cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Local Plasmon Resonance Inhomogeneity on Surface Enhanced Molecular Fluorescence

Surface plasmons in silver nanostructured surfaces dramatically enhance the photoluminescence of adsorbed terbium-containing organic complexes. Wide variations in emission spectra show that the surface plasmons have a wide spectral distribution varying significantly with location.
Accessing Choice: A Mixed-Methods Examination of How Latino Parents Engage in the Educational Marketplace.

School choice has become a cornerstone of education reform plans across the nation especially in urban settings where immigrant populations often settle. Latino enrollment in charter schools has in...
Submicrometer Dimensional Metrology In The Scanning Electron Microscope

The National Bureau of Standards has initiated a program to develop scanning electron microscope linewidth measurement standards for the integrated circuit community. This program involves the development of: a scanning electron microscope-based linewidth measurement and standard reference material certification instrument, the necessary electron beam/sample interaction modelling, and the appropriate micrometer and submicrometer artifacts. The basic problems that must be overcome to achieve accurate submicrometer feature size measurements in the scanning electron microscope for these artifacts will be reviewed and some suggestions of what can be done to "bridge-the-gap" until such standards become available will be given.
Impact Of Socioeconomic Status On Hospital Use In New York City

This DataWatch examines the potential impact of socioeconomic differences on rates of hospitalization, based on patterns of hospital use in New York City in 1988. The research suggests that lack of timely and effective outpatient care may lead to higher hospitalization rates in low-income areas. For certain conditions identified as ambulatory care sensitive, hospitalization rates were higher in low-income areas than they were in higher-income areas where appropriate outpatient care was more readily available. Further study is needed to determine the relative impact of various economic, structural, and cultural factors that affect access to care.
A molecular dynamics study of atomic level stress distributions in defective intermetallics

Abstract A computer simulation study, using Finnis-Sinclair-type N -body potentials, of the amorphization of crystalline CuTi 2 by electron bombardment was carried out. It was shown that the thermodynamic properties of volume and total energy cannot be generally used as criteria for amorphization. Instead it was found that, at the completion of amorphization, the magnitude and distribution of the atomic level shear stress was identical to that of the glassy state formed by a quench from the liquid. It is suggested that the atomic level shear stress provides a universal criterion for the attainment of the amorphous state, through glass transition, alloying, and solid state amorphization.
Recent advances in cold and warm forging process modeling techniques : selected examples

Abstract The key to survival in today's competitive market is manufacturing high quality products at low cost. In the context of metal forming, this translates into fewer and more efficient processes, elimination of secondary operations, while maintaining the surface finish, tolerance and dimensional specifications. Making the right choice of a process that is cost-effective for the required production volume and yet meets the design requirements, is extremely important. One approach to achieving this objective is through process modeling for net shape manufacturing. This paper presents ongoing industry relevant research at the Engineering Research Center in the area of cold and warm forging towards better quality and lower cost. It reports current research on sequence design for fuel injector nozzle, modeling of fracture during induction heating, modeling of warm/hot forging of microalloyed steels and development of an integrated process planning system. These efforts could result in reduced process defects and lower process costs.
Imaging evaluation of bowel obstruction in children: updates in imaging techniques and review of imaging findings.

Bowel obstruction often represents an eventual endpoint that can arise from a wide variety of inciting etiologies in the pediatric population. In an acute setting, the radiologist’s goal is to first identify the presence of a bowel obstruction and subsequently recognize specific imaging features, which can guide clinicians to the underlying cause of the bowel obstruction and direct subsequent management. Although bowel obstruction in adults is predominantly due to adhesions (65%), incarcerated hernias (15%), or colonic neoplasm (13%), the causes of bowel obstructions in pediatric patients are more varied and often require different management. 1 This article reviews the role of currently available imaging modalities that can be used to assess a pediatric bowel obstruction, as well as the spectrum of characteristic imaging findings seen with bowel obstructions that may lead to the primary pathological process.
The pathophysiology of myoclonus

Abstract Myoclonus is defined as a quick involuntary movement generated by dysfunction of the CNS. There are so many types of myoclonus that classification has been difficult. Recent investigations have shed some light on the physiology of some forms of myoclonus and have led to a new physiological classification. Additionally, since it appears that some types of myoclonus represent hyperactivity of normal brain pathways, analysis of myoclonus may be useful in the understanding of normal brain mechanisms of motor control.
A study of barriers to women in undergraduate computer science.

