cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic Structure and the Properties of Metals. II. Application to Zinc

The method developed in the preceding paper for computing properties of metals from first principles is applied to zinc. The OPW form factors which determine many electronic properties and the characteristic function of wave number which determines many atomic properties are computed and applied to sample properties. Those properties treated are the Fermi surface, electronic specific heat and cyclotron resonance, the resistivity due to vacancies, the resistivity of the liquid, the electron-phonon interaction, the crystal structure and $\frac{c}{a}$ ratio, the energy change on melting, the structure and energy of formation of vacancies, the elastic constants, the "stabilization" of ordered structures in alloys, phonon structure and dispersion, and the Kohn effect. Where comparison of calculated electronic properties with experiment was possible the agreement was good. Agreement with experiment was more limited for the atomic properties, though the discrepancies appeared to be consistent with the uncertainty in the interpolations used in obtaining the energy-wave-number characteristic. Such a discrepancy was finding the fcc structure lower in energy than the hcp structure; this also gave rise to instability against the formation of certain phonons. Otherwise the agreement for the atomic properties was semiquantitative. It is suggested that irregularities found by Brockhouse, Rao, and Woods in the phonon spectrum of lead are not images of the Fermi surface, but images of the energy-wave-number characteristic. Such fluctuations depend upon the detailed structure of the atom and are found to be much larger than those associated with the Kohn effect; in zinc they occur at wave numbers near, but not exactly at, $2{k}_{F}$. The appearance of these irregularities suggests the possibility of computing the energy-wave-number characteristic, and therefore a wide range of properties, from such measurements of the phonon spectrum along symmetry directions.The possibility of obtaining the essential results of the theory with simpler approximations is considered, as well as the possibility of improving on the method.
The protective effects of nifedipine in the isolated cat heart.

The calcium channel blocking agent, nifedipine, was studied during global ischemia and reperfusion in isolated cat hearts perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution. Nifedipine was added to the reservoir and 0.1 μg/ml perfusate/hr of nifedipine was infused for 150 min. After 120 min of ischemia (flow at 1% of control), the heart was reperfused with nifedipine-containing perfusate for 20 min and with nifedipine-free perfusate for an additional 25 min. In control hearts, nifedipine significantly reduced the percent free activity of the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (P < 0.01). In ischemic hearts, nifedipine protected against the increased myocardial tissue edema (P < 0.01), the increased percent free cathepsin D activity (P < 0.02) and the postreperfusion increased creatine kinase activity (P < 0.01). Thus, nifedipine showed membrane stabilizing and cytoprotective activities in myocardial cells, after postischemic reperfusion. These data suggest that calcium ions contribute to the lysosome labilization and cytoplasmic enzyme leakage observed in ischemia and reperfusion, and that calcium channel blockade may protect myocardial cellular integrity during both ischemia and reperfusion.
Connecting academic and student affairs to enhance student learning and success

As community colleges embrace learning-centered practices, student affairs professionals have an opportunity to recommit to building and maintaining partnerships with their academic colleagues. This chapter explores the development, nature, and culture of learning-centered partnerships between academic and student affairs professionals, identifies best practices in community colleges, and examines the role of technology in enhancing partnership opportunities.
Meningoencephalitis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum complicating pregnancy

We report what appears to be the first established case of disseminated histoplasmosis in pregnancy. Involvement of the central nervous system made treatment difficult, and the course of disease required iatrogenic preterm delivery of an uninfected fetus. Aspects of pathogenesis, diagnosis, interaction with pregnancy, and treatment for this common infection, hitherto unreported in pregnancy, are presented.
Inhibition of apoptosis blocks human motor neuron cell death in a stem cell model of spinal muscular atrophy.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder caused by a deletion of the survival motor neuron 1 gene leading to motor neuron loss, muscle atrophy, paralysis, and death. We show here that induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines generated from two Type I SMA subjects–one produced with lentiviral constructs and the second using a virus-free plasmid–based approach–recapitulate the disease phenotype and generate significantly fewer motor neurons at later developmental time periods in culture compared to two separate control subject iPSC lines. During motor neuron development, both SMA lines showed an increase in Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis and increased caspase-8 and-3 activation. Importantly, this could be mitigated by addition of either a Fas blocking antibody or a caspase-3 inhibitor. Together, these data further validate this human stem cell model of SMA, suggesting that specific inhibitors of apoptotic pathways may be beneficial for patients.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: scrapie control under new strain.

