cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhalation Aromatherapy in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Stem Cell Infusion: Results of a Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Trial

Objective: Though often lifesaving, stem cell transplantation (SCT) is a period of great distress for both child and parent. Methods: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study evaluating the effect of the respiratory administration of bergamot essential oil on the anxiety, nausea, and pain of 37 pediatric patients with malignant and non-malignant disorders undergoing stem cell infusion and their parents. Patients were assessed at the time of recruitment, prior to infusion, upon infusion completion, and one hour post-infusion using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for parents and the STAIC, Children's Behavioral Style Scale (CBSS), visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and nausea, and the Emotionality Activity Sociability and Impulsivity instrument (EASI) for children. Results: Children and adolescents in the treatment group experienced greater anxiety (p = 0.05) and nausea (p = 0.03) one hour post-infusion. Reported pain in both groups was no longer significant one hour post-infusion. Parental anxiety declined in both groups but did not reach statistical significance. Child's monitoring coping style was significantly predictive of transitory anxiety post-infusion (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Although this trial did not report a benefit of inhalation aromatherapy for reducing anxiety, nausea, or pain when added to standard supportive care, it provides the first experimental rather than descriptive report on testing a single therapeutic essential oil among children and adolescents undergoing stem cell infusion. Future research may consider exploring the cutaneous application of essential oil through massage or other psychoeducational counseling interventions among parents with elevated anxiety and patients with greater information seeking coping styles during SCT. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining the Links between Biodiversity and Human Health: An Interdisciplinary Research Initiative at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's mission to protect human health and the environment, the agency seeks to conduct research on the structure and function of ecosystems and to improve our understanding of the processes that contribute to the sustained health of the nation's ecosystems and the well-being of human populations. Changes in biodiversity can profoundly impact the ability of ecosystems to provide clean water, energy, food, recreation, and other services that contribute to human well-being. In addition, changes in biodiversity can affect the transmission of infectious disease to humans, particularly vectorborne diseases such as malaria and Lyme disease. The Environmental Protection Agency's new initiative supports interdisciplinary research to characterize the mechanisms that link biodiversity and human health and to use this knowledge to develop integrative tools and approaches for quantifying and predicting these rela- tionships. Research on these links can have an important impact on our view of biodiversity and how we manage resources to protect human and ecosystem health.
Study of the interaction of physical fields in the acoustomagnetic effect for a magnetic fluid

The interaction of elastic and thermal fields as well as magnetic and dynamic demagnetization fields in the acoustomagnetic effect in a magnetic fluid is investigated within the framework of the concentration model. A method of estimating the physical parameters of the smallest magnetic nanoparticles of the dispersed colloid phase is suggested based on the joint application of the results of magnetogranulometric and acoustogranulometric measurements.
An evaluation of mandibular border movements: Their character and significance

1. A comparison of protrusive and lateral condylar border movement pathways of 163 subjects revealed considerable similarity when the frequency of 80% of the pathways was compared with the average pathway. 2. A description of the pathways of posterior cusps during lateral contact gliding movement must consider three simultaneously acting guidance factors: (1) the nonworking condyle pathway, (2) the amount of Bennett movement or the working-side condyle displacement, and (3) the anterior guidance or working-side tooth contacts. 3. A Bennett movement of 2.5 to 3.5 mm caused a dramatic flattening of lateral movement pathways of the molar cusp as seen in the frontal plane. The steepness of neither the anterior guidance nor the nonworking condylar pathway had much influence on the molar cusp pathway in the presence of this excessive Bennett movement. 4. Viewed in the horizontal plane, excessive Bennett movement contributed to the greatest potential for collisions of molar cusps during lateral movements. This phenomenon was more pronounced on the nonworking side. 5. When the Bennett movement was 0.75 mm or less the tracing in the frontal plane showed that the 40-degree anterior guidance became the dominant influence over molar cusp lateral movement pathways.
Community, Identity and the Redemption of Captives: comparative perspectives across the Mediterranean

Yvonne Friedman, in Encounters between Enemies (2002), asks why charitable ransoming was more developed and successful in the medieval West than it was in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. This paper seeks to answer this question through an examination of community solidarity. Particularly important to an understanding of western European ransoming customs is the distinction between the deserving poor, who are neighbors, and itinerants and vagabonds who are not. Hispanic ransoming custom, precisely because it emerged within the context of developing municipal communities, was a reflection of this group solidarity;consequently, the caritative ransomers who followed -such as, the Mercedarians and Trinitarians- had to adjust their appeal to conform to these group prejudices. The society of the Latin East, because it was more transient and less cohesive, failed to develop such institutions of solidarity and thus dealt with captives on a more pragmatic, less compassionate basis.
A RAPID METHOD FOR QUANTITATING THE EXTENT OF DNA DAMAGE INDUCED BY SULFUR MUSTARD IN HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES FOR DRUG SCREENING

