cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiac safety profile of patients receiving high cumulative doses of pegylated-liposomal doxorubicin: use of left ventricular ejection fraction is of unproven value

One of the great conundrums for both oncologists and cardiologists is how to best monitor the potential and actual cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. Pegylated-liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) has a safer cardiotoxicity profile than bolus administration of doxorubicin. Although ejection fraction (EF) is commonly performed to monitor doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, evidence for its predictive utility is limited. We examined the incidence of doxorubicin-induced heart failure (HF) in patients who received a large cumulative dose of doxorubicin as PLD and its relation to EF and HF. A retrospective chart review of patients who received a large cumulative dose of PLD, sometimes after previous free doxorubicin treatment, was performed to examine the incidence of doxorubicin-induced heart failure (HF) and its relation to EF and development of HF. No definite doxorubicin-induced clinical HF was observed among 56 patients (median age 54; 15–93) who received a cumulative doxorubicin dose (free + PLD) of >450 mg/m2. Of these, 49 received >500 mg/m2, 28 > 700 mg/m2, 19 > 800 mg/m2, 14 > 1000 mg/m2, and 5 > 1400 mg/m2. The EF varied greatly over time in some patients treated with PLD in the absence of symptoms or signs of heart failure, and was not particularly useful in making decisions regarding further dosing. Pegylated-liposomal doxorubicin was associated with a low risk of doxorubicin-induced HF in a retrospective cohort of patients receiving large cumulative doses of doxorubicin and long-term follow-up. EF did not predict doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in our cohort of adult patients receiving PLD. Given the lack of prognostic clarity regarding modest EF changes, regular EF monitoring may not be warranted, at least when PLD is used in adults. Modest changes in EF should probably not be used to limit a patient’s access to PLD, but may warrant cardiology consultation for long-term follow-up after completion of therapy.
Electrical compensation mechanism in fluorine-doped SnO2

We report first-principles results for the electrical compensation mechanism in fluorine-doped SnO2 (SnO2:F), a widely used transparent conductor. We show that interstitial fluorine, which has traditionally been invoked as the source of compensation, has a high formation energy and hence cannot be responsible for compensation. Instead, we attribute compensation to complexes involving two fluorine atoms sharing an oxygen site. Formation of these complexes can explain the puzzling reduction (rather than a simple saturation) in the carrier concentration observed at high F concentrations.
Grain boundary engineering to control the discontinuous precipitation in multicomponent U10Mo alloy

Abstract We demonstrate here that locally stabilized structure and compositional segregation at grain boundaries in a complex multicomponent alloy can be modified using high temperature homogenization treatment to influence the kinetics of phase transformations initiating from grain boundaries during subsequent low temperature annealing. Using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography of a model multicomponent metallic alloy —uranium-10 wt% molybdenum (U-10Mo) a nuclear fuel, that is highly relevant to worldwide nuclear non-proliferation efforts, we demonstrate the ability to change the structure and compositional segregation at grain boundary, which then controls the subsequent discontinuous precipitation kinetics during sub-eutectoid annealing. A change in grain boundary from one characterized by segregation of Mo and impurities at grain boundary to a phase boundary with a distinct U2MoSi2C wetting phase precipitates introducing Ni and Al rich interphase complexions caused a pronounced reduction in area fraction of subsequent discontinuous precipitation. The broader implication of this work is in highlighting the role of grain boundary structure and composition in metallic alloys on dictating the fate of grain boundary initiated phase transformations like discontinuous precipitation or cellular transformation. This work highlights a new pathway to tune the grain boundary structure and composition to tailor the final microstructure of multicomponent metallic alloys.
Archives specializing in the history of computing

The following public institutions have a special interest in supporting and documenting the history of computing. A very brief description of each repository's interest in archival materials is noted. For further information, contact the repository directly or refer to one of the guides listed at the end of this section.
Medical Gases for Conditioning: Volatile Anesthetics, Hyperbaric Oxygen, and Hydrogen Sulfide

Preconditioning-induced neuroprotection is a well-known phenomenon. Multiple stimuli can induce a preconditioning effect in the central nervous system. Among them are medical gases including volatile anesthetics and hyperbaric oxygen. These gases are routinely used in clinical practice and are relatively safe. Robust neuroprotection has been shown in various brain ischemia models when these gases are used as preconditioning stimuli. Most of these studies were performed in rodents. A few studies used rabbits. The effective time window includes two phases. The acute phase that starts a few minutes after the exposure to the medical gases and can last for a few hours. The delayed phase begins a few hours after the preconditioning stimulation and sustains for a few days. Mechanistic studies have been focused on identifying the intracellular signaling molecules and the effectors. Although neuroprotective effects have been convincingly shown in animals, it is still not known whether preconditioning induced by medical gases can improve neurological outcome after brain or spinal cord ischemia in humans. With the accumulation of knowledge on this neuroprotection in animals, it is tempting to think that clinical trials to test the neuroprotective effects induced by preconditioning with medical gases in humans may be performed soon, especially when clinical situations where this type of protection can be applied occur frequently in clinical practice. Such examples include carotid and cardiac surgeries that frequently can induce ischemic events in the central nervous system.
True Gradient-Based Training of Deep Binary Activated Neural Networks Via Continuous Binarization

