cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IGF-1R and mTOR Blockade: Novel Resistance Mechanisms and Synergistic Drug Combinations for Ewing Sarcoma.

Background: Therapies cotargeting insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) have demonstrated remarkable, albeit short-lived, clinical responses in a subset of Ewing sarcoma (ES) patients. However, the mechanisms of resistance and applicable strategies for overcoming drug resistance to the IGF-1R/mTOR blockade are still undefined. Methods: To elucidate predominant mechanism(s) of acquired drug resistance while identifying synergistic drug combinations that improve clinical efficacy, we generated more than 18 ES cell lines resistant to IGF-1R- or mTOR-targeted therapy. Two small-molecule inhibitors of IGF-1R were chosen, NVP-ADW-742 (IGF-1R-selective) and OSI-906 (a dual IGF-1R/insulin receptor alpha [IR-α] inhibitor). Reverse-phase protein lysate arrays (RPPAs) revealed proteomic changes linked to IGF-1R/mTOR resistance, and selected proteins were validated in cell-based assays, xenografts, and within human clinical samples. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Novel mechanisms of resistance (MOR) emerged after dalotuzumab-, NVP-ADW-742-, and OSI-906-based targeting of IGF-1R. MOR to dalotuzumab included upregulation of IRS1, PI3K, and STAT3, as well as p38 MAPK, which was also induced by OSI-906. pEIF4E(Ser209), a key regulator of Cap-dependent translation, was induced in ridaforolimus-resistant ES cell lines. Unique drug combinations targeting IGF-1R and PI3K-alpha or Mnk and mTOR were synergistic in vivo and vitro (P < .001) as assessed respectively by Mantel-Cox and isobologram testing. Conclusions: We discovered new druggable targets expressed by chemoresistant ES cells, xenografts, and relapsed human tumors. Joint suppression of these newfound targets, in concert with IGF-1R or mTOR blockade, should improve clinical outcomes.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Amyloid β-Peptide (1-42): Tetramer Formation and Membrane Interactions

The aggregation cascade and peptide-membrane interactions of the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) have been implicated as toxic events in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Aβ42 forms oligomers and ultimately plaques, and it has been hypothesized that these oligomeric species are the main toxic species contributing to neuronal cell death. To better understand oligomerization events and subsequent oligomer-membrane interactions of Aβ42, we performed atomistic molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations to characterize both interpeptide interactions and perturbation of model membranes by the peptides. MD simulations were utilized to first show the formation of a tetramer unit by four separate Aβ42 peptides. Aβ42 tetramers adopted an oblate ellipsoid shape and showed a significant increase in β-strand formation in the final tetramer unit relative to the monomers, indicative of on-pathway events for fibril formation. The Aβ42 tetramer unit that formed in the initial simulations was used in subsequent MD simulations in the presence of a pure POPC or cholesterol-rich raft model membrane. Tetramer-membrane simulations resulted in elongation of the tetramer in the presence of both model membranes, with tetramer-raft interactions giving rise to the rearrangement of key hydrophobic regions in the tetramer and the formation of a more rod-like structure indicative of a fibril-seeding aggregate. Membrane perturbation by the tetramer was manifested in the form of more ordered, rigid membranes, with the pure POPC being affected to a greater extent than the raft membrane. These results provide critical atomistic insight into the aggregation pathway of Aβ42 and a putative toxic mechanism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Material Factors in Adiabatic Shearing in Steels

Impact studies were carried out on several steels using flat- nosed projectiles. An air gun was employed to produce projectile velocities in the range of 100–250 feet per second. The target structures were studied using microhardness measurements and optical microscopy. Deformed shear bands were found in most steels and ferrous alloys. In most of the ferritic alloys studied, these deformed bands act as “precursor bands” to transformed bands which frequently follow when the strain concentration is sufficiently great or the strain rate sufficiently high.
Holistic Drug Targeting

Single-target single-drug paradigms have long dominated the drug discovery and development landscape. While preferential drug specificity towards a target is effective against diseases that are monogenic, the administration of single-drugs has been less successful against the widely prevalent diseases affecting large population groups like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes and neurological disorders. The majority of these complex diseases are multifactorial and are modulated by genetics, environment, age and sometimes, gender. Although drug combinations directed against two or more targets are widely employed in treatment of some diseases, the polypharmacology of marketed drugs or of new molecular entities is the new emerging paradigm for the targeting multifactorial complex diseases.
Modelocked Cr/sup 3+/:LiSr/sub 0.8/Ca/sub 0.2/AlF/sub 6/ laser producing 150 fs pulses

Mode-locked operation has been achieved in a CW pumped Cr 3+ :LiSr 0.8 Ca 0.2 AlF 6 laser. Pulses of 150 fs duration were directly generated from the actively mode-locked laser. A CW krypton laser operating with 1 W in the red, was used to pump the 15 mm long crystal
Fear of China: Economic and Political Challenge in the 21st Century: Roots and Trends

While the world has been distracted since the American war in Vietnam and the Soviet and western adventures in Afghanistan, as well as a rising tide of rebellion directed against symbols of the west by Islamic fundamentalists, a curious contest has appeared on two fronts: Russia and China. At the same time the west is distracted by populist movements whose theme is focused on immigrants from former colonial nations or non-whites in a context, as in America, where aboriginal peoples have been slaughtered and marginalized. The specific nature of this conflict is economic in general form, yet political in rhetoric, especially from western sources. From the Ukraine to the Pacific a kind of “Phoney War” has crept along in starts and stops with overtures of friendship interrupted with threats of violence and minor acts of aggression. Investigation of some of the underlying factors in the East illuminate potential trends for the future.
Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of an ankle instability questionnaire for use in Chinese-speaking population.

