cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Love is all around

In his review of The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead by Frank Tipler, Chris Clarke points out that Tipler ignores the actual experience of God that underlies theology and the need to acknowledge our feelings of love for the world we live in. This attitude of Tipler's arises from a fundamental weakness in our world picture which derives from Descartes. Descartes based his certainty of his own existence on his ability to think, and neglected his ability to have feelings and sensations. As a result we have come to regard logic, mathematics and verbal formulations as the only way of appreciating reality, whereas feelings are considered irrelevant to our understanding of the Universe.
‘The union hall was the center of the worker's life’: Spaces of class formation in the United Auto Workers, 1937–1970

Abstract Recent scholarship in labor geography has established the spatial agency of workers and labor organizations in a variety of settings; however, it has largely focused on expressions of this agency in public, exterior spaces. This article examines union halls and other interior spaces created by the United Auto Workers (UAW) in and around Detroit in the mid twentieth century. Drawing on union archives and historical GIS techniques, it reconstructs the locations and functions of these interior spaces in the period of mass industrial labor organizing. In so doing, it illuminates the spatial dimensions of processes of working class formation, emphasizing the role that union halls and other interior spaces created by UAW organizers played, in intent and in effect, in advancing class formation at the levels of collective dispositions and collective action. The analysis foregrounds labor's spatial agency at multiple scales, revealing the way that interior spaces such as union halls anchored multiscalar projects of class formation linking the bodily scale to the neighborhood and urban scales. These findings suggest further study of the role of interior spaces in social movements and contentious politics more broadly.
How Do Emerging Markets Respond to Macroeconomic Shocks? - Dynamic Panel Evidence on the Effects of Disasters

Business cycles in emerging markets are characterized by several features that seem difficult to reconcile with consumption smoothing, such as volatile consumption and strongly countercyclical current accounts. Although there are several alternative approaches trying to explain business cycles in emerging markets by modeling different shocks and transmission mechanisms, there is little direct evidence about exogenous shocks and their transmission in emerging markets. Using a newly constructed dataset on disaster events, I test how emerging markets respond to actual exogenous shocks in a dynamic panel distributed lag model. This approach allows me to identify the dynamic effects of shocks on macroeconomic variables while controlling for unobserved global shocks, unobserved time invariant characteristics of different countries and the possible serial correlations in macroeconomic aggregates. My results show that political shocks and terrorist attacks can drive business cycles in emerging markets, having a significant and long-lasting negative effect on output and the domestic components of aggregate absorption. I also test whether savings, investments and the current account respond to these shocks as suggested by forward-looking models.
Predicting real-world outcomes: Critical thinking ability is a better predictor of life decisions than intelligence

Abstract We all probably know someone who is very intelligent, but does blatantly stupid things. Despite evidence that intelligence predicts a variety of life outcomes, the relationship between intelligence and good thinking is less clear. This research explored whether critical thinking ability or intelligence was the better predictor of real life events. Community adults and college students (n = 244) completed a critical thinking assessment, an intelligence test, and an inventory of life events. Individuals with higher critical thinking scores and higher IQs reported fewer negative life events. Critical thinking more strongly predicted life events than intelligence and significantly added to the variance explained by IQ. There is ample evidence that critical thinking can be taught, so there is hope that teaching critical thinking skills might prevent the occurrence of negative life events. We advocate for critical thinking instruction as a way to create a better future for everyone.
‘Teaching Naked’ in Late Capitalism: Instructors’ Personal Narratives and Classroom Self-disclosure as Pedagogical Tools

I argue the use of instructors’ personal narratives and life experiences via self-disclosure in the classroom is a uniquely effective pedagogical strategy for teaching students about social class inequality, as well as intersecting oppressions, as they operate under late capitalism. Instructional strategies that include recounting the instructor’s significant life experiences may, for example, focus on perspective shifts (such as from colorblindness to racial literacy), the onset of sociological consciousness (or learning to use the “sociological imagination” to understand one’s own life trajectory), or especially telling encounters between the body and oppressive structures. Altogether, such strategies may serve as powerful antidotes to student subscription to toxic meritocratic ideologies, student tendencies to understand the behavior of the poor as inherently criminal or amoral, and the widespread mystification of the causes of contemporary inequality. However, recounting personal experience in the sociological classroom must always be contextualized with data on larger institutional patterns, else one risks what Chimimanda Ngozi Adichie calls “the danger of a single story” that threatens to flatten complex lives into stereotype. Additionally, pedagogical methods involving classroom self-disclosure may entail unique professional risks or other detriments for instructors who are members of groups historically underrepresented in the academy. For example, students may perceive instructor “bias,” they may infer a partisan political agenda on the part of their instructor, or they may feel their otherwise unpopular views on contentious subjects silenced in the classroom. Despite such risks, most potentially problematic outcomes may be mitigated with the use of a handful of specific and conscientious corrective pedagogical strategies. Overall, I believe, each instructor must decide for themselves how much self-disclosure is effective or comfortable, given unique institutional circumstances, emotional histories, and strengths and vulnerabilities we all bring with us when we enter the classroom. I present data on student assessment of the costs and benefits of pedagogical strategies of self-disclosure so that interested sociology instructors may make a more informed decision about the appropriate, most beneficial role of their personal experiences in the classroom.
Being Ethical in a Context with Limited Ethics Oversight: A Study on Flooding Risk Management by Local Governments in India

