cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ENHANCED CARRIER LIFETIMES AND SUPPRESSION OF MIDGAP STATES IN GAAS AT A MAGNETIC METAL INTERFACE

We report the first measurement of room temperature carrier lifetimes at a magnetic metal--semiconductor interface, $\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{GaAs}(001)\ensuremath{-}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$. The lifetimes are significantly enhanced relative to uncoated or sulfur-passivated surfaces, or the $\mathrm{Al}/\mathrm{GaAs}(001)\ensuremath{-}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ interface. These enhanced lifetimes correlate with a corresponding decrease in the density of midgap states which otherwise dominate the character of the GaAs(001) surface. The epitaxial Fe film provides both a ferromagnetic contact and a superior surface-passivating layer which does not pin the Fermi energy.
Mathematical tools for hazard function analysis

Abstract A hazard function is a characterization of the risk of an event occurring at a given point, conditionalized by the fact that the event has not already occurred. A mathematical analysis is the preferred means for learning about the critical features of the hazard function. For both continuous and discrete probability distributions, theorems are provided that enable the critical features of the hazard function to be ascertained. Methods are also described for obtaining the underlying probability distribution from the hazard function. The mixture of stochastic processes, the convolution of random variables, and disjunctive/conjunctive systems are discussed in the context of hazard function analysis.
Dr. Albert Sabin

Dr. Albert Bruce Sabin is best known for his research in poliomyelitis. He developed the trivalent oral polio vaccine that has made the global eradication of polio a realistic goal. He also developed vaccines for dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis.
Measure of four-dimensional simplicial quantum gravity

Abstract Four-dimensional euclidean quantum gravity has been studied as a discrete model based on dynamical triangulations by Ambjorn and Jurkiewicz [1] and by Agishtein and Migdal [2]. We present results for a non-uniform measure which indicate that the criticality of the phase transition depends on the measure.
Abstract 4370: Arsenite stabilizes HIF-1α protein through p85α-mediated upregulation of inducible Hsp70 protein expression

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Arsenite has long been known as a human carcinogen. The hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is an important transcription factor upon hypoxia and other stresses, which is proved to be associated with the pathogenesis of several cancers. Although hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) has been reported to be activated by arsenite both in vivo and in vitro, the detailed molecular mechanisms leading to HIF-1α expression and activation due to arsenite exposure have not been well understood. In the present study, we found that arsenite is able to induce HIF-1α protein accumulation in both mouse epidermal Cl41 cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Knockout of p85α in MEFs (p85α−/−) led to the deficiency of HIF-1α protein accumulation induced by arsenite exposure, suggesting that p85α is crucial for arsenite-induced stabilization of HIF-1α protein. At the same time, our studies also show that p85a exhibited an inhibition of HIF-1α protein degradation via PI-3K/Akt-dependent pathway in cellular response to arsenite exposure. Our further studies revealed that arsenite exposure was able to induce inducible Hsp70 expression, and the deficiency of HIF-1α protein in p85α−/− MEF cells could be restored by introduction of inducible Hsp70 into p85α−/− MEF (p85α−/− (Hsp70)). Moreover, our results also indicated that p85α is crucial for arsenite-induced activation of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF-1), which is responsible for the transcription of inducible Hsp70. The transcriptional up-regulation of hsp70 by activated PI-3K/Akt pathway is strictly mediated by heat shock transcription factor-1 (HSF-1). Taken together, our studies demonstrated that p85α-mediated HIF-1α stabilization due to arsenite exposure is specific through p85α mediation of HSF-1 activation and subsequently transcriptional up-regulation of the inducible Hsp70. During this course, p85 regulated inducible Hsp70 expression transcription through PI-3K/Akt/HSF-1 pathway upon arsenite exposure. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4370.
RAPID INDUCTION OF HALOTHANE ANAESTHESIA IN MAN

The cardiopulmonary and anaesthetic responses of nine healthy volunteers, breathing concentrations of 1-4% halothane in oxygen, were studied. Supine fasting subjects breathing room air exhaled to residual volume and then inhaled a vital capacity breath of 1, 2, 3 or 4% halothane in oxygen. After a breath-hold of 30–90 s they exhaled and then breathed spontaneously the same anaesthetic mixture for up to 2 min. The electrocardiogram, arterial pressure, heart sounds and arterial oxygen saturation, were monitored, and respiratory gases were analysed by mass spectrometry. The maximum effect was seen after breathing 4% halothane. All volunteers were amnesic after the first breath and unresponsive to command after 2 min. Little or no excitement occurred. A maximum decrease of 12 mm Hg in systolic pressure was seen while breathing 4% halothane. Bradycardia, hypoxia and clinically important hypercarbia did not occur. At all inspired concentrations of halothane, the end-tidal halothane concentration increased rapidly and was 30% of the inspired value after 1 min. No volunteer found this technique to be unpleasant. Rapid induction of general anaesthesia with 2–4 % halothane in oxygen is effective, safe and well accepted by healthy young adults.
Control of Lepidopteran insect pests in transgenic Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) transformed with a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis cry1C gene

A synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis cry1C gene was transferred to three Korean cultivars of Chinese cabbage via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of hypocotyl explants. Hygromycin resistance served as an efficient selective marker. The transformation efficiency ranged from 5% to 9%. Transformation was confirmed by Southern blot analysis, PCR, Northern analysis, and progeny tests. Many transgenic plants of the closed-head types (lines Olympic and Samjin) flowered in vitro. Over 50 hygromycin-resistant plants were successfully transferred to soil. The transgenic plants and their progeny were resistant to diamondback moths (DBM, Plutella xylostella), the major insect pest of crucifers world-wide, as well as to cabbage loopers (Trichoplusia ni) and imported cabbage worms (Pieris rapae). Both susceptible Geneva DBM and a DBM population resistant to Cry1A protein were controlled by the Cry1C-transgenic plants. The efficient and reproducible transformation system described may be useful for the transfer of other agriculturally important genes into Chinese cabbage.
Performance of Eight Methods, Including Two New Rapid Methods, for Detection of Oxacillin Resistance in a Challenge Set of Staphylococcus aureus Organisms

Using a set of 55 Staphylococcus aureus challenge organisms, we evaluated six routine methods (broth microdilution, disk diffusion, oxacillin agar screen, MicroScan conventional panels, MicroScan rapid panels, and Vitek cards) currently used in many clinical laboratories and two new rapid methods, Velogene and the MRSA-Screen, that require less than a day to determine the susceptibility of S. aureus to oxacillin. The methods were evaluated by using the presence of the mecA gene, as detected by PCR, as the "gold standard." The strains included 19 mecA-positive heterogeneously resistant strains of expression class 1 or 2 (demonstrating oxacillin MICs of 4 to >16 microg/ml) and 36 mecA-negative strains. The oxacillin MICs of the latter strains were 0.25 to 4 microg/ml when tested by broth microdilution with 2% NaCl-supplemented cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth as specified by the NCCLS. However, when tested by agar dilution with 4% salt (the conditions used in the oxacillin agar screen method), the oxacillin MICs of 16 of the mecA-negative strains increased to 4 to 8 microg/ml. On initial testing, the percentages of correct results (% sensitivity/% specificity) were as follows: broth microdilution, 100/100; Velogene, 100/100; Vitek, 95/97; oxacillin agar screen, 90/92; disk diffusion, 100/89; MicroScan rapid panels, 90/86; MRSA-Screen, 90/100; and MicroScan conventional, 74/97. The MRSA-Screen sensitivity improved to 100% if agglutination reactions were read at 15 min. Repeat testing improved the performance of some but not all of the systems.
On the complexity of designing distributed protocols

The complexity of two problems of distributed computation and decision-making is studied. It is shown that deciding whether two distant agents can arrive at compatible decisions without any communication can be done in polynomial time if there are two possible decisions for each agent, but is NP-complete if one agent has three or more alternatives. It is also shown that minimizing the amount of communication necessary for the distributed computation of a function, when two distant computers receive each a part of the input, is NP-complete. This proves a conjecture due to A. Yao.
The effect of acute autonomic denervation on pulmonary vascular resistance.

Abstract Experiments were performed on 13 dogs to study the effects of acute denervation on pulmonary vascular resistance. Limited systemic circulation was maintained by cardiopulmonary bypass. Pulmonary blood flow rate was altered serially and pressure measurements were made to compute pulmonary vascular resistance. Other variables of systemic and pulmonary circulation were held constant. Denervation seemed to produce either no change or a reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance. These data, along with previous work, absolve denervation as an etiological factor for higher vascular resistance in pulmonary transplantation.
Biphasic inflammatory responses in injury and repair after stroke

Inflammation may be an important contributor to the pathophysiology of brain injury after stroke. During the acute phase, various neurovascular mediators may augment endothelial activation and infiltration of inflammatory cells into damaged brain. These early events may serve to increase blood-brain barrier leakage, edema, hemorrhage and cell death. During the delayed phase however, continued inflammatory signals may conversely serve to mediate endogenous substrates of remodeling. These mechanisms of neurovascular plasticity and repair may underlie angiogenesis and neurogenesis as stroke patients recover over time. In this presentation, two representative examples of this overall theme wil be discussed: matrix metalloproteinases and the alarmin protein HMGB1. During the initial stages of cerebral ischemia, dysregulated matrix metalloproteinases may degrade blood-brain barrier integrity and amplify neurovascular injury. Thus, blocking matrix metalloproteinases may be useful as combination therapy together with thrombolysis and reperfusion. But during delayed stages post-ischemia, matrix metalloproteinases may contribute to neuroblast migration and peri-infarct cortical remodeling. During the early stages of cerebral ischemia, release of HMGB1 from dying cells in the core may serve to expand neuronal necrosis and inflammation. But during the later stages of stroke, upregulation of HMGB1 in reactive astrocytes may contribute to dendritic plasticity and angiogenesis. Taken together, these findings suggest that biphasic responses in neurovascular inflammation may blur the boundaries between injury and repair after stroke.
A new definition of privacy for the law

