cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of the physician in the nursing home: past, present and future.

Predictions are made about the role of the nursing-home physician in the future system of medical care for the aged. The character of the chronic disease and nursing home facilities of the future is based on three factors: 1) the attitude of society toward the care of the aged. 2) the trends in financing the costs, and 3) the medical needs of the aged. Experience calls for the establishment of two kinds of chronic disease facility: 1) the chronic disease and rehabilitation center, and 2) the skilled nursing care facility (long-term). Ninety-five per cent of the aged are still in the community and functioning. These aged need practitioners who will help them to continue functioning in the community and who, if transfer is necessary, will know the appropriate chronic disease facility and will continue the doctor-patient relationship in the new setting. Such geriatric practitioners and those in the same regional medical community will become the medical care team that provides comprehensive, continuing, community-based care for our aged.
Clinical and Personality Features of Depressed College Males: An Exploratory Investigation

Published studies on men and depression do not typically involve a comparison group. This article presents the first exploratory investigation to compare the clinical and personality features of a sample of depressed men to a non-clinical sample. Analyses revealed the clinical group reported lower mood, higher levels of alexithymia, greater levels of rumination, and lower levels of distraction than the non-clinical group. However, the clinical group and non-clinical group endorsed similar levels of adherence to masculine norms. No significant relationship was found between anger and depression. Men of the non-clinical group reported higher levels of problem-solving behaviors than men of the clinical group. Research implications, clinical implications, and limitations are discussed.
CONTRADICTIONS ALONG THE COMMODITY ROAD TO ENVIRONMENTAL STABILIZATION: FORESTING GAMBIAN GARDENS

In the past decade a shift in ecological politics has set off a scramble to “protect” and “defend” putatively pristine ecosystems in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. This aggressive program bespeaks a new sense of manifest ecological destiny among environmental organizations and donors and has given rise to a “politics of stabilization” characterized by new forms of property and labor relationships. This paper traces the impact of ecological policies on commodity production in Gambia where communal market gardens run by women's groups are being converted into privatized orchards managed by male landholders in a state-directed, donor-funded initiative designed to meet stabilization goals. The zealous pursuit of commercial objectives has come at the expense of critical food entitlement and livelihood strategies which currently form the basis of the rural Gambian political economy. The paper uses this evidence to urge reconsidering the politics of environmental intervention.
Associative table lookup processing for multioperand residue arithmetic

This paper investigates the complexity of multioperand residue addition and multiplication implemented by associative table lookup processing. The complexity measure used is the size of the associative memory, that is, the number of matching words in memory. This measure largely depends on the residue recurrencies, or multiplicities, in the addition and multiplication tables module M. The major effort in this work is to evaluate the recurrencies in simultaneous multioperand residue addition and multiplication. The evaluation is simple in case of addition mod M, and also in multiplication mod M if M is prime. To treat the more difficult case of M nonprime, a recursive procedure was developed for computing the 2-operand multiplication recurrencies mod M. The basis of this technique is the precedence relationships associated with a tree representation of the factors of M. It is then shown that the general D-operand multiplication mod M, D > 2 and M nonprime, can be reduced to the 2-operand case by isomorphic transformation. Computation results of 2-operand residue arithmetic operations are provided. Applications to RNS arithmetic implementation are discussed.
Studies of electron stimulated desorption (ESD) in a LEED system

Abstract A simple method is presented whereby an unmodified display type LEED system can be used for the detection of ions released from a surface during electron bombardment. Possible measurements include determination of the cross-sections Q and Q + , the ion kinetic energy, and the threshold for desorption. In favorable cases it is possible to image (and record) the angular distribution of emitted ions. Since LEED systems are already capable of many surface sensitive techniques such as LEED, AES, flash desorption, and measurement of work function changes, the procedure allows the direct comparison of ESD results to data from a larger number of techniques than previously possible.
PWM characteristics of capacitor-free integrate-and-fire neuron

An artificial neuron with Schmitt trigger action potential pulsed outputs demonstrating pulsewidth modulation capability is presented. One signal processing application of this capability is the mimicking of neuronal burst phenomena without the need for explicitly generating burst trains of individual pulses.
Generic approach to chiral separations: Chiral capillary electrophoresis with ternary cyclodextrin mixtures

A generic approach to chiral separations using capillary electrophoresis is outlined. The generic method was developed by investigating the interactions of charged (sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin, SBE-β-CD) and neutral cyclodextrins (primarily γ- and dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin) in a low pH buffer (50 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, pH 2.5). Using a background electrolyte (BGE) containing 5% w/w SBE-β-CD, 25 mM γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) and 25 mM dimethyl-β-CD (DM-β-CD) dissolved in the phosphate buffer, resolution of more than 90% of the 26 randomly selected racemic pharmaceutical drugs or their synthetic intermediates was achieved. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 12: 568–576, 2000
Predictive validity of the WPPSI‐R: A four year follow‐up study

