cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Scalable and Highly Available System for Serving Dynamic Data at Frequently Accessed Web Sites

This paper describes the system and key techniques used for achieving performance and high availability at the official Web site for the 1998 Olympic Winter Games which was one of the most popular Web sites for the duration of the Olympic Games. The Web site utilized thirteen SP2 systems scattered around the globe containing a total of 143 processors. A key feature of the Web site was that the data being presented to clients was constantly changing. Whenever new results were entered into the system, updated Web pages reflecting the changes were made available to the rest of the world within seconds. One technique we used to serve dynamic data efficiently to clients was to cache dynamic pages so that they only had to be generated once. We developed and implemented a new algorithm we call Data Update Propagation (DUP) which identifies the cached pages that have become stale as a result of changes to underlying data on which the cached pages depend, such as databases. For the Olympic Games Web site, we were able to update stale pages directly in the cache which obviated the need to invalidate them. This allowed us to achieve cache hit rates of close to 100%. Our system was able to serve pages to clients quickly during the entire Olympic Games even during peak periods. In addition, the site was available 100% of the time. We describe the keyfeatures employed by our site for high availability. We also describe how the Web site was structured to provide useful information while requiring clients to examine only a small number of pages.
On convergence sets of formal power series

The convergence set of a divergent formal power series f ( x 0 , ⋯ , x n ) is the set of all “directions” ξ ∈ P n along which f is absolutely convergent. We prove that every countable union of closed complete pluripolar sets in P n is the convergence set of some divergent series f. The (affine) convergence sets of formal power series with polynomial coefficients are also studied. The higher-dimensional analogs of the results of Sathaye (J Reine Angew Math 283:86–98, 1976 ), Lelong (Proc Am Math Soc 2:11–19, 1951 ), Levenberg and Molzon (Math Z 197:411–420, 1988 ), and of Ribon (Ann Scuola Norm Sup Pisa Cl Sci (5) 3:657–680 2004 ) are obtained.
Convergence to SPDEs in Stratonovich Form

We consider the perturbation of parabolic operators of the form ∂t + P(x, D) by large-amplitude highly oscillatory spatially dependent potentials modeled as Gaussian random fields. The amplitude of the potential is chosen so that the solution to the random equation is affected by the randomness at the leading order. We show that, when the dimension is smaller than the order of the elliptic pseudo-differential operator P(x, D), the perturbed parabolic equation admits a solution given by a Duhamel expansion. Moreover, as the correlation length of the potential vanishes, we show that the latter solution converges in distribution to the solution of a stochastic parabolic equation with multiplicative noise that should be interpreted in the Stratonovich sense. The theory of mild solutions for such stochastic partial differential equations is developed.
Disruptive technologies : an expanded view

The term "disruptive technology" as coined by Christensen (1997, The Innovator's Dilemma; How New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Harvard Business School Press) refers to a new technology having lower cost and performance measured by traditional criteria, but having higher ancillary performance. Christensen finds that disruptive technologies may enter and expand emerging market niches, improving with time and ultimately attacking established products in their traditional markets. This conception, while useful, is also limiting in several important ways. By emphasising only "attack from below" Christensen ignores other discontinuous patterns of change, which may be of equal or greater importance (Utterback, 1994, Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation. Harvard Business School Press; Acee, 2001, SM Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Further, the true importance of disruptive technology, even in Christensen's conception of it is not that it may displace established products. Rather, it is a powerful means for enlarging and broadening markets and providing new functionality. In Christensen's theory of disruptive technology, the establishment of a new market segment acts to channel the new product to the leading edge of the market or the early adopters. Once the innovation reaches the early to late majority of users it begins to compete with the established product in its traditional market. Here we present an alternative scenario in which a higher performing and higher priced innovation is introduced into the most demanding established market segments and later moves towards the mass market.
Government Spending, Shocks, and the Role of Legislature Size: Evidence from the American States*

Objective I examine the relationship between legislature size and several components of government spending using a methodology that allows me to estimate how legislature size influences the fiscal response to shocks that are common to all states. Method I use nonlinear least squares on a panel of 48 of the 50 American states over the period 1978–2008. Results I find little evidence that states with larger than average lower or upper chambers experience a larger change in spending per capita in the presence of a shock. I do find a positive relationship between lower chamber size and the first difference of welfare spending per capita, but this increase is partially offset by a negative relationship between upper chamber size and welfare spending. Conclusion These results are consistent with the interest groups theory of government, which states that larger legislatures can be associated with lobbying and bargaining costs that may have offsetting effects.
RIAM, an Ena/VASP and Profilin Ligand, Interacts with Rap1-GTP and Mediates Rap1-Induced Adhesion

