cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiative Transfer in Cirrus Clouds. Part IV: On Cloud Geometry, Inhomogeneity, and Absorption

Abstract The effects of cloud geometry and inhomogeneity on the radiative properties of cirrus clouds are investigated by using the successive orders of scattering (SOS) approach for radiative transfer. This approach is an integral solution method that em be directly applied to specific geometry and inhomogeneous structure of a medium without the requirement of solving the basic differential radiative transfer equation. A specific interpolation scheme is developed for the intensity and source function iterations to reduce the computation effort, and its accuracies are checked with existing results from the plane-parallel adding-doubling method, a number of two-dimensional models, and the three-dimensional Monte Carlo method. The SOS approach is shown to be particularly useful for cirrus clouds with optical depths less than about 5. Some demonstrative results show that the importance of the cloud-side scattering is dependent on the cloud horizontal dimension relative to the vertical thickness and that the ...
Impacts of the offshore marine industry on coastal tourism: The case of Padre Island national seashore

Abstract In the 1980s there was concern about potential aesthetic and pollution threats to Padre Island National Seashore, Texas (PAIS), from the offshore marine industry. These threats came at a time when coastal tourism attractions were becoming increasingly important to the Texas economy. To understand better the extent of these threats, a random sample of summer season visitors to PAIS (nonlocal first‐time visitors, nonlocal repeat visitors, local first‐time visitors, and local repeat visitors) were surveyed regarding their attitudes about onshore impacts of offshore marine activity and their level of satisfaction with the beaches at PAIS and their trip to PAIS. Attitudes about the onshore impacts of offshore marine activity as well as levels of satisfaction were consistent across the four visitor groups studied. Results indicated that perceived frequency of seeing litter or debris and of getting stained or dirty from tar directly influenced satisfaction with the beaches at PAIS and indirectly influen...
RT-PCR amplification detects inactivated viruses in water and wastewater

Nucleic acid (NA) amplification techniques are useful to detect viruses in water and other environmental samples because they are highly sensitive, specific and can detect fastidious enteric viruses that do not grow well or not at all in cell cultures. However, RT-PCR was found to detect inactivated viruses. In terms of risks to public health this constitutes a false positive result, as inactivated viruses are no longer infectious. When poliovirus type 1 and coliphage MS2 were studied for (a) persistence in water and sewage and (b) inactivation in water by free chlorine, chlorine dioxide and UV radiation, RT-PCR assays underestimated virus inactivation. The use of multiple RT-PCR amplification sites, larger RT-PCR genomic targets and immunocapture RT-PCR sometimes reduced, but did not eliminate, the discrepancy between loss of infectivity and loss of RT-PCR titre. Virus presence based on RT-PCR detection must be interpreted with caution when predicting human health risks.
Shoulder joint position sense after thermal, open, and arthroscopic capsulorrhaphy for recurrent anterior instability.

Identifying the optimal surgical treatment for recurrent, anterior glenohumeral instability remains a challenge. Our purpose was to compare shoulder joint position sense among open, arthroscopic, and thermal capsulorrhaphy patients after repair of recurrent anterior instability and to compare these patients to healthy, control subjects. Sixty-seven adults (45 post-surgical patients, 22 controls) volunteered to participate in the study. We evaluated both the surgically repaired and contralateral shoulders of 45 capsulorrhaphy patients (28 men, 17 women) and compared their results with the normal bilateral shoulders of 22 age-matched controls (11 men, 11 women). Accuracy of joint position sense was quantified via passive reproduction of target positions set at 60% and 90% of each subject's maximum passive external rotation (ER max ). We observed no significant differences in joint position sense between the repaired shoulders and the contralateral normal shoulders of all groups of capsulorrhaphy patients. Open and thermal capsulorrhaphy patients demonstrated significantly better ( P ≤ .05) repaired-limb joint position sense (5.4° ± 3.3° and 5.6° ± 3.3°, respectively) than arthroscopic patients (9.2° ± 3.7°) and control subjects (8.1° ± 4.0°). These results indicate that joint position sense was similar in the repaired shoulders and uninjured shoulders of each group of capsulorrhaphy patients. The mechanism responsible for heightened position sense in open and thermal capsulorrhaphy patients is unknown, but may result from capsular retensioning and muscular scarring. The long-term implications of this outcome deserve further attention.
Choline-betaine requirements of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract A series of experiments with rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) were conducted to quantify the dietary requirement for choline as well as to determine whether betaine or methionine could spare the trout's choline requirement. Fish weighing 1.4 and 3.2 g, which were acclimated to a choline-deficient semipurified diet for 14 days before the start of the experiments, were shown to have a choline requirement of 813 and 714 ppm, respectively. When an excess of betaine was added to the choline-deficient basal diet, the choline requirement was reduced to about 400 ppm. These results suggest that about half of the trout's choline requirement must be met by choline itself, whereas the other half can be supplied by betaine. However, the requirement for choline itself must first be met before a response to betaine can be obtained. The addition of betaine to a choline-deficient diet resulted in no improvement in weight gain. Likewise, the addition of L-methionine, isomethyl to 1000 ppm choline, was without effect on growth in a basal diet marginally adequate in sulfur amino acids — suggesting that the trout's requirement for choline is not replaceable by methionine. Because the effects of dietary choline on liver lipid were variable and difficult to interpret, it was demonstrated that growth was more sensitive than liver lipid as an indicator of choline status.
Effect of sediment on the fate of metolachlor and atrazine in surface water.

