cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined alcohol use and weight status effects on mortality risk among adults: Analysis of the National Health Interview Survey linked mortality files, 2001-2015

Abstract Background Both alcohol use and weight status have been linked to increased mortality risk, but evidence of their joint effect is limited. The goal of this study was to examine the combined effects of alcohol and weight status (BMI classes: underweight, normal, overweight, obesity) on mortality using nationally representative data. Methods Using data from public-use National Health Interview Survey-Linked Mortality Files (NHIS-LMF), 2001 to 2011, linked to prospective mortality follow-up through December 2015, we used age-period-cohort Cox proportional hazards models to examine all-cause and cause-specific mortality associated with the joint effects of alcohol use and BMI on 209,317 individuals aged 35 to 85. Results Individuals with an underweight BMI status had higher all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks than those with a normal BMI status and light/moderate alcohol intake. All-cause mortality risks were 148 percent (hazard ratio [HR] 2.48, 95% CI 1.60-3.83) higher in underweight heavy drinkers than light/moderate drinkers with normal BMI status. Obese heavy drinkers had a 16 percent higher chance of dying from all-cause mortality (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00-1.35). Individuals in the unknown alcohol and BMI category have a higher chance of death from all-cause (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.14-1.59) or cause-specific (CVD HR 1.75, 95% CI 1.14-2.69 and Cancer HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.01-1.76). Conclusions Alcohol drinking levels result in heightened all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks; the risks are compounded among underweight, obese, and unknown BMI individuals across all or cause-specific mortality.
Mathematical Models with Second-Order Equations

In this chapter, we illustrate the use of linear second-order equations with constant coefficients in the analysis of mechanical oscillations and electrical vibrations.
The Role Of The Professional Advisory Committee In The Formation Of A Curriculum For Biomedical Engineering

Professional Advisory Committees can be an important force in shaping a curriculum for clinical Engineers. This paper describes several ways in which this process works, and also discusses the operation of the committee at the Milwaukee School of Engineering.
Sustaining technical communication programs: a conversation

Chairs and program directors from several institutions discuss the challenges, demands, and successes of directing degree programs in technical communication. Topics to be discussed include these: recruiting students (undergraduate and graduate), seeking funding for laboratories and research, providing career guidance for both students and faculty, developing marketing initiatives, attracting qualified faculty, and assessing program quality.
Chapter 2 – Ecosystem Dynamics

From ecosystems we derive food and fiber, fuel and pharmaceuticals. Ecosystems mediate local and regional climates, stabilize soils, purify water, and in general provide a nearly endless list of services essential to life as we know it. To understand how to manage these services it is essential to understand how ecological communities are organized and how to measure the biological diversity they contain. Ecological communities are comprised of many species, which are in turn made up of large numbers of individuals, each with their own separate ecological and evolutionary agendas. Not all species are equal as regards their role in maintaining the functioning of ecosystems or their resiliency in the face of stress. This chapter explains how ecosystems evolve and function as complex adaptive systems. It examines ecological systems at scales from the small to the large, from the individual to the collective to the community, from the leaf to the plant to the biosphere (including the global carbon cycle). It reviews theoretical and empirical models of ecosystem dynamics, which are highly nonlinear and contain the potential for qualitative and irreversible shifts. It considers applications to forests, fisheries, grasslands, and freshwater lakes.
Optimization of L-(+)-lactic acid production by ring and disc plastic composite supports through repeated-batch biofilm fermentation

Four customized bioreactors, three with plastic composite supports (PCS) and one with suspended cells (control), were operated as repeated-batch fermentors for 66 days at pH 5 and 37 degrees C. The working volume of each customized reactor was 600 ml, and each reactor's medium was changed every 2 to 5 days for 17 batches. The performance of PCS bioreactors in long-term biofilm repeated-batch fermentation was compared with that of suspended-cell bioreactors in this research. PCS could stimulate biofilm formation, supply nutrients to attached and free suspended cells, and reduce medium channelling for lactic acid production. Compared with conventional repeated-batch fermentation, PCS bioreactors shortened the lag time by threefold (control, 11 h; PCS, 3.5 h) and sixfold (control, 9 h; PCS, 1.5 h) at yeast extract concentrations of 0.4 and 0.8% (wt/vol), respectively. They also increased the lactic acid productivity of Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus (ATCC 11443) by 40 to 70% and shortened the total fermentation time by 28 to 61% at all yeast extract concentrations. The fastest productivity of the PCS bioreactors (4.26 g/liter/h) was at a starting glucose concentration of 10% (wt/vol), whereas that of the control (2.78 g/liter/h) was at 8% (wt/vol). PCS biofilm lactic acid fermentation can drastically improve the fermentation rate with reduced complex-nutrient addition.
Trade-emigration Nexus: evidence from Bangladesh