The small GTPase Rap1 induces integrin-mediated adhesion and changes in the actin cytoskeleton. The mechanisms that mediate these effects of Rap1 are poorly understood. We have identified RIAM as a Rap1-GTP-interacting adaptor molecule. RIAM defines a family of adaptor molecules that contain a RA-like (Ras association) domain, a PH (pleckstrin homology) domain, and various proline-rich motifs. RIAM also interacts with Profilin and Ena/VASP proteins, molecules that regulate actin dynamics. Overexpression of RIAM induced cell spreading and lamellipodia formation, changes that require actin polymerization. In contrast, RIAM knockdown cells had reduced content of polymerized actin. RIAM overexpression also induced integrin activation and cell adhesion. RIAM knockdown displaced Rap1-GTP from the plasma membrane and abrogated Rap1-induced adhesion. Thus, RIAM links Rap1 to integrin activation and plays a role in regulating actin dynamics.
An evaluation of the effect of sign brightness on the sign-reading behavior of alcohol-impaired drivers

The primary purpose of this investigation was to study and evaluate the relationship between highway sign brightness and alcohol impairment under night driving conditions. Sign brightness was controlled by varying the reflectivity of the signs and by employing both low and high headlight beam conditions. The data were collected under controlled conditions at night with the subjects actually driving the vehicle up and down the test track, which was approximately one and a half miles long and had signs mounted at 700-foot intervals. All of the signs were mounted on the right shoulder. The dependent measure was the correct reading distance. Three blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) were investigated: sober, 0.08%, and 0.15%. Fourteen subjects completed the study an each subject participated on three separate nights. Each night was under a different BAC. Some of the subjects experienced difficulty in achieving and/or maintaining the 0.15% BAC. The actual observed overall mean BAC for the 0.15% condition as 0.13%. The results confirmed the experimental hypotheses that high reflectance signs significantly increase sign reading distance under night driving conditions and that alcohol impaired drivers require significantly brighter signs. Increases in both sign reflectance and headlight brightness yielded significant improvements in sign reading performance under all three BAC conditions. A significant interaction between the reflectance and headlight main effects indicated that the higher reflectance signs yielded a greater relative improvement in sign reading performance under low headlight conditions than under high headlight conditions. This is particularly important in light of the fact that previous research has indicated that approximately seventy percent of the nighttime drivers drive with low headlight beams. A significant fatigue effect was noted under both the 0.08% and 0.15% BAC conditions. A significant interaction revealed the synergistic nature of the relationship between the effects of alcohol and fatigue on performance.
Catalytic activation of a single C-F bond in trifluoromethyl arenes.

Synthetic methods for the direct transformation of ArCF3 to ArCF2R would enable efficient diversification of trifluoromethyl arenes and would be of great utility in medicinal chemistry. Unfortunately, the development of such methods has been hampered by the fundamental properties of C–F bonds, which are exceptionally strong and become stronger with increased fluorination of the carbon atom. Here, we describe a method for the catalytic reduction of ArCF3 to ArCF2H through a highly selective activation of a single C–F bond. Mechanistic studies reveal separate reaction pathways for the formation of ArCF2H and ArCH3 products and point to the formation of an unexpected intermediate as the source of the unusual selectivity for the mono-reduction.
Behaving as expected: Public information and fairness norms

What is considered to be fair depends on context-dependent expectations. Using a modified version of the Ultimatum Game, we demonstrate that both fair behavior and perceptions of fairness depend upon beliefs about what one ought to do in a situation— that is, upon normative expectations. We manipulate such expectations by creating informational asymmetries about the offer choices available to the Proposer, and find that behavior varies accordingly. Proposers and Responders show a remarkable degree of agreement in their beliefs about which choices are considered fair. We discuss how these results fit into a theory of social norms. Copyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Powering Nanodevices with Biomolecular Motors

Biomolecular motors, in particular motor proteins, are ideally suited to introduce chemically powered movement of selected components into devices engineered at the micro- and nanoscale level. The design of such hybrid "bio/nano"-devices requires suitable synthetic environments, and the identification of unique applications. We discuss current approaches to utilize active transport and actuation on a molecular scale, and we give an outlook to the future.
Novel chemistry of indole in the synthesis of heterocycles

Indoles that are substituted at the 2- or 3-position with electron-withdrawing groups (nitro, phenylsulfonyl) undergo nucleophilic addition, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, and Diels-Alder reactions to give a variety of indoles, pyrroloindoles, and carbazoles. New meth- ods for the synthesis of furo(3,4-b)indoles and the novel ring system furo(3,4-b)pyrrole are described for the first time. Diels-Alder reactions of furo(3,4-b)pyrroles afford indoles after dehydration of the primary cycloadducts. Efficient syntheses of both 2- and 3-nitroindoles from indole are reported, and the first generation and successful electrophilic trapping of a 2,3-dilithioindole has been achieved.
A General Strategy for the Perfluoroalkylation of Arenes and Arylbromides by Using Arylboronate Esters and [(phen)CuRF]

