cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential for resource competition between juvenile groundfishes and salmon in the eastern Gulf of Alaska

Abstract Ecologically important juvenile groundfishes and salmon co-occur in the upper water column of the eastern Gulf of Alaska during the summer, a period when growth is critical to their survival. We quantified fine-scale spatial and trophic overlap of juvenile groundfishes (arrowtooth flounder, Pacific cod, walleye pollock, and rockfish) and salmon (piscivorous coho and Chinook as well as planktivorous pink, chum, and sockeye) to examine trophic structuring and potential survival bottlenecks for these fishes in the Gulf of Alaska between 2010 and 2014. In general, juvenile groundfish catches had low coherence with station environmental variables with the exception that across the years, rockfish were correlated with deeper station bottom depths. Juvenile salmon catches were correlated with station environmental variables such as shallower station depth and where the pycnocline was closer to the surface, higher chlorophyll levels, and lower salinities. The overall fish community in 2011 was disorganized compared to 2010 and 2012–2014 based on higher ordination stress and had poorer environmental correlations. Fine-scale spatial overlap among juvenile groundfishes and salmon populations was highest in 2011 and 2012 and lowest in 2013 and 2014. Juvenile rockfish had the least spatial overlap with the juvenile salmon due to their offshore distribution. Fine-scale diet overlap between juvenile groundfishes and planktivorous juvenile salmon species ranged from 0% to 78%, was highest in 2012, and was lowest in 2011. Fine-scale diet overlap among juvenile groundfishes and piscivorous juvenile salmon occurred but was typically lower than that with planktivorous juvenile salmon. Additionally, juvenile groundfishes were directly consumed by juvenile salmon. Neither the abundance nor stomach fullness of the juvenile planktivorous groundfishes or salmon correlated with station-level zooplankton biomass in 2012–13, suggesting a lack of a resource bottleneck for these planktivores in these 2 years. Juvenile groundfishes were less frequently caught at stations where the highest catches of juvenile piscivorous salmon occurred, which could be due to predation. Overall, during years when juvenile groundfishes survival was high, juvenile salmon survival was also high, suggesting sufficient food resources in the GOA. Alternatively, when food resources are low in the GOA, as seen in 2011, competition for resources by groundfish and salmon was likely, and both appeared to be negatively impacted.
The Origin and Distribution of Angular Momemtum in Galaxies

Cold Dark Matter with a large cosmological constant (LambdaCDM) appears to fit large scale structure observations well. Of the possible small scale problems, the Central Cusps and Too Many Satellites problems now appear to be at least partly solved, so Angular Momentum has become the most serious remaining CDM problem. There are actually at least two different angular momentum problems: A. Too much transfer of angular momentum to the dark halo to make big disks, and B. Wrong distribution of spedific angular momentum to make spiral galaxies, if the baryonic material has the same angular momentum distribution as the dark matter. The angular momentum of dark matter halos, and presumably that of the galaxies they host, appears to arise largely from the orbital angular momentum of the satellites that they accrete. Since the dark and baryonic matter behave very differently in such accretion events, it is possible that the resulting angular momentum distribution of the baryons is different from that of the dark matter, as required to make the sort of galactic disks that are observed. The latest hydrodynamical simulations give some grounds for hope on this score, but much higher resolution simulations are needed.
How Partisan Online Environments Shape Communication with Political Outgroups

Social media provide opportunities to consume and share political news in echo chambers, but also to communicate with members of political outgroups. Exposure to political outgroups is often portrayed as the normatively desirable option, although empirically it has mixed effects. With an experimental study, we find that participants who regularly interact with political outgroups on social media share more politically moderate news articles when we assign them to an audience of mostly outgroup versus ingroup members. On the other hand, those who are accustomed to an online echo chamber subsequently polarize when faced with an outgroup audience. Our study holds implications for how a person’s online social setting can shape downstream political interactions, and, more broadly, our findings highlight the importance of incorporating pretreatment measures to understand how online environments influence political behavior.
Maintaining Safety and Facilitating Inclusion: Using Applied Behavior Analysis to Address Self-Injurious Behaviors Within General Education Classrooms:

This article provides educators with a research-informed process for addressing student problem self-injurious behaviors within inclusive settings. The process involves (a) identifying functions of...
Charting the cis-regulome of activated B cells by coupling structural and functional genomics.

