cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children with Language Impairment in Cooperative Work Groups: A Pilot Study.

Purpose: This pilot study examined the manner in which the individual social-behavioral profiles of children with language impairment (LI) influenced their ability to work within cooperative groups. Method: Six children with LI each participated in four different cooperative work groups. In each of these groups, the child with LI interacted with two typically developing children (for a total of 48 different typical children). Groups were structured to make it possible for the child with LI to play a meaningful role in the interactions (e.g., assignment of specific roles). The success of each of these interactions was evaluated to determine the extent to which all of the children participated and worked together toward a joint goal. Social profiles of each of the children with LI were obtained using the Teacher Behavioral Rating Scale (TBRS, Hart & Robinson, 1996). The success of the collaborative work of each triad was then considered in light of the child’s social profile. Results: The success of the ind...
On accelerating a volume-based haptic feedback algorithm

The importance of haptic feedback is recognized by an increasing number of researchers in the virtual reality field. Recently, a volume-based haptic feedback approach has emerged. The approach samples the intersection volume between objects through the three axes in 3D space to render an accurate interaction force among objects. This paper presents a method to reduce the complexity of the volume-based force feedback algorithm. The core of the proposed algorithm is sampling the intersection volume between two objects only once rather than three times. For the other two axes, a penetration pair reconstruction algorithm is developed to generate the required information from the sampled result. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can increase the frame rate of the volumetric haptic feedback algorithm by a factor of over two. The resulting force error is modest compared to the original volume-based haptic feedback. This proposed algorithm may also be applied to accelerate other volume-based applications, e.g. volume based force interaction between colliding deformable objects in virtual reality simulation. Moreover, the algorithm requires no pre-processing, and is thus well suited for simulations where object topology is constantly changing, i.e. cutting, melting or deforming processes.
Experimenting with Next-Generation Cloud Architectures Using CloudLab

The infrastructure presented here (called CloudLab) is distributed, open, and programmable to enable deep experiments on new cloud architectures and the applications that they will enable.
296 lead fine pitch (0.4 mm) thin plastic QFP package with TAB interconnect

The quad flat pack (QFP) package has become the surface mount technology (SMT) package of choice for microprocessors and peripheral devices and is well suited for hand held computer application. To address this market segment Intel has developed a new package with a thin (2.0 mm) body for light weight, low standoff (0.25 mm maximum) for overall lower profile, in a 32 mm/spl times/32 mm body format. Tape automated bonding (TAB) interconnect from die to the leadframe is used to overcome wirebond interconnect limitations. This package provides a more manufacturable package system by using flat handling during test operation. The package is trimmed and formed subsequent to test operation and shipped in standard JEDEC thin matrix plastic trays, ready to use for SMT operation with good lead coplanarity. Package reliability is equivalent to other plastic packages. Sample packages were supplied to selected customers to help develop the 0.4 mm pin pitch SMT process, equipment and materials. The feedback/results indicate that the current base of installed SMT equipment is capable of assembling such 0.4-mm pitch packages with very little or no modification and at acceptable quality levels. >
Forming Single‐Phase Laminates via the Gelcasting Technique

Single-phase laminates of iron titanate were formed by gel-casting in both the presence and absence of a magnetic field to produce alternating layers of textured and nontextured microstructure, respectively. X-ray analysis was performed on each lamina verifying that alignment was maintained throughout processing. Tunnel cracks were found in trilayer laminates (nontextured/textured/nontextured) when the alignment direction was parallel to the interface between layers. The cracks are consistent with a stress profile of residual tension parallel to the interface in the textured layer.
Computer Simulation of Solvation in Supercritical Fluids

Supercritical fluids have become one the fastest growing areas of interest in both research and process development. Possible applications range from extraction processes to mediums for polymer synthesis.1,2 The interest in supercritical fluids is due to their relatively inert nature at normal conditions—thus handling and disposal is safe and inexpensive. However, working with supercritical fluids can be expensive due to the high pressures necessary for proper operating conditions and the possible corrosive effects of the supercritical fluid on equipment. Due to these concerns, experimental studies must be especially well planned to obtain the maximum amount of information from a minimum number of experiments.
Business Education in Russia Needs Change

The fast developing economy and the growing level of qualification requirements for professionals in accounting and finance, worked out by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the Accountant Certifiication Institute, have led to rising demand for training programs in accounting, auditing and financial management. The Management and Financial Training Project under the National Training Foundation surveyed enterprises, financial and credit organisations and academic institutions to analyse their demand for training programmes as well as the supply of such programmes provided by the national business education system. A survey carried out by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu International of major consumers of financial and business education shows that the popularity of distance learning courses and in-company training is constantly growing.
Insecurity is generic in a conformal class of Riemannian metrics

Abstract A pair of points x, y in a Riemannian manifold ( M , g ) is said to be secure if there exists a finite set of points intercepting every geodesic segment joining x to y. Given any conformal equivalence class C of Riemannian metrics on a closed manifold M of dimension at least two and given any pair of points x, y in M, there exists a dense G δ set C ′ ⊂ C such that x and y are not secure for every metric g in C ′ .
Use of perturbation and differential Monte Carlo methods to solve inverse problems in heterogeneous media

We use Monte Carlo techniques to address inverse problems in heterogeneous media. The techniques we develop are general and do not rely on specific geometries or material properties.
NONUNION OF THE SHAFTS OF LONG BONES.

