cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total Pancreatectomy and Islet Cell Autotransplantation: Outcomes, Controversies and New Techniques

Chronic pancreatitis is a challenging disease; the constellation of chronic abdominal pain and metabolic derangements present unique difficulties to the treating physician. Initial treatment revolves around lifestyle modification, pain control, and management of exocrine insufficiency. In refractory cases, total pancreatectomy with islet cell auto transplantation (TP-IAT) is an option for patients with diffuse disease not amenable to subtotal pancreatectomy or a decompressive (drainage) operation. This procedure aspires to alleviate pain and avoid surgically induced brittle diabetes, a morbid complication of total pancreatectomy alone. Herein, we review the indications, optimal timing, surgical outcomes and controversies for TP-IAT, focusing on recently published reports. Image: University of Pittsburgh logo. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Individual Stress, Collective Trauma, and Social Capital in the Wake of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill*: INDIVIDUAL STRESS, COLLECTIVE TRAUMA, AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

This article examines persistent social impacts of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS) by focusing on the relationship between social capital and chronic individual stress and collective trauma, using Hobfoll’s (1988) conservation of resources model of stress as an organizing framework. Data are based on in-depth personal interviews conducted 14 years after the disaster. Analyses focus on the ways in which stress-related behaviors associated with loss and threat of loss of various forms of resources have affected social capital in the renewable resource community of Cordova, Alaska. Findings reveal lower levels of trust, disruptions in associations, weakened social connections and networks, altered social discourses, diminished feelings of good will, and violations of norms of reciprocity. Behaviors associated with long-term stress related to the EVOS and to the associated protracted litigation are indicative of diminished social capital. This research highlights the critical importance of social capital as a collective resource and illustrates the ways in which decreased social capital can exacerbate individual stress and collective trauma.
Chapter 49 Social Distance and Reciprocity in Dictator Games

Publisher Summary This chapter defines various social distances as the degree of reciprocity that people believe is inherent within a social interaction. The greater the social distance, or isolation, between a person and others, the weaker is the scope for reciprocal relations. This chapter conjecture that the FHSS-V treatment defines a minimal increase in the social distance between proposer and recipient, as compared with the FHSS-R treatment. At the other pole, which we use to define the maximal social distance, the experiment is operated “double blind,” meaning that the procedures make it evident to all subjects that the experimenter, who makes and retains no record of the data by subject name, and any person who subsequently sees the data, can never know who made what decision. The objective of this procedure is to remove all social context in a manner that is transparent to the subjects.
Constituents of helenium species—XVII: Sesquiterpene lactones of helenium thurberi gray and the stereochemistry of bigelovin☆☆☆

Abstract Tenulin (I) and thurberilin, a new sesquiterpene lactone, were isolated from Helenium Thurberi Gray. The structure of thurberilin was shown to be II. Conversion of thurberilin to tetrahydrobigelovin established the structure and stereochemistry of bigelovin as XI.
The Role of H2-Receptor Antagonists in the Pathogenesis of Nosocomial Pneumonia in Mechanically Ventilated Patients

We conducted a computerized MEDLINE search and selected controlled studies and meta-analyses correlating the frequency of nosocomial pneumonia (NP) with the administration of histamine2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) as stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Although such a correlation does exist, the literature supports the theory that gastric bacterial overcolonization through alkalinization by H2RAs is not a risk factor for NP in critically ill patients. Further well-designed studies are necessary to resolve the issue and clarify the role of H2RAs in the pathogenesis of NP.
Small moleculae ACE2 activator, diminazene aceturate attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis

INTRODUCTION: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme2 (ACE2), a member of the renin angiotensin system has been shown to render protection against lung diseases, particularly pulmonary fibrosis (PF). In this study, we investigated the effects of a recently identified synthetic activator of ACE2, Diminazene aceturate (DIZE) against bleomycin-induced PF. METHODS: A single intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (Bleo, 5U/Kg) in 8-week old male rats induced PF. Animals were randomized into Control, Bleo and Bleo+DIZE groups. DIZE treatment (15mg/Kg, sc) was commenced soon after bleomycin administration. Following 14 days of bleomycin instillation, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was measured, followed by heart and lung excision to examine cardiopulmonary remodeling. RESULTS: Control rats exhibited a weight gain of 35%, while bleomycin-challenged animals lost 10% of their initial body weight by the end of the study period. Conversely, Bleo+DIZE group demonstrated 16% weight gain. Furthermore, Bleo animals displayed marked elevation in RVSP (Control: 27±1; Bleo: 40±2 mmHg; p CONCLUSION: Collectively, our results suggest that DIZE prevents bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and improves cardiopulmonary hemodynamics. Thus, DIZE treatment may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for treating PF.
CEBPG transcription factor correlates with antioxidant and DNA repair genes in normal bronchial epithelial cells but not in individuals with bronchogenic carcinoma

Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of bronchogenic carcinoma (BC), yet only 10–15% of heavy smokers develop BC and it is likely that this variation in risk is, in part, genetically determined. We previously reported a set of antioxidant genes for which transcript abundance was lower in normal bronchial epithelial cells (NBEC) of BC individuals compared to non-BC individuals. In unpublished studies of the same NBEC samples, transcript abundance values for several DNA repair genes were correlated with these antioxidant genes. From these data, we hypothesized that antioxidant and DNA repair genes are co-regulated by one or more transcription factors and that inter-individual variation in expression and/or function of one or more of these transcription factors is responsible for inter-individual variation in risk for BC. The putative transcription factor recognition sites common to six of the antioxidant genes were identified through in silico DNA sequence analysis. The transcript abundance values of these transcription factors (n = 6) and an expanded group of antioxidant and DNA repair genes (n = 16) were measured simultaneously by quantitative PCR in NBEC of 24 non-BC and 25 BC individuals. CEBPG transcription factor was significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with eight of the antioxidant or DNA repair genes in non-BC individuals but not in BC individuals. In BC individuals the correlation with CEBPG was significantly (p < 0.01) lower than that of non-BC individuals for four of the genes (XRCC1, ERCC5, GSTP1, and SOD1) and the difference was nearly significant for GPX1. The only other transcription factor correlated with any of these five target genes in non-BC individuals was E2F1. E2F1 was correlated with GSTP1 among non-BC individuals, but in contrast to CEBPG, there was no significant difference in this correlation in non-BC individuals compared to BC individuals. We conclude that CEBPG is the transcription factor primarily responsible for regulating transcription of key antioxidant and DNA repair genes in non-BC individuals. Further, we conclude that the heavy smokers selected for development of BC are those who have sub-optimal regulation of antioxidant and DNA repair genes by CEBPG.
A variational approach to static correlations in dilute macro-ion suspensions

The Gibbs-Bogoliubov inequality is used to determine an effective diameter and charge of a suspension consisting of highly charged colloid particles or micelles, point counter-ions and neutral particles. The reference system is analysed in terms of the mean spherical approximation (MSA), and the full three-component system is reduced to an effective one-component problem in which the macro-ions interact via a screened Coulomb potential. The contact potential and screening length are given in terms of the suspension parameters and radial distribution functions. The results of this procedure are discussed in light of scattering experiments on colloidal and micellar suspensions.
A fractal based FSS with dual band characteristics

The design of multiband frequency selective surfaces (FSS) has attracted much attention. It is clear that by arraying dual-band elements it is possible to obtain a dual band FSS. On the other hand, the multiband properties of antennas designed using fractal shapes have been previously demonstrated. It appears a natural choice to explore the feasibility of a dual-band FSS based on fractal elements. A preliminary design of a FSS based on the Sierpinski gasket dipole is presented. The FSS is designed by periodically arraying a two iteration Sierpinski dipole. A fundamental constrain of this approach is the band limitation imposed by the excitation of grating lobes. It is for this reason that the design of a dual band FSS has been addressed, instead of a more general multiband design. The performance of the Sierpinski FSS is compared with a design based on the bow-tie element. It is been shown that it is possible to exploit the multiband properties of fractal antennas to design a dual band FSS.
Free volume theory of diffusion: Method of predicting activation energies of diffusion for gases in elastomers

It is well established that diffusion and relaxation processes in polymers above Tg are closely related in that they are both governed by the polymer segmental motions, which are believed to be determined by the free volume present in the system. The diffusion coefficients of gases in elastomers can be accounted for by the WLF equation using the “universal values” of constants A and B. The parameter K = BD/Bη of Frisch and Rogers is used as a correction factor. An analysis has been made of the diffusion of five gases in nine elastomers, from data found in the literature. K and log Dg are shown to vary with the penetrant but not with the polymer. Therefore, once the values of K and log Dg of gases are determined, their diffusion coefficients in any elastomers of known Tg at a variety of temperatures can be estimated. From the Arrhenius and the WLF relationships, an equation is derived to predict the activation energy of diffusion directly from the temperature of diffusion, the glass transition temperature of the amorphous polymer, the predetermined value of K, and the universal constants A and B. In the systems studied, the predictions agree on the average to within 11–17% of the values calculated from the experimental data.
Coding Ethnographies for Research and Training: Merging Qualitative and Quantitative Sociologies:

The project of merging qualitative and quantitative approaches in sociology is advancing on many fronts—most typically through appending in-depth interviews to surveys. This research note describes an alternative approach of amassing in-depth qualitative accounts and content coding them for statistical analysis. Funding requirements for such projects are minimal and students can easily be involved—providing important training opportunities that broaden their appreciation of and expertise in diverse methodologies. Such endeavors thus present valuable opportunities for advancing training and research. We illustrate how this approach has been applied in a project focusing on workplace ethnographies. We conclude with a discussion of additional bodies of ethnographic research similarly ripe for systematic analysis.
Robot cleaning of underground liquid storage tanks: Feasibility and design considerations

