cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery from multiple simultaneous failures in wireless sensor networks using minimum Steiner tree

In some applications, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operate in very harsh environments and nodes become subject to increased risk of damage. Sometimes a WSN suffers from the simultaneous failure of multiple sensors and gets partitioned into disjoint segments. Restoring network connectivity in such a case is crucial in order to avoid negative effects on the application. Given that WSNs often operate unattended in remote areas, the recovery should be autonomous. This paper promotes an effective strategy for restoring the connectivity among these segments by populating the least number of relay nodes. Finding the optimal count and position of relay nodes is NP-hard and heuristics are thus pursued. We propose a Distributed algorithm for Optimized Relay node placement using Minimum Steiner tree (DORMS). Since in autonomously operating WSNs it is infeasible to perform a network-wide analysis to diagnose where segments are located, DORMS moves relay nodes from each segment toward the center of the deployment area. As soon as those relays become in range of each other, the partitioned segments resume operation. DORMS further model such initial inter-segment topology as Steiner tree in order to minimize the count of required relays. Disengaged relays can return to their respective segments to resume their pre-failure duties. We analyze DORMS mathematically and explain the beneficial aspects of the resulting topology with respect to connectivity, and traffic balance. The performance of DORMS is validated through extensive simulation experiments.
Intracellular control of the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentration in fetal red cells

The stress of anoxia produces an elevation of red cell DPg which results in a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve. The net result of these changes is to increase the oxygen delivered to the tissues. DPG occurs in the red cell in two pools: one, hemoglobin bound, and the other free or unbound. Major alterations of either pool can occur without altering the total red cell DPG content. Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) does not bind DPG. Therefore, in infants one of the mechanisms for preventing tissue anoxia is not operative. A review of the DPG cycle suggests that changes in the conc. of either of the DPG pools might alter the rate of reaction of the rate limiting enzymes 2,3-diphosphoglyceromutase (DPGm'ase) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerophosphatase (DPGp'ase). The complete DPG cycle was studied in cells with normal and altered DPG-Hb binding in order to delineate the factors controlling red cell DPG conc. Assays of hemolysates of 18 cord blood samples revealed the following: the mean HbF conc. was 51%, DPg levels = 13.5 mμM/mgHb (normal = 12.5), DPGp'ase activity = 0.111 mμM DPG/mg Hb/hr (normal = 0.055), DPGm'ase activity = 95 mμM DPG/mg Hb/hr (normal = 85). The DPG binding of cord blood was 33% of that bound by adult blood. The oxygen dissociation curves revealed a P-50 for cord blood samples of 29.5 mmHg (normal = 31.5). These studies of fetal cells with elevated unbound DPG demonstrate no inhibition of DPGm'ase. Product inhibition at this step has been postulated by other investigators. The significant elevation of DPGp'ase. Product inhibition at this step has been postulated by other investigators. The significant elevation of DPGp'ase is in response to the increased unbound DPG. Therefore, DPGp'ase appears to be more important as a controlling mechanism for DPG conc. than does DPGm'ase.
COUPLED IN-LINE AND TRANSVERSE FLOW-INDUCED STRUCTURAL VIBRATION: HIGHER ORDER HARMONIC SOLUTIONS

Coupling of in-line and transverse flow-induced vibration can be significant in several structural engineering applications. In this study, a particular model already proposed in the literature is adopted. The relevant equations of this model feature nonlinearities and coupling between the two components of motion. The level of coupling depends on the relative properties of the flow and the structure. A harmonic balance technique is used to obtain an equivalent coupled system of linear equations. Higher order harmonics can be readily treated, yielding a quite general formulation which can be tailored to match the available computational resources. A parametric study is conducted using the proposed technique, and insight regarding the significance of the coupling of the two components of motion on the overall structural response is obtained. The proposed technique is applicable to any other refined model of coupling of in-line and transverse flow-induced vibration which may become available based on theoretical or experimental fluid mechanics developments.
Design as a factor in the study of visual numerousness

Ss estimated the number of black circles in three contextual conditions: OX (no white circles), 4X (four times as many white as black circles), and 16X (16 times as many white as black circles); they further estimated the number of black circles under two designs: independent and related samples. For independent samples, estimates were significantly greater for the 0X than for the 4X and 16X conditions, while the latter two did not differ. For the related sample, the 0X and 4X produced higher estimates than the 16X, while the former two did not differ.
AML1, the Target of Multiple Chromosomal Translocations in Human Leukemia, Is Essential for Normal Fetal Liver Hematopoiesis

The AML1-CBF beta transcription factor is the most frequent target of chromosomal rearrangements in human leukemia. To investigate its normal function, we generated mice lacking AML1. Embryos with homozygous mutations in AML1 showed normal morphogenesis and yolk sac-derived erythropoiesis, but lacked fetal liver hematopoiesis and died around E12.5. Sequentially targeted AML1-/-es cell retained their capacity to differentiate into primitive erythroid cells in vitro; however, no myeloid or erythroid progenitors of definitive hematopoietic origin were detected in either the yolk sac or fetal livers of mutant embryos. Moreover, this hematopoietic defect was intrinsic to the stem cells in that AML1-/-ES cells failed to contribute to hematopoiesis in chimeric animals. These results suggest that AML1-regulated target genes are essential for definitive hematopoiesis of all lineages.
Thomas Jefferson's Epitaph: Symbol of a Lifelong Crusade Against Those Who Would “Usurp the Throne of God”

