cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Inverse Ising Problem

Abstract The inverse Ising problem consists of taking a set of Ising configurations generated with unknown interaction parameters, and deter- mining reliable estimates for the values of those interaction parameters. The problem first arose in connection with the Monte Carlo renormalization group, and was solved thirty years ago. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the inverse Ising problem due to biological applications. The original solution seems to have been forgotten, as it was rediscovered in a different representation by Aurell and Ekeberg in 2012. In this paper we modify the earlier equations to solve problems that are not translationally invariant.
Alcohol Modulation of Cardiac Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and Tissue Inhibitors of MMPs Favors Collagen Accumulation

Background Chronic alcohol consumption has been shown in human and animal studies to result in collagen accumulation, myocardial fibrosis, and heart failure. Cardiac fibroblasts produce collagen and regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis through the synthesis and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP), with the balance of MMPs/TIMPs determining the rate of collagen turnover. Dynamic changes of MMP and TIMP expression were reported in alcohol induced hepatic fibrosis; however, the effect of alcohol on MMP/TIMP balance in the heart and cardiac fibroblasts is unknown. We hypothesized that alcohol exposure alters cardiac fibroblast MMP and TIMP expression to promote collagen accumulation in the heart.
Petrological evolution of amphibolite shear zones, Cheyenne Belt, south‐eastern Wyoming, USA

Abstract Metre-scale amphibolite boudins in the Cheyenne Belt of south-eastern Wyoming are cut and deformed by shear zones which preserve a full strain transition across 7 cm, from relatively undeformed amphibolite with a relict igneous texture to mylonitic amphibolite with an L-S tectonic fabric. The strain transition is marked by the progressive rotation of amphibole + plagioclase aggregates into parallelism with the shear-zone boundary. An increase in strain magnitude is indicated by development of the tectonic fabric and progressive reduction of amphibole and plagioclase grain size as a result of cataclasis. Bulk chemistry of five samples across a single strain transition shows no significant or systematic variation in major element chemistry except for a minor loss of SiO2, which indicates that the shear zone was a system essentially closed to non-volatile components during metamorphism and deformation. Amphibolites throughout the shear zone consist of amphibole and plagioclase with only minor amounts of quartz, chlorite, epidote, titanite and ilmenite. Within the relatively undeformed amphibolite, amphibole and plagioclase have wide compositional ranges in single thin sections. Amphibole compositions vary from actinolitic hornblende to magnesio-hornblende with increases in Al, Fe, Na and K contents and decreases in Si and Mg that can be modelled as progress along tschermakite, edenite and FeMg-1 exchange vectors from tremolite. Plagioclase ranges from An60 in cores to An30 within grain-boundary domains. With increasing strain magnitude, local variation of amphibole composition decreases as amphibole becomes predominantly magnesio-hornblende. Plagioclase composition range also decreases, although grain-boundary domains still have higher albite content. These petrological data indicate that shear-zone metamorphism was controlled by the magnitude of strain during synmetamorphic deformation. SEM and microprobe imaging indicate that chemical reactions occurred by a dissolution and reprecipitation process during or after cataclastic deformation. This suggests that grain-boundary formation was an important process in the petrological evolution of the shear zone, possibly by providing zones for fluid ingress to facilitate metamorphic reactions. These results highlight the necessity for conducting detailed microstructural evaluation of rocks in order to interpret petrological, isotopic and geochronological data.
Mentoring--Who Needs It? A Comparison of Proteges' and Nonproteges' Needs for Power, Achievement, Affiliation, and Autonomy.

Abstract The current study compared the extent to which the needs of proteges differed from nonproteges. The needs for power, achievement, affiliation, and autonomy were examined. Proteges were found to have significantly higher needs for power and achievement than nonproteges. Proteges' gender was also considered but was not found to be a significant factor.
Segmental differences in the visual contribution to speech intelligibility

It is well known that the presence of visual cues increases the intelligibility of a speech signal (Sumby and Pollack, 1954). Although much is known about segmental differences in visual‐only perception, little is known about the contribution of visual cues to auditory–visual perception for individual segments. The purpose of this study was to examine (1) whether segments differ in their visual contribution to speech intelligibility, and (2) whether the contribution of visual cues is always to increase speech intelligibility. One talker produced triples of real words containing 15 different English consonants. Forced‐choice word‐identification experiments were carried out with these recordings under auditory–visual (AV) and auditory‐only (A) conditions with varying S/N ratios, and identification accuracy for the 15 consonants was compared for A versus AV conditions. As expected, there were significant differences in the visual contribution for the different consonants, with visual cues greatly improving speech intelligibility for most segments. Among them, labio‐dentals and interdentals show the largest improvement. Although individual perceivers differed in their performance, the results also suggest that for some consonants, the presence of visual cues can reduce intelligibility. In particular, the intelligibility of [r] decreased significantly in the AV condition, being perceived as [w] in most cases.
Coarsening, mixing, and motion: the complex evolution of epitaxial islands.

