cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depletion-driven crystallization of cubic colloids sedimented on a surface

Cubic colloids, sedimented on a surface and immersed in a solution of depletant molecules, were modeled with a family of shapes which smoothly varies from squares to circles. Using Wang-Landau simulations with expanded ensembles, we observe the formation of rhombic lattices, square lattices, hexagonal lattices, and a fluid phase. This systematic investigation includes locating transitions between all combinations of the three lattice structures upon changing the shape and transitions between the fluid and crystal upon changing the depletant concentration. The rhombic lattice deforms smoothly between square-like and hexagonal-like angles, depending on both the shape and the depletant concentration. Our results on the effect of the depletant concentration, depletant size, and colloid shape to influence the stability of the fluid and the lattice structures may help guide experimental studies with recently synthesized cubic colloids.
KATSINA DEPICTIONS ON HOMOL'OVI CERAMICS: TOWARD A FOURTEENTH-CENTURY PUEBLO ICONOGRAPHY

Anthropomorphic figures on ceramics found at the Homol'ovi group of Pueblo IV period sites are shown to support the association of katsina cult iconography with large, aggregated pueblos of the fou...
Long-term dietary quality and risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis in women

Objectives To evaluate the association between long-term dietary quality, measured by the 2010 Alternative Healthy Eating Index, and risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in women. Methods We prospectively followed 76 597 women in the Nurses9 Health Study aged 30–55 years and 93 392 women in the Nurses9 Health Study II aged 25–42 years at baseline and free from RA or other connective tissue diseases. The lifestyle, environmental exposure and anthropometric information were collected at baseline and updated biennially. Cumulative follow-up rates were more than 90% for both cohorts. The primary outcome was RA alone with two subtypes of the disease: seropositive and seronegative RA. Results During 3 678 104 person-years, 1007 RA cases were confirmed. In the multivariable-adjusted model, long-term adherence to healthy eating patterns was marginally associated with reduced RA risk. To assess potential effect modification by age at diagnosis, we stratified by age. Among women aged ≤55 years, better quality diet was associated with lower RA risk (HR Q4 vs Q1 : 0.67; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.88; p trend: 0.002), but no significant association was found for women aged >55 years (p interaction: 0.005). When stratifying by serostatus, the inverse association among those aged ≤55 years was strongest for seropositive RA (HR Q4 vs Q1 : 0.60; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.86; p trend: 0.003). Conclusions A healthier diet was associated with a reduced risk of RA occurring at 55 years of age or younger, particularly seropositive RA.
Scaling Properties of $\hbox{Ge}$ – $\hbox{Si}_{x}\hbox{Ge}_{1 - x}$ Core–Shell Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors

We demonstrate the fabrication of high-performance Ge-SixGe1-x core-shell nanowire (NW) field-effect transistors with highly doped source (S) and drain (D) and systematically investigate their scaling properties. Highly doped S and D regions are realized by low-energy boron implantation, which enables efficient carrier injection with a contact resistance much lower than the NW resistance. We extract key device parameters, such as intrinsic channel resistance, carrier mobility, effective channel length, and external contact resistance, as well as benchmark the device switching speed and on/off current ratio.
Anomaly Detection in Cognitive Radio Networks Exploiting Singular Spectrum Analysis

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) is a promising technology that allows secondary users (SUs) extensively explore spectrum resource usage efficiency, while not introducing interference to licensed users. Due to the unregulated wireless network environment, CRNs are susceptible to various malicious entities. Thus, it is critical to detect anomalies in the first place. However, from the perspective of intrinsic features of CRNs, there is hardly in existence of an universal applicable anomaly detection scheme. Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) has been theoretically proven an optimal approach for accurate and quick detection of changes in the characteristics of a running (random) process. In addition, SSA is a model-free method and no parametric models have to be assumed for different types of anomalies, which makes it a universal anomaly detection scheme. In this paper, we introduce an adaptive parameter and component selection mechanism based on coherence for basic SSA method, upon which we built up a sliding window based anomaly detector in CRNs. Our experimental results indicate great accuracy of the SSA-based anomaly detector for multiple anomalies.
Making Use of the Facts: A Critical Literacy Approach to Spark Personal Health Action in College Students

Much academic conversation surrounds locating and formalizing critical thinking in curricula. How do we build critical thinking skills? What should a student be able to do? Should general education...
Notes: Relationship between Grip Strength and Achievement in Physical Education Activities

(1962). Notes: Relationship between Grip Strength and Achievement in Physical Education Activities. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 493-493.
Combined computational and experimental investigation of the La2CuO4–xSx (0 ≤ x ≤ 4) quaternary system