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R) scores obtained prior to enrollment in kindergarten are used to predict academic achievement scores on the Comprehensive Testing Program III at the end of grades 1, 2, and 3. Correlations between achievement and Verbal IQ are significant at all three grade levels, with measures of vocabulary, general knowledge, and verbal concept formation (Similarities) being the most consistent verbal predictors of academic achievement. Performance IQ is a poor predictor of academic achievement, with only 3 out of 16 correlations with achievement reaching significance. The Full Scale IQ's correlations with achievement appear to be due to the contributions of the verbal scale. Results are discussed in terms of their generalizability for this middle- and upper-middle-class sample engaged in a demanding academically-oriented curriculum.
Comparison of placental pathology in preterm, late-preterm, near-term, and term births.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether placental pathologic condition supports the recent suggestion of subcategorizing preterm and term births into smaller gestational age subgroups with different perinatal mortality and morbidity rates. Study Design Twenty-seven clinical and 43 placental phenotypes were retrospectively compared in 4617 third-trimester births: 1332 preterm pregnancies (28-33 weeks' gestation), 1066 late preterm pregnancies (34-36 weeks' gestation), 940 near-term pregnancies (37-38 weeks' gestation), and 1279 term pregnancies (≥39 weeks' gestation). Results Acute inflammatory pattern of placental injury was seen mostly at both gestational sides of the third trimester; the clinical conditions linked to in utero hypoxia (preeclampsia, diabetes mellitus, fetal growth restriction) and their placental associations (atherosis, membrane chorionic microcysts, chorangiosis, intervillous thrombi) were associated statistically significantly with mid third trimester. Acute fetal distress (abnormal fetal heart tracing and clinical and histologic meconium) were increasing with gestational age and were statistically significantly most common in full-term pregnancies. Conclusion Differences in placental pathologic condition among the 4 subgroups of third-trimester pregnancy not only challenge the use of an arbitrary cutoff point of 37 weeks' gestation that separates the preterm birth and term birth but also further support separation of late preterm births from preterm births and term births from near-term births. Based on placental pathologic condition, chronic uteroplacental malperfusion is the dominating etiopathogenetic factor in the mid third trimester (late preterm and near-term births), and acute fetal distress is the factor in full-term births. This obscures relative frequencies of perinatal death and management modalities in the third trimester.
Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis: technical considerations.

Total colectomy with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis has emerged as the preferred surgical treatment for ulcerative colitis. The operation has evolved over the last few decades. Various technical issues are discussed, including types of reservoir, options for mesenteric lengthening, method and level of ileoanal anastomosis (hand-sewn versus stapled), and rationale for staging. Anticipated postoperative problems and strategies for management are discussed.
Synthesis and characterization of phosphorus-doped ZnO and (Zn,Mg)O thin films via pulsed laser deposition

The transport and optical properties of phosphorus-doped (Zn,Mg)O thin films grown via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) are studied. The carrier type of as-deposited (Zn,Mg)O:P films converts from n-type to p-type with increasing oxygen partial pressure. All the films exhibit good crystallinity with c-axis orientation. This result indicates the importance of oxidation conditions in realizing p-type (Zn,Mg)O:P films. The as-deposited ZnO:P film properties show a strong dependence on the deposition ambient at different growth temperatures. The resistivity of the samples deposited in O3/O2 mixture is two orders of magnitude higher than the films grown in oxygen and O2/Ar/H2 mixture. The room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) of the as-deposited films has been shown that growing in the O2/Ar/H2 mixture ambient significantly increases the band edge emission while inhibiting the visible emission. The enhanced ultraviolet (UV) emission in the films grown in O2/Ar/H2 mixture may result from hydrogen passivation of the deep level emission centers. The annealed ZnO:P films are n-type with nonlinear dependence of resistivity on annealing temperature. The resistivity increases in the films with annealing at 800°C while decreasing with further increasing annealing temperature. Strong visible light emission is observed from the ZnO:P films annealed in oxygen.
Geodynamics, Second Edition

Turcotte and Schubert's first edition of Geodynamics has become the premier textbook on applications of continuum physics to geologic problems. After 20 years of widespread use by students, educators, and researchers, the second edition of Geodynamics is a welcome revision. All individuals working in the solid Earth sciences should own this textbook. Geodynamics provides practical insight into the governing physics of many processes in geology and geophysics. The general approach is to emphasize geological phenomena, derive the governing equations, and then expand to a variety of applications. Most of the applications are presented in one-spatial dimension, and this provides an effective starting point for conveying the basic theory Derivations in multi-dimensions are limited, however, largely because tensor and index notations are not used.
Snowmelt detection over the Greenland ice sheet from SSM/I brightness temperature daily variations

