cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embedding Digital Pedagogy in Pre-Service Higher Education To Better Prepare Teachers for the Digital Generation

In preparing pre-service teachers for their professional practice in the information age, we need to impress upon them that the children in their classrooms will be Digital Natives, with skills for digital fluency rather than skills in the orthodoxy 3Rs developed with talk, chalk and board; paper, pencil and pen. Since most of our pre-service teachers belong to the pre-digital generation without the skills for 21 st century digital fluency, there is a great need for us as higher education practitioners, to prepare them well for the new classrooms they will work in so as to prevent a mismatch between them and their students where they could be seen as illiterate teachers trying to teach literate children. Embedding digital pedagogy in the skilling of these teachers is urgently needed to help them appreciate the role of technology in the teaching of pedagogy and content knowledge (TPACK). Fortunately enough, a wide range of apps are available for use on iPads, Androids, eTablets, Smart Phones and other platforms, which our pre-service teachers could apply in their teaching. One example of how this was achieved in higher education with two cohorts of 2 nd year B.Ed pre-service teachers is discussed in this paper. The paper demonstrates that social media digital tools can be embedded in pre-service higher education to help train pre-service teachers so they appreciate the TPACK model. The paper concludes that it is incumbent upon higher education providers, to ensure that graduates are well prepared to be effective teachers for the digital generation.
Kinetics of C2H radical reactions with ethene, propene and 1-butene measured in a pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus at T=103 and 296 K

Abstract Low-temperature kinetics of the reactions of C2H radical with ethene (k1), propene (k2), and 1-butene (k3) are studied using a pulsed Laval nozzle supersonic expansion. The C2H decay profiles in the presence of both the alkene reactant and O2 are monitored by the CH(A2Δ) chemiluminescence tracer method. The rate constants k1, k2, and k3 are measured at T=103 K to be (1.4±0.4)×10−10, (2.4±0.6)×10−10, and (2.6±0.6)×10 −10 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , respectively. Measurements at room temperature (296 K) and previous data suggest a slight negative temperature dependence for all three reactions.
Do high radiation doses in locally advanced prostate cancer patients treated with 103Pd implant plus external beam irradiation cause increased urinary, rectal, and sexual morbidity?

Abstract Purpose To investigate the morbidity of higher radiation doses in prostate cancer patients. Methods and Materials Five hundred eighty-five men treated with seed implantation and external beam irradiation were followed a median of 5 years (range, 2–11). Hormonal therapy (HT) of 9 months duration was used in 504 (86.2%) patients. The biologic effective dose (BED) was calculated using an α / β of 2. Urinary incontinence (UI) and symptoms (IPSS) were prospectively collected. Rectal morbidity was scored according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) scale. Two BED dose groups of ≤220 Gy ( n = 449) and >220 Gy ( n = 136) were used. Comparisons of means were made by Student's t test, and the associations were tested by chi-square analysis (Pearson). Results Urinary retention developed in 36 (6.2%) and was not associated with BED or IPSS. Retention occurred more often with prostate volume >50 cc (17%, p = 0.001). The median change in urinary symptoms (IPSS) was 1. Sixty-one percent with high BED were more likely to have increased postimplant symptoms compared with 39% with lower BED ( p = 0.025; odds ratio [OR], 1.107; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–1.21). UI occurred in 25 patients (4.3%) and was only associated with a postimplant transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) ( n = 25), 16% vs. 2.3% for no TURP ( p = 0.001; OR, 8; 95% CI, 2.4–27). Of the 373 patients initially potent, 204 (54.7%) maintained potency. Impotence was only associated with age at implant ( p = 0.001) and HT ( p = 0.004). Sixty-two (10.6%) patients had Grade 1–2 and 4 patients had Grade 3–4 (0.7%, 2 ulcers and 2 fistulas) rectal complications. Three of the Grade 3/4 complications occurred with a dose ≤220 Gy. Conclusion A BED >220 Gy does not seem to increase morbidity.
Development and field testing of a real-time PCR assay for cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacteria.

Aims: To develop and test a real-time PCR assay to detect and quantify genes specific to Cylindrospermopsis sp. and cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacteria. Method and Results: A duplex real-time PCR assay was developed that targets a cylindrospermopsin-specific and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii-specific DNA sequence. The C. raciborskii-specific sequence was based on the rpoC1 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene, whilst the cylindrospermopsin-specific sequence was selected by surveying an extensive number of potential cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacterial strains for genes implicated in toxin production, aoaA, aoaB and aoaC. In toxic strains, sequences of each of these three genes were always present; whilst in nontoxic strains the distribution of these sequences was patchy, resulting in what are likely to be natural deletion mutants. The real-time assay was optimized on a fixed and portable device, with results indicating that the reliable limit of detection for the assay was 100 copies per reaction or 1000 cells ml−1 for both target sequences on both devices. In routine environmental samples enumerated by microscopy, the assay results were positive for all samples where C. raciborskii cells were observed at >1000 cells ml−1 and negative in 15 samples where no C. raciborskii cells were observed. In field samples, the number of copies of the rpoC1 sequence more closely approximated the number of cells enumerated by microscopy, the number of copies of the pks sequence and detection of the toxin-specific sequence matched the results of toxin testing. Conclusions: The duplex real-time PCR assay was a sensitive and rapid method for detecting potential cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacteria in the laboratory or in the field. The observation of probable natural deletion mutants provides further evidence that the aoaA, aoaB and aoaC genes are involved in toxin production. Significance and Impact of the Study: This assay provides a new monitoring capability for tracking cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacteria that are an emerging threat to water quality.
Optimal control and pathwise nonlinear filtering of nondegenerate diffusions

