cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The MIT–Cornell collision and why it happened

Midway through the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge, MIT's robot “Talos” and Team Cornell's robot “Skynet” collided in a low-speed accident. This accident was one of the first collisions between full-sized autonomous road vehicles. Fortunately, both vehicles went on to finish the race and the collision was thoroughly documented in the vehicle logs. This collaborative study between MIT and Cornell traces the confluence of events that preceded the collision and examines its root causes. A summary of robot–robot interactions during the race is presented. The logs from both vehicles are used to show the gulf between robot and human-driver behavior at close vehicle proximities. Contributing factors are shown to be (1) difficulties in sensor data association leading to an inability to detect slow-moving vehicles and phantom obstacles, (2) failure to anticipate vehicle intent, and (3) an overemphasis on lane constraints versus vehicle proximity in motion planning. Finally, we discuss approaches that could address these issues in future systems, such as intervehicle communication, vehicle detection, and prioritized motion planning. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Safety and efficacy of early extubation of elderly coronary artery bypass surgery patients

Abstract Objective: Early extubation and fast-track management protocols on younger, low-risk patients result in shorter hospital stays and decreased costs. The impact of such protocols on elderly patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is not presently known. Design: A matched retrospective cohort study. Setting: A university teaching hospital. Participants: Six hundred ninety-eight consecutive patients undergoing isolated CABG between January 1995 and September 1996. Interventions: Three hundred seventy-seven patients underwent early extubation, defined as extubation within 8 hours of arrival in the intensive care unit. They were divided into groups of patients 70 years of age and younger (n =263) and patients older than 70 years of age (n = 114). Results: The mean length of stay (LOS) for all patients extubated within 8 hours or less was 5.5 days versus 8.4 days for patients who underwent later extubation (p 18 698 ), and there were no deaths among patients undergoing early extubation. Reintubation rate was negligible in both groups of patients. Conclusion: This study confirms the safety and efficacy of early extubation among elderly patients undergoing CABG. Elderly patients have more comorbid conditions, yet a significant number can be extubated early, with resultant shortened LOSs.
Youth, Adolescence, and Maturity of Banks: Credit Availability to Small Business in an Era of Banking Consolidation

Abstract This paper addresses the relationship between the aging process at new and relatively young banks and the tendency of banks to make loans to small businesses. Defining small business loans as C&I loans that are under $1 million in size, we analyze a sample of banks that had assets of less than $500 million in assets for the years 1993–1996 and that were 25 years of age or younger. We find, as have earlier studies, that banks' proclivities for small business lending are negatively related to their age and to their size. We proceed much farther, however, by introducing a number of additional explanatory variables, including the start-up year of the bank. We find that small business lending is negatively related to its being part of a MBHC. Also, small business lending is positively related to higher concentration rates in urban areas but is negatively related to higher concentration in rural areas. Despite the inclusion of these additional variables and a number of alternative specifications, the negative effects of a bank's age on its small business lending persist.
Measuring the quality of information in clustering protocols for sensor networks

The performance of a clustering protocol for sensor network is often measured by the energy spent by the network. But there are other metrics that are of significance, namely the latency of the network and the quality of the overall information sensed by the network. In this paper, we have show three ways to measure the quality of information obtained in a sensor network. Our first method an information loss metric that we have formulated is a statistical method to estimate the quality of information. Our second metric, the entropy ratio metric based on Shannon's information theory gives us a ratio that indicates the quality of information obtained. Our third method is based on variance. This deterministic method essentially calculates the mean square error between the true and the estimated signal over all the nodes. This simple method provides an effective way to measure the amount of information lost.
Total synthesis of (+/-)-perophoramidine.

The first total synthesis of racemic perophoramidine is described. The key step features the highly stereoselective introduction of the vicinial quaternary centers via base-promoted carbon−carbon bond formation between a 3-alkylindole and a 3-bromo-3-alkylindolin-2-one. This transformation presumably proceeds through a conjugate addition or Diels−Alder cycloaddition of the 3-alkylindole with a 3-alkylindol-2-one intermediate.
Community choice and local public services: A discrete choice approach

Abstract This paper uses a discrete choice approach to estimate the impact of local fiscal and other variables on individual community choices. It employs a combination of a unique micro data set composed of 90% of all homeowners in six school districts in Camden County, New Jersey and information on local community characteristics including local crime rates, commercial activity and distance from a metropolitan area. The empirical model implies that all these variables as well as the local per pupil spending on public education and `community entry prices' play a major part in explaining the location of individual households.
Sonogashira coupling using bulky palladium-phenanthryl imidazolium carbene catalysis

[structure: see text] Bulky phenanthracenyl imidazolium-derived carbene ligands were investigated for copper-free Sonogashira coupling with terminal acetylenes. Aryl bromides and iodides gave coupled products in excellent yields from the Pd(PPh(3))(2)Cl(2) complex with potassium t-butoxide and 18-crown-6 in THF. A remarkable dependence on the size of the ligand was found. The highest yields were obtained with the bulky 2,9-dicyclohexyl-10-phenanthryl ligand 5.
Introduction to the theory of medical consulting and diagnosis