Background The Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI) is a valid and reliable tool to identify chronic ankle instability; however, it was developed in English, thus limiting its usage only to those who can read and write in English. The objectives of our study were to (1) cross-culturally adapt a Chinese (Mandarin) version of the IdFAI and (2) determine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version IdFAI.
Oxidative Destruction of Multilayer Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate Films by O(3P) Atomic Oxygen

We present work detailing the oxidative destruction of the nerve agent simulant diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) with O(3P) using time-resolved, in situ reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Thermally annealed DIMP films deposited on Au(111) are observed to react upon exposure to a supersonic beam containing O(3P) with average translational energies of 0.12 eV. The reaction is initiated by a hydrogen abstraction from one of three possible sites on DIMP, and then progresses through various secondary reactions with resultant hydroxyl radicals, carbon-centered DIMP-derived radicals, and nondissociated O2 in the beam. These reactions are accompanied by uptake of oxygen into the film, leading to new hydrogen bonding with the DIMP phosphoryl group. The generated product also presents greater thermal stability than pristine DIMP, suggesting the formation of a distribution of oligomeric and polymeric products. As reactivity is observed to decrease upon...
The Effect of Neighborhood Poverty on Math Achievement: Evidence From a Value-Added Design:

Two trends play an increasing role in shaping the long-term prospects of children across the United States: a growing STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics)-based economy and risi...
Fitness Assessment: Recommendations for an Enjoyable Student Experience

Fitness assessment can be an important and useful component of physical education. This article discusses how to avoid the pitfalls that lead to negative student experiences with fitness assessment and presents research-based suggestions for creating a positive experience for all students. A section to help teachers understand how to use fitness assessment properly within the physical education program is included, with examples of lesson ideas and resources aligned with each recommendation. It is hoped that teachers will use this information to help students to gain the benefits of participating in fitness assessment as part of their physical education program.
Direct immunofluorescence testing in vasculitis-A single institution experience with Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

BACKGROUND Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) panels (IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and fibrinogen) are ordered for clinically suspected vasculitis, with frequently negative results. METHODS Cases submitted for DIF and histology (2010-2014) with "vasculitis" in the clinical data were examined, and the electronic medical record reviewed for clinical suspicion of Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP). Peri/intravascular IgA was considered positive, other reactants non-specific and no immunoreactivity negative. RESULTS Vasculitis was the given indication for 20% (258/1318) of DIF studies. HSP was clinically suspected in 36% (95/258). In this setting, leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) was common (66%, 63/95) and DIF was positive in 43% (27/63). One hundred percentage of DIF+ had LCV+. In cases without HSP suspicion, 26% (42/163) were LCV+ and <1% DIF+. Of the 258 cases, LCV+ greatly enriched for DIF+ (105/258 LCV+ with 28/105 [27%] DIF+), captured 100% of HSP and included cases with non-specific DIF/etiologic findings. In LCV cases, DIF positivity was not seen, HSP was not diagnosed and non-specific DIF findings were common. CONCLUSIONS LCV is an H&E-based histopathologic diagnosis that can have positive, negative and non-specific DIF results that are rarely contributory except in the setting of HSP, where DIF is best utilized with IgA as the sole immunoreactant. H&E-based triage of DIF orders is recommended.
Recovery from subacute bacterial endocarditis; report of two cases.

Abstract Two patients suffering from subacute bacterial endocarditis caused by S. fecalis have been presented. Because of the insensitivity of this organism to antibiotics now available, massive doses were used. One of these patients received 12 million units of penicillin a day for sixty days, or a total dosage of 720 million units of crystalline penicillin. The other patient received 20 million units a day, or a total dosage of 1.2 billion units. Both of these men are asymptomatic at this time and have shown no clinical or laboratory evidences of recurrence of their disease since their discharge from the hospital. The organisms of one of the patients were at first quite sensitive to streptomycin, being inhibited by 1 unit of the drug per cubic centimeter of medium. After the patient had received 4.0 Gm. of streptomycin intramuscularly for forty-eight hours, however, the organisms were resistant to 25 units of streptomycin per cubic centimeter of medium. It thus became impossible to reach effective therapy by the use of streptomycin for this patient. It is of importance to note that this same patient's organisms were insensitive to 20 units of amorphous penicillin per cubic centimeter but were sensitive to between 1.5 and 2.0 units of crystalline penicillin. Whether this was due to deterioration of the amorphous penicillin or whether a substandard drug was used is not known. In view of the above findings, however, we believe that crystalline penicillin should be used not only because of its more constant potency but also because of the fact that it is less painful to administer. It is interesting to note that the one patient developed his initial arteritis six months before he showed any clinical evidence of cardiac involvement. In spite of careful daily search, the valvular lesion did not become evident until the fifteenth day after penicillin therapy had been started.
A Design-Based Approach to a Classroom-Centered OELE

