cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contribution of landfalling tropical system rainfall to the hydroclimate of the eastern U.S. Corn Belt 1981–2012

Abstract This study provides a climatology (1981–2012) of landfalling tropical systems in the eastern U.S. Corn Belt and investigates the total contribution of these storms to the monthly climatological rainfall in the Midwestern United States. The primary focus is on rainfall impacts from landfalling tropical systems on historic corn yields at the climate division and crop reporting district level. Climatologically dry to drought conditions for historic monthly observed rainfall are identified using the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). It was found that without landfalling tropical system rainfall, the percentage increase in climatologically dry (or drier) conditions across the domain at state climate division resolution increased from 16% up to over 200%. The study also considers the effects of climatologically wet conditions on crop yields. Landfalling tropical system rainfall accounts for approximately 20% of the observed monthly rainfall during the tropical storm season (June–November) across the eastern U.S. Corn Belt (1981–2012). Correlation between the annual number of landfalling tropical systems and annual yield by state results in no relationship, but correlation of August monthly observed rainfall by climate division to crop reporting district annual yields has a weak to moderate, statistically significant correlation in Ohio districts 30–60 and Indiana CRD 90. ANOVA analysis suggests that landfalling tropical rainfall may actually reduce yields in some state's climate divisions/crop reporting districts while increasing yield in others. Results suggest that there is a balance between landfalling tropical storms providing sufficient rainfall or too much rainfall to be of benefit to crops. Findings aim to provide information to producers, crop advisers, risk managers and commodity groups so that seasonal hurricane forecasts can potentially be utilized in planning for above or below normal precipitation during phenologically important portions of the growing season.
Shaken and terrified

Introduction Having offered a reading of the situation underlying 1 Thessalonians, we now turn to examine 2 Thessalonians in order to determine the nature of the eschatological problems it confronts. Our starting-point is 2 Thess. 2:1–3:5, which explicitly and directly confronts the eschatological idea which has gained currency among ‘the Thessalonians’ – namely ἐνέστηκeνἡμέρατοῦκυρίου (2:2c). Unfortunately, what precisely ‘Paul’ and ‘the Thessalonians’ understood this claim to mean is unclear and has been much debated. Most reject the literal meaning of the statement as impossible, choosing instead to avoid the perfective sense of ἐνέστηκeν and/or to soften the meaning of ἡ ἡμέρα τῦο κυρίου. How was ἐνέστηκeν ἡ ἡμέρα τοῦ κυρίου understood? For ‘Paul’ and ‘the Thessalonians’, did ἐνέστηκeν mean ‘is imminent’? It has been suggested by some that ἐνέστηκeν should be translated ‘is imminent’ rather than ‘has come’. However, the perfect tense represents a present state resulting from a past action. Moreover, the perfect of ἐνίστημι always seems to function perfectively. Certainly Paul used it thus, as indicated by Rom. 8:38 and 1 Cor. 3:22, where it contrasts with μέλλοντα (see also Gal. 1:5; 1 Cor. 7:26; Heb. 9:9). And it was employed in this manner by Philo, Josephus and the Epistle of Barnabas, and in the LXX, classical literature and the papyri.
Telescope polarization and image quality: Lyot coronagraph performance

In this paper we apply a vector representation of physical optics, sometimes called polarization aberration theory to study image formation in astronomical telescopes and instruments. We describe image formation in-terms of interferometry and use the Fresnel polarization equations to show how light, upon propagation through an optical system become partially polarized. We make the observation that orthogonally polarized light does not interfere to form an intensity image. We show how the two polarization aberrations (diattenuation and and retardance) distort the system PSF, decrease transmittance, and increase unwanted background above that predicted using the nonphysical scalar models. We apply the polarization aberration theory (PolAbT) described earlier (Breckinridge, Lam and Chipman, 2015, PASP 127, 445-468) to the fore-optics of the system designed for AFTA-WFIRST– CGI to obtain a performance estimate. Analysis of the open-literature design using PolAbT leads us to estimate that the WFIRST-CGI contrast will be in the 10^(-5) regime at the occulting mask. Much above the levels predicted by others (Krist, Nemati and Mennesson, 2016, JATIS 2, 011003). Remind the reader: 1. Polarizers are operators, not filters in the same sense as colored filters, 2. Adaptive optics does not correct polarization aberrations, 3. Calculations of both diattenuation and retardance are needed to model real-world telescope/coronagraph systems.
Linear Dimensionality Reduction

When faced with situations involving high-dimensional data, it is natural to consider the possibility of projecting those data onto a lower-dimensional subspace without losing important information regarding some characteristic of the original variables. One way of accomplishing this reduction of dimensionality is through variable selection, also called feature selection (see Section 5.7). Another way is by creating a reduced set of linear or nonlinear transformations of the input variables. The creation of such composite variables (or features) by projection methods is often referred to as feature extraction. Usually, we wish to find those low-dimensional projections of the input data that enjoy some sort of optimality properties.
Fast kd-tree Construction with an Adaptive Error-Bounded Heuristic

