cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Career Development: A Real World Alternative

These are the reactions of participants of educators in industry programs unfolding in communities throughout the country. As a substantial number of educators, from superintendent to classroom teacher at all levels (k-12), receive direct exposure to the inside story of business and industry, they develop greater insight into the multifaceted world of work. From custodian to engineer, cook to bank teller, tool maker to medical technician, the ever-changing workforce (Occupational Outlook Handbook, 1984) impacts upon the way people apply the knowledge they receive through their formal schooling. In one community after another, new linkages between education and industry/business are occurring (Bailey & Rotter, 1987; Bhaerman, 1982; Chenault, 1983; Jung & Steel, 1983; Lotto, L., 1984; O'Connell, 1985; Rinehart & Schaller, 1983). The September 1984 issue of a new publication, Pro-Education (totally devoted to community partnership programs), cites the United States Department of Education a s h a v i n g identified some 35,000 partnerships as of June, 1984, with a goal of 110,000 for the near future (Bell, 1984).
Rabbit retinal Müller cells undergo antigenic changes in response to experimentally induced proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) was induced in the rabbit eye by injecting mitotically active Muller cells into the vitreal chamber. Two weeks after the initiation of PVR, the retina and the epiretinal membrane that formed were examined to ascertain the antigenic expression of Muller cells in the retina and in the epiretinal membrane. Examination of various regions of the retina from the experimental PVR eye demonstrated that vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP), and beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP), which were present in the Muller cells of the retina from the control eye, increased their expression, while the antigenicity of glutamine synthetase (GS), did not change; these proteins were also present in the cells contained within the experimentally induced epiretinal membrane. Alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), a cytoskeletal protein that is associated with migration and tractional forces in many cell types, was not only present in the cells embedded within the epiretinal membrane, but was also present in the Muller cells underlying the epiretinal membrane. However, Muller cells that were in the inferior portion of the retina, where epiretinal membrane pathology was absent, did not express alpha-SMA. Although this protein is not normally found in Muller cells, they do express it de novo when they are maintained in culture. This suggests that a localized mechanism associated with epiretinal membrane formation induces the expression of alpha-SMA in Muller cells while the increased expression of GFAP, beta-APP, vimentin, and CRALBP are probably regulated via a more general mechanism.
Maternal Haploids of Nicotiana tabacum L. from Seed.

Abundant seeds of high germinability are obtained when Nicotiana tabacum is pollinated by Nicotiana africana. Most of the seedlings die at the cotyledonary stage. The remaining seedlings are viable F 1 hybrids or maternal haploids that can be easily distinguished. This simple method of producing Nicotiana tabacum haploids offers an alternative to anther culture .
Synthesis and application of gold nanoparticles functionalized with collagen mimetic peptides

Collagen is the principal tensile element of the extra-cellular matrix in animals and is the basic scaffold for cells and tissues. Abnormalities in its structure are known to result in a number of debilitating human diseases. Collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs) with repeat unit of (Pro-Hyp-Gly) are capable of forming right-handed triple-helical structures similar to that of the collagen triple helices. Recently, our group has shown that CMPs exhibit specific binding affinity to natural collagen under controlled thermal conditions. Using solid phase peptide synthesis, we have prepared a CMP cysteine derivative that was used to modify gold nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that the Cys-CMP functionalized gold nanoparticles have affinity to collagen fibers. We are investigating the interactions between Cys-CMP functionalized gold nanoparticles and collagen fibers. The Cys-CMP conjugated nanoparticles can potentially be used as a tool to visualize and understand unstable domains of collagen fibers which are related to a number of pathological conditions of extra cellular matrices.
Organometallic approaches to organofluorine compounds

Abstract Recent work in our laboratory has provided useful preparative routes to RFMX derivatives, where M = Zn, Cu, Cd and RF = perfluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkenyl, perfluoroacetylenic, and functionalized RF groups. These RFMX compounds are useful reagents in the preparation of perfluoroalkanes, perfluoroolefins, perfluoroacetylenes, polyfluorinated allenes and dienes, partially fluorinated esters, phosphonates and phosphonic/sulfonic acids, and perfluorinated and partially fluorinated α, β-unsaturated ketones. Illustrative examples of the application of these RFMX reagents in preparative organofluorine chemistry will be presented.
Analysis of the imperfect octamer-containing human immunoglobulin VH6 gene promoter.