[1] We propose a technique for monitoring snowmelt over the Greenland ice sheet between 1992 and 2005 based on the difference between ascending and descending brightness temperatures (DAV) measured either at 19.35- or 37- GHz by the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). Wet snow is detected when both brightness temperatures and DAV values exceed fixed thresholds. Differently from existing techniques, a multi-frequency approach allows detection of wet snow at different depths and intensities, providing a tool for improving climatological and hydrological applications. Air temperature values either recorded by ground based stations or derived from model are used for calibrating and validating the technique. Results are compared with those obtained using backscattering coefficients recorded by the NASA’s Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) during an extreme melting event occurring on June 2002. Long-term results show that snowmelt extent has been increasing at a rate of 40,000 Km 2 per year for the past 14 years. Citation: Tedesco, M. (2007), Snowmelt detection over the Greenland ice sheet from SSM/I brightness temperature daily variations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02504,
Identification of key amino acids in the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) responsible for high affinity binding of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)

The bombesin (Bn) receptor family includes the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRPR) and neuromedin B (NMBR) receptors, Bn receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) and Bn receptor subtype 4 (BB(4)). They share 50% homology, yet their affinities for gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) differ. The determinants of GRP high affinity for GRPR and BB(4), and low affinity for BRS-3 are largely unknown. To address this question we made an analysis of structural homologies in Bn receptor members correlated with their affinities for GRP to develop criteria to identify amino acids important for GRP selectivity. Fourteen differences were identified and each was mutated singly in GRPR to that found in hBRS-3. Eleven mutants had a loss of GRP affinity. Furthermore, three of four amino acids in the GRPR selected used a similar approach and previously reported to be important for high affinity Bn binding, were important for GRP affinity. Some GRPR mutants containing combinations of these mutations had greater decreases in GRP affinity than any single mutation. Particularly important for GRP selectivity were K101, Q121, A198, P199, S293, R288, T297 in GRPR. These results were confirmed by making the reverse mutations in BRS-3 to make GRP gain of affinity mutants. Modeling studies demonstrated a number of the important amino acids had side-chains oriented inward and within 6A of the binding pocket. These results demonstrated this approach could identify amino acids needed for GRP affinity and complemented results from chimera/mutagenesis studies by identifying which differences in the extracellular domains of Bn receptors were important for GRP affinity.
Comparison of the immune response to Ars-BGG in germfree or conventional piglets.

Abstract Neonatal germfree (GF) colostrum-deprived and conventional (CV) colostrum-fed piglets were immunized IP with p -azo-phenylarsonate-bovine gamma globulin (Ars-BGG) in Freund's adjuvant to study the development of the immune response in the absence or presence of maternal antibodies and environmental antigens. Overall, the immune response varied greatly within each group but did not differ in GF from CV piglets statistically. Affinity immunoblot analysis suggested that anti-Ars antibody was more restricted in GF than CV piglets and clonotype shifts occurred more in GF than CV piglets after each antigenic stimulation. In contrast, the clonotype pattern of the anti-BGG antibody was similarly heterogeneous in the two groups. Based on the affinity immunoblot data the antibodies generated to the Ars-haptenic group in CV piglets are more heterogeneous than GF piglets and suggest that clonotype generation is influenced by maternal antibodies and environmental antigens.
Y-Site Compatibility of Vancomycin and Piperacillin/ Tazobactam at Commonly Utilized Pediatric Concentrations

BackgroundVancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam are common empiric antibiotics in hospitalized pediatric patients. Studies evaluating intravenous (IV) compatibility at various concentrations show ...
Flipping away proton decay

Abstract General conditions for the suppression of proton decay mediated by gauge boson exchange are considered. One appealing way to satisfy these conditions is to delay the unification of left-handed with right-handed quarks. The simplest grand unified theories which have a two-stage breaking of the gauge group to SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) are discussed. A general analysis of gauge mediated ΔB ≠ 0 interactions is given for the various ways of embedding SU(6) × SU(2) × U(1) in the maximal subgroup of E6. A model based on the SU(6) × SU(2)R subgroup of E6 is considered in detail, and is shown to give a proton lifetime up to a few thousand times longer than in the minimal SU(5) theory.
A new interpretation of diffusion in high-diffusivity paths—a continuum approach

Abstract We consider the problem of diffusion in regions containing a finite number of continuously distributed families of high-diffusivity paths. We assume linear diffusion processes and we provide differential expressions for the partial and total concentrations. The basic equations are specialized to study in detail diffusion in media with a single family of high-diffusivity paths. In this case we derive a system of two simultaneous second-order linear differential equations for the concentrations at the regular and high-diffusivity paths. Uncoupling of the equations yields a fourth-order linear differential equation for the total concentration. The various differential equations show the coupling of the partial diffusion processes and the non-Fickean character of the total diffusion process. Certain steady and non-steady boundary-value problems are formulated and solved to illustrate the departure of our findings from the classical interpretations.
Deformation of a strip containing wavy inextensible fibers

