cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleus basalis stimulation facilitates thalamocortical synaptic transmission in the rat auditory cortex

Nucleus basalis (NB) neurons are a primary source of neocortical acetylcholine (ACh) and likely contribute to mechanisms of neocortical activation. However, the functions of neocortical activation and its cholinergic component remain unclear. To identify functional consequences of NB activity, we have studied the effects of NB stimulation on thalamocortical transmission. Here we report that tetanic NB stimulation facilitated field potentials, single neuron discharges, and monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) elicited in middle to deep cortical layers of the rat auditory cortex following stimulation of the auditory thalamus (medial geniculate, MG). NB stimulation produced a twofold increase in the slope and amplitude of the evoked short-latency (onset 3.0 ± 0.13 ms, peak 6.3 ± 0.21 ms), negative-polarity cortical field potential and increased the probability and synchrony of MG-evoked unit discharges, without altering the preceding fiber volley. Intracortical application of atropine blocked the NB-mediated facilitation of field potentials, indicating action of ACh at cortical muscarinic receptors. Intracellular recordings revealed that the short-latency cortical field potential coincided with a short-latency EPSP (onset 3.3 ± 0.20 ms, peak 5.6 ± 0.47 ms). NB stimulation decreased the onset and peak latencies of the EPSP by about 20% and increased its amplitude by 26%. NB stimulation also produced slow membrane depolarization and sometimes reduced a long-lasting IPSP that followed the EPSP. The combined effects of NB stimulation served to increase cortical excitability and facilitate the ability of the EPSP to elicit action potentials. Taken together, these data indicate that NB cholinergic neurons can modify neocortical functions by facilitating thalamocortical synaptic transmission. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The accuracy of high-resolution ultrasound for evaluating focal lesions of the hand and wrist.

Abstract Purpose Although several articles have described the sonographic features of solid and cystic lesions of the hand and wrist, few have investigated its accuracy for diagnosing such lesions. The purposes of this retrospective study were to determine the accuracy of sonography for diagnosing focal lesions of the hand and wrist against the standard of histologic examination of the resected specimen and to compare the accuracy of sonography against the recorded initial clinical impression. Methods A medical record search for all sonographic studies of the hand and wrist at our institution was performed. Eighty-four patients had correlative surgery and made up the study group. All sonogram reports were reviewed for the absence or presence of focal lesions and specific diagnoses and all medical records were reviewed for the initial clinical impression. Both were compared with histologic findings and tested for agreement with the κ statistic and for significant differences with the McNemar test Results Seventy-six of the 84 patients had focal lesions of the hand and wrist and 8 had normal sonograms. Overall, ultrasound correctly diagnosed 83% of the lesions and the initial clinical impression was correct in 54%. Of the 76 lesions ultrasound correctly diagnosed 87% of cystic lesions, 73% of solid lesions, 75% of tenosynovitis cases and the single-vessel thrombosis. The initial clinical impression was correct in 67% of cystic lesions and 75% of tenosynovitis cases. The solid or cystic nature of the 15 solid lesions and the single-vessel thrombosis could not be determined by history or physical examination alone. Of the 35 cases in which the recorded clinical impression was incorrect or not recorded ultrasound provided the correct diagnoses in 71% of these cases. Agreement with the κ statistical analysis was only fair and the recorded initial clinical impression was less accurate than ultrasound. Conclusions Ultrasound was statistically more accurate than the initial clinical impression for distinguishing solid from cystic lesions of the hand and wrist. Ultrasound was very accurate for specifically diagnosing ganglions and slightly less for solid lesions and tenosynovitis.
A numerical study of nonlinear Alfvén waves and solitons

Finite‐amplitude Alfven waves can be modeled by a nonlinear wave equation termed the derivative nonlinear Schrodinger equation. A computer program has been developed that solves the derivative nonlinear Schrodinger equation via the ‘‘split‐step’’ Fourier method. This program has been used to investigate a number of topics in the area of nonlinear Alfven waves. When analytic envelope solitons are used as initial conditions, the wave packets propagate without distortion and with the expected speed–amplitude relation. When an arbitrary, amplitude‐modulated wave is used as an initial condition, the results depend strongly on the β of the plasma and the polarization of the wave. For a left circularly polarized wave in a β 1, a collapse instability has been observed in which the wave amplitude increases and modulation scale decreases. For other combinations of polarization and value of β, the wave packet tends to broaden, eliminating the initial modulation.
What Processing Is Impaired in Apperceptive Agnosia? Evidence from Normal Subjects

Visual agnosia is a neuropsychological syndrome characterized by a failure of object identification. Apperceptive agnosia, an object identification deficit caused by damage to early perceptual processes, has been explained by appealing to both damaged early sensory processes and to damaged preattentive grouping processes. Which of these two explanations best accounts for the behavior of these patients? We present results from two experiments designed to distinguish rival theoretical accounts of apperceptive agnosia. In our studies, we attempted to simulate apperceptive agnosia in neurologically intact subjects. Sensory-deficit accounts of the syndrome predict that degrading visual processing would make normal subjects perform like patients; grouping-deficit accounts predict that removing perceptual organization cues from visual displays would make normal subjects perform like patients. We were able to simulate the behavior of an apperceptive agnosic patient by removing perceptual organization cues, consistent with a grouping-deficit account of this syndrome. The implications for understanding both apperceptive agnosia and normal visual functioning are discussed.
Solid-state humidity sensors

