cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic Absenteeism and Its Effects on Students’ Academic and Socioemotional Outcomes

Recent policy dialogue suggests that chronic absenteeism is not only underdocumented, but is also detrimental to the success of students as early as kindergarten. That said, almost no empirical research has examined the effects of chronic absenteeism on student outcomes. This study addresses this underresearched issue in more depth. Using a nationally representative dataset of kindergarten students from the 2010–2011 school year, this study evaluates the effect of chronic absenteeism on both achievement and socioemotional outcomes. The findings suggest that chronic absenteeism reduces math and reading achievement outcomes, reduces educational engagement, and decreases social engagement. Hence, this study offers new evidence on how an undermeasured aspect of missing school impedes students’ attainment. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Leucine Aminopeptidase from Swine Kidney: Purification, Molecular Weight, Subunit, and Amino Acid Composition

A homogeneous leucine aminopeptidase was obtained from mixed breed swine kidneys by means of chromatography on a special column. After coupling an inhibitor, N-sulfanilyl N'-butylcarbamide, to Sepharose 6B, the derivative did not absorb the enzyme, but absorbed a non-enzymatically active protein. The enzyme showed a single band on disc-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme has 320,000 daltons. In 6 M guanidine solution containing 0.5% 2-mercaptoethanol at pH 8, the enzyme exhibited a molecular weight of 53,000 on equilibrium centrifugation. A similar value, 54,000, for the subunit of the enzyme was found on SDS-gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of the enzyme is also reported.
WHAT SWINBURNE SHOULD HAVE CONCLUDED

In The Existence of God, Richard Swinburne presents a detailed examination of the various arguments for and against God's existence. Methodologically, Swinburne's approach is to develop a cumulative case argument wherein the various theistic arguments constitute the accumulated evidences. Additionally, Swinburne attempts to utilise the formal probability calculus (Bayes's Theorem) to quantify the probability of God's existence in light of the various evidences. However, many have been disappointed with the anticlimactic nature of Swinburne's conclusion. This essay suggest that a much more positive conclusion follows directly from Swinburne's arguments.
Mode specific elastic constants for the gel, liquid-ordered, and liquid-disordered phases of DPPC/DOPC/cholesterol model lipid bilayers.

Using microscopic molecular theory, we determine the bending and saddle-splay constants of three-component lipid bilayers. The membrane contains cholesterol, dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and the predictions of the theory have been shown to qualitatively reproduce phase diagrams of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) of the same three components. The bending and saddle-splay constants were calculated for the gel, liquid-ordered (lo) and liquid-disordered (ld) phases. By proper expansion of the free energy, the molecular theory enables us to determine the effects of the mode of membrane bending deformation on the value of the elastic constants for different phases. In particular, we refer to the ability of the molecules to arrange the composition between the two monolayers upon deformation. The bending and saddle-splay constants obtained from the free energy expansion can be expressed in terms of moments of the local lateral pressures and their derivatives, all evaluated for a symmetric planar bilayer. The effect of blocked vs. free exchange of lipids across the two monolayers on the values of the bending constant is as high as 50 kBT in the ld phase to as high as 200 kBT in the lo phase. These results show that one must strongly consider the mode of deformation in determining the mechanical properties of lipid bilayers. We discuss how the different contributions to the lateral pressures affect the values of the elastic constants, including the effects of the cholesterol concentration and temperature on the membrane elastic constants. We also calculate the equilibrium binding concentrations of lipid tail anchors as a function of membrane curvature by explicitly determining the chemical potential difference of species across a curved bilayer. Our results are in excellent agreement with recent experimental results.
Appearance of a variant of MOPC 104E which does not react with dextran B-1355s.

MOPC 104E is a mouse plasmacytoma which produces an IgM (λ) myeloma protein. This IgM protein has a binding specificity for dextran B-1355s. This report describes a variant of the MOPC 104E tumor which secretes a myeloma protein which does not react with the dextran. The apparent variant of MOPC 104E arose spontaneously during routine passage of the MOPC 104E tumors in Balb/C mice and appears to be stable.
Tracking articulator movements using orientation measurements

This paper introduces a new method to track articulator movements, specifically jaw position and angle, using 5 degree of freedom (5 DOF) orientation data. The approach uses a quaternion rotation method to accomplish this jaw tracking during speech using a single senor on the mandibular incisor. Data were collected using the NDI Wave Speech Research System for one pilot subject with various speech tasks. The degree of jaw rotation from the proposed approach is compared with traditional geometric calculation. Results show that the quaternion based method is able to describe jaw angle trajectory and gives more accurate and smooth estimation of jaw kinematics.
Type 2 diabetic mice demonstrate slender long bones with increased fragility secondary to increased osteoclastogenesis

