cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linking Normative and Descriptive Research with Serious Gaming

Abstract The human element in the design of large, complex systems continues to be a limiting factor for projects to stay on budget and realize their potential. Current systems engineering research produces methods validated against the human element in different ways, but they, on their own, do not necessarily contribute to a fundamental understanding of systems engineering. This paper proposes a research framework that couples normative and descriptive approaches for studying human behavior to search for regularities in engineering decision making and stress claims and methods against scenario perturbations. The framework is built upon serious gaming as a mechanism for experimentation. Serious gaming has a long history in the domain of education and training but has been sparsely used as a research tool; therefore, its effectiveness in this capacity is not readily known. To test the viability of the proposed framework and the quality of data it produces, a game is designed to assess the sunk cost effect in engineers and results are compared to those found in the literature. Preliminary gameplay results from an undergraduate subject pool correlate to survey results found in the literature lending to the credibility of gaming as a mechanism of experimentation.
Psychosocial Processes Associated with Bullying and Victimization

Bullying and victimization are timely, robust areas of inquiry throughout various psychological paradigms. Humanistic psychology has a history of investigating victimized individuals, but unfortuna...
Effects of electric shock on water consumption in random-bred mice

Water consumption in a random-bred line of mice was studied to determine if consumption could be used as a behavioral measure of emotionality. The treatment, electric shock, was administered to 13 mice; a non-shock control group included 14 mice. 48 hr. after treatment, all mice were given 24 hr. water deprivation. This was followed by 24 hr. free access to water. During this 24-hr. period, water consumption was recorded at 30, 60, 90, 120 min., and at the end of 24 hr. Mice that received the electric shock consumed significantly more water than the control group during the first 2 hr. These results are consistent with the suggestion that water consumption may be a useful indicator of emotionality in mice.
Multilayer Nanofilms as Substrates for Hepatocellular Applications

Multilayer nanofilms, formed by the layer-by-layer (LbL) adsorption of positively and negatively charged polyelectrolytes, are promising substrates for tissue engineering. We investigate here the attachment and function of hepatic cells on multilayer films in terms of film composition, terminal layer, rigidity, charge, and presence of biofunctional species. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells, adult rat hepatocytes (ARH), and human fetal hepatoblasts (HFHb) are studied on films composed of the polysaccharides chitosan (CHI) and alginate (ALG), the polypeptides poly(l-lysine) (PLL) and poly(l-glutamic acid) (PGA), and the synthetic polymers poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS). The influence of chemical cross-linking following LbL assembly is also investigated. We find HepG2 to reach confluence after 7 days of culture on only 2 of 18 candidate multilayer systems: (PAH-PSS)(n) (i.e. nPAH-PSS bilayers) and cross-linked (PLL-ALG)(n)-PLL. Cross-linked PLL-ALG and PLL-PGA films support attachment and function of ARH, independently of the terminal layer, provided collagen is adsorbed to the top of the film. (PAH-PSS)(n), cross-linked (PLL-ALG)(n), and cross-linked (PLL-PGA)(n)-PLL films all support attachment, layer confluence, and function of HFHb, with the latter film promoting the greatest level of function at 8 days. Overall, film composition, terminal layer, and rigidity are key variables in promoting attachment and function of hepatic cells, while film charge and biofunctionality are somewhat less important. These studies reveal optimal candidate multilayer biomaterials for human liver tissue engineering applications.
The solution conformation of poly(L-lysine). A Raman and infrared spectroscopic study.

The Raman and infrared spectra of poly(L-lysine) and poly(DL-lysine) in solution are reported and the effects of various salts are investigated. The results demonstrate that α-helix formation in solution is induced by specific salts and the spectral data support the hypothesis of regions of local order for poly(L-lysine) in aqueous solutions of low ionic strength.
Fluctuations in gas discharges.

Examination of the light output of discharge tubes, using the multiplier-type photo-tube in conjunction with a cathode-ray oscillograph, is suggested as a powerful aid to the usual electrical measurements in understanding the behavior of electrical discharges in gases. Exhaustive experiments of this type are under way, the preliminary results of which are reported in this paper. A striking characteristic of these results is the appearance of oscillations not only in the voltage and current, but particularly in the light intensity. These oscillations appear to be very general, and are not due to the external circuit used. They are only of a few percent magnitude in the case of the voltage and current, but often nearly 100 percent in the case of the light intensity. It seems certain that the theory of electrical discharges should in many cases be revised to take these oscillations into account.
Persistent low albumin and temporary vascular access in pediatric patients with SLE on hemodialysis.

Pediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often present with significant kidney disease. In a previous cross-sectional analysis, we showed that pediatric patients with ESRD secondary to SLE have lower serum albumin levels and less permanent vascular access for hemodialysis (HD) compared to pediatric patients on HD secondary to other causes. The goal of this longitudinal study was to determine if there was an improvement in these targets over time. To this end, we performed a longitudinal analysis of patients receiving HD in the ESRD Clinical Performance Measures Project 2000–2004 study years, comparing achievement of clinical targets between pediatric patients with SLE and pediatric patients with other causes of ESRD. In the longitudinal follow-up, pediatric patients with SLE were less likely to reach target albumin levels than other children with ESRD maintained on HD [odds ratio (OR) 0.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09, 0.35] and were less likely to have arteriovenous fistulas or grafts than other pediatric patients (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.23, 0.89). Pediatric patients with SLE maintained on HD are at particularly high risk for failing to meet some clinical targets that have been associated with improved long-term outcomes in other populations. This is true even as they remain on dialysis over time.
Energy-performance trade-offs in data transfer tuning at the end-systems

Abstract The annual electricity consumed by data transfers in the U.S. is estimated to be 20 TWh, which translates to around 4 billion U.S. Dollars per year. There has been considerable amount of prior work looking at power management and energy efficiency in hardware and software systems, and more recently in power-aware networking. Despite the growing body of research in power management techniques for the networking infrastructure, there has been no prior work (to the best of our knowledge), focusing on saving energy at the end-systems (sender and receiver nodes) during the data transfer. We argue that although network-only approaches are important part of the solution, the end-system power management is another key in optimizing energy efficiency of the data transfers, which has been long ignored. In this paper, we analyze various factors that will affect the power consumption in end-to-end data transfers, such as the level of parallelism, concurrency and pipelining, as well as the CPU frequency level at the end-systems. Our results show that significant amount of energy savings (up to 60%) can be achieved at the end-systems during data transfer with no or minimal performance penalty if the correct parameter combination is used.
Targeting Wall Techoic Acid Biosynthesis: An in Vivo Based High-Throughput Screen for Small Molecule Inhibitors

Identification of uncommon targets for inhibition, such as virulence factors, represents an emerging approach for combating the problem of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. Unfortunately, the lack of effective systems for the discovery and evaluation of inhibitors for such targets has considerably slowed progress. A recent article in ACS Chemical Biology, however, details the development of an in vivo based high-throughput screening strategy for identification of small molecule inhibitors of wall techoic acid biosynthesis.
Thermoregulation in the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii

Abstract 1. 1. Deep body and shell surface temperatures were monitored via radio-telemetry from unrestrained desert tortoises in their natural habitat. 2. 2. The surface of the carapace acts as a buffer against solar radiation, resulting in deep body temperatures up to 10°C below shell surface at the time of the midday retreat to burrows. 3. 3. The burrow of the desert tortoise provides the only ambient temperatures at ground level which are below the lethal range for this species during midday hours. 4. 4. Evening retreat to burrows permits an extension of higher body temperatures into the mid-evening hours. 5. 5. The use of evening burrow retreats lessens in mid-summer. This behavioral change results in lower body temperatures at the onset of morning activity and permits a longer surface activity period in the face of rising ambient temperatures.
The functional link net and learning optimal control

Abstract We present a strategy for learning optimal control. The approach uses functional-link neural network implementations which have several beneficial properties giving advantages over the more common generalized delta rule implementations. The learning task is decomposed into three parts: identification and monitoring, one-step-ahead control generation, and control path optimization. Each of these parts is accomplished with its own functional-link net and these are coordinated to provide the real-time learning of the optimal control path.
Changes in the processing of pro-dynorphin end products in the substantia nigra during neonatal development.

Abstract The steady-state levels of pro-dynorphin-related end products were measured in the substantia nigra of the rat at neonatal day 0, 7, 14 and in the adult. At neonatal day 0 there was evidence that pro-dynorphin had undergone posttranslational processing to yield dynorphin A-related products, dynorphin B(1–13) and alpha-neo-endorphin. At this stage the molar ratio of dynorphin A(1–17) to dynorphin A(1–8) was 1:1 and a peak of 4 kilodalton dynorphin A-related immunoreactivity was detected. By neonatal day 7 the molar ratio of dynorphin A(1–17) to dynorphin A(1–8) resembled the adult processing pattern for the substantia nigra. The rapid maturation of the pro-dynorphin system in the substantia nigra is in contrast to the development of the pro-dynorphin system in the posterior pituitary where adult-like processing patterns are not observed until neonatal day 21 (11). Pro-enkephalin products have also been detected in the substantia nigra of the rat (15). At neonatal day 0 and neonatal day 7 the molar ratio of Met-enkephalin to Leu-enkephalin was 4:1. However, in the adult the molar ratio of Met-enkephalin to Leu-enkephalin was 1.4:1 in this terminal field. These results suggest that in the adult or perhaps late in neonatal development some pro-dynorphin end products undergo further proteolytic cleavage to yield Leu-enkephalin.
The interaction of vinyl monomers and poly (ethylene terephthalate) in the presence of various initiators produces a physical mixture, not a graft copolymer

The interaction between poly(ethylene terephthalate) and four vinyl monomers, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, styrene, and vinyl acetate, has been studied using hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, azobisisobutyronitrile, and cobalt acetylacetonate as initiators. The ease of addition of the monomer to the polymer follows the solubility of the monomer in the polymer film. No chemical interaction occurs between the PET film and the monomer; rather, the monomer is homopolymerized within the film and forms a semi-interpenetrating network so that the two homopolymers cannot be separated unless the PET matrix is destroyed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Organically modified silica nanoparticles co-encapsulating photosensitizing drug and aggregation-enhanced two-photon absorbing fluorescent dye aggregates for two-photon photodynamic therapy.

