cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban Second Grade Children A Profile of Good and Poor Readers

Physical, neurodevelopmental, psychoeducational, and child history characteristics were analyzed in second-grade, inner-city children identified as good and poor readers. The children were basically healthy with few findings of physical or neurological abnormalities, but there were significant group differences in the prevalence of “soft signs” and in all psychological and educational measures. Good readers showed a relatively even cognitive profile within the normal range of intelligence. On nonverbal cognitive tests, poor readers scored within the low-average intellectual range, although scores on verbal tests were substantially lower. The neurodevelopmental, language, cognitive, and educational profile of the poor readers suggests that, as a group, they are learning disabled. While environmental deprivation may affect their reading achievement in an adverse manner, the assumption that it is the determining factor is not justified. These children require the same identification, evaluation, and follow-u...
Energetic developments in fracture

Cracks travel more slowly than standard theory predicts, and finding out why may lead to safer materials and engineering. The answer appears to be in the way a speeding crack branches.
P-i-n diode detectors for astronomical photometry.

The incident quantum efficiency ηi(λ) and apparent noise input power (ANEP) were measured for two P-I-N photodiodes. Typical values at λ8000 A are 0.68 × 10−15 W and 3.3 × 10−15 W, respectively. Several potential uses of this kind of detector for astronomical photometry and spectrometry are considered.
Neutron-induced deuteron production from light nuclei at 800 MeV

The deuteron spectra from (n,d) reactions at 800 MeV near 0/sup 0/ are characterized by a high energy quasielastic scattering peak, and at lower momentum, a quasifree scattering peak. The ratio of the quasifree to quasielastic cross sections is approximately 10 : 1. Both cross sections exhibit an A/sup 1/3/ mass dependence over the range of target nuclei studied. Comparisons are made with corresponding proton-induced quasielastic and quasifree deuteron production.
Chemical complexity of hotspots caused by cycling oceanic crust through mantle reservoirs

Lavas erupted at ocean island hotspots have complex geochemical signatures. Numerical simulations suggest that this complexity may result from the mixing of subducted oceanic crust with reservoirs of more primitive material in the deep mantle, with the resulting mixture entrained into rising mantle plumes.
Retravirus immunosuppression in vitro: Evidence for possible cytoskeletal involvement in lymphocyte surface membrane-related abnormalities

Abstract Feline leukemia retravirus exposure induces a state of viremia and immunosuppression followed by development of malignant lymphoma in susceptible felines. The inactivated virus or virion protein inhibits concanavalin A-stimulated lymphoblastic transformation of feline lymphocytes. Moreover, cats injected with inactivated virus-derived substances show suppression of immune response to tumor vaccine. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that immunosuppression possibly arising from a state of preneoplastic viremia could possibly promote the development of lymphoma in cats. Recent studies have also demonstrated feline leukemia virus-derived virion protein inhibition of the surface membrane concanavalin A receptor capping and LBT response of human lymphocytes. In the present study, human lymphocytes were used to demonstrate whole inactivated virus-mediated depression of Con A capping. Utilizing the microtubular disruptive agent, colchicine, the cytoskeletal system was then probed for possible involvement in retravirus-associated immunosuppression. Inactivated feline leukemia virus (21 μg/ml) significantly inhibited mean concanavalin A capping (14.8%) when compared to control lymphocyte capping (25.7%) in experiments carried out with the lymphocyte preparations of 6 individual donors. Extensive colchicine treatment of lymphocytes augmented concavalin A capping responses to similar levels ( P > 0.5) in virus exposed lymphocytes (43.9%) and control preparations (44.5%), so that no virus-related inhibition of receptor mobility was apparent among colchicine-treated cells. In light of present knowledge, these findings raise the possibility of cytoskeletal involvement in retravirus-associated immunosuppression.
Computer Screen Design Strategies

Computer screen design has some features in common with printed page de sign and some very different features as well. Basic communication techniques, such as conciseness, clarity, and consistency, are still important, as are use of short sentences and paragraphs, common diction, itemizing, headings, and white space. The different features of the electronic medium, such as varied color, reverse video, scrolling and other movement, sound, and automatic spacing, can cause some problems for users if not designed effec tively. This paper will discuss strategies for effective computer screen design based on the research on screen format and screen readability, and the use of graphics features and color. Both novice and experienced computer users can benefit from this information.
Predictors of engagement in and transfer from acting training.

Studies of transfer effects from arts training to nonarts skills are often criticized for not using random assignment of students to type of training. At the same time, there is little to no research on differences among children who take various kinds of arts classes. The study reported here investigated differences between children enrolling in theater compared with visual arts classes on previous experience and parental-rated characteristics. Children in theater classes were found to have higher levels of previous experience in theater and social activities and higher parental-rated characteristics such as tendency to role play and pretend play than children enrolled in a year of visual arts classes. Previously, a year of theater classes had been associated with an increase in self-reported empathy for these children. The currently found differences between groups did not predict transfer outcomes in empathy. Implications for studies of the effects of arts training and profiles of children who take arts classes are discussed.
A temperature monitor and proportional direct current controller.

