cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of BMI Guidelines and Individual Dose Tracking to Minimize Radiation Exposure from Low-dose Helical Chest CT Scanning in a Lung Cancer Screening Program

Rationale and Objectives The increasing use of computed tomography (CT) has been accompanied by rising concerns over potential radiation-related health risks, especially cancer, and a need to minimize such risks. Materials and Methods We conducted 2186 low-dose helical chest CT scans among 1235 nuclear weapons workers at elevated risk of lung cancer, setting the CT scanner tube current at 30 mAs for all participants with BMI Results The study population was significantly overweight: 79% exceeded a body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2 and 37.1% exceeded a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Nearly 90% of CT scans were performed using a tube current setting of 30 mAs and had a mean DLP-based effective dose of 1.3 mSv. The phantom-based estimate of effective dose was lower at 1.1 mSv. Among participants with a BMI ≥35 kg/m2, 92% were scanned at 40 or 50 mAs, which was associated with a DLP-based effective dose of 1.6 and 2.0 mSv, respectively. Image quality was satisfactory in 99.8% of scans. Conclusion Application of simple BMI-based guidelines and DLP tracking of low-dose helical chest CT scans in a lung cancer screening program minimizes radiation dose, even in a largely overweight population.
Analysis of systems influencing renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion. I. Biochemical systems theory

In this article we present a new methodology--Biochemical Systems Theory and Analysis--as an alternative to traditional parametric statistical procedures for investigating differences between risk groups in a population. We review the systems theory and how it can be used to represent a model of processes influencing renal hemodynamics and sodium (Na+) excretion. We also discuss the potential for new measures of the biology of common diseases that can emerge from a synergism between systems theory and population-based statistical approaches.
Integrals involving continuum wavefunctions I: One-center coulomb integrals

Abstract Integrals required in the application of variational principles to the scattering of electrons by atoms are reviewed, special attention being paid to the case of a coulomb field. A technique is described for the evaluation of integrals involving two continuum functions.
Modeling of the Size Effects on the Behavior of Metals in Microscale Deformation Processes

For the accurate analysis and design of microforming process, proper modeling of material behavior at the micro/mesoscale is necessary by considering the size effects. Two size effects are known to exist in metallic materials. One is the "grain size" effect, and the other is the "feature/specimen size" effect. This study investigated the feature/ specimen size effect and introduced a scaling model which combined both feature/ specimen and grain size effects. Predicted size effects were compared with three separate experiments obtained from previous research: a simple compression with a round specimen, a simple tension with a round specimen, and a simple tension in sheet metal. The predicted results had a very good agreement with the experiments. Quantification of the miniaturization effect has been achieved by introducing two parameters, α and β, which can be determined by the scaling parameter n, to the Hall-Petch equation. The scaling model offers a simple way to model the size effect down to length scales of a couple of grains and to extend the use of continuum plasticity theories to micro/mesolength scales.
Long-Term Effects of Inhaled Corticosteroids on FEV1 in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Background There is no consensus on the effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Purpose To evaluate the long-term effects of inhaled corticosteroids on the rate of FEV1 decline in patients with COPD. Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, CISCOM, and AMED databases and the Cochrane Library (1966 to December 2002), reference lists from identified articles, and consultation with experts. Searches were not limited to the English language. Study selection Randomized, placebo-controlled trials that examined the rate of FEV1 decline as a primary outcome in patients with COPD. Data extraction Two reviewers independently extracted the data by using predetermined criteria. Data synthesis For the six studies that met the inclusion criteria, the summary estimate for the difference in FEV1 decline between the placebo and treatment groups was -5.0 +/- 3.2 mL/y (95% CI, -11.2 to 1.2 mL/y; P = 0.11). Conclusions The use of inhaled corticosteroids was not associated with the rate of FEV1 decline in 3571 patients followed for 24 to 54 months.
IMPROVING LABOR PRODUCTIVITY: HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICIES DO MATTER

Despite the consistency with which the theoretical and normative connections between human resource management practices and firm-level performance outcomes are made, empirical studies that link the two are sparse. This paper presents results from a study of 319 business units that addresses this gap. Hypotheses are derived from a resource-based perspective on strategy. Positive and significant effects on labor productivity are found for organizations that utilize more sophisticated human resource planning, recruitment, and selection strategies. These effects are particularly pronounced in the case of capital-intensive organizations.
Evaluation of multispectral middle infrared aircraft images for lithologic mapping in the East Tintic Mountains, Utah