Abstract The octamer sequence ATGCAAAT is highly conserved in the promoter of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes and is one of the sequence motifs involved in the control of transcription of these genes. The promoter region of an human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene, the sole member of the VH6 gene family, was found to differ from other VH gene promoters: it contains neither the conserved octamer motif nor a heptamer sequence, and generally bears little resemblance to other VH gene transcriptional control regions. An imperfect octamer sequence with a single nucleotide substitution (AgGCAAAT) is located 108 bp upstream of the ATG translation start site, and 81 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site. We sought to determine which sequence elements within the VH6 promoter were responsible for transcription initiation by creating progressive deletions of a 1 kb fragment from this region and testing their ability to function as promoter elements in B and non-B cells (HeLa). The minimum fragment required for full promoter function was 110 bp, but a fragment with only 65 bp retained 30-50% activity in B cells. Similar levels of transcription were seen when the -146 bp promoter containing two point mutations in the imperfect octamer was tested. Mutation of a possible pyrimidine box sequence located downstream of the TATA box was shown to have only a minor effect (10-30%) on transcription when three nucleotides were changed. Surprisingly, CAT activity was not B cell-specific, as all constructs had virtually the same activity in several B cell lines and in HeLa cells. Removal of the TATA box led to a 50% reduction in CAT activity, and the region upstream of the TATA box functioned as a promoter in both orientations. The transcriptional activity of the VH6 promoter was virtually enhancer independent: only a minor increase was observed when the immunoglobulin or SV40 enhancer was added to the promoter construct. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays of transcription factor binding to the region around the imperfect octamer indicated that binding was weak when nuclear extracts from either B cells or HeLa cells were used. The amount of complex shifted was increased by mutating the imperfect octamer to a perfect one. Chimeras produced between the VH6 promoter and a B cell-specific promoter from a member of the human VH2 gene family demonstrated that the lack of tissue specificity was due to the absence of a repressor of non-B cell transcription in the VH6 promoter. These results indicate that the VH6 promoter is relatively simple, requiring little more than the TATA element and the imperfect octamer, and transcription from this promoter lacks B cell specificity and is not dependent on the enhancer element.
Single-Breath, Room-Air Method for Measuring Closing Volume (Phase 4) in the Normal Human Lung

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new method to measure closing volume (CV). This new method does not require oxygen or inert gases to be inhaled to obtain the onset of phase 4. Because there are regional differences in the concentrations of the resident alveolar gases (O 2 , CO 2 , and N 2 ), there should be an abrupt change in the concentration of these gases at the terminal portion of a prolonged expired vital capacity (VC) that marks the onset of phase 4. Nine normal healthy subjects, 30 to 65 years of age, inspired room air from residual volume (to mimic the maneuver of the standard single breath N 2 (SBN 2 ) washout test) to total lung capacity. During the expiration (flow constant at 250 ml.s –1 ) following a 10-s breath hold at total lung capacity, the exhaled gas was analyzed with a mass spectrometer for fractions of O 2 , CO 2 ,and N 2 . Although the onset of phase 4 can be shown as the change in concentration of any of the three alveolar resident gases, oxygen was selected because (1) it demonstrates a greater apex to base concentration gradient than that found with CO 2 and N 2 , and (2) a clear identification of the onset of phase 4 (minimum value of O 2 fraction). With this method, the mean ± SEM of CV was 16.8 ± 1.52 percent (CV × 100/VC). No significant difference was found among the room air method, SBN 2 method, and the helium bolus technique.
Sex-Role Identification and Goal Orientation in Teenage Females:

The present research examined the relationship between sex-role stereotyping and career goals of young women from a junior high and high school. Questionnaires administered include measures of attitudes toward women, careers, and goal orientation. Although most subjects (n = 57 of 91) chose careers within traditional sex-typed areas, there were differences between both career and sex-role attitudes of junior high and the high school females who selected non-traditional careers.
SOCIAL/BEHAVIOURAL PHARMACY—THE MINNESOTA EXPERIENCE

The earliest activities in this field in the United States occurred at the University of Wisconsin, where, in the 1950s, Dr William Apple studied in the Business School following his graduation from the pharmacy faculty, and, after having completed a PhD, returned to the Pharmacy School to offer a Pharmacy Administration programme with postgraduate studies as well as an undergraduate curriculum. Almost simultaneously, a similar event occurred at Purdue University, where Dr Robert Evanson undertook courses in the Business School and returned to teach at the School of Pharmacy, with an emphasis on retailing and small-business management, in contrast to the general marketing and management orientation at Wisconsin. At about the same time, Dr Joseph McEvilla undertook the same process at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. Dr McEvilla established a programme in pharmaceutical economics that was intended as a preparation for advanced work in, as well as for the study of, the pharmaceutical industry. Shortly thereafter, a programme began at the University of Mississippi in pharmaceutical marketing, and briefly, there was a programme at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan under the direction of Dr Stephen Wilson. Dr Glenn Sonnendecker directed a related programme in the history of pharmacy at the University of Wisconsin. These names, dates, and places serve to set the stage for the development of what might have been one additional pharmacy administration programme at the University of Minnesota. A programme leading to a Master of Science degree was established in the mid-1960s by Dr Lawrence Weaver and Professor Hugh Kabat. A petition to the University authorities to offer the PhD degree was approved in 1972, and I was hired to direct that programme in 1973.
Spectrum of Disease Due to Haemophilus influenzae Type b Occurring in Vaccinated Children

