cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategic Responses to Three Kinds of Uncertainty: Product Line Simplicity at the Hollywood Film Studios

This paper explores the impact of Milliken’s (1987) three kinds of uncertainty on product line simplicity--specifically on the range of product variations a firm offers. Environmental state uncertainty represents an inability to forecast industry or market events; it results in part from the demand and competitive volatility facing aU firms equally in an industry. Organizational effect uncertainty represents an inability to predict the effect of any given environmental state or event on one’s own firm; it results in part from a lack of skills, knowledge and resources that couM help managers understand or influence market reactions. Finally, decision response uncertainty represents an inability to predict the consequences of a specific decision. It derives from the ignorance and risks perceived in making individual decisions. The thesis of this research is that whereas environmental state uncertainty will give rise to product variations, paradoxically, organization effect and decision response uncertainty ...
Supersymmetry and chiral symmetry at finite temperature; Strong coupling analysis

Abstract A supersymmetric lattice gauge model is proposed. By using the effective Lagrangian method, phenomena at finite temperature are studied at the strong-coupling limit. The fermion-antifermion condensate and scalar-antiscalar condensate form, and at zero temperature they are related to each other by supersymmetry. For the zero-quark mass case, the fermion-antifermion condensate disappears at some temperature, and the chiral phase transition is second order. Turning on the quark mass smoothes out that phase transition. On the other hand, scalar-antiscalar condensate always has nonzero values, and it blows up at the extreme high temperature limit.
The determination of the absolute configurations of chiral molecules using vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy

The vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra of the two enantiomers of a chiral molecule are of equal magnitude and opposite sign: i.e. mirror-image enantiomers give mirror-image VCD spectra. In principle, the absolute configuration (AC) of a chiral molecule can therefore be determined from its VCD spectrum. In practice, the determination of the AC of a chiral molecule from its experimental VCD spectrum requires a methodology which reliably predicts the VCD spectra of its enantiomers. The only reliable methodology developed to date uses the Stephens quantum-mechanical theory of the rotational strengths of fundamental vibrational transitions, developed in the early 1980s, implemented using ab initio density functional theory in the GAUSSIAN program in the mid 1990s. This methodology has by now been widely used in determining ACs from experimental VCD spectra. In this article we discuss the protocol for determining the ACs of chiral molecules with optimum reliability and its implementation for a variety of molecules, including the D3 symmetry perhydrotriphenylene, a thiazino-oxadiazolone recently shown to be a highly active calcium entry channel blocker, the alkaloid natural products schizozygine, iso-schizogaline, and iso-schizogamine, and the iridoid natural products plumericin, iso-plumericin, and prismatomerin. The power of VCD spectroscopy in determining ACs, even for large organic molecules and for substantially conformationally-flexible organic molecules is clearly documented.
Ground deformation associated with the precursory unrest and early phases of the January 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska

[1] On January 11, 2006 Augustine Volcano erupted after nearly 20 years of quiescence. Global Positioning System (GPS) instrumentation at Augustine, consisting of six continuously recording, telemetered receivers, measured clear precursory deformation consistent with a source of inflation or pressurization beneath the volcano's summit at a depth of around sea level. Deformation began in early summer 2005, and was preceded by a subtle, but distinct, increase in seismicity, which began in May 2005. After remaining more or less constant, deformation rates accelerated on at least three stations beginning in late November 2005. After this date, GPS data suggest the upward propagation of a small dike into the edifice, which, based on the style of deformation and high levels of gas emission, appears to have ascended to shallow levels by mid-December 2005, about four weeks before the eruption began.
Probing the phosphoinositide binding site of the clathrin assembly protein AP-2 with photoaffinity labels

The relative binding specificities of the subunitsof bovine assembly protein AP-2 for the phosphatidylinositol polyphosphates (PtdInsPn) and inositol polyphosphates (InsPn) were determined by photoaffinitylabeling. Three types of benzophenone-containing photoprobes were employed: (i) the water-solubleP-1- or P-2-tethered p-benzoyldihydrocinnamoyl-InsPn (BZDC-InsPn) analogs, (ii) P-1-linked phosphotriester PtdInsPn analogs that sampled the interface between the water and lipid phases, and (iii) sn-1-O-acyl-linked PtdInsPn analogs that interacted with proteins penetrating the bilayer. The InsPn and PtdInsPn probes bind with highest selectivity and affinity to the two alpha subunit isoforms, with certain probes and conditions resulting in strong labeling of the 50-kDa mu subunit. Three main conclusions were reached: (i) head group recognition predominated over acyl chain recognition, (ii) the PtdInsPn binding site of alpha-AP-2 prefers more highly phosphorylated species, and (iii) the protein-acyl chain interactions showed high capacity but low selectivity.
Impairments in visual discrimination performance and gaze shifts in monkeys with superior colliculus lesions.

