cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrete models for linear multivariable systems

The primary purpose of this paper is to codify a number of independent but interrelated results in linear, multivariable, discrete time systems. In particular, a relationship between forward shift and backward shift representations is established. Conditions for causality in either representation are presented, as are algorithms for obtaining state-space representations of a large class of causal, discrete time systems. The effect on the transfer matrix of non-zero initial conditions is explicitly shown. The finite and infinite poles and zeros of square, invertible systems are defined and related to the lack of row or column ‘ properness ’ of particular representations. The role of the interactor and ‘ inverse interactor ’ in zero determination is also discussed.
Cloud Data Protection for the Masses

Offering strong data protection to cloud users while enabling rich applications is a challenging task. Researchers explore a new cloud platform architecture called Data Protection as a Service, which dramatically reduces the per-application development effort required to offer data protection, while still allowing rapid development and maintenance.
Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Perceptions of German Realschule Students

Realschule (secondary level) students from two schools in Munich, Germany were surveyed as to their knowledge, attitudes and preventive efforts regarding exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and the associated health risks. Differences in knowledge, attitudes and preventive efforts were examined in relation to gender, smoking behavior of the individual, father, mother, siblings and friends. Knowledge, attitudes and preventive efforts all varied significantly according to smoking behavior of the respondent. Attitudes and preventive efforts were also closely associated with the smoking behavior of the mother and the female peer group, whereas this strong association was not evident in relation to smoking behavior of the father and the male peer group. Similarly, smoking behavior of daughters was significantly associated with smoking behavior of mothers, but there was no corresponding association between smoking behavior of sons and fathers. The students tended to not be very assertive in their preventive efforts. They did not avoid the presence of smokers, nor did they generally ask others not to smoke in their presence. Health education programs for adolescents must involve parents (particularly mothers) and peers, and should stress the right of the individual to a nonsmoking environment.
Attention to painful cutaneous laser stimuli evokes directed functional connectivity between activity recorded directly from human pain-related cortical structures

Our previous studies show that attention to painful cutaneous laser stimuli is associated with functional connectivity between human primary somatosensory cortex (SI), parasylvian cortex (PS), and medial frontal cortex (MF), which may constitute a pain network. However, the direction of functional connections within this network is unknown. We now test the hypothesis that activity recorded from the SI has a driver role, and a causal influence, with respect to activity recorded from PS and MF during attention to a laser. Local field potentials (LFP) were recorded from subdural grid electrodes implanted for the treatment of epilepsy. We estimated causal influences by using the Granger causality (GRC), which was computed while subjects performed either an attention task (counting laser stimuli) or a distraction task (reading for comprehension). Before the laser stimuli, directed attention to the painful stimulus (counting) consistently increased the number of GRC pairs both within the SI cortex and from SI upon PS (SI > PS). After the laser stimulus, attention to a painful stimulus increased the number of GRC pairs from SI > PS, and SI > MF, and within the SI area. LFP at some electrode sites (critical sites) exerted GRC influences upon signals at multiple widespread electrodes, both in other cortical areas and within the area where the critical site was located. Critical sites may bind these areas together into a pain network, and disruption of that network by stimulation at critical sites might be used to treat pain.
A test of the nature of nonleptonic weak interactions in high-energy neutrino collisions

Abstract Through the use of the Gell-Mann algebra of currents and the current-current form for the nonleptonic weak Lagrangian, we express certain combinations of s -wave hyperon decay amplitudes in terms of integrals over the absorptive parts of the forward “scattering amplitude” of a weak current on baryons. Employing the technique of Cottingham we show that by a rotation of the contour of integration these absorptive parts are related to functions directly measurable in high-energy neutrino reactions. The assumed correctness of certain unsubtracted dispersion relations then allows an experimental test of the current-current nature of the nonleptonic weak interactions.
An upper limit for the anharmonicity of the cation modes in the superconducting chevrel-phase compounds PbMo6S8 and SnMo6S8

PbMo6S8 and SnMo6S8 have low-lying phonon modes involving mainly motion of the Pb or Sn cation. It has long been believed that these cation modes are highly anharmonic. By examining the inelastic neutron scattering, x-ray diffraction, and magnetic susceptibility data in the literature, however, it is shown that these modes are nearly harmonic at room temperature. There is no evidence that they are anharmonic at low temperature. From the observed frequency of the cation modes at room temperature, the delocalization of the cation perpendicular to the trigonal axis is calculated. The calculated delocalization agrees well with that indicated by the x-ray diffraction data.
Towards Characterizing the Microdynamics of AE Generation in Machining

