cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and testing of a short physical activity recall questionnaire.

Purpose: To develop and test two different short telephone activity recall (STAR) questionnaires, one with closed-ended and the other with open-ended response options, that assessed overall moderate and vigorous activity in a usual week. Methods: One hundred four participants completed a 3-d test-retest study, and 88 participants completed 10-14, 24-h physical activity recalls (24PAR) and at least 7 d of objective physical activity monitoring by Actigraph during a 28-d period. Results: Consistency of classification from one administration to the next was high (65-92%), extreme inconsistencies between reports were infrequent (0-7%), and kappa values were between 0.50 and 0.75. Correlations between self-reports and criterion measures for moderate-intensity duration were between 0.30 and 0.40. Agreement between the instruments and the 24PAR for meeting the moderate or vigorous recommendations was between 60 and 70%. For the 24PAR comparisons, kappa values tended to be higher for women than men, but were of only modest strength (kappa 0.40). With the 24PAR as criterion, sensitivity of the self-report instruments was between 50 and 90%, and specificity was between 63 and 84%. Kappa values comparing the instruments with the Actigraph were low (<0.20). Overall classification by the short instruments into meeting the recommendations was associated with higher levels of total 24PAR activity (P <= 0.01) as well as greater steps per day and counts per minute per day from the Actigraph (P <= 0.08). The open-ended instrument appeared to perform better for moderate-intensity activity, whereas the closed-ended item appeared to perform better for vigorous activity. Conclusion: The evaluated instruments had reasonable reliability and demonstrated an ability to capture important differences in overall physical activity patterns in this population, although individual classification errors were substantial.
Effect of dietary energy intake during lactation on performance of primiparous sows and their litters

A total of 146 primiparous sows was used in four replications of an experiment to investigate the effect of energy intake during a 28-d lactation on sow and litter performance. Dietary treatments consisted of three energy intakes; 10, 12 or 14 Mcal of metabolizable energy (ME) X sow-1 X d-1. All sows were fed equal amounts of crude protein, vitamins and minerals daily, which met or exceeded standard recommendations. The experiment was initiated at parturition. Sow weight and backfat loss during lactation decreased linearly (P less than .001) as energy intake increased. There were no differences in litter size at either 14 d of lactation or weaning. Pig weights on d 14 increased linearly (P less than .05) and litter weights tended to increase linearly (P = .13) as energy intake increased. At weaning, pig weights and litter weights increased (P less than .05) as sow energy intake increased. There were no significant differences in the percentages of sows in estrus by 7, 14, 21 and 70 d postweaning, but sows fed 10 Mcal ME/d had a slightly longer interval from weaning to first estrus than sows fed higher energy intakes. Serum urea concentrations of sows were inversely related to energy intake during lactation. Serum creatinine concentrations were not affected by energy intake. An intake of 10 Mcal ME/d by primiparous sows during a 28-d lactation resulted in reduced sow and litter performance; there was little difference between sows fed 12 and 14 Mcal ME/d.
Assessment of the NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator in Predicting Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstruction Outcomes.

ObjectiveThis study evaluated the accuracy of the Surgical Risk Calculator (SRC) of the ACS NSQIP (American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program) in predicting head and...
Platelet count and transfusion dependence as prognostic factors of engraftment in autologous stem cell transplantation.

e20001Background: Delayed engraftment (DE) is a well-described complication after allogeneic transplant, however the incidence and risk factors of DE in recipients of autologous stem cell transplan...
“A Gorgeous waste”: solitude in Calvin and Hobbes

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the important but unexamined role that solitude plays in Calvin and Hobbes. The proclivity that Watterson’s 6-year-old protagonist has for being by himself forms a core ...
365) Is it Exercise or Pain Associated with Exercise that Leads to Hypoalgesia

The opioid epidemic has brought attention to the pain relieving effect of exercise, but exercise prescription for pain relief may be quite different from that typically recommended for cardiovascular and other health benefits. Exercise induced hypoalgesia (EIH) is complex and not entirely understood but possible mechanisms include the opioid and non-opioid systems. Hypoalgesia is also known to occur in response to pain itself. Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is the inhibition of pain from a test stimulus by a painful conditioning stimulus. Studies of EIH often involve exercise paradigms in which long duration muscle contractions are used. Long duration muscle contractions are often painful so it raises the question, “Is it exercise or the pain associated with exercise that leads to EIH?” Nine individuals underwent pain testing on the right and left knees and middle finger before and after three conditions: 10 voluntary isometric contractions, 10 contractions elicited by neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and 10 bursts of noxious electrical stimulation without muscle contraction all on the right quadriceps muscles. The contractions or stimuli lasted 10 s separated by 50 s off. The average pain rating (0-100 VAS) during the noxious stimulation (84.4 +/- 12.1) was higher than during the NMES elicited contractions (61.4 +/- 18.9; p=0.001). Subjects reported no pain during the volitional contractions. The force of the contractions is reported in % maximum voluntary contraction (%MVIC) and the volitional contraction force averaged 59.6 (+/- 18.0) % MVIC while the NMES elicited contraction force averaged 52.0 (+/-14.5) % MVIC. Hypoalgesia was observed in the right and left knees response to the noxious stimulation and NMES elicited contractions but not the volitional contractions. The results suggest that the hypoalgesia associated with the NMES elicited contractions was due to the noxious nature of the contractions and that the mechanism involves spinal mechanisms.
A daily diary investigation of self‐reported alcohol‐related direct and indirect aggression

