cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Nuclear Electric Quadrupole Moment on the Energy Levels of a Diatomic Molecule in a Magnetic Field. Part I. Heteronuclear Molecules

The energy levels of a diatomic molecule---in which one nucleus has electric quadrupole moment and the second zero spin---are derived in "weak" and "strong" magnetic fields, and for intermediate fields in the special case of nuclear spin 1. The calculations are made for large molecular rotational quantum number. The transitions which would be induced in a molecular beam resonance experiment are discussed: Formulae are given for the energy differences involved in these transitions, and the shape of the molecular beam resonance spectrum, corresponding to the various transitions, is considered in detail. It is shown that the presence of nuclear electric quadrupole moment introduces subsidiary minima into the spectrum; from the energy differences between these minima, one can derive the value of the constant ${e}^{2}\mathrm{qQ}$ ($e$ is the electronic charge, $Q$ is the nuclear electric quadrupole moment, and $q$ is a constant, depending on the charge distribution of the rest of the molecule, which must be independently evaluated in each case). The possibility of experimental application of these results is discussed. From heretofore unpublished data, we obtain a value for ${e}^{2}\mathrm{qQ}$ of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ in LiF of 1.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}21}$ erg. This may be compared with 0.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}21}$ erg for D in HD and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$.
Domestic and international politics – Forever intertwined: Learning from Hoffmann and France

Stanley Hoffmann sees the world as multi-dimensional and complex, be it in writing about France or international relations. This article explores five ways Hoffmann's writing influenced me, and many others: cutting across strict boundaries of disciplines and categories within them; the importance of political philosophy and ideas; the role of the state; the elements of ethics, law and morality in international relations; and, not least, an appreciation of France. The article pays tribute to Stanley Hoffmann as a scholar, a teacher and an enduring role model.
THE RESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF A POTENT ANALGESIC (GPA 2087) IN MAN

SUMMARY The respiratory depressant effects of a potent analgesic (GPA 2087) were compared with morphine in a randomized double-blind cross-over study in human volunteers. Using a rebreathing technique, carbon dioxide response curves were plotted automatically with a special-purpose analog computer. The respiratory depressant relative potency of GPA 2087 to morphine was found to be 1.21 with lower and upper 95 per cent confidence limits of 0.88 and 2.04. Our best estimate based on the displacement of the respiratory response curve is that GPA 2087 8 mg is the equivalent of morphine 10 mg in our population of volunteers.
Sonochemical Dissolution of Cinnabar (α-HgS)

To investigate the sonochemical dissolution of cinnabar, sulfur oxidation products (Sox) and dissolved Hg(II) released into the aqueous solution were determined. Detected Sox in the presence of ultrasound suggests that dissolution of cinnabar occurred. Terephthalic acid (TA) used to scavenge •OH in bulk solution formed from sonication showed that oxidative dissolution occurred in both the bulk solution and the interfacial areas of cavitation bubbles. Dissolved S(−II) was not detected, and SO42- was the main Sox indicating that the formation of S(−II) from cinnabar by physical and thermal effects of sonication was the rate-limiting step. Hg(II) released was much lower than S species measured. Hg(II) adsorption isotherms indicated that dissolved Hg(II) adsorbed back onto the remaining cinnabar particles lowering Hg(II) release. Ultrasound significantly reduced cinnabar particle size and increased surface area, leading to higher Hg(II) adsorption. In addition, the cinnabar surface isoelectric point (IEP) inc...
Total Dose Tfsting of Several Types of MOS Microprocessors

Three types of microprocessors, the 8008, the 8080A, and the 1802, were tested in an ionizing radiation environment. Failure levels ranged from a very low 700 rads(Si) to anproximately 7000 rads(Si). With proper choice of vendor and lot screening it may be possible to meet some system requirements with off-the-shelf parts.
Growth rates of sample covariances of stationary symmetric α-stable processes associated with null recurrent Markov chains

A null recurrent Markov chain is associated with a stationary mixing SαS process. The resulting process exhibits such strong dependence that its sample covariance grows at a surprising rate which is slower than one would expect based on the fatness of the marginal distribution tails. An additional feature of the process is that the sample autocorrelations converge to non-random limits.
Nonstationary LPV control for trajectory tracking: a double pendulum example

This article focusses on the implementation of recently developed nonstationary linear-parameter varying (NSLPV) control algorithms for the regulation of nonlinear systems about pre-specified trajectories. The trajectories of interest eventually settle into periodic orbits, and hence are duly called eventually periodic trajectories. Parameterising the nonlinear system equations about such trajectories results in eventually periodic NSLPV models, and then NSLPV controllers are designed for these models to ensure accurate trajectory tracking despite various disturbances and uncertainties. These control algorithms will be applied to control a double pendulum where a vessel containing fluid is rigidly attached to the end of the second link of the pendulum. The mass of the fluid varies in time and, together with its rate of variation, is available for measurement during plant operation.
PANCREATIC MICROSOMES: AN INTEGRATED MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDY

The pancreatic exocrine cell of the guinea pig has a voluminous endoplasmic reticulum distinguished by extensive association with small, dense particles, and by its orderly disposition in the basal region of the cell. In addition to the small, ( approximately 15 mmicro), dense particles attached to the limiting membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, numerous particles of similar appearance are found freely scattered in the cytoplasmic matrix. The various cell structures of pancreatic exocrine cells can be satisfactorily identified in pancreatic homogenates. The microsome fraction consists primarily of spherical vesicles (80 to 300 mmicro), limited by a thin membrane (7 mmicro) which bears small ( approximately 15 mmicro) dense particles attached on its outer surface. The content of the microsomal vesicles is usually of high density. Pancreatic microsomes derive by extensive fragmentation mainly from the rough surfaced parts of the endoplasmic reticula of exocrine cells. A few damaged mitochondria and certain dense granules ( approximately 150 mmicro) originating probably from islet cells, contaminate the microsome fraction. Pancreatic microsomes contain RNA, protein, and a relatively small amount of phospholipide and hemochromogen. They do not have DPNH-cytochrome c reductase activity. In six experiments the RNA/protein N ratios were found grouped around two different means, namely 0.6 and 1.3. Pancreatic microsomes are more labile than liver microsomes but react in a similar way to RN-ase-(loss of the particulate component and RNA), and deoxycholate treatment (loss of the membranous component and of phospholipide, hemochromogen, and most of the protein). Postmicrosomal fractions consisting primarly of small ( approximately 15 mmicro), dense particles of ribonucleoprotein (RNA/protein N ratio = 1 to 2) were obtained by further centrifugation of the microsomal supernatant. The small nucleoprotein particles of these fractions are frequently found associated in chains or clusters.
Nutraceuticals: potential roles and potential risks for pain management.

: Over the past 2 decades, the world health market has been flooded with over the counter herbal products, also known as nutraceuticals. Although many of these products are neither recommended nor prescribed by conventional medical practitioners, an increasing number of people are taking these products on a daily basis. A recent survey at Texas Tech University School of Medicine in Lubbock, Texas concluded that 32% of patients scheduled for elective surgery or pain procedures were taking one or more herbal supplements; however, 70% did not disclose these during a routine anesthetic assessment.1 Pain physicians are also increasingly needed in the care of these patients. As many of these agents carry a potential to cause bleeding problems, we have reviewed here briefly, the basic mechanisms of coagulation and correlated the role of commonly used herbs known to possess side effects, which can cause excessive bleeding. In addition, we have reviewed a number of potential useful herbal derived agents for pain management.
Addressing Issues of Peer Rejection in Child-Centered Classrooms

In many early childhood classrooms, teachers are providing more opportunities for children to interact with peers as they learn. For most children, these interactions are successful. However, for a few children, their attempts to interact with peers are ignored or rebuffed. If interactions are an essential component of the instructional program, then being denied access to them is tantamount to being denied access to learning events. Therefore, the children experience the psychological impact of rejection as well as the impact of being denied access to learning opportunities. This article explores this issue by: (a) describing the sociometric dimension (i.e., interpersonal relationships) within groups, (b) providing illustrations of how the sociometric dynamics in one classroom affected three children, and (c) presenting suggestions for maximizing the learning experiences for all children.
Buoyancy-surface tension instability by the method of energy

The energy theory, giving a sufficient condition for stability, is developed for the motions in a horizontal, heated layer subject to buoyancy and surface tension effects. The free surface is assumed to be non-deformable (Pearson's 1958 model).It is shown that the equations governing the energy theory are the symmetric part of the time-independent linear theory problem, and that the surface tension terms behave like a bounded perturbation to the Benard problem. The qualitative behaviour of the optimal stability boundary as a function of its parameters is given. The optimal stability boundary is computed, and compared with previous linear and non-linear stability theories in terms of allowable subcritical instabilities.
Respiratory Events in Infants Presenting with Apparent Life Threatening Events: Is there an Explanation from Esophageal Motility?

Objective To test the hypothesis that proximal aerodigestive clearance mechanisms mediated by pharyngoesophageal motility during spontaneous respiratory events (SREs) are distinct in infants with apparent life threatening events (ALTEs). Study design Twenty infants (10 with proven ALTE, 10 healthy controls) had pharyngoesophageal manometry to investigate motility changes concurrent with respiratory events detected by respiratory inductance plethysmography and nasal thermistor methods. We measured changes in resting upper esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter pressures, esophageal peristalsis characteristics, and gastroesophageal reflux. Statistical analysis included mixed models; data presented as mean ± SD, median (range), or percentage. Results Infants with ALTE (vs controls) had: (1) delays in restoring aerodigestive normalcy as indicated by more frequent ( P = .03) and prolonged SREs ( P P = .01); (3) swallowing as the most frequent esophageal event associated with SREs (84%), with primary peristalsis as the most prominent aerodigestive clearance mechanism (64% vs 38%, P P = .02); and (5) more frequent mixed apneic mechanisms ( P P = .04). Conclusions In infants with ALTE, prolonged SREs are associated with ineffective esophageal motility characterized by frequent primary peristalsis and significant propagation failure, thus suggestive of dysfunctional regulation of swallow-respiratory junction interactions. Hence, treatment should not target gastroesophageal reflux, but rather the proximal aerodigestive tract.
NMR Imaging Using Second Order Quadrupole Broadened Resonances.

