cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapel-on-X: Exploring Tasking Runtimes for PGAS Languages

With the shift to exascale computer systems, the importance of productive programming models for distributed systems is increasing. Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) programming models aim to reduce the complexity of writing distributed-memory parallel programs by introducing global operations on distributed arrays, distributed task parallelism, directed synchronization, and mutual exclusion. However, a key challenge in the application of PGAS programming models is the improvement of compilers and runtime systems. In particular, one open question is how runtime systems meet the requirement of exascale systems, where a large number of asynchronous tasks are executed.While there are various tasking runtimes such as Qthreads, OCR, and HClib, there is no existing comparative study on PGAS tasking/threading runtime systems. To explore runtime systems for PGAS programming languages, we have implemented OCR-based and HClib-based Chapel runtimes and evaluated them with an initial focus on tasking and synchronization implementations. The results show that our OCR and HClib-based implementations can improve the performance of PGAS programs compared to the existing Qthreads backend of Chapel.
Cerebrovascular complications associated with the use of artificial circulatory support services

Numerous mechanical cardiac support devices have been developed during the past 10 years for use in various applications, ranging from total artificial hearts to single ventricular support devices. Ventricular assist devices promise to play an important role in providing circulatory support in patients awaiting cardiac transplantation. The most significant complications associated with artificial hearts relate to thromboembolism. This article reviews a variety of mechanical support devices, focusing on thromboembolic complications and their pathophysiologic mechanisms.
Primary pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma in a newly diagnosed cisgender heterosexual HIV positive patient presenting before cutaneous manifestations.

Abstract AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular malignancy that usually presents with mucocutaneous lesions. Bronchopulmonary involvement as an initial manifestation is a rare phenomenon. This case describes a young male presenting with pulmonary symptoms mimicking HIV-related opportunistic infection who was eventually diagnosed with primary pulmonary KS. The aim of this report is to emphasize that KS should be recognized as a differential diagnosis in AIDS patients presenting with pulmonary symptoms. Making the diagnosis may be a difficult task, at times, requiring invasive procedures such as lung biopsy.
School-Based Intervention for Adolescents with Impairing Social Anxiety

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common problem during adolescence that can result in a range of impairments to school-related functioning, including lower academic achievement and higher rates of peer rejection. Yet, most affected students with SAD do not receive mental health services, in part because SAD often goes undetected at home and school. Schools may be an appropriate venue for helping adolescents with SAD, as school-based interventions can directly target school-based impairment. Given the potential advantages of school-based mental health services, Masia Warner and colleagues developed Skills for Academic and Social Success (SASS), a cognitive-behavioral group treatment for adolescents with SAD designed for implementation in schools. This chapter provides an overview of the SASS intervention, including its structure and components, and describes findings from a series of randomized controlled trials which demonstrate its feasibility, efficacy, and effectiveness. We conclude by discussing future research directions, including the need to identify ways to enhance SASS’ sustainability and extend its generalizability to youth in underresourced schools and underserved communities.
Control of Interfacial Cl2 and N2O5 Reactivity by a Zwitterionic Phospholipid in Comparison with Ionic and Uncharged Surfactants.

Gas–liquid scattering experiments reveal that charge-separated but neutral (zwitterionic) surfactants catalyze the oxidation of dissolved Br– to Br2 by gaseous Cl2 at the surface of a 0.3 M NaBr/glycerol solution. Solutions of NaBr dissolved in glycerol with no surfactant were compared with solutions coated with zwitterionic, cationic, and anionic surfactants at dilute surface concentrations of 1.1 to 1.5 × 1014 cm–2 (less than 65% of maximum chain packing). The zwitterionic phospholipid enhances Cl2 conversion of Br– to Br2 by a factor of 1.61 ± 0.15, in comparison with a 14-fold enhancement by a cationic surfactant (tetrahexylammonium) and a five-fold suppression by an anionic surfactant (dodecyl sulfate). Further studies indicate that even an uncharged surfactant, monododecanoylglycerol, enhances Cl2 → Br2 production. Similar behavior is observed for the oxidation of Br– to Br2 by N2O5; it is just slightly suppressed by the phospholipid and strongly enhanced by the cationic surfactant. Collectively, th...
Two-Dimensional Hybrid Halide Perovskites: Principles and Promises.

