cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Earth Materials: Sedimentary rock-forming minerals and materials

In the prior three chapters (Chapters 7–9), we addressed many aspects of minerals and rocks of igneous origin. They are the result of crystallization from a liquid magma over a wide range of high temperatures (~1400 to 600°C) in an environment in which oxygen gas (O 2 ) is nonexistent and in which H 2 O is generally a minor constituent. This chapter deals with minerals that (1) are newly formed as a result of chemical reactions (under atmospheric conditions) that slowly destroy earlier minerals (e.g., feldspars) and recombine various ions in solution in water to form clay minerals , and oxides or hydroxides , and (2) those that are chemical precipitates in depositional basins such as carbonates, evaporite minerals, and Precambrian iron-formations. However, we must also mention those minerals that have survived the physical and chemical weathering processes while exposed to the atmosphere; these are known as detrital minerals. We systematically treat 13 sedimentary rock-forming minerals. These include ice, the solid form of H 2 O; a hydroxide; a clay mineral (representative of the large clay mineral group); two polymorphs of CaCO 3 ; four more carbonates; two halides; and two sulfates. Clearly, this group of common sedimentary minerals is totally different from the igneous rock-forming minerals discussed in Chapter 7.
Efficient Gene Knockdowns in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using MicroRNA-Based shRNAs.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful gene-knockdown technology that has been applied for functional genetic loss-of-function studies in many model eukaryotic systems, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Application of RNAi in ESCs allows for dissection of mechanisms by which ESCs self-renew and maintain pluripotency, and also specifying particular cell types needed for cell-replacement therapies. Potent RNAi response can be induced by expression of an microRNA-embedded short-hairpin RNA (shRNA(mir)) cassette that is integrated in the genome by virus infection or site-specific recombination at a defined locus. In this chapter, I will provide detailed protocols to perform shRNA(mir)-mediated RNAi studies in mouse ESCs using retrovirus infection and loxP site-directed recombination for efficient constitutive and inducible gene knockdown, respectively.
Ghostly endings: the evolution of J.M. Barrie’s 'Farewell Miss Julie Logan'

This article critically examines the evolution of J.M. Barrie's final prose work, from working notes and manuscript to its two extant published versions.
Construction of 3-D arterial volume meshes from magnetic resonance angiography

Finite element methods are well-suited for solving problems in arterial fluid dynamics, primarily due to their ability to handle flows in complex geometries. However, in order to use these computational methods to develop realistic models of pulsatile flow in intracranial arteries and associated aneurysms, it is necessary to construct a 3-D mesh, or grid, that accurately duplicates the arterial geometry of interest. In this paper, we present an efficient method to accurately develop realistic 3-D computational meshes of human intracranial arteries and aneurysms from serial magnetic resonance angiography images. However, these techniques may be applied to any other form of imaging data including computed tomographic angiography. First, raw grayscale images are segmented, converted to their binary form and arterial contours are extracted at each image slice. Next, the arterial contours are stacked and cubic splines are computed along the axial direction. This creates an affect similar to smooth integration in the axial direction and provides a set of points that define the 3-D arterial surface geometry. Then, surface patches are constructed and merged. A surface mesh is then computed with the ability to locally vary the mesh density as desired. Finally, nodal points on the surface mesh are used to compute the finite element volume mesh. The 3-D volume mesh accurately describes the arterial geometry and is used to develop patient-specific computational fluid dynamic models of flow phenomena in intracranial arteries and aneurysms. These flow models are then suitable for investigating the hemodynamics of intracranial aneurysm formation and test the end-effects of various medical and surgical treatments.
Increasing Minority Representation in the Dermatology Department: The Johns Hopkins Experience.

Recent attention has been paid to the increasing ethnic and racial diversity of the American population, which sharply contrasts with the lagging number of dermatology clinicians from groups that are underrepresented in medicine (UIM; including African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Pacific islanders). While approximately 16% of the US population identifies as Hispanic and 13% identify as African American, only 4% of dermatologists identify as Hispanic and 3% as African American.1 This discrepancy between the diversity in the American population and the dermatologists who will provide care to them will only become more marked as the ethnic diversity of our country continues to evolve.
Theoretical and Experimental Studies of CoGa Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of CO2 to Methanol

Methanol is an important chemical compound which is used both as a fuel and as a platform molecule in chemical production. Synthesizing methanol, as well as dimethyl ether, directly from carbon dioxide and hydrogen produced using renewable electricity would be a major step forward in enabling an environmentally sustainable economy. We utilize density functional theory combined with microkinetic modeling to understand the methanol synthesis reaction mechanism on a model CoGa catalyst. A series of catalysts with varying Ga content are synthesized and experimentally tested for catalytic performance. The performance of these catalysts is sensitive to the Co:Ga ratio, whereby increased Ga content results in increased methanol and dimethyl ether selectivity and increased Co content results in increased selectivity towards methane. We find that the most active catalysts have up to 95% CO-free selectivity towards methanol and dimethyl ether during CO2 hydrogenation and are comparable in performance to a commercial CuZn catalyst. Using in situ DRIFTS we experimentally verify the presence of a surface formate intermediate during CO2 hydrogenation in support of our theoretical calculations.
Proceedings of the ACM 2nd international workshop on Video surveillance & sensor networks

