cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Constitutional Position of the Partito Nazionale Fascista

In the one-party states, of which the U.S.S.R., Germany, and Italy may be taken as the best examples, the definition of relationships between the party and the state has presented a major problem of constitutional theory. No two of these states have solved the problem in the same way. The C.P.S.U., engineering the dictatorship of the proletariat, depends upon methods which are constitutionally indirect. Only in the Commission for Soviet Control is there a constitutionalized inter-relationship between the mechanisms of the party and the state; for the rest, the party relies upon its political discipline over the public personnel. Indirect reference to the Communist party is contained in the new Soviet constitution, in the guarantee to citizens of the right of "uniting in the Communist party of the U.S.S.R.,"'1 and in the incorporation of the hammer and sickle and the slogan of the party into the emblem of the state. On the other hand, the Nazi regime in Germany prohibited the formation of other parties than the N.S.D.A.P. by the law of July 14, 1933,3 and, by the law of December 1, 1933,4 proclaimed the formal union of the party and the state. But not even this extreme form of action destroyed the distinction between party and state, since separate spheres of action are still marked out for each and each has its distinctive system of law-' Nevertheless, the relationship in principle between the party and the state was unequivocally determined by positive legislation before the Nazi regime embarked very far upon its program of constitutional reorganization. Even its opponents will agree that the Fascist regime in Italy
Determination of the rate constant for the OH(X2Π) + OH(X2Π) → H2O + O(3P) reaction over the temperature range 295 to 701 K.

The rate constant for the radical–radical reaction OH(X2Π) + OH(X2Π) → H2O + O(3P) has been measured over the temperature and pressure ranges 295–701 K and 2–12 Torr, respectively, in mixtures of C...
In History or Beyond History

Any wise psychologist will insist that a period of personal depression is not an appropriate time for meditation on the meaning of life. Yet it is such times that most individuals select. A period of social depression, retrogression, and catastrophe is hardly opportune for the deliberate and detached examination of the meaning of history. Yet it is in “times of trouble” that men seem most inclined to somber meditation on the subject. Numerous current publications testify that the relationship of Christianity and its doctrine of revelation to history is one of the most serious problems that the present generation of theologians has to face. Paul Tillich has characterized history as the problem of our age.
Dislocations, Steps and Interphase Boundary Migration

Interface migration is the fundamental process in numerous phase transformations. For those which are thermally activated the basic event is addition of atoms to a defect in an interface. Interfacial defects can have a range of topographic and elastic characteristics which complicates investigations by transmission electron microscopy, it is difficult to make quantitative in-situstudies of interface migration because of problems of resolution and control of driving forces in specimens where surface effects dominate.
Estimates of Overwintered Population Density and Adult Survival Rates for Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Mississippi Delta

The overwintered population density of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), was estimated during 1981–83 for an area 146.4 km2 in the central delta of Mississippi. Pheromone-baited cone traps were used to trap wild and released tobacco budworm males in a mark/release/recapture experiment. Estimates of the per-capita death rate of males trapped in 1982 and 1983 indicate that males live an average of 5–7 d in the spring. The total numbers of overwintered tobacco budworm moths emerging per hectare in 1981, 1982, and 1983 were estimated at 243, 5.7, and 20.9, respectively. Similar numbers of moths trapped at different distances from the release sites indicated that released moths were not clumped around the release sites.
Implementation and evaluation of a pharmacist-run mental health treatment clinic via clinical video telehealth.

Abstract Introduction: The Veterans Health Administration is extending its mental health services to reach those in rural areas who find it difficult to travel to a Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC). This project aimed to outline implementation of a Pharmacy Mental Health Clinical Video Telehealth (MHCVT) clinic for veterans. Secondary endpoints were to assess patient satisfaction with MHCVT, describe the potential benefits of this clinic regarding travel saved, and summarize no-show rates. Methods: Veterans received mental health disease state medication management from a mental health clinical pharmacy specialist via clinical video telehealth (CVT) in place of an in-clinic appointment and were asked to complete a satisfaction survey after the initial CVT appointment. Data collected from all veterans enrolled in the CVT clinic from September 8, 2014, through March 23, 2015 included: patient demographics, service connection percentage, number of CVT visits, travel miles saved, travel reimbursement, n...
Relationship of socioeconomic status and living arrangements to nutritional intake of the older person.