Medical consulting and diagnosis is not just a matter of storage and retrieval of information or of computing the a posteriori probability of disease. A physician must interact with numerous components of the health care team such as a nurse who may communicate his orders for tests or drugs, the physician consultant who advises him, and a textbook or literature which provides him with information about diseases. The creation of a physician through the medical school process causes the build-up of thought processes in the physician orientated both to consulting and decision making. This thought process is not an accidental one but it is dictated by the interrelationship of the components of the health care team. It is during the building of this thought process, in medical school, that computer assistance to medical consulting and diagnosis has a good chance of becoming part of the physician's "bag of tricks". In addition, computer assistance in medical consulting and diagnosis can be an aid to education during medical school.
Heater Orientation Effects on Pool Boiling of Micro-Porous-Enhanced Surfaces in Saturated FC-72

Experiments are performed to understand the effects of surface orientation on the pool boiling characteristics of a highly wetting fluid from a flush-mounted, micro-porous-enhanced square heater. Micro-porous enhancement was achieved by applying copper and aluminum particle coatings to the heater surfaces. Effects of heater orientation on CHF and nucleate boiling heat transfer for uncoated and coated surfaces are compared. A correlation is developed to predict the heater orientation effect on CHF for those surfaces.
Acceleration of coronal mass ejections

[1] The acceleration of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is examined focusing on three specific questions raised by observations: (1) what determines the height beyond which a CME exhibits no rapid acceleration, (2) why is the main acceleration of CMEs typically limited to below 2–3 solar radii, and (3) are distinct mechanisms required to explain the apparent bimodal distribution of speed-height profiles. Using a theoretical model of CMEs based on a three-dimensional (3-D) magnetic flux rope, it is shown that the acceleration of CMEs exhibits a universal scaling law characterized by the critical height Z* = Sf/2 such that maximum acceleration is attained shortly after height Z of the flux-rope apex exceeds Z*, where Sf is the footpoint separation distance. Theoretical analysis and observed CME dynamics show two distinct phases of acceleration: the “main” and “residual” acceleration phases. The main acceleration phase occurs for apex height Z ≤ Zm, where Zm is found to be ≃3 Z*, and the residual acceleration phase corresponds to Z > Zm. Thus the observed acceleration profile can be directly related to Sf. These results are explained in terms of the 3-D geometry of a flux rope, its inductive properties, and the Lorentz self-force. We have also constructed ensembles of flux-rope profiles corresponding to varying amounts and durations of poloidal flux injection. We find that the resulting distribution of model speed-height profiles is similar to that observed if an upper limit on the amount of injected flux is imposed. One mechanism is sufficient to account for the observed properties and distribution of CME acceleration. The theory is quantitatively tested against observed CMEs.
Could a Reported 2007 Analysis of Super-Kamiokande Data Have Missed a Detectable Supernova Signal from Andromeda?

According to a 2007 paper there was no evidence for a neutrino burst of two or more events in Super-Kamiokande (SK) during the entire period of data taking from 1996 to 2005 from Andromeda or anywhere else. There is, however, a scenario under which a detectable signal could have been missed given the search method employed by the analysis, and it would have been found using an alternate method. The alternate method depends on the hypothesis that two of the neutrino mass eigenstates have masses 4.0 eV and 21.4 eV which was inferred from an analysis of the SN 1987A data. Although one might argue that the hypothesis of such large neutrino masses is remote, there is a way they could be compatible with observed constraints on neutrino masses involving a third tachyonic () eigenstate, plus three sterile neutrinos. Given the importance of a positive supernova search result and the ease of conducting it using existing SK data, there would seem to be little reason not to do it.
Rotavirus vaccines -- An update.

Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide and continues to have a major global impact on childhood morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is the only control measure likely to have a significant impact on the incidence of severe dehydrating rotavirus disease. Rotavirus disease prevention efforts suffered a severe setback in 1999 with the withdrawal of the RRV-TV vaccine less than a year after its introduction. Several new rotavirus vaccines have been developed and have proven to be safe and efficacious. These new safe and effective rotavirus vaccines offer the best hope of reducing the toll of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries.
Structure and Vibrational Spectra of a Model of a-Si:H with Periodic Boundary Conditions

A ball-and-stick model of a-Si:H with periodic boundary conditions is constructed. A computer replica of the structure is relaxed and the density, radial distribution function, and vibrational spectracalculated. Ein “Kugel und Stab”-Modell fur hydrogeniertes amorphes Silizium wird konstruiert, das periodische Randbedingungen erfullt. In einem Rechenautomaten wird eine mathematische Replik der Struktur dieses Modells ins Krafte-Gleichgewicht gebracht, und dieDichte, die radiale Verteilungsfunktion und die Vibrations-Spektra dieses Modells berechnet.
Recent improvements in the optical and electrooptic properties of plzt ceramics

