bounds of the 95% confidence intervals indicate that few of the results are consistent with more than a tripling of risk and the larger studies are consistent with less than a doubling.
CHAPTER 325 – Signaling Pathways from Mitochondria to the Nucleus

Mitochondrial research has entered a new era, which recognizes that mitochondria are key players in intracellular signaling. Cells monitor and respond to changes in the functional state of their mitochondria, resulting in responses as severe as apoptosis and as subtle as changes in nuclear gene expression. The general term for this mitochondriato- nucleus signaling is retrograde regulation. In animal cells, compromises in mitochondrial function often lead to increases in mitochondrial biogenesis, with attendant increases in mitochondrial DNA levels and mitochondrial gene expression. In many instances, changes also occur in the expression of nonmitochondrial components associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions. Many of these effects are signaled by intra- and extracellular glutamate levels. In both yeast and filamentous fungi, the retrograde response is intimately tied to aging and cellular senescence. Altogether, retrograde regulation adapts cells to increased energy demands, and links mitochondrial function to fundamental processes of nutrient sensing, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, stress, and aging.
Virtual reality applications in assessing the effect of anxiety on sensorimotor integration in human postural control

Falls are a leading cause of injury and mortality among adults over the age of 65 years. Given the strong relation between fear of falling and fall risk, identification of the mechanisms that underlie anxiety-related changes in postural control may pave the way to the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing fall risk in older adults. First, we review potential mechanisms underlying anxiety-mediated changes in postural control in older adults with and without neurological conditions. We then present a system that allows for the simultaneous recording of neural, physiological, and behavioral data in an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment while implementing sensory and mechanical perturbations to evaluate alterations in sensorimotor integration under conditions with high postural threat. We also discuss applications of VR in minimizing falls in older adults and potential future studies.
Analysis of Shigella flexneri Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Transcriptional Profile in Response to Bile Salts

ABSTRACT The Shigella species cause millions of cases of watery or bloody diarrhea each year, mostly in children in developing countries. While many aspects of Shigella colonic cell invasion are known, crucial gaps in knowledge regarding how the bacteria survive, transit, and regulate gene expression prior to infection remain. In this study, we define mechanisms of resistance to bile salts and build on previous research highlighting induced virulence in Shigella flexneri strain 2457T following exposure to bile salts. Typical growth patterns were observed within the physiological range of bile salts; however, growth was inhibited at higher concentrations. Interestingly, extended periods of exposure to bile salts led to biofilm formation, a conserved phenotype that we observed among members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Characterization of S. flexneri 2457T biofilms determined that both bile salts and glucose were required for formation, dispersion was dependent upon bile salts depletion, and recovered bacteria displayed induced adherence to HT-29 cells. RNA-sequencing analysis verified an important bile salt transcriptional profile in S. flexneri 2457T, including induced drug resistance and virulence gene expression. Finally, functional mutagenesis identified the importance of the AcrAB efflux pump and lipopolysaccharide O-antigen synthesis for bile salt resistance. Our data demonstrate that S. flexneri 2457T employs multiple mechanisms to survive exposure to bile salts, which may have important implications for multidrug resistance. Furthermore, our work confirms that bile salts are important physiological signals to activate S. flexneri 2457T virulence. This work provides insights into how exposure to bile likely regulates Shigella survival and virulence during host transit and subsequent colonic infection.
Beet curly top virus Strains Associated with Sugar Beet in Idaho, Oregon, and a Western U.S. Collection