Cis-regulomes underlying immune-cell-specific genomic states have been extensively analyzed by structure-based chromatin profiling. By coupling such approaches with a high-throughput enhancer screen (self-transcribing active regulatory region sequencing (STARR–seq)), we assembled a functional cis-regulome for lipopolysaccharide-activated B cells. Functional enhancers, in contrast with accessible chromatin regions that lack enhancer activity, were enriched for enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) and preferentially interacted in vivo with B cell lineage-determining transcription factors. Interestingly, preferential combinatorial binding by these transcription factors was not associated with differential enrichment of their sites. Instead, active enhancers were resolved by principal component analysis (PCA) from all accessible regions by co-varying transcription factor motif scores involving a distinct set of signaling-induced transcription factors. High-resolution chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) analysis revealed multiplex, activated enhancer–promoter configurations encompassing numerous multi-enhancer genes and multi-genic enhancers engaged in the control of divergent molecular pathways. Motif analysis of pathway-specific enhancers provides a catalog of diverse transcription factor codes for biological processes encompassing B cell activation, cycling and differentiation. Singh and colleagues leverage genome-wide assays to identify functionally active enhancers that are present in naive and lipopolysaccharide-activated B cells by FAIRE–seq, STARR–seq and Hi-C structural interactome analyses and identify additional transcription factors that regulate gene expression modules.
Sleep and interrogation: does losing sleep impact criminal history disclosure?

STUDY OBJECTIVES Despite centuries of using sleep deprivation to interrogate, there is virtually no scientific evidence on how sleep shapes behavior within interrogation settings. To evaluate the impact of sleeplessness on participants' behavior during investigative interviews, an experimental study examined the impact of sleep restriction on disclosure of past illegal behavior. METHODS Healthy participants from a university community (N = 143) either maintained or curbed their sleep (up to 4 h a night) across 2 days with sleep monitored via actigraphy. They were then asked to disclose past illegal acts and interviewed about them. Next, they were reinterviewed following an example of a detailed memory account (model statement). Disclosures were blindly coded for quantity and quality by two independent raters. RESULTS Sleep-restricted individuals reported similar offenses, but less information during their disclosure with slightly less precision. Model statement increased disclosure but did not reduce the inhibiting impact of sleep loss. Mediation analysis confirmed the causal role of sleep as responsible for experimental differences in amount of information, and participants' reports suggested impaired motivation to recall information played a role. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that even moderate sleep loss can inhibit criminal disclosure during interviews, point to motivational factors as responsible, and suggest investigators should be cautious when interrogating sleepy participants.
The Ideological and Spiritual Transformation of Malcolm X

This paper explores the nexus between incarceration, spirituality, and self-discovery through the literary lens of The Autobiography of Malcolm X.
“What is Dead May Not Die”: Locating Marginalized Concepts Among Ordinary Biologists

Historians and biologists identify the debate between mechanists and vitalists over the nature of life itself with the arguments of Driesch, Loeb, and other prominent voices. But what if the conversation was broader and the consequences deeper for the field? Following the suspicions of Joseph Needham in the 1930s and Francis Crick in the 1960s, we deployed tools of the digital humanities to an old problem in the history of biology. We analyzed over 31,000 peer-reviewed scientific papers and learned that bioexceptionalism participated in a robust discursive landscape throughout subfields of the life sciences, occupied even by otherwise unknown biologists.
Neoadjuvant PD-L1 plus CTLA-4 blockade in patients with cisplatin-ineligible operable high-risk urothelial carcinoma.

Immune checkpoint therapy is being tested in the neoadjuvant setting for patients with localized urothelial carcinoma1,2, with one study reporting data in cisplatin-ineligible patients who received anti-PD-L1 monotherapy2. The study reported that patients with bulky tumors, a known high-risk feature defined as greater than clinical T2 disease, had fewer responses, with pathological complete response rate of 17%2. Here we report on the first pilot combination neoadjuvant trial ( NCT02812420 ) with anti-PD-L1 (durvalumab) plus anti-CTLA-4 (tremelimumab) in cisplatin-ineligible patients, with all tumors identified as having high-risk features (n = 28). High-risk features were defined by bulky tumors, variant histology, lymphovascular invasion, hydronephrosis and/or high-grade upper tract disease3–5. The primary endpoint was safety and we observed 6 of 28 patients (21%) with grade ≥3 immune-related adverse events, consisting of asymptomatic laboratory abnormalities (n = 4), hepatitis and colitis (n = 2). We also observed pathological complete response of 37.5% and downstaging to pT1 or less in 58% of patients who completed surgery (n = 24). In summary, we provide initial safety, efficacy and biomarker data with neoadjuvant combination anti-PD-L1 plus anti-CTLA-4, which warrants further development for patients with localized urothelial carcinoma, especially cisplatin-ineligible patients with high-risk features who do not currently have an established standard-of-care neoadjuvant treatment. Neoadjuvant combination of immune checkpoint therapy in patients with cisplatin-ineligible bladder cancer achieves clinical efficacy and uncovers immune features as potential predictive biomarkers of treatment response.
Electrical spin current generation in ferromagnets

In this talk, we explore the variety of ways in which ferromagnets electrically generate spin currents. We present first principles transport calculations giving the strength and magnetization dependence of these various mechanisms in transition metal ferromagnets. We compute full spin current tensors to probe all spin directions and show how each mechanism contributes to the spin currents allowed by symmetry. To help guide the interpretation of experiments, we also present calculations of spin current generation in magnetic heterostructures to quantify their transmission through interfaces and the spin torques they exert. Finally, we discuss experiments that have probed these novel mechanisms of spin current generation. Unlocking the full potential of ferromagnets as spin current sources will help create a powerful tool for spintronic devices such as magnetic memories.
Laptops and Politics III: Micro-Targeting and the Relationship between Collegiate Consumer Technology Choices and Parental and Personal Partisanship.

