cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Humidity on Eggs and Cases

Abstract NUMEROUS experiments have been conducted with different temperature and humidity combinations in egg rooms. All authors agree that holding conditions under 60°F. are necessary to retard the loss of egg quality. The recommendations for humidity are not so well defined. Most authors agree, however, that higher humidities slow down air cell increase and loss of weight, but have little effect on albumen height as expressed in Haugh units. Jeffrey and Darago (1940) reported: “interior egg quality expressed by height of thick albumen was not affected by relative humidity of the holding room. Decline in egg quality was regulated by temperature.” Funk (1944) stated that “humidity was found to have but little or no influence on the deterioration of the albumen or yolks.” Humidity did, however, control quite largely the amount of evaporation from the eggs. High temperatures also increased evaporation. Dawson and Hall (1954) found that temperatures of 60°F. or…
Embodying Self: A Dance/Movement Therapy Approach to Working with Concealable Stigmas

Concealable stigmas are characteristics, attributes, or identities that can be hidden from others and are socially devalued and negatively stereotyped. While research exists on the psychological costs of having a concealable stigma, less exists on the somatic costs of having a concealable stigma and on clinical approaches with this population. Drawing on the Kestenberg Movement Profile, Bartenieff Fundamentals, and the Five Fundamental Actions, this article proposes how dance/movement therapy (DMT) can be an additional lens through which to understand how having a concealable stigma impacts a person, particularly on a somatic level. This article also outlines specific DMT interventions designed to increase embodiment and movement repertoire. The goals of these interventions are to lessen the somatic impact of having a concealable stigma and empower clients to have choice in the ways in which they present themselves in the world.
Dubuque's Forgotten Cemetery: Excavating a Nineteenth-Century Burial Ground in a Twenty-First-Century City

Review of: Dubuque’s Forgotten Cemetery: Excavating a Nineteenth-Century Burial Ground in a Twenty-First–Century City, by Robin M. Lillie and Jennifer E. Mack.
Direct and Selective 3-Amidation of Indoles Using Electrophilic N-[(Benzenesulfonyl)oxy]amides

Selective C–H amidation of 1H-indoles at the C3 position is reported as a direct entry to biologically important 3-aminoindoles. This transformation is achieved using novel N-[(benzenesulfonyl)oxy]amides as electrophilic nitrogen agents in the presence of ZnCl2. Interestingly, analogous reactions in the absence of ZnCl2 resulted in the formation of indole aminal products.
Pain Management of Patients with Substance Abuse in the Ambulatory Setting

Abuse of illicit substances and prescription opioids is a growing problem that presents challenges for pain management in the inpatient and outpatient setting. With future patient care models shifting toward shorter hospital stays and more same-day surgeries, it is crucial that clinicians learn to manage this patient population and strike a balance between the overtreatment of pain that can subsequently worsen tolerance and addiction, and the undertreatment of pain that can lead to pseudoaddiction. Through recognition of maladaptive behaviors, use of screening programs, and pain contracts, physicians in the outpatient setting can improve their oversight and shepherding of these patients. In the inpatient setting, regularly scheduled rather than PRN opioids are recommended for chronic opioid users, and good communication with the patient’s outpatient prescriber of pain medications is essential. For surgical patients on chronic opioid therapy, making a multimodal plan in advance of the day of surgery that may incorporate NSAIDs, tricyclics, gabapentinoids, anticonvulsants, opioid tapering, and regional anesthesia can help alleviate high postoperative pain control requirements. In conjunction with such medication management, setting realistic expectations for pain control with preoperative counseling may be highly beneficial. For postoperative pain refractory to other strategies, the use of inpatient low-dose ketamine infusions is a novel approach that is gaining popularity, but this does require monitoring by a dedicated pain service.
Changes in atmospheric rivers and moisture transport over the Northeast Pacific and western North America in response to ENSO diversity

The year-to-year changes in atmospheric rivers (ARs) and moisture transport over the northeast Pacific and western North America are investigated during December to February (DJF) from 1979/80 to 2015/16. Changes in AR frequency, intensity, and landfall characteristics are compared between three ENSO phases: central Pacific El Nino (CPEN), eastern Pacific El Nino (EPEN), and La Nina (NINA). During EPEN events, the subtropical jet extends to the south and east with an anomalous cyclonic flow around a deeper Aleutian Low. More moisture is transported towards North America and AR frequency is increased over western North America. In CPEN events, the Aleutian low shifts further southward relative to its position in EPEN, resulting in an increase in the frequency and intensity of landfalling ARs over the southwestern US. In NINA events, the landfalling AR frequency is reduced associated with anomalous anticyclonic circulation over the eastern North Pacific. We diagnose the contribution of multiple factors to the seasonal mean moisture transport using moisture budgets. During the three ENSO phases, the change in low-frequency circulation (dynamical process) is the leading contributor to the seasonal mean moisture flux divergence, while the contributions of the synoptic anomalies and the change in moisture anomaly (thermodynamic process) are not significant along the west coast of North America.
Application of Petri Nets to Group Scheduling in Flexible Manufacturing Systems

