cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic Stability of Energy Balance Responses to Experimental Total Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Restriction in Healthy Adults

Experimental studies have shown that sleep restriction (SR) and total sleep deprivation (TSD) produce increased caloric intake, greater fat consumption, and increased late-night eating. However, whether individuals show similar energy intake responses to both SR and TSD remains unknown. A total of N = 66 healthy adults (aged 21–50 years, 48.5% women, 72.7% African American) participated in a within-subjects laboratory protocol to compare daily and late-night intake between one night of SR (4 h time in bed, 04:00–08:00) and one night of TSD (0 h time in bed) conditions. We also examined intake responses during subsequent recovery from SR or TSD and investigated gender differences. Caloric and macronutrient intake during the day following SR and TSD were moderately to substantially consistent within individuals (Intraclass Correlation Coefficients: 0.34–0.75). During the late-night period of SR (22:00–04:00) and TSD (22:00–06:00), such consistency was slight to moderate, and participants consumed a greater percentage of calories from protein (p = 0.01) and saturated fat (p = 0.02) during SR, despite comparable caloric intake (p = 0.12). Similarly, participants consumed a greater percentage of calories from saturated fat during the day following SR than TSD (p = 0.03). Participants also consumed a greater percentage of calories from protein during recovery after TSD (p < 0.001). Caloric intake was greater in men during late-night hours and the day following sleep loss. This is the first evidence of phenotypic trait-like stability and differential vulnerability of energy balance responses to two commonly experienced types of sleep loss: our findings open the door for biomarker discovery and countermeasure development to predict and mitigate this critical health-related vulnerability.
Effect of low versus high frequency stimulation on freezing of gait and other axial symptoms in Parkinson patients with bilateral STN DBS: a mini-review

Some studies have shown that low frequency stimulation (LFS, most commonly 60 Hz), compared to high frequency stimulation (HFS, most commonly 130 Hz), has beneficial effects, short-term or even long-term, on improving freezing of gait (FOG) and other axial symptoms, including speech and swallowing function, in Parkinson disease (PD) patients with bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS). However, other studies failed to confirm this. It seems not clear what determines the difference in response to LFS. Differences in study design, such as presence or absence of FOG, exact LFS used (60 Hz versus 80 Hz), study size, open label versus randomized double blind assessment, retrospective versus prospective evaluation, medication On or Off state, total electric energy delivered maintained or not with the change in frequency, and the location of active contacts could all potentially affect the results. This mini-review goes over the literature with the aforementioned factors in mind, focusing on the effect of LFS versus HFS on FOG and other axial symptoms in PD with bilateral STN DBS, in an effort to extract the essential data to guide our clinical management of axial symptoms and explore the potential underlying mechanisms as well. Overall, LFS of 60 Hz seems to be consistently effective in patients with FOG at the usual HFS in regards to improving FOG, speech, swallowing function and other axial symptoms, though LFS could reduce tremor control in some patients. Whether LFS simply addresses the axial symptoms in the context of HFS or has other beneficial effects requires further studies, along with the mechanism.
Broadband Emission with a Massive Stokes Shift from Sulfonium Pb–Br Hybrids

Similar to organoammonium cations that template the well-studied layered perovskites, organosulfonium cations template the layered Pb–Br hybrid (tms)4Pb3Br10 (1; tms = (CH3)3S+). Upon ultraviolet excitation, this colorless, organic-inorganic hybrid exhibits broad red/near-infrared photoluminescence (PL) with a massive Stokes shift of ca. 1.7 eV. A suite of PL measurements suggests that the broad emission is an intrinsic property of the material. We ascribe this emission to radiative recombination of self-trapped excitons in the inorganic sublattice, which features both face- and corner-sharing Pb–Br octahedra. We further demonstrate that complex sulfonium-based cations can expand this family of lead-halide hybrids while maintaining the broad, Stokes-shifted PL. The use of more exotic main-group cations affords an exciting opportunity for synthetic chemists to expand the phase-space of semiconducting hybrids with unusual properties for potential applications in optoelectronics.
First Record of the Palearctic Plant Bug Rhabdomiris Striatellus (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae) in North America

Abstract. The Palearctic plant bug Rhabdomiris striatellus (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae) is reported for the first time in North America, based on specimens collected on pin oak, Quercus palustris Munchh., and white oak, Q. alba L. (Fagaceae), from Long Island, New York. A diagnosis and photographs of the adult male and female are provided and the seasonal history, host plants, and distribution are reviewed.
Neonatal Vascular Access

Advances in the medical and surgical management of neonates are often predicated upon secure vascular access. Requirement for vascular access may be for physiological monitoring (arterial or central venous pressure), direct treatment (antibiotics, chemotherapy), supportive therapy (nutrition, transfusion, dialysis, ECMO), diagnostic radiological, and procedural purposes (drainage of CSF or chyle, minimally invasive cardiac interventions). It is important for the surgeon to have a broad working knowledge of this field, as, given the multidisciplinary nature of modern neonatal intensive care, the options for and scope of vascular access are expanding alongside the number of subspecialties with interests and relevant skills in this area.
Social media applications framework: a lexical analysis of users online reviews