Abstract Two types, EMF and impedance, of solid-state humidity sensors based on various oxide hydrates/hydroxides with 2-dimensional (2D) layered and 3-dimensional (3D) network structures are reviewed. Selected humidity sensors based on proton-conducting NASICON (HZr2P3O12) as well as sensors based on β-Ca(PO3)2 are discussed in detail.
Corporate control through the criminal system — an alternative proposal

Corporate violations of the law are occurring with increasing frequency and with increasing public attention. Solutions to date have proved ineffectual because of the problem of determining whom is to be punished for the offense of the corporation. Instead of individual jail terms or corporate fines, we propose that the dissolution of the corporation be considered as a more effectual means of conforming corporate behavior to the norms of the legal system.
Evidence, Age, and Thickness of a Frozen Paleolake in Utopia Planitia, Mars

Recent mapping studies west of Elysium Mons, Mars, have pinpointed subice features that suggest the existence of a frozen paleolake in Utopia Planitia as recently as 1.8 billion years ago. The subice features are interpreted to be hyaloclastic ridges and hills, table moutains, associated joekulhalaup deposits, and fluvial channels. Photoclinometric studies of these features and of a basal scarp around the northwest flank of Elysium Mons interpreted to have been an ice-sheet boundary indicate that the maximum thickness of ice within the basin may have been about 180 m. This thickness of ice during a relatively late stage of Martian geologic history would have important implications concerning the atmospheric, the climatic, and possibly the exobiologic history of the planet.
Vaginal prosthesis for control of vesicovaginal fistula

A technique for construction of a vaginal appliance to control urinary incontinence secondary to a vesicovaginal fistula associated with pelvic malignancies and/or radiation therapy is described and illustrated.
TOSCANELLI'S COMETARY OBSERVATIONS: SOME NEW EVIDENCE *

title RIASSUNTO /title L'Autrice ha scoperto nei manoscritti che contengono le osservazioni delle comete fatte da Paolo Toscanelli fra il 1433 e il 1472, parecchie nuove posizioni e delle linee che ai precedenti studiosi erano sfuggite. Basandosi su questa nuova evidenza essa conclude che la tecnica di osservazione e la relativa rappresentazione grafica delle osservazioni del Toscanelli hanno subito una evoluzione attraverso tre distinti stadi: primo, descrizione qualitativa dei percorsi delle comete; secondo, localizzazione precisa delle posizioni cometarie per mezzo di allineamenti con le stelle vicine; e finalmente, probabile uso degli strumenti per determinare direttamente la posizione in latitudine e longitudine.
Crystal structure of imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase: a tunnel through a (beta/alpha)8 barrel joins two active sites.

Abstract Background: Imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase catalyzes a two-step reaction of histidine biosynthesis at the bifurcation point with the purine de novo pathway. The enzyme is a new example of intermediate channeling by glutamine amidotransferases in which ammonia generated by hydrolysis of glutamine is channeled to a second active site where it acts as a nucleophile. In this case, ammonia reacts in a cyclase domain to produce imidazole glycerol phosphate and an intermediate of purine biosynthesis. The enzyme is also a potential target for drug and herbicide development since the histidine pathway does not occur in mammals. Results: The 2.1 A crystal structure of imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase from yeast reveals extensive interaction of the glutaminase and cyclase catalytic domains. At the domain interface, the glutaminase active site points into the bottom of the (β/α) 8 barrel of the cyclase domain. An ammonia tunnel through the (β/α) 8 barrel connects the glutaminase docking site at the bottom to the cyclase active site at the top. A conserved "gate" of four charged residues controls access to the tunnel. Conclusions: This is the first structure in which all the components of the ubiquitous (β/α) 8 barrel fold, top, bottom, and interior, take part in enzymatic function. Intimate contacts between the barrel domain and the glutaminase active site appear to be poised for crosstalk between catalytic centers in response to substrate binding at the cyclase active site. The structure provides a number of potential sites for inhibitor development in the active sites and in a conserved interdomain cavity.
Changing Dietary Electrolyte Balance for Dairy Cows in Cool and Hot Environments