Abstract The objective of this paper is to use deterministic timed Petri Nets to simulate job-scheduling problems for Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS). Job scheduling is a combinatorial optimization problem that is NP-hard. This paper discusses an approach that is heuristic in nature and achieves a sub-optimal schedule in two steps. The first step is to decompose the production system into a number of Cellular Manufacturing (CM) centers. The CM centers are essential to build a flexible manufacturing system. Grouping similar parts into a family tends to reduce the difficulty of the scheduling problem. The second step is the job scheduling of each family. Finally, a colored Petri nets is designed to simulate the schedule of one family of the parts with a graphical user interface. Also, the simulator can dynamically make in-process scheduling decision by solving conflicts for resources (workstation availability).
Probability and Statistics

IF k 1(x) is any non-negative function in L 1 (− ∞, + ∞), let us write: for n = 2, 3, … Then the function: is defined almost everywhere (although it is possibly infinite for some, or all, x).
Hydrogels in craniofacial tissue engineering

Abstract Hydrogels are widely used in tissue engineering (TE) applications either for cell encapsulation or in cell free approaches. Moreover, these biomaterials have been used for growth factor and drug delivery applications. Tissue regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) encapsulated in hydrogel scaffolds is an alternative advantageous therapeutic option in comparison to current regenerative treatment modalities. Hydrogel biomaterials are extensively utilized to engineer and mimic the physiochemical properties of the extracellular stem cell microenvironment to mimic niche characteristics and regulate cell phenotype and differentiation. 2D and 3D scaffolds have been largely used to study stem cell–biomaterial interactions by encapsulating stem cells within hydrogel biomaterials. Recent advances in regenerative medicine allow us to replace and repair organs or structures by regulating the differentiation of undifferentiated MSCs. The craniofacial system is composed of complex hard and soft tissues derived from sophisticated processes starting from embryonic development. Owing to the complexity of the craniofacial tissues application of stem cells presents challenges in terms of size, shape, and form of the engineered structures, specialized final developed cells, and the modulation of the timely blood supply while limiting inflammatory and immunological responses. Hydrogel scaffolds seeded with appropriate MSCs can provide a suitable microenvironment for prolonged cell viability and differentiation potential that could be a promising treatment modality for tissue regeneration. This review aims to summarize currently available hydrogels biomaterials for applications in stem cell-mediated craniofacial TE.
Predatory Public Finance and the Evolution of the War on Drugs

US drug policy has a long history of providing revenue for federal, state, and local governments. Before the War on Drugs, opium and cocaine were legal and medical professionals who prescribed these substances had to pay extra taxes to do so. This chapter explains how, as the federal government began enforcing outright bans on drugs, law enforcement agencies took advantage of their newly acquired authority to profit. Today, civil asset forfeiture related to drug crimes provides officers with incentives to use and abuse their authority and increase their revenue by making more drug arrests. Key takeaways: (1) Drug policy has a long history of providing law enforcement with increased revenues and authority over time. (2) Law enforcement agencies may be targeting the crimes that present the opportunity to raise revenue for their departments rather than the most serious public safety threats.
Complex System HCI as a Triangle of Interface, Content, and Person Interaction

For complex systems, the human-system interaction alone should not be the focus of the design problem. Complex system HCI needs to move well beyond human-interface concerns and consider how the triangle formed by interface, content, and person interact within the situational context. Complicating the design of the triangle is that reality implies not a single person, but many people (different audiences) each with varying information needs, which implies dynamic content and may require varying interactions.
Charge Density Influence on Enthalpy of Formation of Uranyl Peroxide Cage Cluster Salts.

More than 60 unique uranyl peroxide cage clusters have been reported that contain as many as 124 uranyl ions and that have overall diameters extending to 4 nm. They self-assemble in water under ambient conditions, are models for understanding structure–size–property relations as well as testing computational models for actinides, and have potential applications in nuclear fuel cycles. High-temperature drop solution calorimetry has been used to derive the enthalpies of formation of the salts of seven topologically diverse uranyl peroxide cage clusters containing from 22 to 28 uranyl ions that are bridged by various combinations of peroxide, pyrophosphate, and phosphite. The enthalpies of formation of these seven salts, as well as three salts of other uranyl peroxide clusters reported earlier, are dominated by the interactions of the alkali countercations with the clusters. There is an approximately linear relationship between the enthalpies of formation of the cluster salts and the charge density of the co...
The nociceptive withdrawal response of the tail in the spinalized rat employs a hybrid categorical-continuous spatial mapping strategy.

