cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Assessing the Presence of and Search for Meaning in Life

Counseling psychologists often work with clients to increase their well-being as well as to decrease their distress. One important aspect of well-being, highlighted particularly in humanistic theories of the counseling process, is perceived meaning in life. However, poor measurement has hampered research on meaning in life. In 3 studies, evidence is provided for the internal consistency, temporal stability, factor structure, and validity of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), a new 10-item measure of the presence of, and the search for, meaning in life. A multitrait-multimethod matrix demonstrates the convergent and discriminant validity of the MLQ subscales across time and informants, in comparison with 2 other meaning scales. The MLQ offers several improvements over current meaning in life measures, including no item overlap with distress measures, a stable factor structure, better discriminant validity, a briefer format, and the ability to measure the search for meaning.
Unintended Consequences of Invoking the “Natural” in Breastfeeding Promotion

Medical and public health organizations recommend that mothers exclusively breastfeed for at least 6 months. This recommendation is based on evidence of health benefits for mothers and babies, as well as developmental benefits for babies. A spate of recent work challenges the extent of these benefits, and ethical criticism of breastfeeding promotion as stigmatizing is also growing.1 Building on this critical work, we are concerned about breastfeeding promotion that praises breastfeeding as the “natural” way to feed infants. This messaging plays into a powerful perspective that “natural” approaches to health are better, a view examined in a recent report by the Nuffield Council on Bioethics.2 Promoting breastfeeding as “natural” may be ethically problematic, and, even more troublingly, it may bolster this belief that “natural” approaches are presumptively healthier. This may ultimately challenge public health’s aims in other contexts, particularly childhood vaccination. The measles outbreak of 2014–2015 sparked intense, condemnatory discussion of vaccine refusal. This public discussion often emphasized that some in the antivaccine camp believe that vaccines cause autism or contain harmful levels of toxins and impurities. Beneath the concern of many Americans over vaccine safety, a specific … Address correspondence to Anne Barnhill, PhD, Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Blockley Hall 14th Floor, 423 Guardian Dr, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4865. E-mail: anne.barnhill{at}gmail.com
Lifetime production of beef heifers calving first at two vs three years of age.

Records of Angus, Hereford, Shorthorn, and first-cross cows born from 1960 to 1963 were used to study the effect of age at first calving and culling policy on cumulative survival (SU), number of breeding seasons (BS), pregnancies (PG), calves born (CB) and alive at 72 h (C72) and at weaning (CW), calf weaning weights (WW), and input/output efficiency, up to 12 yr of age. The 155 cows born in 1960 and 1961 calved first at 3 yr of age (M3) and the 173 born in 1962 and 1963 calved at 2 yr of age (M2). Analyses included both actual culling of cows open in two consecutive years (AC) and imposed culling of any open cow (IC). Also, economic efficiency for no culling (NC) of cows for infertility after first calving and up to 10 yr of age was calculated. The model included cow birth year-sire breed of cow (Y-S), sires within Y-S, breed of cow's dam (D), and D x Y-S. Linear functions of Y-S were used to estimate means for M2 and M3 cows. Under AC, by 12 yr of age M2 exceeded M3 cows by 6.8% SU, 1.1 BS, 1.2 PG, 1.1 CB, 1.0 C72, .9 CW, and 138 kg WW (P less than .10). Under IC, M2 exceeded M3 cows by only .7% SU, .3 BS, .3 PG, .3 CB, .2 C72, and .1 CW; and M3 produced 24 kg more WW than M2 cows (P greater than .10). Economic efficiency was higher for M2 than for M3 cows (greater than 10% at 6 yr to greater than 5% at 12 yr culling age), regardless of culling policy. Economic efficiency was maximum when terminal age of cows was 6 to 9 yr for M2 and 8 to 9 yr for M3 cows. Repeatability of pregnancy was higher (P less than .05) for M3 (19%) than for M2 (2%) cows. Economic efficiency for M2 or M3 cows under NC was slightly poorer (2 to 3%) than under either AC or IC policies. Economic efficiency can be improved by managing heifers to calve first as 2-yr-olds under either mild or intense culling of open cows.
Synthesis of phase-pure U2N3 microspheres and its decomposition into UN

Uranium mononitride (UN) is important as a nuclear fuel. Fabrication of UN in its microspherical form also has its own merits since the advent of the concept of accident-tolerant fuel, where UN is being considered as a potential fuel in the form of TRISO particles. However, not many processes have been well established to synthesize kernels of UN. Therefore, a process for synthesis of microspherical UN with a minimum amount of carbon is discussed herein. First, a series of single-phased microspheres of uranium sesquinitride (U2N3) were synthesized by nitridation of UO2+C microspheres at a few different temperatures. Resulting microspheres were of low-density U2N3 and decomposed into low-density UN. The variation of density of the synthesized sesquinitrides as a function of its chemical composition indicated the presence of extra (interstitial) nitrogen atoms corresponding to its hyperstoichiometry, which is normally indicated as α-U2N3. Average grain sizes of both U2N3 and UN varied in a range of 1-2.5 μm. These also had a considerably large amount of pore spacing, indicating the potential sinterability of UN toward its use as a nuclear fuel.
Definition of the Cell Cycle Segment with Special Sensitivity to Vinblastine

