cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Monte Carlo approach to measuring trajectory performance subject to missed thrust

A spacecraft using solar electric propulsion (SEP) to reach its destination must operate its thrusters for very long periods of time compared to one using chemical propulsion. Some spacecraft may be required to thrust almost the entire duration of the transfer to reach their target. A side-effect of this characteristic of SEP missions is that a spacecraft could be subject to an anomaly or fault that forces it to stop thrusting when it should be, causing it to drift away from its nominal trajectory. A diagram of this situation is shownin Figure 1. Because these shut-down events (commonly referred to as safe mode or safing events), are not uncommon and can be caused by uncontrollable external factors (such as a cosmic ray striking an electronic component), the spacecraft and trajectory should be designed such that the spacecraft can continue on to its destination in a reasonable time and propellant expenditure once operations resume.
Research-to-Resource: Effective Incorporation of World Music Into the Music Classroom:

As the demographics of our nation continue to evolve, music educators have a responsibility to embrace the opportunities they have to increase their students’ levels of awareness and acceptance of ...
Regulation of Eukaryotic Cell Differentiation by Long Non-coding RNAs

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that do not have functional protein-coding capacity. They can regulate gene expression by affecting the transcription, translation, and stability of mRNA targets through diverse mechanisms. Dozens of eukaryotic lncRNAs have been functionally characterized to date, and they have been associated with important cellular processes such as meiosis, pluripotency, apoptosis, and lineage specification. An emerging theme among known lncRNA functions is therefore the modulation of cell differentiation states, often in response to developmental or environmental cues. This chapter discusses current models of lncRNA function during several well-characterized cell differentiation processes, from yeast to human, highlighting recent evidence that implicate lncRNAs in the regulation of animal development.
Stress Distributions Around Shallow Buried Rigid Pipes

Normal and tangential loads on shallow buried rigid pipes due to superimposed surface loads are calculated by the finite element method. The effects of the variations in the length of a uniformly distributed surface load, the relative soil-pipe stiffness, and the presence of a layer of soft material around the pipe with various Poisson's ratios, are examined. It is suggested that the existing laboratory tests do not conform to the actual field conditions and, therefore, full-scale tests must be conducted to verify the results reported herein. Recommendations for future analytical research are also made.
Teleradiology in a Large Radiology Practice

The large number of teleradiology products and features may confuse radiologists who are considering the incorporation of this technology into their practice. It is important that practice patterns and needs be evaluated prior to specification and acquisition of a teleradiology system. An appropriate beginning for this decision concerns whether the system will be utilized for primary diagnosis rather than consultation or image review. For instance, teaching or consultation at a remote location may demand realtime interactions to be of use while on-call or overreading coverage from a remote location could be performed with batch image transmission and remote interpretation without person-to-person interaction. The needs of the radiology practice determine the hardware and software requirements of a teleradiology system. We shall outline three general modes of practice before summarizing our clinical evaluations.
Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isoforms ζ and λ/ι synergically control Th2 development and function (134.13)

The protein kinase C (PKC) family consists of three subfamilies: classical, novel, and atypical PKCs. The atypical PKC (aPKC) consists of two isoforms, PKCζ and PKCλ/ι. We have recently presented in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo genetic evidence that PKCζ is necessary for optimal activation of the IL-4 signaling cascade upstream of Jak1. Since whole-body genetic deletion of PKCλ/ι is lethal, we have used a conditional gene knockout system by loxP-Cre recombination to generated conditional PKCλ/ι KO mice to selectively delete PKCλ/ι in activated T cells. With this system, we found that PKCλ/ι was necessary for Th2 cytokine production. Upon anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation, IL-4 and IL-13 production from CD4+ T cells was significantly reduced in conditional KO mice as compared to their WT littermates. The activation of the transcription factors NFAT and NF-κB was impaired in PKCλ/ι-deficient activated T cells. Furthermore, deficiency of PKCλ/ι inhibited OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation in vivo. Recently, we have introduced the activated T cell-specific conditional PKCλ/ι deficiency into a PKCζ-/- background to generate mice with PKCζ and PKCλ/ι double knockout (DKO) in activated T cells. From these T cells, the secretion of Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, was more dramatically reduced and the proliferation was more significantly impaired compared to T cells with single PKCζ or PKCλ/ι deficiency. PKCλ/ι, like PKCζ, emerges as a new critical regulator of Th2 cell activation.
Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Security of ad hoc and sensor networks