In aquatic environments, pesticides can partition between the dissolved phase and particulate phase depending on the type of suspended sediment present and the physical and chemical properties of the pesticides and water. Particulate matter and sediment can alter the bioavailability of contaminants to organisms and therefore influence their toxicity and availability for microbial degradation. Experiments were conducted to determine the degradation of atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N9-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5- triazine-2,4-diamine) and metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(methooxyprop-2-yl)acetamide) in surface water, and to evaluate the contribution of sediment to their dissipation. Sediment significantly reduced concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor in the surface water as a result of greater degradation, evident by increased quantities of degradates in the surface water, and the partitioning of the herbicide or herbicide degradates in the sediment. First-order 50% dissipation time (DT50) values for atrazine and metolachlor were 42 and 8 d in the surface water-sediment incubation systems, which were almost four times less than the DT50s calculated for the sediment-free systems. The results of this research illustrate the importance of sediment in the fate of pesticides in surface water. Greater comprehension of the role of sediment to sequester or influence degradation of agrichemicals in aquatic systems will provide a better understanding of the bioavailability and potential toxicity of these contaminants to aquatic organisms.
The Importance of Being Serious: The Unexplored Connection between Gladstone and Humour

The extensive literature on Gladstone tends to perpetuate the view commonly held by his contemporaries that he had no sense of humour. This article examines Gladstone's humourlessness—real and perceived—not as a mere quirk of personality, but rather as an important and integral aspect of his public character. Beyond biographical considerations, the question of Gladstone's humourlessness serves as the basis for exploring the ways in which humour and seriousness functioned in the context of Victorian political culture—both in parliament and on the political platform. Public humour about Gladstone in high society, graphical satire and popular theatre underscored the fact that seriousness was Gladstone's predominant public characteristic. Paradoxically, although his seriousness inspired a great deal of derisive humour in politics and in public, it also proved to be one of his most important assets. Gladstone's seriousness enabled him not only to withstand the best attacks of his political enemies, but also to become the leading public figure of his time.
Description and Derived Climatologies of Automated In Situ Eddy-Dissipation-Rate Reports of Atmospheric Turbulence

AbstractThe statistical properties of turbulence at upper levels in the atmosphere [upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS)] are still not well known, partly because of the lack of adequate routine observations. This is despite the obvious benefit that such observations would have for alerting aircraft of potentially hazardous conditions, either in real time or for route planning. To address this deficiency, a research project sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration has developed a software package that automatically estimates and reports atmospheric turbulence intensity levels (as EDR ≡ e1/3, where e is the energy or eddy dissipation rate). The package has been tested and evaluated on commercial aircraft. The amount of turbulence data gathered from these in situ reports is unprecedented. As of January 2014, there are ~200 aircraft outfitted with this system, contributing to over 137 million archived records of EDR values through 2013, most of which were taken at cruise levels of commerci...
Teratocytes as a source of juvenile hormone activity in a parasitoid-host relationship.

PARASITOIDS of the hymenopterous family Braconidae liberate extra-embryonic cells within their host at the time of hatching from the egg1. These cells, referred to as teratocytes2 or giant cells3, 4, maintain an independent existence in the host's haemocoel, increasing in size from 14 m in diameter at egg hatch to over 300 sm in diameter in 10–12 d. Teratocytes may serve as a food source for the developing parasitoid larvae6. Vinson5 has demonstrated that the growth and development of larvae receiving only teratocytes were very similar to normally parasitised larvae; in most cases, the larvae pupated abnormally and the effects resembled those which can be produced by the administration of juvenile hormone. Here we show for the first time that ether extracts of teratocytes of Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck in its host Heliothis virescens (F.) do indeed exert juvenile hormone activity in the galleria wax test.
Hypothalamic―pituitary―adrenal axis dysregulation in depressed children and adolescents: A meta-analysis

