cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Consultation to the Postpartum Mother

The immediate postpartum period is a time of acute vulnerability to mental illness, which presents unique challenges for the psychiatric consultant. Because the postpartum hospital stay is typically brief, the consultant must have a working knowledge of postpartum physiology and the myriad forms of mental illness that may emerge in this vulnerable time, in order to quickly make a diagnosis and formulate a treatment plan. This review aims to characterize the most common reasons for postpartum consultation, review postpartum physiology and psychiatric conditions, and propose an evidence-based, practical approach to treatment. A literature search using the terms "postpartum," "obstetric," "consultation," and "psychiatry" yielded six studies that identified reasons for psychiatric consultation to the obstetrics and gynecology services. These studies informed the structure of the article such that we review the most common reasons for consultation and how to approach each issue. The most common reason for consultation is past psychiatric history, often in the absence of current symptoms. For each clinical situation, including depression, adverse birth events, and psychosis, we present a differential diagnosis, as well as risk factors, clinical signs, and recommended treatment.
The synthesis of 2-cyano-1-azaadamantane

A convenient synthesis of 2-cyano-1-azaadamantane (4) has been developed. The title compound is prepared via a five-step procedure from bicyclic compound 5 in an overall yield of 31%.
NEW-TPI thermoplastic polyimide: thermal analysis and small-angle X-ray scattering

Isothermal cold crystallization of the thermoplastic polyimide NEW-TPI has been investigated from 300 to 360°C. The fastest crystallization took place at 330°C where the time to maximum exothermic heat flow was 148 s. A single Avrami exponent could be used to describe the bulk crystallization kinetics for degrees of conversion from 0.02 up to 0.95, indicating that most crystallization takes place at the growth front by a single mechanism, nearly up to the completion of crystallization. The Avrami exponent is 3.5 for Tc < 330°C, and decreases as Tc increases. A regime II to III transition is indicated by a slope change seen in ln(lt12) + UR(T−T∞) vs. 1TΔTf. These results indicate that NEW-TPI cold crystallization can be modelled according to heterogeneous nucleation and three-dimensional crystal growth. From Tm vs. Tc analysis, the infinite-crystal melting point of NEW-TPI is estimated to be 400°C. With regard to the glass transition, Tg was affected by cold crystallization in a systematic but minor way. The heat-capacity increment of semicrystalline NEW-TPI at Tg shows a small negative deviation from that predicted on the basis of the degree of crystallinity. The absence of secondary crystallization processes has been used to explain the different glass transition behaviour and small negative heat-capacity deviation in NEW-TPI. Real-time small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to monitor the structure change as a function of cold crystallization time at 300°C. Systematic change of long period, lamellar thickness, invariant and volume fraction of crystallinity were obtained from the one-dimensional electron density correlation function analysis. At Tc=300°C, lamellar thickness as a function of tc ranges from 37 to 52 A, or about 1.5–2.0 times the monomer repeat unit. The thickness of the interphase region was determined from SAXS to be about 17 A independent of cold crystallization time at 300°C.
The Culture of Poverty Revisited: A Strategy for Research

Although the debate over the culture of poverty has diminished greatly in intensity, most of the principal issues in that debate remain unresolved. This is attributed, in large part, to the lack of a systematic theoretical framework to guide empirical research in this area. A proposed framework is developed, based upon Hyman Rodman's concept “value stretch.” General hypotheses are derived and applied to specific issues in the culture of poverty debate.
A design for the additive manufacture of functionally graded porous structures with tailored mechanical properties for biomedical applications

Abstract CAD/CAM-based layered manufacturing and additive manufacturing techniques of metals have found applications in near-net-shape fabrication of complex shaped parts with tailored mechanical properties for several applications. Especially with the onset of newer processes such as electron beam melting (EBM) and direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), revolutionary advances may be achieved in material substitution in the medical implant industry. These processes must be suitably developed and tested for the production of medical grade substitutions. In this article, we discuss a design process for creating periodic cellular structures specifically targeted for biomedical applications. Electron beam melting is used to fabricate the parts. Evaluation of the mechanical properties is performed and compared with design parameters. Compression tests of the samples show effective stiffness values ranging from 0.57 (±0.05) to 2.92 (±0.17) GPa and compressive strength values of 7.28 (±0.93) to 163.02 (±11.98) MPa. Substituting these values for simulation of biomechanical performance of patient-specific implants illustrates the compatibility and matched functional performance characteristics of highly porous parts at a safety factor of 5 and an effective reduction in weight. These developments are unique for the construction of maxillofacial and craniofacial implants. The novel design strategy also lends itself very well to metal additive manufacturing technologies. Implants designed and fabricated with this design strategy and manufacturing process would have mechanical properties equivalent to the part they replace and restore better function and esthetics as against the currently used methods of reconstruction. Suitable examples of a titanium porous cranioplasty plate and a sandwich structure are illustrated.
Biases in Predicted Transmitting Abilities of Sires When Daughters Receive Preferential Treatment

