cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activated c-Abl is degraded by the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome pathway

Abstract C-Abl is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that is tightly regulated in the cell. Genetic data derived from studies in flies and mice strongly support a role for Abl kinases in the regulation of the cytoskeleton (reviewed in [1, 2]). C-Abl can be activated by several stimuli, including oxidative stress [3], DNA damage [4], integrin engagement [5], growth factors, and Src family kinases [6]. Structural alterations elicit constitutive activation of the c-Abl tyrosine kinase, leading to oncogenic transformation. While the mechanisms that activate c-Abl are beginning to be elucidated, little is known regarding the mechanisms that downregulate activated c-Abl. Here, we show for the first time that activated c-Abl is downregulated by the ubiquitin-dependent degradation pathway. Activated forms of c-Abl are more unstable than wild-type and kinase-inactive forms. Moreover, inhibition of the 26S proteasome leads to increased c-Abl levels in vitro and in cells, and activated c-Abl proteins are ubiquitinated in vivo. Significantly, inhibition of the 26S proteasome in fibroblasts increases the levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated, endogenous c-Abl. Our data suggest a novel mechanism for irreversible downregulation of activated c-Abl, which is critical to prevent the deleterious consequences of c-Abl hyperactivation in mitogenic and cytoskeletal pathways.
Visual discrimination of fractal borders.

The ideas of fractals and fractal dimension are here translated into the realm of visual psychophysics. Borders between two fields of different luminance were used. Because of the finite grain of the visual system, fractal dimension need be defined only within a certain size range. For a fractal dimension of 1.15, the just-detectable difference in fractal dimension was found to be about 0.0085, rising to about 0.015 for a fractal dimension of 1.25. Reducing exposure duration from 1 s to 0.33 s decreases sensitivity to differences in fractal dimension, but there was no gain in increasing the exposure duration. Good visual observers who are naive to the task require some training before reaching optimal performance. The ability to discriminate fractal dimension differs between fractal edges of the same fractal dimension that were generated with differing statistical programs. Even after considerable training, an observer makes 29 % errors when asked to distinguish a fractal edge generated with a Gaussian random walk from one with a rectangular random walk. Gaussian random walk fractals can be more easily distinguished from Poissonian and Cauchy ones.
Protein synthesis in green‐beans under salt stress with two nitrogen sources

Abstract Nitrogen metabolism and protein synthesis in plants are severely affected by salt stress, resulting in abnormal plant growth and lower crop yield. The purpose of this investigation was to compare protein synthesis in three green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars ('Tender Improved’, ‘Slim Green’, and ‘Kentucky Wonder') under normal (non‐saline) and salt stress with two sources of nitrogen (ammonium‐15N and nitrate‐15N separately). This comparison was achieved by using 15N under normal (control = 0.3 bars osmotic pressure) and NaCl stress (3.0 bars osmotic pressure), in Hoagland nutrient solution, in a growth chamber. The 5‐day‐old green bean seedlings were grown for 5 additional days in one‐half strength Hoagland solution before and 5 days after the completion of salinization with NaCl. This was followed by a 15‐day 15N uptake period after either (15NH4)2SO4 or K15N03 addition to the culture solutions for the ammonium‐15N or nitrate‐15N treatments, respectively. Plant tissues were analyzed fo...
Production and preliminary characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Saprolegnia parasitica

Murine monoclonal antibodies (IgM and IgG isotypes) produced against Saprolegnia parasitica ATCC 52719 a common oomycete pathogen of fishes, recognized all S. parasitica isolates when used in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. The S. parasitica isolates, originating from diseased fish, had titres that were equivalent to or higher than isolates of the closely related taxon, Saprolegnia diclina , which was cultured from water. The S. parasitica isolates had higher titres than more distantly related oomycetes ( Saprolegnia australis and Aphanomyces sp.) and non-oomycete fungi. Thus, reaction of fungi with the monoclonal antibodies was directly related to their taxonomic relationship to S. parasitica .
The MEI Symposium—Overview and Observations

Abstract The morphoedaphic index (MEI), in both its original and derivative forms, is a powerful tool for certain aspects of fishery management and a challenging concept to fishery scientists. Its development and an appreciation of its applicability are still evolving but have reached the point where a state-of-the-art review and consideration of what the future might hold are appropriate. A concept similar to that of the MEI has been developed and tested for nutrient loading-phytoplankton standing crops in lakes. Links between the two models and associated ecological theory are evidence for the fundamental soundness of the MEI's theoretical basis. Successful applications demonstrate the utility of the MEI and similar relationships for several types of fishery management problems.
Resilient heterogeneous power and energy constrained computing

In this research we outline an approach to the provision of services in the presence of power constraints and energy constraints. The primary focus is power and energy constraints in heterogeneous computing environments. These environments are descriptive of the computing environments present in many organisations. Our goal in this research is to explore smarter methods of operating in power and energy constrained environments to maximise the total benefit to an organisation from the services these resources provide.
Geostrophic circulation of the Brazil-Falkland confluence

