cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-Scale Grafted Polymeric Nanostructures Patterned Bottom-Up by Colloidal Lithography and Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD)

Colloidal lithography is a popular, non-conventional process that uses two–dimensional self-assembled monolayer arrays of colloidal nanoparticles as masks for techniques such as etching or sputtering. Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD) is a surface controlled process which offers unprecedented opportunity for producing polymeric layers grafted to substrates with dangling vinyl bonds and patterned through a colloidal template. We demonstrate a generic “bottom-up” process as an inexpensive and simple technique for creating well-ordered arrays of functional patterned polymeric nanostructures. These patterns were produced from thin polymer films of p(butyl acrylate) and p(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), and are robustly tethered to the underlying substrate, as demonstrated by their ability to withstand aggressive solvents. Furthermore, using capillary force lithography, we created topographical templates for large-scale orientation of the nanoparticle assembly. Through this “top-down” approach, for assisting the bottom-up assembly, we present a process for multi-scale patterning of functional polymeric materials, without the need for expensive lithography tools.
Cooperative deoxygenation of haemoglobin: asymmetry of binding and subunit differences

Oxygen uptake by the blood in the lungs of a resting human brings the level of saturation of haemoglobin from ∼70% to >97% (refs 1,2). The recourse to this upper portion of the oxygen binding curve is reflected in an asymmetry of the isotherm which is frequently reported3,4, but which has not been accorded any physiological role. This asymmetry is responsible for a more pronounced cooperativity of the deoxygenation at nearly complete saturation than that displayed in the typical sigmoidal pattern of loading at low oxygen tensions. Such behaviour is viewed here as a consequence of and a possible rationalization for the presence of two similar but distinct types of subunit in the haemoglobin tetramer.
Psychophysiological measurement of information selection: two studies.

These studies measured selective exposure to information by “open-and “closed-minded” subjects within a consistency perspective, using an eye camera to record actual exposure behaviors on discrepant, supportive, and balanced materials, presented simultaneously. Arousal (taken as an indicator of stress) of the subjects during exposure to each of the types of stimulus materials was measured through use of galvanic skin response equipment. These procedures were selected to overcome some of the principal questions about validity raised in regard to conventional methods in information selection studies.
The nitrations of 2,4,5-triisopropylacetanilide

Abstract The nitrations of 2,4,5-triisopropylacetanilide give mainly 2,4,5-triisopropyl-6-nitroacetanilide in acetic anhydride and mainly 2,4-diisopropyl-5-nitroacetanilide in conc sulphuric acid. An attempt has been made to interpret the direction of substitution in sulphuric acid in terms of the dominant influence of the 2-isopropyl group in substitutions in the conjugate acid. 2,4,5-Triisopropyl-6-nitroacetanilide loses a nitro group in boiling ethanolic HCl and this may represent the first reported case of protodenitration.
m-functions and Floquet exponents for linear differential systems

Si definisce un esponente di Floquet per certe equazioni differenziali lineari nonperiodiche, la parte immaginaria del quale rappresenta una «rotazione» delle soluzioni di dette equazioni. Inoltre si discute la relazione fra l'esponente di Floquet e le funzioni m di Weyl-Kodaira, e fra la rotazione e certi problemi spettrali.
Delelopment of singularities of smooth solutions of nonlinear hyperbolic volterra equations

On etudie la non existence de mouvements lisses globaux pour des equations de Volterra hyperboliques non lineaires
A novel method for analysis of human T cell repertoires by real-time PCR.

T lymphocyte responses to challenges with multiple pathogens depend on the diversity of their T cell receptors (TcRs) that are heteroduplexes of alpha and beta chains. The regions of alpha and beta chains that define TcR specificity are encoded by rearranged variable (V) and joining (J) genes that are separated by variable numbers of nucleotides that encode the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3). The assumption that a “healthy” T cell compartment exhibits broad TcR and CDR3 diversity has driven development of methods to evaluate diversity of TcR beta transcripts expressed by T lymphocyte populations and subpopulations in inflammatory sites and human malignancies. To that end, we have developed the BV:BJ matrix assay that uniquely generates a single statistic that describes TcR repertoire diversity and improves identification of beta transcripts expressed by expanded T cell clonotypes. The BV:BJ matrix uses rigorously selected primers specific for individual V and J genes to amplify beta transcripts in real-time PCRs driven by 533 BV:BJ primer pairs. The quantitative control of real-time PCRs produces Shannon entropy estimates of diversity that are reproducible over a range of template amounts and amenable to statistical analyses that have been difficult to perform with existing methods of repertoire analysis.
Loss of dystrophin and the microtubule-binding protein ELP-1 causes progressive paralysis and death of adult C. elegans.