Abstract This paper presents a feasibility study and design considerations for robotic cleaning and maintenance of underground liquid storage tanks. The paper also presents a model of a cleansing robot and a conceptual design of the robot geometry and its actuators. The governing kinematic and dynamic equations are developed using Lagrangian procedures. The solutions of these equations for desired robot cleaning trajectories produces a design basis for the robot. This design procedure is then generalized to accomodate storage tanks of various and containing various chemicals. This generalization is turn is then used to develop computer software called: Cleaning Liquid Storage Tanks: Engineering and Analysis of Robotic Cleaning Systems (CLEARS). CLEARS is an interactive computer program allowing users to develop a robot design for tanks of various dimensions and for cleansing and maintenance maneuvers requiring specific motions of the end effector. The output of CLEARS is presented in both numerical and graphic formats including an animation module.
Factors affecting uniformity in interpretation of planar thallium-201 imaging in a Multicenter trial

Objectives. This study was designed to assess factors affecting interobserver agreement in interpretation of planar thallium-201 stress imaging in the Multicenter Study on Silent Myocardial Ischemia (MSSMI). Background. Five hundred fifty-six planar thallium-201 images were interpreted in 24 clinical centers and in a Radionuclide Core Laboratory. The trial's Coordinating and Data Center observed that the participating clinical centers interpreted a significantly greater number of thallium-201 stress studies as abnormal (i.e., myocardial ischemia or scar) than the Core Laboratory, and overall agreement was poor (kappa 0.27). Methods. Agreement in image interpretation between clinical centers and the Radionuclide Core Laboratory was analyzed by kappa statistics. The reproducibility of the Core Laboratory results on 41 randomly selected test studies was excellent (kappa 0.77). In contrast, the reproducibility of interpretation in the clinical centers on their own studies was at best fair (kappa 0.45). It was hypothesized that the poor agreement and reproducibility in the clinical centers were caused by lack of standardization of image display and lack of objective criteria for image interpretation. To test the effect of standardization, 13 clinical investigators interpreted the same 41 test studies using 1) uniform image display, and 2) uniform quantification of images. Results. The agreement in interpretation between clinical investigators and the Radionuclide Core Laboratory improved modestly with uniformity of image display (kappa 0.57) but improved markedly (kappa 0.66) with quantitative circumferential profile analysis. Conclusions. Lack of standardization in image display and lack of objective criteria for interpretation of thallium-201 images are responsible for suboptimal reproducibility and poor interlaboratory agreement in the interpretation of thallium-201 stress imaging. The adoption of a uniformly accepted method for computer quantification of myocardial perfusion images is crucial to improve agreement in interpretation.
Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Preschool Children With Psychiatric Disorders

The field of child and adolescent psychiatry is increasingly aware of the existence of psychiatric disorders in preschool-aged children. Concomitantly, there has been a greater understanding of both the effects of parenting on development as well as how a child’s brain is shaped by the environment. There has also been a strong trend toward the use of time-limited, evidence-based therapies in adults and school-aged children, but evidence has been limited regarding the use of interventions to treat psychiatric disorders in preschoolers. In recent years, multiple research groups have worked to create effective psychotherapies for use with preschool populations, and there are also novel applications of existing psychotherapies. This review examines the latest evidence-based psychotherapies that treat preschool children with psychiatric disorders.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Piglet Intestinal Development

Abstract Porcine milk contains hormones and growth factors that stimulate piglet intestinal growth and development. Milk-borne insulin-like growth-factor-I (IGF-I) has received considerable attention. In swine, IGF-I concentrations range from 0.10 to 0.4 mg/L in colostrum and approximately 0.01 to 0.04 mg/L in mature milk. Two experimental approaches have been utilized to investigate the role of orally administered IGF-I in neonatal intestinal development. In the first approach, piglets were reared on sow milk replacer formulas containing recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) at concentrations of 0.1 to 12 mg/L. The advantage of this approach is that specific effects of IGF-I can be assessed in the absence of other bioactive components, changes in milk composition, and other environmental factors. However, the applicability to swine production is limited. A second approach has been to develop transgenic mice or swine that overexpress IGF-I in milk under the direction of promoter regulatory elements of milk proteins to result in animals experiencing mammary specific overexpression of IGF-I during lactation. Herein, the effect of orally administered IGF-I on neonatal intestinal development in artificial rearing studies, as well as studies utilizing transgenic overexpression of IGF-I in milk, was reviewed. Both rhIGF-I in formula or transgenic IGF-I overexpression increased villus growth and disaccharidase activity; however, these effects were primarily observed late in the suckling period (d 21 postpartum) in piglets suckling IGF-I transgenic sows. We speculate that piglets suckling IGF-I transgenic sows may have improved intestinal health during the weaning transition.
Phase transitions in ilvaite, a mixed-valence iron silicate