Complexity in movement planning, arising from diverse temporal and spatial sources, places a computational burden on the central nervous system. However, the efficacy with which humans can perform natural, highly trained movements suggests that they have evolved effective behavioral strategies that simplify the computational burden. The specific aim of our research was to use three-dimensional high-speed video to determine whether the tail nociceptive withdrawal response (NWR) to noxious heat stimuli delivered at locations that varied both circumferentially and rostral-caudally on the tail depended on the location of the stimulus in spinalized rats. In particular, we sought to determine whether the movement strategy was categorical (limited number of directions) or continuous (any variation in stimulus location results in a variation in response direction). In spinalized rats, localized, noxious heat stimuli were delivered at eight locations circumferentially around the tail and at five rostral–caudal levels. Our results demonstrate that at all rostral–caudal levels, response movement direction was bimodal regardless of circumferential stimulus location—either ~ 64° left or right of ventral. However, in spite of tight clustering, movement direction varied significantly but weakly according to circumferential location, in that responses to stimuli were more lateral for lateral stimulus locations. In contrast, changes in stimulus level strongly affected movement direction, in that a localized bend response closely matched the level of the stimulus. Together, our results demonstrate, based on movement analysis in spinalized rats, that the NWR employs a hybrid categorical–continuous strategy that may minimize the harmful consequences of noxious stimuli.
Blepharitis and Conjunctivitis

Blepharitis, or inflamed eyelids, is a common condition. It can range from an asymptomatic state which requires no treatment to a severe condition affecting comfort, vision, and cosmetic appearance. Causes include sometimes coexisting staphyloccocal overgrowth, allergy, and intrinsic eyelid oil gland dysfunction. Treatment is tailored to the specific causes. Conjunctivitis, inflammation of the mucous membrane covering the shit of the eye and inside of the eyelids, can be acute or chronic, and causes can be infectious (bacterial or viral), allergic, and traumatic (e.g. chemically-induced). Again, treatment is tailored to the specific etiology of the inflammation.
Theory of Integration

This chapter presents the theory of integration. The major application of measure theory is its use in the formulation of a very general theory of integration. The Riemann integral, well known from basic calculus, has several shortcomings that severely limit the application of the concept of an integral both in pure mathematics and in many applications to the sciences. The class of functions, for which the Riemann integral can be defined, consists of the class of piecewise continuous functions. The concept of a measurable function is a purely set-theoretic notion and does not depend on whether any measure μ is defined for the measurable space and if so, what the measure μ is. The class of measurable functions is larger than that of the continuous functions.
Errors of Analysis in Distance Assessment: Effects of Vertical on Horizontal Components

(a) Participants indicated, for pairs of circles whose locations varied on the horizontal and vertical axes of a frontal plane, whether the horizontal distance between the circles exceeded a target horizontal distance. The error rate depended on the vertical as well as the horizontal distance between the circles. (b) Participants indicated, for pairs of circles that were varying horizontal (or vertical) distances and a constant vertical (or horizontal) distance apart in a frontal plane, whether the horizontal (or vertical) distance between them matched a target horizontal (or vertical) distance. Incorrect "match" responses were more likely if the horizontal (or vertical) distance between the circles was less than as opposed to greater than the target distance. The results suggest that distance judgments for pairs of stimuli varying on the horizontal and vertical axes are based on the overall distance between the stimuli, with the relevant axis given more weight than the irrelevant axis in assessment of the distance. The results do not support the view that that such distance judgments are based on the relevant distance between the stimuli, with the relevant and irrelevant axes being erroneously interchanged on some iterations of the assessment process.
A Magnetic ! Dynamo in Active Galactic Nuclei Disks: I. The Hydrodynamics of Star-Disk Collisions and Keplerian Flow

A magnetic field dynamo in the inner regions of the accretion disk surrounding the supermassive black holes in Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) may be the mechanism for the generation of magnetic fields in galaxies and in extragalactic space. We argue that the two coherent motions produced by 1) the Keplerian motion and 2) star-disk collisions, numerous in the inner region of AGN accretion disks, are both basic to the formation of a robust, coherent dynamo and consequently the generation of large scale magnetic fields. In addition we find that the predicted rate, 10 to 100 per year at ∼ 1000rg, rg the gravitational radius, and the consequences of star-disk collisions are qualitatively, at least, not inconsistent with observations of broad emission and absorption lines. They are frequent enough to account for an integrated dynamo gain, e 10 9 at 100rg, many orders of magnitude greater than required to amplify any seed field no matter how small. The existence of extra-galactic, coherent, large scale magnetic fields whose energies greatly exceed all but massive black hole energies is recognized. In paper II (Pariev, Colgate & Finn 2006) we argue that in order to produce a dynamo that can access the free energy of black hole formation and produce all the magnetic flux in a coherent fashion the existence of these two coherent motions in a conducting fluid is required. The differential winding of Keplerian motion is obvious, but the disk structure depends upon the model of ”α”, the transport coefficient of angular momentum chosen. The counter rotation of driven plumes in a rotating frame is less well known, but fortunately the magnetic effect is independent of the disk model. Both motions are discussed in this paper, paper I. The description of the two motions are preliminary to two theoretical derivations and one numerical simulation of the αω dynamo in paper II.
Getting Jesus off the altar: Undoing atonement readings in Revelation:

