cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of component erosion for electromagnetic and electrothermal launchers

The electrothermal launcher SIRENS has been used to study the erosion of critical components (rails and insulators) of plasma-driven launchers. SIRENS can produce high-density (>10/sup 25//m/sup 3/) low-temperature (1-3 eV) plasma, formed by the ablation of the insulator (Lexan), with currents up to 100 kA. The incident heat flux varies between 2 and 90 GW/m/sup 2/ over 100 mu s duration, for input energies of 1-10 kJ. Erosion studies have been performed on several insulators, pure and coated metals, alloys, and several graphite grades. The fraction of the total incident energy transmitted to the eroded surface varies from 12 to 30% for the materials tested and decreases to 5-7% as the incident energy fluence increases. Such reduction in erosion for a given incident fluence is due to the vapor shield effect. The scaling law for the energy transmission factor through the vapor shield layer was obtained for the exposed materials. >
An Octave-Band Switched-Line Microstrip 3-b Diode Phase Shifter

The design of an octave-band (2.5-5.0-GHZ) switched-line diode phase shifter is described. An analysis showing the need for a choice of the shunt-diode switch configuration for broad-band operation is presented. Curves of even- and odd-mode impedance of parallel coupled microstrip lines employed in Schiffman differential phase shifters are presented. The configuration and performance characteristics of the phase shifter are described,
Mixing levels, the apennine front soil component, and compositional trends in the Apollo 15 soils

New compositional data (by INAA) for 29 samples of Apollo 15 soil fractions are presented along with data for six depth intervals of the bottom half of the double drive tube at station 2 on the Apennine Front. The compositional trends in the Apollo 15 soils are discussed in terms of four techniques used to determine the important components of the regolith: graphical techniques, factor analysis, chemical analysis of individual soil particles, and mixing models. The concept of 'mixing levels' is introduced, which states that a sample of lunar regolith can be considered as a mixture on several different compositional levels (I, igneous rock types; II, local rock types; III, soils), and it is shown that most attempts at modeling lunar soils as mixtures have been directed at level II. It is argued that only four components are required to account for the variation in concentrations of lithophile elements in the Apollo 15 samples: mare basalt, KREEP basalt, green glass, and Apennine front soil (best represented by the station 2 samples).
Analysis of Growth Inhibition and Metabolism of Hydroxycinnamic Acids by Brewing and Spoilage Strains of Brettanomyces Yeast.

Brettanomyces yeasts are well-known as spoilage organisms in both the wine and beer industries, but also contribute important desirable characters to certain beer styles. These properties are mediated in large part by Brettanomyces' metabolism of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) present in beverage raw materials. Here we compare growth inhibition by, and metabolism of, HCAs among commercial brewing strains and spoilage strains of B. bruxellensis and B. anomalus. These properties vary widely among the different strains tested and between the HCAs analyzed. Brewing strains showed more efficient metabolism of ferulic acid over p-coumaric acid, a trait not shared among the spoilage strains.
A pulsed integrator for EMG analysis

Resume Les auteurs decrivent un systeme nouveau qui convertit les signaux EMG en une sortie proportionnelle a la surface limitee par la courbe redressee a des intervalles de temps discrets. Ceci est realise en remettant a zero un integrateur a longue constante de temps a la cadence desiree, et en conservant chaque integrale dans un echantillonneur/bloqueur en vue d'une sortie qui s'effectue pendant la periode d'integration consecutive. Cette sortie est particulierement utile pour quantifier les evenements reflexes rapides puisque le signal est integre sans perte durant chaque periode et qu'il ne laisse aucun signal residuel lors des periodes suivantes.
Variation in the Caudal Fat Deposit of Microdipodops megacephalus

The size of the caudal fat deposit varied seasonally in a population of the dark kangaroo mouse ( Microdipodops megacephalus ). Tails reached their maximum circumference prior to a period of winter inactivity, and were thin in the spring, when mice resumed activity. Juveniles had thinner tails than adults. There was some evidence that tail thicknesses differed between years. Sexes did not differ in tail thickness or rate of increase in thickness. Mice that returned to the study area after winter 1979–80 had thicker tails during the preceding fall than did mice that did not return. Comparison of the adaptations of desert small mammals with caudal fat deposits suggests that small body size, torpor, and a non-granivorous diet are selective factors associated with such fat stores.
Multiple independent formations of Tragopogon tetraploids (Asteraceae): evidence from RAPD markers