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 2nd ACM Workshop on Video Surveillance & Sensor Networks - VSSN'04. With the proliferation of inexpensive cameras (optical sensors) and non-optical (e.g., electrical, thermal, and biological) sensing devices, and the deployment of high-speed, wired/wireless networks, it has become economically and technically feasible to employ a large number of sensing devices for applications such as security surveillance, environment monitoring, and health care. In a sensor network, multiple sensors with or without spatially and temporally overlapping coverage generate signals. These signals need to be sampled, filtered, transmitted, processed, fused, stored, indexed, and then summarized as semantic events to allow efficient and effective queries and mining. This workshop brings together researchers, developers and practitioners from academia and industry to discuss various issues involved in developing large-scale video and sensor networks. The workshop topics include tracking, event recognition, sensor-network management, and surveillance systems. The call for papers attracted submissions from Asia, Europe, and the United States. The program committee accepted 17 papers. In addition, the program includes two keynotes by Dr. Feng Zhao from Microsoft Research and Prof. Rainer Lienhart from University of Augsburg. Dr. Zhao addresses research issues in Sensor Networks; Prof. Lienhart presents research issues in Video Surveillance. We hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for researchers and developers.
Neurological illnesses associated with Florida red tide (Karenia brevis) blooms.

Abstract Human respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses can result from exposures to brevetoxins originating from coastal Florida red tide blooms, comprising the marine alga Karenia brevis (K. brevis). Only limited research on the extent of human health risks and illness costs due to K. brevis blooms has been undertaken to date. Because brevetoxins are known neurotoxins that are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, it is possible that exposure to brevetoxins may be associated with neurological illnesses. This study explored whether K. brevis blooms may be associated with increases in the numbers of emergency department visits for neurological illness. An exposure-response framework was applied to test the effects of K. brevis blooms on human health, using secondary data from diverse sources. After controlling for resident population, seasonal and annual effects, significant increases in emergency department visits were found specifically for headache (ICD-9 784.0) as a primary diagnosis during proximate coastal K. brevis blooms. In particular, an increased risk for older residents (≥55 years) was identified in the coastal communities of six southwest Florida counties during K. brevis bloom events. The incidence of headache associated with K. brevis blooms showed a small but increasing association with K. brevis cell densities. Rough estimates of the costs of this illness were developed for hypothetical bloom occurrences.
Palliative Care and the Common Good

This chapter aims to connect a relatively concrete and specific form of medical intervention—palliative care—to the relatively abstract and expansive concept of the common good. In doing so it explores the relationship of a Catholic conception of the common good to other central commitments and principles within Catholic social thought. These principles and commitments include: the social nature of persons, justice, the preferential option for the poor, and solidarity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of palliative care, drawing connections between a commitment to the common good and the provision of adequate levels of palliative care for all of those who need it.
Radiative extinction of burner-supported spherical diffusion flames: A scaling analysis

Abstract A scaling analysis of burner-supported spherical-diffusion-flame extinction brought about by radiative heat loss is presented. The results are compared against earlier microgravity experimental data and unsteady numerical computations with detailed chemistry available in the literature, for normal and inverse flames. The flame diameter at extinction is shown to correlate well with the present model, in which the extinction radius scales with one-third power of gas flow rate times reactant mass fraction divided by the Planck-mean absorption coefficient.
Surface Wave Reception in Invertebrates and Vertebrates

At the surface of water, the asymmetry of intermolecular forces, coupled with strong molecular cohesion, produces an elastic, membranelike film. The film can support objects much heavier than water, such as a needle, and in nature it supports many species of surface-dwelling arthropods that have specially adapted body surfaces for moving on the surface. In contrast, the powerful surface forces often trap terrestrial insects and other small arthropods that encounter the film, resulting in a concentration of prey items in the film. This concentration has attracted a large spectrum of predators that obtain some or all their food from the surface.
Alar: The EPA’s Mismanagement of an Agricultural Chemical

