cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial genetic structure in 21 populations of butternut, a temperate forest tree (Juglans cinerea L.), is correlated to spatial arrangement, habitat, and land-use history

It is well known that spatial genetic structure (SGS), a phenomenon that occurs to some degree in most plants, is influenced by species’ characteristics such as dispersal biology. However, local conditions (e.g., spatial, environmental, demographic) may also contribute to SGS, but the influence of local factors is rarely quantified. To test the role of local conditions, we quantified SGS in 21 populations of the threatened forest tree Juglans cinerea (butternut). We observed a wide range across the populations in several measures of SGS (mean Sp statistic: 0.020, range: ∼0–0.04; mean F1: 0.06, range: ∼0–0.13). We found correlations between local conditions and several measures of SGS. Specifically, ecological zone (riparian/ upland), and degree of habitat linearity strongly correlated to the Sp statistic and the distance over which positive relatedness was observed (Dpos). In contrast, degree of aggregation was significantly associated with high kinship in the smallest distance class (F1), and a signature of colonization. Land-use history had minor effects compared to spatial or ecological factors. Population age structure significantly influenced F1, but not other metrics. Our work suggests that spatial, demographic, and environmental factors interact to determine SGS, and emphasizes that different aspects of SGS are not necessarily influenced by the same ecological factors. An influence of local conditions on SGS has implications for population genetic response to rapidly changing habitats as well as forest restoration.
On the reinforcing effects of the content of verbal attention

During a functional analysis, a boy with autism and oppositional defiant disorder displayed destructive behavior that was maintained by attention in the form of verbal reprimands (e.g., "Don't hit me"). In a second analysis, contingent verbal reprimands produced higher rates of the behavior than contingent statements that were unrelated to the target response (e.g., "It is sunny today"), suggesting that some forms of attention were more reinforcing than others. A treatment based on these analyses reduced the behavior to near-zero levels.
An Update on Monoclonal Antibody Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease that causes a great deal of disability, especially in the young adult population. There have been several immunomodulatory agents that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for MS, including glatiramer acetate, interferon-β1a and -β1b, mitoxantrone, and corticosteroids. The effectiveness of these therapies has not been optimal, and drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies, that more selectively target the pathogenetic process of MS have been sought. These agents have their own intrinsic limitations such as systemic inflammatory reactions, induction of neutralizing antiantibodies, and even life-threatening infectious processes. The agent that has been in the forefront of the discussion is natalizumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against α4 integrin, which shows much promise in suppressing MS activity. However, 3 individuals treated with natalizumab developed a life-threatening infection, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. This article revie...
Neurohypophysial Peptides and the Regulation of Melanophore Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Secretion

Melanophore stimulating hormone (MSH) secretion from the vertebrate pars intermedia is regulated as for other pituitary hormones, by the hypothalamus. Removal of the pituitary from hypothalamic control results in an autonomous uninhibited secretion of MSH. Thus, as for prolactin, the hypothalamus exerts a tonic inhibitory control over MSH secretion. The nature of this inhibitory mechanism is presently being debated with two general models being considered. It is suggested by some investigators that peptides of neurohypophysial hormone origin act as MSH releasing and inhibiting factors (MRF' and MIF's, respectively). In this scheme, the neurohypophysial hormones such as oxytocin would serve as prohormones which by enzymatic cleavage by hypothalamic enzymes would yield MSH releasing and/or inhibiting factors. It is suggested that the terminal tripeptide side chain is an MIF whereas the N-terminal pentapeptide sequence of oxytocin is an MRF. The data supporting this hypothesis comes from work of a few investigators that espouse this scheme. To our knowledge, the so-called MSH releasing and inhibiting factors have proven ineffective in the hands of all other investigators in regulating MSH release.
Linear and nonlinear contributions to the growth and decay of the large-scale atmospheric waves and jet stream

To study the growth and decay of the atmospheric wave motions in middle latitudes, we have analyzed the mechanism for the kinetic energy change in wavenumber domain, and computed the composite average of each term in the kinetic energy equation at various stages in the life cycle of the atmospheric waves. It is found that for the first 1 to 2 days the extra-long waves of wavenumbers 1 and 3 grow by receiving kinetic energy from other finite amplitude waves through nonlinear interactions; in the next 1 to 2 days, they grow by gaining energy through nonlinear interactions and converting available potential to kinetic energy. These waves then maintained their peak energy for 3 to 4 days through the balance between the energy supply from conversion of available potential energy to kinetic energy and nonlinear interactions, and the energy lost by dissipation. The contribution of nonlinear interactions then changes to negative; and in the next 3 to 4 days, the waves decay by losing energy through nonlinear interactions and dissipation. The average life cycle of these extra-long waves is about 10 to 11 days. Similar results have been found with regard to the synoptic-scale waves of wavenumbers 4 to 8. They also intensify by receiving energy and decay by losing energy through nonlinear interactions among finite amplitude waves. Nevertheless, the conversion of the available potential energy to kinetic energy plays a more important role in the growing stage of the synoptic-scale waves than for the extra-long waves. The average life cycle for the synoptic-scale waves is about 6 to 8 days. It is interesting to note that the characteristics of waves of wavenumber 2 are quite different from those of the other waves. In all stages of its life cycle, the contribution of nonlinear interactions is negative and the conversion term always has large positive values. We have also analyzed the intensification and decay of the subtropical jet stream, and found that it is greatly affected by the convergence and divergence of eddy momentum flux. The fluctuations of the net momentum flux are mainly contributed by the synoptic-scale waves of wavenumbers 4 to 8. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1978.tb00814.x
Nano DCPA-Whisker Composites with High Strength and Ca and PO4 Release

