cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Media centered languages for new computing experiences

In this paper, we discuss the use of specialized languages to give students experience with the basic concepts of computer science without encumbering the novice with the details of a fully-featured programming language. Using techniques developed in the area of domain-specific programming languages, we have created languages which lead directly into basic computational concepts such as abstraction, naming, types systems, and user interfaces without the associated clutter of a language such as Java. Using these languages, we can address traditional problem solving and, more importantly, address computing as a creative discipline. These programs are declarative: they describe media objects such as sound or animations.
Functional Diversification of Lepidopteran Opsins Following Gene Duplication

A comparative approach was taken for identifying amino acid substitutions that may be under positive Darwinian selection and are correlated with spectral shifts among orthologous and paralogous lepidopteran long wavelength-sensitive (LW) opsins. Four novel LW opsin fragments were isolated, cloned, and sequenced from eye-specific cDNAs from two butterflies, Vanessa cardui (Nymphalidae) and Precis coenia (Nymphalidae), and two moths, Spodoptera exigua (Noctuidae) and Galleria mellonella (Pyralidae). These opsins were sampled because they encode visual pigments having a naturally occurring range of lambda(max) values (510-530 nm), which in combination with previously characterized lepidopteran opsins, provide a complete range of known spectral sensitivities (510-575 nm) among lepidopteran LW opsins. Two recent opsin gene duplication events were found within the papilionid but not within the nymphalid butterfly families through neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses of 13 lepidopteran opsin sequences. An elevated rate of evolution was detected in the red-shifted Papilio Rh3 branch following gene duplication, because of an increase in the amino acid substitution rate in the transmembrane domain of the protein, a region that forms the chromophore-binding pocket of the visual pigment. A maximum likelihood approach was used to estimate omega, the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions per site. Branch-specific tests of selection (free-ratio) identified one branch with omega = 2.1044, but the small number of substitutions involved was not significantly different from the expected number of changes under the neutral expectation of omega = 1. Ancestral sequences were reconstructed with a high degree of certainty from these data. Reconstructed ancestral sequences revealed several instances of convergence to the same amino acid between butterfly and vertebrate cone pigments, and between independent branches of the butterfly opsin tree that are correlated with spectral shifts.
PPAR Inhibitors as Novel Tubulin-Targeting Agents

The microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) are a very successful class of cancer drugs with therapeutic benefits in both hematopoietic and solid tumors. However, resistance to these drugs is a significant problem. Current MTAs bind to microtubules, and/or to their constituent tubulin heterodimers, and affect microtubule polymerization and dynamics. The PPARγ inhibitor T0070907 can reduce tubulin levels in colorectal cancer cell lines and suppress tumor growth in a murine xenograft model. T0070907 does not alter microtubule polymerization in vitro, and does not appear to work by triggering modulation of tubulin RNA levels subsequent to decreased polymerization. This observation suggests the possible development of antimicrotubule drugs that work by a novel mechanism, and implies the presence of cancer therapeutic targets that have not yet been exploited. This review summarizes what is known about PPARγ inhibitors and cancer cell death, with emphasis on the tubulin phenotype and PPAR-dependence, and identifies potential mechanisms of action.
Factors associated with development of atrial septal restriction in patients with tricuspid atresia involving the right-sided atrioventricular valve.

Background Clinical practice is discrepant regarding routine enlargement of the interatrial communication (IAC) in patients with right-sided atrioventricular valve atresia. We determined the percentage and risk factors of those who develop a restrictive IAC. Methods Medical records were reviewed for patients treated from 1985 to 2006, including those admitted in the first 6 weeks of life (group A), and those referred at a later age (group B), some of whom had routine atrial septal procedures. In group A, we analyzed the initial postnatal echocardiogram. Results Group A consisted of 79 patients, 16 of whom had an atrial septectomy as part of the initial surgical procedure. Of the remaining 63 patients, 9 (14%) developed atrial septal restriction. In group A, an atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) (OR 16, P = .006) and IAC diameter P = .009) were associated with atrial septal restriction. Atrial septal restriction occurred in 80% of patients with both features, 20% with IAC ≥5 mm and ASA, 18% with IAC Conclusion Routine enlargement of the IAC is not necessary in patients with right-sided atrioventricular valve atresia. Patients with ASA or IAC
Klystron Control Software in the SLC

Triggering, control, and monitoring of 240 high-power klystrons will be supported by the SLC control system this summer. The control software is distributed among a VAX host computer, a local microprocessor cluster, and a dedicated intelligent CAMAC module. The functions performed by these three components and the algorithms used are discussed.
Validated constraint solving : Practicalities, pitfalls, and new developments

