cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum yield for carbon monoxide production in the 248 nm photodissociation of carbonyl sulfide (OCS)

Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy has been coupled with excimer laser flash photolysis to measure the quantum yield for CO production from 248 nm photodissociation of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) relative to the well-known quantum yield for CO production from 248 nm photolysis of phosgene (Cl2CO2). The temporal resolution of the experiments was sufficient to distinguish CO formed directly by photodissociation from that formed by subsequent S((sup 3)P(sub J)) reaction with OCS. Under the experimental conditions employed, CO formation via the fast S((sup 1)D(sub 2)) + OCS reaction was minimal. Measurements at 297K and total pressures from 4 to 100 Torr N2 + N2O show the CO yield to be greater than 0.95 and most likely unity. This result suggests that the contribution of OCS as a precursor to the lower stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer is somewhat larger than previously thought.
Buoyancy effects on the boundary layer flow of a micropolar fluid along a vertical cylinder

Abstract The effects of buoyancy forces on the forced convective micropolar fluid flow and heat transfer along a vertical cylinder are studied using the theory of micropolar fluids formulated by Eringen. The governing momentum, angular momentum and energy equations have been solved by the power series approach. Missing values of the velocity, angular velocity, and thermal functions are tabulated for a range of values of the material parameters and transverse curvature parameter. It is observed that the wall shear stress and surface heat transfer rate increase with increasing buoyancy force and increasing curvature of the surface.
EFFECTS OF PRIOR EXERCISE ON APPROACH AND AVOIDANCE ACQUISITION

Acquisition of escape (Gray, 1937) and avoidance responses (Horisberger & Grandjean, 1959) is facilitated when rats are forced to exercise prior to being placed into the learning situation. Since enforced exercise has negative reinforcing components (Hundt & Premack, 1963), and is stressful (Constantinides, 1951; Selye, 1937), its facilitating influence may be due to a generalization of heightened escape motivation from the exercise situation to the avoidance task (Licklider & Bunch, 1946) rather than to the effects of physical exertion per se. Indeed, an early study by Gray (1937) has suggested that acquisition of approach responses is not facilitated by prior enforced exercise. In an attempt to parcel out the effects of simple physical exertion from the noxious concomicants of enforced exercise, both enforced and voluntary exercise should be d Premack, 1962). The effects of enforced and voluntary exercise on both avoidance-of-shock and approach-to-food tasks were evaluated in the present study.
Atmospheric and shadow compensation of hyperspectral imagery using voxelized LiDAR

Hyperspectral images have become more prevalent and accessible in recent years. Many of the processes which take advantage of hyperspectral imagery rely on the generation of a reflectance product in order to compare with spectral signatures, and numerous methods have been developed to perform this process. However, per-pixel illumination effects are typically not accounted for because the necessary geometric parameters are not available in a 2D image. LIDAR can be used to derive the needed geometric terms to compensate the image for illumination differences and shadows, and this paper demonstrates how the use of voxel 3D modeling can make this process more accurate. We apply our methods to data from the publicly available SHARE 2012 dataset, and show how target detection can be improved by using illumination-compensated reflectance.
Comparison of simultaneous versus sequential defibrillation pulsing techniques using a nonthoracotomy system.

The defibrillation threshold (DFT) using simultaneous (SIML) versus sequential (SEQ) pathways for shock delivery was compared in 16 patients with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator. All patients had three-lead nonthoracotomy systems (NTL) using a left chest subcutaneous patch, a right ventricular endocardial lead, and a lead in the coronary sinus (n = 5) or superior vena cava (n = 11). The DFT were determined 2-44 days (17 +/- 17 days) after implantation. The DFT was defined as the lowest energy shock that resulted in successful defibrillation. The first pathway tested was SIML in 12 and SEQ in 4 patients with output beginning at or above the intraoperative DFT, routinely 18 J. The second pathway was tested beginning 2-4 J above the DFT of the first tested pathway. All shocks were delivered in 2-4 J decrement or increment steps. The SEQ pathway shocks resulted in a significantly lower DFT than SIML pathway shocks (14 +/- 6 vs 18 +/- 6 J; P 5 J lowering of DFT, while only one patient had > 5 J lowering of DFT using SIML shocks (P < 0.05). These results have important implications for selecting the optimal pathway for implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy with a multilead NTL system.
Simple but Effective Heterogeneous Main Memory with On-Chip Memory Controller Support

System-in-Package (SiP) and 3D integration are promising technologies to bring more memory onto a microprocessor package to mitigate the "memory wall" problem. In this paper, instead of using them to build caches, we study a heterogenous main memory using both on- and off-package memories providing both fast and high-bandwidth on-package accesses and expandable and low-cost commodity off-package memory capacity. We introduce another layer of address translation coupled with an on-chip memory controller that can dynamically migrate data between off-package and off-package memory either in hardware or with operating system assistance depending on the migration granularity. Our experimental results demonstrate that such design can achieve the average effectiveness of 83% of the ideal case where all memory can be placed in high-speed on-package memory for our simulated benchmarks.
Phase algorithm without the influence of carrier frequency

An improved phase algorithm for phase-measuring profilom- etry (PMP) is presented. In comparison with the traditional algorithms, it can remove the influence of the carrier frequency before unwrapping and slow down the variation of the phase. This new algorithm makes the procedure of phase unwrapping easier and more automatic. It is espe- cially suitable for PMP with a high-frequency grating. © 1997 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(97)01406-2)
Neurobiology: Ballads of a protein quartet.