The sustainable, synergistic integration of computational thinking (CT) and STEM learning environments into K12 classrooms requires consideration of learner-centered and classroom-centered design. In other words, not only do we have to take into account the learning goals and capabilities of students, but also the technological capabilities of the classroom environment and the combined impact of the teacher and technology on the classroom dynamics, curriculum, and progress. This paper discusses the design and development of an open ended learning environment aimed at high school physics curriculum taught within a CT-based framework. We conclude with preliminary results from a semester-long implementation study in a high school physics classroom.
Farmers Helping Famers: The Rise of the Farm and Home Bureaus, 1914-1935

Review of: "Farmers Helping Famers: The Rise of the Farm and Home Bureaus, 1914–1935", by Nancy K. Berlage.
THE ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IN HEALTHY AGING

The objective of this study is to determine if exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5), a pollutant that has been linked to a range of adverse health outcomes and is ubiquitous in the air we breathe, is associated with multi-system, physiological dysregulation in older adults. Data on adults over age 50 from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study for whom biomarker measures were collected in 2006–2008. Biological risk scores were created by summing across high risk indicators for cholesterol, HbA1c, blood pressure, and obesity. Estimates of annual ambient PM2.5 concentrations were linked to respondents using census tract identifiers. About 10% of older adults lived in areas with PM2.5 levels considered unhealthy by the EPA. Older adults living in these areas had higher biological risk scores. Air pollution impacts multiple biological systems implicated in functional decline and increased disease risk in the aging population.
Detection & Separation of Coherent Reflections in GNSS-R Measurements Using CYGNSS Data

Recent results from CYGNSS measurements over land show the importance of coherent scattering. It is envisioned that future GNSS-R instruments will have the ability to separate and detect coherent scattering and downlink complex-valued coherent DDM measurements. This additional information will allow carrier phase altimetry, the separation of coherent and non-coherent scattered power, and the evaluation of geo-physical phenomena at along-track resolutions 10x greater than current spaceborne instruments, such as TDS-1 or CYGNSS. In this paper, we will present a prospective design for the on-board detection of coherent reflections. We also investigate how to achieve enhanced along-track resolution.
Fragile X syndrome clinical trials: exploring parental decision-making.

Background The objective of this research was to understand parental proxy decision-making for drug trial participation for children with Fragile X syndrome (FXS). Specifically, we aimed to capture preferences, motivations, influencing factors and barriers related to trial involvement among trial joiners and decliners and describe ease of trial decision-making and decisional regret. Methods Interviews were conducted with parents from two groups: those who chose to enrol their child with FXS in a trial (N = 16; Joiners) and those who declined trial participation (N = 15; Decliners). Data were coded and interpreted through inductive content analysis. Results Prominent decisional factors included attitudes about medicating FXS symptoms, potential for direct benefit (primarily evaluated through the degree of match between target outcomes and child symptomatology and drug mechanism), logistical convenience and perceived risks of side effects. The ultimate motivation for participation was potential for direct benefit. None of the parents reported decisional regret, and ease of decision-making ranged from easy to difficult for our participants. Conclusions Therapeutic optimism was high among those who elected participation. Parents may benefit from an explanation of the rationale behind chosen outcome variables and may be more interested in trials that target or measure as an exploratory outcome the symptoms they find most concerning. Our findings reinforce the need for future trials to reduce participant inconvenience. Our results contrast with what has previously been observed in parents of children with life-threatening conditions; parents of children with FXS may be more trial risk averse and find trial decisions to be harder. Parents of children with FXS considering trials may benefit from a decisional intervention aimed at deliberating motivations and barriers.
"The fear of being Black plus the fear of being gay": The effects of intersectional stigma on PrEP use among young Black gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men.

