cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restorative Justice and Procedural Justice: Dealing with Rule Breaking

This article identifies similarities among three approaches to dealing with rule breaking: the procedural justice model, the restorative justice model, and the study of moral development. Each argues that the long-term goal when dealing with rule breaking is to motivate rule breakers to become more self-regulating in their future conduct. This goal is undermined by punishment-focused models of sanctioning. Sanction-based models, which dominate current thinking about managing criminals, have negative consequences for the individual wrongdoer and for society. It is argued that greater focus needs to be placed on psychological approaches whose goal is to connect with and activate internal values within wrongdoers with the goal of encouraging self-regulatory law-related behavior in the future.
RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1 and SIMILAR TO RCD ONE1 and the stress-induced morphogenetic response

Plants exposed to abiotic stress show a range of morphogenetic responses, sometimes termed the stress-induced morphogenetic response (SIMR). SIMR is principally composed of three components: inhibition of cell elongation, alterations in cell differentiation, and stimulus of cell division in localized areas. An explanation proposed for SIMR has been increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alterations in hormone signaling. Mutations in the Arabidopsis thaliana RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1 (RCD1) gene have altered abiotic stress responses and ROS accumulation. Even in the absence of exogenous stress, these plants show many morphological changes also seen in SIMR. In the September issue of Plant Physiology we reported an in depth analysis of the phenotype of rcd1-3 plants as well as the phenotype of a mutations in the previously uncharacterized paralog of RCD1, SIMILAR TO RCD ONE1 (SRO1). sro1-1 plants have mild morphological changes and abiotic stress response defects while rcd1-3; sro1-1 double mutant plants have severe developmental defects, including less cell elongation. In this Addendum, we hypothesize that rcd1, sro1 and rcd1; sro1 mutant plants are under constitutive stress, and that this stress is responsible for at least some of the developmental defects seen in these plants.
Effects of feeding lauric acid or coconut oil on ruminal protozoa numbers, fermentation pattern, digestion, omasal nutrient flow, and milk production in dairy cows.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feeding of coconut oil (CO), in which lauric acid (La) comprises about 50% of the fatty acid composition, as a practical rumen protozoa (RP) suppressing agent, to assess whether the source of La affects ruminal fermentation and animal performance and to test whether suppressing RP improves N utilization, nutrient digestion, nutrient flow at the omasal canal, and milk production. Fifteen multiparous Holstein cows (3 fitted with ruminal cannulas) and 15 primiparous Holstein cows (3 fitted with ruminal cannulas) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment with 14 d of adaptation and 14 d of sample collection. Diets were fed as total mixed ration and contained (dry matter basis) 10% corn silage, 50% alfalfa silage, and 40% concentrate. The control diet contained 3% (dry matter basis) calcium soaps of palm oil fatty acids (Megalac, Church & Dwight Co. Inc., Princeton, NJ) as a ruminally inert fat source and had no added La or CO. Diets with La and CO were formulated to contain equal amounts of La (1.3%, dry matter basis). Dry matter intake was not affected by treatment. Both CO and La reduced RP numbers by about 40%. Lauric acid reduced yield of milk and milk components; however, CO did not affect yield of milk and yields of milk components. Both La and CO caused small reductions in total VFA concentration; CO increased molar proportion of ruminal propionate, reduced ruminal ammonia and branched-chain volatile fatty acids, suggesting reduced protein degradation, and reduced milk urea N and blood urea N concentrations, suggesting improved protein efficiency. Lauric acid reduced total-tract apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber as well as ruminal apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber as measured at the omasal canal; however, CO did not alter fiber digestion. Microbial protein flow at the omasal canal, as well as the flow of N fractions at the omasal canal, did not differ among treatments. Results from this experiment have confirmed that dietary La is not a practical agent for suppressing RP population in dairy cows, mainly because of its negative effects on fiber digestion and ruminal fermentation. Intake of CO appeared to reduce ruminal and improve protein efficiency, but did not improve milk production, milk composition, or increase microbial outflow from the rumen. Based on the results of this study, a 40% reduction of RP population is not sufficient to improve N utilization in dairy cows.
Some characteristics of enstatite from enstatite achondrites

Enstatite characteristics in enstatite achondrite meteorites, discussing mineralogy and composition
Tonically active protein kinase A regulates neurotransmitter release at the squid giant synapse