The paper begins with a defence of a new definition of privacy as the absence of undocumented personal knowledge. In the middle section, I criticise alternative accounts of privacy. Finally, I show how my definition can be worked into contemporary American Law.
Disinhibition as a Mechanism in Sexual Victimization: A Prospective Study

Disinhibition was examined as a mechanism in revictimization using a prospective research design. Of the sample of 211 young adult women, 43.1% reported prior sexual victimization (birth to the time of our initial assessment) and 32.2% reported sexual assault during the 6-month follow-up. The findings suggest that disinhibition was a partial mediator. Prior sexual victimization was associated with increased disinhibition as well as increased future sexual assault. Greater disinhibition was associated with increased future sexual assault. Once disinhibition was accounted for, the original relationship between prior and future sexual assault was reduced. Disinhibition partially explained revictimization and these behaviors might serve as possible targets of change in sexual victimization prevention work.
Intestinal Pregnane X Receptor Links Xenobiotic Exposure and Hypercholesterolemia

Recent studies have associated endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) exposure with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in humans, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for these associations remain elusive. Many EDCs have been implicated in activation of the nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR), which acts as a xenobiotic sensor to regulate xenobiotic metabolism in the liver and intestine. Here we report an important role of intestinal PXR in linking xenobiotic exposure and hyperlipidemia. We identified tributyl citrate (TBC), one of a large group of Food and Drug Administration–approved plasticizers for pharmaceutical or food applications, as a potent and selective PXR agonist. TBC efficiently activated PXR and induced PXR target gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, TBC activated intestinal PXR but did not affect hepatic PXR activity. Exposure to TBC increased plasma total cholesterol and atherogenic low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in wild-type mice, but not in...
Nodular dermatofibrosis and cystic renal disease in three mixed‐breed dogs and a Boxer dog

Three mixed-breed dogs and a Boxer dog with nodular dermatofibrosis are described. The three mixed breed dogs had concurrent renal epithelial cysts (n = 2) or renal cystadenomas (n = 1); these lesions were visualized antemortem on ultrasonographic examination. One of these dogs was a 7-year-old Labrador Retriever-Gordon Setter mixed breed which survived 5 years after diagnosis, and was euthanized for unrelated causes. The Boxer dog had renal cystic adenomatous hyperplasia and renal cystadenocarcinomas which were not visualized on ultrasonographic examination but were diagnosed at necropsy.
Influence of balance exercises during an attention task on fear of falling among frail elderly fallen

AIM: Recent research suggests that the fear of falling may be a more serious problem than actual falling among frail elderly people. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not it is possible to influence the fear of falling among frail elderly people who previously had fallen, by balance exercises under attention tasks. METHODS: The subjects were 22 frail elderly people in nursing homes (3 men and 19 women, mean age 83.1+/-5.2 SD) who had fallen. Written informed consent was given for participation in the study. Subjects were divided into two groups at random: the balance exercise group (the control group) and the balance exercise during an attention task (the attention group). Balance exercise continued for 10 weeks, consisting of one 5 minute session, 3 times weekly. The control and intervention subjects were evaluated using the Fall Efficacy Scale (FES), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Timed Up & Go Test (TUGT) and walking speed, before the program, at the end of the trial, and 10 weeks after the program. RESULTS: There was no change in walking speed in either group, and difference in TUGT of the control group was observed. We found improvement in FRT and TUGT of the attention group. The FES decreased in the attention group. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that balance exercise during an attention task can improve standing posture balance in frail elderly people who have fallen. These results also suggest that it is important to intervene in both motor function and attention function to decrease the fear of falling. Language: ja
An experimental study of the ion chemistry and thermal balance in the E- and F-regions above Wallops Island

E and F region positive ion composition, electron concentration and thermal balance vertical profile, discussing ionizing radiation spectrum, plasma cooling, primary chemical reaction rates and ionospheric formation
The Type III Connecting Segment of Fibronectin Contains an Aspartic Acid Residue that Regulates the Rate of Binding to Integrin α4β1

The type III connecting segment (IIICS) within fibronectin is the major binding site for the integrin α4β1. Most integrin ligands have an essential acidic residue within their integrin binding site, in IIICS this residue is hypothesized to be the aspartic acid at position 21. Alanine scanning mutagenesis was used to determine the amino acid residues within the intact IIICS domain required for interaction with α4β1. IIICS was cloned and expressed as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase. This recombinant form of IIICS supports the adhesion of CHO cells that express human α4β1in a cation dependent manner. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the EILDVP sequence in recombinant IIICS demonstrated that only two of these residues are critical for adhesion of α4β1expressing cells. Mutations of leucine at position 20 and aspartic acid at position 21 to alanine significantly reduced cell adhesion. Conservative mutations of aspartic acid at position 21 to asparagine or glutamic acid also reduced the ability of...
Potassium titanyl phosphate thin films on fused quartz for optical waveguide applications

