cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Let's talk about sex: where are the young females in blood flow restriction research?

Summary Low-load resistance exercise with the blood flow restriction (BFR) has been shown to increase muscle size similar to that of traditional high-load resistance training. Throughout the BFR literature, there is a vast difference between the quantity of young females included in the literature compared to young males, older males and older females. Therefore, the purpose of this minireview is to discuss the underrepresentation of young females in the BFR literature and review the potential physiologic reasons as to why they may have been excluded. In conclusion, the female menstrual cycle, a normal physiological occurrence, is presumably the reason as to why majority of young females are excluded from participation in BFR studies. Instead of excluding females, we recommend that BFR studies should include both sexes and plot the results separately to determine whether a sex difference exists.
Teaching Strategies for Addressing Poverty Awareness With Aspiring Helping Professionals

This study describes the use of guided learning activities that exposed aspiring helping professionals to the challenges and discrimination experienced by individuals living in poverty. Pretest/pos...
Introduced earthworm species exhibited unique patterns of seasonal activity and vertical distribution, and Lumbricus terrestris burrows remained usable for at least 7 years in hardwood and pine stands

It is difficult to obtain non-destructive information on the seasonal dynamics of earthworms in northern forest soils. To overcome this, we used a Rhizotron facility to compile 7 years of data on the activity of anecic (Lumbricus terrestris) and endogeic (Aporrectodea caliginosa complex) earthworms in two contrasting soil/plant community types. We hypothesized that L. terrestris burrows would be used for longer than a typical L. terrestris lifetime, and that the distribution and activity pattern of the two earthworm species would respond differently to changes in soil moisture and temperature. For 7 years we recorded earthworm distribution and activity state bi-weekly to a depth of 1.5 m, tracked L. terrestris burrows using images captured annually, and measured soil temperature and moisture. Activity and vertical distribution of earthworms was closely linked to earthworm species and soil temperature in the fall, winter and spring. Lumbricus terrestris typically remained active through the winter, whereas the A. caliginosa complex was more likely to enter an aestivation period. Activity of all earthworms decreased substantially in July and August when soil temperature was at its highest and soil moisture at its lowest for the year. Most L. terrestris burrows were used continuously and moved very little during the 7-year study, likely creating spatiotemporally stable hotspots of soil resources. The different patterns of response of these species to soil temperature and moisture suggests that endogeic earthworms are more likely than anecic earthworms to adjust activity states in response to climate change mediated shifts in soil moisture and temperature.
Investigation of damage mechanisms in CNT nanocomposites using multiscale analysis

This paper examines microscale and sub-microscale damage mechanisms in carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced nanocomposites. A multiscale modeling framework with a damage model developed from molecular dynamics simulation, is employed to study the physical mechanisms of damage initiation and propagation in CNT nanocomposites at the sub-microscale. Two CNT arrangements, randomly dispersed and entangled agglomerates, are examined. This investigation offers insights into damage properties of particular configurations of CNTs in a polymer matrix, in addition to specific understanding related to damage concentration effects around the filler material at the sub-microscale. High spatial CNT concentration differential is observed to affect damage initiation and rate of damage. It is further shown to result in sub-microscale crack initiation at low global strains, a phenomenon that is also observed at agglomeration boundaries, which results in CNT agglomerations to behave as crack initiation sites.
The 1988 Ashland Oil Spill: Lessons Learned Regarding Emergency Response Planning for Hazmat Releases

This paper discusses the results of a year long study which evaluated, in part, the overall adequacy of the emergency response to the 1988 Ashland Oil spill in southwestern Pennsylvania. This paper summarizes the lessons learned from this particular incident which may be helpful to decisionmakers in other states who must respond to similar types of hazardous materials incidents.
Semantic and Phonological Encoding Times in Adults Who Stutter: Brain Electrophysiological Evidence

Purpose Some psycholinguistic theories of stuttering propose that language production operates along a different time course in adults who stutter (AWS) versus typically fluent adults (TFA). Howeve...
Introduction: Nietzsche's Naturalistic Moral Psychology

This is a draft of the introduction to a forthcoming monograph on moral psychology in a Nietzschean vein. “Moral psychology” here encompasses issues in metaethics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of action, including questions concerning the objectivity of morality, the relationship between moral judgment and emotion, the nature of the emotions, free will and moral responsibility, and the structure of the mind as that is relevant to the possibility of moral action and judgment. While the book has exegetical aims, it is not an exercise in the “history of ideas.” I argue that Nietzsche is often right. Among Nietzsche’s views that seem to me plausible and are defended in this volume are: his anti-realism about value, his sentimentalism, his skepticism about consciousness and rational agency, his fatalism, and his skepticism about the post-hoc rationalizations of moral philosophers. For reasons that will become clear, I do not take a position on whether Nietzsche is right that morality is dangerous to the most valuable kinds of human flourishing—though I do believe we should be worried by his challenge, as I am. The aim of this volume, in short, is to articulate and defend Nietzschean moral psychology. Because of this double aim I often move from exposition to philosophical argument independent of the exposition. I thus hope the volume will be of interest to philosophers interested in the philosophical issues, even if not especially interested in Nietzsche.
Contesting Authoritarianism : Labor Challenges to the State in Egypt