Etude de la deformation d'une bande transversalement isotrope contenant des fibres ondulees sous une charge de traction
Dissolution stoichiometry and adsorption of alkali and alkaline earth elements to the acid-reacted wollastonite surface at 25°C

Abstract The Ca 2+ H + exchange reaction on the wollastonite surface was investigated at 25°C with both short-term ( 48 h) dissolution studies. In acidic solutions, the dissolution of wollastonite is nonstoichiometric with a greater release of Ca than Si relative to the wollastonite stoichiometry. Both short-term and long-term Ca 2+ H + exchange reaction stoichiometries are 0.5. Rapid desorption of Ca2+ from the surface of untreated wollastonite caused a rise of the suspension pH to about 10 in a couple of minutes. Therefore, potentiometric titrations were performed with an acidreacted wollastonite where most surface detachable Ca2+ had been removed. Addition of alkali and alkaline earth metal chloride solutions to the acid-reacted wollastonite suspension results in a pH decrease with K+> Na+ > Ba2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ in equal molal solutions. This suggests that the cations in these solutions are adsorbed to the wollastonite surface. Surface protonation properties of the acid-reacted wollastonite are found to be similar to those of microporous silica but with the point of zero salt effect (pzse) of 4.5–5.5 rather than the 3.0 of microporous silica. The surface protonation-deprotonation as a function of pH is modeled with a one-site double layer model which includes Na adsorption from the background electrolyte to reasonable accuracy. The adsorption of CrO42−, MoO42−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, and Na+ from aqueous solutions to the acidreacted wollastonite/water interface was determined as a function of the pH and ionic strength of the solution. CrO42− and MoO42− were not adsorbed to the wollastonite surface at pH above 3. The extent of cation adsorption increases with increasing pH and decreases with increasing ionic strength. Ca2+ adsorption depends on both the surface area of wollastonite and total amount of Ca2+ in the suspension. For alkaline earth metals at the same concentration, the adsorption sequence is Ba2+> Ca2+> Mg2+. At pH 8.5, the maximum Ca2+ adsorption density on the acid-reacted wollastonite is about 0.83 μmol m2−.
Precise Monitoring of Global Temperature Trends from Satellites

Passive microwave radiometry from satellites provides more precise atmospheric temperature information than that obtained from the relatively sparse distribution of thermometers over the earth's surface. Accurate global atmospheric temperature estimates are needed for detection of possible greenhouse warming, evaluation of computer models of climate change, and for understanding important factors in the climate system. Analysis of the first 10 years (1979 to 1988) of satellite measurements of lower atmospheric temperature changes reveals a monthly precision of 0.01 degrees C, large temperature variability on time scales from weeks to several years, but no obvious trend for the 10-year period. The warmest years, in descending order, were 1987, 1988, 1983, and 1980. The years 1984, 1985, and 1986 were the coolest.
Problems with detecting assumed mediation using the hierarchical multiple regression strategy

Abstract In human resource management (HRM) and allied fields (e.g., organizational behavior, management, and industrial and organizational psychology), tests of mediation are frequently conducted using the hierarchical multiple regression (HMR) strategy of Baron and Kenny [Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 , 1173–1182]. Although previous research has identified a number of serious problems with this approach, the present study adds to the literature by identifying yet additional problems with its use in inferring the existence of mediation. Using a statistical simulation, we found that certain patterns of correlation coefficients guarantee inferences about mediation, whereas other patterns preclude such inferences. On the basis of various analyses including logistic regression and inspection of three-dimensional plots, we identified patterns of correlation coefficients needed to satisfy Baron and Kenny's [Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 , 1173–1182] conditions for inferring mediation. The same patterns have no necessary relation to actual causal connections among variables in mediation models. Moreover, as a consequence of the failure of the HMR strategy to detect mediating effects, many instances of actual mediation in HRM and allied fields may have gone undetected. In view of the foregoing, we conclude that the HMR strategy should no longer be used in testing for mediation.
In situ optical-reflectance study of H2 physisorption in C24K.

