cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study on the effect of directed energy deposition substrate energy on clad geometry

Directed energy deposition (DED) is an additive manufacturing (AM) process where a laser is used to fuse a metal powder onto a substrate. The powder is deposited in a layer-by-layer fashion, and each deposited track is referred to as the clad. Large thermal gradients that occur during DED can cause changes in the clad geometry as well as deformation of the substrate and final part. Thermal behavior of DED manufactured parts and mitigation of thermal distortion has been addressed in the literature, but these studies mainly focused on material properties while neglecting the effect of thermal distortion on part geometry. One of the mitigation strategies that has been widely tested and accepted is substrate preheating. This study uses analytical and experimental models to observe changes in clad geometry when energy input to the part is varied by adjusting process parameters and preheating the substrate. A method to quantify substrate energy, or the amount of heat energy the substrate holds, is found as well as a relationship between the substrate energy and clad geometry. The geometry of the clad can be controlled by controlling the total energy added to the clad.
A Preclinical safety study of thyroid hormone instilled into the lungs of healthy rats - an investigational therapy for ARDS.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe, life threatening form of respiratory failure characterized by pulmonary edema, inflammation, and hypoxemia due to reduced alveolar fluid clearance (AFC). Alveolar fluid clearance is required for recovery and effective gas exchange, and higher rates of AFC are associated with reduced mortality. Thyroid hormones play multiple roles in lung function, and L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) has multiple effects on lung AT2 cells. T3 enhances AFC in normal adult rat lungs when administered intramuscularly and in normal or hypoxia-injured lungs when given intratracheally. The safety of a commercially available formulation of liothyronine sodium (synthetic T3) administered intratracheally was assessed in an IND-enabling toxicology study in healthy rats. Instillation of the commercial formulation of T3 without modification rapidly caused tracheal injury and often mortality. Intratracheal instillation of T3 that was reformulated and brought to a neutral pH at the maximum feasible dose of 2.73 µg T3 in 300 µL for five consecutive days had no clinically relevant T3-related adverse clinical, histopathologic or clinical pathology findings. There were no unscheduled deaths that could be attributed to the reformulated T3 or control articles, no differences in the lung weights, and no macroscopic or microscopic findings considered to be related to treatment with T3. This preclinical safety study has paved the way for a phase I/II study to determine the safety and tolerability of a T3 formulation delivered into the lungs of ARDS patients, including COVID-19-asssociated ARDS, and to measure the effect on extra-vascular lung water in these patients Significance Statement There is growing interest in treating lung disease with thyroid hormone (T3) in pulmonary edema and ARDS. However, there is not any published experience on the impact of direct administration of T3 into the lung. An essential step is to determine the and safety of multiple doses of T3 administered in a relevant animal species. This study enabled FDA approval of a phase I/II clinical trial of T3 instillation in patients with ARDS, including COVID-19-asssociated ARDS (T3-ARDS ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04115514).
Being ¡Presente! An Interview with Diana Taylor by Kyle B. T. Lambelet

"What can we do when apparently nothing can be done, and doing nothing is not an option?" Theologian Kyle Lambelet and performance theorist Diana Taylor discuss the challenge and possibilities of p...
Zolian Zoology: ‘L’amour des bêtes’ and (Human-) Animal (-Machine) Ethics

A genuine investment in animal ethics pervades Emile Zola's literary production at all stages of his career, occupying a central yet often overlooked space in his moral and aesthetic thought. Situa...
Exercise-Induced Inguinal Hydrocele: An Unconventional Presentation of a Common Problem

Inguinal hernias are very common. Well-established diagnostic criteria including examination and imaging are available. Ultrasound, herniography, CT, and MR imaging can provide additional diagnostic information when examination alone is not deemed sufficient. However, decision making should not be overly dependent on imaging but must factor in all relevant information. Described here is a case that would have been a missed diagnosis and an example of unconventional documentation that facilitated the patient getting their care.
Unilateral Obstructed Müllerian Anomalies: A Series of Unusual Variants of Known Anomalies.

ABSTRACT Background Obstructed Mullerian anomalies in adolescents can be grouped into complete outflow obstruction or unilateral outflow obstruction. The challenge with unilateral obstructions is that diagnosis can be delayed for weeks to years, as menstruation occurs normally through the patent side and thus obstruction is often not initially considered in the differential diagnosis. Cases In this case series, we present 3 unusual and challenging cases of unilateral Mullerian obstructions in adolescent female patients, along with strategies for diagnosis and management. Each case involves a unique variation of a recognized Mullerian anomaly that was initially misdiagnosed, leading to a significant delay in definitive diagnosis and treatment. Summary and Conclusion These cases highlight that even among the well-described Mullerian anomalies, there can be unusual variations. Patients who do not respond to initial management or who develop new symptoms should be further evaluated to confirm the correct diagnosis Tools that may be helpful in making the correct diagnosis include imaging studies that use contrast dye to better delineate cavities and their connections, magnetic resonance imaging with a radiologist experienced in Mullerian anomalies, and an examination under anesthesia. A definitive diagnosis is critical to the successful management of these conditions, and individualized management plans are required for each patient depending on their specific anomaly and their preferences for treatment.
Feedlot Heat Stress Checklist