The interpretive history of Revelation is overrun with descriptions of Jesus as a sacrificial lamb. Yet, John never uses the popular phrase to describe him. By drawing attention to four significant...
Anxiety, gender, and social media consumption predict COVID-19 emotional distress

Fear and anxiety about COVID-19 have swept across the globe. Understanding the factors that contribute to increased emotional distress regarding the pandemic is paramount—especially as experts warn about rising cases. Despite large amounts of data, it remains unclear which variables are essential for predicting who will be most affected by the distress of future waves. We collected cross-sectional data on a multitude of socio-psychological variables from a sample of 948 United States participants during the early stages of the pandemic. Using a cross-validated hybrid stepwise procedure, we developed a descriptive model of COVID-19 emotional distress. Results reveal that trait anxiety, gender, and social (but not government) media consumption were the strongest predictors of increasing emotional distress. In contrast, commonly associated variables, such as age and political ideology, exhibited much less unique explanatory power. Together, these results can help public health officials identify which populations will be especially vulnerable to experiencing COVID-19-related emotional distress.
The effect of randomly assigned advisor’s department on student outcomes

Abstract Mentors have the potential to influence important academic and career outcomes. I examine the impact of one type of mentor – academic advisors – on student outcomes at the United States Air Force Academy. Exploiting the random assignment of advisors to first-year students, I find that these mentors influence students in different ways. Male and nonwhite students earn higher grades in courses in their advisors’ academic department, providing evidence that they are more likely to study and/or seek extra help because of their advisor. Advisor’s department is not associated with improved grades for female students; however, they are more likely to declare a major in their advisor’s department. I believe this provides unique evidence on the influence of academic advisors at academic institutions.
Activity Avoidance and Function in Persons with Chronic Back Pain

This study examined the relative contribution of two aspects of pain-related fear to functional disability among 133 persons with chronic pain, predominantly chronic back pain: 1) beliefs that pain represents damage or significant harm to the body and 2) beliefs that activities that cause pain should be avoided. Pain-related fear was assessed using the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Version 2 (TSK-2). Factor analysis in the present study replicated the two-factor solution found in a previous investigation, representing the two dimensions of pain-related fear noted above. Activity avoidance was significantly associated with the percent of maximum expected weight lifted from floor to waist and waist to shoulder during Progressive Isoinertial Lifting Evaluation (PILE). Fear of damage or harm to the body was only significantly related to the floor to waist lift. When controlling for demographic, physiologic, and other psychological variables, only activity avoidance continued to significantly predict performance on both lifts of the PILE. Although it has been proposed that deconditioning may mediate the relationship between activity avoidance and disability, this was not supported in the present investigation. The results highlight the importance of pain-related fear, particularly activity avoidance, in the assessment of functional activity among persons with chronic pain.
Using sound source localization in a home environment

In this paper, we examine the feasibility of sound source localization (SSL) in a home environment, and explore its potential to support inference of communication activity between people. Motivated by recent research in pervasive computing that uses a variety of sensor modes to infer high-level activity, we are interested in exploring how the relatively simple information of SSL might contribute. Our SSL system covers a significant portion of the public space in a realistic home setting by adapting traditional SSL algorithms developed for more highly-controlled lab environments. We describe engineering tradeoffs that result in a localization system with a fairly good 3D resolution. To help make design decisions for deploying a SSL system in a domestic environment, we provide a quantitative assessment of the accuracy and precision of our system. We also demonstrate how such a sensor system can provide a visualization to help humans infer activity in that space. Finally, we show preliminary results for automatic detection of face-to-face conversations.
Workload analysis for performance study of distributed deadlock detection algorithms

The authors present an approach to distributed workload analysis which can be used as a basis for the performance study of distributed deadlock detection algorithms. In particular, the expected number of times a deadlock detection algorithm is locally initiated and the subsequent number of remote invocations are derived. Simulation work was done to validate the approach. >
Variable order composite quadrature of singular and nearly singular integrals