Prompt surgical cleansing of open fracture wounds is imperative; every hour counts. Open reduction of closed fractures predisposes to nonunion and should be avoided whenever possible. When nonunion occurs, union can be obtained by bone grafting in more than 90 per cent of cases. No single method of grafting is the “best;” the surgeon must select the procedure best suited to a given situation. The operation should accomplish contact, fixation, osteogenesis and, if possible, compression. Autogenous grafts are preferable to homografts.
Who’s careful: Regime type and target selection

Democratic leaders are commonly thought to be more likely than autocrats to select into conflicts where the ex ante probability of victory is high. We construct a novel empirical test of this notion by comparing democracies to various types of autocracies and determining which states are most likely to initiate disputes against relatively strong or weak opponents. Contrary to common belief, we find that democracies are not more selective than most forms of autocracy. Only military regimes demonstrate unique patterns of target selection, with these states being particularly likely to initiate disputes against relatively strong opponents. Our findings suggest a need to further scrutinize the conventional wisdom on democratic target selection and to disaggregate autocratic regimes into more refined categories when doing so.
Acute confusional state. Don't mistake it for dementia.

PreviewAcute confusional state is probably the most commonly encountered disorder of mental function in a general hospital setting. Physicians of all specialties regularly see patients with this disorder. What causes an acute confusional state? Which patients are most vulnerable? Dr Petersen answers these questions and discusses clinical presentation, evaluation, and management.
Cell proliferation in esophageal columnar epithelium (Barrett's esophagus).

In order to correlate histopathology and cell turnover in esophageal tissue in patients with esophageal columnar epithelium, biopsy specimens from 11 patients were studied. Two of the patients had adenocarcinoma of the esophagus not present in the specimens studied. In the heterogeneous esophageal columnar epithelium, the DNA synthesis phase averaged 10.4 ± 0.3 hr; labeling index of cells in the crypt-like structures was 23.3 ± 0.3%; generation time was 44.6 ± 1.2 hr, and the mitotic index was 1.82 ± 0.07%. Significant differences were not present among specimens with columnar epithelium but they differed from cell proliferation in adjacent squamous epithelium where S phase was similar but labeling and mitotic indexes were lower and generation time increased to 105 ± 6 hr. In the 2 patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, and in 1 of 9 without adenocarcinoma, labeling of surface columnar cells after brief exposure to [3H]thymidine was present and suggests that this may be a manifestation of early malignant change.
Highly efficient directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes

Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes are a novel source of cells for patient-specific cardiotoxicity drug testing, drug discovery, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. We describe a versatile and cost-effective protocol for in vitro cardiac differentiation that is effective for a wide variety of hiPSC and human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines. This highly optimized protocol produces contracting human embryoid bodies (hEB) with a near total efficiency of 94.7 ± 2.4% in less than 9 days, and minimizes the variability in cardiac differentiation commonly observed between various hiPSC and hESC lines. The contracting hEB derived using these methods contain high percentages of pure functional cardiomyocytes, highly reproducible electrophysiological profiles, and pharmacologic responsiveness to known cardioactive drugs.
Max-margin additive classifiers for detection

We present methods for training high quality object detectors very quickly. The core contribution is a pair of fast training algorithms for piece-wise linear classifiers, which can approximate arbitrary additive models. The classifiers are trained in a max-margin framework and significantly outperform linear classifiers on a variety of vision datasets. We report experimental results quantifying training time and accuracy on image classification tasks and pedestrian detection, including detection results better than the best previous on the INRIA dataset with faster training.
Semantic Context-Aware Recommendation via Topic Models Leveraging Linked Open Data

Context aware recommendation systems are used to provide personalized recommendations by exploiting contextual situation. They take into account not only user preferences, but also additional relevant information (context). Statistical topic models such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) have been extensively used for discovering latent semantic topics in text documents. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic topic model that incorporates user interests, item representation and context information in a single framework. In our approach, the contextual information is represented as a subset of the items feature space which is acquired from the knowledge available in the Linked Open Data (LOD). We use DBpedia, a well-known knowledge base in LOD, to utilize the context information in recommendation. Our proposed recommendation framework computes the conditional probability of each item given the user preferences and the additional context. We use these probabilities as recommendation scores to find top-n items for recommendations. The performed experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method and shows that leveraging semantic context from the Linked Open Data can improve the quality of the recommendations.
Price Taking Firms

