cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Note-Taking and Science Inquiry in an Open-Ended Learning Environment

Note-taking is important for academic success and has been thoroughly studied in traditional classroom contexts. Recent advancements of technology have led to more students taking notes on computers, and in different situations than are common in traditional instructional contexts. However, research on computer-based note-taking is still an emerging area, and findings from these studies are mixed. In this exploratory study, we conducted multilevel analysis to comprehensively investigate the relationship between note-taking measures and subsequent student success at science inquiry among middle school students, using two scenarios of an open-ended learning environment named Virtual Performance Assessments. Analysis revealed an advantage for content elaborative note-taking over content reproductive note-taking conditional on the source of notes taken, but other measures were less consistent between the two scenarios. Implications of the findings and limitations of this research are also discussed.
Single institution experience of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) associated with high risk pediatric ALL induction therapy: Is there a role of pharmaco-ethnicity.

e22005Background: PRES, a rare complication of childhood leukemia treatment occurs in up to 5% patients in small series and < 1% of patients on the current COG high risk leukemia protocol. Hyperten...
Coupled-wire description of the correlated physics in twisted bilayer graphene

Since the discovery of superconductivity and correlated insulators at fractional electron fillings in twisted bilayer graphene, most theoretical efforts have been focused on describing this system in terms of an effective extended Hubbard model. However, it was recognized that an exact tight-binding model on the moir\'e superlattice which captures all the subtleties of the bands can be exceedingly complicated. Here, we pursue an alternative framework of coupled wires to describe the system based on the observation that the lattice relaxation effect is strong at small twist angles, which substantially enlarges the AB and BA stacking domains. Under an out-of-plane electric field which can have multiple origins, the low-energy physics of the system is dominated by interconnected wires with (approximately) gapless one-dimensional (1D) conducting quantum valley Hall domain wall states. We demonstrate that the Coulomb interaction likely renders the wires a $U{(2)}_{2}$ $(1+1)\text{D}$ conformal field theory (CFT) with a tunable Luttinger parameter for the charge $U(1)$ sector. Spin-triplet and spin-singlet Cooper pair operators both have quasi-long-range order in this CFT. The junction between the wires at the AA stacking islands can lead to either a two-dimensional superconductor, or an insulator.
Public Policy and Nuclear Disarmament

AbstractOnly Belarus, Kazakhstan, South Africa, and Ukraine have completely surrendered nuclear weapons and then signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Although a declining security threat marks the decision-making process in all four countries, it is not clear advocates of disarmament understand the factors that caused the perception of a more cooperative security environment, and whether the lessons from those cases are applicable to the non-NPT nuclear weapons states. The literature lacks an analysis of the lessons learned from previous disarmament cases, but this study argues that the analysis cannot provide actionable, policy-relevant knowledge to further the cause of global disarmament.
Partial Costotransversectomy and Corpectomy for Thoracic Spinal Metastatic Disease: Operative Technique and Nuances: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

We describe the operative approach and management for thoracic metastatic disease in a 78-yr-old man with worsening mechanical lower back and left-sided thoracic radicular pain. Imaging of the thoracic spine revealed an osteolytic T11 mass with destruction of the left T11 pedicle and transverse process. Biopsy confirmed spinal metastasis from the liver. Preoperative angiogram was completed for localization of the artery of Adamkewicz and microparticle embolization of the left T11 intercostal artery. Surgical resection was supplemented with electrophysiological monitoring and neuronavigation. The corpectomy was approached by resecting the medial aspect of the rib, transverse process, and pedicle, which were all invaded with tumor. The left T11 nerve root was isolated and sacrificed to allow for placement of the expandable corpectomy cage and also resulted in sustained relief of the patient's radicular pain. The patient recovered from surgery well, with postoperative improvement of his pain. This case highlights the complex technical nuances of this procedure, and the importance of a thorough preoperative evaluation, including angiography, as proper identification of the artery of Adamkewitz can prevent severe neurological deficit from a spinal cord stroke. The patient consented to the procedure.
The haptoglobin 2-2 genotype is associated with cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes: the RETRO HDLc study.

The haptoglobin (Hp) 2-2 genotype has been shown to increase the risk of coronary artery disease, kidney dysfunction and mortality from cardiovascular and renal causes in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Similar associations, however, have not been observed in those without diabetes. As cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a cardiovascular disease risk factor, we assessed the presence of an association between the Hp 2-2 genotype and CAN. The study included 216 individuals with childhood-onset T1D and 200 individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) of similar age and gender distribution to their counterparts with T1D. CAN was assessed using an electrocardiogram as an abnormal, age-specific, heart rate response to deep breathing. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association between the Hp 2-2 genotype and CAN. Compared with NGT, participants with T1D had a similar proportion of Hp 2-2 carriers (41.5% vs. 32.0%, p = 0.05) but a greater CAN prevalence (28.2% vs. 5.0%, p < 0.0001). In multivariable logistic regression models, those carrying the Hp 2-2 genotype had significantly higher odds of CAN compared with Hp 1-1 or Hp 2-1 carriers (OR = 2.27, p = 0.01). The presence of T1D (OR = 4.20, p = 0.0003), hypertension (OR = 2.08, p = 0.03), eGFR (OR = 0.98, p = 0.01) and WBC count (OR = 1.21, p = 0.02) were also associated with CAN. There was no T1D by Hp interaction (p = 0.92), although in stratified analyses, the Hp–CAN association was significant only in T1D. The Hp 2-2 genotype was independently associated with greater odds of CAN in T1D though no definitive conclusions could be made in NGT.
Dietary Supplement Use is High among Individuals with Parkinson Disease.

