cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colonoscopy screening rates among patients of colonoscopy-trained African American primary care physicians

Background—When performed competently, colonoscopy screening can reduce colorectal cancer rates, especially in high-risk groups such as African Americans (AAs). Training primary care physicians (PCPs) to perform colonoscopy may improve screening rates among underserved high-risk populations. Methods—We compared colonoscopy screening rates and computed adjusted odds ratios for colonoscopy-eligible patients of trained AA PCPs (study group) vs. untrained PCPs (comparison group), before and since initiating colonoscopy training. All colonoscopies were performed at a licensed ambulatory surgery center with specialist standby support. Retrospective chart review was conducted on 200 consecutive, established outpatients aged ≥50 years at each of 12 PCP offices (7 trained AA PCPs and 5 untrained PCPs, practicing in the same geographic region), total 1,244 study group and 923 comparison group patients. Results—Post-training colonoscopy rates in both groups were higher than pre-training rates: 48.3% vs. 9.3% in the study group, 29.6% vs. 9.8% in the comparison group (both p<0.001). AA patients in the study group showed over 5-fold increase (8.9% pre-training vs. 52.8% post training), with no change among Whites (18.2% vs. 25.0%). Corresponding pre- and post-training rates among comparison patients were 10.4% and 38.7% respectively among AAs (p<0.001), and 13.3% vs. 13.2% respectively among Whites. After adjusting for demographics, duration since becoming the PCP’s patient, and health insurance, the study group had a 66% higher likelihood of colonoscopy in the post-training period (OR=1.66; CI, 1.30, 2.13), and AAs had a five-fold increased likelihood of colonoscopy relative to Whites.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FETAL INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRAGE. 1406

Several cases of fetal intraventricular hemorrage (IVH) have been reported using prenatal ultrasonography (US). However the clinical and prognostic significance of these lesions has not been established. To this aim, four cases of fetal IVH are presented. Methods: US was performed with a high resolution, real-time scanner with a 5.0 Mhz-phased array. MRI studies were obtained using T1 and T2 weighted sections at 4-5 mm intervals.
Electrophoretic Isolation of Discrete Au Nanocrystal/DNA Conjugates

Colloidal nanocrystal/DNA conjugates hold the promise of becoming powerful probes for biological diagnostics as well as versatile building blocks for nanotechnology. To fully realize this potential, it is important to precisely control the number of oligonucleotides bound to the nanocrystal. Here we demonstrate electrophoretic isolation of 5 and 10 nm gold nanocrystals bearing discrete numbers of single-stranded DNA (1−5). The potential use of these discrete conjugates in the fabrication of novel nanostructures is discussed.
The mechanism of continence after posterior urethroplasty

The standard of care after a pelvic fracture urethral injury is a repair via a one-stage anastomotic posterior urethroplasty using a step-wise perineal approach. The initial injury, immediate postoperative management, and surgical repair can all affect urinary continence in these patients. Proximal continence mechanisms, particularly the bladder neck, are particularly important in maintaining urinary continence in these patients. Patients with bladder neck dysfunction should be counselled about the greater risk of urinary incontinence.
Androgen-induced nuclear accumulation of the estrogen receptor.

Abstract The effect of androgens on the nuclear uptake of both tritiated estradiol ( 3 H-E 2 ) and the estrogen receptor was studied in immature rat uteri. It was demonstrated that in vitro preincubation of immature rat uteri with various androgens (1 μM to 50μM) followed by incubation with 3 H-E 2 (20nM) resulted in a greatly decreased specific nuclear uptake of 3 H-E 2 . Non-androgenic steroids had no effect. It was also confirmed that 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) causes the accumulation of the estrogen receptor in the nuclei of uterine tissue. In vitro incubations of rat uteri with DHT (1μM and 50μM) were found to cause maximal nuclear estrogen receptor accumulation to the same degree as caused by estradiol, i.e. the nuclear uptake of approximately 100% of the estrogen receptor. Antiandrogens, which block the binding of androgens to the testosterone receptor in various tissues, did not inhibit the DHT -induced decrease in the 3 H-E 2 uptake by the uterine nuclei or the DHT — caused accumulation of the estrogen receptor in nuclei. These results seem to indicate that the uterine testosterone receptor has no role in the androgen — induced nuclear uptake of the estrogen receptor. However, the non-steroidal antiestrogens inhibited the DHT — induced nuclear accumulation of the estrogen receptor. This would seem to indicate that the estrogen — and androgen — induced nuclear accumulation of the estrogen receptor share a common mechanism.
Combined effects of paired solvents on the rat's auditory system