1. Electrophysiological and microinjection methods were used to examine the role of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) in regulating transmitter release at the squid giant synapse. 2. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by presynaptic action potentials were not affected by presynaptic injection of an exogenous active catalytic subunit of mammalian PKA. 3. In contrast, presynaptic injection of PKI-amide, a peptide that inhibits PKA with high potency and specificity, led to a reversible inhibition of EPSPs. 4. Injection of several other peptides that serve as substrates for PKA also reversibly inhibited neurotransmitter release. The ability of these peptides to inhibit release was correlated with their ability to serve as PKA substrates, suggesting that these peptides act by competing with endogenous substrates for phosphorylation by active endogenous PKA. 5. We suggest that the phosphorylation of PKA substrates is maintained at a relatively high state under basal conditions and that this tonic activity of PKA is to a large degree required for evoked neurotransmitter release at the squid giant presynaptic terminal.
Overview of the BTeV program

BTeV is a dedicated experiment to carry out precision studies of CP violation, mixing, and rare decays of beauty and charm hadrons in the forward direction at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. The detector is designed to have excellent particle identification for charged and neutral hadrons and photons, excellent mass and decay time resolutions, and a trigger system capable of selecting both hadronic and leptonic final states using detached vertices at the lowest level of the trigger. Some specific goals of the experiment include precision measurements of the CKM angles γ using Bs→Ds±K∓ (and other methods), α using B0→ρπ, and the important but small CP asymmetry in the final state Bs→ψη′. We discuss the performance of BTeV for the first of these methods after giving an overview of the detector.
Biodistribution of Fluorescently Labeled PAMAM Dendrimers in Neonatal Rabbits: Effect of Neuroinflammation

Dendrimers are being explored in many preclinical studies as drug, gene, and imaging agent delivery systems. Understanding their detailed organ, tissue, cellular uptake, and retention can provide valuable insights into their effectiveness as delivery vehicles and the associated toxicity. This work explores a fluorescence-quantification based assay that enables simultaneous quantitative biodistribution and imaging of dendrimers with a single agent. We have labeled an ethylenediamine-core generation-4 hydroxyl-terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer using the fluorescent photostable, near-IR cyanine dye (Cy5) and performed quantitative and qualitative biodistribution of the dendrimer-Cy5 conjugates (D-Cy5) in healthy neonatal rabbits and neonatal rabbits with cerebral palsy (CP). The biodistribution of D-Cy5 and free Cy5 dye was evaluated in newborn rabbits, based on the developed quantification methods using fluorescence spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and supported by microscopic imaging. The uptake was assessed in the brain, heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, blood serum, and urine. Results obtained based on these three independent methods are in good agreement and indicate the fast renal clearance of D-Cy5 and free Cy5 with relatively higher organs accumulation of the D-Cy5 conjugate. Following systemic administration, the D-Cy5 mainly accumulated in kidneys and bladder at 24 h. The quantitative biodistribution is in good agreement with previous studies based on radiolabeling. These methods for dendrimers quantification are easier and more practical, provide excellent sensitivity (reaching 0.1 ng per gram of tissue), and allow for quantification of dendrimers in different organs over longer time periods without concerns for radioactive decay, while also enabling tissue and cellular imaging in the same animal. In kits with fetal-neuroinflammation induced CP, there was a significantly higher uptake of D-Cy5 in the brain, while biodistribution in other organs was similar to that of healthy kits.
The Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Jl Polymer and Its Composite

The effect of annealing (at temperatures below Tg and Tm) on crystal struc ture, crystallinity, and properties of quenched (prepreg) and slow cooled (laminate) J1 (AS4/J1) neat resin (composite) was investigated using various techniques. Because of a complex set of processing dependent crystal structures, WAXD is the most appropriate technique for measuring crystallinity. The effects of annealing on the thermal behavior and on the crystal structure was also studied using DCS and X-ray. The mechanical properties of J1 neat resin and unidirectional graphite fiber AS4/J1 laminates, with and without an nealing at 240°C for 8 hours, have been examined in tension, compression, and three point bend tests. The processing history dependent differences in structure lead to signifi cant differences in mechanical properties in both neat resin and composite. For example, annealing of quenched J1 leads to crystallization and a decrease in elongation whereas an nealing a slow cooled sample at 240°C results in an increas...
Facial recognition and the von Restorff effect

The accuracy of recognition for faces of varying distinctiveness was investigated in this study. In Phase I, the subjects ranked 12 male faces from most to least distinctive. Interjudge agreement proved to be reliable. An analysis of the mean ranks assigned to the 12 faces showed them to be significantly different. In Phase II, other subjects responded to the 12 faces in a test of recognition. One week after inspection, distinctive faces produced significantly fewer errors of omission and commission than did nondistinctive faces. The findings suggest a von Restorff effect for faces.
Giant identified NO-releasing neurons and comparative histochemistry of putative nitrergic systems in gastropod molluscs.

