cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corticosteroids inhibit prostaglandin production by rheumatoid synovia

PROSTAGLANDIN synthesis is inhibited by a wide variety of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, and it has been suggested that the pharmacological effects of these drugs may be attributed to their inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis1,2. Although corticosteroids are among the most potent anti-inflammatory agents available, they lack inhibitory effects on PG synthesis in many systems3–6. We have investigated the effects of several anti-inflammatory drugs on PG production by rheumatoid synovial tissue in vitro. Non-steroidal agents inhibit PG synthesis by the synovia and their order of effectiveness is similar to that seen in other tissues7. Adrenocorticosteroids are also potent inhibitors of PG production by rheumatoid synovia, and the results of these experiments are reported here.
A discrete impulsive model for random heating and Brownian motion

The energy of a mechanical system subjected to a random force with zero mean increases irreversibly and diverges with time in the absence of friction or dissipation. This random heating effect is usually encountered in phenomenological theories formulated in terms of stochastic differential equations, the epitome of which is the Langevin equation of Brownian motion. We discuss a simple discrete impulsive model that captures the essence of random heating and Brownian motion. The model may be regarded as a discrete analog of the Langevin equation, although it is developed ab initio. Its analysis requires only simple algebraic manipulations and elementary averaging concepts, but no stochastic differential equations (or even calculus). The irreversibility in the model is shown to be a consequence of a natural causal stochastic condition that is closely analogous to Boltzmann’s molecular chaos hypothesis in the kinetic theory of gases. The model provides a simple introduction to several ostensibly more advance...
Plume dispersion in a stratified, near-coastal flow: measurements and modeling

Abstract Dispersion of a passive scalar released from a near-bed source is examined in coastal waters, (O(10 m) deep), just off San Clemente Island, California. Rhodamine WT dye was released continuously for several hours from a bottom source on May 8, 1997. Surveys of the hydrodynamic fields (currents and density) are combined with dye concentration measurements made from a towed fluorometer array to characterize the plume. The plume developed along the 12 m isobath (the depth of the source), to the southeast of the release location. It was largely confined to the near-bed region by a thermocline located at a depth of about 9 m. Therefore, the plume can be loosely characterized as advecting along the isobaths and dispersing throughout the layer below the thermocline (layer thickness of about 3 m). An analytic expression for plume concentration as a function of radial distance from the source was developed for a scale-dependent dispersion coefficient. This model agrees with the data and indicates that the dispersion coefficient obeys a “4/3-law”. This approach is contrasted by a finite difference model in an Eulerian reference frame, illustrating the challenges associated with the modeling of a meandering plume.
Assessment of Situated Learning Using Computer Environments

Based on a theory of situated learning, assessment must emphasize process as much as product. Assessment must move away from a linear additive model, accepting at the outset the complex, nonlinear, and possibly chaotic nature of real learning. Assessment must adapt to and take advantage of students working with technologies that extend their perceptual and problem-solving capacities beyond what they could do alone. To illustrate these points, several assessment examples are given, including a computer-based planning assistant for a videodisc mathematics and science video, suggestions for computer-based portfolio assessment, and speculations about embedded assessment of virtual situations. In all cases, the theory of situated learning emphasized perception over memory and the codetermined nature of learning and thinking.
Electrochemically active silver molybdenum oxyfluoride perovskite: Synthesis and in situ electrochemical characterization

Abstract An electrochemical characterization of a silver molybdenum oxyfluoride perovskite positive electrode for Li batteries was investigated as a function of synthesis condition, stoichiometry and effect of Mo and Ag derived second phases. A detailed in situ electrochemical study by XAS, Raman, and XRD was performed, revealing a 3 electron silver displacement or conversion reaction at >3 V and a 2 electron reduction of Mo 6+ to Mo 4+ in the region
Steady-State and Dynamic Analyses of Gas-Lubricated Hybrid Journal Bearings

Gas lubricated hybrid journal bearings with external pressure, noting load capacity and stability in steady state and dynamic analyses
The Effect Of First Cadaver Renal Transplant Hla-a, B Match On Sensitization Levels And Retransplant Rates Following Graft Failure

Sur 383 malades ayant rejete un premier rein de cadavre, 182 ont ete places sur une liste d'attente pour une seconde transplantation et 113 ont recu ce second rein. Les chances dependent de nombreux facteurs mais surtout de la compatibilite HLAA et B du premier greffon, qui influence la production d'anticorps
Angiographic evidence of hemorrhagic myocardial infarction after intracoronary thrombolysis with streptokinase

The reperfusion of acutely ischemic myocardium by intracoronary streptokinase thrombolysis is an exciting new therapy for acute myocardial infarction (MI). It appears that successful thrombolysis and reperfusion in the first few hours after acute coronary occlusion may salvage myocardium and possibly improve prognosis. A potential adverse effect of reperfusion is the production of hemorrhage in the area of myocardial necrosis. We report on a patient with prompt, successful coronary thrombolysis by streptokinase infusion who showed angiographic evidence of a hemorrhagic MI.
Treatment of Infections of Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts

There is no unanimity at present concerning the best method of treatment of cerebrospinal fluid shunt-related infections. The most frequently used method includes removal of the shunt followed by antibiotic therapy and later replacement of the shunt. The experience at the University of Cincinnati during the past 15 years indicates that many shunt infections can be effectively treated without shunt removal. This report summarizes experiences with 11 consecutive ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections. These were treated by externalization of the peritoneal catheter followed by intraventricular and systemic antimicrobial therapy and by later replacement of the peritoneal catheter. The advantages of this method include the avoidance of two major operative procedures and the elimination of a period in which the intracranial pressure is not controlled. The need for externalization of the peritoneal catheter relates to the occurrence of localized peritoneal infection and pseudocyst formation, which prevents cure of the infection in many instances if the catheter is left in place. After follow-up periods of four months to five years, 10 of the 11 patients have apparently been cured of their infection.
Feeding behaviour of broody female Octopus vulgaris

Abstract When female Octopus vulgaris reproduce, their feeding behaviour changes. Food intake decreases, on the average, by 70% of normal intake per meal, and additionally by 65% of the normal number of meals, a total decrease of about 90%. The method of predation upon gastropod prey changes from boring a hole in the shell, secreting a toxin, and pulling out the affected snail, to pulling the living snail out by force, and ceasing to bore. The fact that the post-egg-laying female expends energy to extract the body of the snail which it then scarcely eats may be a unique pattern of feeding behaviour.
Nano-confinement induced chain alignment in ordered P3HT nanostructures defined by nanoimprint lithography.

Control of polymer morphology and chain orientation is of great importance in organic solar cells and field effect transistors (OFETs). Here we report the use of nanoimprint lithography to fabricate large-area, high-density, and ordered nanostructures in conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) or P3HT, and also to simultaneously control 3D chain alignment within these P3HT nanostructures. Out-of-plane and in-plane grazing incident X-ray diffraction were used to determine the chain orientation in the imprinted P3HT nanostructures, which shows a strong dependence on their geometry (gratings or pillars). Vertical chain alignment was observed in both nanogratings and nanopillars, indicating strong potential to improve charge transport and optical properties for solar cells in comparison to bulk heterojunction structure. For P3HT nanogratings, π−π stacking along the grating direction with an angular distribution of ±20° was found, which is favorable for OFETs. We propose the chain alignment is induced by the...
Single-amino-acid deletion in the RYR1 gene, associated with malignant hyperthermia susceptibility and unusual contraction phenotype.

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an anesthetic-drug–induced, life-threatening hypermetabolic syndrome caused by abnormal calcium regulation in skeletal muscle. Often inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, MH has linkage to 30 different mutations in the RYR1 gene, which encodes a calcium-release–channel protein found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane in skeletal muscle. All published RYR1 mutations exclusively represent single-nucleotide changes. The present report documents, in exon 44 of RYR1 in two unrelated, MH-susceptible families, a 3-bp deletion that results in deletion of a conserved glutamic acid at position 2347. This is the first deletion, in RYR1, found to be associated with MH susceptibility. MH susceptibility was confirmed among some family members by in vitro diagnostic pharmacological contracture testing of biopsied skeletal muscle. Although a single-amino-acid deletion appears to be a subtle change in the protein, the deletion of Glu2347 from RYR1 produces an unusually large electrically evoked contraction tension in MH-positive individuals, suggesting that this deletion produces an alteration in skeletal-muscle calcium regulation, even in the absence of pharmacological agents.
Population-level specificity in the plant-mycorrhizae association alters intraspecific interactions among neighboring plants

Although variation in the effectiveness of the plant-mycorrhizal association has been demonstrated among plant species and among crop cultivars, the level of specificity of the plant-mycorrhizal association in natural populations and, in particular, its effect on intraspecific plant interactions have not been explored. To examine the influence of the specificity of the plant-mycorrhizal association on intraspecific interactions in Allium vineale, we surrounded target plants with either genetically identical neighbors, neighbors from the same population, or neighbors from a different population, and planted them in pots either with or without a soil fungi community. Overall, the presence of a soil fungal community was beneficial for plant growth, and thus the soil fungal community effects in this system are dominated by the mutualistic effect of mycorrhizae. In addition, both the target plant and neighbor plants had a relatively greater benefit from the mycorrhizal association if the neighbors were genetically identical or from the same population than if the neighbors came from a different population. Thus, there is specificity in the interaction between A. vineale plants and the soil fungal community at the population level, and this specificity favors intraspecific interactions among plants from the same population. In addition, in the presence of the soil fungal community, the variance in plant size within a pot was greater among neighbors from a different population. Therefore the growth advantage for plants growing with neighbors from the same population was not due to pre-emption of resources by individual plants. This finding provides indirect evidence to support the hypothesis that plants from the same population were able to share a more efficient hyphal network.
Origin of dislocations within tensile and compressive twins in pure textured Zr

