cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrared Fluorescence Studies Of State-Selected Energy Transfer And Isotopic Chemistry

Infrared fluorescence has been widely used to detect kinetic rates for chemical reactions and energy transfer. With the use of special gaseous and interference filters it is possible to detect numerous isotopic species or single excited states of atoms and molecules. Detailed state-to-state kinetic studies using laser excitation and infrared detection is an important new spectroscopic tool. Electronic-to-vibrational energy transfer events involving Br(2P1/2) transfer to diatomic and polyatomic molecular vibrations has been found to be very efficient. In many cases, the electronic-to-vibrational excitation produces population inversions among vibrational levels and many new laser transitions have also been observed. Isotopically selective photochemical studies in bromine have been carried out while continuously detecting the reaction enrichment using infrared vibrational chemiluminescence. The reaction of HC1 (v=2) with Br atoms has been studied. Infrared fluorescence from HC1 (v=1 and 2) is used to determine the extent of reaction versus deactivation pathways. Infrared fluorescence has become a powerful means of studying small molecule dynamics and offers many promising spectroscopic techniques for the future.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The role of integrin β1 in human dental pulp cell adhesion on laminin and fibronectin

Abstract Objective. This study is to identify the expression of integrin β 1 in human dental pulp cells and the role of integrin β 1 in pulp cell adhesion on extracellular matrix protein laminin and fibronectin. Study design. Immunoblot detection of integrin β 1 in human dental pulp cells was with the use of monoclonal anti- β 1 antibody. Dental pulp cell adhesion assay on extracellular matrix protein laminin and fibronectin and blocking cell adhesion was performed with monoclonal anti- β 1 antibody. Result. Integrin β 1 was identified in human dental pulp cells. Pulp cells adhered and spread on both laminin and fibronectin. Monoclonal anti- β 1 antibody inhibited human dental pulp cells adhesion on laminin but not on fibronectin. Conclusions. Integrin β 1 was expressed on human dental pulp cells and mediated cell adhesion on laminin. Human dental pulp cells also adhered on fibronectin but the adhesion was not regulated by β 1 integrin.
Triggering a principle of phonemic acquisition

This experimental clinical study evaluated different treatment manipulations of the principle of Laryngeal-Supralaryngeal Cyclicity as a follow-up to Gierut (1994b). Laryngeal-Supralaryngeal Cyclicity states that the acquisition of phonemic distinctions will occur as a bivalent cycle with laryngeal and supralaryngeal distinctions emerging in turn. In this study, children with seemingly static phonemic systems participated in a treatment programme that introduced sequentially new distinctions to the inventory. One child was presented with alternating laryngeal and supralaryngeal properties consistent with the principle, whereas the other child was exposed only to consecutive supralaryngeal distinctions. Results indicated that the latter treatment condition triggered greater phonemic expansion, as based on the longitudinal course of emergent phonemic distinctions for each child. These findings were comparable to those of the earlier investigation, and have implications for treatment efficacy and theories of...
Efficient Algorithms for Shortest Paths in Sparse Networks

Algorithms for finding shortest paths are presented which are faster than algorithms previously known on networks which are relatively sparse in arcs. Known results which the results of this paper extend are surveyed briefly and analyzed. A new implementation for priority queues is employed, and a class of “arc set partition” algorithms is introduced. For the single source problem on networks with nonnegative arcs a running time of O(min(n1+1/k + e, n + e) log n)) is achieved, where there are n nodes and e arcs, and k is a fixed integer satisfying k > 0. This bound is O(e) on dense networks. For the single source and all pairs problem on unrestricted networks the running time is O(min(n2+1/k + ne, n2 log n + ne log n).
What cues do brown-headed cowbirds use to locate red-winged blackbird host nests?

Abstract I examined ecological and behavioural variables influencing the susceptibility of red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus , nests to brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater , in a prairie-nesting population of redwings in southern Wisconsin. I compared the following variables between parasitized and unparasitized nests: proximity of nests to trees and other prominent perches; physical characteristics of nests such as nest height and cover; and aspects of host behaviour, including vocal behaviour and aggression directed towards female cowbirds. I used these data to discriminate among four non-exclusive hypotheses for how brood parasites locate host nests: the perch-proximity, nest-exposure, nesting-cue and host-activity hypotheses. Parasitized nests were significantly closer than unparasitized nests to trees in the 2 years of the study. There was no evidence that nest height or nest cover differed significantly between parasitized and unparasitized nests, suggesting that cowbirds do not use nest exposure as a cue for locating redwing nests. The responses of both parasitized and unparasitized redwings towards a female cowbird mount decreased with increasing mount presentation distance from the nest. There were no significant differences in responses towards the mount between parasitized and unparasitized redwings, giving no support for the nesting-cue hypothesis. Female redwings whose nests were subsequently parasitized gave significantly more nest-associated (type I) vocalizations during the egg-laying period than did unparasitized females. These findings suggest that female brown-headed cowbirds in search of potential host nests use trees to search from, and that female redwing vocalizations may serve as a proximate cue for cowbirds to locate redwing nests at appropriate stages for parasitism, giving support for both the perch-proximity and host-activity hypotheses.
Evaluation of Two Negative-Air Glove Bag Techniques for Asbestos Removal

