cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of ΔFosB transcriptional activity by Ser27 phosphorylation

The transcription factor, DeltaFosB, is an important mediator of the long-term plasticity induced in brain by chronic exposure to drugs of abuse, stress, or several other psychoactive stimuli. We have previously demonstrated that the casein kinase 2 (CK2)-mediated phosphorylation of a highly conserved N-terminal serine (Ser27) plays a critical role in regulating DeltaFosB's unusual stability, while it does not affect that of the full-length FosB protein. In the present study, we analysed whether CK2 and Ser27 phosphorylation also play a role in regulating DeltaFosB's transcriptional activity. Our findings indicate that CK2 activation increases DeltaFosB's transactivation potential, while CK2 inhibition decreases it. Further, we show that preventing Ser27 phosphorylation by mutating the site to Ala results in a significant decrease in DeltaFosB transactivation, without affecting DeltaFosB's subcellular localization or DNA-binding affinity. In contrast, Ser27 does not seem to play a role in the transactivation potential of full-length FosB. These findings constitute the first evidence of a role for phosphorylation in DeltaFosB's transcriptional activity.
The PUNDIT natural-language processing system

The authors describe the PUNDIT (Prolog Understanding of Integrated Text) text-understanding system, which is designed to analyze and construct representations of paragraph-length text. PUNDIT is implemented in Quintus Prolog, and consists of distinct lexical, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic components. Each component draws on one or more sets of data, including a lexicon, a broad-coverage grammar of English, semantic verb decompositions, rules mapping between syntactic and semantic constituents, and a domain model. Modularity, careful separation of declarative and procedural information, and separation of domain-specific and domain-independent information all contribute to a system which is flexible, extensible and portable. Versions of PUNDIT are now running in five domains, including four military and one medical. >
The Role of Grain-Boundary Sliding in Fracture of Hot-Pressed Si3N4 at High Temperatures

A new type of internal friction experiment was used to investigate the kinetics of grain-boundary sliding in hot-pressed Si3N4. The measured sliding resistance in NC-132 was greater than in HS-110 and HS-130 materials.
Polydactylous limbs in Strong's Luxoid mice result from ectopic polarizing activity

Strong's Luxoid (1st^D) is a semidominant mouse mutation in which heterozygotes show preaxial hindlimb polydactyly, and homozygotes show fore- and hindlimb polydactyly. The digit patterns of these polydactylous limbs resemble those caused by polarizing grafts, since additional digits with posterior character are present at the anterior side of the limb. Such observations suggest that 1st^D limb buds might contain a genetically determined ectopic region of polarizing activity. Accordingly, we show that mutant embryos ectopically express the pattern-determining genes fibroblast growth factor 4 (fgf-4), sonic hedgehog (shh), and Hoxd-12 in the anterior region of the limb. Further, we show that anterior mesoderm from mutant limbs exhibits polarizing activity when grafted into host chicken limbs. In contrast to an experimentally derived polydactylous transgenic mouse, forelimbs of homozygotes show a normal pattern of Hoxb-8 expression, indicating that the duplication of polarizing tissue here occurs downstream or independently of Hoxb-8. We suggest that the 1st gene product is involved in anteroposterior axis formation during normal limb development.
Neural gain changes subserving perceptual acuity

When small and large objects of equal weight are lifted, the small object feels heavier than the large one (the size-weight illusion) and requires more effort to lift (the size-effort illusion). It has been suggested that these illusions result from neural gain changes designed to maintain acuity under different working conditions. If this suggestion is correct, a given mass should produce a larger increase in perceived weight or effort when added to the small object. This was found to be the case.
Attention and salience in associative blocking.

The associative learning effect called blocking has previously been found in many cue-competition paradigms where all cues are of equal salience. Previous research by Hall, Mackintosh, Goodall, and dal Martello (1977) found that, in animals, salient cues were less likely to be blocked. Crucially, they also found that when the to-be-blocked cue was highly salient, the blocking cue would lose some control over responding. The present article extends these findings to humans and suggests that shifts in attention can explain the apparent loss of control by the previously learned cue. A connectionist model that implements attentional learning is shown to fit the main trends in the data. Model comparisons suggest that mere forgetting, implemented as weight decay, cannot explain the results.
An expert system for cell edge detection using the heuristic search method

An edge detection technique that utilizes human heuristic knowledge and integrates local threshold and local contrast information was developed and implemented. A rule-based expert system was used to represent the logic of the heuristic search method and the rule-of-thumb knowledge of a human observer. The result from preliminary testing showed that the ratio of the solution path to the total search effort is approximately one half. The cell edges were accurately detected, even when weak edges were present. It was concluded that heuristic information reduces the total search effort and that heuristic search has the flexibility to adjust itself to changes in the local contrast and gradient. >
Alteration of the Porosity and Permeability of Geologic Formations – Basic and Advanced Relationships

Formation damage by various processes causes permeability impairment. The permeability of porous formations varies as a result of the alteration of the pore structure by the interactions of reservoir rock, fluid, and particulate matter. Expressing the relationship between permeability and the various attributes of the pore structure is a challenging issue. Here, a review of the frequently used permeability relationships, considering the formation damage effects in petroleum reservoirs, is presented. The interrelations among the various factors affecting formation damage are described.
Angular Momentum and Temperature Homogenization in the Symmetric Circulation of the Atmosphere.