A class of variable order composite quadrature formulas for the numerical integration of functions with a singularity in or near to the region of integration is introduced. Exponential convergence of the method is shown for all integrands in the countably normed spaceBβ. Numerical examples are presented which demonstrate that the asymptotic exponential convergence rates obtained here are sharp and already observed for a small number of quadrature points.
Optimal Transport Approach for Probabilistic Robustness Analysis of F-16 Controllers

gain-scheduled linear quadratic regulator are compared, where both controllers are applied to nonlinear open-loop dynamics of an F-16, in the presence of stochastic initial condition and parametric uncertainties, as well as actuator disturbance. It is shown that, in the presence of initial condition uncertainties alone, both the linear quadratic regulator and gain-scheduled linear quadratic regulator have comparableimmediate and asymptotic performances, but the gain-scheduled linear quadratic regulator exhibits better transient performance at intermediate times. This remainstrueinthepresenceofadditionalactuatordisturbance.Also,thegain-scheduledlinearquadraticregulatoris shown to be more robust than the linear quadratic regulator against parametric uncertainties. The probabilistic frameworkproposedhereleveragestransfer-operator-baseddensitycomputationinexactarithmeticandintroduces optimal transport theoretic performance validation and verification for nonlinear dynamical systems. Numerical results from the proposed method are in unison with Monte Carlo simulations.
Rat testis during 2,5-hexanedione intoxication and recovery: I. Dose response and the reversibility of germ cell loss☆

Abstract The histopathology of the testicular injury induced by 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) exposure was examined in the rat. Charles River CD rats (200 g) were intoxicated by consuming 1% 2,5-HD in the drinking water or by intraperitoneal injection of the toxicant. Both neurotoxic and subneurotoxic exposures were studied, the total dose ranging from 40 to 211 mmol/kg. The following results were obtained: (1) there was a time delay between administration of the toxicant and development of the testicular injury, (2) Sertoli cell vacuolation in stages associated with the meiotic metaphase was the first histological sign of cellular injury at all doses, (3) subneurotoxic doses produced selective defects in germ cells in stages I–VIII of the spermatogenic cycle, (4) both subneurotoxic and neurotoxic doses produced germ cell necrosis and generalized sloughing of germ cells, and (5) intensive intoxication followed by a 17-week recovery period resulted in an absence of all postspermatogonial germ cells from the seminiferous epithelium of three of five treated rats. These data demonstrate that 2,5-hexanedione-induced testicular atrophy occurs at exposure levels below those producing clinical neurotoxicity and that, within the time frame of this study, the testicular injury is at least partially irreversible.
Sequential decay in the 7Li(α, t)8Be(α)4He and 7Li(α, α')7Li∗(t)4He reactions at Eα = 50 MeV

Abstract The 7 Li (α, t) 8 Be (α) 4 He and 7 Li (α, α') 7 Li ∗ ( t ) 4 He reactions have been observed in a kinematically complete experiment with E α = 50 MeV, particle identification, and on-line computer coincidence electronics. Sequential decay through the ground, 2.9, 11.4, 16.6 and 16.9, and 19.9 MeV states of 8 Be and the 4.63 and 7.48 MeV states of 7 Li has been observed. Triton angular distributions for the decay through the ground state of 8 Be were obtained with and without coincidence requirements. Agreement of these distributions implies isotropic decay in the c.m. of the 8 Be ground state. The contribution of quasi-elastic processes is small due to the specific limited portion of phase space observed.
Gender as a Dimension of Voting in the U.S. House

This research examines whether or not electing women to the House of Representatives produces substantive representation for women in Congress. The analysis is based on members’ voting records on gender-related legislation. I controlled for the gender, seniority, and ideology of members of the House. Ideology was the only significant predictor in the model. These results imply that gender is not a driving force behind voting for female members. It is possible that ideology drowns out other predictive variables in the model. Further research should include a longitudinal study of the House for multiple sessions of Congress, not just the 110th Congress. A study that incorporates more votes and shows a pattern over time will be a better assessment of whether or not gender affects voting. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol15/iss1/ 11
Lifetime of Electrolytic Capacitors in Regenerative Induction Motor Drives

Electrolytic capacitors are normally used as the energy storage element in the DC link of voltage-source converters because of their high density. Unfortunately, they are bulky and their lifetime is significantly reduced by their operating temperatures. Thus, reducing, or even better eliminating, the amount of electrolytic capacitors is an important goal since the capacitor could be a single point of failure. This paper analyses the lifetime of electrolytic capacitors used in the DC link of an induction motor (IM) drive whose front end consists of a controlled rectifier. The latter controls the DC-link voltage and input power factor. Both, the inverter and rectifier operate under space vector modulation (SVM). The peak ripple voltage, ripple current, core temperature and lifetime of electrolytic capacitors ranging from 200 muF to 12000 muF are calculated for different values of the source inductance and the ambient temperature when the IM is operating at rated load. In addition, the IM ripple torque and speed response time are also calculated and an 8.2 muF ceramic capacitor case is included for completeness. The evaluation is based on Matlabtrade/Simulink simulation results of the IM drive that are used to calculate harmonic components of the different current waveforms. The results show that the lifetime of electrolytic capacitors is significantly reduced for decreasing capacitance values. The main reason is that the effective series resistance (ESR), and hence heat losses, increases for decreasing capacitance values leading to increased core temperatures that are detrimental to the capacitor lifetime
Indecision and irritable bowel.