Many constraint propagation techniques iterate through the constraints in a straightforward manner, but can fai because they do not take account of the coupling between the constraints. However, some methods of taking account of this coupling are local in nature, and fail if the initial search region is too large. We put into perspective newer methods, based on linear relaxations, that can often replace brute-force search with the solution of a large, sparse linear program. Robustness has been recognized as important in geometric computations and elsewhere for at least a decade, and more and more developers are including validation in the design of their systems. We provide citations to our work and to the work of others to-date in developing validated versions of linear relaxations. This work is in the form of a brief review and prospectus for future development. We give various simple examples to illustrate our points.
Open or closed? Dirac, Heisenberg, and the relation between classical and quantum mechanics

This paper describes a long-standing, though little-known, debate between Paul Dirac and Werner Heisenberg over the nature of scientific methodology, theory change, and intertheoretic relations. Following Heisenberg’s terminology, their disagreements can be summarized as a debate over whether the classical and quantum theories are “open” or “closed.” A close examination of this debate sheds new light on the philosophical views of two of the great founders of quantum theory.
No Way to Pick a Fight: A Note on J. C. Scaliger's First Oratio contra Erasmum

In 1531, Julius Caesar Scaliger published his Oratio pro M. Tullio Cicerone contra Des. Erasmum , a scathing attack on Erasmus occasioned by the publication three years earlier of Erasmus's Dialogus Ciceronianus sive de optimo dicendi genere , which, in turn, had attacked the proponents of the view that Cicero was the best and only model for good Latin rhetorical style. Erasmus never responded in print to Scaliger's vituperative “oration” (in reality, a pamphlet meant to be circulated among the literati ). This paper argues that Erasmus did not respond because Scaliger's insults were so vile and beside the point that they did not deserve serious attention. A rhetorical re-reading of the Oratio provides some insight into the “proper” conduct of insults more generally, especially as they are meant as vehicles for “upward mobility” in a Res publica litteraria .
Exe(o)rcising power: women as sorceresses, exorcists, and demonesses in Babylonian Jewish society of late antiquity .

This article examines talmudic discussions and archaeological finds from Sassanian Babylonia to explore two distinct but related topics: how some actual women employed ritual practices to gain power (such as the recitation of incantations and the use of bowls with incantations written on them) and how some rabbis thought about women's relationship to ritual power. First exploring rabbinic statements and narratives about women as sorceresses, the article then turns to the incantation bowls, ordinary earthenware bowls inscribed with Aramaic incantations, which were buried on the thresholds or in the courtyards of dwellings. A comparative look at these two types of sources reveals that rabbinic accounts of witches are actually more nuanced than the bald talmudic statement (b. Sanh. 67a) that "most women are sorceresses" and reveals that both the incantation bowls and the talmudic sources give information about women who used incantations and amulets to protect themselves and their families from demons and illness.
Accommodating Negative Client Perceptions: A Process of Neutralization

Fieldwork evidence and interview data are used to demonstrate that indigent criminal defendants believe legal representation provided by public defenders is inferior to privately retained counsel. While acknowledging this pejorative image, public defenders tend to trivialize client perceptions. Techniques of neutralization are used to describe the accommodation patterns utilized by public defenders to cope with this negative image. Findings are discussed in relation to these neutralization techniques.
Complications associated with intraventricular chemotherapy in patients with leptomeningeal metastases

The authors studied complications associated with intraventricular chemotherapy in patients with leptomeningeal metastases (LM). One hundred twenty consecutive patients with LM (71 females and 49 males) ranging in age from 10 to 72 years (median 42 years) were treated with involved-field radiotherapy and intraventricular chemotherapy using an Ommaya reservoir and intraventricular catheter system. The diagnosis of LM was determined by a combination of clinical presentation (114 patients); cerebrospinal fluid cytological studies (100); or neuroradiographic studies (42). Systemic tumor histological findings included breast (34 patients); non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (22); melanoma (16); primitive neuroectodermal tumors including medulloblastoma (10); glial neoplasms, leukemia, small cell lung, nonsmall cell lung, and colon (six each); prostate and kidney (three each); and gastric cancers (two). Sixteen patients, all with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, also had acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Patients received one to four (median two) chemotherapeutic drugs and underwent a total of 1110 cycles of intraventricular chemotherapy (median 10). Intraventricular chemotherapy administration and diagnostic Ommaya reservoir punctures totaled 4400, with a median of 46 per patient. Complications included aseptic/chemical meningitis (52 patients); myelosuppression due to intraventricular chemotherapy (21); catheter-related infections (nine); unidirectional catheter obstruction (six); intraventricular catheter malpositioning (two); Ommaya reservoir exposure (two); leukoencephalopathy (two); and chemotherapy-related myelopathy (one). There were no treatment-related deaths; however, seven patients (6%) required additional surgery for either catheter repositioning (two) or reservoir removal (five). Seven patients with catheter-related infections were treated successfully with intraventricular and systemic antibiotic drugs, thereby preserving the Ommaya system. The authors conclude that Ommaya reservoirs are convenient and pharmacologically rational systems for administering intraventricular chemotherapy. Overall, serious complications requiring surgery are infrequent (6%) and most often secondary to catheter infections, Ommaya reservoir exposure, or initial catheter malpositioning. In the majority of instances, catheter infections may be managed medically, as may the most common complications of intraventricular chemotherapy including aseptic meningitis (43% of patients) and myelosuppression (18%).
Evaluation of some assumptions used in multizone airflow network models