In this chapter we study the behavior of a price taking profit maximizing firm. Section 1 will be devoted to investigating the consequences of the short run profit maximization. We will obtain the basic properties of the short run profit functions, short run output supply functions and short run derived demand functions for variable inputs. Finally we ill note the duality between production functions and profit functions.
Structured Abstract: The Role of Social Variables in US Consumer Loyalty Regarding Chinese Consumer Electronics

Consumer loyalty has received significant managerial and academic attention for its importance of preventing consumer’s switching to competitor’s products and increasing consumers repurchase intention, ultimately benefiting companies’ profits. Most academic studies have looked at the determinants of consumer loyalty, examining the process by which factors influence consumer loyalty. The acknowledged conditions to measure consumer loyalty, consumer repurchase intentions, and behaviors have been explored by many previous researchers. Word-of-mouth communication and social influence, as social variables, are two major factors that can change consumers’ attitudes and/or affect their purchase intentions (Brown and Reingen 1987; Van den Bulte and Stremersch 2004). Consumers’ personalities and consciousness can also make a difference on consumer attitudes (Nuttin 1995).
A fearful engine of power: conceptualizing the communication–security relationship

This essay isolates and explores a growing body of communication research concerned with ‘security.’ It opens by defining this concept, and discussing recent geopolitical and interdisciplinary tren...
Pituitary Gland Functional Connectivity and BMI

The pituitary gland (PG) influences body weight through hormonal releases; however, the relation between body weight and PG's co-activities with other brain regions remains unclear. Here, we aimed to identify (1) the functional connectivity of the PG and (2) PG functional connectivity associated with body mass index by examining resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Using enhanced Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland Sample, PG functional connectivity of 494 individuals was analyzed to assess in voxel-wise fashion. A negative association was found between BMI and PG functional connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, putamen, and temporal lobe. Our results show PG dysconnectivity to these regions is associated with higher BMI and implicate that the connectivity between these dopaminergic regions and PG may be associated with body weight maintenance through feeding behavior and growth.
Strain sensing skin-like film using zinc oxide nanostructures grown on PDMS and reduced graphene oxide

In this paper, we present a strain-sensitive composite skin-like film made up of piezoresistive zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods embedded in a flexible poly(dimethylsiloxane) substrate, with added reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to facilitate connections between the nanorod clusters and increase strain sensitivity. Preparation of the composite is described in detail. Cyclic strain sensing tests are conducted. Experiments indicate that the resulting ZnO-PDMS/rGO composite film is strain-sensitive and thus capable of sensing cycling strain accurately. As such, it has the potential to be molded on to a structure (civil, mechanical, aerospace, or biological) in order to provide a strain sensing skin.
Reference points and method of payment in mergers

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the target and bidder reference points on the method of payment in mergers. When considering initial and final results for target and bidder, the target appears to have more negotiating power than the bidder in achieving the financial mix preference that was initially articulated. Design/methodology/approach The authors examine the impact of target and bidder reference points on the consideration sought by the target and the consideration offered by the bidder. The authors test whether the target reference points has an impact on the final method of payment agreed upon by the target and the bidder. Findings The authors find that targets with a longer distance to their respective target reference points prefer to receive cash financing in the consideration sought, while bidders with a longer distance to their respective reference points prefer stock financing in consideration offered. The authors also find evidence that target’s longer distance to its reference point is associated with the use of cash over stock, while the bidder reference point has no impact on the final method of payment used in the merger. Practical implications These insights may be used by the management to formulate the optimal mix of financing in M&A transactions. Originality/value This is an original paper exploring the effect of behavioral finance on corporate decision making.
Cost Efficacy of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Decolonization With Intranasal Povidone-Iodine