The lack of a mechanistic framework for chemical reactions forming inorganic extended solids presents a challenge to accelerated materials discovery. We demonstrate here a combined computational and experimental methodology to tackle this problem, in which in situ X-ray diffraction measurements monitor solid-state reactions and deduce reaction pathways, while theoretical computations rationalize reaction energetics. The method has been applied to the La2CuO4-x S x (0 ≤ x ≤ 4) quaternary system, following an earlier prediction that enhanced superconductivity could be found in these new lanthanum copper(II) oxysulfide compounds. In situ diffraction measurements show that reactants containing Cu(II) and S(2-) ions undergo redox reactions, leaving their ions in oxidation states that are incompatible with forming the desired new compounds. Computations of the reaction energies confirm that the observed synthetic pathways are indeed favored over those that would hypothetically form the suggested compounds. The consistency between computation and experiment in the La2CuO4-x S x system suggests a role for predictive theory: to identify and to explicate new synthetic routes for forming predicted compounds.
Theory in Historical Context

We should indeed be grateful to Pieter van Strien for his analysis of theoretical practice in historical context. There is a strong and pervasive tendency in psychology to view theories through the lens of methodological individualism: theories are the products of individual scientists who carefully examine the contours of reality and report and explain their observations. Thus, any theory might spring to life and prosper at any time so long as there is a superior mind - astute, unbiased, and rationally capable - confronting nature in the raw. Drawing from rich and varied resources, Van Strien offers a compelling alternative: scientific theories are embedded within communities, communities symbiotically related to still other communities. Scientific understandings of the world, on this account, are generated within groups that define the problems and range of acceptable solutions. And as patterns of interchange among various communities shift, so do theories prosper or perish. The questions to be asked about theoretical development and demise are not those of relative truth value, but of social consequence. For whom, what parties, in what kind of relationship, does a theory function? These become the critical foci of analytic attention.
Psychosocial and Mental Status Assessment

Clinicians assess a client’s psychosocial and mental status in a variety of contexts. Clients may be screened at intake to a service and at annual staffings, often to determine eligibility for professional services or supportive interventions. In this type of referral the important question is whether or not there is a clinically significant problem that requires attention. This can also take place during ongoing evaluation of response to various interventions such as psychotropic medications, behavioral interventions, other forms of therapy. In this context the key question is whether or not there has been a change in functioning in response to interventions. Assessment of psychosocial and mental status may also take place in response to a referral following a decline in functioning. On these occasions relevant questions often relate to determination of the causes in the change in functioning, requests for modifications and refinements to existing treatment plans, and development of new interventions or movement to new service settings, such as a residence. Recently a variety of practice guidelines and professional resources for assessment of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) or related conditions have become available (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry [AACAP], 1999; Deb, Matthews, Holt, & Bouras, 2001; Fletcher & Greene, 2002; Poindexter, 2002; Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2001). Assessment of psychosocial functioning and mental status in people with ID now has a long history, and often takes place within multidisciplinary teams of professionals and other concerned people. Yet, no unified view of this assessment process has evolved. Moss (1999) noted that there are fairly clear differences in how psychiatrists and psychologists formulate cases. Psychiatrists (and some psychologists with
Elevated CO2, rhizosphere processes, and soil organic matter decomposition

The rhizosphere is one of the key fine-scale components of C cycles. This study was undertaken to improve understanding of the potential effects of atmospheric CO2 increase on rhizosphere processes. Using C isotope techniques, we found that elevated atmospheric CO2 significantly increased wheat plant growth, dry mass accumulation, rhizosphere respiration, and soluble C concentrations in the rhizosphere. When plants were grown under elevated CO2 concentration, soluble C concentration in the rhizosphere increased by approximately 60%. The degree of elevated CO2 enhancement on rhizosphere respiration was much higher than on root biomass. Averaged between the two nitrogen treatments and compared with the ambient CO2 treatment, wheat rhizosphere respiration rate increased 60% and root biomass only increased 26% under the elevated CO2 treatment. These results indicated that elevated atmospheric CO2 in a wheat-soil system significantly increased substrate input to the rhizosphere due to both increased root growth and increased root activities per unit of roots. Nitrogen treatments changed the effect of elevated CO2 on soil organic matter decomposition. Elevated CO2 increased soil organic matter decomposition (22%) in the nitrogen-added treatment but decreased soil organic matter decomposition (18%) without nitrogen addition. Soil nitrogen status was therefore found to be important in determining the directions of the effect of elevated CO2 on soil organic matter decomposition.
Gendered and racialized social expectations, barriers, and delayed breast cancer diagnosis

