cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromosome analysis of small and large L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell colonies: comparison of trifluorothymidine-resistant and unselected cell colonies from mutagen-treated and control cultures

Abstract Mutagenesis assays at the thymidine kinase (TK) locus in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells frequently yield mutant colonies with a bimodal size distribution. The objectives of this study were to determine whether a relationship exists between mutant colony size and chromosomal aberrations and whether the colony-size distributions obtained from this assay can indicate the clastogenic activity of a test chemical. Cells from 8 different types of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell colonies were examined for chromosomal abnormalities within 10 cell generations after colony isolation. The colonies included small (σ) and large (λ) unselected cell (UC) and trifluorothymidine-resistant (TFT r ) colonies derived from TK +/− cell cultures treated with the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or hycanthone methanesulfonate (HYC). Chromosome abnormalities were present in cells from 12% (7/60) of the UC colonies, but there was no apparent relationship between colony diameter and the presence of chromosomal abnormalities. Abnormalities affecting chromosome 11, which is believed to be the site of the TK gene, were not observed in cells from UC colonies. Abnormalities affecting chromosome 11 were observed only in cells from σ-TFT r colonies irrespective of whether they were spontaneous (5/15 colonies) or induced by HYC (4/15 colonies). Overall, 30% (9/30) of σ-TFT r colonies had cells with an abnormal chromosome 11 and 10% (3/30) had abnormalities affecting other chromosomes. Abnormalities affecting chromosome 11 were not observed in cells from λ-TFT r colonies (0/30 colonies). The observation of only 30% of σ-TFT r colonies with chromosome damage affecting chromosome 11 indicates that other mechanisms, in addition to chromosome damage at the level of resolution used in this study (i.e., 200–300 chromosome bands), contribute to small TFT r colony size.
Flavonols: Pigments Responsible for Ultraviolet Absorption in Nectar Guide of Flower

The petals of the black-eyed susan (Compositae: Rudbeckia hirta) contain three flavonol glucosides (6,7-dimethoxy-3',4',5-trihydroxyflavone-3-O-glucoside, patulitrin, and quercetagetin). These compounds, which show intense spectral absorption at 340 to 380 nanometers, are restricted in distribution to the petal bases, which are ultraviolet absorbing as a result. Such ultraviolet-absorbing petal zones, known as "nectar guides," are invisible to us, but are visible and of orientation value to the pollinating insect that lands on the flower in search for food. This is the first time that ultraviolet absorption in a nectar guide has been interpreted in chemical terms. In view of the widespread occurrence of flavonols in flowers, it is suggested that these pigments serve specifically for demarcation of ultraviolet petal patterns visible and relevant to insects.
Photomask automation improvement to eliminate manufacturing errors

Photomask manufacturing automation has lagged semiconductor wafer process automation development. In a highly complex wafer fab, data automation and advanced process control techniques are required. Given limited demand, photomask equipment manufacturers have not unilaterally made the investment necessary to implement a standardized data flow protocol which would allow photomask process automation enhancements. Surveys indicate that significant photomask yield loss is attributed to manufacturing and administrative errors. By working with individual photomask equipment suppliers and through internal application development, IBM photomask manufacturing automation has eliminated nearly all manufacturing and administrative errors. Some examples of processes that were automated over the past several years are process routing selection, photomask yield prediction, linkage of photomask blank to mask build part number, automated recipe and setup download and dispositioning criteria, statistical analysis of process parameters and defect density, defect information management and automated data upload for photomask and wafer engineering use. Project highlights will be discussed and the case will be made for standardization of data flow protocol and for further photomask process automation improvements.
Charge, Stereochemistry, or Epitaxy? Toward Controlled Biomimetic Nucleation at Mixed Monolayer Templates

Floating monolayer mixtures of cationic dioctadecyldimethyldiammonium bromide and anionic lipids were used as variable templates for the biomimetic nucleation of calcium carbonate and studied using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Varying the ratio of constituents changes the monolayer charge, structure, and molecular tilt. The nucleating surface of calcite also changes as the mixture is varied, and at an 80:20 ratio the (012) face is seen under a floating monolayer template for the first time. Our results indicate that the average template lattice is the major controlling factor in the oriented nucleation of CaCO3. This is in contrast to the current view that the orientation is controlled by the stereochemical matching of the terminal functional group and molecular tilt with respect to the carbonate groups in the crystal.
Case Study: Long-Term Potentiation of Neuroleptics with Transdermal Nicotine in Tourette's Syndrome

Sixteen Tourette's syndrome patients, aged 9 to 15 years, whose symptoms were not controlled with neuroleptics, were followed for various lengths of time after the application of a transdermal nicotine patch (TNP) (7 mg/24 hours) as part of an ongoing case study. While there was a broad range in individual response, application on the TNP produced significant reductions (p < .001) in Yale Global Tic Severity Scale scores relative to baseline, with an average duration of effect lasting between 1 and 2 weeks. Side effects, for the most part, were transient. Clinical implications for the use of TNP as an adjunct to neuroleptic treatment of Tourette's syndrome are discussed.
Concentration of the solar radiation in a solar furnace