Abstract Two “negative pressure,” modified glove bag containment techniques were independently evaluated at two separate study sites to assess the effectiveness of these techniques in controlling asbestos exposures to the environment and the worker. The Aero-Pipe Capsule® (APC) is a rigid, reinforced plastic glove box; a large plastic bag, sealed to the lower sides of the APC with an elastic band, closes the open bottom of the APC and provides a replaceable receptacle for debris. The custom fabricated negative-air glove bag (CNAGB) was constructed on site from polyethylene film, gauntlet gloves or prefabricated glove and arm inserts, spray adhesive, and tape. Worker exposures to asbestos, as determined by phase contrast microscopy (PCM), were less than the Occupational Safety and Health Administration permissible exposure limit of 200,000 fibers per cubic meter of air (f/m3) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit (REL) of 100,000 f/m3 with both con...
REACTIONS TO STRANGER AND ACQUAINTANCE RAPE

The purpose of the present study was to investigate females' and males' reactions to a woman who presumably had been raped by a stranger or an acquaintance. Eighty undergraduates, 40 women and 40 men, read one of two rape descriptions prior to watching a videotape of the woman who (they were led to believe) had been the victim of the rape. Female and male subjects were found to have markedly different reactions to stranger and acquaintance rape and rape victims.
Prospective study of the ability of serial measurements of serum chromogranin A and gastrin to detect changes in tumor burden in patients with gastrinomas

BACKGROUND Assessment of tumor burden changes is essential for the management of patients with neuroendocrine gastrointestinal (GI) tumors. Chromogranin A (CgA) is a tumor marker for such tumors; however, to the authors' knowledge, there is little information on whether serial assessments can assess changes in tumor burden. In this prospective study of patients with gastrinomas, serial changes in serum CgA levels were compared with changes in levels of the specific tumor marker gastrin to determine whether they reflected changes in tumor burden. METHODS In 72 consecutive patients, the mean CgA and gastrin levels from three determinations were measured on each visit. Changes in markers were correlated with changes in tumor burden determined by imaging. By assessing daily changes, significance changes in CgA and gastrin levels were determined. RESULTS During 103 follow-up visits (mean, 9.6 months), an increased tumor size occurred in 25% of patients, no change occurred in 62% of patients, and a decrease occurred in 13% of patients. In patients who had increasing tumor size, CgA levels increased numerically in 77% of patients, gastrin levels increased in 54% of patients, and the increases were significant in 60–80% of patients. In patients who had tumor stabilization, CgA levels in 63% of patients and gastrin levels in 73% of patients did not show a significant change. Decreased tumor size postresection showed a significant decrease in CgA and gastrin levels in all patients. The sensitivity of CgA and gastrin was as follows: sensitivity for detecting an increase, 62% for CgA and 31% for gastrin; sensitivity for detecting no change, 42% for CgA and 75% for gastrin; and sensitivity for detecting a decrease in tumor size, 85% for CgA and 85% for gastrin. The specificity varied from 53% to 99% for CgA and from 49% to 93% for gastrin. CONCLUSIONS In patients with gastrinomas, serum CgA and gastrin levels varied considerably from day to day, and this must be taken into consideration. Both markers had low sensitivity and specificity for detecting tumor increases and stabilization. For large tumor decreases postresection, both markers had high sensitivity and specificity. The current results suggest that these markers do not have sufficient sensitivity to replace serial imaging studies for detecting important smaller changes in tumor burden in patients with gastrinomas. Cancer 2003;98:249–61. Published 2003 by the American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11473
Hominoid cytogenetics and evolution

Much of the literature on the chromosomes of the Hominoidea exists in virtual isolation from both evolutionary theory and physical anthropology. Several unjustified speculations about hominoid affinities in the literature of cytogenetics may be attributed to the effects of this isolation. In this paper, the literature of comparative hominoid cytogenetics is reviewed, and that on chromosomal band patterns and repetitive DNA distributions relative to current evolutionary theory is discussed. These data are critically analyzed and shown to be more consistent with an orthodox hominoid phylogeny than with heterodox phylogenies. Rates and modes of karyotypic evolution are also discussed in an attempt to begin to assimilate the study of hominoid chromosomes within the framework of physical anthropology.
Thickening and/or thinning upward patterns in sequences of strata: tests of significance

