cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metamagnetism and nanosize effects in the magnetic properties of the quasi-two-dimensional system β -Ni ( OH ) 2

Details of structural and magnetic properties of a sample of $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{-Ni}{(\text{OH})}_{2}$ with nanoplate morphology (sample A) are compared with those of the hydrothermally synthesized bulklike $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{-Ni}{(\text{OH})}_{2}$, sample B. Transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were used for structural characterization whereas studies of magnetic properties covered the temperature range of 2--350 K in magnetic fields upto $H=180\text{ }\text{kOe}$. Temperature dependence of the low-field susceptibilities, $\ensuremath{\chi}(\text{ZFC})$ and $\ensuremath{\chi}(\text{FC})$, showed that $\ensuremath{\chi}(\text{ZFC})$ peak at ${T}_{\text{P}}=24.5\text{ }\text{K}$ (26.5 K) for sample A (B) with $\ensuremath{\chi}(\text{FC})g\ensuremath{\chi}(\text{ZFC})$ below ${T}_{\text{p}}$. Curie-Weiss fit of $\ensuremath{\chi}(\text{ZFC})$ for $Tg{T}_{\text{P}}$ for sample A (B) yields $\ensuremath{\theta}=20.5\text{ }\text{K}$ (19.8 K) and magnetic moment $\ensuremath{\mu}=2.92\text{ }{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\text{B}}$ $(3.30\text{ }{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\text{B}})/{\text{Ni}}^{2+}$. Measurements of the magnetization $M$ vs $H$ for $Tl{T}_{\text{P}}$ for sample A show a two-step transition to ferromagnetism with the first transition at ${H}_{\text{C}1}\ensuremath{\simeq}28\text{ }\text{kOe}$ and the second transition at ${H}_{\text{C}2}\ensuremath{\simeq}55\text{ }\text{kOe}$. For sample B, the transition at ${H}_{\text{C}1}$ is absent and ${H}_{\text{C}2}=53.5\text{ }\text{kOe}$. Using molecular-field approach and three exchange constants determined from the Curie-Weiss fits, theoretical expressions for ${H}_{\text{C}1}$ and ${H}_{\text{C}2}$ are derived from which estimates of ${H}_{\text{C}1}$ and ${H}_{\text{C}2}$ are found to be in good agreement with the experimental values. According to this model, bulk $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{-Ni}{(\text{OH})}_{2}$ orders antiferromagnetically (AF) at ${T}_{\text{N}}\ensuremath{\simeq}25.5\text{ }\text{K}$, with the dominant intralayer ferromagnetic (FM) coupling and a weaker interlayer AF coupling resulting in metamagnetism and FM ordering for $H\ensuremath{\ge}{H}_{\text{C}2}$. Nanosize effects are shown to lower ${T}_{\text{P}}$ and ${T}_{\text{N}}$ while also producing the transition at ${H}_{\text{C}1}$ due to flipping of the surface layer ${\text{Ni}}^{2+}$ spins.
A Culturally Tailored Navigator Program for Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Community Health Center: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Background Minority racial/ethnic groups have low colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates.
State estimation for cox processes with unknown probability law

Abstract Let N i , i ⩾1, be i.i.d. observable Cox processes on a compact metric space E , directed by unobservable random measures M i . Assume that the probability law of the M i is completely unknown. Techniques are developed for approximation of state estimators E[exp(−M n+1 (ƒ))| F N n+1 ] using data from the processes N 1 ,…, N n to estimate necessary attributes of the unknown probability law of the time M i . The techniques are based on representation of the state estimators in terms of reduced Palm distributions of the N i and on estimation of these Palm distributions. Estimators of Palm distributions are shown to be strongly consistent and asymptotically normal. The difference between the true and the pseudo-state estimators converges to zero in L 2 at rate n − 1 4+δ for each δ > 0.
Anthropology and Genocide in the Balkans An Analysis of Conceptual Practices of Power

This article examines scholarly discourse on the wars in the former Yugoslavia. It focuses on relativistic arguments put forward by anthropologists and shows how such accounts mask and elide central historical realities of the conflict. Relativistic accounts of serious modern conflicts often mirror and offer legitimation to the accounts put forth by perpetrators. In this case, several leading accounts of the wars in the former Yugoslavia display a strong affinity to those asserted by Serbian nationalists. The article addresses the issue of ethics and intellectual responsibility in anthropological fieldwork in situations of conflict and the problem of the political uses of anthropological research.
Peritoneal papillary carcinoma

Between 1977 and 1986, 325 patients with a diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma, peritoneal cancer, or malignant mesothelioma were reviewed with identification of 23 patients (7%) having peritoneal papillary cancer. Only 2 patients had disease confined to the pelvis and the rest had widespread abdominal disease. Various combination chemotherapeutic agents were used with over a 65% response rate to first-line chemotherapy. Twenty of the 23 patients received cisplatin combination chemotherapy with an overall response rate of 65%.
High Archean climatic temperature inferred from oxygen isotope geochemistry of cherts in the 3.5 Ga Swaziland Supergroup, South Africa