Polyploidy is widely recognized as a significant force leading to the formation of new plant species. Estimates of the number of angiosperm species with polyploid origins are as high as ≈ 50%; however, in spite of this prevalence, many aspects of polyploid evolution remain poorly understood. Recent studies have suggested that recurrent origins of polyploid species are the rule rather than the exception. The present study is one of only a few designed to quantify the number of independent origins of a polyploid species. The two tetraploid species Tragopogon mirus and T. miscellus (Asteraceae) arose within the past 50 years in the Palouse region of eastern Washington and adjacent northern Idaho. Previous work using morphology, cpDNA and rDNA restriction site analyses, allozymes, cytology, and flavonoid chemistry established that T. mirus had arisen at least five times, and T. miscellus at least twice, on the Palouse. To assess the frequency of multiple origins of these species more rigorously, seven populations of T. mirus and three populations of T. miscellus that were indistinguishable based on previous markers were surveyed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers; populations of the diploid progenitor species from the same sites were also analysed. Each tetraploid population had a unique RAPD marker profile, suggesting that each population surveyed originated independently of the other populations in the region. Only two of the tetraploid populations combined the RAPD marker profiles of the diploid progenitors occurring at the same site. Both polyploid species, whose ranges and numbers have greatly increased since their formation in the early part of the twentieth century, have formed repeatedly on a local geographical scale and during a short time frame. Furthermore, each tetraploid species is spreading not primarily by dispersal of propagules from a single population of origin, but through repeated, independent polyploidization events that recreate the polyploid taxa.
Efficient, High-Data-Rate, Tapered Oxide-Aperture Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers

New advances in high-efficiency, high-speed 980-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are presented. The tapered oxide aperture was optimized to provide additional mode confinement without sacrificing its static low-loss performance. The pad capacitance was reduced by using benzocyclobutene, removing the n-contact layer, and shrinking the pad dimension. The mesa capacitance was also lowered by using a thicker oxide aperture and deep oxidation layers. With all these improvements, our devices demonstrated >20 GHz bandwidth, the highest for 980 nm VCSELs, and 35 Gb/s operation at only 10 mW power dissipation, corresponding to the highest reported data rate/power dissipation ratio of 3.5 Gb/(smiddotmW).
Population-based analysis of lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy utilization for intermediate thickness melanoma.

Background and Objectives Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy (LM/SL) is the nodal staging procedure of choice for patients with intermediate thickness melanoma. We hypothesize that a significant portion of these patients are not undergoing LM/SL. We explore factors that influence use of LM/SL. Methods Analysis was performed of all incident cases of invasive cutaneous melanoma in North Carolina between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2001. Results Three thousand four hundred and thirty-six cases of melanoma were reported for 1999–2001. Two hundred and seventy-three cases (8%) were excluded due to metastases. Nine hundred and sixteen cases (29%) were excluded because the T classification was not reported. Of the remaining cases, 1,242 (55%) were intermediate thickness (T2–3); 48% (596/1,242) underwent LM/SL. Subjects ≥60 years old were less likely to receive LM/SL than subjects <60 years (39% vs. 55.4%, P < 0.001). Subjects with head/neck primary tumors were less likely to receive LM/SL than other subjects (33% vs. 51%, P < 0.001). Subjects with T3 tumors were more likely to receive LM/SL than those with T2 tumors (54% vs. 42%, P < 0.001). Conclusions Half of all patients with intermediate thickness melanoma in North Carolina do not receive LM/SL. Use of LM/SL varies by patient age and primary tumor site. Further investigation is warranted to explore these differences.. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;93: 100–107. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Microfluidic Parallel Patterning and Cellular Delivery of Molecules with a Nanofountain Probe

This brief report describes a novel tool for microfluidic patterning of biomolecules and delivery of molecules into cells. The microdevice is based on integration of nanofountain probe (NFP) chips with packaging that creates a closed system and enables operation in liquid. The packaged NFP can be easily coupled to a micro/nano manipulator or atomic force microscope for precise position and force control. We demonstrate here the functionality of the device for continuous direct-write parallel patterning on a surface in air and in liquid. Because of the small volume of the probes (~3 pL), we can achieve flow rates as low as 1 fL/s and have dispensed liquid drops with submicron to 10 µm diameters in a liquid environment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this microdevice can be used for delivery of molecules into single cells by transient permeabilization of the cell membrane (i.e., electroporation). The significant advantage of NFP-based electroporation compared with bulk electroporation and other transfection techniques is that it allows for precise and targeted delivery while minimizing stress to the cell. We discuss the ongoing development of the tool toward automated operation and its potential as a multifunctional device for microarray applications and time-dependent single-cell studies.
Improved prosody generation by maximizing joint likelihood of state and longer units

The current state-of-art HMM-bsed TTS can produce highly intelligible output speech and deliver a decent segmental quality. However, its prosody, especially at the phrase or sentence level, tends to be bland. The blandness of synthesized prosody is partially due to the fact that a state-based HMM is rather inadequate in modeling a global, hierarchical prosodic structure at a sentence or phrase level. In this study, the prosody of longer units are first modeled explicitly by appropriate parametric distributions. The resultant models are then integrated with the state-level baseline models to generate an optimal prosody by maximizing the joint likelihood of all, from state to longer, units. Experimental results in both Mandarin and English show consistent improvements over the state-based baseline system. The improvements are both objectively measurable and subjectively perceivable.
E1A Oncogene Enhancement of Caspase-2-Mediated Mitochondrial Injury Sensitizes Cells to Macrophage Nitric Oxide-Induced Apoptosis