Geologists commonly purport that successions of strata show one or more thickening and/or thinning upward trends, often prompting colleagues to argue that the `trends' are subjectively identified, unproven or nonexistent. Parametric and randomization tests are proposed to evaluate the null hypothesis of random succession against a variety of alternative postulates of trend. In place of test statistics in vogue that merely compare each bed thickness with that of the beds immediately above and below it, test statistics based on Kendall's S and Tau that make sequence-wide (or subsequence-wide) comparisons of bed thicknesses are advocated. The test statistic used and the exact form of the test depends on the alternative model considered: against the alternative of a single thickening (and/or thinning) upward trend, Kendall's S or equivalently Kendall's Tau are recommended. These statistics make pair-wise comparisons of beds, comparing bed thicknesses with their positions in the vertical sequence. Against the alternative of trends in g subsequences recognized a-priori, e.g. those separated by breaks such as thick sequences of hemipelagic shale, test statistics proposed include: the weighted sum of the g Tau coefficients calculated for the individual subsequences (if subsequences are alleged to be all thickening or all thinning upward), and the weighted sum of the absolute value, or square, of the Tau coefficients (if subsequences are alleged to include both thickening and thinning upward patterns). Tests can indicate that a sequence has one or more subsequences which are nonrandom, but it will not indicate which. To test each subsequence for significance, test each of g subsequences at a level of significance = α/g, thus achieving an overall, sequence-wide, level of significance = α. Against the alternative g subsequences recognized post-hoc, i.e. purely on the basis of observed thickness patterns, a family of test statistics are proposed, each equal to the maximum value of the appropriate test statistic (defined for subsequences recognized a-priori) that is attainable by partitioning the total sequence of beds into 1, 2,…. up to g subsequences. Both same-type and mixed subsequences alternatives arise. Each test proposed is applied to several different sequences, mostly turbidites.
Dual effects of superoxide dismutase on the autoxidation of 1,4-naphthohydroquinone

Abstract The autoxidation of 1,4-naphthohydroquinone, in a phosphate, EDTA buffer at pH 7.4, exhibits an autocatalysis whose lag phase becomes more pronounced in the presence of either the Cu,Zn- or the Mn-containing superoxide dismutases. In contrast, the autoxidation of a second aliquot of the hydroquinone, added after complete oxidation of the first, is linear and is accelerated by superoxide dismutase. Catalase or inactive superoxide dismutase were without effect in either situation. These results are explicable in terms of a free radical chain reaction which is initially propagated by O2− and then, as the quinone accumulates, by univalent reduction of the quinone by the hydroquinone. Reduction of the quinone by O2− diminishes the overall rate of oxidation. It is not necessary to postulate catalysis by superoxide dismutase of the reduction of the semiquinone by O2−.
Composition of the partial wave expansion as a parameter in the MSXα scheme

We explore how the composition of the partial wave expansion in MSXα calculations affects the binding energies and orbital energies for N2, O2, and F2. Nous etudions l'influence de la composition du developpement en ondes partielles dans les calculs de type MSXα sur les energies de liaison et les energies orbitalaires pour N2, O2, et F2. Wir untersuchen wie die Zusammensetzung der Partialwellenentwicklung in MSXα-Berechnungen Total- und Orbitalenergien fur N2, O2, und F2 beeinflusst.
Satellite-observed biological variability in the equatorial Pacific during the 2009–2011 ENSO cycle

Abstract The event of 2009–2011 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provides an opportunity to gain insight into the biological variability of the equatorial Pacific Ocean for an entire ENSO cycle with satellite and in situ observations. Even though El Nino and La Nina in general led to respectively weakened and enhanced chlorophyll-a concentration and net primary production (NPP) along the equatorial Pacific Ocean during the 2009–2011 ENSO cycle, biological responses were highly disparate along the equator and attributed to different driving mechanisms. In the eastern equatorial Pacific east of 150°E, the El Nino-La Nina biological change was in general small except for the transition period even though sea surface temperature (SST) showed over ∼5 °C drop from El Nino to La Nina. In the central-eastern (170°W–140°W) equatorial Pacific, moderate change of biological activity is attributed to the changes of thermocline driven by the eastward propagating equatorial Kelvin waves and changes of zonal currents and undercurrents. Highest biological response in this ENSO cycle was located in the central (170°E–170°W) and central-western (150°E–170°E) equatorial Pacific with quadruple chlorophyll-a concentration and over ∼400 mg C m −2 d −1 increase of NPP from El Nino in 2009 to La Nina in 2010. However, spatial pattern of ENSO biological variability as represented with NPP is not exactly the same as chlorophyll-a variability. Wind-driving mixing of nutrients and eastward advection of the oligotrophic warm pool waters are attributed to this significant biological variability in this region.
HYDROGEN-ION EQUILIBRIA OF WHEAT GLUTEN.