The fate of neurons in the developing brain and in Alzheimer's disease may lie with a four-protein complex that regulates the cleavage of two molecules spanning the cell membrane. The role of each protein is now being unveiled.
Microtubules cut loose at the cell cortex.

The ability of the microtubule cytoskeleton to rapidly and locally reorganize itself in response to intra- and extracellular signals is essential to its wide range of functions. A site of tightly regulated microtubule dynamics—and the major interface between the microtubule cytoskeleton and the extracellular environment—is the cell cortex, where the selective stabilization and destabilization of microtubule plus-ends is required for normal cell division, morphogenesis and migration. In a recent study, we found that the cortex of Drosophila S2 and D17 cells is coated with the microtubule severing enzyme and plus-end depolymerase, Kat-60, which actively suppresses microtubule growth and stability along the cell edge. We have proposed that cortical Kat-60 functions by uncapping plus-ends, thereby activating another microtubule depolymerase, KLP10A, preloaded onto the end. The localized destruction of microtubule plus-ends at a specific cortical could feed into larger regulatory pathways, such as those in con...
Magnetic properties of Mn1−xNixAl

Abstract Magnetic properties of water-quenched B2 type Mn 1− x Ni x Al alloys have been measured over the range of 0 x emu / g (at x =0.1) to 70 emu / g (at x =0.3) before dropping monotonically to zero around x =0.85. Some simple models assuming one magnetic species, Mn, fail to explain the magnetic behavior.
Association of 5′nucleotidase activity with immature granulocytes in the bone marrow of guinea pigs☆

Abstract Bone marrow leukocytes from adult strain 2 guinea pigs were found to have appreciable levels of 5′adenosine monophosphate hydrolytic activity (105 nmole/h/106 cells). On the basis of substrate specificity studies, enzyme inhibition studies, and thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the reaction product, the activity is related to 5′nucleotidase (5′N). The enzyme activity was associated with the membrane-enriched particulate fraction of lysed bone marrow cells. The bone marrow cell-associated 5′N activity was consistently very high in all five strains of guinea pigs examined (77–127 nmole/h/106 cells) and the range of activity was at least 10-fold greater than that observed for bone marrow cells obtained from mice, rabbits or rats. Furthermore, the bone marrow cell-associated 5′N activity in strain 2 guinea pigs was 5-fold greater than that observed for spleen and at least 13-fold greater than that of blood, mesenteric lymph nodes or thymus obtained from the same animal. Fractionation of strain 2 guinea pig bone marrow cells on Percoll density gradients showed that as the proportion of immature granulocytes increased in the various cell fractions, so did the 5′N activity. The cell fraction that sedimented at a density of 1.071 g/ml had the highest 5′N activity and the majority of the cells (94%) were immature granulocytes. The bone marrow compared to blood and spleen had the highest number of total granulocytes and the highest percentage of immature granulocytes. We conclude that the elevated bone marrow-derived 5′N activity in guinea pigs is associated with the resident population of immature granulocytes in that tissue.
PRECISION OF A QUANTUM CHARGE PUMP NEAR THE ADIABATIC REGIME

The precision of a quantum charge pump is studied through an exact solution of a time-dependent Schrodinger equation, and the noninteracting Anderson impurity model. An approximate solution to the interacting Anderson model in the strong Coulomb blockade limit is also presented. Near the adiabatic regime, the precision is rigorously found to depend exponentially on the operating frequency of the charge pump. The semiclassical rate equation is rederived when the temperature is higher than the energy quantum of the pumping frequency. Nonadiabatic heating to the leads is also discussed.
The cloned cell line L10A2.J expresses natural cytotoxic activity.