Gastropod molluscs provide attractive model systems for behavioral and cellular analyses of the action of nitric oxide (NO), specifically due to the presence of many relatively giant identified nitrergic neurons in their CNS. This paper reviews the data relating to the presence and distribution of NO as well as its synthetic enzyme NO synthase (NOS) in the CNS and peripheral tissues in ecologically and systematically different genera representing main groups of gastropod molluscs. Several species (Lymnaea, Pleurobranchaea, and Aplysia) have been analyzed in greater detail with respect to immunohistochemical, biochemical, biophysical, and physiological studies to further clarify the functional role of NO in these animals. Microsc. Res. Tech. 49:557–569, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Muscle capacity and physical function in older women: What are the impacts of resistance training?

Abstract The number of older adults (individuals ≥65 years), particularly women, in our society is increasing and understanding the impact of exercise on muscle capacity (e.g., strength and power) and subsequently physical function is of utmost importance to prevent disability and maintain independence. Muscle capacity declines with age and this change negatively impacts physical function in older women. Exercise, specifically resistance training, is recommended to counteract these declines; however, the synergistic relationships between exercise, muscle capacity, and physical function are poorly understood. This review will summarize the literature regarding age-related changes in the aforementioned variables and review the research on the impact of resistance training interventions on muscle capacity and physical function in older women. Recommendations for future research in this area will be discussed.
Adolescent mothers' postpartum contraceptive use: a qualitative study.

CONTEXT: Effective contraceptive use among first-time adolescent mothers can reduce the risk of a rapid repeat pregnancy and associated negative maternal and child health outcomes. Many adolescent mothers begin using a highly effective method after delivery; however their rates of contraceptive discontinuation are high. Little research has explored the factors that influence adolescents postpartum contraceptive use. METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted with 21 black white and Latina adolescent first-time mothers from rural and urban areas of North Carolina between November 2007 and February 2009. In addition interviews were conducted with 18 key informants-professionals who work closely with adolescent mothers. Interviews explored adolescent mothers health behaviors including contraceptive use before and after pregnancy. Content analysis was used to identify key themes and patterns. RESULTS: Teenagers use of contraceptives particularly injectables IUDs and implants increased postpartum. Reasons for this improvement included improved clarity of intention to avoid pregnancy and improved contraceptive knowledge support and access after delivery. However this increased access often did not continue long after delivery and levels of method switching were high. Among the barriers to postpartum contraceptive use that key informants cited were lack of information and parental support as well as the loss of Medicaid and continuity of care. CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing follow-up may help reduce adolescent mothers risk of contraceptive discontinuation postpartum. Increasing use of long-acting methods also may help reduce their vulnerability to gaps in contraceptive use and discontinuation which increase the risk of unintended pregnancy. Copyright (c) 2011 by the Guttmacher Institute.
Wafer-bonded 1.55 [micro sign]m vertical cavity laser arrays for wavelength division multiplexing

The first electrically pumped 1.55 /spl mu/m multiple wavelength VCSEL array is demonstrated. The wafer bonded array consists of four channels operating between 1509 and 1524 nm. Multiple wavelengths were defined using an etched intracavity superlattice prior to bonding. Threshold currents of 0.9 mA and peak output powers of 0.45 mW were measured.
Differences Between Liquid and Gas Flows at the Microscale (Keynote)

Traditional fluid mechanics edifies the indifference between liquid and gas flows as long as certain similarity parameters—most prominently the Reynolds number—are matched. This may or may not be the case for flows in nano- or microdevices. The customary continuum, Navier–Stokes modeling is ordinarily applicable for both air and water flowing in macrodevices. Even for common fluids such as air or water, such modeling is bound to fail at sufficiently small scales, but the onset for such failure is different for the two forms of matter. Moreover, when the no-slip, quasi-equilibrium Navier–Stokes system is no longer applicable, the alternative modeling schemes are different for gases and liquids. For dilute gases, statistical methods are applied and the Boltzmann equation is the cornerstone of such approaches. For liquid flows, the dense nature of the matter precludes the use of the kinetic theory of gases, and numerically intensive molecular dynamics simulations are the only alternative. The present article discusses the above issues as well as outline physical phenomena unique to liquid flows in minute devices.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
All in the Packaging: Structural and Electronic Effects of Nanoconfinement on Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Encapsulation of inorganic nanoparticles within oligomeric protein cages can provide a multivalent approach for the synthesis of biocompatible nanomaterials by combining the nanoparticle-forming ca...
The highest concentration of primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells in cord blood is found in extremely premature infants.

