cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A secure and privacy-preserving communication protocol for V2G networks

The concept of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is that electric vehicles (EVs) communicate with the smart grid to sell demand response services by delivering electricity into the grid. The operation of V2G networks is based on continuously monitoring the status of individual EVs as well as a designed incentive scheme to attract sufficient participating EVs. However, the close monitoring might raise privacy concerns from the EV owners about identity and location information leakage. To the best of the authors' knowledge, V2G communication protocol with privacy-preserving has been proposed rarely in the literature. Therefore, we propose a secure and privacy-preserving communication protocol for V2G networks, which utilizes the restrictive partially blind signature to protect the identities of the EV owners and is also based on certificateless public key cryptography to simplify the certificate management as in traditional public key infrastructure and to overcome the key escrow problem as in identity-based public key cryptography. The proposed protocol can achieve the property of completeness, identity and location privacy, confidentiality and integrity of the communications, and known-key security, and is secure against the replay attacks and existential adaptively chosen message attacks.
Impedance spectroscopy of SrBi2Ta2O9 and SrBi2Nb2O9 ceramics correlation with fatigue behavior

In this research, a fatigue model for ferroelectric materials is proposed. The reasons for the electrical fatigue resistance of SrBi{sub 2}Ta{sub 2}O{sub 9}(SBT), SrBi{sub 2}Nb{sub 2}O{sub 9}(SBN), and PbZr{sub 1{minus}x}Ti{sub x}O{sub 3}(PZT) are discussed in terms of the bulk ionic conductivities of the compounds. To obtain the bulk ionic conductivity of SBT and SBN, we have used impedance spectroscopy which provides an effective method that allows us to separate the individual contributions of bulk, grain boundaries, and electrode-ferroelectric interfaces from the total capacitor impedance. The bulk ionic conductivities of SBT and SBN ({approximately}10{sup {minus}7}S/cm) are much higher than those of the perovskite ferroelectrics, e.g., PZT ({approximately}10{sup {minus}11}-10{sup {minus}10}S/cm). The high ionic conductivities led us to conclude that the good fatigue resistance of SrBi{sub 2}Ta{sub 2}O{sub 9} and SrBi{sub 2}Nb{sub 2}O{sub 9} is due to easy recovery of defects. Specifically, oxygen vacancies entrapped within the capacitors are easily released, resulting in limited space charge buildup and domain wall pinning during the polarization reversal process. However, the oxygen vacancies in PZT are trapped at trap sites to become space charges, resulting in capacitor fatigue. {copyright} {ital 1997 Materials Research Society.}
X‐ray structure of the metcyano form of dehaloperoxidase from Amphitrite ornata: evidence for photoreductive dissociation of the iron–cyanide bond

X-ray crystal structures of the metcyano form of dehaloperoxidase-hemoglobin (DHP A) from Amphitrite ornata (DHPCN) and the C73S mutant of DHP A (C73SCN) were determined using synchrotron radiation in order to further investigate the geometry of diatomic ligands coordinated to the heme iron. The DHPCN structure was also determined using a rotating-anode source. The structures show evidence of photoreduction of the iron accompanied by dissociation of bound cyanide ion (CN{sup -}) that depend on the intensity of the X-ray radiation and the exposure time. The electron density is consistent with diatomic molecules located in two sites in the distal pocket of DHPCN. However, the identities of the diatomic ligands at these two sites are not uniquely determined by the electron-density map. Consequently, density functional theory calculations were conducted in order to determine whether the bond lengths, angles and dissociation energies are consistent with bound CN{sup -} or O{sub 2} in the iron-bound site. In addition, molecular-dynamics simulations were carried out in order to determine whether the dynamics are consistent with trapped CN{sup -} or O{sub 2} in the second site of the distal pocket. Based on these calculations and comparison with a previously determined X-ray crystal structure of the C73S-O{submore » 2} form of DHP [de Serrano et al. (2007), Acta Cryst. D63, 1094-1101], it is concluded that CN{sup -} is gradually replaced by O{sub 2} as crystalline DHP is photoreduced at 100 K. The ease of photoreduction of DHP A is consistent with the reduction potential, but suggests an alternative activation mechanism for DHP A compared with other peroxidases, which typically have reduction potentials that are 0.5 V more negative. The lability of CN{sup -} at 100 K suggests that the distal pocket of DHP A has greater flexibility than most other hemoglobins.« less
An Efficient Threshold-Based Power Management Mechanism for Heterogeneous Soft Real-Time Clusters

With growing cost of electricity, the power management (PM) of server clusters has become an important problem. However, most previous researchers only address the challenge in homogeneous environments. Considering the increasing popularity of heterogeneous systems, this paper proposes an efficient algorithm for PM of heterogeneous soft real-time clusters. It is built on simple but effective mathematical models. When deployed to a new platform, the software incurs low configuration cost because no extensive performance measurements and profiling are required. To strive for efficiency, a threshold-based approach is adopted. In this paper, we systematically study this approach and its design decisions.
Estimates of emittance dilution and stability in high-energy linear accelerators