Xoward the end of his life, Thomas Jefferson composed his own epitaph. From a long and illustrious career filled with accomplish ments, he chose only three to symbolize his life's work. He made no mention of the many high offices he had held—president of the United States, secretary of state, governor of Virginia—nor did he refer to his part in opening the American West—the Louisiana Purchase, dispatching Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, framing the Northwest Ordinance. He made no reference to his role as a political leader—author of the Kentucky Resolutions, champion of the agrarian way of life, or founder of the Democratic party. Rather, he focused attention on his authorship of two documents and his role as founder of an institution of higher education. His epitaph reads:
Numerical experiments on the condition number of the interpolation matrices for radial basis functions

Through numerical experiments, we examine the condition numbers of the interpolation matrix for many species of radial basis functions (RBFs), mostly on uniform grids. For most RBF species that give infinite order accuracy when interpolating smooth f(x)-Gaussians, sech's and Inverse Quadratics-the condition number @k(@a,N) rapidly asymptotes to a limit @k"a"s"y"m"p(@a) that is independent of N and depends only on @a, the inverse width relative to the grid spacing. Multiquadrics are an exception in that the condition number for fixed @a grows as N^2. For all four, there is growth proportional to an exponential of 1/@a (1/@a^2 for Gaussians). For splines and thin-plate splines, which contain no width parameter, the condition numbers grows asymptotically as a power of N-a large power as the order of the RBF increases. Random grids typically increase the condition number (for fixed RBF width) by orders of magnitude. The quasi-random, low discrepancy Halton grid may, however, have a lower condition number than a uniform grid of the same size.
SU‐FF‐T‐25: A Modified Azakawa Technique for Total Scalp and Neck Irradiation Utilizing a Custom Wax Bolus

Purpose: To develop a durable custom bolus helmet for Total Scalp and Neck Irradiation and to quantify the dosimetric aspects using a Modified Azakawa Technique for treatment delivery. Method and Materials: A custom bolus helmet for total scalp and neck treatment was fabricated from dental wax overlaid on a dual exoskeleton of Med Tech™ face mask mesh that conformed to the patients head. With helmet on, the patient was immobilized with a conventional facemask. Following CT simulation, treatment planning was performed in ADAC™ Pinnacle 3 planning system in heterogeneous mode for the combined photon and electron treatment fields. Opposed photons fields (6x) treat the sagital scalp and posterior neck; lateral scalps are treated with en face electrons that overlap the photon fields by 3–4 mm. Lateral necks were treated with en face electron fields that abutted the electron scalp fields. Beam central axes were kept coincident to provide ease of setup for the 6 customized ports. After half of the dose was delivered all field junctions were “feathered” by altering the junction locations by about 1 cm. A diode with 2mm build‐up was calibrated as a point detector to validate the dosimetry at multiple patient points. Results: Compared to the maximum dose of the prescription, the measured doses typically ranged from −5% to +15%; a single point yielded +20% at a photon and electron junction. Conclusion: The wax helmet proved to be extremely durable for more than 30 fractions. Additionally, the helmet provided “instant bolus” easily accommodated by the patient, appreciated by the RTT staff, and aided in reproducible dosimetry for this challenging treatment site.
S-asteroid spectral interpreter (SASI): spectral analysis system for the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) mission using a neural network preprocessor

The surfaces of asteroids consist of mineral grains mixed on scales of 10-110's of micrometers where linear mixing rules for near-IR spectra do not apply. Further, the spectral properties of the mineral components are strong nonlinear functions of grain size and chemical composition. Detailed models of these nonlinear properties exist, but are not amenable to analytic inversion, requiring relatively inefficient iterative solutions to extract physical data from reflectance spectra. However, the NASA Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous mission soon to orbit the asteroid Eros requires near real time spectral analysis of near-IR spectral data for mission operations planning. The S- Asteroid Spectral Interpreter is a software system which includes a neural network which has been trained to invert the nonlinear physical model, and conventional gradient descent algorithm which refines the output of the neural network to arrive at a rapid analysis of input spectra.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Finite-Element Model of the Cyclic Aerodynamic Loading of a Turbine Rotor Due to an Upstream Stator

A finite-element model has been developed to predict the unsteady flow field in an axial turbine rotor cascade as a result of the wakes shed from an upstream stator blade row. The numerical model is based on a three-dimensional, time dependent, fully elliptic, finite element formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations cast in cylindrical coordinates. The relative motion between the blade rows is introduced through time-dependent inlet boundary conditions for the rotor cascade. The governing equations in the rotor passage are solved in a rotating frame of reference using the weighted-residual method, coupled with a twenty-noded curve-sided isoparametric finite element for discretization. Time-averaged and instantaneous pressure loadings for the rotor blade as generated along with the passage velocity fields. The computed results are compared with existing experimental data for a typical axial-flow turbine stage. Assessment of the results is also made in light of those obtained through a thin-layer model of ...
A Simulation-based VR System for Interactive Hairstyling