Continuing studies on the improvement of the optical quality of lanthanum modified lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramics have shown that (1) bulk residual porosity and (2) chemical inhomogeneity are primary factors contributing to optical losses in thick plates of the material. This paper describes methods by which both of these major faults in the ceramic can be virtually eliminated. In addition, the optical and electrooptic properties of the improved material are presented and compared with those of previously available materials. Successful methods of eliminating residual porosity and enhancing chemical homogeneity resulted from studies which led to improved hot-pressing techniques and chemical preparation of the PLZT powders. Essentially all of the residual porosity was eliminated by introducing an oxygen atmosphere during the hot-pressing process. Chemical homogeneity was improved significantly by using high purity liquid solutions for preparing the PLZT powders. A combination of lead oxide and sol...
Patterns of alternating sign matrices

Abstract We initiate a study of the zero–nonzero patterns of n × n alternating sign matrices. We characterize the row (column) sum vectors of these patterns and determine their minimum term rank. In the case of connected alternating sign matrices, we find the minimum number of nonzero entries and characterize the case of equality. We also study symmetric alternating sign matrices, in particular, those with only zeros on the main diagonal. These give rise to alternating signed graphs without loops, and we determine the maximum number of edges in such graphs. We also consider n × n alternating sign matrices whose patterns are maximal within the class of all n × n alternating sign matrices.
A Comparison of Two Methods of Managerial Selection: Employment Interviews Versus Communication-Based Assessment Centers

This study compared employment interviews with communication-based assessment centers as managerial selection tools. During a three-year period all job applicant finalists for midlevel management positions in a large corporation were placed in one of two selection settings, employment interviews or assessment centers. In the employment interview setting applicant finalists (N = 174) interviewed with one personnel representative and two managers. In the assessment center setting applicant finalists (N = 174) performed in simulations that were judged by trained assessors. In all, 29 midlevel managers were selected on the basis of interview performance; 27 as a result of assessment center performance. After one year of employment the midlevel managers were evaluated by their superiors and subordinates using standardized job performance scales. The managers selected by communication-based assessment centers received higher interpersonal, productivity, and problem-solving ratings than did managers selected by ...
Submonolayer molecular hydrogen on graphite: A path-integral Monte Carlo study

We have used path-integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) to simulate molecular hydrogen on graphite at submonolayer coverage. First we use a flat substrate and we study the first layer for various values of the coverage up to layer completion. We found that the first layer has a solid-gas coexistence phase at low densities and a triangular solid phase at and above the equilibrium density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}=0.0705 {\AA{}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}.$ We also determine that the first layer promotion coverage is at $0.094 {\AA{}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ in agreement with experiment. Second we introduce the full ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$-graphite interaction, i.e., we include the effects of substrate corrugations. In this case we carry our PIMC simulations on a variety of systems at and below the 1/3 coverage. We calculate the energy as a function of coverage, contour plots of the molecule probability distribution, the pair distribution function, the static structure function and the specific heat. When the substrate corrugation part of the interaction is included we find that at 1/3 coverage the system is in a $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ commensurate solid phase. At coverages below that and at low enough temperature the system exists in solid clusters surrounded by vapor. At coverages below a critical density, defining a tricrical point, as the system is heated up these clusters melt into a uniform fluid phase. We find that below the commensurate density and above the tricritical point, as the clusters are heated up, first they undergo a transition into a phase where the vapor phase disappears and a commensurate phase with vacancies arises. This commensurate solid melts at higher temperature into a uniform fluid phase.
Iterative log thresholding

Sparse reconstruction approaches using the re-weighted l1-penalty have been shown, both empirically and theoretically, to provide a significant improvement in recovering sparse signals in comparison to the l1-relaxation. However, numerical optimization of such penalties involves solving problems with l1-norms in the objective many times. Using the direct link of reweighted l1-penalties to the concave log-regularizer for sparsity, we derive a simple prox-like algorithm for the log-regularized formulation. The proximal splitting step of the algorithm has a closed form solution, and we call the algorithm 'log-thresholding' in analogy to soft thresholding for the l1-penalty. We establish convergence results, and demonstrate that log-thresholding provides more accurate sparse reconstructions compared to both soft and hard thresholding. Furthermore, the approach can be directly extended to optimization over matrices with penalty for rank (i.e. the nuclear norm penalty and its re-weigthed version), where we suggest a singular-value log-thresholding approach.
Despite its role in assembly, methionine 35 is not necessary for amyloid β-protein toxicity