A large number of existing and candidate pharmaceuticals contain perfluoroalkyl groups because these moieties can favorably affect the physical and biological properties of a compound.[1] Accordingly, the development of methods to introduce perfluoroalkyl groups into aromatic compounds has become increasingly important. To introduce the CF3 moiety, the simplest perfluoroalkyl group, most current industrial methods rely on the Swarts reaction,[2] wherein benzotrichlorides are treated with HF or SbF5 under forcing conditions. While effective for the bulk synthesis of simple commodity chemicals, the harshness of this reaction significantly limits its utility in complex-molecule synthesis, particularly for late-stage introduction of a trifluoromethyl group for studies on structure–activity relationships (SAR). Furthermore, this classical route to trifluoromethylarenes does not provide access to higher-order perfluoroalkylarenes.
The nation's youth: an employment perspective

Abstract Statistics on youth employment problems are quite revealing—they accounted for almost one fourth of the unemployed eventhough they constituted only one-tenth of the nation's labor force in 1977. Youth unemployment is universally high, but variations by area of residence are evident and can be useful in analyzing their job market problems. To this end, data on the labor force characteristic of the nation's 16.5 million young people in three geographic areas—central cities, suburbs, and nonmetropolitan areas were examined. This investigation utilizes metropolitan and nonmetropolitan area data gathered monthly through a sample survey of some 47,000 households throughout the nation during 1977. Further, the labor market experience of both whites and blacks, and males and females are compared.
Approximating low-dimensional coverage problems

We study the complexity of the maximum coverage problem, restricted to set systems of bounded VC-dimension. Our main result is a fixed-parameter tractable approximation scheme: an algorithm that outputs a (1-e)-approximation to the maximum-cardinality union of k sets, in running time $O(f(e,k,d)⋅ poly(n)) where n is the problem size, d is the VC-dimension of the set system, and f(e,k,d) is exponential in (kd/e)c for some constant c. We complement this positive result by showing that the function f(e,k,d) in the running-time bound cannot be replaced by a function depending only on (e,d) or on (k,d), under standard complexity assumptions. We also present an improved upper bound on the approximation ratio of the greedy algorithm in special cases of the problem, including when the sets have bounded cardinality and when they are two-dimensional halfspaces. Complementing these positive results, we show that when the sets are four-dimensional halfspaces neither the greedy algorithm nor local search is capable of improving the worst-case approximation ratio of 1-1/e that the greedy algorithm achieves on arbitrary instances of maximum coverage.
A novel biomimetic route to the 3-acyl-5-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one and 3-acyl-3,4-epoxy-5-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one ring systems.

Modified Moffat oxidation of alcohols 17, 22, and 25 afforded aldehydes that underwent intramolecular aldol reactions on treatment with a NaOH solution to yield 4-pyrrolin-2-ones 16, 23, and 26. Oxidation with DMDO at −40 °C provided 3-acyl-5-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-ones 18, 24, and 27 with the ring system of oteromycin (3), UCS1025A (5), and related natural products. Further oxidation of 18 yielded 3-acyl-3,4-epoxy-5-hydroxy-pyrrolidin-2-one 19 with the ring system of fusarin C (1) and epolactaene (2). Dehydration of 18 afforded 20 with the talaroconvolutin A (4) ring system.
Structure and function of voltage-gated ion channels.

The voltage-sensitive ion channels are responsible for generation of conducted action potentials in excitable cells and for a wide range of regulatory events in nonexcitable cells. On depolarization, permeability to sodium, calcium, or potassium increases dramatically over a period of 0.5 to hundreds of milliseconds and then decreases to the baseline level over a period of 2 msec to seconds. This biphasic behavior is described in terms of two experimentally separable processes that control ion channel function: activation, which controls the rate and voltage dependence of the ion permeability increase following depolarization, and inactivation, which controls the rate and voltage dependence of the subsequent return of ion permeability to the resting level during a maintained depolarization. These channels can therefore exist in three functionally distinct states or groups of states: resting, active, and inactivated. Both resting and inactivated states are nonconducting, but channels that have been inactivated by prolonged depolarization are refractory unless the cell is repolarized to allow them to return to the resting state.
Structure-activity relationship study of novel tissue transglutaminase inhibitors

Thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one acylhydrazide derivatives were discovered as moderately potent inhibitors of TGase 2 (tissue transglutaminase) utilizing a fluorescence-based assay that measured TGase 2 catalyzed incorporation of the dansylated Lys derivative alpha-N-Boc-Lys-CH(2)-CH(2)-dansyl into the protein substrate N,N-dimethylated-casein. A SAR study revealed that the acylhydrazide thioether side-chain and the thiophene ring were critical to inhibitory activity.
Higgs Scalar as Topological Condensate of Gauge Bosons

The purpose of this brief note is to point out that, to the best of our knowledge, the first rationale for modeling the Higgs scalar as mixture of electroweak bosons was disclosed in refs. [1-3]. According to this interpretation, the Higgs scalar is a topological condensate of gauge bosons on spacetime having minimal fractality.
Anodic olefin coupling reactions involving ketene dithioacetals: evidence for a ‘radical-type’ cyclization

