cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paternalismo estatal, bienestar y control social en la construcción de Volta Redonda

En este articulo se analiza la construccion de la ciudad siderurgica de Volta Redonda (Brasil) como un proyecto de paternalismo estatal. La planta siderurgica y su company town, construidos a comienzos de los cuarenta durante el gobierno del Estado Novo del Presidente Getulio Vargas, buscaban establecer un nuevo modelo para el desarrollo economico y social del pais. Empiricamente, intenta explicar, desde la perspectiva del Estado y de la empresa, la logica de los company towns como un proyecto paternalista y como los programas de asistencia social y los mecanismos de control social fueron concebidos como dos caras de la misma moneda. Desde esa perspectiva, el articulo analiza como la empresa plasmo la ideologia paternalista en medidas concretas, tomando tambien en consideracion sus limitaciones. La discusion destaca la importancia de la doctrina social Cristiana como una ideologia subyacente del paternalismo bienestar y demuestra como sus principios doctrinarios influyeron sobre el diseno urbano y los programas de asistencia social. Tambien se muestra como la compania reforzo esta ideologia a traves de un sistema de castigos. Desde un punto de vista teorico, este trabajo sugiere que la construccion y administracion del company town, como parte de una politica nacional mas amplia de bienestar, deben ser entendidas como parte de un sistema de reproduccion del capitalismo estatal en Brasil. Usando el marco conceptual del sociologo Michael Burawoy, el company town complemento el sistema de produccion de la planta, formando juntos un regimen de fabrica para el capitalismo avanzado.
Edward East on the Mendelian Basis of Quantitative Trait Variation.

![Figure][1] [East’s (1916)][2] analysis of corolla length in Nicotiana longiflora was a capstone study integrating Mendelian genetics with a continuously varying phenotype. Gregor Mendel and Francis Galton produced profound insights into heredity by employing mathematics novel to biology (
Community Indicators and the Collective Goods Criterion for Impact

Common wisdom holds that communities can accomplish more when people find ways to work together. However, such nuanced sensibilities can be difficult to measure. This is true in the field of community indicators as well as its allied fields of social movements, collective impact, catalytic philanthropy and community coalitions. Due to the elusiveness of evaluation techniques some in the social movements field have argued for a definition of success based on the collective goods criterion (CGC). In this chapter we explore the case of Syracuse, New York on the occasion of its achievement of seven years of positive change in its key community indicator of the four year graduation rate. Though it would be difficult to claim that Syracuse’s community indicators project, CNY.vitals, caused this change, we explore how a CGC approach can be used to examine how the measurement mentality that accompanied the community indicators project is associated with collective benefits that have accrued to members of the community in terms of cultural capital, philanthropic investment and governmental policy change.
Vector-boson-tagged jet production in heavy ion collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Vector-boson-tagged jet production in collisions of heavy nuclei opens new opportunities to study parton shower formation and propagation in strongly interacting matter. It has been argued to provide a golden channel that can constrain the energy loss of jets in the quark-gluon plasma created in heavy ion reactions. We present theoretical results for isolated-photon-tagged and ${Z}^{0}$-boson-tagged jet production in Pb + Pb collisions with $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=5.02\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{TeV}$ at the LHC. Specifically, we evaluate the transverse momentum imbalance ${\mathrm{x}}_{\mathrm{JV}}$ distribution and nuclear modification factor ${\mathrm{I}}_{\mathrm{AA}}$ of tagged jets and compare our theoretical calculations to recent experimental measurements by ATLAS and CMS collaborations. Our analysis, which includes both collisional and radiative energy losses, sheds light on their relative importance versus the strength of jet-medium interactions and helps quantify the amount of out-of-cone radiation of predominantly prompt quark-initiated jets.
Tweeting #Ferguson: Mediatized fields and the new activist journalist

As a hybrid, journo-activist space, tweeting #Ferguson quickly emerged as a way for activists and journalists to network and spread information. Using a mixed-methods approach combining digital eth...
Comparing Mobile Health Strategies to Improve Medication Adherence for Veterans With Coronary Heart Disease (Mobile4Meds): Protocol for a Mixed-Methods Study.