Abstract Energy concentration in a solar furnace is greatly influenced by the optical accuracy of the reflecting surface of the mirror. The highest density of a heat flux on the heating surface of a specimen is determined by its concentration and by the reflectivity of the mirror. Since the apparent diameter of the moon is almost equal to that of the sun and the illumination of the moon may be adapted to the photographic determination of flux density, the rate of energy concentration in the authors' solar furnace was studied by the moon's image projected upon the heating zone in place of that of the sun. As a result, about 300 watts per cm was obtained as the highest possible density of the heat flux in this solar furnace. This figure also agreed with the results of an optical analysis based on the practical finishing of the present mirror surface. With a heat flux of 300 watts per sq cm, in accordance with Stefan-Boltzmann's law of radiation, the highest temperature attainable is estimated to be approximately 2700°K. Besides the above, in actual experiment, approximately 2300°C was obtained in observing the melting points of binary mixtures, e.g., MgOCoO and MgOCr2O3. Thus, the above-mentioned three approaches to the problem are in fairly good agreement.
Anticerebellar antibodies in neurologically normal patients with ovarian neoplasms

Several groups of investigators have confirmed the occurrence of antibodies to Purkinje and other cerebellar neuronal populations in the serum and spinal fluid of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Although this antibody response suggests that paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration may have an autoimmune basis, it is not known what role anticerebellar antibodies play in the pathogenesis of this disorder or whether the presence of antibodies invariably results in cerebellar injury. We identified 3 patients with ovarian malignancies in whom high titers of circulating anticerebellar antibodies were present without clinical evidence of cerebellar disease. We followed these patients clinically and serologically until their deaths from their neoplasms. All 3 patients remained neurologically normal. In 2 of the patients, anticerebellar antibodies persisted at high titer. CSF obtained from 1 of these patients postmortem did not contain detectable levels of anticerebellar antibody, but histopathologic examination of her cerebellum revealed patchy loss of Purkinje cells. In the 3rd patient, antibody titers fell with removal of the primary tumor and chemotherapy but did not rise with tumor recurrence. Indirect immunonuorescence did not reveal anticerebellar antibodies in the serum or CSF of other patients with neoplasms, patients with other cerebellar disease, or normal controls. The present study demonstrates that patients with ovarian malignancies may occasionally develop antibodies that react with cerebellar neuronal antigens and can maintain this antibody response for protracted periods of time without clinically evident cerebellar injury. Tumor recurrence may not be accompanied by rise in titers of anticerebellar antibodies.
Feasibility in Optimizing Ethics

Doing the best we can in the world as it is requires that appropriate account be taken of “feasibility considerations.” The object of this essay is to examine what “appropriate account” amounts to — and specifically how “feasibility” should be conceptualized so as to operate most congenially with “desirability considerations.” One element in this exercise is to recognize “feasibility” not so much as a category as “coming in degrees” (just as desirability must be recognized). A second element is to specify evaluands as actions — objects that the advisee controls — rather than as objects that lie somewhere intermediate along the path from actions to final desirability principles. This move serves to collapse all feasibility issues to ones relating to the consequences of genuine actions rather than “feasibility of” other kinds of objects of evaluation. A particular problem in the proper treatment of feasibility considerations is the tendency to begin from the “ought-implies-can” principle, a point of departure that frames feasibility considerations in a dismissive or otherwise inadequate way.
Characterization of the metal-binding sites of the beta-lactamase from Bacteroides fragilis.

In an effort to better understand the structure and function of the metallo-beta-lactamase from Bacteroides fragilis, spectroscopic and metal-binding studies were performed on the native, metal-substituted, and mutant forms of the enzyme. Atomic absorption studies demonstrate that the native B. fragilis enzyme tightly binds 2 mol of Zn(II) and, along with mutagenesis studies, that the presence of both metal ions is required for full catalytic activity. EPR spectroscopy was used to confirm that the Co(II)-substituted beta-lactamase binds 2 mol of Co(II) per mole of enzyme, that the two Co(II)'s are highspin and probably uncoupled, with apparent g values of 6.5, 4.2, and 2.0, and that the coordination number of the Co(II) is 5 or 6. This number of ligands for the Co(II)-substituted enzyme is confirmed by UV-Vis spectra, which demonstrate the presence of very weak d-d transitions between 550 and 650 nm (epsilon approximately 30 M-1.cm-1) and an intense feature at 320 nm (epsilon approximately 1570 M-1.cm-1). The latter is assigned to a cysteine sulfur to Co(II) ligand-to-metal charge transfer band, and this assignment is confirmed by the disappearance of this band in the UV-Vis spectrum of a Co(II)-substituted C168S mutant. H NMR studies on the Co(II)-substituted enzyme suggest the presence of three histidine ligands bound to Co(II). Taken together, these studies support the sequence comparison study of Rasmussen et al., in which there is a catalytic metal-binding site with three histidines and one cysteine (C168). The remaining ligands are postulated to be water molecules involved in catalysis. Mutagenesis studies, in combination with activity assays and metal-binding studies, have been used to identify Asp61, Asp90, Asp152, and Asp183 as possible ligands to the second metal-binding site, with Asp90 and Asp152 having a pronounced effect on kcat. These results are discussed in light of the recent crystal structure of the metallo-beta-lactamase from B. cereus.
One for all? Philippine police officers' perceptions of civilian review