The number and proportion of older Americans have grown rapidly in recent years, and this trend is expected to continue. Adequate nutritional intake is essential for optimal physical and mental activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of socioeconomic status and living arrangements to nutritional intake of persons 55 years of age or older living in South Carolina. Data on 268 subjects who participated in the South Carolina Nutrition Survey, which was based on a true probability sample that represents the state’s adult population, were analyzed. Eighty-nine percent of the subjects were found to have poor nutritional intake on the basis of a combination of four index nutrients: iron, vitamin B-6, calcium, and vitamin A. The data did not show a relationship between living arrangements and nutrient intake but affirmed the literature findings that support a positive relationship between low socioeconomic status and inadequate nutritional intake. J Am Diet Assoc 89:1805-1807, 1989.
The Systemic Nature of Corruption

This paper aims to view corruption in light of the consequences that arise from it and believes that corruption should not be regarded in individual instances. Corruption is not restricted to any one type office or motive or a single type of compensation. The paper argues that by its very nature corruption is a self reproducing network that leads to a social institution that parallels the government in strength and its impact on the economy. Once corruption is institutionalized, people interacting in a corrupt network often have no choice but to engage in corrupt practices thereby ‘supporting’ and fueling the furtherance of the institution of corruption. The provision of licenses and permits is used as a standing example to measure the nature of corruption because the monopoly that the public sector has over the issue of such public goods and services is exemplified by regulations in licensing and the awarding of permits. The consequences of corruption are identified in the context of license provision. It is very common for ministries or smaller branches of the government to entrust one of their officials with the responsibility of granting a license or permit for a certain project. This is seen in heavy industries or large projects which require a sizable investment and will yield massive revenue in time. Licenses and permits are common for natural resource extraction, steel, coal and natural gas industries, infrastructure development, fisheries, construction and many other such industries. This provide public officials a perfect opportunity to extract rent from citizens who either don't know any better or simply cannot do anything about it because of the system they live in. The dynamics and problems of such a system are highlighted and a few simple solutions are suggested.
Diagnosis of Cholestasis

An elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level is the hallmark of cholestasis. An abnormal gamma glutamyl transferase, 5′-nucleotidase, or liver alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme can confirm the source to be liver. Ultrasound is the most convenient way to differentiate between intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging may be the initial test depending on the clinical setting. The level of obstruction can be identified by cholangiography: magnetic resonance cholangiography (or computed tomography cholangiogram if there are contraindications) for diagnosis alone; endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram) if an intervention is anticipated. Endoscopic ultrasound and intraductal ultrasound may prove helpful in the evaluation of intraductal lesions. The choice of investigative test will depend on availability and local expertise in its use. Serologic studies and other disease markers can help make the diagnosis in an appropriate clinical setting or identify the next best diagnostic step. Liver biopsy often remains the best way to make or confirm the diagnosis and to stage chronic cholestatic disease.
Radiation Therapy Principles for High-Grade Gliomas

Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors,comprising 40-60% of all primary brain tumors.The most frequent types are glioblastoma multiforme, astrocytoma, and oligodendroglioma. Radiation therapy is one of the most important treatment modalities for gliomas, mainly because these tumors are usually localized. The patienti¯s head can be immobilized, allowing for good targeting of the tumor. As a result of technological advances, the range of treatment options using radiation therapy has increased. Photon, electron, neutron and proton radiation beams are all in clinical use. The accuracy of the treatment delivery has also improved, with the development of three-dimensional techniques and image fusion. Our understanding of both the radio sensitivity of gliomas, and the tolerance of normal brain tissue is better, allowing the design of novel fractionation schemes. Radiation is being combined with both local and systemic chemotherapy, offering
Cluster Theory of the Effects of Ionizing Radiations

When a single heavy ion crosses a cell nucleus, it may produce DNA strand breaks and chromatin scissions wherever the ionizing track structure overlaps chromatin structures. The multiple yield of such lesions depends on the radial distribution of deposited energy and on the microstructure of the distribution of DNA in the cell nucleus, both of which place an upper limit on the number of lesions that can be produced by a single particle. The number of lesions per nucleus per particle can be described by a binomial distribution. The number of particles crossing a cell nucleus can be described by Poisson statistics. Combined, they yield the Neyman A distribution. Scoring chromatin breaks in CHO cells exposed to neon ions at 183 keV/μm, we have obtained results compatible with the Neyman A distribution. The average number of suitable crossings was found to be ~3 per particle per cell nucleus. The Repair Misrepair Model (RMR) has earlier suggested the occurrence of multiple DNA lesions in single heavy-ion tracks, and the current experimental results are in agreement with the RMR model as well as the deep sieve model used to interpret the radiobiology of very heavy accelerated nuclei (1).
Nuclear Rocket Stability

In order to operate in a safe manner, nuclear reactors should operate such that when small naturally occurring random power perturbations occur during operation, the reactor passively responds with corresponding reactivity changes that act to suppress the growth of the perturbations. While it is possible to control reactors, where this is not the case, quite a robust active control system is required to operate safely. Such reactor configurations are generally not desirable and should be avoided if possible. In a nuclear rocket engine, power perturbations manifest themselves through temperature changes in various portions of the reactor. It is possible that some portions of the reactor act to add reactivity when the temperature increases and other portions of the reactor act to decrease the reactivity when the temperature increases. As long as the overall reactivity change is such that the power decreases with increases in temperature, the reactor should be stable during operation.
Functional Imaging of Brain Activity and Connectivity with MEG