Background: Adherence to antiplatelet medications is critical to prevent life threatening complications (ie, stent thrombosis) after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs), yet rates of nonadherence range from 21-57% by 12 months. Mobile interventions delivered via text messaging or mobile apps represent a practical and inexpensive strategy to promote behavior change and enhance medication adherence. Objective: The Mobile4Meds study seeks to determine whether text messaging or a mobile app, compared with an educational website control provided to all Veterans, can improve adherence to antiplatelet therapy among patients following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or PCI. The three aims of the study are to: (1) determine preferences for content and frequency of text messaging to promote medication adherence through focus groups; (2) identify the most patient-centered app that promotes adherence, through a content analysis of all commercially available apps for medication adherence and focus groups centered on usability; and (3) compare adherence to antiplatelet medications in Veterans after ACS/PCI via a randomized clinical trial (RCT). Methods: We will utilize a mixed-methods design that uses focus groups to achieve the first and second aims (N=32). Patients will be followed for 12 months after being randomly assigned to one of three arms: (1) customized text messaging, (2) mobile app, or (3) website-control groups (N=225). Medication adherence will be measured with electronic monitoring devices, pharmacy records, and self-reports. Results: Enrollment for the focus groups is currently in progress. We expect to enroll patients for the RCT in the beginning of 2018. Conclusions: Determining the efficacy of mobile technology using a Veteran-designed protocol to promote medication adherence will have a significant impact on Veteran health and public health, particularly for individuals with chronic diseases that require strict medication adherence. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03022669 [JMIR Res Protoc 2017;6(7):e134]
β-Alanine Supplementation Elevates Intramuscular Carnosine Content and Attenuates Fatigue in Men and Women Similarly, but does not Change Muscle L-Histidine Content

β-Alanine (BA) supplementation results in elevated intramuscular carnosine content, enhancing buffering capacity during intense exercise. Although men have greater muscle carnosine content than women, elevations still appear to occur despite high baseline levels. Recent research has suggested that BA supplementation may also reduce muscle l-histidine. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to compare 28 days of BA (6 g·d-1) supplementation in men and women on performance and muscle carnosine, l-histidine, and BA. We hypothesized that supplementation would result in similar elevations in carnosine and performance between sexes and decrease l-histidine. Twenty-six men and women were assigned either BA or placebo (PLA). At baseline, a trend toward greater carnosine (P = .069) was observed in men, and intramuscular BA content was significantly (P ≤ .05) greater in men. Statistical analysis was performed using magnitude-based inferences. Changes in muscle carnosine were likely and very likely greater after BA supplementation compared with PLA in men and women, respectively, but changes were unclear between sexes (mean sex difference: 2.50 ± 4.30 mmol·kg-1 ww). The attenuation of exercise fatigue was likely greater in BA compared with PLA, but the change was unclear between sexes (mean sex difference: 14.0 ± 39.0 Nm). Changes in muscle BA following supplementation was unclear in men, likely elevated in women, but unclear between sexes (mean sex difference: 0.03 ± 0.42 mmol·kg-1 ww). Changes in muscle l-histidine were unclear in men and women, and unclear between sexes (mean sex difference: 0.09 ± 0.13 mmol·kg-1 ww). In conclusion, BA supplementation increased muscle carnosine and attenuated fatigue in men and women similarly but did not reduce muscle l-histidine.
Predictors of excessive use of social media and excessive online gaming in Czech teenagers.

Background and aimsYoung people’s involvement in online gaming and the use of social media are increasing rapidly, resulting in a high number of excessive Internet users in recent years. The objective of this paper is to analyze the situation of excessive Internet use among adolescents in the Czech Republic and to reveal determinants of excessive use of social media and excessive online gaming.MethodsData from secondary school students (N = 4,887) were collected within the 2015 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. Logistic regression models were constructed to describe the individual and familial discriminative factors and the impact of the health risk behavior of (a) excessive users of social media and (b) excessive players of online games.ResultsThe models confirmed important gender-specific distinctions – while girls are more prone to online communication and social media use, online gaming is far more prevalent among boys. The analysis did not indicate an influence of family comp...
The Stability of Kindergarten Teachers' Effectiveness: A Generalizability Study Comparing the Framework for Teaching and the Classroom Assessment Scoring System.

To meet recent accountability mandates, school districts are implementing assessment frameworks to document teachers’ effectiveness. Observational assessments play a key role in this process, albei...
The Immortal Maiden Equal to Heaven and Other Precious Scrolls from Western Gansu

Wilt Idema is well-known to readers of CHINOPERL—or should be—for his dedication to translating fiction and verse intended for popular audiences. When students of traditional Chinese culture finall...
The Curious Copenhagen Interlude

The sequence of scientific events described in such detail in the last chapter was bound to have an extraordinary effect on Kramers. The discovery of the Compton effect and its subsequent refinement by the Bothe-Geiger and Compton-Simon experiments, leading to the disproof of Kramers’ favorite theoretical scheme—the BKS theory—affected him deeply. The central intellectual reorientation that these results required was an altogether different attitude and approach to the photon concept. Pauli in a letter to Kramers writes succinctly and unequivocally: “It can now be considered as proven—to every objective physicist—that photons are just as physically real (or as unreal!) as electrons.”306 In spite of Pauli’s admonition, Kramers had a very difficult time incorporating the photon idea into his physical thinking. Thus, even after he knew that the BKS formulation was untenable, he still writes to Born: “I am convinced that a systematic coupling of individual processes is incompatible with wave optics, but one should try to overcome this contradiction in a less naive manner than Einstein often does.”353 Einstein described these energy- and momentum-conserving processes in terms of photons-and where Kramers grudgingly admitted that energy and momentum were conserved, he did not admit that this implied the reality of photons. Kramers kept on battling against the photon. It will be recalled that several months after matrix mechanics had demonstrated its great power, Kramers, in a postcard to Fowler, reiterated again that in matrix mechanics “not everything is solved, that light quanta are still out.” 335
DRESS Syndrome: Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms/Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DHS)