Abstract Background With increasing rates of virulent drug resistant organisms, MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) decolonization has been demonstrated to decrease infection rates. Recent research has shown the antiseptic povidone-iodine to be equally effective and potentially cost saving compared to intranasal mupirocin. This study's purpose is to evaluate the incidence of MRSA colonization in a more rural community-based population, rates of infection on a mupirocin decolonization protocol, and develop a cost analysis model to compare costs of utilizing povidone-iodine. Methods Utilizing over 4 years of data, the incidence of MRSA decolonization of consecutive total knee and hip arthroplasties, as well as the rates of infection of patients uncolonized, colonized with successful decolonization, and unsuccessful decolonization were evaluated. Utilizing these data, cost data, and known infection rate utilizing povidone-iodine decolonization, a cost analysis model was developed. Results Of the 5584 cases with MRSA data at a single institution, only 3.5% tested positive for intranasal MRSA. Of those patients, 69% were successfully decolonized. Of the 3864 cases with infection data, 21 sustained a surgical site infection within 90 days (0.54%). Of these patients, all tested negative for intranasal MRSA initially and therefore did not undergo the decolonization protocol. The cost analysis predicts a potential savings of $74.72 per patient at our institution to use a global intranasal povidone-iodine protocol prior to total joint arthroplasty. Conclusion Even with a lower incidence of MRSA than typically reported, utilization of intranasal povidone-iodine would potentially save $74.42 per patient.
Ella Me Ayudó (She Helped Me): Supporting Hispanic and English Language Learners in a Math ITS

Many intelligent tutors are not designed with English language learners (ELL) in mind. As a result, Hispanic ELL students, a large and underserved population in U.S. classrooms, may experience difficulty accessing the relevant tutor content. This research investigates how Hispanic and ELL students perceive the utility of and relate to animated pedagogical agents based on evaluating two theories of learning: students will be more attracted to a learning companion (LC) avatars that matches their personality and will regard a LC as a substitute self-construction. Results indicate that ELL students find LCs more useful and helpful than do Caucasian students and ELL students purposely design LCs that look more like themselves than do the non-ELL students.
Herbicide Hardwood Crop Tree Release in Central West Virginia

Chemical crop tree release treatments were applied to young hardwood stands at three sites in central West Virginia to evaluate the effectiveness of glyphosate as Accord (41.5% SL), imazapyr as Arsenal AC (53.1% SL) and Chopper (27.6% EC), and triclopyr as Garlon 3A (44.4% triethylamine salt SL), and Garlon 4 (61.6% butoxyethyl ester EC) using hack-and-squirt injection and low volume stem bark band application methods. American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) was a major competitor to black cherry ( Prunus serotina Ehrh.) crop trees at each site. The treatments were applied in June and evaluated 12 months after treatment. A numerical rating system ranging from 1 to 7 (0-100% crown affected), which utilized visual symptoms, was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment. Trees receiving a rating of 5 (75% crown control) or greater were considered controlled. After 12 months, almost complete control (99+%) was achieved with the Accord, Garlon 3A, and Arsenal AC injection treatments across all study sites. The low volume stem bark band treatments used in this study were not effective. The imazapyr treatments adversely affected several crop trees and are not recommended for hardwood crop tree release. Some crop tree damage was inflicted by the Accord treatments, but when suggested guidelines are followed, Accord is recommended for crop tree release treatments. No crop tree damage was observed in the Garlon 3A treatments. The costs of the injection treatments expressed in dollars/ft 2 of basal area controlled were as follows: Accord ($0.91), Garlon 3A ($1.04), and Arsenal AC ($0.84). The Northeast Decision Model Stand Inventory Processor using the NE-TWIGS growth simulator was used to predict the future composition and value of projected stands. The stem injection treatments more than doubled projected growth of black cherry basal area. Real rates of return for investment in weed tree control averaged 8.77% for stem injection treatments. This study indicates that chemical crop tree release treatments using stem injection with label recommended solutions of Accord or Garlon 3A are an effective way to increase the future value of
The root meristem and its relationship to root system architecture

In a typical herbaceous plant, the root apical meristems constitute about one millionth of the whole root system. Yet, these meristems are responsible for generating the whole root system and its architecture. This paper presents a developmental biologist’s perspective of how the root apical meristem is formed, how patterning information is generated and maintained, how the meristem functions, and how differentiated root cells become reprogrammed to generate the meristems of lateral roots. An overview of the results from genetic, molecular and cell biological investigations on the model system Arabidopsis and other plant systems will be presented.
Arabic Part of Speech Tagging

Arabic is a morphologically rich language, which presents a challenge for part of speech tagging. In this paper, we compare two novel methods for POS tagging of Arabic without the use of gold standard word segmentation but with the full POS tagset of the Penn Arabic Treebank. The first approach uses complex tags that describe full words and does not require any word segmentation. The second approach is segmentation-based, using a machine learning segmenter. In this approach, the words are first segmented, then the segments are annotated with POS tags. Because of the word-based approach, we evaluate full word accuracy rather than segment accuracy. Word-based POS tagging yields better results than segment-based tagging (93.93% vs. 93.41%). Word based tagging also gives the best results on known words, the segmentation-based approach gives better results on unknown words. Combining both methods results in a word accuracy of 94.37%, which is very close to the result obtained by using gold standard segmentation (94.91%).
Abstract TMP16: Perspectives of Emergency Department Providers in a Telestroke Network

