cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Red Queen and her king: cooperation at all levels of life.

The Red Queen in “Through the Looking Glass” is often used as a metaphor for the relentless, unremitting competitive struggle by which Darwin described life. That imagery fits comfortably in our culture, with its emphasis on competition and inequity, but less so for nature herself. Life is manifestly much more about cooperation, at all levels and through a variety of ubiquitous mechanisms, than it is about competition. Most organisms of most species are nowhere near the proverbial Malthusian edge of survival, such that selection will detect the tiniest difference in their performance and enhance its genetic basis. Cooperation through interaction of multiple entities is inherent in many fundamental aspects of life, and its importance is not widely enough appreciated. Here we discuss a set of principles by which this works. We illustrate the points with a computer simulation of a topic of interest to anthropology, the development of the head. In a sense, our culture has its metaphors reversed. The red royal family is a more accurate symbol for the true nature of life, human or otherwise. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 54:3–18, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regional variations in contractile responses to prostaglandins and prostanoid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in pregnant baboon uterus

Abstract Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare (1) the contractile responses of the lower uterine segment and fundus to prostaglandins, (2) expression of genes encoding prostanoid receptors in myo-metrium from different regions of the uterus, and (3) the distribution of expression of genes encoding prostanoid receptors (P receptors) in key intrauterine tissues. Study Design: Cesarean hysterectomy was performed in 8 pregnant baboons, not in labor, in the last third of pregnancy. Contractile responses of fresh tissue were quantified in a superfusion system. Polyadenylated ribonucleic acid was extracted from frozen tissue and gene expression was quantified by Northern blot analysis with complementary deoxyribonucleic acid probes. Results: Prostaglandin E 2 contracted strips of myometrium from the fundus but had no significant effect on strips from lower uterine segment. Prostaglandin F 2 α contracted myometrium from both regions equally. Compared with fundus tissue, lower uterine segment tissue had greater expression of EP 2 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid, less expression of EP 3 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid, but similar levels of EP 4 receptor and FP receptor messenger ribonucleic acid. EP 2 receptor, EP 3 receptor, and EP 4 receptor messenger ribonucleic acids were also detected in cervix, decidua, and chorion. EP 2 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid was most abundant in the cervix, EP 3 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid was most abundant in the myometrium, and EP 4 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid was most abundant in the decidua. Conclusions: The reduced contractile response of lower uterine segment tissue to prostaglandin E 2 is paralleled by greater inhibitory EP 2 receptor expression and less contractile EP 3 receptor expression, a pattern similar to that seen in the cervix. Drugs with selective activity at prostanoid receptor types and subtypes are likely to allow safer and more effective control of the uterus and cervix than native prostaglandins. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;179:1545-52.)
Resources for teaching fieldwork technique: Pragmatic and reflexive

Jackson, Anthony, ed. Anthropology at Home. ASA Monographs 25. New York: Tavistock Publications, 1987. v + 221 pp. including chapter references and author and subject indexes. $22.50 paper. Jackson, Bruce. Fieldwork. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1987. xiii + 309 pp. including bibliography and subject index. $37.95 cloth, $13.95 paper. Martin, Paul and Patrick Bateson. Measuring Behaviour, An Introductory Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Pp. vi + 220 pp. including appendix, references, and subject index. $29.95 cloth, $9.95 paper.
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate: A Ligand for the EDG-1 Family of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors

: Ample evidence indicates that sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP) can serve as an intracellular second messenger regulating calcium mobilization, cell growth, and survival. Moreover, the dynamic balance between levels of the sphingolipids metabolites, ceramide, and SPP, and consequent regulation of opposing signaling pathways, is an important factor that determines whether a cell survives or dies. This ceramide/SPP rheostat is an evolutionarily conserved stress regulatory mechanism influencing growth and survival of yeast. In addition, SPP also has been identified as the ligand for the G-protein-coupled receptors EDG-1, -3, -5, and -6. Binding of SPP to EDG-1 regulates chemotaxis and in vitro angiogenesis of endothelial cells, whereas EDG-5, and possibly EDG-3, are likely the cell surface receptors responsible for cell rounding and neurite retractions induced by SPP. Hence, the studies identify a family of highly specific SPP receptors that are capable of mediating different biological responses. Thus, it is suggested that SPP is a prototype for a novel class of lipid mediators that act both extracellularly as ligands for cell surface receptors and intracellularly as second messengers. Recently, sphingosine kinase was purified to homogeneity and the first mammalian sphingosine kinase, the enzyme responsible for the formation of SPP, was cloned. The studies should provide the necessary tools to develop insight into the biological roles of this important bioactive sphingolipid.
Extraction and purification of calcium-activated photoproteins from the ctenophores Mnemiopsis species and Beroe ovata