Abstract The axisymmetric model of the Hadley circulation can be systematically reduced in the limit of small Rossby number to a simpler one-dimensional system. The reduced system governs the nonlinear evolution of the surface angular momentum and the vertically averaged potential temperature. The meridional transports of heat and angular momentum take the form of downgradient nonlinear diffusion, which acts to homogenize laterally the angular momentum and the potential temperature within the meridional Hadley cells. The diffusivities for both quantities are proportional to the square of the latitudinal gradient of potential temperature. The reduced system is amenable to analytic exploration and allows the explicit determination of the extent and strength of the meridional circulation in terms of the parameters of the problem, such as the Rossby number, the stratification imposed by the radiative–convective equilibrium, and the surface drag. The reduced system also shows that surface easterlies at the equ...
The human milk oligosaccharide 2′-fucosyllactose augments the adaptive response to extensive intestinal

Intestinal resection resulting in short bowel syndrome (SBS) carries a heavy burden of long-term morbidity, mortality, and cost of care, which can be attenuated with strategies that improve intesti...
Flooding responses in Zea mays L.

This study was undertaken to determine the specific mechanisms of flooding injury inZea mays L., especially the role of water deficit. Maize plants in soil were artificially flooded in greenhouse and field, both with and without exchanging the soil solution with new water and nutrients. Plants in solution culture were rapidly stressed by replacing aeration gas with nitrogen. In all cases of measurable short term response, root and leaf growth rates decreased within 1 to 12 hours, and stomatal resistance increased 2 to 3 days later. Both growth rates and stomatal resistance recovered spontaneously during the flooding period. Over the long term (more than a week), growth rates were inhibited only when the soil solution was not periodically changed and Kjeldahl measured nitrogen deficiency was evident in the leaves. None of the above effects was associated with high root resistance to water uptake, plant water deficit, or a change in the osmotic balance of the leaves. The only water stress associated with the experiments was found immediately after draining plants that had been flooded for 2 weeks. In this instance, the preflooding root systems appeared damaged.
Foliage Presence and Absence Effect on Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Egg Mass Sample Counts and the Probability of Exceeding Action Thresholds with Foliage Present

Egg mass sampling is the primary method for estimating gypsy moth populations in order to make control decisions. The objectives of this research were to determine if there is a significant difference between samples taken when foliage is present or absent, to quantify the difference, and to determine the probability of exceeding an action threshold when samples are taken with foliage present. Fixed- and variableradius plot egg mass samples were taken when foliage was present (summer) and absent (winter) in 136 sample sites in Virginia. The relationship between summer and winter counts was quantified using nonparametric statistics. Winter egg mass counts were 14 to 36% higher than summer egg mass counts. The probability of a summer’s egg mass count exceeding the action threshold was determined by fitting a logistic curve to empirical data for the action thresholds of 618 and 1,236 egg masses per hectare. If samples are taken when foliage is present, egg mass counts need to compensate for differences between summer and winter counts. As an alternative, the probability of a summer egg mass count exceeding an action threshold could be used.
SELECTION FOR AMYLASE ALLOZYMES IN D. MELANOGASTER: A WORD OF CAUTION.

