cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Random access compressed sensing in underwater sensor networks

In this paper, we propose a power-efficient underwater sensor network scheme employing compressed sensing and random channel access. The proposed scheme is suitable for applications where a large number of sensor nodes are deployed uniformly over a certain area to measure a physical phenomenon. The underlying assumption is that most physical phenomena have sparse representations in the frequency domain. The network is assumed to have a Fusion Center (FC) that collects the observations of sensor nodes and reconstructs the measured field based on the obtained measurements. The proposed method is completely decentralized, i.e., sensor nodes act independently without the need for coordination with each other or with the FC. During each frame, a Bernoulli random generator at each node determines whether the node participates in sampling or stays inactive during that sampling period. If selected, it measures the physical quantity of interest, e.g. temperature. A second random generator with a uniform distribution then picks a (random) delay for the node to send its data to the FC. The proposed network scheme, referred to as Random Access Compressed Sensing (RACS), results in a simple power-efficient design, for: a) it eliminates the need for duplexing, which requires coordination from the FC; b) there is no need for acknowledgment packets and retransmissions in case packets collide; and moreover, c) it is efficient in terms of the communication resources used (only a small fraction of nodes sample and transmit in each sampling period).
Integrated hardware reduction schemes for retrodirective array architectures

This paper will present and review a few recent developments in retrodirective array architectures that integrate schemes for hardware reduction. The proposed systems offer simplified architectures for retrodirective array application that can lead to low-cost solutions for various communication scenarios. First, the flexibility of the retrodirective architecture is discussed with simple integration into sparse arrays. Combination of a sparse array with a switching network allows a single phase conjugator to be shared by four radiating elements within a six element aperture. Finally, an example of a conformal sparse retrodirective array is presented in a potential mobile platform application that is known to have limited hardware requirements.
Automatic layout of statecharts

Graphical notations are widely used for system specification. The usefulness of these notations depends primarily on their readability. Hence, automatic methods are needed to obtain efficient and understandable graphical representations of requirements. In this paper, we present an algorithm that automatically generates layouts of statecharts. We assume that relevant information is stored in a structure that we call a decomposition tree, and we draw the graph that models a statechart in a hierarchical fashion. Our approach excludes diagrams with inter-level transitions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal tracheal reconstruction with a hybrid amniotic mesenchymal stem cells-engineered construct derived from decellularized airway.

Abstract Purpose This study was aimed at examining an airway construct engineered from autologous amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (aMSCs) and a xenologous decellularized airway scaffold as a means for tracheal repair. Methods Fetal lambs (N = 13) with a tracheal defect were divided into 2 groups. One group (acellular, n=6) was repaired with a decellularized leporine tracheal segment. The other group (engineered, n=7) received an identical graft seeded with expanded/labeled autologous aMSCs. Newborns were euthanized for multiple analyses. Results Eleven lambs survived to term, 10 of which could breathe at birth. Engineered grafts showed a significant increase in diameter in vivo ( P = .04) unlike acellular grafts ( P = .62), although variable stenosis was present in all implants. Engineered constructs exhibited full epithelialization, compared with none of the acellular grafts ( P = .002). Engineered grafts had a significantly greater degree of increase in elastin levels after implantation than acellular implants ( P = .04). No such differences were noted in collagen and glycosaminoglycan contents. Donor cells were detected in engineered grafts, which displayed a pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Conclusions Constructs engineered from aMSCs and decellularized airway undergo enhanced remodeling and epithelialization in vivo when compared with equivalent acellular implants. Amniotic mesenchymal stem cell–engineered airways may become an alternative for perinatal airway repair.
Law And Force In The New International Order

The law of self-defence use of force authorized by the United Nations and regional organizations intervention by invitation intervention against illegitimate regimes humanitarian intervention intervention to combat terrorism and drug trafficking limitations and safeguards in arms control agreements judicial procedures relating to the use of force.
Effect of stress and bupropion on craving, withdrawal symptoms, and mood in smokers.

Introduction: Studies suggest that in smokers attempting to quit smoking, the occurrence of stressful events is associated with smoking relapse. The purpose of this study was to deter- mine the effect of bupropion (an agent known to increase smoking cessation rates) on the craving, withdrawal, and mood response to stressful tasks administered in a laboratory setting. Methods: Response to three tasks (a speech, math, and cold pres- sor task) was measured in 65 smokers during ad libitum smoking. Smokers were then randomized to either bupropion or placebo. Fourteen days after starting medication, 43 subjects (28 receiving bupropion and 15 receiving placebo) quit smoking and laborato- ry procedures were repeated on the third day of abstinence. Results: Prior to cessation, stressors presented in a laboratory setting increased craving, nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and subjective distress but decreased positive affect. Thirty minutes of relaxation after the stressors did not result in these measures returning to prestress levels. During the nicotine withdrawal period, stress-induced responses were generally smaller than during the precessation period. Bupropion (relative to placebo) reduced overall levels of craving and withdrawal symptoms but did not have significant effects on response to stress during the nicotine withdrawal period. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that stress results in sustained increases in craving and withdrawal symptoms and changes in mood symptoms and that bupropion affects overall levels of these symptoms. Further research is needed to deter- mine if modifying response to stress is predictive of an effective treatment for facilitating smoking cessation.
The Effect of Background Knowledge on the Reading Comprehension of Ninth Graders.