We have developed a physically-based VR system that enables users to interactively style dynamic virtual hair by using multiresolution simulation techniques and graphics hardware rendering acceleration for simulating and rendering hair in real time. With a 3D haptic interface, users can directly manipulate and position hair strands, as well as employ real-world styling applications (cutting, blow-drying, etc.) to create hairstyles more intuitively than previous techniques.
A Follow-Up Study of "Dangerous Answers" in Four Medical Specialties:

We undertook this study to obtain further validation of a latent trait for dangerousness, identified by Mankin, Lloyd, and Rovinelli (1987), on certification examinations for medical specialists. "Dangerousness " was defined as any act of omission, or commission, in treatment which could result in a patient's death or injury. The method we employed involved asking panels of experts to retrospectively evaluate items on specilty examinationsfor dangerous answers. We then analyzed candidates' choices of dangerous answers. Four specialties participated in the study, and data from each were analyzed separately. Our results failed to support a latent trait for dangerousness. Nevertheless, we suggest that future studies employing alternative evaluation methods could yield support for a dangerousness trait, but consideration must be given to the potential costs of these studies.
Active space of pheromone plume and its relationship to effective attraction radius in applied models.

The release rate of a semiochemical lure that attracts flying insects has a specific effective attraction radius (EAR) that corresponds to the lure’s orientation response strength. EAR is defined as the radius of a passive sphere that intercepts the same number of insects as a semiochemical-baited trap. It is estimated by calculating the ratio of trap catches in the field in baited and unbaited traps and the interception area of the unbaited trap. EAR serves as a standardized method for comparing the attractive strengths of lures that is independent of population density. In two-dimensional encounter rate models that are used to describe insect mass trapping and mating disruption, a circular EAR (EARc) describes a key parameter that affects catch or influence by pheromone in the models. However, the spherical EAR, as measured in the field, should be transformed to an EARc for appropriate predictions in such models. The EARc is calculated as (π/2EAR2)/FL, where FL is the effective thickness of the flight layer where the insect searches. FL was estimated from catches of insects (42 species in the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera) on traps at various heights as reported in the literature. The EARc was proposed further as a simple but equivalent alternative to simulations of highly complex active-space plumes with variable response surfaces that have proven exceedingly difficult to quantify in nature. This hypothesis was explored in simulations where flying insects, represented as coordinate points, moved about in a correlated random walk in an area that contained a pheromone plume, represented as a sector of active space composed of a capture probability surface of variable complexity. In this plume model, catch was monitored at a constant density of flying insects and then compared to simulations in which a circular EARc was enlarged until an equivalent rate was caught. This demonstrated that there is a circular EARc, where all insects that enter are caught, which corresponds in catch effect to any plume. Thus, the EARc, based on the field-observed EAR, can be used in encounter rate models to develop effective control programs based on mass trapping and/or mating disruption.
Irreversible enzyme inhibitors XCII. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by some purines and pyr midines

Twenty-six selected compounds were investigated as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme that can also detoxify 6-mercaptopurine; these compounds consisted of 19 purines, four pyrimidines, two 8-azapurines, and one imidazole. Among the inhibitors that complexed to xanthine oxidase as well or better than the substrate, hypoxanthine, were thioguanine, adenine, and 6, 8-dihydroxy-2-methylthiopurine (XXVI). The larger 2-benzylthio-6, 8-dihydroxypurine (XXVII) was synthesized and found to inhibit equally as well as XXVI. Then 2-benzylthiohypoxanthine (XXVIII) and 8-benzylthiohypoxanthine (XXIX) were synthesized; these two compounds were complexed elevenfold and threefold better, respectively, to the enzyme than the substrate. Thus the enzyme showed bulk tolerance for the benzylthio group of XXVII-XXIX; the benzylthio group is a logical group for placement of electrophilic groups to give candidate active-site-directed irreversible inhibitors of xanthine oxidase.
The 13-kD FK506 Binding Protein, FKBP13, Interacts with a Novel Homologue of the Erythrocyte Membrane Cytoskeletal Protein 4.1