Worldwide, there is a significant discrepancy between the numbers of male and female graduates from computer science programs. SUNY Geneseo offers no exception. The literature cites a number of plausible explanations for the problem, but no definitive answers. We conducted a study to determine why few women complete our own computer science major. Our major finding is that (at least on our campus) the problem is not actually one of retention. Few women---even those in the introductory computer science courses---actually plan to major in computer science to begin with. Although some barriers suggested in the literature do operate within the major, they seem much less significant than the low entry rates. Retention of women once they enter the major is important, but it is secondary to getting women into the major initially. This suggests that the most effective solutions will be those that concentrate not on retention but on recruitment (including outreach to secondary schools).
Determination of phosphorus in polymeric systems using an ashing procedure and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

Phosphorus in different forms is used in a variety of applications (catalysts, thermal stabilizers, flame retardants) in polymeric formulations. It is important to be able to determine its concentration in raw materials, intermediates and final products. The challenge of measuring low concentrations of P, combined with the volatility of the organic phosphorus compounds, has been solved through a novel analytical procedure with a method detection limit of 0.4 µg g−1 P (10σ). The volatilization of organic P compounds was prevented by pre-oxidation with periodic acid, which allows ashing in the presence of magnesium acetate while maximizing the weight to final volume ratio. Using factorial design of experiments, experimental factors including ashing temperature, time, and the amount of the reagents were optimized with respect to accuracy and precision of the technique. The influence of Ti when present in the samples was eliminated by complexing it with H2O2. Additional pre-treatment with NH4OH was found to improve recovery for some reactive samples. Comparison with other established methods was carried out and is discussed.
Immunological competence of the isolated perfused pig spleen

Abstract 1. 1. Perfusion with either homologous or human blood will maintain immunological competence of the excised pig spleen. 2. 2. Evidence of continued immunological function by the perfused spleen preimmunized against sheep erythrocytes has been demonstrated by continued production of hemagglutinins during perfusion, by hemadsorption to slices taken from the perfused spleen, and by passive transfer to another animal of cell suspension made from the perfused spleen. 3. 3. Combined with previous studies, these data provide a rational basis for cautious trial of the preparation in clinical immunotherapy.
Recursive programming in english for freshmen

The importance of recursive programming in an introductory computer science course is discussed from the viewpoint that the notions of 'process', 'program' and 'processor' are fundamental in computer programming. Several examples demonstrate how the concept of recursive programming and proving program correctness can be taught to freshman business majors before they are exposed to any programming language.
Transfer of N,N′-diacetylchitobiose from dolichyl diphosphate into a gray matter membrane glycoprotein

Abstract Gray matter and white matter membranes catalyze the transfer of label from UDP-N-acetyl-[ 14 C ] glucosamine into N-acetyl[ 14 C ]glucosaminyl-pyrophosphoryl-dolichol, N,N′-diacetyl [ 14 C ]chitobiosyl-pyrophosphoryl-dolichol, and N-acetyl[ 14 C ]glucosamine-labeled glycoprotein. Gel filtration of the Pronase digests of gray matter N-acetyl[ 14 C ]glucosamine-labeled glycoprotein reveals two N-acetyl[ 14 C ]glucosamine-labeled glycopeptide fractions. One fraction (A) contains approximately eight glycose units. All of the radioactivity is at nonreducing termini and can be released by treatment with an exo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. A smaller N-acetyl[ 14 C ]glucosamine-labeled glycopeptide (B) is recovered in the elution volume expected for an asparaginyl disaccharide. Structural studies show that the labeled saccharide unit in glycopeptide B is N,N′-diacetyl[ 14 C ]chitobiose. The linkage between the 14 C -labeled disaccharide and the polypeptide has the properties of an N-glycosidic attachment to asparagine. Only the larger N-acetyl[ 14 C ]glucosamine-labeled glycopeptide (A) is found in Pronase digests of white matter membrane N-acetyl[ 14 C ]glucosamine-labeled glycoprotein after incubation with UDP-N-acetyl[ 14 C ]glucosamine. When gray matter membranes are incubated with UDP-N-acetyl[ 14 C ]glucosamine in the presence of tunicamycin or UMP, the labeling of glycolipid and the asparaginyl disaccharide is inhibited. UMP and tunicamycin have no effect on the transfer of N-acetyl[ 14 C ]glucosamine to external acceptor sites of the larger glycopeptide (A). The transfer of N,N′-diacetyl[ 14 C ]-chitobiose from carrier lipid to protein is observed when extensively washed membranes containing endogenous, prelabeled 14 C -labeled glycolipids are incubated in the presence or absence of unlabeled GDP-mannose. UMP treatment of the prelabeled membranes selectively discharged over 80% of the label from N-acetyl[ 14 C ]glucosaminyl-pyrophosphoryl-dolichol, but had no effect on the transfer of the 14 C -labeled disaccharide to protein. All of these results are concordant with transfer of N,N′-diacetylchitobiose from dolichyl diphosphate to gray matter glycoprotein. The major membrane glycoprotein labeled by the lipid-mediated [ 14 C ]disaccharide transfer reaction has an apparent molecular weight of 24,000. Tunicamycin prevents the enzymatic labeling of the gray matter glycoprotein having an apparent molecular weight of 24,000.
Argon laser microirradiation of mitochondria in rat myocardial cells in tissue culture. V. Pacemaker versus non-pacemaker cells.

