cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-templated synthesis and thermal conductivity investigation for ultrathin perovskite oxide nanowires

The large thermal conductivity of bulk complex metal oxides such as SrTiO3, NaCo2O4, and Ca3Co4O9 has set a barrier for the improvement of thermoelectric figure of merit and the applications of these materials in high temperature (≥1000 K) thermoelectric energy harvesting and solid-state cooling. Here, we present a self-templated synthesis approach to grow ultrathin SrTiO3 nanowires with an average diameter of 6 nm in large quantity. The thermal conductivity of the bulk pellet made by compressing nanowire powder using spark plasma sintering shows a 64% reduction in thermal conductivity at 1000 K, which agrees well with theoretical modeling.
Radiative Instability in Stellar Envelopes

A general analytic criterion for radiative instability in the envelope of a nonexplosive star is derived, based on a generalization of the Eddington limit for the star's luminosity, an expression for the stationary mass-loss acceleration, and an assumed universality of the critical mean density of the envelope. The derived criterion has been formulated as the minimum rate of mass loss needed to achieve a super-Eddington state. Expressed as a simple function of luminosity and effective temperature, it is applied to luminous blue variables (LBVs), Wolf-Rayet stars, and ordinary B-type supergiants. Assuming that the brightest LBVs as well as most of the Wolf-Rayet stars are post-main-sequence objects, these objects must have radiatively unstable envelopes.
Clinical trial of an ex vivo arterial blood gas monitor.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the performance of a patient attached, on demand ex vivo arterial blood gas (ABG) monitor, and to compare the frequency of ABG analysis using the monitor, where the monitor was operated by intensive care unit (ICU) staff on shock trauma and neurosurgical intensive care patients for s6 days, with standard clinical laboratory analysis. Materials and Methods: The ABG monitor (SensiCath; Optical Sensors Inc., Minneapolis, MN) incorporates fiber optic pH, Pco2, Po2 and thermistor temperature sensors in a 0.3-mL sensor chamber that attaches in line with the patient's arterial pressure tubing and connects via a fiberoptic cable to a bedside instrument. The monitor and standard clinical laboratory performance were compared following an institutionally approved protocol. Adult ICU patients (n = 30) were studied for whom an arterial cannula was required, the expected ICU stay was >72 hours, ≥2 ABG analyses/day were anticipated, and informed consent had been obtained. Paired comparison ABG analyses and quality assurance checks were performed daily. The frequency of ABG analyses in this study, for which monitor values were used for clinical decision making, was compared with the frequency previously reported for the same ICUs, for which the monitor and laboratory results were compared but only the latter were used for clinical decision making. Results: Five hundred ABG analyses, 436 over the first 72 hours, were obtained using the monitor for patient management over 3,248 patient hours (85 ± 47 hours/ patient). Monitor-laboratory comparison ABG analyses (n = 258) indicated stable performance over 6 days: For pH, the range of laboratory measurements was 7.200 to 7.540, accuracy (mean difference between monitor and laboratory measurement) was +0.013, and precision (standard deviation of difference between monitor and laboratory measurements) was ±0.031. For Pco2, range: 18 to 78.5, accuracy: −0.8, precision: ±3.4 mm Hg. For P02, range: 41.0 to 344.0, accuracy: +2.3, precision: ±12.8 mm Hg. The frequency of ABG analyses obtained using the monitor (ie, 15.0 ± 11.6 ABGs/patient/72 hours) was significantly greater than that using the clinical laboratory (ie, 8.8 ± 4.2 ABGs/patient/72 hours) (P = .01). Conclusion: The ABG monitor provides performance comparable to standard clinical laboratory analysis for ≤6 days (≤144 hours), consistent with ICU arterial cannula changeout schedules. More frequent ABG analyses are obtained by critical care practitioners using the monitor compared with the clinical laboratory system, suggesting that clinical decision making based on ABG data may be limited by the frequency of ABG analysis.
Does complexity constrain organelle evolution

The evolution of eukaryotes was punctuated by invasions of the bacteria that have evolved to mitochondria and plastids. These bacterial endosymbionts founded major eukaryotic lineages by enabling them to carry out aerobic respiration and oxygenic photosynthesis. Yet, having evolved as free-living organisms, they were at first poorly adapted organelles. Although mitochondria and plastids have integrated within the physiology of eukaryotic cells, this integration has probably been constrained by the high level of complexity of their bacterial ancestors and the inability of gradual evolutionary processes to drastically alter complex systems. Here, I review complex processes that directly involve translation of plastid mRNAs and how they could constrain transfer to the nucleus of the genes encoding them.
Epitaxial superconductors on rolling-assisted biaxially-textured substrates (RABiTS): a route towards high critical current density wire

