cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repeat Challengers in Congressional Elections

The incidence and success rate of repeat challengers in congressional elections from 1960 to 1980 are analyzed by year, party, type of election, and campaign expenditures. Overall, repeat challengers are not very successful. The chance of a repeat challenger defeating an incumbent is no different from that of two first time challengers over two elections. A second race for an open seat is much more likely to be successful. Repeat challengers who do win gained more than 40% of the vote in their first race. This is due, in part, to the fact that the vote in the first election has a greater impact on the repeater's subsequent spending than on the incumbent's expenditures, and the challenger's second race spending has a greater impact on the vote than does the incumbent's spending.
Developmental Trajectories of Metabolic Control among White, Black, and Hispanic Youth with Type 1 Diabetes

Objective To examine race/ethnicity and neighborhood income differences in longitudinal patterns of deterioration in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values among youth (age 10 to 18 years) with type 1 diabetes. Study design A sample of 225 youth (50.2% female), including 81 White, 81 Black, and 63 Hispanic youth with type 1 diabetes, was matched initially on age and sex. Neighborhood median family income was obtained through public census databases. Self-identified race/ethnicity and all HbA1c values (grand mean, 9.09% ± 2.02%) available in patients’ medical records between age 10 and 18 years were recorded and analyzed. Results Hierarchical linear modeling revealed age-related deterioration in HbA1c values that differed by race/ethnicity and income. Controlling for income, White and Hispanic youth had similar HbA1c values at the start of adolescence (age 10) and demonstrated similar rates of deterioration across adolescence. Blacks had higher initial HbA1c values compared with Whites and Hispanics, but a similar rate of deterioration. Higher neighborhood income was associated with slower deterioration in HbA1c value among White teens, but not among Hispanic or Black teens. Conclusions Longitudinally, Black youth appear to experience disproportionate risks compared with White and Hispanic youth when income is statistically controlled. Neither Black nor Hispanic youth appear to benefit from living in higher-income neighborhoods.
Shared-use vehicle systems: Framework for classifying carsharing, station cars, and combined approaches

In recent years, shared-use vehicle systems have garnered a great deal of interest and activity internationally as an innovative mobility solution. In general, shared-use vehicle systems consist of a fleet of vehicles that are used by several different individuals throughout the day. Shared-use vehicles offer the convenience of the private automobile and more flexibility than public transportation alone. These systems are attractive since they offer the potential to lower a user's transportation costs; reduce the need for parking spaces in a community; improve overall air quality; and facilitate access to and encourage use of other transportation modes such as rail transit. Shared-use vehicle systems take many forms, ranging from neighborhood carsharing to classic station car models. Given the recent proliferation in system approaches, it is useful to establish a classification system or framework for characterizing these programs. The classification system presented here outlines key program elements that can help policy makers and practitioners characterize and evaluate various aspects of this rapidly evolving field. Further, it helps researchers analyze and compare the various models, including their similarities, differences, and benefits. A shared-use vehicle classification system is provided that describes existing and evolving models; examples are provided of each. It is argued that carsharing and station car concepts can be viewed as two ends of a continuum, sharing many similarities, rather than as separate concepts. Indeed, many existing shared-use vehicle systems can be viewed as hybrid systems, exhibiting key characteristics of both concepts.
Misoprostol induction of labor among women with a history of cesarean delivery

Abstract Objective: Several reports have appeared of uterine rupture among women with a history of cesarean delivery who received misoprostol for induction of labor. A recent review suggested a uterine rupture rate of almost 6%, but the experience at our institution did not seem to reflect this high complication rate. This study was undertaken to compare complications of labor induction with misoprostol between women with a history of cesarean delivery and women without uterine scarring. Study Design: A computerized database was used to select women with a viable fetus who underwent induction of labor with misoprostol during the period from January 1996 through December 1998. Patients were given 50 μg misoprostol every 4 hours. Women with a history of cesarean delivery were retrospectively compared with those without uterine scarring. Results: A total of 425 women were given misoprostol for induction of labor: 48 had a history of cesarean delivery and 377 did not. Women with a history of cesarean delivery were more likely to be delivered abdominally (56% vs 28%; P P = .003). There was no difference in the overall rate of complications (2% with scarring vs 3% without scarring). There were no uterine ruptures. However, the previous cesarean group was more likely than the unscarred group to have blood loss >500 mL (38% vs 22%; P P Conclusion: Misoprostol induction of labor in women with a history of cesarean resulted in a higher rate of cesarean delivery than was seen among women without uterine scarring but was not associated with a higher incidence of complications. There were no uterine ruptures in either group. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1115-7.)
The scribe of the vercelli book

(1979). The scribe of the vercelli book. Studia Neophilologica: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 179-188.
Economical and environmental assessment of an optimized solar cooling system for a medium-sized benchmark office building in Los Angeles, California