This case describes and reflects on ethical questions that we faced as we obtained permission to conduct research on local government policy implementation processes in India, which has no legal guidelines or REBs for ethical oversight of social science research. We focus on questions of voluntary consent and exposure to unintended risks, where, in this case, staff in local governments might feel coerced to participate based on the institutional permission to conduct research granted by their superiors.
An Analysis of Black–White Racial Differences in Public Support for Nonviolent Sentencing Reform:

I examine public support for sentencing reform for nonviolent offenders situated within a justice reinvestment context. I analyze data from a survey administered to a nationally representative samp...
Actin and Diseases of the Nervous System

Abnormal regulation of the actin cytoskeleton results in several pathological conditions affecting primarily the nervous system. Those of genetic origin arise during development, but others manifest later in life. Actin regulation is also affected profoundly by environmental factors that can have sustained consequences for the nervous system. Those consequences follow from the fact that the actin cytoskeleton is essential for a multitude of cell biological functions ranging from neuronal migration in cortical development and dendritic spine formation to NMDA receptor activity in learning and alcoholism. Improper regulation of actin, causing aggregation, can contribute to the neurodegeneration of amyloidopathies, such as Down’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. Much progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of these diseases.
Multiobjective Programming Solutions to N-Person Bargaining Games

The successful implementation of public policy often requires the cooperation of many individuals including those who can affect and those who are to be affected by the proposed policy. In this paper, the structure of such cooperation is modeled by combining multiobjective programming and solution techniques for n-person cooperative games.
On estimating the minima of BMI-mortality curves.

OBJECTIVE : To identify the 'optimal' BMI, that is, the BMI associated with minimal mortality, researchers frequently fit a quadratic function to data and identify the nadir of the BMI-mortality curve. However. Waaler (1984) 8 has argued that this approach systematically overestimates the optimal BMI because the true curve might not be quadratic. The purpose of this study was to test this proposition. DESIGN : We simulated 25 decidedly nonquadratic curves in which the true minimum corresponded to a BMI of 24. RESULTS : When fitting a quadratic model to this data and solving for the nadir of the curve, the estimated optimal BMI was 21.14 (SD = 0.586). CONCLUSIONS : It is concluded that there is no way of knowing a priori whether the BMI associated with minimum mortality will systematically overestimate, underestimate, or estimate in an unbiased manner the true optimal BMI when the true model underlying the data is not known.
Lagrangian data in a high-resolution numerical simulation of the North Atlantic: II. On the pseudo-Eulerian averaging of Lagrangian data

Abstract In this paper, the statistical properties of the mean flow reconstruction using Lagrangian data are studied, considering the classical “binning” approach based on space-time averaging of finite difference velocity estimates. The work is performed numerically, using as the test flow a solution from a high resolution MICOM simulation of the North Atlantic. A set of trajectories are computed, simulating the motion of surface drifters initially launched on a regular 1°×1° array, transmitting positions every Δt=12 h, and analyzed over approximately 2 years of the simulation. The drifter distribution in time is influenced by the Ekman flow, resulting in maximum data concentration in the subtropical convergence regions and minimum concentration in the upwelling regions. Pseudo-Eulerian averages UpE, computed from Langrangian data, are compared to “true” Eulerian averages UE, computed from grid point velocities inside 1°×1° bins for approximately 2 years. For the full Lagrangian data set (which is substantially larger than the WOCE requirement), UpE−UE is on the order of 10–20 cm/s in regions of major ocean currents. These differences are usually not significant with respect to the sampling error, due to subgrid-scale variability and finite sampling, except in a few regions. Patterns of the magnitude of the differences between UpE and UE in these regions show that UpE tends to underestimate (overestimate) the velocity in the eastern equatorial upwelling regime/South Equatorial current (western boundary currents). This study suggests that these under/overestimates by pseudo-Eulerian averaging of Lagrangian data are related to a bias due to mesoscale divergences, and result in nonzero correlations between instantaneous drifter concentration and velocity, UB=〈u′c′〉/C Davis, 1998 , Gent and McWilliams, 1990 . In this framework, the overestimates (underestimates) are interpreted as due to preferential (reduced) sampling of high velocity regions by Lagrangian particles, due to convergent (divergent) phenomena. A similar phenomenon has been observed for real drifters and biological organisms. The overestimates are found to increase with sub-sampling in space and decrease with sub-sampling in time. For Δt=3 days, we actually find underestimates, probably because instantaneous high velocities are smoothed and energetic drifters are not appropriately accounted for in the bins. Direct implications of the results for the analysis of real data, and directions for future work (in particular investigation of the bias) are discussed.
Accuracy of Administrative Coding to Identify Reduced and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction.