Abstract Dislocations and twins play an important role in the plastic deformation and hardening response of Zr. At 77 K, rolled Zr deforms by { 1 1 2 ¯ 2 } 〈 1 1 2 ¯ 3 ¯ 〉 compressive twins and { 1 0 1 ¯ 2 } 〈 1 0 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 〉 tensile twins, depending upon the orientation of the compressive axis with respect to the basal pole texture of the specimen. Here, for the first time, detailed transmission electron microscopy characterization of dislocations within the twins themselves – with an emphasis on the question of their origin – has been performed for pure Zr samples compressed to ∼4% at 77 K. The possible transformation of matrix dislocations by twin-associated reorientation was considered and tested using dislocation transformation matrices. This analysis shows that, while the above-mentioned mechanism generates sessile c- and a-type dislocations inside twins, a large number of dislocations inside the twins are glissile a-type and are generated after the twin has formed. The type and proportion of these dislocations vary, depending on the type of twin.
Rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Rebleeding after initial aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can have substantial impact on overall patient outcome. While older studies have suggested rebleeding occurs in about 4% of patients during the first day after initial aneurysmal bleed, these studies may have failed to capture very early rebleeds and, consequently, underestimated the impact of rebleeding. An electronic literature search was performed to identify English-language articles published or available for review from February 1975 through October 2010. A total of 43 articles (40 original research and 3 review articles) focused on rebleeding after initial aneurysmal SAH in humans were selected for review. Although most studies supported an incidence of rebleeding ≤4%, studies investigating ultra-early rebleeding reported bleeding within the first 24 h following aneurysmal SAH in as many as 9–17% of patients, with most cases occurring within 6 h of initial hemorrhage. Overall, studies investigating antifibrinolytic therapy to reduce rebleeding have failed to clearly demonstrate overall therapeutic benefit. Short-course antifibrinolytic therapy may have a role prior to initial aneurysm repair, although insufficient data are currently available.
AID- and Ung-dependent generation of staggered double-strand DNA breaks in immunoglobulin class switch DNA recombination: a post-cleavage role for AID

Class switch DNA recombination (CSR) substitutes an immunoglobulin (Ig) constant heavy chain (C(H)) region with a different C(H) region, thereby endowing an antibody with different biological effector functions. CSR requires activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and occurrence of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) in S regions of upstream and downstream C(H) region genes. DSBs are critical for CSR and would be generated through deamination of dC by AID, subsequent dU deglycosylation by uracil DNA glycosylase (Ung) and nicking by apurinic/apyrimidic endonuclease (APE) of nearby abasic sites on opposite DNA strands. We show here that in human and mouse B cells, S region DSBs can be generated in an AID- and Ung-independent fashion. These DSBs are blunt and 5'-phosphorylated. In B cells undergoing CSR, blunt and 5'-phosphorylated DSBs are processed in an AID- and Ung-dependent fashion to yield staggered DNA ends. Blunt and 5'-phosphorylated DSBs can be readily detected in human and mouse AID- or Ung-deficient B cells. These B cells are CSR defective, but show evidence of intra-S region recombination. Forced expression of AID in AID-negative B cells converts blunt S region DSBs to staggered DSBs. Conversely, forced expression of dominant negative AID or inhibition of Ung by Ung inhibitor (Ugi) in switching B cells abrogates the emergence of staggered DSBs and concomitant CSR. Thus, AID and Ung generate staggered DSBs not only by cleaving intact double-strand DNA, but also by processing blunt DSB ends, whose generation is AID- and Ung-independent, thereby outlining a post-cleavage role for AID in CSR.
A role for the Drosophila segment polarity gene armadillo in cell adhesion and cytoskeletal integrity during oogenesis

The epithelial sheet is a structural unit common to many tissues. Its organization appears to depend on the function of the multi-protein complexes that form adherens junctions. Elegant cell biological experiments have provided support for hypotheses explaining the function of adherens junctions and of their components. These systems, however, lack the ability to test function within an entire organism during development. The realization that the product of the Drosophila segment polarity gene armadillo is related to the vertebrate adhesive junction components plakoglobin and beta-catenin led to the suggestion that armadillo might provide a genetic handle to study adhesive junction structure and function. An examination of the potential function of Armadillo in cell-cell adhesive junctions was initiated using the Drosophila ovary as the model system. We examined the distribution of Armadillo in the Drosophila ovary and demonstrated that this localization often parallels the location of cell-cell adhesive junctions. The consequences of removing armadillo function from the germ-line cells of the ovary were also examined. Germ-line armadillo mutations appear to disrupt processes requiring cell adhesion and integrity of the actin cytoskeleton, consistent with a role for Armadillo in cell-cell adhesive junctions. We have also used armadillo mutations to examine the effects on ovarian development of altering the stereotyped cell arrangements of the ovary. The implications of these results for the role of adhesive junctions during development are discussed.
Reviewing On Beauty

