cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rehabilitation after head injury

Each year 150 000 children attend Accident and Emergency Departments in the UK with traumatic head injuries and of these some 40 000 are admitted.l The great majority of such in-patients have minor injuries and will be discharged within 48 h, but 5% of them will have serious head injury.2 Approximately 400 children die each year from their injury the majority before they reach hospital.3 Most serious head injuries occur in road traffic accidents when the child is a pedestrian or cyclist or, less usually, a passenger in a vehicle. Less common causes are falls from heights or playground equipment, and in the younger age group child abuse.4 A significant number of children suffering minor head injury will develop subtle long term intellectual or behavioural sequelae, and at least 50% of those with severe injury will be left with major motor and/or cognitive impairment. There has been growing concern in recent years that a condition which exacts such a toll in terms of morbidity and mortality in childhood has been viewed with little professional consistency both in its acute management and its rehabilitation. Optimum management of the condition is hampered principally by two factors. Firstly, children with head injury are not a homogeneous group but constitute a wide spectrum of clinical variation, and secondly, service provision varies from centre to centre and district to district and may depend on factors such as local ‘tradition’ or indeed, personal whim.
Flagellar Protein Dynamics in Chlamydomonas

Cilia and flagella appear to be stable, terminal, microtubule-containing organelles, but they also elongate and shorten in response to a variety of signals. To understand mechanisms that regulate flagellar dynamics, Chlamydomonas cells with nongrowing flagella were labeled with (35)S, and flagella and basal body components were examined for labeled polypeptides. Maximal incorporation of label into the flagella occurred within 3 h. Twenty percent of the flagellar polypeptides were exchanged. These included tubulins, dyneins, and 80 other axonemal and membrane plus matrix polypeptides. The most stable flagellar structure is the PF-ribbon, which comprises part of the wall of each doublet microtubule and is composed of tubulin and three other polypeptides. Most (35)S was incorporated into the high molecular weight ribbon polypeptide, rib240, and little, if any, (35)S is incorporated into PF-ribbon-associated tubulin. Both wild-type (9 + 2) and 9 + 0 flagella, which lack central microtubules, exhibited nearly identical exchange patterns, so labeling is not due to turnover of relatively labile central microtubules. To determine if flagellar length is balanced by protein exchange, (35)S incorporation into disassembling flagella was examined, as was exchange in flagella in which microtubule assembly was blocked by colchicine. Incorporation of (35)S-labeled polypeptides was found to occur into flagellar axonemes during wavelength-dependent shortening in pf18 and in fla10 cells induced to shorten flagella by incubation at 33 degrees C. Colchicine blocked tubulin addition but did not affect the exchange of the other exchangeable polypeptides; nor did it induce any change in flagellar length. Basal bodies also incorporated newly synthesized proteins. These data reveal that Chlamydomonas flagella are dynamic structures that incorporate new protein both during steady state and as flagella shorten and that protein exchange does not, alone, explain length regulation.
Inhibition of HLA antibody cytotoxicity by intravenous immunoglobulin G F(ab')2 dimers, monomers, and monovalent F(ab).

Abstract IVIgG preparations are clinically relevant to sensitized transplant candidates because they inhibit HLA alloantibody in vitro and in vivo . We hypothesized that IVIgG F(ab′) 2 idiotypic-antiidiotypic dimers may possess a greater immunomodulatory capacity when remonomerized than non-dimerizable F(ab′) 2 monomers in IVIgG. We reasoned that when 60–75% of potential antiidiotypic IVIgG monomers fail to bind to IVIgG molecules in a large pool of plasma donors (>10,000), IVIgG monomers may fail to inhibit HLA idiotypic antibodies of sensitized transplant candidates. In the first series of AHG T cell crossmatches, non-fractionated IVIgG F(ab′) 2 was found to inhibit titered HLA antibodies in 13 out of 29 (45%) crossmatch combinations. Crossmatch inhibition was incomplete, i.e., a particular titered HLA antibody specificity was not always inhibited by IVIgG F(ab′) 2 in every HLA antigen-matched target cell crossmatch. Next, the IVIgG F(ab′) 2 product was fractionated into F(ab′) 2 dimers, F(ab′) 2 monomers and Fab monovalent components by size exclusion high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and retested in crossmatches which previously demonstrated inhibition. The percent of crossmatches that were inhibited by HPLC F(ab′) 2 IVIgG fractions in three separate experiments was statistically similar for pH 4.0 remonomerized dimers, 82%; pH 6.0 dimers, 50%; monomers, 64%; and monovalent Fab, 64% ( p = 0.50) . Soluble class I HLA antigen was undetectable in IVIgG F(ab′) 2 by an ELISA assay. In conclusion, IVIgG dimers and monomers appear to have similar immunomodulatory capacities, and separation of whole IVIgG products into dimer and monomer fractions does not appear to be warranted. Further, IVIgG products should be tested for optimal HLA antibody inhibition in vitro prior to in vivo therapy.
A horizontal stripe of displacement sensitivity in the human visual field