Abstract Type 2 diabetics often demonstrate normal or increased bone mineral density, yet are at increased risk for bone fracture. Furthermore, the anti-diabetic oral thiazolidinediones (PPARγ agonists) have recently been shown to increase bone fractures. To investigate the etiology of possible structural and/or material quality defects, we have utilized a well-described mouse model of Type 2 diabetes (MKR). MKR mice exhibit muscle hypoplasia from birth with reduced mass by the pre-diabetic age of 3 weeks. A compensatory hyperplasia ensues during early (5 weeks) development; by 6–8 weeks muscle is normal in structure and function. Adult whole-bone mechanical properties were determined by 4-point bending to test susceptibility to fracture. Micro-computed tomography and cortical bone histomorphometry were utilized to assess static and dynamic indices of structure, bone formation and resorption. Osteoclastogenesis assays were performed from bone marrow-derived non-adherent cells. The 8-week and 16-week, but not 3-week, male MKR had slender (i.e., narrow relative to length) femurs that were 20% weaker (p
Efficacy of chordal cutting in alleviating ischemic mitral regurgitation: insights from 3-dimensional echocardiography

Ischemic mitral regurgitation often complicates severe ischemic heart disease and adversely affects the prognosis in these patients. There is wide variation in the clinical spectrum of ischemic mitral regurgitation due to varying location and chronicity of ischemia and anomalies in annular and ventricular remodeling. As a result, there is lack of consensus in treating these patients. Treatment has to be individualized for each patient. Most of the available surgical options do not consistently correct this condition in all the patients. Chordal cutting is one of the newer surgical approaches in which cutting a limited number of critically positioned basal chordae have found success by relieving the leaflet tethering and thereby improving the coaptation of leaflets. Three-dimensional echocardiography is a potentially valuable tool in identifying the specific pattern of tethering and thus the suitability of this procedure in a given clinical scenario. A 66-year-old man with cardiomyopathy and ischemic mitral regurgitation presented to us with the features of congestive heart failure. The three-dimensional echocardiography revealed severe mitral regurgitation associated with the tethering of the lateral (P1) and medial (P3) scallops of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve due to secondary chordal attachments. The ejection fraction was only 15% with severe global systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Mitral regurgitation was successfully corrected with mitral annuloplasty and resection of the secondary chordae tethering the medial and lateral scallops of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Cutting the second order chordae along with mitral annuloplasty could be a novel method to remedy Ischemic mitral regurgitation by relieving the tethering of the valve leaflets. The preoperative three-dimensional echocardiography should be considered in all patients with Ischemic mitral regurgitation to assess the complex three-dimensional interactions between the mitral valve apparatus and the left ventricle. This aids in timely surgical planning.
Community-based intervention packages facilitated by NGOs demonstrate plausible evidence for child mortality impact.

Introduction: Evidence exists that community-based intervention packages can have substantial child and newborn mortality impact and may help more countries meet Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) targets. A non-governmental organization (NGO) project using such programming in Mozambique documented an annual decline in under-five mortality rate (U5MR) of 9.3% in a province in which Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data showed a 4.2% U5MR decline during the same period. To test the generalizability of this finding the same analysis was applied to a group of projects funded by the US Agency for International Development. Projects supported implementation of community-based intervention packages aimed at increasing use of health services while improving preventive and home-care practices for children under five. Methods: All projects collect baseline and endline population coverage data for key child health interventions. Twelve projects fitted the inclusion criteria. U5MR decline was estimated by modelling these coverage changes in the Lives Saved Tool (LiST) and comparing with concurrent measured DHS mortality data. Results: Average coverage changes for all interventions exceeded average concurrent trends. When population coverage changes were modelled in LiST they were estimated to give a child mortality improvement in the project area that exceeded concurrent secular trend in the subnational DHS region in 11 of 12 cases. The average improvement in modelled U5MR (5.8%) was more than twice the concurrent directly measured average decline (2.5%). Conclusions: NGO projects implementing community-based intervention packages appear to be effective in reducing child mortality in diverse settings. There is plausible evidence that they raised coverage for a variety of high-impact interventions and improved U5MR by more than twice the concurrent secular trend. All projects used community-based strategies that achieved frequent interpersonal contact for health behaviour change. Further study of the effectiveness and scalability of similar packages should be part of the effort to accelerate progress towards MDG 4.
Effects of word predictability, child development, and aging on time-gated speech recognition performance.