Six channels of multispectral middle infrared (8 to 14 micron) aircraft scanner data were acquired over the East Tintic mining district, Utah. This area has high relief and moderate vegetation and consists mainly of Tertiary silicic igneous rocks and Paleozoic quartzite and carbonate rocks that have been locally hydrothermally altered. These digital-image data were computer processed to create a color-composite image based on principal component transformations. Color differences in this image are related to the spectral differences in the surface material and allow discrimination of several rock types, depending primarily on their silica content. When combined with a visible and near infrared color-composite image from a previous flight, with limited field checking, it is possible to discriminate quartzite, carbonate rocks, quartz latitic and quartz monzonitic rocks, latitic and monzonitic rocks, silicified altered rocks, argillized altered rocks, and vegetation.
Neuropeptides and thermoregulation: The interactions of bombesin, neurotensin, TRH, somatostatin, naloxone and prostaglandins

Abstract In this study we have examined the interactions of bombesin (1 μg ICV), neurotensin (1 μg ICV), TRH (10 μg ICV), somatostatin (10 μg ICV), PGE 2 (10 μg ICV) and naloxone (10 mg/kg SC) on thermoregulation in the rat at room temperature (20±1°C). Given alone, bombesin, neurotensin, somatostatin and naloxone all produced hypothermia (bombesin > neurotensin > somatostatin ⋍ naloxone). PGE 2 was hyperthermic, and TRH had no effect. Bombesin and PGE 2 neutralized one another's effects. Neurotensin had no effect on PGE 2 -induced hyperthermia. Naloxone enhanced the hypothermic effect of bombesin and somatostatin enhanced the rate of onset of hypothermia after bombesin. TRH had no effect on TRH antagonized the hypothermia due to naloxone and somatostatin.
Extrapolation Spaces and Almost‐Everywhere Convergence of Singular Integrals

Nouvelle demonstration d'un theoreme de C.P. Calderon relatif a la theorie des integrales singulieres
Zeroing in on the Right: Education and the Partisan Expression of Authoritarianism in the United States

In this paper, we examine how the relationship between authoritarianism and partisanship is conditioned by education. Arguing against perspectives suggesting that authoritarianism is the province of the “unsophisticated,” we hypothesize that the relationship between education and Republican partisanship should be stronger among educated Americans. Moreover, going beyond previous work on how education may moderate the political impact of psychological dispositions, we also argue that partisan signals pertinent to authoritarianism come more strongly from the right, producing a pattern in which the positive relationship between authoritarianism and preference for the Republican Party over independence is stronger among the educated but the negative relationship between authoritarianism and preference for the Democratic Party over independence is not stronger among the educated. Data from the 2004 and 2008 American National Election Studies indicate clear support for both hypotheses.
Vertical Contracts in the Video Rental Industry

A large body of theoretical work has explored the channels through which vertical contracts can induce efficiency improvements. However, it is also important to study vertical contracts empirically in order to gain insight into the relative size of different types of efficiency gains. In this paper, I empirically analyse a contractual innovation in the vertically separated video rental industry. Prior to 1998, video stores obtained inventory from movie distributors using simple linear-pricing contracts. In 1998, revenuesharing contracts were widely adopted. I investigate the effect of the introduction of revenue-sharing contracts on firms’ profits and consumer welfare. I analyse a new panel data set of home video retailers that includes information on individual retailers’ contract and inventory choices, as well as rentals and contract terms for 246 movie titles and 6137 retailers in the U.S. during each week of 1998 and 1999 and the first half of 2000. A structural econometric model of firms’ behaviour is developed that describes the nature of firms’ contract choices. Estimates from this model indicate that both upstream and downstream profits increase by 10% under the revenue-sharing contract for popular titles. For less popular titles, the effects can be even larger. I also estimate that consumers benefit when revenue-sharing contracts are adopted.
Policy Implications of the Impact of Continuing Mortality Declines on Support Systems for the Elderly in the United States

The continuing aging of the total and elderly populations in the United States has important public policy implications. The most accurate population projections available must be used in order to plan effectively for the future needs of the elderly. In the past, the "official "population projections used for planning purposes have repeatedly underestimated the size and aging of the elderly population, largely because of their failure to anticipate the continuation or acceleration of mortality declines. This article points out the significant differences in the age, sex, and race structure offuture U. S. elderly populations depicted under the Series 14, "middle mortality, "and the Series 05, "low mortality, "projections. The implications are discussed, including the consideration of factors that may make planning pitfalls worse than expected by the most concerned experts, and those that may positively mitigate the effects of larger and older elderly populations in the future.
The use and fate of fascia lata and sclera in ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery.