We report energy-transferring organically modified silica nanoparticles for two-photon photodynamic therapy. These nanoparticles co-encapsulate two-photon fluorescent dye nanoaggregates as an energy up-converting donor and a photosensitizing PDT drug as an acceptor. They combine two features: (i) aggregation-enhanced two-photon absorption and emission properties of a novel two-photon dye and (ii) nanoscopic fluorescence resonance energy transfer between this nanoaggregate and a photosensitizer, 2-devinyl-2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)pyropheophorbide. Stable aqueous dispersions of the co-encapsulating nanoparticles (diameter ≤ 30 nm) have been prepared in the nonpolar interior of micelles by coprecipitating an organically modified silica sol with the photosensitizer and an excess amount of the two-photon dye which forms fluorescent aggregates by phase separation from the particle matrix. Using a multidisciplinary nanophotonic approach, we show: (i) indirect excitation of the photosensitizer through efficient two-p...
Cytokine stimulation increases intracellular calcium and alters the response to quisqualate in cultured cortical astrocytes

Cytokine levels are elevated in the central nervous system (CNS) in a variety of disorders and may contribute to abnormalities in CNS function associated with the disorders. To begin to understand the mechanisms through which elevated cytokines affect CNS cells, we have examined the effects of cytokines on astrocyte physiology within minutes of application as well as 24 h later. Both standard cultured cortical astrocytes and those induced to further differentiate by pre-treatment with forskolin were examined. Such treated astrocytes may more closely resemble those in brains exhibiting elevated cytokine levels. The cytokine focused upon was interleukin-1-beta (II-1 beta). Gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were also examined in some studies. Changes in calcium levels produced by acute application of these cytokines were measured. The most pronounced effect was an immediate calcium elevation in response to II-1 beta in the forskolin pre-treated astrocytes. Longer term treatment with IL-1 beta in forskolin pre-treated astrocytes enhanced the calcium response to quisqualate stimulation, a glutamate neurotransmitter receptor agonist. These results suggest that situations that cause chronic changes in cytokine levels and involve astrocytic differentiation, such as chronic CNS infection or Alzheimer's disease, could change astrocytic responses to normal stimuli. Such changes may result in altered astrocytic support of neurons and therefore cause changes in CNS function.
Spherical Influenza Viruses Have a Fitness Advantage in Embryonated Eggs, while Filament-Producing Strains Are Selected In Vivo

Influenza viruses can take on two distinct morphologies: filamentous or spherical. While the functional significance of each virion type is unclear, filaments are generally observed in low-passage-number isolates, while an exclusively spherical morphology is seen in strains grown extensively in laboratory substrates. Previous studies have shown that filamentous morphology is lost upon passage in eggs. The fact that the filamentous morphology is maintained in nature but not in the laboratory suggests that filaments provide an advantage in the host that is not necessary for growth in laboratory substrates. To test this hypothesis and identify naturally occurring mutations that alter morphology, we examined the effect of serial adaptation in eggs, MDCK cells, and guinea pigs. Two filamentous strains, A/Netherlands/602/2009 (H1N1) and A/Georgia/M5081/2012 (H1N1), were passaged in eggs and MDCK cells. Conversely, the spherical laboratory strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) was passaged in guinea pigs. We found that although passage in eggs and MDCK cells can lead to a loss of filaments, an exclusively spherical morphology is not required for highly efficient growth in either substrate. We did, however, identify two point mutations in the matrix of egg passage 10 isolates that confer spherical morphology and increased growth in eggs. In contrast, serial passage in guinea pigs resulted in the selection of filament-forming variants. Sequencing revealed point mutations to the PR8 matrix that, when introduced individually, yielded filaments. These findings suggest a functional role for filaments in the infected host and expand the breadth of mutations known to affect influenza virus shape.
Techniques for low-latency proxy selection in wide-area P2P networks

Connectivity constraints due to Internet route outages and symmetric NATs create situations when direct communication is not possible between nodes in P2P deployments, often leading to high latency between high-traffic nodes. In such cases, it is possible to reduce end-to-end latency by routing their communication through another node in the P2P system that is selected based on its Internet latencies to end-nodes. In this paper, we present and compare two decentralized algorithms for discovering low-latency proxy nodes between high-traffic nodes: (1) selecting a node with least Internet latency from the set of randomly-chosen neighbors to which one of the end-nodes is directly connected, and (2) discovery using latency estimates based on network coordinates. We evaluate these techniques in context of IP-over-P2P virtual networks through experiments on realistic wide-area testbeds. Our results indicate that in a network with over 400 nodes on PlanetLab, both the techniques select proxies such that the median penalties over the global optimal are within 16% and 21%, respectively, when all nodes are able to serve as proxies. We also investigate scenarios where subsets of nodes have connectivity constraints preventing them from serving as proxies.
Satisfaction and Things Not Said: Clinical Tools for Group Therapists.