Introduction: The experience of Emergency Department (ED) providers’ using telestroke (TS) is not well studied. It has been suggested that TS could create learned helplessness or reduce local confidence in ED services. We aimed to understand if TS changes ED practice patterns and to measure ED provider confidence with stroke treatment within a TS network. Methods: We used prior published telemedicine assessment surveys to design a new survey tailored to ED provider TS users. Content included perceptions of value and counterfactuals. ED providers were eligible if we had contact information and they participated in a TS consult at 1 of 26 sites in a 6-state TS network between Jan-May 2017. After a TS consult, an e-mail with a survey link was sent to the ED provider. Only first-time surveys were included in this analysis. Results: We sent surveys to 64 ED providers with a response rate of 48% (31/64) (Table 1). The most common reason (71%) for using TS was for expert opinion on IV tPA eligibility. No ED providers felt their medical knowledge would be doubted by a patient or family member because of using TS. ED providers reported high confidence for diagnosing ischemic stroke (97%) and giving IV tPA (81%), but only 10% were confident determining eligibility for mechanical thrombectomy. Consults changed patient care by changing the diagnosis in 16% and enabling 2 additional patients (10% of those with ischemic stroke) to receive IV tPA and 6 (19%) additional patients to transfer (Table 2.) Conclusions: ED providers surveyed had high confidence in stroke care. Discomfort in determining eligibility for thrombectomy points to educational opportunities and need for new clinical care pathways.
Monumental Seattle: the stories behind the city’s statues, memorials, and markers

Robert Spalding’s account of Seattle’s monumental heritage landscape is more than a guide or an audit of cultural assets, it is a well-researched and systematic account of the history of one city’s...
Psychosocial outcomes of the electronic self-report assessment for cancer-II randomized trial.

6515 Background: TheElectronic Self-Report Assessment for Cancer (ESRA-C), a web-based intervention, is known to improve patient-provider communication and reduce overall cancer symptom distress in...
A Guide to Measuring and Interpreting Attribute Importance.

Stated-preference (SP) methods, such as discrete-choice experiments (DCE) and best–worst scaling (BWS), have increasingly been used to measure preferences for attributes of medical interventions. Preference information is commonly characterized using attribute importance. However, attribute importance measures can vary in value and interpretation depending on the method used to elicit preferences, the specific context of the questions, and the approach used to normalize attribute effects. This variation complicates the interpretation of preference results and the comparability of results across subgroups in a sample. This article highlights the potential consequences of ignoring variations in attribute importance measures, and makes the case for reporting more clearly how these measures are obtained and calculated. Transparency in the calculations can clarify what conclusions are supported by the results, and help make more accurate and meaningful comparisons across subsamples.
Material response of metasurface integrated uncooled silicon germanium oxide SixGeyO1-x-y infrared microbolometers

This paper presents a study of metasurface integrated microbolometers. The semiconductor absorber is sandwiched between a metal Frequency-Selective Surface (FSS) and ground plane. When the semiconductor absorber is electrically isolated from the ground plane by a thin dielectric it can be used to measure the temperature of the pixel. The integration with the FSS removes the need for a Fabry-Perot cavity. The FSS allows control the attributes of radiation absorbed by the microbolometer on a pixel-by-pixel basis which provides the potential for spectral or polarimetric imaging. The FSS also affects he electrical performance of the semiconductor absorber and the thermal performance of the microbolometer. In addition, the complex permittivity of the semiconductor affects the optimal design of the FSS. The Si/Ge/O system is selected because it allows the properties of the absorber to be engineered (e.g., less oxygen gives lower absorptance and higher resistivity). This paper explores the absorber/FSS parameter space with an emphasis on the electrical and noise properties of the integrated system. Models are developed to explain results. Preliminary results show that the addition of the FSS improves TCR of the microbolometer by 10% while dramatically lowering its resistivity (factor of 5×). The resistivity reduction leads to a dramatic reduction of the noise power spectral density with the addition of FSS improving the measured 1/f noise by two orders of magnitude over an identical sample without the FSS. In addition, this paper will present the microbolometer figures of merits including voltage responsivity, detectivity, and thermal response time.
In vivo contrast-enhanced microCT for the monitoring of mouse thoracic, lumbar, and coccygeal intervertebral discs.

