cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental Degradation of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Fasteners in Wood

This paper examines the durability of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) nails in treated wood. The FRP nails were exposed to four conditions: (1) accelerated weathering, consisting of exposure to ultraviolet light and condensation; (2) 100% relative humidity (RH); (3) being driven into untreated wood and exposed to 100% RH; and (4) being driven into wood treated with alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) and exposed to 100% RH. Changes in the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties were examined with weight loss, dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), respectively. Although fasteners exhibited changes after exposure to treated wood, the changes were not statistically different than the changes that occurred in untreated wood or in the humid environment. Under these three conditions, the fasteners gained 2-3% of their starting mass, and the storage modulus also increased by 20% after exposure. The results suggest that moisture is more important than the wood chemistry or preservative chemistry in determining the durability of FRP fasteners in wood. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000619. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Nails; Fastening; Fiber reinforced polymer; Coating; Wood; Degradation. Author keywords: Nail; Preservative-treated wood; Dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA); Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR).
Locally clocked pipelines and dynamic logic

Micropipelines and most of its variants use a delay-insensitive controller to moderate a pipeline. In search of improved performance, we depart from the delay-insensitive model in favor of a bounded-delay model for the controller. In particular, we demonstrate how a general delay-insensitive controller for level-sensitive pipelines can be improved by assuming a bounded-delay model and taking advantage of delay information to make the controller faster and more efficient. The new control scheme is referred to as locally clocked (LC) control. A highly pipelined logic technique called LC dynamic logic is presented that combines the bounded-delay controller for their comments and suggestions. with a latching dynamic logic gate design. Simulations comparing LC control with its delay-insensitive counterpart are presented. Also, an 8 /spl times/ 8 bit multiplier with a maximum frequency of 715 MHz for a 1 /spl mu/m CMOS process that uses LC dynamic logic is presented.
Effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin concentrations in overweight to moderately obese men and women.

Background: Recent studies indicated that dietary n–3 polyunsaturatedfattyacids(PUFAs)increasecirculatingadiponectinconcentrations in rodents. Objective: We aimed to investigate whether a diet rich in n–3 PUFAs increased plasma concentrations of total or high-molecularweight (HMW) adiponectin in healthy overweight-to-moderately obese men and women. Design: Sixteen women and 10 men with a body mass index (in kg/m 2 )between28and33wererandomlyassignedtoconsumeadiet rich in n–3 PUFAs (3.5% of energy intake) from both plant and marine sources or a control diet (0.5% of energy intake from n–3 PUFAs). For the first 2 wk, these diets were consumed under isocaloric conditions; then followed a 12-wk period of ad libitum consumptionthatwasassociatedwithamoderatelossof3.5%ofbody weightinbothgroups.TotalandHMWadiponectinplasmaconcentrations were measured before and after each diet phase. Results: Plasma fasting adiponectin concentrations did not change during the isocaloric period, but they increased modestly (10%) duringtheadlibitumperiodwhensubjectslostweight[P0.009for time in repeated-measures analysis of variance] and to a similar extent in subjects consuming the control x SD: 0.42 0.69 g/mL) and n–3 PUFA (0.45 0.85 g/mL) diets (P 0.920 for time treatment interaction). Plasma concentrations of HMW adiponectin did not change significantly during the study. Conclusion: Dietary n–3 PUFAs consumed at levels of 3.5% of energy intake do not significantly increase plasma or HMW adiponectin concentrations in overweight-to-moderately obese healthy menandwomenoverthecourseof14wk. AmJClinNutr2008; 87:347–53.
Kunneth theorems and unstable operations in 2-adic KO -cohomology

We develop Kunneth theorems and obtain detailed results on unstable operations in 2-adic KO -cohomology and, more generally, in united 2-adic K -cohomology. These results are needed for work on the K -localizations of spaces at the prime 2 and should be of independent interest. Our proofs of relations for unstable operations rely on Atiyah's Real K -theory and on a convenient mod 2 simplification of 2-adic KO -cohomology.
Functional glass slides for in vitro evaluation of interactions between osteosarcoma TE85 cells and mineral-binding ligands

Primary amine-functionalized glass slides obtained through a multi-step plasma treatment were conjugated with anionic amino acids that are frequently found as mineral binding elements in acidic extracellular matrix components of natural bone. The modified glass surfaces were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements. Human osteosarcoma TE85 cells were cultured on these functionalized slides and analyses on both protein and gene expression levels were performed to probe the ''biocompatibility'' of the surface ligands. Cell attachment and proliferation on anionic surfaces were either better than or comparable to those of cells cultured on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). The modified glass surfaces promoted the expression of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase activity and ECM proteins such as fibronectin and vitronectin under differentiation culture conditions. Transcript analysis using gene chip microarrays confirmed that culturing TE85 cells on anionic surfaces did not activate apoptotic pathways. Collectively, these results suggest that the potential mineral-binding anionic ligands examined here do not exert significant adverse effects on the expression of important osteogenic markers of TE85 cells. This work paves the way for the incorporation of these ligands into 3-dimensional artificial bone-like scaffolds.
Human Resource Management and Strategic Change: Challenges in Two Deregulated Industries

