cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behaviour of two mutable genes of Delphinium ajacis

Rose-alpha gene mutates frequently to its purple allelomorph. The results of measurements indicate that the gene mutated with approximately the same rate during twelve cell generations of the development of sepals. No difference in mutability was observed when the gene mutability in the lowest five flowers of racemes was compared with the mutability of the next five flowers of the same racemes. The mutability curves were practically horizontal lines in material differing widely in the frequency of mutability. The rate of mutability in garnetogenesis was probably not higher than the rate of mutability in somatic tissue.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin associated panniculitis: The MS variant

Over 90 mutant alleles of the alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) gene are recognized and classified by mobility on an acid starch gel. The four major categories include: F=fast, M=medium, S=slow, Z=very slow. Among 41 reported cases of AAT panniculitis, most have the ZZ phenotype with AAT levels below normal. We report two cases of AAT panniculitis with MS phenotype and normal AAT levels. In addition, we review the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and extracutaneous manifestations of AAT disease and propose a diagnostic algorithm for ulcerative panniculitis. A 42-year-old man presented with a solitary plaque on the left thigh exacerbated by trauma or excessive activity. The lesion frequently suppurated with a yellowish oily material. Twenty years before, he had fractured his left femur which was repaired with a metal plate. X-rays, histology with special stains for organisms, and cultures were negative. AAT phenotype was MS and AAT value was normal. A 43-year-old woman presented with multiple plaques on the proximal extremities which suppurated with exercise or trauma. AAT phenotype was MS and AAT level was normal. Histologic exam for both patients showed a dense neutrophilic infiltrate with septal and lobular panniculitis and areas of necrobiosis in the lower reticular dermis.
Absence of HLA linkage in a family with osteitis deformans (Paget's disease of bone)

HLA genotyping was carried out on a two-generation family with familial osteitis deformans. No evidence of major histocompatibility linkage of the disease could be demonstrated.
The National Writing Project: Creating a Professional Learning Community That Supports the Teaching of Writing

This article describes an effort to create a teacher learning community in which university and local school teachers worked together to improve the teaching of writing at elementary and secondary levels. I describe how a university's National Writing Project (NWP) engaged in developing a cadre of selected teachers to share understandings about the theory and practice of writing instruction. The specific focus is on the NWP summer institute and the effort of its leaders, the director, the codirector, and the teacher consultants, to increase understanding among participating teachers through conversations that shape relationships among members of the educational community and various constituent groups. Practical examples of how the NWP facilitators fostered writing instruction to benefit students and colleagues are detailed in the context of theoretical understandings about the nature and development of learning communities devoted to the teaching of writing.
The Cultural Evolution of Indiscriminate Altruism in a Large Randomly Matching Population

Altruism is hard to explain because altruistic acts are costly to the individuals who perform them. Although past work has identified conditions under which altruism can evolve, there is wide agreement among evolutionary theorists in the social sciences and biology that indiscriminate altruism cannot evolve in a large randomly matching population. Building on earlier work (Mark, 2002), I show that cultural transmission can create a cultural evolutionary force toward indiscriminate altruism in a large randomly matching population. The cultural transmission of a behavior (altruistic or selfish) disproportionately exposes those who acquire that behavior to that behavior prior to its acquisition. That is, individuals who have acquired an altruistic behavior through cultural transmission (i.e., who learned to behave altruistically from other people) were disproportionately exposed to the altruistic acts of others. Likewise, individuals who have acquired a selfish behavior through cultural transmission were dis...
Twinning-Associated Boundaries in Hexagonal Close-Packed Metals

In this article, we highlighted twinning-associated boundaries that play crucial roles in nucleation, growth, and interactions of deformation twins. According to microscopic characterizations and atomistic simulations in Mg, three types of boundaries are reviewed, including (I) prismatic-basal boundaries associated with twin nucleation via pure-shuffle mechanism, (II) serrated coherent twin boundaries associated with twin growth and shrinkage via glide and climb of twinning dislocations, and (III) tilt prismatic–prismatic and basal–basal boundaries associated with co-zone twin–twin interactions. More importantly, these boundaries affect twinning and detwinning processes that may correspond to twinning-induced hardening and seem universally associated with twins in hexagonal close-packed metals.
Associative, bidirectional modifications at the hippocampal mossy fibre-CA3 synapse.