SUMMARY Eye movements of monkeys were recorded while they performed a visual discrimination task before and after superior colliculus (SC) lesions or control surgery. The monkeys with SC lesions were impaired in orienting their eyes toward the visual stimuli when they were presented eccentrically 15 ° to 32 ° from the center of the display screen, toward which their heads were directed. This impairment in shifting the gaze to eccentric stimuli may account for the concomitant deficit in discriminating between these eccentric stimuli. The eye movement deficit appears to depend on destruction of the deep as well as more superficial layers of the SC and may reflect a disturbance in visual-oculomoto r coordination.
Neural Circulatory Responses to Carbon Monoxide in Healthy Humans

Abstract The contribution of carbon monoxide (CO) to the acute cardiovascular effects of smoking is not clear. Using a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study design, we examined the sympathetic and vascular responses to modest increases in carboxyhemoglobin in 10 healthy humans. We measured muscle sympathetic nerve activity (microneurography), forearm blood flow (plethysmography), heart rate, blood pressure, and minute ventilation at baseline and during 60 minutes of CO inhalation (1000 ppm during the first 30 minutes and 100 ppm during the last 30 minutes). The same measurements were made in a vehicle session (room air inhalation) on a separate day. During the first 30 minutes of CO inhalation, carboxyhemoglobin levels increased progressively from 0.2±0.1% to 8.3±0.5% and were maintained at about this level for a further 30 minutes. Forearm vascular resistance did not change with CO but increased slightly with vehicle; the effects of CO on muscle sympathetic nerve activity, forearm blood flow, blood pressure, heart rate, and minute ventilation were not significantly different from the effects of vehicle. Modest increases in carboxyhemoglobin levels equivalent to those resulting from cigarette smoking are unlikely to contribute to the acute sympathetic and hemodynamic effects of smoking in healthy humans.
Single cell epitaxy by acoustic picolitre droplets

The capability to encapsulate single to few cells with micrometre precision, high viability, and controlled directionality via a nozzleless ejection technology using a gentle acoustic field would have great impact on tissue engineering, high throughput screening, and clinical diagnostics. We demonstrate encapsulation of single cells (or a few cells) ejected from an open pool in acoustic picolitre droplets. We have developed this technology for the specific purpose of printing cells in various biological fluids, including PBS and agarose hydrogels used in tissue engineering. We ejected various cell types, including mouse embryonic stem cells, fibroblasts, AML-12 hepatocytes, human Raji cells, and HL-1 cardiomyocytes encapsulated in acoustic picolitre droplets of around 37 µm in diameter at rates varying from 1 to 10 000 droplets per second. At such high throughput levels, we demonstrated cell viabilities of over 89.8% across various cell types. Moreover, this ejection method is readily adaptable to other biological applications, such as extracting data from single cells and generating large cell populations from single cells. The technique described in the current study may also be applied to investigate stem cell differentiation at the single cell level, to direct tissue printing, and to isolating pure RNA or DNA from a single cell at the picolitre level. Overall, the techniques described have the potential for widespread impact on many high-throughput testing applications in the biological and health sciences.
Estimation of subpixel-resolution motion fields from segmented image sequences

Super-resolution enhancement algorithms are used to estimate a high-resolution video still (HRVS) from several low- resolution frames, provided that objects within the image sequence move with subpixel increments. However, estimating an accurate subpixel-resolution motion field between two low-resolution, noisy video frames has proven to be a formidable challenge. Up-sampling the image sequence frames followed by the application of block matching, optical flow estimation, or Bayesian motion estimation results in relatively poor subpixel-resolution motion fields, and consequently inaccurate regions within the super-resolution enhanced video still. This is particularly true for large interpolation factors (greater than or equal to 4). To improve the quality of the subpixel motion fields and the corresponding HRVS, motion can be estimated for each object within a segmented image sequence. First, a reference video frame is segmented into its constituent objects, and a mask is generated for each object which describes its spatial location. As described previously, subpixel-resolution motion estimation is then conducted by video frame up- sampling followed by the application of a motion estimation algorithm. Finally, the motion vectors are averaged over the region of each mask by applying an (alpha) -trimmed mean filter to the horizontal and vertical components separately. Since each object moves as a single entity, averaging eliminates many of the motion estimation errors and results in much more consistent subpixel motion fields. A substantial improvement is also visible within particular regions of the HRVS estimates. Subpixel-resolution motion fields and HRVS estimates are computed for interpolation factors of 2, 4, 8, and 16, to examine the benefits of object segmentation and motion field averaging.
Theory of Direct Modulation of Lightwaves in Optical Fibers