The adenovirus E1A oncogene induces innate immune rejection of tumors by sensitizing tumor cells to apoptosis in response to injuries, such as those inflicted by macrophage-produced TNF alpha and NO. E1A sensitizes cells to TNF by repressing its activation of NF-kappaB-dependent, antiapoptotic defenses. This suggested the hypothesis that E1A blockade of the NF-kappaB activation response might be the central mechanism of E1A induced cellular sensitivity to other proapoptotic injuries, such as macrophage-produced NO. However, creation of E1A-positive NIH-3T3 mouse cell variants with high-level, NF-kappaB-dependent resistance to TNF did not coselect for resistance to apoptosis induced by either macrophage-NO or chemical-NO, as the hypothesis would predict. E1A expression did block cellular recovery from NO-induced mitochondrial injury and converted the reversible, NO-induced cytostasis response of cells to an apoptotic response. This viral oncogene-induced phenotypic conversion of the cellular injury response of mouse and human cells was mediated by an E1A-related increase in NO-induced activation of caspase-2, an apical initiator of intrinsic apoptosis. Blocking caspase-2 activation or expression eliminated the NO-induced apoptotic response of E1A-positive cells. These results define an NF-kappaB-independent pathway through which the E1A gene of human adenovirus sensitizes mouse and human cells to apoptosis by enhancement of caspase-2-mediated mitochondrial injury.
Female injecting drug users: human immunodeficiency virus risk behavior and intervention needs.

Injecting drug use and heterosexual contact are the major exposure categories for women acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) risk perception, perceived seriousness of HIV, drug use self-efficacy, sexual self-efficacy, and social support for HIV/AIDS risk behavior among female injecting drug users (IDUs). A random sample of 140 female IDUs was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Self-efficacy for preventive sexual behavior and social support were predictive of condom use with primary partners P = .01 and P = .001, respectively. Self-efficacy for preventive drug use was predictive of risky injection behavior (P = .004) and risky injection location (P = .003). The results suggest that HIV prevention programs targeting female IDUs should include strategies that incorporate their support networks and strengthen preventive self-efficacy. Brief intervention strategies that nurses can carry out with female IDUs are suggested.
Health Maintenance Activities and Lay Decision-Making Support: A Comparison of Young-Old and Old-Old Long-Term Cancer Survivors

Abstract Health maintenance activities and involvement of lay sources of decision-making support can affect cancer patients' well-being and decisions about care during active treatment and long-term survivorship. Because most cancer patients are older than 60 years, examining these variables in older cancer survivors is important. In this study, 316 older long-term cancer survivors were asked about health maintenance activities and involvement of lay sources of decision-making support during the diagnosis and treatment of cancer (then) and long-term survivorship (now). Because of the wide age range in older cancer survivors, two age groups were compared: 190 young-old survivors aged 60 to 74 years (M= 67 years, SD= 3.8 years) and 126 old-old survivors aged 75 years or older (M= 80 years, SD= 4.8 years). A larger percentage of young-old than old-old survivors reported using health maintenance activities and lay sources of decision-making support, both then and now. Age-group differences were most apparent ...
Survivin: Key Regulator of Mitosis and Apoptosis and Novel Target for Cancer Therapeutics

Survivin, a member of the family of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, functions as a key regulator of mitosis and programmed cell death. Initially, survivin was described as an inhibitor of caspase-9. However, over the last years, research studies have shown that the role of survivin in cancer pathogenesis is not limited to apoptosis inhibition but also involves the regulation of the mitotic spindle checkpoint and the promotion of angiogenesis and chemoresistance. Survivin gene expression is transcriptionally repressed by wild-type p53 and can be deregulated in cancer by several mechanisms, including gene amplification, hypomethylation, increased promoter activity, and loss of p53 function. This article reviews the multiple functions of survivin in the regulation of apoptosis, the promotion of tumorigenesis, and the development of survivin inhibitors as a novel anticancer therapeutic strategy.
A Malignant Melanoma Associated with a Blue Nevus of the Lip

Blue nevi are characterized by a collection of pigment-producing melanocytes in the dermis. These lesions clinically present as well demarcated cerulean-blue or bluish black colored papules or plaques that usually measure less than 1 cm in diameter. They are typically found on the dorsal surface of the hands and feet or in the head and neck region; however, they are rarely found in the oral cavity. These lesions are usually benign and stable over time. However, malignant melanomas developing in or associated with a blue nevus (which is also called malignant blue nevus) have been only rarely reported. A malignant blue nevus might develop in a common blue or cellular blue nevus, a giant congenital nevus or in a nevus of Ota, or it may be malignant from the start. Malignant blue nevi most commonly are found on the scalp. A malignant blue nevus of the lip has not been previously reported in the medical literature. We report here on a patient with a malignant melanoma associated with a blue nevus of the lip. The malignant melanoma was presumed to have developed from a blue nevus that was present on the upper lip of a 50-year-old male.
Upwelling: a unit of disturbance in equatorial spread F