These proceedings contain the papers selected for presentation at the 2004 ACM Workshop on the Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (SASN) held in association with the 11th ACM Computer and Communications Security Conference, October 25, 2004, in Washington, DC. We received a total of 35 paper submissions, of which 7 were selected as full papers, and 6 as short papers for presentation at the workshop. Each paper was reviewed by at least two members of the program committee (most papers received three reviews), and was evaluated on the basis of its importance, novelty, technical quality, and relevance to the workshop theme. The program committee discussions were conducted electronically. In addition to the selected papers, the workshop program includes an invited keynote talk by Jack Stankovic (University of Virginia), and a panel discussion. The relatively short time frame for the review process resulted in a large workload for the program committee. We thank all the program committee members for their hard work and insight in reviewing submissions. Committee members sometimes solicited the advice of colleagues; we are grateful to those colleagues, in particular: Lujo Bauer, Nauel Ben Salem, Srdjan Capkun, Mario Cagalj, Roberto Di Pietro, Kris Gaj, Jihye Kim, Yong Lee, Donggang Liu, Jun Luo, Allesandro Mei, Jonathan McCune, Panagiotis Papadimitratos, Maxim Raya, Nitesh Saxena, Bob Simon, Gurmeet Singh, Stefan Schmit, Runting Shi, and Jeong Y.
Abstract LB-329: Molecular mechanisms of loss of E7 expression in HPV16-transformed human keratinocytes

Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes about 5% of all human cancers. The HPV oncoproteins E6/E7 are responsible for the transforming potential of the virus. Although continuous expression of the HPV oncogenes was considered indispensable for HPV-induced carcinogenesis, we and others have demonstrated that in a subset of HPV positive head and neck and cervical cancers, the HPV oncogenes are not expressed (HPV-inactive cancers). Based upon the observation that primary HPV-positive tumors express E6/E7, while metastases tend to be HPV-inactive, we hypothesized that HPV-inactive cancers begin as HPV-active lesions and lose their dependence on continuous E6/E7 expression during progression. This may be due to genetic and/or epigenetic modifications caused by the genomic instability and the additional carcinogens to which the tumor is exposed. We observed that HPV-inactive cancers of the cervix often have mutated p53, while HPV-active cancers do not. Therefore, we proposed that HPV positive tumors may become inactive if p53 becomes mutated. The CRISPR-Cas9 system was used to knock out the p53 gene in differentiation resistant HPV16 immortalized human keratinocytes (HKc-DR). The DNA deletions within the p53 gene were confirmed by PCR and gel electrophoresis, and further validated by Sanger sequencing. Using qPCR, we found that HPV16 E7 expression was significantly lower (5-fold) in the p53 knock out (KO) lines than in the p53 wild type (WT) lines Reduced E7 expression in p53 KO lines was reversed by using the demethylating agent 5 Aza 2 deoxycytidine, suggesting that DNA methylation plays a role in this process. Also, we used in situ hybridization to detect HPV16 E7 mRNA in p53 WT and KO lines grown as spheroids on an agarose cushion. Interestingly, while all p53 WT lines have a uniform distribution of E7 signal, the p53 KO lines showed some spheroids that were completely lacking E7 mRNA, and some had a mixed population of E7-positive and E7-negative cells. These results indicate that the p53 KO lines are a heterogenous population with regard to HPV16 E7 expression. We concluded that p53 loss of function mutation may be an important factor in driving HPV16 transformed cells to lose dependence on continuous expression of the HPV oncogenes and become HPV-inactive. However, complete loss of p53 alone is not sufficient to suppress E7 expression entirely. We also determined that loss of E7 expression may be due, at least in part, to DNA methylation. We are currently examining HPV URR methylation in the p53 WT and KO lines, and isolating pure lines with complete loss of HPV16 E7 expression for further studies of the molecular mechanisms that may lead to the HPV-inactive phenotype. Citation Format: Fadi F. Abboodi, Kim E. Creek, Lucia A. Pirisi. Molecular mechanisms of loss of E7 expression in HPV16-transformed human keratinocytes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-329.
On incorporating search-based heuristics into real-world systems

While massive strides have been made in the field of search-based software testing (SBST) in recent years, there yet remains the problem of transitioning such techniques to reality. This paper discusses this problem in terms of cyber-physical systems, presents research challenges for applying SBST to this domain, and outlines the state-of-the-art achievements of the SBST community in this regard.
Defining the surgical critical care research agenda: Results of a gaps analysis from the Critical Care Committee of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma.

