cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A coupled dynamic‐thermodynamic model of an ice‐ocean system in the marginal ice zone

Thermodynamics are incorporated into a coupled ice-ocean model in order to investigate wind-driven ice-ocean processes in the marginal zone. Upswelling at the ice edge which is generated by the difference in the ice-air and air-water surface stresses is found to give rise to a strong entrainment by drawing the pycnocline closer to the surface. Entrainment is shown to be negligible outside the areas affected by the ice edge upswelling. If cooling at the top is included in the model, the heat and salt exchanges are further enhanced in the upswelling areas. It is noted that new ice formation occurs in the region not affected by ice edge upswelling, and it is suggested that the high-salinity mixed layer regions (with a scale of a few Rossby radii of deformation) will overturn due to cooling, possibly contributing to the formation of deep water.
Patterns of object–name extension in production

The evolution of young children's categories, as measured by category name production, was studied. The focus was on categories whose names initially were overextended. Four children (initially aged 1.1 to 1.3) were visited at home twice a week over a four- to six-month period, until they were approximately 1.7. The play sessions included elicitations of the names of specially chosen objects. Results indicated that, as predicted, four sequences of category evolution were found, formed by the intersection of two factors: overlap vs. mutual exclusivity and first re-assignment separate vs. first re-assignment joint. As expected, most sequences involved initial overlap, and the choice of first reassignment option varied as a function of the relationship (hierarchical or non-hierarchical) between the initial child-basic category and the new category.
Purpose and regulation of stem cells: a systems-biology view from the Caenorhabditis elegans germ line.

Stem cells are expected to play a key role in the development and maintenance of organisms, and hold great therapeutic promises. However, a number of questions must be answered to achieve an understanding of stem cells and put them to use. Here I review some of these questions, and how they relate to the model system provided by the Caenorhabditis elegans germ line, which is exceptional in its thorough genetic characterization and experimental accessibility under in vivo conditions. A fundamental question is how to define a stem cell; different definitions can be adopted that capture different features of interest. In the C. elegans germ line, stem cells can be defined by cell lineage or by cell commitment (‘commitment’ must itself be carefully defined). These definitions are associated with two other important questions about stem cells: their functions (which must be addressed following a systems approach, based on an evolutionary perspective) and their regulation. I review possible functions and their evolutionary groundings, including genome maintenance and powerful regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, and possible regulatory mechanisms, including asymmetrical division and control of transit amplification by a developmental timer. I draw parallels between Drosophila and C. elegans germline stem cells; such parallels raise intriguing questions about Drosophila stem cells. I conclude by showing that the C. elegans germ line bears similarities with a number of other stem cell systems, which underscores its relevance to the understanding of stem cells. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Periodontitis: from microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation

Periodontitis is a dysbiotic inflammatory disease with an adverse impact on systemic health. Recent studies have provided insights into the emergence and persistence of dysbiotic oral microbial communities that can mediate inflammatory pathology at local as well as distant sites. This Review discusses the mechanisms of microbial immune subversion that tip the balance from homeostasis to disease in oral or extra-oral sites.
Media effects on the kinetics of anthracene photo-oxidation in polymers

Abstract An improved quantitative analysis of the photochemical reaction of diphenylanthracene (DPA) in thin films of poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) is reported. This analysis confirms the previous suggestion (J.R. Sheats, J. Phys. Chem. , 94 (1990) 7194) that the rate of reaction between singlet oxygen and DPA decreases as the reaction proceeds, consistent with the hypothesis that the free volume is decreased by endoperoxide formation. For [DPA]≈30 wt.%, the rate constant decreases by approximately 50% for complete conversion. The initial value is 25-fold smaller than in fluid solution, and decreases slightly as [DPA] is increased.
Early Detection vs Late Treatment of Amblyopia

Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group*Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment of amblyopia in children aged 7 to 17 years.Methods: 49 clinical sites, 507 patients with amblyopic eye visual acuity ranging from 20/40 to 20/400 were provided with optimal optical correction and then randomized to a treatment group (2-6 hours per day of prescribed patching combined with near visual activities for all patients plus atropine sulfate for children aged 7 to 12 years) or an optical correction group (optical correction alone). Patients whose amblyopic eye acuity improved 10 or more letters (≥2 lines) by 24 weeks were considered responders.Results: In the 7- to 12-year-olds (n = 404), 53% of the treatment group were responders compared with 25% of the optical correction group (P<.001). In the 13- to 17-year- olds (n = 103), the responder rates were 25% and 23%, respectively, overall (adjusted P = .22) but 47% and 20%, respectively, among patients not previously treated with patching and/or atropine for amblyopia (adjusted P = .03). Most patients, including responders, were left with a residual visual acuity deficit.Conclusions: Amblyopia improves with optical correction alone in about one fourth of patients aged 7 to 17 years, although most patients who are initially treated with optical correction alone will require additional treatment for amblyopia. For patients aged 7 to 12 years, prescribing 2 to 6 hours per day of patching with near visual activities and atropine can improve visual acuity even if the amblyopia has been previously treated. For patients 13 to 17 years, prescribing patching 2 to 6 hours per day with near visual activities may improve visual acuity when amblyopia has not been previously treated but appears to be of little benefit if amblyopia was previously treated with patching. We do not yet know whether visual acuity improvement will be sustained once treatment is discontinued; therefore, conclusions regarding the long-term benefit of treatment and the development of treatment recommendations for amblyopia in children 7 years and older await the results of a follow-up study we are conducting on the patients who responded to treatment.
Validating Top-Down Premature Transverse Slab Cracking in Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement.