A series of anodic coupling reactions between ketene dithioacetal groups and enol ethers have been studied in order to probe why some of the cyclizations are successful while other closely related attempts fail. It has been found that the success of the cyclization reactions strongly depends on the location of substituents on the olefins. The reactions are highly sensitive to substituents on the terminating olefin but not to substituents on the initial radical cation. This behavior is consistent with what has been observed previously with radical cyclization reactions.
Design-for-testability for path delay faults in large combinational circuits using test points

We present a method for test-point insertion in large combinational circuits, to increase their path delay fault testability. Using an appropriate test application scheme with multiple clock periods, a test point on a line g divides the set of paths through g for testing purposes into a subset of paths from the primary inputs up to g, and a subset of paths from g to the primary outputs. Each one of these subsets can be tested separately. The number of paths that need to be tested directly is thus reduced. In addition, by breaking an untestable path into two or more testable subpaths, it is possible to obtain a fully testable circuit. Test-point insertion is done to reduce the number of paths, using a time-efficient procedure. Indirectly, it also reduces the number of tests and renders untestable paths testable. When the number of paths is sufficiently small, and if the test generation procedure to be used for the circuit is known, a procedure is given to perform test-point insertion directly targeting the path delay faults that are still untestable. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods in increasing the testability of large benchmark circuits, and to demonstrate the overheads involved.
Epilogue: a glance beyond the neoliberal moment

Probably no region’s economists have had greater public visibility or greater impact on regional and national public policy than Latin America’s and no region has been more directly affected by the spread of US economics. Economists in the Americas joins a small but important comparative literature on economics as a profession and is the first comparative treatment of professional economists in the United States and Latin America.
Notation as a tool of thought

The importance of nomenclature, notation, and language as tools of thought has long been recognized. In chemistry and in botany, for example, the establishment of systems of nomenclature by Lavoisier and Linnaeus did much to stimulate and to channel later investigation. Concerning language, George Boole in his Laws of Thought [1, p.21] asserted "That language is an instrument of human reason, and not merely a medium for the expression of thought, is a truth generally admitted.
Causality And Cointegration Of Currency-Adjusted Stock Indices: Evidence From Close-Of-Day Data

A recent line of research develops currency adjusted stock indices. These indices incorporate the effects of both stock value changes and underlying currency value changes to measure wealth changes. This paper extends the extant literature by examining time series properties of currency-adjusted indices. This research examines daily data for eight existing stock indexes and their currency adjusted counterparts for the period 1993-2013. The paper includes cointegration and Granger causality analyses. Results show cointegration between each combination of series examined. About half the pairwise index combinations display bidirectional Granger causality.
A numerical approach for the direct computation of flows including fluid-solid interaction: Modeling contact angle, film rupture, and dewetting

In this paper, we present a computationally efficient method for including fluid-solid interactions into direct numerical simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations. This method is found to be as powerful as our earlier formulation [K. Mahady et al., “A volume of fluid method for simulating fluid/fluid interfaces in contact with solid boundaries,” J. Comput. Phys. 294, 243 (2015)], while outperforming the earlier method in terms of computational efficiency. The performance and efficacy of the presented method are demonstrated by computing contact angles of droplets at equilibrium. Furthermore, we study the instability of films due to destabilizing fluid-solid interactions, and discuss the influence of contact angle and inertial effects on film breakup. In particular, direct simulation results show an increase in the final characteristic length scales when compared to the predictions of a linear stability analysis, suggesting significant influence of nonlinear effects. Our results also show that emerging length scales differ, depending on a number of physical dimensions considered.
FRED-MD: A Monthly Database for Macroeconomic Research

This article describes a large, monthly frequency, macroeconomic database with the goal of establishing a convenient starting point for empirical analysis that requires “big data.” The dataset mimics the coverage of those already used in the literature but has three appealing features. First, it is designed to be updated monthly using the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) database. Second, it will be publicly accessible, facilitating comparison of related research and replication of empirical work. Third, it will relieve researchers from having to manage data changes and revisions. We show that factors extracted from our dataset share the same predictive content as those based on various vintages of the so-called Stock–Watson dataset. In addition, we suggest that diffusion indexes constructed as the partial sum of the factor estimates can potentially be useful for the study of business cycle chronology. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Recovery of High-Viscosity Petroleum by Steam from Geothermal Heat

Extensive deposits of highly viscous petroleum exist as tar sands in several areas of the world. The viscosity of these deposits is so high that special procedures are required for commercial recovery. One of the more successful methods used for many years has been steam stimulation which competes with such other procedures as in situ combustion and open pit mining. Although the probability of finding a geothermal heat deposit close to a tar-sands zone is small, it may be feasible to extract sufficient geothermal heat from a region of normal thermal gradient for the efficient recovery of oil from a tar-sands reserovir. The feasibility of using a nuclear explosion in a geologic formation below a tar-sands reservoir has been explored. The application involves the creation of a rubble chimney at a depth of burial such that the temperature difference between the rubble formation and the tar sands would be sufficient to reduce the viscosity of the oil for commercial recovery. Surface water would be injected into the rubble chimney and the removed steam would be injected into several injection wells throughout the reservoir, each of which is surrounded by a ring of producing wells.
Skewed Wealth Distributions: Theory and Empirics

