cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occupational disruption and adaptation: a study of house fire victims.

House fires are the most common disasters in our society. Disaster theorists acknowledge that complex daily living problems impede the recovery of victims. However, these problems have not been described in detail. The author conducted a qualitative study of the disruption to daily living routines caused by house fires and of the adaptation process victims undertook to reestablish effective patterns of purposeful activity. The data-gathering methods included observation on the scenes of 15 house or tenement fires and in-depth interviews with members of 10 families displaced by fires. Disruption was found to occur in the victims' use of time and comfort in their personal environment. A data analysis revealed a new process of occupational adaptation. The roles of tasks and activities were determined to be important in recovery. Language: en
Factors That Influence Safety Performance of Specialty Contractors

In the construction industry specialty contractors perform most of the construction work. Given their impact on the industry, the safety performance of specialty contractors should be of concern to the construction industry. This paper describes a study conducted to identify factors that significantly influence the safety performance of specialty contractors. The study was composed of separate surveys of three different specialty contractor populations—a variety of trade contractors located primarily in southern Nevada, roofing contractors in the state of Florida, and the regional offices of a large, nationwide mechanical contractor. While there appeared to be contradictions between the surveys in some areas, the study concluded that specialty contractor safety performance was consistently influenced, in part, by a number of factors. The factors shown to positively affect safety performance include minimizing worker turnover, implementing employee drug testing with various factors initiating the testing, and training with the assistance of contractor associations. Safety incentive programs were not necessarily associated with better safety performance. Growth in company size was found to be associated with improved safety performance as well.
Competitive Cache Replacement Strategies for Shared Cache Environments

We investigate cache replacement algorithms (CRAs) at a cache shared by several processes under different multicore environments. For a single shared cache, our main result is the first CRA, GLOBAL-MAXIMA, for fixed interleaving under shared full knowledge [1], where any data can be accessed by any process, and each process has full knowledge about its future request sequence. We establish that GLOBAL-MAXIMA has competitive ratio within a constant factor of optimal. This answers the major open question in [1]. We also present RR-PROC-MARK, a CRA for the disjoint full knowledge case, which is very simple and efficient, and achieves a better competitive ratio than the algorithms in [2], [1]; it is in fact optimal except when the number of processes sharing the cache is small. We then consider a cache hierarchy, both for a single process and when shared by several processes. We present CRAs for three types of caching models commonly used at a higher level cache: inclusive, exclusive, and partially-inclusive, and we establish that several of our CRAs have optimal competitive ratio. Our results for a cache hierarchy are new even in the traditional no knowledge case and even for a single process.
Optical touch screen with virtual force

This paper presents a novel approach of using stereovision or pseudo-stereovision to generate touch screen experience. A pair of digital cameras or a set of a digital camera and a mirror is mounted at the corners of a computer display. Algorithms are presented to generate the positions of the pointers when they are close to the screen. The paper also proposes to use positions, velocities and accelerations of a pointer to generate virtual forces in the active space of the touch screen. The user interface will be friendlier by applying the rich information obtained from the input methods presented in this paper.
What constitutes maintenance asthma care? The pediatrician's perspective.

Objective To describe how pediatricians report they provide maintenance care for children with persistent asthma, and to identify opportunities for improvement. Methods An anonymous 34-item survey was completed by community pediatricians in St Louis, Missouri, between June 2005 and October 2005. Physicians reported the percentage of patients for whom they would prescribe inhaled corticosteroids, and selected from checklists the activities and questions they would use during a maintenance care visit. Results A total of 135 (60%) of 225 eligible pediatricians responded. Respondents reported they prescribed inhaled corticosteroids for most patients (median 80% patients, range, 10%–100%). Although most respondents used specific questions to assess recent asthma burden including inquiring about the frequency of daytime (86%) and nighttime (83%) symptoms, fewer asked about activity limitations such as school absences (58%). Some reported using specific questions to assess medication adherence such as how often doses were missed (49%), or included collaborative activities to support daily self-management such as setting asthma care goals (60%), but fewer asked how symptoms were monitored (44%) or assessed the effect of the child's asthma on the parent and family (24%). Conclusions Findings from this self-reported physician survey suggest that asthma management practices fall short of optimal standards. Opportunities for improvement include more comprehensive and detailed assessment of asthma control and medication adherence, collaborative goal setting, and better collaboration with the parent to support effective self-management. Further interventions to reduce asthma morbidity need to support physicians with these activities.
On the influence of fault bends on the growth of sub‐Rayleigh and intersonic dynamic shear ruptures

Earthquake ruptures are modeled as dynamically propagating shear cracks with the aim of gaining insight into the physical mechanisms governing their arrest or, otherwise, the often-observed variations in rupture speeds. Fault bends have been proposed as being the main cause for these variations. Following this line of reasoning, the existence of deviations from fault planarity is chosen as the main focus of this study. Asymmetric impact is used to generate shear loading and to propagate dynamic mode-II cracks along the bonded interfaces of two otherwise identical homogeneous constituents. Secondary paths inclined at various angles are also introduced to represent fault bends or kinks. The experiments show that certain fault bend inclinations are favored as alternate paths for rupture continuation, whereas others suppress further motion of the incoming rupture. The asymptotic elastodynamic stress fields at the tip of the growing rupture are used to develop two criteria (one energetic and one stress based) for rupture propagation or arrest at the kinked interfaces. These criteria correlate very well with the experimental results. Since most field evidence suggests that the average rupture speeds during crustal earthquakes are sub-Rayleigh, this work first focuses on incoming rupture speeds that are just below the Rayleigh wave speed. Reports of intersonic crustal fault rupture speeds having surfaced recently, experiments and analyses are also performed within that speed regime.
Spaceflight reduces vasoconstrictor responsiveness of skeletal muscle resistance arteries in mice.

Cardiovascular adaptations to microgravity undermine the physiological capacity to respond to orthostatic challenges upon return to terrestrial gravity. The purpose of the present study was to inve...
AtSig5 Is an Essential Nucleus-Encoded Arabidopsis σ-Like Factor

Transcription of chloroplast genes is subject to control by nucleus-encoded proteins. The chloroplast-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) is a eubacterial-type RNA polymerase that is presumed to assemble with nucleus-encoded σ-factors mediating promoter recognition. Recently, families of σ-factor genes have been identified in several plants including Arabidopsis. One of these genes, Arabidopsis SIG5, encodes a σ-factor, AtSig5, which is phylogenetically distinct from the other family members. To investigate the role of this plant σ-factor, two different insertional alleles of the SIG5 gene were identified and characterized. Heterozygous mutant plants showed no visible leaf phenotype, but exhibited siliques containing aborted embryos and unfertilized ovules. Our inability to recover plants homozygous for a SIG5 gene disruption indicates that SIG5 is an essential gene. SIG5 transcripts accumulate in flower tissues, consistent with a role for AtSig5 protein in reproduction. Therefore, SIG5 encodes an essential member of the Arabidopsis σ-factor family that plays a role in plant reproduction in addition to its previously proposed role in leaf chloroplast gene expression.
Studies on Manganese Requirement and Interactions in the Diet of Young Turkeys

Abstract ONLY limited data have been published concerning the young turkey’s dietary manganese requirement. Mussehl and Ackerson (1939) fed poults a basal diet containing 35 parts per million (p.p.m.) of this element. Manganese carbonate and manganese sulfate were added in quantities to provide 35 and 350 p.p.m. of the element, respectively. There was no significant improvement in the growth rate in lots receiving added manganese; in addition, there were no observable cases of perosis. Poults tolerated 350 p.p.m. of added manganese without negative response. Ringrose et al. (1939) supplemented a low-manganese (10 p.p.m. or less) basal diet with 20, 40, 60 and 80 p.p.m. of the element as manganese sulfate. The experiment was conducted with Bronze poults from day-old to eight weeks of age. The incidence of perosis was gradually lowered and growth rate was increased with 20 p.p.m. or more of added manganese. Perosis was not entirely prevented with any …
Spatial and energy distributions of X-ray emissions from leaders in natural and rocket triggered lightning

[1] Energetic radiation is known to be produced by lightning. To investigate these emissions, ground-based observations are being conducted at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) at Camp Blanding, FL where measurements of energetic radiation from both natural and rocket-triggered lightning discharges are recorded. In the present study, data from two natural negative cloud-to-ground stepped leaders and one rocket-triggered “chaotic” dart leader are analyzed in detail to investigate X-ray energy spectra and spatial X-ray distributions around the source. These measurements are compared with Monte Carlo simulations of runaway electron propagation with the goal of understanding the underlying mechanism of runaway electron production and their role in lightning initiation and propagation. We show that the energetic electrons that produce X-rays exhibit a characteristic energy less than 3 MeV for two natural and one rocket-triggered leaders investigated. In addition to studying these three leaders, energetic electron luminosity, total energy, and energetic electron per meter are compared to the following return stroke currents for 28 leaders from 12 different triggered flashes. Electron luminosity is found to increase exponentially with return stroke current up to about 10 kA and to be roughly constant for larger currents. The maximum electron luminosity, which is determined indirectly through X-ray luminosities, is on the order of 1017 electrons/s, which is less than the value found from theoretical calculations.
25 Å Resolution Structure of a Cytoplasmic Dynein Motor Reveals a Seven-member Planar Ring

Dyneins form one of the three major families of cytoskeleton-based motor proteins that together drive most of the visible forms of cell and organelle movement. We present here a 3D reconstruction of a cytoplasmic dynein motor domain obtained by electron microscopy, at 25 A resolution. This work demonstrates a basic motor architecture of a flat, slightly elliptical ring composed of seven densities arranged around a partially enclosed central cavity. We have used specific Fab tags to localize the microtubule-binding domain; the connecting stalk emerges at one end of the motor's long axis. Through proposed fitting of representative AAA domain structures, we show that the nucleotide catalytic P-1 domain is likely located at the opposite end of the motor. Thus mechanisms that couple nucleotide hydrolysis with microtubule binding must be propagated around a ring structure, in a manner clearly distinct from kinesin or myosin-mediated movements. Analysis of the Fab tagged datasets reveals classes of particles with stalks protruding at distinct angles from the motor. There is a ∼40° variation in microtubule-binding stalk angle that may reflect linkage to dynein's mechanochemical cycle. Overall, the work provides sufficient resolution to begin the mapping of landmark features onto a dynein motor, and provides a foundation for understanding the mechanics of dynein movement.
Classification with Incomplete Data Using Dirichlet Process Priors

A non-parametric hierarchical Bayesian framework is developed for designing a classifier, based on a mixture of simple (linear) classifiers. Each simple classifier is termed a local "expert", and the number of experts and their construction are manifested via a Dirichlet process formulation. The simple form of the "experts" allows analytical handling of incomplete data. The model is extended to allow simultaneous design of classifiers on multiple data sets, termed multi-task learning, with this also performed non-parametrically via the Dirichlet process. Fast inference is performed using variational Bayesian (VB) analysis, and example results are presented for several data sets. We also perform inference via Gibbs sampling, to which we compare the VB results.
An investigation of web-page credibility

The experiment conducted in this study compared two Web-pages to determine which was perceived as more credible. One Web-page had corporation as the source and the other a highly qualified expert. In addition, a correlation between participants' preexisting disposition to trust and credibility perception was investigated. Results indicate no difference between the corporation and expert in generating credibility. A correlation between disposition to trust and credibility was found.
Ultralow threshold current lasers

Summary form only given. Ultralow threshold current vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) will enable practical laser-based smart pixels. Such devices have emerged through the application of monolithically integrated native oxides of AlGaAs as current constriction and mode control layers and as high-contrast Bragg reflectors. In this paper we will demonstrate and analyze the role of the oxide in current constriction and optical field control to predict the scaling of VCSELs to microamp thresholds. In addition, we will demonstrate and analyze the impact of high-contrast AlAs oxide/GaAs Bragg mirrors formed by selective oxidation on the performance of VCSELs and study the tradeoffs in device characteristics that arise from use of electrically insulating mirrors.
The Value of Land Restoration as a Response to Climate Change

Land is fundamentally important to many dimensions of climate change response and merits a more central position in the climate change mitigation discourse. Earth’s biosphere and soils play a central role in the carbon cycle, and land also mediates many anticipated impacts of climate change on human well-being. Earth’s ecosystems have historically lost hundreds of billions of tons of carbon to the atmosphere, and there is real potential to resequester a substantial fraction of this carbon at costs comparable to emissions reduction measures. Land restoration thus represents a crucial opportunity for mitigation. Drawdown of carbon is also a core part of adapting food systems, livelihoods, and ecosystem services to future climate changes that may already have been set in motion by elevated greenhouse gas (GHG) levels today. Finally, restoring productivity to degraded land and sustainable intensification will also be essential in the future to avoiding further destruction of natural ecosystems under rising demands for food and energy.
Surveying lactation professionals regarding breastfeeding and marijuana use

Aims: More than two million American soldiers have served in Iraq and Afghanistan, and returning home from deployment has proven to be a difficult task (Hinojosa and Hinojosa, 2011). Although social support may be a healthy means of relieving postdeployment distress (Campbell et al., 2007), marijuana use has become a common mechanism for coping with reintegration difficulties (Boden et al., 2013; Golub and Bennett, 2014) and is prevalent in returning veterans (Bonn-Miller et al., 2012). This study examined the associations betweenmarijuana-related problems, DSM-IV cannabis dependence, and post-deployment social support and distress in OIF/OEF/OND veterans. Methods: Returning veterans (n=152, mean age (SD) =32.30 (9.09); 93%male)whodeployedpost9/11/01completed self-report measures of current depression (CES-D), marijuana use problems (MPS), and perceived social support (DRRI). Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV were conducted to determine past year cannabis dependence diagnosis. Results: 41% of veterans reported marijuana use in the past year, and 28% reported use in the past month. Of past year marijuana users, 22% met criteria for DSM-IV cannabis dependence diagnosis. Post-deployment social support (B=−0.71, 95% CI [−0.84, −0.58], sr2 = 0.43, p< .001), marijuana-related problems (B=2.31, 95% CI [0.76, 3.86], sr2 = 0.03, p< .01), and number of current cannabis dependence symptoms (B=3.0, 95% CI [0.72, 5.28], sr2 = 0.02, p< .05) independently predicted CES-D depression. Marijuana problems and dependence symptoms did not moderate the relationship between social support and depression. Conclusions: Social support and marijuana-related problems and dependence were independently associated with depression. Findings suggest that veterans may benefit from increased social support as a way of coping with post-deployment distress. Engagement in interventions and treatments focused on reducing marijuana use may help improve post-deployment outcomes. Financial support: R01 DA033425 (Metrik, Borsari).
Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of the Separation Bubble on an Iced Airfoil

The separation bubble on a NACA 0012 airfoil with a two-dimensional, constant span, simulated leading-edge glaze-ice accretion is investigated using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Chordwise PIV measurements, or those along the separation bubble cross-section, are obtained at a Reynolds number of 0.9x10 6 , Mach number of 0.20, and between 0 deg and 5 deg angle-of-attack. Mean reattachment estimated from surface oil-flow visualization indicates increasing bubble length and unsteadiness (based on reattachment zone width) with angle-of-attack, consistent with results extracted from PIV measurements. Timeaveraged streamlines and forward flow intermittency reveal a primary recirculation with clockwise rotation defined by a shear-layer and a smaller, secondary recirculation with counter-clockwise rotation directly downstream of the point of separation, both consistent with backward-facing step type flowfields. Mean and RMS velocity component contours highlight these features and wall-normal profiles are extracted and compared to other separation bubble data including those over a backward-facing step and blunt flat plate.
Flutter Suppression of Rotating Wind Turbine Blade Based on Beddoes-Leishman model using Microtabs

Recent developments in flow control technology have resulted in small-sized, powerefficient devices, as microtabs, which is capable of impacting flow field over rotating wind turbine blade to generate control forces. The model of the rotatory blade is considered as an aeroelastic system with unsteady periodic aerodynamic loads, simulated by BeddoesLeishman stall model. The traditional control technique as PID control can not address the problem of blade fluttering or multiple performance goals arising from wind turbine operation. Therefore, novel approach for control design, as Adaptive Control, is required. The stability of the designed controller is revealed by good performance of simulation results in open-loop and closed-loop tests, showing robustness and effectiveness of the controller in flutter suppression with Microtabs. Moreover, The stability of the feedback system is proved theoretically by the given Adaptive Stability Theorem for periodic time-varying system. The demonstration of the stability theorem is also given by certain cases.
The Mathematical Collaboration of M. L. Cartwright and J. E. Littlewood

- Balthasar van der Pol's experiments on electrical circuits during the 1920s and 1930s opened an interesting chapter in the history of dynamics. The need for advancements in radio technology made van der Pol's work pertinent and his research stimulated mathematical interest in nonlinear oscillators. In particular, van der Pol's work caught the attention of Cambridge mathematicians M. L. Cartwright and J. E. Littlewood. Topology and Poincare's transformation theory provided a key to analyzing behavior of nonlinear oscillators and dissipative systems. Resulting mathematical techniques have played a significant role in the development of the modern theory of dynamical systems and chaos. In addition, nonlinear oscillator theory has led to the development of radio, radar, and laser technology. The collaboration between Cartwright and Littlewood began just before World War II and lasted approximately ten years. They published four joint papers, and individually published several other papers based on joint work. Their collaboration produced some of the earliest rigorous work in the field of large parameter theory. They were among the first mathematicians to recognize that topological and analytical methods could be combined to efficiently obtain results for various problems in differential equations, and their results helped inspire the construction of Smale's horseshoe diffeomorphism.l Their names can be included with those mathematicians, including Levinson, Lefschetz, Minorsly, Liapounov, KIyloff, Bogolieuboff, Denjoy, Birkhoff, and Poincare, whose work provided an impetus to the development of modern dynamical theory. Cartwright knew G. H. Hardy at Oxford before she met Littlewood. Cartwright joined a special group when she began to attend Hardy's Friday class at New College in January, 1928. The participants included Gertrude Stanley, John Evelyn, E. H. Linfoot, L. S. Bosenquet, Frederick Brand, and Tirukkannapuram Vijayarhagavan. Nearly all completed their D. Phils by the summer of 1928. The universal feeling among the participants was that they were studying under a very great man who had not yet been recognized fully. Cartwright appreciated Hardy's stylE and philosophy of mathematics. She recalled that he took immense trouble with his students whether they were good, bad, or indifferent. Once, when she had produced an obviously fallacious result, Hardy remarked, "Let's see, there's always hope when you get a sharp contradiction."2 Hardy became Cartwright's initial thesis advisor and she finished with E. C. Titschmarsh when Hardy went on leave to Princeton. Cartwright first met Littlewood in June of 1930 when he went to Oxford to examine her for her Doctor of Philosophy degree. The following October she went to Girton College, Cambridge on a three-year research fellowship. She attended a
Mapping the Sacred Landscape: Spirituality and the Contemporary Literature of Nature

This essay is an attempt to sketch a preliminary map of the emerging dialogue between spirituality and the contemporary literature of nature. This includes: (1) a consideration of their distinctive approaches to the mapping of the sacred landscape; (2) an exploration of some of the ambiguities and tensions within the literature of nature toward matters of religion; (3) an outline of recent developments within the discipline of spirituality that enable scholars in that field to respond more thoughtfully to questions raised by nature writers; (4) a description of the genres found in the burgeoning literature of nature writing and the themes that make it a useful resource and conversation partner for spirituality; (5) an evaluation of three prominent themes of contemporary nature writing—relationship, mystery, and moral responsibility—of particular importance for developing a contemporary spirituality of nature.
Cardiac Problems in Patients with Neurologic Disease

This article summarizes the role of the cardiac consultant in the management of patients with a broad range of neurologic problems. It emphasizes the importance of anticoagulation in stroke prevention and of the recognition of electrocardiogram abnormalities which may reflect a predominantly neurologic process. A schema is presented that elucidates the mechanisms involved in the myocardial manifestations of central nervous system disease. Additionally, the myocardial involvement associated with neuromuscular diseases is presented, emphasizing the major roles of heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden death in several of these diseases.
"The measurement of hearing handicap" revisited: a 20-year perspective.

Interest in the development of self-assessment instruments to measure the handicapping effect of hearing difficulty has grown in the last 20 years. Numerous paper and pencil instruments are now available which vary in purpose, design, and psychometric underpinings. This paper discusses the status of the self-assessment approach in clinical audiology, presents a point of view regarding some of the factors contributing to this status and proposes some frontiers still open to self-assessment instruments in the assessment of hearing handicap.
Conclusion: The City of God and the Citadel of Creatures

One of the burdens of my arguments in the preceding pages has been to show - in ways direct and indirect - why social justice cannot be said to be the main concern of religion. That does not mean that it cannot raise its voice against, say, apartheid in South Africa, the violation of human rights in China or ‘ethnic cleansing’, supposedly being perpetrated in Bosnia-Herzegovina. I do not suggest that religion should, or could, be utterly indifferent to questions of justice: that it be ‘colour-blind’ to injustice in the world. For religion does have a prophetic and a pastoral role. Also, even accepting the principle of the separation of religion, on the one hand, and state and politics, on the other, we have seen that actually keeping them apart, in practice, is not easy; although, in my opinion, that must remain the aim of all concerned. What I wish to maintain, primarily, is that religion must not become, or be seen as, the instrument of social justice, in its more technical sense of distributive, economic and political justice; whether such a programme is proposed or carried out under Marxist or liberal inspiration. The most important reason for my view is that construing religion in this way takes religion away from its main goals - the moral and spiritual transformation of humanity - and, at the same time, leads to its adoption of the ideology of liberalism, which, as a Utopia, is quite the opposite of that enshrined in the idea of the kingdom of God.
Holding the gains in quality improvement.

In QI, enacting a positive change within your practice isn't the end. You must continue moving forward.
The facts and fiction of breaking into the United States

Advice for international medical graduates on applying to surgical training programmes in the US from one such Stateside success story.
In situ δ13C and δ18O microanalysis by SIMS: A method for characterizing the carbonate components of natural and engineered CO2-reservoirs

Abstract This work addresses the potential utility of in situ carbon and oxygen isotope microanalysis (δ13C and δ18O) by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in carbon sequestration research. A desirable long-term consequence of CO2-injection into underground rock formations at prospective sequestration sites (such as deep saline sandstone aquifers capped by impermeable strata) is the precipitation of carbonate mineral cements, the isotopic fingerprinting of which is a central theme here. More specifically, we focus on the unique advantage of the SIMS technique, which lies in the capability of analyzing very small sample volumes that are otherwise inaccessible to sampling techniques in conventional isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). For example, single carbonate crystallites as small as 3–10 μm across can be readily analyzed by SIMS with sub per-mil (‰) accuracy and precision. Importantly, the ability to perform micrometer-scale measurements in situ from either thin sections or 1-in. (25 mm) diameter polished core plugs preserves the petrographic context of measured carbonate δ18O and δ13C values. We provide a preliminary characterization of the pre-injection mineralogy and isotopic fingerprints of carbonate cements in the Mount Simon Sandstone reservoir and the overlying silty-shaly caprock (the Eau Claire Formation) at the Illinois Basin Decatur Project, a demonstration and research site for exploring the feasibility of long-term CO2 storage in a deep saline aquifer. By drawing upon published data on ambient reservoir conditions and the isotopic composition of the injected CO2, we make simple predictions regarding possible δ13C values of calcite, dolomite-ankerite, and siderite cements that may form in response to long-term CO2 storage.
Tailoring the Arab Spring to American values and interests: A framing analysis of U.S. elite newspapers’ opinion pieces:

This study investigated the portrayal of the Arab Spring by conducting a qualitative framing analysis of editorials and columns in two elite U.S. newspapers: The New York Times and The Washington P...
Antiscaling Magnetic Slippery Surfaces.

Scale formation is a common problem in a wide range of industries such as oil and gas, water desalination, and food processing. Conventional solutions for this problem including mechanical removal and chemical dissolution are inefficient, costly, and sometimes environmentally hazardous. Surface modification approaches have shown promises to address this challenge. However, these approaches suffer from intrinsic existence of solid–liquid interfaces leading to high rate of scale nucleation and high adhesion strength of the formed scale. Here, we report a new surface called magnetic slippery surface in two forms of Newtonian fluid (MAGSS) and gel structure (Gel-MAGSS). These surfaces provide a liquid–liquid interface to elevate the energy barrier for scale nucleation and minimize the adhesion strength of the formed scale on the surface. Performance of these new surfaces in both static and dynamic (under fluid flow) configurations is examined. These surfaces show superior antiscaling properties with an order ...
So What Is Street Law Anyway – A U.S. Perspective

This article briefly explores the current problems surrounding young people’s knowledge, skills and engagement in the civic life of the democracy in the United States and the contributions that public legal education or civic learning [1] can make to improving youth engagement as members of a democracy. The article will acknowledge the contribution made by the law-related education movement of the 1950s. More specifically, the article will explore the history of a law school based program - Street Law -- that describes the most important way that law schools in the United States contribute to civic learning. Finally, the article will reveal the actual source of the term “Street Law” and the ongoing impact that Street Law has on the young people and the law students who teach it. [1] I will use the term “civic learning,” instead of public-legal education, which is the more common term in Washington State and in many other states in the U.S.
Effect of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells on Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma:

Objective Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have significant wound-healing difficulties. While adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) facilitate wound healing, ASCs may accelerate recurrence when applied to a cancer field. This study evaluates the impact of ASCs on HNSCC cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Study Design In vitro experiments using HNSCC cell lines and in vivo mouse experiments. Setting Basic science laboratory. Subjects and Methods Impact of ASCs on in vitro proliferation, survival, and migration was assessed using 8 HNSCC cell lines. One cell line was used in a mouse orthotopic xenograft model to evaluate in vivo tumor growth in the presence and absence of ASCs. Results Addition of ASCs did not increase the number of HNSCC cells. In clonogenic assays to assess cell survival, addition of ASCs increased colony formation only in SCC9 cells (maximal effect 2.3-fold, P < .02) but not in other HNSCC cell lines. In scratch assays to assess migration, fluorescently tagged ASCs did not migrate appreciably and did not increase the rate of wound closure in HNSCC cell lines. Addition of ASCs to HNSCC xenografts did not increase tumor growth. Conclusion Using multiple in vitro and in vivo approaches, ASCs did not significantly stimulate HNSCC cell proliferation or migration and increased survival in only a single cell line. These findings preliminarily suggest that the use of ASCs may be safe in the setting of HNSCC but that further investigation on the therapeutic use of ASCs in the setting of HNSCC is needed.
Necessity of law of balance of moment of moments in non-classical continuum theories for solid continua

In the non-classical continuum theories for solid continua the presence of internal rotations and their gradients arising due to Jacobian of deformation and/or consideration of Cosserat rotations as additional unknown degrees of freedom at a material point necessitate existence of moment tensor. For small deformation, small strains theories, in Lagrangian description the Cauchy moment tensor and the rates of rotation gradients are rate of work conjugate pair in addition to the rate of work conjugate Cauchy stress tensor and the strain rate tensor. It is well established that in such non-classical theories the Cauchy stress tensor is non-symmetric and the antisymmetric components of the Cauchy stress tensor are balanced by gradients of the Cauchy moment tensor, the balance of angular momenta balance law. In the non-classical continuum theories incorporating internal rotations and conjugate moment tensor that are absent in the classical continuum theories, the fundamental question is “are the conservation and balance laws used in classical continuum mechanics sufficient to ensure dynamic equilibrium of the deforming volume of matter”. At this stage the Cauchy moment tensor remains non-symmetric if we only consider standard balance laws that are used in classical continuum theories. Thus, requiring constitutive theories for the symmetric as well as anti-symmetric Cauchy moment tensors. The work presented in this paper shows that when the thermodynamically consistent constitutive theories are used for symmetric as well as antisymmetric Cauchy moment tensor non physical and spurious solutions result even in simple model problems. This suggests that perhaps the additional conjugate tensors resulting due to presence of internal rotations, namely the Cauchy moment tensor and the antisymmetric part of the Cauchy stress stress tensor must obey some additional law or restriction so that the spurious behavior is precluded. This paper demonstrates that in the non-classical theory with internal rotations considered here the law of balance of moment of moments and the consideration of the equilibrium of moment of moments are in fact identical. When this balance law is considered the Cauchy moment tensor becomes symmetric, hence eliminating the constitutive theory for the antisymmetric Cauchy moment tensor and thereby eliminating spurious and non physical solutions. The necessity of this balance law is established theoretically and is also demonstrated through model problems using thermoelastic solids with small strain small deformation as an example. The findings reported in this paper hold for thermoviscoelastic solids with and without memory as well as when deformation and strains are small. Extensions of the concepts presented here for finite deformation and finite strain will be presented in a follow up paper.
Cascade Vulnerability Problem Simulator Tool.

