cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustainability and the Future of Supply Chain Management

The global supply chain is embarking upon a new era of challenges and opportunities. Environmental protection, energy availability, and dramatic population increases are placing unprecedented pressure on the abilities of worldwide supply chains to efficiently and effectively provide goods and services. However, modern supply chains and the supply chain of the future also have unprecedented access to technology, particularly communication technology, enabling real-time connectivity to virtually anyone on earth. This paper describes the challenges and opportunities facing the supply chain of the future and describes the various effects these issues have on supply chain design, management, and integration.
Rapid synthesis of zinc and nickel co-doped tetrahedrite thermoelectrics by reactive spark plasma sintering and mechanical alloying

Abstract Tetrahedrite offers advantages over state-of-the-art thermoelectrics, such as lead telluride, because of its low cost and environmentally friendly composition. However, typical sealed-tube synthesis of tetrahedrite can require multiple days or weeks. In this study, tetrahedrite co-doped with nickel and zinc was synthesized by two different approaches which both require significantly less time than the conventional furnace-ampoule technique. The first technique utilizes a short ball milling step followed by reactive spark plasma sintering to form tetrahedrite, and the entire process requires less than 2 h of total synthesis time. The second method involves mechanical alloying to obtain single-phase tetrahedrite, combined with spark plasma sintering (SPS) for densification. Thermoelectric properties were measured and compared for samples of composition Cu 10 Ni 2-x Zn x Sb 4 S 13 (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5) made by both techniques. Peak ZT values were obtained for Cu 10 Ni 2 Sb 4 S 13 with ZT = 0.66 at 673 K for SPS reacted and mechanically alloyed samples. Transport properties are comparable between the two techniques, and this provides evidence that supports reactive spark plasma sintering as a viable synthetic technique for tetrahedrite thermoelectric materials.
Prescription opioid addiction and chronic pain: More than a feeling

A patient, long before becoming the subject of medical scrutiny is, at first simply a storyteller, a narrator of suffering-a traveler who has visited the kingdom of the ill. "To relieve an illness one must begin, then, by understanding the story." The Emperor of All Maladies; Siddhartha Mukherjee.
A phase II biomarker trial of everolimus in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (08-313).

e15565 Background: Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) are currently FDA approved in the second-line for treatment of advanced RCC. Concurrent with the development of these therapies h...
There is variability in our perception of the standard head orientation.

Abstract The purposes of this study were to determine: (1) whether an observer’s perception of the correct anatomical alignment of the head changes with time, and (2) whether different observers agree on the correct anatomical alignment. To determine whether the perception of the correct anatomical alignment changes with time (intra-observer comparison), a group of 30 observers were asked to orient, into anatomical alignment, the three-dimensional (3D) head photograph of a normal man, on two separate occasions. To determine whether different observers agree on the correct anatomical alignment (inter-observer comparison), the observed orientations were compared. The results of intra-observer comparisons showed substantial variability between the first and second anatomical alignments. Bland–Altman coefficients of repeatability for pitch, yaw, and roll, were 6.9°, 4.4°, and 2.4°, respectively. The results of inter-observer comparisons showed that the agreement for roll was good (sample variance 0.4, standard deviation (SD) 0.7°), the agreement for yaw was moderate (sample variance 2.0, SD 1.4°), and the agreement for pitch was poor (sample variance 15.5, SD 3.9°). In conclusion, the perception of correct anatomical alignment changes considerably with time. Different observers disagree on the correct anatomical alignment. Agreement among multiple observers was bad for pitch, moderate for yaw, and good for roll.
Abstract 5125: Muscadine grape extract inhibits breast cancer brain metastatic cells by multiple mechanisms

Tumor metastasis to the brain is a common complication of cancer, affecting 500,000 patients each year. Due to poor penetration of most chemotherapeutics into the brain, brain metastasis may occur even while systemic disease in under control. Despite aggressive treatments including radiation therapy, survival at 12 months following diagnosis is only 20%, underscoring the need for better means to prevent and/or treat brain metastases. Natural products have historically been a very successful source of new drugs. We are investigating the anti-cancer potential of a proprietary muscadine grape extract (MGE; from Piedmont Research & Development Corp.) on breast cancer cell lines that are metastatic to the brain. In a colony formation assay, MGE (10 μg/mL) decreased clonogenic survival of 4T1.luc2.Br5 cells by 50% (n=3, p Mechanistically, acute exposure (24 h) to 10 μg/mL MGE induced apoptosis in 4T1.luc2.Br5 cells as evidenced by PARP cleavage and detection of activated cleaved caspase 3. Further, ERK1/2 activation was decreased 68% at this time point (n=3, p 80% decrease following MGE treatment (24 h, 10 μg/mL) in both cell lines. Together these data suggest that MGE inhibits breast cancer brain metastatic cell proliferation by multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of clonogenic growth through induction of apoptosis and/or decreased cell cycle progression, suggesting that MGE may have utility in the treatment of breast cancer brain metastasis. Citation Format: Wenhong Chen, Patricia Gallagher, Ann Tallant, Linda J. Metheny-Barlow. Muscadine grape extract inhibits breast cancer brain metastatic cells by multiple mechanisms [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5125. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5125
Pediatric care during a short-term medical mission to a Syrian refugee camp in Northern Jordan.