With the ever growing popularity of deep learning, the tremendous complexity of deep neural networks is becoming problematic when one considers inference on resource constrained platforms. Binary networks have emerged as a potential solution, however, they exhibit a fundamentallimi-tation in realizing gradient-based learning as their activations are non-differentiable. Current work has so far relied on approximating gradients in order to use the back-propagation algorithm via the straight through estimator (STE). Such approximations harm the quality of the training procedure causing a noticeable gap in accuracy between binary neural networks and their full precision baselines. We present a novel method to train binary activated neural networks using true gradient-based learning. Our idea is motivated by the similarities between clipping and binary activation functions. We show that our method has minimal accuracy degradation with respect to the full precision baseline. Finally, we test our method on three benchmarking datasets: MNIST, CIFAR-10, and SVHN. For each benchmark, we show that continuous binarization using true gradient-based learning achieves an accuracy within 1.5% of the floating-point baseline, as compared to accuracy drops as high as 6% when training the same binary activated network using the STE.
Dying Healthy: Public Health Priorities for Fixed Population Life Expectancies

Recent evidence suggests that the human lifespan has an unalterable biological limit of approximately 115 years and that virtually all humans will die before age 90 years. The authors suggest shift...
Design and Hybrid Additive Manufacturing of 3-D/Volumetric Electrical Circuits

For the first time, a fully 3-D electric circuit was modeled in a 3-D environment and manufactured via an automated hybrid direct-write 3-D printing process. The implications and applications of this significant achievement are enormous because it allows circuits to be designed and manufactured in virtually any form factor. To accomplish this, a custom computer-aided design (CAD) tool was programmed into an open-source modeling software to layout components and route interconnects. The custom CAD tool imports the netlist and component geometries from a schematic capture program. Components can be placed at any position and be oriented at any angle. Interconnects can meander smoothly throughout the circuit following 3-D splines. The interconnects can be placed manually or automatically between components. After laying out the components and routing interconnects, the tool exports Standard Tessellation Language files of the dielectric and metal portions of the final circuit to be 3-D printed. To manufacture the circuit, fused-deposition modeling of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic and microdispensing ( $\mu \text{D}$ ) of DuPont CB028 silver paste was used. To demonstrate, a functional 555 timer circuit was designed and built to flash an LED.
Effect of preservation on fish morphology over time: Implications for morphological studies

It has long been recognized that the process of preserving biological specimens results in alterations of body shape, though detailed studies examining the degree to which morphological changes occur throughout the preservation process are lacking. We utilize geometric morphometric analyses, an increasingly common tool for examining shape variation in a wide variety of biological disciplines, to examine the effects of formalin and ethanol preservation on the body shape of 10 freshwater fish species over time: from fresh specimens to eight weeks after preservation. We found significant changes in body shape among fresh and formalin fixed specimens. Furthermore, changes in body shape continue to occur after subsequent ethanol preservation. Two fish species collected at multiple localities show significant morphological differences for a limited number of morphometric characters. However, the significance, or lack thereof, often changed inconsistently from one stage of preservation to another. We conclude that morphometric analyses would ideally be performed on fresh specimens. However, recognizing that this is not always feasible, it is important to be aware of the morphometric changes that can occur during preservation.
Cell type phylogenetics informs the evolutionary origin of echinoderm larval skeletogenic cell identity.

The multiplicity of cell types comprising multicellular organisms begs the question as to how cell type identities evolve over time. Cell type phylogenetics informs this question by comparing gene expression of homologous cell types in distantly related taxa. We employ this approach to inform the identity of larval skeletogenic cells of echinoderms, a clade for which there are phylogenetically diverse datasets of spatial gene expression patterns. We determined ancestral spatial expression patterns of alx1, ets1, tbr, erg, and vegfr, key components of the skeletogenic gene regulatory network driving identity of the larval skeletogenic cell. Here we show ancestral state reconstructions of spatial gene expression of extant eleutherozoan echinoderms support homology and common ancestry of echinoderm larval skeletogenic cells. We propose larval skeletogenic cells arose in the stem lineage of eleutherozoans during a cell type duplication event that heterochronically activated adult skeletogenic cells in a topographically distinct tissue in early development. Eric Erkenbrack and Jeffrey Thompson have performed ancestral state reconstructions of echinoderm larval skeletogenic cells to examine their relatedness and provide insights into cell-type evolution. They propose that larval skeletogenic cells originated in the stem lineage of eleutherozoans.
Suspected Heroin Overdoses in US Emergency Departments, 2017–2018

