cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HMGB1 Release by Urothelial Carcinoma Cells is Required for the In Vivo Antitumor Response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

Purpose: Prior series showed that a portion of urothelial carcinoma cells exposed to bacillus Calmette-Guerin undergoes nonapoptotic cell death and release of the chemokine HMGB1. We evaluated the role of tumor cell derived HMGB1 in mediating the in vivo antitumor effect of bacillus Calmette-Guerin.Materials and Methods: The murine urothelial carcinoma cell line MB49 was engineered to express a shRNA construct targeting HMGB1. The shRNA expressing cell line underwent characterization to ensure its comparability to the parental MB49 cell line. An orthotopic tumor model was used to compare the in vivo antitumor efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the parental cell line (24 control and 24 bacillus Calmette-Guerin treated) vs the HMGB1 knockdown line (23 control and 21 treated).Results: Expression of the shRNA construct decreased HMGB1 expression and its release in response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin. The parental and shRNA cell lines showed similar in vitro doubling time and cytotoxicity in response to ...
Characterization and localization of an Eimeria -specific protein in Eimeria maxima

A recently completed analysis of Eimeria maxima transcriptome identified a gene with homology to sequences expressed by E. tenella and E. acervulina but lacking homology with other organisms including other apicomplexans. This gene, designated Eimeria-specific protein (ESP), codes for a protein with a predicted molecular weight of 19 kDa. The ESP gene was cloned and the recombinant protein expressed in bacteria and purified for preparation of specific antisera. Quantitative RT-PCR showed transcription of ESP was low in unsporulated oocysts and after 24 h of sporulation. However, transcription nearly doubled after 48 h of sporulation and reached its highest levels in sporozoites (SZ) and merozoites (MZ). The protein was detectable by Western blot in both sporulated oocysts and in SZ and MZ. Immuno-localization by light microscopy identified ESP in paired structures in the anterior of SZ and MZ. Immuno-localization by electron microscopy identified ESP in MZ rhoptries but no specific staining of any SZ structures was detected. In addition, localization studies on intestinal sections recovered from birds 120-h post-infection indicates that oocysts do not stain with anti-ESP but staining of microgametocytes and developing oocysts was observed. The results indicate that ESP is associated with the rhoptry of E. maxima and that the protein may have functions in other developmental stages.
A Reconfigurable Architecture for QR Decomposition Using a Hybrid Approach

QR decomposition has been widely used in many signal processing applications to solve linear inverse problems. However, QR decomposition is considered a computationally expensive process, and its sequential implementations fail to meet the requirements of many time-sensitive applications. The Householder transformation and the Givens rotation are the most popular techniques to conduct QR decomposition. Each of these approaches have their own strengths and weakness. The Householder transformation lends itself to efficient sequential implementation, however its inherent data dependencies complicate parallelization. On the other hand, the structure of Givens rotation provides many opportunities for concurrency, but is typically limited by the availability of computing resources. We propose a deeply pipelined reconfigurable architecture that can be dynamically configured to perform either approach in a manner that takes advantage of the strengths of each. At runtime, the input matrix is first partitioned into numerous sub-matrices. Our architecture then performs parallel Householder transformations on the sub-matrices in the same column block, which is followed by parallel Givens rotations to annihilate the remaining unneeded individual off-diagonals. Analysis of our design indicates the potential to achieve a performance of 10.5 GFLOPS with speedups of up to 1.46fiX, 1.15Xfi and 13.75fiX compared to the MKL implementation, a recent FPGA design and a Matlab solution, respectively.
Effect of beta-propiolactone on metabolism of pseudomonas aeruginosa and growth of certain fungi.

Summary1. β-propiolactone inhibits the oxidative metabolism of strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The mechanism of the inhibition appears similar to that of streptomycin, aureomycin, and certain other antibiotics. 2. Its hydrolytic product, β-hydroxypropionic acid, is without effect. 3. In low concentrations in inhibits the growth of trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyston flocosum and Blastomyces dermatitidis. 4. Its possible use as a surface disinfectant is discussed.
Long-lifetime reverse saturable absorption in a bipyridyl platinum(II) complex bearing naphthalimidylethynyl-substituted fluorenylacetylide ligands

By fitting femtosecond transient difference absorption time series at multiple wavelengths, the singlet excited-state lifetime of a particular platinum(II) 2,2′-bipyridyl complex bearing naphthalimidylethynyl-substituted fluorenyl-acetylide ligands was determined to be 83.5 ± 39 ps in toluene solution. A triplet quantum yield of 0.06 was measured using relative actinometry. Excited-state absorption cross sections of 5.6 × 10−17 cm2 (singlet) and 7.8 × 10−16 cm2 (triplet) at 532 nm were obtained by using a five-level dynamic model to fit open-aperture Z scans at picosecond and nanosecond pulse widths and a variety of pulse energies. Most significantly, fits of nanosecond transient difference absorption decay data yield a value of 16.3 μs for the triplet excited-state lifetime of the complex in deoxygenated toluene solution, longer by a factor of almost 20 than the lifetime of the analogous complex with benzothiazolyl-substituted ligands.
Vertical Stand Transparent Light-Emitting Diode Architecture for High-Efficiency and High-Power Light-Emitting Diodes