Multizone airflow network models assume that in a zone air temperature and contaminant concentrations are uniform, and air momentum effects are neglected. These assumptions could cause errors for airflow with strong buoyancy, large contaminant concentration gradient, or strong momentum. This study has found the correlations of the errors and some dimensionless air parameters. The assumption of uniform air temperature is acceptable when the dimensionless temperature gradient is smaller than 0.03. The assumption of uniform contaminant concentration is valid if the corresponding Archimedes number for the source zone is greater than 400. The assumption of neglecting air momentum effect is reasonable when the jet momentum effect is dissipated before reaching an opening in downstream.
A Novel Method to Measure Array Manifolds of GNSS Adaptive Antennas

: We present a procedure for measuring the complete, in situ array manifold of a STAP-based adaptive antenna using only standard GNSS receiver measurements. Note that one needs in situ array manifolds in adaptive spatial processing as well as for estimation of the antenna induced biases in GNSS measurements. The proposed procedure is a straightforward extension of traditional outdoor GPS antenna calibration methods. The adaptive filter weights in the antenna electronics are carefully varied, and their effect on the GNSS receiver measurements are recorded. Using a system of equations derived in this paper, these receiver measurements are used to solve for the frequency response of each antenna element in each satellite direction. The accuracy of the proposed procedure is established using computer simulations. We also show that the measured array manifolds provide a very good estimate of the antenna induced biases in GNSS receiver measurements in the presence of interferers.
I‐domain‐containing integrins serve as pilus receptors for Neisseria gonorrhoeae adherence to human epithelial cells

Two pilus receptors are identified for the pathogenic Neisseria, CD46 and complement receptor 3. An intimate association between the asialoglycoprotein receptor and gonococcal lipooligosaccharide mediates invasion of primary, male urethral epithelial cells (UECs); however, studies to identify pilus receptors on these cells have not been performed. Based on our previous studies we reasoned that the I-domain-containing (IDC), alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-integrins might serve as pilus receptors on UECs and on urethral tissue. Confocal microscopy revealed colocalization of pilus with alpha(1) and alpha(2) integrins on UECs and tissue. We found that recombinant I-domain and antibodies directed against the alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-integrins inhibited gonococcal association with UECs and with immortal cell lines of variable origin. Gonococcus-integrin colocalization occurred at early time points post infection, but this interaction dissociated with extended infection. Similarly, Western Blot analyses revealed that gonococcal pilin coimmunoprecipitates with alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-integrins. However, studies performed in parallel and that were designed to capture CD46-pilus immune complexes indicated that a CD46-pilus interaction did not occur. Collectively, these data suggest that while CD46 might be able to bind gonococcal pilus, IDC integrins are preferentially used as the initial docking site for gonococci on UECs, on urethral tissue and on some immortal cell lines.
The Renminbi Exchange Rate in the Increasingly Open Economy of China: A Long-Term Strategy and a Short-Term Solution*

This paper begins by providing two theoretical perspectives on the Renminbi (RMB) exchange rate issue: the principle of the impossible trinity and the self-fulfilling balance-of-payments crises models. Based on these theoretical perspectives, the paper elaborates on China's external and internal economic imbalances. Finally, the paper argues that a practical approach for the Chinese government to consider would be to allow the RMB to appreciate by 10 percent by early 2007, to expand the floating band of the RMB exchange rate from ± 0.3 percent to 5-7 percent, and to maintain central parity based on a new RMB rate until it is again in disequilibrium by a wide margin. Nevertheless, there is no timetable for an adjustment of the RMB exchange rate as long as the Chinese government can tolerate the expanding economic bubble, escalating financial risks, and foreign political pressure resulting from the undervalued RMB. However as long as China's economy remains overheated and expectations of a RMB revaluation persist, the awesome power of the international financial market will most likely create a ”self-fulfilling prophecy” of RMB appreciation in the future.
The Excremental Gaze: Saramago's Blindness and the Disintegration of the Panoptic Vision

(2004). The Excremental Gaze: Saramago's Blindness and the Disintegration of the Panoptic Vision. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 293-308.
Tropomodulin assembles early in myofibrillogenesis in chick skeletal muscle: evidence that thin filaments rearrange to form striated myofibrils.