This is the first in a series of articles on maximizing the client benefits in small groups. Our approach to the problem derives from our dual roles as clinicians and researchers. In this article we will report our clinical observations based on the time-limited groups we have been leading and present relevant data on clinical tools that accelerate devel opment in groups.
Relaxation processes in crystalline polymers: molecular interpretation — a review

Abstract Recently, the experimental facts concerning relaxation processes in semi-crystalline polymers have been reviewed (ref. 1). Here, in a companion to that review, progress in interpretation of the molecular processes underlying the relaxations is considered.
Access to ambulatory care among noninstitutionalized, activity-limited persons 65 and over.

Abstract This study examined the impact of income and insurance type on ambulatory care contact use by persons 65 and over who expressed a limitation in their activity. This large group (39% of noninstitutionalized older persons in 1984) had significantly more health problems and ambulatory care contacts than persons not activity-limited. The only previous study on equity in use of physician services among elderly in poorer than average health found relatively little inequality of use due to income and insurance. This study came to the opposite conclusion. Activity-limited persons without Medicare private supplementary insurance, as well as those with supplementary insurance in the bottom and middle of the income distribution, had 15–32% fewer ambulatory care contacts than activity-limited persons with higher income and private supplementary insurance. Particularly striking were the declines in consumption among middle income persons relative to the reference group, indicating that the issue of equity in consumption of health services among older disabled persons affects a much broader group than only the poor and near-poor.
Nitrification performance of a bubble-washed bead filter for combined solids removal and biological filtration in a recirculating aquaculture system

Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the nitrification performance of a bubble-washed bead filter as affected by backwashing frequency and feed loading rate. The bubble-washed bead filter was used for combined solids capture and biological filtration in a recirculating tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture system. The filter was tested at feed loading rates of 16, 24, and 32 kg day−1 m−3 beads. Backwashing frequencies varied and had to be adjusted at each feed loading rate for satisfactory nitrification, to maintain total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite–nitrogen (NO2–N) at concentrations below 1.0 mg l−1. In general, more frequent backwashing improved filter performance, and was necessary at higher feed loading rates. It was essential to provide adequate flow through the bead filter (at least 50 l min−1 kg-feed−1 day−1) to keep the effluent DO greater than 2 mg l−1 just prior to backwashing. At the highest feed loading rate tested of 32 kg day−1 m−3 beads, favorable performance was observed at five backwashes in a 24 h period, achieving average areal TAN and NO2–N conversions of 331 and 451 mg m−2 day−1, equivalent to volumetric conversions of 380 g TAN day−1 m−3 beads and 518 g NO2–N day−1 m−3 beads.
Ketanserin and pirenperone attenuate acute morphine withdrawal in rats.

Abstract The involvement of serotonin2 (5-HT2) receptors in the expression opiate withdrawal was examined using a behavioral test for acute morphine dependence. The 5-HT2 antagonists, ketanserin and pirenperone, injected shortly before naloxone, attenuated the naloxone-induced suppression of an autoshaped lever-touch response in rats treated 4 h earlier with a moderate dose of morphine. A low dose of pirenperone was also effective in blocking withdrawal-induced hypothermia. These data support the hypothesis that 5-HT is involved in the expression of opiate withdrawal-induced hypothermia. These data support the hypothesis that 5-HT is involved in the expression of opiate withrawal.
A New System Identification Technique for Harmonic Decomposition with Application to Arrays of Sensors and Flexible Structures

In this paper, we give a new extended and unifying system identification technique for a class of systems that include all main signal models that arise in the Harmonic Decomposition Problem. This technique unifies and extends the previously developed system identification techniques which are improvements on the PISARENKO (MUSIC, dually) Harmonic Decomposition as they arise in arrays of sensors. This technique can be utilized to determine the dominant modes of vibrations of flexible structures as well. An anology is established between arrays of sensors for target signal returns and those that can be used for vibrations in flexible structures.
Ambulance Diversion: Ethical Dilema and Necessary Evil

Ambulance diversion presents a dilemma pitting the ethical principles of patient autonomy and beneficence against the principles of justice and nonmaleficence. The guiding priority in requesting ambulance diversion is to maintain the safety of all patients in the emergency department as well as those waiting to be seen. Policies and procedures can be developed that maintain the best possible outcome for patients transported by ambulance during periods of diversion. More importantly, the discussion must focus on addressing the operational inefficiencies within our health systems that lead to conditions such as patient boarding, high waiting room congestion, and ambulance diversion. Addressing these inefficiencies has a greater potential impact on ambulance diversion than simply banning or restricting the practice for practical or ethical considerations.
Cultural Citizenship and Educational Democracy