Abstract Theoretical and experimental results for NMR imaging measurements of powdered materials using the + 1 2 to − 1 2 transition of 1 2 -integerspin nuclei in the presence of a very large second-order electric quadrupolar broadening are presented. An “effective spin- 1 2 ” formalism is developed to account for additional effects due to the presence of quadrupolar interactions comparable in size to the Zeeman interaction. A large (7.9 mT/cm-A, with a maximum current of ≈20 A), rapid (≈30 μs) pulsed linear gradient field is used with echoes and phase encoding techniques to obtain images in the limit γ H 1 is much narrower than the NMR linewidth. A one-dimensional projection of the second-order quadrupolar perturbed, 4-MHz-wide, + 1 2 ↔ − 1 2 transition for 63 Cu in Cu 2 O powder is presented as an example. An experimental one-dimensional projection of a sample containing Cu 2 O and YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.7 is also presented.
EFFECT OF ABSORBED MOISTURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL THERMOPLASTICS AND MODEL EPOXIES

In order to better understand the effects of moisture on the properties of polymers studies are conducted on commercial grade polycarbonate and polyestercarbonate as well as model epoxy resins based on Diglycidel ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA). Owing to a greater number of hydrogen bonding sites the resins exhibit a greater moisture affinity, 1-4%, as compared to the thermoplastics, .35%. Moisture induced plasticization is seen to result in as much as a 50 degree drop in the glass transition for the resins while the thermoplastics are essentially unaltered. Correspondingly, there is seen to be a marked increase in the fracture toughness of thermosetting resins where again the thermoplastics are not affected.
Physics of non-adiabatic transport and field-domain effect in quantum-well infrared photodetectors

Abstract A previous theory for studying the distribution of non-uniform fields in multiple-quantum-well photodetectors under an ac voltage is generalized by including non-adiabatic space-charge-field effects. Numerical calculations indicate that field-domain effects are only important at high temperatures or high voltages when both injection and sequential-tunneling currents are significant. On the other hand, it is found that the non-adiabatic effects included in this generalized theory become significant at low temperatures and low voltages when field-domain effects are negligible. In order to explain the non-adiabatic charge-density fluctuations quantum-statistically, a non-adiabatic differential equation is derived based on the self-consistent Hartree model by using a shifted Fermi–Dirac model for the local fluctuation of electron distributions. The non-adiabatic effect is found to cause an “equilibrium” state variation with time under an ac voltage.
Population structure and conservation genetics of the Oregon spotted frog, Rana pretiosa

The Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) is one of the most threatened amphibians in the Pacific Northwest. Here we analyzed data from 13 microsatellite loci and 298 bp of mitochondrial DNA in frogs collected from 23 of the remaining R. pretiosa populations in order to (1) assess levels of genetic diversity within populations of R. pretiosa, (2) identify the major genetic groups in the species, (3) estimate levels of genetic differentiation and gene flow among populations within each major group, and (4) compare the pattern of differentiation among R. pretiosa populations with that among populations of R. cascadae, a non-endangered congener that also occurs in Oregon and Washington. There is a strong, hierarchical genetic structure in R. pretiosa. That structure includes six major genetic groups, one of which is represented by a single remaining population. R. pretiosa populations have low genetic diversity (average H e = 0.31) compared to R. cascadae (average H e = 0.54) and to other ranid frogs. Genetic subdivision among populations is much higher in R. pretiosa than in R. cascadae, particularly over the largest geographic distances (hundreds of kilometers). A joint analysis of migration rates among populations and of effective sizes within populations (using MIGRATE) suggests that both species have extremely low migration rates, and that R. pretiosa have slightly smaller effective sizes. However, the slight difference in effective sizes between species appears insufficient to explain the large difference in genetic diversity and in large-scale genetic structure. We therefore hypothesize that low connectivity among the more widely-spaced R. pretiosa populations (owing to their patchier habitat), is the main cause of their lower genetic diversity and higher among-population differentiation. Conservation recommendations for R. pretiosa include maintaining habitat connectivity to facilitate gene flow among populations that are still potentially connected, and either expanding habitat or founding additional ‘backup’ populations to maintain diversity in the isolated populations. We recommend that special consideration be given to conservation of the Camas Prairie population in Northern Oregon. It is the most geographically isolated population, has the lowest genetic diversity (H e = 0.14) and appears to be the only remaining representative of a major genetic group that is now almost extinct. Finally, because the six major groups within R. pretiosa are strongly differentiated, occupy different habitat types, and are geographically separate, they should be recognized as evolutionarily significant units for purposes of conservation planning.
The Azotobacter vinelandii NifEN Complex Contains Two Identical [4Fe-4S] Clusters†