Calcium-activated bioluminescent ''photoproteins'' from the ctenophores Mnemiopsis sp. and Beroue ovata have been isolated by extraction with EDTA and purified 3800-fold and 7800-fold, respectively. The steps consisted of ammonium sulfate and protoamine sulfate treatments, followed by several steps of ion-exchange, gel filtration, and solubility chromatography. The purified photoproteins are virtually homogeneous by the criterion of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Approximately 30,000 adult specimens of Mnemiopsis, totalling more than 600 kg wet wt, yielded 2 mg of purified photoprotein. Mnemiopsis photoprotein has been resolved into two functionally identical forms (''isoproteins''), termed mnemiopsin-1 and mnemiopsin-2, by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Berovin, the Beroue photoprotein, chromatographs as a single symmetrical peak under the same conditions.
Comparing coherent and spontaneous Raman scattering signals for biological imaging applications

We present a systematic comparison between coherent and spontaneous Raman scattering under conditions relevant for biological imaging. Using spectral domain imaging, we find that the signal levels for each method are comparable at the low excitation power and low concentrations appropriate for biological samples. For samples of polystyrene beads with a molecular concentration of 10 M, we determine the critical power at which the two methods give equal signal levels to be ~1.3 mW. The advantages offered by coherent Raman methods are mitigated by the low excitation power, low sample concentrations, and short interaction lengths involved with biological imaging. We present calculations to support our measurements.
Pigmentary nevi on face have unique patterns and implications: The concept of Blaschko's lines for pigmentary nevi.

Background: Nevi are proposed to reflect the mosaicism and thus generally follow the different archetypal patterns of mosaicism. Blaschko's lines are the most common pattern of mosaicism. There have been many attempts to elucidate the Blaschko's lines on face from the distributional patterns of different nevi, but studies that evaluated exclusively pigmentary nevi are sparse. Aims: This study attempted to evaluate the patterns followed by different pigmentary nevi on face and utilized this to elucidate the pattern of embryological pigmentation on face. Materials and Methods: Spatial parameters like shape, orientation, and distribution patterns of different flat pigmentary nevi on face were analyzed and graphically drawn on human facial diagram. This was compared with existing facial Blaschko's lines. All cases of palpable pigmented nevi like congenital and giant melanocytic nevi and nevus spilus were excluded. Results: A total of 68 cases of pigmentary nevi on face (male-39, female-29) were examined. The shape and distribution lines were found to have a close similarity with Blaschko's lines on face with distinct differences. Conclusions: The concept of facial embryonic pigmentary 'segment', 'unit' and existence of separate Blaschko's lines for facial pigmentary nevi is conceived. Some insight into the pathogenesis of Blaschko's lines is also proposed in this study.
Laboratory study of seismic free-field response of sand

Abstract This paper describes a new soil-structure interaction test box for use on a moderately large shaking table. The test box is designed to replicate, as nearly as possible, the free-field seismic response of a soil layer overlying a rigid base. Results from shaking table testing are presented which demonstrate the ability of the test box to serve as a large-scale shear device. The test box is unique in its ability to determine dynamic shear modulus for both high- and low-amplitude shear strain, and also to study the dynamic response of sand under low levels of confining stress. Dynamic shear modulus for standard Ottawa sand was measured over a wide range of shear strain amplitude and compared with data from the existing literature. Finally, based on results from the test box, a constitutive model is proposed which describes the free field response of a sand layer overlying bedrock and subjected to vertically propagating SH waves. The model is simple in form with a single parameter uniquely related to the friction angle of the sand.
Small Changes Approach Promotes Initial and Continued Weight Loss with a Phone-Based Follow-Up: Nine-Month Outcomes from ASPIRES II:

Abstract Purpose. To examine the impact of a small-changes weight loss program across a 3-month intervention followed by a 6-month follow-up program. Design. A one-group pre-post intervention study. Setting. Medium-sized Southwestern university. Participants. Twenty-five obese adult women (mean body mass index [BMI] = 31.8 kg/m2, standard deviation [SD] = 4.9). Intervention. Participants were asked to choose and adopt small changes in their diet and physical activity relative to baseline during weekly group-based meetings over 3 months. Participants then received bi-weekly phone calls across a 6-month follow-up period. Measures. Weight change was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included waist circumference, daily step count, and caloric intake. Analyses. Intention-to-treat analysis of change from baseline and completers-only analysis (n = 22) for secondary outcomes. Results. Participants achieved clinically significant weight loss (mean [M] = −3.2 kg, standard error [SE] = .47 kg, p < .0...
Blood pressure studies in schizophrenia: atropine and saline.