Thin films of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTiOPO4) for photonic applications have been fabricated on fused quartz substrates by pulsed excimer laser ablation. The textured films were optically uniaxial with the symmetry axis oriented normal to the film surface. The principle component of the second order electric susceptibility was oriented parallel to this symmetry axis and was determined to be about 16 times the magnitude of quartz for the fundamental wavelength of 1.064 μm. This configuration, with the largest nonlinear optical response for polarizations perpendicular to the film surface, is desirable in TM guided wave applications. Planar optical waveguide measurements were performed and the linear waveguide loss was measured. The frequency dependence of χ(2)(ω) was determined and found to be uniform for visible second harmonic wavelengths.
TOWARDS PATIENT-CENTERED CARE FOR DEPRESSION: CONJOINT METHODS TO TAILOR TREATMENT BASED ON PREFERENCES.

Background Although antidepressants and counseling have been shown to be effective in treating patients with depression, non-treatment or under-treatment for depression is common especially among the elderly and minorities. Previous work on patient preferences has focused on medication versus counseling, but less is known about the value patients place on attributes of medication and counseling.
Repair of Mycotic Aneurysms of the Aorta Involving the Aortic Valve

Abstract This report summarizes our successful management of 6 patients who underwent repair of mycotic aneurysms of the ascending aorta within a four-year period. Repairs have been successful despite involvement of as much as two-thirds of the circumference of the aortic valve annulus, involvement of the origin of the right coronary artery, and development of heart block. Three patients required surgical intervention because of hemodynamic decompensation before they had completed antibiotic therapy for endocarditis. In 3 patients, the aneurysm was buttressed with the valve skirt so that aneurysm repair and valve replacement were accomplished in continuity. In 2 patients, the aneurysm was repaired separately and the valve seated on the repair. In 1 patient, a large defect between the left and right coronary arteries was repaired with a woven Dacron patch secured to the valve skirt. The valve was seated to the left ventricle and the graft to the aorta. There were no operative or postoperative deaths. Our data suggest that mycotic aneurysms of the aortic annulus can be successfully repaired despite extensive damage.
Identification of a peptide sequence involved in association of subunits of yeast hexokinases.

Abstract The chemistry of the proteolytic conversion of the native yeast hexokinases P-I and P-II to the respective modified forms S-I and S-II was studied in detail. The conversion of P-I to S-I was found to involve the removal of one six and one five residue peptide from P-I; these peptides were isolated and sequenced, and a comparison with the partial sequence of native P-I demonstrated that they were cleaved from the amino terminal end. Since results indicated that exactly the same peptides were cleaved from P-II during conversion to S-II, it is concluded that the first 11 amino acids in P-I and P-II have the same sequence. That sequence is: val · his · leu · gly · pro · lys · lys · pro · gln · ala · arg The basicity of these peptides was reflected in the decrease in isolectric point observed when a P-form is converted to an S-form. The peptides are clearly involved in the association of the subunits of yeast hexokinase, since their removal greatly weakens the tendency of the subunits to dimerize.
Do fluoroscopy and postoperative radiographs correlate for periacetabular osteotomy corrections

Background The Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) can relieve pain and restore function in patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia. Accurate acetabular correction is fundamental to achieving these clinical goals and presumably enhancing survivorship of the reconstruction. Fluoroscopy is used by some surgeons to assess intraoperative acetabular correction but it is unclear whether the features observed by fluoroscopy accurately reflect those on postoperative radiographs.
Glucocorticoids regulate the development of intracellular signaling: Enhanced forebrain adenylate cyclase catalytic subunit activity after fetal dexamethasone exposure

Although glucocorticoids cause growth retardation and interfere with cell development, selective promotion of some aspects of cell function also has been reported. The current study examines whether glucocorticoids enhance intracellular transduction mechanisms mediated by adenylate cyclase in the developing forebrain, a region in which steroids have been shown to interfere with cell replication, maturation, and growth. Pregnant rats were given dexamethasone at doses spanning the threshold for growth impairment (0.05, 0.2, and 0.8 mg/kg) on gestational days 17, 18, and 19, and development of adenylate cyclase was evaluated in membrane preparations, using four different activity measures; basal adenylate cyclase in the absence or presence of GTP, maximal G-protein activation by fluoride in the presence of GTP, and stimulation mediated by forskolin-Mn2+, which bypasses the G-proteins. Prenatal exposure to dexamethasone produced a dose-dependent impairment of body growth, with smaller deficits in forebrain weights (brain sparing) indicative of systemic toxicity. Basal adenylate cyclase activity was unaffected by dexamethasone treatment, regardless of whether GTP was present in the assay. Similarly, fluoride stimulation developed normally in all dexamethasone groups. However, forskolin-Mn(2+)-stimulated activity was significantly enhanced in a dose-dependent fashion. These results suggest that glucocorticoids serve as positive factors for the development of adenylate cyclase catalytic subunit activity, independently of their adverse effects on general growth and development; thus, these hormones may be a primary regulator of cell signaling during early development.
Global Ablation of the Mouse Rab11a Gene Impairs Early Embryogenesis and Matrix Metalloproteinase Secretion