somewhat infantilizing. Perhaps the purple chalk is too suggestive of Harold and the Purple Crayon, a well-known children's book in which a little boy draws his way into and out of adventures, and ends up putting himself back in his own snug little bed. Similarly, Casey's insistence on doing things her way, often ending up back where she started, is her most endearing and exasperating quality. She announces that she will leave business school, but it is not clear where she will go next in her journey, although there are hints that she will pursue her true passion of hat making. The ending scene can be read as an indication that Casey is letting go of some of her status-seeking materialism and self-imposed isolation in order to connect with Unu, as well as with Ella, recently divorced, and her new family, in a more honest and meaningful way. At the same time, Casey's evolution seems limited to these private relationships with her lover and her best friend, leaving out her parents, sister, and work and school colleagues, not to mention the Korean-American community and U.S. society. In sum, Free Food for Millionaires is an engaging and ambitious but ultimately unrealized novel. Nonetheless, it is a novel worth reading and assigning as the struggle to grapple with its contradictions can serve as a vehicle for deeper engagement with a number of difficult and important topics, both literary and sociological.
Increased 5-Lipoxygenase Immunoreactivity in the Hippocampus of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease

The proinflammatory enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is upregulated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but its localization and association with the hallmark lesions of the disease, beta-amyloid (Abeta) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), is unknown. This study examined the distribution and cellular localization of 5-LOX in the medial temporal lobe from AD and control subjects. The spatial relationship between 5-LOX immunoreactive structures and AD lesions was also examined. We report that, in AD subjects, 5-LOX immunoreactivity is elevated relative to controls, and its localization is dependent on the antibody-targeted portion of the 5-LOX amino acid sequence. Carboxy terminus-directed antibodies detected 5-LOX in glial cells and neurons, but less frequently in neurons with dystrophic (NFT) morphology. In contrast, immunoreactivity observed using 5-LOX amino terminus-directed antibodies was virtually absent in neurons and abundant in NFTs, neuritic plaques, and glia. Double-labeling studies showed a close association of 5-LOX-immunoreactive processes and glial cells with Abeta immunoreactive plaques and vasculature and also detected 5-LOX in tau immunoreactive and amyloid containing NFTs. Different immunolabeling patterns with antibodies against carboxy vs amino terminus of 5-LOX may be caused by post-translational modifications of 5-LOX protein in Abeta plaques and NFTs. The relationship between elevated intracellular 5-LOX and hallmark AD pathological lesions provides further evidence that neuroinflammatory pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of AD.
An MHT algorithm for UWB radar-based multiple human target tracking

This paper presents a multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT) framework for tracking the ranges and velocities of a variable number of moving human targets via a mono-static ultra-wideband (UWB) radar. The multi-target tracking (MTT) problem for UWB radar-based human target tracking differs from traditional applications because of the multitude of observations (multipath scattering) per target in each scan, due to the short spatial extent of the transmitted UWB signal pulse width. We develop an MHT framework for UWB radar-based multiple human target tracking that extends a previously studied human tracking algorithm. We present experimental results in which a monostatic UWB radar tracks both individual and multiple human targets, even with changing numbers of targets across radar scans.
Regulation of nuclear import by phosphorylation adjacent to nuclear localization signals

Many important regulatory proteins, including cell cycle regulators and transcription factors, contain a phosphorylation site within or adjacent to a classic nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence. Previous studies show that the nuclear localization of these cargoes can be regulated by phosphorylation at these sites. It was hypothesized that this phosphorylation regulates the nuclear import of NLS cargo proteins by modulating the interaction of the cargo with the classic nuclear transport receptor, importin α. In this study, we utilize in vitro solution binding assays and in vivo analyses to directly test this model. We demonstrate that mimicking phosphorylation at a site adjacent to an NLS decreases the binding affinity of the NLS for importin α. This decrease in cargo affinity for importin α correlates with a decrease in nuclear accumulation in vivo. Through these analyses, we show that the cell cycle-dependent nuclear import of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor Swi6p correlates with a phosphorylation-dependent change in affinity for importin α. Furthermore, we present data using the SV40 NLS to suggest that this form of regulation can be utilized to artificially modulate the nuclear import of a cargo, which is usually constitutively targeted to the nucleus. This work defines one molecular mechanism for regulating nuclear import by the classic NLS-mediated transport pathway.
Longitudinal Changes in Reproductive Hormones and Menstrual Cyclicity in Cynomolgus Monkeys during Strenuous Exercise Training: Abrupt Transition to Exercise-Induced Amenorrhea