We previously characterized the effects of sulfur mustard on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) patterns in exposed human lymphocytes and demonstrated how poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPI) alter these effects. These studies were conducted utilizing labor-intensive and time-consuming DNA isolation andgelelectrophoresis procedures.Toconduct mechanistic studiesandto screen antivesicant therapeutic regimens for their capacity to block or alter the DNAdamaging effects of sulfur mustard, a faster and less labor-intensive method was developed. Preparations of human lymphocytes, isolated from the blood of normal volunteers, were exposed to sulfur mustard (1 × 10 -8 M to 1 × 10 -3 M) andincubatedat 37 o C for 0-24h.The effects of sulfur mustard on the DNA of the lymphocytes were determinedusing flow cytometry by measuring theincrease in the fluorescence of the DNA peak caused by the uptake of propidium iodide (PI) by the fragmented DNA. The increase in the fluorescence of the DNA depended on both the concen...
Harriet Tubman: Peacemaker and Stateswoman

Harriet Tubman's widely recognized successful work for the Underground Railroad overshadowed many other noteworthy contributions she made as a peacemaker and stateswoman. She rose above the societa...
All-order polarization mode dispersion (PMD) compensation in 10Gbit/s×4 OTDM system via hyperfine resolution optical pulse shaper

We experimentally demonstrate optical compensation of all-order polarization mode dispersion with >50ps mean differential group delay in a 10Gbit/s×4 OTDM system using an optical pulse shaper with 1.6GHz/pixel resolution.
TRANSFER‐PRICING AND OUTPUT DECISIONS: THE DYNAMIC INTERACTION

This paper is concerned with the dynamic interactions between output and transferprice decisions in a three-country model for a multinational firm when profits taxation and ad valorem tariffs are applied simultaneously. A numerical example is used to illustrate that the three-country model modifies considerably conclusions reached in the traditional two-country, two-goods framework.
Water management policies for the algal biofuel sector in the Southwestern United States

Algal biorefinery-based integrated industrial ecology has received increased attention as a sustainable way of producing biofuel, food, high value products and feed ingredients in the Southwestern United States (US). However, these regions already face serious freshwater supply issues. Hence, new policies and regulations for water management and use is a high priority for the sustainable development of an algal biofuel sector to meet liquid fuel needs in the US without hampering the regional hydrologic pattern.
Doxycycline-mediated inhibition of choroidal neovascularization.

PURPOSE. Doxycycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, has certain antiangiogenic properties and can inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs/gelatinases). The authors investigated the effects of doxycycline on choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and regulation of MMP-2 and -9 and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). METHODS. Doxycycline was orally administered to rats at 500, 50, 5, and 0.5 mg/kg/d; nontreated animals were used as controls. Experimental CNV was induced with laser 7 days after doxycycline treatment started. At 7 days after induction, animals were euthanatized, and eyes were collected. RPE/ choroid flatmounts were labeled with isolectin IB4 to determine CNV lesion volumes using confocal microscopy and high-performance 3D imaging software. MMP-2, MMP-9, and PEDF protein levels were determined by ELISA. MMP catalytic activity was determined in solution using fluorogenic gelatin and peptide substrates, by gelatin zymography in SDS-PAGE, and by in situ fluorogenic substrate zymography in RPE/choroid sections. RESULTS. CNV complex lesion volumes decreased with doxycycline in a dose-response relationship. A dosage of 500 mg/kg/d caused a 70% inhibition of CNV complex volume compared with control animals. Doxycycline elevated PEDF levels in plasma and did not affect the active and pro-enzymes MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels. However, the in vitro enzymatic activities of purified MMP-2 and MMP-9 declined significantly with doxycycline. MMP-2, MMP-9, and gelatinolytic activities in situ increased early in CNV lesion development. Doxycycline treatments and exogenous additions inhibited gelatinolytic activities in CNV lesions. CONCLUSIONS. Doxycycline effectively hampered the progression of experimental CNV. The results suggest that orally administrated doxycycline can reach the choroid to attenuate proteolytic enzymes that remodel Bruch's membrane and promote the antiangiogenic PEDF to inhibit neovascularization.
Sexual functioning in women with breast cancer after treatment with adjuvant therapy

The purpose of this research was to describe current sexual functioning in women with breast cancer comparing women treated with chemotherapy or endocrine therapy to women treated without pharmacological manipulation. Sixty-seven women diagnosed with stage I, II, or III breast cancer responded to a
Low dimensional reaction kinetics and self-organization

