cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular Mechanisms Underlying the Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine: Role of α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methylisoxazole-4-Propionic Acid Receptors

Background Ketamine exerts a robust, rapid, and relatively sustained antidepressant effect in patients with major depression. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the intriguing effects of N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists could lead to novel treatments with a rapid onset of action. Methods The learned helplessness, forced swim, and passive avoidance tests were used to investigate ketamine’s behavioral effects in mice. Additional biochemical and behavioral experiments were undertaken to determine whether the antidepressant-like properties of ketamine and other NMDA antagonists involve α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor throughput. Results Subanesthetic doses of ketamine treatment caused acute and sustained antidepressant-like effects. At these doses, ketamine did not impair fear memory retention. MK-801 (dizocilpine) and Ro25-6981, an NR2B selective antagonist, also exerted antidepressant-like effects; these effects, however, were not sustained as long as those of ketamine. Pre-treatment with NBQX, an AMPA receptor antagonist, attenuated both ketamine-induced antidepressant-like behavior and regulation of hippocampal phosphorylated GluR1 AMPA receptors. Conclusions NMDA antagonists might exert rapid antidepressant-like effects by enhancing AMPA relative to NMDA throughput in critical neuronal circuits.
PREDICTION OF WATER ACTIVITY LOWERING ABILITY OF FOOD HUMECTANTS AT HIGH aw

Equations for prediction of the aw lowering effect of humectants in a complex IMF food system were investigated in the range 0.98–0.81 water activity. Three equations have previously been used to predict aw lowering effect of simple solutes in solution, but have never been tested in an IMF system. In addition, two equations were derived, a linear slope method and a graphical procedure. Four commonly used food humectants were incorporated into a model IMF system and the resulting aw's measured. The measured results were compared to the predicted values of these equations. The linear slope method was shown to be the most accurate of the five equations studied. It is simple and requires only the initial aw and moisture content of the system along with a predetermined slope value for the moisture sorption isotherm for each humectant. The Ross derivation also provides a relatively accurate method of predetermining the final a, in this range.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Two Polymorphs of the Tetrathiafulvalene-Chloranil Charge Transfer Salt: An Experiment for Organic Chemistry

Mechanochemical syntheses avoid or considerably reduce the use of reaction solvents, thus providing green chemistry synthetic alternatives that are both environmentally friendly and economically advantageous. The increased solid-state reactivity generated by mechanical energy imparted to the reactants by grinding or milling can offer alternative synthetic routes, occasionally yielding products (structures or stoichiometries) not obtainable via solution chemistry. Additionally, small volumes of solvents added during grinding can control the polymorphic form of the products. An undergraduate organic chemistry experiment is described involving liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) synthesis of the green and black polymorphs of the tetrathiafulvalene-chloranil (TTF-CA) charge transfer salt and their solid state characterization using FT-IR and melting point analysis.
A case study on the Chinese way of innovation

In this paper, we have used an in-depth case study of BYD to help understand the Chinese way of innovation. BYD has shown a profound understanding of local culture and market. The case analysis suggests that BYD has innovatively utilized its strategic resources and have come up with new way of production. It is also innovative in exploring its partnership networks such as adoption of a vertical integration strategy to meet the demand of ODMs. Implications for MNCs and diasporas are given at last.
Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in older adults: a review of the evidence.

Abstract Background: Although statins have been demonstrated to be beneficial for secondary prevention in the elderly, their use for primary prevention has not been well described. Objective: In this review, we summarize data regarding the efficacy, safety, and current recommendations for statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in older adults. Methods: This review is based on a computerized literature search of the PubMed database for articles published in the English language from January 1980 to June 2006. Key words searched individually and cross-referenced included: statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, cholesterol, elderly, aged, cardiovascular disease, primary prevention, risk stratification, and C-reactive protein. This search produced 445 citations; reference lists revealed an additional 12 citations, all of which were screened for relevance to the topic. Results: The existing evidence suggests, but does not confirm, benefit from the use of statins for primary prevention in the elderly subgroup (ie, those aged ≥65 years). Of the 6 published trials of statins for primary prevention, only 3 included subjects aged >75 years, and subgroup results in older adults are unavailable. Current guidelines recommend statins for individuals based on their assessed cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: Extension of treatment guidelines should consider an individual's global risk of coronary heart disease. However, due to the prevalence of subclinical disease in older adults, risk may be higher or otherwise differ with age. In addition, tolerance for and barriers to adherence with long-term medical therapy are important treatment considerations in older adults. Prospective, randomized controlled trials that better define the tolerability, safety, and efficacy of statin therapy in older adults with elevated cholesterol levels and intermediate cardiovascular risk are needed.
Biomass characterization of slow sand filtration schmutzdecke and its effects on filter performance.