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 1252–1262. Abstract An important component of the pathologic process underlying Alzheimer’s disease is oxidative stress. Met35 in amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is prone to participating in redox reactions promoting oxidative stress, and therefore is believed to contribute significantly Aβ-induced toxicity. Thus, substitution of Met35 by residues that do not participate in redox chemistry would be expected to decrease Aβ toxicity. Indeed, substitution of Met35 by norleucine (Nle) was reported to reduce Aβ toxicity. Surprisingly, however, substitution of Met35 by Val was reported to increase toxicity. Aβ toxicity is known to be strongly related to its self-assembly. However, neither substitution is predicted to affect Aβ assembly substantially. Thus, the effect of these substitutions on toxicity is difficult to explain. We revisited this issue and compared Aβ40 and Aβ42 with analogs containing Met35Nle or Met35Val substitutions using multiple biophysical and toxicity assays. We found that substitution of Met35 by Nle or Val had moderate effects on Aβ assembly. Surprisingly, despite these effects, neither substitution changed Aβ neurotoxicity significantly in three different assays. These results suggest that the presence of Met35 in Aβ is not important for Aβ toxicity, challenging to the prevailing paradigm, which suggests that redox reactions involving Met35 contribute substantially to Aβ-induced toxicity.
A Greedy Hypercube-Labeling Algorithm

Due to its attractive topological properties, the hypercube multiprocessor has emerged as one of the architectures of choice when it comes to implementing a large number of computational problems. In many such applications, Gray-code labelings of the hypercube are a crucial prerequisite for obtaining efficient algorithms. We propose a greedy algorithm that, given an n-dimensional hypercube H with N=2 2 nodes, returns a Gray-code labeling of H, that is, a labeling of the nodes with binary strings of length n such that two nodes are neighbors in the hypercube if, and only if, their labels differ in exactly one bit. Our algorithm is conceptually very simple and runs in O(N log N) time being, therefore, optimal. As it turns out, with a few modifications our labeling algorithm can be used to recognize hypercubes as well
PLASMA REFRACTIVE EFFECTS IN HCN LASERS

Plasma refractive index effects in pulsed HCN lasers, calculating stable cavity mirror curvatures constriction as function of electron density by ray matrix approach
Conceptual model of comprehensive research metrics for improved human health and environment

Performance measurement predominantly consisted of near-term outputs measured through bibliometrics, but the recent focus is on accountability for investment based on long-term outcomes. Our objective is to build a logic model and associated metrics through which to measure the contribution of environmental health research programs to improvements in human health, the environment, and the economy. We developed a logic model that defines the components and linkages between extramural environmental health research grant programs and the outputs and outcomes related to health and social welfare, environmental quality and sustainability, economics, and quality of life, focusing on the environmental health research portfolio of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Division of Extramural Research and Training and delineates pathways for contributions by five types of institutional partners in the research process. The model is being applied to specific NIEHS research applications and the broader research community. We briefly discuss two examples and discuss the strengths and limits of outcome- based evaluation of research programs.
Higgs friends and counterfeits at hadron colliders

We consider the possibility of “Higgs counterfeits” - scalars that can be produced with cross sections comparable to the SM Higgs, and which decay with identical relative observable branching ratios, but which are nonetheless not responsible for electroweak symmetry breaking. We also consider a related scenario involving “Higgs friends,” fields similarly produced through gg fusion processes, which would be discovered through diboson channels WW, ZZ, γγ, or even γZ, potentially with larger cross sections times branching ratios than for the Higgs. The discovery of either a Higgs friend or a Higgs counterfeit, rather than directly pointing towards the origin of the weak scale, would indicate the presence of new colored fields necessary for the sizable production cross section (and possibly new colorless but electroweakly charged states as well, in the case of the diboson decays of a Higgs friend). These particles could easily be confused for an ordinary Higgs, perhaps with an additional generation to explain the different cross section, and we emphasize the importance of vector boson fusion as a channel to distinguish a Higgs counterfeit from a true Higgs. Such fields would naturally be expected in scenarios with “effective Z′s,” where heavy states charged under the SM produce effective charges for SM fields under a new gauge force. We discuss the prospects for discovery of Higgs counterfeits, Higgs friends, and associated charged fields at the LHC.
Li3Ti0.75(MoO4)3: A lyonsite-type oxide

Abstract Significant progress has been made in understanding the solid state crystal chemistry of the large lyonsite oxide family. Some of this progress is reviewed briefly, and the crystal structure of Li3Ti0.75(MoO4)3 is presented as further illustration of the adaptive nature of the lyonsite structure. Li3Ti0.75(MoO4)3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (Z = 4) with cell parameters a = 5.047 A, b = 10.454 A, c = 17.538 A.
Multiple-Object, Discriminatory Auctions with Bidding Constraints: A Game-Theoretic Analysis

