cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the Single European Act (and the Common Wisdom on Globalization)

The European program of liberalization launched by the Single European Act (SEA) of 1987 is commonly seen as a powerful instance of “globalization” trends of economic integration, liberalization, and international institution building. This article revisits the origins of the SEA to argue that the extent and success of its liberalizing program depended on a causally distinct push for European institutional reform. A retracing of concrete political patterns behind the SEA greatly strengthens broader statistical and theoretical challenges to the notion of strong universal trends of globalization.
Designers’ natural descriptions of interactive behaviors

While a designer's focus used to be the design of non-interactive elements such as graphics or animations, today's designers deal with various levels of interactivity such as mouse, keyboard and touch screen interaction. Unfortunately, it is challenging for designers to create these diverse interactions since most implementation tools such as Flash require the use of conventional programming languages and do not support the natural expressions used by designers. To better understand how designers think about interactive behaviors, we conducted a lab study where designers and programmers described various primitive and composite interactive behaviors using their own language. From this, we learned that there is significant commonality among designers in terms of the verbs, syntax, and structure when describing interactivity. These results can help guide the way to building more natural programming languages and environments for designers to facilitate the development of interactive behaviors.
Assessing the stability of tree ranges and influence of disturbance in eastern US forests

Shifts in tree species ranges may occur due to global climate change, which in turn may be exacerbated by natural disturbance events. Within the context of global climate change, developing techniques to monitor tree range dynamics as affected by natural disturbances may enable mitigation/adaptation of projected impacts. Using a forest inventory across the eastern U.S., the northern range margins of tree distributions were examined by comparing differences in the 95th percentile locations of seedlings to adults (i.e., trees) by 0.5 longitudinal bands over 5-years and by levels of disturbance (i.e., canopy gap formation). Our results suggest that the monitoring of tree range dynamics is complicated by the limits of forest inventory data across varying spatial/temporal scales and the diversity of tree species/environments in the eastern U.S. The vast majority of tree and seedling latitudinal comparisons across measurement periods and levels of disturbance in the study were not statistically different from zero (53 out of 60 comparisons). A potential skewing of ranges towards a northern limit was suggested by the stability of northern margins of tree ranges found in this study and shifts in mean locations identified in previous work. Only a partial influence of disturbances on tree range dynamics during the course of the 5-years was found in this study. The results of this study underscore the importance of continued examination of the role of disturbance in tree range dynamics and refined range monitoring techniques given future forest extent and biodiversity implications. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Understanding Generational Diversity: Strategic Human Resource Management and Development across the Generational "Divide".

There are more generations in today's workforce than ever before, which has the possibility to create challenges for Human Resource professionals. The purpose of this article is to interrogate existing stereotypes and generalities about the characteristics of different generations with respect to the workplace, and to offer suggestions for Human Resource professionals to help organizations successfully negotiate a multi-generational workforce. A wide range of studies published in the last seven years is reviewed, in order to develop a taxonomy of generational issues and their implications for Human Resource Managers and Human Resource Developers. The article is framed by the following taxonomic dimensions: organizational citizenship behaviors, work values, work attitudes, motivation, psychological traits, and technology.
Perceptions of Drug Selling and Drug Use among Urban Youths

An exploratory study examining the meaning of drug use and drug trafficking among 64 urban youths and parents attending a community health center was conducted using qualitative and quantitative data-gathering techniques. Many youths had experimented with alcohol or tobacco but not illicit drugs. Drug use and drug trafficking ("running," selling, and dealing) were pervasive in the community, but youths viewed them as two separate activities. Whereas the youths believed that drugs were dangerous and considered themselves invulnerable to using drugs, many were conflicted about involvement in drug trafficking. Parents, however, perceived a close relationship between drug dealing and drug use and strongly feared the negative consequences of both activities. Due to the economic and social attractions of the drug trade, drug running and selling may be activities that serve as precursors to drug use. Attention should be directed toward prevention of drug trafficking as well as drug use, both serious risk behaviors.
An external landmark for the anterior commissure.

Objective: The ability to predict the level of the true vocal cords based on external landmarks is crucial to the success of many laryngeal surgical procedures. This study examines the reliability of one such landmark on the thyroid cartilage. Methods: Twenty-four cadaver larynges were examined. A pin was placed through the landmark, best described as a small diamond shaped area of color change and surface depression along the anterior midline of each thyroid cartilage through which travels a very small unnamed artery. The endolaryngeal position of the pin was checked with a flexible nasopharyngoscope. Results: In all 24 cadavers, the pin entered the larynx at the anterior commissure, just above or at the level of the true vocal cords. Conclusions: This external landmark reliably predicts the position of the true vocal cords. It serves as a useful adjunct to existing external landmarks used to direct thyroid cartilage cuts in laryngeal procedures.
Linear phase Lagrange interpolation filter using odd number of basepoints