CIMINO, M. C. 1972. Egg-production, polyploidization and evolution in a diploid all-female fish of the genus Poeciliopsis. Evolution 26:294-306. DROSOPOULOS, S. 1976. Triploid pseudogamous biotype of the leaf-hopper Muellerianella fairmairei. Nature 263:499-500. . 1977. Biosystematic studies on the Muellerianella complex (Delphacidae, Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha). Meded. Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 77-14:1-133. GUELLAR, 0. 1974. On the origin of parthenogenesis in vertebrates: the cytogenetic factors. Amer. Natur. 108:625-648. HASKINS, C. P., E. F. HASKINS, AND R. E. HEWITT. 1960. Pseudogamy as an evolutionary factor in the Poeciliid fish Mollienisia formosa. Evolution 14:473-483. KUNTZE, H. A. 1937. Die Zikaden Mecklenburgs, eine faunistisch-okologische Untersuchung. Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, N.F. Bd. 6, Heft 3:299388. MACGREGOR, H. C., AND T. M. UZZELL, JR. 1964. Gynogenesis in salamanders related to Ambystoma jeffersonianum. Science 143:1043-1045. McKAY, F. E. 1971. Behavioral aspects of population dynamics in unisexual-bisexual Poeciliopsis (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Ecology 52:778-790. MOORE, B. P., G. E. WOODROFFE, AND A. R. SANDERSON. 1956. Polymorphism and parthenogenesis in a ptinid beetle. Nature 177:847-848. SCHULTZ, R. J. 1966. Hybridization experiments with an all-female fish of the genus Poeciliopsis. Biol. Bull. 130:415-429. . 1969. Hybridization, unisexuality, and polyploidy in the teleost Poeciliopsis (Poeciliidae) and other vertebrates. Amer. Natur. 103:605619. . 1973. Unisexual fish: laboratory synthesis of a "species." Science 179:180-181. SCHULTZ, R. J., AND K. D. KALLMAN. 1968. Triploid hybrids between the all-female teleost Poecilia formosa and Poecilia sphenops. Nature 219:280-282. UZZELL, T. M. 1969. Notes on spermatophore production by salamanders of the Ambystoma jeffersonianum complex. Copeia 3:602-612. UZZELL, T. M., JR. AND S. GOLDBLATT. 1967. Serum proteins of salamanders of the Ambystoma jeffersonianum complex, and the origin of the triploid species of this group. Evolution 21:345-354. WOODROFFE, G. E. 1958. The mode of reproduction of Ptinus clavipes form mobilis Moore (P. latro auct.), (Coleoptera : Ptinidae). Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond. 33:25-30.
Why rural schools matter

As I originally read the back cover of Why Rural Schools Matter, I noticed that Mara Casey Tieken had previously co-authored Inside Urban Charter Schools: Promising Practices and Strategies in Five...
The Situation of Standardization About Grid-connected PV System

The work and current situation of grid-connected photovoltaic(PV) standard system both in China and the world are summarized,and a comparison on perfection of grid-connected PV standard system between China and the world are also given.Analysis on problems about grid-connected PV standard system in China and the reason why it is imperfect of the IEC standard system on grid-connected PV are stated.The anticipation on development of gridconnected PV standard system in China 2～3 years in the future is proposed at the end of article.
Research on response differences to nutrient stress among different sugarcane varieties

To study the response of sugarcane hybrids under nutrient stress, four different varieties were used as materials, including one BC3 from hybrids of sugarcane and Erianthus arundtnaceus, one BC1 from hybrids of sugarcane and Saccharum spontaneum and two cultivated varieties. The plant growth, nutrient concentration and nutrient accumulation amount were evaluated under low nitrogen stress, low phosphorus stress or low potassium stress. The results revealed that plant height, diameter, dry weight of shoot and dry weight of root of four varieties all decreased under low nutrient stress. The decrease in these parameters was lower in YC10-29 under low potassium stress and YC06-92 under low phosphorus stress than those in the other two cultivated varieties. Under low nutrient stress, the ratio between root and shoot increased and the diameter of root under low potassium or phosphorus stress decreased, which lead to the increase of total root length, especially the total root length of YC06-92 under low potassium stress, which was 2.67 times higher than that of CK. There were significantly interactions among different nutrients under low nutrient stress. Under low potassium stress, the concentration of phosphorus in plant increased,while the concentration of potassium and phosphorus increased under low nitrogen stress. In addition, the potassium and phosphorus accumulation amount in plant under low nitrogen stress was higher than those under low potassium and phosphorus,especially in ROC22. Therefore, among four varieties, YC10-29 showed higher tolerance to low potassium stress, YC06-92 possessed excellently tolerance to low phosphorus stress and ROC22 showed higher tolerance to low nitrogen.
Epidemiological characteristics and trend analysis of HIV /AIDS from 2006 to 2011 in Xincai County of Henan Province

Objective To analyze epidemiological characteristics and trends of the new reported HIV/AIDS infected people in Xincai County of Henan Province,and provide with a scientific basis for the development of AIDS prevention strategies. Methods Based on 2006- 2011 HIV / AIDS surveillance,detection data for statistical analysis. Results Between 2006- 2011,there were 531 cases were founded. And 118 cases were confirmed and reported HIV positive,413 were AIDS patients. Transmission routes to enter the blood / blood products,accounting for 43. 13%; followed by heterosexual transmission( the marital sexual transmitted 131 cases,38 cases of extra-marital sexual propagation),accounting for 31. 83%; paid blood collection and transmission accounted for 12. 24%; mother-to-child transmission accounts for 5. 08%; homosexual transmission accounts for 0. 75%; intravenous drug accounting for 0. 38%; accounted for 6. 59% by other unknown. Conclusion The focus of county prevention and control of AIDS should strengthen thematic survey of blood / blood products before 1995,detection of cases in time and strengthen the single male spouse,positive women of childbearing age, widowed positive intervention management,prevention marriagesexual transmission,while active in the high-risk behavior interventions to reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted.
Effect of menopausal hormone therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome

The world population is aging, and women will spend an increasing share of their lives in a postmenopausal state that predisposes to metabolic dysfunction. Thus, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in women is likely to increase dramatically. This article summarizes the effects of menopause in predisposing to components of MetS including visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension (HTN). We also summarize the effects of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in reversing these metabolic alterations and discuss therapeutic advances of novel menopausal treatment on metabolic function.
A simple technology to improve office efficiency.