Background Black women are more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage of breast cancer in part due to barriers to timely screening mammography, resulting in poorer mortality and survival outcomes. Patient navigation that helps to overcome barriers to the early detection of breast cancer is an effective intervention for reducing breast cancer disparity. However, the ability to recognize and seek help to overcome barriers may be affected by gendered and racialized social expectations of women. Methods Data from a randomized controlled trial, the Patient Navigation in Medically Underserved Areas study, were used. The likelihood of obtaining a follow-up screening mammogram was compared between women who identified ≥1 barriers and those who did not. Results Of the 3754 women who received the Patient Navigation in Medically Underserved Areas navigation intervention, approximately 14% identified ≥ 1 barriers, which led to additional navigator contacts. Consequently, those women who reported barriers were more likely to obtain a subsequent screening mammogram. Black women, women living in poverty, and women with a higher level of distrust were less likely to report barriers. Conclusions Minority women living in poverty have always been the source of social support for others. However, gendered and racialized social expectations may affect the ways in which women seek help for their own health needs. A way to improve the effectiveness of navigation would be to recognize how minority women's gender images and expectations could shape how they seek help and support. A report of no barriers does not always translate into no problems. Proactive approaches to identify potential barriers may be beneficial.
Ebstein’s Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve

Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve accounts for less than 1% of all cases of congenital heart disease, occurring in around 0.5 per 10,000 live births. The age at diagnosis can vary widely, from infancy to elder age, based on the wide spectrum of disease severity that exists. This chapter discusses the embryology and anatomy of Ebstein’s anomaly, the structural and electrical defects that are commonly associated with this malformation, and the surgical and electrophysiological management of these patients when they present as adults.
Exploring Human Variability in Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials

High-speed steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have been developed to enable the communications between the human brain and external environments. One of the major issues in the real-world applications of SSVEP-BCIs is the laborious and time-consuming calibration process, triggering the development of transfer-learning approaches to leverage existing data from other users. A comprehensive investigation on the inter-and intra-subject variability in SSVEP data is thus needed to provide insight for designing future transfer-learning frameworks for SSVEP-BCIs. We hereby present the first study that systematically and quantitatively assesses the variability in SSVEP data, where the sources of inter-and intra-subject variability at low-and high-frequency range were identified using Fisher's discriminant ratios (FDRs). The insights gained from this work could drive the future developments of transfer-learning approaches to minimize the calibration efforts in high-speed SSVEP BCIs.
Establishment and replication of emotion regulation profiles: implications for psychological health.

Background and Objectives: A promising method of capturing the complex nature of emotion regulation is to assess composite profiles of regulation (i.e., default pattern of regulation across multipl...
Clot activators do not expedite the time to predict massive transfusion in trauma patients analyzed with tissue plasminogen activator thrombelastography.

Abstract Background Trauma patients with hypersensitivity to tissue plasminogen activator mediated fibrinolysis quantified by tissue plasminogen activator thromboelastography are at increased risk of massive transfusion. The tissue plasminogen activator thromboelastography assay has been tested in trauma patients using native thromboelastography with no exogenous activator. We hypothesize that adding an activator will expedite the time to results. Methods Healthy whole blood was assayed with and without exogenous plasmin, which acts to deplete inhibitors of fibrinolysis, mimicking trauma blood. Samples were assessed using native, kaolin, and rapid thromboelastography with and without tissue plasminogen activator. The tissue plasminogen activator thromboelastography indices of time to maximum amplitude and lysis at 30 minutes were contrasted between healthy blood with and without plasmin using the three different activators. The activators were then used with a tissue plasminogen activator thromboelastography in 100 trauma patients to assess performance in predicting massive transfusion. Results In healthy blood, regardless of activator, lysis at 30 minutes did not increase with plasmin alone, but did increase with tissue plasminogen activator (P = .012). Adding tissue plasminogen activator and plasmin increased lysis at 30 minutes (P = .036). Time to maximum amplitude was reduced with tissue plasminogen activator and plasmin compared with tissue plasminogen activator alone (P = .012). Activated thromboelastographies had increased lysis at 30 minutes (P = .002), but no difference in time to maximum amplitude compared with native thromboelastographies. In trauma patients, native tissue plasminogen activator thromboelastography had greater performance in predicting massive transfusion than activated tissue plasminogen activator thromboelastographies with no difference in time to maximum amplitude. Conclusion Adding an activator to tissue plasminogen activator thromboelastography does not expedite time to maximum amplitude in healthy blood depleted of fibrinolysis inhibitors. Activated tissue plasminogen activator thromboelastographies are inferior to native tissue plasminogen activator thromboelastography for predicting massive transfusion and do not reduce the time to results.
Oxygen atom transfer with organofunctionalized polyoxovanadium clusters: O-atom vacancy formation with tertiary phosphanes and deoxygenation of styrene oxide

