cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Papers Presented at the 2009 Meeting of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society: Editorial Comment

Musculoskeletal infections result in considerable morbidity and mortality and lead to prolonged hospitalization and increased healthcare costs. Such infections present a major challenge to patients, treating teams of specialists, and healthcare systems. An improved understanding of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these infections is essential to enhance patient care and outcomes. With this goal in mind, the 20th annual meeting of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society of North America was held in Marina Del Rey, CA, in August 2010. The meeting included educational lectures and research papers on basic and biofilm science; risk factors; and prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of musculoskeletal infections. In this issue, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research features 11 of these papers. Four papers focus on the basic science of local antimicrobial delivery. New information is presented on elution of antimicrobials from emulsified bone cement, from bone cement of increased porosity, and from two sources of calcium sulfate as delivery vehicles. The cytotoxic effects of amphotericin B are also demonstrated. Diagnosis of infection can be challenging, and three papers address this issue by describing the role of joint aspirate white blood cell count and neutrophil percentage in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections, by investigating the association of early postoperative leukocytosis with these infections, and by presenting a novel molecular technique for the diagnosis of infection. Two papers report on the management of periprosthetic joint infections. The results of irrigation and debridement for these infections are presented, as well as the outcome after two-stage exchange arthroplasty for infected knee arthroplasty. Finally, one paper addresses septic arthritis of a diseased hip using an articulating spacer and one reports on the sterility of the personal protection system in total joint arthroplasty. The annual meeting of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society of North America emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration among basic scientists, infectious disease specialists, and orthopaedic surgeons and provides a unique opportunity to exchange information and learn from each other. The 2-day meeting in 2011 was held in Rochester, MN, August 5 to 6 (Figs. 1, ​,22). Fig. 1 Dr. Charalampos G. Zalavras is shown. Fig. 2 Dr. Montri D. Wongworawat is shown.
Diversity of exact solutions to a restricted Boiti-Leon-Pempinelli dispersive long-wave system

Abstract A variety of exact solutions is explored for a restricted Boiti–Leon–Pempinelli (2+1)-dimensional dispersive long-wave system and thus also for the Boiti–Leon–Pempinelli (2+1)-dimensional dispersive long-wave system. The solutions presented involve a couple of arbitrary functions of space and time variables, contain solutions of dromion type only with peaks and with both peaks and pits, and exhibit various complex behaviors of solutions such as chaotic and fractal behaviors and behaviors with changing shape and exchanging energy during wave interaction.
The Effect of High Temperature and Ethylene Treatment on the Ripening of Tomatoes

Summary Exogenous ethylene (100 ppm) was added to the storage atmosphere of fresh tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Sunny) to determine if inhibition of ripening at high temperatures (≥ 30°C) was due to reduced ethylene production or reduced sensitivity. Exogenous ethylene did not overcome inhibition of autocatalytic ethylene formation, ACC synthesis, color development or softening during storage at 30° or 37°C. Ripening inhibition at high temperatures is not merely the result of decreased production of ACC and ethylene but also a reduced sensitivity to ethylene.
Vocal Cord Dysfunction Associated With Exercise in Adolescent Girls

Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) has been reported in adolescents only rarely. Two patients are described whose initial diagnosis was exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). However, evaluation revealed inspiratory stridor and flattening of the inspiratory limb of the flow-volume curve. Flexible fiberoptic rhinolaryngoscopy revealed adduction of vocal cords during inspiration. Patients were treated with speech therapy and have remained free of symptoms. VCD should be considered in adolescents who are unresponsive to treatment for EIB.
Novel proton exchange membrane thin-film fuel cell for microscale energy conversion

Thin-film, proton exchange membrane fuel cells are developed using photolithographic patterning, physical vapor deposition, and spin-cast deposition techniques. In this study, micrometer-thick layers of nickel (Ni) and platinum (Pt) electrodes, as well as the proton conducting electrolyte layer of perfluoronated sulfonic acid, are synthesized. The anode layer is conductive to pass the electric current and provides mechanical support to the electrolyte and cathode layer that enables combination of the reactive gases. The morphology desired for both the anode and cathode layers facilitates generation of maximum current density from the fuel cell. For these purposes, the parameters of the deposition process and post-deposition patterning are optimized for continuous porosity across both electrode layers. The power output generated through current–voltage measurement is characterized at various temperatures in the range of 60–90 °C using dilute (4%) hydrogen fuel.
Characteristics of patients initiated on the new antiepileptic drugs: a PADS study