Abstract The analysis of natural cytotoxicity (NC) has been hampered by the lack of cloned NC effectors. In studies reported here we show that the cloned cell line L10A2.J expresses properties similar to those of splenic NC effectors. L10A2.J cells lyse NC-sensitive targets, but do not lyse NC-resistant targets which are sensitive to lysis by natural killer (NK) or cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The mechanism by which L10A2.J cells lyse NC-sensitive targets is similar to the lytic mechanism of splenic NC effectors in that both result in the release of 51Cr from targets with a lag of 5–7 hr after effectors and targets are mixed. In addition, inhibition of protein synthesis during the in vitro assays of NC or L10A2.J lytic activity causes some NC-resistant targets to become sensitive to lysis by both NC and L10A2.J effectors. The only functional difference detected between L10A2.J and splenic NC effectors is in their recognition of targets. While L10A2.J and splenic NC effectors recognize many of the same targets (NC resistant and NC sensitive), L10A2.J, unlike splenic NC effectors, does not recognize the NK-sensitive cell line YAC-1.
Response to Dr. Kevin R. Short's letter to the editor

we thank dr. short ([2][1]) for taking the time to respond to our recent Perspectives article on the determination of mitochondrial biogenesis ([1][2]). We are pleased that Dr. Short has appreciated the argument we put forth for the use of mitochondrial protein synthesis as a true measure of
Phytoremediation of Lead in Soil: Recent Applications and Future Prospects

Abstract Lead is a very serious contaminant in soil because of its widespread previous application in residential, agricultural, and industrial environments combined with its severe impacts upon human health, particularly upon children. Phytoremediation is a nontraditional approach to remediate contaminated soil involving the use of green plants. Phytostabilization involves the use of plants to stabilize contaminants to reduce human exposure. Phytoextraction involves the use of plants to accumulate contaminants in aboveground shoots, which can be harvested to recycle or discard. Recent phytomediation work has indicated the importance of determining the chemical forms of lead present at a site to develop the most appropriate remediation strategy. Lead phytoextraction typically involves the addition of a chelating agent in order to increase the bioavailability of this contaminant. Because concerns have been raised regarding the persistence of chelating agents in the environment, several research teams have ...
Excited-state double proton transfer in 1-azacarbazole hydrogen-bonded dimers

Abstract 1-azacarbazole hydrogen-bonded dimers undergo photoinduced double proton transfer reaction in their lowest excited singlet state. A second emission band with a maximum at 510 nm arises from a tautomer formed in the excited singlet state as a result of the double proton transfer process.
The critical use of population-based medical databases for prostate cancer research.

Purpose of review Population-based investigations comprise a significant portion of the prostate cancer literature and contribute considerably to our knowledge of this disease. It is important to recognize, however, the inherent limitations of observational study designs. In this review, we will highlight important population-based studies in prostate cancer of high methodological quality using the framework of the recently published Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. Recent findings Recent findings of population-based studies of prostate cancer have generated key advances in our understanding of prostate cancer outcomes and epidemiology, which are highlighted in this review. The STROBE criteria, which were developed to promote the transparent reporting of observational studies, provide an excellent framework to determine the validity of conclusions drawn from large population-based studies. Summary Population-based research is a powerful tool for understanding prostate cancer, but clinicians and investigators must interpret findings appropriately.
Real-time and spectroscopic ellipsometry characterizatio of diamond and diamond-like carbon

Abstract Recent advances in real-time and spectroscopic ellipsometry characterization of vapor-deposited thin film diamond, diamond-like carbon, and their synthesis are reviewed. Examples are presented in which ellipsometric techniques have led to insights into growth mechanisms and film structure that would have been difficult to elicit by other methods. The determination of the bulk and interface optical properties of diamond-like films in real time and the application of the techniques to obtain reproducibly tailored interfaces are demonstrated. Real-time ellipsometry has also been used to survey preparation parameter space and establish conditions that lead to sustained film growth or etching. Spectroscopic measurements of the surface, bulk, and interface structure of assisted chemical vapor deposited diamond films will also be discussed. Ellipsometry coupled with preferential chemical etching can determine the thickness and evolution of carbide layers formed on the substrate before diamond nucleation. For microwave plasma deposition of diamond on c-Si at 980°C, the SiC is 40 to 70 A and is present on all Si substrates studied.
The use of proton-excited X-rays for thin-film profiling

Abstract Measurement of characteristic X-rays excited at the surface of a solid by proton bombardment provides quantitative compositional analyses that, when combined with low-energy argon ion sputtering, can be used to provide depth profiles of thin films. Several examples of the use of this technique will be presented to demonstrate its broad applicability. Proton-excited X-ray (PEX) analyses are obtained with 100–200 keV proton bombardment and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses using both lithium drifted silicon solid-state detectors and gas-flow proportional counters. Using the appropriate X-ray production cross sections and geometrical and X-ray absorption factors, the absolute number of atoms/cm 2 of a particular element is obtained for the thin film. As successive sections of the film are removed using 1 keV argon ion sputtering, the number of atoms/cm 2 of a particular element that remains is accurately monitored thereby generating an integral profile that can, subsequently, be differentiated to produce the depth profile. From measured values of the sputtering yield, the depth scale can be reported in angstroms. The PEX profiling technique has been routinely used in the characterization of corrosion products, electrodeposited coatings, surface alloys, and metal/oxide interfaces as well as in the determination of absolute sputtering yields. Specific examples to be described come from extensive studies of corrosion films formed in geothermal brines, molten-salt electrodeposition of platinum group alloys, surface alloys fabricated by ion implantation, and studies of the metal/oxide interfaces resulting from low-temperature oxidation of iron.
Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising and “Health Media Filters”: A Qualitative Study of Older Adult Women's Responses to DTC Ads