All personal choices by individuals, what they drink, what kind of products they buy, what kind of candy they consume, can reveal the type of political ideologies those individuals hold. Campaigns utilize available data to their advantage and are able to combine all of this information to learn about voters and what they like to increase their chances at getting elected. Extant studies of micro-targeting and consumer behavior have indicated relationships between drink preference, candy preference (and other consumer choices) and political preferences. Such studies have revealed a link between Democrats and light-colored spirits and more moderate political thinkers and their choice Butterfingers as their favorite candy. In spite of critiques of the usefulness of micro-targeting and earlier work by two of us finding little to no relationship between consumer electronics choices and partisanship or political preference, we extended the body of research by looking to the next level of purchaser. With encouragement from those results, we added to the data with more respondents and a small group of students from a public institution. Though the results here are less encouraging, we still seek to determine if such consumer preferences tell us anything more about the differences, particularly in thought processes, between Democrats and Republicans, and can that knowledge aid in attempts to bridge our political divide?
Effective Action and Phase Transitions in Yang-Mills Theory on Spheres

We study the covariantly constant Savvidy-type chromomagnetic vacuum in finite-temperature Yang-Mills theory on the four-dimensional curved spacetime. Motivated by the fact that a positive spatial curvature acts as an effective gluon mass we consider the compact Euclidean spacetime S1 × S1 × S2, with the radius of the first circle determined by the temperature a1 = (2πT)−1. We show that covariantly constant Yang-Mills fields on S2 cannot be arbitrary but are rather a collection of monopole-antimonopole pairs. We compute the heat kernels of all relevant operators exactly and show that the gluon operator on such a background has negative modes for any compact semi-simple gauge group. We compute the infrared regularized effective action and apply the result for the computation of the entropy and the heat capacity of the quark-gluon gas. We compute the heat capacity for the gauge group SU(2N) for a field configuration of N monopole-antimonopole pairs. We show that in the high-temperature limit the heat capacity per unit volume is well defined in the infrared limit and exhibits a typical behavior of second-order phase transition \({\sim(T-T_c)^{-3/2}}\) with the critical temperature Tc = (2πa)−1, where a is the radius of the 2-sphere S2.
Avapritinib for Systemic Mastocytosis.

Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a rare myeloid neoplasm driven in ≈95% of cases by activating KIT mutations, usually D816V. SM can be indolent (ISM), smoldering (SSM) and advanced (AdvSM), the latter...
Hearing sensitivity in older adults: associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the health, aging and body composition study.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors and age-associated hearing loss in a cohort of older black and white adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort study. SETTING: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study, a community-based cohort study of older adults from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Memphis, Tennessee. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand forty-nine well-functioning adults (mean age 77.5; 37% black). MEASUREMENTS: Pure-tone audiometry measurement and history of clinical CVD were obtained at the fourth annual follow-up visit. Pure-tone averages in decibels reflecting low (250, 500, and 1,000 Hz), middle (500, 1,000, and 2,000 Hz), and high (2,000, 4,000, and 8,000 Hz) frequencies were calculated for each ear. CVD risk factors, aortic pulse-wave velocity (PWV), and ankle\u2013arm index (AAI) were obtained at study baseline. RESULTS: In sex-stratified models, after adjustment for age, race, study site, and occupational noise exposure, risk factors associated with poorer hearing sensitivity in men included high triglyceride levels, high resting heart rate, and history of smoking. In women, poor hearing sensitivity was associated with high body mass index, high resting heart rate, fast PWV, and low AAI. CONCLUSION: Modifiable risk factors for CVD may play a role in the development of age-related hearing loss.
The Role of Equatorial Waves in the Semiannual Oscillation of The Middle Atmosphere