Abstract Rat myocardial cells in vitro were irradiated with a laser microbeam in order to more fully define the nature of beating (“pacemaker”) and non-beating (“non-pacemaker”) cells. Cells were observed for several hours prior to their association into two-cell groups. Irradiation was performed on those two-cell groups where one of the two cells was a non-beater prior to association with a contracting cell. In 80% of the cases where the cell that was killed was the non-beater, the remaining cell (the beater) continued to contract normally. In 40% of the cases where the killed cell was the “beater” the non-beater continued to contract. These results suggest that cells classified as non-beaters prior to association with a beater, are capable of contracting on their own after the association with a beating cell is eliminated. It is concluded that the non-beating state is not immutable.
Effects of pontine reticular formation lesions on optokinetic head nystagmus in rats.

Electrolytic lesions were produced in the pontine reticular formation (PRF) of adult hooded rats. Unilateral lesions abolished quick phases of optokinetic head nystagmus to the side of the lesion. Some lesions also had temporary effects on slow phases of optokinetic head nystagmus. Effects of bilateral lesions were similar, except that they affected head movements in both directions. A class of “fast” head movements abolished by PRF lesions thus emerges that is analogous to the class of rapid eye movements abolished by similar lesions in other species, a finding that can be related to the coupling which has been observed between “fast” head and eye movements.
Cytological analyses of hybrids and derivatives of hybrids between durum wheat and Thinopyrum bessarabicum, using multicolour fluorescent GISH*

The wheat progenitors and other wild relatives continue to be important sources of genes for agronomically desirable traits, which can be transferred into durum wheat (Triticum turgidum; 2n = 4x = 28; AABB genomes) cultivars via hybridization. Chromosome pairing in durum x alien species hybrids provides an understanding of genomic relationships, which is useful in planning alien gene introgression strategies. Two durum cultivars, 'Lloyd' and 'Langdon', were crossed with diploid wheatgrass, Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n = 2x = 14; JJ), to synthesize F 1 hybrids (2n = 3x = 21; ABJ) with Phi. 'Langdon' disomic substitution 5D(5B) was used as a female parent to produce F 1 hybrids without Phi, which resulted in elevation of pairing between durum and grass chromosomes - an important feature from the breeding standpoint. The F 1 hybrids were backcrossed to respective parental cultivars and BC 1 progenies were raised. 'Langdon' 5D(5B) substitution x Th. bessarabicum F 1 hybrids were crossed with normal 'Langdon' to obtain BC 1 progeny. Chromosome pairing relationships were studied in F 1 hybrids and BC 1 progenies using both conventional staining and fluorescent genomic in situ hybridization (fl-GISH) techniques. Multicolour fl-GISH was standardized for characterizing the nature and specificity of chromosome pairing: A-B, A-J and B-J pairing. The A-J and B-J pairing will facilitate gene introgression in durum wheat. Multicolour fl-GISH will help in characterizing alien chromosome segments captured in the durum complement and in their location in the A and/or B genome, thereby accelerating chromosome engineering research.
Female longevity and diet in the Middle Ages.

The authors examine the relationship between increased female longevity and changes in diet in Europe in the Middle Ages particularly an increase in the consumption of proteins and iron. Changes in age at menarche are also considered (ANNOTATION)
Regional coronary blood flow and coronary vascular reserve in unanesthetized calves at rest and during pharmacologic stress

Abstract The present study was carried out: (a) To determine whether the uniformity of transmural left ventricular (LV) myocardial blood flow (MBF) is due to a gradient of vasoactive tone or to a gradient of vascularity favoring the deeper layers. (b) To examine the changes in right ventricular (RV) MBF and coronary vascular reserve of conscious calves brought about by various kinds of stress. Hemodynamics and MBF (15-μm tracer microspheres) were studied in six awake calves before and during maximal coronary vasodilatation induced by adenosine infusion (4 μ M /kg/min). Although heart rate increased by 46% and mean aortic blood pressure decreased by 29% with adenosine infusion, the RV and LV MBF had increased by 710 and 394%, respectively. Thus under basal conditions we found RV coronary vascular reserve to be greater than that in the LV. The endo:epi ratio during maximal coronary vasodilatation did not decrease below 1.00 in both ventricles. This suggested that normally higher LV subendocardial perfusion (i.e., endo:epi > 1.0) of resting awake calves is most likely not due to a out → in diminishing gradient of vasomotor tone. Minimal coronary vascular resistance was identical for both ventricles. MBF was also studied in six additional calves at control, during isoproterenol infusion (0.2 μg/kg/min), pacing, and acute volume overload before and after propranolol pretreatment. The percentage increase in RV MBF per unit weight was higher than that in the LV MBF with each stress. With isoproterenol stress, LV endo:epi had decreased significantly below 1.0 while RV endo:epi was well maintained. Propranolol pretreatment significantly blunted the increase in RV and LV MBF brought about by acute volume overload.
Behavioral differences between hawthorn-origin and apple-origin Rhagoletis pomonella flies in patches of host trees