Research findings on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and pediatric depression reflect a variety of methodological approaches that tap different facets of HPA-axis functions. Partly owing to the methodological heterogeneity of studies, descriptive reviews of this area have produced inconsistent conclusions. Therefore, we conducted formal meta-analyses of pertinent studies in order to advance our understanding of HPA-axis dysregulation in pediatric depression. We examined: (a) 17 published studies of HPA-axis response to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in depressed youth (DST; N=926) and (b) 17 studies of basal HPA-axis functioning (N=1332). We also examined descriptively studies that used corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) infusion, and those that used psychological probes of the HPA-axis. The global standardized mean effect size difference in HPA-axis response to the DST between depressed and non-depressed youth was 0.57, z=4.18, p<0.01. The global standardized mean difference effect size in basal HPA-axis functioning was 0.20, z=4.53, p<0.01. Age, sex, timing of sampling, dexamethasone dosage, or type of control group was not a significant source of variability for the DST or basal studies. In addition, when compared to non-depressed peers, depressed youth have a normative response to CRH infusion but an overactive response to psychological stressors. In conclusion, the HPA-axis system tends to be dysregulated in depressed youth, as evidenced by atypical responses to the DST, higher baseline cortisol values, and an overactive response to psychological stressors. This pattern of dysregulation suggests anomalies within the axis's negative feedback system and CRH production, but intact pituitary and adrenal sensitivity.
The development of rulebound strategies for manipulating seriated cups: A parallel between action and grammar

Abstract Systematic observation of American children from 11 to 36 months of age playing with seriated nesting cups established the existence of a developmental sequence of rulebound or consistent strategies for combining the cups. The three action strategies seem formally homologous to certain grammatical constructions, and the manipulative strategies are acquired in the same developmental order as the corresponding grammatical structures. These strategies might therefore constitute a manifestation of some underlying structural capacities critical for language acquisition. The development of seriation described by Piaget for children from 4 to 8 years of age working with other materials was replicated in this much younger age range using nesting cups. These stages in the growth of a concept of ordinal quantity turn out to be empirically and theoretically related to the rulebound strategies upon which the study focused.
Cognitive hacking: a battle for the mind

On 25 August 2000, stockholders were stunned by news that server and storage provider Emulex was revising its earnings from a per-share gain to a loss, while lowering its reported net earnings from the previous quarter as well. Within minutes, Emulex shares plummeted. Yet none of this news fostered by a hacker's bogus press release - was true. The Emulex case illustrates the speed, scale, and subtlety with which networked information can propagate and how quickly severe consequences can occur. This rapid dissemination, which makes such cognitive hacking possible, is forcing security researchers to look at yet another class of countermeasures - a class far different from solutions that seek to secure technology and network infrastructure.
Effect of external diffusion on deactivation rates

Alteration in concentration-independent catalyst decay rates due to the presence of finite external and internal mass transfer resistances is examined. Analytical expressions for external and overall time-dependent catalytic effectiveness are developed. Analysis of diffusion-limited catalyst deactivation in flow reactors is discussed.
The growth of self-affine fractal surfaces

Abstract Rough surfaces generated by a wide range of different processes can be described quite well in terms of self-affine fractal geometry. Here ballistic deposition models are used to illustrate some of the fractal characteristics that are common to many rough surfaces. The models also show how computer simulations and theoretical approaches have been used in a complementary manner to obtain a better understanding of the structure and growth of random rough surfaces. Some results obtained for ballistic deposition at oblique incidence and for spatially correlated ballistic deposition represent some of the recent advances made in these directions.
Is risedronate or alendronate more effective at preventing nonvertebral fractures in women with osteoporosis

Is risedronate or alendronate more effective at preventing nonvertebral fractures in women with osteoporosis?
Effect of acute exposure to CO2 on lung mechanics in normal man

Abstract The effect of CO 2 on lung mechanics was examined in 10 healthy men at rest. Measurements were begun after each breathed an inspired concentration of 6 % CO 2 in air for 5 min. Lung volumes, expiratory flow-volume curves, static pressure-volume curves of the lung, and pulmonary conductance were measured. CO 2 breathing produced a small but statistically significant increase in total lung capacity. Pulmonary conductance measured by a flow-interruption technique increased markedly in one subject but decreased in all others. The decrease in conductance was not prevented by treatment with a bronchodilator and was considered the result of an increase in laryngeal resistance. There was no consistent effect of CO 2 breathing on any other parameter.
Comparative biomechanical performances of 4-strand core suture repairs for zone II flexor tendon lacerations.