The nifE and nifN gene products from Azotobacter vinelandii form an alpha2beta2 tetramer (NifEN complex) that is required for the biosynthesis of the nitrogenase FeMo cofactor. In the current model for NifEN complex organization and function, the complex is structurally analogous to the nitrogenase MoFe protein and provides an assembly site for a portion of FeMo cofactor biosynthesis. In this work, gene fusion and immobilized metal-affinity chromatography strategies were used to elevate the in vivo production of the NifEN complex and to facilitate its rapid and efficient purification. The NifEN complex produced and purified in this way exhibits an FeMo cofactor biosynthetic activity similar to that previously described for the NifEN complex purified by traditional chromatography methods. UV-visible, EPR, variable-temperature magnetic circular dichroism, and resonance Raman spectroscopies were used to show that the NifEN complex contains two identical [4Fe-4S]2+ clusters. These clusters have a predominantly S = 1/2 ground state in the reduced form, exhibit a reduction potential of -350 mV, and are likely to be coordinated entirely by cysteinyl residues on the basis of spectroscopic properties and sequence comparisons. A model is proposed where each NifEN complex [4Fe-4S] cluster is bridged between a NifE-NifN subunit interface at a position analogous to that occupied by the P clusters in the nitrogenase MoFe protein. In contrast to the MoFe protein P clusters, the NifEN complex [4Fe-4S] clusters are proposed to be asymmetrically coordinated to the NifEN complex where NifE cysteines-37, -62, and -124 and NifN cysteine-44 are the coordinating ligands. On the basis of a homology model of the three-dimensional structure of the NifEN complex, the [4Fe-4S] cluster sites are likely to be remote from the proposed FeMo cofactor assembly site and are unlikely to become incorporated into the FeMo cofactor during its assembly.
Brainstem tolerance to conformal radiotherapy of skull base tumors.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term incidence of brainstem toxicity in patients treated for skull base tumors with high dose conformal radiotherapy. Methods and Materials: Between 1974 and 1995, 367 patients with chordomas (n = 195) and chondrosarcomas (n = 172) of the base of skull have been treated with combined megavoltage photon and 160 MeV proton radiotherapy. Following 3D treatment planning with delineation of target volumes and critical nontarget structures dose distributions and dose-volume histograms were calculated. Radiotherapy was given an 1.8 Gy or CGE (=Cobalt Gray Equivalent) dose per fraction, with prescribed target doses ranging from 63 CGE to 79.2 CGE (mean = 67.8 CGE). Doses to the brainstem surface were limited to ≤64 CGE and to the brainstem center to <53 CGE. Results: Follow-up time ranged from 6 months to 21.4 years (mean = 42.5 months). Brainstem toxicity was observed in 17 of 367 patients attributable to treatment, resulting in death of three patients. Actuarial rates of 5 and 10-year high-grade toxicity-free survival were 94 and 88%, respectively. Increased risk of brainstem toxicity was significantly associated with maximum dose to brainstem, volume of brainstem receiving <50 CGE, ≥55 CGE, and ≥60 CGE, number of surgical procedures, and prevalence of diabetes or high blood pressure. Multivariate analysis identified three independent factors as important prognosticators: number of surgical procedures (p < 0.001), volume of the brainstem receiving 60 CGE (p < 0.001), and prevalence of diabetes (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Tolerance of brainstem to fractionated radiotherapy appears to be a steep function of tissue volume included in high dose regions rather than the maximum dose of brainstem alone. In addition, presence of predisposing factors as well as extent of surgical manipulation can significantly lower brainstem tolerance in the individual patient.
Distinguishing ankle and knee articular cartilage

Degenerative changes in the tall and femoral distal cartilages of more than 2,000 tissue donors were graded based on the appearance of articular cartilage and osteophytes. In the ankle and the knee the degenerative changes increased with age; however, the rate of degeneration in the ankle was slower than in the knee. The degenerative changes in the ankle were more severe in men than in women, were predominantly bilateral, and seemed to be correlated with weight. The slower rate of change in the ankle may be caused, in part, by the biochemical and biomechanical tissue properties that distinguish ankle cartilage from that of the knee.
Docking of Insulin to its Receptor