We compared patterns of patch residence and oviposition of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) females that originated as larvae from hawthorn or apple trees and were released into patches of host trees containing hawthorn or apple fruit in an open field. There were no detectable differences between hawthorn-origin females in patches of hawthorns and apple-origin females in patches of apples in numbers of females observed on food, fruit or foliage or in numbers of eggs laid in fruit during the course of the 7-h experimental period. Apple-origin females in patches of hawthorns behaved similarly to hawthorn-origin females in patches of hawthorns. In contrast, hawthorn-origin females in patches of apples differed significantly from apple-origin females in patches of apples. The former were observed on fruit only 40% as often and laid only 20% as many eggs before departing a patch. Our findings support the hypothesis of G. L. Bush that R. pomonella flies of hawthorn and apple origin represent distinct host races.
Terminal sliding mode decomposed control for a class of nonlinear systems

A terminal sliding mode decomposed control method is presented for the stability of a class of nonlinear systems. First, decompose the whole system into two second-order systems and design their separate sliding surface of each subsystems. Then embed the control target of one subsystems to another subsystems. Utilize a control action to make both subsystems converge to the equilibrium points in finite time. With simple control, the proposed method has signification for high-order systems. The simulation results on the inverted pendulum system are given to illustrate the validity.
High-field transport studies of gan

Abstract A pulsed voltage input and a four-point measurement were used to determine the room temperature velocity–field characteristic of bulk gallium nitride test structures with an etched constriction. A peak electron velocity of approximately 2.5×107 cm/s was attained at a field of 180 kV/cm, which corresponds closely to theoretical predictions.
Resonances in molecular photodissociation

Abstract Calculations of the photodissociation of a collinear model of CO 2 are reported which address the characterization of resonance structures predicted in the absorption line shape. Results from excited initial vibrational levels indicate the existence of hyperspherical resonant states predicted by Schinke and Engel. Resonance structures are also found in reactive scattering probabilities on the final electronic state surface.
Preservation of photophosphorylation in glycerinated chloroplasts.

Abstract Spinach chloroplasts, when stored in vitro in 50% glycerol at −20° have been found to retain the capacity for cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation for several weeks, whereas this activity is quickly lost in control experiments. A time study made of the decline in light-triggered ATP hydrolysis and photophosphorylation for 3 electron-flow systems revealed that ATP synthesis was more labile than hydrolysis. Photosynthetic electron flow (NADP+ reduction) and light-induced comformational changes are lost much more slowly upon storage of glycerinated chloroplasts than ATP hydrolysis or synthesis. Hence light-induced conformational changes are more a sensitive test for assessing the occurrence of the high-energy state of spinach chloroplasts than the reactions involving ATP hydrolysis or synthesis.
Recursive Query Evaluation in a Column DBMS to Analyze Large Graphs

Graphs represent a major challenge on big data analytics, for which there are many systems and prototypes, most of them not based on relational database management systems (DBMSs). Graph problems require substantially different algorithms compared to other analytical techniques (i.e., cubes, statistical models, machine learning) and they are especially important in the analysis of social networks and the Internet. On the other hand, recursive queries are a fundamental query mechanism to analyze graphs in a DBMS, but they can be slow with large graphs. Column DBMSs are a novel kind of faster database systems, but with significantly different storage and retrieval mechanisms compared to traditional row DBMSs. Thus we study the pros and cons of optimizing recursive queries on a column DBMS. Specifically, we study two inter-related graph problems: transitive closure and adjacency matrix multiplication, together with their respective optimization of queries combining recursive joins and recursive aggregations. An experimental evaluation with large graphs compares query optimization in a column DBMS and a row DBMS. We analyze performance tradeoffs with graphs having significantly different size, shape and connectivity. Our benchmark results prove column DBMSs are much faster than row DBMSs to analyze graphs, especially as graphs get larger and denser.
A microeconomic planning model for the new york times newspaper

The New York Times model is a large-scale model which forecasts sales and earnings for the New York Times newspaper. Sturcturally, it is composed of two major blocks; a demand module, and a production, cost and revenue module. The demand module, the heart of the model, is a set of simultaneous nonlinear econometric equations which forecast physical volume, approximately 35 categories of advertising lines and 10 categories of circulation. The second block is recursive and contains roughly 300 equations, some of which are stochastic behavioral equations. This block converts the volume forecasts into paging, newsprint consumption, newsprint distribution and manning requirements. These physical flows are then monetized, using price and wage forecasts, to produce estimates of revenue, fixed and variable costs, and operating profit. This paper summarizes the development of the model, with emphasis on the advertising and circulation model. It should be noted that the structure of the model is constantly evolving. Consequently, emphasis is placed on the conceptual underpinnings of the model not on a detailed presentation of the current structure.
Carrier-mediated transport of valproic acid in BeWo cells, a human trophoblast cell line