DRESS is a potentially life-threatening drug reaction that typically presents with a diffuse morbilliform rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, and some level of systemic organ involvement. While traditionally it was thought to be a reaction to antiepileptic drugs and sulfa-containing antibiotics, DRESS can occur after use of any medication. One of the defining characteristics of DRESS is the delayed reaction to the offending medication (2–6 weeks), differentiating it from other drug reactions which typically occur immediately after medication exposure. Systemic involvement can affect any organ system, but the hematologic, hepatic, renal, pulmonary, and cardiac abnormalities are the most commonly involved. DRESS has a 10% mortality rate mostly resulting from fulminant hepatic failure. Treatment includes admission to an ICU/burn unit for supportive care, discontinuation of the offending drug/medication, close monitoring for systemic organ involvement, and high-dose steroids with a prolonged taper (up to 3 months or more). There may be a role for antivirals but there is no current data supporting such.
The multifaceted role of chromosomal instability in cancer and its microenvironment

Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of human cancer, and it is associated with poor prognosis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. CIN results from errors in chromosome segregation during mitosis, leading to structural and numerical chromosomal abnormalities. In addition to generating genomic heterogeneity that acts as a substrate for natural selection, CIN promotes inflammatory signaling by introducing double-stranded DNA into the cytosol, engaging the cGAS-STING anti-viral pathway. These multipronged effects distinguish CIN as a central driver of tumor evolution and as a genomic source for the crosstalk between the tumor and its microenvironment, in the course of immune editing and evasion.
Women’s Pages Cover Another F

While traditional homemaking news clearly existed in the women’s pages, progressive news about women’s changing roles also found its place in these sections. Feminism was a process for both editors and readers. The term could be complex for many people. Women’s changing roles impacted the workplace, families, and homemaking. These issues were commonly ignored or misunderstood by male editors, which meant it rested with the women’s page editors to find ways to address these developments while not alienating those women who wanted to remain in the home.
In Vitro Osteogenic, Angiogenic, and Inflammatory Effects of Copper in β-Tricalcium Phosphate

Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is a promising candidate in bone and dental tissue engineering applications. Though osteoconductive, its low osteoinductivity is a major concern. Trace elements addition at low concentrations are known for their impact on not only the osteoinductivity, but also physical and mechanical properties of TCP. Copper (Cu) is known for its role in vascularization and angiogenesis in biological systems. Here, we studied the effects of Cu addition on phase composition, porosity, microstructure and in vitro interaction with osteoblast (OB) cells. Our results showed that Cu stabilized the TCP structure, while no significant effect of microstructure and porosity was found. Cu at concentrations less than 1 wt.% did not have any cytotoxic effect while decreased proliferation of OBs were observed at 1 wt.% Cu doped TCP. Addition of Cu upregulated collagen type I and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in a dose dependent manner at early time-point. Furthermore, Cu reduced inflammatory gene expression by human osteoblasts. These findings show that addition of Cu to TCP may provide a therapeutic strategy that can be applied in bone tissue engineering applications.
Generative retrieval results in positive academic emotions and long-term retention of cardiovascular anatomy using transthoracic echocardiography.

With increasing medical knowledge, procedural, and diagnostic skills to learn, it is vital for educators to make the limited amount of teaching time available to students effective and efficient. G...
UPC++: A High-Performance Communication Framework for Asynchronous Computation

UPC++ is a C++ library that supports high-performance computation via an asynchronous communication framework. This paper describes a new incarnation that differs substantially from its predecessor, and we discuss the reasons for our design decisions. We present new design features, including future-based asynchrony management, distributed objects, and generalized Remote Procedure Call (RPC). We show microbenchmark performance results demonstrating that one-sided Remote Memory Access (RMA) in UPC++ is competitive with MPI-3 RMA; on a Cray XC40 UPC++ delivers up to a 25% improvement in the latency of blocking RMA put, and up to a 33% bandwidth improvement in an RMA throughput test. We showcase the benefits of UPC++ with irregular applications through a pair of application motifs, a distributed hash table and a sparse solver component. Our distributed hash table in UPC++ delivers near-linear weak scaling up to 34816 cores of a Cray XC40. Our UPC++ implementation of the sparse solver component shows robust strong scaling up to 2048 cores, where it outperforms variants communicating using MPI by up to 3.1x. UPC++ encourages the use of aggressive asynchrony in low-overhead RMA and RPC, improving programmer productivity and delivering high performance in irregular applications.
Zur Einführung von Dimensionen

