cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational lectures and films in the clinical treatment of alcoholism: a critique.

A recent meta-analysis of alcohol treatment outcome research concluded that educational lectures and films are an ineffective treatment modality in the treatment of persons with alcohol-related problems. This paper suggests several reasons why educational lectures and films are likely to be ineffective with alcohol misusers. Possible explanations include (a) the inability of alcoholics to appreciate and utilize (presented) information because of the cognitive deficits associated with chronic alcohol misuse, (b) the presentation of inaccurate or misleading information about alcoholism through lectures and films (i.e., unitary disease concept, faulty conceptualizations of denial), and (c) conventional alcoholism education which may undermine an individual's belief in her/his ability to make a complete and successful recovery from chemical dependence. Treatment implications and suggestions for further research are briefly discussed.
Rutile U–Pb age depth profiling: A continuous record of lithospheric thermal evolution

Abstract Understanding of the thermal and geophysical evolution of the lower continental crust is limited by the resolution of conventional thermochronology. Intracrystalline daughter nuclide distribution profiles preserve a rich and underutilized record of thermal history. Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, we outline here a method to simultaneously acquire 206Pb/238U age and trace element profiles from U-bearing accessory phases. Inversion of 206Pb/238U age depth profiles yields thermal history information from an extended temperature range compared to inversion of age versus grain size relationships. Thermally-activated volume diffusion of Pb and Zr in rutile is sensitive to the thermal evolution of the mid- to lower-lithosphere. We document the ability of Laser Ablation depth-profiling to simultaneously resolve 206Pb/238U age and Zr diffusion profiles in the outer ∼ 35 μ m of lower-crustal rutile euhedra from the Ivrea Zone, Southern Alps, with 1.2 μ m depth resolution. Inversion of the age profiles reveals a continuous cooling history characterized by initially rapid cooling from > 600 ° C at ∼ 180 Ma followed by a period of slower cooling from ∼ 525 ° C to ∼ 450 ° C . Combined with the topology of Zr diffusion profiles, these data indicate that the Ivrea Zone underwent a brief thermal pulse in the early Jurassic, plausibly associated with hyperextension of the Adriatic margin. Inversion of near-surface 206Pb/238U age distributions can be employed to resolve otherwise inaccessible thermal history information from the lower lithosphere.
Echelle-spectrometer/image-dissector system for elemental quantitation by continuous-source atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract The performance of an echelle-spectrometer/image-dissector system is evaluated for elemental quantitation by continuous-source atomic absorption spectrometry. Flame and graphite-furnace atomizers were used, as well as two different spectrometer configurations. Quantitative results obtained with the flame atomizer and a low-resolution spectrometer configuration are discussed briefly; results obtained with the graphite-furnace atomizer and a higher-resolution configuration are presented in detail. Absorption sensitivities for calcium (422.7 nm), chromium (425.4 and 357.9 nm), copper (324.8 nm), and manganese (403.1 and 279.5 nm) were all within a factor of 4–6 of comparable line- source absorption sensitivities, and calibration curves were linear up to absorbances of about 0.1. Further development of the system for simultaneous multi-element quantitation is discussed.
Statistical physics of machinery: forgotten middle-ground

Abstract Statistical physics long concentrated on the equilibrium state in the thermodynamic limit, and small deviations from that state. Machinery is spatially inhomogeneous, non-linear, and operates far from equilibrium. After our field expanded to face these problems, they were soon displaced by still newer fashions. It is symptomatic of this situation that the real resolution of Maxwell's demon, in the 1980s, passed almost unnoticed. We revisit a number of subjects, emphasizing the need for concern with the detailed kinetics of the system at hand and the difficulties posed by magic short cuts. The maximum entropy formalism, minimal entropy production, and the difficulties in identifying the most likely state among competing states of local stability will be taken up. The blowtorch theorem demonstrates that relative stability cannot, in general, be decided by examining only the neighborhood of the competing states. The kinetics along the pathway connecting the states must be taken into account. The latter point will be connected to biological evolution. Circulating currents, set up by the simultaneous presence of force fields and temperature gradients, will be described.
Transient response and the stabilization of feedback amplifiers