A review of the observed features of the semiannual oscillation (SAO) of the middle atmosphere is presented, together with numerical simulations that reproduce much of the observed behavior. It is argued that latent heat release by deep convection excites equatorial Kelvin and inertia-gravity waves that play a major role in driving the SAO. The waves in question have scales ranging from planetary (k = 1 - 3) to intermediate (k ≃ 4 - 25), and periods less than 5 days. In the calculations presented here, planetary-scale Kelvin waves provide over half of the driving for the westerly phase of the stratospheric SAO, while the remainder is supplied by intermediate scale waves; in the mesosphere, the westerly phase is driven by a combination of planetary and intermediate-scale Kelvin waves, while inertia-gravity waves of diurnal period contribute most of the forcing for the easterly phase. The inertia-gravity waves responsible for forcing the mesospheric easterly phase are particularly affected by dissipation during the easterly phase of the quasibiennial oscillation (QBO); this may account for the apparent modulation of the mesospheric SAO by the QBO seen in satellite observations.
Impact of p210Bcr-Abl on Ultraviolet C Wavelength-induced DNA Damage and Repair

Recently, it was shown that both Bcr and Bcr-Abl can interact with xeroderma pigmentosum group B (XPB/ERCC3), a protein implicated in DNA repair after UV-induced damage. To further analyze the effect of Bcr-Abl on the DNA damage response, we used cell lines stably transfected with the BCR-ABL gene and their parental counterparts (MBA-1 versus MO7E and Bcr-AblT1 versus 4A2 + -pZAP) and several assays reflecting DNA repair: the comet assay, a radioimmunoassay for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, and clonogenic assays. After exposure to UVC (0.5–5.0 joules m −2 ), the Comet assay demonstrated greater efficiency of DNA repair in the BCR-ABL -positive cells (both MBA-1 and Bcr-AblT1) when compared with their parental counterparts. Furthermore, there was less production of the UV-induced DNA adduct—cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers—as well as a more rapid rate of disappearance of these adducts and greater UV survival (clonogenic assays) in MBA-1 cells as compared with MO7E cells. Apoptosis (annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining) was markedly reduced in the BCR-ABL -positive cells. These results indicate that BCR-ABL confers enhanced resistance to UV radiation-induced damage and increased efficiency of DNA repair and that these changes are associated with a protective antiapoptotic effect.
The effects of verbal shadowing upon the recognition of visually presented verbal and nonverbal information.

Are there distinct verbal and non-verbal processing systems in the mind? This study seems to support a dual-processing hypothesis. Although the first experiment determined that verbal interference (shadowing) was detrimental to the subjects’ memory of words and high-similarity pictures, the second, designed to minimize the possibility that students would sort through pictures (as they apparently had in the first experiment) indicated that verbal interference did not decrease memory of high-similarity pictures. Subjects were graduate students and faculty members.
When sex makes you sick.

Sex and parasites are two of the most important forces in evolution, shaping everything from the appearance of organisms (sex, by favoring the evolution of ornaments and weapons) to their physiological functioning (parasites, via selection for host defenses). They have been studied both separately and together, with parasite–sex interactions similarly featuring in a wide range of areas in biology. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are, of course, an obvious link between the two, but until now, little attention has been paid to the ways that both host and parasite can coevolve under this circumstance, and thus influence both parasite virulence and host mating strategies. In a set of models that incorporate the degree of mate choosiness as well as virulence under different host life history states, Ashby and Boots (1) demonstrate how feedback between host and parasite can result in a variety of outcomes for each party, from stable levels of virulence and choice, to cycling between high and low levels of each, to increasing virulence, or to extinction. Their model also reveals the circumstances under which transmission avoidance behavior, in the form of choosiness for uninfected mates, is favored, and shows that such behavior is not universally favored by selection.
Chronic oral l-DOPA increases dopamine and decreases serotonin excretions

Given the common pathways for uptake and synthesis for dopamine and serotonin, enhanced renal dopamine synthesis in response to increased substrate 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) is postulated...
Minimum Interference Planar Geometric Topology in Wireless Sensor Networks

The approach of using topology control to reduce interference in wireless sensor networks has attracted attention of several researchers. There are at least two definitions of interference in the literature. In a wireless sensor network the interference at a node may be caused by an edge that is transmitting data [15], or it occurs because the node itself is within the transmission range of another [3], [1], [6]. In this paper we show that the problem of assigning power to nodes in the plane to yield a planar geometric graph whose nodes have bounded interference is NP-complete under both interference definitions. Our results provide a rigorous proof for a theorem in [15] whose proof is unconvincing. They also address one of the open issues raised in [6] where Halldorsson and Tokuyama were concerned with the receiver model of node interference, and derived an $O(\sqrt {\Delta})$ upper bound for the maximum node interference of a wireless ad hoc network in the plane (Δ is the maximum interference of the so-called uniform radius network). The question as to whether this problem is NP-complete in the 2-dimensional case was left open.
Cherenkov magnon excitations by a sub-relativistic magnetic monopole

Abstract A magnetic monopole moving faster than the magnon phase velocity in a given magnetic medium will create a magnon Cherenkov radiation in this medium. Typical velocities of interest are in the ∼10 −4 c range. In this range most non-induction detection mechanisms are inefficient.
Statistical assessment of spatio-temporal pollutant trends and meteorological transport models

