cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A modular program for Poisson's equation with linear boundary and domain elements

Abstract A FORTRAN computer program to solve Poisson's equation in two dimensions using linear boundary elements and bilinear interior triangles is presented. The program is suitable for usage on a typical microcomputer designed to be easily modified or extended and to serve as an introduction to programming boundary element algorithms. Emphasis is placed upon program modularity and naming conventions to elucidate the mathematical formulation and corresponding coding aspects of the boundary element method and to allow for modification or experimentation. Example problems are given to demonstrate usage of the program and to show its capabilities.
Ultra-deep sequencing of intra-host rabies virus populations during cross-species transmission

One of the hurdles to understanding the role of viral quasispecies in RNA virus cross-species transmission (CST) events is the need to analyze a densely sampled outbreak using deep sequencing in order to measure the amount of mutation occurring on a small time scale. In 2009, the California Department of Public Health reported a dramatic increase (350) in the number of gray foxes infected with a rabies virus variant for which striped skunks serve as a reservoir host in Humboldt County. To better understand the evolution of rabies, deep-sequencing was applied to 40 unpassaged rabies virus samples from the Humboldt outbreak. For each sample, approximately 11 kb of the 12 kb genome was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina platform. Average coverage was 17,448 and this allowed characterization of the rabies virus population present in each sample at unprecedented depths. Phylogenetic analysis of the consensus sequence data demonstrated that samples clustered according to date (1995 vs. 2009) and geographic location (northern vs. southern). A single amino acid change in the G protein distinguished a subset of northern foxes from a haplotype present in both foxes and skunks, suggesting this mutation may have played a role in the observed increased transmission among foxes in this region. Deep-sequencing data indicated that many genetic changes associated with the CST event occurred prior to 2009 since several nonsynonymous mutations that were present in the consensus sequences of skunk and fox rabies samples obtained from 20032010 were present at the sub-consensus level (as rare variants in the viral population) in skunk and fox samples from 1995. These results suggest that analysis of rare variants within a viral population may yield clues to ancestral genomes and identify rare variants that have the potential to be selected for if environment conditions change.
A Mesopore and Matrix infiltration model based on soil structure

Abstract After decades of research into the subject, preferential flow in soils still plagues those of us who hope to provide better solutions to society's natural resource management conundrums. To that end, simulation models that strike the balance between simplicity and robustness are a high priority. We present the two-domain, Mesopore and Matrix (M&M), water-infiltration module based on soil structure for the Precision Agricultural-Landscape Modeling System (PALMS), by combining laminar flow of water through inter-aggregate slits with water movement from slits into aggregates using Darcy's law. The M&M model is based on new assumptions using soil aggregate geometry that allow the model to be more easily parameterized for landscapes with varying soil properties. The vertical and horizontal arrangements of aggregates and the slit width (2Bped(θ)) are based on cubic geometry, where the width of the cubes represents the width (wped(θ,z)) of soil structural units, which depends on soil water content (θ) and depth (z). The M&M module can be parameterized so that mesopore infiltration resembles that of the Richards equation as a starting point for the preferential-flow parameterization. Using field measurements of ped size and in situ mesopore volume to calculate Bped(θ) and wped(θ,z), the parameters from the Richards equation starting point can be modified to capture mesopore effects. PALMS was run using this approach with and without M&M for the 1996 frost-free growing season (March 1 to Nov. 1). While both models slightly under-predicted 1.4 m depth drainage compared with independently measured field data from the same period, PALMS with the M&M module increased estimated drainage by 32% in response to the largest 1996 storm event (~ 100 mm in 2 days) and 11% seasonally (627 mm cumulative precipitation) over the original PALMS model using the Green and Ampt approach. For the 2008 growing season, a period of unusually high rainfall rates (820 mm annual precipitation), PALMS with M&M simulated a 57% increase in drainage response to the season's largest storm (~ 200 mm in 2 days) and a 20% increase in seasonal drainage compared to PALMS with the Green and Ampt equations. For both 1996 and 2008 seasons, the drainage response to large storms predicted by PALMS with M&M occurred much more rapidly (hours as opposed to days) than PALMS with the Green and Ampt approach.
Disaster planning in libraries

Disaster preparedness is an important issue in library management today. This article presents a general overview of the theoretical aspects of disaster planning in libraries. The stages of disaster planning are a circular process of planning, prevention, response, recovery, preparedness, and training.
The photosensitized production and physical quenching of O2(1Σg

Abstract Sensitizer formation of O 2 ( 1 Σ g + ) by various molecules has been studied via a flash photolysis technique by monitoring the luminescence of O 2 ( 1 Σ g + ) at 7620 A. Sensitizers studied included SO 2 , benzene, naphthalene, octafluoronaphthalene, phenanthrene and benzaldehyde. The results indicate, in the case of SO 2 , that it is the 3 B 1 state which sensitizes the formation of O 2 ( 1 Σ g + ). Studies on the physical quenching of the O 2 ( 1 Σ g + ) state by various substituted hydrocarbon molecules were also carried out. These indicate that the efficiency of a molecule as a quencher of O 2 ( 1 Σ g + ) decreases as halogens of increasing atomic weight are substituted for hydrogen in hydrocarbon molecules. The quenching effect explains in part the higher yield of O 2 ( 1 Σ g + ) when sensitized by the fluorinated hydrocarbons.
Separation of two monoamine oxidases from bovine bran.