Successive authoritarian regimes have maintained tight control over organized labor in Egypt since the 1950s. And yet in 2009, a group of civil servants decided to exit the state-controlled Egyptian Trade Union Federation (ETUF), thereby setting a precedent for other groups and threatening the ETUF's monopoly. Dina Bishara examines this relationship between labour organizations and the state to shed light on how political change occurs within an authoritarian government, and to show how ordinary Egyptians perceive the government's rule. In particular, Bishara highlights the agency of dissident unionists in challenging the state even when trade union leaders remain loyal. She reveals that militant sectors are more vulnerable to greater scrutiny and repression and that financial benefits tied to membership in state-backed unions can provide significant disincentives against the exit option. Moving beyond conventional accounts of top-down control, this book explores when and how institutions designed for political control become contested from below.
An Interrupted Schmidt Reaction: C-C Bond Formation Arising from Nitrilium Ion Capture.

The rerouting of the nitrilium ion formed in the Schmidt reaction of ketones and TMSN3 to encompass C–C bond formation with an electron-rich aromatic group is reported. Thus, when the reaction is carried out in HFIP using AlCl3 or AlBr3 as the promoter, imines, iminium ions, or enamide derivatives are obtained through one-pot procedures. The scope and possible mechanisms of these new transformations are considered.
Evaluating catchability in a large-scale gillnet survey using hydroacoustics: Making the case for coupled surveys

Abstract Abundance estimates facilitate successful fisheries management. Fisheries agencies often monitor abundance through fishery independent standardized protocols generating relative measures such as catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE), where CPUE is assumed proportional to true abundance. Unfortunately, this assumption is rarely met as fish behavior and environmental conditions influence catchability and sample gear efficiency. We used paired gillnet and hydroacoustic samples and a catchability equation ( U i = q N i β ) to assess the correspondence between gillnet CPUE ( U i ) and hydroacoustic abundance estimates ( N i ). We found that gill nets were hyperstable (i.e., β
Breast Cancer Pain: A Review of Pathology and Interventional Techniques

Postmastectomy pain syndromes (PMPS) are a significant burden for breast cancer patients. Many of the pain syndromes are associated with the treatment of disease, chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. Because of the musculoskeletal and neurologic complexities of the anterior chest wall, often the source of pain is difficult to determine and treat. We discuss the various musculoskeletal and neurologic pain sequelae that a breast cancer patient may exhibit. Given the various treatment options that are available for our patients, we develop a therapeutic approach to address a patient’s pain syndromes.
Comparing Perika St. John's Wort and Sertraline for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Mice

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental health condition that affects some individuals who have witnessed or experienced a life-threatening or traumatic event. An enhanced or exagg...
MATGMD: A Tool for Enabling GMD Studies in MATLAB

Geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) has the potential to cause Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) that disturb the power grid by circulating harmonics in the system. These quasi-dc currents give rise to additional reactive power losses in high-voltage transformers. Their combined presence can result in a loss of reactive power support that could even lead to a total voltage collapse. GMD events effecting the grid at such a scale render their study important. MATGMD is an open-source MATLABR based package for Geomagnetic disturbance studies that provides tools for analyzing uniform electric field GMD events to extract crucial system information like transformer neutral currents, for one. Various such system values could be used for stability, mitigation or estimation studies by researchers, educators and students. Efforts have been made to make more system information available using as little input data as possible. This paper presents the details of the network modeling and the corresponding formulations used by MATGMD. It discusses the flexibility with which the GMD related system information can be extracted as per the need of the user depending on the nature of study to be carried out. Simulation results for two test cases are presented using techniques to compare them with output obtained from PowerWorldR Simulator.
Discovery of Cs2(UO2)Al2O5 by Molten Flux Methods: A Uranium Aluminate Containing Solely Aluminate Tetrahedra as the Secondary Building Unit.

The flux synthesis, solid state synthesis, and characterization of a new aluminate, Cs2(UO2)Al2O5, are reported. Cs2(UO2)Al2O5 crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I41/amd with lattice parame...
Models of care for populations with chronic conditions and mental/behavioral health comorbidity

Recent decades have seen increased interest in the integration of mental and physical healthcare. Healthcare reform in the US has provided an opportunity for integration of evidence-based mental health programmes. Three quarters of patients with behavioural health disorders are seen in medical settings, where behavioural problems are largely unaddressed. The human and economic toll of unaddressed mental and behavioural health needs is enormous and often hidden from view, since the behavioural or mental health implications of medical conditions like heart disease and diabetes have only recently begun to be appreciated. This paper has three goals: (1) to review models of integrated services delivery, providing a framework for making sense of strategies for integration; (2) to consider some evidence for clinical outcomes when care is integrated; and (3) to highlight some factors that enhance or impede integration in practice. The review concludes with comments on where the field is going.
On the reliability and additional overhead of reliable on-demand multicast routing protocol for mobile Ad hoc networks