Using a transparent ZnO vertical stand as a submount, a novel Light-emitting diode architecture, which is similar to conventional lighting bulbs, was proposed. The emission power of a blue LED based on c-plane (0001) bulk GaN was increased by 14.2 and 5.1% compared with those of conventional and suspended die packages, respectively. The output power and external quantum efficiency of LEDs respectively reached 31.7 mW and 57.1% at a forward current of 20 mA under direct current conditions. The high thermal conductivity and refractive index of the transparent submount simultaneously resulted in high current operation and high external efficiency.
Peak level recorder for use in electrophysiological experiments

A circuit is described which uses a digital technique to store permanently the peak value of an action potential or other bioelectric event. An oscillator feeds pulses into a chain of binary dividers, the outputs of which are converted to analogue form and compared with the input signal, hence the output assumes the peak value of the event, provided that the slew rate of the signal does not exceed the maximum output slew rate of 1400 V s−1, or the peak value may not be reached (depending on the waveform of the signal). The basic resolution is better than 2%, and can be increased by suppressing signals below a preset threshold. The design is low cost, as conventional t.t.l. circuitry is used.
Ab initio study of lithium intercalation in metal oxides and metal dichalcogenides

A study of the average voltage to intercalate lithium in various metal oxides is presented. By combining the ab initio pseudopotential method with basic thermodynamics the average intercalation voltage can be predicted without the need for experimental data. This procedure is used to systematically study the effect of metal chemistry, anion chemistry, and structure. It is found that Li is fully ionized in the intercalated compounds with its charge transferred to the anion and to the metal. The substantial charge transfer to the anion is responsible for the large voltage difference between oxides, sulfides, and selenides. Ionic relaxation, as a result of Li intercalation, causes nonrigid-band effects in the density of states of these materials. Suggestions for compounds that may have a substantially larger voltage than currently used materials are also presented. @S0163-1829~97!01028-X#
Social Influence: Compliance and Conformity

This review covers recent developments in the social influence literature, focusing primarily on compliance and conformity research published between 1997 and 2002. The principles and processes underlying a target's susceptibility to outside influences are considered in light of three goals fundamental to rewarding human functioning. Specifically, targets are motivated to form accurate perceptions of reality and react accordingly, to develop and preserve meaningful social relationships, and to maintain a favorable self-concept. Consistent with the current movement in compliance and conformity research, this review emphasizes the ways in which these goals interact with external forces to engender social influence processes that are subtle, indirect, and outside of awareness.
The effects of water diffusion and laminar flow on velocity-selective arterial spin labeling

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) has been developed as a useful tool for measuring local tissue perfusion with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In contrast to conventional ASL that spatially labels spins, velocity-selective ASL (VS-ASL) tags spins on a basis of flow velocity. Using a 90/spl deg/-180/spl deg/-90/spl deg/ radiofrequency pulse train in combination with flow-sensitive gradients, VS-ASL can potentially generate tags that are very close to the imaging plane and whereby avoid the main error source of conventional ASL techniques coming from T1 relaxation during inflow time (TI). In this study, computer simulation was used to evaluate the diffusion effect upon the tag distribution during the VS process. The change of tag amount caused by water diffusion was found to be less than 5%. Considerations of the velocity threshold (Vcut) were addressed as well. Large Vcut incurs longer delay for the delivery of tags, compromising the advantage of VS-ASL. A Vcut below 5 cm/s is recommended on the premise of proper CSF suppression.
Lower bounds to eigenvalues of quantum mechanical systems

Procedures are presented which are expected to produce good numerical lower bounds to eigenvalues for Hamiltonians having continuous spectra. Further, it is observed how these lower bounds can be utilized in other estimation methods.
Geoelectric Soundings for Predicting Aquifer Properties

Two bedrock valleys, filled with glacial outwash material, were investigated with Schlumberger resistivity soundings. Aquifer electrical resistivities were determined for 16 vertical electrical soundings at seven sites in southern Rhode Island where pumping tests had been run previously. Resistivities for the different aquifer materials were derived with boring log control. The auxiliary point methods were used to reduce the aquifer layering to a single representative resistivity value. Relationships between the representative aquifer resistivity and aquifer permeability and transmissivity were derived.
Adhesion of sickle neutrophils and erythrocytes to fibronectin.