Hybrid halide perovskites have become the “next big thing” in emerging semiconductor materials, as the past decade witnessed their successful application in high-performance photovoltaics. This resurgence has encompassed enormous and widespread development of the three-dimensional (3D) perovskites, spearheaded by CH3NH3PbI3. The next generation of halide perovskites, however, is characterized by reduced dimensionality perovskites, emphasizing the two-dimensional (2D) perovskite derivatives which expand the field into a more diverse subgroup of semiconducting hybrids that possesses even higher tunability and excellent photophysical properties. In this Perspective, we begin with a historical flashback to early reports before the “perovskite fever”, and we follow this original work to its fruition in the present day, where 2D halide perovskites are in the spotlight of current research, offering characteristics desirable in high-performance optoelectronics. We approach the evolution of 2D halide perovskites f...
Dilepton production and elliptic flow from an anisotropic quark-gluon plasma

We calculate the yield and elliptic flow of midrapidity dileptons emitted from the quark-gluon plasma generated in Pb-Pb collisions at LHC. We use relativistic anisotropic hydrodynamics for the $3+1$-dimensional evolution of the quark-gluon plasma and convolve this with the momentum-anisotropic local rest frame production rate for dileptons. The effects of momentum anisotropy of the quark distribution functions, viscosity to entropy density ratio, centrality of the collisions, and initial momentum anisotropy on the results are investigated and discussed.
Proposal for Capacitance Matching in Negative Capacitance Field-Effect Transistors

Negative-capacitance transistors use ferroelectric (FE) material in the gate-stack to improve the transistor performance. The extent of the improvement depends on the capacitance matching between the FE capacitance ( ${C}_{\textsf {fe}}$ ) and the underlying MOS transistor ( ${C}_{\textsf {MOS}}$ ). Since both ${C}_{\textsf {MOS}}$ and ${C}_{\textsf {fe}}$ have strong non-linearity, it is difficult to achieve a good matching for the entire operating gate voltage range. In this letter, we discuss a new approach using multi-layer FE to engineer the shape of ${C}_{\textsf {fe}}$ . The proposed method is validated using the TCAD simulation of negative-capacitance FDSOI transistor, and the results show that it leads to better sub-threshold swing as well as lower power supply ${V}_{\textsf {dd}}$ compared with a prototype single-layer negative-capacitance field-effect transistor.
APPLICATIONS OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS IN SHIPBUILDING PLANNING AND CONTROL

L'article porte sur l'utilisation de l'analyse de regression pour la planification d'un jour a l'autre, la gestion et la commande du processus de construction navale
Contextual Influences on the Sentencing of Individuals Convicted of Sexual Crimes.

This study examines effects of court and community contextual factors on sentencing outcomes for individuals convicted of sexual crimes using indicators from two perspectives—focal concerns and pop...
Music Instruction at Selected State Normal Schools during the Nineteenth Century

The purpose of this study was to explore music instruction in selected normal schools of the United States during the nineteenth century. The sample consisted of all eighteen state normal schools o...
Age Differences in Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Preventable Hospitalizations for Heart Failure in Connecticut, 2009-2015: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study.

Objective:Preventable hospitalizations for heart failure result in a large proportion of hospitalizations. The primary objective of this study was to describe longitudinal trends in the association...
Material-Mind-Method: On the Teaching of Reference beyond the Lecture: In-Class Hands-On Contact with Reference Sources

Reference librarians need to know how to use a vast array of reference sources. How do they acquire this knowledge? How can students arrive at their entry level positions with an arsenal of known s...
The Life and Work of a Manual Sugarcane Harvester

This chapter highlights the labor dimension of the sugarcane industry and examines the relationship among the workers, recruiters, and owners, vis-a-vis the hierarchical structure that was established during Brazil’s colonial period. Within the sugarcane industry, manual cane harvesting is arguably the most dangerous and physically difficult type of work. It is also the type of work that offers the lowest wages. Injuries occur with frequency, as workers are often inadequately equipped for the inherent danger of rapidly slashing stalks of sugarcane with machetes. Cane cutters contend with excessive sun exposure, dehydration, and exhaustion, which have caused a number of deaths in the cane fields. Not surprisingly, it is the task that is generally reserved for migrant workers. This chapter also discusses housing accommodations and living conditions, as well as the range of health problems that workers endure, such as respiratory illnesses and chronic renal failure.
Newer Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Acute Neuromuscular Disease in the Critical Care Unit

In this review, we discuss current treatment options for commonly encountered neuromuscular disorders in intensive care units. We will discuss epidemiology, pathophysiology, and acute and chronic treatment options for myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, West Nile virus, Botulism, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eculizumab is the newest immunomodulator therapy approved by the Food and Drug Administration in treatment of myasthenia gravis, shown to improve long-term functional outcomes. Edaravone is the newest therapy in management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, shown to slow functional deterioration. Efgartigimod showed great promise in a phase 2 safety and efficacy trial in the treatment of stable generalized myasthenia gravis. Eculizumab was found to be safe in a small phase 2 trial for use in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Currently, therapies such as plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulins, and steroids remain the mainstay of treatment in the ICU for many neuromuscular disorders. While there are some newer immunotherapies available, few have been studied in the acute setting. However, with the advent of new immunotherapies and biologics, changes in these approaches may be on the horizon.
Multicenter validation of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grading scale for acute cholecystitis.