Plasma structure in the nighttime equatorial F layer, often referred to as equatorial spread F (ESF), is not uniformly distributed, either in time or in space. Observations indicate that ESF in the bottomside F layer takes the form of patches; plasma structure within the F layer takes the form of localized plasma depletions, called equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs), which tend to occur in clusters. Another observed feature is an upwelling, which has been described as a localized, upward modulation of isodensity contours in the bottomside F layer. Interestingly, zonal widths of ESF patches, EPB clusters, and upwellings are similar. Moreover, all display an east-west asymmetry. The objective of this paper is to show, for the first time, that an ESF patch is the bottomside counterpart of an EPB cluster, and that both are products of the electrodynamical process that takes place within an upwelling. The process can be described as having three phases: (1) amplification of upwelling amplitude during the post-sunset rise of the F layer, (2) launching of the first EPB of the evening, from crest of the upwelling, and (3) structuring of plasma within the upwelling. Hence, an upwelling, whose presence is responsible for the formation of ESF patches and EPB clusters, can be envisioned as a unit of disturbance that occurs in the nighttime equatorial ionosphere.
Linking strategic objectives to operations: towards a more effective supply chain decision making

Supply chain managers today face an unremitting challenge to their capabilities in both the volume and complexity of factors to be reconciled. In order to achieve more effective decision making, it is very necessary to link strategic objectives to operational actions. However, little is available to guide managers in translating a set of objectives into operations so far. This paper presents a comprehensive methodology to address this gap. In this methodology, strategic objectives are translated into performance metrics by qualitative strategy map and metric network firstly, and then quantitative techniques such as system dynamics simulation and optimization are adopted to take managers through the stages of strategy mapping, action evaluation and decision making. A case study, supported by a software tool, is carried out throughout the paper to illustrate how the method works.
Dietary Intake of Dairy Products, Calcium, and Vitamin D and the Risk of Hypertension in Middle-Aged and Older Women

Prospective data on the associations between intake of dairy products and its nutrient components with risk of hypertension remain limited. We therefore investigated the associations of intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D with the incidence of hypertension in a prospective cohort of 28,886 US women aged >or=45 years. Intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D at baseline were assessed from semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires. Incident cases of hypertension (n=8710) were identified from annual follow-up questionnaires during 10 years of follow-up. After adjusting for major hypertension risk factors, the relative risks of incident hypertension across increasing quintiles of low-fat dairy product intake were 1.00 (reference), 0.98, 0.97, 0.95, and 0.89 (P for trend: 0.001). The risk of hypertension decreased in the higher quintiles of dietary calcium (multivariate relative risk in the highest quintile: 0.87) and dietary vitamin D (multivariate relative risk in the highest quintile: 0.95), but did not change with calcium or vitamin D supplements. Adjustment for dietary calcium significantly attenuated the inverse association of low-fat dairy intake with risk of hypertension, whereas adjustment for dietary vitamin D did not change the association. The multivariate relative risks across increasing quintiles of high-fat dairy product intake, in contrast, were 1.00, 1.02, 1.01, 1.00, and 0.97 (P for trend: 0.17). Our study found that intakes of low-fat dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D were each inversely associated with risk of hypertension in middle-aged and older women, suggesting their potential roles in the primary prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular complications.
Tumor Repression of VCaP Xenografts by a Pyrrole-Imidazole Polyamide

Pyrrole-imidazole (Py-Im) polyamides are high affinity DNA-binding small molecules that can inhibit protein-DNA interactions. In VCaP cells, a human prostate cancer cell line overexpressing both AR and the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion, an androgen response element (ARE)-targeted Py-Im polyamide significantly downregulates AR driven gene expression. Polyamide exposure to VCaP cells reduced proliferation without causing DNA damage. Py-Im polyamide treatment also reduced tumor growth in a VCaP mouse xenograft model. In addition to the effects on AR regulated transcription, RNA-seq analysis revealed inhibition of topoisomerase-DNA binding as a potential mechanism that contributes to the antitumor effects of polyamides in cell culture and in xenografts. These studies support the therapeutic potential of Py-Im polyamides to target multiple aspects of transcriptional regulation in prostate cancers without genotoxic stress.
Efficient hardware/software architectures for highly concurrent network servers