The objective of this research is to examine the most important issues in user experience about social media applications (SMAs) by using a lexical approach. After reviewing prior studies about user interactions with SMA, a process based on the revised lexical approach (Zhu and Fang, 2014) was adopted to explore patterns among the adjectives in online reviews of SMAs. This process includes five stages: collecting online reviews, building a dictionary of SMA descriptive adjectives, extracting user ratings of adjectives, factor analyses, and card sorting. A framework was proposed to integrate the most important factors in SMA. The implications of this research were discussed.
The Strategic Effects of Counterinsurgency Operations at Religious Sites: Lessons from India, Thailand, and Israel

i LIST OF TABLES v CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II: TERMINOLOGY AND RESEARCH DESIGN 8 CHAPTER III: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORY 23 § Operational Implementation 25 § Force Composition 33 § Media Involvement 35 § Religious Leadership Cooperation 38 § External interference 40 CHAPTER IV: CASE STUDIES, INDIAN PUNJAB 43 § Historical Background 43 § Operation Blue Star 47 § Operation Black Thunder 51 § Explaining Divergent Outcomes: Punjab 55 • Operational Implementation 58 • Force Composition 60 • Media Involvement 62 • Religious Leadership Cooperation 64 • External Interference 65 CHAPTER V: CASE STUDIES, INDIAN JAMMU AND KASHMIR 67
The effect of topical estrogen on irradiated vaginal epithelium

Summary In response to the intensive radiation employed in the treatment of cervical carcinoma there is virtual destruction of the vaginal epithelium in areas receiving the greatest amount of radiation. Over the course of 2 to 3 years the vagina gradually regains an epithelium which consists primarily of basal and intermediate cells. The application of a topical estrogenic substance was found, in a controlled histologic study, to greatly accelerate the regeneration of the epithelium to a normal or nearly normal stratified squamous type.
A bias towards relevance: recognizing plans where goal minimization fails

Domains such as multiple trauma management, in which there are multiple interacting goals that change over time, are ones in which plan recognition's standard inductive bias towards a single explanatory goal is inappropriate. In this paper we define and argue for an alternative bias based on identifying contextually "relevant" goals. We support this claim by showing how a complementary planning system in Traum AID 2.0, a decision-support system for the management of multiple trauma, allows us to define a four-level scale of relevance and therefore, of measurable deviations from relevance. This in turn allows definition of a bias towards relevance in the incremental recognition of physician plans by Traum-AID's critiquing interface, TraumaTIQ.
What's Ahead for A. W. W. A.

The answer to the question in the title assigned to me depends on the realization of the opportunity open to the Association to become a vigorous, well coordinated service agency for the entire water works field not only technically but in activities looking toward improved public relations and the betterment of the economic and social status of water works personnel. The Association in the 55 years of its existence has made good progress toward its constitutional objectives of advancing the knowledge of design, construction, operation and maintenance of water works. Outstanding milestones in this progress are the change in 1914 from a one-convention, onevolume per year organization to the formation of Sections and the starting of the Journal, the appointment in 1920 of the Standardization Council, the forerunner of the present Water Works Practice Committee, the preparation and publication of the Manual of Water Works Practice in 1914-28, and the establishment in 1924 of the Technical Divisions. The Sections, now numbering twenty-one, constitute beyond any question the most important asset of the Association in point of possible future service to the general membership. The Journal starting as a quarterly, and since 1920 issued monthly, has as a re-
Expression of Hox Genes in Normal and Neoplastic Mouse Mammary Gland

The striking phenomenon of homeosis, in which one body part is substituted for another, was described and named in Drosophila more than a century ago (Bateson, 1894). Homeobox genes have been intensively studied, particularly in recent years, as advances in understanding of the molecular genetic basis for homeosis captured the interest and imagination of developmental biologists. It is now clear that homeotic genes function as master regulators, determining the developmental pathway and cell fate of individual Drosophila segments.
Carbon Deposition and Filament Initiation and Growth Mechanisms on Iron Particles and Foils

Carbon deposition resulting from the catalytic decomposition of carbon containing gases is a curious, fascinating, and often frustratingly complex phenomenon. Frequently, there are many different types and morphologies observed on examination of a given carbon deposit. Of particular interest are transition metals on which platelet, flake, lamellar, and filamentous forms are typically found. Often a large amount of the carbon deposited is amorphous. However, it is not unusual to find a relatively high degree of crystallinity, approaching that of graphite, for some deposits despite low formation temperatures (e.g., 473 K < T < 973 K). For several decades, work has been directed at trying to stop catalytic carbon deposition because it deactivated many industrial catalysts and destroyed transition metal based equipment (“metal dusting”). One of the more destructive forms is filamentous carbon. It can effectively destroy the metal matrix by detaching small pieces of the original surface. In the last decade interest in the possible use of filaments as a precursor to “vapor grown fibers” for carbon/carbon composite materials has resulted in renewed interest in understanding carbon filament formation. Although much attention has been directed at understanding the initiation and growth mechanism on transition metals, these processes are still very controversial.
Ruminal solubility of nitrogen and minerals from fescue and fescue-red clover herbage.

