cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spare the rod, spoil the network security? Economic analysis of sanctions online

When and how should we encourage network providers to mitigate the harm of security and privacy risks? Poorly designed interventions that do not align with economic incentives can lead stakeholders to be less, rather than more, careful. We apply an economic framework that compares two fundamental regulatory approaches: risk based or ex ante and harm based or ex post . We posit that for well known security risks, such as botnets, ex ante sanctions are economically efficient. Systematic best practices, e.g. patching, can reduce the risk of becoming a bot and thus can be implemented ex ante . Conversely risks, which are contextual, poorly understood, and new, and where distribution of harm is difficult to estimate, should incur ex post sanctions, e.g. information disclosure. Privacy preferences and potential harm vary widely across domains; thus, post-hoc consideration of harm is more appropriate for privacy risks. We examine two current policy and enforcement efforts, i.e. Do Not Track and botnet takedowns, under the ex ante vs. ex post framework. We argue that these efforts may worsen security and privacy outcomes, as they distort market forces, reduce competition, or create artificial monopolies. Finally, we address the overlap between security and privacy risks.
The Adaptability of Introduced Biological Control Agents

The ecological circumstances necessary for successful establishment of an entomophagous insect in a new environment are complex. The climate must be suitable in its direct effects on development, survival, and reproduction of the new natural enemy; it must also be suitable in its indirect effects on life cycle synchrony between enemy and host1 (Flanders, 1940; Elton, 1958).
Identifying mental and physical health correlates of homelessness among first-time and chronically homeless veterans

This study examined four categories of self-reported health and mental health factors and their association with recurrent or chronic homelessness in a sample of homeless Veterans presenting for care for the first time. These factors and their relationship to housing status were examined in a cross-sectional analysis comparing first-time or single episode homeless Veterans to chronic or repeat emergency sheltered or unsheltered homeless Veterans. Results revealed that while Veterans with a history of chronic or recurrent homelessness were more likely to self-report diagnoses of substance abuse problems, any mental health problems, and bipolar disorder, those who were homeless for the first time in their adult life were more likely to report a variety of physical health conditions, economic causes of homelessness, and some other mental health problem. These findings suggest that further work should be undertaken to determine how clinical interventions for Veteran homelessness address different risk profiles and treatment needs based on lifetime homeless history.
Patient Perspectives on Achieving Treat‐to‐Target Goals: A Critical Examination of Patient‐Reported Outcomes

Objective Treat-to-target (T2T) recommendations suggest that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients should strive for remission or low disease activity (LDA). However, it is unclear whether patients experiencing a good response to biologic agents might experience further improvement in patient-reported outcomes (PROs) if they subsequently achieve a lower disease activity state, particularly the T2T goals of LDA or remission. Methods Using the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America database, we identified RA patients initiating biologic agents. We restricted the analysis to patients with improvement (Clinical Disease Activity Index [CDAI] improvement of ≥10 units) at 3–6 months (baseline visit; n = 1,368) with a followup visit approximately 9 months later (n = 984). Patients in CDAI remission or with a worsened disease activity category were excluded, leaving 562 eligible patients. PROs (global assessment, pain, and fatigue by 0–10 visual analog scales and disability by the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire [M-HAQ]) were examined at these 2 visits. Mean change in PROs compared achievement of a lower disease activity category versus staying in the same disease activity category, adjusting for potential confounders. Results Patients who achieved a lower disease activity category (40% of the eligible cohort, 86% of these achieving LDA or remission) had significantly better improvement in patient pain (−14.9; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] −18.4, −11.6), patient global (−17.5; 95% CI −20.8, −14.3), fatigue (−8.5; 95% CI −15.8, −1.3), and M-HAQ score (−0.13; 95% CI −0.18, −0.08) compared to patients who stayed in the same disease activity category. However, even for patients improving, fewer than half exceeded the minimum clinically important difference for each PRO. Conclusion Achievement of a lower disease activity disease state, especially T2T goals, was associated with further improvement in PROs, albeit modest in magnitude.
Sister chromatid exchange induction near the baseline with low doses of the alkylating agent CCNU.

Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and cell-cycle kinetics were examined at near-baseline levels in human peripheral lymphocytes exposed to low doses of the potent SCE inducer 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU), in vitro. A preliminary SCE dose-response curve was determined with a broad range of doses of CCNU using a single donor. SCE induction was approximately linear over the entire dose range from 5 to 200 ..mu..M CCNU. Cell cycle kinetics were retarded in a dose-dependent manner. A second dose-response curve from the same donor was constructed using several doses of CCNU between 0.5 and 10 ..mu..M to evaluate linearity and uniformity of SCE response near baseline levels. SCE induction was approximately linear between 1.0 and 10.0 ..mu..M CCNU. Finally, SCE and cell-cycle kinetics were examined in 12 donors at doses of 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 ..mu..M CCNU to evaluate the reproducibility of near-baseline SCE induction over a range of subjects. Cell-cycle kinetics were retarded at all three doses with a highly significant increase in SCE frequencies at 5.0 and 10.0 ..mu..M CCNU. These data suggest that increases in SCE less than twice background can be reliable indicators of genotoxic exposure.
Moving the field of prevention from science to service: Integrating evidence-based preventive interventions into community practice through adapted and adaptive models