ABSTRACT Background Coding of systolic function in heart failure is important, but the accuracy is uncertain. Methods and Results We used data from a chart review of VA heart failure hospitalizations from 2006 to 2013. Trained abstractors determined the documented diagnosis of heart failure and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). We compared this LVEF with the primary and secondary International Classification of Disease, 9th edition, codes for heart failure for the same hospitalization. Among 43,044 hospitalizations for heart failure, the primary discharge diagnosis was coded as systolic heart failure in 18%, diastolic heart failure in 17%, and other heart failure codes in 65%. For an LVEF 50% to define diastolic heart failure led to a sensitivity of 29% for a diastolic heart failure code, with a positive predictive value of 78%. In multivariate analysis, a systolic heart failure code had an odds ratio for 1-year mortality of 1.1 (95% confidence interval 1.03–1.17) compared to not having a systolic heart failure code. Conclusions Coding for systolic and diastolic heart failure is associated with LVEF, but the accuracy is too poor to substitute for the documented LVEF in performance measurement.
INTRODUCTION TO FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE INTEGRATED MECHANISM OF INTESTINAL ABSORPTION

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an introduction to factors involved in the integrated mechanism of intestinal absorption. The absorptive surface of the intestine represents a complex system, which allows the passage of substances either through the cells transcellularly or in between the cells intercellularly. The luminal surface of the intestine is covered with a typical leaky epithelium; it significantly enables the passage of ions via the intercellular route. Under physiological conditions, the intercellular flux of nonionic solutes is moderate and these substances pass preferentially through the transcellular route with the mediation of specific carriers, either by facilitated diffusion or by active transport. In the process of transcellular transport, two membranes are involved, which include the brush border and the basal–lateral membrane. Sugar transport across the brush border is strongly inhibited by phlorizin, while the transport across the basal–lateral membrane is inhibited by phloretin. Vesicles prepared from brush border actively accumulate glucose while those from the basal–lateral membrane do not. Sustained hyperglycemia appears to include the synthesis of new glucose carriers apparently in the basal–lateral membrane. The transport function of the intestine has to fulfill two basic needs: (1) nutrition and (2) homeostasis.
Current Aspects of Clonal Hematopoiesis: Implications for Clinical Diagnosis

The broad dissemination of next-generation sequencing capability has increased recognition of clonal hematopoiesis in various clinical settings. In hematologically normal individuals, somatic mutations may occur at an increasing frequency with age in genes that are also commonly mutated in overt myeloid malignancies such as AML and MDS (e.g., DNMT3A, TET2, and ASXL1). This is referred to as clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) and is a benign state; however, it carries a risk of progression to hematologic malignancy as well as mortality primarily because of increased cardiovascular events. In clinical settings, clonal hematopoiesis may be observed in cytopenic patients who do not otherwise meet the criteria for hematologic malignancy, a condition referred to as clonal cytopenias of undetermined significance (CCUS). Distinguishing CCUS from overt MDS or other myeloid neoplasms can be challenging because of the overlapping mutational landscape observed in these conditions. Genetic features that could be diagnostically helpful in making this distinction include the number and biological function of mutated genes as well as the observed variant allele frequency. A working knowledge of clonal hematopoiesis is essential for the diagnosis and clinical management of patients with hematologic conditions. This review describes the key characteristics of clonal hematopoiesis with particular focus on implications for differential diagnosis in patients with CHIP, idiopathic cytopenia, CCUS, and myeloid malignancy.
A Real-Time Server Based Approach for Safe and Timely Intersection Crossings