The human insulin receptor (IR) is a homodimeric membrane-spanning ligand-activated tyrosine kinase. Although a detailed theory describing how binding of the hormone insulin triggers kinase activity of IR remains elusive, the recently published crystal structure of the IR ectodomain offers the unique opportunity to use physical modeling to begin to construct this theory. We present here the results of ∼100 ns of explicit-solvent all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of IR in both the apo and putative T and R-state insulin docked states. Our simulations confirm the large interdomain flexibility of IR and the stability of its dimeric interfaces. More importantly, however, our simulations demonstrate the evolution of large-scale asymmetry in IR relative to the crystal structure, a result that reflects the structural requirements of a “see-saw” mechanism that guarantees negative homeotropic allostery in insulin binding. This asymmetry also manifests itself in the opening of one of the two equivalent insulin binding pockets and closing of its partner. This result is significant because it allows for the first time computational docking of an intact molecule of insulin into its binding pocket on an intact IR ectodomain. We use a Monte-Carlo docking algorithm followed by MD equilibration to predict bound states of insulin on IR. These simulations allow us to identify unambiguously the residues on IR that form the “site-2” binding epitope which recognizes residues on insulin responsible for its hexamerization.
Rheological properties of cement mixes: III. The effects of mixing procedures on viscometric properties of mixes containing superplasticizers

Abstract The effects of mixing procedures upon rheological properties of cement mixes with and without superplasticizing admixtures have been investigated. The results are discussed in terms of the dispersion of structures. The effects upon yielding stress, plastic viscosity and hysteresis were studied by a co-axial viscometer. In the absence of admixture, yielding stress and plastic viscosity decreased substantially with increasing intensity of mixing, which caused a breakdown of particulate aggregates. However, with admixture present, the rheological properties of already well-dispersed mixes did not change much with increasingly intense mixing.
Metamaterials based on plasmonic nanoshells and loss-compensation using fluorescent dye molecules and quantum dots

Composite materials based on plasmonic nanoparticles allow building metamaterials with very large effective permittivity (positive or negative) or e-near-zero; moreover, if clustered or combined with other nanoparticles, it is possible to generate also effective magnetic permeability (positive or negative), and an ad-hoc design would result in the generation of double negative materials, and therefore backward wave propagation. However, losses are usually significant and affect the metamaterial performance. In this work, we report on the possibility of adopting fluorescent dye molecules or quantum dots, optically pumped, embedded into the dielectric cores of the employed nanoshell particles, and provide loss-compensation in ordered 3D periodic arrays at optical frequencies. Each spherical nanoshell is modeled as an electric dipole. We consider nanoparticles with gold and silver shells. We then find the modes with complex wavenumber in the metamaterial, and describe the composite material in terms of homogenized effective material parameters (refractive index and permittivity). Furthermore, in case of loss-compensation, we compare the results obtained from modal analysis with the ones computed by using two different homogenization methods: (i) Maxwell Garnett homogenization theory and (ii) Nicholson-Ross-Weir retrieval method. We show the design of two e-near-zero metamaterials with low losses by simulating gain material made of dyes or quantum dots with realistic parameters. A brief discussion about the employment of the two kinds of active gain materials adopted here is given in the end.
Management of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in small cell lung cancer

From 1976 to 1980, 18 of the 250 patients (7%) seen with small cell carcinoma of the lung had clinically evident inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Hyponatremia was usually severe (116 +/- 7 meq/l), and eight patients showed symptoms of water intoxication at the time of diagnosis. Of the eight patients who had plasma ADH measured at diagnosis, seven had elevated values (mean 52.0, range 16.1 - greater than 250 pg/ml). Intensive combination chemotherapy produced objective tumor responses in all patients, and syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) resolved in 16 of 17 evaluable patients within three weeks of initiation of treatment. ADH values after therapy were normal, and all patients maintained a normal serum sodium during the period of tumor remission in spite of unrestricted fluid intake. All 17 evaluable patients have developed progressive cancer, but only 10 have manifested recurrent SIADH. Patient survival was similar to the overall population of small cell carcinoma patients without SIADH. The indirect methods of treatment for SIADH (fluid restriction, demeclocycline, lithium, urea) are frequently of transient value while awaiting a response to chemotherapy or in patients with resistant tumors. However, the initial treatment of choice for SIADH associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung is combination chemotherapy.
The effect of freezing on the length and weight measurements of ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus)

The ruffe is a percid native to Europe and Asia that has invaded several new areas in the last several decades. For population studies ruffe are often frozen en masse after collection in the field and thawed at a later time for measurements of length and weight. I determined the effect of freezing and thawing on ruffe total length (TL) and weight (W) by making these measurements on freshly caught ruffe and ruffe that had been frozen and thawed. Frozen and thawed fish generally shrank by between 1.25% and 1.63% (95% CI) of their fresh TL and approximately 5–10% of their fresh W. Shrinkage in W increased as the length of time being frozen increased. The loge(W )– loge(TL) relationship differed between fresh and thawed ruffe. Relative underestimation of actual fresh W using thawed TL and a loge(W )– loge(TL) relationship constructed from thawed fish was 7.50%. All observed shrinkage amounts were substantially different than within-technician measurement variability. These results suggest that fresh specimens should be used if it is important to understand the true fresh measurements of ruffe. In the absence of being able to do this, (provided) corrections for errors due to thawing should be used.
Numerical simulation of fogging in a square duct — A data center perspective