Abstract Diffusion-limited reaction kinetics becomes anomalous not only for fractals, with their anomalous diffusion, but also for low-dimensional (one and two) and disperse media, where the random walk is compact. We focus on annihilation, recombination and trapping reactions under non-equilibrium steady state (steady source) or batch (big bang) conditions. The typical reactions are: A + A → Products, A + B → Products and A + C → Products. We are interested in the global rate laws, and their relation to particle-particle distributions (e.g., pair-correlation and nearest-neighbor distribution functions) and in local rate laws (if definable). Anomalous reaction kinetics (more than classical kinetics) is particularly sensitive to initial conditions, source term structure, conservation laws (e.g., equal densities for A and B), excluded volume effects, and medium size, dimensionality and anisotropy. Analytical formalisms, scaling arguments, computer (and supercomputer) simulations and experiments (on chemical and physical reactions) all play an important role in the newly emerging picture.
A microstructural model for the elastic response of articular cartilage

A model of articular cartilage is developed in which the continuum stiffness tensor is related to the tissue's microstructure. The model consists of bilinear elastic fibers embedded in an elastic matrix. Homogenization techniques are used to relate this level of organization to the macroscopic response of the tissue. The model includes the effects of spatial orientation of fibers, pre-stress in the fibers and matrix resulting from matrix swelling, slipping at the interface between the fibers and the matrix, fiber buckling in compression, and deformation-induced fiber reorientation. The model predicts increased axial stiffness with increasing stretch due to fiber reorientation, reduced axial and shear stiffness with slipping between fiber and matrix and a sensitivity of the tissue response to the swelling pressure in the matrix, the matrix modulus and the bonding of the fiber matrix interface.
VALLITHECA VALENTIA GEN. ET SP. NOV., PERMINERALIZED SYNANGIA FROM THE MIDDLE PENNSYLVANIAN OF OKLAHOMA

Vallitheca valentia gen. et sp. nov. is a permineralized, synangiate fructification of probable seed fern affinities from the Wewoka Formation (Desmoinesian) near Ada, Oklahoma. Synangia are oblong to pyriform, average 1 cm long, and contain 32 to 48 tubular sporangia embedded proximally in ground tissue. The sporangia are arranged within the synangia in a unique pattern: a ring of peripheral sporangia dehisces toward the center of the synangium and a central group of sporangia dehisces outward. This unique arrangement is unlike that of any currently recognized group. THE AGGREGATION of sporangia and their fusion into synangia has been noted for various unrelated groups of Paleozoic plants. Synangia are known for some homosporous pteridophytes (e.g., Yarravia Lang and Cookson, 1935) and are diagnostic for marattialean ferns (e.g., Scolecopteris Zenker, 1837; Millay, 1979) and the seed ferns. Small groups or synangia of marattialean eusporangia are com
The ν1 vibrational fundamental of the cyanogen-HF binary complex

Abstract A Doppler-free infrared spectrum of the v 1 band of NCCN-HF has been measured using a laser-molecular beam apparatus based on the opto-thermal detection technique. A fit to the spectrum yields the following set of molecular constants; v o = 3808.1491(30) cm −1 , B″ =0.039840(11) cm −1 and B' = 0.040205(11) cm −1 . Considerable homogeneous broadening is observed in the spectrum which indicates that the lifetime of the vibrationally excited state is approximately 0.14 ns. A number of transitions are found to be perturbed relative to the frequencies expected for a rigid rotor. These perturbations are most likely due to either coriolis or anharmonic coupling between the v 1 , vibration and some other (dark) vibrational states of the molecule.
Shaping of clean, femtosecond pulses at 1.053 μm for chirped-pulse amplification

We report the generation of 200-fs optical pulses at 1.053 μm using two stages of fiber-grating compressors. The usual intensity background associated with this compression technique has been reduced to less than 10−7 of the peak intensity by using nonlinear birefringence in the second fiber. These pulses are used at the front end of our chirped-pulse amplification terawatt Nd:glass laser system.
Posthatch Ontogeny and Sex-Related Differences in Somatotroph Numbers in the Chicken Adenohypophysis

Abstract Adenohypophyseal total cell and somatotroph numbers were determined in male and female chicks over the early (12 wk) growth period. In a first experiment, adenohypophyses from male and female broiler-strain (Hubbard × Hubbard) chicks were harvested at 2 wk intervals from 2 to 12 wk of age. Glands were enzymatically dispersed to yield uniform cell suspensions that were fixed and stained (Herlant’s Tetrachrome system) to distinguish somatotrophs. Percentages of somatotrophs in the total adenohypophyseal cell population were similar for both sexes (P>.05) and declined with age (P In a second experiment, the percentages of somatotrophs in the total adenohypophyseal cell population from males of a slower growing, layer-type breed (White Leghorn) were compared to those of Hubbard males at 4, 8, and 12 wk of age. Leghorn males were higher than Hubbard males over all ages in percentages of somatotrophs (14.9 ± .87% vs. 10.8 ± .71%; P
The sagittal split ramus osteotomy as the preferred treatment for mandibular prognathism.