The biochemical mechanisms mediating the rapid distribution of valproic acid across placenta are not precisely known. We have characterized valproic acid transport by the human trophoblast using the human choriocarcinoma cell line, BeWo. The uptake of [14C]valproic acid by BeWo cells was found to be saturable and blocked by pre-exposure to the metabolic inhibitors, sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Valproic acid uptake by the BeWo cells was also inhibited by the protonophore, carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, but not anion exchange inhibitor. Selected monocarboxylic acids inhibited the uptake of [14C]valproic acid by BeWo cells, whereas dicarboxylic acids did not alter the uptake process. Analysis of Lineweaver-Burk plots of valproic acid uptake in the presence of benzoic acid, a marker for the monocarboxylic acid transporter, revealed a competitive process for uptake. In transcellular transport experiments, the permeation of [14C]valproic acid from the apical-to-basal side of the monolayers was significantly greater than the permeation from basal-to-apical side. Additionally, the permeation of [14C]valproic acid from apical-to-basal side was inhibited by monocarboxylic acids and not dicarboxylic acids. The results provide biochemical evidence of a proton-dependent, saturable, and asymmetric transport system, presumed to be a monocarboxylic acid transporter, for valproic acid in a human trophoblast model.
Are market perceptions of corporate layoffs changing

Abstract We examine the response of stock returns to corporate layoff announcements for the 12-year period from 1981 to 1992. The results indicate a dramatic shift in the investors' perception of initiatives to reduce the number of employees. While there were negative abnormal returns associated with the announcements during the recessionary and boom periods of the 1980s, there are positive abnormal returns associated with the announcements in the early 1990s. This evidence suggests that important structural changes in the U.S. labor market may be underway.
An Effect of Hydroxyurea on Staphylococcus epidermidis: Temporary Loss of Viability

Although hydroxyurea (HU) is recognized as a specific inhibitor of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, it did not have this effect in a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis. In this case, HU caused a loss of colony-forming ability but did not prevent cell division in liquid medium. DNA synthesis apparently was affected only secondarily. About 10% of the population recovered colony-forming ability during the latter part of the growth cycle or when growth was slowed by chloramphenicol. Recovery also occurred when HU was removed from the medium. HU prevented cellular autolysis.
The Application of Dyes in the Cancer Problem

Three fundamental requirements for the problem of developing a differential stain for cancer are discussed: I. the choice of a technic for the microscopic preparation of tissues; II. an analysis of the biological properties peculiar to cancer; and III. various groups of dyes adaptable to such peculiar properties of cancer tissue. Under I the disadvantages of intravitam staining are pointed out and the use of cell suspensions, frozen sections, and fixed material favored. Under II three characteristics of cancer tissue offering possibilities for differential staining are discussed, the cytological structure known as the “plastin reaction”, the histogenic cycle of cancer tissue, and the viability of cancer tissue under anaerobic conditions. Under III modifications of the Giemsa stain are suggested for application to the plastin reaction, specific tissue stains advocated for the use of indicating end points in histogenic cycles, and the vital dyes, congo red and trypan blue, suggested as indicators for the su...
Implementation of SHA-1 and ECDSA for vehicular ad-hoc network using NS-3

VANET, the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network, treats cars as nodes in a mobile network. Not surprisingly, VANET must be very secured since one of the network characteristics allows the network to be open to public. The digital signature used in VANET is the standard, ECDSA, or Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithms. ECDSA provides network security by employing a digital signature for messages being transmitted over the network. An ECDSA developed in C++ is described here. VANET messages were sent using the NS-3 network simulator. Two scenarios were created to test the code and the differences before and after implementing the digital signature.
Structure of an enantiomeric protein, D-monellin at 1.8 A resolution.

The d-enantiomer of a potently sweet protein, monellin, has been crystallized and analyzed by X-ray crystallography at 1.8 A resolution. Two crystal forms (I and II) appeared under crystallization conditions similar, but not identical, to the crystallization conditions of natural l-monellin. There are four molecules per asymmetric unit in crystal form I and one in crystal form II. Crystal form I is not reproducible and is equivalent to that of monoclinic l-monellin. Intermonomer contacts in crystal form II are very different from those found in natural l-monellin crystals. The backbone trace of d-monellin resembles very closely the mirror image of that of l-monellin, but the N- and C-terminus backbones as well as several side-chain conformations of d-monellin are different from those of natural l-monellin. Most of these apparent differences may be attributable to the crystal packing differences.
Drag reducing outer-layer devices in rough wall turbulent boundary layers

The ability of outer-layer devices to reduce wall shear stress over a substantial streamwise distance in rough-wall turbulent boundary layers has been studied experimentally. The devices examined are a pair of thin flat ribbons placed in tandem as well as those having symmetric airfoil sections. The wall conditions examined are smooth, d- and k-type transverse-groove and sandgrain roughnesses. The wall drag is found to be reduced from the respective normal levels in all rough walls. All k-type rough walls exhibit a similar level of relative wall drag reduction which is also smaller than that in a smooth-wall. The d-type rough walls exhibit a transitional behaviour — the relative wall drag reduction drops from the smooth wall level to that of the k-type roughness with increasing roughness Reynolds number. However, the absolute reductions in the local wall shear stress are similar in both the rough and smooth walls. On the other hand, the relative reductions are lower in the rough walls because of a higher reference drag which is caused by the unique presence of a pressure component on which the devices are not as effective.
Reefs and Reef Environments: ABSTRACT

