cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dogmatism and Attained Educational Levels of Managers in an Agri-Product Industry: A Field Study

dogmatism and attained educational levels of 445 managers in an agri-product industry. The report included mean scores on a 20-item dogmatism scale for groups with educational levels of high school or less, some college, college graduate, and master's degree and above. The table provides means and standard deviations for each of the 20 i t e m by educational level. Note that the higher mean scores represent dogmatic personality and the lower scores represent the open-minded personality in keeping with the earlier practice. The mean scores for the entire scale were reported earlier, as noted above, in reverse order. SHORT-FORM DOGMAnm SCALE The scale was scored using the following weights: 6. agree very much, 5. agree on the whole, 4. agree a little, 3 , disagree a little, 2 , disagree on the whole, and 1. disagree very much. 1. In this complicated world of ours the only way we can know what's going on is to rely on leaders or experts who can be trusted. 2. My blood boils whenever a person stubbornly refuses to admit he's wrong. 3. There are two kinds of people in this world: those who are for the truth and those who are against the truth. 4. Most people just don't know what's good for them. 5. Of all the different philosophies which exist in this world there is probably only one which is correct. 6. The highest form of government is a democracy and the highest form of democraq is a government run by those who are most intelligent. 7. The main thing in life is for a person to want to do something important. 8. I'd like it if I could find someone who would tell me how to solve my personal problems. 9. Most of the ideas which get printed nowadays aren't worth the paper they are printed on. 10. Man on his own is a helpless and miserable creature. 11. It is only when a person devotes himself to an ideal or cause that life becomes meaningful. 12. Most people just don't give a "damn" for others. 13. To compromise with our political opponents is dangerous because it usually leads to the betrayal of our own side. 14. It is often desirable to reserve judgment about what's going on until one has had a chance to hear the opinions of those one respects. 15. The present is all too often full of unhappiness. It is only the future that counts. 16. The United States and Russia have just about nothing in common. 17. In a discussion I often find it necessary to repeat myself several times to make sure I am being understood.
Crowded jewel fish show changes in dendritic spine density and spine morphology

Abstract This study demonstrates that neuronal development can be adversely affected by short-term crowding. Compared with uncrowded siblings (15 fish/73-litre), juvenile jewel fish (15 fish/3.6-litre) crowded for 60 days exhibited 50–58% fewer dendritic spines and spines with narrower heads on pyriform interneurons in deep tectal strata. These findings indicate that crowded environments can produce aberrant neuronal development similar to that seen in socially deprived jewel fish.
Assessing the Viability of an Interdisciplinary Design Engineering Program Via a Branding Method

This paper presents the brand status of the Interdisciplinary Engineering (IDE) degree program at Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T), formerly the University of Missouri-Rolla (UMR). The IDE degree was founded in 2005 at UMR to meet the emerging need to provide considerable flexibility to students allowing them to construct programs of study in areas of interest while maintaining a solid and rigorous foundation in mechanics, thermal science, electrical networks and linear systems. Students are able to pursue studying the latest technological fields through a collection of “tracks” enabled by the flexibility of the curriculum. This modern degree program houses energetic motivated students interested in a variety of disciplines from product design and amusement park fundamentals to industrial automation and control. The first students graduated the IDE program in December 2007. This facilitated the evaluation of IDE’s current brand status, preparation of its future marketing plans, and sharing these findings with other universities interested in increasing student retention and broadening their demographic of engineering students. This paper presents the brand status of the IDE BS degree among prospective and current students, academic faculty, and industry and weighs it against the original implementation plan proposed in 2005 at the inception of the program at Missouri S&T. This brand management study provides the current perception of the new degree program and suggestions improving the perception IDE has as a field of engineering.© 2009 ASME
Multi-Phase Modeling of Rainbird Water Injection

This paper describes the use of a Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase model to simulate the water injected from a rainbird nozzle used in the sound suppression system during launch. The simulations help determine the projectile motion for different water flow rates employed at the pad, as it is critical to know if water will splash on the first-stage rocket engine during liftoff.
A pilot-scale demonstration of a membrane-based absorption-stripping process for removal and recovery of volatile organic compounds

A new membrane-based continuous absorption-stripping process has been developed to separate gas/vapor mixtures, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), from a nitrogen/air stream. Two different hollow fiber membrane modules are needed in this process to remove the VOCs. In the first module, VOC-laden nitrogen/air stream flows through the bore of the hollow fibers. A suitable absorbent liquid with a high solubility for the VOC and essentially no solubility for nitrogen/air is pumped countercurrently over the outside of the fibers. This liquid is an inert, nontoxic, and essentially nonvolatile, organic solvent. The VOCs are effectively removed from nitrogen/air to a very low level and are concentrated in the absorbent for recovery, while the absorbent is regenerated by heating and subjecting it to vacuum in a separate hollow fiber membrane module called the stripping module. A pilot-scale membrane-based absorption-stripping unit was located next to a paint spray booth at Robins Air Force Base, Warner Robins, GA. Tests were performed on slip-streams of real-time air emissions from scheduled intermittent painting operations, so the concentration of VOC in the exhaust air fluctuated with time. The VOC removal efficiency was determined as a function of the feed air flow rate and the absorbent (silicone oil) flow rate. Depending on the gas/liquid flow rates and the inlet VOC concentration, the process successfully removed as much as 95+% of the VOC present. The experimental results have been compared with theoretical predictions.
Metabolic response to light exercise after exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis

Inherent compromises in substrate metabolism, or impaired perfusion of muscle may contribute to the occurrence of exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis. In this study, the lactate response of the elbow flexor muscles to light exercise was examined in eight subjects (five males, three females) who previously demonstrated rhabdomyolysis with extreme swelling (ES; n=4) or no swelling (NS; n=4) of the upper arm after eccentric exercise. Subjects performed identical light exercise bouts (45 s of rapid isotonic biceps curls consisting of both concentric and eccentric actions at 25% of maximum voluntary contraction force) using their previously eccentrically exercised arm (E-ARM) and control arm, which was not used previously to perform eccentric exercise (C-ARM). Blood lactate concentration ([La]b) was assessed 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, and 9 min post-exercise. Peak [La]b and the area under the curve (AUC) were compared between the E-ARM of the ES and NS groups and between the C-ARM and E-ARM of the ES group. The AUC did not differ between the E-ARM of the ES and NS groups (P>0.05) or between the C-ARM and E-ARM of the ES group (P>0.05). In the ES group, the increase in [La]b after light exercise with the C-ARM [mean (SD) change, Δ: 1.98 (0.7) mmol/l] was not different from the increase after exercising the E-ARM [Δ: 2.10 (0.7) mmol/l; P>0.05]. Comparing the response of the E-ARM between groups, the increase in [La]b of the NS group [Δ: 1.40 (0.4) mmol/l] was not different than that observed in the ES group [Δ: 2.10 (0.7) mmol/l; P>0.05). Thus, subjects who had previously exhibited signs of exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis did not show an abnormal response to low-intensity anaerobic exercise.
Transcontinental local area network

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) has facilities at 17 different locations scattered throughout the USA. These vary in size from the major laboratories occupied by research and support staff to the ten individual antennas of the Very Long Baseline Array. As is typical in astronomy, many sites are in remote locations, which are not well served with modern communication capabilities. Until 1996, the NRAO's internal network was achieved via the Internet; most sites simply had a local port to the Internet and the traffic was routed tortuously to the other locations. The burgeoning demand for Internet bandwidth was (and still is) growing faster than the services could be enhanced, and this led to intolerably slow response times and unacceptably low achieved data rates. To solve this problem, the NRAO acquired a frame relay intranet from AT&T to connect ten of its locations. The operating cost is approximately the same as the multiple Internet connections, but with vastly improved throughput and reliability. Recently, the access to the four major sites has been upgraded to support video conferencing.
Using the uni-level description (ULD) to support data-model interoperability

We describe a framework called the Uni-Level Description (ULD) for accurately representing information from a broad range of data models. The ULD extends previous meta-data-model approaches by: (a) providing uniform representation and access to data model, schema, and data, and (b) supporting data models with non-traditional schema arrangements, including those that allow optional and multiple levels of schema. Because the ULD is a flat, first-order representation, we show how Datalog over the ULD can provide a flexible mechanism to query, extract, and transform reformation from data sources that exhibit various types of structural heterogeneity.
Effectiveness of the Number-Consonant Mnemonic for Retention of Numeric Material in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Abstract The effectiveness of the number—consonant mnemonic for immediate recall and long-term retention of 4 6-digit lock combinations was examined in 36 volunteers who were 60 years old or more. Participants were randomized into either an experimental condition (n = 17) that received training in the number-consonant mnemonic or a group that received placebo training only (n = 19). There were no differences between groups for number recall at posttest. At 3 days a modest difference appeared, favoring the experimental condition, which became highly significant at the 7-day telephone follow-up. This finding suggests that a distinguishing characteristic of the number-consonant mnemonic may be the extent to which it facilitates the maintenance of learned numeric material in memory over time.
A comparison of fracture toughness parameters for titanium alloys