The introduction and use of newer surgical materials, better surgical instruments, finer suture materials, and improved optical equipment have allowed us to advance certain techniques in ophthalmic surgery and ophthalmic plastic surgery. In oculoplastic surgery, fascia lata and sclera are but a few of these materials used with greater frequency. In this paper, a number of techniques are described depicting the use of fascia lata and sclera. A histologic study of these materials after variable periods of implantation is presented
Potential for rock bursting and slabbing in deep caverns

Abstract Case histories reveal that slabbing and surface rock bursts in brittle rock may occur when ratios of the maximum tunnel-induced tangential stress and the small specimen unconfined compressive strength are as low as 0.35. A ratio of 0.5 results in low to moderate instances of bursting. Larger volume rock bursts associated with mine pillar failures do not appear to be common unless the ratio exceeds 1. The occurrence of surface bursts at ratios less than 1 is believed to result from the variation of field stresses within the rock mass and the reduction of intact strength with increasing specimen size, or scale effect. These findings were combined with finite element modeling of deep, multiple caverns to assess the potential for rock bursting during excavation.
Differentiating the Female Sex Addict: A Literature Review Focused on Themes of Gender Difference Used to Inform Recommendations for Treating Women With Sex Addiction

This literature review focuses on gender differences to delineate the etiology, presentation, and treatment needs of women with sex addiction. Empirical and clinical data show that women experience more childhood traumas and damage from attachment ruptures. Shame is the core affect of sex addiction and is compounded for women by negative cultural messages. Women's sexually addictive behaviors are more relationally motivated. With these gender differences of etiology and presentation as a foundation, recommendations specific to the treatment of women with sexual addiction are provided and placed within a multimodal therapeutic milieu.
The Roles of Affect Dysregulation and Positive Affect in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a prevalent behavior, yet little is known about associated affective mechanisms. Research has focused on the role of negative affect in NSSI, with positive affect receiving relatively less attention. This study examined affect dysregulation, emotional reactivity, and the experience of positive and negative affect in NSSI. Path analyses revealed that emotional reactivity predicted positive and negative affect after NSSI. Positive affect, in turn, predicted more lifetime acts of NSSI. The results demonstrate the importance of examining multiple facets of affect regulation, as well as the roles of both negative and positive affect in NSSI.
Characteristics of InGaAsN-GaAsSb type-II “W” quantum wells

Abstract InGaAsN-GaAsSb type-II “W” quantum well structures have been grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Photoluminescence and X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that thin layers (2–2.5 nm) of GaAs1−ySby and InGaAs1−xNx can be grown with compositions of y = 0.3 and x = 0.0 2 . “W” structures with different N contents indicate that emission wavelengths in the 1.4–1.6 μm range can be achieved. The use of GaAs0.85P0.15 tensile strained barrier layers is found to significantly improve the photoluminescence intensity of the “W” structure and result in a wavelength blueshift.
Hepatic zinc, copper and iron of turkey embryos (Meleagris gallapavo) maintained in long-term, shell-less culture

Abstract 1. 1. Turkey embryos incubated for extended periods of time in shell-less culture exhibited signs of copper deficiency inclucling reduced hepatic copper content and abnormal distribution of copper among cytoplasmic protein fractions. 2. 2. Cultured embryos exhibited increased hepatic zinc content and greatly increased amounts of zinc bound to a low-molecular weight, cytoplasmic, metallothionein-like protein compared to embryos incubated in ovo . 3. 3. Total hepatic iron content was comparable for both groups of embryos, though differences in iron concentration of the liver and that bound to a high molecular weight protein fraction (presumably ferritin) were present in the cultured embryos. 4. 4. Elevated serum lipid and reduced hepatic lipid were characteristic of the cultured embryos. This suggested an impaired uptake of circulating lipid by the liver, possibly resulting from the copper deficiency.
Cost Effectiveness of Liraglutide in Type II Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Background As novel treatments for type II diabetes enter the market, there is a need to assess their long-term clinical and economic outcomes against currently available treatment alternatives. Objective compilation and evaluation of current pharmacoeconomic evidence can assist payers and decision makers in determining the appropriate place in therapy of a new medication.
Academic reference service and the patron's inquiry: Ewing and Hauptman revisited

Abstract To meet the needs of today's patrons reference librarians should rethink how people learn within their institutions. The inadequate conception of learning in Ewing and Hauptman's essay (JAL, January 1995) contributes to the defects of their proposals for change. The inquiries of patrons are usually part of projects which reference librarians can participate in and productively shape.
Differences in postoperative pain severity among four ethnic groups

Subjects (N = 543) reporting on acute postoperative dental pain were classified into four major ancestral groups: Asian (N = 96), black American (N = 65), European (N = 296), and Latino (N = 88). Pain severity was measured using a 10-cm visual analogue scale following a standardized operative procedure. The subjects of European descent reported significantly less severe pain than those of black American or Latino descent. They also reported less pain than Asians, although this finding did not reach significance. Evaluation of covariates, including gender, age, education, generation in the United States, and difficulty of the surgical extraction, demonstrated that gender was significant, with men reporting less pain than women regardless of ancestry. Possible implications of these findings are discussed in terms of potential differences in physiology, in addition to social learning.
An observational study of humor in autism and down syndrome