EMAP-like proteins (ELPs) are conserved microtubule-binding proteins that function during cell division and in the behavior of post-mitotic cells. In Caenorhabditis elegans, ELP-1 is broadly expressed in many cells and tissues including the touch receptor neurons and body wall muscle. Within muscle, ELP-1 is associated with a microtubule network that is closely opposed to the integrin-based adhesion sites called dense bodies. To examine ELP-1 function, we utilized an elp-1 RNA interference assay and screened for synthetic interactions with mutated adhesion site proteins. We reveal a synthetic lethal relationship between ELP-1 and the dystrophin-like protein, DYS-1. Reduction of ELP-1 in a dystrophin [dys-1(cx18)] mutant results in adult animals with motility defects, splayed and hypercontracted muscle with altered cholinergic signaling. Worms fill with vesicles, become flaccid, and die. We conclude that ELP-1 is a genetic modifier of a C. elegans model of muscular dystrophy. Developmental Dynamics, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Renal Lymph Sodium and Potassium Concentrations Following Renal Vasodilation

SummaryRenal lymph concentrations of sodium and potassium were compared with those of arterial blood plasma before and during ACh induced decrease in medullary sodium concentration. It was found that L/P ratios of both sodium and potassium were unchanged following renal arterial infusion of ACh. These data yielded the conclusion that L/P ratios for sodium are largely due to renal cortical mechanisms and are independent of medullary interstitial fluid sodium concentration.
Is visual thinking "imageless thought"?

Two measures of visual problem-solving ability and two measures of visual-imaging ability were administered to 99 subjects. Scores on the Emergent Patterns Test, a problem-solving test which requires subjects to think about specific combinations of visual icons and to identify the emergent patterns, did not correlate significantly with scores on either the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire or the Brightness of Visual Imagery Measure. Scores on the Block Visualization Test, which requires subjects to think about blocks being painted and diced and to answer questions about the resulting pieces of block, did not correlate significantly with the scores on the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire and correlated negatively with the scores on the Brightness of Visual Imagery Measure. The three nonsignificant correlations support nineteenth-century arguments that vivid imagers tend to construct sensory representations of unconscious visual thoughts, whereas “imageless thinkers” tend not to. The one n...
Monitoring interface traps in operating organic light-emitting diodes using impedance spectroscopy

Abstract Electronic trap densities at the indium tin oxide (ITO)/hole transport layer (HTL) interface in operating organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are characterized in situ using impedance spectroscopy. For OLEDs with a high density of active trap states, negative values of the frequency derivative of resistance are clearly observable for frequencies on the order of 10 kHz, whereas positive values are observed when the trap density is low With this technique, it is revealed that the trap density is minimized via the introduction of a TPD-Si 2 (4,4′-bis[( p -trichlorosilylpropylphenyl) phenylamino]-biphenyl) passivation layer at the ITO/HTL interface or by the application of large electric fields during device operation. Furthermore, impedance spectroscopy illustrates that the ITO/HTL interface is not a simple series resistance when traps are present since they are shown not to contribute to high frequency conduction. Overall, this paper demonstrates that the parasitic effects of interface traps can mask the underlying negative capacitive transport in OLEDs and presents a technique capable of monitoring the trap density of buried interfaces in organic electronic devices.
Sinonasal abnormalities in patients with Graves' orbitopathy.

Objectives: To compare radiographic sinus mucosal thickening in patients with Graves' orbitopathy versus controls and determine whether target autoantigens thought to underlie systemic manifestations of Graves' disease are present within paranasal sinus mucosa. Study Design: Case-control study. Methods: Sinus computed tomography (CT) scans from patients with Graves' orbitopathy scheduled for orbital decompression surgery (n = 50) were compared with maxillofacial CT scans from control patients (n = 50). Scans were rated for sinus mucosal disease by two independent reviewers using the Lund-MacKay and Harvard staging systems. Gene expression for thyrotropin receptor and type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) was assessed in ethmoid mucosal samples using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: Increased sinus mucosal thickening was found in patients with Graves' orbitopathy compared with controls for both the Lund-MacKay (6.2 vs. 2.7; P < .01) and Harvard (2.1 vs. 1.3; P < .01) systems. Compared with control scans, the Graves' orbitopathy group exhibited greater mucosal thickening in the ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid sinuses (P < .05 for all). RT-qPCR and IHC demonstrated gene expression for both the thyrotropin receptor and the IGF-1R in ethmoid mucosa. Conclusions: Patients with Graves' orbitopathy who present for orbital decompression exhibit a higher prevalence of sinus mucosal thickening on CT scan. These findings may be explained by circulating autoantibodies to target antigens, thyrotropin receptor and IGF-1R, associated with Graves' disease and found to be expressed in sinus mucosa. Laryngoscope, 2011
The role of the magazine-response contingency on signal-directed responding in pigeons