Ilvaite, Ca(Fe2+, Fe3+) Fe2+Si2O7O(OH), a mixed-valence iron silicate shows an insulator-semimetal transition with a band gap of 0.13 eV due to thermally induced charge delocalization between Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions (A sites) in double octahedral chains. The charge delocalization induces a second order crystallographic phase transition on heating from monoclinic (P21/a) to orthorhombic (Pnam) symmetry at 346 K. The unit cell dimensions within the 295–420 K range and the crystal structures at 295, 320, 340, 360, 380 and 400 K have been determined by high temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction. The degree of charge delocalization determined from the sizes of the Fe(Ao) and Fe(Am) octahedra is the primary order parameter, Q which couples linearly with the spontaneous strain component, ɛ13. The order parameter coupling and the associated free energy expression is given. The calculated normal modes of the space group symmetry change are consistent with the experimentally observed atomic displacements, which are parallel and antiparallel to c. Formation of antiphase lamellar twin domains parallel to (001) in the monoclinic phase is predicted to occur as a result of the phase transition. Above Tc (= 346 K), the slow asymptotic decrease of ɛ13 attaining a zero value at 380 K indicates the presence of fluctuating precursor clusters with considerable short-range order above Tc. A peak in the specific heat (Cp) measurements coincides with the onset of longrange order at 380 K, whereas 57Fe Mossbauer measurements indicate the onset of charge localization at a considerbly higher temperature (∼470 K). The coupling of the d6 electron of the Fe2+ (A) ion with a longitudinal optic phonon with the polarization vector along c * is the likely mechanism to drive the phase transition. The electronphonon coupling also provides a charge conduction mechanism through electron hopping, whereby the short-bonded Fe2+-Fe3+ pair containing the d6 electron (intermediate polaron) will break up and re-form, thereby propagating the electron one step along the c axis.
Serial conversations: a man for all reasons: an interview with clifford lynch

In July 2004, Cindy Hepfer asked friends and colleagues: “What question would you like to ask Clifford Lynch if you had the chance?” As a result, Clifford Lynch discusses a wide variety of topics and issues impacting the serials community from Open Access, institutional repositories, what we can learn from Google and Amazon, and Shibboleth to where his favorite places are to travel and how he prepares for presentations.
Complete Remission Following Decitabine/Dendritic Cell Vaccine for Relapsed Neuroblastoma

Patients with relapsed stage 4 neuroblastoma have an extremely poor long-term prognosis, making the investigation of new agents of interest. We report the outcome of the first patient treated in a phase 1 study for relapsed neuroblastoma, using the chemotherapy agent decitabine to upregulate cancer testis antigen expression, followed by a dendritic cell vaccine targeting the cancer testis antigens MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, and NY-ESO-1. Our patient had persistent tumor in his bone marrow after completion of standard therapy for neuroblastoma, including multiagent chemotherapy, tumor resection, stem cell transplantation, radiation therapy, and anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies. His marrow disease persisted despite chemotherapy, which was given while the vaccine was being produced. After 3 cycles of decitabine and vaccine, this patient achieved a complete remission and is now 1 year from his last treatment, with no evidence of tumor in his bone marrow or other sites. This patient was noted to have an increase in MAGE-A3–specific T cells. This is the first report combining demethylating chemotherapy to enhance tumor antigen expression followed by a cancer antigen vaccine.
Determination of slender body aerodynamics using discrete vortex methods

Current aerodynamic interest has turned to the study of supermaneuverable fighters and weapon performance when launched in extreme flight conditions. The evaluation of design missile performance requires multiple runs of six degree-of-freedom (6-DQF) simulations, analyzing the missile behavior for a variety of launch and flight conditions. Before wind-tunnel tests, it is necessary to produce the aerodynamic loading of candidate missiles for 6-DOF analyses. Since semi-empirical formulas fail in regions of nonlinear aerodynamics, and solutions to the full Navier-Stokes equations are too costly and time consuming, an alternative method of discrete vortex analysis is re-examined. The present theory examines the three-dimensional nature of the shed vorticity and generalizes previous discrete vortex analyses. Consequently, the results demonstrate relative user independence in determining all slender-body loading at angles of attack from 0 to 70 deg. The rapid calculations of the discrete vortex method makes it a prime candidate for the determinations of high ahgle-of-attack aerodynamic databases.
An integrated science course moves online: four concurrent perspectives

