cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of the Health Department—Legal and Public Health Considerations

This chapter describes the role of the health department in the context of the core components of public health tuberculosis control programs that were identified by the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET). This discussion is primarily applicable to tuberculosis prevention and control programs in the United States. State and local public health departments must work with their legal counsel to ensure that their actions comport with constitutional provisions and their jurisdiction’s legal authorities to prevent and control tuberculosis. The first priority of tuberculosis control in the United States is detection and treatment of patients with active tuberculosis. After a patient with tuberculosis has been reported to the health department, it is the responsibility of the health department, in conjunction with the patient’s medical provider, to ensure that the patient completes an adequate treatment regimen. In addition to core services, public health laboratories should provide or ensure availability of nucleic acid amplification to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex directly in clinical specimens, when clinically indicated for patients for whom a diagnosis of tuberculosis is being considered but has not yet been established, and for whom the test result would alter case management or tuberculosis control activities. Tuberculosis control programs should analyze the data collected to monitor morbidity trends, determine the demographic characteristics of their patient population, monitor drug resistance rates, and determine the outcomes of treatment. Finally, the chapter provides tuberculosis training and education.
The NHTSA's Evaluation of Automobile Safety Systems: Active or Passive?

Since the first Ford Model T rolled off the assembly line, the regulation of automobile safety systems (“safety systems”) has changed drastically. While the regulation of safety systems was nonexistent at the birth of the Model T, the practice is abundant today. Modern automobile safety regulation saw its beginning in the late 1960s with the advent of seat belt laws, vehicle crashworthiness tests, and more recently the regulation of air bags. As a result, the United States has developed some of the world’s most stringent automobile safety standards. Despite stringent application of the safety standards, 2.9 million people were injured and 42,643 died as a result of 6.3 million reported traffic crashes in 2003. While not all of these crashes can be attributed to the lack of regulatory consideration of a specific feature, a number of crashes resulting from loss of vehicle control could have been prevented had the vehicles been equipped with Electronic Stability Control (“ESC”), a type of Active safety system available today. In 2004, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety determined that “[i]f all vehicles on U.S. roads had ESC, we might avoid as many
Cultural Variations in Motivation for Cognitive Consistency: Influences of Self‐Systems on Cognitive Dissonance

Are people always motivated to strive for cognitive consistency? Does culture influence a person’s motivation to maintain cognitive consistency between attitudes and actions or between preferences and choices? When and how do people in different cultures experience cognitive dissonance, engage in justification of their behavior, and use self-affirmation? When and how are people with different models of agency motivated to maintain a preference-choice consistency? In this paper, culturally variable self-schemata and models of agency, independent self and agency dominant in North American culture and interdependent self and agency prevalent in Asian culture, are considered as the source of cultural variations in cognitive consistency. These culturally divergent self-systems create variance in situations in which North Americans and Asians are motivated to maintain cognitive consistency. In this paper, related cross-cultural research is reviewed. Some future research agenda are also discussed.
Extrasynaptic distribution of monoamine transporters and receptors

Publisher Summary Extra-synaptic, as well as synaptic sites for monoaminergic transmission have been elucidated by using electron microscopic immunocytochemistry for the localization of sequence specific antipeptide antisera against recently cloned vesicular and plasmalemmal monoamine transporters and receptors. The ultrastructural evidence for extrasynaptic monoaminergic transmission is described in this chapter, focusing primarily on research conducted in striatum: caudate-putamen nucleus (CPN) and core or shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAc). These striatal compartments show regional differences in extracellular monoamine concentrations that are attributed, in part, to transporter availability. The extracellular availability of monoamines markedly influences the expression and distribution of receptors controlling motor and limbic functions. The result of the study supports for the idea that the central neurons can release monoamines in a paracrine manner to affect diverse targets. While monoaminergic axon terminals sometimes form recognizable synapses, the subcellular distributions of plasmalemmal transporters suggest that reuptake occurs largely outside the synaptic cleft thus facilitating the activation of distant receptors. This conclusion is consistent with the localization of subtype selective dopamine and serotonin receptors on synaptic and non-synaptic plasma membranes of dendrites.
Automated Deduction and Formal Methods

The automated deduction and model checking communities have developed techniques that are impressively effective when applied to suitable problems. However, these problems seldom coincide exactly with those that arise in formal methods. Using small but realistic examples for illustration, I will argue that effective deductive support for formal methods requires cooperation among different techniques and an integrated approach to language, deduction, and supporting capabilities such as simulation and the construction of invariants and abstractions. Successful application of automated deduction to formal methods will enrich both fields, providing new opportunities for research and use of automated deduction, and making formal methods a truly useful and practical tool.
Fick Observatory Spectrum Scanners