A linear parabolic partial differential equation describing the pathwise filter for a nondegenerate diffusion is changed, by an exponential substitution, into the dynamic programming equation of an optimal stochastic control problem. This substitution is applied to obtain results about the rate of decay as |x| ? ? of solutions p(x, t) to the pathwise filter equation, and for solutions of the corresponding Zakai equation.
Rhodochrosite: Crystals of Drama and Nuance by William S. Logan. Spectrum Minerals, 1360 Betsy Dr., Charlotte, NC 28211; www.spectrumminerals.com. 159 pages; 2013; $78 (hardbound), $55 (softbound); $10 (ebook).

There are a number of unusual and interesting aspects of Rhodochrosite: Crystals of Drama and Nuance. The book itself was produced using Blurb, Inc.'s creative publishing services that make it poss...
Matrix rigidity induces osteolytic gene expression of metastatic breast cancer cells.

Nearly 70% of breast cancer patients with advanced disease will develop bone metastases. Once established in bone, tumor cells produce factors that cause changes in normal bone remodeling, such as parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). While enhanced expression of PTHrP is known to stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone, the environmental factors driving tumor cells to express PTHrP in the early stages of development of metastatic bone disease are unknown. In this study, we have shown that tumor cells known to metastasize to bone respond to 2D substrates with rigidities comparable to that of the bone microenvironment by increasing expression and production of PTHrP. The cellular response is regulated by Rho-dependent actomyosin contractility mediated by TGF-s signaling. Inhibition of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) using both pharmacological and genetic approaches decreased PTHrP expression. Furthermore, cells expressing a dominant negative form of the TGF-s receptor did not respond to substrate rigidity, and inhibition of ROCK decreased PTHrP expression induced by exogenous TGF-s. These observations suggest a role for the differential rigidity of the mineralized bone microenvironment in early stages of tumor-induced osteolysis, which is especially important in metastatic cancer since many cancers (such as those of the breast and lung) preferentially metastasize to bone.
Diabatic sources of potential vorticity in the general circulation

Abstract A form of the potential vorticity (PV) budget is proposed that facilitates analysis on the role of global heat sources and sinks in the general circulation. A local diabatic source of PV occurs due to vertical variations of heating. Additionally, since the irrotational mass circulation in isentropic coordinates is uniquely linked to diabatic heating, the associated horizontal advection of PV may be viewed as a diabatic source. The sum of these processes constitutes an effective “baroclinic wave source” due to diabatic processes, and is analogous to the effective barotropic Rossby wave source due to divergence as discussed by Sardeshmukh and Hoskins. Diagnostic results are presented for the upper-tropospheric PV balance at 350 K during northern winter. When the PV budget is diagnosed in its conventional form, the midlatitude flow appears insulated from the influence of tropical heating in the sense that diabatic sources and sinks are mainly due to vertical variations of extratropical heat sources ...
Surgeon-performed bedside organ assessment with sonography after trauma (BOAST): a pilot study from the WTA Multicenter Group.

Background Although nonoperative management of solid organ injuries is a well-accepted practice, a rapid method to assess the progression of the injury, the early development of organ-related complications, and the frequency with which follow-up computed tomography (CT) scans are needed has yet to be determined. The use of ultrasound in this setting may provide information that would improve the rate of organ salvage and decrease the patient's morbidity. The objectives of this study were to determine whether surgeons could successfully use a bedside organ assessment with sonography after trauma (BOAST) examination to: (1) detect a solid organ injury; and (2) assess for changes in the size of the organ injury, an increase or decrease in hemoperitoneum, and the development of organ-related complications. Methods A prospective, multicenter study was conducted using BOAST to evaluate patients undergoing nonoperative management of their solid organ injuries. Patients had to have: (1) a Focused Assessment for Sonography of Trauma (FAST) examination on admission; (2) a solid organ injury documented by an admission abdominal CT scan; and (3) the criteria for nonoperative management. BOAST was performed within 24 hours of admission and every 3 to 4 days to evaluate for an increase or decrease in hemoperitoneum [Ultrasound (US) heme score: from 0 = none to 3 = large], change in injury size, and organ-specific complications. BOAST results were compared with the radiologists' interpretation of the initial and follow-up CT scans, and with patient outcomes. Results During a 22 month period, 126 patients sustained 135 solid organ injuries, 46 (34.1%) of these were seen by BOAST (Error rate = 66%). Serial US heme scores = 0 (no hemoperitoneum) were observed in 56 of 126 patients who had a combination of multi-system injury and a dropping Hgb, indicating that there was no further bleeding from the injured organ(s). Surgeons detected 13 of the 15 complications that were confirmed later by conventional imaging. Conclusions (1) BOAST has limitations in identifying solid organ injuries, especially those that are lower grade; (2) the US heme score is a valuable adjunct to the clinical examination in following patients with high-grade solid organ injuries and a dropping hemoglobin; and (3) although uncommon, organ-related complications may be identified using BOAST.
Semantic video classification by integrating unlabeled samples for classifier training