Abstract Three experiments used a procedure for directly delivering water into the thirsty pigeon's mouth to explore the role that the instrumental magazine contingency plays in autoshaped responding. Magazine training was accomplished by requiring birds to contact a “magazine” key when it was illuminated, in order to obtain intraoral injections of water. Other subjects received water injections independent of a magazine-response contingency. Subsequently, magazine-trained subjects showed a transient enhancement in responding to the illumination of another “signal” key, whether that stimulus was presented alone or paired with water delivery. The overall level of maintained autoshaped responding was little influenced by the instrumental magazine contingency, although the within-trial time course of signal-directed responding was affected. When illumination of the signal key preceded access to water only when the signal was not contacted, pigeons directed many responses toward the signal key. However, there was no evidence that the instrumental magazine contingency enhanced responding on this omission schedule of reinforcement. These results thus confirm a small, but measurable contribution of the magazine-response contingency to signal-directed responding; they fail to support the conclusion that the instrumental magazine contingency greatly affects the outcomes of autoshaping studies.
TEACHERS’ REPORTED USE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL

(1993). TEACHERS’ REPORTED USE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 4-10.
The power of numbers in gender dynamics: illustrations from community forestry groups

Is solidarity and a collective articulation of interests a necessary condition for the socially disadvantaged to have a voice in institutions of local governance, as some commentators argue? Or can their inclusion in sufficient numbers equally serve this purpose, as implied in the global lobbying for quotas? Also, by what process can numbers transform into solidarity? And how can the impact of inclusion in local institutions move beyond the local? Answers to these questions would be relevant in many contexts, not least in emerging global debates on the social and solidarity economy (SSE). This paper argues that the power of numbers and implicitly shared interests can, in themselves, go a long way towards improving outcomes for the disadvantaged, although a conscious recognition and collective articulation of shared interests can further enhance effectiveness. The shift from implicitly shared interests to their collective expression, however, will require a concerted engagement with intra-group dynamics an...
Dopamine involvement in ACTH-induced grooming behavior

Low doses of dopamine agonists and antagonists were tested for their effects on the excessive grooming behavior induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of ACTH1-24. Grooming scores were significantly depressed at doses of haloperidol, metoclopramide, pimozide, and butaclamol that did not decrease locomotor activity. In fact at two doses of haloperidol (0.067 and 0.10 mg/kg), grooming scores were decreased while locomotor activity was increased significantly. Metoclopramide increased grooming scores at a dose reported to block presynaptic dopamine receptors. Apomorphine potentiated the grooming induced by low doses of ACTH. These data support the hypothesis that dopaminergic neurotransmission is necessary for the display of ACTH-induced grooming behavior.
The fallacy of the square root sampling rule.

It is demonstrated that the determination of sample size as the square root of the lot size may create a sense of false security. Lot size alone is shown to provide an incomplete basis for determining sample size, whether by “square root” sampling or percentage sampling. Sampling plans based on quantitative statements of the risks involved are recommended.
Vital places: Facilitators of behavioral and social health mechanisms in low-income neighborhoods.

Starkly unequal built and social environments among urban neighborhoods are part of the explanation for health disparities in the United States. This study is a qualitative investigation of the ways that residents of a low-income neighborhood in Madison, WI, use and interpret nearby neighborhood places. Specifically, I ask how and why certain places may facilitate beneficial behavioral and social mechanisms that impact health. I develop the organizing concept of “vital places”: nearby destinations that are important to and frequently-used by neighborhood residents, and that have theoretical relevance to health. I argue that conceiving of certain places as vital integrates our understanding of the essential components of places that are beneficial to health, while also allowing policy-makers to be creative about the ways they intervene to improve the life chances of residents in disadvantaged neighborhoods. I synthesize the findings into the characteristics of three types of vital places. First, I find that a convenient, comprehensive, and affordable food source can facilitate a healthy diet. An attractive, accessible, and safe recreational facility can support greater physical and social activity. Finally, shared, casual, focused social spaces provide opportunities to create and sustain supportive social ties. This study adds depth and complexity to the ways we conceptualize health-relevant community assets and provides insight into revitalization strategies for distressed low-income housing.
SPUR: a trace-based JIT compiler for CIL

Tracing just-in-time compilers (TJITs) determine frequently executed traces (hot paths and loops) in running programs and focus their optimization effort by emitting optimized machine code specialized to these traces. Prior work has established this strategy to be especially beneficial for dynamic languages such as JavaScript, where the TJIT interfaces with the interpreter and produces machine code from the JavaScript trace.This direct coupling with a JavaScript interpreter makes it difficult to harness the power of a TJIT for other components that are not written in JavaScript, e.g., the DOM implementation or the layout engine inside a browser. Furthermore, if a TJIT is tied to a particular high-level language interpreter, it is difficult to reuse it for other input languages as the optimizations are likely targeted at specific idioms of the source language.To address these issues, we designed and implemented a TJIT for Microsoft's Common Intermediate Language CIL (the target language of C#, VisualBasic, F#, and many other languages). Working on CIL enables TJIT optimizations for any program compiled to this platform. In addition, to validate that the performance gains of a TJIT for JavaScript do not depend on specific idioms of JavaScript that are lost in the translation to CIL, we provide a performance evaluation of our JavaScript runtime which translates JavaScript to CIL and then runs on top of our CIL TJIT.
Postpartum physical symptoms in new mothers: Their relationship to functional limitations and emotional well-being