Background knowledge, or what one already knows about a subject, has long been assumed to influence one's reading comprehension concerning that subject (James, 1890; Horn, 1937; Adams, Note 1; Rumelhart & Ortony, 1977). However, relatively few empirical studies have tested whether or not background knowledge does indeed effect reading comprehension. Several studies have demonstrated that knowing the theme of a passage produces better reading (Bransford & Johnson, 1973; Bransford & McCarrell, 1974; Frase, 1972). Studies by Anderson, Reynolds, Schallert and Goetz (1977), Schweller, Brewer and Dahl (1976) and Bransford, Nitsch and Franks (1977) indicate that background knowledge (or schemata) is a prerequisite for accurate reading. These research efforts deal with recall of information, and use ambiguous or altered texts. Even more scant is research done with school-aged children and dealing with school-type texts. Pearson, Hansen and Gordon (1979) found that second grade students possessing knowledge of a topic read a passage concerning that topic better than students with little knowledge of the topic. Their results prompted the following comment (p. 9): The findings of the present study support the intuitively sensible contention that the background experiences readers bring to a selection affect the depth to which they can understand it.
Macrophage Apoptosis in Atherosclerosis: Consequences on Plaque Progression and the Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Abstract Atherothrombotic vascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, are the leading causes of death in the industrialized world. The immediate cause of these diseases is acute occlusive thrombosis in medium-sized arteries feeding critical organs. Thrombosis is triggered by the rupture or erosion of a minority of atherosclerotic plaques that have advanced to a particular stage of “vulnerability.” Vulnerable plaques are characterized by certain key features, such as inflammation, thinning of a protective collagenous cap, and a lipid-rich necrotic core consisting of macrophage debris. A number of cellular events contribute to vulnerable plaque formation, including secretion of pro-inflammatory, procoagulant, and proteolytic molecules by macrophages as well as the death of macrophages, intimal smooth muscles cells, and possibly endothelial cells. The necrotic core in particular is a key factor in plaque vulnerability, because macrophage debris promotes inflammation, plaque instability, and ...
Time-dependent inhibition of aspartate aminotransferase isozymes by DL-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

Abstract dl-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in low concentrations has been found to be a time-dependent inhibitor of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) isozymes. The cationic isozyme is more susceptible than the anionic isozyme to this inhibition. The l-isomer of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate was as effective as the d-isomer for each isozyme. Study of various glycolytic intermediates indicated that the conjoint presence of the free aldehyde group and the phosphoryl residue of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate was necessary for inhibition. The extent of inhibition was dependent on the duration of preliminary incubation, the concentration of glyceraldehyde-3-P, and the pH of the preliminary incubation mixture, but was independent of the concentration of enzyme. Half-maximum inhibition of each isozyme was obtained between pH 6.5 and 6.7. Maximum inhibition of the anionic isozyme was obtained at pH values of 8.4 and above, while the cationic isozyme was optimally inhibited at pH 7.4. The presence of α-ketoglutarate in the preliminary incubation mixture decreased inhibition while aspartate accentuated it. After 30 min of preliminary incubation with glyceraldehyde-3-P, dialysis of the anionic isozyme against buffer, aspartate, α-ketoglutarate, or pyridoxal 5-phosphate resulted in a substantial release of inhibition. In the case of the cationic isozyme, substantial release of inhibition was obtained only by dialysis against α-ketoglutarate. The addition of α-ketoglutarate to either the anionic or cationic isozyme-inhibitor preliminary incubation mixtures released inhibition, but only in the case of the anionic isozyme was the extent of release dependent on the duration of preliminary incubation. Prolonged incubation of this isozyme with glyceraldehyde-3-P resulted in the appearance of a second phase of inhibition. The mechanism of the inhibition of the isozymes by glyceraldehyde-3-P is discussed.
Nicarbazin bait reduces reproduction by pigeons (Columba livia)