Abstract Hydrogen-ion titration curves of wheat gluten have been studied in 3 M urea plus 0.15 M KCl at 25 °C. Ionizing groups per 105 g. gluten and their intrinsic pK's at 25 δC. are: 29 carboxyl (4.77), 15 imidazole (6.43), 2 α-amino (8.4), 1 sulfhydryl (10.1), 20 tyrosyl (10.26), and 9 lysyl (10.78). The guanidyl groups (pK > 13) affect the titration curve only through the net charge, Z, of gluten. The ionizing groups all appear to be normal although the intrinsic pK of the imidazole groups is on the low side. The empirical electrostatic factor w at acid pH was considerably larger than it was at alkaline pH, and this difference suggests a conformation change has occurred. The titration results agree with the amino acid and other analyses within experimental error.
Computed tomography in the evaluation of the optic chiasm

Abstract Computed tomography (CT) is the procedure of choice for initial evaluation of patients suspected of having chiasmal or perichiasmal lesions. Over 1000 patients were examined with high resolution CT, using axial and coronal scans, contrast enhancement, multiplanar reformations, and, when indicated, metrizamide CT cisternography. The normal anatomic appearance of the chiasm and neighboring structures is demonstrated, as are various pathologic conditions. CT criteria suggesting chiasmal disease are: (1) symmetric or asymmetric enlargement of the chiasm; (2) areas of abnormal density, without or with contrast enhancement, in the chiasm or perichiasmal region; (3) alteration of the suprasellar cistern; and (4) distortion of the anterior-inferior third ventricle.
Integrated simulation of freeway traffic flow and container terminal operation: framework and case study

Abstract This paper proposes a framework for collectively simulating marine terminal operations and urban traffic networks. The frame work consists of two simulation models: a flow-based macroscopic simulation model to simulate container terminals' operations, and a microscopic traffic simulation model to simulate freeway traffic networks adjacent to the terminals. The proposed framework is designed to provide seamless and continuous interaction between the two simulation models. As a case study, a stretch of the I-710 freeway, in the State of California, US, adjacent to the Los Angeles/Long Beach (LA/LB) port is constructed in the framework. The constructed framework is used to simulate and quantify the movements of empty containers within the LA/LB port area.
Social mobility and reproduction among nineteenth-century Colorado silver prospectors.

Popular cultural convention holds that, for those with enough gumption, the American frontier was a land of unparalleled opportunity.1 However, careful research throws doubt on the universality of this convention.2 Thus, the authors explore factors that increase or decrease opportunities for upward mobility in frontier towns.3 The authors’ longitudinal study of late nineteenth century silver prospectors in Gothic, Colorado, demonstrates that while enthusiastic prospecting in Gothic did not lead to upward social mobility, it did provide enhanced reproductive opportunities.
Sandplay and storytelling: Social constructivism and cognitive development in child counseling

Abstract Sandplay and storytelling are therapeutic techniques that are used to elicit significant themes in clients’ social-emotional lives, and social constructivism is an appropriate theoretical framework with which to conceptualize the process of play therapy [Dale, M. A., & Lyddon, W. J. (2000). Sandplay: A constructivist strategy for assessment and change. Journal of Constructivist Psychology , 13 , 135–154; Russo, in press]. The purpose of this study was to use the combined sandplay-storytelling technique to explore counselors’ understanding of the manner in which children's interpersonal relationships and developmental status are reflected in their reconstruction of their social worlds in the sandtray. This qualitative study focused on the language of play as expressed in the context of young clients’ cognitive developmental levels via sandplay-storytelling techniques. Six counselors participated in the study and worked with child and adolescent clients. Case analyses conducted by the counselors revealed themes that were consistent with clients’ cognitive developmental status according to Piagetian developmental stages. Younger children, 5–8 years of age, showed a transition from preoperational to concrete operational thought, whereas adolescents, 12–18 years of age, operated from a concrete to abstract orientation. In addition, counselors observed the stages of sandplay as outlined by Allan and Berry [Allan, J., & Berry, P. (1993). Sandplay. In C.E. Schaefer & D.M. Cangelosi (Eds.). Play therapy techniques (pp. 117–123). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson Inc.) in that clients were able to develop resolution to their stories by repositioning figures to a more adaptive stance.
βIII Spectrin Binds to the Arp1 Subunit of Dynactin

Cytoplasmic dynein is an intracellular motor responsible for endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi vesicle trafficking and retrograde axonal transport. The accessory protein dynactin has been proposed to mediate the association of dynein with vesicular cargo. Dynactin contains a 37-nm filament made up of the actin-related protein, Arp1, which may interact with a vesicle-associated spectrin network. Here, we demonstrate that Arp1 binds directly to the Golgi-associated betaIII spectrin isoform. We identify two Arp1-binding sites in betaIII spectrin, one of which overlaps with the actin-binding site conserved among spectrins. Although conventional actin binds weakly to betaIII spectrin, Arp1 binds robustly in the presence of excess F-actin. Dynein, dynactin, and betaIII spectrin co-purify on vesicles isolated from rat brain, and betaIII spectrin co-immunoprecipitates with dynactin from rat brain cytosol. In interphase cells, betaIII spectrin and dynactin both localize to cytoplasmic vesicles, co-localizing most significantly in the perinuclear region of the cell. In dividing cells, betaIII spectrin and dynactin co-localize to the developing cleavage furrow and mitotic spindle, a novel localization for betaIII spectrin. We hypothesize that the interaction between betaIII spectrin and Arp1 recruits dynein and dynactin to intracellular membranes and provides a direct link between the microtubule motor complex and its membrane-bounded cargo.
What are the hallmarks of cancer