Internet services continue to incorporate increasingly bandwidth-intensive applications, including audio and high-quality, feature-length video. As the pace of uniprocessor performance improvements slows, however, network servers can no longer rely on uniprocessor technology to fuel the overall performance improvements necessary for next-generation, high-bandwidth applications. Furthermore, rising per-machine power costs in the datacenter are driving demand for solutions that enable consolidation of multiple servers onto one machine, thus improving overall efficiency. This dissertation presents strategies that improve the efficiency and performance of server I/O using both virtual-machine concurrency and thread concurrency. Contemporary virtual machine monitors (VMMs) aim to improve server efficiency by enabling consolidation of separate isolated servers onto one physical machine. However, modern VMMs incur heavy device virtualization penalties, ultimately reducing application performance by up to a factor of 3. Contemporary parallelized operating systems aim to improve server performance by exploiting thread parallelism using multiple processors. However, the concurrency and communication models used to imply meat that parallelisms impose significant performance penalties, severely damaging the server's ability to leverage more processors to attain higher performance. This dissertation examines the architectural sources of these inefficiencies and introduces new OS- and VMM-level architectures that greatly reduce them.
Operation of Water Resources Systems for Efficient Defense from Floods

Defense from floods is defined as any set of human activities which decrease losses of lives, property and production due to floods in comparison with the consequences of floods if those activities were not undertaken. A precise determination of floodplain boundaries for given flood flows is required of river reaches, lake or sea shores, which are selected for defense from floods. The reach or the shore may be devoid of flood defense measures, or it may have flood control structures, measures and floodplain management activities. Similarly, the river basin upstream of the defense reach may contain a variety of structural or non-structural flood control and mitigation measures. This is true for the river section downstream, which may be affected by flood defense activities upstream. The operation of water resources systems during a flood may have significant effects on flood defense along the reach or the shore. Reservoirs and floodplain release basins are among the most influential of such operations, affected crucially by the reliability of flood forecasts, especially of flood magnitude and the lapse time between forecast and occurrence of predicted flood values. Pre-emptying of reservoirs and release basins, protection of levee and dike systems, and flooding of the least economically impacted land behind levees in the upstream river basin in emergencies, are among the most important operational tools for minimizing losses through defense from floods. Floods which inundate floodplains may have also beneficial impacts. They bring moisture and nutrients to soil, control weeds and pests, supply wetlands with water and fine sediment, remove the accumulated salt in the soil, help stabilization of river channel, etc. These benefits from flooding be preserved as much as possible in planning improvements in the standard of flood defense.
Interference Avoidance for CDMA Systems

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Interference Avoidance Basics Interference Avoidance over Time-Invariant Channels Interference Avoidance in Fading Channels Interference Avoidance in Asynchronous Systems Feedback Requirements for Interference Avoidance Recent Results on Interference Avoidance Summary and Conclusions References ]]>
THE NATURE OF A SMALL PEDIATRIC GROUP PRACTICE

The nature of a small suburban three-man group practice in Rochester, Monroe County, New York, has been analyzed largely from special records of patients seen on every fifteenth day over the 2-year period 1959 to 1960. Data are presented on the growth of pediatric practice within the county, the distribution of pediatricians, the increase in groups, the number of patients seen, distribution of calls by year, month, day of week, and time of day, together with information on the age of patients, parents9 age, their type and place of occupation, size of family, presence and absence of tonsils, diagnosis, treatment, charges to patient, and some additional figures on the economics of our particular practice. 1. The carrier rate for beta hemolytic streptococci among normal children in a private pediatric practice when direct inoculation of cultures onto sheep blood agar plates are used is extremely low (less than 4%). 2. Because of these low rates among "normal" children, positive cultures, particularly strongly positive ones, are generally of diagnostic importance. 3. The lower carrier rate found in our practice than that reported by other investigators is probably due to differences in our bacteriologic methods, the age of the children sampled, and our method of treating known streptococcal illness. 4. Significant streptococcal illness is an exceedingly common and important illness in our practice; it is found in approximately 1 child in 20 of all children, sick or well. 5. The frequency of streptococcal illness seems to have a definite relation to age and season of the year.
Self‐Organizing Governance of Local Economic Development: Informal Policy Networks And Regional Institutions

Economic development is a policy area where competition tends to be the norm, but it is also one in which cities cooperate through a variety of formal and informal mechanisms. Taking a social network approach, we examine the roles of informal policy networks and regional institutions in strengthening formal collaboration between city governments in economic development. Network relationship data were collected from city governments in the Orlando metropolitan area. We highlight the importance of informal interactions between city governments for collaborative agreements and identify the critical roles that regional institutions can play in moderating the effect of informal relationships on collaborative agreements. The conclusion argues for urban research to pay greater attention to how networks shape collective action among local governments.
Abstract A77: Basal stem cells transformation byWnt10b in mouse mammary glands: A potential model for health disparities?