Development of effective methods for reducing populations of overabundant nuisance bird species continues to challenge wildlife biologists. Reproductive inhibition, although conceptually pleasing, has been difficult to implement because of the lack of a safe, approved avian contraceptive. Recently, however, nicarbazin received regulatory approval in the United States for use as a bait to decrease hatchability of resident Canada goose (Branta canadensis) and feral pigeon (Columba livia) eggs. In anticipation of the feral pigeon registration, we evaluated efficacy by exposing captive pairs of nesting pigeons to nicarbazin bait for 4 h daily. Egg production was unaffected, but only 9 of 22 eggs hatched, a 59% reduction from pre-treatment when each of the 11 test pairs produced 2 nestlings. In the recovery phase, when treated bait was removed, the 11 pairs produced 18 nestlings. All nestlings produced during the study appeared healthy and normal, and there was no mortality among the adult pairs. Nicarbazin is an effective and safe means of reducing hatchability of feral pigeon eggs that can be used within an integrated management plan to reduce feral pigeon populations.
PRIOR STRUCTURE AND SPATIAL INTERACTION

A rationale for continued interest in simple, static urban models, such as the gravity-type models, is given through the perspective of the notion of prior structure, according to which there is, embedded in every model, a largely non-empirical component resulting from the structural properties of the theoretical language used. It is suggested that the prior structure implicit in gravity models is responsible for the widely observed map effect in spatial interaction as well as for the relative predictive power of these models. A procedure is outlined for deriving that prior structure from first principles. Combined with a minimal amount of behavioural information, that quasi-analytic component can be used as prior information, in the Bayesian sense, to generate familiar forms of the gravity model as the most probable consequences of svstem specification. The practical significance of the prior-structure effect for model performance is then briefly discussed.
Complications from Holter ventriculo-atrial shunts.

Three hundred and thirty cases of infantile hydrocephalus were treated at the Westminster Children's Hospital over a 6-year period with the Holter ventrculo-atrial shunt. The complications of the treatment are studied and methods of management discussed.
Fuzzy Boundaries: Color and Gene Flow Patterns among Parapatric Lineages of the Western Shovel-Nosed Snake and Taxonomic Implication

Accurate delineation of lineage diversity is increasingly important, as species distributions are becoming more reduced and threatened. During the last century, the subspecies category was often used to denote phenotypic variation within a species range and to provide a framework for understanding lineage differentiation, often considered incipient speciation. While this category has largely fallen into disuse, previously recognized subspecies often serve as important units for conservation policy and management when other information is lacking. In this study, we evaluated phenotypic subspecies hypotheses within shovel-nosed snakes on the basis of genetic data and considered how evolutionary processes such as gene flow influenced possible incongruence between phenotypic and genetic patterns. We used both traditional phylogenetic and Bayesian clustering analyses to infer range-wide genetic structure and spatially explicit analyses to detect possible boundary locations of lineage contact. Multilocus analyses supported three historically isolated groups with low to moderate levels of contemporary gene exchange. Genetic data did not support phenotypic subspecies as exclusive groups, and we detected patterns of discordance in areas where three subspecies are presumed to be in contact. Based on genetic and phenotypic evidence, we suggested that species-level diversity is underestimated in this group and we proposed that two species be recognized, Chionactis occipitalis and C. annulata. In addition, we recommend retention of two subspecific designations within C. annulata (C. a. annulata and C. a. klauberi) that reflect regional shifts in both genetic and phenotypic variation within the species. Our results highlight the difficultly in validating taxonomic boundaries within lineages that are evolving under a time-dependent, continuous process.
The π-Fluoro Effect: An Empirical Use of Atomic Electrostatic Potentials

The term “π-fluoro effect” refers to the experimental observation that in many molecules, the ionization potentials of π-electrons change relatively little when a hydrogen atom is replaced by a fluorine. This was first systematically studied, although in a more limited sense, by Brundle, et al.,1 and was called the “per-fluoro effect”.
High-T NOx Sensing Elements Using Conductive Oxides and Pt

Development of NOx sensing elements intended for operation at T ∼600 °C are described. The elements were fabricated by depositing co-planar La1-x Srx BO3 (B = Cr, Fe) and Pt electrodes on yttria-stabilized zirconia substrates. Characterization of the elements included response to NO2 and NO as well as the [O2 ] dependence of the NO2 response. Much stronger (∼ 40 mV for 450 ppm NO2 in 7 vol% O2 at 600 °C) sensing responses were observed for NO2 than NO, indicating these elements are best suited for detection of NO2 . Pronounced asymmetries were observed between the NO2 step response and recovery times for the elements, with temperature being the primary variable governing the recovery times in the temperature range 500–700 °C.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Differential Regulation of Bcl-xL Gene Expression by Corticosterone, Progesterone, and Retinoic Acid.

