cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medication adherence: a challenge for patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis and other chronic illnesses.

OBJECTIVE: To define medication adherence and describe the limitations of various assessment methods, reasons for nonadherence to medications used to manage chronic illness, the impact of nonadherence to osteoporosis medications, and strategies for improving medication adherence. BACKGOUND: Medication nonadherence is a major public health problem that adversely affects patient outcomes and increases health care utilization and costs. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a chronic disease, and adherence to drug therapy used to manage the disease is as much of a challenge as it is in other chronic diseases. SUMMARY: Medication adherence reflects both compliance and persistence. Direct assessment methods (e.g., observation, laboratory serum drug assays) are more accurate than indirect methods, but they are more costly and often impractical. Indirect methods include patient self-report and the use of prescription refill records, pill counts, and electronic monitoring devices. Medication adherence in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis or other chronic illnesses is less than optimal. Adverse effects, financial constraints, miscommunication with the prescriber, and a perception that medications are unnecessary are among the possible reasons for medication nonadherence. Unintentional nonadherence is a passive process, often simply forgetting, and intentional nonadherence is an active process involving a deliberate choice, often based on adverse effects or a perceived lack of benefit. CONCLUSIONS: Nonadherence to osteoporosis medications can adversely affect patient outcomes and increase health care utilization and costs. An individualized approach to improving medication adherence based on patient preferences and readiness to change is needed.
Engagement in the Diabetes Online Community is Associated with Better Glycemic Control

Background: Diabetes requires ongoing self-care management and many individuals with diabetes become experts in translating medical recommendations into real-life strategies to manage their diabetes day-to-day. The diabetes online community (DOC) is one place where discussions about day-to-day diabetes management strategies occur among peers. The DOC comprises multiple websites that include social networking sites, blogs, and forums in which apomediated diabetes related discussions occur. Online communities have been shown to provide disease specific practical advice, emotional support, shared experience, and encourage empowerment; however little is known about how DOC use is associated with diabetes self-management. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore who uses the DOC, how it is used, and the perceived benefits of DOC use in relation to health indicators. Method: An online survey was conducted among multiple DOC sites over a 7 month period in 2012-2013. Binary logistic regression and modeling was performed to determine the extent to which DOC use predicted an A1C < 7 or ≥ 7% controlling statistically for other variables. Results: A total of 183 adults participated in this study, the majority were female (71.6%), undergoing intensive insulin management (80.3%), with a mean age of 44.7 (SD=14).). Participants had high diabetes self-care (M=72.4, SD=12.1), health related quality of life (SF-12v2 physical component summary M= 64.75, SD=19; mental component summary M= 66.56, SD=21.6), and bonding social capital (M=3.08, SD=0.64) and bridging social capital (M=3.68, SD=0.68) scores. DOC engagement was a strong predictor of A1C; every point increase in DOC engagement yielded 33.8% reduction in odds of having an A1C ≥7%. Conversely, there was a 2.7 times increased odds of having an A1C ≥7% among participants who reported the DOC helped them learn about strategies to improve insurance coverage for diabetes related medications, supplies, and technology devices . Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that individuals highly engage with the DOC are more likely to have better glycemic control, high health related quality of life, and self-care levels. Participants found online peer health to be beneficial with regards to knowledge and support. DOC members are often not informing their health care provider about their participation with the DOC suggesting that health care providers should be familiar with the DOC. Supplementing usual healthcare activities with DOC engagement may encourage knowledge and support among a population who need both to optimize diabetes self-management. Further studies are needed to determine how participation with the DOC affects health outcomes. []
Enhanced Noble Gases in the Coronae of Active Stars

We have analyzed Chandra High-Energy Transmission Grating spectra of the active RS CVn‐type binary V711 Tauri (HR 1099; HD 22468) in order to examine the chemical composition of its coronae. Observed fluxes and flux upper limits for spectral lines from a range of charge states of iron, covering species Fe xvi‐Fe xxv, have been used to determine the emission measure distribution as a function of temperature, while the observed Fe line-to-continuum ratio has been used to examine the absolute iron abundance, Fe/H. Abundances of elements O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Ar relative to both Fe and H have been estimated by comparison of observed line fluxes with predictions based on the emission measure distribution. We confirm results of earlier studies finding the coronae of V711 Tau to be metal-poor and derive an iron abundance of . We find the noble Fe/H p 7.0 5 0.1 gas elements Ne and Ar to be enhanced relative to the local cosmic value and enhanced by an order of magnitude relative to Fe. Very mild enhancements of O and Mg relative to Fe are also discerned. By examination of coronal abundances of Ne relative to Fe culled from the literature, in addition to Ne lines seen in hitherto unpublished Chandra spectra, we conclude that large Ne abundance enhancements are a common feature of active stellar coronae.
A REVISION OF TAPOCYON (CARNIVORAMORPHA), INCLUDING ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST CRANIAL SPECIMENS AND IDENTIFICATION OF A NEW SPECIES