Abstract Data were simulated according to the USDA animal model to determine biases in sire PTA when daughters receive preferential treatment. Two scenarios were investigated. For scenario 1, all daughters were randomly distributed across herds. Bias increased with total number of daughters but at a decreasing rate. For a given total number of daughters, bias increased linearly as the percentage of daughters receiving preferential treatment increased from 25 to 100%. Expressed as a proportion of the preferential treatment effect, bias ranged from .10 to .77. For scenario 2, daughters receiving preferential treatment were placed in a single herd and remaining daughters that did not receive preferential treatment were randomly distributed across 378 other herds. Total number of daughters was 20, 30, or 40, and the percentage of daughters receiving preferential treatment was 50, 75, or 100% in scenario 2. Two sets of herd sizes were used. With the smaller herds, bias was zero when all daughters received preferential treatment; otherwise, bias ranged from .08 to .10. With the larger herds, biases increased as the percentage of daughters receiving preferential treatment increased. The range in bias was .10 to .18 for scenario 2 for the larger herds.
Physician gender and the physician-patient relationship: Recent evidence and relevant questions☆

Despite criticisms of the quality of health care for women and considerable research on sex differences in illness behavior and utilization of health services, little research has addressed the potential impact of physician gender on the physician-patient relationship and its outcomes. With the entry of more women into the medical profession, opportunities to investigate effects of physician gender will increase. A theoretical rationale for expecting physician gender to affect the key dimensions of the interactive physician-patient relationship (communication of information, affective tone, negotiative quality) and its outcomes (satisfaction, compliance, health status) is presented. Physician gender might impact on the relationship through three mechanisms: sex differences among physicians, particularly with respect to sex-role attitudes; patients' different expectations of male and female physicians; or increased status congruence between physician and patient in same-sex, as compared to opposite-sex, physician-patient dyads. Recent research related to these topics is discussed and found to support the plausibility of these mechanisms of potential gender effects. Some methodological suggestions for future research are presented, including the suggestion that future research identify specific conditions under which physician gender effects might be more salient.
Dynamic compressive failure of AlON under controlled planar confinement

An experimental technique is developed to impose a planar lateral confinement in a prismatic specimen (with a rectangular cross section); the setup enabled a controlled and homogeneous stress state with high lateral compressive stresses. A transparent polycrystalline aluminum oxynitride (AlON) specimen was used for the study. The statically precompressed specimen was then subjected to axial dynamic compressive loading using a modified compression Kolsky bar setup. Experimental design was performed using 3D computational modeling. Initial exploratory experiments were conducted on AlON at an average planar confinement of 400–410 MPa; the results suggested a higher compressive strength and a nonlinear stress evolution in AlON due to the confinement. A high-speed camera was used to observe the damage evolution in the specimen during the course of loading. The photographs and stress evolution are suggestive of an additional inelastic deformation mechanism, whose evolution is slower than the typical brittle-cracking type of damage apparent in the unconfined case. The TEM and high-resolution electron microscope analysis indicated dislocation plasticity in some fragments; dislocations in the slip bands were characterized to be dissociated 〈110〉 dislocations on {111} planes. The width between two partial dislocations was about 15 nm, suggesting low stacking fault energy of AlON. Microscopic characterization also shows that the eventual fragmentation of AlON is by cleavage mainly along low-index {111} planes.
Fiber-Matrix Interfaces in Ceramic Composites

The mechanical properties of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are governed by the relationships between the matrix, the interface material, and the fibers. In non-oxide matrix systems compliant pyrolytic carbon and BN have been demonstrated to be effective interface materials, allowing for absorption of mismatch stresses between fiber and matrix and offering a poorly bonded interface for crack deflection. The resulting materials have demonstrated remarkable strain/damage tolerance together with high strength. Carbon or BN, however, suffer from oxidative loss in many service environments, and thus there is a major search for oxidation resistant alternatives. This paper reviews the issues related to developing a stable and effective interface material for non-oxide matrix CMCs.
Cholangiopancreatoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound for indeterminate pancreaticobiliary pathology.