In this paper, we present a series of analytic expressions to predict the beam dynamics in a long linear accelerator. These expressions can be used to model the linac optics, calculate the magnitude of the wakefields, estimate the emittance dilution due to misaligned accelerator components, and estimate the stability and jitter limitations. The analytic expressions are based on the results of simple physics models and are useful to understand the parameter sensitivities. They are also useful when using simple codes or spreadsheets to optimize a linac system.
Coupling Mechanism of a GPCR and a Heterotrimeric G Protein During Chemoattractant Gradient Sensing in Dictyostelium

The coupling of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with G proteins is fundamental for GPCR signaling; however, the mechanism of coupling is still debated. Moreover, how the proposed mechanisms affect the dynamics of downstream signaling remains unclear. Here, through experiments involving fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and single-molecule imaging, we directly measured the mobilities of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) receptor 1 (cAR1), a chemoattractant receptor, and a G protein βγ subunit in live cells. We found that cAR1 diffused more slowly in the plasma membrane than did Gβγ. Upon binding of ligand to the receptor, the mobility of cAR1 was unchanged, whereas the speed of a fraction of the faster-moving Gβγ subunits decreased. Our measurements showed that cAR1 was relatively immobile and Gβγ diffused freely, suggesting that chemoattractant-bound cAR1 transiently interacted with G proteins. Using models of possible coupling mechanisms, we computed the temporal kinetics of G protein activation. Our fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging data showed that fully activated cAR1 induced the sustained dissociation of G protein α and βγ subunits, which indicated that ligand-bound cAR1 activated G proteins continuously. Finally, simulations indicated that a high-affinity coupling of ligand-bound receptors and G proteins was essential for cAR1 to translate extracellular gradient signals into directional cellular responses. We suggest that chemoattractant receptors use a ligand-induced coupling rather than a precoupled mechanism to control the activation of G proteins during chemotaxis.
DURATION OF DISEASE, DURATION INDICATORS, AND ESTIMATION OF THE RISK RATIO

The authors investigated how duration of disease and duration of risk until onset of disease relate prevalence odds ratios and cumulative incidence ratios, respectively, to incidence density ratios in a steady-state population. Using information on durations, they demonstrated how incidence density ratios may be estimated from the information available in variants of the case-referent study and their cohort study analogues. The standard case-referent study involves an incidence series of cases and a prevalence series of noncases. One variant is a study of a prevalence series of cases and a prevalence series of noncases. Another variant involves comparison of two incidence series for sequential incident events. Factors associated with disease risk have been termed risk indicators, and, by analogy, factors associated with disease duration are defined as duration indicators. These duration indicators may be identified through the study of duration ratios. Ratios of durations in steady-state populations may be combined with the prevalence and cumulative incidence information available in the variants of the standard study designs to obtain estimates of incidence density ratios.
Antitussive Effect of Guaifenesin in Young Adults with Natural Colds: Objective and subjective assessment

The efficacy of gnaifenesin in reducing cough frequency in young adults with acute respiratory disease was evaluated by both an objective cough counting system and a questionnaire. A guaifenesin cough preparation and the syrup vehicle were administered in a double-blind manner. Coughs were recorded on tape over a 24-hour baseline evaluation period and a 36-hour treatment period for 42 patients. A pronounced diurnal variation in cough frequency was observed. The evaluation of efficacy was based upon comparisons between equivalent six-hour time periods of successive days. No antitussive effect of guaifenesin was demonstrated. The questionnaire was administered to 65 patients, including the 42 whose coughs were recorded. Of 26 patients with productive cough receiving guaifenesin, 25 (96 percent) reported a decrease in sputum thickness compared to 13 (54 percent) of 24 patients receiving the vehicle (p=0.001, Fisher exact test). Twenty-three of 26 (88 percent) patients receiving guaifenesin also reported reduction in sputum quantity compared to 15 of 24 (62.5 percent) receiving the vehicle (p=0.07, Fisher exact test). The diurnal variation in cough frequency measured by the tape recording was not apparent from the subjective cough frequency estimates obtained by the questionnaire.
Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders (EGID) with Peripheral Eosinophilia: A Retrospective Review at Mayo Clinic

Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is defined by significant eosinophilia (>1,500 eos/μl), which often leads to end-organ damage/dysfunction. It is unclear if the presence of significant peripheral eosinophilia (>1,500 eos/μl) indicates a more aggressive form of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder (EGID). A database query of the Mayo Clinic Rochester electronic records (1995–2008) was performed using several search terms for eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease, and 161 records were reviewed. Patients under 18 years age, those without Mayo-reviewed pathology specimens, those with eosinophilic esophagitis only, and/or those with evidence of secondary etiologies for GI eosinophilia were excluded. A total of 39 were found to have primary EGID. We compared individuals with biopsy-proven primary EGID based on whether they had significant peripheral eosinophilia (≥1,500 eos/μl) (group A) or not (group B). Group A tended to have more atopy (A: 12/15; B: 11/24; p = 0.03) and more extensive segmental involvement of the GI tract (p = 0.001). None with available studies had evidence of cardiac (A: 7/15; B: 6/24) or bone marrow (A: 10/15; B: 6/24) involvement. The two thromboembolic events in group A after diagnosis did not translate to significantly greater risk (HR = infinity, p = 0.13; group A vs. B). Doses of initial (A: 40 mg/day; B: 55 mg/day; p = 0.17) and maintenance prednisone (A; 8.75 mg/day; B: 7.5 mg/day; p > 0.90) were similar. Group A was significantly more likely to need maintenance prednisone (77 vs. 8%, p = 0.001), with a median treatment duration of 52 weeks. Recurrence of symptoms (and peripheral eosinophilia) during prednisone taper was common in both groups. Prednisone-sparing agents (hydroxyurea, imatinib mesylate, interferon (IFN)-α2b, anti-interleukin (IL-5) monoclonal antibody) were more commonly used in group A (73 vs. 8%; p < 0.0001). EGID with peripheral eosinophilia ≥1,500/μl is associated with atopy, greater GI segmental involvement, and uncertain risk of thrombosis. The common use of long-term steroids and variable responsiveness to nonsteroidal agents, particularly in group A, underscores the need for targeted therapies.
Optimal Neural Tuning Curves for Arbitrary Stimulus Distributions: Discrimax, Infomax and Minimum L_p Loss

In this work we study how the stimulus distribution influences the optimal coding of an individual neuron. Closed-form solutions to the optimal sigmoidal tuning curve are provided for a neuron obeying Poisson statistics under a given stimulus distribution. We consider a variety of optimality criteria, including maximizing discriminability, maximizing mutual information and minimizing estimation error under a general Lp norm. We generalize the Cramer-Rao lower bound and show how the Lp loss can be written as a functional of the Fisher Information in the asymptotic limit, by proving the moment convergence of certain functions of Poisson random variables. In this manner, we show how the optimal tuning curve depends upon the loss function, and the equivalence of maximizing mutual information with minimizing Lp loss in the limit as p goes to zero.
Power-efficient dual-rate optical transceiver

A dual-rate (2 Gbit/s and 100 Mbit/s) optical transceiver designed for power-efficient connections within and between modern high-speed digital systems is described. The transceiver can dynamically adjust its data rate according to performance requirements, allowing for power-on-demand operation. Dynamic power management permits energy saving and lowers device operating temperatures, improving the reliability and lifetime of optoelectronic-devices such as vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). To implement dual-rate functionality, we include in the transmitter and receiver circuits separate high-speed and low-power data path modules. The high-speed module is designed for gigabit operation to achieve high bandwidth. A simpler low-power module is designed for megabit data transmission with low power consumption. The transceiver is fabricated in a 0.5 µm silicon-on-sapphire complementary metal-oxide semiconductor. The VCSEL and photodetector devices are attached to the transceiver’s integrated circuit by flip-chip bonding. A free-space optical link system is constructed to demonstrate correct dual-rate functionality. Experimental results show reliable link operation at 2 Gbit/s and 100 Mbit/s data transfer rates with ∼104 and ∼9 mW power consumption, respectively. The transceiver’s switching time between these two data rates is demonstrated as 10 µs, which is limited by on-chip register reconfiguration time. Improvement of this switching time can be obtained by use of dedicated input–output pads for dual-rate control signals.
The peptide derived from the Ig-like domain of human herpesvirus 8 K1 protein induces death in hematological cancer cells

Although significant progress has been made in the treatment of lymphomas, many lymphomas exhibit resistance to cell death, suggesting a defective Fas signaling, which remains poorly understood. We previously reported that cells expressing the K1 protein of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) resist death through the complex formation of the Ig-like domain of K1 with Fas. Recently, we investigated whether peptides derived from the Ig-like domain of the K1 protein may affect cell death. K1 positive and negative cell lines were incubated with the K1-derived peptides, and cell death (apoptotic and necrotic) was assessed by flow cytometry and LDH assay. Activation of caspases was assessed by fluorometric assay and flow cytometry. Fas receptor-independent, peptide-mediated cell killing was tested in the Fas-resistant Daudi cell line and Jurkat cell clones deficient in caspase-8 and FADD functionality. Activation of TNF receptors I and II was blocked by pre-incubation with corresponding blocking antibodies. The effect of the K1 peptide in vivo was tested in a mouse xenograft model. We observed that the peptide S20-3 enhanced cell death in K1-positive BJAB cells and HHV-8 positive primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines. Similar effects of this peptide were observed in B-cell lymphoma and T-lymphoblastic leukemia cells without K1 expression but not in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A single intratumoral injection of the S20-3 peptide decreased the growth of Jurkat xenografts in SCID mice. The mechanism of tumor cell death induced by the S20-3 peptide was associated with activation of caspases, but this activity was only partially inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD. Furthermore, the K1 peptide also killed Fas-resistant Daudi cells, and this killing effect was inhibited by pre-incubation of cells with antibodies blocking TNFRI. Taken together, these findings indicate that the S20-3 peptide can selectively induce the death of malignant hematological cell lines by Fas- and/or TNFRI-dependent mechanisms, suggesting the K1-derived peptide or peptidomimetic may have promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of hematological cancers.
Empowering Community Members for Civic Leadership: The Institute for Community Leadership