There is a prevailing perception that police officers are antagonistic to any civilian review process. This perception also includes the assumption that all police officers are one in denouncing any civilian review. This research examines the degree to which these prevailing perceptions about police officers' views of civilian reviews reflect reality. This research contends that there is reason to question the overwhelming assumption in the literature that police officers are united in their views about civilian review. The research found that police officers have varying perceptions about civilian review. Furthermore, these differences in perceptions are correlated with the experience of being subjected to these reviews. The data indicate that experience with civilian review tend to draw positive perceptions from the police. On the other hand, police officers who have never been subjected to civilian review have less than positive perceptions of review boards. The research findings also indicate that civilian review boards need to overcome these initial negative perceptions especially among police officers who have never had a case adjudicated by a civilian review board.
SIMPLIFIED METHODS FOR DETERMINING GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) USING PLASMA CLEARANCE (PC) OF IOHEXOL OR 99mTc-DTPA (DTPA) † 1664

SIMPLIFIED METHODS FOR DETERMINING GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) USING PLASMA CLEARANCE (PC) OF IOHEXOL OR 99mTc-DTPA (DTPA) † 1664
Acculturation, social alienation, and depressed mood in midlife women from the former Soviet Union

Level of acculturation has been linked to depressed mood in studies across culturally diverse immigrant groups. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acculturation, social alienation, personal and family stress, and demographic characteristics on depressed mood in midlife immigrant women from the former Soviet Union. Structural equation modeling showed that higher acculturation scores, measured by English language and American behavior, were indirectly related to lower scores for depressed mood. Higher acculturation levels promoted mental health indirectly by reducing social alienation and, subsequently, lowering family and personal stress, both of which had direct relationships to symptoms of depression. These findings support the ecological framework that guided our research and point to the importance of focusing on contextual factors in developing interventions for new immigrants.
Microstructural observations of spheroidization from a lamellar structure in iron meteorites

The Ocotillo and Arispe iron meteorites have a coarse Widmanstatten pattern of primary ferrite crystals, typical of many iron meteorites. These crystals are separated by thin sheets or plates of retained austenite, some of which have decomposed into various structures upon very slow extraterrestrial cooling and subsequent unknown thermal histories. One structure is a lamellar product, probably formed by a monotectoid reaction. Some regions in these two meteorites show that the lamellar structure has begun to change to a structure of spheroids of a nickel-rich phase in ferrite, and other regions have completely spheroidized. In some regions, the spheroidization process occurs by geometric instability of the lamellar plates. However, most of the spheroidization appears to be occurring at morphological defects in the lamellar structure (e.g., branches), or at the end of the plates of the lamellar structure. There is evidence that the processes are controlled by interphase surface diffusion.
Female spotted cucumber beetles use own cuticular hydrocarbon signature to choose immunocompatible mates

Using spotted cucumber beetles and their epicuticular hydrocarbon signatures, we examined two hypotheses about how females may use signals that describe a potential mate’s immune system to identify high-quality males. Females may find males to be acceptable mates when (1) a male’s immune system complements or matches the immune system of the receptive female (immunocompatibility), or (2) a male successfully signals that it has a strong immune system (immunocompetence). The first experiment used gas chromatography to compare the epicuticular hydrocarbon signature of a female beetle with that of a male she rejected and a male she accepted as a mate. We also compared the hydrocarbon signatures of a male and two fertilized females, one that had voluntarily accepted his spermatophore and one that was forced to accept the spermatophore. In both experiments the immune response to an implant inserted in the insect’s abdomen was compared in males and their offspring. The hydrocarbon signature of males accepted as mates in the first experiment differed more from that of their female partners than did the hydrocarbon signature of rejected males. There was no significant difference in the immune response of accepted and rejected males. Offspring from forced matings had significantly lower immune responses than offspring from voluntary matings. This study suggests that females use immunocompatibility rather than immunocompetence as a trait to identify quality mates, which fosters stronger immune systems in offspring. Female choice of mates in this species may be self-referenced using the cuticular hydrocarbon signature of the female as a standard.
A refactoring tool to extract GPU kernels

Significant performance gains can be achieved by using hardware architectures that integrate GPUs with conventional CPUs to form a hybrid and highly parallel computational engine. However, programming these novel architectures is tedious and error prone, reducing their ease of acceptance in an even wider range of computationally intensive applications. In this paper we discuss a refactoring technique, called Extract Kernel that transforms a loop written in C into a parallel function that uses NVIDIA's CUDA framework to execute on a GPU. The selected approach and the challenges encountered are described, as well as some early results that demonstrate the potential of this refactoring.
Heat stress and N fertilization affect soil microbial and enzyme activities in the creeping bentgrass (Agrostis Stolonifera L.) rhizosphere