Semantic video classification has become an active research topic to enable more effective video retrieval and knowledge discovery from large-scale video databases. However, most existing techniques for classifier training require a large number of hand-labeled samples to learn correctly. To address this problem, we have proposed a semi-supervised framework to achieve incremental classifier training by integrating a limited number of labeled samples with a large number of unlabeled samples. Specifically, this emi-supervised framework includes: (a) Modeling the semantic video concepts by using the finite mixture models to approximate the class distributions of the relevant salient objects; (b) Developing an adaptive EM algorithm to integrate the unlabeled samples to achieve parameter estimation and model selection simultaneously; The experimental results in a certain domain of medical videos are also provided.
Prenatal detection of the autosomal dominant type of congenital hydronephrosis by ultrasonography

We report a family with clearly defined two generation, and probable four generation uropathy due to a congenital malformation of the genitourinary system. There appears to be variation in expression within this family and a severely affected fetus was detected by ultrasonography at 31 weeks gestation.
System identification in structural engineering

Abstract A review of representative research reported in journal articles in the field of structural system identification published in journals since 1995 is presented. The paper is divided into five sections based on the general approach used: conventional model-based, biologically-inspired, signal processing-based, chaos theory, and multi-paradigm approaches. Most of the published papers deal with small and academic problems. System identification of large real-life structures with nonlinear behavior subjected to unknown dynamic loading such as strong ground motions is challenging. It is believed a multi-paradigm approach is the most effective strategy for system identification of large structures subjected to dynamic loading.
Relationship of α-adrenergic receptors in rat pineal gland to drug-induced stimulation of phospholipid metabolism

NORADRENALINE produces increased uptake of 32Pi into acidic phospholipids in the nervous system1–4, and neurotransmitters and other stimuli do so in various tissues5–7. The rat pineal gland responds to noradrenaline in similar fashion8–10. We have shown already that the mechanism by which noradrenaline stimulates phospholipid metabolism in the pineal gland does not depend on protein synthesis and does not involve either β-adrenergic receptors or cyclic AMP10. We also observed that the β-adrenergic receptor blocking agent propranolol not only failed to counteract the influence of noradrenaline, but itself markedly enhanced the incorporation of 32Pi into phospholipids to give a labelling pattern distinct from that produced by noradrenaline10,11. We concluded that this action of propranolol was due to its local anaesthetic or membrane perturbing property, since sotalol, a β-adrenergic receptor blocking agent without these other effects12, had no influence on phospholipid metabolism. In addition, a series of local anaesthetics yield effects comparable with those of propranolol13.
CanScript, an 18-Base pair DNA sequence, boosts tumor cell-specific promoter activity: implications for targeted gene therapy.

Gene therapy protocols for the treatment of cancer often employ gene promoter sequences that are known to be over-expressed in specific tumor cell types relative to normal cells. These promoters, while specific, are often weakly active. It would be desirable to increase the activity of such promoters, while at the same time retain specificity, so that the therapeutic gene is more robustly expressed. Using a luciferase reporter DNA construct in both in vitro cell transfection assays and in vivo mouse tumor models, we have determined that in the absence of any other DNA sequence, a previously identified 18-base pair enhancer sequence called CanScript, lying upstream of the MSLN gene, has ~25% of the promoter activity of CAG, a very strong non-specific promoter/enhancer, in tumor cells in which MSLN is highly expressed. Furthermore, tandem repeat copies of CanScript enhance transcription in a dose-dependent manner and, when coupled with promoter sequences that are active in tumor cells, increase promoter act...
Prognostic Considerations in the Management of Left Ventricular Aneurysms

Abstract This report summarizes a four-year experience with 60 patients who had left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) resection and bypass of all significantly diseased coronary arteries, with an operative and late mortality of 3.3 and 8.3%, respectively. Their cardiac catheterizations were reviewed, and the only values that seemed to reflect prognosis were preoperative cardiac index and the presence or absence of septal motion. The lower the cardiac index, the less likely the patient was to do well postoperatively. There were no survivors who had lacked septal motion by left anterior oblique ventriculogram. Patients without septal motion are therefore no longer considered surgical candidates. If septal motion is present, resection of LVA carries no more risk than myocardial revascularization without LVA.
Reconceptualizing Teacher Education as a Social Justice Undertaking: Underscoring the Urgency for Critical Multiculturalism in Early Childhood Education