Ruminal solubility of N, K, P, Ca, Mg and S were measured for three forages at six growth stages. The three forages were Kentucky 31 tall fescue (TF), Kenhy fescue (KN) and a red clover-tall fescue mixture (RC). Disappearance parameters were measured by means of the dacron bag technique using cannulated steers. Exposures were for 48 h; maximum extent of disappearance for all elements occurred before this time. High proportions (greater than 60%) of P, K and Mg were released from all three forages during the first 3 h of incubation, with small losses thereafter. Amounts of N and S released during the first 3 h ranged between 40 to 75%. Ca had the lowest initial disappearance. Forages differed (P less than .05) in extent of mineral disappearance after 3- and 48-h incubations and in rate of disappearance (Kd) of the potentially available, slowly solubilizing, fraction of N, Ca and S. Across growth stages, TF had generally the lowest extent and rate of disappearance. With increasing maturity, Kd for Mg, Ca and S decreased (P less than .05). For each element, Kd was not correlated with herbage concentration or initial (3 h) disappearance. Partial correlations between disappearance of N, K, Ca, Mg and S after the 48-h incubation and herbage concentration were significant. Solubilization values corrected for rate of passage (ERS) showed significant differences among forages for K, Ca and S. Average ERS values for S and K were highest for KN; RC herbage had higher ERS values for Ca. Increases in forage maturity lowered (P less than .001) ERS for all elements. The results indicate that for all growth stages, ruminal solubility and potential availability of N and minerals from the three forages was high. The rate of release differed among elements and may have affected efficiency of microbial fermentation. Although ruminal solubility of minerals from TF was generally lower than from the other two forages, the difference was not sufficient to explain fully the lower apparent availability observed in previous studies.
Blood and Marrow Transplantation RN Fellowship: Design, Outcomes, and Facilitating Transition to Practice

Recruiting and retaining blood and marrow transplantation (BMT) nurses remains challenging. In accordance with the Institute of Medicine recommendation to establish programs to prepare nurses for transition to specialty practice areas, a BMT fellowship program was designed and implemented at a large academic medical center. The yearlong fellowship program consists of monthly class sessions, observation experiences, case study presentations, and evidence-based project development. Outcomes related to retention, certification, and scholarship are presented.
An Initial Reagan Space Policy

After an 11-month review, a new National Space Policy was announced by President Reagan on July 4, 1982. That policy did not reflect major changes to existing NASA programs, but placed increased emphasis on private sector and military space activities. A lasting impact of the policy was to create a Senior Interagency Group for Space [SIG (Space)], operating under the auspices of the National Security Council and having as members heads of major executive branch agencies or their deputies. SIG (Space) was to be the forum for developing Reagan administration space policy. President Reagan announced the new policy as he watched space shuttle orbiter Columbia land at Edwards Air Force Base in the California high desert after its fourth flight and as the transport plane carrying the second orbiter, Challenger, took off, headed to the Kennedy Space Center to enter service.
Case management for home-bound older adults in New York City: what is an appropriate caseload size?

ABSTRACTAs the USA ages rapidly, greater attention is being paid to keeping older adults healthier and living independently as long as possible. Long-term care is growing increasingly cost-prohibitive and is not seen as a necessary service for all older adults. For those older adults who need supports and assistance to live in their own homes, home-based case management programs provide an array of services. However, case management organizations are under-resourced and struggle to meet the complex needs of the aging population. As a result, caseload sizes for case managers have grown exponentially and directly impact the quality of services provided. This study reports on a collaborative endeavor between a government agency, service provider organizations, case managers, and a gerontologocal researcher in New York City to highlight the challenges faced by case management agencies and develop a scientific process for calculating adequate caseload sizes. Implications for social service agencies and public ...
Neuronal Connectivity, General Anesthesia, and the Elderly

Due to change in demography, 33% of surgeries carried out are in geriatric patients, of which many develop POD and POCD with its major health care and public health consequences. This review will focus on functional connectivity in the brain, its pathophysiological changes with aging and anesthesia, and the consequent effects on brain function. Among the RSNs in the brain, DMN activity is significantly altered in in the aging brain and this correlates with the commonly observed mental function changes. Propofol and sevoflurane also affect DMN activity in young healthy subjects. While aging affects the anterior part of the DMN (frontal lobe regions), anesthesia affects activity in the posterior part (PCC, precuneus and, inferior parietal lobe). Understanding the effect of surgery and anesthesia on connectivity in elderly is essential in order to be able to optimize brain function after surgery.
Clinical and genomic factors associated with outcome following ablative radiotherapy for oligometastatic and oligoprogressive liver tumors.

