cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compacting output responses containing unknowns using an embedded processor

In system-on-chip (SOC) designs, embedded processors are frequently present as part of the functional design and can be used to help test the chip or system by providing a software-based test. Previous work has looked at compacting output responses in software by performing signature analysis using either arithmetic operations or by implementing a multi-input signature register (MISR) in software. However, these approaches cannot be used when the output response contains unknown (X) values. While it is possible to precisely mask all X's present in the output response in software, a straightforward approach would require a very large amount of mask data to specify which bits to mask. This paper proposes an efficient method for compacting output responses with X's in software using the concept of canceling X's from signatures as proposed in [Touba 07], Whereas the efficiency of the hardware implementation in [Touba 07] is constrained by needing to minimize the hardware overhead, in software these constraints are not present. Thus, a novel and more efficient implementation is proposed here. Moreover, the efficiency is further improved by incorporating a low cost partial X-masking step in software as well. Results indicate that output responses with significant X densities can be very efficiently compacted using the proposed software-based scheme.
Impact of tamoxifen on amount of fibroglandular tissue, background parenchymal enhancement, and cysts on breast magnetic resonance imaging

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of tamoxifen treatment on amount of fibroglandular tissue (FGT), background parenchymal enhancement (BPE), and cysts on breast MRI. Retrospective search identified 96 women with breast cancer who had a breast MRI both before and during adjuvant tamoxifen therapy between 2002 and 2008. After exclusion of all irradiated breasts, 88 women were eligible. Two readers blinded to tamoxifen treatment status independently rated level of BPE, amount of FGT, and cysts using a 4-point categorical scale: BPE--Minimal, Mild, Moderate, Marked; FGT--Fatty, Scattered, Heterogeneously Dense (HD), Dense; Cysts--Minimal, Mild, Moderate, Marked. A consensus interpretation was reached in cases of disagreement. During tamoxifen, there was a significant shift from higher to lower degree BPE, cysts, and FGT compared with before tamoxifen. BPE, cysts and FGT decreased in 68% (60/88), 38% (33/88), and 40% (35/88) of women during tamoxifen (p<0.001 for all measures). After the exclusion of all cases with minimal BPE, cysts, or FGT on the pre-tamoxifen MRI, the percentage of women demonstrating a decrease in these factors increased to 81% (60/74), 77% (33/43), and 41% (35/86), respectively. Exclusion of patients treated with chemotherapy did not substantially change these results. The percentage of women with decreases in FGT and cysts increased with greater duration on tamoxifen, whereas decreases in BPE were detected early in treatment (<90 days) and did not change substantially with longer duration on tamoxifen. A significant association exists between treatment with tamoxifen and decreases in BPE, cysts, and FGT on breast MRI.
Iron, Porphyrins and Chlorophyll

IRON is essential for chlorophyll formation1. A reasonable hypothesis is that this element acts in the conversion of coproporphyrinogen (COPROgen) to protoporphyrin (PROTO)2,3. We have tested, this hypothesis and find the results contrary to expectation.
Comparative Predictive Value of ST-Segment Depression or Angina during Early and Repeat Postinfarction Exercise Tests

To determine the relative value of electrocardiographic (ECG) ST-segment depression alone compared to angina alone for predicting multivessel coronary artery disease during early and repeat postinfarction exercise tests, we evaluated 93 postmyocardial infarction patients with modified treadmill exercise tests prior to hospital discharge (mean 14 ± 2 days), and 36 of these 93 patients with repeat exercise tests at six weeks following infarction. It was concluded that angina alone or angina irrespective of the presence of ST-segment depression are better predictors of multivessel coronary artery disease than ECG ST-segment depression alone, and the persistence of ischemic abnormalities during repeat treadmill exercise tests following infarction is useful for confirming the presence of multivessel coronary artery disease.
Debunking the “language gap”

Purpose – This paper aims to outline the misguided underpinnings of the “word gap” concept promoted by Hart and Risley (1995). This concept posits that a “30 million word gap” between children of poverty and those from affluent households accounts for widespread academic disparities. Based on this premise, there has been a recent surge in educational programs that are based on a deficit view toward the language patterns of families from economically impoverished backgrounds. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is a discussion piece to debunk the “word gap” concept. Findings – Describing the language patterns of families in poverty as inferior is linguistically false and culturally insensitive. The aim of this paper is to explain why this is and suggest alternative approaches for supporting students who live in poverty. Originality/value – This paper is an original look at the so-called “language gap” and suggests strategies for helping students who might otherwise struggle to reach their potential.
Effective dilatational transformation toughening in brittle materials