Sheep believed to be resistant to scrapie are succumbing to atypical infections and a newly identified strain of the disease. Eradication programmes based on selective breeding should be reappraised.
Evolution of sleep spindles in childhood

Abstract Twenty-six normal children (age range 4–68 months) were studied during Stage 2 sleep which occurred within 20 min preceding or following the first three REM periods of the night. Sleep spindles were measured in Fp 1 T 3 . The number, length, and percent of sleep spindle activity were found to be maximal at 4–6 months of age. Beyond 6 months spindle activity decreased to reach minimal values by 27 months, remained fairly constant to 54 months, then rose again to higher values in the oldest subjects. The mean spindle-wave frequency was 13–14 c/sec in subjects younger than 40 months, but was 12–13 c/sec in older subjects. Spindle onsets in Fp 1 T 3 and Fp 2 T 4 were more often concurrent in older as compared to younger subjects. Auditory stimulation (binaural clicks, 60 dB above hearing threshold) affected neither the incidence nor the length of spindles during sleep. Because sizable changes in sleep spindle activity are found between 3 months and 5 years of age, and because such changes are relatively consistent between subjects, it is concluded that sleep spindles recorded between frontal and temporal areas may serve as a useful index of neural maturation in the human subject.
Comparison of Black and White Boys' Performance in Self‐paced and Reactive Sports Activities

This study provided support for Worthy and Markle's thesis that whites excel at self-paced and blacks at reactive sports activities, by assessing the performance of 55 white and 122 black fourth-grade boys playing a modified soccer game. The research also explored the relationships between several dimensions of socialization (e.g., father presence-absence) and relative performance on the self-paced-reactive dimension. Two significant correlations emerged: Regardless of their own racial identity, boys who excelled at the self-paced activity tended to have several younger siblings and to attend schools with a sizeable representation of white students. Subsequent interviews revealed that black and white boys did not differ in their preference for self-paced and reactive sports activities.
Compatibility of Zoophthora phytonomi (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) and Bathyplectes anurus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Kentucky alfalfa fields.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of the fungus Zoophthora phytonomi (Arthur) on rates of parasitism by Bathyplectes anurus (Thomson) and B. curculionis (Thomson). These Bathyplectes species parasitized an average of 38.6 ± 1.96 and 14.0 ± 2.21% of the alfalfa weevils, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), dissected during 1989 and 1990, respectively. However, B. curculionis parasitized only 0.15% of the 3,200 alfalfa weevil larvae reared during this study. Peak host density coincided with peak rates of parasitism by B. anurus for reared larvae and occurred ≈3 d before the peak rate of parasitism for dissected larvae. Peak incidence of parasitism for both reared and dissected larvae occurred ≈6 d before the peak in the epizootic of Z. phytonomi. Z. phytonomi indirectly caused high mortality of B. anurus after peak rates of parasitism and peak host density during 1989. B. anurus and the fungal pathogen have coexisted for 10 yr in central Kentucky with no apparent long-term reduction of B. anurus .
Impaired acquisition of temporal information in retrosplenial amnesia.

Abstract In this paper we describe the performance of an amnesic with a left retrosplenial lesion on three memory tasks assessing his ability to judge when a previously learned event had occurred. This patient was dramatically impaired in acquiring temporal information about new stimuli, and this defect could not be attributed to recognition failures or to frontal lobe dysfunction. In contrast to his impaired acquisition of temporal information, he had no difficulty judging the temporal order of remote historical events. The pattern of performance displayed by this patient suggests a specific defect in “time-tagging” of new incoming information.
Facile synthesis and characterization of highly dispersed platinum nanoparticles for fuel cells

Abstract We report a facile synthesis and characterization of highly-dispersed platinum nanoparticles supported on Ketjen carbon black (Pt/C) as electrocatalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel fells (PEMFCs). Pt particles with size of ∼ 2.6 nm were synthesized through adsorption of Pt acetylacetonate on carbon supports and subsequently thermal decomposition. A comparative characterization analysis, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and hydrodynamic voltammetry measurements, was performed on the synthesized and commercial TKK catalysts. It revealed the details of Pt dispersion on the carbon support, particle size and distribution, electrochemical surface area (ECSA), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of the catalysts. It was found that the synthesized Pt/C has similar particle size to that of the TKK catalyst (2.6 nm and 2.7 nm, respectively), but narrower particle size distribution. Accelerated durability tests under potential cycles were performed to study electrochemical degradation of the catalysts in corrosive environments. The synthesized Pt/C displayed significant losses in ECSA and activities after 20 k potential cycles, especially from 5 k to 20 k cycles, though with higher initial values (43% and 79% higher in ECSA and mass activity, respectively).
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues and hormone ablation for prostate cancer: state of the art.