Multicasting is the transmission of datagrams to a group of hosts identified by a single destination address, providing simple and efficient communication for group-oriented applications. Many applications currently envisioned for mobile ad hoc networks require multicasting. Several multicasting protocols have been proposed for mobile ad hoc networks, one of the most popular being the On Demand Multicast Routing Protocol. This paper provides a review of ad hoc multicast routing protocols, focusing on MAODV, ODMRP and a variation of ODMRP called reliable-ODMRP. NS-2 simulations are used to compare the reliability and overhead of MAODV, ODMRP, and R-ODMRP.
CD123 CAR T cells for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a group of heterogeneous disorders caused by ineffective hematopoiesis and characterized by bone marrow dysplasia and cytopenia. Current treatment options for MDS are limited to supportive care, hypomethylating agents, and stem cell transplant. Most patients eventually succumb to the disease or progress to leukemia. Previously, we found that CD123 can be used to delineate MDS stem cells in patients at high risk for MDS and that the CD123-positive population is biologically distinct from normal hematopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, selective targeting of MDS stem cells can dramatically reduce tumor burden in preclinical models. On the basis of these findings, we propose CD123 as a candidate target for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in high-risk MDS patients. To test this concept, we employed a CAR lentiviral vector containing a CD123-specific single-chain variable fragment in combination with the CD28 costimulatory domain, CD3ζ signaling domain, and truncated estimated glomerular filtration rate. Utilizing this system, we illustrate that CD123 CAR can be expressed on both healthy donor and MDS patient-derived T lymphocytes with high efficiency, leading to the successful elimination of MDS stem cells both in vitro and in patient-derived xenografts. These results provide the concept for the use of CD123-targeted CAR T cells as a therapeutic option for patients with MDS.
Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: From Guidelines to Clinical Reality

Atrial fibrillation (AF) results in electrical and anatomical remodeling that leads to progression of the arrhythmia and deterioration in mechanical function. Catheter ablation has evolved as an effective treatment that can maintain sinus rhythm and alleviate symptoms in many patients. Randomized studies show that catheter ablation is superior to antiarrhythmic drug therapy in selected patients with AF, particularly those who have failed prior antiarrhythmic drug treatment. Guidelines currently support catheter ablation in patients who have recurrent AF despite treatment with an antiarrhythmic drug, and ablation is also considered reasonable in optimal candidates who have not been exposed to an antiarrhythmic drug. The cornerstone of ablation involves pulmonary vein isolation, because the proximal pulmonary veins harbor the most common triggers for paroxysmal AF. Adjunctive lesion sets may be required in patients with more advanced disease. Long-term studies of catheter ablation reveal a high recurrence rate of AF and atrial tachycardias, especially among those with persistent and long-lasting persistent AF, and multiple procedures may be required to achieve long-term control. Further investigation is needed to optimize lesions sets and procedural endpoints in order to minimize recurrences, to develop technologies to deliver better transmural lesions, and to develop techniques that further minimize procedure-related complications.
Induction of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Senescence by Ionizing Radiation.

Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) and certain chemotherapeutic agents not only causes acute bone marrow (BM) suppression but also leads to long-term residual hematopoietic injury. This later effect has been attributed to the damage to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal. Using a mouse model, we investigated whether IR induces senescence in HSCs, as induction of HSC senescence can lead to the impairment of HSC self-renewal. The results showed that exposure of C57BL/6 mice to a sublethal dose (6.5 Gy) of total body irradiation (TBI) resulted in a long-lasting quantitative and qualitative reduction in HSCs (Lin − c-kit + Sca-1 + or LKS + cells). Compared to control HSCs, HSCs from irradiated BM at 4 weeks after TBI exhibited a significant reduction in day-35 CAFC frequency and deficiency in cell proliferation and colony formation in a single cell culture assay stimulated with SCF/TPO and SCF/TPO/IL-3, respectively. In addition, transplantation of irradiated HSCs (500 LKS + cells/recipient) produced less than 1% long-term (2-month) engraftment in a competitive repopulation assay while transplantation of the same number of control HSCs resulted in 24.8% engraftment. Furthermore, HSCs from irradiated mice expressed increased levels of p16 Ink4a and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal), two commonly used biomarkers of cellular senescence. In contrast, hematopoietic progenitor cells (Lin − c-kit + Sca-1 − or LKS − cells) from irradiated mice did not show significant changes in clonogenesity in a CFU assay and expressed minimal levels of p16 Ink4a and SA-beta-gal. These results suggest that exposure to IR can induce senescence selectively in HSCs but not in HPCs. Interestingly, this IR- induced HSC senescence was associated with a prolonged elevation of p21 Cip1/Waf1 , p16 Ink4a and p19 ARF mRNA expression, whereas the expression of p27 Kip1 , p18 Ink4c and p19 Ink4d mRNA was not increased. This suggests that p21 Cip1/Waf1 , p16 Ink4a and p19 ARF may play an important role in IR-induced senescence in HSCs, since their expression has been implicated in the initiation, establishment and maintenance of cellular senescence. Therefore, these findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying IR-induced long-term BM damage. This could lead to the discovery of novel molecular targets for intervention to circumvent IR-induced BM toxicity. In addition, understanding how normal HSCs senesce after IR and chemotherapy will help us to elucidate the molecular mechanisms whereby leukemia/cancer stem cells evade these cancer treatments and provide better knowledge of organismal aging.
Evaluation of Universal Versus Preemptive Antifungal Prophylaxis in Lung Transplantation