The importance of human resource management to strategic adaptation has been widely discussed by both scholars (Fombrun, Tichy, and Devanna, 1984) and popular writers (Peters and Waterman, 1983) alike. A well adapted firm must not only formulate an effective strategy, but it must also align its various administrative systems to its chosen strategy (Pascala and Athos, 1981). Its 7-Ss, i.e. its Strategy, Structure, Systems, Style, Shared values, Staff, and Skill must be aligned for it to be well adapted (Waterman, 1979). Human resource management is concerned with several of these Ss. It focuses on the recruitment, training, and development of personnel; design of reward systems; nurturing of management styles; and institutionalization of values that are in keeping with the firm’s strategy.
Comparison of dental arch measurements in the primary dentition between contemporary and historic samples.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate secular changes that may have occurred in dental arch dimensions by comparing a sample of contemporary North American white children (born between 1992 and 1995) in the primary dentition to those children found in an earlier study of North American white children (born between 1946 and 1948). The sample of contemporary children has been followed prospectively since birth and was assessed at 4½ to 5 years of age. Data for the historic sample were obtained from 5-year-old children who were enrolled in the Iowa Growth Study. The 2 samples were similar in terms of geographic location, racial and ethnic backgrounds, and socioeconomic status. To further enhance the comparison and to match the 2 groups, the 2 samples were restricted to white children with a normal overjet (
The Context of Mediation

William Smith's article, "Effectiveness of the Biased Mediator" makes several important points, and has stimulated my thinking on several issues. I shall, however, confine my comments to a single subject-one with theoretical implications for the general study of negotiation. This subject is the contrast between the "traditional" and the "international" models of mediation. Smith's discussion of these models takes off from Pruitt's comments on "traditional" versus "non-traditional" mediation, 1 and develops them further. In explaining why biased mediation is possible in the international arena, he describes and characterizes two contrasting models. Smith implies, rightly I believe, that we need not designate one model as useful and discard the other. By calling one "traditional" and the other "international," he suggests that both can be useful, and that each may be valid within a different situation or context. What now needs to be done is to identify and delimit their respective domains. While Smith's description and characterization of the two models is a helpful starting point, he stops short of stating the models' full implications. Perhaps, as his terminology suggests, he was not aware of these implications. Some preliminary comments about Smith's terminology may be useful at this point. The term "traditional" refers to traditional notions or theories of mediation, whereas "international" refers to an empirical domain or context. The two terms do not contrast, and their juxtaposition can be misleading. The "traditional" model of mediation refers to traditional thinking, not to historical periods; it should not be contrasted with "modern." On the contrary, the traditional model corresponds to certain contemporary situations. Likewise, the "international" model should not be contrasted with a "domestic" model. On the contrary, it is conceivable that mediation corresponding to the "international" model can also take place within states. In other words, it is possible for a biased mediator to be effective in a domestic conflict, and for an impartial one to mediate successfully in the international arena.
Crustal segmentation, composite looping pressure-temperature paths, and magma-enhanced metamorphic field gradients: Upper Granite Gorge, Grand Canyon, USA

The Paleoproterozoic orogen of the southwestern United States is characterized by a segmented, block-type architecture consisting of tens of kilometer-scale blocks of relatively homogeneous deformation and metamorphism bounded by subvertical highstrain zones. New fi eld, microstructural, and petrologic observations combined with previously published structural and geochronological data are most consistent with a tectonometamorphic history characterized by a clockwise, looping pressure-temperature (P-T) path involving: (1) initial deposition of volcanogenic and turbiditic supracrustal rocks at ca. 1.75‐1.74 Ga, (2) passage from 750 °C). Notable variations along the transect are also primarily thermal in nature and include differences in the temperature of the prograde history (i.e., early andalusite versus kyanite), equilibrium pressures recorded at peak temperatures, and intensity of late-stage thermal spikes due to local dike emplacement. High-precision ΔPT “relative” thermobarometry confi rms lateral temperature variations on the order of 100‐250 °C with little to no variation in pressure. The Upper Granite Gorge thus represents a subhorizontal section of lowermost middle continental crust (~0.7 GPa). Results imply that the entire ~70-km-long transect decompressed from ~0.7 to ~0.3‐ 0.4 GPa levels as one large coherent block in the Paleoproterozoic. The transect represents a 100% exposed fi eld laboratory for understanding the heterogeneity and rheologic behavior of lowermost middle continental crust during orogenesis. Hot blocks achieved partial melting conditions during penetrative subvertical fabric development. Although these blocks were weak, large-scale horizontal channel fl ow was apparently inhibited by colder, stronger blocks that reinforced and helped preserve the block-type architecture. Development of dramatic lateral thermal gradients and discontinuities without breaks in crustal level is attributed to: (1) spatially heterogeneous advective heat fl ow delivered by dense granitic pegmatite dike complexes and (2) local transcurrent displacements along block-bounding high-strain zones over an ~15‐20 m.y. time interval. Exhumation of the transect from 25 to 12 km depths is interpreted to refl ect erosion synchronous with penetrative development of steeply dipping NE-striking foliations and steeply plunging stretching lineations, consistent with an orogen-scale strain fi eld involving NW-SE subhorizontal shortening and subvertical extension during crustal thickening.
A Conceptual Modeling Method for Critical Infrastructure Modeling