We report a rare example of oxygen atom transfer (OAT) from a polyoxometalate cluster to a series of tertiary phosphanes. Addition of PR3 (PR3 = PMe3, PMe2Ph, PMePh2, PPh3) to a neutral methoxide-bridged polyoxovanadate-alkoxide (POV-alkoxide) cluster, [V6O7(OMe)12]0, results in isolation of a reduced structure with phosphine oxide datively coordinated to a site-differentiated VIII ion. A positive correlation between the steric and electronic properties of the phosphane and the reaction rate was observed. Further investigation of the steric influence of the alkoxy-bridged clusters on OAT was probed through the use of POV clusters with bridging alkoxide ligands of varying chain length ([V6O7(OR′)12]; R′ = Et, nPr). These investigations expose that steric hinderance of the vanadyl moieties has significant influence on the rate of OAT. Finally, we report the reactivity of the reduced POV-alkoxide clusters with styrene oxide, resulting in the deoxygenation of the substrate to generate styrene. This result is the first example of epoxide deoxygenation using homometallic polyoxometalate clusters, demonstrating the potential for mono-vacant Lindqvist clusters to catalyze the removal of oxygen atoms from organic substrates.
Tumorsphere Derivation and Treatment from Primary Tumor Cells Isolated from Mouse Rhabdomyosarcomas

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. Although significant efforts have enabled the identification of common mutations associated with RMS and allowed discrimination of different RMS subtypes, major challenges still exist for the development of novel treatments to further improve prognosis. Although identified by the expression of myogenic markers, there is still significant controversy over whether RMS has myogenic or non-myogenic origins, as the cell of origin is still poorly understood. In the present study, a reliable method is provided for the tumorsphere assay for mouse RMS. The assay is based on functional properties of tumor cells and allows the identification of rare populations in the tumor with tumorigenic functions. Also described are procedures for testing recombinant proteins, integrating transfection protocols with the tumorsphere assay, and evaluating candidate genes involved in tumor development and growth. Described further is a procedure for allograft transplantation of tumorspheres into recipient mice to validate tumorigenic function in vivo. Overall, the described method allows reliable identification and testing of rare RMS tumorigenic populations that can be applied to RMS arising in different contexts. Finally, the protocol can be utilized as a platform for drug screening and future development of therapeutics.
Reduced dislocation introduction in III-V/Si heterostructures with glide-enhancing compressively-strained superlattices

The novel use of a GaAsyP1-y/GaP compressively-strained superlattice (CSS) to provide enhanced control over misfit dislocation (MD) evolution and threading dislocation density (TDD) during GaP/Si m...
A theory analysis of Mastery Learning and Self-Regulation

This analysis examines the applicability of Mastery Learning and Self-Regulation theories as a combined approach to nursing education. The conclusion may serve as a foundation for an innovative, evidence-based approach to teaching nurses resulting in improved patient care and outcomes. Mastery Learning promotes a teaching approach that supports achievement of content taught. Self-Regulation describes individual student's actions or behaviors that promote learning. The effectiveness of Mastery Learning has been documented in current healthcare literature. Research on Self-Regulation, primarily conducted among students from middle-school through graduate education, confirms that Self-Regulation strategies can enhance skill development and promote job performance. The evidence is void of analysis of the two theories. Literature reviewed was retrieved from ERIC, CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO and Sage Premier, for the years 1968-2014. Search terms included: mastery learning, self-regulation and nursing education. Walker and Avant's (2011) Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing was used as the framework for the analysis. This analysis supports the applicability of both Mastery Learning and Self-Regulation Theories to nursing education. Conducting educational research on the application of Mastery Learning theory and its influence on Self-Regulating practices might reveal a new approach for how nurses are educated resulting in improved patient care outcomes.
Optimization Simulations of Micro-Layer Geometries with 10B/ZnO for Neutron Detection

Detection of fast neutrons is of utmost importance in many scenarios including calibration of neutron sources, neutron imaging and detection of special nuclear materials (SNM) [1], [2]. Neutron detection frequently relies on converting neutrons to charged particles via elastic scattering or neutron capture. The resulting charged particles interact with the surrounding atoms through Coulomb interactions and deposit their energies in the medium. In this work, efficiency of micro-layered scintillating neutron detectors is investigated with extensive Geant4 simulations. Micro-layer geometries can improve the neutron detection efficiency while decreasing the gamma sensitivity. The proposed detection module consists of neutron capture layers made of boron metal enriched to 95% in 10B, scintillating crystals (ZnO) covering each 10B layer from both sides for light production, and neutron moderators placed between individual 10B/ZnO sandwiches to thermalize fast neutrons. The moderator must be optically transparent so that the light created in the scintillators can travel to photosensors without any significant attenuation. Polyethylene is chosen as the moderator in this work due to its low-Z content and optically transparent nature. Photosensors are placed at four corners of the detector module to detect optical photons. After optimizing the detector components, neutron detection efficiency for 1 MeV neutrons was estimated to be 6.8%, 3.2%, and 1.5% for 5, 10, and 20 photon thresholds at the photosensors, respectively. Finally, the gamma sensitivity of the detector module was estimated to be in the range of 10−3-10−4 for 1 MeV gamma rays.
Parathyroid Hormone Resistance and Autoantibodies to the PTH1 Receptor