Introduction: The Syrian refugee crisis, now in its 6th year, has displaced millions. Refugees depend on support from host nation governments and humanitarian organizations like the Syrian American Medical Society (SAMS). We describe the delivery of pediatric care during a SAMS short-term medical mission to a refugee camp in Northern Jordan. Methods: The medical mission team encompassed dozens of specialties. Teams visited many sites, including the Zaatari refugee camp near the Syrian border. For this study, we gathered quantitative data from one physician who provided pediatric care and anecdotes from multiple SAMS physicians who provided pediatric care in Zaatari during the same time period. The physician supplying the quantitative data recorded age, diagnoses, and prescriptions for each patient. Results: The physician saw an average of 69 patients per day. Many of these were children aged 0–4 years. At least one diagnosis was recorded for 73.9% of patients, and at least one prescription was recorded for 85.5% of patients. Discussion: Most presenting complaints involved acute infectious illnesses, but these seemed preventable and related to refugees' living situations. Mental health assessment was difficult. Referrals proved important for evaluation and management of both acute and chronic conditions. For the short term, we emphasize the importance of effective liaison with refugee camp authorities and outside health-care organizations. For the long term, we recommend increased health-care infrastructure development and more emphasis on preventative care. Conclusion: With this study, we provide new quantitative and qualitative insights into pediatric care during a short-term medical mission to a Syrian refugee camp in Northern Jordan.
Vascular and autonomic changes in adult cancer patients receiving anticancer chemotherapy.

Patients treated with anticancer chemotherapy exhibit an impaired baroreflex control of arterial blood pressure and increased arterial stiffness. These findings hold significant value, in particula...
Distributed Control of Complex Arm Movements

This paper presents a computational theory for generating the complicated arm movements needed for tasks such as reaching while avoiding obstacles, or scratching an itch on one arm with the other hand. The required movements are computed using many control units with virtual locations over the entire surface of the arm and hand. These units, called brytes, are like little brains, each with its own input and output and its own idea about how its virtual location should move. The paper explains how a previously developed gradient method for dealing with ill-posed multi-joint movements [1] can be applied to large numbers of spatially distributed controllers. Simulations illustrate when the arm movements are successful and when and why they fail. Many of these failures can be avoided by a simple method that adds intermediate reaching goals. The theory is consistent with a number of existing experimental observations.
A THEORETICAL TREATMENT OF THE STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF THE TOPOCHEMICAL POLYMERIZATION OF DIACETYLENES

A theoretical model for predicting which diacetylene monomers will undergo topochemical polymerization has been developed. The semiempirical SCF-MO methods MNDO, AMI, and PM3 have been used to carry out calculations based on this model. These methods were used to minimize the monomer geometries and the intermolecular distances and angles (R and α) between the monomer pairs. They have been applied to reactive and unreactive derivatives as well as some unknown derivatives. The results from these calculations suggest that this method may be applicable to a large variety of substituted diacetylene monomers. Specific examples of cases which show both the utility and the limitations of the model are discussed.
INTERPRETATION OF HARMONIC RESPONSE DIAGRAMS

This chapter discusses the interpretation of harmonic response diagrams. The emphasis is on the measurement of the harmonic response of linear lumped parameter systems. When this frequency response data has been obtained, it is usual to present it in one of several graphical forms. The precision with which this can be done depends a great deal on a prior theoretical knowledge of the system whose behavior is represented by the graph in question. In the case of harmonic response measurements, it is the response curve that is known and the transfer function that is the unknown. It is often possible to fit asymptotes, by trial and error, and to establish break frequencies and slopes that enable the system time constants, and the order of the transfer function to be estimated with some fair degree of success. A great deal depends upon whether the form of the transfer function is known in advance, and whether or not the assumption of linearity is valid for the measurements that were taken.
Comparative study of different laser systems

Objective To review lasers, laser physics, laser-tissue interaction, delivery systems, and their clinical applications relevant to gynecology. Settings Gynecological Service at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and MGH Laser Center. Interventions None. Design Laser literature review and personal experiences of the authors were used to prepare this manuscript. Conclusions Lasers have been used in gynecologic practice for cutting and coagulating purposes. Photodynamic therapy has been used clinically for malignant conditions and is being investigated for dysplastic lesions of the lower genital tract and for endometrial ablation. Laser welding has potential, but further work is required in this field before it finds a clinical application. The main lasers used in gynecology are CO2, neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), and potassium tatanyl-phosphate-doubled Nd:YAG. Pulsed Ho:YAG laser looks promising, as does diode lasers. Holmium-yttrium aluminum garnet and diode lasers will be soon available commercially. Improvements in delivery systems have increased user friendliness, and more developments in this area are anticipated, for example, a fiber-optic delivery system for CO2 lasers. We believe that enhanced understanding of laser technology will provide unique applications for development in gynecology.
Investigation of interfacial impurities in m-plane GaN regrown p-n junctions for high-power vertical electronic devices