Three low-dispersion (15–50A/mm)-1 spectrum scanners have been developed at Fick Observatory as instrumentation for small telescope research and teaching activity. They have been applied in solar eclipse, zodiacal light, stellar, and comet research programs. The two. plane grating spectrometers and one holographic grating instrument have been employed on telescopes ranging from 7.6 to 61 cm aperture, generally with f/5 to f/8 configurations. Recently, one of the plane grating instruments has been modified to perform as a four-channel spectrometer for quantitative spectral classification and composite spectra studies. This instrument is also being used to make spatial-spectral studies of the coma of Comet Halley, and other recent comets.
Never a Viable Coexistence

William Fitzhugh. ed. Cultures in Contact: The European Impact on Native Cultural Institutions in Eastern North America, 1000-1800 A.D. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985, 326 pp., $89.95 (cloth). Fleurette Henri. The Southern Indians and Benjamin Hawkins: 1796-1816. University of Oklahoma Press, 1986, 392 pp., $24.95 (cloth). Winifred Buskirk. The Western Apache: Living with the Land Before 1950. University of Oklahoma Press, 1986, 298 pp., $2.50 (cloth).
Inosine and guanosine preserve neuronal and glial cell viability in mouse spinal cord cultures during chemical hypoxia.

Murine spinal cord primary mixed cultures were treated with the respiratory inhibitor, rotenone, to mimic hypoxic conditions. Under these conditions neurons rapidly underwent oncosis (necrosis) with a complete loss in viability occurring within 260 min; however, astrocytes, which accounted for most of the cell population, died more slowly with 50% viability occurring at 565 min. Inosine preserved both total cell and neuronal viability in a concentration-dependent manner. The time of inosine addition relative to hypoxic insult was critical with the most effective protection occurring when inosine was added just prior to or within 5 min after insult. Inosine was ineffective when added 30 min after hypoxic insult. The effect of guanosine was similar to that of inosine. Treatment of cultures with BCX-34, a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, prevented protection by inosine or guanosine, suggesting involvement of a purine nucleoside phosphorylase in the nucleoside protective effect.
Travel Writing and Atrocities: Eyewitness Accounts of Colonialism in the Congo, Angola, and the Putumayo, by Robert M. Burroughs

Travel Writing and Atrocities: Eyewitness Accounts of Colonialism in the Congo, Angola, and the Putumayo, by Robert M. Burroughs, Routledge Research in Travel Writing, New York and London, Routledg...
Knee Kinematics During an In Vitro Simulated Deep Flexion Squat

Understanding the behavior of the natural knee in deep flexion can offer insight into the necessary design characteristics of a total knee implant. Andriacchi et al. [1] measured the in vivo characteristics of knee motion down to ∼150° knee flexion during a weight bearing squat. Likewise, Li et al. [2] investigated deep knee flexion in vitro using robotic technology during passive knee flexion. Both of these studies offer insight into the behavior of the knee in deep knee flexion; however, they have some limitations with regards to assessing physiological activities in a controlled manner. The purpose of this study was to measure the kinematics of the knee during a simulated in vitro deep knee squat so that in the future a dynamic, load-bearing, simulated deep knee squat could be used as a tool in the design of total knee prostheses.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Calorific value of lignites from proximate analysis

Abstract An equation relating the calorific values of lignites to their proximate analyses (% moisture, % ash, % volatile matter, and % fixed carbon) is presented. Equations based on proximate analysis have been developed for higher ranks of coal, but not for lignite. Our equation was determined by least squares fitting using matrix algebra. Gauss reduction was used to solve the simultaneous equations. Proximate analysis data and calorific values for 23 lignites were obtained from the Pennsylvania State University Coal Research Laboratory's Coal Data Bank. The best fit equation gave an average deviation of ± 1.2% from bomb calorimetry measurements of the calorific value for these 23 lignite samples. Considering the broad-based definition of the values reported in proximate analysis, this represents good agreement with the measured values.
The Benefits and Effective Application of Audio in Direct Marketing on the Internet

This paper primarily discusses the benefits of using audio on the Internet. Based on qualitative interviews with Internet experts and reviews of extant literature on consumer behavior and marketing, it develops a set of recommendations for effective application of audio on the Internet. While these recommendations constitute a set of viable strategies for direct marketing, they also form a set of testable hypotheses for academic researchers. Marketers are now beginning to consider audio as a tool to add value to a Website and to promote brands. Essentially, they offer a basis for future academic experiments aimed at better understanding the impact of audio on the Internet.
Neuropathology of the olfactory mucosa in chronic rhinosinusitis.