We have identified a novel generally expressed homologue of the erythrocyte membrane cytoskeletal protein 4.1, named 4.1G, based on the interaction of its COOH-terminal domain (CTD) with the immunophilin FKBP13. The 129-amino acid peptide, designated 4.1G–CTD, is the first known physiologic binding target of FKBP13. FKBP13 is a 13-kD protein originally identified by its high affinity binding to the immunosuppressant drugs FK506 and rapamycin (Jin, Y., M.W. Albers, W.S. Lane, B.E. Bierer, and S.J. Burakoff. 1991. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:6677– 6681); it is a membrane-associated protein thought to function as an ER chaperone (Bush, K.T., B.A. Henrickson, and S.K. Nigam. 1994. Biochem. J. [ Tokyo ]. 303:705–708). We report the specific association of FKBP13 with 4.1G–CTD based on yeast two-hybrid, in vitro binding and coimmunoprecipitation experiments. The histidyl-proline moiety of 4.1G–CTD is required for FKBP13 binding, as indicated by yeast experiments with truncated and mutated 4.1G–CTD constructs. In situ hybridization studies reveal cellular colocalizations for FKBP13 and 4.1G–CTD throughout the body during development, supporting a physiologic role for the interaction. Interestingly, FKBP13 cofractionates with the red blood cell homologue of 4.1 (4.1R) in ghosts, inside-out vesicles, and Triton shell preparations. The identification of FKBP13 in erythrocytes, which lack ER, suggests that FKBP13 may additionally function as a component of membrane cytoskeletal scaffolds.
Role of HGF in epithelial-stromal cell interactions during progression from benign breast disease to ductal carcinoma in situ.

Introduction: Basal-like and luminal breast cancers have distinct stromal–epithelial interactions, which play a role in progression to invasive cancer. However, little is known about how stromal–epithelial interactions evolve in benign and pre-invasive lesions. Methods: To study epithelial–stromal interactions in basal-like breast cancer progression, we cocultured reduction mammoplasty fibroblasts with the isogenic MCF10 series of cell lines (representing benign/normal, atypical hyperplasia, and ductal carcinoma in situ). We used gene expression microarrays to identify pathways induced by coculture in premalignant cells (MCF10DCIS) compared with normal and benign cells (MCF10A and MCF10AT1). Relevant pathways were then evaluated in vivo for associations with basal-like subtype and were targeted in vitro to evaluate effects on morphogenesis. Results: Our results show that premalignant MCF10DCIS cells express characteristic gene expression patterns of invasive basal-like microenvironments. Furthermore, while hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) secretion is upregulated (relative to normal, MCF10A levels) when fibroblasts are cocultured with either atypical (MCF10AT1) or premalignant (MCF10DCIS) cells, only MCF10DCIS cells upregulated the HGF receptor MET. In three-dimensional cultures, upregulation of HGF/MET in MCF10DCIS cells induced morphological changes suggestive of invasive potential, and these changes were reversed by antibody-based blocking of HGF signaling. These results are relevant to in vivo progression because high expression of a novel MCF10DCIS-derived HGF signature was correlated with the basallike subtype, with approximately 86% of basal-like cancers highly expressing the HGF signature, and because high expression of HGF signature was associated with poor survival. Conclusions: Coordinated and complementary changes in HGF/MET expression occur in epithelium and stroma during progression of pre-invasive basal-like lesions. These results suggest that targeting stroma-derived HGF signaling in early carcinogenesis may block progression of basal-like precursor lesions.
Toward unsupervised classification of non-uniform cyber attack tracks

As adversary activities move into cyber domains, attacks are not necessarily associated with physical entities. As a result, observations of an enemy's Course of Action (eCoA) may be sporadic, or non-uniform, with potentially more missing and noisy data. Traditional classification methods, in this case, can become ineffective to differentiate correlated observations or attack tracks. This paper formalizes this new challenge and discusses three solution approaches from seemingly unrelated fields. This attempt sheds new light to the problem of classifying unknown types of non-uniform cyber attack tracks.
A charge conserving macromodel for MOSFET's

A charge conserving macromodel suitable for the simulation of the charge injection behavior of MOSFET switches is presented. Simulation results using the macromodel are compared with the experimental data in the literature. The performance of the macromodel at high switching speed is demonstrated.
Effect of Glycerol Deprivation on the Phospholipid Metabolism of a Glycerol Auxotroph of Staphylococcus aureus

A study of the effects of glycerol deprivation on the content and metabolism of the phospholipids of a glycerol auxotroph of Staphylococcus aureus showed that (i) there was an increase in the proportions of lysylphosphatidylglycerol (LPB) and a concomitant decrease in the proportion of phosphatidylglycerol. The total phospholipid content per sample and the proportion of cardiolipin did not change, but the phosphatidic acid increased transiently and then fell to pretreatment levels. (ii) The loss of 32P from the lipids during the chase in a pulse-chase experiment was essentially the same in phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and phosphatidic acid during glycerol deprivation or growth in the presence of glycerol. LPG lost half the radioactivity in slightly more than two doubling times when grown with glycerol. In the absence of glycerol, 32P accumulated in LPG for about 20 min and then stopped, after which time there was no apparent turnover. (iii) During glycerol deprivation, the initial 32P incorporation decreased sixfold compared to that of the control with glycerol. The initial incorporation into LPG decreased only 2.5-fold, whereas that of PG decreased 45-fold. (iv) During glycerol deprivation, the free fatty acid content increased from 1.2 to 12.5% of the total extractable fatty acids and then slowly decreased. The increase was largely iso- and anti-iso-branched 21-carbon-atom fatty acids. In glycerol-supplemented cultures, the major fatty acids were branched 14- to 18-carbon fatty acids. The decrease in longer chain free fatty acids after 60 min represented their esterification into lipids. (v) During glycerol deprivation ribonucleic acid synthesis and cell growth continued for 40 min and protein synthesis continued for 90 min. Then synthesis and growth stopped. (vi) After the addition of glycerol to glycerol-deprived cells, 32P and 14C-glycerol were incorporated into the phospholipids without lag; ribonucleic acid, protein synthesis, and cell growth began after a 5- to 10-min lag at the pretreatment rate. The initial rate of lipid synthesis after the addition of glycerol was three times greater than the growth rate. This rapid rate continued for about 25 min until the lipid content and proportions of LPG and phosphatidylglycerol were restored.
Representative Local Government: Minorities in the Municipal Work Force