The effects of atropine and saline on the systolic blood pressure have been studied in 50 schizophrenic patients and 15 volunteer normal control subjects. It was found that as a group the schizophrenics responded with greater intragroup variability than normal, but it is stated that this observation will need greater numbers of subjects for actual statistical analysis. It was also found that the schizophrenics responded to both stimuli with less reaction, as a group, than did the controls. The significance of the reactions to saline, as well as to atropine, is discussed, together with reference to the mass of previous physiological and pharmacological literature on schizophrenia. It is considered that the tendency of the schizophrenic to respond to most stimuli in a variable, yet rigid, fashion is the crux of these or any similar investigations.
Solar Diffraction Spectrum from a Single Strand of Cobweb

THE following account of an unusual observation of the solar spectrum seems worthy of record in the pages of NATURE: Recently, in brilliant sunshine, I was taking a country walk, and after walking northwards for a mile or so I turned towards the sun. The dark shadow-side of a hedge-bank was close in front, and at once I saw—through my spectacles, clearly projected against the dark bank—a brilliant vertical strip of the solar spectrum. Naturally thinking this to be due either to scratches or dust on the glass, I took off my spectacles and was surprised to see a single strand of cobweb stretched horizontally across one lens between the two frame-attachments, not touching the glass. On replacing the spectacles and raising and lowering the head through a range of about 70° or 80° it was easy to see the first and second orders of the diffraction spectrum, and part of the third. The first order appeared, violet uppermost, when the head was raised, the sun being at an angle of about 20° or 30° above the line of direct vision. As the head was gradually lowered the second order commenced as a hazy light overlapping the red end of the first order; then the second order blue and green shone out brilliant and pure; and, on further lowering the head, the unusual colours produced by the superposition of the yellow, orange, and red of the second order upon the violet and blue of the third, appeared with remarkable beauty.
Vitamins C and E attenuate apoptosis, β-adrenergic receptor desensitization, and sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ ATPase downregulation after myocardial infarction

Abstract Oxidative stress plays an important role in mediating ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in heart failure (HF), but its mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. In this study we determined whether a combination of antioxidant vitamins reduced myocyte apoptosis, β-adrenergic receptor desensitization, and sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) Ca2+ ATPase downregulation in HF after myocardial infarction (MI) and whether these effects were associated with amelioration of left ventricular (LV) remodeling and dysfunction. Vitamins (vitamin C 300 mg and vitamin E 300 mg) were administered to rabbits 1 week after MI or sham operation for 11 weeks. The results showed that MI rabbits exhibited cardiac dilation and LV dysfunction measured by fractional shortening and the maximal rate of pressure rise (dP/dt), an index of contractility. These changes were associated with elevation of oxidative stress, decreases of mitochondrial Bcl-2 and cytochrome c proteins, increases of cytosolic Bax and cytochrome c proteins, caspase 9 and caspase 3 activities and myocyte apoptosis, and downregulation of β-adrenergic receptor sensitivity and SR Ca2+ ATPase. Combined treatment with vitamins C and E diminished oxidative stress, increased mitochondrial Bcl-2 protein, decreased cytosolic Bax, prevented cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytosol, reduced caspase 9 and caspase 3 activities and myocyte apoptosis, blocked β-adrenergic receptor desensitization and SR Ca2+ ATPase downregulation, and attenuated LV dilation and dysfunction in HF after MI. The results suggest that antioxidant therapy may be beneficial in HF.
Extremal Measures for a System of Orthogonal Polynomials

We characterize the extremal measures of an indeterminate moment problem associated with a system of orthogonal polynomials defined by a three-term recurrence relation.
SOCIAL WORKER PARTICIPATION IN TRAINING RESIDENTS IN PSYCHIATRY

Social workers who participate with residents in an active treatment program have a number of teaching contributions to make. This paper describes those contributions, some of the difficulties that arise from the resident-social worker relationship, and the methods adopted to meet the interdisciplinary issues.
Gene dose effect reveals no Gs-coupled A2A adenosine receptor reserve in murine T-lymphocytes: studies of cells from A2A-receptor-gene-deficient mice

Agonist binding to extracellular A2A adenosine receptors (A2ARs) inhibits the activation of virtually all tested functions of T-cells and can induce apoptosis in thymocytes. The evaluation of levels of expression of these immunosuppressive receptors is expected to clarify whether the absence of spare A2ARs (no 'receptor reserve') might be one of the mechanisms of attenuation of the effects of extracellular adenosine on T-cells. A2A transcript is found in T-cells and functional receptors can be demonstrated, but the density of receptor on T-cells is too low to be detected by radioligand binding. Studies of direct radioligand binding to murine brain with the selective A2AR agonist [3H]{"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"CGS21680","term_id":"878113053","term_text":"CGS21680"}}CGS21680 (2-(4-[(2-carboxyethyl)-phenyl]ethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) established that striata levels of A2AR are virtually absent from A2A knock-out mice. Mice that are heterozygous (A2AR+/-) for the A2AR express significantly decreased levels of A2AR. To test for the presence of spare receptors in T-cells we took advantage of this gene dose effect and examined whether the decrease in the number of receptors in thymocytes from A2AR+/- mice was proportionately reflected in a decrease in the functional cAMP response of T-cells to adenosine. cAMP accumulation and apoptosis induced by adenosine and by A2AR agonist are of a lower magnitude in T-cells from A2AR+/- heterozygous mice than in T-cells from A2AR+/+ littermate control mice. These results indicate that there is no A2AR reserve in murine T-cells. Strongly decreased adenosine-triggered cAMP increases were detected in thymocytes from A2AR-/- mice, suggesting that A2B adenosine receptors cannot fully compensate for the loss of A2ARs in murine T-cells. We conclude that the number of A2ARs is the limiting factor in determining the maximal cAMP response of T-lymphocytes to extracellular adenosine, thereby minimizing the immunosuppressive effects of extracellular adenosine.
Effect of magnesium deficiency on intestinal calcium transport in rats.