Historically, obstetrical outcomes research has focused mainly on maternal and neonatal mortality, or life-threatening and serious illnesses resulting in hospitalization during pregnancy or following childbirth (1-8). A small number of more recent studies have addressed a much wider range of health problems that childbearing women may experience in the postpartum period – including, for example, backaches, headaches, fatigue, and perineal or pelvic pain. Albers has referred to this category of health problems as the “hidden morbidity” (1). Empirical findings suggest that such problems are quite common and can persist over time, and thus should be regarded as having considerable importance for the functional health status and the overall quality of life of women, during the postpartum period (3,9-14). The absence of better information about the extent and nature of this hidden morbidity has been identified by patients as a significant problem, since women are surprised by and may be unprepared to deal with the attendant discomfort and limitations. Similarly, obstetrical providers see the lack of epidemiological data as a significant barrier to the provision of optimal postpartum care (3). While awareness of the scope, prevalence and persistence of postpartum morbidity has improved, further research is needed to reveal its causes, correlates and consequences (13). Emotional health, for example, has been the subject of longstanding concern in obstetric and psychological literature (15-20), but surprisingly there are no known large-scale studies in the U.S. examining the link between the varying degrees and types of physical morbidity and depression or depressive symptoms in the postpartum period. This is in spite of well-documented comorbidity of physical illnesses, and depressive and emotional disorders in the wider adult and elderly populations,(21-25) which has arguably informed practice in ways that have improved the quality of care. The current study explores the relationships between postpartum physical health, functional impairment and the emotional well-being of postpartum women. Specifically, data from a community-based observational study are examined to determine the associations between some of the more commonly occurring postpartum morbidities, the presence of work, child care, daily activity functional limitations, depressive symptomatology, and overall self-rated emotional health of new mothers in the study sample.
DNA REPLICATION: DIRECTION AND RATE OF CHAIN GROWTH IN MAMMALIAN CELLS

Using pulse labeling techniques with [3H]thymidine or [3H]cytidine, combined with DNA fiber autoradiography, we have investigated the direction and rate of DNA chain growth in mammalian cells. In general, chain elongation proceeds bidirectionally from the common origin of pairs of adjacent replication sections. This type of replication is noted whether the DNA is labeled first with [3H]thymidine of high specific activity, followed by [3H]thymidine of low specific activity or the sequence is reversed. Approximately one-fifth of the growing points have unique origins and in these replication units, chain growth proceeds in one direction only. Fluorodeoxyuridine and hydroxyurea both inhibit DNA chain propagation. Fluorodeoxyuridine exerts its effect on chain growth within 15–23 min, while the effect of hydroxyurea is evident within 15 min under conditions where the endogenous thymidine pool has been depleted by prior treatment with fluorodeoxyuridine. Puromycin has no effect on chain growth until 60 min after addition of the compound, even though thymidine incorporation is more than 50% reduced within 15 min. After 2 h of treatment with puromycin, the rate of chain growth is reduced by 50%, whereas thymidine incorporation is reduced by 75%. Cycloheximide reduces the rates of DNA chain growth and thymidine incorporation 50% within 15 min, and, on prolonged treatment, the decrease in rate of chain growth generally parallels the reduction in thymidine incorporation.
More Than a Billion People Taking Statins?: Potential Implications of the New Cardiovascular Guidelines

The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines on assessment of cardiovascular risk1 and on treatment of blood cholesterol, which included recommendations for primary prevention with statins,2 came under intense criticism immediately with their release. Main concerns focused on flawed methods (problems with the risk calculation),3 ethics (conflicts of interest),4 and inferences (too many people offered treatment).
Child Neglect and Onset of Substance Use Disorders among Child Welfare-Involved Adolescents

In relation to child abuse, child neglect has been understudied even though it is more common and causes at least as much harm. While child maltreatment (in a single category) has been linked to substance use disorders (SUD), and while child abuse alone (without neglect) has been linked to SUD, it remains unclear whether differences exist in the link between SUD and child abuse alone (without neglect) versus SUD and child neglect alone (without abuse). Utilising the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being II (NSCAW II, 2014): Wave I - 2008-09; Wave II - 18 months later: N = 5872), we used logistic regression to longitudinally assess whether past-year abuse versus past-year neglect in Wave I are equally influential in predicting newly diagnosed substance dependence in Wave II (among youth without SUD in Wave I). After adjusting for several factors, we found that past-year child neglect in Wave I was a significant predictor of newly diagnosed substance dependence in Wave II among youth who did not have SUD in Wave I. Other forms of youth maltreatment were unrelated. The findings suggest that child welfare and substance abuse professionals could pay special attention to youth with past-year neglect in order to help prevent the emergence of new substance dependence disorders. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 'Child neglect has been understudied even though it is more common and causes at least as much harm' Key Practitioner Messages * Child neglect was found to be a significant predictor of newly diagnosed substance dependence. * Child welfare and substance abuse professionals could pay special attention to youth in the child welfare system to help prevent the emergence of new substance dependence disorders. * Models such as differential response and home visitation could help address child neglect and prevent negative outcomes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 'Neglect was found to be a significant predictor of newly diagnosed substance dependence' Language: en
Response to Comment on "Physical Model for the Decay and Preservation of Marine Organic Carbon"