This article presents a conceptual framework based on combining statistical mechanics and ray acoustic theory to derive models of how acoustic emission (AE) generated from the prominent atomistic sources in the shear zone of a machining process is consolidated to make up the measured AE waveform. A proof-of-concept implementation of the modeling framework shows that the resulting model solutions can emulate the bursts, transients, and other salient features present in a measured AE waveform.
Optimal transmit signal design for active sonar/radar

This work is concerned with the optimization of an active sonar or radar transmit signal, to maximize the probability of detecting a nonmoving point target in the presence of signal-dependent reverberation and colored ambient noise whose power spectral densities are known. An analytical solution first reported by Kooij is corrected and extended. A simple example for the white ambient noise case is included to provide insight into the transmit signal optimization. This example shows that the effect of the solution is to “pre-emphasize” the transmit signal, which results in the whitening of the signal-dependent reverberation power spectral density.
With a Little Help from Their Friends: Use of Social Support Systems by Persons with Retardation

Within the past two decades there has been an increase in research studying the perspective of persons labeled as disabled, rather than relying solely on outsiders' (nonlabeled persons‘) perspectives about them. In this paper, a series of interviews with a small group of persons labeled as mentally retarded sought insights into their work environment, friendships, and future goals through their own words. The interviews revealed that they recognized being “different” in terms of the labels applied to them by others, but they did not use those same labels when defining themselves or choosing their close friends.
A Note on Stagewise Regression

Abstract Suppose one estimates the coefficient β2 in E[Y] = β0 + β1 X 1 + β2 X 2 by stagewise regression. That is, first the model E[Y] ≌ β0 + β1 X 1 is fit using simple linear regression followed by a simple linear regression of the residuals from this model on X 2 to yield the estimator β2. The ratio of the squared t statistic for the estimate b 2 from multiple regression to the squared t statistic for β2 is greater than or equal to 1.0 and is shown to be a convenient function of correlation coefficients among Y, X 1, and X 2. Examination of stagewise regression can provide useful insights when introducing concepts of multiple regression.
Comments, with reply, on "A simple technique for analog tuning of frequency synthesizers" by J.P. Hauser

The commenter points out that an analog implementation of the fractional N phase-locked loop variable frequency synthesis technique described by J.P. Hauser (ibid., vol.38, no.6, p.1141-4, 1989) results in a novel minimization of active hardware, but that there are significant performance compromises. The original author's reply is included. >
Accurate critical path prediction via random trace construction

We present a new approach to performing program analysis through profile-guided random generation of instruction traces. Using hardware support available in commercial processors, we profile the behavior of individual instructions. Then, in conjunction with the program binary, we use that information to fabricate short (1,000-instruction) traces by randomly evaluating branches in proportion to their profiled behavior. We demonstrate our technique in the context of critical path analysis, showing it can achieve the same accuracy as a hardware critical path predictor, but with lower hardware requirements. Key to achieving this accuracy is correctly identifying memory dependences in the fabricated trace, for which purpose we use a form of abstract interpretation to identify aliasing store-load pairs without explicitly profiling them. We also demonstrate that our approach is very tolerant of the quality of profile information available.
Video Link Data Compression For Remote Sensors

This paper summarizes a research study on data compression techniques applicable for Remote Piloted Vehicles (RPV). Interframe techniques are considered and algorithms are determined to account for motion in frame-to-frame aerial photographs resulting in large bit reduction ratios provided that the various parameters of the mission such as altitude, velocity, etc. are accurately known. Differential encoding is used to further reduce bandwidth. Intraframe techniques suitable for the RPV mission including two-dimensional transform techniques and hybrid coding schemes are investigated and evaluated. It is shown that the hybrid schemes using Hadamard transform in one spatial direction and DPCM in the other spatial direction performs equivalent and at times superior to 2-dimensional transform techniques. The effects of channel errors on both the transform and hybrid coding schemes are investigated. Although the hybrid coding scheme is shown to be more sensitive to noise, optimization of the prediction coefficient results in satisfactory performance in a noisy environment. An adaptive scheme is considered which shows improved resolution in regions of high activity within the picture.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The impact of socioeconomic status and comorbid medical conditions on ionizing radiation exposure from diagnostic medical imaging in adults.

