cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple kernel based feature and decision level fusion of iECO individuals for explosive hazard detection in FLIR imagery

A serious threat to civilians and soldiers is buried and above ground explosive hazards. The automatic detection of such threats is highly desired. Many methods exist for explosive hazard detection, e.g., hand-held based sensors, downward and forward looking vehicle mounted platforms, etc. In addition, multiple sensors are used to tackle this extreme problem, such as radar and infrared (IR) imagery. In this article, we explore the utility of feature and decision level fusion of learned features for forward looking explosive hazard detection in IR imagery. Specifically, we investigate different ways to fuse learned iECO features pre and post multiple kernel (MK) support vector machine (SVM) based classification. Three MK strategies are explored; fixed rule, heuristics and optimization-based. Performance is assessed in the context of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves on data from a U.S. Army test site that contains multiple target and clutter types, burial depths and times of day. Specifically, the results reveal two interesting things. First, the different MK strategies appear to indicate that the different iECO individuals are all more-or-less important and there is not a dominant feature. This is reinforcing as our hypothesis was that iECO provides different ways to approach target detection. Last, we observe that while optimization-based MK is mathematically appealing, i.e., it connects the learning of the fusion to the underlying classification problem we are trying to solve, it appears to be highly susceptible to over fitting and simpler, e.g., fixed rule and heuristics approaches help us realize more generalizable iECO solutions.
Sampling Based Uncertain Extreme Learning Machine

Large amounts of data in real-world applications have inherent uncertainty. Traditional learning algorithms cannot be applied directly onto uncertain datasets. Aiming at classification problems over uncertain data,a sampling based uncertain ELM( extreme learning machine) was proposed. Instances were first sampled out of uncertain objects,and then learnt with uncertain ELM. The uncertain objects would be assigned to their classes respectively according to the probabilities aggregation method. The classification was realized by the proposed algorithm in this paper over uncertain data avoiding the enumeration of instances. The experimental results indicated the efficiency and effectiveness of our algorithm.
Association of 5-hydroxymethylation and 5-methylation of DNA cytosine with tissue-specific gene expression

Differentially methylated or hydroxymethylated regions (DMRs) in mammalian DNA are often associated with tissue-specific gene expression but the functional relationships are still being unraveled. To elucidate these relationships, we studied 16 human genes containing myogenic DMRs by analyzing profiles of their epigenetics and transcription and quantitatively assaying 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) at specific sites in these genes in skeletal muscle (SkM), myoblasts, heart, brain, and diverse other samples. Although most human promoters have little or no methylation regardless of expression, more than half of the genes that we chose to study-owing to their myogenic DMRs-overlapped tissue-specific alternative or cryptic promoters displaying corresponding tissue-specific differences in histone modifications. The 5mC levels in myoblast DMRs were significantly associated with 5hmC levels in SkM at the same site. Hypermethylated myogenic DMRs within CDH15, a muscle- and cerebellum-specific cell adhesion gene, and PITX3, a homeobox gene, were used for transfection in reporter gene constructs. These intragenic DMRs had bidirectional tissue-specific promoter activity that was silenced by in vivo-like methylation. The CDH15 DMR, which was previously associated with an imprinted maternal germline DMR in mice, had especially strong promoter activity in myogenic host cells. These findings are consistent with the controversial hypothesis that intragenic DNA methylation can facilitate transcription and is not just a passive consequence of it. Our results support varied roles for tissue-specific 5mC- or 5hmC-enrichment in suppressing inappropriate gene expression from cryptic or alternative promoters and in increasing the plasticity of gene expression required for development and rapid responses to tissue stress or damage.
Impact of noise sources and optical design on defect detection sensitivity in extreme ultraviolet actinic pattern inspection tool

We discuss the impact of various noise sources and the optical design in bright field extreme ultraviolet (EUV) actinic inspection of mask features for defects in the patterned absorber. It is shown that an optimum pixel size is needed to maximize the defect signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to balance the trade-off in increasing signal strength with shot noise from defect signal and the background pattern intensity (mask layout image) and speckle noise from the mask blank roughness. Moreover, we consider defocus showing that the EUV mask phase effect has an asymmetric impact on pattern defect SNR’s through-focus behavior. The impact of defocus limits inspection performance based on defect SNR. Using critical defect sizes in a case study, we show the defect SNR performance of the limiting case and discuss the possibility of utilizing a nominal defocus in the inspection system to leverage the phase effect of EUV mask absorber to improve the defect SNR. A 50% improvement in defect SNR is shown to be possible by introducing a −50 nm nominal defocus into the bright field inspection system.
Improving Creativity and Performance

It is not enough for most of us merely to live out our lives free of ailments. To be truly healthy, in the fullest sense of the term, means to grow, to develop, and to strive to be the best person one is capable of becoming (Rogers, 1961). And herein lies the greatest potential of suggestion; for not everyone needs to be made well, but surely everyone is capable of growth.
Milton S. Hershey Ventures into Cuban Sugar

