cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal approximations by piecewise smooth functions and associated variational problems

Abstract : This reprint will introduce and study the most basic properties of three new variational problems which are suggested by applications to computer vision. In computer vision, a fundamental problem is to appropriately decompose the domain R of a function g (x,y) of two variables. This problem starts by describing the physical situation which produces images: assume that a three-dimensional world is observed by an eye or camera from some point P and that g1(rho) represents the intensity of the light in this world approaching the point sub 1 from a direction rho. If one has a lens at P focusing this light on a retina or a film-in both cases a plane domain R in which we may introduce coordinates x, y then let g(x,y) be the strength of the light signal striking R at a point with coordinates (x,y); g(x,y) is essentially the same as sub 1 (rho) -possibly after a simple transformation given by the geometry of the imaging syste. The function g(x,y) defined on the plane domain R will be called an image. What sort of function is g? The light reflected off the surfaces Si of various solid objects O sub i visible from P will strike the domain R in various open subsets R sub i. When one object O1 is partially in front of another object O2 as seen from P, but some of object O2 appears as the background to the sides of O1, then the open sets R1 and R2 will have a common boundary (the 'edge' of object O1 in the image defined on R) and one usually expects the image g(x,y) to be discontinuous along this boundary. (JHD)
Correlates of recent and regular mammography screening among Asian-American women.

Title. Correlates of recent and regular mammography screening among AsianAmerican women. Aim. This paper is a report of a study of the health beliefs, knowledge and selected demographic variables that influence mammography utilization among AsianAmerican women. Background. Breast cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer in AsianAmerican women and its incidence is increasing at a greater rate than for other racial and ethnic groups in the United States of America (USA). Compared to White women, breast cancer also is more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage with larger tumours in Asian-Americans. Method. A self-administered questionnaire was used with Asian-American women residing in the USA. Data were collected in 2005 and 315 women participated in the study. Results. Fifty-five per cent of participants reported having their last mammogram within the past 13 months, and 33% reported having annual mammograms in each of the past 5 years. Based on multivariate logistic regression analyses, clinical breast examination, barriers and knowledge of recommendations of the frequency of mammography screening were associated with both recent and regular mammography practice after controlling for all other demographic, psychosocial and behavioural variables in the model. Conclusion. Intervention strategies tailored to knowledge, language and cultural factors associated with mammography use should target at-risk subgroups, particularly those who are recent immigrants and those with limited English language ability. Culturally appropriate strategies should be developed to promote lifelong mammography screening for this rapidly growing and diverse population.
Inhibiting Heat-Shock Protein 90 Reverses Sensory Hypoalgesia in Diabetic Mice

Increasing the expression of Hsp70 (heat-shock protein 70) can inhibit sensory neuron degeneration after axotomy. Since the onset of DPN (diabetic peripheral neuropathy) is associated with the gradual decline of sensory neuron function, we evaluated whether increasing Hsp70 was sufficient to improve several indices of neuronal function. Hsp90 is the master regulator of the heat-shock response and its inhibition can up-regulate Hsp70. KU-32 (N-{7-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-6,6-dimethyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy]-8-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl}acetamide) was developed as a novel, novobiocin-based, C-terminal inhibitor of Hsp90 whose ability to increase Hsp70 expression is linked to the presence of an acetamide substitution of the prenylated benzamide moiety of novobiocin. KU-32 protected against glucose-induced death of embryonic DRG (dorsal root ganglia) neurons cultured for 3 days in vitro. Similarly, KU-32 significantly decreased neuregulin 1-induced degeneration of myelinated Schwann cell DRG neuron co-cultures prepared from WT (wild-type) mice. This protection was lost if the co-cultures were prepared from Hsp70.1 and Hsp70.3 KO (knockout) mice. KU-32 is readily bioavailable and was administered once a week for 6 weeks at a dose of 20 mg/kg to WT and Hsp70 KO mice that had been rendered diabetic with streptozotocin for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of diabetes, both WT and Hsp70 KO mice developed deficits in NCV (nerve conduction velocity) and a sensory hypoalgesia. Although KU-32 did not improve glucose levels, HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin) or insulin levels, it reversed the NCV and sensory deficits in WT but not Hsp70 KO mice. These studies provide the first evidence that targeting molecular chaperones reverses the sensory hypoalgesia associated with DPN.
Unilateral midbrain infarct presenting as dorsal midbrain syndrome

Brainstem and cerebellar lesions are commonly associated with disorders of extraocular movements and these have localising value. The dorsal midbrain syndrome is characterised by (1) impaired voluntary vertical eye movements, (2) light-near dissociation of the pupillary response (pseudo-Argyll Robertson pupils), (3) convergence nystagmus on attempted upward gaze, (4) lid retraction (Collier sign) and (5) skew deviation.1 ,2 This syndrome is usually produced by pressure on the midbrain tectum.2 In this syndrome, the mesencephalic reticular formation that includes the rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal (riMLF) fasciculus and its connection with the interstitial N of Cajal and Darkschewitsch and the posterior commisure are involved. The riMLF is located dorsomedial to the rostral end of the red nucleus, rostral to the oculomotor nucleus and ventral to the periaqueductal grey matter (figure 1).3 Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the rostral midbrain.4 ,5 Monkey brainstem sagittal view demonstrating the locations of the ocular …
Foreword Software Reliability