Abstract Fabrication of epitaxial, high- J c , biaxially aligned YBCO thick films on rolling-assisted biaxially-textured substrates (RABiTS) is summarized. The RABiTS technique utilizes standard thermomechanical processing to obtain long lengths of flexible, biaxially oriented substrates with smooth surfaces (rms ∽50 nm). The strong biaxial texture of the metal (in-plane 6–7° FWHM) is conferred to the superconductor by deposition of intermediate metal and/or oxide layers which serve both as a chemical as well as a structural buffer. Epitaxial YBCO films grown using laser ablation on RABiTS™ have critical current densities exceeding 10 6 A cm −2 at 77 K in zero-field and have field dependences similar to epitaxial films on single crystal ceramic substrates. The texture of the base metal has been achieved in lengths over 1 m and scaleable techniques are being pursued to deposit epitaxial multilayers. Deposited conductors made using this technique offer a potential route for the fabrication of long lengths of high- J c wire capable of carrying high currents in high magnetic fields and at elevated temperatures.
Strategic Role of Relationship Building: Perceived Links Between Employee–Organization Relationships and Globalization Strategies

Based on literature in relationship management and strategic management, this article explores the perceived connection between relationship building and the global strategies of multinational corporations, and in turn, the value of relationships as organizational resources that can contribute to the implementation of strategies. Interview data showed that different global strategies were perceived to be related to different types of relationships, as well as quality of relationships with employees in the local subsidiaries in China. This study extended the research in relationship management, as well as the strategic role of public relations in the global setting.
Trends in the Teaching of Typewriting

(1977). Trends in the Teaching of Typewriting. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 262-264.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase in rat liver nuclei

Biochemical and immunochemical data from the present investigation reveal the existence of a p85/p110 phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) in rat liver nuclei. 32P-Labeling of membrane phosphoinositides by incubating intact nuclei with [gamma-32P]ATP results in the formation of [32P]phosphatidyl-inositol 3,4, 5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3], accompanied by small quantities of [32P]phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P]. Studies with subnuclear fractions indicate that the PI 3-kinase is not confined to nuclear membranes. The nuclear soluble fraction also contains PI 3-kinase and an array of inositide-metabolizing enzymes, including phospholipase C (PLC), phosphoinositide phosphatase, and diacylglycerol (DAG) kinase. As a result, exposure of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] to the nuclear extract in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP generates a series of 32P-labeled D-3 phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid (PA) in an interdependent manner. On the basis of the immunological reactivity and kinetic behavior, the nuclear PI 3-kinase is analogous, if not identical, to PI 3-kinase alpha, and constitutes about 5% of the total PI 3-kinase in the cell. Moreover, we test the premise that nuclear PI 3-kinase may, in part, be regulated through the control of substrate availability by PtdIns(4,5)P2-binding proteins. Effect of CapG, a nuclear actin-regulatory protein, on PI 3-kinase activity is examined in view of its unique Ca2+-dependent PtdIns(4, 5)P2-binding capability. In vitro data show that the CapG-mediated inhibition of nuclear PI 3-kinase is prompted by PKC phosphorylation of CapG and elevated [Ca2+]. This CapG-dependent regulation provides a plausible link between nuclear PLC and PI 3-kinase pathways for cross-communications. Taken together, these findings provide definite data concerning the presence of an autonomous PI 3-kinase cycle in rat liver nuclei. The nuclear location of PI 3-kinase may lead to a better understanding regarding its functional role in transducing signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in response to diverse physiological stimuli.
Outbreak of Choanephora Blight Caused by Choanephora cucurbitarum on Green Bean and Pepper in Florida.

Severe outbreaks of Choanephora blight on green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cvs. Bronco, Shade, and Gold Mine) and bell pepper (Capsicum annuum cvs. Aristotle, Crusader, and Sentry) were widespread in southwestern (Hendry and Collier counties) and northern Florida (Alachua County) in October and November 2002. Disease incidence, estimated by inspecting 100 randomly selected bean plants in each of four fields, was 40 to 100% and infected fruit ranged from less than 10 to 100%. Incidence estimated similarly on pepper plants in three fields was 35 to 40% with substantial fruit infection observed predominantly around the calyx. Zucchini fruit and a pigweed plant (Amaranthus sp.) were observed with sporulating lesions of Choanephora, indicating that other hosts were affected during the outbreak. Symptoms were blighted leaves, dieback of shoot tips, blighted blossoms, and black, soft-rot lesions on fruit. Choanephora sp. was sporulating in abundance on diseased tissue. Isolates of Choanephora sp. grew readily as p...
Effects of Reperfusion on Infarct Size: Experimental Studies