The timing was not right for chocolate baron Milton Hershey to be part of the early and frenzied orgy of direct investments that Americans made in Cuba at the turn of the century, investments that many Cubans obviously found intrusive and threatening. Hershey had struggled with several false starts in the candy business dur ing the 1870s and 1880s, and did not have much to show for his efforts before his caramel business, headquartered in Lancaster, Pennsylvania burgeoned in the 1890s.1 When he sold out to American Caramel in 1900 for a reported million dollars in cash, he focused his immediate efforts over the next decade and a half on building a chocolate factory and the community of Hershey in rural Derry Township, Dauphin County, just east of Harrisburg. It was not until 1916, therefore, that Milton Hershey took a long, hard look at investing in Cuba.
Fourier transform mass spectrometry-advancing years (1992-mid. 1996).

This article is one of a series of Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) reviews that has appeared in this journal at ca. 3-4 year intervals. A comprehensive review of the recent theoretical developments, instrumental developments, electrospray ionization (ESI), and MALDI is given. Ion dissociation techniques are also discussed because of their contributions to gaining insight into chemical structure. Special sections have been devoted to discussing the emerging fields of surface analysis, polymer analysis, Buckminsterfullerenes (buckyballs), and hydrogen/deuterium exchange studies. This review, although not all-inclusive, is intended to be a starting point for those wishing to learn more about the current status of FTMS, and also as a representative cross-section of the literature for those familiar with the technique. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Microinteraction Ecological Momentary Assessment Response Rates: Effect of Microinteractions or the Smartwatch?

Mobile-based ecological-momentary-assessment (EMA) is an in-situ measurement methodology where an electronic device prompts a person to answer questions of research interest. EMA has a key limitation: interruption burden. Microinteraction-EMA(µEMA) may reduce burden without sacrificing high temporal density of measurement. In µEMA, all EMA prompts can be answered with ‘at a glance' microinteractions. In a prior 4-week pilot study comparing standard EMA delivered on a phone (phone-EMA) vs. µEMA delivered on a smartwatch (watch-µEMA), watch-µEMA demonstrated higher response rates and lower perceived burden than phone-EMA, even when the watch-µEMA interruption rate was 8 times more than phone-EMA. A new 4-week dataset was gathered on smartwatch-based EMA (i.e., watch-EMA with 6 back-to-back, multiple-choice questions on a watch) to compare whether the high response rates of watch-µEMA previously observed were a result of using microinteractions, or due to the novelty and accessibility of the smartwatch. No statistically significant differences in compliance, completion, and first-prompt response rates were observed between phone-EMA and watch-EMA. However, watch-µEMA response rates were significantly higher than watch-EMA. This pilot suggests that (1) the high compliance and low burden previously observed in watch-µEMA is likely due to the microinteraction question technique, not simply the use of the watch versus the phone, and that (2) compliance with traditional EMA (with long surveys) may not improve simply by moving survey delivery from the phone to a smartwatch.
How Can We Improve Disease Education in People with Gout

Gout management is currently suboptimal despite excellent available therapy. Gout patient education has been shown to enhance medication adherence and self-management, but needs improvement. We explored the literature on gout patient education including gaps in gout patient knowledge; use of written materials; in-person individual and group sessions; education via nurses, pharmacists, or multi-disciplinary groups; and use of phone, web-based, mobile health app, and text messaging educational efforts. Nurse-led interventions have shown significant improvement in reaching urate goals. Pharmacist-led programs have likewise succeeded, but to a lesser degree. A multi-disciplinary approach has shown feasibility. Needs-assessments, patient questionnaires, and psychosocial evaluations can enhance targeted education. An interactive and patient-centered approach can enhance gout educational interventions. Optimal programs will assess for and address educational needs related to knowledge gaps, health literacy, race, gender, socio-economic status, and level of social support.
The Cish SH2 domain is essential for PLC-γ1 regulation in TCR stimulated CD8 + T cells

Cish, participates within a multi-molecular E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which ubiquitinates target proteins. It has an inhibitory effect on T cell activation mediated by PLC-γ1 regulation, and it functions as a potent checkpoint in CD8+ T cell tumor immunotherapy. To study the structural and functional relationships between Cish and PLC-γ1 during CD8+ T cell activation, we tested mutants of the Cish-SH2 (R107K) and D/BC (L222Q, C226Q) domains. We confirmed that Cish-SH2-specific binding was essential for PLC-γ1 ubiquitination and degradation. This domain was essential for the Cish-mediated inhibition of Ca2+ release upon TCR stimulation. No effect on inhibition of cytokine release was observed with SH2 or D/BC mutants, although the absence of Cish led to an increased release of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Using imaging we showed that Cish was expressed mostly in the cytoplasm and we did not see any Cish clustering at the plasma membrane upon stimulation. We conclude that the Cish-SH2 domain is essential for PLC-γ1 regulation in TCR-stimulated CD8+ T cells.
Synoptic-Scale Forcing of Mesoscale Processes