1. Two forms of monoamine oxidase have been separated from bovine brain mitochondria. The two enzymes differ in substrate specificity, sensitivity to inhibitors and are immunologically distinct. 2. Monoamine oxidase A does not cross-react with an antibody against bovine liver monoamine oxidase. It catalyzes the oxidation of tyramine, tryptamine and the biogenic amines norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. Benzylamine is very slowly oxidized. Harmaline inhibits the enzyme at 10−7 M concentration, amphetamine at 10−4 M. 3. Monoamine oxidase B is precipitated by an antibody against bovine liver monoamine oxidase but the precipitate is enzymatically active. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of benzylamine as well as tyramine, tryptamine and dopamine, whereas little or no activity was found with norepinephrine, or serotonin, as substrates. The enzyme is inhibited by pargyline and is relatively insensitive to harmaline. 4. Some of the physiological implications of these findings are discussed.
B==F(P,E).

Summary Analysis of the dimensions associated with the parameters of Lewin's equation. Evidence for the tenability of the presented theoretical and methodological schema for predicting behavior is taken from the Syracuse Indexes.
ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION OF SiO2 USING CATALYZED AND UNCATALYZED SELF-LIMITING SURFACE REACTIONS

SiO2 thin films were deposited with atomic layer control using self-limiting surface reactions. The SiO2 growth was achieved by separating the binary reaction SiCl4+2H2O→ SiO2+4HCl into two half-re...
Connexins Are Expressed in Primary Brain Tumors and Enhance the Bystander Effect in Gene Therapy

OBJECTIVE: Experimental brain tumor gene therapy with the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene has demonstrated that not only HSV-tk transduced but surrounding non-HSV-tk transduced cells are killed when given ganciclovir. This so-called bystander effect has recently been shown to be dependent on connexin-mediated intercellular communication. To assess potential susceptibility to the bystander effect, we examined levels of connexin-26 and connexin-43 expression in a series of primary brain tumors. Connexin-26 expression has not previously been studied in primary brain tumors and connexin-43 expression has not been studied in nonastrocytic primary brain tumors. We also attempted to enhance the bystander effect in vitro by overexpressing connexin in tumor cells with high basal levels of connexin expression. METHODS: Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to determine levels of connexin-26 and connexin-43 expression in a series of primary brain tumors. Wild-type 9L gliosarcoma cells were transfected in vitro with the connexin-43 gene and the HSV-tk gene or the HSV-tk gene alone. The bystander effect of each transfectant was then assessed and compared. RESULTS: Most of the primary brain tumors tested, including low-grade astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas, glioblastomas, oligodendrogliomas, gangliogliomas, meningiomas, and medulloblastomas, showed connexin-26 and connexin-43 expression. Bystander experiments revealed a significant enhancement of the bystander effect in the gliosarcoma cells transfected with connexin-43 and HSV-tk, as compared with gliosarcoma cells transfected with HSV-tk alone. CONCLUSION: Most primary brain tumors express connexin-26 and connexin-43. This suggests that most primary brain tumors may be susceptible to the bystander effect of HSV-tk gene therapy. The bystander effect can be enhanced in vitro by overexpression of connexin-43 in a cell line with a high basal level of connexin-43 expression.
Optimal path planning for solar-powered UAVs based on unit quaternions

In this paper, we examine a unit quaternion based method to design the optimal paths with maximum sun exposure for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with photovoltaic cells on their wings. The mission of traveling between two specified boundary points with fixed flying time and constant speed is considered. Since the solar power is the sole source of energy for these UAVs during the flight, we consider the problem of maximizing the incoming solar radiation throughout their trajectory. As the attitude of the UAV directly determines solar intensity normal to the vertical surface of the wing, we use a unit quaternion based method to control the attitude maneuver during the flight interval. Subsequently, the aircraft kinematics are expressed as quadratic functions in terms of unit quaternions which can be solved by a branch and bound approach. Simulation results in two and three dimensions are presented.
Ventromedial hypothalamic lesions reduce the number of NA+, K+-ATPase enzyme units in skeletal muscle of weanling rats.