We used two independent in vitro assays to measure the frequency and proliferative potential of primitive hematopoietic progenitors from the cord blood of 23-41 wk of gestation newborns and adult bone marrow. The frequency of primitive progenitors in the circulating blood cells of infants at 23-31 wk of gestation was significantly greater than the frequency in adult bone marrow or cord blood of more mature newborns. In addition, on a cell to cell basis, the proliferative potential of the primitive progenitors from immature infants (23-31 wk) was greater than in adult bone marrow or cord blood of term newborns. Circulating cord blood cells from immature infants were used as targets for transduction with recombinant retrovirus vectors, and a high efficiency of gene transfer was observed in both primitive and committed progenitors. These data demonstrate that there are major ontogenic shifts in primitive progenitor/stem cell populations in the circulation throughout development as well as programmatic changes in hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation. In addition, fetal cord blood cells may prove useful targets for genetic manipulation and autologous transplantation.
Portals Into Poetry: Using Generative Writing Groups to Facilitate Student Engagement With Word Art

The Poetry Generating Loop is a new kind of generative writing circle that offers concrete, creative ways to get students involved in and excited about poetry. By writing poems in groups, students are able to learn poetic terms and experiment with techniques through their writing—a process that can shed new light on the world of poetry.
Seismic anisotropy in the north-eastern US as a source of significant teleseismic P traveltime anomalies

SUMMARY Observations of shear-wave splitting in the north-eastern US and southern Canada provide evidence for seismic anisotropy in the lithosphere throughout most of the region. S-wave splitting times of the order of 1 s are found within the Proterozoic Grenville Province and at a number of sites within the Appalachian Orogen. As a notable exception, seismic anisotropy is weak or absent in Vermont and western New Hampshire-a transitional zone between Proterozoic and Palaeozoic terranes. The fast direction is westerly (260"-280") within the Grenville Province, and north-westerly (300"-320") in the Appalachians. The effects of seismic anisotropy on the traveltimes of body waves are modelled in a horizontal layer characterized by an anisotropic elastic tensor of olivine. Simulations are made to study the influence of parameters such as the fraction of anisotropic material, the angle between the tensor symmetry axis and the wave propagation direction, and the type of crystallographic axis aligned in olivine grains. Results indicate that earth models with S-wave splitting times of about 1 s should also have P traveltime anomalies (positive or negative) of the order of 0.2-0.3 s. Also, alignment along either axis (a or b) can produce the combination of P delays between -0.25 and -0.75 s and S-wave splitting times between 0.7 and 1.3 s observed in the Adirondack Mountains. We conclude that velocity anomalies found in this region by earlier studies may in part be due to seismic anisotropy.
Playing Our Part: Crafting a Vision for a Psychology Curriculum Marked by Multiplicity

In the summer of 2010 in Indonesia, the very first International Conference on Indigenous and Cultural Psychologies was held. The conference reflected the growth of psychology in many parts of the world, but it also reflected the perceived inadequacies of Western psychology for countries and cultures predicated upon different metaphysical assumptions about personhood and relationships. Thus, in a range of countries from India to Indonesia and beyond, there are systematic efforts to create psychologies anchored in local intellectual, philosophical, and spiritual traditions. This indigenization process is complex and takes many forms, from incorporation of Western practices refigured with local content to outright rejection of Western approaches in favor of methods and subject matter that are native to the culture at hand. The late Indian psychologist, Durganand Sinha, called these dual and often parallel processes, indigenization from without and indigenization from within (Sinha). The study of indigenous psychologies and their processes of indigenization is important for any effort to internationalize the psychology curriculum, although a full treatment is beyond the scope of this book and this chapter (see Pickren and Rutherford). Not only is indigenization of psychology important and interesting, there is also a great deal of liberatory and revolutionary potential in indigenous psychologies (Martin-Baro). Our efforts to expand and enrich the psychology curriculum in the USA depend on an understanding of the circulation of scientific knowledge and professional practice. No longer can it be that the flow of information and best practices only occur in one direction, from the USA outward to the rest of the world. I digress to offer a precis of the center and periphery model before returning to the need to incorporate multiple psychologies.
Growth regulation of the vascular system: an emerging role for adenosine

The importance of metabolic factors in the regulation of angiogenesis is well understood. An increase in metabolic activity leads to a decrease in tissue oxygenation causing tissues to become hypox...
A Parallel Analog CCD/CMOS Signal Processor

A CCD based signal processing IC that computes a fully parallel single quadrant vector-matrix multiplication has been designed and fabricated with a 2µm CCD/CMOS process. The device incorporates an array of Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) which hold an analog matrix of charge encoding the matrix elements. Input vectors are digital with 1 - 8 bit accuracy.
Stochastic safety verification using barrier certificates

We develop a new method for safety verification of stochastic systems based on functions of states termed barrier certificates. Given a stochastic continuous or hybrid system and sets of initial and unsafe states, our method computes an upper bound on the probability that a trajectory of the system reaches the unsafe set, a bound whose validity is proven by the existence of a barrier certificate. For polynomial systems, both the upper bound and its corresponding barrier certificate can be computed using convex optimization, and hence the method is computationally tractable.
Missense Mutation Lys18Asn in Dystrophin That Triggers X-linked Dilated Cardiomyopathy Decreases Protein Stability, Increases Protein Unfolding, and Perturbs Protein Structure, but Does Not Affect Protein Function