Bangladesh as a labour-surplus emerging small open economy emphasises export promotion and greater emigration to accelerate economic development and to improve import capacity by benefiting from remittances. The empirical results show both long-run and short-run positive and significant dynamic influences of world real GDP and emigration on exports. The same inferences are drawn for imports being influenced by concomitant remittances of emigration and real GDP of Bangladesh. Bangladesh needs further intensification of export-facilitation services for both commodities and manpower in light of the changing demand-supply forces in overseas commodity and labour markets.
Toward an understanding of the dynamics of relevance judgement: an analysis of one person's search behavior

Abstract Research on relevance has established a conceptual consensus that stresses the importance of studying relevance judgments from a perspective that takes the users of retrieval systems into account. Yet little research has investigated how actual system users make relevance judgments. Theoretical claims pertaining to the nature of the relevance judgment process, thus, remain untested. This study is a step in the empirical exploration of the evolutionary nature of relevance judgments. The study intensively focuses on a single person with a real information problem. She was observed during both her online searching and document retrieval. The subject made her relevance evaluations first using bibliographic records and then using full-text documents as is typical of search processes that rely on bibliographic retrieval tools. The data consist of printouts of records and full-texts containing the subject's evaluation markings as well as transcripts of think-aloud protocols and her responses to questions during post-search interview sessions. The mental model concept is employed for analysis purposes and is operationalized as the research subject's changing perception of the information that she needs for her purposes as expressed in her relevance judgments. Specifically, the think-aloud protocols and markings of texts provide indications of the state of the subject's mental model and its change as she interacted with the materials that she retrieved and selected as relevant or possibly relevant. Frequencies of terms marked at the stage of record evaluation and the topical categories highlighted at the stage of document review were computed to provide a more concrete indication of the topical change in the subject's mental model of the needed information. The study also identified the set of judgment criteria that the subject applied during her evaluation of online records. Special attention during the analysis was paid to anomalous judgment behaviors demonstrated by the subject such as her deselection process in record evaluation and topic reformulation in document evaluation. Overall, the findings help untangle the relevance judgment process for one individual and one situation. In doing so, the findings provide a preliminary anchor for understanding the nature of the relevance judgment process of people engaged in an information search process. The subject's deselection of items and associated application of judgment criteria provide specific insights into how relevance judgment occurs.
Io's volcanism controls Jupiter's magnetospheric activity

Jupiter's volcanic moon Io spews out volcanic gas, which reaches its atmosphere and becomes ionized, forming what is known as the Io plasma torus. This plasma torus can interact with Jupiter's magnetosphere, possibly affecting auroral activity there. To help determine whether Io's volcanic activity affects Jupiter's magnetosphere, Yoneda et al. analyzed ground-based observations of Jupiter's sodium nebula, which provides an indication of Io's volcanic activity and plasma content in the Io plasma torus, along with satellite-based measurements of the radio emission called hectometric (HOM) emission, which is a sign of Jupiter's auroral activity.
A multi-institutional investigation of computer science seniors' knowledge of programming concepts

Research on learning suggests the importance of helping students organize their knowledge around meaningful patterns of information. This paper reports on a multi-institutional study to investigate how senior computer science majors articulate and organize their knowledge of programming concepts using a card-sorting technique adopted from knowledge acquisition. We show that card-sorts are an effective means of eliciting students' knowledge structures and suggest they can also be used to help students organize their knowledge throughout the curriculum.
THE INTERNATIONAL CURRENT ACCOUNT IMBALANCES: A SCEPTICAL VIEW

The international current account imbalances, whereby the USA has a vast deficit and several countries, notably Japan, China, Germany and the oil exporters, have corresponding surpluses, are usually seen as problems. The argument here is that current account imbalances simply indicate intertemporal trade – the exchange of goods and services for financial claims. There are as likely to be gains from trade of that kind as from ordinary trade.
Connecting identifying codes and fundamental bounds

We consider the problem of generating a connected robust identifying code of a graph, by which we mean a subgraph with two properties: (i) it is connected, (ii) it is robust identifying, in the sense that the (subgraph-) induced neighborhoods of any two vertices differ by at least 2r + 1 vertices, where r is the robustness parameter. This particular formulation builds upon a rich literature on the identifying code problem but adds a property that is important for some practical networking applications. We concretely show that this modified problem is NP-complete and provide an otherwise efficient algorithm for computing it for an arbitrary graph. We demonstrate a connection between the the sizes of certain connected identifying codes and error-correcting code of a given distance. One consequence of this is that robustness leads to connectivity of identifying codes.
Superconducting linac beam dynamics with high-order maps for RF resonators