Abstract High strength titanium alloys in thick sections are of interest for use in complex structures such as deep-diving vehicles, hydrofoils, and aircraft. Successful application of these materials in such structures requires a knowledge of the notch fracture toughness of these alloys to preclude the possibility of catastrophic fracturing. Experience has shown that no single test method presently exists that can provide reliable fracture toughness information for the whole spectrum of titanium alloys. A previously established relationship between drop-weight tear test energy and explosion tear test performance provides reliable fracture toughness information on those alloys characterized by a toughness level requiring gross plastic deformation to propagate fractures. This analysis has not been extended to the ultra high strength alloys in which fractures can propagate catastrophically at elastic stress levels. For these alloys, analytical methods of linear elastic fracture mechanics provide the required elastic stress level and flaw size relations for fracture. This paper deals with a 'marriage' of the two approaches — the engineering and the analytical — by correlative techniques. A direct correlation has been found for titanium alloys between the drop-weight tear test (DWTT) energy for fracture and the corresponding stress intensity factor, K IC . The relationship appears to be valid up to a DWTT value of 1200ft-lb and may likewise be expressed in terms ofβIC-DWTT or ℷIC-DWTT. There is also a correspondence betweenβIC and a fracture appearance as determined by the percentage of shear lip on the single-edge notch specimen. On the other hand, the Charpy-V notch test proved to be relatively insensitive to change in fracture toughness and could not be correlated with K IC . The practical implication of this study is that reasonable estimates of plane strain fracture stress-intensity K IC , should be possible from results obtained with other reliable engineering methods for measuring fracture toughness.
Rigorous results in selection of steady needle crystals

Abstract This paper concerns the existence of solutions to a steady needle crystal growth problem in a one-sided model. We rigorously prove that for small nonzero anisotropy γ , analytic symmetric needle crystal solutions exist in the limit of surface tension e 2 if only if the stokes constant S for a relatively simple nonlinear differential equation is zero. This Stokes constant S depends on the parameter β =2 9/7 γe −8/7 and earlier numerical calculations by a number of investigators have shown this to be zero for a discrete set of values of β . It is also proven that for γ =0, there can be no symmetric needle crystal solution in the considered space. The methodology consists of two steps. First, the original problem is reduced to a weak half-strip problem for any γ in a compact set of [0,1) by relaxation of the symmetry condition. The weak problem is shown to have a unique solution in the function space considered for any γ ∈[0, γ m ] for some γ m >0. When a symmetry is invoked, the weak problem is shown equivalent to the original needle crystal problem. Next, by considering the behavior of the solution in neighborhood of an appropriate complex turning point for γ ∈(0, γ m ], we extract an exponentially small term in e as e →0 + that generally violates the symmetric condition. We prove that the symmetry condition is satisfied for small e when the parameter β is constrained appropriately.
The utility of C‐reactive protein in the detection of atherothrombotic vascular disease: ready for prime time?

Carolina Cardiovascular Biology Center and Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USATo cite this article: Mohan S, Stouffer GA, Patterson C. The utility of C-reactive proteinin the detectionof atherothrombotic vascular disease: readyfor prime time? J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2: 1238–9.See also Zee RYL, Hegener HH, Cook NR, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms and the risk of venous thromboembolism: ahaplotype-based analysis. This issue, pp 1240–3.
Effects of field of view on task performance with head-mounted displays

The field of view (FOV) in most head-mounted displays (HMDs) is no more than 60 degrees wide—far narrower than our normal FOV of about 200° wide. This mismatch arises mostly from the difficulty and expense of building wide-FOV HMDs. Restricting a person's FOV, however, has been shown in real environments to affect people's behavior and degrade task performance. Previous work in virtual reality too has shown that restricting FOV to 50° or less in an HMD can degrade performance. I conducted experiments with a custom, wide-FOV HMD and found that performance is degraded even at the relatively high FOV of 112°, and further at 48°. The experiments used a prototype tiled wide-FOV HMD to measure performance in VR at up to 176° total horizontal FOV, and a custom large-area tracking system to establish new findings on performance while walking about a large virtual environment. FOV was significant in predicting performance of two tasks: searching for and locating a target by turning one's head, and walking through a simple maze-like environment while avoiding walls. Wide FOV (112° or greater) was especially important for the walking task; for it, performance at 112° was 23% less than at 176°. At 48°, performance was 31% less than at 176°. For the search task, performance at 112° was 12% less than at 176°. At 48°, performance was 24% less than at 176°. Additional analyses of the data show trends that suggest future investigation. Restricting FOV appears to decrease the user's sense of presence, as measured by a questionnaire. VR sickness, also measured by questionnaire, increased with successive exposures to our system within an hour-long session, but stayed at relatively low levels. FOV appears to alter the occurrence of some sickness symptoms, but the data are inconclusive on whether FOV predicts total sickness. I performed additional measures and analyses, including tests of postural instability, distance memory, spatial memory, head-movement behavior, and comparisons with other HMDs and with real-world performance.
Raman contribution to the homogeneous optical linewidth of impurity ions in vitreous silica