Objectives. To describe changes in suspected heroin overdose emergency department (ED) visits.Methods. We analyzed quarterly and yearly changes in heroin overdoses during 2017–2018 by using data fr...
Rupture of an Infected Renal Cyst Secondary to a Renocolic Fistula in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

We present a rare case of retroperitoneal rupture of an infected renal cyst secondary to a renocolic fistula in a patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Intraperitoneal rupture of infected cysts in ADPKD resulting in peritonitis has been described, but to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of retroperitoneal rupture. Cyst infections are a common complication of ADPKD and are difficult to treat, potentially leading to sepsis and death.
Dietary Intake and Appetite Hormone Patterns among Mothers Participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACTSupplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation has been associated with obesity in women. The objective of this pilot study was to describe the caloric intake and dietary qu...
Using Analogies to Make Connections Between Seemingly Disparate Systems: The Case of Patient Safety

Many of the topics in today’s curriculum weren’t even dreamt of when I went to medical school in 1971. Since my view of teaching is that it is not important what I teach, but rather what my students learn, it was up to me to figure out how to reach them. Not only did I want them to learn about patient safety, I wanted them to value that knowledge and later use it. Learning the material for an exam and then promptly forgetting it would not do. This was the case even though at the time, there were few if any questions related to quality and safety on the National Board Exams that are required for licensure. I needed an analogy. Analogy is the process of understanding a novel situation (the target analog) in terms of a familiar one (source analog). It is an important aspect of cognition – reasoning and learning. A good analogy would enable me to frame the issues in a language which they not only understood, but also to which they granted legitimacy. It had to be molecular biology. After eliciting some of the design principles one might use to ensure patient safety, e.g., robustness, resilience, redundancy, shared functions, and adaptability, the specifics of the DNA damage response and repair system were then used to illustrate the parallels to systems by which health care systems attempt to keep patients safe. The principles are the same.
Iron–Sulfur Cluster Metabolism Impacts Iron Homeostasis, Ferroptosis Sensitivity, and Human Disease

Iron is the most abundant transition metal in biological systems owing in part to its participation in O2 transport and electron transfer reactions. We describe how, in mammals, the redox-active nature of iron is managed at the cellular level, particularly regulation by iron-response proteins (IRPs), and discuss how intracellular iron regulates IRPs. We define the role of iron in promoting oxidative cell death, termed ferroptosis, when these homeostatic iron regulatory mechanisms are perturbed, and review the evidence for cellular iron levels modulating ferroptosis sensitivity. We focus particularly on the role of iron in the iron–sulfur cluster (ISC), a protein cofactor that serves numerous roles in the cell, including a key role as an iron sensor. We illustrate that ISC biosynthesis inhibition causes aberrant activation of IRPs and an iron-overloaded state that sensitizes cells to ferroptosis. We provide evidence that lung adenocarcinomas select for the key ISC biosynthetic enzyme, NFS1, to shield themselves from the damaging effects of O2 on ISCs and protect from iron-catalyzed oxidative stress. Finally, we ask whether dysregulation of ISC synthesis, observed in multiple pathological settings including neurodegenerative diseases such as Friedreich’s Ataxia, sideroblastic anemia, and cancer, leads to pathology as a result of ferroptosis.
A Case Study of Interpreter-Mediated Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Challenges and Recommendations for Effective Implementation:

Prolonged exposure therapy (PE) is one of the most efficacious and widely utilized treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, no empirical studies have examined PE when implement...
Empirical Analysis Part 1 Methodology and Data: Empirical Example of Predicting the Demand for Life Insurance by Using the Dynamic Systemic Framework

Herein, an empirical example of this new research will be shown. Two machine learning techniques are used for this example during unsupervised learning with clustering and supervised learning with artificial neural networks (ANNs). A basic example has been produced and confirmed using a reliable dataset from Bureau of Labor Statistics. In part 1, the research methodology and data are described.
Glycemic management and clinical outcomes in underserved minority kidney transplant recipients with type 2 and posttransplantation diabetes: A single-center retrospective study.