Research supports the relationship between alcohol use and direct aggression, however, scant research has examined the association between alcohol use and indirectly aggressive behavior. Further, extant research has relied on retrospective reporting of behaviors, which may be subject to recall bias. The daily diary methodology enables the assessment of both the between- and within-subject variation, as well as reduces the likelihood of biased reporting. Consequently, the current study utilized a daily diary design to examine (a) associations between daily alcohol use and alcohol-related aggressive behaviors (i.e., direct and indirect); and (b) the co-occurrence of alcohol-related direct and indirect aggression. Participants were 105 (80% female) college student drinkers. Students completed baseline questionnaires and up to 14 consecutive, daily surveys regarding their previous day alcohol use, alcohol-related direct aggression, and alcohol-related indirect aggression. Findings revealed that alcohol use was associated with same day alcohol-related direct and indirect aggression, after controlling for baseline alcohol use. Self-reported alcohol-related direct aggression was more likely to occur on days in which self-reported alcohol-related indirect aggression occurred, after controlling for dispositional aggression, trait self-control, and baseline alcohol use. Results of the study suggest that, similar to alcohol-related direct aggression, alcohol use is associated with an increased likelihood of alcohol-related indirect aggression. Further, the co-occurrence of alcohol-related indirect and direct aggression supports that individuals may be engaging in multiple types of aggressive behaviors. Findings extend previous cross-sectional and qualitative research suggesting that indirect aggression may co-occur, perhaps increasing in severity.
Options-implied probability density functions for real interest rates

This paper constructs options-implied probability density functions for real interest rates. These use options on TIPS, that were launched in 2009. Data availability limits us to studying short-maturity probability density functions for intermediate- to long-term TIPS yields. The pdfs imply high uncertainty about real rates. I also estimate empirical pricing kernels using these option prices along with time series models tted to real interest rates. The empirical pricing kernel implies that investors have high marginal utility in states of the world with high real rates.
The Anal Sex Stigma Scales: A New Measure of Sexual Stigma Among Cisgender Men Who have Sex with Men.

We conducted a series of studies to validate a new scale of stigma toward anal sex, culturally tailored to cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM). In Study 1 we conducted in-depth interviews (N = 35) to generate items. In Study 2, we reduced the item pool through an online survey (N = 268), testing scale performance, dimensionality, and convergent and discriminant validity. For Study 3, we recruited another online sample (N = 1605), randomized to exploratory or confirmatory factor analyses to finalize item reduction, then assessed validity among sexually active MSM (n = 1263). Final subscales encompassed self-stigma (6 items, Cronbach’s α = .72), provider stigma (5 items, Cronbach’s α = .79), and omission of information (6 items, Cronbach’s α = .73; full 3-factor scale = .80). We developed a 17-item measure, grounded in the lived experience of cisgender MSM. Future work should examine associations with health-seeking behavior.
Upper-Ocean Eddy Heat Flux across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in Drake Passage from Observations: Time-Mean and Seasonal Variability

AbstractEddy heat flux plays a fundamental role in the Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation, providing the only mechanism for poleward heat transport above the topography and below the...
Altered Drug Transport by Plasmodium Falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter Isoforms Harboring Mutations Associated with Piperaquine Resistance

Patterns of multiple amino acid substitutions in the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT, UniProtKB Q8IBZ9) have previously been shown to mediate chloroquine resistance in P. falciparum malarial parasites. Recent reports suggest that novel mutations in PfCRT may mediate resistance to piperaquine (PPQ), which is used extensively as a partner drug in one prominent artemisinin combination therapy. How these novel PfCRT isoforms might mediate PPQ resistance (PPQR) is not known. Using codon optimization and other previously perfected methods for PfCRT analysis in yeast, we have expressed all known PPQR-associated PfCRT isoforms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and tested whether these isoforms catalyze PPQ transport. Relationships between relative PPQ and CQ transport are analyzed for these isoforms versus other previously recognized drug resistance-associated PfCRT isoforms.
The Future of Things: Simulations and Next Generation Manufacturing