Built-in negative temperature gradients from hot weather construction have the effect of shifting the entire temperature gradient distribution such that the slab is predominantly upward curled. This condition in turn greatly increases loss of slab support, which was the major factor promoting premature top-down midslab transverse cracking for a jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) Interstate project in southeastern Michigan. Finite element analysis predicts that loss of slab support, maximum at the joints, shifts the maximum stress during truck loading at the joints toward midslab in JPCP, coinciding with maximum curling stresses. A built-in upward-curled slab condition was quantified from joint corner deflections and slab temperature measurements. Slab surface elevation profiling using the dipstick device verifies that these slabs are permanently upward curled and that loss of joint support is a function of daily changes in slab surface temperature. Detailed falling-weight deflectometer slab deflection...
Relationship between sensory-motor deficits and WAIS verbal and performance scores in unilateral brain damage.

Summary Twenty-six patients with left hemisphere brain damage (LHD) and 25 patients with right hemisphere damage (RHD) were administered the WAIS and a battery of tests sensitive to sensory-motor deficits in the right and left upper extremity. The LHD group received a significantly lower VIQ than PIQ, and the opposite relationship was obtained for the RHD group. Between-group comparisons reveal significant differences between the two groups on VIQ, with the LHD group receiving the lower score, but no differences on PIQ, a finding consistent with that of other studies. The two groups differed in the expected direction on the sensory-motor tests, with the LHD group showing right sided deficits, and the RHD group showing left sided deficits. Significant relationships were found between WAIS scores and sensory-motor deficits for the LHD group, but not for the RHD group. Two possible explanations for the lack of difference between the two groups on PIQ were considered: the LHD group failed to be superior to the RHD S s on this scale because of right (preferred) hand sensory-motor impairments; or, language deficits in the LHD group impaired them on PIQ. The results appeared to support the latter hypothesis. It was further shown that WAIS scores are more influenced by sampling techniques in LHD groups than in RHD groups, a fact which may help explain some of the discrepant findings of studies in this area. When these methodological issues were considered, the results supported the hypothesis of differential functioning of the two hemispheres, including the possible mediation of “non-verbal” abilities by the right hemisphere.
Assertions of Expertise in Online Product Reviews

In online consumer reviews on Web sites such as Epinions, laypeople write and post their evaluations of technical products. But how do they get readers to take their opinions seriously? One way that online reviewers establish credibility is to assert expertise. This article describes 10 types of assertions that online reviewers used (along with the three broader categories of these types), explaining the method used to test the types for reliability. This testing revealed that the types are reliable. This study lays the groundwork for understanding how reviewers construct expertise and, therefore, credibility and for gauging readers' perceptions of reviews that contain these assertions.
Formation of stacking faults and dislocations in phosphorus diffused silicon

Abstract Silicon samples diffused with phosphorus at 1050°C and subsequently annealed at 600°C or 700°C in vacuum or O 2 ambients were found to contain extrinsic stacking faults or misfit dislocations. We propose that silicon interstitials are generated to form the extended defects to relieve strain.
Birth Complications and Psychological Deviancy: A 25‐Year Prospective Inquiry

Considerable evidence has accumulated during the past 30 years regarding the relationship between pregnancy and delivery complications and a variety of psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Prior studies have suffered from major methodological problems associated with retrospective designs, notably selection and recall biases. We are conducting a 25-year prospective investigation of perinatal complications and psychiatric outcomes. The study cohort consists of 176 singleton births diagnosed as either “severe toxemia” or “breech delivery” and 176 matched control subjects, all selected from the Providence Center of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project. Extensive obstetrical, neurological, behavioral and socio-demographic information was collected prospectively for these subjects, from the perinatal period through age seven. Subjects were recontacted (ages 18–24) and admin istered a battery of instruments designed to assess: a) psychiatric diagnosis (using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule); b) cognitive and psychosocial functioning; and c) family history of mental disorders. 85% of the sample have been contacted and 60% successfully interviewed at this time. Preliminary analyses will assess the relative risk associated with each pregnancy complication and the DSM-III psychiatric diagnoses covered by the Diag nostic Interview Schedule. Further analyses will examine possible etiologic mechanisms which have been proposed to account for such associations.
Preservation of the Anterior Vaginal Wall During Female Radical Cystectomy With Orthotopic Urinary Diversion: Technique and Results

