cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative Use of QuikClot During Adenotonsillectomy: A Prospective Pediatric Trial.

Background Achieving hemostatic control after intracapsular adenotonsillectomy with minimal cauterization may potentially lead to improved outcomes with respect to return to normal diet, normal activity, and less use of narcotic pain medications. Methods A prospective, nonrandomized, consecutive series of children with obstructive tonsils and adenoids at a tertiary children's hospital was undertaken. Results One hundred consecutive children (52 boys/48 girls) ages 0-16 (mean=4.8, SD=3.7, median=4.0) years were recruited with complete data available on all 100. Mean total procedure time was 19.8 (SD=4.3, median=19.5) minutes, including mean total cauterization time of 155.3 (SD=59.7 seconds, median=143.0) (adenoids: mean=60.9, SD=31.5, median=53.0; tonsils: mean=94.5, SD=41.9, median=82.0) minutes. Mean estimated blood loss was 29.4 (SD=40.9, median=25.0) ml. There were no major complications (0/100 episodes of bleeding or dehydration after surgery). Mean return to normal diet was 3.4 (SD=2.2, median=3.0) days; mean return to normal activity was 2.8 (SD=2.1, median=3.0) days, and mean days to no further narcotics was 3.0 (SD=2.3, median=2.0) days. Mean days to complete recovery (normal diet, normal activity, and no narcotics) was 4.5 (SD=2.1, median=4.0, range: 1-10). Total cautery time was significantly correlated with time to complete recovery (P Conclusions Intracapsular microdebrider tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy utilizing QuikClot to enhance the hemostasis results in recovery times better than previously reported for this common operation in children.
Understanding the Febrile State According to an Individual Adaptation Framework

Fever is a common problem in the critically ill that is often treated by nurses. Decisions regarding treatment of fever would be more informed if based upon research related to fever. The authors, in this article, present an individual adaptation framework for conceptualizing the components of the febrile state important to practice, and review some of the existing research related to development, assessment, and treatment of fever.
Workforce Cross Training

In today's ultra-competitive global business environment, it is becoming increasingly important for companies to reduce spending while simultaneously improving their efficiency and productivity. To achieve this goal, many organizations are opting to implement cross training programs in order to maximize the potential of their existing workforce, th
Self-assembly of the full-length amyloid Aβ42 protein in dimers

The self-assembly of amyloid (Aβ) proteins into nano-aggregates is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) development, yet the mechanism of how disordered monomers assemble into aggregates remains elusive. Here, we applied long-time molecular dynamics simulations to fully characterize the assembly of Aβ42 monomers into dimers. Monomers undergo conformational changes during their interaction, but the resulting dimer structures do not resemble those found in fibril structures. To identify natural conformations of dimers among a set of simulated ones, validation approaches were developed and applied, and a subset of dimer conformations were characterized. These dimers do not contain long β-strands that are usually found in fibrils. The dimers are stabilized primarily by interactions within the central hydrophobic regions and the C-terminal regions, with a contribution from local hydrogen bonding. The dimers are dynamic, as evidenced by the existence of a set of conformations and by the quantitative analyses of the dimer dissociation process.
Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine and Impact on Cancer

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are characterized by the stem cell characteristics of multipotent differentiation, increased proliferation, inherent plasticity, and sustained self-renewal. MSCs also exhibit trophic and immunomodulatory functions enabling rapid advancement for its utility in curative and therapeutic applications in diverse clinical conditions. MSCs are extracted from mesenchymal tissues such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, and the umbilical cord. Adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ASCs) are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into different cell types with the ability to form cartilage, bone, muscle, hematopoietic supporting cells, and adipose tissue. ASCs are an abundant and attractive source of stem cells. Unlike other tissue-resident stem cells such as hematopoietic and neural stem cells, ASCs can undergo triploblastic differentiation into cell types belonging to all the three germ layers both in vivo and in vitro. Owing to these intriguing characteristics of ASCs, ASCs have become the focus of recent research in regenerative medicine and reconstructive surgeries. The scientific basis for the broad clinical application of ASCs is still being explored. Over the past several years, the field of cancer research has directed its interest to understand obesity, the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, and the ensuing increase in initiation and progression of multiple cancer subtypes. Obesity has also been correlated with an enhanced number of ASCs and associated changes in adipose tissue, inflammation, and adipokines. This chapter will review the current state of the literature on the association between widely therapeutically applied ASCs and cancer; and if ASCs underlie the link between the incidence of obesity and different types of cancer. While the tremendous potential of ASCs is well recognized in regenerative medicine, at the same time, it is also important to address their accompanying potential tumorigenic role.
Human–Robot Gesture Analysis for Objective Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder

In this paper we study the use of human robot interaction as a mean to objectively evaluate imitation deficits in children with autism. Robot control and data analysis methods were combined to assess the quality of interaction between the robot and the subjects. Humanoid robot Zeno was used to execute upper body gestures which the subjects were asked to imitate. The resulting motion of the subject was acquired through a motion capture system and compared with the intended motion performed by Zeno using the dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm. During this study, the clinical hypothesis was that the resulting DTW cost can serve as a quantitative measure for the similarity between the motions, and thus can be used to objectively assess the severity of imitation deficits exhibited by the child. To validate this hypothesis, we present two sets of experiments, one with a set of healthy adults and the other with a group of children, some with autism spectrum disorder. The experiment with adult subjects serves as a statistically significant test to demonstrate the viability of the DTW cost as a similarity measure for the gesture analysis, whereas the experiment with child subjects is a pilot study to differentiate imitation performance for children with autism.
Reliability studies of leadless chip carrier assemblies using the integrated matrix creep method

Surface mounted Leadless Chip Carrier (LCC) are standard components used in military avionics and automotive applications. The strains induced in the solder material due to thermal cycling from power up and environmental effects need to be accurately determined in order to predict the reliability of these packages during usage. The electronic packaging field is rich with various methods and schemes for solder joint reliability prediction. However the success these schemes at predicting useful life varies. Reliability studies of LCC 28's, LCC 68's and LCC 84's using the integrated matrix creep method are presented in this paper.
Rainer Maria Rilke/Inga Junghanns, Briefwechsel: 1915 bis 1926: Herausgegeben von Wolfgang Herwig. Wiesbaden: Insel-Verlag, 1959. Pp. 291.

(1962). Rainer Maria Rilke/Inga Junghanns, Briefwechsel: 1915 bis 1926. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 292-301.
Abstract 3326: Targeting lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1) radiosensitizes poor prognosis cancers

Therapies for poor prognosis cancers, such as lung cancer and glioblastoma, are limited due to radio-resistance and tumor recurrence. Development of molecular targeted therapy can serve as a potential method to improve the efficacy of radiation therapy in both glioblastoma and lung cancer. Ionizing radiation (IR) can activate a series of pro-survival pathways which contributes to the pathogenesis of cancer cells. Among these pathways, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is an integral component which is activated by IR. Following activation, cPLA2 cleaves arachidonic acid to form phosphatidylcholine (PC) and yields lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Autotaxin (ATX) then converts LPC to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA acts through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) such as LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3, influencing various fundamental cellular functions. Specifically, these receptors can modulate the ability of cancer cells to proliferate, differentiate, and survive. Earlier we have shown that inhibition of ATX decreases invasion and enhances radiation sensitivity of cancer cells. In the present study we investigated the role of LPA receptors and its effect on radioresistance in human A549, murine Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC), and rat C6 glioma cells. We analyzed the expression levels of the three LPA receptors in various cancer cell lines including lung, brain, breast and pancreatic cancer cells. We found high expression of LPA1 in LLC, C6 and A549, which we thus chose for further study. Using inhibitors of LPA1/LPA3, Ki16425 and VPC 12249, we determined the effect of LPA1 inhibition on the AKT and ERK activation. Inhibition of LPA1 attenuated phosphorylation of both AKT and ERK in irradiated lung cancer cells. This implicated LPA1 in the regulation of pro-survival signaling, and we hypothesized that LPA1 regulation could influence radioresistance in lung cancer and glioma cells. We targeted LPA1 using siRNA in LLC, C6 and A549 cells which led to an average of 50% reduction in clonogenic survival and cell proliferation after irradiation. Similar results were obtained when LLC and A549 cells were treated with 10μM Ki16425 or 10μM VPC 12249. In addition, LLC and A549 cells which were treated with combinations of radiation and LPA1 inhibitors and analyzed using cell invasion assays showed a 70% reduction in cancer cell invasion. These results indicate that LPA1 could serve as a novel target for cancer treatment due to its ability to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy in multiple cancer cell lines. Citation Format: Arpine Khudanyan, David Dadey, Rowan Karvas, Rama Kotipatruni, Dennis Hallahan, Dinesh Thotala. Targeting lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1) radiosensitizes poor prognosis cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3326. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3326
Time - Space - Matter: Emergent materials in architecture

This paper investigates the development process of emergent materials for architecture by looking at the example of Phase Change Materials. In the context of the complex nature of the constructed environment and the functional and performance requirements for buildings, emergent materials have to be carefully tuned for maximum performance. Investigating the relationship of time, space and matter in the design and development process through interdisciplinary endeavors is at the heart of this investigation. Furthermore, a shift from multidisciplinary endeavors to truly interdisciplinary collaboration that crosses the traditional boundaries of the individual fields is suggested.
Executive Function and Dysregulated Eating Behaviors in Pediatric Obesity.