This paper discusses how multiphysics simulations and applications are being used to build essential skills in preparation for entry into an Industry 4.0 workforce. In a highly networked and collaborative human/machine cyberspace, some important competencies for engineering graduates include the ability to: (1) explore design options and results easily between suites of software, (2) predict and visualize performance of complex problems in the beginning phase of the design process, and (3) identify and optimize key parameters prior to fabrication. We describe how integrated project- and inquiry-based learning in the context of a simulation environment and across the curriculum is improving student readiness and transition into industry. Our paper offers a template of how to transition into a curriculum that produces newly minted engineers better equipped to engage in complex design. Examples of project assignments, assessment methods, and student work are discussed as well as future plans.
Is high-risk neuroblastoma induction chemotherapy possible without G-CSF? A pilot study of safety and treatment delays in the absence of primary prophylactic hematopoietic growth factors

Background/objectives Standard supportive care during induction therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NBL) includes primary prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) aimed at limiting duration of neutropenia, reducing infection risk, and minimizing treatment delays. Preclinical models suggest that G-CSF promotes maintenance of neuroblastoma cancer stem cells and may reduce the efficacy of chemotherapy. This study's objective was to determine the safety and feasibility of administering induction chemotherapy without routine use of prophylactic G-CSF. Design/methods Children with newly diagnosed HR-NBL received six-cycle induction chemotherapy regimen without prophylactic G-CSF in four cycles. G-CSF was administered for stem cell mobilization after cycle 3 and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor after cycle 5 prior to surgical resection of primary disease. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of grade 3 or higher infection. We hypothesized that the per patient infection rate would be comparable to our institutional baseline rate of 58% in patients with HR-NBL receiving induction chemotherapy with prophylactic growth factor support. The trial used an A'Hern single-stage design. Results Twelve patients with HR-NBL received 58 cycles of chemotherapy on study. Three patients completed the entire six-cycle regimen with no infections. Nine patients experienced grade 3 infections (bacteremia four, urinary tract infection two, skin/soft tissue infection three). No patients experienced grade 4 infections or required intensive care treatment for infection. Conclusion A greater than expected number of serious bacterial infections were observed during administration of induction chemotherapy for HR-NBL without primary prophylactic G-CSF. These results support continued prophylactic administration growth factor during induction chemotherapy.
Colorado Honor Convicts: Roads, Reform, and Region in the Progressive Era

In the early twentieth century, many states turned to convict road labor in response to the clamor for good roads and the contemporaneous crisis of imprisonment. States, guided by the federal government that served as an information broker, developed two main types of convict labor program—the honor and guard systems. These systems differed by regional and local context. Colorado developed the honor form of convict labor based in Progressive principles. The Colorado system offers a case study in local conditions that took on national importance as Warden Thomas Tynan became enmeshed in a national network of Progressive penal reformers helping define state-run convict labor systems. This essay follows the reform ideology and financial incentives that drove Colorado's honor program, showing how capitalist labor motivations were balanced with ideals of reform. The honor system spread across the United States, and the story of this system complicates regional paradigms while highlighting national patterns. The story of honor guard convict labor and infrastructure development connects Progressive Era reform, penal reform, labor history, and regional and demographic patterns.
Mobility in the PICU

As mortality improves in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), patients are surviving with significant functional deficits. Outcomes literature, mostly focused in the adult population, supports early mobility as an approach to mitigate the physical deficits incurred by ICU patients. Research has illustrated numerous benefits of early mobility, including increased muscle fiber cross-sectional area, earlier achievement of activities of daily living, fewer ventilator days, decreased ICU length of stay, decreased hospital length of stay, and less delirium. Despite these findings, there is a limited pediatric outcome evidence and well-documented barriers to instituting mobility protocols in the PICU. However, numerous pediatric feasibility studies have supported the attainability and safety of early mobility in the pediatric population. More robust research on the effects of early mobility in children is needed, as is support for resources, as pediatric programs work toward instituting their own programs.
Interest Rate Targeting in a Small Open Economy: The Predetermined Exchange Rates Case

An important hurdle in analyzing interest rate targeting is that standard models usually lead to price level or inflation rate indeterminacy. This paper develops a simple framework in which such problems do not arise because the bonds whose interest rate is controlled provide liquidity services. This framework is used to examine interest rate targeting in a small open economy under predetermined exchange rates. A permanent increase in the interest rate has no real effects. In contrast, a temporary increase in the interest rate leads to higher consumption and to a current account deficit that worsens over time.
El Camino Real de California: From Ancient Pathways to Modern Byways: By JOSEPH P. SÁNCHEZ. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2019. xvii + 274pp., appendix, notes, maps, bibliography and index. $65.00 (HB). ISBN 9780826361028.