This paper examines the existence and characterization of pure strategy Nash equilibria in multiple-object auction games in which buyers face a binding constraint on exposure. There are five major results. First, symmetric Nash equilibria exist if and only if there are two or less buyers and two or less items. Second, a Nash equilibrium may not exist if the seller sets a positive reservation bid. Third, asymmetric solutions to symmetrically parameterized games typically involve "high-low" strategies: each buyer submits positive bids only on some restricted subset of the items. Fourth, Nash equilibria typically generate zero "surplus" to the buyers. Fifth, when asymmetric solutions exist and the buyers are identical, these solutions are never unique.
Thin Hessenberg pairs and double Vandermonde matrices

Abstract A square matrix is called Hessenberg whenever each entry below the subdiagonal is zero and each entry on the subdiagonal is nonzero. Let V denote a nonzero finite-dimensional vector space over a field K . We consider an ordered pair of linear transformations A : V → V and A ∗ : V → V which satisfy both (i), (ii) below. (i) There exists a basis for V with respect to which the matrix representing A is Hessenberg and the matrix representing A ∗ is diagonal. (ii) There exists a basis for V with respect to which the matrix representing A is diagonal and the matrix representing A ∗ is Hessenberg. We call such a pair a thin Hessenberg pair (or TH pair). By the diameter of the pair we mean the dimension of V minus one. There is an “oriented” version of a TH pair called a TH system. In this paper we investigate a connection between TH systems and double Vandermonde matrices. We have two main results. For the first result we give a bijection between any two of the following three sets: • The set of isomorphism classes of TH systems over K of diameter d. • The set of normalized west–south Vandermonde systems in Mat d + 1 ( K ) . • The set of parameter arrays over K of diameter d. For the second result we give a bijection between any two of the following five sets: • The set of affine isomorphism classes of TH systems over K of diameter d. • The set of isomorphism classes of RTH systems over K of diameter d. • The set of affine classes of normalized west–south Vandermonde systems in Mat d + 1 ( K ) . • The set of normalized west–south Vandermonde matrices in Mat d + 1 ( K ) . • The set of reduced parameter arrays over K of diameter d.
Quotients of standard Hilbert modules

We initiate a study of Hilbert modules over the polynomial algebra that are obtained by completing with respect to an inner product having certain natural properties. A standard Hilbert module is a finite multiplicity version of one of these. Standard Hilbert modules occupy a position analogous to that of free modules of finite rank in commutative algebra, and their quotients by submodules give rise to universal solutions of nonlinear relations. Essentially all of the basic Hilbert modules that have received attention over the years are standard, including the Hilbert module of the -shift, the Hardy and Bergman modules of the unit ball, modules associated with more general domains in , and those associated with projective algebraic varieties. We address the general problem of determining when a quotient of an essentially normal standard Hilbert module is essentially normal. This problem has been resistant. Our main result is that it can be ``linearized'' in that the nonlinear relations defining the submodule can be reduced, appropriately, to linear relations through an iteration procedure, and we give a concrete description of linearized quotients.
Probing Exotic Physics With Cosmic Neutrinos )

Traditionally, collider experiments have been the primary tool used in searching for particle physics beyond the Standard Model. In this talk, I will discuss alternative approaches for exploring exotic physics scenarios using high energy and ultra-high energy cosmic neutrinos. Such neutrinos can be used to study interactions at energies higher, and over baselines longer, than those accessible to colliders. In this way, neutrino astronomy can provide a window into fundamental physics which is highly complementary to collider techniques. I will discuss the role of neutrino astronomy in fundamental physics, considering the use of such techniques in studying several specific scenarios including low scale gravity models, Standard Model electroweak instanton induced interactions, decaying neutrinos and quantum decoherence.
Examining the quality of early GDP component estimates

Abstract In this paper we examine the quality of the initial estimates of headline GDP and 10 major components of both real and nominal U.S. GDP. We ask a number of questions about various characteristics of the differences between the initial estimates, available one month after the end of the quarter, and the estimates available three months after the end of the quarter. Do the first estimates have the same directional signs as the later numbers? Are the original numbers unbiased estimates of the later figures? Are any observed biases related to the state of the economy? Finally, we determine whether there is a significant difference between the vector of the 30-day estimates of the 10 major components and the vector of the 90-day estimates of the same components. We conclude that, under most circumstances, despite the existence of some bias, an analyst could use the early data to obtain a realistic picture of what had happened in the economy in the previous quarter.
The value of country-level perceived ethics to entrepreneurs around the world

The actions behind the “Great Recession” have done a lot of damage to the ability of the average investor to trust both corporate executives and Wall Street. Given the riskiness of investing in private equity, private firms are particularly vulnerable to the risk aversion of investors. For this reason, maintaining trust may be particularly useful to private firms. Using a dataset that spans 33 countries from 1998 to 2004, this paper examines the impact of the perception of ethical behavior at the country level on the performance and outcome of private firms. Using two separate sources for country-level perception of ethics, this paper finds that both the performance and the outcome of the private firm are positively influenced by the level of perceived ethics in their country. The paper further finds that these benefits come without adding cost to the entrepreneurial firm (as well as its pre-issue investors) when it goes public.
Modeling the future costs of carbon capture using experts' elicited probabilities under policy scenarios