Whereas randomized controlled trials remain a standard for evaluating and comparing efficacy and safety of the new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), postmarketing drug research offers a useful means of comparing efficacy and safety of new AEDs. However, differences in baseline characteristics of patients in different drug groups create the potential for bias in drug comparison studies. In this study, baseline demographic characteristics of 1,386 patients initiating lamotrigine (LTG), tiagabine (TGB), or topiramate (TPM) were compared to identify patient characteristics that may influence AED use in epilepsy patients. Data were collected at 14 epilepsy centers and included medications, seizure types and syndromes, and prior adverse events. There were 402 patients in the LTG group, 725 TPM, and 259 TGB. The groups differed both in their number of concurrent AEDs (p<0.001) and in their number of prior AEDs (p<0.01). There was no difference in proportion with partial versus generalized epilepsy syndromes. The groups differed in the proportions of patients with complex partial seizures (p=0.049), primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (p=0.01), and myoclonic seizures (p=0.03). Baseline behavioral adverse event rate was lowest in patients initiating TPM (p<0.01); LTG patients had the lowest rate of prior AED-related rash (p=0.02). There was no relationship between AED assignment and patient age, age of epilepsy onset, epilepsy duration, institutionalization status, gender, or psychiatric history. Numerous epidemiological differences were identified among patients placed on the new AEDs, including current and prior AED profiles, seizure types, and prior adverse event history. Accounting for these differences is of crucial importance because they may bias conclusions of nonrandomized post-marketing trials comparing the drugs.
The Leadership Alliance: Twenty Years of Developing a Diverse Research Workforce

The Leadership Alliance is a national academic consortium currently comprising 32 academic institutions including Ivy League and major-research and minority-serving institutions, including Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). For 2 decades these institutions have worked collaboratively to train, mentor, and support underrepresented minority students from undergraduate through advanced graduate training programs. Effectively bridging the research capacity of Ivy League and leading research institutions with minority talent at HBCUs and minority-serving institutions, the Alliance has leveraged its long-standing partnership to develop and implement the Summer Research Early Identification Program (SR-EIP) and the Leadership Alliance National Symposium (LANS), proven programs for diversifying the pipeline of scholars. The objectives of this descriptive study are to demonstrate (a) the impact of these programs on student participants' undergraduate learning experience, and (b) the subsequent a...
Changing acute pain management to improve patient outcomes: an educational approach.

Abstract The United States Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) Acute Pain Management Guidelines were written to provide a scientific basis for practice. Educational programs designed to promote use of the guidelines may change practice in community hospitals. This article describes the development and implementation of an education program for nurses, physicians, and pharmacists in six community hospitals. Program content addressing the use of continuous quality improvement (CQI) teams, detailed pain histories, application of algorithms and dose calculation is described; direct and indirect outcome measures are reviewed. Six months after the program, all three experimental sites reported use of the AHCPR Guidelines in practice. Nurses reported that assessment and documentation of patients' duration of pain were perceived to be the most important caregiver behaviors providing benefit to patients: Across all respondents' reports of regularly performed activities, the activity performed by the largest proportion was assessing and documenting pain using a 0–10 rating scale. J. Pain Symptom Manage 1999;17:277–287.
Experimental aortocaval fistulae in rats.

The technique for creating a distal, high-flow aortocaval fistula in rats is described in detail. This reliable, inexpensive model lends itself easily to radiologic study and experimental manipulation and may be useful in studying the histologic and pathologic effects of the detachable balloon technique technique in treating arteriovenous fistulae in humans.
Primordial nucleosynthesis corners the Z

Abstract We investigate the implications on the Z′ gauge boson parameters that come from enforcing the primordial nucleosynthesis constraints on the effective number of neutrino-like degrees of freedom in the presence of a Z′ that couples to three types of light right-handed neutrinos. We obtain stringent bounds on the Z-Z′ mixing angle, −0.004 ≲ φ ⩽ 0, and on the mass of the heavy eigenstate, M 2 ≳ 1 TeV . These bounds are stronger than the current experimental limits derived from precise measurements of the electroweak gauge boson masses. In this case we also find that the effect of Z-Z′ mixing on the Z width is completely negligible, and hence that it could not account for any small (positive or negative) shift on the Z width with respect to the standard model value.
Malignant Primary Cardiac Tumors : The Cleveland Clinic Experience, 1956 to 1986

Malignant primary cardiac tumors have uniformly been associated with poor long-term survival. We reviewed data on 11 patients with such tumors seen between 1956 and 1986. There were five men and six women, with a mean age at presentation of 44 years. Nine (82 percent) of 11 patients presented initially with respiratory symptoms, and 45 percent (five) presented with chest pain. No patient was asymptomatic on initial presentation. Forty-five percent (five) of the patients had elevated jugular venous pressure or a systolic murmur. Cardiomegaly was present in eight (73 percent) of 11 patients. Nine of ten patients had a hemoglobin level less than 12 g/100 ml, and 30 percent (3/10) presented with thrombocytosis. Seventy percent (eight) of the patients underwent surgical biopsy, and in 30 percent (three), surgical excision of the tumor was attempted. Angiosarcoma was the most frequent type of tumor (four patients), followed by malignant fibrous histiocytoma (three patients), mesothelioma (two patients), rhabdomyosarcoma (one patient), and primary lymphoma (one patient). Long-term follow-up data reveals that ten (91 percent) of 11 patients had died, with a mean duration from diagnosis until death of 9.7 months. Newer pathologic techniques for identification of sarcomas, aggressive surgical resection, and advanced chemotherapy for certain subgroups may contribute to better survival for patients with these tumors in the future. In addition, cardiac transplantation may play an important role in the future for those patients with localized disease.
Optimal Test Scheduling Formulation under Power Constraints with Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling

As a consequence of technology scaling and increasing power consumption of modern high performance designs, various techniques, such as clock gating and Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS), have been adapted to address power issues. These techniques are important and desirable to address reliability needs as well as economic issues. From a testing point of view, the introduction of power constraints during testing is needed to achieve the desired product quality and to avoid yield loss. Unlike designers who have benefited from the Design-for-Test hardware introduced for testing, test engineers have rarely taken advantage of the extra hardware introduced to meet design needs. In this paper, we make use of the DVFS technology and its associated hardware to improve test economics. We formulate the power constrained testing problem as an optimization problem that makes use of DVFS technology. We show that superior test schedules can be obtained for both session-based and sessionless testing methods relative to existing and traditional methods of obtaining test schedules.
Use of pelage pigmentation in the recognition of mothers in a group by 2- to 4-month-old domestic goat kids

Abstract This study investigated whether domestic goat kids ( Capra hircus ) use pelage pigmentation as a cue to recognize their mothers within a group of 30 does. Observations on the use of auditory cues were carried out secondarily. The identification errors made by 2- to 4-month-old kids were biased toward does of the same colour category as the kids' mothers in a multiple-choice test with 30 alternatives. Vocalizations did not seem to play a major role in identification, and age had no significant effect on the kids' performance. The correlations between members of a twin pair were low for all measures of efficiency and type of error committed. Phenotype matching on the basis of pelage pigmentation could be used by the kids to narrow down quickly the range of alternatives available to them when searching for their mothers in a herd situation.
Patent sequence databases

Abstract With millions of nucleic acid (NA) and amino acid (AA) sequences produced so far, the task of identifying and tracking those sequences that are disclosed in patents has become increasingly challenging. Over 15 million sequences have been published and about 5% of the total NA sequences and 29% of AA sequences have been patented or are under patenting process worldwide (as of August 2001). This article brings together information on three major databases in this field, both public and commercial, that make such patent information available to the scientific community. The public effort is represented by the GenBank®/Entrez system and its collaborating partners. The commercial systems are led by Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) and Derwent with their corresponding databases CAS Registry and Derwent GENESEQ. GenBank®, GENESEQ and Registry all vary in their patent coverage. The article concludes that no single database possesses the inclusive collection of patent sequences, and therefore a combination of searches in these three major databases is needed for comprehensive access to the fast growing worldwide disclosures of NA and AA sequences in patents.
Plasma processed ultra-thin SiO2 interfaces for advanced silicon NMOS and PMOS devices: applications to Si-oxide/Si oxynitride, Si-oxide/Si nitride and Si-oxide/transition metal oxide stacked gate dielectrics

Abstract The substitution of alternative gate dielectrics for thermally-grown SiO 2 and nitrided SiO 2 in aggressively scaled devices requires a significant processing change in going from thermally-grown to deposited dielectrics. This requires separate and independent steps for (i) the formation of Si-dielectric interface and (ii) the deposition of the dielectric thin film, which can be (a) Si nitride, or a Si oxynitride alloy, or (b) a high- k oxide. It is demonstrated that ultra-thin, nitrided Si–SiO 2 interface layers prepared by 300°C remote plasma processing can be effective in insulating device performance and reliability from deleterious effects associated direct deposition of alternative dielectric materials directly on to hydrogen-terminated Si surfaces. These interfaces perform equally well with Si nitride, Si oxynitride and high- k oxides, and contribute approximately 0.3–0.4 nm to the overall electrical oxide thickness (EOT), limiting aggressive scaling of EOT to approximately 0.6 nm.
Optical implementation of associative memory based on parallel rank-one interconnections

In this paper, an optical implementation of an associative memory based on parallel rank-one interconnections and time integration is proposed and experimental results are demonstrated. Optical parallel rank-one interconnections based on singular value decomposition and time-integration are useful in implementing real-time, programmable, and adaptable neural networks with arbitrary order. Input patterns can have the same size as the outer-product memory matrix at the expense of time usage proportional to the dimensionality of the input pattern. Computer simulation results are given to show that this time usage can be reduced by using singular value decomposition and principal components analysis, without substantial degradation of the performance of the system. This consequently allows efficient utilization of the spatial parallelism that optical systems can offer.
Preemption rates for a parallel link loss network