The term cultural citizenship is a deliberate oxymoron, a pair of words that do not go together comfortably. Cultural citizenship refers to the right to be different and to belong in a participatory democratic sense. It claims that, in a democracy, social justice calls for equity among all citizens, even when such differences as race, religion, class, gender, or sexual orientation potentially could be used to make certain people less equal or inferior to others. The notion of belonging means full membership in a group and the ability to influence one's destiny by having a significant voice in basic decisions. The term citizenship includes the legal definition where one either is or is not a citizen and where all citizens should receive equal treatment and enjoy equal opportunity. Yet the term moves a step further to embrace a notion that is at once more subtle and more familiar. People often speak of citizenship, not as an either/or matter, but along a continuum from full citizenship to second-class citizenship. Most people in the United States probably would agree that democracies aspire to achieve full citizenship for all their members. Nobody should have to settle for second-class citizenship. The term culture introduces vernacular ideas about first-class citizenship. If you want to know about first-class citizenship, don't run to a dictionary. Go instead and ask the person concerned. In low-income neighborhoods, the people concerned will speak of goods and services, jobs and wages, health care and housing, education and income-segregated neighborhoods. Without the material conditions that give people reasonable life chances, other questions of vernacular citizenship may recede into the background. In more favorable material circumstances, people will speak about well-being, thriving, dignity, and respect. Or, by contrast, they may speak about feeling unsafe, violated, humiliated, and invisible. The process of learning vernacular definitions of full to second-class citizenship involves the art of listening attentively to how concerned parties conceive, say, equity and well-being. For example, a man must listen attentively,
Superficial siderosis of the CNS.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this article is to illustrate and describe the cause, physiopathology, natural history, and clinical and imaging presentations of superficial siderosis as a cause of progressive cerebellar ataxia with sensorineural hearing loss and to discuss the therapeutic rationale. CONCLUSION. Superficial siderosis resulting in subpial deposition of hemosiderin along the surface of the cerebellum, brain, spinal cord, and cranial and peripheral nerves is a known cause of progressive cerebellar ataxia and sensorineural hearing loss. MRI evaluation of the entire neuraxis plays a key role in establishing the diagnosis and identifying the source of chronic bleeding. Treatment of the source of bleeding can halt the otherwise deteriorating clinical course of disease.
Changes in adolescent online social networking behaviors from 2006 to 2009

As online social networking has become an immersive and pervasive phenomenon, traditional considerations and expectations of personal privacy have been drastically altered. This paradigmatic change has led to adolescents possibly making themselves vulnerable to embarrassment, censure, damage to one's name or reputation, or even victimization by others because of unwise postings or revelations online. The current study sought to determine the extent to which adolescent information disclosure on MySpace.com has changed between 2006 and 2009. We found significant changes in the nature of personal content made publicly available across the two time points and a trend in which teens are being increasingly more selective and discrete when it comes to what they share and with whom they share it.
Characterization of Sinapyl Derivatives in Pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merill) Juice

Three previously unidentified phenolic compounds were found in pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merill) juice in substantial concentrations and were isolated by semipreparative reverse phase HPLC. The structures were elucidated from UV spectra, acid hydrolysis, and subsequent amino acid analysis, mass spectrometry, and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The compounds are identified as S-sinapyl-l-cysteine, N-l-γ-glutamyl-S-sinapyl-l-cysteine, and S-sinapylglutathione. Keywords: Pineapple juice; Ananas comosus [L.] Merill; phenolics; sinapyl derivatives; glutathione
TRITON HYPERLIPEMIA IN DOGS II. ATHEROSCLEROSIS, DIFFUSE LIPIDOSIS, AND DEPLETION OF FAT STORES PRODUCED BY PROLONGED ADMINISTRATION OF THE NON-IONIC SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENT

Fourteen dogs, fed a regular diet and given 250 mg/kg of triton (a non-ionic surface-active agent) intravenously every 4th day, exhibited a progressively severe hyperlipemia. Serum triglycerides were the first to increase. Cholesterol, mostly in the free form, and phospholipids showed elevation only at a later stage and increased at almost identical rates. The plasma-free fatty acid concentration was from 2 to 3 times above normal. With establishment of sustained hyperlipemia, there was reduction, followed by total disappearance, of the high density D 1.063 to 1.21 lipoprotein. Most of the cholesterol and phospholipids (70 to 75 per cent of the total) were found in the D 1.006 to 1.063 lipoprotein class, the remainder in the D < 1.006 class. Triglycerides were almost evenly distributed between these two classes. The concentration of the serum lipoprotein proteins was within normal limits. All of the animals died within from 4 to 5 months after receiving the first injection of triton. Autopsy findings consistently showed: (a) numerous lipidladen macrophages in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes; (b) significant depletion of all fat stores; (c) presence of lipids, either free or engulfed in macrophages (foam cells), in the subintima of the coronary arteries, aorta, and pulmonary arteries, indicating an early stage of atherosclerosis. Concurrent daily administration of heparin (5 mg per kilogram of body weight) did not substantially change the course of the disease. Withdrawal of triton from animals that had been receiving the detergent for from 3 to 4 months, elicited a slow return to normal of the lipid pattern. In two dogs killed when normolipemia was reestablished, all tissues were normal with the minor exception of a few hepatic macrophages still laden with sudanophilic material. It is postulated that the primary action of the injected triton was on the lipid moieties of plasma lipoproteins with formation of complexes, which, as foreign bodies, were preferentially taken up by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Depletion of fat stores was probably secondary to increased lipid mobilization, as an attempt by these tissues to supply energy to the parenchymal cells unable to utilize triton-bound lipids.
Improved Trends in Patient Survival and Decreased Major Complications After Emergency Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair From 2005 to 2011