This paper presents a systematic energetic, economical, and environmental assessment on a solar cooling system for a medium-sized office building in Los Angeles, California by means of system modeling. The studied solar cooling system primarily consists of evacuated tube solar collectors, a hot water storage tank, a single-effect LiBr–H2O absorption chiller, and a gas-fired auxiliary heater. System performance optimization and sensitivity analysis were conducted by varying two major parameters (i.e. storage tank volume and collector area). The results suggest that a trade-off exists between economic performance indicated by the equivalent uniform annual cost (EUAC) and the energetic/environmental performance indicated by the solar fraction and CO2 reduction percentage, respectively. The cost of carbon footprint reduction was defined and served as an indicator for the overall system performance. Based on this indicator, the optimal system design could be found for a solar cooling system. The approach adapted in this study can be applied to other buildings located in different climate zones to reveal the cost and benefits of solar cooling technologies and facilitate decision-making.
Exponentially convergent Fourier-Chebshev quadrature schemes on bounded and infinite intervals

The Clenshaw-Curtis method for numerical integration is extended to semi-infinite ([0, ∞] and infinite [-∞, ∞] intervals. The common framework for both these extensions and for integration on a finite interval is to (1) map the integration domain tol e [0,π], (2) compute a Fourier sine or cosine approximation to the transformd integrand via interpolation, and (3) integrate the approximation. The interpolation is most easily performed via the sine or cosine cardinal functions, which are discussed in the appendix. The algorithm is mathematically equivalent to expanding the integrand in (mapped or unmapped) Chebyshev polynomials as done by Clenshaw and Curtis, but the trigonometric approach simplifies the mechanics. Like Gaussian quadrature, the error for the change-of-coordinates Fourier method decreases exponentially withN, the number of grid points, but the generalized Curtis-Clenshaw algorithm is much easier to program than Gaussian quadrature because the abscissas and weights are given by simple, explicit formulas.
progressive ontogenetic changes in the soluble nuclear eye lens proteins of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus milberti (Valenciennes)

Abstract 1. 1. Progressive ontogenetic changes in soluble nuclear eye lens proteins was demonstrated for the first time in a large species of shark. 2. 2. Comparison of fetal and post-natal sharks showed the shift in proteins to be gradual rather than statically related to life history events such as birth and sexual maturation. 3. 3. Studies considering the use of soluble nuclear eye lens proteins as a means of shark stock identification should at their onset consider ontogenetic changes as a possible source of protein variation.
SniffMob: inferring human contact patterns using wireless devices

The size of existing data sets regarding human mobility and person-to-person contact has been limited by the labor-intensive nature of the data collection techniques employed. In this paper, we propose a practical data collection system which is automatic and transparent to the user, requires only installing new software, and uses the multiple sensing capabilities provided by current commodity mobile devices. This approach allows the scale and duration of these human contact studies to increase by several orders of magnitude and allows for the collection of location and contact information about individuals who do not install our data collection software. We present an analysis of the expected coverage of our data collection system drawing from existing data sets and random graph theory. To illustrate the type of application enabled by the availability of human contact data, we present "personalized epidemiology," a novel application that provides its users with information about their exposure to illness and offers advice on how to remain healthy.
Surface Changes in Rat Spermatozoa During Epididymal Transit

Several different approaches were employed to evaluate differences in the plasma membrane of spermatozoa from the caput and cauda epididymis of the rat. The two sperm populations showed significant differences in agglutinability by the Iectin concanavalin A but not by wheat germ agglutinin or Ricinus communis 120. The surface distribution of concanavalin A receptors between caput and cauda spermatozoa is strikingly different, with caput spermatozoa showing an even distribution of Con A binding sites, whereas cauda sperm showed restricted areas of Con A binding to the head and flagellum. Direct measurement of available Con A binding sites indicated between 15%-25% more accessible sites on caput than on cauda spermatozoa. Caput spermatozoa and cauda spermatozoa also differ in the array and/or abundance of Con A receptors present; one of the major differences is a substantial increase in a component of 37k. Further surface differences were established by comparison of externally oriented surface proteins accessible to lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination; a decreased labeling of specific high molecular weight components and a major increase in labeling of low molecular weight components of 26k and 28k were noted during epididymal maturation. The possible significance of these changes as well as the possible mechanisms responsible for generating these differences are discussed.
MHD study of temporal and spatial evolution of simulated interplanetary shocks in the ecliptic plane within 1 AU