Two Latin square studies, each containing eight primiparous cows (four Holstein, four Jersey), were conducted to determine the effect of changing dietary electrolyte balance during cool and hot environmental conditions on performance of lactating dairy cows. Electrolyte balance, expressed as Na + K - Cl in milliequivalents per kilogram of diet, was altered by changing K and Cl content in the diet using potassium bicarbonate or calcium chloride. Maximum and minimum temperatures averaged 26.7 and 15.0 degrees C during the cool phase and 32.3 and 22.5 degrees C during the hot phase of the study. Milk yield improved linearly with increasing electrolyte balance with nonsignificant treatment by phase interaction, whereas DMI of cows improved quadratically with increasing dietary electrolyte balance. A treatment by phase interaction for DMI was detected, although intake of DM reached a plateau at a similar dietary electrolyte balance during the cool and hot phases. Body (milk) temperature of cows appeared to be related to the level of feed consumed and varied by treatment within phase. Body (milk) temperature was higher during the hot phase of the experiment. Blood bicarbonate and pH were lowest in cows offered the low electrolyte balance (high Cl) diet, and blood and urinary Na + K-Cl increased linearly with increasing dietary electrolyte balance. The response to dietary electrolyte balance appeared to be mediated through blood buffering and the impact on physiologic systems of the cow.
Brillouin scattering in liquids excited by the he-ne maser.

Brillouin scattering in liquids excited by He-Ne maser and observed by Fabry-Perot interferometer, noting acoustic wave velocity and line broadening
Suprasellar spindle cell lipoma

Spindle cell lipoma of the suprasellar region has not been reported in the literature. We report a case of a 4-year-old male with a suprasellar spindle cell lipoma. The patient presented with headaches and visual disturbances. An imaging study revealed a 4 to 5-mm suprasellar mass that was initially thought to be a lipoma or dermoid cyst. Pathologic examination from the partial resection showed a circumscribed lesion consisting of mature adipose tissue with intermixed uniform spindle cells associated with a mucoid matrix, morphologically consistent with a spindle cell lipoma. The spindle cells and vasculature demonstrated focal positivity with CD34 antibody. There was no evidence of lipoblasts, mitoses, necrosis, or osseous tissue.
(R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-Synadenol: synthesis, absolute configuration, and enantioselectivity of antiviral effect.

Synthesis of (R)-(−)- and (S)-(+)-synadenol (1a and 2a, 95−96% ee) is described. Racemic synadenol (1a + 2a) was deaminated with adenosine deaminase to give (R)-(−)-synadenol (1a) and (S)-(+)-hypoxanthine derivative 5. Acetylation of the latter compound gave acetate 6. Reaction with N,N-dimethylchloromethyleneammonium chloride led to 6-chloropurine derivative 7. Ammonolysis furnished (S)-(+)-synadenol (2a). Absolute configuration of 1a was established by two methods: (i) synthesis from (R)-methylenecyclopropanecarboxylic acid (8) and (ii) X-ray diffraction of a single crystal of (−)-synadenol hydrochloride. Racemic methylenecyclopropanecarboxylic acid (10) was resolved by a modification of the described procedure. The R-enantiomer 8 was converted to ethyl ester 13 which was brominated to give vicinal dibromides 14. Reduction with diisobutylaluminum hydride then furnished alcohol 15 which was acetylated to the corresponding acetate 16. Alkylation−elimination procedure of adenine with 16 yielded acetates 1...
Reasons for therapy termination in a university psychology clinic

This study examined the reasons for therapy termination documented by graduate student therapists. The closed case files of individual adult clients who had terminated their therapy experience at a university-based psychology clinic were reviewed. Results indicated that the most frequent reasons for termination documented by graduate student therapists were that clients stopped attending therapy sessions without providing their therapists with notice or reason and that clients reached a satisfactory termination point in their therapy experience. A substantial number of clients terminated therapy because of difficulties unrelated to therapy, seeking services elsewhere, or dissatisfaction with therapy services. Level of depressive symptomatology and the number of sessions attended differed across clients who had different reasons for termination. By addressing such client concerns early in the therapy experience, premature termination may be prevented.
supG and supL in Escherichia coli code for mutant lysine tRNAs

We have determined the nucleotide sequences of lysine tRNAs isolated from strains containing one or the other of two Escherichia coli ochre suppressors, supG and supL. Each strain, besides producing wild-type lysine tRNA, has a mutant lysine tRNA species that apparently can read the polypeptide chain termination codons UAA and UAG. The mutant tRNAs from supG and supL strains are identical. In each case the suppressor tRNA has an A36 for U36 nucleotide substitution. Furthermore, the hypermodified nucleoside at position 37 has been changed from t6A to ms2i6A.
N 15 (p, n)O 15 Ground-State Reactions and the Quasielastic Model of (p, n) Reactions

The ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}(p, n){\mathrm{O}}^{15}$ reaction has been studied from 3.95 to 9.0 MeV using a "long counter." Absolute cross sections and angular distributions have been measured from 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 170\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} steps. The analysis of the angular distributions has been done using the optical-model potential suggested by Lane which is a function of the isotopic spins of the incident proton and target nucleus. The calculations were made using a distorted-wave Born approximation and also, for the higher energies, optical-model analysis. The results of these two methods are compared. The excitation function shows broad resonances at 4.30, 5.50, 6.50, 7.65, and 8.99 MeV. With the exception of the resonance at 4.30 MeV, all the others can be interpreted as due to single-particle resonances. A tentative assignment of $l$ and $J$ values is given.
Organochlorine pesticides and endometriosis