We describe two cases of acquired parathyroid hormone (PTH) resistance consequent to the development of serum PTH type 1 receptor (PTH1R) autoantibodies, which block PTH binding and signaling. Both cases were associated with other autoimmune manifestations, and one case was associated with atypical membranous glomerulonephritis. In vitro binding and signaling assays identified the presence of PTH1R-blocking IgG autoantibodies, which were not present in serum samples from patients with other renal or autoimmune disorders. (Funded by the Intramural Research Programs of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and others.).
ESTIMATING--STATE-OF-THE-ART

The estimator's job has been changed in the last 50 yr because of the increased size and complexity of construction projects, changes in the economy, and changes in the available estimating tools. The estimating process used by the general contractor to formulate a precise bid level estimate is reviewed. Mechanical and computational aids to quantity takeoff, the trend from unit costs to resource determination, the influence of computer-aided estimating systems, and the influence of the trend in specification writing are examined. The nature of the construction industry is viewed in the perspective of its influence on estimating.
Influence of composition and multilayer architecture on electrical conductivity of high temperature Pt-alloy films

Abstract A multilayer film architecture has been investigated as a means to stabilize the morphology and electrical conductivity of Pt-based nanocomposite films that are exposed to temperatures up to 1200 °C in air. The multilayer architecture consists of a 150 nm thick conducting Pt-alloy electrode inserted between a 10 nm thick adhesion layer and a 50 nm thick protective capping layer on sapphire or langasite substrates. The Pt-alloy films were fabricated by e-beam co-evaporation of a Pt or Pt 83 Rh 17 source and a range of different alloying elements (Co, Ni, Cr, Rh, Ta, Ti, Nb, Al, Sn) or oxides (HfO 2 , ZrO 2 , Nb 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , RuO 2 , CeO 2 , NiO, CoO, MnO 2 ). Second phase inclusions or interlayers within the Pt-alloy films provide grain boundary pinning and hinder agglomeration of Pt grains, resulting in films that retain conductivities > 1 × 10 6 S/m after annealing in air. Pt–Al 2 O 3 , Pt–HfO 2 , and nanolaminate Pt–Ni/Pt–Zr films performed the best, remaining conductive after annealing to 1050–1150 °C. For Pt–Rh/HfO 2 films, adhesion layers of Ni, Zr, Y, and CeO x yielded the highest film stability temperature. Capping layers of ZrO 2 or Y 2 O 3 did not significantly improve the film stability. Electrically conducting films that remain stable above 1000 °C in oxidizing high temperature environments have potential applications as electrodes in a wide range of technologies, including microwave acoustic sensors, MEMS devices, and fuel cells.
Integrated Practice: An Advanced Generalist Curriculum to Prepare Social Problem Specialists

Abstract While social work historically concerned itself with social problems, assisting victims of these problems may receive greater attention than viewing the problems themselves as appropriate targets for change efforts. Social work education has reflected this emphasis and traditionally focused more on practice methods than on solving social problems. The authors contend that there is a need for an “integrated practitioner” who is, by design, prepared as a social problem specialist. This paper examines central issues in developing a curriculum geared expressly to preparing such practitioners.
Board-of-Director Monitoring and CEO Tenure

We examine how CEO tenure and board characteristics affect board monitoring, CEO turnover, and firm performance. We find that board meeting frequency declines as CEO tenure increases and the board has a greater proportion of insiders. The intensity of both relations varies by industry. Tenured CEOs are less likely to be fired, but CEO tenure does not influence the sensitivity of forced turnover to firm performance. Increases in the equilibrium level of monitoring do not relate to operating improvements, but tenured CEOs continue to perform well even when subject to less scrutiny. Our results support the premise that the level of board monitoring evolves over time as a constrained equilibrium influenced by bargaining, learning, and the firm's environment.
FAT METABOLISM IN HIGHER PLANTS. XXII. ENZYMIC SYNTHESIS OF 14-HYDROXY-11-EICOSENOIC ACID BY PARTICULATE PREPARATIONS OF AVOCADO MESOCARP.

Abstract 1. 1. The polar acid formed by incubating [1-14C]acetyl-CoA with sonically solubilized enzyme from avocado particulate particle was identified as 14-hydroxy-11-eicosenoate with most of the radioactivity associated on the carboxyl carbon. 2. 2. 14-Hydroxy-11-eicosenoate is synthesized by incubating ricinoleate and acetyl-CoA with avocado particulate particle. Cofactors include ATP, TPNH, and DPNH. HCO−3 is not required malonyl-CoA is inactive. This elongation system appears to be specific for long-chain hydroxy fatty acids.
Botanical Knowledge of a Group of South Carolina Elementary School Students