Background The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) patient assessment committee has created grading systems for emergency general surgery diseases to assist with clinical decision making and risk adjustment during research. Single-institution studies have validated the cholecystitis grading system as associated with patient outcomes. Our aim was to validate the grading system in a multi-institutional fashion and compare it with the Parkland grade and Tokyo Guidelines for acute cholecystitis. Methods Patients presenting with acute cholecystitis to 1 of 8 institutions were enrolled. Discrete data to assign the AAST grade were collected. The Parkland grade was collected prospectively from the operative surgeon from four institutions. Parkland grade, Tokyo Guidelines, AAST grade, and the AAST preoperative grade (clinical and imaging subscales) were compared using linear and logistic regression to the need for surgical "bailout" (subtotal or fenestrated cholecystectomy, or cholecystostomy), conversion to open, surgical complications (bile leak, surgical site infection, bile duct injury), all complications, and operative time. Results Of 861 patients, 781 underwent cholecystectomy. Mean (SD) age was 51.1 (18.6), and 62.7% were female. There were six deaths. Median AAST grade was 2 (interquartile range [IQR], 1-2), and median Parkland grade was 3 (interquartile range [IQR], 2-4). Median AAST clinical and imaging grades were 2 (IQR, 2-2) and 1 (IQR, 0-1), respectively. Higher grades were associated with longer operative times, and worse outcomes although few were significant. The Parkland grade outperformed the AAST grade based on area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Conclusion The AAST cholecystitis grading schema has modest discriminatory power similar to the Tokyo Guidelines, but generally lower than the Parkland grade, and should be modified before widespread use. Level of evidence Diagnostic study, level IV.
Magnetoelectric Effect in a Two-Layer Ferromagnetic-Piezoelectric System

The theory of the direct magnetoelectric (ME) effect in a two-layer ferromagnetc-piezoelectric structure that differs from the existing theories by the exact accounting of the electric field inhomogeneity as a function of the layer thickness is presented. A joint solution of the equations of motion for the piezoelectric and ferromagnetic media has allowed us to calculate numerically and analytically the dependence of the natural mechanical oscillation frequency of the system on its parameters and to determine the frequency dependence of the ME coupling coefficient. The account of the dissipative properties of the system has made it possible to estimate the maximum value of the ME coupling coefficient. The influences of the ME layer length on the natural frequencies and the ME coupling coefficient are analyzed.
Deep LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks for Arterial Traffic Volume Data Imputation

This research investigates the performance of deep learning to perform traffic data imputation using Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) layers. Investigation of real-time traffic volume data received from a connected corridor revealed the presence of intermittent data gaps. Such data gaps in data streams could impact applications that utilize connected corridor data. To improve the utility of the connected corridor real-time data streams a deep learning algorithm that can use historic and current high frequency data to learn and provide accurate estimations for imputation is realized. In this study traffic volume data streams are received in 6-min aggregate bins from the corridor detectors. Univariate time series models based on only the given detector and multivariate time series models based on the given detector and a similar detector are trained on LSTM RNN layers using current and historic data. To investigate the performance of these models in imputing missing data gaps two experiments are conducted. The first experiment investigates the performance of models to impute consecutive missing data under typical traffic conditions. Results indicate comparable performance of the multivariate and univariate models for shorter consecutive missing data gap imputations, while for longer consecutive missing data gaps, multivariate outperforms univariate for several cases. The second experiment compared the models performance under atypical traffic conditions. Results indicate improved performance of the multivariate over univariate models, further demonstrating the potential advantages of using recent information from other similar detectors in a multivariate model, under both typical and atypical conditions.
Carbon nitride used as a reactive template to prepare mesoporous molybdenum sulfide and nitride

Carbon nitride C3N4 has been used as a sacrificial template to prepare inorganic materials with hierarchical pore structure. C3N4 impregnated with ammonium heptamolybdate was treated in reactive gas mixtures (H2S/H2 or NH3/H2). This approach allowed mesoporous molybdenum sulfide and molybdenum nitride materials to be obtained that replicate the morphology of the C3N4 template. Advantageous catalytic properties have been demonstrated in the thiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The highest rates in both reactions were observed for partially sulfidized Mo2N solid.
SIMULATOR TRAINING IMPROVES DRIVER EFFICIENCY: TRANSFER FROM THE SIMULATOR TO THE REAL WORLD