SummaryThe ability of Vb to produce multinucleation in HeLa cells was used to define a period of the cell cycle with special sensitivity to vinblastine. Exponentially growing monolayers of HeLa cells were treated with Vb for 30 min. After removal of Vb, mitotic cells were collected, seeded on coverslips, and examined microscopically. Maximal multinucleation was found when the cells were treated with Vb about 5 hr before mitosis, the period of time which corresponds to the late S, close to the S-G2 boundary of these cells. Simultaneous exposure to Vb and [3H]thymidine showed that DNA synthesis was taking place during the period of maximal sensitivity to Vb, and treatment and inhibitors of DNA synthesis abolished this Vb effect. These findings indicate that events take place near the end of the S phase which affect the integrity of the spindle at the subsequent mitosis.
In vitro conversion of thyroxin to triiodothyronine by kidney slices.

Summary and Conclusions1. Chromatographically pure I131 labelled 1-thyroxin was added to surviving kidney slices which were incubated in a modified Krebs-Ringer phosphate solution. 2. Following incubation, the slices were homogenized, extracted with butanol and the thyroxin and triiodothyronine separated and identified by paper chromatography. 3. The triiodothyronine was found to be radioactive. This was taken as evidence of deiodination of thyroxin to triiodothyronine. 4. Conversion of thyroxin to triiodothyronine was reduced by excess iodide and abolished by boiling the tissue or by the addition of potassium cyanide to the media.
The Effect of Citizen Input on State Legislator Decision-Making: Does Gender Matter?

This study is an attempt to determine the degree to which state legislators consider citizen input and opinion when making day-to-day policy decisions, based on numerous variables, including political party affiliation, tenure in office, full-time vs. part-time status, and especially gender. Ultimately, we found that none of these variables were significant predictors of consideration of citizen input—including gender—a conclusion that contradicts much of the prevailing literature on the subject.
Damage and comprehensive control of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire

The emerald ash borer,Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire is reported as native to Northeast Asia including the areas of northeast China,Korea,Russian Far East,and Japan,and now has been as a serious invasive pest of ash trees(Fraxinus spp.) in such as U.S.A and Canada.In this paper,the recent advances in developing management strategies and tactics against this pest in its native areas as well as in the North America were reviewed.
Osler in Jail

The front door to the Nashua Street Jail is a two-inch–thick wall of steel and bulletproof glass. I show my identification to a correctional officer behind the security window, and enormous unseen motors spin to life and slowly slide the panel closed to trap me in the anteroom that provides access. A buzzer sounds, and the identical back door begins to rumble open. The buttons in the elevator don’t work; the officer watching me over video surveillance directs it to the appropriate floor.
Newborn Male Circumcision with Parental Consent, as Stated in the AAP Circumcision Policy Statement, Is Both Legal and Ethical

Newborn male circumcision is a minor surgical procedure that has generated significant controversy. Accumulating evidence supports significant health benefits, most notably reductions in urinary tract infections, acquisition of HIV and a number of other sexually transmitted infections, penile cancer, phimosis, paraphimosis, balanitis and lichen sclerosis. While circumcision, like any surgical procedure, has risks for complications, they occur in less than 1 in 500 infants circumcised and most are minor and require minimal intervention. The CDC and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) believe that health benefits of circumcision outweigh the risks. For this reason, the AAP believes that parents should be allowed to make the decision concerning circumcision of their male infants after receiving non-biased information on health risks and health benefits.
Training City Planners in Third World Countries

Aside from a few very poor countries where there are no city-planning or urban-studies educational programs, such programs as there are in most of the Third World countries (TWCs) are generally weak, inefficient, class dominated—and irrelevant. They are weak because resources are limited, entrants into the field do not rank among the ablest students, and the range and quality of the subject matter and teaching are often poor; inefficient because it takes too much time to get even inadequate training; class dominated because the system of education makes it difficult and unlikely for poor and middle-income persons to participate in such programs; and often irrelevant because they focus on the wrong skills and subject matter. Radical change is necessary; but it is not easy to achieve because the possibilities for effective, long-term change are constrained and the capabilities for carrying out and sustaining such change are limited.
On the Taxonomic Significance of Secondary Metabolites in Angiosperms

