cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of an Ionic Air Cleaner on Indoor/Outdoor Particle Ratios in a Residential Environment

We tested a leading commercially available ionic air cleaner in a typical residential apartment to study the effect of the device on indoor/outdoor airborne particle number and mass concentration ratios. In addition, we also determined the indoor ozone and ion concentration levels. When measured during normal daily activity, the average indoor/outdoor mass concentration ratio was reduced from 1.03 to 0.73 and the number concentration ratios underwent reductions for most of the particle size fractions. However, due to a substantial inter-and intra-measurement variation in particle ratios, the observed average reductions were not statistically significant. When measurements were performed in a still room, the indoor/outdoor particle mass concentration ratio decreased from 0.9–1.4 to 0.3–0.4 in eight hours when the air cleaner was operating. Ambient ozone concentrations measured in the middle of the apartment were between 13–19 ppb during normal daily activity and the ozone levels increased to 77 ppb when me...
Adrenalectomy‐induced granule cell degeneration in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus: Characterization of an in vivo model of controlled neuronal death

The recent discovery that adrenalectomy results in hippocampal granule cell loss suggested that this phenomenon might be useful as a model of selective, experimentally controlled neuronal death possibly relevant to neurodegenerative disorders. This study was designed to provide a detailed qualitative anatomical description of the phenomenon and to determine whether adrenalectomy-induced dentate granule cell degeneration constitutes a reliable model of selective neuronal death. Silver impregnation staining revealed that granule cell degeneration begins immediately after adrenalectomy and continues for months in both sexes, in young and older adults, and in all strains tested. In one group of 77 adrenalectomized rats, 82% exhibited silver-impregnated granule cells. This phenomenon is extraordinarily selective in that no neurons other than dentate granule cells degenerated after adrenalectomy. There was considerable variability among animals in the number of cells degenerating at a given time-point or in the degree of ultimate cell loss. In the most extreme cases, virtually complete granule cell loss was present throughout approximately 80% of the dentate gyrus. Nissl staining revealed that degenerating granule cells exhibited coalescing of nuclear chromatin into multiple nuclear bodies and pyknosis without accompanying glial swelling. This morphology is distinct from the necrosis caused by other neurotoxic insults and is the subject of the ultrastructural companion paper identifying this type of cell death as apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that adrenalectomy reliably initiates an immediate, highly selective, and long-continuing process of hippocampal granule cell degeneration that exhibits morphological features characteristic of apoptosis, rather than necrosis. The possibility that this apoptotic cell death involves a biochemical cascade relevant to programmed cell death and/or neurodegenerative diseases suggests that this model may be valuable for studies of neuronal death and its prevention. Some practical guidelines for use of this model are described.
The public option

A possible change in US regulatory protocol for genetically modified organisms: compromised or enhanced objectivity?
Fleas (Siphonaptera) on small mammals in Connecticut, USA.

Fourteen species of fleas totaling 2484 specimens were collected from 1676 mammals of 20 species in southern Connecticut during 1979 and 1980. The most common species was Orchopeas h. howardii , a squirrel flea found most frequently on Sciurus carolinensis but also on Procyon lotor, Tamias striatus, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus , and Rattus norvegicus . It was collected throughout the spring, summer, and fall, with peak abundance in the spring. The next most abundant species, Doratopsylla blarinae , was collected from Blarina brevicauda , and occasionally from Peromyscus leucopus, Clethrionomys gapperi, Scalopus aquaticus, T. striatus , and Napaeozapus insignis . This species was taken throughout the spring, summer, and fall months with no distinct seasonal peak. Peromyscopsylla h. hesperomys was found on P. leucopus , and less often on C. gapperi, T. striatus , and Microtus pinetorum . It exhibited a seasonal peak in the spring and summer and was most abundant in the coniferous forests. Orchopeas leucopus was taken from P. leucopus , and also from C. gapperi, Microtus pennsylvanicus, N. insignis, M. pinetorum , and S. aquaticus . This species also exhibited a spring-summer seasonal peak, but was abundant in all habitats studied. Nine other species of fleas were collected in smaller numbers.
Predictors of Outcome at 1 Year in Adolescents With DSM-5 Restrictive Eating Disorders: Report of the National Eating Disorders Quality Improvement Collaborative