Fast enzyme deactivation rates are not required by our physical model of organic matter decay. Instead, low effective diffusivities arising from sorption of enzymes and physical protection by minerals are sufficient. Our model predicts observed temporal trends in organic-matter decay rather than specific rate constants. Existing statistical models of intrinsic reactivity explain observed trends empirically but not theoretically.
The Paradox of Fit: How Perceptions of Fit Impede Organizational Change

The purpose of this research was to unravel an apparent paradox: a change that was perceived to lack fit with established organizational values was effectively implemented, while one that was perce...
Adenosine deaminase-adenosine pathway in hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension

Summary Hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension (HA-PH) is a serious clinical complication of various hemolytic disorders, and pulmonary hypertension (PH) is considered the greatest risk factor for death in patients with a hemolytic disorder. It is now well established that hemolysis causes the release of soluble hemoglobin and arginase from injured erythrocytes into plasma. This leads to nitric oxide (NO) deficiency, oxidative stress and a state of endothelial dysfunction that is associated with clinical development of PH. We challenge this concept and propose that in addition to the NO-arginase pathway, the adenosine deaminase–adenosine pathway plays a significant role in HA-PH and that modulation of this pathway may offer protective/therapeutic effects in HA-PH. Our preliminary data suggest that in HA-PH adenosine deaminase (ADA) is released from injured erythrocytes into plasma and that metabolic conversion of adenosine (ADO) to inosine by ADA reduces extracellular ADO levels. Adenosine, mainly via activation of adenosine A 2A receptors, mediates a number of biological responses that may reduce hemolysis-induced vasculopathy and the risk of PH. Hypoxia is the strongest stimulus for ADO synthesis, and this increased ADO production counteracts some of the tissue/vascular injury caused by hypoxia itself. Unfortunately, under hypoxic conditions (anemia, vasoconstriction, and vaso-occlusion) in HA-PH, this "ADO negative-feed back" is abolished and the vascular protective effects of ADO are severely diminished by ADA released from injured erythrocytes. We hypothesize that in hemolytic anemia the repetitive release of ADA increases the risk for vaso-occlusive events and PH. We also propose that increase in extracellular ADO levels or activation of adenosine A 2A receptors attenuates HA-PH, and we suggest further preclinical and clinical investigation of ADA inhibitors and ADO agonists in HA-PH.
Determinants of antiarrhythmic drug action: electrostatic and hydrophobic components of block of the human cardiac hKv1.5 channel

The molecular basis of antiarrhythmic drug action is still poorly understood. We recently reported that block of the human cardiac hKv1.5 channel by quinidine displayed similarity with internal quaternary ammonium block of squid and Shaker potassium channels. To gain further insight into the molecular determinants of the affinity and the stereoselectivity of antiarrhythmic drug action, we studied the effects of quinine (a diastereomer of quinidine), clofilium (a quaternary ammonium class III agent), and tetrapentylammonium (TPeA, a biophysical reference probe for the internal quaternary ammonium binding site). For all compounds, block was voltage dependent, with a steep increase over the voltage range of channel opening and a superimposed weaker voltage dependence at more positive potentials. The latter electrostatic component was similar for all drugs, consistent with a binding reaction sensing approximately 20% of the transmembrane electrical field. Clofilium and TPeA displayed a higher apparent affinity (0.15 and 0.28 mumol/L, respectively), and quinine displayed a lower one (21 mumol/L) compared with quinidine (6.2 mumol/L). Block development upon depolarization was time dependent for clofilium and TPeA but slow compared with quinidine. A time-dependent component was difficult to resolve for quinine, but the time course of deactivating tail currents was slower than in the control condition. The resulting crossover phenomenon was also observed for the quaternary drugs. Compared with TPeA alone, the combined application of quinine and TPeA resulted in a reduced current that decayed slower, consistent with competition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Growth and Decay of Low-Frequency Anomalies in a GCM

The temporal evolution of a regional-scale persistent low-frequency anomaly is examined with data from a 2100-day perpetual January general circulation model. The persistent episodes are determined with an objective analysis of the low-pass (.10 day) 350-mb streamfunction field that uses both pattern correlations and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The composite evolution of each term in the streamfunction tendency equation is calculated relative to the onset day (the first day of the persistent episode). By projecting each term in the streamfunction tendency equation onto an EOF (the EOF is associated with a particular low-frequency anomaly), the contribution of these terms toward the tendency of the corresponding principal component can be obtained. It is found that the sum of the linear terms dominates during most of the growth and the decay of the low-frequency anomaly. The linear term that accounts for the growth and maintenance of the low-frequency anomaly is the interaction between the anomaly and the time-mean zonally asymmetric flow. After the anomaly attains sufficient amplitude, its decay is accomplished through the divergence term. For one phase of the EOF, it is found that the high-frequency transients prolong the anomaly, whereas in the other phase they do not. Implications of this study for examining monthly averaged anomalies are also discussed.
DOCK7 interacts with TACC3 to regulate interkinetic nuclear migration and cortical neurogenesis