Substitution at positions 6 and 10 can result in super-active peptides. Therefore, several LHRH analogues substituted at position 6, 10, or both are much more active than LHRH and have prolonged activity [5]. Of these analogues, the most important are [D-Trp 6 ]LHRH (triptorelin), [D-Leu 6 ,Pro 9 NHET]LHRH (leuprolide), [D-Ser(Bu t ) 6 ,Pro 9 NHET]LHRH (buserelin), and [D-Ser(Bu t ) 6 ,AzaGly 10 ]LHRH (goserelin), which are 50–100 times more potent than LHRH itself. This greater biological activity of the analogues is due to increased resistance to enzymatic degradation and increased receptor affinity.
OH* chemiluminescence measurements in a direct injection hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine:

AbstractIn an optically accessible single-cylinder engine fuelled with hydrogen, OH* chemiluminescence imaging is used to measure flame propagation characteristics, cycle-to-cycle variability, and ...
SEDIMENTATION OF A SPHERE NEAR A PLANE WALL: WEAK NON-NEWTONIAN AND INERTIAL EFFECTS

Abstract A reciprocal theorem is used to predict the steady three-dimensional creeping motion of a sphere sedimenting near a single vertical plane wall. Weak non-Newtonian effects up to second order in Deborah number are calculated as are inertial effects up to first order in Reynolds number. For the Newtonian case, a sphere translates parallel to the wall and simultaneously rotates as if rolling down the wall. At low Deborah numbers, the theoretical calculations indicate that fluid elasticity results in a migration of the sphere away from the wall and a drag decrease greater than that predicted in the unbounded case. A second normal stress difference enhances the drift velocity and shear thinning enhances the drag reduction. Shear thinning in the fluid viscosity tends to cause the sphere to rotate more slowly, which may lead to “anomalous” rotation at higher Deborah numbers. Intertial effects, on the other hand, cause no modification to the rotation speed, but do produce a drift velocity away from the wall. In addition, illustrative experiments are performed with spheres sedimenting through a polyacrylamide solution in a sufficiently large tank to focus on the interaction with a single vertical boundary. A digital imaging system is used to quantify both the sedimentation and migration speeds and the rotation rate. The observations show that the low Deborah number expansions fail to capture, even qualitatively, all of the effects observed at finite Deborah numbers.
Role of underthrust oceanic crust in the genesis of a Fijian calc-alkaline suite

A test of the proposition that calc-alkaline magmas are direct partial melts of underthrust oceanic crust is presented. It involves numerical evaluations of whether or not the major and trace element and isotopic composition of a Fijian calc-alkaline rock suite is consistent with these rocks representing unfractionated partial melts of oceanic crust at high pressures. Experimental data for one of the samples constrain the calculations. When compositions of liquidus minerals at 27 kb are combined with compositions of the volcanic rocks, close approximations can be made to the composition of oceanic crust only if the degree of partial melting is between ∼20% (dacite) and ∼45% (basaltic-andesite), and if accessory minerals are refractory phases. Concentrations of elements such as K, Rb, Sr, Pb, Th, and U, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the Fijian suite can be satisfactorily explained only if the parental material consisted of altered rather than fresh ocean floor basalt. Sediments are not likely to have been involved. Concentrations of Na, Ni, Co, Cr, Sc, V, the REE, Y, Zr, Hf, and Nb cannot be explained unless, or in some cases even if, several accessory phases are partially refractory. Therefore, partial melting of underthrust lithosphere does not seem likely to produce magmas with the composition of at least one quite typical calc-alkaline suite.
On the Applicability of Simplified Spherical Human Heads for Implanted Antennas in Biomedical Communications

Abstract The spherical dyadic Green's function (DGF) simulations of the interactions between an implanted antenna and a human head are performed with an emphasis on a biomedical communication link between an antenna implanted in a human head and an exterior antenna. Suitability of the spherical head model for characterization of implanted antennas in a human head is tested using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation based on an anatomical head model. The near-field distributions, the far-field patterns, and the radiation power from dipoles in three different types of spherical heads (homogeneous, three-layered, and six-layered heads) are compared to estimate the dependency of implanted antennas on the head configurations. To analyze the performance of the wireless link and to estimate the minimum sensitivity requirements, the maximum available powers are obtained at various locations on the inside and exterior antennas.
Salmonella Host Range of Bacteriophages That Infect Multiple Genera