Consumers Union found Alar in almost three-fourths of the apple juice it sampled in 1988 and 1989.1 About a third of the apples tested by CBS’s “60 Minutes” in May of 1989 contained the chemical.2 Alar, a growth regulator which enhances firmness and color in apples and other fruit, is no longer sold in the United States for use on food. Uniroyal, the sole manufacturer of the chemical, voluntarily stopped most domestic sales in June of 19893 and in October announced a parallel cessation of overseas sales.4 The chemical continues to be used, but only on ornamental plants and flowers. In March 1990, the Environmental Protection Agency set a schedule to phase down the legal limit for Alar residues in food (the “tolerance” level) and to make any detectable amount of Alar illegal in 1991.5 What led to this precipitous decline in the use of a popular agricultural chemical? What can we learn from the Alar controversy about the power of consumers and environmental activists to reduce or eliminate the most dangerous pesticides in our food?
Posterolateral clamp placement on the pelvic brim provides optimal reduction of transtectal acetabular fractures fixed through the anterior intrapelvic approach

To determine the optimal position of reduction clamps applied to reduce transtectal transverse acetabular fractures approached through the anterior intrapelvic route. Transtectal transverse fractures were created in sawbone hemipelvis models. Fractures were reduced and held with a large pointed reduction clamp with one tine centered on the quadrilateral plate and the other placed in one of nine various positions on the pelvic brim accessible from the anterior intrapelvic (AIP) approach. Reduction was assessed by measuring maximum gapping and step-off at the joint surface. The posterolateral pelvic brim clamp position provided the most accurate reduction with the smallest articular fracture gap (mean 1.09 ± 1.05 mm) and step-off (mean 0.87 ± 1.35 mm). This clamp position, compared with the other positions as a whole, also yielded the highest proportion of perfect reductions (0 mm maximum displacement) for both step-off (83% vs 34%; RR 2.4, 95% CI 1.7–3.2) and gap (88% vs 49%; RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4 to 2.2). When clamping transtectal fractures through the AIP approach, positioning the clamp posterolaterally on the pelvic brim appears to provide the best reduction in this fracture model.
Temporal and Geographic Variation in the Incidence of Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis in the US between 2007 and 2014

OBJECTIVES Our aim was to describe the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the United States, overall and by geographic region. DESIGN We conducted retrospective analyses of administrative claims data for a 5% random sample of US Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older. AD incidence, defined as a diagnosis for AD (International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 331.0×) in a given year, with no AD diagnosis in the beneficiary's entire medical history, was estimated for each calendar year between 2007 and 2014. Beneficiaries were required to be enrolled in Medicare for the calendar year of evaluation as well as the preceding 12 months. In addition, a cross-sectional assessment of geographic variation in AD incidence was conducted for 2014. For each population area (specifically, core-based statistical area, as defined by the US Census Bureau), AD incidence was estimated overall, as well as adjusted for differences in underlying patient demographics and metrics of access to care and quality of care. Changes in AD incidence from 2007 were also estimated. SETTING US fee-for-service Medicare. PARTICIPANTS US Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older with no history of AD. RESULTS Overall, the diagnosed incidence of AD decreased over time, from 1.53% in 2007 to 1.09% in 2014; trends were similar for most population areas. In 2014, the rates of AD incidence ranged from 0% to more than 3% across population areas, with the highest observed incidence rates in areas of the Midwest and the South. Statistical models explain little of the geographic variation, although following adjustment, the incidence rates increased the most (in relative terms) in rural areas of western states. CONCLUSION Our findings are consistent with previously reported estimates of incidence of AD in the United States and its recent declining trend. Additionally, the study highlights the considerable geographic variation in the incidence of AD in the United States and suggests that further research is needed to better understand the determinants of this geographic variation. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:346-353, 2020.
EEG-Based Biometrics Utilizing Image Recognition for Patient Identification

Biometric identification has been applied widely for security purpose in many different fields by using fingerprints, face detection, or voice waves. In medical fields, using patient wristband or patient card for identification may cause the medical records to be mistaken. To overcome these limitations, in this paper, a new method is presented by using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to classify the patient's identity, hence preventing treating the wrong patient. The system utilizes various hardware and software such as OpenBCI Cyton, EEGlab, MATLAB, and bandpass filter. The main purpose of this research is highlighting the recognition of each EEG signal pattern from each person by capturing the signals from watching a series of images that trigger attentions and memories.
What do I get? How do states’ negotiation alternatives influence the concessions they receive in multilateral negotiations?:

When will states receive concessions in multilateral negotiations? And on which issues are those concessions likely to be received? I highlight two factors that influence the likelihood a state wil...
Management of Iron-Deficiency Anemia on Inpatients and Appropriate Discharge and Follow-Up.