This study examined the interaction of acoustic-phonetic information with higher-level linguistic contextual information during the real-time speech perception process in child, young adult, and older adult listeners. Five age groups were studied: (a) young children ranging in age from 5 to 7 years, (b) older children aged 8 to 10 years, (c) young adults aged 18 to 23 years, (d) older adults aged 60 to 69 years, and (e) older adults aged 70 to 83 years. All subjects were presented with time-gated monosyllabic target words presented in sentence contexts containing contrasting levels of word predictability. Findings indicated that target word predictability influenced the timing and nature of the real-time recognition process including the listeners’ use of initial word sounds. Predictability-high (PH) words were recognized earlier and with greater confidence than predictability-low (PL) words. PH recognition performance was more influenced by child development and aging than PL recognition performance. Old...
Clinical, cognitive, and functional connectivity correlations of resting-state intrinsic brain activity alterations in unmedicated depression

The pervasive and persistent nature of depressive symptoms has made resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) an appropriate approach for understanding the underlying mechanisms of major depressive disorder. The majority of rs-fMRI research has focused on depression-related alterations in the interregional coordination of brain baseline low frequency oscillations (LFOs). However, alteration of the regional amplitude of LFOs in depression, particularly its clinical, cognitive and network implications, has not been examined comprehensively yet. rs-fMRI amplitudes of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF/fALFF) mediated by two LFO bands of 0.01-0.08 Hz (LF-ALFF/fALFF) and 0.1-0.25 Hz (HF-ALFF/fALFF) were measured in unmedicated subjects with major depressive disorder (n=20) and a healthy control group (n=25). A novel method of "ALFF-based functional connectivity" analysis was developed to test regional/network interaction abnormalities in depression. Our results revealed abnormal alterations in ALFF for both lower and higher frequency bands of LFOs in regions that participate in affective networks, corticostriatal circuits and motor/somatosensory networks. A strong positive correlation was detected between depressive symptom severity and fALFF in the anterior cingulate cortex. Functional connectivity of the thalamus and postcentral area with altered ALFF were found to be decreased with other interacting regions of their involved networks. Major depressive disorder relates to the alterations of regional properties of intrinsic neural activity with meaningful clinical and cognitive correlations. This study also proposes an integrating regional/network dysfunction in MDD.
Culturally Tailored Foods and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

Culture plays an integral role in people's food choices and life- style decisions. Health care messages may conflict with cultural beliefs for many immigrant, minority, and low- income populations. The multiple ways that culture can positively and nega- tively affect disease risk must be used in the development of culturally tai- lored messages or interventions. Only through the creation of interventions that are meaningful and culturally rel- evant can successful behavior stabil- ity or change occur. The recognition of current health-promoting factors is important to develop rapport and cred- ibility with individuals and population groups to reduce the risk of cardiovas- cular disease and other lifestyle-based chronic diseases for optimal health.
Polyvinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene as a reservoir for absorbed water

Abstract The absorption of water in Langmuir–Blodgett films of ferroelectric copolymers of polyvinylidene fluoride with trifluoroethylene is shown to depend upon the film thickness. This water absorption can have a profound effect on the dielectric properties of the copolymer films.
Protocadherin-dependent dendritic self-avoidance regulates neural connectivity and circuit function

Dendritic and axonal arbors of many neuronal types exhibit self-avoidance, in which branches repel each other. In some cases, these neurites interact with those of neighboring neurons, a phenomenon called self/non-self discrimination. The functional roles of these processes remain unknown. In this study, we used retinal starburst amacrine cells (SACs), critical components of a direction-selective circuit, to address this issue. In SACs, both processes are mediated by the gamma-protocadherins (Pcdhgs), a family of 22 recognition molecules. We manipulated Pcdhg expression in SACs and recorded from them and their targets, direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs). SACs form autapses when self-avoidance is disrupted and fail to form connections with other SACs when self/non-self discrimination is perturbed. Pcdhgs are also required to prune connections between closely spaced SACs. These alterations degrade the direction selectivity of DSGCs. Thus, self-avoidance, self/non-self discrimination, and synapse elimination are essential for proper function of a circuit that computes directional motion.
Effects of Naltrexone on Pain Sensitivity and Mood in Fibromyalgia: No Evidence for Endogenous Opioid Pathophysiology

The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying fibromyalgia are still unknown, although some evidence points to endogenous opioid dysfunction. We examined how endogenous opioid antagonism affects pain and mood for women with and without fibromyalgia. Ten women with fibromyalgia and ten age- and gender-matched, healthy controls each attended two laboratory sessions. Each participant received naltrexone (50mg) at one session, and placebo at the other session, in a randomized and double-blind fashion. Participants were tested for changes in sensitivity to heat, cold, and mechanical pain. Additionally, we collected measures of mood and opioid withdrawal symptoms during the laboratory sessions and at home the night following each session. At baseline, the fibromyalgia group exhibited more somatic complaints, greater sensory sensitivity, more opioid withdrawal somatic symptoms, and lower mechanical and cold pain-tolerance than did the healthy control group. Neither group experienced changes in pain sensitivity due to naltrexone administration. Naltrexone did not differentially affect self-reported withdrawal symptoms, or mood, in the fibromyalgia and control groups. Consistent with prior research, there was no evidence found for abnormal endogenous opioid activity in women with fibromyalgia.
Differential diagnosis of seborrheic dermatitis.