Abstract A new approach of representing biomass by measuring the Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) content of sand in the schmutzdecke of slow sand filtration (SSF) was established by correlating TKN, Volatile Solids (VS) and Total Plate Count, a better way for the representation of biomass against the usual method by measuring VS. Reasonably good correlations were found between TKN and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of the extract from the schmutzdecke sand. The effects of the concentration of TKN on the efficiency of the SSF used as a tertiary unit of a wastewater treatment plant in removing BOD, COD, Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3‐N) and Total Microorganisms have been evaluated and better performances of the filter have been observed at higher TKN concentration. The removal of NH3‐N was almost proportional to TKN concentration further proving the importance of measuring the NH3‐N in the effluent to identify the degree of ripening of the filter.
Analysis of contributions of nonlinear material constants to stress-induced velocity shifts of quartz and langasite surface acoustic wave resonators

Stress-induced surface acoustic wave velocity shifts are analyzed for langasite (LGS) SAW resonators. The analytical methodology has been verified by comparing experimental results and analytical results for quartz resonators. LGS SAW resonators with Euler angles which are most sensitive and least sensitive to diametrical forces are determined and their applications in force sensors and resonators with minimum acceleration sensitivity are discussed. Sensitivity of the analytical results to different groups of nonlinear material constants is discussed; it was found that for specific configurations, failure to include the third-order piezoelectric constants, dielectric constants and electrostrictive constants may lead to a significant calculation error. Surface acoustic waves propagating on an LGS square plate subject to bending moment along the propagation direction and normal to the propagation direction are analyzed; it was found that the average momentinduced velocity shift of LGS resonators are comparable to quartz resonators. Analyses of the sensitivity of the results to different groups of nonlinear material constants shows that for some specific wave propagation directions, failure to include the third-order piezoelectric constants, dielectric constants, and electrostrictive constants may lead to large errors.
Application of Building Information Modeling in Building Integrated Photovoltaics

Building information modeling (BIM) is a new method of dealing with the design and information of building component, this project created Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) in BIM with parametric design, it is a new way to study and analysis BIPV. In BIM models, all information about the building components and its lifecycle are included. Therefore the study utilized this important characteristic of BIM to explore its application in BIPV design. The author used BIM software Revit to develop a BIPV building model as the parametric prototype and programmed with panels’ information in C# 2008 to correlate the angle of photovoltaic (PV) panels with sun altitude, and finally applied application programming interface (API) in Revit to control these panels’ angle by the sun path.
Simulating the effects of system components on the appearance of dental x-ray images

Abstract A computerized model has been developed and modified to permit clinically meaningful measures of-x-ray image quality to be abstracted from measurements of spectral composition, detector sensitivity, and x-ray attenuation of pertinent tissues. When applied to an array determined by a uniform thickness of soft tissue plus variable amounts of tooth-equivalent material, this model yields images that are indistinguishable from video displays obtained from conventional dental radiographs. Hence, the effects of system alterations can be measured and demonstrated visually by computer simulation of specified changes in one or more parameters of interest.
Nanoparticle Enhanced Ionic Liquids (NEILS) as Working Fluid for the Next Generation Solar Collector

Abstract Next generation solar thermal collector requires working fluid with high heat storage capacity as well as high temperature thermal stability to reduce its operating cost. Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered as a potential working fluid for next generation solar collector due to suitable thermophysical properties. However, Nanoparticle Enhanced Ionic Liquids (NEILs), a class of nanofluids, can further enhance the thermophysical properties of ILs. In this study, an experimental assessment on NEILs was performed by measuring thermophysical property and evaluating forced convection performance. Experimental results show clear advantages of the NEILs over the base ILs both in heat storage capacity and heat transfer performance. Up to 6% enhancement in thermal conductivity, 23% enhancement in heat capacity, and 20% enhancement in convective heat transfer performance has been observed for the 1% (Weight%) aluminium oxide (Al2O3) enhanced ILs compared to the base ILs. Our current study lays the foundation for future studies to explore further investigation to evaluate NEILs as a potential working fluid for the next generation solar collectors.
Statistical descriptions of channel networks and their shapes on non‐vegetated hillslopes in Kemmerer, Wyoming

Erosion prediction tools are essential for many different aspects of land management. In this paper we examine the applicability of scaling relationships developed for river networks for the description of hillslope erosion channel networks. Eight erosion channel networks were studied on mine spoil sites in Kemmerer, Wyoming. We analysed these networks using well-known geomorphological relationships such as Horton's laws and Melton's law. An analysis of the erosion channel hydraulic geometry described by a series of power functions was also conducted. We found that the network geometry resembles larger river networks, and that the cross-sectional shapes of individual erosion channels exhibit statistical characteristics of their larger river counterparts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
If at First You Don't Succeed … Creative Transformation at a Small Academic College