The seminal article by Douglas Hanahan and Robert Weinberg on the hallmarks of cancer is 10 years old this year and its contribution to how we see cancer has been substantial. But, in embracing this view, have we lost sight of what makes cancer cancer?
Feasibility analysis of a spiral groove ring seal for counter-rotating shafts

A feasibility analysis was performed on the use of spiral-groove gas bearings in a ring seal between counter rotating shafts in advanced turbofan engines The analysis focused on the lift force characteristics of the spiral grooves for steady state conditions A computer program for predicting the performance of gas lubricated face seals was used to optimize the spiral groove geometry to produce maximum lift force. Load capacity curves (lift force as a function of film thickness) were generated for four advanced turbofan engine operating conditions at relative seal speeds ranging from 17,850 to 29,800 rpm, sealed air pressures from 6 to 42 N/cm (9 60 psi) absolute, and temperatures from 95 to 327 C (203 620 F) The relative seal sliding speed range was 152 255 m/s (500 to 836 ft/s) The analysis showed that the spiral grooves are capable of producing sufficient lift force under steady state conditions such that the ring seal will operate in a noncontacting mode over the operating range of typical advanced turbof an engines
Determinants of successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Registry

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is recognized as an important new therapeutic approach to the treatment of obstructive coronary artery disease. Since its introduction by Dr. Andreas Gruntzig in 1977, the safety and benefits of the procedure have been verified by many centers worldwide.‘*’ It is now accepted that 70% to 90% of patients experience a significant reduction in coronary artery stenosis with an acceptably low mortality and morbidity. Initial clinical experience suggested that early and presumably soft lesions were most amenable to angioplasty.3 However, increasing use of the procedure has demonstrated efficacy in older patients with more long-standing and diffuse narrowings, as well as in selected patients with multivessel disease. The broader application of this technique has created a need to carefully determine those factors that may influence its success. In June, 1979, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) established an international, voluntary registry to accumulate baseline and follow-up data of patients treated with PTCA. Between 1977 and August, 1982,3079 patients were recruited from 125 participating sites. The purpose of this study was to examine the data available in this large registry in order to determine those clinical, angiographic, and procedural factors that might be related to a successful angioplasty, with the aim
The autodecomposition of radiolabeled human growth hormone.

Abstract Human growth hormone (hGH) was radiolabeled with 125I, using a gentle lactoperoxidase technique. The stability and decomposition products of this tracer were studied by frequent periodic analysis by Sephadex G-100 chromatography on a long column. Monomeric 125I-hGH showed an exponential decline, with a half-life of 61 days. The main radioactive degradation product was iodide, which appeared with a fractional appearance rate of 0.01136 per day. Secondary degradation products were a series of radioactive oligomers of hGH, which appeared with an overall fractional rate of 0.00525 per day. The kinetic data obtained should provide guidelines for the shelf- life and repurification schedule of radioiodinated polypeptides.
The Photolytic Activity of Poly‐Arginine Cell Penetrating Peptides Conjugated to Carboxy‐tetramethylrhodamine is Modulated by Arginine Residue Content and Fluorophore Conjugation Site

Upon light irradiation, Fluorophore-cell-penetrating peptide (Fl-CPP) conjugates can disrupt the integrity of biological membranes. This activity can in turn be used to photoinduce the disruption of endocytic organelles and promote the delivery of entrapped macromolecules such as proteins or RNAs into live cells. Recent mechanistic studies have shown that ROS production by the fluorophore and a latent lytic ability of CPPs act in synergy to elicit photolysis. However, how the structure of fluorophore-CPP conjugates impacts this synergistic activity remains unclear. Herein, using red blood cells (RBCs) as a model of biological membranes, we show that the number of arginine residues in a CPP as well as the position of fluorophore with respect to the CPP dramatically affect the photolytic activity of a fluorophore-CPP conjugate. These factors should therefore be considered for the development of effective photoinducible delivery agents.
Rapid exploration of curvilinear grids using direct volume rendering

Fast techniques for direct volume rendering over curvilinear grids (common to computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis) are developed. Three new projection methods that use polygon-rendering hardware for speed are presented and compared with each other and with previous methods for tetrahedral grids and rectilinear grids. A simplified algorithm for visibility ordering, based on a combination of breadth-first and depth-first searches, is described. A new multi-pass blending method is described that reduces visual artifacts that are introduced by linear interpolation in hardware where exponential interpolation is needed. Visualization tools that permit rapid data banding and cycling through transfer functions, as well as region restriction, are described. >
Distributed leadership in teams: The network of leadership perceptions and team performance.