We consider a two parallel link network supporting K call classes, where a class k call may preempt if necessary any calls of classes k+1,...,K, and may in turn be preempted by any calls of class 1,...,k-1. The two links are a (preferred) primary link (PL) and a backup link (BL). The preemption policy permits both preemption from the PL to the BL (a transfer) if possible, and eviction from either link if necessary. We characterize the rates of an arriving class k call causing preemption of an active lower priority call, and of an active class k call being preempted by an arriving higher priority call. When all classes share a common service rate, we express the preemption rates for each class in terms of the Erlang-B blocking probability equation. Simple expressions for the preemption rates are obtained in the heavy traffic limit. When classes have individual service rates, we approximate the preemption rates for each class using nearly completely decomposable (NCD) Markov chain techniques. The accuracy of the approximation improves with increasing timescale separation between classes.
Implementation failures revisited: Policy regime perspectives:

The cataloging of failures when putting policies in place has been the hallmark of implementation studies since the 1970s. The numerous lessons from this research can be distilled into guidance abo...
Experimental results and modeling of energy storage and recovery in a packed bed of alumina particles

Abstract A model is presented to predict the fluid and solid temperatures in a packed bed thermal energy storage vessel using compressed gas as heat transfer fluid (HTF). The model is compared to data from an experimental vessel that is 10′ tall with a 2.25″ storage diameter filled with 6 mm diameter alpha-alumina beads, using air as the HTF. The model is validated against this data for two flow rates, and the exergy efficiency of the experimental data is also calculated. Developments in the model include an optimized fluid–solid heat transfer coefficient based on formulas in the literature, incorporating wall heat losses from natural convection on the exterior wall of the vessel, and using temperature-dependent relationships for the thermophysical properties of the gas and alumina.
Multiple roles for Nodal in the epiblast of the mouse embryo in the establishment of anterior-posterior patterning.

Abstract The TGFβ family member Nodal has been shown to be involved in a variety of processes in development, including early axis formation. Here, we use a conditional gene inactivation strategy to show a specific requirement for Nodal in the epiblast. Complete inactivation of the Nodal locus in the epiblast using the Sox2-Cre deleter strain results in a failure to establish global anterior–posterior patterning, a phenotype that resembles the Nodal null phenotype. By contrast, mosaic inactivation of Nodal in the epiblast using the Mox2-Cre (MORE) deleter strain affects formation of the anterior mesendoderm and subsequent anterior neurectoderm patterning. Furthermore, ES cell chimera experiments indicate that Nodal-deficient ES cells preferentially populate the anterior compartment of the epiblast, suggesting that cell mixing in the epiblast is not random and that Nodal signaling mediates a novel anterior–posterior cell-sorting process within the epiblast before gastrulation.
Firing properties of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in freely moving rats

Single unit recordings were obtained from putative dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of awake, freely moving rats. The cells exhibited waveforms, range of firing rates and types of firing patterns identical to those of identified DA neurons of anesthetized or paralyzed rats. Two firing patterns were observed: single spike activity and a bursting mode with spikes of progressively diminished amplitude and increased duration within each burst. The degree of burst firing varied considerably among the cells and individual cells sometimes switched from one pattern of firing (e.g. predominantly single spike) to another (e.g. bursting), although the determinants of these transitions are, at this time, unclear. Putative DA neurons were inhibited by i.v. apomorphine and excited by i.v. haloperidol. Haloperidol also reversed the apomorphine-induced inhibition of firing. Inhibitions and excitations were associated with a reduction and elevation, respectively, in burst firing. The effects of the two drugs were identical to their effects in immobilized rats. In several cases, a putative DA neuron was observed to fire all of its spikes in near coincidence with at least one other cell with identical electrophysiological characteristics. This form of interaction (i.e. presumed electrical coupling) between DA cells is only rarely observed in anesthetized or paralyzed rats and may play a significant role in the normal functioning of the nigrostriatal DA system.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Particle Data Measured During the MOHAVE Study

Project MOHAVE (Measurement of Haze and Visual Effects) was conducted during 1992 to assess the contribution of the Mohave Power Project, other point sources, and regional emissions to visibility impairment in Grand Canyon National Park. One objective of Project MOHAVE was to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of aerosol concentrations during summer and winter in the region. Patterns in the fine particle data were examined by time plots, spatial contour maps, and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, which reduces all observed spatial patterns to a few that explain most of the variance. Results obtained during the summer differed from those obtained in the winter. However, differences were not uniform across species. During the summer there was evidence of transport of sulfur, organic and light-absorbing carbon, and several trace elements from southern California into the study area. Winter concentrations of several species, including sulfur, selenium, and organic and light-absorbing carbon, were higher within the canyon than on the rim, probably because emissions from local sources stagnate within the canyon during the winter. Sources in and near Las Vegas, NV, influenced the concentrations of several species, especially at sites to the north and east.
Enhancing the validity of role-play tests: A comparison of three role-play methodologies