Neurogenesis in the developing neocortex relies on the ability of radial glial progenitor cells (RGCs) to switch from proliferative to differentiative neuron-generating divisions, but the molecular mechanisms that control this switch in a correct temporal manner are not well understood. Here, we show that DOCK7, a member of the DOCK180 family of proteins, regulates RGC proliferation versus differentiation. Silencing of DOCK7 in RGCs of developing mouse embryos impedes neuronal differentiation and maintains cells as cycling progenitors. In contrast, DOCK7 overexpression promotes RGC differentiation to basal progenitors and neurons. We further present evidence that DOCK7 influences neurogenesis by controlling apically directed interkinetic nuclear migration of RGCs. DOCK7 exerts its effects by antagonizing the microtubule growth-promoting function of the centrosome-associated protein TACC3. Thus, DOCK7 interaction with TACC3 controls interkinetic nuclear migration and the genesis of neurons from RGCs during cortical development.
Lagrangian finite element treatment of transient vibration/acoustics of biosolids immersed in fluids

SUMMARY Superposition principle is used to separate the incident acoustic wave from the scattered and radiated waves in a displacement-based finite element model. An absorbing boundary condition is applied to the perturbation part of the displacement. Linear constitutive equation allows for inhomogeneous, anisotropic materials, both fluids and solids. Displacement-based finite elements are used for all materials in the computational volume. Robust performance for materials with limited compressibility is achieved using assumed-strain nodally integrated simplex elements or incompatible-mode brick elements. A centereddifference time-stepping algorithm is formulated to handle general damping accurately and efficiently. Verification problems (response of empty steel cylinder immersed in water to a step plane wave, and scattering of harmonic plane waves from an elastic sphere) are discussed for assumed-strain simplex and for voxel-based brick finite element models. A voxel-based modeling scheme for complex biological geometries is described, and two illustrative results are presented from the bioacoustics application domain: reception of sound by the human ear and simulation of biosonar in beaked whales. Copyright q 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elusive aetiology of bacterial vaginosis. Do lesbians have a clue

See linked article, p 470 In bacterial vaginosis (BV), hydrogen peroxide+ lactobacilli (LB), which define normal vaginal microbiology, are replaced by anaerobic/facultative bacteria.1 BV is the most common cause of vaginitis and associated with preterm delivery, pelvic inflammatory disease and HIV acquisition.2,3 Its cause is unknown. Treatment with metronidazole, clindamycin or tinidazole improves symptoms and restores normal flora and associated mucosal defences,4,5 but BV frequently persists (11–29%) and recurs (72% by 7 months).6–8 Unprotected sex may contribute.7,9 In fact, the debate about sexual transmission of a potentially causative agent for BV has been given new urgency by the report of newly defined Clostridiales bacteria detected, along with other novel BV-associated bacteria (such as Atopobium vaginae ), which appear to be highly specific for BV—that is, they appear to be present rarely in women without BV.10,11 Newer data also support a role for BV in promoting HIV acquisition in women.12 The prevalence of BV in lesbians has been reported to be high (25–52%) in several studies and most female sex partners are concordant for …
Living All Your Life

When I came to the United States ten years ago, I expected to work in gerontology, a field in which I had been working for some 20 years. I was delighted to find that gerontology was alive and well, that there are a lot of people involved in it, and that progress is being made in a great many different areas. I should perhaps explain that gerontology is a word which is sometimes corrupted to mean teaching old people to do macrame work. Gerontology is in fact the biological study of the processes of aging. Geriatrics is the branch of medicine which deals with the medical care and health needs of the old, and social gerontology is the branch of sociology which concerns itself with the old. But I found that what was missing in the United States compared with Europe was the awareness of geriatric medicine, which generally was absent from the curricula of medical schools; it is in teaching geriatrics I have been working for the last few years.
Alfalfa as a nutritive modulator in maintaining the innate immune response during the molting process