Corticosterone (CT), progesterone (PG), and retinoic acid (RA) are capable of inhibiting Doxorubicin (Dox) from inducing apoptosis in rat cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, CT, PG, and RA induce increases of Bcl-xL protein and mRNA, and activate a 3.2 kb bcl-x gene promoter. CT and RA, but not PG, induced the activity of a 0.9 kb bcl-x promoter, containing sequences for AP-1 and NF-kB binding. RA, but not CT or PG, induced NF-kB activation. CT, but not PG or RA, induced AP-1 activation, and induction of the 0.9 kb bcl-x reporter by CT was inhibited by dominant negative c-Jun TAM-67 or removal of AP-1 binding site. Therefore, although CT, PG, and RA all induce Bcl-xL mRNA and protein, three independent mechanisms are in operation: while CT induces Bcl-xL via AP-1 transcription factor, and RA induces NF-kB activation and bcl-x promoter activity, PG induces Bcl-xL via a mechanism independent of NF-kB or AP-1.
Real-time digital signal processing in multiphoton and time-resolved microscopy

The use of multiphoton interactions in biological tissue for imaging contrast requires highly sensitive optical measurements. These often involve signal processing and filtering steps between the photodetector and the data acquisition device, such as photon counting and lock-in amplification. These steps can be implemented as real-time digital signal processing (DSP) elements on field-programmable gate array (FPGA) devices, an approach that affords much greater flexibility than commercial photon counting or lock-in devices. We will present progress toward developing two new FPGA-based DSP devices for multiphoton and time-resolved microscopy applications. The first is a high-speed multiharmonic lock-in amplifier for transient absorption microscopy, which is being developed for real-time analysis of the intensity-dependence of melanin, with applications in vivo and ex vivo (noninvasive histopathology of melanoma and pigmented lesions). The second device is a kHz lock-in amplifier running on a low cost ($50--$200) development platform. It is our hope that these FPGA-based DSP devices will enable new, high-speed, low-cost applications in multiphoton and time-resolved microscopy.
Reflection: Its Structure and Meaning in Kant's Judgements of Taste

When Kant announces in a letter to Reinhold that he has discovered a new domain of a priori principles, he situates these principles in a ‘faculty of feeling pleasure and displeasure’ (Zammito 1992: 47). And it is indeed in his Critique of Aesthetic Judgement, named in this letter the Critique of Taste, that we find his elucidation of the relation of the principle of purposiveness to the feeling of pleasure. The kinds of judgements in which our feelings are evaluated in accordance with a principle are what Kant names reflective judgements. And while reflective judgements emerge in the third Critique to include not only judgements of taste, but also judgements of the sublime and teleological judgements of nature, in this paper I will focus on the first, as the question of the relatedness of reflection to pleasure is most pronounced in this context. There is no consensus in Kant scholarship as to what the structure of reflective judgements is, as evidenced by the widely disparate views of those such as Guyer, Allison, Pippin, Ginsborg, Lyotard, and others.
Nineteenth-Century British Literature Then and Now: Reading with Hindsight; Reading the Victorians

These two volumes are profitably read together. Part of Ashgate's Nineteenth Century Series, overseen by general editors Vincent Newey and Joanne Shattock, they share the same prefatory statement: ...
TOWARD THE ORIGIN OF ARTIODACTYLS.

The purpose of this note is to give some evidence on the group from which artiodactyls originated. It is less complete than I would have liked, but several other people are working on the same subject with other kinds of evidence and have seen a draft of this note, and publication seems the best way to avoid awkwardness. The earliest known artiodactyls are distinguished from condylarths especially by the structure of the tarsus. Schaeffer (1947, 1948) and Guthrie (1968) have described this, and Schaeffer gave a good account of its probable evolution from the condylarth condition. McKenna (1960) found an intermediate situation in one aspect of an earliest Eocene astragalus which was found isolated and therefore cannot be surely identified. Guthrie (1968) did not consider this specimen. Paleocene members of the Hyopsodontidae have usually been regarded as ancestral to the artiodactyls, and this view has had almost complete acceptance since Simpson (1937). Jepsen (1930) had provisionally regarded the late Paleocene genus Phenacodaptes as an artiodactyl, but Simpson transferred it to the Hyopsodontidae (cf. also Van Valen, 1967). Cope (1882a, p. 188; 1882b) had placed Mioclaenus as the basal artiodactyl. This genus is now regarded as a hyopsodontid, but the species from which Cope made his conclusion belongs to Diacodexis, the stem artiodactyl. Schlosser (1923) had included the hyopsodontid Haplomylus in the stem artiodactyl family Dichobunidae and Gregory (1910) had advocated an origin from Paleocene hyopsodontids. One of the two genera Gregory mentioned, however, was Protogonodon, which I regard as a synonym of Loxolophus and which is now placed in the Arctocyonidae. Earle (1893; Osborn and Earle, 1895) had also suggested Protogonodon as an artiodactyl ancestor, but only for the selenodont groups. And Mathew (1909, p. 845) thought artiodactyls probably came from unknown creodonts similar to the Mesonychidae. Other work has shown the Mesonychidae to be a derivative of early arctocyonids. Louis (1963) thought that the Paleocene or earliest Eocene genus Microhyus was an artiodactyl. As noted by Teilhard (1927), Microhyus is similar to Orthaspidotherium, a condylarth probably referable to the Meniscotheriidae. Like other meniscotheriids, Microhyus does not seem especially similar to Diacodexis, the most primitive known artiodactyl, although it is convergent to some more advanced genera. Diacodexis has not yet even evolved a hypocone. Pearson (1927) compared the basicranium of Pleuraspidotherium favorably with that of early artiodactyls and Russell (1964) also thought a special relationship was possible, but the similarities seem to be in primitive characters, as Russell thought for the similarities of Arctocyonides and Bunophorus. Other early views, such as Cope's influential derivation (1883, 1885, 1887) of artiodactyls from the insectivore Pantolestes,' seem implausible now. My view most closely approximates that of Earle (1893).
MATERIALS ISSUES IN STRAINED SOLID-PHASE EPITAXIAL GROWTH OF SI1-XGEX