We use expert elicitations of energy penalties and literature-derived estimates of basic cost parameters to model the future costs of 7 types of carbon capture technology applied to coal power plants. We conduct extensive sensitivity analysis to assess the effects of various parameters on additional levelized electricity costs ($/MWh) and costs of avoided CO2 emissions ($/tCO2) in 2025. Although the expert elicitation of energy penalties under various policy conditions spans a considerable range, we find that costs are more sensitive to assumptions about overnight capital costs and discounting. We run Monte Carlo simulations to specify a distribution of the minimum costs of capture across these 7 technologies and find that in 74% of cases, the minimum cost of capture is determined by one of three technologies. Despite these concentrated outcomes, we see benefits to technology portfolio diversification in that a full portfolio of technologies approximately doubles the likelihood of achieving a $60/tCO2 cost target versus focusing on a single capture technology.
A novel route to organonitrites by Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of sodium nitrite and potassium organotrifluoroborates

Microwave irradiated palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of potassium styryltrifluoroborates and sodium nitrite gives the corresponding styryl nitrites in high yields. Potassium aryltrifluoroborates also furnish aryl nitrites under same reaction condition. This unprecedented cross-coupling is an interesting development and has the potential to lead to new nitration protocols.
Effect of helium preinjection and prior thermomechanical treatment on the microstructure of type 316 SS

Abstract Samples of 316 SS were preinjected with 15 appm helium either hot (650°C) or cold (room temperature) and irradiated with 3 MeV Ni+ ions to a dose level of 25 dpa at 625°C in order to test the validity of helium preinjection as a means of simulation of transmutant helium production. Results for preinjected and single-ion irradiated samples were compared to samples irradiated at 625°C to a 25 dpa dose level with 3 MeV Ni+ and simultaneously injected with helium at a rate of 15 appm He/dpa (dual-ion irradiated samples). Preinjected samples exhibited bimodal cavity size distributions. Preinjected samples of solution annealed or solution annealed and aged material showed lower swelling than dual-ion irradiated samples. However, He preinjected 20% cold worked samples showed greater swelling than dual-ion irradiated samples.
Lasers and Electro-Optics

1. Electromagnetic waves, light, and lasers 2. Optical frequency amplifiers 3. Introduction to two practical laser systems 4. Optical resonators containing amplifying media 5. Laser radiation 6. Control of laser oscillators 7. Optically pumped solid-state lasers 8. Gas lasers 9. Molecular gas lasers I 10. Molecular gas lasers II 11. Tunable lasers 12. Semiconductor lasers 13. Passive optical systems 14. Periodic optical systems, resonators and inhomogenous media 15. Optics of Gaussian beams 16. Optical fibers and waveguides 17. Optics of anisotropic media 18. The electro-optic and acousto-optic effects and modulation of light beams 19. Introduction to nonlinear processes 20. Wave propagation in nonlinear media 21. Detection of optical radiation 22. Coherence theory 23. Laser applications Index.
A synthetic equivalent for ortho-lithio-n-methylaniline

Abstract o-Bromo-N-methyl-N-n-propoxyaniline undergoes halogen-metal exchange with butyllithium and the resulting lithio species reacts cleanly with a variety of electrophiles. The N-O bond of these products can be reduced with Raney nickel to afford ortho-substituted-N-methylanilines.
Community Interventions to Promote Proper Nutrition and Physical Activity among Youth

In recent years a compelling body of knowledge has been accumulated to support the belief that physical activity and dietary behaviors carry important health consequences for young people. It has long been known that adequate nutrition and physical activity are essential for normal growth and development [1]. Recently, however, clear evidence has emerged that diet and physical activity during childhood and adolescence also affect an array of physiological factors associated with risk for developing chronic diseases; these factors include body composition (e.g., adiposity), blood lipid concentrations, blood pressure, and bone mineral density It also appears that physical activity and dietary behaviors and the physiological outcomes associated with them often track from childhood and adolescence into adulthood. Thus, risky health behaviors adopted early in life may negatively influence health in adulthood by having both a short-term effect on physiological risk factors and a long-term impact on health behavior.
What next?: A dozen information-technology research goals

Charles Babbage's vision of computing has largely been realized. We are on the verge of realizing Vannevar Bush's Memex. But, we are some distance from passing the Turing Test. These three visions and their associated problems have provided long-range research goals for many of us. For example, the scalability problem has motivated me for several decades. This talk defines a set of fundamental research problems that broaden the Babbage, Bush, and Turing visions. They extend Babbage's computational goal to include highly-secure, highly-available, self-programming, self-managing, and self-replicating systems. They extend Bush's Memex vision to include a system that automatically organizes, indexes, digests, evaluates, and summarizes information (as well as a human might). Another group of problems extends Turing's vision of intelligent machines to include prosthetic vision, speech, hearing, and other senses. Each problem is simply stated and each is orthogonal from the others, though they share some common core technologies
Rationally synthesized two-dimensional polymers