Curly top of sugar beet is a serious, yield-limiting disease in semiarid production areas caused by Beet curly top virus (BCTV) and transmitted by the beet leafhopper. One of the primary means of control for BCTV in sugar beet is host resistance but effectiveness of resistance can vary among BCTV strains. Strain prevalence among BCTV populations was last investigated in Idaho and Oregon during a 2006-to-2007 collection but changes in disease severity suggested a need for reevaluation. Therefore, 406 leaf samples symptomatic for curly top were collected from sugar beet plants in commercial sugar beet fields in Idaho and Oregon from 2012 to 2015. DNA was isolated and BCTV strain composition was investigated based on polymerase chain reaction assays with strain-specific primers for the Severe (Svr) and California/Logan (CA/Logan) strains and primers that amplified a group of Worland (Wor)-like strains. The BCTV strain distribution averaged 2% Svr, 30% CA/Logan, and 87% Wor-like (16% had mixed infections), which differed from the previously published 2006-to-2007 collection (87% Svr, 7% CA/Logan, and 60% Wor-like; 59% mixed infections) based on a contingency test (P < 0.0001). Whole-genome sequencing (GenBank accessions KT276895 to KT276920 and KX867015 to KX867057) with overlapping primers found that the Wor-like strains included Wor, Colorado and a previously undescribed strain designated Kimberly1. Results confirm a shift from Svr being one of the dominant BCTV strains in commercial sugar beet fields in 2006 to 2007 to becoming undetectable at times during recent years.
152 Simple Steps to Stay Safe Online: Security Advice for Non-Tech-Savvy Users

Users often don’t follow expert advice for staying secure online, but the reasons for users’ noncompliance are only partly understood. More than 200 security experts were asked for the top three pieces of advice they would give non-tech-savvy users. The results suggest that, although individual experts give thoughtful, reasonable answers, the expert community as a whole lacks consensus.
Theorising the power of citizenship as claims-making

I advance a conceptual approach to citizenship as membership through claims-making. In this approach, citizenship is a relational process of making membership claims on polities, people and institu...
Modeling the electrical grid impact of wind ramp-up forecasting error offshore in the Mid-Atlantic region

The large wind resource and population centers along the Mid-Atlantic Coast of the United States make it an attractive region to develop offshore wind power. Understanding and accurately predicting the meteorology offshore is fundamental to efficient integration of these future wind farms into an electrical grid. Particular interest is focused on anticipating and reducing errors associated with wind ramps, which are characterized by rapid, sustained changes in wind speed over a period of hours. Using meteorological observations from a coastal buoy, we characterize 428 wind ramp-ups between 2005 and 2012 in terms of frequency, duration and magnitude, time and date of occurrence, and large-scale synoptics. From this group, we select 24 case studies that represent typical and extreme ramp-ups at this location and then model the impact that the forecasting error of these ramp-ups could have on the electrical grid. The case studies are modeled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and compared ...
Operating room efficiency

The operating room is the financial hub of any hospital, and maximizing operating room efficiency has important implications for cost savings, patient satisfaction, and medical team morale. Over the past decade, manufacturing principles and processes such as Lean and Six Sigma have been applied to various aspects of healthcare including the operating room. Although time consuming, process mapping and deep examinations of each step of the patient journey from pre-operative visit to post-operative discharge can have multiplicative benefits that extend from cost savings to maintaining the focus on improving quality and patient safety.
Capacitive deionization: Processes, materials and state of the technology

Abstract Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a novel technology that has been successfully utilized for many water treatment/purification applications. In many cases, the CDI technology has shown increased efficiency compared to the other contemporary technologies. There have been some recent developments in this field that have enhanced the overall adsorption capacity and thus performance of CDI. Different types of carbon electrodes, such as conventional and latest forms of porous-carbon and graphene based electrodes have been used in the CDI technology. This has facilitated mass transfer in the form of adsorption of salt ions onto modified electrodes and increased the effectiveness of CDI operations. This paper aims to assess the overall state of the CDI technology and review basic concepts, saturation-regeneration of CDI electrodes, and various types of materials used for electrodes. In addition, this article reviews the recent progress made in electrode surface modifications by metals or metal oxides, membrane, polymer, organics and other compounds that have resulted in increased efficiency of ion extraction from the water. The evaluation of past and present published research on use of low-cost carbon forms as CDI electrodes to reduce the overall cost and eliminate the need of regeneration of saturated electrodes is also a part of the article.
Perspective: Challenges and controversial issues in the dietary guidelines for Americans, 1980-2015

Since 1980, every edition of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) has recommended increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, but reduced consumption of saturated fat, sugars, and sodium and, therefore, their primary food sources. Every edition has generated controversy, mainly from producers of foods affected by "eat less" recommendations, particularly meat. Objections to the 2015 DGAs focused on environmental as well as scientific issues, but also on purported conflicts of interest among members of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. On this basis, critics induced Congress to authorize the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) to review the process of drawing up the guidelines. The NAM's 2017 reports should strengthen the process, but as long as science continues to support advice to reduce consumption of targeted foods, the guidelines will continue to elicit political controversy.
A Preceptorship for Beginning Psychiatric Residents