Abstract Up to now, modeling and computational difficulties have impeded efforts toward a formal statistical assessment of large-scale, spatio-temporal pollutant trends and the predictive performance of meteorological pollutant transport and deposition models. Until such statistical assessments can be made however, environmental regulators may not always be able to defend regulatory decisions, and modelers may not always be able to give convincing evidence of a proposed model’s predictive validity. This article gives a two-stage statistical method that allows such hypothesis testing and model assessment using data observed irregularly through space and time. Stage 1 is to estimate the global covariance matrix of the random disturbances of a pollutant deposition process and, using this global covariance matrix, stage 2 is to conduct a Monte-Carlo hypothesis test of either a pollutant trend hypothesis or goodness-of-fit of a meteorological pollutant transport and deposition model. This statistical method is described and demonstrated using conterminous U.S. wet sulfate deposition data.
A Comparison of Privatization in Capitalist and Socialist Countries

Reports intensive country studies conducted for a sample of ten countries – five historically socially planned and five predominantly market economies – for comparative analyses of socioeconomic‐political characteristics prior to privatization. Purpose was to discern if there were any common factors descriptive of capitalist and/or socialist countries prior to privatization. Constructs from a common set of factors descriptive of all the economies in the sample prior to initiation of privatization, a general model of preconditions for privatization. Results of limited testing appeared to lend credence to the model.
Inversion Frequency of Ammonia and Molecular Interaction

Several experiments on the shape and position of the inversion lines of N${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ have indicated an effective decrease in the inversion frequency with increasing pressure of the gas. As suggested in a former paper, this is to be expected on theoretical grounds. It is here shown, first with the use of a simple linear model, that the interaction of two N${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ molecules causes the doublet levels to change their spacing in a manner which produces two possible transitions of different frequencies, one smaller and one larger than the normal value. When transition probabilities are calculated it is seen that the smaller frequency gains in strength upon approach of the molecules, at the expense of the other. In Section 2 the effect of rotation upon the distortion of the levels is calculated, and Section 3 contains a schematic calculation of the interaction of three molecules. The pressure for which the reduction in the resonance frequency is experimentally observed agrees surprisingly well with the distance of separation between molecules at which the effect here calculated sets in.
Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP content and binding in malignancy.

Summary 3′,5′-cyclic AMP and 3′,5′-cyclic GMP concentrations in several strains of Morris hepatomas as well as the ability of the hepatoma cytosol to bind the cyclic nucleotides were measured. The tumors were found to have levels of cyclic AMP either equal to or depressed below those of the host livers. Hepatomas with cyclic AMP levels equal to those of livers disclosed at least one of the following characteristics: low cyclic AMP binding capacity, high cyclic GMP concentration, high cyclic GMP binding capacity. The tumors with high cyclic GMP levels were particularly fast-growing. We suggest that malignancy is associated with a low effective level of cyclic AMP and that the effective level of cyclic AMP is a function not only of its concentration but also of the level of the various proteins which react with cyclic AMP and also the activity of its antagonists, such as cyclic GMP.
Edward Said's rhetoric of the secular

Mathieu E. Courville, London and New York, Continuum Press, 2010, ix+246 pp., (hardback), ISBN: 978-0-8264-3755-6 In Edward Said's rhetoric of the secular, Mathieu Courville presents an alternative...
Association of GRM3 polymorphism with white matter integrity in schizophrenia.

Abstract Background While the functional disconnectivity hypothesis of schizophrenia has received considerable attention, fewer studies have investigated the contribution of genotype to structural connectivity between brain regions either in schizophrenia patients or in healthy controls. In this study, we obtained diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from 74 cases and 87 age- and gender-matched controls. Methods We used independent component analysis (ICA) to analyze fractional anisotropy (FA) values and correlated FA values with 121 SNPs in genes associated with myelination and/or schizophrenia risk. Results Using ICA, we identified 6 maximally independent components in which the majority of the voxels corresponded to known white matter (WM) tracts. Among these WM-enriched components, two had FA values that were significantly decreased in patients. In addition, we examined the relationship between FA values and genotype and found that a SNP located in the intronic region of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 gene, GRM3 , shows a significant correlation with FA values in a component containing tracts from the cortico–cerebellar–thalamic–cortical circuit of patients but not controls. Conclusions Our findings strengthen the evidence for an association between GRM3 genotype and schizophrenia and suggest a role for glutamate neurotransmission in the establishment and maintenance of myelinated fibers.
Growth Factor Receptors As Targets for Lung Cancer Therapy