Abstract Purpose The National Eating Disorders Quality Improvement Collaborative evaluated data of patients with restrictive eating disorders to analyze demographics of diagnostic categories and predictors of weight restoration at 1 year. Methods Fourteen Adolescent Medicine eating disorder programs participated in a retrospective review of 700 adolescents aged 9–21 years with three visits, with DSM-5 categories of restrictive eating disorders including anorexia nervosa (AN), atypical AN, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). Data including demographics, weight and height at intake and follow-up, treatment before intake, and treatment during the year of follow-up were analyzed. Results At intake, 53.6% met criteria for AN, 33.9% for atypical AN, and 12.4% for ARFID. Adolescents with ARFID were more likely to be male, younger, and had a longer duration of illness before presentation. All sites had a positive change in mean percentage median body mass index (%MBMI) for their population at 1-year follow-up. Controlling for age, gender, duration of illness, diagnosis, and prior higher level of care, only %MBMI at intake was a significant predictor of weight recovery. In the model, there was a 12.7% change in %MBMI (interquartile range, 6.5–19.3). Type of treatment was not predictive, and there were no significant differences between programs in terms of weight restoration. Conclusions The National Eating Disorders Quality Improvement Collaborative provides a description of the patient population presenting to a national cross-section of 14 Adolescent Medicine eating disorder programs and categorized by DSM-5. Treatment modalities need to be further evaluated to assess for more global aspects of recovery.
Heterodimerization of Type A and B Cholecystokinin Receptors Enhance Signaling and Promote Cell Growth

Dimerization of several G protein-coupled receptors has recently been described, but little is known about its clinical and functional relevance. Cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin are structurally related gastrointestinal and neuronal peptides whose functions are mediated by two structurally related receptors in this superfamily, the type A and B CCK receptors. We previously demonstrated spontaneous homodimerization of type A CCK receptors and the dissociation of those complexes by agonist occupation (Cheng, Z. J., and Miller, L. J. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 48040-48047). Here, for the first time, we also demonstrate spontaneous homodimerization of type B CCK receptors, as well as heterodimerization of that receptor with the type A CCK receptor. Unlike type A CCK receptor dimers, the homodimerization of type B CCK receptors was not affected by ligand occupation. However, although heterodimers of type A and B CCK receptors bound natural agonists normally, they exhibited unusual functional and regulatory characteristics. Such complexes demonstrated enhanced agonist-stimulated cellular signaling and delayed agonist-induced receptor internalization. As a likely consequence, agonist-stimulated cell growth was markedly enhanced in cells simultaneously expressing both of these receptors. Our results provide the first evidence that heterodimerization of G protein-coupled receptors can form a more "powerful" signaling unit, which has potential clinical significance in promoting cell growth.
Perfectionism in Pediatric Anxiety and Depressive Disorders

Although perfectionism has been identified as a factor in many psychiatric disorders across the life span, it is relatively understudied in pediatric anxiety and depressive disorders. Furthermore, there exists little cohesion among previous research, restricting the conclusions that can be made across studies. In this review, research associating perfectionism with pediatric anxiety and depression is examined and a framework is presented synthesizing research to date. We focus on detailing the current understanding of how perfectionism develops and interacts with other developmental features characteristic of anxiety and depression in children and potential pathways that result in anxiety and depressive disorders. This includes: how perfectionism is measured in children, comparisons with relevant adult literature, the development of perfectionism in children and adolescents, mediators and moderators of the link between perfectionism and anxiety and depression, and the role of perfectionism in treatment and prevention of these disorders. We also present research detailing perfectionism across cultures. Findings from these studies are beginning to implicate perfectionism as an underlying process that may contribute broadly to the development of anxiety and depression in a pediatric population. Throughout the review, difficulties, limitations, and gaps in the current understanding are presented while offering suggestions for future research.
Alkaloids of some Mexican Zanthoxylum species

Abstract Two new 4-quinazolone alkaloids have been isolated from seed husks of Zanthoxylum arborescens . Based on their spectroscopic properties they have been assigned structures, 1-methyl-3-(2′-phenylethyl)-1H,3H-quinazoline-2,4-dione and 1-methyl-3-[2′-(4″-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-1H,3H-quinazoline-2,4-dione. These structural assignments have been confirmed by synthesis. Skimmianine has been obtained from leaf extracts of Z. dimoncillo and Z. caribaeum while skimmianine and scopeletin have been isolated from leaf extracts of Z. fagara .
Reducing the Inappropriate Use of Parenteral Nutrition in an Acute Care Teaching Hospital

Background : Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a form of nutrition that can be life-saving, but its use has inherent risks and it is expensive. Nutrition support teams have been shown to reduce both the rate of complications and excessive use of PN. Methods : Criteria were established to evaluate the appropriateness of PN use in a 487-bed community teaching hospital. A prospective study of 50 consecutive patients, who received either central or peripheral PN, was conducted. Results : The 50 patients received 469 days of PN. We found that 233 (49.7%) of the 469 days of PN were avoidable. This resulted in the creation of a formal approval process that required prior approval by a physician-directed multidisciplinary advisory committee before PN could be instituted. The amount of PN subsequently decreased from 500 patient days of PN per month to less than 100. Conclusions : This study supports the idea that inappropriate use of PN can be reduced by physician education plus the continuing oversight of a physician-directed multidisciplinary advisory group.
Proton NMR study of molecular motion in polydimethylsiloxane