Abstract Aims Little is known about glycemic management, particularly with novel cardio-nephroprotecive agents, in underserved minority kidney transplant recipients with pre-transplant type 2 (T2DM) and posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM). We assessed glycemic management and outcomes in this high-risk population. Methods We reviewed records of patients who received kidney transplants between June 2012 and December 2014 at a single center. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and prescribed glucose-lowering medications were examined, and mortality was compared between T2DM, PTDM, and no diabetes (NoDM) patients. Results We followed 302 patient records (41.1% Hispanic, 41.1% non-Hispanic black) for a median (IQR) of 45.5 (37.0, 53.0) months post-transplant. Pre-transplant T2DM was present in 152 (50.3%), while 58 (19.2%) developed PTDM and 92 (30.4%) remained NoDM. At 1-year post-transplant, the average HbA1c was 8.1 ± 1.8% in T2DM and 6.6 ± 1.3% in PTDM. No glucose-lowering agents were prescribed in 3.4% of T2DM and 44.8% of PTDM. When treated, both received mostly insulin and metformin. Diabetes, HbA1c and insulin therapy were not independently associated with risk of mortality. Conclusions Glycemic management was suboptimal and relied on older medications. Further studies are needed to assess longer-term outcomes of more rigorous glycemic management, and the value of novel cardio-nephroprotective agents in kidney transplant recipients.
Improving Law Enforcement Responses to Gender-Based Violence: Domestic And International Perspectives (Chapter 19)

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a pandemic that is globally ubiquitous, despite decades of efforts to address it through public health, criminal justice, education, and social welfare sectors (Smith 2017). GBV refers to harms inflicted on women, girls, and LGBT/gender-non-conforming individuals disproportionately or due to prevailing gender norms (see Chapters 7 & 8). It includes intimate partner violence, sexual assault, and stalking and encompasses “physical, sexual, psychological or economic harm or suffering …, threats of such acts, harassment, coercion and arbitrary deprivation of liberty” (CEDAW 2017, 5).
Estimating the Sensitivity of Fitted Parameters to Perturbations of Data with Calculus

This article provides conceptual ideas, data, and exercises, for integrating original sources of recent, state of the art, world class life science research in the undergraduate mathematics curricu...
You are either for us or against us: When are ambivalent in-group members sanctioned?

The subjective group dynamics model describes conditions for sanctioning deviant in-group members. A description of a new or established group member's (the target) attitude toward “Obamacare” was provided to 136 Republican participants. The target expressed a group-normative, ambivalent, or deviant opinion. Participants indicated the self-relevance of Obamacare, and evaluated the target. Neither target status nor attitude affected evaluations for non-vested participants; however, highly vested participants evaluated new ambivalent targets more favorably than established ambivalent targets (p < .05): derogation or sanctioning of ambivalent and deviant targets, that is, was moderated by evaluators’ vested interest and longevity of the target's group membership.
Performance of life support breathing apparatus for under-ice diving operations.

The scope of extreme-environment diving defined within this work encompasses diving modes outside of the generally accepted no-decompression, open-circuit, compressed-air diving limits on selfcontained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) in temperate or warmer waters. Extreme-environment diving is scientifically and politically interesting. The scientific diving operational safety and medical framework is the cornerstone from which diving takes place in the scientific community. From this effective baseline, as evidenced by decades of very low DCS incidence rates, the question of whether compressed air is the best breathing medium under pressure was addressed with findings indicating that in certain depth ranges a higher fraction of oxygen (while not exceeding a PC 2 of 1.6 ATA) and a lower fraction of nitrogen result in extended bottom times and a more efficient decompression. Extremeenvironment diving under ice presents a set of physiological. equipment, training and operational challenges beyond regular diving that have also been met through almost 50 years of experience as an underwater research tool. Diving modes such as mixed-gas, surface-supplied diving with helmets may mitigate risk factors that the diver incurs as a result of depth, inert gas narcosis or gas consumption. A close approximation of inert gas loading and decompression status monitoring is a function met by dive computers, a necessity in particular when the diver ventures outside of the single-dive profile into the realm of multi-level, multi-day repetitive diving or decompression diving. The monitoring of decompression status in extreme environments is now done exclusively through the use of dive computers and evaluations of the performance of regulators under ice have determined the characteristics of the next generation of life-support equipment for extreme-environment diving for science. These polar, deep and contaminated water environments require risk assessment that analyzes hazards such as cold stress, hydration, overheating, narcosis, equipment performance and decompression sickness. Scientific diving is a valuable research tool that has become an integral methodology in the pursuit of scientific questions in extreme environments of polar regions, in contaminated waters, and at depth.
Justin Nolan: Wild Harvest in the Heartland: Ethnobotany in Missouri’s Little Dixie