We utilize a 21/2-D MHD time-dependent model to perform a parametric study of interplanetary shock propagation to 1 AU. The input conditions are represented by the following variables:(1) initial shock velocity, (2) duration of the driving pulse, and (3) width of the pulse at the near-Sun position (18 solar radii). The total net energy added to the solar wind was calculated for each pulse. The forward shock's travel time to, and the peak dynamic pressure at, 1 AU as a function of location along the shock front have been studied over a range of total input pulse energies from 1029 to 1032 ergs. For input pulses with modest angular width and temporal duration, we find that the propagation of the resulting interplanetary fast forward shock waves depends primarily upon the net input energy. The dependence of the transit time upon energy is a power law with a -1/3 index which corresponds to the classical, piston driven case. Reverse shocks are also formed behind all but the lowest energy shocks. Their properties, although also a function of input energy, depend upon the specific values of the input pulse shock velocity, width and duration. We also briefly discuss the propagation of the shocks out to 1 AU, and the conditions for which the interplanetary shocks depart from being symmetric about the input pulse central meridian due to magnetic and dynamic effects.
Trapping the arboreal snake Boiga irregularis

The snake Boiga irregularis, an exotic on Guam, has eliminated the majority of the native vertebrates there. We tested traps designed to control this arboreal snake during three periods of 20-41 days in 1988 and 1989. The relative trapping successes with different baits and trap configurations indicated that this snake will not readily push through a visually obstructed entrance. However, under some conditions, 80% of the snakes escaped from traps lacking a physical blockage at the entrance. Live bait was more successful than odoriferous bait alone, and odoriferous guide ropes that led to trap entrances did not enhance capture rates. These findings corroborate laboratory experiments indicating an unusually strong dependence on visual cues in this highly successful nocturnal predator.
Generating baseball summaries from multiple perspectives by reordering content

This paper presents a reordering algorithm for generating multiple stories from different perspectives based on a single baseball game. We take a description of a game and a neutral summary, reorder the content of the neutral summary based on event features, and produce two summaries that the users rated as showing perspectives of each of the two teams. We describe the results from an initial user survey that revealed the power of reordering on the users' perception of perspective. Then we describe our reordering algorithm which was derived from analyzing the corpus of local newspaper articles of teams involved in the games as well as a neutral corpus for the respective games. The resulting reordering algorithm is successful at turning a neutral article into two different summary articles that express the two teams' perspectives.
Corticoid Receptors in Rat Brain: Evidence for an Aldosterone Receptor

The existence of high and low affinity mineralocorticoid-binding macromolecules (receptors) has been demonstrated in vitro in cytosols derived from the adrenalectomized rat brain by the specific binding of [3H]aldosterone (3H-A). The highaffinity aldosterone sites can be distinguished from those sites which have a higher affinity for either [3H]dexamethasone (3H-DM) or [3H]corticosterone (3H-B) on the basis of selectivity for spirolactone SC-9420 or non-radioactive A, DM, and B. The binding of 3H-A to the receptors was maximal after 2 hours of incubation at 0-4 C. No significant binding of3H-A to the receptors could be demonstrated when incubations of the radioactive ligandwere performed at either 20 or 37 C, indicating that the receptor is heat-labile. Scatchard analysis of the 3H-A binding data over a 200-fold concentration range of 3H-A indicated that there are two binding sites for aldosterone, a highaffinity component (a,) with a Kd ≅ 1.5 × 10-9M and a low-affinity component (a2) with a Kd ≅ 6.3 × 10...
DESIRE FOR WEIGHT GAIN AND POTENTIAL RISKS OF ADOLESCENT MALES USING ANABOLIC STEROIDS

This study examined the perceptions of adolescent males regarding their physical strength, health status, and desire to gain weight and their perceptions of anabolic steroid use. Subjects were 12th-grade boys (N = 3403), drawn from a pool of 150 high schools nationwide, who completed a health questionnaire. Analysis indicated 47.0% (n = 1475) who wanted to gain weight, perceived themselves as of less than average strength and having good health, and were sports participants. Also, among those who desired weight gain, about 24% (n = 345) were not sure about the most dangerous health risks associated with anabolic steroid use, and 16% (n = 221) did not want to see the use of anabolic steroids in sports stopped. The findings indicate that adolescent boys, who desired weight gain and currently abstained from anabolic steroid use, might be at risk for becoming users.
Utilization of intracellular acylcarnitine pools by mononuclear phagocytes

Carnitine is essential for the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids and has both direct and indirect roles in the metabolism of short-chain and medium-chain acyl-CoAs. The purpose of this study was to quantitate and identify the individual acylcarnitines that occur in human mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) after activating them with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Mononuclear phagocytes were isolated from healthy adults and the levels of free carnitine and individual acylcarnitines were determined in unactivated and activated cells. The degree of activation of MNP was assessed by following hydrogen peroxide production. In unactivated cells, acetyl-L-carnitine represented more than 80% of the total acylcarnitine pool. Small amounts of 3-carbon and 4-carbon acylcarnitines were present, with less than 10% of the carnitine pool being long-chain acylcarnitine. Free carnitine in unactivated cells represented 7% of the total carnitine pool, which remained essentially unchanged in unactivated cells when monitored for a period of 60 min. However, free carnitine rose to more than 50% of the total pool in PMA-activated cells. Similarly, after 1 h of activation, the acetylcarnitine level in activated cells decreased by more than 50%. These data suggest that acetylcarnitine plays a key metabolic role as MNP initiate an immune response. It was further shown that MNP contain both carnitine acetyltransferase and malonyl-CoA-sensitive carnitine palmitoyltransferase in mitochondrial-enriched fractions, as well as in post-mitochondrial supernatant fractions.
Managing personal integrity: the process of hospitalization for elders.