Proton spin–lattice relaxation times T1 were measured for two samples of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), one with weight-average molecular weight Mw = 77,400 and the other with Mw = 609,000. Two T1 minima and a T1 discontinuity were observed for each compound. The high-temperature T1 minima were attributed to a stretching and flexing motion of the PDMS chain. Quantitative comparison of the relaxation data with a theoretical model developed for this motion allowed the activation energy, 2.3 kcal/mole, and the maximum angular displacement of the methyl group symmetry axis to be determined. The latter was found to be 31°, independent of sample molecular weight. The low-temperature minima were ascribed to methyl reorientation with an activation energy of 1.6 kcal/mole. The T1 discontinuities were attributed to melting and allowed the degree of crystallinity to be estimated.
A Perceptual View of Attribution Theoretical and Methodological Implications

In contrast to the prevailing cognitive emphasis, a perceptual view of attribution is proposed. This view maintains that attributions are often perceptually' based and endorses a paradigm in which subjects observe dynamic events directly. Three illustrative applications are reviewed-individual differences in attributions, the behavioral cues on which attributions are based, and the development of attribution processes. The heuristic advantages of this alternative view of attribution are discussed.
The last hurrah: The 2004 Ukrainian presidential elections and the limits of machine politics

Abstract This paper considers Ukrainian politics from 1994 to 2004 (the term of Leonid Kuchma's presidency) from the standpoint of “machine politics.” Many authors have argued that Ukraine and other post-Soviet states have combined elections with partly authoritarian regimes. The concept of machine politics, applied in this paper, helps explain how they do it. The paper then considers how and why the Kuchma machine collapsed in the “Orange Revolution” of 2004, and the comparative lessons of the Ukrainian experience.
Factual palliation with femoropopliteal bypass for salvage.

Abstract Sixty-seven patients undergoing femoropopliteal bypass for salvage are examined. Salvage procedures were initially successfully in 75% of these selected patients. Hospital mortality was 12%; and 44% sustained a significant complication. At 2 yr, nearly 25% of all patients operated upon had died. At 2 yr, 40% of the survivors had required amputation. At 2 yr, with an accumulated graft patency of 58%, only 34% of the initial group were alive with a viable extremity. Operative candidacy mus be determined by preexisting disease, arteriographic findings and predicted palliative benefits, rather than predicted graft patency.
Mechanical characterization of surface micromachined microneedle array

This paper will report on the mechanical characterization of hollow metallic microneedles. The characterization will include the affects of design variations on the buckling and penetration force of these microneedles, and on the fluid flow characteristics. Needles of five different tip geometry and three different taper angles were designed. The taper angle varies between 15/spl deg/ and 30/spl deg/. The lengths of the needle shaft tested were 500 /spl mu/m, 1000 /spl mu/m and 1500 /spl mu/m respectively. Microneedles were fabricated using an extension of the work reported earlier. A simple horizontal loading set up consisting of a load cell and a micromanipulator was designed. A rigid orthogonal surface was used in order to study the buckling force, while a mechanically "skin-like" material was used to determine the penetration force. The buckling force was found to vary between 54 gF and 100 gF for needles with shaft lengths of 1500 and 500 /spl mu/m, respectively. The penetration force was found to be independent of shaft length and was approximately 8 gF. While the needle tips with 15/spl deg/ taper angle failed, the needles with 20/spl deg/ taper angle performed better but experienced a 50% tip failure rate. The flow rate of the microneedles was characterized over a range of 0 - 100 psi using distilled water and air as the fluid media.
Genetic testing for Alzheimer's disease: Impact on health behaviors

The REVEAL (Risk Evaluation and Education for Alzheimer's Disease) study provides APOE genotype disclosure to first degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individuals who test positive for the E4 allele of APOE are at increased risk of developing AD, but little is known about whether people would alter their health behaviors based on this information. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that participants who are E4 positive will be more likely than those who are E4 negative to make medication, diet, and mental and physical exercise changes that they believe relevant to the prevention of AD. This information will guide the development of support and counseling interventions for persons with genetic risk for AD.
Motion tracking and radionuclide imaging

PET and SPECT provide important functional and biochemical information about a patient's health. However, the typical nuclear medicine study requires lengthy acquisition times during which involuntary patient motion can lead to blurring in the radionuclide image. It is therefore important to be able to track and compensate for this motion, and to understand the relationship between internal organ motion/deformation and the motion of an externally observable structure such as the skin. Optical motion tracking (using a Polaris camera and passive markers) and MRI were used to characterize patient respiratory movement and generate models of respiratory-induced motion. These data were also used in SPECT imaging simulations to model the effects of realistic respiratory motion on nuclear medicine images. These studies should be useful for informing numerical, dynamic models of human anatomy and understanding the system specifications required for functional image-guided therapies.
Role Category Questionnaire measures of cognitive complexity: Reliability and comparability of alternative forms