I here put forward the speculative interpretation that changes in the major groups of chemical repellents had an important role in the rise of major new groups of dicotyledons. Each set of repellents tends to lose its effectiveness as insects and other predators become resistant to it. A new kind of repellent gives the plants a competitive advantage and permits the evolutionary expansion of a new group. Thus the isoquinoline alkaloids of the Magnoliidae gave way to the tannins of the Hamamelidae, Rosidae and Dilleniidae, and these in turn gave way to the iridoid compounds that were most effectively exploited by the Asteridae. Within the Asteridae, the rise of the relatively recent family Asteraceae may relate to a shift to polyacetylenes and sesquiterpene lactones in place of the already less effective iridoids. The pattern is blurred by the continued evolutionary experimentation with new repellents by each major taxonomic group, and by the exploitation of the same new group of repellents by different taxa at about the same time.
What’s Next in U.S. Public Library Services for Teens? A Peek into a Promising Future

ABSTRACTDrawing from a talk she gave to an international conference in Seoul, South Korea, in July 2016, the author explores major changes in services for teens both now and those expected in the future. The two most important shifts are the increasing focus on what the library does over what the library has and the growing emphasis on information and information services in digital forms and formats. There are other future trends, but these are paramount. Libraries that keep up or move quickly to advance their work to fit such trends will do well; those that don’t, won’t.
Here and there, but not everywhere: repeated loss of uncoupling protein 1 in amniotes

Endothermy is an evolutionary innovation in eutherian mammals and birds. In eutherian mammals, UCP1 is a key protein in adaptive nonshivering thermogenesis (NST). Although ucp1 arose early in the vertebrate lineage, the loss of ucp1 was previously documented in several reptile species (including birds). Here we determine that ucp1 was lost at the base of the reptile lineage, as we fail to find ucp1 in every major reptile lineage. Furthermore, though UCP1 plays a key role in mammalian NST, we confirm that pig has lost several exons from ucp1 and conclude that pig is not a sole outlier as the only eutherian mammal lineage to do so. Through similarity searches and synteny analysis, we show that ucp1 has also been lost/pseudogenized in Delphinidae (dolphin, orca) and potentially Xenarthra (sloth, armadillo) and Afrotheria (hyrax). These lineages provide models for investigating alternate mechanisms of thermoregulation and energy metabolism in the absence of functional UCP1. Further, the repeated losses of a functional UCP1 suggest the pervasiveness of NST via UCP1 across the mammalian lineage needs re-evaluation.
Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource

The rapid growth in the quantity of biomedical data available in publications presents researchers with a formidable challenge to keep up with the latest experimental results, survey relevant literature, and extract-specific information for their own research. For the study of epitopes, this challenge is addressed by the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB). This bioinformatics resource is freely available to assist in the development of new vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics. It contains information on antibody and T cell epitopes pertaining to infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and transplants, for a variety of host species, including humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. The IEDB also contains tools for predicting and analyzing epitopes. This article describes the scientific curation process employed to populate the database and how the data are structured within the database. The different means for accessing or querying the data are discussed. Finally, the capabilities within the Analysis Resource for predicting and analyzing epitopes are presented.
An Oral Selective Alpha-1A Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Prevents Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity

α1A-ARs play adaptive and protective roles in the heart. Dabuzalgron is an oral selective α1A-AR agonist that was well tolerated in multiple clinical trials of treatment for urinary incontinence, but has never been used to treat heart disease in humans or animal models. In this study, we administered dabuzalgron to mice treated with DOX, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent with dose-limiting cardiotoxicity that can lead to HF. Dabuzalgron protected against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, likely by preserving mitochondrial function. These results suggest that activating cardiac α1A-ARs with dabuzalgron, a well-tolerated oral agent, might represent a novel approach to treating HF.
Brazilian intelligence at the turning point of 1920/30: encounters and disencounters between writers and educators

ABSTRACT The absence of a larger number of academic studies which explore therelationship between Literature and Education constitutes one of themotivations for proposing this text; this, because besides the methodologiesfor teaching literature, there is not very much that brings pedagogues andmen of letters together. Thus, Literature and Education will be consideredthrough the broad vision of History, reflecting on the problems whichrefer to Brazilian educational thought and contributing to the criticalunderstanding of the ideas that influenced our culture. In relation to thecharacters in this narrative, the study will be centred on two of the mostexpressive intellectuals of the period: Fernando de Azevedo and Mario deAndrade, whose importance for education and national literature makesfurther presentation unnecessary. As to the period being focused on, knownin our history as the turning point of the years 1920 and 1930, the optionis justified as it constitutes the type of incubator for the germinal ideas ofthe “intelligentsia” of the country, as will be seen throughout theexposition.
Modulation by estrogen and growth factors of transforming growth factor-alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor expression in normal and malignant human mammary epithelial cells.