Conventionally, bacteriophages are considered viruses capable of amplification only in a narrow range of closely related bacteria. Presently, we selected bacteriophages with the ability to infect more than 1 bacterial genus. Initially, wild-type bacteriophages were selected for ability to form plaques in Salmonella enteritidis agar overlays. For determination of host specificity, a pool of 44 bacteriophages was combined with each bacterial isolate in tryptic soy broth. This mixture was incubated with fresh bacterial culture and media for 4 sequential passes, and the resulting bacteriophage titer was determined using S. enteritidis. One Klebsiella and 3 different Escherichia isolates successfully amplified some bacteriophage(s) from the S. enteritidis-selected bacteriophage pool (experiment 1). Amplification of bacteriophages in each species was confirmed by the formation of increased plaque forming units in a tryptic soy agar overlay with the enteric (alternative host) bacteria, Klebsiella or Escherichia (experiment 2). Two selected bacteriophages, confirmed to amplify in Escherichia or Klebsiella, were further evaluated for ability to amplify in 10 different Salmonella serovars by amplification in broth culture (experiment 3). One had the ability to amplify in 6 different Salmonella serovars, and the other had the ability to amplify in 2 different Salmonella serovars. These experiments suggest that bacteriophage host range is not always genera-restricted and that selection of subpopulations of bacteriophages capable of amplification in alternative genera may provide a tool for selection of broad host-range bacteriophages for the pathogen of interest. Selection of non-pathogenic host isolates to support replication of Salmonella bacteriophages may allow improved safety for bacteriophage application to poultry because this would reduce the necessity for 100% purification of the bacteriophages(s) from resistant host bacteria.
Word Identification Abilities of Severely Disabled Readers: A Comparison in Isolation and Context.

Examines the strong vs. weak relationships between word recognition in isolation and in context hypotheses. Reports a lack of specific relationships for a group of severely disabled readers. Although the performance on these tasks was correlated at .68, a detailed analysis of individual performances demonstrated the inconsistent and idiosyncratic nature of the responses. The data, while not as clearcut as some reported earlier, seem nevertheless to support the weak relationship argument. In addition, two distinct types of disabled readers emerged from the analysis (those whose word recognition was superior in isolation and those whose word recognition was superior in context). Examination of individual response patterns suggest many traditional diagnostic assessment procedures may provide little useful information for instructional decisions.
Scandinavianism, Fennomania, and the Crimean War

Abstract Sweden's loss of Finland to Russia in 1808–09 was bitterly resented in Sweden but accepted by Finland's elite, who realized that Sweden could ultimately not defend their land. Alexander I made Finland a self-governing Grand Duchy under his suzerainty, although its status remained precarious. By the 1830s Russophobia was again on the rise in Sweden, where the “Scandinavianists” believed the Finns longed for reunification with Sweden. With their new internal autonomy and growing cultural “Fennomania,” few Finns had such ideas. The Crimean War, in which Sweden came close to intervening, brought a clear parting of the ways between Scandinavianism and Fennomania.
Basin analysis of the Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous southwest Tarim basin, northwest China

The Jurassic through Cretaceous southwest Tarim basin, northwest China, contains more than 6 km of fluvial and lacustrine strata deposited in a foreland setting during the successive collisions with Eurasia of the Changtang block during Late Triassic–Early Jurassic time and with the mega-Lhasa block during Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous time. This tectonism is chronologically linked with the creation of a narrow lower Middle Jurassic transtensional basin with thick sedimentary infill, succeeded by a broader Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous compressional(?) basin with thinner sedimentary infill. The older basin formed between a north-northwest–striking dextral fault on the eastern side of the southwest Tarim basin in the Tian Shan and a postulated strike-slip or normal fault on the western margin of the basin along the Kunlun Shan. The former fault is now the Talas-Ferghana fault; the latter may be a predecessor to the Main Pamir thrust. Subsidence analysis of the thickest sedimentary section suggests thermal subsidence, interpreted as the result of transtension between the two basin-bounding faults. The younger basin extends farther east and west and does not preserve evidence of activity along the Talas-Ferghana fault. The change in basin style between these two episodes of basin development likely reflects either a small counterclockwise rotation of basin-bounding structures during the first episode or a small clockwise rotation of the maximum compressive stress between the two episodes.
TEMPORAL AMMONIUM PATCHINESS AND GROWTH RATE IN CODIUM AND ULVA (ULVOPHYCEAE)1

The growth rates of two chlorophyte macroalgae, Codium fragile and Ulva curvata, are compared in response to varied, but non-random, NH4+ enrichments (pulses). The species were chosen to contrast radically different morphologies. Pulse frequency and pulse duration were varied independently; however, an equivalent mass of NH4+ was added in each treatment. The growth rate of Codium varied neither as a function of pulse frequency nor duration; the growth rate of Ulva varied with pulse frequency, but not pulse duration. These data are combined with life form and physiological characters, and are discussed in the context of the “function form” hypothesis. From the evidence we argue that by virtue of its life form, Ulva is capable of utilizing transiently high NH4+ concentrations and is capable of high growth rates, attributes contributing to its role as a ruderal species. In contrast, Codium's life form does not allow utilization of transiently high NH4+ concentrations or high growth rates, thereby contributing to its role as a persistent species.
Illusion decrement and transfer of illusion decrement in real- and subjective-contour Poggendorff figures