Californians along the highways, by-ways, and streets that comprise El Camino Real talk of going shopping, to school, or traveling, “down El Camino.” Dotted long the route from San Diego to Sonoma ...
Delivery Planning and Emergent Neonatal Intervention in Transposition of the Great Arteries

* Abbreviations: CICU: : cardiac intensive care unit d-TGA: : dextro-transposition of the great arteries FIO2: : fraction of inspired oxygen A 20-year-old gravida 2, para 1 pregnant woman was referred to our fetal care center because of a diagnosis of structural heart disease in the fetus. The woman’s medical history included asthma, seasonal allergies, and depression, with no surgical history. She had 1 prior term vaginal delivery. This pregnancy had been complicated by late presentation to prenatal care at 20 weeks’ gestation. Her medications included asthma maintenance medications and prenatal vitamins. Pertinent family history included her partner who had a ventricular septal defect and a paternal male first cousin with transposition of the great arteries. Prenatal laboratory test results were unremarkable and genetic screening was declined. Imaging at the referring obstetrician’s office was significant for transposition of the great arteries with an intact ventricular septum and normal fetal biometry. She was referred to our center at 21 1/7 weeks’ gestation, with imaging and consultation with fetal cardiology at 21 6/7 weeks’ gestation. The following tests were performed: Figure 1. Four-chamber view of the heart at 21 weeks’ gestation, swept to the outflow tracts showing parallel arrangement of the great arteries with the pulmonary artery (PA) located posteriorly and arising from the left ventricle (LV) and the aorta (Ao) arising from the right ventricle (RV). Fetal position: right (R), left (L), anterior (A), posterior (P). At …
Otolaryngology problems in the immune compromised patient--an evolving natural history.

As the human immunodeficiency virus is being detected in increasing numbers of asymptomatic individuals at risk, newer earlier patterns of disease have become apparent—including cranial and cervical herpes zoster, oral hairy leukoplakia, and oral candidiasis—thus linking viral and other disease to the development of acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS). Many similarities between patients with AIDS and other immunosuppressed patients have emerged. As immunosuppressed patients survive longer, they begin to manifest cancers such as lymphomas and squamous cell cancers in addition to Kaposi's sarcoma. Otolaryngologists can learn to identify and treat otitis and sinusitis in the immunosuppressed patient, to identify predictive early signs such as oral hairy leukoplakia, herpes simplex virus, and oral candidiasis, and to diagnose and treat Koposi's sarcomas of the head and neck, lymphomas, squamous cell cancers, and opportunistic infections as the immunodeficiency disease progresses.
Collecting "Sensitive" Data in Business Ethics Research: A Case for the Unmatched Count Technique (UCT)

Some would argue that the more promising areas of business ethics research are "sensitive." In such areas, it would be expected that subjects, if inclined to respond at all, would be guarded in their responses, or respond inaccurately. We provide an introduction to an empirical approach -- the unmatched block count (UCT) -- for collecting these potentially sensitive data which provides absolute anonymity and confidentiality to subjects and "legal immunity" to the researcher. Interestingly, under UCT protocol researchers could not divulge subjects' responses even if they were inclined to do so. Beyond that, UCTs provide complete disclosure to subjects and there is no deception.
Sympathetic microneurography and neurocirculatory function: studies of ventricular arrhythmias in humans.

Publisher Summary Probing the sympathetic nervous system in humans has been difficult, however, because of limitations of available techniques. The development of microneurographic techniques for the recording of sympathetic traffic in humans represents an important advance in this area. In the course of experimental microelectrode recordings of peripheral nerve traffic in humans, researchers uncovered rhythmic nerve signals that are inconsistent with proprioceptive, somatomotor efferent, or sensory afferent activity. Further researches indicate that these rhythmic nerve signals are bursts of efferent sympathetic traffic destined for muscle vascular beds (muscle sympathetic nerve activity [MSNA]). An interaction takes place between the sympathetic nervous system and ventricular arrhythmias in humans. To study this first, heightened sympathetic activity has been studied, both by catecholamine measurements and by sympathetic microneurography, in patients with congestive heart failure, a group with a high incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. In addition, plasma norepinephrine levels correlate directly with overall mortality in congestive heart failure. Second, β -adrenergic blocking agents have been shown to reduce sudden death and ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction. Third, in experimental animals, cardiac sympathetic stimulation lowers the ventricular fibrillation threshold and may precipitate ventricular fibrillation in the setting of acute myocardial ischemia. The interaction between arrhythmias and sympathetic activity is, however, bidirectional. Isolated premature ventricular beats provoke large bursts of MSNA, probably as a result of transient declines in diastolic arterial pressure.
The macro and microvasculature of the dura mater.

The basic microvascular anatomy of the human dura is described. The named dural arteries give rise to two outer anastomotic sets of vessels. From the outer arteries, penetrating vessels descend to supply a rich capillary network located near the arachnoid. Arteriovenous shunts are present in the midportion of the dura, which may function to bypass the capillary network.
Olfactory gustatory responses evoked by electrical stimulation of amygdalar region in man are qualitatively modifiable by interview content: case report and review.