Therapeutic diversification is increasing in psychiatry. Training programs frequently meet the demand for teaching other therapies by reducing the time devoted to intensive psychotherapy. “An Experiment in Self-Exploration,” offered at Yale from 1963–66, addressed itself to learning psychodynamic constructs while easing the process of becoming a psychiatrist. Twelve residents each met privately once or twice a week with a training analyst over four to six months. A primarily didactic experience was expected. Instead, the residents reported clarification of thought about self, self in relation to profession, and formulation and reconciliation of doubts and feelings concerning the value of psychotherapy for resident and patient. Three types of learning were characteristic of the project: intellectual (use of reasoned inference and abstract thought), experiential (using the preceptor to deal with subjective experience), and apperceptive (learning from concrete experience without the preceptor). Apprenticeship learning and professional growth into residency also occurred.
Non-recovery from dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury and short-term mortality and cardiovascular risk: a cohort study.

The high mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is well-documented. Recent literature suggests that acute kidney injury is also associated with CVD. It is unknown whether patients with incident ESRD due to dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury (AKI-D) are at higher short-term risk for death and CVD events, compared with incident ESRD patients without preceding AKI-D. Few studies have examined the impact of recovery from AKI-D on subsequent CVD risk. In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated adult members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California who initiated dialysis from January 2009 to September 2015. Preceding AKI-D and subsequent outcomes of death and CVD events (acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack) were identified from electronic health records. We performed multivariable Cox regression models adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, medication use, and laboratory results. Compared to incident ESRD patients who experienced AKI-D (n = 1865), patients with ESRD not due to AKI-D (n = 3772) had significantly lower adjusted rates of death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.56, 95% CI: 0.47–0.67) and heart failure hospitalization (aHR 0.45, 0.30–0.70). Compared to AKI-D patients who did not recover and progressed to ESRD, AKI-D patients who recovered (n = 1347) had a 30% lower adjusted relative rate of death (aHR 0.70, 0.55–0.88). Patients who transition to ESRD via AKI-D are a high-risk subgroup that may benefit from aggressive monitoring and medical management, particularly for heart failure. Recovery from AKI-D is independently associated with lower short-term mortality.
Evaluation of Hemolysis as a Severe Feature of Preeclampsia.

Hemolysis predisposes to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Yet, there are limited data on hemolysis in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy other than hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome. To evaluate the prevalence and impact of hemolysis in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, we performed a retrospective cohort study at a single center (October 2013–May 2017), among women screened for hemolysis using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. We compared LDH levels by hypertensive disorder (chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and preeclampsia with severe features) and evaluated impact on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Data were analyzed by χ 2 or t test, ANOVA, test of medians, and logistic regression. Among 8645 deliveries, 1188 (13.7%) had a hypertensive disorder. Of these, 812 (68.4%) had LDH measurement before delivery: chronic hypertension (n=152); gestational hypertension (n=209); preeclampsia (n=216); and preeclampsia with severe features (n=235). LDH ≥400 U/L (≥1.6× normal) was more common in preeclampsia with severe features compared with other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (9.8% versus 2.3%; P P P P =0.006), and adverse neonatal outcomes (eg, preterm birth 59.4% versus 22.5%; P
OR07: A NOVEL MULTIPLEX APPROACH TO DEFINE PERIPHERAL BLOOD HLA-SPECIFIC B-CELL SUBSETS IN CLINICAL TRANSPLANTATION

Aim T o quantify and characterize HLA-specific B cells subsets identified by single antigen HLA-coated multiplexed beads (SAB) in kidney transplant recipients. Methods PBMC from kidney transplant recipients ( n = 8) and healthy volunteers ( n = 10) were incubated with SAB (One lambda) for HLA class I and II. HLA Bead-B-cell Rosette (BBR) frequency & specificity were analyzed by flow cytometry. HLA-specific B cells specificities and polyreactivity was defined by the percentage of total SAB forming BBR. Transplant recipients serum was tested for circulating HLA antibodies using SAB & MFI were estimated. Results Significantly higher frequency of HLA-specific B cells were identified in transplant recipients with circulating anti-HLA antibodies compared to healthy volunteers. Circulating HLA-specific B cells (donor specific and non-specific) were in higher frequency (1.15% of B cells vs 0.17% of B cells; p p Conclusions The frequency & breadth of HLA-specific B cells reactivity may be a determinant of an aggressive clinical course after transplantation. This novel approach has the advantage of the wide array of available HLA antigens in a single test which will help in defining HLA B cell receptor poly & cross-reactivity. In addition to enable phenotyping, functional and gene expression analysis of HLA specific B cells.
Blood meal-induced inhibition of vector-borne disease by transgenic microbiota.