Background There has been an unprecedented increase in critical care research recently, and there is a need for an organized and systematic approach to surgical critical care research planning. The purpose of this article was to establish a surgical critical care research agenda via a systematic review of the literature and needs assessment. Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify high-impact critical care articles since 1999 on the basis of citation data. Using a standardized data abstraction tool, surgical representation in the literature was analyzed. A needs assessment was performed using a modified Delphi approach in three rounds to obtain consensus among members of the Critical Care Committee of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (n = 30) regarding research priorities in surgical critical care. Results Of 1,019 articles screened, 645 underwent full-text review, and 276 articles were included in the final analysis. Surgical patients were identified in 177 studies (64.1%), whereas trauma patients were identified in 82 (31.7%). Key categories identified during the first round of the Delphi included end of life care, traumatic brain injury (TBI), delirium, post-intensive care syndrome (PICS), hemodynamic monitoring, and volume/fluid balance. During the second and third rounds, 10 topics were classified as high priority. The three highest ranked topics were: addressing goals of care in the acute care setting (4.44 ± 0.70); improving prognostic indicators in patients with severe TBI (4.38 ± 0.85); and interventions to mitigate PICS (4.22 ± 0.65). There was a strong positive correlation in ratings (Rs value = 0.90, p = 0.001) between rounds 2 and 3. Conclusion The results of this study highlight the recent surgical critical care research literature and may serve as a platform for future research endeavors in surgical critical care.
Unified Model to Predict Asphaltene Deposition in Production Pipelines

Asphaltenes are heavy-molecular-weight condensed aromatic fractions present in crude oil along with saturates, resins, and aromatics. Asphaltene particles start precipitating when the phase stabili...
Protease-Catalyzed l-Aspartate Oligomerization: Substrate Selectivity and Computational Modeling

Poly(aspartic acid) (PAA) is a biodegradable water-soluble anionic polymer that can potentially replace poly(acrylic acid) for industrial applications and has shown promise for regenerative medicine and drug delivery. This paper describes an efficient and sustainable route that uses protease catalysis to convert l-aspartate diethyl ester (Et2-Asp) to oligo(β-ethyl-α-aspartate), oligo(β-Et-α-Asp). Comparative studies of protease activity for oligo(β-Et-α-Asp) synthesis revealed α-chymotrypsin to be the most efficient. Papain, which is highly active for l-glutamic acid diethyl ester (Et2-Glu) oligomerization, is inactive for Et2-Asp oligomerization. The assignment of α-linkages between aspartate repeat units formed by α-chymotrypsin catalysis is based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) trifluoacetic acid titration, circular dichroism, and NMR structural analysis. The influence of reaction conditions (pH, temperature, reaction time, and buffer/monomer/α-chymotrypsin concentrations) on oligopeptide yield and...
Improving Outcomes With IVUS Guidance During Percutaneous Coronary Interventions

This review highlights the evidence surrounding the adjunctive diagnostic and therapeutic benefits of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Meta-analyses of randomized trials demonstrate that IVUS has a major impact on PCI-related outcomes with drug-eluting stents by reducing cardiovascular mortality and repeat revascularization. Its application in calcific coronary artery disease has helped identify the benefits and safety of coronary atherectomy, along with playing an important role for primarily guiding PCI while significantly reducing contrast volume in individuals with renal dysfunction. IVUS applications have been extended to the realms of CTO intervention, aneurysmal coronary disease, and iatrogenic/spontaneous coronary artery dissection. IVUS is also a proven cost-effective strategy. Nevertheless, despite these benefits, the global uptake of IVUS-guided PCI remains low. IVUS plays a pivotal role during PCI, particularly complex calcific and long lesions. IVUS-guided PCI is safe, cost-effective, and associates with substantial reductions in MACE. However, the worldwide uptake of IVUS-guided PCI remains considerably low. Further efforts are required to promote this evidence-based PCI strategy among the global interventional cardiology community to further improve the outcomes of our PCI candidates.
Etiology and treatment of 67 children with short stature

Objective To study the etiological factors and treatment feature of children with short stature,and provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods The clinical data of 67 children with short stature were analyzed,and they respectively adopted reorganization human growth hormone(rhGH) and comprehensive treatment.Results Among the 67 cases of children with short stature,growth hormone deficiency(GHD) in 23 cases,idiopathic short stature in 21 cases,familial short stature in 9 cases,constitutional delay of growth and puberty in 4 cases,3 cases for intrauterine growth retardation(IUGR),2 cases for Turner syndrome,2 cases for hypothyroidism,2 cases for Down's syndrome,1 case for Congenital cartilage dysplasia.Rh-GH was effective on treatment of GHD,ISS,familial short stature and IUGR was better.The same curative effect could be achieved in hypothyroidism and non-GHD cases after treatment with thyroid tablets.Conclusions According to the pathogeny,selecting correct treatments is the key to treat the short stature children. Key words: Children ; Short stature ; Etiology ; Treatment
Impact of fellowship training on surgical outcomes after appendectomies: a retrospective cohort study

