cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laryngectomee Rehabilitation: Past and Present

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of laryngectomy. Like other human transplant situations, there are serious problems to overcome regarding human larynx transplant. Functions of opening for breathing, partial closing for talking, and closing tightly for swallowing depends greatly on reinnervation. The larynx needs to respond to signals from the brain. Sensation, to feel food sliding over the epiglottis and false vocal folds, is required to avoid aspiration. Active abduction of the vocal cords is essential to resist the negative pressure that encourages the glottis to collapse and obstruct on inspiration. However, at present, the feasibility of solving all the problems of laryngectomy through transplantation, reinnervation, and revascularization of larynges is not close at hand. Such success depends primarily on the reconstructive skills and efforts of surgeons. Until that time, the services of the speech pathologist will be required by patients and physicians alike and will be an essential component in the total rehabilitation of the laryngectomized individual.
Do measures of cognitive load explain the spatial split-attention principle in multimedia learning environments? A systematic review.

The spatial split-attention principle suggests that presenting related words and pictures spatially close to one another will improve learning compared with a spatially distant design, and two meta-analyses have shown support for the principle. However, it is not clear why the principle occurs. It has been theorized that integrated graphic designs lower the extraneous cognitive load imposed on learners, however, there has not been a systematic review to examine the evidence for this claim. In this study, we systematically review the literature around the spatial split-attention principle in multimedia learning environments to examine if measures of cognitive load support the theoretical prediction. Our analysis of 41 comparisons found that measures of cognitive load largely do not support the extraneous cognitive load explanation, nor did we find compelling evidence that integrated graphic designs significantly influence any measure of cognitive load compared with spatially distant designs. We propose an alternative explanation for the principle in which integrated graphic designs may facilitate the allocation of germane resources and integrative cognitive processing rather than reduce extraneous cognitive load and discuss a theoretical foundation for testing this hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
SPONTANEOUS TYPE C VIRUS EXPRESSION IN HUMAN EMBRYONIC LUNG CELLS (HEL-12): COMPARISON OF CLONED AND MIXED CELL POPULATIONS

ABSTRACT. Human embryonic lung (HEL-12) cells spontaneously and sequentially express type C virus antigens and particles during in-vitro propagation. Virus expression was monitored in serially propagated primary HEL-12 cells and in 8 single cell clones derived from HEL-12 cells. All clones displayed spontaneous antigen conversion, however, only 2 clones spontaneously released type C virus. Virus production from these cloned cells was 35–180 fold less than that observed in the uncloned parent population. When the 2 virus releasing cell clones were propagated with a virus negative clone in mixed culture, virus production was not detected. These data suggest intercellular interaction in the control of virus expression.
A spiral path to unfolding

AAA ATPases constitute a large family of molecular chaperones, many of which unfold substrate proteins. Two recent cryo-EM studies of the AAA ATPase Cdc48 capture this enzyme in the midst of protein unfolding and reveal a universal substrate-threading mechanism for ring-shaped ATPases.
Optimization of Vehicle-Carrier Routing: Mathematical Model and Comparison with Related Routing Models

Abstract Recently, the extension of classical vehicle routing problem (VRP) dealing with the cooperative operation of heterogeneous of vehicles has been extensively studied. In this study, we propose a vehicle-carrier routing problem (VCRP) aiming at complementary cooperative delivery that is motivated by a hybrid delivery system of a carrier and vehicles. This system consists of vehicles that provide services directly to customers, and carrier that act as mobile depots of vehicles, compensating the limited service range and capacities of the vehicles. The VCRP is modeled as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) with two objective functions, minimization of overall delivery time and operational cost. This model escalates operational flexibility to maximize the utilization of both delivery vehicles and carrier. The effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated by comparing the solutions with related existing models. As a consequence, the analysis indicates that significant savings on delivery time and cost can be achieved by our model, which would further enhance logistical efficiency.
A Comparison of Applanation and Rebound Tonometers in Young Chicks.

To assess the validity of and compare applanation and rebound tonometry readings of intraocular pressure in alert normal chicks from ages 3 to 45 days. Intraocular pressures (IOPs) were measured we...
The Moral Limitations and Pragmatic Dangers to the Environment, Health, and the Economy of Technological Innovation, Under Capitalism

Survival in a truly competitive environment requires maximizing efficiency, which is to say the ratio of outputs over inputs, or profitability, which entails taking the most possible from, while contributing the least possible to, labor and the physical and socio-cultural environment, and also externalizing as many costs as possible. This, in addition to maximizing the exploitation of labor, thereby resulting in a crisis of overproduction, results in environmental degradation. While conversely, any contribution made by capitalist enterprises, as opposed to technology, to general welfare, which they survive, must be indicative of a lack of competition. Moreover, absent government investment, the preponderance of the benefits of the increased productivity generally characteristic of ever more complex, and expensive, technologies, will increasingly accrue, uncontested, to the wealthy, thereby, as per Thomas Piketty, leading to ever-greater economic inequality.
Patient Age, Race and Emergency Department Treatment Area Associated with "Topbox" Press Ganey Scores.