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the question of whether olfactory or gustatory sensations evoked by electrical brain stimulation (EBS) would be susceptible to qualitative alteration by modification of the affective tone of the subject's mental content by a structured interview. The chapter reports on a case wherein this hypothesis was tested. In a patient undergoing presurgical seizure monitoring for intractable partial seizures with implanted temporal and parietal depth electrodes, olfactory and gustatory sensations evoked by electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid region were modified by the affective tone of the subject's mental content in an interview setting addressing topics “pleasant” and “unpleasant” to him. Both “pleasant” and “unpleasant” olfactory and gustatory sensations can be elicited by electrical stimulation of the amygdale. For gustatory sensations and probably also for the olfactory, the quality of the evoked sensation was modified by interview-induced changes in the affective tone of the patient's attention and mental content. Prior descriptions of predominantly unpleasant sensations in man evoked by EBS and spontaneous partial seizures originating in the amygdale may have to be reconsidered in light of these findings.
Risk Allocation in Acquisitions: The Uses and Value of MAE-Exclusions.

Acquirers and targets define and allocate interim risk through Material-Adverse-Event (MAE) exclusions in merger agreements. I examine why MAE-exclusions exist based on the risk they address and assess whether such risk allocation affects the gains in the acquisition. Targets and acquirers seem to use MAE-exclusions to signal target quality to reduce information asymmetry, and to allocate exogenous risk on the acquirer. I find little support for the use of MAE-exclusions to create commitment to alleviate moral hazard. Moreover, higher protection for the acquirer against information asymmetry on the target increases the value created by the acquisition. Overall, acquirers and targets use MAE-exclusions to preserve value in acquisitions.
Fate of microfilaments in Vero cells infected with measles virus and herpes simplex virus type 1

In herpes simplex virus type 1-infected Vero cells, reorganization of microfilaments was observed approximately 4 h postinfection. Conversion of F (filamentous) actin to G (globular) actin, as assessed by a DNase I inhibition assay, was continuous over the next 12 to 16 h, at which time a level of G actin of about twice that observed in uninfected cells was measured. Fluorescent localization of F actin, using 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD)-phallacidin, demonstrated that microfilament fibers began to diminish at about 16 to 18 h postinfection, roughly corresponding to the time that G actin levels peaked and virus-induced cytopathology was first observable. In measles virus-infected cells, no such disassembly of microfilaments occurred. Rather, there was a modest decrease in G actin levels. Fluorescent localization of F actin showed that measles virus-infected Vero cells maintained a complex microfilament network characterized by fibers which spanned the entire length of the newly formed giant cells. Disruption of microfilaments with cytochalasin B, which inhibits measles virus-specific cytopathology, was not inhibitory to measles virus production at high multiplicities of infection (MOI) but was progressively inhibitory as the MOI was lowered. The carbobenzoxy tripeptide SV-4814, which inhibits the ability of Vero cells to fuse after measles virus infection, like cytochalasin B, inhibited measles virus production at low MOI but not at high MOI. Thus, it appears that agents which affect the ability of Vero cells to fuse after measles virus infection may be inhibitory to virus production and that the actin network is essential to this process.
Sphenoid sinus revisited

J. H. Maxwell, M.D., in 1959 presented a paper on, “The Diagnosis of Chronic Inflammatory Lesions of the Sphenoid Sinus.” In that paper he reviewed chronic inflammatory lesions of the sphenoid sinus and demonstrated through means of case presentations various techniques required for proper diagnosis. During the past five years at the Geisinger Medical Center some interesting noninflammatory lesions of the sphenoid sinuses have been observed and will be reviewed. The symptoms of these sphenoid sinus lesions are usually related to abnormalities of the orbit and/or nasal passages. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and meningitis may be present. Pain, when present, is generally not as severe as that described in inflammatory lesions, but is still localized in a similar manner. The diagnosis of sphenoid sinus disease may be suspected on the history and x-rays of the paranasal sinuses. Poytomography and computerized tomography scanning have aided markedly in the identification of the sphenoid lesions. Surgery in these cases included either a transnnsal or sublabial transseptal approach to the sphenoid sinus and is recommended as a method to gain access to this rather obscure area.
Inhibition of Aldosterone-Stimulating Activity of Hog and Dog Renin by the Plasma of Dogs Immunized with Hog Renin.∗

SummaryThe aldosterone-stimulating and 17-hydroxycorticoid-stimulating activity, as well as the pressor activity, of both hog and dog renin were inhibited when prior to injection into nephrectomized hypophysectomized assay dogs, the renin preparations were incubated with the plasma of dogs immunized with hog renin. Incubation with normal dog plasma had no effect on their activity.
Isolation of 19 α‐H‐Lupeol from Maclura pomifera