Abstract A number of volatile organic solvents have been shown to be ototoxic to rats, but there is little information regarding how solvents might act in this way when encountered in combination. To examine this issue, male Long Evans rats were exposed by inhalation to pairs of solvents known to be ototoxic when administered individually; those reported on here are trichloroethylene + toluene, mixed xylenes + trichloroethylene, xylenes + chlorobenzene, and chlorobenzene + toluene. Rats were exposed 8 h/day for 5 consecutive days, using complementary proportions of isoeffective concentrations of the solvents alone. Hearing was assessed by brainstem-evoked response audiometry. The effects were as predicted by a linear dose-addition model, indicating additive rather than synergistic or antagonistic interactions at the concentrations studied.
Anti-lea as an autoantibody in the serum of le(a - b+) individual

The first example of anti-Lea, as an autoantibody, in the serum of a phenotypically Le(a-b+) individual is described. The patient is a 55 year old male with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. His saliva contains Lea, Leb and H substances, and inhibits the hemagglutinating activity of his serum anti-Lea. The Leb antigen content of his red blood cells is approximately half that of control Le(a-b+) red blood cells. The patient's disease process may be responsible for the development of this unexpected autoantibody.
Leonardian Radiolarians from Delaware Basin: ABSTRACT

A diverse assemblage of spumellarine radiolarians has been recovered from a sample of the Bone Springs Limestone (Leonardian) in the southern Guadalupe Mountains of west Texas. Other Permian radiolarian assemblages in North America include King's as yet undescribed assemblages from the Glass Mountains and assemblages from the Hegler and Lamar Limestone Members of the Bell Canyon Formation (Guadalupian). As no other certain Permian radiolarian assemblages are known worldwide, these west Texas faunas have much evolutionary and biostratigraphic significance. The Bone Springs fauna includes representatives of at least 15 genera, but taxonomic study is incomplete. End_of_Article - Last_Page 757------------
Global critical leadership: Educating global leaders with critical leadership competencies

Global critical leadership competency means espousing critical thinking skills in all aspects of leadership decision making in the global context. This paper reviews the actions of critical thinking, argues that global leaders too must lead critically, and draws attention to the deficiency of critical thinking curricula in higher education and subsequent lack of recent graduates with critical thinking competencies. Leading critically is defined as applying critical thinking skills to decisions about leadership actions in different situations and is a challenge for leaders, followers, and educators. Nevertheless, global leaders, stakeholders, and educators in global leadership programs must embrace this challenge in order to make informed decisions in global contexts.
Attachment Styles and Personality Disorders: Their Connections to Each Other and to Parental Divorce, Parental Death, and Perceptions of Parental Caregiving

Attachment theory was explored as a means of understanding the origins of personality disorders. We investigated whether adult attachment styles and personality disorders share a common underlying structure, and how both kinds of variables relate to family background factors, including parental death, parental divorce, and current representations of childhood relationships with parents. A nonclinical group of 1407 individuals, mostly adolescents and young adults, were surveyed about their attachment styles, parental marital status, parental mortality status, perceptions of treatment by parents in childhood, and 13 personality disorders. Results indicated substantial overlap between attachment and personality-disorder measures. Two of the personality-disorder dimensions are related to the two dimensions of the attachment space; that is, there is a two-dimensional space in which both the attachment patterns and most of the personality disorders can be arrayed. The one personality-disorder factor that is unrelated to attachment appears akin to psychopathy. Both personality disorders and attachment styles were associated with family-of-origin variables. Results are discussed in terms of encouraging further research to test the idea that insecure attachment and most of the personality disorders share similar developmental antecedents.
Infections caused by halophilic marine Vibrio bacteria.

Objective The authors reviewed patients who developed sepsis or soft tissue infections caused by marine Vibrio bacteria in Florida. Summary background data Marine Vibrio bacteria are the most common bacteria found in seawater. They are concentrated in marine animals that feed by filtration such as oysters and clams. These bacteria can cause gastroenteritis, sepsis, cellulitis leading to necrotizing soft tissue infection after exposure to seawater or consumption of raw seafood. Methods The authors received 182 systemic infections that occurred in Florida between January 1, 1979, and December 31, 1991, which were treated by the authors or were reported to the Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services. Patients were divided into two groups depending on whether they presented with primary bacteremia or soft tissue infection. Results Seventy-one patients had been exposed to these bacteria by eating raw seafood, 94 had direct exposure to seawater, and exposure was uncertain in 27 patients. Vibrio species were cultured from the blood of 103 patients and from wounds or soft tissues of 113. An additional 5 patients had cellulitis but bacteria were not cultured from these sites. In patients in whom it could be determined, 93 had primary soft tissue infections and 82 had primary bacteremia. Twenty-four patients had necrotizing soft tissue infections and required surgical debridement. Three of these 24 patients required amputation. Thirty-seven (20.3%) patients died. Severe liver disease occurred in 54 patients and 25 of these patients died. Conclusions Marine Vibrio bacteria can cause sepsis and soft tissue infections, especially in individuals with severe liver disease and other chronic illnesses such as diabetes mellitus. The authors believe all individuals, especially those with systemic illness, should be warned against eating raw seafood.
BARBS: integrating simulation, optimization and knowledge-based techniques to identify and eliminate production bottlenecks