Outcome studies have failed to show significant improvement related to formal fellowship training in different surgical specialties. We aimed to look whether laparoscopic fellowship-trained (FT) surgeons had better outcomes. This is an IRB approved retrospective review from a single institution (inner city hospital) on adults undergoing appendectomy from 2008 to 2017. Demographics and 30-day complications were analyzed with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Total of 558 appendectomies were reviewed. 151 (27.36%) appendectomies were performed by FT surgeons (MIS/CRS), 401 (72.64%) performed by GS. No difference in age, ASA, BMI, race, gender, insurance status, smoking, diabetes mellitus (DM), or hypertension was found. Also, similar rates of non-iatrogenic perforated appendicitis were seen (16.37% GS vs 20% FT, p = 0.318). For major complications, no difference was found between GS and FT (p = 0.63). However, appendectomies performed by GS showed higher rates of post-op ileus (3.99% vs 0.66%, p = 0.04), higher conversion to open (7.55% vs 2.67%, p = 0.039), higher rates of choosing an open approach (17.46% vs 0.66%, p = < 0.001), and longer length of stay (LOS) (median 1.9 vs 1.8 days p = 0.048). Of the 16 patients with ileus from the GS group three were open, two converted to open, and eleven laparoscopic with mean OR time of 70 min and LOS of 13.3 days. The only laparoscopic case from the FT group with ileus had a mean operative time of 56 min and LOS of 15 days. On multivariate regression analysis, only DM was found as risk factor for major complications (OR 3.01, 95% CI 1.307–6.92, p = 0.01), while laparoscopic approach was seen as protective factor against major complications (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.29–0.97, p = 0.04). Laparoscopic fellowship training had a positive outcome on post-op ileus and LOS after appendectomy. This seems to be related to the higher prevalence of choosing laparoscopic technique and lower rate of conversion to open.
Long term care facility residents hospitalized with COVID-19 infection present with atypical symptoms

Background: Fever and cough are frequently reported in COVID-19 infections, although little is known about the subgroup of symptomatic patients who do not manifest these classic symptoms We aimed to compare clinical manifestations and outcomes for hospitalized COVID-19 patients with typical vs atypical presentations and identify risk factors for atypical COVID-19 presentations Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort of all patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infections during 3/13- 5/13/2020 at UW Health, a network of 3 acute-care hospitals in Midwest We defined atypical cases as patients hospitalized for COVID-19 related reasons presenting without fever and cough and compared them in univariate analysis with patients manifesting both symptoms (controls) We identified independent risk factors for atypical COVID-19 presentations by logistic regression Results: Among the 163 patients hospitalized during the 60-day study frame, 39 (24%) had atypical presentations Table 1 shows demographic, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of atypical vs typical cases On univariate analysis, atypical cases were more likely to be older, reside in a long-term-care facility (LTCF), have underlying diabetes mellitus, stroke, cardiac disease, and deny myalgias or dyspnea, despite having no significant difference in the prevalence of hypoxia or radiological lung infiltrates Atypical cases also had a significantly higher Beta-Natriuretic-Peptide and lower C-Reactive-Protein, although other inflammatory markers were not significantly different They were less likely to be admitted to the ICU, and more likely to die within 30 days, as older patients with respiratory failure and multiple comorbidities opted for comfort measures and less aggressive care On multivariate analysis, LTCF residence was the only independent predictor for atypical status (Table 2) Conclusion: LTCF residents are more likely to experience COVID-19 respiratory illness (hypoxia, pneumonia) without classic symptoms (fever, cough, myalgias, dyspnea) Given the excessive pandemic burden in the LTCF setting, timely recognition and diagnosis of these atypical, more subtle presentations is critical (Table Presented)
From Livestock to Cell-stock: Farmed Animal Obsolescence and the Politics of Resemblance

The nascent cellular agriculture industry seeks to produce cell-cultured animal tissue for human consumption. Effectively rendering farmed animals obsolete in food production could mitigate an array of harms inflicted by industrial animal farming on the environment, public health, and human and animal wellbeing, but achieving this outcome is contingent on cellular agriculture entrepreneurs successfully creating a product that closely resembles conventional meat enough to appeal to consumers despite its synthetic origins. This article examines how these politics of resemblance may shape and limit the realization of the industry’s potential benefits. Specifically, it argues that, while cellular agriculture can only realize such benefits through the facilitation of agricultural animal obsolescence, its potential for positive transformations in food production may ultimately be blunted by the degree to which a failure to extend the politics of resemblance from the consumer market to the labor market renders agricultural human laborers obsolete as well.
Leveraging Social Media Activity and Machine Learning for HIV and Substance Abuse Risk Assessment: Development and Validation Study.