The arbitrary-order map beam optics code COSY Infinity has recently been adapted to calculate accurate high-order ion-optical maps for electrostatic and radio-frequency accelerating structures. The beam dynamics of the superconducting low-velocity positive-ion injector linac for the ATLAS accelerator at Argonne National Lab is used to demonstrate some advantages of the new simulation capability. The injector linac involves four different types of superconducting accelerating structures and has a total of 18 resonators. The detailed geometry for each of the accelerating cavities is included, allowing an accurate representation of the on- and off-axis electric fields. The fields are obtained within the code from a Poisson-solver for cylindrically symmetric electrodes of arbitrary geometry. The transverse focusing is done with superconducting solenoids. A detailed comparison of the transverse and longitudinal phase space is made with the conventional ray-tracing code LINRAY. The two codes are evaluated for ease of optimization, with particular attention to higher-order effects, and future applications are discussed.
Fractographic analysis of large single crystal sapphire refractive secondary concentrators

Abstract A fractographic analysis was performed on two large (9.5 cm diameter × 28 cm long) sapphire single crystal refractive concentrators that broke during elevated temperature testing in a space simulation chamber. Both concentrators failed from machining/handling damage on the lens face.
Synthesis of [18F]fluoroetanidazole: A potential new tracer for imaging hypoxia

A method has been developed for the synthesis of [18F]fluoroetanidazole, a potential tracer for imaging hypoxia with positron emission tomography. The compound is prepared by an active ester coupling reaction between the 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl ester of 2-nitroimidazole acetic acid and [18F]fluoroethylamine. [18F]Fluoroethylamine is prepared from N-[2-(toluene-4-sulfonyloxy)-ethyl]-phthalimide and [18F]fluoride and purified by distillation. The overall reaction takes about 90 min and gives a yield, uncorrected, of about 25%. Purification on a reversed-phase column is straightforward.
Myelination as assessed by conventional MR imaging is normal in young children with idiopathic developmental delay.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A common isolated reported finding in brain imaging studies on developmentally delayed children is delayed myelination. We hypothesized that brain MR imaging scans of these children would show delayed subcortical myelination of white matter with specific involvement of the subcortical U-fibers as these represent terminal zones of myelination and are the last areas to myelinate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 93 children (31 controls, 62 with idiopathic developmental delay [IDD]) aged 17 to 46 months were identified on the basis of having brain MR imaging for evaluation of IDD (cases) or for another condition (controls). Children with diseases that primarily affect white matter or overt intracranial lesions or malformations were excluded. IDD was defined as psychomotor retardation without a clear cause on the basis of history, physical, genetic, metabolic, and neuroimaging examinations. Developmental quotients (DQs) were calculated for all children with IDD on the basis of clinical history, examination, and psychometric testing. Three board-certified pediatric neuroradiologists examined axial T2-weighted brain images and used a published scoring system to rate the extent of myelination in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and peritrigonal brain regions. In addition, subcortical U-fibers in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes were scored separately. Data were analyzed at both the intraobserver and interobserver levels, and scores were compared between groups and tested for interactions with age and DQ. RESULTS: There were no differences in the timing or extent of myelination in the control and IDD groups at any age in any brain region. In the IDD group, there was no relationship between myelination scores and DQ or developmental domain. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings did not support the hypothesis that there is a correlation between IDD and the maturity of myelination, including the terminal zones, as seen on conventional brain MR imaging. Neuroimaging evaluation of maturity of subcortical myelination is not a marker of IDD in young children, and the isolated “finding” of delayed myelination should be interpreted with caution.
Will it be Disclosure or Fabrication of Personal Information?: An Examination of Persuasion Strategies on Prospective Employees

Individuals are increasingly reluctant to disclose personal data and sometimes even intentionally fabricate information to avoid the risk of having it compromised. In such situations, , organizations face an acute dilemma: they must obtain accurate job applicant information in order to make good hiring decisions, but potential employees may be reluctant to provide accurate information because they fear it could be used for other purposes. Building on theoretical foundations from social cognition and persuasion theory, we propose that, depending on levels of privacy concerns, organizations could use appropriate strategies to persuade job applicants to provide accurate information. We conducted a laboratory experiment to examine the effects of two different persuasion strategies on prospective employeesâ€™ willingness to disclose information, measured as their intentions to disclose or falsify information. Our results show support for our suggestion. As part of this study, we propose the term information sensitivity to identify the types of personal information that potential employees are most reluctant to disclose.
Immersion lithography: its history, current status and future prospects