Abstract This article presents BARBS (Bottleneck Analysis Rule-Based System), a knowledge system developed to aid in identifying and alleviating bottlenecks in the manufacturing environment. BARBS is based on a methodology that combines simulation, response surface optimization, and expert analysis heuristics. Major issues covered in this article include the architecture of BARBS, a description of the knowledge modules, and a case study.
Further Evidence regarding the R Scale of the MMPI as a Measure of Acquiescence

High- and low-scoring groups on the R scale of the MMPI were selected For each group the mean probability of a True response, P(T), on 26 scales was obtained. The social desirability scale values of the items increased from scale to scale. On all 26 scales, low scorers on the R scale had a higher mean probability of a True response than high scorers. The regression lines of P(T) on SDSV for the two groups had approximately the same slopes and differed only in terms of their intercepts. The study was replicated with three additional samples and comparable results were obtained in each case.
Enhancing neuroplasticity in the basal ganglia: The role of exercise in Parkinson's disease

Epidemiological and clinical trials have suggested that exercise is beneficial for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the underlying mechanisms and potential for disease modification are currently unknown. This review presents current findings from our laboratories in patients with PD and animal models. The data indicate that alterations in both dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, induced by activity-dependent (exercise) processes, may mitigate the cortically driven hyper-excitability in the basal ganglia normally observed in the parkinsonian state. These insights have potential to identify novel therapeutic treatments capable of reversing or delaying disease progression in PD.
Nature and the time course of seizures associated with surgical removal of the pineal gland from parathyroidectomized rats.

Abstract About 80% of male rats that are parathyroidectomized at 23 days of age and are pinealectomized a week later exhibit intermittent seizures and frequently death. Characteristically, the seizures are violent and death is probably a result of asphyxiation. The peak incidence of seizures in these rats occurs within 8 hr after pinealectomy and approximately 50% of the animals die within 48 hr of the operation. Chlordiazepoxide (18–20 mg/kg), diazepam (18–20 mg/kg) or chlorpromazine (20 mg/kg), given as single subcutaneous doses at the time of pinealectomy, delayed the onset of the seizures. Haloperidol (20 mg/kg) had a modest suppressive effect on the seizure activity. Diphenylhydantoin (20 mg/kg) did not affect the percentage of rats that convulsed, the onset of the seizures, the frequency of the seizures, or the 48 hr mortality.
Position- and orientation-controlled polarized light interaction of individual indium tin oxide nanorods

We have systematically investigated the position, orientation, and polarization angle dependence of scattered light from well-characterized, indium tin oxide nanorods (ITO NRs) upon illumination with monochromatic light. Scattering signals from individual ITO NRs of horizontal and vertical configurations are probed quantitatively by examining signal response with respect to the analyzer angle and position along the length of the NR. Our efforts can be highly beneficial in providing fundamental understanding for the light interaction behavior of ITO NRs. Our results can provide valuable bases for comprehending optical emission from individual NRs, with their ever-growing applications in optoelectronics, photonics, and biosensing.
Photonic Switching Techniques and Architecture for Next Generation Optical Networks

Currently, the growth in capacity demand is still increasing by the emergence of a large number of applications that dramatically increase bandwidth demand and generate a large number of resource requirements in the network. Since the emerging applications require increased bandwidth capacity, the vision of using optical technology in the communication channel, signal processing, and switching fabric is very promising. This article presents an overview of optical switching techniques currently under research investigations. It introduces enabling technologies that have been recently researched and then presents some newly proposed architectures. It describes the SKYLIGHT switch that has been recently developed by the author. The architecture design of the switch is based on a optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technique. Performance evaluation of the switch fabric based on the analytical evaluation of the code and numerical simulations of the optical components used to implement the system is presented.
Fretting experiments of advanced polymeric coatings and the effect of transfer films on their tribological behavior

Abstract The tribological performance of PTFE and PEEK-based polymeric coatings was evaluated under aggressive small amplitude reciprocating (fretting) conditions. Such a condition is encountered in modern machinery, including air-conditioning and refrigeration compressors. Unlubricated step load-to-failure experiments to determine their scuffing resistance have been performed. It was found that the tribological performance depends on the transfer film formed on the counterface. The PTFE coatings were able to form stable and continuous transfer films on the counterface and exhibited lower friction coefficient and wear without catastrophic failures. In the presence of liquid lubricant, the coatings showed worse performance than under dry conditions because the lubricant prevented the formation of transfer films on the counterface.
Two-stage efficient estimation of longitudinal nonparametric additive models