New and compiled oxygen isotope data combined with the results of geological and sedimentological studies demonstrate that enclaves of synsedimentary to very early diagenetic cherts are widely preserved in the 3.5-3.2 Ga Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa. The low δ 1 8 O values of these cherts indicate extremely high ocean temperatures of 55-85 °C. Previously, the large depletion in 1 8 O shown by all Barberton cherts relative to their Phanerozoic counterparts has been attributed to low 1 8 O in Archean oceans, chert formation during late diagenesis, wholesale loss of 1 8 O during alteration, and/ or regional silicification of sediments around hot springs. These alternative explanations are not compatible with the new results. Cherts in the Onverwacht Group display an isotopic stratigraphy that is inversely repeated in conglomerates in the overlying Fig Tree and Moodies Groups, demonstrating that the chert δ 8 0 O values were fixed prior to Archean uplift and erosion, which started at 3.26 Ga. The maximum δ 1 8 O value in Barberton cherts (+22‰) is lower than the minimum values (+23‰) in Phanerozoic bedded cherts, precluding late diagenesis as the explanation of the overall low δ 1 8 O values. Regional metamorphic, hydrothermal, or long-term resetting of original δ 1 8 O values is also precluded by preservation of δ 1 8 O values across different metamorphic grades and by systematic δ 1 8 O differences among interbedded chert types, stratigraphic units, and conglomerate clasts. The 7‰ δ 1 8 O variation of these Archean cherts is similar to that of Phanerozoic deep-sea cherts-formed when opal converted to microquartz during burial-but the actual Archean values are ∼10‰ lower. Marine opal was apparently converted to microquartz during burial to depths of <1 km. Cherts with δ 1 8 O < 15‰ reflect conversion during deepest burial or in local areas of enhanced geothermal gradient and/ or hydrothermal activity. Cherts with higher δ 1 8 O values formed during early diagenesis and indicate an extremely hot Archean ocean and surface environment.
Design of countercurrent separation of Ginkgo biloba terpene lactones by nuclear magnetic resonance

Terpene lactones such as bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B, C, and J are major bioactive compounds of Ginkgo biloba L. Purification of these compounds is tedious due to their similar chemical properties. For the purpose of developing an effective and efficient method for both analytical and preparative separation of terpene lactones in G. biloba, an innovative orthogonality-enhanced high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) method was established. Taking advantage of quantitative 1H NMR (qHNMR) methodology, partition coefficients (K) of individual terpene lactones were calculated directly from crude G. biloba leaf extract, using their H-12 signals as distinguishing feature. The partitioning experiment assisted the design of a two dimensional (2D) HSCCC procedure using a pair of orthogonal HSCCC solvent systems (SSs), ChMWat +4 and HEMSoWat +3/0.05%. It was surprising that the resolution of ginkgolides A and B was improved by 25% in the HEMWat +3 SS modified with 0.5% DMSO. Consequently, all five terpene lactones could be well separated with qHNMR purity > 95% from G. biloba leaf extract. The separation was further evaluated by offline qHNMR analysis of HSCCC fractions associated with Gaussian curve fitting. The results showed less than 2% error in HSCCC retention predicted from the partitioning experiment. This compelling consistency demonstrates that qHNMR-derived K determination (“K-by-NMR”) can be used to predict CCC fractionation and target purification of analytes from complex mixtures. Furthermore, Gaussian curve fitting enabled an accurate prediction of less than 2% impurity in the CCC fraction, which demonstrates its potential as a powerful tool to study the presence of minor constituents, especially when they are beyond the detection limit of conventional spectroscopic detectors.
Abstract 3157: An Rgnef (p190RhoGEF/Arhgef28) signaling axis regulates ovarian cancer progression

Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in women, is usually diagnosed in late stage, and currently has insufficient effective targeted therapies. The primary mode of metastasis is unique in that dissemination occurs via tumor cell shedding into the peritoneal cavity, survival and growth within ascites, and re-adhesion and proliferation of tumor cells at sites within the abdomen. Therefore, molecules and pathways involving cell adhesion and survival in non-adherent environments are of particular interest. Rgnef (p190RhoGEF/Arhgef28) is a Rho family guanine exchange factor that associates with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and functions both as a downstream target of FAK tyrosine kinase activity and a regulator of FAK activity following integrin stimulation. FAK regulates cell adhesion, migration, and survival. Expression of FAK is associated with poor clinical outcome, its activity (as measured by FAK Y397 phosphorylation) is frequently increased in serous ovarian carcinomas, and it is currently under investigation as a therapeutic target in ongoing clinical trials. Immunohistochemical analysis of human tumor tissue arrays with antibodies specific for Rgnef and FAK pY397 reveal a positive correlation between Rgnef expression and FAK activation and increased stage/grade of serous-type ovarian cancer. Stable knockdown of Rgnef in human ovarian carcinoma cells grown as subcutaneous or intraperitoneal xenografts in mice suggest that Rgnef may play roles in both primary tumor growth and ascites-associated cell survival and spread. Here, we use a transgenic model of spontaneous ovarian cancer (MISIIR-T-Antigen) to test the role of Rgnef in ovarian cancer progression. Female Rgnef+/+;TAg+ and Rgnef-/-;TAg+ mice were monitored by ultrasound imaging from age 12 to 17 weeks before euthanasia. Rgnef-/-;TAg+ tumors were significantly smaller (p=0.0006) and contained fewer Ki67 positive cells than Rgnef+/+;TAg+ controls at 17 weeks. Tumors and ovarian carcinoma cells isolated from Rgnef-/-;TAg+ mouse ascites have reduced FAK pY397 and increased E-cadherin expression compared to controls, suggesting that loss of Rgnef results in a less aggressive tumor phenotype. These findings identify Rgnef as a component in signaling pathways promoting FAK activation and regulating ovarian tumor progression. Citation Format: Nichol L. G. Miller, Isabelle Tancioni, Sean Uryu, Elizabeth G. Kleinschmidt, Denise C. Connolly, David D. Schlaepfer. An Rgnef (p190RhoGEF/Arhgef28) signaling axis regulates ovarian cancer progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3157. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3157
Accumulation of Vesicle-Associated Human Tau in Distal Dendrites Drives Degeneration and Tau Secretion in an In Situ Cellular Tauopathy Model