Inlet Fogging has been utilized in gas turbine power augmentation, whereby water in the form of billions of droplets, created by using specially designed fogging nozzles is sprayed into the ambient air lowering its temperature (adiabatic cooling) with the corresponding increase in the turbine power output. This work via numerical simulation, attempts to study the application of fogging in a square duct in the context of data center air-side economizer cooling, using a commercial CFD code. The theoretical natural convection droplet evaporation model is considered to evaluate the numerical results. The range of the final dry bulb temperature and relative humidity known as target condition is decided initially to analyze the performance. It has been observed that once the initial and final states represented by dry bulb temperature and relative humidity (on a psychrometric chart) are fixed, the controlled variables i.e. nozzle operating pressure, duct inlet velocity, nozzle orientation play a significant role in shaping the performance of the fogging process. The study also reveals the impact of nozzle design on fogging. It is concluded that for a given range of uncontrolled variables i.e. ambient dry bulb temperature and ambient relative humidity, there exists a range of controlled variables which leads to optimized operation of the duct as whole improving uniformity and evaporation efficiency. It is suggested that the target condition mentioned in the above work, after carrying out preliminary climatic analysis for a suitable location, can be considered equivalent to the recommended range of dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity by ASHRAE for a specific data center class.
A Covariance Structure Model for the Admixture of Binary Genetic Variation

I derive a covariance structure model for pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) between binary markers in a recently admixed population and use a generalized least-squares method to fit the model to two different data sets. Both linked and unlinked marker pairs are incorporated in the model. Under the model, a pairwise LD matrix is decomposed into two component matrices, one containing LD attributable to admixture, and another containing, in an aggregate form, LD specific to the populations forming the mixture. I use population genetics theory to show that the latter matrix has block-diagonal structure. For the data sets considered here, I show that the number of source populations can be determined by statistical inference on the canonical correlations of the sample LD matrix.
The modal logic of {beta(mathbb{N})}

Let $${\beta(\mathbb{N})}$$ denote the Stone–Cech compactification of the set $${\mathbb{N}}$$ of natural numbers (with the discrete topology), and let $${\mathbb{N}^\ast}$$ denote the remainder $${\beta(\mathbb{N})-\mathbb{N}}$$ . We show that, interpreting modal diamond as the closure in a topological space, the modal logic of $${\mathbb{N}^\ast}$$ is S4 and that the modal logic of $${\beta(\mathbb{N})}$$ is S4.1.2.
Property models: from incidental algorithms to reusable components

A user interface, such as a dialog, assists a user in synthesising a set of values, typically parameters for a command object. Code for "command parameter synthesis" is usually application-specific and non-reusable, consisting of validation logic in event handlers and code that controls how values of user interface elements change in response to a user's actions, etc. These software artifacts are incidental - they are not explicitly designed and their implementation emerges from a composition of locally defined behaviors.This article presents property models to capture explicitly the algorithms, validation, and interaction rules, arising from command parameter synthesis. A user interface's behavior can be derived from a declarative property model specification, with the assistance of a component akin to a constraint solver. This allows multiple interfaces, both human and programmatic, to reuse a single model along with associated validation logic and widget activation logic.The proposed technology is deployed in large commercial software application suites. Where we have applied property models, we have measured significant reductions in source-code size with equivalent or increased functionality; additional levels of reuse are apparent, both within single applications, and across product lines; and applications are able to provide more uniform access to functionality. There is potential for wide adoption: by our measurements command parameter synthesis comprises roughly one third of the code and notably more of the defects in desktop applications.
EFFECT OF DIPPING TREATMENTS ON COLOR STABILIZATION AND TEXTURE OF APPLE CUBES FOR INFRARED DRY-BLANCHING PROCESS

This research investigated the effectiveness of dipping treatments on reducing enzymatic browning of apple cubes for infrared dry-blanching (IDB) process. Apple cubes were dipped in solutions with various combinations of ascorbic acid (AA), citric acid (CA) and calcium chloride (CC) at different concentrations (0.1–1.5%) for up to 10 min. Some dipped samples were further blanched with the IDB method. Color and texture of the dipped samples with and without blanching were determined after the samples were exposed in ambient air for up to 100 min. Results showed that the combination of any two chemicals among the three chemicals tested could effectively reduce browning rate. Dipping treatments of CC or CC + AA resulted in firmer samples after IDB than the controls and those treated with AA + CA. Dipping in 0.5% AA + 0.5% CC for 5 min is recommended as pretreatment of apple cubes for IDB.
Initial Performance of the AGS Slow External Beam

The internal beam of the Brookhaven AGS has been extracted by exciting the third-integral nonlinear resonance at a horizontal tune of ?H = 8-2/3. The extraction efficiency is approximately 80% and the spill duration ~ 300 to 400 ms. The beam has been extracted over the energy range 20 to 29 GeV. Preliminary measurements of horizontal and vertical emittance give EH ? 0.036 ? in.-mrad and EV ? 0.09 ? in.-mrad. Intensity modulation of the spill is presently about 40%.
Conditions for stability of rotating elastic rods