(2011). Reconceptualizing Teacher Education as a Social Justice Undertaking: Underscoring the Urgency for Critical Multiculturalism in Early Childhood Education. Childhood Education: Vol. 87, Teacher Education Programs: In the Midst of Change, pp. 341-344.
Stability of optical elements in the NIF target area building

The target Area Building (TAB) of the NIF is 300 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 100 feet tall and is comprised of a cylindrical target building and two switchyard space frames. The reinforced concrete target building houses the target chamber, target positioner, turning mirrors, final optics assemblies, and diagnostics, while the steel switchyard space frames support turning mirrors and diagnostic equipment. Within the TAB, the 192 independent laser beams of the NIF laser system are required to be accurately positioned. In order to satisfy the engineering system requirement for optical system positioning, the TAB must provide a stable platform for optical elements before and during a shot. This paper summarizes the stability analyses that were performed in support of the TAB and optical system design. Sources that influence optic stability are structural excitations, such as ambient and wind induced vibrations, and thermal transients, such as diurnal and HVAC temperature changes. A positioning error budget has been developed for the NIF project for use in the design and evaluation of structures which support optical elements. To satisfy the error budget requirements, vibrational stability will be achieved through a combination of facility design, optical support structure design, and passive damping. Thermal stability will be accomplished by using thermal-mass concrete structures, conditioned air flow, and a reduction of heat sources. Finite element analysis has been used to evaluate the design of the TAB and optical support structures. A detailed structural model of the TAG that includes the target positioner, target chamber, turning mirrors, and diagnostics, has been used for stability evaluations. Finite element analyses covering ambient ground vibration, thermal loads, pressure fluctuations, and wind excitations have demonstrated that the current design of the TAB provides a stable platform for maintaining beam alignment.
MUSIC for joint frequency estimation: Stability with compressive measurements

This paper studies the application of MUtiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm on Multiple Measurement Vector (MMV) problem for the purpose of frequency parameter estimation while s true frequencies are located in the continuum of a bounded domain and sensors are randomly selected from a Uniform Linear Array (ULA). The MUSIC algorithm amounts to identifying a noise subspace from measurements, forming a noise-space correlation function and searching the s smallest local minima of the noise-space correlation function. Under the assumption that the true frequencies are separated by at least one Rayleigh Length (RL), we show that with high probability the noise-space correlation function is stably perturbed by noise if the number of sensors n ∼ O(s) up to a logarithmic factor by means of a compressive version of discrete Ingham inequalities. As the theory implies, our numerical experiments demonstrate that the reconstruction error of MUSIC with n random sensors makes little difference once n is above a point of transition.
Taking pressure off the heart: the ins and outs of atrophic remodelling

Our work on atrophic remodelling of the heart has led us to appreciate the simple principles in biology: (i) the dynamic nature of intracellular protein turnover, (ii) the return to the foetal gene programme when the heart remodels, and (iii) the adaptive changes of cardiac metabolism. Although the molecular mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy are many, much less is known regarding the molecular mechanisms of cardiac atrophy. We state the case that knowing more about mechanisms of atrophic remodelling may provide insights into cellular consequences of metabolic and haemodynamic unloading of the stressed heart. Overall we strive to find an answer to the question: 'What makes the failing heart shrink and become stronger?' We speculate that signals arising from intermediary metabolism of energy-providing substrates are likely candidates.
Design optimization method for compliant mechanisms and material microstructure

A design methodology based on the global-local modeling method is described along with its application to the design of the optimum layout of compliant mechanisms and the microstructure of composite materials.
Petrology, geochemistry, and geochronology of Proterozoic granitoid and related rocks of the northern Mummy Range, north-central Colorado

Detailed geologic mapping in the northern Mummy Range, north-central Colorado, reveals seven distinguishable igneous granitoid rock units intruded into a sequence of high-grade metamorphic host rocks. U-Pb dating of zircons from twelve samples indicates that these granitoids were emplaced during two separate periods of magmatism about 300 m.y. apart, one in the Paleoproterozoic and another in the Mesoproterozoic. Zircon dating confirms that all of this magmatic activity post-dated the peak of Paleoproterozoic metamorphism in this area. Based on field, geochemical and mineralogical analyses, four distinct Paleoproterozoic granitoid rock units are interpreted to represent three separate, but geochronologically indistinguishable, magmatic events at ∼1.7 Ga. The earliest igneous event is recorded by a body of leucocratic tonalite which yields a zircon age of 1702 ± 6 Ma. The second event is recorded by small bodies of granodiorite which are mineralogically and geochemically very similar to the approximately contemporaneous Boulder Creek Granodiorite exposed to the south. The third Paleoproterozoic igneous event produced foliated granitoid rocks that yield a composite zircon age of 1695 ± 20 Ma and which comprise two distinct lithologies: a melanocratic roof facies and a strongly foliated monzogranite. This foliated Paleoproterozoic monzogranite, which is geochemically and mineralogically indistinguishable from the approximately contemporaneous Rawah batholith exposed to the northwest, is the most widespread rock unit exposed in the northern Mummy Range, accounting for over 65% of the area of the Comanche Peak quadrangle north of the Skin Gulch shear zone. The earliest Mesoproterozoic igneous event in the northern Mummy Range is represented by small bodies of coarse-grained quartz diorite. The second Mesoproterozoic event is represented by the strongly porphyritic granodiorite of the Hagues Peak pluton. The third and final Mesoproterozoic igneous event in the area produced widespread bodies of equigranular “Silver-Plume-type” peraluminous monzogranite that yields a zircon age of 1393 ± 25 Ma. Most of our zircon ages for the Mummy Range granitoids are consistent with the most recent synthesis of models for the tectonic evolution of the Proterozoic Colorado province. Our dates for certain individual samples of the Paleoproterozoic granodiorite and foliated Paleoproterozoic monzogranite suggest that Paleoproterozoic syntectonic plutonism may have continued slightly longer in this area than previously recognized. The mineralogy and geochemistry of most of the Mummy Range granitoids are consistent with current tectonic syntheses of the region. The composition of the foliated Paleoproterozoic monzogranite in the Mummy Range suggests a source that included pre-existing continental crustal material, consistent with recent suggestions of
Atomistic simulations of nanoindentation on the basal plane of crystalline molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)