The author explains how simple technologies, such as a handheld pager system, can improve communication among physicians and staff members within the office.
Searching for induced travel: Elimination of a freeway bottleneck and subsequent effects on rail and freeway volumes

Abstract The removal of a freeway bottleneck in California has allowed researchers to investigate short-term induced travel and a potential mode switch from rail transit. This particular bottleneck, a double lane drop from reduced tunnel capacity, is a unique case as alternate auto routes are quite undesirable; the only other option is to consider nearby rail transit. Freeway volumes and rail ridership were examined before and after the removal of the bottleneck to estimate the extent of induced travel. Freeway volumes during both commute periods increased 10–13%, faster than other nearby locations, and rail transit ridership between stations on either side of the pre-existing bottleneck showed modest declines despite system wide increases. Differences of means testing confirmed that many of these changes were statistically significant. Examining the magnitude of induced travel is relevant when making policy decisions for removing mature bottlenecks that involve the use of public finances.
GENERATION OF PARTIALLY COHERENT SQUEEZED LIGHT

Several expcri1nents have been reported for the generation of squeezed light since 1985 [l]. All these experiments employ a coherent source, either a single-mode cw laser or a mode-locked pulsed laser. In this paper we report an experiment in which squeezed light is generated by pumping a traveling-wave parametric amplifier with a partially coherent laser.
Traversal Languages Capturing Isomorphism Classes of Sierpiński Gaskets

We consider recursive structural assembly using regular d-dimensional simplexes such that a structure at every level is obtained by joining $$d + 1$$ structures from a previous level. The resulting structures are similar to the Sierpinski gasket. We use intersection graphs and index sequences to describe these structures. We observe that for each $$d>1$$ there are uncountably many isomorphism classes of these structures. Traversal languages that consist of labels of walks that start at a given vertex can be associated with these structures, and we find that these traversal languages capture the isomorphism classes of the structures.
Multi-Hop Progressive Decentralized Estimation of Deterministic Vector in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a novel scheme for estimating an unknown deterministic vector in a multi-hop progressive decentralized fashion in a wireless sensor network. Under this scheme, each sensor performs the best linear unbiased estimation of the unknown vector using the data measured by the sensor and the estimations received from its up stream sensors, and the estimation at each sensor is first quantized and then forwarded to its down stream sensor. The final estimation of the unknown vector resides at a fusion center. The number of quantization bits assigned to each sensor is computed offline via an optimization algorithm that minimizes the network transmission energy subject to a pre-determined upper bound on the mean square error of the final estimation at the fusion center. This optimization algorithm utilizes any given routing tree from all sensors to the fusion center. Comparing to the conventional non-progressive schemes, the proposed progressive scheme yields a significant amount of energy saving.
Reaction environment and ligand lability in group 4 Cp2MXY (X, Y = Cl, OtBu) complexes

Despite their usefulness in catalytic and materials chemistry, the mixed cyclopentadienyl/alkoxide complexes of Ti, Zr, and Hf (Cp2M(OR)2) have few reliable synthetic routes available to them. We describe the use of mechanical ball milling to promote halide metathesis from Cp2MCl2, and compare these results to those obtained in hexanes and THF. Even without solvent, ring lability is extensive with titanium complexes, and alkoxide compounds with 0–3 Cp rings are isolated. The ball milling reactions are much faster than those in solution, but the distributions of products are similar to those obtained in hexanes, although different from those in THF. The range of compounds obtained from Zr and Hf starting materials is more limited, as Cp ring exchange does not occur.
3D nested distributed massive MIMO

The Large Scale Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system, also called Massive MIMO in past researches, are considering the azimuth angle only. However, in a 3D distributed antenna system, the elevation angle cannot be ignored. Nested array as a two dimensional arrays was firstly proposed to perform array processing with increased degree of freedom, using less number of sensors at the same time. This paper introduces a novel 3D MIMO antenna deployment based on nested co-array. As the difference co-arrays are invariance, in the 3D nested distributed MIMO system, we are able to calculate the covariance matrix of channels. Based on this inference, we model a 3D nested distributed MIMO system and analyze its performance with achievable sum rate. By applying the nested deployment, our proposed method could achieve a Massive MIMO with less number of physical antennas. Numerical results also provided to support our model.
Cardiometabolic risks, lifestyle health behaviors and heart disease in Filipino Americans.