Abstract To compare the biomechanical performances of six 4-strand flexor tendon repairs at zone II, we used an in situ testing model in 54 cadaver profundus tendons. The techniques studied were the modified Becker, modified double Tsuge, Lee, locked cruciate, Robertson, and Strickland. Prerepair and postrepair comparisons for work of flexion to a 3.9-N pulp pinch (equal to 12.6 N tendon force) showed the greatest interference to gliding in the modified Becker repair and the least in the modified double Tsuge repair. Mean gaps after 1,000 load–unload cycles to a 3.9-N pulp pinch did not approach the clinically important limit of 3 mm in all groups. Ultimate tensile strength was highest in the modified Becker (69.4 ± 8.2 N) but not significantly higher than the modified double Tsuge (60.3 ±15.3 N) and locked cruciate (64.1 ± 16.2 N). In all repair groups the mean pulp pinch forces upon failure were well above values recommended for active mobilization protocols that use external load guides. The locked cruciate, modified double Tsuge, and modified Becker repairs were strong enough for an early active motion protocol after surgery. Locked cruciate and modified double Tsuge were easier to perform and provided less interference to tendon gliding than the modified Becker repair. (J Hand Surg 2002;27A:508-517. Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
Toll-like receptor 9 inhibition reduces mortality in polymicrobial sepsis.

The high rate of mortality in patients with sepsis results from an inappropriately amplified systemic inflammatory response to infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important for the activation of innate immunity against microbial pathogens. We demonstrate a critical role of TLR9 in the dysregulated immune response and death associated with sepsis. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, TLR9−/− mice exhibited lower serum inflammatory cytokine levels, higher bacterial clearance, and greater survival after experimental peritonitis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Protection of TLR9−/− mice after CLP was associated with a greater number of peritoneal dendritic cells (DCs) and granulocytes than in WT controls. Adoptive transfer of TLR9−/− DCs was sufficient to protect WT mice from CLP and increased the influx of peritoneal granulocytes. Subsequent experiments with a depleting antibody revealed that granulocytes were required for survival in TLR9−/− mice. Remarkably, a single injection of an inhibitory CpG sequence that blocks TLR9 protected WT mice, even when administered as late as 12 h after CLP. Our findings demonstrate that the detrimental immune response to bacterial sepsis occurs via TLR9 stimulation. TLR9 blockade is a potential strategy for the treatment of human sepsis.
Peptides as targeting elements and tissue penetration devices for nanoparticles

The use of nanoparticles in medicine (nanomedicine) has recently become an intensely studied field. Nanoparticles carrying drugs and imaging agents have already reached the clinic, but they are essentially passive delivery vehicles, not what are referred to as "smart" nanoparticles. An important function to add to make nanoparticles smarter is active homing to the target tissue. It makes nanoparticles accumulate in the target tissue at higher concentrations than would be the case without this feature, increasing therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects. This review discusses the recent developments in the nanoparticle targeting field with emphasis on peptides that home to vascular "zip codes" in target tissues and provide a tissue- and cell-penetrating function.
Summary Conviction and the Development of the Penal Law

Bruce Smith's article, "The Presumption of Guilt and the English Law of Theft, 1750-1850," has a highly intriguing argument. While I do not agree with that argument, it is nonetheless very helpful in identifying questions fundamental to characterization of what Smith terms the "Bloodless Code"-the eighteenth-century laws authorizing summary conviction, laws that, as Smith states, were a striking feature of the Hanoverian legal regime. Smith argues as follows. By the mid-eighteenth century it had become increasingly difficult to convict putative thieves of the felony of simple larceny, for two reasons. First, there were the difficulties posed by rules of evidence, especially by rules requiring the prosecutor to convince the jury that the allegedly stolen goods were actually his. Second, there was the increasing likelihood that defendants would be aided by barristers, who would both insist that the court adhere to these rules and also use the arts of cross-examination to inform the jury of the weakness of the prosecutor's case. In response to these obstacles to conviction, Smith argues, Parliament passed statutes authorizing summary conviction for the mere possession of commonplace nondescript goods-goods such as lead and iron, silk and wool, rope and wood-if their possessor could not satisfactorily account for that possession. Smith's article is innovative: summary conviction has been little studied,1 and his article examines summary jurisdiction in relation to the higher courts, a perspective rarely adopted. The article is timely, for it builds upon recent analyses of Hanoverian trials for felony. And the article is
CONSTIPATION AND FECAL INCONTINENCE IN THE ELDERLY

Continence and defecation are complex functions that require the interaction of visceral and pelvic muscles and the nerves that regulate their activity. 42 It is not surprising that these activities may be abnormal in elderly patients and can produce symptoms, such as chronic constipation or fecal incontinence. Many physicians caring for the elderly perceive that older individuals have more defecation problems than younger patients, that they complain more about defecation problems, and that little can be done for these problems when serious conditions are excluded. Although the first 2 perceptions may be accurate, much can be done to improve constipation and incontinence in the elderly and relieve a considerable burden in these patients.
A two-stage estimation for screening studies using two diagnostic tests with binary disease status verified in test positives only

This article considers the statistical estimation and inference for screening studies in which two binary tests are used for screening with a binary disease status verified only for those subjects ...
External maintenance rate prediction and design concepts for high reliability and availability on space station Freedom