Purpose The aim of this study was to characterize cumulative exposure to ionizing radiation from diagnostic imaging (CEDI) in adult patients and investigate its relationship to a patient's socioeconomic status and comorbid medical conditions. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 54,015 patients seen within the outpatient clinic system of an academic, tertiary care, urban medical center during the month of January 2006, estimating the CEDI from all procedures performed within 3 years of the index visit (until January 2009). Socioeconomic status was estimated from census tract geocoding. Comorbid medical conditions were identified from the electronic medical record. Results A total of 9,537 adult patients were seen within the index month and underwent imaging tests. Eighty percent were living in areas with >10% poverty. Thirty-six percent of men and 43% of women had diagnoses from the Elixhauser list. Mean CEDI values were 10 ± 19.09 mSv for those from areas with >10% poverty and 8.9 ± 22.42 mSv for those living in areas with Conclusion At this institution, there is a high prevalence of patients living in poverty. Those living in poverty are at higher risk for comorbid conditions that are associated with increased CEDI. However, controlling for comorbidity, socioeconomic status was no longer predictive of CEDI.
Magnetic phase diagrams of manganite-like local-moment systems with Jahn-Teller distortions

We use an extended two-band Kondo lattice model (KLM) to investigate the occurrence of different (anti)ferromagnetic phases or phase separation depending on several model parameters. With regard to CMR-materials such as the manganites we have added a Jahn-Teller term, direct antiferromagnetic coupling, and Coulomb interaction to the KLM. The electronic properties are self-consistently calculated in an interpolating self-energy approach with no restriction to classical spins and going beyond mean-field treatments. Further on we do not have to limit the Hund's coupling to low or infinite values. Zero-temperature phase diagrams are presented for large parameter intervals. There are strong influences of the type of Coulomb interaction (intraband, interband) and of the important parameters (Hund's coupling, direct antiferromagnetic exchange, Jahn-Teller distortion), especially at intermediate couplings.
Photoemission Studies of Indium

Measurements of the electron energy distributions of photoemitted electrons from crystalline and bulk liquid samples of indium show structure which can be related to the occupied density of states. The distributions from the crystalline sample show two major peaks: a strong one just below the Fermi level and a weaker one about 4.5 eV below the Fermi level. Similar structure in the distributions from the liquid sample suggest that electron energy levels for indium are determined primarily from short-range interactions. Two model calculations based on direct transitions and nondirect transitions can each predict the observed structure with reasonable accuracy. In either calculation, structure in the energy distributions can be traced to similar structure in the density of valence states.
Notched broad-band excitation of ions in a bench-top ion trap mass spectrometer

Abstract Simple ancillary equipment consisting of waveform generators, a balun and an amplifier are used to adapt the notched stored waveform inverse Fourier transform (SWIFT) broad-band excitation method to a commercial bench-top ion trap mass spectrometer. These changes extend the capabilities of the bench-top ion trap by allowing use of powerful mass spectrometric tools like selected ion monitoring (SIM), tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) and mass-selective ion/molecule reactions, thereby providing additional selectivity and enhanced sensitivity. The capabilities are demonstrated for analytes introduced into the ion trap by membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS). Notched SWIFT waveforms are used to accumulate selected ions in the ion trap while a simple function generator is used to provide a supplementary AC signal of desired frequency, amplitude and duration, to resonantly excite ions for MS-MS experiments. The combination of MIMS with mass-selective ion storage enhances sensitivity such that parts per quadrillion (ppq) levels of some volatile compounds can be analyzed directly from aqueous solution. MS-MS of the selected parent ion allows characterization of solutes with minimal interference. Ion/molecule reactions, performed on mass-selected ions, provide an alternative route to molecular characterization, as illustrated by Diels-Alder reactions of acylium fragment ions.
Automatic propagated and round-off error analysis

The routine described below is a modification of the Carnegie Tech (IT) Compiler system for the IBM-650, which will provide automatic empirical analysis of propagated and round-off errors in computation. In the modified system, three kinds of variables are admissable: fixed-point integers called I-variables; floating-point numbers called C-variables, which are considered to be exact values; and 2-word variables called Y-variables, in which one word is a floating-point number which represents the value of the variable and the other word represents a bound upon the propagated and round-off error present in that value. Statements written in the IT language may refer to any or all of these classes of variables. During the execution phase of a program, computation proceeds in typical fashion, except that each time a Y-variable is operated upon by the program, its error term is modified so as to represent a valid bound upon propagated and round-off error in the variable.
The Pluralistic Hypothesis, Realism, and Post-Eschatology

In his Gifford Lectures, An Interpretation of Religion , John Hick presents his pluralistic hypothesis in its fullest form, a religious account of the variety and unity of the great faith traditions. He summarizes this hypothesis in the assertion that in religious traditions and experiences an ‘infinite Real, in itself beyond the scope of other than purely formal concepts, is differently conceived, experienced and responded to from within the different cultural ways of being human’. It is in relation to this infinite Real that salvation/liberation takes place within each religious tradition as the ‘ transformation of human existence from self-centredness to Reality-centredness’.
Fluctuations in nonequilibrium systems and broken supersymmetry