SUMMARY Forced molting of laying hens increases enteric foodborne pathogens in the reproductive tract, leading to contaminated eggs and progeny of infected hens. Currently, we lack a complete understanding of how conditions such as molting affect the immune system. Previous reports have shown that alfalfa is effective in inducing a molt as well as in producing protection against Salmonella Enteritidis organ invasion. Our laboratory has also shown that immune functions are significantly reduced during molting. The present investigation evaluates a specific parameter of immune function, heterophil function, during an induced molt in hens fed alfalfa. Three replicate experiments used hens older than 65 wk of age that were divided into 6 groups of 12 hens each and placed in individual laying cages. Two weeks before dietary changes, hens were placed on an 8L:16D photoperiod that continued for the 12-d experiment. Peripheral blood samples were taken from hens on d 0, 2, 6, and 12 of molt. Hens were randomly placed into 3 treatment groups: nonfed hens, fully fed hens, and alfalfa-fed hens. To evaluate heterophil functions, the production of an oxidative burst as well as cellular degranulation assays were performed. In addition, total and differential peripheral blood leukocyte counts were performed. When compared with the nonfed control, alfalfa-fed birds showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher oxidative burst and degranulation activities. The data confirm previous observations that heterophil functions are significantly decreased in nonfed birds and the data show that birds fed alfalfa had numerically increased heterophil functions over a 12-d molting period when compared with heterophils of nonfed controls. Commercial integrators should consider using alfalfa when developing new molting programs.
NO-donating aspirin inhibits the activation of NF-κB in human cancer cell lines and Min mice

Nitric oxide-donating aspirin (NO-ASA) is a promising agent for the control of cancer, whose mechanism of action remains unclear. NF-kappaB is an important signaling molecule in the pathogenesis of cancer. We studied in several human colon (HT-29, HCT-15, LoVo, HCT116 and SW-480), pancreatic (BxPC-3, MIA PaCa-2) and breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) cancer cell lines, the effect of NO-ASA on NF-kappaB activation, determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, immunofluorescence and western blot analyses of nuclear proteins. NO-ASA inhibited NF-kappaB activation, as early as 30 min and with IC(50)s ranging between 0.83 and 64 microM. Such inhibition was also observed at NO-ASA concentrations that had an insignificant or marginal effect on cell growth. The effect of NO-ASA on NF-kappaB binding to DNA was significantly correlated with its effect on cell growth (P < 0.05) indicating that the growth inhibitory effect of NO-ASA may be mediated by its effect on NF-kappaB. Compared with control, NO-ASA decreased NF-kappaB activation in intestinal epithelial cells of APC(min+/-) mice by 38.4% (P < 0.01). Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that the nuclear levels of the p50 and p65 NF-kappaB subunits were virtually unaffected, suggesting an inhibitory mechanism different from suppressed subunit translocation into the nucleus. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by NO-ASA may account, at least in part, for its chemopreventive efficacy.
The Cyclical Profit Squeeze: A Marxian Microfoundation:

This paper develops a microfoundation for the cyclical profit squeeze theory of crisis. An optimal cyclical mark-up pricing policy is derived. The mark-up rises from initial trough until midexpansion and then declines until the terminal trough. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the resulting decline in the profit rate are the capital-labor struggle which determines the behavior of costs and the competition among capitals which restricts rising costs from being fully passed on. It is also shown that this optimal mark-up behavior serves as a microfoundation for a profit squeeze theory of the business cycle.
Congenital Agenesis of Inferior Vena Cava: A Rare Cause of Unprovoked Deep Venous Thrombosis

Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava (IVC), although rare, are a risk factor for lower limb deep venous thrombosis (DVT). A 19-year-old male presented with a left flank and groin pain caused by iliofemoral venous thrombosis. Vascular imaging by computed tomography (CT) scanning and venography demonstrated agenesis of the IVC. Catheter-directed thrombolysis via a popliteal vein was attempted but did not alter the patency of the common femoral vein outflow collaterals into the retroperitoneal azygous venous system. The patient was anticoagulated using systemic heparin infusion and clinical symptoms resolved within 5 days. He was transitioned to oral Coumadin anticoagulation, and follow-up venous duplex testing demonstrated no infrainguinal DVT and phasic venous flow with respiration in the femoral vein indicating patent collateral veins. Anomalies of the IVC are present in 0.3-0.5% of otherwise healthy individuals. Agenesis of the IVC has an incidence of 0.0005-1% in the general population but is found in almost 5% of patients <30 years of age with unprovoked lower limb DVT. In adults, IVC agenesis anomaly can cause diagnostic problems in the paravertebral area because of the tumor-like appearance of the azygous venous collaterals on noncontrast CT imaging. In young adults presenting with unprovoked lower limb DVT, the presence of an IVC anomaly should be considered and evaluated for by venous duplex testing and if necessary CT venography.
Effects of Ti additions on the nanostructure and creep properties of precipitation-strengthened Al-Sc alloys

Abstract Three-dimensional atom-probe tomography, transmission electron microscopy and microhardness were used to investigate the temporal evolution of nanosize, coherent Al 3 (Sc 1− x Ti x ) precipitates (L1 2 structure) in a coarse-grained Al–0.06at.%Sc–0.06at.%Ti alloy aged between 300 and 450 °C. At 300 °C, most scandium atoms partition within one day to the precipitates, whereas titanium atoms, even after 64 days of aging, remain predominantly in solid solution in the matrix, resulting in precipitates with average composition Al 3 (Sc 0.94 Ti 0.06 ). While titanium is very effective at retarding the coarsening kinetics of the precipitates, the low levels of titanium substitution result in only modest hardness increases over the binary Al–0.06at.%Sc alloy. When crept at 300 °C, the peak-aged alloy exhibits a threshold stress, which when normalized by the Orowan stress, increases with increasing radius, as predicted by a recent model considering elastic interactions between dislocations and coherent precipitates, and as previously observed in Al–Sc–Zr alloys.
LEPROSY CASE DETECTION RATES BY AGE, SEX, AND POLAR TYPE UNDER LEPROSY CONTROL CONDITIONS