The thermo-comfort zone varies greatly for beef cattle. Young animals have a narrow comfort zone between 45 and 80°F (7.2 and 26.6°C). The comfort zone of feedlot cattle and mature cows will range from subzero temperatures in the winter to around 75°F (23.8°C) in the summer, depending on body condition, hair coat length and plane of nutrition. This wide comfort zone allows cattle to thrive under diverse climatic conditions with little or no need for shelter or protection. However, unlike humans, who can be reasonably comfortable when exposed to normal summer temperatures, feedlot cattle have difficulty coping with temperatures above 90°F (31.9°C). This is particularly true when humidity is high or wind speed is low, especially when cattle have had little or no chance to adapt to excessive heat loads.
Repetitive Negative Thinking Shared Across Rumination and Worry Predicts Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety

Rumination and worry are two types of repetitive negative thinking (RNT) that have been identified as risk factors for depression and anxiety, but it remains unclear whether the common (i.e., RNT) and/or distinct (i.e., temporal orientation and thought content) features of these thinking styles are associated with internalizing psychopathology. The goal of the current study was to represent rumination and worry with common and distinct components and test their associations to internalizing symptoms. Bifactor modeling was used to create common RNT, rumination-specific, and worry-specific factors in an emerging adult undergraduate sample (N=224) at the beginning of the academic semester. Structural equation modeling tested these factors as predictors of anhedonic depression and anxious arousal symptoms at the end of the semester. The common RNT factor was a predictor of later (but not change in) anhedonic depression and anxious arousal symptoms, while the specific factors did not show any consistent associations with either symptom dimension. These results suggest that the common process of RNT is the primary pathway through which rumination and worry are associated with risk for internalizing psychopathology. Clinical interventions that reduce RNT as a general thought process, rather than targeting specific thought content, may be effective.
A comparison of attentional neural network architectures for modeling with electronic medical records.

Objective Attention networks learn an intelligent weighted averaging mechanism over a series of entities, providing increases to both performance and interpretability. In this article, we propose a novel time-aware transformer-based network and compare it to another leading model with similar characteristics. We also decompose model performance along several critical axes and examine which features contribute most to our model's performance. Materials and methods Using data sets representing patient records obtained between 2017 and 2019 by the Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States medical system, we construct four attentional models with varying levels of complexity on two targets (patient mortality and hospitalization). We examine how incorporating transfer learning and demographic features contribute to model success. We also test the performance of a model proposed in recent medical modeling literature. We compare these models with out-of-sample data using the area under the receiver-operator characteristic (AUROC) curve and average precision as measures of performance. We also analyze the attentional weights assigned by these models to patient diagnoses. Results We found that our model significantly outperformed the alternative on a mortality prediction task (91.96% AUROC against 73.82% AUROC). Our model also outperformed on the hospitalization task, although the models were significantly more competitive in that space (82.41% AUROC against 80.33% AUROC). Furthermore, we found that demographic features and transfer learning features which are frequently omitted from new models proposed in the EMR modeling space contributed significantly to the success of our model. Discussion We proposed an original construction of deep learning electronic medical record models which achieved very strong performance. We found that our unique model construction outperformed on several tasks in comparison to a leading literature alternative, even when input data was held constant between them. We obtained further improvements by incorporating several methods that are frequently overlooked in new model proposals, suggesting that it will be useful to explore these options further in the future.
Integration with 3D Visualization and IoT-Based Sensors for Real-Time Structural Health Monitoring.