Displacement thresholds of peripheral sites in monocular human vision were obtained. The average of 12 directional thresholds at different visual field sites was used to define isometric lines of average displacement threshold about central vision. Isometric lines extended further into the temporal visual fields along the horizontal meridian than along other meridians. At any single site in the peripheral visual field the thresholds were not the same in all directions; they were larger toward and away from central vision. These two psychophysical findings vary in a qualitatively similar manner across the retinal field, as does the average size and the collected orientation bias of dendritic fields of retinal ganglion cells.
Chorda tympani nerve transection impairs the gustatory detection of free fatty acids in male and female rats.

Sprague-Dawley rats with intact (SHAM) and bilaterally transected chorda tympani nerves (CTX) received conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) to the free fatty acids (FFAs), linoleic and oleic acid, at micromolar quantities. Two-bottle preference tests showed that CTX eliminated avoidance of 88 μM linoleic acid but did not affect CTA avoidance of corn oil or 250 mM sucrose. Short-duration stimulus tests following single-pairing CTAs revealed that 8-s stimulus durations resulted in higher detection thresholds for linoleic acid than 30-s trials. In these short-duration tests, CTX rats showed 2-fold elevations in threshold for linoleic acid compared to the SHAM rats. A single-pairing CTA did not produce avoidance of oleic acid during the short-duration tests; however, 3 consecutive days of CTA pairings did produce avoidance of oleic acid in both male and female rats. Finally, both male and female rats received SHAM or CTX surgery after demonstrating successful CTAs to either 100 μM linoleic or oleic acid. The ability to detect and avoid linoleic and oleic acid was eliminated by CTX for both sexes. Differences in the ability of rats to form CTAs to linoleic and oleic acid suggest that linoleic acid is a more salient stimulus than oleic acid. Our results suggest that FFAs stimulate afferent taste signals in the chorda tympani nerve of male and female rats and that these signals play an important role in the gustatory behavior of accepting or avoiding taste stimuli following a conditioned taste aversion.
Hemorrhagic shock-induced vascular hyporeactivity in the rat: relationship to gene expression of nitric oxide synthase, endothelin-1, and select cytokines in corresponding organs.

Background Our previous work observed that vascular hyporeactivity to norepinephrine (NE) developed after hemorrhage and the response was not the same in the 4 arteries examined. To evaluate possible mechanisms involved, the present study investigated the gene expression of iNOS, eNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and endothelin-1 in the corresponding organs, and the roles of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin (ET). Materials and methods LAnesthetized rats (n = 7/time point/group) were hemorrhaged to a mean arterial pressure of 50 mmHg for 60 min. The vascular reactivity of the superior mesenteric (SMA), celiac (CA), left renal (LRA), and left femoral arteries (LFA) to NE was measured at baseline, at the end of the hypotensive period (E), and at 1, 2, and 4 h later in the three groups (hemorrhage, hemorrhage+NG-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME), an NO synthase inhibitor, or hemorrhage+PD142893, an ET receptor antagonist). Gene expression in ileum, left kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle was determined by quantitative RT-PCR at these times. Results Vascular reactivity of SMA, CA, LRA, and LFA to NE decreased as much as 98% over 4 h compared with baseline. This loss of responsiveness in CA and LFA was more severe than in SMA and LRA. Gene expression of iNOS, eNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and endothelin-1 in the corresponding organs of select vasculatures increased markedly over baseline levels and the fold increase in mRNA levels of these enzymes and mediators in liver and skeletal muscle was higher than in ileum and left kidney. For example, at 4 h, iNOS expression was over 16-fold higher than baseline in liver and skeletal muscle, but 5- and 7-fold higher in ileum and kidney, respectively. l -NAME or PD142893 partially attenuated the decreased vascular reactivity induced by hemorrhagic shock and attenuated the changes in gene expression observed. Conclusion These findings suggest that the differential expression of NOS, cytokines, and endothelin-1 in different organs are associated with the development of vascular hyporeactivity after hemorrhagic shock and may account, at least in part, for the vascular bed diversity observed.
Localization and functional role of the calmodulin-binding domain of phospholamban in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles

Limited proteolysis and affinity-labeling techniques have been used to localize the calmodulin-binding domain of phospholamban, the major substrate for both cAMP- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinases in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). SR vesicles, treated with increasing concentrations of trypsin (likely hydrolyzing at Arg-25 in the cytoplasmic region of phospholamban), exhibited a subsequent loss of both cAMP- and calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation, as well as calmodulin affinity-labeling of phospholamban. When SR vesicles were treated with increasing concentrations of chymotrypsin (which likely cleaves at Tyr-6 of phospholamban) there was no effect on the cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of phospholamban. However, similar concentrations of chymotrypsin resulted in a loss of both calmodulin affinity-labeling and calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of phospholamban (at Thr-17). When SR vesicles were treated with increasing concentrations of Endoproteinase Lys-C (which hydrolyzes phospholamban at Lys-3) both the calmodulin affinity-labeling and the calmodulin-dependent, but not the cAMP-dependent, phosphorylation of phospholamban were inhibited. These data were complemented by 1H-NMR studies on the complex formed by calmodulin and a phospholamban peptide. These data suggest that binding of calmodulin to phospholamban may be an essential intermediate step in the calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of phospholamban.
Switchable dual-wavelength Erbium-doped fiber ring laser with cascaded fiber Bragg gratings

We have experimentally shown wavelength mode switching in a dual-wavelength Erbium-doped single cavity fiber laser where the initial two wavelengths of 1 nm spacing are determined by the cascaded reflection type short-period fiber Bragg gratings having two different centre wavelengths of 1550.5 and 1551.5 nm. The lasing mode depends on the polarization in the ring cavity to migrate from one wavelength to another or operates in both modes in a polarization beam splitter output. To effectively control the polarization in the ring cavity, the polarization controllers were positioned before and after the polarization beam splitter. This method of wavelength switching provides a simple way of mode tuning in dual-wavelength fiber lasers.
Polymer Melt Intercalation in Organically-Modified Layered Silicates: Model Predictions and Experiment

The effect of silicate functionalization, anneal temperature, polymer molecular weight, and constituent interactions on polymer melt intercalation of a variety of styrene-derivative polymers in alkylammonium-functionalized silicates is examined. Hybrid formation requires an optimal interlayer structure for the organically-modified layered silicate (OLS), with respect to the number per host area and size of the alkylammonium chains, as well as the presence of polar interactions between the OLS and polymer. From these observations and the qualitative predictions of the mean-field lattice-based model of polymer melt intercalation (preceding paper in this issue), general guidelines may be established for selecting potentially compatible polymer−OLS systems. The interlayer structure of the OLS should be optimized to maximize the configurational freedom of the functionalizing chains upon layer separation while maximizing potential interaction sites with the surface. The most successful polymers for intercalatio...
Familial Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A 4‐year Follow‐up Study of Children from Antisocial‐ADHD Families

ADHD is a familial disorder with high rates of comorbidity with conduct disorder in childhood and antisocial personality and substance use disorders in adulthood. A growing literature suggests that ADHD with antisocial comorbidity may be nosologically distinct from other forms of ADHD. Previously, we proposed a family-based stratification that defined Antisocial families as those with either conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder in the probands or relatives. To provide predictive validity for that stratification, we assessed psychopathology in these families 4 years after their initial assessment. Results show that the probands and siblings from Antisocial families had higher rates of psychopathology during the 4-year follow-up period compared with siblings from Non-antisocial and control families. They also had more deviant ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist (especially for anxious/depressed, delinquent, and aggressive behavior). We found fewer group differences in the academic, psychosocial, and intellectual correlates of ADHD. These results confirm and extend previous work indicating that Antisocial ADHD may be a nosologically and clinically meaningful subform of ADHD.
Tunnel FET-based ultra-low power, high-sensitivity UHF RFID rectifier

Hetero-junction Tunnel FET (HTFET) for ultra-low power RF circuit design has been explored at the device and circuit level. In this paper, benchmarking and design insights for optimizing the performance of the TFET based differential drive rectifier is presented. Our evaluation of the HTFET based rectifier demonstrates its promise compared to the state-of-art passive RFIDs. With the 10-stage optimized TFET rectifier at 915 MHz, PCE of 98% with 0.5 nW power consumption, sensitivity of -24dBm for 9 μW PDC and sensitivity of -33dBm for 0.4μW PDC were achieved.
Women's Education in England during the nineteenth century: A review of the literature, 1970–1976

(1977). Women's Education in England during the nineteenth century: A review of the literature, 1970–1976. History of Education: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 11-19.
Turnover rates of nitrogen stable isotopes in the salt marsh mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, following a laboratory diet switch