The pathophysiology of vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell disease involves interactions among blood cells, plasma proteins, and vessel wall components. The initial goal of this work was to quantify the adhesion of sickle red blood cells (RBCs) to fibronectin immobilized on glass under both static and dynamic shear stress conditions. High-power microscopic inspection of static assay plates showed striking numbers of adherent neutrophils as well as RBCs. Sickle neutrophils and RBCs were significantly more adherent to fibronectin than the corresponding normal cells in static adhesion assays. Adhesion of both sickle neutrophils and sickle RBCs in dynamic adhesion assays was promoted by a period of static incubation preceding initiation of shear stress conditions. Adherent neutrophils remained attached at shear stresses up to 51 dyne/cm2; most adherent RBCs were attached at shear stresses up to 13 dyne/cm2, but detached at a shear stress of 20 dyne/cm2. Sickle neutrophil adhesion was enhanced significantly by autologous plasma. Elevated levels of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6; but not IL-1 or IL-8) were found in 6 of 9 sickle cell disease samples examined, and elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor were found in 2 of 9 samples. Plasma IL- 6 levels correlated positively with both the number of sickle neutrophils adherent to fibronectin and the ability of sickle plasma to enhance adhesion of normal neutrophils to fibronectin. These data suggest possible roles for neutrophil activation and for fibronectin in mediating sickle neutrophil and RBC adhesion.
Mucor ramosissimus Samutsevitsch isolated from a thigh lesion.

Abstract Mucor ramosissimus Samutsevitsch is presented for the first time as an etiologic agent of cutaneous zygomycosis in a patient with aplastic anemia on immunosuppressive therapy. This report also represents the third case caused by this species reported in the literature. A biopsy taken from a lesion on the patient's thigh revealed broad, nonseptate, nonbranching hyphae compatible in morphology with a Zygomycete; M. ramosissimus was cultured twice from the thigh lesion. The patient was treated successfully with amphotericin B. Identifying features of M. ramosissimus include the following: numerous sporangia lacking columellae and resembling those of Mortierella spp., short, erect sporangiophores repeatedly branching sympodially; tough, persistent, and diffluent sporangial walls; numerous oidia in chains; extremely low colonies; and restricted growth at 36 degrees C. This paper describes the isolate and strives to alert the clinical microbiologist to this rarely reported pathogen.
The Structure of Communication as a Challenge for Theology

Aun mas que cualquier contenido de la comunicacion, sus estructuras influyen en la teologia puesto que proporcionan el marco para el pensamiento y la reflexion de la experiencia religiosa. Este ensayo examina tres estructuras caracteristicas de la comunicacion, que son a menudo pasadas por alto: la comunicacion oral v/s la escrita e impresa y la tendencia contemporanea hacia los estilos "orales secundarios"; el sentido del lugar en la comunicacion tecnologica; y los usos de espacio visual como guias de la interpretacion de la experiencia. Puesto que cada una de estas estructuras moldean la teologia, esta debiera asumir el desafio de tomar mayor conciencia de ellas y asumir el rol de la comunicacion mas seriamente.
Anthocyanin Formation in Excised Segments of Buckwheat-Seedling Hypocotyls.

Recent studies of anthocyanin formation have involved the use of a varied assortment of plant systems: seedlings, leaves, fruits, petals, callus cultures, and Lemnaceous flowering plants (2, 9). Each of these kinds of material possesses certain advantages and certain disadvantages. In the dark-grown buckwheat seedling anthocyanin synthesis can be induced in the hypocotyl by exposure of that organ to light (6, 8); this formation of pigment is not accompanied by photosynthesis, since the hypocotyl does not contain chlorophyll. However, under many conditions which might be used in a study of anthocyanin formation, growth of the seedling, especially of the hypocotyl itself, would be a complicating factor. Furthermore, the hypocotyl is not homogeneous from top to bottom in its anthocyanin-forming capacity (1, 6). These disadvantages might be overcome by removing the hypocotyl from the seedling before its experimental use. Accordingly, an investigation of anthocyanin formation in excised hypocotyls and hypocotyl segments was undertaken in order to ascertain the suitability of such a system.
Learning to Predict Visibility and Invisibility from Occlusion Events

Visual occlusion events constitute a major source of depth information. This paper presents a self-organizing neural network that learns to detect, represent, and predict the visibility and invisibility relationships that arise during occlusion events, after a period of exposure to motion sequences containing occlusion and disocclusion events. The network develops two parallel opponent channels or "chains" of lateral excitatory connections for every resolvable motion trajectory. One channel, the "On" chain or "visible" chain, is activated when a moving stimulus is visible. The other channel, the "Off" chain or "invisible" chain, carries a persistent, amodal representation that predicts the motion of a formerly visible stimulus that becomes invisible due to occlusion. The learning rule uses disinhibition from the On chain to trigger learning in the Off chain. The On and Off chain neurons can learn separate associations with object depth ordering. The results are closely related to the recent discovery (Assad & Maunsell, 1995) of neurons in macaque monkey posterior parietal cortex that respond selectively to inferred motion of invisible stimuli.
The Interactions between the Investment, Financing, and Dividend Decisions of Major U.S. Firms

