cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential bentazon metabolism and retention of bentazon metabolites by plant cell cultures

Abstract Bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1 H )-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3 H )-one 2,2-dioxide] was metabolized to 6-O-β-glucose-bentazon (6-O-G) by suspension-cultured cells of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.), carrot ( Daucus carota L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.), rice ( Oryza sativa L.), tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and T. monococcum L.). Cell cultures of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars which are tolerant to bentazon at the whole plant level metabolized bentazon to the glucose conjugate of 8-OH-bentazon (8-O-G) in addition to 6-O-G. Cell suspension cultures of velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) and soybean cultivars which are susceptible to bentazon at the whole plant level did not metabolize bentazon. Bentazon metabolism in rice and in soybean was linear over 2 and 24 hr, respectively. The rate of bentazon metabolism to 6-O-G in rice was about 25 times greater than the rate of bentazon metabolism to 6-O-G plus 8-O-G in soybean. Glucosylated products of bentazon did not readily efflux from soybean cells containing high concentrations of these metabolites. Thus, the metabolites did not readily diffuse across the plasmalemma or the tonoplast but rather were efficiently trapped within the cultured cells. Suspension-cultured cells appear to be a useful system for interspecies comparison and mechanistic studies of bentazon metabolism in plant cells.
Differential effect of restraint procedure on incidence of restraint-stress-induced rib fusion in CD-1 mice

Abstract In an investigation of the effects of specific maternal Stressors on development of the conceptus, pregnant mice were exposed to restraint stress on gestation day 9 (plug = day 1). Mated females were either unrestrained (C), unrestrained and food/water deprived (FWD), or restrained with surgical tape in a supine position for 12 h by one of two methods: I. 1-inch wide tape reaching from each shoulder across the body to the opposite thigh, or II. 1-inch wide tape placed over one shoulder, across the thorax, and over the opposite shoulder and similar tape placed over each thigh and across the intervening pelvic area. For both methods, an additional tape was placed across the tail and a 2-inch wide tape secured the upper abdominal area. There were 32 to 62 litters in each treatment group, and all fetuses were examined on day 18 for gross and skeletal defects. With regard to rib fusion, the percentage of affected fetuses and litters was increased ( P ≤ 0.05) by Method I (3.5% and 27%, respectively) vs. Method II. (0.5% and 4%), C (0.1% and 1%), or FWD (0%). Incidences of supernumerary ribs, however, did not differ between the restrained groups but were higher in both such groups than in the FWD and C groups. These results suggest that different methods of restraint may result in differences in incidence of rib fusion. Such data suggest that development of the offspring of stressed dams may be significantly influenced by what might appear to be minor differences in the stress techniques used.
Theoretical Foundations of Development Information Science

Development information science is a discipline that was proposed by the author in an earlier article. It is a new way of looking at how the education and training of information professionals may be handled with the interests of developing countries in mind. It was suggested that educators especially in developing countries should devise a new course entitled "Development Information Science". The purpose of the article is to continue the discourse of the discipline and suggest an approach for laying its theoretical foundation. Among the topics covered are: the generalized universe of theories; perceptions of information science theory in the west; domains of development information science; and its canons and paradigms. In addition, cognate disciplines; relevance of technology transfer; need for theoretical stringency; and a search for validation of the discipline are discussed.
Diverse perspectives on mammal home ranges or a home range is more than location densities

Home ranges relate to all aspects of a mammal's biology. The 5 papers in this Special Feature provide statistical, economic, game theoretic, mechanistic, information dependent, and conceptual approaches to understanding home ranges and why animals have them. All the papers emphasize the importance of testing a priori hypotheses, especially hypotheses that elucidate why animals behave as they do. All the papers relate resources and habitat quality to home ranges. Finally, the authors oppose viewing home ranges as the product of measurements and suggest viewing home ranges as the cognitive maps that animals maintain and update.
Laud Humphreys: A Pioneer in the Practice of Social Science

The life and work of Laud Humphreys is reviewed in an attempt to assess their effect on American sociology. We focus on the intersections between biography and professional contributions as they emerged from Humphreys’graduate work at Washington University, St. Louis through his years at Pitzer College. The commentary is couched in the theoretical traditions of C. Wright Mills, the sociology of knowledge, and the sociology of sociology.
The geometry of the orbits of artificial satellites

A novel approach to the study of the orbits of artificial satellites is presented. Emphasis is placed upon the basic geometry and other aspects of satellite motion which are of first importance to satellite engineering. The motion of the orbital plane as a rigid body is introduced and a non-elliptical orbit motion in this plane is defined. The plane orbit so defined possesses the very desirable feature of representing a succession of satellite positions and hence reveals the true motion of the satellite. An analytical treatment yields a completely general second order theory of earth satellite motion which is suitable for engineering purposes. In the latter development, particular attention is paid to the apsidal motion of the orbit and the concomitant resonance effects at the critical orbit inclination. The basic nonlinear features of the apsidal motion, which have not been recognized in earlier theories, are incorporated in the analytical development so as to produce a theory valid at all angles of inclination of the orbit.
METABOLISM OF CORTICOTROPIN IN MAN.