•Intersectional stigma is a persistent barrier to PrEP use among young Black men.•Decisions about PrEP use are informed by racism, homonegativity, and HIV stigma.•Intersectional stigma contributes to othering, PrEP stigma, and HIV stigma.•Intersectional stigma influenced decisions about identity disclosure in healthcare.•Social and structural interventions are needed to reduce the sources of stigma.
Influenza A virus directly modulates mouse eosinophil responses

Allergic asthma and influenza are common respiratory diseases with a high probability of co-occurrence. During the 2009 influenza pandemic, hospitalized patients with influenza experienced lower morbidity if asthma was an underlying condition. We have previously demonstrated that acute allergic asthma protects mice from severe influenza and have implicated eosinophils in the airways of mice with allergic asthma as participants in the antiviral response. However, very little is known about how eosinophils respond to direct exposure to influenza A virus (IAV) or the microenvironment in which the viral burden is high. We hypothesized that eosinophils would dynamically respond to the presence of IAV through phenotypic, transcriptomic, and physiologic changes. Using our mouse model of acute fungal asthma and influenza, we showed that eosinophils in lymphoid tissues were responsive to IAV infection in the lungs and altered surface expression of various markers necessary for cell activation in a niche-specific manner. Siglec-F expression was altered in a subset of eosinophils after virus exposure, and those expressing high Siglec-F were more active (IL-5Rαhi CD62Llo ). While eosinophils exposed to IAV decreased their overall transcriptional activity and mitochondrial oxygen consumption, transcription of genes encoding viral recognition proteins, Ddx58 (RIG-I), Tlr3, and Ifih1 (MDA5), were up-regulated. CD8+ T cells from IAV-infected mice expanded in response to IAV PB1 peptide-pulsed eosinophils, and CpG methylation in the Tbx21 promoter was reduced in these T cells. These data offer insight into how eosinophils respond to IAV and help elucidate alternative mechanisms by which they regulate antiviral immune responses during IAV infection.
Elastic Strain Energy Change During Matrix Cracking in Unidirectional, Fiber-reinforced Ceramic Composites

The fracture resistance of ceramics can be signi®cantly enhanched by incorporatng strong ®bers aligned with the loading direction [1±6]. The initial damage in unidirectional, ®ber-reinforced ceramic composites is often in the form of a matrix crack (or matrix cracks), which is perpendicular to the loading direction and bridged by intact ®bers. To achieve the optimum toughening effect for ceramic composites, relatively weak interfaces between ®bers and the matrix, which can debond and slide against a frictional force during matrix cracking, are required [1±6]. In the existing analyses for the matrixcracking problem, two cases have been considered: load-induced cracking [7±14] and residual stressinduced cracking [7, 9, 15]. Using the energy-balance condition during crack propagation, the critical stress for steady-state matrix cracking has been derived [7±15]. The energy terms involved are as follows: (1) Ue, the elastic strain energy in the ®ber and the matrix, (2) Us, the energy due to sliding at the debonded interface, (3) Gi, the energy due to interface debonding, (4) Gm, the energy due to matrix cracking, and (5) W, the work done by the external load, if a loading stress is applied. When the matrix crack length, c, advances a distance dc, the corresponding energy changes are dUe, dUs, dGi, dGm, and dW. The matrix-cracking criterion can be obtained from the energy balance condition, such that dUe  dUs  dGi  dGm  dW
The crisis and transition services (CATS) model: A program to divert youths in mental health crisis from the emergency department

The Crisis and Transition Services (CATS) program is a novel approach to safely transitioning youths from the emergency department to outpatient care. The program provides intensive community-based support during the high-risk period after discharge from the emergency department. Preliminary results indicate that the CATS program is reaching youths in a short time frame, engaging families in comprehensive safety planning, connecting youths with ongoing outpatient services, and improving family confidence in navigating mental health crises.
Laminin-111 Improves the Anabolic Response to Mechanical Load in Aged Skeletal Muscle.

Anabolic resistance to a mechanical stimulus may contribute to the loss of skeletal muscle mass observed with age. In this study, young and aged mice were injected with saline or human LM-111 (1 mg/kg). One week later, the myotendinous junction of the gastrocnemius muscle was removed via myotenectomy (MTE), thus placing a chronic mechanical stimulus on the remaining plantaris muscle for two weeks. LM-111 increased α7B integrin protein expression and clustering of the α7B integrin near DAPI + nuclei in aged muscle in response to MTE. LM-111 reduced CD11b + immune cells, enhanced repair, and improved the growth response to loading in aged plantaris muscle. These results suggest that LM-111 may represent a novel therapeutic approach to prevent and/or treat sarcopenia.
Functional status of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 survivors at ICU and hospital discharge

A significant number of COVID-19 patients have been treated using invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The ability to evaluate functional status of COVID-19 survivors early on at ICU and hospital discharge may enable identification of patients who may need medical and rehabilitation interventions. The modified “Mental Status”, ICU Mobility, and Barthel Index scores at ICU and hospital discharge were tabulated for 118 COVID-19 survivors treated with invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). These functional scores were compared with pre-admission functional status, discharge durable medical equipment, discharge medical follow-up recommendation, duration on IMV, duration post-IMV, demographics, comorbidities, laboratory tests, and vital signs at ICU and hospital discharge. The majority of COVID-19 IMV patients were not functionally independent at hospital discharge (22% discharged with cane or rolling walker, 49% discharged with durable medical equipment, and 14% admitted to a rehabilitation facility), although 94% of these patients were functionally independent prior to COVID-19 illness. Half of the patients were discharged with supplemental oxygen equipment. The most prevalent medical follow-up recommendations were cardiology, vascular medicine, pulmonology, endocrinology, and neurology with many patients receiving multiple medical follow-up recommendations. Functional status improved from ICU discharge to hospital discharge (p < 0.001). Worse functional status at hospital discharge was associated with longer IMV duration, older age, male sex, higher number of comorbidities, and the presence of pre-existing comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and immunosuppression (p < 0.05, ANOVA). The majority of IMV COVID-19 survivors were not functionally independent at discharge and required significant follow-up medical care. The COVID-19 circumstance has placed constraints on access to in-hospital rehabilitation. These findings underscore the need for prospective studies to ascertain the short- and long-term sequela in COVID-19 survivors.
Wnt-responsive enhancer regulation in mammals by a CDX/TCF transcription factor collective and a novel DNA sequence motif