Abstract As envisioned in 1990 ∗ , international space station Freedom (SSF) was to be a large, complex, multi-purpose manned facility with a 30-year design life. The presence of a crew and the size of the investment would require high reliability and availability for safety- and mission-critical systems, but even with these requirements satisfied, long life and complexity would make equipment failure and repair inevitable. Recognizing this fact, in 1990 NASA and its contractors performed a study of the maintainability of the then-current space station configuration. Based on well-founded predictions of equipment failure rates, life limits, maintenance rate factors, and repair times, maintenance on equipment outside the pressurized modules of the station alone would have absorbed more than 3000 crew hours per year, which was clearly prohibitive. The chief reason for this maintenance overload was not the unreliability of equipment; it was the sheer number of components present. This paper summarizes this study, and presents a number of design and operational concepts which promise to alleviate the maintenance overload, many of which have been adopted in the current design. The central recommendation was to think of Freedom as a long-term ‘facility’ analogous to a ground-based research laboratory or manufacturing plant, rather than as a ‘space mission’. This philosophy leads to placing as much emphasis on maintainability as reliability in design; rethinking conventional manned-spacecraft design rules such as ‘fail-op-fail-op-fail-safe,’ which contributed heavily to the complexity of the baseline configuration; prioritizing maintenance by time-to-effect as well as ‘criticality,’ and zero-basing systems to wring out excessive complexity while retaining acceptable performance and safety.
Fourth-generation quark mass limits in CKM-element space

We present a reanalysis of CDF data to extend limits on individual fourth-generation quark masses from particular flavor-mixing rates to the entire space of possible mixing values. Measurements from CDF have set individual limits on masses, ${m}_{b}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${m}_{t}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, at the level of 335--385 GeV assuming specific and favorable flavor-mixing rates. We consider the space of possible values for the mixing rates and find that the CDF data imply limits of 290 GeV and greater over a wide range of mixing scenarios. We also analyze the limits from the perspective of a four-generation Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix. We find that present experimental constraints on CKM elements do not suggest further constraints on fourth-generation quark masses.
Immigrant youth at risk for disorders of mood: recognizing complex dynamics.

The number of youth immigrating to the United States from Latin America and the Caribbean has consistently and dramatically been increasing. However, little research or epidemiological data that capture the mental health status of these youth from their countries of origin or once they enter the United States exist. As a result of migration and the acculturation process, these youth are at risk for exacerbation of preexisting mood disorders or development of mood or other psychiatric symptoms. Premigration social and environmental stressors affecting this population include poverty, exposure to violence, sexual or physical victimization, and substance abuse. Postmigration stressors include loss (of friends, family, country, and lifestyle), changes in social support, negative experiences in the United States, language difficulties, and academic challenges. This review of the existing literature will describe the contextual experiences of immigrant Latin American and Caribbean youth from their country of origin and as new immigrants in the United States, discuss their risk for mood disorders, highlight relevant assessment data that should be obtained, and identify treatment implications for advanced practice psychiatric–mental health nurses working with this population.
Computing with spins: From classical to quantum computing

Abstract This article reviews the use of single electron spins to compute. In classical computing schemes, a binary bit is represented by the bistable spin polarization of a single electron confined in a quantum dot and subjected to a weak magnetic field. The spin orientation can be either parallel or anti-parallel to the field, so that it becomes a binary variable which can encode logic 0 and logic 1. Coherent superposition of these two polarizations can represent a qubit for quantum computing. By engineering the exchange interaction between closely spaced spins in neighboring quantum dots, it is possible to implement either classical or quantum logic gates.
Effect of Rate of Replication upon Transcription in Chick Embryo Limb Bud Mesenchyme Cells in Organ Culture

In partially synchronized organ cultures of limb bud mesenchyme cells of the 31/2-day chick embryo the net accumulation of RNA per cell, including DNA-like RNA, is greater than in randomly dividing cells. Based on levels of newly synthesized DNA, RNA accumulation is greater in the last half of the S period when the rate of DNA synthesis is slower. The ratio of newly synthesized RNA, including DNA-like RNA, to newly synthesized DNA, is also increased when the rate of DNA replication is reduced with cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea. The proportion of newly synthesized non-histone protein to total protein in the chromatin increased with a slower rate of DNA replication and this may account for the augmented transcription. At equivalent levels of inhibition of protein synthesis with the arginine analogue, canavanine, and cycloheximide, it was found that canavanine was more effective in reducing the rate of DNA replication. This suggests that histone synthesis plays a role in controlling the rate of DNA replication. The importance of such findings is that a difference in rate of replication of the same DNA sequences in two cells could cause differential transcription resulting in these cells expressing diverse patterns of cell differentiation.
Adapting human motion for the control of a humanoid robot