Genetic mutations in a vital muscle protein dystrophin trigger X-linked dilated cardiomyopathy (XLDCM). However, disease mechanisms at the fundamental protein level are not understood. Such molecular knowledge is essential for developing therapies for XLDCM. Our main objective is to understand the effect of disease-causing mutations on the structure and function of dystrophin. This study is on a missense mutation K18N. The K18N mutation occurs in the N-terminal actin binding domain (N-ABD). We created and expressed the wild-type (WT) N-ABD and its K18N mutant, and purified to homogeneity. Reversible folding experiments demonstrated that both mutant and WT did not aggregate upon refolding. Mutation did not affect the protein's overall secondary structure, as indicated by no changes in circular dichroism of the protein. However, the mutant is thermodynamically less stable than the WT (denaturant melts), and unfolds faster than the WT (stopped-flow kinetics). Despite having global secondary structure similar to that of the WT, mutant showed significant local structural changes at many amino acids when compared with the WT (heteronuclear NMR experiments). These structural changes indicate that the effect of mutation is propagated over long distances in the protein structure. Contrary to these structural and stability changes, the mutant had no significant effect on the actin-binding function as evident from co-sedimentation and depolymerization assays. These results summarize that the K18N mutation decreases thermodynamic stability, accelerates unfolding, perturbs protein structure, but does not affect the function. Therefore, K18N is a stability defect rather than a functional defect. Decrease in stability and increase in unfolding decrease the net population of dystrophin molecules available for function, which might trigger XLDCM. Consistently, XLDCM patients have decreased levels of dystrophin in cardiac muscle.
Isolated supraclavicular lymph node metastasis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a report of three cases and review of the literature.

Context Supraclavicular lymph nodes represent a rare site of metastasis in pancreatic cancer. We report three cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma with metastases to supraclavicular lymph nodes. Case report A 51-year-old male was diagnosed with locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma on computed tomography (CT) scan. He was recommended neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation therapy. However, positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scans and subsequent fine needle aspiration cytology showed supraclavicular lymph node metastasis. The patient received systemic chemotherapy for metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The second patient, a 66-year-old female with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and was found to have peripancreatic lymph node involvement. She received adjuvant chemotherapy and was followed-up with surveillance CT scans, which did not reveal any metastasis. However, the patient complained of neck swelling. PET/CT scan and biopsy revealed supraclavicular lymph node metastasis from a pancreatic adenocarcinoma primary. The third patient, a 79-year-old male with a past history of thyroid carcinoma who was treated with partial thyroidectomy, developed neck swelling 4 years after his surgery. Fine needle aspiration cytology was consistent with known papillary thyroid carcinoma. Staging evaluations revealed a pancreatic mass for which he underwent subtotal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. Histopathology revealed grade 3 pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Excisional biopsy of a supraclavicular lymph node showed metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PET/CT results were consistent with these findings. Conclusion In patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, supraclavicular lymph node metastasis represents an uncommon, but clinically significant finding that can lead to changes in treatment planning. PET imaging represents a valuable tool in the detection and follow up of these patients. Image: PET/CT scans before and after chemotherapy.
Modeling ChIP Sequencing In Silico with Applications

ChIP sequencing (ChIP-seq) is a new method for genomewide mapping of protein binding sites on DNA. It has generated much excitement in functional genomics. To score data and determine adequate sequencing depth, both the genomic background and the binding sites must be properly modeled. To develop a computational foundation to tackle these issues, we first performed a study to characterize the observed statistical nature of this new type of high-throughput data. By linking sequence tags into clusters, we show that there are two components to the distribution of tag counts observed in a number of recent experiments: an initial power-law distribution and a subsequent long right tail. Then we develop in silico ChIP-seq, a computational method to simulate the experimental outcome by placing tags onto the genome according to particular assumed distributions for the actual binding sites and for the background genomic sequence. In contrast to current assumptions, our results show that both the background and the binding sites need to have a markedly nonuniform distribution in order to correctly model the observed ChIP-seq data, with, for instance, the background tag counts modeled by a gamma distribution. On the basis of these results, we extend an existing scoring approach by using a more realistic genomic-background model. This enables us to identify transcription-factor binding sites in ChIP-seq data in a statistically rigorous fashion.
The Role of Groundwater Oxidation Potential and Radiolysis on Waste Glass Performance in Crystalline Repository Environments