Reperfusion of an ischaemic region in the dog heart has several possible consequences for the affected myocardium. The relative importance of each of these consequences depends on the severity and duration of blood flow deprivation, on whether the myocytes have been reversibly or irreversibly injured and on whether injury to the microvasculature has occurred. In this paper, the following important effects of reperfusion in ischemic myocardium are reviewed: (1) The acceleration of the disintegration of irreversibly injured myocytes by reperfusion results in contraction band necrosis. The sarcolemmal damage associated with this phenomenon permits accelerated washout of creatine kinase and other intracellular constituents. (2) Haemorrhage into the area of ischaemic injury results from reperfusion of tissue exhibiting severe ischaemic vascular injury. (3) Potentially fatal arrhythmias may be initiated by reperfusion. (4) Myocardial salvage occurs and infarct size is limited if reperfusion is instituted at a time when reversibly injured ischaemic myocytes at risk of necrosis are still present. In dogs there is a transmural ‘wavefront’ progression of irreversible ischaemic injury which occurs as a function of increasing duration of ischaemia; thus, the logical goal of very early reperfusion is complete prevention of celldeath and that of later reperfusion is the conversion of what might have been a transmural infarct to a nontransmural or subendocardial infarct. The time within which reperfusion can limit infarct size in experimental models of infarction is about 3 h. In some animals, small amounts of salvageable myocardium may persist beyond 3 h, but limitation of infarct size has not been demonstrated experimentally beyond 5–6 h. (5) Metabolic and functional recovery of surviving myocytes may require several days. Thus, the functional benefits of reperfusion may be underestimated if evaluated immediately after reperfusion.
Where there is a doctor: Strategies to increase productivity at lower cost. The economics of rural health care in the Dominican Republic

The study of a rural health district in the Dominican Republic found relatively high levels of public and out-of-pocket primary health expenditures and poor quality of care. The inefficient use of public resources and low efficacy were attributed to: (1) underutilization of health services, (2) low productivity of human and physical resources, which in turn were caused by poor managerial practices, shortages of medicines, dispersion of the population and the compulsory 1-year rural social service required from all graduating physicians (known as pasantia in some Latin American countries and medicatura rural in others). Out-of-pocket health expenditures responded to unnecessary self-referrals and excessive self-medications. The findings suggest that the quality of care can be improved and the public and out-of-pocket expenditures reduced by: (1) the replacement of the social service (pasantia) by permanent physicians, (2) the organization of communal pharmacies and (3) the establishment of outreach health posts. It is argued that today in the Dominican Republic as in many other Latin American countries unemployed or underemployed physicians are willing to take permanent positions in rural areas. The study suggests that rural physicians need and will be willing to accept the fact that much of their medical training has no applicability to the rural setting. The retraining or recycling of rural physicians for their new health roles is discussed also.
Gas absorption by drops traveling on a vertical wire

In the measurement of the absorption of carbon dioxide gas by a series of oil drops moving down a vertical wire the variables studied are drop frequency, oil viscosity, wire size, and column length. A model is proposed which assumes that the gas is absorbed by almost stagnant liquid film between and covering the drops, that the film is subsequently mixed with a drop as it moves past, and that the dissolved gas is carried from the column in circulating loops of liquid within the drops. The model leads to an equation which correlates the data and gives a good approximation to the slope of the line.
Does St. John's wort interfere with the antiandrogenic effect of oral contraceptive pills?

Abstract Background St. John's wort (SJW), a commonly used herbal remedy, has been shown to compromise the efficacy of drugs, including oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), by inducing cytochrome P-450. We investigated whether the simultaneous use of SJW with OCPs resulted in elevated serum androgen levels with implications of impaired OCP treatment of hirsutism and acne. Materials and Methods Fifteen healthy women were treated with the low-dose OC Loestrin 1/20™ for 2 months and then additionally with SJW for 2 months. Androgen and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were measured in serum by immunoassay methods; free testosterone (fT) was calculated. Results were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results There were no statistically significant differences in androgen levels after the addition of SJW in women using Loestrin 1/20™. However, there were decreases in total testosterone and fT levels (10.7% and 15.8%, respectively) along with a small increase in SHBG levels (7.0%). Conclusions In women using OCPs and SJW simultaneously, it appears that SJW does not interfere with the antiandrogenic properties of OCPs.
Defining the role of radiosurgery in the management of brain metastases.

The role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of recurrent and newly diagnosed brain metastases was evaluated prospectively. From December 1988 to March 1991, 58 lesions in 40 patients were treated with accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery. All patients were followed for a minimum of 6 months or to death. The primary purpose was to determine the impact of radiosurgery on local control and its subsequent effects on quality of life. An overall tumor control rate of 82% with a complete response rate of 43% were achieved. As anticipated, the response rate for smaller tumors was substantially better than that for larger tumors (78% for lesions or = 10 cm3). Although the overall in-field progression rate was 18.5%, only 1/23 (4%) complete responders subsequently recurred. The in-field failure rate is highly comparable with recently published surgical data. Progression outside the brain was noted in two-thirds of patients. One quarter of the deaths were neurologic. The median survival for this minimally selected patient population was 6.5 months. Stereotactic radiosurgery was also associated with improved quality of life as measured by Karnofsky score, neurologic function, and steroid dependence. Long-term steroid dependence was encountered in only four patients. We conclude that stereotactic radiosurgery can be used effectively in patients with brain metastases. In this series, a high tumor response rate was achieved which was associated with improved quality of life.
Adhesive Bonding of Various Materials to Hard Tooth Tissues. XXII. The Effects of a Cleanser, Mordant, and PolySAC on Adhesion Between a Composite Resin and Dentin

Preliminary evaluations on the effects of a cleanser, mordant, and polyfunctional surface-active comonomer on adhesion between a composite resin and dentin evinced that the ferric chloride mordant significantly improved bonding. The effects of the cleanser and coupling agent were also favorable, as were all of their interactions.
A comprehensive framework for determining the cost of an emergency medical services system.