Methods for enhancing the external validity of role-plays were evaluated. The heterosocial performance of 81 male undergraduates in an unobtrusive criterion situation were compared to performances on three content-identical role-plays. The typical role-play requested testees to simulate their behavior in a situation described by the testor. The replication and specification role-plays requested testees to replicate their behavior in the specified criterion situation. On the specification role-play, testees were also told of specific dependent measures which were important to simulate accurately. Results indicated that the specification role-play yielded stronger test-criterion relationships than the other two tests, with the replication role-play tending to be superior to the typical procedure. Only the typical role-play elicited significantly higher levels of performance than the criterion situation, supporting assertions that such tests assess response capabilities as opposed to naturalistic performances.
Patterns of relationships between children and kindergarten teachers

Abstract Patterns of kindergarten teacher's perceptions of their relationships with students were described in a cluster analysis of responses for 436 children on a teacher-report measure. Six clusters were described: Dependent, Positively Involved, Dysfunctional, Functional/Average, Angry/Dependent, and Uninvolved. Children in these clusters differed significantly in their adjustment in first-grade classrooms, the Dysfunctional and Angry/Dependent clusters showing the most problems. The distribution of cluster group membership across the 26 participating teachers indicated variability across classrooms. The results are discussed in terms of the similarity between teacher-child and parent-child relationships and implications for practice.
A direct estimate of JIc from the load versus load‐line displacement record

The purpose of this study is to examine the current standard fracture toughness test procedure to determine if there could be an easier method to get a J Ic value from the test record. The current method for determining J Ic involves a detailed computational and construction procedure. The objective in this study is to simplify the analysis for the determination of J Ic . The results of this study show that the load and displacement record for a fracture toughness test can be used to directly estimate a J Q value, a provisional value for fracture toughness, J Ic . The J value taken at the maximum load point can be used along with an adjustment factor to estimate a J Q value. This J Q estimate is close to the one obtained from the construction procedure of ASTM Standard E 1820. When a unit-sized specimen is tested, that is, a specimen with a width of 50 mm and a thickness of 25 mm the maximum load point provides a direct estimate of J Q . Other sizes require a size adjustment factor, which is simply a square root relationship between the width of the test specimen and a unit width. The proposed new method of estimating J Q is simple in concept and requires a minimum number of calculations. It appears to produce values of J Q which are comparable to those obtained from the ASTM E1820 construction procedure and may produce less scatter.
ACTIVITY AND STABILITY OF RECOMBINANT BIFUNCTIONAL REARRANGED AND MONOFUNCTIONAL DOMAINS OF ATP-SULFURYLASE AND ADENOSINE 5'-PHOSPHOSULFATE KINASE

Murine adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthetase consists of a COOH-terminal ATP-sulfurylase domain covalently linked through a nonhomologous intervening sequence to an NH2-terminal adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS) kinase domain forming a bifunctional fused protein. Possible advantages of bifunctionality were probed by separating the domains on the cDNA level and expressing them as monofunctional proteins. Expressed protein generated from the ATP-sulfurylase domain alone was fully active in both the forward and reverse sulfurylase assays. APS kinase-only recombinants exhibited no kinase activity. However, extension of the kinase domain at the COOH terminus by inclusion of the 36 residue linker region restored kinase activity. An equimolar mixture of the two monofunctional enzymes catalyzed the overall reaction (synthesis of PAPS from ATP + SO42−) comparably to the fused bifunctional enzyme. The importance of the domain order and organization was demonstrated by generation of a series of rearranged recombinants in which the order of the two active domains was reversed or altered relative to the linker region. The critical role of the linker region was established by generation of recombinants that had the linker deleted or rearranged relative to the two active domains. The intrinsic stability of the various recombinants was also investigated by measuring enzyme deactivation as a function of time of incubation at 25 or 37 °C. The expressed monofunctional ATP-sulfurylase, which was initially fully active, was unstable compared with the fused bifunctional wild type enzyme, decaying with a t 1/2 of 10 min at 37 °C. Progressive extension by addition of kinase sequence at the NH2-terminal side of the sulfurylase recombinant eventually stabilized sulfurylase activity. Sulfurylase activity was significantly destabilized in a time-dependent manner in the rearranged proteins as well. In contrast, no significant deactivation of any truncated kinase-containing recombinants or misordered kinase recombinants was observed at either temperature. It would therefore appear that fusion of the two enzymes enhances the intrinsic stability of the sulfurylase only.
2-Nitrobenzaldehyde: a convenient UV-A and UV-B chemical actinometer for drug photostability testing.