Rab11a has been conceived as a prominent regulatory component of the recycling endosome, which acts as a nexus in the endo- and exocytotic networks. The precise in vivo role of Rab11a in mouse embryonic development is unknown. We globally ablated Rab11a and examined the phenotypic and molecular outcomes in Rab11anull blastocysts and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Using multiple trafficking assays and complementation analyses, we determined, among multiple important membrane-associated and soluble cargos, the critical contribution of Rab11a vesicular traffic to the secretion of multiple soluble MMPs. Rab11anull embryos were able to properly form normal blastocysts but died at peri-implantation stages. Our data suggest that Rab11a critically controls mouse blastocyst development and soluble matrix metalloproteinase secretion.
An essential arginine residue for initiation of protein-primed DNA replication.

Abstract A group of proteins that act as primers for initiation of linear DNA replication are called DNA-terminal proteins (terminal proteins). We have found a short stretch of conserved amino acid sequence among the terminal proteins from six different sources. The location of this sequence motif is also similar among the different terminal-proteins. To determine the functional role of this terminal-protein domain in DNA replication, we have studied the bacteriophage PRD1 system. The PRD1 terminal protein and DNA polymerase genes were cloned into expression vectors, and the recombinant plasmids were used for constructing PRD1 terminal protein mutants. Site-directed mutagenesis and functional analysis showed that one of the two arginines (Arg-174) in the conserved sequence is critical for the initiation complex-forming activity of the PRD1 terminal protein. Replacement of Arg-174 by noncharged amino acids resulted in nonfunctional terminal protein. Phenylglyoxal, an alpha-dicarbonyl compound that reacts with the guanidino group of arginine, inhibits initiation complex formation between PRD1 terminal protein and dGMP. On the basis of these results, we propose that Arg-174 represents, at least in part, the binding site for phosphate groups of dGTP.
Effects of back step and update rule on congestion of mobile objects

Abstract This paper studies the effects of back step movement and update rule on the traffic congestion properties of mobile objects, using computer simulation. The mobile objects are modeled as four-way-biased random walkers in two-dimensional square lattice. It is found that there is always a phase transition from free flow to jammed state at some critical density with and without back step under sequential and parallel update for large systems. Back step does not reduce congestion as one might expect. In fact, back step makes congestion worse in terms of critical density. The critical density with back step is smaller than the critical density without back step under sequential and parallel update for large systems. Back step under parallel update leads to completely jammed state, whereas back step under sequential update leads to partially jammed state. The critical density under parallel update is smaller than the critical density under sequential update with and without back step. Variable drift has no significant effects on the congestion properties.
Immune complex disease associated with spontaneous murine leukemia: Incidence and pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis☆

Glomerulonephritis accompanies a large proportion of murine leukemia viral infections. AKR mice, which spontaneously developed leukemia after natural infection by Gross murine leukemia virus showed progressive manifestations of immune complex glomerulonephritis. Hence, by 9 months of age, 68% of these mice had histologic evidence of nephritis, whereas 89% had granular deposits of viral antigen, host immunoglobulin, and complement in their glomeruli. Subepithelial and subendothelial deposits were seen by electron microscopy. Similarly, nearly all mice of strains ordinarily not subject to renal disease developed immune complex glomeru-lonephritis after experimental infection with Raucher leukemia virus.
Series-fed beam-scanning array antenna comprising multi-stage configured microstrip antenna with tunable reactance devices and open stubs

We previously proposed a series-fed beam-scanning array antenna employing MUSCAT (MUlti-Stage Configured microstrip Antenna with Tunable reactance devices) (Honma, N. et al., Proc. 2003 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference $APMC'03, vol.2, p.953-6, 2003). To abate losses which occur at higher frequencies, we now propose a MUSCAT array employing open stubs that are placed at both ends of the rectangular microstrip antennas and connected to tunable reactance devices. The results of the analysis and measurement at 5 GHz indicate that our new configuration reduces the insertion loss by 1.3 to 1.6 dB in the unit element group compared to the configuration employing the tunable devices directly attached between the microstrip and the ground. Also, the undesired radiation from the stubs only slightly affects the radiation performance of the unit element array. We have analyzed the MUSCAT array antenna with five unit element groups to evaluate the beam-scanning performance, and we find that the MUSCAT array with the open stubs improves the beam scanning range by 2.5 times compared to the previous configurations. Based on the analyses and measurements, we find that the newly configured MUSCAT array offers wide beam scanning and easy operation with low loss.
The relation of stream sediment surface area, grain size and composition to trace element chemistry

Abstract Intensive studies of 17 geographically and hydrologically diverse stream bed sediments provide information on the relation between grain size, surface area, and operationally defined geochemical phases (e.g. Mn oxides, amorphous Fe oxides) to trace element concentrations. Of the size fractions investigated ( 125 μm), each of the various phases contribute to overall sample surface area. For material having mean grain sizes in the very fine sand range and finer (
Mechanistic explanation of integral calculus