Abstract High summer temperatures often cause damage to bentgrass on putting greens in transition zone regions. One of the most damaging effects is a depression of rooting. Although heat stress effects on plant functions are considered as a main reason for the damage, heat stress also may be related to organic matter (OM) accumulation and poor gas exchange into the rhizosphere. The OM accumulation and the often-observed root dieback suggest that soil microbial processes play a role in summer bentgrass decline. In this study, the impact of high temperature on soil microbial properties and enzyme activities was examined using creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) growing in a phytotron controlled environment chamber. The high temperature exposures (34/30 °C versus 22/18 °C for controls) lasted for four weeks and the bentgrass cultures received mineral N at two rates. Our working hypothesis was that not only did high temperatures stimulate overall soil microbial and enzyme activity but also selectively modified microbial catabolic functions. To test this hypothesis, we compared temperature sensitivities and Q10 values of microbial substrate utilization patterns using a Biolog plate approach and soil enzyme activities. The results indicated that soil enzyme activities had similar responses to assay temperatures and their Q10 values averaged ∼2 with changes of laboratory assay temperatures from 12 to 22 °C and from 22 to 34 °C. Such positive responses of microbial activity to high temperatures were supported by parallel increases in rates of microbial substrate utilization. Total substrate availability in Biolog plates also increased with laboratory assay temperatures. This enhancement could not be explained by the overall stimulation of high temperature on microbial activity, but instead by selective modification of microbial community functions. Nitrogen fertilization significantly changed soil biological activities. Phenol oxidase activity was reduced by the high rate of N fertilization, whereas β-glucosidase and β-glucosaminidase activities were increased. Interactions on soil enzyme activities between growth chamber temperatures and N fertilization rates also occurred. Soil peroxidase activity was ∼three-fold greater for bentgrass subjected to heat stress and the low rate of N fertilization. Our results indicated that summer heat stress and the associated increases in root and OM degradation in bentgrass systems are related with overall temperature stimulations on soil microbial and enzyme activities as well as with modifications in functional components of the microbial community.
Constitutive and inducible levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in rat cerebral cortex and cerebellum

We examined the constitutive and inducible levels of microsomal cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1A2 (CYP1A) in rat cerebral cortex and cerebellum at the level of proteins by western blot analysis, and by catalytic activities via ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD). In the cerebral cortex, cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) protein was more abundant than cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) protein. Treatment with beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF) caused a slight decrease in the level of the former but induced the latter 5.8-fold. In the cerebellum, in contrast to the cerebral cortex, CYP1A1 protein was less abundant than CYP1A2 protein in untreated rats, and while beta-NF treatment caused a 3.3-fold induction of CYP1A1 protein, it resulted in a 10-fold decrease in CYP1A2 protein. The CYP1A-preferential activity EROD was 2.3-fold higher in the cerebellum than in the cerebral cortex, and was induced 1.5-fold and 1.9-fold in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, respectively, by beta-NF treatment. The CYP1A2-preferential activity MROD was 3-fold higher in the cerebellum than in the cerebral cortex, and was repressed 2.2-fold in the cerebellum but induced 3.7-fold in the cerebral cortex following beta-NF treatment. The results show that CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 proteins and catalytic activities are constitutively expressed in brain but are differentially inducible in the rat cerebral cortex and cerebellum.
Growth of high quality ZnSe on closely lattice-matched InGaAs substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Epitaxial ZnSe layers have been grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on GaAs and InGaAs substrates over the temperature range 400–500°C, using either diisopropyl selenide or diethyl selenide with diethyl zinc. The latter combination leads to improved optical and crystal quality at a growth temperature of 500°C. The narrowest double crystal rocking curve width is 100 arcsec in the lattice-matched case with a 3.5% InAs content in the InGaAs substrate, comparable to films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Both n- and p-type dopants have been incorporated to fabricate p/n homojunction structures.
Environmental governance through ''Speaking Like an Indigenous State'' and respatializing resources: Ethical livelihood concepts in Bolivia as versatility or verisimilitude?