Fig. Patient mortality from 2005 to 2011 (da Methods: All emergency AAA repairs were identified using the NSQIP database from 2005-2011. Univariate analysis (using Student’s ttest, Chi-squared, and Fisher’s exact test) and multivariate logistic regression was performed to examine trends in mortality and morbidity. Results: Out of 2761 patients who underwent emergency AAA repair, 321 (11.6%) died within 24 hours of surgery. Of the remaining 2440 patients, 1133 (46.4%) had major complications and 459 (18.8%) died during the postoperative period. From 2005 to 2011, there was a significant decrease in patient mortality, particularly in patients who survived the perioperative period (P 1⁄4 .002; Fig; Table). Total complications increased overall (P < .0001); however, major complications decreased from 58.7% in 2005 to 42.6% in 2011 (P < .0001) in the patients who survived beyond 24 hours. The use of endovascular repair increased over the study period (P < .0001). On multivariate analysis of patients who survived past the initial 24-hour period, age (odds ratio [OR], 1.050), open repair (OR, 1.8), and presence of a major complication (OR, 3.3) were significantly associated with death (P < .001).
Dennett on freedom

: In his Freedom Evolves (2003) Daniel Dennett criticizes a view I defend in Autonomous Agents (1995) about the importance of agents' histories for autonomy, freedom, and moral responsibility and defends a competing view. Our disagreement on this issue is the major focus of this article. Additional topics are manipulation, avoidance, and avoidability.
Wait List Outcomes of Pediatric Patients Bridged to Heart Transplantation on the CF-LVADs Left Ventricular Assist Device

Wait List Outcomes of Pediatric Patients Bridged to Heart Transplantation on the CF-LVADs Left Ventricular Assist Device R.K. Singh ,1 A.P. Levin,2 J. Fried,2 M.E. Richmond,2 A.R. Garan,2 W.A. Zuckerman,2 H. Takayama,2 K.P. Mody,2 M. Dionizovik-Dimanovski,2 Y. Naka,2 M. Yuzefpolskaya,2 P.C. Colombo,2 L.J. Addonizio,2 U.P. Jorde,2 N. Uriel.2 1Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, NY; 2Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY.
EFFECTS OF TIME-SHARING AND BODY POSITIONAL DEMANDS ON CUTANEOUS INFORMATION PROCESSING.

12 Ss were asked to interpret a series of coded electrocutaneous pulses while engaged in a visual discrimination task of varying complexity. All Ss performed both tasks in each of 4 body positions (standing, sitting, kneeling, and prone). Ss were asked to indicate on each trial which 1 of 4 electrode locations was stimulated and whether duration of stimulation was .6 or 1.6 sec. A constant intensity of 1.5 v at 60 cps was employed. Three levels of complexity (no visual stimuli, 4 × 4 metric figures, and 8 × 8 metric figures) were employed in the visual task. In the cutaneous task, analysis of information transmitted (It), location errors, duration errors, and total errors indicate that timesharing demand significantly impaired performance, whereas variation in body position had negligible effect.
Sheath configurations in human cuspal enamel

To determine the prism sheath configurations in human cuspal enamel 80 teeth were initially ground to produce flat surfaces through the following planes: a horizontal series at successively greater distances from the dentinoenamel junction and longitudinally through the center of the cusps. Individual teeth were suspended in an acid-alcohol solution (1 cm3 conc. HCl in 100 cm3 95% ethanol) at 37°C for seven to ten days. The treatment “softened” the enamel to a depth of approximately 1 mm. The teeth were embedded in Epon and sectioned at 0.5 to 10 μm with a diamond knife. Thick and thin ground sections for phase contrast microscopy and acid-etched ground sections for Nomarski differential interference microscopy were prepared through the same regions. In thicker longitudinal sections, the prisms in gnarled enamel formed a zig-zag pattern which was unlike the twisting pattern generally observed in ground sections. The thinnest transverse sections showed the sheath outlines to be dramatically different from those seen elsewhere in the enamel. Some prism sheaths were circular, others were in the form of spirals. What could be described as sheaths within sheaths were also seen. In the thinnest longitudinal sections the prisms were seen to be elongated and discontinuous. Sheath outlines in enamel adjacent to the central core of gnarled enamel were similar to those described elsewhere in the body of the enamel. Keyhole, modified keyhole patterns and arcade forms were the dominant sheath patterns. Other atypical sheath configurations were seen scattered throughout this region.
Investigation of iron–chromium–niobium–titanium ferritic stainless steel for solid oxide fuel cell interconnect applications