THIS is the second part of the special issue on Software Reliability. Part I was published in December 1985 and dealt with software reliability estimation, new modeling techniques, management issues, testing and verification, and fault-tolerant programs. Papers in this issue address software reliability models, hardware-software effects, fault-tolerant software mechanisms, experimental results on TV-version programming, and techniques for developing reliable software.
Use of MR spectroscopy and functional imaging in the treatment planning of gliomas

Routine anatomical imaging with CT and MRI does not reliably indicate the true extent or the most malignant areas of gliomas and cannot identify the functionally critical parts of the brain. The aim of the study was to see if the use of MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) along with functional MRI (fMRI) can better define both the target and the critical structures to be avoided to improve radiation delivery in gliomas. 12 patients with gliomas underwent multivoxel MRS and functional imaging using GE processing software. The choline to creatine ratio (Cho:Cr), which represents the degree of abnormality for each individual voxel on MRSI, was derived, converted into a grayscale grading system, fused to the MRI images and then transferred to the planning CT images. An intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plan was developed using the dose constraints based on both the anatomical and the functionally critical regions. Cho:Cr consistently identified the gross tumour volume (GTV) within the microscopic disease (clinical target volume, CTV) and allowed dose painting using IMRT. No correlation between MRSI based Cho:Cr > or =2 and MR defined CTV nor their location was noted. However, MRSI defined Cho:Cr > or =3 was smaller by 40% compared with post-contrast T1 weighted MRI defined GTV volumes. fMRI helped in optimizing the orientation of the beams. In conclusion, both MRSI and fMRI provide additional information to conventional imaging that may guide dose painting in treatment planning of gliomas. A Phase I IMRT dose intensification trial in gliomas using this information is planned.
Victimization and Sexual Risk Behavior in Young, HIV Positive Women: Exploration of Mediators

In this study we explore associations between child and adult victimization and sexual risk behavior in 118 young, HIV positive women. Prior research has demonstrated associations between victimization and engagement in sexual risk behavior. Victimization sequelae can include disrupted assertiveness and communication, as well as increased association with risky partners, both of which are also linked with engagement in sexual risk behavior. Thus, we propose a model wherein victimization is linked to sexual risk behavior through two mediating pathways, sexual communication and affiliation with risky partners. We also examine the moderating effects of the presence of an anxiety or depressive disorder on the path from child to adult victimization. Results suggested that adult victimization was associated with unprotected sex with a main partner; however, this association was mediated by less sexual communication and having a risky partner. Trends toward significance were found for depression and anxiety as a moderator of the relationship between child and adult victimization. Child victimization did not have direct effects on unprotected sex. Implications for secondary prevention of HIV and healthy intimate relationships are discussed.
Lower CSF MHPG predicts short-term risk for suicide attempt

Post-mortem studies document alterations in the central noradrenergic system in suicide. However, studies of non-fatal suicide attempts have, thus far, found no consistent relationship to the noradrenaline metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxphenylglycol (MHPG) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We therefore conducted a prospective study of CSF MHPG and suicidal acts in major depression and bipolar depression. CSF MHPG was assayed in 184 drug-free patients with DSM-IV major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder, presenting for treatment of a current depressive episode, who were then followed-up for up to 12 months. Survival analysis was conducted using Cox proportional hazards modelling to test association of CSF MHPG and future suicidal behaviour, and potential clinical mediators. Twenty-seven individuals made a suicide attempt (two fatal) in the follow-up period. Lower CSF MHPG predicted future suicide attempt or suicide (22% increase in hazard for each 10 pmol/ml lower MHPG, p=0.045). Lower CSF MHPG also correlated with higher medical lethality of future suicidal act (mean MHPG: 49+/-18 vs. 32+/-12 pmol/ml for low- vs. high-lethality, t=2.8, d.f.=25, p=0.009). Smoking and self-rated depression severity were also associated with lower CSF MHPG and with future suicide attempt, but were not statistically significant mediators in multivariate models. In conclusion, lower CSF MHPG is associated with short-term risk for future suicidal behaviour in the 12 months following a major depressive episode. Psychopathology that mediates the relationship between lower CSF MHPG and future suicidal behaviour needs to be identified. Language: en
Evaluation of Absolute Serum α-Fetoprotein Levels in Liver Transplant for Hepatocellular Cancer