Two-dimensional polymers, which exhibit periodic bonding in two orthogonal directions, offer mechanical, electronic and structural properties distinct from their linear or irregularly crosslinked polymer counterparts. Their potential is largely unexplored because versatile and controlled synthetic strategies are only now emerging. This Review describes recent developments in two-dimensional polymerization methods.
Evaluation of flush mounted hot-film sensors for skin friction reduction measurements in viscoelastic polymer solutions

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the performance of flush mounted hot-film sensors for mean wall shear stress measurement in turbulent flows of dilute drag reducing polymer solution. A series of pipe flow expriments were conducted over a range of Reynolds numbers and polymer solution concentrations to compare the level of skin friction drag reduction measured by hot-film sensors with values calculated from pipe pressure drop. It is shown that water calibrated hot-film sensors consistently underestimate the wall shear stress suggesting that Reynolds analogy is not valid in dilute polymer solutions. The Newtonian form of the relationship between the wall shear stress and the heat transfer remains valid in dilute polymer solutions. However, multiplicative and additive factors in the relationship are shown to increase linearly with the logarithm of the polymer concentration.
A Computational Fluid Dynamics Algorithm On a Massively Parallel Computer

The discipline of computational fluid dynamics is de manding ever-increasing computational power to deal with complex fluid flow problems. We investigate the performance of a finite-difference computational fluid dynamics algorithm on a massively parallel computer, the Connection Machine. Of special interest is an implicit time-stepping algorithm; to obtain maximum perfor mance from the Connection Machine, it is necessary to use a nonstandard algorithm to solve the linear systems that arise in the implicit algorithm. We find that the Connection Machine can achieve very high computation rates on both explicit and implicit algorithms. The per formance of the Connection Machine puts it in the same class as today's most powerful conventional supercomputers.
Defining operationality for explanation-based learning

Abstract Operationality is the key property that distinguishes the final description learned in an explanation-based system from the initial concept description input to the system. Yet most existing systems fail to define operationality with necessary precision. In particular, attempts to define operationality in terms of “efficient instance recognition” tacitly incorporate several unrealistic, simplifying assumptions about the learner's performance task and the type of performance improvement desired. Over time, these assumptions are likely to be violated, and the learning system's effectiveness will deteriorate. In this paper, we survey how operationality is defined and assessed in several explanation-based systems, and then present a more comprehensive definition of operationality. We also describe an implemented system that incorporates our new definition and overcomes some of the limitations exhibited by current operationality assessment schemes.
Enabling Technologies for Visible Adaptive Optics: The Magellan Adaptive Secondary VisAO Camera

Since its beginnings, diffraction-limited ground-based adaptive optics (AO) imaging has been limited to wavelengths in the near IR (λ>1μm) and longer. Visible AO (λ>1μm) has proven to be difficult because shorter wavelengths require wavefront correction on very short spatial and temporal scales. The pupil must be sampled very finely, which requires dense actuator spacing and fine wavefront sampling with large dynamic range. In addition, atmospheric dispersion is much more significant in the visible than in the near-IR. Imaging over a broad visible band requires a very good Atmospheric Dispersion Corrector (ADC). Even with these technologies, our AO simulations using the CAOS code, combined with the optical and site parameters for the 6.5m Magellan telescope, demonstrate a large temporal variability of visible (λ=0.7μm) Strehl on timescales of 50 ms. Over several hundred milliseconds, the visible Strehl can be as high at 50% and as low as 10%. Taking advantage of periods of high Strehl requires either the ability to read out the CCD very fast, thereby introducing significant amounts of read-noise, or the use of a fast asynchronous shutter that can block the low-Strehl light. Our Magellan VisAO camera will use an advanced ADC, a high-speed shutter, and our 585 actuator adaptive secondary to achieve broadband (0.5-1.0 μm) diffraction limited images on the 6.5m Magellan Clay telescope in Chile at Las Campanas Observatory. These will be the sharpest and deepest visible direct images taken to date with a resolution of 17 mas, a factor of 2.7 better than the diffraction limit of the Hubble Space Telescope.
Derivation and solution of multifrequency radiation diffusion equations for homogeneous refractive lossy media

Starting from the radiation transport equation for homogeneous, refractive lossy media, we derive the corresponding time-dependent multifrequency diffusion equations. Zeroth and first moments of the transport equation couple the energy density, flux and pressure tensor. The system is closed by neglecting the temporal derivative of the flux and replacing the pressure tensor by its diagonal analogue. The radiation equations are coupled to a diffusion equation for the matter temperature. We are interested in modeling heating and cooling of silica (SiO2), at possibly rapid rates. Hence, in contrast to related work, we retain the temporal derivative of the radiation field. We derive boundary conditions at a planar air-silica interface taking account of reflectivities obtained from the Fresnel relations that include absorption. The spectral dimension is discretized into a finite number of intervals leading to a system of multigroup diffusion equations. Three simulations are presented. One models cooling of a silica slab, initially at 2500K, for 10s. The other two are 1D and 2D simulations of irradiating silica with a CO2 laser, λ=10.59µm. In 2D, a laser beam (Gaussian profile, r0=0.5mm for 1/e decay) shines on a disk (radius=0.4, thickness=0.4cm).
The Reaction of Organocuprates with Bridgehead Enones