SummarySynthetic beta1-24 corticotropin has been labeled with I131 and intravenously administered to normal subjects. Analysis of the blood radioactivity following intravenous administration of beta1-24 corticotropin-I131 revealed that this substance has an apparent space of distribution of 43% of the body weight and a plasma half-life of 7 minutes.
RESISTIVELY SHUNTED SUPERCONDUCTING QUANTUM POINT CONTACTS

We have studied the Josephson dynamics of resistively shunted ballistic superconducting quantum point contacts at finite temperatures and arbitrary number of conducting modes. Compared to the classical Josephson dynamics of tunnel junctions, the dynamics of quantum point contacts exhibits several new features associated with temporal fluctuations of the Josephson potential caused by fluctuations in the occupation of the current-carrying Andreev levels.
Evaluating two process scale chromatography column header designs using CFD

Chromatography is an indispensable unit operation in the downstream processing of biomolecules. Scaling of chromatographic operations typically involves a significant increase in the column diameter. At this scale, the flow distribution within a packed bed could be severely affected by the distributor design in process scale columns. Different vendors offer process scale columns with varying design features. The effect of these design features on the flow distribution in packed beds and the resultant effect on column efficiency and cleanability needs to be properly understood in order to prevent unpleasant surprises on scale-up. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) provides a cost-effective means to explore the effect of various distributor designs on process scale performance. In this work, we present a CFD tool that was developed and validated against experimental dye traces and tracer injections. Subsequently, the tool was employed to compare and contrast two commercially available header designs.
Three-dimensional structure of the 67K N-terminal fragment of E. coli DNA topoisomerase I

The three-dimensional structure of the 67K amino-terminal fragment of Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I has been determined to 2.2 A resolution. The polypeptide folds in an unusual way to give four distinct domains enclosing a hole large enough to accommodate a double-stranded DNA. The active-site tyrosyl residue, which is involved in the transient breakage of a DNA strand and the formation of a covalent enzyme–DNA intermediate, is present at the interface of two domains. The structure suggests a plausible mechanism by which E. coli DNA topoisomerase I and other members of the same DNA topoisomerase subfamily could catalyse the passage of one DNA strand through a transient break in another strand.
Vertical motions and nitric oxide in the upper mesosphere

Abstract The photochemical equations governing the distribution of nitric oxide in the upper mesosphere are examined by means of a scale analysis. An equation obtained earlier by Nicolet is shown to govern the distribution of nitric oxide, and this equation is subsequently modified to include transport by atmospheric motion. Solutions of the governing equation are obtained for the case of an altitude-independent vertical velocity, assuming the existence of a source of nitric oxide above the 85 km level. Vertical velocities of the order of those expected in winter to be associated with either planetary waves or with a mean meridional cell are shown to transport a substantial amount of nitric oxide into the 70–85 km region. The detailed mechanism of the transport is discussed for each of these modes of atmospheric motion. Modifications that may be produced by transient planetary waves are considered.
PRONE POSITIONING INCREASES FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC) IN PRETERM INFANTS: A RANDOMIZED STUDY. † 967

PRONE POSITIONING INCREASES FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC) IN PRETERM INFANTS: A RANDOMIZED STUDY. † 967
FLEXOR TENDON REPAIR, HEALING AND REHABILITATION: A BRIEF COMMENTARY

Twenty years ago, we concluded that it was useless to use suture material strong enough to allow early mobilisation, since material of this sort creates problems in the form of connective tissue reaction and even tendon necrosis. It is better to use what is called "the blocked suture", which abolishes muscle tension on the repair, and, therefore, makes it possible to bring the tendon ends accurately together by fine sutures too weak to resist any muscle fore.19 This statement, from Claude Verdan's Founders Lecture to the American Society for Society of the Hand only 30 years ago, highlights the dramatic rate of change in our understanding and clinical approach to flexor tendon repair. At the time these words were spoken, Verdan and some of his more adventurous contemporaries were challenging the currently accepted dictum that repair of flexor tendons divided in the digit should not be attempted. This early work on the primary repair of flexor tendons by Verdan,20 Kleinert and associates,12 and Kessler and Nissim,11 among others, forever changed the landscape of Bunnell's "no man's land",and paved the way for the clinical advances and explosion of research into flexor tendon healing and repair that have occured in the last several decades.
Spermatogenesis in Octomacrum lanceatum (Monogenoidea, oligonchoinea, mazocraeidea).