We used a nontransgenic cellular tauopathy model in which individual giant neurons in the lamprey CNS (ABCs) overexpress human tau isoforms cell autonomously to characterize the still poorly understood consequences of disease-associated tau processing in situ. In this model, tau colocalizes with endogenous microtubules and is nontoxic when expressed at low levels, but is misprocessed by a toxicity-associated alternative pathway when expressed above levels that saturate dendritic microtubules, causing abnormally phosphorylated, vesicle-associated tau to accumulate in ABC distal dendrites. This causes localized microtubule loss and eventually dendritic degeneration, which is preceded by tau secretion to the extracellular space. This sequence is reiterated at successively more proximal dendritic locations over time, suggesting that tau-induced dendritic degeneration is driven by distal dendritic accumulation of hyperphosphorylated, vesicle-associated tau perpetuated by localized microtubule loss. The implications for the diagnosis and treatment of human disease are discussed.
A pathologic study of photoreceptor cell death in retinal photic injury.

In the studies of retinal photic injury in the rat model, about 14–47% of the photoreceptor cell loss occurs in the first 24 hours. To understand the mechanism of this massive cell death and subsequent dissolution, we studied the early morphologic changes and examined the effect of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, on photic injury in rats. Groups of 2 dark-adapted albino Lewis rats were sacrificed immediately after 8, 16 or 24 hr of continuous exposure to green fluorescent light (intensity, 160–180 foot-candles; wavelength, 490–560 nm). An additional 2 rats were sacrificed 8 hr after a 24 hr light exposure, and 2 animals served as unexposed controls. The morphologic findings of the degenerating photoreceptor cells were assessed by light and electron microscopy. The integrity of the nuclear chromatin was investigated using a monoclonal anti-DNA antibody. Most of the photoreceptor cell loss was observed between 16 and 24 hr of exposure. No inflammatory or macrophagic cells were seen. Different ...
Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers

Pressure ulcers are complex chronic wounds for which no gold standard for prevention or treatment has yet been established. Several attempts at developing guidelines has been undertaken by different organizations. Pressure ulcers are devastating comorbidities for patients and difficult to prevent or manage. Whether or not pressure ulcers are preventable remains controversial. The strategy for prevention includes recognizing the risk, decreasing the effects of pressure, assessing nutritional status, avoiding excessive bed rest and prolonged sitting, and preserving the integrity of the skin. The principles of treatment of pressure ulcers include assessing severity, reducing pressure, friction and shear forces, optimizing local wound care, removing necrotic debris, managing bacterial contamination, and correcting nutritional deficits.
N-nitrosohydroxylamines III. Reaction of N,O-dibenzyl-N-nitrosohydroxylamines with acetic anhydride

Abstract The major path of the reaction of N,O-dibenzyl-N-nitrosohydroxylamines ( 3 ) with acetic anhydride appears to proceed by initial radical cleavage of the NN bond with loss of nitric oxide. The formation of the main products ( 5 ) may be rationalized by subsequent transformation of the resulting hydroxylamino radicals.
Differentiation of Ionic Currents in CNS Progenitor Cells: Dependence upon Substrate Attachment and Epidermal Growth Factor