A three-year plan to beautify the DeTamble Library facility to curb a drop-off in student use did not bring the desired increase. The staff studied four aspects of current major generational changes and developed a new two-year plan. It consisted of two makeovers: a “friendly” one, with cosmetic changes, and a “millennial-friendly” change, including wireless capability, a lounge with coffee, a small “information commons,” and a refurbished information desk complete with a consultation area. This plan succeeded. Student use of facility and resources increased. More impressive was the small amount of money spent. Using imagination, creativity, sweat equity, and teamwork, the numerous changes were accomplished for less than $8,000.
Spin-1/2 singleton dipole in three dimensions

The Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations for the three-dimensional spin-1/2 singleton dipole theory are obtained. It is found that the dynamics is determined solely by some precise boundary conditions at spatial infinity of anti-de Sitter spacetime. In particular, the Hamiltonian reduces to an integral over a one-dimensional boundary surface.
A Pilot Evaluation of a 4-Dimensional Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Scheme Based on Simultaneous Motion Estimation and Image Reconstruction

Purpose To evaluate the performance of a 4-dimensional (4-D) cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) reconstruction scheme based on simultaneous motion estimation and image reconstruction (SMEIR) through patient studies. Methods and Materials The SMEIR algorithm contains 2 alternating steps: (1) motion-compensated CBCT reconstruction using projections from all phases to reconstruct a reference phase 4D-CBCT by explicitly considering the motion models between each different phase and (2) estimation of motion models directly from projections by matching the measured projections to the forward projection of the deformed reference phase 4D-CBCT. Four lung cancer patients were scanned for 4 to 6 minutes to obtain approximately 2000 projections for each patient. To evaluate the performance of the SMEIR algorithm on a conventional 1-minute CBCT scan, the number of projections at each phase was reduced by a factor of 5, 8, or 10 for each patient. Then, 4D-CBCTs were reconstructed from the down-sampled projections using Feldkamp-Davis-Kress, total variation (TV) minimization, prior image constrained compressive sensing (PICCS), and SMEIR. Using the 4D-CBCT reconstructed from the fully sampled projections as a reference, the relative error (RE) of reconstructed images, root mean square error (RMSE), and maximum error (MaxE) of estimated tumor positions were analyzed to quantify the performance of the SMEIR algorithm. Results The SMEIR algorithm can achieve results consistent with the reference 4D-CBCT reconstructed with many more projections per phase. With an average of 30 to 40 projections per phase, the MaxE in tumor position detection is less than 1 mm in SMEIR for all 4 patients. Conclusion The results from a limited number of patients show that SMEIR is a promising tool for high-quality 4D-CBCT reconstruction and tumor motion modeling.
Sample Size Effects on Temporal Reliability of Language Sample Measures of Preschool Children

The present study examined the temporal reliability of four quantitative measurements of operationally defined linguistic behaviors observed in a naturalistic setting. The measures of language prod...
Differential cross section determinations in extended geometry with an incident particle continuum

Abstract An algebraic expression for differential cross sections is obtained for experimental conditions which include (1) use of an incident particle energy continuum, (2) measurements of reaction yields as a function of flight time and reaction product energy, and (3) large solid angles. Expressions are also obtained for mean values of geometrical quantities and for standard deviations in these values. The results apply specifically to neutron-induced, charged particle differential cross section measurements, but should be applicable whenever extended geometry of the type considered is encountered.
Cultural Views, English Proficiency and Regular Cervical Cancer Screening Among Older Chinese American Women

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between cultural views, English proficiency, and regular cervical cancer screening among older Chinese women. Methods The study sample consisted of 473 asymptomatic Chinese participants aged 50 and older recruited from community organizations. The study outcome was regular receipt of Pap tests, defined as having a recent test in the past 3 years and another within 3 years before the present test. Eastern cultural views were measured by a 30-item scale that assessed beliefs about illness and cancer. Sociodemographics, cancer worry, physician recommendation, health insurance, and access barriers were included as covariates in multiple logistic regression models. Results A total of 239 (50.5 %) Chinese American women had regular Pap tests. Findings indicate that 1) women who held more traditional Chinese cultural views were less likely to be a regular screener (odds ratio [OR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94–0.99); 2) women with higher English proficiency were 1.39 times more likely to have received regular Pap tests than women with lower proficiency (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.13–1.72). Conclusion Cultural views and English proficiency were significant predictors of older Chinese American women regular receipt of Pap tests. Future research is needed to identify and design culturally and linguistically competent programs to promote cervical cancer screening.
A Definition of Integrals

Abstract The Riemann integral can be generalized in various ways by modifying the construction and selection of Riemann sums. This paper is a variation based on the following observation. If a function ƒ on a space X is integrable, then the Riemann sums for ƒ should not be changed substantially if we ignore the points in a sufficiently small subset S of X . Once this is allowed, we can for example get rid of the points where ƒ takes extremely large values or behaves too wildly. This idea is used to define a notion of integral, and some examples are investigated.
MULTIPLE SLIDING SURFACE CONTROL FOR SYSTEMS IN NONLINEAR BLOCK CONTROLLABLE FORM