Construction of effective acceleration structures for ray tracing is a well studied problem. The highest quality acceleration structures are generally agreed to be those built using greedy cost optimization based on a surface area heuristic (SAH). This technique is most often applied to the construction of kd-trees, as in this work, but is equally applicable to the construction of other hierarchical acceleration structures. Unfortunately, SAH-optimized data structure construction has previously been too slow to allow per-frame rebuilding for interactive ray tracing of dynamic scenes, leading to the use of lower-quality acceleration structures for this application. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate that high-quality SAH based acceleration structures can be constructed quickly enough to make them a viable option for interactive ray tracing of dynamic scenes. We present a scanning-based algorithm for choosing kd-tree split planes that are close to optimal with respect to the SAH criteria. Our approach approximates the SAH cost function across the spatial domain with a piecewise quadratic function with bounded error and picks minima from this approximation. This algorithm takes full advantage of SIMD operations (e.g., SSE) and has favorable memory access patterns. In practice this algorithm is faster than sorting-based SAH build algorithms with the same asymptotic time complexity, and is competitive with non-SAH build algorithms which produce lower-quality trees. The resulting trees are almost as good as those produced by a sorting-based SAH builder as measured by ray tracing time. For a test scene with 180 k polygons our system builds a high-quality kd-tree in 0.26 seconds that only degrades ray tracing time by 3.6% compared to a full quality tree
Barriers, Motivations, and Preferences for Physical Activity Among Female African American Older Adults:

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, less than 11% of adults more than the age of 65 meet the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Among minority populations, only 5% of non-Hispanic Black older adults met the guidelines. Given our limited understanding of psychosocial and environmental factors that affect physical activity participation in these groups, the purpose of our focus groups was to investigate barriers, motivators, and preferences of physical activity for community-dwelling African American older adults. Three focus groups were conducted with female African American older adults (N = 20). Questions posed to each focus group targeted motivations and barriers toward physical activity as well as their preferences for physical activity. The motivations included perceived health benefits of physical activity, social support, and enjoyment associated with engagement in physical activity. Prominent barriers included time and physical limitations, peer pressure and family responsibilities, and weather and poor neighborhood conditions. Group activities involving a dance component and novel exercises such as tai-chi or yoga were preferred choices. These findings should be taken into consideration when designing and implementing research or community physical activity programs for female African American older adults.
Cyber-physical modeling and control of smart grids - a new paradigm

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of a smart grid in a cyber-physical context. Due to highly complex and interactive nature of smart girds, there is a high risk of instabilities and dynamic variations depending on numerous cyber and physical parameters. An integrated algorithm and simulation involving both cyber and physical variables provide the basis to assure superior performance. In this way, the overall complexity of the system is confined to a high-level hybrid model and thus enables a unified control design to simulate not only the electrical behavior but also the physical interactions with the real world. The basic framework is outlined, demonstrating with an example how interactions between different modes take place, the power processing ability and the system transient response.
Teaching Dance with Online Course Management Systems.

As a result of easier access to and functionality of the Internet, online course management systems (CMSs) began to be developed in the mid-1990s. These technological tools were created to fill a n...
Urban informatics for social good: definitions, tensions, and challenges

The vast amount of data generated from diverse sources provides both an opportunity and a challenge to urban policymakers and decision-makers. The application of data science and analytics to parse the detailed data that city agencies continually collect offers the opportunity to identify new areas for operational efficiencies, enhanced service delivery, and better informed policy design and implementation. This exploratory paper articulates the theoretical, practical, and pedagogical foundations for the fields of urban informatics and civic analytics and the challenges and tensions to effectively applying computational approaches to urban management, policy, and planning. It describes the state of the field, defines the need for computational methods in cities, and presents the tensions in creating data-driven approaches that both acknowledge and capitalize on shifting modes of learning, working, and decision-making. The paper concludes with a discussion of connecting urban theory to informatics practice.1
Multi-gene phylogeny of the Hemileuca maia complex (Saturniidae) across North America suggests complex phylogeography and rapid ecological diversification

The Hemileuca maia species complex occurs across the North American continent and consists of six named taxa, and several others that were recently synonymized. Taxa exhibit a wide span of adult flight periods, dramatic shifts in host-plant use and occur in a range of habitats, all of which would suggest unrecognized diversity. We used one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes to generate 3900 bp per individual, including samples from every ecotype in the species group across the United States from New England to central Florida to California. We assessed phylogenetic relationships using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods. Results suggest very low levels of divergence across most of the continent and low levels of genetic structure – even between some recognized species that maintain clear ecological difference in sympatry. Our results suggest that meaningful and localized ecological divergence may occur in the absence of easily recognizable genetic divergence, due to either ongoing gene flow or the recent diversification in the group.
The Color of Crayons: A Preschooler’s Exploration of Race and Difference