Real-time monitoring on displacement and acceleration of a structure provides vital information for people in different applications such as active control and damage warning systems. Recent developments of the Internet of Things (IoT) and client-side web technologies enable a wireless microcontroller board with sensors to process structural-related data in real-time and to interact with servers so that end-users can view the final processed results of the servers through a browser in a computer or a mobile phone. Unlike traditional structural health monitoring (SHM) systems that deliver warnings based on peak acceleration of earthquake, we built a real-time SHM system that converts raw sensor results into movements and rotations on the monitored structure’s three-dimensional (3D) model. This unique approach displays the overall structural dynamic movements directly from measured displacement data, rather than using force analysis, such as finite element analysis, to predict the displacement statically. As an application to our research outcomes, patterns of movements related to its structure type can be collected for further cross-validating the results derived from the traditional stress-strain analysis. In this work, we overcome several challenges that exist in displaying the 3D effects in real-time. From our proposed algorithm that converts the global displacements into element’s local movements, our system can calculate each element’s (e.g., column’s, beam’s, and floor’s) rotation and displacement at its local coordinate while the sensor’s monitoring result only provides displacements at the global coordinate. While we consider minimizing the overall sensor usage costs and displaying the essential 3D movements at the same time, a sensor deployment method is suggested. To achieve the need of processing the enormous amount of sensor data in real-time, we designed a novel structure for saving sensor data, where relationships among multiple sensor devices and sensor’s spatial and unique identifier can be presented. Moreover, we built a sensor device that can send the monitoring data via wireless network to the local server or cloud so that the SHM web can integrate what we develop altogether to show the real-time 3D movements. In this paper, a 3D model is created according to a two-story structure to demonstrate the SHM system functionality and validate our proposed algorithm.
Asymmetric and adaptive reward coding via normalized reinforcement learning

Learning is widely modeled in psychology, neuroscience, and computer science by prediction error-guided reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. While standard RL assumes linear reward functions, reward-related neural activity is a saturating, nonlinear function of reward; however, the computational and behavioral implications of nonlinear RL are unknown. Here, we show that nonlinear RL incorporating the canonical divisive normalization computation introduces an intrinsic and tunable asymmetry in prediction error coding. At the behavioral level, this asymmetry explains empirical variability in risk preferences typically attributed to asymmetric learning rates. At the neural level, diversity in asymmetries provides a computational mechanism for recently proposed theories of distributional RL, allowing the brain to learn the full probability distribution of future rewards. This behavioral and computational flexibility argues for an incorporation of biologically valid value functions in computational models of learning and decision-making.
Direct Visualization of the Movement of the Monomeric Axonal Transport Motor UNC-104 along Neuronal Processes in Living Caenorhabditis elegans

The formation and function of axons depends on the microtubule-based transport of cellular components from their sites of synthesis in the neuronal cell body to their sites of utilization at the axon terminus. To directly visualize this axonal transport in a living organism, we constructed transgenic lines ofCaenorhabditis elegans that express green fluorescent protein fused to the monomeric synaptic vesicle transport motor, UNC-104. This UNC-104:: GFP construct rescued the Unc-104 mutant phenotype and was expressed throughout the nervous system. Using time-lapse confocal fluorescence microscopy, we were able to visualize fluorescent motor proteins moving in both directions along neuronal processes, some of which were identified definitely as axons and others as dendrites. Using kymograph analysis, we followed the movement of >900 particles. Most of them moved in one direction, but not necessarily at the same velocity. Ten percent of the observed particles reversed direction of movement during the period of observation, and 10% exhibited periods of movement interspersed with pauses. During episodes of persistent movement, particles moved at an average velocity of 1.02 μm/sec, which is close to the in vitrovelocity of microtubule gliding driven by purified monomeric kinesin at high motor density. To our knowledge, this is the first direct visualization and analysis of the movement of specifically labeled microtubule motor proteins along axons in vivo.
The kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions with two or more substrates or products. II. Inhibition: nomenclature and theory.

Abstract A nomenclature is proposed to describe different types of inhibitions of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, particularly for reactions with more than one substrate and product. The rate equations for such inhibitions are discussed, as are methods for distinguishing between the various types of inhibition and obtaining inhibition and kinetic constants from experimental data. Several examples are given of the type of information that can be obtained from inhibition studies.
Improving OB/GYN anatomy education through nesting interactive and clinically relevant anatomical sciences E-modules in the curriculum (343.6)

Several studies have shown deficits in anatomical knowledge when students start their clinical rotations. Previous data from our study of students entering the Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN) clerkship revealed weaknesses in knowledge of vascular anatomy, lymphatic anatomy, neuroanatomy, and embryology. The goal of this study was to design, implement, and evaluate an interactive method of teaching clinically relevant anatomy to students in the OB/GYN clerkship. This was accomplished through the use of two educational models, designed using principles of adult-learning: 1) E-modules were created using Camtasia, software that incorporates media and on-screen recording. These modules highlighted clinically relevant anatomical topics (e.g., uterine anatomy/hysterectomy), and included an assessment of baseline knowledge, an interactive learning session, and post-activity evaluations. 2) Hands-on gross lab sessions were also developed to reflect the content of the e-modules, and included model building and p...
The Mark IV VLBI Data-Acquisition and Correlation System

Modern VLBI observations for both astronomy and geodesy continue to demand the utmost in sensitivity. Of the methods potentially available for increasing the sensitivity of continuum VLBI observations, increasing the recorded bandwidth is generally the most cost effective.
Results from the investigations on leaking electricity in the USA