Abstract The article addresses the adaptation of evidence-based prevention and positive youth development programs for community use. Two complementary approaches for adapting programs are described. In the “adapted” approach, programs are modified to accommodate the culture, climate, and operations of the organization delivering the program. In the “adaptive” approach, programs are modified to accommodate the characteristics, needs and preferences of the individual or family receiving the program. Two examples are provided that illustrate how both adapted and adaptive intervention strategies have been incorporated by community practitioners into the implementation of the Early Risers conduct problems prevention program.
The thermic effect of carbohydrate and fat intake before, during, and after graded exercise

Abstract The thermic effect of meals consisting of predominantly carbohydrate (CHO) or fat (FAT) followed by a graded exercise test was compared to a no meal (NOM) trial in 7 women. Oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) increased similarly during the 45 min period following both meals (21%-CHO, 23%-FAT), however, total energy expenditure was greatest following CHO due to an increased respiratory exchange ratio (R). No differences between trials in VO 2 or energy expenditure were noted during submaximal or maximal work loads. Following exercise VO 2 decreased to postprandial, pre-exercise levels within approximately 30 min. Oxygen consumption remained elevated 13% in both meal trials at 3h post-meal (2h post-exercise), however, energy expenditure was greater in CHO during the final hour of recovery. It was concluded that CHO and FAT induce similar increases in VO2, however, energy expenditure is slightly greater in CHO due to greater caloric cost of carbohydrate versus fat oxidation. There was no evidence of a diet plus exercise potentiation of VO 2 .
OPERANT PROCEDURES AND THE COMATOSE PATIENT

Operant procedures were tested on three patients who had been in vegetative coma for 6 months, 10 months, and 38 months. A discrete trial procedure was used to test compliance to verbal requests for three behaviors for each patient, including lateral head movement or finger movement, eye focus or eye squeeze, and mouth movement. The design for each patient consisted of multiple baselines across three behaviors with a withdrawal phase and a reinstatement phase (ABAB) for one behavior. Baseline phases were followed by contingent music phases in which 15-second taped excerpts of patients' preferred music sounded immediately following the emission of targeted behaviors. The contingent music treatment affected all three behaviors for Patient 1, but was less effective for two out of three behaviors for the second and third patients who had been in coma for more extensive periods of time. Results are discussed in terms of the potential contributions of the use of operant assessment and treatment procedures in an area of medicine where they have not been used before.
Increased Survival of Persons with Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, 1991–2000

To determine factors associated with the occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and tuberculosis (TB) disease (HIV-TB) and the associated survival rate, we analyzed patients with HIV-TB at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, from 1991 through 2000. Overall, 644 patients with HIV-TB were seen. The number of HIV-TB cases per year was highest in 1992 (102 cases) and declined to 39 cases in 2000. Over time, patients were more likely to be enrolled in the HIV outpatient clinic (P <.01), but, in 1997, only 21 (51%) of 41 patients were enrolled in HIV-infection care programs and only 9 (22%) of 41 received HAART. The 1-year survival rate for patients with HIV-TB was 58% in 1991, 81% in 1994, and 83% in 1997 (P< .001). The increase in survival for patients with HIV-TB between 1991 and 1994 was likely due to improved TB and HIV therapy. More effective strategies for enrolling and maintaining HIV-TB patients in HIV-infection care programs could further increase survival.
Removal of smooth foreign bodies from the upper esophagus with foley catheter under fluoroscopic visualization

A coin lodged in the esophagus of a 4-year-old child was removed with the use of a Foley catheter. The technique involves the direction of the catheter, under fluoroscopic control, past the foreign object. Inflation of the balloon and withdrawal of the catheter dislodges the object into the pharynx. In contrast to endoscopic procedures, the technique obviates the need for sedation or anesthesia, thus shortening hospitalization time. It is unsuitable for the treatment of other than smooth foreign bodies.
Expansion of community-based perinatal care in California.