Recent advances in modern microelectronics materials technology have depended on the creation of a heterojunction between electronically dissimilar materials (i.e., different band gap) that have like crystal structures but different lattice parameters. With the advent of Si1−xGex-on-silicon heterojunction technology, a host of new and interesting materials issues must be resolved. These challenges require improved understanding of amorphous/crystalline interface morphological stability during strained solid-phase heteroepitaxial regrowth, the mechanisms of defect introduction, and the kinetics of the amorphous-to-crystalline transformation. All of these processes are directly affected by the level of misfit strain energy in the system during the transformation.
OUTCOMES OF CONCOMITANT TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT AND PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION IN HIGH-RISK PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AORTIC STENOSIS AND OBSTRUCTIVE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is frequently present in patients with aortic stenosis (AS). Simultaneous coronary revascularization at the time of surgical valve replacement is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Patients with AS and significant CAD may require percutaneous coronary
Time-stable performance in parallel queues with non-homogeneous and multi-class workloads

Motivated by applications in data centers, we consider a scenario where multiple classes of requests arrive at a dispatcher at time-varying rates which historically has daily or weekly patterns. We assume that the underlying environment is such that at all times the load from each class is very high and a large number of servers are necessary which, for example, is fairly common in many data centers. In addition, each server can host one or more classes. Design, control and performance analysis under such heterogeneous and transient conditions is extremely difficult. To address this shortcoming we have suggested a holistic approach that includes a combination of sizing, assignment, and routing in an integrated fashion. Our proposed approach decomposes a multi-dimensional and non-stationary problem into a one-dimensional, simpler and stationary one, and achieves time-stability by introducing an insignificant number of dummy requests. Based on time-stability, our suggested approach can provide performance bounds and guarantees for time-varying and transient system. Moreover, we can operate the data centers in an energy-efficient manner via suggested approach.
The Distribution of U. S. Entomologists

The Scientific Manpower Bulletin of the National Science Foundation for April 1962 was devoted to an article entitled“Summary Characteristics of Scientists Reporting to the National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel, 1960. A Special Report for 1962 Registrants.”Among the data that are summarized in that report is a table which includes the geographic location of the over 200 thousand scientists who reported to the National Register in 1960. The entomologists are not reported separately but are grouped with others under“Biological Sciences“. C. W. Sabrosky after reading this report wondered pointedly how the distribution of entomologists who are members of the E.S.A. compared with the distribution of all scientists reporting in the United States. We have reprinted the figures as given under“Total”in Table 4 of the report for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The categories“Foreign”and“No Report”were deleted and the total to be considered was thus reduced to 195, 312 individuals. Percentages were calculated on the basis of this total.
Can a benign j–V characteristic with current saturation be the beginning of a new area of semiconductor physics? The vanishing space charge cleans up the defect‐level spectrum

The measurement of the current as a function of the applied voltage is a primary tool to investigate the electrical properties and much attention was given to its deviation from ohmicity. Only recently we have learned that even the most simple characteristics with saturation current can be full of surprises. In this paper, we will emphasize how important it is to employ immediately other tools, such as the Franz–Keldysh effect to make the field distribution visible. We will very briefly review the electrode-adjacent high-field domain and their ability to render a CdS crystal thermodynamically stable as being n- or p-type, i.e., being ambipolar depending on whether the domain is attached to the cathode or anode, respectively. We will now also point to the differences for junction-adjacent high-field domains. We will focus on the small slab between a blocking contact and a high-field domain that permits a precise spread of the quasi-Fermi levels within the domains. Within the domains, the crystal is space-charge-free and permits to investigate the electronic transitions to defect levels around the quasi-Fermi levels. The defect levels are free from distortion caused by electric field variation in their neighborhood caused by space charges. A very steep electron quenching minimum is shown in the p-type CdS with anode-adjacent domain. The domains are stabilized by the electron density at blocking cathodes and by hole densities at blocking anodes.
Accuracy Of User-Contributed Image Tagging In Flickr: A Natural Disaster Case Study