Abstract The Brazil Current geostrophic volume transport, relative to 1400 m across 38°S, of 19 × 106 m3 s−1 towards the south, represents an increase of approximately 12 × 106 m3 s−1 over the transport across 19–24°S. The increase is less than that found for the Gulf Stream, but the 5% growth rate per 100 km is similar. This increase may be associated with a recirculation cell in the South Atlantic. Near 38°S, the Brazil Current encounters the northward flowing Falkland Current. At this confluence both currents separate from the continental margin, with the Brazil Current continuing poleward before looping back to the north, forming a large quasi-stationary extension of South Atlantic Central (thermocline) Water. Numerous warm core eddies are observed near this Faature. The extension stands 70 dyn cm above the axis of the cyclonic trough formed by the Falkland Current and its return to the south. The transport of the Falkland Current, relative to the 1400 m level (or sea floor is shallower) across 46°S, is 10 × 106 m3 s−1 or about half of the Brazil Current transport.
Sleep apnea in normal and REM sleep-deprived normotensive Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats

The effects of hypertension and REM sleep deprivation on spontaneous and postsigh apneas have been studied in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats by simultaneously monitoring their respiration and sleep by the EEG. The amount of REM and non-REM sleep in SHR rats was identical to WKY rats under control as well as REM sleep-deprived recording conditions. Hypertension was associated with an increase in postsigh apneas, as was evident by the increased postsigh apnea index in non-REM and total sleep in SHR rats when compared to normotensive WKY rats. In contrast, REM sleep deprivation suppressed the postsigh apnea expression both in non-REM and total sleep in SHR rats. The incidence of spontaneous apneas was increased by a combination of hypertension and REM sleep deprivation, as was shown in REM-deprived SHR rats, while each of these conditions alone had no effect on spontaneous apneas. These results suggest a role for hypertension in the postsigh apnea genesis and the existence of partially distinct mechanisms for the two types of apneas.
Reliability Studies on the 2-Level Al/SiO2/Al System

The reliability of the 2-level aluminum/silicon dioxide/aluminum system has been investigated. Test structures were fabricated using two types of aluminum films, deposited on unheated substrates (Al-I) and on 200°C substrates (Al-II). Two types of insulation layers were used: SiO2 from oxidation of silane, and rf sputtered SiO2 with an overlay of silane SiO2. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the topography of the crossovers and via-holes. More hillocks were seen with Al-I films than with Al-II films. Via-hole resistance and the incidence of intralevel opens and interlevel shorts were determined. A comparative evaluation of the four structures indicated that Al-II films are more desirable for first-level metallization. The test structures with Al-II films, subjected to 150°C storage for 1000 hours, exhibited no increase in the interlevel resistance and a failure rate of one interlevel short per 12000 crossovers, each 0.5 mil (13 ?m) square. Temperature cycling of these structures from -65°C to 150°C for 500 cycles developed no interlevel shorts and resulted in a decrease of the interlevel resistance. These observations show a failure rate of less than one interlevel short per 13200 crossovers in 500 cycles. Process problems related to the reliability of 2-level structures are discussed.
Microwave energy in food processing applications

The pertinent literature on microwave finish‐drying of potato chips, selection of proper microwave frequency, microwave freeze‐drying, economics of microwave processing, and microwave sterilization were reviewed. The field appears to be characterized by the absence of agreement among workers in the field with respect to the nature of microwave action on food materials and a relative paucity of dielectric data on which to base meaningful decisions. In spite of these shortcomings, significant progress has been made in a few processing areas, and the potential exists for even greater progress in the future.
Studies of Feeding Behavior of Amebas. I. Ingestion of Thecate Rhizopods and Flagellates by Verrucosid Amebas, particularly Thecamoeba sphacronucleolüs.*

SYNOPSIS. Thecamoeba sphaeronucleolus, and other verrucosid amebas with thick, pellicular ectoplasm, which live in moist soil, can identify the presence of testate rhizopodal prey at distances of 20 to 30 μ, possibly chemotactically or rheotacti-caliy. Prey is seized by extension of a pseudopod towards it, and adhesion of the pellicular pseudopodal tip to the prey upon contact. Ingestion is accomplished by conversion of the pellicular coat of the pseudopod into an ingestive tube via digestion of the pellicular tip and the withdrawal of the endoplasm within, causing suction. The prey is drawn into the tube and enclosed therein; and is then drawn down the pseudopodal tube and into a food cup, which closes around the prey to form a food vacuole. Flagellate prey is identified by its movements nearby, and is seized by adhesion of the extended pseadopod to a flagellum. The flagellum is drawn through a tiny hole digested by the ameba through the pellicle of its psendopod. is seized by and drawn into the granular endoplasm. The body of the flagellate is drawn after it into a food vscuoie in the endoplasm. Suction applied to the flagellum appears to exert the necessary force to draw the flagellate in. The movements involved are related to, but not synonymous with, those of locomotion and appear to be complex biochemical and biophysical interactions not explainable by present theories of protoplasmic movements.
Effectiveness of Brief School-Based Interventions for Adolescents: A Meta-analysis of Alcohol Use Prevention Programs