As part of an effort to develop cost-effective ferritic stainless steel-based interconnects for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks, both bare AISI441 and AISI441 coated with (Mn,Co)3O4 protection layers were studied in terms of its metallurgical characteristics, oxidation behavior, and electrical performance. The addition of minor alloying elements, in particular Nb, led to formation of Laves phases both inside grains and along grain boundaries. In particular, the Laves phase which precipitated out along grain boundaries during exposure at intermediate SOFC operating temperatures was found to be rich in both Nb and Si. The capture of Si in the Laves phase minimized the Si activity in the alloy matrix and prevented formation of an insulating silica layer at the scale/metal interface, resulting in a reduction in area-specific electrical resistance (ASR). However, the relatively high oxidation rate of the steel, which leads to increasing ASR over time, and the need to prevent volatilization of chromium from the steel necessitates the application of a conductive protection layer on the steel. In particular, the application of a Mn1.5Co1.5O4 spinel protection layer substantially improved the electrical performance of the 441 by reducing the oxidation rate.
Mediator-dependent nuclear receptor function

As gene-specific transcription factors, nuclear receptors are broadly involved in many important biological processes. Their function on target genes requires the stepwise assembly of different coactivator complexes that facilitate chromatin remodeling and subsequent preinitiation complex (PIC) formation and function. Mediator has proved to be a crucial, and general, nuclear receptor-interacting coactivator, with demonstrated functions in transcription steps ranging from chromatin remodeling to subsequent PIC formation and function. Here we discuss our current understanding of (i) pathways involved in Mediator recruitment and function through nuclear receptor target gene enhancers and promoters, (ii) conditional requirements for the strong nuclear receptor-Mediator interactions mediated by NR AF2 domains and the MED1 LXXLL motifs, (iii) Mediator functions, through different nuclear receptor-interacting subunits, in different metabolic pathways, (iv) emerging functions of Mediator as a corepressor in addition to its major role as a coactivator and (v) mechanisms by which Mediator acts to transmit signals from enhancer-bound nuclear receptors to the general transcription machinery at core promoters to effect PIC formation and function. As a nuclear receptor coregulator with increasingly diverse functions, Mediator may thus modulate nuclear receptor signaling through several different mechanisms.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORANGE II AND SELECTED LONG CHAIN QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS.

The interactions between the dye, sodium p -(2-hydroxy-1-naphthylazo)benzenesulfonate (orange II) and four long chain quaternary ammonium salts—1-hexadecylpyri-dinium chloride, dodecylquinolinium bromide, (2-phenoxyethyl)dodecyldimethyl-ammonium bromide, and (diisobutylphenoxyethoxyethyl)dimethylbenzylammonium chloride—have been investiagated. The stoichiometry of these interactions has been deermined to be 1:1 at pH values ranging from 0.73 to 12.91, except for the reaction involving the hexadecylpyridinium ion above pH 12.34, where the stoichiometry of dye to quaternary ammonium ion is 1:2. The solubility of the various solid compounds has been determined at 25, 30, 35, and 40°. From these data, the thermodynamic functions, Δ H °, Δ S °, and Δ F ° have been calculated. Marked solubilization of these compounds has been observed in the presence of excess common quaternary ammonium ion at or near the critical micelle concentration of the particular long chain ion. The significance of these results is discussed.
Abstract 3696: Resveratrol inhibits oxidative stress and prevents estrogen-induced breast carcinogenesis via activation of NRF2-mediated protective pathways.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The importance of estrogens in the etiology of breast cancer is widely recognized. Estrogen-induced oxidative stress has been implicated in this carcinogenic process. Resveratrol, a natural antioxidant phytoestrogen has chemopreventive effects against a variety of illnesses including cancer. The objective of the present study was to characterize the mechanism of resveratrol-mediated protection against estrogen-induced breast carcinogenesis. Female ACI rats were treated with 17β-estradiol (E2), resveratrol, and resveratrol + E2 for 8 months. Co-treatment of rats with resveratrol + E2 significantly increased tumor latency and reduced E2-induced breast tumor development. Resveratrol treatment upregulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) expression and inhibited E2-mediated changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes in the mammary tissues. Resveratrol upregulated NRF2-regulated antioxidant genes NQO1, SOD3, and OGG1 a gene involved in protection against oxidative DNA damage. Resveratrol also prevented E2-mediated inhibition of detoxification genes flavin monooxygenase 1, aldehyde oxidase 1 and monoamine oxidase b1. Resveratrol treatment upregulated NRF2 expression by inhibiting E2-mediated alterations in NRF2 promoter methylation pattern and by reverting E2-mediated increased expression of NRF2 targeting micoRNA miR-93. Resveratrol treatment induced apoptosis and inhibited E2-mediated increase in 8-OHdG levels, a marker of oxidative DNA damage. Decreased colony formation, mammosphere formation and cell migration in resveratrol-treated MCF-10A cells further suggest protective role of resveratrol against E2-induced mammary carcinogenesis. Taken together, these results suggest that resveratrol inhibits E2-induced breast carcinogenesis through inhibition of oxidative stress and activation of NRF2-mediated protective pathways. Citation Format: Bhupendra Singh, Amruta Ronghe, Anwesha Chatterjee, Hari K. Bhat. Resveratrol inhibits oxidative stress and prevents estrogen-induced breast carcinogenesis via activation of NRF2-mediated protective pathways. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3696. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3696
Optical illusion in augmented reality

