cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AGRIS: Arabidopsis gene regulatory information server, an information resource of Arabidopsis cis-regulatory elements and transcription factors.

The gene regulatory information is hardwired in the promoter regions formed by cis-regulatory elements that bind specific transcription factors (TFs). Hence, establishing the architecture of plant promoters is fundamental to understanding gene expression. The determination of the regulatory circuits controlled by each TF and the identification of the cis-regulatory sequences for all genes have been identified as two of the goals of the Multinational Coordinated Arabidopsis thaliana Functional Genomics Project by the Multinational Arabidopsis Steering Committee (June 2002). AGRIS is an information resource of Arabidopsis promoter sequences, transcription factors and their target genes. AGRIS currently contains two databases, AtTFDB (Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor database) and AtcisDB (Arabidopsis thaliana cis-regulatory database). AtTFDB contains information on approximately 1,400 transcription factors identified through motif searches and grouped into 34 families. AtTFDB links the sequence of the transcription factors with available mutants and, when known, with the possible genes they may regulate. Atcis DB consists of the 5' regulatory sequences of all 29,388 annotated genes with a description of the corresponding cis-regulatory elements. Users can search the databases for (i) promoter sequences, (ii) a transcription factor, (iii) a direct target genes for a specific transcription factor, or (vi) a regulatory network that consists of transcription factors and their target genes. AGRIS provides the necessary software tools on Arabidopsis transcription factors and their putative binding sites on all genes to initiate the identification of transcriptional regulatory networks in the model dicotyledoneous plant Arabidopsis thaliana. AGRIS can be accessed from http://arabidopsis.med.ohio-state.edu .
A discourse system for conversational characters

This paper describes a discourse system for conversational characters used for interactive stories. This system is part of an environment that allows learners to practice language skills by interacting with the characters, other learners, and native speakers using instant messaging and email. The dialogues are not purely task oriented and, as a result, are difficult to model using traditional AI planners. On the other hand the dialogues must move the story forward and, thus, systems for the meandering dialogues of chatterbots (for example, AliceBot) are not appropriate. Our approach combines two methods. We use the notion of dialogue game or speech act networks [1][2] to model the local coherence of dialogues. The story moves forward from one dialogue game to another by means of a situated activity planner [3].
New connections between asymmetric Toeplitz matrix algorithms and inverse scattering

Several fast algorithms for the recovery of the impedance and reflection coefficients of a discrete asymmetric lossy medium are presented. The data required are the reflection response to an impulsive input on the surface, and the transmission response to an impulsive input incident from below. It is shown that these efficient algorithms are related to the generalized Levinson algorithm, the Schur algorithm, and the QR lattice algorithm for solutions of symmetric and asymmetric Toeplitz matrices equations. These unified, conceptual connections aid in the understanding of the symmetric and asymmetric Toeplitz matrix algorithms in the linear prediction literature. >
Days to Return to Participation After a Hamstrings Strain Among American Collegiate Soccer Players.

Context: Among US collegiate soccer players, the incidence rate and the event characteristics of hamstrings strains differ between sexes, but comparisons in the return-to-participation (RTP) time h...
Hybridization kinetics between immobilized double-stranded DNA probes and targets containing embedded recognition segments

We have investigated the time-dependent strand displacement activity of several targets with double-stranded DNA probes (dsProbes) of varying affinity. Here, the relative affinity of various dsProbes is altered through choices in hybridization length (11–15 bases) and the selective inclusion of center mismatches in the duplexes. While the dsProbes are immobilized on microspheres, the soluble, 15 base-long complementary sequence is presented either alone as a short target strand or as a recognition segment embedded within a longer target strand. Compared to the short target, strand displacement activity of the longer targets is slower, but still successful. Additionally, the longer targets exhibit modest differences in the observed displacement rates, depending on the location of recognition segment within the long target. Overall, our study demonstrates that the kinetics of strand displacement activity can be tuned through dsProbe sequence design parameters and is only modestly affected by the location of the complementary segment within a longer target strand.
ON THE COMPRESSION OF IMAGE BASED RENDERING SCENE: A COMPARISON AMONG BLOCK, REFERENCE AND WAVELET CODERS

In image based rendering (IBR), a 3D scene is recorded through a set of photos which is then rendered to form novel views. Compression is essential to reduce the huge data amount of IBR. In this paper, we examine three categories of IBR compression algorithms: the block coder, the reference coder and the wavelet coder. We examine both the compression efficiency and the capability to render the compressed IBR bitstream in real-time. It is observed that the block coder consumes the least computation resource, however, its compression ratio is low. The reference coder achieves good compression ratio with reasonable computation complexity. The wavelet coder achieves the best compression ratio.
GCUNC-45 Is a Novel Regulator for the Progesterone Receptor/hsp90 Chaperoning Pathway