Abstract Multipotential progenitor cells grown from central nervous system (CNS) tissues in defined media supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF), when attached to a suitable substratum, differentiate to express neural and glial histochemical markers and morphologies. To assess the functional characteristics of such cells, expression of voltage-gated Na+and K+currents (INa, IK) was studied by whole-cell patch clamp methods in progenitors raised from postnatal rat forebrain. Undifferentiated cells were acutely dissociated from proliferative “spheres,” and differentiated cells were studied 1–25 days after plating spheres onto polylysine/laminin-treated coverslips.INaandIKwere detected together in 58%,INaalone in 11%, andIKalone in 19% of differentiated cells recorded with K+-containing pipettes. With internal Cs+(to isolateINa),INaup to 45 pA/pF was observed in some cells within 1 day after plating.INaranged up to 150 pA/pF subsequently. Overall, 84% of cells expressedINa, with an average of 38 pA/pF.INahad fast kinetics, as in neurons, but steady-state inactivation curves were strongly negative, resembling those of glialINa. Inward tail currents sensitive to [K+]outwere observed upon repolarization after the 10-ms test pulse with internal Cs+, indicating the expression of K+channels in 82% of cells. In contrast to the substantial currents observed in differentiating cells, little or noINaorIK-tail currents were detected in recordings from cells acutely dissociated from spheres. Thus, in the presence of EGF, ionic currents develop early during differentiation induced by attachment to an appropriate substratum. Cells switched from EGF to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) when plated onto coverslips showed greatly reduced proliferation and developed less neuron-like morphologies than cells plated in the presence of EGF.INawas observed in only 53% of bFGF-treated cells, with an average of 9 pA/pF. Thus, in contrast to reports that bFGF promotes neuronal differentiation in some CNS progenitor populations, our EGF-generated postnatal rat CNS progenitors do not develop neuronal characteristics when switched to medium containing bFGF. Thus, differentiated CNS progenitors can express a mix of neuronal and glial molecular, morphological, and electrophysiological properties that can be modified by culture conditions.
Serum amylase in bulimia nervosa : clinical status and pathophysiology

Elevations of serum amylase have been reported in 25–60% of bulimics. This increase in amylase appears to derive from the nonpancreatic fraction of serum amylase and thus underscores its likely association with previous clinical descriptions of parotid gland enlargement among bulimics. The value of measurement of serum amylase as an index of clinical symptomatology in bulimia is currently limited because of substantial overlap of amylase levels in patients and normals, and because of variability in correlations between amylase levels and symptom severity. This article reviews the physiology of amylase secretion from the salivary glands and, in light of previous studies of physiologic alterations in bulimia, assesses factors that may contribute to variance in amylase levels in bulimics. Controlling for these variables in future studies may yield more useful clinical information. © 7992 lohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Polarizabilities of adsorbed and assembled molecules: Measuring the conductance through buried contacts

We have measured the polarizabilities of four families of molecules adsorbed to Au{111} surfaces, with structures ranging from fully saturated to fully conjugated, including single-molecule switches. Measured polarizabilities increase with increasing length and conjugation in the adsorbed molecules and are consistent with theoretical calculations. For single-molecule switches, the polarizability reflects the difference in substrate−molecule electronic coupling in the ON and OFF conductance states. Calculations suggest that the switch between the two conductance states is correlated with an oxidation state change in a nitro functional group in the switch molecules.
A spectrotemporal analysis of DCN single unit responses to wideband noise in guinea pig

Spectrotemporal receptive fields (STRFs) were estimated for chopper and pauser units recorded in guinea pig dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). Sixteen wideband, periodic noise stimuli, represented as time-frequency surfaces of energy density, were cross correlated in time with the unit's corresponding period histograms to determine if specific energy patterns tended to precede spike occurrence. The STRFs obtained were unique to the DCN, as compared to the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) [Clopton and Backoff, 1991, Hear. Res. 52, 329-344] in their degree of temporal and spectral complexity. Certain unit response types, classified from their peristimulus-time histograms (PSTHs) to tonebursts, were associated with distinctive patterns in the STRFs. All STRFs had at least one region of elevated energy density (peak region) closely preceding spike occurrence, which may reflect a short-pathway, primary excitatory input (or inputs) to the neuron. In addition, some units displayed low-energy regions (troughs) with greater temporal precedences on their STRFs, particularly when higher stimulus intensities were used. This analysis approach appears to have potential for investigating functional neural connectivity and predicting responses to novel complex stimuli, although specific implementations of the technique impose limitations on the interpretation of results.
Characterization of Beryllium–Boron-Bearing Materials by Parallel Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (PEELS)☆

Abstract The stoichiometry of a set of commercial and laboratory-synthesized Be–B-bearing materials was determined by parallel electron energy-loss spectroscopy (PEELS). The Be and B K edges are well separated in energy, allowing easy determination of the elemental ratios. PEELS analyses of materials with reported compositions of “Be 2 B” and “Be 2 B 3 ” provided stoichiometries near Be 2.8 B and Be 4 B 5 , respectively. We confirmed an earlier report of Be 0.6(±0.1) B 5.9(±0.7) C, a material with the α -rhombohedral B structure. We also synthesized and characterized Be 0.5(±0.1) B 4.9(±0.3) N, a new ternary material with the α -rhombohedral B structure with refined hexagonal cell parameters of a h =5.487(5) A and c h =12.486(14) A. By comparison of the features at the core-loss edges of Be 0.5(±0.1) B 4.9(±0.3) N, we conclude that most N forms N 2 pairs between the icosahedra and Be substitutes for B within the icosahedra.
Effect of repeated administration of manganese on the striatal cholinergic and dopaminergic receptors in the rat

Previous studies suggest that chronic administration of manganese produces symptoms akin to Parkinson's disease, which is believed to be due to derangement in the central cholinergic and dopaminergic system. In the present study the effect of repeated administration of manganese chloride to male Sprague-Dawley rats on the binding of [3H]spiroperidol and [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate to striatal dopaminergic and cholinergic receptors, respectively, was determined. Daily intraperitoneal injections of manganese chloride (15 mg/kg) for 15 days followed by a 24 h drug-free period did not alter the receptor density (Bmax) or the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of either [3H]spiroperidol or [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate to the rat striatal membranes. It is concluded that chronic treatment with manganese does not change the plasticity of post-synaptic dopaminergic or cholinergic receptors in the rat striatum.
Extrapyramidal Motor Dysfunction and Resultant Orofacial Dystonia Post-Cocaine Abuse: A Clinical Case Study

