cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Biology of Casmara subagronoma (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), a Stem-Boring Moth of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae): Descriptions of the Previously Unknown Adult Female and Immature Stages, and Its Potential as a Biological Control Candidate.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is a perennial shrub native to Southeast Asia and is invasive in South Florida and Hawai’i, USA. During surveys of R. tomentosa in Hong Kong from 2013–2018 for potential biological control agents, we collected larvae of the stem borer, Casmara subagronoma. Larvae were shipped in stems to a USDA-ARS quarantine facility where they were reared and subjected to biology studies and preliminary host range examinations. Casmara subagronoma is the most recent Casmara species to be described from males collected in Vietnam and Indonesia. Because the original species description was based on only two male specimens, we also provide a detailed description of the female, egg, larva, and pupa. Finally, we conducted preliminary host range trials utilizing Myrtus communis, Myrcianthes fragrans, and Camellia sinensis. Casmara subagronoma emerged from M. fragrans, a Florida-native shrub, and larvae were able to survive in non-target stems for over a year (>400 days). Based on these findings and difficulty in rearing, we do not believe C. subagronoma is a suitable insect for biological control of R. tomentosa at this time, but may warrant further study. This investigation also illustrates the importance of host surveys for conservation and taxonomic purposes.
A Novel Technique Using a Thulium Fiber Laser for Simultaneous Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy and Transpelvic Endopyelotomy for High-Insertion Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction.

Background: Endopyelotomy is a minimally invasive option for treatment of ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction. Although largely supplanted by laparoscopic or robot-assisted laparoscopic pyelop...
YBX2 Dysregulation in Maturation Arrest NOA YBX2 Dysregulation is a Potential Cause for Late Maturation Arrest in Men with Non-Obstructive Azoospermia

Abstract Introduction YBX2 protein binds to Y-box promotors and to mRNAs in the cytoplasm of pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids in rodents. Knock-out of YBX2 leads to maturation arrest in animal models. YBX2 binds PRM1 and 2 mRNA, which is transcribed early and sequestrated for translation during late spermatogenesis. Objective This study aimed to determine if the loss of YBX2 is associated with MA arrest due to the loss of sequestration of protamines in the human testis. As a second aim, we examined the expression of YBX2, and its transcription factors in maturation arrest (MA)(early and late) and normal controls in men. Methods RNAseq was performed using RNA extracted from human testis samples from 44 men with non-obstructive azoospermia and ten from healthy controls. Differential expression was performed using JMPgenomics, FDR Results Expression of YBX2 mRNA was significantly downregulated in early and late MA compared to controls. Surprisingly, PRM1&2 mRNAs were also depleted in men with MA. Multifactorial regression analysis demonstrated a decrease in YBX2 expression in MA is due to decrease in COMP levels (p Conclusions Decrease in YBX2 protein expression in men with LMA leads to loss of translational suppression and lack of PRM1 and PRM2 necessary to complete spermatogenesis.
Did evolution choose Atg11 as the scaffolding platform beyond selective autophagy

It has been well established that Atg11 plays a critical role in selective macroautophagy/autophagy, but not in nonselective autophagy in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, its mammalian ortholog RB1CC1/FIP200 is indispensable for both types of autophagy, and the molecular mechanism behind its function is a mystery. Recently, Pan et al. showed that in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Atg11 could also promote nonselective autophagy via activation of Atg1 kinase. These results prompt an interesting idea that Atg11 might have gained an additional ability to mediate nonselective autophagy through evolution.
Study of the Effect of Reflections on High-Power, 110-GHz Pulsed Gyrotron Operation

The effect of reflection is studied experimentally and theoretically on a high-power 110-GHz gyrotron operating in the TE22,6 mode in 3μs pulses at 96kV, 40A. The experimental setup allows variation of the reflected power from 0 to 33% over a range of gyrotron operating conditions. The phase of the reflection is varied by translating the reflector along the axis. Operating at a higher efficiency point, at 4.40T with 940kW of output power, reflected power exceeding 11% causes a switch from operation in the TE22,6 to simultaneous operation in the TE22,6 and TE21,6 modes with a large decrease of the total gyrotron output power. This switching effect is in good agreement with simulations using the MAGY code. Operating at a more stable point, 4.44T with 580kW of output power, when the reflection is increased, the output power remains in the TE22,6 mode but it decreases monotonically with increasing reflection, dropping to 200kW at 33% reflection. Furthermore, at a reflection above 22%, a power modulation at 25 to 30MHz is observed, independent of the phase of the reflected wave. Such a modulated signal may be useful in spectroscopic and other applications.
A Citizen of Two Worlds: The IR/DR Residency.