To conduct a meta-analysis summarizing the effectiveness of school-based brief alcohol interventions (BAIs) among adolescents and to examine possible iatrogenic effects due to deviancy training in group-delivered interventions, a systematic search for eligible studies was undertaken, current through December 31, 2012. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they used an experimental/quasi-experimental design; focused on school-based BAIs; enrolled adolescent participants; and reported an alcohol-related outcome measure. Studies were coded for key variables, and outcome effect sizes were analyzed as standardized mean differences adjusted for small samples (Hedges’ g). Analyses were conducted using inverse-variance weighted mixed-effects meta-regression models. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted. Across all 17 studies eligible for inclusion, school-based BAIs were associated with significant improvements among adolescents, whereby adolescents in the BAI groups reduced their alcohol consumption relative to the control groups (ḡ = 0.34, 95 % CI [0.11, 0.56]). Subgroup analyses indicated that whereas individually-delivered BAIs were effective (ḡ = 0.58, 95 % CI [0.23, 0.92]), there was no evidence that group-delivered BAIs were associated with reductions in alcohol use (ḡ = −0.02, 95 % CI [−0.17, 0.14]). Delivery format was confounded with program modality, however, such that motivational enhancement therapy was the most effective modality, but was rarely implemented in group-delivered interventions. Some school-based BAIs are effective in reducing adolescent alcohol consumption, but may be ineffective if delivered in group settings. Future research should explore whether group-delivered BAIs that use motivational enhancement therapy components may yield beneficial outcomes like those observed in individually-delivered programs.
Comparing the effects of boiling, frying and roasting on the allergenicity of peanuts

Abstract Rationale Previous research found that frying and boiling produced less allergenic peanuts than roasting. The possible mechanisms responsible for these observations were investigated further by our laboratory. Methods Peanuts were boiled, fried, or roasted for various amounts of time and the soluble and insoluble fractions of each sample was assessed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis using antibodies against Ara h 1, Ara h 2, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and serum IgE from allergic patients. Results Frying, boiling and roasting peanuts over increasing amounts of time decreases the solubility, anti-AGE and IgE binding of most peanut proteins including Ara h 1 and Ara h 2. Consequently, the levels of these proteins increase in the insoluble fractions with increased time, as do anti-AGE and IgE binding. Also, in contrast to previous findings we see very little difference, if any, in the IgE binding profiles of fried and roasted samples. Conclusions Roasting, frying and, to a lesser extent, boiling increase IgE binding and AGE modifications while decreasing solubility and digestibility of peanut proteins. Ara h 1 is more susceptible to thermal processing, due to modification by AGE. While previous findings that suggest roasting enhances allergenicity of peanuts more than frying are accurate only when the soluble portion of the processed peanuts are analyzed, we have found that fried and roasted peanuts are virtually identical in solubility, IgE-binding and AGE modifications. Boiling induces the same modifications to a lesser extent
990 HYPERGLYCEMIA IN STRESSED SMALL PREMATURES

The metabolic responses to a constant glucose infusion (4.3±.2 mg/kg/min) were measured in 30 prematures, 700-1559g. The study included 18 stressed infants who needed assisted ventilation (Grp A) and 12 controls (Grp B). Plasma samples for glucose, insulin, cortisol, and glycerol were obtained from cord blood, just prior to glucose infusion at 2.1±.2 hr (mean ± S.E.) and 5.5±.4 and 25.6±1.0 hr after start of glucose infusion. Metabolic responses were similar in both groups in the cord and preinfusion samples. In the first post-infusion sample, glucose (p 145mg/dl) was seen in 10 of A and 1 of B infants (p<.025). Infants in A who became hyperglycemic in the first post-infusion sample (Grp A1) were then compared with stressed euglycemic infants (Grp A2). Insulin levels were higher (42.2±13.9 VS 9.4±2.5μU/ml, p<.05), glycerol levels similar (8.6±1.6 VS 8.8±1.4mg/dl), but cortisol levels lower (15.3±4.2 VS 28.0±2.4μg/dl, p<.05) in A1 than A2 infants. There was no difference in mortality between A1 and A2 infants; stress, rather than hyperglycemia was related to mortality. In summary, cortisol and glycerol responses were higher in stressed neonates. However, hyperglycemia in stressed infants could not be attributed to any of the metabolic factors evaluated.
Abstract A147: EZN-3920, a HER3 antagonist, enhances the antitumor effect of gefitinib and lapatinib in xenograft models.