Objective To examine the association between caregiver proxy report of executive function (EF) and dysregulated eating behavior in children with obesity. Methods Participants were 195 youth with obesity aged 8-17 years, and their legal guardians. Youth height, weight, demographics, depressive symptoms, eating behaviors, and EF were assessed cross-sectionally during a medical visit. Analyses of covariance, adjusted for child age, gender, race/ethnicity, standardized BMI, depressive symptoms, and family income were used to examine differences in youth EF across caregiver and youth self-report of eating behaviors. Results Youth EF differed significantly by caregiver report of eating behavior but not youth self-report. Post hoc analyses showed that youth with overeating or binge eating had poorer EF than youth without these eating behaviors. Conclusions Executive dysfunction, as reported by caregivers, in youth with obesity may be associated with dysregulated eating behaviors predictive of poor long-term psychosocial and weight outcomes. Further consideration of EF-specific targets for assessment and intervention in youth with obesity may be warranted.
Acute Lesioning and Rapid Repair of Hypothalamic Neurons outside the Blood-Brain Barrier

Neurons expressing agouti-related protein (AgRP) are essential for feeding. The majority of these neurons are located outside the blood-brain barrier (BBB), allowing them to directly sense circulating metabolic factors. Here, we show that, in adult mice, AgRP neurons outside the BBB (AgRPOBBB) were rapidly ablated by peripheral administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG), whereas AgRP neurons inside the BBB and most proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons were spared. MSG treatment induced proliferation of tanycytes, the putative hypothalamic neural progenitor cells, but the newly proliferated tanycytes did not become neurons. Intriguingly, AgRPOBBB neuronal number increased within a week after MSG treatment, and newly emerging AgRP neurons were derived from post-mitotic cells, including some from the Pomc-expressing cell lineage. Our study reveals that the lack of protection by the BBB renders AgRPOBBB vulnerable to lesioning by circulating toxins but that the rapid re-emergence of AgRPOBBB is part of a reparative process to maintain energy balance.
Time-Varying Loads of Co-Axial Rotor Blade Crossings

The blade crossing event of a coaxial counter-rotating rotor is a potential source of noise and impulsive blade loads. Blade crossings occur many times during each rotor revolution. In previous research by the authors, this phenomenon was analyzed by simulating two airfoils passing each other at specified speeds and vertical separation distances, using the compressible Navier-Stokes solver OVERFLOW. The simulations explored mutual aerodynamic interactions associated with thickness, circulation, and compressibility effects. Results revealed the complex nature of the aerodynamic impulses generated by upperlower airfoil interactions. In this paper, the coaxial rotor system is simulated using two trains of airfoils, vertically offset, and traveling in opposite directions. The simulation represents multiple blade crossings in a rotor revolution by specifying horizontal distances between each airfoil in the train based on the circumferential distance between blade tips. The shed vorticity from prior crossing events will affect each pair of upperlower airfoils. The aerodynamic loads on the airfoil and flow field characteristics are computed before, at, and after each airfoil crossing. Results from the multiple-airfoil simulation show noticeable changes in the airfoil aerodynamics by introducing additional fluctuation in the aerodynamic time history.
Engineering Temperature-Dependent Carrier Concentration in Bulk Composite Materials via Temperature-Dependent Fermi Level Offset

Precise control of carrier concentration in both bulk and thin-film materials is crucial for many solid-state devices, including photovoltaic cells, superconductors, and high mobility transistors. For applications that span a wide temperature range (thermoelectric power generation being a prime example) the optimal carrier concentration varies as a function of temperature. This work presents a modified modulation doping method to engineer the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration by incorporating a nanosize secondary phase that controls the temperature-dependent doping in the bulk matrix. This study demonstrates this technique by de-doping the heavily defect-doped degenerate semiconductor GeTe, thereby enhancing its average power factor by 100% at low temperatures, with no deterioration at high temperatures. This can be a general method to improve the average thermoelectric performance of many other materials.
Experimental Study of Localized Electrochemical Deposition of Ni-Cu Alloy Using a Moving Anode

Abstract Nickel-Copper alloys have desirable properties such as resistance to corrosion, resistance to biofouling, and high thermal and electrical conductivity. Due to these properties, these alloys are widely used in offshore applications, oil and gas industry, HVAC systems, as catalysts, and as heat sinks in microelectronics applications. Localized electrochemical deposition of the Ni-Cu alloy would make way for direct 3D microfabrication of parts with this alloy. In this study, Ni-Cu alloy was deposited under different process conditions to establish the feasibility of alloy deposition in the electrochemical additive manufacturing process. Designed 2-factor experiments were performed to study the effects of electrolyte additives, voltage, and pulse frequency on the rate of deposition, and alloy composition. High current density deposition with diffusion limited copper deposition was used to achieve alloy deposition.100 nano second rectangular pulse voltage (10 MHz frequency) conditions resulted in better localization of the deposit when compared to millisecond range pulses. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) quantified the percentage composition of the alloy. The rate of deposition varied from 0.5 μm/s to 3 μm/s. The pillars were thicker under 5 V and millisecond pulse conditions. The nano second pulses localized the deposition to even smaller than the thickness of the micro tool electrode. The ratio of Ni:Cu in the alloy varied between 2 and 14. Citrate electrolyte caused higher deposition of nickel. Higher current density also resulted in more percentage of nickel deposition. Higher frequency of deposition resulted in a reduction of nickel percentage in the deposit.
Quantitative Ultrasound History and Successes