Nonparametric smoothings are useful tool to model longitudinal data. In this paper we study the estimating problem of longitudinal nonparametric additive regression models. A two-stage efficient approach is developed to estimate the unknown additive components. We show the resulted estimators have some advantages over the existed ones. For example, they are asymptotically more efficient than those neglecting the dependence of repeated observations over time within the same subject, have an oracle property, that is the asymptotic distribution of each additive component is the same as it would be if the other components were known with certainty, and can be naturally extended to deal with generalized longitudinal nonparametric additive regression model. The asymptotic normality is established for the underlying additive components. Some simulation studies are conducted to illustrate the finite sample performance of the proposed procedure. Applying the proposed procedure to a real data set is also made.
Exogenous Surfactant during Partial Liquid Ventilation: Lung Pathology.† 1550

Surfactant (surf, Survanta®) followed by partial liquid ventilation(PLV) with perflubron (LiquiVent®) improves lung mechanics and oxygenation more than S only, PLV only, or PLV followed by S (Peds Res 1996:39;343A). Histologic and morphometric analysis was performed on slides from the upper anterior and lower posterior lobes of 32 newborn piglets (1.7±0.8 kg) with saline lavage-induced lung injury (PaO2<60 torr, FiO2 1.0) after randomization into 4 groups and treatment for 2 hours with: 1) surf only (S; n=8); 2) PLV only (PLV; n=8); 3) PLV followed by surf (PLV-S; n=8 and 4) surf followed by PLV (S-PLV; n=8). Ventilators were adjusted to maintain tidal volume of 15 cc/kg; FiO2 was 1.0. Histologic variables (alveolar, interstitial inflammation; alveolar, interstitial hemorrhage; edema; atelectasis; necrosis) were scored on a 0-4 point scale (no injury = 0, injury in 25% of field = 1, injury in 50% of field = 2, injury in 75% of field = 3, and injury throughout field = 4). Morphometric analysis on trichrome-stained slides analyzed total cellular to air space, expressed as percent tissue area (% tissue area =[cellular area/total area] × 100). Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxin, and paired t-tests with Bonferroni correction (p<0.05) were used to assess differences. Table
Hemocytic changes associated with the encapsulation and melanization of some insect parasites

Abstract The hemocytic changes that attend parasite encapsulation and melanization in larvae of Drosophila, Musca domestica , and Orthellia caesarion are very similar to those changes occurring in noninfected individuals at metamporhosis. Some of the changes include the precocious differentiation and migration of hemocytes. Comparative and quantitative hemocytological data suggest that some stimulus in infected larvae, acting directly on the hemocytes or on the mechanism(s) controlling their activity, causes the cells to leave areas of the body where they are normally found and to encapsulate parasites. Questions concerning the origin and mode of action of the initial stimulus are raised, and as a basis for future experimentation it is proposed that the cellular immune reactions of these insects against internal metazoan parasites result from a hormonal imbalance.
Investigations of PMN-PT Single Crystal Performance

Application of new materials, such as PMN-PT single crystals, requires a good understanding of basic material performance under both electrical and mechanical loading. Over the past 5 years the authors have used both computational and experimental techniques to examine the relationships between poling direction, crystal orientation, and electric field actuation. Experiments show mixed results indicating that the relationship between material orientation and loading is more complex than originally imagined. In some cases crack initiation and propagation perpendicular to the applied field was observed within a few thousand cycles but in other cases no failure was observed even after a few hundred thousand cycles despite crack growth in the presence of introduced defects. Computational effort quickly identified a gap between development of theoretical constitutive models that addressed domain switching based nonlinear behavior and what was available in workable form as part of commercial finite element codes. This led to the implementation of a macro-mechanical constitutive model which addresses domain switching, into a commercially available finite element code. The rate independent version has been used to investigate issues of electric field actuation and poling direction. Presented here are insights into the fracture and fatigue behavior of piezoelectric single crystals from both experimental and computational studies.© 2010 ASME
Religious characteristics and the death penalty.