Although there was doubtless a general awareness of a scale of atmospheric phenomena intermediate between that of cyclones and anticyclones and the much smaller one of, say, individual cumulus clouds, (systems of sea breezes and land breezes and of mountain and valley breezes, for example), the first use of the prefix, “meso” in the meteorological context appears to have been in a 1953 presentation by Swingle and Rosenberg at the Conference on Radio Meteorology at the University of Texas, entitled “Mesometeorological analysis of a cold front passage using weather radar data.” The first development and extensive application of systematic techniques for mesoanalysis however, was an accomplishment of Fujita and his collaborators at the University of Chicago in the middle and late 1950’s. The focus of attention in these works was on precipitation systems, especially convective ones. These occurred within clearly (if somewhat broadly) defined sectors of synoptic-scale circulations. Although a wide variety of mesoscale phenomena are now recognized, a major share of attention continues to be devoted to precipitation systems, as we shall see. Since virtually all of this wide variety occurs in a characteristic synoptic-scale setting, a review of these larger systems and of how they provide an appropriate background for mesoscale activity is appropriate.
A Simpler Proof of Heron's Formula

(1971). A Simpler Proof of Heron's Formula. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 27-28.
Abstract 3094: Effects of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and estrogen receptor beta crosstalk on benzo(a)pyrene induced AhR target genes

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Epidemiological evidence show estrogen might influence the incidence of CRC in women by acting in a protective role via estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) but the mechanism of action is not known. Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P], a member of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) family of compounds is a well-characterized environmental toxicant that has been proven to be a major contributor to the development of sporadic colon cancer. Literature provides evidence of crosstalk between Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), a receptor for B(a)P, and estrogen receptors (ERs) which negatively affect ER-mediated transcription. This study aims to elucidate the effect of AhR/ERB crosstalk on B(a)P-induced expression of AHR target genes in adult Polyposis In the Rat Colon (PIRC) model. We hypothesize that estrogen inhibits B(a)P-induced expression of AHR target genes and attenuates the formation of colon polyps in female PIRC rats. Groups of female and male PIRC rats (n = 8) received sub-chronic exposure to 25, 50 and 100 µg B(a)P/kg body wt. via oral gavage for 60 days. Female PIRC rats that received 25, 50 and 100 µg B(a)P/kg body wt. showed significant decrease in total polyp count when compared to males with respective treatments. Polyp sizes of female PIRC rats receiving 25, 50 and 100 µg B(a)P/kg body wt. were increased when compared to males respectively. Histopathological analysis of colon polyps revealed that female animals exhibited low-grade to no dysplasia while high-grade dysplasia was recorded in male animals treated with corresponding doses. As expected B(a)P increased expression of Cytochrome P450 isoform 1A1 (CYP1A1), CYP1B1, Sulfotransferase Family 1A Member 1 (SULT1A1), and Glutathione S-transferases (GST) in the colon of PIRC rats. Female PIRC rats show increase in CYP1B1, SULT1A1 and GST when compared to males in various treatment groups. It is possible that the increase in Phase II enzymes may provide clearance of B(a)P, preventing polyp development in female PIRC rats. In future studies, by measuring the expression of other phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolizing enzymes (DME), along with measuring circulating estrogen levels, analyzing [B(a)P] metabolite profile, and probing B(a)P-DNA interactions, we will provide insight into how estrogen protects females from developing colon cancer. This research was funded by NIH grants 5RO1CA142845-04, 5R25GM059994-3, and G12MD007586-29. Citation Format: Kenneth J. Harris, Kelly L. Harris, Mary K. Washington, James Amos-Landgraf, Aramandla Ramesh. Effects of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and estrogen receptor beta crosstalk on benzo(a)pyrene induced AhR target genes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3094.
Lead poisoning in populations with low-socio-economic status in the United States

Lead, a heavy metal found in the Earth's crust, is a well-known toxicant to both children and adults (Benfer, 2017). Over the years, many safeguards have been put in place by the United States Gove...
Early-Onset Marfan Syndrome: A Case Series