Since the introduction of the mandibular sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) by Trauner and Obwegeser 1 in 1957, it has become one of the most popular operations for correction of mandibular prognathism. This article discusses the indications and advantages of the SSRO and describes specific surgical modifications to improve outcome and reduce risks and complications.
Spin-flip relaxation time of conduction electrons in Cd1-xMnxTe quantum wells.

We present theoretical calculations of the spin-flip relaxation time of conduction electrons in ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathit{x}}$Te quantum wells. The spin-flip scattering arises from the s-d exchange interaction between the conduction and localized electrons. The scattering efficiency is larger with the localized spins in the well than in the barrier, typical time scales being tens of picoseconds and nanoseconds, respectively. A biased double-quantum-well structure should provide an ideal means for controllable change of the spin-flip scattering time.
Which route for hysterectomy? Evidence-based outcomes guide selection.

PREVIEWThe controversy continues over the appropriate use of vaginal hysterectomy for many indications that were previously treated only with abdominal or laparoscopic methods. Current outcomes data have pointed up the need for established guidelines to ensure that patients receive appropriate surgical treatment that is most cost-effective and that meets the standard of quality care. Dr Kovac reviews recent data regarding the various surgical options for hysterectomy and offers guidelines based on objective pathologic criteria.
Multiphase averaging and the inverse spectral solution of the Korteweg—de Vries equation

Inverse spectral theory is used to prescribe and study equations for the slow modulations of N-phase wave trains for the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. An invariant representation of the modulational equations is deduced. This representation depends upon certain differentials on a Riemann surface. When evaluated near ∞ on the surface, the invariant representation reduces to averaged conservations laws; when evaluated near the branch points, the representation shows that the simple eigenvalues provide Riemann invariants for the modulational equations. Integrals of the invariant representation over certain cycles on the Riemann surface yield “conservation of waves.” Explicit formulas for the characteristic speeds of the modulational equations are derived. These results generalize known results for a single-phase traveling wave, and indicate that complete integrability can induce enough structure into the modulational equations to diagonalize (in the sense of Riemann invariants) their first-order terms.
Solid-State and Nuclear Results from a Measurement of the Pressure Dependence of the Energy of the Resonance Gamma Ray of Au 197

Metallic gold has been subjected to a sequence of pressures in the range from 0 to 70.6 kbar at a temperature of 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and the change of the energy of the $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ resonance $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray with pressure has been measured. The measurements were made by the M\"ossbauer method. The result for $\frac{d{E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}}{\mathrm{dP}}$ is in good agreement with an earlier prediction for this quantity based on a correlation of the M\"ossbauer isomer shift with residual electrical resistance for a series of dilute gold alloys. We have used the Wigner-Seitz approximation to describe the gold $6s$ band, and this wave function has been calculated in a relativistic Hartree approximation. Within this treatment we find that the gold nucleus increases in size when excited, with $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}r}{r}\ensuremath{\cong}+1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$. A brief comment is made on the bearing which these results have on the charge and screening of gold atoms in dilute gold alloys.
We and they: Pronouns as measures of political identification and estrangement

Some people refer to the United States government as “we,” some people as “they,” in responses to an open-ended survey question on American intervention in Vietnam. This seemingly trivial linguistic difference (and perhaps others) can be included as part of a regular coding operation. In the present instance, race seems to be the most important determinant of pronoun usage, with blacks more likely to refer to the United States as “they” rather than “we.” The pattern of other associations to pronoun referent also differs by race: white they-sayers tend to be low in education and in personal trust of other people generally, while black they-sayers are not distinctive in education, but give evidence of solidarity with blacks and of alienation from whites. Not all the results fit together neatly, and limitations of the present measure are noted, but the findings suggest the value of content analysis of linguistic style in verbatim responses to survey questions.
Floristics of ephemeral ponds in east-central Texas

Abstract Beginning in 2009, we surveyed the vegetation of ephemeral ponds in Sabine and Nacogdoches counties in east-central Texas. These ponds are shallow and flat-bottomed, with a small but distinct flora dominated by grasses (Poaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae). The floras of these ponds are most similar to those of flatwoods ponds located on the lower coastal plain. Once more common on the landscape, ponds of this type have been altered or destroyed by land-use changes and fire suppression, leading to massive encroachment of woody vegetation. The pond we sampled in Nacogdoches County has been regularly mowed for approximately 30 years to prevent woody encroachment. Currently, prescribed burning in late summer and mechanical removal of encroaching woody vegetation are being applied to better understand management options that will maintain and restore the ponds we sampled and similar sites in east-central Texas. These and other natural ponds in the West Gulf Coastal Plain have not been comprehensively stu...
Determining primary productivity of Lake Roosevelt with 14C