Dysregulated signal transduction of growth factor receptors contributes to the process of malignant transformation by promoting cell proliferation, motility, and invasion through extracellular matrix as well as angiogenesis. Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), and to a lesser extent HER2/neu, is overexpressed in the majority of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared with normal tissue, making them ideal targets for the development of novel therapeutics for this disease. Multiple clinical trials have demonstrated that antireceptor strategies employing antagonistic monoclonal antibodies or low molecular weight tyrosine kinase inhibitors against EGFR are well tolerated and occasionally result in objective clinical responses in patients with advanced NSCLC. This report provides an overview of the molecular basis and the preclinical evidence supporting clinical development of anti-EGFR therapy as well as results of phase I–III clinical trials of these compounds in treating patients with solid tumors including NSCLC.
Application of sex-specific single-nucleotide polymorphism filters in genome-wide association data

We explored five sex-specific quality control filters in North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium's Illumina 550 k datasets. Three X chromosome and three autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms flagged by sex quality control filters were missed by filters of call rate at 95% and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at 10-6. We applied a subset of these sex-specific quality control filters to eight chromosomes in the Framingham Heart Study samples genotyped by Affymetrix 500 k SNP arrays, and identified another two single-nucleotide polymorphisms that failed to be picked up by the above global filters.
The Relationship Between Expectations for Aging and Physical Activity Among Older Adults

BACKGROUND: New strategies to increase physical activity among sedentary older adults are urgently needed. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether low expectations regarding aging (age-expectations) are associated with low physical activity levels among older adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred and thirty-six English- and Spanish-speaking adults aged 65 years and above attending 14 community-based senior centers in the Los Angeles region. Over 44% were non-Latino whites, 15% were African American, and 36% were Latino. The mean age was 77 years (range 65 to 100). MEASUREMENTS: Self-administered written surveys including previously tested measures of age-expectations and physical activity level in the previous week. RESULTS: Over 38% of participants reported <30 minutes of moderate-vigorous physical activity in the previous week. Older adults with lower age-expectations were more likely to report this very low level of physical activity than those with high age-expectations, even after controlling for the independent effect of age, sex, ethnicity, level of education, physical and mental health-related quality of life, comorbidity, activities of daily living impairment, depressive symptoms, self-efficacy, survey language, and clustering at the senior center. Compared with the quintile of participants having the highest age-expectations, participants with the lowest quintile of age-expectations had an adjusted odds ratio of 2.6 (95% confidence intervals: 1.5, 4.5) of reporting <30 minutes of moderate-vigorous physical activity in the previous week. CONCLUSIONS: In this diverse sample of older adults recruited from senior centers, low age-expectations are independently associated with very low levels of physical activity. Harboring low age-expectations may act as a barrier to physical activity among sedentary older adults.
EDUSAC - an educational list processing system

This paper describes an educational version of the SAC-1 list processing system. Educational systems such as WATFIV, WATBOL, and PL/C are available for teaching programming languages. However, the authors could find no comparable systems for list processing. Since such facilities would be useful in many courses (e.g., data structures, operating systems, symbol manipulation), EDUSAC was developed.
Synthetic temporal aperture coherent molecular phase spectroscopy

Coherent Raman vibrations in solid, liquid and gas phase samples, excited by impulsive stimulated Raman scattering, are probed via optical spectral interferometry. High vibrational spectral resolution is possible with a synthetic temporal aperture technique and we investigate the effects of this approach numerically. Measured spectra are determined either by direct Fourier transform or by linear prediction. This new Raman spectroscopy technique is shown to be well-suited to strongly damped as well as polarized and depolarized vibrational modes.
Post-mass culture

H 'ave the mass media rendered us more or less .similar over time? The answers to this question betray deep divisions among intellectuals. Some point up the homogenizing influence of the mass media, which are conceived as a cultural furnace into which individual social elements are shoveled to become fused, alloyed. Others argue that by opening up new vistas, by offering new styles and an expanded range of alternatives, the media's multifarious offerings render us increasingly diverse in thought and action. To determine which assessment of the media's influence on contemporary American society is correct, we turn first to the historical circumstances out of which the present situation developed. In the late nineteenth century social scientists noted that as societies modernized and advanced institutionally, the roles individuals played became increasingly specialized and differentiated. They recognized modernization as a centrifugal force that weakened local ties and rendered beliefs and behaviors increasingly dissimilar. Paradoxically, modernization created new centripetal tendencies as well, attended by an expanding web of functional interdependencies that enhanced social solidarity. Modernizing societies remained intact, but for different reasons. Out of this sociological framework came the idea of mass society. While it was most prominent in the 1920s and 1930s, it still enjoys some currency today. The theory of mass society generally holds that modernization produces a mass of people, functionally linked, but socially and emotionally isolated. Lacking the psychic sanctuary and larger sense of purpose that membership in cohesive social groups provides, members of a mass society are susceptible to media persuasion and influence. Highly purposive, the media were presumed to be capable of creating a new, pervasive normative order. Thus by the 1920s, Harold Lasswell could call the mass media and their most manipulative issue, propaganda, the "new hammer and anvil of social solidarity."
Directional dependence of oxygen ionic transport in a tubular MIEC membrane