The hsp90 chaperoning pathway is a multiprotein system that is required for the production or activation of many cell regulatory proteins, including the progesterone receptor (PR). We report here the identity of GCUNC-45 as a novel modulator of PR chaperoning by hsp90. GCUNC-45, previously implicated in the activities of myosins, can interact in vivo and in vitro with both PR-A and PR-B and with hsp90. Overexpression and knockdown experiments show GCUNC-45 to be a positive factor in promoting PR function in the cell. GCUNC-45 binds to the ATP-binding domain of hsp90 to prevent the activation of its ATPase activity by the cochaperone Aha1. This effect limits PR chaperoning by hsp90, but this can be reversed by FKBP52, a cochaperone that is thought to act later in the pathway. These findings reveal a new cochaperone binding site near the N terminus of hsp90, add insight on the role of FKBP52, and identify GCUNC-45 as a novel regulator of the PR signaling pathway.
Proton-coupled electron transfer: the mechanistic underpinning for radical transport and catalysis in biology

Charge transport and catalysis in enzymes often rely on amino acid radicals as intermediates. The generation and transport of these radicals are synonymous with proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), which intrinsically is a quantum mechanical effect as both the electron and proton tunnel. The caveat to PCET is that proton transfer (PT) is fundamentally limited to short distances relative to electron transfer (ET). This predicament is resolved in biology by the evolution of enzymes to control PT and ET coordinates on highly different length scales. In doing so, the enzyme imparts exquisite thermodynamic and kinetic controls over radical transport and radical-based catalysis at cofactor active sites. This discussion will present model systems containing orthogonal ET and PT pathways, thereby allowing the proton and electron tunnelling events to be disentangled. Against this mechanistic backdrop, PCET catalysis of oxygen–oxygen bond activation by mono-oxygenases is captured at biomimetic porphyrin redox platforms. The discussion concludes with the case study of radical-based quantum catalysis in a natural biological enzyme, class I Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase. Studies are presented that show the enzyme utilizes both collinear and orthogonal PCET to transport charge from an assembled diiron-tyrosyl radical cofactor to the active site over 35 A u away via an amino acid radical-hopping pathway spanning two protein subunits.
Inferences about actions performed in constraining contexts: Correspondence bias or correspondent inference?

Prior studies of the correspondence bias reveal a tendency for people to base inferences on behaviors they observe, even when these behaviors are highly constrained by the social context in which they occur. Three processes may combine to sustain this effect: (a) an insufficient adjustment of initial estimates caused by the fundamental attribution error (FAE); (b) the reliance on intuitive estimates of the prevalence of traits, attitudes, and other dispositional characteristics in the general population; and (c) the assumption that few situations are so coercive that they negate all freedom of choice. These processes were differentiated in a modification of the Jones-Harris paradigm. Participants estimated a particular attitude's prevalence in the general population before reading an essay written under either high or low choice conditions and taking a probable or improbable position. Inferences were consistent with prior probabilities when the essay expressed a highly probable opinion and consistent with behavior when the essay expressed an unlikely opinion. These results suggest that perceivers make inferences by estimating the probability that the observed behavior reflects a dispositional characteristic and then revising their prior estimates of the probability of that characteristic accordingly.
Fault Tolerance of Tornado Codes for Archival Storage

This paper examines a class of low density parity check (LDPC) erasure codes called Tornado codes for applications in archival storage systems. The fault tolerance of Tornado code graphs is analyzed and it is shown that it is possible to identify and mitigate worst-case failure scenarios in small (96 node) graphs through use of simulations to find and eliminate critical node sets that can cause Tornado codes to fail even when almost all blocks are present. The graph construction procedure resulting from the preceding analysis is then used to construct a 96-device Tornado code storage system with capacity overhead equivalent to RAID 10 that tolerates any 4 device failures. This system is demonstrated to be superior to other parity-based RAID systems. Finally, it is described how a geographically distributed data stewarding system can be enhanced by using cooperatively selected Tornado code graphs to obtain fault tolerance exceeding that of its constituent storage sites or site replication strategies
A Method for Measuring Pulsed Amplifier Noise Using a Spectrum Analyzer

Measuring the noise generated by a pulsed RF amplifier is not a simple task [1]. One method of making this measurement converts the RF pulse to video with a phase detector and uses a spectrum analyzer to measure the noise between the lines of the pulse spectrum. The measurement includes the combined effects of timing jitter, power-supply modulation, and amplifier noise. An alternate method, described in this note, requires less test equipment by using an RF spectrum analyzer to measure the noise at a point outside the pulse spectrum. This measurement responds only to amplifier noise and is valid if the noise density is the same both inside and outside the pulse spectrum. Since this situation tends to be true of broad-band amplifiers such as TWT's and CFA's, the second method is preferable because of its relative simplicity. This note describes the procedure for measuring pulsed amplifier noise using an RF spectrum analyzer. The test setup and measurement procedure are described, as well as the conversion of the measured spectral-density ratio to an equivalent CW signal-to-noise ratio.
Elevated Levels of Plasma C-Reactive Protein Are Associated With Decreased Graft Survival in Cardiac Transplant Recipients