Abstract The integrated interventional radiology (IR) residency accepted its first applicants in 2017. Achieving specialty status represents a significant milestone for IR; recognizing the expanding role of IR as part of an interdisciplinary team. However, this transition has had challenges that were well predicted by Heitkamp and Gunderman in 2014 and are reflected in the history of many specialties. New specialties often have complex relationships with their “parent” specialties, creating debates and tension regarding training, licensure, and scope of practice. Many of these factors have been discussed in opinion pieces by leaders in the field, reflecting upon the transition. There have also been surveys of matched IR/DR residents. However, there are few firsthand accounts of the challenges faced by trainees during such a transition, challenges that often are not well captured by an online survey.
A discontinuous Galerkin method for wall-modeled large-eddy simulations

Abstract We develop an augmented discontinuous Galerkin method for wall-modeled large-eddy simulations. This method is motivated by the enrichment method that has been formulated for finite-element method, by statistically augmenting the variational solution of the near-wall element with a simple wall function to model the effects of the unresolved momentum-carrying near-wall eddies on the resolved scales. An explicit model is employed to model the subgrid-scale stresses. It is shown that this approach improves the solution accuracy on significantly underresolved grids and reduces spurious oscillations that occur in the presence of strong wall gradients on coarse grids with high-order DG methods. The proposed method is applied in low-Mach-number plane channel flows over a range of Reynolds numbers to examine effects of mesh resolution, polynomial order, solution-augmentation, and the SGS closure on the model performance. The results show that the proposed approach reproduces the log-law profile for different flow conditions, even at extreme Reynolds numbers, and yields improved predictions with increasing polynomial order. In addition, the capability of the present DG-based WMLES framework for computations of complex flows is demonstrated in LES of a shock-induced boundary-layer separation for the transonic bump experiment by Bachalo & Johnson (AIAA J., 24, 1986).
Citizens of the World

This essay analyzes Christian laypeople and church leaders who hoped for a new age of political, racial, social, and religious cooperation at the beginning of the twentieth century. This new age was centered on a belief that the global rise of nationalism combined with the transformational qualities of Christian missions and ecumenical cooperation would spur a new camaraderie among diverse peoples and nations that would lead to peace and prosperity for the world. The essay explores how this pre-First World War idea for a new oikoumene arose out of a desire for reconciliation among Christian denominations and the call for the “evangelization of the world in this generation.”
Intralesional Injection of Interferon-α2b Improves Penile Curvature in Men with Peyronie's Disease Independent of Plaque Location.

Purpose: Collagenase clostridium histolyticum is the only FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved treatment for Peyronie's disease. However, to our knowledge collagenase clostridium histolyticum has not been studied in men with ventral plaques. Given this limitation and the paucity of literature on ventral plaque outcomes, we compared the results of Peyronie's disease treatment in men with different plaque locations treated with intralesional interferon-α2b.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the records of men treated with intralesional interferon-α2b for Peyronie's disease at 1 institution from 2001 to 2014. The men received 2 million U interferon-α2b injected every 2 weeks for 6 to 24 treatments. All men underwent penile duplex Doppler ultrasound before and after interferon-α2b treatment. Patient characteristics, penile duplex Doppler ultrasound and objective measurements were reviewed. Patients were stratified into ventral and dorsal/lateral plaque cohorts with a positive response d...
Reducing college students' homophobia, erotophobia, and conservatism levels through a human sexuality course

Homophobia is the irrational fear and hatred of homosexual individuals. Results from studies indicate that exposure to and interaction with gay men and lesbians via a college human sexuality course can decrease homophobia levels. More specifically, it has been demonstrated that educational interventions such as panels of gay individuals and information from textbooks, lectures, and classroom discussions serve to positively transform attitudes toward homosexuality. The purpose of this study was to replicate and expand our knowledge in this area. This investigation was designed to examine changes in students' levels of homophobia, erotophobia, and sexual conservatism in relation to educational interventions. A total of 109 participants from a large Midwestern university completed the following questionnaires: a demographic questionnaire, the Sexual Opinion Survey, the Derogatis Information subscale, the Derogatis Attitude subscale, the Homophobia scale, and the Bern Sex Role Inventory. Results revealed that...
Feminist Philosophy of Science and Neuroethics

Asarecognizedsubdisciplineofappliedethics,neuroethicsisquitenew;however, ethical analyses and critiques of neuroscience have a long history. A significant proportion of these critiques have come from feminists, in response to research thataimedtouncover differencesinthe brainsofwomen and men and oftentouse these differences to support political claims about women’s place in society. This entry surveys these feminist critiques and looks at the potential for recent work in feminist philosophy of science to contribute to neuroethics. Because it addresses the appropriate role for values in scientific research, feminist philosophy of science can provide useful tools for the analysis of sex/gender difference research and also for a variety of other topics of interest to neuroethicists.
Rationale for minimally invasive interventional techniques in urological cancer