Using one mock trial scenario, this study investigated whether religious and demographic factors were related to death penalty attitudes and sentencing verdicts. Those who favored the death penalty differed from those who had doubts about the penalty in gender, affiliation, fundamentalism, evangelism, literal Biblical interpretism, beliefs about God’s attitudes toward murders, and perceptions of how their religious groups felt about the death penalty. These relationships generally held after mock jurors were death qualified. Gender, fundamentalism, literal interpretism, beliefs about God’s death penalty position, and perceptions of how one’s religious group felt about the death penalty predicted death penalty sentencing verdicts. Future research could determine whether using peremptory challenges to exclude potential jurors based on religion can help lawyers choose a more favorable jury.
Laryngeal electromyography for the diagnosis and management of swallowing disorders

Laryngeal electromyography has proved useful for the evaluation of neurologic disorders of the larynx. The techniques for this procedure are also well suited to investigate disorders of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. The responses from the thyroarytenoid muscles, the cricothyroid muscles, and the cricopharyngeus muscle can offer information to aid in the diagnosis, prognosis, and in some cases, treatment of dysphagia. A general review of electromyographic responses with sample tracings from the larynx are included in this article.
The Chemistry and Physiology of Sour Taste—A Review

Sour taste is the key element in the flavor profile of food acidulants. Understanding the chemistry and physiology of sour taste is critical for efficient control of flavor in the formulation of acid and acidified foods. After a brief introduction to the main applications of food acidulants, several chemical parameters associated with sour taste are discussed. Special emphasis is given to hydrogen ions, protonated (undissociated) acid species, titratable acidity, anions, molar concentration, and physical and chemical properties of organic acids. This article also presents an overview of the physiology of sour taste and proposed theories for the transduction mechanisms for sour taste. The physiology of sour taste perception remains controversial and significant diversity exists among species with regard to cellular schemes used for detection of stimuli. The variety of mechanisms proposed, even within individual species, highlights the complexity of elucidating sour taste transduction. However, recent evidence suggests that at least one specific sour taste receptor protein has been identified.
In Vivo Evidence for Increased Adrenal Sensitivity to Adrenocorticotropin-(l–24) in the Lamb Fetus Late in Gestation

Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive ACTH and cortisol were monitored daily in chronically cannulated sheep fetuses during the last 3 weeks of gestation. A prepartum increase in fetal plasma cortisol occurred without a concomitant rise in fetal plasma ACTH. When fetal lambs were injected with various doses of ACTH-(l–24) and the plasma cortisol responses were integrated over time, the resulting changes in the log dose-response curves indicate that fetal adrenal sensitivity increases late in gestation. Thus, the marked rise in fetal plasma cortisol before birth can be explained, at least in part, by an increase in fetal adrenal sensitivity to ACTH.
The rhetoric of scientific inquiry

Two recent books that extend the claim that scientific inquiry is rhetorical are compared and contrasted: Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society by Bruno Latour, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987, and The Rhetoric of Science by Alan G. Gross, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990. Latour argues the importance of social networks in science: claims become facts when numerous resources and allies are gathered to support them. Gross applies rhetoric as defined by Aristotle to scientific texts and argues that the claims of science are solely the products of persuasion. >
Diagnosing missing events in distributed systems with negative provenance

When debugging a distributed system, it is sometimes necessary to explain the absence of an event - for instance, why a certain route is not available, or why a certain packet did not arrive. Existing debuggers offer some support for explaining the presence of events, usually by providing the equivalent of a backtrace in conventional debuggers, but they are not very good at answering 'Why not?' questions: there is simply no starting point for a possible backtrace. In this paper, we show that the concept of negative provenance can be used to explain the absence of events in distributed systems. Negative provenance relies on counterfactual reasoning to identify the conditions under which the missing event could have occurred. We define a formal model of negative provenance for distributed systems, and we present the design of a system called Y! that tracks both positive and negative provenance and can use them to answer diagnostic queries. We describe how we have used Y! to debug several realistic problems in two application domains: software-defined networks and BGP interdomain routing. Results from our experimental evaluation show that the overhead of Y! is moderate.
Longitudinal assessment of cardiovascular exercise performance after pediatric heart transplantation.

Background No existing longitudinal data document exercise performance after pediatric heart transplantation. We report the exercise performance findings from the longitudinal study of pediatric heart transplantation patients and the association of aerobic capacity with echocardiographic measures of graft function. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 28 children after heart transplantation who underwent 87 exercise tests and echocardiograms. Subjects exercised using graded cycle or treadmill protocols. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2), physical working capacity, peak heart rate, and anaerobic threshold were evaluated. To measure systolic and diastolic function, shortening fraction and mitral valve pressure half-time (PHT) respectively, were obtained by echocardiography. Results The average age at transplantation was 10.9 ± 5.6 years, at initial exercise test was 13.8 ± 5.0 years, and at final exercise test was 15.8 ± 5.2 years. Percent-predicted values at the initial exercise test were VO2, 59.3%; physical working capacity, 60.2%; and peak heart rate, 75.8%; these remained similarly decreased at the final exercise test. Shortening fraction and PHT were within normal limits, but PHT was significantly greater at final test (p < 0.05). The relationship of VO2% with time was statistically significant, described by a quadratic equation that included initial VO2% and time from heart transplantation. This relationship remained significant when the shortening fraction (p < .05) but not PHT was added as a covariate in the equation. Conclusions Exercise performance after pediatric heart transplantation is impaired and, despite an initial improvement, declines over time. This can be explained by increasing diastolic dysfunction independent of donor graft age. If confirmed, these findings point the direction to further research aimed at limiting this aerobic capacity decline after heart transplantation.
A probabilistic framework for power-optimal repeater insertion in global interconnects under parameter variations