An automatic temperature measuring and controlling device is described. The solid state device is d.c. operated and provides proportional control for highly stable temperature regulation. It has been used routinely in a variety of electrophysiological recording experiments with anesthetized cats and has proved capable of maintaining oil bath and brain temperature (surface and depth) within 0·1°C of 38·5°C for several hours. No electrical artifacts due to the device have been detected or recorded.
Security and Development in Developing Countries

This paper examines the impact of security on economic development in developing countries. Based on data from the World Bank, we use a sample of thirty-eight developing economies and find that security does affect development in these countries. We observe that the coefficient estimates of two explanatory variables do not have their anticipated sign due possibly to the slight degree of multicollinearity between them. Regression results show that over three-quarters of cross-developing country variations in purchasing power parity per capita gross national income can be explained by its linear dependency on the number of intentional homicides, the number of refugees hosted by a country, military expenditures as a percentage of GDP, the adult literacy rate, the agricultural value added per worker, the share of manufactures in total merchandise exports, net foreign direct investment, net official development assistance, the share of agricultural land in the total land area, the share of public health expenditures in total health expenditures, and the share of youths 15 to 34 years old in the total population. Statistical results of such empirical examination will assist governments in developing countries identify security and other issues that need to be effectively dealt with in order to stimulate economic development.
Defense against SPIT using community signals

Internet Telephony has recently gained popularity. Voice over IP (VoIP) has emerged as an alternative to the current public switched telephone network (PSTN) system due to its cost efficiency. Spam inherently becomes a problem in VoIP networks. In this paper, we present our ongoing research in defending VoIP networks against spam by presenting a new defense mechanism using community signals.
HEALTH CARE IN THE COAL FIELDS: THE MINERS MEMORIAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION

(1993). Health Care in the Coal Fields: The Miners Memorial Hospital Association. The Historian: Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 641-656.
THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GRAPHITE-AsF5 INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER GRAPHITE-MF6 SALTS

LBL-12211 Preprint r Submitted to Synthetic Metals THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF GRAPHITE-AsF 5 INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER GRAPHITE-MF 6 SALTS Thomas E. Thompson, Eugene M. McCarron, and Neil Bartlett June 1980 TWO-WEEK LOAN COPY This is a Library Circulating Copy which may be borrowed for two weeks. For a personal retention copy, call Tech. Info. Division, Ext. 6782 for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-48
Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea and recurrent meningitis

Summary This is the report of an unusual case of a child in whom otitic meningitis recurred twenty times. Four surgical procedures were required before the route of infection was finally detected and obliterated. Bacteriologic studies of the pathogens in the upper respiratory tract did not necessarily show correlation with organisms isolated on the culture of the cerebrospinal fluid. Laminagraphy is essential in searching for a possible fracture of the skull as the path of cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea. If the site of leak into the ear is not determined preoperatively, a radical mastoidectomy is essential to visualize the entire middle ear and the Eustachian tube. Dye should be injected into the cerebrospinal fluid at the time of operation.
Anxiety in Action: Sullivan's Interpersonal Psychiatry as a Supplement to Vygotskian Psychology

Psychiatric issues such as the formation of intimate bonds, personality, anxiety, and antisocial behavior tend to have little place in Vygotskian and neo-Vygotskian studies, giving the impression that all humans are competent and cooperative participants in social interaction. Nonetheless, Vygotsky himself was interested in psychiatric issues and contributed to psychiatric practice. Harry Stack Sullivan's interpersonal psychiatry is compatible with and adds to socio-historical psychology an account of the origins and consequences of anxiety and the anxiety system. Sullivan provided a Vygotsky-like account of a person trying to grow into the social world he or she is born into and trying to satisfy needs with available people, themselves already socialized, enculturated, and formed as selves. Anthony B. Gabriele's little-known practical elaborations of interpersonal psychiatry, further, are consistent with situated micro-analytical approaches to learning within social contexts.
Moisture migration in idealized bilayer systems: relationships among water-associated properties, structure, and texture

Abstract The effects of composition and thermal treatment on the water sorption and diffusional properties of idealized protein gels arranged in bilayer configurations were determined; these water binding/migration properties were related to the mechanical characteristics of the gels. Samples were prepared from whey protein concentrate (WPC), they consisted of water:WPC ratios of 1.5 to 5.67, and were thermally set for 20–60 min. Moisture migration rates from samples interfaced with filters were determined, as were moisture sorption capacities of samples immersed in water. The physical properties of the gels were assessed by uniaxial compression and microscopy. Results showed that gel strength and consequent extent of protein interaction—as affected by thermal treatment—controlled the ability of the gel structure to absorb water. Sorption was exponentially correlated with gel modulus and linearly correlated with a function of protein content, heating time, and immersion time. Rates of diffusion from interfaced gels were dependent solely on water content. It was concluded that the degree of protein interaction, whether influenced by concentration or thermal treatment, affected network extensibility and thus the capacity of the gels to act as receptors of moisture. Results have implications for the functionality of shelf-stable sandwiches and other multicomponent foods.
Onion fly egg distribution in soil: a new sampling method and the effect of two granular insecticides.