ANY VACUUM-tube or transistor amplifier is continuously subjected to random current and voltage disturbances of varying peak amplitude and waveshape. Thermal noise is a common example of such excitation. The importance of this interfering effect, as far as the circuit designer is concerned, depends to a large extent upon the relative magnitudes of the desired signals for which the amplifier is designed as compared to the strength of the response produced by the system to the random excitation.
Functional respiratory anatomy of a deep-sea orbiniid polychaete from the Brine Pool NR-1 in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract. An undescribed species of Orbiniidae (Annelida; Polychaeta) is found in large numbers associated with communities of the mussel, Bathymodiolus childressi at hydrocarbon seeps on the Louisiana slope (Gulf of Mexico). Their microhabitat is often hypoxic and sulfidic, which poses serious respiratory challenges for an aerobic metazoan. They display several anatomical features that are quite unusual for this family, which likely allow them to live in their food-rich, but oxygen-limited, habitat. The anterior gills are hypertrophied whereas the posterior gills are not. These anterior gills provide the worms with a large gill surface area (≤9.9 cm2/g wet weight), which represents 90–95% of the total gill surface area. The gills contain two blood vessels: a central blood vessel, delimited by a coelomic epithelium, and an intra-epidermal vessel. The diffusion distance between this latter and the environment is only 3 μ-m in the anterior gills, which facilitates gas diffusion. Only the anterior gills are ciliated, which may also facilitate gas exchange across this respiratory surface. The gill cells also contain numerous mitochondria and other electron-dense organelles that might be involved in sulfide detoxification.
Agricultural Trade: Protectionism, Policy, and the Tokyo/Geneva Negotiating Round

If Shakespeare's Richard III had addressed Congress this summer, he might have opened his speech with the same line he uttered to start the drama that bears his name, "Now is the winter of our discontent." And Congress would have nodded in full agreement. The U.S. economy is tormented by persistent inflation, alarming energy shortages, and impending recession. Major interest in trade and trade policy is focused on the fleecing we are experiencing at the hands of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), our huge negative bilateral trade balance with Japan, and the sagging dollar. Not much front-page attention has been captured by the results of the Multilateral Trade Negotiations (MTN) which ended in April 1979, and whose implementing easily passed Congress in mid-July 1979. Yet the MTN is another important step in the evolution of the multilateral approach to world trade problems. Its implications for U.S. agricultural trade are central to this paper. There are three main themes to follow. The first is a broad discussion of the role of agricultural trade in the world economy with some consideration of the U.S. position. The second is a rather brief look at the current trade policy/protectionism picture as it relates to trade negotiations. Third is an economic analysis of how the MTN will affect U.S. agricultural trade in the short run. Full documentation of the data and other general information used herein will not be attempted. The basic data are from well-known U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) sources and official publications of international agencies such as General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the United Nations, Organization
The Reagan doctrine in its strategic and moral context

(1990). The Reagan doctrine in its strategic and moral context. Small Wars & Insurgencies: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 22-38.
Seminumerical solution for buckling of rectangular plates

Abstract A semianalytical, seminumerical method of solution is presented for the governing partial differential equation of rectangular plates subjected to in-plane loads. The basic functions in the y -direction are chosen as the eigenfunctions for straight prismatic beams. The classical method of separation of variables is employed to obtain an ordinary differential equation. The resulting equation is solved by a one-dimensional finite difference technique. The problem is then reduced to a typical eigenvalue problem which on solution yields the buckling coefficient of the plate. The method is applied on plates with different edge conditions and under various loading conditions. The results are compared with those of existing solutions. Results for the case when one loaded edge is fixed and the other simply supported were reported in the literature for the first time.
A nanoscale adhesion layer to promote cell attachment on PEEK

A novel adhesion layer is described that enables covalent attachment of cell adherent molecules to the surfaces of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) PEEK. Vapor of zirconium or titanium tetra(tert-butoxides) can be deposited on the surface of PET or PEEK at room temperature at a pressure of ca. 10(-3) mm Hg. The thickness of this layer can be controlled by exposure time and monitored by quartz crystal microgravimetry on a surrogate substrate. Controlled thermolysis of the deposited alkoxide gives the metal a mixed oxide-alkoxide layer, which reacts with solutions of phosphonic acids to attach monolayer films of phosphonates, several of which are shown to significantly enhance cell growth compared with the untreated surface.
Resonant auger processes for molecules as studied with angle resolved electron spectrometry

Abstract Auger electron spectra of gaseous molecules arising from resonances that occur just below the core shell ionization potential have been measured using a variable photon source from synchrotron radiation. The systems studied include excitation from the 2 p subshells of silicon, sulfur and chlorine for SiCl 4 , CS 2 , COS, CCl 4 , CHCl 3 ), CH 2 Cl 2 and CH 3 Cl. Simultaneous measurement of ejected electrons in both the direction of the polarization vector of the light source and perpendicularly to it have been used to assist in the deconvolution of the photoelectron spectrum of the valence orbitals from the Auger spectrum. It is found in most instances that following resonant absorption, the excited electron acts as a spectator in the Auger decay, although an instance of direct participation of the excited electron is given in the case of SiCl 4 . A simple model based on spectator electron processes is discussed for correlating data on the kinetic energy of the Auger electrons with the resonance energy. Angular distribution parameters, β, have been obtained for the principal peak in the Auger spectrum as a function of photon energy for each of the molecules. The results indicate a rather flat response with β close to zero except for a slight rise at lower energies. Observations, including those on angular dependence, were also made on more highly resolved Auger spectra. The importance of multiplet splitting is discussed. An overview of the area of research on resonance Auger processes is given with suggestions for future research.
A novel method for protein-protein interaction site prediction using phylogenetic substitution models