Introduction Hospitals commonly use Press Ganey (PG) patient satisfaction surveys for benchmarking physician performance. PG scores range from 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest, which is known as the "topbox" score. Our objective was to identify patient and physician factors associated with topbox PG scores in the emergency department (ED). Methods We looked at PG surveys from January 2015-December 2017 at an academic, urban hospital with 78,000 ED visits each year. Outcomes were topbox scores for the questions: "Likelihood of your recommending our ED to others"; and "Courtesy of the doctor." We analyzed topbox scores using generalized estimating equation models clustered by physician and adjusted for patient and physician factors. Patient factors included age, gender, race, ethnicity, and ED area where patient was seen. The ED has four areas based on patient acuity: emergent; urgent; vertical (urgent but able to sit in a recliner rather than a gurney); and fast track (non-urgent). Physician factors included age, gender, race, ethnicity, and number of years at current institution. Results We analyzed a total of 3,038 surveys. For "Likelihood of your recommending our ED to others," topbox scores were more likely with increasing patient age (odds ratio [OR] 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.12); less likely among female compared to male patients (OR 0.81; 95% CI, 0.70-0.93); less likely among Asian compared to White patients (OR 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60-0.83); and less likely in the urgent (OR 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and vertical areas (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.53-0.95) compared to fast track. For "Courtesy of the doctor," topbox scores were more likely with increasing patient age (OR 1.1; CI, 1.06-1.14); less likely among Asian (OR 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58-0.84), Black (OR 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.96), and Hispanic patients (OR 0.68; 95% CI, 0.55-0.83) compared to White patients; and less likely in urgent area (OR 0.69; 95% CI, 0.50-0.95) compared to fast track. Conclusion Increasing patient age was associated with increased likelihood of topbox scores, while Asian patients, and urgent and vertical areas had decreased likelihood of topbox scores. We encourage hospitals that use PG topbox scores as financial incentives to understand the contribution of non-service factors to these scores.
Adaptation of an academic inpatient consultation-liaison psychiatry service during the sars-cov-2 pandemic: Effects on clinical practice and trainee supervision

Background The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to drastic changes in how psychiatric consultation-liaison (C-L) services conduct business and required rapid transition to telepsychiatry. We describe the practice changes implemented to rapid transition to virtual care in a large, academic psychiatry C-L service in response to the pandemic. Objective To describe clinical service structural changes, timelines and impacts on consultation volume as well as present quantitative and qualitative data regarding the experience of this transition from the standpoints of both psychiatric trainees and attending physicians. Methods We present the narrative descriptions of transition details based on focused interviews with inpatient C-L leadership. Inpatient consult volume and charge data were gathered using analysis of health system data. Attending and trainee experience of the transition to virtual care were assessed using anonymous, online surveys. Results During the pandemic, the average weekly consultation volume and average weekly charges were significantly lower compared with prepandemic. Both volume and charges were affected by addition of video consultation capability. Both attendings and trainees had moderate or high comfort and moderate satisfaction with telephone and video consultations. Overall, the trainee satisfaction with supervision, learning, and their consult psychiatry experience did not seem to be affected by the pandemic. Conclusions Our results support the feasibility of the rapid implementation of virtual care in a psychiatric academic C-L service without negatively impacting the learner's consult psychiatry experience. This should provide comfort to academic C-L services that required rapid implementation of virtual care.
Traversing rough terrain: methodological challenges of participatory action research among teacher activists

This purpose of this article is to explore challenges and tensions associated with a participatory action research (PAR) project that occurred in 2019 and involved the author and five teacher activ...
Tics, tremors and other movement disorders in childhood

Movement disorders presenting in childhood include tics, dystonia, chorea, tremor, stereotypy, myoclonus, and parkinsonism, each of which can be part of various clinical syndromes with distinct etiologies. Some of these conditions are benign and require only reassurance; others are bothersome and require treatment, or may be clues that herald underlying pathology. Answers lie in the inherent characteristics of the movements themselves, together with the clinical context provided in the history obtained by the examiner. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the categories of involuntary movements, along with examples of common acquired and genetic causes, and an approach to history-taking, examination, and treatment.
Light fuels while nitrogen suppresses symbiotic nitrogen fixation hotspots in neotropical canopy gap seedlings.