Background —Inflammation may be involved in the origin of transplant coronary artery disease. We hypothesized that plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), markers for systemic inflammation, would correlate with cardiac transplant graft survival. Methods and Results —We studied 99 consecutive cardiac transplant recipients who were referred for routine endomyocardial biopsy and/or surveillance coronary angiography. Plasma levels of CRP and IL-6 were measured by their respective ELISAs. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those who died or required retransplantation and those who survived without the need for retransplantation. During the follow-up period of 5.0±2.7 years (range, 0.2 to 15.1 years) after transplant, 20 patients died and 9 required retransplantation. There was no significant difference in age, race, sex, cause of native myopathy, presence of diabetes, or use of aspirin, statins, or calcium channel blockers between the 2 groups. Although IL-6 did not relate to graft failure, CRP level was predictive of allograft failure ( P =0.003). The risk of allograft failure increased 36% for every 2-fold increase in CRP level. Moreover, CRP levels also correlated significantly with the frequency of grade 3 rejection ( P =0.02). In multivariate analysis, when combined with other significant predictors such as donor age and sex mismatching of the graft, CRP still significantly predicted graft failure ( P =0.025) with a 32% increase in the risk of graft failure for every 2-fold increase in CRP level. Conclusions —These findings suggest that elevated plasma levels of CRP are associated with subsequent allograft failure in cardiac transplant recipients.
Human pose estimation from a single view point, real-time range sensor

We estimate and track articulated human poses in sequences from a single view, real-time range sensor. We use a data driven MCMC approach to find an optimal pose based on a likelihood that compares synthesized depth images to the observed depth image. To speed up convergence of this search, we make use of bottom up detectors that generate candidate head, hand and forearm locations. Our Markov chain dynamics explore solutions about these parts and thus combine bottom up and top down processing. The current performance is 10 frames per second. We provide quantitative performance evaluation using hand annotated data. We demonstrate significant improvement over a baseline ICP approach. This algorithm is then adapted to estimate the specific shape parameters of subjects for use in tracking. In particular, limb dimensions are included in the human pose parametrization and are automatically estimated for each subject in short training sequences. Tracking performance is quantitatively evaluated using these person specific trained models.
Theta theory: Requirements for encoding events and task rules explain theta phase relationships in hippocampus and neocortex

Memory tasks require processes for encoding associations and retrieving them to guide goal-directed behavior (Hasselmo et al., 2002). Simulations of the interaction of hippocampus and neocortex demonstrate specific dynamical requirements required for encoding episodic memory and learning task rules. 1.) Encoding of new information without interference from previously encoded information requires cyclical transitions between encoding and retrieval states, 2.) Context dependent retrieval of task relevant information from episodic memory requires mechanism for timing and synchronization of inputs from entorhinal cortex and region CA3 to hippocampal region CA1 during retrieval. Theta theory provides a framework for describing how performance is enhanced by specific phase relationships of theta rhythm in different regions of the rat hippocampus and neocortex.
Na+-H+ exchange activity in rat hepatocytes: role in regulation of intracellular pH

Amiloride-sensitive Na+-H+ exchange has been identified in basolateral membrane vesicles from rat liver, but little is currently known about its regulation or its role in maintenance of resting intracellular pH (pHi) in intact hepatocytes. We have assessed Na+-H+ exchange activity in isolated or cultured rat hepatocytes in nominally HCO3- free solution under basal conditions and after intracellular acidification by an NH4Cl pulse by measuring 1) pHi, using the pH-sensitive dye 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxy fluorescein, 2) net H+ efflux by pH-stat titration, and 3) amiloride-inhibitable 22Na uptake. Under resting conditions, Na+-H+ exchange did not contribute measurably to Na+ uptake and accounted for less than 20% of net H+ efflux. Hepatocyte pHi averaged 7.07 +/- 0.03, significantly above H+ electrochemical equilibrium (6.92 +/- 0.08) determined using an electrogenic proton ionophore. Transient removal of extracellular Na+ or exposure to amiloride reversibly lowered pHi by 0.09 +/- 0.01 and 0.12 +/- 0.03 pH units, respectively, within 5-10 min. After intracellular acidification by an NH4Cl pulse, Na+ uptake rate increased about twofold, the increase being entirely amiloride inhibitable. Net H+ efflux increased about threefold, and 70% of the increase was amiloride inhibitable. Recovery of pHi after an NH4Cl pulse was reversibly blocked by exposure to amiloride or removal of Na+. Na+-H+ exchange activity (calculated from the rate of change in pHi and intracellular buffering capacity) was inversely related to pHi and was estimated to approach zero at pHi 7.25-7.50.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An Unusual Case of Drug-Induced Acute Pancreatitis