Cross-sectional studies of exercise-induced reproductive dysfunction have documented a high proportion of menstrual cycle disturbances in women involved in strenuous exercise training. However, longitudinal studies have been needed to examine individual susceptibility to exercise-induced reproductive dysfunction and to elucidate the progression of changes in reproductive function that occur with strenuous exercise training. Using the female cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis), we documented changes in menstrual cyclicity and patterns of LH, FSH, estradiol, and progesterone secretion as the animals developed exercise-induced amenorrhea. As monkeys gradually increased running to 12.3 +/- 0.9 km/day, body weight did not change significantly although food intake remained constant. The time spent training until amenorrhea developed varied widely among animals (7-24 months; mean = 14.3 +/- 2.2 months) and was not correlated with initial body weight, training distance, or food intake. Consistent changes in function of the reproductive axis occurred abruptly, one to two menstrual cycles before the development of amenorrhea. These included significant declines in plasma reproductive hormone concentrations, an increase in follicular phase length, and a decrease in luteal phase progesterone secretion. These data document a high level of interindividual variability in the development of exercise-induced reproductive dysfunction, delineate the progression of changes in reproductive hormone secretion that occur with exercise training, and illustrate an abrupt transition from normal cyclicity to an amenorrheic state in exercising individuals, that is not necessarily associated with weight loss.
Activities of Oseltamivir and Ribavirin Used Alone and in Combination against Infections in Mice with Recent Isolates of Influenza a (H1N1) and B Viruses

Mouse models have been widely used for evaluating potential influenza virus inhibitors. However, the viral strains traditionally used in these models are fairly old and do not represent currently circulating viruses in nature. We developed two new lethal infection models in mice using mouse-adapted influenza A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) and influenza B/Sichuan/379/99 viruses. Both virus infections were used to study oral treatment with oseltamivir and ribavirin, both alone and in combination. Oral treatments were given twice daily for 5 days starting 4 h before infection in initial studies. Against influenza A, oseltamivir was active at 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg/day, protected 80–100% of mice from death and reduced lung consolidation — ribavirin was similarly effective at 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg/day. When treatments were initiated after virus challenge, delaying treatment with oseltamivir even 1 day caused it to be ineffective. Ribavirin prevented mortality by 50–80% when treatments were delayed 1–4 days after in...
Comment on Emily Talen and Julia Koschinsky's “Is subsidized housing in sustainable neighborhoods? Evidence from Chicago”: “Sustainable” urban form and opportunity: frames and expectations for low-income households

Talen and Koschinsky demonstrate that Chicago's walkable, dense, mixed-use neighborhoods score poorly on measures of health, accessibility, safety, and social interaction. This comment raises and discusses several questions: How good a frame is ``sustainable'' for describing the urban form the authors measure? What are the connections between ``sustainable urban form'' (SUF) and good outcomes for assisted tenants in Chicago? Do SUF neighborhoods provide better conditions for assisted housing tenants? How does the scale at which we investigate this question influence the answer? More broadly, how do we expect SUF to work for assisted housing tenants and other low-income people? Finally, to what extent is SUF a necessary and sufficient condition for ensuring long-term income diversity through investment in affordable housing? The answers to all these questions are still open, making this is a promising time for more fine grained research supporting efforts to bring greater social justice to the city.
Prolonged Administration of Glycyrrhetinic Acid in Rats

Prolonged administration of glycyrrhetinic acid was studied in immature female rats, castrated male donor parabionts, and mature cyclic rats. Glycyrrhetinic acid treatment for 7 days interfered with the uterotrophic response of immature rats to estradiol benzoate but had no effect on the pituitary-ACTH content. It did not alter gonadotropin release or estradiol-induced gonadotropin inhibition in male castrated donors. One month of treatment did not alter the estrus cycles. It is apparent that the antiestrogenic effect of glycyrrhetinic acid is limited to exogenous estrogen and its effect on the female accessory reproductive tract.
Heating of the polar wind due to ion beam instabilities

Recent DE 1 observations (Chen et al., 1990) in the polar cap region have detected upflowing field-aligned O(+) and H(+) beams of about 10 eV energy; it was suggested that these beams may interact with the polar wind and provide free energy to the polar wind which will alter its 'classical' description. This paper investigates both the linear and the nonlinear effects of upflowing O(+) and H(+) ion beams on an O(+) and H(+) polar wind by applying isotropic Maxwellian distributions for modeling the O(+) and H(+) polar-wind ions and using drifting Maxwellian distributions for the electrons, O(+), and H(+) beam ions. It is shown that, in the presence of O(+) and H(+) beams, the slow ion acoustic and slow ion cyclotron modes can couple to the normal modes of the plasma and be driven unstable. The O(+) ions are preferentially heated over the H(+) ions; this preferential heating couses enhanced outflow of O(+) ions along polar cap field lines by effectively increasing the O(+) scale height.
Transformation of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene in soil in the presence of the earthworm Eisenia andrei