Using the pre-recorded human motion and trajectory tracking, we can control the motion of a humanoid robot for free-space, upper body gestures. However, the number of degrees of freedom, range of joint motion, and achievable joint velocities of today's humanoid robots are far more limited than those of the average human subject. In this paper, we explore a set of techniques for limiting human motion of upper body gestures to that achievable by a Sarcos humanoid robot located at ATR. We assess the quality of the results by comparing the motion of the human actor to that of the robot, both visually and quantitatively.
Professed impressions: What people say about others affects onlookers’ perceptions of speakers’ power and warmth

During a conversation, it is common for a speaker to describe a third-party that the listener does not know. These professed impressions not only shape the listener’s view of the third-party but also affect judgments of the speaker herself. We propose a previously unstudied consequence of professed impressions: judgments of the speaker’s power. In two studies, we find that listeners ascribe more power to speakers who profess impressions focusing on a third-party’s conscientiousness, compared to those focusing on agreeableness. We also replicate previous research showing that speakers saying positive things about third parties are seen as more agreeable than speakers saying negative things. In the second study, we demonstrate that conscientiousness-power effects are mediated by inferences about speakers’ task concerns and positivity-agreeableness effects are mediated by inferences about speakers’ otherenhancing concerns. Finally, we show that judgments of speaker status parallel judgments of agreeableness rather than of power, suggesting that perceivers use different processes to make inferences about status and power. These findings have implications for the literatures on person perception, power, and status.
Natural history of progressive ischemic stroke in a population treated with heparin.

Data on the acute natural history of progressive stroke with or without heparin treatment are limited. To define the acute course of patients treated with heparin for progressive stroke, we examined the charts of 69 such patients identified through the Cornell Neurology Database from October 1979 to June 1985. Analysis included determining whether further clinical deterioration or hemorrhagic complications were associated with readily identifiable clinical or laboratory variables. Twenty-five patients (36%) continued to deteriorate while receiving heparin, another two (3%) worsened due to intracerebral hemorrhage, and a total of 10 patients (14%) had bleeding complications. No clinical features or heparin dosing regimens distinguished the patients likely to benefit from heparin. Clinical progression or hemorrhage did not correlate with the level of anticoagulation as measured by the average heparin dose per day or the mean partial thromboplastin time. Without unequivocal evidence demonstrating heparin's i...
Prostate Related Urinary Tract Infections

Usually both acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis can be successfully treated with a 28-day course of fluoroquinolones. However, a significant portion of men will develop a recurrent infection. Host factors such as diabetes and urinary tract manipulation predispose patients to develop chronic bacterial prostatitis or an abscess. Pathogen factors such as the ability to form a biofilm and antibiotic resistance also lead to failures. Difficulty achieving adequate antibiotic concentration in prostatic tissue and more virulent bacteria are just two of the factors that make the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis more complex and less successful than the treatment of acute bacterial prostatitis. Increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones among bacteria in the Enterobacteraceae family may make treating chronic bacterial prostatitis even more challenging in the future.
OPTICAL MASS MEMORIES

Optical and magnetic variants in the design of trillion-bit read/write memories are compared and tabulated. Components and materials suitable for a random access read/write nonmoving memory system are examined, with preference given to holography and photoplastic materials. Advantages and deficiencies of photoplastics are reviewed. Holographic page composer design, essential features of an optical memory with no moving parts, fiche-oriented random access memory design, and materials suitable for an efficient photoplastic fiche are considered. The optical variants offer advantages in lower volume and weight at data transfer rates near 1 Mbit/sec, but power drain is of the same order as for the magnetic variants (tape memory, disk memory). The mechanical properties of photoplastic film materials still leave much to be desired.
Bacterial anticancer weapons: a promising tool to fight cancer