Abstract This research addresses recent environmental governance in Bolivia through its relations to indigeneity and respatializations. It introduces and develops the concept of “speaking like an indigenous state” to examine the Bolivian state’s recent use of a pair of indigenous linguistic concepts, Living Well and Earth Mother, representing the identities of citizens and their rights to resources and livelihoods. State relations to indigenous social movements highlight the use of Living Well and Earth Mother concepts through accommodation, resistance, and protaganism. Six active issues of environmental governance are examined: (1) climate change and justice movement; (2) agrarian reform, agrobiodiversity, and food justice; (3) water resources; (4) indigenous territories; (5) Protected Areas; and (6) extractive industries (mining, hydrocarbons). The usages of Living Well and Earth Mother show versatility as they have been mobilized in the respatializing of the politics and social-power dynamics of environmental issues at scales of the state, global and international institutions, and community and local levels. Analysis also reveals deployment of Living Well and Earth Mother that is discursively influential and yet conceptually reduced and unevenly applied, thus suggesting a characteristic of verisimilitude. My analysis determines that respatialization at various levels, including territorial transitions of sub-national regional spaces, are associated with the heightened articulation of environmental governance through indigeneity and “speaking like an indigenous state” amid resource nationalism. Linkages and logics operating within this conjuncture differ from the prevailing interpretation of the Bolivian state’s use of Living Well and Earth Mother as solely an unwitting contradiction or instrumentalist camouflage.
Gas-phase conformational distributions for the 2-alkylalcohols 2-pentanol and 2-hexanol from microwave spectroscopy

Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242; Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904
MADD/DENN splice variant of the IG20 gene is necessary and sufficient for cancer cell survival

The IG20 gene is overexpressed in human tumors and cancer cell lines, and encodes at least four splice variants (SVs) namely, IG20pa, MADD, IG20-SV2 and DENN-SV. Earlier, gain-of-function studies showed that IG20-SVs can exhibit diverse functions and play a critical role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Expression of exogenous IG20pa or DENN-SV rendered cells either susceptible or resistant to induced apoptosis, respectively, whereas MADD and IG20-SV2 had no apparent effect. In order to understand the contrasting effects of the IG20-SVs in a physiologically more relevant system, we expressed exon-specific small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to selectively knockdown specific IG20-SVs. Consistent with an earlier study, knockdown of all IG20-SVs resulted in spontaneous apoptosis of HeLa and PA-1 cells. In addition, we unambiguously demonstrated that knockdown of MADD can render cells susceptible to spontaneous apoptosis but had no discernible effect on cell proliferation, colony size or cell cycle progression. Moreover, expression of MADD alone, and not DENN-SV, in the absence of endogenous IG20-SVs was sufficient to prevent spontaneous apoptosis. Our results show the utility of shRNAs for selective knockdown of particular IG20-SVs and their potential therapeutic value in cancer. Further, they demonstrate that MADD alone is sufficient and necessary for cancer cell survival.
Characterization of Two Photosynthetic Mutants of Maize

We describe here the biochemical characteristics of the hcf44 and hcf47 (high chlorophyll fluorescence) mutants of maize (Zea mays L.). Both mutants were sensitive to high light intensities, exhibiting reduced growth and fluorescence intensity. Electron transport through the mutants' photosystem (PS) I and PSII reaction centers was reduced and NADP(+) photoreduction was absent. Western analysis revealed that the hcf44 mutant was missing some or all of the PsaC, PsaD, and PsaE polypeptides of the PSI reaction center, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that this loss was the result of a posttranscriptional event. The hcf47 mutant had reduced levels of many PSI and PSII polypeptides. These data indicate a possible defect in the synthesis or assembly of the PsaC subunit in the hcf44 mutant, whereas the hcf47 mutant may have a more general defect in the biogenesis of photosynthetic membranes. Our results demonstrate the coordinated assembly of the peripheral proteins into the PSI complexes of higher plants and demonstrate the in vivo requirement of PsaC, PsaD, and PsaE subunits for the function of PSI in higher plants.
Consistency of fat mass–fat-free mass relationship across ethnicity and sex groups

The model developed by Forbes (1987) of how body fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) change during periods of weight loss or gain (Δ body weight (BW)) assumed that they change in relationship to a constant C = 10·4, where ΔFFM/ΔBW = 10·4/(10·4+FM). Forbes derived C based on aggregated, cross-sectional data from a small sample of women. The objective of the present study was to reanalyse the relationship described by Forbes and to explore whether this relationship is consistent across ethnicity and sex groups using cross-sectional data from a large sample of white and African-American men and women. Baseline data from white and African-American men and women aged 18-60 years, who participated in a clinical study at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center since 2001 and who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans, were available for analysis. To overcome differences in BMI distributions among the ethnicity-by-sex groups, a stratified random sample of participants was selected within each group such that numbers in each BMI category ( < 25, 25-29·9, 30-34·9, 35-39·9, 40+ kg/m2) were proportional to those within the group with the smallest sample size, yielding a sample of 1953 individuals. Linear regression models assessed the FM-FFM relationship across the four ethnicity-by-sex groups. The FM-FFM relationship varied little by ethnicity (P = 0·57) or by sex (P = 0·26). The constant describing the FM-FFM relationship was estimated to be 9·7 (95 % CI 9·0, 10·3). In conclusion, results from our large, biethnic sample of men and women found a FM-FFM relationship very close to that originally described by Forbes, absent of significant variability by ethnicity or sex.
Profiling Aquatic Diffusion Process UsingRobotic Sensor Networks