Objectives To assess the present use of dietary supplements among the Parkinson disease (PD) population and to determine which dietary supplements are most commonly taken. Methods This cross-sectional study used an online questionnaire that was administered to individuals with PD via support group Web sites. Dietary supplement users also were asked whether they spoke with a healthcare professional about their supplement use. Results Of the 205 respondents, 83.4% reported taking at least 1 dietary supplement. Although 94 different types of dietary supplements were identified, >50% of participants taking dietary supplements took multivitamins, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 (52.6%, 74.3%, and 56.1%, respectively). Respondents reported taking coenzyme Q10, Mucuna pruriens, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, melatonin, and N-acetylcysteine most commonly for PD. Among supplement users, 29.2% did not discuss their supplement use with a healthcare practitioner. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate a high prevalence of dietary supplement use among individuals with PD, in addition to a wide variety of supplements being taken. This study's findings also indicate the need for better dialog between patients and healthcare practitioners regarding the use of dietary supplements.
Association of Neighborhood Characteristics with Utilization of High-Volume Hospitals Among Patients Undergoing High-Risk Cancer Surgery.

As high-risk cancer surgery continues to become more centralized, it is important to understand the association of neighborhood characteristics relative to access to surgical care. We sought to determine the neighborhood level characteristics that may be associated with travel patterns and utilization of high-volume hospitals. The California Office of Statewide Health Planning database was used to identify patients who underwent pancreatectomy (PD), esophagectomy (ES), proctectomy (PR), or pneumonectomy (PN) for cancer between 2014 and 2016. Total minutes (m) traveled as well as whether a patient bypassed the nearest hospital that performed the operation to get to a higher-volume center was assessed. Data were merged with the Centers for Disease control social vulnerability index (SVI). Overall, 26,937 individuals (ES: 4.7%; PN: 53.5% PD: 13.9% PR: 27.9%) underwent a complex oncologic operation. Median travel time was 16 m (interquartile range [IQR] 8.3–30.24) [ES: 21.8 m (IQR 10.6–46.9); PN: 14 m (IQR 7.8–27.0); PD: 21.2 m (IQR 10.6–42.6); PR: 15 m (IQR 8.1–28.4)]. Nearly three-quarter of patients (ES: 34%; PN: 73%; PD: 72%; LR: 81%) underwent an operation at a high-volume hospital. For all four operations, patients who resided in a county with a high overall SVI were less likely to have surgery at a high-volume hospital (ES: odds ratio [OR] 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24–0.65; PN: OR: 0.67, 95% CI 0.51–0.88; PD: OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.44–0.84; PR: OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.58–0.98). Patients residing in communities of high social vulnerability were less likely to undergo high-risk cancer surgery at a high-volume hospital. The identification of society-based contextual disparities in access to complex surgical care should serve to inform targeted strategies to direct additional resources toward these vulnerable communities.
Using Subvertising to Build Families’ Persuasion Knowledge in Jamaica

Despite the importance of persuasion knowledge (PK) for understanding how individuals cope with persuasion, there is little research addressing how PK can be developed and sustained. We explore dis...
Spectroscopic and computational characterization of lanthanide-mediated N–H and C–H bond activation of methylamine

Ln (Ln = La and Ce) atom reactions with methylamine are carried out in a pulsed-laser vaporization supersonic molecular beam source. A series of dehydrogenation species are observed with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the dehydrogenated Ln-containing species in the formula Ln(NCH3) are characterized by mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy and density functional theory and multiconfiguration spin–orbit coupling computations. The MATI spectrum of La(NCH3) consists of two vibronic band systems that are assigned to the ionization of the 2A1 ground state of the C3v isomer La(N–CH3) and the 2A′ ground state of the Cs isomer La(NH–CH2). The MATI spectrum of Ce(NCH3) also displays two band systems, which are attributed to the ionization of the low-energy spin–orbit coupling states of the C3v isomer Ce(N–CH3). Ln(N–CH3) is formed by the concerted dehydrogenation of the amino group, while La(NH–CH2) is formed by the dehydrogenation of both amino and methyl groups. Ce(NH–CH2) is presumably formed in the reaction based on the computational predictions but not observed by the spectroscopic measurements.
Miro recruits VPS13D to mitochondria