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic extracellular pathogen for debilitated or immuno-compromised patients, capable of forming biofilms on the epithelial surfaces of various tissues in such patients. The biofilm formation allows the pathogen to evade antibiotic therapy or immune attack, ensuring its long term residence and a niche in the body. Any subsequent attack by an internal or external invader such as cancers, viruses or parasites can threaten and cause the resident bacteria to lose their sanctuary. Consequently, P. aeruginosa appears to produce protein weapons, such as azurin, that has structural similarity to immunoglobulins and that can preferentially enter to cancer cells and bind many important intracellular or extracellular proteins, including signalling proteins, that are important for cancer growth. Such binding results in the interference of multiple pathways by which cancer cells grow, significantly inhibiting their growth both in vitro and in vivo in live mice. Azurin can also prevent precancerous lesion formation in normal mouse mammary cells, when such cells are exposed to a carcinogen such as 7,12- dimethyl-benz-antracene, thus demonstrating cancer preventive activity, resembling a vaccine. In addition to its anticancer activity, azurin interferes in the growth of viruses such as HIV/AIDS and parasites such as the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum or the toxoplasmosis- causing parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Not only azurin, but some of the peptides derived from azurin such as P28, comprising of 28 azurin amino acid residues 50 to 77, demonstrate entry specificity in cancer cells and significant cytotoxicity including inhibition of angiogenesis. P28 is currently undergoing phase I human clinical trials in the Unites States with early encouraging results. The ability of azurin to interfere in multiple pathways by which cancer cells grow or interfere in the growth of HIV/AIDS virus or malarial, taxoplasmosis parasites distinguishes it from rationally designed anticancer drugs of the pharmaceutical industry which inhibit a single or a limited number of validated targets in the growth progression pathways of the cancer cells. The cancer cells respond to such rationally designed drugs by changing or switching off the target, thereby rapidly becoming drug resistant. It remains to be seen if azurin will demonstrate efficacy in human patients suffering from multiple diverse diseases such as cancers, HIV/AIDS and malaria, and if effective, may exhibit much less susceptibility to resistance development by the disease agents.
Gap analysis towards a design qualification standard development for grid-connected photovoltaic inverters

A dedicated design qualification standard for PV inverters does not exist. Development of a well-accepted design qualification standard, specifically for PV inverters will significantly improve the reliability and performance of inverters. The existing standards for PV inverters such as ANSI/UL 1741 and IEC 62109–1 primarily focus on safety of PV inverters. The IEC 62093 discusses inverter qualification but it includes all the BOS components. There are other general standards for distributed generators including the IEEE 1547 series of standards which cover major concerns like utility integration but they are not dedicated to PV inverters and are not written from a design qualification point of view. In this paper some of the potential requirements for a design qualification standard for PV inverters are addressed. The missing links in existing PV inverter related standards are identified and with the IEC 62093 as a guideline, the possible inclusions in the framework for a dedicated design qualification standard of PV inverter are discussed. Some of the key missing links are related to electric stress tests. Hence, a method to adapt the existing surge withstand test standards for use in design qualification standard of PV inverter is presented.
Dielectrophoresis and electrohydrodynamics-mediated fluidic assembly of silicon resistors

In this letter, we present techniques, utilizing dielectrophoresis and electrohydrodynamics, which can be used for assembling single-crystal silicon devices suspended in a solution onto a binding site on a heterogeneous substrate. Silicon resistors with gold/chromium layers located at the end of the resistors and silicon blocks without metal were fabricated on bonded and etched-backed silicon-on-insulator wafers and successfully released into deionized water. The devices were subsequently assembled on a different substrate at specific binding sites by dielectrophoretic and electrohydrodynamic forces with submicron precision. Current–voltage measurements of the assembled resistors exhibited low contact resistance after the solution was completely evaporated and the contacts were annealed.
Optical systems for digit-serial computation

High-accuracy optical systems for implementing digit-serial computations are discussed which incorporate parallelism and carry-free addition to achieve high processing speed. Employing on-line arithmetic, parallel calculations can be performed by the concurrent execution of operations. The algorithms are shown to be problem invariant and step invariant. Architectures using optical bistable devices and optical interconnects are discussed which can implement digit-serial addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division algorithms via the present approach.
To unlock the learning value of wireless mobile devices, understand coupling

Handheld computers will become an increasingly compelling choice of technology for K-12 classrooms because they will enable a transition from occasional, supplemental use to frequent, integral use. Early evaluations suggest teachers and students respond to handhelds favorably. At the same time, these devices will become communication enabled, through wireless technologies such as infrared beaming or radio-based local area networks. This current research base, however, is insufficient to unlock the value of wireless Internet learning devices (WILDs). An important issue, hinted at but not fully explored in prior work, now must become our central focus of attention. The issue is the nature of the coupling between social and informatic worlds, and within the social and informatic worlds. We articulate three coupling issues: (1) curricular activity spaces versus personal learning connections; (2) integrated vs. synchronized educational databases; and (3) broad vs. narrow technological mediation of discourse.
A 4-element X-band CMOS phased-array RFIC in a QFN package

This paper presents a QFN packaged phased-array RFIC for X-band applications. The transmit X-band phased array is differential except for baluns at the input and output ports. Electromagnetic simulation is done to result in low channel-to-channel coupling. Measurements show a wideband impedance match and a worst-case channel-to-channel coupling of &#60; −29 dB at 8–10 GHz. The results show that phased-array chips can be packaged using QFN techniques, and paves the way for low-cost phased arrays.
The student, evaluative data, and secondary analysis

With evaluation tasks growing in size and complexity, initial analyses of data are unlikely to be complete, satisfactory, or persuasive. The usual approaches to analysis of complex data sets from evaluation projects can be enhanced by having the data undergo secondary analysis.
Laboratory spectroscopy of H + 3