The toughness of brittle materials can be increased significantly by martensitic phase transformation in which the transformable particles near the crack tip region undergo a stress-indueed transformation with a positive volume change. The mechanics of transformation toughening has been the subject of numerous studies. Earliest models of transformation toughening were based upon energy changes associated with transforation. McMeeking and Evans pointed out that there were difficulties with these earlier models when compared with experimental results and in some cases the models provided conflicting predictions of the role of microstructure, temperature, etc. on the toughness. An alternative approach, based upon the reduction in the crack-tip stress intensity factor, was first devised with the objective to provide an unequivocal basis for comparison with experimental results. The steady state dilatational transformation toughening is given in terms of the reduction in the mode I crack tip stress intensity factor: Δ K = - 0.66 Ω V_p √h (E/[2(1-ν^2)] (1) where Ω is the plane strain transformation area dilatation, V_p is the volume fraction of the transformed particles in the transformation zone, h is the transformation zone height, E and ν are the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. This result was derived assuming a zone shape of a hydrostatic contour. The effective transformation toughening also depends the relative elastic moduli of the transforming particle and nontransforming matrix phases. For a matrix phase of a given elastic modulus, rigid transforming particles are more effective in toughening than compliant panicles. The effect of elastic mismatch may not be important in pure zirconia ceramics containing precipitates of tetragonal ZrO_2 where the mismatch is low. However, the effect can be substantial in ZrO_2-containing composites. Therefore, the intent of the present work is to extend McMeeking and Evans' model for transformation toughening to include the effect of elastic mismatch between the particle and matrix phases. Elastic mismatch can also affect the stress intensity due to the elastic interaction between near tip stress field and the particles, but this component will not be considered here. Instead, we shall concentrate on the effect which results from the dependence of effective transformation strain on elastic mismatch.
Subsample and half-sample methods

Hartigan's subsample and half-sample methods are both shown to be inefficient methods of estimating the sampling distributions. In the sample mean case the bootstrap is known to correct for skewness. But irrespective of the population, the estimates based on the subsample method, have skewness factor zero. This problem persists even if we take only samples of size less than or equal to half of the original sample. For linear statistics it is possible to correct this by considering estimates based on subsamples of size νn, when the sample size is n. In the sample mean case ν can be taken as % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeimaiaab6% cacaqG1aGaaeikaiaabgdacaqGGaGaeyOeI0IaaeiiaiaabgdacaqG% VaWaaOaaaeaacaqG1aaaleqaaOGaaeykaaaa!3E8A!\[{\text{0}}{\text{.5(1 }} - {\text{ 1/}}\sqrt {\text{5}} {\text{)}}\]. In spite of these negative results, the half-sample method is useful in estimating the variance of sample quantiles. It is shown that this method gives as good an estimate as that given by the bootstrap method. A major advantage of the half-sample method is that it is shown to be robust in estimating the mean square error of estimators of parameters of a linear regression model when the errors are heterogeneous. Bootstrap is known to give inconsistent results in this case; although, it is more efficient in the case of homogeneous errors.
Complement-mediated lysis of type-C virus: effect of primate and human sera on various retroviruses.

Antibody-independent complement-mediated lysis of type-C RNA tumor viruses (retroviruses) was measured in the sera of humans and other primates using the reverse transcriptase release assay. In this assay, preincubated mixtures of test serum and virus are assayed for the presence of viral reverse transcriptase released from disrupted virions. Serum decomplemented by heating possesses no such activity. Sera containing non-specific heat-labile factors inhibitory to the reverse transcriptase release assay are excluded from consideration. According to this assay, both normal and leukemic human sera, as well as sera from several other primate species including apes, Old World monkeys and New World monkeys, are all capable of lysing both endogenous and infectious primate and murine type-C viruses. At least two non-primate species (cat and rabbit) also possess this activity, although several other non-primates do not. There is no appreciable viral specificity; each test serum possessing complement-mediated virolytic activity can lyse all classes of retroviruses against which it is tested. Those primate species which spontaneously release retroviruses (baboon, squirrel monkey), as well as those primate species which are infected with exogenous retroviruses (rhesus, gibbon ape), are all capable of lysing their respective viruses. In addition, the relative efficiency of complement-mediated viral lysis correlates better with primate phylogeny than with the relative ease of type-C virus release or transmission. This would seem to suggest that complement-mediated viral lysis does not, in fact, play a primary role in blocking the release or transmission of type-C viruses among primates.
Community Encouragement: Returning to the Basis for Community Development.