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex heterogeneous inflammatory disease that affects the nasal cavity, but the pathological examination of the olfactory mucosa (OM) in this disease h...
Shiva Target Alignment And Viewing Instrument

To view and align Shiva laser targets, two telemicroscopic instruments have been designed; one is a single field instrument and the other a multiple field instrument. Each instrument is integral with a TV camera and HeNe laser illuminator. The common feature of the instruments is the capability of imaging both the large surrogate target (5 mm diameter) and the laser fusion target (0.250 mm diameter) with the same resolution (better than 7 um). Both instruments have an optical relay which images the targets on a fixed reference reticle so that both the surrogate target and the fusion target can be centered on the same reference point. The single field instrument reimages the reticle plane onto the TV detector using a zoom arrangement. The TV camera zoom assembly can be translated in three axes and is thereby capable of exploring an object-space volume of 1cm3 without moving either the relay optical train or the reference reticle. In the multiple field instrument the reticle plane is reimaged by a zoom lens and this enlarged image is relayed to the TV detector by a cluster of five lenses. Four lateral lenses image the periphery of the surrogate target and the reticle for coincidence. The central objective images the center of the reticle and the fusion target when it is centered.
More than one monolayer adsorption of oxygen on the W(112) surface.

Quantitative analysis of data obtained using Auger-electron spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) indicate that the p(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) structure of oxygen chemisorbed on a W(112) surface corresponds to a coverage of 1.5 monolayer. A possible second-layer adsorption model is proposed to describe the p(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) structure. The densities of the antiphase boundaries created in the p(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) structure formed at 190- and 300-K adsorption temperatures are obtained by quantitative analysis of the angular intensity distribution of LEED beams.
Women's roles on U.s. Fortune 500 boards: Director expertise and committee memberships

This study examines the presence and roles of female directors of U.S. Fortune 500 firms, focusing on committee assignments and director background. Prior work from almost two decades ago concludes that there is a systematic bias against females in assignment to top board committees. Examining a recent data set with a logistic regression model that controls for director and firm characteristics, director resource-dependence roles and interaction between director gender and director characteristics, we find that female directors are less likely than male directors to sit on executive committees and more likely than male directors to sit on public affairs committees. There is little if any evidence of systematic gender bias in director assignment to other board committees. We find some evidence that boards evaluate resource dependence differently for women than men.
Relationship between Early Postpartum Blood Composition and Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle

Blood samples were collected over 1 yr from 115 postpartum Holstein cows to determine the relationship between blood composition and reproductive performance. Blood samples were collected from each cow at 14 to 21 days (sample 1) and 38 to 45 days (sample 2) postpartum. These samples were analyzed for packed cell volume, hemoglobin, total protein, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, zinc, and selenium. Blood composition varied little with lactation number and season, and relationships were not consistent for the two collection periods. Hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total protein and zinc were associated negatively and calcium and magnesium associated positively with at least one measure of milk yield. None of the blood components examined at the two collection periods had a consistent relationship to reproductive performance. The most important relationship was the positive relationship of selenium concentration at first collection period with services per conception and days open.
Volo ut sis: Arendt and Augustine

This article focuses on Hanna Arendt’s use of love in her writings. More specifically, I contend that Arendt’s use of volo ut sis (I want you to be) and labeling of this type of love as Augustinian, takes what Augustine meant by “love” too far.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 220

Abstract Nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass number A = 220 is summarized. Evaluated data and the adopted levels and spin and parity assignments are given. Level scheme information for all nuclei is from α -decays of their parents with A = 224. α -parents are shown on the drawings above their daughters. α -decay data are given as much as possible on the drawings. Unless otherwise indicated, γ -transition (photon+ce) intensities are shown. For data with uncertainties and references, see A = 224 compilation in this issue. Neutron- and proton-separation energies and Q-values for decays shown on the drawings have been taken from 1974 mass adjustment by A. H. Wapstra, K. Bos, and N. B. Gove.
Ivermectin cattle pour-on: duration of a single late spring treatment against horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) in Missouri, USA

Late spring treatment of cattle with a single dose of pour-on ivermectin (0.5 mg kg-1 body weight) resulted in reduced horn fly populations for approximately 6 weeks, with percentage efficacy exceeding 80% for at least 26 days post-treatment. Bioassay with house flies of dung from treated cattle demonstrated suppression of fly emergence for 11 days post-treatment. The subsequent increase in horn fly numbers on the treated herd was predicted by a developmental rate equation interpreted by the time of cessation of larval fly inhibition in field dung.
Experimental Time and Frequency Domain MIMO Channel Matrix Characterization versus Distance for 6×28Gbaud QPSK Transmission over 40×25km Few Mode Fiber

We present the first experimental time- and frequency-domain MIMO channel matrix characterization versus distance for 6×28Gbaud recirculating loop transmission over 40×25km FMF. Beyond 10dB time- and frequency-domain singular-value spreads are observed, motivating nonlinear MIMO equalization.
Proposal for Exchange of Teaching Materials