Invariably across a cross-section of countries and time periods, wealth distributions are skewed to the right displaying thick upper tails, that is, large and slowly declining top wealth shares. In this survey we categorize the theoretical studies on the distribution of wealth in terms of the underlying economic mechanism generating skewness and thick tails. Further, we show how these mechanisms can be micro-founded by the consumption-saving decisions of rational agents in speci…c economic and demographic environments. Finally we map the large empirical work on the wealth distribution to its theoretical underpinning.
Knuthian Drawings of Series-Parallel Flowcharts

In 1963, Knuth published the first paper on a computer algorithm for a graph drawing problem, entitled "Computer-drawn Flowcharts"i¾?[8]. In this paper, Knuth describes an algorithm that takes as input an n-vertex directed graph G that represents a flowchart and, using the modern language of graph drawing, produces an orthogonal drawing of G.
Electrical Resistivity Used to Measure Liquefaction of Sand

Laboratory data is presented to show that liquefaction of cohesionless soils can be evaluated by electrical resistivity techniques. In addition this same material can be monitored by electrical resistivity techniques during energy input and subsequent stabilization. The instrumentation used in this study can be adapted to field measurements. The results (resistivity measurements) in this investigation are repeatable, and increase with increasing energy input. Applications of this work include soil improvement techniques such as deep dynamic compaction.
Context-Aware Distributed Storage in Mobile Cloud Computing

In this paper, we propose a context-aware distributed data storage mechanism to optimize the performance of reading/writing in the emerging mobile cloud computing environment. In particular, the exploited context information including user mobility pattern, network condition, and data access preference (intensity to read and write/update). The context information is utilized to improve the efficiency of read and write from/to mobile devices. In the context-aware distributed storage system, we consider the 3 types of user context in determining the optimal assignment of chunks based on Reed-Solomon erasure code. Then we propose to solve the optimization problem by a mixed integer linear programming (MILP). The efficiency and effectiveness of this context-aware mechanism is evaluated in a variety of scenarios by simulations.
Total Synthesis of (-)-Nodulisporic Acid D.

A convergent total synthesis of the architecturally complex indole diterpenoid (−)-nodulisporic acid D has been achieved. Key synthetic transformations include vicinal difunctionalization of an advanced α,β-unsaturated aldehyde to form the E,F-trans-fused 5,6-ring system of the eastern hemisphere and a cascade cross-coupling/indolization protocol leading to the CDE multisubstituted indole core.
Asymmetric Palladium-Catalyzed Alkene Carboamination Reactions for the Synthesis of Cyclic Sulfamides

The synthesis of cyclic sulfamides by enantioselective Pd-catalyzed alkene carboamination reactions between N-allylsulfamides and aryl or alkenyl bromides is described. High levels of asymmetric induction (up to 95:5 e.r.) are achieved using a catalyst composed of [Pd2 (dba)3 ] and (S)-Siphos-PE. Deuterium-labelling studies indicate the reactions proceed through syn-aminopalladation of the alkene and suggest that the control of syn- versus anti-aminopalladation pathways is important for asymmetric induction.
Postsynthetic Metalation of Bipyridyl-Containing Metal–Organic Frameworks for Highly Efficient Catalytic Organic Transformations

We have designed highly stable and recyclable single-site solid catalysts via postsynthetic metalation of the 2,2′-bipyridyl-derived metal–organic framework (MOF) of the UiO structure (bpy-UiO). The Ir-functionalized MOF (bpy-UiO-Ir) is a highly active catalyst for both borylation of aromatic C–H bonds using B2(pin)2 (pin = pinacolate) and ortho-silylation of benzylicsilyl ethers; the ortho-silylation activity of the bpy-UiO-Ir is at least 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the homogeneous control. The Pd-functionalized MOF (bpy-UiO-Pd) catalyzes the dehydrogenation of substituted cyclohexenones to afford phenol derivatives with oxygen as the oxidant. Most impressively, the bpy-UiO-Ir was recycled and reused 20 times for the borylation reaction without loss of catalytic activity or MOF crystallinity. This work highlights the opportunity in designing highly stable and active catalysts based on MOFs containing nitrogen donor ligands for important organic transformations.
Communication, Excess Comovement and Factor Structures

This paper develops a model in which investors communicate before trading in a general equilibrium. Investors repeatedly communicate in a social network but have limited knowledge of the network structure and thus do not fully realize the consequences of their communication and belief updating. As a result, asset returns contain excess comovement and more concentrated factor structures than fundamental values do. The model generates testable empirical predictions that are consistent with the empirical literature on excess comovement in asset returns.
Indium(III)-catalyzed hydrative cyclization of 1,7-diynyl ethers.