Background: Social media networks provide an abundance of diverse information that can be leveraged for data-driven applications across various social and physical sciences. One opportunity to utilize such data exists in the public health domain, where data collection is often constrained by organizational funding and limited user adoption. Furthermore, the efficacy of health interventions is often based on self-reported data, which are not always reliable. Health-promotion strategies for communities facing multiple vulnerabilities, such as men who have sex with men, can benefit from an automated system that not only determines health behavior risk but also suggests appropriate intervention targets. Objective: This study aims to determine the value of leveraging social media messages to identify health risk behavior for men who have sex with men. Methods: The Gay Social Networking Analysis Program was created as a preliminary framework for intelligent web-based health-promotion intervention. The program consisted of a data collection system that automatically gathered social media data, health questionnaires, and clinical results for sexually transmitted diseases and drug tests across 51 participants over 3 months. Machine learning techniques were utilized to assess the relationship between social media messages and participants' offline sexual health and substance use biological outcomes. The F1 score, a weighted average of precision and recall, was used to evaluate each algorithm. Natural language processing techniques were employed to create health behavior risk scores from participant messages. Results: Offline HIV, amphetamine, and methamphetamine use were correctly identified using only social media data, with machine learning models obtaining F1 scores of 82.6%, 85.9%, and 85.3%, respectively. Additionally, constructed risk scores were found to be reasonably comparable to risk scores adapted from the Center for Disease Control. Conclusions: To our knowledge, our study is the first empirical evaluation of a social media–based public health intervention framework for men who have sex with men. We found that social media data were correlated with offline sexual health and substance use, verified through biological testing. The proof of concept and initial results validate that public health interventions can indeed use social media–based systems to successfully determine offline health risk behaviors. The findings demonstrate the promise of deploying a social media–based just-in-time adaptive intervention to target substance use and HIV risk behavior.
Impact of Extreme Heat Events on Emergency Department Visits in North Carolina (2007-2011).

Extreme heat is the leading cause of weather-related mortality in the U.S. Extreme heat also affects human health through heat stress and can exacerbate underlying medical conditions that lead to increased morbidity and mortality. In this study, data on emergency department (ED) visits for heat-related illness (HRI) and other selected diseases were analyzed during three heat events across North Carolina from 2007 to 2011. These heat events were identified based on the issuance and verification of heat products from local National Weather Service forecast offices (i.e. Heat Advisory, Heat Watch, and Excessive Heat Warning). The observed number of ED visits during these events were compared to the expected number of ED visits during several control periods to determine excess morbidity resulting from extreme heat. All recorded diagnoses were analyzed for each ED visit, thereby providing insight into the specific pathophysiological mechanisms and underlying health conditions associated with exposure to extreme heat. The most common form of HRI was heat exhaustion, while the percentage of visits with heat stroke was relatively low ( 65 years of age) were at greatest risk for HRI during the early summer heat event (8.9 visits per 100,000), while young and middle age adults (18-44 years of age) were at greatest risk during the mid-summer event (6.3 visits per 100,000). Many of these visits were likely due to work-related exposure. The most vulnerable demographic during the late summer heat event was adolescents (15-17 years of age), which may relate to the timing of organized sports. This demographic also exhibited the highest visit rate for HRI among all three heat events (10.5 visits per 100,000). Significant increases (p < 0.05) in visits with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were noted during the three heat events (3-8%). The greatest increases were found in visits with hypotension during the late summer event (23%) and sequelae during the early summer event (30%), while decreases were noted for visits with hemorrhagic stroke during the middle and late summer events (13-24%) and for visits with aneurysm during the early summer event (15%). Significant increases were also noted in visits with respiratory diseases (5-7%). The greatest increases in this category were found in visits with pneumonia and influenza (16%), bronchitis and emphysema (12%), and COPD (14%) during the early summer event. Significant increases in visits with nervous system disorders were also found during the early summer event (16%), while increases in visits with diabetes were noted during the mid-summer event (10%).
Low-flow hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass protects the brain

Cerebral protection during surgical procedures necessitating circulatory arrest or low flow remains the factor that most limits the critical time for repair of lesions. In vivo phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to assess the metabolic state of the brain during circulatory arrest by measuring the concentration of high-energy phosphate compounds and the intracellular pH. The degree of cerebral protection during deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass at low flow rates was compared with that obtained with a period of circulatory arrest interrupted by intermittent systemic perfusion. Sheep were instrumented with cannulas for cardiopulmonary bypass, and a radiofrequency coil was positioned on the skull. Animals were placed in the bore of a 4.7 Tesla magnet, cooled with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass to 15 degrees C, and had either circulatory arrest (n = 5) or continuous low flow rates of 5 ml/kg/min (n = 6) or 10 ml/kg/min (n = 7) for 2 hours. A fourth group (n = 5) underwent 1 hour of circulatory arrest, systemic reperfusion for 30 minutes, then another hour of circulatory arrest. Both circulatory arrest and a flow rate of 5 ml/kg/min resulted in severe intracellular acidosis and depletion of high-energy phosphates. A flow of 10 ml/kg/min preserved high-energy phosphates and intracellular pH. Therefore deep hypothermia with cardiopulmonary bypass flows as low as 10 ml/kg/min can maintain brain high-energy phosphate concentrations and intracellular pH for 2 hours in sheep, whereas flows of 5 ml/kg/min or intermittent full-flow systemic perfusion between periods of circulatory arrest offers less protection. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that improvement in nuclear magnetic resonance parameters positively correlates with improved survival and preservation of neurologic function.
Studies of Expertise from Psychological Perspectives