We report a rare case of drug-induced pancreatitis in a patient receiving repaglinide antidiabetic therapy. A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus presented with severe abdominal cramping, nausea, and vomiting. Three months prior to symptoms, repaglinide was added to the patient’s current regimen of metformin. The patient was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis, treatment was initi- ated, and repaglinide was discontinued. There was no history of pancreatitis or other risk factors such as history of gallstones, alcohol abuse, or hypertriglyceridemia. The patient reported resolution of symptoms following discontinuation of repaglinide. Considering the temporal relationship of his symptoms to the addition of repaglinide to his existing antidiabetic regimen, this case strongly suggests a possible causal link between repaglinide and the etiology of acute pancreatitis in this patient.
Afm Studies of Deformation and Interfacial Sliding in Interconnect Structures in Microelectronic Devices

Back-end interconnect structures (BEIS) of micro-electronic devices are susceptible to several deformation phenomena during thermal excursions, because of large differences in thermal expansion coefficients (CTE) between Si, interlayer dielectric (ILD) and metal lines. Here we use atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study plastic deformation and interfacial sliding of Cu interconnect lines on embedded in a low K dielectric (LKD). Following thermal cycling, changes were observed in both inplane Cu line dimensions, as well as out-of plane step height between Cu and LKD in single layer structures. The results of AFM measurements following both ex-situ and in-situ thermal cycling presented. A shear-lag based model is utilized to simulate the thermal cycling response, and rationalize the observed interfacial sliding behavior. Results of in-situ AFM experiments to observe the deformation of Cu-low K interconnect structures under far-field (i.e., package-level) stresses are also presented.
Liver transplantation in the management of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary hepatic neoplasm and accounts for 10–20% of hepatobiliary cancer-related deaths. The prognosis of patients with CCA is poor with 5-year survival rates of 10%, partially due to the limited effective treatment options that exist for this disease. In this review, we discuss the evolving role of liver transplantation in the management of patients with perihilar CCA (pCCA). We specifically discuss the Mayo Clinic protocol of neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by liver transplantation in selected patients with pCCA and describe pretransplant, peritransplant, and post-transplant considerations and challenges with this approach. Finally, we review local, national and international outcomes and discuss future directions in optimizing this treatment strategy for patients who otherwise have few therapeutic options and limited survival.
Repeated Elevation of the Anterolateral Thigh Flap for Lower Extremity Orthopedic Trauma Does Not Affect Flap Viability

Background The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap has a key role regarding limb salvage and has facilitated the preservation of function and esthetics in lower extremity reconstruction. The purpose of this study is to review the advantages of the ALT flap when used early in the reconstruction of the trauma patient; specifically, its long-term viability when ALT flap reconstruction is followed by recurrent flap elevation performed to allow a variety of sequential orthopedic operations including washout, antimicrobial disc placement, and reinstrumentation. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed to review all ALT flaps performed by the authors from January 2009 to October 2012 at the Orlando Regional Medical Center. A total of 69 patients with an average age of 38 years were included in the study leading to a total of 69 ALT flaps indicated for traumatic orthopedic wounds. Out of these, 29 flaps were elevated at least once leading to a total of 49 flap elevations. Results The median number of days to flap elevation was 117 with a minimum of 1 day and a maximum of 540 days. A total of 42% flaps were elevated at least once after initial placement for reinstrumentation, washout, or antibiotic disk placement. Overall, 52% of the flaps were lifted once, 34% were lifted twice, and 14% were lifted more than thrice. There is no statistically significant difference in the complication rate between elevating the flap compared with primary ALT placement. Conclusion We conclude, therefore, there is no elevated risk to long-term viability by elevating the ALT flap. This combined with the ease of elevation makes it a safe procedure to be performed as needed for access to the deep tissues.
Damage control operations in non-trauma patients: defining criteria for the staged rapid source control laparotomy in emergency general surgery