The reduction in illusion magnitude with visual inspection and the transfer of such illusion decrement to a noninspected figure were examined in real- and subjective-contour Poggendorff figures. For both types of figures, illusion magnitude decreased significantly, and in a similar manner, during a 5-min inspection period. Postinspection tests showed that inspecting either a real- or subjective-contour figure resulted in a reduction in illusion magnitude for the other, noninspected figure. These findings suggest that real- and subjective-contour Poggendorff figures share a similar global organization and are thus probably processed in a similar manner. These characteristics make subjective-contour figures a useful tool for separating illusion-producing mechanisms into structural and strategy components.
Glutathione S-transferase activities in rat and mouse sperm and human semen

Abstract Glutathione S -transferase activity was found in sperm of the rat and DBA 2J and C57 BL 6J mice. In rat sperm activities with benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide, styrene 7,8-oxide, and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene were 0.88, 1.07, and 26.1 nmoles/min/mg protein, respectively. Δ5-3-Ketosteroid isomerase activity of rat sperm was 4.9 nmoles/min/mg protein. These specific glutathione S -transferase and Δ5-3-ketosteroid isomerase activities in sperm represent 0.4–4.1% of rat liver cytosol values. Human semen also contained significant glutathione S -transferase activity. It is postulated that these enzymes could function in the metabolism and detoxification of certain electrophilic xenobiotics, if present in sperm.
Algorithms for solving linear, non-linear differential and differential-difference equations by approximating the solution to polynomials

In this paper, a simple methodology for solving initial/boundary value problems for linear/non-linear differential and differential-difference equations is proposed, by approximating the solution to polynomials. The method is based on direct substitution by the assumed polynomials into DEs themselves and then solving system of equations to compute the coefficients of the polynomials. Comparisons of the results are performed with other works published during the last decade through practical examples, which have shown significant progress in the accuracy and the simplicity. This will give the researchers more advantage to use this method especially the engineers.
Influence of PROP taster status and maternal variables on energy intake and body weight of pre-adolescents.

Abstract Genetic taste blindness to the bitterness of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) may be a marker for increased energy intake and body weight. This hypothesis has not been tested in pre-adolescent children. This study determined if non-taster children would report higher energy intakes and maintain higher body weights than taster children. Maternal variables which are known to influence food intake and body weight during childhood were also considered including maternal weight, maternal restraint and disinhibition and child feeding practices. Sixty-five children with a mean age of 9.0 ± 0.2 years participated. They completed a 3-day diet recall for the estimation of daily energy and macronutrient intakes. BMI (mothers) and BMI%-for-age (children) were calculated from measured heights and weights. Non-taster children reported higher daily energy intakes than super-taster children (p ≤ 0.05), but no differences in macronutrient selection were observed. Also, children of disinhibited mothers reported higher daily energy intakes than children of mothers who were not disinhibited (p ≤ 0.05). However, these variables did not predict children's body weight. Rather, regression modeling (R2 = 0.59; p ≤ 0.0001) revealed that restriction, concern for child weight and maternal BMI were positive predictors of children's BMI%-for-age and pressure to eat was a strong negative predictor (p-value range = 0.02–0.004). PROP status was not a predictor of body weight in these children. These results suggest that in pre-adolescent children, current energy intakes were negatively related to children's PROP status and positively related to maternal disinhibition. However, BMI%-for-age, a measure of long-term energy balance, was related to child feeding practices and maternal BMI.
Plastic deformation of ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymers and ionomers

A material strained beyond its yield point typically suffers substantial irrecoverable deformation. Surprisingly, this is not the case for ethylene/methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymers and ionomers, for which significant permanent deformation does not result until the applied strain exceeds 50–150%, far beyond the yield strain of 5–10%. At room temperature, strain recovery is complete on the order of hours or days following the removal of the applied load. Interestingly, the onset of permanent deformation coincides with a broad maximum or shoulder in the plot of stress versus strain. Two-dimensional X-ray scattering studies of both initially isotropic samples and highly aligned blown films reveals that this “second yield shoulder,” commonly observed in the stress–strain curves of ethylene/α-olefin copolymers, is fundamentally associated with polyethylene crystal fracture, resulting in fragments of reduced lateral extent. Connections formed between these crystalline fragments lock in the deformed conformations of the amorphous intercrystalline segments, preventing the specimen from retracting to its initial dimensions. Additional recovery is possible through heating; complete melting of the deformed specimens results in full recovery up to applied strains of 200%, beyond which strain-induced chain disentanglement begins. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1588–1598, 2009
Calculation of permeability coefficients of soils and marine sediments