The ability of the earthworm Eisenia andrei to metabolize 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was studied in experiments with TNT-spiked soils, dermal contact tests, and with an in vitro assay. Lethality of TNT in a forest sandy soil was first determined (14-d LC50 = 143 mg/kg). Then TNT at lethal and sublethal concentrations was applied to the same soil and was monitored along with its metabolites in extracts of soil and earthworm tissue for up to 14 d postapplication. High performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet analyses indicated that TNT was transformed in the presence of E. andrei by a reductive pathway to 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT), and traces of 2,6-di-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2,6-DANT) in earthworm tissues. This transformation could be explained by either a metabolic mechanism within the earthworm or by the enhancement of an earthworm-associated microbial activity or both. The TNT concentrations decreased from the spiked soils. However, the monoamino-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT and 4-ADNT) concentrations increased with exposure duration and were dependent on the initial TNT soil concentrations. This was also observed to a lesser extent in the TNT-spiked soils with no earthworms present. The biotransformation of TNT into 2-ADNT, 4-ADNT, and 2,4-DANT and the presence of these metabolites in E. andrei after dermal contact on TNT-spiked filter paper showed that dermal uptake can be a significant exposure route for TNT. In vitro experiments showed that earthworm homogenate could metabolize TNT and form 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT at room temperature and at 37°C. This effect was inhibited by heat inactivation prior to incubation or by incubation at 4°C, suggesting that the biotransformation of TNT in the presence of E. andrei may be enzymatic in nature.
Scan Based Testing of Dual/Multi Core Processors for Small Delay Defects

We present a new structural delay test methodology that identifies small timing anomalies in dual/multi core processor circuits by comparing the relative switching time of identical circuit paths in the multiple cores. A difference in switching delay beyond the statistically observed worst case within-die timing variation indicates a defect. The proposed test is purely a comparison test between identical cores to detect manufacturing defects and does not measure absolute circuit timing. Common mode noise effects such as power supply droop, clock stretching, etc. are automatically compensated and do not impact the test results. Furthermore, the test response can be captured at multiple sample times, including faster than the rated clock period to target small delays on short paths. We present a practical approach for implementing such a test that alternately uses one core as a timing reference to test for delays in another identical core using slightly different capture clocks to allow for normal intradie parameter variations. Test results are obtained in real time without the need for any post processing. Early experimental results show good potential for this new technique.
The culture of physician autonomy; 1900 to the present.

The physician of fifty years ago is barely recognizable today. Rural, autonomous, and isolated, he did everything from mending broken bones to pronouncing people dead. He was responsible for a well-circumscribed community, who came to him for all their medical needs, regardless of the hour.
Infrared determination of orientation, orientation distribution, and crystallinity in polyethylene films

The problem of determining orientation distribution in polymer films from the measurement of infrared dichroism is treated from the theoretical point of view. It is shown that the distribution function cannot be determined from such measurements. However, if an elliptical distribution function is assumed, the axial ratio of the ellipse of planar components may be calculated. The curve for axial ratio as a function of measured dichroic ratio is given. The dichroisms of the 1300, 730, and 719 cm.−1 bands in polyethylene are discussed and interpreted. It is shown that, in extruded films, chain axes in the amorphous areas lie roughly in the extrusion direction. Chain axes in the crystalline areas lie roughly perpendicular to the extrusion direction. In stretched films, all chain axes line up in the stretch direction. The axial ratios calculated from the 730 and 719 cm.−1 bands are given for a cold-stretched polyethylene film at different degrees of stretch. Axial ratios of over 100:1 may be attained for the crystalline regions of the film. Specific extinction coefficients for the crystalline band at 730 cm.−1 and the amorphous band at 1300 cm.−1 are determined from measurements on polyethylene films of different crystallinities. The latter values is compared with values measured in molten polyethylenes and normal hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon values do not agree with the polyethylene values. The amorphous contents of a number of polyethylenes as measured by infrared, density, and x-ray methods are given. Possible reasons for the disagreement between the results are briefly discussed.
Social Support and Self-Esteem as Mediators Between Stress and Antepartum Depressive Symptoms in Rural Pregnant Women