Techniques to confirm suspected pancreaticobiliary (PB) malignancy when index sampling is non-diagnostic include cholangiopancreatoscopy (CP) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). However, comparative data are lacking. The purpose of this study was to compare the yield of EUS and CP for the diagnosis of PB pathology. Consecutive patients with indeterminate PB pathology who underwent both CP and EUS within 3 months of each other were retrospectively identified. For CP, tissue sampling included biopsy under direct inspection (cholangioscopy-directed biopsy), biopsy following CP with fluoroscopic guidance (cholangioscopy-assisted biopsy), or brush cytology. For EUS–FNA, lesions included ductal strictures or hypoechoic masses. A comparison of operating characteristics between CP and EUS utilizing tissue confirmation or 12-month clinical course consistent with either benign or malignant disease was performed. Between February 2000 and June 2007, 66 (33 males, 33 females, median age 64.5) patients with indeterminate PB pathology who had undergone both CP and EUS within 3 months of each other were included. Lesions amenable to sampling were noted in 59 CP and 50 EUS patients. On follow-up, 39 patients had neoplasia and 27 were benign. The sensitivity/specificity for the diagnosis of neoplasia for CP and EUS was 48.7/96.3 % and 33.3/96.3 %, respectively (comparison of sensitivities, P = 0.183). The combined (CP and EUS) sensitivity/specificity was 66.7/96.3 % (P = 0.0064 and P = 0.0001 comparing combined sensitivity vs. sensitivity of either CP alone or EUS alone, respectively). In patients who undergo both EUS and CP for indeterminate PB pathology, the combined yield of EUS and CP to detect neoplasia appears to be higher than either examination alone.
Complications of surgical endoscopy. A decade of experience from a surgical residency training program.

Background: This study examines the notion that gastrointestinal endoscopy performed by supervised surgical residents is safe. Methods: We reviewed all gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures performed by surgical residents with faculty supervision for complications and deaths occurring up to 30 days following the procedures. Results: The overall complication rate for 9,201 upper and lower endoscopy procedures was 1.4% and 0.42%, respectively. Overall mortality rate was 0.76% for upper endoscopy and 0.6% for lower endoscopy. No mortality was a direct result of a procedure-related complication. Intestinal perforation, drug overdose, bleeding, and aspiration were the most common procedure-related complications. Each resident completed an average of 75 upper endoscopies and 79 lower endoscopies during their training period. Conclusions: Gastrointestinal endoscopy can be performed safely by surgical residents with appropriate supervision. The higher morbidity and mortality of upper endoscopy are most likely related to the underlying disease rather than the procedure. Awareness of common complications and application of appropriate precautions and instruction are critical for minimizing complications.
Methodological Challenges Posed by Measures of Performance

Performance measures are everywhere, but they are filled with errors, and these errors are likely to cause faulty inferences. We should distrust performance measures, but we cannot ignore them because they are powerful motivators that can produce dramatic improvements in human and organizational performance.
Inhibition of the Biosynthesis of Steviol by a Growth Retardant

THE glycoside stevioside, which occurs naturally in Stevia rebaudiana (a South American member of the Compositae), is responsible for the remarkable sweet taste of the leaves of that plant. According to the Merck Index, it is 300 times sweeter than sugar. The aglycone of stevioside is the tetracyclic diterpenoic acid steviol. Structurally, it is closely related to gibberellin and shows growth promoting activity in some test plants which were hitherto thought only to be promoted by gibberellin1–3. Steviol is also converted by the fungus Fusarium monili-forme into a gibberellin-like substance which is apparently not identical with gibberellins A1–A9 (ref. 4).
Hepatitis C virus genotypes and quasispecies

Genetic heterogeneity is a hallmark of the hepatitis C virus, as a result largely of the infidelity of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Random nucleotide substitutions are introduced at a very high rate. The existence of genotypes was confirmed by statistical and mathematical techniques, and the relation of the genotypes to each other has been determined. There are six major genotypes, each with multiple subtypes. Isolates of the same genotype have an average sequence homology of 95%, but different genotypes have sequence similarity of approximately 65% on average. The nucleotide sequence in portions of the hepatitis C viral genome, including the 5' noncoding region, part of the core gene, and other nonstructural proteins, is highly conserved. Genotype analysis typically utilizes these highly conserved regions. There are many techniques for determining viral genotype, and in general, concordance between techniques is good. Methods most commonly used for assigning hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in clinical practice include restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and the reverse hybridization line probe assay (LiPA; Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium). The worldwide distribution of HCV genotypes has been determined; some genotypes are highly characteristic of certain areas. The most common subtypes, 1 and 2, are less genetically diverse than the others and are more widely distributed. The impact of genotype on disease course is controversial, but recent data suggest that there is a genotype-dependent differential response to therapy. Quasispecies refers to evolution of a highly related but genetically heterogeneous population of HCV isolates. The pathobiological and clinical implications of HCV quasispecies are poorly understood.
Diagnostics in an air inductively coupled plasma