We present a survey of imaging and signal processing methods that use data from magnetoencephalographic (MEG) or electroencephalographic (EEG) measurements to produce spatiotemporal maps of neuronal activity as well as measures of functional connectivity between active brain regions. During the course of the chapter, we give a short introduction to the basic bioelectromagnetic inverse problem and present a number of methods that have been developed to solve this problem. We discuss methods to address the statistical relevance of inverse solutions, which is especially important if imaging methods are used to compute the inverse. For such solutions, permutation methods can be used to identify regions of interest, which can subsequently be used for the analysis of functional connectivity. The third section of the chapter reviews a collection of methods commonly used in EEG and MEG connectivity analysis, emphasizing their restrictions and advantages and their applicability to time series extracted from inverse solutions.
TURBULENCE CLOSURE MODEL APPLIED TO THE UPPER TROPICAL OCEAN

ABSTRACT Simulations of the ocean surface mixed layer and thermocline for low latitudes have been made using a second-moment turbulence closure model. The model described herein is a variant of the Level 3 model of Mellor and Yamada (1974, 1977). Forcing characteristics peculiar to the tropics have been incorporated into the model and model response investigated. Model simulations have been made for various upwelling velocities, rainfall event, wind stress event, diurnal heating cycle, and internal tidal forcing for conditions typical of the GATE C-Scale area. Both idealized structure and average measured profiles have been used as initial conditions. The model includes the effect of local stability, produces profiles of mean field and turbulence quantities, and can be utilized when considerable small scale velocity shear is present, as has been observed during GATE. The model simulations show that in the GATE C-Scale area, no single process dominates. Large scale variability of dynamic topography can affect local mixed layer deepening through vertical shear in the geostrophic velocity. Inclusion of an internal semidiurnal tide of observed magnitude decreased mixed layer deepening about 10%.
CA-125 in Disease Progression and Treatment of Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Background Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a destructive lung disease of women caused by proliferation of neoplastic-like LAM cells, with mutations in the TSC1/2 tumor suppressor genes. Based on case reports, levels of cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), an ovarian cancer biomarker, can be elevated in patients with LAM. We hypothesized that elevated serum CA-125 levels seen in some patients with LAM were due to LAM, not other malignancies, and might respond to sirolimus treatment. Methods Serum CA-125 levels were measured for 241 patients at each visit. Medical records were reviewed for co-morbidities, disease progression, and response to sirolimus treatment. CA-125 expression in LAM cells was determined by using immunohistochemical analysis. Results Almost 25% of patients with LAM had at least one elevated serum CA-125 measurement. Higher serum CA-125 levels correlated with lower FEV 1 , premenopausal status, and pleural effusion in a multivariate model (each P P = .002). CA-125 and α-smooth muscle actin were co-expressed in LAM lung nodules. Conclusions Higher serum CA-125 levels were associated with pleural effusions and reduced pulmonary function and were decreased with sirolimus therapy. LAM cells express CA-125. Some elevated serum CA-125 levels may reflect serosal membrane involvement.
Event-Time Models for Supply Chain Scheduling

This study presents a modeling paradigm for scheduling problems in supply chains. The constituents of a supply chain need to cooperate, rather than compete, in order to achieve maximum respective benefits. To analyze this, it is essential to have a concise but comprehensive formulation of this problem. This formulation, in addition to being computationally viable, must account for special characteristics of supply chains. It is argued that lot streaming provides an appropriate paradigm for scheduling problems in supply chains. It is shown that event-time models provide a general formulation for lot streaming problems. Furthermore, logic-based modeling framework of constraint programming makes it possible to handle special requirements of these models. This is illustrated by a small example. It is also shown that the fundamental results for single-job lot streaming problems can be systematically obtained as special cases of this generalized formulation. This demonstrates that event-time formulation accurately models all of the features of the problem; and that starting with a concise but comprehensive formulation, solutions for special cases of the problem can be obtained systematically. To that end, a number of additional special case formulations of single-job lot streaming problem is presented. An appendix presents a schema for lot streaming problem classifications.
Cooperative Interactions of Three Hotspot Heparin Binding Residues Are Critical for Allosteric Activation of Antithrombin by Heparin.