An exact, nonlinear stability analysis for a large class of steadily rotating, flexible spatial rods is presented. The treatment is based on the methods of Movchan and Lyapunov. The rods are modelled using a Cosserat theory with the assumptions that cross–sections undergo rigid rotations and remain perpendicular to the centreline of the rod. In this context, an integral of motion is presented which accounts for the non–conservative forces associated with the sustained steady rotation. The nonlinear stability of this motion is concluded from the integral9s positive definiteness in an appropriate function space. It is shown that in many cases, (nonlinear) stability may be concluded from a linear stability analysis. Further, a tensorial formulation of the problem is developed which yields the most general results with a minimal amount of algebraic manipulation. Rigid bodies that are attached to the rod are accommodated using singular inertia, force and moment prescriptions. The rotation tensors associated with the rod9s cross–sections are advantageously and efficiently represented using exponential maps of skew–symmetric tensors.
STM and X-Ray Diffraction Temperature-Dependent Growth Study of SrRuO3 PLD Thin Films

SrRuO{sub 3} (SRO) has recently found a number of applications in different fields, e.g. as a buffer layer for the growth of high temperature superconductor (HTS) YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-x} films and as a bottom electrode for ferroelectric or high dielectric constant thin film capacitors and nonvolatile data storage. The growth of high crystallinity SRO films with good structural and electrical properties is the prerequisite for each of these applications. In this paper we describe the affect of one growth parameters temperature (T), on the crystalline quality, epitaxial substrate relationship and resulting electrical properties. SRO films were deposited on LaAlO{sub 3} single crystal substrates by pulsed laser deposition at substrate temperatures (T{sub s}) ranging from room temperature (RT) up to 800{degrees}C with a nominal film thickness of 150 nm range. The resulting films were characterized by x-ray diffraction, 4-point transport, and STM. The films` microstructures, as revealed by STM, evolved from polygranular at RT to a layered plate-like structure at higher deposition temperatures, T{sub s}, Increasing T{sub s} was marked first by increasing grain size, then a stronger orientational relationship between film and substrate, finally followed by the development of increased connectivity between grains to an extended island or condensed layered state. The transition from polygranular to layered structure occurred at T{sub s} > 650{degrees}C. Increased conductivity paralleled the changes in microstructure. The surfaces of all of the films were relatively smooth; the oriented films are suitable for use as conductive templates in multilayer structures.
IT Employee Job Satisfaction in the Public Sector

Abstract Survey questionnaires were sent to state government IT employees in the United States to analyze how job characteristics, work environment, pay satisfaction, and advancement opportunities influence IT employee job satisfaction. The study results showed that job clarity, effective communications with management, a participatory management approach, organizational support of career development, opportunities for advancement, and family-friendly policies are all significant variables affecting the job satisfaction of IT employees. The effect of pay satisfaction on IT employee job satisfaction was not significant. This study also found gender differences in factors affecting IT employee job satisfaction. Job clarity was found to have a positive effect on male IT employees'; job satisfaction, but was not significant for female IT employees. Among female IT employees, available family-friendly policies were found to have a positive effect on job satisfaction but it showed no significant effect on job s...
Color Time Petri Net for Interactive Adaptive Multimedia Objects

A composite multimedia object (cmo) is comprised of different media components such as text, video, audio and image, with a variety of constraints that must be adhered to. The constraints are 1) rendering relationships that comprise the temporal and spatial constraints between different components, 2) behavioral requirements that include the security and fidelity constraints on each component and, 3) user interactions on a set of related media components. Different users have different capabilities (e.g. age), characteristics (e.g. monitor size) and credentials (e.g. subscription to service). Our objective is to author an interactive adaptive cmo that renders itself correctly to different users. Therefore, it is important to guarantee the consistency of the cmo specifications in all possible scenarios. In this paper, we include the user interaction with temporal and spatio-temporal behavior in the specification of the adaptive cmo. We then check the consistency of user interaction specifications by transforming the specifications into a color time Petri net model. We perform a reachability analysis on the Petri net to identify inconsistencies. We then resolve the identified inconsistencies to have a consistent Petri net. A consistent Petri net presents an error-free interactive cmo that can adapt to different users, by guaranteeing that link user interactions are reachable for all eligible users.
Caenorhabditis elegans mRNAs that encode a protein similar to ADARs derive from an operon containing six genes