Print and broadcast direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug ads are permitted in the United States and New Zealand but banned elsewhere. Since restrictions on DTC ads were eased in the U.S. in 1997, these ads have appeared in exponentially rising numbers and use increasingly sophisticated marketing tactics. This qualitative study of DTC ad response and older women is based on in-depth interviews with 25 older women (ages 65–90) in suburban Pennsylvania and Delaware. Women were selected for this study for their tendency to act as health information seekers for themselves and their families. This study used symbolic interactionism and grounded theory as theoretical frameworks to explore how the women responded to a selection of 12 DTC ads found in magazines targeted to older consumers. Qualitative interviews were coded and analyzed. The final analysis indicated four “health media filters” that participants used to understand symbolic texts and pictures in the ads. These findings suggest that further stud...
Multiple strokes and bilateral carotid dissections: A fulminant case of newly diagnosed Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome Type IV

Abstract Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome is a rare group of inheritable disorders resulting in abnormal collagen production, leading to skin fragility, joint hypermobility and easy bruising. Six major subtypes have been identified, of which Type IV most often leads to neurovascular complications, may lead to inner organ rupture and overall has the worst prognosis. Early recognition followed by genetic testing is key, since this diagnosis will guide decision making in the management of complications, influence the choice of antiplatelet medications versus anticoagulants and allow for potentially affected family members to be identified, undergo genetic testing and reproductive counseling. We here report the case of a 50 year old woman with a fulminant presentation of Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Type IV, including bilateral carotid and vertebral artery dissection, multiple strokes and liver rupture. Of note, this patient did not have a known history or obvious clinical features of connective tissue disease. Genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis. Review of her family history revealed multiple family members with a history of aortic dissection or aneurysm rupture. This case illustrates that Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Type IV is an important differential diagnosis even in adult patients without a known history of connective tissue disease and no prior complications.
Impaired in vivo antibody production in CRF rats: role of secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Impaired in vivo antibody production in CRF rats: Role of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Antibody responses to antigens are impaired in humans and animals with chronic renal failure (CRF), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) inhibits Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced antibody production by B cells from normal subjects. Since CRF is associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism and elevated blood levels of PTH, it is possible that impaired humoral immunity in CRF is due to chronic excess of PTH. To test this hypothesis we examined in vivo antibody production in response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), BSA and influenza vaccine in normal rats, CRF rats and parathyroidectomized CRF rats maintained normocalcemic (CRF-PTX). The blood levels of PTH in CRF rats were elevated and significantly (P
The urologic epithelial stem cell database (UESC) - a web tool for cell type-specific gene expression and immunohistochemistry images of the prostate and bladder.

Background Public databases are crucial for analysis of high-dimensional gene and protein expression data. The Urologic Epithelial Stem Cells (UESC) database http://scgap.systemsbiology.net/ is a public database that contains gene and protein information for the major cell types of the prostate, prostate cancer cell lines, and a cancer cell type isolated from a primary tumor. Similarly, such information is available for urinary bladder cell types.
Index finger pollicization for congenital aplasia or hypoplasia of the thumb

Sensation, strength, dexterity, length, and range of motion were evaluated after index finger pollicization in 10 patients (14 hands). Diagnoses included congenital absence of the thumb (10 hands) and hypoplasia (4 hands). Average age at operation was 7 years, and follow-up averaged 9 years. Patients with unilateral pollicization averaged 67% grip strength, 60% lateral pinch, 56% palmar pinch, and 39% three-point pinch as compared with the normal contralateral hand. Manual dexterity averaged 70% efficiency as compared with normal standards defined according to age and sex. However, 55% of the patients, when stressed, used side-to-side pinch. It was noted that in those patients who used side-to-side pinch performance averaged 54% of normal standards, compared with 93% in patients who used tip-to-tip pinch for prehension.
Analysis of fluid inclusions by X-ray fluorescence using synchrotron radiation

Abstract The compositions of fluid inclusions in natural minerals provide a valuable source of information from which the conditions of formation of rock systems can be interpreted. The concentrations of trace elements and ionic complexes in the fluids within individual inclusions are especially important. Analysis by X-ray fluorescence using an X-ray microprobe combined with synchroton radiation has proved to be a useful tool for this purpose. Using multilayer mirrors in conjunction with the Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror geometry, a 10-keV synchrotron X-ray beam can be focussed to a spot 5–10 μm in diameter within an individual inclusion. The resulting fluorescence can then be used to determine the numbers of moles and concentrations of the elements contained in the fluid. Due to absorption, the intensity of the fluorescent radiation varies with the element analyzed, the composition of the host mineral, and the depth of the inclusion. To test the method, quartz crystals containing synthetic inclusions with known fluid compositions were analyzed. X-ray scans were made across inclusions containing calcium chloride, manganese chloride and zinc chloride. Accurate determination of the number of picograms contained within an inclusion can be made using thin glass films of known composition as standards. Concentrations, however, are dependent on knowing the volume of the inclusions and are thus less accurate.
EMPIRICAL THEOLOGY IN THE LIGHT OF SCIENCE