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem is not expected to hold for systems that either violate detailed balance or have time-dependent or nonpotential forces. Therefore the relation between response and correlation functions should have contributions due to the nonequilibrium nature. An explicit formula for such a contribution is calculated, which in the present derivation appears as a historydependent term. These relations are the Ward-Takahashi identities of a supersymmetric formulation of the Langevin models, and the new term results from a broken supersymmetry.
Use of an in silico approach to define the gene structure of eukaryotic adenylyl cyclases.

The limited information available regarding the gene structure of adenylyl cyclases (AC), which catalyze the synthesis of cAMP, suggests a complex arrangement with many exons and large introns such that molecular techniques to define these gene structures are time- and labor-intensive. We report here the use of a computer-based approach involving the assembly of fragmented sequence data generated by the Human Genome Project and nucleic acid analysis software to decipher the gene structure of human and murine AC 6 and other human AC isoforms (ACs 3, 7, and 8). The results, which document 21 exons in human and murine AC 6, human AC 3, 18 exons in AC 8, and 24 exons in AC 7, show substantial conservation of exon organization in the AC family and in particular regions of the AC protein. Application of such in silico methods should prove useful to characterize genes for other ACs and protein families and data provided here should facilitate studies of polymorphisms in AC genes.
Study of Asphaltene Precipitation Using Refractive Index Measurement

Abstract The measurements of the refractive index of crude oils were utilized in this work to enhance the understanding of the behavior of asphaltenes in crude oil, specifically, their tendency to precipitate from crude oil. The onset of asphaltene precipitation was measured in eight crude oil samples, which were titrated with either heptane or pentane in order to induce precipitation of the asphaltenes. The refractive index of each sample was measured to find its relationship to asphaltene precipitation. The assumption that refractive index of a mixture is a linear combination of the refractive indexes of the individual components was verified. It was also found that mixtures of heptane or pentane and crude oil also followed this same behavior. However, as asphaltenes began to precipitate from the solution, the refractive index no longer followed this linear mixing rule. Careful analysis of the refractive index data for each of the crude oil samples revealed many interesting relationships between the ref...
Monitoring bio-optical processes using NPP-VIIRS and MODIS-Aqua ocean color products

Same day ocean color products from the S-NPP and MODIS provide for a new capability to monitor changes in the bio-optical processes occurring in coastal waters. The combined use of multiple looks per day from several sensors can be used to follow the water mass changes of bio-optical properties. Observing the dynamic changes in coastal waters in response to tides, re-suspension and river plume dispersion, requires sequential ocean products per day to resolve bio-optical processes. We examine how these changes in bio-optical properties can be monitored using the NPP and MODIS ocean color products. Additionally, when linked to ocean circulation, we examine the changes resulting from current advection compared to bio-optical processes. The inter-comparison of NPP and MODIS ocean products are in agreement so that diurnal changes surface bio-optical processes can be characterized.
Snapshots from the eleventh century: the Lombards from Bari, a chartoularios from ‘Petra’, and the complex of Mangana

This article puts in their context three eleventh-century texts from the famous anthology of poetry in Marcianus Gr. 524. The first is an epigram on the portrait of Monomachos, which was commissioned by the ‘Lombards’. It is suggested here that Argyros Meles is in fact the instigator of the creation of the portrait and its accompanying epigram. The second text is a poem addressed to Michael Keroularios on behalf of the hieromonk Lazaros when he was granted the rank of chartoularios of the Great Church. The meaning of a mysterious reference to ‘Petra’ is discussed in detail. The third text is an epigram on the triklinos of Monomachos at the Mangana complex.
A System for the Notation of Proxemic Behavior1

T HIS is one of a series of papers on Proxemics,2 the study of how man unconsciously structures microspace-the distance between men in the conduct of daily transactions, the organization of space in his houses and buildings, and ultimately the layout of his towns. The aim of this paper is to present a simple system of observation and notation with a view to standardizing the reporting of a narrow range of microcultural events. The system is far from perfect; but if it directs attention to certain behavior, it will have achieved its purpose. However, before proceeding to the descriptive portion of this paper, certain theoretical matters have to be dealt with.
Echocardiographic Features of Genetic Diseases: Part 8. Organ System