Using survey data concerning 134 large U.S. cities, this paper examines the political, organizational, economic, and demographic factors which affect minority representation in municipal work forces. Various regressions demonstrate the strong impact of the size of a city's minority population on employment. However, the nature of a city's government, the autonomy of its personnel bureau, and the presence of a minority mayor/city manager act both solely and in combination to influence the degree to which minorities are represented on local payrolls. Economic conditions affect the performance of all cities. The author would like to thank Jack Knott, Gary J. Miller, Charles Press, Charles W. Ostrom, Jr., Frank J. Thompson, and the JOP reviewers for their comments at various stages of this research.
Is NAD(P)H Oxidase a Missing Link for Air Pollution–Enhanced Obesity?

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the developed and developing world. The rise in obesity prevalence has resulted in an increase in the myriad serious medical problems associated with excess body fat. With a body mass index of >30, there appears to be a detectable increase in risk from obesity-related illnesses.1 It is the most important common risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and the incidence of this disease has closely tracked the increase in obesity rates worldwide.2 Troublingly, obesity is also related to many other serious human health outcomes, and the list includes malignant disease, liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, and osteoarthritis.1 Thus, the overall healthcare burden attributable to obesity is immense. Although the most commonly advanced reasons for obesity are the widening availability of low-cost high-fat diets, certain food marketing practices, and institutionally driven reductions in physical activity,3 alternative hypotheses have been posited. The multifactorial causality for obesity is well established and includes genetic, dietary, economic, psychological, reproductive, pharmacological, and environmental factors.4 See accompanying article on page 2518 Airborne pollution as a risk for human health other than pulmonary/respiratory disorders is an emerging concept, with the recognition of novel mechanisms having been discovered in recent decades. Particulate air pollution or the presence of particulate matter (PM) in inspired air has received attention as the leading candidate for pollution-related increase …
Reducing restoration blocking in WDM optical networks

In this paper, we study the problem of reducing restoration blocking probability in WDM optical networks. First, we present two reasons for restoration blocking: primary holding and mutual competition. Next, we propose two dynamic routing and wavelength assignment algorithms to address primary holding and give three heuristics to address mutual competition. Simulation results show that our algorithms can effectively reduce the restoration blocking probability without sacrificing working blocking probability.
Low-Wage Maternal Employment and Parenting Style

This three-year longitudinal study investigated whether low-wage employment was associated with improved psychological and parenting outcomes in a sample of 178 single mothers who were employed and unemployed current and former welfare recipients both before and subsequent to the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. Participation in employment predicted fewer depressive symptoms and less negative parenting style over time. Employment at time 1 was associated with a reduced likelihood of receiving welfare in the interim between times 1 and 2, less financial strain at time 2, and (through these) a decrease in mothers' depressive symptoms at time 2. Fewer depressive symptoms at time 2, in turn, predicted less negative parenting style, net of the mothers' earlier demographic, mental health, and parenting characteristics. Mothers with higher education attainment were more likely to be employed (and to earn more) at both time points. Implications of these findings for welfare policies are discussed.
Inhibition of Western-diet induced hyperproliferation and hyperplasia in mouse colon by two sources of calcium.

A Western-style diet containing high-fat and phosphate, and low calcium and vitamin D was fed to mice for 20 weeks. Starting at week 8, subgroups of animals received the Western-style diet supplemented by two different calcium sources : tricalcium phosphate and calcium citrate malate. Hyperproliferation (increased [ 3 H]thymidine-labelled cells/colonic crypt) and hyperplasia (increased total epithelial cells/crypt) developed in the sigmoid colon after 8 weeks of feeding the Western-style diet confirming previous results, and these were reversed at later periods by the addition of the two calcium sources to the Western-style diet. Findings indicate that the modified colonic epithelial cell hyperproliferation and hyperplasia which have been associated with subsequent development of colonic neoplasia, are induced in mice fed a Western-style diet, and the addition of calcium to the diet inhibited their development in the colonic mucosa.
Circulating palmitoleic acid and risk of metabolic abnormalities and new-onset diabetes