The purpose of this secondary analysis was to determine whether satisfaction with social support and self-esteem mediated the relationship between antepartum stress and depressive symptoms in women attending prenatal clinics in a rural Southeastern community (N?=?318). Path analysis with linear regression indicated that the relationship between antepartum stress and depressive symptoms was partially mediated by higher levels of the internal resources of satisfaction with social support and self-esteem. Self-esteem had a greater influence on the relationship between antepartum stress and depressive symptoms than did satisfaction with social support. These findings suggest further study to determine whether developing culturally tailored interventions that emphasize stress reduction activities in addition to enhancing self-esteem and increasing satisfaction with social support can decrease the burden of antepartum depressive symptoms in rural low-income women.
Feed component inhibition in ethanolic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Inhibition by secondary feed components can limit productivity and restrict process options for the production of ethanol by fermentation. New fermentation processes (such as vacuum or extractive fermentation), while selectively removing ethanol, can concentrate nonmetabolized feed components in the remaining broth. Stillage recycle to reduce stillage waste treatment results in the buildup of nonmetabolized feed components. Continuous culture experiments are presented establishing an inhibition order: CaCl2, (NH4)2×SO4 > NaCl, NH4Cl > KH2PO4 > xylose, MgCl2 > MgSO4 > KCl. Reduction of the water activity alone is not an adequate predictor of the variation in inhibitory concentration among the different components tested. As a general trend, specific ethanol productivity increases and cell production decreases as inhibitors are added at higher concentration. We postulate that these results can be interpreted in terms of an increase in energy requirements for cell maintenance under hypertonic (stressed) conditions. Ion and carbohydrate transport and specific toxic effects are reviewed as they relate to the postulated inhibition mechanism. Glycerol production increases under hypertonic conditions and glycerol is postulated to function as a nontoxic osmoregulator. Calcium was the most inhibitory component tested, causing an 80%decline in cell mass production at 0.23 mol Ca2+/L and calcium is present at substantial concentration in many carbohydrate sources. For a typical final cane molasses feed, stillage recycle must be limited to less than onethird of the feed rate; otherwise inhibitory effects will be observed.
The Role of NK Cell Recognition of Nectin and Nectin-Like Proteins in Tumor Immunosurveillance

Natural killer (NK) cells have important functions in the innate immunity to tumors. Recognition of tumor cells by NK cells is mediated by the interaction of activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors with ligands expressed on the tumor target. In addition, NK cell-target cell interactions require the engagement of adhesion molecules that stabilize the cell-cell conjugate. Recently, several novel NK cell receptors have been reported to regulate NK cell adhesion and activation through interaction with ligands of the nectin and nectin-like (Necl) family of adhesion molecules. We here review current knowledge on these receptors, CD226, CD96 and CRTAM, and their role in tumor immunosurveillance.
Students' Perceptions of Liked and Disliked Teachers.

An experiment was conducted to investigate 50 high school seniors' perceptions of liked and disliked teachers, using a variation of Kelly's Repertory Test. It was predicted that disliked teachers would be differentiated more than liked teachers and that female Ss would differentiate more among disliked teachers than would male students. For the total sample, negatively valued persons were differentiated more than positively valued persons, but there were no significant sex differences with regard to negatively valued persons. Male Ss differentiated all teachers, irrespective of value, significantly more than female Ss did. The significant difference between liked and disliked teachers supports the “vigilance hypothesis” suggested by Miller and Bieri (1965). There was no readily apparent explanation why male Ss were more cognitively complex than female Ss. That male Ss designated more male than female teachers as both liked and disliked was discussed. Further avenues of research were indicated.
Sequence-Directed Base Mispairing in Human Oncogenes

The most frequently observed mutations in ras oncogenes in solid human tumors are GC-->AT transitions at the 3' G residue of the GG doublet in codon 12 of these oncogenes. We had shown previously that mutagenesis by thymidine occurred with the same sequence specificity in mammalian cells, in that mutagenesis occurred preferentially at the 3' G of GG doublets. In this study, in vitro DNA synthesis experiments were carried out to assess the effect of local DNA sequence on base mispairing in order to determine the mechanism of sequence-directed mutagenesis by thymidine and its possible relationship to activating point mutations in N-, Ki- and Ha-ras oncogenes in solid human tumors. To avoid complicating the interpretation of the results because of the occurrence of mismatch repair as well as base misincorporation, the experiments were carried out in a repair-free environment with exonuclease-free Klenow polymerase. The results of these experiments showed that misincorporation of deoxyribosylthymine (dT) occurred with several-fold-greater efficiency opposite the 3' G compared to the 5' G of the GG doublet in codon 12 of human ras oncogenes. These results further demonstrated that the relative difference in the extent of dT misincorporation opposite the 3' G and the 5' G of GG doublets in codon 12 in the various ras oncogenes was affected by the base immediately upstream of the doublet. Within the GG doublet, it was seen that the 5' G and 3' G residues had an effect on the extent of dT misincorporation opposite each other. The 5' G was shown to have a stimulatory effect on dT misincorporation opposite the 3' G, while the 3' G was shown to have an inhibitory effect on dT misincorporation opposite the 5' G. Presumably, these mutual interactions within GG doublets are additive, such that the large differential in dT misincorporation observed between the 3' G and 5' G residues in GG doublets is the end result of the combined stimulatory and inhibitory effects within these doublets. Since the observed pattern of dT misincorporation within GG doublets corresponds to the most frequent mode of activation of ras oncogenes in solid human tumors, the results of these experiments suggest that sequence-directed dT misincorporation may be involved in the pattern of activation of human ras oncogenes, by causing GC-->AT transitions preferentially at the 3' G of the GG doublet in codon 12 of these oncogenes.
Phase Transformations in Calcium‐Substituted Lanthanum Ferrite