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the lived experiences from the voice of the authors (a science professor, an instructional designer, a distance learning doctoral intern, and a distance learning director) in the process of transitioning a face-to-face science course to online modality at a large, research university. Design/methodology/approach – The method of this qualitative inquiry involves a personal narrative approach in which the authors reflect on their experiences of this process and analyze it through writing. Findings – The findings examine the challenges of moving a traditional course online and reiterate the value of a team approach to ensure its quality. The narrative offers clarity to the different phases of such a project and can enhance decision making among those involved in course design and delivery, as well as administrators incentivizing the conversion of traditional courses to the online modality. Practical implications – Online education has emerged as a viable s...
Astrometric-spectroscopic determination of the absolute masses of the HgMn binary star Phi Herculis

The Mercury-Manganese star Phi Her is a well known spectroscopic binary that has been the subject of a recent study by Zavala et al. (2006), in which they resolved the companion using long-baseline interferometry. The total mass of the binary is now fairly well established, but the combination of the spectroscopy with the astrometry has not resulted in individual masses consistent with the spectral types of the components. The motion of the center of light of Phi Her was clearly detected by the Hipparcos satellite. Here we make use of the Hipparcos intermediate data (`abscissa residuals') and show that by combining them in an optimal fashion with the interferometry the individual masses can be obtained reliably using only astrometry. We re-examine and then incorporate existing radial-velocity measurements into the orbital solution, obtaining improved masses of 3.05 +/- 0.24 M_Sun and 1.614 +/- 0.066 M_Sun that are consistent with the theoretical mass-luminosity relation from recent stellar evolution models. These mass determinations provide important information for the understanding of the nature of this peculiar class of stars.
Original Articles: Prostate Cancer: Experience With Radical Prostatectomy and Radiation Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center

ABSTRACTWe assessed the actuarial survival of 357 patients with localized prostate cancer who were treated with radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center between 1980 and 1991 and who were followed for a median of 59 months. During this period patients with clinical stages A2 and B tumors who had an anticipated life expectancy of 10 years or greater were generally treated with surgery. Patients with stages A2 and B tumors who were not candidates for surgery and those with stage C tumors were generally treated with radiation therapy. There were no significant differences among the cause specific, clinical disease-free and prostate specific antigen disease-free survival curves of patients with stages A2 and B tumors who were treated with radical prostatectomy (138) or radiation therapy (138) but the all cause and metastases-free survival curves favored the surgery group (p <0.000001 and 0.046, respectively). There was no significant difference between the all cause surv...
Awareness during anesthesia and posttraumatic stress disorder

It has been estimated that approximately 30,000 patients a year suffer awareness or consciousness during anesthesia. This paper reviews existing knowledge of the psychological impact and psychiatric sequelae of awareness during anesthesia. Literature on awareness and memory during anesthesia, traumatic memory, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was reviewed using computer searches, books, and referenced articles. Few case reports of awareness have identified the accompanying psychological trauma and resulting PTSD. Five published cases illustrating relevant material were selected for inclusion. Waking up during anesthesia, especially if the patient experienced pain, is a traumatic event which places the patient at risk for developing PTSD. Awareness-induced PTSD must be considered for patients who present for mental health treatment following surgery. The advantages of light anesthesia must be balanced against the risk of awareness-induced PTSD.
Microwave irradiation decreases ATP, increases free [Mg2+], and alters in vivo intracellular reactions in rat brain

Rapid inactivation of metabolism is essential for accurately determining the concentrations of metabolic intermediates in the in vivo state. We compared a broad spectrum of energetic intermediate metabolites and neurotransmitters in brains obtained by microwave irradiation to those obtained by freeze blowing, the most rapid method of extracting and freezing rat brain. The concentrations of many intermediates, cytosolic free NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H ratios, as well as neurotransmitters were not affected by the microwave procedure. However, the brain concentrations of ATP were about 30% lower, whereas those of ADP, AMP, and GDP were higher in the microwave-irradiated compared with the freeze-blown brains. In addition, the hydrolysis of approximately 1 μmol/g of ATP, a major in vivo Mg2+-binding site, was related to approximately five-fold increase in free [Mg2+] (0.53 ± 0.07 mM in freeze blown vs. 2.91 mM ± 0.48 mM in microwaved brains), as determined from the ratio [citrate]/[isocitrate]. Consequently, many intracellular properties, such as the phosphorylation potential and the ∆G' of ATP hydrolysis were significantly altered in microwaved tissue. The determinations of some glycolytic and TCA cycle metabolites, the phosphorylation potential, and the ∆G' of ATP hydrolysis do not represent the in vivo state when using microwave-fixed brain tissue.
Electronic information systems and farmer decision making: Five case studies

In-depth interviews with four farmers and one grain purchaser currently using electronic information are used to explore the impact of electronic information systems on decision-making. Key findings are that the most successful users had articulated information needs, had an adequate store of human capital, used electronic information either to save time or to become more efficient with time, and had at least an informal overall management information system in their business. Thus, successful users found that use of an electronic information system improved decision-making. Copyright 1992 by Oxford University Press.
DNA sequence studies of simian virus 40 chromosomal excision and integration in rat cells.