Investigated examples of naturalistic humor in a group of 6 young children with autism and 6 age- and language-matched children with Down syndrome, who were videotaped while interacting with their mothers in bimonthly 1-hour sessions over the course of 1 year. Humor episodes were analyzed on three dimensions: cognitive developmental, social, and intentionality. The autistic children produced significantly less humor overall and less humor involving nonverbal incongruity. The only jokes in the study were told by 2 of the children with Down syndrome. Results indicate that while children with autism can produce and appreciate humor to a limited extent in a naturalistic setting, they do so at a significantly reduced level compared to matched controls. Findings are discussed in relation to the social-cognitive deficits in autistic children, which are among the primary characteristics of the syndrome.
Developing best practices in oncology: The partnership of conventional researchers and complementary and alternative practitioners

Introduction It is known that cancer patients are among the highest consumers of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) both during and after conventional oncology care. Additionally, the majority of cancer patients do not tell their treating oncologists about their use of CAM. To effectively evaluate the impact of CAM on conventional oncology treatments, conventional researchers must collaborate with CAM practitioners to develop a research agenda. Methods The presenter has had direct experience with the following: questionnaire developed to ask CAM practitioners about the use of intravenous vitamin C, questionnaire designed by collaboration of conventional investigators and CAM practitioner; and as a CAM practitioner in an academic medical center setting establishing a CAM oncology service in collaboration with oncology researchers. Results Details of the results of the questionnaire will be reviewed as it pertains to collaboration. The University of Kansas Medical Center Cancer Research Institute and Program in Integrative Medicine collaboration will be reviewed. Barriers and successes will be discussed, and how CAM practices can help drive a research agenda limiting the number of failed studies will be highlighted. Discussion 1. Successful research collaborations with CAM practitioners and conventional researchers are possible in spite of barriers. 2. The integrity of the CAM practice can be maintained with shared research design and improved understanding. 3. Patient-centered best practices can be developed with collaboration and rigorous research and this will lead to a system of comprehensive patient care.
Comparative Study of Chromatographic Medium-Associated Mass and Potential Antitumor Activity Loss with Bioactive Extracts

Natural product drug discovery programs often rely on the use of silica (Si) gel, reversed-phase media, or size-exclusion resins (e.g., RP-C18, Sephadex LH-20) for compound purification. The synthetic polymer-based sorbent Diaion HP20SS (cross-linked polystyrene matrix) is used as an alternative to prepare purified natural product libraries. To evaluate the impact of chromatographic media on the isolation of biologically active, yet chromatographically unstable natural products, Diaion HP20SS was evaluated side-by-side with normal-phase sorbents for irreversible binding of extract constituents and their effects on bioactivity. An array of chemically diverse natural product-rich extracts was selected as a test panel, and a cell-based reporter assay for hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) was employed to monitor potential change(s) in bioactivity. Silica gel caused significant irreversible binding of three out of 10 extracts. Curcuma longa, Saururus cernuus, and Citrus reticulata extracts showed decreased HI...
The Chk1-Cdc25C regulation is involved in sensitizing A253 cells to a novel topoisomerase I inhibitor BNP1350 by bax gene transfer.

The Chk1-Cdc25C regulation is involved in sensitizing A253 cells to a novel topoisomerase I inhibitor BNP1350 by bax gene transfer
Impulsivity, neural deficits, and the addictions: the "oops" factor in relapse.

Abstract Impulsive behaviors are observed in a wide range of psychiatric disorders, including substance use, bipolar, attention-deficit hyperactivity, antisocial and borderline personality, gambling, and eating disorders. The shared phenotype of impulsivity is thought to significantly contribute to both the etiology and perpetuation of these disorders. In this review, we focus upon the relevance of impulsivity to the addictive disorders, particularly substance use disorders. First, the literature supporting the presence of impulsive behaviors prior to the onset of drug use and addiction is discussed. The relevance of impulsivity to relapse is then presented, with a focus on three distinct neurocognitive constructs: automaticity, response inhibition, and decision making. Automaticity is a quickly occurring relapse process resulting from the learned habits induced by persistent drug use. Addicted persons with response inhibition deficits are unable to suppress these previously reinforced behaviors. Decision...
Bariatric and metabolic outcomes in the super-obese elderly