Results:Ofthe2253patients,1210(53.7%),805(35.7%), and238(10.6%)wereinthelow,medium,andhighAFP groups,respectively.Onunivariateanalysis,thelowAFP groupdemonstratedthebest4-yearsurvival(76%)compared with the medium (65%; P=.001) and high (57%; P.001) AFP groups. When AFP levels in patients with only stage II HCC underwent assessment, improved survival in the low AFP group was still observed (P.001). On multivariate analysis, the medium and high AFP groupswereassociatedwithhighermortality(hazardratios, 1.50 [95% confidence interval, 1.19-1.89; P=.001] and 2.11 [1.55-2.88; P.001], respectively). Conclusions: Serum AFP level is an independent prognostic predictor of outcome after OLT for HCC. The association between serum AFP value and post-OLT survival warrants further investigation to potentially better allocate donor allografts for HCC.
Chain folding in poly‐trans‐1,4‐butadiene crystals grown from various solvents

Crystals of poly-trans-1,4-butadiene of uniform size have been grown from three solvents (n-heptane, methyl isobutyl ketone, and toluene) by using a minimum dissolution temeprature technique. The percentage of double bonds available for reaction in the crystals was determined by epoxidation in suspension; crystal thicknesses were measured by electron microscopy. These values were used to calculate the number of monomer units per fold. The number of available double bonds was found to increase with decreasing molecular weight, evidence for the presence of non-reentrant chains (cilia) at the crystal surfaces. The nature of the chain fold in poly-trans-1,4-butadiene crystals is discussed.
Abstract W P92: Attenuated GFAP/Vimentin Retards Motor Behavioral Recovery and Axonal Remodeling and Up-regulates Axonal Growth-Inhibiting Molecules in Mice After Stroke

To investigate whether reactive astrocytes contribute to neurological recovery, we compared behavioral outcome, axonal remodeling of the corticospinal tract (CST) and the levels of axonal growth-inhibiting/promoting molecules in the central nervous systems (CNS) between wild-type (WT) and glial fibrillary acidic protein/vimentin double knockout (GFAP-/-Vim-/-) mice subjected to Rose Bengal induced cerebral cortical photothrombotic stroke in the right forelimb motor area. Both foot-fault test and single pellet reaching test were performed prior to stroke and at 3 days after stroke and weekly thereafter, to monitor functional deficit and recovery. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the left motor cortex to label the CST axons anterogradely. Compared with WT mice, the motor functional recovery and BDA-positive CST axonal length in the denervated side of the cervical gray matter were significantly reduced in GFAP-/-Vim-/-mice (n=10/group, P 0.05). There was no difference in the levels of axonal growth-promoting molecules (Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein and phosphor-ERK) between GFAP-/-Vim-/-mice and WT littermates (p>0.05). Our results suggest that attenuated astrocytic reactivity impairs or delays neurological recovery by reducing CST axonal remodeling in the denervated spinal cord and increasing some axonal growth-inhibiting molecules in CNS. Manipulation of astrocytic reactivity post stroke may represent a therapeutic target for neurorestorative strategies.
The pit latrine--revived.

The ventilated privy system descriptionbed here is simple, cheap and effective and employs the forces of nature alone to overcome the passage of disease. By doing so It can be relied upon to maintain protection, without supervision for long periods of time. Properties such as these are very desirable and make the extra effort of digging pits deeper, wider or simply digging more of them certainly worthwhile. The ultimate aim, of course, would be to provide one privy for every family, a possibility which the present system may allow.
Dynamic College Admissions Problem

This paper generalizes the college admissions problem in a dynamic direction. We show some results from the college admissions problem continue to hold in the dynamic model, but some do not carry over. We propose a solution concept, dynamic stability, that involves backward induction and maximin. We also propose two other solution concepts: dynamically group stability and dynamic weak core. These three solution concepts will degenerate to their conventional counterpart if the dynamic model degenerates to the college admissions problem, in which they coincide with each other. Even though they do not coincide in the dynamic model, all of them require a static stable matching in the last period.
Policy considerations for evaluating the safety effectiveness of passing lanes on rural two-lane highways with lower traffic volumes: Wyoming 59 case study

ABSTRACTTransportation agencies across the nation are continuously evaluating the safety and operation of their rural two-lane highways. The three most common countermeasures are to do nothing, add passing lanes to target sections, or to upgrade to four-lane. The goal of this article is to update the current body of knowledge available to agencies on the process of implementing countermeasures and realistically evaluating their safety effectiveness. The Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) constructed nine passing-lane segments on a 26-mile stretch of rural two-lane highway. Preliminary analysis using 7-year crash data showed that the safety benefit was negligible at best. However, utilizing Empirical Bayes and Wyoming-specific safety performance functions, it was shown that the basic approach of comparing crash rates underestimated fatal and injury (F+I), and lane-departure crashes and that the passing lanes had a significant safety benefit. Furthermore, the authors looked at what would have happ...
Interspecific Association Between the Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Aphids, and Some Predaceous Insects in a Cotton Agroecosystem

Interspecific association between the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, and several insect inhabitants of east Texas cotton fields was analyzed from samples taken during 1973 and 1974. Positive association values indicated that ants occur in combination with aphids and several hemipteran predators more frequently than expected on the basis of chance alone. In all cases, the ants were more attracted to the other species than the other species were to the ants. Thus, the ants have no negative effect on other predaceous insects in cotton fields
Summarizing multiprocessor program execution with versatile, microarchitecture-independent snapshots