GaN is an attractive material for high-power electronics due to its wide bandgap and large breakdown field. Verticalgeometry devices are of interest due to their high blocking voltage and small form factor. One challenge for realizing complex vertical devices is the regrowth of low-leakage-current p-n junctions within selectively defined regions of the wafer. Presently, regrown p-n junctions exhibit higher leakage current than continuously grown p-n junctions, possibly due to impurity incorporation at the regrowth interfaces, which consist of c-plane and non-basal planes. Here, we study the interfacial impurity incorporation induced by various growth interruptions and regrowth conditions on m-plane p-n junctions on free-standing GaN substrates. The following interruption types were investigated: (1) sample in the main MOCVD chamber for 10 min, (2) sample in the MOCVD load lock for 10 min, (3) sample outside the MOCVD for 10 min, and (4) sample outside the MOCVD for one week. Regrowth after the interruptions was performed on two different samples under n-GaN and p-GaN growth conditions, respectively. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis indicated interfacial silicon spikes with concentrations ranging from 5e16 cm-3 to 2e18 cm-3 for the n-GaN growth conditions and 2e16 cm-3 to 5e18 cm-3 for the p-GaN growth conditions. Oxygen spikes with concentrations ~1e17 cm-3 were observed at the regrowth interfaces. Carbon impurity levels did not spike at the regrowth interfaces under either set of growth conditions. We have correlated the effects of these interfacial impurities with the reverse leakage current and breakdown voltage of regrown m-plane p-n junctions.
An integrative review of the theory of unpleasant symptoms.

Aims The aim of this study was to explore how the theory of unpleasant symptoms (TOUS) has been used in the methodological design and analysis of symptom research. Design An integrative review, using Whittemore and Knafl's approach. Data sources Searches were conducted between 26 January-10 February 2018. Databases included CINAHL Complete, PubMed, Proquest Nursing and Allied Health Source, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, Academic Search Complete and Google Scholar. Review methods A systematic approach to searching, screening and analysing the literature was applied. The matrix method, content analysis, constant comparison, counting and clustering were used. Results Sixty-four records were included. Most studies were quantitative, cross-sectional, instrument-based and conducted in the USA. Various symptoms and patient populations were represented and each of the TOUS concepts were explored. Conclusion Although the theory has a role to play in furthering symptom science, attention should be paid to the areas of the model and of symptom research that have received less attention. More complex statistical approaches and big data will help to illuminate symptom experiences. Additional focus on intervention studies and all symptom dimensions will help to advance symptom science research. Impact This review is the first to provide a comprehensive, systematic summary of the uses of the TOUS across the research literature to date. This theory is a diverse, holistic middle-range theory capable of being applied to multiple symptoms and populations. Researchers should consider using the theory as a conceptual framework for studies to advance symptom science and explore symptoms holistically.
Current Practices in United States Higher Education Coach Education Programs

The purpose of this study was to identify the number and type of higher education institution’s (HEI) coach education programs (CEP) within the USA and survey CEP coordinators regarding curricular ...
Interventions for Dietary Sodium Restriction Among Patients with Heart Failure: A Mismatch in the Evidence and Intervention Design (OR22-05-19)

Dietary sodium restriction guidelines are controversial due to a lack of studies assessing their effect on heart failure outcomes. An important aspect of this problem is the effectiveness of behavioral nutrition interventions to reduce patients’ sodium intake. We systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of sodium restricted diets and descriptive studies relating mediators of behavior to successful adherence to sodium restricted diets in patients with heart failure. We queried PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases with relevant search terms for studies published in English January 2000-December 2018. Included were RCTs of interventions for heart failure patients, with sodium restriction as a primary or secondary outcome, and quantitative and qualitative descriptive studies of adherence to sodium restricted diets. Included studies may or may not have reported clinical outcomes (health events, quality of life, etc.). Reviewers noted setting, methods, and outcomes as well as theoretical mediators of dietary behavior change in included studies. We then compared behavioral mediators addressed by the RCTs and behavioral mediators identified in the descriptive studies. Of 638 studies identified, 445 were excluded by title. 2 reviewers assessed 60 abstracts and included 36 studies in this analysis: 10 RCTs and 26 descriptive studies. 6 of 10 intervention RCTs were successful, but no interventions achieved the recommended 1500 mg/day sodium intake (mean for all studies 3271 mg/day). Interventions that reduced sodium intake were behaviorally focused, were delivered by an RN and/or RD, and included individual feedback and counseling. RCTs intervened only through knowledge, skills, and social support. Behavioral mediators identified in descriptive studies included perceived risk, perceived benefits, outcome expectations, cultural norms, social norms, social support, taste preferences, determinism, self-efficacy, knowledge, skills, and habits. These were not included in the RCTs, which signifies a mismatch between evidence-based moderators of behavior and intervention designs. RCTs have been unable to achieve the recommended goal of 1500 mg/day of sodium. More effective interventions should consider evidence-based mediators, rather than focusing on knowledge and skills. Dr. Burgermaster received funding from NHLBI T32 training grant.
Genetic and Environmental Contributors for Celiac Disease.