ABSTRACTPurpose: Orthotopic urinary reconstruction has been shown to be a viable option in women undergoing radical cystectomy. However, due to anatomical differences and technical considerations orthotopic diversion has been performed in a relatively small number of patients. We examined our technique of vaginal wall preservation during female radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder construction.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of all patients who underwent radical cystectomy between January 1994 and December 2001. Of these 542 patients we identified 94 females, of whom 25 (27%) underwent orthotopic neobladder substitution. We reviewed perioperative major and minor complications, postoperative care, followup and pathological results.Results: Overall 21 of the 25 patients (84%) underwent anterior vaginal wall sparing. Five patients (24%) had minor complications, there were no major perioperative complications and no patients required transfusion. Median estimated blood loss in this grou...
Composite modulation transfer function evaluation of a cone beam computed tomography breast imaging system

Several factors during the scanning process, image reconstruction and geometry of an imaging system, influence the spatial resolution of a computed tomography imaging system. In this work, the spatial resolution of a state of the art flat panel detector-based cone beam computed tomography breast imaging system is evaluated. First, scattering, exposure level, voltage, voxel size, pixel size, back-projection filter, reconstruction algorithm, and number of projections are varied to evaluate their effect on spatial resolution. Second, its uniformity throughout the whole field of view is evaluated as a function of radius along the x-y plane and as a function of z at the center of rotation. The results of the study suggest that the modulation transfer function is mainly influenced by the pixel, back-projection filter, and number of projections used. The evaluation of spatial resolution throughout the field of view also suggests that this imaging system does have a 3-D quasi-isotropic spatial resolution in a cylindrical region of radius equal to 40 mm centered at the axis of rotation. Overall, this study provides a useful tool to determine the optimal parameters for the best possible use of this cone beam computed tomography breast imaging system.
The influence of brain cytosol on RNA synthesis and RNA products of isolated mouse brain nuclei

The incubation of isolated nuclei obtained from 10-day-old mouse brain in the presence of brain cell cytosol resulted in an increase in the syntheses of RNA. Under conditions of saturating concentrations of nucleoside triphosphates, the influence of cytosol could not be duplicated by the addition of cyclic nucleotides. The stimulatory activity of cytosol on brain nuclear RNA synthesis could not be attributed to either alterations in the permeability of the nuclear envelope or an increased uptake of radioactively-labeled precursors. Sucrose gradient analysis demonstrated that the RNA products synthesized by nuclei isolated from 10-day-old and adult mouse brain were of a relatively low molecular weight. However, the addition of cytosol resulted in a significant increase in the size of the RnA transcripts. In contrast to the observations with 10-day-old and adult brain nuclei, the RNA from 2-day-old mouse brain nuclei was larger in size and relatively unaffected by the presence of cytosol. Although cytosol caused an increase in the amounts of poly(A)-RNA in nuclei of 2-day-old and adult animals, no comparable effect could be measured in nuclei from 10-day-old brain tissue.
Reducing Juvenile Recidivism: Evaluating the Wraparound Services Model

Objective: The purpose of this study was to (a) evaluate the relative effectiveness of wraparound services versus conventional services for juvenile delinquent youth and (b) create a predictive model that would assist the juvenile court system in correctly identifying youth at greatest risk of reoffending. Method: The study employed a pretest/posttest, control group design, with 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-up assessments, of 141 youth court-ordered into community-based treatment programs for delinquent youth. Results: Analysis indicated that few of the variables studied differentiated between wraparound services recipients and conventional service recipients. However, a logistic regression model was developed that correctly predicted recidivism for 79% of the sample at the 6-month follow-up assessment (chi-square = 27.211, df =6, p = .0001) and 78% of the sample at the 18-month follow-up assessment (chi-square = 16.453, df =8, p = .036). Conclusions: Implications of the findings for improving community-b...
PALEOECOLOGY OF AN EARLY EOCENE MAMMALIAN FAUNA FROM PALEOSOLS IN THE CLARKS FORK BASIN, NORTHWESTERN WYOMING (U.S.A.)