Social media platforms have become extremely popular during the past few years, presenting an alternate, and often preferred, avenue for information dissemination within massive global communities. Such user-generated multimedia content is emerging as a critical source of information for a variety of applications, and particularly during times of crisis. In order to fully explore this potential, there is a need to better assess, and improve when possible, the accuracy of such information. This paper addresses this issue by focusing in particular on user-contributed image tagging in Flickr. We use as case study a natural disaster event (wildfire), and assess the reliability of user-generated tags. Furthermore, we compare these data to the results of a content-based annotation approach in order to assess the potential performance of an alternative, user-independent, automated approach to annotate such imagery. Our results show that Flickr user annotations can be considered quite reliable (at the level of ~50%), and that using a spatially distributed training dataset for our content-based image retrieval (CBIR) annotation process improves the performance of the content-based image labeling (to the level of ~75%).
They Know My Name: New Dynamic Role of Faculty.

Curriculum delivery is becoming increasingly restricted in an era of elevating expectations and declining budgets. As a result, innovative approaches to curriculum delivery are harder to implement ...
Approximation of functions from the classes S R P , θ B in the uniform metric

We obtain order estimates for the approximations of functions from the classes S R P, θ B( $ {{\mathbb{R}}^d} $ ) by entire functions in the metric of the space L ∞. In particular, the exact-order estimates are established for the corresponding approximate characteristics in the one-dimensional case.
The Speed Gap: Broadband Infrastructure and Electronic Commerce

Although high-speed, broadband telecommunications services are not yet widespread outside of urban and commercial areas, they are starting to reach an increasing range of residential customers. Greater availability of high-speed communications links is likely to increase the growth of electronic commerce and other Internet applications, to the benefit of consumers and online businesses alike. Regulation of advanced services may, however, affect the speed of residential broadband deployment and the prices for such services in the short run. This essay discusses some important legal constraints underlying current regulatory proceedings and the impact those constraints may have on the spread of affordable broadband services.
Formulation of Boundary Integral Equations by the Equivalent Source Method

The boundary element method is basically the matricization of a boundary integral equation which can be derived several ways. The two most popular methods are (1) use of a Green’s function in Green’s theorem, and (2) use of equivalent surface sources plus the uniqueness theorem. This paper discusses the second method in the context of electromagnetic fields, and gives the analogous method for scalar fields.
Sleep Duration and Circulating Adipokine Levels

Introduction Short sleep duration is associated with systemic inflammation and diabetes; however the mechanisms by which reduced sleep leads to these complications are unclear. One possibility is sleep may impact secretion of adipocyte derived hormones that regulate inflammation and insulin resistance. In this study we assessed the association between sleep duration and 3 adipokine levels. Methods A total of 561 adults from the Cleveland Family Study underwent standardized laboratory polysomnography followed by a morning fasting blood draw assayed for leptin, visfatin, and retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4) levels. Results The cohort had an age of 44.5 (16.1) years and total sleep time (TST) of 6.2 (1.3) hours (mean [SD]). Each hour reduction in TST was associated with a 10% increase in leptin (P = 0.01) and a 14% increase in visfatin levels (P = 0.03) in analyses adjusted for age, gender, and race. After additional adjustment for obesity, sleep apnea severity, hypertension, and diabetes, each hour reduction in TST was associated with a 6% increase in leptin (P = 0.01) and a 14% increase in visfatin levels (P = 0.02). Leptin increased by 15% (P = 0.01) and visfatin increased by 31% (P = 0.05) for every 1-h decrease in REM sleep. In contrast, no association between sleep duration and RBP4 was found. Conclusions Reduced sleep and reduced REM sleep are associated with elevations in leptin and visfatin, 2 adipokines associated with inflammation and insulin resistance. Further investigation of the effect of sleep on adipose tissue function should be pursued.
Prevalence of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection and Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Rates Among US Adult Men: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014.

Importance Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection that is a major cause of noncervical anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Prophylactic HPV vaccine is available for primary prevention. However, the population prevalence data for male genital HPV infection is not well known, while the HPV vaccination coverage is low in the United States. Objectives To estimate the prevalence of genital HPV infection and the HPV vaccination rate in the United States among adult men and to examine potential risk factors for HPV infection. Design, Setting, and Participants The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) samples a representative cross-section of the US population. Men aged 18 to 59 years were examined in mobile examination centers during the NHANES 2013-2014. DNA was extracted from self-collected penile swab specimens, and HPV genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Demographic and vaccination information was gathered via self-report during home-based standardized interviews. Binary multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of HPV infection. Main Outcomes and Measures The prevalence of genital HPV infection and the HPV vaccination coverage rate among adult men. Results During the NHANES 2013-2014, a total of 1868 men aged 18 to 59 years were examined. The overall genital HPV infection prevalence was 45.2% (95% CI, 41.3%-49.3%). The infection prevalence with at least 1 high-risk HPV subtype defined by DNA testing was 25.1% (95% CI, 23.0%-27.3%). In vaccine-eligible men, the prevalence of infection with at least 1 HPV strain targeted by the HPV 4-valent vaccine and HPV 9-valent vaccine was 7.1% (95% CI, 5.1%-9.5%) and 15.4% (95% CI, 11.7%-19.6%), respectively. Among vaccine-eligible men, the HPV vaccination coverage was 10.7% (95% CI, 7.8%-14.6%). Conclusions and Relevance Among men aged 18 to 59 years in the United States, the overall prevalence of genital HPV infection was 45.2% (95% CI, 41.3%-49.3%). The overall genital HPV infection prevalence appears to be widespread among all age groups of men, and the HPV vaccination coverage is low.
HCN Channel Targets for Novel Antidepressant Treatment