Abstract Cell fusion between simian CV1 cells and the simian virus 40-transformed rat cell line 14B, which contains a single copy of integrated simian virus 40 DNA, results in chromosomal excision of viral DNA. A heterogeneous population of circular molecules containing both viral and cellular DNA is detected in the replicating pool. We present the DNA sequences across six novel junctions created by these excision events and use this information to define the parental genomic sequences involved in this form of “illegitimate” recombination. The data were analyzed to discover whether any common structural feature(s) could be detected at these sites. In each case a redundancy of either two or three base-pairs was found at the precise points of cross-over in both parental DNA molecules. The cross-over points were further distinguished by the presence of at least one copy of the sequence 5′Pyr-T-T3′ in either of the homologous sequences that define the cross-over points. Additional stretches of homology are found extending from the homologous cross-over points. To explore the possibility that the selection of the cross-over sites is determined by the free energy of base-pairing, we have used the program of Zuker & Stiegler (1981) to form model heteroduplexes between single-stranded parental DNA molecules. In some cases model heteroduplexes were formed that paired the cross-over points, although these structures were of dubious thermodynamic stability. We therefore conclude that, while the redundancies at the cross-over points must play some role in these processes, other factors aside from simple base-pairing across replicating structures must also be involved. In order to expand our analysis of the recombination events that accompany transformation of rat cells by simian virus 40, we determined the DNA sequences across one of the sites on the rat genome that served as the target for the integration event that engendered the 14B line. Our analysis of this DNA showed that: (1) viral and chromosomal DNA share three base-pairs of homology at the site of cross-over; (2) the cross-over site in the rat genome is adjacent to the trinucleotide 5′Pyr-T-T3′; and (3) the homology shared by the virus and chromosome does not resemble the homology reported at another integration locus, but is similar in that it is flanked on one side by alternating purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
COMPARATIVE CLINICAL EVALUATION OF ESTROGENIC PREPARATIONS BY THE MENOPAUSAL AND AMENORRHEAL INDICES

ESTROGENS for clinical use are usually standardized either by animal assay or by unit weight of crystalline material. Although such methods yield some information as to the expected comparative efficacy of these preparations in man they are inadequate for exact dosage relationships in clinical medicine. Hence, it is desirable that the relative activity of estrogens be based upon human ‘assay’ rather than biologic or chemical standardization procedures. The investigation of the clinical efficacy of different hormonal preparations, however, presents many difficulties and must, of necessity, entail large series of subjects to offset the inroads of biologic variation. Unfortunately, in the clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of steroid estrogens or their stilbene confreres, greater variability of response and less predictability of results occur than in animal assay procedures. In the latter assay methods one can adhere to a rigid selection of an adequate number of properly standardized subjects. The hor...
Reply to Dunkel and Weber: Probability distributions and shortfall risk measures in conservation portfolio analysis

We welcome the interest Dunkel and Weber (1) show in our work (2). We intended this paper to stimulate other researchers to think about scientific issues in using tools from portfolio theory to help decision makers choose conservation investment portfolios across space that efficiently reduce climate change-related uncertainty in future conservation outcomes.
Fusion potentials for Gk and handle squashing

Abstract Using Chern-Simons gauge theory, we show that the fusion ring of the conformal field theory Gk (G any Lie algebra) is isomorphic to P[u]/(▿V) where (▿V) is the ideal generated by conditions ▿V = 0. We explicitly construct V for all Gk. We also derive a residue-like formula for the correlation functions in the Chern-Simons theory thus providing an RCFT version of the residue formula for the topological Landau-Ginzburg model. An operator that acts like a measure in this residue formula has the interpretation of a handle-squashing operator and explicit formulae for this operator are given.
DOMINANCE AND EMOTIONALITY IN THE RAT AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MORTALITY TO WHOLE-BODY X-IRRADIATION'

Sirmnzary.-No relationship was found berween emotionality and dominance behavior in rats caged in pairs, and neither of these behavioral characteristics was relntecl to mortality following whole-body x-irradiation. Hahn and Howland ( 1962) and Ader and Hahn ( 1963) have found that group-reared female rats chat are housed in groups following whole-body xirradiation die significantly sooner than individually-caged animals. All animals, however, do not die following irradiation. Other research has shown that grouphoused animals are less emotional than those housed individually (Ader, Kreutnet, & Jacobs, 1963). The present study, then, was conducted to determine whether emotionality or the dominance relationship which exists within groupcaged animals was related to individual differences in mortaliry to x-irradiation. At weaning, 54 male and 56 female Sprague-Dawley rats were matched for body weight and housed in like-sex pairs. At 50 days of age dominance testing was carried out. Following 24 hr. of food deprivation, a single pellet of food was put into a cage and, with two stopwatches, E determined the number of seconds during a 5-min. period that each member of the pair was in possession of the pellet. The test was given 4 times over a 5-day period. One week later animals were tested for emotionality in an open-field and emergencefrom-cage test. Animals were again weighed and the following week the 22 pairs of males and 24 pairs of females that showed one animal to be dominant, i.e., in possession of the fod pellet at least 100 sec. longer than its partner on 3 of the 4 tests, were exposed to the irradiation. Males received 800 and females 750 roentgens of whole-body x-irradiation in the manner previoi~sly described (Ader & Hahn, 1963). Dominance behavior was unrelated to the animals' body weight at the time of testing. In the open-field neither squares traversed (t = 1.24, df = 90, p > .lo), latency in leaving the first square (t .lo).
"The young men must blacken their faces": The Blackface Minstrel Show in Preindustrial South Africa