Three new specimens of Tapocyon are described from Middle Eocene (Uintan NALMA) strata of San Diego County, California. These specimens include the first cranial material for the genus, significantly increase the knowledge of the anatomy of Tapocyon and enhance understanding of the phylogeny of this taxon and other early carnivorans. Tapocyon can be placed tentatively within the Caniformia (Carnivora, Mammalia) based on the following combination of characters: reduced parastyle and protocone on P4; continuous lingual cingulum on upper molars; retention of M3/3; short m2 talonid; moderately deep and narrow metastyle notch on P4; and hypoconid larger than hypoconulid on m2. The revision presents new diagnoses of Tapocyon and included species, syn- onymizes T. occidentalis with T. robustus, and erects a new species, T. dawsonae. The revision expands the geographic range of T. robustus during a time of hypothesized increasing provinciality. Although no auditory bullae are preserved, the basicranium of one of the new specimens shows evidence of a likely ossified, but loosely attached ectotympanic and entotympanic bulla, expanded primarily in the posterior direction. The majority of the postcranial skeleton is preserved in one new specimen, for which we provide preliminary observations of the morphology of the middle and distal phalanges, which indicate that Tapocyon had retractable claws.
Deep Questions without Deep Understanding

We develop an approach for generating deep (i.e, high-level) comprehension questions from novel text that bypasses the myriad challenges of creating a full semantic representation. We do this by decomposing the task into an ontologycrowd-relevance workflow, consisting of first representing the original text in a low-dimensional ontology, then crowdsourcing candidate question templates aligned with that space, and finally ranking potentially relevant templates for a novel region of text. If ontological labels are not available, we infer them from the text. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method on a corpus of articles from Wikipedia alongside human judgments, and find that we can generate relevant deep questions with a precision of over 85% while maintaining a recall of 70%.
64Cu-DOTA as a surrogate positron analog of Gd-DOTA for cardiac fibrosis detection in a rat model of chronic MI.

1472 Objectives To investigate the pharmacokinetics of 64Cu-DOTA, a positron surrogate analog of late Gd-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance agent, Gd-DOTA in a rat model of chronic myocardial infarction (MI) and its micro-distribution in the cardiac fibrosis by autoradiography and histology. Methods DOTA was labeled with 64Cu-acetate. CD rats (n=3-5) with MI by LAD ligation and 2 normal rats were injected iv with the 64Cu-DOTA (0.5 mCi with 0.02 mmol DOTA/Kg). The PET imaging was performed for 60 min after injection at 7 and 14 week post MI. 18F-FDG PET imaging was performed to identify the viable myocardium. In addition, 64Cu-acetate PET was performed for both MI and normal rat. For the VOI analysis, the 64Cu-DOTA PET image was co-registered to the 18F-FDG PET image. To validate the PET images, slices of heart samples from base to apex were analyzed using autoradiography and histological staining with Masson’s Trichrome. Results The dynamic PET imaging showed that the presence of the radioactivity reflected the blood pool signal with high levels of radioactivity in perfusion-rich tissues including lungs, cardiac fibrosis, myocardium and liver. However, 64Cu-DOTA was retained longer in fibrotic tissue than the normal tissues, and excreted rapidly via the renal system. And SUVs (30-60 min) in fibrosis were 1.53 ± 0.25 and 1.54 ± 0.12 at 7 and 14 week post-MI, respectively. The fibrosis/remote myocardium ratios were 2.53 ± 0.18 and 2.17 ± 0.25 at 7 and 14 week post-MI, respectively and the corresponding fibrosis/blood ratios were 1.53 ± 0.21 and 1.37 ± 0.13, respectively. For 64Cu-acetate, there was no accumulation in myocardium. The autoradiography and histology analysis indicate that 64Cu-DOTA accumulated on collagen rich area of cardiac fibrosis. Conclusions 64Cu-DOTA is retained longer in collagen rich area in the extracellular space and may be useful as a surrogate positron analog of Gd-DOTA to quantify its absolute uptake in cardiac fibrosis. Research Support Clinical Center, NIH and NCI Contract No. HHSN261200800001E
IWSN - Standards, Challenges and Future

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a system that comprises thousands of wireless nodes spread around. These nodes use radio frequency (RF) channels to share their information and data, which may be further processed to monitor or control the system.
Feeding Preferences of Fourth- and Sixth-Instar Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Larvae for Foliage Extracts from Young and Old Balsam Fir Hosts

Feeding behavior of fourth- and sixth-instar spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., toward aqueous extracts of balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) foliage from terminal and lateral shoots of young and old trees is described. Fourth instars prefer extracts from terminal shoots of young and old trees. This feeding preference is correlated with the content of N in the foliage and the feeding rate is correlated with the N/tannin ratio. Sixth instars show a strong preference for extracts from lateral shoots of young trees. Their feeding preference is correlated with the sucrose content of the foliage, whereas their feeding rate is correlated with the glucose content. Age-related variation in bud worm larval feeding preference may be an important evolutionary adaptation for the spruce budworm, enabling it to respond positively to naturally occurring seasonal changes in the nutritional quality of its host plant and to chemical changes induced by defoliation.
Transitioning to a New Career

I have recently transitioned from a career as an information technology (IT) executive to one as a professor, and I would like to share some of my experiences and considerations. Hopefully, my experience will be helpful if you ever consider such a move.
Accuracy of pharmacokinetic dose determination of gentamicin in geriatric patients.

Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and the predictive performance of the Sawchuk-Zaske dosing method for gentamicin were compared in elderly and young patients with stable normal serum creatinine concentrations. The predicted peak gentamicin concentrations in both young and elderly patients were not significantly different from the actual measured concentrations. The predicted trough concentrations for both the young and elderly were significantly different from the measured trough concentrations. However, the magnitude of this difference (0.2 μg/mL) is not considered to be clinically significant. A trend toward greater underprediction of trough gentamicin concentrations in elderly patients was evident. The mean increase of 15 percent in the gentamicin half-life at steady-state compared with the initial pharmacokinetics analysis in elderly patients was significantly larger than the increase in half-life in the young patients. The Sawchuk-Zaske method was equally accurate in determining the gentamicin dosing regi...
The Gigantocellular Depressor Area Revisited

1. In studies conducted with Dr Donald Reis we described a functionally distinct region of the rat medullary reticular formation that we called the Gigantocellular Depressor Area (GiDA). The GiDA was defined as a region from which vasodepressor and sympathoinhibitory responses were evoked by nanoinjections of glutamate. We later showed that cells in the GiDA project to autonomic nuclei in the medulla, brainstem, and spinal cord, including the intermediolateral cell column. We also showed that kainic acid lesions of the GiDA induce hypertension and block the baroreceptor reflex evoked by electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve. The present studies describe the effects of muscimol nanoinjections into the GiDA. 2. Nanoinjections of muscimol were made in the GiDA of anesthetized rats and changes in arterial pressure, heart rate, and responses to aortic depressor nerve stimulation were measured. 3. Bilateral nanoinjections of muscimol into the GiDA evoke an increase in arterial pressure and lead to fulminating hypertension. Unilateral injections of muscimol into the GiDA block the baroreflex response evoked by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral aortic depressor nerve. However, these unilateral injections of muscimol into the GiDA evoked profound falls in arterial pressure to nearly spinal levels. In spite of this fall in blood pressure, heart rate also decreased significantly and there was not a compensatory tachycardia. Both the arterial pressure and baroreceptor responses required several hours to recover following the muscimol injections. 4. Although these data are consistent with the proposal that the GiDA is critical for the baroreflex. the opposing effects on blood pressure of unilateral and bilateral injections of muscimol are difficult to reconcile with ourcurrent models of central sympathetic regulation.
Histochemical and Biochemical Effects of the Injection of AF64A into The Nucleus Basalis of Meynert:Relevance to Animal Models of Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type

The fourth largest cause of death in the United States is senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT; 9). The initial symptom of this disorder is loss of short term memory. This is followed over a period of years by progressive dementia, complete loss of ability to care for oneself and finally, death (16). The most universal neuropathological change seen in victims of SDAT is a loss of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex (3, 13). This loss appears due to the death of neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM), an area which supplies the cortex with a substantial proportion of its cholinergic innervation (8, 17). Thus animals with selective lesions of the nbM may be useful models of SDAT in humans.
Using Schools of Nursing to Help Fill the Gap

The shortage of school nurses, school nurses covering multiple buildings, and the expanded role of the school nurse has called for innovative ideas to meet the growing health care needs of youth. Partnering with local schools of nursing may be a welcomed strategy. This brief article will share the benefits of hosting student nurses as well as identify ways to begin these partnerships.
A study of proton activation tracer for real-time dose monitoring in radiotherapy

In proton or heavy-ion therapies, in-beam dose monitoring is a desirable feature that can enhance the accuracy of delivered dosage and potentially improve the number of treatments allowed by a facility per day. While many gammas are generated from protons or heavy-ions passing through a patient's body, only a small fraction of these gammas are useful for locating the Bragg peaks. Extracting these gammas from the background can be more challenging than expected. This study attempts to decompose the gammas from the irradiation-induced activities into different species, spatial, energy, and time domains and applies these extracted information to typical operating parameters of proton therapy machines. In order to achieve a spatial resolution better than a few millimeters in a real-time measurement, the less abundant positron emitters that have lower activation threshold energies are considered. The study reveals that 12N is a problematic activation product in soft tissue for in-beam dose monitor due to its high positron energy. This result eventually leads to a search of suitable proton activation tracers for dose monitoring purpose. 89Y was identified as a potential tracer at the end of this search but further study shows that its application is currently limited by the amount of 89Y deliverable to a tumor site.
Deciphering fungal dimorphism: Farnesol's unanswered questions