Abstract Mitochondria, which are excluded from the secretory pathway, depend on lipid transport proteins for their lipid supply from the ER, where most lipids are synthesized. In yeast, the outer membrane GTPase Gem1 is an accessory factor of ERMES, an ER-mitochondria tethering complex that contains lipid transport domains and plays a function, partially redundant with VPS13, in lipid transfer between the two organelles. In metazoa, where VPS13, but not ERMES, is present, the Gem1 orthologue Miro has been linked to mitochondrial motility but not to lipid transport. Here we show that Miro recruits to mitochondria the lipid transport protein VPS13D which, like Miro, is an essential protein in mammals, and whose localization had remained elusive. We also show that VPS13D can tether mitochondria to the ER in a Miro- and VAP-dependent way. These findings reveal a so far missing link between function(s) of Gem1/Miro in yeast and higher eukaryotes, where Miro is a Parkin substrate, with potential implications for Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. Summary Protein-mediated ER-mitochondria lipid transfer is critical for eukaryotic cells. However, the underlying machinery is not well conserved. Guillen-Samander et al, show that Gem1/Miro is an evolutionary conserved link between the yeast ERMES complex and the mammalian lipid transfer protein VPS13D.
Ivan Petrushevich’s Forgotten Project at the Hoover Institution Library & Archives: A Note

This article focuses on the Ivan Petrushevich papers at the Hoover Institution. The collection includes printed materials, correspondence, documents, and clippings related to Ukraine, specifically ...
Algorithm 1014: An Improved Algorithm for hypot(x,y)

We develop fast and accurate algorithms for evaluating √x2+y2 for two floating-point numbers x and y. Library functions that perform this computation are generally named hypot(x,y). We compare five approaches that we will develop in this article to the current resident library function that is delivered with Julia 1.1 and to the code that has been distributed with the C math library for decades. We will investigate the accuracy of our algorithms by simulation.
Effects of mechanical constraint on thermally induced reverse martensitic transformation in granular shape memory ceramic packings

Zirconia-based ceramics exhibit shape memory and superelastic effects based on the reversible martensitic transformation between tetragonal and monoclinic crystal structures. In the form of granular packings, these shape memory ceramics can be scaled up for bulk applications despite their intrinsic brittleness, while displaying drastically different transformation characteristics than the monolithic counterparts. Here, we present a comparative study to understand the thermally induced reverse martensitic transformation in granular packings and the influence of mechanical constraints. This study employs ZrO2–CeO2 shape memory ceramics of the same composition but with different degrees of mechanical constraints. The explored material forms include loose and jammed granular packings, themselves consisting of polycrystalline or single crystal particles, as well as sintered bulk polycrystals. Except for the latter, no endothermic peak is observed in the heat flow measurement of the reverse transformation process. This unusual behavior is shown to stem from the weak inter-particle mechanical constraint and the transformation heterogeneity among individual particles, rather than stress relaxation or particle rearrangement. To compare, conspicuous endothermic peaks only appear in bursting-type transformations under a strong mechanical constraint. For granular packings, the intra-particle mechanical constraint does not affect the presence of any endothermic peaks in thermal reversion but can influence the austenite start temperature.
Obstetric Outcomes in Singleton Pregnancies with Abnormal Placental Cord Insertions

Objective There is wide variation in the management of pregnancies complicated by abnormal placental cord insertion (PCI), which includes velamentous cord insertion (VCI) and marginal cord insertion (MCI). We tested the hypothesis that abnormal PCI is associated with small for gestational age (SGA) infants. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of all pregnant patients undergoing anatomic ultrasound at a single institution from 2010 to 2017. Patients with abnormal PCI were matched in a 1:2 ratio by race, parity, gestational age at the time of ultrasound, and obesity to patients with normal PCIs. The primary outcome was SGA at delivery. Secondary outcomes were cesarean delivery, preterm delivery, cesarean delivery for nonreassuring fetal status, 5-minute Apgar score Results Abnormal PCI was associated with an increased risk of SGA (relative risk [RR]: 2.43; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26–4.69), increased risk of preterm delivery Conclusion Abnormal PCI is associated with an increased risk of SGA and preterm delivery. These results suggest that serial fetal growth assessments in this population may be warranted. Key Points
Birth Year-Dependent Increase in Axial Length of Japanese Adult.