Since the 1980's, immersion exposure has been proposed several times. At the end of 1990's, however, these concepts were almost forgotten because other technologies, such as electron beam projection, EUVL, and 157 nm were believed to be more promising than immersion exposures. The current work in immersion lithography started in 2001 with the report of Switkes and Rothschild. Although their first proposal was at 157 nm wavelength, their report in the following year on 193 nm immersion with purified water turned out to be the turning point for the introduction of water-based 193 nm immersion lithography. In February, 2003, positive feasibility study results of 193 nm immersion were presented at the SPIE microlithography conference. Since then, the development of 193 nm immersion exposure tools accelerated. Currently (year 2008), multiple hyper NA (NA>1.0) scanners are generating mass production 45 nm half pitch devices in semiconductor manufacturing factories. As a future extension, high index immersion was studied over the past few years, but material development lagged more than expected, which resulted in the cancellation of high index immersion plans at scanner makers. Instead, double patterning, double dipole exposure, and customized illuminations techniques are expected as techniques to extend immersion for the 32 nm node and beyond.
Race and its relevance to transference.

There is general feeling that racial attitudes could foster resistance strong enough to prevent successful psychotherapy, particularly in the South. The authors, a black psychiatric resident and his white supervisor, feel that race can be used by both patient and therapist to prevent the development of transference, but that the issue can be dealt with as a resistance. They describe the development of effective transference between a black psychiatric resident and an eleven-year-old white girl in the South.
Persistence and the importance of nonreward: Some applications of frustration theory and DMOD.

Unfortunately our world does not always reward us when we expect it, and we must learn to deal with nonreward. How do these experiences influence our behaviors and how can we use them to help us? InFrustration Theory: An Analysis of Dispositional Learning and Memory (1992), Abram Amsel has answered these questions; he has summarized over 40 years of exciting research and the development of an elegant theory. He has also reviewed recent applications of frustration theory in such areas as fetal alcohol syndrome and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorders. In this invited commentary, we briefly summarize a mathematical model of frustration theory (called DMOD) and review simulations of the model that highlight the importance of the assumptions based on frustration theory (e.g., aversiveness of unexpected nonreward, counterconditioning). We also review assumptions (e.g., unlearning, passive and active "inhibition," decline in aversiveness of expected nonreward) that are required if one is to simulate intuitive and counterintuitive phenomena.
Regression-based corrective power flow control for system risk minimization

FACTS devices provide the opportunity to improve the utilization of the existing transmission capacity and to enhance system security by enabling power flow control. In this paper, corrective power flow control enabled by FACTS devices is used to minimize a risk-based formulation for system security. For the determination of the optimal device settings, a two-stage regression-based approach is developed which allows adjusting the device settings using only the information received from a few key measurements in the system. Simulations for the thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) illustrate the performance of this regression-based approach.
The Molecular Spectrum of Hydrogen. The Fulcher Bands of TH and T 2

The spectra of TH and ${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ were photographed under high dispersion. The analysis of the $3p^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2s^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ bands of these molecules is presented and the constants of the two states given.
Oxide and adsorbate effects on the conductance of a-Si:H in ultrahigh vacuum

Abstract The annealing curves of undoped n-type a-Si:H films show a large reduction in coplanar conductance G at all temperatures and an increase in activation energy δ E and conductivity prefactor σ o with increasing pressure from 10 −9 −10 −4 Torr. After annealing, G at 300K of samples in pressures of 10 −7 −10 −4 Torr is not stable in time but decreases by a factor of order 10 over a period of hours. We attribute these effects to the residue water vapor in the vacuum. In 10 −9 Torr vacuum G is stable, and subsequent exposure to water vapor (partial pressure=10 −8 −10 −4 Torr) causes G to decrease. In situ removal of the surface oxide by sputter etching decreases G to all T and increases δ E and σ o in ultrahigh vacuum. After annealing the etched samples, G is stable and not affected by small amounts of water vapor. We suggest that G of films with surface oxide annealed in vacua of 10 −9 −10 −7 Torr are dominated by a hole accumulation layer caused by the oxide. The resultant surface conduction is reduced by residue water vapor.
Role of Mineralocorticoids in the Natriuresis of Water Immersion in Man

In an attempt to assess the quantitative contribution of aldosterone suppression to the natriuresis of water immersion, renal sodium handling in normal male subjects undergoing water immersion was examined before and after administration of exogenous mineralocorticoid. The study demonstrated that the administration of a potent mineralocorticoid in pharmacological doses failed to abolish the natriuresis of water immersion.
Cell death, calcium mobilization, and immunostaining for phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2-α (eIF2α) in neuronally differentiated NB-104 cells: arachidonate and radical-mediated injury mechanisms