Abstract The reaction of bromoketones with organocuprates and lithium 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-methylphenoxide in ether affords good to excellent yields of ketones. The alkyl or alkenyl group is introduced via a conjugate addition to an in situ derived bridgehead enone.
Statistical equilibrium and ion cyclotron absorption/emission in strongly magnetized plasmas

We calculate the transition rates between proton Landau levels due to non-radiative and radiative Coulomb collisions in an electron-proton plasma with strong magnetic field B. Both electron-proton collisions and proton-proton collisions are considered. The roles of the first-order cyclotron absorption and second-order free-free absorption and scattering in determining the line strength and shape as well as the continuum are analysed in detail. We solve the statistical balance equation for the populations of proton Landau levels. For temperatures ∼10 6 -10 7 K, the deviations of the proton populations from local thermal equilibrium are appreciable at density ρ ≤ 0.1 B3.5 14 g cm -3 , where B 14 = B/(10 14 G). We present general formulae for the plasma emissivity and absorption coefficents under a wide range of physical conditions. Our results are useful for studying the possibility and the conditions of proton/ion cyclotron line formation in the near vicinity of highly magnetized neutron stars.
Homotopy Approach to Quantum Gravity

Gravity may be a quantum-space-time effect. General relativity is quantized by small generic changes in its commutation relations that make its Lie algebras simple on all levels, positing extra variables frozen by self-organization as needed. This quantizes space-time coordinates as well as fields and eliminates physical singularities. Fermi statistics and sl (nℝ) Lie algebras are assumed for all levels. Spin 1/2 is taken to be anomalous, arising from vacuum organization; the spin-statistics relation is incorporated. The gravitational field is quartic in Fermi variables. Einstein’s non-commutativity of parallel transport emerges as a vestige of Heisenberg’s quantum non-commutativity near the classical limit.
Pulmonary reperfusion injury after the unifocalization procedure for tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries.

Objective The aims of our study are to describe the incidence, clinical profile, and risk factors for pulmonary reperfusion injury after the unifocalization procedure for tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries. We hypothesized the following: (1) Pulmonary reperfusion injury is more likely to occur after unifocalization procedures in which a septated circulation is not achieved, (2) pulmonary reperfusion injury is directly related to the severity of stenosis in major aortopulmonary collateral arteries, and (3) pulmonary reperfusion injury leads to longer intubation time and longer hospitalization. Methods Consecutive patients with tetralogy of Fallot/pulmonary atresia/major aortopulmonary collateral arteries who underwent unifocalization procedures over a 5-year period were identified in our institutional database. Chest radiographs before the unifocalization procedure, from postoperative days 0 to 4, and from 2 weeks after the unifocalization procedure or at discharge were evaluated by a pediatric radiologist for localized pulmonary edema. Determination of stenosis severity was based on review of preoperative angiograms. Statistical analyses using multivariate repeated-measures analyses were performed with generalized estimating equations. Results Pulmonary reperfusion injury was present after 42 of 65 (65%) unifocalization procedures. In 36 of 42 cases of reperfusion injury, unilateral injury was present. Risk factors for the development of reperfusion injury included bilateral unifocalization ( P = .01) and degree of stenosis ( P = .03). We did not identify an association between pulmonary reperfusion injury and time to tracheal extubation or hospital discharge. Conclusions Pulmonary reperfusion injury is common after the unifocalization procedure for tetralogy of Fallot/pulmonary atresia/major aortopulmonary collateral arteries. Severity of stenosis and bilateral unifocalization are associated with the development of reperfusion injury.
Empirical Bounds for the Ionizing Fluxes of Wolf-Rayet Stars

Hα photometry and spectroscopic data have been obtained for 10 Wolf-Rayet nebulae, representing a wide variety of WN spectral types. We use these data to constrain the ionizing flux of the exciting Wolf-Rayet star, calculating lower bounds for the Lyman continuum flux (Q0) and for the He0- and He+-ionizing fluxes (Q1 and Q2). We find that Q0 appears independent of WN spectral type, and lower bound estimates tend to cluster around 48 dex. Finally, we discuss the effects of potential shock excitation and density bounding on these nebulae and compare our results to recent models. Our results are consistent with the predictions of line-blanketed ISA-wind models and nonblanketed CMFGEN models but are consistent with only some of the line-blanketed CMFGEN models.