Background: The aims of the study were to identify appropriate supplementation of iron for inpatients and to identify factors involved in appropriate discharge documentation and follow-up. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 103 patients at a community hospital in New York City. Results: A total of 57 (57/103, 55.3%) patients were admitted due to symptomatic anemia. Twenty (20/103, 19.4%) of those with iron-deficiency anemia had either esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy. Gastroenterologist or hematologist was consulted for 45/103 (43.7%). Inpatient iron supplementation was given for 62/103 (60.2%) of patients; and 43/103 (41.7%) had blood transfusion. Upon discharge, 50/103 (48.5%) had appropriate documentation of iron-deficiency anemia on discharge paperwork. Appropriate follow-up was done for 54/103 (52.4%). Iron supplementation was provided for 53/103 (51.5%) of patients. Having inpatient esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy, blood transfusion, or symptomatic anemia had a statistical significance for likelihood of appropriate discharge documentation. Conclusions: Iron-deficiency anemia can have high rates of mortality and morbidity in the population. Appropriate discharge of patients with iron-deficiency anemia and factors related to this are paramount for clinicians in order to have the best patient outcomes. J Hematol. 2020;9(1-2):5-8 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jh626
Votive Boats, Ex-votos, and Maritime Memory in Atlantic France

Paul or Charles Geniaux’s photograph, Young Boy in Front of the Chapel of Perros-Hamon (c. 1900), is this chapter’s starting point for thinking about the cultural roles played by religious and commemorative maritime imagery of the French North Atlantic in greater global ocean ecologies. Comparisons are made to paintings and material culture from Brittany that either remember the lost at sea or serve as votive offerings to chapels. Votive boats such as the one held by the boy are posited as part of a “gift economy” that maintains social bonds, rather than the global fishing economy into which the boy is entering. The influence of Pierre Loti’s Iceland Fishermen on popular opinion, as well as Vincent van Gogh, is considered.
Stealth Killing by Uterine NK Cells for Tolerance and Tissue Homeostasis.

Human natural killer (NK) cells are critical for innate defense against pathogens through direct cytotoxicity of infected cells and are the predominant immune cell at the maternal-fetal interface. In this issue of Cell, Crespo et al. show that human NK cells in the decidual region of the uterus can clear a bacterial infection from the developing fetus by infusion of granulysin into placental trophoblast cells via nanotubes, thus removing the intracellular pathogen without damage to the placental cell. These findings reveal a mechanism for targeted immune protection of the developing fetus that maintains tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface.
Sociometric Assessment and Written Psychodramatic Interventions in Individual Social Work Practice

The application of sociometry assessments and written psychodrama interventions within one-to-one social work settings is the focus of this chapter. Interventions covered include the social atom, the role atom, modified role atoms, clinical timelines, psychodramatic journaling, and psychodramatic letter writing. Step-by-step instructions are provided for clinicians new to these techniques. Practice examples and clinical processing are offered with depictions of the social atom and role atoms. These tools are presented individually with supporting theory but are often employed together or as a warm-up for a psychodrama enactment. Novice psychodramatists or those less experienced in action methods will find these approaches as a good starting point for beginning to integration sociometry and psychodramatic interventions into their clinical practice with individuals. Though these tools will be presented for individual work, they are also applicable tools for group work and community settings.
IgG4 disease: The great masquerader

Systemic IgG4 disease can have a wide spectrum of clinical presentation, which can mimic several other disease entities. In this report, we describe a series of two patients with IgG4-related disease who were referred to us initially with the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis and the second patient with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma with peritoneal metastasis respectively.
Comparing the Corrosion Effects of Two Environments on As‐Cast and Extruded Magnesium Alloys

Magnesium is easily corroded in the presence of saltwater, limiting its use in the automotive industry. The magnesium microstructure greatly affects the corrosion rate, due to various additional elements. In the Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems at Mississippi State University, the effects of immersion and cyclical salt spray testing on various as-cast and extruded magnesium alloys is currently being examined. Previous work on an as-cast AE44 magnesium alloy has demonstrated that individual pit characteristics, such as pit depth, pit area, and pit volume, were deeper and larger following exposure to the immersion environment. However, the data elucidating the corrosion effects on individual pit characteristics has only been seen on as-cast magnesium containing rare earth elements, not on extruded magnesium alloys or zinc-containing magnesium alloys, both common magnesium forms. The research presented here will cover the effects of individual pit characteristics formed on various magnesium alloys due to the different environments.
Desire versus “sexual identity” debate

In the late 1990s and early twenty-first century scholars debated whether the central focus of linguistic studies of sexuality should be sexual identity or sexual desire. The debate emerged as a response to earlier research that presumed the existence of discrete varieties of lesbian or gay male language. The debate played an important role in broadening the scope of language and sexuality studies. Keywords: desire; history; linguistics; sexual identity
Citizen-Initiated Contacts with Government: Comparing Phones and Websites