During heteroepitaxy, misfit strain causes nanoscale islands to form spontaneously, as ``self-assembled quantum dots.'' The growth and evolution of these islands are remarkably complex. We show that continuum modeling reproduces and explains many of the surprising phenomena observed experimentally. The free energy is reduced by both morphological change and alloy intermixing. However, because diffusion occurs only at the surface, the morphological and compositional evolution are strongly coupled. This leads to a complex dynamical response to the rather simple thermodynamic driving forces.
The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory

The hippocampus is critical for encoding declarative memory, our repository of knowledge of who, what, where and when. Mnemonic information is processed in the hippocampus through several parallel routes involving distinct subregions. In the classic trisynaptic pathway, information proceeds from entorhinal cortex (EC) to dentate gyrus to CA3 and then to CA1, the main hippocampal output. Genetic lesions of EC (ref. 3) and hippocampal dentate gyrus (ref. 4), CA3 (ref. 5) and CA1 (ref. 6) regions have revealed their distinct functions in learning and memory. In contrast, little is known about the role of CA2, a relatively small area interposed between CA3 and CA1 that forms the nexus of a powerful disynaptic circuit linking EC input with CA1 output. Here we report a novel transgenic mouse line that enabled us to selectively examine the synaptic connections and behavioural role of the CA2 region in adult mice. Genetically targeted inactivation of CA2 pyramidal neurons caused a pronounced loss of social memory--the ability of an animal to remember a conspecific--with no change in sociability or several other hippocampus-dependent behaviours, including spatial and contextual memory. These behavioural and anatomical results thus reveal CA2 as a critical hub of sociocognitive memory processing.
PROBIT: a statistical approach to modeling proteins from partial coordinate data using substructure libraries

Abstract A program (PROBIT) has been developed that allows the reconstruction of a complete set of three-dimensional protein coordinates from α-carbon coordinates. The program generates a statistical measure of polypeptide conformational behavior for substructures in a defined structural context from a library of highly refined protein structures. These statistics provide a prescription for substructure substitution from the database to allow regeneration of the complete protein structure.
Does AMBER Alert ‘save lives’? An empirical analysis and critical implications

A sample of 448 child abduction cases in which America's Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response (AMBER) Alert was issued was examined to determine the extent to which AMBER Alert is successful in rescuing abducted children, and whether the successes suggest ‘lifesaving’ rescues. We reached conclusions consistent with the scant available prior research on AMBER Alert: although over 25% of the Alerts facilitated the recovery of abducted child(ren) and are thus arguably ‘successful’ by that standard alone, there was little evidence AMBER Alerts ‘save lives.’ In fact, AMBER Alert success cases are in almost every measurable way identical to AMBER Alert cases in which the child(ren) were returned unharmed but the Alert had no direct role in that outcome: they typically involve abduction by family members and other (apparently) non-life-threatening abductors, and the vast majority of recovery times are over 3 h. The implications for the public discourse regarding AMBER Alert and directions for future research ar...
Assessment of topical hemostats in a renal hemorrhage model in heparinized rats.

Various topical hemostatic agents or devices have been employed to address the challenges associated with hemorrhage from parenchymal organs during surgery or trauma. Their relative efficacy, however, has not been assessed in a single animal model. The objective of this study was to develop a small animal renal hemorrhage model for comparing hemostatic efficacy of various topical agents, and then to compare fibrin sealant (FS) to an existing standard of care for topical hemostasis. A left heminephrectomy was performed in anesthetized adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were anticoagulated with 2000 IU/kg heparin IV and various topical hemostatic agents were applied to the injury. Treatment groups included FS applied as a spray; FS applied through a cannula; gelatin sponge (GS) soaked in 1000 IU/mL thrombin solution; GS soaked in 300 IU/mL thrombin; dry GS; and fibrinogen without thrombin applied as a spray. The main endpoints of the study were incidence of hemostasis, blood loss, acute survival trends, and maintenance of mean arterial pressure (MAP). Three treatment groups, the two FS groups and the GS soaked in 1000 IU/mL thrombin, afforded significant hemostasis compared to the controls (P < 0.01). Both FS groups had significantly less blood loss, longer survival times, and maintained higher MAPs than the GS-treated groups. Quantitative dose effects and functional deficiencies in topical hemostatic products could be assessed using this animal model. The study demonstrated that liquid FS was significantly more efficacious than a GS soaked in thrombin for abating hemorrhage from a renal excision in a heparinized rat.
The Blue-Light Hazard: A Review

(2000). The Blue-Light Hazard: A Review. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 6-14.
Effects of vagotomy on ventilatory responses to CO2 in alligators.