This paper first presents a brief philosophical and theoretical critique of community development's transformation into economic development. The history of community development parallels sociology's community/society dichotomy of human associations. The acceptance of societal domination at the expense of community explains the movement away from community in favor of the larger society. This paper rejects the notion of the existence of the community/society typology and rather views both types of human associations as fundamental to rural life. Using these theoretical points, the paper uses a case study to introduce a successful rural revitalization process termed “community encouragement.” Using community input, a broad based local economic development team, and the resources of a regional university, the process integrates a community's traditional values with progressive revitalization plans.
Hierarchical Bayes Models for the Progression of HIV Infection Using Longitudinal CD4 T-Cell Numbers

Abstract Taking the absolute number of CD4 T-cells as a marker of disease progression for persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we model longitudinal series of such counts for a sample of 327 subjects in the San Francisco Men's Health Study (Waves 1–8, excluding zidovudine cases). We conduct a fully Bayesian analysis of these data. We employ individual level nonlinear models incorporating such critical features as incomplete and unbalanced data, population covariates (age at study entry and an indicator of self-reported herpes simplex virus infection), unobserved random change points, heterogeneous variances, and errors in variables. We construct prior distributions using results of previously published work from several different sources and data from HIV-negative men in this study. We also develop an approach to Bayesian model choice and individual prediction. Our analysis provides marginal posterior distributions for all population parameters in our model for this cohort. Using ...
A laboratory model of dust devil vortices

Abstract The results of a laboratory investigation of the dust devil vortex are presented. Vortex velocity and temperature profiles were measured for various initial conditiions of boundary heat input and outer flow swirl. Three different categories of core structure were observed depending on the amount of axial flow force and circulation strength produced in the experiment and dust devil models are constructed based on the measured mean behavior of each core category.
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-induced mouse killing and behavioral reversal with ventricular administration of serotonin in rats

In order to establish a more complete behavioral profile on animals induced to kill mice following serotonin depletion, naturally non-mouse-killing male Long-Evans rats were administered 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) in a saline-ascorbic acid vehicle or vehicle alone to the left lateral ventricle through a chronically indwelling cannula. Following a postsurgical delay, animals were tested for mouse killing, food and water consumption, spontaneous motor activity, and exploratory behavior. 5,7-DHT treatment resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of mouse killing over vehicle-injected controls in the absence of effects on the other behaviors investigated. In a second experiment, 5,7-DHT-treated rats from Experiment I were administered small doses of serotonin intraventricularly. An additional group of spontaneously mouse-killing rats also received intraventricular injections of serotonin. This manipulation led to a significant increase in the latency of both groups to kill mice over both preinjection latencies and vehicle-injected control animals. Since serotonin depletion resulted in the induction of mouse killing in naturally nonkilling rats without affecting other potentially contributory behaviors and since the mouse killing could be reversed by intraventricular administration of serotonin an inhibitory role for serotonin in the mediation of mouse killing is suggested.
Paranoid states: a selected review.

Abstract Paranoid states form an important and substantial part of clinical psychiatric practice (the term “paranoid states” is used here as a general descriptive phrase to refer to conditions in which paranoid ideas occur), but our knowledge of paranoid states is unsatisfactory. Terms abound, e.g., paranoia, paranoid reaction, paranoid psychosis, paraphrenia, late paraphrenia, paranoid personality, paranoid schizophrenia, morbid jealousy, conjugal paranoia, and so on. But what these terms refer to is not clear. It is difficult to say whether these are nosological entities or merely descriptive terms. The overlap and blurring of boundaries between various entities that these terms denote produce confusion rather than clarification. One cannot help agreeing with Lewis 1 that it might be a good thing for psychiatry if coining names for diseases ad libitum were made as serious an offense as coining money without authority. The following is, as the title suggests, a selected review. No attempt is made to be exhaustive and encyclopedic, as the relevant literature is extensive. One of the aims has been to review some Scandinavian work that is not widely known in the U.S. Another aim has been to examine, as far as possible, studies that present data rather than polemics exclusively. Much of the early literature and a good portion of relatively recent literature on paranoid states is in German or French, inaccessible to most English-speaking psychiatrists. Retterstol 2,3 and Lewis 1 have ably reviewed this literature recently and have also provided a historical perspective. These authors' works are the primary sources for some of the early studies that appeared in languages other than English, and which are mentioned in the historical review of early literature that follows.
Effect of boron on the oxidation behavior of NiCrAlYHfTi in H2O and CO2 environments

Abstract Cast NiCrAl alloys, co-doped with Y, Hf, Ti, and/or B, were evaluated at 1100 °C and 1150 °C in dry air, wet air (10 or 50% H 2 O), and CO 2 –10% H 2 O, in order to study the effect of boron additions on alumina scale growth and adhesion. After 200, 1-h cycles at 1100 °C, all of the alloys with Y and Hf showed good scale adhesion. By increasing the test temperature to 1150 °C, the addition of ~ 0.3 at.% (0.07 wt.%) B was shown to improve alumina scale adhesion during 1-h cycles in air with 10% H 2 O. Analytical transmission electron microscopy showed no effect of B on the alumina scale microstructure and only minor effects on the depth of internal oxidation at 1100 °C. Combined Ti and B additions did not produce an additional benefit and Cr–B precipitates were detected in both B-doped alloys. Exposures in O 2 -buffered CO 2 –H 2 O did not result in any detrimental effect at 1100 °C.
Lithographic variation aware design centering for SRAM yield enhancement