Abstract A BASIC program is described which calculates permeability coefficients from data obtained by laboratory measurement using a variable-head permeability apparatus. The program also calculates two quantities from the experimental data which are functions of hydrostatic pressure change and time interval, respectively. Output is printed and stored in a data file for statistical processing or graphical presentation using a commercial software package. A data collection method is explained which permits the recognition of sample disturbance, such as the formation of large flow channels, arising during the course of testing. Use of the program is demonstrated using data for three natural sediment samples tested on a variable-head permeability apparatus with back pressure.
An Integrated Risk Model of a Drinking‐Water – Borne Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak

A dynamic risk model is developed to track the occurrence and evolution of a drinking-water-borne cryptosporidiosis outbreak. The model characterizes and integrates the various environmental, medical, institutional, and behavioral factors that determine outbreak development and outcome. These include contaminant delivery and detection, water treatment efficiency, the timing of interventions, and the choices that people make when confronted with a known or suspected risk. The model is used to evaluate the efficacy of alternative strategies for improving risk management during an outbreak, and to identify priorities for improvements in the public health system. Modeling results indicate that the greatest opportunity for curtailing a large outbreak is realized by minimizing delays in identifying and correcting a drinking-water problem. If these delays cannot be reduced, then the effectiveness of risk communication in preemptively reaching and persuading target populations to avoid exposure becomes important.
Studies of Rorschach content: a review of research literature. II. Non-traditional uses of content indicators.

Abstract The results of systematic research study of traditional Rorschach content are reviewed, with a particular emphasis on the following problem areas: population norms, ontogenesis, psychopathology, intellectual and personality characteristics, and situational influences. The yield of this work is then compared with the interpretive statements found in several of the contemporary Rorschach textbooks. It is concluded that no single content category is uniquely indicative of a specific diagnostic category, a personality variable, or a situationally induced factor. The principal value of content variables is seen in the indication that they provide of the nature and adequacy of an individual's relationship to external reality, his social interaction, and his attitude toward his impulse life.
Health within the experience of breast cancer

The purpose of this descriptive research was to explicate the concept of health within illness by describing women's experiences with breast cancer. The study is based on Newman's view of illness as expanding consciousness. Twenty women, ages 38-60, with previously diagnosed (within 4-18 months) breast cancer, were asked to describe their experience with breast cancer through two open-ended interviews. Data collection and analyses were based on a qualitative research methodology which incorporates aspects of existential phenomenology and phenomenological nursology with a focus on person-environment interaction patterning. Through thematic analyses and patterning of the person-environment analyses based on the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association Taxonomy I dimensions, themes consistent with health as expanding consciousness emerged.
Accurate exponents from approximate tensor renormalizations

We explain the recent numerical successes obtained by Tao Xiang's group, who developed and applied tensor renormalization group methods for the Ising model on square and cubic lattices, by the fact that their new truncation method sharply singles out a surprisingly small subspace of dimension two. We show that in the two-state approximation, their transformation can be handled analytically, yielding a value of 0.964 for the critical exponent $\ensuremath{\nu}$ much closer to the exact value 1 than the 1.338 value obtained in the Migdal-Kadanoff approximation. We propose two alternative blocking procedures that preserve the isotropy and improve the accuracy to $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.987$ and 0.993, respectively. We discuss applications to other classical lattice models, including models with fermions, and suggest that it could become a competitor for Monte Carlo methods suitable for accurate calculations of critical exponents, taking continuum limits, and the study of near-conformal systems in arbitrarily large volumes.
Serine hydroxymethylase. Specificity of bond cleavage to form quinonoid intermediates and rate of holoenzyme formation

Abstract l -Serine transhydroxymethylase (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase, EC 2.1.2.1) a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme, has been obtained as a homogeneous preparation with a specific activity of 6.7 μmol benzaldehyde per minute at 30°C at pH 7.5 in N-2- hydroxyethylpiperazine -N′-2- ethanesulfonic acid (Hepes) buffer, with dl -threo-β-phenylserine as a substrate. This enzyme has been used to study the specificity of bond cleavage in forming quinonoid intermediates from dl and non-asymmetric amino acids. The ability of the generated quinonoids to react with formaldehyde and acetaldehyde has also been studied and evidence obtained for formation of the corresponding β-hydroxymethyl and β-hydroxyethyl amino acid derivaties. Apotranshydroxymethylase has been prepared and the rate of holoenzyme formation was found to be 0.52 min−1 by measuring Schiff base formation at 425 nm and 0.66 min−1 as determined from restoration of enzymic activity. A requirement for the presence of mercaptoethanol for complete reactivation was also established by these studies.
Progressive LGBTQ reference: coming out in the 21st century