Abstract A 1966 Conference on Teaching in the Animal Sciences is reviewed. The working group in animal genetics at that conference concluded sufficient instructional materials had not been developed and illustrative and problem-solving material was needed to enhance instruction. The author believes the need has not been met during the decade which has elapsed since that conference. As a step toward providing better teaching materials, the author proposes the American Dairy Science Association join forces with the Poultry Science Association and American Society of Animal Science to develop a Sourcebook of Exercises for Animal Breeding. The sourcebook would be a comprehensive collection of exercises but would not prescribe a course of study. It would fulfill a need at all levels of post-high school instruction. Moreover, it would provide much needed exchange and dissemination of the best ideas in teaching.
Effects of interfaces on nano-friction of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays

Abstract Sliding friction properties of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube (VAMWNT) arrays have been investigated in current study in a quantitative manner. The VAMWNT arrays have been fabricated on an anodic aluminum oxide template by chemical vapor deposition at 650 °C. Friction force was measured in air by a modified atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever-bead assembly with 15 μm diameter borosilicate sphere attached to the end of the regular AFM cantilever. Quantitative measurements were achieved by using a novel in situ calibration methods recently developed based on diamagnetic levitation [Q. Li, K.-S. Kim, A. Rydberg, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 (2006) 065105-1-13]. The effects of different interfaces were studied using both cantilever-bead assembly coated with and without Al thin layer coatings. A reverse stick–slip behavior was observed in the current system as compared to the normal stick–slip behavior found in the literature.
Pt-[NCN] Pincer Conducting Metallopolymers That Display Redox-Attenuated Metal−Ligand Interactions

A series of new Pt-pincer complexes with electropolymerizable substituents has been prepared and studied. Our approach utilizes metal complexes synthetically incorporated into a conducting polymer, taking advantage of it as a redox-active ligand. The design, synthesis, characterization, and redox-attenuated properties of these monomers and corresponding conducting metallopolymers are presented.
A new intracellular medium for prolonged viability of noradrenergic storage vesicles from rat brain

The biochemical lifetime of noradrenergic storage vesicles from rat brain is greatly extended in a medium based upon the membrane impermeable anion D-tartrate. Examination of the MgATP-dependent accumulation of (−)-3H-norepinephrine suggests that this medium may more closely approximate the intracellular environment of the storage vesicle, and may better support electrochemical gradients existing across the vesicle membrane.
Are Virtual Classrooms Colorblind

E-learning, increasingly employed in nursing education, has been embraced as a means to enhance options for all students, particularly those with limited educational opportunities. Although a desire to increase access for underserved students is often cited, disparities in availability, usage, and quality of e-learning persist among diverse households and student populations when compared to the general population. In this article, these issues will be examined along with reflection on the extent to which culture has been integrated into on-line design and instruction. Historical and cultural aspects, circumscribing virtual classrooms, are discussed using African Americans as an exemplar. The imperative to harness the democratizing potential of this educational format is underscored. In this article, culture will be examined in light of the significant growth in on-line nursing education over the past several decades.
Low-level violence in schools: is there an association between school safety measures and peer victimization?

BACKGROUND: Low-level violent behavior, particularly school bullying, remains a critical public health issue that has been associated with negative mental and physical health outcomes. School-based prevention programs, while a valuable line of defense to stave off bullying, have shown inconsistent results in terms of decreasing bullying. This study explored whether school safety measures (eg, security guards, cameras, ID badges) were associated with student reports of different forms of peer victimization related to bullying. METHODS: Data came from the 2007 School Crime Supplement of the National Crime Victimization Survey. Chi-square tests of independence were used to examine differences among categorical variables. Logistic regression models were constructed for the peer victimization outcomes. A count variable was constructed among the bullying outcomes (0-7) with which a Poisson regression model was constructed to analyze school safety measures' impacts on degree of victimization. RESULTS: Of the various school safety measures, only having adults in hallways resulted in a significant reduction in odds of being physically bullied, having property vandalized, or having rumors spread. In terms of degree of victimization, having adults and/or staff supervising hallways was associated with an approximate 26% decrease in students experiencing an additional form of peer victimization. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that school safety measures overall were not associated with decreased reports of low-level violent behaviors related to bullying. More research is needed to further explore what best promotes comprehensive safety in schools. Language: en
Increased frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges in alcoholics.