In this chapter, Addy examines preschoolers’ attempts to understand racialized differences in physical appearance through the sensation of sight. They begin to associate their own flesh with the colors of the world around them, as a precursor to the physical markers that later become associated with race. Drawing from critical race theory and critical discourse analysis, the author examines how Lily, a Chinese-born child adopted by white American parents, experiences a flashpoint in the classroom and a shift in her perception of self. Interpretations are primarily based on observations from a middle-class preschool classroom in which Lily and the author, a black teacher-assistant, were the sole individuals of color in an otherwise all-white classroom.
Characterization of Glutaredoxin Fe-S Cluster-Binding Interactions Using Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy

Monothiol glutaredoxins (Grxs) with a conserved Cys-Gly-Phe-Ser (CGFS) active site are iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster-binding proteins that interact with a variety of partner proteins and perform crucial roles in iron metabolism including Fe-S cluster transfer, Fe-S cluster repair, and iron signaling. Various analytical and spectroscopic methods are currently being used to monitor and characterize glutaredoxin Fe-S cluster-dependent interactions at the molecular level. The electronic, magnetic, and vibrational properties of the protein-bound Fe-S cluster provide a convenient handle to probe the structure, function, and coordination chemistry of Grx complexes. However, some limitations arise from sample preparation requirements, complexity of individual techniques, or the necessity for combining multiple methods in order to achieve a complete investigation. In this chapter, we focus on the use of UV-visible circular dichroism spectroscopy as a fast and simple initial approach for investigating glutaredoxin Fe-S cluster-dependent interactions.
A kind of postpone teardown congestion control algorithm based on critical link prediction in multilayer intelligent optical networks

Congestion problem is an important factor affecting network performance, this paper studies the congestion control problem in multilayer intelligent optical networks (IONs), proposed a kind of postponed teardown congestion control algorithm (MinLP_PTD), which based on critical link prediction and using grooming strategy. Firstly, considering the expected congestion of the link, defined critical link. Secondly, when building a path for business, using the definition of critical link to judge whether the light-paths contain critical links, and then under the given network topology designed a new algorithm based on critical link forecast CLF-KSP. Thirdly, in order to save network resources and transport sub-wavelength business in multilayer IONs, using grooming strategy to make the newly arrived business to transport on the existing light-paths, which remaining bandwidth can meet the business. The minimum light-path dynamic traffic grooming algorithm is designed (MinLP), which uses CLF-KSP algorithm to establish light-path for existing light-path can not satisfy the business. Fourth, the detailed design of MinLP_PTD algorithm is presented. Fifth, simulation is carried out, and the results show: MinLP_PTD algorithm not only reduces the network blocking rate, but also improves network resource utilization, achieves an outstanding performance of the network.
Anwendungsbereiche des MC

In Kapitel 1 wurden als wesentliche Auspragungsgrade des Mobile Commerce der B2B MC und der B2C MC identifiziert. Gelten fur die technischen Grundlagen auch in den meisten Fallen gleiche Bedingungen, so stellt sich dies im Bereich der Anwendungen und Dienste vollig unterschiedlich dar.
Approximate Reasoning as a Basis for Computing with Words

In order to be able to carry out the agenda of computing with words we need a formal knowledge representation and manipulation systems, approximate reasoning provides such a tool. In this work we introduce the basic ideas of approximate reasoning. We show the generality of this framework by indicating how some classical reasoning systems, such as binary propositional logic can be formulated within this framework
Time-Resolved Macromolecular Crystallography in Practice at BioCARS, Advanced Photon Source: From Data Collection to Structures of Intermediates

Time-resolved macromolecular crystallography is one of several “kinetic crystallography” methods (Bourgeois D, Royant A, Curr Opin Struct Biol 15:538–547, 2005; Bourgeois D, Weik M, Crystallogr Rev 15:87–118, 2009). In kinetic crystallography experiments, genuine biological function is triggered in the crystal with a goal of capturing molecules in action and determining structures of intermediate states. In time-resolved experiments in particular, short and intense X-ray pulses are used to probe intermediates in real time and at room temperature, in reactions that are initiated synchronously and rapidly in the crystal. We provide here an overview of time-resolved crystallography as implemented today at the BioCARS beamline 14-ID at the Advanced Photon Source (Graber T et al., J Synchrotron Radiat 18:658–670, 2011), with an overview of future directions and challenges.
Modal logic, modal semantics and their applications