Mutations in fibrillin 1 cause Marfan syndrome (MFS), an autosomal dominant disorder of the connective tissue, with multisystem manifestations. In early-onset MFS, the physical characteristics are expressed much earlier than the classical MFS. Those affected by this form generally have their mutations restricted to the gene "hotspot" region of exons 24 to 32. Historically, affected individuals usually die within the first few years of life due to heart failure secondary to severe valvular insufficiency. We report three patients with early-onset MFS, whose clinical evolution has been remarkably positive, when compared with other reported cases in the literature.
Quantitative Profiling of Oncometabolites in Frozen and Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Specimens by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Given the implications of oncometabolites [succinate, fumarate, and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG)] in cancer pathogenesis and therapeutics, quantitative determination of their tissue levels has significant diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic values. Here, we developed and validated a multiplex liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) platform that allows simultaneous determination of oncometabolites (including succinate, fumarate and total 2HG) and other tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites (α-ketoglutarate, malic acid, and glutamate) in frozen and FFPE tissues specimens. In addition, by employing chiral derivatization in the sample preparation, the platform enabled separation and determination of 2HG enantiomers (D- and L-2HG) in frozen and FFPE tissues. Isotope-labeled internal standard method was used for the quantitation. Linear calibration curve ranges in aqueous solution were 0.02–10, 0.2–100, 0.002–10, and 0.002–5 µM for succinate, fumarate, total 2HG, and D/L-2HG, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy for individual oncometabolites were within the generally accepted criteria for bioanalytical method validation (<15%). The recovery of spiked individual oncometabolites from pooled homogenate of FFPE or frozen tissue ranged 86–112%. Method validation indicated the technical feasibility, reliability and reproducibility of the platform. Oncometabolites were notably lost during the routine FFPE process. The ratios of succinate to glutamate, fumarate to α-ketoglutarate, 2HG to glutamate, and D-2HG to L-2HG were reliable surrogate measurements for the detection of altered levels of oncometabolites in FFPE specimens. Our study laid a foundation for the utility of archival FFPE specimens for oncometabolite profiling as a valid technique in clinical research and routine medical care.
Gastrostomy Utilization by Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients Is Partially Driven by Swallowing Function.

Objective Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) incidence is rapidly increasing, as are survival rates, in large part due to the human papillomavirus (HPV). Treatment intensity, however, has remained unchanged, making treatment-related toxicity (i.e., dysphagia) a critical problem for an increasing number of patients. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether pretreatment objective swallowing measures can predict percutaneous fluoroscopic guided gastrostomy tube (PFG) utilization during OPSCC treatment. Methods Forty-one newly diagnosed OPSCC patients treated with radiation underwent evaluation of swallow function with modified barium swallow study (MBSS) prior to and at completion of radiation treatment using the Dynamic Imaging Grade of Swallowing Toxicity (DIGEST); a subset of patients were evaluated using the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI). Results Patients were male (100%), primarily Caucasian (85.4%) and p16 positive (85.4%) with mean age of 65.7 years. PFG were placed in 70.7% patients (n = 29) and used by 63.4% (n = 26). Pre- and post-treatment DIGEST scores were associated with T-classification (t = -2.9, p = .001, t = -2.7, p = .01) and indicated deteriorating swallow function during treatment (mean change = 0.46 [t = -2.7, p = .01]). DIGEST and MDADI scores were generally not associated with patient PFG utilization. DIGEST and MDADI scores were significantly correlated prior to, but not following completion of treatment. Conclusion Pre-treatment DIGEST and patient reported swallowing outcomes (MDADI) can be useful in identifying patients with unsafe and/or grossly inefficient swallowing function. However, objectively measured swallow function was not associated with PFG utilization. Development of PFG placement algorithms (reactive vs. prophylactic) therefore require additional inputs/metrics. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 130:2153-2159, 2020.
Heart Rate Variability as an Index of Resilience

INTRODUCTION Resilience is the ability to maintain or quickly return to a stable physical and psychological equilibrium despite experiencing stressful events. Flexibility of the autonomic nervous system is particularly important for adaptive stress responses and may contribute to individual differences in resilience. Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) allows measurement of sympathovagal balance, which helps to evaluate autonomic flexibility. The present study investigated HRV as a broad index of resilience. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four male participants from the Army National Guard Special Forces completed psychological measures known to relate to resilience and had HRV measured while undergoing stressful virtual environment scenarios. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to explore the relationships between HRV and resilience factors. All research was conducted with the oversight of the Human Subjects Review Committee of Fuller Theological Seminary. RESULTS Trends toward significance were reported in order to provide results that would reasonably be expected in a study of higher power. Trends between resilience factors and HRV were found only during specific stress-inducing simulations (see Tables III). CONCLUSION Greater resilience to stress was associated with HRV during nonstress periods. Higher levels of resilience to traumatic events were associated with HRV during circumstances that were more stressful and emotionally distressing. Post hoc analysis revealed that specific factors including flexibility, emotional control, and spirituality were driving the relationship between general resilience and HRV following emotionally laden stressors. Less stress vulnerability was associated with HRV following intermittent brief stressors. In sum, HRV appears to represent some aspects of an individual's overall resilience profile. Although resilience remains a complex, multidimensional construct, HRV shows promise as a global psychophysiological index of resilience. This study also offers important perspectives concerning ways to optimize both physical and psychological health.
Out of Time: Temporal Conflict in Ann Radcliffe’s The Mysteries of Udolpho

ABSTRACTThis essay offers a new interpretation of Gothic temporality through a case study of Ann Radcliffe’s The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794). Whereas most scholarship on Gothic temporality focuses ...
CONCOMITANT DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY WITH SUPERIOR VENA CAVA THROMBOSIS AS INITIAL PRESENTATIONS FOR BEHCET’S DISEASE

Behcet's disease (BD) is a rare entity that is known to cause recurrent oral and genital ulcers alongside a wide variety of systemic presentations related to underlying vasculitis. Cardiac involvement as dilated cardiomyopathy in BD is very rare and scarcely reported in the literature. A 32-year-
Bipolar spectrum psychopathology is associated with altered emotion dynamics across multiple timescales.