Leaders emerge from some very unlikely situations. They come in all ages, sizes, shapes, and from both genders. In this paper we discuss the relationship between the theoretic and practical applications evidenced by the Institute for Community Leadership’s (ICL) efforts to prepare people for civic leadership. We present background information about ICL including the Institute’s purposes and goals, an examination of its past achievements, current activities, and future projections, and we conclude with a discussion of “conditions for success in collaborative public ventures” (Hackman & Johnson, 2009, p. 293) as it relates to the Institute’s efforts to prepare people for community leadership.
Estimation of baseflow residence times in watersheds from the runoff hydrograph recession: method and application in the Neversink watershed, Catskill Mountains, New York

A method for estimation of mean baseflow residence time in watersheds from hydrograph runoff recession characteristics was developed. Runoff recession characteristics were computed for the period 1993–96 in the 2 km2 Winnisook watershed, Catskill Mountains, southeastern New York, and were used to derive mean values of subsurface hydraulic conductivity and the storage coefficient. These values were then used to estimate the mean baseflow residence time from an expression of the soil contact time, based on watershed soil and topographic characteristics. For comparison, mean baseflow residence times were calculated for the same period of time through the traditional convolution integral approach, which relates rainfall δ18O to δ18O values in streamflow. Our computed mean baseflow residence time was 9 months by both methods. These results indicate that baseflow residence time can be calculated accurately using recession analysis, and the method is less expensive than using environmental and/or artificial tracers. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Endogenous Development of Eimeria alabamensis Christensen, 1941, an Intranuclear Coccidium of Cattle

SUMMARY. The endogenous development of the life cycle of Eimeria alabamensis Christensen, 1941, occurs in the nucleus of the intestinal cells of cattle. Calves were killed at various intervals after inoculation with infective oocysts to study the endogenous cycle. Excysted sporozoites were found in the contents or scrapings from the walls of rumen, omasum, small intestine, cecum, and colon. They were found in the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelium at 2 days. Schizonts were found in the nuclei beginning at 2 days, but the number was low by the 8th day. Merozoite numbers usually ranged between 16 and 32. Some host nuclei contained as many as 48 or more, but these appeared to be the result of more than one schizont merging in the same host nucleus. Merozoites were slender, spindle-shaped bodies while still in the schizont walls, but were short with bluntly rounded tips when found in intracellular spaces and crypts. Gametocytes were found as early as the 4th day. Most of the stages of gametogenesis were limited to the lowest third of the small intestine, but in heavy infections some were also found in the cecum and upper colon. Microgametocytes were multinucleate and were more densely stained than the uninucleate macrogametocytes. The ratio of macrogametocytes to microgametocytes in 100 gametes was 78: 22. Oocysis with “shells” were found in sections of the lower 20 feet of the ileum on the 6th day, which coincided with the shortest prepatent period reported previously. As many as three schizonts or microgametocytes or four or five macrogametocytes or oocysts could be found in the same host nucleus. The variations in shape of the oocysts appeared to be dependent on the number of oocysts crowded into each nucleus.
A mathematical programming analysis of public transit systems

We illustrate how mathematical programming models can be used to analyse public transit systems. In particular, we analyse the location of bus garages and the allocation of vehicles to these facilities for the Vancouver (Canada) Regional Transit System. The model considers, among other items, vehicle deadhead cost and the capital cost of constructing new garages. Besides the ability to determine cost-minimizing solutions, we explore the use of mathematical programming to examine the effects of different scenarios.
Social drive and the evolution of primate hearing

The structure and function of primate communication have attracted much attention, and vocal signals, in particular, have been studied in detail. As a general rule, larger social groups emit more types of vocal signals, including those conveying the presence of specific types of predators. The adaptive advantages of receiving and responding to alarm calls are expected to exert a selective pressure on the auditory system. Yet, the comparative biology of primate hearing is limited to select species, and little attention has been paid to the effects of social and vocal complexity on hearing. Here, we use the auditory brainstem response method to generate the largest number of standardized audiograms available for any primate radiation. We compared the auditory sensitivities of 11 strepsirrhine species with and without independent contrasts and show that social complexity explains a significant amount of variation in two audiometric parameters—overall sensitivity and high-frequency limit. We verified the generality of this latter result by augmenting our analysis with published data from nine species spanning the primate order. To account for these findings, we develop and test a model of social drive. We hypothesize that social complexity has favoured enhanced hearing sensitivities, especially at higher frequencies.
Inflammation and Bone Loss in Periodontal Disease