A method for rapidly determining the vertical and horizontal distribution of insect eggs in fragile soil is described. Liquefied agar is allowed to permeate intact soil samples from below; after cooling, the resulting solid is cut into thin sections, from which eggs can be recovered by washes with hot water. This technique revealed that in organic (muck) soil in the laboratory, undisturbed onion flies, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), laid 95% of their eggs within a 10 mm diameter zone around the base of a surrogate onion ‘stem’ arising vertically from the soil. Ninety % of all eggs were found in the top 12 mm of soil, with an apparent maximum at depth of 2–4 mm. Increasing fly density from 30 to 200 flies per 30 × 30 × 42 cm cage flattened the horizontal distribution of eggs and extended the ovipositional range from c. 15 mm to beyond 60 mm, suggesting there was competition for the preferred ovipositional sites. Surface treatment of muck soil in the field by granular formulations of the insecticides Lorsban™15 G (active ingredient chlorpyrifos) and Dyfonate™15 G (fonofos) three weeks prior to bioassaying reduced egg-laying at depths greater than 8 mm. The relation between the measured egg distribution and mortality factors in soil (low moisture and high temperature) is discussed.
Processing of uranium oxide powders in a fluidized-bed reactor. I. Experimental

Abstract The oxidation of UN powders was carried out in a spout-type fluidized-bed reactor in gas mixtures of oxygen and argon, and over the temperature range of 200–500 °C. The rate of the conversion from UN to U 3 O 8 powders was measured using gas chromatography and found to be dependent on temperature, partial pressure of oxygen and gas flowrate. The solid reactants and products were analyzed using SEM and XRD. Based on the experimental results, the conversion process was explained by the crackling core model.
Effects of dimensionality and crystal structure on bound states of point defects in quantum solids

The effects of dimensionality and crystal structure on the bound states of point defects in quantum crystals are investigated. It is shown that tightly bound states tunnel “slowly” in some lattices (e.g., bcc) while they tunnel “quickly” through other lattices (e.g., hcp). Explicit band calculations are made for ( 3 He) 2 impurity “molecules” in solid host 4 He crystals. These illustrate the qualitative differences present in various “molecular” tunneling modes.
On lengthening in the open syllables of Middle English

Abstract This paper identifies and provides proper answers to problems in the interpretation of MEOSL as a lengthening process. The paper defines MEOSL as a context-sensitive change that operated only in cases when the unaccented second vowel is weakened to schwa in the open syllable environment of disyllabic words. Some dialectal and interlanguage data are incorporated in order to explain apparent exceptions to the change. In sum, the paper argues that the theory developed in this study has advantages for explaining the details of MEOSL confirmed by historically attested facts like dating and spellings.
Some factors affecting water economy in snakes.

Abstract 1. 1. A series of experiments was conducted to determine the importance of the following parameters in the rate of water loss in snakes: (1) exposed surface area, (2) flow rate, (3) temperature, (4) state of snake in shedding cycle, (5) snake's position, (6) respiratory vs. cutaneous water loss, (7) vasodilation and (8) species differences. 2. 2. Water loss in Crotalus cerastes is a function of amount of exposed surface area. 3. 3. Water loss was found to be strongly influenced by temperature and by flow rate of the air used to desiccate the snakes. 4. 4. In non-shedding snakes, the cutaneous loss accounted for 75 per cent of the total water loss. 5. 5. Shedding snakes were found to lose considerably more than non-shedding snakes; the increase in cutaneous water loss accounted for the increase seen in shedding snakes. 6. 6. Rate of water loss in snakes allowed to coil is significantly less than that of snakes that were uncoiled. 7. 7. Snakes injected with a vasodilator significantly increased their rate of water loss. 8. 8. Rate of snakes' water loss was found to be correlated with habitats and food habits.
TV guide: two-year-old children learn to use video as a source of information.