Interpolation filters are used to calculate new samples at arbitrary time instants in between existing discrete-time samples. Polynomial-based interpolation filters can be efficiently implemented using the Farrow structure. Lagrange coefficients are often used to describe such classical polynomial interpolators. Previous references have concluded that there must be an even number of samples in the basepoint set to perform interpolation in order to satisfy linear phase requirement. This paper introduces a new method to construct a linear phase Lagrange interpolator using an odd number of basepoints. Although the conceptual analog reconstruction filter does not have a time-continuous impulse response, it can be proved that the interpolation results are time-continuous within the approximation error of polynomial-based interpolation.
Optimal Debt Contracts when Credit Managers are (Perhaps) Corruptible

The paper derives the optimal organizational response of a bank (the principal) which faces a risk of collusion between the credit manager (the agent) and the credit-seeking firms. The bank can deter collusion either through internal incentives or by distorting the credit contracts. The model thus explicitly takes into account the interaction between internal (collusion) risks and external (default) risks in the optimal design of the internal organization as well as of the credit contracts. We investigate this question in two settings. In the first one, we adopt the standard assumption that the agent is always willing to collude (is corruptible) if that increases his monetary payo. In the second one, he is corruptible with some probability only, and honest otherwise. A novel feature of our approach is to allow for screening among corruptible and honest agents. We find that if the probability that the agent is honest is suciently large, collusion
Competition Between Transcription Factors and Histones, and the Role of the Histone H3 Amino Terminus, During Gene Regulation in Budding Yeast

DNA in eukaryotes is packaged into chromatin by association with the four histone proteins, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, to form nucleosomes. Transcription factors must recognize particular DNA sequences to activate genes and so must compete with the histones for occupancy of their cognate binding sites. Beyond this repressive role, the histones have also adopted regulatory roles, both positive and negative, which are largely mediated by amino terminal “tails” that do not contribute to the basic structure of the nucleosome. Here, we describe some of our recent progress in understanding how transcription factors compete with histones for binding site occupancy and also discuss recent results on the global role of the histone H3 amino terminus in regulating gene expression in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Ventricular Assist Devices and Total Artificial Hearts

Advanced heart failure (ACC/AHA stage D) affects about 10% of all patients with heart failure secondary to systolic dysfunction, and is defined by persistent symptoms and disease progression despite optimal medical and device therapy. This group of patients has a mortality rate that approaches 50% at 6 months. Heart transplantation, the best currently available solution for the appropriate patient, is unfortunately limited by donor availability. This chapter discusses alternative device therapy for patients with advanced heart failure, including ventricular assist devices and total artificial hearts.
The Labial Gland: a Salt-Secreting Organ of Saturniid Moths

1. The labial gland of adult saturniids produces a voluminous liquid at about the time of ecdysis, in response to either confinement of the moth or physostigmine injection. This liquid normally facilitates escape from the cocoon. 2. During secretion the gland accumulates K + and HCO 3 - from the blood, and Rb + if it is available, but excludes rather efficiently Na + , Li + , Sr 2+ , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , phosphate and other small molecular weight components of blood. Cl - is approximately equally distributed in blood and secretion. 3. The pH of the secretion is approximately 8.5, as compared with 6.5 for blood. 4. The secretion is in osmotic equilibrium with blood, even after alteration of blood osmotic pressure by injection of hypertonic or hypotonic solutions. 5. For both Cl - and Na + the rate of entry into the secretion is proportional to concentration in blood; i.e. the efficiency of exclusion is characteristic for each ion, within a wide range of blood concentrations. 6. Secretion is accompanied by a potential difference across the secretory cell ( ca .+25 mV. lumen positive). Secretion is abolished by dinitrophenol, but not by ouabain or acetazoleimide. 7. The results are best explained in terms of a respiration-mediated active accumulation of blood K + , in exchange for H + , in the basal region of the cells; this is presumably followed by release of the K + into the lumen, with concomitant reabsorption of H + from the secretion. The alkaline secretion then traps blood CO 2 by converting it to HCO 3 - . Water follows osmotically, and other ions enter passively, at a rate determined by the corresponding permeability of the cells.
Early Somatostatin Interneuron Connectivity Mediates the Maturation of Deep Layer Cortical Circuits

The precise connectivity of somatostatin and parvalbumin cortical interneurons is generated during development. An understanding of how these interneuron classes incorporate into cortical circuitry is incomplete but essential to elucidate the roles they play during maturation. Here, we report that somatostatin interneurons in infragranular layers receive dense but transient innervation from thalamocortical afferents during the first postnatal week. During this period, parvalbumin interneurons and pyramidal neurons within the same layers receive weaker thalamocortical inputs, yet are strongly innervated by somatostatin interneurons. Further, upon disruption of the early (but not late) somatostatin interneuron network, the synaptic maturation of thalamocortical inputs onto parvalbumin interneurons is perturbed. These results suggest that infragranular somatostatin interneurons exhibit a transient early synaptic connectivity that is essential for the establishment of thalamic feedforward inhibition mediated by parvalbumin interneurons.
Transmission of dipole radiation through interfaces and the phenomenon of anti-critical angles