The experimental determination of the lowlying rovibrational energy levels of H3+ using highresolution, highsensitivity infrared laser spectroscopy has confirmed this ion's equilateral triangle equ...
An approach to distributed interactive simulation and visualization of complex systems using cluster computing

When dealing with complex systems, interactive, realtime simulations require significant computational capabilities that can be provided by cluster computing. Current cluster computing based techniques are mostly focused on batch jobs. However, it is possible to use clusters so that an application can run and directly communicate with the remote client(s). Direct communication enables, without loss of accuracy or frame rate, real time visualization of and interaction with much larger models compared to a single machine implementation. The degree of coupling between the dependent variables in the model determines the degree of parallelization that can be achieved by evaluating the solution for each dependent variable in parallel. A distributed mass-spring simulation system was developed to serve as an open platform that can be used to improve the scalability of the simulation computation. Several techniques are used to improve scalability, both in terms of the problem size and number of clients. The developed system provides support for large scale mass-spring simulations to leverage available cluster computing and visualization resources. It can be applied to a wide range of problems related to de-formable solids including many biologically related like human organ modeling and medical animation where realtime feedback is required.
Bronchial and Thymic Carcinoid Tumors

Bronchial and thymic carcinoids are rare. We present epidemiologic data and potential risk factors. The approach to bronchial and thymic carcinoid patients is discussed, from the initial diagnosis and evaluations to treatment. These malignancies follow staging systems of their site of origin. Because bronchial and thymic carcinoids are rare, we use many treatment strategies that have been demonstrated in gastrointestinal and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. The lack of information regarding efficacy in bronchial and thymic carcinoids, as well as the scarcity of therapeutic options available, demands the importance of clinical trials that include these patients.
Current and emerging treatment options for venous thrombosis: a case discussion.

Moderator: The patient is a 56-year-old obese female brought to the emergency department by her husband. Her chief complaints are chest pain, shortness of breath, and light-headedness. She weighs 200 lb and is 66 inches tall. She says that her symptoms started with left calf pain approximately two
Size-Dependent Hydrogen Oxidation and Evolution Activities on Supported Palladium Nanoparticles in Acid and Base

The study of particle size effect provides the fundamental understanding of the active sites that is necessary for guiding the design and development of better catalysts. Here we report a systematic investigation of particle size effect of hydrogen oxidation and evolution reaction (HOR/HER) on carbon supported Pd nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 3 to 42 nm in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes using rotating disk electrode (RDE) method. Similar particle size effect was obtained in both acid and base: the HOR/HER activity in terms of specific exchange current density increases as Pd particle size increases from 3 to 19 nm, and then reaches a plateau with activity similar to that of bulk Pd. The enhanced activity with rising particle size could be attributed to the increased ratio of the sites with weaker hydrogen binding energy revealed in cyclic voltammograms (CVs). Pd catalysts with different Pd particle sizes all showed much higher HOR/HER activity in acid than in base, which is largely attributed to their smaller hydrogen binding energy in acid evidenced by the lower potential of the underpotential deposited hydrogen (Hupd) peak in CVs as well as the smaller activation energy in acid.
Abstract A20: Predictive value of plasma hepatocyte growth factor levels in gastric cancer risk: A Nested Case-Control Study within the Korean Multicenter Cancer Cohort

Background: HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) is also known as a scatter factor and is multifunctional cytokine that modulates processes such as growth, adhesion, motility, matrix degradation, invasion, and angiogenesis. We investigated whether serum HGF was a biomarker for the early detection and diagnosis of gastric cancer in a nested case-control study. Methods: The study population was composed of 282 cases and 282 matched controls within the Korean Multicenter Cancer Cohort. Plasma HGF was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Conditional logistic regression models were used to compute the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: According to stratified analysis on age, sex, H. pylori infection, CagA and smoking, gastric cancer patients which are older, female, H. pylori positive, CagA positive and non-smokers had significantly higher serum HGF concentrations than normal controls. When conducting a logistic regression analysis of a group with the lowest concentration as a reference after dividing them into quartile according to serum HGF concentration, also, a group with the highest serum HGF concentration(≥393.7 pg/mL) showed a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer(OR=2.4 95% CI 1.4-3.9). In addition, higher serum HGF concentrations were associated with an increased risk for gastric cancer and it was statistically significant (p for trend=0.0054). Conclusions: Our finding suggested the possibility that HGF protein can be a biomarker to predict the risk of gastric cancer. Citation Format: Seung Hyun Ma, Jae Jeong Yang, Ko Kwang-Pil, Aesun Shin, Hai-Rim Shin, Daehee Kang, Keun-Young Yoo, Sue K. Park. Predictive value of plasma hepatocyte growth factor levels in gastric cancer risk: A nested case-control study within the Korean Multicenter Cancer Cohort. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A20. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference.