cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomic and Physiologic Tests of Esophageal and Gastric Function

The foregut is at the forefront of intestinal transit and motility as well as digestion and absorption. Thus the manipulation of these processes during the treatment of disease, both medically and surgically, allows for both treatment success and treatment consequences. This chapter will review the various methods for the evaluation of esophageal and gastric transit, motility, acid physiology, as well as anatomic considerations and evaluations. It will review the basic procedural elements to each testing method and review salient features to each test.
PD-1 Expression in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Large B-Cell Richter Transformation (DLBCL-RT): A Distinguishing Feature for DLBCL-RT and Promising Surrogate Marker for Clonal Relatedness

Abstract Purpose: The programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway is crucial in tumor immunity evasion and its blockade has emerged as an effective anti-cancer immunotherapy. PD-1 and PD-L1 expression has not been thoroughly examined in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) and their associated large B-cell Richter transformation (DLBCL-RT). This study investigates PD-1 and PD-L1 expression and explores its clinicopathological significance in CLL/SLL and DLBCL-RT. Methods: PD-1 and PD-L1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 39 CLL/SLL, 15 DLBCL-RT with prior history of CLL/SLL, and 26 DLBCL without prior history of CLL/SLL (22 de novo DLBCL and 4 with prior history of other low-grade B-cell lymphoma). The clonal relationship of DLBCL and the corresponding preceding CLL/SLL was molecularly determined in 10/15 DLBCL-RT. Clinical outcomes were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results: PD-1 expression in CLL/SLL neoplastic B-cells was weak and restricted to the larger prolymphocytes/paraimmunoblasts within the proliferation centers (PCs) and accentuated PCs of all sizes. Expression was not observed on the background monotonous-appearing small B-cells. Neoplastic B-cells PD-1 expression was highly prevalent in DLBCL-RT and demonstrated increased intensity in comparison to the CLL/SLL prolymphocytes/paraimmunoblasts. In contrast, neoplastic B-cell PD-1 expression was only rarely seen in DLBCL without prior history of CLL/SLL (12/15 vs. 1/26, P 0.05). DLBCL-RT prognosis was significantly inferior to the other DLBCL (median overall survival 18.3 vs. 167.3 months, P=0.001) and PD-1 expression was associated with adverse outcome in the combined DLBCL cohort (median overall survival 18.3 vs. 167.3 months, P=0.02). Conclusions: PD-1 expression is weak and restricted to the PC prolymphocytes/paraimmunoblasts in CLL/SLL and increased on the large neoplastic B-cells in DLBCL-RT, suggesting a biological continuum. It is highly prevalent in DLBCL-RT but rare in other DLBCL. Neoplastic B-cell PD-1 expression is a distinguishing feature for DLBCL-RT and a promising surrogate marker for CLL/SLL clonal relatedness in DLBCL-RT, which have important prognostic and therapeutic implications. The restricted PD-1 expression in PCs may also aid in precise PC evaluation in CLL/SLL. Disclosures Ding: Merck: Research Funding. Parikh: AstraZeneca: Honoraria; Pharmacyclics: Honoraria; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding. Shanafelt: Genentech, Celgene, Pharamacyclics, Jansen, GlaxoSmithKline, AbbVie, Hospira, and Cephalon: Research Funding. Ansell: Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Merck: Research Funding; Celldex: Research Funding; Affimed: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding.
Chapter VIII – Surface structure

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the relationships between processing and surface roughness of thin films. The surface reconstruction of the lattice structure affects catalytic and other surface dependent properties of thin films and also affects the bulk defect structure of the deposited film. The main processing procedures used to reduce surface roughness are deposition or annealing at an elevated temperature and use of low energy incident particles to provide adatom lateral displacement without resputtering or the introduction of defects. The surface reconstruction of the lattice structure affects catalytic and other surface dependent properties of thin films and affecting the bulk defect structure of the deposited film. The attainment of peculiar configurations at surfaces, such as quantum dots and whiskers, are both expressions.
"i Have Ambition": Muhammad Ramadan's Proletarian Masculinities in Postrevolution Egyptian Cinema

This article provides a close reading of two popular Egyptian action films, al-Almani (The German, 2012), the first blockbuster since the 25 January 2011 revolution, and Qalb al-Asad (Lion heart, 2013), both starring Muhammad Ramadan as a socially produced proletarian “thug” figure. Made for Egyptian audiences, the films privilege entertainment over aesthetics or politics. However, they express distinct messages about violence, morality, and revolution that are shaped by their moments of postrevolutionary release. They present the police state in salutary yet ambivalent terms. They offer a rupture with prerevolutionary cinema by staging the failure of proletarian masculinities and femininities that rely on middle-class respectability in relation to sex, marriage, and work. Even as each film expresses traces of revolutionary upheaval and even nostalgia, cynicism rather than hopefulness dominates, especially in al-Almani, which conveys to the middle and upper classes the specter of an ever-present threat of masculine frustration. The form and content of Qalb al-Asad, by comparison, offer the option of reconciling opposing elements—an Egyptian story line with a less repressive conclusion if one chooses a path between revolutionary resistance and accepting defeat.
Selection of Patients for the Initial Clinical Trials of Kidney Xenotransplantation

There is a critical and continuing shortage of deceased human donor kidneys for transplantation in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This could be resolved if kidneys from genetically engineered pigs offered an alternative with an acceptable clinical outcome. Experimental studies suggest that a genetically engineered pig kidney would function for a prolonged period (months or even years) if transplanted into a human recipient. We suggest it would be ethical to offer a pig kidney transplant to selected patients whose life expectancy is less than the time it will take for them to obtain a deceased human donor organ. The median waiting period in the USA for a patient with ESRD to obtain a deceased human donor kidney is 3.9 years, by which time approximately 35% of transplant candidates may have died or been removed from the wait-list. Those of blood group B or O may experience a significantly longer waiting period (>7 years). Many of these patients will not remain alive long enough to receive a deceased human donor organ and therefore may welcome the opportunity of entering the first clinical trial of genetically engineered pig kidney transplantation. The current (limited) evidence is that, even if the patient becomes sensitized to pig antigens, this will not be detrimental to subsequent allotransplantation. In the future, the pigs will also be manipulated to control the adaptive immune response, thus enabling exogenous immunosuppressive therapy to be significantly reduced or, indeed, ultimately unnecessary.
An axisymmetric problem for a penny-shaped crack under the influence of the Steigmann-Ogden surface energy

A problem for a nanosized penny-shaped fracture in an infinite homogeneous isotropic elastic medium is considered. The fracture is opened by applying an axisymmetric normal traction to its surface....
Severe Hypophosphatemia and Elevated FGF23 Level Following Zoledronic Acid Infusion

Background: Severe hypophosphatemia may be seen following zoledronic acid infusion, however FGF23 elevation has not been previously reported. Clinical Case: A 67-year-old man with Crohn’s disease status post remote ileocolonic resection, malnutrition (BMI 16.7), anemia, history of hypovitaminosis D, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and severe osteoporosis, was advised to present to the emergency room for hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia after routine lab draw. His initial ionized calcium was 0.89 mmol/L (1.09–1.29 mmol/L) and phosphorus was 0.9 mg/dL (2.3–4.4 mg/dL), with a 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 62 ng/mL (20–50 ng/mL), PTH of 132 pg/mL (11–51 pg/mL), and normal renal function. Hemoglobin was stable between 8–9 g/dL (13.5–17.1 g/dL). He endorsed ongoing fatigue, oral ulcers, and perioral numbness, which had been attributed to Humira infusion 2 months prior. He denied other paresthesias, carpopedal spasms, seizures, bone pain, or confusion. He reported receiving his second annual infusion of zoledronic acid 10 days prior in Turkey. He was started on high-dose oral calcium, calcitriol, and phosphate, which were continued on discharge 5 days later. Several days into his hospitalization, the patient spoke with his wife in Turkey who confirmed that his calcium and phosphorus were both within normal limits immediately prior to his infusion. A 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D level obtained during his workup was normal at 42.5 pg/mL (19.9–79.3 pg/mL), however an FGF23 level, which returned 2 weeks later, was elevated at 287 RU/mL (<=180 RU/mL). Dotatate PET to rule out oncogenic osteomalacia was negative. One month later, after normalization of calcium and phosphorus levels, repeat PTH and FGF23 levels were both within normal limits. Conclusion: This case demonstrates that a transient increase in FGF23 levels may accompany and exacerbate hypophosphatemia following zoledronic acid infusion. The mechanism for this elevation is unclear, though we speculate that in the setting of acute hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia due to zoledronic acid infusion, secondary hyperparathyroidism may upregulate FGF23 production, which further decreases phosphorus levels. If this scenario is accurate, the transient FGF23 elevation seen is not pathologic, but physiologic. Indeed, in the patient above, calcium and phosphorus repletion lead to normalization of both PTH and FGF23.
Facilitating Interprofessional Education in an Online Environment during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed Method Study

With the COVID-19 crisis and rapid increase in cases, the need for interprofessional education (IPE) and collaborative practice is more important than ever. Instructors and health professionals are exploring innovative methods to deliver IPE programs in online education This paper presents a mixed methods study where an interprofessional education program was delivered/taught using online instruction. Using a survey/questionnaire adapted from the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) and qualitative discussions, students’ readiness towards online IPE program and the importance of such preparation was examined. Out of two hundred fifteen students who completed the IPE program, one hundred eighty five students from clinical and non-clinical health disciplines responded to the questionnaire (86.04% response rate). Additional qualitative content analysis was conducted on a total of seven hundred and thirty six online discussions. Data analysis across all the four subscales of RIPLS suggests that students felt positively about teamwork and collaboration, and valued opportunities for shared learning with other healthcare students. Qualitative data analysis demonstrated that IPE increases awareness of team members’ roles, enhances communication and collaboration and can lead to better care for COVID-19 patients.
Abstract 213: BART cancer: A web resource for transcriptional regulators in cancer genomes

The goal of this study is to develop a comprehensive data resource for transcriptional regulator activities in various cancers. Dysregulation of gene expression plays an important role in cancer development. Identifying transcriptional regulators (TRs), including transcription factors and chromatin regulators, that drive the oncogenic gene expression program is a critical task in cancer research. Genomic TR profiling data from primary cancer samples are limited in the public domain. Here, we present BART Cancer, an interactive web resource database to display putative TRs that are responsible for regulating differentially expressed genes across 15 different cancer types included in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). BART Cancer integrates over 10,000 gene expression profiling RNA-seq datasets from TCGA with over 7,000 ChIP-seq datasets from the Cistrome Data Browser database and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). BART Cancer uses Binding Analysis for Regulation of Transcription (BART) for predicting TRs from differentially expressed genes comparing cancer samples with normal samples for each cancer type. BART Cancer also displays the activities of over 900 TRs across cancer types, by integrating computational prediction results from BART and from the Cistrome Cancer database. Focusing on transcriptiona regulatory activities in human cancers, BART Cancer provides unique insights into epigenetics and transcriptional regulation in cancer, and is a useful data resource for genomics and cancer research communities. BART Cancer web resource can be accessed at: http://bartcancer.org. Citation Format: Zachary V. Thomas, Zhenjia Wang, Chongzhi Zang. BART cancer: A web resource for transcriptional regulators in cancer genomes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 213.
Extreme lateral interbody fusion with posterior instrumentation for spondylodiscitis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate our initial experience utilizing extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF; NuVasive, San Diego, CA, USA) with percutaneous posterior instrumentation to treat 11 spondylodiscitis patients between January 2011 and February 2014. Although medical management is the first line treatment for spondylodiscitis, many patients fail antibiotic therapy and bracing, or present with instability, neurologic deficits, or sepsis, requiring operative debridement and stabilization. High rates of fusion and infection clearance have been reported with anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), but this approach requires a morbid exposure, associated with non-trivial rates of vascular and peritoneal complications. XLIF is an increasingly popular interbody fusion technique which utilizes a fast and minimally invasive approach, sparing the anterior longitudinal ligament, and allowing sufficient visualization of the intervertebral discs and bodies to debride and place a large, lordotic cage. The outcome measures for this study included lumbar lordosis, sagittal balance, subsidence, fusion, pain, neurological deficit, and microbiology/laboratory evidence of infection. The mean follow-up time was 9.3 months. All patients had improvements in pain and neurological symptoms. The mean lordosis change was 11.0°, from 23.1° preoperatively to 34.0° postoperatively. Fusion was confirmed with CT scans in five of six patients. At the last follow-up, all patients had normalization of inflammatory markers, no symptoms of infection, and none required repeat surgical treatment for spondylodiscitis. XLIF with percutaneous posterior instrumentation is a minimally invasive technique with reduced morbidity for lumbar spine fusion which affords adequate exposure to the vertebral bodies and discs to aggressively debride necrotic and infected tissue. This study suggests that XLIF may be a safe and effective alternative to ALIF for the treatment of spondylodiscitis.
Nonphosphorylatable substrate analogs selectively block autophosphorylation and activation of the insulin receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, and pp60v-src kinases.

Abstract The receptors for insulin and epidermal growth factor undergo tyrosine autophosphorylation in response to ligand stimulation, while pp60v-src is an unregulated tyrosine kinase. In this report we show that each of the kinases phosphorylates an exogenous peptide that corresponds to the insulin proreceptor sequence 1142-1153. When the kinases were pre-phosphorylated, saturable Michaelis-Menten kinetics were observed. However, when the kinases had not been pre-phosphorylated biphasic kinetics were observed; at progressively higher substrate concentrations (greater than Km) less substrate phosphorylation was seen. Furthermore, when the kinases had not been pre-phosphorylated kinase autophosphorylation was inhibited at high substrate concentrations. On this basis we postulated that the substrate inhibition of substrate phosphorylation resulted directly from substrate inhibition of kinase autophosphorylation. To test this we designed additional peptides to function specifically as inhibitors of the kinases. Each of the 3 tyrosine residues within the substrate sequence were replaced either by 4-methoxyphenylalanine or phenylalanine, residues structurally similar to tyrosine but unable to accept phosphoryl transfer. Both analogs inhibited insulin and epidermal growth factor receptor autophosphorylation, whereas only the Phe-substituted analog inhibited pp60v-src phosphorylation. These data suggest that autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues near the kinase active site is a generalized mechanism for tyrosine kinase activation and that activation can be selectively blocked by substrates and nonphosphorylatable analogs.
The Long and Winding Road: Developing an Online Research Curriculum

In the realm of online research instruction, electronic research vendors (such as LexisNexis and Westlaw) play various roles in teaching and training law students. Some students take advantage of all free training opportunities, while others ignore even mandatory trainings assigned as supplemental course instruction through a first-year legal writing program. This article details the results of a cooperative initiative among a law professor, a librarian, and the Westlaw and LexisNexis academic account managers, designed to integrate online research instruction into the first-year curriculum. The multiple goals of the initiative included taking advantage of the vendors’ expertise and resources, reinforcing lessons taught in legal research courses, formalizing the online research instruction to all first-year students, and improving law students’ research skills.
Planning with partial preference models

In many real-world planning scenarios, the users are interested in optimizing multiple objectives (such as makespan and execution cost), but are unable to express their exact tradeoff between those objectives. When a planner encounters such partial preference models, rather than look for a single optimal plan, it needs to present the pareto set of plans and let the user choose from them. This idea of presenting the full pareto set is fraught with both computational and user-interface challenges. To make it practical, we propose the approach of finding a representative subset of the pareto set. We measure the quality of this representative set using the Integrated Convex Preference (ICP) model, originally developed in the OR community. We implement several heuristic approaches based on the Metric-LPG planner to find a good solution set according to this measure. We present empirical results demonstrating the promise of our approach.
Secularism and Muslim Democracy in Turkey: Modes of secularism

Modern Turkish history could be viewed as a “conflict between two Turkeys,” that is, a division between secularists and Islamic groups. In the case of Turkey, secularism, commonly known as laiklik , is the identity of “progressive” people, the state project of modernization, a model of creating an enlightened Islam, and also a strategy of criminalizing religious opposition. It is therefore important to study secularism and Islamism as mutually constitutive and interactive concepts, since secularism is a way of redefining the meaning and the role of religion in society. Secularism thus becomes a “political settlement” of controlling and reconstituting Islam in accordance with the needs of the state and the political elites who have historically controlled the Turkish state. However, the economic and political opportunity spaces that have greatly expanded in recent decades have caused the constitutionally protected settlement to undergo renewal, revision and even rejection. Thus, the emergence of a new Turkey depends on the nature of this new settlement between religion and politics that must be negotiated through democratic processes. In this chapter, I examine the key debate over the realignment of the boundary between religion and politics by focusing on the AKP's understanding of secularism within the framework of the Kemalist legacy and changed market conditions. First I examine the contemporary theoretical debate by focusing on the analytical and causal connections between secularism, democracy and Islam.
A Review of “Aftermath: Following the Bloodshed of America's Wars in the Muslim World”

Nir Rosen's Aftermath is a highly ambitious, albeit structurally flawed, piece of journalistic reporting that aims to deconstruct the various unintended consequences of America's 2003 invasion of I...
Zero-point motion in the bag description of the nucleon

Abstract In the bag model, confinement of quarks is accomplished by introduction of a boundary condition at some definite radius R , where the energy of the total system is a minimum. This minimum is, however, realtively shallow and energies for substantially different bag radii are not much larger than this minimum value. This indicates that the zero-point motion of the bag surface may be important. In this paper, quantization of the bag surface motion is carried out in a somewhat ad hoc fashion, modelled after the generator coordinate theory in nuclear physics. This procedure unifies a number of ideas previously in the literature; it stresses the anharmonicity of the collective motion. As in earlier treatments, the Roper resonance emerges as a breathing-mode type of excitation of the nucleon. The one- and two-pion decays of the Roper resonance are calculated and the widths are found to fall short of the empirical ones. It is pointed out, however, that decays involving intermediate states containing virtual ρ-mesons will enhance the widths. Pion-nucleon scattering in the P11 channel is constructed in our model and found to agree roughly with experiment. A crucial term in the driving force involves the pion coupling to the nucleon through a virtual ρ-meson. With introduction of zero-point motion of the bag surface, the notion of “bag radius” becomes dependent on precisely which moment of the radius is measured. Our development gives a model for cutting off smoothly the pion-exchange term in the nucleon-nucleon interaction.
APPARENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN SOME CONIFERS DURING WINTER

Since the appearance of a paper by Jumelle (4) on the effect of low temperatures upon " assimilation/9 there have been a number of publications dealing with this subject. The chief points of interest seem to have been in locating the maximal and minimal temperatures for photosynthesis and respiration and in plotting the course or rates of these processes with respect to variations in temperature. Jumelle placed the plant material, such as spruce branches and lichens, in apparatus where temperature and light could be varied and attempted to measure changes in the composition of the surrounding air. From his results he concluded that spruce and lichens could carry on "assimilation" at temperatures as low as -30? C. and -40? C, respectively, and that "assimilation* ' continued at a much lower temperature than did respiration. His results have been questioned and his methods adversely criticized by subsequent workers. E wart (1) reported that many plants, including Pinus montana, Taxus baccata, Thuja occidentalis, and Juniperus sabina, following three weeks of January weather often as cold as -15? C. were unable to carry on "assimilation" even when exposed to a temperature as high as 15? C. until after a lapse of from 2 to 8 hours of time. Furthermore, respiration was found to be active at temperatures too low for " assimilation, ' ' and after plants had been exposed to low temperatures and subsequently to warm temperatures respiration became apparent before i i assimilation. ' ' Matthaei (5, 6) also questioned the work of Jumelle. She was able to detect "assimilation" in a detached cherry laurel leaf at 6? C, and agreed with Ewart that respiration occurred at lower temperatures than did "assimilation."
The Role of Religion in Therapy: Time for Psychologists to Have a Little Faith?

Abstract The argument has been made that religious and spiritual (R/S) forms of treatment, or R/S adaptations of existing treatments, are an appropriate, culturally sensitive, and potentially efficacious method of intervention when working clinically with religious patients experiencing psychological, behavioral, or physiological dysfunction. The previous articles in this special series describe four such interventions designed for use with patients with particular presenting problems including serious mental illness, cancer, eating disorders, and scrupulosity. This article offers a brief historical presentation on the growth of interest in R/S in clinical psychology and behavioral medicine, with particular attention to the general issue of the role of values in therapy, and includes criticisms of integrating R/S in treatment. The difficulty of appreciating unique R/S perspectives and their relevance for particular clients is emphasized and the question of whether a “true” understanding of R/S beliefs necessarily leads to better health is examined. Each of the four therapies presented in this special series is individually analyzed, and it is clear that they offer sensitive and culturally relevant approaches to treating the various disorders, though areas of potential improvement or possible confusion are highlighted. Finally, the following are deemed essential if R/S-informed therapies are to impact the field and be appropriately introduced with clients: (a) training of future and current practitioners; (b) longitudinal research on R/S; (c) outcome studies of R/S interventions; and (d) adequate funding for the achievement of these goals.
Effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid and ibuprofen on bleomycin and hyperoxia-induced changes in lung superoxide dismutase, prostaglandins and lethality.

Mortality in hamsters injected intratracheally with bleomycin (bleo) (0.25 units) and exposed to 70% oxygen is significantly increased over 14 days when they receive nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA, 10 mg/kg per day S.C.). Mortality in bleo +02 challenged hamsters treated with ibuprofen (10 mg/kg per day) subcutaneously was not significantly increased. The increased mortality in NDGA treated animals is not the result of augmented superoxide formation, since no change in lung superoxide dismutase occurred. Among the prostaglandins measured, NDGA produced the greatest elevation in 6-keto-PGF1α (stable product of prostacyclin) and thromboxane B2 (stable product of thromboxane A2).
Massed Versus Distributed Repetition of Homographs: A Test of the Differential-Encoding Hypothesis.

A series of three experiments are reported that were designed to test the adequacy of the differential-encoding hypothesis as an explanation of the effect of massed versus distributed repetition on the recall of repeated items in a free-recall list. The critical items were homographs (words with two meanings) and on their two occurrences in a list they were either immediately preceded by items representing the same interpretation ( leg neck foot, arm hand foot ) or a different interpretation of the homograph ( leg neck foot, inch meter foot ). When context was controlled in that manner the influence of distributing repetition was completely eliminated, but a very marked influence of context was obtained. When the context was different recall was more than double that obtained when the context was the same.
Use of transfected liver cells to evaluate potential mechanisms of alcohol-induced liver injury.

There is increased activity of the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Hepatic neutrophil infiltration is a principal injurious manifestation of ALD. TNF can induce cellular oxidative injury directly, and indirectly by inducing neutrophil chemotactic factor (IL-8) production by hepatocytes. IL-8 activates and chemotactically attracts neutrophils to the liver where they release oxidizing substances. Patients with ALD also have decreased protective factors for cellular oxidative injury. Manganous superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is an antioxidant protective factor. The objectives of these studies were to investigate mechanisms for induction of an injurious factor (IL-8) and a protective factor (MnSOD) in the HepG2 human hepatoma cell line. In the first set of experiments, IL-8 gene reporter constructs were used to transiently transfect a derivative (MVh2E1-9) of the HepG2 cell line which expresses P-4502E1 and metabolizes ethanol. Inactivation of the NF-κB and 3'NF-IL-6 DNA binding sites decreased IL-8 gene transcriptional activation in response to TNF while inactivation of the 5'NF-IL-6 binding site increased IL-8 gene transcriptional activity in response to TNF. This system may be useful to assess the effects of ethanol on TNF-induced hepatocyte IL-8 production. In the second set of experiments, HepG2 cells were cultured in 25 to 100 mmol concentrations of ethanol. Both TNF and ethanol increased HepG2 cell MnSOD activity in short-term (72 hr) cultures with ethanol. However, after long-term (10 weeks) culture with ethanol, there was no induction of MnSOD by ethanol and there was a diminished induction of MnSOD in response to TNF. Further studies are needed to assess the effect of this diminished induction of MnSOD with chronic ethanol culture on HepG2 cell susceptibility to TNF cytotoxicity. We conclude that transfected liver cell lines can be used to evaluate mechanisms for increased injurious factors and decreased protective factors in alcoholic liver injury.
Marital Conflict and Adolescents' Peer Aggression: The Mediating and Moderating Role of Mother‐Child Emotional Reciprocity

This study examined the role of mother-adolescent emotional reciprocity in connections between marital conflict and adolescent aggression with peers. Data were collected from a racially diverse community sample of 268 adolescents and their mothers. Adolescents reported on parents' marital conflict, and mother-adolescent positive and negative emotional reciprocity were coded from videotaped observations. Teachers provided assessments of adolescents' overt and relational aggression with peers. Structural equation modeling revealed both direct and indirect paths in connections between marital conflict and adolescents' peer aggression. Mother-adolescent emotional reciprocity both mediated and moderated the association between marital conflict and peer aggression. Patterns of association linking marital conflict to peer aggression were similar for African American and European American adolescents; however, differences were observed for men and women.
Effects of concomitant verbal recall on order effects in personality impression formation

Summary In two experiments, S s were read sets of 6 or 8 personality adjectives, and asked to rate their liking of the person so described. In some conditions, S was also requested to recall the adjectives just read. The personality impression data showed a primacy (first impression) effect when recall was not required. Introduction of recall reduced the primacy and, in one condition, caused a recency effect. These results were interpreted as indicating that the primacy was primarily caused by decreased attention to the later adjectives, and that the use of concomitant recall destroyed this primacy by causing S to attend to the later adjectives more completely. The serial recall curves showed a small to moderate primacy component, and a very strong recency component. Further detailed analyses of the recall data were also given. Two implications were drawn from the data. First, it was concluded that the impression memory is distinct from the verbal memory for the adjectives. This conclusion was based on contrasts between the observed impression effects and those that would be expected if the impression depended on the verbal memory. Three objections to this conclusion, based on the possibility that recall probability was an inappropriate index of verbal-memory strength, were also discussed. Second, it was tentatively suggested that a linear model, together with the attention decrement notion, gave the best account of the data. It was finally noted that the linear model also provides a representation of the impression memory that is in harmony with the first conclusion.
A pulse-width modulated model for visual eye tracking

The saccadic eye movement system is an important neurological feedback control system contributing to crucial visual information processing and decision operations in man and animals. Careful modelling of the extraocular muscles and eyeball plant as well as the reciprocal innervation controller signal patterns have enabled us to demonstrate the time-optimal nature of the saccadic movement trajectory. We here propose a pulse width modulation process for generating these time optimal saccades and present supporting experimental and modelling results.
A novel culture morphology resulting from applied mechanical strain

To demonstrate that cells both perceive and respond to external force, a strain/relaxation regimen was applied to normal human fetal and aged dermal fibroblasts cultured as monolayers on flexible membranes. The precisely controlled protocol of stretch (20% elongation of the culture membrane) at 6.67 cycles/min caused a progressive change in the monolayers, such that the original randomly distributed pattern of cells became a symmetric, radial distribution as the cell bodies aligned parallel to the applied force. High cell density interfered with the success of re-alignment in the fetal cell cultures observed, which may reflect a preference in this cell strain for cell-cell over cell-matrix contacts. The chronologically aged cells observed did not demonstrate this feature, aligning efficiently at all seeding densities examined. The role of microfilaments in force perception and transmission was investigated through the addition of cytochalasin D in graded doses. Both intercellular interactions and cytoskeletal integrity mediate the morphological response to mechanical strain.
In situ auger electron spectroscopy study of atomic layer deposition: growth initiation and interface formation reactions during ruthenium ALD on Si-H, SiO2, and HfO2 surfaces.

Growth initiation and film nucleation in atomic layer deposition (ALD) is important for controlling interface composition and achieving atomic-scale films with well-defined composition. Ruthenium ALD is studied here using ruthenocene and oxygen as reactants, and growth initiation and nucleation are characterized on several different growth surfaces, including SiO2, HfO2, and hydrogen terminated silicon, using on-line Auger electron spectroscopy and ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The time needed to reach the full growth rate (typically ∼1 A per deposition cycle) is found to increase as the surface energy of the starting surface (determined from contact angle measurements) decreased. Growth starts more readily on HfO2 than on SiO2 or Si−H surfaces, and Auger analysis indicates distinct differences in surface reactions on the various surfaces during film nucleation. Specifically, surface oxygen is consumed during ruthenocene exposure, so the nucleation rate will depend on the availability of oxyge...
Evolution under the multilocus Levene model without epistasis.