Candida albicans excretes E,E-farnesol as a virulence factor and quorum sensing molecule that prevents the yeast to hyphal conversion. Polke et al. (2016) identified eed1Δ/Δ as the first farnesol hypersensitive mutant of C. albicans. eed1Δ/Δ also excretes 10X more farnesol and while able to form hyphae, it cannot maintain hyphae. This mutant enables new research into unanswered questions, including the existence of potential farnesol receptors and transporters, regulation of farnesol synthesis, and relationships among farnesol, germ tube formation and hyphal maintenance. The eed1 farnesol hypersensitivity can be explained by higher internal concentrations of farnesol or lower thresholds for response. One possibility invokes misexpression of a transporter. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and C. albicans have transporters for farnesylated peptides, like the a-factor pheromone, which could potentially also transport farnesol for virulence and quorum sensing. Significantly, these transporters are repressed in MTLa/MTLα C. albicans. An evolutionary pressure for C. albicans to become diploid could derive from its use of farnesol. Alternatively, maintenance of hyphal growth may increase the farnesol response threshold. Finally, Dpp1p, Dpp2p and Dpp3p are non-specific pyrophosphatases responsible for farnesol synthesis. Changes in expression of these enzymes do not explain differences in farnesol levels implicating involvement of additional factors like a scaffolding molecule.
Gendering the Planchette: Female Writer Qian Xi's (1872–1930) Spiritual World

Fuji (wielding the planchette, or spirit writing) was in vogue among Ming-Qing literati, and its influence extended into modern times. Existing studies focus on this popular divination itself or on men's writings related to this practice. This article, instead, explores the poetry and prose of a female writer, Qian Xi, and her writing activities associated with this divination. Qian claims that the spirits she communicated with include several female immortals and her deceased husband. Some of the questions the author explores are: What are the characteristics of Qian's writings? What inspired Qian to participate in spirit writing? What role did this practice play in Qian's life and writing? Regarding the emotions, thoughts, and works of Qian, what types of information can spirit writing and corresponding poetic and prosaic compositions provide? Instead of simplifying and disregarding the ritual of wielding the planchette as bizarre, superstitious, or even mad, the author argues that it played a meaningful role in shaping Qian's literary images and enhancing her literary productivity. More important, Qian Xi's strategies of using spirit writing to stimulate her literary creations was significant in meeting her emotional needs, highlighting her identity as a talented woman, and demonstrating the worth of her very existence.
Histiocytic sarcoma in 14 miniature schnauzers - a new breed predisposition?

Objectives To describe a series of miniature schnauzers diagnosed with histiocytic sarcoma and assess for possible breed predisposition. Materials and Methods Medical records of miniature schnauzers with a diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma between January 2008 and April 2015 were reviewed. Data collected included signalment, body weight, presenting complaint, date of diagnosis, clinicopathologic and diagnostic imaging findings, treatment, therapeutic response, date of death or last follow-up and necropsy findings. Breed predisposition was assessed with odds ratios, using breed-matched dogs without histiocytic sarcoma admitted during the study period as controls. Pedigree analysis was performed for dogs with available registration information. Results Fourteen miniature schnauzers were diagnosed with histiocytic sarcoma during the study period, making them over-represented among the hospital population (odds ratio=4·8, P=0·0009). Disease was considered localised in ten dogs and disseminated in four. Of the dogs with localised disease, nine were diagnosed with primary pulmonary histiocytic sarcoma based on the presence of a large pulmonary mass with (n=7) or without (n=2) evidence of intra-thoracic metastasis, and one had gastric histiocytic sarcoma with nodal metastasis. Treatments varied, but an aggressive clinical course was found in most patients. Pedigree analysis revealed a recent common ancestor for a subset of the dogs assessed. Clinical Significance Miniature schnauzers were over-represented among dogs with histiocytic sarcoma in this patient population. Pedigree analysis supports an inherited risk factor, which has not previously been suggested in the breed. Primary pulmonary involvement with or without intra-thoracic metastasis was common in this cohort.
Recent mobile health interventions to support medication adherence among HIV-positive MSM

Purpose of reviewWe describe recent mobile health (mHealth) interventions supporting antiretroviral therapy (ART) medication adherence among HIV-positive MSM.Recent findingsKeyword searches (1 January 2016–13 May 2017) identified 721 citations. Seven publications reporting on six studies met inclusi
Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytoma

Plasma cell tumors are monoclonal tumors of immunoglobulin-secreting cells, derived from B-cell lymphocytes. Incidence is low overall, ∼1–2% of U.S. cancers diagnosed yearly are plasma cell tumors. More than 90% of these are multiple myeloma (MM); ∼2–10% are solitary plasmacytoma (SP). MM incidence higher in blacks than whites (∼2:1). Median age at diagnosis 70 years. SP more common in men than women (4:1). Median age at diagnosis 50–55 years. Etiology is unknown, may involve occupational exposures, RT, solvents (Nau et al. 2008). 20% of patients are free of clinical symptoms at diagnosis. Osseous SP and MM may manifest as bone pain, neurologic symptoms, pathologic fracture, cord compression, anemia, hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency (Schechter et al. 2003).
Teaching Biomedical Engineering Technology students how to tailor messages: Lessons learned from a Technical Communication in healthcare professions course

Undergraduate students struggle with how to tailor messages adequately for their intended audiences. The use and complexity of technology in healthcare continues to increase. However, little research has looked at tailoring messages in biomedical engineering technology communication contexts. In these contexts, communication about the effective use of technology is critical to patient health, and miscommunications may have dire consequences. In this project, we investigate whether healthcare engineering technology students were able to understand the concept of tailoring messages and show evidence of practical application by tailoring messages in a course designed for technical communication in healthcare professions. Students went beyond the course assignment instructions and demonstrated that they thoroughly thought about how to tailor instructions to support the information needs of a specific user. Research implications extend beyond the classroom into workplace training for healthcare and medical organizations.
Change is good!? Analyzing the relationship between attention and nutrition facts panel modifications

Abstract Many consumers do not pay attention to nutrition information, a necessity to make healthy food choices. We measure attention to a Nutrition Facts Panel (NFP) currently used in the U.S. and to a modified NFP that emphasizes key information, using eye-tracking in a between-subjects experiment. We test for differences between attention to the current and modified NFP but also for differences across food items. We find asymmetric effects, depending on the product. For healthier items more attention is paid to the modified NFP than to the current NFP. For less healthy items less attention is paid to the modified NFP than to the current NFP. Results suggest that a single modified design may not be uniformly effective.
Journey of Hematopoietic Cells: Processing to Infusion

Hematopoietic cell transplantation is a lifesaving therapy. Almost 20,000 transplants were performed in the United States in 2014. Transplantation is used to treat a wide variety of diseases, most commonly leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, and certain solid tumors. Hematopoietic graft sources include bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood. To maintain a high-quality product to ensure engraftment and optimal patient outcomes, each step of the process must be performed appropriately, including donor qualification, collection, processing, storage and transportation, and infusion. The entire transplant process, including laboratory and clinical care, is overseen by accrediting and regulatory agencies. Data from the United States are tracked through HRSA (Health Resources and Services Administration) and CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research). The field continues to improve patient outcomes and expand clinical indications as new processing and medications become available.
Estimation of pedestrian walking direction from video

In this paper we study 3D pedestrian motion direction estimation using a projective geometry based method. The idea for estimation is based on image sequence analysis, where the detection of both head and toe points will provide measurements for vanishing point estimation. Knowing that once the walk direction is fixed, these two points move along 3D parallel lines. This estimation assumes that there is a binary segmentation of the pedestrian. For each frame, the top and the bottom points of the segmentation are extracted. One line is fitted to the collection of top points and the other to the collection of the bottom points. Given these two lines, the vanishing point is estimated and thence the direction of the pedestrian. Our approach either assumes two intrinsic parameters cameras that are known or estimated at a learning stage using two previously known walking pedestrian directions. Experiments using a publicly available database show an accurate estimation of the direction of the body with less than 3 degrees error.
Spintronic devices for low energy dissipation

Spintronic devices are considered as one of the best candidates for next-generation electronics to complement CMOS technology. First, we will briefly show the recent progresses on spintronic devices based on spin-transfer torque, spin-orbit torque and voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy in reference to energy efficient applications. We will then discuss the recent progresses using antiferromagnets and topological insulators for applications in memory, logic and circuits. Finally, the new prospective of 2D materials for spintronic devices will be addressed.
Telegraph equation: two types of harmonic waves, a discontinuity wave, and a spectral finite element

The telegraph equation $$\tau \partial ^2 u/\partial t^2 + \partial u/ \partial t = \tau c^2 \partial ^2 u / \partial x^2$$ arises in studies of waves in dissipative media with a damping coefficient $$1/\tau $$ , or from a Maxwell–Cattaneo type heat conduction with a relaxation time $$\tau $$ . To elucidate basic properties of this equation, two harmonic wave solutions are compared: (1) temporally attenuated and spatially periodic (TASP) and (2) spatially attenuated and temporally periodic (SATP). The phase velocities of both waves are equal to the energy velocities and less than the group velocities. The phase velocities of the two waves are different, and less than c, but both naturally lead to a speed c for the propagation of discontinuities. The two harmonic wave solutions are suitable for different initial-boundary value problems: TASP for those with space periodicity and SATP for those with time periodicity. The asymptotic behaviors of the harmonic wave solutions when the telegraph equation transitions into a nondissipative wave equation or into a parabolic diffusion equation are presented. Only the SATP waves survive when the equation turns parabolic. The spectral finite element method is formulated for 1d Maxwell–Cattaneo heat conduction based on the SATP wave solutions. The element thermal conductivity matrix is reduced to that for a conventional (nonspectral) finite element when the frequency tends to zero.
Neural correlates of attentional capture by stimuli previously associated with social reward.

