cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐E‐T‐101: Is EBT3 Energy Independent for Radiation‐Therapy Photon & Electron Beams?

Purpose: Evaluate the new GafChromic film EBT3 for energy dependence over clinical photon and electron beams down to75kVpMethods: A single sheet of EBT3 (Lot A04041201) was cut into small pieces. Film pieces were irradiated at 6–9 known dose levels (0.4 – 12 Gy) with 9 beams: 75, 225, and 300 kVp x‐rays, Cs‐137, Co‐60, 6 and 18 MV x‐rays, and 6 and 20 MeV electrons. At each dose level, 3 pieces of film were irradiated to provide repeats. For KV x‐ray beams including Cs‐137, irradiations were performed in air with an appropriate build‐up required for Cs‐137; whereas for other beams irradiations were performed at dmax depth in water. The exposed films were read and analyzed with combination of flat‐bed scanner (Epson 10000XL) and ImageJ software (red channel). Dose‐consistency check was performed at 75 kVp by comparing film‐response curve with exposure in‐air versus that in Solid Water (depth 2.0 cm). Results: In Ortho‐voltage region, energy dependence is significant. Film sensitivity (OD) decreases with decreasing beam energy (kVp). At 75 kVp, film‐sensitivity (OD) is 16% lower than that for 6 MV beam at 6 Gy dose level. For Mega‐voltage beams including Cs‐137, film EBT3 is found to be practically energy independent within the measurement uncertainty. Dose uncertainty arising from film uniformity and film‐to‐film variation is about the same (5 ± 1.1%) as reported1 for EBT2. Conclusion: In Kilo‐Voltage region, EBT3 shows significant energy dependence showing decrease in film‐sensitivity with decreasing beam energy. However, the film is practically energy independent for Mega‐voltage Photon & Electron beams including Cs‐137. Film‐sensitivity decrease for 75 kVp is consistent with the recently reported2 >11% reduction in OD for 50 kVp beam. In light of another recent publication3, energy dependence may arise from components < 25 KeV in the beams.
Fetal alcohol exposure and adult tumorigenesis

Abstract Adult rats exposed to prenatal alcohol were evaluated for their susceptibility to either hormone- or chemical-inducing tumors. In the first study, rats exposed to prenatal alcohol displayed an increased propensity to β-estradiol (E 2 )-induced adenohypophyseal prolactinoma. The susceptibility was manifest as a potentiated increase in anterior pituitary weight as well as in serum prolactin levels after 1 and 3 weeks but not 5 weeks of hormone treatment. Two weeks after withdrawing the E 2 -implant, the prolactinoma underwent involution and serum prolactin reversed to baseline levels. The high concentrations of serum corticosterone were also reduced but did not return to baseline levels after E 2 removal. In the second study, nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA) was utilized to induce esophageal cancer in adult rats. There were no significant differences in tumor incidence or size between the prenatal alcohol-exposed and the pair-fed cohorts. However, the NMBA-treated prenatal alcohol-exposed rats displayed a marked decrease in thymus: body wt ratio as well as adrenal gland hyperplasia. The results suggest that no single mechanism can account for the variable susceptibility displayed by the prenatal alcohol-exposed rats to chemical carcinogens. Some of the observed changes, however, may be attributable to the long-lasting adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the well-being of the adult host.
Charge transfer in analytical helium plasmas

Abstract An overview of charge transfer reactions in helium plasmas is presented. These reactions seem to explain the over-abundance of nonmetal ions in higher electron density helium discharges such as the microwave-induced plasma. Detailed examples of ionization with Saha-Boltzmann calculations are given, previous postulates to explain this behavior are outlined, charge transfer in helium and argon discharges as discussed in the literature and related to nonmetals in helium discharges is reviewed, and directions to obtain charge transfer reaction cross sections are highlighted.
Matrix metalloproteinases as insulin-like growth factor binding protein-degrading proteinases.

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) bioavailability is modulated by specific IGFBPs, six of which are known (IGFBPs 1–6). Since IGFBPs have equal or higher affinity for IGFs than do IGF receptors, it is believed that degradation of IGFBPs by IGFBP-degrading proteinases is an important step in regulating IGF bioactivity. Recent studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that at least two IGFBPs, i.e. IGFBP-3 and -5, are degraded under physiologic conditions by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In vitro , we have demonstrated that IGFBP-3 is degraded in human dermal fibroblast cultures by MMPs using a variety of techniques, including proteinase inhibition with a specific inhibitor of MMPs, i.e. tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1), immunoabsorption with specific antisera to human MMPs and a unique method developed in our laboratory, IGFBP-3 substrate zymography. Using similar methods, we have also demonstrated that MMPs, along with an unidentified 97-kDa proteinase, degrade IGFBP-5 in murine osteoblast cultures. In rat pregnancy serum, we have shown that degradation of IGFBP-3 is associated with MMP activity present in the serum, which likely arises from the placental compartment. Analysis of the cleavage products of IGFBP-3 produced by MMPs 1, 2 and 3 reveals that MMPs cleave exclusively within the non-homologous, mid-region of the molecule. Together, these studies suggest that MMPs, beyond their previously described roles as extracellular matrix degrading enzymes, may also exert effects on cellular growth and differentiation via degradation of IGFBPs.
TEXTURAL AND MECHANICAL SHAPING CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMINUTED SHRIMP-BINDING MATRIX AGENT COMPOSITIONS