Water resources and aquatic ecosystems are facing increasing threats from climate change, improper waste disposal, and oil spill incidents. It is of great interest to deploy mobile sensors to detect and monitor certain diffusion processes (e.g., chemical pollutants) that are harmful to aquatic environments. In this paper, we propose an accuracy-aware diffusion process profiling approach using smart aquatic mobile sensors such as robotic fish. In our approach, the robotic sensors collaboratively profile the characteristics of a diffusion process including source location, discharged substance amount, and its evolution over time. In particular, the robotic sensors reposition themselves to progressively improve the profiling accuracy. We formulate a novel movement scheduling problem that aims to maximize the profiling accuracy subject to the limited sensor mobility and energy budget. We develop an efficient greedy algorithm and a more complex near-optimal radial algorithm to solve the problem. We conduct extensive simulations based on real data traces of GPS localization errors, robotic fish movement, and wireless communication. The results show that our approach can accurately profile dynamic diffusion processes under tight energy budgets. Moreover, a preliminary evaluation based on the implementation on TelosB motes validates the feasibility of deploying our profiling algorithms on mote-class robotic sensor platforms.
Designs for randomized phase II clinical trials with two treatment arms.

The most common primary statistical end point of a phase II clinical trial is the categorization of a patient as either a ‘responder’ or ‘nonresponder’. The primary objective of typical randomized phase II anticancer clinical trials is to evaluate experimental treatments that potentially will increase response rate over a historical baseline and select one to consider for further study. We propose single-stage and two-stage designs for randomized phase II clinical trials, precisely defining various type I error rates and powers to achieve this objective. We develop a program to compute these error rates and powers exactly, and we provide many design examples to satisfy pre-fixed requirements on error rates and powers. Finally, we apply our method to a randomized phase II trial in patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin's disease. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making Sense of Their World: Sensory Reactivity and Novelty Awareness as Aspects of Temperament and Correlates of Social Behaviours in Early Childhood

This study examines the early emergence of sensory reactivity and novelty awareness and their relations to children's behaviours with peers. A total of 260 parents (242 mothers, 18 fathers) and 10 teachers of 260 children (131 male, 129 female; M = 63 months; SD = 8.80; range = 39–81) participated. Structural equation models indicate that sensory reactive children appear to be less social (i.e. prosocial and friendly), more likely to engage in solitary-active play behaviour, and more prone to utilize instrumental aggression in peer interactions. Children scoring high on novelty awareness tend to be more social (i.e. prosocial, friendly, and control impulses), better able to appropriately and punctually comply with tasks given by teacher, less likely to engage in a number of solitary play behaviours (i.e. solitary passive and solitary active), less likely to utilize instrumental or reactive aggressive strategies, and more likely to dodge negative peer interactions by avoiding bullies. Furthermore, the associations between sensory reactivity/novelty awareness and children's behaviours differ from those of other dimensions of temperament (i.e. activity level and emotionality). This suggests that novelty awareness and sensory reactivity uniquely contribute to our overall understanding of children's temperament and its correlates. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternate pleckstrin homology domain orientations regulate dynamin-catalyzed membrane fission.

The self-assembling GTPase dynamin catalyzes endocytic vesicle scission via membrane insertion of its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PH domain-dependent membrane fission remain obscure. Membrane-curvature-sensing and membrane-curvature-generating properties have been attributed, but it remains to be seen whether the PH domain is involved in either process independent of dynamin self-assembly. Here, using multiple fluorescence spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, we demonstrate that the isolated PH domain does not act to bend membranes but instead senses high membrane curvature through hydrophobic insertion into the membrane bilayer. Furthermore, we use a complementary set of short- and long-distance Forster resonance energy transfer approaches to distinguish PH-domain orientation from proximity at the membrane surface in full-length dynamin. We reveal, in addition to the GTP-sensitive "hydrophobic mode," the presence of an alternate, GTP-insensitive "electrostatic mode" of PH domain-membrane interactions that retains dynamin on the membrane surface during the GTP hydrolysis cycle. Stabilization of this alternate orientation produces dramatic variations in the morphology of membrane-bound dynamin spirals, indicating that the PH domain regulates membrane fission through the control of dynamin polymer dynamics.
How threats to masculinity sequentially cause public discomfort, anger, and ideological dominance over women.