Abstract Radial temperature distributions in an air inductively coupled plasma discharge, operated at atmospheric pressure, are calculated from measurements of the absolute intensities of two atomic nitrogen lines (746.9 and 493.5 nm), the first negative band system of the nitrogen molecular ion at 391.4 nm, and the air continuum at 560.0 nm. The radial intensity distribution of the Mg I 285.2 and Mg II 279.6 nm lines are employed with the determined radial temperature distribution to calculate the radial electron number density throughout the normal analytical zone. The temperatures ranged from about 6000 to 10,000 K, and the electron number density varied from 5 × 1013 to 2 × 1016 cm−3 in the regions above the induction coil where differences of less than 3 fold were observed between experimental and calculated Ca II to Ca I intensity ratios. On the basis of agreement among the measured temperatures and calcium ion-to-atom intensity ratios, the extent of local thermodynamic equilibrium is evaluated.
The Hospital as the Community Health Center

A hospital is not to be thought of in terms of bricks and mortar, but more impor­ tantly in terms of the people who serve in it: all the professionals— physicians, dentists, osteopaths, nurses, representa­ tives of the lay community who serve the patient or who serve on the board of trustees, the administrator and his ad­ ministrative staff. A hospital is not just a facility. Rather, it is the people who make the hospital a hospital. A statement made by Dr. Crosby, ex­ ecutive vice-president and director of the American Hospital Association, at the White House Conference on Aging in January, 1961, helps to set the focus of thinking on “The hospital as the com­ munity health center.” He said: “We must decide how to provide institutional care to those who need it so that the right person is getting the right care at the right time at the right place and at the right cost.” The inclusion of the word “ institu­ tional” bears a connotation that all of these services should be provided within the walls of some facility. The statement so phrased with the elimination of the word “ institutional” could well be the ob­ jective o f every hospital. Reference to the hospital as the community health center does not imply that the hospital neces­ sarily provides or should provide all health services. Rather, solutions to the continuum of health care are being sought with the realization that the hos­ pital, particularly the acute general hos­ pital, provides some of the solutions and can logically serve as a catalyst for pro­ viding other solutions.
Speed Transients of D-C Rolling Mil Motors

In its introductory part, this paper explains why the transient speed changes of d-c motors under suddenly applied loads may affect the quality of the product rolled on a continuous rolling mill. In a later section, the paper analyzes the behavior of such motors driving a tandem tube mill, and points out the difference between the transient and the steady-state speed-load characteristics; the former greatly affects the product, while the latter, or the conventional speed regulation, is of only minor importance. The paper outlines the course to follow in choosing the most suitable motors and gives a mathematical study of the transient speed-load changes.
ACE inhibitors in acute and chronic ischaemia: current status and future promise.

1 Myocyte loss, reactive hypertrophy, dynamic ischaemia with `stunning', and ventricular wall remodelling are all involved in the initiation and progression of myocardial failure which is ischaemic in origin. 2 The effects of ACE inhibitors to reduce preload and afterload has potentially salutary effects in these settings. Moreover, sulphyl containing ACE inhibitors may have further actions in reducing free radicals and their damage in the acute phases of these events. 3 These promising initial studies warrant further exploration.
Resilience in Physically Abused Children: Protective Factors for Aggression

Aggression continues to be a serious problem among children, especially those children who have experienced adverse life events such as maltreatment. However, there are many maltreated children who show resilient functioning. This study investigated potential protective factors (i.e., child prosocial skills, child internalizing well-being, and caregiver well-being) that promoted positive adaptation and increased the likelihood of a child engaging in the healthy, normative range of aggressive behavior, despite experiencing physical maltreatment. Logistic regression analyses were conducted using two waves of data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW-I). Children who were physically maltreated were more likely to exhibit clinical levels of aggressive behavior at Time 1 than children who were not physically maltreated. Children’s internalizing well-being, children’s prosocial behavior, and caregivers’ well-being were associated with lower likelihood of clinical levels of aggressive behavior at Time 1. Children’s internalizing well-being and children’s prosocial behavior remained significantly associated with nonclinical aggression 18 months later. These findings highlight the role of protective factors in fostering positive and adaptive behaviors in maltreated children. Interventions focusing on preventing early aggression and reinforcing child prosocial skills, child internalizing well-being, and caregiver well-being may be promising in promoting healthy positive behavioral adjustment.
Gender-Role Attitudes and Participation in Competitive Activities of Varying Stereotypic Femininity