The rapid proliferation of electronic devices, which are consuming electricity in the standby mode or when they are switched “off’ , has created a new category of electricity consumption. There are several names for this category, including “standby use”, “minimum use” , and “leaking electricity” . While “standby use” is technically more accurate, the expression “leaking electricity” is rapidly gaining popularity because it is easy to understand. Leaking electricity is a global phenomenon because the largest “leakers” are internationally-traded appliances, such as televisions, audio equipment and cordless telephones.
Optional student use of online lecture resources : resource preferences, performance and lecture attendance

Abstract One of the most common uses of a course management system in the on-campus environment is to offer lecture resources to students. Few researchers have investigated how students use such resources. This study considers student use of lecture resources that offer a representation of the lecture presented (i.e. lecture outline, lecture summary, audio recording) and the relationship of the use of such resources to examination performance and attendance. The present research is argued to be an extension of research that investigated the benefits of providing students instructor notes conducted some 30 years ago. The Internet provides a practical way to apply some of these ideas and to collect data on the reaction of students to the opportunity to view lecture resources. Students made very little use of the audio recordings. We suggest audio recordings may be regarded by students as less efficient and less useful than text-based lecture summaries. The use of online lecture resources, lecture attendance, and examination performance were positively related. For one of three examinations, there was a significant negative interaction of note use and attendance in predicting examination performance providing some support for the hypothesis that students may be able to successfully compensate by viewing online lecture resources when unable to attend class. Because students in this study were not asked to explain their use of these resources, the present findings are regarded as speculative. However, given the interests of many practitioners in providing students lecture resources, the descriptive data and the relationships observed here encourage additional investigation.
Management of human papillomavirus–related unknown primaries of the head and neck with a transoral surgical approach

Background Amidst a rising incidence of p16-positive (p16+) oropharyngeal cancer, a significant number of cases present as regionally metastatic disease with an “unknown” primary. Preliminary data support transoral surgery as an effective method of primary detection/treatment. Methods An observational cohort study of 65 p16+ unknown primary patients treated with transoral surgery and neck dissection (2001–2012) was performed. Adjuvant therapy and recurrence data were collected. Kaplan–Meier estimates were computed for disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS). Results The primary detection rate was 89% (58 of 65). Five-year DSS and OS were 98% and 97% for the detected group and 100% for the undetected, respectively. Seventeen patients were treated with surgery alone. Of the 47 patients receiving adjuvant therapy, radiation to the pharynx was spared in 36. Conclusion The transoral approach was highly effective for the diagnosis and treatment of the p16+ unknown primary and laid the foundation for deescalated radiation by elimination of the pharyngeal field. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 1603–1611, 2015
NASA Instrument Cost/Schedule Model

NASA's Office of Independent Program and Cost Evaluation (IPCE) has established a number of initiatives to improve its cost and schedule estimating capabilities. 12One of these initiatives has resulted in the JPL developed NASA Instrument Cost Model. NICM is a cost and schedule estimator that contains: A system level cost estimation tool; a subsystem level cost estimation tool; a database of cost and technical parameters of over 140 previously flown remote sensing and in-situ instruments; a schedule estimator; a set of rules to estimate cost and schedule by life cycle phases (B/C/D); and a novel tool for developing joint probability distributions for cost and schedule risk (Joint Confidence Level (JCL)). This paper describes the development and use of NICM, including the data normalization processes, data mining methods (cluster analysis, principal components analysis, regression analysis and bootstrap cross validation), the estimating equations themselves and a demonstration of the NICM tool suite.
'The Sublime and the Beautiful': William Jones on Ancient Arabian Poetry

William Jones was one of the great Orientalists of all time. His academically and intellectually informed Orientalism began with his translation of ancient Arabian poetry, especially The Muallakat, which he found to be both beautiful and sublime. To him, the natural, as opposed to imitative and artificial, description of ancient Arab tribes and their tribal conflicts and loyalties, and their normal ways of life including love and duty, and horses and camels against the backdrop of a dry and dreary landscape was deeply rhapsodic and expressive. More specifically, it was the desert plains and stony Arabias that Jones found beautiful as well as sublime. Following Edmund Burke, who is credited to have popularized those aesthetic notions/categories after the middle of the 18th century, Jones, about a decade later, applied them in his study of ancient Arabian poetry containing fresh descriptions of man and nature and recommended the Eastern models including the Persian and the Indian to instill new life into what he thought was the stale and hackneyed condition of European literature.
Identity disturbance and problems with emotion regulation are related constructs across diagnoses.