OBJECTIVE: In California, hospitals with Community Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) increased from 17 in 1990 to 52 in 1997. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of their growth on level-specific distribution of births, acuity, and neonatal mortality. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 4,563,900 infants born from 1990 to 1997 were analyzed by levels of care. We examined shifts in birth location and acuity. Neonatal mortality for singleton very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants without congenital abnormalities was used to assess differences in level-specific survival. RESULTS: Live births at hospitals with Community NICUs increased from 8.6% to 28.6%, and VLBW births increased from 11.7% to 37.4%. Births and VLBW births at Regional NICUs decreased, whereas acuity was unchanged. There were no differences in neonatal mortality of VLBW infants born at Community or Regional NICU hospitals. Mortality for VLBW births at other levels of care was significantly higher. CONCLUSION: The rapid growth of monitored Community NICUs supported by a regionalized system of neonatal transport represents an evolving face of regionalization. Survival of VLBW births was similar at Community and Regional hospitals and higher than in other birth settings. Reducing VLBW births at Primary Care and Intermediate NICU hospitals continues to be an important goal of regionalization.
Hippocampal ER Stress and Learning Deficits Following Repeated Pyrethroid Exposure

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is implicated as a significant contributor to neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. Previously, we reported that the widely used pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin causes ER stress-mediated apoptosis in SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cells. Whether or not this occurs in vivo remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that repeated deltamethrin exposure (3 mg/kg every 3 days for 60 days) causes hippocampal ER stress and learning deficits in adult mice. Repeated exposure to deltamethrin caused ER stress in the hippocampus as indicated by increased levels of C/EBP-homologous protein (131%) and glucose-regulated protein 78 (96%). This was accompanied by increased levels of caspase-12 (110%) and activated caspase-3 (50%). To determine whether these effects resulted in learning deficits, hippocampal-dependent learning was evaluated using the Morris water maze. Deltamethrin-treated animals exhibited profound deficits in the acquisition of learning. We also found that deltamethrin exposure resulted in decreased BrdU-positive cells (37%) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, suggesting potential impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that repeated deltamethrin exposure leads to ER stress, apoptotic cell death in the hippocampus, and deficits in hippocampal precursor proliferation, which is associated with learning deficits.
Estrogen Lowers Alzheimer β-Amyloid Generation by Stimulating trans-Golgi Network Vesicle Biogenesis *

Estrogen reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease in post-menopausal women, beta-amyloid (Abeta) burden in animal models of Alzheimer's disease, and secretion of Abeta from neuronal cultures. The biological basis for these effects remains unknown. Here, utilizing cell-free systems derived from both neuroblastoma cells and primary neurons, we demonstrate that 17beta-estradiol (17beta-E2) stimulates formation of vesicles containing the beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Accelerated betaAPP trafficking precludes maximal Abeta generation within the TGN. 17beta-E2 appears to modulate TGN phospholipid levels, particularly those of phosphatidylinositol, and to recruit soluble trafficking factors, such as Rab11, to the TGN. Together, these results suggest that estrogen may exert its anti-Abeta effects by regulating betaAPP trafficking within the late secretory pathway. These results suggest a novel mechanism through which 17beta-E2 may act in estrogen-responsive tissues and illustrate how altering the kinetics of the transport of a protein can influence its metabolic fate.
Development of transfer RNA methylating enzymes with altered properties during heat induction of Escherichia coli K12 (λC1857)

Abstract Inactivation studies reveal that extracts of logarithmically growing cells of heatinducible E. coli C600 (λC 1 857) and of E. coli M3 (λC 1 857) contain tRNA methylase activities which are markedly more labile to heat than those found in extracts of induced cells. Decline of heat-labile components and development of heat-stable enzymes proceed simultaneously during the 20-minute treatment at 40° which results in λ induction. Leucine- 14 C incorporation studies indicate that there is rapid polypeptide synthesis throughout this period. If protein synthesis during the induction treatment is blocked with 100 μg/ml chloramphenicol, the usual increase in heat resistant methylases is not observed, indicating that the latter are the result of de novo protein synthesis. The inactivation process, which seems to be preferentially directed toward uracil and adenine methylases, is independent of protein synthesis. On the basis of the similarities between these findings and those obtained in studies on ultraviolet light induction of λ, a possible role for involvement of the methylating enzymes in prophage induction is discussed.
Stopping a response has global or nonglobal effects on the motor system depending on preparation.

Much research has focused on how people stop initiated response tendencies when instructed by a signal. Stopping of this kind appears to have global effects on the motor system. For example, by del...
Cholecystokinin and peptide YY are released by fat in either proximal or distal small intestine in dogs.

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY) may be independent of the region of the small intestine exposed to fat. In five dogs equipped with duodenal and midgut fistulas, the small intestine was compartmentalized so that fat was confined to either the proximal or distal one-half of the gut. Plasma CCK and PYY levels were measured by radioimmunoassay and compared by the square root of the area under the curve (sqrt AUC), representing the plasma peptide concentration over time. CCK was released similarly whether fat was delivered into the proximal (69.9±4.7 pM) or distal (71.0±5.5 pM) gut, but significantly more CCK (88.9±5.6 pM; p
Emergent leadership as a function of sex and task type

Emergent leadership was examined in relation to sex and task type; 120 subjects participated in four-person mixed-sex groups. Three task conditions (masculine, neutral, and feminine gender orientations) were tested with 10 groups in each condition. It was predicted and found that more men than women would emerge as leaders in the masculine and neutral task conditions, while more women would assume the leadership role in the feminine task condition. The effects of the gender orientation of a task are discussed. It is suggested that expertise with a task may explain the “task type” effect found.
Reversed-phase liquid chromatography of the opioid peptides. 3. Development of a microanalytical system for opioid peptides involving microbore liquid chromatography, post-column derivatization and laser-induced fluorescence detection