Abstract We report the development of a new ‘photochemical titration’ actinometric method for measurement of UV-B (290–320 nm) and UV-A (320–400 nm) light dose during drug photostability testing. It is based upon photolysis of aqueous 2-nitrobenzaldehyde solution, a well-characterized reaction that has been previously demonstrated to be useful as an accurate and reliable actinometric method. Our new method can be performed by a chemical technician using only common reagents. It has been developed for use with xenon arc lamp illumination chambers which are commonly employed for drug photostability testing, but can be readily modified for use with the other illumination sources.
Measuring maturity goes beyond process

The Software Engineering Institute Capability Maturity Model provides a guideline for the processes that need to be in place for a software development team and its organization to develop quality software on time and on budget. We've historically determined an organization's process maturity by conducting a maturity assessment that evaluates whether the KPAs are documented and practiced. We examine evaluating process maturity on the basis of results, or the improvement in cost structure in the four quality-cost categories: prevention, appraisal, internal failures, and external failures. The cost structure related to each maturity level should be the oracle by which maturity and results are evaluated in addition to the corresponding KPAs.
The Problem of Chemically Reactive Metabolites

(1982). The Problem of Chemically Reactive Metabolites. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 941-961.
A recent change in the brightness and form of the HH46 reflection nebula

A several-fold increase in the surface brightness of the scattered light component of the southern Herbig-Haro object HH46 took place between January 1984 and May 1986. A more subtle change in the shape of the nebula also occurred in that a small region, formerly only prominent in the infrared, is now the brightest part of the reflection nebula in visible red light. The change is due either to a flaring of the adjacent but still invisible young stellar object or to a partial clearing of the dust which still surrounds it. In May 1987, the nebula still appeared bright suggesting that the change may be a long-term one.
Seasonal variation in benthic invertebrate recolonization of small-scale disturbances in a subtropical Florida lake

Approximately 11.5% of the littoral zone of a hypereutrophic Florida lake is disturbed by the construction of spawning beds by the cichlid fish, Sarotherodon aurea, during a single spawning season. Simulations of these beds were created during three seasons of the year to test for variation in recolonization rates and patterns in the benthic macroinvertebrate community.
Strategies for overcoming barriers to community-based housing for the chronically mentally ill.

This paper reports the results of a study of community acceptance of housing for the mentally ill in Maryland. The findings indicate that community opposition is less likely to occur (1) when establishing apartmental living arrangements rather than group homes, (2) in less organized neighborhoods, (3) where other housing for specialized populations has not been previously developed, and (4) by using a “low profile” strategy which avoids informing community members in advance of start-up.
Dynamic strain monitoring of an in-use interstate bridge using fiber Bragg grating sensors

We describe the monitoring of the dynamic strain response of an in-service I-10 interstate bridge due to traffic loading. FBG sensors were attached to the center support girder of one span of the structure. Using a fiber Bragg grating interrogation system based on a wavelength division multiplexer, the sensors were monitored for various vehicle loading conditions.
Building block modeling technique: Application to ternary chalcogenide glasses g-Ge 2 As 4 Se 4 and g-AsGe 0.8 Se 0.8

For some glasses, there are fundamental units, ``building blocks'' (BBs), that exist in both the liquid and glassy phases. In this Brief Report, we introduce a systematic modeling technique based on the concept of BBs and obtain ab initio models of g-Ge${}_{2}$As${}_{4}$Se${}_{4}$ and g-AsGe${}_{0.8}$Se${}_{0.8}$. The total radial distribution function of g-Ge${}_{2}$As${}_{4}$Se${}_{4}$ shows pleasing agreement with experimental data. The partial pair-correlation functions are predicted for both g-Ge${}_{2}$As${}_{4}$Se${}_{4}$ and g-AsGe${}_{0.8}$Se${}_{0.8}$. The coordination statistics indicate that the ``8-N'' rule is often violated in these two ternary chalcogenide glasses. The electronic density of states with inverse participation ratio analysis is also reported.
Ab Initio Calculations on a Critical Part of a Protein, with an H5O2 Partially Charged Group in a Central Role

The X-ray structure has been determined by Doyle et al. for the KcsA K+ channel (Doyle, D. A.; Cabral, J. M.; Pfuetzner, R. A.; Kuo, A.; Gulbis, J. M.; Cohen, S. L.; Chait, B. T.; MacKinnon, R. Science 1998, 280, 69−77).1 which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces Lividans. As it is a channel protein, it offers an opportunity to examine in at least semiquantitative fashion the details of a possible gating mechanism. A model has been proposed for the transition to the open state on the basis of ESR data of Perozo et al. (Perozo, E.; Cortes, D. M.; Cuello, L. G. Science 1999, 285, 73−78).2 The X-ray structure includes four glutamates in the gating region, and the diameter of the channel seems wide enough that it takes some effort to explain why this structure is not in fact open. Dielectric or Born barriers have been proposed, although it is difficult to know the value to be inserted for a dielectric constant in so inhomogeneous a region. We propose that the water in the small volume defined by the gl...
Exposure to exchange-rate movements