515Background: There is increasing use of ablative radiotherapy (RT) for oligometastatic and/or oligoprogressive cancer, but the population who may benefit from this more aggressive treatment remai...
Automotive Power Electronics: Current Status and Future Trends

In the electric automotive industry, traction drive with high power is necessary for both Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) applications. In the case of HEV, industries are moving from micro-HEV to full-HEV due to a higher fuel economy. However, this technical shift calls for increased power from the battery while reducing power from the conventional engine. In the case of light-duty BEV, the peak power of 100~150 kW is required for vehicles such as Nissan LEAF, BMW i3, Hyundai IONIQ, and Chevrolet BOLT [1]. To achieve a higher power rating, the traction drives must have higher voltage and/or current ratings. Although most of the Li-ion batteries in EV/HEV have a nominal voltage around 300~400 V, it is expected that the battery voltage will go higher than 800 V. As a result, power devices with a voltage rating of 1.2 kV or higher are expected to become dominant for the next generation traction drive system [2]. The Si-IGBT has been dominantly used in this voltage level. However, due to the advent of SiC MOSFET with a voltage rating of over 1.2 kV, it is possible to use MOSFET instead of IGBT for traction inverter design. However, SiC MOSFET suffers from a low current rating compared to Si IGBT. It is inevitable to parallel discrete SiC MOSFET devices for BEV and PHEV applications at this moment, but this can change in the near future due to rapid growth.
Race and the Probability of Police Injury

Although research finds that police are more apt to employ force against black criminal suspects, empirical evidence for this relationship is derived entirely from analyses that only account for factors associated with the police-citizen encounter. If racial disparities exist in how citizens view the police prior to the citizen-police encounter, then any observed nexus between a criminal suspect’s race and police use of force will suffer omitted variable bias. We indirectly test this thesis by examining whether a black criminal suspect has an enhanced proclivity to injure either a black or white police officer during an assault. Results show that black suspects are no more likely than white suspects to injure black or white police officers.
Perception and Feelings of Antenatal Women during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Introduction To assess the level of anxiety and knowledge regarding COVID-19 amongst antenatal women. Materials and methods This cross-sectional survey was conducted in the antenatal clinics of KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, from 31 March to 25 April 2020 to assess pregnant women's knowledge of COVID-19, their perceptions of its impact upon pregnancy and psychological impact using the validated Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21). Results Of the 324 women who participated in the study, the mean age was 31.8 years (range, 20-45). The majority (53.7%) were multiparous with mean gestational age of 23.4 weeks (SD 10). The commonest sources of information were Internet-based social media platforms. A significant proportion were unaware, or associated COVID-19 infection during pregnancy with fetal distress (82.1%), intrauterine death (71.3%), fetal anomalies (69.8%), miscarriages (64.8%), preterm labour (67.9%) and rupture of membranes (61.4%). A total of 116 (35.8%) women screened positive for anxiety, 59 (18.2%) for depression, and 36 (11.1%) for stress. There was a significant association between household size and stress scores [B = 0.0454 (95% CI, 0.0035-0.0873)]. Women who associated COVID-19 infection with fetal anomalies and intrauterine fetal death had significantly higher anxiety scores [B = -0.395 (95% CI, -0.660 to -0.130) and B = -0.291 (95% CI, -0.562 to -0.021) respectively]. Conclusion Our study highlights that a lack of timely and reliable information on the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy and its outcomes results in increased levels of depression, anxiety and stress. The healthcare provider must address these issues urgently by providing evidence-based information using Internet-based resources and psychological support.
Demand Subsidies vs. R&D: Comparing the Uncertain Impacts of Policy on a Pre-Commercial Low-Carbon Energy Technology

We combined an expert elicitation and a bottom-up manufacturing cost model to compare the effects of R&D and demand subsidies. We modeled their effects on the future costs of a low-carbon energy technology that is not currently commercially available, purely organic photovoltaics (PV). We found that (1) successful R&D programs reduced costs more than did subsidies, (2) successful R&D enabled PV to achieve a cost target of 4c/kWh, and (3) the cost of PV did not reach the target when only subsidies, and not R&D, were implemented. These results are insensitive to two levels of policy intensity, the level of a carbon price, the availability of storage technology, and uncertainty in the main parameters used in the model. However, a case can still be made for subsidies: comparisons of stochastic dominance show that subsidies provide a hedge against failure in the R&D program.
The Impact of B. F. Skinner's Science of Operant Learning on Early Childhood Research, Theory, Treatment, and Care.