Emotion dysregulation is a core feature of bipolar spectrum psychopathology and may confer risk for poor outcomes or progression along the bipolar spectrum. However, previous research on bipolar psychopathology has primarily concentrated on characterizing distinct mood episodes and failed to characterize microlevel dynamics of the experience of emotion. This is the first study to our knowledge to comprehensively examine the extent to which bipolar spectrum psychopathology, as measured by the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS), is associated with altered dynamics of positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) across multiple timescales. Young adults (n = 233) oversampled for high HPS scores (>1.5 SD) completed self-report questionnaires and 14 days of experience sampling questionnaires assessing high- and low-arousal NA and PA. Four emotion dynamics (reactivity, variability, instability, inertia) were computed from each participant's time series. As predicted, HPS scores were positively associated with variability and instability of high-arousal NA and PA both within and between days (over and above mean levels of emotions, depression, and neuroticism). Further, HPS scores were associated with large fluctuations in low- but not high-arousal NA and moderated stress reactivity. Specifically, high scorers on the HPS were more likely to report feeling like their emotions were out of control (but not high-intensity NA) when experiencing stress. Contrary to expectation, HPS scores were unassociated with inertia of high-arousal PA. Findings indicated that microlevel emotion dynamics are disrupted across multiple timescales in those high in bipolar spectrum psychopathology. Examining emotion dynamics should enhance understanding of risk for bipolar disorders and facilitate development of mood-monitoring interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Early low-level developmental arsenic exposure impacts mouse hippocampal synaptic function

Abstract Background Arsenic is a well-established carcinogen known to increase all-cause mortality, but its effects on the central nervous system are less well understood. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that early life exposure to arsenic is associated with learning deficits and behavioral changes, and increased arsenic exposure continues to affect an estimated 200 million individuals worldwide. Previous studies on arsenic exposure and synaptic function have demonstrated a decrease in synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation in adult rodents, but have relied on in vitro or extended exposure in adulthood. Therefore, little is known about the effect of arsenic exposure in development. Objective Here, we studied the effects of gestational and early developmental arsenic exposure in juvenile mice. Specifically, our objective was to investigate the impact of arsenic exposure on synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus. Methods C57BL/6 females were exposed to arsenic (0, 50ppb, 36ppm) in their drinking water two weeks prior to mating and continued to be exposed to arsenic throughout gestation and after parturition. We then performed field recordings in acute hippocampal slices from the juvenile offspring prior to weaning (P17-P23). In this paradigm, the juvenile mice are only exposed to arsenic in utero and via the mother’s milk. Results High (36ppm) and relatively low (50ppb) arsenic exposure both lead to decreased basal synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of juvenile mice. There was a mild decrease in paired-pulse facilitation in juvenile mice exposed to high, but not low, arsenic, suggesting the alterations in synaptic transmission are primarily post-synaptic. Finally, high developmental arsenic exposure led to a significant increase in long-term potentiation. Discussion These results suggest that indirect, ecologically-relevant arsenic exposure in early development impacts hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity that could underlie learning deficits reported in epidemiological studies.
RTL-ConTest: Concolic Testing on RTL for Detecting Security Vulnerabilities

This paper presents RTL-ConTest, a Register Transfer Level (RTL) security vulnerability detection algorithm, that extracts critical process flows from a RTL design and executes RTL-level concolic testing to generate security test cases for identifying critical exploits manifested in a System-on-Chip (SoC). The efficiency of the proposed approach is evaluated on open source RISC-V-based SoCs. Our technique is successful in detecting the security vulnerabilities manifested in the processor core as well as in the rest of the SoC, e.g., debug modules, peripherals, etc., thereby providing a thorough vulnerability check on the entire hardware design. As demonstrated by our experimental results, in circumstances where conventional security verification tools are limited, RTL-ConTest furnishes significantly improved efficiency in detecting SoC security vulnerabilities.
Generalization of the Thomas-Wigner Rotation to Uniformly Accelerating Boosts

In the current paper we present a generalization of the transforms from the frame co-moving with an accelerated particle for uniformly accelerated motion into an inertial frame of reference. The motivation is that the real life applications include accelerating and rotating frames with arbitrary orientations more often than the idealized case of inertial frames; our daily experiments happen in Earth-bound laboratories. We use the transforms in order to generalize the Thomas-Wigner rotation to the case of uniformly accelerated boosts.
Follow your heart and trust your gut: Co-development of heart and gut tissue in organoids.