The anatomic features of filaments, drawn through graphs of an integral F(x) and its derivative f(x), clarify why integrals automatically calculate area swept out by derivatives. Each miniscule elevation change dF on an integral, as a linear measure, equals the magnitude of square area of a corresponding vertical filament through its derivative. The sum of all dF increments combine to produce a range ΔF on the integral that equals the exact summed area swept out by the derivative over that domain. The sum of filament areas is symbolized ∫f(x)dx, where dx is the width of any filament and f(x) is the ordinal value of the derivative and thus, the intrinsic slope of the integral point dF/dx. dx displacement widths, and corresponding dF displacement heights, along the integral are not uniform and are determined by the intrinsic slope of the function at each point. Among many methods that demonstrate why integrals calculate area traced out by derivatives, this presents the physical meaning of differentials dx a...
GLOW: A global router for low-power thermal-reliable interconnect synthesis using photonic wavelength multiplexing

In this paper, we examine the integration potential and explore the design space of low power thermal reliable on-chip interconnect synthesis featuring nanophotonics Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). With the recent advancements, it is foreseen that nanophotonics holds the promise to be employed for future on-chip data signalling due to its unique power efficiency, signal delay and huge multiplexing potential. However, there are major challenges to address before feasible on-chip integration could be reached. In this paper, we present GLOW, a hybrid global router to provide low power opto-electronic interconnect synthesis under the considerations of thermal reliability and various physical design constraints such as optical power, delay and signal quality. GLOW is evaluated with testing cases derived from ISPD07-08 global routing benchmarks. Compared with a greedy approach, GLOW demonstrates around 23%–50% of total optical power reduction, revealing great potential of on-chip WDM interconnect synthesis.
Leg coordination and swimming in an ant, Camponotus americanus

. Leg movements of Camponotus americanus workers during straight swimming and turning are described herein. Thrust is generated through the different speeds and drag control between power v. return strokes in the forelegs. During the power stroke, femur, tibia and tarsus are straightened and thereby increase resistance; they bend backward during the return stroke. These thrusting legs move in a vertical plane which is similar to their position during walking. The backward stretching mesothoracic and metathoracic legs act, in conjunction with the gaster, as a rudder. Swimming in ants can be derived from walking; the major transformation being a suppression of the rhythmic movements of the middle and hind legs.
Semiclassical approximations to real-time quantum-mechanical effects in correlation functions of complex molecular systems

Semiclassical approximation of real-time quantum effects is analyzed with the aid of the semiclassical initial value representation (SC-IVR) and Wigner distribution functions. We utilize these two ingredients to propose a new version of the semiclassical correlation function that contains, in principle, all quantum-mechanical effects. The advantage of this formulation is that it allows for a stepwise approximation specifically for real-time quantum effects based on a gradual inclusion of more degrees of freedom into the integral responsible for interference. From numerical calculations, this procedure does not seem to depend significantly on the choice coordinates if all degrees of freedom are coupled. This freedom from the coordinate choice removes possible ambiguities in applying this method. Several example cases are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of this approach.
Idempotent medialn-groupoids defined on fields

Fajtlowicz and Mycielski ([2]) showed that if we define an operationx·y=px+(1-p)x on the real numbersR for somep e R, then the idempotent and medial laws form a basis for the equational theory of the groupoid (R,) if and only ifp is a transcendental number. In this paper, we generalize this ton-groupoids. Namely, if we define ann-ary operation [x 1x2h.xn]=α1x1 + α2x2+h.+(1-α1-h.αn−1) onR for some α1, α2, h., αn−1 in R, then the idempotent and medial laws form a basis for the equational theory of then-groupoid (R, [ ]) if and only if α1, α2,..., αn−1 are algebraically independent.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND VOLATILE FLAVOR CHANGES OCCURRING IN FRUIT JUICES DURING CONCENTRATION AND FOAM‐MAT DRYING

SUMMARY Various concentration methods were evaluated as to the effect they had on volatile losses during concentration of apple, sour cherry and peach juices. Freeze concentration resulted in the least loss. Diffusion-membrane concentration resulted in slightly greater overall loss of volatiles but less than osmotic. Concentration by osmosis was slow and apple and cherry concentrates prepared by this method underwent a noticeable flavor change. Juice concentration by reverse osmosis was fairly fast and even though a large percentage of volatiles was lost, there was no detectable flavor change. Juices dried to a powder lost the largest amount of volatiles of any concentration procedure. The changes that occurred during drying could be organoleptically detected in all juices.
A cognitive model of the Auditor's going-concern judgment

This article presents a cognitive model of the auditor's going-concern judgment, called the GCX model, that is based on the analysis of transcripts of interviews with expert auditors. It proposes a specific set of knowledge and reasoning skills to model the auditor's performance of the going-concern judgment. the GCX model has been implemented and tested in a computer program, called “GCX,” using data drawn from a realworld company, and its performance qualitatively matches that of expert auditors. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Proteasomal degradation of Mcl-1 by maritoclax induces apoptosis and enhances the efficacy of ABT-737 in melanoma cells.