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by gluten. The purpose of this review is to examine the major genetic and environmental factors that contribute to CD pathogenesis. We reviewed the current state of knowledge on the genetic and environmental components that play a role in CD onset. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis has highlighted several genes other than HLA involved in CD. Recent studies have shown that HLA haplotype influences the microbiome composition in infants and that dysbiosis in the intestinal microflora, in turn, contributes to loss of tolerance to gluten. Recently, observational studies have discussed the hypothesis stating that breast-feeding had a protective role against CD onset. CD etiology is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. A better understanding of these components would deepen our knowledge on the mechanisms that lead to loss of tolerance and could help in developing a more “personalized medicine.”
Promoting activity of (α4)3(β2)2 nicotinic cholinergic receptors reduces ethanol consumption.

There is increasing interest in developing drugs that act at α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) to treat alcohol use disorder. The smoking cessation agent varenicline, a partial agonist of α4β2 nAChRs, reduces alcohol intake, but its use can be limited by side effects at high therapeutic doses. There are two stoichiometric forms of α4β2 nAChRs, (α4)3(β2)2 and (α4)2(β2)3. Here we investigated the hypothesis that NS9283, a positive allosteric modulator selective for the (α4)3(β2)2 form, reduces ethanol consumption. NS9283 increased the potency of varenicline to activate and desensitize (α4)3(β2)2 nAChRs in vitro without affecting other known targets of varenicline. In male and female C57BL/6J mice, NS9283 (10 mg/kg) reduced ethanol intake in a two-bottle choice, intermittent drinking procedure without affecting saccharin intake, ethanol-induced incoordination or ethanol-induced loss of the righting reflex. Subthreshold doses of NS9283 (2.5 mg/kg) plus varenicline (0.1 mg/kg) synergistically reduced ethanol intake in both sexes. Finally, despite having no aversive valence of its own, NS9283 enhanced ethanol-conditioned place aversion. We conclude that compounds targeting the (α4)3(β2)2 subtype of nAChRs can reduce alcohol consumption, and when administered in combination with varenicline, may allow use of lower varenicline doses to decrease varenicline side effects.
Application of femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging (FLEET) velocimetry in a bladeless turbine

Shock waves appear in numerous high-speed propulsion applications, including intakes, nozzles, and transonic and supersonic turbomachinery. The aerodynamic performance in bladeless turbines, which is designed for work extraction under such conditions, is dominated by flow separation induced by shock-wave pressure gradients. The large velocity gradients pose limitations on flowfield characterization using particle-based optical diagnostics, such as particle image velocimetry and laser Doppler anemometry. These limitations, along with challenges in seeding the flow, can be overcome by tracking the molecules already present in the flow. This paper presents kHz-rate femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging (FLEET) to excite long-lived fluorescence of nitrogen molecules, acting as in-situ flow tracers. A multi-point variation of this approach was demonstrated in an optically accessible linear turbine test section, developed to investigate bladeless turbines. The femtosecond laser is coupled with an intensified CMOS camera with a frame rate of 200 kHz. High-speed measurements were made of the steady and unsteady performance in the bladeless turbine, with particular attention to capturing flow structures, spatial velocity gradients, and transient events such as unstarting of the supersonic passages.
What Can You Do With a Single Case? How to Think About Ethnographic Case Selection Like a Historical Sociologist:

Most social scientists agree that case studies are useful for “theory building,” but ethnographic methods papers often look to survey research for case selection strategies. This is due to a common...
What is in the cocaine? The vessels never lie—cocaine-induced vasculitis

Abstract A 45-year-old female with a past medical history significant for type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, vasculitis of unknown type with no family history of autoimmune vasculitis, untreated hepatitis C, bipolar disorder, and cocaine abuse presented with purpuric skin lesions on the nose, bilateral ears, and bilateral upper and lower extremities. Two days prior to presentation, the patient had been in pain secondary to arthritis, so she used cocaine from a friend for self-management. Overnight following the exposure to cocaine, she developed skin lesions. She reported similar skin lesions following cocaine self-administration in the past. Regarding her history of vasculitis, she has had recurrent episodes of vasculitis of unknown etiology for the past 3 years treated with corticosteroids (dose and duration unknown), which she stopped 1 month ago due to running out of medication and not renewing her indigent care. The episodes have been associated temporally with cocaine use.
Creating Competitive Advantage for Food Tourism Destinations Through Food and Beverage Experiences

Food and beverage experiences (FBEs) are an important travel motivator in tourists’ decision-making process. This study determines how food tourism destinations within North Carolina (NC), U.S.A. c...
Misunderstandings about older people fuel corona virus complacency