SummaryCalcium transport across the duodenum and ileum was measured by an in vivo ligated loop technique in Mg depleted rats and rats pair fed a magnesium adequate diet. Intestinal Ca transport and tibial 47Ca uptake were consistently decreased in magnesium depletion. Analysis of Ca fluxes, carried out by in situ perfusion, showed a significant decrease in passive diffusion, with less consistent effects on the saturable transport component. Both bone and plasma showed markedly decreased Mg concentration. Tibia Ca levels were slightly but significantly increased and plasma levels were either normal or slightly, but significantly elevated. The basis for the decrease in Ca transport of Mg depleted rats observed in this investigation is not clear. The data suggest a general alteration in mucosal membrane transport rather than a specific effect on Ca transport per se.
Key Concepts in Postmortem Drug Redistribution

Postmortem redistribution (PMR) refers to the changes that occur in drug concentrations after death. It involves the redistribution of drugs into blood from solid organs such as the lungs, liver, and myocardium. Drug properties such as volume of distribution, lipophilicity, and pKa are important factors. Basic, highly lipophilic drugs with a volume of distribution greater than 3 l/kg are most likely to undergo PMR. Examples include the tricyclic antidepressants, digoxin, and the amphetamines. The anatomical location of blood sampling can influence the drug concentration. The ideal site is a ligated or clamped femoral vein. Medical toxicologists participating in forensic cases involving drugs likely to undergo PMR must be aware of its potential contribution to the postmortem drug concentration. Correlation with laboratory data and any available antemortem or perimortem clinical information is necessary to render an appropriate opinion on the cause of death.
Displacement rates on the Toroweap and Hurricane faults: Implications for Quaternary downcutting in the Grand Canyon, Arizona

The Toroweap and Hurricane faults, considered to be the most active in Arizona, cross the Uinkaret volcanic field in the western Grand Canyon. These normal faults are downthrown to the west, and the Colorado River crosses these faults as it flows west in the Grand Canyon. Cosmogenic 3 He ( 3 He c ) dates on basalt flows and related landforms are used to calculate vertical displacement rates for these faults. The two faults cross unruptured alluvial fans dated as 3 ka (Toroweap) and 8 ka (Hurricane), and 10 other landforms that range in age from 30 to 400 ka are displaced. Middle and late Quaternary displacement rates of the Toroweap and Hurricane faults are 70–180 and 70–170 m/m.y., respectively. On the basis of these rates, the combined displacement of 580 m on these faults could have occurred in the past 3 to 5 m.y. All 3 He c dates are younger than existing K- Ar dates and are consistent with new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates and existing thermoluminescence (TL) dates on basalt flows. These different dating techniques may be combined in an analysis of displacement rates. Downcutting rates for the Colorado River in the eastern Grand Canyon (400 m/m.y.) are at least double the downcutting rates west of the faults (70–160 m/m.y.). Faulting probably increased downcutting in the eastern Grand Canyon relative to downcutting in the western Grand Canyon during the late Quaternary.
Breaking in: Gaining entry to prisons and other hard-to-access criminal justice organizations

There exists a large body of literature on doing research with hard-to-access populations such as the mentally ill, gang members, prison inmates, correctional officers, and wardens. There is little discussion, however, on getting access to criminal justice organizations in the first place. This article offers several practical suggestions for “breaking in” to prisons and other criminal justice organizations. This article emphasizes getting access to agency-collected data.
Phosphine induced migratory CO insertion into the Fe-CH2 bond of the organometallic polymer -[(eta(5)-C5H4)Fe(CO)2CH2SiMe2]n- and characterization of model iron complexes.

Thermal and photochemical treatment of 1-sila-3-ferracyclobutane, (η5-C5H4)Fe(CO)2CH2SiMe2 (1) results in ring-opening polymerization (ROP). Phosphine-induced migratory CO insertion into the Fe–CH2 bond of the preformed polymer, -[(η5-C5H4)Fe(CO)2CH2SiMe2]n- (2) results in either linear polymers, -[(η5-C5H4)Fe(CO)(PR3)C(O)CH2SiMe2]n- [R3 = Me2Ph (3), Ph3 (4)] or diphosphine bridged polymers, -{[(η5-C5H4)Fe(CO)C(O)CH2SiMe2]2(P–P)}n- [P–P = dppe (5), dppp (6), dppb (7), trans-dppen (8), dmpe (9); dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, dppp = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, dppb = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, cis-dppen = cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene, dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane]. The analogous model complexes, {[(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)C(O)CH3]2P–P} [P–P = dppp (10), dppb (11), trans-dppen (12), dmpe (13)] were synthesized and characterized as models of the acylated polymers. The X-ray crystal structure of 11 and 13 were determined to establish the bridging nature of the diphosphines in the model complexes and to get insight of the crystal packing.
Electrostatic self-assembly of nanocomposite hybrid fluorescent sensors