Purpose Infections from various fungi are increasingly recognized in the setting of lung transplant and guidelines do not distinguish one superior strategy between universal or preemptive. Limited studies exist comparing the two approaches and this study aims to evaluate the incidence mold infections post lung transplant (LTx) before and after the implementation of a protocol change. Our institution's PRE-protocol (PRE) included a pre-emptive prophylaxis for high risk IMI (invasive mold infection) with positive donor or recipient mold colonizations. POST-protocol implementation, a universal prophylaxis approach using itraconazole 200mg PO BID for lifetime post-transplant was employed. Methods A single-center, retrospective chart review was conducted on adult LTx recipients. Patients receiving LTx between 1/2012-5/2016 were included in the PRE cohort and those between 8/2016-5/2019 were included in the POST cohort. Results A total of 150 patients were included in the PRE cohort and 127 in the POST cohort. Baseline demographics were similar among the cohorts in regards to mean age, gender, bilateral transplant and race. Incidence of IMI or disseminated fungal disease was n=13 (9%) vs n=1 (1%) in the PRE vs POST cohort; p=0.002. A total of 94/150 (63%) vs 51/127 (40%); p=.001 patients developed post LTx fungal colonization. The distribution of types of mold (Table 1) show that there was significantly less BAL colonization with aspergillus with the universal prophylaxis protocol (POST) 33 vs 64%. Median time to first fungal colonization was similar in both groups 108 vs 109 days in the respective PRE and POST groups. Discontinuation rates of itraconazole was n=28 (22%) among the POST cohort. Conclusion While fungal colonization is ubiquitous, invasive and disseminated fungal infections can result in detrimental outcomes post lung transplant. The strategy of lifelong universal prophylaxis for molds may confer decreased colonization rates and in turn lower incidence if invasive and disseminated disease.
Algebraische Query-Optimierung

Es gibt zwei grundverschiedene Methoden der Query-Optimierung: Konkrete Kostenabschatzung fur Laufzeit und Speicherplatz, verbunden mit einer Auswahl der kostengunstigsten Auswertungsstrategie. Algebraische Umformungen unter der Annahme von Optimierungsheuristiken.
Changing Objectives in Achieving Space Sovereignty in Latin America

The history of space activities in Latin America is defined by a quest for sovereignty beginning in the early 80s with the desire to develop a regional satellite as a challenge to the Western foothold in the telecommunications sector. Ultimately, the region failed to bring this dream to fruition; instead, independent countries found more success in developing their own satellites. More recently, emerging nations, such as Peru, have found similar success, largely due to recent technological developments in the sector and increased reliance on international partners. What led to success in these efforts, as opposed to failure in earlier ones? One factor may be the original construction of the satellite as an anti-hegemonic symbol, which led to the inability of the region to successfully transform political will into space assets. This article examines the shift away from the definition of “sovereignty” in space as solely ownership of space assets, arguing that this has played a role in the success of nations in the region in pursuing effective space policy that emphasizes the benefits of space applications in improving the lives of everyday citizens.
Open questions on the chemical composition of airborne particles

Airborne particles have significant impacts on health, visibility, and climate. Here, an overview of what is known about particle chemical composition is presented, along with open questions and challenges that are central to relating composition to life cycles and impacts.
Anisotropic Polytetrafluoroethylene Cardiovascular Conduits Spontaneously Expand in a Growing Lamb Model

Insertion of conduits from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary artery (PA) is a commonly used technique for repair of congenital heart defects. The vast majority of infants and children will ...
The Interplay Between Respiratory Microbiota and Innate Immunity in Flavor E-Cigarette Vaping Induced Lung Dysfunction