A new hydrative cyclization of 1,7- and 1,8-diynyl ethers is reported. Using catalytic InI3 and p-TSA as a cocatalyst, several 2,2-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans with exocyclic enone appendages were prepared. Reaction optimization and scope, mechanistic insight, and further transformation to a C-nucleoside analog are presented.
Electrodeposition of Three-Dimensionally Periodic Metal Meshes and Spheres

Electrochemical methods have been used to produce three-dimensionally periodic metal meshes and spheres. Nickel is initially deposited into porous opal sheets. The opals themselves consist of close-packed silica spheres, which serve as a template for the growth of the nickel arrays within the void space between SiO2 spheres. Dissolution of the SiO2 spheres results in open, three-dimensionally periodic nickel mesh structures. The metal meshes can then be oxidized in air to produce nonconducting NiO meshes. This results in an inverse template that can be used for the growth of three-dimensionally periodic metal sphere arrays. Details on the preparation and characterization of these materials are presented.
Two Approaches to Computer Simulation

Discusses the two approaches to computer simulation. Description of the general concept of simulation; Importance of electronic computers in simulation study.
Highly Efficient In-Line Magnetic Domain Wall Injector

We demonstrate a highly efficient and simple scheme for injecting domain walls into magnetic nanowires. The spin transfer torque from nanosecond long, unipolar, current pulses that cross a 90° magnetization boundary together with the fringing magnetic fields inherently prevalent at the boundary, allow for the injection of single or a continual stream of domain walls. Remarkably, the currents needed for this “in-line” domain wall injection scheme are at least one hundred times smaller than conventional methods.
Advantageous Comparison and Rationalization of Earnings Management

This paper proposes that psychological factors can change managers' beliefs about earnings management when they choose to engage in it. I show that, under certain circumstances, engaging in a small amount of earnings management alters a manager's beliefs about the appropriateness of the act, which may increase the likelihood of further earnings management. Specifically, I predict and find in two experiments that participants who initially choose to manage earnings are motivated to rationalize their behavior. Participants who are exposed to an egregious example of earnings management (commonly the focus of enforcement actions and press reports) have the opportunity to rationalize their behavior through a mechanism called �advantageous comparison,� where participants compare their behavior against the egregious example and conclude that what they did was relatively innocuous and appropriate. My analysis also indicates that presenting participants with an example of earnings management that is similar to the initial decision they made mitigates advantageous comparison. These results have implications for academics interested in how earnings management, and perhaps fraud, can accrete over time and for regulators and practitioners who are interested in preventing it.
Enantioselective Ketone Hydroacylation Using Noyori’s Transfer Hydrogenation Catalyst

An enantioselective ketone hydroacylation enables the direct preparation of lactones from keto alcohols. The alcohol is oxidized in situ to an aldehyde, obviating the need to prepare sensitive keto aldehyde substrates. Noyori’s asymmetric transfer hydrogenation catalyst was applied to address challenges of reactivity, chemoselectivity, and enantioselectivity.
Ligand-Enabled Cross-Coupling of C(sp3)–H Bonds with Arylsilanes

Pd(II)-catalyzed cross-coupling of C(sp3)–H bonds with organosilicon coupling partners has been achieved for the first time. The use of a newly developed quinoline-based ligand is essential for the cross-coupling reactions to proceed.
Theory of Elasticity of Polymer Networks. The Effect of Local Constraints on Junctions

The effects of restrictions on the fluctuations of network junctions imposed by neighboring chains are treated by resort to a model in which these restrictions are represented by domains of constraint. Whereas in a phantom network devoid of such constraints the displacements of junctions from their mean positions are invariant with strain, involvements with neighbors in a real network render them dependent on the strain. The observed stress consequently is increased above predictions for the equivalent phantom network. On the plausible assumption that the dimensions of the domains are transformed linearly (affinely) by the macroscopic strain, the constraints become less restrictive in the direction of a principal extension λt with increase in λt. Hence, the relative enhancement of the stress diminishes with the strain. The characteristic departures of the observed tension (f) –extension (α) curve for elongation from the expression f∝kT (α−α−2) of previous molecular theories are qualitatively reproduced by...
An Experimental Verification of the Theory of Compound Nucleus