Reefs are considered as largely unbedded or obscurely bedded, massive structures which are composed of solid, organically bound, in situ organisms, and which were at least potentially wave-resistant structures that rose topographically above the surrounding depositional surface. Reefs are somewhat unusual and quantitatively minor features in the geologic record, but they have received considerable attention because of their economic importance, biologic uniqueness, or distinctive facies relations. Any model for recognition of reefs in the geologic record must allow for considerable variation in relief, size, shape, biologic composition, and facies relations. They are associated commonly with normal marine environments, but the associated complex may span from freshwater to hypersaline deposits or from euxinic to well-oxygenated conditions. Relief and shape depend on several factors, principally the comparative rate of subsidence and growth, direction of prevailing currents, structural relation, and organic composition. Size and shape commonly are discernible, but demonstration of depositional relief is difficult in many places. Textures of single outcrops, hand specimens, or thin sections, may be diagnostic of at least reef potential if the massive, bound relations of organisms are apparent, but commonly additional criteria are necessary. Recognition of biologic and lithologic facies relations are critical in investigation of reef and associated environments in the geologic record. The term "reef" has been applied loosely to several structures by different workers. Locally, it has been used for merely a faunal association, even though the organisms are present as loose, discrete fragments and the rocks in which they occur are evenly bedded in moderately thin layers. The term also has been applied to carbonate lenses in noncarbonate sequences, even though these lenses are of bedded, unbound detritus, oolites, or crinoid columnals. It also has been applied to sheetlike deposits of in situ corals or algal crusts or other reef-associated organisms even though the deposit is widespread, thin, and with no demonstrable topographic expression. Massive tumbled blocks also have been considered to be reefs, particularly if the blocks are abundantly fossiliferous and occur n distinctly more thinly bedded rocks. The term "reef" also has been applied to large carbonate structures which may be truly of reef origin at their margins, but which are composed mainly of bedded, clastic debris. End_of_Article - Last_Page 738------------
Isotope ratios of 206Pb/207Pb in eelgrass, Zostera marina, indicate sources of Pb in an estuary

Abstract We deployed hydroponic eelgrass, Zostera marina L., to test its use as a sentinel accumulator and indicator of the source of water-borne lead (Pb) contamination in the marine environment. Eelgrass was deployed unrooted in the water column in the vicinity of the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, located on Seavey Island in Portsmouth Harbor of New Hampshire and Maine, offshore from seepage sites near the Jamaica Island landfill (JIL). Deployed eelgrass, water samples from seepage sites, and sediment from the deployment sites were analyzed for Pb concentration and stable Pb isotopic composition. Isotopic composition was used to distinguish recent anthropogenic Pb inputs from background Pb in the estuary. Isotope ratios indicated that two groundwater seeps were a source of recent anthropogenic Pb (i.e. industrial Pb from the landfill) to Jamaica Cove. The eelgrass that showed the strongest presence of industrial Pb (having the lowest 206Pb/207Pb) was closest to a high volume seep that drained from the JIL and had a similar isotope signature as well as elevated Pb concentrations. These data confirm a source of water-borne industrial Pb in the estuary and show that eelgrass can function as a sentinel accumulator of Pb from anthropogenic sources.
Surgical management of lipoblastoma.

Abstract Background/Purpose Lipoblastoma/lipoblastomatosis, a rare benign pediatric tumor composed of embryonic fat, most often presents as a rapidly growing mass in children younger than 3 years. This benign tumor locally recurs up to 25% of the time. This retrospective review was done to emphasize problems with diagnosis, management, and the approach to follow-up care. Methods Sixteen cases of pathologically proven lipoblastoma presenting to a single institution over a 16-year period (1988-2004) were reviewed retrospectively for clinical features and outcome. Results There were 11 males and 5 females ranging in age from 18 days to 12.75 years. Preoperative diagnoses were accurate in only 3 cases. Two lesions recurred locally over a period of 10 months and 5 years. One lesion presented with local infiltration. Six lesions were right-sided, 5 were left-sided, and 5 were midline. Conclusions It is important to consider lipoblastoma in the diagnosis of a rapidly enlarging fatty mass in children. Complete resection is the only definitive treatment and should not be delayed when impingement on surrounding structures is imminent. There is a tendency for these lesions to recur despite presumed complete excision. Therefore, follow-up for a minimum of 5 years is recommended.
Effect of hyperglycemia on extracellular levels of amino acids and free fatty acids in the ischemic/reperfused rat cerebral cortex.