Global usage of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has been increasing in the last decade. ENDS are non-combustible tobacco products that heat and aerosolize a liquid containing humectants, with added flavorings and often nicotine. Though ENDS are promoted as a less harmful alternative to smoking, current evidence links their use to a wide range of deleterious health effects including acute and chronic lung damage. ENDS can elicit an inflammatory response and impair the innate immune response in the lungs. Exposure to ENDS flavorings results in abnormal activation of the lung epithelial cells and β-defensins, dysfunction of the macrophage phagocytic activity, increased levels of mucin (MUC5AC) and abnormal activation of the neutrophilic response (NETosis). ENDS menthol flavorings disrupt innate immunity and might be associated with allergies and asthma through activation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRAP1). Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the relationship between the homeostasis of lung innate immunity and the immunomodulatory effect of the host-microbiota interaction. Alterations of the normal respiratory microbiota have been associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, atopy and cystic fibrosis complications which are strongly associated with smoking and potentially with ENDS use. Little is known about the short-and long-term effects of ENDS on the respiratory microbiota, their impact on the innate immune response and their link to pulmonary health and disease. Here we review the interaction between the innate immune system and the respiratory microbiota in the pathogenesis of ENDS-induced pulmonary dysfunction and identify future areas of research.
Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Hyperspectral Microscopy for Molecular Self-Assembled Systems.

In this review, we discuss the recent developments and applications of vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) microscopy. This hyperspectral imaging technique can resolve systems without inver...
Replacing Emergency Department Head Computed Tomography With “Rapid” Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Children With Suspected Ventricular Shunt Malfunction

Background: Children with ventricular shunts undergo frequent neuroimaging in the emergency department (ED) to evaluate for possible shunt malfunctions. Historically, the primary imaging modality has been computed tomography (CT), which exposes patients to ionizing radiation and an increase in the lifetime risk of malignancy. “Rapid” magnetic resonance imaging (rMRI) is an accurate and feasible alternative to CT for shunt evaluations. Therefore, we sought to reduce use of CT and increase use of rMRI as the primary neuroimaging study for the evaluation of suspected shunt malfunction. Specifically, we aimed to reduce the proportion of head CTs among …
A Review and Secondary Analysis of Competition-Related Impacts of Nonindigenous Aquatic Plants in the Laurentian Great Lakes.

The Laurentian Great Lakes of North America are home to thousands of native fishes, invertebrates, plants, and other species that not only provide recreational and economic value to the region but also hold an important ecological value. However, there are also 55 nonindigenous species of aquatic plants that may be competing with native species and affecting this value. Here, we use a key regional database—the Great Lakes Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Information System (GLANSIS)—to describe the introduction of nonindigenous aquatic plants in the Great Lakes region and to examine patterns relating to their capacity to compete with native plants species. Specifically, we used an existing catalog of environmental impact assessments to qualitatively evaluate the potential for each nonindigenous plant species to outcompete native plant species for available resources. Despite an invasion record spanning nearly two centuries (1837–2020), a great deal remains unknown about the impact of competition by these species. Nonetheless, our synthesis of existing documentation reveals that many of these nonindigenous species have notable impacts on the native plant communities of the region in general and on species of concern in particular. Furthermore, we provide a thorough summary of the diverse adaptations that may contribute to giving these nonindigenous plants a competitive advantage. Adaptations that have been previously found to aid successful invasions were common in 98% of the nonindigenous aquatic plant species in the database.
Characterizing the Epidemiology and Provider Landscape of Male Infertility Care in the United States

Abstract Objective To characterize the epidemiology of male factor infertility and identify which types of providers are treating infertile men in the United States. Materials and methods The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey was queried between 2006 and 2016 for all ambulatory care visits. Men with a diagnosis of infertility were identified by international classification of disease coding. Comorbidities, demographic and visit information were abstracted from the patients’ medical record by a combination of trained surveyors and physicians. The survey data was weighted to create nationally representative estimates, and a combination of Chi-squared and Student's t-tests were utilized to determine significance. Result(s) Among the 8.7 billion patient visits between 2006 and 2016, there were 3,422,000 male encounters with a diagnosis of male factor infertility. The most common provider type for male factor infertility encounters was urology (42.12%) followed by primary care (39.79%), gynecology (7.05%) and all other provider types (11.01%). A significant number of men seen for infertility had comorbidities such as cancer (115,000 men, 3.36%) diabetes (267,000 men, 7.81%), depression (301,000 men, 8.8%), and active tobacco use (857,000 men, 30.3%). Conclusion In a nationally representative sample, more than 50% of ambulatory care visits for male factor infertility were not seen by urologists. These men also had a significant number of comorbidities for a relatively young cohort, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary care for men with a diagnosis of infertility.
Rapid changes in overnight blood pressure after transitioning to early-morning shiftwork.