Objective This study examined the relation between identity disturbance and emotion dysregulation in a cross-diagnostic sample. We assessed whether these constructs are related and relevant beyond borderline personality disorder (BPD). Method We recruited 127 participants who completed measures assessing identity disturbance, emotion dysregulation, anxiety, and depression. The sample included primarily depressed adults meeting criteria for multiple diagnoses as well as psychiatrically healthy participants. Results Identity disturbance was significantly higher among psychiatric participants with and without BPD compared to healthy controls. Emotion dysregulation was a significant predictor of identity disturbance, even when controlling for BPD diagnosis, depression, and anxiety. In particular, clarity in emotional situations and problems using emotion regulation strategies were most closely related to identity disturbance. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that future research should examine identity disturbance and its relation with emotion regulation transdiagnostically.
Improving an undergraduate data mining course with real-world projects

Integrating real-world industry and research project experience into undergraduate Computer Science education can improve student learning and help produce well-qualified IT work force. In this paper, we discuss our experience to redesign and improve an undergraduate data mining course by adopting real-world projects closely supervised by experienced researchers and industry experts. To provide enough background information for these projects, course instructor fine-tuned the organization and presentation of course materials and activities accordingly. Course evaluation clearly showed effectiveness of our approach.
Using a computer to study the commons dilemma

Hardin s 1968 concept of a "commons dilemma" has received much attention from behavioral scientists concerned with current social and environmental problems that deal with shared resources. The dilemma is that selfish, competitive behavior which appears to be advantageous to the individual actually depletes shared resources to the long-term disadvantage of the group. Various laboratory techniques have been employed to study cooperation and competition in commons dilemma simulations. Two programs are described, which use a multiuser computer system and facilitate the operation of one such simulation procedure.
Karl Polanyi and Markets in the Ancient Near East: The Challenge of the Evidence

The essay challenges Karl Polanyi's position—that ancient Near Eastern economies knew state and temple administration but not price-making markets. It is found that the prerequisite functions of a market economy listed by Polanyi—the allocation of consumer goods, land, and labor through the supply-demand-price mechanism; risk-bearing organized as a market function; and loan markets—were all present in the ancient Near East. Although Polanyi criticized stage theories with their “predilection for continuity” he imposed his own version of continuity on history in lumping together many thousands of years under the rubric of “archaic society.” This perspective prevented him from recognizing that ancient Mesopotamia experienced lengthy and significant periods of unfettered market activity as well as periods of pervasive state regulation.
Lubricant Flow and Accumulation on the Slider’s Air-Bearing Surface in a Hard Disk Drive

Lubricant accumulation on the slider’s surface of a hard disk drive (HDD) has a detrimental effect on its read/write performance. Air flow through the slider-disk clearance moves some of the lubricant from the air-bearing surface (ABS) toward the slider’s lateral walls where it accumulates. In this article, we show by numerical simulations that the lubricant accumulation characteristics are strongly dependent on the slider’s flying height, skew angle and ABS design. The lubricant flow on the slider’s surface is quantified numerically. Air shear stress, air pressure and disjoining pressure are used as driving forces in the simulations. The lubricant thickness profile and volume evolution are calculated for two states of the HDD: operating and at rest. In the first state, lubricant is driven by air shear stress toward the trailing edge of the slider where it accumulates on the deposit end. In the second state, lubricant from the deposit end flows back into the ABS driven by the action of disjoining pressure. Lubricant accumulation on the four lateral walls of the slider is taken into account. The lateral walls are unfolded to study the flow using a two-dimensional lubrication model. The effects of flying height, skew angle and slider design on the accumulation removal of lubricant from the ABS are determined for the two states of the drive.
Wetwood formation as a host response in white fir

A bacterium associated with wetwood of white fir did not cause wetwood in inoculated trees, and wetwood formed while external water was excluded. Wetwood formed in response to various injuries, suggesting that it is a host response to parenchyma death.
The Schizoid Ethics of Black Humor: Southern, Fariña, and Pynchon

This essay argues that the literary materials grouped together in the early 1960s under the rubric of “black humor” frequently attended thematically to acts of interracial identification. In addition to examining critically the impulses motivating persons to engage in such imitative procedures, the prose fictions of Terry Southern, Richard Farina, and Thomas Pynchon also explored the virtues of an alternate model of subjectivity, one not predicated on the notion of acquiring a stable self. In pursuing both topics, these authors repeatedly took recourse to certain forms of American popular culture, including superhero comic books and silent screen comedy.
Chemical defenses in Antarctic soft corals: evidence for antifouling compounds