Abstract Ultrastructural aspects of spermatozoon development and morphology in Octomacrum lanceatum are presented. Spermiogenesis involves development of zones of differentiation from the surface of cytophores followed by formation of a middle cytoplasmic process and 2 free flagella whose axonemes form from basal bodies located within each zone of differentiation. The mitochondrion and nucleus peactrate through the zone of differentiation into the middle cytoplasmic process. An intercentriolar body is present. Initially the axes of the basal bodies are perpendicular to that of the intercentriolar body but subseqmently rotate about 90° to parallel positions as the flagella develop. Flagella are initially free, but eventually fuse with the middle cytoplasmic process from the proximal to distal end (proximodistal fusion). Subourface microtubules occur within the zone of differentiation but are lacking from the lateral regions of the middle cytoplasmic process. The mature sperm possesses two axonemes, one mitochondrion, and a complete ring of certical microtubules (sperm pattern 1). The finding of sperm pattern 1 in the Octomacridae suggests that many features of the spermatozoon of the Diplozoidae are autapomorphic.
Branching inset entropies on open domains

The forms of all semisymmetric, branching, multidimensional measures of inset information on open domains are determined. This is done for both the complete and the possibly incomplete partition cases. The key to these results is to find the general solution of the functional equation $$(*)\Delta \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {E,F} \\ {p,q} \\ \end{array} } \right) + \Delta \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {E \cup F,G} \\ {p + q,r} \\ \end{array} } \right) = \Delta \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {E,G} \\ {p,r} \\ \end{array} } \right) + \Delta \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {E \cup G,F} \\ {p + r,q} \\ \end{array} } \right)$$ for all(p, q, r) ∈ D3:={(p1, p2, p3)∣pi∈]0, 1[k(i = 1,2,3),p1+ p2+ p3∈]0, 1[k} and all (E, F, G) for which there exists anH with (E, F, G, H) ∈ ℒ4:={(E1,⋯,E4)∣Ei ∈ ℛ\{O},E1∩Ej = O for alli ≠ j}. Here, ℛ is a ring of subsets of a given universal set. Functional equation (*) is solved by use of the general solution of the generalized characteristic equation of branching information measures.
Polysiloxane stationary phases containing tolyl and cyanopropyl groups: oxidation during cross-linking

Abstract The majority of studies on non-extractable stationary phases have been done using the methylsilicones. However, there is a need for non-extractable phases containing different functional groups, such as phenyl and cyanopropyl. Tolyl groups have been incorporated into these stationary phases to facilitate free-radical cross-linking. However, it was found that tolyl and cyanopropyl groups can be oxidized during curing with peroxides, producing stationary phase films that are active and thermally unstable. If, on the other hand, azo compounds are used as the free radical generators, these problems are avoided.
Alterations of acidic and neutral glycopeptides during the post-natal growth period of the mouse.

Abstract We have examined the electrophoretic pattern of mannose-labelled glycopeptides derived from liver, pancreas, heart, brain, lung and kidney. The various organs were removed from white Swiss mice of 4–5, 20 and 40 days of age as well as from adult animals. Our data demonstrated that each organ had a characteristic ratio of acidic to neutral glycopeptides and that this ratio, in some cases, was substantially modified as the animal grew, consistent with the hypothesis that these changes might play an important role in the development and physiological function of organs.
Early postoperative feeding after major gynecologic surgery: Evidence-based scientific medicine

Abstract Postoperative gastrointestinal care after major gynecologic surgery has evolved considerably over the last decade. According to evidence-based scientific medicine, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Postoperative colonic stasis occurs after major abdominal surgery and persists for approximately 3 days (classes I and IIA). (2) Elective postoperative nasogastric decompression after major abdominal surgery is unnecessary (class I). (3) Early feeding after major gynecologic surgery results in emesis but does not increase the incidence of aspiration pneumonia, dehiscence, or intestinal leaks and decreases hospital stay (class I). (4) Slow advancement of postoperative diet after major gynecologic surgery is probably unnecessary (class III). (5) After major abdominal gynecologic surgery, there appear to be minimal medical benefits (decreased infection rate) of early postoperative feeding (class III). (6) After radical hysterectomy, postoperative bowel stimulation decreases length of hospital stay (class IIA). (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:1-4.)
H1-receptor antagonist, tripelennamine, does not affect arterial hypoxemia in exercising Thoroughbreds