The staged laparotomy in the operative management of emergency general surgery (EGS) patients is an extension of trauma surgeons operating on this population. Indications for its application, however, are not well defined, and are currently based on the lethal triad used in physiologically-decompensated trauma patients. This study sought to determine the acute indications for the staged, rapid source control laparotomy (RSCL) in EGS patients. All EGS patients undergoing emergent staged RSCL and non-RSCL over 3 years were studied. Demographics, physiologic parameters, perioperative variables, outcomes, and survival were compared. Logistic regression models determined the influence of physiologic parameters on mortality and postoperative complications. EGS-RSCL indications were defined. 215 EGS patients underwent emergent laparotomy; 53 (25 %) were staged RSCL. In the 53 patients who underwent a staged RSCL based on the lethal triad, adjusted multivariable regression analysis shows that when used alone, no component of the lethal triad independently improved survival. Staged RSCL may decrease mortality in patients with preoperative severe sepsis / septic shock, and an elevated lactate (≥3); acidosis (pH ≤ 7.25); elderly (≥70); male gender; and multiple comorbidities (≥3). Of the 162 non-RSCL emergent laparotomies, 27 (17 %) required unplanned re-explorations; of these, 17 (63 %) had sepsis preoperatively and 9 (33 %) died. The acute physiologic indicators that help guide operative decisions in trauma may not confer a similar survival advantage in EGS. To replace the lethal triad, criteria for application of the staged RSCL in EGS need to be defined. Based on these results, the indications should include severe sepsis / septic shock, lactate, acidosis, gender, age, and pre-existing comorbidities. When correctly applied, the staged RSCL may help to improve survival in decompensated EGS patients.
Continuity and Determination of Parameters for Quasistatic Thermoelastic System

This paper disusses the continuous dependence and determination of parameters for quasistatic thermoelastic system. Using singular integral equations and semigroup theory, we prove the strong continuity and FYechet differentiability with respect to parameters of the analytic semigroup generated by the thermoelastic operator. These results are used in formulating the inverse problem, i.e., the determination of the parameters for quasistatic thermoelastic system.
The Discussion of Cylinder Installment in the View of Support Location Design

The paper begins from the location design of support and mainly analyzes all the influencing factors on the opening angle both jointing style and gemel style by parameterizing the cylinder location; Meantime with the help of the tool Turbo C, the paper gives some useful conclusions from the analyses of the two kinds of locating subassembly, which are of important reference to tooling design in study of welding assembly line.
Radon transform-based skull identification with multi-resolution

Skull identification is researched as a peculiar biometrics today for its intrinsic latent physiology position and relative stability.First,skull radiograph is processed with Radon transform following binary processing,then wavelet transform is applied to analyze the Radon transform result form multi-level.The half processing and orientation feature group is also presented to speed the recognition procedure as fast and robust.Experiment indicate that this method accommodate not only ante mortem but also postmortem.
Hemispheric and sex-linked differences in Sylvian fissure morphology: a quantitative approach using volumetric magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective: In a sample of right-handed adults, volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to reinvestigate hemispheric and sex-linked differences in Sylvian fissure (SF) morphology. Background: Asymmetries of the SF exist with a predominant leftward asymmetry consistently reported in postmortem studies. These anatomic asymmetries may reflect asymmetric allocation of adjacent opercula, with some investigators positing a relationship with planum temporale asymmetries, as the postcentral SF is more asymmetric than the anterior segment. Sex-related differences have also been reported with reduced asymmetries in women relative to men. Method: Using in vivo MRI surface renderings, SF asymmetries were studied in a group of consistently right-handed men (n = 12) and women (n = 12). Anterior and postcentral SF lengths were measured. Results: Overall, there was a significant leftward asymmetry of the horizontal SF (anterior and postcentral) in men and women. Whereas there was a significant leftward asymmetry of the postcentral SF, there was no significant asymmetry of the anterior SF. There was an increase in the parietal operculum anterior to the posterior ascending ramus (PAR) in the left hemisphere and posterior to the PAR in the right hemisphere when SF asymmetries were leftward, with the length of the anterior parietal operculum positively correlated with postcentral SF length. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the SF is asymmetric but that clear sex-related effects do not exist in consistently right-handed subjects.
The effect of staples and longitudinal wires on epiphyseal growth; an experimental study.

This experimental study describes the mechanism of epiphyseal growth inhibition and eventual epiphyseodesis under staples in rabbits. The effect of stapling is a direct pressure inhibition of the proliferating stage of epiphyseal growth. The cartilage cells of the epiphyseal plate, however, continue their maturation so that the hypertrophic cells degenerate, the palisading cells hypertrophy and eventually degenerate, and finally the proliferating and resting cells pass through a similar sequence. The metaphyseal vascular channels, with the accompanying osteoblasts, invade each successively degenerating group of cartilage cells, thus gradually thinning the epiphyseal plate until eventual epiphyseodesis occurs. Three histological changes are visible roentgenographically: (1) disappearance of the fine metaphyseal trabeculae, (2) the formation of a dense layer of subepiphyseal bone, and eventually, (3) thining of the epiphyseal plate. It is suggested that roentgenograms of stapled epiphyses in which growth has not resumed after the staple was removed be restudied to determine their value clinically as warning signs of premature closure of the epiphyseal plate under a staple. In the transepiphyseal wire experiments it was noted that when a wire traversed the epiphyseal plate there was no interference with longitudinal growth. As the epiphysis grew beyond the wire, the transepiphyseal defect made by the wire was replaced by bone; the epiphyseal defect showed no signs of being replaced by epiphyseal cartilage cells. The degree of the deformity depended upon the location of the epiphyseodesis and its extent. This is demonstrated by the production of eccentric epiphyseodesis and deformity by eccentirc curetting of the plate through the intramedullary canal of the tibia. It is suggested, therefore, that when transepiphyseal wires are used clinically they be of small caliber and be placed centrally. Crossed wires were not an effective means of epiphyseodesis It should be emphasized that the results discussed are experimental, and that the studies were performed on rabbits. Since there is great similarity between these experimental observations and many clinical experiences, some of the observations many be of value in throwing light on the problem of epiphyseal growth arrest and deformities due to abnormal epiphyseal plate growth.
Concentration of Triiodothyronines (T3 and Reverse T3) in Serum and Other Body Fluids