Transcriptional regulation by Wnt signalling is primarily thought to be accomplished by a complex of {beta}-catenin and TCF family transcription factors (TFs). Although numerous studies have suggested that additional TFs play roles in regulating Wnt target genes, their mechanisms of action have not been investigated in detail. We characterised a Wnt-responsive element (WRE) downstream of the Wnt target gene Axin2 and found that TCFs and Caudal-related homeodomain (CDX) proteins were required for its activation. Using a new separation-of-function TCF mutant, we found that WRE activity requires the formation of a TCF/CDX complex. Our systematic mutagenesis of this enhancer identified other sequences essential for activation by Wnt signalling, including several copies of a novel CAG DNA motif. Computational and experimental evidence indicates that the TCF/CDX/CAG mode of regulation is prevalent in multiple WREs. Put together, our results demonstrate the complex nature of cis- and trans- interactions required for signal-dependent enhancer activity.
Methodological Issues in Clinical Research on the Aging Reproductive System

Aging of the reproductive system in both men and women results in symptoms that frequently require physician assistance, and changes in sexual function with advancing age represent a “hidden” concern of many older patients. Physiologic studies of aging including studies of reproductive aging require special attention to subject selection, characterization, and study design (Rowe, 1977). Failure to consider these factors explains much of the inconsistency in the literature, and careful adherence to study design and subject selection will lead to clarification of the mechanisms accounting for reproductive aging.
Robotic Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass (RA-RYGB)

Without a doubt, the best contribution for the improvement of bariatric surgery was the introduction of laparoscopy. Even though there was a learning curve, over time surgical outcomes improved, equating and then surpassing the results obtained during the open bariatric era. The reduction in the occurrence of postoperative complications and the shortened length of stay and recovery promptly resulted in an increased demand for laparoscopic bariatric procedures. In 2006, laparoscopic procedures represented 83.2% of all bariatric surgeries, ascending to 88.9% in 2008.1
Biopolymeric systems for diagnostic applications

Abstract Biopolymers have been used for general biomedical applications for millennia and recently have gained attention for their suitability in diagnostic medicine. These naturally derived polymers offer unique appropriateness for use in diagnostics due to their general characteristics, including reduced toxicity, tailorable chemical structure, biodegradability, and tissue likeness. Numerous applications of biopolymers have been recently seen in the diagnosis of a large variety of diseases, such as infection, cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Multiple biopolymer-based systems have been employed for diagnostics, such as enzymatically activated dye systems, tear glucose sensing, theranostic chitosan nanoparticles, and silk-based immune sensors. This chapter discusses several biologically derived polymeric materials that have been recently employed in the diagnosis of various disease states.
Differential effects of time-restricted feeding on circadian locomotor activity, food intake and body weight gain in BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J mice

Time-restricted feeding is used to study the food-entrainable oscillator in mammals, yet there is considerable inconsistency in procedures for imposing restrictions. Additionally, the majority of r...
Dynamics of the Small Scales in Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence

Direct numerical simulations of magnetohydrodynamic flows with regular grids of up to 1536 3 points and at a unit magnetic Prandtl number allow for an investigation of the rate at which small scales develop. No forcing term is included and computations for both deterministic and random initial conditions are reported. Parallel current and vorticity sheets form at the same spatial locations, with a strong degree of correlation; these sheets further destabilize and fold or roll-up after an initial exponential growth phase. At high Reynolds numbers, a self-similar evolution of the current and vorticity maxima is found; these maxima grow as a cubic power of time within localized structures. The flow then reaches a finite dissipation rate independent of Reynolds number as was also found in MHD in two space dimensions. This evolution may be linked to the degree of nonlocality of nonlinear interactions in turbulent flows, to the amount of velocity-magnetic field correlation, and to the possibility of occurrence of non-universal behavior in MHD turbulence.
Transcriptional regulation of the human apolipoprotein genes.