Nanofabrication is an attractive tool for precise construction of micro/nanostructures to realize fluorescence sensors that may overcome problems related to use of free dyes for biological analysis. Sensor films deposited on optically-functional nanotemplates (<300nm) are proposed as intracellular chemical sensors that provide an internal standard and stable separation of host from toxic foreign materials. Fluorescent nanoparticles were used as templates and intensity references for oxygen- and pH-sensitive fluorophores [Ru(dpp), HPTS], and potassium and sodium-binding dyes (PBFI, Sodium Green). Nanoassembled films on particles were characterized in terms of response to target analytes. These findings suggest that self-assembled nanoparticle sensors may be easily produced and employed as useful tools for real-time cellular analysis.
People's study time allocation and its relation to animal foraging

In this article we suggest a relation between people's metacognitively guided study time allocation strategies and animal foraging. These two domains are similar insofar as people use specific metacognitive cues to assist their study time allocation just as other species use cues, such as scent marking. People decline to study items that they know they already know, just as other species use a win-shift strategy - avoiding already visited and depleted patches - in foraging. People selectively study the easiest as-yet-unlearned items first, before turning to more difficult items just as other species take the 'just right' size and challenge of prey-the so-called Goldilocks principle. People use a stop rule by which they give up on one item and turn to another when the returns diminish just as others species use a stop rule that guides shifting from one patch to another. The value that each item is assigned on the criterion test, if known during study, influences which items people choose to study and how long they study them just as knowledge of the nutritional or energy value of the food influences choices and perseverance in foraging. Finally, study time allocation strategies can differ in their effectiveness depending upon the expertise of the student just as some species forage close to optimally while others do not.
Collinear activation of Hoxb genes during gastrulation is linked to mesoderm cell ingression

The vertebral column exhibits segmentation and regionalization along the antero-posterior axis. During embryogenesis, the rhythmic production of the precursors of the vertebrae, the somites, imposes a segmented aspect to the spine, whereas the spine's regional differentiation is controlled by Hox genes. Here we show that in the paraxial mesoderm, Hoxb genes are first activated in a temporal collinear fashion in precursors located in the epiblast lateral to the primitive streak. Our data suggest that collinear activation of Hoxb genes regulates the flux of cells from the epiblast to the streak and thus directly controls the establishment of the genes' characteristic nested expression domains in the somites. This suggests that establishment of the spatial co-linearity in the embryo is directly controlled by the Hox genes themselves.
A high-resolution cw dye laser spectrometer

Abstract The construction and utilization of a high-resolution cw dye laser spectrometer is described. The laser incorporates pressure tuned intra-cavity etalons enabling the single mode output laser frequency to be tuned more than one nm in a continuous scan. In the scan the laser jumps from one cavity mode to the next in ∼ 50 MHz steps. In comparison to molecular Doppler widths this mode jumping is negligible. As an example of the use of the instrument, a high-resolution absorption spectrum of molecular iodine between the sodium D lines is presented. A unique frequency counter provides the calibration of the absorption spectrum.
A study of the probability of vacancy loop formation in Ni-Cu and Ag-Pd alloys

Abstract The molten-zone model for vacancy loop formation from a displacement cascade predicts that the probability of loop formation should scale with the melting temperature. To investigate this possibility the areal defect density, the loop size, and the vacancy retention factor have been determined in a series of Cu-Ni and Ag-Pd alloys. The irradiations were performed at room temperature with 50 keV Kr + ions and the resulting damage structure was examined by using transmission electron microscopy. In the Cu-Ni alloy series, the vacancy retention factor decreased with increasing solute content (melting temperature) but not in a simple manner. The behavior in the Cu-Ni system could be predicted when the effect of heat removal through the electronic system on the lifetime of the molten zone was taken into account. In the Ag-Pd alloy the change in the vacancy retention factor followed more closely the change in melting temperature, heat removal through the electronic system appeared to have little effect.
Factors in the Failure of Seemingly Successful Human Service Collaboratives

The purpose of this study is to add to the body of knowledge about the behavior of collaboratives, focusing primarily on describing collaborative failure and identifying variables that appear to be associated with failure. Collaboratives were identified by one or more of their leaders as having begun with the ingredients predictive of success (adequate initial funding, clear goals, and well structured) but which failed. Interviews, both in person and by phone, were conducted with key informants, including leaders of the collaborative and funders, including government and nongovernment organizations. The interviews were conducted based on a standard interview protocol, the reports of which were analyzed to determine what constitutes failure, and factors that these informants believe led to failure. Collaborative failure was found to be a collaborative’s lack of achieving the stated vision, falling short of achieving established goals, or achieving some benefit to the partners but not the vision the collabo...
Spline adaptation to smoothness