The measure of cognitive complexity (construct differentiation) based on the standard two‐peer version of Crockett's Role Category Questionnaire (RCQ) was found to have high four‐week test‐retest reliability under conditions of either strict enforcement of a time limit for completion of the RCQ ("timed” version) or no such enforcement ("untimed"). Additionally, for subjects who completed both a timed and an untimed version at a four‐week interval (with order varied), the correlation of timed and untimed differentiation scores was high.
Development of Growth Hormone Secretagogues

The GH secretagogues (GHS) were developed by reverse pharmacology. The objective was to develop small molecules with pharmacokinetics suitable for once-daily oral administration that would rejuvenate the GH/IGF-I axis. Neither the receptor nor the ligand that controlled pulse amplitude of hormone release was known; therefore, identification of lead structures was based on function. I reasoned that GH pulse amplitude could be increased by four possible mechanisms: 1) increasing GHRH release; 2) amplifying GHRH signaling in somatotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland; 3) reducing somatostatin release; and 4) antagonizing somatostatin receptor signaling. Remarkably, the GHS act through all four mechanisms to reproduce a young adult physiological GH profile in elderly subjects that was accompanied by increased bone mineral density and lean mass, modest improvements in strength, and improved recovery from hip fracture. Furthermore, restoration of thymic function was induced in old mice. The GHS receptor (GHS-R) was subsequently identified by expression cloning and found to be a previously unknown G protein-coupled receptor expressed predominantly in brain, pituitary gland, and pancreas. Reverse pharmacology was completed when the cloned GHS-R was exploited to identify an endogenous agonist (ghrelin) and a partial agonist (adenosine); ghsr-knockout mice studies confirmed that GHS are ghrelin mimetics.
A clinician's guide to the ABCs of cardiovascular disease prevention: the Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease and American College of Cardiology Cardiosource Approach to the Million Hearts Initiative

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide. Fortunately, it is often preventable with early adoption of lifestyle modification, prevention of risk factor onset, and aggressive treatment of existing risk factors. The Million Hearts Initiative is an effort by the Centers for Disease Control that aims to prevent 1 million myocardial infarctions and strokes over the next 5 years. As part of this initiative, we present a simply organized “ABCDE” approach for guiding a consistent comprehensive approach to managing cardiovascular risk in daily clinical practice. ABCDE stands for assessment of risk, antiplatelet therapy, blood pressure management, cholesterol management, cigarette/tobacco cessation, diet and weight management, diabetes prevention and treatment, and exercise, interventions regularly used to reduce cardiovascular (CV) risk. Throughout this article we summarize recommendations related to each topic and reference landmark trials and data that support our approach. We believe that the ABCDE approach will be the core framework for addressing CV risk in our effort to prevent CVD.
Use of Survey Data to Estimate Economic Value and Regional Economic Effects of Fishery Improvements

Abstract This paper demonstrates a straightforward, survey-based approach that allows fisheries economists and managers to go beyond acquiring just a snapshot of current economic value and regional economic effects to estimate how angler use, benefits, and regional effects (e.g., tourism jobs) would increase with increases in the number or size of fish caught. This is performed by linking responses from intended visitation questions to contingent valuation and input–output models. In a case study of the Snake River in Idaho and Wyoming, I determined that for a 100% increase in angler catch, angler use would increase by 64.5% and would create a corresponding increase in annual economic value and jobs. A similar relationship was found for increases in the size of fish caught.
Modeling the speed of text entry with a word prediction interface

This study analyzes user performance of text entry tasks with word prediction by applying modeling techniques developed in the field of human-computer interaction. Fourteen subjects transcribed text with and without a word prediction feature for seven test sessions. Eight subjects were able-bodied and used mouthstick typing, while six subjects bad high-level spinal cord injuries and used their usual method of keyboard access. Use of word prediction decreased text generation rate for the spinal cord injured subjects and only modestly enhanced it for the able-bodied subjects. This suggests that the cognitive cost of using word prediction had a major impact on the performance of these subjects. Performance was analyzed in more detail by deriving subjects' times for keypress and list search actions during word prediction use. All subjects had slower keypress times during word prediction use as compared to letters-only typing, and spinal cord injured subjects had much slower list search times than able-bodied subjects. These parameter values were used in a two-parameter model to simulate subjects' word entry times during word prediction use, with an average model error of 16%. These simulation results are an encouraging first step toward demonstrating the ability of analytical models to represent user performance with word prediction. >
K X-ray transition energies for first row atoms and ions

Abstract X-ray energies are computed using screened, hydrogenic Slater integrals for all configurations [(1 s l 2 s m 2 p n ) with l = 0 and 1, m = 0, 1, and 2, and n = 1 through Z-4] of all ionization stages of the elements boron through neon. The results include diagram lines, satellite lines, hypersatellite lines, and two-electron, one-photon lines. Excellent agreement is found between these results and those found by the Hartree-Fock-Slater method. In addition, X-ray energies associated with the spin-orbit forbidden decay of n = 2 three-electron quartet terms and four-electron quintet terms are calculated for the elements beryllium through neon. These results agree closely with those found by 1/ Z perturbation theory.
Dynamique culturelle et service social des groupes. Pratique clinique en milieux multiculturels