Abstract The frequency of SCEs was significantly increased in the alcoholics analyzed (10.6 ± SD 0.66) when compared to the frequency of a control group (8.4 ± SD 0.51). Statistical analysis of the data obtained showed that the increase was not apparently related to age, sex cigarette smoking, duration in years of alcohol abuse, nutritional status or type of alcoholic beverage commonly consumed by the individual. Alcoholics recovering for at least one year from alcohol abuse were examined and the frequency of SCEs was found to be equal to the SCE frequency in the control group. There was no statistical significance between the age, sex of the individual, smoking history and years of abstention from alcohol abuse with respect to the frequency of SCEs. Therefore, one year of abstention appears sufficient to allow the SCE frequency to return to that found in the control group. In order to keep extraneous factors at a minimum and to analyze the effect of a particular factor, such as alcohol, on the number of SCEs, a careful medical history and screening program was followed. However, more information is needed to determine which factors play a role in causing genetic damage and inducing SCEs and to determine the significance SCEs may have with respect to genetic information and function.
European Social Policy after Maastricht: The 'Social Dialogue' and 'Subsidiarily'

The paper reviews recent changes in the institutional conditions ofa European social policy, especially the new codecision rights of the 'social partners' under the Maastricht Social Protocol. To assess the potential of the new institutional framework to add a meaningful social dimension to the integrated European market, the paper places Maastricht and its aftermath in the context of both the history of social policy as well as the overall institutional structure of the European Community. Drawing on theory derived from the study of neo-corporatism, the paper argues that the key for a productive 'social dialogue' rests with business; that business has no incentives to promote an activist, market-correcting social policy at Community level and will therefore likely use its codecision rights to delay or prevent legislation; and that neither the unions nor the European Commission, the incipient European Community executive, have a capacity to make business change its strategic calculation.
Differentiation of homologous forms of hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase. I. Evidence for the glucuronidation of o-aminophenol and p-nitrophenol by separate enzymes

Using kinetic methods it has been possible to show that there are separate forms of UDPglucuronyltransferase (Ec 2.4.1.17) for the synthesis of p-nitrophenylglucuronide and o-aminophenylglucuronide. Thus, p-nitrophenylglucuronide, which is a product inhibitor of its own synthesis, had no effect of the rate of synthesis of o-aminophenylglucuronide; and 4-methylumbelliferylglucuronide and phenylglucuronide were competitive inhibitors of the glucuronidation of o-aminophenol but had no effect on that of p-nitrophenol. Since previous measurements of the rate of glucuronide synthesis as a function of the concentration of UDPglucuronic acid demonstrated that these aglycones did not share a common UDPglucuronic acid binding site, it was concluded that each phenol was metabolized by a separate form of UDPglucuronyltransferase. In order to compare the properties of the two forms of UDPglucuronyltransferases the effect of sulfhydryl group reagents on activities was studied making use of the fact that the p-nitrophenol form of the enzyme is known to have at least three distinctly different sulfhydryl groups. The o-aminophenol form also contained three such groups with nearly identical reactivities as the p-nitrophenol form, indicating close structural similarities between these enzymes. On the other hand, the sulfhydryl groups of the two forms of UDPglucuronyltransferase could be distinguished by their rates of reaction with mersalyl.
Global Warming Policy: A Public Finance Perspective

In the last few years, a substantial volume of research has considered the design of taxes to slow greenhouse gas emissions as well as the economic effects of such policies. In this paper, I summarize the insights that have emerged from this work. I begin by explaining that while efficiency considerations create a presumption for using coordinated international policies to alter greenhouse gas emissions, the prospects for such action are bleak. Then I focus on the public finance of carbon taxes at the national level, considering the design of such taxes as well as their incidence across and within nations. Next, I focus on greenhouse gas emission policies that could be enacted in less-developed countries, such as the elimination of fossil fuel subsidies and other policies to slow deforestation. Finally I suggest several promising directions for future study.
A 1400-year high-resolution record of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic and Asia:

Major ion series developed from new subannual scale sampling of an ice core from central Greenland are calibrated with instrumental series of atmospheric sea-level pressure recording major marine (Icelandic Low) and terrestrial (Siberian High) atmospheric circulation systems to provide proxy records of atmospheric circulation over the past 1400 years. Examination of the proxy records reveals: major changes in behaviour of these systems c. ad 1400, multidecadal- and centennial-scale periodic components, characterization of mean sea-level pressure anomaly fields during the ‘Little Ice Age’ and the ‘Mediaeval Warm Period’, the potential role of solar forcing, coupled ocean-atmosphere associations, and a perspective within which the characteristics of instrumental-era climate can be assessed.
Polychromatic Colorings of Subcubes of the Hypercube

Alon, Krech, and Szabo [SIAM J. Discrete Math., 21 (2007), pp. 66-72] called an edge-coloring of a hypercube with $p$ colors such that every subcube of dimension $d$ contains every color a $d$-polychromatic $p$-coloring. Denote by $p_d$ the maximum number of colors with which it is possible to $d$-polychromatically color any hypercube. We find the exact value of $p_d$ for all values of $d$.
Grand challenges in computational science: simulations on biological macromolecules

Abstract We give a personal overview of the major problems in carrying out accurate and predictive computer simulations on biological macromolecules. The grand challenges include: (1) finding the collection of lowest energy minima including the global minimum for systems of many degrees of freedom; (2) accurately evaluating the energy for a large collection of reacting atoms in the presence of thousands of “classical” non-reacting atoms; and (3) calculating the free energies for important processes.
Improvements to Estimating Unsaturated Soil Properties from Horizontal Infiltration