The relationship between women's gender-role attitudes and their participation in feminine and unfeminine achievement activities was examined in the domain of competitive sport. The gender-role attitudes of 189 adult and 184 high school female athletes sampled from seven sports were assessed by a short version of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (Spence & Helmreich, 1978). The perceived stereotypic femininity of each sport was determined by questionnaire ratings completed by a subsample of 126 athletes. The findings from the entire sample of adult athletes supported the prediction that women who participated in traditionally unfeminine sports would have more liberal gender-role attitudes than women who competed in feminine sports. No relationship was obtained for the high school sample. Overall the findings provide little support for the notion that women participating in traditionally unfeminine sports use general sex-role attitudes to compensate for gender-inappropriate behavior.
Resource Centered Agonism of Pil Umnus Sa Yi (Brachyura, Xanthidae), an Associate of the Bryozoan Schizoporella Pungens

1. Adult Pilumnus sayi conceal themselves in or under colonies of the bryozoan Schizoporella pungens, and concentrate their activity there. 2. Contests for possession of colonies involve 11 acts, 6 of which are modal action patterns (MAPs). The contests occur at close range (within 2 body widths) and are brief (median of 8 steps/encounter). 3. Larger crabs win most contests while sex has no effect on outcome and residency has little effect. Furthermore, the number of acts per encounter is negatively correlated with the size difference between crabs. 4. Escalation of violence occurs during contests, with MAPs involving force occurring later in the contest. 5. Either contestant is equally likely to escalate the violence but the larger crab is more likely to continue it at the higher level.
Abdominal ultrasonography of splenogonadal fusion.

Splenogonadal fusion is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by fusion between the spleen and the gonad. The diagnosis is usually made at operation or at autopsy, and few reports of the imaging findings of this entity have been published.1–4 Preoperative diagnosis may help prevent unnecessary invasive surgery or orchiectomy. We report the abdominal ultrasonographic findings of splenogonadal fusion.
Covert and Side Channels Due to Processor Architecture

Information leakage through covert channels and side channels is becoming a serious problem, especially when these are enhanced by modern processor architecture features. We show how processor architecture features such as simultaneous multithreading, control speculation and shared caches can inadvertently accelerate such covert channels or enable new covert channels and side channels. We first illustrate the reality and severity of this problem by describing concrete attacks. We identify two new covert channels. We show orders of magnitude increases in covert channel capacities. We then present two solutions, Selective Partitioning and the novel Random Permutation Cache (RPCache). The RPCache can thwart most cache-based software side channel attacks, with minimal hardware costs and negligible performance impact.
The Rebirth of Bioethics: Extending the Original Formulations of Van Rensselaer Potter

Van Rensselaer Potter's original concept of bioethics as a global integration of biology and values was designed to guide human survival. His attention to the creation of human knowledge and the incorporation of ecological concepts and values into medicine and health remain important, yet largely neglected, contributions deserving of further elaboration. Bioethicists should heed his warning about unsustainable progress, particularly in health care systems, and work toward changing their behaviors. Incorporating life-affirming spiritual values and extending Potter's global bioethics to a deeper bioethics seem essential.
CRYSTALLINE SOYBEAN TRYPSIN INHIBITOR

A study has been made of the general properties of crystalline soybean trypsin inhibitor. The soy inhibitor is a stable protein of the globulin type of a molecular weight of about 24,000. Its isoelectric point is at pH 4.5. It inhibits the proteolytic action approximately of an equal weight of crystalline trypsin by combining with trypsin to form a stable compound. Chymotrypsin is only slightly inhibited by soy inhibitor. The reaction between chymotrypsin and the soy inhibitor consists in the formation of a reversibly dissociable compound. The inhibitor has no effect on pepsin. The inhibiting action of the soybean inhibitor is associated with the native state of the protein molecule. Denaturation of the soy protein by heat or acid or alkali brings about a proportional decrease in its inhibiting action on trypsin. Reversal of denaturation results in a proportional gain in the inhibiting activity. Crystalline soy protein when denatured is readily digestible by pepsin, and less readily by chymotrypsin and by trypsin. Methods are given for measuring trypsin and inhibitor activity and also protein concentration with the aid of spectrophotometric density measurements at 280 mµ.
Real-Time Quantitative PCR for Detection of Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common chronic infections in humans, in whom it is a key etiological factor in peptic ulcer disease, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma. Humans are the bacterium9s only host. Here we report the development of a real-time quantitative (Q) PCR-based assay to measure ureC gene copy number to detect H. pylori, based on the fact that there is only one copy of the ureC gene per bacterium. Upon optimization of LightCycler Q-PCR conditions, we obtained a standard curve with a linear range (correlation coefficient = 1) across six logs of DNA concentration. We were able to accurately quantify as few as 1,000 bacteria in our assay. Analysis of variance on 15 randomly selected clinical samples showed good reproducibility of this assay. Comparison of Q-PCR results with bacterial culture and histopathological results from an additional 85 clinical biopsy samples showed a significant difference for the presence of H. pylori. Many samples that were negative for H. pylori by culture and histopathology were positive by Q-PCR. Contamination of PCR by H. pylori or H. pylori genetic material could not be ruled out. In summary, we developed a rapid, sensitive, and real-time Q-PCR method for detecting H. pylori. This technique offers a significant improvement over other available methods for detecting H. pylori in clinical and research samples.
Learning to form large groups of salient image features