Background: The HER family consists of four tyrosine kinase receptors designated as EGFR, HER2, HER3 and HER4. Numerous new studies now indicated that HER3 plays a critical role in cancer development since it 1) heterodimerizes with EGFR or HER2, 2) is a critical link to the PI3K/AKT axis, and 3) can mediate resistance to HER1/2-targeted therapeutics. Resistance to the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib and lapatinib, are associated with overexpression of HER3 ultimately leading to activation of the PI3K/AKT axis. Thus, it is a logical approach to combine agents capable of down modulating HER3 with TKIs. To this end, we have used an RNA antagonist of HER3, EZN-3920, to explore its ability to inhibit tumor growth and enhance the activity of HER1/2-directed therapeutics. Methods: Tissue culture cells were treated with EZN-3920, a locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based oligonucleotide complementary to HER3. EZN-3920 was either added to tissue culture media (i.e. no transfection) in vitro or prepared in saline and given IV in vivo. Endpoints were measured by qRT-PCR, MTT, Western Blot analysis, Immunohistochemistry, and tumor size. Results: EZN-3920 down modulated HER3 mRNA, protein expression, PI3K/AKT signaling, and inhibited tumor cell proliferation. In vivo systemic administration of EZN-3920 resulted in specific down-modulation of HER3 mRNA and protein expression, as well as blockade in PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in tumors derived from HCC827 lung carcinoma cells that was associated with tumor growth inhibition. Interestingly, the combination of EZN-3920 at 30 mg/kg (biweekly for 4 weeks, i.v.) and gefitinib at 15 mg/kg (5 times a week for two weeks, p.o) completely shrank established HCC827 tumors while either treatment alone only delayed tumor growth by 40–60%. Similarly, in BT-474-M1 breast carcinoma xenograft models, EZN-3920 in combination with lapatinib resulted in superior antitumor effect than either agent alone. Conclusions: The studies suggest that the antitumor effects of gefitinib or lapatinib can be enhanced by HER3 down modulation in NSCLC and breast tumors, respectively. On-going studies will determine if tumors that are resistant to HER1/2 therapeutics will still respond to EZN-3920 alone or its combination with standard HER1/2 therapeutics. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A147.
A Thermodynamic Perspective of Copper Tarnishing in Moist Air—SO2

Abstract A thermodynamic perspective of the initial stages of copper tarnishing in moist air—SO2 is presented. Previous experimental work has shown that in such a system the initial tarnish film consists mostly of a mixture of copper(I) oxide and copper(I) sulfide. Equilibrium criteria are used to calculate the ionic composition of the adsorbed water layer on the surface of the untarnished and the tarnished metal at various gas precursor concentrations. Using the adlayer chemistry, the electrode potentials of the redox reactions in the system are determined. Thermodynamically stable corrosion products are then calculated. The ability of SO2 dissolved in water to act as a cathodic depolarizer in this system, thereby forming sulfide in the tarnish film, is demonstrated.
Non‐Volatile Organic Memory Elements Based on Carbon‐Nanotube‐Enabled Vertical Field‐Effect Transistors

High-performance non-volatile memory elements based on carbon-nanotube-enabled vertical field-effect transistors (CN-VFETs) are demonstrated. A thin crosslinking polymer layer, benzocyclobutene (BCB), on top of the gate dielectric acts as the charge storage layer. This results in a large, fully gate sweep programmable, hysteresis in the cyclic transfer curves exhibiting on/off ratios >4 orders of magnitude. The carbon nanotube random network source electrode facilitates charge injection into the charge storage layer, realizing the strong memory effect without sacrificing mobility in the vertical channel. Given their intrinsically simple fabrication and compact size CN-VFETs could provide a path to cost-effective, high-density organic memory devices.
In Vivo Regulation of Syndecan-3 Expression in the Rat Uterus by 17β-Estradiol

The immature rat uterus has been extensively used as an in vivo model system to study the molecular mechanisms of steroid hormone actions. In this study, we demonstrated the regulated expression of syndecan-3 in the rat uterus by the steroid hormone 17β-estradiol. Administration of a single physiological dose of 17β-estradiol (40 μg/kg) to ovariectomized immature animals induced a rapid and transient increase in uterine syndecan-3 mRNA. Transcript levels reached a peak elevation of 3-fold above saline control tissues 4 h after hormone administration. Inhibition of message up-regulation by actinomycin D but not cycloheximide indicated a hormone response dependent on RNA transcription but not new protein synthesis. The estrogenic ligands estriol and tamoxifen were also effective at raising syndecan-3 mRNA levels; however, nonestrogenic ligands, including progesterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, and dexamethasone, failed to stimulate a change in mRNA levels. Hormone-induced changes in mRNA led to transient changes in syndecan-3 protein content and significant alteration in the temporal and spatial expression in endometrial epithelial cells. Collectively, these data show that the steroid hormone 17β-estradiol, regulates transcription of the syndecan-3 gene in the uterus via an estrogen receptor-dependent mechanism. This estrogen-regulated expression of syndecan-3 may play an important role in changes in tissue ultrastructure crucial for proper uterine growth.
Public perception on increasing use of technology in automobiles: Survey findings

The use of advanced technology in automobiles has increased dramatically over the past decade. Automobile manufacturers continue to equip vehicles with more in-vehicle devices, including: navigation systems, blind-spot assist systems and adaptive cruise control systems. At the same time, regulators such as the National Highway Traffic Safety Authority have been working to ensure that these systems do not pose a safety hazard. Opinions of the end-users regarding this increase in use of advanced in-vehicle technology have rarely been sought. Consequently, the research presented in this paper attempts to fill this gap using responses from a public opinion survey of 434 drivers. The results from this stated preference survey shows that over 89 percent of the respondents support advanced in-vehicle technologies whereas only 26 percent support technology use from an infrastructure side. The results from this paper are especially important as the connected vehicle program is being introduced to the research arena.
Effect of water activity on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus at meat-cheese interfaces