ABSTRACT It is well-known that the multiple sliding surface control was developed to eliminate the problem of “explosion of complexity” inherent in the celebrated backstepping method. In this paper, we extend the multiple sliding surface control method further for systems in nonlinear block controllable form. As an application of the proposed control scheme, the robust attitude control law was synthesized for highly maneuverable missiles. Contrary to the classical SISO methods, all nonlinearities of missile attitude dynamics as well as coupling effects between roll, yaw and pitch channels due to roll rate are fully accommodated in the designed nonlinear control law.
Optical, electrical and mechanical properties of RF-sputtered TiNWAu films

Abstract The optical, electrical and mechanical properties of TiN W Au films deposited by RF sputtering are investigated as a function of the number and thickness of interlayers W Au and compared to those of conventional tlectroplated Au films. The multilayered Tin W Au films have a golden yellow aolor and their reflectivity reaches 98% of that of electroplated 24K Au films over the wavelength range studied. The electrical sheet resistance of Tin W Au films was found to be in the range of 1.53 to 3.15 Ω cm −2 . Various analytical techniques were used: Auger electron spectroscopy to determine the composition profiles, direct tensile tests for adhesion characteristics, the optical rub test for scratch resistance, the selected ordinate method to identify the color of resultant films, and the four-point method for sheet resistance measurement.
Wnt gene expression in sea urchin development: heterochronies associated with the evolution of developmental mode.

SUMMARY The Wnt genes encode a large family of conserved secreted proteins that are widely involved in animal development. The variety and ubiquity of this ancient family suggest that Wnt genes may have been important in the evolution of animal development, including early development. To test this hypothesis, we have characterized the expression of several Wnt genes in closely related sea urchins that exhibit radically different modes of early development. Wnt-1, -4, and -5 genes exhibit several conserved molecular and developmental characteristics, both within sea urchins and with Wnt genes examined in other animals (Ferkowicz et al. 1998). Here, we demonstrate that sea urchin Wnt-5 transcripts are specifically detected by in situ hybridization in discrete embryonic, larval, and developing adult tissues and processes: (1) in a band of vegetal ectoderm in mesenchyme blastula stage embryos, (2) in the larval ciliary bands, (3) in tissues that form the early adult rudiment (left coelomic pouch and overlying vestibular ectoderm), and (4) in the developing adult radial nervous system. We find that the sites of Wnt-5 transcript accumulation are conserved in species exhibiting either indirect- or direct-developmental modes, suggesting that Wnt-5 function(s) have been conserved in sea urchin development. However, dramatic heterochronic changes in Wnt-5 gene expression have occurred in the direct-developing species that parallel the accelerated morphological changes that occur during direct development. These results suggest that heterochronic changes in the expression of conserved developmental regulatory genes, such as the Wnt family members, are agents of evolutionary change in animal development.
The ClpP protein, a subunit of the Clp protease, modulates ail gene expression in Yersinia enterocolitica.

Yersinia enterocolitica is a gastrointestinal pathogen of humans and animals. Ail is a 17 kDa cell-surface protein that confers on Y. enterocolitica resistance to serum killing and the ability to attach to and invade cells in vitro. The ail gene of Y. enterocolitica is regulated by temperature and growth phase. In stationary phase, ail transcript is only detected when bacteria are grown at the host temperature of 37°C. Our laboratory previously described a group of mini-Tn10 mutants, which expressed ail in stationary phase at 28°C. In one of these mutants, DP5102::mini-Tn10 3-2, the mini-Tn10 inserted into a gene encoding a protein with 90.3% identity to the ClpP protease subunit from Escherichia coli. Expression of ail in stationary phase at 28°C was also derepressed in a directed Y. enterocolitica clpP mutant. Analysis of ail transcripts in the wild-type and clpP mutant strains indicated that there is a single start site of transcription of ail and that the effect of the clpP mutation was on the initiation of transcription at this site. Similar to E. coli, a clpX homologue was identified downstream of clpP. The Y. enterocolitica clpP gene complemented the clpP mutant phenotype, repressing the expression of both ail transcript levels and cell surface-expressed Ail protein. Thus, ClpP has a role in the modulation of ail transcription in Y. enterocolitica.
Effects of viscosity ratio and composition on development of morphology in chaotic mixing of polymers

Abstract This study investigated the effects of viscosity ratio (p) and composition on morphology development in an immiscible polymer system mixed under chaotic flow conditions. It was seen that morphology of the dispersed phase developed through a widely accepted route involving transitions from lamellas to fibrils and to droplets. It was found in experiments with p≥1 that the dispersed phase converted into droplets very rapidly with narrow droplet size distribution when p∼1. For higher values of p, the speed of morphological transitions slowed down, the droplet size distribution became wider, and much larger droplets were formed. Similar effects were observed at higher concentration of the dispersed phase. No self-similar scaling behavior was observed in the droplet size distribution, which can be attributed to the lack of self-similarity in the breakup of lamellas into fibrils.
Visual design principles and effective sentence diagrams for the 21st century