Abstract This paper suggests an approach to measuring a firm's exposure which depends on the stochastic relationship between the firm's real rate of return and exchange-rate movements. Using a simplified two-country model, exposure is shown to depend on the extent to which individual asset prices adjust with exchange rates, the distribution of such adjustments between countries, and the relationship between domestic inflation and exchange-rate movements. While the distribution of real and nominal positions across countries is also a determinant of exposure, it is shown that purely domestic firms (no foreign assets or liabilities) will typically be exposed.
Large third and fifth order optical nonlinearity of organic-inorganic CdS quantum dots in an optically transparent thin film

We report large values of the two- and three-photon absorption coefficients at 532nm (252 cm/GW) and 1064nm (160 cm3/GW2) in surfactant-capped CdS quantum dots. The cross-sections of absorption were approximately 1e-44 cm4s/photon (532nm) and 8e-73 cm6s2/photon2 (1064nm).
Focal glycogenosis of the liver in disorders of ureagenesis: Its occurrence and diagnostic significance

Metabolic disorders of ureagenesis can cause a Reye-like syndrome with potentially fatal hyperammonemia in children. A mechanistically heterogeneous subset of these disorders shares the biochemical end-result of impaired mitochondrial citrulline production. These include deficiencies of the mitochondrial enzymes, ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) and carbamyl-phosphate synthase (CPS), as well as dibasic aminoacidurias hyperammonemia-hyperornithinemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) and lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI). In this report, we present histopathology of the liver in 10 children with defects of ureagenesis, including 6 with OTC deficiency, 3 with CPS deficiency, and 1 with HHH. The liver showed diffuse microvesicular steatosis, marked periportal nuclear glycogen, and variable portal fibrosis with occasional delicate portal-to-portal bridging. Discrete aggregates of distended hepatocytes with central nuclei and nonvacuolated clear cytoplasm were present in 5 of the 10 children, including two 2 OTC deficiency, 2 with CPS deficiency, and 1 with HHH. Similar aggregates had been previously noted in the liver of some children with OTC deficiency or LPI, but their nature and diagnostic significance had so far remained unknown. Using special stains on frozen tissue sections and electron microscopy, we show that the hepatocytes in these aggregates have little or no cytoplasmic neutral fat, but contain excessive free cytoplasmic glycogen, morphologically mimicking a glycogen storage disease. In our experience, hepatocellular aggregates of this nature do not occur in Reye syndrome or in any of its metabolic mimics other than the subset of defects listed above. Identification of these aggregates on liver biopsy can potentially narrow the differential diagnosis of a Reye-like syndrome with diffuse hepatocellular steatosis.
Characterization of the Monument Hill fault system and implications for the active tectonics of the Red Rock Valley, Southwestern Montana

New geologic mapping, morphologic fault scarp modeling, and geomorphic metrics in the Red Rock Valley, southwestern Montana, help characterize the Quaternary history of the virtually unstudied Monument Hill fault and tectonics of the youthful and seismically active Red Rock graben. Two generations of Pleistocene surface ruptures are preserved along the Monument Hill fault. Similarity in rupture ages along multiple strands, determined from offset alluvial surfaces and morphologic modeling, suggest earthquake clusters at 22e32 ka and possibly >160 ka. Quaternary activity along the Monument Hill fault is also reflected in elongate drainage basins and channel profiles with anomalously steep reaches coincident with mapped faults. An anticlinal accommodation zone at Kidd accommodates a change in fault polarity between the en echelon Monument Hill and Red Rock faults and a northward decrease in extension within the Red Rock graben. The unique rupture histories of the Monument Hill and Red Rock faults, however, suggest the systems are not seismogenically linked and that the accommodation zone serves as a rupture barrier. The geometry, interconnectivity, and kinematics of faults in the Red Rock Valley may represent a snapshot of the early stages of extension applicable to the evolution of other Northern Basin and Range grabens. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
CA resist with high sensitivity and sub-100-nm resolution for advanced mask making

Recently, there is significant interest in using CA resist for electron beam (E-beam) applications including mask making, direct write, and projection printing. CA resists provide superior lithographic performance in comparison to traditional non-CA E-beam resist in particular high contrast, resolution, and sensitivity. However, most of the commercially available CA resist have the concern of airborne base contaminants and sensitivity to PAB and/or PEB temperatures. In this presentation, we will discuss a new improved ketal resists system referred to as KRS-XE which exhibits excellent lithography, is robust toward airborne base, compatible with 0.263N TMAH aqueous developer and exhibits excellent lithography, is robust toward airborne base, compatible with 0.263N TMAH aqueous developer and exhibits a large PAB/PEB latitude. With the combination of a high performance mask making E-beam exposure tool, high kV shaped beam system EL4+ and the KRS-XE resist, we have printed 75nm lines/space feature with excellent profile control at a dose of 13(mu) C/cm 2 at 75kV. The shaped beam vector scan system used here provides a unique property in resolving small features in lithography and throughput. Overhead in EL4+$ limits the systems ability to fully exploit the sensitivity of the new resist for throughput. The EL5 system has sufficiently low overhead that it is projected to print a 4X, 16G DRAM mask with OPC in under 3 hours with the CA resist. We will discuss the throughput advantages of the next generation EL5 system over the existing EL4+.
Note on Carnap's relational asymptotic relative frequencies