Activation of the Wnt/βcatenin pathway is observed in a number of adult stem cell niches and is a common feature of HER2/ERB-B2 negative breast cancers, where nuclear β-catenin is observed in more than 50% of case. Active Wnt-signaling is also a feature of colorectal cancer, and a difficult to treat subgroup in human breast cancers known as basal carcinomas/triple negative (ER/PR/ERB-B2). These cancers are thought to result from proliferation of cells within the mammary stem cell niche. Our studies using microarray modeling of various MMTV-driven mice tumor of the mammary gland have shown that wnt-signaling is consistent with activation from a basal stem cell.
Some Detailed Examples

In this chapter we analyze in detail the parsing of three sentences. We will go through each sentence word-by-word (and, where necessary, morpheme-by-morpheme) showing most of the parse-states instantiated. In order to include confidence-levels in these analyses, we extend our notation for parse-states by including a bracketing for *sconf* (the parse-state variable that indicates the confidence-level of the parse-state).
Obligation to provide services: a physician-public defender comparison.

A physician attorney argues that the best way to ensure that physicians don't refuse to treat patients is to create a system in which their medical education is fully funded and they must repay a debt to society. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Inferior vena cava filter thrombosis

Patients with inferior vena cava (IVC) filters - particularly permanent filters - are at increased risk for recurrent deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Judicious use of IVC filters, as well as the prompt retrieval of temporary IVC filters, substantially reduces the risk of IVC thrombosis.
Effect of Metrazol on Cerebral Vessels

SummaryIn animals metrazol caused cerebral vasodilation. This was unrelated to changes in blood pressure or in respiration, and showed no constant relation to convulsive seizures. No cerebral vasoconstriction was observed.
Bayesian Facies Classification in a CO2 Sequestration Study using Statistical Rock Physics Modeling of Elastic and Electrical Properties

Summary Facies classification at the well location is generally based on sedimentological models, however, the extension of the classification of an individual well into the entire reservoir model is contingent on the calibration of a rock physics model that links rock and fluid properties with geophysical measurements such as seismic velocities and/or electromagnetic-derived resistivities. The goal of this work is to present a workflow to define a geologically consistent facies classification at the well location, to accurately reconstruct this classification using elastic and electrical properties, and to extend the classification to the 3D reservoir model. The initial classification at the well location is obtained using traditional statistical methods applied to computed rock properties such as mineralogical volumes, porosity, density and permeability. The facies reconstruction based on elastic/electrical properties is obtained using a Bayesian approach that combines rock physics with statistical models. The workflow is illustrated through the application to the Rock Springs Uplift field, Wyoming, which hosts several potential CO2 storage reservoirs.
CHARACTER SUMS WITH PIATETSKI-SHAPIRO SEQUENCES

For c > 1, c / ∈ Z and χ a primitive character (modq) ,w e estimate the sum � x<n≤x+y χ( [n c ]). Our results complement earlier work of Banks and Shparlinski. We also give a new bound for the least n for which [n c ] is a quadratic non-residue (mod q), in the case of prime q ,f or 1< c < 371 .
Effects of increasing field pea (Pisum sativum) level in high-concentrate diets on meat tenderness and sensory taste panel attributes in finishing steers and heifers

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of increasing field pea level in high-concentrate finishing cattle diets on beef palatability including Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), sensory panel tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and off-flavor. In Exp. 1, 118 yearling heifers (417 ± 2.4 kg of initial BW) were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments (0, 10, 20, or 30% dry-rolled field pea, DM basis; 4 pens/treatment), where field pea replaced dry-rolled and high-moisture corn. In Exp. 2, 143 beef steers (433 ± 19.1 kg of initial BW) were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments (0, 10, 20, or 30% dry-rolled field pea, DM basis; 6 pens/treatment) where field pea replaced dry-rolled corn. In Exp. 1, field pea inclusion linearly decreased WBSF (P = 0.001) and linearly increased sensory taste panel tenderness (P = 0.002) and juiciness (P = 0.04) scores, whereas cook loss, flavor, and off-flavor scores were not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.16). In Exp. 2, field pea inclusion did not affect WBSF, cook loss, or sensory taste panel scores for tenderness, juiciness, flavor, or off-flavor (P ≥ 0.19); however, there was a tendency for a decrease in calpastatin activity (P = 0.10) and a tendency for an increase in troponin-T degradation (P = 0.08) with increasing dietary field pea inclusion. These results indicate that dietary field pea does not negatively affect beef palatability traits. Additional research should focus on understanding the potential mechanism by which field pea inclusion may influence beef tenderness.
Alcohol use variability in a community-based sample of nonstudent emerging adult heavy drinkers.