Haemophilus b polysaccharide vaccine was first licensed in the United States in April 1985. Between May 1985 and September 1987, 228 reports of disease due to Haemophilus influenzae in vaccinated children were submitted to the Food and Drug Administration, of which 216 were accepted for analysis. We compared the relative frequencies of the different disease entities caused by H. influenzae type b reported in vaccinated children with those reported in unvaccinated children (greater than 1000 cases that occurred between 1973 and 1984, as reported in the literature). Over 90% of the vaccinated children were greater than or equal to 24 mo of age. A higher proportion of cases was reported to have occurred within the first two months after vaccination, with 10 cases occurring within 72 h of vaccination. Vaccination did not alter the expected frequencies of the different clinical entities associated with invasive H. influenzae disease. No estimates of clinical efficacy are possible based on the adverse events submitted to the Food and Drug Administration.
Differential down-regulation of the human δ-opioid receptor by SNC80 and [d-Pen2,d-Pen5]enkephalin

Abstract We examined the contribution of the human δ-opioid receptor carboxyl terminal tail to (+)-4-[(α R )-α-((2 S ,5 R )-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]- N , N -diethylbenzamide (SNC80)- and cyclic[ d -Pen 2 , d -Pen 5 ]enkephalin (DPDPE)-mediated receptor down-regulation. Both SNC80 and DPDPE mediated down-regulation of an epitope tagged human δ-opioid receptor. Truncation of the human δ-opioid receptor after Gly 338 blocked DPDPE-mediated down-regulation. However, SNC80 mediated significant down-regulation of the truncated receptor. These findings suggest that SNC80-mediated down-regulation involves receptor domains in addition to the carboxyl terminal tail.
OVERSEER: a prototype expert system for monitoring drug treatment in the psychiatric clinic

A description is presented of the development of OVERSEER, a prototype knowledge-based system that monitors the drug treatment of psychiatric patients in real time. Using treatment protocols developed by the expert clinician, OVERSEER, monitors the drug treatment process and issues alerts when standard clinical practices are not followed or when laboratory results are abnormal. Written in Prolog, OVERSEER is designed to interface directly with the hospital's database and thereby utilizes all available pharmacy and laboratory data. Unlike the interactive expert systems developed for the psychiatric clinic, OVERSEER does not require extensive data entry by the clinician. The chief benefit of OVERSEER's monitoring approach is the unobtrusive manner in which it evaluates psychopharmacological treatment and provides information regarding patient management to the hospital. >
Relationship between plant virus concentration and infectivity: a ‘growth curve’ model

A logistic ('growth curve') model is formulated and applied to the relationship between numbers of infections (local lesions) produced by a virus on inoculated plants and the concentration of the virus in the inoculum. This model has the advantages of being simple, data-based and therefore not founded on limiting postulates, and of being applicable to a wide range of infection-dilution series, including those obtained from multicomponent viruses. Here, it is applied to common tobacco mosaic virus. Examples of infection-dilution series taken from the literature are fitted more closely and more objectively than they were fitted by the original authors. A limiting number for lesions is estimated by minimizing chi 2 values for differences between observed lesion numbers and those calculated from the logistic equation. The complete fitting procedure can be programmed on a hand-held calculator.
On the rapid equilibrium assumption and the problem of distinguishing certain ordered and random enzyme kinetic mechanisms.

Summary Frieden [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1976) 68 , 914–917] recently identified limitations on using initial velocity data to distinguish certain ordered and random mechanisms. He found that the rapid equilibrium ordered mechanism with EB and EP abortive complexes cannot be distinguished from the random addition case, except by equilibrium exchange measurements. Reexamination of the rapid equilibrium assumption clearly demonstrates, however, that isotope exchange methods are also ineffective. Nonetheless, it is demonstrated that the rapid equilibrium assumption does not hold when the kcat exceeds 30–50 sec−1. Thus combined use of initial rates and isotope exchange approaches offer reliable tests for rigorously defining the mechanism of many, and possibly most, enzymes.
Comparison of end‐ to‐ end and telescoped arterial anastomoses in renal transplantation in rats

The telescoped microvascular anastomosis was compared with the standard end- to end technique in the renal arteries of rats both in situ and in orthotopic kidney transplantation. The telescoped technique was easier to perform, required fewer sutures, allowed the transplantation to be done with a reduced period of ischemia, and was equally effective in terms of arterial patency. The telescoped arterial anastomosis appears to be a useful technique for simplifying orthotopic renal transplantation in rats.
Vertical disparity tolerance in random-dot stereograms