The main challenges facing composite restorations are secondary caries and bulk fracture. The objective of this study was to develop nano DCPA (dicalcium phosphate anhydrous)-whisker composites with high strength and Ca and PO(4) ion release to combat caries. Flexural strength for the nano DCPA-whisker composites at a nano DCPA:whisker mass ratio of 1:2 ranged from (148 +/- 9) MPa to (167 +/- 23) MPa, significantly higher than the (103 +/- 32) MPa of an inlay/onlay commercial control composite without Ca-PO(4) release. The nano DCPA-whisker composite released PO(4) to a concentration of (1.95 +/- 0.13) mmol/L and Ca of (0.68 +/- 0.05) mmol/L. Compared with previous conventional Ca- and PO(4)-releasing composites, the nano DCPA-whisker composites had strengths two-fold higher, and released comparable or higher levels of Ca and PO(4). In conclusion, combining nano-DCPA with whiskers yielded novel composites that released high levels of Ca and PO(4) requisite for remineralization. These high-strength composites may provide a unique combination of stress-bearing and caries-inhibiting capabilities.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF UFE1, A SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE GENE ESSENTIAL FOR SPORE FORMATION AND VEGETATIVE GROWTH

The UFE1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cloned, sequenced and characterized. The coding region of UFE1 is separated from the TMP1 gene on chromosome XV by 624 bp. Gene-disruption experiments demonstrated that UFE1 is essential for both the germination of ascospores and for vegetative growth. Translation of the UFE1 coding region generates a protein with significant similarity to cytokeratin and to the coiled-coil region of SED5, USO1 and restin, suggesting that it is involved in the secretory pathway and may also be related to intermediate filament-associated proteins.
Large-scale effects on bird assemblages in desert grasslands

ABSTRACT. During winter 1996–1997 and summer 1997, we surveyed birds at 26 study sites in desert grasslands of Arizona and New Mexico to determine tolerance of birds to variability in plant composition and structure. The relationship between bird abundance and vegetative characteristics might be an important consideration in the development of management and restoration plans. Of the 49 bird species we observed, we examined 13 and 16 species in detail for winter and summer seasons, respectively. A noticeable shift in species composition occurred between 3% and 10% woody plant cover. During winter, Chestnut-collared Longspurs (Calcarius ornatus) and Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris) showed significant positive relationships with grass cover and negative relationships with woody plant cover, occurring in greatest numbers where woody cover was < 1%. The richness of sparrow species during winter was highest among sites with 6% to 15% woody plant cover. In addition to showing significant positive relationshi...
Metal insulator semiconductor solar cell devices based on a Cu2O substrate utilizing h-BN as an insulating and passivating layer

We demonstrate cuprous oxide (Cu2O) based metal insulator semiconductor Schottky (MIS-Schottky) solar cells with efficiency exceeding 3%. A unique direct growth technique is employed in the fabrication, and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) serves simultaneously as a passivation and insulation layer on the active Cu2O layer. The devices are the most efficient of any Cu2O based MIS-Schottky solar cells reported to date.
Conferring flame retardancy on cotton using novel halogen-free flame retardant bifunctional monomers: synthesis, characterizations and applications

Two novel halogen-free phosphorous–nitrogen flame retardant bifunctional monomers were synthesized and characterized using attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform-infrared (ATR/FT-IR) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (+ESI-MS). The monomers were applied separately and graft polymerized on cotton in the presence of the thermal initiator K2S2O8. The performance of each monomer was evaluated using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), grafting efficiency, and vertical flame test. It was shown that the performance of N,N-dimethyl di(acryloyloxyethyl)phosphoramide (DMDAEP) (monomer 2) as flame retardant outperformed that of ethyl di(acryloyloxyethyl)phosphorodiamidate (EDAEP) (monomer 1). The superior performance of DMDAEP was attributed to the presence of more nitrogen atoms compared to EDAEP. The increased nitrogen content in DMDAEP increased the synergistic effect of the P–N system. Cotton treated using padding methods showed more promising results than cotton treated by exhaust methods.
Effect of Rosy Apple Aphid and Spirea Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Dry Matter Accumulation and Carbohydrate Concentration in Young Apple Trees