ABSTRACT Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) ce lls use the smallest manuf acturable device sizes in a given technology and hence see a highly pronounced random dopant effect. Moreover, SRAM cells are designed to satisfy conflicting read and write requirements. It makes SRAMs extremely vulnerable to fail ures due to lithographic variations. We propose a design centering approach for maximizing SRAM electrical yield under lithographic variation. The centering is obtained by applying small biases to the gate lengths of devices in the circuit. We refer to this process of enhancing electrical yield by changing the original target layout as electrically driven layout retargeting. The idea behind layout retargeting is that the default distribution of process variability band (PV-band) around nominal design edge is sub-optimal for electrical yield. The overall worst-case electrical yield can be improved by intentional shifting of the lithographic PV-band in the preferred direction. The PV-band can be shifted through retargeting the layout such that nominal target CD is biased up or down to obtain a desired shift. We present a linear programming formulation to calculate the optimal retargeting values for each device in the circuit. We apply the proposed retargeting flow to op timize electrical yield of an industrial SRAM design. Our results show that the electrically driven retargeting scheme improves the normalized SRAM yield from 0.89 (read access yield at outer lithographic contou r) to 0.95 (read disturb yield at inner contour). Keywords: Retargeting, SRAM, yield, design centering, de sign aware RET, electrically driven retargeting
Monoclonal antibodies identify Fcγ receptors on unfertilized human oocytes but not spermatozoa

Abstract Oolemmal Fc receptors have previously been shown to play a role in the promotion of adhesion by antibody labeled human spermatozoa to zona-free hamster eggs. In this work, we demonstrated the presence of FcγRI, FcγRII and FcγRIII on the oolemma of unfertilized human oocytes by means of monoclonal antibodies directed against these receptors, detected both by immunobead rosetting and indirect immunofluorescence. These receptors were also functionally active in that they were able to bind human aggregated IgG, human IgG-Fc, mouse IgG 1 and IgG 2a . While the presence of oolemmal IgG-Fc receptors might play a role in reproductive failure, by their promotion of polyspermic fertilization, in cases where antisperm antibodies bound to the spermatozoan surface, their role in the normal physiology of fertilization or in other events unrelated to sperm incorporation remains to be determined. In contrast, Fcγ receptors were not present on human spermatozoa, irrespective of their functional state (fresh ejaculated, capacitated or acrosome reacted).
Replication of sacbrood virus in larval and adult honeybees, Apis mellifera

Abstract The effects of infection with sacbrood virus (SBV) on larval and adult honeybees fed or injected with virus and maintained in the laboratory were determined by recording mortality, monitoring infectivity tests serologically, and identifying the sites of virus replication. Although SBV caused severe cytopathological effects in nearly all larval tissues, minimal damage was observed in most adult tissues in which the virus replicated. Serial transmission of SBV through adult worker bees was associated with precipitous mortality.
Schistosome Population Genetic Structure: When Clumping Worms is not Just Splitting Hairs

Schistosomiasis is a major public health problem, affecting over 200 million people worldwide. Although Schistosoma mansoni has been studied rigorously in an attempt to provide a vaccine based on a number of candidate antigens, there has been a lack of complementary effort to determine the range and distribution of variation in representative molecules throughout natural populations. Here, Jason Curtis and Dennis Minchella highlight current (and suggest future) research efforts aimed at assessing genetic variation in schistosome populations, and call for a more robust consideration of schistosome population genetics.
Effect of elliptic burner geometry and air equivalence ratio on the nitric oxide emissions from turbulent hydrogen flames

An experimental study on turbulent hydrogen flames from circular and elliptic burners with varying degrees of premixedness (diffusion, fuel-rich, stoichiometric, and fuel-lean) is presented. Flame stability, visible flame height, flame radiation, global nitric oxide (NO) concentration, and inflame temperature and NO concentration profiles were measured. We found that the elliptic burner flames had lower liftoff velocity, were shorter, and radiated less heat to the surrounding as compared to circular burner flames. Global NO concentration decreased with an increase in air equivalence ratio for both circular and elliptic burner flames. Peak in-flame NO concentration along the flame centerline increased with a decrease in air equivalence ratio. Elliptic burner flames produced higher peak in-flame temperatures. Overall, the elliptic burner flames produced less peak NO as compared to circular burner flames at all air equivalence ratios except zero (diffusion flames) in accordance with the global emission measurements.
Undercompensated kondo impurity with quantum critical point

The low-temperature properties of a magnetic impurity of spin S interacting with an electron gas via anisotropic spin exchange are studied via Bethe's ansatz. For S>1/2 the impurity is only partially compensated at T=0 , leaving an effective spin that is neither integer nor half integer. The entropy has an essential singularity at H=T=0 , and the susceptibility and the specific heat follow power laws of H and T with nonuniversal exponents, which are the consequence of a quantum critical point. The results for the generalization to an arbitrary number of channels are also reported. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Reproductive success as an indicator of genotoxicity in the polychaete worm, Neanthes arenaceodentata