Background:Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among all racial and ethnic populations in the USA. Cardiovascular risks and cardioprotective factors have been disparately estimated...
Treatment options and outcomes for caval thrombectomy and resection for renal cell carcinoma

Abstract Objective Advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has a significant predisposition to vascular invasion. Tumor vascular invasion and thrombus are found in the renal vein and the inferior vena cava (IVC) in up to 10% to 25% of patients. This study reviewed the current status of radical nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy for advanced RCC. Methods A two-level search strategy of the literature (MEDLINE, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) for relevant articles listed between January 2000 and December 2015 was performed. The review was confined to patients with primary RCC associated with vascular invasion. Results Untreated RCC with intravascular thrombus has a median survival of 5 months. Surgical exposure and intervention are tailored to the level of tumor thrombus. The 30-day mortality for radical nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy is low (1.5%-10%), and the complication rates have been reported to be 18%, 20%, 26%, and 47% for IVC tumor thrombus level I, II, III, and IV disease, respectively. Disease-specific survival ranges from 40% to 60% at 5 years after nephrectomy and removal of the intravascular tumor. Conclusions Radical nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy is an effective cancer control operation that can be safely performed with acceptable mortality and morbidity. Preoperative imaging coupled with perioperative surgical management of the IVC is critical to procedural success and patient outcomes.
Trends in utilization of warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants in older adult patients with atrial fibrillation.

Purpose Results of a study to determine trends in oral anticoagulant (OAC) use and OAC switching in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter are presented. Methods Warfarin has been the most prescribed anticoagulant in patients with AF for decades. Since 2010, several direct OACs (DOACs) have gained U.S. marketing approval for stroke prevention in AF or atrial flutter. A cross-sectional longitudinal analysis was conducted using healthcare and prescription claims databases to characterize OAC use and rates of OAC and DOAC switching during the period 2008–14 in cohorts of Medicare beneficiaries 65 years of age or older with AF or atrial flutter. Results Overall, 66% of patients with AF or atrial flutter were receiving OACs during the study period. The prevalence of warfarin use decreased from 69.8% in 2008 to 42.2% in 2014. This decrease in warfarin use was paralleled by an increase in dabigatran use, which rose from 1.3% in 2010 to 12.1% in 2011 and then declined to 7.6% in 2014. The prevalence of rivaroxaban use increased from 0.13% in 2011 to 13.87% in 2014. Among anticoagulated patients, an average of 6% annually were switched from one OAC to another. Conclusion Overall OAC utilization in patients with AF or atrial flutter remained steady over the study period. Beginning in 2010, a gradual decrease in use of warfarin was paralleled by an increase in use of DOACs.
Glandular Lesions of the Cervix

Endocervical polyp is usually single and less than 1 cm in size. Histologically, the polyp consists of varying proportions of squamous and endocervical epithelium, and stromal components. The overall appearance can be adenomatous, cystic, fibrous, or inflammatory. Surface ulceration or involvement by CIN or adenocarcinoma may be seen.
Intensive procedure preferences at the end of life (EOL) in older Latino adults with end stage renal disease (ESRD) on dialysis.

Latinos in the U.S. are almost twice as likely to progress to End Stage Renal disease (ESRD) compared to non-Latino whites. Patients with ESRD on dialysis experience high morbidity, pre-mature mortality and receive intensive procedures at the end of life (EOL). This study explores intensive procedure preferences at the EOL in older Latino adults. Seventy-three community-dwelling Spanish- and English-Speaking Latinos over the age of 60 with and without ESRD participated in this study. Those without ESRD (n = 47) participated in one of five focus group sessions, and those with ESRD on dialysis (n = 26) participated in one-on-one semi-structured interviews. Focus group and individual participants answered questions regarding intensive procedures at the EOL. Recurring themes were identified using standard qualitative content-analysis methods. Participants also completed a brief survey that included demographics, language preference, health insurance coverage, co-morbidities, Emergency Department visits and functional limitations. The majority of participants were of Mexican origin with mean age of 70, and there were more female participants in the non-ESRD group, compared to the ESRD dialysis dependent group. The dialysis group reported a higher number of co-morbidities and functional limitations. Nearly 69% of those in the dialysis group reported one or more emergency department visits in the past year, compared to 38% in the non-ESRD group. Primary themes centered on 1) The acceptability of a “natural” versus “invasive” procedure 2) Cultural traditions and family involvement 3) Level of trust in physicians and autonomy in decision-making. Our results highlight the need for improved patient- and family-centered approaches to better understand intensive procedure preferences at the EOL in this underserved population of older adults.
Discovery and Characterization of Chemical Compounds That Inhibit the Function of Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen, is highly susceptible to developing resistance to multiple antibiotics. The gene encoding aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (AspRS) from P. aeruginosa was cloned and the resulting protein characterized. AspRS was kinetically evaluated, and the KM values for aspartic acid, ATP, and tRNA were 170, 495, and 0.5 μM, respectively. AspRS was developed into a screening platform using scintillation proximity assay (SPA) technology and used to screen 1690 chemical compounds, resulting in the identification of two inhibitory compounds, BT02A02 and BT02C05. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined against nine clinically relevant bacterial strains, including efflux pump mutant and hypersensitive strains of P. aeruginosa. The compounds displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and inhibited growth of the efflux and hypersensitive strains with MICs of 16 μg/mL. Growth of wild-type strains were unaffected, indicating that efflux was likely responsible for this lack of activity. BT02A02 did not inhibit growth of human cell cultures at any concentration. However, BT02C05 did inhibit human cell cultures with a cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) of 61.6 μg/mL. The compounds did not compete with either aspartic acid or ATP for binding AspRS, indicating that the mechanism of action of the compound occurs outside the active site of aminoacylation.
Submesoscale-selective compensation of fronts in a salinity-stratified ocean.