Textural characteristics of fabricated breaded shrimp are influenced by composition and processing parameters. The contributions (to final cooked shrimp texture) of geographic source, protein and moisture content of shrimp, comminuting and mixing method used, and matrix agent amount and composition were investigated. The Universal Penetrometer was used to determine consistency of comminuted shrimp-matrix agent mixtures and the use of these data to predict optimum mechanical extruder performance was evaluated. The effect of matrix agent composition and level on extruder performance was also investigated. Protein content of shrimp varies with geographic origin; as protein level increases, Instron springiness values on cooked patties also increase. Choice of comminuting-mixing method influences final Instron TPA values. Highest springiness values were obtained using a silent cutter technique which minimized particulate retention and probably maximized extracted myofibrillar protein in the final comminuted shrimp-matrix agent mixture. Matrix agent composition and choice play an important role in extruder performance and final shape texture; as matrix agent level was increased to 12%, the temperature had to be increased to 4.4°C in order to insure optimum consistency and plastic flow. Highest Instron springiness values for cooked shrimp patties were obtained using isolated soy protein (ISP) and the lowest values were obtained using a starch-gum base matrix agent.
Control of spinning flying vehicles utilizing partial body despin techniques

Despinning the front end of a spinning flying munition is an important step towards flight control of said vehicle. A counter-rotation control scheme is proposed to despin and stabilize the front end of the vehicle at a definable still roll position with respect to earth. Classical and H∞ control theories are employed to construct the despin controller.
Aminocaproic acid administration is associated with reduced perioperative blood loss and transfusion in pediatric craniofacial surgery

Background Severe blood loss is a common complication of craniofacial reconstruction surgery. The antifibrinolytic e-aminocaproic acid (EACA) reduces transfusion requirements in children undergoing cardiac surgery and in older children undergoing spine surgery. Tranexamic acid (TXA), another antifibrinolytic with a similar mechanism of action, has been shown to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements in children undergoing craniofacial surgery. However, TXA has been associated with an increase in post-operative seizures and is more expensive than EACA. There is currently little published data evaluating the efficacy of EACA in children undergoing craniofacial surgery. Methods This is a retrospective study of prospectively collected data from our craniofacial perioperative registries for children under 6 years of age who underwent anterior or posterior cranial vault reconstruction. We compared calculated blood loss, blood donor exposures, and post-operative drain output between subjects who received EACA and those who did not. Results The registry queries returned data from 152 subjects. Eighty-six did not receive EACA and 66 received EACA. The EACA group had significantly lower calculated blood loss (82 ± 43 vs. 106 ± 63 ml/kg, P = 0.01), fewer intraoperative blood donor exposures (median 2, interquartile range 1-2 vs. median 2, interquartile range 1-3; P = 0.02) and lower surgical drain output in the first post-operative 24 h (28 ml/kg vs. 37 ml/kg, P = 0.001) than the non-EACA group. Conclusion In this analysis of prospectively captured observational data, EACA administration was associated with less calculated blood loss, intraoperative blood donor exposures, and post-operative surgical drain output.
Alterations in gene expression and sensitivity to genotoxic stress following HdmX or Hdm2 knockdown in human tumor cells harboring wild-type p53.

While half of all human tumors possess p53 mutations, inactivation of wild-type p53 can also occur through a variety of mechanisms that do not involve p53 gene mutation or deletion. Our laboratory has been interested in tumor cells possessing wild-type p53 protein and elevated levels of HdmX and/or Hdm2, two critical negative regulators of p53 function. In this study we utilized RNAi to knockdown HdmX or Hdm2 in MCF7 human breast cancer cells, which harbor wild-type p53 and elevated levels of HdmX and Hdm2 then examined gene expression changes and effects on cell growth. Cell cycle and growth assays confirmed that the loss of either HdmX or Hdm2 led to a significant growth inhibition and G1 cell cycle arrest. Although the removal of overexpressed HdmX/2 appears limited to an anti-proliferative effect in MCF7 cells, the loss of HdmX and/or Hdm2 enhanced cytotoxicity in these same cells exposed to DNA damage. Through the use of Affymetrix GeneChips and subsequent RT-qPCR validations, we uncovered a subset of anti-proliferative p53 target genes activated upon HdmX/2 knockdown. Interestingly, a second set of genes, normally transactivated by E2F1 as cells transverse the G1-S phase boundary, were found repressed in a p21-dependent manner following HdmX/2 knockdown. Taken together, these results provide novel insights into the reactivation of p53 in cells overexpressing HdmX and Hdm2.
On improving genetic optimization based test generation