Abstract Background Numerous reports address bariatric outcomes in super-obese or elderly patients, but data addressing this high-risk combination is lacking. Objective The objective of this study was to assess outcomes of bariatric surgery in the super-obese elderly. Setting Academic institution, United States. Methods All primary bariatric cases performed on patients aged 65 years or older with a body mass index (BMI)≥50 kg/m 2 were retrospectively analyzed. Surgical approaches included laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB), laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). Results Thirty patients (26 female, 4 male) with a mean age of 67.1±2.7 years and BMI of 55.9±3.9 kg/m 2 , who had LRYGB (n = 16), LSG (n = 6), or LAGB (n = 8), were identified. There were no deaths, conversions, or intraoperative complications. Three patients were lost to follow-up after the 3-month visit. The early ( 2 , which corresponded to a mean percent excess weight loss of 44.5%±20.5% and mean percent total weight loss of 24.4%±12.2%. The most percent excess weight loss was achieved after LRYGB (54.1%±19.4%), followed by LSG (48.3%±10.2%) and then LAGB (26.2%±14.4%). Diabetic medication reduction in number and/or dosage was observed in 40% (6/15) patients, and 33% (5/15) of patients were completely off antidiabetic agents. Conclusions Although further research is needed, the present data suggest that successful weight loss and metabolic improvement can be achieved safely in the high-risk population of super-obese elderly.
Emotional imagery, the visual startle, and covariation bias: an affective matching account.

This study assessed the effects of imagery valence and arousal on the visually prompted startle reflex, heart rate, and estimates of probe occurrence in 24 males and 22 females. Valence and arousal independently augmented startle magnitudes, similar to prior research with acoustic probes (Witvliet, C.V.O., Vrana, S.R., 1995. Psychophysiological responses as indices of affective dimensions, Psychophysiology 32, 436-443). In both of these studies, arousal exerted stronger effects than valence on the startle reflex. Arousal also facilitated heart rate acceleration. Participants' estimates of startle flash occurrence reflected a covariation bias. Estimates were higher and more accurate for the high-arousal conditions and for the negative conditions, paralleling startle magnitude findings. Results suggest that affective response matching processes (rather than affective stimulus matching) influenced both startle reflex magnitudes and probe frequency estimates. Comparisons with the covariation bias literature are drawn, differences are addressed, and directions for future research are suggested.
Simulation of hypervelocity impact on aluminum-nextel-kevlar orbital debris shields

An improved hybrid particle-finite element method has been developed for hypervelocity impact simulation. The method combines the general contact-impact capabilities of particle codes with the true Lagrangian kinematics of large strain finite element formulations. Unlike some alternative schemes which couple Lagrangian finite element models with smooth particle hydrodynamics, the present formulation makes no use of slidelines or penalty forces. The method has been implemented in a parallel, three dimensional computer code. Simulations of three dimensional orbital debris impact problems using this parallel hybrid particle-finite element code, show good agreement with experiment and good speedup in parallel computation. The simulations included single and multi-plate shields as well as aluminum and composite shielding materials. at an impact velocity of eleven kilometers per second.
Industry Collaboration and Primary Guest Authorship of High-Impact Randomized Clinical Trials: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND Journals have increased disclosure requirements in recent years, in part to deter guest authorship. The prevalence of guest authorship among primary authors (first and last) in the current era of increased disclosure requirements is unknown.
Histochemical evidence for glycogen-like deposits in barley yellow dwarf virus-infected barley leaf chloroplasts

Anomalous particulate deposits were found in chloroplasts of barley infected with barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), but not in those of healthy plants. Histochemical tests, specific for high molecular weight polysaccharides, showed that these deposits were carbohydrate and morphologically similar to glycogen. BYDV may induce shifts in carbohydrate biosynthesis that result in accumulation of phytoglycogen-like material.
Borings in Amphistegina (Foraminiferida): Evidence of Predation by Floresina Amphiphaga (Foraminiferida)

The small foraminifer, Floresina amphiphaga, preys upon the relatively large foraminifer, Amphistegina gibbosa, leaving 2–10 characteristic predation holes in the test of the prey.
Effect of sample size re-estimation in adaptive clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment

Abstract Introduction The sample size re-estimation (SSR) adaptive design allows interim analyses and resultant modifications of the ongoing trial to preserve or increase power. We investigated the applicability of SSR in Alzheimer's disease (AD) trials using a meta-database of clinical studies. Methods Based on six studies, we simulated clinical trials using Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) as primary outcome. A single SSR based on effect sizes or based on variances was conducted at 6 months and 12 months. Resultant power improvement and sample size adjustments were evaluated. Results SSR resulted in highly variable outcomes for both sample size increases and power improvement. The gain in power after SSR varies by initial sample sizes, trial durations, and effect sizes. Conclusions SSR adaptive designs can be effective for trials in AD and mild cognitive impairment with small or medium initial sample sizes. However, SSR in larger trials (>200 subjects per arm) generates no major advantages over the typical randomized trials.
Cation Dynamics and Diffusion in Lithium Orthosilicate: Two-Dimensional Lithium-6 NMR