This paper uses 114 responses to a June 1988 mail questionnaire survey of the financial managers of the 1,000 largest U.S. firms to examine Modigliani and Miller's “separation principle”. The opinions of practicing financial managers were found to be consistent with Modigliani and Miller as well as with the work of other empirical researchers. Almost without exception, the direction of causality between investment and financing decisions was found to run from the former to the latter, and dividend decisions were found to be driven by profits and prior year's dividends rather than by the firm's investment and financing actions. Clearly, the beliefs of practicing financial managers seem to reflect acceptance of Modigliani and Miller's “separation principle.”
Simulation-Based Training for Nurses in Sterile Techniques During Central Vein Catheterization

BACKGROUND The effectiveness of simulation-based training of critical care nurses in sterile techniques has not been determined. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of simulation-based training of critical care nurses to use sterile techniques during central vein catheterization and the effect of such training on infection rates. METHODS A prospective controlled study with 12-month observational follow-up to assess the rate of catheter-related bloodstream infections in a 23-bed medical, surgical, neurological critical care unit. RESULTS Forty-six critical care nurses completed assessment and training in sterile technique skills in the simulation laboratory. Performance scores at baseline were poor: median scores in each category ranging from 0 to 2 out of a maximum score of 4 and a median total score of 7 out of a maximum score of 24. After simulation-based training, nurses' median scores in each ST category and their total scores improved significantly, with the median total score increasing to 23 (P < .01; median difference, 15; 95% CI, 14-16). After completion of the simulation-based training intervention, the mean infection rate in the unit was reduced by 85% from 2.61 to 0.4 infections per 1000 catheter-days (P = .02). The incidence rate-ratio derived from the Poisson regression (0.15; 95% CI, 0.03-0.78) indicates an 85% reduction in the incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infections in the unit after the intervention. CONCLUSION Simulation-based training of critical care nurses in sterile technique is an important component in the strategy to reduce the occurrence of such infections and promote patient safety.
Kinetics of photooxidation and photostabilization in crosslinked polymer coatings

Previous work has established a correlation between photooxidation rate and hydroperoxide concentration in crosslinked polymer coatings. The experimental relationship was in qualitative agreement with a photooxidation model based on photolysis of hydroperoxides to free radicals followed by standard free radical oxidation chemistry. In this paper, the kinetic scheme is extended to include the effects of chromophores other than hydroperoxides and to account properly for the addition of hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS). It is shown that the abstraction of hydrogen atoms by excited state nitroxide limits HALS effectiveness in agreement with experimental results. This agreement lends further credence to the use of hydroperoxide measurements for the rapid assessment of coating photooxidative stability.
Aquatic Vertebrate Predation Threats to the Platte River Caddisfly (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)

The Platte River caddisfly, Ironoquia plattensis Alexander & Whiles (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae), was once the most abundant component of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in Platte River backwater sloughs, attaining larval densities of approximately 1,000 individuals per m 2 and accounting for approximately 40% of the emerging secondary production. Surveys for the species conducted between 1999 and 2004 found 6 sites with I. plattensis, and recent sampling has found 29 additional sites with the caddisfly; however, only one population has densities comparable to those found at the type locality. Backwater sloughs where I. plattensis occur provide habitat for a variety of aquatic vertebrates which could potentially threaten the species’ persistence. This project tested the ability of seven fish species and a tadpole to consume I. plattensis larvae. Replicated experiments presented vertebrates with 3 early instar I. plattensis larvae in 9.5 liter aquaria. Based on Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA (P = 0.05), significant predation was observed only with brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans Kirtland (Gasterosteiformes: Gasterosteidae), feeding trials. C. inconstans consumed a mean of 0.49 I. plattensis larvae per 24 h. Our results suggest I. plattensis populations may be reduced by the presence of brook stickleback in backwater sloughs. Alterations to the Platte River may increase the chances for I. plattensis and C. inconstans habitat overlap from greater river connectivity.
1848: Year of Revolution – By Mike Rapport

For a turning point on which very little turned, the revolutions of 1848 have generated a rich body of historical literature. What the author contributes in his recent book is not a new perspective...
Scaling issues in ensemble implementations of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm

We discuss the ensemble version of the Deutsch-Jozsa (DJ) algorithm which attempts to provide a ``scalable'' implementation on an expectation-value NMR quantum computer. We show that this ensemble implementation of the DJ algorithm is at best as efficient as the classical random algorithm. As soon as any attempt is made to classify all possible functions with certainty, the implementation requires an exponentially large number of molecules. The discrepancies arise out of the interpretation of mixed state density matrices.
Reducing Field Failures in System Configurable Software: Cost-Based Prioritization