Protein-protein binding events mediate many critical biological functions in the cell. Typically, functionally important sites in proteins can be well identified by considering sequence conservation. However, protein-protein interaction sites exhibit higher sequence variation than other functional regions, such as catalytic sites of enzymes. Consequently, the mutational behavior leading to weak sequence conservation poses significant challenges to the protein-protein interaction site prediction. Here, we present a phylogenetic framework to capture critical sequence variations that favor the selection of residues essential for protein-protein binding. Through the comprehensive analysis of diverse protein families, we show that protein binding interfaces exhibit distinct amino acid substitution as compared with other surface residues. Based on this analysis, we have developed a novel method, BindML, which utilizes the substitution models to predict protein-protein binding sites of protein with unknown interacting partners. BindML estimates the likelihood that a phylogenetic tree of a local surface region in a query protein structure follows the substitution patterns of protein binding interface and non-binding surfaces. BindML is shown to perform well compared to alternative methods for protein binding interface prediction. The methodology developed in this study is very versatile in the sense that it can be generally applied for predicting other types of functional sites, such as DNA, RNA, and membrane binding sites in proteins.
A low-power magnetron for microwave heating

A primary design consideration for a commercial microwave heating unit is low cost for the oscillator tube, the power supply, and the associated control circuits. This paper describes a magnetron design which makes possible price reduction in all these areas. In order to achieve a magnetron with these characteristics, it was necessary to depart, to some degree, from the conventional magnetron geometry. These deparures from convention which will be described were of a mechanical and an electrical nature. They include: a new type of "dipole type output system whereby the anode radiates directly into the load waveguide, use of the high-voltage bushings as output windows, and an all-welded assembly which permits unitized tube assembly and removal of all packaging parts from the tube, incorporating them in the tube socket. In addition, this output sysem resulted in this magnetron having a high mode boundary which made possible operation from an unrectified, unfiltered, power supply. With all these characteristics designed into the tube, it will be pointed out how this magnetron was capable of passing rigid test specifications. The magnetron described was developed for operation in the S-band microwave heating band. It is possible to modify this magnetron in such a manner that it can work in the L-band microwave heating band without changing its operating characteristics or dimensions.
Very young and elderly patients are less likely to receive narcotic prescriptions for clavicle fractures

There has been increased interest in the management of pain in the emergency department (ED) in the last decade partly as a result of increased emphasis by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Prior studies have looked into analgesia based on age groups and have concluded that there are differences in how physicians treat patients based on age [2,4]. These studies may be limited because they compared a multitude of painful conditions with variable severities among age groups. For example, a torus fracture in a child may be less painful than a Colles fracture in an adult. In addition, although there are pieces of evidence indicating that patients receive inadequate pain medication while in the ED [1-7,9], only few studies have evaluated ED physician narcotic prescribing patterns at the time of patient discharge [2,4,9,10]. We had access to a large patient database that included discharge prescriptions written by ED physicians. This enabled us to isolate a single painful condition and examine the discharge prescriptions written as a function of age. We used clavicle fractures to test for analgesia use because the pain severity associated with these may be more uniform
Wear and Mechanical Properties of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Copper Matrix Composites

The mechanical properties and wear behavior of short carbon fiber reinforced copper matrix composites was studied. In order to avoid any interfacial pronlems in the carbon fibre reinforced composites, the carbon fibers were coated with copper. The fibers were coated by electroless coating method and then characterized. Composites containing different amounts of carbon fibers were prepared by hot pressing technique. The results show that Carbon fiber/Cu–Ni–Fe composites showed higher hardness, higher wear resistance and bending strength than the common copper alloy when carbon fibers content is less than 15 vol.%. The predominant wear mechanisms were identified as adhesive wear in the alloy and adhesive wear accompanied with oxidative wear in the 12 vol.% carbon fiber/Cu–Ni–Fe composites.
Impact of Nosema pyrausta on field populations of Macrocentrus grandii, an introduced parasite of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

Abstract In field populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis , there is a significant inverse correlation between the prevalence of corn borer infection with the microsporidian Nosema pyrausta and the prevalence of parasitism by the introduced braconid Macrocentrus grandii where infections with N. pyrausta exceed 45%. This relationship occurs geographically and from year to year. Corn borer infection with N. pyrausta , the source of infection for M. grandii , is significantly related to corn borer density in the cornfield. These findings strongly suggest that N. pyrausta has a significant adverse affect on field populations of M. grandii and may help explain the diminishing role of this and other introduced parasites as natural controls of the corn borer in the United States.
The National Alliance for Medical Imaging Computing (NA-MIC)