Seborrheic dermatitis is a common skin condition of infancy of unknown etiology. The disorder is usually mild and responsive to therapy. In severe or atypical cases, a variety of other entities should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, psoriasiform-id reaction, fungal infections, and irritant contact dermatitis can be differentiated on clinical grounds. Less common but more serious disorders, such as histiocytosis X, immunodeficiency disorders, and nutritional and metabolic diseases, may be considered in the child whose disease does not spontaneously resolve or respond satisfactorily to local therapy. Laboratory studies including skin biopsy may be helfpul in these cases. Seborrheic dermatitis is uncommon in children after infancy and before puberty. In this age group, scalp scaling is likely to be due to other causes, such as tinea capitis, atopic dermatitis, or psoriasis.
A 2-V 11-bit incremental A/D converter using floating gate technique

This paper presents the implementation of an incremental A/D converter for a power supply voltage of /spl plusmn/1 V. The design relies on using floating gate technique in order to reduce the effect of nonlinear settling due to possible saturation of the input stage and to achieve good performance under low voltage operation. The converter has been implemented in 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology with V/sub TN/=0.65 V and V/sub TP/=-0.90 V. The chip prototype occupies an area of 0.2 mm/sup 2/. The converter has been designed for 15 bits of accuracy. Due to the limited accuracy of the measurement equipment, we were able to measure 11 bits of resolution. The converter operates at a clock frequency of 500 kHz and consumes less than 1 mW.
Study on Monitoring and Control System of Vehicle-Mounted Rig Based on CAN Bus

The monitoring and control system based on CAN bus was designed in order to implement the data reliable transmission between all nodes in the control system of the vehicle-mounted rig. Firstly, the hardware structure of the monitoring system was designed in the paper, and two CAN network was built, which one CAN network used CANopen protocol and the other used J1939 protocol and CAN2.0B protocol, that it saved the resource of hardware and software. Secondly, all CAN protocols , program flow chart and software with Labview were designed in detail. The application results of the actual engineering showed that it realized the function of data transmission with each console and real-time monitoring.
On the Nature of Reactance and its Role in Persuasive Health Communication

Reactance theory might be profitably applied to understanding failures in persuasive health communication but for one drawback: The developer of the theory contends that reactance cannot be measured. Rejecting this position, this paper develops four alternative conceptual perspectives on the nature of reactance (i.e., combinations of cognition and affect), then provides an empirical test of each. Two parallel studies were conducted, one advocating flossing (N = 196), the other urging students to limit their alcohol intake (N = 200). In both cases, a composite index of anger and negative cognitions fully mediated the effects of threat-to-freedom and trait reactance on attitude and intention. The data showed that, in fact, reactance can be operationalized as a composite of self-report indices of anger and negative cognitions. The implications for persuasive communication, in general, are considered as well the specific findings for flossing and drinking.
Release of histamine from leucocytes and its determinants in vitro in rotation to bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine and exercise in vivo

Summary The hypothesis studied is that increased responsiveness in asthma is not limited to the airways. Forty asthmatic children were analysed for their bronchial responsiveness (BR) to exercise. Twenty patients revealed bronchial obstruction after exercise while the remainder did not. These observations were compared with the responsiveness of leucocytes, which was determined by their histamine ‘releasability’. Twenty healthy children served as controls. Release of histamine induced by calcium ionophore-aided calcium influx was significantly higher in both groups of asthmatics than in the healthy children (P < 0.005). Similar findings were obtained by induction of microtubule aggregation due to deuterium oxide (D2O). The S-shaped dose-response relationship with D2O was shifted to the left in the patients with BR to exercise compared to patients without (P < 0.025). The slope was increased in both patient groups compared with the healthy children (P < 0.01). It is concluded that the mean ‘releasability’ of histamine release due to both stimulants correlated well (P < 0.01). This suggests that the ‘releasability’ is determined by the responsiveness of the microtubules. This may also apply to allergen-induced histamine release, as was revealed from studies with anti-IgE. The differences in histamine release found in relation to BR due to exercise were also present if the patients were divided according to BR due to histamine. A significant relationship existed between the degree of BR to histamine and the responsiveness of the microtubules (P < 0.02).
Micro and Nano Scale Electric Machines and Applications of Power Electronics

This paper addresses fundamental issues that would bring into effect the power electronic control of micro and nano scale electric machines. The paper takes the step-by-step approach of developing a control strategy that is described in two stages namely the machine stage and the power electronic drive stage. A brief overview of two popular types of micro and nano electric machines namely the electrostatic and electromagnetic and the scaling of various machine related physical magnitudes are presented in the machine analysis stage. The drive stage analysis is carried out by presenting the non-steady state dynamic performance of the machine and the application of control strategies to realize a complete micro/nano control system. The area of nano power electronics and motor drives have recently been the most intensive area of concentration for researchers of all fields including electronics and electrical engineering, biotechnology, physics, and chemistry. Nano scale machinery drives are now bringing new phase of power generation and distribution concepts. These would define the latest advancements in the solid-state device technology to make nanometer dimensional nano power switches and devices to be operated for molecular scale circuits and devices. Micro and nano scale electromechanical systems, which function with many nano scale elements, are very useful for different purposes in medical science and many other areas
Cavity-controlled, electrically-induced infrared emission from a single single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCT)