Nitrogen stable isotopes are frequently used in ecological studies to estimate trophic position and determine movement patterns. Knowledge of tissue-specific turnover and nitrogen discrimination for the study organisms is important for accurate interpretation of isotopic data. We measured delta15 N turnover in liver and muscle tissue in juvenile mummichogs, Fundulus heteroclitus, following a laboratory diet switch. Liver tissue turned over significantly faster than muscle tissue suggesting the potential for a multiple tissue stable isotope approach to study movement and trophic position over different time scales; metabolism contributed significantly to isotopic turnover for both liver and muscle. Nitrogen diet-tissue discrimination was estimated at between 0.0 and 1.2 per thousand for liver and -1.0 and 0.2 per thousand for muscle. This is the first experiment to demonstrate a significant variation in delta15 N turnover between liver and muscle tissues in a fish species.
RNAi technology and its use in studying the function of nuclear receptors and coregulators

Until just a few years ago, RNA interference (RNAi) technology was restricted to the research fields of plants, C. elegans or Drosophila. The discovery of gene silencing by in vitro synthesized double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in mammalian cells has made the use of RNAi possible in nearly the entire life science kingdom. DNA vectors delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed by polymerase III or polymerase II promoters to persistently inhibit target genes expression have extended this technology to study in vivo function of these genes. Recently, RNAi has been used as a powerful tool in the functional analysis of nuclear receptors and their coregulators. This short review will cover studies in this area.
Spectral Characteristics of Field Variations during Geomagnetically Quiet Conditions

Using data from 15 observatories at a wide distribution of latitude locations in North and South America the spectra of geomagnetic field variations having periods from 5min to 4hr were examined for six days of 1965 when the Ap index values were 3 ol less. At high latitudes, where the maximum amplitudes occurred more poleward on low Ap days than on high Ap days, the ratio of the short to long period amplitudes was higher than at other latitudes. For all spectral samples of the data, a minimum in activity was found near 30° geomagnetic latitude and a dayside enhancement was found at the equator. At all latitudes most amplitudes were larger during the local daytime hours and smallest at the predawn hours. East-west component amplitudes were about the same size as the north-south component amplitudes averaged over the day yet regular diurnal variations were found in the ratio of these two components. On the average there was a 10 to 20 percent reduction of the east-west field component in the region of the ionospheric equatorial and auroral electrojet currents. The vertical component of field was about 40 percent less than the horizontal field. This reduction seemed to be accounted for by an effective crustal conductivity of about 2×10-3mhos/meter extending to an equivalent depth of about 300km. The general characteristics of the quiet-time spectra seemed to match the projection of the changes in active-day spectra to low Ap values. Empirical relationships between the spectral features and the Ap index are provided to allow some prediction of geomagnetic amplitude levels as a function of period, time, and location on magnetically quiet days.
Transient increase in expression of a glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) mRNA during the postnatal development of the rat striatum

We recently reported that the mammalian brain has two forms of the GABA synthetic enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD, E.C. 4.1.1.15), which are the products of two genes. The two forms, which we call GAD65 and GAD67, differ from each other in sequence, molecular size, subcellular distribution, and interactions with the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), with GAD65 activity more dependent than that of GAD67 on the continued presence of exogenous PLP. The existence of two GAD genes suggests that individual GABA neurons may be subject to differential regulation of GABA production. We have examined the expression of these two forms of GAD during postnatal development of the rat striatum to determine whether different classes of GABA neurons selectively express different amounts of the two GAD mRNAs. Here we present evidence for a dramatic developmental difference in the expression of the two mRNAs during postnatal development of the rat striatum. Using in situ hybridization to the two GAD mRNAs, we observed a selective increase in GAD65 mRNA during the second postnatal week, at the time when striatal matrix neurons innervate the substantia nigra (SN). PLP-dependent enzyme activity in the midbrain increases in parallel with increased expression of GAD65 mRNA in the striatum. We hypothesize that the innervation of the SN by striatal neurons triggers an increase in GAD65. The changing ratios of GAD65 and GAD67 in the striatum may contribute to the well-documented changes in seizure susceptibility that occur in early life.
Human Dishevelled Genes Constitute a DHR-Containing Multigene Family

Three human genes encoding proteins homologous to Drosophila Dishevelled protein were cloned and characterized. Amino acid similarity between the different Dishevelled proteins is concentrated in three highly conserved regions. Two of these regions do not exhibit significant sequence similarity with other known proteins; the third is similar to the discs-large homology region, which was first found in a Drosophila Discs-large tumor suppressor protein (also known as GLGF or PDZ domain). We produced antibodies against human Dishevelled-2 and demonstrated that it is a phosphoprotein and can be detected in all cell lines and human embryonic tissues examined. Indirect immunofluorescence indicates that it is found throughout the cytoplasm. Our results indicate that the human dishevelled genes constitute a multigene family and that Dishevelled proteins are highly conserved among metazoans.
Power cut: inhibiting mitochondrial translation to target leukemia.