This paper addresses the problem of power dissipation during the buffer insertion phase of interconnect performance optimization in nanometer scale designs taking all significant parameter variations into account. The relative effect of different device, interconnect and environmental variations on delay and different components of power has been studied. A probabilistic framework to optimize buffer-interconnect designs under variations has been presented and results are compared with those obtained through simple deterministic optimization. Also, statistical models for delay and power under parameter variations have been developed using linear regression techniques. Under statistical analysis, both power and performance of buffer-interconnect designs are shown to degrade with increasing amount of variations. Also, % error in power estimation for power-optimal repeater designs is shown to be significant if variations are not taken into account. Furthermore, it has been shown that due to variations, significantly higher penalties in delay are needed to operate at power levels similar to those under no variations. Finally, the percentage savings in total power for a given penalty in delay are shown to improve with increasing amount of parameter variations.
Filling gaps in a metabolic network using expression information

Motivation: The metabolic models of both newly sequenced and well-studied organisms contain reactions for which the enzymes have not been identified yet. We present a computational approach for identifying genes encoding such missing metabolic enzymes in a partially reconstructed metabolic network. Results: The metabolic expression placement (MEP) method relies on the coexpression properties of the metabolic network and is complementary to the sequence homology and genome context methods that are currently being used to identify missing metabolic genes. The MEP algorithm predicts over 20% of all known Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolic enzyme-encoding genes within the top 50 out of 5594 candidates for their enzymatic function, and 70% of metabolic genes whose expression level has been significantly perturbed across the conditions of the expression dataset used. Availability: Freely available (in Supplementary information). Supplementary information: Available at the following URL http://arep.med.harvard.edu/kharchenko/mep/supplements.html
Double-blind comparison of iodipamide and lodoxamate using direct and drip infusion intravenous cholangiography

Biliary tract opacification was assessed in a double-blind clinical study that compared iodoxamate with iodipamide. Both drip infusion and direct (bolus) intravenous cholangiography were used to administer the contrast agents. The infusion method with either agent produced better opacification than bolus administration. Regardless of method used, iodoxamate produced greater biliary tract opacification, fewer unexplained failures, and fewer contrast reactions. Neither agent was successful in patients with elevated bilirubin levels, nor did either agent alter hepatic, renal, or hematologic function.
Experimental tools for human factors research in digital radiology

A software package called EXP, designed for use in psychophysical and presentation experiments, is described. The software package is used to configure and run experiments on a workstation to test its psychophysical and user interface parameters. The sample presentation and psychophysical experiments are described. They assist in the determination of optimal default parameters for the workstation and the measurement of the effect of the display workstation on the radiologist's diagnostic accuracy. >
Venoocclusive lesions of the central veins and portal vein radicles secondary to intraarterial 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine infusion.

Venoocclusive disease is characterized by the occurrence of occlusive lesions of the central and subhepatic veins, usually involving the liver in a diffuse fashion. We report a case showing venoocclusive lesions of the central veins and the portal vein radicles affecting only a portion of the left lobe of the liver following intraarterial 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine therapy for metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon. Possible mechanisms and the significance of venoocclusive lesions of portal vein radicles are discussed.
Characteristics of Egg Yolk Phosvitin as an Antioxidant for Inhibiting Metal-Catalyzed Phospholipid Oxidations

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity of phosvitin in an egg yolk phospholipid emulsion system. Various inorganic and organic metals (Fe2+, Cu2+, and hemin) in several different concentrations were added individually to the emulsions to induce lipid oxidation. Characteristics of phosvitin for inhibiting these metal-catalyzed lipid oxidations were investigated. The effect of heat treatments, both pasteurization (61.1 C, 4min) and autoclaving (121.1 C, 10 min), on phosvitin was examined to find out if there was any effect on its antioxidant characteristics. Lipid oxidations were measured by thiobarbituric acid assays. Phosvitin effectively inhibited Fe2+ and Cu2+ -catalyzed phospholipid oxidations as shown by low malondialdehyde values over the entire reaction period; however, it did not exert similar effects on the hemin-catalyzed oxidation reaction. Phosvitin demonstrated higher capacity to inhibit iron catalysis of phospholipid oxidations (up to 30:1 Fe2+ -to-phosvitin molar ratio) than copper catalysis (1:1 molar ratio). Pasteurization did not change the antioxidant activities of phosvitin; however, autoclaving decreased phosvitin’s inhibitory capacity on iron catalysis.
Project Success and Executive Sponsor Behaviors: Empirical Life Cycle Stage Investigations