A Abstract: Test generation procedures based on genetic optimization were shown to be effective in achieving high fault coverage for benchmark circuits. In a genetic optimization procedure, the crossover operator accepts two test patterns t/sub 1/ and t/sub 2/, and randomly copies parts of t/sub 1/ and parts of t/sub 2/ into one or more new test patterns. Such a procedure does not take advantage of circuit properties that may aid in generating more effective test patterns. In this work, we propose a representation of test patterns where subsets of inputs are considered as indivisible entities. Using this representation, crossover copies all the values of each subset either from t/sub 1/ or from t/sub 2/. By keeping input subsets undivided, activation and propagation capabilities of t/sub 1/ and t/sub 2/ are captured and carried over to the new test patterns. The effectiveness of this scheme is demonstrated by experimental results.
Design and control of a dual-stage disk drive servo system with a high-aspect ratio electrostatic microactuator

Dual-stage servo systems have been proposed as a method for attaining increased bit densities from computer hard disk drives. To aid in controller operation, the second-stage microactuator used in a dual-stage system should operate at low voltages, feature relative position sensing, and have dynamics that interact well with the dynamics of the original drive servo. This paper describes a high-aspect ratio electrostatic microactuator modified to improve dynamic interactions, relative position sensor performance, and device yield. A multi-rate, multivariable control design technique was used to evaluate the closed- loop performance of a disk drive system with a microactuator and relative position sensing. Closed-loop simulations reveal that the proposed configuration can reduce off-track position error. Addressing both hardware design and control design, this paper demonstrates the success of an integrated mechatronic approach to hard disk drive servo control.
Of Mice and Worms: Novel Insights Into ClC-2 Anion Channel Physiology

ClC anion channels are found in all major groups of organisms. Recent studies in nematodes and mice suggest that the function and regulation of ClC-2 have been conserved over vast evolutionary time spans. These studies illustrate the experimental advantages of using genomically defined nonmammalian model organisms for characterizing ClC channel functional genomics.
The cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein RSH is essential for normal embryo development in Arabidopsis.

Although a large number of embryo mutants have been studied, mostly at the morphological level, the critical molecular and cellular events responsible for embryogenesis are unknown. Here, we report that using an enhancer-trap embryo mutant of Arabidopsis, we identified a gene, ROOT-SHOOT-HYPOCOTYL–DEFECTIVE (RSH), that is essential for the correct positioning of the cell plate during cytokinesis in cells of the developing embryo. We traced the earliest point of influence of RSH to the first asymmetrical division of the zygote. Homozygous rsh embryos were defective morphologically, had irregular cell shape and size, and germinated to form agravitropic-defective seedlings incapable of further development. The RSH gene encodes a Hyp-rich glycoprotein–type cell wall protein. RSH localized to the cell wall throughout the embryo and to a few well-defined postembryonic sites. Although several lines of evidence from previous work suggest that the cell wall is involved in development, the protein(s) involved remained elusive.
Interrogation, Recording, and Location System

The interrogation, recording, and location system (IRLS) is a satellite technological experiment designed to demonstrate the feasibility of determining position location and collecting scientific data from remote instrumented platforms deployed on a global scale on, or above, the surface of the earth. The system utilizes a range-range location technique which yields solutions as the intersection of ranging spheres; up to 28 channels of sensory data are collected with each platform interrogation. In operation, discrete addresses of platforms expected in radioview are programmed on an orbit-by-orbit basis from a central ground acquisition and command station; data retrieval is accomplished one orbit later. The experiment commenced in April, 1969 (Nimbus III launch) and has since achieved its major objectives in accordance with a preestablished operational plan wherein the satellite, ground computer, and platforms functioned as an entity during orbit-to-orbit operation to provide locations and data collection from balloonborne, shipborne, ice-island, buoy, and land-deployed platforms, with a total complement numbering 10. In addition, the experiment has afforded an opportunity to the potential user community to participate in and contribute to the system technological evaluation while also performing specific scientific experiments. This participation has consisted in the installation and operation of platforms in the field. The results of the individual platform data collection and tracking experiments together with an analysis of overall system performance in terms of data quality and location accuracy achieved are described. In addition, future experiments planned for Nimbus D are discussed.
Terminal Doppler weather radar clutter control

A number of unique approaches to clutter rejection which have been validated with the terminal Doppler weather radar (TDWR) testbed radar are described. Key aspects of the detection problem are emphasized from the viewpoint of a radar engineer (as opposed to the meteorological and pattern recognition features of the problem). Attention is focused on mainlobe clutter suppression since it is a principal cause of inadequate detection performance. To provide a framework for the TDWR system discussions, the salient features of the low-altitude wind shear detection environment and the pattern recognition algorithms are first described. Some of the system features which arise from ground clutter suppression considerations are then discussed. Clutter due to out-of-trip weather returns is also an important factor in TDWR system engineering due to the trade-off between unambiguous velocity and range (coupled with the (range)/sup -2/ power law for weather echoes). Some of the radar engineering areas which warrant additional investigation are discussed. >
The Computational and Neural Basis of Cognitive Control: Charted Territory and New Frontiers