The National Alliance for Medical Imaging Computing (NA-MIC) is a multi-institutional, interdisciplinary team of computer scientists, software engineers, and medical investigators who develop computational tools for the analysis and visualization of medical image data. The purpose of the center is to provide the infrastructure and environment for the development of computational algorithms and open source technologies, and then oversee the training and dissemination of these tools to the medical research community. This world-class software and development environment serves as a foundation for accelerating the development and deployment of computational tools that are readily accessible to the medical research community. The team combines cutting-edge computer vision research (to create medical imaging analysis algorithms) with state of the art software engineering techniques (based on "extreme" programming techniques in a distributed, open-source environment) to enable computational examination of both basic neurosience and neurological disorders. In developing this infrastructure resource, the team will significantly expand upon proven open systems technology and platforms. The driving biological projects will come initially from the study of schizophrenia, but the methods will be applicable to many other diseases. The computational tools and open systems technologies and platforms developed by NA-MIC will initially be used to study anatomical structures and connectivity patterns in the brain, derangements of which have long been thought to play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia. The overall analysis will occur at a range of scales, and will occur across a range of modalities including diffusion MRI, quantitative EGG, and metabolic and receptor PET, but potentially including microscopic, genomic, and other image data. It will apply to image data from individual patients,and to studies executed across large poplulations. The data will be taken from subjects across a wide range of time scales and ultimately apply to a broad range of diseases in a broad range of organs.
NUCLEAR SPIN RELAXATION IN ALKALI METALS

Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements have been made in metallic lithium, sodium, and rubidium, using pulsed radio-frequency power. The experimental data are values of ${T}_{1}$, the spin-lattice relaxation time, and of ${T}_{2}$, the inverse line width or spin-spin relaxation time. Measurements were made at several Larmor frequencies and at temperatures between -65\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 250\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Over a considerable temperature range, ${T}_{1}$ is found to be primarily determined by interaction with the conduction electrons. The magnitudes of ${T}_{1}$ agree fairly well with the Korringa theory in all three metals. The lithium data in particular indicate that $\frac{{P}_{f}}{{P}_{a}}\ensuremath{\cong}0.6$. In lithium and sodium a dependence of ${T}_{1}$ on the resonance frequency is observed, which cannot be explained on the basis of the Korringa theory. Information about the atomic self-diffusion process is also obtained. Portions of the ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$ data are interpreted using the theory of Bloembergen, Purcell, and Pound. In addition, some of the ${T}_{1}$ data are interpreted in terms of the lattice diffusion theory of Torrey. These analyses yield values for $D$, the coefficient of self-diffusion, of ${{0.24}_{\ensuremath{-}0.10}}^{+0.17}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}13200\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{400}{\mathrm{RT}})$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec in lithium and ${{0.20}_{\ensuremath{-}0.15}}^{+0.56}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}10000\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{600}{\mathrm{RT}})$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec in sodium. Although there is some ambiguity in the interpretation of the rubidium data, they indicate $D\ensuremath{\cong}0.23\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{9400}{\mathrm{RT}})$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec. Unusual broadenings of the resonance lines are observed at the melting points in all three metals. These broadenings are not presently understood, but some features of the data can be correlated with a mechanism involving magnetic local fields which arise from lattice imperfections.
Testicular Self-Examination: Reaching the College Male

(1988). Testicular Self-Examination: Reaching the College Male. Journal of American College Health: Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 131-132.
LIBERATING THE CAPTIVES - INDEPENDENT WATCHTOWER AS AN AVATAR OF COLONIAL REVOLT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA AND KATANGA, 1908-1941

There is no country in the world where grievances are not widely felt. In a free country the subject has the means of expressing them and of himself attempting their removal. In Africa native opinion has neither the means of expression nor the means of action. And when grievances are laid at the door of an alien government, when its demands fall on all and its services are felt by none, education enables growing numbers to reflect upon and nurse their grievances until some way of resistance offers, however foolish or criminal or hopeless it may be. Norman Leys to S. H. Oldham on the eve of the Chilembwe Rebellion of 19152
Complexity generation in fungal polyketide biosynthesis: A spirocycle-forming P450 in the concise pathway to the antifungal drug griseofulvin