Purpose To determine whether the correlations between the axial length and the aging-dependent and birth year–dependent age are significant. Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods This study included Japanese patients ≥50 years who had undergone cataract surgery at numerous clinics from 2002 to 2020. Only 1 eye/patient was analyzed. The axial length was measured with the IOL Master. The age-dependent changes were determined by the significance of the correlation between the axial length and age by the birth year. The birth year–dependent changes were determined by the significance of the correlation between the axial length and birth year in the different age groups. The age refers to the age at the time of the cataract surgery. Spearman correlations were calculated. The turning points were identified by the LOESS, NLIN, and HPMIXED procedures. Results A total of 62,362 eyes (35,508 women, 26,854 men) were studied. The mean age was 72.9 ± 8.4 (standard deviation) years (range, 50-101 years), and the mean axial length was 23.90 ± 1.66 mm (standard deviation) (range, 19.20-37.07 mm). The birth year ranged from 1908 to 1970. Analyses of the birth year–dependent changes showed significant positive correlations in 48 of 81 (59.3%) groups for women and men. The increase in the axial length was birth year–dependent, and the turning point was 1939.4 for women and 1936.7 for men. Conclusions The negative and significant correlation between the axial length and age is due to birth year–dependent changes. A birth year–dependent increase in axial length might have continued for several decades from the birth year of the late 1930s.
The power of interest: minoritized women’s interest in engineering fosters persistence beliefs beyond belongingness and engineering identity

This study examined how developing an engineering identity through the interplay between interest, recognition, and performance/competence beliefs and establishing a sense of belonging supported women’s persistence beliefs in engineering. Persistence belief in this study is captured through women’s certainty of graduating with an engineering degree. Students’ levels of motivation, affective states, and actions are based on what students believe to be true. Data were gathered from a survey administered to engineering students at nine institutions across the USA. Only female engineering students were used in the analysis. Students were further grouped into categories based on the representation of their race/ethnicity in engineering; 121 women were identified as minoritized in engineering, and 252 were identified as part of the majority group in engineering. Structural equation modeling was used to understand how the development of an engineering identity and modes of belonging (i.e., belonging in the major and in the classroom environment) supported women’s certainty to graduate with an engineering degree. All latent constructs were examined for measurement invariance; partial measurement invariance was achieved. Equality constraints on the structural paths of the model were not enforced to allow for differences across groups. Seeing oneself as an engineer (i.e., internal recognition) did not support minoritized women’s certainty to persist toward degree completion, whereas this internal recognition supported majority women’s persistence. Belonging in the major and belonging in the classroom environment did not support minoritized women’s certainty to persist. Establishing a sense of belonging in the classroom environment supported majority women’s certainty to persist. Minoritized women’s persistence toward degree completion was supported by their interest in engineering and their confidence in performing well in engineering coursework. However, interest in engineering was two times more influential toward minoritized women’s persistence than their performance competence beliefs. These findings provide educators with a nuanced understanding of how identity development and modes of belonging differentially affect women’s persistence beliefs. These findings suggest that educators need to understand the powerful influence minoritized women’s interest in engineering has on their persistence beliefs and create mechanisms to continuously reinforce interest.
Botulinum Toxin Injections Pearls

For patients undergoing Botox injections in the area of the procerus and glabellar region who are not undergoing filler injection simultaneously, it is often advantageous not only to inject into the origin and insertion of the muscle, but to use part of the Botox volume to “fill” the vertical glabellar rhytids. This provides for an appreciated, albeit short-term, improvement in the rhytids appearance prior to the onset of the Botox effect.
The Richest Hole on Earth? Nature, Labor and the Politics of Metabolism at the Bingham Canyon Copper Mine

At a basic level, megaengineering projects are the product of a labor process marked by the metabolic exchange between workers, technology and nonhuman nature. The large scale nature of these projects makes their continued existence an evolving matter of political concern. This chapter investigates the case of what some refer to as the largest open pit mine in the world – the Bingham Canyon copper mine 28 mi (45 km) southwest from Salt Lake City, Utah. Specifically, we are concerned with the relationship between the historical dynamics of the labor process and the political narratives of belonging that the Utah (and then Kennecott) Copper Company use to construct their contribution to the local community and ecology. We argue that for most of the 20th century Bingham Canyon was able to legitimate itself primarily as a source of livelihood for thousands of workers in the Salt Lake City region because of the large need for workers in the labor process. After crisis hit the copper industry in the early 1980s and Kennecott fired around 70% of their workforce, we examine how Kennecott reframed their legitimation narrative by focusing on “environmental stewardship” and an improved “quality of life” for all local residents. Just as capital-labor relation in Bingham were rife with conflict, we conclude by suggesting that the ecological problems inherent to open pit mining stand in tension to Kennecott’s projected image as “environmental steward.”
Synthesis and Primary Photoreaction of C18‐Methyl‐β‐Ionylidenemalononitrile

A synthesis of C18-methyl-β-ionone (8) and C18-methyl-β-ionylidenemalononitrile (13) is reported. Photoreaction of C18-methyl-β-ionylidenemalononitrile resulted in a reversible 7-cis and 7-trans isomerization which eventually underwent 1,5-Hydrogen shift to give the irreversible photoproduct, C18-methyl-y-retro-ionylidenemalononitrile (14).
Reactions between Nitric Oxide, Superoxide, and Peroxynitrite: Footprints of Peroxynitrite in Vivo