Mit einem Mikroskop sehen wir einer Amobe zu, wie sie sich in ihrer praktisch zweidimensionalen Welt in dem engen Bereich zwischen Objekttrager und Deckglas bewegt. Wir beobachten von oben, wie die Amobe anderen ahnlichen Lebewesen begegnet, Nahrung aufnimmt und Feinden ausweicht. Ein Teil der Zellmembran bildet eine Ausenlinie, die die Amobe vollig umrandet und ihren Kern im Inneren vor der Bedrohung durch andere Lebewesen auf dem Objekttrager bewahrt. Die Begriffe Inneres und umranden bedeuten fur uns im dreidimensionalen Raum jedoch nicht das gleiche wie fur die Bewohner dieses nahezu flachen Raumes. Keine Amobe dieses Raumes kann je in direkten Kontakt mit dem Kern einer anderen kommen. Wir aber konnen aus einer anderen Richtung herabschauen und genau ins Innere des Organismus blicken.
Hatred Simmering in the Melting Pot: An Analysis of Hate Crime in New York City, 1995–2010

Hate crime inflicts a variety of harms on victims, communities, as well as society at large. Scholars have long sought to understand the motivations and conditions behind hate crime offending. Gree...
Fusing attack detection and severity probabilities: a method for computing minimum-risk war decisions

State actors can minimize the risk of combat deaths by making decisions consistent with a likelihood ratio test that fuses attack detection data with prior war probabilities. The power-law, which has for decades been used to model the distribution of combat fatalities, is invalid as a probability because the mean is divergent. An investigation of Correlates of War data reveal that combat fatalities follow a log-gamma or log-normal probability distribution depending if a state’s strategy is offensive or defensive. This finding is linked to a state actor model where combat deaths have logarithmic utility and defensive strategies appear lower risk than offensive strategies. Results suggests that minimum-risk decision thresholds be derived from defensive statistics. The method of computing the thresholds is illustrated using war statistics from NATO countries.
Quantum Instruments and Conditioned Observables

Observables and instruments have played significant roles in recent studies on the foundations of quantum mechanics. Sequential products of effects and conditioned observables have also been introduced. After an introduction in Section~1, we review these concepts in Section~2. Moreover, it is shown how these ideas can be unified within the framework of measurement models. In Section~3, we illustrate these concepts and their relationships for the simple example of a qubit Hilbert space. Conditioned observables and their distributions are studied in Section~4. Section~5 considers joint probabilities of observables. We introduce a definition for joint probabilities and discuss why we consider this to be superior to the standard definition.
A comparative study on job burn-out and mental health status between comprehensive administrative and law enforcement personnel and policemen

Objective To study the job burn-out and mental health status of the comprehensive adminis-trative and law enforcement personnel, so as to provide psychological guidance to them. Methods 140 compre-hensive administrative and law enforcement officers(the study group) and 136 policemen(the control group) were selected randomly from the entire group in Shunde and were measured by Job Burnout Inventory (MBI-GS), SCL-90 and Defense style questionnaire(DSQ). Results All the factor scores of MBI-GS in study group were significantly higher than that of control group. In SCL-90, the total-score and factor score such as somzatization, depression, anx-iety and hostility in study group were significantly higher than that of control group. In the use of immature-defense mechanism,the score of projection, complain,withdrawn and somzatization in study group were higher than that of in control group, differences were significant. In the use of mature defense mechanism, the score of sublimation and humor were lower than the control group, differences were significant. And there are many different mechanisms in intermediate defense styles between two groups. Conclusion There were an obvious job burnout and mental health problems in study group, more use of the immature psychological defense mechanism, less use of the mature psycho-logical defense mechanism. It should be concerned about their job burnout and mental health conditions. Key words: Comprehensive administrative and law enforcement personnel; Job bum-out; Mental health; Psychological defense mechanism
Control by design in plasmonic nanolasers

Plasmon-based lasers and surface plasmon amplified spontaneous emission of radiation devices (spasers) have garnered significant attention since their prediction over a decade ago. Major advances have included subwavelength footprint sizes, room-temperature operation, far-field emission directionality, and understanding of the lasing mechanism. Notably, one simple architectural design for the plasmonic lasing cavity, nanoparticle lattices, has emerged as a powerful platform to achieve exquisite control over the coherent light. This talk will describe how tuning of the lattice symmetry and nanoparticle characteristics as well as the type of gain material can result in fine control over the wavelength, threshold, angle of emission direction, and polarization of the nano-lasing signals.
Primary immune regulatory disorders: a growing universe of immune dysregulation.