Laboratory experiments have shown that groundwater conditions in a granite repository will be as reducing as those in a basalt repository. Chemical analysis of the reduced groundwaters confirmed that the Fe/sup 2 +//Fe/sup 3 +/ couple controls the oxidation potential (Eh). The reducing groundwater conditions were found to decrease the time-dependent release of soluble elements (Li and B) from the waste glass. However, due to the lower solubility of multivalent elements released from the glass when the groundwaters are reducing, these elements have significantly lower concentrations in the leachates. Gamma radiolysis reduced the oxidation potential of both granitic and basaltic groundwater in the absence of both waste glass and oxygen. This occurred in tests at atmospheric pressure where H/sub 2/ could have escaped from the solution. The mechanism for this decrease in Eh is under investigation but appears related to the reactive amorphous precipitate in both groundwaters. The results of these tests suggest that radiolysis may not cause the groundwaters to become oxidizing in a crystalline repository when abundant Fe/sup 2 +/ species are present.
Establishment of Parameters for Congenital Thoracic Stenosis: A Study of 700 Postmortem Specimens

Background Congenital thoracic stenosis (CTS) occurs when the bony anatomy of the canal is smaller than expected in the general population. The diagnosis currently is made based on the clinical impression from subjective radiographic studies, and the normal values for CTS have not been established.
Soil nitrogen transformations under alternative management strategies in Appalachian forests

Once subject to frequent fire and strongly N limited, the forests of the Appalachian Mountain region of eastern North America have experienced almost a century of fire suppression, and changes in tree species composition, understory density and composition, and accumulations of detritus have paralleled the changes in fire frequency. In an effort to restore these ecosystems and reduce wildfire hazard, alternative management strategies (prescribed fire, mechanical fuel reduction, and a combination of both) were implemented at study sites in Ohio and North Carolina as part of the Fire and Fire Surrogate Network Study. As changes in N cycling resulting from these treatments could have potential negative impacts on forest health that might limit their usefulness as management alternatives, we monitored treatment effects on extractable total inorganic N (TIN), net N mineralization, net nitrification, and proportional nitrification during the growing season before treatment, the first growing season after treatment, and the third or fourth growing season after treatment. Mechanical treatment resulted in increases in extractable TIN, N mineralization, and nitrification during the first post-treatment year in Ohio and TIN was greater in the mechanical treatment and the mechanical + fire treatment during the third post-treatment year in North Carolina. Net N mineralization was reduced by fire alone in Ohio, but not in North Carolina. Nitrogen transformation rates were 2- to 10-fold higher in Ohio than North Carolina, a difference that may partly result from of the ericaceous shrub understory present in North Carolina but not in Ohio. Impacts of these treatments on N transformations were modest and for the most part transient, and would therefore not eliminate these treatments as viable management strategies for wildfire hazard reduction or ecosystem restoration.
Looking to Hume for Justice: On the Utility of Hume's View of Justice for American Health Care Reform

This essay argues that Hume's theory of justice can be useful in framing a more persuasive case for universal access in health care. Theories of justice derived from a Rawlsian social contract tradition tend to make the conditions for deliberation on justice remote from the lives of most persons, while religiously-inspired views require superhuman levels of benevolence. By contrast, Hume's theory derives justice from the prudent reflections of socially-encumbered selves. This provides a more accessible moral theory and a more realistic path to the establishment of universal access.
Flux-flow voltage noise and normal-state resistance fluctuations in epitaxial (Dy, Y)Ba2Cu3O7 thin films

We have studied low-frequency noise in the normal and mixed states of high-Tc thin films. In the normal state, resistance fluctuations with a 1/f power spectrum are observed from 100 K up to 300 K. The normal state noise is largely attributable to hopping or reordering of oxygen vacancies which in turn lead to fluctuations in local carrier density in the copper oxygen planes. Analysis shows a substantial density of oxygen defect states with activation energies below 0.5 eV, followed by a rapid increase at higher energies. In the mixed state, we have measured the current-induced, vortex-motion voltage noise. When the current–voltage characteristics are nonlinear there exist two distinct regimes. The first is a low magnetic field regime where measurements of the variations of voltage noise with magnetic field reveal reproducible, microstructure-dependent noise magneto-fingerprints. Rapid variations of the noise as a function of magnetic field and ac current drive experiments indicated that the noise is associated with metastability of pinned vortex configurations. Above magnetic fields which roughly match vortex separation with the grain size in the films, the magnitude and fine structure of the noise magneto-fingerprints are suppressed, suggesting a crossover to a more weakly pinned vortex state. The second regime is a low bias voltage regime where the observed noise scales linearly with bias voltage and has a 1/f-like spectrum. The linear voltage scaling is reminiscent of vortex shot noise although no characteristic transit time could be determined. At higher voltage biases, the noise power drops off rapidly. We attribute the sharp drop off to a loss of pinning at higher temperatures and fields which results in the absence of metastability in the vortex pinned states. The temperature and magnetic field dependence of the noise are discussed in the context of various models including vortex shot noise, channel, critical current fluctuation, and vortex-glass models.
Quality, Development Discourse, and Minority Subjectivity in Contemporary Xinjiang

The government discourse that describes poverty in a minority nationality county in northern Xinjiang follows specific patterns. The term “quality” (suzhi) is used to attribute the roots of poverty to residents themselves as well as to legitimate official poverty-alleviation and market-development strategies. This official use of suzhi discourse attempts to constitute a particular kind of subjectivity within China’s market economy but obscures local forms of exclusion and adaptation to market reform. Indeed, suzhi discourse often refers to adaptations that, rather than holding back local residents from development, are survival strategies. Thus, local agency can be seen in counter-discourses that attribute poverty not simply to their suzhi but to their lack of wage-paying employment.
Pharmacogenetics of warfarin: regulatory, scientific, and clinical issues.