In this issue of Cancer Cell, Skrtic et al. demonstrate that inhibition of mitochondrial ribosomes with tigecycline, a known antimicrobial, selectively kills leukemia cells. This finding highlights the metabolic susceptibility of leukemia cells to mitochondrial translational inhibition and identifies a compound with significant efficacy in an in vivo preclinical model.
Psychological Aspects: The Soft Side of Policy Formation

Nonrational factors affect the determination of policy. Points of vulnerability to the influence of nonrational factors are identified in the policy-forming process and in the policy-implementing process. The suggestion is made that a normative model for the policy-formation process must take account of the presence of nonrational influences so that they can be dealt with in a rational manner.
Infectious crystalline keratopathy associated with Klebsiella oxytoca

Purpose The purpose of this study is to report a novel case of a Klebsiella oxytoca-associated infectious crystalline keratopathy Methods This is a case report study. Results An 80-year-old woman presented with complaint of noticing a white spot in the left eye for 2 to 3 days, as well as mild soreness and discharge. Past ocular history was notable for a failed left corneal transplant for which she was taking prednisolone acetate 1 % twice per day. On slit-lamp examination, there was an extensive stromal ulcer and infiltrate in the inferior half of the transplant. Extending superiorly in the graft were branching, needle-like deep stromal opacities, characteristic of infectious crystalline keratopathy. Diagnostic scrapings revealed Gram-negative bacilli, subsequently identified on culture as K. oxytoca. There was also light growth of Staphylococcus species. The patient was placed on double topical antibiotic therapy with moxifloxacin and fortified tobramycin. After 2 months of treatment there was gradual resolution of the infection. Conclusions K. oxytoca is a microorganism which can be associated with clinical infectious crystalline keratopathy, presenting as a mixed infection along with Staphylococcus species.
Electronic structure of nanoporous ceria from x-ray absorption spectroscopy and atomic multiplet calculations

We study the electronic structure of three-dimensional nanoporous $\mathrm{Ce}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}$ monoliths (aerogels) by soft x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Atomic multiplet calculations are used to interpret high-resolution $\mathrm{Ce}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{M}_{4,5}$- and ${N}_{4,5}$-edge XANES spectra. Results show that aerogels with thicker ligaments, but with the same average size of crystallites, exhibit larger ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ content and, hence, higher oxygen deficiency.
Age-associated predictors of medication adherence in HIV-positive adults: Health beliefs, self-efficacy, and neurocognitive status.

Objective: Although most agree that poor adherence to antiretrovirals is a common problem, relatively few factors have been shown to consistently predict treatment failure. In this study, a theoretical framework encompassing demographic characteristics, health beliefs/attitudes, treatment self-efficacy, and neurocognitive status was examined in relationship to highly active antiretroviral therapy adherence. Design: Prospective, cross-sectional observational design. Main Outcome Measures: Neuropsychological test performance, health beliefs and attitudes, and medication adherence tracked over a 1-month period using electronic monitoring technology (Medication Event Monitoring System caps). Results: The rate of poor adherence was twice as high among younger participants than with older participants (68% and 33%, respectively). Results of binary logistic regression revealed that low self-efficacy and lack of perceived treatment utility predicted poor adherence among younger individuals, whereas decreased levels of neurocognitive functioning remained the sole predictor of poor adherence among older participants. Conclusion: These data support components of the health beliefs model in predicting medication adherence among younger HIV-positive individuals. However, risk of adherence failure in those ages 50 years and older appears most related to neurocognitive status.
FRET Detected Interactions of Cardiac Membrane Proteins in Living Cells

We have investigated the structure of phospholamban (PLB) and its regulation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase (SERCA) using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) on fluorescent fusion proteins expressed in living cells. Fusion proteins were created with either a donor fluorophore (cyan fluorescent protein, CFP), or an acceptor fluorophore (yellow fluorescent protein, YFP), attached to one terminus of the protein of interest. Both N-terminal and C-terminal fusions of CFP and YFP were made to SERCA and N-terminal fusions were made to PLB.
The Effects of Multiple Doses of Recombinant Human CuZn Superoxide Dismutase (rhSOD) in Premature Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

The Effects of Multiple Doses of Recombinant Human CuZn Superoxide Dismutase (rhSOD) in Premature Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
Formation kinetics of cyclopentane–methane binary clathrate hydrate