The blackface minstrel troupes who toured preindustrial South Africa contributed to the preservation of both the boundaries of racial difference in the British colonies of that country and the racial hierarchies of the Cape and Natal colonies.
A Historically Significant Shield for In Vivo Measurements

Due to the ubiquitous nature of ionizing radiation, in vivo measurement systems designed to measure low levels of radionuclides in people are usually enclosed within a high density shield. Lead, steel, earth, and water are just some of the materials that have been and are being used to shield the detectors from radiations of cosmic, atmospheric, and terrestrial origin. At many Department of Energy sites, the counting room shields are constructed of pre-world War II steel to reduce the background levels to achieve measurements with low minimum detectable activities (MDA). This is one example of what is commonly called low background steel in the in vivo industry vernacular. The name arises from the fact the steel was manufactured prior to the beginning of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in the 1940s. Consequently, the steel is not likely to be contaminated with fission or activation products from fallout. For high energy photons (600 keV
Range expansion of nonindigenous caribou in the Aleutian archipelago of Alaska

Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are nonindigenous to all but the eastern-most island of the Aleutian archipelago of Alaska. In 1958–1959, caribou were intentionally introduced to Adak Island in the central archipelago, and the population has at least tripled in recent years subsequent to the closure of a naval air facility. Although dispersal of caribou to adjacent islands has been suspected, no historical documentation has occurred to date. Herein, we report consistent detections of caribou sign on the adjacent island of Kagalaska over 2 summer field seasons (2010–2011), and visual detection of caribou on that island during the summer of 2011. Ecological impacts of caribou on Kagalaska are not strongly apparent at the present time and we do not know how many animals permanently occupy the island. However, establishment of a reproductively viable resident population on Kagalaska is worrisome and could set the stage for a step-wise invasion of additional nearby islands.
Deception in Aristotle's rhetoric: How to tell the rhetorician from the sophist, and which one to bet on

Whenever I give a talk about the Rhetoric, audiences ask about rhetorical deception and fraud, about the morality of rhetoric, and about how to tell a good rhetorician from a sophist. The first and most important thing to say about the Rhetoric in connection with such questions of the morality of rhetoric is that Aristotle has very little to say about them, and, as far as I can tell, very little interest in them. Contemporary readers of the Rhetoric see people constantly duped by slick commercial and political advertisements, and hope that the Rhetoric can help them become conscious of hidden persuasion, or to make more morally based discriminations between decent appeals, which they should trust, and immoral ones, which they should reject. Rhetoric is often promoted today as an equivalent to defensive driving. It is worth asking why these questions have so little interest for Aristotle.
Analysis of early antigenic changes on heterokaryons between L-cells and a teratocarcinoma-derived cell line, TerC.

A method is presented for the detection of antigenic changes in heterokaryons during the first 24 h after fusion, as detected by antibody- and complement-mediated inhibition of125IdU uptake. The method employs a variation of the HA T selection protocol, and a mathematical model which allows the reactions of a minority population of heterokaryons to be distinguished from those of the parental cells. This procedure is applied to fusions of clones of the teratocarcinoma-derived cell line TerC, which demonstrate very low levels of H-2b expression, with an L-cell derivative rich in H-2k antigens. Heterokaryons demonstrate an initial tendency for levels of H-2b and H-2k expression to converge, beginning within a few hours of fusion; however, H-2b expression never attains the levels of H-2k, even in long-term hybrids. These results are largely confirmed by quantitative absorptions, except that no diminution of H-2k expression is observed, suggesting that fusion with the TerC parents may transfer a resistance to complement damage to the L-cell parent.
SIMPLIFICATION OF CHEMICAL REACTION SYSTEMS BY TIME-SCALE ANALYSIS

Abstract In this article, we present a model order reduction method based on time-scale analysis for chemical reaction systems. The method can be applied to any reaction system exhibiting multiple time scales and described by the set or differential equations dc/dl = f(c), where c (dimension n) is the vector of chemical species and f is the operator describing the kinetics. From the Jacobian of the kinetic operator and its eigenvalues, regions which exhibit different time-scale behavior are identified. Within each region, the set of fast variables (dimension nf) is identified and these are linearly lumped into a smaller set of pseudo species. The fast and slow time scales can be separated, and the concentrations of the fast species can then be approximated by explicit algebraic expressions. Thus, the dynamics of the reaction system can be simulated by a smaller set of variables (dimension n-nf) characteristic of each region. The generated reduced models are non-stiff, computationally efficient, and valid ...
Development and Validation of a Measure of Attitudes toward Employee Drug Testing