Phase equilibria in the La1−xCaxFeO3−δ (LCF) system were assessed at temperatures below 1350°C in both simulated air and argon atmospheres using a combination of differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and high-temperature X-ray diffraction. The solubility limit of Ca in the perovskite structure was determined to be 38% A-site substitution. A high-temperature orthorhombic to rhombohedral transition was identified and the dependence on oxygen partial pressure and effect on thermal expansion were characterized. A partial, pseudobinary LaFeO3–CaFeO2.5 phase diagram is presented that is based on these analyses combined with data available in the open literature.
Regional price differences and food consumption frequency among elementary school children

Summary Objective Food prices may affect diet and weight gain among youth and lead to geographic disparities in obesity. This paper examines the association between regional prices and consumption frequency of fruit/vegetables and snack items among elementary school children in the USA. Study design Observational study using individual-level survey data of fifth-grade children (average age 11 years) and regional food prices based on store visits in 2004. Methods Dependent variables are self-reported consumption frequency in fifth grade; primary explanatory variables are metropolitan area food prices relative to cost of living. Multivariate regression analysis. Results Price variation across metropolitan areas exists, and lower real prices for vegetables and fruits predict significantly higher intake frequency. Higher dairy prices predict lower frequency of milk consumption, while higher meat prices predict increased milk consumption. Similar price effects were not found for fast food or soft drink consumption. Discussion The geographic variation in food prices across the USA is sufficiently large to affect dietary patterns among youth for fruit, vegetables and milk. The price variation is either too small to affect children's consumption frequency of fast food or soft drinks, or the consumption of these foods is less price sensitive.
Online Partitioning for Scalable and Survivable Optical Networks

Given the trend of rapid growth, the manageability and survivability of future optical networks, even for a single administrative domain, are imminent challenges. For a large-scale mesh network with dynamic traffic, maintaining the global state information in a centralized fashion is impractical. Hence, distributed schemes are needed to organize nodes and to manage state information in a more localized manner. One such scheme for organizing nodes is to logically partition or cluster the nodes into a hierarchical structure. However, in optical networks, physically disjoint routes are sought for failure-protection purposes, where the working path and the backup path of a request traverse diverse shared risk link groups (SRLGs). Hence, the clustering of nodes should also be effective in yielding SRLG diversity. In this paper, we address the problem of determining the appropriate clustering of nodes for a large wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) network. We suggest an easy-to-implement, dynamic, and distributed technique that forms clusters adaptively in response to the current network conditions, e.g., node connectivity, bandwidth availability (or traffic load), and SRLGs. We find that considering risk group sharing in network partitioning best handles both scalability and survivability. Simulation results verify the viability of the proposed approach.
Concentrated fed-batch cell culture increases manufacturing capacity without additional volumetric capacity

Biomanufacturing factories of the future are transitioning from large, single-product facilities toward smaller, multi-product, flexible facilities. Flexible capacity allows companies to adapt to ever-changing pipeline and market demands. Concentrated fed-batch (CFB) cell culture enables flexible manufacturing capacity with limited volumetric capacity; it intensifies cell culture titers such that the output of a smaller facility can rival that of a larger facility. We tested this hypothesis at bench scale by developing a feeding strategy for CFB and applying it to two cell lines. CFB improved cell line A output by 105% and cell line B output by 70% compared to traditional fed-batch (TFB) processes. CFB did not greatly change cell line A product quality, but it improved cell line B charge heterogeneity, suggesting that CFB has both process and product quality benefits. We projected CFB output gains in the context of a 2000-L small-scale facility, but the output was lower than that of a 15,000-L large-scale TFB facility. CFB's high cell mass also complicated operations, eroded volumetric productivity, and showed our current processes require significant improvements in specific productivity in order to realize their full potential and savings in manufacturing. Thus, improving specific productivity can resolve CFB's cost, scale-up, and operability challenges.
Orbitally driven giant phonon anharmonicity in SnSe

Understanding elementary excitations and their couplings in condensed matter systems is critical for developing better energy-conversion devices. In thermoelectric materials, the heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency is directly improved by suppressing the propagation of phonon quasiparticles responsible for macroscopic thermal transport. The current record material for thermoelectric conversion efficiency, SnSe, has an ultralow thermal conductivity, but the mechanism behind the strong phonon scattering remains largely unknown. From inelastic neutron scattering measurements and first-principles simulations, we mapped the four-dimensional phonon dispersion surfaces of SnSe, and found the origin of the ionic-potential anharmonicity responsible for the unique properties of SnSe. We show that the giant phonon scattering arises from an unstable electronic structure, with orbital interactions leading to a ferroelectric-like lattice instability. The present results provide a microscopic picture connecting electronic structure and phonon anharmonicity in SnSe, and offers new insights on how electron–phonon and phonon–phonon interactions may lead to the realization of ultralow thermal conductivity. Tin selenide is at present the best thermoelectric conversion material. Neutron scattering results and ab initio simulations show that the large phonon scattering is due to the development of a lattice instability driven by orbital interactions.