AbstractWeanling rats with ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions retained 66% more body energy 1 to 4 weeks postsurgery than did nonlesioned control rats. The increased energy retention in VMH-lesioned rats resulted from diminished energy expenditure rather than from elevated energy intake. Numbers of Na+, K+-ATPase enzyme units in skeletal muscle and kidneys of these rats were estimated from saturable [3H]ouabain binding to particulate fractions. Skeletal muscle of VMH-lesioned rats had 36% fewer Na+, K+-ATPase enzyme units than did skeletal muscle of control rats. VMH-lesions did not affect the number of Na+, K+-ATPase enzyme units in kidneys. These results are comparable to earlier reports on Na+, K+-ATPase enzyme units in muscle and kidneys of obese (ob/ob) mice and suggest that there is an association between development of obesity and reduced number of Na+, K+-ATPase enzyme units in skeletal muscle.
Getting the Most Out of Policy Cases

Offers information on how to select a case study. Advantages of the case study method of instruction over the conventional approaches; How to attain a solution to the problem of inadequate data; Factors that determined the success of a policy case.
Reversible aggregation of porphyrins in the solid state

This paper reports the reversible aggregation of porphyrin molecules in a thin solid film. A commercially available molecule, p-meso-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin (H2TPyP(4)), was used for these studies. Optical absorption spectroscopy of the solution and solid state forms of this molecule show that even in the solid state the molecules have enough mobility to undergo the movement required to form J-aggregates. Resonance light scattering (RLS), fluorescence spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to support these results.
The Impact of Cefepime as First Line Therapy for Neutropenic Fever on Clostridium difficile rates among Hematology and Oncology Patients

After changing empiric treatment of febrile neutropenia from meropenem to cefepime, the effect on Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) was investigated. The change was assessed using an autoregressive model. A significant increase in CDI rates occurred following the introduction of cefepime. There may be an association between increased cefepime usage and CDI.
Operative vaginal delivery: A comparison of forceps and vacuum for success rate and risk of rectal sphincter injury

Objective We investigated the success rate of operative vaginal delivery and risk of rectal sphincter injury when forceps or vacuum was used. Study design Cases were identified by a retrospective review of delivery logbooks and an obstetric database. Rotations were excluded. Failure was defined as inability to deliver the fetus with the initial instrument. Rectal injury was defined as third- or fourth-degree laceration. Institutional review board approval was obtained. P -value of less than .05 was considered significant, and odds ratios (OR) were calculated when appropriate. Results Data were obtained for 1802 deliveries: 1438 occiput anterior and 364 occiput posterior positions. For occiput anterior position, rectal sphincter injury with forceps was 53.8% and vacuum 26.6% ( P P P P P P P Conclusions For both occiput anterior and posterior cases, the use of forceps was associated with a higher success rate than the vacuum, but with greater risk of rectal sphincter injury. The use of either vacuum or forceps from the occiput posterior position was associated with a higher likelihood of rectal injury and lower likelihood of vaginal delivery when compared with the occiput anterior position.
Belief in the Controllability of Weight and Attributions to Prejudice Among Heavyweight Women

The perceived controllability of weight is a central feature of prejudice against heavyweight people, but its role in the experience of prejudice is not well established. Heavyweight women (N=66, mean age = 38 years) were exposed to information about cardiovascular health or the uncontrollability of weight and then wrote a persuasive health-related essay. All participants received a negative evaluation on the essay quality from a male evaluator whom they believed could see them or not. Belief in the uncontrollability of weight led to more attributions for the feedback to the evaluator's prejudice but only when the participants thought that they were visible. The results are discussed in terms of the stigma of overweight.
Effects of fire protection on savanna structure in Central Brazil

Abstract Aim Fire protection gradually changes the density of woody plants in numerous savannas around the world. In this study changes of structure in two tropical savanna areas with contrasting history of fire protection in the central Brazilian Cerrado is documented. Location Vegetation was sampled with line intercept transects in two adjacent sites in Brasilia, Federal District. These transects were located within a nature reserve protected from fire since 1972 and within an adjacent reserve area that burns every 2 years. Methods Five savanna physiognomies, from a low forest (‘cerradao’) to an open savanna (‘campo sujo’), were sampled in both sites. Results Fire protection increased the abundance of woody plants and favoured fire-sensitive species. With some exceptions, shrubs tended to be less affected by fire than trees. Species distribution was affected by a complex interaction of fire and physiognomy. Fire had the strongest effect on ‘campo sujo’ savanna, and a less significant effect on the intermediate physiognomies. Main conclusions Protection permits the establishment of fire sensitive species. A long enough protection against fire could lead to the appearance of more wooded physiognomies in the Cerrado.
The interaction of extraversion and neuroticism in orienting response habituation.