The knowledge of leprosy epidemiology is still extremely limited as to basic epidemiologic characteristics. Only the infectious agent and the reservoir of infection have been firmly established. It is all the more surprising that very few studies of analytical leprosy epidemiology are reported in the literature. In order to contribute to the analysis of these characteristics, data are presented on the age and sex distribution of types of leprosy from the Pogiri Leprosy Control Project, a large leprosy control project in Andhra Pradesh, India. This data base includes records on biannual examination of some 160,000 household contacts of nearly 48,000 leprosy cases observed from five to nine years between 1962 and 1970. These data indicate a peak of leprosy prevalence and incidence in the age group 35-44 years. The sex differential in leprosy, observed in these data, appears more related to sex differences in social contact, as sex ratios of leprosy vary widely among different populations. Finally, the age distribution of tuberculoid leprosy shows a bimodal curve, with peaks at ages 10-14 and 35-44 years. The first peak appears related both to the occurrence of early and self-healing lesions in school children, and to the more frequent examination of school children. Additional observations are presented on type ratios of leprosy in single and multiple case households, and on per cent of single lesions for tuberculoid cases detected over time.
Cyclical Growth: The Interdependent Dynamics of Industry and Agriculture

Accumulation is one side of the golden coin of capitalism; the creation of the proletariat is the other. Historically, accumulation has meant the simultaneous dispossession of people and concentration of property, so that the dispossessed face the propertied in the free labor market (see Marx (1967), I, pp. 614, 620, 624).
A new human pathogenic Phialophora

An unreported Phialophora, isolated from a nasal granuloma is described. The fungus is characterized by pigmented, ovoid budding cells in tissue, and cultural properties that include a yeastlike growth form, sporulation from hyphal sterigmata, from rigid, spinelike conidiophores and from short urn-shaped phialids. The binomium Phialophora spinifera has been chosen to represent the species.
Participation of SAIC in the LLUMC Proton Synchrotron Project

Loma Linda University Medical Center (LLUMC) is constructing a 250 MeV proton synchrotron and associated treatment facilities for the purpose of the control of cancer through particle beam irradiation or proton therapy. The synchrotron and beam transport line are being developed by Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) with participation by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) as an industrial partner for technology transfer. SAIC is supporting the project in three ways: 1) by accomplishing specific tasks in the design and development of the facility; 2) by participating directly with LLUMC and FNAL in areas of technology transfer; and 3) by being directly responsible for the installation, commissioning, and early operation of the facility.
The Dimensional Stability of Carpets in Installations Part I: Stability to Mechanical Actions

Dimensional stability of floor coverings to forces encountered under end-use conditions has not been investigated extensively, although problems of wrinkling and puckering of carpets in stretch installations arise frequently. Mechanical actions from the stretching procedure during installation and from pedestrian traffic are a major source of forces which carpets must resist. A test method validated prior to adoption by the British Standards Institution was used to characterize a large number of carpets for dimensional stability to mechanical actions. A number of properties measured by this method were found to be highly correlated. Several carpet construction characteristics—total weight, gage, and stitch density—were found to have little relationship to stability to mechanical action. Woven carpets were found to have better stability than tufted carpets, with the stability of tufted carpets being highly dependent upon primary and secondary backing type. Generally, woven backings provided more stability ...
A neighborhood interaction model of housing maintenance and quality changes by owner occupants.

The paper first outlines the pure theoretical model, specifying the basic elements of utility functions, transformation functions, and the choice of optimum housing quality. Next, the richness of the model is demonstrated by using it to explain several realistic scenarios in both comparative static and dynamic contexts. Its predictions will be compared to those of previous models and to available empirical evidence.
Appendix to 'Can Simple Mechanism Design Results Be Used to Implement the Proportionality Standard in Discovery?'

Online appendix to Jonah B. Gelbach, "Can Simple Mechanism Design Results be Used to Implement the Proportionality Standard in Discovery?," to be published in the Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics in 2015.
The Green River Ambient Model Assessment Program

The Clean Air Act Amendment of 1977 requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to promulgate regulations that specify the use of atmospheric dispersion models to achieve air quality limits pertinent to Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and attainment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). A major need exists for predictive models of pollutant transport and diffusion in complex terrain, especially in the pristine areas of western United States where energy development and utilization are rapidly expanding.
Uniform Flow over Skew Side-Weir

A rectangular channel with a skew side-weir is designed to obtain a uniform discharge distribution over the side-weir. Numerical and experimental results are presented. Geometric and flow characteristics of the side weir and the channel are given. It is shown that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental data.