Winkler, D. A., 1983. Paleoecology of an early Eocene mammalian fauna from paleosols in the Clarks Fork Basin, northwestern Wyoming (U.S.A.). Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimmatol., Palaeoecol., 43: 261--298. The paleoecology and depositional history of an early Eocene vertebrate assemblage dominated by small mammals is analyzed at a richly fossiliferous locality in the Willwood Formation, northwestern Wyoming. Systematic surface sampling using a quadrat net, screen washing, and quarrying of fresh sediment show that all vertebrate material in these fluvial deposits is contained in dark gray mudstones representing the A horizons of paleosols. Seven such paleosols occur in 22 m of stratigraphic section. The fauna includes 34 species of mammals, and also birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and gastropods. All vertebrate fossil material is fragmented, but it shows no evidence of transportation or current sorting. Surface weathering and possibly carnivore activity are responsible for the fragmentation and for an overabundance of dense and compact skeletal elements. Detailed surface collections were made to obtain multiple samples from the different bone beds (paleosols). Principle component analysis shows that differences in the type and abundance of fossils from the various collecting areas are related to differences between contained bone beds, not differences along single bone beds. One paleosol has a red B horizon and six have an orange B horizon. The gray-over-red colored paleosol is faunally distinct from gray-over-orange paleosols. It contains the only specimens of two large, archaic mammals, and no very small mammalian taxa. Cluster analysis on the occurrence of vertebrate taxa is used to define subsets of the fauna that may represent animals living in different habitats. Separate clusters are formed by a group of the most common terrestrial herbivorous mammals and the crocodilian Allognathosuchus, and by a group of small, possibly arboreal herbivores and carnivores. The relative abundance of each mammalian species was initially calculated from a sample representing a minimum of 300 individual animals collected from the surface. The surface sample is dominated by mammals that are medium-sized for the fauna. Screen washing yields a greater relative abundance of very small mammals than was found on the surface. This indicates that the surface sample is biased against small forms. Corrected relative abundances based on both surface and washing samples show that the fauna is dominated numerically by very small mammals (one multituberculate species and several insectivores). Screen washing of fresh matrix is the best means of sampling a locality for paleoecological purposes.
The protective effect of male circumcision on HIV infection in a sample of Kenyan men.

This article examines the association between male circumcision and HIV infection in a national sample. The analysis is based on the 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS), a nationally representative household-based population survey of adults, in which male respondents self-reported their circumcision status. In addition, in some households eligible for individual interview, blood samples were subsequently anonymously obtained for HIV testing, making this the first study linking socio-demographic information to HIV status at the national level. The study sample is limited to 3 413 men aged 15–54 years who gave valid information on their circumcision and HIV statuses. Nearly 5% of the men were HIV-positive, and 86% had been circumcised. HIV prevalence was significantly higher among the uncircumcised men (12%) than among the circumcised men (3%). This indication of the protective effect of male circumcision on HIV infection remained statistically significant (OR 0.15; 95%CI: 0.09–0.23) even after...
Active microwave measurement of soil water content

Measurements of radar backscatter from bare soil at 4.7, 5.9, and 7.1 GHz for incident angles of 0-70 deg have been analyzed to determine sensitivity to soil moisture. Because the effective depth of penetration of the radar signal is only about one skin depth, the observed signals were correlated with the moisture in a skin depth as characterized by the attenuation coefficient (reciprocal of skin depth). Since the attenuation coefficient is a monotonically increasing function of moisture density, it may also be used as a measure of moisture content over the distance involved, which varies with frequency and moisture content. The measurements show an approximately linear increase in scattering with attenuation coefficient of the soil at angles within 10 deg of vertical and all frequencies. At 4.7 GHz this increase continues relatively large out to 70 deg incidence, but by 7.1 GHz the sensitivity is much less even at 20 deg and practically gone at 50 deg.
Adverse Fat Depots and Marrow Adiposity Are Associated With Skeletal Deficits and Insulin Resistance in Long‐Term Survivors of Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (alloHSCT) survivors treated with total body irradiation (TBI) exhibit bone deficits and excess adiposity, potentially related to altered mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into osteoblasts or adipocytes. We examined associations among fat distribution, bone microarchitecture, and insulin resistance in alloHSCT survivors after TBI. This was a cross-sectional observational study of 25 alloHSCT survivors (aged 12 to 25 years) a median of 9.7 (4.3 to 19.3) years after alloHSCT compared to 25 age-, race-, and sex-matched healthy controls. Vertebral MR spectroscopic imaging and tibia micro-MRI were used to quantify marrow adipose tissue (MAT) and trabecular microarchitecture. Additional measures included DXA whole-body fat mass (WB-FM), leg lean mass (Leg-LM), trunk visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and CT calf muscle density. Insulin resistance in alloHSCT survivors was estimated by HOMA-IR. AlloHSCT survivors had lower Leg-LM (p < 0.001) and greater VAT (p < 0.01), MAT (p < 0.001), and fat infiltration of muscle (p = 0.04) independent of WB-FM, versus matched controls; BMI did not differ. Survivors had lower bone volume fraction and abnormal microarchitecture including greater erosion and more rod-like structure versus controls (all p = 0.04); 14 had vertebral deformities and two had compression fractures. Greater WB-FM, VAT, MAT, and muscle fat infiltration were associated with abnormal trabecular microarchitecture (p < 0.04 for all). AlloHSCT HOMA-IR was elevated, associated with younger age at transplantation (p < 0.01), and positively correlated with WB-FM and VAT (both p < 0.01). In conclusion, the markedly increased marrow adiposity, abnormal bone microarchitecture, and abnormal fat distribution highlight the risks of long-term treatment-related morbidity and mortality in alloHSCT recipients after TBI. Trabecular deterioration was associated with marrow and visceral adiposity. Furthermore, long-term survivors demonstrated sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and vertebral deformities. Future studies are needed to identify strategies to prevent and treat metabolic and skeletal complications in this growing population of childhood alloHSCT survivors.
Requesting reprints: Is it worth it?