Modal logic and modal semantics are primarily concerned with the notions of necessity, possibility and related concepts. Their development may in retrospect be seen to have proceeded in several stages. C.I. Lewis [90] on intuitive considerations proposed formal systems of modal propositional logic (MPL) extending standard propositional logic (PL) to include an operator ‘◊’ for possibility and defining the necessity operator as ‘-◊-’, later abbreviated as ‘□’. Alternative notations in common use are ‘M’ and ‘N’.
Simulation Model Development and Analysis in UNITY

We evaluate UNITY – a computational model, specification language and proof system defined by Chandy and Misra [5] for the development of parallel and distributed programs – as a platform for simulation model specification and analysis. We describe a UNITY-based methodology for the construction, analysis and execution of simulation models. The methodology starts with a simulation model specification in the form of a set of coupled state transition systems. Mechanical methods for mapping the transition systems first into a set of formal assertions, permitting formal verification of the transition systems, and second into an executable program are described. The methodology provides a means to independently verify the correctness of the transition systems: one can specify properties formally that the model should obey and prove them as theorems using the formal specification. The methodology is illustrated through generation of a simulation program solving the machine interference problem using the Time Warp protocol on a distributed memory parallel architecture.
Reactions at the Interflavanoid Bond of Proanthocyanidins

Condensed tannins with a 5,7-dihydroxy A-ring are particularly suscep­tible to interflavanoid bond cleavage under either acidic or basic condi­tions. The lability of the interflavanoid bond in this class of tannins has been important in development of analytical tools for determination of their structure and for their synthesis. The greatest hope for the use of condensed tannins of the 5,7-dihydroxy class as a renewable source of specialty chemicals lies in exploitation of the lability of the interfla­vanoid bond. Examples include the synthesis of tannin derivatives for use in cold-setting phenolic resins and biocides. Reductive cleavage of­fers the potential for production of significant yields of flavan-3-ols and low molecular weight proanthocyanidins. Cleavage of the interflavanoid bond with sulfite ion under mild acidic or alkaline conditions produces flavan-and oligomeric procyanidin-4-sulfonates that are useful interme­diates for formulation of fast-setting adhesives. We are just beginning to learn how to use base-catalyzed cleavage reactions to our advantage. It can be anticipated that novel uses will be developed from both acid-and base-catalyzed cleavage products of condensed tannins as further understanding of these reactions is obtained.
The Carbon Atom

In this chapter we review the basic properties of the element carbon as an atom and list the basic properties such as energy levels and electronic structure. We then look at the various ways carbon bonds to form chemical complexes and allotropes emphasizing the amazing versatility of the carbon bond. The most important class of carbon allotropes are enumerated and the structures shown. Carbon isotopes are also examined. The remaining material in this chapter is dedicated to the question of carbon bonding and energy bands in solids. The theory of energy bands in solids in the tight binding methods (TBM) is developed in a separate appendix.
A Copula-Based Multivariate Degradation Analysis for Reliability Prediction

Degradation test often involves multivariate Performance Characteristics (PCs) to be analyzed to make reliability prediction. As a result, the complex dependency structure among PCs needs to be addressed. In this paper, we develop a flexible copula-based multivariate model for analyzing high-dimensional degradation process. A two-stage method for parameters estimation is developed as an efficient statistical inference scheme. Finally, a real LED dataset is analyzed by the proposed approach.
Gene-Set Enrichment with Mathematical Biology (GEMB)

Abstract Background Multiple genes can contribute to disease risk. Common pathways can be identified among risk genes with gene-set analysis, which measures association between a set of pathway-related genes and the disorder of interest. Pathway-related genes, however, are often broadly defined having differential contributions to diverse pathway functions. Mathematical models of biology can predict the relative contribution of a gene to a specific function of a pathway. Our goal was to use model predictions to strengthen gene to disorder connections by identifying a specific function common among risk genes. Results We present a method (GEMB) to enrich gene-set analyses with models from mathematical biology. The method combines gene weights from model predictions and gene ranks from genome-wide association studies into a weighted gene-set test. We use the test to examine the hypothesis that intracellular calcium ion concentrations contribute to bipolar disorder, using publicly-available summary data from the Psychiatric Genetics Consortium (n=41,653; ~9 million SNPs). Conclusions With our method, we can strengthen inferences from a P-value of 0.081 to 1.7×10−4 by moving from a general calcium signaling pathway to a specific model-predicted function. This dramatic difference demonstrates that incorporating math biology into gene-set analysis can strengthen gene to disease connections.
Investigation of mix design and properties of geopolymers for application as wellbore cement

Abstract In recent years, there has been a tremendous research geared toward using environmental friendly material to replace Portland cement. Most of the research and study carried out so far has been in the concrete and construction industry while the oil and gas industry which primarily uses Portland cement in cementing operations is almost being left out. The environmental problems and enormous energy required in the production of Portland cement cannot be overemphasized, there is need to find a substitute material. In this paper we have carried out experimental work on how effective fly ash based geopolymer can be applied in oil and gas wells, and also try to improve the performance where necessary. This research work involves conducting industrial standard material, and setting time test for different mixture design of the developed fly ash based geopolymers. Furthermore, some morphology analysis has been provided by conducting some SEM (Scan Electron Microscopy) tests.
Design Moderators of Perceived Residential Crowding and Chronic Physiological Stress Among Children