Vector-borne diseases are a substantial portion of the global disease burden; one of the deadliest of these is malaria. Vector control strategies have been hindered by mosquito and pathogen resistances, and population alteration approaches using transgenic mosquitos still have many hurdles to overcome before they can be implemented in the field. Here we report a paratransgenic control strategy in which the microbiota of Anopheles stephensi was engineered to produce an antiplasmodial effector causing the mosquito to become refractory to Plasmodium berghei. The midgut symbiont Asaia was used to conditionally express the antiplasmodial protein scorpine only when a blood meal was present. These blood meal inducible Asaia strains significantly inhibit pathogen infection, and display improved fitness compared to strains that constitutively express the antiplasmodial effector. This strategy may allow the antiplasmodial bacterial strains to survive and be transmitted through mosquito populations, creating an easily implemented and enduring vector control strategy. Vector alteration strategies are emerging as attractive tools for malaria transmission control. Here, Shane et al. engineer a bacterial strain, isolated from mosquitoes, to produce an antiplasmodial protein in the presence of blood meal, causing the mosquitoes to become refractory to Plasmodium infection.
Social history: A qualitative analysis of child abuse pediatricians' consultation notes.

Abstract Background Child abuse pediatricians (CAPs) are often consulted for injuries when child physical abuse is suspected or when the etiology of a serious injury is unclear. CAPs carefully evaluate the reported mechanism of the child’s injury and the medical findings in the context of the child’s family and social setting to identify possible risk and protective factors for child abuse and the need for social services. It is unknown what population risk indicators along with other social cues CAPs record in the social history of the consultation notes when assessing families who are being evaluated for child physical abuse. Participants and setting Thirty-two CAPs representing 28 US child abuse programs. Methods Participants submitted 730 completed cases of inpatient medical consultation notes for three injury types: traumatic brain injury, long bone fracture, and skull fracture in hospitalized children 4 years of age and younger. We defined a priori 12 social cues using known population risk indicators (e.g., single mother) and identified de novo 13 negative (e.g., legal engagement) and ten positive social cues (e.g., competent parenting). Using content analysis, we systematically coded the social history for the social cues. Results We coded 3,543 cues resulting in a median of 7 coded cues per case. One quarter of the cues were population indicators while half of the cues were negative and one quarter positive. Conclusions CAPs choose a wide variety of information, not always related to known population risk indicators, to include in their social histories.
II-02 Neuropsychiatric lupus is dependent on lipocalin-2

Background Neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) affect approximately 40% of patients. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), an acute-phase reactant protein, is an established urinary biomarker in lupus patients. Previous studies using LCN2-deficient mice have demonstrated its role in glial migration and chemokine regulation in the brain. We therefore hypothesized that LCN2 is involved in NPSLE pathogenesis. Methods We investigated the lupus prone B6.Sle1.Sle3 (Sle1,3) mouse and the effects of LCN2 deficiency on the development of the neuropsychiatric phenotype exhibited by this strain. Sle1,3, B6.LCN2KO, B6, and Sle1,3-LCN2KO mice (6–10 month old; n=5–10/group) underwent comprehensive neurobehavioral assessment, and brains were evaluated by flow cytometry and RNA sequencing. Results Sle1,3 mice exhibited significant impairment in spatial (p Conclusions Our findings establish the Sle1,3 mouse as an NPSLE model and demonstrate that LCN2 deficiency attenuates neurobehavioral deficits and regulates microglial expression of genes essential to NPSLE development.
Understanding nonprofit social enterprises: Lessons from Austrian economics