Abstract This study uses social network analysis to examine distributed leadership in work teams. We used sociometric data from 28 field-based sales teams to investigate how the network structure of leadership perceptions considered at the team level of analysis was related to team performance. We failed to find support for the idea that the more leadership is distributed across the members of a team the better the team's performance: Decentralization of the leadership network (across three different operationalizations of network decentralization) was not significantly related to superior team performance. But we did find support for the idea that certain kinds of decentralized leadership structures are associated with better team performance than others. Our study suggests that distributed leadership structures can differ with regard to important structural characteristics, and these differences can have important implications for team performance.
Margaret Miles and the Platonist’s Daughter

Margaret Miles’ academic memoir Augustine and the Fundamentalist’s Daughter uses Augustine as both a guide and an interlocutor as she recounts her own odyssey of the soul. Miles, using a similar framework to that in the Confessions, makes a public account of her own private reflections on herself, her academic life, and her journey in faith. Taking up the implicit invitation to self-reflection and dialogue that this book provides, this review attempts to bring out key philosophical issues inherent in the book, including Miles’ views on education, love, the body, and God’s grace.
Veterans Administration Cooperative Dental Implant Study--comparisons between fixed partial dentures supported by blade-vent implants and removable partial dentures. Part I: Methodology and comparisons between treatment groups at baseline

This study was conducted to determine whether fixed partial dentures supported by dental implants provide an acceptable alternative to conventional removable partial dentures in patients with Kennedy class I or class II edentulous conditions. The acceptability of the new treatment will be based on success rates, impact on the health of the remaining dentition, masticatory performance, patient satisfaction, and maintenance care and cost. The study was planned also to provide comparisons between two designs commonly used by dentists for fabricating removable partial dentures. The designs differed only in terms of the type of the retainer (clasp type) and tooth support (rest location). A total of 272 patients with Kennedy class I and class II edentulous conditions were assigned on a random basis to one of the treatment groups, 134 to receive a removable partial denture and 138 a fixed partial denture supported by a blade-vent implant. All of the patients were medically screened and met prespecified criteria for oral hygiene, bone support for abutment teeth, and size of the residual ridge. Thirty-four patients were eliminated from the study before completion of their treatment. An additional six patients with early implant failures were reentered in the study and followed up as a separate group. The remaining 232 patients received comprehensive dental care, including removable partial dentures for 118 and fixed partial dentures for 114 patients. A series of examinations, radiographs, masticatory performance tests, patient satisfaction, food selection questionnaires, and dietary history were completed before initiation of the treatment, 16 weeks after the insertion of an RPD or an implant, and thereafter at 6-, 18-, 36-, and 60-month intervals. In addition, patients were seen at 6-month intervals for a recall dental examination, oral prophylaxis, plaque instructions, radiographic survey of the implant, and any needed dental treatment. The randomization stratification approach produced two treatment groups with comparable age, number of remaining maxillary and mandibular teeth, type of opposing dentition, and percent of patients with Kennedy class I and class II edentulous conditions. The mean scores of bone support, tooth mobility, and sulcular depths of abutment teeth were also similar. Significant but comparable improvements in oral hygiene and sulcular depth occurred in the two groups after treatment. The periodontal health scores at the 16-week interval serve as the baseline to measure subsequent changes in periodontal health.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Divine hiddenness and inculpable ignorance

The topic of God's hiddenness has recently become popular among philosophers of religion again, a resurgence largely due to J. L. Schellenberg's provocative and illuminating treatise on it entitled Divine Hiddenness and Human Reason. In Divine Hiddenness, Schellenberg argues that the weakness of evidence for God's existence is not merely a sign that God is hidden; rather, "it is a revelation that God does not exist."1 Schellenberg summarizes his argument in the following way:
Myelination of the rat optic nerve during postnatal undernourishment and recovery: a morphometric analysis

Newborn rats were undernourished from the second postnatal day through 20 days of age and weaned to a diet of laboratory chow ad libitum. Optic nerve development was examined by various light and electron microscopic techniques at 14, 21, 35 and 63 days of age. The degree of undernourishment achieved resulted in body growth lag comparable to results obtained in our previous studies. Although cellularity (cells per photomicrograph area) of the oligodendroglia was unaffected, there was an apparent significant relative reduction in the total number of myelinated fibers by 21 days of age, as determined by light microscopic sampling. Ratios of unmyelinated-to-myelinated fibers were thus estimated by electron microscopy, and results indicated an early increase in the ratio (14 days). Either as the result of catch up in a developmental lag, or as a result of possible restorative effects of rehabilitation, these differences were significant by 35 days of age. The relationship between axon circumference and numbers of myelin lamellae was determined by regression analysis, which revealed a significant reduction in numbers of lamellae over axons of all sizes at 14 days. By 21 days, only fibers in the size range of 1-2 micron of circumference showed a difference, and by 35 days there were no significant differences. These results all indicate that there is a significant myelin reduction in optic nerve of the undernourished rat.
Mechanism of action of aromatic amines that short-circuit the visual cycle.