The field of an oscillating electric dipole d, embedded in a medium with index of refraction n1, can be considered as a superposition of traveling and evanescent waves, when represented as an angular spectrum. For this representation we adopt the z-axis as the prefered direction in space, and we let the dipole be located on the z-axis at z = H (see figure). Each wave in the spectrum has a wave vector k, and we indicate by k|| the component of the wave vector parallel to the xy-plane. Then the angular spectrum is a superposition of plane waves running over all possible values of k||. Since the wave number of the radiation in medium n1 is k = n1 ω/ c , where ω is the angular frequency, the value of k|| can exceed the value of the wave number. Then the z-component of the wave vector is imaginary, and therefore these waves decay exponentially in amplitude in the directions away from the plane z = H. These are the evanescent waves, which will normally only contribute to the near field of the dipole.
A mixed 3d-4f 14-metallacrown-5 complex that displays slow magnetic relaxation through geometric control of magnetoanisotropy.

We describe the synthesis and magnetic properties of a unique mixed 3d−4f 14-metallacrown-5 complex. This is the first metallacrown family to feature μ-O and μ-OH bridges as well as to incorporate a LnIII ion into the ring. Alternating-current SQUID magnetometry of the Tb, Dy, and Ho derivatives reveals slow magnetic relaxation, a hallmark property of single-molecule magnets. For the Dy structure (4), an effective energy barrier Ueff of 16.7 K and a relaxation time of 4.9 × 10−8 s were calculated. Because of the relatively small total spin, this behavior most likely results from a large magnetoanisotropy, which is controlled through geometric constraints.
The Impact of Women Legislators on Humanitarian Military Interventions

In this article, we contend that the current gender and conflict literature ignores the context of military decisions and thus underestimates the support of women for certain types of military inte...
Safety, feasibility, and short-term outcomes in 588 patients undergoing minimally invasive ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: a single-institution experience

A laparoscopic approach to proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis has grown in popularity secondary to reports of small series demonstrating short-term patient benefits. Limited data exist in large numbers of patients undergoing laparoscopic ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (L-IPAA). We aimed to analyze surgical outcomes in a large cohort of patients undergoing L-IPAA. From a prospectively maintained surgical database, 30-day surgical outcome data were reviewed for all L-IPAA performed for chronic ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis from 1999 to 2012. Demographics, operative approach, and operative and postoperative complications were analyzed. A total of 588 L-IPAA ileal pouch-anal anastomoses were performed predominantly for chronic ulcerative colitis (93.9 %). The mean age was 36.2 years, and 54.3 % were male, with a mean BMI of 24.1 kg/m2. Three-stage operations were performed in 17.7 %. The mean operating time of the patients excluding 3-stage operation was 269.4 min. Minimally invasive techniques included hand-assist in 55 % and straight laparoscopy in 45 %. Conversion to open occurred in 8.8 %. Median length of stay was 5 days. There was no mortality. Complications occurred in 36.9 % of patients: Clavien grade I (17.5 %), grade II (72.8 %), and grade III (9.7 %). Analysis of the grouped data over time demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in operative time (p < 0.001) and an increase in the ratio of hand-assisted over straight laparoscopy (p = 0.001). Minimally invasive IPAA performed using either a laparoscopic or hand-assisted technique is safe, can be performed with low conversion rates, and confers beneficial perioperative outcomes.
Characteristic and regularity of adverse drug reaction induced by traditional Chinese medicine injection based on database

Objective:To investigate the characteristic and regularity of adverse drug reaction(ADR) induced by traditional Chinese medicine injection(TCMI),and to provide reference for rational drug use.Methods:Databases of domestic medical periodicals were searched,such as CNKI(from 1990 to 2009) and VIP(from 1989 to 2009),and 8442 cases of ADRs induced by TCMI were analyzed by bibliometric and statistic methods in respect of the distribution of the gender and age of the patients,occurrence time of ADRs,organs or systems involved in ADRs and main clinical manifestations,classification and serious degree of ADRs,etc.Results:Incidence rate of ADRs induced by TCMI was higher than that induced by oral preparation.The proportion of ADRs induced by TCMI increased with the raising of age.ADRs occurred within 1 day after medication accounted for 84.85%.Lesions of skin and its appendages were the most common symptoms,and followed by the systemic lesion,especially anaphylactic shock.Conclusion:Proportion of adverse drug reactions induced by TCMI is higher than that induced by other TCM preparations,and safety reevaluation of TCMI should be developed to decrease the danger of clinical medication.
Simulation Study of Attacking Area and Threatening Area for Space Interception

Based on impulse orbit-transfer theory,the interception model of the space based kinetic interceptor through only one orbit maneuver is set up,the concepts of the attacking area and the threatening area are put forward,and numerical methods are presented to determine these two areas.A lot of simulations are done to compute the attacking area and the threatening area under different restrictions of interception time and kinetic interceptor maneuverability.The simulation results indicate that this method,which is used to determine the attacking area of the interceptor and the threatening area of the target,provides the necessary prerequisite for the realization of space interception.
Middle ear effusion.