Face aux changements majeurs que connait notre demographie, comment pouvons-nous assurer la pertinence culturelle du service social des groupes aupres des differentes populations auxquelles il s'adresse ? Le present expose propose une conception du service social des groupes qui tient compte du sens profond et de la nature unique de la vie dans nos milieux multiculturels. Il traite de questions relatives aux differences culturelles et a l'acculturation en termes d'impacts majeurs sur le bien-etre psychologique et social des gens. L'article decrit quatre volets de la pratique du service social des groupes : le traitement et le support; l'education et la prevention; la defense des droits de la personne; l'accroissement du pouvoir des individus. Cette approche de l'intervention de groupe constitue une facon de repenser le service social des groupes en fonction de la croissance du multiculturalisme.
Quantitative Indices of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP) Dependence During Post-Infarction Cardiogenic Shock

In an attempt to quantitate intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) dependence and differentiate retrievable post-infarction cardiogenic shock situations, thirty-five patients were analyzed in regard to age, duration of IABP support, and hemodynamic performance. Survivors were younger than non-survivors (P 250 hours), there was a 100% mortality. IABP dependence was best recognized by time-course trajectory plots of cardiac index versus systemic vascular resistance. Three trends were observed. All patients who improved to Class A (CIgt; 2.1 L/min/m2, SVR 2100 dynes sec cm-5) expired early despite IABP support and were considered irretrievable. This study suggests that post-infarction cardiogenic shock IABP-dependence can be quantitated to a certain degree. Post-infarction IABP-dependent patients are relatively young (40–55), do not expire during the first 50 hours of IABP support, neither improve nor deteriorate during the second 50 hours of support, and remain in Class B for 7–10 days without the occurrence of life-threatening ventricular dysrhythmias. In such situations, sufficient time may be available for cardiac catheterization to determine the appropriateness of subsequent operative interventions.
Hyperconjugative Interactions in Permethylated Siloxanes and Ethers: The Nature of the SiO Bond

The paradoxically low basicity (despite high anionicity) of oxygen in the characteristic Si-O-Si linkages of silicone polymers is investigated with hybrid density functional and natural bond orbital (NBO) computational methods, extending a previous study of idealized disiloxane and dimethyl ether parent species to fully methylated derivatives that more faithfully model the silicone polymers of industrial and environmental importance. Despite the complicating distortions of the sterically crowded di-t-butyl ether "analog", the physical picture of enhanced hyperconjugative (resonance-type) delocalization in Si-O vs C-O bonding is essentially preserved (and indeed accentuated) in permethylated species. NBO-based orbital overlap diagrams are employed in conjunction with structural, hybridization, and polarity descriptors to illustrate the subtle phase-matching relationships that confer superior enthalpic and entropic stability (and low basicity) on permethylated Si-O-Si linkages. Our results challenge both ionic models of Si-O bonding and conventional electrostatic-type models of H-bonding and acid-base reactivity.
Graphene-based wireless bacteria detection on tooth enamel

Direct interfacing of nanosensors onto biomaterials could impact health quality monitoring and adaptive threat detection. Graphene is capable of highly sensitive analyte detection due to its nanoscale nature. Here we show that graphene can be printed onto water-soluble silk. This in turn permits intimate biotransfer of graphene nanosensors onto biomaterials, including tooth enamel. The result is a fully biointerfaced sensing platform, which can be tuned to detect target analytes. For example, via self-assembly of antimicrobial peptides onto graphene, we show bioselective detection of bacteria at single-cell levels. Incorporation of a resonant coil eliminates the need for onboard power and external connections. Combining these elements yields two-tiered interfacing of peptide-graphene nanosensors with biomaterials. In particular, we demonstrate integration onto a tooth for remote monitoring of respiration and bacteria detection in saliva. Overall, this strategy of interfacing graphene nanosensors with biomaterials represents a versatile approach for ubiquitous detection of biochemical targets.
Mephitis mephitis (Striped skunk)

One pair of medium-sized submetacentrics bears a deep secondary constriction on the long arm near the centromere.
A Peptide Binding Protein Which Plays a Role in Antigen Presentation

The helper T-cell recognition of globular protein antigens appears, in general, to require the intracellular processing of the antigen such that a peptide fragment containing the T-cell’s antigenic determinant is released, is transported to and held on the surface of an Ia expressing cell. However, the molecular details underlying these phenomena are largely unknown.
Self-photosensitization of nonphotosynthetic bacteria for solar-to-chemical production