A reinvestigation of the constituents of the Osage orange (Maclura pomifera) yielded, in addition to the previously reported triterpenes (lupeol, butyrospermol, and lupane‐3β,20‐diol), the pigments osajin and pomiferin, and a previously unreported constituent. The structure of this new compound was investigated. On the basis of spectroscopic and chemical data, it appeared to be an epimer of lupeol and is referred to as 19α‐H‐lupeol.
Word-level optimization of dynamic programming-based handwritten word recognition algorithms

In the standard segmentation-based approach to lexicon- driven handwritten word recognition, character recognition algorithms are generally trained on isolated characters and individual character-class confidence scores are combined to estimate confidences in the various hypothesized identities for a word. In this paper, results from investigating alternatives to these standard methods are presented. We refer to these alternative methods as system-level optimization methods.
Six-year results of annual colonoscopy after resection of colorectal cancer

Colonoscopy is an important diagnostic and therapeutic tool that may also be useful in the surveillance of patients after curative resection of colorectal cancer. The yield of colonoscopy and the frequency with which it should be performed after operation, however, have not been clearly defined. Over the past 10 years, we have examined these patients annually with colonoscopy or barium enema. This study evaluates the results of a specifically designed protocol that followed 174 patients. Counting all sites, colorectal cancer recurred in 57 of 174 patients, three-quarters within the first 24 months. Nine anastomotic recurrences were detected in the 12-30 month interval; none was reoperated for cure; however, 4 metachronous colon cancers were found and resected for cure. In addition, 30 polyps larger than 1 cm in size and 7 villous adenomas were removed in 30 patients. Combined, these findings represent an interval yield of 3-5% per year. Based on these results and other reports, we recommend that patients undergo colonoscopy annually at least for the first 6 years postresection of colorectal cancer. The detection of new primary tumors and possibly predisposing lesions becomes more important in these patients than detection and cure of recurrent disease.
Implementing a Birth Kangaroo Care Policy in Labor and Delivery: Bringing Evidence‐Based Practice to the Bedside

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program The birth of an infant is one of the most meaningful experiences in a woman's life. Birth kangaroo care (BKC), early skin‐to‐skin contact between mother and infant from birth until first breastfeeding is accomplished, is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and many other organizations. Research shows that BKC provides physiologic and emotional benefits for both mother and infant. Newborn thermoregulation and blood glucose stabilization are enhanced when infants are kept skin‐to‐skin with their mothers. They cry less and breastfeed easier. Mothers report more confidence, stronger attachment, and distraction from discomfort when they hold their infants immediately after birth. Yet, despite the evidence, most hospitals still practice routine separation of mothers and infants. How can a team of nurses create a policy and change the culture of childbirth in a community hospital? Proposed Change Making BKC part of the labor and delivery unit's normal routine requires more than writing a policy. It requires using change theory and evidence‐based research to bridge the gaps between “the way we've always done it” and family‐centered maternity care. This community hospital wanted to make skin‐to‐skin contact between mothers and infants part of their normal routine for vaginal and cesarean births. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation By using evidence‐based research, a team of nurses wrote a policy that made BKC the standard of care for vaginal and cesarean births. Key issues addressed in the policy include management of the third stage of labor while the mother maintains skin‐to‐skin contact with her infant; caring for the newborn (vital signs, medications, glucose monitoring, and bathing); time management; and providing BKC while caring for a patient who has had a cesarean delivery. In addition to logistics, change theories were used to deal with the resistance to change in practice and culture within the institution. Lewin's Change Theory and Roger's Diffusion of Innovation Theory were used to bring staff and physicians on board. While the policy was being implemented, management supported staff by ensuring ratios allowed nurses the time they needed as they adjusted to the change. Breastfeeding rates went up initially from 59% to 75%. Maternal satisfaction was enhanced as indicated from the positive letters, surveys, and in‐person feedback. Implications for Nursing Practice Cultural shift within the unit was facilitated with Lewin's concepts of unfreezing, moving, and refreezing and Roger's concepts of early adopters. Implementing BKC benefited the families served and staff were empowered by the process.
Healthcare Under the Microscope