There is increased marketing of ready-to-eat nonrefrigerated snack foods which consist of meat or sausage products with low or intermediate moisture levels combined with high moisture food products, i.e., cheese products. Packaging the intermediate moisture meat in direct contact with a high moisture food might change the water activity (aw) of the products sufficiently to support growth of Staphylococcus aureus at contaminated interfaces. To evaluate this possibility, sterile sausage slices (aw= 0.60 to 0.82) were surface inoculated with log 2-3 CFU/g of S. aureus, interfaced with processed cheese slices (aw= 0.94), vacuum packaged, and incubated at 19, 28, 37C and at cyclic temperature of 19–37–19C. S. aureus levels and water activities were determined weekly for 0 to 9 weeks. The aw at the interface changed rapidly and reached an aw that supported S. aureus growth. Growth of S. aureus occurred under all test conditions when the samples were stored at 28 and 37C. At 19C storage S. aureus remained viable for the length of the study.
Giant saphenous vein graft aneurysm treated with covered stent.

Presented is a 76-year-old female with history of coronary artery disease and post-cardiac bypass surgery 20 years ago. She has chronic atrial fibrillation with severe left ventricular dysfunction and implantable cardiac defibrillator. She was referred for diagnostic coronary angiography due to dyspnea on exertion. Coronary angiography demonstrated occluded left anterior descending and circumflex arteries in the mid
Magnetic-field effects on strongly localized electrons.

The magnetic-field response of strongly localized electrons is probed by examining the quantum interference of forward scattering paths. With no disorder, there is a rich structure in the tunneling rate, which is sensitively dependent upon commensurability of the flux per plaquette with the flux quantum. With nonmagnetic impurities, there is a positive magnetoconductance, and the localization length appears to increase as ${\mathit{B}}^{1/2}$. With impurities breaking time-reversal symmetry, the distribution of tunneling rates is not changed by the magnetic field.
Sustainable structure of tall buildings

Structure by its own nature is sustainable. It is all about doing more with less. Good structural engineering revolves around achieving efficiency and minimization of material. However, thinking will have to be broadened to accommodate the pressing needs of the environment. Structure can no longer stay on the sidelines and will have to be an active partner in the building-design process. Although the architect is usually perceived as the designer of a tall building, a partnership between him/her and the engineer will have to be established before any meaningful design process can commence. This paper presents an insight into sustainable structures within tall buildings. The elements that constitute such a structure, the strategies that confirm this approach and the proposed hypothesis for the structure-environment interaction are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Waiting is the hardest part: a model of uncertainty navigation in the context of health news

Waiting for any news can be a difficult experience, and waiting for health-related news presents additional challenges due to the potentially life-changing implications of diagnostic, prognostic or risk information. This paper introduces a model of uncertainty navigation as a novel theoretical framework of the strategies people use to mitigate the anxiety of waiting for health news. The model includes three overarching strategies for uncertainty navigation: consequence mitigation, reappraisal and emotion regulation. It also incorporates several factors that moderate the use of these strategies. Supportive empirical evidence for the use and effectiveness of these strategies is presented, and potential consequences, both good and bad, of using these strategies are described. Finally, some of the many future research directions that arise from this novel theoretical framework are discussed.
Comparison of methods toward multi-scale forest carbon mapping and spatial uncertainty analysis: combining national forest inventory plot data and landsat TM images

Accurate spatial estimation of forest carbon stocks and their spatial uncertainties at local, regional, national, and global scales is a critical step in global carbon cycle modeling and management. This study aimed at enhancing the methods that are currently used in this area by combining plot data from the forest inventory and analysis program of the U.S. Forest Service and free landsat thematic mapper image data. Three mapping methods including linear regression, sequential Gaussian co-simulation, and block co-simulation algorithm were compared with respect to the accuracy of forest carbon stock estimates obtained for a study area in Southern Illinois, USA. The results indicated that although the linear regression resulted in smaller prediction errors than the sequential Gaussian co-simulation and the block co-simulation approaches, it also produced both negative and unreasonably large estimates, which is a serious drawback. Moreover, the sequential Gaussian co-simulation and the block co-simulation produced not only accurate carbon predictions, but also uncertainties for the local estimates. In addition, the block co-simulation approach scaled up both forest carbon stocks and the input uncertainties from finer to coarser spatial resolutions as is required for mapping forest carbon at national and global scales. Thus, the co-simulation and block co-simulation algorithms resolved an important current methodological challenge.
Simultaneous equivariant estimation for location-scale models