Here we report the results of a fuel management simulation study to quantify the improvement in fuel efficiency for CDL truck drivers. Forty drivers were selected from a local commercial trucking company that maintained precise records on drivers’ history, fuel efficiency, type of vehicles driven, and trucking routes. These drivers participated in a two-hour training program that focused on ways to optimize shifting to maximize fuel efficiency (e.g., progressive shifting, double clutching, timing, and appropriate gear selection). Transfer of training was assessed over a six-month interval using measures of fuel consumption obtained by drivers in their own vehicles driving their normal route. Training increased fuel efficiency by an average of 2.8% over the six-month interval. Analyses indicated that the benefits of training persisted throughout the posttraining interval. These training benefits were obtained even for the subset of drivers who changed vehicles after training, indicating that drivers learned a general skill that transferred from one vehicle to another. Additional analyses focused on which drivers benefited the most from training. We sorted the drivers into one of four groups, based on pre-training fuel efficiency. Our analysis indicated that those drivers with the lowest pre-training fuel efficiency benefited most from training (with over 7% improvement in fuel efficiency), while those with the highest pre-training fuel efficiency did not benefit significantly from training. Together, our data validated the transfer of simulator training to realworld driving, as drivers incorporated the methods of optimal shifting into their driving practices. Moreover, the benefits of training appear to be durable and tend to benefit most those drivers whose performance was initially below the median on fuel efficiency
Security Auditing and Event Logs

You’ve come to the final chapter in this book, which is no small feat—congratulations! This part of the book focuses mainly on how you can discern if your hardening efforts, fine-tuned with what you’ve learned in the first nine chapters, were successful at thwarting attacks. Event logs and security auditing policies are an astute administrator’s best friend, but most IT personnel overlook logs, as if logs were there for no other purpose than to simply take up valuable hard disk space.
DNA barcoding reveals mislabeling of game meat species on the U.S. commercial market

Abstract Game meats represent a valuable specialty market in the United States that has high economic incentives associated with mislabeling. However, there is limited information on this topic. The purpose of this study was to conduct a market survey of game meats sold within the United States and identify instances of mislabeling using DNA barcoding. Products were also examined for the presence of threatened or endangered species. Fifty-four samples of whole-cut game meats were collected from online distributors in the United States and sequenced across a 658 base-pair region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The resulting DNA sequences were identified based on top species matches in the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) and GenBank. The results showed that 18.5% of samples were potentially mislabeled and 9.3% of samples legally contained a near-threatened or vulnerable species and were correctly labeled. The samples appeared to have been mislabeled due to reasons such as economic gain and product mishandling. However, cross-species hybridization could also have contributed to the potential mislabeling of bison and yak products. Although near threatened (bison) and vulnerable (lion) species were identified, the products were correctly labeled and legally sold, as bison populations are managed and the identified lion species is not protected by the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Overall, the results of this study revealed the occurrence of game meat mislabeling in the United States and suggest the need for further evaluation of this practice.
A Life in Medicine: A Literary Anthology

Edited by Robert Coles, MD, and Randy Testa with Joseph O'Donnel, MD, Penny Armstrong, CNM, MSN, and M. Brownell Anderson. New York: The New Press, 2002. 329 pages. $27.95, hardcover. Reviewed by: Cheri Van Hoover, CNM, MS, Faculty OB/GYN Group, Assistant Clinical Professor, University of California at San Francisco.
D'Agents: Security in a Multiple-Language, Mobile-Agent System

Mobile-agent systems must address three security issues: protecting an individual machine, protecting a group of machines, and protecting an agent. In this chapter, we discuss these three issues in the context of D'Agents, a mobile-agent system whose agents can be written in Tcl, Java and Scheme. (D'Agents was formerly known as Agent Tcl.) First we discuss mechanisms existing in D'Agents for protecting an individual machine: (1) cryptographic authentication of the agent's owner, (2) resource managers that make policy decisions based on the owner's identity, and (3) secure execution environments for each language that enforce the decisions of the resource managers. Then we discuss our planned market-based approach for protecting machine groups. Finally we consider several (partial) solutions for protecting an agent from a malicious machine.
Copulas Theory for Probabilistic Assessment: Overview with Application to Airplane Performance Analysis

The high degree of complexity and uncertainty associated with aerospace engineering applications has driven systems analysts toward the use of probabilistic and statistical analysis tools in order to understand and design for that uncertainty. Common themes in aerospace applications of probabilistic theory include the assumed independence of random variables and the arbitrary or unjustified use of certain probability distributions to represent random variables. These incorrect assumptions are often unknowingly used in systems analysis and can lead to inaccuracies in uncertainty quantification, poor decision making, and flawed designs. Copulas theory can be used in conjunction with the inversion method to mitigate both of these concerns while improving the accuracy of probabilistic assessments and enabling decision makers to better represent the uncertainty associated with the problem at hand. This paper provides a basic introduction of copulas to the aerospace audience with a focus on the needs of the pra...
Some aspects in estimating warranty and post‐warranty repair demands

When customers buy a product, they are often eligible for free repairs for a certain warranty period. In this article, we study some important aspects, which are often overlooked in the literature but are of interest to the manufacturer, in estimating both warranty and post-warranty repair demands. We consider that the installed base of the product (i.e., the number of units of the product actually in use) varies with time due to both new sales and units being taken out of service. When estimating warranty and post-warranty repair demands, we explicitly address the fact that customers may not always request repairs for failed units. For the case where the product failure time distribution is exponential, we derive the closed-form expressions for both types of repair demands of a single unit and of the time-varying installed base. The insights into some risk-related quantities are also presented. Furthermore, the proposed model is extended by considering delayed warranty claims that are frequently seen in practice. Numerical examples illustrate that understanding both types of repair demands and the related decision variables is important for managing the obligatory and profitable repair services. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 60: 499–511, 2013
Overall survival by pattern of recurrence following curative intent surgery for colorectal liver metastasis.