A microanalytical system has been developed for the determination of peptides in small samples. Naphthalene-2,3-dicar☐aldehyde-β-mercaptoethanol (NDA—BME) was used as the labelling reagent system as an alternative to NDA—cyanide (NDA—CN) because of the faster labelling when CN was replaced by a thiol. The fluorescence characteristics of the NDA—thiol adducts, N-substituted 1-alkylthiobenz[f]isoindoles (TBIs), were found to be different from the previously described cyanobenz[f]isoindole (CBIs) adducts formed by the reaction of primary amines with NDA—CN. The excitation maximum of the TBI adducts was at 460 nm, which was closer to the 457.9 nm argon-ion laser line, than the 440-nm maximum of the CBI adduct. The limit of detection for leucine enkephalin was 36 fmol (S/N = 3) and linearity was proven for greater than 2 orders of magnitude, from 45 fmol to 9 pmol for an injection volume of 60 nl. The detectability was limited by the high background noise produced by the post-column derivatization system. The utility of the system was demonstrated for the analysis of methionine enkephalin and its potential oxidation products, using leucine enkephalin as a suitable internal standard.
Terrestrial laser scanning (LiDAR) as a means of digital documentation in rescue archaeology: Two examples from the Faynan of Jordan

Traditional rescue archaeology has focused on the rapid excavation or the cursory documentation of endangered archaeological sites, typically in urban settings. However, when the archaeologist is in remote field situations and encounters an endangered site or a recently exposed robber's pit, little documentation is typically possible in the short time available to pursue such fortuitous projects. This leads to the loss of a significant amount of potentially useful cultural heritage data. With the advent of new point cloud technologies, more data can now be collected to preserve endangered sites prior to, or even during, their destruction. Over the 2011 field season of the University of California, San Diego's (UCSD's) Edom Lowlands Regional Project (ELRAP) in the Wadi Faynan of Jordan, two day long rescue archaeology projects, at Khirbat Faynan and Umm al-Amad, were undertaken utilizing terrestrial Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR) as their primary documentation tool. Such rapid documentation was possible with the aid of several modifications to the standard laser scanning equipment, which not only allowed the equipment access to the tight spaces these projects entailed, but required that fewer scans be taken than with traditional laser scanning. The use of free-station scanning also significantly decreased the amount of time needed for data capture in the field. However this increased the amount of post-processing and potential human registration error. The data sets created via “Rescue LiDAR” now preserve a detailed record of these two sites. This data would have been lost to posterity had rapid and adaptable scanning technology not been available.
Two successful pregnancies after conservative treatment of endometrial cancer and assisted reproduction

Abstract Objective: To report successful pregnancies after conservative management of FIGO grade I adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Design: Retrospective chart review Setting: University-based assisted reproduction and oncology units. Patient(s): One patient who had two separate pregnancies. Intervention(s): High-dose progestin (megestrol acetate) therapy for adenocarcinoma, followed by assisted reproduction with donor oocyte. Main Outcome Measure(s): Histologic evaluation of endometrium after megestrol acetate and at completion of childbearing, and successful pregnancies and deliveries. Result(s): The patient had complete resolution of adenocarcinoma with progestin therapy and successful delivery of two pregnancies after assisted reproduction. Conclusion(s): Conservative management of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics grade I adenocarcinoma of the endometrium allows preservation of childbearing.
The effect of antenatal surgery on postnatal palatal growth in sheep

It has been suggested that repair of skin and mucosal wounds carried out in animals in utero leaves little or no trace of the operative procedure when examined at birth. This study examined the palates of lambs affected surgically in utero postnatally for scarring and transverse palatal growth. Nineteen pregnant sheep were affected at 120 days gestation. Surviving lambs followed for 6 months demonstrated altered palatal morphology.
Flow characterization in high-velocity fluidized beds using pressure fluctuations

Abstract Fast fluidization flow characteristics were studied using instantaneous pressure signals in a fast fluidization unit with 0.152 m i.d. and 8.4 m height using a Zeolite FCC catalyst. The data confirmed that a fast fluidized bed can usually be divided into two main regions, a dense region at the bottom and a dilute region at the top. Within both regions the mean void fractions are essentially constant along the height. The void fraction in the dense region appears to be independent of the solid circulation rate and varies only slightly with the superficial gas velocity. Upward moving instabilities were detected within the dense region of the bed with a fairly constant wave speed over a wide range of flow parameters. These have similarity to phenomena in slugging fluidized beds. The results suggest that the solids in the dense region of a high-velocity fluidized bed are present in three different forms—relatively stagnant in a dense annulus region, very dilute in a core region, and in the form of waves rolling upward between the core and dense annulus.
Wireless intelligent monitoring and analysis systems