Abstract Lehmann (Theory of Point Estimation, 1983, Wiley, New York) discusses the problem of marginal equivariant estimation of the parameters of a location-scale model. In this paper, we develop the procedure of simultaneous equivariant estimation of the parameters and extend the results discussed in Lehmann (Theory of Point Estimation, 1983, Wiley, New York). The vector minimum risk equivariant (MRE) estimator is characterized under certain conditions. By considering quadratic-type loss function (Zacks, Theory of Statistical Inference, 1971, p. 102, Wiley, New York), a characterization and also uniqueness of the vector MRE estimator is obtained. Two examples are discussed to illustrate the technique involved.
Optical harmonic generation and mixing in multilayer media: analysis using optical transfer matrix techniques

Optical harmonic generation from a multilayer sample consisting of an arbitrary number of parallel slabs of arbitrary thicknesses can be treated exactly (in the limit where the nonlinear depletion of the pump beam can be neglected) by using a transfer matrix technique. This approach is described, and the results are given in a computationally convenient form. The technique is illustrated by application to a typical case.
Molybdenum η2-imine complex formation and the reductive coupling of imines

Addition of imine PhNC(Ar)R (Ar = Ph, R = Me; p-MeOC6H4, R = H) to (PhN)Mo(TMS-o-pda)(CH2CMe2) 1 [TMS-o-pda = bis(trimethylsilyl)-o-phenylenediamide] affords the corresponding η2-imine complexes (PhN)Mo(TMS-o-pda)[PhNC(Ar)R] 2a and 2b; analogous reactions with aldimines RNC(H)Ar (Ar = p-MeOC6H4, R = CH2Ph, Et) afford products (PhN)Mo(TMS-o-pda)[RNC(H)ArC(H)ArNR] 3a and 3b resulting from reductive imine coupling, providing the first example of facile and general Mo(IV) η2-imine complex formation.
Simulation of laboratory vortex flow by axisymmetric similarity solutions

A similarity approach is utilized to investigate a simple axisymmetric steady-state model of the convergence region of a laboratory vortex. The resulting simplified set of equations are solved for a range of swirl angles by varying the tangential or radial velocity component at the outer rim. By increasing the swirl angle the flow is found to go from a one cell to a two cell configuration, i.e., the vertical velocity changes from everywhere positive to negative in the vicinity of the axis. Correspondingly the vertical vorticity maximum moves from the axis outward toward the radius of maximum tangential velocity, making the flow barotropically unstable with respect to unsymmetrical perturbations. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01847.x
Level of service: the politics of reconfiguring urban streets in San Francisco, CA

Intersection level of service (LOS) is a traffic engineering concept which measures how streets handle automobile traffic. It is widely used in transportation planning as an indicator of delay at intersections. The use of LOS is often criticized for its bias towards automobiles at the expense of bicycling, transit, and walking, and it complicates smart growth or compact development. In San Francisco, California, there is a political movement to eliminate the use of LOS in planning. But this movement has met significant obstacles and debate. In this paper I explore how the debate in San Francisco is unfolding and suggest implications for broader efforts to reconfigure urban streets and urban space in the United States and globally.
A new method for estimation of the left ventricular pressure-volume area

A method is presented for obtaining the pressure-volume area (PVA) as defined by H. Suga and K. Sugawa (see Circ. Res., vol.32, p.314, 1973). The method allows calculation of the PVA from pressure and flow waveforms of ejecting beats and requires only one isovolumic ventricular contraction performed at any end-diastolic volume. The major advantages of the method are that it eliminates the requirement for a volume measurement and for repeated isovolumic beats. All the calculations are based on a normalized function obtained from a single isovolumic beat and pressure flow data for the ejecting beat of interest. >
«Person» and «being» in John Zizioulas' trinitarian theology: Conversations with Thomas Torrance and Thomas Aquinas

Cet article propose une etude comparee entre deux theologies trinitaires apparemment divergentes, celles de l'orthodoxe John D. Zizioulas dans L'etre comme communion : Etudes de la personne et de l'Eglise, (1985), et du protestant Thomas F. Torrance dans Personnes en communion (1996). L'A. en retire trois mouvements : 1- la metaphysique de l'etre et de la personne reconcue comme un acte dynamique et de transcendance personnelle ; 2- une ontologie metaphysique d'ontologie relationnelle et d'acte notionel ; enfin 3- la communion comme presence et don.
Efficacy Studies to Large-Scale Transport: The Development and Validation of Multisystemic Therapy Programs

The 35-year progression of multisystemic therapy (MST) from modest university-based efficacy studies to large-scale transport to community practice settings is described in this review. The success of early efficacy research led to effectiveness trials, and their success in decreasing rates of youth rearrest and incarceration led to multisite transportability trials and adaptations of the MST model for treating youth presenting other types of challenging clinical problems. To support the transport of MST programs to community settings, an intensive quality improvement system modeled after that used in clinical trials has been implemented in community-based MST programs for the past 15 years. With the association between therapist treatment fidelity and youth outcomes well established, transportability research has demonstrated the significant roles played by clinical supervisors, expert consultants, and provider organizations in supporting therapist adherence and youth outcomes. This body of work has been facilitated by federal and state initiatives to support evidence-based services.
Navier-Stokes Calculations of Transonic Flows Past Cavities