Conceptual Modeling often is perceived as a way of introducing the process of modeling a system, by concentrating on a reduced appreciation of that system, with a necessary reduction in the number of affecting variables and relations making up the model. As an alternative to this approach, rather than reduce the number of variables and relations, it has been found to be useful to include as many as possible variables and relations (resulting from a functional decomposition of a class of like systems) in a Potential Model (which represents the potential of all specific instances of the class of like systems), and then to move towards a Specific Model by applying contextual and situational values to the appropriate variables and relations that apply to the actual case. In so doing, the necessary reduction in variables and relations in moving from Potential Model to Specific Model allows the conceptual model to lead to further steps in the modeling process, ensuring that all relevance to the class of system is retained. This technique has been applied to a critical infrastructure modeling project, with both the method and results being presented here.
Secretion kinetics of prolactin and growth hormone by mouse anterior pituitaries in long term organ cultures.

Abstract Long-term organ cultures of mouse anterior pituitaries provides a system for generating an enriched starting material for the purification of prolactin and growth hormone. Culturing 1 anterior pituitary per ml in serum-free medium for 12 days resulted in a total yield of 40.9 μg and 6.6 μg of prolactin and growth hormone, respectively. This yield represented a 1886§ net increase over the control prolactin and growth hormone content in the the unincubated pituitaries. Secondly, culturing of 1–5 anterior pituitaries per ml did not result in a negative feedback autoregulation in the culture system.
Photo-induced Charge-transfer and Photovoltaic Effect in a Composite Involving a Nonconjugated Conductive Polymer and C60

Photo-induced charge-transfer and resulting photovoltaic effect in a composite involving a nonconjugated conductive polymer, poly(β -pinene) and C60 is reported. The photovoltaic cell was fabricated using indium-tin-oxide coated glass as one electrode and aluminum as the other, with poly(β -pinene)-C60 composite film sandwiched in-between. A Nitrogen laser (325 nm) and an illuminant white-light-source (300–700 nm) were used and the photo-voltage produced was found to have a linear dependency on light intensity. The photoluminescence of poly(β -pinene) (at 360 nm) was quenched when C60 was added to form the composite. Therefore, the photovoltaic effect is a result of excited-state electron-transfer from poly(β -pinene) to C60.
Laser hair removal

Laser hair removal created controversy when it was first described over 5 years ago. It has now become an accepted modality for long-term hair reduction. It rivals electrolysis in the successful treatment of small hair-bearing areas. It surpasses any modality in the treatment of larger hair-bearing anatomic areas.
Design flaws in pilot decision making CBTs

Many computer-based training programs (CBTs) have been developed for use in pilot training. Those related to improving the decision making skills of pilots hold great promise. However, all too often, this promise has gone unrealized because of serious flaws in the structure and design of these training programs. I have identified four major areas in which these flaws commonly appear. When these flaws are present they greatly restrict the educational usefulness of such programs and can even be counterproductive when used in pilot training. I restrict my focus to those flaws found in self-contained CBTs which usually are available via CD-ROM.
Politics and Prison Development in a Rural Area

In 1985, Eastern Oregon State Hospital, an institution for the mentally ill, was converted into Eastern Oregon Correctional Institution (EOCI), a medium-security prison for men. EOCI was the first Oregon correctional institution outside the Salem area. This article examines the historical, political, and economic reasons the institution was located in Pendleton. We argue that the most important variable in determining where a prison will be located is not geography, safety, or demography, but whether the prison fits the economic growth plan of the area. If so, local elite are more likely to support the institution, and the institution is therefore more likely to be built. Policy implications for siting correctional institutions are discussed.
The Controversy Over Antidepressant Drugs in an Era of Evidence-Based Practice

Questions regarding the efficacy of antidepressant drugs have been a recent focus of attention in the national news both in print and in the television media. Many clients will have questions regarding what they can believe and how they can address mood problems. Social workers constitute a greater percentage of the mental health work force than any other profession. Thus, social workers will probably be asked by clients about these issues. This article presents information on the efficacy of antidepressants for both the short and long term. It covers adverse effects and withdrawal symptoms. Clients' self-determination should be honored. However, social workers can be of assistance in supplying facts relevant to decision making.
Chronicles of Clumsiness: Hyperopic Flâneurs and Myopic Bourgeois in the Streets of Nineteenth-Century Paris