Limited study of persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and endometriosis has been conducted. One hundred women aged 18-40 years who were undergoing laparoscopy provided 20 cm(3) of blood for toxicologic analysis and surgeons completed operative reports regarding the presence of endometriosis. Gas chromatography with electron capture was used to quantify (ng/g serum) six OCPs. Logistic regression was utilized to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for individual pesticides and groups based on chemical structure adjusting for current cigarette smoking and lipids. The highest tertile of aromatic fungicide was associated with a fivefold risk of endometriosis (aOR=5.3; 95% CI, 1.2-23.6) compared to the lowest tertile. Similar results were found for t-nonachlor and HCB. These are the first such findings in a laproscopic cohort that suggest an association between OCP exposure and endometriosis. More prospective studies are necessary to ensure temporal ordering and confirm these findings.
Hot and warm electrons — A review

Abstract There are two categories of problems relating to the study of hot and warm carriers ; i.e., the situation in which the mean carrier kinetic energy deviates measurably from its equilibrium thermal value. The first of these relates to the manner in which a steady state distribution is maintained. The pertinent work to date, both experimental and theoretical, is reviewed. The second set of problems involves the phenomena which result from a non-equilibrium distribution, but that do not play a significant role in determining it. The velocity dependence of recombination cross sections, impact ionization of neutral impurities and enhanced thermionic emission are among these. The present experimental situation is discussed and related to what relevant theory exists for the various cases.
Environmental Risk: Implications of Rational Lender Behaviour

Focuses on the impact of environmental risk on lenders′ behaviour. Begins by sketching background information then focuses on risk‐return relationships and offers scenarios faced by lenders. Addresses rational creditor behaviour and the implications and consequences this behaviour has on borrowers and society.
Carbon−Nitrogen-Bond-Forming Reductive Elimination of Arylamines from Palladium(II) Phosphine Complexes

A series of monomeric palladium amido complexes of the form trans-(PPh3)2Pd(Ar)(NAr‘2) and (DPPF)Pd(Ar)(NAr‘2) (DPPF = 1,1‘-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) and dimeric palladium amido complexes of the form {(PPh3)Pd(Ar)(μ-NHR)}2 (R = Ph, t-Bu) have been prepared by the reaction of lithium and potassium amides with palladium aryl halide complexes. An X-ray crystal structure of (DPPF)Pd(p-NMe2C6H4)[N(p-CH3C6H4)2] was obtained. Upon thermolysis in the presence of PPh3, serving as a trapping agent, both the monomeric and dimeric palladium amido complexes underwent C−N-bond-forming reductive elimination to form arylamines in high yields along with a Pd(0) species. Reductive elimination was also observed from azametallacycle (PPh3)Pd(η2-C6H4C6H4NH), to form carbazole and Pd(PPh3)4 at room temperature. Mechanistic studies on the reductive elimination reactions of the monomeric PPh3-ligated amido complexes indicated the presence of two competing pathways for the formation of amine. At low [PPh3], reductive elimi...
Silicone Lubricant Flushed from Disposable Syringes: Determination by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Amounts of silicone removable from disposable plastic syringes were determined (as silicon) by the use of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. This method revealed that the silicone fluid employed as a lubricant was present in distilled water expressed from 20 to 60 percent of the syringes. As contrasted with the total silicone extractable by dissolving with methyl isobutyl ketone, water-removable silicone appeared to be removed by a mechanical flushing action.
Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Progressively Loaded Multi-Wire Strands

In recent years methods based on guided ultrasonic waves gained increasing attention for the nondestructive evaluation and the health monitoring of multi-wire strands used in civil structures as prestressing tendons and stay cables. The study of wave propagation properties in such components has been challenging due to the load-dependent inter-wire contact and the helical geometry of the peripheral wires. The present paper addresses an experimental investigation on the ultrasonic wave propagation in seven-wire strands loaded at different stress levels. Wafer piezoelectric sensors are employed in a through transmission configuration for the generation and detection of stress waves. The response of the lowest-order longitudinal mode is studied at different levels of load. Those ultrasonic features, associated with the transmitted ultrasonic energy, sensitive to the variation of applied load are identified and discussed as possible means of a load monitoring.
Metallicity Evolution of Damped Lyα Systems in ΛCDM Cosmology