Mature neotropical lowland forests have relatively lower symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) rates compared with secondary forests. Canopy gap formation may create transient SNF hotspots in mature forests that increase overall SNF rates in these ecosystems, as canopy gaps are pervasive across the landscape and increasing in frequency. However, what environmental conditions are driving SNF upregulation in canopy gaps is unknown. In a field experiment to test these potential environmental controls on SNF, we grew 540 neotropical nitrogen-fixing legume seedlings (Pentaclethra macroloba, Zygia longifolia, and Stryphnodendron microstachyum) under manipulated light and soil nitrogen availability in canopy gaps and intact forests at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Seedling biomass, nodule biomass, and SNF (g N seedling-1 h-1 ) were 4-, 17- and 42-fold higher, respectively, in canopy gaps than in the intact forest. Nitrogen additions decreased SNF, but light had a stronger positive effect. Upregulation of SNF in canopy gaps was driven by increased plant growth and not a disproportionate increased SNF allocation. These data provide evidence that canopy gap SNF hotspots are driven, in part, by light availability, demonstrating a potential driver of SNF spatial heterogeneity. This further suggests that canopy gap dynamics are important for understanding the biogeochemistry of neotropical forests.
Speech-Language Pathologist's Race, But Not Caseload Composition, Is Related to Self-Report of Selection of Diverse Books

Purpose We provide a preliminary report on speech-language pathologists' (SLPs) practices with regard to the selection of representative materials for clinical service delivery. Method We conducted...
Molecular characterization of COVID-19 therapeutics: luteolin as an allosteric modulator of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2

The interactions between the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) are crucial for viral entry and subsequent replication. Given the large and featureless contact surfaces between both proteins, finding a suitable small-molecule drug that can bind and disrupt regulatory pathways has remained a challenge. A promising therapeutic alternative has been the use of small compounds that bind at the protein–protein interface or at distal “hotspots” and induce conformational changes that inhibit or stabilize protein–protein interactions (PPIs). In this work, we conduct large-scale all-atom explicit solvent simulations of the top scoring compounds from a recent large-scale high-throughput docking screening to investigate their interaction with the RBD domain of the spike (S) protein in complex with ACE2. We identify several promising candidates that exhibit a large negative free energy of binding to the RBD/ACE2 complex based on ab initio thermodynamic integration calculations. A systematic structural analysis of two glycosylation profiles of the RBD/ACE2 complex reveals the important role glycans play in modulating the binding of small-molecules. Cross correlation, fluctuation and strain analysis identify several of these compounds as effective PPI modulators that inhibit or stabilize the protein–protein interactions of RBD/ACE2 based on the glycosylation profile. Among them, luteolin, a drug currently approved for asthma, exhibits an intense allosteric effect when it binds to a previously unidentified distal binding site of the RBD domain far from the RBD and ACE2 interface which may serve as a potential target for future drug discovery.
Chapter 14: Antiviral Agents

Publisher Summary It was observed in recent past that much of the virus chemotherapy research was directed at herpes and other DNA viruses and this includes clinical and laboratory studies on known compounds to ascertain their spectrum of clinical efficacy. Antiviral chemotherapy has left the laboratory and is now established in the clinic with useful agents available. Extensive clinical trials have been carried out with ara-A on a variety of virus infections and by different treatment routes. Topical treatment of herpetic keratitis with 3% ointment was reported effective and a good alternate to IDUR therapy. Genital herpes have proven more refractory and double-blind studies show no difference in activity between topical placebo and topical drug treatment. Parenteral administration of ara-A was reported to be curative and well tolerated in the early treatment of severe disseminated herpes infections in infants and adults. Ara-A was found to be completely ineffective for treatment of variola major infections as shown by a double-blind study in 18 patients. A problem with ara-A is its rapid enzymatic conversion to the less active arahypoxanthine (ara-Hx) by adenosine deaminase. A new enzyme inhibitor (Co-Vidarabine, Co-V) has been reported to potentiate the activity of ara-A in tissue culture. The model systems are useful as guides but clinical trials are required.
Theory-Based Practice: A Case Study of the Multifactorial Model of Stuttering

Theory concerning general processes of speech motor control can inform questions and hypothesis in stuttering research, as well as goal and activity selection in clinical practice. This paper attempts to describe the flow of information from theory to research and clinical fields, using the multifactorial model of stuttering as an example.
A Review of: “Remembering the Times of Our Lives: Memory in Infancy and Beyond. By Patricia J. Bauer.”

Patricia Bauer's impressive book, Remembering the Times of Our Lives: Memory in Infancy and Beyond, traces the development of autobiographical memory from infancy to adulthood. Drawing on a variety of different lines of evidence, ranging from brain development to cognitive development, this book reviews the fundamental questions (e.g., why do we remember so little about early childhood?) and proposes some provocative answers. Both experts and novices will have much to gain from this volume.
Color-Matching Functions

The amounts of any set of three primaries that are needed by the CIE observer to match any spectrum color can be computed by combination (addition or subtraction) of the same multiples of the CIE color-matching data x, y, z for all wavelengths. The amounts of those same primaries that the CIE observer would need to match any color, in general, are the same combinations of the tristimulus values X, Y, Z. Such combinations are called linear combinations because the tristimulus values themselves are used, not any nonlinear functions of them.
Towards a formal concept analysis approach to exploring communities on the world wide web