Inflammation and bone loss are hallmarks of periodontal disease (PD). The question is how the former leads to the latter. Accumulated evidence demonstrates that PD involves bacterially derived factors and antigens that stimulate a local inflammatory reaction and activation of the innate immune system. Proinflammatory molecules and cytokine networks play essential roles in this process. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha seem to be primary molecules that, in turn, influence cells in the lesion. Antigen-stimulated lymphocytes (B and T cells) also seem to be important. Eventually, a cascade of events leads to osteoclastogenesis and subsequent bone loss via the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK)-RANK ligand (RANKL)-osteoprotegerin (OPG) axis. This axis and its regulation are not unique to PD but rather are critical for pathologic lesions involving chronic inflammation. Multiple lines of evidence in models of PD clearly indicate that increases in RANKL mRNA expression and protein production increase the RANKL/OPG ratio and stimulate the differentiation of macrophage precursor cells into osteoclasts. They also stimulate the maturation and survival of the osteoclast, leading to bone loss. OPG mRNA expression and protein production do not generally seem to be increased in the periodontitis lesion. Studies of RANKL and OPG transgenic and knockout animals provide further support for the involvement of these molecules in the tissue loss observed in PD. Ironically, periodontal practitioners have focused on the bacterial etiology of PD and believed that plaque removal was aimed at eliminating specific bacteria or bacterial complexes. However, it seems that the reduction of inflammation and attenuation of the host's immune reaction to the microbial plaque, eventually leading to a decrease in the ratio of RANKL/OPG and a decrease in associated bone loss, are the actual and desired outcomes of periodontal therapy. Future therapeutic options are likely to have regulation of the RANK-RANKL-OPG axis as their goal.
IUP: Intrinsically Unstructured Protein predictor - A software tool for analyzing polypeptide sequences

Many protein regions and some entire proteins have no definite tertiary structure, presenting instead as dynamic, disorder ensembles under different physiochemical circumstances. These proteins and regions are known as Intrinsically Unstructured Proteins (IUP). IUP have been associated with a wide range of protein functions and play essential roles in diseases characterized by protein misfolding and aggregation. Identifying IUP is an important but difficult task in today?s structural and functional genomics. We exact useful features from polypeptide sequences and develop machine learning algorithms for the above task. We compare our IUP predictor with PONDR ? (mainly neural-network-based predictors), disEMBL (also based on neural networks) and Globplot (based on IUP propensity). We find that augmenting features derived from physiochemical properties of amino acids (such as 9-gram encoding scheme and hydrophobicity) and using ensemble methods proved beneficial. The IUP predictor is a viable alternative software tool for identifying IUP regions and proteins.
Carotenoid photodegradation products and human peripheral blood mononuclear cell function

Abstract The effects of UV-photodegraded β-carotene (φβC) and lycopene (φLyc) on immune function parameters of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was investigated. φβC (8.6–10.0 μg/ml) inhibited 3 H-thymidine incorporation by PBMC an average of 81%, 64% and 66%, when stimulated with Concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively, without affecting cell viability. φβC and φLyc inhibited Con A and LPS-stimulated proliferation similarly, indicating activity due to nonretinoid products. φβC inhibited IL-2 synthesis by stimulated PBMC, and rIL-2 addition partially reversed inhibition. φβC exposure only during the initial 6 hrs inhibited proliferation, and inhibition was maximal even if φβC addition occurred 8 hrs after mitogen addition. φβC treatment resulted in arrest of cells in G 0 + G 1 . Antiproliferative activity was associated with a fraction soluble in ethanol but not water. These results suggest that inhibition of proliferation by φβC occurs downstream of mitogen binding. β-carotene and lycopene undergo photodegradation in human skin in vivo, and these findings suggest that phenomenon may influence aspects of immune function.
An insightful approach to H/sub /spl infin// position controller design for an electric motor attached to a flexible structure

Although there is much literature concerning the control of electric motors, less attention has been devoted to the practical problem of controlling electric motors when they are attached to mechanical supports with structural resonances that interact with the controlled motor. This paper focuses on the use of classical Bode analysis techniques to gain insight into the development of an H/sub /spl infin// controller for an electric motor attached to a flexible structure. Bode plots are used to provide a meaningful guide to adjusting control weightings in the H/sub /spl infin// problem formulation such that performance objectives are achieved. This approach is applied to the inertial position regulation of a gimballed pointing payload with significant structural resonances. Both theoretical and real-time experimental results are presented. >
The crystal structure of parisite-(Ce), Ce2CaF2(CO3)3