He–Ne laser lightwaves in an optical fiber are modulated when a short section of the fiber is subjected directly to audio frequency electric fields. The laser light emerging from the fiber output endface is intensity modulated, phase shifted, or modulation frequency multiplied under special conditions. A theoretical explanation is presented. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 18: 323–328, 1998
Imaging biomarkers of cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current clinical techniques that rely on stenosis measurement alone appear to be insufficient for risk prediction in atherosclerosis patients. Many novel imaging methods have been developed to study atherosclerosis progression and to identify new features that can predict future clinical risk. MRI of atherosclerotic vessel walls is one such method. It has the ability to non-invasively evaluate multiple biomarkers of the disease such as luminal stenosis, plaque burden, tissue composition and plaque activity. In addition, the accuracy of in vivo MRI has been validated against histology with high reproducibility, thus paving the way for application to epidemiological studies of disease pathogenesis and, by serial MRI, in monitoring the efficacy of therapeutic intervention. In this review, we describe the various MR techniques used to evaluate aspects of plaque progression, discuss imaging based measurements (imaging biomarkers), and also detail their validation. The application of plaque MRI in clinical trials as well as emerging imaging techniques used to evaluate plaque compositional features and biological activities are also discussed.
Errors of Probability in Historical Context

The purpose of this article is to review instances of fallacious reasoning that were made in the calculus of probability when the discipline was being developed. The historical context of these mistakes is also provided.
Functional communication between endogenous BRCA1 and its partner, BARD1, during Xenopus laevis development

The breast and ovarian susceptibility protein 1 (BRCA1) heterodimerizes with its structural relative, the BRCA1-associated RING domain protein (BARD1), which may have tumor suppressing function in its own right. Both proteins have evolved from a common evolutionary ancestor, and both exist in Xenopus laevis where, similar to their mammalian homologs, they form functional heterodimers. Depleting frog embryos of either BARD1 or BRCA1 led to similar and widely defective developmental phenotypes as well as depletion of the other polypeptide due to its decreased stability. Thus, each protein, in part, controls the abundance, stability, and function of the other, and these effects are heterodimerization-dependent. The interdependent nature of BRCA1 and BARD1 function supports the view that BARD1/BRCA1 heterodimers play a major role in breast and ovarian cancer suppression.
The quick-drying effect in plant virus inoculations

Abstract When leaves were dried with an air jet or with blotters immediately after standard inoculation, the number of lesions was up to about 100 times as great as on leaves that were allowed to dry naturally. The increase due to quick drying (QD) at 10 seconds after inoculation was only about half that at 1 second after inoculation, and usually no QD effect was apparent at 15 minutes after inoculation. The QD effect has been demonstrated with all viruses tested, which include tobacco mosaic virus, apple mosaic virus, alfalfa mosaic virus, artichoke latent virus, peach ring spot virus, peach yellow bud virus, tomato spotted wilt virus, and a virus from Meyer lemon. The effect was noted on all hosts tested, which include bean, cowpea, soybean, tobacco, cucumber, and pigweed; the greatest manifestation was with cucumber mosaic virus on cowpea. With the sweet potato strain of tobacco mosaic virus, QD itself did not bring about lesion formation on bean, but lesions appeared in greater numbers on QD than on control leaves if inoculated leaves were later heated. The QD effect was reduced when phosphate was added to the inoculum, but increased if silver nitrate, Kinin, or phenol was added. The QD effect was greater with inoculum from recently infected source leaves than from older infections. The QD effect was greater for leaves soaked in water for several hours before inoculation than for normal leaves. When inoculated and quick-dried leaves were rewetted, the QD effect was reduced or eliminated. The QD effect was greater with leaves that wetted readily than for leaves that did not, and for leaves that wetted poorly the QD effect was greater when a wetting agent was added to the inoculum.
Women and the Law of Peoples

John Rawls argues, in The Law of Peoples, that a principle of toleration requires the international community to respect `decent hierarchical societies' that obey certain minimal human rights norms. In this article, I question that line of argument, using women's inequality as a lens. I show that Rawls's principle would require us to treat the very same practices of the very same entity differently if it happens to set up as an independent nation rather than a state within a nation, and I criticize the consequences to which this asymmetry leads. I argue that Rawls gives us no good reason to think that we cannot justify a much richer set of norms for all the world's societies. I argue, however, that issues of justification should be sharply distinguished from issues of implementation, and that respect for the moral significance of national sovereignty ought to restrain us from intervention in all but the most extreme cases.
Rescue of splicing-mediated intron loss maximizes expression in lentiviral vectors containing the human ubiquitin C promoter

Lentiviral vectors almost universally use heterologous internal promoters to express transgenes. One of the most commonly used promoter fragments is a 1.2-kb sequence from the human ubiquitin C (UBC) gene, encompassing the promoter, some enhancers, first exon, first intron and a small part of the second exon of UBC. Because splicing can occur after transcription of the vector genome during vector production, we investigated whether the intron within the UBC promoter fragment is faithfully transmitted to target cells. Genetic analysis revealed that more than 80% of proviral forms lack the intron of the UBC promoter. The human elongation factor 1 alpha (EEF1A1) promoter fragment intron was not lost during lentiviral packaging, and this difference between the UBC and EEF1A1 promoter introns was conferred by promoter exonic sequences. UBC promoter intron loss caused a 4-fold reduction in transgene expression. Movement of the expression cassette to the opposite strand prevented intron loss and restored full expression. This increase in expression was mostly due to non-classical enhancer activity within the intron, and movement of putative intronic enhancer sequences to multiple promoter-proximal sites actually repressed expression. Reversal of the UBC promoter also prevented intron loss and restored full expression in bidirectional lentiviral vectors.
A selective, sensitive, and rapid in-field assay for soil catechin, an allelochemical of Centaurea maculosa