Learning to use symbols is a challenge for young children even when the symbol in question (e.g., a live video image) is iconic and seems transparent to adults. This research examined the effect of experience on children's use of video-presented information. Two-year-old children saw themselves "live" on their family television for 2 weeks and then participated in an object-retrieval task. The children reliably used a live video presentation of an adult hiding a toy in an adjoining room to find the toy. Most also transferred what they learned to a task involving another symbol (pictures) that typically is very difficult for this age group. The results reveal flexibility in 2-year-olds' symbol use that follows from successful representation of a symbolic relation.
Tunneling and Mortality of Eastern and Formosan Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Sand Treated with Thiamethoxam or Fipronil

Abstract Thiamethoxam and fipronil were examined for their termiticidal properties against the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). Concentrations ≥8 ppm thiamethoxam and ≥1 ppm fipronil provided an effective barrier against C. formosanus and R. flavipes. Sand was penetrated to some degree at all concentrations of thiamethoxam (0–800 ppm for C. formosanus and 0–1,000 ppm for R. flavipes) and fipronil (0–64 ppm for both C. formosanus and R. flavipes) tested, indicating that both termiticides are nonrepellent. Thiamethoxam was found to be more toxic against C. formosanus than R. flavipes whereas fipronil showed similar toxicity for both species. Higher mortality prevented termites from penetrating the entire 5-cm segment of treated sand.
The Effect of the Exclusive Economic Zone on Domestic and Distant Water Fisheries

The Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act is explored and its accomplishments reviewed as a forecast of the potential held by the establishment of the EEZ. Because the Magnuson Act has been in place for approximately seven years, it is argued that the Proclamation will have little direct effect upon domestic and distant water fisheries, but may result in a changed government-private sector relationship.
Cardiovascular abnormalities, interventions, and long-term outcomes in infantile Williams syndrome.

Objective To determine the prevalence of cardiovascular abnormalities (CVA) and outcomes in patients with Williams syndrome presenting before 1 year of age. Study design A retrospective review was undertaken of consecutive patients with WS at our institution from January 1, 1980, through December 31, 2007. WS was diagnosed by an experienced medical geneticist and/or by fluorescence in situ hybridization. CVA were diagnosed with the use of echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, or computerized tomographic angiography. Freedom from intervention was determined using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results The study group was 129 patients with CVA. Age at presentation was 127 ± 116 days, with follow-up of 8.0 ± 7.5 years (0 to 42 years). The most common lesions were peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis (62%) and supravalvar aortic stenosis (57%). Other CVA were common. CV interventions were performed in 29%, with 58% of those before 1 year. Freedom from intervention was 85%, 73%, and 66% at 1, 5, and 25 years, respectively. Four patients died. Conclusions CVA are the most common manifestations of infantile Williams syndrome and occur with greater frequency than previously reported. In those with CVA, interventions are common and usually occur by 5 years of age. Most of these patients do not require intervention on long-term follow-up, and overall mortality is low.
Raman microbeam spectrometer noninvasively measures biomoelcules to monitor the tryptophan metabolic pathway

Toward improving early detection of melanoma by accurate diagnosis and avoidance of unnecessary surgical excisions of common moles, we are developing noninvasive quantitative spectral fingerprinting of protein expression using Raman spectroscopy within confocally gated volumes of tissue. Our first target is the L-tryptophan catabolism pathway, which is unregulated in the tumor micro-environment and inhibits the immune response that usually is tumor suppressive. The tryptophan pathway is therefore worthy of diagnostic measurement and finding the ratio of L-tryptophan to its metabolites may aid a melanoma diagnosis. We report the intensity of the Raman signal from L-tryptophan and quinolinic acid, which are found during different stages of the tryptophan metabolic pathway.
Effect of chloroquine on handling of cystine by cystinotic fibroblasts

Abstract Cystinotic fibroblasts when incubated in complete medium with 100 μM chloroquine rapidly lose their stored cystine, 50% or more disappearing in 2 hr and 80% in 4 hr. During the same 2 to 4 hr period of incubation with chloroquine, no change in intracellular pools of acidic and neutral amino acids was observed. However, after 5 hr the cellular pools of these amino acids became diminished and by 24 hr became markedly depleted. Chloroquine inhibited the uptake of 35 S cystine by cystinotic cells during one hour incubations in phosphate buffered saline medium. Chloroquine altered the intracellular fate of exogenous 35 S cystine into cystine, cysteine and glutathione (GSH) in cystinotic cells grown in both complete medium for 24 hr or placed in buffered saline for 2 hr. In the complete medium, chloroquine suppressed incorporation of label into cystine, cysteine and GSH pools after 1 hr. In the short-term study, the drug prevented the incorporation of label into cystine and cysteine pools after 45 min.
Acute Physiological Stress Promotes Clustering of Synaptic Markers and Alters Spine Morphology in the Hippocampus