Abstract Reptiles increase ventilation during hypercapnia at a constant temperature. In this study, the contributions of vagal vs non-vagal receptors to CO 2 ventilatory responses were investigated in 16 sedated Alligator mississippiensis (25 mg/kg pentobarbital; 3 days prior to data collection). Four animals served as controls to assess the effects of time and/or anesthetic drift on ventilation and blood gases; significant ventilatory drift was not detected during the observation period. The effects of bilateral vagotomy on CO 2 ventilatory responses were determined during spontaneous breathing ( n = 6) and unidirectional ventilation (UDV; n = 6) at two body temperatures ( Tb = 30 and 20 ° C ). Resting Pa CO 2 , minute ventilation (V i ), tidal volume (V t ) and breathing frequency (f) were elevated at 30 °C relative to 20 °C in spontaneously breathing alligators. Increasing inspired CO 2 to 5% increased Pa CO 2 , f, V t at both levels of Tb. Ventilatory sensitivity to CO 2 ( S = Δ V i /Δ Pa CO 2 ) was higher at 30 °C with a temperature coeffecient (Q 10 ) of 2.3. Vagotomy increased Pa CO 2 and V t , decreased f and had no effect on V i at either Tb. After vagotomy, hypercapnia had no effects on ventilation. When CO 2 feedback loops were opened by UDV at a high flow rate (> 2 L/min), Tb had no effects on ventilatory efforts at constant P CO 2 , but hypercapnia significantly increased f, V t and V i . S was variable with a Q 10 of 2.1. After vagotomy, a significant CO 2 -ventilatory response remained during UDV, but S was unaffected by Tb (Q 10 = 0.8). The results indicate that non-vagal chemoreceptors contribute to CO 2 ventilatory responses in alligators, although their contribution following vagotomy is evident only during unidirectional ventilation. Although tentative, the data also suggest that CO 2 -sensitive vagal receptors may be necessary for the temperature dependency of S.
The fate of to-be-forgotten sentences in semantic positive forgetting

Semantic positive forgetting refers to making to-be-remembered (TBR) vs. to-be-forgotten (TBF) judgments for sequentially presented sentences on the basis of the semantic content of the sentences. Geiselman (1975) has shown that a logical order of presentation for the TBF as well as for the TBR sentences facilitates TBR-sentence recall. The results of the present experiment show that the TBF sentences are also recalled better if presented in a logical order. This paradox of better recall of both TBF and TBR material resulting from the logical ordering of TBF material was interpreted as supporting a “concise-differential-grouping” notion in which sequential organization is said to facilitate the formation of functionally distinct TBR and TBF memory groupings.
Influence of signal-to-noise ratio and temporal stability on computer-aided detection of mammographic microcalcifications in digitized screen-film and full-field digital mammography

Most computer-aided detection (CADe) schemes were developed for digitized screen-film mammography (dSFM) and are being transitioned to full-field digital mammography (FFDM). In this research, phantoms were used to relate image quality differences to the performance of the multiple components of our microcalcification CADe scheme, and to identify to what extent, if any, each CADe component is likely to require modification for FFDM. We compared multiple image quality metrics for a dSFM imaging chain (GE DMR, MinR-2000 and Lumisiys digitizer) and an FFDM system (GE Senographe 2000D) and related them to CADe performance for images of 1) contrast-detail phantom disks and 2) microcalcification phantoms (bone fragments and cadaver breasts). Higher object signal-to noise ratio (SNR) in FFDM compared with dSFM (p 0.05 for 32% of disks) led to superior CADe signal and cluster detection FROC performance. Signal segmentation was comparable (p>0.05 for 74% of disks) in dSFM and FFDM and superior in FFDM (p<0.05) for 19% of disks. Better FFDM temporal stability led to more reproducible CADe performance. For microcalcification phantoms, seven of eight computer-calculated features performed better or comparably (p<0.05) at classifying true- and false-positive detections in FFDM. In conclusion, the image quality improvements offered by FFDM compared to dSFM led to comparable or improved performance of the multiple stages of our CADe scheme for microcalcification detection.
PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF POST INTUBATION LARYNGEAL EDEMA (LE) TREATED WITH AEROSOLIZED EPINEPHRINE (AE)

Although AE is commonly used in treating post intubation LE, the efficacy and side effects of this therapy in pediatric patients (pts) have not been studied. We, therefore, undertook this study to assess AE therapy in postintubation stridor in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Pts with a previous history of stridor were excluded. Following extubation, pts demonstrating clinically significant stridor and a croup score (CS) > 4 points received AE. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR), and CS were recorded at 20, 40 and 60 min and 4 hrs. Additional AE was administered as needed. Pts were followed until discharged from the PICU. The diagnoses, duration of intubation, admission TISS score and outcome were also recorded. We studied 27 pts, aged 1 to 36 mths. Diagnosis was airway disease in 26% and lung disease in 22%. Mean duration of intubation was 5.8±5 days and mean TISS 38±19. Post extubation stridor developed within 38±51 min. Initial CS was 6.8±2.9, and best score achieved with AE within 60 min was 2.9±2.3 (p<0.01). CS at 4 hrs was 20±2.5. CS decreased by ≥2 points after AE in 23 pts (85%). Those that did not improve had initial CS of 7.5±5.7 (not different from the overall group). Four pts needed reintubation, but in only one was this felt to be due to LE. 14 pts (54%) required 2 or more additional AE. There were no significant differences in CS (7±2.6 vs 6.1±2.2), TISS (38±17 vs 34±23), or duration of intubation (6.6±5.9 vs 4.1±2.7) in pts requiring multiple AE vs those requiring only one additional AE. No significant change in HR or MAP following AE was seen. We conclude that AE is effective in treating symptomatic post-intubation LE. Duration of intubation, initial TISS and CS did not predict severity of LE, response to AE or need for additional AE. The efficacy and safety of AE in post-intubation LE make it a useful therapy in patients with this disorder.
Effect of substrate discontinuities on the propagating surface plasmon polariton modes in gold nanobars

The surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes of gold nanobars (nanowires with rectangular dimensions) have been investigated by scanning pump–probe microscopy. In these experiments the nanobars were suspended over trenches cut in glass coverslips, and propagating SPP modes were launched in the supported portion of the nanobar by focusing a near-IR pump laser beam at the end of the nanobar. Transient absorption images were then collected by scanning the probe laser over the nanobar using a galvo-mirror system. The images show that the trench has a large effect on the SPP modes, specifically, for approximately half the nanowires the propagation length is significantly reduced after the trench. Finite element calculations were performed to understand this effect. The calculations show that the pump laser excites bound and leaky modes (modes that have their fields localized at the nanobar/glass or nanobar/air interfaces, respectively) in the supported portions of the nanobars. These modes propagate along the nanobar. When they meet the trench their field distributions are altered. The modes that derive from the bound mode are strongly damped over the trench. Thus, the bound mode is not reconstituted on the opposite side of the trench, and only the leaky mode contributes to the signal. Because the bound and leaky modes can have different propagation lengths, the propagation lengths measured in our experiments can change from one side of the trench to the other. The results show how the substrate can be engineered to control the SPP modes in metal nanostructures.
On the Question of the Constancy of the Cosmic Radiation and the Relation of these Rays to Meteorology

Mean cosmic-ray intensities have been measured with much precision both at Pasadena, California (latitude 34) and at Churchill, Manitoba (latitude 59), the latter a distance of 730 miles from the North magnetic pole. (1) The observed equality in these intensities indicates that these rays enter the earth's atmosphere as photons rather than as streams of electrons. (2) Evidence is presented that the incoming rays are of a uniform intensity in all directions and in all latitudes, the small and apparently erratic fluctuations found by many observers at different stations arising simply from eruptions, waves, or ripples which change the thickness of the atmospheric blanket interposed between the source and the observer. (3) The cosmic-ray electroscope thus acquires significance as a meteorological instrument. (4) The influence of these rays in the maintenance of the earth's charge is considered.
Computer and Nutrition Education Training in School Nutrition Service

Abstract Schools are an important setting for provision of nutrition services and education to school age children. Today's emphasis on healthier school foodservice menus and requirements to provide meals to children with special needs necessitates a high level of nutrition expertise from school food service management. Well-trained dietetic professionals have the necessary skills to move into positions as managers and directors of School Food Operations, and will ensure quality, economical, nutritious meal service. A pilot project was initiated to facilitate improvement in dietetic student's knowledge and aptitude in this area of practice. Enhancement to the Coordinated Program (CP) in dietetics included training on and application of new computer software (Nutrikids) for school foodservice operations, and presentation of nutrition education topics for school age children. 12 first year CP dietetic students received a 2 1/2 hour lecture on school foodservice management in their initial Food Systems Management course and spent a total of 16–20 hours in the school foodservice setting, where they were oriented to school foodservice systems, and received introductory training on use of the computer. In their 2nd year, 5 CP students participated in a 24 hour/week management rotation at one of 4 school districts for a total of 240 hours in school foodservice. All 12 2nd year students attended a Nutrikids software training seminar in our computer lab and used it to complete assignments in school internship settings. They also developed and presented at least one nutrition education session at each clinical site. This project has provided dietetic students with the skills and knowledge to pursue careers as school nutrition service managers.
Quantitative separation of bacteria in saline solution using lanthanide Er(III) and a magnetic field.

Summary: A trivalent lanthanide ion, erbium (Er3+), has been used in combination with a magnetic separation technique to isolate seven bacterial species from suspensions in 0·9% saline. Erbium has an exceptionally high atomic magnetic moment of 9·3 Bohr magnetons, and following addition as ErCl3 (final concentration 5 mM) to bacterial suspensions, it imparts the magnetic moment to the bacterial cells by ionic binding to the cell surface. Strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Psuedomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Enterococcus faecalis were obtained from the Quality Control Depository of The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA as suspensions in 0·9% NaCl, in concentrations ranging from 102 to 108 c.f.u. ml−1. Bacteria were separated from solution inside a capillary flow cell exposed to a highly non-homogeneous magnetic field (maximum field intensity was 0·4 T) and quantified by a light scattering method. The quantity of cellular deposition in the magnetic field was correlated with the initial concentration of cells in the suspension, expressed in c.f.u. ml−1, and sample volume (1·5 and 3·0 ml), sample pH (prior to ErCl3 addition), affinity to Gram stain (negative vs positive) and species. Magnetic deposition was observed for concentrations as low as 102 and 103 c.f.u. ml−1, and a significant correlation between average scattered light intensity and initial cell concentration (correlation coefficient ≥ 0·98) was established in the range 104 to 108 c.f.u. ml−1 for all but one species (P. aeruginosa). Magnetic deposition increased with increasing pH from 7·0 to 10·0 which is consistent with the prevailing view on the mechanism of the lanthanide ion binding to bacterial cells (ionic, to the cell surface). No significant difference in magnetic deposition was observed between individual strains, or between Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Magnetic isolation of cells may find application in rapid total cell count determination, such as rapid urine screening.
Automobile versus pedestrian injuries: does gender matter?