Background: Animal experiments suggest that circulating palmitoleic acid (cis-16:1n–7) from adipocyte de novo fatty acid synthesis may directly regulate insulin resistance and metabolic dysregulation. Objective: We investigated the independent determinants of circulating palmitoleate in free-living humans and whether palmitoleate is related to lower metabolic risk and the incidence of diabetes. Design: In a prospective cohort of 3630 US men and women in the Cardiovascular Health Study, plasma phospholipid fatty acids, anthropometric variables, blood lipids, inflammatory markers, and glucose and insulin concentrations were measured between 1992 and 2006 by using standardized methods. Independent determinants of plasma phospholipid palmitoleate and relations of palmitoleate with metabolic risk factors were investigated by using multivariable-adjusted linear regression. Relations with incident diabetes (296 incident cases) were investigated by using Cox proportional hazards. Results: The mean (±SD) palmitoleate value was 0.49 ± 0.20% (range: 0.11–2.55%) of total fatty acids. Greater body mass index, carbohydrate intake, protein intake, and alcohol use were each independent lifestyle correlates of higher palmitoleate concentrations. In multivariable analyses that adjusted for these factors and other potential confounders, higher palmitoleate concentrations were independently associated with lower LDL cholesterol (P < 0.001), higher HDL cholesterol (P < 0.001), lower total:HDL-cholesterol ratio (P = 0.04), and lower fibrinogen (P < 0.001). However, palmitoleate was also associated with higher triglycerides (P < 0.001) and (in men only) with greater insulin resistance (P < 0.001). Palmitoleate was not significantly associated with incident diabetes. Conclusions: Adiposity (energy imbalance), carbohydrate consumption, and alcohol use—even within typical ranges—are associated with higher circulating palmitoleate concentrations. Circulating palmitoleate is robustly associated with multiple metabolic risk factors but in mixed directions, perhaps related to divergent lifestyle determinants or endogenous sources (liver, adipose tissue) of fatty acid synthesis.
Transcriptome-wide Changes in Coral Gene Expression at Noon and Midnight Under Field Conditions

Reef-building corals experience high daily variation in their environment, food availability, and physiological activities such as calcification and photosynthesis by endosymbionts. On Ofu Island, American Samoa, we investigated day-night differences in gene expression under field conditions of changing pH, temperature, light, and oxygen. Using RNASeq techniques, we compared two replicate transcriptomes from a single coral colony of Acropora hyacinthus over six noons and five midnights. We identified 344 contigs with significant expression differences across 16,800 contigs in the transcriptome, most with small fold-changes. However, there were 21 contigs with fold-changes ranging from 10 to 141. The largest changes were in a set of transcription factors strongly associated with day-night gene regulation in other animals, including cryptochromes, thyrotroph embryonic factor, and D site-binding protein. We also found large daytime increases in a set of genes involved in glucose transport and glycogen storag...
Pricing in computer networks: motivation, formulation, and example

The role of pricing policies in multiple service class networks is studied. An abstract formulation of service disciplines and pricing policies that allows the interplay between service disciplines and pricing policies in determining overall network performance to be described more clearly is presented. Effective multiclass service disciplines allow networks to focus resources on performance-sensitive applications, while effective pricing policies allows the benefits of multiple service classes to be spread around to all users. Furthermore, the incentives formed by service disciplines and pricing policies must be carefully tuned so that user self-interest leads to optimal overall network performance. These concepts are illustrated through simulation of several simple example networks. It is found that it is possible to set the prices so that users of every application type are more satisfied with the combined cost and performance of a network with service-class-sensitive prices. >
Gastric atrial natriuretic peptide regulates endocrine secretion in antrum and fundus of human and rat stomach.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is present in gastric mucosa and preferentially binds to two subtypes of natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR), NPR-A and NPR-C. The present study examines the role o...
Review of 'Institutional Foundations of Public Finance: Economic and Legal Perspectives' by Alan J. Auerbach and Daniel N. Shaviro

Alan D. Viard reviews "Institutional Foundations of Public Finance: Economic and Legal Perspectives" by Alan J. Auerbach and Daniel N. Shaviro. In his opinion, the book is exceptionally well suited to serve as a tribute to David Bradford. The authors and discussants address the questions that Bradford studied and they do so at the same broad and conceptual, but policy-relevant, level at which he addressed them.
Fatal hemoptysis in a patient with AIDS-related complex and pulmonary aspergilloma.

Hemoptysis is common in patients with pulmonary aspergilloma. Opinions vary as to its management. The underlying disease, the severity and frequency of hemoptysis, and the immune status of the patient have been proposed as factors to influence therapy. Unlike invasive aspergillosis, the behavior of cavitary disease in the immunocompromised host has not been fully described. This report describes a pulmonary aspergilloma in a patient with AIDS-related complex (ARC).
Quantum decay of the persistent current in a Josephson junction ring