The compound nucleus ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{64}$ was formed by bombarding ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{60}$ with $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles and ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$ with protons. The ratios of the cross sections $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n):\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\alpha},2n):\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\alpha},pn)$ for ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{60}$ were found to agree with the ratios $\ensuremath{\sigma}(p,n):\ensuremath{\sigma}(p,2n):\ensuremath{\sigma}(p,pn)$ for ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$, giving a direct verification of the theory of compound nucleus. The observed cross sections for the ($p,n$), ($p,2n$), and ($p,pn$) reactions on ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$ and ($\ensuremath{\alpha},n$), ($\ensuremath{\alpha},2n$), and ($\ensuremath{\alpha},pn$) reactions on ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{60}$ have been compared with the theoretical cross sections calculated on the basis of the statistical model. The observed anomalous behavior of the ($p,pn$) and ($\ensuremath{\alpha},pn$) cross sections with respect to the ($p,2n$) and ($\ensuremath{\alpha},2n$) cross sections respectively are discussed.
Solving medical mysteries: hidden stresses and unexplained symptoms

Medically unexplained symptoms and chronic functional syndromes are common but few healthcare professionals have had formal training about their connection to psychosocial issues. A systematic approach to diagnosis and treatment based on experience with over 7000 of these patients is described. Outcomes improve with assessment for and treatment of current life stresses, the prolonged impact of adversity in childhood and somatic presentations of depression, post-traumatic stress, and anxiety disorders.
Computerized tomography of the acute left upper quadrant pain.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of computerized tomography (CT) of the abdomen in the emergent setting of left upper quadrant pain. One hundred patients (average age: 45, range: 19–93 years, female: 57 %, male: 43 %) who presented to the emergency department (ED) and underwent CT scanning of abdomen with the given indication of left upper quadrant pain were included in this study. The results from CT examinations were compared to final diagnoses determined by either ED physician or clinician on a follow-up visit. Sensitivity of CT was 69 % (95 %CI: 52–83 %) for 39 patients who eventually were diagnosed with an acute abdominal abnormality. Twenty-seven patients had an acute abnormal finding on abdominal CT that represented the cause of the patient’s pain (positive predictive value of 100 %, 95 %CI: 87–100 %). Of the remaining 73 patients with negative CT report, 12 were diagnosed clinically (either in the ED or on follow-up visit to specialist) with a pathology that was undetectable on the CT imaging (negative predictive value of 83 %, 95 %CI: 73–91 %). None of the remaining 61 patients with negative CT were found to have pathology by clinical evaluation (specificity of 100 %, 95 %CI: 94–100 %). CT is a useful examination for patients with acute left upper quadrant pain in the emergency department setting with moderate sensitivity and excellent specificity.
Surgical navigation pointer facilitates identification of targets in a simulated environment

Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine whether or not a navigation pointer (NP) integrated into a laparoscopic camera and projected onto a surgical display might allow instructors to more easily and precisely direct assistants' instruments to specific sites in a simulated laparoscopic field.Methods: Two hundred forty pins served as targets in a standard laparoscopic box trainer. An instructor guided 24 subjects to locate 5 randomly selected targets each, with verbal instructions alone, or with verbal instructions supplemented by either a navigation grid (NG) or the localizing NP. Each subject performed 15 trials alternating between use of the NP, NG and no navigation tool. The primary outcome measure was the time to target identification.Results: The mean time to identify each selected target was significantly shorter with the NP (4.53 ± 2.87 seconds) than with the NG (8.59 ± 4.35 seconds, P
Peripheral Administration of Ethanol Results in a Correlated Increase in Dopamine and Serotonin Within the Posterior Ventral Tegmental Area.

Aims Two critical neurotransmitter systems regulating ethanol (EtOH) reward are serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA). Within the posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA), 5-HT receptors have been shown to regulate DA neuronal activity. Increased pVTA neuronal activity has been linked to drug reinforcement. The current experiment sought to determine the effect of EtOH on 5-HT and DA levels within the pVTA. Methods Wistar rats were implanted with cannula aimed at the pVTA. Neurochemical levels were determined using standard microdialysis procedures with concentric probes. Rats were randomly assigned to one of the five groups ( n = 41; 7–9 per group) that were treated with 0–3.0 g/kg EtOH (intraperitoneally). Results Ethanol produced increased extracellular DA levels in the pVTA that resembled an inverted U-shape dose–response curve with peak levels (~200% of baseline) at the 2.25 g/kg dose. The increase in DA levels was observed for an extended period of time (~100 minutes). The effects of EtOH on extracellular 5-HT levels in the pVTA also resembled an inverted U-shape dose–response curve. However, increased 5-HT levels were only observed during the initial post-injection sample. The increases in extracellular DA and 5-HT levels were significantly correlated. Conclusion The data indicate intraperitoneal EtOH administration stimulated the release of both 5-HT and DA within the pVTA, the levels of which were significantly correlated. Overall, the current findings suggest that the ability of EtOH to stimulate DA activity within the mesolimbic system may be modulated by increases in 5-HT release within the pVTA. Short summary Two critical neurotransmitter systems regulating ethanol reward are serotonin and dopamine. The current experiment determined that intraperitoneal ethanol administration increased serotonin and dopamine levels within the pVTA (levels were significantly correlated). The current findings suggest the ability of EtOH to stimulate serotonin and dopamine activity within the mesolimbic system.
Partial breakdown of quantum thermalization in a Hubbard-like model