In this paper, we present a tool called the CVP Simulator Tool, which enables users to model a computer network and its connectivity, and detects and eliminates any existing Cascade Vulnerability Problems (CVP). Users can add computers into a network, define what kind of information the computer can hold (e.g., Top Secret, Classified), establish connections between computers, assign a value to this connection, and simulate information flow between computers. The presented tool integrates the best features of two programming languages, object oriented and logic programming, to express solutions in terms of constraints using Constraint Programming (CP), which is a paradigm that has been successfully applied to large scale problems such as combinatorial search, optimization, and scheduling.
Curvature of Function Graphs

One of the nicest applications of linear algebra to geometry comes in the study of total curvature of graphs of functions of two variables. We shall see how a very natural construction leads to a self-adjoint linear transformation, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of which have particular geometric significance.
Stereospecificity in Anionic Polymerization

Active centers in anionic polymerization exist in cis and trans forms. Equilibrium fractions and interconversion rates depend on solvent and counter-ion. With diene polymerization in polar solvents, the isomers equilibrate rapidly down to very low temperatures if lithium is the counter-ion, but only very slowly at room temperature if it is potassium. In such solvents, the kinetic preference is trans but at equilibrium it is cis. Trans centers are more vinyl stereospecific for a given counter-ion and react faster with monomer. In vinyl polymerization, cis-trans interconversion rates are slow with all counter-ions on the reaction time scale. Counter-ion positional exchange is however rapid in THF but slows somewhat in toluene. Diad structure is not defined until the next monomer adds. The determination of 1,2 or 1,4 structure in diene polymerization is decided in the same manner, a common characteristic of anionic polymerization.
Skeletal muscle autophagy remains responsive to hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia at higher plasma insulin concentrations in insulin‐resistant mice

Skeletal muscle autophagy is suppressed by insulin, but it is not clear if such suppression is altered with insulin resistance. We investigated if the inhibitory action of insulin on autophagy remains intact despite insulin resistance to glucose metabolism. C57BL/6J mice consumed either a low-fat (10% fat) diet as control or high-fat (60% fat) diet for 12 weeks to induce insulin resistance. Following a 5-hour fast, mice underwent either hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic, or saline infusion to test the effect of insulin on autophagy markers in the quadriceps muscle (n = 8-10 per diet and clamp condition). Mice were anesthetized by sodium pentobarbital for tissue collection after 2 h of infusion. Despite the high-fat group having lower insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, both low-fat and high-fat groups had similar autophagosome abundance during hyperinsulinemic conditions. The lipidation of microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3II/LC3I) was decreased in hyperinsulinemia versus saline control (P < 0.01) in low-fat (-54%) and high-fat groups (-47%), demonstrating similar suppression of autophagy between diet groups. Mitochondrial-associated LC3II was greater in the high-fat compared to the low-fat group (P = 0.045) across clamp conditions, suggesting a greater localization of autophagosomes with mitochondria. L6 myotubes were treated with insulin and rapamycin to determine the role of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) in insulin-mediated suppression of autophagy. Inhibition of mTORC1 blunted the decline of LC3II/LC3I with insulin by 40%, suggesting mTORC1 partially mediates the insulin action to suppress autophagy. Collectively, autophagy remained responsive to the suppressive effects of insulin in otherwise insulin-resistant and obese mice.
Limits of Near-Field Directivity for a Wire Array

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) systems require greater spatial resolution to enable more advanced therapeutic techniques and diagnostics procedures. Highly directive near-field arrays have been proposed to increase the ratio of magnetic field penetration depth to focality of TMS systems. We theoretically evaluate an infinite wire array and the current density required to produce highly directive field patterns. The results are shown to be applicable for practically sized arrays. We give examples of the current density distribution and resulting fields. Finally, we elaborate on how the density of the elements in the near-field array and the maximum allowable current magnitude limit the achievable directivity of the array.
Optimization of prostate cancer cell detection using multiplex tyramide signal amplification.