We study the persistent current in a ring consisting of $N\ensuremath{\gg}1$ Josephson junctions threaded by the magnetic flux. When the dynamics of the ring is dominated by the capacitances of the superconducting islands the system is equivalent to the $xy$ spin system in $1+1$ dimensions at the effective temperature ${T}^{*}=\sqrt{2JU}$, with $J$ being the Josephson energy of the junction and $U$ being the charging energy of the superconducting island. The numerical problem is challenging due to the absence of thermodynamic limit and slow dynamics of the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. It is investigated on lattices containing up to $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ sites. At ${T}^{*}\ensuremath{\ll}J$ the quantum phase slips are frozen. The low-${T}^{*}$ dependence of the persistent current computed numerically agrees quantitatively with the analytical formula provided by the spin-wave approximation. The high-${T}^{*}$ behavior depends strongly on the magnetic flux and on the number of superconducting islands $N$. We present a detailed numerical study of the unbinding of vortex-antivortex pairs responsible for the phase slips, the superconductor-insulator transition, and evolution of the persistent current in a finite-size system.
Real Area of Contact in a Soft Transparent Interface by Particle Exclusion Microscopy

Soft matter mechanics are characterized by high strains and time-dependent elastic properties, which complicate contact mechanics for emerging applications in biomedical surfaces and flexible electronics. In addition, hydrated soft matter precludes using interferometry to observe real areas of contact. In this work, we present a method for measuring the real area of contact in a soft, hydrated, and transparent interface by excluding colloidal particles from the contact region. We confirm the technique by presenting a Hertz-like quasi-static indentation (loading time > 1.4 hrs) by a polyacrylamide probe into a stiff flat surface in a submerged environment. The real contact area and width were calculated from in situ images of the interface processed to reduce image noise and thresholded to define the perimeter of contact. This simple technique of in situ particle exclusion microscopy (PEM) may be widely applicable for determining real areas of contact of soft, transparent interfaces.
Beliefs systems and classroom practices: Identified typologies of elementary school teachers from the United States

ABSTRACTIn a mixed-methods study, the authors investigate teacher typologies of elementary teachers (N = 132) in the United States based on their reformed science teaching beliefs. Additionally, the identified teacher typologies were compared with respect to their science content knowledge, self-efficacy and epistemic beliefs. Results revealed three clusters of teachers with different combinations of teaching beliefs and practices. Comparative analysis indicated significant differences among teacher typologies with respect to their epistemic beliefs and teaching efficacy beliefs. Additionally, interview results enhanced the depth of understanding of participants' views for reformed science teaching and further highlighted differences in the typologies. Study implications are considered with regard to improving teacher quality and preservice teacher training.
Abstract 302: Sex Differences In Nonlinear Dynamics And Their Circadian Variation In Control Dogs And In A New Arrhythmogenic Canine Model Of Heart Failure

Introduction: Females can be more arrhythmogenic than males, and this sex difference can persist with development of chronic heart failure (CHF). The aim of this study was to investigate sex differences in the arrhythmogenic substrate in control dogs and in a new arrhythmogenic canine model of CHF. Methods: CHF was induced in 30 dogs by aortic insufficiency and aortic constriction. Holter monitoring assessed VT and PVCs from 30 dogs, as well as traditional HRV measures and nonlinear dynamics (including correlation dimension (CD), detrended fluctuations analysis α1 (DFAα1), and Shannon entropy (SE)) at baseline, 240 days (240d) and 720 days (720d) after CHF induction. Results: At baseline, females had lower LF/HF (0.27±0.03 vs 0.33±0.02, p=0.04), CD (1.60±0.17 vs 2.21±0.15, p=0.01), DFAα1 (0.62±0.03 vs 0.72±0.03, p=0.03), and SE (2.99±0.02 vs 3.10±0.03, p=0.03 vs males). Females lacked circadian variation in LF/HF, DFAα1, and SE while males had circadian variation in all of these. Of 11 dogs with frequent ...
Genetic testing for rare disorders: managing expectations and costs

Rare genetic diseases have issues that are unique from the issues of testing for genetic factors related to common genetic diseases that largely result from the strength of the genetic factors and their high penetrance. Although only affecting 5% or so of a population, the strength of the genetic factors are such that their intended uses are very broad. We are currently offering genetic tests in over 1500 genes for rare diseases with more being developed every week. Not only are the tests for these conditions useful in a diagnostic and family based setting but they can also be useful in targeted screening or general population screening when particular criteria are met that make them cost-effective in a healthcare setting. Most rare genetic disease tests lack the knowledge base to make then useful outside of diagnostic and family settings at the current time but some have made the leap to public health application. Many systems have developed that recognise the difficulty in developing the statistical power that is possible in more common diseases and their associated interventions. Programs such as the Orphan Drug Act of the US Food and Drug Administration recognise the statistical hurdles and shift the focus towards post-market surveillance in order that these tests and therapeutics can be made available to the public. As such, much improved systems will be necessary through which the evidence about the clinical histories of diseases, whether treated directly or symptomatically, can be collected. The international nature of genetic diseases and the benefit to countries with multicultural populations are such that it is an area in which international collaboration is possible and of potential benefit to all.
Use of Radiolabeled Antibodies to Carcinoembryonic Antigen for the Detection and Localization of Diverse Cancers by External Photoscanning