Most sentence diagramming follows either the Reid-Kellogg (noun|verb)approach or some variant of Chomsky's syntax-tree (NP⁁VP) approach. Both methods violate principles of effective visual design: graph lines should be implied wherever possible, aligned to an organizing grid, and diagram details should be scalable. Not surprisingly then, traditional sentence diagramming is not often used or useful to analyze sentences from actual communication. This paper will describe a more visually sound approach to sentence diagramming, demonstrably useful to writers and editors working in 21st century media. The structure of a realistically complex sentence can be shown on a smartphone screen, using any standard keypad.
Novel Absorbent Materials Created via Ice Templating

Ice-templated aerogels made from water soluble/dispersible raw materials are formed through an environmentally friendly freeze-drying process. The structures that result from ice templating are capable of absorbing liquids into their large void volume. The effects of polymer chemistry and material loading on the absorption into the dried materials are studied. Low-density samples were able to absorb liquids rapidly but the liquid-saturated structures lacked mechanical integrity. The higher-density samples absorbed liquids more slowly and again retained little structural integrity. The addition of fibers and firing of low-density clay aerogels into ceramics provide multiple routes to creating structures exhibiting rapid absorption and a rigid, stable structure when saturated.
Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Relation to Breast Density (United States)

Objectives Evaluate known breast cancer risk factors in relation to breast density. Methods We examined factors in relation to breast density in 144,018 New Hampshire (NH) women with at least one mammogram recorded in a statewide mammography registry. Mammographic breast density was measured by radiologists using the BI-RADS classification; risk factors of interest were obtained from patient intake forms and questionnaires. Results Initial analyses showed a strong inverse influence of age and body mass index (BMI) on breast density. In addition, women with late age at menarche, late age at first birth, premenopausal women, and those currently using hormone therapy (HT) tended to have higher breast density, while those with greater parity tended to have less dense breasts. Analyses stratified on age and BMI suggested interactions, which were formally assessed in a multivariable model. The impact of current HT use, relative to nonuse, differed across age groups, with an inverse association in younger women, and a positive association in older women (p < 0.0001 for the interaction). The positive effects of age at menarche and age at first birth, and the inverse influence of parity were less apparent in women with low BMI than in those with high BMI (p = 0.04, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.01, respectively, for the interactions). We also noted stronger positive effects for age at first birth in postmenopausal women (p = 0.004 for the interaction). The multivariable model indicated a slight positive influence of family history of breast cancer. Conclusions The influence of age at menarche and reproductive factors on breast density is less evident in women with high BMI. Density is reduced in young women using HT, but increased in HT users of age 50 or more.
The Novel Binding Mode of N-Alkyl-N'-Hydroxyguanidine to Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Provides Mechanistic Insights into NO Biosynthesis

A series of N-alkyl-N'-hydroxyguanidine compounds have recently been characterized as non-amino acid substrates for all three nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms which mimic NO formation from N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine. Crystal structures of the nNOS heme domain complexed with either N-isopropyl-N'-hydroxyguanidine or N-butyl-N'-hydroxyguanidine reveal two different binding modes in the substrate binding pocket. The binding mode of the latter is consistent with that observed for the substrate N(omega)-hydroxy-L-arginine bound in the nNOS active site. However, the former binds to nNOS in an unexpected fashion, thus providing new insights into the mechanism on how the hydroxyguanidine moiety leads to NO formation. Structural features of substrate binding support the view that the OH-substituted guanidine nitrogen, instead of the hydroxyl oxygen, is the source of hydrogen supplied to the active ferric-superoxy species for the second step of the NOS catalytic reaction.
Interaction of PtCl4(Fast Black)2 with Hyperthermia