Background: Following curative intent surgery (CIS) for colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM), patterns of recurrence and subsequent survival outcomes are not widely reported. Methods: An institutional database (January 2002–December 2012) was reviewed to evaluate patterns of recurrence following CIS for CRLM. Results: 163 patients with CRLM underwent successful CIS. Median follow‐up and disease‐free interval were 33 and 16 months, respectively. 5‐year overall survival (OS) was 55%. After initial CIS, 102 (63%) patients recurred: liver‐44% (5‐year OS 55%), lung‐15% (5‐year OS 45%), and other/multifocal‐41% (5‐year OS 24%). OS for isolated liver and lung recurrences were not significantly different. Liver only recurrence was associated with 1–5mm liver resection margins (P ¼0.048). Lung only recurrence was associated with extrahepatic metastasis (at the time of initial CRLM) (P ¼0.025). Other/multifocal recurrence was associated with bilobar CRLM (P ¼0.026), and extrahepatic metastasis (P ¼0.028). Conclusions: Patterns of recurrence following CIS for CRLM have important implications for OS. 5‐year OS was similar between isolated lung and liver recurrences. During CIS, decreased liver resection margin may be associated with increased risk of liver only recurrence. Patients with aggressive primary or metastatic liver disease are at higher risk for pulmonary or other/multifocal recurrence. J. Surg. Oncol. . 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Relation Between Wear and Irreversible Entropy Generation in the Dry Sliding of Metals

We examine the relationship between wear and the generation of entropy in dry sliding of metals. It is postulated that wear is related to irreversible entropy generation within the MAZ. We present a model, that treats the MAZ as a heat engine in the Carnot sense. The model assumes that the MAZ is a heat engine that transports heat from a high temperature reservoir, represented by the asperity contact layer, to a low temperature reservoir, represented by the sub-contact layer. Consequently an entropy generation source that represents the irreversibilities within the MAZ is defined and a study of the entropy generation is attempted. Wear data, published elsewhere, of two materials, Oxygen Free High conductivity Copper, and Commercially Pure Titanium are analyzed using the developed model. It is found that wear for both materials is correlated to entropy generation, and to the entropy flow within the MAZ. Interestingly, moreover, in view of the contrasting wear trends of the test materials, the relationship of the mass wear rate and the specific wear rate of each material with respect to entropy generation are totally opposite to each other. A common feature between the behavior of the two materials, was found in wear behavior with respect to a so called Ratio of Residual Entropy. This ratio determines wether the system is over or under supplied with entropy. It is found that when the capacity to transport entropy exceeds the entropy supply the mass wear rate increases, and when the entropy transport capacity of the system is exceeded and entropy generation takes place the mass wear rate decreases. This is attributed to the re-establishment of equilibrium within the system.
Quantitative Nutrition Education Research: Approaches, Findings, Outlook

Quantitative nutrition education research assists nutrition educators first, by helping them understand the factors that influence dietary behavior, and second, by providing a systematic method of investigating the most effective methods for influencing dietary behavior to promote health. This paper discusses four broad categories of factors influencing dietary behavior: physiological factors, sociodemographic factors, behavioral and lifestyle factors, and knowledge and attitude factors. Research findings illustrating what can be learned from examination of each of these categories of factors are presented. The need for more unified, theory-based research on factors influencing dietary behavior is discussed and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Diet and Health Knowledge Survey is presented as a data set that can be used to carry out this type of research. Finally, the advantages of using both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to investigate methods of influencing dietary behavior are argued.
Influence of Diabetes Mellitus on Early and Late Outcome After Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

Background Although patients with diabetes mellitus constitute an important segment of the population undergoing coronary angioplasty, the outcome of these patients has not been well characterized. Methods and Results Data for 1133 diabetic and 9300 nondiabetic patients undergoing elective angioplasty from 1980 to 1990 were analyzed. Diabetics were older and had more cardiovascular comorbidity. Insulin-requiring (IR) diabetics had diabetes for a longer duration and worse renal and ventricular functions compared with non-IR subjects. Angiographic and clinical successes after angioplasty were high and similar in diabetics and nondiabetics. In-hospital major complications were infrequent (3%), with a trend toward higher death or myocardial infarction in IR diabetics. Five-year survival (89% versus 93%) and freedom from infarction (81% versus 89%) were lower, and bypass surgery and additional angioplasty were required more often in diabetics. In diabetics, only 36% survived free of infarction or additional re...
The excretion pattern of biliverdin and bilirubin in bile of the small skate (Raja erinacea).