Purpose of review Primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRD) are a growing subset of diseases referred to as inborn errors of immunity. Unlike classical primary immune deficiency disorders that typically present with severe, recurrent, or unusual infections, the clinical manifestations of PIRD are dominated by immune-mediated diseases (autoimmunity, autoinflammation/hyperinflammation, lymphoproliferation, malignancy, and severe atopy). This review introduces the concept of PIRD including clinical phenotypes, treatments, and new PIRD-associated gene defects. Recent findings The number of genetic defects associated with PIRD is rapidly growing. The identified genes often encode proteins that play critical roles in regulating the immune response to various triggers. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying PIRD has shed light on the clinical phenotypes and has helped to identify targeted therapies. In some cases, hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) has been successfully employed as a cure. Summary It is important to recognize the broad clinical manifestations of PIRD as patients may have symptoms atypical of classical 'immunodeficiency'. Because of their diverse immune dysregulation problems, they are often primarily managed by other subspecialists. Immunologists can help connect the diverse immune-mediated pathologies to a gene defect. This, in turn, can play a significant role in directing clinical management, selecting effective therapy, and deciding on appropriateness of HCT.
Abstract 15267: 1-Year Survival Post Trans-Catheter Aortic Replacement in Patients With Low and High-gradient Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis

Introduction: There is limited data on trans-catheter aortic replacement (TAVR) outcomes in patients with low gradient-preserved ejection fraction aortic stenosis (LGpEF). Our study aims to compare...
An Autonomous, Optically-Powered, Direct-to-Digital Sun-Angle Recorder for Honey Bee Flight Tracking

An autonomous sensor for insect flight tracking that captures and stores solar angle-of-incidence without the use of a conventional ADC is presented. The chip uses pairs of Angle-Sensitive Pixels as differential 1-bit ADCs, and an array of these sensors provides a many-bit encoding of angle-of-incidence. Digitization occurs immediately within the pixel by use of a novel in-pixel comparator, thus enabling ultra-low-power, direct-to-digital capture of angle-of-incidence. These measurements are stored in an on-chip memory throughout the flight and can be uploaded to a base station via magnetic backscatter at the end of the flight. To permit full autonomy, the system is powered by on-chip photovoltaics, providing open-circuit voltages in the range of 0.40 − 0.50 V in natural sunlight, the intensity of which can vary throughout a flight. The system consumes a simulated 630nW at nominal supply voltage of 0.45 V, and circuit topologies amenable to photovoltaic power conditions are presented. The chip is envisioned as a flight recorder to be mounted on honey bees to track their trajectories, and bee flights were emulated by carrying the chip along a 226 m outdoor trajectory and downloading the recorded flight data from the chip at a base station in the field. Across 18 trials of the same trajectory, which emulates a small sample of tagged bees visiting known feeding sites and returning to their hive, the average reconstructed final position is 9.6 m away from the true final position, an error less than 5% of the total trajectory length.
Gap Affordance Judgments in Mixed Reality: Testing the Role of Display Weight and Field of View

Measures of perceived affordances---judgments of action capabilities---are an objective way to assess whether users perceive mediated environments similarly to the real world. Previous studies suggest that judgments of stepping over a virtual gap using augmented reality (AR) are underestimated relative to judgments of real-world gaps, which are generally overestimated. Across three experiments, we investigated whether two factors associated with AR devices contributed to the observed underestimation: weight and field of view (FOV). In the first experiment, observers judged whether they could step over virtual gaps while wearing the HoloLens (virtual gaps) or not (real-world gaps). The second experiment tested whether weight contributes to underestimation of perceived affordances by having participants wear the HoloLens during judgments of both virtual and real gaps. We replicated the effect of underestimation of step capabilities in AR as compared to the real world in both Experiments 1 and 2. The third experiment tested whether FOV influenced judgments by simulating a narrow (similar to the HoloLens) FOV in Virtual Reality (VR). Judgments made with a reduced FOV were compared to judgments made with the wider FOV of the HTC Vive Pro. The results showed relative underestimation of judgments of stepping over gaps in narrow versus wide FOV VR. Taken together, the results suggest that there is little influence of weight of the HoloLens on perceived affordances for stepping, but that the reduced FOV of the HoloLens may contribute to the underestimation of stepping affordances observed in AR.
Road sinkhole detection with 2D ambient noise tomography

ABSTRACTSeismic methods are often used for detection of precollapsed sinkholes (voids) under roadways for remediation to minimize risks to the safety of the traveling public. Although active-source...
Predation by the stygophilic crayfish Cambarus tenebrosus on the salamander Pseudotriton ruber within a cave in Cannon County, Tennessee, USA

Crayfishes are the largest and often most abundant invertebrates found in aquatic ecosystems (Momot et al. 1978), where they play a significant role in the transfer of energy between trophic levels (Lodge et al. 2000; Taylor and Soucek 2010). Crayfishes have been primarily viewed as opportunistic omnivores and scavengers, in particular. However, Momot (1995) questioned the role of crayfishes as generalist omnivores and hypothesized that crayfishes were primarily carnivorous becoming facultative herbivores when animal protein sources are exhausted. Whether crayfishes function primarily as carnivores or indiscriminant omnivores is still open for debate. However, several studies have demonstrated that animal matter can comprise a significant (up to 50% or more) portion of some crayfish diets (e.g., Momot 1995; Parkyn et al. 2001; Taylor and Soucek 2010). Crayfishes are known to eat a variety of benthic invertebrates (see review in Momot 1995), as well as fishes and amphibians (Axelsson et al. 1997; Taylor and Soucek 2010). However, evidence to determine if consumption of aquatic vertebrates is the result of scavenging or predation is equivocal.
Deodorization of Garlic Breath Volatiles by Food and Food Components