Introduction The study of expertise has a very long history that has been discussed in several other chapters in this handbook (Ericsson, Chapter 1; Amirault & Branson, Chapter 5). This chapter focuses on the influential developments within cognitive science and cognitive psychology that have occurred over the last three decades. Our chapter consists of two parts. In the first part we briefly review what we consider the major developments in cognitive science and cognitive psychology that led to the new field of expertise studies. In the second part we attempt to characterize some of the emerging insights about mechanisms and aspects of expertise that generalize across domains, and we explore the original theoretical accounts, along with more recent ones. The Development of Expertise Studies In this handbook there are several pioneering research traditions represented that were brought together to allow laboratory studies of expertise, along with the development of formal models that can reproduce the performance of the experts. One early stream was the study of thinking using protocol analysis, where participants were instructed to “think aloud” while solving everyday life problems (Duncker, 1945), and experts were asked to think aloud while selecting moves for chess positions (de Groot, 1946/1965; Ericsson, Chapter 13). Another stream developed out of the research on judgment and decision making, where researchers compared the judgments of experts to those of statistical models (Meehl, 1954; Yates & Tschirhart, Chapter 24).
Five challenges in wide-area sensor systems

Most sensor network research to date has targeted ad hoc wireless networks of closely co-located, resource-constrained, scalar sensor motes. Such work has tended to overlook the potential importance of wide-area sensor systems–heterogeneous collections of Internet-connected sensor devices. A wide-area sensor system enables a rich collection of sensors such as cameras, microphones, infrared detectors, RFID readers, vibration sensors, accelerometers, etc. to be incorporated into a unified system capable of accessing, filtering, processing, querying, and reacting to sensed data. The sensor system can be programmed to provide useful sensing services that combine traditional data sources with tens to millions of live sensor feeds. While the unique and many challenges of resource-constrained sensor networks are apparent, the limited research into wide-area sensor systems may indicate that researchers have not seen any interesting challenges in such systems. After all, where are the research challenges in sensor systems blessed with powerful, powered, Internet-connected computers with significant memory and storage? In this talk, I will describe five research challenges in wide-area sensor systems that I believe are worthy of further pursuit. The challenges are: (1) scalability, (2) ease of service authorship, (3) robustness/manageability, (4) actuation, and (5) privacy. Although certainly not an exhaustive list, I believe these five make the case that wide-area sensor systems are an interesting area with many challenges and open questions. In discussing the research challenges, I will highlight techniques used to address some of the challenges within IrisNet [1,2,3,4,5], a wide-area sensor system we have developed over the past three years.
Ultra-Metal-Poor Stars for the 21st Century

I present a summary of the status of spectroscopic and photometric followup observations of Galactic metal-deficient stars identified to date from the HK objectiveprism/interference-filter survey of Beers and collaborators. I also discuss the directions we intend to go with the followup efforts over the course of the next five years, and speculate on the final total numbers of Extremely-Metal-Poor (EMP) stars ([Fe/H] ≤ −3.0) and Ultra-Metal-Poor (UMP) stars ([Fe/H] ≤ −4.0) which are likely to be identified.
Standardization in Cryogenic Insulation Systems Testing and Performance Data

Abstract The close relationship between industrial energy use and cryogenics drives the need for optimized thermal insulation systems. Emerging cryofuels usage is enabled by adequate isolation of the liquid hydrogen or liquefied natural gas from the ambient environment. Thermal performance data for the total insulation system, as rendered, are essential for both engineering designs and cost-benefit decisions involving comparisons among alternatives. These data are obtained through rigorous testing with suitable apparatus and repeatable methods. Properly defined terminology, analysis, and reporting are also vital. Advances in cryogenic insulation test apparatus and methods have led to the recent addition of two new technical standards of ASTM International: C1774 - Standard Guide for Thermal Performance Testing of Cryogenic InsulationSystems and C740 - Standard Guide for Evacuated Reflective Cryogenic Insulation. Among the different techniques described in the new standards is the cylindrical boiloff calorimeter for absolute heat measurement over the full range of vacuum pressure conditions. The details of this apparatus, test method, and data analysis are given. Benchmark thermal performance data, including effective thermal conductivity (ke) and heat flux (q) for the boundary temperatures of 293 K and 77 K, are given for a number of different multilayer insulation (MLI) systems in comparison with data for other commonly-used insulation systems including perlite powder, fiberglass, polyurethane foam, and aerogels.
The Catholic Church and Hollywood: censorship and morality in 1930s cinema

The collaborations involving the Catholic Church, the Legion of Decency, the Production Code Administration and the Hays Office during the 1930s to regulate Hollywood film-making have attracted att...
Radiation and scattering from bodies of revolution