Improving natural photosynthesis can enable the sustainable production of chemicals. However, neither purely artificial nor purely biological approaches seem poised to realize the potential of solar-to-chemical synthesis. We developed a hybrid approach, whereby we combined the highly efficient light harvesting of inorganic semiconductors with the high specificity, low cost, and self-replication and -repair of biocatalysts. We induced the self-photosensitization of a nonphotosynthetic bacterium, Moorella thermoacetica, with cadmium sulfide nanoparticles, enabling the photosynthesis of acetic acid from carbon dioxide. Biologically precipitated cadmium sulfide nanoparticles served as the light harvester to sustain cellular metabolism. This self-augmented biological system selectively produced acetic acid continuously over several days of light-dark cycles at relatively high quantum yields, demonstrating a self-replicating route toward solar-to-chemical carbon dioxide reduction.
On the Variance of Antithetic Time Series

Combining antithetic time series is used to reduce model fitted and forecast mean square error ( MSE ). This is accomplished by removing the component of error that represents bias. The potential to reduce error is a function of variance in the time series. The greater the variance the greater is the potential for error reduction. But, the greater the variance the less is the efficacy of reversing correlation and combining antithetic time series. The percentage reduction in MSE increases with variance up to a limit then reduces.
10.16 Evolution of Coastal Landforms

The coastal systems of the modern globe have evolved over a geologically short time – only about the last ten thousand years. The main influences on coastal evolution include sea level change, sediment availability, and coastal processes, predominantly wave climate and tidal conditions. The tectonic setting of the coast is also a significant factor in that it controls the structural and geomorphic setting. Delta systems develop primarily on trailing edge coasts because of sediment supply and a broad shallow shelf. Estuarine and barrier/inlet systems follow a similar pattern with extensive systems on trailing edge coasts and small ones on leading edge coasts. The rate of sea level rise over the period of the last deglaciation has been extremely important in coastal evolution. A rapid rise severely limits the time necessary for an extensive coastal system to develop, whereas a slow rise or stable sea level permits the development of an extensive coastal system, all other factors being equal.
Inner-loop reference governors: Placing reference governors inside the control loop by using passivity

We consider a reference governor placed inside a control loop. This inner-loop reference governor modifies the tracking error and not the reference command as in the case of the conventional, outer-loop reference governor. We derive conditions under which the reference governor is passive or exhibits a small lack of passivity. Utilizing these properties, we design an inner-loop reference governor algorithm for constraint enforcement and show that it exhibits similar properties to the outer-loop reference governor. We also derive limits on the rate of change of the reference input to guarantee recursive feasibility. An example is presented.
Big Data and the Regulation of Financial Markets

The development of computational data science techniques in natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) algorithms to analyze large and complex textual information opens new avenues to study intricate processes, such as government regulation of financial markets, at a scale unimaginable even a few years ago. This paper develops scalable NLP and ML algorithms (classification, clustering and ranking methods) that automatically classify laws into various codes/labels, rank feature sets based on use case, and induce best structured representation of sentences for various types of computational analysis. The results provide standardized coding labels of policies to assist regulators to better understand how key policy features impact financial markets.
A NOTE ON δθ–REFINABLE SPACES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a note on δθ-refinable spaces. A space X is defined to be δθ-refinable provided every open covering has an open refinement V = u {(Vi: ɛ N} such that for each p ɛ X, there exists some i (p) ɛ N such that 0 < ord (p, Vi (p) )and each Vi covers X. If V covers X but each Vi is not required to cover X, then the space is said to be weakly δθ-refinable. If it is required that each point is covered by only a finite number of the levels Vi, then the space is called weak δθ-refinable. The natural numbers are denoted by N. For a collection of sets G and a point p, ord (p, G) will denote the cardinality of the collection of sets G such that p ɛ G. The set of points of countable order with respect to a collection of open sets may fail to be closed even in a compact space.
Bilateral syringomatous adenomas of the nipple: Case report with immunohistochemical characterization of a rare tumor mimicking malignancy.

Objectives Syringomatous adenoma of the nipple (SAN) is a rare benign infiltrative neoplasm that may be confused with low-grade breast carcinomas. We report the case of 71-year-old woman with a fungating left breast mass and subareolar calcifications in the contralateral breast. Methods Histomorphologic features were evaluated with standard H&E-stained sections. Both lesions were also evaluated by immunohistochemistry for further characterization. A literature review was performed to place the current case in context relative to previous observations. Results Both lesions were infiltrating syringomatous adenomas, confirmed by detailed immunohistochemical analyses, which also provided new evidence for the putative sweat duct origin for these tumors. The debated presence of myoepithelial cells in these lesions was newly and convincingly supported in this study by strong diffuse immunostaining of the outer cell layer of the tubules for smooth muscle myosin, cytokeratin 34bE12, cytokeratin 5/6, and p63. Previous reports describing similar detailed immunophenotypical characterization of these uncommon tumors are lacking. Conclusions To our knowledge, this case represents only the second reported patient with bilateral SAN and the first such case to be reported in the pathology literature.
The Ecological Validity of Clinical Tests of Visuospatial Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Little is known about the relation between measures of visuospatial function and daily functioning in community-dwelling older adults. The current study addresses this gap in the literature. Forty individuals with mean (SD) age and education of 78.4 (7.5) and 11.9 (2.6) years, respectively, completed a battery of neuropsychological measures including traditional tests of visuospatial function, a test of visuospatial function with verisimilitude, and performance-based measures of global daily functioning and visuospatial daily functioning. Unlike previous studies, statistical analyses directly evaluated the magnitude of the correlations between cognitive tests and daily functioning. Results indicated that all visuospatial measures significantly correlated with both measures of daily functioning (rs = .34-.59). Although the measure designed with verisimilitude was not significantly better than the traditional visuospatial measures at predicting daily functioning, it did account for significant variance beyond that accounted for by the other tests, supporting its incremental validity.
Mutation Causing Blue Eyes and Transparent Pupal Cuticle in Colias eurytheme (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