These experiments examine the effects of arachidonate with respect to cell death, radical-mediated injury, Ca2+ mobilization, and formation of ser-51-phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha [eIF2alpha(P)]. It is known that during brain ischemia the concentration of free arachidonate can reach 180 microM, and during reperfusion oxidative metabolism of arachidonate leads to generation of superoxide that can reduce stored ferric iron and promote lipid peroxidation. During early brain reperfusion, we have shown an approximately 20-fold increase in eIF2alpha(P) which maps to vulnerable neurons that display inhibition of protein synthesis. Here in neuronally differentiated NB-104 cells, equivalent cell death (assessed by LDH release) was induced by 40 microM arachidonate and 20 microM cumene hydroperoxide (CumOOH, a known alkoxyl radical generator). In these injury models (1) radical inhibitors (BHA, BHT, and the lipophilic iron chelator EMHP) block CumOOH-induced cell death but do not block arachidonate-induced death; (2) 40 microM arachidonate (but not up to 40 microM CumOOH) rapidly induces Ca2+ release from intracellular stores; (3) both 40 microM arachidonate and 20 microM CumOOH induce intense immunostaining for eIF2alpha(P); and (4) the elF2alpha(P) immunostaining induced by CumOOH but not that induced by arachidonate is completely blocked by anti-radical intervention with EMHP. Arachidonate-induced formation of eIF2alpha(P) and cell death do not require iron-mediated radical mechanisms and are associated with Ca2+ release from intracellular stores; however, radical-mediated injury also induces both eIF2alpha(P) and cell death without release of intracellular Ca2+. Our data link eIF2alpha(P) formation during brain reperfusion to two established injury mechanisms that may operate concurrently.
g Factor, Effective Mass, and Exchange Splitting in Pure and Cobalt-Doped Pd

Measurements of the de Haas-van Alphen effect in pure and cobalt-doped palladium have been performed. Data on the effective mass and $g$ factor are presented for pure Pd. Measurements on the ferromagnetic alloys clearly show the existence of an itinerant component in the magnetization.
Fisher information and the complex nature of the Schrödinger wave equation

We show that the minimum Fisher information (MFI) approach to estimating the probability law p(x) on particle position x, over the class of all two-component laws p(x), yields the complex Schrodinger wave equation. Complexity, in particular, traces from an “efficiency scenario” (demanded by MFI) where the two components of p(x) are so separated that their informations add.
TIMP-1 role in protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced corneal destruction

To establish the role of TIMP-1 in protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced corneal destruction, corneas of adult 8-week-old (resistant) and aged 12-month-old (susceptible) mice were infected with the bacterium. Corneas were analyzed for TIMP-1 protein by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Basement membrane (BM) integrity was assessed by immunostaining for type IV collagen. Additionally, resistant 8-week-old mice were treated systemically with neutralizing TIMP-1 polyclonal antibody (pAb) or pre-immune normal rabbit serum (NRS). Ocular and BM integrity as well as MMP-9 expression were examined in these mice. A greater amount of TIMP-1 protein was observed in the cornea of 8-week-old mice. In the cornea, the strongest staining was found in the superficial epithelium, but positive staining also was seen in the basal epithelium and stroma. When type IV collagen was analyzed in the BM of both age groups of mice, a distinct staining pattern was observed in only the young adult mice. Treatment of 8-week-old resistant mice with neutralizing TIMP-1 pAb vs NRS increased the amount of MMP-9 in the cornea of TIMP-1 pAb-treated mice and affected the ability of these mice to deposit BM components. These studies suggest that adequate expression of TIMP-1 protects against BM and stromal degradation via multiple processes.
The comparative effects of medical therapies for Parkinson’s disease

The medical treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is challenging at every phase of the illness. Clinicians have many drugs to choose from, each with its own specific indications, symptomatic properties, and adverse effects. It is important to understand the comparative efficacy of anti-parkinsonian drugs and to consider the long-term effects of therapeutic interventions. The goal of therapy of PD is to maximize control of symptoms while minimizing the long-term consequences of the disease and treatment-related complications. It is appropriate to divide the therapy of PD into treatments that may slow the progression of the disease (putative neuroprotective treatments), the treatment of early PD, and the treatment of advanced PD. This article compares the current medical options for the treatment of all phases of PD. The term “neuroprotection” remains controversial but is used here to consider therapeutic strategies that might modify the course of PD by interfering with the underlying disease process. To date, no agent has been convincingly shown to be “neuroprotective,” but an increasing number of compounds have been studied. These agents are difficult to compare because each has a different effect on the symptoms of PD. Moreover, neuroprotective studies have been replete with difficulties stemming from the unknown etiology of PD, its variable nature, the ambiguity of chosen end points and the symptomatic effects of many of the tested therapies. All of these factors have confounded the interpretation of neuroprotective studies. The first agent tested as a putative neuroprotective agent was selegiline, a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. Selegiline is an irreversible inhibitor of MAO-B. The DATATOP trial (Deprenyl and Tocopherol Antioxidative Therapy of Parkinsonism) was a large-scale, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by the Parkinson’s Study Group.1 The primary end point of this trial was time to disability and requirement for treatment with levodopa. Although patients treated with selegiline …
Gall Wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) Mortality in a Spring Tallgrass Prairie Fire