We offer a novel strategy to adapt the perceptual organization process to an object and its contest in a scene. Given a set of training images of an object in context, a learning process decides on the relative importance of the basic Gestalt relationships such as proximity, parallelness, similarity, symmetry, closure, and common region towards segregating the object from the background. This learning is accomplished using a team of stochastic automata in a N-player cooperative game framework. The grouping process which is based on graph partitioning is able to form large groups from relationships defined over a small set of primitives and is fast. We demonstrate the robust performance of the growing system on a variety of real images. Among the interesting conclusions is the significant role of photometric attributes in grouping and the ability to perform figure-ground segmentation from a set of local relations, each defined over a small number of primitives.
Citizens United from a Historical Perspective: Corporate Person, Corporate Rights, and the Principle of Confiscation

The Supreme Court’s 2010 decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission is often criticized for having declared that corporations are persons with the same constitutional rights as human beings. Using standard theories of the nature of the corporation as a guide, this paper traces the concept of corporate personhood from its mythical birth in the 1886 Santa Clara case. This historical perspective reveals that the Court has never settled on one theory of the nature of the corporation. Even after Citizens United the concept of corporate person remains little more than a metaphor or legal fiction. The real significance of Citizens United is that it ignored the traditional limitation on corporate constitutional rights. The idea of corporate constitutional rights springs from early Contract Clause doctrine holding that a state could not deprive a corporation of the essential object of its grant or confiscate corporate property. By ruling that the rights of corporations are not limited to issues that materially affect its business or property, the majority in Citizens United casually dismissed this principle of confiscation. It thus rejected both the most significant limitation on corporate constitutional rights and underlying rationale for giving corporations constitutional rights in the first place.
Engineered systems for the physical manipulation of single cells

Manipulating the physical location of cells is useful both to organize cells in vitro and to separate cells during screening. The quest to manipulate cells on length scales commensurate with their size has led to a host of technologies exploiting optical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, and other phenomena. Researchers interested in organizing cells are gaining the ability to pattern more than two cell types, to create dynamic surfaces, and to pattern cells in the third dimension. In the realm of cell separation for screening, there has been significant progress in miniaturized flow-based optical sorters as well as in sorting following static microscopic observation.
Chromogranin A: Posttranslational Modifications in Secretory Granules

The primary structure of chromogranin A indicates multiple domains which might be subject to posttranslational modification. We explored chromogranin A’s proteolytic cleavage, glycosylation, and possible intermolecular disulfide links, using biochemical and cell biological approaches. Antichromogranin A region-specific immunoblots on chromaffin granules suggested bidirectional endoproteolytic cleavage of chromogranin A; control experiments ruled out artifactual cleavage during granule isolation or lysis. Isolation of chromogranin A-derived peptides by gel filtration chromatography or sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE), followed by N-terminal amino acid sequencing, established several cleavage sites, including at least two at dibasic sites. Secretion of chromogranin A from bovine chromaffin cells did not initiate further cleavage, nor did prolonged exposure of secreted chromogranins to the secretory cells. The chromogranin A cleavage pattern was qualitatively similar in oth...
Fournier's Gangrene

Fournier’s gangrene (FG) is an acute, rapidly progressive and potentially fatal, infective necrotizing fasciitis affecting the external genitalia, perineal or perianal regions1. The definition of FG changed more often than the treatment over the years. Professor JeanAlfred Fournier (1832-1914), first defined FG as an ‘acute idiopathic gangrene of the scrotum in the young male2. The frequent isolation of causative organisms led to the first modification. Observation that the elderly with certain co-morbidities are more often affected along with reports in women went a long way in modifying the description of FG3. FG is a disease of antiquity. King Herod of Judea was suspected to have suffered from genital gangrene in association with diabetes mellitus 4. Over the decades, FG has proved to be an enigma to the physician and an embarrassment to the patient. In 1764, Baurienne originally described an idiopathic, rapidly progressive soft-tissue necrotizing process that led to gangrene of the male genitalia. However, Jean-Alfred Fournier, a Parisian venereologist, is more commonly associated with this disease, which bears his name. In one of Fournier’s clinical lectures in 1883, he presented a case of perineal gangrene in an otherwise healthy young man5. Since Fournier’s description, subsequent experience has shown that, in most cases, Fournier gangrene has an identifiable cause and that it frequently manifests more indolently. Trauma to the genitalia continues to be a frequently recognized vector for the introduction of bacteria that initiate the infectious process5. The disease carries a significant mortality. The mortality from FG has shown no correlation with advancement in medical services. An unpublished report indicates a paradoxically higher mortality rate in developed countries compared to developing ones.
Anthropogenic causes of the western Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus population decline and their threat to recovery