In the present work, nanoindentation on the basal surface of a crystalline molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin film is investigated by molecular statics (MS) calculations. A previously parameterized interatomic potential combining the reactive empirical bond-order and Lennard-Jones potentials is implemented into the LAMMPS molecular simulation package and refined for improved prediction of the mechanical properties of MoS2 at athermal conditions. Nanoindentation simulations are performed using three indenter sizes with specific focus on the incipient plastic deformation event within the MoS2single crystal. MS calculations show that a local phase transformation occurs beneath the indenter at plastic yield without the presence of broken Mo–S bonds. The structural characteristics of the phase transformation are captured using a slip vector analysis. The nanoindentation simulations provide insight into the mechanical response of MoS2 during contact deformation characteristic of both synthesis and application for better design of MoS2 nanoparticle lubricants.
Multiparameter fiber optic sensor for the assessment of intramyocardial perfusion.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to characterize a multiparameter fiber optic sensor for detection of changes in intramyocardial perfusion and to demonstrate a method of determining critical values for pH, PCO2, and PO2 to indicate onset of anaerobic metabolism. Methods: Six swine underwent a 20-minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Myocardial pH, PCO2, and PO2 were measured continuously in the LAD and left circumflex coronary artery (CFX) territories. Critical values for each parameter were calculated from these data. Results: During occlusion LAD myocardial pH declined from 7.36 ± 0.04 to 6.85 ± 0.04; PCO2 rose from 57.0 ± 2.9 to 154.0 ± 18.0 torr, PO2 fell from 78 ± 20 to 6 ± 5 torr. No myocardial pH or PCO2 changes were observed in the CFX region, however, CFX PO2 was affected in some animals during LAD occlusion and release. Methods for determining the ischemic threshold from these sensor data are presented. Conclusions: Multiparameter fiber optic sensors reliably respond to coronary occlusion and thus have the potential to help guide myocardial protection strategies for both on- and off-pump cardiac surgery. (J Card Surg 2004;19:167-174)
The Influences of Strategic Management on Antitrust Discourse

This article examines how antitrust law and policy can benefit from ideas developed in the academic strategy field. Because accurate assessment and prediction of the effects of firm conduct depend ...
Factors affecting the efficiency of embryo transfer in the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo).

Embryo transfer (ET) to recipient females is a foundational strategy for a number of assisted reproductive technologies, including cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer. In an attempt to develop efficient ET in domestic ferrets, factors affecting development of transferred embryo were investigated. Unilateral and bilateral transfer of zygotes or blastocysts in the oviduct or uterus was evaluated in recipient nulliparous or primiparous females. Developing fetuses were collected from recipient animals 21 days post-copulation and examined. The percentage of fetal formation was different (P < 0.05) for unilateral and bilateral transfer of zygotes (71%) in nulliparous females with bilateral transfer (56%) in primiparous recipients. The percentage (90%) of fetal formation in nulliparous recipients following unilateral transfer of blastocysts was higher (P < 0.05) than that observed in primiparous recipients with bilateral ET (73%). Notably, the percentage of fetal formation was higher (P < 0.05) when blastocyts were transferred as compared to zygotes (90% versus 71%). Transuterine migration of embryos occurred following all unilateral transfers and also in approximately 50% of bilateral transfers with different number of embryos in each uterine horn. These data will help to facilitate the development of assisted reproductive strategies in the ferret and could lead to the use of this species for modeling human disease and for conservation of the endangered Mustelidae species such as black-footed ferret and European mink.
Placing the woody tropical genera of Polygonaceae: A hypothesis of character evolution and phylogeny.