One-year-old apple trees grown in pots were artificially infested with either Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) or Aphis spiraecola Patch Feeding by D. plantaginea on 22-53% of the leaves on the tree significantly reduced accumulation of dry weight in all portions of the trees during the first season’s growth. At the 10-leaf stage of the second season, dry weights of trees infested with D. plantaginea during the previous year were still significantly lower than those of control trees. A. spiraecola did not reduce the accumulation of dry weight by the young trees.
Strategic Planning in U.S. Cities: Patterns of Use, Perceptions of Effectiveness, and an Assessment of Strategic Capacity

For this study of the use of strategic planning in American cities, data were collected by a survey of all American cities with populations between 25,000 and one million. Key issues covered were strategic planning applications, perceptions of effectiveness, strategic capacity, and methods of monitoring and evaluation. The findings show that a large number of cities use strategic planning with a high level of satisfaction; however, questions are raised about the true level of strategic capacity.
Dehiscence with evisceration: a rare complication of diagnostic peritoneal lavage.

Abstract Diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) is a well-established procedure for evaluating the patient suspected of having intraabdominal injury secondary to blunt abdominal trauma. Its accuracy and safety have been clearly domumented; however, the procedure does have the potential for morbidity. This paper reports on the occurrence of a rare complication, dehiscence with evisceration, and reviews the literature regarding complications of DPL.
Investigation of Ag-bulk/glassy-phase/Si heterostructures of printed Ag contacts on crystalline Si solar cells

The interface structure of screen-printed silver contacts on a crystalline silicon solar cell has been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM results confirmed that the glassy-phase plays an important role in contact properties. There are at least three different microstructures present in optimal fired contacts. The location where silver-bulk directly contacts silicon is observed through SEM, and this is actually a very thin glass layer in between. In addition, high-density silver embryos on silicon were found for samples fired optimally. The results presented in this study suggest that Ag-bulk/thin-glass-layer/Si contact is the most decisive path for current transportation.
Abusive Head Trauma in Children Presenting with an Apparent Life-Threatening Event

Objective To identify rates of abusive head trauma and associated clinical risk factors in patients with an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE). Study design Retrospective study of infants, 0 to 12 months, admitted for an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE; 1999–2003). Patients with abusive head trauma were identified at presentation or on follow-up; statistical analysis identified characteristics associated with abusive head trauma. Results Of 627 patients with ALTE, 48% were male. Nine (1.4%) were diagnosed with abusive head trauma, of whom 5 were diagnosed in the emergency department. All cases detected in the emergency department had physical examination findings indicative of abusive head trauma. Patient age, male sex, or ethnicity were not significantly different between those with and without abusive head trauma. More children with abusive head trauma had a documented 911 call (56% vs 22%, P = .029), vomiting (56% vs 19%, P = .018), or irritability (22% vs 3%, P = .033). Multivariate analysis revealed odds ratio for abusive head trauma were 4.9 with a 911 call ( P = .037), 5.3 with vomiting ( P = .024), and 11.9 with irritability ( P = .0197). Conclusions Abusive head trauma is in the differential for infants with an ALTE, although almost half of the cases are missed by current emergency department management. Vomiting, irritability, or a call to 911 are significantly associated with heightened risk for abusive head trauma.
Molecular basis of organ fibrosis: potential therapeutic approaches.

Fibrosis, a non-physiological wound healing in multiple organs, is associated with end-stage pathological symptoms of a wide variety of vascular injury and inflammation related diseases. In response to chemical, immunological and physical insults, the body’s defense system and matrix synthetic machinery respond to healing the wound and maintain tissue homeostasis. However, uncontrolled wound healing leads to scarring or fibrosis, a pathological condition characterized by excessive synthesis and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, loss of tissue homeostasis and organ failure. Understanding the actual cause of pathological wound healing and identification of igniter(s) of fibrogenesis would be helpful to design novel therapeutic approaches to control pathological wound healing and to prevent fibrosis related morbidity and mortality. In this article, we review the significance of a few key cytokines (TGF-β, IFN-γ, IL-10) transcriptional activators (Sp1, Egr-1, Smad3), repressors (Smad7, Fli-1, PPA...
Lesions and Tumors of the Carpus

Lesions and tumors of the carpus are usually identified radiographically during a routine workup for wrist pain. Although most of these entities are benign, a failure to appreciate their presence may delay diagnosis and treatment. More importantly, a small subset of these tumors may be quite aggressive, and early recognition can spare the patient the morbidity of late sequelae such as pathologic fracture, progressive wrist arthrosis, or even tumor metastasis. This article provides current information on how to identify, differentiate, and treat the varied lesions and tumors that may be discovered in the carpus.
Sufficient condition for applying the ladder approximation to the multiple scattering of light in random media

We have obtained a sufficient condition under which the ladder approximation may be used to decouple the moment equations (e.g., the Bethe–Salpeter equation) that result when one analyzes the propagation of optical waves in a randomly inhomogeneous medium. Simply stated, this means that the mean free path for multiple scattering by the inhomogeneities is required to be large in comparison with the size of the inhomogeneities.
REGENERATION OF VISUAL PURPLE IN SOLUTION.