What is the status of plant knowledge among elementary school children in South Carolina, and can informal botanical education experiences increase their interest in and knowledge about plants and their local environment? In a pre-test, fourth- and fifth-grade students (n=11) freelisted plant names and attempted to identify 60 plant photos. They freelisted an average of 30.9 ± 12.1 (mean ± standard deviation) items at different taxonomic levels and were able to identify approximately 33.7 ± 6.84% of plant pictures. Their ability to identify plants varied with usage categories, suggesting that while American children may not be familiar with native species, they do possess some culturally important knowledge. Students then spent two hours each week engaged in activities designed to spark their interest in plants and natural history. Post-assessments indicate increases in children’s knowledge of plant names, interest in nature, and awareness of the environment. This research has important implications for conservation, environmental education, and nature study programs.
The Business of Sports: A Primer for Journalists

Mark Conrad. The Business of Sports: A Primer for Journalists. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2006, 360 pp., ISBN 0805850449 (hardcover).
Abstract 79: Evidence to Maintain the SBP treatment threshold at 140 mmHg for Stroke Prevention in Persons Aged 60 Years or Older Without Diabetes Mellitus or Chronic Kidney Disease: The Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS)

Background: In 2014, the Eighth Joint National Committee recommended increasing target systolic blood pressure (SBP) from 140 to 150 mm Hg in persons aged ≥ 60 years without diabetes mellitus (DM) or chronic kidney disease (CKD). The evidence from population-based studies supporting the change was sparse. In a race/ethnically diverse prospective cohort, we examined incident stroke risk by SBP level in those aged ≥ 60 years without stroke, DM, or CKD at baseline. Methods: In the Northern Manhattan Study, there were 1706 participants aged ≥ 60 years and free of stroke, DM, and CKD at baseline. Incident strokes were identified through annual follow-up and adjudicated by two vascular neurologists. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for baseline SBP categories and stroke risk. Results: At baseline, mean age was 72±8 years, 37% were male, 25% non-Hispanic white, 26% non-Hispanic black, and 49% Hispanic; 41% were on antihypertensive medication, and 43% had SBP <140 mm Hg, 20% 140-149 mm Hg, and 37% ≥150 mm Hg. With a median follow-up of 13 years, 167 participants developed a stroke. The crude stroke incidence was greater among individuals with SBP ≥150 mm Hg (10.0 per 1000 person-years) and SBP 140-149 (12.2) compared to those with SBP<140 (6.2). After adjustment for age, sex, race-ethnicity and medication use, participants with SBP 140-149 mm Hg had increased risk of stroke (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.6) compared with those with SBP <140 mm Hg, and the increased risk remained in those without medication use (1.7; 1.0-3.0). Stratified analysis showed that the increased risk was seen in Hispanics (2.4; 1.3-4.7) and non-Hispanic blacks (2.0; 1.0-4.2) but not in non-Hispanic whites (0.8; 0.3-1.8). Conclusions: In a prospective diverse cohort, SBP 140-149 mm Hg was associated with an increased stroke risk, compared to those with SBP <140 mm Hg, in individuals aged 60 years or older without DM or CKD, in particular in Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks. Raising the threshold for hypertension treatment could have a detrimental effect on stroke risk reduction especially among minority populations.
Cytotoxicity of extracellular Legionella pneumophila

Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaire's disease and Pontiac fever, is known to produce a cytopathic effect on macrophages. The capacity of extracellular L. pneumophila to mediate toxicity for guinea pig peritoneal macrophages and J774 mouse macrophages was assessed. Extracellular organisms were found to be capable of mediating toxicity; however, toxic activity appeared to require close proximity with the mononuclear cell surface. Serogroup 1 strains grown on supplemented Mueller-Hinton agar exhibited variable expression of toxic activity. One strain positive on supplemented Mueller-Hinton agar was cytotoxic and unable to replicate in J774 macrophages but remained virulent for guinea pigs at high doses.
Altered sexual partner preference in male ferrets given excitotoxic lesions of the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus

Numerous experiments suggest that perinatal exposure of male vertebrates to testosterone (T), or its estrogenic metabolites, masculinizes aspects of coital function, including males' characteristic preference to seek out and mate with a female as opposed to another male conspecific. Other research has shown that this perinatal action of sex steroids also masculinizes aspects of neuronal morphology in the medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (mPOA/AH). We asked whether neurons of the mPOA/AH contribute to males' preference to mate with a female. The ferret is an ideal species in which to ask this question. When tested in a T-maze after gonadectomy and treatment with estradiol benzoate (EB), female ferrets prefer to approach and receive neck grips from a stimulus male whereas males prefer to approach and neck grip an estrous female. In the minority of trials when EB-treated males approach a stimulus male, they occasionally receive a neck grip to which they display receptive postures as opposed to agonistic behaviors. In Experiment 1 castrated, EB-treated male ferrets which received bilateral infusions of the NMDA excitotoxin, quinolinic acid aimed at the dorsomedial POA/AH, preferred to approach a stimulus male significantly more often than groups of control males which either received a sham lesion, received a unilateral mPOA/AH lesion or in which bilateral infusions of quinolinic aci produced no histologically detectible excitotoxic damage to the mPOA/AH. Males with bilateral mPOA/AH lesions also displayed neck gripping on a significantly lower percentage of trials than control males when they approached the stimulus female. Ovariectomized, EB-treated female ferrets with bilateral mPOA/AH lesions, like control females, preferred to approach and receive neck grips from a stimulus male. The males used in Experiment 1 had never experienced circulating levels of T characteristic of the breeding season. Therefore, in Experiment 2 prepubertally gonadectomized males and females were treated chronically with a high dose of T propionate (TP) and tested several times with a receptive female prior to brain surgery. Males which received bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the mPOA/AH neck gripped and mounted stimulus females significantly less than control males. Again, when given EB followed by T-maze tests of partner preference, males with bilateral mPOA/AH lesions, like sham-operated female controls, preferred to approach the sexually active stimulus male significantly more often than control males, which preferred to approach the stimulus female. Our results suggest that neurons in the mPOA/AH play an important role in the integration of sensory cues which determine heterosexual partner preference in the male ferret, in addition to facilitating masculine coital performance.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Photoactivated Periodate Reaction with 4-Chlorophenol in Acidic Solution