A blue-eyed phenotype of Colias eurytheme Boisduval appeared within a normally green-eyed laboratory population. A transparent pupal cuticle was invariably associated with the blue-eyed phenotype rather than the typical yellowish brown of the wild phenotype. Genetic analyses of pedigree data showed that blue eye color is probably inherited as a single recessive autosomal allele. It seems likely that the blue allele prevents production of a yellow pigment that normally colors the pupal cuticle and generates green eye color when in combination with underlying blue. Mating success and female fecundity did not seem to be pleiotropically affected by eye color under laboratory conditions. However, indirect evidence suggests that the fitness of homozygous blue larvae may be lower than that of heterozygotes.
Net Nitrogen Mineralization in Boreal Fens: A Potential Performance Indicator for Peatland Reclamation

The Sandhill Fen reclamation watershed, commissioned by Syncrude Canada Ltd., is the first attempt to reclaim a self-sustaining peat-forming wetland on a previously mined area. Here, we quantified ...
Some Morphological Investigations on an Absorbable Copolyester Biomaterial Based on Glycolic and Lactic Acid

Some morphological studies were carried out on a physiologically absorbable copolyester material. While this material has been utilized as a suture material under the trade name of VicrylR and possesses the potential for utilization in other biomaterial devices such as controlled drug release matrices, little information is available on its morphological state. Specifically the details of the crystalline morphological textures and their variation with thermal history was the primary topic of interest for this study. A chemical etching methodology was developed for purposes of enhancing structural details of this semicrystalline material. By using a refined hydrolysis procedure, the amorphous phase can be preferentially degraded and removed thereby enhancing the details of the underlying crystalline morphology. The particular work presented here focuses on studies that have utilized specially prepared spherulitic films of this copolymer. The results emphasize structural details of partially spherulitic films as well as totally spherulitic films possessing different thermal histories. In addition, these same chemical etching procedures were used to investigate the uniaxial and biaxially deformation of these spherulitic superstructures. It is suggested that similar methodology might well be utilized for investigating similar hydrolizable polyester biomaterials for purposes of structural investigations.
Opiate-Like Materials in the Adrenal Medulla: Evidence for Storage and Secretion with Catecholamines

Opiate-like materials, as measured by the radioreceptor assay, were found in the adrenal gland of 7 mammalian species including man. The opiate-like materials are confined to the adrenal medulla, and followed a pattern identical to catecholamines on differential and isopycnic centrifugation. In the isolated perfused dog adrenal gland, acetylcholine stimulates a Ca2+-dependent secretion of opiate-like materials and catecholamines in the same molar ratio as they are stored within the chromaffin cell. Ba2+ also stimulates the secretion of both products from the adrenal gland. Separation of the opiate-like materials by Sephadex G-50 and reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography indicates the presence of four peaks of opiate-like materials of molecular weights below 2,000. Two of these peaks comigrate in these systems with authentic met- and leu-enkephalins and react with the corresponding antibodies. These results indicate that enkephalins and other low molecular weight opiate-like materials are stored in and secreted from the chromaffin vesicles with catecholamines in the adrenal glands. These findings support a role for enkephalins as neurotransmitters and/or neurohormones. Also, they suggest that enkephalins and other opiate-like materials may exert important neuroendocrine functions outside the central nervous system.
Considerations of the Structure and Function of Carboxypeptidase A

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structure and function of carboxypeptidase A. The enzyme, carboxypeptidase A, occurs in the exocellular secretions of bovine and canine pancreas as procarboxypeptidase, which is the zymogen for carboxy-peptidase as well as for an endopeptidase. Native carboxypeptidase is a zinc metalloenzyme; removal of zinc results in a proportionate loss of metal and of enzymatic activity. Activity can be restored to the metal-free apoenzyme by the addition of zinc and certain other ions of the first transition series, which leads to the formation of various crystallizable metalloenzymes, each containing one gram atom of metal per mole of protein. Metal-free apocarboxypeptidase is indistinguishable from the native enzyme in electrophoresis, sedimentation, optical rotation and single-crystal X-ray analysis. However, it is more susceptible to denaturation and, even more significantly, it fails to bind the competitive inhibitor of the native enzyme, phenylacetate. In this regard, carboxypeptidase is similar to other metalloenzymes, such as the α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis.
A novel control algorithm for a static series synchronous compensator using a Cascaded H-bridge converter