1. Measurements of visual purple regeneration in solution have been made by a procedure which minimized distortion of the results by other color changes so that density changes caused by the regenerating substance alone are obtained. 2. Bleaching a visual purple solution with blue and violet light causes a greater subsequent regeneration than does an equivalent bleaching with light which lacks blue and violet. This is due to a photosensitive substance which has a gradually increasing effective absorption toward the shorter wavelengths. It is uncertain whether this substance is a product of visual purple bleaching or is present in the solution before illumination. 3. The regeneration of visual purple measured at 560 mµ is maximal at about pH 6.7 and decreases markedly at more acid and more alkaline pH's. 4. The absorption spectrum of the regenerating material shows only a concentration change during the course of regeneration, but has a higher absorption at the shorter wavelengths than has visual purple before illumination. 5. Visual purple extractions made at various temperatures show no significant difference in per cent of regeneration. 6. The kinetics of regeneration is usually that of a first order process. Successive regenerations in the same solution have the same velocity constant but form smaller total amounts of regenerated substance. 7. In vivo, the frog retina shows no additional oxygen consumption while visual purple is regenerating.
Response of steppe riparian areas to the exclusion of cattle-grazing: comparisons at different spatial and temporal scales

Abstract Changes over one grazing season and data from a 5-year study were used to evaluate the impact of cattle-grazing on the structure and composition of plants in steppe riparian areas. For one growing season, comparison of areas exposed to grazing and areas released from grazing indicated that the areas exposed to grazing had a significantly different structure, less aboveground biomass, and greater heterogeneity in soil nutrients than did nongrazed areas. The 5-year study showed that compositions of species between grazed and nongrazed areas were different at the onset. Over time, additional variations in diversity and composition of species between the grazed and nongrazed areas occurred but did not change significantly. This suggested that environmental factors were affecting these areas more than grazing. Impacts on steppe riparian vegetation were minimal at the intensities of grazing investigated.
Altered membrane lipid domains limit pulmonary endothelial calcium entry following chronic hypoxia

Agonist-induced Ca2+ entry into the pulmonary endothelium depends on activation of both store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) entry and receptor-operated Ca2+ (ROC) entry. We previously reported that pulmonary...
Abstract 2315: Influence of epithelial to mesenchymal transition on viral oncolysis in non small cell lung cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is distinguished by the loss of epithelial cell junction proteins such as E-cadherin and the relative gain of mesenchymal markers such as vimentin. We hypothesized that EMT may play a role in resistance to viral oncolysis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Multiple human NSCLC cell lines obtained from the American Tissue Culture Collection (H292, H358, H441, H1437, A549, H1703 and SW1573) were evaluated for cell surface expression of E-cadherin via Western blot. Vimentin and Zinc finger E-box binding-1 (Zeb-1) mRNA expression were measured in all of the NSCLC cell lines using RT-PCR to further analyze a molecular profile. Herpes viral infectivity was tested in vitro at varying multiplicity of infection (MOI) using both wild type Herpes (KOS) and an attenuated (ICP-6 defective) HSV-1 mutant (hrR3). Cell surface levels of nectin-1 and herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) were measured by fluorescence-activating cell sorting (FACS). Results: Western Blots on cell lysates revealed the presence of E-cadherin in H292, H358, H441, and H1437. The cell lines SW1573 and H1703 lacked E-cadherin and expressed higher transcript levels of Vimentin and Zeb-1, suggesting a more mesenchymal phenotype. Cell lines harboring epithelial markers appeared more susceptible to viral oncolysis at low MOI compared to those with mesenchymal markers. The mesenchymal-phenotype cells were 10-1000 fold more resistant to both wild type HSV-1 and replication conditional hrR3, thus suggesting a cell-growth independent mechanism. Viral cytotoxicity did not appear to be Nectin-1 mediated since there was no differential cell surface expression in mesenchymal or epithelial phenotypes. Conclusion: Infectivity and viral oncolysis of NSCLC cell lines may be related to epithelial or mesenchymal phenotype. Nectin-1 does not appear to be the major receptor for viral infectivity in NSCLC. Current and future studies focus on ways to reverse EMT in NSCLC, thus rendering tumor cells more susceptible to viral oncolysis and perhaps chemotherapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2315.
The Crack Problem for Bonded Nonhomogeneous Materials Under Antiplane Shear Loading