Cognitive control has long been one of the most active areas of computational modeling work in cognitive science. The focus on computational models as a medium for specifying and developing theory predates the PDP books, and cognitive control was not one of the areas on which they focused. However, the framework they provided has injected work on cognitive control with new energy and new ideas. On the occasion of the books' anniversary, we review computational modeling in the study of cognitive control, with a focus on the influence that the PDP approach has brought to bear in this area. Rather than providing a comprehensive review, we offer a framework for thinking about past and future modeling efforts in this domain. We define control in terms of the optimal parameterization of task processing. From this vantage point, the development of control systems in the brain can be seen as responding to the structure of naturalistic tasks, through the filter of the brain systems with which control directly interfaces. This perspective lays open a set of fascinating but difficult research questions, which together define an important frontier for future computational research.
Predicting Meaningful Employment for Refugees: The Influence of Personal Characteristics and Developmental Factors on Employment Status and Hourly Wages

Refugee demographic and developmental variables were evaluated as predictors of employment outcomes following a six-month non-governmental organization (NGO) directed resettlement period. The sample consisted of 85 refugee adults (18 to 54 years) who were resettling in a medium sized urban setting in the western United States. Demographics included sex, age, education level, and English proficiency. Developmental factors included number of years spent as a refugee. Results suggested that for each year spent as a refugee there was a corresponding decrease in the ability to secure meaningful employment. Implications for vocational interventions with refugees are discussed within the framework of Social Cognitive Career Theory.
Inositol hexakisphosphate-induced autoprocessing of large bacterial protein toxins.

Large bacterial protein toxins autotranslocate functional effector domains to the eukaryotic cell cytosol, resulting in alterations to cellular functions that ultimately benefit the infecting pathogen. Among these toxins, the clostridial glucosylating toxins (CGTs) produced by Gram-positive bacteria and the multifunctional-autoprocessing RTX (MARTX) toxins of Gram-negative bacteria have distinct mechanisms for effector translocation, but a shared mechanism of post-translocation autoprocessing that releases these functional domains from the large holotoxins. These toxins carry an embedded cysteine protease domain (CPD) that is activated for autoprocessing by binding inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6), a molecule found exclusively in eukaryotic cells. Thus, InsP6-induced autoprocessing represents a unique mechanism for toxin effector delivery specifically within the target cell. This review summarizes recent studies of the structural and molecular events for activation of autoprocessing for both CGT and MARTX toxins, demonstrating both similar and potentially distinct aspects of autoprocessing among the toxins that utilize this method of activation and effector delivery.
A DYNAMIC MODEL OF HOUSING DEMAND: ESTIMATION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS*: a dynamic model of housing demand

Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) we specify, estimate and simulate a dynamic structural model of housing demand. Our model generalizes previous applied econometric work by incorporating realistic features of the housing market including non-convex adjustment costs from buying and selling a home, credit constraints from minimum downpayment requirements and uncertainty about the evolution of incomes and home prices. We argue that these features are critical for capturing salient features of housing demand observed in the PSID. After estimating the model we use it to simulate how consumer behavior responds to house price and income declines as well as tightening credit. These experiments are motivated by the U.S. recession starting in December of 2007 that saw large falls in home prices, large negative income shocks for many households and tightening credit standards. In the short run, relatively few households adjust their housing stock. Households respond instead by reducing non-housing consumption and reducing wealth because they wish to avoid losing their home and the associated adjustment costs. Households that adjust in the short run are those hit with a series of bad shocks, such as a negative income shock and a home price decline. A larger proportion of households do adjust their consumption in the long run, increasing their housing stock since housing is less expensive. However, such changes may occur several years after the shocks listed above.
The Political Economy of Fishery Reform

Despite compelling evidence that property rights–based management can improve the economic and ecological performance of fisheries, reform proposals are often met with political opposition. Moreover, the opposition sometimes comes from incumbent fishermen and fishing communities that would ostensibly gain the most from rent-enhancing reforms. We flesh out this puzzle by describing the political economy of past and present institutional changes in North America such as bans on fish traps, limited-entry regulations, and individual transferable quotas (ITQs). Our review identifies patterns of distributional concerns surrounding property rights; many of the same groups that opposed limits on entry and fish traps also oppose ITQs. We provide examples of how political opposition to ITQs is mollified by modifications in program design, although these design compromises may have efficiency costs. We conclude by pointing to the need for more research on equity-efficiency trade-offs and for greater attention to fis...
Chronic Essex-Lopresti injuries: an alternative treatment method.