System testing of configurable software is an expensive and resource constrained process. Insufficient testing often leads to escaped faults in the field where failures impact customers and are costly to repair. Prior work has shown that it is possible to efficiently sample configurations for testing using combinatorial interaction testing, and to prioritize these configurations to increase the rate of early fault detection. The underlying assumption to date has been that there is no added complexity to configuring a system level environment over a user configurable one; i.e. the time required to setup and test each individual configuration is nominal. In this paper we examine prioritization of system configurable software driven not only by fault detection but also by the cost of configuration and setup time that moving between different configurations incurs. We present a case study on two releases of an enterprise software system using failures reported in the field. We examine the most effective prioritization technique and conclude that (1) using failure history of configurations can improve the early fault detection rate, but that (2) we must consider fault detection rate over time, not by the number of configurations tested. It is better to test related configurations which incur minimal setup time than to test fewer, more diverse configurations.
Bilateral asymmetry of human skeletal non‐metric traits

The use of non-metric skeletal traits to compute population distance statistics assumes strong genetic control of trait expression. An investigation of bilateral asymmetry frequencies of human cranial and postcranial non-metric traits shows that asymmetry is common. This suggests that environmental stress, as well as the genotype, is important in controlling trait frequencies.
Ectopic expression of wingless in imaginal discs interferes with decapentaplegic expression and alters cell determination

We have expressed the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) ectopically in imaginal discs to examine its regulation of both ventral patterning and transdetermination. By experimentally manipulating the amount of Wg protein, we show that different thresholds of Wg activity elicit different outcomes, which are mediated by regulation of decapentaplegic (dpp) expression and result in alterations in the expression of homeotic genes. A high level of Wg activity leads to loss of all dorsal pattern elements and the formation of a complete complement of ventral pattern elements on the dorsal side of legs, and is correlated with repression of dpp expression. wg expression in dorsal cells of each disc also leads to dose-dependent transdetermination in those cells in homologous discs such as the labial, antennal and leg, but not in cells of dorsally located discs. When dpp expression is repressed by high levels of Wg, transdetermination does not occur, confirming that dpp participates with wg to induce transdetermination. These and other experiments suggest that dorsal expression of wg alters disc patterning and disc cell determination by modulating the expression of dpp. The dose-dependent effects of wg on dpp expression, ventralization of dorsal cells and transdetermination support a model in which wg functions as a morphogen in imaginal discs.
Seasonal timing of diapause induction limits the effective range of Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as a biological control agent for tamarisk (Tamarix spp.).

The leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata Brullesubspecies deserticola Chen, collected in northwestern China, has been released in the western United States to control tamarisk (Tamarix spp.). While beetle establishment and saltcedar defoliation have been noted at northern study sites, this species has not established at latitudes south of the 38th parallel. Critical daylength for diapause induction was measured in the laboratory and ranged between 14 h 50 min to 15 h 08 min, depending on temperature, and adults were shown to cease reproduction and enter diapause at daylengths of 14 h 30 min or less. Critical daylength in the Þeld was measured at 14 h 39 min and occurred 13 d before 50% of the population reached diapause. South of 3620 N, the longest days of the year are shorter than 14 h 39 min, making the beetles univoltine in the southern United States. North of 3620 N, a window of reproductive activity opens 13 d after the critical daylength is reached in the spring and closes 13 d after it is passed in the summer, allowing at least a partial second summer generation. It is predicted that south of the 38th parallel, premature diapause will increase mortality and disrupt synchrony between the life cycle of the beetle and host plant availability. This could hinder estab- lishment and help explain the failure of this population south of the 38th parallel, providing a rationale for testing other populations of D. elongata in the southern range of Tamarix in North America.
Seeing Blue: A Police-Centered Explanation of Protest Policing

Existing explanations of repression and the policing of protest focus on the interests of political elites, with research indicating that a chief predictor of state repression is the level of threat protesters pose to elite interests. However, prior research has only paid sporadic attention to how the institutional and organizational characteristics of local law enforcement agencies shape the character of protest policing. This article addresses this significant theoretical gap by developing a police-centered, or "blue," approach to protest policing. Using data on the policing of public protest events in New York State between 1968 and 1973, this article finds support for the blue approach. Specifically, the situational threats posed by protesters to those agents who actually perform repression-local police-are critical predictors of police presence and action. Results also show some residual support for the role of elite threats in structuring repression.
Absence of Mate Choice and Postcopulatory Benefits in a Species with Extreme Sexual Size Dimorphism