Chronic crowding within housing adversely affects psychological well-being, yet little is known about how design attributes contribute to these effects, especially among children. This cross-sectio...
Principal Factors Associated With Ketorolac-Refractory Pain Behavior After Pediatric Myringotomy and Pressure Equalization Tube Placement: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND Prophylactic analgesic administration reduces pain behavior after pediatric bilateral myringotomy and pressure equalization tube placement (BMT). We hypothesized that postoperative pain in children treated with intraoperative ketorolac would, among several exposures of interest, be strongly associated with ear condition. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of healthy children (9 months to 7 years) who underwent BMT at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia or its ambulatory surgery centers from 2013 to 2016. Anesthetic care included preoperative oral midazolam, sevoflurane/nitrous oxide (N2O)/air/oxygen (O2) by mask, and intramuscular ketorolac. Demographic and procedural information included left and right tympanic membrane (normal, retracted, or bulging) and middle ear (normal/no, serous, mucoid, or purulent effusion) conditions. Because tympanic membrane and middle ear conditions were highly concordant and mean maximum Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) scores (0-10) were not different across the array of abnormal findings, we categorized each ear as normal or abnormal based on middle ear effusion alone. We then defined the ear condition of each child (primary exposure) using bilateral findings: normal/normal, normal/abnormal, and abnormal/abnormal. Secondary exposures included age, BMT history, procedure duration, facility location, and attending surgeon/anesthesiologist pair. The primary outcome was maximum postanesthesia care unit FLACC score: 4-10 (moderate-to-severe pain) versus 0-3 (no-to-low pain). Rescue oxycodone, acetaminophen administration, and emergence agitation were secondary outcomes. Statistical analysis incorporated generalized linear mixed models with random intercepts accounting for the clustering effect of provider pairs. Adjusting for multiple comparisons, significance level was set at P = .004. RESULTS Excluding recurrent cases, 1922 unique evaluable subjects remained. The probability of moderate-to-severe pain behavior (FLACC, 4-10) was 52.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.2-54.6) overall. In a confounder-adjusted model, ear condition was significantly associated with moderate-to-severe pain: compared to bilateral abnormal (effusions), odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) for bilateral normal was 2.2 (1.6-2.9), P < .0001. Younger age (OR, 1.1 [1.1-1.2] per year; P = .001) and longer procedure duration (OR, 1.1 [1.0-1.2] per minute; P = .0008) were likewise related to higher pain. With surgeon added to the model, variance explained by provider pairs decreased from 9.60% to 1.05%. Two secondary outcome associations also emerged: comparing bilateral normal to abnormal ears, ORs were 1.7 (1.3-2.2), P = .0001, for rescue oxycodone and 2.0 (1.2-3.3), P = .008, for emergence agitation. CONCLUSIONS Pain behavior after BMT varies by surgeon and is strongly associated with ear condition. Ketorolac as a single prophylactic analgesic appears less effective in younger children with normal middle ear findings.
Singapore’s Green Infrastructure and Biophilic Urbanism

Fragmentation of native habitats, regimentation of watercourses and waterbodies, and the rejection of the colonial green belt accounted for the lack of environmental sustainability of the park system. Improvements of urban ecology were achieved through the development of a network of park connectors made of greenways and waterbodies restored with bioengineering techniques. The principle of ‘land-optimization’ was adopted — green architecture as a means to extend the greening-policy of the island from two-dimentional (parks and gardens) into three-dimentional (green roofs and green walls). As in the western debate, Singapore’s green infrastructure evolves into a multipurpose organizing structure -- from a linear landscape (greenway) to embrace wide ranging uses and forms. By multiplying and diversifying functions on the same land, planners manage to augment the ecosystem-services. The resulting new set of narratives and technical solutions of the ‘vertical garden city’ address the challenges of high-rise urban development, while the promotion of biodiversity design is used as a propaganda for new ecological aesthetics, centred on the creation of the experience of the ‘tropics’, which suits socio-political and tourism-marketing goals.
Distributed Solutions of Convex-Concave Games on Networks

In this paper, we study the convex-concave games played by two teams on a network. Each node of the network has local variables from both teams and a local payoff function that is convex in the variables of one team and concave in the variables of the other. The local payoff function may depend on the variables from its neighbors as well. The goal is to find a saddle point of the sum of all local payoff functions. Using the saddle differential operator, we convert the problem to a fixed point problem and propose a synchronous distributed algorithm that can efficiently find the saddle points through a proper splitting of the payoff functions. Its randomized, asynchronous implementation is also discussed. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the proposed algorithms.
Restoration of functional sperm production in irradiated pubertal rhesus monkeys by spermatogonial stem cell transplantation.