Splenic abnormalities are associated with complex congenital heart disease.1 The cause of syndromes of asplenia and polysplenia remains undetermined.2 Hereditary splenic hypoplasia with an autosomal recessive inheritance was first described by Kevy et al3 in 1968. Other reports show a recessively inherited form of splenic agenesis and hypoplasia.4 Ivemark’s syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder, is a multiple organ syndrome associated with splenic abnormalities, complex cardiac pathology, and abnormality of the abdominal viscera.5,6 Despite these reports, the role of genetic factors in the syndromes of asplenia and polysplenia remains undefined.These conditions more likely result from the interaction of both genetic and environmental factors.2 The most common congenital heart defects in asplenia syndrome are atrial septal defects, common atrioventricular canals, and conotruncal anomalies.7 The polysplenia syndrome also is associated with complex heart anomalies such as tetralogy of Fallot, dextrocardia, left atrial isometrium, and pulmonary arteriovenous malformation.8,9 Clinical Manifestations
Entropy Encoding of Difference Images from Adjacent Visible Human Digital Color Photographic Slices for Lossless Compression

The present investigation reports the results of entropy coding for lossless compression of the visible human (VH) color data set for archival purposes where any loss of information is not desirable. One of the main objectives of this investigation was to determine the role of a unique feature i.e. high correlation between adjacent VH slices in designing a lossless compression algorithm. This study demonstrates that lossless JPEG provides better compression of individual slices than the difference images despite low entropy content of the difference images. This may be attributed to abrupt variation in gray levels in difference images rather than smoothly varying individual images which are more suitable for lossless JPEG format. Huffman coding of the difference image frames provides a general idea of the compressibility of 3D predictive coding. However, a combination of binary arithmetic and predictive coding that takes advantage of the similarity between adjacent frames may yield the most efficient, lossless compression scheme for the VH slices.
Speaking anxiety, achievement, and crime: a rejoinder to the response by Witherspoon, Long, and Nickell.

Witherspoon, Long, and Nickell (1993) responded to our comment (Boor & Bair, 1992) regarding their research on relationships among dropping out of school, speaking anxiety, self-esteem, crime, and educational achievement (Witherspoon, et al., 1991). However, contrary to their contention, Witherspoon et al. (1993) did not address our criticisms of their research drs~gn and data interpretations. \Ve (Boor & Bair, 1992) indicated that Witherspoon, et al. (1991) did not compare the anxiety scores of the groups that would demonstrate most clearly that anxiety about speaking might be an important Factor in persons' dropping out of school. That is, Witherspoon and colleagues did not compare the anxiety scores of the persons who dropped out of school with the anxiety scores of the persons who did not drop out of school. No reference to this criticism appeared in their response to our comment. Wicherspoon, eta!. also made no reference to our criticism that they did not control for relwant variables when investigating the relationships in their study, so interpretation of their data is problematic. We certainly agree with them that there is "extensive research detdng the relations among verbal skills, delinquency, aggressive behavior, and dropping out of school" (p. 166). For that very reason these variables need to be controlled when investigating their interrelationships. Wicherspoon, et a1. (1993) note that they presented their results as preliminary rather than conclusive, with the hope that their results would stimulate further research. However, even preliminary findings must be based on research designs that provide the most useful comparisons of groups and that control for relevant variables.
A Protocol for Structured Observation of Motor Performance in Preterm and Term Infants

A new protocol for structured observation of motor performance has been designed for assessment of the progress and quality of motor development in preterm and term infants. A detailed scale of motor development based on the present knowledge of motor development in healthy term infants has been constructed. The motor performance is observed in each part of the infant's body in the supine and prone positions and in the whole body with the infant sitting, standing and during locomotion, and is evaluated in relation to defined levels of motor performance. If the quality of motor performance is optimal for a certain level, no deviation is noted. Any deviation from the motor performance described in the protocol for the level in question is graded as suspected or clear and classified by type. All observations are recorded on videotape for documentation. In a study of inter- and intraobserver agreement, such recordings from 17 infants were reassessed on two occasions more than one year apart. The interobserver...
Recent advances in the treatment of vaccine-associated sarcomas.