This case study investigated the consequences of cocaine use and resultant extrapyramidal motor dysfunction. The study focused on a female client, post-long-term drug abuse with concomitant untreat...
Molecular Insights into Altered Cell Cycle Regulation and Genitourinary Malignancy

The basis for malignancy is the deregulation of the cell cycle resulting in uncontrolled cellular proliferation. This review examines our current understanding of peptide growth factors, stimulatory and inhibitory signaling cascades, protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, cyclin dependent kinases and cyclins as they relate to the cell cycle. The epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor β transduction pathways are presented to illustrate the complex interactions required for normal signaling and control of the cell cycle. The second part of the review explores the relevance of these pathways and their alterations in the genitourinary malignancies of the prostate, bladder, kidney and testis.
Test of Gaussian basis sets for conduction bands in solids

Abstract The validity of linear-combination-of-Gaussian-orbital basis sets for conduction bands in solids is demonstrated by constructing a set which yields accurate energies for the nearly-free-electron gas in both the Hartree and Hartree-Fock approximations.
Persistence of Salmonella enteritidis from one day of age until maturity in experimentally infected layer chickens

In each of two replicate trials, 1-d-old chicks were inoculated orally with a phage type 13 Salmonella enteritidis isolate (resistant to nalidixic acid). Although S. enteritidis was found in the livers, spleens, and ceca of all sampled chicks at 1 wk postinoculation, colonization generally persisted beyond 4 wk postinoculation only in the ceca. Nearly half of the remaining hens were still shedding S. enteritidis in their feces at 24 wk of age, but only 1 of 62 hens laid eggs that were internally contaminated with S. enteritidis during the initial 4 to 6 wk of egg production. Chickens exposed to S. enteritidis shortly after hatching can apparently remain infected until maturity, at which time they might produce contaminated eggs or spread the infection to other susceptible, previously unexposed hens.
Search for an 80-msec Activity in Light Nuclei

Samples of 0.5 to 1.5 g of Li, Be, B, B/sup 10/, and C were exposed to 15.5-Mev neutrons resulting from a 20- mu a beam of 600-kev deuterons incident on a thick Zrtritium target. The 21-msec B/sup 12/ produced in the crystal was detected in the first series of experiments. Other activities observed include 0.17-sec Li/sup 9/ from the Be sample and 0.8-sec Li/sup 8/ plus 13.6-sec B/sup 11/ from the B sample. Upper limits on the (n,p) cross sections for producing 80- msec activity in the various nuclides are given. (W.D.M.)
Effect of Tillage on the Hydrology of a Claypan Soil in Kansas

The midwestern United States has >4 million ha of claypan soils. These soils often require special management because of poor infiltration, drainage, and available water supply. This study was conducted to quantify the hydro-logic balance of a claypan soil and determine the effect of tillage on water balance components. It was part of an ongoing project in Labette County, Kansas, in which no-till and chisel tillage plots had been maintained since 1995. A sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] -soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation was initiated in 2003, with both crops grown each year in a randomized complete block design. The plots in sorghum were instrumented to measure water content throughout the profile. Precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET) were determined at the field scale. Soil hydraulic properties and water content data were used to estimate drainage. Runoff was determined as the residual in this water balance. Evaporation from chisel tillage was up to 1 mm d -1 greater than that from no-till during the early season. This resulted in differences in surface water content and runoff These effects were limited to the early season, however, so that the water balance for the full growing season was not significantly affected by tillage. Drainage from the claypan soil was negligible. The 2006 crop year had 23.5 cm of ET, a value greater than the in-season precipitation. The 2007 crop year had 33.5 cm of ET, a value less than the in-season precipitation. With limited drainage and storage in the claypan, 37.5 cm of runoff occurred in 2007.
The mitochondrial permeability transition and the calcium, oxygen and pH paradoxes: one paradox after another.