Actin filament lengths in muscle and nonmuscle cells are believed to depend on the regulated activity of capping proteins at both the fast growing (barbed) and slow growing (pointed) filament ends. In striated muscle, the pointed end capping protein, tropomodulin, has been shown to maintain the lengths of thin filaments in mature myofibrils. To determine whether tropomodulin might also be involved in thin filament assembly, we investigated the assembly of tropomodulin into myofibrils during differentiation of primary cultures of chick skeletal muscle cells. Our results show that tropomodulin is expressed early in differentiation and is associated with the earliest premyofibrils which contain overlapping and misaligned actin filaments. In addition, tropomodulin can be found in actin filament bundles at the distal tips of growing myotubes, where sarcomeric alpha-actinin is not always detected, suggesting that tropomodulin caps actin filament pointed ends even before the filaments are cross-linked into Z bodies by alpha-actinin. Tropomodulin staining exhibits an irregular punctate pattern along the length of premyofibrils that demonstrate a smooth phalloidin staining pattern for F-actin. Strikingly, the tropomodulin dots often appear to be located between the closely spaced, dot-like Z bodies that are stained for (α)-actinin. Thus, in the earliest premyofibrils, the pointed ends of the thin filaments are clustered and partially aligned with respect to the Z bodies (the location of the barbed filament ends). At later stages of differentiation, the tropomodulin dots become aligned into regular periodic striations concurrently with the appearance of striated phalloidin staining for F-actin and alignment of Z bodies into Z lines. Tropomodulin, together with the barbed end capping protein, CapZ, may function from the earliest stages of myofibrillogenesis to restrict the lengths of newly assembled thin filaments by capping their ends; thus, transitions from nonstriated to striated myofibrils in skeletal muscle are likely due principally to filament rearrangements rather than to filament polymerization or depolymerization. Rearrangements of actin filaments capped at their pointed and barbed ends may be a general mechanism by which cells restructure their actin cytoskeletal networks during cell growth and differentiation.
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and general anesthesia: a series of 13 cases

Abstract Study Objective To investigate whether patients with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) developed unexpected perioperative complications. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Academic medical center. Measurements The records of 13 patients with POTS, who underwent surgical procedures during general anesthesia, were studied. Details of disease management, anesthetic induction, hemodynamic response to induction and intubation, intraoperative course, and immediate postoperative management were analyzed. Main Results Three patients developed prolonged intraoperative hypotension, which was not associated with induction of anesthesia. All 13 patients were successfully treated and they recovered without complications. There were no unplanned hospital or intensive care admissions. Conclusions Intraoperative hypotension, but not tachycardia, was observed in three of 13 patients with POTS who received general anesthesia for a variety of surgical procedures using multiple medications and techniques.
A fast back-projection algorithm for bistatic SAR imaging

Using a far-field model, bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) acquires Fourier data on a rather unusual, non-Cartesian grid in the Fourier domain. Previous image formation algorithms were mainly based on direct Fourier reconstruction to take advantage of the FFT, but the irregular coverage of the available Fourier domain data and the 2-D interpolation in the Fourier domain may adversely affect the accuracy of image reconstruction. Back-projection techniques avoid Fourier-domain interpolation, but ordinarily have huge computational cost. We present a fast back-projection algorithm for bistatic SAR imaging, motivated by a fast back-projection algorithm previously proposed for tomography. It has a reduced computational cost, on the same order as that of direct Fourier reconstruction. Furthermore, this approach can be used for near-field imaging. Simulation results verify the performance of this new algorithm.
Taking Stock: Evaluations from Students

A packet of student evaluations of you and your course arrive on your desk at the end of the season. What, exactly, is one to do with this stuff? This little package is one of the tell-tales of larger forces at work in management education. Virtually all schools are giving more attention to the quality of teaching and course designs. The evaluations have gotten longer and more detailed over time. They carry more weight in decisions about promotion, tenure and compensation. Qualitative comments seem to carry more "bite." The pressures to please recruiters and other clients the advent of rankings of business schools, and the evaluative tendencies of "generation X" are some of the tectonic forces at work here. Many instructors view student evaluations with indifference, fear and/or anger. Criticism is rarely pleasant to receive. One can't reply. And the pressures to teach well heavily load the experience. This column offers some suggestions for how to proceed.
The string sign for diagnosis of mucinous pancreatic cysts.