GluA2-containing AMPA receptors and their association with protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) and post-synaptic density-95 (PSD-95) are important for learning, memory and synaptic plasticity processes. Here we investigated these synaptic markers in the context of an acute 1h platform stress, which can disrupt spatial memory retrieval for a short-term memory on the object placement task and long-term memory retrieval on a well-learned radial arm maze task. Acute stress increased serum corticosterone and elevated the expression of synaptic PKMζ while decreasing synaptic GluA2. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we found that this stressor promotes the clustering of GluA2, PKMζ and PSD-95, which is consistent with effects reported from overexpression of PKMζ in cell culture. Because PKMζ overexpression has also been shown to induce spine maturation in culture, we examined how stress impacts synaptic markers within changing spines across various hippocampal subfields. To achieve this, we employed a new technique combining Golgi staining and immmunohistochemistry to perform 3D reconstruction of tertiary dendrites, which can be analyzed for differences in spine types and the colocalization of synaptic markers within these spines. In CA1, stress increased the densities of long-thin and mushroom spines and the colocalization of GluA2/PSD-95 within these spines. Conversely, in CA3, stress decreased the densities of filopodia and stubby spines, with a concomitant reduction in the colocalization of GluA2/PSD-95 within these spines. In the outer molecular layer (OML) of the dentate gyrus (DG), stress increased both stubby and long-thin spines, together with greater GluA2/PSD-95 colocalization. These data reflect the rapid effects of stress on inducing morphological changes within specific hippocampal subfields, highlighting a potential mechanism by which stress can modulate memory consolidation and retrieval.
The Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption: Geological and Geophysical Data 1975–1976

In this decade, the devastating eruptions of Mount St. Helens in May 1980 and of El Chichon (Mexico) in March–April 1982, along with recurring signs of possible precursory activity at Long Valley caldera (California), have greatly increased public as well as scientific awareness of volcanic phenomena. Yet, even though the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption (GTFE) in 1975–1976 was larger than any in the world thus far in the 1980s, it received scant notice outside the USSR because of its remote location in the Kamchatka Peninsula (off limits to westerners) and because initial reports of it were almost exclusively in Russian. This new book, edited by Fedotov and Markhinin, now makes available to the western world information regarding the GTFE, the biggest volcanic event in the 1970s. Moreover, it was the largest basalt eruption in the Kurile-Kamchatka arc in recorded history and, on a global basis, the most voluminous outpouring of basalt since the 1783 Laki fissure eruption in Iceland.
Cloud and aerosol effects on the solar heating rate of the atmosphere

Band-by-band calculations are carried out to investigate the solar heating rate and radiative property of the atmosphere containing various combinations of absorbing gases, aerosols and the cloud. The solar spectrum is divided into nine bands according to the location of the absorbing gases which include water vapor, ozone, oxygen and carbon dioxide. The radiation transfer program takes into consideration the inhomogeneity of the cloudy and aerosol atmospheres, the wavelength dependence of solar radiation and the gaseous absorption within scattering layers. A cumulus in the lower troposphere procreates a heating rate as large as 12° C day -1 when the sun is overhead and generates additional heating rates due to ozone in the lower stratosphere. Aerosols are shown to have a pronounced influence on the heating rate of the lower clear atmosphere, but not for coudy conditions. When the sun is close to horizon, the effect of the cloud on the heating rate is shown to be unimportant. We further illustrate that significant under- and overestimation of the atmospheric absorption and reflection, respectively, would be anticipated if the absorption caused by ozone and oxygen is ignored, particularly in cloudy atmospheres. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1978.tb00818.x
Horizontal gene transfer of a bacterial insect toxin gene into the Epichloë fungal symbionts of grasses

Horizontal gene transfer is recognized as an important factor in genome evolution, particularly when the newly acquired gene confers a new capability to the recipient species. We identified a gene similar to the makes caterpillars floppy (mcf1 and mcf2) insect toxin genes in Photorhabdus, bacterial symbionts of nematodes, in the genomes of the Epichloe fungi, which are intercellular symbionts of grasses. Infection by Epichloe spp. often confers insect resistance to the grass hosts, largely due to the production of fungal alkaloids. A mcf-like gene is present in all of the Epichloe genome sequences currently available but in no other fungal genomes. This suggests the Epichloe genes were derived from a single lineage-specific HGT event. Molecular dating was used to estimate the time of the HGT event at between 7.2 and 58.8 million years ago. The mcf-like coding sequence from Epichloe typhina subsp. poae was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. E. coli cells expressing the Mcf protein were toxic to black cutworms (Agrotis ipsilon), whereas E. coli cells containing the vector only were non-toxic. These results suggest that the Epichloe mcf-like genes may be a component, in addition to the fungal alkaloids, of the insect resistance observed in Epichloe-infected grasses.
Abnormal Activity of the MAPK- and cAMP-Associated Signaling Pathways in Frontal Cortical Areas in Postmortem Brain in Schizophrenia