Abstract. This research examined whether threats to masculinity both inspired men’s efforts to reestablish their power over women via the promotion of ideologies that implicitly subordinate women and occurred when men were outperformed by women in masculine domains. Masculinity was threatened by telling men they scored like women on a gender knowledge test (Rudman & Fairchild, 2004), which sequentially led to more concern about how they were perceived by others, increased anger, and the increased endorsement of social dominance orientation (Study 1a) and benevolent sexism (Study 1b). Study 2 additionally shows that men experienced threats to masculinity when outperformed by women in masculine domains; when outperformed by a woman, men reported more concern about how they looked to others, which predicted increased anger and the subsequent sexualization of the woman. The findings link masculinity threats to the promotion of ideologies that implicitly subordinate women; the consequences of these linkages ar...
Simplified Thermal Model of PM Motors in Hybrid Vehicle Applications Taking into Account Eddy Current Loss in Magnets

Permanent Magnet (PM) Motors are popular choices for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrain applications. The effects of the excessive heat in the magnets can degrade the performance of these machines if not dealt properly. It is therefore critical to develop a complete and representative model of the heat processes in the electric motors. In this paper, a simplified analytical model is developed as a thermal circuit with a network of intercon nected nodes and thermal resistances representing the heat processes within the SPMSM. Both losses induced by sinusoidal and PWM waveform voltage supplies are calculated respectively as heat sources in the thermal circuit. Because temperature-rise inside the magnets caused by eddy current loss can lead to the unpredictable deterioration of the magnets, the circuit takes into consideration the eddy current loss developed in the permanent magnets. The thermal circuit is then solved in MATLAB through a system of linear equations. The results of the analytical model are confirmed through 3-D finite element analysis (FEA) simulation in Ansoft ePhysics soft ware.
HIGH-SPEED, LOW-POWER DIGITAL AND ANALOG CIRCUITS IMPLEMENTED IN IBM SiGe BiCMOS TECHNOLOGY

Under the auspices of Defense Advanced Research Project Agency's Microsystems Technology Office (DARPA/MTO) Low Power Electronics Program, the Mayo Foundation Special Purpose Processor Development Group is exploring ways to reduce circuit power consumption, while maintaining or increasing functionality, for existing military systems. Applications presently being studied include all-digital radar receivers, electronic warfare receivers, and other types of digital signal processors. One of the integrated circuit technologies currently under investigation to support such military systems is the IBM Corporation silicon germanium (SiGe) BiCMOS process. In this paper, design methodology, simulations and test results from demonstration circuits developed for these applications and implemented in the IBM SiGe BiCMOS 5HP (50 GHz fT HBTs with 0.5 μm CMOS) and 7HP (120 GHz fT HBTs with 0.18 μm CMOS) technologies will be presented.
Accuracy of guideline recommendations for two-dimensional quantification of the right ventricle by echocardiography.

Background The accuracy of the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) for the two-dimensional (2D) quantitative assessment of right ventricular (RV) size and function has not been evaluated against MRI-derived RV volumes in patients with congenital heart disease and RV volume overload. Methods Three groups of patients were studied: a normal RV group (Group I, n = 31), a repaired tetralogy of Fallot group (Group II, n = 33), and an unrepaired atrial septal defect and/or partially anomalous pulmonary venous connection group (Group III, n = 23). Recommended 2D linear and cross-sectional area measurements were made on clinical echocardiographic and MRI studies performed less than 6 months apart. Results Most 2D RV parameters were smaller by echocardiography versus MRI. There was weak correlation between 2D RV measurements by echocardiography and MRI-derived RV volumes (Group I: r = 0.15–0.54, Group II: r = 0.33–0.61, Group III: r = 0.32–0.85), and only modest improvement when the same 2D measurements were performed by MRI (Group I: r = 0.37–0.61, Group II: r = 0.44–0.69, Group III: r = 0.28–0.74). The difference between 2D RV measurements by echocardiography and MRI-derived RV volumes was more pronounced in the RV volume overload groups. Conclusions The correlation between currently recommended 2D RV measurements by echocardiography and MRI-derived RV volumes was weak, and improved only modestly when MRI was used to make the same 2D measurements. Moreover, 2D echocardiographic assessment of the RV appears to be less accurate in patients with congenital heart disease and a dilated RV.
Spectroscopic studies of poly(vinylamine) containing optically active thymine derivatives as grafted pendants

The optical properties of poly(vinylamine) containing optically active (+)- or (−)-2-(thymin-1-yl) propionyl groups as grafted pendants (PT) and the related monomer (MT) and dimer models (DT) were investigated by UV, circular dichroism (CD), and NMR spectroscopy. Highly syndiotactic PT has a smaller hypochromicity versus MT and a larger optical rotation than the less syndiotactic PT in various solutions. These results are attributed to an interaction between the configurational arrangement of thymines, the conformation of the polymers, and base stacking between thymines. The interactions of these polymers with poly(adenylic acid) (polyA) were also studied and the results compared with other vinyl-type nucleic acid model polymers. The isomers of the optically active dimer models [prepared from meso and (dl)-2,4-diaminopentane] were separated. The CD spectra of (+)-D(−)T in CHCl3 and trifluoroethanol (TFE) displayed extremely solvent-dependent exciton coupling of the π–π* (B2u) transition of the base chromophore, which was not observed in the other models or polymers, except the meso-type dimer model (meso)-D-(−)T. This coupling decreased with increasing solvent dielectric constant, while UV hypochromicity increased. This behavior as well as the 360-MHz NMR spectra suggest that (+)-D(−)T exists in an extended form in solvents of low dielectric constant and gradually assumes a stacked conformation as the dielectric constant increases.
Surveillance of Rotavirus Strains in the United States: Identification of Unusual Strains