The binocular visual system cannot process vertical disparity differences larger than about 10′ without using corrective eye movements.
Organizational-Level Correlates of the Provision of Detoxification Services and Medication-Based Treatments for Substance Abuse in Correctional Institutions

In recent years, there has been an increased examination of organizational-level innovation adoption in substance abuse treatment organizations. However, the majority of these studies have focused on community-based treatment centers. One understudied area of the substance abuse treatment system is correctional institutions. This study uses the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS) cooperative's National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices (NCJTP) survey to examine the adoption of detoxification services and pharmacotherapies for the treatment of substance abuse across a nationally representative sample of correctional institutions (n=198). There were significant differences between jails and prisons in the percentage of organizations offering detoxification services and medications. Specifically, detoxification services were offered by 5% of prisons and 34% of jails; and, medications were offered by 6% of prisons and 32% of jails. Binary logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between these services and organizational characteristics, including context, resources, previously introduced practices, culture, and systems integration. Variables measuring organizational context and previously introduced practices were significant correlates of the provision of both detoxification services and medications. Multivariate results indicated that the differences between jails and prisons remained significant after controlling for other organizational factors. Although the adoption of detoxification services and pharmacotherapies may be a controversial topic for correctional institutions, these services have the potential to improve offender well-being and reduce public health risks associated with substance abuse.
A preliminary report of the safety and efficacy of fluvastatin for hypercholesterolemia in renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporine.

Abstract Hypercholesterolemia is common following renaltransplantation and undoubtedly contributes to morbidity and mortality due to occlusive atherosclerosis in these patients. Although 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors are more tolerable as low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering agents than other classes of drugs, their use in transplant patients has been limited due to potentially serious interactions with cyclosporine. Fluvastatin is the first wholly synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Because it has a shorter half-life and greater protein-binding capacity than other drugs of this class and has no active circulating metabolites, fluvastatin may be safer than other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in this group of patients. To study this question, 19 renal transplant recipients (age, 21–70 years) with hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C > 180 mg/dL; triglycerides 10 times the upper limit of normal, related to exercise. In conclusion, fluvastatin safely and effectively lowers elevated LDL-C levels in renal transplant recipients.
Mitigating the toxic effects of anticancer immunotherapy

Advances in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of the immune system have led to the development of novel approaches for cancer therapy, including inhibition of immune checkpoints with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies. An increasing number of immunomodulatory treatments are under investigation, and are beginning to show promise in clinical trials. As more-effective therapies become available based on modulation of the immune system in order to trigger or enhance antitumour immune responses, clinicians will need to become familiar with recognizing and controlling the adverse effects arising from immune therapy. This Review describes the toxicity profiles for various anticancer therapies based on the use of agents that block immune checkpoints, immunostimulatory agents, and adoptive T-cell therapy (that is, infusion of modified autologous T cells). The management of patients receiving these treatments presents unique challenges for clinicians. Nevertheless, many of the adverse effects associated with these treatments are reversible and can be managed with supportive care either with or without cessation of therapy. This final point is extremely important given the continued development of new cancer immunotherapies, and the importance of safe and effective use of existing effective FDA-approved agents.
Relativistic nonlinear waves in a magnetised plasma

Relativistic propagation of a nonlinearly-coupled circularly-polarised electromagnetic wave and a Langmuir wave along the applied magnetic field is considered. Analytical solutions are given or are indicated for some special cases like purely transverse waves and purely longitudinal waves. In the presence of an applied magnetic field, the incident circularly polarised electromagnetic wave is found to propagate further into denser regions of the plasma — a result which is in accord with the so-called inverse Faraday effect. Finally, we shall consider general coupled transverse and longitudinal waves for which we give an approximate solution. We investigate whether this system of coupled waves exhibits any internal resonances and consequent energy exchange between them.
On being an intensivist

What is it that motivates those who practice acute care medicine to want to do so in the intensive care unit, a place most other doctors and nurses tend to avoid out of fear and trepidation? Is it the challenge of confronting complex pathophysiological processes head on using diagnostic and therapeutic options not readably available in the rest of the hospital? Is it the feeling of fulfillment when one can be a significant part of one human’s life during a very delicate balance between life and death? I have thought of these questions many times before. In fact, as a boy I wrote the following poem to address my quandary in considering going into medicine as a profession:
Rapid assignment of swine leukocyte antigen haplotypes in pedigreed herds using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay

We present a simple assay to determine the swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) haplotypes of animals within two experimental populations of MHC defined miniature pigs. The Yucatan miniature pigs have four founder haplotypes (w, x, y, z) and one recombinant haplotype (q). The NIH miniature pigs have three founder haplotypes (a, c, d) and two recombinant haplotypes (f, g). Because most crossovers occur between the class I and class II regions, haplotypes can be assigned by typing one class I locus and one class II locus for practical purposes. We have previously characterized these seven founder haplotypes by sequencing the cDNA of three SLA class I loci, designated as SLA-1, SLA-3 and SLA-2 and four SLA class II loci, SLA-DQA1, SLA-DQB1, SLA-DRA1 and SLA-DRB1. These sequences were used to design allele-specific primers to amplify one MHC class I and one MHC class II gene for each haplotype. Primers were tested for specificity in homozygous and heterozygous animals. Positive control primers were also designed to amplify a portion of the E-selectin or α-actin gene and multiplexed with the allele-specific primers to check for false negatives. This combination of allele-specific and positive control primers produced specific and robust PCR-site-specific primer assays for assigning SLA haplotypes in the two populations.
Lost in Translation: Improving Decoy Documents via Automated Translation

Detecting insider attacks continues to prove to be one of the most difficult challenges in securing sensitive data. Decoy information and documents represent a promising approach to detecting malicious masqueraders, however, false positives can interfere with legitimate work and take up user time. We propose generating foreign language decoy documents that are sprinkled with untranslatable enticing proper nouns such as company names, hot topics, or apparent login information. Our goal is for this type of decoy to serve three main purposes. First, using a language that is not used in normal business practice gives real users a clear signal that the document is fake, so they waste less time examining it. Second, an attacker, if enticed, will need to exfiltrate the document's contents in order to translate it, providing a cleaner signal of malicious activity. Third, we consume significant adversarial resources as they must still read the document and decide if it contains valuable information, which is made more difficult as it will be somewhat scrambled through translation. In this paper, we expand upon the rationale behind using foreign language decoys. We present a preliminary evaluation which shows how they significantly increase the cost to attackers in terms of the amount of time that it takes to determine if a document is real and potentially contains valuable information or is entirely bogus, confounding their goal of exfiltrating important sensitive information.
AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma and lymphomas.

P ATIENTS WITH AIDS and AIDS-related disorders are predisposed to develop certain neoplasms, especially Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and lymphoma.‘-8 A previously rare disease, KS has notoriety as one of the primary manifestations of AIDS, seen in 27% of all reported cases.’ Malignant lymphoma, the second most common neoplasm associated with AIDS, occurs approximately one tenth as often as KS.” However, present figures may underestimate the future incidence of lymphoma, based on the estimated 1 million individuals who have already been infected with the AIDS virus and who are at risk for developing AIDS-related disorders.” Other neoplasms have also been reported in patients with AIDS, eg, squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx,‘* and cloacogenic carcinoma of the rectum.13 The relationship between AIDS, KS, and lymphoma is under extensive investigation.‘-“,‘“‘* Current evidence suggests that infection by a lymphotrophic retrovirus (HIV) causes the severe cellular immune deficiency that is characteristic of AIDSI and predisposes to a variety of secondary infectious agents, including oncogenic viruses. Some neoplasms, including KS and malignant lymphoma, are probably induced by tumor-specific viruses.* Cytomegalovirus has been implicated with KS,‘5*‘6 and Epstein-Barr virus with Burkitt’s lymphoma.“*‘* A wide geographic difference in the incidence of KS and Burkitt’s lymphoma, with a strikingly high incidence in equatorial Africa, supports the contention of an infectious etiology for these neoplasms.” Interaction between viruses may
"His" and "Her" Marriage Expectations: Determinants and Consequences

This article uses couple-level data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N= 2,263) to investigate factors associated with unmarried parents’ expectations about marriage and the association between their expectations and subsequent union transitions. In most couples, both partners expect to marry, and their shared expectations are the strongest predictor of marriage and separation following their child's birth. Although men's expectations are somewhat more consequential for union transitions, marriage and relationship stability are more likely when at least one parent expects to marry. Factors such as children from previous relationships, distrust, conflict, and shared activities are also associated with union transitions. Findings about how expectations and other factors relate to marriage and separation may inform new marriage promotion initiatives.
Linguistic Representation of a Macroenvironment Under Three Communication Conditions

Two experiments were undertaken to evaluate the significance of the "audience" factor in students' representations of their university environment. Reliable differences were found in students' writ...
Iterative decoding using optimum soft input - hard output module

Maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) in the shape of the Viterbi algorithm, although a strictly hard-output approach, is utilized for iterative decoding of turbo codes. It is a practical alternative when decoding complexity and speed may be traded for performance.
Statin dose in Asians: is pharmacogenetics relevant?