Safe and efficient traffic control remains a challenging task with the continued increase in the number of vehicles, especially in urban areas. This paper focuses on traffic control at intersections, since urban roads with closely spaced intersections are often prone to queue spillbacks, which disrupt traffic flows across the entire network and increase congestion. While various intelligent traffic control solutions exist for autonomous systems, they are not applicable to or ineffective against human-operated vehicles or mixed traffic. On the other hand, existing approaches to manage intersections with human-operated vehicles cannot adequately adjust to dynamic traffic conditions. This paper presents a technology-agnostic adaptive real-time server based approach to dynamically determine signal timings at an intersection based on changing traffic conditions and queue lengths (i.e., wait times) to minimize, if not eliminate, spillbacks without unnecessarily increasing delays associated with intersection crossings. This work is also the first to provide worst-case bounds on wait time making our approach more dependable and predictable. The proposed approach was validated in simulations and on a realistic hardware testbed with robots mimicking human driving behaviors. Compared to the pre-timed traffic control and an adaptive scheduling based traffic control, our algorithm is able to avoid spillbacks under highly dynamic traffic conditions and improve the average crossing delay in most cases by 10-50%.
Enhancing timeliness of drug overdose mortality surveillance: A machine learning approach.

Background Timely data is key to effective public health responses to epidemics. Drug overdose deaths are identified in surveillance systems through ICD-10 codes present on death certificates. ICD-10 coding takes time, but free-text information is available on death certificates prior to ICD-10 coding. The objective of this study was to develop a machine learning method to classify free-text death certificates as drug overdoses to provide faster drug overdose mortality surveillance. Methods Using 2017–2018 Kentucky death certificate data, free-text fields were tokenized and features were created from these tokens using natural language processing (NLP). Word, bigram, and trigram features were created as well as features indicating the part-of-speech of each word. These features were then used to train machine learning classifiers on 2017 data. The resulting models were tested on 2018 Kentucky data and compared to a simple rule-based classification approach. Documented code for this method is available for reuse and extensions: https://github.com/pjward5656/dcnlp. Results The top scoring machine learning model achieved 0.96 positive predictive value (PPV) and 0.98 sensitivity for an F-score of 0.97 in identification of fatal drug overdoses on test data. This machine learning model achieved significantly higher performance for sensitivity (p<0.001) than the rule-based approach. Additional feature engineering may improve the model’s prediction. This model can be deployed on death certificates as soon as the free-text is available, eliminating the time needed to code the death certificates. Conclusion Machine learning using natural language processing is a relatively new approach in the context of surveillance of health conditions. This method presents an accessible application of machine learning that improves the timeliness of drug overdose mortality surveillance. As such, it can be employed to inform public health responses to the drug overdose epidemic in near-real time as opposed to several weeks following events.
Patterns of Psychotropic Medication Use among Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury.

The relationship between psychotropic medication use and traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not well understood. The objective of this study was to describe patterns of psychotropic medication use dur...
Thermal response of a composite floor system to the standard fire exposure.

Abstract This paper discusses the development of a finite element (FE) model of a full-scale composite floor system and application of this model to predict the heating of steel members when exposed to a standard fire during fire resistance experiments. The model is verified by comparing the predicted heating profile of steel members at several locations during the tests with measured data. Such a verified model can be used to characterize the uncertainties in the prediction of the thermal history of structural elements exposed to a damaging fire. The output of this model can be used in a subsequent structural analysis model to determine the nonlinear behavior of structural members due to both thermal and mechanical loads. Additionally, the thermal effect of possible concrete spalling events and the resultant fireproofing dislodgement from steel members were numerically investigated and compared with measured data to determine the efficacy of the heat transfer model.
Glucocerebrosidase as a therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease.

Introduction: The association between Gaucher disease, caused by the inherited deficiency of glucocerebrosidase, and Parkinson’s disease was first recognized in the clinic, noting that patients wit...
“Solvitur Ambulando” (It Is Solved by Walking): Learning Business Leadership on the Camino De Santiago:

Undergraduate students enrolled in a large research university walked 500 miles on the Camino de Santiago (Camino) as a culminating experience of a course designed to foster high-impact learning, s...
Teaching "Greek for Ministry" in a Multicultural Classroom

Teaching and learning a biblical language such as Greek can pose a set of pedagogical challenges in a multicultural classroom where the instructor and students have different cultural assumptions about language learning. Reflecting on her encounter with a student’s question regarding why ancient Greek grammar operates the way it does, the author explores how this critical incident helped her recognize the cultural diversity in the classroom and develop a new pedagogical toolkit. In particular, the author employed multi-sensory activities using music and visuals to foster the students’ motivation and bridge the gaps between different cultural assumptions. This experience eventually led the author to another pedagogical insight: Teaching and learning Greek at a seminary are critical to building much-needed intercultural competency for informed ministry in the 21st century. This is one of three essays published together in a special topic section of this journal on critical incidents in the classroom.
Gradient categories in lexically-conditioned phonology: An example from sound symbolism