The physiologies and mass-circulation literature of the July Monarchy launched the emergence of the flâneur in the French popular imaginary, and famously celebrated his acute, flexible, and discerning gaze. Yet, these texts sometimes represent imperilled flâneurs who inadvertently collide with the city; the cause of these accidents lies in their hyperopia and subsequent failure to perceive the closest and most pedestrian details of the Parisian street. This farsightedness itself results from distraction in the French senses of the term: as both absentmindedness (la distraction) and social entertainment (les distractions), the flâneur’s distraction belongs to him as much as to Paris itself. The accidents that it causes question the stability of the flâneur as a social type, and eventually of social taxonomies themselves.
A colorimetric method for hyaluronic acid estimation.

SummaryA new colorimetric method for the determination of hyaluronic acid is described, based upon precipitation of acid polysaccharide with hemoglobin at pH 3.8 and conversion of the prosthetic group of the precipitated protein to ferriheme cyanide. The color of this derivative is determined photo-electrically and the value for hyaluronic acid obtained by reference to a standard curve prepared with known material.
Nanowire and nanocable intrinsic quantum capacitances and junction capacitances: results for metal and semiconducting oxides

Here we calculate the intrinsic quantum capacitance of RuO2 nanowires and RuO2/SiO2 nanocables (filled interiors of nanotubes, which are empty), based upon available ab initio density of states values, and their conductances allowing determination of transmission coefficients. It is seen that intrinsic quantum capacitance values occur in the aF range. Next, expressions are derived for Schottky junction and p-n junction capacitances of nanowires and nanocables. Evaluation of these expressions for RuO2 nanowires and RuO2/SiO2 nanocables demonstrates that junction capacitance values also occur in the aF range. Comparisons are made between the intrinsic quantum and junction capacitances of RuO2 nanowires and RuO2/SiO2 nanocables, and between them and intrinsic quantum and junction capacitances of carbon nanotubes. We find that the intrinsic quantum capacitance of RuO2-based nanostructures dominates over its junction capacitances by an order of magnitude or more, having important implications for energy and charge storage.
A Comparison of Two Methods to Conduct Material Flow Analysis on Waste Tires in a Small Island Developing State

Summary The disposal of scrap tires is one of the biggest solid waste issues facing some small island developing states (SIDS) in the Caribbean. Dominica is a small Caribbean island nation that seeks to maintain its well-founded image as the “Nature Island of the Caribbean.” The economy has seen a steadily increasing import of both tires and cars, with no mechanism for exportation of spent tires. This study used data gathered from both government and international sources to estimate the quantity of tires currently on the island and projected each year up to 2020 to determine potential reuse options. We performed a material flow analysis (MFA) using tire import, vehicle registration records, and projected per capita income to determine the expected accumulation of waste tires. Vehicle registration is expected to rise with the island's wealth, which will affect the annual flow of tires. Two methods were used to predict vehicle growth over time. Our analysis showed an average waste tire output from the economy of 47,000 to 50,000 passenger tire equivalents (PTEs) per year, or approximately 470 to 500 short tons per year of mass. Such an output does not justify large expenditures of tire shredding and processing equipment, but whole tire applications may be feasible as potential disposition options. The methods can be easily replicated to give low-range and high-range estimates of waste tires disposed in the environment.
Cooperative effects of fatty acids and n -butanol on lipid membrane phase behavior

Biodiesel-derived crude glycerol can be fermented to produce n-butanol, which is a platform chemical for biorefining and a biofuel. One limitation to crude glycerol fermentation is the presence of long-chain fatty acids (FAs) that can partition into cellular membranes, leading to membrane fluidization and interdigitation, which can inhibit cellular function. In this work, we have examined the phase behavior of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC, C16:0) membranes and the membrane partitioning of n-butanol as a function of FA degree of unsaturation (steric, oleic, and linoleic acids) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and monolayer surface pressure studies. All three FAs at 15mol% (85mol% DPPC) prevented interdigitation by n-butanol based on the DSC results. n-Butanol partitioning and membrane expansion was greatest for DPPC/oleic acid membranes, where monounsaturated oleic acid (OA, C18:1) was miscible in gel and fluid phase DPPC. Saturated steric acid (SA, C18:0), which ordered the membranes and yielded a SA-rich phase during melting, led to a modest increase in n-butanol partitioning compared to DPPC alone. Di-unsaturated linoleic acid (LA, C18:2), which disordered the membranes and phase separated, had little affect on n-butanol partitioning into the DPPC-rich phases. The effects of OA and LA are attributed to the additional interfacial area provided by these FAs due to acyl tail 'kinks' at the carbon double bonds. These results show that exogenous FAs can partition into membranes, impacting n-butanol partitioning and acting cooperatively with n-butanol to alter membrane structure.
Fibroblast Growth Factors as Local Mediators of Gonadal Function