Abstract Most of the existing literature on e-government or electronic government has been examined from what governments offer online. This study, by contrast, examines citizen-initiated contacts with e-government, which is a relatively unexplored area of research. I compare differences in citizen-initiated contacts with government using phones and Websites. My findings indicate when citizens have a problem they actually contact government by phone. However, when asked what method they prefer for solving problems they would prefer to use the Web. For information and transactions, citizens prefer using the Web. Evidence is also found of a digital divide in e-government. The results indicate that e-government is currently not able to solve urgent and complicated problems, and this limits its future development. Since over one third of the United States population does not have Internet access, governments should maintain both communication mediums in the near future.
Shuttle landing runway modification to improve tire spin-up wear performance

This paper presents the results of a series of tire spin-up wear tests on a simulated Kennedy Space Center (KSC) runway that were carried out to investigate the tire wear problem for Space Shuttle landings on the KSC runway and to test several modifications of the runway surface designed to alleviate the problem. It was found that the runway surface produced by a concrete smoothing machine using cutters spaced one and three-quarters blades per centimeter provided adequate wet cornering while limiting spin-up wear. Based on the test results, the KSC runway was smoothed for about 1066 m at each end, leaving the original high friction surface, for better wet steering and braking, in the 2438-m central section.
Chromosome replication in Escherichia coli. II. Origin of replication in F- and F+ strains.

Abstract It is shown that an F − and an F + strain of Escherichia coli K12 W1485 have a unique origin for replication of their chromosome, located between argG and xyl , close to xyl , and the direction of replication is clockwise. Many different strains, of all mating types, of E. coli K12 are found to have the same direction of replication and an origin similarly located. The preferred point of initiation during recovery from amino acid starvation is identified as the origin of vegetative replication. It is found, however, that during starvation most chromosomes of E. coli K12 are unable to complete a full replication cycle.
Introduction to HIV infection and neuro-AIDS.

Publisher Summary AIDS, caused by infection with the retrovirus known as HIV, was first described in 1981. Not long afterwards, the reports of neurological complications appeared—including an unusual encephalopathy—in affected patients. These disorders included opportunistic infections rarely seen in immunologically healthy individuals, central nervous system (CNS) tumors, spinal-cord disorders, peripheral neuropathies, myopathies, and a progressive encephalopathy. For some of the neurological complications that were thought to be more directly related to HIV itself—for example, dementia—highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was beneficial; for others, such as AIDS-related peripheral neuropathy and myelopathy, the influence of treatment was limited. Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, approximately 10% of patients have presented with a neurological complication as the first manifestation of their HIV infection and 40–60% have developed neurological disease in the course of their disease, and the autopsies of most patients (80%) have revealed neuropathological abnormalities. In the regions of the world where people have access to HAART, the incidence of many of the common neurological complications of AIDS has decreased.
Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality

Data from three normal samples were used to examine links between personality disorder scales and measures of the five-factor model of personality. In the first study, self-reports, spouse ratings, and peer ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), a measure of the five basic factors of personality, were correlated with MMPI personality disorder scales in a sample of 297 adult volunteers. In the second study, self-reports on the NEO-PI were correlated with Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-I) scales in a sample of 207 adults; self-reports on the MCMI-II were examined in a sample of 62 students. Results generally replicated the findings of Wiggins and Pincus (1990), suggesting that the five-factor model encompasses dimensions of both normal and abnormal personality. Distinctions between the MMPI, MCMI-I, and MCMI-II scales are examined in light of the model, and suggestions are made for integrating traditional personality trait models with psychiatric conceptions of disorder.
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of i(12p)-negative human male germ cell tumors.

The i(12p) chromosome has been shown to characterize more than 80% of male germ cell tumors (GCTs) and is an important diagnostic marker. Although recent cytogenetic analyses of GCTs have defined nonrandom chromosome abnormalities in these tumors, no attempt has so far been made to compare i(12p)-positive and -negative tumors in terms of their cytogenetic, histologic, and clinical features. During a 5-year period, we have ascertained 202 GCTs, of which 117 had clonally abnormal karyotypes. Among the latter, 91 had one or more copies of i(12p), whereas 26 lacked an i(12p). We report here the karyotypic analysis of these 26 i(12p)-negative GCTs. In this group, nonrandom sites of chromosomal rearrangements included 12p13 (9/26) and 1p11-q11 (5/26). Comparison of the cytogenetic features of i(12p)-negative tumors with i(12p)-positive tumors revealed the only significant difference to be rearrangements affecting 12p 13 in the former (35%) as compared to their absence in the latter (3%). Hybridization of metaphase preparations of 9 i(12p)-negative tumors with a chromosome 12 painting probe and with a microdissected 12p painting probe revealed extra copies of chromosome 12 segments incorporated into marker chromosomes whose composition could not otherwise be resolved by banding analysis; all were shown to be derived from 12p. These data demonstrate that both i(12p)-negative and -positive groups are characterized by an increased copy number of 12p, which is consistent with a lack of significant clinical or biological difference between them. An increased 12p copy number thus is a specific aberration of significance to the development of germ cell tumors. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Field ion microscopy of carbides of tungsten formed externally and in situ