Many geological and technological processes depend on diffusion in crystalline silicates and oxides, but models of the dynamics of diffusion have only rarely been based on relatively direct microscopic information on the rates and energetics of the hopping of cations from site to site. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) exchange spectra for lithium-6 in lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4) provided a detailed picture of the hopping rates of Li4 ions among structurally distinct sites and helped to define the diffusion pathway. Rates and activation energies depended measurably on site geometry, and bulk electrical conductivity was accurately predicted.
Aztreonam plus clindamycin as therapy for pelvic infections in women.

Abstract Aztreonam, a new monobactam antibiotic with specific gram-negative aerobic activity, was used in combination with clindamycin in the treatment of 40 women with pelvic infection, including post-partum endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and post-hysterectomy pelvic cellulitis. Clinical cure was achieved in 87 percent of patients. Failure was related to the limited gram-positive aerobic spectrum of clindamycin. All aerobic gram-negative enteric organisms were sensitive in vitro to less than 0.125 μg/ml of aztreonam.
Hospitalized children's mood differences during play and music therapy

Background Paediatric hospitals are concerned with both the physical and social well-being of their young patients. These institutions often provide play and music therapy to enhance the child's sense of normality. The purpose of this study was to test whether children in a hospital were happier during music rather than play therapy. Methods Sixty children were observed either during play or music therapy. Happiness was operationally defined as the frequency of smiles during a 3 minute period. Results The results showed that music therapy (M = 12.43, SD = 4.83) led to significantly more smiles than did play therapy (M = 5.83, SD = 3.10). Conclusions Increasing the amount of time hospitals provide music therapy for child patients may be a way to increase positive effect and ultimately to increase mental and physical well-being in hospitalized children.
Estimates of Global Oceanic Meridional Heat Transport

Abstract Estimates of oceanic meridional energy transport for the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans are made using calculated annual mean surface energy fluxes. The surface flux calculations use bulk formulations based on 31-year (1949–79) surface marine observations from the Consolidated Data Set of the U.S. Navy Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center. The results show a northward transport at all latitudes in the Atlantic Ocean, a poleward transport in both hemispheres centered around 10°S in the Pacific Ocean with a northward transport south of 25°S, and a southward transport at all latitudes in the Indian Ocean. When all oceans are taken together, the transport is poleward centered around 5°S with a maximum northward transport at 25°N and a maximum southward transport at 15°S. A sensitivity experiment carried out on the possible errors associated with the surface energy flux shows that the transport in the Pacific Ocean—both in direction and in magnitude—is most uncertain. The transport directions of t...
Social Capital Construction and the Role of the Local State1

As globalization weakens the role of the nation state, increased theoretical and practical attention is being focused on community level action, especially on the role of social capital. Proponents of social capital have placed primary emphasis on voluntary associations. This paper looks at the role the state can play in building social capital. The historical nature of social capital in the community, the organizational structure of governmental intermediaries, and the design of specific program interventions condition social capital building. Hierarchical governmental intermediaries are contrasted with participatory community based initiatives. Three key factors: autonomy, linkage and returns on investment for both intermediaries and participating residents, are shown to affect social capital construction.
Determination of Sr in soil by tungsten coil atomic emission spectrometry

Abstract Strontium was determined in soil by tungsten coil atomic emission spectrometry (WCAES). Since aluminum enhances strontium emission and is a common component of soil, it was first necessary to develop a method to remove aluminum from digested soil solutions. This was accomplished by buffering solutions to a pH of 5.5 with ammonium bicarbonate. Each buffered solution was filtered through a 0.45 μm syringe filter. Twenty-five μL of the filtrate were injected into a WCAES instrument and analyzed. The method effectively removed aluminum from digested samples. The next goal was to develop a fast soil digestion method that could be used in field analyses. A potential application for a fast method is the detection of radioisotopes after the detonation of a radioactive dispersion device ("dirty bomb"). Such devices could potentially contain strontium-90, and a field method would be necessary to quickly determine the concentration of strontium. Two different soil digestion methods were tested. The first (method A) was a typical method using aqua regia, hydrogen peroxide, and heat. The second (method B) was a faster method that involved shaking soil with concentrated acid for 30 s. Strontium "spike" recoveries showed that method B was not as effective at recovering strontium from soil. The % strontium recoveries (method B) were 87% compared to 93% for method A. A NIST SRM "San Joaquin Soil" was analyzed using both soil digestion methods. Strontium recoveries were 76% and 59% for methods A and B respectively, suggesting that digestion conditions needed to be more thorough.
Temperature and pressure-independent correlations of olivine/liquid partition coefficients and their application to trace element partitioning