Background. Although, in the United States of America (USA), 40% of people aged 75 years old and older are hospitalized each year, the literature does not provide insight into their perspectives on hospitalization. Aim. The study was designed to illuminate the experience and behaviours of hospitalized elders, discover the meaning of that experience for them, and develop a substantive theory that could explain the social processes in which elders engaged while hospitalized. Method. Interviews and participant observation data were used to develop a grounded theory. Participants had to be at least 75 years old, speak English, have been admitted to the hospital for medical (non-surgical) reasons, and be able to give informed consent. The elder, a family member, and a registered nurse caring for the elder were interviewed. Two-hour periods of observation were conducted throughout the elder's hospital stay. Computer-assisted data analysis included open, axial and theoretical coding. Techniques to improve the trustworthiness of the research included persistent observation, participant checking, a peer research support group and an audit conducted by an expert gerontology nurse researcher. Findings. Hospitalization was characterized as a process beginning when an alteration in health is identified and continuing through to the process of adjusting to returning home. Personal integrity was found to be a dynamic, intrinsic quality of the self, composed of health, dignity and autonomy. During hospitalization, elders used strategies to manage their personal integrity. At first, elders focused on strategies relating to health and then moved on to dignity and, finally, autonomy. Conclusion. Hospitalized elders choose how they will interact with health care providers and the actions they will take to manage their health, dignity and autonomy. The findings have implications for developing nursing care and for further research.
Low-temperature heat capacity of anisotropic crystals lamellar molybdenum disulfide

Heat capacities of natural molybdenite crystals were made to test the Ta limiting law for the heat capacity of a lamellar lattice near T -+ 0. The findings are at variance with those of Smith et af. and accord with theoretical studies of Newell in that the T3 limiting law is upheld. The results also permit a more accurate evaluation of the thermodynamic functions: at 298.15 K C,(T), S”(T), and -{G”(T) - H”(O))/T are (15.19 + 0.03), (14.96 & 0.02), and (6.475 & 0.03) cal, K-l mol-I.
Errors generated with the use of rectangular collimation

This study was designed to determine whether various techniques for achieving rectangular collimation generate different numbers and types of errors and remakes and to determine whether operator skill level influences errors and remakes. Eighteen students exposed full-mouth series of radiographs on manikins with the use of six techniques. The students were grouped according to skill level. The radiographs were evaluated for errors and remakes resulting from errors in the following categories: cone cutting, vertical angulation, and film placement. Significant differences were found among the techniques in cone cutting errors and remakes, vertical angulation errors and remakes, and total errors and remakes. Operator skill did not appear to influence the number or types of errors or remakes generated. Rectangular collimation techniques produced more errors than did the round collimation techniques. However, only one rectangular collimation technique generated significantly more remakes than the other techniques.
A low complexity robust detector in impulsive noise

This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of a nonlinear extension to the matched filter for signal detection in certain kinds of non-Gaussian noise. The decision statistic is based on a new measure of similarity that can be considered as an extension of the correlation statistic used in the matched filter. The optimality of the matched filter is predicated on second order statistics and hence leaves room for improvement, especially when the assumption of Gaussianity is not applicable. The proposed method incorporates higher order moments in the decision statistic and shows an improvement in the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) for non-Gaussian noise, in particular, those that are impulsive distributed. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated for detection in two types of widely used impulsive noise models, the alpha-stable model and the two-term Gaussian mixture model. Moreover, unlike other kernel based approaches, and those using the characteristic functions directly, this method is still computationally tractable and can easily be implemented in real-time.
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) products in the central regulation of sympathetic and cardiovascular dynamics: studies on melanocortin and opioid interactions.