Twenty different consonant trigrams were presented individually to 38 observers in a standard OR habituation paradigm while the GSRs and BSRs were recorded. The observers were later categorized according to extraversion and neuroticism (anxiety) scores. All observers evidenced habituation in varying degrees to these dissimilar stimuli; however, the stable observers responded to more of the stimuli than did the neurotics. This basic neuroticism effect was modified by the extraversion factor as shown by response magnitudes: stable introverts and neurotic extraverts habituated differently than did the stable extraverts and neurotic introverts. This significant extraversion × neuroticism interaction was also present, in the same form, in the BSR data: stable introverts and neurotic extraverts had declining BSR values, while with stable extraverts and neurotic introverts, the BSRs increased (i.e., they became less attentive).
Hydration behavior of calcium phosphates is analogous to hydration behavior of calcium silicates

Similarities between the hydration of calcium silicates and calcium phosphates are discussed. Calcium silicate hydration forms C-S-H, while calcium phosphate hydration forms hydroxyapatite (HAp). Both are compounds of variable composition, both incorporate water, and both exhibit high surface areas. Although both are weakly crystalline, HAp is so because of small crystallite size. Calcium phosphates and calcium silicates both undergo pozzolanic reactions and Hadley grains form in both systems. The origin of Hadley-like grains and the mechanisms limiting the rate of hydration in the calcium phosphate system are described.
Earthquake Prediction: Modeling the Anomalous Vp/Vs Source Region

Soviet observations of anomalously low values of the ratio of the compressional wave velocity to the shear wave velocity (V(p)/ V(s)) in a restricted volume around the locus of a future earthquake are duplicated by models based on the dilatancy hypothesis. In nature the cracks that cause the dilation may be oriented, leading to anisotropic seismic wave propagation in the anomalous region. The models show that vertical cracks are most effective in producing the observed effects, but that a slightly higher density of randomly oriented cracks will yield similar effects. The premonitory observations at Blue Mountain Lake, New York, are also duplicated by the models. These models demonstrate that V(p)/V(s) measured at the surface is not that of the anomalous zone, but is related to it by a transfer function, involving the shape and velocity gradient of the zone boundary.
A very large two-dimensional superlattice domain of monodisperse gold nanoparticles by self-assembly

We report a very large 2D superlattice domain of hexagonal close-packed monodisperse gold nanoparticles, which is longer than 20 μm and of 8.8 nm superlattice constant in a millimetre-scale monolayer film, fabricated by simple self-assembly of drying water and toluene droplets with 2D nanoparticles at the air–liquid interfaces.
Infection due to a "related" Vibrio.

Summary 1. A “related” Vibrio was isolated from the blood of an infant with bloody diarrhea. 2. The unusual growth requirements of this organism may have prevented its isolation previously and precluded its association with the disease in human beings. 3. The eight cases previously reported are briefly reviewed and a possible epidemiologic association with Vibrio infection of chickens is raised.
Analysis of the mouse embryonic stem cell regulatory networks obtained by ChIP-chip and ChIP-PET.

Background Genome-wide approaches have begun to reveal the transcriptional networks responsible for pluripotency in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed either by hybridization to a microarray platform (ChIP-chip) or by DNA sequencing (ChIP-PET), has identified binding targets of the ES cell transcription factors OCT4 and NANOG in humans and mice, respectively. These studies have provided an outline of the transcriptional framework involved in maintaining pluripotency. Recent evidence with comparing multiple technologies suggests that expanding these datasets using different platforms would be a useful resource for examining the mechanisms underlying pluripotency regulation.
Assessing the value of weight loss among primary care patients.

BACKGROUND: Modest weight loss of 10% of baseline weight is beneficial and achievable for overweight and obese patients. However, whether primary care patients value modest weight loss is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To quantify the value patients place on modest weight loss. DESIGN: Cross-sectional telephone survey. SETTING: Patients at a large hospital-based primary care practice. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred sixty-five primary care patients (60% response rate). MEASUREMENTS: Utilities or value for weight loss estimated from willingness to risk death or trade time in exchange for losing different levels of weight (weight loss in pounds equivalent to a 5%, 10%, and 20% reduction in initial weight or to achieve a body mass index [BMI] of 25 kg/m2) using the standard gamble and time tradeoff formats. RESULTS: Of respondents, 15% of overweight (BMI, 25 to 29.9 kg/m2) and 42% of obese patients (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) believed they needed to lose more than 10% of their weight to derive any health benefits. However, 18% of overweight and 33% of obese patients were willing to risk death to lose 10% of their weight. Patients with higher BMI valued higher degrees of weight loss. Among the overall sample, the utilities derived using standard gamble were 0.95 for current weight, 0.96 for 5% weight loss, 0.97 for 10% weight loss, and 0.98 for 20% weight loss; among obese patients, utilities were 0.88, 0.91, 0.93, and 0.96, respectively. Utilities derived using time tradeoff were lower but correlated with utilities derived from standard gamble. Utilities did not vary by education, gender, race, having comorbidities, or smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Many primary care patients value modest weight loss. The value placed on loss of 10% body weight among obese patients where utility improved from 0.88 to 0.93 is similar to recovery from major depression. Nevertheless, the majority of patients still do not highly value modest weight loss. Clinicians should emphasize the health benefits of modest weight loss when counseling about weight.
HIGH MAGNETIC FIELD DEPENDENT DIAMAGNETIC SHIFTS IN AlxGa1-xAs SEMICONDUCTOR ALLOYS