The purpose of this paper is to explore public assumptions underlying the apparent disregard for the lives of older people during the coronavirus outbreak. It attempts to dispel myths about quality of life among older people. This paper integrates the author’s personal experiences as a doctor with data collection, which involved general PubMed searches for articles relating to the public response to the effect of coronavirus on older people; beliefs about the lives of older people; and issues of happiness, contentedness and quality of life in older people. Some people have concluded that the lives of older people – which they believe to be of low quality – are worth risking to lessen the economic impact of coronavirus. This morbid calculation is based in part on the assumption that older people are less happy than younger people. In fact, the evidence shows that as people get older, they become significantly happier. This paper asks readers to explore their assumptions about ageing and reaffirms the importance of protecting older people in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic.
Overcoming Social Inequality by Using Augmentative and Alternative Communication Devices in Education

For students whose different sorts of special needs restrict them to communicate with their peers, Alternative and Augmentative Communication (hereafter AAC) Devices have an important impact on overcoming social inequalities by facilitating communication, interactions, and learning outcomes. By interconnecting Assistive Technology with appropriate curriculum and methodology of teaching and learning, students with special communication needs may utilize AAC Devices and overcome some of the communication barriers they face. The main purpose of this article is to research how the learning process occurs by implementing facilitated learning with the use of AAC Devices in United States schools, and its impact on student’s ability to communicate efficiently and to interact with their peers, teachers, and so forth. In that context, the Article investigates how AAC Devices help students with communication disabilities to overcome communication inequalities and the way students can utilize them to be engaged in the learning process. To achieve this purpose, we have used participatory structured observation as the methodology of research. We have visited one of the New York State Schools where AAC Devices were being used, and observed students' behavior and their learning outcomes while using those devices. Besides the facilitated learning by utilizing AAC devices, students with special communication needs were able to interact with their peers and teachers more effectively and express their opinions through those devices.
United States and South Korean citizens’ interpretation and assessment of COVID-19 quantitative data

Abstract We investigate United States and South Korean citizens’ mathematical schemes and how these schemes supported or hindered their attempts to assess the severity of COVID-19. We selected web and media-based COVID-19 data representations that we hypothesized citizens would interpret differently depending on their mathematical schemes. We included items that we conjectured would be easier or more difficult to interpret with schemes that prior research had reported were more or less productive, respectively. We used the representations during clinical interviews with 25 United States and seven South Korean citizens. We illustrate that citizens’ mathematical schemes (as well as their beliefs) impacted how they assessed the severity of COVID-19. We present vignettes of citizens’ schemes that inhibited interpreting representations of COVID-19 in ways compatible with the displayed quantitative data, schemes that aided them in assessing the severity of COVID-19, and beliefs about the reliability of scientific data that overrode their mathematical conclusions.
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Should Be Queried When Initiating Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors

The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) reduce the risk of both macrovascular (myocardial infractions and stroke) (1) and microvascular events (progression of CKD) (2) in persons with type 2 diabetes. The beneficial effects of SGLT2i are derived from a cascade of effects subsequent to inhibition of glucose reabsorption in the S1 segment of the proximal tubule. Clinical trials have shown that SGLT2i reduce the absolute risk of kidney failure by 35% (95% CI, 54% to 81%) relative to placebo (2). Thus, SGLT2i may be one of the most important interventions provided for adults at high risk for kidney failure. With any intervention, side effects and adverse effects must be considered to identify patients appropriate for the intervention and to ensure that treated patients are educated regarding potential side effects and the appropriate coping mechanisms for bothersome side effects. For the SGLT2i drug class, adverse events includes hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, volume depletion (especially when combined with loop diuretics), and genital urinary infections (3⇓⇓–6). Other important side effects that are not life threatening, but are nevertheless bothersome, are lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Below, we describe reasons why LUTS should be queried in patients before initiating SGLT2i and methods for managing LUTS to maintain adherence with this drug class. LUTS include urinary frequency and urgency, with or without incontinence. Urinary urgency, or the sudden urge to urinate that may or may not be accompanied by urinary incontinence, is termed overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome (7). Over 10% of older adults cope with some degree of OAB, and prevalence increases with advancing age (7). Adults with diabetes, especially those with poor glucose control, are particularly at risk for OAB due to bladder dysfunction from neuropathy and osmotic diuresis, which can lead to detrusor muscle hypertrophy and reduction in bladder storage capacity …
Group Salience, Inflammatory Rhetoric, and the Persistence of Hate Against Religious Minorities