The availability of sensitive, rapid, and precise methods for the measurement of T3 and rT3 has been a key factor responsible for the recent major improvements in our understanding of thyroid hormone physiology. This chapter reviews some methods of measurement and data regarding T3 concentrations in the serum and/or amniotic fluid of healthy individuals, those with thyroid disease, and in those with nonthyroidal systemic diseases. The data on serum T4 levels are also described when considered relevant to the understanding of the nature and/or the basis of the changes in the levels of circulating thyroid hormone levels in various circumstances.
Other Factors Affecting Productivity Growth: Some Recent Developments

A number of different determinants of costs and therefore production may be important for representing firm behavior, depending on the focus of the analysis and the industry or firm under consideration. Some representative factors affecting firm behavior mentioned in previous chapters include capital obsolescence, the regulatory environment, and imperfect competition. These constraints, “goods” or choices for the firm have very diverse characteristics, but all affect costs and therefore measured productivity growth in important ways.
Simulation of Tropical Cyclones by Numerical Models

Numerical modeling of tropical cyclones has progressed significantly from the early attempts by Kasahara (1961) and Syono (1962). Although these axisymmetric 2D models did not adequately portray the growth of the tropical cyclone, they did provide investigators with the encouragement and insight to develop more realistic models. Today fully three-dimensional models on fine-mesh grids that move along with the storm are being used both in research and operationally to improve the understanding and prediction of tropical cyclones. In this chapter we review the concept of numerical modeling, the history of tropical cyclone models, and then concentrate on recent investigations which utilize two- and three-dimensional models.
Analytic function for predicting light fluence rate of circular fields on a semi-infinite turbid medium: erratum

Accurate determination of in-vivo light fluence rate is critical for preclinical and clinical studies involving photodynamic therapy (PDT). The light fluence distribution in tissue depends on both the tissue optical properties and the incident field size. This study compares the longitudinal light fluence distribution inside biological tissue in the central axis of circular uniform light field with different radii for a range of in-vivo tissue optical properties (absorption coefficients (µa) between 0.01 and 1 cm−1 and reduced scattering coefficients (µs’) between 2 and 40 cm−1). This was done using Monte-Carlo simulations for a semi-infinite turbid medium in an air-tissue interface. The end goal is to develop simple analytical expressions that would fit the results from the Monte Carlo simulation for circular beams with different radii. A 6-parameter model (ϕ/ϕair=(1−b⋅e−λ1d)(C2e−λ2d+C3e−λ3d)) can be used to fit MC simulation. Each of these parameters (b, C2, C3, λ1, λ2, and λ3) is expressed as a function of tissue optical properties and beam radius. These results can then be compared against the existing expressions in the literature for broad beam for analysis in both accuracy and applicable range. The analytical function can be used as rapid guide in PDT to calculate in vivo light fluence distribution for known tissue optical properties.
Reconfigurable impedance ground plane for broadband antenna systems

We introduce a reconfigurable impedance ground plane for broadband antenna array systems. The reconfigurable antenna elements need an adjustment of the local reflection phase to operate over a broadband frequency range. The proposed ground plane is constructed based on high impedance surfaces with RF MOSFETs populated in the gaps between the patches. The transistors play the role of RF switches to manipulate the surface topology by turning on/off the switches. In this paper, we numerically demonstrate the novel tunable ground plane and simulation results to show the extreme tuning range from 2 to 17 GHz by using ideal transistor switches, while maintaining the artificial magnetic conductor properties of the high impedance surface.
Response: Interpretive social science and democratic theory

I summarize my views on democratic governance before responding to critics. Governance arose partly from the impact of modernist social science on public policy and it limits the space for democratic action. My preferred alternative is an interpretive social science inspiring more participatory and dialogic democratic practices. In defending these arguments, I concentrate on the nature of interpretive social science and its relation to democratic theory. I define interpretive social science in theoretical terms as based on recognition of the role of meanings in human life and the holistic and historical nature of meanings. This interpretive social science does not lead to any particular methods or topics, but it does rule out reified and deterministic appeals to structures. Democratic renewal depends on promoting interpretive social science, not institutional blueprints.
Kinetics of the Reactions between the Criegee Intermediate CH2OO and Alcohols