The transcription of eukaryotic genes is controlled by the interaction of regulatory gene sequences (promoter elements) with specific nuclear proteins (transcription factors) (1–3). The interaction of the transcription factors with the promoter elements controls: a) tissue specific gene expression (4–6); b) gene expression during differentiation and development (7,8); and c) gene expression in response to intracellular and extracellular stimuli such as hormones and metabolites (9–12).
Subpixel edge estimation using geometrical edge models with noise miniaturization

The significant disadvantage for traditional contour representation is as the resolution is reduced the effort of undersampling is proportional enlarged. The goal of this study is to improve edge detection results, especially for those corner points in low resolution. This study describes a method, which is based on 4-connected pixel-wise linearization, for finding contours from low resolution video images. This allows a more accurate inspection and identification of objects from image data. In practice, geometrical models are used to manipulate this linearization. A method is employed for examining the corner points as well. >
Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in predicting the intraoperative tear characteristics of pectoralis major ruptures

Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred study of choice for pectoralis major ruptures. Because this is a rare injury, no large case series have evaluated the efficacy of MRI for diagnosing and characterizing pectoralis major ruptures. We hypothesized that MRI would be accurate for diagnosis of the location and grade of pectoralis major tears. Methods The study included 36 operative cases of pectoralis major ruptures with detailed descriptions of tear location and grade and satisfactory preoperative MRIs. Two musculoskeletal fellowship-trained radiologists interpreted the MRIs, which were then compared with the operative findings for location: tendon-bone junction or myotendinous junction, and tear grade (G): G2 (incomplete high grade partial tear) or G3 (complete tear). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated. Results The MRI sensitivity was 1.00 for diagnosing complete G3 tears at the sternal head and clavicular head in acute ruptures. The sensitivity of MRI for diagnosing tendon-bone tears at the sternal and clavicular heads was 0.93 and 0.90, respectively. The sensitivity of MRI in diagnosing myotendinous and G2 tears diminishes, but specificity and negative predictive value remain high for sternal and clavicular head ruptures. Conclusions Our data support the use of MRI in diagnosing the tear grade and location of pectoralis major tendon ruptures, particularly for acute, tendon-bone, and G3 tears. The diagnostic accuracy of MRI decreases when chronic tears are evaluated. MRI remains a useful adjunct in diagnosing and guiding treatment of pectoralis major ruptures.
Outcomes of intramedullary nailing for acute proximal humerus fractures: a systematic review.

Background While proximal humerus fractures remain common within the elderly population, the optimal treatment method remains controversial. Intramedullary nailing has been advocated as an effective and less invasive surgical technique. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the demographics, outcomes, and complications of intramedullary nailing for acute, displaced proximal humerus fractures.
Analysis of logistic supportability for complex systems (military communications)

A methodology is described for evaluating the logistical supportability of complex systems. Specifically, the supportability of the US Army's mobile subscriber equipment (MSE) is described. MSE is a good example of a complex military system which employs many continuity-of-operations (CONOPS) features, i.e. system networking, component redundancy, and functional bypass capabilities. The MSE supportability analysis determined that the additional procurement of specific spare parts could greatly increase MSE performance. The MSE analysis provided a means to increase the expected call-completion rate of the Army's primary corps and division common-user voice-communication system significantly. The increased cost associated with acquiring the additional spares was virtually negligible when compared to the MSE procurement cost. >
Quasi-static motion of a capillary drop, II: the three-dimensional case

Abstract A theory is presented to analyze the nonlinear stability of a drop of incompressible viscous fluid with negligible inertia. The theory is developed here on the three-dimensional version of the relevant free-boundary model for Stokes equations. Within this context we show that if the free-boundary initiates close to a sphere r=1+eλ 0 (ω), |e| small , ω=(θ,ϕ), then there exists a global-in-time solution with free boundary r=1+λ(ω,t,e)=1+ ∑ n⩾1 λ n (ω,t)e n , which approaches a sphere exponentially fast as t →∞. Moreover, we prove that if λ 0 ( ω ) is analytic (resp. C ∞ ) in ω , then the velocity u → (x,t,e) , the pressure p ( x , t , e ) and the free-boundary λ are all jointly analytic (resp. C ∞ ) in ( x , e ). In an earlier paper, we considered the analogous problem for a two-dimensional drop. Although the three-dimensional problem proceeds along similar lines, the analysis is more complicated due to the fact that we work here with spherical harmonics and vector spherical harmonics.
Impulse conduction of olfactory receptor neuron axons.

Compound action potentials were recorded from rat olfactory receptor neuron axons at measured distances from the stimulation electrode along the lateral surface of the main olfactory bulb. Distances were plotted as a function of the latencies measured from stimulus onset to the prominent negative trough of the triphasic compound action potential. A straight line was fitted to these data to calculate impulse conduction velocity, 0.42 +/- 0.01 m/s (n = 25). Two procedures were used to investigate whether those axons that project to caudal regions of the bulb had faster conduction velocities than axons projecting to rostral bulb. First, the stimulating electrode was moved to mid-bulb and the recording electrode was placed on the caudal bulb. Alternatively, axons were stimulated antidromically at the caudal bulb. These two procedures stimulate those axons projecting to caudal bulb and bypass olfactory receptor neuron axons that synapse in the rostral bulb. The mean impulse conduction velocities from these caudal and antidromic recordings were 0.58 +/- 0.19 m/s (n = 8) and 0.57 +/- 0.19 m/s (n = 9), respectively. Though both of these means are higher than the impulse conduction velocity calculated for stimulation at the rostral bulb, the differences were not statistically significant.
A PARALLEL BETWEEN RUSSIAN PROVERBS AND HISTORY