Abstract We are developing complexes of negatively charged PtCl4 with positively charged nuclear dyes as new antitumor agents for use alone and in conjunction with hyperthermia and/or radiation. Elemental analysis has shown that the complex PtCl4(Fast Black)2 is a tight ion pair. In experimentally growing EMT6 cells in vitro, PtCl4(Fast Black)2 killed cells in a log-linear manner which increased as the temperature of the exposures was increased from 37 to 42°C or 43°C. In addition, cell kill was also increased under conditions of low pH (6.45), especially in hypoxic cells treated at elevated temperature. Measurement of intracellular platinum levels after exposure to 25 µm cisplatin or PtCl4(Fast Black)2 demonstrated that platinum levels were between 170- and 200-fold higher after exposure to PtCl4(Fast Black)2. In vivo studies in the FSaIIC murine fibrosarcoma showed, again, that PtCl4(Fast Black)2 killed in a log-linear manner. Treatment of tumors placed in the thigh with 43°C, 30-min hyperthermia immediately following i.p. injection of PtCl4(Fast Black)2 was dose modifying. One hundred mg/kg of PtCl4(Fast Black)2 produced a 4.6-day tumor growth delay which increased to 6.4 days with 43°C, 30-min hyperthermia (growth delay for hyperthermia alone was 1.4 days), and 500 mg/kg produced a 5.6-day delay which increased to 11.0 days with hyperthermia. In contrast, cisplatin (5 mg/kg) produced a 4.4-day delay which increased to 5.9 days with hyperthermia. PtCl4(Fast Black)2 was well tolerated by animals, and the maximally tolerated dose was approximately 650 mg/kg. This new complex appears quite active as an antitumor agent alone and in conjunction with hyperthermia, and, since other studies have shown it to interact positively with radiation, this agent seems a very appropriate candidate for further development as a clinical anticancer drug.
The least slope of convex function and the maximal monotonicity of its subdifferential

In this paper, we give a direct proof of Rockafellar's result that the subdifferential of a proper convex lower-semicontinuous function on a Banach space is maximal monotone. Our proof is simpler than those that have appeared to date. In fact, we show that Rockafellar's result can be embedded in a more general situation in which we can quantify the degree of failure of monotonicity in terms of a quotient like the one that appears in the definition of Frechet differentiability. Our analysis depends on the concepts of the least slope of a convex function, which is related to the steepest descent of optimization theory.
Pulmonary complications of cardiopulmonary bypass.

Pulmonary complications after the use of extracorporeal circulation are common, and they range from transient hypoxemia with altered gas exchange to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with variable severity. Similar to other end-organ dysfunction after cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation, pulmonary complications are attributed to the inflammatory response, ischemia–reperfusion injury, and reactive oxygen species liberated as a result of cardiopulmonary bypass. Several factors common in cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation may worsen the risk of pulmonary complications including atelectasis, transfusion requirement, older age, heart failure, emergency surgery, and prolonged duration of bypass. There is no magic bullet to prevent or treat pulmonary complications, but supportive care with protective ventilation is important. Targets for the prevention of pulmonary complications include mechanical, surgical, and anesthetic interventions that aim to reduce the contact activation, systemic inflammatory response, leukocyte sequestration, and hemodilution associated with extracorporeal circulation.
Synthesis and structures of tridentate ketoiminate zinc complexes bearing trifluoromethyl substituents that act as L-lactide ring opening polymerization initiators.

A series of NNO ketoimines bearing trifluoromethyl substituents were synthesized from the Schiff base condensation of 1,3-diketones (1,1,1-trifluoro-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexanedione, 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione, and 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione, 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone) and 8-aminoquinoline or 8-amino-2-methylquinoline and isolated in 40–70% yield. The ketoimines were combined with zinc bis-(trimethylsilyl)amide to prepare a zinc amide complex in 41% yield or were combined with zinc bis-(trimethylsilyl)amide and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol to prepare zinc phenoxide complexes in 81–94% yield. The ketoimines and zinc complexes were characterized with 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR, absorbance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and X-ray crystallography. The mononuclear solid state structures of the zinc amide and phenoxide complexes showed tridentate coordination of the zinc center by the ketoiminate and monodentate coordination by the amide or phenoxide. The zinc complexes were assessed for their ability to catalyze the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of L-lactide into poly-lactic acid (PLA) with some complexes reaching 100% conversion in 3 h. As the monomer to catalyst ratio increased, the molecular weight of the isolated polymeric material increased in a nearly linear fashion while retaining a narrow molecular weight distribution. Homonuclear decoupled 1H NMR spectra of the isolated polymeric material showed the retention of stereochemistry in the isotactic poly-L-lactic acid. Kinetic studies, where the substituents on the ketoiminate and quinolyl moiety were varied, showed that lower electron density on the Zn metal center yielded lower ROP catalytic activity than their electron rich counterparts. The complexes are proposed to use the coordination-insertion mechanism for living polymerization of L-lactide.
Three-Bit and Six-Bit Tunable Matching Networks with Tapered Lines

Two tunable matching networks, one with three bits and one with six bits, are designed, fabricated and measured. The tuning elements of the networks are the Radant RMSW- 100 SPST MEMS switches. These switches connect fixed line- loading capacitances to the networks. Tapered transmission lines are used instead of uniform lines in the networks. The 6-bit network exhibits two bands with bandwidths of 46% and 29% and Smith Chart coverage of at least 68%. The 3-bit network exhibits a single band with a bandwidth of 44% and a Smith Chart coverage of at least 23%. A particular load is included in the bandwidth and coverage calculations if a) it can be matched with a reflection of less than −10 dB and b) the S-parameters of the tunable matching network when configured to match this load satisfy |S11| 2 + |S21| 2 ≥ 0.5, i.e., its measured efficiency is higher than 50%.
Investigations on exemplar-based features for speech recognition towards thousands of hours of unsupervised, noisy data