BACKGROUND: While nonstudent emerging adults are at elevated risk for experiencing alcohol-related problems, there remains a paucity of research devoted specifically to addressing drinking in this group. OBJECTIVES: The present study sought to offer unique insights into nonstudent drinking by examining drinking variability across 30 days using a retrospective diary method. Specific aims were to: (1) compare within- and between-person variability in alcohol use across 30 days, and (2) determine the extent to which central social-cognitive between-person factors (i.e., social expectancies, perceived drinking norms, social drinking motivations) predict between-person alcohol use as well as within-person variability in drinking. METHODS: Participants were 195 (65.1% men) nonstudent emerging adults recruited from the community with a mean age of 21.9 (SD = 2.1) years. RESULTS: Findings showed that a substantial portion of variation in daily alcohol consumption was attributable to the within-person (83%) rather than between-person (17.2%) level. Social expectancies, perceived drinking norms, and social motives were found to influence variability in daily alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: Our findings contribute to knowledge that could guide efforts to design and tailor intervention strategies to minimize the harms experienced by an understudied and at-risk population of drinkers. Language: en
Differences of Sex Development/Intersex Populations

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of intersexuality and disorders and differences of sex development (DSD) including etiology and outcome of many types of DSD, and to highlight the unique physical and mental health treatment needs of individuals and their families.
Pharmacologic synergism of ocular ketorolac and systemic caffeine citrate in rat oxygen-induced retinopathy.

Pharmacologic synergism of ocular ketorolac and systemic caffeine citrate in rat oxygen-induced retinopathy
Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections: Incidental Extraspinal Findings on Planning Imaging

OBJECTIVE. Planning imaging performed during CT-guided procedures may occasionally contain important incidental findings. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize by clinical relevance the extraspinal findings detected on planning imaging for CT-guided lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESIs). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four radiologists retrospectively evaluated the planning scout views and CT studies for 488 consecutive CT-guided lumbar TFESIs performed in 400 patients over a 1-year period. Incidental extraspinal findings were identified and used to characterize patients by the need for follow-up using the CT Colonography Reporting and Data System (C-RADS), a classification scheme originally developed to characterize incidental findings on CT colonography. Patients with C-RADS E4 findings have potentially important findings that should be communicated to the referring physician; patients with C-RADS E3 findings have findings that are likely unimportant, but workup may be ...
Negative Life Events Predict Negative Feedback Seeking as a Function of Impact on Self-Esteem

Self-views have been framed as a driving force behind feedback seeking. Self-esteem and feedback seeking were assessed among college students at two independent times. Participants who experienced negative life events between Time 1 and Time 2 were more likely to experience a drop in self-esteem. Changes in self-esteem led to changes in the valence of feedback seeking (i.e., more positive or negative). The reverse process was not detected. That is, changes in the valence of feedback seeking did not lead to changes in self-esteem. A replication study was conducted, and the same pattern of findings emerged. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Familial clusters of green tobacco sickness

ABSTRACT We present three examples of familial clustering of green tobacco sickness, taken from reports received by the Kentucky Regional Poison Center from 1991 through 1994. Each cluster contains three to five members of an immediate or extended family who became ill after working together in tobacco. Patients' ages ranged from 11 to 46 years; two thirds were males. The most frequent symptom was vomiting; other symptoms included nausea, weakness, dizziness, pallor, headache, and diaphoresis. Two persons were treated in the emergency department; the remainder were managed at home. We discuss three characteristics of tobacco farming in Kentucky which might contribute to familial clustering of GTS.
Solvent-Dependent Thermochemistry of an Iridium/Ruthenium H2 Evolution Catalyst.

The hydricity of the heterobimetallic iridium/ruthenium catalyst [Cp*Ir(H)(μ-bpm)Ru(bpy)2]3+ (1, where Cp* = η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, bpm = 2,2′-bipyrimidine, and bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) has been determined in both acetonitrile (63.1 kcal mol–1) and water (29.7 kcal mol–1). Hydride 1 features a large increase in the hydride donor ability when the solvent is changed from acetonitrile to water. The acidity of 1, in contrast, is essentially solvent-independent because 1 remains strongly acidic in both solvents. On the basis of an X-ray crystallographic study, spectroscopic analysis, and time-dependent density functional theory calculations, the disparate reactivity trends are ascribed to substantial delocalization of the electron density onto both the bpm and bpy ligands in the conjugate base of 1, [Cp*Ir(μ-bpm)Ru(bpy)2]2+ (3). The H2 evolution tendencies of 1 are considered in the context of thermodynamic parameters.
Two-temperature model in molecular dynamics simulations of cascades in Ni-based alloys

Abstract In high-energy irradiation events, energy from the fast moving ion is transferred to the system via nuclear and electronic energy loss mechanisms. The nuclear energy loss results in the creation of point defects and clusters, while the energy transferred to the electrons results in the creation of high electronic temperatures, which can affect the damage evolution. We perform molecular dynamics simulations of 30 keV and 50 keV Ni ion cascades in nickel-based alloys without and with the electronic effects taken into account. We compare the results of classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, where the electronic effects are ignored, with results from simulations that include the electronic stopping only, as well as simulations where both the electronic stopping and the electron-phonon coupling are incorporated, as described by the two temperature model (2T-MD). Our results indicate that the 2T-MD leads to a smaller amount of damage, more isolated defects and smaller defect clusters.
Assessment of Safe Sleep: Validation of the Parent Newborn Sleep Safety Survey.