While developers are mainly tackling primary problems in devel-oping augmented reality (AR) systems [1-2], perceptually-correct augmentation rests a critical challenge. In this paper, we focus on how to correctly display and accurately convey the augmented virtual object's size with respect to real-world objects. We conducted a user study to examine how subjects would verify relative size of virtual objects, augmented in a real scene. The results con-firmed that optical illusion occurs in AR applications if comparative size of virtual objects to real-world ones is not considered.
Bacampicillin, Ampicillin, Cephalothin, and Cephapirin Levels in Human Blood and Interstitial Fluid

The diffusibility of bacampicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, and cephapirin into human interstitial fluid was investigated by using crossover studies. We compared bacampicillin with ampicillin and found that bacampicillin was better absorbed after oral administration. Blood, interstitial fluid, and urine levels were consistently higher in volunteers who received bacampicillin. We compared cephalothin with cephapirin and found that blood and interstitial fluid levels were comparable throughout the study.
Dissemination of microbial agents using an autoinoculating device and several insect species as vectors.

Abstract A device for autoinoculating insects with marker dye and active agents, such as biocompetitors of plant pathogens (e.g., Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma polysporum, Bacillus subtilis) and entomopathogens (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana) is described. Laboratory tests using a powdered dye indicated that the device worked for sap beetles, house flies, pomace dies, and moths. Quantitative studies with blue dye (as an indicator of dispersal) and some bioactive agents demonstrated that a high percentage of sap beetles became contaminated with the material placed inside the autoinoculator in a short period of time (minutes). In the laboratory, sap beetles carried B. bassiana from the autoinoculator to unexposed sap beetles, causing high mortality. In the field, sap beetles entered the baited traps attached to the autoinoculator, became contaminated with the dye, and carried it to damaged corn or apples.
The Effects of Familial Capital on the Academic Achievement of Elementary Latino/a Students:

While Latino/a students represent the fastest growing population in U.S. public schools, as a group, they are also considered at-risk in this system. Given the established evidence regarding family influences on children's academic achievement, we sought in this study to understand the effects of familial capital on the academic achievement of elementary school-age Latino/a students. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten, hierarchical linear model analyses were performed to identify family-related predictors of academic achievement for 2,840 Latino/a students. Findings demonstrate that possessing certain aspects of familial capital at school entry is predictive of future reading and math achievement at the end of third grade. Implications for strategies to strengthen familial capital in this context are discussed.
Photocatalytic oxidation of acetone vapor on TiO2/ZrO2 thin films

Abstract The photocatalytic oxidation of acetone vapor on TiO2/ZrO2 thin films is presented in this study. Acetone conversion data collected using a non-circulating tubular reactor are analyzed using a general power law model and a Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson (LHHW) model; the LHHW model provides a slightly better fit than the 1/2 order power law model. The effects of reaction temperature and relative humidity on the rate of reaction are presented. Using either kinetic model, increasing the reaction temperature from 30 to 77°C (in a dry feed stream) significantly increases the reaction rate constant at a 95% confidence level; however, increasing the temperature from 77 to 113°C does not have a significant effect. The addition of water vapor (50% relative humidity) to the feed stream at 77°C significantly increases the reaction rate constant at a 95% confidence level. Also, at three different temperatures and a single reaction condition, the conversion of acetone is enhanced in the presence of water vapor. No byproducts are detected in the effluent stream of the photocatalytically active reactor.
Role of glutaraldehyde in calcification of porcine aortic valve fibroblasts.

Glutaraldehyde-treated porcine aortic valve xenografts frequently fail due to calcification. Calcification in the prostheses begins intracellularly. In a previous study, various types of cell injury to canine valvular fibroblasts, including glutaraldehyde treatment, led to calcification. An influx of extracellular Ca 2+ into the phosphate-rich cytosol was theorized to be the mechanism of calcification. To test the Ca 2+ influx theory, cytosolic Ca 2+ and P i concentrations were assessed in glutaraldehyde-treated porcine aortic valve fibroblasts, and their relationship to a subsequent calcification was studied. Glutaraldehyde caused an immediate and sustained massive cytosolic Ca 2+ increase that was dose dependent and a several-fold increase in P i . Calcification of cells followed within a week. The earliest calcification was observed in blebs formed on glutaraldehyde-treated cells. Live control cells or cells fixed with glutaraldehyde in Ca 2+ -free solution did not calcify under the same conditions. Concomitant increases in Ca 2+ and P i in glutaraldehyde-treated cells appear to underlie the mechanism of calcification, and the presence of extracellular Ca 2+ during glutaraldehyde fixation promotes calcification.