To determine the cost of an emergency medical services (EMS) system, researchers, policymakers, and EMS providers need a framework with which to identify the components of the system that must be included in any cost calculations. Such a framework will allow for cost comparisons across studies, communities, and interventions. The objective of this article is to present an EMS cost framework. This framework was developed by a consensus panel after analysis of existing peer-reviewed and non–peer-reviewed resources, as well as independent expert input. The components of the framework include administrative overhead, bystander response, communications, equipment, human resources, information systems, medical oversight, physical plant, training, and vehicles. There is no hierarchical rank to these components; they are all necessary. Within each component, there are subcomponents that must be considered. This framework can be used to standardize the calculation of EMS system costs to a community. Standardizing the calculation of EMS cost will allow for comparisons of costs between studies, communities, and interventions.
Photon folding for imaging in nonfocusing telescopes.

We present a new technique—photon folding—for imaging in nonfocusing telescopes. Inspired by the epoch-folding method in timing analysis, the photon-folding technique directly provides the statistical significance of signals in images, by use of projection matrices. The technique is robust against common imaging problems such as aspect errors and a nonuniform background. The technique provides a deterministic recursive algorithm for improving images, which can be implemented on line. The higher-order photon-folding technique allows a systematic correction for coding noises, which is suitable for studying weak sources in the presence of highly variable strong sources. The technique can be applied to various types of nonfocusing telescopes such as coded-aperture optics, rotational collimators, or Fourier grid telescopes.
Accurately extracting coherent relevant passages using hidden Markov models

In this paper, we present a principled method for accurately extracting coherent relevant passages of variable lengths using HMMs. We show that with appropriate parameter estimation, the HMM method outperforms a number of strong baseline methods on two data sets.
Patterns of inflammatory vascular endothelial changes in murine liver grafts

We have investigated the vascular endothelial phenotypes found at various times posttransplant in murine B10-->C3H liver grafts. In this model, liver allografts are spontaneously accepted, and survive indefinitely unless the recipient is first allosensitized with a skin allograft, in which case the liver allografts are rejected within five days. In our previous studies, allograft inflammation was associated with the development of vascular endothelial reactivity with the mAbs MECA-32 and M/K-2 (anti-VCAM-1). We observed that vascular endothelia in both liver isografts and allografts develop reactivity with MECA-32 mAb within two days of transplantation, indicating endothelial activation in both situations. In contrast, only the endothelia in liver allografts develop VCAM-1 expression, as detected with M/K-2 mAb. VCAM-1 was expressed in both rejecting and accepting liver allografts, demonstrating that endothelial VCAM-1 expression is indicative of ongoing graft inflammation but not necessarily graft rejection. Liver parenchymal cells did not appear to develop reactivity with either antibody under any of the conditions tested. In contrast, bile duct epithelia developed M/K-2 reactivity (VCAM-1 expression), but not MECA-32 reactivity in liver allografts, but not isografts. These data demonstrate alloantigen-dependent and alloantigen-independent patterns of endothelial behavior in murine liver grafts that are quite similar to those found in murine cardiac grafts. Further, they demonstrate that the expression of VCAM-1 by graft endothelia is not diagnostic for acute rejection of liver allografts.
Moderate ambient level of carbon monoxide and risk of preeclampsia: Zhai et al

78 American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology J When surveyed, nearly 22% of pregnant white women aged 15-44 years said theyhadsmokedcigarettes in the previous month; 14.2% of black women and 6.5% of Hispanic women said the same. While cigarette smoking is always discouraged—and particularly during pregnancy—the practice has been shown to reduce the risk of preeclampsia in several populations. Carbon monoxide (CO) releasedbytheburningcigaretteappears to increase trophoblast invasion and uteroplacental blood flow, reduce hypoxia-induced poptosis, and upregulate placental antixidant systems. This month, Journal lub members discussed a new study by hai et al, which looked for a relationship etween environmental CO and preclampsia.
Gene expression analysis of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis by a gene microarray technique

Gene expression analysis of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis by a gene microarray technique
Economic analysis of the M/M/R machine repair problem with warm standbys

Abstract This paper studies the M/M/R warm-standby machine repair problem under steady-state conditions. This is a generalization of the cold standby model considered in the literature. A profit model is developed in order to determine the optimal values of the number of spares and the number of repairment simultaneously. Numerical examples are provided in which several system characteristics are computed under optimal operating conditions.
Open- and closed-loop aberration correction by use of a quadrature interferometric wave-front sensor.