Background: Currently, no technique has met general acceptance for the restoration of forearm longitudinal stability in chronic Essex-Lopresti injuries. The purpose of this study is to present an alternative treatment method for chronic Essex-Lopresti lesions by radial head replacement and ulnar shortening osteotomy. Methods: Seven patients with a mean age of 42.4 years were included in the study. Five patients had a staged approach, and 2 underwent both procedures simultaneously. The pain level was assessed with the use of a visual analog scale. Elbow, forearm, and wrist range of motion was evaluated. The Mayo Elbow Performance Score and Mayo Wrist Score were used to assess the postoperative outcomes. Results: The mean follow-up time was 33 months. The mean pain level was reduced from 8.4 points preoperatively to 3.3 points postoperatively (P <.05). The elbow arc of motion was increased on average from 79 � preoperatively to 121 � postoperatively (P < .05). Forearm rotation improved from 76 � preoperatively to 119 � postoperatively (P <.05). The wrist arc of motion improved from 94 � preoperatively to 114 � postoperatively (P < .05). The mean postoperative Mayo Elbow Performance Score and Mayo Wrist Score were 82 points and 71 points, respectively. The mean ulnar variance was reduced from þ 8m m to þ3.5 mm postoperatively. Conclusion: This study shows that radial head replacement in combination with ulnar shortening osteotomy can be used as an alternative reconstructive procedure in the case of a complex chronic Essex-Lopresti injury. This combination of known procedures yields predictable and satisfactory outcomes and a low complication rate. Level of evidence: Level IV, Case Series, Treatment Study. 2014 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.
Development and Characterization of an LC-MS Method for Quantitating Aqueous Extractables, including Bisphenol A, 1-Formylpiperidine, and Bis-(pentamethylene)-urea, from Plastic Materials

Polymers utilized in medical or pharmaceutical applications (e.g., manufacturing, packaging, delivery systems, and devices) contain additives and impurities due to their formulation and/or processing. Under conditions of use, these ingredients and other extractables may leach from the polymers and accumulate in pharmaceutical products. In order to establish the amounts of compounds that may be extracted from such systems and devices, sensitive and selective analytical methodologies are required. A liquid chromatographic method with mass spectrometric detection has been developed for the purpose of quantifying targeted extractables, including Bisphenol A (BPA), 1-formylpiperidine (FP), and bis-(pentamethylene)-urea (BU) at low concentrations [300 ng/mL (ppb) or less] in aqueous extracting media. The performance characteristics of the developed method were established by assessing accuracy, response linearity, precision, specificity, and solution stability. The method is suitable for the quantitation of BPA, FP, and BPU in the concentration range of 50 to 300 ng/mL, with quantitation limits of 10 ng/mL or less. Although the method was applied to the quantitation of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, unsatisfactory results were obtained due to the poor stability of this compound in the aqueous extraction media.
Parsing languages by pattern matching

The language of universal algebras is used as an alternative approach for programming language specification. BNF (Backus-Naur form) rules are used for specifying the signature of the language algebras instead of the context-free syntax. The algorithm for program parsing is inductively defined by the following universal algebraic construction: any function defined on the generators of a free algebra taking values in the carrier of another similar algebra can be uniquely extended to a homomorphism between the two algebras; any conventional programming language can be specified by a finite set of BNF rules and its algebra of symbols is generated by a finite set of generator classes. Thus, any function defined on the finite set of generators offers an algebraic mechanism for a universal algorithm for source language program parsing. The right-hand side of the BNF rules are the patterns searched by the algorithm in the source text of the program. The essential feature of this algorithm is that it can be used as a driver for code generation and optimization in a translator. >
Risk for Minor Childhood Injury: An Investigation of Maternal and Child Factors

Objective To examine how maternal and child characteristics interact to moderate injury rate and injury severity for young children. Methods In this study, 149 mothers reported their toddlers’ injuries over a 6-month period during biweekly interviews. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing parenting behaviors, psychological characteristics, and their children’s injury-relevant behaviors. Results Maternal locus of control was found to moderate the association between children’s risky behavior and child injury rate. Specifically, an external locus of control was associated with increased child injury rate for high-risk but not for low-risk children. Conclusion These findings illuminate the potential importance of parental locus of control in moderating high-risk injury-relevant behavior.
A join-less approach for co-location pattern mining: a summary of results

Spatial co-location patterns represent the subsets of features whose instances are frequently located together in geographic space. Co-location pattern discovery presents challenges since the instances of spatial features are embedded in a continuous space and share a variety of spatial relationships. A large fraction of the computation time is devoted to identifying the instances of co-location patterns. We propose a novel join-less approach for co-location pattern mining, which materializes spatial neighbor relationships with no loss of co-location instances and reduces the computational cost of identifying the instances. The join-less co-location mining algorithm is efficient since it uses an instance-lookup scheme instead of an expensive spatial or instance join operation for identifying co-location instances. The experimental evaluations show the join-less algorithm performs more efficiently than a current join-based algorithm and is scalable in dense spatial datasets.
Separation and quantification of geometric isomers in a leukotriene antagonist using cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis Comparison to high-performance liquid chromatographic methods