This article reviews the background information about vaccineassociated sarcomas followed by diagnostic procedures essential to understand how to determine the extent of the primary and metastatic tumor as well as to understand the general health of the patient. It also addresses the importance of understanding the nonmedical needs of the client who is faced with this perplexing problem.
Left heart catheterization by direct puncture with two-dimensional echocardiographic guidance: A case report

In patients with mechanical valves in both the mitral and aortic positions, direct ventricular puncture is the recommended approach to catheterization. We report a case in which two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography was used to guide left heart catheterization by direct ventricular puncture and propose that the use of 2D echocardiography might reduce the risks historically associated the procedure. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
1456 REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW (Q) DURING ENVIRONMENTAL COLD STRESS(ECS)

We studied regional Q and its regulation during ECS in seven 3-4 day old piglets by measuring cardiac output(CO), organ Q, arterial-mixed venous O2 content difference(A-VΔO2), O2 consumption(VO2), plasma epinephrine(E) and norepinephrine(NE), mean arterial pressure(MAP), and core (Tc) and ambient(Tamb) temperatures. A vascular resistance index(R) was calculated (MAP ÷ Q). Each animal was studied in a thermoneutral environment (CONTROL) and 30 min. after the nadir of ECS. Results (Mean±SEM): We conclude that ECS results in (1) ↑QSM(↑ heat production) due to ↓R (2) ↓QGI, QKI, and QAD due to ↑R (3)↑A-VΔO2 with unchanged E and NE. We speculate that changes in R result initially from metabolic autoregulation(↓R) followed by altered peripheral sympathetic tone(↑R).
Spall behavior of cast iron with varying microstructures

The spall strength of cast iron with varying microstructures has been investigated using plate impact at moderate speed. Stress history measurements were made with manganin stress gauges embedded between the back face of the specimen and a low impedance polycarbonate backing. Five separate cast irons were tested. Four of these consisted of gray cast iron with graphite in flake form, with three classified as Type VII A2 and the fourth containing a bimodal distribution of Types VII A4 and VII D8. The fifth casting consisted of ductile cast iron with graphite in nodular form, classified as Type I, size class 5. The spall strength for the Type VII A2 gray cast irons varied between 40 and 370 MPa, and that of the additional gray cast iron, between 410 and 490 MPa. The spall strength of the ductile cast iron fell within the range of 0.94–1.2 GPa. It is shown that the spall strength is linked to the damage level at the spall plane, where an increased level of tensile stress is required to generate higher levels of damage. Post mortem analysis was performed on the recovered samples, revealing the graphite phase to be the primary factor governing the spall fracture of cast irons, where crack nucleation is directly correlated to the debonding of graphite from the metal matrix. The average length of graphite found within a casting is linked to the material's strength, where strength increases as a function of decreasing length. The morphology and mean free path of graphite precipitates further govern the subsequent coalescence of initiated cracks to form a complete fracture plane. In cases where graphite spacing is large, increased energy level is required to complete the fracture process. A secondary factor governing the spall fracture of cast irons has also been linked to the microstructure of the metal matrix, with pearlite yielding higher spall strengths than free ferrite.
Application of two parameter elastic-plastic fracture mechanics to analysis of structures

Abstract J-integral resistance curves are developed for single edge bend [SE(B)] specimens of HY80 over a range of crack length ratios from 0.13 to 0.83. The wide range of constraint present over this range of crack length ratios results in J-integral resistance curves with nearly constant initiation toughnesses as measured by JIc, but with widely varying J-R curve slopes beyond JIc. A nearly linear relationship is shown to exist between the slope of the material J-resistance curve after 1 mm of crack extension and the Q parameter introduced by O'Dowd and Shih (Family of crack-tip fields characterized by a triaxiality parameter: Part I—Structure of fields. Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 1991, 39(8), 989–1015) to quantify elastic-plastic constraint. The constancy of JIc and the linear dependence of the tearing resistance on Q is used to develop an interpolation scheme to evaluate the J-integral resistance curve applicable to a specific structural application when the Q parameter can be estimated for the flaw geometry and loading present in the application.
Structure of oxidatively damaged nucleic acid adducts: PH dependence of the 13C NMR spectra of 8‐oxoguanosine and 8‐oxoadenosine

13 C NMR spectra of two C-8-oxo purine nucleosides, 8-oxoguanosine and 8-oxoadenosine, were recorded as a function of pH. The pH dependence of 13 C chemical shifts and 13 C- 1 H coupling constants associated with the purine carbon resonances was analyzed to probe the sites and extent of ionization and protonation of these oxidatively damaged nucleic acid adducts. In the course of this study, it was found that the C-2' and C-3' resonances of the ribofuranosyl sugar ring can be conveniently assigned on the basis of their unique pH-independent 1 H-coupling spectral patterns in aqueous solution
Longitudinal Study of Depressive Symptoms and Progression of Insulin Resistance in Youth At-Risk for Adult Obesity