Abstract Clathrate hydrates with two guest species fitting different-sized cages can form at warm temperatures and/or low pressures, and this extended range of thermodynamic stability is favorable to many hydrate based applications. In the present study, the kinetics of formation and growth of cyclopentane–methane hydrate is studied at several temperatures ( T > 288 K) and pressures ( P 3 MPa), where neither single-guest methane hydrate nor single-guest cyclopentane hydrate forms. Experiments were performed in a well-stirred vessel with water being available in excess of stoichiometric amount. Using the measured temperature and pressure trajectories, the temporal evolution of hydrate formation rate is deduced. As one would expect, the amount of hydrate formed in a prescribed time increases with the degree of subcooling. The rate of hydrate formation is shown to be limited by the rate of methane mass transfer.
Clonal heavy chain isotype switching within the proliferation centers of a small lymphocytic lymphoma: Implications regarding the origin of proliferation centers

We describe an unusual case of small lymphocytic lymphoma with multiple prominent pseudofollicular proliferation centers in which immunohistochemistry reveals that the small cells are surface IgM kappa positive and the large pseudofollicular cells are surface IgA kappa positive. We further show by genomic DNA analysis that the tumor tissue contains two JH rearrangements, one Cmu rearrangement, one C alpha rearrangement, and a single C kappa rearrangement, strongly suggesting that the large cells within the proliferation centers have arisen from the small cells via a clonal heavy chain immunoglobulin isotype switch. Isotype switching in human lymphoma and leukemia appears to be an uncommon event. However, there are reports that strongly support isotype switching in pre-B-cell leukemia, Richter's syndrome, lymphoid blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia, and multiple myeloma. To our knowledge, there have been no previous reports demonstrating isotype switching within the proliferation centers of small lymphocytic lymphoma. We present evidence of in vivo intratumoral isotype switching within the proliferation centers of a small lymphocytic lymphoma documented at the level of immunohistochemistry and DNA rearrangement.
Outcomes of Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices Undergoing Mesenteric Angiography for Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

Abstract Purpose To compare measures of clinical success, such as the need for subsequent intervention and mortality, in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) undergoing mesenteric angiography for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding with respect to a control group. Materials and Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 48 consecutive patients undergoing anticoagulation whose GI bleeding was assessed with angiography between August 2007 and June 2014: 24 patients with LVADs and 24 control patients without LVADs. The χ2 and t tests were used for statistical analysis. Results Mean ages were 62.1 years ± 9.6 and 74.5 years ± 11.3 in the LVAD and control groups, respectively. No significant difference was observed in hemodynamic instability, presenting hemoglobin level and International Normalized Ratio, or hemoglobin nadir. Two patients with LVADs (8.3%) and 8 control patients (33.3%) had bleeding detected on angiograms ( P = .032). Six embolizations were performed in patients with LVADs and 8 were performed in control patients. Clinical success was achieved in 2 of 6 patients with LVADs (33.3%) and 7 of 8 control patients (87.5%; P = .036). Seven patients with LVADs (29.2%) and 1 control patient (4.5%) underwent repeat angiography within 14 days ( P = .020). Seven patients with LVADs (29.2%) and 4 control patients (18.2%) required postprocedural endoscopic or operative intervention as definitive therapy ( P = .302). All-cause in-hospital mortality rates were 16.7% in the LVAD group and 4.2% in the control group ( P = .032), and the respective all-cause 1-year mortality rates were 33.3% and 9.1% ( P = .080). Conclusions A higher rate of clinical failure is observed in patients with LVADs presenting with GI bleeding compared with those without LVADs, with a more frequent need for subsequent endoscopic or surgical intervention.
Nonmedical Prescription Drug Use Among Injection Drug Users

This study described the prevalence and risk factors for nonmedical prescription drug use (NMPD) among injection drug users (IDUs) recruited at syringe exchange programs (SEPs) in California. Interviews were conducted with 1,586 IDUs recruited from 24 SEPs across three annual cross-sections between 2001 and 2003. Any NMPD use in the past 6 months was reported by 17% of the sample. Factors independently associated with depressant use include recent participation in a drug treatment program, recent injection of heroin, and frequency of injection. Factors independently associated with opioid use include frequency of injection and history of incarceration. NMPD depressant use increased the odds of a nonfatal overdose in the past year. The authors’ findings represent a first step toward creating an epidemiologic profile of NMPD use that may be useful for targeting the implementation of interventions that are effective in reducing overdoses, a significant cause of mortality among IDUs worldwide.
Communication Theory as a Field