Employee drug testing, although widespread, is still controversial. In this study, a 19-item scale measuring attitudes toward employee drug testing, based on responses to actual drug testing policies and practices, was developed. The obtained coefficient alpha for this scale was .90. Results of a maximum-likelihood confirmatory factor analysis indicate a four-factor structure (one general and three content-oriented factors). Evidence of criterion-related validity and discriminant validity were offered
Rational Design of Cancer-Drug Combinations

Systematic muting of gene expression in a cell line of non–small-cell lung cancer indicates potentially therapeutic drug combinations.
Regulation of anandamide tissue levels by N-arachidonylglycine

N-arachidonylglycine (NAGly), the carboxylic analog of the endocannabinoid anandamide, occurs in rat and bovine brain as well as in peripheral sites and shows activity against tonic, formalin-induced pain. It was also observed, using cell membrane preparations, that it inhibits the hydrolytic activity of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) on anandamide (N-arachidonylethanolamide). These data suggested that it may serve as an endogenous regulator of tissue anandamide concentrations. In this report, we show findings derived from mass spectrometric analyses, indicating that blood levels of anandamide in rats given 10 mg/kg p.o. of NAGly were increased significantly by more than 9-fold when compared with vehicle-treated controls. In vitro evidence in RAW 264.7 cells using a deuterium-labeled NAGly demonstrated that it was not a precursor or source of arachidonic acid for the observed 50% rise in anandamide levels, suggesting that the increase was due to some effect other than increased biosynthesis of anandamide. Moreover, the findings presented here suggest that NAGly can serve as a model for the design of agents to provide pharmacological control of tissue anandamide concentrations.
ELECTRON BREMSSTRAHLUNG FROM PROTON-EXCITED TARGETS

Formulas are derived for continuous x-ray quantum yields from proton-bombarded targets due to electron acceleration during collision and due to subsequent bremsstrahlung as the electrons stop. Measurements with a proportional counter of yields from a beryllium target bombarded with 1.6-MeV protons are in agreement within a factor of two with calculated bremsstrahlung yields, and they are in qualitative agreement with calculated acceleration yields, which fall in a band at roughly one-quarter of the bremsstrahlung quantum energies.
Insulin antagonism in serum of untreated diabetics and in previously treated diabetics with ketoacidosis.

SummaryUndiluted sera of new, untreated diabetics and diabetics in ketoacidosis have been shown to exhibit antagonism to added insulin when assayed by the rat diaphragm technic. One acidotic serum showed unusually high insulin activity after hanging curtain electrophoresis. The possible significance of these data is discussed.We wish to thank Miss Ruth Miller for invaluable technical assistance in this work, and Drs. Joseph Crampton and Robert Reeves, Virginia Mason Hosp. for aid in obtaining suitable sera.
An enhanced construction specific SQL

Abstract The key to developing a system of information handling in construction that will have a dramatic positive impact on productivity is the development of an appropriate database language. This research involved the development of a standard construction industry specific extension to the Standard Query Language (SQL), the de facto international standard for relational database query languages. Construction Industry-SQL (CI-SOL), is the first industrial extension to SQL and serves as a prototype for a host of other extensions form other industries. CI-SQL uses object data, object attributes, and user-defined extensions to allow rapid access to industry databases. CI-SQL can play a significant role in the way information is retrieved by construction industry, allowing the development of robust databases that support SQL. Ultimately the implementation of CI-SQL will force industry to reconsider the heavy duplication of information that negatively affects productivity and will allow the introduction of keyless data entry and retrieval systems that enhance the speed and accuracy of information handling. Examples in construction material procurement will be used to illustrate the potential for CI-SQL applications. The ultimate use of CI-SQL will be to allow the use of keyless data entry systems, the foremost of which is bar coding, in construction specifications.
Psychopharmacological effects of low and high doses of apomorphine during ontogeny.

Abstract The effects of low (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) and high (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg) doses of apomorphine on locomotor activities and stereotypies of 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 day old rats were measured using a behavioral time-sampling procedure. High doses of apomorphine induced increases in matrix crossings and locomotor movements at all ages tested. Apomorphine also induced wall climbing behavior in 7 and 14 day olds, but not older animals. A low dose suppression of activity was not seen until beginning at 28 days after birth using matrix crossings as a response measure, or at 35 days after birth using locomotor movements as a response measure. Stereotyped sniffing was not significantly increased by apomorphine until 21 days after birth and thereafter. Results are discussed in terms of differential maturation of dopamine auto- and postsynaptic receptors.