CE is increasingly used in the pharmaceutical industry to separate and quantify enantiomers of chiral drugs. This article describes the use of CE towards other types of isomerism, namely geometric, that may be present in new drug substances. The ability of CE to separate and quantify four geometric isomers in a leukotriene antagonist is demonstrated and the resolving power and detectability of CE are compared to two HPLC methods.
Acoustic Measurement of Fish Schools Using Array Phase Information

The usefulness of side-looking sonar in fisheries assessment work can be greatly increased by employing array phase information to estimate the echo arrival direction. Vertical and horizontal coordinates (perpendicular to the beam direction) can be measured, permitting beam pattern corrections, tracking from ping to ping, and depth determination. Acoustic data have been gathered during cruises in the Northeast Pacific, Caribbean, and Northeast Atlantic using both side- and down-looking transducers. The down-looking transducer was mounted in a towed body and interfaced with a simrad EK 120 scientific sounder. The side-looking transducer was part of a towed measurement system that provided phase-coherent recording of signals received by transducer quadrants.[1] This system contained sensors for speed, depth, pitch, and roll. Depth distributions have been computed using both side and down-looking data. Estimates of nekton biomass versus vertical and horizontal distance were made by echo integration of down-looking data. Target strength distributions have been computed from the side-looking data, with and without beam loss corrections, which produce shifts in the distributions on the order of 3 dB. Echo-to-Echo fluctuations in side-looking depth measurements correspond to a standard deviation of 10 -20 m for the Northeast Atlantic schools, which are assumed to be Blue Whiting. Information is also presented on Northeast Pacific rockfish schools and on unknown species in the Western Caribbean Sea.
Automata with Reversal-Bounded Counters: A Survey

We survey the properties of automata augmented with reversal-bounded counters. In particular, we discuss the closure/non-closure properties of the languages accepted by these machines as well as the decidability/undecidability of decision problems concerning these devices. We also give applications to several problems in automata theory and formal languages.
Intravital Imaging of Tumor-Initiated Angiogenesis Using a Dorsal Skin Chamber

Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool that has enabled imaging tumor progression and the modifications occurring within the surrounding tissue microenvironment in live animals. Here we describe the installation of an optical window in immunocompromised mice that allows performing longitudinal studies with minimal tissue interference. This approach provides detailed information on the dynamics of the interactions between blood vessels and implanted tumor cells.
Pregnant Chad: Gender, Race, and the Ballot

The defense of electoral “purity” against intrusion, corruption, and fraud has historically bound US voting to a pernicious set of gendered and racial narratives, chief among them the routine depiction of the ballot as a white woman whose iconic, vulnerable body inscribes the limits of national belonging. By paying particular attention to the writings of Paul Laurence Dunbar, Thomas Dixon Jr., and William Faulkner, the essay traces the fixation on “the purity of the ballot box” from its moorings in the post-Reconstruction South to its reemergence in the disputed 2000 presidential election and its consequence for the doomed Voting Rights Act.
Transposable elements as initiators of insecticide resistance.

Genetic change that leads to insecticide resistance is poorly understood for most resistance genes. Transposable elements have been shown to be powerful mutagenic agents in Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen), and they potentially can create genetic change leading to resistance in pest insect populations. Here the characteristics of transposable elements and the consequences of their movement in D. melanogaster and other insects are discussed, and reports of their involvement in insecticide resistance are examined. I conclude that transposable elements must be considered as mutagenic agents that can lead to resistance. Their involvement needs to be directly addressed in studies of resistant insects, particularly by investigators involved in cloning resistance genes.
A Hierarchically Structured Model Composite: A Tem Study of the Hard Tissue of Red Abalone

The structure and crystallography of the nacre of red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, was studied by transmission electron microscopy imaging and diffraction. We found that the nacre structure is based upon hierarchical {110} twinning in aragonite with the following organization: (i) first generation twins between platelets having incoherent boundaries, (ii) second generation twins between domains having coherent boundaries within a given platelet, and (iii) nanometer-scale third generation twins within domains. Since the aragonite platelets nucleate and grow as separate crystals, this long-range crystallographic relationship between the inorganic units of a biological hard tissue indicates that the nucleation and growth process of crystals may be mediated by the organic matrix and that the organic template structure may also be long-range ordered. We propose a superlattice structure based on the possible twin variants and suggest that the organic matrix structure, or the arrangement of nucleation sites, is compatible with the superlattice. Multiple tiling based upon this superlattice allows all of the crystallographic and morphological platelet configurations observed in nacre.
Analysis of the 2012 surveillance result of edible salts for residents in pickle production area and non-pickle production area in Chongqing