A number of well-characterized growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), can stimulate the proliferation and modify the differentiation of normal and malignant rodent and human mammary epithelial cells (Salomon et al. 1986 a, c). For example, EGF or transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFa) can stimulate the lobulo-alveolar development of mouse mammary glands in organ culture or in vivo (Tonelli and Soroff 1980; Okamoto and Oka 1984; Vonderhaar 1987). In addition, EGF may perform a physiological role in the development of the mouse mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation and in the spontaneous formation of mammary tumors in mice (Okamoto and Oka 1984; Oka et al. 1987; Tsutsumi et al. 1987). Several of these growth factors, such as IGF-I, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), TGFa, and TGFs, have been found in the conditioned medium (CM) from several human breast cancer cell lines (Salomon et al. 1984; Dickson et al. 1986; Huff et al. 1986; Bronzert et al. 1987; Knabbe et al. 1987; Peres et al. 1987). The production of TGFa, IGF-I, and TGF/3 can be modulated by estrogens or anti-estrogens, suggesting that the growth-promoting effects of estrogen may be mediated in part by TGFa and/or IGF-I and that the growth-inhibitory effects of anti-estrogen may be mediated by TGF/3 (Dickson et al. 1985; Perroteau et al. 1986; Knabbe et al. 1987; Liu et al. 1987; Peres et al. 1987; Huff et al. 1988). However, it is still unclear whether these or other growth factors are present in mammary tumor cells in vivo and, if so, whether they are involved in the etiology of tumor development and progression. Likewise, there is little information on the distribution and level of expression of similar growth factors in normal mammary epithelial cells at specific times during the development of the mammary gland.
Effects of FSH and LH on RNA Synthesis in the Testis: Role of Ornithine Decarboxylase

It has long been known that testicular size decreases following hypophysectomy and can be restored toward normal by the injection of pituitary extracts. The sequence of events involved in the response of the gonads to gonadotropins has been of interest to many investigators in recent years. Gonadotropic hormones increase the synthesis of RNA and protein in the testis of the rat (Means and Hall, 1967, 1968, 1969; Goswami, et al., 1968; Villee, D., and Goswami, 1973) and increase the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) (Murad et al., 1969; Hollinger, 1970; Kuehl et al., 1970; Dorrington et al., 1972; Braun and Sepsenwol, 1974). The increased synthesis of RNA and protein in response to the hormone was inhibited by pretreatment of the animals with actinomycin D (Means and Hall, 1969; Goswami et al., 1968; Reddy and Villee, 1975a). Messenger RNA (mRNA) from animal origins has been shown to contain a polyadenylate sequence at the 3′ terminal end (Lim and Canellakis, 1970; Darnell eet al., 1971; Lee et al., 1971; Edmonds et al., 1971). The poly(A)-rich RNA can be conveniently isolated by affinity chromatography using oligo(dT) columns (Aviv and Leder, 1972).
Van Krevelen diagram visualization of high resolution-mass spectrometry metabolomics data with OpenVanKrevelen.

Van Krevelen (VK) diagrams provide a promising but uncommon solution to a number of challenges associated with the visualization of metabolomics data. VK diagrams are created by plotting H:C ratios against O:C ratios of the compounds in a chemical mixture. The aim of this manuscript is to present an open-source software tool and reference map that we have developed to make VK diagrams for visualization of metabolomics data. Software was created with a prompt-driven command line user interface and was written using Python 2.7. We empirically derived an accompanying map by plotting where compounds from seven biomolecule types fall within the VK plot space. We’ve created an easy to use, open source software tool named OpenVanKrevelen for making a range of VK diagrams that is available on GitHub: https://github.com/HegemanLab/VanKrevelenLocal . The empirical mapping approach has produced several improvements from previously published maps. OpenVanKrevelen provides the metabolomics community with access to a new tool for visualization of complex metabolomics datasets.
Effective Design in Human and Machine Learning: A Cognitive Perspective

This chapter offers a discussion on the relations between knowledge transfer in human deep learning and machine learning. A review of cognitive theories and models related to knowledge transfer in human deep learning was made in reference to the cognitive structure of surface and deep processes in learning. This is followed by a review of the characteristics of machine learning and their unique features in terms of supporting cognitive processes in knowledge transfer. Discussions on how knowledge in human cognitive processes may assist the design and implementation of machine learning are made. A framework was proposed to advance the practice of machine learning focusing on transfer of knowledge in human deep learning with respect to the relations between human cognitive processes and machine learning.
Taste: The Neglected Nutritional Factor

Abstract Scientists now think that every taste bud has some degree of sensitivity to all the primary taste sensations. The brain detects the type of taste by the ratio of stimulation of different taste buds. Many different substances have flavor-enhancing capacity, including ingredients that represent the primary tastes. Medications, chronic disorders, and radiation therapy can alter taste perception, resulting in loss of appetite. Individualizing nutrition advice, with consideration of taste, health needs, and personal preferences, is a "signature dish" of quality dietetics practice. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97(suppl 2):S205–S207.
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Certolizumab Pegol in Women with Refractory Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome.