Bile pigment composition (biliverdin, bilirubin and their conjugates) was analyzed in stored gallbladder bile and newly synthesized hepatic bile from the small skate (Raja erinacea). During a five day period of captivity, gallbladder volume remained relatively constant while bilirubin and biliverdin content increased two to three fold. Biliverdin which accounted for 50% of the pigments did not increase as a percentage of tetrapyrroles during this period. The relative proportion of bilirubin and its conjugates also remained constant, averaging 65% for bilirubin monoglucuronide, 30% for bilirubin diglucuronide and 5% for unconjugated bilirubin as measured by HPLC methods. Intravenous administration of biliverdin resulted in significant increases in the biliary excretion of both biliverdin and all bilirubin tetrapyrroles. Insignificant quantities of3H-biliverdin were detected in hepatic bile following the intravenous administration of3H-bilirubin. These studies indicate that the small skate excreted both biliverdin and bilirubin conjugates in bile and that the biliverdin was not produced by in vitro oxidation of bilirubin or its metabolites.
Software design for an autonomous ground vehicle for the 13th Annual Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition

This paper presents the vision and path planning software design of a totally autonomous vehicle built to compete in the 13th Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition, IGVC. The vehicle, Calculon, is based on a powered wheelchair and uses a variety of sensors for its navigation and obstacle avoidance including a 3CCD Sony color camera, an outdoor laser range finder, a DGPS, 2 wheel encoders and a solid state compass. The modules forming the core vision system include: filters, color classifier, image segments, and line finder. Our color classifier is based on a modified implementation of an adaptive Gaussian color model similar to those used in some skin detection algorithms. A combination of various image enhancing filters and the color classifier allow for the isolation of possible obstacles within the image. After filtering the image for areas of high brightness and contrast, the line finder performs a Hough Transform to find lines in the image. Our path planning is accomplished using a variety of known and custom algorithms in combination including a modified road map method, a Rapidly Exploring Trees method and a Gaussian Potential Field's method. This paper will present the software design and methods of our autonomous vehicle focusing mainly on the 2 most difficult components, the vision and path planning.
Use of variable-scale pressure test data to estimate the log hydraulic conductivity covariance and dispersivity of fractured granites near Oracle, Arizona

Abstract Application of modern stochastic theories to nonuniform geologic media requires, among other things, knowing the principal directions and correlation lengths of the log hydraulic conductivity covariance. To infer this information by standard geostatistical methods directly from point measurements of hydraulic conductivity in three-dimensional space is seldom possible due to a ubiquitous scarcity of data. To show how this difficulty can be overcome we use an example of fractured granitic rocks near Oracle, Arizona. At this site, hydraulic conductivities were measured on a small scale by packer tests and on a larger scale by cross-hole tests. The test results suggest that the measured hydraulic conductivities can be viewed as quantities defined over a continuum which are scalar on a local scale but exhibit large scale anisotropy due to spatial nonuniformity and the effect of fracture orientations. Based on this observation, the two sets of hydraulic conductivity data are related theoretically and the resulting expression is used to estimate the anisotropic covariance function of log hydraulic conductivities at the Oracle site. We then employ these parameters to calculate a Fickian dispersivity tensor for the Oracle granite by relying on the recent theory of Neuman et al. (1987a). Our results highlight the need to extend available stochastic theories to the domain of strongly nonuniform media the properties of which fluctuate with large amplitudes.
Mice With a Deletion in the First Intron of the Col1a1 Gene Develop Age-Dependent Aortic Dissection and Rupture

The functional significance of the first intron of the Col1a1 gene in regulation of type I collagen synthesis remains uncertain. A previous study in mice established that a mutated Col1a1 allele that lacked a large fraction of the first intron, but retained the sequences required for normal splicing, was subject to an age- and tissue-dependent decrease in expression. In this study, we report that mice homozygous for this deletion are predisposed to dissection and rupture of the aorta during their adult life. Aortic dissection was not detected in autopsies of heterozygous animals or their littermate controls. Electron micrographs revealed fewer collagen fibrils and less compacted, irregular elastic lamellae in the aortic walls of homozygous mutant animals. Northern analysis of aortic RNA from 2.5- and 12-month-old homozygous mutant mice revealed that Col1a1 mRNA levels were decreased by 29% and 42%, respectively, relative to those of control littermates. In 12-month-old heterozygotes, the decrease was 32%. Allele-specific amplification of heterozygous cDNAs demonstrated that this reduction was limited to transcripts from the mutant allele. The collagen content of the aortas of homozygous mutant mice was also significantly lower in comparison to that of age-matched, control animals. These data establish that the integrity of the aortic wall depends on an adequate content of type I collagen, and that continued synthesis of collagen in the aorta as a function of age is critically dependent on sequences in the first intron of the Col1a1 gene.
Effect of substrate flexibility on solder joint reliability