The problem of electromagnetic radiation and scattering from perfectly conducting bodies of revolution of arbitrary shape is considered. The mathematical formulation is an integro-differential equation, obtained from the potential integrals plus boundary conditions at the body. A solution is effected by the method of moments, and the results are expressed in terms of generalized network parameters. The expansion functions chosen for the solution are harmonic in o (azimuth angle) and subsectional in t (contour length variable). Because of rotational symmetry, the solution becomes a Fourier series in o, each term of which is uncoupled to every other term. Illustrative computations are given for radiation from apertures and plane wave scattering from bodies of revolution. The impedance elements, currents, radiation patterns, and scattering patterns for a conducting sphere are computed both from the general solution and from the classical eigenfunction solution. The agreement obtained serves to check the general solution. Similar computations for a cone-sphere illustrate the application of the general solution to problems not solvable by classical methods.
Cloning and expression of caprine interferon-gamma

Caprine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) cDNA was cloned from mitogen stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) RNA utilizing the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The cDNA open reading frame (ORF) is 498bp, encoding a putative 166 amino acid (aa) protein (19327Da). The predicted aa sequence homology of caprine IFN-gamma and the corresponding ovine, bovine and cervine cytokine is 98.8%, 95.2% and 92.8%, respectively. IFN-gamma cDNA was subcloned and expressed in two different plasmids under the control of either the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter or the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus long terminal repeat (CAEV LTR). Recombinant caprine IFN-gamma (rCaIFN-gamma) secreted by transfected COS-7 cells shared at least two antigenic epitopes with recombinant bovine IFN-gamma (rBoIFN-gamma) and exhibited biological activity in the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) cytopathic effect reduction assay. In-vivo expression of IFN-gamma cDNA promoted by the CAEV LTR was confirmed by the intramuscular (IM) injection of Balb/C mice with plasmid followed by Western blot analysis of mouse serum against purified rCaIFN-gamma produced in E. coli.
Endoscopic treatment for urinary incontinence in children with a congenital neuropathic bladder

Objective To verify, in a retrospective analysis, the effectiveness of endoscopic treatment (collagen injection) in children with neurogenic bladder and neurogenic urinary incontinence. Patients and methods From January 1992 to March 1997, 36 endoscopic collagen injections were performed to treat neurogenic urinary incontinence in 23 patients (mean age 10.9 years, range 6–17 at the time of the first procedure) selected on the basis of clinical status and the patient’s motivation. Nineteen patients were affected by myelomeningocele and four had an occult spinal dysraphism. All patients underwent a preoperative cystometric urodynamic evaluation (without urethral pressure measurement) which showed detrusor areflexia in 12, normal reflexia in one and hyper-reflexia in 10 patients. Bladder compliance was considered good (≥20 cmH2O) in 13 patients and low (10–20 cmH2O) in 10, four of whom had detrusor areflexia. Twenty-one children emptied their bladder by intermittent clean catheterization. The mean (range) follow-up was 19.2 (6–54) months. Twenty (group A) and 16 (group B) procedures, performed early and late in the series, were analysed separately to determine any increase in effectiveness with surgical experience. The evaluation criteria were; the increase in the ‘dry’ interval (between catheterizations) before and after treatment/s (Δdry); the patient’s and parent’s satisfaction; the number of endoscopic procedures and quantity of injected materials. Results There was an improvement (dryness of at least 2 h; Δdry of 1 h) in 13 of 23 patients after 1–3 (mean 1.5) procedures; 10 patients had a 0.2 h increase in Δdry after 1–3 injections and none was satisfied. There was no difference in the Δdry (0.9 vs. 0.7 h) between groups A and B, and/or the patient’s/parent’s satisfaction. Success rates differed with urodynamic patterns; seven of 10 patients showing no improvement had hyper-reflexia and three of the remaining 12 with areflexia had hypocompliant bladders, while nine of the 13 showing improvement had an areflexic detrusor and low-pressure bladders. Conclusion The efficacy of the treatment depends largely on the urodynamic selection of patients (mainly those with detrusor areflexia and good compliance). The outcome may be improved further by increasing the quantity of injected material and with a longer follow-up, performing the procedure again if advisable. A close postoperative clinical (pad test) and personal observation is necessary to evaluate the outcome and thus optimize the strategy of treatment.
Transfusion rates are increasing following total hip arthroplasty: risk factors and outcomes.