Reactions of the simplest Criegee intermediate (CH2OO) with a series of alcohols have been studied in a flash photolysis flow reactor. Laser photolysis of diiodomethane at 355 nm in the presence of molecular oxygen was used to produce CH2OO, and the absolute number densities were determined as a function of delay time from analysis of broadband transient absorption spectra obtained using a pulsed LED. The kinetics for the reactions of CH2OO with methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol were measured under pseudo-first-order conditions at 295 K, yielding rate constants of (1.4 ± 0.4) × 10-13 cm3 s-1, (2.3 ± 0.6) × 10-13 cm3 s-1, and (1.9 ± 0.5) × 10-13 cm3 s-1, respectively. Complementary ab initio calculations were performed at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//CCSD/cc-pVDZ level of theory to characterize stationary points on the reaction enthalpy and free energy surfaces and to elucidate the thermochemistry and mechanisms. The reactions proceed over free energy barriers of ∼8 kcal mol-1 to form geminal alkoxymethyl hydroperoxides: methoxymethyl hydroperoxide (MMHP), ethoxymethyl hydroperoxide (EMHP), and isopropoxymethyl hydroperoxide (PMHP). The experimental and theoretical results are compared to reactions of CH2OO with other hydroxylic compounds, such as water and carboxylic acids, and trends in reactivity are discussed.
Advance Care Planning Documentation in Electronic Health Records: Current Challenges and Recommendations for Change.

Abstract Objective: To develop a set of clinically relevant recommendations to improve the state of advance care planning (ACP) documentation in the electronic health record (EHR). Background: Advance care planning (ACP) is a key process that supports goal-concordant care. For preferences to be honored, clinicians must be able to reliably record, find, and use ACP documentation. However, there are no standards to guide ACP documentation in the electronic health record (EHR). Methods: We interviewed 21 key informants to understand the strengths and weaknesses of EHR documentation systems for ACP and identify best practices. We analyzed these interviews using a qualitative content analysis approach and subsequently developed a preliminary set of recommendations. These recommendations were vetted and refined in a second round of input from a national panel of content experts. Results: Informants identified six themes regarding current inadequacies in documentation and accessibility of ACP information and opp...
Using Telehealth to Implement Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Behavioral health issues are common among patients with comorbid medical conditions but often go unrecognized or untreated, resulting in worse clinical outcomes and avoidable medical expenditures. This column describes an innovative telehealth solution that includes proactive and targeted patient identification and engagement and nationwide delivery of a technology-enabled, standardized, and evidence-based behavioral health program delivered via phone or video. A retrospective before-after evaluation of the program demonstrated national reach, high patient satisfaction, and significant reductions in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.
Virus and CTL dynamics in the extrafollicular and follicular tissue compartments in SIV-infected macaques

Data from SIV-infected macaques indicate that virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are mostly present in the extrafollicular (EF) compartment of the lymphoid tissue, with reduced homing to the follicular (F) site. This contributes to the majority of the virus being present in the follicle and represents a barrier to virus control. Using mathematical models, we investigate these dynamics. Two models are analyzed. The first assumes that CTL can only become stimulated and expand in the extrafollicular compartment, with migration accounting for the presence of CTL in the follicle. In the second model, follicular CTL can also undergo antigen-induced expansion. Consistent with experimental data, both models predict increased virus compartmentalization in the presence of stronger CTL responses and lower virus loads, and a more pronounced rise of extrafollicular compared to follicular virus during CD8 cell depletion experiments. The models, however, differ in other aspects. The follicular expansion model results in dynamics that promote the clearance of productive infection in the extrafollicular site, with any productively infected cells found being the result of immigration from the follicle. This is not observed in the model without follicular CTL expansion. The models further predict different consequences of introducing engineered, follicular-homing CTL, which has been proposed as a therapeutic means to improve virus control. Without follicular CTL expansion, this is predicted to result in a reduction of virus load in both compartments. The follicular CTL expansion model, however, makes the counter-intuitive prediction that addition of F-homing CTL not only results in a reduction of follicular virus load, but also in an increase in extrafollicular virus replication. These predictions remain to be experimentally tested, which will be relevant for distinguishing between models and for understanding how therapeutic introduction of F-homing CTL might impact the overall dynamics of the infection.
Proteomic determination of the lysine acetylome and phosphoproteome in the rat native inner medullary collecting duct

Phosphorylation and lysine (K)-acetylation are dynamic posttranslational modifications of proteins. Previous proteomic studies have identified over 170,000 phosphorylation sites and 15,000 K-acetyl...
Non-Western Anarchisms and Postcolonialism