Using a new, high mass resolution (Δmb = 105.5 M☉) hydrodynamic simulation of a spatially flat ΛCDM cosmological model with detailed microphysics and galaxy formation, including radiation shielding, energy deposition, and metal enrichment from supernovae and associated metal cooling/heating, we compute the metallicity evolution of damped Lyα systems (DLAs) and find a reasonable agreement with observations. In particular, the observed slow evolution of the DLA metallicity occurs naturally in the simulation as a result of the combined effects of physical and observational selection. The slow metallicity evolution is caused by the steady transformation, with increasing time, of the highest metallicity systems to "galaxies," thus depleting this category, while all the lower metallicity systems show, individually, an increase in metallicity. Although the trend of DLA metallicity with redshift is in good agreement with observations, it appears that the average metallicity of simulated DLAs is higher than observed by 0.3-0.5 dex in the probed redshift range (z = 0-5). Our study indicates that this difference may be attributed to observational selection effects due to dust obscuration. If we allow for a dust obscuration effect, our model reproduces the observed metallicity evolution in both amplitude and slope. We find that DLAs are not a simple population but probe a range of different systems, and the mix changes with redshift. The median luminosity of a DLA, LDLA(z), in units of typical galaxy luminosity at that redshift, L*(z), that is, z, decreases from 1.1 to 0.5 as redshift declines from z = 3 to 0, but the absolute luminosity of the median DLA system increases in the same interval by a factor of 5 from 0.1L*(z = 0) to 0.5L*(z = 0). About 50% of all metals in the gaseous phase is in DLAs at all times from z = 5 to z = 1, making a rapid downturn at z ≤ 1 to ~20% by z = 0, as metals are swept into the hotter components of the intergalactic medium (IGM) as well as locked up in stars. While not the primary focus of this study, we find that the model provides good matches to observations with respect to column density distribution and evolution of neutral gas content, if the same dust obscuration is taken into account. We find ΩDLA,comp = 1-3 × 10-3, depending on the effect of dust obscuration.
Making a Good (Bad) Impression: Examining the Cognitive Processes of Disposition Theory to Form a Synthesized Model of Media Character Impression Formation

For more than a century, social psychologists have examined the result of impression formation, and its impact on other factors. These analyses were based primarily on personal exchanges between real people. Today, we encounter people via mass media as well, but very little media research has examined the cognitive process that takes place when viewers are forming impressions of fictional media characters. The present article reviews a large and complex body of research and theoretical writings to put forward a synthesized model of character impression formation based on Zillmann's disposition theory and Fiske and Neuberg's continuum model of impression formation, arguing for inconsistency resolution as a moderating cognitive mechanism.
Optimization of Bearing Lengths in Aluminum Extrusion Dies

Abstract Bearing design plays a key role in producing high quality extruded products. Balancing the flow by adjusting the bearing lengths to eliminate profile distortion is a common practice in the industry. The bearing correction, however, is accomplished by costly trial and error approaches – largely relying on the expertise of die designers. In this paper we present a numerical algorithm to optimize the bearing lengths that produce uniform velocity at the die exit. This is based on a finite element model to solve material flow during extrusion. The solution approach involves iteratively computing velocity, temperature, and strain fields during extrusion and updating the bearing lengths until balanced flow is achieved. Different aspects of bearing design and robustness of this optimization technique are illustrated through a few examples.
Lightning optical pulse statistics from storm overflights during the Altus Cumulus Electrification Study

The Altus Cumulus Electrification Study (ACES) was conducted during the month of August, 2002 in an area near Key West, Florida. One of the goals of this uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV) study was to collect time resolved optical pulse data from thunderstorms. During the month long campaign, we acquired 5294 lightning generated optical pulses. Most of these observations were made while close to the top of the storms. We divided our data into two amplitude groups based on prior NASA U2 aircraft optical data and our pulse characteristics. The group of large pulses with radiance greater than 2.1 mW /sq m sr had mean and median 10 - 10% optical pulse widths of 765 and 735 microns respectively, the 50-50% pulse widths of 396 and 355 microns respectively, and 10-90% rise times of 290 and 260 microns. These values are very similar to the previous U2 based optical results The other group of pulses consisting of slightly more than a quarter of the total pulses observed had radiances less than the minimum values detected in the U2 study. The small pulses were narrower than the large pulses with 5040% mean and median values of 198 and 160 ps respectively. Only 12 % of the flashes contained only small pulses, minimizing the impact of this data on the estimates of detection efficiencies of the orbital instruments, the Lightning Imaging Sensor and Optical Transient Detector.
The synthesis of 1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucopyranose and d-glucosyl oligosaccharides from maltose by a fungal glucosyltransferase

Abstract The formation of 1,6-anhydro-β- d -glucopyranose and several d -glucosyl oligosaccharides has been observed during the action of a purified, fungal glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.24) on maltose. Such products are synthesized by a transglucosylation mechanism involving the formation of a d -glucosyl-enzyme complex and the displacement of the d -glucosyl group by appropriate acceptor-substrates. The formation of the 1,6-anhydro bond is a novel type of transfer reaction and occurs by displacement of the enzyme from the d -glucosyl-enzyme complex by the proton of the primary hydroxyl group of the same glucosyl group. This reaction is characterized by inversion of configuration at the position of glucosidic bond-cleavage of the substrate. Synthesis of the d -glucosyl oligosaccharides occurs by displacement of the d -glucosyl groups from the enzyme by suitable acceptor-substrates. In these cases, the reactions are characterized by retention of configuration of the d -glucosidic bonds of the substrate. The list of oligosaccharides produced from maltose includes nigerose, kojibiose, isomaltose, maltotriose, panose, isomaltotriose, and 6- O - d -glucosyl-panose. The identity of these compounds has been established by methylation analysis and enzymic hydrolysis. d -Glucose is also a product of the reaction and arises from both the reducing and the non-reducing groups of maltose.
Optimal Design of Distributed Wastewater Treatment Networks