Abstract The field ion images of carbides of tungsten produced by in situ and external carburization processes are compared for the compounds W 2 C and WC. In both cases it is found that the ion images are identical and that they correspond to the crystal structure normally associated with the bulk forms of these two compounds.
GNSS reflectrometry using the L5 and E5a signals for remote sensing applications

Summary form only given. Signals from the Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GNSS, can be viewed as a passive source of radiation and therefore be used for remote sensing purposes. When reaching a surface, for example the ocean, the signal is reflected off the surface. The reflected signal can be used together with the direct signal to obtain observables such as altitude and wind speed.The strongest reflected signal comes from the specular point, the point on the surface where the angle of incidence and angle of reflection is equal. Signals used for GNSS reflectrometry are scattered from a small area around the specular point, the glistening zone. Analysis of the correlation function for the reflected waveform can provide information about the surface roughness and wind speed. The measured difference in delay between the direct and reflected signal is used to determine the altitude of the receiver. During this work a bistatic system which provides signals in the L1, L2 and L5 bands has been improved and tested. GNSS signals are on incidence right hand circular polarized but when reflected the signals are received by using a left hand circular polarized antenna. This system uses a two stage receiver; the signal is first received with a front-end and thereafter post processed by software. Bistatic post processing software is being developed for GPS L1 and L5 and Galileo E1 and E5a. The primary focus is on L5/E5a signals, which have a ten times higher chipping rate than L1/E1 and will result in a sharper correlation peak and therefore more accurate measurements. The bistatic system was installed and tested on the NOAA BAO tower and GNSS data was collected when satellites for both L5 and E5a signals were visible. The system has been installed on the NOAA P3 aircraft and is expected to provide flight data over the ocean.
A prospective study of waist circumference and body mass index in relation to colorectal cancer incidence

Objectives To study the association between waist circumference and colorectal cancer, and whether it is independent of body mass index (BMI).
Personality dimensions of the pathological gambler

MMPI data were examined for 100 white male veterans who were involved in an inpatient treatment program for pathological gamblers. The modal MMPI profile (4-2-7) was suggestive of significant psychopathology, including depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Disregard for authority, impulsivity, feelings of masculine inadequacy, and histories of overly close relationships with mothers and faulty identification with fathers were suggested. Cluster analysis yielded four types of MMPI profiles among the pathological gamblers. Common elements and differences between profile types were discussed. The need for longitudinal research and greater attention to social factors were emphasized.
Functional Genomic Analysis of the Periodic Transcriptome in the Developing Drosophila Wing

The eukaryotic cell cycle, driven by both transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms, is the central molecular oscillator underlying tissue growth throughout animals. Although genome-wide studies have investigated cell-cycle-associated transcription in unicellular systems, global patterns of periodic transcription in multicellular tissues remain largely unexplored. Here we define the cell-cycle-associated transcriptome of the developing Drosophila wing epithelium and compare it with that of cultured Drosophila S2 cells, revealing a core set of periodic genes and a surprising degree of context specificity in periodic transcription. We further employ RNAi-mediated phenotypic profiling to define functional requirements for more than 300 periodic genes, with a focus on those required for cell proliferation in vivo. Finally, we investigate uncharacterized genes required for interkinetic nuclear migration. Combined, these findings provide a global perspective on cell-cycle control in vivo, and they highlight a critical need to understand the context-specific regulation of cell proliferation.
Derivation of Equal Area Criterion and its Application to Crack Tip Plastic Zone Analysis

A new linear yield criterion, referred to as Equal Area (EA) yield criterion, was derived in Haigh Westergaard stress space based on the projection area of its yielding locus on the π-plane equal to the area of von Mises yielding circle. Under the plane stress and strain conditions the crack tip plastic zone dimensions were calculated based on EA yield criterion and compared with those calculated according to the Tresca and von Mises yield criteria. The results showed that the crack tip plastic zone based on EA yield criterion is similar to that based on von Mises yield criterion, but is much different to that based on Tresca yield criterion. Meanwhile, the influences of Poisson ratio and loading parameter on the crack tip plastic zone were investigated based on EA yield criterion.
Resource scarcity, energy use and environmental impact: A case study of the New Bedford, Massachusetts, USA, fisheries