Heparin allosterically activates the anticoagulant serpin, antithrombin, by binding through a sequence-specific pentasaccharide and inducing activating conformational changes in the protein. Three basic residues of antithrombin, Lys114, Lys125, and Arg129, have been shown to be hotspots for binding the pentasaccharide, but the molecular basis for such hotspot binding has been unclear. To determine whether this results from cooperative interactions, we analyzed the effects of single, double, and triple mutations of the hotspot residues on pentasaccharide binding and activation of antithrombin. Double-mutant cycles revealed that the contribution of each residue to pentasaccharide binding energy was progressively reduced when one or both of the other residues were mutated, indicating strong coupling between each pair of residues that was dependent on the third residue and reflective of the three residues acting as a cooperative unit. Rapid kinetic studies showed that the hotspot residue mutations progressive...
Photocurable poly(ethylene glycol) as a bioink for the inkjet 3D pharming of hydrophobic drugs

Binder jetting and material extrusion are the two most common additive manufacturing techniques used to create pharmaceutical tablets. However, their versatility is limited since the powder component is present throughout the dosage forms fabricated by binder jet 3D printing and material extrusion 3D printing requires high operating temperatures. Conversely, material jetting allows for compositional control at a voxel level and can dispense material at room temperature. Unfortunately, there are a limited number of materials that are both printable and biocompatible. Therefore, the aim of this study was to engineer photocurable bioinks that are suitable for hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients and have rapid gelation times upon visible light exposure. The resulting bioinks were comprised of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (250 Da) as the crosslinkable monomer, Eosin Y as the photoinitiator, and methoxide-poly(ethylene glycol)-amine as the coinitiator. Additionally, poly(ethylene glycol) (200 Da) was added as a plasticizer to modulate the drug release profiles, and Naproxen was used as the model drug due to its high hydrophobicity. Various bioink formulations were dispensed into the bottom half of blank preform tablets - made via direct compression - using a piezoelectric nozzle, photopolymerized, and capped with the top half of the preform tablet to complete the pharmaceutical dosage form. Results from the release studies showed that drug release can be modulated by both the percent of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate in the formulation and the light exposure time used to cure the bioinks. These bioinks have the potential to expand the library of materials available for creating pharmaceutical tablets via inkjet printing with personalized drug dosages.
Cell Wall Biogenesis During Elongation and Division in the Plant Pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

A great diversity of bacterial cell shapes can be found in nature, suggesting that cell wall biogenesis is regulated both spatially and temporally. Although Agrobacterium tumefaciens has a rod-shaped morphology, the mechanisms underlying cell growth are strikingly different than other well-studied rod-shaped bacteria including Escherichia coli. Technological advances, such as the ability to deplete essential genes and the development of fluorescent d-amino acids, have enabled recent advances in our understanding of cell wall biogenesis during cell elongation and division of A. tumefaciens. In this review, we address how the field has evolved over the years by providing a historical overview of cell elongation and division in rod-shaped bacteria. Next, we summarize the current understanding of cell growth and cell division processes in A. tumefaciens. Finally, we highlight the need for further research to answer key questions related to the regulation of cell wall biogenesis in A. tumefaciens.
Hematologic effects of regional nitrogen mustard therapy.

1. The hematologic findings on 21 patients who received fractionated intra-arterial HN 2 therapy are presented. The arteries cannulized were the external carotid in 9 cases, the internal carotid in 4 cases, the external iliac in one case and the lower abdominal aorta in 7 cases. The total dose of drug given varied from 0.25 to 3.10 mg./Kg. 2. The effects on bone marrow and peripheral blood were essentially the same in character as those observed after intravenous administration of HN 2 . Larger doses of HN 2 were tolerated when administration was intra-arterial. 3. A consistent early depression of marrow eosinophils was noted in all cases with original differential counts of 2 per cent or more, except in one patient who had Hodgkin’s disease and extensive psoriasis. 4. A differential effect of HN 2 on marrow in the region of therapy and the marrow from other sites was demonstrated by simultaneous aspiration studies. 5. Factors reducing hematologic damage include occlusion of venous return from the injected site and prolongation of therapy. 6. Only one patient in this group developed severe hypoplasia of the bone marrow. Studies on this and other patients treated by the lower abdominal aortic route suggest that more than 1.1 mg./Kg. HN 2 per course in this region may be hazardous. 7. Four patients died within two weeks following therapy with symptoms suggesting profound electrolyte disturbance. It is probable that limiting factors other than hematologic may occur with localized HN 2 therapy.
High-Resolution CCD Imagery of NGC 6537 and NGC 7027

Using Hα and Hβ images obtained at the CFHT, we derived the spatially varying reddening within NGC 6537 and NGC 7027. We then corrected the observed Hβ picture for dust extinction to obtain pictures more in accord with radio maps. The left panels below show NGC 6537; the right panels, NGC 7027. The top panels show the observed Hβ picture, and the bottom panels, the Hβ picture corrected for spatially varying extinction. Note that the bright optical knot in NGC 7027 corresponds to a hole in the extinction.
Palaeoceanography. Nutrients in the glacial balance