Publisher Summary This chapter examines a number of reaction pathways for nitric oxide, with the emphasis on assessing their biological relevance. Till date, the fastest reaction for nitric oxide with clear toxicological significance is that with superoxide to produce ONOO − . Thus, the chemistry and reactivity of ONOO − are discussed at length. In addition, the interaction between ONOO − and nitric oxide is examined with respect to its effects on nitric oxide half-life as well as effects on peroxynitrite reactivity toward phenol. Reaction mechanisms are proposed to account for the nitrated, hydroxylated, and nitrosated phenolic products available. The primary reactions of nitric oxide are almost exclusively limited to other species possessing unpaired electrons, such as the iron in heme proteins, as well as nonheme iron and superoxide. Nitric oxide does react with molecular oxygen; however, this reaction occurs so slowly at physiological concentrations as to be toxicologically insignificant. Primary reactions of nitric oxide can result in a variety of secondary products ranging from innocuous nitrate (NO −3 ), nitrite (NO −2 ) and nitroxyl (NO − ) to reactive intermediates such as nitrosonium (NO + ), peroxynitrite (ONOO − ), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). The predominant end products of these reactive intermediates that are stable enough to be measured in biological systems include nitrite, nitrate, nitrotyrosine, and various nitrosothiols.
Of 'Singles' Without Baseball: Corporations as Frozen Relational Moments

Professor Neuborne argues that we should view corporations as collections of individuals joined together to advance a common goal. In many constitutional settings – such as equal protection, due process and 4th amendment privacy – where the interests of the individuals who constitute the corporate enterprise would be uniformly advanced by the recognition of an enforcement agent capable of vigorously enforcing the rights of all, it makes sense to indulge in the fiction that a corporation is a freestanding entity with constitutional rights of its own. Such a fiction enables corporate management to function as an efficient enforcement agent for the collective. Where, however, as in campaign spending or self-incrimination there will almost certainly be conflicts of interest between and among the corporate participants, it distorts the power relationships within the corporate enterprise to vest corporate management with the power to use general treasury funds to advance an electoral candidate who is opposed by many shareholders. In such a conflict of interest setting, corporate management should not be vested with power to enforce a collective right. Rather, the participants themselves must assert it. That is how the Supreme Court has treated corporate 5th Amendment self- incrimination rights for a century. It is also how electoral speech rights should be treated. Accordingly, Citizens United was wrongly decided.
Florida Citrus Molasses as a Fermentation Substrate I. Free Amino Acids in Molasses from Early and Midseason Varieties of Citrus Fruits During 2 Years of Production

Samples of midseason Florida citrus molasses from 10 different manufacturing plants were studied during 2 years of production for suitability as fermentation substrates. They were analyzed for degrees Brix, pH, percentage of protein, and free amino acid content. The following ranges of values were obtained: degrees Brix, 65.4 to 73.0; pH, 4.2 to 6.4; and protein, 3.3 to 5.1%. Although the general characteristics of all samples were quite similar, the total free amino acid content and the number of amino acids differed from year to year and from plant to plant. The free amino acids consistently present were asparagine, aspartic acid, alanine, γ-amino-butyric, glycine, glutamic acid, proline, serine, and threonine. Occasionally found were arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine. An extremely high level of proline was detected in all samples.
A Simulation Study of Broadband Electrostatic Noise in the Presence of Ionospheric Electrons

Ion beams have been observed flowing along magnetic field lines in the earth's plasma sheet boundary layer and are believed to generate intense electrostatic wave activity known as broadband electrostatic noise. Cold electrons of ionospheric origin have also been observed in this same region and it has been shown that the addition of these cold electrons modifies substantially the plasma wave dispersion properties. With cold electrons present, four instabilities can be excited: (1) ion acoustic, (2) electron acoustic, (3) beam resonant, and (4) Buneman two stream. These instabilities can generate waves with large growth rates at frequencies consistent with broadband electro-static noise. Using computer simulations, consideration is given to the wave energy frequency spectra generated by these instabilities, as well as cold electron heating and nonlinear effects on the ion beam.
Dual Atrioventricular Conduction during an Acute Inferior Myocardial Infarction: Electrocardiographic Evidence

A 49-year-old man had electrocardiographic evidence of a dual atrioventricular conduction system which occurred spontaneously during the course of an inferior myocardial infarction. Retrograde concealed conduction involving both conduction systems is proposed as the mechanism to explain the varying patterns of atrioventricular conduction seen.
High frequency data and volatility in foreign exchange rates

Exchange rates, like many other financial time series, display substantial heteroscedasticity. This poses obstacles in detecting trends and changes. Understanding volatility becomes extremely important in studying financial time series. Unfortunately, estimating volatility from low-frequency data, such as daily, weekly, or monthly observations, is very difficult. The recent availability of ultra-high-frequency observations, such as tick-by-tick data, to large financial institutions creates a new possibility for the analysis of volatile time series. This article uses tick-by-tick foreign-exchange rates to explore this new type of data. Unlike low-frequency data, high-frequency data have extremely high negative first-order autocorrelation in their return. In this article, I propose a model that can explain the negative autocorrelation and a volatility estimator for high-frequency data. The daily and hourly volatility estimates of exchange rate show some interesting patterns.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON THE TRANSFORMING AND BINDING POWER OF BLOOD.