There are many approaches to modeling lexically-conditioned phonology in current formal theories, including lexically-indexed constraints and cophonologies. Nearly all of these existing approaches assume categorical membership in the lexical classes that condition differential phonotactics or phonological behaviours: for example, a lexical item is either a noun or a verb, or of one gender class or another. This paper proposes an implementation of Maximum Entropy Harmonic Grammar with lexically-indexed constraints and gradient symbolic activations over classes that allows us to model differences in phonological patterns over both discrete and gradient class membership. This theoretical implementation is a natural extension of the scales and gradient activations that have been shown to be necessary in recent phonological theory: sound symbolic evidence highlights the necessity for such increased explanatory power in our phonological models. Crucially, we find gradient lexically-conditioned patterns not only in sound symbolismâ€”where they are often most obviousâ€”but also in what is considered â€œcoreâ€ language (e.g., morphosyntactic classes), and allowing gradient class structures in our phonological models may ultimately make for cleaner interfaces with other parts of grammar such as morphosyntax.
The aerodynamic performance of passive wing pitch in hovering flight

Insect wings can passively maintain a high angle of attack during each flapping stroke without the aid of the active pitching motion due to the torsional flexibility of the wing basal region. However, there is no clear understanding of how torsional wing flexibility should be designed for achieving optimal aerodynamic performance. In this work, a computational study was conducted to investigate the passive pitching mechanism of a fruit fly wing in hovering flight using a torsional spring model. The torsional wing stiffness was characterized by the Cauchy number, a ratio between the aerodynamic force and the structural elastic force. Different flapping patterns including zero-deviation, figure-8, and oval-shaped flapping trajectories were evaluated along a horizontal stroke plane. The aerodynamic forces and associated unsteady flow structures were simulated using an in-house immersed-boundary-method based computational fluid dynamics solver. A parametric study on the Cauchy number was performed with a Reynolds number of 300. According to the analysis of the aerodynamic performance, we found that a balance of high lift and high lift-to-power ratio can be achieved in a particular range of Cauchy numbers (0.15–0.30) for all different flapping trajectories. This range is consistent with the Cauchy number calculated based on the experimental measurements of a fruit fly in the literature. In addition, 3D wake structures generated by the passive flapping wings were analyzed in detail. The findings of this work could provide important implications for designing more efficient flapping-wing micro-air vehicles.
Abstract A48: Perinatal DDT exposure shortens latency of mouse mammary tumorigenesis

The contribution of exposure to the persistent, lipophilic pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to breast cancer risk is controversial. A recent report by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that no consistent association exists between DDT exposure and breast cancer, yet stressed that there was a lack of existing evidence to allow for the determination of the effects of early-life exposure to DDT. It has been hypothesized that exposure to DDT during critical periods of breast development may increase breast cancer risk. We hypothesized that perinatal DDT exposure would result in shortened latency of spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis and accelerated growth of mammary tumors and increase the incidence of lung metastasis. To test the effect on mammary tumor early progression and growth as well as lung metastasis, C57BL/6J female mice, pregnant as a result of mating with B6.FVB-Tg(MMTV-PyVT)634Mul/LellJ male mice, were administered DDT from gestational day 11.5 to postnatal day 5 to produce circulating levels of DDT in dams within the prenatal range associated with breast cancer in adult daughters. This perinatal DDT exposure significantly accelerated the development of palpable mammary tumors (hazard ratio = 3.7 (95% confidence interval 2.0-6.8; p Citation Format: Tomoko Ishikawa, Jason Tong, Alexander Borowsky, Robert Cardiff, Michele La Merrill. Perinatal DDT exposure shortens latency of mouse mammary tumorigenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Environmental Carcinogenesis: Potential Pathway to Cancer Prevention; 2019 Jun 22-24; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2020;13(7 Suppl): Abstract nr A48.
Absence of Fibonacci anyons in Rydberg chains

Recent experiments have focused attention on the properties of chains of atoms in which the atoms are either in their ground states or in highly excited Rydberg states which block similar excitations in their immediate neighbors. As the low-energy Hilbert space of such chains is isomorphic to that of a chain of Fibonacci anyons, they have been proposed as a platform for topological quantum computation and for simulating anyon dynamics. We show that generic local operators in the Rydberg chain correspond to nonlocal anyonic operators that do not preserve a topological symmetry of the physical anyons. Consequently, we argue that Rydberg chains do not yield Fibonacci anyons and quantum computation with Rydberg atoms is not topologically protected.
PatientFlowNet: A Deep Learning Approach to Patient Flow Prediction in Emergency Departments