Wild Harvest in the Heartland: Ethnobotany in Missouri’s Little Dixie (an area running approximately from Kansas City through Jefferson City) by Justin Nolan is a very nice little book. At first blush, it seems like the perfect example for upper level undergraduate and beginning graduate students of well designedmethodology using ANTHROPAC and of basic descriptions of 30 most common useful plants. However, on reading further it is obvious that description and hypothesis testing of comparative knowledge of “experts” and “nonexperts” and other hypotheses is only the foundation of this study. There are many essential ideas introduced. Relating to the initial hypothesis, Nolan finds that plant experts have more extensive, detailed and esoteric knowledge about many more plants than non-experts. Specifically, they know many more medicinal uses of roots and herbs and they are aware of plants that do not grow locally. In a broader arena, Heartland expands the domain of ethnobotany. Ethnobotany, all too often, focuses on traditional, non-industrialized societies; this book draws our attention to natural resource knowledge in our own backyard. Here there is an emphasis on regional traditions, grounded in history and modified by culture. The dynamic process of modification and revision of ethnobotanical knowledge is a field of investigation woefully understudied. Here it is acknowledged and incorporated into the study. Cultural origins of Little Dixie knowledge are diverse, emanating from the British Isles and Southern Appalachia, as well as from Native Americans. Continual innovation and experimentation has allowed this hybrid knowledge to further evolve. Moreover, Nolan unequivocally finds that culture and ecology are inextricably linked. Nolan points out that plant knowledge is built on species that are readily available, undoubtedly perceived, and sensorially appealing. Plant families of particular use value are favored including the fruits and berries of the rose family, the beans of the legume family, and brightly colored flowers of the aster family. From these data, Nolan argues self-evidently that human recognition of plants is selective and systematic. If these are not transformative conclusions, they are certainly basic to a dynamic and theoretical view of ethnobotany. Under the sure and steady tutelage of Professor Deborah Pearsall, Nolan has produced a well researched vision of ethnobotany of Little Dixie—famous for its anti-bellum plantation history—in the Missouri heartland, which simultaneously addresses global issues. Hum Ecol (2009) 37:797 DOI 10.1007/s10745-009-9260-3
Defining the ‘grey area’ where humanitarian intervention may not be fully legal, but is not the crime of aggression

Over the last decade and a half, there have been simultaneous developments related to (i) the law on humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect (R2P); and (ii) the International Criminal Court's definition of the crime of aggression. What is not immediately obvious from a facial reading of the definition of the crime of aggression is how these areas of law interrelate with, or complement, each other. Namely, is any state action that might be termed humanitarian intervention or R2P that is planned, prepared, initiated or executed by a state's leaders covered by the ICC's crime of aggression? And, if so, what exactly is or is not covered? With respect to R2P, because any ‘pillar III’ forceful intervention would require UN Security Council approval, this article concludes that R2P is fully consonant with the crime of aggression and actions by individual leaders involved in R2P would not fall within the crime. The article also concludes that because the ICC's crime of aggression jurisdiction ...
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Laminates

The partial differential equations governing composite laminates (see Section 2.4) of arbitrary geometries and boundary conditions cannot be solved in closed form. Analytical solutions of plate theories are available (see Reddy [1–5]) mostly for rectangular plates with all edges simply supported (i.e., the Navier solutions) or with two opposite edges simply supported and the remaining edges having arbitrary boundary conditions (i.e., the Levy solutions). The Rayleigh-Ritz and Galerkin methods can also be used to determine approximate analytical solutions, but they too are limited to simple geometries because of the difficulty in constructing the approximation functions for complicated geometries. The use of numerical methods facilitates the solution of these equations for problems of practical importance. Among the numerical methods available for the solution of differential equations defined over arbitrary domains, the finite element method is the most effective method. A brief introduction to the finite element method is presented in Section 3.2.
Youth motivation as a predictor of treatment outcomes in a community mental health system

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between youth motivation and psychotherapy outcomes in routine community mental health settings. Method: One hundred fifty youth, ages 12–17, from three community mental health clinics completed the Youth Outcome Questionnaire and Treatment Support Measure at frequent intervals over the course of treatment. Results: Increases in motivation followed a curvilinear trajectory. On average, youth motivation significantly increased over the course of therapy according to both self- and parent reports (p < .001). The slope for youth motivation over the course of therapy was negatively associated with the slope for mental health symptoms (p < .001). Initial youth motivation did not predict overall change or the rate of change in symptoms. However, there was significant individual variability in patterns of youth motivation. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that youth show increases in motivation over the course of therapy with most ...
Assessment of silicone polymer composites for environmental forensic applications: a proof of concept study.

Abstract: This study evaluates the use of polydimethylsiloxane polymer composites (PDMS, Fe–PDMS) as a passive sampling media to preconcentrate analytes found in environmental settings. Samplers were made using commercially available silicone products. The composite samplers were assessed for their sorption properties using Atrazine and Irgarol 1051 as model compounds. The initial study assessed the utility of PDMS sheets as adsorption material by following analyte depletion from spiked water samples by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Follow-up studies conducted at high and low concentrations using lab manufactured iron- PDMS rods (Fe–PDMS) showed effective uptake at differential rates from concentrations ranging between 1 μg/L and 10 μg/L. Adsorption mechanism was reversible, and compounds were recovered from the exposed materials and analyzed by liquid–liquid extraction-GC/MS. Both composites showed better affinity for Irgarol 1051, 100% removal, than for Atrazine, 30% removal, likely representing their KOW differences, 3.6 and 2.6, respectively. This “proof of concept” study demonstrates the positive implications for the use of silicon polymer composites as a monitoring tool for environmental forensic purposes.
Studies on the respiratory pigment of Urechis eggs

Experiments previously reported (1) have shown that the eggs of the Pacific marine worm, Urechis caupo, contain a reversible oxidation-reduction pigment. The pigment, called urechrome, is autoxidizable and changes color from red to yellow on oxidation. It is soluble in water (reduced form insoluble below pH 5) and in acidified methanol, but insoluble in ether, acetone, chloroform, and neutral alcohol. Evidence for participation of the pigment in cellular respiration has been previously given.
Camptocormia as a late presentation in a manifesting carrier of duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Introduction: Camptocormia, or bent spine syn- drome, is an abnormal posture consisting of forward flexion of the spine that disappears when a patient is supine. It is associ- ated with a wide variety of myopathic disorders that affect para- spinal muscles, including inflammatory and inherited myopathies. Methods: We describe a woman who presented with camptocormia in her eighth decade. Results: Skeletal muscle biopsy showed mild nonspecific changes, but her family history was significant for a son who died of Duchenne muscu- lar dystrophy (DMD). Genetic analysis of DMD confirmed that she was a heterozygous carrier of a mutation. Conclusions: In the absence of any alternate explanation, we interpret her symptoms to be a manifestation of her DMD carrier state. To our knowledge, this represents the first reported example of camptocormia as the presenting symptom in a carrier and suggests that a manifesting carrier state should be considered in the differential diagnosis for women with unexplained camptocormia. Muscle Nerve 47: 124-127, 2013
Ecology of breastfeeding in the United States: An applied perspective.

Breastfeeding initiation and duration have followed distinct cycles in the United States. Despite recent increases, breastfeeding rates still fall short of public health goals. This paper takes an applied perspective to examine the potential role of human biologists in enhancing the promotion of breastfeeding in the United States. The conceptual model of breastfeeding held by policy makers and public health professionals is distinguished from that of human biologists. An integrated model is proposed that incorporates the sociodemographic factors of the public health model with the components of breastfeeding structure and early mother-infant interaction of the human biology model. It is suggested that human biologists can contribute to the more effective promotion of breastfeeding by promoting inclusion of a wide range of anthropological research on infant feeding, clarifying the vocabulary of infant feeding, and expanding their own research to include participation in the development and testing of breastfeeding interventions. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 10:221-228, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Angular scan spectra in the visible of surface plasma excitation on a Schottky photodiode

The reflectivity and response function of a schottky barrier photodiode is measured in a study to optimize concentrator-type solar cells or photodetectors of visible radiation. (AIP)
Vibrio cholerae biofilms: stuck between a rock and a hard place.

Vibrio cholerae is a diarrheal pathogen and a natural inhabitant of fresh- and saltwater environments. Seasonal outbreaks in areas of endemicity that can develop into worldwide pandemics are linked to the persistence of V. cholerae in aquatic ecosystems, providing a reservoir for the initiation of
Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis suppresses IL-2 and IFN gamma production and promotes an IL-4 response in C3H/HeJ mice

Previously we demonstrated that Borrelia burgdorferi transmission by Ixodes scapularis suppressed IL-2 and IFN gamma production and promoted IL-4 production in mice. The present studies were conducted to determine whether coinfection with the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HE) agent would promote a Th2 cytokine response in mice. Transmission to the spleen of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (aoHGE) and B. burgdorferi occurred 4 and 7 days, respectively, after tick infestation. Coinfection synergized to suppress splenic IL-2 production 7-14 days after tick infestion. Transmission of B. burgdorferi or aoHGE alone significantly decreased splenic IFN gamma 4-7 days after tick infestation, while coinfection suppressed IFN gamma production 7-14 days after tick infestation. Splenic IL-4 production was significantly increased 4 days after coinfection, and by day 10, aoHGE plus B. burgdorferi induced greater splenic IL-4 (57.2 pg/ml, 348% of control values) than either organism transmitted alone (aoHGE, 22.7 pg/ml, B. burgdorferi, 25.1 pg/ml). Coinfection enhanced expansion of splenic T cells, CD4+ lymphocytes and B cells while decreasing CD8+ T cells. These data demonstrate that aoHGE and B. burgdorferi, when cotransmitted, suppress a systemic IL-2 and IFN gamma response, while strongly promoting systemic IL-4 production in the susceptible host. The antigen(s) responsible for this polarization are unknown and will be the subject of future studies.
Cotton remains from archeological sites in central coastal peru.

Cotton remains from four archeological sites in central coastal Peru, representing a time sequence from about 2500 to 1000 B.C., were compared with similar materials obtained from living wild and cultivated forms of Gossypium barbadense L. The comparison revealed that the archeological cotton samples were primitive forms of Gossypium barbadense, differing little from present-day wild forms of the same species. Although not the earliest cottons recorded for the New World, they appear to represent the earliest stages of cotton domestication yet recorded.
Non-Fermi-liquid fixed point

We study a new exchange interaction in which the conduction electrons with pseudo spin Sc = 3/2 interact with the impurity spin SI = 1/2. Due to the overscreening of the impurity spin by higher conduction electron spin, a new non-trivial intermediate coupling strength fixed point is realized. Using the numerical renormalization group (NRG), we show that the low-energy spectra are described by a non-Fermi liquid excitation spectrum. A conformal field theory analysis is compared with NRG results and excellent agreement is obtained. Using the double fusion rule to generate the operator spectrum with the conformal theory, we find that the specific heat coefficient and magnetic susceptibility will diverge as T 2/3 , that the scaling dimension of an applied magnetic field is 5/6, and that exchange anisotropy is always relevant. We discuss the possible relevance of our work to two-level system Kondo materials and dilute cerium alloys, and we point out a paradox in understanding the Bethe-Ansatz solutions to the multichannel Kondo model. � Present address.
Reversible and Irreversible Transformations in Black-Hole Physics

The concepts of irreducible mass and of reversible and irreversible transformations in black holes are introduced, leading to the formula ${E}^{2}=m_{\mathrm{ir}}^{2}+(\frac{{L}^{2}}{4m_{\mathrm{ir}}^{2}})+{p}^{2}$ for a black hole of linear momentum $p$ and angular momentum $L$.
The Cross-Case Analyses of Elementary Students’ Engagement in the Strands of Science Proficiency

Recent reports have begun to lay the foundation for a re-visioned K-8 science curriculum which includes four strands that could be used to define and assess science proficiency for all students. Using these strands as an analytic lens, this pre-post multiple-case case study explores elementary school science teachers’ practices and their students’ actions. This work focuses on naturally occurring ordinary events and builds a description of how these strands of proficiencies are being developed. The results of cross-case analyses suggest that while the participating teachers do engage their students in activities and exercises that contribute to the development of all 4 strands of science proficiency; the nature, duration, and distribution (across the 4 strands) of these activities varied.
Ubiquitinylation of the Cytosolic Domain of a Type I Membrane Protein Is Not Required to Initiate Its Dislocation from the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Human cytomegalovirus US2 and US11 target newly synthesized class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) heavy chains for rapid degradation by the proteasome through a process termed dislocation. The presence of US2 induces the formation of class I MHC heavy chain conjugates of increased molecular weight that are recognized by a conformation-specific monoclonal antibody, W6/32, suggesting that these class I MHC molecules retain their proper tertiary structure. These conjugates are properly folded glycosylated heavy chains modified by attachment of an estimated one, two, and three ubiquitin molecules. The folded ubiquitinated class I MHC heavy chains are not observed in control cells or in cells transfected with US11, suggesting that US2 targets class I MHC heavy chains for dislocation in a manner distinct from that used by US11. This is further supported by the fact that US2 and US11 show different requirements in terms of the conformation of the heavy chain molecule. Although ubiquitin conjugation may occur on the cytosolic tail of the class I MHC molecule, replacement of lysines in the cytosolic tail of heavy chains with arginine does not prevent their degradation by US2. In an in vitro system that recapitulates US2-mediated dislocation, heavy chains that lack these lysines still occur in an ubiquitin-modified form, but in the soluble (cytoplasmic) fraction. Such ubiquitin conjugation can only occur on the class I MHC lumenal domain and is likely to take place once class I MHC heavy chains have been discharged from the endoplasmic reticulum. We conclude that ubiquitinylation of class I MHC heavy chain is not required during the initial step of the US2-mediated dislocation reaction.
Susceptibility of Gamma-Irradiated and Unirradiated Codling Moths to Azinphosmethyl, Carbaryl, and DDT

Adult Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) irradiated with 25 or 40 krad of gamma irradiation from a 60Co source, were more tolerant of topical applications of azinphosmethyl, carbaryl, or DDT than were unirradiated moths. The lower dose of irradiation usually resulted in a greater degree of insecticide tolerance than did the larger dose. There was some difference in response betwen the sexes: females, either irradiated or unirradiated, were more tolerant of azinphosmethyl or carbaryl than were males, but both sexes of unirradiated moths were equally susceptible to DDT. Although the irradiated moths had some tolerance to the insecticides, the degree was probably not great enough to achieve a more favorable ratio of native to sterile moths by the application of any one of these insecticides in orchards being treated by the release of sterile codling moths.
A Multivariate Ensemble Approach for Identification of Biomarkers: Application to Breast Cancer