Our attention is strongly influenced by reward learning. Stimuli previously associated with monetary reward have been shown to automatically capture attention in both behavioral and neurophysiologi...
Elemental composition of suspended particles across the southeastern continental shelf off the coast of North Florida and South Georgia: Provenance, transport, fate and implications to mid-outer shelf water column processes.

Abstract This paper reports on the chemistry of suspended particulates collected in waters of the southeastern US continental shelf off the coasts of North Florida and South Georgia. Approximately 350 suspended sediment samples were analyzed for particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC and PON), particulate aluminum and calcium and a suite of trace metals which included particulate alkaline earths (magnesium, strontium, barium), particulate rare earth metals (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium and dysprosium), particulate transition metals (cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel. scandium, titanium and vanadium) and others: particulate cadmium, zinc, thorium and uranium. The samples were collected in the fall of 1987 during a multidiscipline expedition (FLEX) focused on cross shelf exchange of water and materials during northward wind stress and fall Gulf Stream intrusions. Although samples were analyzed shortly after collection, archived data have not been previously presented. Results are interpreted with regard to how they relate to particle provenance, transport and fate. Results indicate that significant influence of terrestrial sources of suspended particles is limited to the inner shelf, however the concentrations of some metals, such as rare earths, appear to reflect this provenance across the entire shelf. Mid-outer shelf particles are dominated by re-suspended biogenic carbonates and biogenic organic carbon rich particles formed in response to Gulf Stream up welled nutrients. Particulate trace element concentrations and primary production in mid-outer shelf waters are interpreted as a response to not only nutrient, but also trace metal enrichment of up welled Gulf Stream water intruded onto the shelf. Based on particle chemistry, micro nutrients such as Fe in upwelled waters may be limiting in sustaining mid-outer shelf production. Other trace metals such as Sc appear to be enriched due to adsorption on organic rich particles. And the formation SrSO4 particles, originating from Acantharian spicules, appear to create an environment for the precipitation of barite in outer shelf surface waters.
Synthesis of SE- and TE-Containing Amino Acids: Useful Probes for Structural Studies of Proteins

ABSTRACT The synthesis of (l)-Se-cystine, (l)-[77Se]-cystine and (l)-Te-cystine in 4 steps from commercially available 2(S)-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-propionate has been accomplished. [4-13C]Te-Met has been synthesized in a one pot reaction.
Role of Oxidative Stress Induced by Cigarette Smoke in the Pathogenicity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Cigarette smoke (CS) exposes lungs to oxidative stress and inflammation and is a major risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a complex lung disease characterized by chronic inflammation with limited airflow and chronic bronchitis associated with mucus hypersecretion, thickened small airway walls, and emphysema. CS-induced oxidative stress is responsible for altered cellular metabolism, including increased infiltrating immune cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, protease–antiprotease imbalance, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, upregulation of unfolded protein response (UPR), and protein misfolding. This chapter reviews the current knowledge on different mechanisms through which both direct and secondhand CS-induced oxidative stress in lungs plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of COPD. Despite the presence of considerable reports recognizing the harmful effects of CS-generated oxidative stress, effective treatment for COPD is lacking. Extensive research on the immune and pathogenetic mechanisms of COPD will help in developing new treatment strategies. Clinical trials leveraging multiple antioxidants, anti-inflammatory processes, and UPR inhibitors are urgently needed to advance COPD therapies.
General Approach to Counter Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The following study is devoted to the problem of preventing offensive missions led with small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The main goal of the paper is to familiarize the reader with a general methodology for counteracting offensive UAVs. In this paper, the authors describe counter UAV approach, which includes several stages, such as: the identification of threats, the development of prevention measures, active counteracting (including: detection, tracking, identification, evaluation, decision making and counteraction), evaluation and improvement of the anti-UAV counteraction system.In the recommendations, the authors give two non-exclusive practical approaches to countering hostile UAVs: the offensive counter UAV and the defensive counter UAV, which concern wide range of different strategies from “destroy as many UAVs as possible” to “protect all high value assets from UAVs threats”.
Immunometabolism: From basic mechanisms to translation