Background and purpose: Metastatic melanoma remains one of the most invasive and highly drug resistant cancers. The over expression of anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 has been associated with inferior survival, poor prognosis and chemoresistance of malignant melanoma. A BH3 mimetic, ABT-737, has demonstrated efficacy in several forms of cancers. However, the efficacy of ABT-737 depends on Mcl-1. Because the over expression of Mcl-1 is frequently observed in melanoma, specifically targeting of Mcl-1 may overcome the resistance of ABT-737. In this study, we investigated the effects of Maritoclax, a novel Mcl-1-selective inhibitor, alone and in combination with ABT-737, on the survival of human melanoma cells. Experimental approach: For cell viability assessment we performed MTT assay. Apoptosis was determined using western blot and flow cytometric analysis. Key results: The treatment of Maritoclax reduced the cell viability of melanoma cells with an IC50 of between 2.2–5.0 mM. Further, treatment of melanoma cells with Maritoclax showed significant decrease in Mcl-1 expression. We found that Maritoclax was able to induce apoptosis in melanoma cells in a caspase-dependent manner. Moreover, Maritoclax induced Mcl-1 degradation via the proteasome system, which was associated with its pro-apoptotic activity. We also found that Maritoclax treatment increased mitochondrial translocation of Bim and Bmf. Importantly, Maritoclax markedly enhanced the efficacy of ABT-737 against melanoma cells in both two- and three-dimensional spheroids. Conclusions and implications: Taken together, these results suggest that targeting of Mcl-1 by Maritoclax may represent a new therapeutic strategy for melanoma treatment that warrants further investigation as a single therapy or in combination with other agents such as Bcl-2 inhibitors.
SEX‐BASED DISPARITIES IN FELONY DISPOSITIONS BEFORE VERSUS AFTER SENTENCING REFORM IN OHIO*

Extending Koons-Witt's (2002) study of whether sex-based disparities in imprisonment likelihoods changed under sentencing guidelines in Minnesota, we examined similar models for Ohio with additional analyses of felony conviction likelihoods and sentence length for 5,472 felony defendants from twenty-four trial courts. The main effects of a defendant's sex on imprisonment were significant during both periods (unlike the Minnesota findings), consistent with a chivalry perspective. Random coefficient models revealed that these effects were similar across the twenty-four jurisdictions. Analyses also revealed significant postguideline reductions in sentence length disparities based on a woman's race and number of dependent children, yet increased disparities in imprisonment likelihoods postguidelines based on a woman's race and whether she was convicted on drug charges. These and other findings are discussed in the context of the Ohio legislature's implementation of a sentencing scheme that retains considerably more judicial discretion relative to Minnesota's template.
Seasonal carbon allocation in Heteromeles arbutifolia , a California evergreen shrub

The seasonal patterning of carbon gain and allocation was studied in the California evergreen sclerophyll shrub, Heteromeles arbutifolia. Specifically an analysis was made of the seasonal structural allocations to stems, leaves, roots and reproductive parts as well as to functional categories of cell structure, metabolism, storage, and secondary compounds (predator protection). The differential partitioning during the various seasons is viewed in terms of the overall carbon economy of the shrub. It is suggested that not all functions can be met simultaneously, even though there is year round carbon gain, because of the heavy allocation demands to meet a particular environmental stress during a given season. For example, during the spring there is a priority allocation to the development of the canopy, apparently for competitive purposes, with little going to reproduction, storage and secondary compounds.
Hydrogen-atom assisted CVD of copper at low temperatures and in-situ gas-phase spectroscopy studies

Abstract A novel low-temperature chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process has been developed by using hydrogen-atom reactions with metal compounds to produce copper thin films for ULSI applications. High-purity copper films, with low resistivity, good step coverage and strong adhesion to various substrates were obtained by using hydrogen-atom assisted CVD with CuCl at 200 °C, and with β-diketonate copper (II) complexes Cu(fod) 2 and Cu(hfa) 2 at 100–150 °C. Gas-phase Cu atoms (10 10 –10 11 cm −3 ) and concentration as a function of time were measured in-situ by atomic absorption spectroscopy during deposition. The diatomic molecule CuF was measured by atomic emission spectroscopy using oxygen-atom reactions with β-diketonate copper (II) complexes Cu(fod) 2 and Cu(hfa) 2 . Thermodynamic calculations of enthalpy, ΔH 0 showed that these reactions were exothermic and spontaneous at room temperature. The spectroscopy measurements of Cu atoms and CuF diatomic molecules in the reaction were studied as a means to develop insight into the gas-phase reaction. The reaction mechanisms were evaluated on the basis of atomic absorption spectroscopy measurements.
Frequent Cognitive Activity Compensates for Education Differences in Episodic Memory