Reprint requests are a common means of keeping up with the scientific literature. This study evaluated the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of reprint requests.
Pretreatment angiogenic cytokines predict response to chemoimmunotherapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Serum levels of pro-(vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) and anti-(thrombospondin-1 [TSP]) angiogenic cytokines were prospectively measured in a phase II trial of chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients(n=56). Pretreatment VEGF levels were lower among patients who achieved complete remission (CR) or nodular partial remission (nPR) relative to those with partial remission (PR) or stable/progressive disease (median 122.0 pg/ml vs. 246.8 pg/ml; p=0.03). VEGF:TSP ratio was lower (anti-angiogenic phenotype) among patients who achieved CR/nPR. The pretreatment VEGF:TSP ratio also correlated with overall survival (p=0.008). A pro-angiogenic profile appears associated with diminished response and inferior survival in CLL patients receiving CIT.
A Half-Century of Perpetuating Netter's Anatomic Error

The 1953 drawing by Netter of the thalamus mistakenly placed the dorsolateral nucleus on the wrong side of the internal medullary lamina. This error has been perpetuated in the best known texts on neuroscience for over fifty years.
Cuing effects and associative information in recognition memory

Item recognition requires discrimination of studied words from nonstudied words. Associative recognition requires subjects to discriminate studied word groups from recombinations of words from different groups. Cued recognition requires the same old-new discrimination as item recognition, but list items are presented as cues along with the test item. The results from three experiments show (1) little or no effect of cuing for low-frequency words, but (2) positive cuing effects for high-frequency words; (3) increasing levels of overall performance with increases in study time, but (4) unchanging effects of cuing with study time; and (5) stronger positive cuing effects for two cues than for one cue. Five models (Independent Cue Model, Matrix model, MINERVA 2, SAM, and TODAM) were fit to the data of Experiment 1. Each model has trouble with at least one aspect of the results. Theoretical implications and modifications are discussed at length.
Current therapy for autoimmune hepatitis.

The authors of this Review discuss current indications for treatment in patients with autoimmune hepatitis, conventional management regimens, therapeutic end points and treatment outcomes. Factors that influence the treatment response, empiric salvage therapies, and promising pharmacological and molecular interventions are also considered. The treatment of autoimmune hepatitis is evolving as the pathogenic pathways that underlie the disease are defined, new immunosuppressive agents are tested, and site-specific molecular interventions become feasible. Prednisone alone or at a reduced dose combined with azathioprine is the conventional treatment. Patients with HLA genotype DRB1*0301 have a poorer treatment response and a more frequent need for liver transplantation than those with HLA genotype DRB1*0401. Therapy to the point when liver test results and histological findings are normal reduces, but does not eliminate, the occurrence of relapse. Treatment failure warrants reassessment with regard to the accuracy of the original diagnosis and the exclusion of variant forms of hepatitis or concomitant alternative diseases. Ciclosporin might be effective as short-term, front-line therapy in infants and adults, and calcineurin inhibitors might salvage patients who are refractory to corticosteroid regimens. Mycophenolate mofetil can induce an improvement in laboratory test results and reduce the requirement for corticosteroids. Sirolimus is effective for treatment of de novo autoimmune hepatitis that develops after liver transplantation. Synthetic peptides that block autoantigen presentation, cytokine manipulations, oral tolerance regimens, T-cell vaccination, and gene therapy are all interventions that will be able to emerge after a reliable animal model of the human disease has been developed.
Changes in dendritic morphology of rat spinal motoneurons during development and after unilateral target deletion

During normal development, motoneuron dendrites in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) grow exuberantly to almost twice their adult length and then retract. In this study, we retrogradely labeled SNB motoneurons with cholera toxin B-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (BHRP) to examine the maturation of SNB dendritic arbors in more detail, particularly with regard to its spatial distribution and reorganization. The number and orientation of SNB motoneuron primary processes did not change over the first ten weeks of life. In contrast, total dendritic length, radial extent and arbor area increased significantly through the first four postnatal weeks and declined thereafter. The declines in length and extent were restricted to particular portions of the arbor, specifically the dorsal, ipsi- and contralateral projections. Estimates of the degree of overlap between the dendritic arbors from both sides of the SNB reflected these changes, with overlap initially increasing and then decreasing as the SNB established its adult dendritic morphology. To determine if dendritic interactions facilitated by this arbor overlap might be involved in regulating the normal retraction of SNB dendrites, we reduced SNB motoneuron numbers unilaterally by target muscle removal on the day of birth. Somal size, number and orientation of primary processes developed normally in unilateral muscle-extirpated animals. The dendritic morphology of surviving SNB motoneurons in unilateral muscle extirpated males was altered, with significant increases in dendritic length, extent and arbor area relative to those of normal males. These results indicate that substantial changes in dendritic organization of SNB motoneurons occur in normal development and may be influenced by interactions between dendrites from the two halves of the SNB.
On teaching psychotherapy via consultation and cotherapy