Abstract The proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides are important regulators in a number of central nervous system pathways especially as they relate to food intake as well as metabolic and autonomic responses. In this study, we investigated the sympathetic nervous and cardiovascular responses to intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH), β-endorphin (β-END) and adrenal corticotrophic hormone (ACTH) alone or in the presence of a melanocortin antagonist, or an opioid antagonist, in normal animals. The i.c.v. administration of αMSH and ACTH resulted in a significant increase in the lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (LSNA) that was accompanied by an increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP). On the other hand i.c.v. administration of β-END decreased the LSNA and MAP. The pretreatment of animals with the melanocortin-4 (MC-4) receptor antagonist, agouti protein, significantly antagonized the response to αMSH and also, paradoxically, not only antagonized the response to β-END but converted its inhibitory responses on both the LSNA and MAP to a sympathetic activated and pressor response. Pretreatment with the opioid antagonist, naloxone, significantly antagonized the sympathetic nervous and cardiovascular response to β-END. It partially but significantly antagonized the MAP response to αMSH, but the sympathetic response was unaffected. Neither agouti protein nor naloxone altered the sympathetic nervous and cardiovascular response to ACTH. From these studies, we conclude that i.c.v. administration of αMSH and ACTH increases the LSNA and cardiovascular dynamics, whereas β-END decreases it. And, the MC-4 receptor antagonist reverses the endorphin response and the opioid antagonist attenuates the αMSH response suggesting possible receptor or central neural pathway interactions between MC-4 and the opioid receptor mediated effects.
Interannual spring bloom variability and Ekman pumping in the coastal Gulf of Alaska

[1] A lower trophic level ecosystem model is coupled to a three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation model for the northwestern coastal Gulf of Alaska (CGOA) to investigate regional ecosystem dynamics on seasonal and interannual timescales. By including explicit growth limitation by light, nitrate, ammonium, silicic acid, and iron, the ecosystem model provides a comprehensive framework to investigate the combined role of macronutrients and micronutrients in shaping phytoplankton community structure. On the basis of comparisons with available in situ and remotely sensed observations for 1998 through 2002, the model reproduces the dominant modes of variability associated with the northwestern CGOA ecosystem dynamics. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of biological and surface forcing fields suggests that, for the 5-year period, interannual variability in peak chlorophyll concentrations during the spring bloom is related to interannual variability in the wind stress curl over the northern CGOA during the previous winter. Positive wind stress curl anomalies during winter result in enhanced Ekman pumping and, thus, nutrient upwelling on the shelf and at the shelfbreak. Since phytoplankton growth is severely light-limited when Ekman pumping occurs, nutrient upwelling associated with the wind stress curl acts as a priming mechanism for the CGOA shelf, leading to higher peak chlorophyll concentrations during the following spring bloom. Enhanced wind stress curl and Ekman pumping are associated with the presence of a low-pressure system in the northern CGOA, and potentially connected to the large-scale variability of the Aleutian Low in the North Pacific.
An accessible two-dimensional solution nuclear magnetic resonance experiment on human ubiquitin*

Solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an invaluable tool in structural and molecular biology research, but may be underutilized in undergraduate laboratories because instrumentation for performing structural studies of macromolecules in aqueous solutions is not yet widely available for use in undergraduate laboratories. We have implemented an experiment that is ideal for more commonly available 4.8-7.0 Tesla, double-channel NMR instruments that would not usually be used for biomolecular NMR work. We analyzed a commercially available, (15) N-enriched human ubiquitin sample with a two-dimensional correlation experiment using indirect (1) H evolution and direct (15) N detection, which produced spectra with high resolution on a spectrometer operating at 7.0 Tesla (300 MHz (1) H resonance frequency). The simplicity of the experiment makes it possible to be configured by undergraduate students with minimal supervision from the instructor. Students gain experience in acquiring multidimensional biomolecular NMR experiments, confirm that ubiquitin is stably folded, and observe the correspondence between specific signals and individual amino acids in ubiquitin.
Probing the yeast 5 S RNA-protein complex by fluorescence and controlled proteolytic digestion

The nature of the interaction between the RNA and the protein component in the yeast 5 S rRNA-L1a complex was assessed using fluorescence and controlled proteolytic and RNase digestion. (a) Influence of L1a on the RNA conformation was monitored by ethidium fluorescence and controlled RNase T1 digestion. The complex was digested with alpha-chymotrypsin, Staphylococcus aureus protease V8, subtilisin, or trypsin. Both termini of L1a in the complex were readily accessible to proteases. Proteolytic digestion of the complex resulted in a reduction in fluorescence intensity if ethidium was added after proteolysis. No change was observed when ethidium was allowed to react with the complex prior to proteolysis. Neither the rate of proteolysis nor the resultant peptide pattern was affected by the presence of ethidium. T1 digestion of intact RNP and trypsin-treated RNP produced different oligonucleotide patterns. Both the fluorescence and the T1 digestion data suggest that the conformation of the RNA moiety was influenced by the protein. (b) Influence of the RNA molecule on L1a conformation in the complex was monitored by limited proteolysis. Whereas the protein in the complex was relatively sensitive to proteases, free protein was completely resistant to digestion under identical conditions. The trypsin sensitivity of L1a in complexes containing different truncated 5 S RNA molecules was studied also. Upon removal of residues 31-49 of the 5 S RNA molecule, L1a in the complex became resistant to proteolysis. These results are interpreted in a model in which specific regions of both the RNA and the protein are involved in the interaction.
Control of Daughter Cell Fates during Asymmetric Division: Interaction of Numb and Notch