A compilation was made of all animals mentioned in proverbs of predatory content found in two lists of Russian proverbs [Langnas (1960) : N = 1200; Pauper Press ( 1960) : N = 4311. Separate rallies were made for the incidence of all proverbs referring to such animals, and for those which specifically had predatory content. This procedure was repeated for two lists of proverbs from non-Russian sources [Christy ( 1888) : N = 19,000; and Davidoff ( 1946) : N = 1400]. The proportionate difference in incidence for the languages for the predatory acts (41% for Russian and 13% for the other languages) was found to be significant ($, p < ,001 ) . Signiflcanr differences were also found for Car and Sheep ($ < .01), and for Chicken ( p < ,001) . The differences for Fox and Wolf approached significance (.05 < p < . l o ) . Percentages for the incidence of predatory acts in the larger classifications may be found in Table 1.
Regulation of renal Na-HCO3 cotransporter: VIII. Mechanism Of stimulatory effect of respiratory acidosis.

We examined the effect of respiratory acidosis on the Na-HCO3 cotransporter activity in primary cultures of the proximal tubule of the rabbit exposed to 10% CO2 for 5 min, 2, 4, 24 and 48 hr. Cells exposed to 10% CO2 showed a significant increase in Na-HCO3 cotransporter activity (expressed as % of control levels, 5 min: 142 ± 6, 2 hr: 144 ± 13, 4 hr: 145 ± 11, 24 hr: 150 ± 15, 48 hr: 162 ± 24). The increase in activity was reversible after 48 hr. The role of protein kinase C (PKC) on the stimulatory effect of respiratory acidosis on the cotransporter was examined in presence of PKC inhibitor calphostin C or in presence of PKC depletion. Both calphostin C and PKC depletion prevented the effect of 10% CO2 for 5 min or 4 hr to increase the activity of the cotransporter. 10% CO2 for 5 min or 4 hr increased total and particulate fraction PKC activity. To examine the role of phosphotyrosine kinase (PTK) on the increase in cotransporter activity we studied the effect of two different inhibitors, 2-hydroxy-5-(2,5-dihydroxylbenzyl) aminobenzoic acid (HAC) and methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate (DHC) which inhibit phosphotyrosine kinase in basolateral membranes. Cells were pretreated either with vehicle or HAC or DHC and then exposed to 10% CO2 for 5 min or 4 hr. In cells treated with vehicle, 10% CO2 significantly increased cotransporter activity as compared to control cells exposed to 5% CO2. This stimulation by 10% CO2 was completely prevented by HAC or DHC at 5 min (5% CO2: 1.8 ± 0.2, 10% CO2: 2.6 ± 0.2, 10% CO2+ HAC: 1.6 ± 0.2, 10% CO2: +DHC: 2.0 ± 0.3 pH unit/min) and also at 4 hr. The protein synthesis inhibitors actinomycin D and cycloheximide appear to prevent the effect of 10% CO2 for 4 hr on the cotransporter. Our results show that early respiratory acidosis stimulates the Na-HCO3 cotransporter through PKC and PTK-dependent mechanisms and the late effect appears to be mediated through protein synthesis.
Cross-language phrase boundary detection

We describe models of prosodic phrasing trained on multiple languages to identify boundaries in an unseen language. Our goal is to create models from High Resource languages, in which hand-annotated prosodic phrase boundaries are available, to use in identifying boundaries in a Low Resource language, with little or no training material. We train models on American English, Italian, Mandarin, and German and test on each of these languages. We find that, while pause is the most important feature for phrase boundary prediction in all languages examined, the role of pause in boundary identification varies by annotator and the relative importance of other features varies significantly by language. We also find that different acoustic correlates of prosodic boundaries characterize different languages. In some, the relative importance of features is silence > pitch > intensity > duration, while for other languages intensity is more important than pitch. These differences do not appear to be attributable to language family, since, e.g. English and German display different patterns.
Nonlinear analysis of data sampled nonuniformly in time

Abstract We demonstrate how some of thee common methods in nonlinear data analysis can be modified to account for nonuniform time sampling by using fuzzy delay coordinate reconstructions. The effects of measurement noise and time sampling errors are compared. We have also developed a learning algorithm to find optimal fuzzy delay coordinate reconstructions of the data to suit one's goals. This can be employed to find representations optimized for measuring topological invariants, forecasting, control, or other goals.
Growth Control of Human Biliary Epithelial Cells by Interleukin 6, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, Transforming Growth Factor β1, and Activin A: Comparison of a Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Line With Primary Cultures of Non-neoplastic Biliary Epithelial Cells