Low temperature diamagnetic shifts and FWHM linewidths of excitonic transitions in AlxGa1-xAs alloys are reported as a function of magnetic field (50T maximum) at 4K using photoluminescence spectroscopy. Two samples with aluminum compositions of 5 and 20%, are discussed. The slope of the diamagnetic shift at high fields allows a direct measure of the excitonic reduced mass μ.
A colored Petri net model of distributed tactical decision making

Analytical models of the distributed tactical decision making process that can be used for analyzing the performance of alternative organizational designs are considered. The objective is to develop executable models that represent more realistic decision processes. A colored Petri net implementation of the mathematical model of a decision making organization that forms the basis of an experiment currently being carried out is presented. The model is used to investigate coordination mechanisms by decoupling the information flow paths and the coordination mechanisms into two interacting layers in which the coordination layer coordinates the behavior of the information flows. Simulation results are presented for different coordination functions. >
Quasi-optical VCOs

Quasi-optical grid voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs) are presented. These VCOs are the first demonstration of a quasi-optical system consisting of several periodic arrays loaded with solid-state devices. A quasi-optical VCO consists of an array of oscillators, a variable capacitance array, and a mirror. The mirror provides feedback for locked power-combining of a large number of MESFET oscillators that load a two-dimensional metal grid on a dielectric substrate. The frequency can be electrically tuned either with gate bias or with another array loaded with varactor diodes. When the varactor bias voltage is changed, the capacitance of the diodes changes, which in turn modulates the frequency of the output power-combined wave. Two types of arrays are presented, one consisting of short dipoles, and the other of bow-tie elements. As expected, the bow-tie VCO has better performance than the dipole VCO, due to its broadband impedance. A 10% tuning bandwidth with less than 2 dB power change was measured in the case of a bow-tie VCO. >
Landfill gas emission prediction using Voronoi diagrams and importance sampling

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are among the nation's largest emitters of methane, a key greenhouse gas, and there is considerable interest in quantifying the surficial methane emissions from landfills. There are limitations in obtaining accurate emissions data by field measurements, and in characterizing an entire landfill with only a few such emissions measurements. This paper proposes an emissions prediction approach using numerous ambient air volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements above the surface of a landfill that are more easily obtained. Many large landfills are already collecting ambient air methane data based on existing regulations. The proposed method is based on the inverse solution of the standard Gaussian dispersion equations. However, only the VOC concentrations and locations are required. The locations of maximum likelihood of the point sources are predicted using Voronoi diagrams, and importance sampling is performed to further refine the locations. Point source strengths are calculated using non-negative least squares, and the point emission rates are then summed to give the total landfill emission rate. The proposed method is successfully demonstrated on a series of four landfill case studies. Three hypothetical landfills were selected for validation studies by forward and backward solution of the dispersion equations. The fourth case study is an active central Florida MSW landfill. The proposed method shows promise in accurately and robustly predicting landfill gas emissions, and requires only measured ambient VOC concentrations and locations.
Perceptions of Power and Manner of Designation: Impacts on Trust

The two key factors of (1) how local interests should be weighed in public land management and (2) the manner in which public land designation occurred have been overlooked in research on trust in federal land management agencies. The literature also tends to focus solely on direct relationships between various predictors of trust, rather than examining indirect relationships. Using survey data of Escalante, Utah, residents 10 years after designation of the Grand Staircase Escalante National Monument (GSENM), and via mediation analysis, we find perceived power of local groups and perceptions of the manner of designation work through perceptions of the current GSENM decision-making process to affect trust in the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The findings suggest that as participatory processes become more inclusive over time, it is possible that the scars from the manner of designation may be less prominent.
In Vitro Biotransformations of Isocupressic Acid by Cow Rumen Preparations: Formation of Agathic and Dihydroagathic Acids

Isocupressic acid [15-hydroxylabda-8(17),13E-dien-19-oic acid] (1) was incubated under anaerobic conditions for 48 h in an in vitro ruminal fluid mixture and was transformed into two metabolites. The two metabolites were identified by GC/MS as agathic acid [labda-8(17),13(E)-diene-15,19-dioic acid] (4E) and dihydroagathic acid [labda-8(17)-ene-15,19-dioic acid] (6). Metabolite identities were confirmed by chemical conversions of isocupressic acid (1) and imbricataloic acid (5) into 4E and 6, respectively. Structures of synthetic metabolites were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, specific rotation, GC/MS, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Plasma obtained from cows that were fed Ponderosa pine needles contained (13R,S)-dihydroagathic acid (6) but not isocupressic acid (1) or 4E. The results suggest that isocupressic acid (1) is metabolically oxidized to agathic acid (4E), subsequently reduced to (13R,S)-dihydroagathic acid (6) in the rumen, and then absorbed into the bloodstream of cattle.
Sifting through Network Data to Cull Activity Patterns with HEAPs