The acoustic models in state-of-the-art speech recognition systems are based on phones in context that are represented by hidden Markov models. This modeling approach may be limited in that it is hard to incorporate long-span acoustic context. Exemplar-based approaches are an attractive alter-native, in particular if massive data and computational power are available. Yet, most of the data at Google are unsupervised and noisy. This paper investigates an exemplar-based approach under this yet not well understood data regime. A log-linear rescoring framework is used to combine the exemplar-based features on the word level with the first-pass model. This approach guarantees at least baseline performance and focuses on the refined modeling of words with sufficient data. Experimental results for the Voice Search and the YouTube tasks are presented.
The snaptic paddle: a modular haptic device

The haptic paddle was developed previously as an inexpensive haptic device for educational use, and has been applied to course topics such as dynamic systems and introductory controls. However, it has only a single degree of freedom, limiting it to very simple modeling and simulation exercises. Through modifications to the original haptic paddle design, a "snaptic paddle" has been created that allows two modular one-degree-of-freedom devices to be connected to form a single two-degree-of-freedom device that operates like a traditional joystick. The devices can also be used separately, creating a flexible, economical haptic interface for educational applications. The device successfully provides force feedback interaction, as will be shown in a demonstration at the World Haptics Conference.
A Comparison of the Properties of Human P53 Mutant Alleles

p53 is a cellular-encoded phosphoprotein first identified in protein complexes with the large tumor (T) antigen of simian virus 40 (SV40) (Linzer and Levine, 1979; Lane and Crawford, 1979). High levels of p53 protein have been detected in both embryonal carcinoma cells and chemically induced transformed cells using antisera from animals with SV40-induced tumors or immunized with these tumorigenic lines (Linzer and Levine, 1979; DeLeo et al., 1979). In addition, humans with cancer have been shown to have circulating anti-p53 antibodies (Crawford et al., 1982; Caron de Fromental et al., 1987). Thus, p53 was termed a tumor antigen.
The Influences of Culture on Learning and Assessment Among Native American Students

The purpose of this article is to raise issues concerning the influences of culture on assessments of Native American students. The nature and extent of the problem is portrayed by citing information from national data sources on the achievement of Native American students. Cultural aspects of assessment and principles of assessment are discussed, using personal experiences to encourage others to reflect on cultural aspects of assessment. The article ends with the argument that there is much to learn about assessing Native American and other minority students, taking into account the external influences of culture, environment, attitudes, context, and perspectives.
Disruption of action potential and calcium signaling properties in malformed myofibers from dystrophin-deficient mice.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common and severe muscular dystrophy, is caused by the absence of dystrophin. Muscle weakness and fragility (i.e., increased susceptibility to damage) are presumably due to structural instability of the myofiber cytoskeleton, but recent studies suggest that the increased presence of malformed/branched myofibers in dystrophic muscle may also play a role. We have previously studied myofiber morphology in healthy wild-type (WT) and dystrophic (MDX) skeletal muscle. Here, we examined myofiber excitability using high-speed confocal microscopy and the voltage-sensitive indicator di-8-butyl-amino-naphthyl-ethylene-pyridinium-propyl-sulfonate (di-8-ANEPPS) to assess the action potential (AP) properties. We also examined AP-induced Ca2+ transients using high-speed confocal microscopy with rhod-2, and assessed sarcolemma fragility using elastimetry. AP recordings showed an increased width and time to peak in malformed MDX myofibers compared to normal myofibers from both WT and MDX, but no significant change in AP amplitude. Malformed MDX myofibers also exhibited reduced AP-induced Ca2+ transients, with a further Ca2+ transient reduction in the branches of malformed MDX myofibers. Mechanical studies indicated an increased sarcolemma deformability and instability in malformed MDX myofibers. The data suggest that malformed myofibers are functionally different from myofibers with normal morphology. The differences seen in AP properties and Ca2+ signals suggest changes in excitability and remodeling of the global Ca2+ signal, both of which could underlie reported weakness in dystrophic muscle. The biomechanical changes in the sarcolemma support the notion that malformed myofibers are more susceptible to damage. The high prevalence of malformed myofibers in dystrophic muscle may contribute to the progressive strength loss and fragility seen in dystrophic muscles.
The Role of Chemists in Developing Radiopharmaceutical Industry and Applications: Introductory Remarks