Abstract Centaurea maculosa is a plant species native to Eurasia and invasive in many regions of North America that secretes a phytotoxin from its roots, (+/−)-catechin, which is thought to serve an allelopathic role by reducing fitness of neighboring species. However, catechin is a relatively unstable compound, is often found at relatively low concentrations, interacts with soil cations to form insoluble complexes and/or degradation products, and exhibits extremely variable accumulation patterns in the soil. These factors, coupled with a lack of knowledge of the regulation of catechin production by C. maculosa , confound our understanding of the importance of catechin as an allelochemical. The time and cost of current sampling procedures effectively limit the observations made on catechin accumulation patterns, without which it is extremely difficult to conclusively attribute allelopathic significance to this compound. Thus, a highly sensitive, fast, inexpensive and reliable method for soil catechin analysis is needed. We report a novel method that utilizes the colorimetric reagent dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) in an acidic ethanol solution for detection of soil catechin. This method is selective and extremely sensitive and can be used in the field for qualitative, but not quantitative, analysis. This assay will allow for a greater understanding of the role of catechin as an allelochemical.
Looting, collecting, and the destruction of archaeological resources

Archaeological sites, the material remnants of our human past, are finite and nonrenewable cultural resources that are under constant threat from environmental forces, development activities, warfare, vandalism, and looting. Site looting is the destructive removal of archaeological objects to supply the art market. Looting is part of an economic system, the antiquities market, that works to supply the demand of collectors for archaeological objects. The destruction of archaeological resources by looters is an international crisis and threatens to obliterate the world’s cultural heritage and our ability to understand past cultures. The scale and intensity of the looting problem can be estimated by studying the extent of site destruction in countries of origin and by investigating the sources of antiquities held by collectors. Finding a solution to the problem of looting will require a focus on the demand side of the market (i.e., collectors) instead of the traditional focus on the supply side (looters, dealers)
Shaped-beam synthesis of nonuniformly spaced linear arrays

A method which involves only simple calculations is used to design nonuniformly spaced linear arrays for shaped-beam patterns. The method is based on Gaussian quadrature. The examples given show that it is possible to obtain patterns which compare favorably with those of uniformly spaced array methods. This is accomplished by using fewer elements, smaller overall length, and lower variation of element current amplitudes.
STUDIES ON THE ESTIMATION OF 3-METHOXY-4-HYDROXY-MANDELIC ACID (VMA) IN HUMAN URINE.

Abstract A method for the estimation of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) in human urine, based on its oxidation to vanillin by copper ion at pH 10, is described. Pure solutions of VMA are subject to autoxidation in the presence of catalytic amounts of heavy metals, particularly manganese and copper, at pH values above 6 and at 100°C. Owing to the presence of interfering material in extracts from urine more drastic conditions are required, such as raising the pH to 10 and increasing the concentration of copper in the reaction mixture. The method has been compared with other methods based on the same principle in which ferricyanide or periodate is used as the oxidizing agent. It has been shown that the results of the three methods, on the average, agree within 10% for a given urine specimen. Satisfactory agreement was also found with the results of an isotope dilution method. The estimation of vanillin by absorptionmetry at 360 mμ seems to be slightly more specific than the color reaction with indole.
Considerations of elder sibling closeness in predicting younger sibling substance use: Social learning versus social bonding explanations.

A review of the literature reveals a clear effect of sibling similarity in a variety of adolescent adjustment outcomes. For example, there is evidence that siblings are similar in risky sexual attitudes and behaviors (McHale, Bissell & Kim, 2009), tobacco use (Slomkowski, Rende, Novak, Lloyd-Richardson & Niaura, 2005), academic achievement and substance use (McGue & Iacono, 2009), externalizing behaviors and delinquency (Rowe, Rodgers & Meseck-Bushey, 1992), as well as self representations (Gamble, Yu & Card, 2010). Following basic social learning principles, evidence is beginning to point to stronger sibling similarity when siblings are the same gender, close in age, and to a lesser extent, when they are genetically similar (McGue & Iacono, 2009; McHale et al., 2009; Rowe & Gulley, 1992). Still, the theoretical mechanisms that explain sibling similarity are not well understood. We (and others, e.g., McHale et al., 2009) propose that characteristics of sibling relationship quality, including perceived sibling closeness, may be important explanatory variables. In this paper, two alternative explanations were tested to predict younger sibling adolescent substance use, an attachment explanation (based in social bonding theory) and an anaclitic identification explanation (based in social learning theory). Central to both explanations are the younger sibling's perceived emotional and behavioral closeness to his or her elder sibling. Finally, hypotheses derived from these explanations were tested across varying sibling contexts, such as gender composition, age difference, and genetic similarity. The goal of this study was to extend knowledge on how perceived sibling closeness and genetic similarity might interact to influence sibling similarity in substance use.
Dialyzability and binding of digoxin-like immunoreactive factors (DLIF) with serum macromolecules in uremic patients on hemodialysis

Abstract Digoxin-Like Immunoreactive Factors (DLIF) which cross-react with antidigoxin antibodies are present in elevated concentrations in patients on hemodialysis, uremia, hypertensives, liver failure, pre-eclampsia and premature birth. DLIF may have a potential role as a natriuretic hormone with a speculated low molecular weight ( ; 20,000. On the other hand, we recovered no DLIF activities in the void volume when the same serum pools were passed through the Bio-Gel P30 column, indicating that DLIF were strongly bound to serum macromolecules with molecular weight
Epidemiology of bacteriuria in an elderly ambulatory population.