Risk for adverse cardiovascular events increases when blood pressure does not decrease at night ("non-dipping", <10% decrease from daytime blood pressure). Shiftwork alters relationships between behaviors and endogenous circadian rhythms (i.e., circadian disruption along with variable sleep timing), and chronic shiftwork increases cardiovascular disease risk. To determine whether transitioning into shiftwork changes the overnight blood pressure dipping pattern, we leveraged a natural experiment that occurs when newly-hired bus operators transition from a daytime training schedule into an early-morning shiftwork or daywork schedule. Twenty participants were studied in a 90-day protocol upon new employment and underwent cardio-metabolic health assessments, including ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and weekly sleep-wake diaries. Measurements were repeated after ~30 and 90 days after transitioning to a day or an early-morning shiftwork schedule. Newly-hired shiftworkers displayed dramatic changes in overnight blood pressure, with 62% converting from a healthy dipping blood pressure to the non-dipping pattern, resulting in 93% of shiftworkers displaying a non-dipping phenotype at 90-days. In contrast, 50% of dayworkers had a non-dipping profile at baseline and this decreased to 0% at 90-days, a significant difference from shiftworkers (p=0.001). At 90-days, overnight blood pressure dipping was ~7% less in shiftworkers than dayworkers (-6.3% [95%CI -3.7 to -8.8%] vs -13.1% [-10.3 to -15.9%]: p<0.01), with changes in dipping associated with changes in sleep timing variability (r 2=0.28, p=0.03). The observed changes in overnight blood pressure dipping in newly-hired early-morning shiftworkers, which were associated with sleep timing variability, may be an early warning sign of increased cardiovascular risk among shiftworkers.
Bounds toward Hypothesis S for cusp forms

Abstract Iwaniec, Luo, and Sarnak proposed Hypothesis S and its generalization which predicts non-trivial bounds for a smooth sum of the product of an arithmetic sequence { a n } and a fractional exponential function. When a n is the Fourier coefficient λ f ( n ) of a fixed holomorphic cusp form f, however, a resonance phenomenon prohibits any improvement of the bound beyond a barrier. It is believed that this resonance barrier could be overcome when the weight k of f tends to infinity. The present paper is a first step toward this goal by proving non-trivial bounds for this sum when k and the summation length X both tend to infinity. No such non-trivial bounds are previously known if the form f is allowed to move. Similar bounds are also proved for linear phases and for Maass forms. The main technology is improved large sieve inequalities over a short interval.
Why Are We Doing This? A Toolkit For Faculty Connecting Learning Outcomes With Career Readiness

Location: JC Room C It is commonly accepted that students are more likely to be engaged in course content and achieve academic success necessary to graduate if they can identify and articulate the connection between what they are learning in the classroom and their desired post-graduate goal, whether to enter the workforce or go on for advanced study. This session will demonstrate low-effort, high-impact ways for faculty to use the Career Readiness Toolkit to make skills developed within their courses clearer to students. Specifically, we will review sample rubrics and discussion prompts that can be easily incorporated into existing research paper, group project and class presentation assignments to help students translate their academic experience and course learning outcomes to career-relevant skills.
SU-E-T-532: Left-Sided Breast Cancer Irradiation Using Volumatric Modulated Arc Therapy: An Evaluation of Multiple Commercial Systems

Purposes: There has been growing interest in treating breast cancer using VMAT technique. Our goal is to compare the dosimetry and treatment delivery parameters for the left-sided breast cancer treatment using various VMAT platforms from commercially available planning systems. Methods: Five consecutive left-sided breast cancer patients initially treated with conventional 3D-conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) were selected. Four VMAT plans using most popular treatment planning systems, including Eclipse (Version 11, Varian), Pinnacle (Version 9.8, Philips), Monaco (Version 2.03, Elekta) and helical Tomotherapy (V4.0, Accuray). The same structure set and same planning goals were used for all VMAT plans. The dosimetric parameters including target coverage and minimum/maximum/mean, dose-volume endpoints for the selected normal structures: the heart, ipsilateral-/contralateral lung and breast, were evaluated. Other dosimetric indices including heterogeneity index (HI) were evaluated. The treatment delivery parameters, such as monitor unit (MUs) and delivery time were also compared. Results: VMAT increases dose homogeneity to the treated volume and reduces the irradiated heart and left-lung volumes. Compared to the 3DCRT technique, all VMAT plans offer better heart and left-lung dose sparing; the mean heart doses were 4.5±1.6(Monaco), 1.2±0.4(Pinnacle), 1.3± (Eclipse) and 5.6±4.4(Tomo), the mean left-lung doses were 5.9±1.5(Monaco), 3.7±0.7(Pinnacle), 1.4± (Eclipse) and 5.2±1.6 (Tomo), while for the 3DCRT plan, the mean heart and left-Lung doses were 2.9±2.0, and 6.8±4.4 (Gy) respectively. The averaged contralateral-breast and lung mean doses were higher in VMAT plans than the 3DCRT plans but were not statistically significant. Among all the VMAT plans, the Pinnacle plans often yield the lowest right-lung/breast mean doses, and slightly better heterogeneity indices that are similar to Tomotherapy plans. Treatment delivery time of the VMAT plans (except helical Tomotherapy IMRT) is estimated to be comparable with the conventional 3DCRT. Conclusion: VMAT achieves equal or better PTV coverage and comparable OARs sparing compared to the conventional 3DCRT techniques.
Leader or Follower? The President and Public Opinion in an Online World