Current methods to determine unsaturated soil properties are expensive, difficult, and time-consuming. A procedure is presented that quickly estimates the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, diffusivity, water retention, and sorptivity functions from a Bruce-Klute test in conjunction with a semi-analytic analysis. Data collection was performed using a computer controlled γ-ray attenuation system to measure moisture content. A computer controlled syringe pump maintained the inlet boundary conditions. Improvements to existing analytical procedures include the independent optimization of van Genuchten soil hydraulic parameters n and a, and a method to optimize the residual moisture content from a single measurement of water potential versus water content. The method was applied to a sandy loam and its strengths and weaknesses are discussed.
Large-scale numerical analysis of materials processing systems : high-temperature crystal growth and molten glass flows

Abstract We present Galerkin finite element computations of heat transfer and fluid dynamics in high-temperature materials processing systems. Examples are presented of how large-scale numerical simulations have been used to gain insight into the workings of several processes, specifically the growth of large, single crystals and the flow characteristics of molten glass. These systems are characterized by nonlinear interactions between field and interfacial phenomena — the transport of momentum, heat and mass and effects of solidification and capillarity. Additional complications are caused by the effects of internal radiative energy transport within participating media (internal radiation).
Effect of electron affinic hypoxic cell sensitizers on the radiolytic depletion of oxygen in mammalian cells irradiated at ultrahigh dose rates.

When CHO cells are equilibrated with a low level of oxygen (e.g. 0.4% O2) and irradiated with single 3 ns pulses of electrons, a breaking survival curve is observed. This effect is believed to be the result of radiolytic oxygen depletion and can be prevented by the presence of a relatively low concentration of hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. This prevention of the breaking survival curve has been observed for 2- and 5-nitroimidazoles, nitrofurans, and diamide. It is hypothesized that the sensitizer acts by competing with oxygen for the radiation-induced intracellular oxygen-binding species, perhaps a hydrated electron adduct, leaving oxygen free to participate in radiosensitization reactions during the lifetime of the oxygen-sensitive radiation-induced target sites for lethal damage, probably DNA radicals produced by hydroxyl radical attack. The proposed role of the sensitizer in the interference with oxygen depletion is a transient phenomenon, occurring on the microsecond to millisecond time scale.
Diagnostic efficacy of excretory urography with low-dose, nonionic contrast media.

A prospective, randomized, physician-blinded study was conducted to determine whether a smaller dose of low-osmolar, nonionic contrast medium can provide diagnostic information on excretory urograms equivalent to that obtained with higher doses of ionic and nonionic contrast agents. One hundred fifty adult patients who underwent excretory urography received a high-dose ionic contrast medium (diatrizoate sodium), high-dose nonionic contrast medium (iohexol), or low-dose nonionic contrast medium (iohexol). All urograms were scored for diagnostic quality. No difference in urographic quality was detected among the different doses of contrast media. The lower dose of low-osmolar nonionic contrast medium provided equivalent diagnostic information. The quality of the nephrotomograms, ureteral image, and overall image was slightly greater with diatrizoate than with a small dose of iohexol, but the difference was not significant. This study suggests that excretory urograms obtained in relatively healthy, well-prep...
On the mechanism of isomerization of all-trans-retinol esters to 11-cis-retinol in retinal pigment epithelial cells: 11-Fluoro-all-trans-retinol as substrate/inhibitor in the visual cycle

The synthesis of 11-fluoro-all-trans-retinol (11-F-tROL), which is shown to be an excellent substrate for processing by visual cycle enzymes, is described. It is isomerized to its 11-cis congener subsequent to its esterification by lecithin retinol acyl transferase (LRAT) approximately as well as is vitamin A itself. The enzymatic turnover of 11-F-tROL is unaccompanied by enzyme inhibition. The previously reported lack of isomerization of this substrate had been suggested as evidence for a carbonium mechanism in the critical enzymatic isomerization pathway in vision. The mechanism of this process remains unknown.
Infrared Microtransmission And Microreflectance Of Biological Systems

The infrared microsampling technique has been successfully applied to a variety of biological systems. A microtomed tissue section may be prepared to permit both visual and infrared discrimination. Infrared structural information may be obtained for a single cell, and computer-enhanced images of tissue specimens may be calculated from spectral map data sets. An analysis of a tissue section anomaly may gg suest eitherprotein compositional differences or a localized concentration of foreign matterp. Opaque biological materials such as teeth, gallstones, and kidney stones may be analyzed by microreflectance spectroscop. Absorption anomalies due to specular dispersion are corrected with the Kraymers-Kronig transformation. Corrected microreflectance spectra may contribute to compositional analysis and correlate diseased-related spectral differences to visual specimen anomalies.
Amino-4-Imidazolecarboxamide Ribotide Directly Inhibits Coenzyme A Biosynthesis in Salmonella enterica

Aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (AICAR) is a purine biosynthetic intermediate and a by-product of histidine biosynthesis. In bacteria, yeast, and humans, accumulation of AICAR has been shown to affect an array of cellular processes by both direct and indirect mechanisms. In purine biosynthesis, AICAR is the substrate of the bifunctional protein phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase (PurH, EC 2.1.2.3/3.5.4.10). Strains lacking PurH accumulate AICAR and have a defect in the synthesis of the 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (HMP) moiety of thiamine. The formation of HMP is also compromised in vivo when coenzyme A (CoA) levels are reduced. Our results show that the in vivo accumulation of AICAR decreased total CoA pools and, further, that AICAR inhibited the activity of pantoate β-alanine ligase in vitro (PanC, EC 6.3.2.1). These results demonstrated a mechanism of AICAR action and provide new insights into the metabolic consequences of disrupting purine metabolism.
Unveiling reality of the mind: cultural arbitrary of consumerism

This paper discusses the cultural arbitrary of consumerism by focusing on a personal realm. That is, I discuss what consumerism appeals to and how it flourishes in relation to our minds. I argue that we need to unveil reality of the mind, be aware of ourselves in relation to the perpetuation of consumerism, in order to critically intervene in the system. Specifically, I first clarify what I mean by the cultural arbitrary of consumerism and how it affects education, environment and our perception of reality. Then, I explore how our minds are manipulated for and unwittingly cooperate with the proliferation of consumerism. Lastly, I discuss an embodied reflection, a reflection with which the one who reflects is not separated from the act of reflection, as a way to unveil mental reality and as a tool for individual and collective transformation.
Spectral anomaly methods for aerial detection using KUT nuisance rejection

Abstract This work discusses the application and optimization of a spectral anomaly method for the real-time detection of gamma radiation sources from an aerial helicopter platform. Aerial detection presents several key challenges over ground-based detection. For one, larger and more rapid background fluctuations are typical due to higher speeds, larger field of view, and geographically induced background changes. As well, the possible large altitude or stand-off distance variations cause significant steps in background count rate as well as spectral changes due to increased gamma-ray scatter with detection at higher altitudes. The work here details the adaptation and optimization of the PNNL-developed algorithm Nuisance-Rejecting Spectral Comparison Ratios for Anomaly Detection (NSCRAD), a spectral anomaly method previously developed for ground-based applications, for an aerial platform. The algorithm has been optimized for two multi-detector systems; a NaI(Tl)-detector-based system and a CsI detector array. The optimization here details the adaptation of the spectral windows for a particular set of target sources to aerial detection and the tailoring for the specific detectors. As well, the methodology and results for background rejection methods optimized for the aerial gamma-ray detection using Potassium, Uranium and Thorium (KUT) nuisance rejection are shown. Results indicate that use of a realistic KUT nuisance rejection may eliminate metric rises due to background magnitude and spectral steps encountered in aerial detection due to altitude changes and geographically induced steps such as at land–water interfaces.
Lifetime determination in p/n junction diodes and solar cells from open-circuit-voltage decay including junction capacitance effects

Abstract A new method for determining the base-region minority-carrier lifetime for p / n junction diodes or solar cells is presented, which applies provided low-level injection prevails and provided the thickness of the base greatly exceeds that of the emitter. The method uses the traditional open-circuit-voltage-decay measurement. As is customary, the interpretation of the measured response relies on a quasi-static model for the quasi-neutral base region. But the model also includes the capacitive effect of the free electrons and holes stored in the junction space-charge region for the forward-voltage condition intrinsic to open-circuit-voltage decay. Application of the method to solar cells yields values of the minority-carrier lifetime that agree well with those obtained using other techniques. The method requires a numerical procedure, the details of which are described. This method has a potential advantage for monitoring the influence on lifetime of various processing steps in device fabrication.
OVERWINTERING OF DICTYOTA DICHOTOMA (PHAEOPHYCEAE) NEAR ITS NORTHERN DISTRIBUTION LIMIT ON THE EAST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA1

The mechanism of yearly repopulation of Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) Lamouroux in the inshore waters of North Carolina was studied in the field and in laboratory experiments. It was demonstrated that D. dichotoma is maintained throughout the year at this location and does not require yearly immigrations. A young germling stage was shown to function as the overwintering structure. Although release of aplanospores was unaffected by temperature and photoperiod, subsequent germination and establishment required warm conditions. If germlings were allowed to grow to the 7–9 cell stage under summer conditions, they could survive 21 wk of winter conditions. Transfer of 21 wk old winterized germlings to summer conditions resulted in the rapid production of erect blades. It therefore appears that D. dichotoma maintains its populations near its northern distribution limit on the East Coast of North America by undergoing dormancy after germling establishment.
Solid-Waste Disposal with Intermediate Transfer Stations: An Application of the Fixed-Charge Location Problem