Acute otitis media and middle ear effusion are among the most common illnesses of childhood. Accuracy in identification and diagnoses, and awareness of the epidemiologic risk factors, the resultant hearing loss and possible language impairment are of paramount importance to the pediatrician and otolaryngologist alike. The goals of management are prompt and effective treatment and follow up to restore hearing and avoid speech and language impairment and other long term sequelae.
Effect of stimulation in three subcortical sites on the thalamocortical augmenting response in the cat.

The thalamocortical augmenting response is a complex multineuronal response which can be elicited by repetitive stimulation of the ventrolateral thalamus. A major function of the ventrolateral thalamus is known to be a result of its participation in central nervous system activity related to motor behaviour. The significance of the thalamocortical augmenting response itself is not known. Since it would be reasonable to relate that response to motor behaviour, we evaluated the effect on the thalamocortical augmenting response of the stimulation of two other central nervous system structures which are also thought to participate in motor control, the cerebellum and the red nucleus. We conclude that at least part of the effect of red nucleus stimulation on the thalamocortical augmenting response is exerted through a rubro-olivo-cerebellar pathway. We then compared the effects of red nucleus and of cerebellar stimulation to the effect of stimulating a non-motor mesencephalic site, the periaqueductal gray. The...
Control of grip force and vertical posture while holding an object and being perturbed

We investigated motor control perspectives of coordinating maintenance of posture and application of grip force when holding an object and being perturbed. Ten subjects stood on the force platform holding an instrumented object in their dominant hand and were exposed to an external perturbation applied to their shoulders. Task demands were manipulated by positioning a slippery cap on top of the instrumented object. Grip force applied to the object, the object acceleration and the center of pressure (COP) were recorded and analyzed during the time intervals typical for the anticipatory (APA) and compensatory (CPA) components of postural control. Onsets of grip force were seen before the onsets of the COP displacement and initiation of movements of the handheld object during the APA phase of postural control, while the onsets of maximum grip force preceded the maximum COP displacement during the CPA phase. When the task demands increased by holding a handheld object with the slippery cap, subjects tended to generate grip force earlier and of a smaller magnitude; also, the COP displacement in the APA phase was smaller as compared to holding a handheld object only. The outcome provides a foundation for future studies of maintenance of vertical posture in people with impairments of balance and grip force control when holding an object and being perturbed.
WRITING THE HISTORY OF SPINOZISM

In this essay I reflect on Knox Peden's Spinoza contra Phenomenology, a history of French rationalist Spinozism in the mid-twentieth century. The book marks an important intervention in modern French and European intellectual history, depicting the importance of Baruch Spinoza's thought in the negotiation of and resistance to the phenomenology that captivated much of twentieth-century French intellectual life. With philosophical and historical sophistication, Peden tells the story of several relatively overlooked thinkers while also providing substantially new contexts and interpretations of the well-known Louis Althusser and Gilles Deleuze. While accounting for Peden's major accomplishment, my aim is also to situate his work among a number of recent works in the history of Spinozism in order to reflect on the specific methodological questions that pertain to the widely varying appropriations of Spinoza's thought since the seventeenth century. In particular, I reflect on Peden's claim that Spinoza's thought cannot provide an actionable politics, a claim that runs counter to nearly two centuries of leftist forms of Spinozism. I offer a short account of some of the ways that theorists have mobilized Spinoza's thought for political purposes, redefining “action” itself in Spinozist terms. I then conclude by reflecting on the dimensions of Spinoza's thought (and recent interpretations of it) that make it possible for such significantly different claims about its political potential to be credible.
Comparison of planar, PET and well-counter measurements of total tumor radioactivity in a mouse xenograft model