It has been suggested that pulmonary injury and inflammation-induced histamine release from airway mast cells may contribute to exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH). Because stress failure of pulmonary capillaries and EIAH are routinely observed in exercising horses, we examined whether preexercise administration of an H1-receptor antagonist may mitigate EIAH. Two sets of experiments, placebo (saline) and antihistaminic (tripelennamine HCl at 1.10 mg/kg iv, 15 min preexercise) studies, were carried out on seven healthy, exercise-trained Thoroughbred horses in random order 7 days apart. Arterial and mixed venous blood-gas and pH measurements were made at rest before and after saline or drug administration and during incremental exercise leading to maximal exertion at 14 m/s on 3.5% uphill grade for 120 s. Galloping at this workload elicited maximal heart rate and induced exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in all horses in both treatments, thereby indicating that capillary stress failure-related pulmonary injury had occurred. In both treatments, EIAH, desaturation of hemoglobin, hypercapnia, and acidosis of a similar magnitude developed during maximal exertion, and statistically significant differences between the placebo and antihistaminic studies could not be demonstrated. The failure of the H1-receptor antagonist to modify EIAH significantly suggests that pulmonary injury-induced histamine release may not play a major role in bringing about EIAH in Thoroughbred horses.
Factors involved in the regeneration of hemoglobin.

All of the experiments were performed on rats. The animals were made anemic by feeding whole milk, collected in glass containers. The materials studied for hemoglobin regeneration were all tested for copper and used only when this element was absent. Hemoglobin was determined by the Newcomer method. The animals were bled by the tail.There was no effect on hemoglobin when anemic rats were fed 1, 5, and 10 mg. Fe as FeCl3 together with whole milk. We then studied the effect of tyrosine, tryptophane, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and arginine on hemoglobin formation. The rats were fed on milk when 30 days old and after 4 weeks were given 100 mg. of amino acid plus 0.5 mg. of Fe as FeCl3 daily. Regeneration of hemoglobin did not occur on any of the amino acids employed. The conflicting results in the literature on the potency of various elements in hemoglobin building may be due to different amounts being absorbed; to test this point we injected various salts intraperitoneal-ly. The following elements were te...
High-resolution structure of the E.coli RecQ helicase catalytic core

RecQ family helicases catalyze critical genome maintenance reactions in bacterial and eukaryotic cells, playing key roles in several DNA metabolic processes. Mutations in recQ genes are linked to genome instability and human disease. To define the physical basis of RecQ enzyme function, we have determined a 1.8 A resolution crystal structure of the catalytic core of Escherichia coli RecQ in its unbound form and a 2.5 A resolution structure of the core bound to the ATP analog ATPγS. The RecQ core comprises four conserved subdomains; two of these combine to form its helicase region, while the others form unexpected Zn 2+ ‐binding and winged‐helix motifs. The structures reveal the molecular basis of missense mutations that cause Bloom9s syndrome, a human RecQ‐associated disease. Finally, based on findings from the structures, we propose a mechanism for RecQ activity that could explain its functional coordination with topoisomerase III.
ROBUST STABILIZATION OF NONLINEAR PROCESSES USING HYBRID PREDICTIVE CONTROL

Abstract In this work, we consider nonlinear systems with input constraints and uncertain variables, and develop a robust hybrid predictive control structure that provides a safety net for the implementation of any model predictive control (MPC) formulation, designed with or without taking uncertainty into account. The key idea is to use a Lyapunov–based bounded robust controller, for which an explicit characterization of the region of robust closed-loop stability can be obtained, to provide a stability region within which any available MPC formulation can be implemented. This is achieved by devising switching laws that orchestrate switching between MPC and the bounded robust controller in a way that exploits the performance of MPC whenever possible, while using the bounded controller as a fall-back controller that can be switched in at any time to maintain robust closed-loop stability in the event that the predictive controller fails to yield a control move (due, for example, to computational difficulties in the optimization or infeasibility) or leads to instability (due, for example, to inappropriate penalties and/or horizon length in the objective function). The implementation and efficacy of the robust hybrid predictive control structure are demonstrated through simulations using a chemical process example.
Mesoscale Rainbands in Extratropical Cyclones

Abstract Mesoscale rainbands (5–50 km in average width and hundreds of kilometers in length) have been found in eleven extratropical cyclones. Six types of rainbands have been identified (warm frontal, warm sector, cold frontal–wide, cold frontal–narrow, wave-like, post-frontal). Comparison with extratropical cyclone data from various parts of the world indicates that these rainband types occur rather generally in midlatitude cyclones. The rainbands examined in this study contained small-scale areas of especially concentrated rainfall. These small-scale elements were 10–500 km2 in area, occurred in concentrations of 1–3 per 1000 km2, and moved with the wind between 850 and 700 mb.
The mixing of cohesive granular materials featuring a large size range in the absence of gravity