Abstract We determine the temperature dependence of the Raman contribution to the homogeneous optical linewidth of impurity ions in vitreous silica. Using experimental results for the distribution of non-acoustic low frequency phonon modes obtained from inelastic neutron scattering data, we calculate the linewidth over the interval 10K⩽ T ⩽ 300K. We obtain approximate quadratic variation down to 40 K and near-quadratic behavior at lower temperatures. The persistence of the quadratic variation is a consequence of the presence of a low-lying (100 K) peak in the density of states. The implications of this work for the interpretation of impurity linewidths in other inorganic glasses are discussed.
Discordant uranium‐lead ages, I

A graphical procedure is described for rapid calculation of discordant uraniumlead ages resulting from multiple episodes of uranium-lead fractionation. A proof of the validity of this graphical procedure is given. The graphical procedure is extended to permit the calculation of the effect of the presence of primary radiogenic lead and of constant loss of intermediate daughter products.
Multiple Biomarker Expression in Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) from Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC) Patients (Pts).

Background : Numeration of CTCs from MBC pts is predictive of outcome. Quantitative changes in CTC-s are currently tested for their potential to monitor therapy (Rx). Biomarker characterization of CTCs may be a useful adjunctive guide for Rx selection. Method: At the COHCC between 5/1/2008 and 4/31/09, consecutively treated pts with newly diagnosed/or progressing MBC were accrued. Blood samples (10-40 ml) were procured prior to or during systemic Rx, and were sent to PARC for analysis. A novel high-speed scanning instrument located CTCs from cytokeratin (CK) labeling enabling high resolution images to be selectively acquired using digital microscopy. From these images, CTCs were identified by CK, DAPI (nuclear marker) and CD45, and protein expression levels were determined for HER2, ER, ERCC1 and EGFR. Cell lines with expression of each marker were used for normalization of the cell intensities, and a scoring system was used to account for relative number and expression levels of markers on the CTCs. Results : Of 21pts tested 81% were found to have detectable CTCs. CTCs were further analyzed from 13 such pts, some of whom had multiple specimens. Expression of EGFR and ERCC1 were detected in 77% and 92% of specimens tested. Expression of HER2 was detected in 47% and ER in 91% in samples tested. Discordance rates for the expression of the above 4 markers on the primary tumors vs. CTC were measured either before, during systemic treatment, or at progression on therapy. We observed significant discordance rates for all markers tested:ER 36%; ERCC1:20%; EGFR:60%; and HER2: 50%, respectively. Conclusions : Multiplex tumor marker testing of CTCs from pts with MBC is feasible. Following additional validation of expression patterns and the high discordance rates observed between CTCs and primary or metastatic tumor sites, prospective trials incorporating CTC expression into personalized treatment strategies may be justified. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 3007.
Consistency of the local kernel density estimator

The consistency of the local kernel density estimator is proved. This nonparametric estimator is distinguished by its use of scaling matrices which are random and which may vary for each sample point. Its applications include adaptive construction of importance sampling functions.
A meta‐analysis of the placebo response in complementary and alternative medicine trials of irritable bowel syndrome

Abstract Among patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) enrolled in clinical trials of conventional medical therapy, the placebo response rate is high. IBS patients also frequently use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), which may act through an ‘enhanced placebo effect’. The purpose of this study was to estimate the magnitude of the placebo response rate in CAM trials for IBS and to identify factors that influence this response. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of CAM therapies for IBS identified from MEDLINE/EMBASE/PsychLIT databases from 1970 to 2006. Placebo and active treatment response rates for global symptom improvement were assessed. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled estimate of the placebo response rate was 42.6% (95% confidence interval, 38.0–46.5%). Significant heterogeneity existed across trials (range 15.0–72.2%, P < 0.00001). Higher placebo response rates correlated with a longer duration of treatment (r = 0.455, P = 0.05) and a greater number of office visits (r = 0.633, P = 0.03). Among IBS patients in CAM trials, the placebo response rate is high. That this rate is similar in magnitude to that seen in conventional medicine trials suggests that the placebo response is independent of the type of therapy used and that it is not particularly ‘enhanced’ in CAM trials.
Electroelastic vibrations and transformation ratio of a planar piezoceramic transformer

Abstract Piezoelectric transformers of the transverse–longitudinal type are used in small-sized electronic devices, in which the traditional electromagnetic transformers are inapplicable. A monolithic piezoceramic rectangular plate, having two sections of transverse and longitudinal polarization with transformation of an electric voltage from input to output was described almost 50 years ago. The method of equivalent electric circuits was used to derive an approximate formula for the transformation ratio for no-load conditions without accounting for the difference between elastic compliance in different sections, which may be 10–15%. In the author's previous papers, the forced vibrations of a classical transverse–longitudinal piezotransformer were analyzed. A more precise formula was derived for the transform ratio with regard to the difference between the elastic compliances in the input and output sections. It was established that the transforming ratio is inversely proportional to the squared frequency and is a good match with experimental data. It was shown that the longitudinal mechanical stresses in both sections of the transformer are axisymmetric with respect to the separating line. In the present paper, the forced vibrations of a piezoelectric transformer of a transverse–longitudinal type are considered with respect to dependence of the transformer parameters upon the difference of the elastic compliances in different sections. Experimental data are also considered. The complex function method is applied for numerical analysis. Amplitude–frequency characteristics of the piezotransformer are compared with those for a thin piezoceramic rectangular plate.
Sexual assault in postmenopausal women