Most hypotheses related to the evolution of female-biased extreme sexual size dimorphism (SSD) attribute the differences in the size of each sex to selection for reproduction, either through selection for increased female fecundity or selection for male increased mobility and faster development. Very few studies, however, have tested for direct fitness ben efits associated with the latter – small male size. Mecaphesa celer is a crab spider with extreme SSD, whose males are less than half the size of females and often weigh 10 times less. Here, we test the hypotheses that larger size in females and smaller size in males are sexually selected through differential pre- and postcopulatory reproductive benefits. To do so, we tested the following predictions: matings between small males and large females are more likely to occur due to mate choice; females mated to small males are less likely to accept second copulation attempts; and matings between small males and large females will result in larger clutches of longer-lived offspring. Following staged mating trials in the laboratory, we found no support for any of our predictions, suggesting that SSD in M. celer may not be driven by pre- or post-reproductive fitness benefits to small males.
Shared entanglements – Web 2.0, info-liberalism & digital sharing

This essay situates digital sharing in ‘info-liberalism’, a neologism encompassing critiques of the close alignment between neoliberal capitalism and digital communication, to capture the affective motions of online sharing and its links to neoliberal capitalism. Digital sharing is a keyword with positive semantic associations that encapsulates a contradictory impulse: by definition, sharing is not premised on a monetary exchange for goods or services, yet Web 2.0 enables and celebrates a culture of sharing and sharing-economy that it obliquely exploits to fuel its algorithmically regulated economy. The essay elaborates how algorithms create affective situations and build in philosophies of interaction through ‘affective priming’ [Massumi, B. (2015). The power at the end of the economy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.] and ‘procedural rhetoric’ [Bogost, I. (2007). Persuasive games: The expressive power of videogames. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Bogost, I. (2008). The rhetoric of video games. In K. Salem ...
Recent advances in paediatric dermatology

The past year has produced several new clinical guidelines germane to paediatric dermatology, as well as important work related to rheumatologic overlap disorders, psoriasis comorbidities, pigmented lesions and quality of life impact. This review highlights common diagnoses and treatments useful for the practicing paediatrician.
Prognostics and Structural Health Assessment Using Uncertain Measured Response Information

The authors and their team members have been working on developing implementable techniques for the objective rapid assessment of structural health (RASH) just after major natural and man-made events or in the context of maintenance over a period of time. They used the system-identification techniques by eliminating some of its weaknesses. For easier implementation, the excitation information was completely ignored. To locate defects and their severity at the local element level, the structures were represented by finite elements. By tracking the changes in the stiffness parameters of each element, the location(s) and severity of defects are assessed. The team conducted extensive analytical and laboratory investigations to verify all the methods. They had to overcome several challenges related to the conceptual and analytical development, data processing, and the presence of uncertainty in the every phase. To consider nonlinearity in the system identification process, a method known as Generalized Iterative Least Squares-Extended Kalman Filter-Unknown Input (GLIS-EKF-UI), was developed earlier. Since it failed to identify structures in some cases, the authors recently proposed a new method denoted as Unscented Kalman Filter—Unknown Input- Weighted Global Iterations (UKF-UI-WGI). With the help of informative examples, the superiority of UKF-UI-WGI over GLIS-EKF-UI is documented in this paper. Since at the beginning of an inspection, the defects and their severity are expected to be unknown, the authors recommend UKF-UI-WGI for the rapid assessment of health of infrastructures.
An Evolution of Morphological Analysis Applications in Systems Engineering

Morphological analysis is a simple yet powerful technique that has been incorporated in many different forms within systems engineering and design applications. Its relevance in systems engineering lies in the way that it supports the practical implementation of system decomposition and synthesis, recognized as fundamental systems engineering concepts. Morphological analysis, or elements thereof, can be readily found in quality function deployment, system configuration selection, and technology selection. However, some notable disadvantages in the original formulation of morphological analysis reveal shortcomings in its practice. Recent advances in its implementation, leveraging on new mathematical formulations and software development, have addressed some of these shortcomings and reveal an evolution of this technique across multiple systems engineering applications.
On uniqueness for the traction problem in finite elasticity

In many problems of interest the (Cauchy) surface traction is given as a function of position on the deformed surface. A class of loadings sufficiently general to include these problems is considered, and within the context of the fraction problem in finite elasticity, a number of uniqueness results are established. This work extends results obtained for the mixed problem by Gurtin and Spector.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION TO POPULATION STRUCTURE IN THE CLONAL SOFT CORAL, ALCYONIUM RUDYI.