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an exploratory practice‐based framework that identifies strategic goals, objectives, and activities for each of the five areas of modern‐day reference, namely – access to electronic resources, user instruction, library commons, outreach liaison, and virtual reference – with a focus on meeting the needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and questioning (LGBTQ) individuals during the coming out process.Design/methodology/approach – The paper highlights findings for progressive reference services in the twenty‐first century based on qualitative studies and action research conducted by two openly gay library and information science professionals in the University of Tennessee‐Knoxville during the period 2005‐2011.Findings – Findings reveal elements of the proposed framework geared towards meeting the needs of LGBTQ patrons during the five phases of coming out – self‐recognition, sharing with other LGBTQ people, telling close friends/family, positive se...
CFD-based Design of LOX Pump Inlet Duct for Reduced Dynamic Loads

Numerical simulations have been completed for a variety of designs for a 90 deg elbow duct. The objective is to identify a design that minimizes the dynamic load entering a LOX turbopump located at the elbow exit. Designs simulated to date indicate that simpler duct geometries result in lower losses. Benchmark simulations have verified that the compressible flow code used in this study is applicable to these incompressible flow simulations.
A comparison of the photoelectron spectrum and crystal orbital calculations of polyethylene

Abstract The experimentally observed photoelectron spectrum of C 36 H 74 is compared with theoretical calculations based on crystal orbital theory at vario
Surface manifestation of internal tides generated near Hawaii

Analysis of Topex/Poseidon satellite altimetry reveals short-wavelength fluctuations in the ocean surface tide that are attributable to internal tides. A significant fraction of the semidiurnal internal tide generated at the Hawaiian Ridge is evidently phase-locked to the astronomical potential and can modulate the amplitude of the surface tide by ∼5 cm. The internal tide is thus easily mapped along satellite groundtracks, and it is found to be spatially coherent over great distances, with waves propagating well over 1000 km from the Hawaiian Ridge before decaying below noise level. Both first and second baroclinic modes are observed in both the M 2 (lunar) and S 2 (solar) tides. The high space-time coherence is in sharp contrast to what is often inferred from current-meter observations, but it confirms recent speculations from an acoustic experiment north of Hawaii.
Distribution, properties and origin of viscous-flow features in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Abstract Satellite images and high resolution air photos, coupled with field examinations, were used to examine 24 rock glaciers/debris-covered glaciers and 25 gelifluction sheets, collectively referred to as viscous-flow features, in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Debris-covered glaciers are the dominant form and are longer (mean length = 2.5 km), wider (mean width = 0.8 km), and less steep (mean slope = 12°) than similar features reported in most arctic and alpine environments. The catchment areas tend to be large, averaging over 9 km2. Most of the debris-covered glaciers are tongue-shaped, and where excavation was possible, the ice core was readily observable. Gelifluction sheets primarily occur at the base of valley sidewalls below talus on slopes ranging from 5 to 30° (average = 13°) and contain a very thin active layer (normal range 20 to 40 cm). Both viscous-flow forms occur on the north- and south-facing slopes of the east–west trending valleys and are concentrated in the inland mixed zone and stable upland microclimatic zone; these lobes were not found in the coastal thaw zone. Gelifluction sheets result from the melting of snow high on the valley walls, subsurface flow of meltwater on top of the permafrost, and slow movement downslope. They are readily observable from nonsorted polygons that are stretched into rectangles that are perpendicular to the slope and contain raised polygon rims upslope. The movement of gelifluction sheets can be detected from upturned stones containing carbonate coatings. Rates of horizontal surface flow of the viscous-flow features are comparable to those reported elsewhere in Antarctica and in the alpine and arctic regions of the world. Some of the viscous-flow features appear to be inactive, possibly reflecting the recession of alpine glaciers in high elevation cirques.
Expression of soluble and catalytically active plant (monocot) β‐glucosidases in E. coli

Complementary DNAs encoding mature beta-glucosidase proteins Glu1 and Glu2 of maize were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into the expression vector pET21a. Both Glu1 and Glu2 isozymes were expressed in high yield ( approximately 3.8% of the total soluble protein and 32% of the total expressed protein) in E. coli. Recombinant enzymes were active on a variety of artificial and natural substrates at levels similar to those of their native counterparts isolated from maize seedlings. Western blot analysis confirmed that both recombinant isozymes were immunoreactive with maize anti-beta-glucosidase sera and their molecular sizes were identical to those of the native maize Glu1 and Glu2 isozymes. Zymogram assays in native gels revealed that recombinant enzymes had the same electrophoretic mobility and substrate specificity as their native counterparts.
Optimal planning of structural performance monitoring based on reliability importance assessment