The crystal structure of parisite–(Ce) was solved and refined to R = 0.044, Rw = 0.037 using three–dimensional X–ray diffraction data (XRD). In contrast to the putative hexagonal cell, weak XRD maxima on precession films demonstrate that the parisite–(Ce) is monoclinic with a space group C 2/ c or Cc . The unit cell was refined as a = 12.305(2), b = 7.1053(5), c = 28.250(5) A, and β = 98.257(14)°. The structure refinement confirmed the space group Cc . Like bastnasite and synchysite, parisite possesses a (001) layer structure, with layers of (Ca) and (CeF) separated by layers of carbonate groups. The [001] layer stacking sequence is ... (Ca), (CO 3 ), (CeF), (CO 3 ), (CeF), (CO 3 ), (Ca), (CO 3 ), (CeF), (CO 3 ), (CeF), (CO 3 ).... The parisite-(Ce) structure can be considered as two portions of the bastnasite structure connected by a (Ca) layer. The insertion of a (Ca) layer would create long [001]* structure voids in the F columns if the bastnasite portions stacked hexagonally; therefore, the two bastnasite portions are offset along [110] by a /6(sin60°) (or [1 − 00] in hexagonal cells, by a /3) such that the oxygen atoms of the vertical edges of the carbonate groups occupy the voids. Polytypism results because a bastnasite portion can shift equally in two possible directions, ±120° from the previous offset vector. The parisite-(Ce) structure elucidated herein is the simplest and most common polytype possible, 2M. The polytype 6R, which was previously believed to be the most common, has not been found during our extensive study.
How Large Is the “Public Domain”? A Comparative Analysis of Ringer’s 1961 Copyright Renewal Study and HathiTrust CRMS Data

The 1961 Copyright Office study on renewals, authored by Barbara Ringer, has cast an outsized influence on discussions of the U.S. 1923–1963 public domain. As more concrete data emerge from initiatives such as the large-scale determination process in the Copyright Review Management System (CRMS) project, questions are raised about the reliability or meaning of the Ringer data. A closer examination of both the Ringer study and CRMS data demonstrates fundamental misunderstandings and misrepresentations of the Ringer data, as well as possible methodological issues. Estimates of the size of the corpus of public domain books published in the United States from 1923 through 1963 have been inflated by problematic assumptions, and we should be able to correct mistaken conclusions with reasonable effort.
Formal Jurisdictional Change and the Agendas of the U.S. District Courts

As for other policy-making institutions, the manner in which U.S. district courts participate in the policy-making process is structured by their jurisdiction. Courts have the authority to decide certain issues because of their jurisdiction which establishes them as venues for adjudicating certain types of disputes. As this formal jurisdiction changes over time, so too should the issues appearing on the agendas of the federal courts. Importantly, in the U.S. system of government, the United States Congress structures the formal jurisdiction of the federal courts when it passes laws establishing those courts' jurisdictions. Using an original dataset of laws that grant jurisdiction to the U.S. district courts, this paper tests the relationship between formal jurisdictional change and changes in the agendas of the U.S. district courts. The attention of U.S. district courts to certain policy issues and variation in that attention is explained as a function of changes in the laws granting or changing jurisdiction. This paper adds to our understanding of how the agendas of the U.S. district courts have changed over time.
The Rhetoric of Plato’s Republic: Democracy and the Philosophical Problem of Persuasion

In a demanding engagement, James L. Kastely offers an exquisite reading, even revision, of the Republic, and through nuanced attention to form, absences, and tangents he begins to answer a methodol...
Negative first stroke leader characteristics in cloud‐to‐ground lightning over land and ocean

We examine downward leader characteristics for negative first return strokes, along with estimated first stroke peak currents, for lightning occurring over land and ocean reported by the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we report independent evidence that supports the observations by lightning locating systems of higher first stroke peak currents for lightning occurring over ocean than land. We analyzed lightning occurring in five circular regions, each with 50 km diameter. In western Florida, the median stepped-leader duration was 17% shorter over ocean than over land and in eastern Florida the median durations were 21% and 39% shorter over two oceanic regions than over land. We infer that the shorter durations over ocean simply reflect the higher (25% in western Florida and 11%–16% in eastern Florida) oceanic return stroke peak currents reported by the NLDN. These findings indicate that the cloud charge structure for (at least some) oceanic storms are different than those for storms over land. The percentage of flashes that had at least one NLDN-reported negative cloud pulse prior to the first negative cloud-to-ground stroke was found to be about the same over land and ocean. Using regression analysis, we found no evidence that the relationship between leader duration and first return stroke peak current is different over land and ocean.
Optimized, Budget-constrained Monitoring Well Placement Using DREAM