Molar olivine/liquid partition coefficients for Mg, Fe, Mn and Ni are shown to be linearly correlated. These correlations appear to be independent of temperature, pressure and, to some extent, bulk composition and are best explained by the dominance of change-of-state thermodynamics during partitioning. The correlations presented here, when coupled with considerations of olivine stoichiometry, allow (olivine/basalt) partition coeficients of Mg, Fe, Mn and Ni to be predicted if the composition of the basalt is known. Since the correlations hold for major, minor and trace elements and for both “compatible” and “incompatible” elements, the inferences drawn from this study appear to have general relevance.
Prestige in American Universities.

Prestige hierarchies, common to all organizations, are considered for positions at a university. Davis and Moore (1945) have called such stratification in any social system a universal necessity. Using procedures developed to measure prestige of occupations in national surveys, the attribution of prestige attached to university positions was determined. One hundred and eight positions were scaled, and the scale's validity and underlying scaling criteria were evaluated. It appears that university prestige is a microcosm of national prestige, and seems to have a similar socioeconomic base.
A New Observational Search for Vulcanoids in SOHO/LASCO Coronagraph Images

Abstract We examined SOHO/LASCO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Large Angle Spectroscopic Coronagraph) C3 coronagraph images to search for the long-suspected population of small bodies, the vulcanoids, in heliocentric orbits interior to Mercury. We searched the entire vulcanoid region from 0.07–0.21 AU by visually blinking daily image averages co-registered on background stars. We found no vulcanoids to a moving object detection limiting magnitude of V=8.0, corresponding to objects 20 and 60 km in diameter (assuming Mercury-like albedos) at the inner and outer boundaries of the Vulcanoid Zone, respectively. This negative detection suggests that candidate objects apparently detected interior to 0.09 AU by Courten et al. (1976, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc.8, 504) were not permanent residents of that region, if real at all. Extrapolating from largest objects of 20 and 60 km to smaller-size objects with a Dohnanyi power-law size distribution (1969, J. Geophys. Res.74, 2531), this result implies that the present population of vulcanoids larger than 1 km in diameter is no greater than ∼1800–42000 objects.
W14-02 Methodological approaches and evidence for effectiveness in clinical trials

Recent publications by the Institute of Medicine have unearthed several fundamental flaws in clinical trial methodology that, if corrected by the next generation of clinical investigators, can transform the field of mental health intervention research. Using a clinician-friendly approach, Dr. Davis will succinctly review the essential elements of optimal design and implementation of a randomized controlled clinical study. These elements include the need for a hypothesis that has clinical relevance based on sound theoretical reasoning, reasonable and generalizable inclusion and exclusion criteria, feasibility of an enrollment goal and study time-line, and appropriate choice of a comparator intervention and primary outcome. Techniques to reduce the study's costs, risks, and participant burden will be described. Examples from psychopharmacologic, psychotherapy, and vocational rehabilitation trials for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder will be discussed. Following the didactic session by the two presenters, the participants will be encouraged to bring forth their own questions regarding clinical trial design for a 45-minute interactive discussion with the presenters. The objectives of the workshop are to improve the participants’ understanding of the goals of clinical trial design and methods to achieve those goals in order to improve their own research techniques, grantsmanship, and abilities to more accurately judge the results of studies presented in the literature.
Increased cell number in the adult hamster retinal ganglion cell layer after early removal of one eye.

In hamster, following removal of one eye on the day of birth the amount of normally occurring degeneration in the retinal ganglion cell layer of the remaining eye is reduced, particularly in the temporal retina. To examine the changes in the number and distribution of cells indicated by the alterations in early cell degeneration, adult retinas from hamsters who had one eye removed at birth were compared to those of normal adults. Normal adult retinal ganglion cell layers were found to contain an average of 157,223 cells (a population which includes retinal ganglion cells, “displaced” amacrine cells, and glia). At adulthood, the remaining retinas of early enucleates had an average of 169,863 cells in the ganglion cell layer, an increase of 8%. If only cells having Nissl substance and a soma diameter in excess of 10 μm (a group likely to consist entirely of retinal ganglion cells) are considered, the increase observed was 19%. Cells having Nissl substance and soma diameters between 5 and 10 μm, a group which includes both retinal ganglion cells and displaced amacrines, show a 13% change. Cells less than 10 μm with no Nissl substance visible, which include displaced amacrines and glial cells showed no net change (75,883 versus 75,409). The increase in cell number was found across the entire retina, but was largest in the temporal retina. These results show that alteration in early neuronal survival is a component of early plastic changes in the central nervous system, and that early cell degeneration rates are good predictors of later cell number and distribution.
Use of imbedded fiber optic thermal sensors to monitor the health of composite structures