During the Last Glacial Maximum concentrations of atmospheric CO2 were about a third lower than now. One factor might have been higher plankton productivity, and so CO2uptake, in the vast Southern Ocean. An innovative analysis of plankton nutrients shows, however, that productivity was lower than now, and invokes alternative explanations.
On solution of the inverse problem for confined aquifer flow via maximum likelihood

Joint estimation of transmissivity (T) and storativity (S) in a confined aquifer is done via maximum likelihood (ML). The differential equation of groundwater flow is discretized by the finite-element method, leading to equation ψϕt+Γxt=ut. Elements of matrices ψ and Γ, as well as estimated covariance matrix of noise termut, are functions of T and S. By minimizing the negative loglikelihood function corresponding to discretized groundwater flow equation with respect to T and S, ML estimators are obtained. The ML approach is found to yield accurate estimates of T and S (within 9 and 10% of their actual values, respectively) and showed quadratic convergence in Newton's search technique. Prediction of aquifer response, using ML estimators, results in estimated piezometric heads accurate to ±0.5 m from their actual, exact values. Statistical properties of ML estimators are derived and some basic results for statistical inference are given.
Location and chemical speciation of Cu in ZSM-5 during the water-gas shift reaction

Abstract Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts were found to exhibit activity for the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction at temperatures over 300 °C. Nominal Cu loadings of 1, 5, and 10% on ZSM-5 were synthesized using the wetness impregnation technique and evaluated for WGS activity; with a clear trend favoring increased Cu loading (10% > 5% > 1%). X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed high dispersion of small Cu at low loadings while CuO crystallized at higher loadings. In-situ XRD showed an evolving transformation of CuO → Cu metal, with the appearance of a metallic copper phase at the optimum reaction conditions, particularly at the highest copper loading. In-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) revealed the ability of the surface to activate H2O and adsorb CO, by the presence of HO-Al/Si and transient CO-Cu+ surface species in two distinct locations (5 membered rings (2157 cm−1) vs channel intersections (2138 cm−1) within the ZSM-5 framework, that likely formed during the CuO → Cu transition. The lowest loaded Cu-ZSM-5 (1%) showed only the 5 membered ring occupied Cu+ while the higher loadings showed both, with comparable temperature dependent behavior for the channel intersection Cu+. The amounts of Cu+ species in each location were observed to be dependent on temperature while the 5-membered ring showed better thermal stability. In-situ ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) was used to further confirm the gradual changes to the chemical state of copper (CuO → Cu2O → Cu) under reaction conditions.
Abstract 4938: Identification of a subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma with poor prognosis based on expression of genes within the glucose metabolic pathway

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent primary cancer and a highly aggressive liver malignancy. Liver cancer cells reprogram their metabolic pathways to meet their needs for rapid proliferation and generation of the biomass for tumor growth. The accelerated aerobic glycolysis in tumor has been considered one of the hallmarks that distinguish cancer cells from normal cells. In the present study, liver hepatocellular cancer dataset of the Cancer Genome Atlas (LIHC TCGA) and datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were used to investigate the alterations in expressions of the genes involved in the glucose metabolic pathways as well as their association with the patient clinical stage and survival in liver cancer. In this study, 97 genes including glucose and lactate transporters, the enzymes involved in glucose metabolism (glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, regulation of glucose metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), pentose phosphate pathway), and glycogen metabolism (glycogen synthesis, glycogen degradation, regulation of glycogen metabolism) were included. The results showed that the expressions of around 50% of genes involved in the glucose metabolic pathway are altered in liver tumors compared to the corresponding normal tissues (p-values Citation Format: Xiaoli Zhang, Kalpana Ghoshal, Lang Li. Identification of a subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma with poor prognosis based on expression of genes within the glucose metabolic pathway [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4938.
Electronic medical record-based cohort selection and direct-to-patient, targeted recruitment: early efficacy and lessons learned.

Objective The study sought to characterize institution-wide participation in secure messaging (SM) at a large academic health network, describe our experience with electronic medical record (EMR)-based cohort selection, and discuss the potential roles of SM for research recruitment. Materials and methods Study teams defined eligibility criteria to create a computable phenotype, structured EMR data, to identify and recruit participants. Patients with SM accounts matching this phenotype received recruitment messages. We compared demographic characteristics across SM users and the overall health system. We also tabulated SM activation and use, characteristics of individual studies, and efficacy of the recruitment methods. Results Of the 1 308 820 patients in the health network, 40% had active SM accounts. SM users had a greater proportion of white and non-Hispanic patients than nonactive SM users id. Among the studies included (n = 13), 77% recruited participants with a specific disease or condition. All studies used demographic criteria for their phenotype, while 46% (n = 6) used demographic, disease, and healthcare utilization criteria. The average SM response rate was 2.9%, with higher rates among condition-specific (3.4%) vs general health (1.4%) studies. Those studies with a more inclusive comprehensive phenotype had a higher response rate. Discussion Target population and EMR queries (computable phenotypes) affect recruitment efficacy and should be considered when designing an EMR-based recruitment strategy. Conclusions SM guided by EMR-based cohort selection is a promising approach to identify and enroll research participants. Efforts to increase the number of active SM users and response rate should be implemented to enhance the effectiveness of this recruitment strategy.
From Nuisance to Novel Research Questions: Using Multilevel Models to Predict Heterogeneous Variances:

Constructs that reflect differences in variability are of interest to many researchers studying workplace phenomena. The aggregation methods typically used to investigate “variability-based” constr...
Efficient Saliency Maps for Explainable AI

We describe an explainable AI saliency map method for use with deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) that is much more efficient than popular fine-resolution gradient methods. It is also quantitatively similar or better in accuracy. Our technique works by measuring information at the end of each network scale which is then combined into a single saliency map. We describe how saliency measures can be made more efficient by exploiting Saliency Map Order Equivalence. We visualize individual scale/layer contributions by using a Layer Ordered Visualization of Information. This provides an interesting comparison of scale information contributions within the network not provided by other saliency map methods. Using our method instead of Guided Backprop, coarse-resolution class activation methods such as Grad-CAM and Grad-CAM++ seem to yield demonstrably superior results without sacrificing speed. This will make fine-resolution saliency methods feasible on resource limited platforms such as robots, cell phones, low-cost industrial devices, astronomy and satellite imagery.
Enhancing Photocarrier Bulk Lifetime with Defect Engineering of Polycrystalline Passivated-Contact n-Cz Photovoltaic Devices

We study the photocarrier lifetime evolution of n-Cz Si material throughout the processing sequence for polycrystalline passivated contact devices. We show that a high temperature annealing pretreatment (known as Tabula Rasa) has a clear effect on enhancing bulk lifetimes of n-Cz Si. We further this development by integrating such defect engineering into the lower-temperature annealing of passivated contact. By applying oxidizing ambient gases during these anneals we report a photocarrier lifetime enhancement over an N 2 environment. This enhancement is exhibited in a 1-sun iV OC of 735 mV when annealed in O 2 rather than 708 mV in N 2 .
Resting Whitespotted Eagle Ray Aetobatus narinari (Aetobatidae)

Large-bodied pelagic eagle rays are known to use benthic environments to obtain food. However, resting events are not reported for species in the family Aetobatidae and are primarily associated with benthic stingrays. An observation of a whitespotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari) resting at an offshore coral reef atoll in Belize, described here, contributes to our limited understanding of pelagic eagle ray behaviour and habitat use.
Metal Hypersensitivity After Spinal Instrumentation: When to Suspect and How to Treat

Background Metal hypersensitivity is a rare complication after spinal implant placement but is related to significant clinical challenges including implant failure and poor wound healing. The incidence is likely underreported secondary to challenges with diagnosis and retreatment options. Case Description We present the case of a 41-year-old woman with metal hypersensitivity 6 years status post anterior lumbar interbody fusion after a previously failed revision procedure who presented with low back pain and abdominal pain with food intolerance. Diagnostics revealed presacral fluid collection, which was negative for infection. A detailed workup ruled out other possible differential diagnoses and confirmed hypersensitivity to nickel. Intraoperatively, the interbody was loose but difficult to remove secondary to scar tissue. Ultimately, it was successfully replaced with a polyetheretherketone interbody, which did not contain nickel. Conclusions Metal hypersensitivity is likely an underreported complication in spine literature that is associated with poor outcomes. Further research to create evidence-based guidelines on diagnosis and retreatment options will facilitate diagnosis, reduce time to revision surgery, and ultimately decrease patient suffering.
The Holistic Grief Effects of Bereaved Black Female College Students.

This study examined the holistic grief effects of Black female college students. A total of 105 participants from two universities, who identified as Black or African American females, completed a ...
Transformation of One-Dimensional Linear Polymers into Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks Through Sequential Reversible and Irreversible Chemistries

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous materials linked by dynamic covalent bonds. Dynamic chemistries enable the transformation of an initially amorphous network into a porous a...
Role of HER2 in Gastric Cancers

The majority of patients with gastric cancer present with advanced disease, which is incurable. Molecularly targeted therapies, such as those targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), are anticipated to improve the current status of systemic treatment beyond conventional cytotoxic therapy. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy in patients is the first molecular agent in metastatic HER2-positive gastric and gastroesophageal to result in improvements in response rates, time to progression and survival. Trastuzumab is now being investigated in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting. Unfortunately, as with breast cancer, many esophagogastric patients will develop resistance to trastuzumab. Several promising therapeutic agents are currently under investigation as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy in the first and second line setting. New avenues of research into mechanisms of resistance and technology to better diagnose and treat HER2 gastric cancer are being actively studied.
The Dilution Effect in Plant Nutrition Studies