B. F. Skinner is the most eminent psychologist of the twentieth century, and it is no exaggeration to say that his discovery of operant learning (conditioning) has influenced the broader field of p...
Visual-Inertial-Wheel Odometry with Online Calibration

In this paper, we introduce a novel visual-inertial-wheel odometry (VIWO) system for ground vehicles, which efficiently fuses multi-modal visual, inertial and 2D wheel odometry measurements in a sliding-window filtering fashion. As multi-sensor fusion requires both intrinsic and extrinsic (spatiotemproal) calibration parameters which may vary over time during terrain navigation, we propose to perform VIWO along with online sensor calibration of wheel encoders' intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. To this end, we analytically derive the 2D wheel odometry measurement model from the raw wheel encoders' readings and optimally fuse this 2D relative motion information with 3D visual-inertial measurements. Additionally, an observability analysis is performed for the linearized VIWO system, which identifies five commonly-seen degenerate motions for wheel calibration parameters. The proposed system has been validated extensively in both Monte-Carlo simulations and real-world experiments in large-scale urban driving scenarios.
Evaluation of Stigma Toward Individuals With Alopecia.

Importance Perceived stigma among patients with alopecia is associated with impaired quality of life; however, the magnitude of laypersons’ stigma toward individuals with alopecia is unknown. Objective To determine the prevalence and magnitude of laypersons’ stigma toward individuals with varying degrees of alopecia and whether stigma increases with increased severity of alopecia. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a cross-sectional study using an internet survey administered to a convenience sample of adult respondents in the US participating on the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform. Portrait images of 6 individuals without hair loss were created using artificial intelligence and stock images. Each portrait was edited to create 2 additional versions, 1 with scalp hair loss and 1 with complete hair loss, for a total of 18 images. On January 9 to 10, 2020, the survey presented each internet respondent with 1 randomly selected portrait to be used in answering a series of stigma-related questions from 3 domains: stereotypes, social distance, and disease-related myths; the third domain was presented only to respondents who believed that the individual pictured had a medical condition. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was the prevalence and magnitude of stigma of laypersons toward individuals with alopecia and the percentage of laypersons who believed the individual pictured had a medical condition as recorded in survey responses. Results The survey was completed by 2015 respondents (99.9% completion rate) with a mean age of 37 (range, 18-78) years; 1014 (50.3%) were men; 1596 (79.2%) were White; and 1397 (69.3%) had a college or postcollege education. Endorsement of every stigma item increased as alopecia severity increased (2.4%-27.6%). Absolute change on the stereotype (0.5-0.6) and social distance scales (0.2-0.5) also increased, indicating more stigma. The percentage of respondents believing the individual pictured had a medical condition increased as alopecia severity increased (33.6%-75.7%;P Conclusions and Relevance This cross-sectional survey study found that stigmatizing attitudes of laypersons toward patients with alopecia exist across a multitude of social and professional scenarios. Stigma prevalence and magnitude vary by alopecia severity and possibly by whether alopecia is believed to be a medical condition.
A Novel Energy Aware Secure Internet of Drones Design: ESIoD

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, are emerging as a promising technology for a variety of monitoring and surveillance-based applications. Smart UAVs are not limited only to image capturing, but also to real-time decision making using artificial intelligence. Moreover, it is important to consider the data security of captured images. In this paper, we propose a novel Energy-aware Secure Internet of Drone (ESIoD) architecture. A crucial research problem addressed by this work is how to accomplish faster onboard processing and reduce battery usage for a UAV to prolong the flight time while retaining data security of UAV captured images. Specifically, drone-captured real-time images are encrypted using either AES or RSA algorithms and offloaded by the onboard computer to a cloud server for the processing of cognitive actions using both a standard Haar cascade classifier and an advanced faster R-CNN classifier. The focus of this study is to conserve the drone battery life by secure computational offloading to optimize drone flight time. Two sets of experiments were performed using drone-captured sample images and videos. Results show that the ESIoD architecture can conserve 80% onboard processing time and 3X drone battery charge usage as compared to conventional real-time onboard processing for the considered application.
Democrats for Education Reform and the Inside Job

In a movement that largely tries to appear nonpartisan one operation announces its affiliation—Democrats for Education Reform. It has arranged itself as a tough opponent of the teachers unions which are a key force in the Democratic Party coalition. DFER has had its undeniable successes, including as a major influence on the policies of President Barack Obama. It is attempting an “inside job” to undermine the teachers unions with the party. Yet its ideology is more consistent with that of conservatives and its funding sources have at times been Republican too—including some of the most conservative billionaires in the country, even Rupert Murdoch. DFER is a money machine, using its dollars to hire political consultants. DFER is an expert money bundler and practitioner of dark money arts.
Analysis of multiple gene co-expression networks to discover interactions favoring CFTR biogenesis and ΔF508-CFTR rescue.