The ability of foods and beverages to reduce allyl methyl disulfide, diallyl disulfide, allyl mercaptan, and allyl methyl sulfide on human breath after consumption of raw garlic was examined. The treatments were consumed immediately following raw garlic consumption for breath measurements, or were blended with garlic prior to headspace measurements. Measurements were done using a selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometer. Chlorophyllin treatment demonstrated no deodorization in comparison to the control. Successful treatments may be due to enzymatic, polyphenolic, or acid deodorization. Enzymatic deodorization involved oxidation of polyphenolic compounds by enzymes, with the oxidized polyphenols causing deodorization. This was the probable mechanism in raw apple, parsley, spinach, and mint treatments. Polyphenolic deodorization involved deodorization by polyphenolic compounds without enzymatic activity. This probably occurred for microwaved apple, green tea, and lemon juice treatments. When pH is below 3.6, the enzyme alliinase is inactivated, which causes a reduction in volatile formation. This was demonstrated in pH-adjusted headspace measurements. However, the mechanism for volatile reduction on human breath (after volatile formation) is unclear, and may have occurred in soft drink and lemon juice breath treatments. Whey protein was not an effective garlic breath deodorant and had no enzymatic activity, polyphenolic compounds, or acidity. Headspace concentrations did not correlate well to breath treatments.
Human aldehyde dehydrogenases: potential pathological, pharmacological, and toxicological impact.

Aldehyde dehydrogenases catalyze the pyridine nucleotide-dependent oxidation of aldehydes to acids. Seventeen enzymes are currently viewed as belonging to the human aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily. Summarized herein, insofar as the information is available, are the structural composition, physical properties, tissue distribution, subcellular location, substrate specificity, and cofactor preference of each member of this superfamily. Also summarized are the chromosomal locations and organization of the genes that encode these enzymes and the biological consequences when enzyme activity is lost or substantially diminished. Broadly, aldehyde dehydrogenases can be categorized as critical for normal development and/or physiological homeostasis (1) even when the organism is in a friendly environment or (2) only when the organism finds itself in a hostile environment. The primary, if not sole, evolved raison d'etre of first category aldehyde dehydrogenases appears to be to catalyze the biotransformation of a single endobiotic for which they are relatively specific and of which the resultant metabolite is essential to the organism. Most of the human aldehyde dehydrogenases for which the relevant information is available fall into this category. Second category aldehyde dehydrogenases are relatively substrate nonspecific and their evolved raison d'etre seems to be to protect the organism from potentially harmful xenobiotics, specifically aldehydes or xenobiotics that give rise to aldehydes, by catalyzing their detoxification. Thus, the lack of a fully functional first category aldehyde dehydrogenase results in a gross pathological phenotype in the absence of any insult, whereas the lack of a functional second category aldehyde dehydrogenase is ordinarily of no consequence with respect to gross phenotype, but is of consequence in that regard when the organism is subjected to a relevant insult. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17:7–23, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10057
Targeted Chiral Lipidomics Analysis by Liquid Chromatography Electron Capture Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LC‐ECAPCI/MS)

The corona discharge used to generate positive and negative ions under conventional atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) conditions also provides a source of low-energy gas-phase electrons. This is thought to occur by displacement of electrons from the nitrogen sheath gas. Therefore, suitable analytes can undergo electron capture in the gas phase in a manner similar to that observed for gas chromatography/electron capture negative chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (MS). This technique, which has been named electron-capture APCI (ECAPCI)/MS, mass spectrometry provides an increase in sensitivity of two orders of magnitude when compared with conventional APCI methodology. It is a simple procedure to tag arachidonic acid- and linoleic acid-derived oxidized lipids with an electron-capturing group such as the pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) moiety before analysis. PFB derivatives have previously been used as electron-capturing derivatives because they undergo dissociative electron capture in the gas phase to generate negative ions through the loss of a PFB radical. A similar process occurs under ECAPCI conditions. By monitoring the negative ions that are formed, it is possible to obtain extremely high sensitivity for PFB derivatives of oxidized lipids derived from arachidonic and linoleic acid. A combination of stable isotope dilution methodology and chiral liquid chromatography-ECAPCI/MS makes it possible to resolve and quantify complex mixtures of regioisomeric and enantiomeric oxidized lipids.
HDAC1 bound to the Cyp1a1 promoter blocks histone acetylation associated with Ah receptor-mediated trans-activation