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic and potentially life threatening illness that carries a staggering global burden. Characterized by depressed mood, MDD is often difficult to diagnose and treat owing to heterogeneity of syndrome and complex etiology. Contemporary antidepressant treatments are based on improved monoamine-based formulations from serendipitous discoveries made > 60 years ago. Novel antidepressant treatments are necessary, as roughly half of patients using available antidepressants do not see long-term remission of depressive symptoms. Current development of treatment options focuses on generating efficacious antidepressants, identifying depression-related neural substrates, and better understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of depression. Recent insight into the brain’s mesocorticolimbic circuitry from animal models of depression underscores the importance of ionic mechanisms in neuronal homeostasis and dysregulation, and substantial evidence highlights a potential role for ion channels in mediating depression-related excitability changes. In particular, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are essential regulators of neuronal excitability. In this review, we describe seminal research on HCN channels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in stress and depression-related behaviors, and highlight substantial evidence within the ventral tegmental area supporting the development of novel therapeutics targeting HCN channels in MDD. We argue that methods targeting the activity of reward-related brain areas have significant potential as superior treatments for depression.
A mixed traffic capacity analysis and lane management model for connected automated vehicles: A Markov chain method

The projected rapid growth of the market penetration of connected and autonomous vehicle technologies (CAV) highlights the need for preparing sufficient highway capacity for a mixed traffic environment where a portion of vehicles are CAVs and the remaining are human-driven vehicles (HVs). This study proposes an analytical capacity model for highway mixed traffic based on a Markov chain representation of spatial distribution of heterogeneous and stochastic headways. This model captures not only the full spectrum of CAV market penetration rates but also all possible values of CAV platooning intensities that largely affect the spatial distribution of different headway types. Numerical experiments verify that this analytical model accurately quantifies the corresponding mixed traffic capacity at various settings. This analytical model allows for examination of the impact of different CAV technology scenarios on mixed traffic capacity. We identify sufficient and necessary conditions for the mixed traffic capacity to increase (or decrease) with CAV market penetration rate and platooning intensity. These theoretical results caution scholars not to take CAVs as a sure means of increasing highway capacity for granted but rather to quantitatively analyze the actual headway settings before drawing any qualitative conclusion. This analytical framework further enables us to build a compact lane management model to efficiently determine the optimal number of dedicated CAV lanes to maximize mixed traffic throughput of a multi-lane highway segment. This optimization model addresses varying demand levels, market penetration rates, platooning intensities and technology scenarios. The model structure is examined from a theoretical perspective and an analytical approach is identified to solve the optimal CAV lane number at certain common headway settings. Numerical analyses illustrate the application of this lane management model and draw insights into how the key parameters affect the optimal CAV lane solution and the corresponding optimal capacity. This model can serve as a useful and simple decision tool for near future CAV lane management.
Patterns in glacial-earthquake activity around Greenland, 2011-13

Glacial earthquakes are caused by large iceberg calving events, which are an important mechanism for mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland has increased sixfold over the past two decades. We use teleseismic surface waves to analyze the 145 glacial earthquakes that occurred in Greenland from 2011 through 2013, and successfully determine source parameters for 139 events at 13 marine-terminating glaciers. Our analysis increases the number of events in the glacial-earthquake catalog by nearly 50% and extends it to 21 years. The period 2011–13 was the most prolific 3-year period of glacial earthquakes on record, with most of the increase over earlier years occurring at glaciers on Greenland's west coast. We investigate changes in earthquake productivity and geometry at several individual glaciers and link patterns in glacial-earthquake production and cessation to the absence or presence of a floating ice tongue. We attribute changes in earthquake force orientations to changes in calving-front geometry, some of which occur on timescales of days to months. Our results illustrate the utility of glacial earthquakes as a remote-sensing tool to identify the type of calving event, the grounded state of a glacier, and the orientation of an active calving front.
Identification of the Effect of Amphiregulin on Keratinocytes and T Cells in Psoriasis