1. The transforming power of red blood cells for atoxyl is apparently uninfluenced by a preliminary heating of the blood for 30 minutes at 50° C., but a temperature of 55° C. acting for 30 minutes destroys this property of blood almost completely. 2. When the heating was for 60 minutes, 54° C. and higher temperatures apparently destroyed all the transforming power. 3. After heating for 10 minutes, 70° C. destroyed almost all the transforming power, and 100° C. seemingly destroyed all. 4. Under the influence of certain temperatures blood seemingly binds transformed atoxyl, and under the influence of other temperatures frees it again. A temperature of 70° C. for 10 minutes applied to blood subsequent to its incubation with atoxyl causes nearly all the toxicity of the solution to disappear. On the other hand, a temperature of 100° C. for 10 minutes applied to blood subsequent to incubation with atoxyl leaves the solution almost as toxic as if the blood had not been heated at all after the incubation. 5. Some of the transformed atoxyl bound by blood when it is heated to 70° C. for 10 minutes is freed if the heating at 70° C. is prolonged to 30 minutes. See PDF for Structure 6. Blood which has bound transformed atoxyl gives up most, but not all, of this toxic substance when heated to 100° for 10 minutes. All, or nearly all, is freed when the heating at 100° C. is continued for 30 minutes. 7. Under the influence of 70° C. for io minutes transformed atoxyl may be made to enter blood corpuscles, for the fluid above these corpuscles is rendered non-toxic and does not become toxic again when heated to 100° for 20 minutes, provided it contains no laked blood. The blood corpuscles, on the other hand, when heated to 100° for 20 minutes in contact with fresh salt solution, make this solution quite toxic. 8. Laked blood in contact with transformed atoxyl behaves like unlaked blood when heated to 70° C. and to 100° C. for 10 to 30 minutes. 9. The toxic substance can be concentrated by heating the blood corpuscles in contact with transformed atoxyl to 70° C. for 10 minutes, centrifugalizing, removing a large part of the supernatant fluid, and then heating to 100° C. for 30 minutes. 10. The power of blood to take up and bind transformed atoxyl is destroyed apparently completely by heating blood to 100° C. for 10 minutes. 11. The toxic substance into which atoxyl is transformed (transformed atoxyl) is thermostabile, but the transforming agent in blood is thermolabile.
HIV Discrimination in Health Care Servicesin Los Angeles County: The Results ofThree Testing Studies

Author(s): Sears, Brad; Ho, Deborah | Abstract: This report presents the results of three studies conducted from 2003 to 2005 measuring HIV discrimination in health care in Los Angeles County. Each of the studies used trained testers posing as either patients who were HIV-positive or organizations working with such patients. Testers called the offices of health care providers and asked if they would accept HIV-positive patients. The studies focused on skilled nursing facilities, cosmetic and plastic surgeons, and obstetricians, in order to determine the percentage of providers in each area who had a blanket policy of refusing services to people living with HIV. The testers also gathered some qualitative information about the reasons why health care providers denied services to HIV-positive patients. The three types of health care providers were chosen based on current medical needs of persons living with HIV/AIDS, including nursing care as the HIV population ages, cosmetic surgery to address the impact of facial wasting, and prenatal care for women living with HIV.
On the Moments of Elementary Symmetric Functions of the Roots of Two Matrices

A lemma is given first which provides an easy method of expressing the product of an $s$th order Vandermonde type determinant and the $k$th and $l$th $(k, l \geqq 0)$ powers of the $r$th and $h$th $(r, h \leqq s)$ elementary symmetric functions (esf's) respectively as a linear compound of determinants. The lemma extends itself readily to the product of powers of any number of esf's up to the $s$th. Using this lemma and some reduction formulae for certain special types of Vandermonde type determinants, a second lemma has been proved to show that certain formulas for the moments of esf's in $s$ non-null characteristic roots $\lambda_i(0 < \lambda_1 \leqq \lambda_2 \leqq \cdots \leqq \lambda_s < \infty)$ of a matrix can be easily derived from corresponding formulas for the moments of corresponding esf's in $s$ non-null roots, $\theta_i, (0 < \theta_1 \leqq \cdots \leqq \theta_s < 1)$ of another matrix and vice versa. Illustrations are given explaining both lemmas.
PHOTON: A program for synchrotron radiation dose calculations