Experimental results are presented for an adaptive optics system based on a quadrature Twyman–Green interferometric wave-front sensor. The system uses a circularly polarized reference beam to form two interferograms with a π/2 phase shift. The experiments conducted used Kolmogorov phase screens to simulate atmospheric phase distortions. Strehl ratio improvements by a factor of 8, to an absolute value of 0.45, are demonstrated.
Rethinking Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance in a wireless connected world

The Air Force Research Laboratory Sensors Directorate, in Dayton Ohio, has a mission “To lead the discovery, development, and integration of affordable sensor technologies for our warfighters.” Within this functional mission, the USAF is witnessing a worldwide revolution in technologies related to Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions. While “commercial off the shelf” wireless components help the USAF rapidly create and field ISR capabilities in months that once took years, the universal availability of cell phone and publically interconnected cameras and sensors are forcing the USAF to rethink traditional ISR paradigms altogether. Our nation's ability to deter international criminal and transnational violence will depend on our ability to produce a Globally Integrated ISR (GI-ISR) capability that rapidly provides decision makers with timely information.
Mechanisms for the sputtering of rare gas solids by keV ions

Measurements have been made of the total sputtering yield and the corresponding energy spectra of ejected particles for several 30 keV ions incident on Ar, Kr, and Xe targets. This information is used to construct absolute yield curves that are differential in ejection energy for comparison with corresponding curves obtained from collision cascade theory. The ejection rate from the surface is found to depend on ion fluence, falling from a high initial value to a constant plateau value. The results indicate that for incident Ne + on Kr and Xe good agreement between experiment and theory can be obtained on a comparison of total yields if the plateau values are used, but that a comparison on the basis of the differential yield curves at high ejection energies indicates that better agreement is obtained by using the initial instantaneous yield values.
Optimal forest stock and harvest with valuing non-timber benefits: a case of US coniferous forests

Abstract How much to cut and to remain, as well as when to cut is an important decision-making issue in forest management. Unlike forest age, forest stock and harvest levels are applicable to both plantations and natural forests. This paper investigates the optimal forest stock and harvest with the consideration of both timber and non-timber benefits. The impacts of the discount rate, silvicultural cost, marginal timber benefit, and marginal non-timber benefit on the optimal forest stock and harvest are also examined. The results indicate that forest stock should be thickened when non-timber benefits are valued in addition to timber. The optimal steady state stock increases with a decrease in the discount rate, or an increase in marginal non-timber benefit. However, the impacts of the discount rate, marginal timber benefit, and marginal non-timber benefit on the optimal steady state harvest are ambiguous. In addition, a decrease in the discount rate has the same effect on the optimal steady state stock and harvest as an increase in the ratio of marginal non-timber benefit to marginal timber benefit. These theoretical results are illustrated through an empirical example of the US coniferous forests.
Shielding and Crystal Fields at Rare-Earth Ions

Several aspects of the crystal field problem of rare-earth ions in ionic solids are discussed. In particular, three problems are considered. (1) A calculation is performed to determine to what extent the $5{s}^{2}{p}^{6}$ electrons shield the $4f$ electrons from the crystal field. The shielding is small (10%) and unimportant compared to the many other uncertainties in crystal field calculations. The calculation was carried out by considering the crystal field, $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{{B}_{n}}^{m}{r}^{n}$, ${{Y}_{n}}^{m}$, as a perturbation on the $5{s}^{2}$ and $5{p}^{6}$ state. The excited state wave functions are calculated and the extra potential, $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{{B}_{n}}^{m}{{Y}_{n}}^{m}{F}_{n,m}(r)$, due to the distorted charge distribution is compared to crystal potential. (2) The reason as to why the rareearth ions effectively see smaller crystal fields than the iron series ions is considered by performing the lattice sums in several typical lattices so that the ${{B}_{n}}^{m}$ coefficients could be compared. One observes that the crystal field to spin-orbit coupling ratio is considerably larger in the iron series ions than for the rare-earth ions for straightforward reasons (the ion series ions have ${{B}_{n}}^{m}\ensuremath{\approx}3 \mathrm{to} 10$ times larger, $〈{r}_{n}〉\ensuremath{\approx}2$ times larger and spin-orbit coupling constants \ensuremath{\approx}\textonehalf{} as large as the rare-earth ions). Thus, the difference in behavior between these two groups of ions comes about for straight-forward reasons without resorting to shielding. (3) The calculated crystal field parameters, $〈{r}_{n}〉{{B}_{n}}^{m}={{V}_{n}}^{m}$, for the rare-earth ions are compared with those obtained by fitting optical levels. A discussion of the problems involved in calculating the lattice sums (${{B}_{n}}^{m}$) is given and one can see why detailed agreement is not expected. The calculated ${{V}_{n}}^{m}$ for $n=4 \mathrm{and} 6$ are reasonable but smaller than those obtained from the optical data. Little can be said for the $n=2$ terms because of the uncertainties involved in the lattice sums.
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and injury: the moderating role of perceived social support and coping for young adults

Abstract Individuals who experience a traumatic event are at risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present investigation examined (1) the relationship between PTSD symptoms and perceived injury sustained during a traumatic event, and (2) the moderational roles of the survivor’s coping behaviors and perceived support on the injury-PTSD relationship. A sample of college students completed self-report measures describing the trauma, coping styles, support, and PTSD symptoms. Results indicated that the degree of perceived injury significantly predicted levels of PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, individuals who self-reported more severe levels of injury reported less severe PTSD symptoms when they also perceived more friend support or utilized interpersonal styles of coping. These findings emphasize the value of perceiving and seeking support for survivors of traumatic events.
Managing to improve quality: the relationship between accreditation standards, safety practices, and patient outcomes.