Background and study aims: Pancreas cyst fluid analysis does not provide optimal discrimination between mucinous and nonmucinous cysts. The aim of this study was to assess the performance characteristics of the “string sign” – a test performed at the time of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA), for the diagnosis of mucinous pancreatic cysts (branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms [bIPMN] and mucinous cystic neoplasms). Patients and methods: Patients undergoing EUS-FNA of pancreatic cystic lesions at one referral center between 2003 and 2012 were included. The string sign was performed prospectively, and was considered positive if ≥ 1 cm string formed in cyst fluid and lasted for ≥ 1 second. Performance characteristics of the string sign and a sequential cyst fluid test interpretation model were assessed. Results: For 98 histologically proven cases, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the string sign for diagnosis of mucinous cysts were 58 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 44 % – 70 %), 95 % (83 % – 99 %), 94 % (81 % – 99 %), and 60 % (46 % – 72 %), respectively. When string sign results and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentration (≥ 200 ng/mL) were combined, diagnostic accuracy improved from 74 % and 83 %, respectively, to 89 % (P ≤ 0.03). Among bIPMN, a positive string sign was associated with gastric and intestinal epithelial subtypes. The sequential cyst fluid test interpretation model (including cytology, mucin stain, CEA, and string sign) yielded an overall sensitivity for mucinous lesions of 96 %, with a specificity of 90 %. Conclusions: The string sign is highly specific for diagnosis of mucinous pancreatic cysts, and improves overall diagnostic accuracy of pancreatic cyst fluid analysis. Sequential cyst fluid test interpretation yields high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for mucinous cysts.
Application of CAE and CFD techniques to a complete tactical missiledesign

A g e n e r a l p l a n based on t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of Comp u t e r Aided Engineer ing (CAE) t echn iques t o t h e d e s i g n of t a c t i c a l m i s s i l e sys tems is p resen ted . A b u i l d i n g b lock approach us ing a four l eve l h i e r a r c h y p rov ides t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e plan. Examples of t h e components of t h e computat ional s t r u c t u r e a r e inc luded w i t h p a r t i c u l a r emphasis g i v e n t o a Sub Element e n t i t l e d " I n l e t Analysis ." The a n a l y s i s of t h e i n l e t i s b u i l t on a founda t ion of Computational F l u i d Dynamics (CFD) and theref o r e i s t y p i c a l of s e v e r a l of t h e Sub Elements which a r e concerned w i t h t h e d e s c r i p t i o n of highspeed f lows. a r e a a d d i t i v e
A Dashboard for Visualizing Deliberative Dialogue in Online Learning.

New and emerging online trends in group education, work and communication have lead to a dramatic increases in the quantity of information and connectivity without always supporting—and sometimes sacrificing—their quality. An important opportunity is that online systems can include tools that directly support participants in having higher quality and more skillful engagements. We are evaluating dialogue software features that support participants directly and "dashboard" tools that support third parties (mediators, teachers, facilitators, moderators, etc.) in supporting higher quality deliberation. We will focus on our work in educational settings (college classes) and on our development of a Facilitators Dashboard that visualizes dialogue quality indicators for use as facilitation tools or participant social awareness tools. The Dashboard makes use of text analysis methods to highlight indicators of dialogue quality. We are particularly interested in supporting the "social deliberative skills" that interlocutors need to build mutual understanding and mutual regard in complex or contentious situations.
Against Political Ecology 1

Starting with a priori judgments, theories, or biase s about the importance or even primacy of certain kinds of political factors in the explanation of environmental change s, self-styled political ecologists have focused the ir research on environmental or natural resource politics and have missed or scanted the complex and contingent interactions of factors whereby actual environmental change s often are produced. As an alte rnative to the present ple thora of programmatic statements on behalf of political ecology, a proposal is presented here for what may be called evenemental or event ecology. Our own experience in applying an evenemental approach to research on mangrove forests of the Philippine s will be drawn on for the purpose of illustration.
Solid-Phase Synthesis and Chemical Ligation of Transmembrane Segments of Rhodopsin

To investigate the conformational changes associated with photoactivation of rhodopsin [1], the GPCR of vision, we have embarked on a program of chemical synthesis of its transmembrane segments. By reconstituting such synthetic segments containing specific fluorescent and spin labels with expressed segments of rhodopsin, we hope to generate hybrid “split receptors” that are fully functionally for biophysical studies. For this reason, a number of TM fragments of rhodopsin were synthesized by various solid-phase protocols, and chemical ligation was used to link these fragments into larger fragments of rhodopsin.
Social media use for large event management: The application of social media analytic tools for the Super Bowl XLVI

Using social media analytics tools, Radian6 and Visible Technologies, Purdue Homeland Security Institute (PHSI) researchers were able to monitor, capture and analyze publicly posted online information pertaining to the Super Bowl XLVI. The study collected and analyzed data regarding the public's perceptions of the Super Bowl XLVI marketing campaign, as well as Indianapolis' hospitality, accommodations, and safety. Data was collected from three different platforms: Facebook, Twitter, and blogs. The results of the study provided insights into public sentiment, public dialogue regarding specific citywide events, and trending social media topics associated with each topic's keyword analysis. In our research we further explored the potential usage and application of social media analytics tools within local government and found that social media analytics can be of great value for the government in both special events and routine activities. Major applications of social media analytics as well as research questions and issues worth exploring in the future, including improving information flow and analytics for routine operations, are discussed.
MNRR1, a Biorganellar Regulator of Mitochondria