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether having childhood depressive symptoms is a risk factor that prospectively predicts impairment in glucose homeostasis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A non–treatment-seeking sample of 115 children (aged 5–13 years), oversampled for being at risk for adult obesity, was assessed at baseline and again ~6 years later. Children self-reported depressive symptoms using the Children’s Depression Inventory at baseline. Insulin resistance was assessed at baseline and follow-up with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). RESULTS Children’s depressive symptoms were a significant predictor of follow-up HOMA-IR, fasting insulin, and fasting glucose in models accounting for baseline HOMA-IR, insulin, or glucose values; sex; race; baseline age; baseline BMI; change in BMI at follow-up; family history of type 2 diabetes; and time in the study ( P CONCLUSIONS In this study, depressive symptomatology at baseline predicted the progression of insulin resistance during child and adolescent development independent of changes in BMI. Research is needed to determine whether early intervention to decrease elevated depressive symptoms in youth ameliorates later development of insulin resistance and lessens the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Human-robot interactions as theatre

Given the difficulty of social human-robot interaction (HRI), finding an appropriate conceptual model, as well as a useful venue to test the model, is key. While most work in social HRI draws insight and inspiration from the field of social psychology, this paper explores the philosophical backing and benefits of using ideas from theatre to frame social interactions. We present an analogy to Searle's Chinese Room argument to motivate the expressive challenges faced by human actors and by robots in social situations. We then compare the elements of theatre with the elements of HRI, and discuss techniques that we believe will lead to improved interactions.
Rapid Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Types 1 and 2 by Use of an Improved Piezoelectric Biosensor

ABSTRACT Disasters can create situations in which blood donations can save lives. However, in emergency situations and when resources are depleted, on-site blood donations require the rapid and accurate detection of blood-borne pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2). Techniques such as PCR and antibody capture by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for HIV-1 and HIV-2 are precise but time-consuming and require sophisticated equipment that is not compatible with emergency point-of-care requirements. We describe here a prototype biosensor based on piezoelectric materials functionalized with specific antibodies against HIV-1 and HIV-2. We show the rapid and accurate detection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in both simple and complex solutions, including human serum, and in the presence of a cross-confounding virus. We report detection limits of 12 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50s) for HIV-1 and 87 TCID50s for HIV-2. The accuracy, precision of measurements, and operation of the prototype biosensor compared favorably to those for nucleic acid amplification. We conclude that the biosensor has significant promise as a successful point-of-care diagnostic device for use in emergency field applications requiring rapid and reliable testing for blood-borne pathogens.
Evidence against DNA as the target for 334 nm-induced growth delay in Escherichia coli.

— Growth delay was induced with near-UV (334 nm) radiation in Escherichia coli K12 bacterial strains followed by attempts at photoreactivation (PR) of this effect at 405 nm. In the UV-sensitive strain AB2480, a small PR of the observed population growth delay occurred after 334 nm irradiation at 35°C and a much larger PR after 334 nm irradiation at 5°C. However, much of the population growth delay in this strain can be explained as being due to killing, and all or most of the observed PR pertains only to this killed fraction of the population. The true cell growth delay (i.e. that of surviving cells) thus appears to be only slightly, if at all, photoreactivable. This conclusion is supported by studies with a wild-type strain KW8, which shows growth delay at non-lethal doses; this growth delay shows no PR, regardless of the temperature during 334 nm irradiation. These findings indicate that photoreactivable lesions (cyclo-butyl pyrimidine dimers) are not an important cause of near-UV-induced growth delay. Strain AB2480 lacks known dark-repair systems for DNA damage induced by far-UV (below 300 nm) radiation, yet shows the same efficiency for 334-nm-induced growth delay as the wild type, which possesses these dark repair systems. This indicates that lesions in DNA that are dark-repairable by the systems not tunctional in AB2480are not responsible for 334-nm-induced growth delay. It is possible, however, that fragmentary repair systems in AB2480 can operate on some DNA lesion that might cause growth delay. Spontaneously decaying lesions are unlikely, since growth-delay damage decays at a very low rate in non-nutrient medium. Since most of the known types of DNA damage and repair are thus eliminated, these considerations suggest that DNA damage is not involved in near-UV-induced growth delay.
Travel motivations and destination choice: A study of British outbound market

Abstract Knowledge of people's travel motivations and its association with destination selection plays a critical role in predicting future travel patterns. The objectives of this study were to uncover the underlying push and pull factors of motivation associated with British outbound pleasure travelers as well as to identify key motivational factors that have significant effects on destination choice. Six push factors and five pull factors were found. “Knowledge seeking” and “cleanliness & safety” were perceived as the most important push and pull factors respectively. The results of logistic regression analyses snowed that the British tend to visit the U.S. for “fun & excitement” and “outdoor activities,” Oceania for “family & friend togetherness,” and Asia to seek a “novel experience.” The findings of differential motivational factors across seven destinations suggest that a destination can capitalize on its strengths with an optimal combination of push and pull factors to attract and retain the Britis...
Paradoxes of Professionalization Parallel Dilemmas in Women's Organizations in the Americas