Computer architects rely heavily on software simulation to evaluate, refine, and validate new designs before they are implemented. However, simulation time continues to increase as computers become more complex and multicore designs become more common. This thesis investigates software structures and algorithms for quickly simulating modern cache-coherent multiprocessors by amortizing the time spent to simulate the memory system and branch predictors. The Memory Timestamp Record (MTR) summarizes the directory and cache state of a multiprocessor system in a compact data structure. A single MTR snapshot is versatile enough to reconstruct the microarchitectural state resulting from various coherence protocols and cache organizations. The MTR may be quickly updated by each simulated processor during a fast-forwarding phase and optionally stored offline for reuse. To fill large branch prediction tables, we introduce Branch Predictor-based Compression (BPC) which compactly stores a branch trace so that it may be used to fill in any branch predictor structure. An entire BPC trace requires less space than single discrete predictor snapshots, and it may be decompressed 3-6 times faster than performing functional simulation.
Status of Underreporting for Occupational Diseases in Sichuan

Objective To understand the current situation of occupational diseases in Sichuan province,especially the underreporting circumstances,so as to better control the quality of the reporting data.Methods One to two medical units were randomly selected from each level of medical institutions and all other network reporting units were investigated.Results The network opening rate of medical institutions was low,and the condition of underreporting report card varied greatly.The rates of underreporting for acute occupational poisoning/pesticide poisoning and harmful-to-health workers were high.The regional differences in the underreporting were distinct.Conclusion The situation of occupational disease underreporting is serious.
The reactivity of 2,5-diaminoimidazolone base modification towards aliphatic primary amino derivatives: nucleophilic substitution at C5 as a potential source of abasic sites in oxidatively damaged DNA

N5-deoxyribosyl derivatives of 2,5-diaminoimidazolone formed by oxidative damage to the guanine bases in 2-deoxyguanosine and highly polymerized DNA readily undergo nucleophilic substitution at C5 in reaction with primary amines in neutral aqueous solutions at 37–70 °C, as it was found in a kinetic study using reverse-phase HPLC. The reaction of 2-amino-5-[(2′-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)amino]-4H-imidazol-4-one (dIz) with excess of ethanolamine, alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid (0.2–1 M) is a pseudo-first-order process that proceeds with 45–80 % yields depending on the nature of the amine, its concentration, and the reaction temperature. In the case of ethanolamine, the corresponding bimolecular rate constant has a pre-exponential factor and activation energy of 1.1 × 105 s−1 and 47 kJ mol−1, respectively. The reaction is highly competitive with the previously described hydrolysis of dIz into 2,2-diamino-4-[(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)amino]-5(2H)-oxazolone under biologically relevant conditions. A similar reaction with the same lesion in polymeric DNA results in the release of a low-molecular-weight analog of dIz, presumably producing an abasic site as the second reaction product. Kinetic characteristics of this process make it a potentially important source of abasic sites in oxidatively damaged DNA, formed through the reaction of 2,5-diaminoimidazolone lesions with naturally abundant DNA-affinic amines and proteins. The release of low-molecular-weight analogs of dIz can potentially be employed for quantification of imidazolone lesions in oxidized DNA. The half-life of imidazolone lesions in double-stranded DNA evaluated using this approach was found to be 154 min at 37 °C.
How Secure is the Healthcare Network from Insider Attacks? An Audit Guideline for Vulnerability Analysis

The availability of wireless interfaces with the new generation medical devices has spawned numerous opportunities in providing better healthcare support to patients. However, the weaknesses of available wireless communication channels introduce various novel attacks on the medical devices. Since the smart mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops are also equipped with the same communication channels (WiFi/Bluetooth), attacks on medical devices can be initiated from a compromised or malware infected mobile device. Attackers can steal confidential medical records from a wireless-enabled medical device. Medical devices or communication channels can also be compromised to feed incorrect medical records to doctors or send life threatening commands to the devices. Moreover, since the compromised mobile devices are already inside the security perimeter of a healthcare network, it is very challenging to block attacks from such compromised mobile devices. In this paper, we systematically analyze the novel threats on healthcare devices and networks, which can be initiated from compromised mobile devices. We provide a detail audit guideline to evaluate the security strength of a healthcare network. Based on our proposed guideline, we evaluate the current security state of a large university healthcare facility. We also propose several mitigation strategies to mitigate some of the possible attacks.
Induction of Innate Immune Memory by Engineered Nanoparticles: A Hypothesis That May Become True.