Recently, the effective use of information from structural health monitoring (SHM) has been considered as a significant tool for rational maintenance planning of deteriorating structures. Since a realistic maintenance plan for civil infrastructure has to include uncertainty, reliable information from SHM should be used systematically. Continuous monitoring over a long-term period can increase the reliability of the assessment and prediction of structural performance. However, due to limited financial resources, cost-effective SHM should be considered. This paper provides an approach for cost-effective monitoring planning of a structural system, based on a time-dependent normalized reliability importance factor (NRIF) of structural components. The reliability of the system and the NRIFs of individual components are assessed and predicted based on monitored data. The total monitoring cost for the structural system is allocated to individual components according to the NRIF. These allocated monitoring costs of individual components are used in Pareto optimization to determine the monitoring schedules (i.e., monitoring duration and prediction duration).
ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF INFORMATION FLOW IN TECHNOLOGY

For about five years now a small group of us at MIT have been conducting a series of investigations into the information needs of technologists, the manner in which these needs are presently met, the relation between various ways of fulfilling information needs and technological performance, and the nature of factors which determine the ways in which information needs will be fulfilled.
Self-organized nanostructures in multi-phase epilayers

Recent experiments have shown that multi-phase epilayers may self-organize into ordered nanoscale patterns on a solid substrate. In this paper, we present a phase field model for the self-assembly of three-phase epilayers. Nanoscale patterns are developed by two competing actions: coarsening due to phase boundary energy and refining due to substrate-mediated elastic interaction. The continuum phase field approach leads to a set of nonlinear diffusion equations, which couples the two concentration fields in the epilayer and the stress field in the substrate. Numerical simulations reveal remarkably rich dynamics in the self-assembly of multi-phase epilayers. An epilayer may evolve into various patterns, suggesting a significant degree of experimental control in growing nanoscale structures.
Faster Possibility Detection by Combining Two Approaches

A new algorithm is presented for detecting whether a particular computation of an asynchronous distributed system satisfies Poss Φ (read “possibly Φ”), meaning the system could have passed through a global state satisfying Φ. Like the algorithm of Cooper and Marzullo, Φ may be any global state predicate; and like the algorithm of Garg and Waldecker, Poss Φ is detected quite efficiently if Φ has a certain structure. The new algorithm exploits the structure of some predicates Φ not handled by Garg and Waldecker's algorithm to detect Poss Φ more efficiently than is possible with any algorithm that, like Cooper and Marzullo's, evaluates Φ on every global state through which the system could have passed. A second algorithm is also presented for off-line detection of Poss Φ. It uses Strassen's scheme for fast matrix multiplication. The intrinsic complexity of off-line and on-line detection of Poss Φ is discussed.
Light distribution of ocular endophotocoagulator probes and its surgical implications.

Ophthalmic endophotocoagulator probe cone angle affects the spot size, working distance, laser output power requirement, tissue exposure time, and uniformity of tissue irradiance, which all affect ease and safety of clinical use. The cone angle and irradiance distribution of several ophthalmic endophotocoagulator delivery systems were studied by directing the laser energy emitted by them on a CCD video sensor at several angles of incidence. The irradiances followed a Gaussian distribution. The measured irradiances were compared to a mathematical model of tissue irradiance that adjusted for the cone angle, probe-tissue distance, and angle of incidence. Using this model, laser irradiances produced by endophotocoagulator probes can be estimated under a wide variety of conditions. At highly oblique angles of incidence, wide-angle probes produce unexpectedly higher and uneven tissue irradiance. When numerous characteristics are considered, probes with a cone angle in the range of 10© have many advantages over narrower or wider angle probes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Some Thoughts on the Making of International Law

In their timely and thought-provoking book, Alan Boyle and Christine Chinkin explore con- temporary methods of making international law. With the expansion of international law, and its increased specialization, it is no longer the case that it is ' made ' by a fi nite number of entities (states) through a handful of intergovernmental processes. Instead, international law is made in a large number of fora, including a variety of multilateral processes, tribu- nals and the organs of international organizations. In addition, although states remain the primary makers of international law, they are joined by other participants such as inter- national organizations and judges, as well as entities which are infl uential in the making of international law, including non-governmental organizations and even individuals. The authors' approach is to seek to draw generalized inferences from an analysis of the processes, both within and beyond the United Nations, which led to the adoption (or not) of several signifi cant international instruments and other documents. Although their treatment of the subject-matter is not without its diffi culties, it nonetheless provides a useful overview, which should be of interest to the academic and practitioner alike. The book is also signifi cant for the fact that, in reviewing the range of modern international law instruments, the authors inadvertently provide an insight into the modern sources of international law, particularly as regards the signifi cance of the interplay between different types of law-making instruments. * Legal Offi cer, United Nations Offi ce of Legal Affairs, and member of the Secretariat of the International Law Commission and of the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly. Email: pronto@un.org . The views expressed herein do not necessarily refl ect those of the United Nations. This article is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Michael Larkin, a gifted academic who possessed uncommon humanitarian qualities and was much loved and admired by his colleagues and students (including the present writer) - senselessly murdered on the streets of Cape Town for refusing to hand over a briefcase containing his students ' exam