Numerous studies of population structure in sessile clonal marine invertebrates have demonstrated low genotypic diversity and nonequilibrium genotype frequencies within local populations that are monopolized by relatively few, highly replicated genets. All of the species studied to date produce planktonic sexual propagules capable of dispersing long distances; despite local genotypic disequilibria, populations are often panmictic over large geographic areas. The population structure paradigm these species represent may not be typical of the majority of clonal invertebrate groups, however, which are believed to produce highly philopatric sexual propagules. I used allozyme variation to examine the population structure of the temperate soft coral, Alcyonium rudyi, a typical clonal species whose sexually produced larvae and asexually produced ramets both have very low dispersal capabilities. Like other clonal plants and invertebrates, the local population dynamics of A. rudyi are dominated by asexual reproduction, and recruitment of new sexually produced genets occurs infrequently. As expected from its philopatric larval stage, estimates of genetic differentiation among populations of A. rudyi were highly significant at all spatial scales examined (mean θ = 0.300 among 20 populations spanning a 1100-km range), suggesting that genetic exchange seldom occurs among populations separated by as little as a few hundred meters. Mapping of multilocus allozyme genotypes within a dense aggregation of A. rudyi ramets confirmed that dispersal of asexual propagules is also very limited: members of the same genet usually remain within < 50 cm of one another on the same rock surface. Unlike most previously studied clonal invertebrates, populations of A. rudyi do not appear to be dominated by a few widespread genets: estimates of genotypic diversity (Go ) within 20 geographically distinct populations did not differ from expectations for outcrossing, sexual populations. Despite theoretical suggestions that philopatric dispersal combined with typically small effective population sizes should promote inbreeding in clonal species, inbreeding does not appear to contribute significantly to the population structure of A. rudyi. Genet genotype frequencies conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations in all populations, and inbreeding coefficients (f) were close to zero. In general, the population structure of A. rudyi did not differ significantly from that observed among outcrossing sexual species with philopatric larval dispersal. Age estimates suggest, however, that genets of A. rudyi live for many decades. Genet longevity may promote high genotypic diversity within A. rudyi populations and may be the most important evolutionary consequence of clonal reproduction in this species and the many others that share its dispersal characteristics.
THE MIXED-MODEL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE APPLIED TO QUANTITATIVE GENETICS: BIOLOGICAL MEANING OF THE PARAMETERS.

The mixed-model factorial analysis of variance has been used in many recent studies in evolutionary quantitative genetics. Two competing formulations of the mixed-model ANOVA are commonly used, the "Scheffe" model and the "SAS" model; these models differ in both their assumptions and in the way in which variance components due to the main effect of random factors are defined. The biological meanings of the two variance component definitions have often been unappreciated, however. A full understanding of these meanings leads to the conclusion that the mixed-model ANOVA could have been used to much greater effect by many recent authors. The variance component due to the random main effect under the two-way SAS model is the covariance in true means associated with a level of the random factor (e.g., families) across levels of the fixed factor (e.g., environments). Therefore the SAS model has a natural application for estimating the genetic correlation between a character expressed in different environments and testing whether it differs from zero. The variance component due to the random main effect under the two-way Scheffe model is the variance in marginal means (i.e., means over levels of the fixed factor) among levels of the random factor. Therefore the Scheffe model has a natural application for estimating genetic variances and heritabilities in populations using a defined mixture of environments. Procedures and assumptions necessary for these applications of the models are discussed. While exact significance tests under the SAS model require balanced data and the assumptions that family effects are normally distributed with equal variances in the different environments, the model can be useful even when these conditions are not met (e.g., for providing an unbiased estimate of the across-environment genetic covariance). Contrary to statements in a recent paper, exact significance tests regarding the variance in marginal means as well as unbiased estimates can be readily obtained from unbalanced designs with no restrictive assumptions about the distributions or variance-covariance structure of family effects.
Cause and prevention of thromboembolism.

Thromboembolism, although still not very common, is increasing alarmingly in spite of everything that has been done to prevent it. Prophylactic measures, such as early ambulation and other attempts to speed up the blood flow in patients who are confined to bed, have failed miserably to decrease the incidence of thromboembolism. Also, it is not possible to detect approximately 40 per cent of the patients with phlebothrombosis—a fatal type of venous thrombosis—before fatal embolism occurs. Some prophylactic measure which can be used routinely in all patients in whom venous thrombosis is likely to occur must be employed.
The North-West Frontier: Policies, Perceptions, and the Conservative Impulse in the British Raj

The East India Company’s annexation of the Punjab in 1849 looms large as a pivotal moment in the creation of the Victorian British Raj. The seizure of Ranjit Singh’s former kingdom brought with it the resources that would make the region India’s great granary, a Muslim and Sikh population that would provide the backbone of the post-1857 Indian Army, and the administrative raw materials for the “Punjab School” of the Indian Civil Service, the epitome of British paternalism in South Asia. Beyond this, however, the accession of the Punjab to the Company meant that the British now inherited the Sikh state’s loose and recent paramountcy over the ill-defined territory stretching from the east bank of the River Indus to the Khyber Pass. Eventually ranging from Chitral in the north to Waziristan and Dera Ismail Khan in the south, these Afghan borderlands with their large Pathan population would prove to be one of the abiding obsessions of the British in India. Although the issues that the British encountered on the North-West Frontier, such as indigenous unrest and raiding, Afghan intrigues, and the specter of Russian expansion, were, in the words of one author, an “imperial migraine,” control of the region was also viewed as central to Britain’s imperial power and prestige. The Frontier was the “anvil,” in the words of the Viceroy Lord Curzon, on which the future of the British Empire was daily forged.1
Control of Candida albicans morphology and pathogenicity by post-transcriptional mechanisms