This article is devoted to spline adaptation to unknown degree and type of inhomogeneous smoothness over large function classes in d-dimensional nonparametric regression. In particular, we study (1) the selection bias introduced by using the unbiased risk estimator for knot selection and (2) convergence properties of an adaptive regression spline (with variable multiple knots) estimator. The selection bias is shown to be of much smaller order of the ideal loss (risk), which, in turn, leads to the optimal rate of convergence of the adaptive spline estimator over large Besov classes. This implies that the regression spline estimator indeed shares optimal properties with the wavelet shrinkage and local kernel estimators.
Characterization of Proteinaceous Membrane Foulants and Flux Decline During the Early Stages of Whole Milk Ultrafiltration

Abstract Pasteurized whole milk was fractionated with a pilot-scale, plate and frame, ultrafiltration system to study membrane fouling and flux decline. Concentration factor was set at approximately 1.4× to simulate the first stage of a multistage UF system. Proteinaceous membrane foulant was characterized by SDS-PAGE. Distribution of proteins in the foulant was very different from distribution of proteins in milk. Whey proteins, α -lactalbumin and β -lactoglobulin, accounted for 95% of the proteinaceous membrane foulants. Very little casein was identified as membrane foulant. The approximate amount of protein in the membrane foulant was estimated to be .6g/m 2 of membrane area. Permeate flux studies indicated that flux decline is severe in the early stages of milk ultrafiltration and is associated with irreversible adsorption of protein on the membrane surface. A threefold difference between the water flux of clean membranes and fouled membranes was attributed to the adsorbed foulant. Identification and characterization of membrane foulants and the mechanism of their interaction with membrane surfaces should lead to the design of more efficient ultrafiltration systems for the dairy industry.
Duplex Sonography in the Evaluation of Pancreas Transplants

Multiple allograft duplex sonographic examinations were performed on six patients who underwent pancreas transplantation to determine the role of this imaging modality. Poor correlation was found between gland size, parenchymal echogenicity or resistive index, and either rejection and/or cyclosporine toxicity. The pancreatic duct was not dilated on any of the examinations. Seven peripancreatic fluid collections were noted but were generally small. In one patient, no Doppler frequency shifts were found in spite of extensive interrogation of the parenchyma and subsequent biopsy confirmed allograft infarction. Duplex sonography appears most useful for excluding ductal dilatation, for detecting peripancreatic fluid collections, and for identifying infarction.
EFFECTIVE INSTRUCTION USING MICROCOMPUTERS

Strategies are suggested for using microcomputers for instruction in elementary and middle school classrooms.
The accuracy of six impression techniques for osseointegrated implants.

Purpose Six impression techniques were evaluated using tapered and square impression copings. Materials and Methods The absolute distortion was measured using a cast metal impression tray with fiduciary reference points external to the impression material. Measurements of the x, y, z coordinates on the master cast and the impressions were directly made with a travelling digitizing microscope. The difference between the coordinates of each of six sites in the impression and the corresponding reference site were compared. Results There was no significant difference between the techniques for the square copings but that there was a significant loss of accuracy in the z-axis with the tapered copings. Conclusions No significant differences were noted.
Analysis of Voyager 2 images of Jovian lightning

Magalhaes and Borucki (1991) reported that Voyager-2 images of Jupiter contained bright spots due to lightning activity that was confined to two narrow altitude bands centered at 49 deg N and 13.5 deg N latitude and to a single region near 60 deg N latitude. This paper describes the Voyager 2 imaging observations in detail and associates the positions of the lightning features in the images with particular cloud features. The energetics of the lightning storms on Jupiter is examined. It is found that the ratio of the energy dissipated by Jovian lightning to the thermal flux available to drive convection motions is about 3 decades larger than the terrestrial ratio.
Mechanisms of CNS injury in behavioral dysfunction.

Abstract Advances in the neurosciences have led to a greater understanding of the anatomical, biochemical, and molecular loci involved in injury to, and adaptation of, the central nervous system. Recent research has permitted the elucidation of the mechanisms for some neurotoxicants whose actions have been studied for decades, as in the example of the pyrethroid insecticides. In contrast, the mechanism of the neurotoxicity of the organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases has been known for many years, but our understanding of the many resulting sequelae has been markedly increased by recent discoveries. Two examples illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of such methods in predicting neurotoxicity. Studies of the parkinsonian-like toxicity caused by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (a by-product of synthesis of illicit opiates) exemplify the best application of current methods in neurotoxicology. It has been shown that the expression of MPTP toxicity requires both metabolism of MPTP to the proximal toxicant 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and active uptake into central dopamine neurons. The discovery of binding sites of MPP+ in these cells has clarified how dopamine neurons are destroyed, thereby causing neurological signs. This illustrates two key concepts: first, the bioconversion of compounds to proximal toxicants is often ignored, and second, these events are unlikely to be detectable by in vitro studies that focus on a few biochemical endpoints. Another useful example was that of erythrosin (FD&C Red No. 3), in which numerous in vitro studies suggested that this food color was a potential neurotoxicant. However, this was shown to be an artifact of the ability of this color to disrupt biomembranes at high in vitro concentrations, and this idea was supported by negative data from both behavioral and clinical studies. Thus, the plethora of possible molecular and biochemical targets in the central nervous system (receptors, second messenger events, transmitter-modulator synthesis, storage and release, membrane maintenance, etc.) preclude the likelihood of developing a single test or a battery of neurochemical or biochemical tests that will be able to screen for neurotoxicants randomly or efficiently. Use of in vitro methods is likely to detect both false positives and negatives. While the availability of theoretical or phenomenological data provides the best start to the application of available biochemical and molecular techniques, predictions of neurotoxicity best can come from theoretical comparison of the structure of suspect compounds (and hypothesized metabolites) with known target sites in the CNS. Such a comprehensive structure-activity examination, while apparently an heroic task, can be made quite manageable by the availability of modern computer modeling, storage, and retrieval systems. Coupled with behavioral, pathological, and physiological screening in intact target organisms, it could provide the most efficient manner to predict neurotoxicity.
Characterization of InGaAs self-mixing detectors for chirp amplitude-modulated ladar (CAML)