This paper deals with the optimum design of a distributed wastewater network where multicomponent streams are considered that are to be processed by units for reducing the concentration of several contaminants. The proposed model gives rise to a nonconvex nonlinear problem which often exhibits local minima and causes convergence difficulties. A search procedure is proposed in this paper that is based on the successive solution of a relaxed linear model and the original nonconvex nonlinear problem. Several examples are presented to illustrate that the proposed method often yields global or near global optimum solutions. The model is also extended for selecting different treatment technologies and for handling membrane separation modules.
Circulation and Thermal Structure of the Venusian Thermosphere

Abstract Absorption of solar radiation in the dayside Venusian thermosphere forces a circulation cell with vertical motions upward on the dayside and downward on the nightside with maximum amplitude greater than a meter per second and horizontal velocities away from the subsolar point with amplitudes up to several hundred meters per second. The first harmonic in temperature determines a several-hundred-degree temperature decrease from dayside to nightside. These conclusions follow from the numerical integration of a dynamic model which includes realistic stratification and temperature-dependent radiative damping. The large day-to-night temperature contrast is a consequence of the addition of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) heating at sufficiently high levels that it must he conducted downward to lower levels before adiabatic and 15 μ cooling can balance it. The observed exospheric temperature of ∼650K near the subsolar point is reproduced with an EUV heating efficiency of 0.3. The calculated nightside exospheri...
The Effect of Proteolytic Enzymatic Treatment on Plastic Deformation of Porcine Aortic Tissue

We investigated the feasibility of developing an in vitro abdominal aortic aneurysm model by mechanically stretching passive porcine aortic tissue after enzymatic degradation of its structural proteins. Individual arterial rings, taken from the thoracic and abdominal porcine aorta were exposed to specific concentrations of collagenase (to degrade collagen) and/or elastase (to degrade elastin). The specimens were then cut into flat strips and subjected to uniaxial incremental creep tests of increasing load amplitude. The plastic strain (strain at zero load) after each creep load cycle was recorded until specimen failure. The maximum plastic strain due to enzymatic degradation and mechanical loading in elastase treated specimens (mean+SD = 45.1±14.7%; p<0.001) was significantly higher than in untreated controls (19.4±7.61%). However, the plastic strain in collagenase treated specimens (18.4±10.3%; p = 0.79) was not significantly different from the controls. Because AAA is associated with a plastic deformation of 200–400%, the results suggest that it is not feasible to develop an in vitro AAA model by enzymatic degradation and biomechanical stretching of passive porcine aorta. Consequently, these findings suggest that aneurysm growth is unlikely to be solely the result of pressure induced passive stretch of a weakened aorta.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A nonassociative schema theory of cognitive incompatibility

The term cognitive incompatibility, as it is used here, refers to the relationship that exists among mental struc­ tures that cannot be held in mind at the same time. One cannot, for instance, think of an individual as being both happy and sad or both a good Samaritan and a wolf in sheep's clothing. In this sense, cognitive incompatibility could be the basic ingredient that makes two concepts op­ posites. This, together with the sheer abundance of anto­ nyms in natural languages, suggests that cognitive incom­ patibility may well be as fundamental to human thinking as similarity, which is the obvious basis for the universal occurrence of synonyms in natural languages. In this paper, the nature of incompatibility and its relation to similarity are examined.
Effects of emerging food processing techniques on the packaging materials

In recent years, new food processing techniques are attracting a lot of attention. Since some of these techniques might require the processing of foods inside their package, it is important to understand the interaction between the package and the process itself. The main objective of this article is to review the information in literature about the effects of different processing methods on: (i) the structural, mechanical and barrier properties of the materials commonly used in food packaging; and (ii) the migration behavior of additives mainly from plastic packaging films.
Effect of roll, pitch, and yaw motions on ISAR imaging

In this paper, we analyze the effect of roll, pitch and yaw rotations on inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging. An ideal ISAR image of a target with regular motion can be derived from the image projection plane and the radar line-of-sight unit vector. Roll, pitch and yaw rotations induce time-varying Doppler shifts that can be analyzed through the rotation matrix and the effective rotation vector. We simulated the process of ISAR imaging of a rotating target. Thus, the effect of rotational motion on ISAR imaging can be observed, and the effect of individual rotation components can be studied separately. For a target with regular motion, perturbations of roll and pitch motions may make image blurring if conventional motion compensation is used. Advanced motion compensation algorithms that compensate the perturbations may improve the image.
Determination of the surface area and mesopore volume for lanthanide-incorporated MCM-41 materials by using high resolution thermogravimetry