Editor,—The Guidelines for the management of the irritable bowel syndrome supplement was a commendable enterprise,1 but with physicians tending to depend more and more on sources other than reading for their continuing education, actual guidance is also necessary, especially from what physicians such as Almy2 and …
Associations between sociodemographic and clinicopathological factors and breast cancer subtypes in a population-based study

This study examines the factors distinguishing breast cancer (BC) subtypes. We examined subtypes in 629 women with invasive BC, diagnosed from 2006 to 2012, and enrolled in an epidemiological study in New Jersey. Using molecular characteristics from pathology reports, BCs were categorized as luminal A, luminal B, non-luminal HER2-expressing, or triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. Multinomial logistic models (luminal A as referent) were used to describe BC subtype associations. Women with luminal B tumors were more likely to be younger at diagnosis [odds ratio (OR) 1.8, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.0–3.4] and to have higher-grade (OR 2.6, 95 % CI 1.5–4.7), larger (OR 1.9, 95 % CI 1.0–3.6), and Ki67-positive tumors (OR 2.1, 95 % CI 1.1–4.0). Women with non-luminal HER2-expressing BCs were more likely to have higher-grade tumors (OR 14.5, 95 % CI 5.3–39.7). Women with TNBCs were more likely to be African-American (OR 1.9, 95 % CI 1.0–3.4) and to have higher-grade (OR 9.7, 95 % CI 5.1–18.4), larger (OR 2.2, 95 % CI 1.0–4.8), and Ki67-positive (OR 2.9, 95 % CI 1.6–5.2) tumors. Notably, compared to the luminal A subtype, luminal B, non-luminal HER2-expressing, and triple-negative subtypes were more frequently self-detected; however, these associations were attenuated in multivariable models. These findings suggest that some BC subtypes were associated with features denoting more aggressive phenotypes, namely higher grade, larger size, and Ki67 positivity, and possibly patient self-detection among some women. These findings highlight a need for enhanced screening, particularly among younger women, racial/ethnic minorities, and lower socioeconomic subgroups.
Models for Intermediates in Metallocene-Catalyzed Alkene Polymerization: Alkene Dissociation from Cp2Zr[η1,η2-CH2Si(CH3)2CH2CHCH2][B(C6F5)4]

The bis(allyldimethylsilylmethyl)bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium complex Cp2Zr[CH2Si(CH3)2CH2CHCH2]2 (5) reacted rapidly with [(C6H5)2(CH3)NH][B(C6F5)4] in CD2Cl2 at −78 °C to form the cationic zirconium−alkyl−alkene complex Cp2Zr[η1,η2-CH2Si(CH3)2CH2CHCH2][B(C6F5)4] (6). Low-temperature 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy established the coordination of the tethered alkene to the d0 metal center. Line shape analysis of the coalescence of the diastereotopic Cp ligand resonances allowed measurement of the alkene dissociation energy barrier [ΔG⧧(−28 °C) = 12.7 ± 0.8 kcal mol-1].
Time-resolved phosphorescence of proteins and polypeptides

This paper describes the use of luminescent coenzymes and substrates in the study of two proteins, horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and sex steroid-binding protein (SBP). We report the phosphorescence emission and lifetimes of NAD and e-NAD in pyrazole ternary complexes with ADH. Whereas the decay of NAD is adequately described as monoexponential with a lifetime of 2.4 s, the decay of e-NAD obeys a double exponential decay law with time constants of 0.4 and 0.15 sec. Ternary complexes with NAD have the same decay kinetics as ADH by itself. However, in ternary complexes with f-NAD, it is possible to selectively excite and detect the coenzyme phosphorescence. We show that f-NAD is a more useful probe than NAD for protein structure in ADH. We also measured the triplet emission and decay lifetimes of dihydroequilenin, an equine steroid bound by SBP. We find that the phosphorescence spectra and lifetimes are pH dependent, with the protonated species dominating emission below pH 10.0, and the deprotonated form dominating at pH 10.0 and above. The acidic and basic species can be selectively excited, and the emission at pH near the pKa is characteristic of the equilibrium ground state populations. Since hydrogen bonding is implicated in SBP-steroid complexes, dihydroequilenin is a potential phosphorescent probe for the binding interaction.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Shake it up baby: scheduling with package auctions

In many disciplines success depends onaccess to scarce resources, such as unique instruments. Researchon computer-supported cooperative work has contributed to the development of technologies, such as collaboratories, that broaden access to scarce scientific and engineering resources. While broader access is often applauded, little attention has been focused on the problem of equitable and efficient resource allocation in the face of increased demand created through collaboratory use. This paper, then, uses the framework of mechanism design to evaluate different resource allocation schemes (RAD, Vickery, and knapsack). Experimental results show that knapsack achieves a more equitable distribution of resources than RAD or Vickery, but that RAD and Vickery are both more efficient than knapsack. The findings highlight the need for systematic exploration of allocation mechanisms within collaboratories, where simple optimization (e.g., knapsack) is likely to produce a sub-optimal match of resources to needs. More generally, the findings illustrate the utility of experimental economic approaches in understanding issues that emerge in large-scale collaborations, such as entire scientific and engineering communities.
Supercritical fluid chromatographic resolution of water soluble isomeric carboxyl/amine terminated peptides facilitated via mobile phase water and ion pair formation.