Abstract The effects on reproduction of single or chronic exposure to the direct-acting mutagen, radiation, were evaluated using Neanthes arenaceodentata as the model animal. In the first set of experiments, mated pairs were irradiated when oocytes were visible in the female and were given a single dose of either 0·5, 1·0, 2·0, 5·0, 10 or 50 Gy. In the second set of experiments, lifetime exposure was initiated upon the spawning of the P 1 female and was terminated upon the spawning of the F 1 female; the average total doses (0·55, 6·5 and 54 Cy) were delivered at a rate of 0·19, 2·1 or 17 mGyH −1 . Our results on embryo abnormalities and mortalities indicated that lethal mutations were most likely induced in the germ cells and had an adverse effect on reproductive success by reducing the survival of early life stages. Except for those mated pairs exposed acutely to 10 or 50 Gy or exposed chronically to 17 mGyh −1 , there was no evidence of gamete killing. However, evidence was obtained for mutagen-damage accumulation in developing gametes from continuous exposure to radiation.
Profitability of Carbon Sequestration in Western Rangelands of the United States

Concerns over climate change have increased interest in carbon sequestration in agricultural lands. While the per-hectare carbon capture potential of rangelands is less than either cropland or forests, existing research suggests modest changes in carbon storage on rangelands can potentially alter the global carbon cycle. This paper examines the potential firm-level revenues from voluntary carbon offset programs, such as the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) Rangeland Soil Carbon Offset program. We estimate revenues for short-term voluntary offsets given historical prices and prices projected with potential cap-and-trade legislation. We also estimate revenues assuming 100-yr offsets are required to meet international sequestration standards. Simulation results indicate a relatively wide range of modest revenues from recent CCX contracts and carbon prices. The analysis suggests that recent carbon prices or low-end projected prices from cap-and-trade legislation are not likely to encourage producer participation. Medium and high carbon price projections for cap-and-trade legislation may make carbon sequestration a more attractive option for rangeland managers, but given potential requirements for projects to meet international guidelines for greenhouse gas offset projects, many issues remain before range managers may be interested in carbon sequestration as an enterprise.
FTIR studies of potassium catalyst-treated gasified coal chars and carbons

Abstract The catalytic effect of K 2 CO 3 , KHCO 3 , KOH, K 2 SO 4 and KCl during steam gasification of coal and carbon chars has been evaluated by gravimetric measurements at 750 °C. The order of catalytic activity found was KOH ~ K 2 CO 3 > KHCO 3 > KNO 3 > K 2 SO 4 with almost no activity for KCl. Transmission i.r. spectra were obtained on thin wafers of KBr mixed with carbon and coal char samples after impregnation, devolatilization and partial gasification. All catalytically activated salts presented two characteristic bands at 1050 and 1400 cm −1 while no such bands appeared in the case of catalytically inactive KCl. Furthermore, such bands were also present in a different carbon substrate impregnated with K 2 CO 3 and in an oxygen-exposed intercalate (C 8 K). The bands appeared at the same frequencies as those of KHCO 3 in pure, carbon impregnated, devolatilized, and partially gasified form.
Secondary gait changes in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis: Increased load at the ankle, knee, and hip during walking

Objective This study tested the hypothesis that gait changes related to knee osteoarthritis (OA) of varied severity are associated with increased loads at the ankle, knee, and hip. Methods Forty-two patients with bilateral medial compartment knee OA and 42 control subjects matched for sex, age, height, and mass were studied. Nineteen patients had Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) radiographic severity grades of 1 or 2, and 23 patients had K/L grades of 3 or 4. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were measured in the hip, knee, and ankle while the subjects walked at a self-selected speed. Results Patients with more severe knee OA had greater first peak knee adduction moments than their matched control subjects (P = 0.039) and than patients with less severe knee OA (P < 0.001). All patients with knee OA made initial contact with the ground with the knee in a more extended position than that exhibited by control subjects. An increased axial loading rate was present in all joints of the lower extremity. Patients with more severe knee OA had lower hip adduction moments compared with their matched control subjects. Conclusion The secondary gait changes observed among patients with knee OA reflect a potential strategy to shift the body's weight more rapidly from the contralateral limb to the support limb, which appears to be successful in reducing the load at the knee in only patients with less severe knee OA. The increased loading rate in the lower extremity joints may lead to a faster progression of existing OA and to the onset of OA at joints adjacent to the knee. Interventions for knee OA should therefore be assessed for their effects on the mechanics of all joints of the lower extremity.
Negative effects of pretransplant body mass index on physical health-related quality of life after lung transplant.