The role of the executive sponsor in achieving project success is important, yet rarely addressed. Recent research identifies behaviors that constitute the role of the executive project sponsor and...
A study of Persistent Threads style GPU programming for GPGPU workloads

In this paper, we characterize and analyze an increasingly popular style of programming for the GPU called Persistent Threads (PT). We present a concise formal definition for this programming style, and discuss the difference between the traditional GPU programming style (nonPT) and PT, why PT is attractive for some high-performance usage scenarios, and when using PT may or may not be appropriate. We identify limitations of the nonPT style and identify four primary use cases it could be useful in addressing—CPU-GPU synchronization, load balancing/irregular parallelism, producer-consumer locality, and global synchronization. Through micro-kernel benchmarks we show the PT approach can achieve up to an order-of-magnitude speedup over nonPT kernels, but can also result in performance loss in many cases. We conclude by discussing the hardware and software fundamentals that will influence the development of Persistent Threads as a programming style in future systems.
UV/Vis Spectral Studies on Solution and Single-Crystal Samples Employing a Newly Designed Optical Beam Condenser

The development of a new optical beam condenser having been achieved, accurate absorption data on small single crystals are now possible.
Synchronous frame based controller implementation for a hybrid series active filter system

This paper proposes a synchronous reference frame based controller for a hybrid series active filter system. A hybrid series active filter system has been designed, built and installed at Beverly Pump Station in New England Electric utility for 765 kVA adjustable speed drive load to meet IEEE 519 recommended harmonic standards. The series active filter is rated 35 kVA-4% of the load kVA, and is controlled by a synchronous reference frame based controller to act as a harmonic isolator between the supply and load. This paper discusses the basic synchronous reference frame controller structure and addresses its operation under nonunity controller loop gain conditions. Design trade-offs and implementation issues of the synchronous reference frame controller are discussed. Operation of the hybrid series active filter system under off-tuned passive filter conditions and its impact on the performance of the synchronous reference frame based controller is experimentally evaluated. Effectiveness of the series active filter to provide harmonic damping and the use of simpler and low cost power factor correction capacitors as passive filters, is demonstrated by laboratory experimental results. Field installation and laboratory experimental results demonstrate the practical viability of the synchronous reference frame based controller for hybrid series active filter to provide harmonic isolation of nonlinear loads and to comply with IEEE 519 recommended harmonic standards.
Faster algorithms for string matching problems: matching the convolution bound

In this paper we give a randomized O(nlogn)-time algorithm for the string matching with don't cares problem. This improves the Fischer-Paterson bound from 1974 and answers the open problem posed (among others) by Weiner and Galil. Using the same technique, we give an O(nlogn)-time algorithm for other problems, including subset matching, tree pattern matching, (general) approximate threshold matching and point set matching. As this bound essentially matches the complexity of computing of the fast Fourier transform which is the only known technique for solving problems of this type, it is likely that the algorithms are in fact optimal. Additionally the technique used for the threshold matching problem can be applied to the on-line version of this problem, in which we are allowed to preprocess the text and require to process the pattern in time sublinear in the text length. This result involves an interesting variant of the Karp-Rabin fingerprint method in which hash functions are locality-sensitive, i.e. the probability of collision of two words depends on the distance between them.
Simple networks for pixel plane median filtering

The authors present networks that estimate the median of an odd number of inputs. The simplicity of these circuits rivals that of resistive grids, allowing their use in pixel plane processing systems. >
Nutrient limitation of two saccharolytic Clostridia: secretion, sporulation, and solventogenesis

Growth of the cellulolytic acidogen Clostridium strain C7 undergoing progressive nutrient limitation has been compared with that of the solventogen Clostridium beijerinckii. On the basis of cellulase secretion, differentiation of dissimilatory metabolism, and sporulation, different survival strategies by the two clostridia in progressive nutrient limitation can be discerned. In addition, the metabolic differentiation to butanol production in Clostridium beijerinckii can be specifically associated with the sporulation stage in which the forespore is enclosed by double membranes but not by a spore coat.
Amplitude equilibration of sugar-salt fingers

The mechanism by which amplifying salt fingers in an unbounded uniform T/S gradient are equilibrated is determined, starting with a time-dependent asymptotic field equation for (Rτ) -1 -1=e→0, where R > 1 is the T/S density ratio and τ = K S /K T < 1 is the molecular diffusivity ratio. A mode truncation of that equation yields an ODE which shows that the fastest growing finger mode transfers energy to two 'slave' modes with relatively small vertical scale; the finger mode thereby attains a statistically steady amplitude. The results for τ = 1/3 are compared with spectral solutions of the non-truncated equations in two and three dimensions; the predicted fluxes are testable in sugar (S), salt (T) laboratory experiments.
An object-oriented programming approach for a GIS data-driven simulation model of traffic on an inland waterway