Abstract Defining the ideal suite of monitoring technologies to be deployed at a carbon capture and storage (CCS) site presents a challenge to project developers, financers, insurers, regulators and other stakeholders. The monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA) toolkit offers a suite of technologies to monitor an extensive range of parameters across a wide span of spatial and temporal resolutions, each with their own degree of sensitivity to changes in the parameter being monitored. Understanding how best to optimize MVA budgets to minimize the time to leak detection could help to address issues around project risks, and in turn help support broad CCS deployment. This paper presents a case study demonstrating an application of the Designs for Risk Evaluation and Management (DREAM) tool using an ensemble of CO 2 leakage scenarios taken from a previous study on leakage impacts to groundwater. Impacts were assessed and monitored as a function of pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and trace metal concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb). Using output from the previous study, the DREAM tool was used to optimize monitoring system designs based on variable sampling locations and parameters. The algorithm requires the user to define a finite budget to limit the number of monitoring wells and technologies deployed, and then iterates well placement, sensor type and location until it converges on the configuration with the lowest time to first detection of the leak averaged across all scenarios. To facilitate an understanding of the optimal number of sampling wells, DREAM was used to assess the marginal utility of additional sampling locations. Based on assumptions about monitoring costs and replacement costs of degraded water, the incremental cost of each additional sampling well can be compared against its marginal value in terms of avoided aquifer degradation. Applying this method, DREAM identified the most cost-effective ensemble with 14 monitoring locations. While this preliminary study applied relatively simplistic cost and technology assumptions, it provides an exciting proof-of-concept for the application of DREAM to questions of cost-optimized MVA system design that are informed not only by site-specific costs and technology options, but also by reservoir simulation results developed during site characterization and operation.
Model-based fault detection for a gasoline engine three-way catalyst

In this paper we develop a non-intrusive model-based catalyst monitoring algorithm that operates by determining the magnitude of the catalyst's frequency-domain transfer function in a specific range of frequencies corresponding to a small-amplitude square-wave input command. This method requires the calibration of two parameters within a simple catalyst model consisting of a system gain, a time delay, and an integrator. This method for catalyst monitoring offers several advantages over current methods. Specifically, it is robust to catalyst downstream oxygen-sensor location, does not require any new hardware, and operates non-intrusively in a semi-continuous manner. Thus, the method does not require restrictive steady-state entry conditions or specific events such as deceleration fuel cut-off to operate. Results obtained over a statistically significant number of varied drive cycles demonstrate the ability of the catalyst monitor to accurately detect the presence of a degraded catalyst.
The Development of Self and Identity in Adolescence: Neural Evidence and Implications for a Value‐Based Choice Perspective on Motivated Behavior

Following a key developmental task of childhood-building a foundation of self-knowledge in the form of domain-specific self-concepts-adolescents begin to explore their emerging identities in ways that foster autonomy and connectedness. Neuroimaging studies of self-related processes demonstrate enhanced engagement of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in adolescence, which may facilitate and reflect the development of identity by integrating the value of potential actions and choices. Drawing from neuroeconomic and social cognitive accounts, we propose that motivated behavior during adolescence can be modeled by a general value-based decision-making process centered around value accumulation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. This approach advances models of adolescent neurodevelopment that focus on reward sensitivity and cognitive control by considering more diverse value inputs, including contributions of developing self- and identity-related processes. It also considers adolescent decision making and behavior from adolescents' point of view rather than adults' perspectives on what adolescents should value or how they should behave.
Cellulose Pretreatments: Technology and Techniques

The lignocellulosic materials represent the largest reservoir of potentially fermentable carbohydrates on earth. It is estimated that approximately 50 billion tons of cellulose and hemicelluloses are produced annually worldwide by photosynthesis. This renewable resource provides us with fuel, feed and fiber and could become the basis of a much larger fermentation industry if a number of technical problems were solved. A major obstacle to increased lignocellulose utilization is the chemically unreactive nature of cellulose, particularly its resistance to hydrolysis. To this end, a number of pretreatments have been devised to increase the yields of hydrolysis sugars from cellulose. While a few of these pretreatments have been developed to the point where they can be called technologies, most are still at the stage of laboratory techniques, hence the title of this review. Unfortunately, many of the pretreatment methods summarized here have not been studied or reported in such a way as to permit valid comparisons between different pretreatments. This review is therefore not as conclusive as was hoped when this work was begun. We suggest some possible standards for performing and reporting pretreatment research at the end of the review.
Comparison of cadmium-saturation assay and radioimmunoassay for the determination of metallothionein concentration in tissues.

The more common Cd-saturation method for metallothionein (MT) analysis in tissues is compared with a recently developed radioimmunoassay (RIA). The Cd-saturation assay as described by others is fast, but less specific and accurate than the RIA. The former assay, previously used for MT analysis in urine and plasma, was modified to suit its use in measuring MT concentration in tissues. Liver and kidney from control rats were assayed and values of 7 and 67 μg/g were measured in the two tissues, respectively. The detection limit of the assay is 10 ng/g. A modified version of the Cd-saturation assay, which was limited with respect to the number of samples that can be analyzed at one time, gave results which were similar to the ones obtained by the RIA. The advantages and the problems associated with the two assays are discussed.
Highland Mesoamerican Archaic

relative time period: Follows the Early Mesoamerican Archaic tradition and precedes the Early Highland Mesoamerican Preclassic tradition.
Management Issues in the Elderly