High-resolution thermogravimetry (HR TGA) was successfully used to study thermodesorption of n-butanol from ordered mesoporous materials. The current study was performed for lanthanum and cerium incorporated MCM-41 samples, which were synthesized via liquid crystal templating mechanism. Due to highly ordered structure of mesopores in these materials it was possible to distinguish the characteristic features on the DTG curves, which reflect the starting points for thermodesorption of n-butanol from the interior of primary mesopores as well as from their surface. It was demonstrated that n-butanol thermodesorption data obtained by HR TGA provide accurate values of the volume of primary mesopores and their specific surface area, which are in a good agreement with those obtained from nitrogen adsorption isotherms. In addition, this study showed that a simple evaluation of the specific surface area and pore volume of nanoporous materials is possible by HR TGA.
Low prefrontal PSA-NCAM confers risk for alcoholism-related behavior.

By examining natural behavioral variation of an outbred strain of mice on a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer task, the authors show that the level of polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) can predict the extinction and cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking. The study also shows that depleting endogenous PSA-NCAM in the vmPFC in mice confers resistance to the extinction of alcohol seeking.
Essential hybridity: A money view of FX

Abstract Economics and finance typically analyze the exchange rate as the relative price of goods and assets, respectively. By contrast, this paper explores a “money view” which understands the exchange rate as the relative price of money, a price that is determined in dealer markets by the order flow facing profit-seeking dealers. The economics of the FX dealer are analyzed using an extension of Treynor’s model of security dealers; central banks are analyzed as FX dealers of last resort.
Effect of moderate dehydration on torque, electromyography, and mechanomyography.

The purpose of the present investigation was to test the hypotheses that the mechanomyographic (MMG) signal would be affected by hydration status due to changes in the intra- and extracellular fluid content (which could affect the degree of fluid turbulence), changes in the filtering properties of the tissues between the MMG sensor and muscle, and changes in torque production that may accompany dehydration. Ten subjects (age 22.5 +/- 1.6 years) were tested for maximal isometric (MVC), submaximal isometric (25, 50, and 75%MVC), and maximal concentric isokinetic muscle strength of the biceps brachii in either a euhydrated or dehydrated state while the electromyographic (EMG) and MMG signals were recorded. Separate three-way and two-way ANOVAs indicated no change in torque, EMG amplitude, EMG mean power frequency (MPF), MMG amplitude, and MMG MPF with dehydration. The lack of dehydration effect suggests that MMG may be more reflective of the intrinsic contractile processes of a muscle fiber (torque production) or the motor control mechanisms (reflected by the EMG) than the tissues and fluids surrounding the muscle fiber.
Insulin Action and the Insulin Signaling Network

I. Introduction IN THE fasted state, glucose homeostasis depends upon the balance between hepatic glucose production and glucose utilization by the major insulin-dependent tissues, such as liver, adipose, and muscle, and by insulin-independent tissues, such as brain and kidney. This balance is tightly regulated by pancreatic hormones. Thus, in normal individuals, the response to increased plasma glucose levels is an increase in secretion of insulin from β-cells of the pancreatic islets. This increase in circulating insulin levels stimulates glucose transport into peripheral tissues and inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis. In type II diabetes there are at least two fundamental defects: one is a decrease in the ability of peripheral tissues to respond to insulin (insulin resistance), and the second is impaired β-cell function, which results from long-term hyperglycemia. It appears that both genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the progression from normal glucose tolerance to type II diabetes (...
A 10-year review of a minimally invasive technique for the correction of pectus excavatum.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the results of a 10-year experience with a minimally invasive operation that requires neither cartilage incision nor resection for correction of pectus excavatum. Methods: From 1987 to 1996, 148 patients were evaluated for chest wall deformity. Fifty of 127 patients suffering from pectus excavatum were selected for surgical correction. Eight older patients underwent the Ravitch procedure, and 42 patients under age 15 were treated by the minimally invasive technique. A convex steel bar is inserted under the sternum through small bilateral thoracic incisions. The steel bar is inserted with the convexity facing posteriorly, and when it is in position, the bar is turned over, thereby correcting the deformity. After 2 years, when permanent remolding has occurred, the bar is removed in an outpatient procedure. Results: Of 42 patients who had the minimally invasive procedure, 30 have undergone bar removal. Initial excellent results were maintained in 22, good results in four, fair in two, and poor in two, with mean follow-up since surgery of 4.6 years (range, 1 to 9.2 years). Mean follow-up since bar removal is 2.8 years (range, 6 months to 7 years). Average blood loss was 15 mL. Average length of hospital stay was 4.3 days. Patients returned to full activity after 1 month. Complications were pneumothorax in four patients, requiring thoracostomy in one patient; superficial wound infection in one patient; and displacement of the steel bar requiring revision in two patients. The fair and poor results occurred early in the series because (1) the bar was too soft (three patients), (2) the sternum was too soft in one of the patients with Marfan's syndrome, and (3) in one patient with complex thoracic anomalies, the bar was removed too soon. Conclusions: This minimally invasive technique, which requires neither cartilage incision nor resection, is effective. Since increasing the strength of the steel bar and inserting two bars where necessary, we have had excellent long-term results. The upper limits of age for this procedure require further evaluation.
Chemically induced dynamic electron polarization. Examples; of S-T±1 polarization☆