Mouse models are often used for studies of intervertebral disc (IVD) homeostasis and degeneration, yet the relatively small size of the IVD poses challenges for noninvasive, longitudinal imaging modalities. The recently developed contrast-enhanced microCT (CEμCT) using Ioversol has been successful in detecting degenerative changes in the murine IVD ex vivo at the micrometer scale. Further leveraging the superior biocompatibility of Ioversol as a contrast agent, we demonstrate the in vivo use of this CEμCT technique to examine IVDs at multiple spinal sites. Ioversol was administered via tail vein injection (TVI) in growing and adult male FVB/NJ mice (n = 5 /group). The animals were anesthetized and underwent in vivo micro-computed tomographic (microCT) at the coccygeal (CC5/CC6), lumbar (L5/6), and thoracic (T12/T13) IVDs. TVI of Ioversol was well-tolerated by all animals. As Ioversol filtered through the kidneys and accumulated in the bladder, the attenuations of the mouse bladder and kidneys increased due to the high molecular weight of Ioversol, confirming that the Ioversol is biological available. Average IVD attenuations increased 3%-15% following TVI (ANOVA; P < .01). The presence of Ioversol in the IVD combined with high-resolution microCT allow for nondestructive visualization of structural features of the IVD. These results demonstrate CEμCT with Ioversol as a viable strategy for the in vivo monitoring of multiple mouse IVDs during degeneration, disease, and injury.
Governing Medical Knowledge Commons - Introduction and Chapter 1

Governing Medical Knowledge Commons makes three claims: first, evidence matters to innovation policymaking; second, evidence shows that self-governing knowledge commons support effective innovation without prioritizing traditional intellectual property rights; and third, knowledge commons can succeed in the critical fields of medicine and health. The editors' knowledge commons framework adapts Elinor Ostrom's groundbreaking research on natural resource commons to the distinctive attributes of knowledge and information, providing a systematic means for accumulating evidence about how knowledge commons succeed. The editors' previous volume, Governing Knowledge Commons, demonstrated the framework's power through case studies in a diverse range of areas. Governing Medical Knowledge Commons provides fifteen new case studies of knowledge commons in which researchers, medical professionals, and patients generate, improve, and share innovations, offering readers a practical introduction to the knowledge commons framework and a synthesis of conclusions and lessons.
Moisture effect on nanostructure and adhesion energy of asphalt on aggregate surface: A molecular dynamics study

Abstract This study aims at investigating the moisture effect on nanostructure and adhesive energy of asphalt-aggregate interface in asphalt mixture at atomistic scale. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to study the molecular interaction between virgin and aged asphalt binder with silica and calcite. The MD simulation results were used to investigate the effect of water intrusion on the nanostructure of virgin and aged asphalt binder on aggregate surface. The adhesion energy and debonding energy of asphalt-aggregate interface were compared at dry and wet conditions. In particular, the contributions of saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene (SARA) components of asphalt binder to total adhesion energy were decomposed and analyzed. It was found that the existence of interfacial water changed the nanostructure of asphalt binder, including the self-aggregation of asphaltene and the distribution characteristics of SARA components. Although oxidative aging had different influences on adhesion energy of asphalt binder with silica and calcite, the interfacial water reduced adhesion energy regardless of aggregate type. The SARA components of asphalt binder exhibited different bonding ability with aggregate. The moisture effect on adhesion energy of SARA components varied in different trends, different from the overall adhesion energy.
Pilot reports of disorientation across 14 years of flight.

The purpose of this study was to compare recent incidents involving disorientation in flight reported by 336 Air Force, Army, and Navy pilots with incidents reported by 137 pilots in 1956. The pilots reported their experiences using a check list and a written description of an experience with disorientation in the aircraft they were flying at the time. The latter included 40 incidents which occurred in support of operations in Vietnam. The reports of disorientation showed a striking similarity across types of aircraft flown over 14 years of flying, as well as with the incidents occurring in Vietnam. However, some variation in reports between aircraft types was noted. These reports of disorientation suggest that disorientation is currently experienced in a wide variety of flight operations and that it will continue to be experienced by aircraft pilots.
Time-inhomogeneous Quantum Markov Chains with Decoherence on Finite State Spaces

We introduce and study time-inhomogeneous quantum Markov chains with parameter $\zeta \ge 0$ and decoherence parameter $0 \leq p \leq 1$ on finite spaces and their large scale equilibrium properties. Here $\zeta$ resembles the inverse temperature in the annealing random process and $p$ is the decoherence strength of the quantum system. Numerical evaluations show that if $ \zeta$ is small, then quantum Markov chain is ergodic for all $0 < p \le 1$ and if $ \zeta $ is large, then it has multiple limiting distributions for all $0 < p \le 1$. In this paper, we prove the ergodic property in the high temperature region $0 \le \zeta \le 1$. We expect that the phase transition occurs at the critical point $\zeta_c=1$. For coherence case $p=0$, a critical behavior of periodicity also appears at critical point $\zeta_o=2$.
Non-Foster Matching Circuit Synthesis Using Artificial Neural Networks

In this work, we study the use of artificial neural networks for non-Foster circuit synthesis. Non-Foster matching circuits are often used in military and civilian communication systems to provide wide instantaneous bandwidth. The design of active non-Foster circuits is very challenging and only a few practical designs have been reported to date due to the complexity, the non-linearity, and the inherent instability of these circuits. We propose using an artificial neural network algorithm to allow for automated non-Foster circuit synthesis. Within the examined input impedances, where the equivalent negative inductance of the circuit ranges from −91.6 nH to −51.9 nH, and the positive resistance ranges from 6.5 Ω to 15.4 Ω, the mean synthesis error of the inductance and the resistance are 0.061% and 0.078%, respectively. The synthesized circuits are stable.
Histone H3K9 butyrylation is regulated by dietary fat and stress via an Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short chain-dependent mechanism.