 Premise of the study : Taxonomic groups have often been recognized on the basis of geographic distinctions rather than accurately representing evolutionary relationships. This has been particularly true for temperate and tropical members from the same family. Polygonaceae exemplifi es this problem, wherein the woody tropical genera were segregated from temperate members of the family and placed in the subfamily Polygonoideae as two tribes: Triplarideae and Coccolobeae. Modern phylogenetic studies, especially when inferred from many lines of evidence, can elucidate more probable hypotheses of relationships. This study builds on previous work in the family and aims to test the traditional classifi cation of the tropical woody taxa, which have been understudied and undersampled compared to their temperate relatives.  Methods : A phylogenetic study was undertaken with expanded sampling of the tropical genera with data from fi ve plastid markers ( psbA-trnH , psaI-accD , matK , ndhF , and rbcL) , nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) and morphology.  Key results : Results support the placement of nine of 12 genera of the Triplarideae and Coccolobeae within Eriogonoideae, in which these genera form a paraphyletic assemblage giving rise to Eriogoneae. The remaining woody tropical genera excluded from Eriogonoideae occur in the paleotropics.  Conclusions : Traditional characters used to delimit Coccolobeae and Triplarideae are not useful for defi ning monophyletic groups. The six-tepal condition is derived from the fi ve-tepal condition, and unisexual fl owers have arisen multiple times in different sexual systems. Ruminate endosperm has arisen multiple times in the family, suggesting this character is highly plastic.
ATHLETE: A cargo-handling vehicle for solar system exploration

As part of the NASA Exploration Technology Development Program, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is developing a vehicle called ATHLETE: the All-Terrain Hex-Limbed Extra-Terrestrial Explorer. 1 2 Each vehicle is based on six wheels at the ends of six multi-degree-of-freedom limbs. Because each limb has enough degrees of freedom for use as a general-purpose leg, the wheels can be locked and used as feet to walk out of excessively soft or other extreme terrain. Since the vehicle has this alternative mode of traversing through or at least out of extreme terrain, the wheels and wheel actuators can be sized for nominal terrain. There are substantial mass savings in the wheel and wheel actuators associated with designing for nominal instead of extreme terrain. These mass savings are comparable-to or larger-than the extra mass associated with the articulated limbs. As a result, the entire mobility system, including wheels and limbs, can be about 25% lighter than a conventional mobility chassis. A side benefit of this approach is that each limb has sufficient degrees-of-freedom to use as a general-purpose manipulator (hence the name “limb” instead of “leg”). Our prototype ATHLETE vehicles have quick-disconnect tool adapters on the limbs that allow tools to be drawn out of a “tool belt” and maneuvered by the limb. A power-take-off from the wheel actuates the tools, so that they can take advantage of the 1+ horsepower motor in each wheel to enable drilling, gripping or other power-tool functions.
Ambient-temperature sulfuric acid pretreatment to alter structure and improve enzymatic digestibility of alfalfa stems

A novel pretreatment with sulfuric acid at ambient temperature had demonstrated positive effects on ethanol production from alfalfa stems. To better understand these effects and help create a process control system, physical parameters (pore dimensions, surface area, and crystallinity index) and the enzymatic digestibility of alfalfa stems were studied in present work. The SEM images showed that more fine particles were present on the surface of alfalfa stems after acid pretreatment. The BET pore size, pore volume, surface area, and crystallinity were increased with increasing acid during pretreatment, might be due to the acid pretreatment hydrolyzed some hemicellulose and amorphous cellulose. Ensiling and wet storage decreased crystallinity, probably due to the swelling increased the pore size of substrates. The enzymatic hydrolysis of alfalfa stems was improved by acid pretreatment because surface damage, improved pore size, pore volume and surface area improved cellulose exposure. Ensiling also improved the enzymatic hydrolysis, likely due to the swelling resulted in increased pore size and broken hydrogen bonding of substrates.
Synthesis and assignment of absolute configuration of (-)-oleocanthal: a potent, naturally occurring non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agent derived from extra virgin olive oils.

Effective total syntheses and the assignment of absolute configurations of both the (+)- and (−)-enantiomers of oleocanthal 1 (a.k.a. deacetoxy ligstroside aglycon), the latter derived from extra virgin olive oils and known to be responsible for the back of the throat irritant properties of olive oils, have been achieved. The absolute and relative stereochemistry of the naturally occurring enantiomer (−)-1 proved to be 3S,4E. Both syntheses begin with d-(−)-ribose, proceed in 12 steps, and are achieved with an overall yield of 7%. Both enantiomers proved to be non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agents.
The activation energy for surface self-diffusion of tantalum and the influence of residual gases on this quantity in the presence of high electric fields

Abstract When tantalum field emission microscope tips are heated in the presence of applied electric fields, the build-up of the 〈111〉 areas dominates. A linear relationship is indicated between the activation energy for surface self-diffusion, QF, determined from this process and logp (p average residual gas pressure during the measurement). The negative slope is interpreted in terms of the presence of a permanent dipole migration mechanism. At p=5×10−10Torr and Fapex=22 MV/cm, QF≅1.4 eV/particle. From the build-up decay the corresponding activation energy for surface self-diffusion without applied field Qs=2.03±0.05 eV/particle could be determined. The higher values obtained by other authors are explained by the influence of contaminants.
1276 FUNCTIONAL BACTERIAL OPSONIC ACTIVITY OF HUMAN AMNIOTIC FLUID