In this article Dr. Whitaker presents his basic assumptions about teaching psychotherapy. He discusses his expectations of himself and his trainees in the teaching relationship and how he attempts to empower the trainee in his/her professional growth. Following this, Dr. Garfield joins Dr. Whitaker in a dialogue about consultation and cotherapy.
Kolmogorov–Smirnov Test Statistic and Critical Values for the Erlang-3 and Erlang-4 Distributions

Abstract Following a procedure applied to the Erlang-2 distribution in a recent paper, an adjusted Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic and critical values are developed for the Erlang-3 and -4 cases using data from Monte Carlo simulations. The test statistic produced features of compactness and ease of implementation. It is quite accurate for sample sizes as low as ten.
Ab initio simulation of UV/vis absorption spectra for atmospheric modeling: method design for medium-sized molecules

A procedure is presented to obtain accurate absorption cross-sections for dissociative excited states. The focus is the ability to approximate many vibrational degrees of freedom while maintaining a minimal computational time. The vibrational Hamiltonian for bound and unbound surfaces is solved within a discrete variable representation (DVR) framework. Properties and energies of excited states are computed using electron correlated singles and doubles equation-of-motion (EOM-CCSD) and similarity transformed equation-of-motion (STEOM-CCSD) methods as implemented in ACESII. The novelty of this procedure is that it is designed to work for medium-sized molecules (size limited by the choice of electronic structure method, not vibrational degrees of freedom) with one or more photodissociation pathways. The theoretical absorption cross-section of NaOH is presented as a small-scale example.
The role of punishment in the development of conditioned suppression

Abstract Six male hooded rats (A-F) were trained to press a lever for sweetened milk on a variable interval one minute schedule. A conditioned suppression procedure was superimposed. Five trials of no-stimulus (7 min) and stimulus periods (3 min) constituted an experimental session. Animals were observed through stimulus periods. Time intervals between shock and latest response in stimulus periods were measured (delays of shock). Two patterns of conditioned suppression developed during 50 trials. Three animals developed persistent freezing and low and stable responding during stimulus, while the other three showed fluctuation of response rate and little freezing. Rank order correlations between delays of shock in one stimulus period and shift of response rate during the next stimulus period revealed that punishment of lever pressing may contribute to the acquisition and maintenance of conditioned suppression in some animals.
Incidence of pericardial effusion in patients presenting to the emergency department with unexplained dyspnea.

Objective: To evaluate the frequency of pericardial effusion in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with unexplained, newonset dyspnea. Methods: This prospective observational study took place at an urban community hospital ED with a residency program and an annual census of 65,000 visits. Patients presenting between May 1999 and January 2000 with new-onset dyspnea were eligible if they lacked any pulmonary, infectious, hematological, traumatic, psychiatric, cardiovascular, or neuromuscular explanation for their dyspnea after ED evaluation. Patients received a focused echocardiogram by certified emergency physicians. Data were recorded on standardized data sheets and studies were taped for review. Effusions were categorized as small when the fluid stripe measured less than 10 mm. Moderate-sized effusions measured 10 to 15 mm. Large effusions measured more than 15 mm. Results: One hundred three patients were enrolled. Median age was 56 years (IQR 44, 95% CI = 32 to 67). Fourteen patients (13.6%, 95% CI = 8% to 23%) had effusions. Four had large effusions that explained their dyspnea and were admitted to cardiology; two of these effusions were hemorrhagic, and two were viral in origin. Seven patients with small effusions were treated conservatively at home. Three patients had moderate-sized effusions; all were admitted but treated conservatively. Conclusions: While limited by small numbers, these preliminary data suggest that patients with unexplained dyspnea should be checked for pericardial effusion when bedside ED ultrasound is available.
Reactions when the honesty or dishonesty of the other bargainer is discovered