We have integrated an electrically excited light emitter using a single SWCT with a planar photonic λ/2-cavity. The spectral width of cavity-controlled emission is 7 times narrower than the free-space emission from the same SWCT.
Combination surgical therapy for spasmodic dysphonia

Summary Sectioning of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, laryngeal framework surgery, laser surgery, superior laryngeal nerve lysis, and even cordectomy have been tried in an effort to achieve long-term relief of spasm in spasmodic dysphonia. All of these procedures give initial relief, but spasm returns in whole or in part in a high percentage of patients. Combinations of these and other procedures when applied in proper sequence can effect better long-term results in a higher percentage of patients than any single technique. Long-term results can be improved from ∼50–60% of cases to as much as 80% by applying appropriate techniques in sequence.
Adam Smith Cared, So Why Can’t Modern Economics?: The Foundations for Care Ethics in Early Economic Theory

In Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments Smith lays out a moral theory that has a number of points of connection with care ethics. Among them, he founds his moral theory on sentiment and “sympathy” (what we might nowadays call “empathy”) plays a large role in his theory of moral judgment. The first half of the chapter works how Smith’s moral theory can be viewed as a form of care ethics. It will be demonstrated that not only is it possible to see Smith as a care ethicist, but also the reasons for discounting him would be based on positions he took out of concern for certain possible consequences of his view (for example that it support ethics as objective in the way he thought it needed to be). Those consequences are not ones that would necessarily be shared by a contemporary care ethicist. Moreover, the positions he takes are not central to the overall theory. One could create a care ethics out of the core tenets of Smith’s moral psychology and ethical theory. The second half of the chapter demonstrates that the care ethic derived from Smith’s moral philosophy is relevant to modern economics. A close examination of the Wealth of Nations shows that Smith did not see economic theory as inseparable from moral theory. His discussions of public works show that Smith was very comfortable appealing to normative principles when discussing economic behavior and setting economic policy. Plus, his discussion of self-interest shows that he recognizes that caring cannot be separated from the economic sphere. In fact, many of the issues that have recently been raised about the nature of capitalism are the result of having abandoned the intermingling of economics and ethics that Smith recognized as a necessary part of human existence.
Learning from Failure: A Review of Peter Schuck's Why Government Fails So Often: And How It Can Do Better

Peter Schuck catalogs an overwhelming list of US government failures. He points to both structural problems (culture and institutions) and incentives. Despairing of cultural change, Schuck focuses on incentives. He relies on Charles Wolf ’s theory of nonmarket failures in which “internalities” replace the heavily-studied market failure from externalities (Wolf 1979). Internalities are evidence of a discord between the public goals by which a program is defended and the private goals of its administrators. What might economists contribute? We suggest that economists have neglected internalities because they take group goals as exogenously determined and we defend an alternative tradition in which group goals are endogenously determined. ( JEL A11, D72, D82)
Loss of motoneuron-specific microRNA-218 causes systemic neuromuscular failure

Dysfunction of microRNA (miRNA) metabolism is thought to underlie diseases affecting motoneurons. One miRNA, miR-218, is abundantly and selectively expressed by developing and mature motoneurons. Here we show that mutant mice lacking miR-218 die neonatally and exhibit neuromuscular junction defects, motoneuron hyperexcitability, and progressive motoneuron cell loss, all of which are hallmarks of motoneuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy. Gene profiling reveals that miR-218 modestly represses a cohort of hundreds of genes that are neuronally enriched but are not specific to a single neuron subpopulation. Thus, the set of messenger RNAs targeted by miR-218, designated TARGET(218), defines a neuronal gene network that is selectively tuned down in motoneurons to prevent neuromuscular failure and neurodegeneration.
The effect of hemorrhagic shock on pulmonary vascular permeability to plasma proteins