Today’s large campus and enterprise networks are characterized by their complexity, i.e. containing thousands of hosts, and diversity, i.e. with various applications and usage patterns. To effectively manage and secure such networks, network operators and system administrators are faced with the challenge of characterizing, profiling and tracking activity patterns passing through their networks. Because of the large number of IP addresses and the prevalence of dynamic IP addresses, profiling and tracking individual hosts may not be effective nor scalable. In this paper, we develop a hierarchical extraction of activity patterns (HEAPs), which is a method for characterizing and profiling activity patterns within subnets. By representing activities within a subnet in a host-port association matrix (HPAM) and applying pLSA, we obtain co-clusters that capture the significant and dominant activity patterns of the subnet. Using these co-clusters, we utilize hierarchical clustering to cluster activity patterns to assist network operators and security analysts gain a ”big-picture” view of the network activity-patterns. We also develop a novel method to track and quantify changes in activity patterns within subnets over time and demonstrate how to utilize this method to identify major changes and anomalies within the network.
Role of vitamins in taurine synthesis from sulfate by the chick.

Taurine, a compound present in the tissues of all animals, is known to arise from cystA­neas well as through the utilization of sulfate-sulfur. Sulfate, activated by the action of ATP-sulfurylase (EC 2.7.7.4) to form adenc- sinephosphosulfate (APS) and APS-kinase (EC 2.7.1.25) to form 3'-phospho- adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), is then transferred to a carbon acceptor by the action of a sulfotransferase (EC 2.8.2). This enzymatic pathway in vita min-deficient and control chicks was investigated to ascertain the role that vita- min-coenzymes may play in these reactions. Chicks were fed diets deficient in thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6,folie acid, vitamin A or vitamin Ds and the sulfate activation and sulfotransferase activities of these birds were assayed. Folie acid- and vitamin A-deficient chicks had lower ATP-sulfurylase and APS-kinase activity than the control birds. Pyridoxine was associated with sulfotransferase activity as evidenced by decreased in vitro taurine formation from PAPS. Vitamin D8- deficient chicks showed a lower rate of taurine synthesis in the liver when ad ministered 35SO4 orally, whereas no difference was observed in taurine synthesis or PAPS formation in vitro. J. Nutr. 102: 313-318, 1972.
Effects of finite switching frequency and delay on PWM controlled systems

The paper examines the effects of (low) switching frequency and delays on a closed loop system with pulse-width modulated (PWM) components. A modeling procedure is described together with analytical formulas. Deviations from standard (idealized) models which replace a PWM unit with a fixed gain are quantified. Low switching frequency reduces the effective PWM gain, and delays make the gain larger than the idealized one at low voltages. The necessary and sufficient condition for existence of a T-periodic stable equilibrium in the closed loop linear system with a PWM is obtained. This result is based on an analysis of a piecewise affine discrete-time map under the assumption of linear-ripple approximation. Experimental results are provided for a PWM controlled dc servo motor, while analytical results are presented for certain examples from the power electronics literature.
Transition metal co-precipitation mechanisms in silicon

Abstract Formation mechanisms of precipitates containing multiple-metal species in silicon are elucidated by nano-scale morphology and phase investigations performed by synchrotron-based X-ray microprobe techniques. Precipitates formed at low (655 °C) and high (1200 °C+) temperatures exhibit distinguishing features indicative of unique formation mechanisms. After lower-temperature annealing, co-localized single-metal silicide phases are observed, consistent with classical models predicting that dissolved, supersaturated metal atoms will precipitate into solid second-phase particles. Precise precipitate morphologies are found to depend on the local crystallographic environment. In precipitates formed during slow cooling from higher-temperature anneals, nano-scale phase separation and intermetallic phases are evident, suggestive of a high-temperature transition through a liquid phase. Based on experimental results and phase diagram information, it is proposed that under certain conditions, liquid metal–silicon droplets may form within the silicon matrix, possibly with the potential to getter additional metal atoms via liquid–solid segregation.
Curriculum issues and controversies in computer ethics instruction

This paper examines two controversial issues currently associated with computer ethics instruction. First, the question whether computer ethics courses should be taught by philosophy faculty or by computer science faculty is considered, and arguments advanced by proponents on each side of the debate are critically analyzed. We then consider controversies surrounding the implementation of certain "knowledge units" on social and ethical issues in the Computer Science Curriculum, as recently proposed by the IEEE-CS/ACM Task force on Computing curricula. Finally, an interdisciplinary model is suggested that would enable instructors to deliver computer ethics courses in a way that integrates certain methodological insights from the disciplines of philosophy and computer science, as well as from the relevant social sciences.
Reducing memory interference in multicore systems via application-aware memory channel partitioning