Innate immune memory is the capacity of cells of the innate immune system, such as monocytes and macrophages, to react differently to an inflammatory or infectious challenge if previously exposed to the same or to another agent. Innate immune memory is a protective mechanism, based on epigenetic reprogramming, that ensures effective protection while limiting side effects of tissue damage, by controlling innate/inflammatory responses to repeated stimulations. Engineered nanoparticles are novel challenges for our innate immune system, and their ability to induce inflammatory activation, thereby posing health risks, is currently being investigated with controversial results. Besides their putative direct inflammation-inducing effects, we hypothesize that engineered nanoparticles may induce innate memory based on their capacity to induce epigenetic modulation of gene expression. Preliminary results using non-toxic non-inflammatory gold nanoparticles show that in fact nanoparticles can induce memory by modulating in either positive or negative fashion the inflammatory activation of human monocytes to a subsequent bacterial challenge. The possibility of shaping innate/inflammatory reactivity with nanoparticles could open the way to future novel approaches of preventive and therapeutic immunomodulation.
Anti-Black Latino racism in an era of Trumpismo

This article describes the Latino population that voted for the current president and overview reasons as to why they voted for the current president. I purposefully center the anti-Black racism wi...
NEURAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE CLASP-KNIFE REFLEX IN THE CAT. II, STRETCH-SENSITIVE MUSCULAR-FREE NERVE ENDINGS

1. The goal of this study was to determine the contribution of muscular free nerve endings to the clasp-knife reflex by comparing their response properties and reflex actions to the clasp-knife ref...
Selective adsorption of rare earth elements onto functionalized silica particles

Rare earth elements (REE) are essential components of equipment used for renewable energy, green technologies, and more traditional sectors such as chemical catalysis and metallurgy. Interest has been growing in alternative REE sources to supplement current ore sources and related refining, which have historically supplied the bulk of REE oxides. This study investigated the capability of adsorbent silica particles functionalized with three different ligands – phosphonoacetic acid (PAA), N,N-bisphosphono(methyl)glycine (BPG), and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic dianhydride (DTPADA) – to selectively extract REE from acidic to circumneutral aqueous brine solutions in equilibrium conditions. Maximum REE removal from 0.5 M NaCl solutions was displayed at pH 7 for PAA, pH 2 for DTPADA, and in both acidic and basic conditions for BPG functionalized materials. The REE adsorption performance for functionalized materials was largely unimpeded by the presence of competing ions (Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Al). Tests with real brines (I ∼ 3 M) showed >90% efficiency in REE recovery, which improved at higher temperatures (up to 100 °C). Effective elution of REE was accomplished with 0.7 N HNO3, and performance of the adsorbents improved with additional usage cycles.
Groundwater recharge amidst focused stormwater infiltration

Distributed, infiltration‐based approaches to stormwater management are being implemented to mitigate effects of urban development on water resources. One of the goals of this type of storm water management, sometimes called low impact development or green infrastructure, is to maintain groundwater recharge and stream base flow at predevelopment levels. However, the connection between infiltration‐based stormwater management and groundwater recharge is not straightforward. Water infiltrated through stormwater facilities may be stored in soil moisture, taken up by evapotranspiration or contribute to recharge and eventually base flow. This study focused on a 1.1 km² suburban, low impact development watershed in Clarksburg, Maryland, USA, that was urbanized and contained 73 infiltration‐based stormwater facilities. Continuous water table measurements were used to quantify the movement of infiltrated stormwater. Time series analyses were performed on hydrographs of 7 wells, and the episodic master recession method was used. Persistence in water levels, as measured by autocorrelation function, was found to be positively related to depth to water. Storm properties (precipitation rate and duration) and well location (proximity to the nearest stream) were significant in driving episodic recharge to precipitation ratios. The well that had the highest recharge to precipitation ratios and water table rises of up to 1.5 m in response to storm events was located furthest from the stream and down gradient of stormwater infiltration locations. This work may be considered in evaluating the effects of planned watershed‐scale infiltration‐based stormwater management on groundwater flow systems.
Integrated management of bacterial streak and bulb rot of onion.

Significantly higher levels of bacterial streak and bulb rot of onion (BSBR), caused by Pseudomonas viridiflava, occurred in onions receiving excessive applications of fertiliser and were correlated with higher nitrogen content in plant tissues. Based on previous work that weeds, particularly cutleaf evening primrose (Oenothera laciniata), were the primary source of initial inoculum, oxyfluorfen was evaluated as a post-emergence herbicide after transplanting. The herbicide not only reduced weed levels as expected, but also reduced the incidence of BSBR. Lower levels of BSBR also occurred in plots treated with weekly applications of cupric hydroxide and maneb when compared to non sprayed plots, or plots treated only with the fungicide chlorothalonil. Harvesting onions with cutting shears contaminated with P. viridiflava increased the incidence of postharvest rots in onions clipped immediately after uprooting but not in onions allowed to cure in the field for 48 h. Finally, lower levels of postharvest disease occurred when onion bulbs were stored under controlled-atmospheric (CA) conditions (3% oxygen, 5% carbon dioxide, and 92% nitrogen) at 1°C. The various control procedures were combined into an integrated management strategy for the control of BSBR in Georgia.
Human Motivation and Adam Smith’s “Invisible Hands”