Background: Automobile vs. pedestrian (AVP) injuries cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Gender may be an important factor in determining the anatomic distribution and severity of these injuries. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of gender on the nature and severity of automobile vs. pedestrian injuries and the outcome. Methods: Trauma registry study that included all AVP pedestrian injuries admitted during a 14-year period to a Level I trauma center. The following variables were included in an Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) file for the purpose of this study: age, gender, body area Abbreviated Injury Score, Injury Severity Score, specific fractures (pelvic, spine, femur, tibia), survival, and intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay. Results: The study population included 6965 patients, 67.3% of whom were male. Overall, 20.7% were in the age group 65 years. Pelvic fractures were significantly more common in females than males (20.7% vs. 11.4%, respectively, p 65 years (32.5% vs. 15.7%, respectively, p < 0.0001). Males in the age group 15–55 years were significantly more likely to suffer tibia fractures (31.8% vs. 25.7%, respectively, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed no difference in survival or ICU stay between the two genders, but there was a significantly longer hospital stay in males 15–65 years. Conclusions: Gender plays a significant role in the incidence of pelvic and tibial fractures but has no effect on survival or ICU stay, but male patients in the age group 15–65 years had a significantly longer hospital stay.
Effect of Holding Time on the Functionality of Cowpea Paste and Quality of Akara

Whipped cowpea pastes were held at room temperature (20°C) for 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min before preparation of akara (fried cowpea paste). Apparent viscosity of whipped paste was measured at different shear rates (0.17, 0.34, 0.85, 1.70, 3.40, 6.80, and 17.00 sec−1). At any given shear rate, paste became more viscous with increasing holding time. Akara became darker and less yellow in color as paste holding time increased. Akara made from paste held 120 min or longer had an unacceptably dense, firm texture.
The replication of murine coronaviruses in enucleated cells

Coronaviruses JHMV and A59V have been shown to replicate, produce viral-specific antigens and cytopathic effects (CPE) in enucleated 17CL-1 cells.
Segmentation of the whole breast from low-dose chest CT images

The segmentation of whole breast serves as the first step towards automated breast lesion detection. It is also necessary for automatically assessing the breast density, which is considered to be an important risk factor for breast cancer. In this paper we present a fully automated algorithm to segment the whole breast in low-dose chest CT images (LDCT), which has been recommended as an annual lung cancer screening test. The automated whole breast segmentation and potential breast density readings as well as lesion detection in LDCT will provide useful information for women who have received LDCT screening, especially the ones who have not undergone mammographic screening, by providing them additional risk indicators for breast cancer with no additional radiation exposure. The two main challenges to be addressed are significant range of variations in terms of the shape and location of the breast in LDCT and the separation of pectoral muscles from the glandular tissues. The presented algorithm achieves robust whole breast segmentation using an anatomy directed rule-based method. The evaluation is performed on 20 LDCT scans by comparing the segmentation with ground truth manually annotated by a radiologist on one axial slice and two sagittal slices for each scan. The resulting average Dice coefficient is 0.880 with a standard deviation of 0.058, demonstrating that the automated segmentation algorithm achieves results consistent with manual annotations of a radiologist.
Moderators of the Body Dissatisfaction-Eating Disorder Symptomatology Relationship: Replication and Extension.

In this study, research conducted by T. L. Tylka (2004) was replicated and extended by examining perfectionism (self-oriented and socially prescribed), ego goal orientation, body surveillance, and neuroticism as moderators of the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic and anorexic symptomatology among female undergraduates (N = 398). Hierarchical moderated regression was used to test the main and interactive effects of the models and to control for physical size and social desirability. As expected, body dissatisfaction was strongly related to the measures of disordered eating, accounting for 16% to 26% of the variance. Two variables (neuroticism and body surveillance) received support as moderators of the relationships between body dissatisfaction and bulimic and anorexic symptoms. Ego goal orientation and socially prescribed perfectionism moderated the effects of body dissatisfaction on bulimic symptoms, whereas self-oriented perfectionism served as a moderator only for anorexic symptoms. In all instances, higher levels of body dissatisfaction paired with higher levels of the moderator were associated with more disturbed eating.
The decomposition of formaldehyde on Pt(111): A TPD and HREELS study

The decomposition of formaldehyde on Pt(111) was studied by high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Upon adsorption at 105 K, doses of formaldehyde below 0.2 ML decompose to CO(a) and H(a). Polymerization occurs at higher coverages. HREELS results indicate that the surface polymer decomposes at 235 K and TPD shows the concomitant desorption of small amounts of CH 4 and H 2 O. The major TPD products, irrespective of H 2 CO coverage, are CO and H 2 .
A commentary on 'Understanding dog-human companionship.'