An interesting problem associated with the World Wide Web (Web) is the definition and delineation of so called Web communities. The Web can be characterized as a directed graph whose nodes represent Web pages and whose edges represent hyperlinks. An authority is a page that is linked to by high quality hubs, while a hub is a page that links to high quality authorities. A Web community is a highly interconnected aggregate of hubs and authorities. We define a community core to be a maximally connected bipartite subgraph of the Web graph. We observe that the web subgraph can be viewed as a formal context and that web communities can be modeled by formal concepts. Additionally, the notions of hub and authority are captured by the extent and intent, respectively, of a concept. Though Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) has previously been applied to the Web, none of the FCA based approaches that we are aware of consider the link structure of the Web pages. We utilize notions from FCA to explore the community structure of the Web graph. We discuss the problem of utilizing this structure to locate and organize communities in the form of a knowledge base built from the resulting concept lattice and discuss methods to reduce the complexity of the knowledge base by coalescing similar Web communities. We present preliminary experimental results obtained from real Web data that demonstrate the usefulness of FCA for improving Web search.
Hofstede'S Cultural Dimensions

Hofstede's cultural dimensions form a framework that provides basis for an initial understanding of cultural differences. Keywords: framework; cultural dimensions
Information literacy modules as an integral component of a K-12 teacher preparation program: A librarian/faculty partnership

Summary Rio Salado College is a non-traditional community college specializing in customized programs and distance education. The Faculty Chair for Library Science, who is also the Library Director, collaborated with the Faculty Chair for Education to develop an integrated series of information literacy modules for inclusion in an online distance post-baccalaureate teacher preparation program. The creation and development of the modules, as well as possible future applications, are discussed.
Blastomyces dermatitidis and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Blastomycosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis. The manifestations range from self-limited infections, focal cutaneous or pulmonary lesions, destructive foci in various organs to rapidly progressive and fatal infection.1 The vast majority of blastomycosis cases begin from a pulmonary portal of entry2,3 although a few cases of cutaneous inoculation of the fungus in laboratory workers have been reported.4
The Effects of Compliant Walls on Transition and Turbulence

Normally aeroelastic phenomena are considered deleterious or even destructive. However Ashley (Chapter 0, Ref. 7) has emphasized the possible beneficial effects of aeroelasticity. Perhaps the most exciting possibility for a favorable effect of aero-elasticity is that of reduction of drag on a body through the aeroelastic (or hydroelastic) interaction of a compliant wall and the surrounding fluid stream. Not surprisingly, perhaps, since the full understanding of such a possible effect requires nothing less than an understanding of fluid turbulence and its interaction with a compliant wall, progress has occurred in fits and starts and the subject is far from completely understood. In this chapter our present knowledge of this fascinating topic is considered.
Microbial consortia of gorgonian corals from the Aleutian islands

Gorgonians make up the majority of corals in the Aleutian archipelago and provide critical fish habitat in areas of economically important fisheries. The microbial ecology of the deep-sea gorgonian corals Paragorgea arborea, Plumarella superba, and Cryogorgia koolsae was examined with culture-based and 16S rRNA gene-based techniques. Six coral colonies (two per species) were collected. Samples from all corals were cultured, and clone libraries were constructed from P. superba and C. koolsae. Cultured bacteria were dominated by the Gammaproteobacteria, especially Vibrionaceae, with other phyla comprising <6% of the isolates. The clone libraries showed dramatically different bacterial communities between corals of the same species collected at different sites, with no clear pattern of conserved bacterial consortia. Two of the clone libraries (one from each coral species) were dominated by Tenericutes, with Alphaproteobacteria dominating the remaining sequences. The other libraries were more diverse and had a more even distribution of bacterial phyla, showing more similarity between genera than within coral species. Here we report the first microbiological characterization of P. arborea, P. superba, and C. koolsae.
Deep gray matter involvement in children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.

PURPOSE To review the frequency, distribution, and extent of deep gray matter disease in children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. METHODS The MR examinations of 10 patients, who were discharged with the clinical diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis between 1986 and 1992, were retrospectively reviewed. Locations of abnormal signal in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, white matter, and deep gray matter nuclei were recorded. Precontrast and postcontrast images were compared, when available, to assess degree of enhancement (if any). RESULTS Six patients had foci of prolonged T2 relaxation in the deep gray matter, ranging in size from less than 1 cm to 4 cm. The caudate heads were involved in 4 patients, caudate body in 3, globus pallidus in 3, putamina in 3, and thalami in 4. In 1 patient, the thalami were involved nearly symmetrically, with mild mass effect. Asymmetric subcortical white matter involvement was present as well. Prolonged T2 relaxation was present within the cerebral cortex in 4 patients and was associated with subcortical white matter abnormality in 3 and more central white matter disease in 1. Nine of 10 patients demonstrated foci of T2 prolongation in white matter, most commonly involving the subcortical region, corona radiata, and centrum semiovale. Three patients also had periventricular foci. Of the 3 patients receiving gadolinium, one showed no enhancement. Two of the patients showed enhancement of some but not all lesions. One patient, who had normal brain MR findings and symptoms of myelopathy, underwent spine MR which demonstrated focal linear areas of T2 prolongation in the spinal cord at levels C-1 to C-2 and T-6. CONCLUSION Involvement of deep gray matter was common in our small series. The finding of T2 prolongation in these structures does not preclude the diagnosis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in the proper clinical setting. Because thalamic involvement is reported to be rare in multiple sclerosis, it may prove useful in distinguishing between acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and the initial presentation of multiple sclerosis.
Probabilistic theory for mixed mode fatigue crack growth in brittle plates with random cracks