Hate crimes surged at several points during and after the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Observers argued that hate crimes, especially against Muslims, increased due to inflammatory rhetoric. Did anti-Muslim hate crimes decline after the salience of Muslims receded? Or did emboldening and organizational effects on hate crimes endure? Here, we show that a sudden mid-2017 decline in media discussion of Muslims and in online communities was associated with a large and sustained drop in anti-Muslim hate. At nearly the same time as these shifts, however, we observe an increase in violent hate crimes committed against Jews, and Granger causality tests demonstrate that week-to-week changes in online extremist speech targeting one group versus another also predicted subsequent shifts in hate crimes and bias incidents. Platform-level and within-individual analyses of online social media users suggest that increased anti-Jewish speech was partly driven by far-right communities and extremists who previously promoted anti-Muslim speech.
Polyacrylamide hydrogels. IV. Near-perfect elasticity and rate-dependent toughness

Abstract A polyacrylamide hydrogel exhibits near-perfect elasticity: its stress-stretch curve is rate-independent and has negligible hysteresis. The near-perfect elasticity results from the large amount of water between the polymer chains. Water has low viscosity and lubricates polymer chains. Here we report that the polyacrylamide hydrogel exhibits rate-dependent toughness when the polymer chains are long. We interpret this finding as follows. Toughness is measured by rupturing a hydrogel containing a precut crack. When the hydrogel is stretched, at the crack tip, some polymer chains slide relative to others. Before a polymer chain breaks, high tension is distributed over a long length of the chain. Breaking the chain releases the energy stored in the long length of the chain. It is this deconcentration of tension that toughens the hydrogel. When the hydrogel is stretched at a high rate, however, the polymer chain at the crack tip does not have time to slip fully, so that the high tension only transmits over a short segment of the chain. Breaking the chain will lead to a lower toughness. Consequently, the toughness decreases as the stretch rate increases. We invoke a shear lag model and find that the toughness scales with stretch rate as Gc ∼ (dλ/dt)−1/4.
Conversion of arginine to proline in murine schistosomiasis

Abstract Free proline, an important amino acid for collagen synthesis, is increased in fibrotic livers of mice with schistosomiasis. Formation of collagen by fibrotic liver slices in vitro has been shown to depend on the concentration of proline in incubation medium. To determine the likely source of free proline in liver, we compared conversion of arginine and glutamic acid to proline by normal livers and by fibrotic livers obtained 9 weeks after infection of mice with 50 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Pools of most free amino acids, including glutamic acid and proline, were increased in fibrotic liver. Liver slices were incubated with either [ 14 C]arginine or [ 14 C]glutamic acid in the presence of 0.1 mM concentration of both unlabeled amino acids in the medium. After a 6-hr incubation, arginine-derived free proline was 1.82 ± 0.44 μmoles per g of liver protein in fibrotic liver and 0.93 ± 0.20 μmoles per g of liver protein in normal liver. Fibrotic livers utilized arginine-derived proline for collagen synthesis, forming 6.3 ± 1.7 nmoles of protein-bound hydroxyproline per g of liver protein in 6 hr. In contrast, however, conversion of glutamic acid to proline was not detected under the experimental conditions employed. Glutamine was not converted to proline in similar liver slice experiments. Conversion of arginine in vivo to proline utilized for liver collagen synthesis was confirmed in mice with schistosomiasis after intraperitoneal injection of [ 14 C]arginine. Conversion of [ 14 C]glutamine to liver proline in vivo appeared to be minimal. These studies suggest that arginine may be a major precursor of the increased free proline pool in murine schistosomiasis, and that conversion of arginine to proline may be important for the over-all pathway of liver collagen formation.
Alphabet to Internet : media in our lives

Introduction 1. Writing: Gathering Knowledge 2. Printing: Reaching More of Us 3. Mail: The Snail that Could 4. Telegraph: Uniting the United States 5. Telephone: Reaching Without Touching 6. Recording: Beyonce Sings Better Than Our Sister 7. Photography: Personal and So Much More 8. Movies: Made by More of Us 9. Radio: Helping Us Through the Rough Years 10. Television: Pictures in Our Parlors 11. Computers: Beyond Calculation 12. The Internet: The World at Our Fingertips 13. Video Games: Leaning Forward 14. Persuasion: The Push Never Stops 15. We Are Different: Living in a World of Social Change
Assessment of Pilot Workload: Converging Measures from Performance Based, Subjective and Psychophysiological Techniques

This study explores the relationship between the P300 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) and the processing demands of a complex real-world task. Seven male volunteers enrolled in an Instrument Flight Rule (IFR) aviation course flew a series of missions in a single engine fixed-based simulator. In dual task conditions subjects were also required to discriminate between two tones differing in frequency. ERPs time-locked to the tones, subjective effort ratings and overt performance measures were collected during two 45 min flights differing in difficulty (manipulated by varying both atmospheric conditions and instrument reliability). The more difficult flight was associated with poorer performance, increased subjective effort ratings, and smaller secondary task P300s. Within each flight, P300 amplitude was negatively correlated with deviations from command headings indicating that P300 amplitude was a sensitive workload metric both between and within the flight missions.
Interactions Between Wnt/β-Catenin/Fgf and Chemokine Signaling in Lateral Line Morphogenesis