The right (RTD) and le$ thoracic ducts (LTD) of dogs were cannulated to determine, respectively, pulmonary and abdominal visceral transvascular protein andjuid dynamics following hemorrhagic shock and reinfusion. One half of the shocked dogs, termed “shock sensitive” (SS), demonstrated a rapidly falling mean aortic blood pressure and a fivefold to tenfold increase in the RTD lymph Jew rate, whereas the others, termed “shock insensitive” (SI), demonstrated relatively stable mean aortic blood pressures and RTD &mph flow rates. The L TD &mph jlow rate was unchanged in both SI and S’S groups. The pulmonary rrte7y and left atria1 pressures did not rise in shocked dogs. The lymph:plasma concentration ratios for albumin and globulin were elevated in both ducts, but were more marked in the RTD. The fluxes of albumin and globulin in the RTD were elevated in SS, but were unchanged in SI. The protein&xes in the LTD were unchanged in both SI and SS. Gravimetrically determined pulmonary interstitial water was not increased in either SI or SS. Initial RTD lymph-plasma equilibration rates for RISA were calculated and demonstrated a sixfold increase in SS over controls but were unchanged in SI. No increases in the initial LTD lymph-plasma equilibration rates occurred in either the SI or SS group. Efective pulmonary vascular rejection coejicients and effective permeability-area products for albumin were calculated for SI and SS relative to controls. These data support the conclusion that an increase in permeability occurs in the pulmonary vasculature of dogs which die rapidly following hemorrhagic shock and reinfusion, Some considerations of the data relative to fluid and albumin administration in adult acute respiratory insu.ciency are discussed.
Abstract 4448: Rational design of a novel nanocarrier for doxorubicin delivery in cancer treatment

Doxorubicin is a very important anti-cancer drug and is currently being used in the treatment of many hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. There is a great need to develope a more effective nanoformulation of doxorubicin that can overcome cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin, as well as the problems associated with Doxil (PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin): large particle size, therefore unable to penetrate deep into the tumor, foot and hand syndrome, and myelotoxicity. We have recently developed a novel biocompatible telodendrimer (PEG block dendritic oligomer of cholic acids), which can self-assemble into stable micelles (∼50 nm) in water when mixed with a hydrophobic drug, such as paclitaxel, with high loading capacity. However, the doxorubicin delivery using this formulation suffers from lower drug loading capacity, less stability and series hemolytic properties. We have optimized the structure of the telodendrimer via introducing the specific building blocks, which has strong interactions with doxorubicin through TT- TT interaction and the hydrogen bonding. The engineered telodendrimer showed better doxorubicin drug loading capacity (4 mg/mL) and greater physical stability (18 nm, stable >3 months) compared with the original formulation. Nanocarrier is nontoxic in cell culture even at >1 mg/mL concentration. The doxorubicin-loaded formulation exhibited the similar potency as the free doxorubicin and Doxil in killing of cancer cells in the cell culture. This engineered formulation after loaded with doxorubicin can completely avoid the hemolysis in the in vitro red blood cell incubation. The in vivo biodistribution and the in vivo antitumor efficacy of this novel DOX-nanotherapeutics will be further studied in the animal models. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4448. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4448
REPRODUCIBLE RESEARCH WORKFLOW IN R FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PERSONALIZED HUMAN MICROBIOME DATA

This article presents a reproducible research workflow for amplicon-based microbiome studies in personalized medicine created using Bioconductor packages and the knitr markdown interface.We show that sometimes a multiplicity of choices and lack of consistent documentation at each stage of the sequential processing pipeline used for the analysis of microbiome data can lead to spurious results. We propose its replacement with reproducible and documented analysis using R packages dada2, knitr, and phyloseq. This workflow implements both key stages of amplicon analysis: the initial filtering and denoising steps needed to construct taxonomic feature tables from error-containing sequencing reads (dada2), and the exploratory and inferential analysis of those feature tables and associated sample metadata (phyloseq). This workow facilitates reproducible interrogation of the full set of choices required in microbiome studies. We present several examples in which we leverage existing packages for analysis in a way that allows easy sharing and modification by others, and give pointers to articles that depend on this reproducible workflow for the study of longitudinal and spatial series analyses of the vaginal microbiome in pregnancy and the oral microbiome in humans with healthy dentition and intra-oral tissues.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas

The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, although sharing a common origin, often present physicians with wide variations in natural history and prognosis. The proper therapy of these diseases is based on an understanding of these differences and upon the information gained by pathologic review and staging, as well as the available chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic options.
Alexithymia and the split brain: VI. Electroencephalographic correlates of alexithymia.

Electroencephalographic recordings of eight corpus callo-sotomy patients and eight precision-matched control subjects were obtained as subjects watched a film symbolically depicting death. A content-analytic measure of alexithymia was regressed on eight auto-spectral alpha-band intensity averages and on subsets of alpha-band coherence averages. Results were interpreted on the basis of three possible mechanisms of alexithymia.
Helmholtz Free Energy for Certain Negatively Curved Space-Times, and the Selberg Trace Formula

It is very interesting to consider the computation of the quantum statistical quantities F(T), S(T), U(T), for example, of Chapter 14, in a topological setting, given a suitable partition function Z(T), and in particular to understand the dependence of such quantities on the given topology. We are particularly interested in the case when the topology is that of a product ℝ p × M d , where M d is a compact hyperbolic manifold of dimension d ≥ 2, which we conveniently express as (16.1.1)
Exotic phase transitions of k-cores in clustered networks.