This research proposes the integration of a Geographic Information System (GIS) with the Arena Simulation software to model the transit of ocean-going vessels through the Panama Canal. The purpose of this integration is to initialize the simulation model with the vessels that are currently transiting the system and the ones ready to begin their transit taking into account waiting time in queue, booking status, navigation restrictions and their times through the locks. The interface process consists of gathering vessel location and attribute data, which is loaded in database format in the GIS where it is analyzed and displayed in a map containing the location of the locks, anchorage areas, tie-up stations and the transit route. Once analyzed, Arena reads the GIS data from the database and proceeds with the simulation considering navigation transit time, locks transit and lockage times.
Recipient iNOS but not eNOS deficiency reduces luminal narrowing in tracheal allografts.

Chronic airway rejection is characterized by prolonged inflammation, epithelial damage, and eventual luminal obliterative bronchiolitis (OB). In cardiac allografts, the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) promotes acute rejection but paradoxically reduces neointimal formation, the hallmark of chronic rejection. The specific roles of NOS isoforms in modulating lymphocyte traffic and airway rejection are not known. Using a double lumen mouse tracheal transplant model, tracheal grafts from B10.A (allo) or C57BL/6J (iso) mice were transplanted into cyclosporine-treated wild-type (WT) iNOS−/− or endothelial NOS (eNOS)−/− recipients. OB was observed in WT tracheal allografts at 3 weeks (53 ± 2% luminal occlusion vs. 17 ± 1% for isografts, P < 0.05) with sites of obstructive lesion formation coinciding with areas of CD3+ CD8+ T cell–rich lymphocytic bronchitis. In contrast, allografts in iNOS−/− recipients exhibited reductions in local expression of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, graft T cell recruitment and apoptosis, and luminal obliteration (29 ± 2%, P < 0.05 vs. WT allografts). Recipient eNOS deficiency, however, suppressed neither chemokine expression, lymphocyte infiltration, nor airway occlusion (54 ± 2%). These data demonstrate that iNOS exacerbates luminal obliteration of airway allografts in contrast with the known suppression by iNOS of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Because iNOS−/− airways transplanted into WT allograft hosts are not protected from rejection, these data suggest that iNOS expressed by graft-infiltrating leukocytes exerts the dominant influence on airway rejection.
Habitat Shift of a Native Darter Etheostoma olmstedi (Teleostei: Percidae) in Sympatry with a Non-native Darter Etheostoma zonale

Abstract Etheostoma zonale, the banded darter, was introduced to the Susquehanna River basin of Pennsylvania through an interbasin transfer, or transplantation of native fishes outside their natural range. We examined the habitat use of a darter native to the Susquehanna River drainage E. olmstedi, the tessellated darter, in sympatry and allopatry with E. zonale to determine if its habitat use was different. In the presence of E. zonale, E. olmstedi occupied significantly (P < 0.05) shallower habitats (mean depth < 27 cm) with smaller substrates (mean substrate index < 32) and slower water velocities (mean water velocity < 0.13 m s−1) than in sites without E. zonale. The habitat shift of E. olmstedi was accompanied by a compression of niche breadth. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that E. zonale excludes E. olmstedi from riffle and run habitats, restricting E. olmstedi to shallow pools and stream margins.
How to Differentiate Any Real Function

Here we explore what advantages hypernumbers and extrafunctions offer for differentiation of real functions. In Sect. 4.1, basic elements of the theory of approximations are presented. We consider approximations of two types: approximations of a point by pairs of points, which are called A-approximations and used for differentiation, and approximations of topological spaces by their subspaces, which are called B-approximations and used for integration.
Uncle Sam Meets Uncle Scrooge - The Temporary Regulations on Foreign Partner Withholding (Part 2)

Section 1446 requires the withholding of tax by partnerships with foreign partners where the partnership has income or gain that is effectively connected with a trade or business carried on by the partnership within the United States (ECI). The final Regulations implement this simple-sounding concept relentlessly and humorlessly. In particular, the final Regulations interpret the statute to require that in computing the effectively connected taxable income (ECTI) on which tax is to be withheld, the deductions that a partner may be entitled to at the partner level are to be ignored. This rule essentially guarantees that the '1446 tax,' as it is referred to in the Regulations, will almost always be greater than the foreign partner's actual tax — indeed in some cases the partnership will pay a substantial 1446 tax when no tax at all is due by the partner.