Griseofulvin (1) is a spirocyclic fungal natural product used in treatment of fungal dermatophytes. Formation of the spirocycle, or the grisan scaffold, from a benzophenone precursor is critical for the activity of 1. In this study, we have systematically characterized each of the biosynthetic enzymes related to the biogenesis of 1, including the characterization of a new polyketide synthase GsfA that synthesizes the benzophenone precursor and a cytochrome P450 GsfF that performs oxidative coupling between the orcinol and the phloroglucinol rings to yield the grisan structure. Notably, the finding of GsfF is in sharp contrast to the copper-dependent dihydrogeodin oxidase that performs a similar reaction in the geodin biosynthetic pathway. The biosynthetic knowledge enabled the in vitro total biosynthesis of 1 from malonyl-CoA using all purified enzyme components. This work therefore completely maps out the previously unresolved enzymology of the biosynthesis of a therapeutically relevant natural product.
A theory of leadership and deference in constitutional construction

How do we explain the behavior of James Madison in 1787, along with the behavior of those who followed his intellectual leadership? More generally, we address two questions. First, can models of rational choice be extended to cover the behavior of persons who are observed to invest scarce resources, particularly time and intellectual energy, in becoming more fully informed about constitutional alternatives? Secondly, can such models of rational choice be extended further to apply to the behavior of persons who are observed to defer to the opinions of those who do choose to become more fully informed? Our response to the two questions takes the form of developing what we shall call a theory of rational deference, a term that we have selected deliberately to suggest parallels with the theory of rational ignorance, which has been introduced in application to individual choice behavior in voting by Anthony Downs (1957) and Gordon Tullock (1967). Our theory of rational deference must, however, embody a second or additional behavioral dimension that analogy with the theory of rational ignorance does not suggest. As our second question indicates, we may explain why rational choice behavior on the part of individual participants dictates deference to those persons who do invest resources in becoming informed about constitutional alternatives. But we must then also address the first question. We must explain why some members of the collective group make such investments. This dimension is not paralleled in the theory of rational ignorance, and, indeed, straightforward extension of the familiar theory of voting choice would suggest that no such investment would be made. A comprehensive model of rational choice must explain both why some participants defer to others whom
Transactional memory: from semantics to silicon

Multi-core architectures bring parallel programming into the mainstream. Parallel programming poses many new challenges to the developer, one of which is synchronizing concurrent access to shared memory by multiple threads. Programmers have traditionally used locks for synchronization, but locks have well-known pitfalls: Simplistic coarse-grained locking does not scale well, while more sophisticated fine-grained locking risks introducing deadlocks and data races. Furthermore, scalable libraries written using fine-grained locks cannot be easily composed in a way that retains scalability and avoids deadlock and data races. Transactional memory provides new synchronization constructs that alleviate many of the pitfalls of lock-based synchronization.In this talk, I will present our recent work on transactional memory. I will describe the transactional memory stack we have developed at Intel's programming systems lab. This stack includes new transactional memory language constructs for C and Java, compiler optimizations for these constructs, and high-performance transactional memory runtimes. I will also describe how hardware acceleration can improve the performance of transactional memory. Finally, I will discuss the challenges we face in bringing transactional memory into the mainstream
Instrument Choice and the Effectiveness of International Sanctions: A Simultaneous Equations Approach:

The literature on economic sanctions suggests that the choice of policy instrument, for example trade sanctions, financial sanctions, or military intervention, is endogenous to the political process and, in particular, to the policy outcome sought by the sanctioner. But the choice of instrument also affects the outcome of the sanctions. Therefore, the sanctions policy outcome and the probabilities of the sanctioner's adoption of different sanctions instruments are jointly determined. To capture this endogeneity, multivariate probit and logit models are estimated using data from Hufbauer, Schott & Elliott, with the random utilities to the sanctioner of choosing military action, trade sanctions, and financial sanctions as dependent variables. The expected probabilities of choosing these alternatives are then incorporated as explanatory variables in predicting the success of the sanctions in attaining their political objectives. This procedure generates simultaneous estimates of the determinants of both inst...
First Report of Rust Caused by Puccinia nakanishikii on Lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus, in Florida

Lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (Poaceae), is grown widely in the tropics and subtropics as an ornamental, flavoring ingredient in Asian cooking, and for tea and fragrant oil (3). In February 2013, rust symptoms were observed on lemongrass in several gardens in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Symptoms began as small chlorotic flecks on both leaf surfaces that became crimson and enlarged to streaks ~1 cm in length. On the abaxial side of leaves, erumpent streaks ruptured to produce pustules in which urediniospores formed. Eventually, streaks coalesced to produce large patches of tan to purplish necrotic tissue that blighted most of the leaf surface and was often surrounded by chlorotic borders. These symptoms, fungal morphology, and nuclear ribosomal large subunit (28S) DNA analysis were used to identify the pathogen as Puccinia nakanishikii Dietel. Urediniospores were pyriform to globose, orange to crimson, slightly echinulate, and somewhat longer than a previous report (32.1 ± 3.4 (27 to 42) × 2...
Polymer-assisted deposition of metal-oxide films