Salinity, rather than temperature, is the leading influence on density in some regions of the world’s upper oceans. In the Bay of Bengal, heavy monsoonal rains and runoff generate strong salinity gradients that define density fronts and stratification in the upper ~50 m. Ship-based observations made in winter reveal that fronts exist over a wide range of length scales, but at O(1)-km scales, horizontal salinity gradients are compensated by temperature to alleviate about half the cross-front density gradient. Using a process study ocean model, we show that scale-selective compensation occurs because of surface cooling. Submesoscale instabilities cause density fronts to slump, enhancing stratification along-front. Specifically for salinity fronts, the surface mixed layer (SML) shoals on the less saline side, correlating sea surface salinity (SSS) with SML depth at O(1)-km scales. When losing heat to the atmosphere, the shallower and less saline SML experiences a larger drop in temperature compared to the adjacent deeper SML on the salty side of the front, thus correlating sea surface temperature (SST) with SSS at the submesoscale. This compensation of submesoscale fronts can diminish their strength and thwart the forward cascade of energy to smaller scales. During winter, salinity fronts that are dynamically submesoscale experience larger temperature drops, appearing in satellite-derived SST as cold filaments. In freshwater-influenced regions, cold filaments can mark surface-trapped layers insulated from deeper nutrient-rich waters, unlike in other regions, where they indicate upwelling of nutrient-rich water and enhanced surface biological productivity.
Exploring Science Career Interest: Latent Profile Analysis of High School Occupational Preferences for Science:

The present study evaluates high school juniors and seniors (n = 295) to explore their preference for science as indicated by science motivation, attitude, academic experience, and interest. Latent...
k -quasi-convexity reduces to quasi-convexity

The relation between quasi-convexity and k-quasiconvexity (k greater than or equal to 2) is investigated. It is shown that every smooth strictly k-quasi-convex integrand with p-growth at infinity, p > 1, is the restriction to kth-order symmetric tensors of a quasiconvex function with the same growth. When the smoothness condition is dropped, it is possible to prove an approximation result. As a consequence, lower semicontinuity results for kth-order variational problems are deduced as corollaries of well-known first-order theorems. This generalizes a previous work by Dal Maso et al., in which the case where k = 2 was treated.
The Problem and the Setting

One of the most important problems facing humanity today is the immense disparity in the level of income and, consequently, in the standard of living among the people in different parts of the world. What is more disheartening is that the growth rate of income of the poor countries is consistently far below the rate of economically advanced countries. Based on the resulting difference of income, countries are generally divided into two groups: developed and underdeveloped.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia owing to 17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase and p450 oxidoreductase deficiencies.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to genetic mutations in the genes for CYP17A1 (MIM 609300) and CYP OR (MIM 124015) are rare and may cause disordered sexual development (DSD).
Teacher Certification Policy: Multiple Treatment Interactions on the Body Politic

This chapter on teacher certification policy is written not by policy makers or analysts, but by two policy consumers who work in K-12 and higher education. Our work as educators has been affected by various policies, often without a sense of their rationale. As we read policy documents, we feel that the viewpoints of practitioners — teacher educators, school administrators, teachers — seem absent from the process of policy making. Teachers and administrators seem to be the objects of policy, but not an evident presence in its creation. From their location in schools and universities, educators frequently view policy as an arbitrary event created by someone far away; policy becomes one more obstacle, burden, or challenge to get around (see e.g., Tyack & Cuban, 1995). But it is also the case that practitioners rarely have the opportunity to examine policy critically. When the work of teachers begins and ends within the boundaries of the classroom, they may not perceive the broader contexts — historical, social, or political — in which their work takes place. Examining policy is a chance to locate the current work of teacher education in the broader landscape
A tale of two mantle cell lymphomas.