The life history of the cynipid gall wasp, Antistrophus silphii Gillette , leaves it vulnerable to mortality in spring fires in the habitat of its host plant, Silphium integrifolium var. laeve Torrey and Gray. This article examines the mortality of gall wasp larvae during a prescribed bum at the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area in the tallgrass prairie of northeast Kansas. The three goals of the study were to determine (1) if A: silphii galls are most frequently found on the tallest S. integrifolium shoots, (2) if there is a relationship between growing season gall height and overwinter lodging, and (3) if gall wasps can survive fire at the heights at which they are found after overwinter lodging. A 1988 survey found that galls were relatively rare on short shoots ( 140 cm), suggesting that gall wasps avoided short shoots but that gall placement did not maximize gall height. A 1992 survey found that growing season gall height was not related to overwinter lodging of galled shoots, indicating that any gall wasp shoot selection patterns affecting later gall height were disrupted by winter lodging. Gall wasps placed at post-overwinter lodging heights were unable to survive an experimental fire, but a few gall wasps survived when placed above the range of naturally-occurring gall heights. A. silphii and other species with similar life histories must re-establish after fire by immigration, with subsequent population levels affected by indirect effects of fire on host-plant quality.
Prediction of the coronal structure for the solar eclipse of September 22, 1968.

A METHOD of determining the large scale structure of the coronal and interplanetary magnetic fields has recently been described1. The model originated as an attempt to explain the observed large scale structure of the interplanetary magnetic fields. The model has been partially validated by successful comparisons of the observed interplanetery magnetic field with a field computed from photospheric observations according to this formalism. I have established further evidence in support of the model by comparisons of the computed coronal magnetic structure with coronal green line (γ5303) emission2. The model has been further investigated by comparisons with the coronal structures revealed in eclipse photographs, and this process has suggested the possibility of making a prediction of the coronal structures to be expected at the solar eclipse of September 22, 1968.
Pupil personnel services in the automated school

Two predictions are made regarding the nature of pupil personnel services in general and counseling in particular in the next 20 to 30 years. The first prediction is based upon the increasing automation of teaching and points out the importance of personalized pupil personnel services in the automated school. The second prediction anticipates a reaction against automated teaching, resulting in a revolution in education in which the major subject matter of the school will be a fourth R, human relations. The implications for pupil personnel services and counseling are considered.
Temperature‐induced alterations in hepatocyte structure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Electron microscopic examination showed that hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) possess abundant amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Particulate materials, presumably synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the Golgi apparatus, were more numerous in hepatocyte Golgi complexes of trout acclimated at 5° C compared to fish acclimated at 18° C. This temperature-induced structural modification is thought to reflect an increased secretory activity on the part of the hepatic cell as a result of the organism's adaptation to low temperature.
Morgan, Mary S. 2012., The World in the Model: How Economists Work and Think. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 2012. xvii + 421 Pages. $44.99

Mary Morgan’s book, The World in the Model, is an excellent survey of the history of how modeling came to be the dominant method of economic science. It demonstrates the value of the history of economic thought for the practice of economics: economists who read it will, I think, have a much better understanding of what modeling is all about. It reinforces for me something I learned from R. G. Collingwood, which is that to fully understand some subject, one must understand its history: you can know all about the state-of-the-art for some field, but until you grasp why it became the state-ofthe-art, and what the competing alternatives were, you only know half the story. Morgan’s introduction echoes a theme from two Michaels, Oakeshott and Polanyi, on the importance of apprenticeship and tacit knowledge in science:
Comparison of AM1 and PM3 in MOPAC6 with Literature for the Thermodynamic Parameters of C1 and C2 Chlorocarbons

Ideal gas thermodynamic properties, ΔHf°298, S°298, and Cp(T) (300 ≤ T/K ≤ 1500), for all C1 and C2 and eight C3−C6 chlorinated hydrocarbons are calculated by AM1 and PM3 in MOPAC6 and then compared with the available literature data. The approximation method of Pitzer and Gwinn is used to account for internal rotor contributions to S°298 and Cp(T) (300 ≤ T/K ≤ 1500), in place of the torsion frequency estimation in MOPAC. AM1- and PM3-derived S°298 and Cp(T) (300 ≤ T/K ≤ 1500) are found to be consistent with the literature data (relative deviation ≤ ±5%) except S°298 of C2HCl5 and Cp(300−500 K) of chloroacetylenes. ΔHf°298 of CCl4, C2HCl3, C2Cl4, and C2Cl2 obtained by AM1 and ΔHf°298 of CH2Cl2, CH2ClCH2Cl, CH2ClCHCl2, CHCl2CHCl2, C2Cl4, and C2Cl2 obtained by PM3 are not in good agreement with the literature values (deviation ≥ ±5 kcal/mol). ΔHf°298 (kcal/mol) calculated by PM3 are corrected as follows: ΔHf°298,experiment = −2.35 + 1.086ΔHf°298,PM3 for the partially chlorinated hydrocarbons; ΔHf°298,exper...
Classification Schemes for Equipment Used in Nuclear Power Generating Stations