This essay reconstructs communication theory as a dialogical-dialectical field according to two principles: the constitutive model of communication as a metamode1 and theory as metadiscursive practice. The essay argues that all communication theories are mutually relevant when addressed to a practical lifeworld in which “communication” is already a richly meaningful term. Each tradition of communication theory derives from and appeals rhetorically to certain commonplace beliefs about communication while challenging other beliefs. The complementarities and tensions among traditions generate a theoretical metadiscourse that intersects with and potentially informs the ongoing practical metadiscourse in society. In a tentative scheme of the field, rhetorical, semiotic, phenomenological, cybernetic, sociopsychological, sociocultural, and critical traditions of communication theory are distinguished by characteristic ways of defining communication and problems of communication, metadiscursive vocabularies, and metadiscursive commonplaces that they appeal to and challenge. Topoi for argumentation across traditions are suggested and implications for theoretical work and disciplinary practice in the field are considered. Communication theory is enormously rich in the range of ideas that fall within its nominal scope, and new theoretical work on communication has recently been flourishing.’ Nevertheless, despite the ancient roots and growing profusion of theories about communication, I argue that communication theory as an identifiable field of study does not yet exist.2 Rather than addressing a field of theory, we appear to be operating primarily in separate domains. Books and articles on communication theory seldom mention other works on communication theory except within narrow (inter)disciplinary specialties and schools of thought.’ Except within these little groups, communication theorists apparently neither agree nor disagree about much of anything. There is no canon of general theory to which they all refer. There are no common goals that
Homo sapiens Lactate Dehydrogenase c (Ldhc) Gene Expression in Cancer Cells Is Regulated by Transcription Factor Sp1, CREB, and CpG Island Methylation

The human testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase c gene (hLdhc) is transcribed only in cells of the germinal epithelium. Recently hLdhc was reported to express in a broad spectrum of tumors with relatively high frequency in lung cancer, melanoma, and breast cancer, and in some prostate cancers. Two melanoma cell lines that express the hLdhc gene, A375M and C81-61, were identified and were used to characterize the hLdhc promoter and explore transcriptional regulation of this gene. A 110-bp core promoter, including a conserved GC box and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element (CRE), were identified as essential for basal promoter activity. The methylation status of the CpG island (CGI) in the hLdhc core promoter sequence was analyzed in hLdhc-expressing and nonexpressing cells and human prostate tumor tissues. The CGI in 2 cell lines expressing the gene was hypomethylated whereas the DNA from cells that did not express hLdhc was hypermethylated. The role of methylation in regulating this promoter was confirmed by experimental induction of hLdhc transcription with the methylation inhibitor 5'aza-deoxycytidine. Quantitative analyses of the methylation level in the CGI were performed in prostate tumor tissues by pyrosequencing. Overall, these experiments demonstrated that hLdhc expression in cancer cells was regulated by transcription factor Sp1 and CREB and promoter CGI methylation. In addition, these findings suggest the possibility of developing a biomarker for cancer diagnosis/prognosis based on DNA methylation of the Ldhc gene.
A polygenic risk score associated with measures of depressive symptoms among older adults

It has been suggested that depression is a polygenic trait, arising from the influences of multiple loci with small individual effects. The aim of this study is to generate a polygenic risk score (PRS) to examine the association between genetic variation and depressive symptoms. Our analytic sample included N = 10,091 participants aged 50 and older from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Depressive symptoms were measured by Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CESD) scores assessed on up to nine occasions across 18 years. We conducted a genome-wide association analysis for a discovery set (n = 7,000) and used the top 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, all with p < 10(-5) to generate a weighted PRS for our replication sample (n = 3,091). Results showed that the PRS was significantly associated with mean CESD score in the replication sample (β = .08, p = .002). The R(2) change for the inclusion of the PRS was .003. Using a multinomial logistic regression model, we also examined the association between genetic risk and chronicity of high (4+) CESD scores. We found that a one-standard-deviation increase in PRS was associated with a 36 percent increase in the odds of having chronically high CESD scores relative to never having had high CESD scores. Our findings are consistent with depression being a polygenic trait and suggest that the cumulative influence of multiple variants increases an individual's susceptibility for chronically experiencing high levels of depressive symptoms.
GI tract unraveling with curved cross sections

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract examination with spiral/helical computed tomography (CT) is currently performed by slice-based inspection of axial images. CT colography is a recent advance which allows an intraluminal visualization of the colon, similar to endoscopy. Various rendering algorithms have been developed with promising results, however navigation through the complex, tortuous anatomy of the colon can be time consuming in practice. In this paper, the authors propose an electrical-field-based method to unravel the convoluted colon, that is, to digitally straighten it with curved cross sections and flatten it over a plane. In the authors' method, electrical charges are simulated along the central colon path. Curved cross sections are defined by the electrical force lines, and lead to consistent unraveling. It is demonstrated with image volumes of two patients that this technique produces a global planar view of complicated colon features with a potential for detection of polyps.
Do not jump too quickly to conclusions