Ultrasound has been used for imaging and diagnostics for more than 50 years. During that time, the number of medical applications for ultrasonic imaging has increased dramatically. These increases in applicability have come with improved device technology, improved understanding of ultrasound interaction with tissues, and improved processing techniques. Over the past three decades, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) techniques have been explored to further improve medical diagnostics and monitor/assess therapeutic responses. The acceptance of QUS techniques has been slower in common medical practice than conventional ultrasonic imaging techniques like B-mode or Doppler. This is due mainly to a lack of technological capabilities to make use of these unique and beneficial imaging modes. However, with modern ultrasonic imaging devices, QUS techniques have found a new acceptance and are poised to make significant contributions to diagnostic medicine. In this chapter, we will examine the history of QUS techniques and their evolution over time along with significant contributions and successes that have been demonstrated over the years.
A Demand-Revealing Utopia

A compendium of utopias would be incomplete without a description of the utopia described by Martin Bailey in his book, Constitution for a Future Country. Bailey notes the deplorable inefficiency with which governments operate and devises a constitution that he would recommend to a benevolent dictator, who wished to provide the people of a nation with the most efficient government that can be designed with the assistance of public-choice economics.
Affect, Emotion, and Involvement

In the way of thinking we are following here, emotion and affect differ from cognition because they are feeling states. They are processes of liking or disliking, wanting to have, or wanting to avoid. They are pleasure, anger, fear, pain, or desire. Following Zajonc (Zajonc, 1980, 1984), it is argued that the neural circuits involved in emotion and affect differ from the cognitive circuits, and thus they are separate functions.
Exploring the Overlap Between Dyslexia and Speech Sound Production Deficits.

Purpose Children with dyslexia have speech production deficits in a variety of spoken language contexts. In this article, we discuss the nature of speech production errors in children with dyslexia...
The Current Loop Stability Investigation under Zero Ripple Current Mode Applied for the Interleaved Active Clamp Forward Converter

In this paper, the loop instability issue regarding the inner current loop used in the interleaved parallel-series active clamp forward (ACF) has been addressed, which occurs mostly under the condition of Zero output ripple current when D approaches 0.5. To have a full investigation, the small signal model regarding the inner current Loop is proposed for the analysis, based on which the criterion and the design tips targeting to achieve the loop stability have been proposed and elaborated. Finally, the measurement based on LM5034 related application has been conducted for the verification. It is shown that the proposed solution agrees well with measurement.
A γ to α type transition of CuO species over CeO2-SiO2 composites supported CuO catalysts

Abstract In this report, CeO2 nanorods and SiO2 nanospheres were mixed in various ratios and 10 wt% CuO was then impregnated onto these CeO2-SiO2 composite supports using a thermal decomposition method to prepare supported catalysts. In these composites supported catalysts, SiO2 nanospheres were used as both support and separator to enhance the dispersion and thermal stability of CeO2 nanorods and CuO catalysts. The agglomeration degree of CeO2 nanorods support significantly reduces by introducing SiO2 nanospheres in the catalyst systems, which increases the chance to expose catalytically active low-index crystal facets (110, 100, and 111) of CeO2 nanorods along with significant surface defects. Different interactions between CuO and SiO2 nanospheres, CeO2 nanorods and the CeO2-SiO2 composite supports were identified, leading to the formation of α, β, and γ-type CuO species. A continuous transition of CuO species from β and γ-type CuO on SiO2 nanospheres to α and β-type CuO on CeO2 nanorods was discovered and correlated with H2-TPR, TEM and other characterization results.
Epicardial adipose thickness in youth with type 1 diabetes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Epicardial adipose thickness (EAT) is increased in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and is thought to contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in this population. Given that CVD risk factors emerge early in life, the purpose of this study was to identify whether EAT is increased in pediatric patients with T1D compared with non-diabetic controls. METHODS Anthropometric data, blood pressure (BP), and EAT were evaluated in 20 youth with T1D and 20 age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) matched healthy controls between the ages of 5 and 18 years. RESULTS EAT was 18.5% higher among youth with T1D compared to healthy controls (1.65 ± 0.44 mm vs 1.37 ± 0.27 mm, P = .02). In the entire cohort, EAT was correlated with age (r = 0.71, P < .001), BMI (r = .69, P < .001), waist circumference (r = 0.60, P < .001), systolic BP (r = .34, P = .03), and diastolic BP (r = 0.41, P = .009). Among youth with T1D, there were no significant correlations between EAT and HbA1c (r = -0.16, P = .50), insulin dose (r = .09, P = .71), or duration of disease (r = 0.06, P = .82). CONCLUSIONS Youth with T1D exhibited significantly higher EAT compared to controls. Increased EAT was associated with adiposity and BP, but not duration of disease, insulin dose, or glycemic control. Increased EAT may represent a pathophysiologic mechanism leading to premature CVD in pediatric patients with T1D.
The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Export Supply and Poverty in Guyana: Evidence From Cointegration Analysis:

Using the cointegration and error correction methodologies, this article studies the impact of trade liberalization on the supply of exports and poverty in Guyana from the early 1980s to the mid-20...
Low-level laser therapy for weight reduction: a randomized pilot study

Obesity and overweight is a global health crisis and novel methods of treatment are needed to address it. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a currently available non-invasive procedure for lysing excess fat, but there is a lack of consensus exists on LLLT frequency and limited research from studies of LLLT. The purpose of this pilot study is to compare the effect of three of the most common LLLT frequencies on weight, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and quality of life. Sixty overweight (body mass index (BMI) 25–29.9 kg/m2) adult participants were randomized to 12 LLLT treatments: (1) three times weekly for 4 weeks, (2) twice weekly for 6 weeks, or (3) once weekly for 12 weeks. All participants attended an in-person visit at baseline and at weeks 4, 6, 12, and 26. Participants were recruited September 30, 2016 through to August 27, 2017. The majority of the 60 participants were female (90%) with an average age of 43.7 years (± 9.2 years). Most participants (98%) completed 10 or more of the 12 LLLT treatments. When comparing across treatment groups, the greatest reductions from baseline were observed in those assigned to twice weekly for 6 weeks in weight (1 ± 1.7 (±SD) kg by week 6), waist circumference (− 2.0 ± 3.2 in. by week 6 and − 1.5 ± 3.2 in. by week 26), body mass index (− 0.4 ± 0.6 kg/m2), and body fat mass (− 1.1 ± 1.6 kg). This group also had the most significant improvement from baseline in quality of life (+ 0.5 ± 0.8 by week 6), body satisfaction (+ 0.2 ± 0.4 by week 6 and week 26), and body appreciation (+ 0.2 ± 0.3 by week 6 and + 0.3 ± 0.3 by week 26). LLLT twice weekly for 6 weeks could be proposed as the optimal frequency and duration for the management of body weight. Trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02877004. Registered August 24, 2016.
Calcicolous and calcifugous bryophytes along the desert edge of the California Floristic Province

We studied the habitat preferences of various bryophytes on a landscape in which calcareous and granitic rocks interdigitate. On both substrates, plots were placed in sunny dry locations, shady dry locations, and along streams in wet locations. In other words, six habitat types were studied in a factorial design involving edaphics × moisture. Wet granitic habitat had the highest species richness, whereas wet calcareous habitat had the lowest species richness. In dry sites, shady plots had higher richness than sunny plots, regardless of edaphics. Particular species varied widely in their preferences with at least one species being an indicator for each of the six habitats, e.g.: “fan-form tubers Bryaceae” was specialized on granitic wet habitat; Grimmia lisae was specialized on granitic shady habitat; Grimmia montana was specialized on granitic sunny habitat; Didymodon tophaceous was specialized on calcareous wet habitat; Orthotrichum cupulatum + hallii was specialized on calcareous shady habitat; Grimmia anodon was specialized on calcareous sunny habitat. The composition of the bryophyte assemblages was very strongly affected by the interaction of calcareous-versus-granitic × dry-versus-wet; the wet calcareous assemblage was the most distinctive. To the extent possible, we classified the various species into guilds (e.g., the calcicolous rheophyte guild) taking into account generalization versus specialization. In summary, we found remarkable interactions between edaphics and wetness.
Theory of Crowd Out and Accommodative Monetary Policy

This chapter develops a mathematical theoretical model of how crowd out negatively affects consumer and business spending, and how increases in loanable funds can offset crowd out. The theory is also presented in literary form.
A regulative theory of basic intentional omissions

The folk picture of agency suggests that human beings have basic agency over some of their omissions. For example, someone may follow through on a decision never to support a political party without doing anything in order to make themselves omit. A number of features appear to signal their agency: the omission is not just called intentional, it is also seen as an achievement and explained in terms of the reasons for the decision. Some philosophers have tried to debunk the appearance and argue that agency over omissions always proceeds from agency over actions (on the model of Ulysses ordering his crew to tie him to the mast). Others have tried to uphold the appearance by understanding basic agency over omissions on the model of their theories of action (and most often on the model of causal theories). Against both groups, I argue for a vindication of the appearance in terms of a theory of sui generis basic agency over omissions. Basic intentional omissions are the behavioral outcomes of fluent control by their agents’ intentions. When an intention to omit fluently controls for the right omission, the omission is an intentional achievement performed because of the intention. The intention appropriately regulates the agent’s behavior so as to ensure the intended omission. We can therefore see basic agency over omissions as regulative and distinct from the agency exercised over actions.
Transient dissociation of polyribosomes and concurrent recruitment of calreticulin and calmodulin transcripts in gravistimulated maize pulvini