The giant k-core-maximal connected subgraph of a network where each node has at least k neighbors-is important in the study of phase transitions and in applications of network theory. Unlike Erdős-Renyi graphs and other random networks where k-cores emerge discontinuously for k≥3, we show that transitive linking (or triadic closure) leads to 3-cores emerging through single or double phase transitions of both discontinuous and continuous nature. We also develop a k-core calculation that includes clustering and provides insights into how high-level connectivity emerges.
Association Between Response to Acid-Suppression Therapy and Efficacy of Antireflux Surgery in Patients With Extraesophageal Reflux

Background & Aims The effectiveness of antireflux surgery (ARS) varies among patients with extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). By studying a cohort of patients with primary extraesophageal symptoms and abnormal physiologic markers for GERD, we aimed to identify factors associated with positive outcomes from surgery, and compare outcomes to those with typical esophageal manifestations of GERD. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study to compare adult patients with extraesophageal and typical reflux symptoms who underwent de novo ARS from 2004 through 2012 at a tertiary care center. All 115 patients (79 with typical GERD and 36 with extraesophageal manifestations of GERD) had evidence of abnormal distal esophageal acid exposure based on pH testing or endoscopy. The principle outcome was time to primary symptom recurrence after surgery, based on patient reports of partial or total recurrence of symptoms at follow-up visits. Patients were followed up for a median duration of 66 months (interquartile range, 52–77 mo). Results The median time to recurrence of symptoms in the overall cohort was 68 months (11.5 months in the extraesophageal cohort vs >132 months in the typical cohort). Symptom recurrence after ARS was associated with having primarily extraesophageal symptoms (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.31–4.17) and poor preoperative symptom response to acid-suppression therapy (AST) (hazard ratio, 3.85; 95% confidence interval, 2.05–7.22). Patients with primary extraesophageal symptoms who had a full or partial preoperative AST response experienced lower rates of symptom recurrence compared to patients with poor AST response ( P P Conclusions In a retrospective study, we found the effectiveness of ARS to be less predictable in patients with extraesophageal symptoms of GERD than in patients with typical GERD. Response to AST before surgery was associated with ARS effectiveness in patients with extraesophageal reflux symptoms. Caution should be exercised when advocating ARS for patients with extraesophageal symptoms that do not respond to AST.
The Correlates of Discord: Identity, Issue Alignment, and Political Hostility in Polarized America

The American public remains largely moderate on many issues, but incivility and hostility are rife in American politics. In this paper, I argue that the alignment of multiple issue attitudes along the traditional ideological spectrum helps explain the asymmetrical rise in negative political affect. I introduce belief congruence theory as a supplemental theoretical framework to social identity theory. Cross-sectional data reveal a significant association between issue alignment and negative out-party affect that is neither mediated nor moderated by partisan identity. A first-difference approach using two panel studies then addresses potential heterogeneity bias by testing a change-on-change model within individuals. Both panels, which are from different time periods, covering different issues, reveal significant associations between issue alignment and outgroup dislike. In contrast, partisan identity was only significantly associated with ingroup affect. This work suggests that cross-cutting issue preferences could help attenuate political hostility and reiterate the need to reconsider the role of issue-based reasoning in polarized America.
A Comprehensive Review of IVC Filters in a Community Tertiary Center

Introduction Retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are frequently used to prevent pulmonary embolus (PE). Indwelling filters can be associated with complications; timely removal is recommended. In our institution, activated trauma (AT) patients are enrolled in a prospective protocol and tracked by the trauma team, who refer for retrieval as soon as feasible. Interventional radiology maintains a database for traumatic injury (TI) and medical (M) patients and calls them for retrieval at 90 days. To this end, the primary goal of this study was to assess different retrieval patterns between Level 1 and 2 trauma patients, traumatic injury patients not triggering trauma response, and those with medical indications for IVC filters. An additional analysis to examine rates of recurrent thrombosis stratified for filter retention and anticoagulation status was performed. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients who had an IVC filter placed between January 2005 and March 2015 at Gundersen Medical Center in La Crosse, WI. Data were collected regarding patients9 demographics, risk factors for thrombosis, indications for and details of filter type and placement, post-placement anticoagulation, filter retrieval, and complications arising from filter placement, retention, and retrieval. Patients were divided into AT, TI, and M groups. AT consisted of Level 1 or 2 traumas triggering management by trauma service, TI patients had lesser trauma not triggering trauma team referral, and M patients had filters for medical indications. Those who were lost to follow up or died within 30 days were excluded from all analysis except demographics. Those with permanent filters were omitted from retrieval analysis. Results Of the 633 charts reviewed, 4 were excluded for lack of data, 41 were lost to follow-up and 68 died within 30 days. Table 1 summarizes patient category characteristics. Activated trauma patients were younger and had their filter retrieved more often (p Discussion Higher rates of DVT in patients with a filter in place are in line with current research associating IVC filters with DVT formation. We observed that patients on lifelong anticoagulation had a higher rate of recurrent thrombosis but increased risk factors for thrombosis, thus identifying a higher risk group for thrombotic events. AT patients in a protocol setting had higher IVC filter retrieval rates compared to the M and IT patients with routine efforts at retrieval. The large gap between M/TI and AT filter retrieval is associated with but not fully explained by the increased risk factors and age of the M and IT groups. Protocolized retrieval of IVC filters increases retrieval rates. Further research is warranted in assessing the impact of protocolized retrieval in the medical and traumatic injury populations. Disclosures Parsons:Celgene: Speakers Bureau.
Microbial pollution characterization of water and sediment at two beaches in Saginaw Bay, Michigan