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the dilution effect in plant nutrition studies. “Environmental conditions” include changes in the soil environment because of the addition of inorganic and organic materials, and water to soil, as well as temperature and light, the application of living organisms such as rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi, and the inclusion of toxic materials such as heavy metals. A summary is presented of the physical, chemical, and biological reasons that accounts for the observed changes in the rate of nutrient uptake, and the rate of dry matter accumulation as functions of time. The chapter proposes that data on total uptake and total dry matter yield be considered wherever possible, and that consideration of these factors be coupled with consideration of concentrations. In instances where total nutrient uptake is difficult to calculate, it is suggested that this be estimated by the product of concentration and yield. The effect of a chemical or environmental treatment on the concentration of a nutrient in the plant will be considered in two categories—noninteractive and interactive. Of these two, the interactive effects have been most carefully studied in soil-plant nutrition work.
Generating Nonhomogeneous Poisson Processes

We present an overview of existing methods to generate pseudorandom numbers from homogeneous Poisson processes. We provide three well-known definitions of the homogeneous Poisson process, present results that form the basis of various existing generation algorithms, and provide algorithm listings. With the intent of guiding users seeking an appropriate algorithm for a given setting, we note the computationally burdensome operations within each algorithm. Our treatment includes one-dimensional and two-dimensional homogeneous Poisson processes. Keywords: statistics; simulation; random process generation; Poisson processes
Juror Decision‐Making

Imagine a day in the life of a typical juror, whether in England, Canada, New Zealand, Scotland, Ireland, Australia, or the United States. Upon arrival in court he or she is beset by a complex system of rules and procedures that are well rehearsed and well understood by the professionals who work in those settings, but complicated and obtuse to the newcomer. In some jurisdictions, the complexity is amplifi ed by the jury selection process. In Canada, for example, two lay “triers” selected from the pool of potential jurors determine whether their fellow jurors can be impartial. In the US, the prosecutor and defense attorneys dismiss potentially biased jurors based either on readily apparent juror prejudices or on attorneys’ intuitions about prospective jurors’ inclinations. The stated purpose of jury selection in these jurisdictions is to assure the court that those jurors who remain are impartial. But for the prospective juror the questioning process involves a number of complicated cognitive tasks, including reconstruction of the past, forecasting of the future, and inferential reasoning. In any jury trial, empanelled members must sift through confl icting arguments and evidence presentations and a series of exhaustive jury instructions that frequently involve concepts and language unfamiliar to most laypeople. In England, Australia, and Canada, jurors hear summations of the evidence by the judge that may differ in signifi cant ways from attorneys’ arguments. Then, during their deliberations, jurors are asked to recall vast amounts of trial evidence, expected to understand and apply their instructions, and ultimately, to decide on an “appropriate” verdict. These procedures beg the question, how do jurors decide on an “appropriate” verdict? How willing, able, and motivated are they to process the large volume of trial evidence, some of it contradictory in nature? How do they assess and combine disparate sources of information? By what process do they evaluate and use the trial evidence in reaching their decisions? How do their prior experiences and preconceptions regarding the judicial
Online Learning Algorithms for Optimal Control and Dynamic Games

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Optimal Control and the Continuous Time Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman Equation Online Solution of Nonlinear Two-Player Zero-Sum Games and Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs Equation Online Solution of Nonlinear Nonzero-Sum Games and Coupled Hamilton-Jacobi Equations References ]]>
ALTERATIONS IN HUMAN BRAIN BIOCHEMISTRY FOLLOWING INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION

Analyses of brains from six infants whose birth weights were "small for gestational age" (SGA) and ten infants whose birth weights were ‘appropriate for gestational age" (AGA) show the cerebellum to be the area of the brain most greatly affected by intrauterine underdevelopment. The SGA cerebellar weight was reduced 37% and cellularity 35%, compared to reductions of only 21% and 19% for weight and cellularity in the remainder of the brain. The myelin lipids, cerebroside and sulfatide, were significantly reduced (p
Cyclic GMP down-regulates atrial natriuretic peptide receptors on cultured vascular endothelial cells