Abstract We have studied the shear mixing of bidisperse collections of cohesive particles in an effort to develop models that would allow one to predict and control the homogeneity of particle composites. Our focus has been on the effects of interparticle cohesion and shear rate on the microstructure of particle composites. Furthermore, we have focused on particles that have a “large size range,” specifically a 7:1 diameter ratio, such that homogeneous mixtures would include the small particles filling in the gaps formed between big particles, resulting in a correlation between the packing fraction and mixing quality. As a model problem, the cohesion resulting from the van der Waals force acting between particles was considered. Simulations were performed in which initially segregated bidisperse collections of particles were subjected to plane shear under constant applied stress as a method of mixing. Gravity was ignored in these simulations so that the different particles were not driven to different sides of the mixtures and the only hindrance to homogeneous mixing was cohesion. Simulations were performed with a variety of shear rates and particle cohesion strengths for both the large and small particles, and the homogeneity of the resultant mixtures was quantified using two distinct statistics: the estimated mean size of small-particle clusters and the spatial variance in the relative concentrations of the small and large particles. Microstructure images of the mixtures were used to provide additional qualitative measure of homogeneity as well as a measure of the relevance of the order statistics. These data suggested that the cohesiveness (Hamaker constant) of the small particles had the strongest influence on the mixture's homogeneity. When the small particles were not sufficiently cohesive, they did not significantly agglomerate, and so the resulting mixtures were relatively homogeneous over the range of shear rates and Hamaker constants of the big particles explored here. When the small particles were more cohesive, the small particles formed strong agglomerates and the mixtures become significantly inhomogeneous at lower shear rates. Somewhat surprisingly in these cases, better mixing was not achieved by simply making the large particles less cohesive. Rather, reducing the cohesiveness of the large particles far enough caused the large particles to pack more tightly, making the small-particle agglomerates unable to fit in between them, ultimately resulting in worse mixing. As such, the best mixing in these cases was achieved when the big particles were moderately cohesive. A correlation between solid volume fraction and homogeneity was not observed when particle cohesion was varied, as making either the small or large particles more cohesive led to a decrease in solid volume fraction, regardless of the effect on homogeneity. On the other hand, when homogeneity was found to increase with shear rate, so did the solid volume fraction.
SIGACT news online algorithms column 10: competitiveness via doubling

We discuss what we refer to, tentatively, as the "doubling" method for designing online and offline approximation algorithms. The rough idea is to use geometrically increasing estimates on the optimal solution to produce fragments of the algorithm's solution. The term "doubling" is a little misleading, for often factors other than 2 are used, and suggestions for a better name will be appreciated.
The SEED: a peer-to-peer environment for genome annotation

This open source toolkit will help scientists interpret the vast body of genomic data now publicly available.
Specific STI knowledge may be acquired too late

Adolescent females in this study knew more about their previously diagnosed sexually transmitted infections (STIs) than about other STIs, including ones that they had unknowingly contracted. They appeared to learn about STIs primarily after diagnosis, too late for effective prevention, early detection, or prompt treatment of their disease.
Origin of Ross Island basanitoids and limitations upon the heterogeneity of mantle sources for alkali basalts and nephelinites

Primary basanitoids from Ross Island, Antarctica have REE patterns and Pb isotope ratios similar to those for primary alkali basalts and nephelinites on ocean islands. The lead data from all volcanics on Ross Island have a spread of 4% in the 206/204 ratio and give a two-stage model lead age of 1500 m.y. The age is interpreted to be the time since the development of the chemical heterogeneity of the mantle source, presumably during an earlier melting process.
Low power and high density optical interconnects for future supercomputers

Increasing performance in supercomputers requires a concomitant increase in intrasystem interconnect bandwidth. We review the status and prospects of technologies required to build low power, high density board and chip level interconnects.
Subwavelength optical magnetic-resonance imaging

We present a theoretical study of optical magnetic-resonance imaging (OMRI), an extension of magnetic-resonance imaging to the optical frequency domain. OMRI images the spatial distribution of centers with field-dependent optical transitions by projection reconstruction from multiple tomographic scans. Spatial resolution is limited by magnetic-field gradient strengths and transition linewidths. These restrict the choice of systems accessible to OMRI, and rare-earth ions are identified as possible candidates. High-resolution laser spectroscopic techniques that overcome the effect of inhomogeneous broadening of electronic transitions are discussed. OMRI by transient hole-burning spectroscopy is presented as one approach for subwavelength spatial imaging, and its sensitivity is calculated. Submicrometer spatial resolution is possible by employing very-high-field gradients (>10 T/cm) and centers exhibiting megahertz linewidths.
Coherent Neutrino Scattering and Stellar Collapse

Freedman has shown that coherency and the neutral current theory of neutrinos imply a scattering cross section for neutrinos off heavy nuclei proportional to the square of the atomic weight. The collapse of an iron-core star produces a hot neutron star surrounded by a thin iron layer. Because of the large scattering rate in the outer layer, neutrinos from the hot neutron core are able to accelerate the iron layer to above escape velocity.
Three-dimensional, nano-structured PLGA scaffolds for bladder tissue replacement applications.