Objective The objective of the study was to assess the quality of edible salts for residents in pickle production area and non-pickle production area in Chongqing City. Methods Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling was used to monitor 2460and 9093 samplesofediblesaltforresidentsin pickleproduction areaand non-pickleproduction area, respectively. The contents of iodine in the salt samples were measured by direct titration. The content of iodine, coverage of iodized salt, compliance rate of iodized salt, consumption ofqualified iodized salt, percentage ofnon-iodized salt in the two areas were compared and analyzed. Results In the pickle production area and non-pickle production area, the median of iodine content in edible salts were 28.99 mg/kg and 27.60 mg/kg, the coverage of iodized salt were 99.07% and 99.80%, the compliance rate of iodized salt were 95.98% and96.09%, the consumption of qualified iodized salt were 95.08% and 95.90%, and the percentage of villages producing non-iodized salt over all surveyed villages were 10.00% and 2.67%, respectively. Significant differences in the iodine content of edible salt(H=70.16, P0.01), distribution of frequency constituent ratio(χ2=33.55, P0.01), coverage of iodized salt(χ2=29.74, P0.01), and percentage ofnon-iodized salt-producing villages(χ2=26.79, P0.01) were observed between different areas, while the difference in compliance rate of iodized salt(χ2=0.06, P0.05) and consumption of qualified iodized salt(χ2=3.15, P0.05) were not statistically significant. Conclusion Non-iodized salts in Chongqing were mainly produced in pickle production districts or counties, suggesting that the management of salt additives in pickle production should be strengthened.
Pulmonary endothelial cell injury and altered lung metabolic function : early detection of the adult respiratory distress syndrome and possible functional significance

Markers of endothelial cell damage or dysfunction may be sensitive probes for the detection of the earliest phases of acute lung injury and may be a guide to the severity of injury or response to therapy as well. Depressed lung metabolic function may contribute to the intrapulmonary or systemic pathophysiology of ARDS.
Analysis of Mesoscale Atmospheric Flows above Mature Deep Convection Using Super Rapid Scan Geostationary Satellite Data

AbstractSuper Rapid Scan Operations for the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) R series (SRSOR) using GOES-14 have made experimentation with 1-min time-step data possible prior to the launch of the new satellite. A mesoscale atmospheric motion vector (mAMV) program is utilized in SRSOR with a Barnes analysis to produce objectively analyzed flow fields at the cloud tops of deep convection. Two nonsupercell and four supercell storm cases are analyzed. Data from the SRSOR mAMV analysis are compared with both multi-Doppler analyses when available and idealized convection cases within the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model framework. It is found that using SRSOR data provides several additional trackable targets to produce mAMVs in rapidly “bubbling” regions at the deep convective cloud-top level not previously available at lower temporal resolutions (<1 min). Results also show that supercell storm cases produce long-lived maxima in SRSOR cloud-top divergence (CTD) and “couplet”...
Study on the risk factors of HBV infection in children under the age of 15 in Shanghai

Objective To identify the risk factors of HBV infection in children under the age of 15 in Shanghai and to further enhance the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccines among children.Methods Using the data from Shanghai under the national hepatitis B serum epidemiological survey in 2006, 599 children aged 1-15 years old were selected as subjects, the subjects were divided into study group and control group by their status on HBV infection. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify the risk factors of HBV infection among children.Results Out of 599 children, 15 of them were infected by HBV with the infection rate as 2.50%.Data from both univariate and multivariate analysis showed that the HBsAg status of their mothers during pregnancy, the history of hepatitis B vaccination and place of birth appeared to be risk factors of hepatitis B infection (P＜ 0.05 ), with the OR value of 5.338 for HBsAg-positive mother, 42.118 for no history of hepatitis B vaccination and 12.239 for home-delivery, respectively. Conclusion In order to further decrease the rate of HBV infection among children in Shanghai, intervention should be focusing on both migrant and HBsAg-postive pregnant women. Also, the condition of hepatitis B vaccine immunization for newborns in some township hospitals should be improved. Key words: Hepatitis B; Vaccine; Risky factor; Children
A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO ROCK MICROSTRUCTURE: by Ron H. Vernon. Cambridge, 2004. 594 pp. Hardbound $130, softbound $70.