The commercial fishing fleet in New Bedford, Massachusetts, USA, harvests seafood on George’s Bank, home of one of the nation’s most productive fisheries. We calculated the energy return on investment (EROI) and carbon intensity of protein harvest in the New Bedford fisheries from 1968 to 1988. EROI is the ratio of the energy content of the edible fish protein harvested to the quantity of fossil fuel energy used directly in the harvesting process. Carbon intensity is the quantity of carbon dioxide (CO2) released (from the burning of fossil fuels) per calorie of edible fish protein harvested. The results show that the EROI of protein harvest declined from 0.18 to 0.028 from 1968 to 1988, indicating that the energy used to harvest seafood increased from about 6 to 36 kcal of fuel for each kilocalorie of protein harvested. The quantity of CO2 released per calorie of edible fish protein is a linear function of energy use and therefore increased in a similar manner. During this period there was a large increase in fishing effort (caused by the increase in the real price of seafood products, favorable tax treatment for new vessel construction, and low interest loans from the government), and a decline in several important species of fish. The results suggest that fishing pressure could be managed effectively by the regulation of fuel use by the fleet. Despite the increase in the price of many seafood products, fishermen absorbed many of the costs of increasing scarcity in the form of longer working hours and fewer men per vessel.
Antiretroviral therapy 2006: Pharmacology, applications, and special situations

As we approach the completion of the first 25 years of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, there have been dramatic improvements in the care of patients with HIV infection. These have prolonged life and decreased morbidity. There are twenty currently available antiretrovirals approved in the United States for the treatment of this infection. The medications, including their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and dosing are reviewed. In addition, the current approach to the use of these medicines is discussed. We have included a section addressing common comorbid conditions including hepatitis B and C along with tuberculosis.
The uses of personal networked digital imaging: an empirical study of cameraphone photos and sharing

Developments in networked digital imaging promise to substantially affect the near-universal experience of personal photography. Designing technology for image capture and sharing requires an understanding of how people use photos as well as how they adapt emerging technology to their photographic practices, and vice versa. In this paper, we report on an empirical study of the uses made of a prototype context-aware cameraphone application for mobile media sharing, and relate them to prior work on photographic practices. By reducing many of the barriers to cameraphone use and image sharing (including increasing image quality, easing the sharing process, and removing cost barriers), we find that users quickly develop new uses for imaging. Their innovative communicative uses of imaging are understandable in terms of the social uses identified from prior photographic activity; new functional uses are developing as well.
Quantitative Analysis of the Electrostatic Potential in Rock-Salt Crystals Using Accurate Electron Diffraction Data

Very accurate electron structure factors measured by a significantly improved transmission electron diffraction technique for polycrystalline samples were used in a high-resolution quantitative study of the electrostatic potentials in LiF, NaF, and MgO crystals. The spatial electrostatic potential distribution was obtained using an analytical structural -model adapted for electron diffraction. A topological analysis of the electrostatic potential, defining the features of the electrostatic field and the Coulomb force field in a crystal was developed. In addition to the topological analysis of the electron density, this approach provides a more complete description of the atomic interactions. The application of this approach to the characterization of bonding in a crystal has been demonstrated. The suitability of electron diffraction for determination of the core-electron binding energy is discussed.
Dynamic intimate contact social networks and epidemic interventions

Sexually transmitted diseases and infections are, by definition, transferred among intimate social settings. Although the circumstances under which these social settings are established and maintained may vary, the common prerequisite remains an intimate level of social atmosphere. For this reason, the development of sexually transmitted disease mathematical and computational models must utilise dynamic and evolving social network simulation. This paper presents Dynamic Social Network of Intimate Contacts (DynSNIC), a computational simulator created to embody the intimate dynamic and evolving social networks related to the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases and infections. DynSNIC's utilisation by health professionals will facilitate evaluation of targeted intervention strategies and public health policies.
HUA1, a regulator of stamen and carpel identities in Arabidopsis, codes for a nuclear RNA binding protein.

Stamen and carpel identities are specified by the combinatorial activities of several floral homeotic genes, APETALA3, PISTILLATA, AGAMOUS (AG), SEPALLATA1 (SEP1), SEPALLATA2 (SEP2), and SEPALLATA3 (SEP3), all of which code for MADS domain DNA binding proteins. AG and the SEP genes also control floral determinacy. HUA1 and HUA2 were identified previously as regulators of stamen and carpel identities and floral determinacy because the recessive hua1-1 or hua2-1 allele affected these processes in plants with a lower dosage of functional AG (either homozygous for the weak ag-4 allele or heterozygous for the strong ag-1 allele). HUA2 was cloned previously and shown to code for a novel protein. We isolated the HUA1 gene using a map-based approach and show that it encodes a protein with six CCCH-type zinc finger motifs that is also found in yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and mammalian proteins. Several such genes from invertebrates and mammals are known to play key regulatory roles in development. Therefore, HUA1 are another example of non–MADS domain proteins involved in organ identity specification. We demonstrated that HUA1 binds ribohomopolymers, preferentially poly rU and poly rG, but not double-stranded DNA in vitro. This finding suggests that HUA1, like several mammalian CCCH zinc finger proteins, is an RNA binding protein. Therefore, HUA1 likely participates in a new regulatory mechanism governing flower development.
VARIATION IN THE LIFE-SPAN OF CLONES DERIVED FROM HUMAN DIPLOID CELL STRAINS