Abstract This study of bacteriuria in elderly (mean age 85 years, range 68 to 103) Jewish subjects of mostly middle and upper class attempted to determine disease prevalence, define the turnover in infected subjects, and assess the relation between functional status and infection. The prevalence of bacteriuria (midstream clean-catch method) was assessed in 373 women and 150 men. It was higher in women (18.2 percent) than in men (6.0 percent) (p
An ultrastructural study of a canine rhabdomyosarcoma.

A rhabdomyosarcoma arising in the mouth of a dog is reported. Light microscopy failed to reveal cross striations; however, by means of electron microscopy, numerous myofibrils and periodic electron-dense areas similar to Z-bands were demonstrated in the neoplastic muscle cells.
Impact of banded potassium for corn and soybean production in a ridge‐till planting system

Abstract Potassium (K) deficiency symptoms in corn (Zea mays L.) grown in the ridge‐till planting system were a major concern for producers who used this planting system. The purpose of this study was to develop management practices for use of K fertilizer in the ridge‐till planting system. The study was conducted on a farm in southwestern Minnesota where the ridge‐till planting system had been used for several years. The first year was devoted to an evaluation of rate of K (0, 37, 74, and 148 kg K/ha) applied in a band in the center of the ridge on growth and yield of three corn hybrids. Frequency of K application was evaluated for soybean [Glycine max L. (Merril)] production in the second year and corn in the third year of the study. The response to K use and the K rate x hybrid interaction were significant. Residual effects of banded K were evident with both corn and soybeans if rates of 74 kg K/ha or higher were used. The data collected show that use of banded K is important for corn and soybean produ...
P01-146 Insomnia and quality of life in generalized anxiety disorder: Impact on clinical presentation and response to pregabalin and venlafaxine-XR

Aims To assess the impact of insomnia on quality of life (QoL) and functioning in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and evaluate the efficacy of pregabalin and venlafaxine-XR in improving sleep and QoL. Methods A double-blind trial in adults who met DSM-IV criteria for GAD, with a HAM-A total score ≥20,randomized to 8-weeks of flexible-dose treatment with pregabalin (300-600 mg/d, N=121), venlafaxine-XR (75-225 mg/d, N=125), or placebo (N=128). Results At baseline, 64% of all subjects had insomnia (according to the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep scale [MOS]-Sleep Problems Index [SPI] criteria).While HAM-A total scores (minus the insomnia item) were similar for patients with and without baseline insomnia (25.7 vs. 25.0) those with reported significantly more impairment on the Quality of Life, Enjoyment, and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q; 45.4 vs. 53.6; p Conclusion Significantly greater impairment in QoL and functioning was observed in patients with high (vs. low) levels of insomnia. Pregabalin produced significantly greater improvement in insomnia than venlafaxine-XR or placebo.
Antigenic and morphologic properties of ovarian carcinoma

Abstract The application of virologic and immunologic methods to the study of human tumors recently has made significant progress. However, ovarian carcinoma has received thus far little attention in sharp contrast to its clinical importance. As part of a multilateral study of ovarian carcinoma comprising 68 cases, tumors representing all four major histologic types have been explanted in tissue cultures, examined under the electron microscope, and used in immunologic assays. The ultrastructure was characterized by nuclear and nucleolar pleomorphism which correlated well with the degree of malignancy and tumor grading. Cytoplasmic organelles and intercellular junctions were abundant and fairly well differentiated even in ovarian carcinoma of higher grade and stage. Active processes of synthesis and secretion taking place in most of these tumors were suggested by the presence of a richly granular endoplasmic reticulum, dilated cisternae, and numerous secretory granules. All tumors were cultured in vitro and their morphology in light and electron microscopy was compared to that of the original tumors. They displayed a consistent pattern of growth after several months in vitro and numerous subcultures, which led to the conclusion that ovarian tumor cells in culture have preserved most of their salient features and are representative of the original tumors from which they have been derived. The immunologic studies included cytotoxicity assays using the patient's own serum and were indicative for the presence of specific humoral antibodies. In other studies a specific antiserum was prepared in a heterologous system then concentrated, purified, and fractionated. Immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion assays revealed a high degree of specificity for this antiserum.
Heterogeneous shock-induced thermal radiation in minerals