Ron Vernon’s A Practical Guide to Rock Microstructure is a very clearly written and well-illustrated book. The goals of the author are pretty much implied in the book’s title as a text that can assist the reader in accurately observing and interpreting the microstructures seen in thin-sections of rock. To this end I think the book succeeds admirably. The book is pitched for advanced undergraduates and first-year graduate students who need an introduction to this very complex and much studied aspect of geology, and I think it would be an appropriate source for professionals whose work may require a review of the subject to get them back into the literature. For this purpose, there is also an extremely useful glossary of terms, and an up-to-date, comprehensive bibliography, both of which are gold mines of information and a great resource on the subject. The book is organized into five chapters, starting with a background chapter followed by chapters on the microstructures found in sedimentary, igneous, …
Beyond Quantum Fields: A Classical Fields Approach to QED

A classical field theory is introduced that is defined on a tower of dimensionally increasing spaces and is argued to be equivalent to QED. The domain of dependence is discussed to show how an equal times picture of the many coordinate space gives QED results as part of a well posed initial value formalism. Identical particle symmetries are not, a priori, required but when introduced are clearly propagated. This construction uses only classical fields to provide some explanation for why quantum fields and canonical commutation results have been successful. Some old and essential questions regarding causality of propagators are resolved. The problem of resummation, generally forbidden for conditionally convergent series, is discussed from the standpoint of particular truncations of the infinite tower of functions and a two step adiabatic turn on for scattering. As a result of this approach it is shown that the photon inherits its quantization \hbar ω from the free lagrangian of the Dirac electrons despite the fact that the free electromagnetic lagrangian has no hbar in it. This provides a possible explanation for the canonical commutation relations for quantum operators, [P,Q] = i hbar without ever needing to invoke such a quantum postulate. The form of the equal times conservation laws in this many particle field theory suggests a simplification of the radiation reaction process for fields that allows QED to arise from a sum of path integrals in the various particle time coordinates. A novel method of unifying this theory with gravity, but that has no obvious quantum field theoretic computational scheme, is introduced.
Latent Semantic Analysis, Corpus stylistics and Machine Learning Stylometry for Translational and Authorial Style Analysis: The Case of Denys Johnson-Davies' Translations into English

Latent Semantic Analysis, Corpus Stylistics and Machine Learning Stylometry for Translational and Authorial Style Analysis : The Case of Denys Johnson-Davies Translations into English، للحصول على النص الكامل يرجى زيارة مكتبة الحسين بن طلال في جامعة اليرموك او زيارة موقعها الالكتروني
Non-uniformities of electrical polarization in polyacrylonitrile films

Persistent electrical polarizations can be established in most polymer films by poling at elevated temperatures. A variety of contributions are now known to make major contributions to this polarization; these include preferred orientation of dipolar groups, asymmetrically displaced ionized species, asymmetrically distributed charged groups created in the polymer molecules themselves, and ions injected from external sources into the polymer solid. As long as characteristic times associated with relaxation of these electrical anisotropies are long compared with the observation period, then the material will effectively retain whatever is the net polarization. It follows, then, that heating these materials will quicken these relaxation processes, and one can stimulate the discharge of these polarizations thermally. Analysis of the temperature-dependence of the overall depolarization of such a polymer specimen will usually reveal that the various contributions to total polarization discharge more or less individually. Some discharge steps will display Arrhenius-type kinetics, corresponding to simple solid state diffusional transport or to the onset of mobility of small groups of atoms in polymer chains; other discharge steps may display WLF-type kinetics, implying that the depolarization event requires mobility of whole segments of polymer backbones.
Transcriptomic response of the Antarctic pteropod Limacina helicina antarctica to ocean acidification.

Ocean acidification (OA), a change in ocean chemistry due to the absorption of atmospheric CO2 into surface oceans, challenges biogenic calcification in many marine organisms. Ocean acidification is expected to rapidly progress in polar seas, with regions of the Southern Ocean expected to experience severe OA within decades. Biologically, the consequences of OA challenge calcification processes and impose an energetic cost. In order to better characterize the response of a polar calcifier to conditions of OA, we assessed differential gene expression in the Antarctic pteropod, Limacina helicina antarctica. Experimental levels of pCO2 were chosen to create both contemporary pH conditions, and to mimic future pH expected in OA scenarios. Significant changes in the transcriptome were observed when juvenile L. h. antarctica were acclimated for 21 days to low-pH (7.71), mid-pH (7.9) or high-pH (8.13) conditions. Differential gene expression analysis of individuals maintained in the low-pH treatment identified down-regulation of genes involved in cytoskeletal structure, lipid transport, and metabolism. High pH exposure led to increased expression and enrichment for genes involved in shell formation, calcium ion binding, and DNA binding. Significant differential gene expression was observed in four major cellular and physiological processes: shell formation, the cellular stress response, metabolism, and neural function. Across these functional groups, exposure to conditions that mimic ocean acidification led to rapid suppression of gene expression. Results of this study demonstrated that the transcriptome of the juvenile pteropod, L. h. antarctica, was dynamic and changed in response to different levels of pCO2. In a global change context, exposure of L. h. antarctica to the low pH, high pCO2 OA conditions resulted in a suppression of transcripts for genes involved in key physiological processes: calcification, metabolism, and the cellular stress response. The transcriptomic response at both acute and longer-term acclimation time frames indicated that contemporary L. h. antarctica may not have the physiological plasticity necessary for adaptation to OA conditions expected in future decades. Lastly, the differential gene expression results further support the role of shelled pteropods such as L. h. antarctica as sentinel organisms for the impacts of ocean acidification.