We investigated a thermal nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique based on thermography that uses optical fiber sensors to detect damage within a laminated graphite epoxy composite specimen. Two sets of composite samples were used for testing, one set had fiber optic sensors imbedded between the layers and the other set did not. Thermocouples were attached to the front and back surfaces of all coupons for comparison. Damage was initiated in the samples at various levels with a simulated impact system and damage was confirmed with X-ray. Results suggest that the thermal approach is more sensitive to damage than the X-ray evaluation used. The test apparatus in addition to the results obtained from both sets of samples are presented.
Experimental methods for measurement of the modulation transfer function (MTF) for time-delay-and-integrate (TDI) charge coupled device (CCD) image sensors

In this paper we report experimental measurements of the wavelength-dependent Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) for a commercial Time-Delay-and-Integrate Charge Coupled Device (TDI-CCD) image sensor. The modulation transfer function provides a measure of the maximum spatial resolution achievable by an electro-optic (EO) image sensor. Charge diffusion and electronic crosstalk mechanisms inherent to all EO sensors will degrade the image quality and deleteriously affect the MTF; therefore measurement of the MTF for an EO image sensor provides a powerful tool for probing these mechanisms. The focus of this work will be toward describing, in detail, the unique experimental apparatus and techniques, developed at The Aerospace Corporation, that enable these measurements. Furthermore, the experimentally measured MTF will be compared to the analytical Blouke-Robinson diffusion MTF model for CCD image sensors.
An Invited Article Facilitating linguistic skills in children with specific language impairment

This paper presents a critical review of studies designed to teach language production skills to children with specific language impairment. The evidence reviewed suggests that a number of training approaches are effective, often resulting in gains that exceed the rate seen in normal development. Close analysis of children’s post-treatment usage reveals that these gains go beyond rote learning, and may even result in response classes that are different from those seen in the adult linguistic system. The chief limitations in these training studies are that children seem to make use of the target linguistic form only in untrained utterances that share certain topographical features with the utterances used in training, and that there is little evidence that children’s use of the target form will extend to speaking situations that bear little resemblance to the training/testing situation.
Incommensurate antiferromagnetism in a pure spin system via cooperative organization of local and itinerant moments

Materials with strong correlations are prone to spin and charge instabilities, driven by Coulomb, magnetic, and lattice interactions. In materials that have significant localized and itinerant spins, it is not obvious which will induce order. We combine electrical transport, X-ray magnetic diffraction, and photoemission studies with band structure calculations to characterize successive antiferromagnetic transitions in GdSi. GdSi has both sizable local moments and a partially nested Fermi surface, without confounding contributions from orbital effects. We identify a route to incommensurate order where neither type of moment dominates, but is rooted in cooperative feedback between them. The nested Fermi surface of the itinerant electrons induces strong interactions between local moments at the nesting vector, whereas the ordered local moments in turn provide the necessary coupling for a spin-density wave to form among the itinerant electrons. This mechanism echoes the cooperative interactions between electrons and ions in charge-density–wave materials, and should be germane across a spectrum of transition-metal and rare-earth intermetallic compounds.
A Leapfrogging-in-Time Integral Equation Solver

An implicit leapfrogging-in-time surface-integral-equation solver for analyzing transient scattering from homogenous dielectric bodies is presented. Electric and magnetic current densities on dielectric interfaces are expanded in terms of space-time basis functions defined on staggered temporal grids. Band-limited extrapolation of these current densities enables a leapfrogging solution procedure that generates samples of electric and magnetic current densities separated by half time steps. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed solver is more efficient than standard marching-on-in-time solvers that simultaneously generate electric and magnetic current samples separated by integer time steps
Nucleation Chemical Physics: From Vapor-phase Clusters to Crystals in Solution

Both vapor-phase clusters and condensed-phase crystals are important in a wide variety of fundamental and applied problems in chemical physics. Favorable fluctuations in a supersaturated phase generate clusters of the new phase – exactly how one defines these new clusters as distinct from the mother phase represents a continuing challenge in molecular theories of nucleation. These incipient clusters can form homogeneously within the mother phase or heterogeneously on seeds, dust, impurities, ions, or others stability-inducing atomic/molecular structures (e.g., steps, edges, vacancies, etc.). Upon reaching a critical size the clusters may grow to macroscopic dimensions if enough nucleating material is present in surrounding environment or until relaxation processes dominate bringing the phase transformation to completion. This work was supported by the Chemical and Material Sciences Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Department of Energy. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for the US Department of Energy.