Abstract Solder joint fatigue failure is a serious reliability concern in area array technologies, such as flip chip and ball grid array packages of integrated-circuit chips. The selection of different substrate materials could affect solder joint thermal fatigue lifetime significantly. The reliability of solder joint in flip chip assembly for both rigid and compliant substrates was evaluated by accelerated temperature cycling test. Experimental results strongly showed that the thermal fatigue lifetime of solder joints in flip chip on flex assembly was much improved over that in flip chip on rigid substrate assembly. Debonding area of solder joints in flip chip on rigid board and flip chip on flex assemblies were investigated, and it was found that flex substrate could slow down solder joint crack propagation rate. The mechanism of substrate flexibility on improving solder joint thermal fatigue was investigated by thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) technique. TMA results showed that flex substrate buckles or bends during temperature cycling and this phenomenon was discussed from the point of view of mechanics of the flip chip assembly during temperature cycling process. It was indicated that the thermal strain and stress in solder joints could be reduced by flex buckling or bending and flex substrates could dissipate energy that otherwise would be absorbed by solder joints. It was concluded that substrate flexibility has a great effect on solder joint reliability and the reliability improvement was attributed to flex buckling or bending during temperature cycling.
Prospects for rare earth doped GaN lasers on Si

The recent surge of interest and research activity in Si-based lasers underscores the potential benefits that full capability in photonics could bring to the Si world. We highlight some of the recent advances in lasing based on emission from rare earth (RE) elements contained in GaN heteroepitaxially grown on Si. This approach has led to the first demonstration of visible lasing on Si. We discuss the current understanding of RE lasing sites in GaN, the intimate relationship between materials growth, optical properties and resulting laser performance. The eventual success of this approach will result in the availability of laser light sources built directly on Si substrates and operating at wavelengths throughout the visible and near-infrared (IR) range. The prospects and challenges for electrically pumped injection GaN:RE lasers, and potential applications, are discussed.
Phospholipids of pork muscle tissues.

The lipids extracted from four locations on a hog carcass were fractionated into nonphospholipids, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, lecithins, and sphingomyelins. The identities of phospholipid fractions were established and their quantitative contents were determined by three methods: gravimetrically, from analysis of the phosphorus content, and from standard curves of infrared spectra. Variations in content of a phospholipid type were noted in the carcass locations studied. Lecithin and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were found in greatest quantity. These represented ca. 61% and 31%, respectively, of the total phospholipids. The remainder was distributed between phosphatidyl serine and sphingomyelin at 5% and 3%, respectively. The phospholipid content of hog meat was found to be slightly over 0.5%.
Level and Change in Reading Scores and Attention Problems During Elementary School as Predictors of Problem Behavior in Middle School.

This study examined heterogeneity in change in reading test scores and attention problems during middle childhood and whether heterogeneity in change in these variables predicted later problem beha...
Use of total parenteral nutrition as a "medical colostomy" in management of severe lacerations of the sphincter: report of a case.

A case of anal-sphincter injury with total fecal incontinence is presented. The use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) as a “medical colostomy” is stressed. After four weeks of support by TPN, the perineal wound had healed and successful sphincteroplasty was performed. TPN was used in the postoperative period to delay bowel movements for one week. The general concept of the use of TPN in sphincter injury is presented, giving the surgeon an option in management of these injuries without resorting to a preliminary colostomy.
A technique for repeated recordings in cortical organotypic slices.

Abstract Electrophysiology studies in vitro have generally focused on forms of plasticity which are rapidly induced and last for minutes to hours. However, it is well known that plasticity at some cellular and synaptic loci are induced and expressed over many hours or days. One limitation in examining these forms of plasticity is the lack of preparations that allow stimulation and recording of the same tissue over a 24 h period or more. Here we describe a simple method for repeated recordings and stimulating the same organotypic slices (different neurons) over a 24 h window. We use the conventional interface organotypic culture method together with a custom chamber, which allows recordings on the intact filter, and DiI to mark the stimulation sites. We show that the health of the neurons, as defined by intrinsic excitability, excitatory and inhibitory input–output curves, and morphology remains unchanged over the 24 h period. This simple technique provides a means to investigate long-term forms of plasticity that may be induced under conditions similar to those observed in vivo. Additionally, it provides the opportunity to perform long-term morphological and pharmacological studies.
Minimum detectable dark interval between trains of perceptually fused flashes.