The central role of energy metabolism in cellular activities is becoming widely recognized. However, there are many gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms by which mitochondria evaluate their status and call upon the nucleus to make adjustments. Recently, a protein family consisting of twin CX9C proteins has been shown to play a role in human pathophysiology. We focus here on two family members, the isoforms CHCHD2 (renamed MNRR1) and CHCHD10. The better studied isoform, MNRR1, has the unusual property of functioning in both the mitochondria and the nucleus and of having a different function in each. In the mitochondria, it functions by binding to cytochrome c oxidase (COX), which stimulates respiration. Its binding to COX is promoted by tyrosine-99 phosphorylation, carried out by ABL2 kinase (ARG). In the nucleus, MNRR1 binds to a novel promoter element in COX4I2 and itself, increasing transcription at 4% oxygen. We discuss mutations in both MNRR1 and CHCHD10 found in a number of chronic, mostly neurodegenerative, diseases. Finally, we propose a model of a graded response to hypoxic and oxidative stresses, mediated under different oxygen tensions by CHCHD10, MNRR1, and HIF1, which operate at intermediate and very low oxygen concentrations, respectively.
Anomalous Effects in Psychology: Parallels Between the Brain Stimulation and Imprinting Literatures

The behavioral effects of both brain stimulation reward and filial imprinting are reviewed in terms of their past and present status as anomalous phenomena. In the case of brain stimulation, these effects include rapid extinction, poor performance with intermittent reward, poor performance with long intertrial intervals, overnight decrement, priming and dominance; in the case of imprinting, the effects include a critical period, irreversibility, poor learning with distributed practice, facilitated learning with aversive stimulation, and interference with learning by certain drugs. In both cases, the various effects may be understood in terms of peculiar experimental contexts rather than unique behavioral processes. One principle suggested by the joint consideration of these two fields is that the frequent replication of anomalous effects should not strengthen their status as true anomalies unless the replications systematically vary the experimental conditions under which the effects are assessed.
The Role of Spontaneous Order and Choice in Video Games: A Case Study of Destiny

Complex and uniquely human spontaneous orders are central to the Austrian understanding of the market process and price system. Yet, these spontaneous orders are often difficult to study with traditional empirical methods. Since virtual worlds serve as extensions of our own world, video games offer alternative methods to empirically study spontaneous order. To that end, this paper presents a case study analyzing the role of spontaneous (or emergent) order and choice in facilitating enhanced value for players. Through exploring the wide applications of choice within different aspects of Destiny, I provide evidence of the benefits of decentralized decision-making within virtual worlds, as well as some of the problems associated with the lack of choice. Given the theoretically limitless number of game elements from which to draw, this analysis utilizes the most basic and highly representative examples from the Destiny universe to showcase the phenomenon of spontaneous order.
Semantics-assisted code review: An efficient tool chain and a user study

Code changes are often reviewed before they are deployed. Popular source control systems aid code review by presenting textual differences between old and new versions of the code, leaving developers with the difficult task of determining whether the differences actually produced the desired behavior. Fortunately, we can mine such information from code repositories. We propose aiding code review with inter-version semantic differential analysis. During review of a new commit, a developer is presented with summaries of both code differences and behavioral differences, which are expressed as diffs of likely invariants extracted by running the system's test cases. As a result, developers can more easily determine that the code changes produced the desired effect. We created an invariant-mining tool chain, Getty, to support our concept of semantically-assisted code review. To validate our approach, 1) we applied Getty to the commits of 6 popular open source projects, 2) we assessed the performance and cost of running Getty in different configurations, and 3) we performed a comparative user study with 18 developers. Our results demonstrate that semantically-assisted code review is feasible, effective, and that real programmers can leverage it to improve the quality of their reviews.
The Anthropocene’s dating problem: Insights from the geosciences and the humanities:

The Anthropocene, generally defined, is the time when human activities have a significant impact on the Earth System. However, the natural sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences have dif...
Assessing Wrist Movement With Robotic Devices

Robotic devices have been proposed to meet the rising need for high intensity, long duration, and goal-oriented therapy required to regain motor function after neurological injury. Complementing this application, exoskeletons can augment traditional clinical assessments through precise, repeatable measurements of joint angles and movement quality. These measures assume that exoskeletons are making accurate joint measurements with a negligible effect on movement. For the coupled and coordinated joints of the wrist and hand, the validity of these two assumptions cannot be established by characterizing the device in isolation. To examine these assumptions, we conducted three user-in-the-loop experiments with able-bodied participants. First, we compared robotic measurements to an accepted modality to determine the validity of joint- and trajectory-level measurements. Then, we compared those movements to movements without the device to investigate the effects of device dynamic properties on wrist movement characteristics. Last, we investigated the effect of the device on coordination with a redundant, coordinated pointing task with the wrist and hand. For all experiments, smoothness characteristics were preserved in the robotic kinematic measurement and only marginally impacted by robot dynamics, validating the exoskeletons for use as assessment devices. Stemming from these results, we propose design guidelines for exoskeletal assessment devices.
Shopping Spree Softens Test-Ban Sorrows