This paper presents a novel control scheme for a Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter-based Static Series Synchronous Compensator (SSSC). The SSSC is a Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) device which is a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) connected in series with the transmission line and is primarily used for real power flow control over that transmission line. SSSCs can find applications in integration of renewable energy resources within modern power systems since they can allow transmission lines to transfer power beyond their stability limits. Further, SSSCs can be used as power oscillation damping (POD) controllers within an area. CHB-based SSSCs are advantageous as compared to conventional SSSCs since they eliminate the series transformer which usually interconnects the VSC with the transmission line. This paper proposes a DC capacitor charge-balancing algorithm for the CHB VSC specific to the SSSC operation. An eleven-level CHB-based SSSC was implemented in PSCAD along with the proposed voltage-balancing algorithms and its performance was evaluated in controlling real power flow along the transmission line.
Immunosuppression via Loss of IL2rγ Enhances Long-Term Functional Integration of hESC-Derived Photoreceptors in the Mouse Retina

Loss of photoreceptors is a common endpoint in degenerative retinal diseases. Human pluripotent stem cells provide a potential source for photoreceptor replacement, but, even in mouse models, the efficiency and efficacy of transplantation-based repair remains poor. In this study, we examined the degree to which immune rejection contributes to these disappointing outcomes using an immunodeficient IL2 receptor γ (IL2rγ)-null mouse model. Our results show that prevention of cell rejection in the normal and degenerating retinal environment significantly improves long-term survival and integration of hESC-derived donor retinal cells. Transplanted cells are able to differentiate into mature photoreceptors expressing various opsins and can functionally integrate into congenitally blind mice. Our work suggests that even though the retina is often considered immune-privileged, suppression of host immune-mediated cell rejection may well be a useful approach for improving long-term integration of transplanted cells with a view to successful clinical outcomes.
Analyzing neighborhoods of falsifying traces in cyber-physical systems

We study the problem of analyzing falsifying traces of cyber-physical systems. Specifically, given a system model and an input which is a counterexample to a property of interest, we wish to understand which parts of the inputs are "responsible" for the counterexample as a whole. Whereas this problem is well known to be hard to solve precisely, we provide an approach based on learning from repeated simulations of the system under test.Our approach generalizes the classic concept of "one-at-a-time" sensitivity analysis used in the risk and decision analysis community to understand how inputs to a system influence a property in question. Specifically, we pose the problem as one of finding a neighborhood of inputs that contains the falsifying counterexample in question, such that each point in this neighborhood corresponds to a falsifying input with a high probability. We use ideas from statistical hypothesis testing to infer and validate such neighborhoods from repeated simulations of the system under test. This approach not only helps to understand the sensitivity of these counterexamples to various parts of the inputs, but also generalizes or widens the given counterexample by returning a neighborhood of counterexamples around it.We demonstrate our approach on a series of increasingly complex examples from automotive and closed loop medical device domains. We also compare our approach against related techniques based on regression and machine learning.
Progressive and Reversible Conduction Disease With Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Novel antineoplastic therapies are focused on harnessing our own immune system to fight cancer. To that end, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 and programmed death ligand 1 are 2 coinhibitory signals that play central roles in decreasing T-cell response and represent a class of medications termed "checkpoint inhibitors." We present an unusual case of progressive conduction abnormalities induced by checkpoint inhibitors. Prompt medical intervention resulted in full recovery. Despite the anticancer efficacy, the newer antineoplastic agents pose a significant and often life-threatening risk of cardiotoxicity.
Molecular Features of the Interaction of Colchicine and Related Structures with Tubulin

Colchicine is one of the oldest known antimicrotubule drugs. It exerts its biological effects by binding to a single site on the β-subunit of the tubulin heterodimer. The resulting colchicine-tubulin complex substiochiometrically inhibits tubulin assembly and suppresses microtubule dynamics. A large number of molecules with significant structural diversity interact with the colchicine site on tubulin; literally hundreds of potential colchicine site ligands have been synthesized and tested in the hopes of finding a better clinical agent. In spite of the wealth of data, an understanding of the structure-activity relationship for these colchicine site ligands remains elusive. Colchicine site drugs are believed to act as a common mechanism, which has been studied extensively in the case of colchicine but much less studied for other ligands. In this review, the molecular mechanisms by which colchicine and closely related structures interact with tubulin are explored. Thermodynamic, kinetic, and structure-activity analyses as well as more recent structural information about the ligand-receptor complex are discussed.