Abstract Singing Bridge Beach and Whites Beach in Saginaw Bay have been designated as impaired water bodies by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ). To quantify microbial loads and to determine probable sources of elevated E. coli levels, water and sediment samples were collected from both beaches during swimming season 2011. Sources of fecal pollution were assessed using multiple molecular markers: human-associated Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron α 1–6 mannanase (B. theta), bovine-associated Bacteroides (BoBac), human adenoviruses (HAdVs), and bovine adenoviruses (BAdVs). Fecal indicator bacteria (E. coli and enterococci) were also monitored. In Singing Bridge Beach, 50% of water samples (n = 78) exceeded the recreational water quality guidelines for E. coli, while in Whites Beach all water samples met the E. coli standard. B. theta, BoBac, HAdVs, and BAdVs were detected in both beaches indicating influence of multiple sources of contamination. Cell culture assays indicated six water samples from Singing Bridge Beach and seven water samples from Whites Beach contained infectious viruses. Both frequency and concentrations of B. theta and BoBac were higher in sediment samples than in water samples. Elevated BoBac as compared with B. theta in water and sediment samples in both beaches, which are located in a watershed characterized as intensely farmed, suggest that runoff from agricultural areas was one of the probable dominant pollution sources. This study demonstrates that Bacteroides markers used in combination with land use information may help to characterize impacted beaches in mixed watersheds and design management plans.
Dengue Virus Activates the AMP Kinase-mTOR Axis To Stimulate a Proviral Lipophagy.

ABSTRACT Robust dengue virus (DENV) replication requires lipophagy, a selective autophagy that targets lipid droplets. The autophagic mobilization of lipids leads to increased β-oxidation in DENV-infected cells. The mechanism by which DENV induces lipophagy is unknown. Here, we show that infection with DENV activates the metabolic regulator 5′ adenosine-monophosphate activated kinase (AMPK), and that the silencing or pharmacological inhibition of AMPK activity decreases DENV replication and the induction of lipophagy. The activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) decreases in DENV-infected cells and is inversely correlated with lipophagy induction. Constitutive activation of mTORC1 by depletion of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) inhibits lipophagy induction in DENV-infected cells and decreases viral replication. While AMPK normally stimulates TSC2-dependent inactivation of mTORC1 signaling, mTORC1 inactivation is independent of AMPK activation during DENV infection. Thus, DENV stimulates and requires AMPK signaling as well as AMPK-independent suppression of mTORC1 activity for proviral lipophagy. IMPORTANCE Dengue virus alters host cell lipid metabolism to promote its infection. One mechanism for altered metabolism is the induction of a selective autophagy that targets lipid droplets, termed lipophagy. Lipophagy mobilizes lipid stores, resulting in enhanced β-oxidation and viral replication. We show here that DENV infection activates and requires the central metabolic regulator AMPK for its replication and the induction of lipophagy. This is required for the induction of lipophagy, but not basal autophagy, in DENV-infected cells.
Comparison of diode and argon laser trabeculoplasty in cadaver eyes.

PURPOSE To evaluate differences in the effects of diode and argon trabeculoplasty on cadaver eye trabecular meshwork. METHODS The argon laser was used at a 50 mu spot size, 500 to 100 mW of power, and a 0.1 second time interval, and the diode laser was used at a 0.1 to 0.2 second time interval, 100 mu spot size, and 400 to 1200 mW of power. Analysis was performed using videography, microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS This study found grossly that burns with the argon laser caused tissue blanching and pigment dispersion, whereas no reaction was observed with the diode laser. The diode laser made no observable histologic alterations, but the argon caused fragmentation and coagulation of trabecular beams. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the diode laser caused an area of trabecular beam coalescence measuring 50 to 100 mu in diameter with energies > or = 0.12 J. A surrounding zone of more superficial trabecular beam fragmentation measuring 200 to 400 mu in diameter also was observed. Similar energy levels from the argon laser caused hole formation 200 to 400 mu in diameter. Lower argon energy levels (0.05 J) caused inconsistent coalescence 50 to 100 mu in diameter similar to the diode laser. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that in the trabecular meshwork the diode laser causes a reaction at, but not at less than, energy levels shown previously to produce a clinical ocular hypotensive effect. Also, at similar energy per area, the tissue effects of the diode and argon laser are comparable.