BackgroundIn addition to its fundamental functions in mediating the survival, proliferation, and migration of keratinocytes, increasing evidence suggests that the amphiregulin-epidermal growth fact...
Secure lossless compression

The framework of secrecy by design is introduced and the fundamental limits of lossless data compression are analyzed for this setting. The main idea behind secrecy by design is to begin with an operational secrecy constraint, which is modeled by a secrecy function f s , and then to derive fundamental limits for the performance of the resulting secrecy system. Focusing on the non-asymptotic fundamental limits of lossless compression, variable-length lossless compression and fixed-length almost-lossless compression are studied. Although it is well known that the traditional fundamental limits of variable-length and almost lossless fixed-length compression are intimately related, this relationship collapses once the secrecy constraint is incorporated. The current paper focuses on the setting in which the value of the secrecy function is known to the decompressor as side information: the main challenge is to reconcile the outcome of the information source without violating the secrecy constraint.
Carotid Cavernous Fistulas

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF) are acquired pathological direct shunts from the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) into the enveloping cavernous sinus (Fig. 2.1). These arteriovenous (AV) shunts can develop spontaneously, but the overwhelming majority (80%) are the result of a traumatic injury to the ICA or a branch artery [1]. In most cases, clinical diagnosis is not difficult, but the variable nature of the signs and symptoms can result in a confusing presentation.
Cyber Strategy and the Law of Armed Conflict

At its Lisbon Summit (November 2010), NATO has adopted its Strategic Concept. The U.S. may soon adopt its Cyberstrategy 3.0 (originally expected for December 2010). Both strategy documents will contribute to a growing policy consensus regarding cyber security and defence as well as provide better policy insights regarding cyber offence. In doing so, they will contribute to a better understanding of how NATO and the U.S. want to prepare for, and conduct cyber warfare in a manner congruent with the law of armed conflict. In addition, they will determine to what extent this branch of the law needs to be better understood, developed, or reformed. Accordingly, this paper indicates how the existing legal and policy frameworks intersect with practical aspects of cyber warfare and associated intelligence activities, analyses how the new strategy documents develop and change the existing policy framework, and what repercussions this may have for the interpretation and application of the law of armed conflict. It also demonstrates how the new strategy documents inform the policy and legal discourse and hence help confirm that NATO and U.S. as well as other NATO Nations' cyber activities are, and will continue to be, lawful and legitimate.
Numerical prediction and experimental analysis of the residual stress fields and generated distortion in hybrid laser/arc welded thick plates of high-strength steels

Heating and cooling cycles that occur during the fusion joining process generate a significant amount of thermally caused residual stress that negatively influence the integrity and dimensional accuracy of the welded structures. The level of residual stress around the welding region was as large as the yield stress of the weld and was believed to have created an unwanted permanent deformation. In this paper, a three-dimensional thermo-metallurgical-mechanical finite element method (FEM), using the computational modeling software SYSWELD, was introduced to numerically study the residual stress fields and the distortion of thick welded plates of high-strength quenched and tempered steel (HSQTS) that were caused by hybrid laser/arc welding process in butt-joint configuration. The precision of thermal analysis results was verified prior to conducting mechanical analysis. The verified cooling curves obtained from the thermal simulation were acquired to predict the microstructure of the welding region. Employing the X-ray diffraction method (XRD), the field of residual stress was measured in order to validate the accuracy of the mechanical analysis. The results showed the numerically predicted temperature contours to be in a good agreement with the weld cross section as well as the temperature histories recorded by thermocouples. The microstructural evolution of the welding region revealed a relatively good consistency with the predicted phases based on the continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram and the numerically simulated cooling curves. It was shown that experimental and numerical results of the residual stress field and distortion matched well with a large distortion theory.
SNR improvement when a High Permittivity Material helmet-shaped former is used with a close-fitting Head Array

In this paper we evaluate through simulations the SNR improvement in the head when a high-permittivity helmet former is used with a 28 channel receive array coil. The impact on the SNR of parallel imaging applications is also considered. An overall improvement in the brain is observed when the high-permittivity helmet is used with an average SNR increase of about 51%, and a maximum improvement of 220% in a location on the side of the head. During parallel imaging applications a significant improvement can be still observed in presence of the high-permittivity helmet, but some SNR reduction is observed in the head when high acceleration factors are performed.
Predictive Markers and Targeted Therapies in Thyroid Cancer and Selected Endocrine Tumors

Endocrine tumors are ubiquitous and can arise in many organs such as the pituitary, the pancreas, the ovaries, the testicles, the thyroid, the parathyroid, and the adrenal glands. Many of these tumors retain the ability to secrete hormones which can be the source of their symptomatology. In this chapter, we will mainly cover biomarkers associated with thyroid cancer – the most common malignancy of the endocrine system – and briefly touch upon other tumors such as the parathyroid carcinoma and adrenal gland neoplasia.