An in situ study of the optical reflectance of a second-stage graphite-potassium compound undergoing adsorption of hydrogen gas at T=77 K is presented. From the small shift in the position of the Drude edge in the reflectance spectrum due to the hydrogen uptake we find the resulting electron backdonation (${f}_{B}$) to be less than 0.020 electron per K atom, or 0.0065 electron per H atom. This low value of ${f}_{B}$ indicates that the T=77 K adsorption of hydrogen into the stage-2 graphite-K compound is consistent with the traditional view of physisorption of the molecular species (${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$) in which the adsorbed molecules are attracted to the host's lattice via a van der Waals interaction.
Racial Politics in an Online Community Discursive Closures and the Potentials for Narrative Appropriation

The following essay explores the racial politics within an online community focused on the city of Detroit. Past research has demonstrated that the intertextual strategies utilized by the DetroitYES! community have built an alternative cityscape that changes the way people interact with the physical environment. In our research we engaged in a qualitative content analysis of different threads on the discussion forum, and we interviewed members of the community to illustrate racial politics in this virtual site. Our research illustrated administrative strategies utilized within the community that closed down discourse about race. On the surface, these appeared to be authoritarian strategies that maintained White privilege. However, further research and analysis demonstrated how these strategies gave rise to the possibilities for narrative appropriation and building bridges by minority communities.
The background field method and the ultraviolet structure of the supersymmetric nonlinear σ-model

Calculations of the ultraviolet counterterms of the bosonic and supersymmetric nonlinear σ-models in two space-time dimensions are undertaken in order to verify conclusions of a recent argument based on differential geometry in the supersymmetric case. The background field method and the normal coordinate expansion are discussed in detail, and the generalized renormalization group pole equations applicable to the nonlinear σ-model are derived. Both component and superfield calculations of the counterterms are presented.
Risk assessment of oral exposure to diisononyl phthalate from children’s products

Dialkyl phthalates are plasticizers used in household products made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is the principal phthalate in soft plastic toys. Because DINP is not tightly bound to PVC, it may be released when children mouth PVC products. The potential chronic health risks of phthalate exposure to infants have been under scrutiny by regulatory agencies in Europe, Canada, Japan, and the U.S. This report describes a risk assessment of DINP exposure from children's products, by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff. This report includes the findings of a CPSC Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel (CHAP) which: (1) concluded that DINP is unlikely to present a human cancer hazard and (2) recommended an acceptable daily intake (ADI) level of 120 microg/kg-d, based on spongiosis hepatis in rats. The risk assessment incorporates new measurements of DINP migration rates from 24 toys and a new observational study of children's mouthing activities, with a detailed characterization of the objects mouthed. Probabilistic methods were used to estimate exposure. Mouthing behavior and, thus, exposure depend on the child's age. Approximately 42% of tested soft plastic toys contained DINP. Estimated DINP exposures for soft plastic toys were greatest among children 12-23 months old. The mean exposure for this age group was 0.08 (95% confidence interval 0.04-0.14) microg/kg-d, with a 99th percentile of 2.4 (1.3-3.2) microg/kg-d. The authors conclude that oral exposure to DINP from mouthing soft plastic toys is not likely to present a health hazard to children. The opinions expressed by the authors have not been reviewed or approved by, and do not necessarily reflect the views of, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Because this material was prepared by the authors in their official capacity, it is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted.
Molecular interactions between magainin 2 and model membranes in situ

In this paper, we investigated the molecular interactions of magainin 2 with model cell membranes using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Symmetric 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[Phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (POPG) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) bilayers, which model the bacterial and mammalian cell membranes, respectively, were used in the studies. It was observed by SFG that magainin 2 orients relatively parallel to the POPG lipid bilayer surface at low solution concentrations, around 200 nM. When increasing the magainin 2 concentration to 800 nM, both SFG and ATR-FTIR results indicate that magainin 2 molecules insert into the POPG bilayer and adopt a transmembrane orientation with an angle of about 20° from the POPG bilayer normal. For the POPC bilayer, even at a much higher peptide concentration of 2.0 μM, no ATR-FTIR signal was detected. For this concentration on PO...
DIFFERENTIATION OF PERFECTION, ALSWEET AND ALASKA VARIETIES BY TOTAL STARCH AND AMYLOSE CONTENT

The USDA grading system assigns different quality attributes according to two types of peas, wrinkled and smooth skinned. Since crosses between these types exist which exhibit characteristics of both types, a method of identification between types is needed to apply the correct grading standards. Perfection, Alsweet and Alaska varieties were evaluated for percent starch and amylose content in starch within sieve size classification or tenderometer value grouping. Perfection peas are easily differentiated from Alsweet and Alaska peas of similar sieve size or tenderometer values by their high amylose content. Alsweet has the lowest percent amylose in starch; however, there exists an overlap in content between Alaska and Alsweet varieties making differentiation uncertain. Results indicated that differentiation was possible between Alaska and Alsweet within sieve size or tenderometer values on the basis of total starch content. The Alaska variety has a higher total starch content compared to the Alsweet variety.
Seasonal breeding in rhesus monkeys: Influence of the behavioral environment.