Metabolic bioactivation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as the environmental procarcinogen benzo[a]pyrene, is catalyzed by a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase encoded by the substrate-inducible Cyp1a1 gene. Cyp1a1 induction requires trans-activation by the heterodimeric transcriptional complex formed by the liganded Ah receptor (AHR) and its partner, ARNT. Previously, we showed that constitutively bound HDAC1 dissociates from Cyp1a1 promoter chromatin after ligand-mediated induction, concomitantly with the recruitment of AHR/ARNT complexes and p300. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that HDAC1 binding maintains the Cyp1a1 gene in a silenced state in uninduced cells. We find that Cyp1a1 induction by the AHR/ARNT is associated with modification of specific chromatin marks, including hyperacetylation of histone H3K14 and H4K16, trimethylation of histone H3K4, and phosphorylation of H3S10. HDAC1 and DNMT1 form complexes on the Cyp1a1 promoter of uninduced cells but HDAC1 inhibition alone is not sufficient to induce Cyp1a1 expression, although it allows for the hyperacetylation of H3K14 and H4K16 to levels similar to those found in B[a]P-induced cells. These results show that by blocking the modification of histone marks, HDAC1 plays a central role in Cyp1a1 expression and that its removal is a necessary but not sufficient condition for Cyp1a1 induction, underscoring the requirement for a concerted series of chromatin-remodeling events to complete the initial steps of gene trans-activation by the Ah receptor.
Electrical design automation: an essential part of a computer engineer's education

There has been an explosion in engineering technology, due in large part to design automation tools. It is obvious that engineers need to learn to use these tools, but we would insist that it is equally important for engineers to learn the principles upon which these tools are based. Such knowledge allows engineers to play an active role in the development of new tools, and to formulate realistic expectations about future developments in design automation. We identify three major areas of electrical design automation, physical design automation, simulation, and high-level synthesis. We have developed course requirements for each area, and provide a list of important topics within each area. For each of the areas, we identify textbooks and other educational materials. We also provide recommendations for laboratory exercises, and provide pointers to course materials on the world wide web.
Absence of prostaglandin synthesis in the malignant human trophoblast in culture.

Abstract Established glycoprotein, steroid, and lactogenic hormone-secreting trophoblastic cell lines derived from placental tumors have been studied for evidence of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Although over 50 per cent incorporation of isotopically labeled arachidonic acid, a prostaglandin precursor, occurred in the phospholipasesensitive chromatographic peak, the presence of PGE or PGF 2α or their biosynthesis could not be demonstrated. It was concluded that a high degree of arachidonic acid incorporation in the neoplastic trophoblast in culture is directed into phospholipid.
Latent Oculogenital Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis

Thirty patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic were evaluated for genital and ocular infection with chlamydia. Eight patients had positive conjunctival immunofluorescent staining. This represents an asymptomatic, latent carrier state with important epidemiologic considerations.
Axotomy transiently down-regulates androgen receptors in motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus.

Testosterone is an important trophic factor for motoneurons in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), and SNB motoneurons are more responsive to testosterone than are other motoneurons. Axonal injury during early postnatal life prevents the normal development of steroid-sensitivity by adult SNB motoneurons. Axonal injury also causes changes in the expression by motoneurons of a wide range of proteins, including the up-regulation of trophic factor receptors. We have used a polyclonal antibody (PG-21; G.S. Prins) to study the expression of androgen receptors in SNB motoneurons after axonal injury. PG-21 labeled motoneuronal nuclei in the lower lumbar spinal cord of rats in a pattern that matched autoradiographic reports of androgen accumulation in this region of the nervous system. A population of numerous, small cells located dorsal to the central canal also showed evidence of androgen receptor expression. Cutting the axons of SNB motoneurons in adulthood or in development caused a decrease in androgen receptor immunoreactivity in SNB motoneurons. This is the first report that a trophic factor receptor in motoneurons is down-regulated after axonal injury, and is interesting in light of reports that testosterone treatment can facilitate motoneuronal regeneration after nerve cut. Androgen receptor levels subsequently returned to normal, regardless of the age at axotomy, providing no evidence for a lasting effect of developmental axotomy on androgen receptor levels in SNB motoneurons. Thus, axotomy-induced down-regulation of androgen receptors does not underlie the inability of SNB motoneurons to respond to androgen treatment several months after pudendal nerve cut in development.
Rethinking IUGR in preeclampsia: dependent or independent of maternal hypertension?

Chronic hypertension (CHTN) is a risk factor for both intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) as well as preeclampsia. This study was performed to: (1) describe the prevalence of IUGR in women with preeclampsia (with and without CHTN) compared with controls, (2) investigate the relationship between preeclampsia and maternal CHTN with IUGR, and (3) investigate the relationship between IUGR and severity of preeclampsia. A case–control study was performed. Cases were patients identified with preeclampsia. Controls were patients presenting for delivery at term (⩾37 weeks). IUGR prevalence by case–control status, or severity of disease was evaluated using Pearson χ2 tests. Multivariable logistic regression was used to control for confounders. In all, 430 cases and 568 controls were studied. Preeclamptic women have a 2.7 (CI (1.94 to 3.86)) and 4.3 (CI (2.58 to 7.17)) times increased odds of having a fetus with IUGR at <10 and <5% compared with controls in adjusted analyses. There was a significant interaction between CHTN and IUGR. Therefore, in women without CHTN, women with PEC had increased odds of IUGR, whereas in women with CHTN, there was no difference in odds of IUGR in women with or without preeclampsia. Within the cases, severe preeclampsia was associated with IUGR<10% (AOR=1.82 (1.11 to 2.97)) but not IUGR<5% (AOR=1.6 (0.85 to 2.86)). Preeclampsia is independently associated with the development of IUGR. As suggested earlier, women with CHTN do not have the highest prevalence of IUGR, suggesting disparate pathways by which IUGR develops in women with superimposed preeclampsia compared with preeclampsia alone.
The Use of Quantitative and Qualitative Information in Institutional Decision Making