In the last several years, metal-oxides have become the basis for many revolutionary electronic devices because they exhibit a wide range of electronic properties that conventional metallic elements and covalent semiconductors do not possess. Metal-oxide films can be grown by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and chemical solution deposition techniques. One of the challenges in solution-based processes of complex functional metal-oxide films has been to produce high quality films and at the same time to control the stoichiometry. In this talk, we describe a new chemical solution method called polymer-assisted deposition (PAD) to grow epitaxial complex metal-oxides such as ferroelectric Ba1-xSrxTiO3, Pb0.40Sr0.60TiO3, and BaZr0.27Ti0.73O3 films. We use a new strategy to control the distribution of metals in solution at a molecular level and a mixture of metal precursor and soluble polymer to form a solution with desired viscosity. By actively binding the metal, the polymer serves to encapsulate the metal to prevent chemical reaction while maintaining an even distribution of the metal in solution.U This ensures a homogeneous metal distribution and prevents unwanted reactivity that can lead to the formation of undesired phases. The successful growth of epitaxial ferroelectric films with desired properties by PAD suggests that PAD is a feasible alternative approach to the growth of high quality ferroelectric materials.
Smokeless tobacco: An emerging addiction

Smokeless tobacco (ST) use is an important health issue in the United States, and chronic use leads to significant morbidity. ST users are exposed to levels of nicotine comparable with smokers and experience symptoms of nicotine withdrawal when attempting to stop. Clinical treatment of ST users requires an understanding of the unique characteristics of ST. This article reviews ST products, epidemiology, pharmacology, health risks, and treatment approaches.
Stokes problems for moving half-planes

New exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations are obtained for the unbounded and bounded oscillatory and impulsive tangential edgewise motion of touching half-infinite plates in their own plane. In contrast to Stokes classical solutions for the harmonic and impulsive motion of an infinite plane wall, where the solutions are separable or have a simple similarity form, the present solutions have a two-dimensional structure in the near region of the contact between the half-infinite plates. Nevertheless, it is possible to obtain relatively simple closed-form solutions for the flow field in each case by defining new variables which greatly simplify the r- and theta- dependence of the solutions in the vicinity of the contact region. These solutions for flow in a half-infinite space are then extended to bounded flows in a channel using an image superposition technique. The impulsive motion has application to the motion near geophysical faults, whereas the oscillatory motion has arisen in the design of a novel oscillating half-plate flow chamber for examining the effect of fluid shear stress on cultured cell monolayers.
Plasmonic antenna integrated Quantum Cascade Laser for mode confinement used for high sensitivity bio-sensing applications

We present metal-dielectric-metal bow-tie antenna integrated Quantum Cascade Laser where the optical mode has been squeezed within ∼ 100nm and its interaction with AFM tip (∼50nm) can affect laser cavity mode (∼6um). Such compact device with high sensitivity can be useful for building mid-infrared bio-sensors.
Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: results of surgical correction in five infants

Abstract Background Five infants operated on for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery were retrospectively analyzed. The mean age at operation was 12 ± 6.7 weeks (95% confidence interval, 3.5 to 20 weeks), and mean weight at operation was 4.43 ± 0.68 kg (95% confidence interval, 3.7 to 5.27 kg). All babies presented in infancy with left ventricular failure. Three had evidence of ischemia with left ventricular strain, and two had Q waves in anterolateral leads on electrocardiograph. Cross-sectional echocardiography showed dilated left ventricles with poor contractility in all babies with fractional shortening of 15.8% ± 4.02% (95% confidence interval, 12% to 20%); moderate mitral regurgitation was seen in all babies. Methods All babies underwent operation as soon as the diagnosis was made. Four babies had direct reimplantation of left coronary artery into the aorta, and 1 had tunnel repair. Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation was used in 1 baby for hemodynamic instability and as prophylaxis in the remaining 4 babies postoperatively for 115 ± 26.2 hours (95% confidence interval, 72 to 144 hours). Results All babies had delayed closure of the chest. There was no operative mortality. One baby was reoperated on for tunnel stenosis as well as pulmonary stenosis 4 months after primary repair. All babies were followed for 192 patient-months and show an improved fractional shortening. Conclusions Early operation, early institution of intraaortic balloon counter pulsation for left ventricular support, and delayed sternal closure are the key to good results.
Introduction: Selling Out? Solidarity and Choice in the American Feminist Movement