. Empirical theology stands in contrast to science insofar as it seeks to understand the nature and source of human fulfillment and insofar as science seeks to understand the world and human beings regardless of the implications of that knowledge for human welfare. However, empirical theology is like science insofar as it affirms a dynamic, relational naturalism; accepts limitations of the human knower, thereby making all knowledge including religious knowledge tentative; seeks causal explanations as well as religious meaning; and argues that a key criterion for justifying ideas is their ability to explain experience already had and to predict new experiences in Lakatosian-type progressive research programs.
Comparison of helical computerized tomography and plain radiography for estimating urinary stone size.

Purpose: We evaluated the accuracy of noncontrast spiral computerized tomography (CT) for determining urinary stone size compared with plain x-ray.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed noncontrast helical CT and plain x-ray of the kidneys, ureters and bladder images of 39 patients with urolithiasis who underwent each study from July 1997 to February 1999. Stone size on x-ray was measured in the craniocaudal and transverse dimensions by a single radiologist (I.C.B.). The size of the same stone was then determined on blinded noncontrast spiral CT images. Stones that were less than 3 mm. were excluded from study. On CT estimated craniocaudal dimension was based on collimation thickness, the reconstruction interval and the number of images on which the stone was visualized.Results: We evaluated 58 stones 3 mm. or larger in the greatest dimension on plain x-ray of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, and noncontrast spiral CT, including 15 in the distal ureter, 7 in the mid or proximal ureter and 36 ...
Monte-Carlo methods for chemical-mechanical planarization on multiple-layer and dual-material models

Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) and other manufacturing steps in very deep submicron VLSI have varying effects on device and interconnect features, depending on the local layout density. To improve manufacturability and performance predictability, we seek to make a layout uniform with respect to prescribed density criteria, by inserting area fill geometries in to the layout. We review previous research on single-layer fill for flat and hierarchical layout density control based on the Interlevel Dielectric CMP model. We also describe the recent combination of CMP physical modeling and linear programing for multiple-layer density control, as well as the Shallow Trench Isolation CMP model. Our work makes the following contributions for the Multiple-layer Interlevel Dielectric CMP model. First, we propose a new linear programming approach with a new objective for the multiple-layer fill problem. Second, we describe modified Monte-Carlo approaches for the multiple- layer fill problem. Comparisons with previous approaches show that the new linear programming method is more reasonable for manufacturability, and that the Monte-Carlo approach is efficient and yields more accurate results for large layouts. The CMP step in Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) is a dual-material polishing process, i.e., multiple materials are being polished simultaneously during the CMP process. Simple greedy methods were proposed for the non- linear problem with Min-Var and Min-Fill objectives, where the certain amount of dummy features are always added at a position with the smallest density. In this paper, we propose more efficient Monte-Carlo methods for the Min-Var objective, as well a improved Greedy and Monte-Carlo methods for the Min-Fill objective. Our experimental experience shows that they can get better solutions with respect to the objectives.
Response characterization for an EJ315 deuterated organic-liquid scintillation detector for neutron spectroscopy

Abstract Organic liquid scintillation detectors have shown promise as neutron detectors for characterizing special nuclear materials in various arms-control applications. Deuterated liquids, such as EJ315, are attractive for spectroscopy applications because the backward-peaked n–d scattering results in enhanced coupling between incident neutron energy and resulting pulse height. This will likely allow better spectrum unfolding. In this work, we present a measured neutron response matrix for a three-by-two-in. cylindrical EJ315 detector, and compare to the hydrogen-based liquid EJ309 in an otherwise identical assembly. We also present measured light-output relations for both detectors. A continuous-spectrum neutron source, obtained with the bombardment of 11B with 5.5-MeV deuterons at the tandem Van de Graaff accelerator at the University of Notre Dame, was used for the measurement. Detected neutrons were sorted via time of flight into 100-keV energy groups, over the energy range from 0.5 to 15 MeV. The resulting response matrix represents a detailed characterization of pulse-height response to neutrons over that energy range. To the authors' knowledge, a measured response matrix and light-output relation for EJ315 have not been reported, and published characterizations of the similar NE230 are of less detail over this energy range. Matrix-condition analysis indicates an advantage for EJ315 over EJ309 in the number of independent parameters available in inversion procedures.
24.2: Estimating the Perceptual Limits of Mobile Displays

The quality of the displayed image in mobile devices is affected by the varying ambient illumination conditions. Determining appropriate viewing conditions for particular visual tasks requires appropriate instrumentation. However, visual tests can be more practical. We conducted experiments to explore the limitations of mobile displays in terms of the visibility of subtle targets. We explored the effect of background luminance and ambient lighting using two methodologies: a text detection task where the observer identifies characters embedded in noisy backgrounds and a threshold estimation staircase technique. We found that the text detection method holds promise as a surrogate for more complicated tests in the framework of a clinically practical implementation.
Inter-bilayer charge dynamics in YBa2Cu3O6+x