Abstract Surface exchange and bulk diffusion resist ionic oxygen transport through a dense mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) membrane. In the regime of mixed resistances, the outwards oxygen ionic flow rate per unit length from the tube to the shell (Fout) is predicted to exceed that from the shell to the tube (Fin) for equivalent rich and lean oxygen partial pressures. Numerical simulations for typical parameter values predict enhancement factors (Fout / Fin) of about 1.05. This directional dependence is not predicted to occur when either the surface of exchange or bulk diffusion are the controlling resistance. Experimental data are in qualitative agreement with the theoretical predictions. The observed ratio between the outwards and inwards oxygen ionic flow at 1000°C through a La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.8Ga0.2O3-δ (LSFG) membrane tube was in the range of 1.14 to 1.38.
Development Without Communities: Social Fields, Networks, and Action in the Mambila Grasslands of Nigeria

TTEMPTS TO DESCRIBE, UNDERSTAND, and A explain small-scale and/or local social systems have been a major part of research by many anthropologists and other social scientists for several decades. Both improved data bases and conceptual advances, particularly since 1950, now enable better analyses to be made. Several significant changes have occurred in theory and methodology, including the construction of new paradigms and models. Today, there seems to be a growing consensus that many assumptions about the nature of social systems commonly made by social structuralist and functionalist approaches should be modified, possibly even reversed, and certainly made problematic. Rules, norms, ideology, patterns, equilibrium, integration, stability, boundedness, corporateness, and systemness are among the many attributes of social systems that are progressively being conceptualized to be variable, impermanent, and sometimes elusive. Furthermore, it is widely held that improved understanding and explanation of social systems can be attained if they are studied in wider spatial (regional, continental, and worldwide) and temporal frameworks (M. G. Smith 1966; C. A. Smith 1976).
Skeletal morphology and relationships of the early Cretaceous side-necked turtle, Araripemys barretoi (Testudines: Pelomedusoides: Araripemydidae), from the Santana Formation of Brazil

ABSTRACT Thirteen new specimens in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History allow redescription of the lower Cretaceous side-necked turtle, Araripemys barretoi Price 1973. Araripemys is one of the three oldest pleurodires known for which the skeletal morphology can be completely described. The genus is incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis of pelomedusid (sensu lato) turtles. Examination of 35 skeletal characters in six living and nine extinct taxa suggest that there are four distinct clades in the Pelomedusidae (sensu lato). These are the Araripemydidae (including Araripemys and an undescribed genus from the same locality), the Pelomedusidae (restricted to the living genera Pelusios and Pelomedusa), the Bothremydidae (including at least five extinct genera) and the Podocnemidae (including the living genera Podocnemis, Peltocephalus and Erymnochelys, and a series of extinct genera). The hyperfamily name Pelomedusoides is available and accommodates these four families.
The Z-independence of oscillator strengths

Abstract Nuclear charge expansion theories of oscillator strengths are reviewed and a comparison is made with experimental data. Ways in which the expansion theories can be carried to higher order are discussed.
Applications of Digital Terrain Data to Multisensor Image Analysis: ABSTRACT

Some of the key factors for detection of facies changes in sedimentary environments, such as changes in surface composition and texture, are parameters that can be detected using the remote sensing techniques presently available. For example, multipolarization aircraft synthetic aperture radar (SAR), Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM), and airborne Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) images were acquired over the Deadman Butte area of the Wind River basin, Wyoming. The SAR images were acquired at L-band (wavelength = 24.6 cm) simultaneously in 4 polarization states (HH, HV, VV, VH). The 6 visible and near infrared TM bands range in wavelength from 0.45 to 2.35 µm. Thus, reflected and emitted radiation, and radar backscatter from geologic targets can be simultan ously analyzed using a coregistered image data set. In this way, lithologic variations can be mapped based on compositional information derived from the TM and TIMS data and detailed surface scattering information derived from the multipolarization SAR data. In addition, coregistration of the image data set to digital terrain data results in the ability to generate a stratigraphic column based on the remote sensing data, and to perform detailed structural analyses. End_of_Article - Last_Page 254------------
HLA-DQ haplotypes differ by ethnicity in patients with childhood-onset diabetes.