The accepted model of breeding seasonality in rhesus monkeys states that females become reproductively active in response to an environmental cue and that males become sexually active in response to ovulating females. This model must be modified to include direct responses of the male to the physical environment, endocrine responses of males to sexual activity, and responses of the female to the sexual activation of fellow group members. The complex set of social stimuli that influences the breeding readiness of both sexes may serve to delimit more precisely the annual periods of conception and birth than would be the case if each individual responded only to the changing physical environment.
LOAD COMPENSATION AND LUNG VOLUME IN NEONATES

The pressure response to mask occlusion was measured in 16 infants between 1 and 45 days of age and 0.9-4.0 kg in weight. Measurements were made in a body plethysmograph, allowing simultaneous measurements of pressure responses and lung volume(Vtg). All infants, even the least mature, demonstrated progressive increases in mask pressure (Pmax) within 2-3 breaths after occlusion. The maximum pressure and the maximum rate of change in mask pressure (dp/dt) were inversely correlated with Vtg(r=-.35). Individual infants demonstrated a greater increase in pressure within 3 breaths after occlusion with increasing age in 6/10 of patients studied on multiple occasions. The degree of load compensation correlated poorly with Vtg (r=-.26),Vtg/cm (r=-.22), and age (r=.24). Previously published results from this laboratory have demonstrated simultaneous increases in respiratory chemosensitivity in conjunction with increasing maturity and increasing lung volume, while failing to detect significant vagal effects with increasing lung volume. This indicates that the role of Vtg in regulation of respiration in the newborn infant is to stabilize blood gases and maintain normal mechanical aspects of pulmonary function. The influence of Vtg on the reflex control of breathing in healthy preterm and mature human infants is weak. Impulses arising within the central nervous system and modified by the chemoreceptors appear to be the most significant source of respiratory control in human neonates.
Quantitative in vivo tissue sodium concentration maps: The effects of biexponential relaxation

The biexponential relaxation behavior of the sodium nucleus affects the accuracy of quantitative measurement of in vivo tissue sodium concentration (TSC). Theoretical analysis and in vivo experimental results are used to demonstrate the extent of the large bias in the measured TSC that arises when the relaxation behavior in vivo differs significantly from that of the calibration standards which is when a significant fraction of the total sodium signal decays with a relaxation time much shorter than the echo time (TE) used for imaging. This bias can be as large as 20% for measurements of TSC in a normal rat brain with TE = 2 ms. Our findings indicate that shortening the echo time (TE < 0.5 ms) by projection imaging is a reliable means of obtaining accurate in vivo estimates for TSC using MR.
Illegal Aliens in the United States Labor Market: Analysis of Occupational Attainment and Earnings.

The methodology developed previously for analyzing the labor market adjustment of legal immigrants is shown to be equally fruitful for analyzing illegal aliens. It is modified to incorporate the ef...
STRATEGIC PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS: TRANSLATING STRATEGY INTO RESULTS

A large and growing number of companies worldwide are adopting strategic performance measurement (SPM) systems to help them execute their business strategies. SPM systems use some combination of financial, strategic, and operating measures to evaluate management's success in improving operating efficiency and adding value for shareholders. In many cases, the SPMs also provide the primary basis for rewarding top management, divisional operating managers, and, increasingly, rank-and-file employees. Some SPM systems are based entirely on a financial measure like economic value added (or EVA), which encourages managers to consider the opportunity cost of investor capital in making all operating and investment decisions. Other systems are based heavily on nonfinancial considerations, such as the balanced scorecard's emphasis on customer and employee satisfaction, operational excellence, and new product introduction. In this article, the author uses the findings of his recent survey of 113 North American and European companies to shed light on a number of questions: What are the most popular measures in such systems—are they primarily financial, nonfinancial, or amix of the two? To what extent is incentive compensation tied to such measures—and how far down in the organization are such measures (and incentives) extended? What are the most formidable challenges to implementing SPM systems in large corporations, with often diverse collections of businesses and tens if not hundreds of thousands of employees? Among the article's most notable conclusions, a majority of companies expect in the next three years to publish SPM targets and results in their annual reports. The most commonly cited financial SPMs will be cash flow, return on capital employed, and other variations of EVA. The most frequently cited nonfinancial SPMs are customer satisfaction, market share, and new product development. The greatest challenge in implementing SPMs is translating the vision and strategic objectives at the corporate level into performance measures that are relevant to activities at the business unit level, and securing buy-in from business unit managers and employees.
Repeated Split-Belt Treadmill Training Improves Poststroke Step Length Asymmetry