Organogenesis is orchestrated by the interaction of different embryonic tissues. Recent reports in Cell Stem Cell (Silva et al., 2021; Rossi et al., 2021) and Nature Biotechnology (Drakhlis et al., 2021) recapitulate the co-development of embryonic mesoderm and endoderm in PSCs to promote formation of complex heart and gut organoids.
ASSAYS OF URINE FROM RHESUS MONKEYS FOR PREGNANEDIOL AND OTHER STEROIDS

The discovery of the relationship of progesterone to the pregnanediols (1) has proved important both theoretically and clinically. Since it has been shown that the titer of pregnanediol, present in human urine as sodium pregnanediol glucuronidate, reflects the rate of secretion of progesterone and hence the activity of the corpus luteum, it is possible roughly to determine the time of ovulation in the menstrual cycle (2-5). Since in the pregnant woman the pregnanediol level rises gradually in normal cases according to a certain broad curve, it is possible in pathological cases, as for example in habitual abortion, to diagnose the character of an existing hormonal deficiency (6-10). Inasmuch as the rhesus monkey has come to be the standard primate animal for the study of menstrual phenomena and of pregnancy, it seemed of interest to determine whether this species metabolizes progesterone as does man. Before we proceed to the discussion of the joint studies made by the present authors, it is necessary to report some previous assays of pregnancy urine made on monkeys of the Carnegie colony. These results are here reported for the first time with the permission of the experimenters, Dr. E. B. Astwood and Dr. Paul G. Weil. In 1937 Astwood made assays on the pooled urines from the pregnant monkeys listed in Table I and also the urines of six
Synergistic Use of Infrared, 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Mass Spectral Data in Analysis Schemes for the Identification of Organic Mixture Components

The implementation of analysis schemes that incorporate spectrometric information from multiple sources has been demonstrated to enhance the reliability of identification procedures for unknown compounds. Most notably, infrared spectrometry (IR) has been utilized in combined(1,2) and independent(3) measurements with mass spectrometry (MS) to minimize false positive identifications endemic to single-source detection schemes. This chapter will be devoted to a survey of computer-assisted algorithms generated in our laboratory which exploit the synergistic potential of multiple detectors for the analysis of unknown organic mixtures. The triad of analytical techniques that are generally recognized to yield the greatest source of complementary information for organic structure elucidation-mass spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR)-provide the data for the various algorithms that are constructed.
DHV: A Code Consistency Maintenance Protocol for Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks

Ensuring that every sensor node has the same code version is challenging in dynamic, unreliable multi-hop sensor networks. When nodes have different code versions, the network may not behave as intended, wasting time and energy. We propose and evaluate DHV, an efficient code consistency maintenance protocol to ensure that every node in a network will eventually have the same code. DHV is based on the simple observation that if two code versions are different, their corresponding version numbers often differ in only a few least significant bits of their binary representation. DHV allows nodes to carefully select and transmit only necessary bit level information to detect a newer code version in the network. DHV can detect and identify version differences in O (1) messages and latency compared to the logarithmic scale of current protocols. Simulations and experiments on a real MicaZ testbed show that DHV reduces the number of messages by 50%, converges in half the time, and reduces the number of bits transmitted by 40-60% compared to DIP, the state-of-the-art protocol.
Meeting military system test requirements with the usage of COTS products

The Perry Initiative in 1994 provided a top-down directive for the defense industry to use the benefits of Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) technology to effect major cost savings in military programs. While such military product cost reduction advantages have become well publicized, less well known is the concomitant problem of meeting military system test requirements with equipment that has been designed for commercial applications. This paper describes and addresses the test problems caused by the insertion of COTS products into military systems. A systematic approach is presented that provides a general methodology for meeting military system test requirements with COTS product usage. This process maximizes reuse of existing COTS supplier tests, and gives guidelines for determining and closing performance gaps regarding military requirements. Some specific techniques for assessing the quality of existing COTS product tests are described. Also discussed is how to fulfill the need for a library of test improvement techniques that can be applied to closing COTS product test performance gaps to meet military test requirements. Finally, military field supportability implications of COTS product usage are considered.
The Appalachian Dulcimer

Abstract The Appalachian dulcimer, also known as the mountain, lap or fretted dulcimer, evokes for many a misty image of the bucolic innocence of an earlier age in America. Yet this quintessential American musical instrument, so closely identified with the hollers and hamlets of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, seems rather to spring from the Germanic folk traditions of northern Europe. This essay will trace what is currently known of the origin and history of the dulcimer, with a focus on early surviving instruments and their makers. This will be followed by a selected annotated bibliography of secondary sources.
Alterations in body composition during pregnancy

Abstract Gross body composition, sodium 22 space, and exchangeable sodium were determined in normal and abnormal pregnant patients. The pattern of alteration in gross body composition which characterized normal pregnant patients, individuals who evidenced excessive weight gain as the only clinical abnormality, individuals with hypertensive disease, and patients with pre-eclampsia-eclampsia are presented. The individuals with pre-eclampsia-eclampsia were unique in that they evidenced marked antepartum and postpartum increases in the proportion of exchangeable sodium contained in their fat-free bodies. It was suggested that this combination of antepartum and postpartum changes may constitute a physicochemical definition of pre-eclampsia-eclampsia.
The osteoclast and its unique cytoskeleton.