Using pharmacogenetics-based therapy, clinicians can estimate the therapeutic warfarin dose by genotyping patients for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect warfarin metabolism or sensitivity. SNPs in the cytochrome P450 complex (CYP2C9) affect warfarin metabolism: patients who have the CYP2C9*2 and/or CYP2C9*3 variants metabolize warfarin slowly and are more likely to have an elevated International Normalized Ratio INR or to hemorrhage during warfarin initiation than patients without these variants. SNPs in vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1) correlate with warfarin sensitivity. Patients who are homozygous for a common VKORC1 promoter polymorphism, −1639 G>A (also designated as VKOR 3673, haplotype A, or haplotype*2), are warfarin sensitive and typically require lower warfarin doses. By providing an estimate of the therapeutic warfarin dose, pharmacogenetics-based therapy may improve the safety of anticoagulant therapy. To improve drug safety, the FDA updates labels of previously approved drugs as new clinical and genetic evidence accrues. The labels of medical products serve to inform prescribers and patients about potential ways to improve the benefit/risk ratio and/or optimize doses of medical products. On August 16, 2007, the FDA updated the label of warfarin to include information on pharmacogenetic testing and to encourage, but not require, the use of this information in dosing individual patients initiating warfarin therapy. The FDA completed the label update in August 2007.
ECOLOGICAL REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION OF COAST AND INLAND RACES OF MIMULUS GUTTATUS

Adaptive divergence due to habitat differences is thought to play a major role in formation of new species. However it is rarely clear the extent to which individual reproductive isolating barriers related to habitat differentiation contribute to total isolation. Furthermore, it is often difficult to determine the specific environmental variables that drive the evolution of those ecological barriers, and the geographic scale at which habitat-mediated speciation occurs. Here, we address these questions through an analysis of the population structure and reproductive isolation between coastal perennial and inland annual forms of the yellow monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus. We found substantial morphological and molecular genetic divergence among populations derived from coast and inland habitats. Reciprocal transplant experiments revealed nearly complete reproductive isolation between coast and inland populations mediated by selection against immigrants and flowering time differences, but not postzygotic isolation. Our results suggest that selection against immigrants is a function of adaptations to seasonal drought in inland habitat and to year round soil moisture and salt spray in coastal habitat. We conclude that the coast and inland populations collectively comprise distinct ecological races. Overall, this study suggests that adaptations to widespread habitats can lead to the formation of reproductively isolated species.
A Relay-Coding Matrix for Multi-User Cooperative Communications

In this paper, we consider a scenario that multiple users transmit data to a common destination node with the help of one relay station. We present one coding matrix that is invertible in the finite field and has maximum information spreading. We analyze the performance based on the input-out weight enumerate function (IOWEF) of the relay coding matrix and show a close match with the results of log-likelihood ratio decoding. The method gives a way to readily determine when relay coding is preferred. Further, since data from each user is generally coded with channel codes, using relay coding also enables turbo decoding that alternates between a multi-user relay decoder and single-user decoders at the destination. We show via simulations that the turbo decoding converges within only two or three iterations, yet indeed provides significant gains compared with a reference relay system without multi-user cooperation.
COMMUNITY GENETIC ALGORITHM DESIGN OF SYMMETRIC E-PLANE MICROWAVE FILTERS

The design of inductive E-plane microwave filters using a community genetic algorithm is discussed. The analysis of such devices necessary for their optimization is accomplished using an accurate equivalent circuit technique that speeds the electromagnetic characterization of the filters, making stochastic optimization feasible. The community genetic algorithm is introduced as a two-tiered simple genetic algorithm. The stratified nature of this novel algorithm allows it to reuse redundant computations in the filter characterizations, speeding its convergence compared to a simple genetic algorithm. Moreover, the community structure of the algorithm is shown to enhance its robustness. The algorithm is applied to the design of bandpass filters with a prescribed maximum passband rejection, and numerical results are shown for a four-post and a six-post filter. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 21: 28–35, 1999.
ACETATE, BUTYRATE AND PROLINE UPTAKE IN THE CAECUM AND COLON OF PRAIRIE VOLES (MICROTUS OCHROGASTER)