Background and objective Previous studies suggest that error augmentation may be used as a strategy to achieve longer-term changes in gait deficits after stroke. The purpose of this study was to determine whether longer-term improvements in step length asymmetry could be achieved with repeated split-belt treadmill walking practice using an error augmentation strategy. Methods 13 persons with chronic stroke (>6 months) participated in testing: (1) prior to 12 sessions of split-belt treadmill training, (2) after the training, and (3) in follow-up testing at 1 and 3 months. Step length asymmetry was the target of training, so belt speeds were set to augment step length asymmetry such that aftereffects resulted in reduced step length asymmetry during overground walking practice. Each individual was classified as a "responder" or "nonresponder" based on whether their reduction in step length asymmetry exceeded day-to-day variability. Results For the group and for the responders (7 individuals), step length asymmetry improved from baseline to posttesting (P Conclusions This study demonstrates that short-term adaptations can be capitalized on through repetitive practice and can lead to longer-term improvements in gait deficits poststroke. The error augmentation strategy, which promotes stride-by-stride adjustment to reduce asymmetry and results in improved asymmetry during overground walking practice, appears to be critical for obtaining the improvements observed.
Resistance to extinction in rats as a function of drive level and amount of training

Forty-five rats were given 20, 50, or 100 training trials in a runway at 90%, 80%, or 70% of base weight. Acquisition running speed was a monotonie increasing function of both training and drive levels. Alley speed over 25 extinction trials was nonmonotonically related to amount of training, with the 50-trial groups more resistant to extinction than 20 or 100 at all drive levels, and was inversely related to drive level. Time spent at the cup during both acquisition and extinction was a monotonie increasing function of both training and drive.
On the capacitance of a cube

It is known that the capacitance of a metallic object can be obtained from a variational principle. The variational method is compared to Maxwell’s method of subareas, and specific results for a metallic cube give an idea of the accuracy obtainable by each method.
An animal model to study lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction: the hyperlipidaemic rat.

OBJECTIVE To present evidence that rats fed a high-fat diet could serve as a useful animal model to study both lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and erectile dysfunction (ED), as recent epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between LUTS and ED but the physiological basis behind this relationship is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS In all, 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: nine controls were fed a ‘normal’ diet and 15 were fed a high-fat diet (hyperlipidaemic rats). After 6 months all the rats had bladder and erectile functions evaluated using awake cystometry and cavernosal nerve electrostimulation, respectively. After the functional studies were completed, the penis, prostate and bladder were collected for immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS The hyperlipidaemic rats had significantly higher serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein than the controls (P < 0.05). The hyperlipidaemic rats also had significantly worse erectile function (P = 0.004) and developed more bladder overactivity (P = 0.004) than the controls. In the hyperlipidaemic rats there was significant muscle hypertrophy in the peri-urethral lobe of the prostate (P < 0.001) and in the bladder (P < 0.05). There was also greater P2X1 (purinoceptor) staining as well as other molecular changes in the bladder of the hyperlipidaemic rats. CONCLUSIONS In this hyperlipidaemic rat model three abnormalities were consistently detected: prostatic enlargement, bladder overactivity, and ED. This rat model could be a useful research tool for understanding the common causes of LUTS and ED, as well as facilitating the development of preventive measures and better therapies to treat both conditions.
Library Guides and Handbooks

Most academic libraries probably have in their collections, either in reference or as circulating titles, several of the works generally and rather imprecisely known as library handbooks or guides. These may include such standards as Jean Key Gates' Guide to the Use of Books and Libraries, now in its fourth edition, as well as more ephemeral efforts produced in‐house by the staffs of individual libraries and made commercially available to other institutions.
Carbon dioxide fixation in marine invertebrates. V. Rate and pathway in the oyster.

Abstract 1. 1. Isolated oyster mantle tissue was incubated at 25° with NaH 14 CO 3 of high specific activity to provide a medium closely resembling natural sea water in salinity and total carbon dioxide concentration. 2. 2. The rate of CO 2 fixation into six acids of the citric acid cycle was determined as 0·088 μmole/g fresh tissue/hr in the first few seconds; in periods of 11·4 sec to 60 min, the apparent rate was a constant 0·016 μmole/g/hr; the higher rate was 1·3 per cent of the rate of oxygen consumption by this tissue. 3. 3. The pattern of labeling of the acids indicated that malic acid was the initial major product of CO 2 fixation; spectrophotometric evidence for the presence of a malic enzyme in the supernatant of centrifuged homogenates was found. 4. 4. Succinic acid accumulated radioactivity at the highest rate, which suggested additional influx of CO 2 via the propionate pathway or the presence of an active fumarate reductase, or both.
Orientation imaging microscopy: Emerging and future applications