Abstract Sexual assault is a crime of violence affecting modern American society. Victims of sexual assault tend to be women from a broad cross-section of social, economic, ethnic, and age groups. The postmenopausal woman is not immune from sexual assault and is increasingly a victim. The author presents the topic of sexual assault within the general framework of the physician's role in caring for a postmenopausal victim of this crime.
Conditionals, indeterminacy, and triviality

Ramsey’s observation is confirmed by the fact that we typically endorse conditionals (in the sense of finding acceptable, or having a high degree of belief in) to the degree that their consequent is likely given their antecedent. For instance, the Bulls are a pretty good team, and nearly unbeatable when their star Michael Jordan suits up. As a result, though So-called because this equation between the probabilities of conditionals and conditional probabilities was first suggested by Frank Ramsey:
Observation of Landau levels of Dirac fermions in graphite

The unique electronic behaviour of monolayer and bilayer graphene1,2 is a result of the unusual quantum-relativistic characteristics of the so-called ‘Dirac fermions’ (DFs) that carry charge in these materials. Although DFs in monolayer graphene move as if they were massless, and in bilayer graphene they do so with non-zero mass, all DFs show chirality, which gives rise to an unusual Landau level (LL) energy spectrum3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 and the observation of an anomalous quantum Hall effect in both types of graphene4,5,8. Here we report low-temperature scanning tunnelling spectra of graphite subjected to a magnetic field of up to 12 T, which provide the first direct observations of the LLs that produce such behaviour. Unexpectedly, we find evidence for the coexistence of both massless and massive DFs in graphite, and confirm the quantum-relativistic nature of these quasiparticles through the appearance of a zero-energy LL.
Computational Investigation of the Aerodynamic Effects on Fluidic Thrust Vectoring

A computational investigation of the aerodynamic effects on fluidic thrust vectoring has been conducted. Three-dimensional simulation of a two-dimensional, convergent-divergent (2DCD) nozzle with fluidic injection for pitch vector control were run with the computational fluid dynamics code PAB using turbulence closure and linear Reynolds stress modeling. Simulations were computed with static freestream conditions (M=0.05) and at Mach numbers from M=0.3 to 1.2, with scheduled nozzle pressure ratios from 3.6 to 7.2 and secondary to primary total pressure ratios of p sub t,s/p sub t,p =0.6 and 1.0. Results indicate that the freestream flow decrease vectoring performance and thrust efficiency compared with static (wind-off) conditions. The aerodynamic penalty to thrust vector angle ranged from 1.5 degrees at a nozzle pressure ratio of 6 with M=0.9 freestream conditions to 2.9 degrees at nozzle pressure ratio of 5.2 with M=0.7 freestream conditions, compared to the same nozzle pressure ratios with static freestream conditions. The aerodynamic penalty to thrust ratio decreased from 4 precent to 0.8 percent as nozzle pressure ratio increased from 3.6 to 7.2. As expected, the freestream flow had little influence on discharge coefficient.
Quantifying how smokers value attributes of electronic cigarettes

Introduction Rates of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use have increased quickly among US adults (3.3% in 2010 to 8.5% in 2013) and youth (4.5% in 2013 to 13.4% in 2014). As state and local governments consider regulatory policies, understanding what smokers believe about e-cigarettes and how they value e-cigarettes is important. Methods Using data from a convenience sample of Florida adult smokers (N=765), we investigated the value smokers place on specific attributes of e-cigarettes (availability of flavours, effectiveness of e-cigarettes as a cessation aid, healthier alternative to regular cigarettes, ability to use e-cigarettes in public places) by asking smokers how much they would be willing to pay for e-cigarettes with and without each of these attributes. Results For cigarette-only and dual users, losing the ability to use an e-cigarette as a quit aid and losing the harm reduction of an e-cigarette significantly reduced the price respondents were willing to pay for an e-cigarette. For cigarette-only users, not being able to use an e-cigarette indoors and losing flavours also significantly reduced the price respondents were willing to pay for an e-cigarette. Conclusion Our results suggest that smokers value multiple attributes of e-cigarettes. Our valuation measures also appear to align with smokers9 beliefs about e-cigarettes.
A Gas-Liquid Chromatography Assay for Phencyclidine and Its Metabolites