The application of photoactivated periodate (UV/IO4-) to the degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) was explored in this study. Under low irradiation intensities (23 μW/cm2), wavelength of 266 nm, and pH 3, 4-CP was observed to degrade by pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. The small reduction in 4-CP degradation in the presence of tert-butyl alcohol (t-BuOH) suggests that degradation of 4-CP by UV/IO4- was not dominated by an OH• pathway. O3 production was suppressed in the presence of t-BuOH under O2-limited environments and in the presence of 4-CP. Faster degradation of 4-CP in the presence of an OH• scavenger under nitrogen purging as compared to air-saturated conditions indicates that O(3P) is an important reactive species with 4-CP in this system. When 4-CP is added to the system, IO3- production is enhanced. On the basis of the elimination of potential reaction pathways, O(3P) and IO3• are suspected reactive species with 4-CP in this system.
Investigations of Silicon Nano-crystal Floating Gate Memories

As memory continues to be scaled to ever smaller dimensions, the floating-gate memory transistor, which offers a single-element storage cell, becomes more attractive. Typically, this structure has been reserved for nonvolatile applications, where the comparatively high voltages, slow write speeds, and limited cyclability could be tolerated. However, if the floating-gate, which is usually a continuous film of polysilicon, is replaced with a discontinuous film of small floating islands (nano-crystals), a new set of tradeoffs in these performance factors becomes possible, opening the door to broader applications. If these islands are further reduced to the point where Coulomb charging or energy quantization effects become relevant, it is possible to control the charge on the islands at a single (or few) electron level, which offers very low power operation and may enable new functionality. This paper will discuss design and fabrication of these memories, experimental results on fabricated devices, and modeling of what could ultimately be achieved, as well as what limitations will ultimately be reached.
Fuzzy and adaptive control simulations for a walking machine

The application of fuzzy logic and adaptive control algorithms to an eight-legged multivariable walking-machine system is described. A rule-based fuzzy control algorithm that eliminates the need for an explicit mathematical model of the system dynamics is examined. A model reference adaptive control (MRAC) is then considered. The performance of both the fuzzy logic control and adaptive control are compared on the basis of trajectory tracking ability as well as algorithm time and space complexity. Simulation shows the overall position trajectory tracking performance of both the fuzzy and adaptive controllers is exceptionally accurate. >
Fluorescence Imaging in Deep Tissues Using Digitally Time-Reversed Light

Light scattering in biological tissues is an impediment to fluorescence imaging beyond the ballistic regime. Combining ultrasound-encoding with digital time reversal, we overcome this limit and achieve high resolution fluorescence imaging in thick biological tissues.
Immediate HbA1c results. Performance of new HbA1c system in pediatric outpatient population

OBJECTIVE This study compared the performance of a new device that uses an IA to measure HbA 1c in 9 min with a 1-μl capillary blood sample with AC and CE methods in both nondiabetic and diabetic pediatric patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Two hundred seven pediatric subjects (103 nondiabetic, 104 with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) had HbA 1c measured with the IA method and compared with total GHb values determined by AC and HbA 1 by the CE method with the same whole-blood capillary aliquot. Glucose values were also obtained from the same blood samples. RESULTS Correlations and regression analyses show excellent correspondence between the three assays. The correlation between the AC and CE methods is 0.98 ( P P P P P r = 0.72, AC r = 0.70, CE r = 0.73). Within-run precision for IA ranged from 1.7 to 3.5% and between-run precision 2.7 to 4.1%. CONCLUSIONS Study results suggest that the IA method gives extremely accurate and reliable values over the clinical range of interest. The instrument is small, portable, easy to use, and provides information within 9 min for both physicians and patients.
SU‐E‐T‐444: Feasibility Study of In‐Vivo Transit Dosimetry for IMRT Patients