A 500 channel optical imaging intensifying and spectral digital recording system is used to record the shock-induced radiation emitted from 406 to 821 nm from transparent minerals during the time interval that a shock wave propagates through the sample. Initial results obtained for single crystals of gypsum, calcite and halite in the 30 to 40 GPa (300 to 400 kbar) pressure range demonstrate greybody emission spectra corresponding to temperatures in the 3,000 to 4,000 K range and emissivities ranging from 0.003 to 0.02. In the case of gypsum and calcite, distinctive line spectra, are superimposed on the thermal radiation. The observed color temperatures are a factor of 2 to 10 greater than the Hugoniot temperature, calculable on the basis of continuum thermodynamics and equation of state models for the shock states achieved in the three minerals. These observed high temperatures are believed to be real. We conclude that we are detecting a large number of closed spaced high temperature shear-band regions immediately behind the shock front. A shear instability model, such as proposed independently by Grady (1977, 1980), Ananin et al. (1974), and Horie (1980), in which small zones of highly deforming and melted material are produced which are the source of the detected thermal radiation and have a fractional effective area approximately numerically equal to the measured emissivity, can be used to predict an effective emissivity of 0.0065 directly behind the shock front. If shear band instability arises from viscous flow processes, Grady's model and mineral thermal properties yield for the shocked mineral viscosities values in the range of 10^9 to 10^(15) P immediately behind the shock front.
NONCOLLAGENOUS, NONPROTEOGLYCAN MACROMOLECULES OF CARTILAGE

Extracellular matrix comprises approximately 90% of cartilage, with collagens and proteoglycans making up the bulk of the tissue. In recent years, several abundant cartilage proteins that are neither collagens nor proteoglycans have been characterized in detail. The putative roles of these proteins range from involvement in matrix organization or matrix-cell signaling (PRELP, chondroadherin, cartilage oligomeric protein and cartilage matrix protein) through to molecules that are likely to be involved with modulation of the chondrocyte phenotype (CD-RAP, CDMPs, chondromodulin and pleiotrophin). Other molecules, such as the cartilage-derived C-type lectin and cartilage intermediate layer protein have no role as yet. Due to the difficulties associated with experimentally manipulating a tissue that is 90% extracellular matrix in a manner that can be readily transferred to the whole organism, many of these molecules have been focused on by a surprisingly small number of researchers. This review focuses on newly discovered proteins and glycoproteins in cartilage, with a bias towards those that have structural roles or that are unique to cartilage.
Nonlinear transient and frequency response analysis of a hydrodynamic journal bearing

The traditional approach is to characterize the behavior and performance of fluid film hydrodynamic journal bearings by means of linearized bearing analysis. The objective of this paper is to examine the nonlinear characteristics of the said journal bearing. Results based on bearing stiffness characteristics, steady and transient vibration orbits, and frequency response functions obtained from both linear and nonlinear bearing simulations are compared with each other. Conclusions are drawn from the results obtained from a prototypical bearing configuration used as an example in this analysis
Protein-tyrosine kinases: potential targets for anticancer drug development.

Protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) were originally discovered over a decade ago as the dominant transforming components of certain tumor viruses. Since then these enzymes have become recognized as important intracellular mediators of a variety of mitogenic signaling pathways, including those associated with several growth factor receptors. The strong correlation of aberrant or over-expressed PTKs with a number of proliferative diseases has raised the possibility that PTK inhibitors may afford new approaches toward anti-cancer therapeutics. To address this possibility, potent and specific PTK inhibitors are needed both as pharmacological probes to study PTK-dependent signaling and as potential antiproliferative agents in their own right. De novo design of PTK inhibitors is hampered by a lack of three dimensional information regarding PTKs or the interaction of inhibitors with the enzymes. Motifs for the design of new inhibitors are therefore frequently derived by modification of structural themes identified in natural-product screens. Exemplary of this process is the Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry's program to develop PTK inhibitors based on pharmacophores present in three natural-product PTK inhibitors: lavendustin A, erbstatin and piceatannol. As summarized in this report, such efforts have led to new inhibitors with increased potency and inter-kinase selectivity. Whether PTK inhibitors will ultimately prove to be useful as antiproliferative therapeutics remains an open question whose answer will be heavily reliant on a cooperative partnership among natural-product and medicinal chemists, pharmacologists and clinicians.
Relationship of algebraic theories to powersets over objects in Set and Set×C

This paper deals with a particular question-When do powersets in lattice-valued mathematics form algebraic theories (or monads) in clone form? Our approach in this and related papers is to consider ''powersets over objects'' in the ground categories Set and SetxC from the standpoint of algebraic theories in clone form (C is a particular subcategory of the dual of the category of semi-quantales). For both fixed-basis powersets over objects of Set and variable-basis powersets over objects of SetxC, necessary and sufficient conditions are found under which the family of all such powersets over a ground object forms an algebraic theory in clone form of standard construction. In such results a distinguished role emerges for unital quantales.
Rethinking Policy, Process, and Planning To Redefine Quality and Enhance Student Success.