The Department of Energy, over the past year, has proposed a $2 billion wish list of new facilities to help conduct non-nuclear tests on nuclear weapons by their weapons laboratories. Surprisingly, some comprehensive nuclear test ban (CTB) partisans seem to support this approach. When a CTB treaty is finally submitted to the Senate for ratification, convervative senators will want assurances that the United States is not letting its nuclear stockpile fall apart. However, letting the laboratories proceed on the new hardware and facilities issue could be of concern to other nations and stall CTB negotiations. The new stockpile stewardship program was designed to help the laboratories maintain the nuclear arsenal, and the necessary expertise, without nuclear tests. The weapons laboratories are already equipped to conduct sophisticated tests. We can have a CTB and still maintain high confidence in the nuclear arsenal without spending billions on new facilities.
Musubi: a decentralized mobile social web

With the rise of cloud services, users' personal data, from photos to bank transactions, are scattered and hosted by a variety of application service providers. Communication services like email and social networking, by virtue of helping users share, have the unique opportunity to gather all data shared in one place. As users shift their communication medium from email to social networks, personal data are increasingly locked up in a global, proprietary social web.
Evaluating Expected Performance and Graceful Degradation in Distributed Spacecraft Missions

Distributed Spacecraft Missions (DSMs) have largely garnered interest due to lower cost and new technical capabilities. However, another important attribute in DSMs is the potential of graceful degradation where a failure of one or more spacecraft (or instruments) in the DSM can reduce total performance, but the remaining functional spacecraft can maintain a limited science return. The potential for retaining some mission value in the event of partial failures leads to enhanced lifetime value. Here, an approach is developed to analyze graceful degradation and performance of DSM used for Earth observation. The system performance is defined through metrics of coverage and average revisit time of points of interest. Graceful degradation is quantified through total change and rate of change in performance metrics with increasing sub-system failures over the lifetime of a mission. An Expected Performance measure is formulated for conducting comparison of DSM architectures for early stage conceptual mission design and trade studies.
The Utilization of Video Technology in Surgical Education: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Background The use of surgical video has great potential to enhance surgical education, but there exists limited information about how to effectively use surgical videos. We performed a systematic review of video technology in surgical training and provided evidence-based recommendations for its effective use. Materials and methods A systematic review of literature on surgical video in residency education was conducted. All articles meeting inclusion criteria were evaluated for technical characteristics pertaining to video usage. Included studies were critically appraised using a quality-scoring system. Recommendations were provided for the effective implementation of video in surgical education based on associations with improved training outcomes. Results Twenty articles met inclusion criteria. In these studies, the source of video acquisition was primarily laparoscopy (40.0% of papers), and the main perspective of video was endoscopy (45.0%). Features of videos included supplementation with other educational tools (55.0%), schematic diagrams or images (50.0%), audio (40.0%), and narration (25.0%). Videos were primarily viewed preoperatively (60.0%) or postoperatively (50.0%). The intended viewer for videos was usually residents (70.0%) but also included attendings/faculty (30.0%). When compared with a nonvideo training group, video training was associated with improved resident knowledge (100%), improved operative performance (81.3%), and greater participant satisfaction (100%). Conclusions Based on this review, we recommend that surgical training programs incorporate schematics and imaging into video, supplement video with other education tools, and utilize audio in video. For video review, we recommend that residents review video preoperatively and postoperatively for learning and that attendings review video postoperatively for assessment.
THERAPEUTIC NARRATIVE INTERVENTION WITH CLINICAL AND NON-CLINICAL POPULATIONS

AbstractTherapeutic narrative intervention (TNI) with both clinical and non-clinical populations is conceptualized within the existential-humanistic framework, which holds that continual and emerging growth, creativity, and joy is basic to human nature. Returning individuals to this adaptive trajectory is the major motive of TNI; however, the specific goals, methods, and techniques for achieving this end are not always the same across populations. There are instances when the motives, goals, and techniques are the same, but there are other times when these are different; times when the goals are the same but different applications are required; and times when the techniques are the same, but different applications are required. Elucidating these distinctions for students can help them to clarify the direction of their careers and increase their facility with the theory and practice of reminiscence and life review work.
Light-field optics and its potential applications