The foundation for the eventual emergence of economics as a distinct discipline was laid with the publication of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations in 1776. The potential power of competitive market economies became widely recognized over the following 100 years through the works of David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, Frederick Bastiat, and Karl Marx, among others. The discipline went through a revolution in the last third of that century when “marginalists” William Stanley Jevons in England, Leon Walras in France, and Carl Menger in Austria separately recognized how marginal values (as distinct from the prior focus on total or average values) carried great weight in determining the levels of consumption, production, and price levels. David Ricardo in the first quarter of the nineteenth century began formalizing economics as a deductive science, relying heavily on simplifying assumptions, with the publication of his On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation in 1817. Alfred Marshall institutionalized the discipline’s graphical techniques for generations of budding economists with the publication of his widely and long-adopted textbook, Principles of Economics, in 1890. Through this history, some form of self-interest, if not less narrowly constrained rational behavior, remained embedded in economic discussions. This chapter will be concerned with the motivational foundations of Adam Smith’s political economy. I devote a separate chapter to human motivations in Smith’s writings not only because he is now recognized (but not in his own time) as a founding father of economics, but also because Smith’s construction of human motivations was far more complex and comprehensive than most of his supporters and detractors seem to believe.
Phytochemistry — Its Role in the Future of Plant Biotechnology 1987

Knowing full well that I know nothing whatsoever about secondary metabolism and less about fermentation, Dr. Kosuge has asked me to give my perspective as a biochemist of plant biotechnology. In view of these limitations, my perspective must be confined to that area of plant biotechnology that I try to keep up with, that based upon recombinant DNA technology.
Is Contraction to Serotonin Mediated Via 5-HT1C Receptor Activation in Rat Stomach Fundus?

Although serotonin potently contracts the rat stomach fundus, characterization of the receptor responsible for this contraction has not yet been established. Several lines of pharmacological evidence suggest that the receptor may resemble the 5-HT1C receptor, although not all pharmacological data is consistent with this supposition. We report here our studies using recent advances in molecular biology that have permitted the cloning of 5-HT 1C and 5-HT2 receptor cDNA. Using the 5-HT1C receptor cDNA, we were unable to obtain any evidence for hybridization of this sequence to the mRNA obtained from rat stomach fundus. PCR amplification of cDNA synthesized from rat stomach fundus RNA with primer sequences for the rat 5-HT1C messenger RNA did not reveal 5-HT1C receptor specific mRNA in the stomach fundus. However, using such highly sensitive PCR techniques we were able to detect a modest signal in the rat stomach fundus with primers specific for the 5-HT2 receptor sequence. Thus, consistent with previous pharmacological studies, we did obtain evidence for a modest population of 5-HT2 receptors in the rat stomach fundus without any evidence for the presence of 5-HT1C receptor in this tissue. This information is consistent with the previous contention that the contractile response to serotonin in the rat stomach fundus may be mediated predominantly by a receptor that is different from any of the known, well characterized serotonin receptors.
Comparison of Fatigue, Pain, and Depression in Patients With Advanced Kidney Disease and Cancer-Symptom Burden and Clusters

Abstract Context Although symptom clusters have been studied in the context of cancer, few data exist in chronic and end-stage kidney disease (CKD/ESKD) patients. Objectives The objectives of this study were to 1) characterize and compare symptom cluster phenotypes in patients with advanced CKD, ESKD, and cancer and 2) explore predictors of symptom clusters. Methods We conducted secondary data analysis of three prospective studies in which pain, depression, and fatigue were assessed in patients with Stage 4–5 CKD, ESKD, and gastrointestinal cancer. Tetrachoric correlations between these symptoms were quantified, and partitioning around medoids algorithm was used for symptom cluster analysis. Results In the 82 CKD, 149 ESKD, and 606 cancer patients, no differences in the average fatigue (P = 0.17) or pain levels (P = 0.21) were observed. Over 80% of patients in each group had at least one symptom. Moderate or severe depressive symptoms were more common in patients with cancer (31% vs. 19% in ESKD vs. 9% in CKD; P Conclusion Although the burden of fatigue, pain, and depressive symptoms for CKD and ESKD patients is similar to patients with gastrointestinal cancer, symptom cluster phenotypes differed between the groups as did the predictors of symptom clusters.
Carbon debt of field-scale conservation reserve program grasslands converted to annual and perennial bioenergy crops