Background In male pre-pubertal cancer patients, radiation and chemotherapy impact future fertility by eradication of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). In macaques, spermatogenesis could be regenerated by intratesticular transplantation of SSCs, but only a small percentage of spermatozoa produced were of donor origin. Transient hormone suppression with a GnRH antagonist (GnRH-ant) enhanced spermatogenic recovery from transplanted SSCs. Objectives To evaluate donor-derived and endogenous spermatogenic recovery after SSC transplantation into irradiated monkeys and to test whether hormone suppression around the time of transplantation facilitates spermatogenic recovery. Materials and methods Testes of 15 adult rhesus monkeys were irradiated with 7 Gy and 4 months later transplanted, to one of the testes, with cryopreserved testicular cells containing SSCs from unrelated monkeys. Monkeys were either treated with GnRH-ant for 8 weeks before transplantation, GnRH-ant from 4 weeks before to 4 weeks after transplantation, or with no GnRH-ant. Tissues were harvested 10 months after transplantation. Results Two of the 15 monkeys, a control and a pre-transplantation GnRH-ant-treated, showed substantially higher levels of testicular spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm output in the transplanted side as compared to the untransplanted. Over 84% of epididymal spermatozoa on the transplanted side had the donor genotype and were capable of fertilizing eggs after intracytoplasmic sperm injection forming morulae of the donor paternal origin. Low levels of donor spermatozoa (~1%) were also identified in the epididymis of three additional monkeys. Transplantation also appeared to enhance endogenous spermatogenesis. Discussion and conclusion We confirmed that SSC transplantation can be used for restoration of fertility in male cancer survivors exposed to irradiation as a therapeutic agent. The success rate of this procedure, however, is low. The success of filling the tubules with the cell suspension, but not the GnRH-ant treatment, was related to the level of colonization by transplanted cells.
Marine Habitat Transitions and Body-Shape Evolution in Lizardfishes and Their Allies (Aulopiformes)

In this study, we use a geometric morphometric and a character evolution approach to study the evolutionary patterns of body-shape change and habitat transition in the Aulopiformes. Aulopiform fishes (lizardfishes; 289 spp.) inhabit diverse marine habitats from coral reefs to the deep sea and exhibit a wide range of body morphologies. Herein, we examine over 400 aulopiform specimens representing 38 of 44 genera and all families and identify that there are distinct patterns of body-shape change across the aulopiform radiation that coincide with habitat. A fusiform (torpedo-shaped) body is predominant among aulopiforms distributed in inshore-benthic and deep-sea benthic environments (e.g., Aulopidae, Bathysauridae, Synodontidae). There is a trend towards body elongation in taxa distributed in deep-sea pelagic habitats at depths of 200–4,000 meters (e.g., Alepisauridae, Lestidiidae, Notosudidae, Paralepididae) and a trend of body elongation with more centrally positioned dorsal and anal fins in the deep-benthic family Ipnopidae (tripodfishes). Additionally, deep-sea pelagic aulopiforms exhibit the largest variance in body-shape disparity with significant shape disparity compared to aulopiforms found in inshore-benthic and deep-sea environments. Deep-sea benthic lineages also have significantly higher body-shape variance and disparity compared to inshore-benthic lineages. We identify that there are considerable changes in body shape as aulopiform lineages transitioned to differing marine habitats. We infer the common ancestor of aulopiforms to have lived in a deep-sea benthic environment with a single transition to an inshore-benthic environment in the common ancestor of the Aulopoidei (lizardfishes, flagfin fishes) and two independent transitions into deep-sea pelagic environments, once in the common ancestor of Giganturidae, and once in the common ancestor of Alepisauroidea + Notosudoidea. This is the first study to quantitatively investigate changes in the body shape of aulopiform fishes tied to habitat transitions in marine environments from the deep sea to coral reefs. Our findings suggest that aulopiform body plans have broadly diversified in deep-sea pelagic and benthic habitats while remaining comparatively conservative in inshore-benthic habitats.
High-Resolution Carbonate System Dynamics of Netarts Bay, OR From 2014 to 2019