During two sampling trips in 1997, primary productivity was measured at 11 stations in Lake Roosevelt using a radioactive carbon tracer capable of determining subtle changes in water quality. Both spatial and temporal variations in productivity were observed. For the August 1997 field trip, productivities on the mainstem reservoir ranged from 485 to 1,243 mgC/m2/d, with an average value of 783 mgC/m2/d. Temporal differences between the August and October trips varied by as much as 880 mgC/m2/d. The data are compared to measurements taken over a four-year period to determine subtle, long-term changes in the water quality. Productivity at Lake Roosevelt is heavily influenced by tributary inflow, and generally increased in the reservoir reaches below the mouths of the tributaries. Mainstem sites between the tributaries had lower productivities than the upstream and downstream tributary sites, indicating that nutrients may be rapidly utilized in the immediate vicinity of the inflows. However, productivities i...
Planning with great uncertainty: A review and case study of the safe drinking water controversy

Abstract Since 1974, monitoring the water for dangerous contaminants and judging the impact of low levels of contamination on human health have become highly controversial environmental planning issues in the United States. This paper overviews the chemical, ecological correlation, and case control literatures to establish a baseline and then focuses on New Jersey, the state with the highest cancer mortality rates in the United States from 1950 to 1969, for a case study. While estimates of cancer incidence from consuming contaminated water are made, the scientific results are inconclusive. When combined with economic and political questions, the overall result is to highlight an issue frought with uncertainty presenting serious dilemmas for scientific planning.
Influences of Youth Leadership within a Community-Based Context.

This research project evaluated outcomes for a leadership development program utilizing adult volunteers who worked with youth to incorporate experiential learning and civic engagement opportunities. As a result, this experience exposed youth to practical skills as well as a chance to develop a sense of community connectedness. This was revealed through the youth developing more positive perceptions toward their role as decision makers in their communities, after participation in the program. Youth also developed more positive perceptions of their relationships with adults. Moreover, when comparing those youth who volunteer at least one hour per week to those who do not, those who had volunteered in the past had significantly more positive perceptions than those who had never volunteered in their community.
Self-aligned double patterning decomposition for overlay minimization and hot spot detection

Self-aligned double patterning (SADP) lithography is a promising technology which can reduce the overlay and print 2D features for sub-32nm process. Yet, how to decompose a layout to minimize the overlay and perform hot spot detection is still an open problem. In this paper, we present an algorithm that can optimally solve the SADP decomposition problem. For a decomposable layout, our algorithm guarantees to find a decomposition solution that minimizes overlay. For a non-decomposable layout our algorithm guarantees to find all hot spots. Experimental results validate our method, and decomposition results for Nangate Open Cell Library and larger testcases are also provided with competitive run-times.
Presurgical Maggot Debridement of Soft Tissue Wounds Is Associated with Decreased Rates of Postoperative Infection

Postoperative complications were assessed for all patients who received presurgical maggot debridement therapy (MDT) and for a matched group of patients who did not. Ten wounds were debrided by maggots within 1-17 days prior to surgical closure. Debridement was effective in all cases, and there were no postoperative wound infections. Six (32%) of 19 wounds not treated presurgically with MDT developed postoperative wound infections (95% CI, 10%-54%; P<.05). Presurgical MDT was effective in preparing the wound bed for surgical closure, without increased risk of postsurgical wound infection.
Determination of Mechanical Properties and Actuation Behaviors of Polypyrrole–Copper Bimorph Nanoactuators

This paper reports on a polypyrrole (ppy) based bimorph nanoactuator. The nanoactuator consists of ppy nanowire and Cu thin film. To create a nanoactuator, a (10 ± 5)-nm-thick Cu film was precisely deposited on one side of a (13.7 ± 1.0)-μm-long and 270 ± 20 nm diameter ppy nanowire. The bimorph was thermally actuated using the mismatch of the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) between Cu and ppy. The CTE of ppy nanowire was obtained by measuring the deflection of the bimorph. The measured CTE of ppy was (12 ± 1 × 10-6)/K, which was found to be much less than CTE of a typical polymer. Further, the amount of the force generated by the ppy/Cu bimorph was measured by lateral force microscopy (LFM). The measured force from the nanoactuator was approximately 1 nN at ΔT = 100 K.
After a pair of self-control-intensive tasks, sucrose swishing improves subsequent working memory performance