Abstract The osteoclast cytoskeleton is a unique structure that polarizes the cell's resorptive machinery to the bone-cell interface where it creates an isolated resorptive microenvironment consisting of an actin ring surrounding a ruffled border. This polarization process occurs under the aegis of the α(v) β(3) integrin in collaboration with the M-CSF receptor, c-Fms. When occupied, α(v) β(3) activates a canonical signaling complex consisting of c-Src, Syk, Dap12, Slp76, Vav 3, and Rac that permits the cell to spread and form actin rings. Generation of the ruffled border, the cell's resorptive organelle, is an exocytic process wherein synaptotagmin VII mediates fusion of secretory lysosomes to the bone-apposed plasma membrane. Absence of any component of this signaling pathway compromises osteoclast cytoskeletal organization and abridges bone resorption.
Self‐Assembling Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Polyglycerol–Polystyrene Copolymers for Encapsulation

Phospholipids, dendrimers, and polymers are each able to assemble to form vesicles, but each has limitations such as leakiness and multistep syntheses. A new class of versatile amphiphilic block copolymers is reported containing hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) and polystyrene (PS) units. These compounds self-assemble into polymersomes (HPGsomes). Under solvent exchange methods, amphiphilic polystyrene-HPG diblock (PS-b-HPG) structures are self-assembled and characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The assemblies are robust up to 95 °C in polar, protic solvents, and encapsulate dyes with minimal release. Polymersomes are typically assembled from linear amphiphilic polymers; however, it is shown that combining linear and hyperbranched polymers is a feasible strategy to encapsulation.
Torsional Fracture of the Humerus after Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis with an Interference Screw: A Biomechanical Cadaveric Study

Abstract Background Humeral fracture following subpectoral biceps tenodesis has been previously reported; however, there are no published biomechanical studies reporting the resulting torsional strength of the humerus. Our purpose was to determine if there is an increased risk of humerus fracture after subpectoral biceps tenodesis with an interference screw and to determine if screw size is also a factor. We hypothesized that limbs receiving the procedure would have reduced failure torque and rotation under external rotation compared to untreated controls and that the larger screw size would result in inferior mechanical properties compared to the smaller. Methods Twenty matched pairs of embalmed cadaveric humeri were subjected to subpectoral biceps tenodesis using either a 6.25 or 8.0 mm interference screw, with the untreated contralateral limb serving as a control. Each humerus was mechanically tested in torsional external rotation to failure. Findings Maximum torque and rotation to failure were reduced in the tenodesis group compared to controls; however, there was no difference between screw sizes. When both screw sizes were combined into a single group, paired t-tests also showed similar differences. Interpretation Based on our experiment, there is an increased risk for humerus spiral fracture when subjected to torsional external rotation after subpectoral biceps tenodesis with an interference screw compared to an intact humerus; however, there is not a significant difference between a 6.25 mm and 8.0 mm screw. Surgeons may elect to use alternative fixation methods in patients at high risk (e.g., overhead throwing athletes, etc.) for torsional loads and fracture.
Conversion of an RAPD marker to an STS marker for barley variety identification

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) variety identification is important to the malting and brewing industries. Because many new malting cultivars (varieties) are closely related, new and more effective identification techniques are needed. We report on a series of techniques used to convert an RAPD marker to a more stable STS marker that can identify barley Stander from Robust, an important distinction for the American malting and brewing industries. The techniques included DNA extraction, RAPD amplification, random cloning of all amplified fragments, selection of clones by insert size, DNA sequencing of select inserts, design of a barley-based primer pair, and detection of a single nucleotide polymorphism using restriction endonucleaseAlu I. The barley-based primer pair was used to further sequence the RAPD fragment. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms between Robust and Stander exist, one of which was detected by electrophoresing DNA fragments differentially restricted byAlu I. The conversion technique was different from ones previously reported in that it did not require manual extraction of DNA fragments from a gel. This could be applied to other situations in which RAPD marker conversion would be desirable.
Release of Beryllium Into Artificial Airway Epithelial Lining Fluid

ABSTRACT Inhaled beryllium particles that deposit in the lung airway lining fluid may dissolve and interact with immune-competent cells resulting in sensitization. As such, solubilization of 17 beryllium-containing materials (ore, hydroxide, metal, oxide, alloys, and process intermediates) was investigated using artificial human airway epithelial lining fluid. The maximum beryllium release in 7 days was 11.78% (from a beryl ore melter dust), although release from most materials was < 1%. Calculated dissolution half-times ranged from 30 days (reduction furnace material) to 74,000 days (hydroxide). Despite rapid mechanical clearance, billions of beryllium ions may be released in the respiratory tract via dissolution in airway lining fluid. Beryllium-containing particles that deposit in the respiratory tract dissolve in artificial lung epithelial lining fluid, thereby providing ions for absorption in the lung and interaction with immune-competent cells in the respiratory tract.
The Retroreflective Array as a New Optical Element in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

A retroreflective array is used in the phase conjugate configuration to compensate for refractive noise in flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The system is shown to provide reductions in refractive noise by a factor of five to seven, using the Mn 403.1-nm line. The compensation provides 10-50% increase in sensitivity in noisy flames.
Distance between phosphine-sulfide sidechains of a disubstituted peptide by DRAMA 31P NMR.