This paper examines the problem of urban solid-waste disposal by landfill. In such disposal, intermediate transfer stations are often used for processing before transport to the landfill. Located at the periphery of waste-generating areas, these transfer stations can compact or recover reusable materials, or merely transfer the waste to heavier and more efficient transporters for the longer, final leg of the trip to the disposal site. The model presented here optimizes disposal costs by trading off transportation costs against the capital and operating costs of introducing the transfer stations. A branch-and-bound procedure is used to obtain the optimum, and an imbedded simplex code serves to provide the solution at each branch.
Hydraulic properties of a major alluvial aquifer: An isotropic, inhomogeneous system

Abstract Field observations, pump test analyses, and three-dimensional digital simulations of a portion of the Missouri River Valley floodplain provided insights about the hydraulic properties of this alluvial aquifer. Three distinct facies can be recognized in the alluvial sediments: a lower cobble facies; a middle gravel—sand facies; and an upper sand—silt—clay facies. Type-curve solutions and two-dimensional finite-difference models must be used with caution for such strongly inhomogeneous aquifers. Three-dimensional digital model analyses suggest the alluvium is best simulated as an isotropic, but inhomogeneous system. Ratios of vertical to horizontal hydraulic conductivity obtained from analyses such as delayed-yield theory are created by aquifer inhomogeneity and not anisotropy per se. Empirical power relations showing an increase of hydraulic conductivity with depth provide valid estimates in the absence of field data. However, these relations do not hold for the beds and banks of the major rivers or their tributaries. Finally, riverstage and observation-well data show that groundwater levels are controlled primarily by river-stage fluctuations and pumping; recharge from precipitation, seepage into and out of smaller streams, and, probably, bedrock recharge are all minor influences.
Performance audit results for volatile POHC measurements during RCRA trial burn tests

Audit materials containing principal organic hazardous constituents (POHCs) have been developed by EPA for use by federal, state, and local agencies or their contractors to assess the accuracy of measurement methods used during RCRA trial burn tests. Audit materials are currently available for 27gaseous organics in five, six, seven, and nine-component mixtures at parts-per-billion levels (7 to 10,000 ppb) in compressed gas cylinders in a balance gas of nitrogen. The criteria used for the selection of 27 gaseous organic compounds is described. Stability studies indicate that all of the organics tested (with the exception of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide below 10 ppb levels) are stable enough to be used as reliable audit materials. Subsequent to completion of the stability studies, 89 performance audits have been conducted with the audit materials to assess the accuracy of the Volatile Organic Sampling Train (VOST) and bag measurement methods during or prior to RCRA trial burn tests. A summary of the a...
Analyses of Archival (Fe/H) Results for Cool Evolved Stars. I. Basic Rules and (Fe/H) Corrections

This paper is the first in a series based on published values of (Fe/H) for late-type evolved stars. Only results from high-dispersion spectroscopy or related techniques are used. From these data, an "analysis catalog" is to be produced containing mean values of (Fe/H) and accidental errors. Such a catalog was published by Taylor in 1991 and is now to be updated. Basic protocols for selecting and analyzing input values of (Fe/H) are stated here. A procedure is described for calculating preferred temperatures and adjusting input values of (Fe/H) to correspond to those temperatures. Ten other possible (Fe/H) corrections are also mentioned, with three corrections that can be applied being described in some detail. These are (1) corrections for use of nonuniform grids of model atmospheres, (2) corrections for use of solar equivalent widths that are not on the Liege system, and (3) corrections for non-LTE effects.
Preliminary evidence for normalization of risk taking by modafinil in chronic cocaine users

Abstract Modafinil, a wake-promoting agent used to treat sleep disorders, is thought to enhance cognition. Although modafinil has shown promise as a pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cocaine dependence, it is unknown to what extent cognitive effects may play a role in such treatment. We examined the effect of modafinil on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), a behavioral measure in which higher scores are purported to reflect a greater propensity for risk-taking. Thirty cocaine dependent individuals, enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of modafinil 400 mg ( n = 12) versus placebo ( n = 18), were administered the BART during the second week of inpatient treatment for cocaine dependence. A comparison cohort of healthy participants ( n = 19) performed the BART under similar conditions. Modafinil treatment was associated with significantly higher BART scores ( p = 0.01), which were comparable to scores in healthy persons. BART scores in placebo treated participants were much lower than previously reported in healthy participants, and lower than those observed in the comparison cohort. As propensity toward risk taking is typically associated with higher BART scores as well as increased risk for substance use, our findings may reflect a novel aspect of cognitive impairment related to chronic cocaine use. Notably, the low BART scores reflect highly suboptimal performance on the task, and the observed effect of modafinil may indicate a normalization of this impairment and have implications for treatment outcome.