Abstract Purpose Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and suffocation account for more than half of all Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths (SUID). The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendations describe the safest environments to protect infants. This study compared parent responses on the Newborn Sleep Safety Survey and observational assessments ( N = 72) of infant sleep environments in families thought to be at high-risk for non-compliance with AAP recommendations. Design and Methods A naturalistic study of participants enrolled in two home visitation support programs was used. Observed risks ranged from 36.6% (never use pacifier) to 4.3% (never use firm mattress). Results Results comparing report to observation demonstrated acceptable concordance. Five items had fair concordance (Kappa > .4), four showed moderate concordance (Kappa > .6), and one excellent concordance (Kappa > .8). Although direct observation of safety behaviors is the gold standard in the injury prevention field, direct observation is logistically difficult, time consuming, and costly. Conclusions Research and interventions aimed at a reduction of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and suffocation require accurate assessment of the infant sleep environment. This study provides acceptable evidence for the use of the Newborn Sleep Safety Survey as an alternative to direct observation to assess parent adherence to recommendations. Limitations are discussed. Practical Implications This study provided evidence of the usefulness of the Newborn Sleep Safety Survey , a parent survey of infant sleep environments. This tool will provide medical and research professionals a reliable, inexpensive tool to evaluation of the quality of sleep environments using a standard definition.
Voting and Human Rights in Democratic Societies

The majority of research on human rights focuses on the consequences of regime-type for human rights violations, and overwhelming evidence suggests that democracies are less likely to violate human rights of their citizens as compared to non-democracies. However, a regime-type perspective is unable to account for disparities in human rights violations within democratic and non-democratic regimes. This paper disaggregates regime-type and analyzes the relationship between citizens’ participation and human rights violations. I argue that a participative citizenry, as captured by high voter turnout, is indicative of an active and vigilant populace who are more likely to hold governments accountable and ensure better human rights protections. The paper tests the relationship between human rights and voter turnout among 89 democratic countries from 1976 to 2008. The findings demonstrate that a participative citizenry enhances governmental respect for human rights.
Drug-Induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy.

Background:The most plausible hypothesis for takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is a catecholamine surge. Direct administration of catecholamines or medications causing catecholamine surge is frequentl...
Psychometric assessment of the processes of change scale for sun protection.

AbstractThe fourteen-factor Processes of Change Scale for Sun Protection assesses behavioral and experiential strategies that underlie the process of sun protection acquisition and maintenance. Variations of this measure have been used effectively in several randomized sun protection trials, both for evaluation and as a basis for intervention. However, there are no published studies, to date, that evaluate the psychometric properties of the scale. The present study evaluated factorial invariance and scale reliability in a national sample (N = 1360) of adults involved in a Transtheoretical model tailored intervention for exercise and sun protection, at baseline. Invariance testing ranged from least to most restrictive: Configural Invariance (constraints only factor structure and zero loadings); Pattern Identity Invariance (equal factor loadings across target groups); and Strong Factorial Invariance (equal factor loadings and measurement errors). Multi-sample structural equation modeling tested the invarian...
Are we missing the boat? A roundtable discussion on research methods and how they define our field

Despite continued sustainability as an academic field of study, researchers of technical communication have struggled with employing appropriate research methods in their studies. In this panel, the panelists will each discuss an aspect of this struggle framed within their own experiences and expertise. Topics will include the quality of evidence in research studies; quality of methodology in workplace studies; current trends in technical communication research; and alternative methods for answering technical communication's research questions. We will then facilitate a discussion with the attendees to further explore this ongoing concern in the field.
On Classifying Facial Races with Partial Occlusions and Pose Variations

Many biometrics and security systems use facial information to obtain an individual identification and recognition. Classifying a race from a face image can provide a strong hint to search for facial identity and criminal identification. Current facial race classification methods are confined only to constrained non-partially occluded frontal faces. Challenges remain under unconstrained environments such as partial occlusions and pose variations. In this paper, we propose a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model to classify facial races with partial occlusions and pose variations. The proposed model is trained using a broad and balanced racial distributed face image dataset. The model is trained on four major human races, Caucasian, Indian, Mongolian, and Negroid. Our model is evaluated against the state-of-the-art methods on a constrained face test dataset. Also, an evaluation of the proposed model and human performance is conducted and compared on our new unconstrained facial race benchmark (CIMN) dataset. Our results show that our model achieves 95.1% of race classification accuracy on constrained frontal faces. Also, the proposed model achieves a comparable classification accuracy result compared to human performance with a margin of 6.2% under the current challenges in the unconstrained environment.