Immunometabolism has emerged as a major mechanism central to adaptive and innate immune regulation. From early observations that inflammatory cytokines were induced in obese adipose tissue and that these cytokines contributed to metabolic disease, it was clear that metabolism and the immunological state are inextricably linked. With a second research wave arising from studies in cancer metabolism to also study the intrinsic metabolic pathways of immune cells themselves and how those pathways influence cell fate and function, immunometabolism is a rapidly maturing area of research. Several key themes and goals drive the field. There is abundant evidence that metabolic pathways are closely tied to cell signaling and differentiation which leads different subsets of immune cells to adopt unique metabolic programs specific to their state and environment. In this way, metabolic signaling drives cell fate. It is also apparent that microenvironment greatly influences cell metabolism. Immune cells adopt programs specific for the tissues where they infiltrate and reside. Ultimately, a central goal of the field is to apply immunometabolism findings to the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies in a wide range of diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and metabolic syndrome. This review summarizes these facets of immunometabolism and highlights opportunities for clinical translation.
End-of-life communication and coping

The purpose of this investigation was to qualitatively explore how end-of-life communication impacted participants’ perception of coping after the death of a relational partner. Two-hundred thirty-...
Consumer responses to trade-offs in eco-friendly clothing: The moderating effects of fashion leadership and regulatory focus

Abstract Consumers of eco-friendly clothing often face trade-offs between eco-friendliness and other product attributes. Across two experiments, we investigate the moderating role of fashion leadership and regulatory focus in such trade-off situations. Our results suggest that while non-fashion leaders are willing to trade-off hedonic attributes for eco-friendliness, fashion leaders are not willing to trade-off either hedonic or utilitarian attributes. It is also suggested that prevention-focused fashion leaders are more likely than promotion-focused fashion leaders to trade-off hedonic attributes for eco-friendliness. Implications for practitioners as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Two cases of acute anterolateral compartment syndrome following inversion ankle injuries

Abstract Introduction Compartment syndrome is a limb threatening, and sometimes life-threatening medical condition. It usually occurs in high energy lower extremity injuries, commonly in the younger patient with classic signs and symptoms. Pain out of proportion to exam is one of the key elements in diagnosis. A high vigilance for signs and symptoms of this condition should be present on most physicians' radars who treat emergency conditions, as this case report demonstrates, the mechanism and story are not always classic. Presentation of cases Two cases of young, healthy adults who underwent fasciotomy for compartment release for compartment syndrome isolated to the anterolateral compartment, but who did not sustain a high energy trauma, but rather a twisting ankle injury. Conclusion Compartment syndrome can occur in young, healthy, active patients with a lower energy twisting injury and without fracture. A high level of suspicion on the clinicians' part will prevent adverse outcomes to the patient.
The Loop 'N' Tack Biceps Tenodesis: An All-Arthroscopic, Intra-Articular Technique.

Abstract Tenodesis and tenotomy of the long head of the biceps are treatment options for a wide range of pathologies without clear superior technique or site of fixation. Clinical outcomes comparing numerous techniques for tenotomy versus tenodesis have resulted in similar pain relief; however, tenotomy may result in a cosmetic “Popeye” deformity and fatigue pain. We present a quick, simple, and knotless technique for tenodesis of the long head of the biceps at the proximal aspect of the bicipital grove that can be completed entirely arthroscopically. This technique uses suture to secure a tenotomized proximal biceps tendon to a knotless anchor just proximal to the subscapularis tendon at the proximal biceps groove. The tensionless repair allows the biceps to scar within the biceps groove, thereby reducing subsidence and formation of a “Popeye" deformity and fatigue pain in the biceps seen with tenotomy alone while eliminating the ability to overtension.
A Simplified, Efficient Approach to Hybrid Wind and Solar Plant Site Optimization

Abstract. Wind plant layout optimization is a difficult, complex problem with a large number of variables and many local minima. Layout optimization only becomes more difficult with the addition of solar generation. In this paper, we propose a parameterized approach to wind and solar hybrid power plant layout optimization that greatly reduces problem dimensionality while guaranteeing that the generated layouts have a desirable regular structure. We argue that the evolution strategies class of derivative-free optimization methods is well-suited to the parameterized hybrid layout problem, and we demonstrate how hard layout constraints (e.g. placement restrictions) can be transformed into soft constraints that are amenable to optimization using evolution strategies. Next, we present experimental results on four test sites, demonstrating the viability, reliability, and effectiveness of the parameterized ES approach for generating optimized hybrid plant layouts. Completing the tool kit for parameterized ES layout generation, we include a brief tutorial describing how the parameterized ES approach can be inspected, understood, and debugged when applied to hybrid plant layouts.
The Theory of Distributions