DAPP [1,5-bis(p-aminophenoxy)pentane] is an antischistosomal drug that can inhibit dark adaptation in vertebrates by impairing formation of 11-cis-retinoids in the eye and by depleting preformed stores of them [Bernstein, P. S., & Rando, R. R. (1985) Vis. Res. 25, 741-748]. It has recently been shown that p-phenetidine and other monofunctional analogues of DAPP (a symmetric bifunctional molecule) can duplicate DAPP's effects, and it was proposed that these retinotoxic compounds exert their effects in vivo by "short-circuiting" the visual cycle, catalyzing the thermodynamically downhill isomerization of 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal [Bernstein, P. S., Lichtman, J. R., & Rando, R. R. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 1632-1635]. In this paper, the "short-circuit" hypothesis is investigated more fully. Numerous phenetidine-like molecules are assayed for their ability to inhibit rhodopsin formation and 11-cis-retinyl palmitate formation in the living frog eye. It is found that virtually any aromatic amine with a moderately hydrophobic alkyl chain "tail" is an active inhibitor in vivo. The tail can be in either the para or the meta position and can be attached to the aromatic ring either by direct linkage or by an ether linkage. Compounds that can be metabolized in vivo to such active compounds are also inhibitory. Amino group modification studies demonstrate an absolute requirement for structures that can form a Schiff base with retinal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Modelling of filtration processes of fibrous filter media

Abstract This work presents a stochastic approach, based on Monte Carlo method, to simulate liquid filtration processes through non-woven fibrous materials. The real filter material is represented as a multilayer medium with a network of multiply connected pores. To describe the deposition and resuspension of particles on and from the filter medium, the following four mechanisms were considered: particle capture by sieving, patricle capture by fibers; particle capture by blocked pores; and particle re-entrainment. The particle capture by fibers and blocked pores, and particle re-entrainment depend on the balance between the adhesion and removal forces. The adhesion forces for particles of diameter smaller than 20 μm were determined through the concept of London-Van Der Waals forces. For particles of diameter greater than 20 μm, gravitational forces were considered. Three-dimensional random flow was assumed to stimulate the particles motion through the multilayer medium. The pressure drop across the filter medium was calculated as the sum of the pressure drop across the clean filter plus the pressure drop due to the deposited particles. A FORTRAN Program was developed to implement the filtration process model. For a wide range of typical filtration conditions, the calculated filter efficiencies predicted the experimental results with a percent difference between 0.5 and 19.3 depending on the particle size. The filter material capacities were predicted with an average discrepancy of 23.0%
Stark effect in triatomic hydrogen Rydberg states

The influence of an external electric field on the Rydberg states of triatomic hydrogen has been studied from the viewpoint of the structure of the spectra and the dynamics of the excited states. Rydberg states with principal quantum numbers ranging from 30 to 125 were observed, and low-field as well as very-strong-field regimes investigated. A perturbative treatment taking into account the coupling between the core rotation and the Rydberg-electron motion was developed. The good knowledge of the low-l Rydberg series in ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ (ns, np, nd, and nf) allowed us to achieve this treatment without adjustable parameters. The agreement between calculation and experimental results is excellent and reveals features resulting from predissociation of selected members of the Stark manifold. Accidental predissociations due to vibrationally excited interlopers are clearly distinguished from the systematic predissociation induced by the mixing with the ns Rydberg series. This is a complete perturbative treatment of the Stark effect in molecular Rydberg states.
Dynamics of Public Sector Accountability in an Era of Reform

Reform Administrative reform has enjoyed significant support in Europe, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand during the past decade (Campbell and Peters, 1988; Christoph, 1992; Stone, 1993; Campbell and Wilson, 1995; Kettl and DiIulio, 1995); it has also ‘permeated Latin America, entered Asia, and most recently penetrated Africa’ (Kearney and Hays, 1998). In contrast to this widespread support at the nation-state level, the adoption of reforms at lower levels of government is more uneven (Brudney et al., 1999). These reforms have been manifested in various ways and under numerous labels, depending upon the national context. In western democracies these reform efforts have gone under the labels of reinventing government, new public management, and managerialism, with the avowed intent of increasing efficiency, responsiveness and accountability of public managers (Barzelay, 1992; Christoph, 1992; Osborne and Gaebler, 1992; Gore, 1993; Mascarenhas, 1993; Dunn, 1997; State Services Commission, 1997; Hood, 1998). Most of these reforms have intended to change the culture and context within which public managers conduct their duties to increase government’s efficiency, effectiveness and accountability. Strategies adopted have included decentralizing government, downsizing government, cutting red tape, increasing administrative discretion, empowering workers, encouraging entrepreneurial behavior, managing for results, and increased attention to performance measurement to make accountability more transparent (Campbell, 1993; Gore, 1995; US General Accounting Office, 1995; Peters and Savoie, 1996). While being in favor of efficiency, responsiveness and accountability is a popular rhetorical stance, the reality of public sector reform represents substantial challenges, not the least of which is how reforms impact the accountability of public administrators. These reforms have implications for the accountability relationships of government agencies and public managers; Olsen (1988) notes that the patchwork of administrative reform can result in administrative apparatus that are more complex and render accountability more obscure. The long-term
Dali: a communication-centric data abstraction layer for energy-constrained devices in mobile sensor networks