Abstract A probabilistic fracture mechanics theory is proposed for fatigue life prediction in which a mixed-mode fatigue crack growth model is combined with extreme value probabilistic methods. The Sih–Barthelemy fatigue crack growth criterion based on strain energy intensity factor under uniaxial loading has been slightly modified and extended to multiaxial loading including biaxial loading and torsion. A probability density function is computed for the number of cycles to failure, and scaling relations are also computed. Crack number, length, and orientation at the onset of fatigue are treated as random varixsables whose probability distributions are known. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate dependence on plate size, on the variance of the crack length distribution, on the multiaxial loading factors, and on the parameters of the fatigue model.
State Management System of Gateway Electric Energy Metering Device Based on NI CompactRIO Platform

For the sake of real-time online monitoring the operating state and parameters of electric energy metering devices, detecting the abnormal states of devices, predicting the trend of electric energy metering device error, and changing the traditional management mode for electric energy metering devices, which adopts the cycle test rotation mechanism, this paper has proposed a state management system of electric energy metering device based on NI CompactRIO platform. The proposed system can implement real-time online management for monitoring the measurement error of electric energy meter, data acquisition of electric energy meter, test of Secondary Voltage Drop and Secondary Load of PT, test of Secondary Load of CT, video monitoring, measurement of temperature humidity, measurement of space magnetic, etc. The system combines CompactRIO platform and electric energy metering devices to acquire, monitor and analyze the real-time online data corresponding to electric energy meter, CT, PT and secondary loop. And the Energy metering error and the evaluation of parameters of electric energy metering device are calculated by the CPU, and the data is exchanged with the remote station by communication network. So the system improves the management efficiency and benefits of electric energy metering devices.
Unsupervised Morphological Segmentation with Log-Linear Models

Morphological segmentation breaks words into morphemes (the basic semantic units). It is a key component for natural language processing systems. Unsupervised morphological segmentation is attractive, because in every language there are virtually unlimited supplies of text, but very few labeled resources. However, most existing model-based systems for unsupervised morphological segmentation use directed generative models, making it difficult to leverage arbitrary overlapping features that are potentially helpful to learning. In this paper, we present the first log-linear model for unsupervised morphological segmentation. Our model uses overlapping features such as morphemes and their contexts, and incorporates exponential priors inspired by the minimum description length (MDL) principle. We present efficient algorithms for learning and inference by combining contrastive estimation with sampling. Our system, based on monolingual features only, outperforms a state-of-the-art system by a large margin, even when the latter uses bilingual information such as phrasal alignment and phonetic correspondence. On the Arabic Penn Treebank, our system reduces F1 error by 11% compared to Morfessor.
Impact of Clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease.

Background & Aims: Clostridium difficile –associated disease has increased significantly in North American medical centers. The impact of C difficile on patients with IBD (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) at the present time is unknown. Methods: A retrospective, observational study evaluating IBD patients followed in a referral center to evaluate the impact of C difficile was performed. Diagnosis was confirmed with stool toxin analysis. Demographic information, diagnosis, anatomic location, IBD therapy, antibiotic exposure, hospitalizations, and surgeries were recorded. Available endoscopic and histologic data were evaluated. Results: Rate of C difficile infection increased from 1.8% of IBD patients in 2004 to 4.6% in 2005 ( P C difficile infections at our institution increased from 7% in 2004 to 16% in 2005 ( P C difficile –infected patients in 2005 (91%), and the majority contracted infection as an outpatient (76%). Antibiotic exposure was identified in 61% of IBD patients with C difficile infection in 2005. Pseudomembranes and fibrinopurulent eruptions were not seen endoscopically or histologically. During 2004–2005 more than half of the infected IBD patients required hospitalization, and 20% required colectomy. Univariate and multivariate analysis identified maintenance immunomodulator use and colonic involvement as independent risk factors for C difficile infection in IBD. Conclusions: C difficile infection has increased significantly in IBD patients and negatively impacts clinical outcome. Increased vigilance regarding this infection in IBD patients with colitis activity is warranted.
Immunocytochemical evidence for colocalization in neurite growth cones of actin and myosin and their relationship to cell--substratum adhesions.