LONG-TERM potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are activity-dependent changes in synaptic strength that may serve as the cellular mechanisms of information storage in the vertebrate brain1–4. The mossy fibre–CA3 synapse displays NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor-independent forms of LTP5–8 and LTD9–11 that were thought to be non-associative9–11. Here we report that the mossy fibre–CA3 synapse displays each of the known types of LTD in vivo, including associative, heterosynaptic and homosynaptic LTD. These types of LTD are induced when only two of the three conditions necessary for mossy fibre LTP induction are provided. Because some of these conditions can be provided by convergent CA3 afferents, each type of LTD can be induced in an associative manner, which suggests that LTD is involved in associative information storage. Similar to the induction of NMDA receptor-dependent LTD and LTP at other cortical synapses, mossy fibre LTD occurs when synaptic conditions are insufficient to induce LTP, and both LTP and LTD induction are influenced by previous synaptic activity, consistent with the view that common principles govern activity-dependent plasticity at cortical synapses2,12,22.
Analysis of the Escherichia coli genome. V. DNA sequence of the region from 76.0 to 81.5 minutes

The DNA sequence of a 225.4 kilobase segment of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome is described here, from 76.0 to 81.5 minutes on the genetic map. This brings the total of contiguous sequence from the E.coli genome project to 725.1 kb (76.0 to 92.8 minutes). We found 191 putative coding genes (ORFs) of which 72 genes were previously known, and 110 of which remain unidentified despite literature and similarity searches. Seven new genes--arsE, arsF, arsG, treF, xylR, xylG, and xylH--were identified as well as the previously mapped pit and dctA genes. The arrangement of proposed genes relative to possible promoters and terminators suggests 90 potential transcription units. Other features include 19 REP elements, 95 computer-predicted bends, 50 Chi sites, and one grey hole. Thirty-one putative signal peptides were found, including those of thirteen known membrane or periplasmic proteins. One tRNA gene (proK) and two insertion sequences (IS5 and IS150) are located in this segment. The genes in this region are organized with equal numbers oriented with or against replication.
The Relational Basis of Inequality: Generic and Contingent Wage Distribution Processes

In this article, a relational model of inequality is applied to understand organizational wage inequality patterns. The authors begin by laying out a relational model arguing that wage distributions emerge from actors within workplaces negotiating and contesting who should receive greater or lesser rewards for their work. These claims typically involve constructing categorical distinctions between people and jobs, attaching meaning to those categories, and actors in those categories attempting to exploit value and hoard opportunities through a process of claims making. Using the Australian National Organizations Study, the influence of relational differences between jobs on wage inequalities is modeled. It was found that jobs comprising actors with higher status and greater power in the labor process are often able to use their status and power relative to others to extract greater rewards, generating wage inequality between jobs. The effects of these relational status and labor process distinctions vary ...
One- and two-photon induced fluorescence of Pacific Blue-labeled human serum albumin deposited on different core size silver colloids

We studied one- and two-photon induced fluorescence of Pacific Blue (PB)-labeled human serum albumin (HSA) in the presence of different size silver colloids. The PB fluorescence emission intensity was observed with small (30–40 nm) and large (about 120 nm) colloids and compared with PB emission in absence of colloids. For the system with a small core size colloids we did not detect any fluorescence enhancement with one-photon excitation and the enhancement observed with two-photon excitation was about 2.5-fold. In contrast, for large silver colloids we observed about a 2-fold increase in PB fluorescence brightness for one-photon excitation, and the enhancement with two-photon excitation excided 13-folds. Much stronger increases in brightness observed with two-photon excitation, compared to one-photon excitation, indicate a dominant role of enhanced local field in fluorescence enhancement on silver colloids in solutions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 249–255, 2006 This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Benzene Exposure, Assessed by Urinary trans,trans-Muconic Acid, in Urban Children with Elevated Blood Lead Levels

A pilot study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of using trans,trans-muconic acid (MA) as a biomarker of environmental benzene exposure. A secondary aim was to provide data on the extent of exposure to selected toxicants in a unique population consisting of inner-city children who were already overexposed to one urban hazard, lead. Potential sources of benzene were assessed by a questionnaire. Exposure biomarkers included urinary MA and cotinine and blood lead. Mean MA was 176.6 +/- 341.7 ng/mg creatinine in the 79 children who participated. A wide range of values was found with as many as 10.1%, depending on the comparison study, above the highest levels reported in adults not exposed by occupation. Mean MA was increased in children evaluated in the afternoon compared to morning, those at or above the median for time spent playing near the street, and those studied in the first half of the investigation. MA levels were not associated with blood lead or, consistently, with either questionnaire environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) data or cotinine. As expected, the mean blood lead level was elevated (23.6 micrograms/dl). Mean cotinine was also increased at 79.2 ng/mg creatinine. We conclude that the use of MA as a biomarker for environmental benzene exposure is feasible since it was detectable in 72% of subjects with a wide range of values present. In future studies, correlation of MA with personal air sampling in environmental exposure will be essential to fully interpret the significance of these findings. In addition, these inner-city children comprise a high risk group for exposure to environmental toxicants including ETS, lead, and probably benzene, based on questionnaire sources and its presence in ETS.
Traveler route choice: Travel time implications of improved information and adaptive decisions