Emergency Department (ED) crowding is a major public health challenge since it can seriously impact patient outcomes; and accurate prediction of patient flow in EDs is essential for improving operational efficiency and quality of care. We present a deep learning framework to predict patient flow rates in EDs, namely the rates of arrival, treatment, and discharge for patients across all triage levels. Our model detects short-term and long-term temporal dependencies within the time-series data of a given patient-flow variable, as well as dependencies between time-series data of different patient-flow variables. We implement this framework as a convolutional neural network, which we call PatientFlowNet. Our proposed model learns simultaneously from multiple flow variables over a long temporal window and predicts future values of arrival, treatment, and discharge rates in the ED. We benchmark our model against state-of-the-art methods on data from EDs in three different hospitals. Results show that PatientFlowNet achieves superior prediction accuracy, compared to the baseline methods, and yields a mean absolute error that is 4.8% lower than the leading baseline. Furthermore, we provide a visual and interpretable representation of the learned dependencies by our model, between patient-flow variables in EDs.
A 15-Year Report on the Uneven Distribution of Women in Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Training Programs in the United States.

This study was undertaken to update reports from 2004 to 2005 through 2008 to 2009, and 2009 to 2010 through 2013 to 2014, including 5 additional years of GME Track data. Our hypothesis is there have been no significant changes during the past 5 years in the distribution of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited orthopaedics residency programs that train female residents, compared with the previous 10 years. Methods Data for ACGME-accredited orthopaedics residency training programs in the United States were analyzed for 5 consecutive academic years (2014-2015 through 2018-2019). Programs were classified as having no women, 1 woman, 2 women, or greater than 2 women in training. Programs were analyzed for percentage of female residents and classified as having above the national average (>20%), similar to the national average (between 10 and 20%), or below the national average ( Results Analysis of the original 5 years (2004-2009) compared with the most recent data (2014-2019) demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the number of programs training women (p 20% female trainees during at least one of these 5 years. Conclusions Female medical students continue to pursue orthopaedics at rates lagging behind all other surgical specialties. Not all residency programs train women at equal rates. If the rate of training of female residents over the past 15 years were projected over time, we would not achieve 30% women within orthopaedics residency training programs until approximately 2060. Level of evidence III.
Coastal Tree-Ring Records for Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironmental Applications in North America

Abstract For more than a century, tree-ring research has identified relationships between climatic and ecological conditions and tree growth to describe past environments and constrain future ecosystem vulnerabilities. Tree-ring records are frequently used as environmental proxies that extend knowledge of past climate and ecology on millennial scales. Many of the most pressing global change questions facing North America concern the rate of climate change and vulnerability of ecosystems and society along the coast. The opportunities and applications in dendrochronology continue to grow with advancing methodologies, faster computational ability, and the cost-reduction of many chemical and anatomical analyses. Here, we propose that many pressing global change questions that affect coastal communities can be addressed using dendrochronological techniques. We review coastal tree-ring studies that demonstrate the utility and potential for future tree-ring studies in the northeastern, southeastern, northwestern, and southwestern North American coasts. Additionally, we show that tree-ring chronologies along the coast give insight into local and regional climate phenomena that are distinct from nearby, inland tree-ring chronologies of the same species. Lastly, we identify opportunities for coastal dendrochronology and encourage the collection of more tree-ring records that are directly impacted by coastal phenomena.
Comedy Collides with the Courtroom

The adversarial system of litigation in many common law countries follows the model of a ritualized battle between opponents. Interspersed throughout the litigation process are inflection points where interpersonal conflict becomes particularly prominent. These conflicts are an integral part of the system’s design—with attorneys each acting independently to fulfill their professional obligation to advocate zealously for disputing clients. How does humor operate in this system? Tracing an overview of key conflict points in the litigation process, this Article analyzes the effect of different humor types identified by communication scholars as having the effect of diffusing or exacerbating those conflicts. This Article describes real-life examples to illustrate how participants in the legal process (lawyers, clients, judges, and jurors) use aggressive humor, ad hominin humor, sarcasm, and affiliative humor. While some humor styles may soften and humanize the interpersonal interactions among the participants, the question arises whether other styles are more effective in achieving the system’s ultimate goal of obtaining legitimate, just, and fair dispute resolution. Questions further emerge about the circumstances when humor backfires and undermines the goals of litigation.
Localization of Parental Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Superinfecting T4 Bacteriophage in Escherichia coli

High-resolution autoradiography has been employed to localize the nonsolubilized but genetically excluded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of T4 bacteriophage superinfecting endonuclease I-deficient Escherichia coli. This DNA was found to be associated with the cell envelope (this term is used here to include all cellular components peripheral to and including the cytoplasmic membrane); in contrast, T4 DNA in primary infected cells, like host DNA in uninfected E. coli, was found to be near the cell center. The envelope-associated DNA from super-infecting phage was not located on the outermost surface of the cell since it was insensitive to deoxyribonuclease added to the medium. These results suggest that DNA from superinfecting T-even phage is trapped within the cell envelope.
Low-complexity multi-resource packet scheduling for network function virtualization