The Caenorhabditis elegans T20H4.4 open reading frame (GenBank accession no. U00037) predicted by Genefinder encodes a 367 amino acid protein that is 32-35% identical to the C-terminal domain of adenosine deaminases that act on RNA. We show that T20H4.4 cDNAs (GenBank accession no. AF051275) encode a larger 495 amino acid protein that is extended at its N-terminus to include a single double-stranded RNA-binding motif, and that T20H4.4 occupies the second position in a six-gene operon (5'-T20H4.5, T20H4.4, R151.8A, R151.8B, R151.7, R151.6-3'). Ten different spliced-leader (SL) sequences were found attached to T20H4.4 mRNAs, including SL1, SL2 and eight SL2-like leaders that include two new variants. Characterization of cDNAs derived from all six genes confirmed the essential features of C.elegans operons: intercistronic distances in the range of 104-257 nt between the upstream polyadenylation sites and the downstream trans -splice sites; SL2, or SL2-like leaders, attached to the downstream mRNAs. Polycistronic mRNA fragments revealed a 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) >705 nt. The 5'-UTR is removed in mature mRNAs from the first gene (T20H4.5) and replaced primarily by SL1, and to a lesser extent by SL2. Our study provides new information regarding operons and how they are processed.
A novel G-quadruplex-forming GGA repeat region in the c-myb promoter is a critical regulator of promoter activity

The c-myb promoter contains multiple GGA repeats beginning 17 bp downstream of the transcription initiation site. GGA repeats have been previously shown to form unusual DNA structures in solution. Results from chemical footprinting, circular dichroism and RNA and DNA polymerase arrest assays on oligonucleotides representing the GGA repeat region of the c-myb promoter demonstrate that the element is able to form tetrad:heptad:heptad:tetrad (T:H:H:T) G-quadruplex structures by stacking two tetrad:heptad G-quadruplexes formed by two of the three (GGA)(4) repeats. Deletion of one or two (GGA)(4) motifs destabilizes this secondary structure and increases c-myb promoter activity, indicating that the G-quadruplexes formed in the c-myb GGA repeat region may act as a negative regulator of the c-myb promoter. Complete deletion of the c-myb GGA repeat region abolishes c-myb promoter activity, indicating dual roles of the c-myb GGA repeat element as both a transcriptional repressor and an activator. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ) represses c-myb promoter activity and binds to the c-myb T:H:H:T G-quadruplexes. Our findings show that the T:H:H:T G-quadruplex-forming region in the c-myb promoter is a critical cis-acting element and may repress c-myb promoter activity through MAZ interaction with G-quadruplexes in the c-myb promoter.
Poro-elasto-plastic modeling of complex hydraulic fracture propagation: simultaneous multi-fracturing and producing well interference

With the increasing wide use of hydraulic fractures in the petroleum industry, it is essential to accurately predict the behavior of fractures based on the understanding of fundamental mechanisms governing the process. For effective reservoir exploration and development, hydraulic fracture pattern, geometry and associated dimensions are critical in determining well stimulation efficiency. In shale formations, non-planar, complex hydraulic fractures are often observed, due to the activation of preexisting natural fractures and the interaction between multiple, simultaneously propagating hydraulic fractures. The propagation of turning non-planar fractures due to the interference of nearby producing wells has also been reported. Current numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing generally assumes planar crack geometry and weak coupling behavior, which severely limits the applicability of these methods in predicting fracture propagation under complex subsurface conditions. In addition, the prevailing approach for hydraulic fracture modeling also relies on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) by assuming the rock behaves purely elastically until complete failure. LEFM can predict hard rock hydraulic fracturing processes reasonably, but often fails to give accurate predictions of fracture geometry and propagation pressure in ductile and quasi-brittle rocks, such as poorly consolidated/unconsolidated sands and ductile shales, even in the form of simple planar geometry. In this study, we present a fully coupled poro-elasto-plastic model for hydraulic fracture propagation based on the theories of extend finite element, cohesive zone method and Mohr–Coulomb plasticity, which is able to capture complex hydraulic fracture geometry and plastic deformations in reservoir rocks explicitly. To illustrate the capabilities of the model, example simulations are presented including ones involving simultaneously propagating multiple hydraulic fractures and producing well interference. The results indicate that both stress shadow effects and producing well interference can alter hydraulic fracture propagation behavior substantially, and shear failure in ductile reservoir rocks can indeed make a significant difference in fracturing pressure and final fracture geometry.
Site based data curation: Developing a data portal for geobiologists at yellowstone National Park

The Site-Based Data Curation (SBDC) project at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has developed a framework of policies and processes for the curation of research data generated at scientifically significant sites. In this poster, we report on the implementation of packaging methods for submission of geobiology data to repositories, templates for organizing data for better management, aggregation, and discovery, and the implementation of a prototype repository interface. The poster will be paired with a demonstration of the discovery interface for the repository.
Translucent Replication for Service Level Assurance

Web services are emerging as the technology of choice for providing functionality in distributed computing environments. They facilitate the integration of different systems to seamless IT supporting infrastructure for business processes. Designing a service-oriented architecture (SOA) for this task provides a set of technical services and composition techniques that offer business services from them. There are two basic aspects of a successful service offering: to provide the needed functionality and to provide the needed Quality of Service (QoS). Mission-critical applications in health care require high and stable QoS levels. The complexity of different web service platforms and integration aspects make the high assurance of such run-time related nonfunctional properties (NFPs) a nontrivial task. Experimental approaches such as architectural translucency can provide better understanding of optimized reconfigurations and assure high and stable QoS levels in mission-critical clinical environments.