Abstract Evolution under the multilocus Levene model is investigated. The linkage map is arbitrary, but epistasis is absent. The geometric-mean fitness, w ( ρ ) , depends only on the vector of gene frequencies, ρ ; it is nondecreasing, and the single-generation change is zero only on the set, Λ , of gametic frequencies at gene-frequency equilibrium. The internal gene-frequency equilibria are the stationary points of w ( ρ ) . If the equilibrium points ρ ˆ of ρ ( t ) (where t denotes time in generations) are isolated, as is generic, then ρ ( t ) converges as t → ∞ to some ρ ˆ . Generically, ρ ( t ) converges to a local maximum of w ( ρ ) . Write the vector of gametic frequencies, p , as ( ρ , d ) T , where d represents the vector of linkage disequilibria. If ρ ˆ is a local maximum of w ( ρ ) , then the equilibrium point ( ρ ˆ , 0 ) T is asymptotically stable. If either there are only two loci or there is no dominance, then d ( t ) → 0 globally as t → ∞ . In the second case, w ( ρ ) has a unique maximum ρ ˆ and ( ρ ˆ , 0 ) T is globally asymptotically stable. If underdominance and overdominance are excluded, and if at each locus, the degree of dominance is deme independent for every pair of alleles, then the following results also hold. There exists exactly one stable gene-frequency equilibrium (point or manifold), and it is globally attracting. If an internal gene-frequency equilibrium exists, it is globally asymptotically stable. On Λ , (i) the number of demes, Γ , is a generic upper bound on the number of alleles present per locus; and (ii) if every locus is diallelic, generically at most Γ − 1 loci can segregate. Finally, if migration and selection are completely arbitrary except that the latter is uniform (i.e., deme independent), then every uniform selection equilibrium is a migration-selection equilibrium and generically has the same stability as under pure selection.
Comparison of Fine Particle Measurements from a Direct-Reading Instrument and a Gravimetric Sampling Method

Particulate air pollution, specifically the fine particle fraction (PM 2.5 ), has been associated with increased cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in general population studies. Occupational exposure to fine particulate matter can exceed ambient levels by a large factor. Due to increased interest in the health effects of particulate matter, many particle sampling methods have been developed. In this study, two such measurement methods were used simultaneously and compared. PM 2.5 was sampled using a filter-based gravimetric sampling method and a direct-reading instrument, the TSI Inc. model 8520 DUSTTRAK aerosol monitor. Both sampling methods were used to determine the PM 2.5 exposure in a group of boilermakers exposed to welding fumes and residual fuel oil ash. The geometric mean PM 2.5 concentration was 0.30 mg/m 3 (GSD 3.25) and 0.31 mg/m 3 (GSD 2.90) from the DUSTTRAK and gravimetric method, respectively. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient for the gravimetric and DUSTTRAK PM 2.5 concentra...
Optoelectronic oscillator for photonic systems

We describe a novel photonic oscillator that converts continuous-light energy into stable and spectrally pure microwave signals. This optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) consists of a pump laser and a feedback circuit including an intensity modulator, an optical-fiber delay line, a photodetector an amplifier, and a filter. We present the results of a quasi-linear theory for describing the properties of the oscillator and their experimental verifications. Our findings indicate that the OEO can generate ultrastable, spectrally pure microwave-reference signals up to 75 GHz with a phase noise lower than -140 dBc/Hz at 10 KHz. We show that the OEO is a special voltage-controlled oscillator with an optical-output port and can be synchronized to a reference source by means of optical injection locking, electrical injection locking, and a phase-locked loop. Other OEO applications include high-frequency reference regeneration and distribution, high-gain frequency multiplication, comb frequency and pulse generation, carrier recovery, and clock recovery.
The Distribution of Wax in Cocoon Silk

The ether soluble fraction of silk, which consists mainly of silk wax, is not evenly distributed in the various strata of the cocoon. In yellow Italian and white Chinese cocoons the wax content decreases steadily from the external to the inside layers. The significance of these observations has been discussed.
Ca2+-regulated Dynamic Compartmentalization of Calmodulin in Living Smooth Muscle Cells

A key assumption of most models for calmodulin regulation of smooth and non-muscle contractility is that calmodulin is freely diffusible at resting intracellular concentrations of free Ca2+. However, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements of three different fluorescent analogs of calmodulin in cultured bovine tracheal smooth muscle cells suggest that free calmodulin may be limiting in unstimulated cells. Thirty-seven % of microinjected calmodulin is immobile by FRAP and the fastest recovering component has an effective diffusion coefficient 7-fold slower than a dextran of equivalent size. Combining the FRAP data with extraction data reported in a previous paper (Tansey, M., Luby-Phelps, K., Kamm, K. E., and Stull, J. T.(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 9912-9920), we estimate that at most 5% of total endogenous calmodulin in resting smooth muscle cells is unbound (freely diffusible). Examination of the Ca2+ dependence of calmodulin mobility in permeabilized cells reveals that binding persists even at intracellular Ca2+ concentrations as low as 17 nM. When Ca2+ is elevated to between 450 nM and 3 μM, some of the bound calmodulin is released, as indicated by an increase in the effective diffusion coefficient and the percent mobile fraction. At higher Ca2+, calmodulin becomes increasingly immobilized. In about 50% of the cell population, clamping Ca2+ at micromolar levels results in translocation of cytoplasmic calmodulin to the nucleus. The compartmentalization and complex dynamics of calmodulin in living smooth muscle cells have profound implications for understanding how calmodulin regulates contractility in response to extracellular signals.
Evidence for regional heterogeneity in corticotropin-releasing factor interactions in the dorsal raphe nucleus

The dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) is innervated by fibers containing the stress-related neurohormone corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which alters DR neuronal activity and serotonin release in rats. This study examined the relative distribution of CRF-immunoreactive fibers in the rat DR by using light level densitometry. Additionally, CRF-immunoreactive processes within specific subregions of the DR were examined at the ultrastructural level by using electron microscopy. CRF-immunoreactive fibers were organized within the DR along a caudal-rostral gradient, such that proceeding rostrally, innervation shifted from dorsolateral to ventromedial. Numerous CRF-immunoreactive axon terminals containing dense-core vesicles were found in both the caudal dorsolateral region and the rostral ventromedial/interfascicular region. These formed synaptic specializations with unlabeled dendrites and frequently contacted nonlabeled axon terminals. Semiquantitative analysis revealed certain differences between the two regions with respect to the types of associations made by CRF-immunoreactive terminals. Associations with dendrites were more frequent in the dorsolateral vs. ventromedial region (65% of 171 terminals vs. 39% of 233 terminals, respectively), whereas associations with axon terminals were more frequent in the ventromedial/interfascicular vs. the dorsolateral region (72% of 233 terminals vs. 57% of 171 terminals, respectively). Additionally, synaptic specializations between CRF-immunoreactive terminals and dendrites were more frequently asymmetric in the dorsolateral region (60%) and symmetric (49%) in the ventromedial/interfascicular region. Regional differences in CRF terminal interactions in the DR could account for the reported heterogeneous effects of CRF on DR neuronal activity and forebrain serotonin release. Importantly, the present results provide anatomical substrates for regulation of the DR by endogenous CRF.
CONCEPTUAL BASIS FOR A MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF GENERAL SYSTEMS

In view of the increased domain of application of the systems approach there is a need for reappraisal of its foundations and a sharpening of the basic systems concepts. This is done in the article on the basis of a general theory of systems developed within the set‐theory and related branches of abstract mathematics. Importance of the goal‐seeking representation of the systems behavior and the basic classification of large‐scale systems are briefly discussed.
Label escape theory revisited: The effects of resting periods and section thickness

Abstract A mathematical theory is developed for the effects of section thickness and resting periods on “label escape”—that is, the tendency for some bone formation sites to display only one label when a double fluorochrome marker is given. It is demonstrated that when section thickness is greater than the interlabel distance, many double labels will appear to be fused, so that they will be counted as single labels. Thus, thinner sections allow more accurate measurement of labeled surfaces, but it turns out that thicker sections yield a better estimate of apposition rate. It is also shown that if the refilling of BMU resorption cavities is interrupted by resting periods of arbitrary frequency and duration, the number of single labels will be increased in proportion to the total duration of the interruptions. Equations are derived which allow one to predict the magnitude of these effects, and to calculate the average total duration of resting periods during refilling from the ratio of single to double labeled surfaces. When the theory is applied to existing experimental data, it is found that substantial resting periods must be present to explain the amount of excess single label which is usually observed.
Translating Therapies for Huntington's Disease from Genetic Animal Models to Clinical Trials

Genetic animal models of inherited neurological diseases provide an opportunity to test potential treatments and explore their promise for translation to humans experiencing these diseases. Therapeutic trials conducted in mouse models of Huntington’s disease have identified a growing number of potential therapies that are candidates for clinical trials. Although it is very exciting to have these candidates, there has been increasing concern about the feasibility and desirability of taking all of the compounds that may work in mice and testing them in patients with HD. There is a need to begin to prioritize leads emerging from transgenic mouse studies; however, it is difficult to compare results between compounds and laboratories, and there are also many additional factors that can affect translation to humans. Among the important issues are what constitutes an informative genetic model, what principals should be followed in designing and conducting experiments using genetic animal models, how can results from different laboratories and in different models be compared, what body of evidence is desirable to fully inform clinical decision making, and what factors contribute to the equipoise in determining whether preclinical information about a therapy makes clinical study warranted. In the context of Huntington’s disease, we will review the current state of genetic models and their successes in putting forward therapeutic leads, provide a guide to assessing studies in mouse models, and discuss some of the salient issues related to translation from mice to humans.
A fuzzy-nets tool-breakage detection system for end-milling operations

This paper describes a new approach, the fuzzy-nets system, for monitoring tool breakage in end-milling operations. The fuzzy-nets tool-breakage detection (FNTBD) system has a self-learning capability to generate rule bases and to fine tune the term sets of each linguistic variable to the appropriate level of granularity. A self-learning algorithm for developing the FNTBD system consists of five steps: 1. Divide the input space into fuzzy regions. 2. Generate fuzzy rules from given data pairs through experimentation. 3. Avoid conflicting rules based on top-down or bottom-up methodologies. 4. Develop a combined fuzzy rule base. 5. Determine a mapping system based on the fuzzy rule base.