People who are greater than 65 years of age are the fastest growing segment of the US population.1 By 2030 the population older than 65 years will double to approximately 70 million and the fastest growing segment of the population, those >84 years will triple. Age is associated with an increasing prevalence of multiple diseases and disabilities. Age is also associated with a decline in the functional reserve of multiple organ systems and a progressive restriction in personal and social resources. By virtue of have lived longer, increasing numbers of elderly patients (age >65 years) are being admitted to ICUs with diagnoses ranging from exacerbations of chronic illnesses and new onset of catastrophic health problems to trauma caused by home-related incidents and injury-resultant accidents that have occurred outside of the home. Elderly patients currently account for 42–52% of ICU admissions and for almost 60% of all ICU days.2 A disproportionate number of these ICU days are spent by elderly patients before their death. Forty percent of Medicare descendants are admitted to an ICU during their terminal illness, with descents accounting for one-quarter of all Medicare expenditure.3 Clearly ICU utilization by the elderly will increase exponentially over the next three decades.
Abstract P177: Reduced Expression of Regulator of G-Protein Signaling-2 (RGS2) in the Placenta During Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious cardiovascular condition of late pregnancy. Genetic risk factors and the early-gestational etiology remain largely unclear, though evidence supports excessive activat...
An Information-Theoretic Measure of Multiscale Causality for Spike-Field Activity

Simultaneous recordings of spikes and fields could enable analyses of functional connectivity in the brain at multiple spatiotemporal scales. However, these analyses require developing novel methods to assess causality between binary-valued spikes and continuous-valued fields, which have fundamentally different statistical profiles and time-scales. Thus classical measures of causality cannot be directly applied in multiscale networks. We develop a novel parametric method to assess causality for multiscale spike-field activities by computing directed information. Directed information is an information theoretic measure of causality but is in general hard to estimate. Our method estimates the causality in two steps. First, we construct point process generalized linear models (GLM) for each neuron’s spiking activity to estimate its firing rate using the history of both spikes and fields and compute the directed information to spike nodes from any node. Second, we construct regression models for fields using the history of the estimated firing rates and the history of fields, and then compute the directed information to each field node from any node. In both steps, we estimate model parameters using maximum likelihood and devise statistical tests to assess the significance of the causality. Using simulated data from basic three-node structures and a ten-node network, we show that our method can asymptotically identify the true causality. This method could help uncover functional connectivity in the brain at multiple spatiotemporal scales.
Introduction: Concepts, Character, and the Specter of New Cold Wars

The introduction discusses the complex ways in which Isaiah Berlin’s intellectual legacy has been contested. There is basic uncertainty as to where to place him on the political spectrum; and there are questions about the depth of his political thought, as well as his conduct as an intellectual during the Cold War. I argue that Berlin’s ideas and stance cannot simply be copied in the context of what some observers take to be a new Cold War, but that they merit renewed attention and do indeed hold important lessons for the present. The introduction also briefly summarizes the three chapters of the volume.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Falling Through Caregiver Cracks to Death

This chapter discusses the case of a 53-year-old woman with obstructive sleep apnea who underwent an exploratory laparotomy for abdominal pain. Her postoperative course was marked by multiple transitions of care between providers who did not appreciate the severity of her sleep apnea and failed to communicate crucial information to subsequent providers. As a result, the patient had a prolonged apneic event and suffered cardiopulmonary arrest resulting in hypoxic encephalopathy. The chapter proceeds with a review of the problems posed by obstructive sleep apnea to the anesthesiologist, including issues with intubation, extubation, and postoperative care. There is a discussion of the interpretation of the patient’s sleep study results and the underlying upper airway anatomy and pathophysiology. The chapter then discusses the American Society of Anesthesiologist’s practice guideline for obstructive sleep apnea, including a review of the causes and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea, methods for assessing severity and assigning a perioperative risk score, and finally a discussion of the perioperative management of obstructive sleep apnea. The chapter closes with a re-examination of the initial case and highlights opportunities for improvement in patient safety.
The assembly of integrated rat intestinal-hepatocyte cultures

The jejunum is the segment of the small intestine responsible for several metabolism and biotransformation functions. In this report, we have cultured rat jejunum explants in vitro and integrated them with hepatocyte cultures. We have also investigated the changes in jejunum function at different locations since spatial variations in intestinal functions have been reported previously. We divided the length of the rat jejunum into three distinct regions of approximately 9 cm each. We defined the regions as proximal (adjacent to the duodenum), medial, and distal (adjacent to the ileum). Spatiotemporal variations in functions were observed between these regions within the jejunum. Alkaline phosphatase activity (a marker of enterocyte function), decreased twofold between the proximal and distal regions at 4 hr. Lysozyme activity (a marker of Paneth cell function) increased from the proximal to the distal jejunum by 40% at 24 hr. Mucin-covered areas, a marker of goblet cell function, increased by twofold between the proximal and distal segments of the jejunum at 24 hr. When hepatocytes were integrated with proximal jejunum explants, statistically higher urea (~2.4-fold) and mucin (57%) production were observed in the jejunum explants. The integrated intestine-liver cultures can be used as a platform for future investigations.