During the past several years, considerable momentum has been achieved in the development of standards, codes and guides for application to equipment in nuclear power generating stations. Common to all of this work is a number of "classification schemes" to identify the types or functions of equipment to which the various standards apply. The parent organizations responsible for preparing the standards represent a number of different disciplines and philosophical backgrounds, with the result that the equipment definitions and the various classification schemes are diverse and in some cases they overlap. The purpose of this paper is to review the variety of classification schemes which are encountered in the regulatory process and in the standards writing groups for nuclear power generating stations, and to summarize the efforts of the American Nuclear Society BWR Criteria Subcommittee pertaining to equipment classification and design requirements for boiling water reactors.
Evaluation of the hot corrosion behavior of thermal barrier coatings

Calcium silicate and yttria-stabilized ZrO2/(M-Cr-Al-Y) thermal barrier coating systems on air-cooled specimens were exposed to sodium- plus vanadium-doped Mach 0.3 combustion gases. The thermal barrier coating endurance was determined to be a strong inverse function of the ceramic coating thickness. Coating system durability was increased through the use of Ni-Cr-Al-Y and Co-Cr-Al-Y bond coatings with high chromium and aluminum contents. Chemical and electron microprobe analyses supported the predictions of condensate compositions and the determination of their roles in causing spalling of the ceramic coatings.
Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis: Evidence implicating bleomycin as a causative agent

A 13-year-old girl receiving multiple agent chemotherapy for osteosarcoma was found to have neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis (NEH). This dermatosis is marked histopathologically by necrosis of the eccrine structures with a neutrophilic infiltrate. Clinically, the presentation is variable and the differential diagnosis is extensive. Our patient's clinical picture was unique in that she had hyperpigmented plaques instead of purpuric nodules or erythematous plaques as described previously. Currently, NEH is felt to be a complication of chemotherapy. The most likely causative agent in our patient was bleomycin. Physicians should be aware of this entity and its variable clinical presentation.
CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT: A MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION

A problem faced by any corporate risk manager, once he has decided what set of properties will be insured, is to choose among the policies offered by potential insurers. This choice usually involves negotiating with insurers over the exact premium and deductible amounts which will characterize the coverage. In this paper, the problem is modeled in terms of expected utility of different forms of coverage. The model enables a risk manager to select among available terms of coverage and, more significantly, provides guidelines for him in negotiating with the insurers to obtain the best possible terms. As an illustration, an application using real data is described.
Ziconotide, an intrathecally administered N-type calcium channel antagonist for the treatment of chronic pain

Ziconotide is a novel peptide that blocks the entry of calcium into neuronal N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels, preventing the conduction of nerve signals. N-type calcium channels are present in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In various animal models of pain, intrathecal administration of ziconotide blocked nerve transmission and nociception. The United States Food and Drug Administration recently approved ziconotide intrathecal infusion for the management of severe chronic pain in patients who require intrathecal therapy and who are intolerant of or refractory to other treatment, such as systemic analgesics, adjunctive therapies, or intrathecal morphine. The drug has a narrow therapeutic window and a lag time for the onset and offset of analgesia and adverse events. In early clinical trials, frequent and severe psychiatric and central nervous system adverse effects were associated with rapid intrathecal infusion (0.4 microg/hr) and frequent up-titration (every 12 hrs). Therefore, patients with psychiatric symptoms are not candidates for this drug. Drug trials of external intrathecal catheters and microinfusion devices demonstrated a 3% risk of meningitis. A low initial infusion rate of 0.1 microg/hour and limiting infusion rate increases to 2-3 times/week are now recommended. Patients responsive to intrathecal ziconotide require an implanted infusion system to receive long-term therapy.
Deformation Behavior of FCC Crystalline Metallic Nanowires Under High Strain Rates

We used molecular dynamics (MD) methods to study the deformation behavior of metallic alloy crystal nanowires of pure Cu, NiCu alloy and NiAu alloy, under high rates of uniaxial tensile strain, ranging from 5* 108/s to 5* 10/s. These nanowires are just about 2 nm thick and hence cannot sustain dislocations, instead we find that deformation proceeds through twinning and coherent slipping mechanisms. NiAu has a 13% size mismatch whereas NiCu only 2.5%. As a result the critical strain rate at which the “nanowire crystals” flow like a “liquid” is 100 times smaller for NiAu. We also calculated the elastic constants at each strain state for all strain rates to identify the relation between mechanical “shear” instability and deformation process.
Spectral reflectance of drying, sandy soils