Abstract Background Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic, disabling bladder disease, with an uncertain pathophysiology and no universally effective treatment. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of certolizumab pegol compared with placebo in women with refractory IC/BPS. Design, setting, and participants Eligible women, aged 18–65 yr with moderate to severe IC/BPS, were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Intervention Study patients were randomized at a 2:1 ratio to receive either certolizumab pegol or placebo. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis The primary outcome measure was a patient-reported global response assessment (GRA). Secondary endpoints included Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index (ICSI), Interstitial Cystitis Problem Index (ICPI), and a numeric rating scale for pain and urgency. Results and limitations The primary endpoint of GRA improvement at week 2 was not met. However, by week 18, there was significant improvement in GRA for certolizumab pegol compared with placebo in pain (odds ratio [OR] = 17.3, p = 0.002), urgency (OR = 9.92, p = 0.02), and overall symptoms (OR = 15.0, p = 0.006). At week 18, there was a statistically significant improvement for certolizumab pegol compared with placebo in change from baseline for ICSI of –3.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: –6.9 to –0.29, p = 0.03), ICPI of –3.0 (95% CI: –6.1 to 0.12, p = 0.042), pain scale of –2.0 (95% CI: –3.9 to –0.15, p = 0.02), and urgency scale of –1.7 (95% CI: –3.5 to 0.06, p = 0.03). There was a significant difference in greater than 30% reduction in pain from baseline comparing certolizumab pegol with placebo at week 18 (OR = 13.0, p = 0.02). Limitations include a larger, longer, multicenter trial is warranted with phenotypic categorization of patients. Conclusions Women with moderate to severe refractory IC/BPS were more likely to experience significant improvement in symptoms with certolizumab pegol compared with placebo therapy. Further investigation of certolizumab pegol for the treatment of IC/BPS is warranted with a larger, longer, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Patient summary Women with moderate to severe interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome were helped with a medication used to treat autoimmune diseases.
Benefits of physician orders for scope of treatment (POST) forms on end-of-life care in cancer patients: Insights from the West Virginia registry.

10006Background: The West Virginia POST form, a POLST Paradigm form (www.polst.org), converts patient preferences into medical orders and implements advance care planning for patients with advanced...
The Gerasene Exorcism and Jesus’ Eschatological Expulsion of Cosmic Powers: Echoes of Second Temple Scapegoat Traditions in Mark 5.1-20:

In this article, I argue that ancient expulsion rites and early Jewish scapegoat traditions have inﬂuenced the composition of Mk 5.1-20. These rites and traditions inform Mark’s portrayal of Jesus’...
Rational use of Episodic and Working Memory: A Normative Account of Prospective Memory

Abstract Humans often simultaneously pursue multiple plans at different time scales. The successful realization of non-immediate plans (e.g., post package after work) requires keeping track of a future plan while accomplishing other intermediate tasks (e.g., write a paper), a capacity known as prospective memory. This capacity requires the integration of noisy evidence from perceptual input with evidence from short-term working memory (WM) and longer-term or episodic memory (LTM/EM). Here we formulate a set of dual-task problems in empirical studies of prospective memory as problems of computational rationality, and ask how a rational model should exploit noisy perception and memory to maximize payoffs. The model combines reinforcement learning (optimal action selection) with evidence accumulation (optimal inference) in order to derive good decision parameters for optimal task performance (i.e., performing an ongoing task while monitoring for a cue that triggers executing a second prospective task). We compare model behavior to key accuracy and reaction time phenomena in human performance. Thus, we offer a normative approach to theorizing and modeling these phenomena without assumptions about mechanisms of attention or retrieval. This approach can be extended to study meta-parameters governing the boundedly rational use of memory in planned action in health, as well as compensatory mnemonic strategies that may be rational responses to disturbances of these mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Low repeatability of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the need to redefine the minimal clinically important difference.

Citation:Hunasikatti M. Low repeatability of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the need to redefine the minimal clinically important difference. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(10):1827.
Science Identity Development: How Multimodal Composition Mediates Student Role-Taking as Scientist in a Media-Rich Learning Environment.

Science identity has been widely discussed in recent years; however, research on its development in multimodal composing environments, especially in formal classroom settings, has yet to be fully investigated. This qualitative study unraveled the science identity development of sixth-grade students as they created multimodal science fiction stories in a STEAM course. Thirty-two students enrolled in the course and worked in groups of 3–5, and each student self-selected one of three roles: designer, scientist, or writer. This study focused on the students (n = 9) who took the role of scientist and examined their science identity development. Data sources include digital surveys, semi-structured group interviews, and multimodal artifacts. Our qualitative analysis suggests that (a) composing with modes of choices could drive interests in science; (b) students connected science practices in classrooms with those in professional domains through taking the role of scientist; (c) taking hybrid roles (i.e., a combination of scientist and other roles) while composing with multiple modes contributed to the recognition of science in non-science careers. Based on these findings, we discuss the implications for cultivating positive science identities and engaging early adolescents in career exploration.
WHY SEMANTIC NETWORKS