There is some data to suggest that amniotic fluid (AF) protects the fetus from invasion by pathogenic bacteria. To examine methods by which AF may offer such protection, quantitative antibody, complement activity, and functional opsonic capacity were measured. Immunoglobulins were measured by laser nephelometry and total hemolytic complement by radial diffusion; results suggested activity adequate for bactericidal capacity. The chemiluminescence assay was used to quantitate the functional interaction between PMN's and E. coli, group B strep (GBS) or zymosan particles preopsonized with amniotic fluid obtained at different stages of gestation. Results were compared to those for normal serum. Data were analyzed by evaluation of the initial slope, area under the curve, and peak chemiluminescence response. Opsonic activity of amniotic fluid for E. coli and GBS was demonstrated with E. coli showing greater reactivity(maximum cpm= 15-25,000) than GBS(10-20,000 cpm). Specific, as well as nonspecific, opsonic activity was demonstrated by absorption of AF with killed bacteria. Concentration of amniotic fluid did not result in an increase in chemiluminescent activity demonstrating that optimal opsonic activity already exists. The classical and alternate pathways of complement were assessed for E. coli and GBS. Amniotic fluids preterm did not differ from term pregnancies. This study demonstrates that amniotic fluid can provide the fetus with protection from bacterial pathogens and delineate mechanisms for such protection.
Toxicological considerations for protein components of biological pesticide products

The toxicity of protein components of microbial pesticide products is evaluated at EPA by requiring that pesticide manufacturers conduct a thorough taxonomic evaluation of the active microbial ingredient. The requirement for acute toxicity testing by dosing laboratory animals with the active microbial ingredient and with fermentation growth medium materials provides additional information on the toxicity of protein components of microbial pesticides. The potential for toxicity from proteins associated with contaminating organisms is addressed by use of appropriate quality control procedures to minimize or prevent growth of contaminants and by screening of fermentation batches for known human/mammalian pathogens. These considerations also would apply to any biochemical pesticide that is formed via the growth of a microorganism. If a protein itself is intended for commercial use as an active pesticide ingredient, acute exposure studies and in vitro digestibility studies could be done to answer potential concerns regarding toxicity.
Rapid detection of Salmonella from vegetable rinse-water using real-time PCR

Abstract A PCR-based method for the detection of Salmonella spp. from fresh vegetable rinse-water was developed. The method is a modification of an existing Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC)-approved protocol and is compatible for high throughput analysis. The protocol is sensitive enough to detect contamination in mixed-salad (made up of approximately 80% leaf lettuce, 10% red cabbage and 10% carrots by weight) that was washed with water, which was artificially contaminated with Salmonella spp. at the estimated level of 1–10 cells ml −1 . The modified protocol, which includes a confirmatory melt–curve analysis of PCR products, requires 8–10 h. The method should help implementation of the HACCAP program for fresh produce.
Chromosomal localization, genomic structure, and allelic polymorphism of the human CD79 alpha (Ig-alpha/mb-1) gene.

The germline DNA sequence of the human CD79a (Ig-α/mb-1) gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction sequencing of a cosmid clone derived from an arrayed human chromosome 19 library .The CD79a gene was localized to chromosome 19q13.2; this localization places the gen within the CEA-like gene cluster with the following gene order: -CEA-CGMI-CD79a-RPS11-ATPIA3-BGP-CGM9-. The genomic organization of the human CD79a gene resembles the mousse counterpart with five exons interrupted by four introns. Computer analyszes suggest the presence of transcription regulatory elements known to be important in the regulation of mouse CD79a (AP-1, EBF, AP-2, MUF2, and SP-1 sites), as well as elements not found in the mouse gene (an NF-κB binding site and a series of E-box motifs). Similar to the mouse gene, the5′ flanking region of human CD79a lacks a TATA box; however, unlike mouse CD79a, a classical octamer motif could not be identified in the human gene. Finally, a new Rsa restriction fragment length polymorphism was defined in the non-coding regions of the human gene.
Rac, PAK, and eNOS ACTion