Recent evidence suggests that schizophrenia may result from alterations of integration of signaling mediated by multiple neurotransmitter systems. Abnormalities of associated intracellular signaling pathways may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Proteins and phospho-proteins comprising mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and 3′–5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-associated signaling pathways may be abnormally expressed in the anterior cingulate (ACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in schizophrenia. Using western blot analysis we examined proteins of the MAPK- and cAMP-associated pathways in these two brain regions. Postmortem samples were used from a well-characterized collection of elderly patients with schizophrenia (ACC=36, DLPFC=35) and a comparison (ACC=33, DLPFC=31) group. Near-infrared intensity of IR-dye labeled secondary antisera bound to targeted proteins of the MAPK- and cAMP-associated signaling pathways was measured using LiCor Odyssey imaging system. We found decreased expression of Rap2, JNK1, JNK2, PSD-95, and decreased phosphorylation of JNK1/2 at T183/Y185 and PSD-95 at S295 in the ACC in schizophrenia. In the DLPFC, we found increased expression of Rack1, Fyn, Cdk5, and increased phosphorylation of PSD-95 at S295 and NR2B at Y1336. MAPK- and cAMP-associated molecules constitute ubiquitous intracellular signaling pathways that integrate extracellular stimuli, modify receptor expression and function, and regulate cell survival and neuroplasticity. These data suggest abnormal activity of the MAPK- and cAMP-associated pathways in frontal cortical areas in schizophrenia. These alterations may underlie the hypothesized hypoglutamatergic function in this illness. Together with previous findings, these data suggest that abnormalities of intracellular signaling pathways may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Effects of a finite axial magnetic field on the beam loading of a cavity

The effect of a finite axial magnetic field on the beam loading of a cavity is evaluated. The calculation extends Branch's classic paper on ballistic bunching in that both the conductive and susceptive components of the beam-loaded admittance are computed, for general values of axial magnetic field. Also included is a comparison of the analytic formulation with a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. This paper suggests that the finite axial magnetic field used in linear beam tubes (typically exceeding 1.5 /spl times/ the Brillouin field) would only modify the beam-loaded admittance by about 20%, from that computed under the assumption of an infinite axial magnetic field.
Results of Accessibility Analysis of Html and the Implications for Future Information Technologies

For the past four years, we have been examining how to make the WWW accessible for people with disabilities. This has involved gathering information through interviews, interactions with users having difficulty accessing the Web, creation and investigation of experimental Web pages and solicitation of feedback from demonstrations. The results show that the problem cannot be solved solely by modifications to Web pages. User agents (browsers), protocols (e.g., HTML) and assistive technologies need to change also. Regarding HTML pages, the results show the need to provide alternative forms of information and meta-information, elements to avoid, and the proper uses of HTML elements. In addition to making pages more accessible to people with disabilities, these measures also facilitate access by pocket browsers, indexing mechanisms, intelligent agents, and voice input/output access to the Web, as well as increasing the usability for all users.
Synthesizing Shallow‐Water Geophysical Data for Shoreline Evolution Models: Shallow Coastal Stratigraphy Workshop; Conway, South Carolina, 9–10 July 2008

Numerous regional geophysical mapping efforts have taken place along the mid-Atlantic coast over the past 20 years, illuminating the relationship between relict geology and coastal processes. Results have demonstrated that variability in the structural framework of the coastal plain is important in controlling regional-scale shoreline evolution and sediment availability. Furthermore, variations in the geologic character (grain size, consolidation, composition, morphology, etc.) of the shelf and nearshore have been linked to long-term (centennial and greater) and short-term (decadal to centennial) shoreline evolution. Despite these spatial relationships, little information regarding the variability of geologic properties is accounted for in numerical models of shoreline change, leading to outputs that do not accurately characterize natural and human-induced shoreline behavior.
Energy-Derived, Damage-Based Failure Criterion for Fatigue Testing:

Determination of the failure limit in a repeated-load fatigue test in the laboratory has relied entirely on the arbitrary selection of a fixed criterion. The constant strain and constant stress modes of fatigue loading have been described by a consistent definition of failure in flexural fatigue testing because of the distinctly different application of energy during the loading history. The most widely accepted definition is a decrease in initial stiffness by 50 percent. Procedures examining energy input and dissipated energy have required different schemes for each mode in an attempt to describe similar states of damage in the mixture. A proposed method is presented for examining dissipated energy to select a consistent level of material behavior that is indicative of the damage accumulation in the mixture. This procedure shows the similarity between the constant stress and constant strain modes of testing and is shown to provide the potential for unifying the now phenomenological description of fatigue...
Business as Mission Through the Lens of Development

Coming out of mission efforts focused on evangelism, the rising Business as Mission movement stakes a claim to effective holistic mission by focusing on profit, evangelism, and development. Research indicates, however, that the development aspect of this `triple bottom line' is significantly weak. If, in fact, Business as Mission efforts were to incorporate the social and political dimensions of development, there would be great potential for a partnership with grassroots organizations to bring about deep-reaching social transformation.
School-based mental health services in the United States: history, current models and needs