The wireless intelligent monitoring and analysis systems is a proof-of-concept directed at discovering solution(s) for providing decentralized intelligent data analysis and control for distributed containers equipped with wireless sensing units. The objective was to embed smart behavior directly within each wireless sensor container, through the incorporation of agent technology into each sensor suite. This approach provides intelligent directed fusion of data based on a social model of teaming behavior. This system demonstrates intelligent sensor behavior that converts raw sensor data into group knowledge to better understand the integrity of the complete container environment. The emergent team behavior is achieved with lightweight software agents that analyze sensor data based on their current behavior mode. When the system starts-up or is reconfigured the agents self-organize into virtual random teams based on the leader/member/lonely paradigm. The team leader collects sensor data from their members and investigates all abnormal situations to determine the legitimacy of high sensor readings. The team leaders flag critical situation and report this knowledge back to the user via a collection of base stations. This research provides insight into the integration issues and concerns associated with integrating multi-disciplinary fields of software agents, artificial life and autonomous sensor behavior into a complete system.
IT-31HARNESSING THE IMMUNOLOGIC CAPACITY OF THE LIVER AGAINST GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains invariably associated with poor patient outcomes thus necessitating the development of more targeted therapeutics. To circumvent the challenges associated with cellular therapeutics, we have utilized clinical-grade nanoparticle (NP) vaccine formulations that are known to traffic through the liver. Since the liver is a profoundly important lymphoid organ enriched with innate immune cells that must function in the dualistic role of tolerance when constitutively engaged by gastrointestinal ligands and heighted inflammatory responses when engaged by viral elements, it represents a profound immunological niche for re-directing the immune system in the presence of specific ‘danger’ signals. Therefore, using tumor derived RNA from intracranial gliomas, imbued with the appropriate immunomodulatory RNAs packaged into an "off the shelf" NP vaccine formulation, we aim to harness the liver's immunologic potential against GBM. METHODS: We sought to assess if vaccination with autologously derived total tumor RNA encapsulated in lipophilic NPs could transfect liver antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and induce anti-tumor immunity in pre-clinical immunocompetent murine GBM models. RESULTS: We screened clinically available nanoliposomal formulations, identified a suitable NP courier for delivery of encapsulated RNA to liver APCs, and demonstrated effective anti-tumor activity against murine GBMs. These NPs were shown to preferentially transfect hepatic cells and APCs therein generating a preponderance of antigen specific T cell immunity against tumor antigens. The percentage of antigen specific T cells was greater from harvested livers compared with harvested secondary lymphoid organs. Moreover, we demonstrated the capacity to significantly enhance the immunity and anti-tumor efficacy of this platform through incorporation of immunomodulatory RNAs encoding for cytokines such as GM-CSF. CONCLUSION: RNA-NPs represent a novel therapeutic platform for inducing potent nontoxic immunity against gliomas by harnessing the immunologic potential of the liver, thus providing a more effective and specific therapy critical in improving clinical outcomes for patients with GBM.
Preservice Elementary Teachers' Perceptions of an Action Research Assignment

Abstract The study examined the perceptions of elementary preservice teachers as they engaged in an action research assignment. Forty-eight preservice teachers were surveyed and interviewed as they conducted action research in their clinical teaching settings. Findings indicate that the active support of a cooperating teacher or peers led to a more meaningful research experience for the preservice teacher-researchers. In order to elicit the support of cooperating teachers, it is recommended that action research for preservice teachers eschew the methods and language of academic researchers and, adopt an approach that is consistent with teachers' ordinary ways of relating, including the use of reflection journals, collaboration, and narrative writing.
The Role of Prostate Cancer 20-HETE in Tumor Vasculature