Main memory is a major shared resource among cores in a multicore system. If the interference between different applications' memory requests is not controlled effectively, system performance can degrade significantly. Previous work aimed to mitigate the problem of interference between applications by changing the scheduling policy in the memory controller, i.e., by prioritizing memory requests from applications in a way that benefits system performance.In this paper, we first present an alternative approach to reducing inter-application interference in the memory system: application-aware memory channel partitioning (MCP). The idea is to map the data of applications that are likely to severely interfere with each other to different memory channels. The key principles are to partition onto separate channels 1) the data of light (memory non-intensive) and heavy (memory-intensive) applications, 2) the data of applications with low and high row-buffer locality.Second, we observe that interference can be further reduced with a combination of memory channel partitioning and scheduling, which we call integrated memory partitioning and scheduling (IMPS). The key idea is to 1) always prioritize very light applications in the memory scheduler since such applications cause negligible interference to others, 2) use MCP to reduce interference among the remaining applications.We evaluate MCP and IMPS on a variety of multi-programmed workloads and system configurations and compare them to four previously proposed state-of-the-art memory scheduling policies. Averaged over 240 workloads on a 24-core system with 4 memory channels, MCP improves system throughput by 7.1% over an application-unaware memory scheduler and 1% over the previous best scheduler, while avoiding modifications to existing memory schedulers. IMPS improves system throughput by 11.1% over an application-unaware scheduler and 5% over the previous best scheduler, while incurring much lower hardware complexity than the latter.
Granular histiocytosis of pelvic lymph nodes following total hip arthroplasty. The presence of wear debris, cytokine production, and immunologically activated macrophages.

AbstractInfiltration of regional lymph nodes by macrophages has been demonstrated after total joint arthroplasty. Although lymph nodes regulate the immune response, neither cytokine production nor the degree of immunological activation of cells within these nodes after total joint arthroplasty has b
Maya Mobile Medicine in Guatemala: The “Other” Public Health

Maya mobile medical providers in highland Guatemala and the goods and services that they offer from “soapboxes” on street corners, local markets, and on buses exemplify an important yet underinvestigated domain of localized health care, one that I refer to as the “other” public health. This medical and linguistic examination of traveling medical salespeople calls for a reconsideration (on a global scale) of what has come to be understood as “public health,” arguing that “othered,” local forms of public health that are often overlooked by anthropologists as “nontraditional” and delegitimized by bio-medicine as nonscientific merit serious consideration and investigation. This ethnography of marginalized forms of public health offers global insights into emerging heterodoxical forms of public health care that contest bio-medical authority and challenge our preexisting definitions of what counts as “access,” wellness seeking, and even health care itself.
Stoichiometric Balances and Stability Constants of Amine-Bromthymol Blue Complexes

The stoichiometric balances and absolute stability constants of some amines (atropine, chlorpheniramine and its maleate salt, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, methapyrilene hydrochloride, and quinine and its hydrochloride salt) were determined, using chloroform as the solvent. In chloroform, bromthymol blue was unable to replace the acid part of the amine salts. Nevertheless, the addition of water appears to help this replacement by separating the charges. The absolute stability constant values (between 2.5 × 104 and 6.0 × 1010) indicate that the compounds formed by reacting amines with bromthymol blue are complexes in nature rather than the salts.
CAAD BLASTP: NCBI BLASTP Accelerated with FPGA-Based Accelerated Pre-Filtering

NCBI BLAST has become the de facto standard in bioinformatic approximate string matching and so its acceleration is of fundamental importance. The problem is that it uses complex heuristics which make it difficult to simultaneously achieve both substantial speed-up and exact agreement with the original output. Our approach is to prefilter the database. To make this work we have developed a novel heuristic which we append to a previously described structure for ungapped alignment. This enables us to quickly reduce the database by factors of 300 and 1100, for the ungapped and gapped options, respectively, while rejecting no significant sequences. On current hardware we anticipate a speed-up of at least a factor of 10 for NCBI BLASTP, independent of sensitivity settings. This filter is portable to other BLAST codes, and other filters can be similarly integrated into NCBI BLAST.
Conceptualising and Mapping the Structure of the World System's City System:

For the past 20 years, researches using the lens of world system theory (and other global political economy perspectives) have come to a better understanding of many of the anomalies in urbanisatio...
Improving uplink performance by macrodiversity combining packets from adjacent access points

In this paper, we suggest a postdetection strategy for combining observations made at multiple single-antenna access points in a wireless LAN, using Bluetooth as a running example. The result is a diversity gain that is analogous to a conventional antenna array, only the array is distributed throughout the network. In quasi-static Rayleigh fading and for a target packet error probability of 10/sup -2/, the proposed technique allows a significant (18 dB) reduction in mobile transmit power when as many as six equidistant access points are used. This gain is reduced as the mobile moves closer to any one of the access points or fewer access points are used. In addition, the role of ARQ and the impact of this reception technique on throughput is investigated.
Retiming for Wire Pipelining in System-On-Chip