Abstract The observation of excess emission in the CIDEP-pulse radiolysis study of several radicals is ascribed to S - T ±1 , polarization. Observations of this S - T ±1 polarization in H -radical reactions provide examples of the hyperfine effect while the study of micellar systems and viscous solutions illustrates the effect of restricting radical diffusion.
A Ground Resistance for Vertical Bore Heat Exchangers With Groundwater Flow

A new ground resistance was developed for use in existing vertical bore heat exchanger (VBHE x ) design algorithms. The new ground resistance accounts for the added heat transfer mode of convection due to groundwater flow by using as its foundation the solution for a moving line heat source. The combined ground resistance is presented in terms of the dimensionless Fourier and Peclet parameters. Results show that significant convection heat transfer may occur within a variety of hydrogeological regimes, particularly when the Peclet number is larger than 0.01. Since the new model captures the influence of groundwater flow, the resulting ground resistance differs markedly from the conduction-only ground resistance currently used in many vertical borehole heat exchanger design algorithms.
Evidence for a second avian light chain isotype.

Abstract Immunization of a goat with chicken IgY light (L) chains resulted in the production of an antiserum that identified two antigenically distinct avian L chain isotypes. Both isotypes were associated with each of the defined classes of chicken and pheasant immoglobulins. The two isotypes are probably under the control of independently segregating genes. It has not been established at this time whether these represent κ and λ isotypes or 2 different λ isotypes.
The Variation of Sparking Potential with Intense Ultraviolet Illumination

The static sparking potential has been found to be lowered by illuminating the cathode of a spark gap with intense ultraviolet light, an auxiliary spark gap being used as the source of ultraviolet illumination. The photoelectric current released from the cathode of the illuminated gap was about ${10}^{6}$ times larger with this source than with a quartz mercury arc for illumination. The amount of lowering of the sparking potential was found to increase as the intensity of the spark illumination was increased and reductions up to about 10 percent were noted in air. The reduced sparking potentials in air were found to be a function of gas pressure times gap length and therefore obey Paschen's law. The approximate law for the amount of lowering of the sparking potential can be expressed by the condition that a certain number remains constant. This number is the number of positive ions generated by electron collision in the gas as the result of a given number of photoelectrons being liberated at the cathode by one flash of the illuminating spark. One may interpret this as meaning that the breakdown is a space charge phenomenon and that some fixed value of the field is necessary for breakdown to occur. Then if the distribution of the space charge does not change appreciably, the amount necessary to produce the given field will be constant.
Crack Growth in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Materials: From Discrete to Continuum Damage Modeling

This paper addresses the damage and fracture issues of glass and ceramic materials used in solid oxide fuel cells. Analyses of an internal crack and of an interface crack between dissimilar materials were conducted using a modified boundary layer modeling approach. In this approach, fracture is allowed to occur in a small process window situated at an initial crack tip. Elastic displacement crack-tip fields are prescribed as remote boundary conditions. Crack propagation was first modeled discretely. Next, a continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model for brittle materials was developed to capture damage and crack growth in the process window. In particular, the damage model was applied to a glass-ceramic material that had been developed in-house for sealing purposes. Discrete and continuum damage solutions were then compared. Finally, the CDM model was used to determine the crack propagation direction as a function of a mode mixity measure.
Time-dependent onshore tsunami response

Abstract While bulk measures of the onshore impact of a tsunami, including the maximum run-up elevation and inundation distance, are important for hazard planning, the temporal evolution of the onshore flow dynamics likely controls the extent of the onshore destruction and the erosion and deposition of sediment that occurs. However, the time-varying dynamics of actual tsunamis are even more difficult to measure in situ than the bulk parameters. Here, a numerical model based on the non-linear shallow water equations is used to examine the effects variations in the wave characteristics, bed slope, and bottom roughness have on the temporal evolution of the onshore flow. Model results indicate that the onshore flow dynamics vary significantly over the parameter space examined. For example, the flow dynamics over steep, smooth morphologies tend to be temporally symmetric, with similar magnitude velocities generated during the run-up and run-down phases of inundation. Conversely, on shallow, rough onshore topographies the flow dynamics tend to be temporally skewed toward the run-down phase of inundation, with the magnitude of the flow velocities during run-up and run-down being significantly different. Furthermore, for near-breaking tsunami waves inundating over steep topography, the flow velocity tends to accelerate almost instantaneously to a maximum and then decrease monotonically. Conversely, when very long waves inundate over shallow topography, the flow accelerates more slowly and can remain steady for a period of time before beginning to decelerate. These results indicate that a single set of assumptions concerning the onshore flow dynamics cannot be applied to all tsunamis, and site specific analyses may be required.