The goals of cancer therapy are either to cure or con-trol disease while minimizing side effects to the pa-tient.Onemustbalancethenumberoflifeyearsgained(quantity) with the risk of morbidity and mortality ofa given treatment technique (quality). The ultimategoal is to match treatment type with the biological ag-gressiveness of the disease in an individual patient. Adifﬁcult initial hurdle is predicting disease aggressive-ness.Radiographicstaginghasbeenthecornerstoneinrenal cancer prediction, while nomograms incorporat-ing multiple pathologic, laboratory, and clinical mea-sures have become the basis for prostate cancer pre-diction. The predictions made from this informationhave, to a substantial extent, guided modern treat-ment. In modern urologic oncology practice, a con-tinuing movement toward maximizing survival whileminimizing morbidity has been seen.This movement is seen clearly when examiningthe increasing use of laparoscopic and, more re-cently, robot-assisted laparoscopic techniques in thetreatment of renal and prostate cancers as well asconformal and intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT), cryotherapy, high-intensity focused ultra-sound (HIFU), and brachytherapy in the treatment ofprostate cancer. More recent interest in focal, percuta-neous techniques (i.e., radiofrequency or cryotherapy)reﬂects this evolution in management.Minimally invasive interventional techniques areattractive since the risks of local progression andthus metastasis are, in theory, decreased comparedto surveillance, while the morbidity associated withradical (partial or complete) resection are also de-creased. Other advantages regarding localized renaltumor management include technical ease comparedto minimally invasive partial nephrectomy, no renalischemia requirement, relative ease in locating endo-phytic lesions, the unique opportunity for retreatmentwith no signiﬁcant increased morbidity of a secondprocedure and, ﬁnally, decreased convalescence.The morbidity associated with radical prostatec-tomyandradiotherapyiswelldescribedandisprimar-ily a result of treatment effects on adjacent structures[1]. Therefore, minimally invasive interventional tech-niques stand to have the greatest impact with respectto cavernosal nerve preservation, and limitation of ex-traprostatic radiation leading to advantages in erectilefunction preservation, improved continence, as wellas hospital stay and return to normal daily activitiesand work. These techniques hold similar advantagesto those for renal cell carcinoma with the added ben-eﬁts of relatively easy access to the gland and discreteablation that could facilitate less than whole-glandtreatment.Renal and prostate tumors are biologically uniqueand demand individual consideration for possiblesurveillance, local tumor treatment, or radical tumor
Performance comparison of a beacon-aided source routing protocol to on-demand source-initiated routing protocols

In source-initiated on-demand routing protocols, a non-ignorable amount of network bandwidth is consumed in route discovery and maintenance. In this paper, we present a beacon-aided source routing protocol aiming to reduce the amount of bandwidth consumed in routing, as well as to enhance success rates of delivering data packets and to be robust to unstable network conditions. We demonstrate the advantage of the BASR protocol by comparing its performance to other source-initiated routing protocols. The performance comparison is conducted through simulating mobile wireless networks. In the simulated wireless network scenarios, the performance of the BASR protocol exhibits high rates of successful data delivery, low consumption on network bandwidth, and robustness to unstable network conditions.
Effect of Power Ultrasound on Food Quality

Recent food processing technology innovations have been centered around producing foods with fresh-like attributes through minimal processing or nonthermal processing technologies. Instead of using thermal energy to secure food safety that is often accompanied by quality degradation in processed foods, the newly developed processing modalities utilize other types of physical energy such as high pressure, pulsed electric field or magnetic field, ultraviolet light, or acoustic energy to process foods. An improvement in food quality by the new processing methods has been widely reported. In comparison with its low-energy (high-frequency) counterpart which finds applications in food quality inspection, the use of high-intensity ultrasound, also called power ultrasound, in food processing is a relatively new endeavor. To understand the effect of high-intensity ultrasound treatment on food quality, it is important to understand the interactions between acoustic energy and food ingredients, which is covered in Chapter 10. In this chapter, the focus will be on changes in overall food quality attributes that are caused by ultrasound, such as texture, color, flavor, and nutrients.
Optical Multilevel Signaling for High Bandwidth and Power-Efficient On-Chip Interconnects

The scalability of high-performance computing systems is increasingly dependent on high-bandwidth and power-efficient communication between a growing number of processing cores on- and off-chip. Recent developments in silicon photonics technology can potentially alleviate many of the challenges associated with these stringent interconnection demands. In this letter, we propose the use of an optical multilevel signaling technique for on-chip interconnects in conjunction with wavelength division multiplexing to double the aggregate communication bandwidth without increasing the number of waveguides and wavelengths used, thereby reducing scaling costs.
Real-time Ultrasound and Performance Measures to Assist in Feedlot Cattle Sorting for Marketing Decisions

and Implications Real-time ultrasound can be used to make marketing decisions for fed cattle. Of primary importance are evaluations for intramuscular fat, subcutaneous fat, and live weight. This information can then be used to stratify cattle into marketing groups ranging from need/ready to sell immediately (i.e. too heavy, too fat, or already reached Choice grade) to not ready for market until after feeding for several additional days (i.e. 35 days). Real-time ultrasound can also be used to identify cattle that are approaching the threshold of a higher quality grade. These cattle should benefit from additional days on feed, and should warrant further premiums in most market situations. Conversely, cattle that are near the upper end of the fat cover limit for a particular yield grade may move to the next higher yield grade with additional time on feed and be discounted. Introduction Decision support systems are necessary for producers to make informed decisions about how to manage cattle for marketing decisions. This report is designed to describe the protocol used for Iowa State University research cattle to determine when cattle should be harvested.
Wanted: Consistency in Social and Behavioral Science Institutional Review Board Practices