Abstract During development of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system, a sensory organ precursor (SOP) cell undergoes rounds of asymmetric divisions to generate four distinct cells of a sensory organ. Numb, a membrane-associated protein, is asymmetrically segregated into one daughter cell during SOP division and acts as an inherited determinant of cell fate. Here, we show that Notch, a transmembrane receptor mediating cell–cell communication, functions as a binary switch in cell fate specification during asymmetric divisions of the SOP and its daughter cells in embryogenesis. Moreover numb negatively regulates Notch , probably through direct protein–protein interaction that requires the phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain of Numb and either the RAM23 region or the very C-terminal end of Notch. Notch then positively regulates a transcription factor encoded by tramtrack ( ttk ). This leads to Ttk expression in the daughter cell that does not inherit Numb. Thus, the inherited determinant Numb bestows a bias in the machinery for cell–cell communication to allow the specification of distinct daughter cell fates.
Thermogravimetric analysis of the oxidation resistance of ZrB2-SiC and ZrB2-Sic-TaB2-based compositions in the 1500-1900 °C range

Theoretically dense ZrB2-SiC two-phase microstructures were isothermally oxidized for ~90 min in flowing air in the range 1500-1900 °C. Specimens with 30 mol% SiC formed distinctive reaction product layers that were highly protective; 28 mol% SiC-6 mol% TaB2 performed similarly. At and above 1700 °C, the composition with only 15 mol% SiC oxidized extensively because of deficient silicate liquid formation. Specimens with 60 mol% SiC were resistant to oxidation up to 1800 °C; at 1900 °C, this composition displayed periodic ruptures of the passivating layer by emerging gas bubbles. Oxide coating thicknesses calculated from weight loss data were consistent with those measured from scanning electron microscopy micrographs. A layer of ZrB2 devoid of SiC was argued to be from preferential removal of SiC by reaction of a silica oxidation product with adjacent unreacted SiC to form escaping gases.
We Are All But Wardian Cases

The idea of ‘‘home’’ has an immense emotional impact on us. Home is where we have settled, built our lives, and adapted our world around us. Home is where we feel safe. It builds our confidence and our strength to be there. But what of those of us who have left it all and moved on, not just to another neighborhood or town, but uprooted completely to help colonize a new country, willingly or not? For many colonists, even in the twentieth century, the new home is first a matter of survival and secondly somewhere to build a life. When Europeans colonized Australia and the New World, survival meant adapting to new building materials, new crops, and new food sources. But it also meant bringing many of the familiar plants and wildlife of their old countries to colonize with them. They did this for survival, for convenience, and for an emotional connection to their familiar place. They brought goats, sheep, cattle and wheat. But they also brought the native songbirds, flowers, and trees that reminded them of the home they yearned for. The ensuing ecological devastation is both familiar (Crosby, 2004), and one that continues. This year’s winner of the EcoHealth Biennial Art Competition, Susan Hauri-Downing, embodies the duality of home in her life, and in the cover art for this issue—‘‘A Wardian Case Experiment’’ (2011). Originally from South Africa, transplanted to Australia at a young age, and now living in Switzerland, Susan has experienced colonialism’s impact on the environment firsthand. Like many of us, she tends an indoor garden that includes memories of her Australian home, and like many of us, she yearns for that
Price versus Income Effects as Sources of Growth in Government's Share of GDP:

A demand-based model of public sector spending is used to identify the economic determinants of the relative size of government in the United States for the period 1949 to 1998. The government's share of GDP is hypothesized to be a function of income growth (Wagner's Law), relative prices for public sector output (Baumol/Beck hypothesis), and several demographic, cyclical, and budget variables. Although nondefense, noninterest government spending as a share of GDP has not grown in recent decades, the results support both income and price explanations of increasing government size. It is shown that the income and price effects are sensitive to the degree of disaggregation used to define government spending shares. Higher relative prices outweigh economic growth as a factor behind increasing shares for government consumption. Economic growth dominates the relative price effect for investment purchases. The two effects are similar for transfer payments.
Estimating Normal Means with a Dirichlet Process Prior

Abstract In this article, the Dirichlet process prior is used to provide a nonparametric Bayesian estimate of a vector of normal means. In the past there have been computational difficulties with this model. This article solves the computational difficulties by developing a “Gibbs sampler” algorithm. The estimator developed in this article is then compared to parametric empirical Bayes estimators (PEB) and nonparametric empirical Bayes estimators (NPEB) in a Monte Carlo study. The Monte Carlo study demonstrates that in some conditions the PEB is better than the NPEB and in other conditions the NPEB is better than the PEB. The Monte Carlo study also shows that the estimator developed in this article produces estimates that are about as good as the PEB when the PEB is better and produces estimates that are as good as the NPEB estimator when that method is better.
Variation in the Binding Pocket of an Inhibitor of the Bacterial Division Protein FtsZ Across Genotypes, Nucleotide States, and Species