The doubling potential of several hundred clones derived from WI-38 and WI-26 cell cultures has been determined. Clones were isolated at various population doubling levels (PDLs) during the finite in vitro life-span of the mass (uncloned) cultures. In all cases, there was a large variation in population doubling potential (or life-span) among the clones isolated from a single mass culture. When clones were isolated from mass cultures which had undergone eight or nine population doublings, only about 50% of the clones were capable of more than eight population doublings. This percentage was further reduced when clones were isolated from mass cultures at higher PDLs. Mass cultures appear to be composed of two subpopulation classes: one with a low population doubling potential, and the other with a higher population doubling potential. Nevertheless, the highest doubling potential observed in clones isolated from any single culture was about the same as the doubling potential of the mass culture from which single cells were taken.
Practical approaches to vaccine hesitancy issues in the United States: 2013

The intention to delay or avoid vaccines that are recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices can be described as “vaccine hesitancy.” While outright refusal of all vaccines is uncommon, hesitancy is seen on a regular basis in most primary care offices, resulting in immunization delay and prolonged susceptibility to preventable disease. The consequences of vaccine hesitancy include the potential for resurgence of vaccine preventable infections. Open, honest, and frank discussions with hesitant patients and their families can assist in their understanding of the importance of vaccines. While many experienced providers are able to do so in an intuitive manner, others may benefit from developing a systemic framework for such discussions. An understanding of the history and rationale for vaccine hesitancy is a first step in regaining lost public confidence in our robust immunization programs.
on losing and getting a head: warfare, exchange, and alliance in a changing Sumba, 1888–1988

The taking of bloody heads in vengeance raids on neighboring peoples defined the parameters of leadership and political relations on the Eastern Indonesian island of Sumba a century ago. After pacification in the 1920s, exchange values of fierceness, military skill, and violent conquest were transformed into modern ones of rivalrous diplomacy, feasting, and alliance. Yoseph Malo, a prominent figure in these transformations, decided to negotiate with his former enemies for the return of his father's head. Details of this negotiation bring into question the relations between systems of headhunting and alliance, the status of exchange as a transformative activity, and the analytical definition of persons and objects, gifts and commodities. The biography of an important figure in Sumbanese history is linked to the “biography” of a severed head, as well as the “life histories” of persons and objects on which he bestowed ritual names. Through a reevaluation of the role of exchange in determining value, a new perspective is suggested on how persons and things change their identities as they move through time. [history, exchange theory, headhunting, alliance, Eastern Indonesia]
CFTR: Ligand Exchange between a Permeant Anion ([Au(CN)2]−) and an Engineered Cysteine (T338C) Blocks the Pore

Previous attempts to identify residues that line the pore of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel have utilized cysteine-substituted channels in conjunction with impermeant, thiol-reactive reagents like MTSET+ and MTSES−. We report here that the permeant, pseudohalide anion [Au(CN)2]− can also react with a cysteine engineered into the pore of the CFTR channel. Exposure of Xenopus oocytes expressing the T338C CFTR channel to as little as 100 nM [Au(CN)2]− produced a profound reduction in conductance that was not reversed by washing but was reversed by exposing the oocytes to a competing thiol like DTT (dithiothreitol) and 2-ME (2-mercaptoethanol). In detached, inside out patches single-channel currents were abolished by [Au(CN)2]− and activity was not restored by washing [Au(CN)2]− from the bath. Both single-channel and macroscopic currents were restored, however, by exposing [Au(CN)2]−-blocked channels to excess [CN]−. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that [Au(CN)2]− can participate in a ligand exchange reaction with the cysteine thiolate at 338 such that the mixed-ligand complex, with a charge of −1, blocks the anion conduction pathway.
BioRAC: biologically inspired resilient autonomic cloud

Our modern cyber-powered society will provide pervasive information services that will touch all aspects of our life and economy. However, we are experiencing grand challenges to secure and protect our cyberspace resources and services. The recent embrace of cloud computing due to their performance and cost considerations will further exacerbate the security problem. In cloud computing, organizations relinquish direct control of many security aspects to the service providers such as trust, privacy preservation, identity management, data and software isolation, and service availability. Traditional security techniques will not work well in a cloud environment due to many challenges related to the monoculture paradigm, the rapid and dynamic changes, the use of social networking software tools, and use of mobile devices. In this paper, we present the design of biorac: biologically-inspired resilient autonomic cloud that employs biologically inspired techniques and multi-level tunable redundancy techniques to increase attack and exploitation resilience in cloud computing. We briefly describe how biorac can tolerate and minimize the impact of novel cyber attacks.