Abstract Dipolar restoration at the magic angle (DRAMA) has been used to measure the 31 P 31 P internuclear distance between phosphine-sulfide substituted sidechains on the fourth and eighth residues of a 12-residue helical peptide. The 7.4 A distance is the same for the peptide lyophilized in bulk or isolated in a cryo- and lyoprotected matrix of poly(ethylene glycol) and sucrose. However, the 31 P linewidth for the undiluted peptide is an order of magnitude greater than for the matrix-isolated peptide indicating charge and hydration heterogeneity in the bulk state.
Isolation and characterization of cloned fragments of bacteriophage P1 DNA.

Abstract Fragments of PI DNA generated by endo·R·EcoRI and endo·R·BamHI were mixed with appropriate cloning vectors (ColElApr, pBR313, pBR322) ligated in vitro and used to transform a nonsuppressing strain of Escherichia coli. In this way clones of 9 of the 26 EcoRI fragments and 5 of the 14 BamHI fragments were obtained. Marker rescue tests were used to ascertain which regions of the P1 genome were contained on the various DNA fragments. These cloned fragments are useful as probes for specific regions of the P1 genome.
Serum aminoglutethimide levels: studies of serum half-life, clearance, and patient compliance.

Serum aminoglutethimide was measured in 13 women with mastastatic breast carcinoma who were treated with 1.0 Gm aminoglutethimide and 40 mg hydrocortisone daily over a period of one year. Serum concentrations of aminoglutethimide were used to evaluate drug half-life, clearance, and patient compliance. Mean half-life and clearance rates were determined in six patients. The mean half-life of aminoglutethimide prior to therapy was 13.3 +/- 2.65 (S.D.) hours and fell significantly (P less than 0.01) to 7.3 +/- 2.14 hours after six to 32 weeks of therapy. The mean clearance rate prior to therapy was 2.58 +/- 0.33 (S.D.) 1./hour and increased significantly (P less than 0.01) to 5.29 +/- 1.4 1./hour after therapy. The mean serum concentration was 11.5 +/- 3.6 microgram/ml in seven patients. No significant variation of mean aminoglutethimide concentration from the overall mean was noted during the course of therapy. We conclude that serum aminoglutethimide concentrations are useful in evaluating patient compliance. Our data also suggest that aminoglutethimide increases its own metabolism, which may explain the absence of toxicity symptoms seen late in the treatment period.
Developing a self-assembled monolayer microarray to study stem cell differentiation

We have developed a novel strategy to generate self-assembled monolayer microarray (SAMs-Array) of alkanethiolates on gold surfaces for the study of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) differentiation. Electroactive alkanethiols were microarray-printed in varying densities to probe the chemical effects on stem cell differentiation. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used for the precise determination of the amount of alkanethiol molecules transferred and SAMs formed on the microarray. We can also control the oxidative and reductive state of each molecule displayed to cells by CV. Based on this SAMs-Array technology, we generated a platform for potential high-throughput screening of various surface chemistry effects on cell behaviors for future applications in biomaterials and tissue engineering.
Direct phase detection technique using an injection-locked VCSEL

A technique for direct detection of the phase of optical signals using an injection-locked VCSEL is presented. Conversion of the phase modulation to modulation of the voltage across the VCSEL is experimentally demonstrated.
The onset of plume dynamics in the spectral space

Time‐dependent convection for infinite Prandtl number fluids has been investigated hitherto in the physical domain. Dynamics of plumelike structures resulting from boundary‐layer instabilities can be interpreted in the spectral domain as having both direct and inverse cascades of energy taking place. In the physical domain only a small part of the spectrum is discernible. But the rest of the spectrum is needed for properly describing the nonlinear process. Only a relatively few modes, fewer than ten, are actually required for describing the essential features associated with the onset of plume dynamics.
Adapting curriculum materials for different course sequences

It is shown how introductory courses in microprocessing can be adapted to fit differing levels of student knowledge and skills. Instructors can use a base of 8086 systems and a programming orientation to design a core curriculum for students in both electronic engineering technician and electrical/computer engineering courses. The curriculum for each of these sequences is described. >
Proteolytic enzymes in the salivary gland of Chironomus tentans.

Die in den larvalen Speicheldrusen vonChironomus tentans vorkommende Protease mit einem pH-Optimum bei 5.5 wird vor Beginn des Zellzerfalls in der Puppenhautung durch, eine Protease mit einem pH-Optimum bei 3.5 ersetzt. Diese Enzymveranderungen stehen in zeitlicher ubereinstimmung mit Veranderungen des Puffmusters und der Lysosomenpopulation.