The dynamics of polyribosome abundance were studied in gravistimulated maize (Zea mays) stem pulvini. During the initial 15 min of gravistimulation, the amount of large polyribosomes transiently decreased. The transient decrease in polyribosome levels was accompanied by a transient decrease in polyribosome-associated mRNA. After 30 min of gravistimulation, the levels of polyribosomes and the amount of polyribosome-associated mRNA gradually increased over 24 h up to 3- to 4-fold of the initial value. Within 15 min of gravistimulation, total levels of transcripts coding for calreticulin and calmodulin were elevated 5-fold in maize pulvinus total RNA. Transcripts coding for calreticulin and calmodulin were recruited into polyribosomes within 15 min of gravistimulation. Over 4 h of gravistimulation, a gradual increase in the association of calreticulin and calmodulin transcripts with polyribosomes was seen predominantly in the lower one-half of the maize pulvinus; the association of transcripts for vacuolar invertase with polyribosomes did not change over this period. Our results suggest that within 15 min of gravistimulation, the translation of the majority of transcripts associated with polyribosomes decreased, resembling a general stress response. Recruitment of calreticulin and calmodulin transcripts into polyribosomes occurred predominantly in the lower pulvinus one-half during the first 4 h when the presentation time for gravistimulation in the maize pulvinus is not yet complete.
Ultrasonic Methods of Texture Monitoring for Characterization of Formability of Rolled Aluminum Sheet

Texture (preferred orientation) has a significant influence on the formability of metals. This was shown experimentally for rolled steel sheet by Stickels and Mould [1]. They found a correlation between the in-plane angular variation of r-value and the anisotropy of Young’s modulus, E, as measured by ultrasonics. The r-value is a measure of plastic strain on deep drawing, defined as ϵyy/(∈yy + ∈zz), with ∈yy the in-plane strain and ∈zz the strain in the thickness direction.
Path-Protection Routing and Wavelength Assignment with Duct-Layer Constraints

This chapter further investigates the RWA problem in wavelength-routed WDM mesh networks. A new set of constraints, duct-layer constraints, are introduced. We develop ILP formulations and heuristic algorithms to solve the RWAproblem for path-protection schemes under duct-layer constraints.
The Stress Process: Its Origins, Evolution, and Future

Over the past several decades, the Stress Process Model has provided the predominant theoretical foundation for sociological research into the effects of stress on mental health and empirical research continues to substantiate its account of how society shapes the mental health of its members. Its core elements are: the influence of the social system on exposure to stressors; parallel effects on access to social and personal resources; and, the role of these resources as mediators and moderators. Pivotal developments include: (1) the articulation of the nature of sociological inquiry into stress, (2) the conceptualization and measurement of the stress universe, (3) the debate about psychological distress as a continuum versus discrete disorders as appropriate outcomes for sociological research, and (4) the proposition that multiple outcomes are required to ascertain the mental health consequences of stressors. We conclude that future research should explicate how the components of the Stress Process Model are related to one another in order to realize more fully its explanatory potential as a system.
When the time seems ripe: eugenics, the annals, and the subtle persistence of typological thinking.

“The time seems fully ripe for the issue of a journal which shall devote its pages wholly to the scientific treatment of racial problems in man.” So began this journal in October 1926, under a very different name from the copy you are now reading. Titled the Annals of Eugenics, it was founded to serve a specific scientific need. The journal issues from the early years have long been restricted to musty shelves of major research libraries. However, the Editor thought the time was now ripe to make them available to a readership that may include geneticists, historians, sociologists, and philosophers of science. Given the history of eugenics and the social abuse it led to, this was a sensitive decision. But it was a correct one, and Dr Ruiz-Linares is to be commended for deciding to go ahead. The journal was launched under the editorship of Karl Pearson (1847–1936), assisted by Ethel M. Elderton (1878–1954). Pearson had drifted among various areas in science and the humanities, but ended up a protege of Charles Darwin’s cousin Francis Galton. He became the leader of academic statistics, and was the first holder of a chair of Eugenics, which Galton had endowed at the University of London (now University College London). Ms Elderton had also worked with Galton, served as Secretary of the UK Eugenics Record Office as of 1906, and collaborated in research with Pearson. While he was clearly the senior prominent figure, Elderton was well-respected for her own research (David, 1954). She was awarded the Weldon Medal in 1919 (named after the biological collaborator who had motivated Pearson to study biostatistics), and received her doctoral degree in 1931. The Editors wrote the Foreword for the first issue of Annals, which is well worth reading, and highly illuminating. They outlined the nature of their task and of the field at the time.
Near total resonant light absorption in a graphene monolayer at multiple tunable wavelengths with aperiodic multilayer structures

We investigate a one-dimensional system consisting of a graphene monolayer sandwiched between two aperiodic multilayer structures. We show that such a system can achieve near total resonant light absorption in graphene at multiple tunable wavelengths.
Task and Domain Specific Modeling in the Carnegie Mellon Communicator System