Abstract Introduction Quantitative small animal radionuclide imaging studies are often carried out with the intention of estimating the total radioactivity content of various tissues such as the radioactivity content of mouse xenograft tumors exposed to putative diagnostic or therapeutic agents. We show that for at least one specific application, positron projection imaging (PPI) and PET yield comparable estimates of absolute total tumor activity and that both of these estimates are highly correlated with direct well-counting of these same tumors. These findings further suggest that in this particular application, PPI is a far more efficient data acquisition and processing methodology than PET. Methods Forty-one athymic mice were implanted with PC3 human prostate cancer cells transfected with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA (+)) and one additional animal (for a total of 42) with a control blank vector (PSMA (−)). All animals were injected with [ 18 F] DCFPyl, a ligand for PSMA, and imaged for total tumor radioactivity with PET and PPI. The tumors were then removed, assayed by well counting for total radioactivity and the values between these methods intercompared. Results PET, PPI and well-counter estimates of total tumor radioactivity were highly correlated (R 2 > 0.98) with regression line slopes near unity (0.95 Conclusion Total mouse xenograft tumor radioactivity can be measured with PET or PPI with an accuracy comparable to well counting if certain experimental and pharmacokinetic conditions are met. In this particular application, PPI is significantly more efficient than PET in making these measurements.
On Frank-Wolfe and Equilibrium Computation

We consider the Frank-Wolfe (FW) method for constrained convex optimization, and we show that this classical technique can be interpreted from a different perspective: FW emerges as the computation of an equilibrium (saddle point) of a special convex-concave zero sum game. This saddle-point trick relies on the existence of no-regret online learning to both generate a sequence of iterates but also to provide a proof of convergence through vanishing regret. We show that our stated equivalence has several nice properties, as it exhibits a modularity that gives rise to various old and new algorithms. We explore a few such resulting methods, and provide experimental results to demonstrate correctness and efficiency.
Uncivilizing "Mental Illness": Contextualizing Diverse Mental States and Posthuman Emotional Ecologies within The Icarus Project.

This article argues humans should not be defined strictly at their physical boundaries with clear distinctions between anatomical bodies, mental states, and the rest of the world. Rather, diverse mental states, which are often diagnosed as “mental illness,” take shape within greater environmental forces and flows, including those that are constructed online. Drawing from a multi-sited ethnography of The Icarus Project, a radical mental health community, the author situates online narratives written by two of its members within posthuman emotional ecologies in which the exchange of ideas online affects mental states in a profound way. These narratives can be seen as a new type of psychiatric resistance based in new technologies, one that “uncivilizes” mental illness by searching for alternative frameworks and metaphors to understand lived experiences with mental distress. This ethnographic perspective differs significantly from traditional bio-psychiatric models and interventions and can offer both patients and mental healthcare providers with an alternative language to frame mental health.
Assessing the Effect of Lifetime Contralateral Breast Cancer Risk on the Selection of Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy for Unilateral Breast Cancer.

Abstract Introduction Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) rates are rising, with fear implicated as a contributing factor. This study used a contralateral breast cancer (CBC) risk stratification tool to assess whether the selection of CPM is reflective of future CBC risk. Patients and Methods This retrospective study evaluated 404 women with unilateral breast cancer treated with breast conservation, unilateral mastectomy, or bilateral mastectomy within a single multidisciplinary clinic. Women were evaluated by the Manchester risk tool to calculate lifetime CBC risk. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate whether CBC risk was associated with CPM, and the clinical rationale for prophylactic mastectomy justification was recorded. Results Sixty-two percent underwent breast conservation, 18% unilateral mastectomy, and 20% bilateral mastectomy. In the CPM cohort, 36% had > 20% calculated lifetime CBC risk. In the invasive cohort, younger age (odds ratio 2.65, P Conclusion The majority of women (63%) who selected CPM had
Multidimensional Space: From Perspective to Big Data

Architecture has historically led spatial representation. The question is why architecture does not have an active role in the contemporary investigations over conceptions and developments on multidimensional spaces. Computation has established new representational paradigms that can be compared to the revolution of perspective in the Renaissance. But architects have now limited authorship in the current digital revolution that is transforming systems of representation that they work with every day. The essay is based on latent problems of multidimensional spatial projection from the development of linear perspective in the Renaissance to the complexity of multidimensional representation in the Baroque. The essay explores higher dimensional space in computer representation by displacing conventional spatial projection methods, from perspective, to topology, to big data processing.
The Market for Bad Legal Scholarship: William H. Simon's Experiment in Professional Regulation

This a Reply to an article by Columbia law professor William H. Simon which maintains that lawyers, especially law professors, accommodate their clients' demand for dishonest views by providing bad legal advice and expert opinions. To correct this problem, Simon argues, lawyers and especially legal academics who advise clients and provide expert testimony should refuse to respect conventional norms such as client confidentiality. Further, Simon proposes, legal academics should regulate each other by 'shaming' their colleagues. Simon illustrates his proposal by criticizing the work of several academics, particularly three who were opposing experts in a case in which Simon was to serve as the plaintiffs' expert witness on legal ethics issues. This Reply argues that Simon's proposal fails both in theory and in practice. The Reply questions the magnitude of the problem, rejects Simon's proposed professional norms as ill-conceived and unworkable, and suggests that law professors will be reluctant to regulate each other by shaming their colleagues. The Reply illustrates the problems with the proposal by examining Simon's own work as an ethics expert in the case he describes in detail in his article. It demonstrates that due to the logic and practical wisdom of conventional norms, Simon was largely unable to put his theory into practice. Further, when Simon did implement his theory, he harmed the plaintiffs without achieving any countervailing public benefit. Simon's experience shows that the norms he prescribes will improve neither the practice of law nor legal scholarship.
Blood Pressure Management in ICH