1 The western Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus population has experienced a chronic decline since the 1960s. The causes are likely multifactorial and a combination of anthropogenic and natural factors. A draft revised recovery plan for the Steller sea lion has been published by the US National Marine Fisheries Service, listing both anthropogenic and natural factors that may have contributed to the observed decline or which may be a threat to the recovery of the western Steller sea lion population. The purpose of this review is to consider the anthropogenic threats to this stock. 2 Anthropogenic sources of mortality include fisheries competition resulting in nutritional stress, mortality incidental to commercial fisheries (i.e. fisheries by-catch), subsistence hunts, legal and illegal shooting, commercial hunts, anthropogenic-related contamination, and research-induced mortalities. 3 We present evidence that the following anthropogenic factors likely contributed to the decline of the western Steller sea lion population over the last 40 years: (i) mortality incidental to commercial fisheries (i.e. by-catch); (ii) commercial hunting of western Steller sea lions; and (iii) legal and illegal shooting; whereas the subsistence hunts for western Steller sea lions and mortality incidental to research were not likely to be contributors to the observed decline. 4 Further, we present evidence that the following can be excluded as significant anthropogenic threats to the recovery of the western Steller sea lion population: (i) mortality incidental to commercial fishing; (ii) legal and illegal shooting; (iii) commercial hunts of Steller sea lions; (iv) subsistence hunting; and (v) mortality incidental to research. 5 Competition with fisheries resulting in nutritional stress, and the potential impacts of contaminants, are two anthropogenic factors that should continue to be a priority for the various organizations currently doing research on this population.
Managing Nanotechnology Risks in Vulnerable Populations: A Case for Gender Diversity

Funded by the National Science Foundation and the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN), this study asks qualitatively analyzes interviews with 48 nanoscientist users at four NNIN facilities. The main research questions were: (1) Do nanotechnologies pose unique social and ethical concerns?; (2) how are the risks associated with nanotechnology distributed among different human populations?; (3) what are specific policy steps that can be used to manage such risks? This study purposefully oversampled female scientists to correct for the historical underrepresentation of women in the nanotechnology workforce. By amplifying the voice of this science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce minority, the policy discussion contained herein better reflects the concerns of the general population. The results, analyzed with the aid of qualitative data analysis software, yield interesting differences in risk characterization among the scientists and innovative policy suggestions for the nanoscience community and regulators alike.
Achieving consensus on leadership competencies and outcome measures: The Pediatric Pulmonary Centers' experience.

Pediatric Pulmonary Centers (PPCs) are federally funded interdisciplinary leadership training programs aiming to improve the health of families and children. This article describes the process PPCs used to efficiently and effectively achieve consensus on leadership training competencies and outcome measures among a large and diverse group of health professionals. Phase 1 used a modified Delphi technique to develop an initial set of competencies and outcome measures. Phase 2 used the nominal group technique and modified focus group strategies to refine and prioritize the competencies and outcomes measures. Participants reported being highly satisfied with the process and outcomes. In Phase 3, a formal program evaluation instrument was implemented, designed to measure the competency and describe the career paths and leadership accomplishments of previous trainees. The consensus process adopted can serve as a model for academic and public health entities seeking to achieve consensus on program goals, strateg...
Reactivity of Resident Immunocytes in Normal and Prepsoriatic Skin Using an Ex Vivo Skin-Explant Model System

Abstract Context.—While it is well known that both exogenous and endogenous stimuli can trigger appearance of psoriatic lesions, the initial cellular and molecular events mediated by immunocompeten...
Positive attitude toward life, emotional expression, self-rated health, and depressive symptoms among centenarians and near-centenarians

Objectives: Favorable attitudes, emotions, personality characteristics, and self-rated health have been associated with successful aging in late life. However, less is known regarding these constructs and their relationships to mental health outcomes in the oldest old persons. This study examined cross-sectional relationships of these psychological factors to depressive symptoms in centenarians and near-centenarians.Methods: A selected sample of Ashkenazi Jewish older adults aged 98–107 (n = 54, 78% female) without significant cognitive impairment participated. Cognitive function was assessed by Mini-Mental Status Examination, positive attitude toward life and emotional expression by the Personality Outlook Profile Scale (POPS), self-rated health by participants' subjective rating of their present health, and depressive symptoms by the Geriatric Depression Scale.Results: Results demonstrated inverse associations of the positive attitude toward life domain of the POPS and self-rated health with participant...
On the construction of hierarchical fuzzy systems models