A GLCassay for phencyclidine (PCP) Is described, which also simultaneously: measures three primary hydroxylated metabollies formed from Incubating PCI ~ in tissue h0ntogsnates. Using the FID: detector, the limits of reliable detection of PCP and both monohydroxy metabolites, and 12% for the dlhydroxy metabolite. A GCMS assay is also reported herein for the
Politics and National Security: The Battles for Britain

Between 1889 and 1939 Britain created security for itself through alliances, rearmament, or appeasement (either alone or in some combination). The existing literature emphasizes the role of geopolitics, domestic characteristics, and individual idiosyncrasies to explain Britain's choices. I argue that within Britain, two broad and logrolled coalitions (outward-looking internationalist bloc and inward-oriented nationalist faction) battled to advance their faction's preferred security strategy and to capture the associated distributive benefits. Supporters and opponents understood that how Britain secured itself would create internal winners and losers. Supporters and opponents also recognized that any changes in the security strategy would have domestic redistributional consequences. I apply this model to Britain and use a longitudinal controlled comparison over three periods: 1889–1914, 1914–1919, and 1919–1939.
Pulmonary Function and Metabolic Physiology of Theropod Dinosaurs

Ultraviolet light analysis of a fossil of the theropod dinosaur Scipionyx samniticus revealed that the liver subdivided the visceral cavity into distinct anterior pleuropericardial and posterior abdominal regions. In addition, Scipionyx apparently had diaphragmatic musculature and a dorsally attached posterior colon. These features provide evidence that diaphragm-assisted lung ventilation was present in theropods and that these dinosaurs may have used a pattern of exercise physiology unlike that in any group of living tetrapods.
Wave characteristic and morphologic effects on the onshore hydrodynamic response of tsunamis

Abstract While the destruction caused by a tsunami can vary significantly owing to near- and onshore controls, we have only a limited quantitative understanding of how different local parameters influence the onshore response of tsunamis. Here, a numerical model based on the non-linear shallow water equations is first shown to agree well with analytical expressions developed for periodic long waves inundating over planar slopes. More than 13,000 simulations are then conducted to examine the effects variations in the wave characteristics, bed slopes, and bottom roughness have on maximum tsunami run-up and water velocity at the still water shoreline. While deviations from periodic waves and planar slopes affect the onshore dynamics, the details of these effects depend on a combination of factors. In general, the effects differ for breaking and non-breaking waves, and are related to the relative shift of the waves along the breaking–non-breaking wave continuum. Variations that shift waves toward increased breaking, such as steeper wave fronts, tend to increase the onshore impact of non-breaking waves, but decrease the impact of already breaking waves. The onshore impact of a tsunami composed of multiple waves can be different from that of a single wave tsunami, with the largest difference occurring on long, shallow onshore topographies. These results demonstrate that the onshore response of a tsunami is complex, and that using analytical expressions derived from simplified conditions may not always be appropriate.
Predicting Prescribing Intention and Assessing Drug Attribute Importance Using Conjoint Analysis

Conjoint analysis is an anal ical research tool for studying consumer preferences among multiattribute alternatives. This paper reviews the process of conducting conjoint analysis and illustrates it with a pilot stud in the area of physician prescribing. Hypothetical drugs were profiled (5 factors with 2 levels each) and distributed to physicians in a mail questionnaire (n=43; response rate 44%). Analyses, at the aggregate and individual levels, revealed the conjoint model to be useful in predicting physician prescribing intentions and in assessing the relative importance of various drug attributes.
Speciation and Release Kinetics of Zinc in Contaminated Paddy Soils

Zinc is an important nutrient for plants, but it can be toxic at high concentrations. The solubility and speciation of Zn is controlled by many factors, especially soil pH and Eh, which can vary in lowland rice culture. This study determined Zn speciation and release kinetics in Cd–Zn cocontaminated alkaline and acidified paddy soils, under various flooding periods and draining conditions, by employing synchrotron-based techniques and a stirred-flow kinetic method. Results showed almost no change in Zn speciation and release kinetics in the two soils, although the soils were subjected to different flooding periods and draining conditions. The mineral phases in which Zn is immobilized in the soil samples were constrained by linear least squares fitting (LLSF) analyses of bulk X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra. Only two main phases were identified by LLSF, i.e., Zn-layered double hydroxides (Zn/Mg-hydrotalcite-like, and ZnAl-LDH) and Zn-phyllosilicates (Zn-kerolite). Under all soil pHs, floodin...
a + (b1) Professor–Student Rapport + (b2) Humor + (b3) Student Engagement = (Ŷ) Student Ratings of Instructors:

Teaching effectiveness is often evaluated through student ratings of instruction (SRI). Research suggests that there are many potential factors that can predict student’s perceptions of teaching ef...
Bears Arouse Interest in Microbiota's Role in Health