Historically the efficacy and safety of statins has mostly been studied in western populations. Few such studies have been carried out in Asians until recent years. These studies revealed interesting similarities and differences for statin use between Asians and Caucasians. One clinically important question subsequently raised is whether Asians need lower statin doses compared with Caucasians. Many practicing physicians believe that statin doses are lower in Asians because of the generally lower bodyweight and BMI. Whether this belief is based on sound scientific evidence needs to be reviewed. Furthermore, since the decision of optimal dose is based on both efficacy and safety, both of which may be impacted by genetic factors, one may ask whether pharmacogenetics plays a role in the dose difference, if such a difference exists. There is a clinical need to critically and comprehensively article the literature to answer these questions, and summarize future directions of research in the field. This article ...
Recurrent Guillain-Barré Syndrome Following Vaccination

Background Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute polyradiculopathy, thought to be autoimmune, which has been reported following vaccinations. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends not administering influenza vaccine to individuals who have had a history of GBS within 6 weeks of a prior influenza vaccination if they are not at high risk of severe complications from influenza illness. Methods We identified GBS cases from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California databases from 1995 into 2006 using hospital discharge codes; each medical record was neurologist-reviewed and only GBS-confirmed cases were included for follow-up. We followed confirmed cases through 2008 for vaccinations and recurrent GBS. Results We identified 550 cases of GBS over 33 million person-years. Following their GBS diagnoses, 989 vaccines were given to 279 of these individuals, including 405 trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines (TIV) administered to 107 individuals with a prior diagnosis of GBS. Among the 550 total cases of GBS, 18 initially had onset within 6 weeks of TIV; of these, 2 were revaccinated with TIV without a recurrence of GBS. Only 6 individuals of 550 (1.1%) had a second (recurrent) diagnosis of GBS. Among these 6 individuals, none had any vaccine exposure at all in the 2 months prior to the second onset of GBS. Conclusions In our population of over 3 million members, during an 11-year period, risk of GBS recurrence was low. There were no cases of recurrent GBS after influenza vaccination and none within 6 weeks after any vaccine.
A low cost high flux solar simulator

A low cost, high flux, large area solar simulator has been designed, built and characterized for the purpose of studying optical melting and light absorption behavior of molten salts. Seven 1500 W metal halide outdoor stadium lights are used as the light source to simulate concentrating solar power (CSP) heliostat output. Metal halide bulbs and ballasts are far less costly per-watt than typical xenon arc lamp solar simulator light sources. They provide a satisfactory match to natural sunlight; although ‘unfiltered’ metal halide lights have irradiance peaks between 800 and 1000 nm representing an additional 5% of measured energy output as compared to terrestrial solar irradiance over the same range. With the use of a secondary conical concentrator, output fluxes of approximately 60 kW/m 2 (60 suns) peak and 45 kW/m 2 (45 suns) average are achieved across a 38 cm diameter output aperture. Unique to the design of this simulator, the tilt angle and distance between the output aperture and the ground are adjustable to accommodate test receivers of varying geometry. Use of off-the-shelf structural, lighting and electrical components keeps the fabrication cost below $10,000. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biodegradation of the Acetanilide Herbicides Alachlor, Metolachlor, and Propachlor

Alachlor, metolachlor, and propachlor are detoxified in biological systems by the formation of glutathione-acetanilide conjugates. This conjugation is mediated by glutathione-S-transferase, which is present in microorganisms, plants, and mammals. Other organic sulfides and inorganic sulfide also react through a nucleophilic attack on the 2-chloro group of acetanilide herbicides, but the products are only partially characterized. Sorption in soils and sediments is an important factor controlling the migration and bioavailability of these herbicides, while microbial degradation is the most important factor in determining their overall fate in the environment. The biodegradation of alachlor and metolachlor is proposed to be only partial and primarily cometabolic, and the ring cleavage seems to be slow or insignificant. Propachlor biodegradation has been reported to proceed to substantial (> 50%) mineralization of the ring structure. Reductive dechlorination may be one of the initial breakdown mechanisms under anaerobic conditions. Aerobic and anaerobic transformation products vary in their polarity and therefore in soil binding coefficient. A catabolic pathway for chloroacetanilide herbicides has not been presented in the literature because of the lack of mineralization data under defined cultural conditions.
Use of Building Information Modeling for the Design and Construction of Educational Facilities

Building information modeling (BIM) is one of the most recent technologies introduced to the design and construction industry. Currently, some educational institutions are requiring a BIM component for new construction. The aim of this research was to investigate the current extent of BIM use on educational facilities projects. A survey inquiring about the current use of BIM, BIM benefits, perceived obstacles to using BIM, and the importance of particular BIM procedures was distributed to architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) professionals that have experience with educational facilities projects. The survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The survey results showed that the majority of the companies were using BIM. Many of the professionals who do not use BIM claimed to have no interest in using BIM. The largest proportion of the respondents perceived clients to be the driving force behind the use of BIM on educational facilities projects. Most respondents agreed that BIM was useful for increasing client engagement by providing clearer understanding of the projects through 3D visualizations. While most of the respondents believed that design-build was the best method to deliver educational facilities projects using BIM, the majority of the respondents still used the design-bid-build method. This research helped gain insight into the general opinions of BIM users across the different disciplines involved in designing and constructing educational facilities. These research findings can be used to assist AEC companies that are interested in implementing BIM on the educational facilities projects.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Accumulation in Pasture Soil from Repeated Poultry Litter Application