Publisher Summary The term “distribution” was introduced as a generalization of a mass density that can be represented by a function. Such a distribution on the x-axis can be, for example, a unit mass at the origin and zero density at all other points of a line. The total mass of any segment, including the origin, is one. The total mass of any segment that does not contain the origin is zero. The generalized functions are defined as the closure of the space of ordinary functions in a way that is quite analogous to the Cantor definition of the real numbers as regular sequences of rational numbers. In this respect, one surprising result obtained by L. Schwartz is equivalent to the statement that any continuous weak function is a weak derivative of a function in the ordinary sense, and the latter class of functions can be restricted to continuous functions. The theory can be developed formally as the set of continuous linear functionals consisting of continuous functions and their derivatives defined by integration by parts.
Structure and function of ADCK3, an ancient mitochondrial protein involved in coenzyme Q biosynthesis

Coenzyme Q (Q) is an essential lipid best known for its role as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain. Although required for human health, Q biosynthesis is not completely understood ...
Development and validation of a short form aggressive beliefs and attitudes scale

Abstract This research outlines six studies (total N = 3867) that develop and validate an Aggressive Beliefs and Attitudes — Short Form scale for use within the normal nonclinical adult population (e.g., organizational psychology). In the first two samples, exploratory factor analysis reduced the original 30 item scale to a shorter, more parsimonious, eight item measure. In the third sample, confirmatory factor analysis found that the proposed model and items fit the data extremely well. Examination of the nomological network underlying the new measure in Samples 3–4 displayed relationships with positive affect, negative affect, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism ranging from r = .23 to − .23, while relationships with anger, hostility, physical aggression, and verbal aggression ranged from r = .49 to .30. Finally, in two criterion-related validity studies the relationships between the aggressive beliefs and attitudes scales, both original and short forms, and workplace deviance were examined with independent samples of employed adults. The short form scale was significantly related to workplace deviance in both samples ( r = .37 and .43). Furthermore, these relationships were of identical magnitude to the full 30 item measure, suggesting that the short form scale comparably captures aggression-related behaviors with a greatly reduced number of items.
Mutations in the alpha and sigma-70 subunits of RNA polymerase affect expression of the mer operon.

The mercury resistance (mer) operon is transcribed from overlapping, divergent promoters: PR for the regulatory gene merR and P(TPCAD) for the structural genes merTPCAD. The dyadic binding site for MerR lies within the 19-bp spacer of the sigma70-dependent P(TPCAD). Unlike typical repressors, MerR does not exclude RNA polymerase from P(TPCAD) but rather forms an inactive complex with RNA polymerase at P(TPCAD) prior to addition of the inducer, the mercuric ion Hg(II). In this "active repression" complex, MerR prevents transcriptional initiation at merTPCAD until Hg(II) is added. When Hg(II) is added, MerR remains bound to the same position and activates transcription of merTPCAD by distorting the DNA of the spacer region. MerR also represses its own transcription from PR regardless of the presence or absence of Hg(II). To explore the role of MerR-RNA polymerase in these processes, we examined mutations in the sigma70 and alpha subunits of RNA polymerase, mutations known to influence other activators but not to impair transcription generally. We assessed the effects of these sigma70 and alpha mutants on unregulated P(TPCAD) and PR transcription (i.e., MerR-independent transcription) and on the two MerR-dependent processes: repression of P(TPCAD) and of PR and Hg(ll)-induced activation of P(TPCAD). Among the MerR-independent effects, we found that mutations in regions 2.1 and 4.2 of rpoD suppress the deleterious effects of nonoptimal promoter spacing. Some C-terminal rpoA mutants also have this property to a considerably lesser degree. Certain "spacer suppressor" variants of rpoA and of rpoD also interfere with the MerR-dependent repression of P(TPCAD) and PR. MerR-Hg(II)-mediated transcriptional activation of P(TPCAD) was also affected in an allele-specific manner by substitutions at position 596 of sigma70 and at positions 311 and 323 of alpha. Thus, certain changes in sigma70 or alpha render them either more or less effective in participating in the topologically novel transcriptional control effected by MerR at the divergent mer operons.
The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: MEDIEVAL NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, ARISTOTELIANS, AND ARISTOTELIANISM

B ecause Aristotelian natural philosophy is the major emphasis in this volume, our discussion of it must necessarily encompass Aristotle's natural books ( libri naturales ), as described in chapter 3, and the medieval commentaries and questions on those works. The natural books of Aristotle were far from a thorough, well-rounded, coherent, and systematic description and analysis of the physical world. But in those treatises, a wealth of topics and ideas were included, and a remarkable breadth of coverage. The natural books were the best available guides for the study of the universe, which is why they served as the fundamental texts for natural philosophy in the universities of the Middle Ages. It was that natural philosophy that functioned as the world view of the Middle Ages, a world view that was embodied in a special kind of literature – the questions literature – that was peculiar to the Latin Middle Ages and to the medieval university. THE QUESTIONS LITERATURE OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES The questio , or question, was the most widely and regularly used format for natural philosophy. As we saw in chapter 3, it grew out of the commentary, but it was structurally akin to the oral disputation that was such a prominent feature of medieval university education. It was actually a teaching master's written version of the questions that he presented orally in his classroom lectures.