Purpose/Objective: Blood flow and flow-related microenvironment play an important role in radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Increased perfusion heightens tumor radiosensitivity and drug delivery. 20-hydroxy5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is a cytochrome P450-derived arachidonic acid metabolite in the microcirculation where it increases vascular tone. In addition, 20-HETE mediates proliferation, angiogenesis, and inflammation, all of which are important in cancer pathogenesis. Studies in our laboratory identified 20-HETE as the mediator of androgen-induced vascular dysfunction and hypertension. Given that androgen plays a major role in prostate cancer (PCa), we examined whether 20-HETE is present in PCa, and whether it regulates PCa vasculature and blood flow. Materials/Methods: LNCaP cell line was from ATCC. RWPE-1 cell line was a gift from Dr. John Pinto (New York Medical College), and primary human prostate stromal cells (LONZA). 20-HETE and 20-hydroxy-6,15eicosadienoic acid (20-HEDE, a 20-HETE antagonist) were chemically synthesized. LNCaP suspension (4x10 cells in 100ml) was xenografted subcutaneously in nude mice. Tumors studied after reaching 1.5-2 cm diameter. Blood flow and vascular function were measured in situ by creating a tumor window submerged with Krebs and using laser Doppler. Tumors were removed and vessels were microdissected for functional and biochemical analyses. Ex vivo tumor blood vessel function was assessed with pressure-myograph. 20-HETE was measured in cells and tissue homogenates by LC/MS/MS. Results: Twenty-HETE was non-detected in normal RWPE-1 prostate epithelial cell line or in primary human prostate stroma cells. In contrast, 20-HETE levels in LNCaP cells amounted to 566 139 pg/mg protein. Similar levels of 20-HETE were detected in homogenized tumor tissue derived from LNCaP cells (425 97 pg/mg protein). Interestingly, 20HETE was not detected in tumor microvessels. Addition of the 20-HEDE (1 mM) in situ increased tumor vessel diameter by 30 mm; this increase was attenuated by 20-HETE in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, addition of 20-HEDE (1 mM) increased tumor vessel perfusion by 1.7 0.2-fold, which was reversed with 20-HETE (1 mM). Tumor vessel function assessed ex vivo by pressure-myograph demonstrated vasoconstriction with the addition of 20-HETE that was attenuated by cotreatment of 20-HEDE. Conclusion: This study suggests that PCa derived 20-HETE exerts a vasoconstriction influence on the tumor vasculature leading to reduction in blood flow. Inhibition of 20-HETE synthesis or blockade of 20-HETE actions may lead to increase blood flow, and thereby increasing drug delivery and radiosensitivity. Author Disclosure: C. Wu: None. Y. Liu: None. F.F. Zhang: None. M. Schwartzman: None.
Lip noise generated by flow separation from nozzle surfaces

The results of a series of experiments, performed to investigate flow separation and classic lip noise and to aid in understanding aeroacoustic noise generation are presented. Several types of nozzle-lip configurations were used to study the high frequency noise generated by small regions of flow separation at the nozzle lip. These included coaxial nozzles, and circular and slot nozzles with splitter plates. The jet flow velocity was varied and far field noise was measured for all nozzle-lip geometries (coaxial and splitter plate). The effect of a velocity difference across the lip of the coaxial nozzle and the splitter plate on the far field noise was also measured. Finally, an effort was made to find means to reduce the high frequency noise caused by flow separation at the lip.
Academics Online: Their Interests and Foibles

Abstract Faculty and staff are participating in blogs and online discussions in greater numbers, but this involvement is poorly understood. This study used content analysis to evaluate 40 online discussions hosted on The Chronicle of Higher Education website. The majority (n = 22) of discussions had as their main topics the personal and professional lives of faculty, 80% (n = 32) of the discussions did not last for more than one month, and 15% (n = 6) of the discussions experienced hijacking. Fifteen of the discussions (37.5%) had evidence of the “online disinhibition effect,” with negative comments about authors, mild comments about other posters, and personal and rude comments about others in the discussion.
Influence of matrix material on flexural fatigue performance of unidirectional composites

Abstract A deflection-controlled flexural fatigue study of unidirectional glass fiber reinforced epoxy and vinyl ester composites was undertaken. Damage initiation and growth for various deflection levels were evaluated. Also, quantitative assessment of damage was made by monitoring stiffness loss in the composites as a function of fatigue cycles. Results show that the glass/epoxy composite has better performance compared with the glass/vinyl ester composite, especially at low deflection amplitudes. Fatigue behavior of the composites at low deflection amplitudes is found to be primarily influenced by matric and fiber-matrix interfacial damage in the form of longitudinal splitting.
Nanoscopic interchain aggregate domain formation in conjugated polymer films studied by third harmonic generation near-field scanning optical microscopy

The electronic structure of conjugated polymer films is of current interest due to the wide range of potential applications for such materials in optoelectronic devices. A central outstanding issue is the significance of interchain electronic species in films of these materials. In this paper, we investigate the nature of interchain species in films of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) both before and after thermal annealing. Our investigation employs a combination of third harmonic generation (THG) and near-field scanning optical microscopy to measure the wavelength and spatial dependence of the THG efficiency. These chemically selective imaging measurements reveal new, low-energy absorption features in nanometer-scale spatially distinct regions of annealed films that are only infrequently observed prior to annealing. This suggests that the polymer strands in annealed MEH-PPV films pack together closely enough that significant ground-state wave function overlap can occ...
Towards multi-domain collaborative toolkits

A multi-domain collaboration toolkit hides heterogeneity of user-interface toolkits and associated domains from both programmers and end users of collaborative, widget-synchronizing, applications. We have developed such a system for the stand-alone, Eclipse, and web domains; and the AWT, Swing, SWT, and GWT single-user toolkits associated with these domains. Several new concepts are supported to meet these requirements including a widget server allowing a distributed widget client to manipulate widgets on an interactive device, flexible widget synchronization, flexible placement of widget listeners, "piping" centralized non-interactive replicas communicating with interactive user replicas, factory-based retargeting of the user-interface toolkit, and a new process architecture.
Clozapine-induced locomotor suppression is mediated by 5-HT2A receptors in the forebrain.