Background—Although current national data show improved graft and patient survival following lung transplant, the effects of several modifiable preexisting comorbid conditions on health-related quality of life after transplant have not been evaluated. This study examines the effects of 3 comorbid conditions present before lung transplant (reduced bone density, diabetes mellitus, and elevated body mass index) on health-related quality of life after lung transplant.Methods—The Short Form 36 Health Survey was completed by 92 adult recipients at various times after lung transplant (mean, 41 months; range, 1-127 months). Multiple linear regression models that controlled for underlying disease, chronic rejection, and time after transplant tested the independent effects of the 3 pretransplant conditions on posttransplant health-related quality of life.Results—The effects of pretransplant reduced bone density and diabetes mellitus were not statistically significant in these models. However, pretransplant body mas...
A conceptual model of changes in root cohesion in response to vegetation management.

Cohesion contributed by plant root systems is an important factor in determining the stability of steep, vegetated slopes subject to shallow landslides. The effects of vegetation removal on root cohesion can be simulated by two functional relationships: (i) root deterioration as described by an exponential decay function and (ii) regrowth of newly planted or invading vegetation as described by a sigmoid relationship. The rates of these simultaneous functions determine the temporal changes in net rooting strength. The general root strength model developed in this paper is adapted to specific silvicultural systems such as clearcutting, partial cutting, shelterwood cutting, and thinning. The models simulate the long-term effects of vegetation management on root cohesion by overlaying the impacts of a prior vegetation removal on a more recent removal. Examples presented for specific silvicultural systems indicate that vegetation and site conditions that promote rapid root strength deterioration and slow regrowth may depress net rooting strength over several management rotations. Progressively shorter clearcut or partial cut rotations can cause a steady temporal decline in root strength. Longer intervals between initial and final shelterwood cuttings promote greater rooting strength than short intervals. Contribution from the Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT 84401.
Cellular immune responses to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) induced by dual-subtype FIV vaccine

Vaccine-induced T cell responses to FIV were assessed by measuring FIV-specific cytokine and cytotoxic-effector molecule production. A total of 22 cats at 10-12 weeks of age received either dual-subtype FIV vaccine (n=12), uninfected cell lysate (n=5) consisting of cells used to produce vaccine viruses, or no immunization (n=5). Significant increases in mRNA and protein production of T-helper 1 (Th1) cytokines (IL-2, IFNgamma), mRNA production of a cytotoxic-effector molecule (perforin), and lymphoproliferation response were observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from dual-subtype FIV-vaccinated cats after in vitro stimulation with inactivated FIV. In contrast, no statistically significant increase in FIV-stimulated mRNA production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6) or other cytotoxic-effector molecules (TNFalpha, FasL) was observed in the PBMC from dual-subtype vaccinated cats. Moreover, no FIV-specific increases in the IFNgamma, IL-2, and perforin mRNA productions and in the IFNgamma bioactivity and lymphoproliferation responses were observed in the PBMC from cell-immunized cats. These observations suggest that IFNgamma induction, lymphoproliferation, and significant portion of IL-2 and perforin productions in the PBMC from dual-subtype vaccinated cats are clearly specific for viral antigens. Overall, dual-subtype FIV vaccine elicited strong Th1 response (IFN(, IL-2), which may contribute to the vaccine protection by enhancing the perforin-mediated cytotoxic-cell activity against FIV.
Nonequilibrium Zeldovich-von Neumann-Doring theory and reactive flow modeling of detonation

This paper discusses the Nonequilibrium Zeldovich-von Neumann-Doring (NEZND) theory of self-sustaining detonation waves and the Ignition and Growth reactive flow model of shock initiation and detonation wave propagation in solid explosives. The NEZND theory identified the nonequilibrium excitation processes that precede and follow the exothermic decomposition of a large high explosive molecule into several small reaction product molecules. The thermal energy deposited by the leading shock wave must be distributed to the vibrational modes of the explosive molecule before chemical reactions can occur. The induction time for the onset of the initial endothermic reactions can be calculated using high pressure-high temperature transition state theory. Since the chemical energy is released well behind the leading shock front of a detonation wave, a physical mechanism is required for this chemical energy to reinforce the leading shock front and maintain its overall constant velocity. This mechanism is the amplification of pressure wavelets in the reaction zone by the process of de-excitation of the initially highly vibrationally excited reaction product molecules. This process leads to the development of the three-dimensional structure of detonation waves observed for all explosives. For practical predictions of shock initiation and detonation in hydrodynamic codes, phenomenological reactive flow models have been developed. The Ignition and Growth reactive flow model of shock initiation and detonation in solid explosives has been very successful in describing the overall flow measured by embedded gauges and laser interferometry. This reactive flow model uses pressure and compression dependent reaction rates, because time-resolved experimental temperature data is not yet available. Since all chemical reaction rates are ultimately controlled by temperature, the next generation of reactive flow models will use temperature dependent reaction rates. Progress on a statistical hot spot ignition and growth reactive flow model with multistep Arrhenius chemical reaction pathways is discussed.
Anti-ischemic effects of angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibition in hypertension