This symposium examines an emergent orientation within the American feminist movement called “choice feminism.” Choice feminists are primarily concerned with increasing the number of choices open to women and with decreasing judgments about the choices that individual women make. Choice feminists are best known for their argument that a woman who leaves the remunerated labor market to care for her children is a feminist in good standing; she makes a feminist decision. While media coverage of choice feminism has been extensive, political scientists have been comparatively quiet. In this symposium, four political scientists analyze and evaluate choice feminism, revealing their disagreement about the validity of the choice feminist position and about the meaning of choice feminism for movement politics, political judgment, and liberal political theory.
A community stroke study: Factors influencing stroke awareness and hospital arrival time

Abstract Background: One reason patients do not receive thrombolytic therapy for the treatment of stroke is late arrival to the emergency department (ED). One factor could be due to lack of awareness of stroke symptoms. We tested our hypothesis at 2 hospitals in central Illinois. Objective: To determine hospital arrival times and the level of stroke awareness in an urban/rural setting. Methods: Data were collected from transient ischemic attack (TIA)/stroke patients over a 6-month period. Patients were asked if they knew they were having a stroke, time from symptom onset to hospital arrival, and how they arrived at the hospital. Patient medical records were reviewed to determine risk factor data and classify stroke subtype using the Trial of ORG-10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria. Results: Data were obtained from 185 patients. Only 33% of patients arrived at the hospital within 2 hours of symptom onset. Predictors for early arrival were identified as perceived awareness of having a stroke (odds ratio [OR] = 2.13, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-4.46), calling 911 (OR = 3.40, 95% CI, 1.70-6.82), and TIA (OR = 3.57, 95% CI, 1.50-8.61). Twenty-six percent of the patients were aware they were having a stroke. Diagnosis of a TIA was identified as a predictor of stroke awareness (OR = 2.46, 95% CI, 1.01-5.96). Patients who did not have any stroke risk factors were more aware of having a stroke compared with patients who had documented risk factors (OR = 3.33, 95% CI, 1.09-10.0). Conclusions: Results from this study indicate a lack of public knowledge regarding stroke symptoms in this urban/rural community. Copyright © 2001 by National Stroke Association
APL and FORTRAN programs for a new equation of state for H2O, CO2, and their mixtures at supercritical conditions

Abstract APL and FORTRAN programs utilizing a new modified hard-sphere Redlich-Kwong equation calculate volumes and fugacity coefficients for pure H 2 O and CO 2 , and activities in H 2 O-CO 2 mixtures, throughout most of the crustal and upper mantle P − T conditions. The new modification allows the term of the equation representing attractive intermolecular forces to vary as a function of both temperature and pressure, in contrast to earlier versions where this term was considered a function of temperature only. Compared with previous modified Redlich-Kwong (MRK) equations, this equation predicts thermodynamic properties for pure H 2 O and CO 2 which are in better agreement with those derived from experimental P − V − T data. These programs are versatile and can be incorporated into existing routines which calculate mixed-volatile (H 2 O–CO 2 ) phase equilibria for petrologic systems.
A new spectral framework for establishing localization relationships for elastic behavior of composites and their calibration to finite-element models

Abstract Localization relationships aim to connect the microscale response in a composite material to the macroscale loading conditions, while taking into account the local details of the microstructure at the location of interest. Such linkages are at the core of multi-scale modeling of materials since they provide efficient scale-bridging relationships. These structure–property linkages are expressed through fourth-rank localization tensors derived from higher-order homogenization theories. This paper builds upon a recently developed spectral framework called microstructure-sensitive design that was established to formulate localization relationships for the elastic response in composite materials. The method casts existing higher-order homogenization theory into a Fourier space to achieve substantial computational advantages over other multi-scale modeling approaches. More specifically, it is demonstrated that the spectral approach transforms the localization relationship into a simple algebraic series comprising polynomials of the microstructure coefficients. A remarkable feature of this new method is that the coefficients of the polynomial expression, termed influence coefficients, are completely independent of the morphological details in a specific microstructure. Consequently, they need to be established only once. It is demonstrated in this paper that an appropriately truncated localization relationship can be obtained by calibration of the influence coefficients to the results of finite-element models. These, and other, salient features of the proposed spectral framework are first theoretically established, and then demonstrated with a simple case study.
Rabies: still a uniformly fatal disease? Historical occurrence, epidemiological trends, and paradigm shifts.