Abstract A computer program, PHOTON, has been developed to calculate radiation levels associated with a general synchrotron beamline arrangement. PHOTON calculates the transmitted and scattered spectra as the synchrotron beam passes through sequential filters. The Compton component of this scattered radiation can then be passed through a series of materials composing a shielding wall. This radiation can then be used to calculate a dose in a medium outside of the shielding wall. Program input is such that the sequence of operations is easily followed and modified for any beamline configuration. Measurements have been performed by Brauer on existing NSLS beamlines in various geometries. Good agreement between calculated and measured dose values was found in all cases. This agreement implies that results obtained for shielding of sources containing a wide range of energies, such as that of the NSLS High Field Superconducting Wiggler, are correct.
Fault Tolerant, Scalable Multi-Agent Control under Medium Access Constraints

Abstract This paper extends our earlier work presented at the last IFAC World Congress that concerned the fault tolerant, distributed, scalable control of a group of agents that must move in a formation specified by relative positions between agents and a constant formation velocity. The control law we had proposed naturally accommodated various levels of fault tolerance and scalability and required an amount of inter-agent communication that was commensurate with a designated level of fault tolerance. The control law assumed, however, that this exchange of information occurred simultaneously. In practice communications must occur under Medium Access Control (MAC) constraints. Thus no agent can transmit and receive at the same time, and cannot transmit to another agent who is receiving information from yet another. We modify our earlier control algorithm so that such MAC constraints are respected, and provide a stability analysis of this modified control law.
Oxygen vacancies and defect electronic states on the SnO 2 (110)- 1×1 surface

The ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$(110)-1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surface, a surface which is structurally similar to the more studied ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$(110) surface, has been found to be an ideal system of study for the identification and characterization of surface oxygen vacancies. Heating a well-oxidized, nearly perfect (110) surface in UHV removes large amounts of surface lattice oxygen. Ion-scattering spectroscopy (ISS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) have shown conclusively that defect electronic states which appear low in the band gap for annealing temperatures less than 800 K arise from ``bridging'' oxygen vacancies [i.e., from the removal of oxygen anions from the terminal layer of an ideal, rutile-structure (110) surface]. UPS and four-point conductivity measurements indicate that heating at 800 K or above causes the formation of a second type of surface defect. It is argued that this second defect is an ``in-plane'' oxygen vacancy [i.e., the result of removing an oxygen anion from what is normally the second, tin-containing, atomic plane of an ideal (110) surface]. The in-plane oxygen vacancy is characterized by occupied states higher in the band gap which extend to the Fermi level.
The prevention of experimental osteomyelitis in a model of gunshot fracture in the pig

Data from civilian trauma practice would support the non-operative management of low-energy transfer ballistic wounds to bone. However, there is a paucity of data to indicate whether this would be an effective treatment for similar injuries in military casualties, in whom wounds are heavily contaminated and there is a delay to receipt of medical treatment. We created a model of ballistic wounding in the proximal tibia of pigs. Fractures were contaminated withStaphylococcus aureus. Animals were divided into two groups; Control (n = 8), received no treatment, Treatment (n = 6), received 600 mg benzylpenicillin and 500 mg flucloxacillin by intramuscular injection for seven days, commencing six hours after injury. Animals were killed 14 days after injury. Treatment with antibiotics caused a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of osteomyelitis assessed by bacteriological examination. The results have important implications for the management of low-energy transfer wounds of bone in both civilian and military casualties.
Blood galactose clearance in normal and Eck fistula dogs.

Abstract Arterial blood galactose clearance following an intravenous galactose load in normal and in Eck fistula dogs was determined by a galactose oxidase method. Mean clearance decreased from a preshunt value of 319 mg./min. to a range of 263–289 mg./min. following construction of an Eck fistula. Clearances measured at biweekly intervals after shunting were not significantly lower at any postoperative week when compared with preoperative values. Following shunting, mean galactose clearances did not show further change with time although the animals were in a steadily deteriorating condition. Galactose clearance is not a sensitive indicator of impaired hepatic function in dogs.
Rethinking Global Sisterhood: Western Feminism and Iran

Rethinking Global Sisterhood: Western Feminism and Iran, Nima Naghibi, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8166-4759-0, xxx + 187pp. Nima Naghibi's book takes on a very impor...
SOME SMALL BUSINESS PROBLEMS INDICATED BY THE INDUSTRIAL LOAN EXPERIENCE OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK

In beginning, I want emphatically to absolve my employers from any responsibility for these remarks. The New York Reserve Bank has, in characteristic fashion, given me unlimited access to the files and to the men who were active in 13b lending during its heyday in the thirties, but has imposed no restriction on the use I have chosen to make of the results. My observations actually grow out of a joint effort by Professor Malcolm Urquhart of Queens University in Canada, and myself. We will share authorship of a monograph on this same subject to be submitted later this year to the National Bureau of Economic Research, and it is only because this paper was requested on very short notice that I have prepared it alone, before we had fully agreed on the implications of our findings. My major conclusions, after more than a year of study in the dossiers of some 250 of the small concerns which applied for Reserve Bank aid in the thirties, can be put very briefly. The increasingly diverse and exacting requirements for successful management -calling for technical know-how, precise internal cost accounting, effective sales techniques (based on market analysis and forecasting), plus skillful handling of the flow of cash through a business are making it more and more difficult for the principals in smaller businesses to do their job effectively. The counterpart of that development for the credit institution is likely to be added responsibility at three stages in the lending process: (1) the operating performance of the applicant in the pre-loan period; (2) the credit investigation and decision to lend; and (3) the servicing of outstanding loans. I propose to pass over much of the description of the 13b program itself, and to deal with these concerns as a limited set of case histories in the pathology of smaller business. It is quite possible that many of the concerns I have studied merely represent the normal crop of failures, en route to extinction. The fact that nearly all of them had survived for at least ten years, and that their average life had been nearly twenty years at the time they came in for assistance, does suggest, however, that they may indicate some continuing characteristics of typical small business.
Electrocatalytic water oxidation beginning with the cobalt polyoxometalate [Co4(H2O)2(PW9O34)2]10-: identification of heterogeneous CoOx as the dominant catalyst.