Why do some social and behavioral science IRBs require researchers at other institutions to obtain local IRB approval for low-risk data collected in person, but not for low-risk data collected over the internet?
Comments on Conrad’s Commentary

Conrad prefaces his commentary on St. Thomas Aquinas’ De Ente et Essentia with a prooemium in which he does three things. First, he discusses the nature of philosophy, explaining that man’s need for it is rooted in the emptiness and potentiality of a possible intellect created for eternal glory, showing why it ought to be sought, and how it has been defined and divided. Secondly, he explains how the investigations of the De Ente et Essentia are related to those parts of philosophy which have as their task a description and explanation of some special part of the world of existing things. Thirdly, he identifies each of the four causes of the De Ente et Essentia: its one efficient cause, its twofold material cause, its twofold final cause, and its twofold formal cause.
Control Optimization with Stochastic Dynamic Programming

This chapter focuses on a problem of control optimization, in particular the Markov decision problem (or process). Our discussions will be at a very elementary level, and we will not attempt to prove any theorems. The central aim of this chapter is to introduce the reader to classical dynamic programming in the context of solving Markov decision problems. In the next chapter, the same ideas will be presented in the context of simulation-based dynamic programming. The main concepts presented in this chapter are (1) Markov chains, (2) Markov decision problems, (3) semi-Markov decision problems, and (4) classical dynamic programming methods.
A novel approach for reconfiguring distribution system and its sensitivity analysis

This paper presents a novel approach to reconfigure distribution system based on optimal power flow and heuristics. Network reconfiguration problem is formulated as the optimal power flow (OPF) problem with switch states as the only decision variables, which is solved by relaxing discrete switch states into continuous values. Based on the OPF solution, the results of continuous switch states are revised into integer values using heuristic methods and thus the optimal system structure is determined. Moreover, the sensitivity of the power losses for changing switch states is analyzed. The proposed approach is applied to two test systems and its effectiveness is verified.
Design of a balanced 2D composite right-/left-handed transmission line type continuous scanning leaky-wave antenna

A planar structure is proposed for use in an edge-excited leaky-wave antenna. This structure can be modelled as a composite right-/left-handed transmission line and designed for continuous beam angle scanning. The 4times4 structure is simulated to verify the right-/left-handed nature of the structure and fabricated and measured to demonstrate the scanning capability
Biochemical changes in mouse lung after subcutaneous injection of the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide.

Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant-type chemical warfare agent (CWA) introduced in World War I which continues to be produced, stockpiled, and occasionally deployed by some countries, and could be used potentially by terrorists. Exposure to HD can cause erythema, blisters, corneal opacity, and airway damage. We have reported previously that subcutaneous (SC) injection of immunodeficient athymic nude mice with the half mustard butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide (BCS) causes systemic biochemical changes in several organs distal to the exposure site. In the present study, we examined the response of non-immunodeficient Swiss Webster mice to the mustard, 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide (CECBS). In a pilot study, we found that a single SC injection of 20–25 μl/mouse causes death within 24 h. Consequently, we used 5 μl/mouse (approx. 0.017 mg/kg body weight) of neat CECBS or an equal volume of saline as control. We examined the lungs after 1, 24, and 48 h for biochemical changes including total and oxidized glutathione, protein, DNA, and lipid peroxidation contents in tissue homogenate, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione S -transferases activities in the cytosol. After 1 h and/or 24 h, we found statistically significant changes that were resolved by 48 h. These changes mimicked those of HD and BCS and were generally consistent with free radical-mediated oxidative stress. The implications of these observations are two-fold. First, dermal exposure to low-dose mustard gas could elicit systemic changes impacting distal organs such as the lungs. It also suggests that antioxidants could potentially modulate the response and reduce the damage. Second, although the use of known CWAs such as HD is prohibited, analogs that are not recognized as agents are as toxic and could be dangerous if acquired and used by potential terrorists.
Relation of Heart Rate Variability and Serum Lipoproteins in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris

This investigation examines whether serum lipoprotein levels in patients with diabetes mellitus and in those with coronary artery disease are associated with lower heart rate variability (HRV). The study group consisted of 58 subjects divided into 3 groups: normal subjects, chronic stable angina, and type 1 diabetes. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings were analyzed in the time and frequency domains; standard instantaneous autonomic testing was also performed. On 24-hour ambulatory recordings, patients with chronic stable angina had significantly lower HRV than normals, and diabetics had a more marked reduction in HRV than both normals and anginal patients. When anginal patients and diabetics were stratified by total serum and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, diabetics with elevated total and LDL cholesterol had an additional, significant decrease in HRV parameters. No such difference was demonstrated in patients with stable angina. No significant correlations were noted for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, or total cholesterol/HDL ratio and HRV in diabetics or patient with angina. Diabetics with markedly abnormal peripheral reflexes had significantly higher triglycerides and total cholesterol/HDL ratios. Finally, standard tests of autonomic function did not correlate with total, LDL, HDL cholesterol levels, total cholesterol/HDL ratio, or triglycerides. Thus, we found a relation between atherogenic lipid levels and reduced HRV in diabetic patients that has not been previously identified.
Organization of mitochondrial DNA in normal and texas male sterile cytoplasms of maize

Recombinant DNA and hybridization techniques have been used to compare the organization of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from normal (N) and Texas male sterile (T) cytoplasms of maize. Bam H1 restriction fragments of normal mtDNA were cloned and used in molecular hybridizations against Southern blots of Bam H1 digested N and T mtDNA. Fifteen of the 35 fragments were conserved in both N and T as indicated by hybridization to comigrating bands in their restriction patterns. Only three fragments produced autoradiographs whose differences could reasonably be attributed to single changes in the cleavage site of the enzyme while approximately half (17/35) of the clones resulted in more complicated differences between N and T. The autoradiographs produced by these 17 clones indicated multiple cleavage site changes and/or sequence rearrangements of the mtDNA. Patterns of six of these 17 clones indicated partial duplication of the sequence and two showed variation in the intensity of hybridization between N and T, which may be related to the molecular heterogeneity phenomenon found in maize mitochondrial genomes. The large proportion of changes observed between N and T mtDNA indicates that rearrangements may have played an important role in the evolution of the maize mitochondrial genome.
Color and form in successive conditional delayed discrimination shifts

Eight pigeons learned a conditional delayed discrimination in which the initial schedule was a fixed ratio and the terminal segment was either FI 5 sec or FI 25 sec. The initial to terminal stimulus sequence was color to form for 4 birds and form to color for the other 4. The subjects were shifted to the other stimulus sequence after learning to discriminate. Color-form sequences were discriminated more accurately during both pre- and postshift sessions. However, there were no differences in rates between color-form and form-color groups during FI 5-sec components. Large differences occurred during FI 25-sec components.
Experimental studies for levulinic acid production from whole kernel grain sorghum

Levulinic acid has potential as an important basic chemical material. This study proposed a method of making levulinic acid using abundant and low cost whole kernel sorghum grain as the raw material. Flour made from grinding whole kernel sorghum grains was blended with 2%, 5% and 8% aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid. Mixtures were heated to 160 or 200 degrees C in a pressurized reactor. A stepwise heating scheme helped improve the yield of levulinic acid. Levulinic acid yield was determined based on sorghum flour content, as opposed to total sorghum mass. Levulinic acid yield increased as reaction temperature increased. Higher sulfuric acid concentration also significantly increased the levulinic acid yield. However, flour loading had an adverse effect on levulinic acid yield. A maximum yield of 32.6% levulinic acid was achieved at 200 degrees C, 8% sulfuric acid concentration and 10% flour loading. A linear regression model was capable of predicting the levulinic acid yield with respect to effects of reaction temperature, mineral acid concentration and flour loading (R2 = 0.88).
Size and load dependence of nanoscale electric contact resistance

Nanoscale electrical resistance between a platinum-coated atomic force microscope tip and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface is measured as a function of normal load and tip radius. These measurements are complemented by molecular dynamics simulations that relate load and radius to contact area. Simulation-predicted contact area and experimentally-measured resistance are used to calculate contact resistivity. The results show that the effect of load on resistance can be captured by the real contact area, while tip size, although in part captured by area, affects contact resistivity itself, potentially through interface distance. Our study provides new insight into the effect of load and geometry on nanoscale electric contact and, more significantly, highlights the role of atomic-scale contact features in determining contact resistance.
Terrain Partial Obstruction LOS Path Loss Model for Rural Environments

The first Fresnel zone of direct path interacts differently with various terrain profiles, resulting in different partial obstruction losses. This letter presents a new model for partial obstruction of descending terrain extracted from a large number of terrain profiles representing various terrain characteristics and base-station antenna heights. The model is simple enough to be effectively used in system-level simulations and RF predictions without excessive analysis of the underlying terrain data.
Broadening the Evaluation of Dispute Resolution: Context and Relationship Over Time

Evaluation of negotiation outcomes tends to focus on measurable, dyadic,short-term resolutions of conflict. We review current challenges to this traditionalmodel of the evaluation of dispute resolution outcomes, and we offerfour perspectives that can help address them. First, we advocate the needfor longitudinal studies of negotiations that incorporate disputant relationshipsbefore and after a particular negotiation. Second, we highlight theincreasing importance of third parties in resolving conflict. Third, we suggesta more comprehensive conception of parties, relationships andoutcomes in negotiations research. Finally, we advance an explicit incorporationof context and culture into dispute resolution research models.
Leaf-inhabiting genera of the Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales

The Gnomoniaceae are characterised by ascomata that are generally immersed, solitary, without a stroma, or aggregated with a rudimentary stroma, in herbaceous plant material especially in leaves, twigs or stems, but also in bark or wood. The ascomata are black, soft-textured, thin-walled, and pseudoparenchymatous with one or more central or eccentric necks. The asci usually have a distinct apical ring. The Gnomoniaceae includes species having ascospores that are small, mostly less than 25 μm long, although some are longer, and range in septation from non-septate to one-septate, rarely multi-septate. Molecular studies of the Gnomoniaceae suggest that the traditional classification of genera based on characteristics of the ascomata such as position of the neck and ascospores such as septation have resulted in genera that are not monophyletic. In this paper the concepts of the leaf-inhabiting genera in the Gnomoniaceae are reevaluated using multiple genes, specifically nrLSU, translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) for 64 isolates. ITS sequences were generated for 322 isolates. Six genera of leaf-inhabiting Gnomoniaceae are defined based on placement of their type species within the multigene phylogeny. The new monotypic genus Ambarignomonia is established for an unusual species, A. petiolorum. A key to 59 species of leaf-inhabiting Gnomoniaceae is presented and 22 species of Gnomoniaceae are described and illustrated.
Street Heroin Potency and Deaths from Overdose in San Antonio

Disagreement over the mechanism of death in so-called heroin overdose has been noted in the medical literature for more than a decade. We studied the relationship between the potency of street heroin and the frequency of heroin overdose deaths in San Antonio in order to test the "pharmacologic overdose" hypothesis. We found a small, nonsignificant correlation (r=+.13) between monthly mean heroin dose and monthly number of heroin overdose deaths over a 5-year period. This low correlation contradicts findings of previous studies in Washington, D.C. and Atlanta, conducted over shorter periods of time, in which high positive correlations were found. The low correlation does not support the pharmacologic overdose hypothesis. Since there were confounding variables, the data do not refute the hypothesis. These variables include the use of alcohol and other depressants, hidden suicide, and reduced opioid drug tolerance due to institutional treatment.
Observations of low energy gamma-ray bursts with SAS-2

The present paper reports on the low-energy gamma-ray bursts observed by the plastic scintillator anticoincidence dome of the Small Astronomy Satellite-2 (SAS-2) gamma-ray telescope. SAS-2 detected two events observed by other satellites and discovered one which was subsequently confirmed by other satellite observations. Two events seen by other satellites were not detected by SAS-2, probably due to earth occultation. The event detection threshold for SAS-2 was almost two orders of magnitude lower than that of the Vela satellites.
Assessing conformance of pattern-based design in UML

A design pattern is a generic solution to a recurring problem in a given design context [1]. The use of design patterns has many known benefits to the design process. However, since it is the task of a human to instantiate patterns within designs, it is important to assess whether or not this has been done correctly. This assessment is difficult because the conformance checking requires knowledge of design patterns in detail.This paper describes the assessment of pattern-based designs in Unified Modeling Language (UML) for their conformance to the corresponding design patterns. We developed an object-oriented design technique to specify design patterns and their instances in (UML) Profile. We then developed an algorithm and assessment tool for pattern-based design conformance by comparing UML stereotype names. This assessment tool discovers design pattern defects such as design omission and incorrect fact, which are introduced in pattern-based designs when they are instantiated or maintained.
Identification of a high-affinity receptor for interleukin-1 beta in rat brain.

Summary A single type of high-affinity binding sites for IL-1 beta was identified in the rat hypothalamus (K d =1.0 ± 0.2 nM) and cerebral cortex (K d =1.3 ± 0.2 nM), but not in the pituitary. The maximum binding capacity (B max ) in the hypothalamus (B max =75.4 ± 10.8 fmol/mg protein) was 4 times greater than in the cerebral cortex (B max =17.2 ± 1.5 fmol/mg protein). Neither various neuropeptides nor IL-2 appeared to influence the binding of [ 125 I]IL-1 beta to the hypothalamic membrane preparations. The potency of unlabeled IL-1 alpha to replace the binding of [ 125 I]IL-1 beta to the hypothalamic membrane preparations was considerably less than that of unlabeled IL-1 beta . These findings indicate that IL-1 beta receptors are heterogeneously distributed in the central nervous system and that IL-1 alpha does not bind with IL-1 beta receptors in the brain.
Voids in a mixed elastomeric impression material