In Poor People's Medicine, Jonathan Engel examines the troubled history of Medicaid and comes to a surprising conclusion: all things considered, it has worked pretty well. For a program criticized on the left for falling short of national health insurance, and damned on the right as a budget-crushing invitation to government dependence, such positive judgments are not easy to come by. After a careful and detailed look at Medicaid's legislative and social history, however, Engel finds that the program has continually improved the health of the poor and that most Americans have been happy with it (and the broader healthcare system). These two basic facts, he suggests, explain the program's survival in relatively consistent form over the years despite its deep and-for many poor people-even catastrophic shortcomings. Engel traces Medicaid's emergence to a crisis brought on, ironically, by medical advances in the "golden age" of the 1950s. After World War II, antibiotics and other innovations gave physicians truly curative power over a myriad of illnesses for the first time. This raised both the value and the costs of healthcare: suddenly, money could actually buy health. This sharpened the long-existing divide between hospitals that served paying populations and the public and private sectarian hospitals devoted to the poor. To the extent that charity hospitals focused on curing illness instead of providing comfort and spiritual guidance, they, too, began to re-orient away from a social welfare mission and towards a more conventionally therapeutic one. Medicine's rising power threatened the traditional system of charity care for the poor. Despite the brewing crisis, Engel argues, the healthcare system remained solvent in the 1950s because middle-class Americans increasingly held hospital and physician insurance. Hospitals charged insurers higher fees to recoup unpaid charity care, and insurers passed along the increases to their customers. This system of redistributing costs worked fairly well in the 1950s, when overall medical expenditures remained relatively low, and federal dollars flowed into research, hospital construction, and public health.
Effect of Colored Light and Colored Walls on the Growth and Mortality of Chickens

Abstract THE effect of lights of different colors and of walls painted different colors on the growth of chickens has reecived very little attention from poultry investigators. Gardner (1924) reported that guinea pigs kept in compartments painted pale blue, white, or light tan grew rapidly, whereas those kept in compartments painted dark green, black, or dark red grew very slowly. It seemed to him that the conclusion could be drawn that colors of high reflectivity were most favorable to rapid growth of the animals, whereas colors of low reflectivity retarded development. Dakin (1934) reported that pullets subjected to white, red, yellow, and blue light laid at the rate of 70.5, 78.0, 69.9, and 56.0 percent, respectively. Baccino (1939) filtered both daylight and artificial light through different colored cellophane screens into cages where growing rabbits, guinea pigs, and other small animals were kept. He used alternate treatments, such as normal, red, green, . . .
A comparison of support vector machines and manual change detection for land-cover map updating in Massachusetts, USA

The remote sensing community has recently adopted land-cover map updating methodologies using spectral image differencing, change masking and concatenation procedures to monitor land change accurately and consistently. Unfortunately, map updating requires costly, time-consuming manual image interpretation to achieve accurate spectral threshold placement for land-change masking. The purpose of this study is to minimize time and costs associated with manual image interpretation of change thresholds by developing a new, semi-automated method using support vector machines (SVM). The results of this study show that the SVM change detection method produced more accurate results and required considerably less time and user effort than the manual change detection method, and is thus an effective alternative to manual methods of land-cover map updating.
Transport and solubility of Hetero-disperse dry deposition particulate matter subject to urban source area rainfall–runoff processes

Summary With respect to hydrologic processes, the impervious pavement interface significantly alters relationships between rainfall and runoff. Commensurate with alteration of hydrologic processes the pavement also facilitates transport and solubility of dry deposition particulate matter (PM) in runoff. This study examines dry depositional flux rates, granulometric modification by runoff transport, as well as generation of total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity and conductivity in source area runoff resulting from PM solubility. PM is collected from a paved source area transportation corridor (I-10) in Baton Rouge, Louisiana encompassing 17 dry deposition and 8 runoff events. The mass-based granulometric particle size distribution (PSD) is measured and modeled through a cumulative gamma function, while PM surface area distributions across the PSD follow a log-normal distribution. Dry deposition flux rates are modeled as separate first-order exponential functions of previous dry hours (PDH) for PM and suspended, settleable and sediment fractions. When trans-located from dry deposition into runoff, PSDs are modified, with a d 50m decreasing from 331 to 14 μm after transport and 60 min of settling. Solubility experiments as a function of pH, contact time and particle size using source area rainfall generate constitutive models to reproduce pH, alkalinity, TDS and alkalinity for historical events. Equilibrium pH, alkalinity and TDS are strongly influenced by particle size and contact times. The constitutive leaching models are combined with measured PSDs from a series of rainfall–runoff events to demonstrate that the model results replicate alkalinity and TDS in runoff from the subject watershed. Results illustrate the granulometry of dry deposition PM, modification of PSDs along the drainage pathway, and the role of PM solubility for generation of TDS, alkalinity and conductivity in urban source area rainfall–runoff.
Writing in calculus and reflective abstraction