Although the presence and effects of many growth factors in gonadal tissues has been established by several investigators (1–4), their physiological function remains, to a large extent, speculative. The main reason behind this problem is the fact that in in vitro assays, growth factors have a tremendous number of biological activities. A case in point is basic fibroblast growth factor, basic FGF (3,4). This mitogen is characterized by its ability to elicit a neovascular response in in vivo assays of angiogenesis (5) and is thought to participate in these processes in the reproductive system (3). Yet these growth factors are also characterized by their capacity to modulate the growth and function of a wide number of cells (6,7). These include granulosa, adrenocortical, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, chondrocytes and fibroblasts, just to name a few. In some instances, basic FGF has no effect on cell proliferation, but only affects differentiated function (8–10). In other cases, its mitogenic activity appears to be the predominant activity (6,7). With the structural characterization of basic FGF, it has become of paramount importance to establish its possible physiological function(s) in tissues where it has been identified. At first glance, its pleiotropic activities might seem to preclude determining a specific function for this molecule; however, the discovery that it is widely distributed and found in almost all tissues suggests that its biological activities are local and thus potentially highly specific for any given environment. On this basis, it seems unlikely that an adrenal-derived FGF plays the function of a wound healing and/or angiogenic factor. More likely it is involved in adrenocortical homeostasis, an activity of the molecule in vitro (11).
Martha Stewart: Whipping Up a Storm (B)

This (B) case updates students on the post conviction situation of Martha Stewart and MSO. After the verdict, MSO stock prices plunged 23 percent. Were these financial problems just bumps in the road for MSO? Would Stewart make a comeback? She had created a good brand and product lineshould her image be back up front and center? The situation presents an opportunity for students to understand that leadership mindset does not consist of going from crisis to crisis but anticipating and shaping your organization.
Metabolism of the Steroid Hormones. Conversion of Desoxycorticosterone to Glycogenic Material In vitro.

SummaryIncubation of desoxycorticosterone either as the free compound or as the glucoside with adrenal slices or homogenate resulted in the formation of glycogenic material.
(Keynote Lecture) The Thermodynamic and Practical Limits to Energy Conversion: Considerations in the Search for Alternative Energy Sources

This paper discusses efficiency of energy production based on the various methods used to generate it. The purpose of the paper is to point out the need of inclusion of the energy cost associated in obtaining all the materials (not just the fuel) needed to produce energy. The discussion starts with thermodynamic efficiency and them moves to the energy costs associated with mining, refining, construction and manufacturing of the construction materials. The concept of embodied energy, i.e., energy used to create the product (or the energetic material, for that matter) is explained and given for certain products or systems. Among the several options to classical (fossil) fuel reserves, solar energy conversion as a resource is considered.
Revelations of Foreign Military Officers’Quality Training

Learning the foreign armiesi’nstructive experiences selectively has great significance to strengthen our armys’ modernization construction.The worthy contents,mechanisms and methods of foreign army officers’ quality training were analyzed in such four aspects as selection and cultivation,politics education,comprehensive training and practical drilling,based on which,some advices about strengthening our army officers’quality training were bought forward,proceeding from enhancing political education,carrying out systemic training,and clinging to the requirements for future actual combat.
Monitoring on Adverse Events Following Immunization in Qingyuan City from 2005 to 2009

[Objective]To analyze the characteristics of Adverse Events Following Immunization(AEFI) in Qingyuan city,evaluate the safety of vaccines and the quality of the immunization services.[Methods]The data of AEFI cases reported by different districts in Qingyuan city from 2005 to 2009 were analyzed,and the epidemiological analysis was conducted with descriptive method.[Results]From 2005 to 2009,9.3086 million vaccines were administered in Qingyuan city,and 116 AEFI were reported with the reported incidence rate of 12.5/ 1 000 000.37.07% of AEFI cases were occurred in March and November,and 64.65% of AEFI cases were children under 5 years old.The symptoms of patients were mild,which included 48 cases of induration and swelling in injection sites(41.37%),32 cases of rash(27.59%) and 11 cases of fever(9.48%).[Conclusion]The average incidence rate of AEFI in Qingyuan city from 2005 to 2009 was below the expected range.To strictly carry out the technical operation and enhance the professional training among operators were the main ways to reduce AEFI.It is urgent to make the specific compensatory approach on solution of AEFI.
Investigation on symbiotic bacteria(Wolbachia) in Aedes albopictus from central and eastern Zhejiang province, China