Abstract The Wardrop user equilibrium model states that travelers choose the fastest available route and always choose the same route on repeated trips. However, travelers are not always capable of choosing the fastest route, and if travel time is uncertain, they may acquire information on the day of travel that helps to select a better route. Thus, travelers can reduce their travel time over the Wardrop “optimum” by selecting routes adaptively. The focus of this paper is to find the most promising approach for improving actual transit route choice through providing better traveler information. Actual and ideal travel time were estimated for each of six information scenarios, ranging from one where travelers use transit maps, to one where travelers use adaptive route choice, and to the hypothetical situation referred to as perfect information. Travelers using maps and travelers using maps and schedules took significantly longer than ideally possible on an experimental trip (24% longer with maps, 42% longer with maps and schedules). Ideal travel time under perfect information was 49% less than actual travel time with no information, and 6% less than that of the best non-adaptive decision rule. Time adaptive route choice resulted in no travel time reduction. The potential travel time improvement from giving travelers more information was not as great as that from making information more understandable. Adaptive route choice did not offer great potential on the studied trip. To be effective there must be several nearly equal route options, and trips must involve transfers, which excludes most travel on transit today.
Cholinergic behaviors, emotions, and the "self".

Macromolecular cholinergic pathways are involved in the regulation of addiction, emotions, and motivations, as described at this ISCM. Indeed, in view of the omnipresence in the brain of cholinergic pathways and of their connections with other transmitters’ sites and pathways, their involvement in all known human and animal behaviors could be expected and numerous current reports describe such cholinergic correlates. This minireview describes the current status and the future of the cholinergic impact on behavior and emotions, and particularly on one important human phenomenon, the “self” or the “I” (it is only speculative to impute the self to animals).
Time: Perspectives, Marking and Styles of Usage

The perspectives and use of abundant time, with limited choices of how to use it, by patients in a rehabilitation institution was examined as a useful way of explaining and understanding their behavior. It was found that many patients had difficulty in maintaining conventional markers of time, which subsequently influenced how they viewed and used it. Styles of time usage are described to demonstrate the general patterns patients developed to handle time within the institution.
Inhibition by Levorphanol and Related Drugs of Amino Acid Transport by Isolated Membrane Vesicles from Escherichia coli

Levorphanol inhibits the transport of the amino acids proline and lysine by cytoplasmic membrane vesicles derived from Escherichia coli. The degree of inhibition increases with increasing levorphanol concentration and ranges from 26% at 10−6 M levorphanol to 92% at 10−3 M levorphanol. The effect is independent of the energy source, since levorphanol inhibits proline uptake to the same extent in the presence of 20 mM d-lactate or 20 mM succinate and in the absence of an exogenous energy source. Levorphanol does not irreversibly alter the ability of membrane vesicles to transport proline, since incubation of membrane vesicles for 15 min in the presence of 0.25 mM levorphanol, a concentration which inhibits proline transport by more than 75%, has no effect on the rate of proline transport by these vesicles once the drug is removed. Both the maximum velocity and the Km of proline transport are modified by levorphanol, hence, the type of inhibition produced by levorphanol is mixed. The inhibitor constant (Ki) for levorphanol inhibition of proline transport is approximately 3 × 10−4 M. Membrane vesicles incubated in the presence of levorphanol accumulate much less proline at the steady state than do control vesicles. Furthermore, the addition of levorphanol to membrane vesicles preloaded to the steady state with proline produces a marked net efflux of proline. Levorphanol does not block either temperature-induced efflux or exchange of external proline with [14C]proline present in the intravesicular pool. Dextrorphan, the enantiomorph of levorphanol, and levallorphan, the N-allyl analogue of levorphanol, inhibit proline and lysine transport in a similar manner. Possible mechanisms of the effects of these drugs on cell membranes are discussed.
MgATP-concentration dependence of protection of yeast vacuolar V-ATPase from inactivation by 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole supports a bi-site catalytic mechanism of ATP hydrolysis.

Abstract Catalytic site occupancy of the yeast vacuolar V-ATPase during ATP hydrolysis in the presence of an ATP-regenerating system was probed using sensitivity of the enzyme to inhibition by 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl). The results show that, regardless of the presence or absence of the proton-motive force across the vacuolar membrane, saturation of V-ATPase activity at increasing MgATP concentrations is accompanied by only partial protection of the enzyme from inhibition by NBD-Cl. Both in the presence and absence of an uncoupler, complete protection of V-ATPase from inhibition by NBD-Cl requires MgATP concentrations that are significantly higher than those expected from the K m values for MgATP. The results are inconsistent with a tri-site model and support a bi-site model for a mechanism of ATP hydrolysis by V-ATPase.
Information System Success: Individual and Organizational Determinants