During the past two decades, opportunities for women's social movement organizations to expand their scope of engagement have often been accompanied by greater vulnerability to donor discipline and scrutiny. Efforts by activists to accommodate the demands for accountability and institutional sustainability by professionalizing their organizations have been instrumental in moving feminist concerns into the political mainstream. However, such institutionalization has frequently contributed to the persistence or creation of social hierarchies within and between women's organizations, as well as to shifts in their social change agendas and action strategies. This article examines the common dilemmas of activists in Latin America and the United States, bringing together two usually separate domains of scholarship to analyze the course, costs, and possibilities of organizational transformation.
Manufactured analytical solutions for isothermal full-Stokes ice sheet models

Abstract. We present the detailed construction of a manufactured analytical solution to time-dependent and steady-state isothermal full-Stokes ice sheet problems. The solutions are constructed for two-dimensional flowline and three-dimensional full-Stokes ice sheet models with variable viscosity. The construction is done by choosing for the specified ice surface and bed a velocity distribution that satisfies both mass conservation and the kinematic boundary conditions. Then a compensatory stress term in the conservation of momentum equations and their boundary conditions is calculated to make the chosen velocity distributions as well as the chosen pressure field into exact solutions. By substituting different ice surface and bed geometry formulas into the derived solution formulas, analytical solutions for different geometries can be constructed. The boundary conditions can be specified as essential Dirichlet conditions or as periodic boundary conditions. By changing a parameter value, the analytical solutions allow investigation of algorithms for a different range of aspect ratios as well as for different, frozen or sliding, basal conditions. The analytical solutions can also be used to estimate the numerical error of the method in the case when the effects of the boundary conditions are eliminated, that is, when the exact solution values are specified as inflow and outflow boundary conditions.
Secure applications need flexible operating systems

As information exchange over wide area networks becomes an increasingly essential component of new applications, firewalls will no longer provide an adequate defense against malicious attackers. Individual workstations will need to provide strong enough security to contain malicious processes and prevent the domino effect of a pierced firewall. Some of the most commonly found security holes today result from the fact that simple operations can be surprisingly difficult to implement correctly on top of a traditional POSIX-like interface. We claim that by combining hierarchically-named capabilities, a novel generalization of the Unix user and group ID concept, with the low-level system calls of an exokernel operating system, we can achieve a system-call interface which is flexible enough to avoid much of the complexity that often leads to security holes in discretionary access control operating systems like Unix.
Analysis, design, and development model: a case study of an internet-based system for insert and parameter selection

. The analysis, design, and development model (ADDM) is based on the systems lifecycle process (SLCP) in which analysts begin to understand external client requirements and internal client specifications as they are designing and developing a complex system. In the ADDM, clients and system analysts (SA) continuously interact as the system is being designed, developed, tested and maintained. In the design phase, system development can be altered when it is most cost-effective. Depending on the type of environment and SA preference and expertise, various interfaces and software and hardware configurations are created during the SLCP. The SLCP ensures effective standardization and continuous quality improvements throughout development. The model follows modern information technology principles to integrate and monitor SLCP phases. A case is presented that describes an application of the ADDM. This case outlines the architecture of an e-commerce production system (ECPS). The system has a three-tier structure consisting of the client interface, Java server page (JSP) and database module. The model assists in designing economic production operations in an industrial setting by allowing a client to retrieve current production data needed for operations through the internet.
Production of AM fungus colonized seedlings under organic management: suitability of hydrolyzed fish vs. blood meal as options for N addition

The potential benefits of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis to crop growth and farm sustainability make utilization of AM fungus inoculum of particular interest to organic farmers. An important consideration in ensuring the colonization of vegetable seedlings by AM fungi during the greenhouse growth phase of production is supplying sufficient nitrogen and other nutrients for plant growth while limiting levels of phosphorus to avoid P-mediated inhibition of colonization. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare growth and AM fungus colonization of Allium porrum L. cv. Musselburgh seedlings in two organic potting media amended with high N and low P organic fertilizers vs. a chemical fertilizer solution known to produce well-colonized seedlings. Though amendment of the media with granular blood meal tended to produce the largest seedlings, formation of mycorrhizae was inhibited relative to 3 × per week additions of inorganic control or hydrolyzed fish fertilizers (4.5% vs. 28% and 16% of roo...