Over 5 million ha of US Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands have been converted to annual crops since 2000, driven mainly by demand for corn grain ethanol. Much of the soil carbon sequestered under CRP is lost upon conversion, creating a 'carbon debt' that is presumed to be repaid by future greenhouse gas (GHG) savings from ethanol's substitution for petroleum. Model simulations, extrapolations, and national statistics rather than direct measurements have been used thus far to estimate the long-term global warming impact (GWI) of such conversions. Here we report measured GWIs for three 22-year-old CRP grassland fields and three conventionally tilled agricultural (AGR) fields (11–17 ha) converted to either annual no-till corn or perennial cellulosic (switchgrass or restored prairie) bioenergy crops. We assessed GWIs for each field over eight years using whole-system life cycle analysis (LCA) by measuring: (a) GHG fluxes via eddy covariance and static chamber methodologies, (b) farming operations and agronomic inputs, and (c) the fossil fuel offset by ethanol use. Payback times were much longer than those estimated by prior modeling efforts. After 8 years, cumulative GWIs of switchgrass, restored prairie, and corn at the CRP grasslands were, respectively, −2.6 ± 4.0, 6.9 ± 3.6 and 85.2 ± 5.1 Mg CO2-equivalent ha−1. The switchgrass system had repaid its carbon debt by year eight and the restored prairie will have likely repaid by year ten; however, the no-till corn system appears likely to require >300 years. The same bioenergy crops grown on former agricultural lands, with no sequestered carbon lost on conversion, repaid their carbon debts within two years. Results indicate that GWI estimates and carbon debt payback times due to conversion of CRP lands to annual bioenergy crops have been substantially underestimated by current models.
Multi-tiered Systems of Support for School-Based Mental Health: A Systematic Review of Depression Interventions

Despite the prevalence and negative consequences of depressive disorders among youth, as well as the need for schools to adopt and implement a continuum of mental health services to address depressive disorders, school mental health providers receive very limited guidance in the selection and application of appropriate evidence-based depression prevention and intervention programs for use within a school-based multi-tiered system of support (MTSS). With the goal of supporting school-based mental health providers in the delivery of evidence-based practices targeting depressive symptoms among youth within a MTSS framework, the following study sought to conduct a critical review of the existing school-based prevention and intervention programming for depressive disorders for youth. A systematic, four-stage review was performed from which 119 studies examining 57 unique programs were identified. A review of the studies, including presentation of various participant (e.g., age, grade, ethnicity), study (e.g., control group, randomization), and program (e.g., primary focus, findings, MTSS tier) characteristics, is included. Implementation considerations review and future directions for research are discussed.
Survival outcomes for adjuvant or salvage radiation in men with pN+M0 prostate cancer.

276Background: The benefit of adjuvant or salvage radiation in pN+ men following radical prostatectomy (RP) is debated. Prior outcome studies are hampered either by missing prognostic variables or ...
Group identity and partnership

Abstract We design a laboratory experiment to investigate how group identity influences decisions in a principal-agent framework with hidden actions and a revenue-sharing payment scheme. Group identity is induced by randomly assigning participants to groups and is further enhanced using a collective puzzle-solving task. We find that the principal makes a more generous revenue-sharing offer to the ingroup agent than to the outgroup agent. While an ingroup agent is less tolerant of a low offer from the principal, she exerts a greater effort in response to a more generous offer than does an outgroup agent. Our findings shed important light on the interplay of monetary incentives and group identity in tackling the principal-agent problem.
Excess hair, hair removal methods, and barriers to care in gender minority patients: A survey study

Background In gender minority patients, electrolysis and laser hair removal may be necessary to reduce facial and body hair in individuals seeking a more feminine appearance and/or modified gender expression. These procedures may also be required preoperatively for some gender-affirming surgeries. Aims To identify (a) the frequency of unwanted facial and body hair, (b) the use of various hair removal methods, and (c) associated barriers to care in gender minority patients. Methods An online-based patient survey was distributed via social media on Facebook® , YouTube® , and Instagram® in fall 2018. Respondents were at least 18 years old and self-identified as a gender minority. Results In total, 991 responses were recorded with a completion rate of 77%. Considering excess hair, 84% of transwomen on feminizing hormone therapy (FHT: estrogen and anti-androgen therapy), 100% of transwomen not on FHT, and 100% of nonbinary individuals on FHT reported excess facial/body hair. Laser hair removal (18%) and electrolysis (17%) had similar rates of use in this cohort and were more commonly reported for nonsurgical gender-affirming purposes than preoperative preparation. Cost was the most frequently cited barrier to care. Conclusion As the majority of transwomen and nonbinary people on feminizing hormone therapy had persistent excess facial/body hair, routine use of gender-affirming hormones is not sufficient to fully eliminate unwanted hair. There remains a critical need to advocate for more comprehensive insurance coverage for laser hair removal and electrolysis in gender minority patients.
Quantification of functional crosslinker reaction kinetics via super-resolution microscopy of swollen microgels

Super resolution microscopy (SRM) brings the advantages of optical microscopy to the imaging of nanostructured soft matter, and in colloidal microgels, promises to quantify variations of crosslink densities at unprecedented length scales. However, the distribution of all crosslinks does not coincide with that of dye-tagged crosslinks, and density quantification in SRM is not guaranteed due to over/under-counting dye molecules. Here we demonstrate that SRM images of microgels encode reaction rate constants of functional cross linkers, which hold the key to correlating these distributions. Combined with evolution of microgel particle radii, the functional cross linker distributions predict consumption versus time with high fidelity. Using a Bayesian regression approach, we extract reaction rate constants for homo and cross propagation of the functional crosslinker, which should be widely useful for predicting spatial variations in crosslink density of gels.
Special interest tourism is not so special after all: Big data evidence from the 2017 Great American Solar Eclipse