V oids or bubbles are always aggravating to the clinician who is attempting to obtain a perfect impression with an elastic impression material. Critical areas such as margins and internal grooves of tooth preparations for crowns, onlays, or inlays and regions for rests and clasp arms for removable partial dentures require exact duplication of detail. An air blast reputedly reduces or eliminates the number of bubbles subgingivally. ‘,2 Others feel that “operator skill is a more important factor in bubble entrapment than is the syringe or material used.“3 Although other suggestions appear from time to time in the literature, few scientific studies have been done on the cause and elimination of bubbles in elastomeric impressions. The objective of this in vitro study was to determine the influence of mixing techniques and operator experience in controlling the qumber and volume of voids that occur during the mixing and manipulation of a representative rubber impression elastomer.
Auditory brainstem response study of alcoholic patients

Auditory brainstem responses were obtained from 52 alcoholic patients with or without neurological complications of alcoholism. Almost half of the patients had abnormal auditory brainstem responses manifested by a prolonged central conduction time (Wave I to V interval) without significant alterations in morphology. The incidence of abnormal auditory responses was related to the type and the number of neurological complications. Patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, dementia or cerebellar degeneration had high incidence of brainstem abnormalities. All patients with 3 or more neurological complications had abnormal auditory brainstem responses.
A STRUCTURE-MOTIVATED MODEL OF THE PASSIVE MECHANICAL RESPONSE OF THE PRIMARY PORCINE RENAL ARTERY

The primary renal arteries transport up to one fourth of cardiac output to the kidneys for blood plasma ultrafiltration, with a functional dependence on the vessel geometry, composition and mechanical properties. Despite the critical physiological function of the renal artery, the few biomechanical studies that have focused on this vessel are either uniaxial or only partially describe its bi-axial mechanical behavior. In this study, we quantify the passive mechanical response of the primary porcine renal artery through bi-axial mechanical testing that probes the pressure-deformed diameter and pressure-axial force relationships at various longitudinal extensions, including the in-vivo axial stretch ratio. Mechanical data are used to parameterize and validate a structure-motivated constitutive model of the arterial wall. Together, experimental data and theoretical predictions of the stress distribution within the arterial wall provide a comprehensive description of the passive mechanical response of the porcine renal artery.
Expression of the dopamine D2 receptor gene in brain

The cloning of the dopamine (DA) D2 receptor now permits the characterization and regulation of D2 messenger RNA (mRNA) in the brain. In this article, the authors describe their studies delineating the distribution of D2 receptor mRNA in the rodent and primate brain, and compare the distribution of message to D2 receptor binding sites. The effects of chronic DA agonist and antagonist treatment on D2 receptor mRNA are also presented, and provide insights into receptor regulation. Finally, the autoreceptor role of D2 receptors located in the midbrain is examined with a combination of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions and anatomic colocalization studies with tyrosine hydroxylase. These preclinical results provide a framework for subsequent investigation into the nature of D2 receptor gene expression in postmortem brains from patients with disorders putatively associated with dopaminergic dysfunction, especially schizophrenia. They also lay the groundwork for a more profound understanding of DA neurocircuitry by combining molecular biological and traditional anatomical techniques.
Using rat navigation models to learn orientation from visual input on a mobile robot

Rodents possess extraordinary navigation abilities that are far in excess of what current state- of- the- art robot agents are capable of. This paper describes research that is part of larger project aimed at developing a robot navigation system that is capable of robust autonomous navigation in real- time by using biologically plausible constructs inspired from the many neurological and behavioral studies conducted on freely navigating rats. Specifically, this paper discusses the implementation of a ratinspired system that allows a robot to learn and recognize its allocentric orientation based on what it perceives. The system described here is a pragmatic, minimalist implementation of recently proposed models of the rat head direction system. The rat head direction system are collectively, the neural assemblies that neuroscientific studies suggest are responsible for encoding the orientation of the rat's head in a global reference frame. This paper describes an implementation of the system on an autonomous robot that operates in real time, in office environments, and with laboratory limited computational hardware. Experiments conducted in a messy laboratory environment with a range of visual features demonstrate that the demonstrate that the system, while simple in structure, is able to learn and recognize allocentric orientations after 5 minutes of exploration. The results demonstrate the worth of bridging robotics with biological research and pave the way for developing a more complete, and competent, robot architecture.
cADPR analogues: effect of an adenosine 2'- or 3'-methoxy group on conformation.

The 2‘-OMe-A (2) and 3‘-OMe-A (3) analogues of the calcium release agent cADPR (1) were prepared and their solution structures studied by NMR spectroscopy. Compared to 1, 2 shows a shift in its A ring conformation and changes in its R ring N:S and γt:γ+ ratios, while 3 displays a significant change in the conformation of its A ring γ-bond.
Proposed relationship between broadband shock associated noise and screech tones

It is recognized that the three principal components of the noise of shock containg supersonic jets, namely, the dominant part of turbulent mixing nose, the boradband shock associated noise and the screech tones are all generated directly by the large scale turbulence structures/instability waves of the jet flow. In this paper the relationship between broadband shock associated noise and screech tones is examined. It is shown that from the spectral characteristics point of view, the screech tones may be regarded as special cases of broadband shock associated noise. Theoretical calculations for the peak frequencies of broadband shock associated noise and the fundamental frequencies of screech tones are carried out. These calculations are free from empirical constants. The calculated results are found to agree favorably with experimental measurements.
Don't Bump, Shake on It: the exploitation of a popular accelerometer-based smart phone exchange and its secure replacement