Rotavirus strains from 964 fecal specimens collected from children at 11 U.S. hospital laboratories from November 1997 to March 1998 and from samples collected at 12 laboratories from November 1998 to March 1999 were typed for G and P proteins. Serotype G1 was the predominant serotype in 1997–1998 (88%), followed by G2 (6.2%), G9 (3.3%), and G3 (1.5%). This pattern was similar to that seen in 1998–1999: G1 (79%), G2 (15%), G9 (3.0%), G4 (1.6%), and G3 (0.3%). Novel P[9] strains were identified in both seasons, and analysis of a 364-nucleotide fragment from gene segment 4 of one of the strains demonstrated 97.3% nucleotide identity with the prototype P3[9],G3 strain, AU1, isolated in Japan. This is the first report of a human AU1-like strain in the United States. These results reinforce our initial findings that serotype G9 persists in the United States but has not become a predominant strain and that the common serotypes G1 to G4 account for almost 90% of strains in circulation. Other uncommon strains exist in the United States but may have been overlooked before because of their low prevalence and the use of inadequate diagnostic tools.
Abundance and Distributions of Eukaryote Protein Simple Sequences

Protein simple sequences are a subclass of low complexity regions of sequence that are highly enriched in one or a few residue types. Such sequences are common in transcription regulatory proteins, in structural proteins, in proteins involved in nucleic acid interactions, and in mediating protein-protein interactions. Simple sequences of 10 or more residues, containing ≥50% of a single residue type are surveyed in this work. Both eukaryote and prokaryote proteomes are investigated with emphasis on the eukaryotes. Very large numbers of such sequences are found in all organisms surveyed. It is found that eukaryotes possess far more simple sequences per protein than do the prokaryotes. Prokaryotes display a linear relationship between number of proteins containing simple sequences and proteome size, whereas it is not clear that such a relationship holds for eukaryotes. Strikingly, it is found that each eukaryote possesses its own unique distribution of simple sequences. Within those distributions it is found that simple sequences enriched in certain residue types are clearly favored, whereas others are just as clearly discriminated against. The preferences observed are not correlated with residue occurrence. An analysis of classes of proteins of known function suggests that simple sequence occurrence and distribution may be related to protein function. Based upon this analysis, the large number of simple sequences found above that would be expected from a simple statistical model, plus the known functional importance of numerous such sequences, it is postulated that eukaryotes have evolved to not only tolerate large numbers of simple sequences but also to require them.
Characteristics of lithotype thickness and sequential association of some Kentucky coals

Abstract Twenty-two Pennsylvanian coal beds from 199 sites in the Eastern and Western Kentucky coal fields were described in terms of lithotypes, i.e. vitrain, bright clarain, clarain, dull clarain, durain, and fusain as well as mineral matter. The characteristics of the coals were analyzed through comparisons of thickness distributions of each lithotype as well as location in the Eastern and Western Kentucky coal fields. The thickness of each lithotype appeared to show normal distribution using the phi scale. Bright clarain and clarain showed a mode at — 6 phi (64 mm), while vitrain and fusain are much thinner, showing modes at — 2 phi (4 mm). The lithotype thickness distribution of all coal seams depended mainly on the relative abundance of bright clarain and clarain vs vitrain and fusain. Western Kentucky coals contain relatively more vitrain and fusain layers and less durain and dull clarain than do eastern Kentucky coals, suggesting different depositional settings for western and eastern Kentucky. Sequential analysis of lithotypes demonstrated that different lithotypes were not randomly associated in sequence. Overall, bright clarain and clarain showed close associations with fusain, while mineral matter and fusain showed negative association. This suggests that bright lithotypes with well-preserved plant tissue were formed in peat-forming paleomires which were periodically subjected to intense oxidation. Eastern Kentucky coals show a negative association between durain and fusain, indicating that the durain was formed in open water mires with little opportunity for intense oxidation. A close association between bright clarain and pyrite and negative association between fusain and pyrite in western Kentucky coals suggest a setting with only moderate acidity and a tendency toward oxidation.
Aerodynamic Design Considerations for Efficient High-Lift Supersonic Wings

A previously developed technique for selecting a design space for efficient supersonic wings is reviewed; this design-space concept is expanded to include thickness and camber effects and is evaluated for cambered wings at high-lift conditions. The original design-space formulation was based on experimental upper-surface and lower-surface normal-force characteristics for flat, uncambered delta wings; it is shown that these general characteristics hold for various thickness distributions and for various amounts of leading-edge camber. The original design-space formulation was also based on the assumption that the combination of Mach number and leading-edge sweep which would produce an equal division of flat-wing lift between the upper and lower surface would also be the proper combination to give the best cambered-wing performance. Using drag-due-to-lift factor as a measure of performance, for high-lift conditions cambered-wing performance is shown to significantly increase as conditions approach the design space; this correlation is demonstrated for both subcritical and supercritical flows.