This study evaluates how well presidents have fared policy-wise when engaging with the public. The data selected help to provide an interesting longitudinal analysis of how the president’s public leadership strategies and their policy effects have evolved with the internet revolution. The 32 case studies reveal a distinct pattern — presidents have gradually become followers of public opinion as much as leaders of it. This pattern is explained as being the result of the internet communications revolution
Investigating global behavior in computing grids

We investigate effects of spoofing attacks on the scheduling and execution of basic application workflows in a moderately loaded grid computing system using a simulation model based on standard specifications. We conduct experiments to first subject this grid to spoofing attacks that reduce resource availability and increase relative load. A reasonable change in client behavior is then introduced to counter the attack, which unexpectedly causes global performance degradation. To understand the resulting global behavior, we adapt multidimensional analyses as a measurement approach for analysis of complex information systems. We use this approach to show that the surprising performance fall-off occurs because the change in client behavior causes a rearrangement of the global job execution schedule in which completion times inadvertently increase. Finally, we argue that viewing distributed resource allocation as a self-organizing process improves understanding of behavior in distributed systems such as computing grids.
On lattice computations of K + → π + π 0 decay at m K = 2 m π

We use one-loop chiral perturbation theory to compare potential lattice computations of the ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ decay amplitude at ${m}_{K}{=2m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ with the experimental value. We find that the combined one-loop effect due to this unphysical pion to kaon mass ratio and typical finite volume effects is still of order minus 20--30%, and appears to dominate the effects from quenching.
Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Sea Urchin Fertilization Envelope Assembly

Sea urchin fertilization envelope assembly provides an ideal model system for investigating the production and modification of an extracellular matrix. The contents of secretory vesicles and the egg glycocalyx mix to initiate assembly. Limited proteolysis and covalent crosslinking by a transglutaminase act as early events to modify the nascent envelope. A subset of secreted proteins binds to this matrix through ionic interactions that require divalent cations. For example, one secreted protein, proteoliaisin, is responsible for attaching ovoperoxidase to the envelope. Ovoperoxidase hardens the envelope by using hydrogen peroxide, produced by the egg during the respiratory burst, to form dityrosine crosslinks between a subset of fertilization envelope proteins. Numerous spatial and temporal regulatory mechanisms exist to ensure that proper assembly occurs in an environment isolated from the normal cytosolic regulatory machinery.
Stringent and relaxed control of phospholipid metabolism in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Stringent cells of Escherichia coli (rel+) cease growth and protein, RNA, and lipid synthesis when deprived of a required amino acid; relaxed cells (rel-) cease growth and protein synthesis but continue lipid synthesis when deprived of a required amino acid, as assayed by [14C]acetate incorporation. When phospholipid synthesis was assayed by using 32Pi, some net synthesis does occur, but the majority of the incorporation is a consequence of rapid breakdown and resynthesis (turnover) of phosphatidylethanolamine, normally a stable component of the cell envelope.
System design using wave-pipelining: a CMOS VLSI vector unit

Wave-pipelining, or maximum rate pipelining, is a circuit design technique which allows digital synchronous systems to be clocked at rates higher than can be achieved with conventional pipelining techniques by relying on the predictable finite delay through combinational logic for virtual data storage. Digital system design with ubiquitous use of wave-pipelining faces significant obstacles, including: synthesis and optimization of large wave-pipelined logic structures, synchronization of multiple wave-pipelines with feedback, designing for variation in IC fabrication characteristics, and register and wave-based logic codesign. We have developed analytical models, circuit techniques, and a CMOS wave-pipelining design environment to address these obstacles. These techniques and tools were employed in the design of a CMOS vector processor unit. Wave-pipelining is used in its vector registers and multiplier and adder functional units. This VLSI design is being fabricated in a 1 micron CMOS process and has been simulated at greater than 300 MHz.
Prostaglandins and Cancer

Prostaglandins (PG) are a group of naturally occurring cyclic 20-carbon fatty acids. They are synthesized by virtually all nucleated cells from fatty acids precursors, released from the phospholipid pool of the cell membrane. They are designated by groups, depending on the structure of the cyclopentane ring and are characterized as mono-,bi-,and tri-unsaturated compounds depending on the number of C-C double bonds in the aliphatic side chains. These substances have a broad spectrum of actions and are involved in the control of many physiologic phenomena, including cell growth and differentiation (1,2), immune-function (3), and interferon action (4,5).
Computation of Flow in S Ducts with Wray-Agarwal One-Equation Turbulence Model

This paper focuses on the validation and application of a new one-equation eddy viscosity model derived from k-ω closure (the Wray–Agarwal model) for three-dimensional flows in serpentine diffusers (S ducts). The S-duct geometry produces streamline curvature and an adverse pressure gradient, resulting in flow separation. Two S-duct geometries are employed in this investigation: one was used in an experimental study conducted at NASA John H. Glenn Research Center in the early 1990s, and the other used in an experimental study conducted at ONERA–The French Aerospace Lab in 2006 and considered for computational fluid dynamics technology validation during the AIAA Propulsion Aerodynamics Workshops in 2012 and 2014. The computational fluid dynamics flow solver ANSYS Fluent is used for flow calculations. Results from the new “Wray–Agarwal” one-equation turbulence model, the widely used Spalart–Allmaras, and the shear-stress-transport k-ω models are compared to the available experimental data. Results obtained w...
Amino Acid Cofactors