At the integration scale of System-On-Chips (SOCs), the conflicts between communication and computation will become prominent even on a chip. A big fraction of system time will shift from computation to communication. In synchronous systems, a large amount of communication time is spent on multiple-clock period wires. In this paper, we explore retiming to pipeline long interconnect wires in SOC designs., Behaviorally, it means that both computation and communication are rescheduled for parallelism. The retiming is applied to a netlist of macro-blocks, where the internal structures may not be changed and flip-flops may not be able to be inserted on some wire segments. This problem is different from that on a gate level netlist and is formulated as a wire retiming problem. Theoretical treatment and a polynomial time algorithm are presented in the paper. Experimental results showed the benefits and effectiveness of our approach.
Alternatively activated macrophage-derived RELM-α is a negative regulator of type 2 inflammation in the lung

Differentiation and recruitment of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMacs) are hallmarks of several inflammatory conditions associated with infection, allergy, diabetes, and cancer. AAMacs are defined by the expression of Arginase 1, chitinase-like molecules, and resistin-like molecule (RELM) alpha/FIZZ1; however, the influence of these molecules on the development, progression, or resolution of inflammatory diseases is unknown. We describe the generation of RELM-alpha-deficient (Retnla(-/-)) mice and use a model of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine-dependent lung inflammation to identify an immunoregulatory role for RELM-alpha. After challenge with Schistosoma mansoni (Sm) eggs, Retnla(-/-) mice developed exacerbated lung inflammation compared with their wild-type counterparts, characterized by excessive pulmonary vascularization, increased size of egg-induced granulomas, and elevated fibrosis. Associated with increased disease severity, Sm egg-challenged Retnla(-/-) mice exhibited elevated expression of pathogen-specific CD4(+) T cell-derived Th2 cytokines. Consistent with immunoregulatory properties, recombinant RELM-alpha could bind to macrophages and effector CD4(+) Th2 cells and inhibited Th2 cytokine production in a Bruton's tyrosine kinase-dependent manner. Additionally, Retnla(-/-) AAMacs promoted exaggerated antigen-specific Th2 cell differentiation. Collectively, these data identify a previously unrecognized role for AAMac-derived RELM-alpha in limiting the pathogenesis of Th2 cytokine-mediated pulmonary inflammation, in part through the regulation of CD4(+) T cell responses.
Purging and alcohol-related effects in college women.

Objective Previous research indicates that college students who purge are more likely to consume alcohol in an unhealthy manner. The current study replicates and extends a previous study but employs a much larger, national sample. This study addresses 2 questions: (a) Are 18–24-year-old college women who purge more likely to engage in high-risk alcohol behavior? (b) Are 18–24-year-old alcohol-drinking college women who purge more likely to report greater negative consequences of alcohol use. Method 47,202 U.S. students completed the National College Health Assessment during Spring 2004. Alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences were compared in purging and nonpurging groups. Results Respondents who purged reported heavier alcohol use and more negative consequences. Conclusion The current study expands previous research regarding the association between purging behaviors and consequences of alcohol use. Further research is necessary to elucidate the most effective prevention and treatment programs. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
The influence of hydrogen-bonded association on the character of the near-i.r. spectra of simple cis- and trans-configured secondary amides

Abstract A solvent and concentration study of three cis lactams in the i.r. and near-i.r. has led to a partial revision of amide group combination band assignments for two of the lactams, permitting differentiation between the strained ring and larger ring cis lactams. The near-i.r. spectra of the lactams proved to be characterized primarily by overtone and combination bands attributable to the non-hydrogen-bonded amide grouping, inasmuch as conditions which favor inter-amide association result in the disappearance of bands without concomitant replacement by distinctive bands assignable to hydrogen-bonded molecules, and the spectra become very featureless. This contrasts with the spectral behavior of trans open-chain secondary amides which reveal clearly defined contributions from 2ν NH and (ν NH + amide II) and other combination modes predictably assignable to hydrogen-bonded molecules. The hydrogen-bonding studies using the near-i.r. thus provide a way to distinguish between compounds containing cis - and trans -configured secondary amide groupings. The results proved to be consistent with the symmetry property differences between the associated forms of the two classes of amides and will be useful for application of the near-i.r. as a quantitative probe for hydrogen-bonding effects within these functional group classes.
A Behavior Model of a Dickson Charge Pump Circuit for Designing a Multiple Charge Pump System Distributed in LSIs

This brief discusses how each of multiple charge pump circuits in LSIs is designed in case where the power and ground line resistance is not negligible. A behavior model for a charge pump, including the local power and ground voltages as input parameters, is proposed and a systematic design methodology is then presented. A system designer can use the behavior model to determine the specifications on each pump and power and ground resistance for minimizing overall area.
Atomic Mass Measurements Using Time-of-Flight Mass Spectroscopy

We describe herein a new approach to precise mass measurements using time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. The spectrometer has been designed to operate in the “on-line” mode coupled with the He-jet system,1 or to be used off-line with stable species.2 Although time-offlight mass spectroscopy is not normally associated with precision work, accurate mass measurements can in principle be accomplished by the use of long flight paths and modern timing instrumentation. It is the long-range goal of this work to directly measure the masses of nuclei far from stability.