Children's mental health needs continue to be largely unmet, even when community services are provided. On-site mental health services in schools address unmet needs by improving access to, and relevance of services. As schools have increasingly been mandated to serve the needs of all children (including those who are emotionally disturbed) general health and mental health services have been increasingly placed in them. Although the provision of basic health care in schools began in the early part of the century, the concept of providing comprehensive services, in which mental health services are integrated into primary medical care, has only been implemented recently. We review the background of school-based mental health services, compare various models of service delivery, and highlight issues important to the future development and advancement of these services.
Hepatic nuclear alterations in hemorrhagic shock

Abstract Rats were bled and maintained at 40 mm Hg for a fixed time or until 30–70% of shed blood was reinfused before resuscitation. After shock hepatic nuclei synthesized decreased amounts of RNA. The more profound the shock the greater the decrease. RNA polymerase activity was not restored to control levels after hemorrhage. The molecular weight of the RNA synthesized was reduced in severe shock but not in reversible shock. The size of this RNA returned to control levels one hour after resuscitation. A decrease in nuclear RNA synthesis may contribute to loss of tolerance to hypovolemia.
Sensitivity analysis and optimal estimation retrieval of aerosol optical properties over oceans utilizing simulated multi-angular and polarized radiances

A scene dependent sensitivity analysis of top of the atmosphere near infrared radiances and polarized radiances to aerosol optical depth was performed. The analysis was performed for the hemisphere of viewing angles. The analysis includes a comprehensive examination of errors resulting from both the assumed aerosol size distribution and optical properties, as well as radiative transfer model assumptions. Three parameters are introduced. These parameters are the signal, the noise and the signal to noise ratio. The angular structure, as well as the angular averages of these parameters, are examined. It was found that, on the average, the top of the atmosphere signal to noise ratio is roughly three times larger for the radiances than for the polarized radiances. As a result, it was concluded that the majority of the information in the retrieval of optical depth is contained in the intensity measurements. The error analysis was used in the development of a two-channel optimal estimation retrieval of aerosol optical depth which utilizes the intensities only. Noise free and noisy synthetic radiances created from radiative transfer simulations are used to analyze the performance of the retrieval. Biases due to a priori constraints, viewing geometry, and forward model noise are analyzed.
Science and creationism: a response to Kenneth Tobin

In his December editorial on Michael Reiss, Kenneth Tobin (Cult Stud Sci Educ 3:793–798, 2008), raises some very important questions for science and science teachers regarding science education and the teaching of creationism in the classroom. I agree with him that students’ creationist ideologies should be treated not as misconceptions but as worldviews. Because of creationism’s peculiarly strong political links though, I argue that such discussion must address three critical and interconnected issues, including the uncertain state of teaching evolution in public schools nationally, the political convergence of the creationist political beliefs with bigoted worldviews, and creationism’s inherent contrariness to science and human progress. I suggest that we as science educators therefore not consider all sides to be equally right and to instead take side against the politics of creationism. I also argue that we need much more serious discussion on how to better teach science to students who hold creationist worldviews, and that science educators such as Reiss need to be part of that.
A batch procedure for the assay of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.

A procedure for the assay of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase is described in which labeled cyclic nucleotide is separated from labeled nucleoside by the batchwise addition of ethanolic slurries of Dowex 2 fluoride. Under the conditions described there is no detectable adsorption of nucleoside by the anion exchanger, which removes more than 95% of the tritium in boiled samples of [8-3H]cAMP or [8-3H]cGMP. Linear time courses and enzyme vs activity relationships are described for 10−3 and 10−7m cAMP and 10−4m cGMP. The method is limited by interference by neutral salts and by the enzymatic conversion of adenosine into inosine.
New developments in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Although imatinib revolutionized the management of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), recent data indicate a transformation in the treatment approach likely in the near future. The superiority of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) over imatinib in newly diagnosed disease has been recognized. Several investigational agents specific for those patients with the T315I mutation remain under evaluation. In Philadelphia-positive (Ph-positive) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the addition of imatinib improved response rates. However, short remission durations with single agent therapy limit the benefit on survival. Early molecular remissions achieved with dasatinib will enable more patients to proceed to stem cell transplant (SCT), with increased likelihood of positive outcomes post-SCT.
Drought-accelerated Parasitism of Conifers in the Mountain Ranges of Northern California