The minimum detectable dark interval between trains of perceptually fused flashes of light was investigated. The length of this minimum interval between such trains was an inverse function of both train duration and of pulse rate within the train. Trains longer than a critical duration of 70 or 80 msec did not further decrease the dark interval duration. Also, an It=k law is approximated in that any constant amount of light energy in the fused trains, regardless of its time distribution within the critical duration, produces a constant value of minimum detectable dark time between trains. Results are discussed in relation to action of light quanta in the stimulus, neural summation, and neural latency changes, all of which, it is contended, jointly contribute to production of the psychophysical results of the experiment.
Materials aspects of multijunction solar cells

Abstract Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) was used to grow several components of the cascade solar cell structure in the AlGaAs/GaAs system. An ALE reactor was constructed for multiwafer growth with a growth rate of 0.6 μm h−1. Device quality GaAs and As x Ga 1−x As films were grown with p-type background carbon doping in the ranges 1015–1019 cm−3 and 1016–1020 cm−3 respectively. N-type films were achieved by SiH4 doping, producing carrier concentrations in the range 1016–1018 cm−3. In addition, the potential applications of the ALE technique in the photovoltaic field are discussed.
Separating Grain Components by Air Classification

Abstract The use of air as a means of effecting particle separation is one of the oldest technologies known t o man. The development of various commercial air classifiers has, however, led in recent years t o a renewed interest in the application of this technique to the fractionation of heterogeneous particulates into sub-groups of fairly uniform size based on particle density and mass. Early applications of air classification, and still the most commonly found, are in the chemical, dyestuffs, ceramics and whit clay industries to from products sharply graded in the 2 to 60 micron range
Charge Density in the Deuteron

The phenomenological theory of the deuteron charge distribution is discussed. Finite nucleon sizes are included. The theory is applied to the deuteron quadrupole moment, the low-energy photonuclear reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}+d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n+p$, and elastic electron-deuteron scattering. It is shown that these phenomena can be given a consistent phenomenological treatment under the simplest assumptions.
The Cam-link mechanism for structural error-free path and function generation

Abstract Generalized design techniques are presented for the cam-link mechanism which is a fundamentally new and different kinematic chain capable of structural error-free operation for both path and function generation. These design techniques, employing an optimization procedure, provide a systematic approach to the design of mechanisms for function and path generation when extreme accuracy is required and when severe design restrictions must be accommodated. Examples are worked to demonstrate application of these procedures and to illustrate the nature and capabilities of the cam-link mechanism.
Critical Museology, (Post)Colonial Communication, and the Gradual Mastering of Traumatic Pasts at the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)

This essay provides a critical analysis of some of the public and museological debates that have swirled around the rediscovery of a Congolese holocaust. The authors of the essay highlight some of the evolutionary changes that have taken place in the exhibitions that are presented in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) in Tervuren, Belgium, and they highlight some of the difficulties that attend the “mastering” of some complex colonial pasts. For more than a decade some harsh critics of the museum have complained about the exclusionary practices of the museum and elision of Leopoldian memories.
Reversible flocculation of silica across the phase boundary of poly(vinyl caprolactam) in aqueous solution.

The colloid stability of silica dispersions in water in the presence of poly(vinyl caprolactam) (PVCAP) has been studied below and above the lower consolute temperature (LCT) of its solutions. The dispersion sediments slowly without PVCAP in the temperature range studied (26−40 °C) or with PVCAP below the LCT (∼30 °C). In contrast, with PVCAP above the LCT, rapid flocculation occurs at acid pH, with re-dispersal on cooling. Reversible flocculation is also obtained above the LCT by cycling the pH from alkaline to acid and back. The flocculation observed above the LCT may also be regarded as heterocoagulation between the silica particles and the aggregates of the polymer.
Crossflow boiling heat transfer in tube bundles

Abstract Experimental studies are conducted for two-phase crossflows in horizontal tube bundles at various mass fluxes and local flow qualities. The results are compared with those for a single tube in a channel [4,6] at two-phase crossflow conditions. The difference between the heat transfer performance for a heated tube in an infinite pool and in a heated or non-heated bundle can be explained in terms of the different flow field geometry and thermal environment.
Properties of solitary waves in Lake Constance

Solitary waves—large individual waves that can travel long distances holding their shape, unlike normal waves that would tend to flatten out—occur in oceans and in lakes, both on the surface and as internal waves below the surface. In lakes, these waves can affect circulation and mixing and influence aquatic ecosystems, but many studies of the properties and effects of internal solitary waves in lakes are based on limited observations. From observations recorded over 6 years in Lake Constance, in Germany,Preusse et al. studied seasonal changes in the properties of internal solitary waves. Their study, which included 219 wave trains with a range of numbers of waves per train, amplitude, propagation depth, and other properties, shows that internal solitary waves are a regular occurrence. They found that a substantial number of the solitary waves were strongly nonlinear and that solitary wave properties varied with the stratification of the lake, which changes with season. (Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, doi:10.1029/2011JC007403, 2012)