The need for safer, more effective therapeutics for the treatment of schizophrenia is widely acknowledged. To optimally target novel pharmacotherapies, in addition to establishing the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of antipsychotics, the pathways underlying the most severe side effects must also be elucidated. Here we investigate the role of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A), serotonin 2C (5-HT2C), and dopamine 2 receptors (D2) in mediating adverse effects associated with canonical first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs in mice. Wild-type (WT) and 5-HT2A knockout (KO) mice treated with haloperidol, clozapine, and risperidone were assessed for locomotor activity and catalepsy. WT mice showed a marked reduction in locomotor activity following acute administration of haloperidol and high-dose risperidone, which was most likely secondary to the severe catalepsy caused by these compounds. Clozapine also dramatically reduced locomotor activity, but in the absence of catalepsy. Interestingly, 5-HT2A KO mice were cataleptic following haloperidol and risperidone, but did not respond to clozapine's locomotor-suppressing effects. Restoration of 5-HT2A expression to cortical glutamatergic neurons re-instated the locomotor-suppressing effects of clozapine in the open field. In sum, we confirm that haloperidol and risperidone caused catalepsy in rodents, driven by strong antagonism of D2. We also demonstrate that clozapine decreases locomotor activity in a 5-HT2A-dependent manner, in the absence of catalepsy. Moreover, we show that it is the cortical population of 5-HT2A that mediate the locomotor-suppressing effects of clozapine.
Knauss receives 2006 Waldo E. Smith Medal

John A. Knauss was awarded the Waldo E. Smith Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting honors ceremony, which was held on 13 December 2006 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal recognizes extraordinary service to geophysics. John Knauss has served as a leader and key decision-maker in the scientific community and the public sector for nearly six decades. From the start of his career he focused on the most fundamental elements of the physical dynamics of the ocean, developing the seminal thinking in topics as diverse as turbulence effects on acoustics and deep ocean current observations. His early work on the Cromwell current established John as a leading researcher in the geophysics community. He quickly established a global reputation for his seminal work on the current structure of many major ocean circulation features. By the mid 1960s, Knauss had already established his scientific credentials and leadership role, with a robust bibliography of technical papers in the most prestigious scientific journals. Notably, in the years leading to this position, John also worked as a naval officer at the newly formed U.S. Office of Naval Research and as a staff member of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (La Jolla, Calif.).
Maximizing donor potential: Evolving organ procurement organization metrics and optimizing organ distribution and allocation in the United States

Key Points 1. Comprehend the basis for liver allocation and distribution in the United States. 2. Understand potential solutions to organ inequalities in the United States. 3. Understand the metrics used to assess the performance of organ procurement organizations. Liver Transpl, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.
Photolysis of some organosilylene precursors in a molecular beam

Abstract The condensed-phase organosilylene precursors PhMeSi(SiMe 3 ) 2 ( 1 ), PhSi(SiMe 3 ) 3 ( 2 ), and (Me 2 Si) 6 ( 3 ) were photolyzed in a molecular beam using a pulsed supersonic jet and mass spectrometric detection. Under ∼ 10 ns pulsed UV illumination, we have found for the gas-phase trisilane precursors 1 and 2 that one photon results in removal of only one −SiMe 3 group. Even at the highest laser power densities used, there is no evidence of removal of a second −SiMe 3 to form a silylene. On the other hand, a single photolysis photon was capable of producing the silylene for the cyclohexasilane ring precursor, 3 .
Faulty measurements impact on wireless local area network positioning performance

Indoor positioning methods based on wireless local area network (WLAN) signal measurements have gained popularity because of high localisation accuracy. These methods use radio-maps obtained from wireless signal measurement surveys on location grids. Measurement sets from various WLAN access points are called fingerprints and they can be used to identify locations where the measurements are collected. WLAN positioning methods face unexpected changes in signal patterns because of attenuation changes or transient faults in WLAN cards or access points that often make signal strength readings unavailable. This study studies the effect of faulty measurements on the performance of popular state-of-the-art WLAN indoor positioning methods. Additionally, an integrity monitoring preprocessing algorithm is provided that demonstrates a possibility of faulty measurements mitigation for conventional methods such as K-nearest-neighbour. This is achieved by detecting and excluding faulty measurements prior to classification. Performance figures are provided for both simulated and empirical environments.
Managing the “New Normalcy” with Values‐Based Leadership: Lessons from Admiral James Loy

Tensions remain in adapting to the “new normalcy”—that is, the balance between national security and other democratic and administrative priorities in the aftermath of 9/11. Perhaps no one appreciates this balance more than Admiral James Loy. Immediately following the September 11 attacks, he left his post as commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard to accept the challenge of standing up the Transportation Security Administration. Next, Loy tackled the role of deputy secretary of the Department of Homeland Security. Loy’s efforts to articulate a set of core organizational values in three organizational contexts offer lessons for public managers who seek to enhance internal cohesion. Strong cultural cohesion is expected to support organizational transformation and, ultimately, performance. Loy’s example puts that connection to the test.
Photochemical production of oligothiophene and polythiophene micropatterns from 2,5-diiodothiophene on Au in UHV