Abstract Both analytical scale and preparative scale packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) have found widespread applicability for chiral separations of multiple polar pharmaceutical candidates. However, SFC is rapidly becoming an achiral technique. More specifically, ion pair SFC is finding greater utility for separation of ionic analytes such as amine salts and organic sulfonates. The key to this success is, in part, the incorporation of additives such as trifluoroacetic acid and ammonium acetate into the mobile phase in association with a wide variety of both bonded silica stationary phases and high purity bare silica. Ion pairing SFC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection and mass spectrometric detection is presented here for the separation of water soluble, uncapped, isomeric peptide pairs that differ in amino acid arrangement. The separation is best achieved on either diol-bonded silica or bare silica with 1–5% (w/w) water as a significant ingredient in the mobile phase. Nitrogenous stationary phases such as 2-ethylpyridine, which had been very successful for the separation of capped peptides failed to yield the desired separation regardless of the mobile phase composition. A HILIC type retention mechanism is postulated for the separation of both isomeric uncapped peptide pairs.
Performance Evaluation and Environmental Impact Assessment of Asphalt-Treated Mixtures Used in Low-Volume Roads

The performance of asphalt-treated mixtures used in low-volume roads was evaluated, and their environmental benefits were assessed. Laboratory tests, including permeability, modified Lottman, Hamburg-type loaded wheel tracking, flow number, semicircular bend, dissipated creep strain energy, and dynamic modulus tests, were performed to examine the physical and mechanical properties of the asphalt-treated mixtures. Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) software was used to compare the performance of low-volume pavement sections with asphalt-treated mixtures to that of a conventional hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture. Life-cycle assessment was also conducted to quantify the environmental impacts of using asphalt-treated mixtures in lieu of conventional HMA mixtures in the construction of low-volume roads. Test results demonstrated that asphalt-treated mixtures containing limestone and reclaimed asphalt pavement exhibited similar properties to those of well-performing conventional HMA mixtures. MEPD...
Inference evaluation in a finite evidence domain

Modeling of a target starts with a subject matter expert (SME) analysis of the available sensor(s) data. The SME then forms relationships between the data and known target attributes, called evidence, to support modeling of different types of targets or target activity. Speeds in the interval 10 to 30 knots and ranges less than 30 nautical miles are two samples of target evidence derived from sensor data. Evidence is then organized into sets to define the activities of a target and/or to distinguish different types of targets. For example, near an airport, target activities of takeoff, landing, and holding need to be evaluated in addition to target classification of civilian or commercial aircraft. This paper discusses a method for evaluation of the inferred activities over the finite evidence domain formed from the collection of models under consideration. The methodology accounts for repeated use of evidence in different models. For example, 'near an airport' is a required piece of evidence used repeatedly in the takeoff, landing, and holding models of a wide area sensor. Properties of the activity model evaluator methodology are discussed in terms of model construction and informal results are presented in a Boolean evidence type of problem domain.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Deletion of Ip36 in childhood endodermal sinus tumors by two‐color fluorescence in situ hybridization: A pediatric oncology group study

Childhood endodermal sinus tumors (CESTs) are a unique category of germ cell tumors involving the testis and extragonadal region in children less than 4 years of age. Recent studies of CEST have shown recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities involving the short arm of chromosome I, most commonly, a deletion of distal Ip. Experience with neuroblastomas has shown that cytogenetic analyses may underestimate the frequency of Ip deletion. To determine the frequency of deletion of Ip in CEST and to verify that Ip is, in fact, deleted and not translocated, we analyzed ten tumors by two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization on single-cell suspensions of interphase nuclei by using a cosmid probe from the PITSLRE kinase (p58) locus (previously mapped to Ip36) cohybridized with plasmid probe pUCI.77 (which recognizes the Iq heterochromatic region) to determine the copy number of chromosome I. Eight of the ten tumors examined showed evidence of deletion of Ip36. Five of the eight tumors exhibited multiple subclones, and all subclones showed deletion of at least one copy of Ip36, indicating that the deletion probably occurred before the development of chromosome I aneusomy. We conclude that deletions of the short arm of chromosome I, specifically Ip36, do occur in CEST and probably occur at a higher incidence than that found in neuroblastoma. Further studies are needed to determine the degree of overlap of the common area of deletion in CEST with that of neuroblastoma and to determine whether Ip deletion in CEST has prognostic significance. Genes Chromosom Cancer 16:15–20 (1996). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Economists' Theory of Ideology: Competing Views:

In the newly developed field of 'public choice', economists have turned to the questions of motive (rather than effect) underlying social-welfare legislation. The basis for many of these arguments is a theory of 'ideology' which flows from the 'self-interested man' of Adam Smith. Recent elaborations of this theory include a full development in the writing of Schumpeter and others. This conservative theory is contrasted with theories based on motives of benevolence and altruism, found in the work of Bentham, Boulding, Tawney, and Polanyi. The latter views are, it is argued, essential in obtaining a full understanding of our past, present, and future society.
Multiple Regimes in U.S. Output Fluctuations

This article investigates the existence of multiple regimes in the U.S. economy during the 1923—1991 period. A technique known as regression tree analysis is applied to search for splits in the data, if any exist, rather than choosing a splitting point a priori as has been done in previous work. Using this technique, strong evidence for the existence of nonlinear behavior of U.S. output is found over this period. Monte Carlo results are presented to assess the significance of the regime changes that are found.
Theory of 3D reconnection and coronal heating heating

Abstract Magnetic reconnection is a prime candidate for heating coronae. We here summarise recent developments in the theory of 31) reconnection and the different ways in which it is thought to heat the solar corona. At 3D null points reconnection may occur by either spine, fan or separator reconnection. In absence of null points, reconnection of two flux tubes is completely different from 21) reconnection, since in general in 3D a flux-conserving velocity w does not exist. Instead two flux tubes split into four parts, which ‘flip’ via ‘virtual flux tubes’ to form four flux tubes. Heating in the corona has been proposed to occur by: driven reconnection at X-ray bright points; binary reconnection due to the coronal interaction of a pair of opposite-polarity magnetic sources; separator reconnection due to a higher-order interaction; braiding; and coronal tectonics due to the formation and dissipation of current sheets at myriads of separatix surfaces that thread the corona and separate the flux coming from the many different sources in the photosphere.
Vitamin D Status and Response to Vitamin D3 in Obese vs. Non‐obese African American Children

Background: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is low in obese adults. Objective: To examine serum 25(OH)D in obese (BMI >95th percentile for age) vs. non-obese (BMI = 5th–75th percentile for age) 6–10-year-old African American children and compare their differences in therapeutic response to vitamin D supplementation. Methods and Procedures: In an open label non-randomized pre-post comparison 21 obese (OB) and 20 non-obese (non-OB) subjects matched for age, sex, skin color, and pubertal maturation were treated with 400 IU of vitamin D3 daily for 1 month. Serum 25(OH)D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), parathyroid hormone (PTH), leptin, and markers of bone turnover (serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), osteocalcin (OC), and urine n -telopeptide cross-links of type 1 collagen (urine NTX)) were measured. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D ≤20 ng/ml and insufficiency as 21–29 ng/ml respectively. Results: Vitamin D deficiency occurred in 12/21 (57%) OB vs. 8/20 (40%) non-OB at baseline (P = 0.35) and persisted in 5/21 (24%) OB vs. 2/18 (11%) non-OB (P = 0.42) after treatment. When the cohort was stratified by the baseline levels of 25(OH)D, there were differences in the response to treatment in the obese and non-obese cohorts. Discussion: Vitamin D deficiency was common among OB and non-OB preadolescent African American children, and 400 IU of vitamin D3 (2× the recommended adequate intake) daily for 1 month was inadequate to raise their blood levels of 25(OH)D to ≥30 ng/ml.
Particulate volume fractions in diffusion flames

Flame radiation, the dominant heat transfer mechanism in full scale fires, is in turn controlled primarily by the fraction of the flame volume occupied by solid carbon. Particulate volume fractions, fv, are measured in situ in small scale, 0(10 cm), buoyant diffusion flames supported in air by solid polystyrene, PMMA and POM, cellular polystyrene, two cellular polyurethanes and liquid isooctane, acetone and alcohol. Two measurement techniques, based on attenuation of known monochromatic laser radiation by the flame, are described. In the small particle absorption limit, valid in the visible for POM, acetone and alcohol transmittance at a single wavelength suffices to determine fv. For the remaining fuels, scattering becomes significant and multiwavelength transmittance measurements are used to determine an approximate two parameter particle radii distribution, N(r)=No (27r3/2rmax4) exp (−3r/rmax) where rmax is the most probable radius and No is the particle concentration. The resulting fv=18.6 No rmax3 may be used to calculate the infrared emission from solid carbon in the flames considered. Volume fractions rank in the expected order of flame luminosity and smokiness from polystyrene, fv≈5×10−6, to alcohol, fv≈10−7. Within the approximations of flame homogeneity, spherical particles, known optical properties and assumed form for the size distribution, the fv, data are from ±5% to ±15% accurate. Good agreement exists with fv of solid polystyrene and PMMA derived independently from infrared flame transmittance and radiance data and between experimental mass pyrolysing rates and calculated rates obtained using these results in a radiation model.