Abstract In total, approximately 400 million people worldwide suffer from urinary bladder cancer (Nat Biotechnol 17 (1999) 149). When radical cysectomy is required as treatment, a replacement material is clearly necessitated. For this purpose, three-dimensional poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds were constructed using solvent casting and salt leaching processes. These scaffolds were manipulated to possess nano-dimensional surface features by soaking in sodium hydroxide at select concentrations and for various periods of time. Human bladder smooth muscle cells were then seeded onto these nano-dimensional scaffolds; adhesion and longer-term cell growth experiments were performed for either 4 h, or 1, 3, and 5 days, respectively. Additionally, collagen and elastin production was quantified following each experiment. In all cases, control cells were placed in an incubator and subjected to normal atmospheric pressure, while experimental cells were placed in a pressure chamber and subjected to a sustained pressure of 10 cm H2O. Results of this study provided evidence that porous, nano-dimensional polymeric scaffolds enhanced cell adhesion and growth, while also promoting increased elastin and collagen production. Moreover, in general, exposure to pressure did not alter cellular adhesion, growth, or extracellular matrix protein production, which suggests that the scaffolds and their resident cells will fair well in the complex mechanical environment of the bladder wall. In combination, these results provide evidence that the nano-dimensional PLGA scaffolds created in this research are promising as the next generation of bladder wall replacement materials.
Collapse and relaxation of rotating stellar systems

The evolution of initially spherical, uniform-density, and uniform-velocity-dispersion stellar systems is investigated by means of a three-dimensional N-body computer model. Some 100,000 simulation stars are used to follow the collapse and relaxation of the system for various amounts of angular momentum in solid-body rotation. For initially low values of the angular momentum satisfying the Ostriker-Pebbles stability criterion the systems quickly relax to an axisymmetric shape and resemble elliptical galaxies in appearance. The maximum flattening for these systems is equivalent only to an E2 system. For larger values of the initial angular momentum bars develop, and the systems undergo a much more drastic evolution. The apparent rotational and random velocities of the barred systems are very sensitive to the viewing direction. An additional complication is the frequent misalignment of the apparent major axis with the direction that reflects the maximum rotation.
Transforming wealth: Using the inverse hyperbolic sine (IHS) and splines to predict youth's math achievement

Abstract The natural log and categorical transformations commonly applied to wealth for meeting the statistical assumptions of research may not always be appropriate for adjusting for skewness given wealth’s unique properties. Finding and applying appropriate transformations is becoming increasingly important as researchers consider wealth as a predictor of well-being. We present an alternative transformation—the inverse hyperbolic sine (IHS)—for simultaneously dealing with skewness and accounting for wealth’s unique properties. Using the relationship between household wealth and youth’s math achievement as an example, we apply the IHS transformation to wealth data from US and Ghanaian households. We also explore non-linearity and accumulation thresholds by combining IHS transformed wealth with splines. IHS transformed wealth relates to youth’s math achievement similarly when compared to categorical and natural log transformations, indicating that it is a viable alternative to other transformations commonly used in research. Non-linear relationships and accumulation thresholds emerge that predict youth’s math achievement when splines are incorporated. In US households, accumulating debt relates to decreases in math achievement whereas accumulating assets relates to increases in math achievement. In Ghanaian households, accumulating assets between the 25th and 50th percentiles relates to increases in youth’s math achievement.
Pathology of Schwannomas of the eighth cranial nerve

Schwannomas are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Tumors of the eighth cranial nerve account for most intracranial schwannomas, which comprise 8% of intracranial neoplasms. The circumscribed tumors manifest with compression of surrounding structures, particularly the parent eighth cranial nerve. Microscopically, schwannomas are characterized by intersecting fascicles of S-100-positive spindle cells. Abnormalities of chromosome 22p, particularly the NF2 gene, are characteristic, and the loss of merlin protein expression is central to the development of sporadic and neurofibromatosis type 2-associated tumors.
On compressive failure of fibrous composites

Abstract The theoretical compressive strength for a highly anisotropic material has recently been derived directly from the equilibrium equations. This result is combined with a new micro-mechanics solution for the longitudinal shear property of a hexagonally arranged fiber system. An application is made to the problem of an axially loaded thin cylindrical shell of laminated composite material. In effect, the material instability competes with the structural instability of the shell as a whole to determine the most limiting load condition. An optimal configuration is found for the lamina orientations which balances the two types of idealized instabilities.
Structural and electronic properties of carbon in hybrid diamond-graphite structures