Abstract It is often asserted that semantic networks, are mere notational variants of other well-defined and “standard” representation languages. Yet semantic networks seem to have a substantial following and a special appeal of their own. What makes semantic networks special, and why has so much research effort been devoted to developing network-based knowledge representation languages? In this chapter we attempt to answer this question from the perspective of computational effectiveness. We argue that a knowledge representation language must not only be characterized in terms of its representational adequacy but also in terms of its computational effectiveness. Furthermore, a computationally effective knowledge representation framework must explicate the relationship between the nature of representation, the effectiveness of certain inferences and the computational architecture in which the computations/inferences are performed. Semantic networks, or graph-based representation formulations are examples of such knowledge representation frameworks. In particular, semantic networks—realized as massively parallel networks—may provide the appropriate framework for modeling reflexive reasoning—reasoning that we can perform rapidly, effortlessly, and without conscious effort.
Who (never) makes overnight leisure trips? Disentangling structurally zero trips from usual trip generation processes

Abstract This study examines long-distance (overnight) travel behavior by residents of the state of Georgia. Based on a survey conducted in 2017–2018, we modeled the number of domestic leisure long-distance (LD) trips over the past 12 months by air and car modes. We posited that there are two types of zero trips – structural zeros (by people who essentially never travel LD) and incidental zeros (by people who simply happened not to have traveled LD within the past 12 months) – and used zero-inflated negative binomial models to endogenously segment people into a structural zero-trip regime versus a trip-making regime. Selected demographics, attitudes, and geographical characteristics played important roles in explaining the segmentation into regimes and the amount of long-distance travel. We present separate models by mode, and they show different sensitivities to the pertinent factors. In particular, the presence of children and distance to nearest major airport had different roles in the two models. For example, the presence of children acted as a barrier to belonging to the trip-making regime for air travel, but it was a facilitator of doing so for car travel. However, it was negatively associated with the number of trips by both modes. Not surprisingly, accessibility to airports does matter. As distance to airport increased, both entry into the trip-making regime and number of trips were inhibited for air travel, but car travel exhibited the opposite effects. In addition, it is not simply the accessibility to any nearest airport that is most relevant, but rather the accessibility to major airports, which provide more options with respect to departure times and destinations. We present and discuss the shares and profiles of cases in the structural zero, incidental zero, and non-zero groups. Finally, we suggest some avenues of future research.
Multi-criteria spatial analysis for location selection of multi-purpose utility tunnels

Abstract Multi-purpose utility tunnels (MUTs) integrate all underground utilities in one accessible tunnel. MUTs reduce the need for excavations and their associated costs, as well as the resulting traffic congestion. Several MUTs have been implemented in different parts of the world. Their locations have either been politically influenced or selected to preserve heritage sites or to meet the conditions of a newly developed city. Nevertheless, selecting the location in an existing city under street segments is affected by several criteria that have different spatial characteristics. Combining these characteristics and managing the trade-offs that exist between them determine the ranking of alternative MUT locations. The use of subjective and objective weights in the decision-making process will offer different perspectives from the decision-maker's perspective and the data itself, respectively. This paper aims to analyze spatial data as an input in the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) process of the MUT location selection. The objectives are: (1) defining the criteria that influence the MUT location selection, (2) defining the required GIS datasets for quantifying the criteria as scores for each candidate street segment, (3) analyzing the impacts of the dependencies between the criteria by comparing the ranking results of two MCDM methods (i.e., Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Analytic Network Process (ANP)) combined with the Technique for Order Preference by the Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), (4) analyzing the difference between using subjective weights or objective weights, and (5) developing a prototype system to integrate the MCDM methods in a GIS platform. A vector-based spatial analysis is conducted to identify the suitable locations for MUT construction based on 12 criteria representing physical condition information or affecting social costs. Two subjective MCDM methods (i.e., AHP and ANP) are used to generate each criterion's weights, and the ranking of alternatives is determined using TOPSIS. Another set of weights representing the objective weights are calculated for each criterion using the Shannon Entropy method. These weights are combined with TOPSIS to obtain an objective ranking of the alternatives. Based on the results from the different combinations (AHP + TOPSIS, ANP + TOPSIS, and ENTROPY + TOPSIS), the top alternative is always the same.
Interactions between Sterically Stabilized Nanoparticles: The Effects of Brush Bidispersity and Chain Stiffness

Density Functional Theory is employed to study structural properties and interactions between solvent-free polymer-grafted nanoparticles. Both monodisperse and bidisperse polymer brushes with variable chain stiffness are considered. The three major control parameters are the grafting density, the grafted chain length, and its stiffness. The effect of these parameters on the brush-brush overlap and attractive interaction strength is analyzed. The Density Functional Theory results are compared with the available simulation data, and good quantitative agreement is found.
Not Quite Beyond the DSM