Despite considerable empirical research, results on the relationships among constructs related to information system (IS) success, as well as the determinants of IS success, are often inconsistent. A comprehensive understanding of IS success thus remains elusive. In an attempt to address this situation, which may partly be due to the exclusion of potentially important constructs from prior parsimonious models of IS success, we present and test a comprehensive theoretical model. This model explains interrelationships among four constructs representing the success of a specific IS (user satisfaction, system use, perceived usefulness, and system quality), and the relationships of these IS success constructs with four user-related constructs (user experience with ISs, user training in ISs, user attitude toward ISs, and user participation in the development of the specific IS) and two constructs representing the context (top-management support for ISs and facilitating conditions for ISs). To test the model, we first used meta-analysis to compute a correlation matrix for the constructs in the model based on 612 findings from 121 studies published between 1980 and 2004, and then used this correlation matrix as input for a LISREL analysis of the model. Overall, we found excellent support for the theoretical model. The results underline the importance of user-related and contextual attributes in IS success and raise questions about some commonly believed relationships.
The role of salivary depressants in dentistry.

Abstract 1. 1. Salivary depressants are useful in dentistry when a dry field is required. 2. 2. Five different medications, including a placebo, were tested on twenty-two subjects, aged 8 to 12 years, of approximately the same body weight. 3. 3. The method of evaluation and the apparatus employed were satisfactory for this study. 4. 4. The medical examination determined the physical reactions to the administration of these salivary depressants. A reflex reaction test should be added to the physical examination to determine the presence of drowsiness. 5. 5. Banthine was the most effective salivary depressant, but Phenergan and Elorine may be advantageous for some dental procedures.
Efficacy and toxicity of cyclosporine in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis, mild to moderately severe neurological disability (entry score on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) between 3.0 and 7.0), and a progressive course defined by an increase in the EDSS of between 1 and 3 grades in the year prior to entry were randomized to receive either cyclosporine (n = 273) or placebo (n = 274) in a 2-year, double-blinded, multicenter trial. Treatment groups at entry proved balanced for age, gender, duration of illness, and neurological disability. Cyclosporine dosage was adjusted for toxicity and a median trough whole-blood level was maintained between 310 and 430 ng/ml. The mean increase in EDSS score was 0.39 ± 1.07 grades for cyclosporine-treated patients and 0.65 ± 1.08 grades for placebo-treated patients from entry until the time of early withdrawal or completion of the study (p = 0.002). Of three primary efficacy criteria, cyclosporine delayed the time to becoming wheelchair bound (p = 0.038; relative risk, 0.765), but statistically significant effects were not observed for “time to sustained progression” or on a composite score of “activities of daily living.” Active treatment did have a favorable effect on several secondary measures of disease outcome. A large and differential withdrawal rate (44% for cyclosporine-treated patients, 32% for placebo-treated patients) complicated the analysis but did not appear to explain the observed effect of cyclosporine in delaying disease progression. Multivariate analysis did not show institutional effects but did demonstrate substantial effects of baseline neurological disability on outcome. Nephrotoxicity and hypertension were common troublesome toxicities and accounted for most of the excess loss of patients in the cyclosporine arm of the study. Thus, chronic cyclosporine therapy was associated with a statistically significant but clinically modest delay of progression of disability in a group of patients with multiple sclerosis selected for moderately severe and progressive disease. Close supervision by physicians familiar with cyclosporine is mandatory to minimize known adverse effects, particularly nephrotoxicity, when considering the use of this immunosuppressant.
Streptococcus pneumononiae gyrase ATPase : Development and validation of an assay for inhibitor discovery and characterization

The rise in bacterial resistance to antibiotics demonstrates the medical need for new antibacterial agents. One approach to this problem is to identify new antibacterials that act through validated drug targets such as bacterial DNA gyrase. DNA gyrase uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to introduce negative supercoils into plasmid and chromosomal DNA and is essential for DNA replication. Inhibition of the ATPase activity of DNA gyrase is the mechanism by which coumarin-class antibiotics such as novobiocin inhibit bacterial growth. Although ATPase inhibitors exhibit potent antibacterial activity against gram-positive pathogens, no gyrase ATPase activity from a gram-positive organism is described in the literature. To address this, we developed and optimized an enzyme-coupled phosphate assay and used this assay to characterize the ATPase kinetics of Streptococcus pneumoniae gyrase. The S. pneumoniae enzyme exhibits cooperativity with ATP and requires organic potassium salts. We also studied inhibition of the enzyme by novobiocin. Apparent inhibition constants for novobiocin increased linearly with ATP concentration, indicative of an ATP-competitive mechanism. Similar binding affinities were measured by isothermal titration calorimetry. These results reveal unique features of the S. pneumoniae DNA gyrase ATPase and demonstrate the utility of the assay for screening and kinetic characterization of ATPase inhibitors.
Axisymmetric cable-band membranes

Abstract A thin membrane formed by two sets of flexible members (bands and cables) is studied. The respective curvatures of the two sets face opposite directions which enables the membrane to be prestressed thereby acquiring necessary stiffness. The system belongs to the generic class of geometrically quasi-unstable systems whose characteristic feature is the interdependence between the geometry and the pattern of initial forces. This interdependence is investigated to establish the feasible configurations of the system, its basic properties and regularities.
The effect of copper deficiency on the mandibular joint and alveolar bone of pigs.