The experiments were simulated bargaining sessions in which subjects bargained via written offers over the division of a hypothetical $90. Subjects drew a number (break-even point) which indicated the amount they had to exceed in order to make a profit. Written statements about one's break-even point were permitted. Unbeknownst to the subjects, they actually bargained against a programmed opponent. Experiment 1 involved one-against-one bargaining (bilateral monopoly) with the factors varied being opponent's break-even point statement (honest, dishonest, none) and sex of the subject. During the course of the bargaining, the subject learned the opponent's break-even point and, therefore, the opponent's honesty or dishonesty. Experiment 2 was a bilateral monopoly experiment in which the subject learned the opponent's break-even point before the bargaining began. Subject's break-even point ($10, $20, $50) and opponent's comment (honest, dishonest, none) were varied. In Experiment 3 the subject bargained simultaneously with one honest and one dishonest opponent, but was permitted to reach an agreement with only one. In the bilateral monopoly experiments, subjects imitated the opponent's statement (honest, dishonest or none). Neither the final offer nor the frequency of agreement was affected by the opponent's honesty. In the third experiment, subjects usually made no break-even point statement to either opponent. When an agreement was reached, it was more frequently with the honest opponent.
Automatic generation of object shape models and their application to tomographic image segmentation

We describe a novel method to build 3D statistical shape models for anatomic objects in tomographic images, and demonstrate the use of the model to guide image segmentation. Our method consists of two main steps. In the first step, a statistical shape model is built for a collection of training images. Boundary similarities between adjacent transverse slices are matched to guide inter-slice interpolation. Slice-by-slice correspondences are established between images in the training sets by matching mean boundary curvatures. A statistical shep model is then obtained by principal components analysis. During the second step, the model is used to guide image segmentation. Segmentation is initialized by placing the mean shape into the image under analysis. The model deforms iteratively by updating its shape and pose parameters using the principles of the active shape model. Following the active shape model, an active contour model (snake) is used to refine the object boundary. The proposed methods have been tested using ten volumetric chest HRCT images. The results show that the new method is able to automatically generate 3D object shape models without the need for manual landmark identification. The combination of the active shape model with the active contour model yields a fast, accurate object segmentation.
The Role of Individual Differences in Dynamic Team Performance

Teams often operate in dynamic task environments where the state of the world and the coordinative requirements for optimal performance change rapidly. To build effective teams, it is important to know what factors influence team performance. The present research investigates several factors that may influence team performance in dynamic environments. In this study, participants first completed a battery of cognitive and non-cognitive tests. Results of the tests were used to form three-person teams with varying levels of ability. Team performance was scored in 12 dynamic tasks. Individual differences in cognitive ability and personality characteristics were then used to predict team-level performance. Results indicate that two team member characteristics, cognitive ability and stress tolerance, are important to dynamic task performance, while other characteristics such as achievement motivation play roles in specific circumstances. Implications of these results are discussed
Computing Photographic Response Curves

A simple model is presented that successfully predicts photographic response (characteristic) curves, using only experimental parameters. The model is based on the Gurney-Mott theory of latent image formation. For the first time the details of development, as well as of exposure, are explicitly taken into account. It is shown that real photographic systems are based on a compromise between choosing developers active enough to reveal very small latent images, and yet not active enough to spontaneously reduce (fog) crystals not bearing a latent image. The effects of chemical sensitization can readily be incorporated in the model: it is shown that experimentally observed results with pure silver halides cannot be explained simply by the presence of sensitizing atom clusters onto which photolytic silver nucleates, but that the quantum yield of photolysis is increased.
Linewidth of Mössbauer absorption

Abstract The linewidth W has been computed for various absorber thicknesses. It is assumed that both the source and the absorbing material have the natural linewidth Γ. Then, for an absorber containing n nuclei (of the resonant species) per unit area, the formula W = 2 Γ (1 + 0.1288 t + 4.733 × 10 −3 t 2 − 9.21 × 10 −4 t 3 + 3.63×10 −5 t 4 ) approximates the computed values, where t = nf ′ σ res . The values of W given by this formula are accurate to better than 0.15% for 0≦ t ≦12.
A deterministic annealing approach to clustering

Abstract A deterministic annealing technique is proposed for the nonconvex optimization problem of clustering. Deterministic annealing is used in order to avoid local minima of the given cost function which trap traditional techniques. A set of temperature parametrized Gibbs probability density functions relate each data point to each cluster. An effective cost function is defined and minimized at each temperature. It is shown that as the temperature approaches zero, the algorithm becomes the basic ISODATA algorithm. The method is independent of the initial choice of cluster means. Simulation results are given and show how the method succeeds in avoiding local minima.
Research Spotlight: Trees may enhance landslide hazards

[1] The amount of water saturated in soil layers depends on many factors, such as weather, climate, local geology, slope steepness, vegetation cover, and vegetation type. In forests, vegetation plays a key role in regulating soil saturation; tree canopies intercept rainfall that is then partitioned into water that drips off leaves (throughfall) and water that runs down tree trunks (stemflow). As a result, the water that reaches the soil layer is not evenly distributed along the forest floor. Patterns in this water distribution may influence how and where landslides occur.
Why Intermediality — if at all?