There is a large literature on the role of nonprofit enterprises within society. This literature typically views nonprofits as either substitutes for government enterprises or complements to, and even necessary extensions of, these government efforts. While this literature has improved our understanding of the role and importance of nonprofit social enterprises, how social entrepreneurs identify opportunities, allocate resources, and adapt to changing circumstances has been relatively underexplored. Efforts to fill this gap within Austrian economics have categorized nonprofits and identified the limitations of calculation and coordination in the nonprofit sector and the characteristics of successful and unsuccessful nonprofit enterprises. This strand of literature focuses on the differences between economic calculation in for-profit enterprises and decision making in nonprofit enterprises. We argue that another meaningful aspect to determining the ability of nonprofit enterprises to coordinate plans is whether they are structured more like private enterprises and public enterprises. These insights from Austrian economics shed light on why some nonprofits are more effective than others at achieving social goals.
Ethnic-Racial Socialization in Early Childhood: The Implications of Color-Consciousness and Colorblindness for Prejudice Development

This chapter outlines how early childhood teachers can bring children into conversations surrounding race and racism by drawing on literature on how parents of color discuss these topics. Although educators’ practices surrounding race and racism remain largely unexplored, decades of developmental psychological research indicate that parents of color engage in ethnic-racial socialization practices that are beneficial for children (Hughes et al., 2006). The established dimensions of parental ethnic-racial socialization include (1) cultural socialization, or teaching children about their ethnic heritage and instilling ethnic pride; (2) preparation for bias, or teaching children about racism and preparing them to face discrimination; (3) promotion of mistrust, or warning children about the need to distance themselves from other racial groups; and (4) egalitarianism, or emphasizing the similarities between and equality of all races (Hughes et al. 2006). One consideration to take into account from a developmental perspective is that children’s level of cognitive development impacts how they interpret messages about race. This chapter draws a link between parental ethnic-racial socialization and extends this body of work to school settings, with a focus on teachers. The ideologies of colorblindness and color-consciousness are discussed throughout.
Nonlinear Refractive Index Of CS 2 At 10.6 µm

We have measured the nonlinear refractive index n2 of CS2 at 10.6 μm using two different techniques. We find that n2 is (2.2 ± 0.7) x 1010 esu which is over an order of magnitude larger than its value in the visible.
Palladium-Catalyzed Dearomative syn-1,4-Diamination

Herein we report a dearomative syn-1,4-diamination protocol using simple nonactivated arenes and amines. This one-pot method utilizes arene–arenophile para-cycloadducts, formed via visible-light-mediated [4+2]-photocycloaddition that undergoes formal allylic substitution with amine nucleophiles under Pd-catalysis. The products are obtained with exclusive syn-1,4-selectivity; the method permits enantioselective desymmetrization of naphthalene, as well as elaborations of amine-containing drug molecules. Furthermore, the resulting unsaturated products are amenable to numerous options for diversification. Overall, this novel dearomative functionalization strategy offers rapid and straightforward access to complex building blocks, which are difficult to prepare otherwise, from simple arenes.
Effects of the vibriocholerae siderophore vibriobactin on the growth characteristics of L1210 cells

The microbial iron chelator vibriobactin, N-[3-(2,3-dihydroxybenzamido)propyl]-1,3-bis[2-(2, 3-dihydroxyphenyl)-trans-5-methyl-2-oxazoline-4-carboxamido]-propane, is shown to inhibit the growth of L1210 cells in culture, with an IC50 value of 2 microM. Its biological activity is assigned to the ligand's ability to chelate iron as indicated by the disappearance of its antimitotic properties on iron chelate preformation or on O-methylation. The ligand is shown to have pronounced effects on cell cycle kinetics introducing a G1/S phase block. When treated cells are washed free of the ligand with fresh media they cascade into a high S phase in 5 hrs. Furthermore, after exposure of L1210 cells to vibriobactin (10 microM) for 5 hrs followed by removal of the drug, cells display different doubling times relative to untreated controls, with lower bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation and no apparent cell death as shown by a 51Cr release assay. The effects on cell kinetics are consistent with inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase. Finally, vibriobactin is also shown to be active with a human Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Daudi).
Two-dimensional hybrid organic-inorganic semiconductors deposited by resonant infrared, matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation

Hybrid organic-inorganic semiconductors, such as hybrid perovskites, are crystalline materials with unique properties derived from the organic or inorganic components. Resonant infrared matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (RIRMAPLE) is a gentle physical vapor deposition technique that can enable two-dimensional hybrid perovskite thin films that are difficult to realize by solution-based processing. This work describes the RIR-MAPLE deposition of a model twodimensional hybrid perovskite material system, namely phenethylammonium lead halide [(PEA)2PbX4] perovskites (n=1). Different schemes for delivery of precursor materials to the substrate, as well as different mixed halide compositions, are demonstrated using RIR-MAPLE, and the film morphology, crystal structure, and optical properties are characterized.
Adolescent menthol cigarette use and risk of nicotine dependence: Findings from the national Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health (PATH) study

Abstract Background Menthol cigarettes appeal to adolescents because they mask the harsh taste and sensation of tobacco smoke thereby making it easier to inhale the smoke. As a result, menthol cigarette users expose themselves to higher levels of nicotine relative to non-menthol cigarettes and increase their risk for developing nicotine dependence. We examined whether adolescent menthol smokers (vs. non-menthol smokers) reported higher nicotine dependence. Methods Data were from adolescent past 30-day cigarette smokers participating in Wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health survey (n = 434). Nicotine dependence was assessed using eight items from the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives corresponding to individual subscale constructs. Linear regression models evaluated the association of past 30-day menthol (vs. non-menthol) cigarette use with each dependence outcome in separate models, adjusting for age, gender, race, and other tobacco product use. Results 49.5% of past 30-day youth cigarette smokers reported smoking menthol cigarettes. In adjusted models, menthol smokers (vs. non-menthol smokers) reported significantly higher nicotine dependence for three constructs: craving (p = 0.005), affiliative attachment (p = 0.005), and tolerance (p = 0.003). No differences for menthol vs. non-menthol smokers were observed for loss of control, negative reinforcement, cognitive enhancement, automaticity, or social environment after correction for multiple comparisons. Conclusions Findings suggest that menthol cigarette smokers are not just more physically dependent on nicotine but also experience increased emotional attachments to cigarettes compared to their non-menthol smoking peers. Because adolescents are vulnerable to developing nicotine dependence, tobacco control policies that restrict youth access to menthol cigarettes are urgently needed.
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia and Those Bordering on Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Should Be Included in the Active Surveillance Clinical Trials.

OBJECTIVES Women with atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), unlike those with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), are denied eligibility for active surveillance clinical trials. METHODS We applied the inclusion criteria of the Comparison of Operative to Monitoring and Endocrine Therapy (COMET) trial to the cases of women (n = 165) at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute who had a diagnosis of ADH, ADH bordering on DCIS, or low- to intermediate-grade DCIS on core biopsy taken during screening mammography. Upgrade of lesions to high risk was based on invasive carcinoma, high-grade DCIS, or DCIS with comedo necrosis. RESULTS In total, nine (5.5%) lesions were upgraded: two (1.7%) reported ADH, one (5.9%) reported ADH bordering on DCIS, and six (19.4%) reported DCIS (P = .002); and two (1.6%) reclassified ADH vs seven (17.1%) reclassified DCIS (P < .001). In multivariate analysis, only increased number of foci had the potential to predict high risk (odds ratio: 1.39; P = .06). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that ADH and ADH bordering on DCIS have lower upgrade rates than DCIS. We recommend opening an active surveillance clinical trial for women with these diagnoses.
A comparison of the chemical composition of mycobacterium tuberculosis muris with mycobacterium tuberculosis bovis (BCG)

Abstract Comparative chemical analyses were performed on Mycobacterium tuberculosis bovis (BCG) and M. tuberculosis muris organisms grown under the same conditions. The amino acid contents were similar. The same carbohydrates were found in both organisms. However, the muris bacillus had twice as much glucose as the BCG. The BCG organism contained more lipid, and had four times more material extractable by chloroform, than the muris bacillus.
A Spore-Forming Probiotic Supplement Improves the Intestinal Immune Response and Protects the Intestinal Health During Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Colonization in Mice.