See article by Ban et al. [3] (pages 556–567) in this issue. In the calcium paradox, Ca2+-free incubation produces Na+ loading of cardiac myocytes largely mediated by Na+ influx via L-type Ca2+ channels. Subsequent exposure to normal extracellular Ca2+ activates sarcolemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchange operating in the reverse mode. As a consequence, cytosolic free Ca2+ rapidly increases causing an abrupt and apparently irreversible contracture of the myocytes [1]. The calcium paradox has many parallels to the oxygen paradox of anoxia/reoxygenation and ischemia/reperfusion injuries where Na+ loading occurs during anoxia/ischemia, which is followed by Ca2+ overload and irreversible contracture after reoxygenation/reperfusion [2]. The interesting and provocative paper by Ban et al. in this issue of Cardiovascular Research [3] addresses mitochondrial changes occurring during the calcium paradox. After Ca2+ repletion following a Ca2+-free incubation, mitochondria of isolated guinea pig cardiac myocytes depolarized completely after a delay of 60–90 s. This event was accompanied by oxidation of mitochondrial NAD(P)H and hydrolysis of ATP, the latter measured indirectly by an increase of free Mg2+. Mg2+ forms a chelate with ATP but not ADP or AMP and thus free Mg2+ increases and decreases as ATP hydrolysis and resynthesis occur in models of anoxia/reoxygenation [4,5]. Taken together, the findings of Ban et al. [3] signify a massive uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Such uncoupling represents a devastating metabolic disruption since uncoupled mitochondria not only fail to synthesize ATP but also actively hydrolyze ATP. This cellular state of affairs is worse than having no mitochondria at all [6]. Why does mitochondrial uncoupling occur? Ban et al. [3] address two hypotheses. The first is that Ca2+ overload causes futile energy-dissipating mitochondrial Ca2+ cycling. This cycling … * Tel.: +1-919-966-5507; fax: +1-919-966-1856 lemaster{at}med.unc.edu
Can cocaine abuse cause parkinsonism

Dopamine deficiency is found in both chronic cocaine abusers and Parkinson's disease. The authors sought to determine whether parkinsonian signs occur in chronic cocaine abusers. Fifty male patients with a history of chronic heavy cocaine abuse were examined on the Unified Parkinson Disease Scale (UPDS) and compared with 20 non-cocaine-abusing, age- and sex-matched control subjects. UPDS scores of cocaine abusers ranged from 0 to 1 (mean: 0.08 ± 0.28) and, in control subjects, from 0 to 3 (mean: 0.15 ± 0.49; P = 0.5, NS). This study suggests that chronic heavy cocaine abuse does not cause parkinsonism.
Collinear subsets of lattice point sequences—An analog of Szemerédi's theorem

Szemeredi's theorem states that given any positive number B and natural number k, there is a number n(k, B) such that if n ⩾ n(k, B) and 0 < a1 < … < an is a sequence of integers with an ⩽ Bn, then some k of the ai form an arithmetic progression. We prove that given any B and k, there is a number m(k, B) such that if m ⩾ m(k, B) and u0, u1, …, um is a sequence of plane lattice points with ∑i=1m…ui − ui−1… ⩽ Bm, then some k of the ui are collinear. Our result, while similar to Szemeredi's theorem, does not appear to imply it, nor does Szemeredi's theorem appear to imply our result.
Evaluation of Feminine Professional Competence as a Function of Level of Accomplishment

This study extended prior work. 57 female and 39 male college students were given booklets containing articles from fields of traditional male, female, and neutral sexual association for evaluation. Authors of the articles were portrayed as either males or females, and as either students (attempting to accomplish) or holders of advanced degrees (accomplished). The main effect of traditional sexual association of the field and interaction between level of accomplishment and association of the field were significant. Female authors were evaluated more positively in female fields than in male fields, while male authors in female fields were evaluated more positively than males in male fields, by subjects of both sexes. In addition, contrary to the findings of Pheterson, et al. (1971), the work of females attempting to accomplish was evaluated more favorably than that of females who had accomplished.
Acute liver failure: Results of a 5‐year clinical protocol

This investigation summarizes and evaluates the results of a clinical protocol that we designed to care for patients with acute liver failure (ALF). Adult patients with ALF were enrolled in the protocol. Grade II portal-systemic encephalopathy prompted admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Patients who met the clinical criterion were activated for liver transplantation. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored in patients with grade III encephalopathy. An increase in ICP was treated with hyperventilation, diuretics, barbiturates, or a combination thereof. Survival was considered to have occurred if the patient left the hospital alive. Our series included 25 patients. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) was performed on 19 patients, 12 of whom survived. Only 2 of 6 patients who did not undergo transplantation survived. Ten of 11 patients who underwent transplantation before reaching grade IV encephalopathy survived. Only 2 of 8 patients who underwent transplantation after reaching grade IV survived (P = .006). The causes of death included cerebral edema (3 patients), disseminated aspergillosis (3 patients), and other (5 patients). ICP was monitored in 11 patients. Increased pressure was documented by seven of the monitors placed. There was one focal hemorrhage secondary to a subdural monitor. Outcome is Improved if transplantation occurs before grade IV encephalopathy. ICP monitoring can be accomplished without significant risk of hemorrhage. In our series, infection with aspergillus occurred frequently and with fatal outcome.
Cerebral Salt Wasting: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Cerebral salt wasting (CSW) is a syndrome of hypovolemic hyponatremia caused by natriuresis and diuresis. The mechanisms underlying CSW have not been precisely delineated, although existing evidence strongly implicates abnormal elevations in circulating natriuretic peptides. The key in diagnosis of CSW lies in distinguishing it from the more common syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Volume status, but not serum and urine electrolytes and osmolality, is crucial for making this distinction. Volume and sodium repletion are the goals of treatment of patients with CSW, and this can be performed using some combination of isotonic saline, hypertonic saline, and mineralocorticoids.
Design philosophy for service robots