Objective We previously reported that β-oxidation enzymes are present in the nucleus in close proximity to transcriptionally active promoters. Thus, we hypothesized that the fatty acid intermediate, butyryl-CoA, is the substrate for histone butyrylation and its abundance is regulated by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short chain (ACADS). The objective of this study was to determine the genomic distribution of H3K9-butyryl (H3K9Bu) and its regulation by dietary fat, stress, and ACADS, and its correlation with gene expression under these conditions. Methods and results Using genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-Seq), we show that H3K9Bu is abundant at all transcriptionally active promoters, where, paradoxically, it is most enriched in mice fed a fat-free versus a high-fat diet. Deletion of fatty acid synthetase (FASN) abolished H3K9Bu in cells maintained in a glucose-rich, but not fatty acid-rich, medium, signifying that fatty acid synthesis from carbohydrates substitutes for dietary fat as a source butyryl-CoA. Meanwhile, a high-fat diet induced an increase in ACADS expression that accompanied the decrease in H3K9Bu. Conversely, deletion of ACADS increased H3K9Bu in human cells and mouse hearts, and reversed high-fat- and stress-induced reduction in promoter-H3K9Bu, whose abundance coincided with diminished stress-regulated gene expression, as revealed by RNA-sequencing. In contrast, H3K9-acetyl (H3K9Ac) abundance was minimally impacted by diet. Conclusion Promoter H3K9 butyrylation is a major histone modification, which is negatively regulated by high-fat and stress in an ACADS-dependent fashion, and moderates stress-regulated gene expression.
Addressing Racial And Ethnic Disparities In The Use Of Medications For Opioid Use Disorder.

Social discourse about the opioid crisis in the US has focused on White populations, even though opioid-related deaths have grown at a higher rate among people of color than among non-Hispanic Whit...
Unidirectional optical mechano-sensing with upconversion nanoparticles

Cells respond to forces, and their quantification can potentially inform on the role of mechanics in cell development, differentiation, tissue repair and homeostasis. Other force sensitive processes include cancer cell metastasis, heart development in embryos driven by fluid forces, and individual cell response to tension by enhancing microtubule growth and connections. Development of current mechano-sensing approaches has not yielded many options, especially in directional force measurement. We present a sharpened fiber-based approach for uniaxial forces. An upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP) is mounted on the tip of the fiber and optically accessed through the fiber, which is manipulated as a probe. In UCNPs, the modification of the crystal field via mechanical forces result in changes in emission intensity, spectral shifts, upconversion luminescence (UCL) lifetime and ratiometric UCL response. We report on a discernably large peak shift of between 5-10 nm, and an apparent phase transition, with increasing amount of applied force in the micro Newton regime, in a single direction. Moreover, the peak shift is linear to the applied compression force. We investigate the influence of the UCNP force sensing process using Raman spectroscopy.
Alternatives in the Treatment of Food Allergies

Abstract Food allergy, food intolerance, and food sensitivity affect a growing number of people. The foods that are most commonly associated with food allergies are milk, eggs, peanuts, wheat, soy, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish. Web sites that provide complementary and alternative treatments for food allergies are evaluated in this column.
Immunogenetics of response to a purified antigen from group A streptococci

Employing an in vitro blastogenesis model, evidence has been set forth for a major gene locus which controls response to a purified, extracellular antigen from group A streptococci. Response to this antigen is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Analysis of the data for linkage toHLA was done with the computer program LINKAS which can resolve pleiotropy from linkage and can detect and estimate recombination in the presence of etiological heterogeneity. Maximum likelihood estimation and likelihood ratio tests were used to assess the relative support for competing hypotheses. The results of this analysis indicate that at least two loci are involved in one of two ways: one locus that is closely linked toHLA and one locus that is unlinked; or a two-locus system of complementary alleles which are both tightly linked toHLA.
Electrical properties of the oxide grown on Si at room temperature using point to plane corona discharge