Combining broad access with academic excellence requires academic and support strategies and practices that pinpoint student needs and target appropriate resources effectively. Mercy College, a private comprehensive institution of ten thousand students in New York, has undertaken a series of policy and programmatic changes to support both access and excellence among nontraditional students.
Habitat, Group Size, and the Behaviour of White-Tailed Deer

The behaviour of white-tailed deer on Ossabaw Island, Georgia was examined in three habitats which differed in cover density and forage abundance. Forest had relatively dense cover but low forage availability; wooded pasture had relatively dense cover and abundant forage; open pasture had no woody cover but abundant forage. Deer groups were small in both the forest and the wooded pasture relative to groups in the open pasture. Group size in the open pasture did not vary with seasonal changes in forage supply. Groups were small in open pasture during the autumn rut when food was abundant, but were relatively large at other times of year, even during the winter when forage abundance was comparable to that in the forest. Deer in the open pasture spent more time feeding, less time moving, and less time alert than did deer in the forest. Deer in the wooded pasture were intermediate between deer in the other two habitats for percent time feeding, more similar to deer in the open pasture for percent time moving, and more like deer in the forest for percent time alert. Differences in alert behaviour suggest that deer in dense vegetation (e.g. forest and wooded pasture) were more wary than deer in open areas. In all habitats, deer in larger groups (four or more deer) spent more time feeding and less time alert than deer in smaller groups. More aggressive interactions were seen in the open pasture; more nonaggressive interactions were seen in the forest. The rate of aggressive interaction was not clearly related to group size. Temporal variation in nearest-neighbor distance within groups was greater in the forest than in the open pasture, possibly due to loss of contact between deer under conditions of restricted visibility. Although these data suggest that cover density rather than forage characteristics was related to deer group size, no support was given for the hypothesis that this relationship was a consequence of different anti-predator strategies. Groups may have been smaller in dense vegetation because deer had difficulty maintaining contact with other group members when visibility was restricted.
Respiratory neuromuscular response to CO2 rebreathing with inspiratory flow resistance in humans

The effects of inspiratory flow resistance on mouth occlusion pressure (P0.15) and diaphragmatic EMG (EMGdi) responses to CO2 rebreathing were studied in normal subjects. Occlusion pressures were measured 150 msec after onset of an inspiratory effect; EMGdi was analyzed as a moving time average and quantified in terms of peak activity and rate of rise of activity. After a control CO2 response was obtained in each subject, rebreathing was repeated 30 min later with either of two inspiratory flow resistive loads, 5 cm H2O/L/sec (IR5) and 14 cm H2O/L/sec (IR14). With IR5 (6 subjects), the P0.15 response was decreased in two subjects, unchanged in two, and increased in two; peak EMGdi was unchanged in all, while rate of rise of EMGdi response decreased in 4 of the 6 subjects. With IR14 (6 subjects, 9 runs), the P0.15 response was not decreased in any subject, remained unchanged in 4, and increased in 5; peak EMGdi response to rebreathing in all runs was, again, unchanged by this load, but rate of rise of EMGdi was decreased in 3 and unchanged in 6. The inspiratory off-switch threshold as reflected by peak diaphragmatic activity was not changed by inspiratory flow resistance, whereas inspiratory neural drive as reflected by the the rate of rise of activity was decreased in some subjects. The decrease in inspiratory drive without change in inspiratory off-switch threshold resulted in prolongation of inspiration in an attempt to effect efficient lung expansion. However, the defense of ventilation during rebreathing with both resistances appeared to mainly depend on the response of inspiratory muscle force (P0.15), since in 7 of the 7 runs in which the P0.15 response was significantly increased from control, the ventilatory response was not decreased.
Scattering of Electrons in Metals by Dislocations

The problem of the change in electrical conductivity in metals upon cold-working is treated by the method of Koehler in which the scattering of electrons by pairs of parallel edge-type dislocations is assumed to be the major effect. A comparison is made between the electronic shielding assumed in the scattering potential used by Koehler and the shielding assumed by Landauer in a somewhat different treatment. The large effect of the discontinuity in the ionic displacement across the plane connecting the dislocation axes is shown to cancel that of a previously neglected term in the scattering potential. The scattering matrix element is evaluated, and the change in resistivity is computed by the perturbation method of Mackenzie and Sondheimer. Finally, the anisotropy in the resistivity is discussed, and it is shown that the slip direction is the direction of low resistivity.
Molecular Characteristics of Na+-coupled Glucose Transporters in Adult and Embryonic Rat Kidney