We have measured unidirectional uptake (not transmural flux) of acetate, butyrate and proline by everted sleeves of intact tissue from the jejunum, caecum, proximal colon and distal colon of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). There was active (i.e. Na(+)-dependent) transport of L-proline in the jejunum, but we found no evidence for it in any region of the hindgut (i.e. the caecum, proximal colon and distal colon). Uptake of acetate was carrier-mediated in all three regions of the hindgut, but the Jmax and apparent Km (
Numerical solution of inverse scattering for near-field optics

A novel regularized recursive linearization method is developed for a two-dimensional inverse medium scattering problem that arises in near-field optics, which reconstructs the scatterer of an inhomogeneous medium located on a substrate from data accessible through photon scanning tunneling microscopy experiments. Based on multiple frequency scattering data, the method starts from the Born approximation corresponding to weak scattering at a low frequency, and each update is obtained by continuation on the wavenumber from solutions of one forward problem and one adjoint problem of the Helmholtz equation.
A set partitioning heuristic for local drayage routing under time-dependent port delay

This paper considers operations management for a fleet of trucks providing container pickup and delivery service (drayage) to a port. Truck congestion at ports may lead to serious inefficiencies in drayage operations. To mitigate the negative effects of congestion, this research develops a drayage operations optimization model that incorporates a known, time-dependent congestion delay model at the port. The model determines pickup and delivery sequences for trucks with minimum total travel time, including the waiting time accessing the port due to congestion. In this paper, we consider both exact and heuristic solution approaches for this difficult optimization problem. Finally, we use the framework to develop an understanding of the potential impact of congestion delays on drayage operations, and the value of planning with accurate delay information.
Sexual Revictimization and Mental Health: A Comparison of Lesbians, Gay Men, and Heterosexual Women

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has several deleterious effects on health and well-being, including increased risk for rape in adulthood. Such revictimization experiences are linked to negative mental health outcomes. The vast majority of literature on prevalence and impact of sexual revictimization has focused on heterosexual women. In an effort to extend this research to lesbians and gay men, who are known to face higher rates of both CSA and adult rape, we conducted a study (N = 871) comparing adult lesbians, gay men, and heterosexual women on prevalence and mental health correlates of sexual revictimization. Results indicated that CSA is associated with elevated rates of adult rape for all three groups. In addition, revictimization showed comparable associations with mental health variables for all three groups. Participants with both CSA and adult rape had higher levels of psychological distress, suicidality, alcohol use, and self-harm behaviors relative to those with only one type of victimization and those with no victimization, and those with any victimization were more likely to report recent use of drugs compared to those with no victimization.
Methyl bromide adsorption on activated carbon to control emissions from commodity fumigations

A process to control emissions of methyl bromide (MB) into the atmosphere following the fumigation of commodities has been developed. The process consists of adsorbing the MB in the vent-stream from a fumigation process onto activated carbon (carbon). Research was undertaken to observe the eAects of (1) temperature, (2) relative humidity (r.h.), (3) the concentration of MB in the vent-stream, and (4) carbon type on the amount of MB that could be adsorbed (loaded) on the activated carbon. Temperature had the most eAect on the loading, followed by r.h., for a given type of carbon. The loading decreased as temperature and r.h. increased. For a given temperature and r.h., the loading varied significantly for diAerent carbon types. These diAerences were consistent with the type of pore structures of the carbons, which in turn is determined by the raw materials and by the activation procedures used during the carbon manufacturing process. Temperatures in the carbon column rose in response to the adsorption of MB. By monitoring the temperatures, the adsorption zone could be followed throughout the column from the inlet at the start of an adsorption run to column exhaustion, or breakthrough at the end of the trial. Breakthrough was reached when the MB concentration in the column exhaust stream reached 500 ppm (2 mg/l) MB. Relative humidity of the vent-stream was less critical than first anticipated because of the heating of the column. The temperature increase due to the heat of adsorption lowered the r.h. at the adsorption zone which led to the increased adsorption capacity normally associated with low humidities. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
The Prediction of Behavioral Intentions in a Choice Situation.

Abstract Two complementary hypotheses, one derived from decision theory and the other from Fishbein's 1967 theoretical model, were tested with respect to the prediction of behavioral intentions. One hundred subjects completed questionnaires including measures of attitudes and normative beliefs toward single behaviors and toward dichotomous and multiple behavioral choices. Consistent with decision theory notions it was found that behavioral intentions in a choice situation could be predicted with higher accuracy by considering attitudes toward all behavioral alternatives than by using the attitude toward only one of the possible actions. In support of the prediction based on Fishbein's model it was found that behavioral intentions for single acts as well as for acts in dichotomous and multiple choice situations were a function not only of attitudes toward the acts but also of normative beliefs with respect to these behaviors.