Abstract “Understanding Dog–Human Companionship” is important insofar as the article is a quantitative study that validates many qualitative studies of the human–dog relationship and the meanings that dogs have to their owners. The article suggests questions about consumer behavior that go beyond dog ownership. Aspects of dog ownership could be applied to ownership or “consumption” of many things — including cars, spouses, and children.
Food fight: the battle over redefining competitive foods.

Background: Environmental and policy influences are potentially the most powerful—and yet the least understood—strategies for reversing the current childhood obesity epidemic. Methods: This essay focuses on the school lunch environment and examines the key legal and policy factors that affect competitive foods or foods of minimal nutritional value (FMNV) in schools. The essay also analyzes the latest, proposed federal legislation on redefining competitive foods. Results: FMNV compete for children’s coins and calories in the school food environment. The emerging scientific record on the negative impact competitive foods have on children’s diet and health is significantly stronger than when Congress and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) secretary first deemed the connection sufficient to take action. The Child Nutrition Promotion and School Lunch Protection Act of 2006, if enacted, will provide additional authority to the USDA and supply science-based federal guidance to local schools. Opposition to this legislation may come from the local school districts, the food industry, parents, and children. Conclusions: Defining competitive foods in a federally consistent manner and eliminating competitive foods from our nation’s schools are food fight that will evidently be fought by legislative efforts at the local, state, and federal level. The food industry, as history illustrates, will likely work hard to weaken any regulatory efforts and could potentially demand that this fight end up requiring judicial review.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE MODE OF ACCUMULATION OF #2 FUEL OIL BY THE SOFT SHELL CLAM, MYA ARENARIA

ABSTRACT Chemical analysis has shown that various components of oils can accumulate within marine invertebrates. Several mechanisms by which this may occur have been conjectured. This paper offers experimental verification of a mechanism by which a commercially important bivalve. Mya arenaria, can accumulate oil within its tissues. The paper also documents the behavioral response of Mya arenenaria and deleterious ecological side effects resulting from oil accumulation. Young Mya (25–35 mm) were exposed to #2 fuel oil and an oil soluble dye (Oil Red 0) which were ultrasonically emulsified in water. The concentrations tested were 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm. Exposures were done in both natural and artificial seawater at 4°C and 22°C. Exposure periods ranged from 3 hours to 4 days. Macroscopic observations were performed to determine the effects of the dyed oil contacting the gill surfaces and the means by which the oil was either ingested or ejected. Definite patterns of response to the dyed oil were establ...
Microscopic shock structure in model particle systems: The Boghosian‐Levermore cellular automation revisited

We carried out new computer simulations of the Boghosian-Levermore stochastic cellular automaton for the Burgers equation. The existence of an extra “conservation law” in the dynamics—even and odd lattice sites exchange their contents at every time step—implies that the automaton decomposes into two independent subsystems; the simulations show that the density from each subsystem exhibits a “shock front” which does not broaden with time. The location of the shock in a particular microscopic realization differs from that predicted by the Burgers equation by an amount which depends only on the initial microscopic density of the particle system, that is, fluctuations in the stochastic dynamics do not affect the shock profile on the time scale considered. This is in complete accord with theoretical expectations. The apparent broadening of the shock in the original Boghosian-Levermore simulations is shown to result from averaging the two subsystem densities.
Predation rates of zooplankton in arctic ponds1