We study the possible breakdown of quantum thermalization in a model of itinerant electrons on a one-dimensional chain without disorder, with both spin and charge degrees of freedom. The eigenstates of this model exhibit peculiar properties in the entanglement entropy, the apparent scaling of which is modified from a “volume law” to an “area law” after performing a partial, site-wise measurement on the system. These properties and others suggest that this model realizes a new, nonthermal phase of matter, known as a quantum disentangled liquid (QDL). The putative existence of this phase has striking implications for the foundations of quantum statistical mechanics.
An Uncertain Future: Forecasting from Static Images Using Variational Autoencoders

In a given scene, humans can easily predict a set of immediate future events that might happen. However, pixel-level anticipation in computer vision is difficult because machine learning struggles with the ambiguity in predicting the future. In this paper, we focus on predicting the dense trajectory of pixels in a scene—what will move in the scene, where it will travel, and how it will deform over the course of one second. We propose a conditional variational autoencoder as a solution to this problem. In this framework, direct inference from the image shapes the distribution of possible trajectories while latent variables encode information that is not available in the image. We show that our method predicts events in a variety of scenes and can produce multiple different predictions for an ambiguous future. We also find that our method learns a representation that is applicable to semantic vision tasks.
Neural Networks for Control: An Overview

The subject of neural networks for control (neurocontrol) is too broad and too complex to thoroughly review in the allowed 2 pages. However, such reviews have already been published in the past. This paper will simply give a few highlights and then cite some more detailed reviews. It will first talk about the subject in general terms, and then summarize the five generic designs or tools which have proven successful so far in control applications.
A Highly Linear Dual-Band Mixed-Mode Polar Power Amplifier in CMOS with An Ultra-Compact Output Network

This paper presents a highly linear dual-band mixed-mode polar power amplifier (PA) fully integrated in a standard 65 nm bulk CMOS process. An ultra-compact single-transformer-based passive network provides optimum load impedance transformations simultaneously at two operating frequencies, parallel power combining, and even-harmonic rejection without any tuning elements or band selection switches. The mixed-mode PA architecture leverages both digital and analog techniques to dynamically suppress the AM-AM and AM-PM distortions, achieving high linearity. As a proof-of-concept design, a dual-band mixed-mode polar PA is implemented in a standard 65 nm CMOS process. It demonstrates a peak output power of +28.1 dBm/+26.0 dBm with a PA drain efficiency of 40.7%/27.0% at 2.6 GHz/4.5 GHz, respectively. The measured 2nd harmonic rejection for the 2.35 GHz signal is 36 dB. Modulation tests with 8 MSym/s 256-QAM signals achieve the measured rms EVM of 1.53%/1.87% with the average output power of +20.37 dBm/+18.53 dBm and the PA drain efficiency of 16.26%/13.42% at 2.35 GHz/4.7 GHz, demonstrating a highly linear and efficient dual-band mixed-mode polar PA.
Identifying Inconsistencies and Reporting Deficits in Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork (TMB) Case Reports Authored by TMB Practitioners: a TMB-Adapted CAse REport (CARE) Guidelines Audit Through 2014†

Introduction: Case reports are a fundamental tool through which therapeutic massage and bodywork (TMB) practitioners can inform research and impact their field by detailing the presentation, treatment, and follow-up of a single individual encountered in practice. Inconsistencies in case reporting limit their impact as fundamental sources of clinical evidence. Using the TMB-adapted CAse REport (CARE) guidelines, the current study sought to provide a rich description regarding the reporting quality of TMB practitioner authored TMB case reports in the literature. Methods: 1) Systematic identification of published, peer-reviewed TMB case reports authored by TMB practitioners following PRISMA recommendations; 2) audit development based on TMB-adapted CARE guidelines; 3) audit implementation; and 4) descriptive analysis of audit scores. Results: Our search identified 977 articles and 35 met study inclusion criteria. On average, TMB case reports included approximately 58% of the total items identified as necessary by the TMB-adapted CARE guidelines. Introduction sections of case reports had the best item reporting (80% on average), while Case Presentation (54%) and Results (52%) sections scored moderately overall, with only 20% of necessary Practitioner Description items included on average. Audit scores revealed inconsistent abstract reporting and few audited case reports including client race (20%), perspective (26%), and occupation/ activities (40%); practitioner practice setting (12%), training (12%), scope-of-practice (29%), and credentialing (20%); adverse events or lack thereof (17%); and some aspect of informed consent (34%). Treatment descriptor item reporting varied from high to low. Various implications of concern are discussed. Conclusion: The current audit and descriptive analysis highlight several reporting inconsistencies in TMB case reports prior to 2015. Reporting guidelines for case reports are important if standards for, and impact of, TMB case reports are desired. Adherence to reporting specifications outlined by the TMB-adapted CARE guidelines could improve the impact and usability of TMB case reports in research, education, and practice.