Organic extracts from the antarctic soft corals Alcyonium paessleri May and Gersemia antarctica Kukenthal exhibited antimicrobial and antifoulant activity. A third antarctic soft coral, the stoloniferan Clavularia frankliniana Roule, exhibited no such bioactivity. Marine bacterial attachment was inhibited in the presence of chloroform and aqueous methanol extracts of A. paessleri and G. antarctica, but not in the presence of solvent controls. Similarly, inhibition of microbial growth in three sympatric species of antarctic marine bacteria occurred in response to aqueous methanol extracts of these two soft corals, but not to the controls. Antifoulant activity of chloroform extracts of A. paessleri and G. antarctica was detected in a month-long field assay measuring inhibition of benthic diatom settlement. Observed invertebrate recruitment rates were too low to allow an evaluation of antifoulant bioactivity. Laboratory growth experiments, employing the antarctic diatom Navicula sp. and larvae of the antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri Meissner, confirmed the presence of growth-inhibiting metabolites in the soft corals A. paessleri and G. antarctica. These results suggest that both A. paessleri and G. antarctica, which do not appear to be fouled in the field, possess bioactive compounds with antifoulant activity. In contrast, C. frankliniana, which is often heavily fouled, appears to lack antifouling compounds.
Cork gnawing in the rat as a screening method for buspirone‐like anxiolytics

Male Long-Evans rats were individually allowed access to No. 11 corks for 30 min per day. After 30 sessions, the mean amount gnawed away, 0.10 g per session, was stable enough to allow drug testing; it reached asymptote at 0.03 g after 140 sessions. Drugs were injected PO 30 min before testing, except as noted. On the asymptotic baseline, the novel anxiolytic buspirone (8–32 mg/kg) and its congener gepirone (8–32 mg/kg) produced large, doserelated increases in cork gnawing. The standard anxiolytics chlordiazepoxide (16–32 mg/kg) and meprobamate (128 mg/kg, 60 min pretreatment) and the new sedative zopiclone (4–32 mg/kg) also produced substantial increases. Diazepam, oxazepam, and alprazolam produced marginal increases, and pentobarbital had no effect at behaviorally relevant doses. The non-anxiolytics d-amphetamine, chlorpromazine, acute imipramine, morphine (IP), and valproic acid either decreased or did not change cork gnawing. Phencyclidine (IP) and scopolamine produced marginal increases. Apomorphine (5 mg/kg SC) produced intense stereotyped gnawing of cage mesh but abolished gnawing of cork. Cork gnawing is proposed as a simple, economical behavioral method to identify buspirone-like anxiolytics.
Evaluation of Factors Determining the Tissue-Level Haversian Bone Formation Rate in Man

Study of haversian bone remodeling in the ribs of humans yielded more information about bone physiology.
Rapid direct methods for enumeration of specific, active bacteria in water and biofilms

Conventional methods for detecting indicator and pathogenic bacteria in water may underestimate the actual population due to sublethal environmental injury, inability of the target bacteria to take up nutrients and other physiological factors which reduce bacterial culturability. Rapid and direct methods are needed to more accurately detect and enumerate active bacteria. Such a methodological advance would provide greater sensitivity in assessing the microbiological safety of water and food. The principle goal of this presentation is to describe novel approaches we have formulated for the rapid and simultaneous detection of bacteria plus the determination of their physiological activity in water and other environmental samples. The present version of our method involves the concentration of organisms by membrane filtration or immunomagnetic separation and combines an intracellular fluorochrome (CTC) for assessment of respiratory activity plus fluorescent-labelled antibody detection of specific bacteria. This approach has also been successfully used to demonstrate spatial and temporal heterogeneities of physiological activities in biofilms when coupled with cryosectioning. Candidate physiological stains include those capable of determining respiratory activity, membrane potential, membrane integrity, growth rate and cellular enzymatic activities. Results obtained thus far indicate that immunomagnetic separation can provide a high degree of sensitivity in the recovery of seeded target bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7) in water and hamburger. The captured and stained target bacteria are then enumerated by either conventional fluorescence microscopy or ChemScan(R), a new instrument that is very sensitive and rapid. The ChemScan(R) laser scanning instrument (Chemunex, Paris, France) provides the detection of individual fluorescently labelled bacterial cells using three emission channels in less than 5 min. A high degree of correlation has been demonstrated between results obtained with the ChemScan and traditional plate counts of mixed natural bacterial populations in water. The continuing evolution of these methods will be valuable in the rapid and accurate analysis of environmental samples.
"Don't Ask, Don't Tell, Don't Pursue": Military Policy and the Construction of Heterosexual Masculinity

This paper presents a description and analysis of military policy excluding lesbians and gay men. First, we discuss the current policy, review its official rationale, and outline the various criticisms that have been made against it. Next, we suggest an alternative framework for the policy's persistence. Drawing on work in feminist theory, we argue that the military's restrictions on the service of lesbians and gay men reflects an institutional and cultural privileging of a heterosexual masculine ideal. We conclude by speculating on the interests that lie behind the perpetuation of this ideal of soldiering.
An Analysis of Factors that Affect Law Enforcement Participation in Hate Crime Reporting