Objective To investigate the infection state and genotype of Wolbachia from Aedes albopictus in central and eastern Zhejiang province, and to provide a reference for mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control.Methods Light traps and human baits were applied to collect adult female mosquitoes, wsp genes of Wolbachia were tested by PCR and sequenced for phylogenetic analysis.Results In total 192 adult female mosquitoes were captured in six sampling sites:Hangzhou, Ningbo, Shengsi, Yiwu, Lishui and Wenzhou. The positive rate of wsp gene of Wolbachia was between 25.0%and 96.9% among these cities. There were 11 wsp haplotype sequences, of which lengths were between 581 bp and 605 bp,the average content of A, T, G and C was 31.4%, 31.1%, 21.5%, 16.0%, respectively. The homology of the nucleotide sequences of wsp was between 76.5% and 99.8%, and the homology of the amino acid sequences of wsp was between 66.2%and 100%. The 11 wsp haplotype sequences were divided in super group A(Wolbachia: w Alb A) and B(Wolbachia: w Alb B)by phylogenetic analysis.Conclusion Infection of Wolbachia in Ae. albopictus mosquitoes are widespread by in centraland eastern Zhejiang province, whose genotypes belong to w AlbA and w AlbB.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies with Children and Adolescents

In general, psychological theory and underlying world views guide psychological therapy. One begins with ontological and epistemological assumptions about the world and how humans operate within it (stated either explicitly or implicitly), and from these assumptions, one constructs either a theory of human behavior or a research paradigm to study human behavior or both. In the field of clinical child psychology there has been an increasing interest in the formulation of cognitive-behavioral theories, especially as they relate to psychopathology and psychotherapy. These theories, tied to empirical data (i.e., observations of phenomena), attempt to identify concepts that generalize to broader circumstances. This chapter provides an overview of the emerging and evolving cognitive-behavioral position, especially as it relates to psychosocial therapy with children. We will begin by briefly discussing the theoretical framework on which the cognitive-behavioral position is based. Next, we will illustrate how this theory guides the therapeutic posture of the cognitive-behavioral therapist. In a brief review of the extant literature, we consider cognitive-behavioral applications with a variety of clinical problems in youth. Finally, we suggest future directions for theory and practice.
Section 1: Human Hearing

Hearing is the sensation that vibrations produce in the ear. The impressions of the vibrations are able to be transmitted by any matter, but the air is the ordinary conductor that transmits them to the auditory nerve by the outer and inner parts of the ear.
The Indignities of a Women’s Prison

Since the work of Gresham Sykes (1958), and others (e.g. Murton 1969; Jacobs 1977; Toch 1977; Irwin 1980; Cordilia 1983; Johnson and Toch 1988; Sieh 1989; and Curie 1998), it is evident that prisoners experience traumatic conditions that go significantly beyond simple discomfort, threatening the inmates’ psychological well-being and attacking their sense of self-worth (Jewkes 2005; Kaminski 2003, p. 188). Additionally, the report Confronting Confinement: A Report of the Commission on Safety and Abuse in America’s Prisons (Gibbons and Katzenbach 2006) also details instances of inmate and staff abuse problems that are brought about by overcrowding, a lack of programming, subjective classifications schemes, the excessive use of force, a lack of surveillance technology, and the locating of prisons far from families.
Fission Chain Restart Theory

Fast nanosecond timescale neutron and gamma-ray counting can be performed with a (liquid) scintillator array. Fission chains in metal evolve over a timescale of tens of nanoseconds. If the metal is...
Exploring the Early Adopters of Augmented Reality Smart Glasses: The Case of Microsoft HoloLens

Not much research has been done to understand how consumers react to wearable technologies that mix virtual and real worlds in glasses-like wearable devices. Drawing up on various technology acceptance and media theories, the authors develop a model to understand how people react to Augmented Reality Smart Glasses (ARSGs) using the example of Microsoft HoloLens. Results show that consumer’s adoption decision is driven by various expected benefits including usefulness, ease of use, and image. However, hedonic benefits were not found to influence the adoption intention. In addition, this research shows that the influence of the descriptive norms on the adoption intention outperforms the influence of the injunctive norms, which are established drivers of technology acceptance research. Theoretical and managerial implications of these findings are discussed.
Transcription factors as critical players in melanoma invasiveness, drug resistance, and opportunities for therapeutic drug development

Resistance to targeted therapy in cancer is often coupled with the acquisition of a pro-invasive phenotype by tumors cells and a highly permissive tumor microenvironment promoting drug resistance. Transcription factors are frequently shown as major points of convergence of multiple dysregulated receptors and signaling pathways in cancer. Several transcription factors are now incriminated as drivers of both drug resistance and invasiveness. We focused this review on critical transcription factors playing a causal role in both the resistance to BRAF V600E targeted therapy and the pro-invasive behavior of melanoma cells. Simultaneous rewiring of pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, phenotype switching or phenotypic plasticity supporting pro-invasive/pro-metastatic behavior, actin remodeling, bidirectional interactions between tumor microenvironment and melanoma cells represent major challenges for overcoming resistance to BRAF V600E inhibitors (BRAFi) and will be discussed. Although it represents an underdeveloped area of translational investigation, inhibition of transcription factors may open new avenues to combat resistance to BRAFi. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Water Utilization of Six Foliage Plants Under Two Interior Light Intensities

Abstract Meeting and maintaining the proper watering requirements for indoor plants is a major obstacle to increased plant use in the home or office. Introduction of “self-watering” containers to t...
Military Internal Medicine Resident Decision to Apply to Fellowship and Extend Military Commitment.