Abstract Advances in high throughput screening experiments have significantly improved our ability to discover and predict biomarkers for complex diseases. Systems biology approaches have played a critical role in realizing these improvements by providing computational tools for modeling such diseases at the network level. Within these tools, statistical scores such as the two sample t-statistic (t-score) are commonly used to rank genes/features for downstream analyses. In this paper, we propose a new alternative to the t-score —the ensemble sensitivity (ES) metric —which is a multivariate strategy to obtain feature rankings. To validate our method, we employ the COre Module Biomarker Identification with Network Exploration (COMBINER) tool on publicly available breast cancer gene expression data sets. Top candidates obtained by both the t-score and ES method serve as an input to COMBINER, which identifies the candidate biomarkers. Our results, as quantified by the COMBINER-generated area under the ROC curve (AUC), suggest that the ES approach improves the average AUC and identifies biomarkers with ~ 93% overlap with known cancer-related genes. In addition, the overlap of genes known to be associated with cancer that are identified using the two methods is small. This suggests that our proposed approach captures signals missed by methods relying on the t-score.
A decomposition approach to variance reduction

For analyzing stochastic models, simulation trades the tractability problems of analytical techniques for the problem of sampling variability. Variance reduction techniques (VRTs) attack this problem by transforming the simulation experiment in a way that makes it more statistically efficient. Unfortunately, VRTs are infrequently used, even though significant reductions are possible in practical problems. This tutorial introduces some basic concepts of variance reduction, and uses a new taxonomy of VRTs as the basis for an algorithm to select appropriate VRTs for general simulation experiments.
Distinguishing mixed anxiety/depression from anxiety and depressive groups using the family history method

The relationship between anxiety and depression has long been discussed and studied. Although it appears that there are pure forms of these disorders, several investigators have suggested that there is a separate combined anxiety/depression disorder distinct from either individual disorder. Several attempts have been made to investigate this distinction using family history methods. This report compares an anxiety/depression group to a depression-only group and anxiety-only group in a veteran population (n = 71) using the family history method. The depression group was clearly differentiated from the anxiety/depression group on the variables of generalized anxiety disorder and alcohol abuse. There was also discrimination between the anxiety and anxiety/depression groups on the DSM-III-R anxious personality disorder cluster. This is the first report in this area of the literature to use standardized family history methods that include personality disorder clusters.
Human immune responses to porcine endogenous retrovirus-derived peptides presented naturally in the context of porcine and human major histocompatibility complex class I molecules: implications in xenotransplantation of porcine organs.

Background Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) have been shown to infect human cells, raising concerns regarding safety of xenotransplantation. In patients exposed to porcine tissues, no PERV infection has been observed. This study was designed to develop human CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against PERV-derived peptides presented in the context of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) or swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I molecules and to define dominant epitopes contributed by PERV. Methods. Human CD8 + CTL were generated against porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC). Peptides presented on SLA class I molecules were acid eluted and fractionated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Peptide fractions that restored lysis of acid-stripped PAEC were sequenced by tandem mass spectrometry. Human CD8 + CTL were generated against PERV envelope-derived peptides and PERV-infected human cells to identify immunodominant PERV-derived epitopes. Results. We identified two peptides derived from retroviral transactivating regulatory protein (AHQD-PLPEQP) and retroviral transcription factor (PQK-PFVT) recognized by human CD8 + CTL in the context of SLA class I. Computer-assisted analysis identified nine PERV-envelope-derived 9-mer peptides with high affinity for the HLA-A2 molecule (Env-1-9). PERV-specific CD8 + CTL generated in vitro identified the immunodominant Env-5 peptide (303-311, KLFSLIQGA) and demonstrated HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxicity against PERV-infected human cells. Conclusions. Our results indicate that PERV-derived peptides are presented naturally on porcine and human major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. CD8 + CTL responses elicited against dominant SLA and HLA class I-restricted PERV-derived epitopes may play an important role in xenograft rejection and in containment of PERV infection of human cells after xenotransplantation.
Raman scattering and surface disorder in amorphous germanium

Abstract We report here on in situ enhanced Raman scattering performed on a-Ge films prepared in ultra high vacuum. The results demonstrate the capability of studying the vibrational states of amorphous solids below an equivalent thickness of one monolayer. The Raman spectra are found to exhibit changes in spectral form with film thickness over the entire spectral region. These variations are substantial, demonstrating increased structural disorder in a-Ge as thickness decreases due to near surface disorder.
Managing organizational transitions

and often forgotten idea: that things can and do change quickly, but that people do noteven though they are under strong pressure to do so. But events sabotaged the presentation: The day it was made, morning papers carried the story of the decision to bring back the old Coke. Such is the fate of anyone who tries to work with change! Social and technological change is an old story in America; in some ways it is the American story. A hundred and fifty years ago the French author Alexis de Tocqueville noted in his diary: Born often under another sky, placed in the middle of an always moving scene, himself driven by the irresistible torrent which draws all about him, the American has no time to tie himself to anything, he grows accustomed only to change, and ends by regarding it as the natural state of man. He feels the need of it, more he loves it; for the instability, instead of meaning disaster to him, seems to give birth only to miracles all about him.