Elevated systolic blood pressure is very common in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage, and it is a well-recognized risk factor for hematoma expansion, neurological deterioration, and poor clinical outcome in these patients. Multiple clinical trials have indicated the safety of acute blood pressure lowering in patients with ICH. However, ATACH II and INTERACT II clinical trials both failed to demonstrate significant improvement in clinical outcome in patients with acute hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage following intensive blood pressure reduction defined as systolic blood pressure less than 140 mmHg in comparison to standard systolic blood pressure reduction to less than 180 mmHg. It is important to emphasize that the safety and efficacy of intensive blood pressure lowering in patients with unfavorable characteristics such as hematoma volume greater than 30 ml, midline shift, and increased intracranial pressure and patients with lower GCS score remain unclear as overwhelming majority of patients in ATACH II and INTERACT II trials had favorable baseline clinical characteristics. In summary, based on current data and until future trials provide further evidence on safety and efficacy of intensive blood pressure reduction in more specific and individualized subgroups of patients, systolic blood pressure lowering to 140–160 mmHg seems a reasonable blood pressure goal for patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage.
Emerging options in immune-mediated hearing loss.

Author(s): Sakano, Hitomi; Harris, Jeffrey P | Abstract: Objective:AIED (autoimmune inner ear disease) is an autoimmune process that leads to the dysfunction of the inner ear, resulting in fluctuating, audiovestibular symptoms. Although the pathogenesis is likely heterogeneous, immune processes within the inner ear ultimately lead to histopathologic changes and sensorineural hearing loss. This review will discuss the latest evidence on treatment options. Methods:A literature search on articles pertaining to the treatment of autoimmune inner ear disease was performed on PubMed. Results:Corticosteroid treatment continues to remain as first line therapy for AIED but long-term responsiveness is poor. Cytotoxic chemotherapies can be effective alternatives for steroid nonresponsive patients, but significant side effects may limit their use. Intratympanic steroid injections are beneficial and although there is not enough evidence currently to supplant oral steroid trial they may be a useful adjunct if steroid toxicity is an issue. The efficacy of biologic agents has been variable. Compared to placebo, etanercept does not improve the hearing improvement already attained by steroids alone. However, open pilot studies of other biologic agents show hearing improvements, improvements in tinnitus/aural fullness/vertigo, ability to wean steroid dependency, or benefits in steroid-resistant AIED. Conclusion:There is currently not enough evidence that alternative treatments supersede the use of initial steroid treatment. Biologic agents and intratympanic steroid injections are relatively well tolerated and should be considered as adjunctive therapy. More studies on the efficacy of various biologics and more studies on the treatment of steroid resistant disease especially after initial benefit are still needed. For those who eventually lose their hearing, cochlear implantation remains as a viable option. Level of Evidence:expert opinion.
Autism Spectrum Disorder

The aims of this chapter are to present the state of the science of sleep in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), hypotheses for the high prevalence of insomnia in children with ASD, and an ecological approach for promoting optimal sleep. An ecological approach includes environmental, sensory, culturally sensitive, and behavioral strategies. About two-thirds of children with ASD have chronic insomnia. The strongest evidence on promoting sleep in children with ASD is on sleep education, ecological changes, behavioral interventions, and exogenous melatonin. In 2012, the Sleep Committee of the Autism Treatment Network (ATN) developed a practice pathway, based on expert consensus, to capture best practices for screening, identification, and treatment for sleep problems in ASD. An exemplar case is presented to integrate key constructs of the practice pathway and address arousal dysregulation in a child with ASD and anxiety disorder. This chapter concludes with recommendations for dissemination of the practice pathway and future directions for research on insomnia in ASD.
Relationships Between Technically-oriented Secondary School Courses And A College Private Pilot Ground School