Twelve species of arctic freshwater zooplankton were tested for predatory behavior in feeding trials, two species at a time, at several developmental stages. All were herbivorous as nauplii, early copepodids, or neonates. Heterocope septentrionalis and Acanthocyclops vsrnalis were common high-intensity predators in the more mature stages. Daphnia middendorffiana and Polyartemiella haxeni were common passive predators in more mature stages. Cyclops vicinus, Diacyclops languidoides, Eucyclops agilis, Diaptomus aluskaensis, and Diaptomus bacillifer were not predaceous. The predator-prey system in arctic ponds is complex; each predator serves as prey for some other species. From 18 June to 18 July 1973, I took a preliminary look at the higher trophic relationships of the crustacean zooplankton of arctic polygon depression ponds, hoping not only to discover which species were predaceous, but to measure feeding rates and sclectivities. The zooplankton of the Point Barrow region is fairly well known. Kangas ( 1972) surveyed the Entomostraca of the area, and Sullivan (1957) surveyed the Protozoa. Life history studies have been made of the cladoceran Daphnia rniddendorffiana (Edmondson 1955; Stross and Kangas 1969) and the Calanoid copepod Limnocalanus johanseni ( Comita 1956). These preliminary observations suggested that the zooplankton association is particularly interesting because of its diversity of invertebrate predators (Kangas 1972). In any one pond, one might expect to find three or more predatory copepods and often two species of fairy shrimp (which may be predaceous). In addition, there were several entomostracans in these ponds whose feeding preferences were unknown. In comparable alpine ponds farther south (in western Colorado) one expects to find only one or two prcdaceous copepods and one possibly predaceous fairly shrimp (Dodson 1970). My purpose in this study was to identify the predaceous species as a step preliminary to understanding the significance of invertebrate predation in limiting the dis--’ Supported by National Science Foundation grant GV 29347 to R. Stross. tribution and abundance of zooplankton in these diverse associations. In similar ponds farther south, with fewer species, the invertebrate predators seem to detcrmine the distribution of some herbivorous zooplankton species (Dodson 1974) and to cause most of the mortality of herbivvorous zooplankton ( Dodson 1972). R. Stross invited me to work with him in his study of arctic zooplankton, supported by the Tundra Biome at the Arctic Research Laboratory, Point Barrow, Alaska. R. Stross and D. Kangas provided much technical advice and assistance, and T. Casady often helped in the field. R. Smith helped identify the species of cyclopoid copepods.
Program Directors' Criteria for Selection Into Urology Residency

Objective To investigate urology residency program directors' criteria for resident selection. Methods In 2014, the urology residency program directors were surveyed using an email questionnaire. The generated questionnaire included the following 3 components: (1) assessing the factors used in selecting applicants for interviewing and matching, (2) rating the factors resulting in a negative decision for applicants for interviewing and matching, and (3) investigating the factors that gave applicants special attention or consideration from program directors. Analysis of variance testing and post hoc Student t tests were used to assess for differences in the mean importance score of the factors. Results Urology reference letters and United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) scores were ranked as the most important factors for applicant selection. A USMLE Step 1 score ≤220 and a USMLE Step 2 score ≤220 were the most deleterious factors to applicants, with a previous match failure being no less deleterious to an applicant than a USMLE Step 1 or 2 score ≤220. Program directors gave special attention or consideration to gender (25%), minority status (36.8%), being from the same medical school as the program director (61.8%), completing an away rotation at the program director's institution (86.8%), being a child of an academic urologist (47.4%), and being a child of an academic nonurologic physician (15.8%). Conclusion Although program directors consider a variety of factors during the residency selection process, USMLE performance, urology references, and completing an away rotation at the program directors' institution appear to be the most important factors to program directors during the residency selection process.
Near-infrared assessments of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in persons with spinal cord injury

After spinal cord injury (SCI) skeletal muscle decreases in size, increases in intramuscular fat, and has potential declines in mitochondrial function. Reduced mitochondrial function has been linked to the development of metabolic disease. The aim of this study was to measure mitochondrial function in persons with SCI using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Oxygen consumption of the vastus lateralis muscle was measured with NIRS during repeated short-duration arterial occlusions in nine able-bodied (AB) and nine persons with motor complete SCI. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (V max) was evaluated with two approaches: (1) rate constant of the recovery of oxygen consumption after exercise and (2) extrapolated maximum oxygen consumption from a progressive work test. V max as indicated by the rate constant (k) from the recovery kinetics test was lower in SCI compared with AB participants (k: SCI 0.7 ± 0.3 vs. AB 1.9 ± 0.4 min(-1); p < 0.001). Time constants were SCI 91.9 ± 37.8 vs. AB 33.6 ± 8.3 s. V max from the progressive work test approached a significant difference between groups (SCI 5.1 ± 2.9 vs. AB 9.8 ± 5.5 % Hb-Mb/s; p = 0.06). NIRS measurements of V max suggest a deficit of 50-60 % in participants with SCI compared with AB controls, consistent with previous studies using (31)P-MRS and muscle biopsies. NIRS measurements can assess mitochondrial capacity in people with SCI and potentially other injured/diseased populations.
Vitamin K Oxygenation, Glutamate Carboxylation, and Processivity: Defining the Three Critical Facets of Catalysis by the Vitamin K–Dependent Carboxylase