We present optical reflectivity and Raman scattering studies of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+x as a function of doping using c-axis polarized light. The c-axis optical response of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 is characterized by a Drude-like conductivity and an electronic Raman continuum, indicating a weak coupling between adjacent CuO 2 bilayers which is mediated by the CuO chains. With reduced doping, the c-axis Drude and continuum responses rapidly decrease, revealing a strong sensitivity of the inter-bilayer coupling strength to the removal of oxygen from the chain sites
Perceptions and Attitudes of Black Students toward School, Achievement, and Other Educational Variables

To provide data on the perceptions and attitudes of gifted Black early adolescents toward school, achievement, and other educational variables, the responses of gifted Black students (n = 48) were compared to Black students in a regular education (n = 50) and potentially gifted program (n = 50). Results indicate that gifted Black students held significantly different attitudes and perceptions than both potentially gifted students and regular education students relative to principles of the achievement ideology, attitudes toward school, attitudes toward academically successful students, and perceptions of parental achievement orientation. Of the three groups, gifted Black students were the most achievement oriented, and perceived strong parental achievement orientations; regular education students were the least optimistic and the most affected by negative peer relations and psychological issues.
Chemical Composition of Distillers' Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) from Soft White Wheat, Hard Red Wheat and Corn

The chemical composition of distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced from two varieties of soft white wheat, a blend of hard red wheats, and corn was determined. On the average, the con- centration of protein increased 2.4-3.1 times, crude fiber 2.6-3.8 times, and lipid 1.4-2.4 times. The carbohydrate decreased by 3(X 50% in DDGS compared to the corresponding starting grain. The ash in DDGS was 3.8-7.8 times that of the original grain. Many of the differences (p < 0.05) in the concentration of lipid, protein, and crude fiber among the starting grains were also present in the DDGS prod- ucts. The whole grains were ground through an alpine pin mill, with 100% passing through a U.S. standard No. 16 sieve. The guidelines for enzyme addition provided by the supplier were followed (Anon., 1980). The enzymes Takatherm L-340 and Diazyme L-200 were used (Miles Laboratories, Elkhart, IN) for liquefaction and saccharifica- tion. An atmospheric batch liquefaction was conducted. A yeast in- oculum of approximately 5 million cells/ml (DADY, Universal Foods, Milwaukee, WI) was added. Fermentation was conducted at 27-30°C. After completion of fermentation, the ethanol was removed by evap- oration or distillation and the whole stillage was concentrated to ap- proximately 20% solids and drum-dried. Calculated ethanol yields were 0.37 L/Kg grain for the hard red wheat blend and Hill 81, 0.35 L/kg grain for corn and 0.30 L/kg grain for Tyee. This corresponded to 89%, 84%, and 63%, respectively, of the practical attainable yield of 0.60 L/kg starch for the different grain products. The grains and the finished DDGS products were analyzed for the following components according to AOAC (1984) methods: moisture, 14.004; ash, 14.006; crude lipid, 14.018; crude fiber, 7.071; and nitrogen, 14.026. The conversion factor of 6.25 was used to determine the protein for corn; 5.70 was used for wheat. Carbohydrate was calculated by difference. Representative samples from each batch were anlayzed at least three times. Data were analyzed by Student's t-test, one-way analysis of vari- ance and Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (Steel and Torrie, 1960).
A Survey of Batch Cataloging Practices and Problems

Groups of bibliographic records are added to library catalogs with increasing frequency. Batch cataloging requires knowledge of bulk record transfer as well as current cataloging standards. While more efficient than cataloging items individually, batch cataloging requires different skills and creates new challenges. Responses to a wide-ranging online survey document the workload, tools, practices, and problems of batch cataloging. The unique characteristics of electronic resources affect many aspects of batch cataloging. Survey respondents lack consensus on how to share improved batch records, and recent trends in the bibliographic environment seem to make a networked solution less likely.
Alterations in noradrenergic innervation of the brain following dorsal bundle lesions in neonatal rats.