Rabies has the highest case fatality of any infectious disease. Pathobiological and clinical insights have questioned the assertion that death is inevitable after onset of acute encephalomyelitis. Relying upon national laboratory-based surveillance, we reviewed records of human rabies acquired in the United States during 1960–2009. Changes in the epidemiology of human rabies were notable, due to improved animal management, safer and more efficacious biologics, and revisions in prevention guidelines. Historically, domestic animals were the most important source of infection. Since the 1990s, more human cases were associated with rabid bats. Prior to 1980, postexposure prophylaxis failures were reported. After development of modern rabies immune globulin and vaccines, none occurred. Of 75 human cases identified, only four patients survived. Rabies remains an extremely high consequence zoonosis, but the disease is not uniformly fatal, per se. Rabies is essentially preventable when primary exposures are averted, or appropriate prophylaxis occurs before illness.
Sensory, Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Mini‐Peeled Carrots as Affected by Edible Coating Treatment

The effect of three application rates of an edible cellulose-based coating on sensory, microbiological and chemical quality of mini-peeled carrots was studied during storage at 2°C. Carrots treated with edible coating had reduced levels of white surface discoloration, and higher sensory scores for orange color intensity, fresh carrot aroma, fresh carrot flavor, and overall acceptability than non-coated carrots. Edible coating treatment did not affect levels of total aerobic microorganisms, yeast, mold or lactobacilli. Oxygen, carbon dioxide and ethanol levels in packages, and sugar and soluble phenolic content of mini-peeled carrots were not affected by coating treatment. An edible coating application rate of 0.23–0.49 L/min protected against surface discoloration and retained quality during storage at 2°C.
Assessing the Generalization of Psychopathy in a Clinical Sample of Domestic Violence Perpetrators

This study proposed that domestic violence perpetrators in a clinical sample could be categorized into distinct subgroups and that a particular subgroup of batterers would exhibit sufficient psychopathic characteristics to be clinically meaningful. Participants were interviewed in order to gather a relevant social, familial, educational, criminal, and substance abuse history. They were then administered several psychological measures including the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV). Results lent support to the empirical batterer typology identified by Holtzworth-Munroe, A., Meehan, J. C., Herron, K., Rehman, U., & Stuart, G. L. (2000). However, despite the presence of a more antisocial subgroup, psychopathy did not consistently differentiate among batterers across the measured dependent variables.
Surgical resection for gastric cancer in elderly patients: is there a difference in outcome?

Abstract Background Early and long-term outcome of gastrectomy for gastric cancer in elderly adults has been a subject of controversy and debate. Method and methods Clinical information was reviewed for patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric cancer during an 11-year period (1990–2000) at the University of Tennessee Medical Center at Knoxville. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, operative mortality and morbidity, survival, and length of hospitalization were reviewed. Results Of 48 patients who underwent gastric resection for gastric adenocarcinoma, 24 were older than 70 and 24 younger than 70. There were no differences between the two groups regarding tumor characteristics, including location, tumor size, grade, gross pathology, lymph node involvement, lymphovascular invasion, and stage. In the elderly group, 75% underwent subtotal gastrectomy and 25% had total gastrectomy with or without resection of adjacent organs. In the younger patients, these numbers were 66.6% and 33.3%, respectively, which was statistically insignificant ( P = 0.5). Five-year survival was 16.6% among elderly patients compared to 20.8% in the younger patients ( P = 0.45). Half of the elderly patients and 39% of young patients had other comrobidities ( P = 0.45). Postoperative mortality and morbidity was 8.33% and 33.3% in elderly patients, compared to 4.2% and 33.3%, respectively, in the younger group. These results were statistically insignificant ( P = 0.4). The median postoperative length of stay was 15 days (95 percent confidence interval, 11–19 days) in younger patients compared to 18 days (95 percent confidence interval, 13–22 days) in the elderly group ( P = 0.3). Conclusion This study suggests that gastrectomy can be carried out safely in elderly patients. The early and long-term outcomes in elderly patients (over age 70) are comparable to younger patients (under age 70). Age alone should not preclude gastric resection in elderly patients.
Developing interactive multi-user VoIP applications using synchronization contracts with ECharts

VoIP services are increasingly expected to support complex interactions among many autonomous users. A conferencing service, for example, must allow dial-in users to freely join and leave a call, and permit an administrator to control who may join a call and kick out participants who should be (temporarily or permanently) excluded. The need to maintain application state complicates development of VoIP applications on top of SIP [3], even in the case of single-user applications. For multi-user applications, the need to synchronize SIP threads that concurrently access shared application state when responding to messages from different users significantly increases this complexity [2].
Diet and cancer: an international study

The notion that nutritional intake and cancer are interrelated is an old one and the strength of this relationship is dependent upon the proportion of underdeveloped and developed countries among the total number of countries investigated. The protein, fat and caloric intake is lower in underdeveloped versus developed countries. The positive association of intestine, rectum and breast cancers with food intake is biologically logical whereas the positive association of lymphatic, haemopoietic and myeloid leukaemias and skin cancer make no biological sense suggesting that strength of association by itself does not imply causality. The study points to the advantages and pitfalls of international data bases and broad correlation studies.