A look into the great advances in the field of radiopharmaceutical chemistry, we can find that emphasis now-a-day is directed mainly to achieve major developments in: 1. Radiopharmaceutical agents for molecular nuclear medicine which emphasize targeting physiological processes at the molecular level. 2. Expanding the base of quality assurance of radiopharmaceutical drug products. 3. Total automation and computer control of production of radiopharmaceutics. 4. Developing the regulatory process to allow for a smooth and safe flow of radiopharmaceutical production and its use, including the introduction of computer-assisted new drug application “CANDA.” 5. Economics of radiopharmaceutical production and applications.
Dopamine Transport in Human Blood

Distribution coefficients were determined for dopamine equilibrated between human blood cells and plasma or its constituents by direct fluorescent reading of this fluorophore recovered in the aqueous phase of a trichloroacetic acid separation. The fluorescence was activated at 280 nm and read at 320nm. Recovery of dopamine added to blood constituents was 98 to 102%. Dopamine concentrations in the equilibration phases ranged from 1-5µg/ml with 0.2mg of ascorbic acid as antioxidant. Water solubility accounts for approximately half of dopamine distribution in the red cell—plasma system. The other half is distributed between red cell and plasma proteins. Hemoglobin and Cohn fraction IV-4 show dopamine-binding effects. We trapped dopamine in red cell ghosts during hemolysis and demonstrated that it was released after reconditioning of the ghost membrane wall, thus indicating that the red cell wall is permeable to dopamine and that hemoglobin may act as a transport agent. The role of platelets and white cells in dopamine transport requires further study.
Unit Execution Time Shop Problems

The problem of preemptively and nonpreemptively scheduling a set of n independent jobs on an m machine open shop, flow shop or job shop is studied. It is shown that the problem of constructing optimal mean finishing time preemptive and nonpreemptive schedules is NP-hard. These problems are not only NP-hard in the strong sense, but remain NP-hard even when all nonzero tasks have identical execution time requirements. These results will also apply to the case when the problem is to construct an optimal finish time preemptive and nonpreemptive schedule for a flow shop or a job shop. We also discuss the problem of constructing no-wait schedules for these problems.
Plantinga on free will and evil

Some philosophers have argued that a world created by an omnipotent, omniscient and perfectly good being would not contain evil. Since the world contains evil in fact, it follows (so it is claimed) that the world was not created by an omnipotent, omniscient and perfectly good being. One of the replies frequently given to this argument is that the world contains evil only because it is populated with free creatures (men and devils) who perform morally wrong action. This is the centre of the so-called ‘Free Will Theodicy’ - a favourite not only of technical theologians such as Thomas Aquinas but of practising believers of the least sophisticated sort. On this view, evil results from the illicit exercise of created free will. The fault thus lies with his creatures and not with the omnipotent, omniscient and perfectly good creator.
Target regulation of synaptic number in the compressed retinotectal projection of goldfish

In order to determine the morphological consequences of the formation of a compressed retinotectal projection, the optic neuropil lamina (stratum fibrosum et griseum superficialis, SFGS) was examined in large goldfish 3 months to 4 years after ablation of the caudal half of the tectum, both with crush of the optic nerve (HTX) and without (HT). In semithin sections, the SFGS, as delineated with orthograde HRP labeling, shows a persistent hypertrophy of about 25% in HTX and HT groups. Comparison of ultrastructural stereological data with similar data on control and regenerated projections to intact tecta (Murray and Edwards, '82) indicates that this hypertrophy can be attributed largely to an increased number of axons and not to increases in terminal or dendritic compartments. A normal number of synaptic terminals per column through SFGS is conserved in HTX and HT groups. Planimetric analysis and observations using orthograde HRP labeling reveal no group differences in size and shape of terminal profiles. The same number of retinal ganglion cells project to a half-tectum as to an intact tectum, as indicated by estimates of ganglion cell number and of the minimum percentage of them which project to the tectum using retrograde HRP labeling. The results suggest that the regenerating and sprouting optic axons participating in the formation of a compressed retinotopic projection compete for a limited accommodation in the SFGS and that this capacity to accept synaptic input becomes saturated at the control innervation density. The results are consistent with the formation of a smaller than normal number of terminals per optic axon, numerical estimates for which are given. If the percentage of terminals which are optic does not change, then the number of terminals per axon is reduced by about 40%.
Influencing Health Policy: Strategies for Nursing Education to Partner With Nursing Practice

Cost, access, and quality have dominated health policy for more than 30 years. During that time, the number of health policy analysts and health services researchers has grown exponentially; however, health care policy remains a mysterious topic for most registered nurses. The foundations for a professional understanding of health care policy and policymaking should be well laid in formal education and synthesized with practice and work environments. Without time to promote synthesis of policy concepts related to the practice environment, nurses have no basis for further exploration and may remain naive to the influences of policy throughout their career. Practicing nurses, as eyewitnesses to the shortcomings of the U.S. health care system, are best suited to inform policymakers of needs, unintended consequences, and success stories. This article summarizes strategies to promote a partnership between the academy and nursing practice.