Two distinct Na+-coupled glucose transporters (SGLTs) with either a high or a low affinity for glucose were shown to provide reabsorption of filtered glucose in the kidney. We have previously reported the characteristics of the high affinity Na+/glucose cotransporter SGLT1 from rabbit, rat, and human kidney and the low affinity Na+/glucose cotransporter SGLT2 from human kidney. Because the molecular identity of SGLT2 as the kidney cortical low affinity Na+/glucose cotransporter has been recently challenged based on studies of the porcine low affinity Na+/glucose cotransporter SAAT-pSGLT2 (Mackenzie, B., Panayotova-Heiermann, M., Loo, D. D. F., Lever, J. E., and Wright, E. M.(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 22488-22491), we have reevaluated the properties of SGLT2 in greater detail. We furthermore report new data on the regulation of SGLT1 and SGLT2 during kidney development. To analyze and compare SGLT1 and SGLT2 in adult and embryonic kidney, we have cloned and characterized SGLT2 from rat kidney and determined its tissue distribution based on Northern analysis and in situ hybridization. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, rat SGLT2 stimulated transport of α-methyl-D-glucopyranoside (2 mM) in oocytes up to 4.5-fold over controls with an apparent Km of 3.0 mM. The transport properties (i.e. a Na+ to glucose coupling of 1:1 and lack of galactose transport) generally matched those of the kidney cortical low affinity system. We show that expression of rat SGLT2 mRNA is kidney specific and that it is strongly and exclusively expressed in proximal tubule S1 segments. Hybrid-depletion studies were performed to conclusively determine whether SGLT2 corresponds to the kidney cortical low affinity system. Injection of rat kidney superficial cortex mRNA into oocytes stimulated the uptake of α-methyl-D-glucopyranoside (2 mM) 2-3-fold. We show that hybrid depletion of this kidney RNA using an SGLT2 antisense oligonucleotide completely suppresses the uptake. These data strongly indicate that SGLT2 is the major kidney cortical low affinity glucose transporter. We therefore propose that SAAT-pSGLT2 be renamed SGLT3. Experiments addressing the expression of SGLT1 and SGLT2 mRNAs in embryonic rat kidneys reveal that the two Na+/glucose cotransporters are developmentally regulated and that there may be a different splice variant for SGLT2 in embryonic kidney compared to the adult.
Small-angle neutron scattering study of dislocations in deformed single-crystal copper

Small-angle neutron scattering measurements of deformed single-crystal copper have been performed over a wave-vector transfer range of 0.0655 <__ Q < 1.32 nm -l. The measurements included four samples deformed in compression at room temperature along the [110] direction to 6.8, 15.6, 35.0 and 54.3% reduction in thickness and an undeformed reference sample. The response of the reference sample followed the Porod law at lowest (Q and was, at least in part, the result of scattering from the external surfaces of the sample. The radially averaged net cross sections were found to increase with increasing deformation, while the power-law exponent n (dZ'/d~ ~x 1/Q '~) decreased from 7t _~ 3 to n ~ 2.2 with increasing deformation. The scattering response of the two most deformed samples was noticeably anisotropic. Analysis of this anisotropy revealed strong 1/Q 2 scattering perpendicular to the { 111 } dislocation slip planes, in agreement with the theoretical work of Seeger [J. Appl. Phys. (1959), 30, 629--637]. The decrease in the radially averaged power-law exponent is therefore attributed to strong 1/Q 2 behavior at the highest levels of deformation. Bulk-averaged edge dislocation densities that varied systematically from approximately 1 × 10 ~° to 5 × 101° cm -2 were obtained from the measured data.
Operantly Conditioned Plasticity in Spinal Corda

Recent work has shown that the monosynaptic pathway of the SSR can be operantly conditioned, and that a significant part of the plasticity responsible for the behavioral change resides in the spinal cord. The most likely sites of this activity-driven plasticity are the synapse of the Ia afferent neuron on the motoneuron and/or the motoneuron itself. Because the SSR pathway is the simplest and most accessible stimulus-response pathway in the vertebrate CNS, it may provide a valuable experimental model for elucidating activity-driven CNS changes responsible for learning.
A model for establishing the ultimate enhancements (A∞) in the low to high magnetic field transfer dynamic nuclear polarization experiment

In a preliminary report, we have demonstrated transfer of a flowing bolus enhanced in low magnetic fields (e.g., 0.33 T) with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), but monitored in a high magnetic field (4.7 T). The advantages of the high magnetic field monitoring approach include: 1) greater chemical shift dispersion, and 2) improved signal strength in comparison with static low field DNP experiments. In the present study, a model is developed to predict ultimate DNP enhancements (A∞) in this experiment for flow liquid/liquid intermolecular transfer (L2IT). L2IT1H and13C data is obtained for benzene and chloroform in order to test the validity of the model. The ultimate1H and13C DNP enhancements obtained for benzene/TEMPO are −150 and −220, respectively. For a chloroform/TEMPO (L2IT) sample, the ultimate enhancements are close to the1H dipolar (−330) and the13C scalar (+2660) limit, respectively. In the latter case, the observed13C DNP enhancement exceeds the thermal Boltzmann magnetization at 4.7 T by a factor of 21. For a 1-chlorobutane/TEMPO sample selective enhancements were observed at different sites in the molecule. For example, the C-1 carbon exhibits a large scalar enhancement, whereas, the other carbons exhibit dipolar enhancements. Data illustrating the importance of three-spin effects in13C DNP studies is also presented. Alternative methods of sample transfer from the low to high magnetic field are also discussed.