This study was undertaken to determine if there is a relationship between final grades received in secondary school technically-oriented courses and the final grade received in a college private pilot ground school course. Ninety-six first-year students enrolled in the ground school course comprised the sample, with data for 51 aviation pre-major students and 45 non-aviation pre-major students examined both as two separate samples and as a single sample. Final grades earned by these students in secondary school elementary algebra, geometry and advanced algebra, the mean of the three mathematics final grades, the mean of the secondary science final grades and the mean of the secondary English final grades were used as independent variables. The final grades earned in Technology 101, Private Pilot Ground School, were used as the dependent variable. From the analysis, it may be concluded that, when grades earned by aviation pre-major students and non-aviation pre-major students were analyzed as one sample, there was a relationship for all students between the private pilot ground school course and all of the secondary school technically-related courses. When the grades earned by aviation pre-majors were analyzed alone, there were relationships between only the ground school course and geometry and the mean of the final grades earned in secondary mathematics courses. The analysis of the grades earned by non-aviation pre-majors revealed relationships between the ground school course and all of the secondary school technically-related courses. There was no relationship between the ground school course and the mean of the final grades earned in secondary English courses for any of the three samples studied. This study suggests that secondary school mathematics plays a role in preparing all students for a college private pilot ground school course. Secondary school geometry appears to playa particularly Significant role in preparing pre-aviation majors who are taking a private pilot ground school course as an initial professional course.
An Undiagnosed Intraoperative Pheochromocytoma

A 35-year-old Caucasian female presented to the operating room for a left adrenalectomy. She initially presented to the emergency department with abdominal and left-sided shoulder pain. A CT scan showed a very large (18.0 × 17.3 × 21.1 cm) left adrenal mass, and she was scheduled for a left adrenalectomy. It was believed to be a benign neoplasm of adrenal origin per the surgical team. Intraoperatively, she experienced significant hypertension and tachycardia unresponsive to narcotics and deepening of anesthesia, eventually requiring antihypertensive medications. Almost immediately upon surgical removal, the hypertension and tachycardia improved. The patient was successfully extubated and was subsequently discharged a few days later. Further testing revealed it to be a pheochromocytoma with biologically aggressive behavior. This case demonstrates the importance of adequate preparation for the possibility of an undiagnosed pheochromocytoma when dealing with adrenal mass removals.
The Family Medicine Attitudes Questionnaire: A Valid Instrument to Assess Student Attitudes Toward Family Medicine.

Background and objectives Medical student attitudes toward family medicine influence student likelihood of choosing family medicine and the US primary care physician workforce. We sought to refine and assess the validity of the Family Medicine Attitudes Questionnaire, an instrument that assesses student attitudes toward family medicine in US medical students. Methods A 24-item questionnaire, including items assessing students' attitudes toward family medicine's importance, family physician shortage, family medicine research, family systems, family physicians' expertise, and lifestyle, was offered to fourth-year students at 16 US medical schools. We evaluated the questionnaire's content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity. Content validity was assessed using a qualitative approach to direct observation, construct validity by data reduction and iterative factor analyses, and criterion validity by correlating items with intention to match into family medicine. Results The questionnaire was completed by 1,188 (44.9%) of 2,644 students invited to complete it; 10 items were removed in the validation process. The final 14-item instrument had a Cronbach α of 0.767. Total score correlated with family medicine specialty choice (Pl.001). A questionnaire score of 56 or higher is 78.1% sensitive and 65.3% specific for identifying students who intend to match into family medicine. In regression analysis, questionnaire score was an independent predictor of choosing family medicine (odds ratio 1.289, confidence interval 1.223-1.347). Conclusions The Family Medicine Attitudes Questionnaire is a valid instrument for assessing US medical student attitudes toward family medicine. This tool will help educators assess the impact of curricular and policy interventions designed to promote family medicine specialty choice.
Electronic Media Use and Sleep: a Self-Control Perspective

There has been an exponential increase in publications on the effects of electronic media use on sleep. One of the fundamental questions on this topic concerns the underlying mechanisms: how or why are electronic media affecting sleep? This article aims to refine the existing theoretical framework by considering the role of self-control. Prior research identifies self-control processes as part of the answer: we give in to the instant gratification of entertainment media at the cost of sleep. Specifically, media-related self-control failure is likely to (1) delay bedtime and reduce sleep duration and (2) trigger negative cognitive-affective responses that may undermine sleep quality. This article will review the relationships between self-control, media, and sleep and clarify how media challenge adequate self-control. It argues that a self-control perspective on media and sleep exposes complex media effect processes that warrant different research methods and open up new areas of intervention.
A Cycle of Ubiquitination Regulates Adaptor Function of the Nedd4-Family Ubiquitin Ligase Rsp5.