Introduction Nationally, the number of internal medicine physicians practicing in primary care has decreased amidst increasing interest in hospitalist medicine. Current priorities in the Military Health System include access to primary care and retention of trained personnel. Recently, we have conducted a study of military internal medicine residents' decision to enter infectious disease. As part of our larger effort, we saw an opportunity to characterize factors impacting decision making of internal medicine residents' desire to apply for subspecialty training and to extend active duty service obligations. Materials and Methods Questions were developed after discussion with various military graduate medical education and internal medicine leaders, underwent external review, and were added to a larger question set. The survey link was distributed electronically to all U.S. military affiliated residencies' graduating internal medicine residents in December 2016-January 2017. Data were analyzed by decision to apply to fellowship and decision to extend military obligation using Fisher's exact test or Pearon's chi-square test. Results Sixty-eight residents from 10 of 11 military residency programs responded, for a response rate of 51%. The majority (62%) applied to fellowship to start after residency completion. Reasons cited for applying to fellowship included wanting to become a specialist as soon as possible (74%), wishing to avoid being a general internist (57%), and because they are unable to practice as a hospitalist in the military (52%). Fellowship applicants were more likely to plan to extend their military obligation than non-applicants, as did those with longer duration of military commitments. No other factors, including Uniformed Services University attendance or participation in undergraduate military experiences, were found to impact plan to extend active duty service commitment. Conclusion The majority of graduating internal medicine residents apply for fellowship and report a desire to avoid being a general internist. Prospective fellows anticipate extending their active duty commitment, as do those with longer commitments.
The Autonomy-Paternalism Dilemma in Social Work Practice:

Autonomy and paternalism are contrasted in their moral, philosophical, and social work contexts. The dilemmas they present to the social worker who values client self-determination, yet wants to he...
Green Revolution: Past, Present, and Future

The Green Revolution refers to the development of high-yielding plant varieties – especially of wheat and rice, that increased food supplies in the 1940s–60s and staved off widespread starvation in developing countries. The rapid increase in the human population, adding 1 billion people every 14 years, placed, and continues to place, a heavy burden on the world's ability to meet the consequential food demand. Around 1 billion people in the world are currently malnourished. The Green Revolution of today needs to significantly increase food supplies, but, without harming the environment, causing a loss of biodiversity, or fostering high food prices that especially affect the poor.
16 – Hydraulic and pneumatic hybrid powertrains for improved fuel economy in vehicles

: This chapter describes the principle of operation and main features of hydraulic hybrids, including the typical architectures. it includes details of component design, both pump/motors (p/M) and accumulators, and describes modeling of components and integration into a complete vehicle system simulation. Case studies illustrate the approach to design and control of the parallel and series configuration, and summarize lessons learned through application of advanced simulations and optimization algorithms. Real-life applications and results achieved so far with prototypes or production vehicles are also presented. Section 16.5 is devoted to air-hybrids, their principle of operation, options regarding the configuration of the system and necessary engine modifications, and assessment of the fuel economy potential.
Anatomy of the Parathyroids

The parathyroid glands are usually four in number, two superior and two inferior. Embryologically, the parathyroid glands are derived from the fourth and the third branchial pouches. The two superior parathyroids, which are derived from the fourth branchial pouch, are located at the posterior aspect of the lateral lobes of the thyroid, corresponding to the cricothyroid junction. Positional variations are less frequent with the superior parathyroid glands, and hence they are easily identifiable during neck exploration. The inferior parathyroids, which are derived from the third branchial pouch, follow the origin and descent of the thymus very closely until they reach their eventual destination at the lower poles of the thyroid gland. Considerable anatomic variations can occur in the position of the inferior parathyroids, and they are found in their expected location (lower poles of the thyroid) in only half of all cases. The lower glands are very often found in the thymic tongue; rarely, they may be located in the mediastinum within the thymus or high in the neck adjacent to the carotid sheath because of an arrest in descent. In 2% to 4% of subjects, a fifth (or sixth) parathyroid gland may be present.
Pneumatic shape-shifting fingers to reorient and grasp