The Diagnostic Manual and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is a lot like the cyborg villains in the The Terminator films. Just when you think you have killed them, they spring back to...
Automated detection of substance use information from electronic health records for a pediatric population

OBJECTIVE Substance use screening in adolescence is unstandardized and often documented in clinical notes, rather than in structured electronic health records (EHRs). The objective of this study was to integrate logic rules with state-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning technologies to detect substance use information from both structured and unstructured EHR data. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pediatric patients (10-20 years of age) with any encounter between July 1, 2012, and October 31, 2017, were included (n = 3890 patients; 19 478 encounters). EHR data were extracted at each encounter, manually reviewed for substance use (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, opiate, any use), and coded as lifetime use, current use, or family use. Logic rules mapped structured EHR indicators to screening results. A knowledge-based NLP system and a deep learning model detected substance use information from unstructured clinical narratives. System performance was evaluated using positive predictive value, sensitivity, negative predictive value, specificity, and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS The dataset included 17 235 structured indicators and 27 141 clinical narratives. Manual review of clinical narratives captured 94.0% of positive screening results, while structured EHR data captured 22.0%. Logic rules detected screening results from structured data with 1.0 and 0.99 for sensitivity and specificity, respectively. The knowledge-based system detected substance use information from clinical narratives with 0.86, 0.79, and 0.88 for AUC, sensitivity, and specificity, respectively. The deep learning model further improved detection capacity, achieving 0.88, 0.81, and 0.85 for AUC, sensitivity, and specificity, respectively. Finally, integrating predictions from structured and unstructured data achieved high detection capacity across all cases (0.96, 0.85, and 0.87 for AUC, sensitivity, and specificity, respectively). CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to detect substance use screening and results among pediatric patients using logic rules, NLP, and machine learning technologies.
An Experimental Study of the Effects of Solid-to-Coolant Thermal Conductivity Ratio in Helium-Cooled Divertor Modules

AbstractAs part of the ARIES study, the Georgia Tech group has experimentally studied the thermal performance of a helium-cooled ‘finger-type’ tungsten divertor design that uses jet impingement and a fin array to cool the plasma-facing surface. These studies were performed using air at Reynolds numbers Re, spanning those for prototypical operating conditions. A brass test section heated with an oxy-acetylene torch at incident heat fluxes up to 2 MW/m2 was used. Recently, data obtained with room-temperature helium suggests that dynamic similarity between the air and helium experiments cannot be achieved by only matching Re because of the difference in the relative contributions of convection and conduction through the annular side walls of the divertor. Numerical simulations suggest that achieving dynamic similarity requires matching the ratio of the thermal conductivity of the divertor module material to that of the coolant under operating conditions, as well as Re.Studies were performed to verify that ex...
How are we approaching data-informed practice? Development of the Survey of Data Use and Professional Learning

As in international schooling contexts, talk about data-driven practice has become ubiquitous in schooling dialogues in the USA, and with the pending reauthorization of the No Child Left Behind Act (the main driver of increased data use in American schools), educators in the USA should expect even greater calls for formalized data use. Yet, the field lacks readily accessible tools that allow school district leaders and evaluators to examine educator perceptions related to data-informed practice. This paper outlines the process used in the development, testing, and validation of one instrument that district leaders and evaluators may use to learn more about the ways in which data are used and perceived in their respective contexts. Potential applications as well as limitations of the instrument are outlined.
Atopic Dermatitis in Pediatric Skin of Color

Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common dermatologic diseases and affects a significant proportion of the pediatric population, both in the USA and worldwide. Children of many racial and ethnic groups are affected, but the specific role of this disease and how it affects these groups have been largely unexplored until recent years, and much still remains to be elucidated. This chapter will discuss the reported epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in pediatric skin of color. It will describe the diagnostic criteria and clinical manifestations of the disease in general, and will also explain the particularities that are present in different racial and ethnic groups, which are important for physicians to consider. The chapter will also focus on the available treatments and typical prognosis for atopic dermatitis, as well as the relevant special considerations that apply to patients with different ethnic backgrounds.
SiGe BiCMOS PAM-4 clock and data recovery circuit for high-speed serial communications

A multilevel clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit for highspeed serial data transmission was designed using the IBM 6 HP 0.25 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS process technology. The circuit extracts the clock from a 32 Gb/s 4-level pulse amplitude modulated (PAM-4) input signal and outputs four channels of retimed NRZ data at 8 Gb/s per channel. The CDR design incorporates a PAM-4 to 2-bit-binary converter, a phase/frequency detector, a loop filter, a quadrature LC ring oscillator and a data-retiming module. The circuit operates using a 3.3 V supply voltage with a 350 mA current consumption. The simulation results show that the peak-to-peak jitter is 1.3 ps, the capture range is 2 GHz, the acquisition time is 200 ns and the input sensitivity is 150 mV. This PAM-based CDR technique is quite suitable for low-loss transmission channels such as fiber optic communications or short-distance copper links, including network-on-chip (NOC) implementations and storage area networks (SANs).
Design, fabrication and characterization of narrowband angularly-insensitive resonant cavity filter