Summary In yeast, the main ubiquitin ligase responsible for the sorting of proteins to the lysosomal vacuole is Rsp5, a member of the Nedd4 family of ligases whose distinguishing features are a catalytic homologous to E6AP C terminus (HECT) domain and 3 central WW domains that bind PY motifs in target proteins. Many substrates do not bind Rsp5 directly and instead rely on PY-containing adaptor proteins that interact with Rsp5. Recent studies indicate that the activities of these adaptors are elevated when they undergo ubiquitination, yet the mechanism whereby ubiquitination activates the adaptors and how this process is regulated remain unclear. Here, we report on a mechanism that explains how ubiquitination stimulates adaptor function and how this process can be regulated by the Rsp5-associated deubiquitinase, Ubp2. Our overexpression experiments revealed that several adaptors compete for Rsp5 in vivo. We found that the ability of the adaptors to compete effectively was enhanced by their ubiquitination and diminished by a block of their ubiquitination. Ubiquitination-dependent adaptor activation required a ubiquitin-binding surface within the Rsp5 catalytic HECT domain. Finally, like constitutively ubiquitinated adaptors, a Ubp2 deficiency increased both the adaptor activity and the ability to compete for Rsp5. Our data support a model whereby ubiquitinated Rsp5 adaptors are more active when “locked” onto Rsp5 via its N-lobe ubiquitin-binding surface and less active when they are “unlocked” by Ubp2-mediated deubiquitination.
Use of embedded and patterned dichroic surfaces with reflective optical power to enable multiple optical paths in a micro-objective

We demonstrate the use of patterned dichroic surfaces with reflective optical power to create multiple optical paths in a single lens system. The application of these surfaces enables a micro-endoscope to accommodate multiple imaging technologies with only one optical system, making the packaging more compact and reliable. The optical paths are spectrally separated using different wavelengths for each path. The dichroic surfaces are designed such that the visible wavelengths transmit through the surfaces optically unaffected, but the near-infrared wavelengths are reflected in a telescope-like configuration with the curved dichroic surfaces providing reflective optical power. We demonstrate wide-field visible monochromatic imaging and microscopic near-infrared imaging using the same set of lenses. The on-axis measured resolution of the wide-field imaging configuration is approximately 14 µm, and the measured resolution of the microscopic imaging configuration is approximately 2 µm. Wide-field white-light imaging of an object is also demonstrated for a qualitative perspective on the imaging capabilities. Other configurations and applications in fields such as optical metrology are discussed to expand on the versatility of the demonstrated optical system.
Quando alguém conversa sobre política comigo, lembro dos romanos: Marcos de estudantes chilenos de ensino médio para fazer uso político da história

Resumo: Este artigo examina como estudantes chilenos de ensino medio envolvidos em protestos estudantis demonstram e fazem uso de sua compreensao sobre politica e historia para informar e orientar suas proprias acoes politicas. Com base em trabalho de campo realizado em 2014 em uma escola chilena de ensino medio, utilizo a analise de discurso para examinar entrevistas de estudantes como um tipo especifico de trabalho social. Nestas entrevistas, defendo que os estudantes apresentavam e participavam da producao constante de marcos coerentes em que historia e politica estao conectadas. A compreensao de historia e politica dos estudantes informa e afeta uma a outra, bem como se torna significativa em sua educacao em cidadania.
Aligning US Spending Priorities Using the Health Impact Pyramid Lens

Thomas Frieden's "health impact pyramid" presents a hierarchy in which the wide base of the pyramid of socioeconomic factors at a population level has more impact on the health of the public than do individually focused interventions at the pyramid's top.From this pyramid perspective, the US spending priorities are misaligned, as expenses targeted at public health and socioeconomic factors are far outstripped by spending on individual health care services at the top of the pyramid. The nation's ongoing debate on health care reform continues to focus on access to individual health care services, despite evidence demonstrating the health impacts of population-level efforts at the base of the pyramid and the synergistic health impacts of health and social service collaboration.We examine the need for improved systems alignment through the lens of the health impact pyramid. We catalog the types of misalignments and their social, political, and systems genesis. We identify promising opportunities to realign US health spending toward the socioeconomic factor base of the health impact pyramid and emphasize the need to integrate and align public health, social services, and medical care in the United States.
Neuroendocrine and behavioral correlates of constitutional differences.

Consistent and stable individual differences were observed in the renal responses of water-loaded dogs during the development of Pavlovian conditional motor defense reflexes by electrocutaneous reinforcement. Some dogs developed persistent and intense conditional antidiuretic responses (with a high urine osmolality) to the entire Pavlovian conditioning room complex, whereas other dogs failed to exhibit conditional antidiuresis. In contradistinction to the conditional motor defense reflexes, the conditional antidiuretic responses showed poor differentiation, thus demonstrating the phenomenon of schizokinesis discovered by Gantt. In addition to conditional water retention, the antidiuretic dogs also exhibited persistent hyperpnea, copious salivation and tachycardia. The physiologic responses of the antidiuretic dogs to the Pavlovian conditioning room resemble those described by Walter B. Cannon for a “fight or flight” response,i.e., physiologic reactions of animals engaged in intense muscular effort. The antidiuresis serves the function of conserving body water so that it may be available for evaporative cooling in order to maintain thermal homeostasis. Since our experimental dogs cannot engage in a consummatory “fight or flight” response, their physiologic reaction to a stressful psychologic environment can be considered maladaptive. Pharmacologic analysis suggested that the antidiuretic responses may involve cholinergic transmitters.