The limited strength model of self-control predicts that acts of self-control impair subsequent performance on tasks that require self-control (i.e., “ego depletion”), and the majority of the published research on this topic is supportive of this prediction. Additional research suggests that this effect can be alleviated by manipulating participants’ motivation to perform—for instance, by having participants swish a drink containing carbohydrates, which is thought to function as a reward—or by requiring participants to complete two initial acts of self-control rather than only one. Here, we explore both the effect of having participants perform two initial tasks thought to require self-control (versus two less self-control-intensive tasks) and the effect of swishing a drink containing sucrose (compared to control drinks) on subsequent self-control. Outcomes were analyzed using standard null hypothesis significance testing techniques (e.g., analysis of variance, t-tests). In some cases, test statistics were transformed into Bayes factors to aid in interpretation (i.e., to allow for acceptance of the null hypothesis). We found that performing two self-control-intensive tasks actually improved subsequent self-control when participants swished a drink containing sucrose between tasks. For participants who swished control drinks, we found no evidence of ego depletion. We conclude that claims that self-control failure is caused by the depletion of a resource (or that it functions as if it relies on a limited resource) merit greater circumspection. Our results—all of which were either null or contrary to predictions from the limited strength model—are important for researchers interested in patterns of self-control failure.
Applications of Tutoring Systems in Specialized Subject Areas An Analysis of Skills, Methodologies, and Results

Tutoring is an effective, quick, and easily implemented procedure to individualize instruction across dyads, small groups, or large groups. Most tutoring applications have occurred in school settings using classwide, cross-age, or one-to-one configurations, with traditional academic subjects (e.g., reading, math, spelling) serving as the targeted skills. Limited home-based applications have also been reported, with the focus remaining essentially within an academic context. This article reviews how tutoring systems have been applied across specialized subject areas (e.g., music, horticulture, health and safety, social interactions). The authors summarize research findings, provide an analysis of skills learned within each tutoring system, identify the respective methodologies, and report relevant findings. Implications and suggestions for future research efforts are given.
Changing trends in human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the population aged 50 and older.

OBJECTIVES: To alert persons in the public and private healthcare professions to the increasing trends in higher proportions of persons aged 50 and older who are newly diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and who are living with HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). DESIGN: Data from the period 1992 through 2004 from the HIV/AIDS Reporting System (HARS) were analyzed. SETTING: New Jersey is the eleventh-most-populous state, with the highest density of persons per square mile. It also has the fifth-highest number of AIDS cases. PARTICIPANTS: All persons residing in New Jersey and reported to HARS with HIV infection or who are considered to have AIDS. MEASUREMENTS: Trends in persons aged 50 and older were compared with those in the population younger than 50 during 1992 through 2004 for the numbers of persons living with HIV/AIDS and the number of persons newly diagnosed with HIV infection. RESULTS: The proportion of all persons aged 50 and older living with HIV/AIDS in 2004 was significantly greater than the comparable proportion of persons in 1992. Proportionally, more persons were newly diagnosed with HIV who were aged 50 and older according to sex and for each of the three major race or ethnicity groups (white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic) than were persons younger than 50. Each of these increases was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: HIV/AIDS social marketing campaigns should include images and issues related to older persons in educational and prevention efforts. New methods that reach older populations should be considered. Physicians and other healthcare providers should be made aware of their role in prevention and education about HIV. Testing of older populations with risk factors should be encouraged.
Objective functions for probability estimation

The authors generalize and extend previously known results on obtaining probability estimates from neural network classifiers. In particular, the authors derive necessary and sufficient conditions for an objective function which minimizes to a probability. The objective function L(x,t) was found to be uniquely specified by the function L(x,0). This function L(x,0) was found to satisfy further restrictions when a condition of logical symmetry is required. These restrictions and the relation between L(x,t) and L(x,0) define the class of all objective functions which minimize to a probability. The two simplest functions in this class were found to be the well-known mean-squared error and cross entropy objective functions. >
Diet-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in genetically predisposed mice

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide, with approximately 70% of cases resulting from hepatitis B and C viral infections, aflatoxin exposure, chronic alcohol use or genetic liver diseases. The remaining approximately 30% of cases are associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes and related metabolic diseases, although a direct link between these pathologies and HCCs has not been established. We tested the long-term effects of high-fat and low-fat diets on males of two inbred strains of mice and discovered that C57BL/6J but not A/J males were susceptible to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and HCC on a high-fat but not low-fat diet. This strain-diet interaction represents an important model for genetically controlled, diet-induced HCC. Susceptible mice showed morphological characteristics of NASH (steatosis, hepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis), dysplasia and HCC. mRNA profiles of HCCs versus tumor-free liver showed involvement of two signaling networks, one centered on Myc and the other on NFkappaB, similar to signaling described for the two major classes of HCC in humans. miRNA profiles revealed dramatically increased expression of a cluster of miRNAs on the X chromosome without amplification of the chromosomal segment. A switch from high-fat to low-fat diet reversed these outcomes, with switched C57BL/6J males being lean rather than obese and without evidence for NASH or HCCs at the end of the study. A similar diet modification may have important implications for prevention of HCCs in humans.
The 7/11 Rule: An Estimate of m(rho) / f(pi)