Poultry litter (PL) is a traditionally inexpensive and effective fertilizer to improve soil quality and agricultural productivity. However, over application to soil has raised concern because excess nutrients in runoff could accelerate the eutrophication of fresh water. In this work, we determined the contents of total phosphorus (P), Mehlich 3 extracted P, total nitrogen (N), ammonium (NH4)‐N, and nitrate (NO3)‐N, in pasture soils receiving annual poultry litter applications of 0, 2.27, 2.27, 3.63, and 1.36 Mg/ha/ yr, respectively, for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years. Samples were collected from three soil depths (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) of the Hartsells series (fine‐loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic, Typic Hapludults) on a 3–8% slope in the Sand Mountain region of north Alabama. PL application increased levels of total P, Mehlich‐3 extractable P, and total N significantly. However, the change in NH4‐N and NO3‐N contents by the PL application was not statistically significant. Correlation analysis indic...
Elemental mobility in sandstones during burial; whole-rock chemical and isotopic data, Frio Formation, South Texas

ABSTRACT The deepest (> 3.5 km) and most altered Oligocene Frio sandstones from south Texas typically contain authigenic minerals that exceed 30 volume percent of the rock. Elemental and isotopic analyses of whole rocks confirm conclusions based on petrography that authigenesis is accompanied by substantial material transfer involving both import to and export from the sandstone. From petrographic observations, Zr is apparently less mobile than other "immobile" elements such as Al, Ti, and REE, but nonuniform initial distribution of Zr due to sorting limits its usefulness for normalizing elemental variations. If Zr is assumed to be strictly immobile, and Zr was once uniformly distributed, then volume loss of approximately 38% from the silicate fraction of the deepest sandstones is suggested. Over the range of burial depths for samples used in this study (0.9-4.3 km), elemental trends controlled by feldspar reactions are the most readily documented. Dissolution and replacement of detrital K-feldspar is accompanied by loss of 2-3 weight percent of K2O from the whole rock. Loss of more than half of the initial Rb, Sr, and Pb also correlate with alteration of detrital feldspars. 87Sr/86Sr ratios for whole-rock and silicate fractions increase with depth as loss of nonradiogenic strontium characteristic of the volcanic-rich detrital fraction is overwhelmed by more radiogenic strontium derived from deeper in the basin. Relatively constant Na is compatible with feldspar alteration in which dissolution exceeds albitization. Changes in Nd concentrat ons and Nd also closely track the progress of alteration of detrital feldspar. Magnesium gain accompanies precipitation of authigenic chlorite and very minor ferroan dolomite. Whole-rock calcium values are dominated by calcite that includes both detrital and authigenic components. Significant dissolution of detrital carbonate grains does not occur, and calcium in authigenic carbonate cement exceeds by about 5 times the calcium released by dissolution of detrital silicates, thus requiring considerable import of calcium and CO2. Material transfer on the scale observed demonstrates that burial diagenesis is an open-system process for several major elements, and introduces a major obstacle to use of elemental data for provenance interpretation. Defining the sources of materials transported into sandstones, and the fate of materials exported, is key to documenting the "scale of system closure" in sedimentary basins and requires a better understanding of diagenetic processes in mudrocks.
Involvement of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Innate Immunity to Respiratory Syncytial Virus

The mammalian Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4, is an important component in the innate immune response to gram-negative bacterial infection. The role of TLR4 in antiviral immunity has been largely unexplored. In this study, the in vivo immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus infection were examined in TLR4-deficient (C57BL/10ScNCr) and TLR4-expressing (C57BL/10Sn) mice. TLR4-deficient mice challenged with RSV, but not influenza virus, exhibited impaired natural killer (NK) cell and CD14(+) cell pulmonary trafficking, deficient NK cell function, impaired interleukin-12 expression, and impaired virus clearance compared to mice expressing TLR4. These findings suggest that Toll signaling pathways have an important role in innate immunity to RSV.
Homeostatic Regulation of REM Sleep in Humans During Extended Sleep