Abstract OBJECTIVES We investigated whether augmentation of bradykinin (BK) bioavailability with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition is associated with reduced exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in hypertension. BACKGROUND Bradykinin responses are depressed in hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction contributes to myocardial ischemia by promoting abnormal coronary vasomotion during stress. METHODS Fourteen hypertensive (HT) and 17 normotensive (NT), mildly symptomatic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and ST-segment depression during exercise were studied before and after seven days of oral enalapril (EN), which was titrated from 2.5 to 20 mg daily. Patients underwent two treadmill exercise tests and determination of forearm vasodilator response to BK. RESULTS Despite receiving a lower dose of EN (7.8 vs. 14.8 mg, p CONCLUSIONS Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia is ameliorated in HT patients with CAD by ACE inhibition.
Towards automatic registration of technical images of works of art

As high-resolution images of paintings, acquired using various imaging modalities (e.g. X-ray, luminescence, visible and infrared reflection) become more available, it is increasingly useful to have accurate registration between them. Accurate registration allows new information to be compiled from the several multimodal images. This leads to a better understanding of how the painting was constructed and of any compositional changes that have occurred. To that end, we have produced an automatic image registration algorithm that is capable of aligning X-ray, color, and infrared images, as well as multispectral luminescence and reflectance image sets, or cubes. The key steps of the algorithm include identifying large sets of candidate control points in the reference image, then pairing them with potential points in a second image using cross-correlation. Finally, after selecting the best set of control point pairs, the second image is transformed to be in register with the reference image. Tests show the algorithm to be capable of achieving sub-pixel registration across these various image modalities.
Diffusion networks outperform consensus networks

Adaptive networks consist of a collection of nodes that interact with each other on a local level and diffuse information across the network to solve estimation and inference tasks in a distributed manner. In this work, we compare the performance of two distributed estimation strategies: diffusion and consensus. Diffusion strategies allow information to diffuse more thoroughly through the network. The analysis in the paper confirms that this property has a favorable effect on the evolution of the network: diffusion networks reach lower mean-square deviation than consensus networks, and their mean-square stability is insensitive to the choice of the combination weights. In contrast, consensus networks can become unstable even if all the individual nodes are mean-square stable; this does not occur for diffusion networks: stability of the individual nodes ensures stability of the diffusion network irrespective of the topology.
Functional Similarities between HIV-1 Tat and DNA Sequence-Specific Transcriptional Activators

Abstract The Tat regulatory protein encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) induces high levels of transcription from the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter element after interacting with a promoter proximal RNA target sequence. In the wild-type HIV-1 LTR, this activation is facilitated by the synergistic interaction of Tat with the NF-κB and, particularly, SP1 regulatory proteins that bind to DNA sequences within the LTR promoter element. Using a synthetic Tat responsive indicator construct, we here demonstrate that NF-κB and SP1 are not uniquely or even unusually competent to synergize with HIV-1 Tat. Instead, these proteins can be functionally replaced by several, but not all, of the heterologous cellular and viral transcriptional activators tested. Tat therefore shares the ability to functionally synergize with a range of transcriptional activators, which is characteristic of DNA-sequence-specific regulatory proteins.
Numerical integration of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for an atom in a radiation field

We describe an approach for numerically integrating the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation for an atom in a radiation field. The time propagation is based on the split-operator technique, with the full Hamiltonian split into two parts, the atomic Hamiltonian and the atom-field interaction. Both parts are represented on a complex Sturmian basis. The method is relatively efficient; ionization yields and level populations for atomic hydrogen can easily be computed on a workstation for modest pulse durations (e.g., 50 cycles or so) and modest intensities (e.g., of order ${10}^{15}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for a frequency of 0.2 a.u.). We present results of an application of the method to atomic hydrogen, and to illustrate the performance we compare our results with those obtained previously by Kulander [Phys. Rev. A 35, 445 (1987)]. We also illustrate the stabilization of atomic hydrogen against ionization by an intense high-frequency field, and the sensitivity of the ionization yield to the relative phase in the case where the field is bichromatic with one field a harmonic of the other.
ENDOR investigation of the liganding environment of mixed-spin ferric cytochrome c'.