Background: Given the trend toward eliminating reimbursement for ‘‘never events,’’ hospital administrators are challenged to implement practices designed to prevent their occurrence. Little evidence exists, however, that patient safety practices, as evaluated using accreditation criteria, are related to the achievement of patient safety outcomes. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between patient safety practices, as measured by accreditation standards, and patient safety outcomes as measured by hospital rates of infections, decubitus ulcers, postoperative respiratory failure, and failure to rescue. Methodology: Secondary data were used to examine relationships between patient-safety-related accreditation standards and patient outcomes in U.S. acute care hospitals. Accreditation performance areas were reduced into subscores to represent patient safety practices. Outcome rates were calculated using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Patient Safety Indicator software. Multivariate regression was performed to determine the significance of the relationships. Findings: Three of four multivariate models significantly explained variance in hospital patient safety indicator rates. Accreditation standards reflecting patient safety practices were related to some outcomes but not others. Rates of infections and decubitus ulcers occurred more frequently in hospitals with poorer performance in utilizing patient safety practices, but no differences were noted in rates of postoperative respiratory failure or failure to rescue. Practice Implications: Certain adverse events, such as infections and decubiti, may be reduced by preventive protocols that are reflected in accreditation standards, whereas other events, such as failure to rescue and postoperative respiratory failure, may require multifaceted strategies that are less easily translated into protocols. Our approach may have influenced the observed associations yet represents progress toward assessing whether safety practices, as measured by accreditation standards, are related to patient outcomes. July–September 2009
Soil-Atmosphere Exchange of Radiatively and Chemically Active Gases

Exchanges between the soils and the atmosphere may control or significantly affect the global budgets of many environmentally important trace gases, both natural and man-made. Flux measurements, taken in several ecosystems, show that soils are a substantial source of chloroform (8 +/- 4 microg/m(2)/d) and a sink for methyl chloride (-10(-3)(+6) microg/m(2)/d). The known sources and sinks of these gases are insufficient to explain the observed concentrations. Our findings will help to balance the global budget of chloroform but may put the budget of methyl chloride further out of balance. We also found, consistent with previous research, that soils are a substantial source of nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide and take up hydrogen and methane. The uptake of man-made chlorocarbons was observed, but the rates are small. Observed fluxes of non-methane hydrocarbons showed few patterns except that soils may be a source of ethane and butane.
Allocation of energy to reproduction: Effects of competition and population structure

A model is constructed to determine under what conditions a “competitor” strategist that allocates less energy to reproduction and more to competition with its neighbors is more successful than a “reproducer” strategist that allocates more energy to reproduction and less to competition. The success of these strategies is determined by their ability to invade a population of the opposite strategy. The competitor strategy is unlikely to invade and supplant the reproducer strategy in large populations. While population size has less impact on the ability of the reproducers to invade a population of competitors, increasing environmental variability greatly enhances the reproducers invasion success rate. The evolution of reproductive output is simulated for different population sizes. In small populations ( N = 20), the equilibrium reproductive output depends mainly on the level of environmental variability. For larger populations ( N = 60, 100), the equilibrium reproductive output depends more on the initial reproductive output. Reproductive output did not evolve in large populations as much as in small populations. The predictions of the model were compared to empirical patterns of resource allocation in plants and ants.
Radical production in the radiolysis of liquid benzene

Abstract Iodine scavenging techniques have been used to examine the role of the phenyl radical in the radiolysis of benzene with γ-rays. Biphenyl, the main product in the radiolysis of neat benzene, and iodobenzene yields were determined as a function of iodine concentration. The yield of biphenyl in neat benzene is found to be 0.075 molecules/100 eV and independent of dose up to 1 Mrad. The addition of 0.1 mM iodine increases the biphenyl yield to about 0.4 molecules/100 eV. This increase is thought to be due to a reaction of iodine with the phenyl radical–benzene adduct, which apparently has a very long lifetime. Further addition of iodine leads to a decrease in biphenyl to about 0.09 molecules/100 eV at 30 mM iodine. This decrease is accompanied by an increase in iodobenzene from 0.04 to 0.32 molecules/100 eV. It appears that iodine can effectively compete with benzene for scavenging phenyl radicals.
Prediction of prostatic obstruction with a combination of isometric detrusor contraction pressure and maximum urinary flow rate