Abstract. Two types of oro-facial skeletal lesions were observed in copper deficient swine. Condylar changes which closely resembled those previously noted in long bones of copper deficient pigs were observed. Changes in the alveolar bones included decreased osteogenesis, a marked increase in osteoclasts with a resulting increase of hone resorption and a marked loss of marrow cellular elements with a fibrous tissue replacement.
The melting points of intermetallic compounds

Abstract We have examined the melting points of approximately 50 intermetallic compounds in the cesium chloride structure. We correlated these melting points with a number of elemental metal properties. We found that the best correlation was obtained with the average of the elemental melting points. We also found that deviations from this average correlate roughly with the change in the atomic volumes upon alloying.
The new radiology workforce: Changing expectations

Abstract The zeitgeist of the new radiology workforce can best be described by a Bob Dylan song title: “The Times They Are A-Changin’.” The new generation of physicians, although embracing the same foundations of medical practice as previous generations, places greater emphasis on personal satisfaction than its predecessors. Gone are the days when physicians operated as sole practitioners; today’s workforce member is content to function in the role of “employee” in a trade-off for more lifestyle flexibility. This change has occurred not because of one specific factor but because of a change in the profession of medicine coupled with a combination of factors; familial responsibilities, avocational activities, and personal satisfaction have surfaced as motivating factors in choosing a profession. Today’s workforce has a personal perception of success that may not be fulfilled solely by the contemporary practice of medicine. With the radiologist shortages that are now occurring and anticipated increased demand for staff radiologists, today’s radiology workforce has helped shape the specialty into one that is altering its structure to attract and retain its workforce.
Vaccine against Helicobacter pylori: fact or fiction?

Antibiotic-based triple therapy is reasonably effective in treating patients with symptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection, but this approach is untenable for global control of the infection. In practice, however, anti- H pylori therapy is prescribed to an increasing number of patients, in the absence of proven benefit.1 2 Firstly, anti- H pylori treatment is increasingly offered to infected patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and to asymptomatic carriers. This “test-and-treat” attitude is aimed at controlling the dyspeptic symptoms and at reducing long term risk of gastric malignancies in infected individuals. Secondly, anti- H pylori treatment is also advocated as a first approach in H pylori positive dyspeptic patients, in an attempt to reduce the overall management costs of these patients, without prior endoscopic documentation of the presence of an ulcer or of other complications of the infection.3 4 Even though some decision analysis and clinical studies suggest that these different approaches may be beneficial,3-5 other studies have failed to show potential benefit.6-8 The increased prescription of antibiotics for H pylori infection has encouraged the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains. Indeed, the efficacy of current therapies rarely exceeds 90%, and strains isolated after treatment failure often show resistance.9 Resistance to metronidazole is already high in developed countries, and resistance to clarithromycin is increasingly evident. A survey of resistance conducted over five years in Ireland showed that resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin increased from 32% to 46% and from 5.3% to 8.6%, respectively.10 Because metronidazole has been available for decades before being used against H pylori , this rapid evolution suggests that the selection pressure on H pylori developed once antibiotics were prescribed in association with antisecretory agents. If this speculation is correct, the number of patients treated for H pylori infection may impact directly on the development of …
D-4F decreases brain arteriole inflammation and improves cognitive performance in LDL receptor-null mice on a Western diet

LDL receptor-null mice on a Western diet (WD) have inflammation in large arteries and endothelial dysfunction in small arteries, which are improved with the apolipoprotein A-I mimetic D-4F. The role of hyperlipidemia in causing inflammation of very small vessels such as brain arterioles has not previously been studied. A WD caused a marked increase in the percent of brain arterioles with associated macrophages (microglia) (P < 0.01), which was reduced by oral D-4F but not by scrambled D-4F (ScD-4F; P < 0.01). D-4F (but not ScD-4F) reduced the percent of brain arterioles associated with CCL3/macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (P < 0.01) and CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (P < 0.001). A WD increased (P < 0.001) brain arteriole wall thickness and smooth muscle alpha-actin, which was reduced by D-4F but not by ScD-4F (P < 0.0001). There was no difference in plasma lipid levels, blood pressure, or arteriole lumen diameter with D-4F treatment. Cognitive performance in the T-maze continuous alternation task and in the Morris Water Maze was impaired by a WD and was significantly improved with D-4F but not ScD-4F (P < 0.05). We conclude that a WD induces brain arteriole inflammation and cognitive impairment that is ameliorated by oral D-4F without altering plasma lipids, blood pressure, or arteriole lumen size.
Intergenerational Risk-Sharing via Social Security when Financial Markets Are Incomplete