Summary: Benington and Heller (1994) recently proposed a sleep-dependent model for the homeostatic control of REM sleep in which the amount of REM sleep propensity discharged in each bout of REM sleep affects the timing of the subsequent REM episode. Consistent with their hypothesis, they reported that in rats the duration of a REM episode was positively correlated with the duration of the succeeding NREM episode and not with the duration of the preceding NREM episode. To assess this hypothesis in humans, we used 308 sleep records from 11 subjects who remained at bedrest in the dark and slept ad libitum during 14-hour periods each night for 4 weeks. The timing of the onset of the first REM episode of the long night was linked to the timing of sleep onset. NREM-REM cycle duration decreased progressively throughout the night as a result of a progressive decrease in duration of the NREM component. Durations of REM sleep episodes correlated significantly with durations of subsequent NREM episodes in three out of the eight rank cycles analyzed (p<.0031, Bonferroni corrected); positive correlation coefficients were found for all the remaining cycles, but were not statistically significant when the conservative Bonferroni correction of the alpha level was applied. With the exception of the first sleep cycle, durations of REM sleep episodes did not correlate with durations of preceding NREM sleep episodes. According to the present results, the amount of REM sleep in one episode controls the time of occurrence of the next REM episode when the impact of other possible regulating factors are at a low level. We hypothesize that the extended dark/rest period, by increasing the time window allowed for sleep, provided a condition under which the systems governing REM sleep expression were free of the masking imposed by the conventional 16 hours light/8 hours dark schedule that consolidates and compresses sleep.
Environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls among raccoons (Procyon lotor) at the paducah gaseous diffusion plant, Western Kentucky, USA.

An investigation involving raccoons (Procyon lotor) as a sentinel species at the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP) in Western Kentucky (USA) delineated the extent of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and PCB spatial distribution. Raccoon exposure to PCBs was demonstrated through analysis of subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat, liver, and brain tissues from raccoons collected at the PGDP but also was clearly evident in raccoons from a reference area situated along the Ohio River (USA). Raccoons with the highest tissue PCB concentrations appeared to be those inhabiting areas nearest the plant itself and most likely those that ventured into the plants interior. Male raccoons at the PGDP had similar concentrations of total PCBs in subcutaneous fat (1.86 ± 0.64 μg/g) as males from the reference site (1.41 ± 0.35 μg/g), but females had higher PCB body burdens than those at the reference site (9.90 ± 6.13 μg/g vs 0.75 ± 0.40 μg/g). Gross measurements of exposure to radiation-producing materials revealed that counts per minute exceeded background in 61% of PGDP raccoons compared with 27% at the reference site and five raccoons at the PGDP had beta counts that were more than twice the background. Differences among trapping success, growth rates, and serum chemistry parameters were noted but may have been related to habitat and other environmental and population density factors.
Lack of Consistency between Modeled and Observed Temperature Trends

The US Climate Change Science Program [CCSP, 2006] reported, and Douglass et al. [2007] and NIPCC [2008] confirmed, a "potentially serious inconsistency" between modeled and observed trends in tropical surface and tropospheric temperatures. However, Santer et al. [2008: hereafter "Santer"], though sharing several co-authors with CCSP [2006], offered "new observational estimates of [tropical] surface and tropospheric temperature trends", concluding that "there is no longer a serious discrepancy between modelled and observed trends." Santer's key graph [shown here as Fig. 5] misleadingly suggests an overlap between observations and modeled trends. His "new observational estimates" conflict with satellite data. His modeled trends are an artifact, merely reflecting chaotic and structural model uncertainties that had been overlooked. Thus the conclusion of "consistency" is not supportable and accordingly does not validate model-derived projections of dangerous anthropogenic global warming (AGW).
Performance analysis for MRC and postdetection EGC over generalized gamma fading channels

In this paper, we provide a unified analysis of average symbol error probability (SEP) for a diversity system over generalized gamma fading channels, which is a generalization of Rayleigh, Nakagami, and Ricean fading channels. We consider independent generalized gamma fading on the diversity branches and derive different closed-form expressions of the average SEP for a general class of M-ary modulation schemes (including MPSK, MQAM, BFSK, and MSK) with maximal-ratio combining (MRC) and for M-ary orthogonal FSK with postdetection equal-gain combining (EGC). The results apply to the situations where some branches are Nakagami faded and the others are Ricean faded. Furthermore, the results are applied to obtain closed-form expressions of the average SEP for the cases of arbitrarily correlated and not necessarily identically distributed Nakagami and Ricean faded branches with the help of virtual branch technique by Win et al. Our approach provides a canonical structure for the average SEP as a weighted sum of elementary closed-form expressions, which are the closed-form expressions for the average SEP of a diversity system in independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Nakagami fading environments.
Norm-Endorsement Utilitarianism and the Nature of Utility

In this article, I shall suggest an approach to the justification of normative moral principles which leads, I think, to utilitarianism. The approach is based on asking what moral norms we would each endorse if we had no prior moral commitments. I argue that we would endorse norms that lead to the satisfaction of all our nonmoral values or goals. The same approach leads to a view of utility as consisting of those goals that we would want satisfied. In the second half of the article, I examine the implication of this view for several issues about the nature of utility, such as the use of past and future goals. The argument for utilitarianism is not completed here. The rest of it requires a defense of expected-utility theory, of interpersonal comparison, and of equal consideration (see Baron, 1993; Broome, 1991).