As the capabilities of smartphones increase, users are beginning to rely on these mobile and ubiquitous platforms to perform more tasks. In addition to traditional computing tasks, people are beginning to use smartphones to interact with people they meet. Often this interaction begins with an exchange, e.g., of cryptographic keys. Hence, a number of protocols have been developed to facilitate this exchange. Unfortunately, those protocols that provide strong security guarantees often suffer from usability problems, and easy-to-use protocols may lack the desired security guarantees. In this work, we highlight the danger of relying on usable-but-perhaps-not-secure protocols by demonstrating an easy-to-carry-out man-in-the-middle attack against Bump, the most popular exchange protocol for smartphones. We then present Shake on It (Shot), a new exchange protocol that is both usable and provides strong security properties. In Shot, the phones use vibrators and accelerometers to exchange information in a fashion that demonstratively identifies to the users that the two phones in physical contact are communicating. The vibrated information allows the phones to authenticate subsequent messages, which are exchanged using a server. Our implementation of Shot on DROID smartphones demonstrates that Shot can provide a secure exchange with a similar level of execution time and user effort as Bump.
Diblock copolymers, micelles, and shell‐crosslinked nanoparticles containing poly(4‐fluorostyrene): Tools for detailed analyses of nanostructured materials

Amphiphilic core-shell nanostructures containing 19 F stable isotopic labels located regioselectively within the core domain were prepared by a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), supramolecular assembly, and condensation-based crosslinking. Homopolymers and diblock copolymers containing 4-fluorostyrene and methyl acrylate were prepared by ATRP, hydrolyzed, assembled into micelles, and converted into shell-crosslinked nanoparticles (SCKs) by covalent stabilization of the acrylic acid residues in the shell. The ATRP-based polymerizations, producing the homopolymers and diblock copolymers, were initiated by (1-bromoethyl)benzene in the presence of CuBr metal and employed N,N,N',N,N-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as the coordinating ligand for controlled polymerizations at 75-90 °C for 1-3 h. Number-average molecular weights ranged from 2000 to 60,000 Da, and molecular weight distributions, generally less than 1.1 and 1.2, were achieved for the homopolymers and diblock copolymers, respectively. Methyl acrylate conversions as high as 70% were possible, without observable chain-chain coupling reactions or molecular weight distribution broadening, when bromoalkyl-terminated poly(4-fluorostyrene) was used as the macroinitiator. Poly(4-fluorostyrene), incorporated as the second segment in the diblock copolymer synthesis, was initiated from a bromoalkyl-terminated poly(methyl acrylate) macroinitiator. After hydrolysis of the poly(methyl acrylate) block segments, micelles were formed from the resulting amphiphilic block copolymers in aqueous solutions and were then stabilized by covalent intramicellar crosslinking throughout the poly(acrylic acid) shells to yield SCKs. The SCK nanostructures on solid substrates were visualized by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Dynamic light scattering was used to probe the effects of crosslinking on the resulting hydrodynamic diameters of nanoparticles in aqueous and buffered solutions. The presence of fluorine atoms in the diblock copolymers and resulting SCK nanostructures allowed for characterization by 19 F NMR in addition to 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and IR spectroscopy.
Storminess helps coastal marshes withstand sea level rise

Rising sea levels are predicted to threaten many coastal sea marshes around the world in the coming decades as the Earth's climate warms. In addition to accelerating sea level rise, global climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and severity of storms in many places around the world. However, few studies have taken into account how an increased storminess might affect the ability of coastal marshes to withstand sea level rise.
Assessment of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D lα-Hydroxylase Reserve in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis by Administration of Parathyroid Extract

Previous studies have shown that the mean serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] is lower than normal in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. We studied the mechanism of this abnormality in 12 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and 10 age-comparable normal women. Parathyroid extract (200 U, twice daily for 3 days) was administered to stimulate the enzymatic conversion of 25- hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) to 1,25-(OH)2D. The serum concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D was lower (P ¼ 0.05) at a baseline determination in the osteoporotic subjects than in the normal women and increased significantly (P ¼ 0.001) above basal values after the administration of parathyroid extract in both groups; however, the degrees of increase in the control and osteoporotic subjects were similar. We conclude, at least under the conditions of our study, that 25OHD lα-hydroxylase is normally responsive to parathyroid hormone in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Thus, the apparently impaired metabolism of 25OHD to 1,...
New Method of preparing Corynebacterium pyogenes Toxoid with High Anti-hæmolysin Titre in Rabbits

New Method of preparing Corynebacterium pyogenes Toxoid with High Anti-haemolysin Titre in Rabbits