The singular nature of the crack tip stress field in a nonhomogeneous medium having a shear modulus with a discontinuous derivative was investigated. The problem is considered for the simplest possible loading and geometry, namely the antiplane shear loading of two bonded half spaces in which the crack is perpendicular to the interface. It is shown that the square-root singularity of the crack tip stress field is unaffected by the discontinuity in the derivative of the shear modulus. The problem is solved for a finite crack and extensive results are given for the stress intensity factors.
DETECTION OF FIMBRIAE (CFA/I) ON ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI USING ANTIBODIES

Fimbriae (CFA/I) were isolated after detachment from an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain H10407, purified by successive isoelectric point precipitation at pH 3.5, and injected into rabbits. The antisera containing the polyclonal antibodies against the fimbrial proteins (antigens) were then used to detect the presence of CFA/I on other E. coli cultures using an indirect ELISA system. The ELISA procedures for the CFA/I assay was as sensitive as the DNA hybridization for detecting the ETEC strains. Two bands (major and minor) were present when the isolated fimbrial proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE. The major band had a molecular mass of 40.3 and the minor 36.4 kDa. Electron microscopy of the fimbriae appeared as thin thread rods with variable length (5–15 μm).
Rheological Properties of Solutions and Emulsions Stabilized with Xanthan Gum and Propylene Glycol Alginate

The rheological effects of propylene glycol alginate (PGA) added to solutions and model emulsions containing xanthan gum (XG) were studied using controlled stress rheometry with concentrations appropriate for salad dressings. For samples with XG and XG + PGA blends, solutions and emulsions showed a Newtonian plateau at low shear stresses. The Newtonian plateau of a solution accurately predicted (r 2 = 1.00) the Newtonian plateau for an emulsion of equivalent gum concentration. Addition of PGA to constant levels of XG showed a more than additive increase in the Newtonian plateau viscosity for solutions and emulsions. For XG aqueous solutions, pseudoplasticity decreased upon addition of PGA. Storage and loss moduli increased with addition of PGA to XG for solutions and emulsions, although G' for solutions of PGA alone were negligible.
The Tsunami of 26 December, 2004: Numerical Modeling and Energy Considerations

A numerical model for the global tsunamis computation constructed by Kowalik et al. (2005), is applied to the tsunami of 26 December, 2004 in the World Ocean from 80°S to 69°N with spatial resolution of one minute. Because the computational domain includes close to 200 million grid points, a parallel version of the code was developed and run on a Cray X1 supercomputer. An energy flux function is used to investigate energy transfer from the tsunami source to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Although the first energy input into the Pacific Ocean was the primary (direct) wave, reflections from the Sri Lankan and eastern shores of Maldives were a larger source. The tsunami traveled from Indonesia, around New Zealand, and into the Pacific Ocean by various routes. The direct path through the deep ocean to North America carried miniscule energy, while the stronger signal traveled a considerably longer distance via South Pacific ridges as these bathymetric features amplified the energy flux vectors. Travel times for these amplified energy fluxes are much longer than the arrival of the first wave. These large fluxes are organized in the wave-like form when propagating between Australia and Antarctica. The sources for the larger fluxes are multiple reflections from the Seychelles, Maldives and a slower direct signal from the Bay of Bengal. The energy flux into the Atlantic Ocean shows a different pattern since the energy is pumped into this domain through the directional properties of the source function. The energy flow into the Pacific Ocean is approximately 75% of the total flow to the Atlantic Ocean. In many locations along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, the first arriving signal, or forerunner, has lower amplitude than the main signal which often is much delayed. Understanding this temporal distribution is important for an application to tsunami warning and prediction.
Multiclass 3D distortion-invariant object detection in clutter

We consider distortion-invariant filters for detection (i.e. to locate a number of different object classes). For each object, there are two different depression angles, four different contrast ratios, and 18 different aspect views. The objects are present in a variety of different real background clutter. One filer is able to recognize (detect) all 2 X 4 X 18 X 5 equals 720 object versions in clutter with no false alarms using NT equals 36 training set images. The filter uses training objects in a constant background, correlation peak constraints on the NT objects, and minimizes a weighted combination of the correlation plane energy due to the distortion spectrum and a noise spectrum. The new object and noise models used produce this excellent performance with no false class clutter training.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An analysis of the commuter departure time decision