This study examines the social forces that affect law enforcement participation in hate crime data collection initiatives. Focused interviews were conducted in a stratified sample of police officers from various departments in 2 East Coast states. The findings from these interviews were used to create a survey instrument that was distributed to a sample of police officers and civilian employees in 4 police agencies, 1 from each region of the United States: Northeast, West, South, and Central. The survey findings reduced to 60 interrelated variables identified at the focus groups to 10 common factors (or constructs). These factors are: (a) organizational attitudes/beliefs; (b) utility in community relations; (c) organizational self-preservation; (d) efficacy of police involvement; (e) priority of resource allocations; (f) supportive organizational policies and practices; (g) individual attitudes/beliefs; (h) professional self-preservation; (i) work-related difficulties; and (j) organizational commitment. T...
Effects of phenobarbital pretreatment on the in vivo metabolism of carbaryl in rats.

Phenobarbital (PB) pretreatment of animals is known to induce the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in liver microsomes. Previous studies showed that incubation of carbaryl with microsomes obtained from livers of untreated or PB-treated rats resulted in little or no oxidative metabolism of the substrate. In addition, no spectral interactions were observed when carbaryl was added to hepatic microsomal suspensions. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of PB pretreatment on the in vivo metabolism of carbaryl in rats.
Abstract A66: NF-kappa B is a potential therapeutic target in a subset of rhabdomyosarcomas

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a tumor that arises from skeletal muscle progenitor cells and is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. RMS cells are characterized by impaired myogenesis and do not undergo terminal differentiation. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a family of transcription factors found in virtually all mammalian cells that is commonly associated with inflammation and has been implicated in numerous malignancies. NF-κB p65 containing dimers are the most prevalent active species of NF-κB. Increased NF-κB activity has been shown to disrupt myogenesis by suppressing the differentiation of myoblasts through a regulatory circuit involving microRNA miR-29. However, the role of NF-κB in RMS is largely unexplored. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of NF-κB in RMS tumorigenesis and evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target in this disease. NF-κB activity was surveyed in a panel of embryonal RMS (ERMS) and alveolar RMS (ARMS) cell lines. Four out of 8 RMS cell lines (2 ERMS and 2 ARMS) demonstrated increased NF-κB activation at baseline as assessed by increased levels of p65 and phosphorylated p65 on western blotting, nuclear localization of p65 on EMSA super shift, and increased NF-κB transcriptional activity on a luciferase reporter assay. RMS cell lines, including TTC442 (ERMS), also demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity after treatment with Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor. BAY 16-1942, a specific inhibitor of IκB kinase-β (IKK-β), was ineffective as a single agent; however, doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity was enhanced by up to 39% in TTC442 cells treated concurrently with this agent. RH30 (ARMS), TTC442 (ERMS), and RD (ERMS) cells were transfected with IκB-SR, a doxycycline-inducible super-repressor form of IκBα, and effects on proliferation and clonogenic activity were assessed. WST-1 assay of cellular proliferation revealed growth impairment of TTC442 cells expressing the IκB-SR mutant, with average values of only 63% and 60% of control cells after 72 and 96 hours in culture. In addition, TTC442 and RH30 cells expressing the IκB-SR mutant formed 35% and 29% fewer colonies, respectively, compared to control cells when plated in low concentration. No differences in proliferation or clonogenic capacity were observed in RD cells, a line that did not show consistent NF-κB activation in our initial survey. These data indicate that NF-κB is activated in a subset of RMS cells and suggest that modulation of NF-κB activity may affect baseline tumor growth, sensitivity to chemotherapy, and clonogenic potential of these cells. These findings support the hypothesis that NF-κB is a promising new therapeutic target for RMS. Citation Format: Catherine M. Albert, David M. Loeb, Ido Paz-Priel. NF-kappa B is a potential therapeutic target in a subset of rhabdomyosarcomas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr A66.
Role of millimeters in radar and fusion

Advances in the development of gyrotrons and related high power millimeter wave sources, combined with advances in quasi-optical techniques can shape the future ground based or ship based radars and fusion machines. Heating by electron cyclotron resonance (ECRH), plasma diagnostics and current drives are practical objectives.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Combined Effect of Temperature and Humidity Fluctuations on Refractive Index

Abstract Depending on whether the radiation under consideration is acoustic, visible or microwave, either temperature or humidity fluctuations are ordinarily assumed to be an insignificant source of refractive index fluctuations. For applications in the atmospheric surface layer or in a free convection layer, the value of the local Bowen ratio β, which is the ratio of sensible to latent heat flux densities, can be used to determine when variations in both temperature T and water vapor pressure e are important considerations. When |β| 0.32 for microwave radiation, both T and e fluctuations have at least a 10% effect on the amplitudes of refractive index fluctuations, provided T and e are highly correlated. If T and e are uncorrelated, this 10% level is |β| 1.45 for acoustic, visible and microwave radiation, respectively. With knowledge of β and the extent of the T and e correlation, r...
Modeling of Geothermal Systems