A (binary) relation is a collection of ordered couples. Two relations are isomorphic if there is a 1-1 correspondence between their fields which preserves the ordered couples. Tsomorphism between relations is itself an equivalence relation, and a structure is an isomorphism class of binary relations. Carnap ([1], p. 124) asks certain questions concerning (both the exact and) the asymptotic value of the relative frequency that a relation on p objects satisfies certain properties. Among the most interesting special cases are the asymptotic value of the relative frequency that a binary relation on p objects be (a) symmetric, (b) reflexive, (c) transitive irreflexive antisymmetric, and (d) symmetric irreflexive. These results already appear either in, or almost in, the literature, in various disguises. The object of this expository note is to bring them to light, especially since some of the references may not be generally known to logicians. Carnap ([1], p. 124) points out explicitly the correspondence between binary relations and linear graphs. Davis [2] and Harary [4] obtains precise results for the number of structures with certain properties using the language of relations and graphs respectively; but these do not supply the asymptotic values directly. The asymptotic results which are most useful here are either contained in, or are straight-forward extensions of, the formulas presented in Ford and Uhlenbeck [3], which in turn are based on unpublished work of G. Polya. In addition, we utilize a result of L. Moser on transitive relations, which appears in Wine and Freund [5].
Changing trends of inborn errors in reye's syndrome: Rarity is relative

Genetic disorders were identified infrequently among children presenting with Reye's syndrome in the past. During a two-year period, we evaluated four consecutive patients referred for intensive care of Reye's syndrome. A standard investigation for inborn errors of metabolism revealed that two patients had enzymatic defects of fatty acid oxidation, and the other two had partial deficiencies of ornithine transcarbamoylase. None had experienced a previous episode of Reye's syndrome, and three of the four had been entirely healthy in the past. Our experience suggests that as the incidence of Reye's syndrome has decreased, patients with its clinical features are now more likely to have manageable inborn errors of metabolism (e. g. disorders of ureagenesis, ketogenesis, and branched-chain amino acids).
Carotid endarterectomy without arteriography.

Arteriography has been considered the “gold standard” for evaluation of the cerebrovascular circulation prior to carotid endarterectomy. However, arteriography is associated with a neurologic complication rate of up to 12% in certain high-risk groups. Previous studies have shown that the duplex scanner has greater sensitivity than arteriography when both are correlated to the surgical specimen. From January 1986 to December 1991 a total of 174 carotid endarterectomies were performed in 152 patients, of which 61 % were symptomatic. A total of 110 carotid endarterectomies in 92 patients were performed without the use of arteriography. Of the 64 patients in whom arteriograms were obtained, 33 were made at consultation and the others for various indications. Operative findings confirmed the duplex scan findings in all cases. A total of 91 % of patients had intraoperative completion arteriograms. Of the 55 patients who also had intracranial views taken, two had a 50% siphon stenosis and one patient had a small intracranial aneurysm. None of these findings would have changed our management. The overall neurologic complication rate was one (0.66%) death due to stroke and four (2.6%) patients with transient ischemic attacks. Carotid endarterectomy can be safely performed without preoperative arteriography based on a detailed history and physical examination that includes bilateral upper extremity blood pressures and a duplex scan performed by a validated laboratory.
Using a theory-driven approach to design a professional development workshop.

Abstract The objective of this study was to show how a theorydriven approach to program planning was used to design and evaluate a professional development workshop. Our method was to demonstrate modeling of theory use as a teaching strategy. The Theory of Planned Behavior was used to structure all components of a 6-hour workshop. This workshop significantly increased participants' intention to use theory in designing programs ( P
Kant (vs. Leibniz, Wolff and Lambert) on real definitions in geometry

This paper gives a contextualized reading of Kant's theory of real definitions in geometry. Though Leibniz, Wolff, Lambert and Kant all believe that definitions in geometry must be ‘real’, they disagree about what a real definition is. These disagreements are made vivid by looking at two of Euclid's definitions. I argue that Kant accepted Euclid's definition of circle and rejected his definition of parallel lines because his conception of mathematics placed uniquely stringent requirements on real definitions in geometry. Leibniz, Wolff and Lambert thus accept definitions that Kant rejects because they assign weaker roles to real definitions.