We derive an estimate for the ratio of the rho mass and the pion decay constant from an analysis of vector and axial-vector two-point functions using large-Nc, lowest-meson dominance and the operator product expansion, in the chiral limit. We discuss the extension of this analysis to the scalar and pseudoscalar sector. Furthermore, this leads to a successful parameter-free determination of the L_i couplings of the chiral Lagrangian if an improved Nambu-Jona-Lasinio ansatz for Green functions is assumed at low energies.
Evolution of neural controllers for salamanderlike locomotion

This paper presents an experiment in which evolutionary algorithms are used for the development of neural controllers for salamander locomotion. The aim of the experiment is to investigate which kind of neural circuitry can produce the typical swimming and trotting gaits of the salamander, and to develop a synthetic approach to neurobiology by using genetic algorithms as design tool. A 2D bio-mechanical simulation of the salamander's body is developed whose muscle contraction is determined by the locomotion controller simulated as continuous-time neural networks. While the connectivity of the neural circuitry underlying locomotion in the salamander has not been decoded for the moment, the general organization of the designed neural circuits corresponds to that hypothesized by neurobiologist for the real animal. In particular, the locomotion controllers are based on a body central pattern generator (CPG) corresponding to a lamprey-like swimming controller as developed by Ekeberg, and are extended with a limb CPG for controlling the salamander's body. A genetic algorithm is used to instantiate synaptic weights of the connections within the limb CPG and from the limb CPG to the body CPG given a high level description of the desired gaits. A set of biologically plausible controllers are thus developed which can produce a neural activity and locomotion gaits very similar to those observed in the real salamander. By simply varying the external excitation applied to the network, the speed, direction and type of gait can be varied.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Müllerian mimicry ring in Appalachian millipedes.

Few biological phenomena provide such an elegant and straightforward example of evolution by natural selection as color mimicry among unrelated organisms. By mimicking the appearance of a heavily defended aposematic species, members of a second species gain protection from predators and, potentially, enhanced fitness. Mimicking a preexisting warning advertisement is economical because a potentially costly novel one can be avoided; simultaneously, the addition of more aposematic individuals enhances the overall warning effect. The better-known mimetic systems comprise tropical taxa, but here, we show a remarkable example of color mimicry in 7 species of blind, cyanide-generating millipedes endemic to the Appalachian Mountains of temperate North America. Because these millipedes lack eyes, there is no sexual selection or intraspecific signaling for coloration, providing an ideal system for mimicry studies. We document a Mullerian symbiosis where unrelated species vary in color and pattern over geographical space but appear identical where they co-occur. By using spectral color data, estimations of evolutionary history, and detailed field observations of species abundance, we test 4 predictions of Mullerian mimicry theory and begin to unravel the story of an elaborate mimetic diversification in the forests of Appalachia.
The effect of enteric-coated aspirin on the morning increase in platelet activity.

Abstract In vitro platelet aggregability to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and epinephrine increases in the morning, as does the frequency of myocardial infarction. A single-blind, randomized, cross-over study of 15 healthy males was conducted to determine: (1) if other measures of platelet activity show a morning increase and (2) if aspirin eliminates any increases in platelet activity detected. Subjects received 325 mg of enteric-coated aspirin (ECA) or placebo. During placebo therapy, platelet thromboxane A 2 production (following collagen stimulation) increased significantly after the subjects got up, as did platelet aggregability to ADP, epinephrine, and collagen. ECA markedly reduced baseline platelet thromboxane A 2 production and eliminated the increase after the subjects got up. It also abolished biphasic aggregation in response to epinephrine and ADP (thereby eliminating the morning increase in aggregability to these agents), lengthened collagen lag time, reduced synergistic aggregation to combined agonists, was effective on day 2, and did not alter increases of tissue plasminogen activator that occurred following the subjects' arising. If aspirin prevents myocardial infarction by its antiplatelet action, as seems likely, the preferential reduction of morning infarction observed in the Physicians' Health Study, and the demonstration that aspirin eliminates the morning increase in platelet activity, suggest that the morning increase in myocardial infarction is due in part to a concurrent relatively modest increase in platelet activity.
Assessment of the Efficacy of Noninvasive Screening for Patients With Asymptomatic Neck Bruits