BACKGROUND We previously reported that expression of a miR-138 mimic or knockdown of SIN3A in primary cultures of cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelia increased ΔF508-CFTR mRNA and protein levels, and partially restored CFTR-dependent chloride transport. Global mRNA transcript profiling in ΔF508-CFBE cells treated with miR-138 mimic or SIN3A siRNA identified two genes, SYVN1 and NEDD8, whose inhibition significantly increased ΔF508-CFTR trafficking, maturation, and function. Little is known regarding the dynamic changes in the CFTR gene network during such rescue events. We hypothesized that analysis of condition-specific gene networks from transcriptomic data characterizing ΔF508-CFTR rescue could help identify dynamic gene modules associated with CFTR biogenesis. METHODS We applied a computational method, termed M-module, to analyze multiple gene networks, each of which exhibited differential activity compared to a baseline condition. In doing so, we identified both unique and shared gene pathways across multiple differential networks. To construct differential networks, gene expression data from CFBE cells were divided into three groups: (1) siRNA inhibition of NEDD8 and SYVN1; (2) miR-138 mimic and SIN3A siRNA; and (3) temperature (27 °C for 24 h, 40 °C for 24 h, and 27 °C for 24 h followed by 40 °C for 24 h). RESULTS Interrogation of individual networks (e.g., NEDD8/SYVN1 network), combinations of two networks (e.g., NEDD8/SYVN1 + temperature networks), and all three networks yielded sets of 1-modules, 2-modules, and 3-modules, respectively. Gene ontology analysis revealed significant enrichment of dynamic modules in pathways including translation, protein metabolic/catabolic processes, protein complex assembly, and endocytosis. Candidate CFTR effectors identified in the analysis included CHURC1, GZF1, and RPL15, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of these genes partially restored CFTR-dependent transepithelial chloride current to ΔF508-CFBE cells. CONCLUSIONS The ability of the M-module to identify dynamic modules involved in ΔF508 rescue provides a novel approach for studying CFTR biogenesis and identifying candidate suppressors of ΔF508.
PROLONGED ASSISTED CIRCULATION DURING AND AFTER CARDIAC OR AORTIC SURGERY. PROLONGED PARTIAL LEFT VENTRICULAR BYPASS BY MEANS OF INTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION.

Abstract A prolonged, partial left ventricular bypass was performed by means of an intrathoracic pump. A portion of blood was taken from the left atrium and pumped into the descending aorta, thus alleviating the burden on the left ventricle. The intrathoracic pump is operated by an external air system, which is triggered with the electrocardiogram, providing diastolic ejection. The system can also be used without electrocardiographic triggering. The advantages of such a system are the prolonged support of the left ventricle (during days or weeks) and the avoidance of the prolonged use of heparin while the pump is functioning. This left ventricular bypass decompresses the left ventricle, reduces left ventricular work, decreases left ventricular wall tension and increases the coronary circulation.
Varicella zoster virus in solid organ transplantation.

Key words: Herpes zoster, transplantation, varicellaAbbreviations: CMV, cytomegalovirus;DFA, directﬂu-orescent assays; HSV, herpes simplex virus; HZ, her-pes zoster; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; MMF,mycophenolate mofetil; PCR, polymerase chain reac-tion; PHN, postherpetic neuralgia; SOT, solid organtransplant; VZV, varicella zoster virus.
Energetics of Chemical Alteration in Fault Zones and its Relationship to the Seismic Cycle

We examine the composition of small and medium-displacement faults in the western San Bernardino Mountains, southern California, in order to determine the nature and degree of alteration in faults, and to relate this alteration to the heat generated by earthquakes. The development of clay-rich fault gouge in the faults is clearly syntectonic, and the reactions that produced the fault gouge are endothermic. We suggest and test the hypothesis that a primary source of energy to drive these reactions is the heat produced by earthquakes. We use standard thermodynamic values for enthalpies of formation to estimate the energy required to drive syntectonic alteration reactions. We use the Eastwood fault, a ∼ 7 km long fault with a clay-rich fault core 3-10 cm thick and a damage zone 20-40 m thick, as a model and show that these reactions could consume approximately 20 % of the energy available from the repeated earthquakes that slipped along the fault. Many of the reactions that take place in and around faults to produce clay and mica minerals are endothermic, suggesting that chemical reactions can be a significant sink of energy produced in earthquake ruptures in faults in the upper 10 km of the crust. Consumption of heat by chemical reactions in and around faults would also result in a reduced heat flow anomaly associated with the fault.
CMOS integrated transformer-feedback Q-enhanced LC bandpass filter for wireless receivers

An active integrated LC filter with tunable gain and quality factor is implemented in a standard 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process. The circuit uses transformer feedback and a novel level-shifted single-transistor Q-enhancement technique to maximize the allowable voltage swing across the integrated LC resonator while providing single to differential signal conversion. To illustrate the concept, the circuit is designed and simulated for a wireless receiver front-end. The filter operates at a center frequency of 2.44 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 84 MHz and is targeted at input filtering for Bluetooth and ZigBee applications. Simulation results show that the design achieves a power gain of 4.2 dB, an input 1-dB compression point (P/sub 1dB/) of -4.9 dBm, and a worst-case dynamic range (DR) of 65 dB over the filter bandwidth. Alternate implementations targeting low-voltage and low-power consumption circuits are also presented.
Final semantics for event-pattern reactive programs