The electronic structure of the 5-coordinate quantum-mechanically mixed-spin (sextet-quartet) heme center in cytochrome c‘ was investigated by electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), a technique not previously applied to this mixed-spin system. Cytochrome c‘ was obtained from overexpressing variants of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.3. ENDOR for this study was done at the g|| = 2.00 extremum where single-crystal-like, well-resolved spectra prevail. The heme meso protons of cytochrome c‘ showed a contact interaction that implied spin delocalization arising from the heme (dz2) orbital enhanced by iron out-of-planarity. An exchangeable proton ENDOR feature appeared from the proximal His123 Nδ hydrogen. This Nδ hydrogen, which crystallographically has no hydrogen-bonding partner and thus belongs to a neutral imidazole, showed a larger hyperfine coupling than the corresponding hydrogen-bonded Nδ proton from metmyoglobin. The unique residue Phe14 occludes binding of a sixth ligand in cytochrome c‘, and ENDOR fr...
Ovarian germ cell tumor evolving to myelodysplasia

We present the case of a 14-year-old girl in whom a myelodysplastic syndrome was diagnosed 9 months after surgical resection and chemotherapy for an ovarian germ cell tumor. Cells from her marrow were characterized by trisomy 8 and an isochromosome 12p, a marker that appears to be unique to germ cell tumors. The presence of the same two anomalies in her original tumor was demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization study of interphase cells in paraffin-embedded tissues and thus provided strong evidence that the two neoplasms had a common clonal origin. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear realizations of brokenSU 3 ×SU 3 for pseudoscalar mesons

A nonlinear realization ofSU3×SU3 for the pseudoscalar mesons is constructed. First, theSU3×SU3 symmetry is broken, while keepingSU2×SU2 exact, by letting the K and η mesons acquire a mass. This model provides a generalization of K-π effective Lagrangians consistent with the Callan-Treiman relations. The symmetry is further broken toSU2×U1 by allowing the pion to have a mass. This is achieved through a one-parameter unitary transformation which has a structure similar to a generalized Cabibbo rotation. This « mass rotation » introduces a part which transforms as the « 27 » representation into the symmetry-breaking term. This term breaks the Gell-Mann-Okubo mode ofSU3 violation and leads to an alternative, accurate mass formula. Divergences of the currents are calculated in both broken-symmetry schemes.
An Insult-Inducible Vector System Activated by Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress for Neuronal Gene Therapy

Gene therapy has demonstrated the protective potential of a variety of genes against stroke. However, conventional gene therapy vectors are limited due to the inability to temporally control their expression, which can sometimes lead to deleterious side effects. Thus, an inducible vector that can be temporally controlled and activated by the insult itself would be advantageous. Using hypoxia responsive elements (HRE) and antioxidant responsive elements (ARE), we have constructed an insult-inducible vector activated by hypoxia and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In COS7 cells, the inducible ARE–HRE-luciferase vectors are highly activated by oxygen deprivation, hydrogen peroxide treatment, and the ROS-induced transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Using a defective herpes virus, the neuroprotective potential of this inducible vector was tested by over-expressing the transcription factor Nrf2. In primary cortical cultures, expression of the inducible ARE–HRE–Nrf2 protects against oxygen glucose deprivation, similar to that afforded by the constitutively expressed Nrf2. This ARE + HRE vector system is advantageous in that it allows the expression of a transgene to be activated not only during hypoxia but also maintained after reperfusion, thus prolonging the transgene expression during an ischemic insult. This insult-inducible vector system will be a valuable gene therapy tool for activating therapeutic/protective genes in cerebrovascular diseases.
Polypentapeptide of elastin: temperature dependence of ellipticity and correlation with elastomeric force.

Abstract Circular dichroism (CD) is used to follow the conformational changes that attend temperature dependent aggregation leading to the viscoelastic (coacervate) state of the polypentapeptide of elastin in water. Two concentrations are used, 2.3 mg/ml and 0.023 mg/ml. The former results in aggregates of a size that exhibit much particulate distortion of the CD spectra whereas the latter results in spectra that are relatively free of distortions. Given the CD spectra of the temperature dependent aggregation of the lower concentration, it is possible to show that the same conformational change is occurring at high concentration. The structure of the polypentapeptide is one of limited order below 20°C which undergoes an inverse temperature transition to a conformation characterized by a regularly recurring β-turn at 40°C. The temperature profile for the conformational change is compared to the temperature dependence of elastomeric force of γ-irradiation cross-linked polypentapeptide coacervate. The curves virtually superimpose. When there is little order, there is little elastomeric force and elastomeric force develops to a near maximal value as the repeating Type II β-turn conformation develops. Not only is the elastomeric state non-random, the more nearly random state has very little elasticity. These results are the inverse of expectations based on the classical theory of rubber elasticity.
How Does Food Security Impact Residents of a Food Desert and a Food Oasis

This study explored how factors that influence food buying practices make it harder for food secure and food insecure households to eat healthy. Twenty-five men and women participated in the concept mapping process, a mixed methods approach that allows participants to identify, sort, and rate ideas according to their perceptions. Participants identified 121 unique statements and sorted them into 12 clusters that represented their perceptions. Cluster ratings were higher among food-insecure participants compared to food-secure participants. A secondary aim was to explore how food security and food desert statuses are perceived to hinder healthy eating. Food secure participants in a food desert perceived clusters as more important to hindering healthy eating than food-secure participants in a food oasis. Similar perceptions were noted among food-insecure residents in either a food desert or a food oasis. Findings contribute to our understanding of how perceptions differ by food desert and food security stat...