This paper develops an overlapping generations model with stochastic production and incomplete markets to assess whether the introduction of an unfunded social security system can lead to a Pareto improvement, even if the initial equilibrium is neither production-ine±cient in the spirit of Diamond (1965) nor dynamically ine±cient in the spirit of Samuelson (1957). When returns to capital and wages are imperfectly correlated and subject to aggregate shocks, then the consumption variance of all generations can be reduced if private markets or government policies enable them to pool their labor and capital incomes. A social security system that endows retired households with a claim to labor income may serve as an e®ective tool to share aggregate risk between gener
Dacryocystorhinography in the dog and cat.

The normal nasolachrymal systems of the dog (meso-, dolicho-, and brachycephalic) and cat were investigated by dacryocystorhinography and latex preparations. Nasolachrymal abnormalities associated with obstructions, deviations, a congenital defect and invasion of the system were demonstrated by dacryocystorhinography in four dogs and two cats. The value of dacryocystorhinography in the clinical evaluation of nasolachrymal diseases and in the diagnosis of nasal masses is presented. Resume. Le systeme naso-lacrymal normal du chien (meso-, dolicho-, et brachyocephale) et du chat a ete etudie par dacryocytsto-rhinographie et d'apres des preparations de latex. Les anomalies nasolacrymales dues a l'obstruction, aux deviations, aux lesions congenitales ou invasives ont pu etre mises en evidence grâce a la dacryocysto-rhinographie chez 4 chiens et deux chats. Les auteurs soulignent les avantages de cette methode dans le diagnostic des affections naso-lacrymales et en particulier dans celui des masses nasales. Zusammenfassung. Die normalen nasolachrymalen Systeme des Hundes (meso-, dolicho-und brachiocephal)und der Katze wurden mittels Dacryocystorhinographie und Latexpraparaten untersucht. Nasolachrymale Anomalitaten, die mit Obstruktionen, Abweichungen, einem con-genitalen Defekt und Invasion des Systems verbunden waren, wurden durch Dacryocystorhinographie bei vier Hunden und zwei Katzen nachgewiesen. Der Wert der Dacryocystorhinographie bei der klinischen Untersuchung nasolachrymaler Krankheiten und fur die Diagnose nasaler Massen wird erlautert.
Primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair: evidence supports an individualised approach

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a common clinical challenge that affects up to one of every 170 people.1 RRD treatment is one of the most common indications for vitreoretinal surgery, and such repair is one of the most cost-effective practices in the treatment of all vitreoretinal disorders.2–4 Retinal reattachment surgery is unusual among ophthalmic surgeries because excellent outcomes may be obtained using three distinct approaches: scleral buckling (SB) first described in the 1950s,5–7 pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) first reported in 19718 and pneumatic retinopexy (PR) first reported in 1986.9 Core surgical principles for RRD management include identification and treatment of all retinal breaks.10 PPV is increasingly employed in the repair of primary RRD. A 2012 US Medicare claims database analysis reported 74%, 11% and 15% of primary RRD being repaired with PPV, SB and PR, respectively,11 with substantial regional differences. Given the expansion of PPV use, vitreoretinal fellows are being exposed to fewer SB procedures. In a 2010 survey of 66% of USA vitreoretinal fellows, it was reported that 39% performed <20 SB and 22% performed and assisted in <40 primary SB.12 Despite this evolving trend in surgical exposure during training, many surgeons still use SB. The 2015 Preferences and Trends survey revealed 67% of surgeons place an SB in 11% or more of RRD surgeries, with 24% placing an SB in 41% or more of RRD surgeries.13 While high surgical success rates can be achieved with each technique, all approaches to primary RRD repair have less than perfect success rates: 10–40% of eyes require more than one surgical procedure, and as many as 5% of eyes may sustain permanent anatomic and functional failure despite favourable surgical timing …
Nonlinear Characterization of Electrostatic MEMS Resonators

Encapsulated micromechanical resonator technology is becoming important as a potential replacement for quartz for several applications. In this work we report the nonlinear characterization, particularly the A-f effect, in these resonators. The A-f effect in quartz has been well studied in the 1970's and 1980's (Gagnepain, 1981) and (Gagnepain, 1987), as it dictates the maximum power (current) that can be handled by the resonator. MEMS resonators tend to have a strong A-f effect compared to quartz, and this is the reason for the low power handling in these devices in comparison to quartz crystal resonators. In this work we report the mechanism of nonlinearities in these devices and find design guidelines to improve performance
Intracavitary chemotherapy (Gliadel) for recurrent esthesioneuroblastoma: case report and review of the literature.

Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon malignancy of the nasal vault with a treatment regimen consisting of surgical resection followed by radiotherapy for primary lesions and addition of chemotherapy for patients with advanced, recurrent or metastatic lesions. We report a case of a 39-year-old female with a history of esthesioneuroblastoma, previously treated with resection, radiation and chemotherapy, presenting with a recurrent disease that was successfully treated with re-resection and placement of Gliadel® wafers in the surgical resection cavity. The novel option of controlled-release and local delivery of a chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of recurrent esthesioneuroblastoma should be recognized and considered.
Surrogate‐based superstructure optimization framework

In principle, optimization-based “superstructure” methods for process synthesis can be more powerful than sequential-conceptual methods as they account for all complex interactions between design decisions. However, these methods have not been widely adopted because they lead to mixed-integer nonlinear programs that are hard to solve, especially when realistic unit operation models are used. To address this challenge, we develop a superstructure-based strategy where complex unit models are replaced with surrogate models built from data generated via commercial process simulators. In developing this strategy, we study aspects such as the systematic design of process unit surrogate models, the generation of simulation data, the selection of the surrogate's structure, and the required model fitting. We also present how these models can be reformulated and incorporated into mathematical programming superstructure formulations. Finally, we discuss the application of the proposed strategy to a number of applications. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Social cognition, ethnic identity, and ethnic specific strategies for coping with threat due to prejudice and discrimination.

Psychology has been generally remiss in explaining the relationship between ethnic minority and majority groups and even more so in propounding models for explaining the psychology of ethnic minority identity. (Hutnik, 1991, p. 37) The way we perceive others will influence indirectly how we act towards them. (Turner, 1982, p. 29) Diversity is a much used term in the United States. Diversity means the existence of peoples from different cultures, who speak different languages, hold different religious beliefs, rituals and practices, celebrate different holidays, take pleasure in different forms of entertainment, interact with family and friends in different ways, and enjoy different types of food and food preparation. Diversity also implies that people, because of the color of their skin color and physical appearance, are easily identifiable as different from the majority group. Although, historians note that diversity is not new in America, something has changed the discourse of diversity (Takaki, 1993). At least three macrochanges are in part responsible for how we view diversity today. These changes include the Civil Rights movement that began in the 1960s, the large increase in Hispanic and Asian populations due to changes in immigration policy beginning in 1965, and economic and political upheavals in developing countries that have resulted in large-scale migration to America. Collectively, these forces have changed the racial and ethnic landscape of this country.
Endogenous Retroviral Transcripts in Myocytes From Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is a well studied animal model of genetic hypertension and heart disease of unknown cause. With the use of differential display, a transcript was found in SHR myocardium that on sequence analysis was identified as an endogenous retrovirus (ERV). ERV gene expression was greater than an order of magnitude increased in adult SHR hearts relative to age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats and was further increased in hearts from SHR with heart failure. In situ hybridization studies demonstrated that increased ERV gene expression was localized to myocardial cells. Increases in ERV transcripts in SHR suggest a possible link between inherited proviral elements and genetic hypertensive heart disease.
Influence of Pit-Shape Variation on the Decoding Performance for Two-Dimensional Optical Storage (TwoDOS)

We study the influence of the variation in the shape of the pits for the two-dimensional optical storage (TwoDOS) paradigm vis-a-vis the readback signal and decoding performance. The algorithm used for decoding is a message-passing based joint equalization and decoding algorithm proposed by Singla and O'Sullivan (Intl. Symp. Info. Theory, Sept. 2005). The performance dependence of the algorithm on pit shape is studied by comparing the noise-tolerance thresholds for the algorithm. The TwoDOS model under consideration also includes two forms of media noise: pit-position noise, arising due to the deviation in the location of the pits from their intended positions and pit-size noise, arising due to variations in the radii of the pits. It is shown that as the shape of the pit changes from the ideal cylindrical shape towards a conical shape there is a sharp decrease in the range of the signal intensity. This decrease in the range leads to increased signal folding which is detrimental for the decoding algorithm. However, we show that when the ratio of the area of the pit to the area of the hexagonal bit cell is large (~1) then the extent of signal folding for a conical profile is actually less than that of a cylindrical profile. Then, in this case, the performance of the decoder for a conical profile is better than for a cylindrical profile.
A Unified Algorithm for Load-balancing Adaptive Scientific Simulations

Adaptive scientific simulations require that periodic repartitioning occur dynamically throughout the course of the computation. The repartitionings should be computed so as to minimize both the inter-processor communications incurred during the iterative mesh-based computation and the data redistribution costs required to balance the load. Recently developed schemes for computing repartitionings provide the user with only a limited control of the tradeoffs among these objectives. This paper describes a new Unified Repartitioning Algorithm that can tradeoff one objective for the other dependent upon a user-defined parameter describing the relative costs of these objectives. We show that the Unified Repartitioning Algorithm is able to reduce the precise overheads associated with repartitioning as well as or better than other repartitioning schemes for a variety of problems, regardless of the relative costs of performing inter-processor communication and data redistribution. Our experimental results show that this scheme is extremely fast and scalable to large problems.
Differential Expression of the Adaptor Protein HSH2 Controls the Quantitative and Qualitative Nature of the Humoral Response