A high-resolution time series of the spectral reflectance of drying, sandy soils reveals sensitivities to the drying process that appear to be characteristic of the disposition of water on the surface of the soil. The increase in reflectance is clearly related to the decrease in overall water content, but the spectral details of the relationship are dependent on the link between soil and water at the surface (e.g., porosity, size distribution, the presence of adsorbed vs. free water). Spectral characteristics appear to be most consistently sensitive to the changes in the presence and disposition of water when the soil is near saturation and again during the final stages of drying. At those times the reflectance changes are most sensitivity to the proportion of pore water, adsorbed water and exposed particles.
Hydrogen binding to fixed interstitial impurities in metals

Abstract We have calculated the binding energy of hydrogen to the inert impurity atoms He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe and also to the chemically active impurities C, O, and N in fixed interstitial configurations in Ni using quasiatom (effective medium) theory including lattice relaxation. We find that hydrogen is only weakly bound to any of these defects, that the chemically active defects do not produce a chemical bond with the hydrogen, and that the (∼0.1 to 0.6 eV) binding is due to the strain field surrounding the defect.
The role of pocket gophers as subterranean ecosystem engineers

Pocket gophers (Geomyidae) and their ecological cognates worldwide have profound impacts on ecosystems, from consuming vegetation to altering the soil physically. The rodents excavate vast burrow systems and deposit tailings in abandoned tunnels and on the ground surface. Energetic costs of excavations are extremely high, placing a premium on optimizing the location of burrows. The resulting disturbance patterns alter physical and biotic processes fundamentally. Recent studies reveal that the extensive excavations and their associated impacts generate a dynamic mosaic of nutrients and soil conditions that promotes diversity and maintains disturbance-dependent components of plant communities. Furthermore, these disturbances significantly accelerate erosion and downslope soil movement on shallow slopes and inhibit them on steep slopes.
Diffusion of gases through surfactant films: Interfacial resistance to mass transfer

A model is proposed for mass transfer of gases across surface-active films and into an aqueous phase. The interfacial region (1) obeys local equilibrium conditions, (2) has a capacity for the dissolved gases greater than the solubility in water, and (3) has a diffusion coefficient three orders of magnitude less than for that in water. The model is solved for and compared with three different experiments: the transient diffusion through monomolecular films into quiescent liquids studied by Plevan and Quinn (1966), the gas absorption through surfactant films into falling liquid films investigated by Emmert and Pigford (1954), and the frequency response of concentration pulses in surfactant films reported by Whitaker and Pigford (1966). The model consistently describes these experiments previously explained by three different models that either ignored the capacitance of the film or assumed local non-equilibrium.
A Comparison of the Contributions of Two Voice Quality Characteristics to the Perception of Maleness and Femaleness in the Voice

Comparisons were made between the contributions of the fundamental frequency (F0) on one hand, and vocal tract resonances on the other, to a perception of maleness and femaleness in the adult voice. In the first of two experiments, the F0 of natural voice was found to be very highly correlated with the degree of maleness and femaleness in the voice. The vocal tract resonances were less highly correlated and it is apparent that in the presence of the natural laryngeal tone, these perceptions are based on the frequency of the F0. In the second experiment, a tone produced by a laryngeal vibrator was substituted for the normal glottal tone at simulated F0's representing both males (120 Hz) and females (240 Hz). When listeners were asked to identify the sex of the speakers some inconsistently with the findings of the first experiment was seen. The female F0 was a weak indicator of female voice quality when combined with male vocal tract resonance although the male F0 retained the perceptual prominence seen in the first experiment. This finding may be indicative of some basic difference in the normal glottal characteristics of males and females.
Targeted Disruption of the Nuclear Receptor FXR/BAR Impairs Bile Acid and Lipid Homeostasis

Mice lacking the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR/BAR developed normally and were outwardly identical to wild-type littermates. FXR/BAR null mice were distinguished from wild-type mice by elevated serum bile acid, cholesterol, and triglycerides, increased hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides, and a proatherogenic serum lipoprotein profile. FXR/BAR null mice also had reduced bile acid pools and reduced fecal bile acid excretion due to decreased expression of the major hepatic canalicular bile acid transport protein. Bile acid repression and induction of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and the ileal bile acid binding protein, respectively, did not occur in FXR/BAR null mice, establishing the regulatory role of FXR/BAR for the expression of these genes in vivo. These data demonstrate that FXR/BAR is critical for bile acid and lipid homeostasis by virtue of its role as an intracellular bile acid sensor.