Netarts Bay is a shallow, temperate, tidal lagoon located on the northern coast of Oregon and the site of the Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery (WCSH). Data collected with an autonomous continuous flow-through system installed at WCSH capable of high-resolution (1 Hz) partial pressure of aqueous CO2 (pCO2) and hourly total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) measurements, with combined measurement uncertainties of <2.0% and 0.5%, respectively, is analyzed over the 2014-2019 interval. Summer upwelling, wintertime downwelling, and in-situ bay biogeochemistry represent significant modes of the observed variability in carbonate system dynamics. Summer upwelling is associated with large amplitude diel pCO2 variability, elevated TCO2 and alkalinity, but weak variability in salinity. Wintertime downwelling is associated with bay freshening by both local and remote sources, a strong tidal signature in salinity, TCO2, and alkalinity, with diel pCO2 variability much less amplified when compared to summer. Further, analysis of alkalinity-salinity relationships suggests multiple water masses inhabiting the bay during one year: mixing of end-members associated with direct precipitation, coastal rivers, southward displacement of the Columbia River plume, California Current surface and deep upwelled waters. The importance of in-bay processes such as net community metabolism during intervals of high productivity are apparent. These direct measurements of pCO2 and TCO2 have proved useful to local hatchery owners who have monitored intake waters following historic seed-production failures related to high-CO2 conditions exacerbated by ocean acidification.
Trait anger expression mediates childhood trauma predicting for adulthood anxiety, depressive, and alcohol use disorders

Abstract Background General aggression and evolutionary models posit that more severe early exposure experiences to trauma (physical, emotional, sexual abuse and/or neglect) place one at risk for adulthood psychopathology through heightened trait anger expression–internal (Anger-In) and external (Anger-Out). However, there are a dearth of empirical studies explaining the longitudinal childhood maltreatment–adulthood psychopathology relation. Objective Therefore, this study investigated if childhood maltreatment exposure severity predicted elevated adulthood major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), and alcohol use disorder (AUD). Moreover, we tested if trait anger expression – internal and external – mediated the childhood maltreatment–adulthood MDD, GAD, PD, and AUD symptom associations. Method Participants took part in two waves of measurement spaced approximately 9 years apart. Time 1 childhood trauma severity (retrospectively-reported Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), Time 2 Anger-In and Anger-Out (State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory), and Time 3 adulthood MDD, GAD, PD (Composite International Diagnostic Interview–Short Form), and AUD (Alcohol Screening Test) diagnoses were measured. Results Anger-Out and Anger-In partially mediated the relations between childhood trauma severity and adulthood psychopathology diagnoses after adjusting for Time 2 symptoms. Higher Time 1 childhood trauma severity was related to greater Time 2 Anger-Out and Anger-In, and increased Time 2 Anger-Out and Anger-In were thereby related to elevated Time 3 adulthood MDD, PD and AUD, but not GAD severity. Trait anger accounted for 14 to 50% of the variance of childhood trauma–adulthood MDD, PD and AUD relations. Discussion Theoretical and clinical implications, such as the need for trauma-informed care, are discussed.
Love in the Time of AI

As we await the increasingly likely advent of genuinely intelligent artificial systems, a fair amount of consideration has been given to how we humans will interact with them. Less consideration has been given to how—indeed if—we humans will love them. What would human-AI romantic relationships look like? What do such relationships tell us about the nature of love? This chapter explores these questions via consideration of several works of science fiction, focusing especially on the Black Mirror episode “Be Right Back” and the Spike Jonze’s movie Her. As I suggest, there may well be cases where it is both possible and appropriate for a human to fall in love with a machine.
The Policing of Post-Conflict Nations and Regions

This chapter examines and discusses the role of the police in peacekeeping operations and identifies the main problems and challenges with these deployments. One critical concern involves the issue of the security gap often observed in post-conflict peacekeeping missions. Another focus is on the police reform models used in post-conflict reform programs and discusses methods for measuring the success of these endeavors. Finally an evaluation of the past police contribution to security, post-conflict stabilization and peacekeeping will be conducted.
Preclinical evaluation of a promising C-11 labeled PET tracer for imaging phosphodiesterase 10A in the brain of living subject.