Abstract Objectives Because isometric detrusor contraction pressure (Piso) increases with outlet obstruction and maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) tends to decrease with obstruction, we hypothesize that specific criteria consisting of a combination of high Piso and low Qmax may be able to differentiate obstructive from nonobstructive voiding dysfunction better than either parameter alone. Methods Two hundred five men with lower urinary tract symptoms underwent uroflowmetry and videourodynamics, including cystometry, continuous outlet occlusion test, and micturitional urethral pressure profilometry. Combined threshold values of Qmax of less than 12 mL/s and Piso of 100 cm H2O or greater were used to predict obstruction, whereas threshold values of Qmax of at least 12 mL/s and Piso less than 100 cm H2O were used to predict nonobstruction. Results Of the 205 patients, 103 (50%) were significantly obstructed and 102 (50%) were only mildly obstructed or nonobstructed. Of the total population, 151 patients (74%) were categorized by the combined flow and contractility criteria. Of the categorized patients, 141 (93%) were correctly diagnosed with regard to infravesical obstruction (sensitivity 89%, specificity 97%, positive predictive value 97%, and negative predictive value 91%). Conclusions A combination of Qmax and Piso criteria can predict obstructive and nonobstructive voiding dysfunctions with high positive and negative predictive values in most patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. Combining the results of uroflowmetry and isometric tests may help to guide treatment strategies that may improve the outcome of selected therapeutic options compared with strategies based on symptoms or uroflowmetry alone. Furthermore, this approach forms a basis for interpreting various noninvasive methods that have recently been introduced for the purpose of diagnosing bladder outlet obstruction.
Formation of syringyl-rich lignins in maize as influenced by feruloylated xylans and p-coumaroylated monolignols

Grass cell walls are atypical because their xylans are acylated with ferulate and lignins are acylated with p-coumarate. To probe the role and interactions of these p-hydroxycinnamates during lignification, feruloylated primary cell walls isolated from maize cell suspensions were lignified with coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols and with varying levels of p-coumarate esters. Ferulate xylan esters enhanced the formation of wall-bound syringyl lignin more than methyl p-coumarate, however, maximal concentrations of syringyl lignin were only one-third that of guaiacyl lignin. Including sinapyl p-coumarate, the presumed precursor of p-coumaroylated lignins, with monolignols unexpectedly accelerated peroxidase inactivation, interfered with ferulate copolymerization into lignin, and had minimal or adverse effects on cell wall lignification. Free phenolic groups of p-coumarate esters in isolated maize lignin and pith cell walls did not undergo oxidative coupling with each other or with added monolignols. Thus, the extensive formation of syringyl-rich lignins and the functional role of extensive lignin acylation by p-coumarate in grasses remains a mystery.
Effect of thyroid activity on gastric secretion in adult fistula rats.

1. In the adult rat, I131-induced hypothyroidism did not depress gastric secretion as profoundly as previously reported in young animals. 2. While total acidity, pepsin concentration, and pepsin output did decrease significantly, volume of gastric secretion continued to increase during the 31 weeks of observation. 3. The increase in volume was due partly to a concomitant increase in body weight. 4. Volume, acid concentration, and acid output increased when animals were givenl-thyroxine injections 6 times a week for 12 weeks. These parameters of secretion decreased when cortisone was administered in a like fashion after the animals were made hypothyroid with I131. 5. Differences in circulating thyroxine as measured by serum PBI explained only 9–13% of the variations in gastric secretion. 6. The data also support the concept of seasonal variation in thyroid activity as determined by PBI levels.
Chinese consumer decision-making styles: A comparison between the coastal and inland regions

China is rapidly becoming an important market for consumer goods, but relatively little is known about variations in consumer shopping patterns in different regions of China. We employ a cultural materialism perspective in understanding decision-making styles of inland and coastal shoppers. Our findings reveal that consumers in the two regional markets do not differ in utilitarian shopping styles but they do in hedonic shopping styles. Marketers need to understand these differences to be able to market effectively to consumers in different regional markets within China.
Exponents of polar codes using algebraic geometric code kernels

Reed---Solomon and BCH codes were considered as kernels of polar codes by Mori and Tanaka (IEEE Information Theory Workshop, 2010, pp 1---5) and Korada et al. (IEEE Trans Inform Theory 56(12):6253---6264, 2010) to create polar codes with large exponents. Mori and Tanaka showed that Reed---Solomon codes over the finite field $$\mathbb {F}_q$$ F q with $$q$$ q elements give the best possible exponent among all codes of length $$l \le q$$ l ≤ q . They also stated that a Hermitian code over $$\mathbb {F}_{2^r}$$ F 2 r with $$r \ge 4$$ r ? 4 , a simple algebraic geometric code, gives a larger exponent than the Reed---Solomon matrix over the same field. In this paper, we expand on these ideas by employing more general algebraic geometric (AG) codes to produce kernels of polar codes. Lower bounds on the exponents are given for kernels from general AG codes, Hermitian codes, and Suzuki codes. We demonstrate that both Hermitian and Suzuki kernels have larger exponents than Reed---Solomon codes over the same field, for $$q \ge 3$$ q ? 3 ; however, the larger exponents are at the expense of larger kernel matrices. Comparing kernels of the same size, though over different fields, we see that Reed---Solomon kernels have larger exponents than both Hermitian and Suzuki kernels. These results indicate a tradeoff between the exponent, kernel matrix size, and field size.
Glacier longitudinal profiles in regions of active uplift