A great deal of misinformation has been promulgated about mammography screening. For example, there is no biological or scientific support for the use of the age of 50 years as a threshold for screening. Mammography screening can reduce deaths from breast cancer even if the rate of advanced cancers is not decreased. The suggestion that screening results in massive amounts of overdiagnosis is based upon faulty methodology. The results reported in the recent study by Nederend and colleagues may be due to the screening interval and thresholds used for intervention. What is clear, however, is that they do not show that screening is ineffective.
The effects of the truncation and curvature of periodic surfaces: a strip grating

Equations are outlined for surfaces which are finite and curved in two dimensions (only locally periodic), as well as infinitely periodic in one dimension but truncated and curved in the second dimension. By removing the periodicity, a truncated strip-grating results and the scattered fields as well as an associated reflection coefficient are calculated. These numerically rigorous calculations are compared against two approximate solutions. The comparison is intended as a check of the approximate solutions toward their application, in particular, in the analysis of surfaces which are finite and curved in two dimensions. In general, the edge currents always differed from the currents induced on an infinite grating, while the interior strip currents on a finite grating (depending on the excitation wavelength) may or may not differ from those of an infinite grating. It is concluded that if a more accurate calculation of the spectral response is to be found, the interior currents must be better approximated. >
Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Home: An American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Position Statement

The number of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) who are being treated at home is increasing for a variety of reasons. These reasons include the increased availability and cost considerations of oral antibiotics that have been shown to be effective, as well as the consideration of patient and family preferences. However, there is still considerable variability in strategies for the management of patients with CAP. This American College of Chest Physicians position statement, which was cosponsored by the American Academy of Home Care Physicians, provides recommendations on the various aspects of home care for patients with this condition. Included are recommendations for evaluation and diagnosis in the home environment and the determination of the site of care, and an outline of an in-home management plan. The position statement also provides recommendations for issues related to patient and caregiver commitment to the plan, and for monitoring and follow-up. Recommendations are directed toward immunocompetent adult patients with CAP who are at home or in other unskilled residential facilities. These patients can include previously healthy individuals or chronically ill individuals who choose not to go to the hospital, or hospitalized patients who are completing a hospital discharge plan. The recommendations in this statement take into consideration the best course of action for the patient, as determined by incorporating the most recent evidence with clinician judgment and patient preferences. These recommendations also consider the available resources. Therefore, these recommendations may not apply to every patient, and interventions may need to be structured based on the individual. In addition to providing recommendations for the home care management of patients with CAP, we hope that this clinical policy statement will alert readers to the need for more scientific evidence related to the clinical and psychosocial issues associated with managing this condition.
Lesion of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex eliminates the aversiveness of spontaneous neuropathic pain following partial or complete axotomy

Neuropathic pain is often "spontaneous" or "stimulus-independent." Such pain may result from spontaneous discharge in primary afferent nociceptors in injured peripheral nerves. However, whether axotomized primary afferent nociceptors give rise to pain is unclear. The rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) mediates the negative affective component of inflammatory pain. Whether the rACC integrates the aversive component of chronic spontaneous pain arising from nerve injury is not known. Here, we used the principle of negative reinforcement to show that axotomy produces an aversive state reflecting spontaneous pain driven from injured nerves. Additionally, we investigated whether the rACC contributes to the aversiveness of nerve injury-induced spontaneous pain. Partial or complete hind paw denervation was produced by sciatic or sciatic/saphenous axotomy, respectively. Conditioned place preference resulting from presumed pain relief was observed following spinal clonidine in animals with sciatic axotomy but not in sham-operated controls. Similarly, lidocaine administration into the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) produced place preference selectively in animals with sciatic/saphenous axotomy. In rats with spinal nerve ligation (SNL) injury, lesion of the rACC blocked the reward elicited by RVM lidocaine but did not alter acute stimulus-evoked hypersensitivity. Lesion of the rACC did not block cocaine-induced reward, indicating that rACC blockade did not impair memory encoding or retrieval but did impair spontaneous aversiveness. These data indicate that spontaneous pain arising from injured nerve fibers produces a tonic aversive state that is mediated by the rACC. Identification of the circuits mediating aversiveness of chronic pain should facilitate the development of improved therapies.
Curvilinear lattice in chiral carbon nanotubes

In this paper, the energy bands of chiral-type single-walled carbon nanotubes are studied employing a new curvilinear lattice theory and its reciprocal lattice aided by the spherical triangle theory. In this theory, the notion of a distance law is introduced as a constraint to determine the electronic characteristics of carbon nanotubes. The chiral tubes are proven to be semiconducting or metallic, depending on the diameters and helical angles of the tubes. The distance law also predicts an uncertainty for the electronic characteristics of chiral tubes due to the metallic states tightly surrounding the semiconducting states on the direct lattice, and vice versa. Results predicted by the distance law agree well with theoretical calculations of the electron density of states and published measurements.