Drought conditions in Northern California during 1975–77 caused widespread mortality in conifer forests mainly from attacks by disease organisms—including dwarf mistletoes and Fungi—and from epidemic outbreaks of various bark beetles. A federal survey has estimated the volume losses sustained through the affected four years (1975–79) as 9.6 thousand million board feet (45.3 million cubic metres) on 6.3 million acres (2.55 million ha) of national forest. As the dominant host species in afflicted forests is Pinus ponderosa, the most destructive agents have been the parasites of this species—primarily the Western Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis) and the Western Dwarf Mistletoe (Arceuthobium campylopodum). However, interrelationships between many stress-inducing factors may be of more significance than the direct attack by any single parasitic species on a host.Three approaches to the reduction of conifer losses have been studied. The first involves the use of silvicultural practices based on the elimination of susceptible, or high-risk, trees. This is most applicable in countering bark beetles which have the mobility and selectivity to reach potential hosts over large areas.The second approach is direct control, or the physical removal or destruction of parasites. The steady spread of dwarf mistletoe, formerly contained by natural fire, can only be slowed through pruning, logging, or burning. Bark beetles can be directly controlled if the work is done before new broods hatch and mature. Toxic pesticides such as Lindane have proven ineffective—mainly for economic reasons, but also due to serious reservations among some foresters about detrimental effects on the forest ecosystem. Sex attractants have been used to draw bark beetles into trees of which the removal is planned.The third approach, applicable to bark beetles, is biological control, or reliance on organisms—such as lizards, woodpeckers, predaceous beetles and their larvae, parasitic hymenopterans, and various Fungi, which in some cases the forester has options to encourage or discourage. At the very least these controls suppress bark beetle populations when normal precipitation patterns return.Unfortunately, the ideal of a natural equilibrium being reached solely with the use of biological controls is unrealistic. The most fundamental stress on the commercial forests of California is human use, in spite of occasional drought-accelerated epidemic losses to parasites. Salvage must continue to be aggressively pushed upon a reluctant industry, but, above all, more flexible and immediate responses to the first signs of increasing bark-beetle activity, coupled with indirect, pre-epidemic silvicultural practices based on the broader lessons of forest parasitology, must be developed.
Actin-binding proteins take the reins in growth cones

Higher-order actin-based networks (actin superstructures) are important for growth-cone motility and guidance. Principles for generating, organizing and remodelling actin superstructures have emerged from recent findings in cell-free systems, non-neuronal cells and growth cones. This Review examines how actin superstructures are initiated de novo at the leading-edge membrane and how the spontaneous organization of actin superstructures is driven by ensembles of actin-binding proteins. How the regulation of actin-binding proteins can affect growth-cone turning and axonal regeneration is also discussed.
Dual antiplatelet agent failure: A new syndrome or clinical nonentity?

Background Aspirin resistance is a well-documented laboratory finding, but the effects of clinical aspirin (ASA) failure on patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have been debated. Likewise, there is recognition of clopidogrel resistance, but the clinical effects of clopidogrel failure are not well understood. We sought to determine the 6-month outcomes of patients who developed an ACS while on ASA or dual antiplatelet agents. Methods Of all patients admitted to the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, between 1999 and 2005 with a diagnosis of ACS, 6-month follow-up data were available for 3126. The cohort was divided into 3 groups based on medication history: no prior antiplatelet agent, ASA only, and ASA with clopidogrel (or ticlopidine). Primary end point was the rate of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke, or composite major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) at 6 months. Results Aside from a lower rate of myocardial infarction in patients without any prior antiplatelet agent use, there were no significant differences in 6-month stroke, death, or MACE between the 3 medication cohorts. In the propensity-adjusted model, whereas dual antiplatelet status was not an independent predictor of 6-month mortality or MACE, there was a trend toward lower 6-month death rates for patients with prior ASA use (odds ratio 0.72, 95% CI 0.51-1.04, P = .08). Conclusions Patients who "fail" antiplatelet therapy do not have overall worse prognosis. Our data do not support ASA or dual antiplatelet agent failure as a distinct clinical entity.
A radiographic study of proximal radius anatomy with implications in radial head replacement.

Anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiographs of 20 healthy volunteers’ forearms were taken in three views (full supination, neutral rotation, and full pronation). Radial head maximum diameter and angular measurements between the axis of forearm rotation (AFR) and the radial neck axis (RNA) were made with digital calipers. Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a statistically significant difference between the three AP groups, with supination having the smallest values (P < .0001), but not for the lateral groups (P = .128). Comparison of the AFR-RNA angle between the AP supinated position and the three lateral views revealed a statistically significant difference among all of the pairs, with the AP supinated position having the smallest values. The RNA most closely approximated the AFR with the forearm in the supinated position. For best approximating the native AFR during radial head replacement, the cut should be made perpendicular to the neck axis with the elbow extended and the forearm in the supinated position.
High-Speed Wide-Range Fluorite Spectrograph*

A plane-grating spectrograph using a movable calcium fluoride camera corrector lens has been designed and constructed. It can be used to cover a wavelength range from about 12 000 A to 1500 A. The dispersion is approximately 58 A/mm, in the first order. The camera focal ratio of f/2 gives the instrument a speed such that for relatively weak sources, the exposure times have been reduced from several weeks to a number of hours.