The first report of the effect of hibernation on the gut microbiota of bears reveals trends both similar and distinct from those found in small hibernators. A model mouse system also suggested possible roles of the microbiota for healthy weight gain and insulin tolerance in bears during their active season.
Improving performance of a switching converter using a PID compensator with disturbance accommodation control

Switch-mode converters are used to convert unregulated DC input into a controlled DC output at a desired voltage level. Load changes complicate this process by introducing voltage fluctuations and steady-state errors. Disturbance accommodation control (DAC) theory is used to reduce the influence of external disturbances (load changes) on the switch-mode power converter voltage output level. SIMULINK/MATLAB simulation is used to show the performance improvement using DAC as a supplement to the primary PID controller. Results show a 28% improvement in percent overshoot and a mixed result in settling time depending on the type of load change. The system investigated can be implemented with DSP rather than discrete analog components.
Distribution of the Porcupine in Connecticut

G. G. Goodwin, in his Mammals of Connecticut (State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Bui. 53, 1935), states that “the porcupine for many years has been practically unheard of in Connecticut. Formerly it was probably not uncommon in the forested mountain districts of the northwestern section of the state… Although there are no definite records to show that this animal is a native of the state, it seems more than probable that if all the leads were followed out, proof would not be wanting to establish its existence here.” It was my purpose to pursue what leads could be found and to investigate the distribution of this animal in Connecticut. Survey letters were consequently sent to all State Foresters. Newspapers were scanned and many outdoorsmen personally interviewed. Every lead was followed up by field observation, if possible, to check its authenticity. The accumulated data, entered on Fig. 1, are summarized as follows: Fig. 1 Distribution records and probable range of the porcupine in Connecticut. New Haven County: specimen captured in the West Rock Range, 1953, by George Whitney, D.V.M.; dog dequilled from New Haven area by Dr. George Whitney; dog dequilled from New Haven area by Dr. Salo Jonas. Fairfield County: specimens, either found dead or captured alive, were seen and photographed on several occasions in the …
Postdeployment Health Care for Returning OEF/OIF Military Personnel and Their Social Networks: A Qualitative Approach

ABSTRACTLittle is known regarding the health care needs of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) deployed veterans seeking care outside of Veterans Affairs facilities. Responding to this gap, we conducted a mixed methods study of postdeployment health among veterans and members of their social networks in six community-based primary care clinics. A total of 347 patients completed a survey dealing with deployment to Iraq/Afghanistan (whether their own or that of a family member, friend, or coworker), and subsequent psychosocial and health problems. A subset of 52 participants responded to an open-ended question requesting additional information about experiences during and postdeployment. Content analysis of these responses revealed five overarching themes: connectedness, perceptions of conflict, consequences of deployment, health and treatment concerns, and respect and concern for service members/veterans. These data point to significant deployment-related disruptions in the well-be...
Abstract ES3-2: Challenges to Clinical Application of New Discoveries in the Genetics of Breast Cancer Predisposition

In the United States, testing for mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 has become a routine part of the management of individuals at risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Most providers accept the clinical utility of such testing. This acceptance rests upon a consensus that clinical management of mutation carriers should differ from that of non-carriers. The factors that justify differential management are: 1) the strength of the predisposition, 2) the strong association between mutation and risk in an individual, which allows presymptomatic testing, 3) the risks for component tumors that may not be evident from the family history, and 4) the availability of interventions that are perceived to be effective, even if the evidence base demonstrating such effectiveness is less than robust. Evolving evidence that affected mutation carriers may benefit from specific local or systemic treatment approaches further increases acceptance. Only a small number of breast cancer patients carry BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. A few more women carry other high penetrance alleles, but the clinical utility of testing for some of these (e.g. TP53) is less clear than for BRCA1/2, which illustrates that the strength of a predisposition is not the only determinant of clinical utility. High penetrance alleles only account for a small fraction of the hereditable risk of breast cancer. Several groups have described a number of rare variants of lesser risk (RR approximately 2), such as ATM, CHEK2, BRIP1, and PALB2). Large genome-wide association studies have identified additional common variants with even lower relative risks. The identification of these rare and common risk variants may provide important insights into breast cancer biology, but the clinical utility of testing is limited at the present time. We will discuss possible approaches to incorporating information about these risk variants into clinical practice. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES3-2.
Measuring students' school context exposures: A trajectory-based approach

Studies of school effects on children's outcomes usually use single time-point measures. I argue that this approach fails to account for (1) age-based variation in children's sensitivity to their surroundings; (2) differential effects stemming from differences in the length of young people's exposures; and (3) moves between contexts and endogenous changes over time within them. To evaluate the merits of this argument, I specify and test a longitudinal model of school effects on children's academic performance. Drawing on recent advances in finite mixture modeling, I identify a series of distinct school context trajectories that extend across a substantial portion of respondents' elementary and secondary school years. I find that these trajectories vary significantly with respect to shape, with some students experiencing significant changes in their environments over time. I then show that students' trajectories of exposure are related to their 8th grade achievement, even after controlling for point-in-time measures of school context.
The Mechanical Environment of Cells in Collagen Gel Models