The question of “what is the true catalyst?” when beginning with the cobalt polyoxometalate (POM) [Co4(H2O)2(PW9O34)2]10– in electrochemical water oxidation catalysis is examined in pH 8.0 sodium phosphate buffer at a glassy carbon electrode. Is [Co4(H2O)2(PW9O34)2]10– a true water oxidation catalyst (WOC), or just a precatalyst? Electrochemical, kinetic, UV–vis, SEM, EDX, and other data provide four main lines of compelling evidence that, under the conditions used herein, the dominant WOC is actually heterogeneous CoOx and not homogeneous [Co4(H2O)2(PW9O34)2]10–.
Cluster scanning in body CT.

Rapid, dynamic computed tomography (CT) is essential in scanning the body in order to maintain adequate contrast enhancement during the entire examination. In the case of the liver, this is most critical in order to complete scanning prior to the equilibrium phase when lesions are less conspicuous or may be missed entirely. This technical note describes the application of “cluster scanning” to conventional scanning in order to optimize body CT by decreasing the total exam time.
Intermediate filament dynamics

The view of intermediate filaments as static cytoskeletal elements is changing. Studies of exogenous intermediate filament proteins, either microinjected or expressed from transfected genes, have demonstrated that a continuous incorporation of subunits into the polymerized filaments is taking place. This incorporation appears to be required for maintaining normal cytoplasmic networks of intermediate filaments. At the post-translational level, phosphorylation is an important factor in regulating dynamic aspects of intermediate filament organization and structure.
Optimizing sustainable feeder bus operation considering realistic networks and heterogeneous demand

This article presents a mathematical model that can be used to optimize social and fiscal sustainable operation of a feeder bus system. The model incorporates both a realistic network and heterogeneous demand to determine financial sustainability. The objective total profit is a nonlinear, mixed integer function, which is maximized by optimizing the number of stops, headway, and fare. The stops are located to maximize ridership and the demand elasticity for the bus service is dependent on passengers' access distance, wait time, in-vehicle time, and fare. The authors developed an optimization algorithm to search for the optimal solution that maximizes the profit in their model. They then apply this model to a real-world example for planning a bus transit system in Woodbridge, New Jersey.
Static and Dynamic Properties of Calixarene Monolayers at the Air/Water Interface. 2. Effects of Ionic Interactions with p-Dioctadecanoylcalix[4]arene

The static and dynamic properties of p-dioctadecanoylcalix[4]arene monolayers on the air/water interface are examined relative to the effects of inorganic and polymeric counterions (i.e., spermine, poly(ethylenimine), and poly(l-lysine)) in the subphase over a large range of pH. The methods adopted are the techniques of the Wilhelmy plate and surface light scattering (SLS). At moderate subphase pH values, 3.5−10, the polyions significantly expand the monolayer but do not appreciably change the monolayer surface viscoelasticity as detected by SLS. A scheme of complex formation and acid−base equilibrium is used to explain the surface pressure isotherms while strong lateral packing interactions of the hydrophobic chains and aromatic rings, which predominate over the electrostatic interactions of the phenoxide rings of calixarene, are invoked to explicate the viscoelastic properties. Simple univalent inorganic ions do not show any specific effects on either the static or dynamic properties of these monolayers.
Physical Property Changes in Plutonium Observed from Accelerated Aging using Pu-238 Enrichment

We present changes in volume, immersion density, and tensile property observed from accelerated aged plutonium alloys. Accelerated alloys (or spiked alloys) are plutonium alloys enriched with approximately 7.5 weight percent of the faster-decaying {sup 238}Pu to accelerate the aging process by approximately 17 times the rate of un-aged weapons-grade plutonium. After sixty equivalent years of aging on spiked alloys, the dilatometry shows the samples at 35 C have swelled in volume by 0.15 to 0.17 % and now exhibit a near linear volume increase due to helium in-growth. The immersion density of spiked alloys shows decrease in density, similar normalized volumetric changes (expansion) for spiked alloys. Tensile tests show increasing yield and engineering ultimate strength as spiked alloys are aged. (authors)