Abstract Several seemingly conflicting sets of data have been reported on the regenerative capacity of central noradrenergic neurons, following transection of the ascending noradrenergic fiber tract in neonatal rats (Iacovitti et al., Dev Brain Res 1: 21–33, 1981; Jonsson and Sachs, Brain Res Bull 9: 641–650, 1982). In order to more fully investigate changes in noradrenergic neurons in the brain after such a transection, rats were lesioned at various times after birth, sometimes in conjunction with administration of the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA). Animals were sacrifced at 7, 10, 14, 28, 42 or 56 days after birth, in order to assess the pattern of noradrenergic neuronal damage, as well as the recovery rate. Dorsal bundle lesions were associated with neocortical and hippocampal hypoinnervation by noradrenergic fibers, and sprouting of a collateral fiber group, with production of noradrenergic hyperinnervation of the cerebellum and pons-medulla. Recovery of the norepinephrine (NE) content to control levels occurred in the neocortex at 8 weeks, when the dorsal bundle was lesioned at birth. When the lesion was produced at a later time (3 days or 5 days after birth), less recovery in the neocortex and hippocampus was found. Histofluorescent fiber number, as observed with a glyoxylic acid method, correlated with NE changes. It appears that 6-OHDOPA (20 μg/g IP) does not modify long-term recovery from a dorsal bundle lesion, when rats are co-treated at 3 days after birth. However, the length of the proximal noradrenergic fiber stump may be an important factor affecting the capacity for recovery from injury. These results suggest that a shorter fiber stump, as produced with a dorsal bundle lesion at the level of the pons, may be associated with a greater degree of recovery from injury. Also, the younger the rat at the time of injury, the greater appears to be the capacity for regeneration. These results demonstrate that regeneration can occur in one part of the brain without modification of a collateral hyperinnervation of a different part of the brain. Therefore, our findings discount a programming of central noradrenergic fibers to express a specific number of nerve terminal arborizations, (i.e., the “pruning hypothesis”).
Regulation of the purine catabolic enzymes in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract Neurospora crassa can utilize purines and their metabolic products as a nitrogen source. Regulation of the five enzymes required for uric acid metabolism was studied. The first three enzymes of this catabolic pathway are controlled in a complex manner that involves both induction and repression. Both uricase and allantoicase were induced by uric acid while allantoinase was induced by either uric acid or allantoin. Synthesis of all three of these enzymes was repressed by the end product, ammonia. The ure-2 mutant, which is urease deficient and cannot derive ammonia from purines, shows a hyperinducibility of these same three enzymes. The last two enzymes of the pathway, ureidoglycollase and urease, were found to be constitutive.
LENS: resource specification for wireless sensor network experimentation infrastructures

As a first step towards predictable, repeatable WSN experimentation, we propose the resource specification language LENS (a.k.a. Language for Embedded Networked Sensing) for WSN experimentation infrastructures. Using the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL), LENS defines a semantic ontology for WSN resources; LENS enables explicit control and measurement of uncertainty factors, and it enables reasoning about the relationships between WSN resources. Focusing on basic concepts of WSNs, LENS supports resource specification in a wide range of WSN experimentation infrastructures, and it is extensible to support potentially unforeseen technologies. LENS is also compatible with specification languages for other network resources such as optical networks. As a part of the NSF GENI initiative, we have implemented LENS in the KanseiGenie control framework, and LENS has been actively used to support experimentation in the federated WSN infrastructure involving Kansei and NetEye. Enabling reasoning about uncertainty factors in experimentation, LENS is expected to serve as a basis for developing methodologies and tools for predictable, repeatable WSN experimentation.
A BIOCHEMIST'S VIEW OF THE MEDIATORS OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TRANSFER FACTOR

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a biochemist's view of the mediators of cellular immunity, with special reference to transfer factor (TF). Dr. Fritz Lipmann in 1945 discovered and named a substance coenzyme A that was a required co-factor for the acetylation of sulfanilamide by a crude enzyme extract prepared from an acetone powder of pigeon liver. The results of attempts to fractionate tumor-specific transfer factor by two chromatographic procedures that differ greatly in their basic separation principles have been presented. The behavior of the TF in these separation procedures led to the suggestion that TF prepared by the Lawrence procedure does not contain a single unique molecular species, but rather consists of a multiple collection of different molecular species differing from each other in both size and charge. Because each of these separated fractions has specific biological activity, it suggests that each of the different molecular species contains a common unique property that results in the conversion of a “null” or negative lymphocyte into a tumor specific “killer” cell.
Generic Substitution of Lamotrigine Among Medicaid Patients with Diverse Indications: A Cohort-Crossover Study

Background: Controversy exists about the safety of substituting generic anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). Lamotrigine, the prototypical newer AED, is often used for psychiatric and neurological conditions other than epilepsy. The safety of generic substitution of lamotrigine in diverse populations of AED users is unclear. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate potential associations between generic substitution of lamotrigine and adverse consequences in a population of diverse users of this drug. Study Design: This study was a retrospective cohort-crossover design using state Medicaid claims data from July 2006 through June 2009. Methods: Subjects were included in the cohort if they converted from brand to generic lamotrigine and had 2 years of lamotrigine use prior to conversion. The frequency of emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations and condition-specific ED visits or hospitalizations were recorded in the 60 days immediately following the conversion to generic lamotrigine, then compared with the incidence of the same events during a randomly selected time period indexed to one of the patient’s past refills of branded lamotrigine. Multi-variate conditional logistic regression was used to quantify the association between generic conversion and health services utilization while controlling for changes in lamotrigine dose and concurrent drug use. Results: Of the 616 unique subjects included in this analysis, epilepsy was the most common diagnosis (41%), followed by bipolar disorder (32%), pain (30%) and migraine (18%). Conversion to generic lamotrigine was not associated with a statistically significant increase in the odds of an ED visit (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92, 1.97), hospitalization (AOR=1.21; 95% CI 0.60, 2.50) or condition-specific encounter (AOR 1.75; 95 CI 0.87, 3.51). Conclusions: A statistically significant increase in ED visits, hospitalizations or condition-specific encounters was not observed following the switch from brand to generic lamotrigine, although a type II error cannot be ruled out.
DIALLEL: A Microcomputer Program for the Simulation and Analysis of Diallel Crosses