See related article, pages 360–368 Rac1 is a member of the Rho family of GTPases, which includes Rho, Rac, and cdc42 subfamilies.1,2 On activation by guanine nucleotide exchange factors, the Rho family GTPases exchange a GDP molecule for a GTP and act as molecular switches to transduce signals in response to various extracellular stimuli.2 Apart from their characteristic role in the regulation of cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell adhesion, the Rho family proteins have been found to regulate polarization, endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, cell cycle progression, differentiation, and gene transcription.1 Rho family GTPases play a role in endothelial permeability, polarization, leukocyte adhesion, and production of reactive oxygen species, including the superoxide anion (O![Graphic][1] 2).3–5 More specifically, activation of endothelial cells with growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor or by fluid shear stress has been shown to activate Rac1, which, in turn, promotes cytoskeletal rearrangement and changes in cell motility.6,7 Endothelial activation by growth factors or shear stress also results in the activation of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), which are responsible for the production of O![Graphic][2] 2 and NO, respectively.8–10 Because the modulation of endothelial NOXs by Rac1 has been well demonstrated,11–13 it is believed that Rac1 influences endothelial function, as measured by NO bioavailability, by enhancing the production of O![Graphic][3] 2 and not by direct modulation of eNOS. This assumes mutually exclusive mechanisms for the production of O![Graphic][4] 2 and NO and that a decreased bioavailability of NO on Rac1 activation is a result of O![Graphic][5] 2-dependent peroxynitrite production.8,14 Any association with or direct link between Rac1 activation and regulation of eNOS, therefore, has remained unexplored despite the observation that Rac1 and eNOS are both required for endothelial motility, proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis.6,7 The … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif
Fiber system of the facial gingiva

The facial gingival fiber apparatus of four adult squirrel monkeys was evaluated. Oblique histological sections demonstrated predominantly horizontal fibers with interdigitating cemental fibers of variable lengths. This fiber arrangement may result in an efficiently functioning dento-gingival complex.
Pharmacological characterization of apoptotic cell death in a model of photothrombotic brain injury in rats.

Abstract We have shown recently in rats that photothrombotic focal brain injury that is induced by the intravenous injection of the photosensitive dye rose bengal and skull irradiation with a beam of focused light can trigger the expression of the protein p53 and initiate DNA damage in the area surrounding the thrombotic/necrotic core. We hypothesize that these changes are the signs of injury-induced apoptosis. We used pharmacological tools to characterize the injury-triggered DNA damage that we assayed by TUNEL-labeling, followed by a computer-assisted quantitative analysis. In addition, the morphology of apoptotic cells was visualized by fluorescent staining with propidium iodide. The pharmacological approach included: (a) the inhibition of endonucleases by intracerebroventricular injection of aurintricar☐ylic acid (ATA, 20 μg/5 μl); (b) the inhibition of protein synthesis by injecting cycloheximide subcutaneously (2.5 mg/kg); and (c) the blockade of glutamate receptors by injecting 2.5 mg/kg dizolcipine (MK-801) intravenously. These treatments significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells that we counted in the area surrounding the necrotic core. The results show that injury-induced DNA damage involved de novo synthesis of proteins and an activation of endonucleases, suggesting the occurrence of apoptosis. In this model, apoptosis was associated with an activation of glutamate receptors. Treatments targeted at halting the apoptotic process might provide protection after stroke or after trauma to the brain.
Treatment of reticular leg veins with a 1064 nm long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser

Abstract Background: Millisecond-pulsed Nd:YAG lasers have been developed for the treatment of reticular leg veins. Objective: We evaluated the effectiveness of a single treatment with a 50 millisecond 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of reticular veins of the lower extremity. Methods: Twenty patients with reticular veins measuring 1.0 to 3.0 mm in diameter received one treatment with a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser (Coolglide, Altus, Burlingame, Calif) at fluences of 100 J/cm 2 and 50 millisecond pulse duration. Symmetric matched areas that were left untreated served as the control. Eleven patients were pretreated with a topical anesthetic cream for 1 hour before treatment and wore compression stockings for 5 days after treatment. Nine patients were treated without topical anesthesia and did not wear compression stockings. Percent clearing and side effects were determined by 3 nontreating physicians (at each respective site) comparing projected Kodachrome images 1 month and 3 months after treatment. Patients also performed a self-assessment of their results. Results: Two-thirds of vessels measuring 1 to 3 mm in diameter cleared more than 75% with one treatment. Larger vessels appeared to improve more than smaller vessels. Immediate treatment discomfort was tolerable. Side effects were minimal and included superficial thrombosis, delayed bruising, hyperpigmentation, and matting. Conclusion: Millisecond-pulsed Nd:YAG lasers used with 50 millisecond pulses are effective in the treatment of reticular leg veins. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:76-81.)
On a conjecture of Alvis

We exhibit for each integer n 15 an ordinary irreducible character of the symmetric group Sn, which restricts irreducibly to An, with the property that its degree is divisible by every prime less than or equal to n, thereby proving a conjecture of D.L. Alvis.  2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
U.S. Experts' Perceptions on International Business Communication Action Statements

Abstract A Delphi panel of 22 U.S.-based international business communication experts rated 57 international business communication action statements using a 5-point Likert-type scale of importance. They rated 17 of these action statements as major ones. Factor analysis grouped the action statements into the following 11 factors that impact international business communication: Business Language, Instructional Guidelines, International Standards, Desirable Standards, Instructional Goals, Research Goals, Business-World Dimensions, Cross-Cultural Perspectives, Business Foreign Language, Broadening Background, and Business Language Differences. A statistically significant difference (p > .05) was found between the factor of Business Language Differences and the demographic characteristic of level of academic degree.