We describe the design, fabrication, and characterization of resonant filters having concurrently a wide range of acceptance angles and a narrow wavelength passband, based on one-dimensional photonic crystals (PC) with defects. A filter having these characteristics would be extremely useful, for example, in a free-space optical communication system among mobile nodes, where the relative bearing of the transmitter is unknown. However, the design of such a structure requires careful design, as these two characteristics are not readily compatible. In the following, we discuss our design approach to implement the wide-field-of-view narrowband resonant filter, describe the fabrication procedure in the GaAs/AlAs material system including oxidation to achieve the high refractive index contrast needed for good performance, and present the structural and optical characterization results for the finished device. The objective is to design a wide-field-of-view narrow band wavelength filter using a multilayer 1-D PC structure with one or more defects. The primary defect in the resonant cavity is realized with the highest possible index of refraction, to minimize the variation of the cavity phase with changes in the incidence angle. Since the angular dependence of the incidence angle cannot be completely eliminated in an isotropic 1-D structure, the ideal filter performance characteristics would be a perfectly square bandpass filter with a bandwidth that can be specified to match the specific application. To approximate this type of performance, we use an asymmetric secondary resonant PC cavity in place of each mirror surrounding the primary cavity, resulting in a resonant 1-D PC multilayer structure having three defects. This approach permits control of the spectral reflectivity and phase of each mirror, facilitating control of the transmission spectrum of the device as a whole.
Chapter 56 Measurement of Membrane Potential and Na+ and H+ Transport in Isolated Sea Urchin Sperm Flagella and Their Membrane Vesicles

Publisher Summary Sea urchin spermatozoa movements are controlled by intracellular pH that is in turn regulated by a Na + /H + exchanger present in the flagellar membrane. The flagellar exchanger is insensitive to amildride but is inhibited by membrane depolarization. The voltage sensitivity is because of exchanger being turned off by depolarization. Data from both the isolated flagella and the plasma membrane vesicles derived from them support the idea that the exchanger is regulated by a voltage-sensitive gating mechanism. The physiological role of the voltage sensitivity of the exchanger appears to be related to the action of speract, a peptide. This peptide can modulate the flagellar Na + /H + exchanger by hyperpolarizing the membrane potential. This is because of an increase in K + permeability of the flagellar membrane through activation of K + channels. Isolated flagella and flagellar membrane vesicles are single-compartment systems that allow unambiguous analysis and interpretation of ion transport measurements. These subcellular systems are of value for investigating the ionic mechanisms underlying sperm motility initiation. In this chapter, methods for measuring membrane potential and Na + and H + transport in these preparations are described. The methods detail—the media to be used, the process of fluorometric measurement of membrane potential, fluorometric measurement of internal pH, and measurement of Na + uptake—is provided. The membrane potential of intact sperm, isolated flagella, and flagellar vesicles can be monitored with a lipophilic fluorescent probe, diS-C 3 -(5) (Molecular Probes). The presence of an internally negative membrane potential results in uptake of the cationic probe and quenching of its fluorescence. An alternative method for measuring membrane potential in intact sperm and isolated flagella is to determine the equilibrium distributions of lipophilic ions. The advantage of the fluorometric method is that it monitors the membrane potential continuously and is also a much more sensitive assay.
Secretariat Influence on Overlap Management Politics in North America: NAFTA and the Commission for Environmental Cooperation

This paper examines how overlap between trade and environmental issues are managed under the North American Free Trade Agreement, and specifically the role that the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) Secretariat plays in this process. We demonstrate how the CEC Secretariat has influenced trade–environment politics, primarily through knowledge brokering in ways that build state capacity to collaborate across borders on trade-environment issues. Specifically, we demonstrate how the Secretariat has influenced decisions related to budget allocations, cooperative activities between member states, the creation of new institutions, and evaluating allegations of parties' failures to enforce environmental laws. Moreover, we argue that this case raises important questions concerning the appropriate role of secretariats in international politics and has important policy implications with several new secretariats currently being set up under the burgeoning number of regional trade agreements under negotiation by the United States and many others.
Interactive control of prototyping process

The use of CAPS (computer-aided prototyping system) for the interactive construction, execution, debugging, modification, and control of software prototypes is presented. The current version of CAPS is discussed, its user interface for monitoring and coordinating the prototype development process is explicated, and the functioning of each of the integrated software tools is shown. CAPS has demonstrated the potential as a significant time- and cost-saving tool in the development of software systems. The primary benefit of incorporating the user interface as part of CAPS is that it helps CAPS develop into a more powerful and advanced form. >