Abstract This study puts to empirical test a major typology in the tourism literature, mass versus special interest tourism (SIT), as the once-distinctive boundary between the two has become blurry in modern tourism scholarship. We utilize 41,747 geo-located Instagram photos pertaining to the 2017 Great American Solar Eclipse and Big Data analytics to distinguish tourists based on their choice of observational destinations and spatial movement patterns. Two types of tourists are identified: opportunists and hardcore. The motivational profile of those tourists is validated with the external data through hypothesis testing and compared with and contrasted against existing motivation-based tourist typologies. The main conclusion is that large share of tourists involved in what is traditionally understood as SIT activities exhibit behavior and profile characteristic of mass tourists seeking novelty but conscious about risks and comforts. Practical implications regarding the potential of rural and urban destinations for developing SIT tourism are also discussed.
Multidisciplinary Tumor Boards in Dermatologic Surgery.

BACKGROUND Recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities have made oncologic care ever more challenging, and multidisciplinary tumor boards (MTBs) are increasingly being used as a forum to discuss and coordinate care for complex oncology patients. Literature on the use of MTBs specific to cutaneous oncology and dermatologic surgery remains limited. OBJECTIVE To share our experiences with cutaneous oncology MTBs at the University of Vermont Medical Center (UVMMC). METHODS We describe the formation, timing, participation, clinical discussion, case follow-up, and coordination of care of our MTBs. RESULTS A log of all cases discussed at cutaneous oncology MTBs from August 2018 to August 2019 is presented as an example. Five specific cases are described in further detail to demonstrate critical components of multidisciplinary care. CONCLUSION The MTBs at UVMMC has created a collaborative environment for providers in multiple specialties to jointly formulate and coordinate optimal treatment plans for difficult cases, particularly when treatment guidelines do not exist or are insufficient. Furthermore, MTBs can serve as an educational forum for all participants.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Re-tear and Revision Reconstruction in the Skeletally Immature Athlete

With an increase in high-demand sporting activity, the rate of pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is increasing. Yet, the failure rates after reconstruction are much higher than the adult population. The purpose of this paper is to understand failure rates, reasons for graft failure, and strategies for successful revision surgery. A complete understanding of the failure etiology is essential for the clinician treating this population prior to revision. This begins with an assessment of post-operative patient compliance and sporting activity. Surgical technique must then be scrutinized for non-anatomic tunnel placement and poor graft size/type. Concurrent bony deformity must also be addressed including lower extremity valgus alignment and tibial slope abnormalities. Meniscus and chondral injury must be aggressively treated. Furthermore, imaging must be examined to look for missed posterolateral corner injury. Lateral extra-articular tenodesis (in the setting of ligamentous laxity or rotational instability) may be also indicated as well. The surgeon can then choose a graft type and surgical technique that optimizes outcome and respects skeletal growth. Prior to surgical intervention, the clinician must also counsel patients in regard to the guarded prognosis and outcomes in this setting. Prolonged rehabilitation protocols/return-to-play timing as well as sporting activity modification in the post-operative period after revision are critical. There is limited literature on revision ACL reconstruction in the skeletally immature athlete. An understanding of all the risk factors for failure is essential in order to achieve treatment success.
Osteoclast Cytoskeleton, Podosome, Motility, Attachment, and Signaling by Receptors

Abstract Osteoclasts are highly motile cells that depend on rapid changes in their actin cytoskeleton to complete cycles of movement and attachment during bone resorption. Attachment and migration of osteoclasts occur through dot-like F-actin-enriched adhesive structures called podosomes. Each podosome consists of a central core of actin filaments surrounded by a diffuse actin cloud comprising of filamentous and monomeric actin. A variety of signaling and actin-binding proteins (nucleating, severing, and bundling) are present in these structures. This article presents an overview of the organization of podosomes and the possible roles of actin-binding and signaling molecules in the dynamic regulation of actin organization during migration and bone resorption of osteoclasts.
Abstract 13832: Cardiac Mesenchymal Cells (CMCs) Cultured at Physiologic Oxygen Tension Have Superior Therapeutic Efficacy in Mice With Heart Failure Caused by Myocardial Infarction

Stem/progenitor cells are usually cultured at atmospheric O2 tension (21%); however, since physiologic O2 tension in the heart is ~5%, using 21% O2 may cause oxidative stress and toxicity. CMCs, a ...
Genome Sequence of a Novel Soil Actinomycete, Protaetiibacter sp. Strain SSC-01.

ABSTRACT The family Microbacteriaceae represents a diverse and important group of soil bacteria in the phylum Actinobacteria. Here, we report the genome sequence of a soil Microbacteriaceae strain, Protaetiibacter sp. strain SSC-01, the second putative species of the genus. Iron acquisition and xylose metabolism are central pathways identified in the annotated genome.