Abstract Orientation imaging microscopy (OIM), which images the microstructure using the electron backscattered diffraction probe, has proven to be a powerful tool for the study of polycrystalline materials. OIM's chief strength lies in its ability to couple the morphological aspects of microstructure, with lattice orientation. With spatial and angular resolution of at least 100 nm and 1°, OIM is ideally suited to investigations at the mesoscale. In this paper three examples are described which illustrate emerging and future applications of OIM to important problems in materials science at the mesoscale. The first example is the use of higher-order point statistics to obtain improved bounds on structure-insensitive properties. It is emphasized that the approach may be used, not only to enhance material properties, but also to control their variability. The second example is an emerging analysis to map the relationships between the character (type) of grain boundaries and their intrinsic properties. The main idea is illustrated for mappings linking character and excess free energy. The third example focuses on the ability of OIM to measure lattice curvature, and to thereby obtain information about the geometrically necessary dislocation content of the microstructure. This example is illustrated by analysis to extract the dislocation density tensor.
Controlled Nucleation of K3Fe(CN)6 in Isolated Microdroplets at Liquid−Liquid Interface

We have investigated the crystal nucleation behavior of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) (KFC) in an isolated aqueous microdroplet surrounded by a decanol medium which is isothermally driven to supersaturation by water transport from the droplet, to examine the influence upon KFC nucleation by self-assembled surfactant monolayers at the liquid−liquid interface. The nucleation behavior was studied by measurement of the level of supersaturation required for the onset of crystallization (Sonset) based on microscopic observation. For KFC crystallization in the absence of surfactant, it was found that Sonset was 1.74 ± 0.13. This value was independent of droplet initial size (80−160 μm) and initial KFC concentration (10−40%). In the presence of a minimum threshold concentration of octadecylamine (ODA) in decanol, the Sonset value was diminished significantly (1.41 ± 0.06), indicative of templated nucleation acceleration. Additionally, the crystal habit for KFC grown in the presence of ODA monolayer was markedly...
The Self of Mission

Drawing on his experience as a missionary in Korea for over three decades, Edward W. Poitras reflects on the way a person expands him or herself as he or she encounters the culture in which he or she works as truly "other." A complete identification with the culture, of course, is never possible. Nevertheless, the authentically open person is changed in profound and life-giving ways. Poitras speaks of this change happening in three stages. At first the missionary works for others; then he or she identifies with the local culture. Eventually, however, the self is discovered within the local community; identity is received from it, as a gift. Such a development, says Poitras, is profoundly biblical in orientation, and is at the heart of the theology of mission.
Plasma sheath structures around a radio frequency antenna

[1] A one-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation code is developed to investigate plasma sheath structures around a high-voltage transmitting antenna in the inner magnetosphere. We consider an electrically short dipole antenna assumed to be bare and perfectly conducting. The oscillation frequency of the antenna current is chosen to be well below the electron plasma frequency but higher than the ion plasma frequency. The magnetic field effects are neglected in the present simulations. Simulations are conducted for the cases without and with ion dynamics. In both cases, there is an initial period, about one-fourth of an oscillation cycle, of antenna charging because of attraction of electrons to the antenna and the formation of an ion plasma sheath around the antenna. With the ion dynamics neglected, the antenna is charged completely negatively so that no more electrons in the plasma can reach the antenna after the formation of the sheath. When the ion dynamics are included, the electrons impulsively impinge upon the antenna while the ions reach the antenna in a continuous manner. In such a case, the antenna charge density and electric field have a brief excursion of slightly positive values during which there is an electron sheath. The electron and ion currents collected by the antenna are weak and balance each other over each oscillation cycle. The sheath-plasma boundary is a transition layer with fine structures in electron density, charge density, and electric field distributions. The sheath radius oscillates at the antenna current frequency. The calculated antenna reactance is improved from the theoretical value by 10%, demonstrating the advantage of including the plasma sheath effects self-consistently using the PIC simulations. The sheath tends to shield the electric field from penetrating into the plasma. There is, however, leakage of an electric field component with significant amplitude into the plasma, implying the applicability of the high-voltage antennas in whistler wave transmission in the inner magnetosphere.
The serpin MNEI inhibits elastase-like and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases through efficient reactions at two active sites.

MNEI (monocyte/neutrophil elastase inhibitor) is a 42 kDa serpin superfamily protein characterized initially as a fast-acting inhibitor of neutrophil elastase. Here we show that MNEI has a broader specificity, efficiently inhibiting proteases with elastase- and chymotrypsin-like specificities. Reaction of MNEI with neutrophil proteinase-3, an elastase-like protease, and porcine pancreatic elastase demonstrated rapid inhibition rate constants >107 M-1 s-1, similar to that observed for neutrophil elastase. Reactions of MNEI with chymotrypsin-like proteases were also rapid: cathepsin G from neutrophils (>106 M-1 s-1), mast cell chymase (>105 M-1 s-1), chymotrypsin (>106 M-1 s-1), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which had the slowest rate constant at ∼104 M-1 s-1. Inhibition of trypsin-like (plasmin, granzyme A, and thrombin) and caspase-like (granzyme B) serine proteases was not observed or highly inefficient (trypsin), nor was inhibition of proteases from the cysteine (caspase-1 and caspase-3) and met...