Presented in this paper is a computational investigation of subsonic and transonic flows past three-dimensional deep and transitional cavities. Simulations of these self-induced oscillatory flows have been generated through time-accurate solutions of the Reynolds averaged, full Navier-Stokes equations, using the explicit MacCormack scheme. The Reynolds stresses have been included through the Baldwin-Lomax algebraic turbulence model with certain modifications. The computational results include instantaneous and time averaged flow properties. The results of an experimental investigation have been used not only to validate the time-averaged results, but also to investigate the effects of varying the Mach number and the incoming boundary-layer thickness. Time series analyses have been performed for the instantaneous pressure values on the cavity floor and compared with the results obtained by a predictive formula. While most of the comparisons have been favorable, some discrepancies have been observed, particularly on the rear face. The present results help understanding the three-dimensional and unsteady features of the separations, vortices, the shear layer, as well as some of the aeroacoustic phenomena of compressible cavity flows.
Blocking of multirate circuits in multichannel optical networks

We consider optical networks with nodes interconnected by links comprising multiple channels. The blocking performance of such networks depends on the channel-switching capabilities of the nodes. In this paper, we focus on developing analytical models for evaluating the blocking performance in circuit-switched optical networks. Several architectures for channel-switching are presented. Multi-rate circuits may be established if different circuits are allocated different number of channels. Depending on how the network can assign the channels to circuits that request more than one channel, it is classified as a Data Splitting Network (DSN) or a non-DSN. We consider multi-rate circuits which require either a single channel or a given number of channels k (>1). Analytical models for computing blocking probabilities are developed for various channel-switching architectures at the nodes. The validity of the models is shown by comparing the analytical results with simulations. Numerical results in a single-fiber TDM wavelength-routing network suggest that limited channel-switching may be sufficient even for circuits that require more than one channel or slot. A comparison of DSN and non-DSN shows that data splitting can accommodate more multi-slot circuits at the expense of blocking more single-slot circuits.
Laser Transfer Techniques for Digital Microfabrication

Laser transfer techniques are becoming widely used for digital microfabrication applications. These non-lithographic processes are ideally suited for generating high-resolution patterns of complex materials without negatively affecting their properties. This chapter reviews the fundamentals of the laser forward transfer process, describes its evolution fromits origins over 20 years ago, its numerous variations, and presents some of its most successful applications. It concludes discussion on the future of laser-based digital microfabrication techniques.
Aided cortical auditory evoked potentials in response to changes in hearing aid gain

AbstractObjective: There is interest in using cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) to evaluate hearing aid fittings and experience-related plasticity associated with amplification; however, little is known about hearing aid signal processing effects on these responses. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of clinically relevant hearing aid gain settings, and the resulting in-the-canal signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), on the latency and amplitude of P1, N1, and P2 waves. Design & Sample: Evoked potentials and in-the-canal acoustic measures were recorded in nine normal-hearing adults in unaided and aided conditions. In the aided condition, a 40-dB signal was delivered to a hearing aid programmed to provide four levels of gain (0, 10, 20, and 30 dB). As a control, unaided stimulus levels were matched to aided condition outputs (i.e. 40, 50, 60, and 70 dB) for comparison purposes. Results: When signal levels are defined in terms of output level, aided CAEPs were surprisingly smaller and ...
Entity-linking interfaces in user-contributed content: preference and performance

The ability to embed links to other resources in user generated content can help authors create more useful and usable content. A variety of interfaces have emerged for entity-linking at popular online sites; such interfaces vary in the way that entity linking is initiated (in-band or out-of-band with respect to the message creation), the timing of entity resolution (interrupting or deferred), and the method of resolving the entity (auto-completion or search). Four interfaces mimicking popular entity linking websites were developed and tested. Results showed that out-of-band initiation (e.g., a link button) was faster to learn, but that in-band initiation performance improved with familiarity. Deferred search was disliked and led to worse performance. And auto-completion was generally preferred to search interfaces.
Liver failure unmasks celiac disease in a child.

Background. Liver involvement in celiac disease (CD) varies from asymptomatic mild non-specific hepatitis to liver failure. Here we report the first child with liver failure due to a sclerosing cholangitis associated with CD. Case report. An 11 year old girl presented with fatigability for 1 year and jaundice and abdominal distension for 3 weeks. On examination, the growth parameters were below 3rd percentile; she had splenomegaly and severe ascites. Liver function tests revealed elevated liver enzymes (ALT 84 U/L, total bilirubin 98.7 µmol/L, and direct 58.3 µmol/L, gamma-glutamyltransferase 111 U/L, INR 2.7, and albumin 16 g/L). Extensive investigations excluded infectious, metabolic, structural, and endocrine causes of chronic liver disease. Because of the short stature and anemia, CD was suspected, and serological evaluation revealed increased IgA antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (385 units; normal, 0-20 units). Histopathological examination of small intestinal biopsies showed total villous atrophy consistent with celiac disease. Liver biopsy showed bridging fibrosis, portal tract expansion by lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils, bile ductular proliferation, and periductular fibrosis. Magnetic resonance cholangiography revealed beading and narrowing appearance of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts. The histopathological and imaging findings are diagnostic of sclerosing cholangitis. The child was initiated on ursodeoxycholic acid, gluten free diet for life, and steroid that was tapered over 3 months. At 3 month follow up, liver function tests completely normalized. Conclusion. CD is a potentially treatable cause of liver failure. All patients with severe unexplained liver disease should undergo serological screening for CD.
How Could a Genetic Variant of the p22phox Component of NAD(P)H Oxidases Contribute to the Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis

Reactive O2 species (ROS) are thought to contribute to the progression of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD).1 2 In this issue of Circulation Research , Cahilly and colleagues3 provide data supporting an association between a histidine72 to tyrosine mutation at the potential site for heme binding of the p22phox subunit of NAD(P)H oxidases and increased severity and progression of CAD in patients from the Lipoprotein and Coronary Atherosclerosis Study (LCAS). Although it was previously shown that the p22phox subunit of NAD(P)H oxidases is increased in atherosclerotic human coronary arteries,4 its precise role, if any, in disease pathogenesis and the impact of this mutation on the function of NAD(P)H oxidases remain to be elucidated. Given that the p22phox subunit is a component of both the phagocytic cell oxidase and NAD(P)H oxidases in other cell types in the vessel wall, the mutation could affect the production of ROS and multiple signaling systems that influence the progression of CAD. The best understood oxidase containing p22phox is the NADPH oxidase of phagocytic cells (eg, neutrophils and macrophages), which are known to contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Activation of these phagocytic cells causes the cytosolic …
Contrasting Genetic Differentiation of a Poorly Dispersing Lizard in Connected and Fragmented Scrub Habitats

Abstract Sceloporus woodi (Florida Scrub Lizard) offers an excellent opportunity to contrast connected and fragmented habitats to determine how historical patterns influence genetic differentiation in fragmented habitats. We screened six microsatellite loci in S. woodi (N = 154) from seven sites at Archbold Biological Station, a large, connected scrub habitat where there is a potential for gene flow in spite of the low dispersal in S. woodi. We compared genetic differentiation of S. woodi in the connected scrub to that previously detected among a cluster of naturally fragmented scrub patches. We also performed simulations to determine how fragmentation would alter genetic differentiation in the connected scrub. Sceloporus woodi had modest, fine-scale genetic differentiation that followed isolation-by-distance and habitat structure in the connected scrub. There was less differentiation in the connected scrub than observed among the naturally fragmented scrub patches. Spatially explicit Bayesian clustering ...
Identification of Key Variables Using Fuzzy Average With Fuzzy Cluster Distribution

Identification of the significance of input variables is very important for complex systems with high-dimensional input space. In this paper, a method using fuzzy average with fuzzy cluster distribution is proposed. To avoid the interference of different distributions of the sampling data, the distribution of fuzzy clusters in the sampling data is considered, instead of the original data set. To discover the input-output relationship, the methods of fuzzy rules and fuzzy C-means are first used to partition the original sampling data set into fuzzy clusters. A new data set with the same distribution of the fuzzy clusters is produced. The fuzzy average method is then applied to the new data set. By doing so, the interference of distribution of the original sampling data is removed. This method is straightforward and computationally easy. The performance is tested on both benchmark data and real-world data.
The fluid hydrates of methylene chloride and chloroform: Their phase equilibria and behavior as influenced by hexane

Thermodynamic properties pertaining to phase equilibria in the binary-fluid hydrate systems, methylene chloride-water and chloroform-water, and the ternary hydrate system, methylene chloride-chloroform-water, were measured. Total vapor pressure data were recorded as a function of temperature over a range of −3 to + 10°C. Quadruple locus measurements of the ternary four-phase equilibrium, L1-L2-H-G, and isobaric studies of the ternary system chloroform-methylene chloride-water, support the existence of a solid solution hydrate between methylene chloride and chloroform. The addition of the nonhydrate former, hexane, to the methylene chloride-water system lowered the isobaric critical decomposition temperature of the hydrate.
A high power Q-band GaAs pseudomorphic HEMT monolithic amplifier

A first-pass, three stage monolithic GaAs pseudomorphic HEMT power amplifier has been developed for use over the 40 GHz to 45 GHz band. The MMIC amplifier delivers 500 to 725 mW at the one dB gain compression point. The associated power gain is 10 to 11 dB and the power added efficiency is 10 to 17%. Potential applications for this work include communication systems and phased array radars. >
Residential Security Maps and Neighborhood Appraisals: The Home Owners' Loan Corporation and the Case of Philadelphia

At the request of the Home Loan Bank Board, the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) created color-coded maps for cities across the country between 1935 and 1940 that indicated risk levels for long-term real estate investment. Involvement in this City Survey Program marked a departure from the original mission of HOLC to provide new mortgages on an emergency basis to homeowners at risk of losing their homes during the Depression. This article considers why HOLC made these maps, how HOLC created them, and what the basis was for the grades on the maps. Geographic information systems and spatial regression models are used to show that racial composition was a significant predictor of map grades, controlling for housing characteristics.