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has developed a number of near-infrared, prototype laser detection and ranging (LADAR) Systems based on the chirp, amplitude-modulated LADAR (CAML) architecture. The use of self-mixing detectors in the receiver, that have the ability to internally detect and down-convert modulated optical signals, have significantly simplified the LADAR design. Recently, ARL has designed and fabricated single-pixel, self-mixing, InGaAs-based, metal-semiconductor-metal detectors to extend the LADAR operating wavelength to 1.55 mm and is currently in the process of designing linear arrays of such detectors. This paper presents fundamental detector characterization measurements of the new 1.55 mm detectors in the CAML architecture and some insights on the design of 1.55 μm linear arrays.
Early and Adequate Antibiotic Therapy in the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

Severe sepsis and septic shock are conditions that pose difficult challenges to physicians and the health care system. In the past 10 years, a number of retrospective and prospective observational studies have shed light on the importance of a rapid and systematic approach to treatment of these conditions. A key component is early and appropriate use of antibiotics. Delay of even 6 h can dramatically increase hospital mortality. In addition, multivariate analyses have demonstrated that inappropriate initial antibiotics lead to worse outcomes. The treating physician can rapidly identify risk factors for initial inappropriate antibiotics at the bedside, such as recent antibiotic therapy or recent hospitalization. Organized antibiotic order sets have been shown to significantly improve timely appropriate antibiotic administration in septic patients. Finally, emerging laboratory data suggest that early in the course of septic shock, the pharmacokinetics of common broad spectrum antibiotics may be significantly altered due to increased volumes of distribution having dosing implications for antibiotics in septic shock.
Some invariant properties of the polarization scattering matrix

A set of parameters can be based on properties of the polarization scattering matrix which are invariant to change in the axial ratio of the polarization ellipse for the measuring antenna, or to rotation of the antenna about the line of sight. These invariant quantities have the advantage that they are free of the effects of Faraday rotation and of certain errors in antenna polarization, yet depend upon the nature of the scattering body and as such can be used to classify certain characteristics of the body. Some of the parameters of special representations for the scattering matrix, such as the null polarization and eigenpolarization, are simply related to the invariant quantities. However, not all of the significant characteristics of the scattering matrix can be specified in terms of invariant quantities, since two degrees of freedom are necessary, one to account for the axial ratio of measuring antenna and one to account for the relative orientation of the antenna and scatterer about the line of sight. The decomposition of these effects into the product of a rotation operator and an ellipticity operator offers a convenient method for critical examination of polarization dependent characteristics.
NOTE: Empirical estimation of non-chlorophyll light attenuation in Missouri reservoirs using deviation from the maximum observed value in the Secchi-Chlorophyll relationship

Abstract A quadratic reference line delineates the maximum observed Secchi transparency across the measured range of algal chlorophyll (0.7–297 μg/L) in Missouri reservoirs. Deviations below maximum Secchi transparency were common (median = 45% of maximum, interquartile range between 35 and 57%) and are characteristic of water bodies with mineral turbidity. Subtracting the reciprocal of maximum Secchi from the reciprocal of measured Secchi provides an estimate of non-chlorophyll light attenuation (NCLA, m−1= [1/Secchi] – [1/maximum Secchi]). Analyses of several datasets show most cross-system variation in this empirical estimate of NCLA is accounted for by non-algal seston measured gravimetrically and as clay-sized particles. Residual variation is attributed to characteristics of the algal community and color. This simple approach can be applied directly, or with modification, to estimate NCLA in lakes and reservoirs when measurements of mineral particulates are not available. The degree to which response...
THE MOVEMENT OF WATER IN TISSUES REMOVED FROM THE BODY AND ITS RELATION TO MOVEMENT OF WATER DURING LIFE