This study analyzed the effects of pre-existing hyperglycemia on the extracellular levels of glutamate, other amino acids and free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, in the ischemic/reperfused rat cerebral cortex, using a cortical cup technique. Forebrain cerebral ischemia (20 min) was induced by four vessel occlusion. Glucose (3.4 g/kg) was administered 30 min prior to ischemia. Glucose administration had no effect on basal levels of superfusate amino acids and reduced basal levels of linoleic and oleic acids. Cerebral ischemia elicited increased superfusate levels of aspartate, glutamate, phosphoethanolamine, taurine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and arachidonic acid when compared with basal levels. Reperfusion caused a further increase in phosphoethanolamine and arachidonic acid levels and transient increases in linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids. Hyperglycemia resulted in significantly reduced levels of glutamate, phosphoethanolamine, GABA and arachidonic, myristic, palmitic, linoleic and oleic acids during ischemia/reperfusion in comparison with the saline-injected ischemic controls. The results indicate that ischemia/reperfusion-evoked increases in the extracellular levels of glutamate, certain other amino acids and free fatty acids are attenuated by prior systemic glucose administration.
Position sensitive particle detectors used in a magnetic spectrometer

Abstract Three counters used at the focus of a magnetic spectrometer are described: a simple position sensitive proportional counter, a triple proportional counter, and a dual unit operable either as a sonic spark counter or as a position sensitive proportional counter.
Synthesis and evaluation of 6-[18F]fluoro-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine as a PET tracer for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Abstract Both ABT-594 ((R)-2-chloro-5-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine) and A-85380 (3-[2(S)-2-azetidinylmethoxy]pyridine), novel nicotinic agonists that possess potent non-opioid analgesic properties, have high affinity for neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) but do not elicit the pronounced toxicity of epibatidine. 6-[ 18 F]Fluoro-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (6-[ 18 F]fluoro-A-85380), a F-18 labeled analogue of these two compounds, is therefore a promising radioligand for positron emission tomography (PET) studies in humans. The use of trimethylammonium as a leaving group in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions has proven to be a versatile and efficient strategy, and offers several advantages over other leaving groups. Here, we report the synthetic strategy for the preparation of a precursor, as a trimethylammonium iodide salt, and its use in the radiosynthesis to 6-[ 18 F]fluoro-A-85380. Preliminary compartative PET studies of 6-[ 18 F]fluoro-A-85380 and 2-[ 18 F]fluoro-A-85380 were carried out in baboon to examine their suitability as tracers for studying nAChR system.
Ectopia cordis cum sterni fissura

Summary A case of ectopia cordis cum sterni fissura not covered by skin or parietal pericardium has been described. The infant's general condition was surprisingly good the first thirty-six hours, but it died after two and one-half days. Râles were present in the right lung throughout life. It presented developmental defects of the heart, chest wall, and pelvic bones. Electrographic studies were made and conductivity within the heart was found to be normal. The conductivity through the body, though, was found to be impaired, so much so that no deflections were obtained with the conventional leads from the extremities, thereby tending to disprove the blood vessel theory of conductivity.
A high-density blower for powders of refractory materials

Experimental apparatus was used to analyze the blower process in the high-density phase for fine-dispersion refractory materials.
Proximate carbohydrate analysis for microbially synthesized gums in manures and residues

Abstract Procedures have been adapted for characterizing agricultural wastes and residues in terms of carbohydrate content. Carbohydrates, as used in this paper, refer to that fraction of hexan, xylan and uronide sugar classes which are made soluble in a mild acid treatment. Such carbohydrate characterization facilitates the observation of utilization/synthesis patterns within the sugar classes as a waste or residue undergoes decomposition. The hydrolysis and analysis procedures presented can be easily implemented in waste/residue research laboratories and their use could provide interesting insights into other waste and residue-based processes.
Survival benefits and trends in use of adjuvant therapy among elderly stage II and III rectal cancer patients in the general population

BACKGROUND This study examined elderly stage II and III rectal cancer patients' adjuvant chemoradiation therapy adherence, trends in adherence over time, and the relation of levels of adherence to mortality. METHODS The authors studied 2886 stage II and III rectal cancer patients who had surgical resection and who appeared in 1992–1999 linked SEER-Medicare claims data. The authors compared measures of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy receipt and completion between stage II and III patients. Adjusted risk of cancer-related 5-year mortality was calculated by multivariate logistic regression for different levels of chemoradiation adherence among stage II and III patients. RESULTS Of the 2886 patients, 45.4% received both adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy. Stage III patients were more likely to receive chemoradiation than stage II patients. The receipt of chemoradiation by stage II patients increased significantly from 1992 to 1999. Stage III patients were more likely to complete radiation therapy (96.6%), chemotherapy (68.2%), and both modalities (67.5%) than stage II patients (91.5%, 49.8%, 47.6%, respectively). Only a complete course of both radiation and chemotherapy for both stage II (relative risk [RR] 0.74; 95% CI, 0.54, 0.97) and III (RR 0.80; 95% CI, 0.65, 0.96) decreased the adjusted 5-year cancer mortality risk compared with counterparts with no adjuvant therapy. CONCLUSIONS Even though stage II rectal cancer patients were less likely than stage III patients to receive and complete adjuvant chemoradiation, both patient groups in the general population had lower cancer-related mortality if they completed chemoradiation. These patients deserve support and encouragement to complete treatment. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
MWD Telemetry System for Coiled-Tubing Drilling Using Optical Fiber Grating Modulators Downhole