Approximately 29 000 men die of prostate cancer (PCa) each year in the United States, and 90% to 100% of them are due to incurable bone metastasis. It is difficult to determine (1) when PCa disseminates in the natural history of the disease; (2) where cancer cell disseminates before becoming overt metastatic lesions; and (3) which tumors are aggressive and which are indolent. Tumor tissue and liquid (blood and bone marrow) biopsies provide important information to answer these questions, but significant limitations exist for immunostaining strategies that assess protein expression in these tissues. Classic immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays can typically assess expression of one or two proteins per tissue section. We have developed a novel immunofluorescence staining protocol to detect a panel of seven proteins on PCa tissue from primary tumor biopsies and metastatic lesion autopsy tissue, as well as cancer cells from liquid biopsies. We used a tyramide-based system to amplify the true signal and optimized the protocol to reduce background signal, thereby boosting the signal-to-noise ratio. Any protein-specific antibody in this protocol can be exchanged for a different validated antibody. This protocol therefore, represents a highly informative and flexible assay that can be used to provide important information about cancer tissue for the purpose of improving detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
Immunosuppressants in Organ Transplantation

The goal of immunosuppressive therapy post-transplantation in pediatric renal transplant recipients is to prevent acute and chronic rejection while minimizing drug side effects. Most therapies alter immune response mechanisms but are not immunologically specific, and a careful balance is required to find the dose that prevents rejection of the graft while minimizing the risks of overimmunosuppression leading to infection and cancer. While this chapter because of space constraints focuses on immunosuppressive therapy in pediatric renal transplant recipients, many aspects can be applied on pediatric recipients of other solid organ transplants such as the liver and heart. The major maintenance immunosuppressive agents currently used in various combination regimens are tacrolimus, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, everolimus, sirolimus, and glucocorticoids (steroids). Although data from adult renal transplantation trials are used to help guide management decisions in pediatric patients, immunosuppressive therapy in pediatric renal transplant recipients often must be modified because of the unique dosage requirements and clinical effects of these agents in children, including their impact on growth and development. The optimal immunosuppressive therapy post-transplant is not established. The goal remains to find the best combination of immunosuppressive agents that optimizes allograft survival by preventing acute rejection while limiting drug toxicities.
Developing HPCC Based COPD Readmission Risk Analysis Platform

Hospital Readmissions prevention shows a potential of huge cost savings and delivering better quality of care to the patients. This is a comparative study performed on existing readmission analysis frameworks based on data type, data size, disease conditions, algorithms and other features. This study shows that existing frameworks do not consider a very basic aspect of readmission risk analysis, taking huge amount of data in consideration. The available patient data for readmission risk analysis has datasets which have high dimensionality and high number of instances, moreover there is more data produced everyday which can be used on a continuous basis to improve the prediction power. This study proposes a High Performance Computing Cluster based Big Data readmission risk analysis platform which uses Naive Bayes classification algorithm. The study also shows that the overall evaluation time using Big Data and Parallel computing platform has been decreased with great margin as compared with other researches in this area.
Developmental regulation by an enhancer from the Sgs-4 gene of Drosophila

A cis acting regulatory region has previously been identified 300-500 bp upstream of the Drosophila glue protein gene, Sgs-4. The functional capabilities of this region have now been examined by fusing it to the Drosophila Adh gene and determining the pattern of expression from the fused construct after transformation. The results show that the Sgs-4 sequences between -150 and -568 are able to direct Adh expression in late third-instar salivary glands, the appropriate tissue and timing for Sgs-4 expression. In addition, the Sgs-4 sequence elevates Adh expression in the anterior midgut and fat body, despite the fact that Sgs-4 is not normally expressed there. All three regulatory activities, tissue specificity, timing and enhancement, show the positional flexibility of enhancer elements. In addition, the Sgs-4 and Adh regulatory elements combine to direct expression in novel spatial/temporal combinations in which neither would normally be expressed.
Identifying Unique Power System Signatures for Determining Vulnerability of Critical Power System Assets

In this paper, the finer granularity of phasor measurement unit (PMU) data is exploited to develop a data-driven ap- proach for accurate health assessment of large power trans- formers(LPTs). There research demonstrates how variations in signal-to-noiseratios (SNRs) of PMU measurements can be used as a reliable metric for health assessment. However, a single PMU device maybe affected by multiple equipment located in its neighborhood. To address the challenge of identifying the equipment that is primarily responsible for the degradation inquality of the PMU measurements,an in- telligent sensor selection scheme is proposed,which ensures that every critical equipment is associated with a unique identifying signature. The proposed algorithm is based on a real LPT failure event that occurred in the US Southwest. The inferences drawn from the proposed PMU-based health monitoring scheme can be easily supplemented with other LPT sensors to facilitate proactive intervention before the point-of-no-return is reached.
Impact of Age and Sex on α-Syn (α-Synuclein) Knockdown-Mediated Poststroke Recovery.

Background and Purpose: Increased expression of α-Syn (α-Synuclein) is known to mediate secondary brain damage after stroke. We presently studied if α-Syn knockdown can protect ischemic brain irres...