At the executive level, decisions require a systems approach to the creation of data and information that will provide the decision maker with certainty about the right decision.
Terahertz Metamaterials for Linear Polarization Conversion and Anomalous Refraction

Polarization is one of the basic properties of electromagnetic waves conveying valuable information in signal transmission and sensitive measurements. Conventional methods for advanced polarization control impose demanding requirements on material properties and attain only limited performance. We demonstrated ultrathin, broadband, and highly efficient metamaterial-based terahertz polarization converters that are capable of rotating a linear polarization state into its orthogonal one. On the basis of these results, we created metamaterial structures capable of realizing near-perfect anomalous refraction. Our work opens new opportunities for creating high-performance photonic devices and enables emergent metamaterial functionalities for applications in the technologically difficult terahertz-frequency regime.
A case of impaired verbalization but preserved gesticulation of motion events

In most cultures, most of the time, when people talk they gesture. We took advantage of a rare opportunity to explore the relation between the verbalization and gesticulation of motion events by studying Marcel, an English speaker with a unilateral left-hemisphere lesion affecting frontal, parietal, and temporal sectors of the perisylvian cortex. Marcel has intact semantic knowledge of the three major classes of words that are commonly used in English descriptions of motion events—specifically, concrete nouns, action verbs, and spatial prepositions—as well as intact syntactic knowledge of how these word classes are typically combined in the intransitive motion construction (e.g., The ball rolled down the hill). However, his ability to retrieve the lexical-phonological structures of these words is severely impaired. Despite this profound anomia, he is still remarkably skilled at producing iconic manual depictions of motion events, as demonstrated in two experiments involving spontaneous gestures and one ex...
Homeless women: who is really at risk for unintended pregnancy?

Objective To identify correlates of failure to use contraception among homeless women at risk for unintended pregnancy. Study Design A representative sample of 974 homeless women surveyed in Los Angeles County in 1997 included 457 who were at risk for unintended pregnancy. Logistic regression modeling was used to identify important predictors of contraceptive nonuse or rare use in the past year. Results One third of the sample used contraception rarely or never in the past year. Having a partner, being monogamous, and not engaging in sex trade predicted contraceptive nonuse or rare use (odds ratios 2.43–4.73, P < .05). Partner dislike and uncertainty about which contraceptive to use were also associated with failure to use contraception (odds ratios 2.64–2.96, P < .05). Having a regular source of care and having been encouraged to use contraception protected against failure to use contraception. Conclusions Homeless women, including those at apparently low risk for unintended pregnancy, need to be targeted with integrated services that include education, a regular source of medical care, and encouragement to use contraception.
Spectral line position calibration for the SPIRIT III Fourier transform spectrometer

The spatial infrared imaging telescope (SPIRIT III) Fourier transform spectrometer, a Michelson interferometer, contains six IR detectors having independent fields of view and spectral responsivities. The Space Dynamics Laboratory at Utah State University (SDL/USU) designed, built, and calibrated the instrument for the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) sponsored by the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO). The spectrometer uses a HeNe laser to record the optical path difference introduced by moving one mirror in the spectrometer. Spectral line position errors in the spectrometer were expected as a result of slight deviations in the optical axes of each detector and the reference laser detector relative to the optical axis of the instrument. These spectral line position errors were measured for the spectrometer by comparing measurements of earthlimb radiance to published line position values from the HITRAN database. These errors were fit to a model of the expected optical axis deviations to generate correction factors for the SPIRIT III spectrometer and to infer the approximate effective focal plane location of the reference laser detector relative to the focal plane location of each detector.
Regulus-free Spreads of PG(3,q)

An old conjecture of Bruck and Bose is that every spread of \Sigma = PG(3,q) could be obtained by starting with a regular spread and reversing reguli. Although it was quickly realized that this conjecture is false, at least for q even, there still remains a gap in the spaces for which it is known that there are spreads which are regulus-free. In several papers Denniston, Bruen, and Bruen and Hirschfeld constructed spreads which were regulus–free, but none of these dealt with the case when q is a prime congruent to one modulo three. This paper closes that gap by showing that for any odd prime power q, spreads of PG(3,q) yielding nondesarguesian flag-transitive planes are regulus–free. The arguments are interesting in that they are based on elementary linear algebra and the arithmetic of finite fields.