Despite attempts to minimize exposure to allogeneic blood, there are little data on recent nationwide trends in transfusion following total hip arthroplasty (THA) and no consensus on indications. The purpose of this study was to examine the rate, predictors, and inpatient outcomes associated with transfusion after primary THA. This retrospective cohort study analyzed the data collected from US Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for each year during the period 2005-2008 to assess the trends in transfusion in patients who underwent elective primary THA. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the predictive risk factors for blood transfusion. The University Hospital Consortium (UHC) database was also queried to examine the variability in rates of transfusion at different academic medical centers. A total of 129,901 patients were identified in the NIS database. The transfusion rates following THA consistently increased from 18.12% in 2005 to 21.21% in 2008 (P 80%. The incidence of blood transfusion has recently increased following total hip arthroplasty and there is great variability in practice. We identified several patient risk factors along with the morbidity and mortality independently associated with transfusion following THA. Further work is needed to standardize the approach to blood conservation and minimize exposure to allogenic blood.
Institutions matter: the need to address the institutional challenges of ecosystem management

As management philosophy focused on sustainability, ecosystem management calls for a reassessment of how we approach nature, science and politics. Implementation of ecosystem management will require changes in society's institutions. However, the exact requirements for institutional change are unclear. Therefore, in order to move toward implementing ecosystem management, a better understanding of the relationships between institutions and natural resource management will be required. The purpose of this paper is to examine institutional barriers and incentives to ecosystem management and to encourage a dialogue on this subject among resource managers, the public, and researchers. To this end, the paper identifies five problem areas where additional understanding of the institutional requirements for implementing ecosystem management is needed.
Identification of Phase Transition and Twist-Stretch Coupling During DNA Supercoiling

As a single DNA molecule is supercoiled under tension, the onset of a phase transition is most definitively revealed by a torque plateau. However, in the absence of direct torque detection, a change in the observed extension has often been used to identify the onset of a phase transition. Here by directly measuring torque using an angular optical trap, we show that an extension maximum, which has previously been assumed to be indicative of the onset of a phase transition from a B to sc-P-form DNA, in fact does not coincide with the onset of a torque plateau at a phase transition. Instead this maximum is well explained by a theory by John Marko that incorporates both DNA twist-stretch coupling and bending fluctuations. This theory also provides a more accurate method to determine the value of the twist-stretch coupling modulus, which is underestimated without consideration of the bending fluctuations as was done in previous studies. Our study demonstrates the importance of torque detection in the identification of phase transitions as well as the contribution of the bending fluctuations to DNA extension.
Intrastate Variations in Site of Delivery (SOD) for Infants with Major Congenital Malformations (MCM) and Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) † 1295

Intrastate Variations in Site of Delivery (SOD) for Infants with Major Congenital Malformations (MCM) and Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) † 1295
Binary black hole accretion during inspiral and merger

We present the results of 2D, moving mesh, viscous hydrodynamical simulations of accretion onto merging supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries. We include viscous heating, shock heating, and radiative cooling, and simulate the transition from the "pre-decoupling" epoch, where the inspiral timescale is longer than the viscous timescale, to the "post-decoupling" epoch, where the inspiral timescale is shorter than the viscous timescale. We find that there is no abrupt halt to the accretion at decoupling, but rather the accretion shows a slow decay, with significant accretion well after the expected decoupling. Moreover, we find that the luminosity in X-rays is significantly higher prior to the merger, as orbital energy from the SMBH binary is converted to heat via strong shocks inside the cavity, and radiated away. Following the merger, the cavity refills viscously and the accretion rate relaxes to the Shakura-Sunyaev value, while the X-ray luminosity drops as the shocks quickly dissipate.
Stress-Induced Elevation of Testosterone Concentrations in High Ranking Baboons: Role of Catecholamines*

In an ongoing study of wild olive baboons living in a protected reserve in Kenya, the response of the testicular axis to the acute stress of rapid capture and immobilization was studied. The stress suppressed LH and testosterone (T) concentrations; previous work showed this to be due to stress-induced release of opiates and glucocorticoids, acting to inhibit LH release and testicular sensitivity to LH, respectively. There was considerable individual variation in this phenomenon, which was related to the social status of individual males. High ranking males (by reproductive criteria) were less vulnerable to the suppressive effects of stress on T concentrations and, in fact, showed transient increases in T concentrations during the first poststress hour. T concentrations in subordinates, in contrast, declined promptly and continuously. This difference in T profiles occurred despite similar suppressions of LH concentrations in both groups, suggesting a peripheral mechanism for the transient elevation of T co...
Metastatic lesions in the sella turcica and pituitary gland.

The sella turcica with adjacent osseous tissues was examined histologically in 60 cases of carcinoma which came to postmortem examination in the course of one year. Forty-nine of the specimens were also examined by roentgenography. Sixteen contained metastatic lesions, 9 of which originated from the breast. Statistical analysis showed that the incidence of sellar metastases was significantly higher for carcinoma of the breast than for all other neoplasms. Involvement of the sella was positively correlated with other skeletal metastases. X-ray examination was found to be a relatively insensitive method for detecting metastatic lesions in the sella.