Abstract Sensory neurons from 8- to 11-day chick embryos were cultured on polyornithine-treated coverslips, fixed with glutaraldehyde, and stained for immunofluorescent localization of actin. Actin was distributed in a fibrous form in the growth cones, extending into filopodia and lamellipodial expansions of the growth cone margin. Often, these actin fibers were located at sites of linear adhesions to the glass substratum, as viewed by interference reflection optics. Our antisera to myosin did not recognize myosin in glutaraldehyde-fixed cells, and paraformaldehyde, which preserves the antigenicity of myosin, did not fix embryonic neurons well. Thus, myosin was localized in NGF-stimulated PC12 cells, whose morphology is better preserved by paraformaldehyde. Within the growth cones of PC12 neurites, actin and myosin are distributed into fibrous arrays which resemble the actin fibers seen in the growth cones of sensory neurons. Thus, actomyosin-like contractile forces may be exerted in neurite growth cones. These forces may act in concert with cell-substratum adhesive bonds to move the growth cone across the substratum or move organelles within the growth cone.
Melatonin administration following hemorrhagic shock decreases mortality from subsequent septic challenge

Abstract Melatonin administration has been reported to have beneficial effects on immune function in some clinical studies and in several animal models of immune dysfunction. Furthermore, recent studies suggest beneficial effects of melatonin on depressed immune function following trauma-hemorrhage. Nonetheless, it remains unknown whether this hormone has any salutary effects on survival following hemorrhagic shock and subsequent septic challenge. Male C3H/HeN mice were bled to and maintained at a mean arterial blood pressure of 35 ± 5 mm Hg for 90 min, adequately resuscitated, and 48 hr thereafter subjected to sepsis (cecal ligation and puncture; CLP). Melatonin-treated mice received either short-term treatment on Days 1 and 2 after hemorrhage or continuous treatment throughout the study. Treatment with vehicle (10% ethanol in normal saline) or melatonin (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered daily starting in the evening of the day of hemorrhage/sham-operation. Short-term melatonin administration after hemorrhage significantly improved survival in animals subjected to septic challenge. Continuous melatonin treatment did not improve survival, as compared to vehicle-treated mice subjected to shock and CLP. Moreover, continuous melatonin treatment in sham-operated animals significantly increased mortality compared to short-term-treated and vehicle-treated animals. While the mechanisms of the differential effects of melatonin administration are yet to be clearly defined, this study, nonetheless, demonstrates the salutary effects of short-term melatonin administration in the treatment of immune dysfunction following hemorrhagic shock.
Window in the dark matter exclusion limits

We consider the cross section limits for light dark matter cadnidates ($m=0.4$ to 10 GeV). We calculate the interaction of dark matter in the crust above underground dark matter detectors and find that in the intermediate cross section range, the energy loss of dark matter is sufficient to fall below the energy threshold of current underground experiments. This implies the existence of a window in the dark matter exclusion limits in the micro-barn range.
The recovery of cognitive function after remifentanil-nitrous oxide anesthesia is faster than after an isoflurane-nitrous oxide-fentanyl combination in elderly patients.

UNLABELLED We tested the hypothesis that remifentanil-nitrous oxide (N(2)O) anesthesia shortens postoperative emergence and recovery compared with an isoflurane-N(2)O-fentanyl combination in elderly patients undergoing spinal surgery. A total of 60 patients (>65 yr old) were randomly assigned to one of two groups for maintenance of anesthesia. After the induction with 3.6 +/- 1.2 mg/kg IV thiopental and endotracheal intubation facilitated with 1.4 +/- 0.5 mg/kg succinylcholine, patients were maintained with either 0.5%-1.5% isoflurane, 70% N(2)O, and up to 7 microg/kg fentanyl (iso/fent group) or 48 +/- 11 microg/kg remifentanil and 70% N(2)O (remi group). A mini-mental status examination was used to assess cognitive ability preoperatively, at 15, 30, and 60 min after arrival at the postanesthesia care unit and again 12-24 h postoperatively. The time from the conclusion of anesthesia to spontaneous respiration was similar in both groups. Times to eye opening (4.8 +/- 2.6 vs 2.3 +/- 1.1 min), extubation (6.8 +/- 3.8 vs 3.2 +/- 2.1 min), and verbalization (9.9 +/- 6.2 vs 3.9 +/- 2.6 min) were significantly shorter for the remi group (P < 0.05). Postoperative mini-mental status examination scores were significantly lower in the iso/fent group at 15 (16.3 +/- 5.8 vs 23. 7 +/- 3.3), 30 (20.2 +/- 5.2 vs 26.3 +/- 2.7), and 60 min (23.5 +/- 4.4 vs 27.5 +/- 2.0) (P < 0.001); however, the scores equalized after 12 h. Requirements for postoperative analgesics were similar in the two groups. More patients in the remi group were treated with antiemetics (21 vs 7, P = 0.06). Use of remifentanil-N(2)O for maintenance did not shorten the overall length of stay in the postanesthesia care unit; a stay is often related to multiple administrative issues, rather than cognitive recovery. IMPLICATIONS Maintenance of anesthesia with remifentanil-nitrous oxide (N(2)O), compared with isoflurane-N(2)O-fentanyl, can safely shorten postoperative recovery of cognitive function in a geriatric population. Earlier recovery may facilitate postoperative neurological assessment. Use of remifentanil-N(2)O for maintenance did not shorten the overall length of stay in the postanesthesia care unit, a stay often related to multiple administrative issues, rather than cognitive recovery.
Strength in diversity.