The recent increase in antibiotic resistance in disease-causing bacteria calls for new approaches to drug target selection and drug development. Targeting proteins involved in the bacterial cell division process provides a novel mechanism of action that bypasses problems associated with the increasingly ineffective variants of older antibiotics. One potentially powerful target for inhibition is the bacterial cytoskeletal protein FtsZ, a GTPase homolog of eukaryotic tubulin. This highly conserved and essential protein acts as a scaffold to recruit other cell division machinery and can exert mechanical forces that may be responsible for constriction of the division site. Recent work on an allosteric inhibitor (PC190723) has shown promising in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities on Staphylococcus aureus, however the mechanism of drug action and its effect on FtsZ of other bacterial species is unclear. Here, we examine the structural environment of the FtsZ-PC190723 binding pocket using Molecular Dynamics simulations and PocketFEATURE, a statistical method that performs pairwise comparisons of small molecule binding sites based on 3D structure information. By comparing all currently existing FtsZ crystal structures to the crystalized FtsZ-PC190723 complex, we observe that species and nucleotide binding state have significant impact on the structural properties of the binding site, with a GDP-bound Staph-FtsZ displaying the highest similarity to the inhibitor complex. However, during extended Molecular Dynamics simulations, this similarity is negated upon introduction of point mutations known to nullify the inhibitor's antimicrobial affect. Together, these results give insight into the mechanism and specificity of PC190723 interaction with various bacterial FtsZ.
“Progress shadowed by human waste”: the Women’s Bureau films scientific management

Within the context of America’s Depression, the Women’s Bureau of the US Department of Labor produced a unique film, Behind the Scenes in the Machine Age. The movie emphasized the seriousness of economic crisis, but promised that by eliminating “waste”, America could return to solid ground. The concept of “waste” allowed the Bureau to link scientific management to a broader message preaching workplace safety, endorsing government expertise and economic planning, and underlining women’s role in modern industrial production. The organization tailored its philosophy of scientific management to a popular audience, while highlighting woman‐centered aspects of economic life.
Differences in Attitudes Toward Gays and Lesbians Among Criminal Justice and Non-Criminal Justice Majors

The criminal justice system is supposed to protect and serve all members of the community equally; therefore, any prejudicial attitudes harbored by criminal justice students may negatively impact their job performance as future justice professionals. Four hundred and eighty-four students at a large Midwestern university were surveyed on their views toward gay and lesbian persons and issues. The responses of criminal justice majors were compared to the responses of students majoring in other fields. Criminal justice majors tended to have more negative views of gays and lesbians than students in other majors. However, there was not a significant difference between the two groups of students in their willingness to extend rights to and socialize with gay and lesbian individuals.
Prebiotic Chemical Evolution in the Astrophysical Context

An ever increasing amount of molecular material is being discovered in the interstellar medium, associated with the birth and death of stars and planetary systems. Radio and millimeter-wave astronomical observations, made possible by high-resolution laboratory spectroscopy, uniquely trace the history of gas-phase molecules with biogenic elements. Using a combination of both disciplines, the full extent of the cycling of molecular matter, from circumstellar ejecta of dying stars - objects which expel large amounts of carbon - to nascent solar systems, has been investigated. Such stellar ejecta have been found to exhibit a rich and varied chemical content. Observations demonstrate that this molecular material is passed onto planetary nebulae, the final phase of stellar evolution. Here the star sheds almost its entire original mass, becoming an ultraviolet-emitting white dwarf. Molecules such as H2CO, HCN, HCO(+), and CCH are present in significant concentrations across the entire age span of such nebulae. These data suggest that gas-phase polyatomic, carbon-containing molecules survive the planetary nebula phase and subsequently are transported into the interstellar medium, seeding the chemistry of diffuse and then dense clouds. The extent of the chemical complexity in dense clouds is unknown, hindered by the high spectral line density. Organic species such as acetamide and methyl amine are present in such objects, and NH2CHO has a wide Galactic distribution. However, organophosphorus compounds have not yet been detected in dense clouds. Based on carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios, molecular material from the ISM appears to become incorporated into solar system planetesimals. It is therefore likely that interstellar synthesis influences prebiotic chemistry on planet surfaces.
Evaluation of the method of collecting suspended sediment from large rivers by discharge‐weighted pumping and separation by continuous‐flow centrifugation