In this paper we report on ab initio pseudopotential density-functional calculations of some possible high-pressure phases of carbon. The total energies of several hybrid diamond-graphite structures were calculated as a function of volume using density-functional theory and the local density approximation. The lowest calculated transition pressures between hexagonal-graphite and hybrid structures were 17 and $20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, which compare well with the experimental value of $14\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ for the transition at low temperatures between graphite and a still unidentified hard transparent phase. The electronic densities of states for the different structures are presented. Also, the x-ray powder diffraction patterns for a few structures were simulated and qualitatively compared to published experimental diffraction patterns.
Membrane Transport of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Substrate l‐Arginine Is Constitutively Expressed with CAT1 and 4F2hc, but Not CAT2 or rBAT

The potential induction of cationic and zwitterionic amino acid transport systems and mRNA transcripts was investigated in primary neuronal cultures from rat hypothalamus/brainstem. Cultures exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) were assessed with respect to northern blot analyses, L-leucine/L-arginine cross-inhibition uptake profiles in the presence and absence of Na+, and initial rate sodium-independent L-arginine transport kinetics. L-Arginine uptake activity was constitutively expressed along with uninduced steady-state levels of CAT1 and 4F2hc transcripts. However, neither the high-affinity nor the low-affinity alternatively spliced inducible isoforms of CAT2 or CAT2a transcripts (encoding system y+ in control astrocytes, lymphocytes, or liver) nor the rBAT transcripts (encoding system b(o,+) in control intestinal epithelial cells) were detected by northern analysis of neuronal mRNA. Cross-inhibition profiles were consistent with physiologic system y+ activity, but not system b(o,+) or system y+ L. Transport kinetics gave a single component with Vmax = 113 +/- 7 pmol/min/mg of protein and Km = 47 +/- 8 microM L-arginine; these kinetic parameters were not influenced by addition of LPS/IFNgamma at concentrations that up-regulated CAT2 mRNA and system y+ activity in control astroglia from the same area of the brain. The data are consistent with L-arginine membrane uptake occurring via only system y+ encoded by constitutive CAT1, with possible physiologic contribution by constitutive 4F2hc transcripts in primary neuronal cultures.
A composite Ekman boundary layer problem

The steady, axially symmetric, viscous, incompressible flow induced by an infinite rotating disk in the presence of a stationary coaxial disk is studied numerically for the complete laminar range of a Taylor number, R . Emphasis is placed on qualitative interpretation of the numerical solutions. The asymptotic state for large R is shown to consist of two well-known special Ekman boundary layers on the disks which are linked by a Taylor column, with Ekman layer suction into one layer just balanced by axial outflow from the other layer. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1968.tb00409.x
Topic Valence and Ambiguity in Parent-Emerging Adult Child Postdivorce Discussions

Communication privacy management theory maintains permeability rules manifest as communication strategies used during conversation. Although postdivorce families tend to privilege openness, this conclusion is based on recalled reports and single discussions about negatively valenced topics. To determine whether ambiguity functions as a manifestation of permeability rules and its effects on relational satisfaction and psychological well-being, 39 parent-emerging adult child dyads discussed one negatively valenced and one positively valenced postdivorce topic. Results indicated parents were ambiguous while discussing negatively and positively valenced topics, and children were perceptive of parents' ambiguity during the conversations. No differences were found between parents' use and children's perceptions of parents' ambiguity. Further, children's relational satisfaction and psychological well-being were affected by ambiguity in both discussions.
On the breakdown into turbulence of propagating internal waves

Abstract The breakdown of propagating internal waves is studied using linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulations. Sinusoidal wave trains in a uniformly stratified, non-rotating environment are considered. Cases are addressed with differing wave amplitudes and directions of propagation. For large-amplitude waves it is found that the primary instabilities are both two- and three-dimensional. It is also found that there is no qualitative difference in the breakdown process for waves with amplitude slightly below or slightly above the amplitude of incipient overturning. For the parameter regimes considered, the breakdown process could not be attributed to convective or shear instability alone, but a combination of the two. Owing to the growth of instabilities, local patches of statically unstable fluid and also of intense shear form, leading ultimately to local patches of turbulence.
Periprosthetic Fractures Around a Total Knee Arthroplasty: Fixation Options

Periprosthetic fractures around a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are becoming increasingly more common. These typically occur in the distal femoral metaphysis above a well-fixed, previously well-functioning prosthesis. For loose implants, revision is typically performed. For well-fixed implants, some form of internal fixation, either a retrograde nail or a plate is chosen. The type of prosthesis (cruciate retaining or substituting) and the fracture pattern will influence fixation device selection. Retrograde nails are useful for fractures that have relatively long distal segments and are accessible through the intercondylar notch of the implant. Long nails should be used because they have the advantage of better alignment and fixation through diaphyseal engagement. Fixation with at least two distal locking bolts should be possible if a retrograde nail is chosen. Plating techniques are also effective for short distal fragments and fractures above an implant that do not allow intercondylar access. Modern locked plates can be inserted submuscularly and can provide excellent distal fixation options. Maximizing distal fixation is critical to successful treatment of these fractures and fluoroscopic vigilance is required to avoid malalignment regardless of whether a nail or a locked plating technique is chosen.
Clinical problem of intraperitoneal postsurgical adhesion formation following general surgery and the use of adhesion prevention barriers