Event-pattern reactive programs are front-end programs for distributed reactive components that preprocess an incoming stream of event stimuli. Their purpose is to recognize temporal patterns of events that are relevant to the serviced program and ignore all other events, outsourcing some of the component's complexity and shielding it from event overload. Correctness of event-pattern reactive programs is essential, because bugs may result in loss of relevant events and hence failure to react appropriately. We introduce PAR, a specification language for event-pattern reactive programs. We propose a new approach for defining such languages in terms of observations and actions. This approach applies standard techniques from coalgebra to obtain instances of the corecursion and coinduction principles. Corecursion is used to formally de.ne the operational semantics of PAR, and coinduction allows to prove general equivalences between (ground and parameterized) PAR programs. This is the first of a series of papers in which we study questions of expressive completeness, complexity, and formal verification techniques for specification languages of event-pattern reactive programs.
Environmental Implications of the Erosion of Cultural Taboo Practices in Awka-South Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria: 1. Forests, Trees, and Water Resource Preservation

Cultural taboos and their sanctionshave helped to check abuse of the environmentat least among the local people. The disregardfor these traditional checks and balancesespecially among Christians has adverselyaffected their enforcement at this time. Theenvironment and culture preservation inAwka-South were investigated. The faithfulobservance of the traditional laws in the studyarea was attributed to the fact that Awka-Southarea had remained occupied by the same peoplefor centuries. The study showed that thepreserved forests and their shrines in Nibotown have largely remained intact. In Nisetown, however, with nine shrines still inexistence, the rules have relaxed a little,mainly because they embraced modernization. Inthis town, the fringes of the forests may beused for farming but no felling of trees wouldbe allowed. The ``god'' of the shrine in Obunaguvillage was much revered until the advent ofChristianity. This religion has had an erodingeffect on the taboos, which were put in placeto protect their forests and streams. Theabandonment of traditional cultural practicesis doing harm that goes beyond the abrogationof traditional cultural practices to seriousthreat to natural environmental structures. Thecultures of the different tribes in Nigerianeed to be revisited for evaluation and studiesto enable their integration into modernpractices that will make the environment moresustainable. This will be more productive thanthe unilateral introduction of programs,execution, and maintenance methods that arecompletely new, or in many cases run contraryto the cultural practices of the local peopleand tribes of Nigeria.
Meal timing dominates the lighting regimen as a synchronizer of the circadian blood ethanol clearance rate rhythm in rats.

The effects of timing of a single daily meal on the circadian rhythm of blood ethanol clearance rates were investigated in two groups of rats maintained on opposite 12 hours light: 12 hours dark (LD) schedules. Initially, the rats were fed ad libitum. Then feeding was restricted to 4 mid-light (ML) hours for one group and 4 mid-dark (MD) hours for the other. Finally, the meal timing was reversed; the ML-fed group became the MD-fed group and vice versa. Following acclimatization to each of the 3 feeding regimens, blood ethanol clearance rats ere determined for subgroups (n - 8) of both groups injected (i.p.) with ethanol at 5 times during 24-hour spans. The LD schedule synchronized the clearance rate rhythm during ad libitum feeding. Although the rhythm persisted without significant amplitude changes during restricted feeding regimens, minimal clearance rates during ML and MD feeding approximately the time of food presentation, with maximal rates 8-12 hours later. This relationship remained constant with the feeding phases were reversed. Thus, when food availability is limited, the single daily mean dominates the lighting regimen as synchronizer of the circadian blood ethanol clearance rate rhythm.
Commercial EM Codes Suitable for Modeling of Microwave Heating — a Comparative Review

Electromagnetic modeling software available in the market is studied in accordance with specific criteria to compose contemporary database of codes applicable to designing industrial systems of microwave thermal processing. Operating systems, kernel computational methods, interfaces, optimization options, possibilities of solution of associated thermal problem and financial information are among the basic characteristics addressed. It is shown that sixteen selected codes are very differently adjusted to practical needs of the field. Vendors are rated with respect to their dedication to the microwave power engineering. Issues related to further evaluation of the codes (solution of benchmark problems) are discussed.
Effect of Surface Contamination on the Thermocompression Bondability of Gold

The recent development of a microshear test has made possible the quantitative study of the effect of surface contamination on thermocompression ball bonding of gold to gold metallization. Contarninant films were characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy and low energy ion spectroscopy. The thermocompression gold bonding process was found to be highly temperature dependent when organic films, which are barriers to metallic bonding, are present. Much of this temperature dependence could.be eliminated by rernoving the contaminant films by uV radiation prior to thermocompression bonding. Post-heat treatment resulted in the growth of metallic bond inter'faces, presumably by sintering mechanisms.
An adjoint sensitivity analysis and 4D-Var data assimilation study of Texas air quality