A measurement-while-drilling (MWD) system allows a driller to measure drilling and formation parameters (e.g., weight and torque on the drilling bit) without interruption of drilling operations. Many excellent downhole sensing tools have been developed. The primary limitation to date has been the transmission of the downhole information to the surface (subsurface telemetry). Several techniques have been studied [1]. The most practical technique to date involves interrupting the flow of the drilling fluid (mud- or air-pulse telemetry). Unfortunately, this technique is limited to data rates less than 10 bits per second.
Visualization and understanding of 3D objects: a model-based approach

This paper deals with state-of-the-art novel ideas in high level visualization and understanding 3D line drawing objects. A new model-based strategy is presented. It uses only very few learning samples and is more accurate than the conventional linear combination method.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Scientific Application of Sports Medicine Principles for Acute Low Back Problems

The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Low Back Guideline Panel (AHCPR, Guideline #14) truly brought to life sports medicine principles in the care of the most common and expensive musculoskeletal problem by focusing on the basic activity paradigm of musculoskeletal limitations. Twenty-three experts and seven international consultants led a review of over 10,000 abstracts and evaluation of over 4,600 articles. This effort was to establish scientifically how any clinician can: 1) safely be sure that the patient only has a back problem, 2) offer safe options for comfort, and 3) concentrate on the real treatment for an activity intolerance with sports medicine principles: activity, not rest, begets activity tolerance. Evidence tables and their subsequent derivation as “Finding and Recommendation Statements” provide an understanding of what medical science can and cannot presently support as predictable.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUPERVISORY- AND SELF-APPRAISALS OF EXECUTIVE PERFORMANCE

Summary There has been increased use of self-appraisal programs for evaluating the performance of executive personnel. Because objective measures of performance are rarely available or adequate for this level of personnel, ratings are often relied upon. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between supervisory-perceptions and incumbent self-perceptions of the performance of executive personnel. The rationale for this study was that the relationship between supervisory-ratings and self-ratings has important implications for the usefulness of self-appraisal programs. If self-evaluations are to be effective in enlisting a person's cooperation and participation, it seems essential that his perceptions agree with those of his superior. This study was designed to identify those areas of executive performance where there might be significant amounts of disagreement. Knowledge of these problem areas would then be useful in conducting self-appraisal programs. Supervisory-ratings and self-ratings on 27 performance variables were obtained for the top executives of a large manufacturing corporation. A measure of promotability was used as the criterion and analysis of variance and correlation analyses were carried out to attain the objectives. The major conclusions of the study were: (1) Executives tended to rate themselves higher than they were rated by their supervisors, (2) Disagreement in the relationship of the two sets of ratings was found in several areas, (3) Executives who tended to overrate themselves were found to be the ones who were considered least promotable on the basis of a criterion measure of success in the organization.
Treatment of type III hyperlipoproteinemia with bromocriptine in a premenopausal woman with hyperprolactinemia

Abstract A premenopausal woman presented with type III hyperlipoproteinemia that had become evident when hyperprolactinemia developed. After the hyperprolactinemia was corrected with bromocriptine, the total cholesterol level normalized, levels of triglycerides fell, but the very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/total triglyceride ratio remained in the range "suggestive" for type III hyperlipoproteinemia. Manipulation of the endogenous estrogen milieu by bromocriptine probably caused the lipid changes in this patient.
P1-296: Covariance bold FMRI olfactory patterns in discriminating healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease

Jason Steffener, Matthias Tabert, Christian Habeck, Gregory Pelton, Yaakov Stern, Davangere Devanand, Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain and Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Contact e-mail: js2746@columbia.edu
Geologic setting and origin of Terra Meridiani hematite deposit on Mars

[1] We have completed a regional analysis of the hematite deposit in Terra Meridiani and conclude that the unit is in the midst of a 600-m-thick stack of friable layered materials superposed on Middle and Late Noachian cratered terrain. The deposits resemble terrestrial pyroclastics in the fact that they are: (1) thin, parallel bedded deposits that conform to preexisting topography, (2) often extremely friable, and (3) composed of fine particles. Some of the lowermost layered units exhibit possible lava flow textures and features. Abundant outliers indicate that the deposits were once far more extensive and that erosion (primarily aeolian) has removed vast portions of the stratigraphic sequence. The hematite may have formed from thermal oxidation of the volcanic ash during eruption or have been precipitated from the circulation of fluids within the layered materials at a later time. Temporal and spatial association with outflow channels and evidence for cementation along joints and bedding planes within the layered deposits suggest the latter scenario.