Aim To understand the etiology of childhood-onset diabetes, we examined genetic risk markers, autoantibodies (AB), and β-cell function in a mixed-race group of young patients.
The Effect of Homogeneous Mechanical Stress on the Electrical Resistance of Crystals

It is shown from general considerations of symmetry that the effect of homogeneous mechanical stress on the electrical resistance of a conducting crystal can be expressed in terms of a set of constants, the number of which is equal to the number of elastic moduli, and which connect the resistance with stress by equations very much like the equations connecting strain with stress, except for the difference of a factor 2 in some of the terms. The results are explicitly applied to the case of bismuth, and formulas developed for the change of resistance of a rod cut from the crystal in any direction when subjected to a longitudinal tension. The formulas are checked against the recent experimental results of Miss Allen for bismuth, and agreement found within the limits of error. It is shown that tension measurements alone do not permit an evaluation of all the constants, but if the tension measurements are supplemented by measurements of the effect of hydrostatic pressure in two independent directions, the six constants are then completely determined. Numerical values of the six constants are given for bismuth. Finally the geometrical meaning of the coefficients is briefly discussed and attention called to an effect produced by stress in crystals which is the analogue of the Hall effect produced by a magnetic field in isotropic materials.
Optional vena cava filter use in the elderly population

Abstract Purpose To review utility, safety, and efficacy of optional inferior vena cava (IVC) filters in patients 65 years or older at a single institution over a 6-year period. Materials and Methods Retrospective review of permanent and optional IVC filters placed in elderly patients was performed. Older and younger groups were compared based on technical success of filter placement and clinical success measured by recurrent pulmonary embolism (PE) or thrombotic complications. The rate of successful filter removal was compared with that in the cohort of patients of all ages who received optional filters. Results Fifty-three patients received an optional filter and 445 received a permanent filter. Technical success rates for filter placement in the permanent and optional filter groups were 99.8% (447 of 448) and 98.1% (53 of 54), respectively ( P = .51). Rates of PE after filter placement were 0% and 1.4% (five of 359) in the optional and permanent filter groups, respectively ( P = .87). Incidences of deep vein thrombosis were 12% (six of 50) and 4.5% (16 of 359) in optional and permanent filter recipients, respectively ( P = .06). Filter retrieval was attempted in 55.6% of optional filter recipients (30 of 54), similar to that seen in patients of any age with optional filters. Retrieval was unsuccessful in one patient in whom a suprarenal IVC filter was placed. Conclusions Optional filters are safe and effective in patients aged 65 years or older. Age alone is a poor predictor of a clinical opportunity to remove a filter. With appropriate patient selection and aggressive follow-up, retrieval rates comparable with those in younger populations can be achieved.
Rapid sorption processes on granular zeolite

Abstract The rates of sorption of several gases on chabazite, a natural zeolite, have been measured, using a constant volume system and automatic recording of pressure changes. The relevant solutions of the diffusion equation are computed and tabulated, and are used to analyze the sorption processes from essentially zero to infinite time. The sorption of carbon dioxide appears to be controlled by a slow adsorption step, but the data obtained for methane and argon can best be explained by assuming the natural crystals either to contain grain boundaries of high permeability, or to be traversed by relatively thin shells of compact and probably amorphous material of low permeability. The possible effects of the grain shape irregularity and size distribution have been explored.
A large, high performance, curved 2D position-sensitive neutron detector ☆

Abstract A new position-sensitive neutron detector has been designed and constructed for a protein crystallography station at LANL's pulsed neutron source. This station will be one of the most advanced instruments at a major neutron user facility for protein crystallography, fiber and membrane diffraction. The detector, based on neutron absorption in 3He, has a large sensitive area of 3000 cm 2 , angular coverage of 120°, timing resolution of 1 μs , rate capability in excess of 10 6 s −1 , position resolution of about 1.5 mm FWHM, and efficiency >50% for neutrons of interest in the range 1– 10 A . Features that are key to these remarkable specifications are the utilization of eight independently operating segments within a single gas volume, fabrication of the detector vessel and internal segments with a radius of curvature of about 70 cm , optimized position readout based on charge division and signal shaping with gated baseline restoration, and engineering design with high-strength aluminum alloy.
Equivalence class formation influenced by the number of nodes separating stimuli.

Two experiments examined whether the number of nodes separating stimuli influenced human subjects' conditional discrimination performances. In Experiment 1, 3 college students were taught visual conditional discriminations among 2 seven-member stimulus classes using a single-sample/two-comparison procedure. Following training, subjects were exposed to repeated probes for the emergence of derived relations separated by varying numbers of nodes. For all three subjects the results indicated that the order in which derived relations emerged was consistent with the number of nodes separating stimuli. The second experiment sought to extend Experiment 1 with four college students by teaching visual conditional discriminations among 3 seven-member stimulus classes using a single-sample/three-comparison procedure. Results from the repeated probes in Experiment 2 were similar to those of Experiment 1. The two experiments demonstrate that the number of nodes separating stimuli influences the order in which derived relations emerge during equivalence class formation.
New Trends in Cybersecurity

This year, cybersecurity might be one of the most widely discussed subjects among IT professionals, with three new trends emerging. The field is experiencing an increase in the workforce demand, expanding into broader areas, and starting to address mobile devices. This department is part of a special issue on security.