A microcomputer program has been developed to be used as a teaching tool in quantitative genetics classes and as a means of analyzing real data from diallel crosses. The first part of the program, the simulation module, is of use as a teaching tool, offering students the opportunity to examine the ramifications of the underlying genetic and statistical assumptions of diallel mating designs. In particular, the program illustrates the difficulty in obtaining reliable estimates of genetic components of variance when employing a restricted number of parents. Using user-entered values for the population mean, the number of parents, and genetic, environmental, and error variances, the program generates and analyzes multiple sets of data. The user can experiment by altering the parameters to test different strategies to cope with the difficulties inherent in the diallel mating design. The second module allows the analysis of real-world experiments made in any of four diallel mating designs. The user may enter and correct data in the program itself, or import data as ASCII files from other programs. The program prints an analysis of variance table, and tables of means by variety and cross, heterosis, general and specific combining abilities, and genetic components of variance and their standard errors.
Conceptual Mathematics: A First Introduction to Categories

In the last 60 years, the use of the notion of category has led to a remarkable unification and simplification of mathematics. Conceptual Mathematics, Second Edition, introduces the concept of 'category' for the learning, development, and use of mathematics, to both beginning students and general readers, and to practicing mathematical scientists. The treatment does not presuppose knowledge of specific fields, but rather develops, from basic definitions, such elementary categories as discrete dynamical systems and directed graphs; the fundamental ideas are then illuminated by examples in these categories.
Does liver appearance predict histopathologic findings: prospective analysis of routine liver biopsies during bariatric surgery.

Abstract Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with morbid obesity. Liver biopsy is the reference standard for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. It is unclear whether the macroscopic liver appearance correlates with the histopathologic findings. Our objective was to determine the relationship between the intraoperative liver appearance and the histopathologic findings during laparoscopic bariatric surgery at a tertiary medical center. Methods Data were prospectively collected from 108 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery with routine intraoperative liver biopsy. An intraoperative liver visual score was recorded according to the size, tan-speckling, and contour. The liver histologic findings were categorized into 3 groups: (1) normal; (2) bland steatosis; and (3) nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The liver visual score was compared with the liver histologic findings. A recorded video of the liver was regraded at a later date to determine observer agreement. Results The prevalence of NASH was 23% (n = 25). Of the 108 patients, 48% with NASH had normal-appearing livers and accounted for 24% (n = 12) of the 50 normal-appearing livers. A similar proportion of NASH cases was found in all 3 visual categories. Furthermore, no relationship was found between the number of abnormal visual cues and the liver histologic findings ( P = .23). No complications were directly attributable to liver biopsy. The κ values for intraobserver and interobserver agreement ranged from fair to almost perfect. Conclusion NASH is common in the morbidly obese population. There does not appear to be a relationship between liver appearance and the histopathologic findings. Intraoperative liver biopsy is a safe and accurate method of diagnosing liver disease and should be considered in all morbidly obese patients undergoing abdominal surgery.
The influence of temperature on growth rate and length of larval life of the gastropod, Crepidula plana Say

Abstract The relationship between rate of larval development and the potential to prolong larval life was examined for larvae of the marine prosobranch gastropod Crepidula plana Say. Larvae were maintained in clean glass dishes at constant temperatures ranging from 12–29°C and fed either Isochrysis galbana Parke ( ISO ) or a Tahitian strain of Isochrysis species ( T-ISO ). Under all conditions, larvae grew at constant rates, as determined by measurements of shell length and tissue biomass. Most larvae eventually underwent spontaneous metamorphosis. Regardless of temperature, faster growth was associated with a shorter planktonic stage prior to spontaneous metamorphosis. Within an experiment, higher temperatures generally accelerated growth rates and reduced the number of days from hatching to spontaneous metamorphosis. However, growth rates were independent of temperature for larvae fed ISO at 25 and 29°C and for larvae fed T-ISO at 20 and 25°C. Where growth rates were unaffected by temperature, time to spontaneous metamorphosis was similarly unaffected. Maximum durations of larval life at a given temperature were shorter for larvae of Crepidula plana than for those of the congener C. fornicata (L.), although both species grew at comparable rates. Interpretations of the ecological significance of these interspecific differences in delay capabilities will require additional data on adult distributions and larval dispersal patterns in the field.