This chapter offers a very brief overview of non-Western anarchisms (while criticising that very terminology), touching upon historical and contemporary manifestations of anti-authoritarian movements in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East, closing with a consideration of two comprehensive liberation projects in progress in Chiapas and Rojava. In analysing manifestations of anarchism and related formations across various contexts, it’s necessary to map power relations and relevant forms of oppression, exploitation and hierarchy as they manifest in each specific context, and their corresponding histories of resistance and alternative-making, drawing on cultural repertories which practitioners may or may not choose explicitly to identify as connected to the modern genealogy of anarchist tradition. Although each example is unique, one important factor shared by most non-Western anarchisms is a history of colonisation, foreign occupation or intervention. This adds an additional layer of complexity to the analysis of power and resistance, requiring a systemic awareness of where a given society is located in relation to global structures of capital and empire, dispossession and extractive industry, as these intersect or collude with locally rooted forms of domination, hierarchy and authority. Looking beyond “the West” for radical alternatives, this exploration alights on a note of hope.
Idiotypic Determinants, Minigenes, and the Antibody Combining Site

Idiotypic determinants, idiotopes, are best defined as antigenic determinants located on the Fv fragment of an antibody molecule. Since the demonstration that myeloma antibodies from different individuals showed characteristic distinct antigenic specificities(1,2) and the subsequent findings that such antigenic determinants were present on induced antibodies(3–5) they have posed a structural and genetic problem, the solution of which is crucial to our understanding not only of the three-dimensional aspects of antibody structure but also of the regulation of antibody synthesis, the maintenance of antibody levels, and the rise and fall of antibody populations with combining sites of slightly different specificities. Most intriguing is the possibility that nature has made use of similar principles in other ligand-receptor interactions. Although there is little evidence for this at the moment, recent studies(6–11) indicate that anti-idiotypic antibodies formed against antibodies to hormones, agonists, and antagonists, which interact with specific receptors on the cell surface, show a specificity which may structurally resemble a portion of the hormone.
Regular Functions on Certain Infinite-dimensional Groups

In the paper [18], we began a detailed study of the “smallest” group G associated to a Kac-Moody algebra g(A) and of the (in general infinite-dimensional) flag varieties Pν Λ associated to G. In the present paper we introduce and study the algebra F[G] of “strongly regular” functions on G. We establish a Peter-Weyl-type decomposition of F[G] with respect to the natural action of G × G (Theorem 1) and prove that F[G] is a unique factorization domain (Theorem 3).
Query augmentation based intent matching in retail vertical ads

Search advertising shows trends of vertical extension. Vertical ads typically offer better Return of Investment (ROI) to advertisers as a result of better user engagement. However, campaign and bids in vertical ads are not set at the keyword level. As a result, the matching between user query and ads suffers low recall rate and the match quality is heavily impacted by tail queries. In this paper, we propose a retail ads retrieval framework based on query rewrite using personal history data to improve ads recall rate. To insure ads quality, we also present a relevance model for matching rewritten queries with user search intent, with a particular focus on rare queries. Extensive experiments are carried out on large-scale logs collected from the Bing search engine, and results show our system achieves significant gains in ads retrieval rate without compromising ads quality. To our knowledge, this work is the first attempt to leverage user behavioral data in ad matching and apply it to the vertical ads domain.
Upper genital tract abnormalities in the Syrian hamster as a result of in utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol. I. Uterine cystadenomatous papilloma and hypoplasia.

Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) causes a significant increase in the carcinogenic response of the hamster's reproductive tract to subsequent DES treatment. Uteri from DES treated females from untreated- and DES treated mothers (C.D & D.D) have abnormal hyperplasia with characteristic finger-like structures projecting into the lumen of the uteri. Inside these papillae along with the rest of the stroma are cystic glands. We found that these glands had no openings into the uterine lumen and that they "begin" and "end" in the stroma. In addition there are two types of cells lining the cystic gland i.e., pale cells and acidophilic cells. Capillary beds surround the cystic glands. We have named these uterine structures "cystadenomatous papilloma". In addition, we found a spectrum of hyperplastic abnormalities in C.D and D.D uteri and carcinoma in situ in D.D uteri. Similar neoplasms have been described in human pathology. Ultrasound observations have demonstrated that in utero exposure to DES may result in uterine hypoplasia and because it appears to be similar to the changes seen in prenatally DES treated (D.C) hamsters, cross sectional areas of C.C (untreated control), D.C, C.D and D.D uteri were compared. Our results show that later in life uterine hypoplasia also occurs in the 100 days old D.C hamsters and since D.C uteri present hyperplasia with cystic structures, our data support the hypothesis that in utero DES-treated human females may later in life develop benign and malignant lesions in their reproductive tract. Much of these data corresponds to what has been found in humans, and consequently warrants further investigation into the use of Syrian hamster as a model to understand the uterine abnormal morphogenesis in regards to hypoplasia, adenocarcinoma and carcinoma development in the human.