Autant le concept d’intertextualite avait connu un grand succes dans les sciences humaines parce qu’il constituait le parachevement d’une conception du monde comme lisible, autant l’intermedialite n’aura vraiment de portee que si elle nous permet de sortir de ce modele et d’ouvrir des problematiques inedites. En reconstruisant a grands traits ces paradigmes conceptuels, il s’agit de savoir comment repenser les medias hors des procedures hermeneutiques et du seul univers de la signification.
1B.5. Cervical manipulation and stroke: Where are we now?

Summary The relationship between cervical manipulative therapy (CMT) and vertebral artery dissection and stroke (VADS) has been a source of great controversy for many years. A great deal has been written about this topic, from emotionally charged commentaries to high quality science. The evolution of our knowledge about the relationship between CMT and VADS has evolved considerably, from a few case reports to surveys to biomechanical studies and, finally, to large case control studies. The purpose of this presentation is to follow the evolution of the literature regarding this relationship to where we are today and to help the practising chiropractor and policy makers understand the various issues related to CMT and VADS. In addition, to make recommendations as to what the responsibility is of the practising chiropractic with regard to CMT and VADS. The current understanding, based on the evidence to date, suggests that while there is a clear, though rare, temporal relationship between CMT and VADS, no plausible causal connection can be made. It appears that, as the most common initial symptom of vertebral artery dissection is neck pain and headache, there are instances in which a patient who has these symptoms, without obvious manifestation of stroke, consults a chiropractor for the neck pain and headache, and subsequent to this experiences a full stroke, independent of anything that the chiropractor does or does not do. This current understanding has changed the responsibility of the practitioner from one of “screening” to one of diagnosis and public health education.
MATCHING NETWORKS IMPLEMENTED WITH HIGH-K CAPACITORS FOR HIGH FREQUENCY AMPLIFIERS

ABSTRACT Ferroelectric capacitors in the paraelectric phase can be used to implement a wide variety of tunable radio frequency (RF) circuits. Due to their low loss, fast tuning speed, size and low cost, thin film high-K capacitor is promising technology for the development of tunable filters, active and passive filters and voltage controlled oscillators. This paper presents an electronically tunable matching network for broadband amplifier for RF applications, utilizing thin-film Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) tunable capacitors. The performance of tunable matching network implemented tunable BST capacitor was compared with that of conventional p-n junction varactor.
Mechanistic studies of RNA modifying enzymes. RNA pseudouridine synthase and m5Cytosine methyl tranferase

RNA has numerous post-transcriptional modifications, but relatively little is known about the enzymes that catalyze such modifications or about the functions of the modified residues. Our laboratory has been engaged in studies of the structure and function of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of Urd residues in RNA to pseudouridine (psi Synthase), and Cyd to 5-methylcytidine methyl transferase (RNA m5C Mtase). The presentation will summarize recent results from our laboratory.
The effects of environmental variables on the heart rates of invertebrates

1. 1. The effects of temperature, salinity and declining O2 on the heart rates of nine species representing four animal phyla have been investigated in relation to other respiratory paramters. 2. 2. The effect of temperature on heart rate is at least the same as, and often greater than, the effect of temperature on O2 consumption, thus providing no evidence that adaptations of the cardiovascular system facilitate metabolic compensations for a temperature change. 3. 3. Responses to reduced acclimation salinity are very diverse among the various species, permitting no general conclusions about the role of the cardiovascular system in adaptations to estuarine habitats. 4. 4. At low PO2 the typical response is bradycardia, which is especially notable in species with a high capacity for anaerobic metabolism. Compensatory tachycardia, the expected response in vertebrates, is very rare in other animal groups. 5. 5. Estimates of cardiac output from these data generally agree with those obtained according to the Fick principle from blood gas tensions. 6. 6. The estimates of cardiac output are evaluated in terms of body size, temperature and the design of cardiac muscle, which is fundamentally different in various animal phyla.
Ethanol enhancing high intensity focused ultrasound ablation of aggressive thyroid cancer

INTRODUCTION: Although surgery and radioiodine treatment are generally effective for well-differentiated primary thyroid cancer, alternative therapies are still needed for patients of recurrence, or elderly age with surgically high risk. High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy has been demonstrated effective against other aggressive cancer but not for thyroid cancer yet. Ethanol injection into a thyroid nodule leads to increase cavitations bubble and the cavitations bubble are a major contributor to tissue heating by HIFU. In this study, we have studied whether HIFU with ethanol effect thyroid cancer.
A numerical simulation of barotropic instability. I Wave-mean flow interaction

A numerical model is used to study the evolution of the barotropic point jet instability as it interacts with the mean flow. The linearized instability solution agrees well with the recent analytical solutions of Lindzen. Stabilization of the point jet instability occurs as the mean flow is modified by wave vorticity transport. Assuming stabilization occurs when the meridional gradient of the zonal mean vorticity is no longer negative, the maximum integrated wave enstrophy can be predicted. In addition, an estimate of the integrated wave enstrophy at steady state can be made by balancing the generation of vorticity against dissipation. These limits are found to be in good agreement with the numerical results.