Transportation planners and transit operators alike have become increasingly aware of the need to diffuse the concentration of peak period travel in an effort to improve gasoline economy and reduce peak load requirements. An evaluation of the potential effectiveness of strategies directed to achieve this end requires an understanding of factors which affect commuter trip timing decisions. The research discussed in this article addresses this particular problem through the development and estimation of a commuter departure time (to work) choice model. A number of conclusions were drawn based on the departure time model results and related analyses. It was found that work schedule flexibility, mode, occupation, income, age, and transportation level of service all influence departure time choice. The uncertainty in work arrival time and the consequences of various work arrival times may also be determinants of commuter departure time choice. The estimated model represents improvements over previous work in that it more explicitly considers work arrival time uncertainty and travelers' perceived loss associated with varying work arrival times, and additional socio-demographic factors which can potentially affect departure time choice. Furthermore, the estimated model includes consideration of transit commuters, in addition to single occupant auto and carpool work travelers. The inclusion of transit commuters represents a particularly important contribution for policy analysis, since the model could potentially be used to study the effect of service and employment policies on transit system peak load requirements.
Social-Information use in Heterogeneous Landscapes: A Prospectus

Abstract. The use of social information has recently been documented in a wide variety of animals, with potentially diverse consequences for those living in heterogeneous landscapes. Here we review and synthesize investigations on the use of social information in heterogeneous landscapes and provide a conceptual framework for interpreting the role social information plays for birds living in human-modified landscapes. Our framework emphasizes the spatial components of the availability and value of social information and how landscape change can alter the availability and perceived value of social information to individuals. As an example of the utility of an information-based perspective, we discuss investigations of habitat use by the Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) in agricultural landscapes. Overall, work to date provides unique insight into the importance of social-information use at large scales but also underscores that much uncertainty remains regarding the role of social information in driving di...
Differential effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the striatum and substantia nigra of the aged Parkinsonian rat

Injection of an adenoviral (Ad) vector encoding human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protects dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of young rats. As Parkinson's disease occurs primarily in aged populations, we examined whether chronic biosynthesis of GDNF, achieved by adenovirus-mediated delivery of a GDNF gene (AdGDNF), can protect DA neurons and improve DA-dependent behavioral function in aged (20 months) rats with progressive 6-OHDA lesions of the nigrostriatal projection. Furthermore, the differential effects of injecting AdGDNF either near DA cell bodies in the SN or at DA terminals in the striatum were compared. AdGDNF or control vector was injected unilaterally into either the striatum or SN. One week later, rats received a unilateral intrastriatal injection of 6-OHDA on the same side as the vector injection. AdGDNF injection into either the striatum or SN significantly reduced the loss of FG labelled DA neurons 5 weeks after lesion (P </= 0.05). However, only striatal injections of AdGDNF protected against the development of behavioral deficits characteristic of unilateral DA depletion. Striatal AdGDNF injections also reduced tyrosine hydroxylase fiber loss and increased amphetamine-induced striatal Fos expression. These results demonstrate that increased levels of striatal, but not nigral, GDNF biosynthesis prevents DA neuronal loss and protects DA terminals from 6-OHDA-induced damage, thereby maintaining DA function in the aged rat.
Hierarchical Assembly of Plasmonic Nanostructures Using Virus Capsid Scaffolds on DNA Origami Templates

Building plasmonic nanostructures using biomolecules as scaffolds has shown great potential for attaining tunable light absorption and emission via precise spatial organization of optical species and antennae. Here we report bottom-up assembly of hierarchical plasmonic nanostructures using DNA origami templates and MS2 virus capsids. These serve as programmable scaffolds that provide molecular level control over the distribution of fluorophores and nanometer-scale control over their distance from a gold nanoparticle antenna. While previous research using DNA origami to assemble plasmonic nanostructures focused on determining the distance-dependent response of single fluorophores, here we address the challenge of constructing hybrid nanostructures that present an organized ensemble of fluorophores and then investigate the plasmonic response. By combining finite-difference time-domain numerical simulations with atomic force microscopy and correlated scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy, we find that th...
Career development of special populations: A framework for research

Abstract In view of the recent interest in the career behaviors of diverse groups of individuals, this article presents a model for conducting research on the career development of special populations. Available research paradigms are reviewed in terms of their potential impact on such efforts. An alternative framework, designed to make maximum use of available data sources while minimizing potential theoretical bias, is offered. An illustration of research conducted within the recommended framework is presented in which the impact of a variety of career-related variables on the attitudinal and cognitive aspects of vocational maturity is examined from the perspective of two special population groups, disabled and disadvantaged college students. Drawing upon previous research findings, variables under consideration included level of scholastic achievement and endorsement of rational, intuitive, and dependent decision-making styles. Also included were two population-specific variables related to the characteristics of membership in each of the two special groups. The regression analyses conducted to explore the relationships between vocational maturity and these predictor variables indicate, in general, that variance in the attitudinal and cognitive factors of vocational maturity can be at least partially explained by the variables considered. However, the relative contributions of the predictors and the resulting proportions of variance explained differs according to which population and which criterion factor is under examination. These findings are compared with those emerging from previous research, and implications for future efforts are discussed.
Relationship of Bat Salivary Gland Virus to St. Louis Encephalitis Group of Viruses.