Publisher Summary In order for proper morphogenesis to occur, a variety of cellular behaviors have to be tightly coordinated (e.g., cell migration, cell–cell adhesion, cell proliferation, cell death, interactions with the environment, and changes in cell morphology). Because of this complexity, the molecular and cell biological mechanisms that regulate embryonic morphogenesis remain poorly understood. Different signaling pathways interact with each other to control morphogenesis. On top of this cascade is Wnt/β-catenin signaling in leading cells, which initiates a feedback loop between itself and Fgf signaling in trailing cells. The restriction of these pathways in regionally distinct domains ensures the coupling of neurogenesis in trailing cells, and directed cell migration of all cells within the primordium. Each pathway induces the expression of inhibitors for the other pathway. This justifies the reinvestigation of the hierarchy of these signaling interactions in other organ systems. Even though the exact nature of the molecules might not be exactly recapitulated in other organ systems, it is likely that the overall characteristics of these signaling interactions are conserved. Many of the genes that have been identified to be important for lateral line development are also major players in cancer in humans. It is therefore believed that, because of its relative simplicity and accessibility, the migrating lateral line primordium is a very valuable model for understanding signaling interactions in development and disease.
Portraiture and social understanding

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possible explanations for deficits in social understanding evident in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A potential intervention technique is proposed that has not yet been examined in this population: viewing and drawing portraits. This portraiture-based intervention seeks to address some of the core issues set forth in each of the theories explaining impaired social functioning. Furthermore, this intervention is intended to specifically increase exposure to facial stimuli in a safe and controlled environment. Instructions about how to look closely at a social partner’s face and how to glean salient emotional information from the facial expression displayed can be developed through a focused exploration of drawing and viewing portraits. Current techniques such as eye tracking and fMRI are discussed in the context of this proposed intervention. Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews existing research about ASD and seeks to pres...
The circular dichroism of phosvitin.

Abstract Circular dichroism spectra between 185 and 320 mµ were obtained on phosvitin at pH 3.4 and 6.6. A strong negative band at 198 mµ dominates both spectra. At higher wave lengths, a negative shoulder at 225 mµ is present at pH 3.4, although at pH 6.6, two weak bands, one positive, the other negative, are observed at 220 mµ and 233 mµ, respectively.
The Purine‐Nucleotide Cycle

The contents of citric acid cycle compounds were measured in rat hind limb muscle in situ during rest, exercise, and recovery from exercise. The following changes in citric acid cycle intermediates were observed during exercise for 15 min. The contents of fumarate and malate increased fourfold over resting values. The contents of citrate, isocitrate, and succinate rose 68%, 48% and 87% respectively, but the increase in these intermediates was delayed relative to the increase in fumarate and malate. The content of 2-oxoglutarate did not change significantly. The content of oxaloacetate increased from less than 1 nmol/g dry weight in resting muscle to 8 nmol/g dry weight during exercise. The orthophosphate content doubled. The sum of the contents of citric acid cycle intermediates doubled. The ratios of the contents of malate/fumarate and citrate/isocitrate remained constant. The constancy of the citrate/isocitrate ratio indicates that the concentration of intra-cellular free Mg2+ is not affected by exercise. All metabolite levels returned to resting values during recovery. Comparison of these data with the rate of operation of the purine nucleotide cycle leads us to conclude that the increase in citric acid cycle intermediates can be accounted for by the operation of the purine nucleotide cycle.
HIGH-SPIN PROPERTIES OF SOME NUCLEI AROUND A = 160

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a report containing the first results from the high-energy resolution array (HERA) at Berkeley. The experiments began with 4 Compton-suppressed germanium (CSG) detectors available about 1 to 1 1/2 years ago and concluded with the full array of 21, used for the first time. There are two well-known methods to measure the lifetimes of nuclear rotational states from which the B(E2) values may be determined: (1) the recoil-distance method (RDM) and (2) the Doppler shift attenuation method (DSAM). Both of these methods make use of the Doppler shifted γ rays emitted by a nucleus recoiling after a nuclear reaction of some type. In the former method, a foil is placed at a controllable distance from the target to stop or slow down the recoiling nucleus. In an experiment described in the chapter, the DSAM method was used but with spectra gated by one or a few selected γ rays. The advantage of using coincides is that the spectra are very clean and the line shapes can be better determined.
Influence of prescription monitoring programs on analgesic utilization by an insured retiree population.