Purpose: The ultimate goal of IMRT QA should be to verify that the correct dose has been delivered to the patient. The purpose of this study is to evaluate for feasibility and reliability of volumetric transit dosimetry as a routine in‐vivo dosimetry method during the actual patient treatment for different sites. Methods: To evaluate volumetric transit dosimetry for IMRT delivery, prostate, H&N and lungIMRT cases were selected. During patient treatment, the EPIDimager was extended to collect transit radiation through the patient. Collected transit doseimages are imported and reconstructed as a volumetric dose distribution using the Dosimetry Check (Math Resolutions LLC, Maryland, USA) Exit Dose module. Dosimetry Check program to compare to the reconstructed volumetric dose including tissue heterogeneous correction from the transit EPIDimages. Also, to investigate the influence of daily setup or anatomy change, multiple transit dosimetry measurements were performed on different treatment days up to 5 fractions for prostate case. In addition, patient's verification plan was generated on a homogeneous CIRS IMRT phantom to verify the absolute dose and transit dosimetry algorithm check. Collected QA results were evaluated with 1) gamma passing rate (3 mm DTA and 3% dose) comparing calculated dose from exit dosimetry and treatment planning system (TPS) dose prediction, 2) difference of absolute point dose from exit dosimetry module compared to ion chamber measurements in the phantom. Results: The current implementation shows promise at predicting point doses from exit doseimages acquired during patient treatment. However, 3D dose distributions calculated from exit doseimages are not consistent in their agreement with the planned dose distribution. Conclusions: Further study is needed to explain the differences. Areas to consider include offsets in imager position, differences in dose calculation algorithm, couch attenuation effects and anatomy changes.
A LABORATORY ANALOGUE FOR THE STUDY OF PEER SEXUAL HARASSMENT

The purpose of this study was to develop a laboratory analogue for the study of peer sexual harassment, and to examine person and situational factors associated with male on female peer sexual harassment. One hundred twenty-two male participants were given the opportunity to tell jokes to a female confederate from a joke list that included sexually offensive jokes, as well as other types of jokes. Participants were exposed to either a sexist laboratory environment or a neutral laboratory environment during the study. Eighty percent of participants told at least one sexually offensive joke to a female confederate. Higher scores on a measure of adversarial sexual beliefs were associated with telling a greater number of sexually offensive jokes. The results suggest that the joke-telling analogue may be a useful means for laboratory explorations of person and situational factors associated with peer sexual harassment.
Imposing function down a (cupin)-barrel: secondary structure and metal stereochemistry in the αKG-dependent oxygenases.

The Fe(II)/αketoglutarate (αKG) dependent oxygenases catalyze a diverse range of reactions significant in biological processes such as antibiotic biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, oxygen sensing, and DNA and RNA repair. Although functionally diverse, the eight-stranded β-barrel (cupin) and HX(D/E)XnH facial triad motifs are conserved in this super-family of enzymes. Crystal structure analysis of 25 αKG oxygenases reveals two stereoisomers of the Fe cofactor, Anti and Clock, which differ in the relative position of the exchangeable ligand position and the primary substrate. Herein, we discuss the relationship between the chemical mechanism and the secondary coordination sphere of the αKG oxygenases, within the constraints of the stereochemistry of the Fe cofactor. Sequence analysis of the cupin barrel indicates that a small subset of positions constitute the second coordination sphere, which has significant ramifications for the structure of the ferryl intermediate. The competence of both Anti and Clock stereoisomers of Fe points to a ferryl intermediate that is 5 coordinate. The small number of conserved close contacts within the active sites of αKG oxygenases can be extended to chemically related enzymes, such as the αKG-dependent halogenases SyrB2 and CytC3, and the non-αKG dependent dioxygenases isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) and cysteine dioxygenase (CDO).
Formation of low-energy antihydrogen

Antihydrogen atoms, produced near rest, trapped in a magnetic well, and cooled to the lowest possible temperature (kinetic energy) could provide an extremely powerful tool for the search of violations of CPT and Lorentz invariance. The author describes plans to trap antiprotons and positrons in a combined Penning trap and to form a significant number of cold antihydrogen atoms for comparative precision spectroscopy of hydrogen and antihydrogen.
On the Performance of Independent Processing of Independent Data Sets for Distributed Detection

We consider a distributed detection problem where sensors are deployed to obtain information about a common source of interest. The centralized processing takes advantage of all sensor information, but requires more resources for data transmission and computation. On the other hand, independent processing requires less resources at a cost of some performance loss. In this letter, we analyze the performance of the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) and the independent GLRT (IGLRT), and quantify the performance loss of the IGLRT. It is shown that the performance loss is due to an extra noise-like term with a chi-squared distribution which only depends on the dimensionality of the unknown parameters $p$ and the number of sensors $M$ . The result is extended to a special scenario when sensors can communicate freely within the same group. Simulation results are provided to verify our analysis.