Amino acid cofactors are typically metal or organic ions that are essential for electrophilic catalysis. Keywords: catalysis; enzymes; free radicals; posttranslational modification; quinones
Windows NT in a ccNUMA system

We have built a 16-way, ccNUMA multiprocessor prototype to study the feasibility of building large scale servers out of Standard High Volume (SHV) components. Using a cache-coherent interconnect, our prototype combines four 4-processor SMPs built using 350MHz Intel XeonTM processors, yielding a 16-way system with a total of 4 GBytes of physical memory distributed over the nodes. Such an environment poses several performance challenges to Windows NT®, which assumes that memory is equidistant to all processors. To overcome these problems, we have implemented an abstraction called a Resource Set, which allows threads to specify their execution and memory affinity across the ccNUMA complex. We used a suite of parallel applications to evaluate the scalability and performance of the system. Our results confirm the feasibility of building ccNUMA systems out of SHV components, and suggest that memory allocation affinity should be incorporated as part of the standard Windows NT API. Also, the performance degradation due to poor bus bandwidth in the current generation of Intel-based processors often dominates the degradation due to the latency of remote memory accesses.
Progress and Problems in Tree Fruit and Nut Production

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the developments and barriers in the production of tree fruits and nuts. Tree fruits include pome fruits (for e.g. apples and pears) and stone fruits (for e.g., peaches, nectarines, cherries, plums, and apricots). The major production problems of the fruit industry today are closely associated with the economics of the country. The increase in population, sprawling suburbs, and land speculation have denied to orchard production the use of large acreages of land. The availability of labor for the cultural and harvest operations of the orchard is becoming increasingly acute. Production of pome and stone fruit is limited by the high cost of growing and by lack of basic information about tree culture. The fruit industry continually needs new disease-resistant scion cultivars with improved horticultural tree and fruit characters and rootstock cultivars that are winterhardy, disease-and nematode-resistant, and which make young trees precocious and more fruitful. In case of nuts, production is limited by the need for better cultivars that are more productive, disease resistant, of better quality, and less subject to spring frosts. More information is needed on nutritional requirements and the factors that prevent biennial bearing. Diseases are often limiting factors and may even cause complete crop failure. Methods of inducing increased absorption are needed. Tree nut crops have relatively low per acre production. New information is needed on tree spacing, dwarfing rootstocks, and chemical fruit setters as well as more productive cultivars to increase production per acre.
Three Cases of Enduring Memory Impairment after Bilateral Damage Limited to the Hippocampal Formation

Patient RB (Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: enduring memory impairment following a bilaterial lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus, S. Zola-Morgan, L. R. Squire, and D. G. Amaral, 1986, J Neurosci 6:2950–2967) was the first reported case of human amnesia in which detailed neuropsychological analyses and detailed postmortem neuropathological analyses demonstrated that damage limited to the hippocampal formation was sufficient to produce anterograde memory impairment. Neuropsychological and postmortem neuropathological findings are described here for three additional amnesic patients with bilateral damage limited to the hippocampal formation. Findings from these patients, taken together with the findings from patient RB and other amnesic patients, make three important points about memory. (1) Bilateral damage limited primarily to the CA1 region of the hippocampal formation is sufficient to produce moderately severe anterograde memory impairment. (2) Bilateral damage beyond the CA1 region, but still limited to the hippocampal formation, can produce more severe anterograde memory impairment. (3) Extensive, temporally graded retrograde amnesia covering 15 years or more can occur after damage limited to the hippocampal formation. Findings from studies with experimental animals are consistent with the findings from amnesic patients. The present results substantiate the idea that severity of memory impairment is dependent on locus and extent of damage within the hippocampal formation and that damage to the hippocampal formation can cause temporally graded retrograde amnesia.
$O(\log W)$ Multidimensional Packet Classification

We use a collection of hash tables to represent a multidimensional packet classification table. These hash tables are derived from a trie-representation of the multidimensional classifier. The height of this trie is O(W), where W is the sum of the maximum possible length, in bits, of each of the fields of a filter. The leaves at level i of the trie together with markers for some of the leaves at levels j such that j > i are stored in a hash table Hi. The placement of markers is such that a binary search of the Hi's successfully locates the highest-priority filter that matches any given packet. The number of hash tables equals the trie height, O(W). Hence, a packet may be classified by performing O(log W) hash-table lookups. So the expected lookup-complexity of our data structure for multidimensional packet classification is O(log W). Our proposed scheme affords a memory advantage over the O(log W) 1-D scheme of Waldvogel et al. For multidimensional packet classification, our proposed scheme provides both a time and memory advantage over the extended grid-of-tries scheme of Baboescu et al.