Purpose To estimate the association between prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP) and the probability of analgesic use, overall and by analgesic type. Methods This cross-sectional study used 2007 Coordination of Benefits (COB) MarketScan administrative claims data of Medicare eligible and their dependents (n = 2 175 012). The exposure was PDMP status: no PDMP, electronic-only PDMP (ePDMP), or electronic + paper PDMP (e + pPDMP). Outcomes included any analgesic use and, among users, analgesic use by schedule (CII, CIII, CIV, or CV-Rx). Multivariable logistic and multinomial regressions were used to estimate the associations of PDMP status with any analgesic use and schedule of analgesic, respectively, controlling for sociodemographic and clinical factors. Results There were 834 489 (38.4%) subjects who received at least one analgesic; of these, 28.9% received one or more opioid analgesics (OAs). Compared to individuals in non-PDMP states, those living in PDMP states had increased odds of receiving any analgesic (ORePDMP = 1.19, 99%CI = 1.19, 1.20; ORe+pPDMP = 1.04, 99%CI = 1.03, 1.05). Among analgesic users, the odds of receiving potent CII analgesics relative to CV-Rx analgesics were lowest for individuals residing in e + pPDMP states (ORe+pPDMP = 0.54, 99%CI = 0.53, 0.55), followed by ePDMP states (ORePDMP = 0.76, 99%CI = 0.75, 0.77) relative to non-PDMP states. The odds of receiving CIII OAs were highest for individuals in PDMP compared to non-PDMP states. Conclusions PDMPs are associated with reductions in utilization of targeted prescription OAs and increases in less scrutinized, lower scheduled OAs. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine how PDMPs shift analgesic prescribing and whether such shifts influence clinical care and economic outcomes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Analysis of Earnings Manipulation Via Inventory in Companies Sanctioned by the SEC

This study examines two aspects of earnings manipulation using inventory and related accounts: manipulation via the income statement and in response to poor financial results. We extend the current research, much of which focuses on inventory reserve accounts, to include manipulating inventory via sales and cost of goods sold. We also assess earnings mismanagement in response to poor financial results. We examine the pre-machination financials for corporations that have sanctioned by the SEC for earnings manipulation via inventory to similar companies that have not. Our results show significant differences between the two groups in the years directly before the SEC reports the earnings misstatements began. This study should be of interest to financial regulators, academics teaching financial or business ethics, chief financial officers, and chief ethics officers.
Randomized Trial of Observation Versus Adjuvant Therapy With Cyclophosphamide, Fluorouracil, Prednisone With or Without Tamoxifen Following Mastectomy in Postmenopausal Women With Node-Positive Breast Cancer

Following mastectomy for node-positive breast cancer, 261 postmenopausal women were randomized to observation or adjuvant treatment with cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, prednisone (CFP) alone or combined with tamoxifen (T). Doses used were: C, 150 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) days 1 to 5; F, 300 mg/m2 IV days 1 to 5; P, 10 mg by mouth 3 times daily on days 1 to 7; and T, 10 mg by mouth 2 times daily. A total of ten courses of treatment, administered every 6 weeks, was planned and T was stopped 6 weeks after the last course of CFP. Two hundred thirty-four patients were fully eligible and evaluable. With a median observation time slightly in excess of 5 years, the proportion of recurrences on each arm were: CFP, 29 of 75 (39%); CFPT, 29 of 71 (41%); and observation, 50 of 88 (57%). Relapse-free survival distributions for both CFP and CFPT were superior to observation (both two-sided P = .01). Considering prognostic factors in covariate analysis revealed two-sided P = .0006 for CFP v observation and P = .0003 fo...
Mechanism of the methylchlorosilane reaction: Improved lab reactor design and kinetic data

An extensive laboratory reaction kinetics study was performed on the “direct process” of methyl chloride and silicon, also commonly referred to as the methylchlorosilane (MCS) reaction. Temperature and concentrations of copper, zinc, and tin were varied. Reaction rate reproducibility and repeatability were improved by increasing temperature homogeneity in our fixed-bed reactor system. A stripped gas chromatograph (GC) oven, a detailed standard operating procedure, and small-diameter fixed-bed reactors were used to achieve good temperature control. The kinetics study incorporated multiple sample points per run as opposed to a single sample. The complete kinetics data set was analyzed with statistical analysis tools (SAS, Minitab). Three silicon utilization windows (0−15%, 15−30%, and ≥30%) were assumed to determine reaction rate descriptions by so-called transfer functions. The developed model supports a proposal wherein at least two processes exist. The main reaction (the MCS reaction) produces dimethyldi...
Membrane-Mimetic Films of Asymmetric Phosphatidylcholine Lipid Bolaamphiphiles

Membrane-spanning phospholipid bolaamphiphiles either alone or as a constituent of a multicomponent lipid membrane may prove to be facile building blocks for generating robust bioactive membrane-mimetic assemblies. We have previously reported the synthesis of asymmetric dialkyl phospholipid bolaamphiphiles that contain ester linked phosphatidylcholine and amine functionalities at opposite chain ends. In this report, we describe the synthesis of phospholipid bolaamphiphiles that are conjugated to biotin via the terminal amine with or without a poly(ethylene oxide) spacer arm of varying chain length. The behavior of biotinylated bolaamphiphiles as a self-assembled monolayer at an air−water interface was characterized by epi-fluorescence microscopy and revealed that domain structure and π−A isotherms were substantially influenced by linker type and size. Substrate bound assemblies were produced by Langmuir−Blodgett deposition onto planar substrates coated with an avidin derivatized polyelectrolyte multilayer...