It is becoming increasingly clear that cells behave differently in two-dimensional (2D) culture than in three-dimensional (3D) tissues, and that 3D culture models and new tools for probing them are needed for advancing our knowledge of mechanobiology. Cells physically interact with their surrounding extracellular matrix; they are able to sense the local stiffness, tension, and deformation within the matrix and, in turn, are able to remodel the matrix and generate forces with long-range effects. In tissues with sufficiently high cell density, the cells interact and generate coordinated forces which can be regulated by controlling the macroscopic mechanical boundary conditions. Understanding this dynamic reciprocity between the cells, matrix, and external environment is critical for determining how the cells sense, transduce, and respond to their mechanical surroundings. However, even in simplified models of 3D tissues, quantification of local (non-linear viscoelastic) mechanical properties is problematic, and the transfer of strain and stress to the cells is complicated by non-affine, non-uniform deformation of the cell/matrix composite. This review focuses on methods for characterizing and modulating the mechanical environment of cells cultured within reconstituted collagen gels, the most extensively utilized in vitro models of native 3D tissue.
Methodology in studies of microbial resource in sediment

Sediment contains the solid materials eroded, transported and deposited by different mechanisms; therefore the physical and chemical natures of sediment are strongly affected by the surrounding environments. Covered by water body, sediment is a special habitat for microbes, such as the existence of high pressure, low input of sunlight and low concentration of oxygen, etc. Diverse microorganisms live in sediment and they play important roles in the natural biochemical cycles and in the material exchanges between the water body and sediment. In contrast, the changes of water quality, such as water pollution and eutrophication, also alternate the microbial community in the sediment. Study of the microbial diversity is an important way to evaluate the water quality and to retrace the pollutant history of the water body. The study of sediment microbes is coming to the foundation of the research of biogeochemical cycles and will attract more and more attention in future. Detection and possession of the microbial species and their genomes have enlarged the cognitive scope for the microbes, and have provided novel bioresource for the technological application. In this review, the general characteristics of the sediment inhabit are described and methodology in the studies of microbial resources in sediment is summarized in the sections of (1) culture-independent methods to study the microbial diversity and distribution in sediment; (2) culture-dependent methods to study the microbial diversity in sediment; (3) the biochemical analyses to reveal the relationships among the microbial community and sediment features; and (4) the methods to explore the sediment microbes as potential bioresource in production of novel antibiotics and enzymes.
RAPID DETERMINATION OF TRACE FORMALDEHYDE IN INDOOR AIR

This article affords a convenient method that combines activating silica gel absorbing trace formaldehyde and the show compound B(KIO_4) to determine the content of formaldehyde in air quickly. The experimental conditions are as follows: the carrier is active silica gel of 80～100 mesh, the sorbent consist of activating silica gel(alkalescence)and show compound A(AHMT), the conditions of sampling air are the sampling speed and volume are 0.04 L/min and 0.2 L respectively. Then add show compound B to the sample, color development time is 10 min, and then comparing the color change, we further deduce the content of formaldehyde. The results obtained show that the color degree of the glass tube has a high correlation to the concentration of HCHO (γ=0.999 5), furthermore, the method reaches fine repeatability (relative standard deviation in different concentration of formaldehyde less than 15%)and high sensitivity (the least of showing color concentration is 0.1 mg/m~3). The method, which is convenient for the determination of the concentration of HCHO in air, is suitable for using at home.
SVM-based real-time hardware Trojan detection for many-core platform

Hardware Trojans inserted during design or fabrication time by untrustworthy design house or foundry possesses important security concerns. These Trojans lead to un-desired change in functionality of the design and provide easy access to sensitive information. Trojans attacks or malicious activities are triggered based on very rare conditions, which can evade test-time Trojan detection but can arise during long hours of field operation. In this paper we propose a run-time Trojan detection architecture for a custom many-core based on Machine Learning technique. We exploit Support Vector Machine (SVM) supervised machine learning algorithms. The Data-set is generated based on many-core router behavior under normal and Trojan triggered settings. The paper targets different communication attacks triggered by Hardware Trojans, namely core address spoofing, traffic diversion, route looping attack. Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm has detection accuracy in the range of 94% to 97%.We implemented a framework for many-core architecture with SVM kernel while triggering Trojans based on two different conditions. To demonstrate the performance of proposed security framework, we implement a bio-medical seizure detection application as a case study. The algorithm is mapped on 64 processing cores and it takes 2.1µS to execute whereas with the proposed security framework it requires 4.8µS execution time. The Distributed Attack Detection Framework is implemented with each attack detection module having 2% area overhead.