SummaryA virus recently isolated from the salivary glands of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida mexicana) appears to be a new member of the JE-WN-SLE-MVE group of viruses. On the basis of the results of complement fixation tests it appears that the salivary gland virus of bats is more closely related to the West Nile virus than to other members of the group.
The theory and practice of Bayesian image labeling

Integrating disparate sources of information has been recognized as one of the keys to the success of general purpose vision systems. Image clues such as shading, texture, stereo disparities and image flows provide uncertain, local and incomplete information about the three-dimensional scene. Spatial a priori knowledge plays the role of filling in missing information and smoothing out noise. This thesis proposes a solution to the longstanding open problem of visual integration. It reports a framework, based on Bayesian probability theory, for computing an intermediate representation of the scene from disparate sources of information. The computation is formulated as a labeling problem. Local visual observations for each image entity are reported as label likelihoods. They are combined consistently and coherently on hierarchically structured label trees with a new, computationally simple procedure. The pooled label likelihoods are fused with the a priori spatial knowledge encoded as Markov Random Fields (MRF's). The a posteriori distribution of the labelings are thus derived in a Bayesian formalism. A new inference method, Highest Confidence First (HCF) estimation, is used to infer a unique labeling from the a posteriori distribution. Unlike previous inference methods based on the MRF formalism, HCF is computationally efficient and predictable while meeting the principles of graceful degradation and least commitment. The results of the inference process are consistent with both observable evidence and a priori knowledge. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated with experiments on two image analysis problems: intensity edge detection and surface reconstruction. For edge detection, likelihood outputs from a set of local edge operators are integrated with a priori knowledge represented as an MRF probability distribution. For surface reconstruction, intensity information is integrated with sparse depth measurements and a priori knowledge. Coupled MRF's provide a unified treatment of surface reconstruction and segmentation, and an extension of HCF implements a solution method. Experiments using real image and depth data yield robust results. The framework can also be generalized to higher-level vision problems, as well as to other domains.
THE HUMAN SPLEEN AS AN HAEMATOPLASTIC ORGAN, AS EXEMPLIFIED IN A CASE OF SPLENOMEGALY WITH SCLEROSIS OF THE BONE-MARROW.

1. The nodules found in the spleen are islands of active haematoplastic tissue. 2. The bone-marrow, at least in the case which has been described, has been the primary focus of disease; some toxin has probably produced a chronic inflammatory change. 3. The bone-marrow, owing to its enormous sclerosis, has lost its haemopoetic powers totally or to a marked degree and the spleen has reverted to its fœtal power to form blood.
Energetics and Bonding in Small Lithiated Carbon Clusters

Abstract Small carbon clusters metallized with Li were studied within a hybrid density functional approach with generalized gradient correction. Structures of the ground state and several excited states associated with different isomers and multiplicities were systematically calculated for CxLiy with x = 1–3 and y = 1–5. The most stable isomers are either linear or planar in the ground state. Three-dimensional structures are only identified for CLi4, CLi5, and C3Li4. There is important charge transfer in these compounds, showing that ionic bonding is favored as the cluster grows in size. Ionization potentials, electron affinities, and the vibrational analysis of all studied states is provided for all clusters. Structural transitions are predicted for C2Li2 at 1400 K and C2Li4 at 420 K.
The fluid-filled cylindrical membrane container

The static shape of a fluid-filled membrane cylinder can be described by a set of nonlinear differential equations. These equations depend on a nondimensional parameter β representing the relative importance between pressure and the gravity force. The solution is found by three methods: similarity solution for small β, asymptotic solution for large β, and numerical integration.
2.5-Gbps amplified retro-modulator for free-space optical communications

The results of experiments demonstrating the first amplified retro-modulated free-space optical communications link are presented. The amplifier increases the effective area of the retro-modulator by a factor of 318. The first experimental demonstration of a retro-modulator operating at a data rate of 2.5-Gbps is also presented. We will present the details of the experimental system, a simple theoretical model explaining the system performance, and the results of the first amplified retro-modulated link experiments.
Localization and organization of geniculocortical and corticofugal fiber tracts within the subcortical white matter

Reciprocal connections are formed between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the striate cortex in the mammalian visual system. The question of whether fibers of these corticopetal and corticofugal pathways are segregated or intermingled within the white matter is still open. In order to examine the organization of these fiber tracts within the white matter, we have used orthograde axonal transport of radiolabelled proteins and neuronal degeneration following kainic acid lesions in the geniculocortical and corticofugal pathways of the rat. Within the white matter the two pathways reside in different layers and are segregated from one another over a significant portion of their course, geniculocortical fibers lying in the external sagittal stratum and corticofugal fibers lying in the internal sagittal stratum of the white matter. In addition, the corticofugal pathways projecting to subcortical structures appear fasciculated in both the transport and the degeneration studies suggesting that axons of cortical output neurons are organized into fiber bundles. The separation of fibers within the white matter may be of potential use for selectively stimulating afferent and efferent pathways in electrophysiological studies in situ and in cortical slice preparations. In addition, the corticofugal fiber bundles may play an important role in guiding axons therein to appropriate targets during axonogeneis and may carry the output of columnar units within visual cortex.
Is the Juice Worth the Squeeze? A Benefit/Cost Analysis of the District of Columbia Opportunity Scholarship Program.