A review of the basic ideas of fuzzy systems modeling is provided. We introduce a hierarchical-type fuzzy systems model called a hierarchical prioritized structure (HPS) and review its structure, operation, and the interlevel aggregation algorithm. We then turn to the issue of constructing the HPS. Consideration is first given to the case in which rules are provided by an expert. Detailed consideration is given to the problem of completing incomplete priorities by use of the principle of maximal buoyancy. A mathematical programming method is introduced for the implementation of this approach. The issue of tuning hierarchical models is addressed. We next introduce a dynamic approach to the formulation of an HPS directly from data that enables us to continually update our model as more observations become available. This approach allows a system's builder to start with a default model and include exceptions.
The Evolution of NASIG and UKSG

ABSTRACTThis first column of Across the Pond will report on the responses of the leaders of NASIG and UKSG to a brief questionnaire on the differences and similarities between the two organizations and will discuss the historical treatment of open access at the conferences of both organizations.
A Further Comment on Pappus

(1970). A Further Comment on Pappus. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 77, No. 9, pp. 965-968.
Genetic Control of Photosynthesis in Relation to Growth of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Plants

The genetic improvement of photosynthesis has often been proposed as a route to increased crop productivity. However, although there is extensive genotypic variability in photosynthesis per unit of leaf area or leaf weight in many crop species, the exploitation of this variability remains difficult. Not only is photosynthesis very sensitive to environmental factors, but there are reports of considerable genotype by environment and genotype by developmental stage interactions. Under such conditions, selection progress would be difficult and large numbers of measurements would be needed to assess phenotypic expression.
Age Similarities in Complex Memory Search: An Extension of Dual Process Theory

Understanding age-related similarities and differences in development of cognitive skill is important as it can inform theories of cognitive aging as well as serve the pragmatic value of informing those individuals who are developing age-related interventions for numerous activities of daily living. We investigated both the performance and learning of skilled memory search, a task that has shown age-related similarity in performance if sufficient consistent practice is provided, to determine if training guidelines for this class of processing activities is applicable to both young and old adults. Old and young adults received memory search training, and then the participants were transferred to untrained exemplars of the trained memory set categories. The results suggest that both young and old adults are, at least to some extent, learning at the semantic-category level. This study provides additional evidence that training guidelines derived from an automatic and controlled processing framework can be ap...
Abstract B63: Protein kinase C zeta plays an important role in the oncogenic phenotype of pancreatic cancer cells.

Pancreatic cancer remains the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States due, in part, to its propensity for invasion and metastasis. Protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ) has been shown to regulate migration and invasion of both normal and malignant cell types. PKCζ has been shown to play a procarcinogenic role in various cancer types, including breast, colon, and glioblastoma; however, a role for PKCζ in the transformed growth of pancreatic cancer has not been demonstrated. We hypothesized that PKCζ may contribute to the lethality of pancreatic cancer by promoting cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Consistent with the hypothesis that PKCζ plays a role in the pancreatic cancer phenotype, PKCζ is overexpressed in a subset of human pancreatic tumors compared to associated non-tumor pancreas tissue. In the present study we use RNAi-mediated inhibition of PKCζ expression to investigate the role of PKCζ in the growth and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Inhibition of PKCζ reduces log phase growth and survival of human pancreatic cancer cell lines, with a corresponding reduction in colony formation in soft agar. Inhibition of PKCζ significantly reduces the size of tumors formed by human pancreatic cancer cells in a mouse orthotopic tumor model. Analysis of the isolated orthotopic tumors reveals a reduction in tumor cell proliferation in PKCζ RNAi tumors. In addition, PKCζ RNAi tumors exhibit elevated tumor necrosis compared to nontarget RNAi (control) tumors. Furthermore, PKCζ RNAi tumors produce fewer metastases to distal organs, corresponding to the reduced migration and invasion of PKCζ RNAi cells in vitro. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which is often constitutively activated in pancreatic tumors and pancreatic cancer cell lines, has been implicated in pancreatic cancer cell survival and metastasis. Indeed, we observe reduced cell survival, migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells in which STAT3 signaling is inhibited. Interestingly, inhibition of PKCζ significantly reduces constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Taken together these data strongly support a required role for PKCζ in pancreatic cancer cell survival, migration and invasion, and indicate that STAT3 may be a downstream effector of PKCζ in pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: Amanda M. Butler, Michele L. Scotti, Shuhua Li, Alan P. Fields, Nicole R. Murray. Protein kinase C zeta plays an important role in the oncogenic phenotype of pancreatic cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Progress and Challenges; Jun 18-21, 2012; Lake Tahoe, NV. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B63.