Down-regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptors was investigated using a cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cell line. Endothelial cells have been shown to possess two subtypes of ANP receptors, a guanylate cyclase-coupled receptor (B-receptor) and a clearance receptor (C-receptor). The treatment with APIII, rat ANP (103-126), at concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-6) M for 24 h, resulted in a significantly (p less than 0.01) greater decrease in maximum 125I-APIII binding to CPAE cells than the identical concentration of API, rat ANP (103-123). APIII at concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-6) M stimulated cyclic GMP (cGMP) production 3.3-17.5-fold greater than similar concentrations of API. From these findings, we hypothesized that cGMP produced following ANP binding to the B-receptor participates in ANP receptor regulation. M&B 22948, a selective inhibitor of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, significantly (p less than 0.01) potentiated the effect of both API and APIII on 125I-APIII binding, while M&B 22948 itself had no significant effect on 125I-APIII binding. Treatment of the cells with 1 mM 8-bromo-cGMP also significantly (p less than 0.01) decreased 125I-APIII binding to the cells, and a potentiation of this effect was observed by M&B 22948. Scatchard analysis of binding data from 8-bromo-cGMP-treated cells showed a significant decrease in Bmax (1.79 +/- 0.15 to 1.20 +/- 0.07 fmol/mg protein, p less than 0.05) without a significant change in Kd. Affinity cross-linking of 125I-APIII to 8-bromo-cGMP-treated cells showed a decrease in the labeling of 60- and 70-kDa bands corresponding to the C-receptor. In addition, the APIII-stimulated cGMP response remained unchanged in the 8-bromo-cGMP-treated cells, indicating that the B-receptor was not down-regulated. We conclude that cGMP regulates ANP-binding sites on the endothelial cell and that the evidence indicates that the C-receptor may preferentially be down-regulated by cGMP in CPAE cells.
Design and synthesis of peptide antagonists and inverse agonists for G protein-coupled receptors.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the approaches to the design and synthesis of antagonists in detail and discusses the way by which the same principles can be used to synthesize an inverse agonist. While it is theoretically possible to design a drug that binds perfectly to the receptor, it may be difficult to, at same time, design a molecule with perfect biodistribution, diffusion, pharmacokinetics, and others. In any case, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) antagonist ligands will continue to play a major role in the evaluation of these receptors and as drugs. As science begins to understand the role of second messengers in the body, antagonists will be used to help balance the effects of the second messengers on some receptors to correct dysfunctions of mind and body. When ligands interact with the extracellular portion of the receptor, a binding process occurs and there is a conformational change in the receptor, which, in the case of the agonist, causes the intracellular portion to interact with G proteins. G protein components then trigger various second messengers leading to signal transduction.
(h, p) Reactions on Cr: (I). 50Cr(h, p)52Mn

Abstract The reaction 50 Cr(h, p) 52 Mn has been studied at 16.5 MeV incident energy and with a resolution of ≈ 15 keV FWHM. Forty-nine transitions were observed up to 5.87 MeV of excitation and proton angular distributions were extracted. The distribution shapes in conjunction with DW calculations are used for assignments of spin and parity of many final states. The data are compared to previous information on 52 Mn and two states at 2.929 MeV and 5.491 MeV are assigned as isobaric analogues of the two lowest 0 + states in 52 Cr. The strength of the 0 + → 1 + excitations is commented upon.
Performance of climate field reconstruction methods over multiple seasons and climate variables

[1] Studies of climate variability require long time series of data but are limited by the absence of preindustrial instrumental records. For such studies, proxy-based climate reconstructions, such as those produced from tree-ring widths, provide the opportunity to extend climatic records into preindustrial periods. Climate field reconstruction (CFR) methods are capable of producing spatially-resolved reconstructions of climate fields. We assessed the performance of three commonly used CFR methods (canonical correlation analysis, point-by-point regression, and regularized expectation maximization) over spatially-resolved fields using multiple seasons and climate variables. Warm- and cool-season geopotential height, precipitable water, and surface temperature were tested for each method using tree-ring chronologies. Spatial patterns of reconstructive skill were found to be generally consistent across each of the methods, but the robustness of the validation metrics varied by CFR method, season, and climate variable. The most robust validation metrics were achieved with geopotential height, the October through March temporal composite, and the Regularized Expectation Maximization method. While our study is limited to assessment of skill over multidecadal (rather than multi-centennial) time scales, our findings suggest that the climate variable of interest, seasonality, and spatial domain of the target field should be considered when assessing potential CFR methods for real-world applications.
Stories of Service-Learning: Guidelines for Increasing Student Engagement with Digital Storytelling

Visual and media literacy skills are becoming increasingly important for successful communication. To support the acquisition of these skills, the University of Nevada, Reno Libraries collaborated with the Department of Communication Studies to provide support for two sections of an Intercultural Communication class in the creation of digital stories. As part of their course requirements, students completed service hours in the community and then incorporated narrative, images, video, and music into digital stories that could be shared with their community partners. Working through the library's Dynamic Media Lab, a librarian and a media specialist taught students about image creation and use, ethical use of materials, and video editing. Through this project, a number of guidelines were developed for the successful implementation of digital media projects. These guidelines focused on using content ethically, teaching students with different skill levels, managing a significant time commitment, controlling for project quality, and collaborating with campus entities. Through collaboration with teaching faculty and other campus and community partners, libraries can use digital stories to increase student engagement in the learning process and to teach a variety of digital media skills.