In his lecture series, A Course on English Literature, delivered in 1966 at the University of Buenos Aires, Jorge Luis Borges remarked, “Dickens lived in London. In his book A Tale of Two Cities, based on the French Revolution, we see that he really could not write a tale of two cities. He was a resident of just one city: London.” Comparably, over the past 2 decades, dozens of papers have been published describing the 2 subtypes of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL): classical and leukemic, nonnodal. Yet, in the clinical world, there has only been 1 MCL. In this issue of Blood, Clot et al describe the development and validation of a nanostring-based assay that can accurately distinguish between classical and nonnodal MCL, which, in combination with genomic complexity, can provide important prognostic information.1 The biological basis for the differences between MCL subtypes are illuminated in a recent Blood review by Puente et al,2 and the differences are significant. Although both subtypes share a reliance on cell-cycle dysregulation, they arise from distinct cells of origin through different molecular pathways and result in diseases with different presentations and natural histories until problems with genomic instability result in a convergence of the 2 subtypes, frequently seen as the blastoid phenotype and treatment resistance (see figure).
The what, how and why of doing macroecology

Macroecology is a growing and important subdiscipline of ecology, but it is becoming increasingly diffuse, without an organizing principle that is widely agreed upon. I highlight two main current views of macroecology: as the study of large‐scale systems and as the study of emergent systems. I trace the history of both these views through the writings of the founders of macroecology. I also highlight the transmutation principle that identifies serious limitations to the study of large‐scale systems with reductionist approaches. And I suggest that much of the underlying goal of macroecology is the pursuit of general principles and the escape from contingency. I highlight that there are many intertwined aspects of macroecology, with a number of resulting implications. I propose that returning to a focus on studying assemblages of a large number of particles is a helpful view. I propose defining macroecology as “the study at the aggregate level of aggregate ecological entities made up of large numbers of particles for the purposes of pursuing generality”.
Crowdsourcing Qualitative Thematic Analysis.

Evaluations that include stakeholders aim to understand their perspectives and to ensure that their views are represented. This article offers a new approach to gaining stakeholder perspectives thr...
Commercial boiler test for distributed temperature sensor based on wavelength-multiplexed sapphire fiber bragg gratings

A distributed sensor based on wavelength-multiplexed sapphire fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) was designed and fabricated for temperature measurements in commercial boilers under field conditions. Three cascaded FBGs with Bragg wavelengths ranging from 1540 nm to 1570 nm were inscribed in a commercial air-clad single-crystal sapphire fiber, which were packaged inside high purity alumina sheath tubes. The packaged sensor was deployed in a commercial boiler through an existing view port during operation. The tests were performed in a coal-fired boiler, whose temperature varied based on power demands in the local area. The reflected signal from the sensor was simultaneously recorded by an onsite optical interrogation system and converted into temperature information, which was monitored remotely in real time through the Virginia Tech network. The performance of the sensor was consistent during the entire test duration of 42 days, over the course of which it measured temperatures up to 700°C, showing the survivability of the sensing system in a field environment. The system has a demonstrated temperature measurement range from 25°C to 1200°C.
Evolution of Convective Structure and Heat Transfer in Evaporating Films Under Cyclic Superheating Conditions

The convective structure and heat transfer characteristics of evaporating films under conditions of cyclical superheating were examined experimentally. An isolated closed test cell allowed the film...
Controlling synchronization of spiking neuronal networks by harnessing synaptic plasticity

Disrupting the pathological synchronous firing patterns of neurons with high frequency stimulation is a common treatment for Parkinsonian symptoms and epileptic seizures when pharmaceutical drugs fail. In this paper, our goal is to design a desynchronization strategy for large networks of spiking neurons such that the neuronal activity of the network remains in the desynchronized regime for a long period of time after the removal of the stimulation. We develop a novel `` Forced Temporal-Spike Time Stimulation’’ (FTSTS) strategy that harnesses the spike-timing dependent plasticity to control the synchronization of neural activity in the network by forcing the neurons in the network to artificially fire in a specific temporal pattern. Our strategy modulates the synaptic strengths of selective synapses to achieve a desired synchrony of neural activity in the network. Our simulation results show that the FTSTS strategy can effectively synchronize or desynchronize neural activity in large spiking neuron networks and keep them in the desired state for a long period of time after the removal of the external stimulation. Using simulations, we demonstrate the robustness of our strategy in desynchronizing neural activity of networks against uncertainties in the designed stimulation pulses and network parameters. Additionally, we show in simulation, how our strategy could be incorporated within the existing desynchronization strategies to improve their overall efficacy in desynchronizing large networks. Our proposed strategy provides complete control over the synchronization of neurons in large networks and can be used to either synchronize or desynchronize neural activity based on specific applications. Moreover, it can be incorporated within other desynchronization strategies to improve the efficacy of existing therapies for numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with pathological synchronization.
Emergency Department Utilization After Elective Hip Arthroscopy