Abstract In this paper, we discuss the theory of adjoint sensitivity analysis and the method of 4D-Var data assimilation in the context of the Sulfur Transport Eulerian Model (STEM). The STEM atmospheric Chemical Transport Model (CTM) is used to perform adjoint sensitivity analysis and data assimilation over the State of Texas. We first demonstrate the use of adjoint sensitivity analysis for a receptor located at ground level in the Dallas Fort Worth (DFW) area. Simulations are carried out for three 36-h intervals in July 2004. One set of simulations focuses on a passive tracer, and illustrates the influence of meteorological conditions. The other results show the areas of influence associated with DFW ground level ozone, i.e. the areas where changes in precursors (O3, NO2, and HCHO) have the maximum impact on DFW ozone. Next, we employ data assimilation to optimize initial conditions of chemical fields and ground level emissions. We optimize the initial conditions for two episodes on 1 and 16 July 2004. Data assimilation makes use of AirNow ground level observations (for both episodes) and SCHIAMACHY NO2 and HCHO observations from ENVISAT (for the 16 July episode). The re-analyzed chemical fields show considerable improved agreement with AirNow observations for non-initial conditions. We also perform inverse modeling of ground level emissions using data assimilation under an additional smoothness constraint. The results indicate higher NO2 emission levels than in the current emission inventory in the DFW area, and lower emission levels in eastern Texas. The formaldehyde emissions are found to be larger than reported in a localized area near the Gulf Coast, and about at the reported level elsewhere. While the results obtained with the current state-of-the-art tools can help guide tuning of emission inventories, better constraints on the inverse problem are needed to obtain more rigorous quantitative estimates.
Contribution of the rib cage inspiratory muscles to breathing in baboons

We have measured the electromyograms of the rib cage inspiratory muscles, including the neck muscles, in five lightly anesthetized baboons breathing at rest in the supine and head-up postures. When supine, the animals did not have any activity in the scalene (three heads) or sternomastoid muscles. In contrast, a phasic inspiratory electrical activity was invariably recorded from the parasternal intercostals, external intercostals, and levator costae. Measurements of the changes in length of the parasternal intercostals indicated that these muscles also shortened during inspiration, and they further showed that this inspiratory shortening was eliminated after selective muscle denervation. Similar observations were made in the head-up posture, although the inspiratory shortening of the parasternal intercostals was smaller in this posture. These observations thus indicate that: (1) the inspiratory expansion of the rib cage in baboons results entirely from the actions of the inspiratory intercostal muscles and mostly from the action of the parasternal intercostals; and (2) the load imposed on these muscles is greater in the head-up posture, presumably because of the action of gravity on the chest wall.
Re: Thyroid incidentalomas in FDG-PET/CT: prevalence and clinical impact.

We read Dr. Bonabi et. al [1] article with great interest as we have pursued this topic in our center over the years [2–4]. We practice at a busy international multiple myeloma referral center so we have a busy nuclear medicine/ PET practice with abundant PET data. We agree with the authors that incidental focal thyroid lesions on PET CT should be taken seriously. They should be pursued as any thyroid nodule is, when encountered clinically or incidentally, by ultrasound directed fine needle aspiration biopsy and further expectant management based on cytology. Diffuse thyroid uptake on PET/CT is not a concern for malignancy and is indicative of thyroid disease which may ultimately require medical management [2]. With regards to focal thyroid uptake on PET/CT, our group has come to some slightly different conclusions regarding interpretation of the PET data [3]. In our recent study, 23,384 PET and PET/CT scans performed between December 2001 and April 2011 were reviewed. Incidental thyroid uptake was noted in 1,309 PET scans (5.17%), focal uptake in 690 (2.95%) and diffuse uptake in 619 (2.64%). Malignancy was identified in 27% of patients with focal uptake, 89% of which were primary thyroid malignancies. A significant difference between malignant SUVmax and benign SUVmax was found (mean ± SD = 7.04 ± 7.88 for malignancies vs. 3.85 ± 3.06 for benign tumors, P = 0.0292). Receiver operating characteristics curves (ROC) were constructed on patients with PET data within 3 months of diagnosis, and indicated that a SUVmax of 4.2 differentiated maximally between benign and malignant lesions. Serial SUV uptake measurements of thyroid lesions obtained incidentally for other oncologic surveillance had no significant change over time. Incidental focal thyroid uptake on PET/CT has the most clinical significance for possible malignancy of any other type of thyroid ‘‘incidentalomas’’ detected by other imaging modalities (CT, MR. U/S). These lesions should be approached according to best practices as recommended by current guidelines on thyroid nodule evaluation.
Symbolic versus associative learning.

Ramscar and colleagues (2010, this volume) describe the ‘‘feature-label-order’’ (FLO) effect on category learning and characterize it as a constraint on symbolic learning. I argue that FLO is neither a constraint on symbolic learning in the sense of ‘‘learning elements of a symbol system’’ (instead, it is an effect on nonsymbolic, association learning) nor is it, more than any other constraint on category learning, a constraint on symbolic learning in the sense of ‘‘solving the symbol grounding problem.’’