The electrical properties of SiO/sub 2/ grown at 25 degrees C in dry oxygen ambient with a point-to-plane corona discharge are examined. A flat-band voltage of about -2.5 V is obtained from the C-V characteristic curves of the oxides grown with an average corona discharge current density of -30 mu A/cm/sup 2/. The flat-band voltage shift is related to the corona discharge current density. The oxides grown by this method with this relatively high current density values are found to have instability due to both ion motion and charge injection in the oxide. The charge transport through this oxide at high positive gate voltage values shows behavior similar to the Frenkel-Pool mechanism. >
An exact analysis of Class-E power amplifiers for RF communications

An exact analytical approach to the design of a Class-E high frequency power amplifier is presented. The analysis will optimize the load network parameters at the output of the switching transistor, while accounting for harmonics injected into the circuit from the choke inductor, finite quality factor of the output load network, and an exponential decay of the drain/collector current during OFF state. Calculated power performances in terms of efficiency and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) as a function of decay angle and finite choke inductance are presented.
Towards a tool for generating aspects from MEDL and PEDL specifications for runtime verification

This paper describes an approach to generate AspectJ aspects from formal specifications written for the Monitoring and Checking (MaC) runtime verification tool. The aspects can serve as the foundation for instrumentation of programs that can be verified at runtime. To demonstrate the practicability of the proposed approach, the authors used a benchmark from the MaC research. The benchmark is based on a safety-critical railroad crossing system comprised of a train, a gate, and a controller. Finally, the paper describes the results from generating Java-MaCs specification scripts to AspectJ aspects, and it compares the proposed approach to related approaches and ones that use aspects.
Predictive location-based QoS routing in mobile ad hoc networks

In mobile ad hoc networks, the locations and resource-richness of mobile nodes vary dynamically. The information used for routing by traditional routing protocols becomes obsolete due to node mobility. To overcome this problem, a predictive location-based QoS routing scheme is needed. We present a location-delay prediction scheme, based on a location-resource update protocol, which assists a QoS routing protocol. Simulation results show that our approach can predict the location at a given instant in the future with a high degree of accuracy.
The Response of the Tropical Atlantic and West African Climate to Saharan Dust in a Fully Coupled GCM

AbstractThis study examines the climate response in West Africa and the tropical Atlantic to an idealized aerosol radiative forcing from Saharan mineral dust, comparable to the observed changes between the 1960s and 1990s, using simulations with the fully coupled GFDL Climate Model, version 2.1 (CM2.1), for two optical property regimes: more absorbing (ABS) and more scattering (SCT) dust. For both regimes dust induces significant regional reductions in radiative flux at the surface (approximately −30 W m−2). At the top of the atmosphere (TOA) dust in the two simulations produces a radiative flux anomaly of opposite sign (+30 W m−2 in the ABS case and −20 W m−2 in the SCT case). These differences result in opposing regional hydrologic and thermodynamic effects of dust. The ABS-forced simulations show an increase in the West African monsoon resulting from dust, whereas in the SCT-forced simulations dust causes a decrease in the monsoon. This is due to moist enthalpy changes throughout the atmospheric column...
On the total CO 2 –titration alkalinity–oxygen system in the Pacific Ocean

Decomposition of organic matter changes the concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and titration alkalinity (TA) in the ratio 106:16:1:138:–17 (refs 1–3), so the combined effect of decomposing x mol of CaCO3 and y mol of organic matter in 1 kg of seawater on the preformed total CO2 (ΣCO20), preformed TA (TA0), biogenerated ΣCO2 [ΔΣCO2(biol)] and the apparent oxygen utilisation (AOU) can be represented as4 ΔΣCO2=ΣCO2(measured)−ΣCO20=x+106y ΔTA=TA(measured)−TA0=2x−17y ΔΣCO2(biol)=106y; AOU=138y Eliminating x and y from the above equations yields Several early workers5–8 have successfully correlated ΔΣCO2(biol) to AOU with slopes close to the Redfield, Ketchum and Richards (RKR) model1. However, the methods used often have not satisfactorily taken into account the variation of the preformed values for ΣCO2 and TA with sample depth or have mistakenly taken ΔΣCO2(biol) to be equal to ΔΣCO2−O.5ΔTA. The inconsistency between the correlations above and below the thermocline is also not well explained. A modified computational scheme5,8 has recently been developed for calculating the ΣCO2-TA-oxygen correlation with the depth dependent variations of ΣCO20 and TA0 accounted for. The method of calculating ΔΣCO2 is the same as that described in ref. 4 but further useful information has been obtained by plotting ΔΣCO2 against AOU, rather than depth. The results in the Pacific Ocean, presented here, suggest a linear correlation between the bio-generated CO2 and AOU with a slope of 0.722±0.05, in good agreement with that predicted from the RKR model. The deviation of the data from this linear correlation for shallow water can largely be explained by the influences of human induced CO2.