Background and Purpose Several recent clinical trials have shown that endarterectomy is efficacious in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various test strategies for screening and diagnosing carotid artery disease. Methods We constructed a model of the natural history of carotid artery disease using literature-based estimates of the prevalence and incidence of carotid artery stenosis and associated morbidity and mortality. Markov cohort simulation was used to estimate the mean quality-adjusted life years and monetary costs associated with various management strategies. Results Screening is cost-effective in the baseline model. Key parameters affecting the efficacy of screening are prevalence of operable lesions, benefit of surgery, surgical complication rates, quality of life with stroke, rate of stenosis progression, and excess morbidity and mortality. Conclusions Asymptomatic patients with carotid bruits may benefit from screening if the prevalence rate is ≥20%, the benefits and risks associated with surgery are similar to those observed in the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study, and the quality of life with stroke is considerably lower than the quality of life without stroke. Ultrasound followed by three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography, if indicated, is a promising test strategy.
InGaAs/GaAs Quantum Well Structures Grown by Migration-Enhanced Epitaxy

GaAs/In.2Ga.8As/GaAs quantum well structures containing InGaAs layers of thickness over and under the critical thickness (hc) were studied, as grown by both conventional molecular beam epitaxy (C-MBE) and migration-enhanced epitaxy (MEE) techniques. A 6.0 monolayer per cycle (ML/cyc) growth rate, in contrast to a one or less-than-one ML/cyc growth rate used in a conventional MEE process, was used to grow In.2Ga.8As layers over hc. As-grown samples were characterized via photoluminescence, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The 6.0 ML/cyc MEE-grown layers over hc show superior optical quality to MBE-grown layers with the same thickness. Both X-ray diffraction and TEM microstructure results indicate that the 6.0 ML/cyc MEE-grown In.2Ga.8As layers are still strained layers while those grown by conventional MBE method are not. The 6.0 ML/cyc MEE process seems to be advantageous for growing InGaAs layers over the critical thickness.
Friend and Family Contact and Support in Early Widowhood

light the role of friends: ease of contact and satisfaction with friendship support were associated with more positive selfevaluative aspects of loss; greater frequency of friendship help was associated with more negative affective reactions, whereas higher satisfaction with friendship support was associated with more positive affective reactions. Discussion. These analyses support the voluntary and socializing functions of friendship and social support, bolster ing individuals during stressful life transitions, advancing our understanding of the underexamined and particularly distinct functions of friendship in the early phases of spousal loss.
Segmental neurofibromatosis in association with nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn

We describe an unusual case involving the simultaneous occurrence of segmental neurofibromatosis (Type V NF) in a patient with a large nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn in the same physical distribution. Causative mechanisms of development of these 2 genetic disorders have not been definitively linked. Factors producing these diseases probably involve similar tissues at the same point in development because both have been reported in association with central nervous system anomalies and have been classified among the neurocutaneous syndromes. This is a case of a nevus sebaceus occurring in association with and in the same physical distribution as segmental NF. These disorders most likely represent a spectrum of disease within the phakomatoses.
Does the Student-Loan Burden Weigh into the Decision to Start a Family?

I examine the relationship between student debt and the timing of marriage. The life-cycle consumption smoothing model implies that student loans should have a very small eect on consumption at any given point in time and should not aect the timing of family formation. I use the Survey of Consumer Finances to show that the amount of student borrowing is negatively related to the probability of marriage, but the strength of this relationship diminishes with age. I use exogenous variations in the availability of student loans since the 1970s to address the endogeneity of student debt. I supplement my results with data from a panel survey of registrants for the Graduate Management Admission Test. Data on reported marriage expectations suggest that Master of Business Administration students who borrow for their education may not have perfect foresight.
Demographics, Stock Market Flows, and Stock Returns

This paper studies the link between population age structure, net outflows (dividends plus repurchases less net issues) from the stock market, and stock market returns in an overlapping generations framework. I find support for the traditional lifecycle models—the outflows from the stock market are positively correlated with the changes in the fraction of old people (65 and over) and negatively correlated with the changes in the fraction of middle-aged people (45 to 64). Changes in population age structure also add significant explanatory power to equity premium regressions. The population structure adds to the predictive power of regressions involving the investment/savings rate for the U.S. economy. Finally, international demographic changes have some power in explaining international capital flows.
How to Thrive in the Era of Collaborative Services Entrepreneurship

OVERVIEW:Services have been steadily displacing products in industrialized economies for a half century—which is not to say that products are going away; rather, they are going into services. Cheap sensors and ubiquitous connectivity are accelerating this trend. For technology-based firms, these conditions create many opportunities to participate in product-service business ecosystems. For industrial firms to thrive in this environment, they must be able to explore in the market with partners and customers. That is, they must learn to navigate partner uncertainty and end user uncertainty at the same time. This balancing act can be thought of as collaborative services entrepreneurship. The keys to success are establishing the firm's strategic boundaries and developing early business-model validation methods. This article illuminates those capabilities and shows how two (or more) firms can act in concert while each acts in its own self-interest.