Communications in mobile and frequently-disconnected sensor networks are characterized by low-bandwidth radios, unreliable links, and disproportionately high energy costs compared to other system operations. Therefore, we must use as efficiently as possible any periods of connectivity that we have. For this reason, nodes in these networks need mechanisms that organize data to streamline search operations, local computation, and communications.This work proposes a Data Abstraction Layer (DALi), which is inserted between the application layer and the file system. DALi organizes data with networking in mind to facilitate the development of services for Data Search, Naming, and Reduction that combine to make communications more efficient. From the resulting two-tiered data hierarchy, we develop a multi-layer drill-down search structure that can locate data multiple orders of magnitude faster (and with much lower energy) than simpler data storage structures. Additionally, DALi conserves energy and bandwidth through a mechanism that acknowledges and removes specific data segments from a mobile sensor network. Finally, it seamlessly integrates in a lossless compression algorithm specifically designed for sensor networks to save additional energy.
Laparoscopic revision of gastrojejunostomy and vagotomy for intractable marginal ulcer after revised gastric bypass.

The incidence of marginal ulceration after gastric bypass has been reported with significant variability (1–16%) [1]. lthough its pathogenesis is unclear, several factors are assoiated with ulcer formation, including acid exposure, ischemia, oreign body, medications, and tobacco. In general, pharmaologic therapy is highly effective for ulcer healing, and urgical intervention is usually reserved for complications— ypically bleeding or perforation. Rarely, surgical intervention s indicated for cases refractory to medical therapy. We present a laparoscopic revision of the gastrojejunosomy with pouch volume reduction and truncal vagotomy for ecurrent intractable marginal ulcer in the setting of a previusly revised open gastric bypass.
Mechanisms underlying spontaneous oscillation and rhythmic firing in rat subthalamic neurons

Subthalamic neurons drive basal ganglia output neurons in resting animals and relay cortical and thalamic activity to the same output neurons during movement. The first objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms underlying the spontaneous activity of subthalamic neurons in vitro and to gain insight into their resting discharge in vivo. The second objective was to determine the response of subthalamic neurons to depolarizing current injection and how intrinsic properties may shape their response to cortical and thalamic inputs during movement. Cell-attached and whole-cell recordings were made from subthalamic neurons in brain slices prepared from 3- to 4-week-old rats. The slow, rhythmic discharge of subthalamic neurons was resistant to blockade of excitatory synaptic transmission indicating that intrinsic currents underlie their spontaneous discharge. A persistent sodium current was the source of current during the depolarizing phase of the oscillation. A powerful afterhyperpolarization following each action potential was sufficient to terminate the depolarization. A long duration component of the spike afterhyperpolarization determined the period of the oscillation and was generated by an apamin-sensitive calcium-activated potassium current. Calcium entry responsible for that current was associated with action potentials. Subthalamic neurons exhibited a sigmoidal frequency-current relationship with the steeper portion starting at approximately 30-40 Hz. This property makes subthalamic neurons more sensitive to input at high firing rates associated with movement than at low rates associated with rest. We propose that the subthreshold persistent sodium current overcomes calcium activated potassium current which accumulates during high frequency firing and underlies the enhanced sensitivity to current >30 Hz.
How to Solve a Cubic Equation, Part 5: Back to Numerics

In the previous four columns, the properties of the homogeneous cubic polynomial were studied. In this article, the author introduces two new algorithms that, at first, look quite different from what we've done so far. It will turn out, though, that they actually do fit into our solution scheme. In showing this, he has taken good ideas from a variety of authors and translated them into a common notation while also converting them to deal with homogeneous polynomials
Inferring network interactions within a cell

The continuing growth in high-throughput data acquisition has led to a proliferation of network models to represent and analyse biological systems. These networks involve distinct interaction types detected by a combination of methods, ranging from directly observed physical interactions based in biochemistry to interactions inferred from phenotype measurements, genomic expression and comparative genomics. The discovery of interactions increasingly requires a blend of experimental and computational methods. Considering yeast as a model system, recent analytical methods are reviewed here and specific aims are proposed to improve network interaction inference and facilitate predictive biological modelling.
The Hydrodynamics Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology—1976

The High Speed and Free Surface Water Tunnels are the principal research facilities of the Hydrodynamics Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. Significant changes have been made to these facilities since their erection in 1945. This paper presents a description of these facilities, and their operating characteristics, as they exist today. Recent projects, new instrumentation, and support facilities are also described.