We present pneumatic shape-shifting fingers to enable a simple parallel-jaw gripper for different manipulation modalities. By changing the finger geometry, the gripper effectively changes the contact type between the fingers and an object to facilitate distinct manipulation primitives. In this paper, we demonstrate the development and application of shape-shifting fingers to reorient and grasp cylindrical objects. The shape of the fingers changes based on the air pressure inside them and attains two distinct geometric forms at high and low pressure values. In our implementation, the finger shape switches between a wedge-shaped geometry and V-shaped geometry at high and low pressure, respectively. Using the wedge-shaped geometry, the fingers provide a point contact on a cylindrical object to pivot it to a vertical pose under the effect of gravity. By changing to V-shaped geometry, the fingers localize the object in the vertical pose and securely hold it. Experimental results show that the smooth transition between the two contact types allows a robot with a simple gripper to reorient a cylindrical object lying horizontally on a ground and to grasp it in a vertical pose.
Need for Speed and Precision: Structural and Functional Specialization in the Cochlear Nucleus of the Avian Auditory System:

Birds such as the barn owl and zebra finch are known for their remarkable hearing abilities that are critical for survival, communication, and vocal learning functions. A key to achieving these hearing abilities is the speed and precision required for the temporal coding of sound-a process heavily dependent on the structural, synaptic, and intrinsic specializations in the avian auditory brainstem. Here, we review recent work from us and others focusing on the specialization of neurons in the chicken cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM)-a first-order auditory brainstem structure analogous to bushy cells in the mammalian anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Similar to their mammalian counterpart, NM neurons are mostly adendritic and receive auditory nerve input through large axosomatic endbulb of Held synapses. Axonal projections from NM neurons to their downstream auditory targets are sophisticatedly programmed regarding their length, caliber, myelination, and conduction velocity. Specialized voltage-dependent potassium and sodium channel properties also play important and unique roles in shaping the functional phenotype of NM neurons. Working synergistically with potassium channels, an atypical current known as resurgent sodium current promotes rapid and precise action potential firing for NM neurons. Interestingly, these structural and functional specializations vary dramatically along the tonotopic axis and suggest a plethora of encoding strategies for sounds of different acoustic frequencies, mechanisms likely shared across species.
Depletion of interfering IgG and IgM is critical to determine the role of IgE in pegvaliase-associated hypersensitivity.

Abstract Pegvaliase is an enzyme substitution therapy developed to lower blood phenylalanine (Phe) in adults with phenylketonuria (PKU). In phase 3 clinical studies, pegvaliase substantially reduced mean blood Phe in adult subjects with PKU. The most common type of adverse event observed in the pegvaliase clinical program was hypersensitivity adverse events (HAEs), which included occurrences of arthralgia, rash, and pruritis. The most clinically relevant HAEs were acute systemic hypersensitivity reactions consistent with anaphylaxis observed in 4.6% of phase 3 patients. HAEs were more commonly observed around the time of high circulating immune complex (CIC) levels and complement activation, and the majority of subjects that experienced acute systemic hypersensitivity events were able to continue treatment, which is atypical for a classical IgE-mediated anaphylactic event, but common for type III hypersensitivity reactions. To investigate the alternative mechanism of type III hypersensitivity, serum samples collected shortly after hypersensitivity events (in phase 2 and 3 studies) were tested for anti-pegvaliase IgE using custom radioallergosorbent test and/or ImmunoCAP® (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) assay methods. All subjects with acute systemic hypersensitivity that were tested for anti-pegvaliase IgE at or near the time of event with one or both assays tested negative for IgE. As presented here, an investigation using selected study samples with high anti-drug antibody (ADA) titers demonstrated that presence of IgM and/or IgG ADA can interfere with measurement of a human anti-pegvaliase IgE surrogate positive control. A depletion method was therefore developed using protein A- and G-conjugated Sepharose to remove interfering IgG and IgM in serum samples to low levels (
Variation in the assessment of immune-related adverse event occurrence, grade, and timing.

9047Background: Accurate assessment of treatment toxicity is critical for patient safety, balancing clinical utility, and understanding treatment impact. Given their unpredictability and heterogene...
Perioperative surgical home models and enhanced recovery after surgery.

In recent years, numerous initiatives have been introduced to address changes in health-care costs, delivery methods, reimbursements, and the health-care needs of our aging population. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) defines the Perioperative Surgical Home (PSH) as a patient-centric, team-based model of care to help meet the demands of a rapidly approaching health-care paradigm emphasizing value, patient satisfaction, and a reduction in costs. Enhanced recovery pathways were initially established by a group of surgeons from Europe who formed a research group with the aim to explore the ultimate care pathway for patients undergoing colonic resections. Similar protocols were later expanded to various surgical specialties with promising outcomes. A PubMed and World Wide Web search was performed with the following key words: “ERAS®,” “enhanced recovery after surgery,” “PSH,” “perioperative surgical home,” “protocols,” “outcomes.” Articles found were published over a 20-year time range (1997-2017). In the present investigation, the most common elements of enhanced recovery protocols are reviewed. Review of how existence of a PSH model facilitates the creation of an enhanced recovery protocol and improves cost-efficiency, patient satisfaction, and clinical outcomes observed in enhanced recovery studies that are applicable to health-care systems universally is described.