Because of multiple studies demonstrating barrier efficacy, adhesion prevention adjuvants have received widespread acceptance in appropriate surgical settings. Many investigators are incorporating adhesion prevention barriers into their routine clinical practice and are achieving good results. Although both Seprafilm and Interceed barriers were shown to be safe and effective in all human clinical trials, their use did not eliminate adhesions in all patients. Efficacy of these barriers is limited to surgical situations in which the area in question can be completely covered. Physician acceptance is constrained by technical difficulties, including the need for hemostasis and removal of excess peritoneal fluid (Interceed), as well as limitations in application and handling properties within the surgical field (Seprafilm).
Creep and shrinkage behavior of improved ultrathin polymeric films

Long-term creep-deformation and shrinkage characteristics of improved ultrathin polymeric films for magnetic tapes are presented. These films include poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), and aromatic polyamide (ARAMID). PET film is currently the standard substrate used for magnetic tapes, and thinner tensilized-type PET, PEN, and ARAMID have recently been used as alternate substrates with improved material properties. The thickness of the films ranges from 6.2 to 4.8 μm. More dimensional stability is required for advanced magnetic tapes, and the study of creep and shrinkage behavior is important for estimating the dimensional stability. Creep measurements were performed on all available substrates at 25, 40, and 55°C for 100 h. Based on these data, master curves were generated using time–temperature superposition to predict dimensional stability after several years. The amount of creep deformation is considerably smaller for ARAMID and tensilized-type PET than for PEN, although Standard PET shows the largest amount of creep. In addition, creep measurements under high humidity also show similar trends. Shrinkage measurements at 55°C for 100 h show that the shrinkage of ARAMID is lower than that of PET and PEN. The relationship between the polymeric structure and dimensional stability are also discussed. Based on the creep and shrinkage behavior, ARAMID and tensilized-type PET seem to be suitable for advanced magnetic tapes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1477–1498, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10012
Dynamic fiscal policy with regime-duration uncertainty: The tax-cut case

This essay incorporates the uncertainty agents face regarding the duration of the governmental deficit policies into the life-cycle model developed by Auerbach and Kotlikoff (1987) . I assume that agents have a probability measure over the possible durations of current deficit policies. They make their savings decisions based upon these expectations, which are updated only after observing the government's action each period. In this setup the transition period is more interesting to policy evaluation as compared to the perfect foresight version of the model. Results suggest that individual expectations and the actual fiscal policy implemented interact to determine the effect deficit policies have on capital formation.
Effect of continuous magnesium sulfate infusion on spinal block characteristics: A prospective study

Background: Spinal anesthesia is an established mode of anesthesia for lower limb orthopedic surgeries. The limitations of the technique are short duration of action and limited post-operative analgesia. Concomitant use of intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate may have an effect on the block characteristics and duration of action of intrathecal bupivacaine. Methods: A total of 80 American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II patients, either sex, 20-60 years of age scheduled for elective orthopedic fixation of fracture of long bones of lower limbs under spinal anesthesia were included. Spinal anesthesia administered with 2.5 ml heavy bupivacaine mixed with 10 mcg fentanyl. The groups were then divided to receive an infusion of injection magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg/h over 15 min followed by 15 mg/kg/h until the end of the surgery (Group M) and 15 ml of Normal Saline over 15 min followed by 100 ml/h until the end of surgery (Group S). Onset, duration of sensory and motor block and amount of post-operative analgesic were noted. Results: A total of 6 patients (Group M) and seven patients (Group S) had inadequate block and excluded from the study. Mean block height was T6. Time required to achieve block height was 8.82 min versus 7.42 min in Groups M and S respectively (P = 0.04). Mean duration of motor block was longer in group M (160.63 ± 17.76 min) compared with Group S (130.12 ± 20.70 min) (P = 0.000). Time for regression of sensory block to T12/L1was 206.88 ± 20.96 min (Group M) and 163.88 ± 15.46 min (Group S) (P = 0.000). Hemodynamic parameters were similar and statistically not significant. Need for first analgesic requirement was after 262.88 ± 21.11 min in group M and 193.25 ± 17.74 min in the group S (P = 0.000). Mean dosage of tramadol needed in first 24 h was less in group M (190 ± 30.38 mg vs. 265 ± 48.30 mg, P = 0.000). Conclusion: Use of intravenous magnesium with spinal anesthesia reduces post-operative pain and analgesic consumption.