AbstractSchool voucher programs have become a prominent aspect of the education policy landscape in the United States. The DC Opportunity Scholarship Program is the only federally funded voucher program in the United States. Since 2004 it has offered publicly funded private school vouchers to nearly four thousand students to attend any of seventy-three different private schools in Washington, DC. An official experimental evaluation of the program, sponsored by the federal government's Institute of Education Sciences, found that the students who were awarded Opportunity Scholarships graduated from high school at a rate 12 percentage points higher than the students in the randomized control group. This article estimates the benefit/cost ratio of the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program, primarily by considering the increased graduation rate that it induced and the estimated positive economic returns to increased educational attainment. We find a benefit to cost ratio of 2.62, or $2.62 in benefits for every do...
Carbon pools and productivity in a 1-km2 heterogeneous forest and peatland mosaic in Minnesota, USA

Abstract Determining the magnitude of carbon (C) storage in forests and peatlands is an important step towards predicting how regional carbon balance will respond to climate change. However, spatial heterogeneity of dominant forest and peatland cover types can inhibit accurate C storage estimates. We evaluated ecosystem C pools and productivity in the Marcell Experimental Forest (MEF), in northern Minnesota, USA, using a network of plots that were evenly spaced across a heterogeneous 1-km 2 mosaic composed of a mix of upland forests and peatlands. Using a nested plot design, we estimated the standing C stock of vegetation, coarse detrital wood and soil pools. We also estimated aboveground net primary production (ANPP) as well as coarse root production. Additionally we evaluated how vegetation cover types within the study area differed in C storage. The total ecosystem C pool did not vary significantly among upland areas dominated by aspen (160 ± 13 Mg C ha −1 ), mixed hardwoods (153 ± 19 Mg C ha −1 ), and conifers (197 ± 23 Mg C ha −1 ). Live vegetation accounted for approximately 50% of the total ecosystem C pool in these upland areas, and soil (including forest floor) accounted for another 35–40%, with remaining C stored as detrital wood. Compared to upland areas, total C stored in peatlands was much greater, 1286 ± 125 Mg C ha −1 , with 90–99% of that C found in peat soils that ranged from 1 to 5 m in depth. Forested areas ranged from 2.6 to 2.9 Mg C ha −1 in ANPP, which was highest in conifer-dominated upland areas. In alder-dominated and black spruce-dominated peatland areas, ANPP averaged 2.8 Mg C ha −1 , and in open peatlands, ANPP averaged 1.5 Mg C ha −1 . In treed areas of forest and peatlands, our estimates of coarse root production ranged from 0.1 to 0.2 Mg C ha −1 . Despite the lower production in open peatlands, all peatlands have acted as long-term C sinks over hundreds to thousands of years and store significantly more C per unit area than is stored in uplands. Despite occupying only 13% of our study area, peatlands store almost 50% of the C contained within it. Because C storage in peatlands depends largely on climatic drivers, the impact of climate changes on peatlands may have important ramifications for C budgets of the western Great Lakes region.
Population annealing with weighted averages: A Monte Carlo method for rough free-energy landscapes

The population annealing algorithm introduced by Hukushima and Iba is described. Population annealing combines simulated annealing and Boltzmann weighted differential reproduction within a population of replicas to sample equilibrium states. Population annealing gives direct access to the free energy. It is shown that unbiased measurements of observables can be obtained by weighted averages over many runs with weight factors related to the free-energy estimate from the run. Population annealing is well suited to parallelization and may be a useful alternative to parallel tempering for systems with rough free-energy landscapes such as spin glasses. The method is demonstrated for spin glasses.
A study on the mesoscale atmospheric dispersion of radiological releases from nuclear power plant in a coastal region

Abstract A Lagrangian atmospheric dispersion model combining a three dimensional prognostic sea‐land breeze model has been developed and applied to the analysis of mesoscale atmospheric dispersion of radiological releases from the nuclear power plants in mountainous coastal regions. The hydrostatic primitive equations in the terrain‐following coordinate system were used in the sea‐land breeze model, and a Markov chain process and a kernel density estimator were used in the Lagrangian particle dispersion model. In this study, the mesoscale atmospheric circulation and particle dispersion simulations around the Wolsung nuclear power site located on the east coastline of Korea were carried out for two synoptic weather conditions on a clear day in summer by using the developed models. The simulated results showed that the atmospheric dispersions were affected by wind directions of sea breeze and land breeze according to synoptic weather conditions. And the simulated results have very good agreement with the ob...