A method for collecting suspended sediment samples has been developed that pumps a discharge-weighted volume of water from fixed depths at four to 40 locations across a river and separates the suspended sediment in the sample using a continuous-flow centrifuge. The efficacy of the method is evaluated by comparing the particle size distributions of sediment collected by the discharge-weighted pumping method with the particle size distributions of sediment collected by depth integration and separated by gravitational settling. The pumping method was found to undersample the suspended sand sized particles (> 63 μm) but to collect a representative sample of the suspended silt and clay sized particles (< 63 μm). The centrifuge separated the silt and clay sized particles (< 63 μm) into three fractions. Based on the average results of processing 17 samples from the Mississippi River and several of its large tributaries in 1990, about 10% of the silt and clay sized material was trapped in a centrifuge bowl-bottom sealing unit containing the nozzle and consisted of mostly medium and coarse silt from 16 to 63 μm. About 74% was retained on a Teflon liner in the centrifuge bowl and consisted of sizes from 0–1 to 63 μm. About 9% was discharged from the centrifuge in the effluent and was finer than 0–1 μm. About 7% was lost during the processes of removing the wet sediment fractions from the centrifuge, drying and weighing. The success of the discharge-weighted pumping method depends on how homogeneously the silt and clay sized particles (< 63 μm) are distributed in the vertical direction in the river. The degree of homogeneity depends on the composition and degree of aggregation of the suspended sediment particles.
Lateral superresolution using a posteriori phase shift estimation for a moving object: experimental results

Structured illumination imaging uses multiple images of an object having different phase shifts in the sinusoidally patterned illumination to obtain lateral superresolution in stationary specimens in microscopy. In our recent work we have discussed a method to estimate these phase shifts a posteriori, allowing us to apply this technique to non-stationary objects such as in vivo tissue. Here we show experimental verification of our earlier simulations for phase shift estimation a posteriori. We estimated phase shifts in fluorescence microscopy images for an object having unknown, random translational motion and used them to obtain an artifact-free reconstruction having the expected superresolution.
Design of a Ruthenium-Cytochrome c Derivative to Measure Electron Transfer to the Initial Acceptor in Cytochrome c Oxidase

A ruthenium-labeled cytochrome c derivative was prepared to meet two design criteria: the ruthenium group must transfer an electron rapidly to the heme group, but not alter the interaction with cytochrome c oxidase. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to replace His39 on the backside of yeast C102T iso-1-cytochrome c with a cysteine residue, and the single sulfhydryl group was labeled with (4-bromomethyl-4′methylbipyridine) (bisbipyridine)ruthenium(II) to form Ru-39-cytochrome c (cyt c). There is an efficient pathway for electron transfer from the ruthenium group to the heme group of Ru-39-cyt c comprising 13 covalent bonds and one hydrogen bond. Electron transfer from the excited state Ru(II∗) to ferric heme c occurred with a rate constant of (6.0 ± 2.0) × 105 s−1, followed by electron transfer from ferrous heme c to Ru(III) with a rate constant of (1.0 ± 0.2) × 106 s−1. Laser excitation of a complex between Ru-39-cyt c and beef cytochrome c oxidase in low ionic strength buffer (5 mM phosphate, pH 7) resulted in electron transfer from photoreduced heme c to CuA with a rate constant of (6 ± 2) × 104 s−1, followed by electron transfer from CuA to heme a with a rate constant of (1.8 ± 0.3) × 104 s−1. Increasing the ionic strength to 100 mM leads to bimolecular kinetics as the complex is dissociated. The second-order rate constant is (2.5 ± 0.4) × 107M−1 s−1 at 230 mM ionic strength, nearly the same as that of wild-type iso-1-cytochrome c.
Desirable Dress: Rosies, Sky Girls, and the Politics of Appearance

Desirable dress on the job, whether pants, sweaters, or mini-skirted uniforms, contains symbolic meaning, but whose sexual subjectivity it expresses is not always clear. Appearance may be a proxy for other forms of contestation or just be a conveyer of pleasure that makes work just a little more humane. This essay rethinks two cases where issues of self-fashioning, appearance, sexuality, employer strictures, and state policy intertwined: the shop floors of the Second World War and the flight cabins of postwar airlines: the first, male dominated manufacturing in which women labored “for the duration”; the second, a prototypical female service industry in which fierce competition led to selling sexual allure along with comfort and safety. However mediated, voices of wage-earning women in both the 1940s and 1960s announced new expectations of womanhood, beauty, and sexual expressiveness. But while management attempted to suppress women's bodies in the shipyards and other wartime workplaces, by the 1960s airlines promoted the body of the flight attendant. In both examples, state mediation—through sources available as well as actual public policies—complicates our attempt to unravel pleasure and constraint in dressing, grooming, and sexual presence on the job. Whether or not dress requirements disciplined employee bodies, served as a guarantee of efficiency or a check against accidents and the expense of worker compensation, or opened new possibilities for sexual or gendered identities was hardly predetermined. Employers could demand slacks, women could wear them, but what dress was desirable varied with the beholder.