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that frequent participation in cognitive activities can moderate the effects of limited education on cognitive functioning. DESIGN: A national study of adult development and aging, Midlife in the United States, with assessments conducted at the second wave of measurement in 2004-2006. SETTING: Assessments were made over the telephone (cognitive measures) and in a mail questionnaire (demographic variables, measures of cognitive and physical activity, and self-rated health). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3,343 men and women between the ages of 32 and 84 with a mean age of 55.99 years. MEASUREMENTS: The dependent variables were Episodic Memory (Immediate and Delayed Word List Recall) and Executive Functioning (Category Fluency, Backward Digit Span, Backward Counting Speed, Reasoning, and Attention Switching Speed). The independent variables were years of education and frequency of cognitive activity (reading, writing, doing word games or puzzles, and attending lectures). The covariates were age, sex, self-rated health, income, and frequency of physical activity. RESULTS: The two cognitive measures were regressed on education, cognitive activity frequency, and their interaction, while controlling for the covariates. Education and cognitive activity were significantly correlated with both cognitive abilities. The interaction of education and cognitive activity was significant for episodic memory but not for executive functioning. CONCLUSION: Those with lower education had lower cognitive functioning, but this was qualified by level of cognitive activity. For those with lower education, engaging frequently in cognitive activities showed significant compensatory benefits for episodic memory, which has promise for reducing social disparities in cognitive aging.
Enhancing ocean science literacy in the U.S. and abroad through NOAA Ocean Exploration

In the summer of 2010, an international team of scientists and educators from the United States and the Republic of Indonesia collaborated to explore little-known deep-sea ecosystems off Indonesia. Using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Ship Okeanos Explorer along with the Indonesian Research and Fisheries Vessel Baruna Jaya IV, the Indonesia-USA Deep-Sea Exploration of the Sangihe Talaud Region Expedition (INDEX 2010) was the first major step in a multi-year partnership between the two governments to mutually advance ocean science, technology and education. The expedition, also the maiden voyage of the NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer, was the first joint international mission with two ships sending live video and audio via telepresence to ocean explorers in Exploration Command Centers ashore in both countries. Both governments were deeply committed to education and outreach to raise awareness of the importance of exploring Indonesia's deep sea. NOAA's Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (OER) produced robust education materials/offerings to bring the science of the expedition into classrooms, aquariums and science museums/centers. Several of the education products were translated into Bahasa Indonesian. There were productive collaborations with SeaWorld-Indonesia in Jakarta and The Exploratorium in San Francisco, CA to ensure success of these efforts. Concurrent with the expedition, OER developed the Okeanos Explorer Education Materials Collection (Collection) to encourage educators and students to become personally involved with the voyages and discoveries of the Okeanos Explorer - America's first Federal ship dedicated to ocean exploration. An online workshop in the use of Volume 1 in the Collection: Why Do We Explore? was also hosted in partnership with the College of Exploration. This paper focuses on the education efforts associated with INDEX 2010.
Does the presence of an on-site cardiac catheterization facility in a hospital alter the long-term outcome of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction?

In this issue of Circulation , Every et al1 present an analysis of a longer follow-up to their 1993 analysis2 of a registry of patients admitted to 19 hospitals in the Seattle, Wash area for acute myocardial infarction between 1988 and 1994. As the authors reported in 1993, patients admitted to any of 10 hospitals with on-site cardiac catheterization facilities were more likely to undergo coronary angiography than those admitted to 9 hospitals without such facilities. Transfer for coronary arteriography was quickly and readily accomplished in Seattle. As a result, coronary arteriography was performed in 67% of 7984 patients admitted to hospitals with cardiac catheterization laboratories and in 39% of 4219 patients admitted to hospitals without such laboratories. Acute reperfusion therapy was performed in 33.9% of patients admitted to hospitals with cardiac catheterization laboratories but in only 23.3% of patients admitted to hospitals without cardiac catheterization laboratories. Unfortunately, it is not possible to determine how many patients were treated by thrombolysis, direct angioplasty, surgery, or …
Pelczaria aurantia gen. nov., sp. nov., a newly described orange-colored bacterium.

An organism from a goldfish aquarium, isolated on barbital medium, was found to be a Grampositive coccus which divided in alternating planes, often appearing as a doublet or as a tetrad with adjacent sides flattened. It grew well, although slowly, on rich solid medium (LB agar) and in liquid brain-heart infusion at room temperature (ca. 22°C); growth was slower and less extensive at 30°C or 37°C. No growth was seen at 4–5°C or at 42°C. It withstands brief exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Its growth was inhibited by low levels (0.1 unit/ml) of penicillin but was unaffected by levels of acetazolamide in excess of 1 mg/ml, indicating that it lacks carbonic anhydrase. Acid was not produced from glucose, maltose, mannose, lactose, or sucrose and only weakly, if at all, from fructose. Its DNA has a G+C mol percent of 59 measured chromatographically and neither the DNA nor rRNA from the organism hybridized with DNA from any organism that seemed related on morphological or other bases. Thin-layer chromatography of chloroform: methanol extracts of the organism show that it contains phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl glycerol. Cell-wall preparations contain glutamic acid, serine, histidine, lysine, and alanine in the ratio of 1:1:1:1:8. Colonies were red-orange in color due, in larger measure, to a carotenoid tentatively identified as rhodopin. The organism was named Pelczaria aurantia.