Purpose (1) To identify the most common reasons for presentation to the emergency department (ED) after hip arthroscopy and (2) to determine preoperative risk factors for these ED visits. Methods Patients undergoing elective hip arthroscopy between the start of 2014 and the third quarter of 2015 were retrospectively evaluated using discharge records from New York and Florida. The primary outcome was all-cause 7-, 30-, and 90-day ED utilization. Reasons for presentation to the ED were recorded and manually stratified. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of ED utilization. Results The overall rate of postoperative ED visits after hip arthroscopy was 1.8% at 7 days, 3.5% at 30 days, and 6.6% at 90 days. Postoperative pain was the most common reason for visiting the ED at all time points (25.4%, 23.7%, and 20.3%, respectively), followed by gastrointestinal complaints (19.5%, 15.0%, and 15.3%, respectively) and neurologic complaints (8.7%, 9.8%, and 10.5%, respectively). Female sex (relative risk [RR], 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35-2.54; P Conclusions ED visits after elective hip arthroscopy are uncommon. The most common reason for a visit is postoperative pain, followed by gastrointestinal and neurologic complaints. After accounting for confounding, we found that female sex, Medicare and Medicaid insurance status, and hypertension were risk factors for all-cause ED visits at up to 90 days postoperatively. Only 4% of patients who present to the ED require inpatient hospital admission. Level of Evidence Level IV, retrospective cohort study.
Learning from Failure: Shame and Emotion Regulation in Virtue as Skill

On an account of virtue as skill, virtues are acquired in the ways that skills are acquired. In this paper I focus on one implication of that account that is deserving of greater attention, which is that becoming more skillful requires learning from one’s failures, but that turns out to be especially challenging when dealing with moral failures. In skill acquisition, skills are improved by deliberate practice, where you strive to correct past mistakes and learn how to overcome your current limitations. A similar story applies to virtue acquisition, as moral failures will be a part of anyone’s life, and we will all have to learn from these experiences. However, despite the importance of being able to learn from our mistakes, this is very difficult in practice, given that failure of any kind can be distressing, and especially so for moral failure. The distress created by a recognition of moral failure often prompts responses of anger, avoidance, or defensiveness; rather than attempts to make amends and when necessary to work on self-improvement. The most potentially distressing response to moral failure is shame, as it is often associated with defensiveness. It is here where emotion regulation will be important to manage that distress, and I focus on the skill of emotion differentiation. I argue that emotion differentiation is a promising strategy for distinguishing the emotions we may experience in the wake of failure, including shame, and to encourage those emotions that motivate self-improvement. Thus, emotion regulation is important for virtue acquisition.
Temperature dependence of nuclear quantum effects on liquid water via artificial neural network model based on SCAN meta-GGA functional

We investigate the temperature dependence of nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) on structural and dynamic properties of liquid water by training a neural network force field using first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) based on the strongly constrained and appropriately normed meta-generalized gradient approximation exchange-correlation approximation. The FPMD simulation based on density functional theory has become a powerful computational approach for studying a wide range of condensed phase systems. However, its large computational cost makes it difficult to incorporate NQEs in the simulation and investigate temperature dependence of various properties. To circumvent this difficulty, we use an artificial neural network model and employ the thermostatted ring polymer MD approach for studying the temperature dependence of NQEs on various properties. The NQEs generally bring the radial distribution functions closer to the experimental measurements. Translational diffusivity and rotational dynamics of water molecules are both slowed down by the NQEs. The competing inter-molecular and intra-molecular quantum effects on hydrogen bonds, as discussed by Habershon, Markland, and Manolopoulos [J. Chem. Phys. 131(2), 024501 (2019)], can explain the observed temperature dependence of the NQEs on the dynamical properties in our simulation.
Impact of contexts, resource types and perceptions on information management within the personal domain among college students

This study aims to investigate how college students' personal information behaviors were impacted by contexts, resource types and perceptions of personal information management.,Using an online survey, a total of 1,194 valid responses were collected from college students. The three contexts used for this study include academic, health and personal digital history. Specific scenarios, along with sets of resource types, were provided for each context.,The findings show that college students' perceptions and contexts strongly influence their activities related to personal information, and that resource types impact their activities depending on the context in which the resource types are situated. The findings of this study provide evidence of how varying factors influence personal information behaviors at different levels. Information professionals need to design their services and programs in a way that is cognizant of the factors that influence users and the challenges that users meet with in different contexts and resource types.,The findings of this study contribute to personal information research by providing an understanding of how context, perceptions and resource types intertwiningly influence personal information behaviors. This study provides an insight into widely accepted patterns and perceptions of personal information behavior with particular information resource types and within specific contexts.
Hypofractionated Prostate Radiation Therapy: Adoption and Dosimetric Adherence Through Clinical Pathways in an Integrated Oncology Network

PURPOSE:Updates to consensus guidelines in October 2018 recommending moderately hypofractionated external beam radiotherapy (mHF-EBRT) in prostate cancer lagged several years after publication of e...
A Critical Introduction to the Study of Religion

A Critical Introduction to the Study of Religion explains the key ideas and methods in the study of religion and demonstrates how they can be used. The aim is to provide students with a tool-kit of critical concepts for studying religious belief and behaviour. Throughout the discussion all ideas and methods are illustrated with clear case material.