Abstract A well characterized human cholangiocarcinoma (CC) cell line, SG231, was compared with primary cultures of normal human biliary epithelial cells (BECs) for alterations in interleukin 6 (IL-6) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-mediated stimulation and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and activin A–mediated inhibition of growth. Results were compared with immunolabeling of the original tumor and after injection of SG231 into the liver of BALB/cByJ-scid mice. In vitro , both BECs and CCs expressed met, gp80, and gp130 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein, but the levels of expression were higher in the CCs than in the BECs. In both the CCs and BECs, exogenous HGF or IL-6 induced phosphorylation of met or gp130, respectively, and a concentration-dependent increase in DNA synthesis. However, the CCs but not BECs, continued to grow in basal serum-free medium (SFM) and spontaneously produced both IL-6 and HGF under these conditions, which resulted in auto-phosphorylation of gp130 and met, respectively; and neutralizing anti-HGF or anti–IL-6 alone inhibited CC growth, indicative of autocrine growth control circuits. Conversely, activin A inhibits the growth of both BECs and CCs, but does not significantly increase apoptosis. Activin-A–induced growth inhibition of both CCs and BECs can be reversed by 100 ng/mL exogenous IL-6, but not by 10 to 100 ng/mL HGF. TGF-β1 inhibited the growth of BECs but had no mitoinhibitory or proapoptotic effects on CCs. Immunolabeling of the original tumor and after inoculation into scid mice showed positive staining for met, gp130, gp80, and IL-6. This study contributes to a further understanding of BEC growth control and derangements that can occur during cholangiocarcinogenesis. (Hepatology 2000;32:26-35.)
Effect of peptide sequence on surface properties and self-assembly of an amphiphilic pH-responsive peptide.

Peptides that undergo a morphological change when exposed to a stimulus have been investigated for their surface and self-assembly properties. Two 15-residue sequences were designed and synthesized...
The marginal value of management using stochastic control

Abstract This paper considers the problem of valuing the managerial factor input to the firm. It focuses on the value of the professional manager in terms of his control of the economic activities of the firm. This includes the monitoring and decision-making aspects of management when the firm's opportunity set is given. The analysis assumes competitive firms with Cobb-Douglas production functions and fixed capital. Prices, wages, and the value of the market portfolio are described by a system of Ito stochastic differential equations. The primary focus of the model is the determination of marginal managerial value, and its relationship to the parameters of the production, wage, and price processes. The value of managerial control is shown to be an increasing function of the correlation of wages with the aggregate real consumption process and the standard deviation of the growth rate of wages, and a decreasing function of the correlations of wages and output prices and output prices and the market factor (and their standard deviations). Furthermore, the paper demonstrates the difficulty of embedding the managerial input into the production process in a manner consistent with traditional returns to scale concepts.
Ear Damage in Sweet Corn in Relation to Adult Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations

Studies were conducted in South Georgia in 1983 and 1984 to determine which independent variable had the greatest predictive value in estimating potential ear damage in spring-grown sweet corn. Male corn earworm (CEW), Heliothis zea (Boddie), moths were monitored with sex-pheromone-baited traps. Other selected independent variables such as planting dates and number of insecticide applications during the silking period were also recorded. Stepwise regression (maximum R2 improvement technique) was applied to the data. The number of CEW trapped on spray-free dates during the silking period was found to be the variable that had the greatest predictive value for estimating potential ear damage in sweet corn. An economic threshold can be established by using the relationship between number of male CEW trapped on spray-free dates and percentage of damaged ears.
Isolation, transference-splitting and combined therapy.

Summary The problem of isolation has been described in terms of the Kleinian “schizoid position.” This formulation implies that an isolated individual is caught in a dynamic, vicious circle which revolves around a feeling of weakness, anger and repression of anger because of a feeling of weakness. Emotional growth in the isolated individual is stated to be consequent upon the derepression of anger. The phenomenon of split transference is then noted. In combined individual and group therapy, certain features allow for a splitting of the transference, in which the group becomes an arena for hostile, negative transferences, and the individual therapist becomes a positive transference figure. These two transference situations are postulated as forming a complementary, therapeutic duo in which the derepression of anger in the isolated individual's dynamic, vicious circle can take place. Such activity allows for the therapeutic resolution of the problem of isolation.
STUDIES CONCERNING THE NATURE OF THE PROTEIN‐BOUND PROTECTIVE AGENT IN THE TISSUES OF MICE GIVEN BIS(2‐GUANIDOETHYL) DISULFIDE (GED)*

The presence of disulfide and thiolester bonds between the protective agent and tissue protein in protected animals was determined qualitatively and quantitatively. Tissue homogenates were dialyzed against water and then against cysteine, taking the additional amount of radioactivity removed from the protein, as a measure of mixed disuifide bonding of /sup 35/S-labeled bis(2-guanidoethyl) disulfide (GED). Thiolester bonds were measured by dialyzing tissue homogenates against water and then against hydroxylamine, taking the additional amount of radioactivity removed from the protein as a measure of thiolester-binding of /sup 35/S-labeled GED. Results of the work indicate that the protective agent is bound to the protein by a thiolester bond as well as by a mixed disulfide bond. (H.M.G.)