Abstract Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) plays a key role in the regulation of brain striatal signaling. A PET tracer for PDE10A may serve as a tool to evaluate PDE10A expression in vivo in central nervous system disorders with striatal pathology. Here, we further characterized the binding properties of a previously reported radioligand we developed for PDE10A, [11C]TZ1964B, in rodents and nonhuman primates (NHPs). The tritiated counterpart [3H]TZ1964B was used for in vitro binding characterizations in rat striatum homogenates and in vitro autoradiographic studies in rat brain slices. The carbon-11 labeled [11C]TZ1964B was utilized in the ex vivo autoradiography studies for the brain of rats and microPET imaging studies for the brain of NHPs. MicroPET scans of [11C]TZ1964B in NHPs were conducted at baseline, as well as with using a selective PDE10A inhibitor MP-10 for either pretreatment or displacement. The in vivo regional target occupancy (Occ) was obtained by pretreating with different doses of MP-10 (0.05–2.00 mg/kg). Both in vitro binding assays and in vitro autoradiographic studies revealed a nanomolar binding affinity of [3H]TZ1964B to the rat striatum. The striatal binding of [3H]TZ1964B and [11C]TZ1964B was either displaced or blocked by MP-10 in rats and NHPs. Autoradiography and microPET imaging confirmed that the specific binding of the radioligand was found in the striatum but not in the cerebellum. Blocking studies also confirmed the suitability of the cerebellum as an appropriate reference region. The binding potentials (BPND) of [11C]TZ1964B in the NHP striatum that were calculated using either the Logan reference model (LoganREF, 3.96 ± 0.17) or the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM, 4.64 ± 0.47), with the cerebellum as the reference region, was high and had good reproducibility. The occupancy studies indicated a MP-10 dose of 0.31 ± 0.09 mg/kg (LoganREF)/0.45 ± 0.17 mg/kg (SRTM) occupies 50% striatal PDE10A binding sites. Studies in rats and NHPs demonstrated radiolabeled TZ1964B has a high binding affinity and good specificity for PDE10A, as well as favorable in vivo pharmacokinetic properties and binding profiles. Our data suggests that [11C]TZ1964B is a promising radioligand for in vivo imaging PDE10A in the brain of living subject.
Alumni perspectives of an undergraduate hospitality curriculum

(1994). Alumni Perspectives of an Undergraduate Hospitality Curriculum. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 71-86.
Story of Birth and Funeral: Rhetorical Analysis of Windsor and Shelby County

In 2013, the Supreme Court ruled in two major cases, namely, U.S. v. Windsor and Shelby County v. Holder. The Court’s rulings prompted inquiries and criticisms on how the Court could signal the birth of marriage equality while marking the end of racial equality at the same time. This paper compares these two cases by introducing another dimension that has possibility of making them more harmonious that what they first appear to be. Focusing on the narrative frameworks employed by the Court in the two cases, this paper conducts a rhetorical analysis to discern how these cases were narrated by the Court. It argues that the Supreme Court employed personal narrative in Windsor. In analyzing this personal narrative, this paper focuses on three rhetorical devices: establishing an individual protagonist and increasing persuasiveness through transportation into the story, exploring emotions associated with the genre of tragic love story, and triggering sympathy through introduction of children in the opinion. This paper also argues that the Supreme Court employed institutional narrative in Shelby. The analysis on institutional narrative centers around three techniques: detaching personal connection through omission of the story of minority voters and establishing the “state” as the protagonist of the story, increasing persuasiveness by conceding to past discrimination before introducing state-level data to support the outcome of the case, and increasing legitimacy through the reference to federalism and its tradition.
New Literacy Opportunities and Practices of Latino/a Children of Poverty In and Out of School

This case study examines new literacy opportunities and practices of 28 Latino/a children from grades one to seven in a South Texas colonia, or unincorporated area. Data sources were 24-hour literacy logs, two rounds of interviews, and participant observations. The children reported limited school work related to digital literacies; the technology they accessed outside of school focused on entertainment, communication with friends, and mostly non-challenging video games. We discuss participants’ ingenious ways of circumventing any lack of access, their underlying social practices of community sharing, and Thirdspace possibilities of the tutorial center that respondents attended.
Embryonic Explant and Slice Preparations for Studies of Cell Migration and Axon Guidance

This chapter describes methods for preparing explants and slice preparations of the embryonic chick and mouse. In addition, it describes methods for culturing explants of embryonic mouse tissue. Each culture system possesses distinct advantages and should be adaptable to many studies of developmental processes that occur over a wide spatiotemporal range. These preparations maintain several features common to the intact embryo, including tissue structural integrity and the correct distribution of various molecular constituents for at least 2-3 days. Of critical importance, the explants and slices retain their tissue architecture for 1-3 days in culture and possess molecular characteristics typical of intact embryos. Furthermore, these types of preparations allow one to disrupt the embryonic environment through the addition of various blocking reagents and observe the subsequent effects of these manipulations via static images and using time-lapse videomicroscopy. These types of paradigms should continue to offer a rich cellular and molecular arena in which to study early developmental events, including cell migration and process outgrowth.
A Modular Approach to the Development of Molecular Electrocatalysts for H2 Oxidation and Production Based on Inexpensive Metals

The development of inexpensive electrocatalysts for the production and oxidation of hydrogen will play a vital role in future energy storage and delivery systems. The generation of hydrogen from non-fossil energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, and nuclear energy is one approach being considered for storing the electrical energy generated by these sources for transportation and other uses that are not temporally matched to electrical energy production. In the reverse process, in which fuels are used to produce electricity, it is recognized that fuel cells have significant thermodynamic advantages in terms of energy efficiency compared to internal combustion engines and other Carnot processes. Both fuel generation and fuel utilization require electrocatalysts for efficient interconversion of electrical energy and chemical energy. This work was supported by the US Department of Energy Basic Energy Sciences' Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences Division. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for the US Department of Energy.