Endogenous expression of the adaptor protein hematopoietic Src homology 2-containing adaptor protein (HSH2) is regulated in a dynamic manner during B cell maturation and differentiation. Developing B cells lack detectable HSH2, whereas transitional 1 and 2 B cells in the periphery exhibit increasing levels of expression. Mature follicular B cells exhibit decreased expression of HSH2 compared with transitional 2 B cells, and expression is further downregulated in germinal center B cells. In contrast, marginal zone B cells and B1a/b B cells exhibit high-level HSH2 expression. Regulation of HSH2 expression plays a critical role in determining the outcome of the humoral immune response as demonstrated using HSH2 transgenic (Tg) mice. Constitutive expression of HSH2 in the B lineage at levels comparable to B1a/b B cells results in decreased serum Ig titers for all subclasses with the exception of IgA. HSH2 Tg mice immunized with T-dependent or T-independent Ags exhibit a moderate decrease in the production of Ag-specific IgM, whereas class-switched isotypes are decreased by ∼80-90% compared with control mice. Analysis of HSH2 Tg B cell activation in vitro demonstrated that HSH2 selectively regulates the B cell response to TNF family receptors (i.e., CD40 and BAFF-R), but not BCR- or TLR-dependent signals. These data demonstrate that changes in HSH2 expression have profound effects on the humoral immune response.
Educational Leadership on the Social Frontier: Developing Promise Neighborhoods in Urban and Tribal Settings

We examined how the federal Promise Neighborhoods program shapes leadership networks and objectives in diverse tribal and urban settings. The program calls for diverse stakeholders to provide families with resources such as parenting workshops, childcare, preschool, health clinics, and other social services that affect learning and development. We focused particularly upon how Promise Neighborhoods planning and development creates new “frontiers of educational leadership.” We analyzed Promise Neighborhoods planning grant applications—21 that were funded and 21 from tribal settings— as well as interview data and program and community-specific archival data to learn about applicants’ purposes and compositions of partners. These data were analyzed with insights from Burt’s notion of structural holes, which suggests that leadership in “social frontier” spaces is often dependent upon negotiation, entrepreneurship, and relationship brokering. While both urban and tribal applicants were found to have highly diverse compositions of partners, tribal partners were more heterogeneous and separated by greater geographic distances. Additionally, tribal applicants’ stated purposes and goals were tied more closely to local cultures and customs. We note that the
Armor-LEACH - Energy Efficient, Secure Wireless Networks Communication

The use of sensor networks is increasing day by day; which offer more research topics to be discuss and modified; one of these topics is the power consumption that has to be reduced as possible, where the resources are limited; another topic is the security level that should be offer by such kind of networks. Clustered networks have been proposed in many papers to reduce the power consumption in sensor networks. LEACH is one of the most interested techniques that offer an efficient way to minimize the power consumption in sensor networks. TCCA provides LEACH with higher performance, by applying some modification to the way LEACH works. In this paper we propose a hybrid technique that offers a complete solution for routing in sensor networks. This technique reduces power consumption, increases security level, and decrease data overload for sensor networks communication.
Model selection by cross-validation

The cross-validation principle is used to address the task of model selection. Assuming that a set of probabilistic models is given or constructed, the derivation of a selection rule via Bayesian predictive densities is discussed. A selection rule is derived for the set of nested normal linear regression models. Conditioned on the assumption that the true model is in the set of examined models, this rule asymptotically yields consistent selection of the true model. Some simulation results to demonstrate the performance of the selection criterion are included. >
Neither daredevils nor wimps: Attitudes toward physical risk takers as mates

Farthing (2005) tested a prediction derived from costly-signaling theory, that women would prefer physical risk takers (brave, athletic, fit) over risk-avoiders as long-term mates. Using scenarios ...
Flight results for the passive MISSE 7 Coatings and Coverglass Panel experiment

The Coverglass and Coatings Panel flight experiment was flown on the International Space Station. A total of 48 passive samples were flight tested. The samples included new solar cell coverglass material, coverglass replacement technology, new transparent conductive coatings, ultraviolet rejection coatings, and anti-reflection coatings. The experiment was returned to earth after 543 days on-orbit. Pre-flight and post-flight transmission measurements were used to assess the effect of the space environment on the samples. A number of new coverglass and coatings technologies for space solar cells have been shown to perform well in a Low Earth Orbit. Given the proven performance, these technologies are potential candidates for use on operational space solar arrays.