Abstract Fabrication of oligothiophene and polythiophene micropatterns is demonstrated by photochemical reactions of 2,5-diiodothiophene adsorbed on an Au coated Si wafer under UHV conditions. For patterning, a TEM grid is utilized as a model stencil mask. Fluorescence microscopic analysis shows that polymer microstructures with good pattern fidelity are attained over a large area. RAIRS and NEXAFS analyses indicate that the electronic and molecular structures of the produced polymer are similar to those of chemically synthesized polythiophene. The structural defects of the photochemically produced polymer are negligible. The present procedure provides a very efficient strategy for growth and patterning of conjugated polymer microstructures with high quality in one step.
Plasma Cortisol and Cortisone in Pregnancies with Normal and Anencephalic Fetuses

Abstract Plasma cortisol (F), cortisone (E), and progesterone (P), were measured in the umbilical vein (UV), umiblical artery (UA), and maternal peripheral vein (MPV) of 17 normal patients, and of 8 patients carving anencephalic fetuses. The plasma F in MPV of patients undergoing vaginal delivery after labor of spontaneous onset was significantly higher than that of patients delivered by elective cesarean section, whereas the plasma F concentrations in the UA or UV of the 2 groups were not statistically different from each other. The anencephalic fetuses had UA plasma F and E concentrations which were significantly lower than those of normal fetuses, suggesting that a main portion of UA cortisol and cortisone originates in the fetal adrenal. The UV and MPV plasma F and E concentrations of patients carrying anencephalic fetuses did not differ, however, from those of normal patients, suggesting that these UV corticoids are derived mainly from maternal sources. The amniotic fluid cortisol levels of the patie...
Developmental Stage and Time Dictate the Fate of Wnt/β-Catenin-Responsive Stem Cells in the Mammary Gland

The mammary epithelium undergoes extensive growth and remodeling during pregnancy, suggesting a role for stem cells. Yet their origin, identity, and behavior in the intact tissue remain unknown. Using an Axin2(CreERT2) allele, we labeled and traced Wnt/β-catenin-responsive cells throughout mammary gland development. This reveals a switch in Wnt/β-catenin signaling around birth and shows that, depending on the developmental stage, Axin2(+) cells contribute differently to basal and luminal epithelial cell lineages of the mammary epithelium. Moreover, an important difference exists between the developmental potential tested in transplantation assays and that displayed by the same cell population in situ. Finally, Axin2(+) cells in the adult build alveolar structures during multiple pregnancies, demonstrating the existence of a Wnt/β-catenin-responsive adult stem cell. Our study uncovers dynamic changes in Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the mammary epithelium and offers insights into the developmental fate of mammary gland stem and progenitor cells.
Risk-Based Considerations in Developing Strategies to Ensure Pipeline Integrity—Part I: Theory

As pipelines age, a flaw population that varies initially along the pipeline can advance in size and number. Analysis of the serviceability of pipelines based on either inline inspection or hydrotesting can lead to overly conservative decisions or an excessive risk of failure when the random nature of this population and the pipeline’s properties are represented by a “typical” flaw and “average” properties. It follows that decisions on serviceability should reflect the random nature of the variables involved or be justified by demonstrating that the uncertainty in these parameters does not adversely affect cost and safety. This is the first in series of two papers generated from a recent study on risk-based analysis for developing strategies to ensure pipeline integrity. In this paper (Part I—Theory), a new probabilistic methodology is developed to conduct fracture evaluations of pipelines subjected to ductile flaw growth in service. The study is made under the assumption that continuing serviceability is based on the use of hydrotesting. The analysis involves time-dependent elastic-plastic fracture mechanics for the underlying deterministic model, and Monte Carlo simulation for structural reliability analysis. Using these models, pipe fracture evaluations will be conducted in the light of a hydrotest-based approach to ensure pipeline integrity. They will be discussed in the companion paper, Part II—Applications (Rahman and Leis, 1994).
In Pursuit of the Nomadic Viewer

Points out that numerous studies have attempted to understand the behavior of television viewers. Gone are the days when the entire family gathered around the television, paying rapt attention to the programming. Suggests that the television as “family hearth” has been replaced, as viewers are more aptly characterized as “nomadic”, wandering from channel to channel, from room to room, and from activity to activity. Reports on an in‐depth study of the activities, patterns of behavior, locations of viewing, and attitudes of everyday consumers toward television in the 1990s. Multiple observational methods were used, ranging from unobtrusive observation of viewing, sketches made by viewers of their television viewing location, and focus group interviews. Findings suggest that advertising not only competes with other television shows for the consumer′s attention, but also competes with a multitude of activities, interruptions, and even other televisions within the same or adjacent rooms. Such findings pose a m...