Network functions are widely deployed in modern networks, providing various network services ranging from intrusion detection to HTTP caching. Various virtual network function instances can be consolidated into one physical middlebox. Depending on the type of services, packet processing for different flows consumes different hardware resources in the middlebox. Previous solutions of multi-resource packet scheduling suffer from high computational complexity and memory cost for packet buffering and scheduling, especially when the number of flows is large. In this paper, we design a novel low-complexity and space-efficient packet scheduling algorithm called Myopia, which supports multi-resource environments such as network function virtualization. Myopia is developed based upon the fact that most Internet traffic is contributed by a small fraction of elephant flows. Myopia schedules elephant flows with precise control and treats mice flows using FIFO, to achieve simplicity of packet buffering and scheduling. We will demonstrate, via theoretical analysis, prototype implementation, and simulations, that Myopia achieves multi-resource fairness at low cost with short packet delay.
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

There has been an upsurge of interest in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) as a human pathogen and specifically as an underdiagnosed congenital infection (1,2). LCMV is a member of the Arenaviridae family of viruses. Arenaviruses have a complex life cycle involving chronic infection and shedding of the virus in rodents and episodic infections in humans (3,4). Six of the arenaviruses (Lassa, Junin, Machupo, Guanarito, Sabia, and Whiteater Arroyo virus) produce an acute and highly fatal hemmorhagic disease in humans (mortality rates 15–30%) (4). LCMV, unlike the arenoviral hemorrhagic fever viruses, produces a flulike illness and aseptic meningitis with a mortality rate of less than 1% in infected adults (2).
Association between life space and risk of mortality in advanced age.

OBJECTIVES To examine the association between life space, a measure of functional status that describes the range of movement through the environment covered during daily functioning, and the risk of mortality in older community-based persons.
Stability of Large-Scale Systems

The purpose of this paper is to present the results obtained in stability study of large-scale systems based upon the comparison principle and vector Liapunov functions. The exposition is essentially self-contained, with emphasis on recent innovations which utilize explicit information about the system structure. This provides a natural foundation for the stability theory of dynamic systems under structural perturbations.
Separate and Invisible: Alternative Education Programs and Our Educational Rights

This Note argues that many disciplinary alternative education programs ("AEPs") violate both parents' fundamental right to control their child's education and students' as yet unrecognized fundamental right to receive a minimally adequate education. These programs infringe parents' fundamental right to guide their child's upbringing by removing both the child and the child's school from standards-based assessments, which confounds parents' ability to compare their child's education with their own values and to take action on the basis of that comparison. In addition, this Note argues that the right to receive a minimally adequate education is a longstanding tradition in America that has become increasingly essential to our ordered liberty along with the expansion of suffrage over the last century. AEPs often violate this right because they are unaligned with state education standards and do not offer an opportunity to earn a diploma. As part of its conclusions, this Note identifies solutions that, unlike the current model of AEPs, are narrowly tailored to achieve the state's compelling interests in school discipline and in combating students' disengagement from school.
Do the Readability and Average Item Length of Personality Scales Affect Their Reliability

Using meta-analytic data, we investigated three attributes of personality scales – their readability, the average number of words per item, and whether adjectives or statements were used – to determine the effects that these qualities have on scale reliability (Cronbach’s α). From a large pool of studies examined in three prior meta-analyses, we extracted the relevant data for seven personality traits measured in 167 independent samples (N = 55,593), and obtained measures of the traits’ readability, the average number of words per item, and whether adjectives or statements were used as the item format. We found strong and consistent evidence that using fewer words per item produced higher scale reliabilities, and there was also evidence in favor of using adjectives, as opposed to statements, as the item format when measuring broad traits. In contrast, the results for readability were inconsistent and mostly nonsignificant. These results have practical implications for scale developers as well as researche...
Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) that protect PC12 rat pheochromocytoma and normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells from βA(1–42) insult

beta-Amyloid (betaA) induced oxidative stress is a well-established pathway of neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease. From turmeric, Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), three curcuminoids, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, were found to protect PC12 rat pheochromocytoma and normal human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells from betaA(1-42) insult, as measured by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay. ED(50) values of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin toward PC12 and HUVEC cells were 7.1+/-0.3, 4.7+/-0.1, 3.5+/-0.2 microg/ml and 6.8+/-0.4, 4.2+/-0.3, and 3.0+/-0.3 microg/ml, respectively. These compounds were better antioxidants than alpha-tocopherol as determined by DPPH radical trapping experiment. alpha-Tocopherol did not protect the cells from betaA(1-42) insult even at>50 microg/ml concentration. The results suggest that these compounds may be protecting the cells from betaA(1-42) insult through antioxidant pathway.
Should axillary ultrasound be used in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ

Abstract Background We evaluated the usefulness of axillary ultrasound (US) in patients with core biopsy–proven ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Methods Preoperative axillary US, fine-needle aspiration (FNA), and sentinel lymph node (SLN) data from women with DCIS were reviewed. Results Eighty-two women with DCIS underwent axillary US. In 16 women (19.5%) US was abnormal; however, FNA was negative in all cases. Sixty-one women (74%) underwent SLN surgery; 2 were positive for macrometastasis (3%) and 1 had isolated tumor cells. None of them had an abnormal US. Axillary US did not change the management in any of the cases. Conclusions Axillary US and FNA did not change the management in any of the 82 cases. In women with a core biopsy diagnosis of DCIS, positive nodes are uncommon and unlikely to be detected by axillary US. Routine preoperative axillary US is not recommended for pure DCIS on core biopsy.
Incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into the fatty acids of the developing rat brain

Abstract In order to gain information about passage of fatty acids from blood to the brain in weanling and adult rats, it was necessary to determine the pattern of fatty acid synthesis from [1-14C]acetate. The results of such a study were as follows: 1. 1. The uptake of intraperitoneally administered [1-14C]acetate was high in the brain but low in the liver of weanling rats. The reverse was noted in the adult animals. 2. 2. A decrease in the palmitate to stearate ratio and an increase in the oleate to stearate ratio was found in the older brains. Weanling rat liver, unlike the adult liver, was very rich in docosahexaenoic acid. 3. 3. Palmitic acid, both from liver and brain, irrespective of age, had the highest specific activity. A drop in the specific activity of fatty acids with increasing chain length from palmitic to docosahexaenoic was more pronounced in the brains of the young animals. 4. 4. The distribution of 14C among the carbons of palmitic acid confirmed its synthesis by the de novo synthetic processes except in the case of the weanling livers. With increasing chain length, the chain elongation process contributed most of the 14C incorporation. 5. 5. The chain elongation process, with respect to stearate and oleate, seemed to be more pronounced in the adult brain than in the weanling rats. However, the opposite seems to be true in the liver.
An axially chiral phosphine ligand based on restricted rotation in N-arylimides

Abstract Described is the preparation, resolution, and absolute configuration of a new axially chiral monodentate phosphine ligand. The chirality of the ligand is derived from restricted rotation about a central N imide C aryl bond, resulting in enantiomeric atropisomers that are stable and separable up to >120°C. Finally, the ability of the new axially chiral phosphine ligand is demonstrated in a Pd-catalyzed allylic alkylation reaction.
Epiphyseal presentation of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of bone in two pediatric patients—one with primary lymphoma of bone

We report two children with lymphoma of bone centered in the distal femoral epiphysis who presented with knee pain. Radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) were performed on both patients prior to biopsy. Following biopsy, both patients had fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) and whole-body technetium-99m (Tc-99m) scintigraphy performed for staging. One patient met the criteria for primary lymphoma of bone. One patient did not meet the criteria for primary lymphoma of bone because of PET uptake in a popliteal, external iliac and possibly lower abdominal node. Both patients responded well to chemotherapy and are disease free more than 7 years after diagnosis. While an epiphyseal presentation of lymphoma of bone is rare, the efficacy of treatment and the compromised outcome associated with diffuse spread of the disease make early recognition by clinicians important. We present these two cases to increase awareness of the disease and to have clinicians consider it in the differential diagnosis of adolescent epiphyseal lesions.
A knowledge-based planning system for mechanical assembly using robots

The generation of task-level plans is considered for assembly using robots. A system that uses artificial-intelligence techniques is presented. The system's knowledge types are described, with examples, and its control structure is examined. >
CT and MR imaging of pericardial disease.

In the evaluation of pericardial disease, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging traditionally have been used as adjuncts to echocardiography. However, CT and MR imaging are particularly useful as sensitive and noninvasive methods for evaluating loculated or hemorrhagic pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis, and pericardial masses. Both CT and MR imaging provide excellent delineation of the pericardial anatomy and can aid in the precise localization and characterization of various pericardial lesions, including effusion, constrictive pericarditis and pericardial thickening, pericardial masses, and congenital anomalies such as partial or complete absence of the pericardium. Both modalities provide a larger field of view than does echocardiography, allowing the examination of the entire chest and detection of associated abnormalities in the mediastinum and lungs. Soft-tissue contrast on CT scans and MR images also is superior to that on echocardiograms. Given the many potential applications of these modalities in the evaluation of pericardial diseases, familiarity with the CT and MR imaging features of these diseases is important.