In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe , Hammer et al. (2014) show that distinct, slow-growing bacteria have better in vitro and in vivo growth and virulence when cocultured than in isolation. They provide evidence that the observed inter- and intraspecies "complementation" involves the intercellular exchange of metabolites.
Quality of depression care in a population-based sample of patients with diabetes and major depression.

Objectives: Major depression occurs in approximately 11% to 15% of patients with diabetes and is associated with poor glycemic control and adverse medical outcomes. This study examined the rates and predictors of recognition of depression among primary care patients with diabetes and comorbid major depression and the quality of depression care provided during a 12-month period. Methods: This study used automated utilization, pharmacy, and laboratory data from a health maintenance organization to describe the rate of recognition of depression and quality of care provided for patients with major depression and diabetes in the 12-month period before diagnosis. Major depression was diagnosed based on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) that was included in a mail survey sent to 9063 patients on the Group Health diabetes registry from 9 primary care clinics. Results: Approximately 51% of patients with major depression and diabetes were recognized as depressed by the health care system. Women were more likely to be recognized (odds ratio [OR] 1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI 1.26–1.97]), as were those with dysthymia (OR 3.44, 95% CI 2.08–5.72), panic attacks (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.19–2.19), patients with more than 7 primary care visits (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.06–1.91) and patients reporting poor health (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.04–2.53). Of the 51% of patients with major depression who were recognized, 43% received 1 or more antidepressant prescriptions but only 6.7% received 4 or more psychotherapy sessions during a 12-month period. Discussion: There were large gaps in both recognition and quality of depression care provided to patients with major depression and diabetes within a health maintenance organization system.
Opioid modulation of thermal dehydration-induced thirst in rats.

Abstract Male Sprague-Dawley rats were utilized to study the effects of the opioid receptor antagonists, naloxone and naltrexone, on thirst induced by thermal dehydration. In an initial experiment, the depressant effect of naloxone (1.0 mg/kg, IP) on the water intake of rats deprived of water for 24 h was confirmed. In subsequent experiments, rats were thermally dehydrated by exposing them without water to a 40°C environment for 1–4 h. Following heat exposure, rats were injected with either naloxone or naltrexone either IP or ICV. Fifteen minutes later, rats were provided with water and water intake was measured for 2 h. Both naloxone and naltrexone had dose (0.1–5.0 mg/kg, IP)-dependent effects of reducing water intake of rats thermally dehydrated for 3 h. Water intake of rats thermally dehydrated for 2 or 4 h was also attenuated by pretreatment with naloxone. Rats thermally dehydrated for 3 h exhibited decreases in water intake following ICV injection of either naloxone or naltrexone at a dose of 50 μg. Neither naloxone nor naltrexone had an effect on urine output in any experiment. The water intake data support the hypothesis that thirst induced by thermal dehydration in rats is modulated by an opioid mechanism.
Laminar Film Condensation on a Vertical Melting Surface

Laminar film condensation of a saturated vapor on a vertical melting surface is treated theoretically, with emphasis on departures from a previous treatment produced by: (a) arbitrary liquid Prandtl numbers and (b) condensation-melting systems involving two materials of immiscible liquids. An integral method is utilized which takes full account of the effects of both liquid film inertia and shear force at the condensing vapor-liquid film interface. For a one-component system accurate numerical results for the melting rates are displayed graphically and define the range of validity of a simple treatment of this problem based on Nusselt’s method. For a two-component system, illustrative calculations are made for the condensation of a refrigerant vapor on melting ice.
Perinatal computing design criteria for high tech support for clinical image services.

Abstract Several design criteria for computer support of clinical imaging ultrasonography are discussed.
Assessment of cluster homogeneity in fMRI data using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance

In fMRI both model-led and exploratory data-driven methods are used to identify groups of voxels according to their correlation either with an external reference or with some similarity measure. Here we present a technique to assess intragroup homogeneity using Kendall's coefficient of concordance W once groups have been identified. We show that the time-courses belonging to the group may be ranked according to their contribution to the overall concordance and describe an algorithm for group purification. We suggest the use of W as a cluster validation index in exploratory data analysis approaches, such as fuzzy or hard clustering, principal component analysis, independent component analysis and Kohonen maps.
Zemorrian and Saucesian (Oligo-Miocene) Foraminiferal Sequences in Subsurface, Southwestern San Joaquin Valley, California: ABSTRACT