The vitamin K-dependent carboxylase uses vitamin K oxygenation to drive carboxylation of multiple glutamates in vitamin K-dependent proteins, rendering them active in a variety of physiologies. Multiple carboxylations of proteins are required for their activity, and the carboxylase is processive, so that premature dissociation of proteins from the carboxylase does not occur. The carboxylase is unique, with no known homology to other enzyme families, and structural determinations have not been made, rendering an understanding of catalysis elusive. Although a model explaining the relationship of oxygenation to carboxylation had been developed, until recently almost nothing was known of the function of the carboxylase itself in catalysis. In the past decade, discovery and analysis of naturally occurring carboxylase mutants has led to identification of functionally relevant residues and domains. Further, identification of nonmammalian carboxylase orthologs has provided a basis for bioinformatic analysis to identify candidates for critical functional residues. Biochemical analysis of rationally chosen carboxylase mutants has led to breakthroughs in understanding vitamin K oxygenation, glutamate carboxylation, and maintenance of processivity by the carboxylase. Protein carboxylation has also been assessed in vivo, and the intracellular environment strongly affects carboxylase function. The carboxylase is an integral membrane protein, and topological analysis, coupled with biochemical determinations, suggests that interaction of the carboxylase with the membrane is an important facet of function. Carboxylase homologs, likely acquired by horizontal transfer, have been discovered in some bacteria, and functional analysis of these homologs has the potential to lead to the discovery of new roles of vitamin K in biology.
The Eucharist in African Perspective

In this article, Nigerian James Chukwuma Okoye explores the idea of an inculturated African Eucharist. After a discussion of the possibility of a truly African Eucharist according to Catholic teaching, Okoye outlines several elements that would need to be present in any Eucharist that would claim to be authentically African: it would be a sacrifice that would maintain the "ontological balance" between God and human beings; it would be richly communal in nature; it would function as an access to mystical power; it would have a healing role in the community; it would be a liturgy that would be celebrated in word, song, body movements and dance. Okoye then briefly discusses the Zairean rite of Eucharist as a concrete example of a eucharistic celebration that is rooted both in the Roman Rite as well as in local, African traditions.
The Relationship Between Implementation of School-Wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS) and Disciplinary Exclusion of Students From Various Ethnic Backgrounds With and Without Disabilities

This study examined disciplinary exclusion data from 77 schools implementing school-wide positive behavior support (SWPBS). The authors examined (a) patterns of exclusion in schools implementing SWPBS; (b) associations between decreased exclusions and SWPBS implementation at the whole school level, the classroom level, the nonclassroom level, and the individual student level; (c) the extent to which students from varying ethnicities were equitably represented in overall exclusions as well as long-term exclusions; and (d) the extent to which students with a disability from varying ethnicities were equitably represented in long-term exclusions. Whereas SWPBS implementation in the classroom appeared to be associated with decreased exclusions in elementary schools, SWPBS implementation in nonclassroom settings appeared to be associated with decreased exclusions in high schools. Although overall exclusions decreased, White students appeared to benefit most from this decrease, whereas African American students ...
Ordering Interfluves: A Simple Proposal for Understanding Critical Zone Evolution☆

Abstract The Earth’s critical zone (CZ) is the integrated life-supportive system between the atmosphere and the deepest bio-geoweathering front of geologic materials 1 . When human beings are added to the natural workings of the critical zone, great uncertainty is introduced in understanding the consequences 1,2 . As we begin our research at our Calhoun Critical Zone Observatory (CCZO) in the Southern Piedmont region of SC, we propose an ordering system for upland interfluves that is to an extent a reciprocal of the widely used Hortonian system that hydrophysically orders stream and river systems. At the Calhoun CZO, interfluve order and corresponding erosion and intra-critical zone regimes inform us about the evolution and functioning of hydrologic, geomorphologic, biogeochemical, and biotic systems; CZ response to historic land use change; and the contemporary functioning and management of the CZ. With LiDAR and DEM mapping enabling new quantitative research of landscape and critical zone structure and function, we propose that many physiographic regions will benefit from a system that orders interfluves. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of GES-10.
Synthesis of 2-(o-chloropheny)- and 2-(2′,6′-dichlorophenyl)-4-formyl-1,2,3-triazoles

Mesoaldehyde 1,3-dioxime was treated with either o-chlorophenyl- or 2,6 dichloro-phenylhydrazine to give the corresponding 2-chlorophenylhydrazone. Hydrazones 1a and 1b were treated with acetic anhydride and cyclized to triazoles (3a and 6a) with cesium carbonate. These were then hydrolized to the previously unknown chlorophenyltriazole aldehydes (4a and 4b). They were also converted to a number of acid derivatives, alcohols, and amines.
Seismic Screening, Evaluation, Rehabilitation, and Design Provisions for Wood-Framed Structures

Seismic screening, evaluation, and rehabilitation design of two existing wood-framed structures are performed using FEMA 154, FEMA 356, ASCE/SEI 31, and the 1997 UBC. FEMA 154 screening demonstrates the importance of examining construction drawings. Plans revealed a structural deficiency, but screening alone indicated no further evaluation is needed. Demand-to-capacity ratios for shear walls and roof diaphragms are examined. 1997 UBC design provisions for new buildings are not necessarily conservative compared to FEMA 356 rehabilitation guidelines. Also, FEMA 356 and 1997 UBC design provisions are not necessarily conservative compared to existing building evaluation in ASCE/SEI 31. A likely cause of the unexpected results is the conservative linear static procedure and associated m factors for wood in FEMA 356 and ASCE/SEI 31. Research is needed to better calibrate these factors and acceptance criteria to account for duration of shaking, number of cycles of nonlinear behavior, and redundancy.