Abstract : The Carnegie Mellon Communicator is a telephone-based dialog system that supports planning in a travel domain. The implementation of such a system requires two complimentary components, an architecture capable of managing interaction and the task, as well as a knowledge base that captures the speech, language and task characteristics specific to the domain. Given a suitable architecture, the principal effort in development is taken up in the acquisition and processing of a domain knowledge base. This paper describes a variety of techniques we have applied to modeling in acoustic, language, task, generation and synthesis components of the system.
Conclusions and Future Research

TTheories and applications of ICA were presented. The first part of the book focused on unsupervised learning algorithms for ICA. Based on fundamental theories in probabilistic models, information theory and artificial neural networks several unsupervised learning algorithms such as infomax, maximum likelihood estimation, negentropy maximization, nonlinear PCA, Bussgang algorithm and cumulant-based methods are presented that can perform ICA. Those seemingly different theories are reviewed and put in an information theoretic framework to unify several lines of research. An extension of the infomax algorithm of Bell and Sejnowski (1995) is presented that is able to blindly separate mixed signals with sub- and super-Gaussian source distributions (Girolami, 1997b; Lee et al., 1998b). The learning algorithms are furthermore extended to deal with the multichannel blind deconvolution problem. The use of filters allows the separation of voices recorded in a real environment (cocktail party problem). Although the ICA formulation has several constraints such as the linear model assumption, the number of sensors and the low-noise assumption, it can be demonstrated that new methods can loosen some constraints. In particular, an overcomplete representation of the ICA formulation (Lewicki and Sejnowski, 1998c) can be used to represent more basis functions than the dimensionality of the data. This method is therefore able to model and to infer more sources than sensors. The advantage of the inference model is that it includes a noisy ICA model and is therefore able to cope with additive noise. However, the overcomplete representation appears more sensitive to the source density mismatch than the complete ICA representation. A few steps towards nonlinear ICA were presented. This issue is ill conditioned and has in general not a unique solution. However, given appropriate constraints there are certain solvable models such as the two stage model Lee et al. (1997c) in which a nonlinear transfer function follows after the linear mixing.
Passivation of surface defects on InGaAs (001) and (110) surfaces in preparation for subsequent gate oxide ALD

In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As contains an intrinsically high electron mobility making it an attractive alternative semiconductor material for use in the channel region of MOSFET devices[1]. The semiconductor/oxide interface can degrade device performance through interfacial roughness or formation of surface defects containing electronic trap states that act to pin the surface Fermi level[2]. Tri-gate structured field effect transistors (finFETs) are currently being implemented into commercialized logic chips, making defect reduction and passivation of the semiconductor planar and sidewall crystallographic faces critical in order to create an ideal interface between the semiconductor and the gate oxide. For InGaAs(001) based finFETs to become potential for commercial implementation, in-situ III-V surface cleaning or defect passivation techniques must be compatible with both the InGaAs (001) and (110) surfaces. STM was employed to show air exposed InGaAs (001) and (110) samples can be restored to the cleanliness of MBE grown samples through atomic hydrogen dosing and thermal annealing. STM was also employed to characterize the in-situ self-limiting CVD of a silicon hydride control layer used to passivate the missing dimer defect unit cells of the arsenic rich InGaAs(001)-(2×4) surface. Surface defect densities are compared and quantified throughout several STM images following the surface cleaning and passivation techniques.
The impact of pediatric trauma in the Amish community

Objective To describe the epidemiology of trauma in Amish children and to determine differences in treatment and outcome related to injury mechanism. Study design In this retrospective review, data were collected on all Amish children with trauma requiring hospital admission. Demographic, interventional, and outcome data were collected. Categorical outcomes were compared by using chi-square, logistic regression, or Fisher exact test; continuous outcomes were compared with analysis of variance. Results A total of 135 trauma admissions were studied. There was a significant difference of proportion of injury by month (P Conclusions The spectrum of traumatic injuries is unique among Amish children. These injuries contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality and impose a large monetary burden on the Amish community. Education may decrease the incidence of these events.
Vertex epidural hematoma associated with traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the middle meningeal artery: a case report.

BACKGROUND Vertex epidural hematomas are rare. We describe the features of a vertex epidural hematoma associated with an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) of the meningeal artery created by a laceration of the dura mater underlying a linear skull fracture. Although AVF associated with convexity epidural hematomas has been reported, we know of no such previous report of vertex epidural hematomas. CASE DESCRIPTION A 65-year-old woman presented with generalized headache following head injury. On hospital day 3, she developed a left hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed a thick epidural hematoma at the vertex. Cerebral angiography showed an AVF between the middle meningeal artery and a venous lake. On hospital day 4, the epidural hematoma was evacuated. CONCLUSION Although coronal MRI was important for diagnosis of this vertex epidural hematomas, the case particularly illustrates the importance of cerebral angiography. The delayed onset of hemiparesis most likely reflected a continuing increase in hematoma volume because of bleeding from the lacerated meningeal artery.
Quantum wells and superlattices for III-V photovoltaics and photodetectors

Semiconductor quantum wells and superlattices have found numerous applications in optoelectronic devices, such as lasers, LEDs and SOAs, and are an increasingly common feature of high efficiency solar cells and photodetectors. In this paper we will highlight some of the recent developments in the use of low-dimensional III-V semiconductors to improve the performance of photovoltaics by tailoring the bandgap of the junction. We also discuss novel structures designed to maximize photo-generated carrier escape and the application of quantum confinement to other components of the solar cell, such as tunnel junctions. Recent developments in type-II superlattices for photodetectors will also be discussed, including the graded-gap LWIR device based on the W-structured superlattices demonstrated at the Naval Research Laboratory. Modeled results will be presented using the NRL BANDSTM integrated 8-band kp and Poisson solver, which was developed for computing the bandstructures of superlattice and multi-quantum well photodiodes
Influence of spontaneous sleep positions on nighttime recumbent reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Influence of spontaneous sleep positions on nighttime recumbent reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease
Role of InsP3 and ryanodine receptors in the activation of capacitative Ca2+ entry by store depletion or hypoxia in canine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells

Background and purpose: Experiments were performed to determine if capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE) in canine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is dependent on InsP3 receptors or ryanodine receptors as induction of CCE is dependent on simultaneous depletion of the functionally separate InsP3- and ryanodine-sensitive sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ stores in these cells. Experimental approach: Myocytes were isolated from canine pulmonary arteries using enzymatic procedures and were used within 8 h of preparation. Measurements of cytosolic Ca2+ were made by imaging fura-2 loaded individual myocytes that were perfused with physiological buffered saline solution with or without Ca2+. Key results: Treating myocytes with 10 μM cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), removing extracellular Ca2+, and briefly applying 10 mM caffeine and 10 μM 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) depleted SR Ca2+ stores. Extracellular Ca2+ reintroduction caused cytosolic [Ca2+] to elevate above baseline signifying CCE. The InsP3 receptor inhibitors 2-aminobiphenylborate (50-75 μM; 2-APB) and xestospongin-C (20 μM; XeC) abolished CCE. Yet, CCE was unaffected by 10 μM or 300 μM ryanodine or 10 μM dantrolene, which modify ryanodine receptor activity. Higher dantrolene concentrations (50 μM), however, can inhibit both ryanodine receptors and InsP3 receptors, did reduce CCE. In contrast, CCE activated by hypoxia was unaffected by XeC (20 μM). Conclusions and implications: The results provide evidence that CCE activated by depletion of both InsP3 and ryanodine SR Ca2+ stores in canine PASMCs is dependent on functional InsP3 receptors, whereas the activation of CCE by hypoxia appears to be independent of functional InsP3 receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 101–111; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707357
A compressed gas-powered heating system for underwater divers

Abstract This article presents a heating system for divers which is totally powered by the compressed gas used in supporting their lives underwater. The pressure energy stored in the breathing gas, which is conventionally wasted through throttling, is utilized to generate a heating effect by expanding the gas in an optimally designed vortex tube. A mathematical model is presented to predict the generated heating effect at different dive depths and ambient temperatures with air and heliox as breathing mixtures. Comparisons are given between the heating effect developed by the system and those required by the divers when wearing different diving suits and working at various work loads. Those comparisons emphasize the potential of the system as a viable means for heating the divers, their inhaled gases as well as their dive gear in a way that eliminates the complexity and hazards of presently available systems.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) subtypes defined by common translocations: utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in a case-control study

We used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays to identify t(14;18) translocations in archival paraffin-embedded tumor sections from non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases enrolled in a population-based study. t(14;18) was identified in 54% of 152 cases, including 39% of diffuse large cell lymphomas (26 of 66 cases) and 84% of follicular lymphomas (36 of 43 cases). Eighty-seven percent of t(14;18)-positive cases and 57% of t(14;18)-negative cases expressed bcl-2. FISH assays detected twice as many t(14;18)-positive follicular lymphomas as PCR assays. Overall, study findings support the use of FISH assays to detect t(14;18) in archival tumor samples for epidemiologic studies of NHL subtypes.
Social learning in collaborative watershed planning: the importance of process control and efficacy

Collaborative environmental management with stakeholder engagement is increasingly employed around the world. A key component of collaboration is social learning; through deliberation, stakeholders with different perspectives and information can learn from each other and develop a shared vision and plan for moving forward. This study compares social learning in collaborative watershed partnerships across two states within federal systems: Ohio (USA) and Niedersachsen (Germany). Analysis indicates that, although processes in both contexts generated social learning, Ohio partnerships exhibited significantly higher levels. A key difference linked to these results is the higher levels of local process control and individual efficacy in Ohio.