During the initial period following immersion of parenchymatous cells of liver, kidney, or pancreas in various fluids immediately after their removal from the body water exchange is like that which occurs when water passes by osmosis through a semipermeable membrane; intake of water is proportional to the square root of the elapsed time and when liver tissue is immersed in solutions of sodium chloride movement of water is approximately proportional to the concentration of the solution. Solutions of sodium chloride isotonic for parenchymatous cells of liver have twice the molar concentration of sodium chloride in the blood serum; for those of the kidney slightly less than twice and for those of the pancreas three times this concentration. When interstitial tissue of thymus, omentum, or pancreas is immersed in water, it undergoes edema-like swelling caused by hydration of the colloids of the fibrous tissue; quantitative water exchange in an initial period accords with water movement by osmosis and is proportional to the square root of the elapsed time. Solutions of sodium chloride isotonic for fibrous tissue of the omentum have slightly greater molar concentration than the sodium chloride in the blood serum and for that of the thymus approximately the same as that of blood serum. Sodium chloride produces changes in fibrous tissue which increase with increasing concentration its power to hold water; the dense fibrous tissue of the corium of the skin and of the wall of the aorta takes up water in both weak an strong solutions of sodium chloride. The initial movement of water induced in tissues in the period immediately following removal from the body is dependent upon forces which are active during life but soon impaired by injury to the tissues. The molar concentration of the contents of secreting cells is greater than that of the blood serum and of the fluid surrounding them. These conditions are favorable to the passage of water from the tissue spaces to the cells.
RNA Binding Domain of Jamestown Canyon Virus S Segment RNAs

Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) is a member of the Bunyaviridae family, Orthobunyavirus genus, California serogroup. Replication and, ultimately, assembly and packaging rely on the process of encapsidation. Therefore, the ability of viral RNAs (vRNAs) (genomic and antigenomic) to interact with the nucleocapsid protein (N protein) and the location of this binding domain on the RNAs are of interest. The questions to be addressed are the following. Where is the binding domain located on both the vRNA and cRNA strands, is this RNA bound when double or single stranded, and does this identified region have the ability to transform the binding potential of nonviral RNA? Full-length viral and complementary S segment RNA, as well as 3' deletion mutants of both vRNA and cRNA, nonviral RNA, and hybrid viral/nonviral RNA, were analyzed for their ability to interact with bacterially expressed JCV N protein. RNA-nucleocapsid interactions were examined by UV cross-linking, filter binding assays, and the generation of hybrid RNA to help define the area responsible for RNA-protein binding. The assays identified the region responsible for binding to the nucleocapsid as being contained within the 5' half of both the genomic and antigenomic RNAs. This region, if placed within nonviral RNA, is capable of altering the binding potential of nonviral RNA to levels seen with wild-type vRNAs.
Modeling of the sub-surface reducing environment of the Z-Area Saltstone disposal facility at the Savannah River Site

Low-level radioactive liquid wastes at the U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site are treated by mixing the wastes with Saltstone grout to generate the Saltstone waste form that is poured into the concrete vaults for long-term disposal. The formula for Saltstone includes ~25 wt% slag to create a reducing environment for mitigating the sub-surface transport of several radionuclides, including Tc-99. A two-dimensional reactive transport model was developed to estimate how long the Z-Area Saltstone will maintain a reducing environment, and therefore its ability to sequester Tc-99. The model predicted that ~16% of the Saltstone reduction capacity would be consumed after 213,000 years. Independent calculations published by other researchers yielded nearly identical results. The general modeling approach and the study results are presented in this paper.
Studies on the Selectivity Between Nickel-Catalyzed 1,2-cis-2-Amino Glycosylation of Hydroxyl Groups of Thioglycoside Acceptors with C(2)-Substituted Benzylidene N-Phenyl Trifluoroacetimidates and Intermolecular Aglycon Transfer of the Sulfide Group

The stereoselective synthesis of saccharide thioglycosides containing 1,2-cis-2-amino glycosidic linkages is challenging. In addition to the difficulties associated with achieving high α-selectivity in the formation of 1,2-cis-2-amino glycosidic bonds, the glycosylation reaction is hampered by undesired transfer of the anomeric sulfide group from the glycosyl acceptor to the glycosyl donor. Overcoming these obstacles will pave the way for the preparation of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates bearing the 1,2-cis-2-amino glycosidic linkages because the saccharide thioglycosides obtained can serve as donors for another coupling iteration. This approach streamlines selective deprotection and anomeric derivatization steps prior to the subsequent coupling event. We have developed an efficient approach for the synthesis of highly yielding and α-selective saccharide thioglycosides containing 1,2-cis-2-amino glycosidic bonds, via cationic nickel-catalyzed glycosylation of thioglycoside acceptors bearing the 2-tr...
PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT — AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE

This Special Issue of the Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy is dedicated to investigating specific topics in the realm of globalization and development. The papers in this issue address capital flows, aid, migration, ideas, trade, and policy. They aim to provide a nuanced approach to analyzing the potential links between globalization processes and development.
The Histopathology of Hereditary Congenital Deafness in White Mink

A histologic study of white mink which showed clinical signs of congenital deafness revealed lesions in the cochlea. These were: bilateral degeneration of the organ of Corti and of the tectorial membrane, and alteration and collapse of Reissner's membrane with obliteration of the cochlear duct. Similar lesions have been reported in congenitally deaf dogs, cats, mice and guinea pigs. The condition is inherited along with the white coat color in the Hedlund strain of mink.