Abstract Reflective abstraction is a term that has been used in various, yet similar, ways in mathematics education. The use of this term is examined with a final definition honed from this group and used for the purposes of this study. For this study, reflective abstraction was defined as a mechanism for the isolation of particular attributes of a mathematical structure that allows the subject to construct or reconstruct knowledge that is new; that is, not previously known. With this definition of reflective abstraction as a basis, seven formal writing assignments were developed for a calculus I class. Students completed these writing assignments and returned them in a journal which was read and responded to by the professor. In some cases, students were required to rewrite their answers. This group of students was at a public 4-year college in a metropolitan area. The majority of the students spoke English as a second language. The college had recently begun implementing a writing across the curriculum component and this study was born out of these efforts. Since none of the students had studied calculus prior to this class, any construction of knowledge about the calculus concepts was assumed to have been developed during the course of this class. The writing from the students demonstrated that they had reflected on the calculus concepts and constructed meaningful ideas about functions and calculus. This understanding was sometimes shown through personal analogies and sometimes in a more formal way. The students were actively engaged in writing and produced thoughtful descriptions in most cases. The process proved to be an important conduit for information between professor and student as well as a strong tool in dissuading misconceptions and promoting reflection in their thinking.
Plastic instability in polycrystalline metals after low temperature irradiation

The dose dependence of plastic instability behavior has been investigated for polycrystalline metals after neutron irradiation at low temperatures (<200 °C). The analyzed materials consist of 10 body-centered cubic (bcc), 7 face-centered cubic (fcc), and 2 hexagonal close packed (hcp) metals. It was found that the metals after irradiation showed necking at yield when the yield stress exceeded the true plastic instability stress, σIS, for the unirradiated material. It was also shown that σIS was almost independent of dose below a critical dose. The critical dose is called the dose to plastic instability at yield, DC, because at higher doses the material shows necking at yield. The DC values ranged from 0.002 to 0.2 dpa for bcc and hcp metals, except for a high purity iron, that had a DC value of 6 dpa; whereas the fcc metals gave generally high values ranging from 0.1 to 40 dpa. It is attempted to explain the dose independence of the plastic instability stress by a straightforward shifting of tensile curves by the appropriate strain corresponding to the radiation-induced increase in yield stress. The dose independence of strain-hardening behavior suggests that radiation-induced defects and deformation-produced dislocations give similar net strain-hardening effects.
Refinement of the molecular structure of Aureomycin

The data for Aureomycin have been refined by full-matrix least-squares, including anisotropic thermal parameters for the heavy atoms and isotropic parameters for the hydrogen atoms. The positional parameters are generally similar to those published previously. The amide group remains anomalous. All hydrogen atoms except the crucial one in the amide group were located in a difference map. The final value ofR for the set of visual data is 10.6%.
G PROTEINS IN TRANSMEMBRANE SIGNALING

The heterotrimeric G proteins transduce signals from hormone receptors to regulate effector molecules — enzymes and ion channels — which in turn generate intracellular messengers that alter cellular function. Each member of the growing G protein family participates in a cycle of GTP binding and hydrolysis that amplifies hormonal signals. Mutations that interfere with this cycle cause or contribute to the pathogenesis of several endocrine diseases: 1. Pseudohypoparathyroidism. type I. in which patients inherit a defective copy of the αs gene, which encodes the a subunit of Gs. the stimulatory regulator of adenylylcyclase. 2. Acromegaly. due in ~40% of cases to somatic mutations in pituitary somatotrophs that constitutively activate αs and elevate cyclic AMP. 3. Tumors of thyroid, adrenal cortex, and ovarian granulosa cells, in which somatic mutations activate αs or the α subunit of a different G protein, G12. 4. McCune-Albright Syndrome, in which an activating αs mutation occurs in the early embryo, and eventually causes multiple endocrine tumors. In combination with the mutations found in these diseases, biochemical and molecular genetic analysis of α subunits have opened avenues to molecular understanding of the GTPase cycle, the 3-dimensional structure of G proteins, and signaling interactions of these proteins with receptors and effectors.
Regional cerebral blood flow in the diagnosis of vascular headache.

SYNOPSIS Potential availability of a reliable non-invasive system for measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)prompted measurement of rCBF in patients with vascular headache in order to assess its diagnostic value. The rCBF in migraine varied with the clinical phase. During the prodrome phase the blood flow was reduced; whereas during the headache phase, a striking cortical hyperperfusion was noted. Patients who continued to have neurologic symptoms of the prodrome in the headache phase showed a mixed pattern of reduced and increased blood flow. The rCBF was found normal in the headache phase in patients with muscle contraction and psychogenic headache. In patients with headache as a prominent symptom of cerebrovascular insufficiency, rCBF was reduced but was not significantly different from rCBF in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency without headache.
The Virome in Mammalian Physiology and Disease

The virome contains the most abundant and fastest mutating genetic elements on Earth. The mammalian virome is constituted of viruses that infect host cells, virus-derived elements in our chromosomes, and viruses that infect the broad array of other types of organisms that inhabit us. Virome interactions with the host cannot be encompassed by a monotheistic view of viruses as pathogens. Instead, the genetic and transcriptional identity of mammals is defined in part by our coevolved virome, a concept with profound implications for understanding health and disease.