Light-field optics is different from conventional image-focusing optics, in which we discuss how correctly an image plane is transferred onto another plane through an optical system. This light-field optics does not deal with an “image” on a plane but conditions of rays in 3D space, instead. As conditions of rays in 3D space represent real 3D scene or 3D objects, 3D object is expressed on 2D plane as encoded data in light-field optics and these recorded data can be decoded back to 3D images reversibly. These exchangeable processes are represented by the relation of light-field camera and light-field display; a 3D image is recorded on 2D plane by a light-field camera, as it is, and is reconstructed from the recorded data by a light-field display. Recorded data on 2D plane by a light-field camera is not a formed image but encoded data. Therefore in light-field optics an optical system is free from limit of optical conjugate. Display plane can be put on any place, for example. Small flat displays can be set on the plane of spectacles instead of lenses and you can see an image through the optical system. It is a thin HMD. An e-book free from reading glasses might be realized in the same way. There are many applications of light-field optics as well as 3D recording and displaying system. I will report theorem of this light field optics and its applications we have made
MARTÍ VERSUS MARTÍ: NACIONALISMO E HEGEMONIA EM HAVANA E MIAMI

RESUMO Este artigo examina a producao de imaginarios nacionalistas hegemonicos entre cubanos de Havana e Miami, no contexto da luta entre o Estado socialista cubano e seus opositores exilados. O artigo argumenta que, depois de mais de cinco decadas de um conflito intenso que saturou os espacos publicos dessas duas cidades com referencias nacionalistas, as ideologias das duas elites politicas cubanas nao se tornaram hegemonicas em nenhuma das duas metropoles, mas que as premissas ideologicas profundas que elas compartilham gozam de validade quase inconteste entre os cubanos das duas cidades. O artigo focaliza a celebracao do heroi nacional Jose Marti - a quem ambas as elites tomam como predecessor e inspirador - para argumentar que o conflito politico ajuda a tornar imaginarios nacionais hegemonicos ao naturalizar simbolos, concepcoes e narrativas que as partes em conflito compartilham e tomam por tacitos.
Gender Equity: Rubin, Guy, and Mastracci

“Men, their rights, and nothing more; women, their rights, and nothing less” was the motto of The Revolution, the newspaper published by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leaders in the ...
Implantation of Sacral Nerve Stimulator Without Rhizotomy for Neurogenic Bladder in Patient With Spinal Cord Injury: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

There are approximately 12 000 new individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) each year, and close to 200 000 individuals live with a SCI-related disability in the United States. The majority of patients with SCI have bladder dysfunction as a result of their injury, with over 75% unable to void volitionally following their injury. In patients with traumatic SCI, intermittent catheterization is commonly recommended, but a lack of adherence to clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) has been observed, with up to 50% discontinuing CIC within 5 yr of injury. The Finetech Brindley Bladder System (FBBS) is an implantable sacral nerve stimulator for improving bladder function in patients with SCI, avoiding the need for CIC. The FDA-approved implantation (Humanitarian Device Exemption H980008) of the FBBS is combined with a posterior rhizotomy to reduce reflex contraction of the bladder, improving continence. However, the posterior rhizotomy is irreversible and has unwanted effects; therefore, the current FDA-approved implantation is being studied without rhizotomy as part of a clinical trial (Investigational Device Exemption G150201) (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02978638). In this video, we present a case of a 66-yr-old female who presented 40-yr status post-T12 SCI, resulting in complete paraplegia and neurogenic bladder not satisfactorily controlled with CIC. We demonstrate the operative steps to complete the implantation of the device without rhizotomy in the first patient enrolled as part of the clinical trial Electrical Stimulation for Continence After SCI (NCT02978638). Appropriate IRB and patient consent were obtained.
REACT: A feasibility study to test the integration of a cancer registry early case ascertainment process via electronic pathology reporting with an online clinical trial matching tool.

207Background: Representation of diverse patient populations in prostate cancer clinical trials is essential to ensure results are applicable to all men. However, underrepresentation among underser...
Solving the where problem in neuroanatomy: a generative framework with learned mappings to register multimodal, incomplete data into a reference brain

Mapping information from different brains gathered using different modalities into a common coordinate space corresponding to a reference brain is an aspirational goal in modern neuroscience, analogous in importance to mapping genomic data to a reference genome. While brain-atlas mapping workflows exist for single-modality data (3D MRI or STPT image volumes), generally speaking data sets need to be combined across modalities with different contrast mechanisms and scale, in the presence of missing data as well as signals not present in the reference. This has so far been an unsolved problem. We have solved this problem in its full generality by developing and implementing a rigorous, non-parametric generative framework, that learns unknown mappings between contrast mechanisms from data and infers missing data. Our methodology permits rigorous quantification of the local sale changes between different individual brains, which has so far been neglected. We are also able to quantitatively characterize the individual variation in shape. Our work establishes a quantitative, scalable and streamlined workflow for unifying a broad spectrum of multi-modal whole-brain light microscopic data volumes into a coordinate-based atlas framework, a step that is a prerequisite for large scale integration of whole brain data sets in modern neuroscience.