BACKGROUND Around 15%-30% of patients develop recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) as conventional therapies disrupt protective gut microbiota. We tested if supplementation with a spore-forming probiotic would protect intestinal health in a mouse model of recurrent CD colonization. METHODS Methods: Female CF-1 mice were exposed to CD spores (4-log10 colony-forming units/10 μL) and then randomly assigned to receive either saline (CD-S) or probiotic (CD-PRO). Control mice received only saline (control). Following confirmation of initial CD colonization, mice were treated with vancomycin (10 days). After 5 days, mice recolonized with CD were treated again with vancomycin (10 days) and euthanized 5 days later. Fecal samples were collected at select time points for bacterial analysis. Following euthanasia, blood samples, cecum contents, and the intestine were collected for analysis. RESULTS Probiotic supplementation mitigated the antibiotic-induced changes in cecum weight (P < .001). Probiotic-supplemented mice had increased messenger RNA expression of several immune parameters, accompanied by lower serum iron levels compared with CD-S mice (P < .05). Lower expressions of TNF α and calprotectin (P ≤ .05) were observed in CD-PRO mice compared with CD-S. The probiotics also supported the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, which were diminished in the proximal colon of CD-S mice (P < .05). CONCLUSION Mice supplemented with targeted spore-forming probiotics exhibited improved immune responses and nutrition immunity properties, which were linked with less inflammation and enhanced intestinal barrier proteins during recurrent CD colonization.
Recovery and Generalization in Over-Realized Dictionary Learning

In over two decades of research, the field of dictionary learning has gathered a large collection of successful applications, and theoretical guarantees for model recovery are known only whenever optimization is carried out in the same model class as that of the underlying dictionary. This work characterizes the surprising phenomenon that dictionary recovery can be facilitated by searching over the space of larger over-realized models. This observation is general and independent of the specific dictionary learning algorithm used. We thoroughly demonstrate this observation in practice and provide a theoretical analysis of this phenomenon by tying recovery measures to generalization bounds. We further show that an efficient and provably correct distillation mechanism can be employed to recover the correct atoms from the over-realized model. As a result, our meta-algorithm provides dictionary estimates with consistently better recovery of the ground-truth model.
Protective Role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Probiotic in Reversing Cocaine-Induced Oxidative Stress, Glial Activation and Locomotion in Mice.

Cocaine abuse is known to cause inflammation, oxidative injury and alterations in the gut microbiota. Although emerging studies have demonstrated the role of gut microbiota in modulating neurological complications and behavior, the mechanism(s) underlying these processes remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic on cocaine-induced oxidative stress, glial activation, and locomotion in mice. In this study, groups of male C56BL6 mice were administered gut-resident commensal bacteria L. rhamnosus probiotic (oral gavage) concurrently with cocaine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline for 28 days and assessed for oxidative stress and cellular activation in both the gut and brain as well as alterations in locomotion behavior. Cocaine-induced gut dysregulation was associated with increased formation of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) adducts, increased expression of pERK-1/2, pNF-kB-p65 and antioxidant mediators (SOD1, GPx1). In cocaine administered mice, there was increased activation of both microglia and astrocytes in the striatum and cortex of the brain as shown by enhanced expression of CD11b and GFAP, respectively. Cocaine administration also resulted in increased locomotor activity in the open field test in these mice. Administration of L. rhamnosus attenuated cocaine-induced gut oxidative stress and inflammation as well as glial activation and locomotion. These results suggest the potential of microbial-based interventions to attenuate cocaine-mediated behavioral responses and neuroinflammation, in addition to systemic inflammation and oxidative damage.
DISTRIBUTION, MOVEMENTS, AND HABITAT USE OF RAZORBACK SUCKER (XYRAUCHEN TEXANUS) IN A LOWER COLORADO RIVER RESERVOIR, ARIZONA-NEVADA

Distribution, movements, and habitat use of 10 wild adult razorback suckers ( Xyrauchen texanus ) were examined in Lake Mohave, Arizona-Nevada, from November 1994 through July 1997. Movement rates (0.00-17.35 km d -1 ) and ranges ( x = 39 km) were similar to those for riverine populations. All study fish returned to spawning sites used in previous years, but they also visited other spawning areas. Spawning females were significantly ( P = 0.031) more active than males (480 vs. 87 m d -1 ) and moved substantial distances between spawning sites during peak reproduction (1-28 February). Fish became most active (m d -1 , km month -1 ) after spawning and moved to areas known to support higher algal production. Fish were typically within 50 m ( P 30.0 m). Adults were detected throughout the available thermal gradient (12°-30°C), but during summer typically had body temperatures between 18° and 22°C. Vertical movements within the water column showed no correlation with depth or time of day, but seasonal shifts suggest fish may regulate body temperature by seeking specific temperatures during reservoir stratification.
Neuronale Netz-Detektion von Brustkrebs basierend auf einer Multi-Skalen Analyse