Exceptional foraminiferal sequences of Zemorrian and Saucesian (Oligocene-Miocene) age occur in the subsurface of End_Page 437------------------------------ the southwestern San Joaquin Valley in sediments referable to the Pleito and Temblor Formations. Downdip from the basin margin, these subsurface sequences are commonly more continuous than in outcrop because they generally are free of structural complexities, unconformities, and the prevalence of inshore faunas. Well cores from two such subsurface sequences permit a reconstruction of the foraminiferal succession from earliest Zemorrian to latest Saucesian time, as well as correlation with nearby outcrop sections. These two wells are the T. H. Purman (Hub) Cymric 1, in the Cymric oil field, northwest of McKittrick, Kern County, and the Texas P.U.P. 1, in the western San Emigdio foothills near Bitter Creek, Kern County. In the Hub Cymric well section, the Temblor Formation lies, probably disconformably, on the Refugian "Oceanic Sand." On the basis of the foraminiferal content, the Salt Creek Shale and Phacoides Sandstone members are referred to the Uvigerina gallowayi Zone, lower Zemorrian Stage; the lower Santos Shale, including the basal subsurface, "Hub fauna," and the Agua Sandstone, to the Uvigerinella sparsicostata Zone, upper Zemorrian; the upper Santos Shale, the Carneros Sandstone, and part of the Media Shale, to the lower Saucesian Stage; and the upper Media, to the upper Saucesian Uvigerinella obesa Zone. This sequence is similar to and is correlated with the type Zemorrian and overlying Saucesian strata found in the Temblor Formation cropping out in Zemorra Creek on the northwest. In the Texas P.U.P. well, claystones referable to the Pleito Formation provide an excellent continuum of benthonic foraminiferal assemblages across the Refugian-Zemorrian boundary. Overlying Temblor claystones interbedded with sandstones contain late Zemorrian and Saucesian assemblages. This subsurface sequence is correlated with foraminiferal Pleito and Temblor strata which crop out directly south along Bitter Creek. Planktonic foraminifers are scarce in the Zemorrian assemblages, but are common and diverse in the Saucesian of the Hub Cymric section. Encountered in the Plectofrondicularia miocenica Zone (upper lower Saucesian) of that sequence was the tropical planktonic marker Catapsydrax stainforthi Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan. The benthonic foraminiferal assemblages are largely bathyal in character and indicate at least warm-temperate surface temperatures in the San Joaquin basin during Zemorrian and Saucesian times. End_of_Article - Last_Page 438------------
Conservation and DNA sequence arrangement of the DNA polymerase I gene region from Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli.

Abstract Collections of viable molecular hybrids of bacteriophage λ DNA and of Klebsiella aerogenes or Klebsiella pneumoniae DNA were constructed in vitro by the covalent joining of DNA fragments via the cohesive ends generated by EcoRI endonuclease cleavage. From each of these two pools of hybrids, a phage containing the gene coding for DNA polymerase I (polA) was selected. Functional Klebsiella DNA polymerase I is produced when either hybrid phage is grown in Escherichia coli hosts. Deletion mutants of bacteriophage λ hybrids containing the K. pneumoniae polymerase I gene generated during lytic growth in E. coli have been isolated. One particular mutation (a 3.2 × 103-base deletion entirely within the cloned K. pneumoniae DNA fragment) was isolated at an extremely high frequency (0.5 × 10−4). The location of the polA gene on the cloned DNA fragment has been determined by correlating physical structures and genetic expression of the deletion mutants. Heteroduplex analysis indicates extensive homology but not complete colinearity in the DNA sequences of the polymerase genes and adjacent regions from K. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae and E. coli. Using very stringent hybridization conditions, it has been determined that most if not all of the polA gene is highly conserved among these organisms; the adjacent sequences are significantly less conserved. DNA sequences homologous to the cloned polA-containing fragments from K. aerogenes and K. pneumoniae were not detected in the DNA of Bacillus subtilis or Myxococcus xanthus. Surprisingly, at two or three locations, a given DNA strand of the K. aerogenes fragment is homologous to both DNA strands of the K. pneumoniae fragment. Some of these locations map close to breakpoints between highly conserved and less conserved regions. Models incorporating these observations are considered.
A simple technique for renal protection during repair of complicated aneurysms.

Abstract A simple, safe, and unobtrusive method for renal perfusion during complicated aortic aneurysm repair is described.
Formation of oxo- and hydroxyfatty acids in irradiated chickens.

Finely ground chicken skin and subcutaneous fat exposed to gamma radiation from 137Cs at 0–2°C for up to 10 kGy generated oxofatty acids (OFA) and hydroxyfatty acids (HFA) in the glycerides. Both classes were determined as colored derivatives; OFA as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones, and HFA as esters of pyruvic acid 2,6-dinitrophenylhydrazone. The concentration of OFA increased with increasing irradiation dose but not always linearly. Variations in the concentration of both classes were noted and some chicken lipids failed to form both classes. In the samples where OFA were generated in significant quantities, the absorption maximum of the derivatives shifted toward a higher wavelength with increasing dose due ostensibly to the formation of double bond(s) in conjugation with the oxo group. This shift in absorption maximum was initially considered to be a means for detecting irradiation as well as indicating the dose received with fair accuracy. However, in several instances irradiation of a chicken sample did not result in the formation of significant increases in OFA and therefore this method cannot be used as a definitive test.