Abstract We combine a simplified equation for ice flow with several proposed glacial erosion laws to solve for longitudinal profiles of glaciers in topographic steady state based on prescribed patterns of rock uplift. The solutions produce realistic looking glaciers and are consistent with previous numerical results. Scaling relationships for the dependence of ice thickness and surface slope on rock uplift and climate (in the form of an imposed ice flux) emerge from the solutions. The general patterns of these dependencies are robust. The ice thickness is dependent upon the ice flux and inversely dependent upon the rock uplift, while the surface slope is inversely dependent upon the ice flux and dependent upon the rock uplift. Different erosion laws lead to only subtle differences in these slope and thickness dependencies. Despite the simplicity of the physics, a first-order match to an actual, over-deepened fjord profile can be obtained. The results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the shape of glacier profiles in tectonically active landscapes, can be used to benchmark numerical models of glacial erosion, and can readily be incorporated directly into simple models of orogen dynamics.
Cross-Market Linkages of Taiwan Index Futures Contracts Listed on the Taiwan Futures Exchange and the Singapore Exchange

Cointegration tests and ex ante trading rules are applied to study cross-market linkages between the Taiwan Index futures contracts listed on the Singapore Exchange and the Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization-weighted Stock Index futures contracts listed on the Taiwan Futures Exchange. The exchange rate-adjusted returns of the two futures series do not differ significantly in mean but in variances, and show significant mean-reverting tendencies between them. Our trading strategies are able to generate statistically significant, if economically insignificant, profits, while our Granger causality tests demonstrate that information flows primarily from the Singapore market to the Taiwan market, a result confirming other research.
Chromosome 14 marker appearance in a human B lymphoblastoid cell line of nonmalignant origin

Abstract A human B cell lymphoblastoid cell line of nonmalignant origin, derived 16 years ago, now carries a 14q+ marker chromosome in 100% of the cells analyzed. This marker was not apparent in karyotypes prepared 1 year after establishment of the line and, thus, presumably arose in culture. The cell line now grows more rapidly than typical B cell cultures and has an unusually high cloning efficiency (60%–90%). Using Southern blot hybridization, we have analyzed the arrangement of 13 onc genes that are often associated with human malignancy, including c-myc. None of these onc genes appear to be rearranged in this cell line.
Non-Nanogold Catalysis of Carbon Monoxide Oxidative Amination

Bulk metallic gold particles (∼1000 nm) catalyze the reaction of CO, O2, and primary amines (R−NH2) to give ureas (RNH)2CO. Isocyanates (R−NCO) are identified as intermediates in the reactions and are shown to react with primary and secondary amines to give ureas under the conditions of the gold-catalyzed reactions. Although many recent studies indicate that nanosized particles of gold are required for the catalytic oxidation of CO, the results presented in this paper show that bulk gold is capable of catalyzing the oxidative amination of CO under mild conditions (45 °C, 1 atm CO and O2).
105Rh as a potential radiotherapeutic agent.

The production of 35.5-h 105Rh (560- and 250-keV betas) by neutron activation of 104Ru followed by beta decay of 4.4-h 105Ru is discussed. A simple procedure for producing 105Rh in 10–100 mCi quantities at specific activities of 700–10,000 Ci/mmol is described.
Heavy load vibration isolation system for airborne payloads

A high-performance vibration isolation system has been developed to isolate large-sensitive payloads from aircraft disturbances. The isolation system senses and adjusts for low frequency aircraft maneuvers and changes in the aircraft's flight angle of attack. Additionally, the isolation system passively filters higher frequency disturbances from aircraft to payload. Six pneumatic struts configured as a hexapod or Stewart Platform make up the primary portion of the isolation system and accomplish vibration isolation and payload support. Each isolator strut is a unique Patented design that takes advantage of gas (the ultimate smart material), because it has a capacity for large energy storage and it possesses a near linear viscosity over a broad temperature range. Any gas that exhibits a somewhat perfect-gas characteristic can be used inside the strut with similar performance results. For our application, gaseous nitrogen (GN2) was used. The pneumatic strut has shown an ideal isolator roll-off quality that is tunable for a variety of payloads and linear over a large dynamic range. Tunability stems from a dual chamber design that allows air-spring-rate changes while maintaining constant support of the load. The strut performance trait combined with the deterministic nature of the hexapod affords predictability and controllability. The system design enables a soft floating support of large payloads with accurate knowledge of their orientation with respect to the aircraft. Another distinctive feature of the isolation system design is a servo-controlled leveling system that senses a set point from an integrally mounted LVDT and fills or exhausts gas, as necessary, maintaining strut position during the rigors of flight. A combination of Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) and control cards with custom plumbing provides the leveling function. All tolled, the isolation system has functioned flawlessly in service, and has raised the bar for vibration isolator performance. In this paper the isolation system design will be detailed, and its performance measurements will be presented.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.