During the last decade the use of numerical modeling for geothermal resource evaluation has grown significantly, and new modeling approaches have been developed. In this paper we present a summary of the present status in numerical modeling of geothermal systems, emphasizing recent developments. Different modeling approaches are described and their applicability discussed. The various modeling tasks, including natural-state, exploitation, injection, multi-component and subsidence modeling, are illustrated with geothermal field examples. 99 refs., 14 figs.
Dynamics of polystyrene-block-poly(methylmethacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) diblock copolymers and PS/PMMA blends: A dielectric study

The dielectric relaxation properties of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene-block-poly(methylmethacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) diblock copolymers and PS/PMMA blends were investigated by broadband dielectric spectroscopy in the frequency range from 0.01 Hz to 1 MHz and temperature range from − 40 to 150 °C. By parametric fitting techniques, an α relaxation process associated with the glass transition, the secondary β relaxation process due to localized motions of side groups, and the conductivity at low frequencies were identified and modeled for all samples. Based on the modeling results, the characteristic relaxation time, fragility index, activation energies, and relaxation strength of PMMA and PS-b-PMMA diblock copolymers were compared. It was found that the structural α relaxation of the copolymers was suppressed compared with that of PMMA. The covalent chemical bonds that link PS and PMMA blocks in the diblock copolymers are therefore assumed to dominate over the PMMA–PMMA, PMMA–PS and PS–PS bonds that exist in the PMMA and PS/PMMA samples, accounting for the suppression of the cooperative structural α relaxation and for larger activation energies of the localized β relaxation of the diblock copolymers. Further, the activation energy barriers of localized β relaxations in the copolymers are observed to increase, above the glass transition temperature.
Solid state SiC/Ni alloy reaction

The solid state reaction between silicon carbide and a model superalloy consisting of 70 at. pct Ni, 20 at. pct Cr, and 10 at. pct Al was studied between 700 °C and 1150 °C for times ranging from “0” hours to 330 hours. Reaction couples consisting of SiC/Ni, SiC/Cr, and SiC/NiCr were also studied. The reactions were carried out in air with the materials, in the shape of discs, maintained in contact under a pressure of 7 MPa. A reaction was detected with SiC and the model alloy at all temperatures studied, and the reaction was diffusion controlled with an activation energy of 184 kJ/mole. In the ceramic the reaction was dominated by the diffusion of Ni into the ceramic forming a banded structure consisting of alternating layers of δ-Ni2Si and a two phase mixture of graphite and δ. On the metal side, the reaction was very dependent on the presence of alloying elements, with pure Ni reacting to the greatest extent, followed by the binary NiCr alloy, and finally by NiCrAl. The growth and presence of the phases detected in these reactions is consistent with phase equilibria concepts.
The isolation and functional activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes separated from whole blood on a single Percoll density gradient

Abstract A simple, rapid, one-step density gradient technique was used which allowed the separation of functionally active lymphocytes and granulocytes from the same small quantity of whole blood. Whole blood was layered on a discontinuous gradient of Percoll and centrifuged. The granulocytes were collected at the 1.090 g/ml layer (70% Percoll) while the mononuclear cell (MNC) fraction was obtained at the 1.077 g/ml density (60% Percoll). Erythrocytes sedimented through the Percoll and were separated from the other cellular fractions. The cells at the 1.090 g/ml fraction contained 94% or greater granulocytes while the 1.077 g/ml fraction contained in general greater than 90% MNCs. While a wide range of percentage of recoveries was observed, an average of 72 and 63% was obtained for the granulocytes and MNCs, respectively. The recovered MNCs and granulocytes were assessed for their functional activity in several assay systems. The MNCs obtained from Percoll could be stimulated with mitogens to the same extent as MNCs obtained from a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient. Granulocyte functions as measured by chemotaxis, bactericidal activity, and superoxide anion generation were unimpaired after separation on Percoll. This method may be potentially useful in situations where one wishes to obtain multiple determinations of cellular immune function from small quantities of whole blood.
DC-based cancer vaccines

Because of the large preexisting antigenic load and immunosuppressive environment within a tumor, inducing therapeutically useful antitumor immunity in cancer patients requires the development of powerful vaccination protocols. An approach gaining increasing popularity in the tumor vaccine field is to immunize cancer patients with their own DCs loaded ex vivo with tumor antigens. The underlying premise of this approach is that the efficiency and control over the vaccination process provided by ex vivo manipulation of the DCs generates an optimally potent APC and a superior method for stimulating antitumor immunity in vivo compared with the more conventional direct vaccination methods, offsetting the added cost and complexity associated with this form of customized cell therapy.