The purpose of this paper is to present our design philosophy for service robotics research and development and to describe our current efforts along this line. Our approach begins with a discussion of the role of service robotics and some features that are unique to them. We then describe our design philosophy that emphasizes compromise and practicality in design. We will use this philosophy in the design and implementation of an intelligent robotic-aid system, based on ISAC and HERO. ISAC is a stationary service robot designed to feed physically handicapped people that is operated by voice command. HERO is a small mobile robot integrated into the system to provide new functionality for the user. We will make use of our design philosophy to solve some of the robot navigation problems and describe how our approach will help to solve these problems efficiently. Some problems will be approached by a technical solution, and other problems will be solved through an expanded user interface and the intelligence of the user. Performance of a useful service at a reasonable cost through close robot-user interaction is our goal.
High-resolution photometric optical monitoring for thin-film deposition

Real-time monitoring of thin-film deposition with high resolution is important for precise fabrication of thin-film devices in a technological environment with ever-increasing demands for smaller size and better performance. Using photometry, we were able to achieve a real-time optical monitoring resolution of film thickness that is comparable with a single atomic layer scale (i.e., subnanometer). Filtering noise efficiently and compensating for sources of error by use of an appropriate model produced this high resolution. The procedure proved reliable and can be useful in the thin-film-deposition industry.
Bringing Productivity Back In: Rising Inequality and Economic Rents in the U.S. Manufacturing Sector, 1971 to 2001

Using data on earnings and productivity for U.S. manufacturing industries from 1971 to 2001, we investigate economic rents and rising income inequalities. The results suggest that rents are most significant for managers, professionals, middle-aged workers, and older workers. Conversely, negative rents are evident for women, Hispanics, single men, and blue-collar workers. The underpayment of Hispanics appears to have increased while African Americans have gone from being underpaid to being overpaid. Workers with a college degree have become overpaid (i.e., “credentialism”) while “gift-exchange” efficiency wages have declined. The marginal productivity of labor input has increased but is increasingly underpaid.
A kinetic study of ozone‐phenol reaction in aqueous solutions

The present research concerns mechanism and rate of reaction between dissolved ozone and phenol in homogeneous solutions. The stopped-flow technique was employed to obtain absorbances during reactions; the kinetic experiments were conducted at temperatures varying from 5° to 35°C in aqueous solutions with pH values ranging from 1.5 to 5.2. The kinetic data indicated that the absorbance of a mixed solution increased rapidly in the very early portion of the reaction and then declined slowly in the remaining period. The rate of reaction in the early period was first order with respect to both phenol and ozone concentrations. The rate constant increased with pH value and temperature, and an activation energy of 5.74 K cal/mole was obtained. Further tests showed that the dissolved ozone was consumed completely in the first period and that in the second period the intermediate products were decomposed without depletion of ozone. Catechol, o-quinone, hydroquinone, oxalic acid, humic acid, and a dimer were identified from mass spectra as products of the ozonization reaction. A free radical mechanism, with initiation of an electrophilic reaction for the formation of catechyl radical, has been proposed to explain the experimental data for phenol-ozone reaction in aqueous solutions. According to the proposed mechanism, the reaction path through the attachment to ortho position is much more favorable compared with that through the paraposition because of geometric advantage, though quinones and hydroxyphenol can be formed through parallel paths. The products of reaction detected in this research, therefore, are accountable by this mechanism. A rate equation derived on the basis of this mechanism also agrees well with that observed from the kinetic experiments.
The Economic Consequences of Disability A Comparison of German and American People With Disabilities

Using two longitudinal data sets, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the German Socio-Economic Panel, we compare the relative success of United States and German disability policy in ameliorati...
Symbolic Modeling and Evaluation of Data Paths

We present an automata model which concisely captures the constraints imposed by a data-path, such as bus hazards, register constraints, and control encoding limitations. A set of uniform base components for depicting general data-paths and techniques for systematic translation of such depictions into Boolean functions are described. Finally, this model is expanded to represent the limitations of generating as well as moving operands by incorporating data-flow graphs. The benefits of this representation are demonstrated by modeling a commercial DSP microprocessor.
Psychometric evidence for the Leisure Interest Questionnaire and analyses of the Structure of Leisure Interests

This study provides evidence of reliability and validity for the Leisure Interest Questionnaire (LIQ; J. C. Hansen, 1998). Undergraduate students completed the LIQ and Strong Interest Inventory (SII; E. K. Strong Jr., 1927) at Time 1 and the LIQ 5 weeks later. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the LIQ scales were calculated. Evidence of construct validity was inferred from (a) intercorrelations among the LIQ scales and (b) correlations between LIQ and SII. A second sample of undergraduates completed the LIQ and the Leisure Activities Blank (G. E. McKechnie, 1975) to provide evidence of criterion validity. An exploratory factor analysis and a multidimensional scaling analysis of the LIQ scales provided information about the structure of leisure interests.
Wavelet packet modulation: a generalized method for orthogonally multiplexed communications

Building on recently introduced multidimensional signalling techniques, a multirate wavelet based modulation format is presented which can utilize existing channels designed for conventional QAM. Customizable wavelet packet basis functions are employed as novel pulse shapes upon which independent QAM data at lower rates are placed. The advantages include dimensionality in both time and frequency for flexible channel exploitation and an efficient all digital filter bank implementation. >
Rapid direct sequence spread spectrum code synchronization using a complex matched filter on an FPGA

We present an algorithm and real time implementation for rapid code phase synchronization to direct sequence spread spectrum signals. The synchronization algorithm utilizes a complex matched filter to achieve code synchronization without sequential search over code phases, significantly reducing synchronization time. The algorithm is implemented on a Xilinx Spartan FPGA and is highly tailored to exploit the integrated signal processing resources on that device. Real time performance was demonstrated using less than one fourth of the device resources. Synchronization can be achieved with a latency of one code cycle and zero synchronization overhead in the signal.
Infrared Signatures of Microbreaking Wave Modulation

Infrared (IR) imagery of microbreaking waves in the ocean and laboratory showed modulation of breaking by swell and paddle-generated waves, respectively. Skin temperature also was modulated by the long waves, with the maxima occurring on the rear face of the long waves in both the laboratory and the field. The IR imagery from the ocean and laboratory showed that long-wave-induced microbreaking occurred at or near the long wave crest, and the resulting warm wakes occurred on the rear face. Thus, microbreaking waves generated near the crest of low-amplitude long waves can produce modulation with the maxima on the rear face. This mechanism was shown to be responsible for modulation of the measured in the laboratory and also likely contributed to the modulation observed in the field.
Systematic Assembly of a Full-Length Infectious cDNA of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Strain A59

A novel method was developed to assemble a full-length infectious cDNA of the group II coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59). Seven contiguous cDNA clones that spanned the 31.5-kb MHV genome were isolated. The ends of the cDNAs were engineered with unique junctions and assembled with only the adjacent cDNA subclones, resulting in an intact MHV-A59 cDNA construct of ∼31.5 kb in length. The interconnecting restriction site junctions that are located at the ends of each cDNA are systematically removed during the assembly of the complete full-length cDNA product, allowing reassembly without the introduction of nucleotide changes. RNA transcripts derived from the full-length MHV-A59 construct were infectious, although transfection frequencies were enhanced 10- to 15-fold in the presence of transcripts encoding the nucleocapsid protein N. Plaque-purified virus derived from the infectious construct replicated efficiently and displayed similar growth kinetics, plaque morphology, and cytopathology in murine cells as did wild-type MHV-A59. Molecularly cloned viruses recognized the MHV receptor (MHVR) for docking and entry, and pretreatment of cells with monoclonal antibodies against MHVR blocked virus entry and replication. Cells infected with molecularly cloned MHV-A59 virus expressed replicase (gene 1) proteins identical to those of laboratory MHV-A59. Importantly, the molecularly cloned viruses contained three marker mutations that had been derived from the engineered component clones. Full-length infectious constructs of MHV-A59 will permit genetic modifications of the entire coronavirus genome, particularly in the replicase gene. The method has the potential to be used to construct viral, microbial, or eukaryotic genomes approaching several million base pairs in length and used to insert restriction sites at any given nucleotide in a microbial genome.
Temporal properties of rainfall events in Calabria (southern Italy)

Abstract. Temporal properties of 152 575 rainfall events, recorded at time steps of 5 min, having different durations and occurring between 1989 and 2008 at 155 localities of Calabria (Italy), have been analysed in this paper. Samples from 45 533 storms have been selected to classify rainfall events as "significant" with regard to their contribution to soil erosion, flooding and/or other geo-hydrological processes. The samples are representative of a wide variety of situations in terms of duration, total rainfall, intensity, etc. The use of standardized rainfall profiles (SRP) is proposed to describe the within-storm temporal pattern. The main attraction of this method lies in the fact that it is based on actual data of regional precipitation. Its weak point is that large samples of data are required to obtain regional profiles. The research necessities for improving the use of Huff curves for storm disaggregation and its the potential use are summarized in this paper on the basis of the specific literature. A new criterion – based on the comparison of the areas A1, A2, A3 and A4 that underlie the four 25% of durations of a given SRP, and the corresponding four values of the "uniform" SRP (USRP), is suggested here with the aim of improving the use of the information content of SRP. Some interesting results concerning the sample frequency and the characterization of parameters for hydrological applications are commented on. The study conducted so far has produced important, albeit preliminary, results for different contexts of Calabria concerning the use of SRP among the methods for constructing design storm hyetographs.
Information architecture for digital libraries

This paper surveys information architecture in the context of digital libraries. Key concepts are defined as well as common attributes of information architectures in general. Communications standards — including hybrid TCP/IP-OSI, CORBA, and Web services — are explored, as well as the history of information architecture and related models. A number of digital library projects are analyzed with a focus on their distinct architectures. The key role of information architecture in the design and development of the twenty-first century digital library is detailed throughout.
Inpatient Seclusion: Description and Causes

A total of 114 (31%) of 370 acute admissions to an inpatient unit over a one-year interval had at least one episode of seclusion or restraint. Four variables were significant predictors of seclusion and restraint. They were young age, diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, and two scores (irritability and total assets) on the Nurses Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE). More than 81% of the predictions were correct (Kappa = .37, p < .001). The four predictive variables were used to predict seclusion and restraint in a new sample of 80 patients. More than 79% of the predictions were correct (Kappa = .40, p < .001).