Abstract To determine whether tumors containing carcinoembryonic antigen could be detected by administration of a Radio-labeled, affinity-purified, goat IgG having 70 per cent immunoreactivity against carcinoembryonic antigen, 18 patients with a history of cancer of diverse histopathology received an average total dose of 1.0 mCi of 131l-labeled IgG. Total-body photoscans were performed with a gamma scintillation camera at various intervals after administration of the radioactive antibody. Ordinary photoscans proved difficult to interpret because of blood-pool background radioactivity, thus necessitating the computer subtraction of radioactive blood-pool agents from the antibody's 131I activity. Tumor location could be demonstrated at 48 hours after injection in almost all cases studied. The scans were negative in patients without demonstrable tumors or with tumors apparently devoid of carcinoembryonic antigen. Circulating antigen levels of up to 350 ng per milliliter did not prevent successful tumor imag...
Hepatic uptake and intestinal absorption of Co58-labelled 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyl-cobamide coenzyme.

SummaryMeasurements of the hepatic uptake of orally administered Co58-labelled 5,6-dibenzimidazolylcobamide coenzyme suggest that it cannot be absorbed in the intestine in the absence of intrinsic factor and, consequently, cannot be used alone in oral treatment of pernicious anemia, Under similar conditions, less coenzyme than cyanocobalamin is deposited in the liver of patients with pernicious anemia when it is orally administered with active IF preparations from animal stomach. This may be due either to the lessened effect of animal IF preparations on intestinal absorption of coenzyme or to the diminished efficiency of intestinal absorption of coenzyme as compared with that of cyanocobalamin.Surface counting of intestinal areas after oral administration of labelled coenzyme alone and labelled cyanocobalamin to normal subjects and patients with pernicious anemia shows the radioactivity of the intestine to be much more prolonged after administration of coenzyme than after cyanocobalamin. This may be inter...
Development and testing of low-volume hyperoncotic, hyperosmotic spray-dried plasma for the treatment of trauma-associated coagulopathy.

Background: Trauma-associated coagulopathy carries an extremely high mortality. Fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) is the mainstay of treatment; however, its availability in the battlefield is limited. We have already shown that lyophilized, freeze-dried plasma (FDP) reconstituted in its original volume can reverse trauma-associated coagulopathy. To enhance the logistical advantage (lower volume and weight), we developed and tested a hyperoncotic, hyperosmotic spray-dried plasma (SDP) product in a multiple injuries/ hemorrhagic shock swine model. Methods: Plasma separated from fresh porcine blood was stored as FFP or preserved as FDP and SDP. In in vitro testing, SDP was reconstituted in distilled water that was either equal (1 × SDP) or one-third (3 × SDP) the original volume of FFP. Analysis included measurements of prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen levels, and activity of selected clotting factors. In in vivo testing, swine were subjected to multiple injuries (femur fracture and grade V liver injury) and hemorrhagic shock (60% arterial hemorrhage, with the "lethal triad" of acidosis, coagulopathy, and hypothermia) and were treated with FFP, FDP, or 3 × SDP (n = 4―5/group). Coagulation profiles (PT, PTT, and thromboelastography) were measured at baseline, post-shock, post-crystalloid, treatment (M 0 ), and during 4 hours of monitoring (M 1―4 ). Results: In vitro testing revealed that clotting factors were preserved after spray drying. The coagulation profiles of FFP and 1 × SDP were similar, with 3 × SDP showing a prolonged PT/PTT. Multiple injuries/hemorrhagic shock produced significant coagulopathy, and 3 × SDP infusion was as effective as FFP and FDP in reversing it. Conclusion: Plasma can be spray dried and reconstituted to one-third of its original volume without compromising the coagulation properties in vivo. This shelf-stable, low-volume, hyperoncotic, hyperosmotic plasma is a logistically attractive option for the treatment of trauma-associated coagulopathy in austere environments, such as a battlefield.
Masseteric nerve use in facial reanimation.

Purpose of reviewTo review the growing literature on the use of the masseteric nerve in facial reanimation, from direct neurotization, to ‘baby-sitter’ techniques, to its use in powering neuromuscular free tissue transfer. We focus on the indications for the different uses based on the timing of the
Prismatic Realities: Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary Cultures and Implications for Information Literacy in Visual Studies: The Case of History of Photography

The specialized field of history of photography (HP) is continually evolving, and its capability to use an historical image as explanatory lens, challenges students navigating the scholarly literature, with implications for information literacy and scholarly communication. How is HP constructed, or mediated via different disciplinary perspectives? Within the domain of visual studies, finding the best way to introduce users to the disciplinary cultures that animate HP is imperative for helping them appreciate the complexity and influence on scholarly communication within the wider scope of visual studies and literacy. Too often the first recourse is fine arts literature and not the richly layered literature appearing in other disciplines—therefore this diagrammatic, and graphical presentation is proposed to inform their information needs and strategies. Predicated upon a definitional conceptual model of disciplinary culture and disciplinary formation informing information literacy, this presentation can be applicable to other humanities disciplinary instruction.