Die Aufgabe des neuronalen Radialbasisnetzes besteht darin, eine binare Maske zu erzeugen, die eine Segmentierung von Massen (Verschattungen mit radiaren Ausziehungen) direkt in der Mammographie-Aufnahme ermoglicht. Das neuronale Netz lernt Merkmalsvektoren, die Wavelet-Koeffizienten bei verschiedenen Auflosungen eines jeden einzelnen Pixel darstellen und entscheidet uber die Wahrscheinlichkeit, ob ein Bildpunkt zu einem Bereich einer Masse gehort. Eine anschliesende Fusion einer globalen Kontrastverstarkung des gesamten Bildes sowie einer lokalen Kontrastverstarkung der segmentierten Region unterstutzen den Radiologen bei seiner Diagnose.
Nitrogen Diagenesis in Marine Sediments: Evidence for Suboxic and Anoxic Conversion of Organic-N to N2 Gas

In Fig. 1 are depicted the nitrogen species of known or presumed biochemical importance in each formal valence state, and the known or presumed reaction pathways for the major biochemical nitrogen transformations. Certain intermediate species such as hydroxylamine and nitrous oxide are common to more than one biochemical pathway and a possibility exists for “leakage” of these species between reaction pathways under appropriate environmental conditions. In such cases, analyses of stable subtrates or end products may not provide complete information about the nitrogen biochemistry of the system studied, especially if the analyses do not include all possible substrates and the end products.
Economic Impacts of Global Terrorism: From Munich to Bali

This paper examines the impact of terrorism on economic growth and capital formation using data for 152 countries from 1970 to 2003.During the past thirty-five years, the world has witnessed nearly twenty thousand terrorist incidents. The increasingly global scope of terrorism has raised important questions about its economic impacts in countries around the world. We find that terrorist incidents have a negative and significant impact on economic growth and capital formation. We also find that the terrorist target matters. Specifically, terrorist incidents targeting private properties are negatively associated with both growth and capital formation.
Coupled conduction-turbulent convection in a circular tube

An analysis for hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed heat transfer in a circular tube coupled with heat conduction in the tube wall is presented. The energy equations for the fluid and solid body are solved simultaneously under the conditions of continuity in the heat flux and temperature at the interface. Circumferential as well as radial temperature gradients are permitted in both energy equations along with internal heat generation in the tube wall. Solution of the equations are found by the method of separation-of-variables along with superposition of particular solutions. As an application, cooling of the first wall in a fusion reactor is considered. Comparisons of temperature profiles in the tube wall are made for high (aluminum) and low (stainless steel) thermal conductivity materials. Comparisons are also made under the assumption that radial temperature gradients are negligible.
Is Regional Science the Embodiment of the Engaged University

In this Presidential Address, the author explores the role of the “Engaged University.” He argues that the relevance of work in regional science is an exemplar for activities that enable a university to engage with real-world issues that have an impact on society.
Some Carbohydrates Found in Pollen and Pollen Substitutes are Toxic To Honey Bees

Carbohydrates in some pollen substitutes (galactose, lactose, raffinose, stachyose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and pectin) were toxic to caged adult Apis mellifera L. These toxins can be diluted to safe levels by sucrose. Collected nectar apparently dilutes the toxic sugars in pollen thus permitting assimilation of essential nutrients from pollen.
Opiatergic projection from the bed nucleus to the habenula: demonstration by a novel radioimmunohistochemical method

In a modification of the indirect immunohistochemical method125I-labeled secondary antibodies were used to autoradiographically visualize enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. Electrolytic lesions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) resulted in a decrease in enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral habenula. This suggests an opiatergic pathway originating in the BNST and projecting to the habenula. In addition, the value of the radioimmunohistochemical technique is discussed.