Candida albicans is a major human fungal pathogen responsible for both systemic and mucosal infections in a wide variety of immunocompromised individuals. Because the ability of C. albicans to undergo a reversible morphological transition from yeast to filaments is important for virulence, significant research efforts have focused on mechanisms that control this transition. While transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms have been well-studied, considerably less is known about the role of post-transcriptional mechanisms. However, in recent years several discoveries have begun to shed light on this important, but understudied, area. Here, I will review a variety of post-transcriptional mechanisms that have recently been shown to control C. albicans morphology, virulence and/or virulence-related processes, including those involving alternative transcript localization, mRNA stability and translation. I will also discuss the role that these mechanisms play in other pathogens as well as the potential they may hold to serve as targets for new antifungal strategies. Ultimately, gaining a better understanding of C. albicans post-transcriptional mechanisms will significantly improve our knowledge of how morphogenesis and virulence are controlled in fungal pathogens and open new avenues for the development of novel and more effective antifungals.
Dynamics of expression and distribution of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase in developing maize kernels

Maturing maize kernels are a rich source of cytokinins and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase activity, but the relationship between kernel development, cytokinin levels, the induction of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase and the control of cell division is not known. Using polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant maize cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase, we investigated the appearance of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (ZmCKX1) in both hybrid and inbred maize kernels as a function of time after pollination. Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase was detected by five days after pollination (5 DAP) in a hybrid line, but significantly later in inbred lines. The bulk of the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase detected was associated with the embryo and placental/chalazal region of the kernels rather than with the endosperm. We identified additional maize sequences in the database that appear to encode cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase gene family members and correspond closely with a subset of the ten cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase genes identified in the rice genome. Gene expression of Zmckx1 was examined by RT-PCR in immature kernels and compared with that of three putative maize cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase homologs. We conclude that the manipulation of kernel cytokinin levels to increase endosperm cell division will require a more detailed understanding of specific expression patterns and localization of multiple cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenases within kernels.
Biceps Injuries: What to Do and Where?

The biceps has been recognized as a pain generator for some time [3, 10, 17, 29–31, 39, 43]. This diagnosis came into disfavor with the work of Becker and Cofield [1] who showed generally poor results with isolated biceps tenodesis in an era without MRI or arthroscopy. Subsequent reports have generally been more favorable, and the biceps has been increasingly recognized as a pain generator in the shoulder. Increasingly debate has focused on differing techniques and locations for biceps tenodesis.
Enhanced magnetic refrigeration capacities in minutely Co doped Mn5-xCoxGe3 compounds

Abstract Mn5Ge3 is a ferromagnetic compound with a Curie temperature of 299 K that exhibits a large magnetocaloric effect near room temperature. Here, we have synthesized and characterized a series of Co doped Mn5-xCoxGe3 samples, in an attempt to improve the magnetocaloric properties of the system. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that all samples exhibit the Mn5Si3-type D88 hexagonal structure at room temperature with no significant change in the lattice parameters between samples, while scanning electron micrographs showed that all samples exhibit a single compositional phase. Magnetization measurements show a decrease in Curie temperature concurrent to increasing Co concentration. Although, the magnitude of the peak magnetic entropy change stays nearly constant across the series, increased Co substitution significantly enhances the refrigerant capacity of the materials. The largest magnetocaloric effects are observed in the Mn4.85Co0.15Ge3 compound with a peak magnetic entropy change of 7.58 J/kg K and a peak refrigeration capacity of 380.32 J/kg for a magnetic field change of 50 kOe.
Jury instructions and mock-juror sensitivity to confession evidence in a simulated criminal case

ABSTRACTWe investigated whether enhanced jury instructions, which added empirical findings about confession evidence to standard jury instructions, could sensitize mock jurors to the confession evidence in a criminal trial transcript. Participants (N = 314) read a detailed transcript of a simulated murder trial, followed by standard or enhanced jury instructions. The key evidence was the defendant’s recanted confession, gathered by police using either coercive (weak case) or appropriate (strong case) tactics. For example, testimony in the weak case, but not the strong case, indicated that the suspect was likely intoxicated when interviewed, and that the police likely lied about the evidence against him and hinted at leniency if he confessed. Participants in the enhanced instruction groups rated the likelihood that the defendant killed the victim as significantly higher in the strong case than the weak case, and they were also significantly more likely to find the defendant guilty in the strong case. In co...