cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid, efficient and precise allele replacement in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Gene targeting provides a powerful tool to modify endogenous loci to contain specific mutations, insertions and deletions. Precise allele replacement, with no other chromosomal changes (e.g., insertion of selectable markers or heterologous promoters), maintains physiologically relevant context. Established methods for precise allele replacement in fission yeast employ two successive rounds of transformation and homologous recombination and require genotyping at each step. The relative efficiency of homologous recombination is low and a high rate of false positives during the second round of gene targeting further complicates matters. We report that pop-in, pop-out allele replacement circumvents these problems. We present data for 39 different allele replacements, involving simple and complex modifications at seven different target loci, that illustrate the power and utility of the approach. We also developed and validated a rapid, efficient process for precise allele replacement that requires only one round each of transformation and genotyping. We show that this process can be applied in population scale to an individual target locus, without genotyping, to identify clones with an altered phenotype (targeted forward genetics). It is therefore suitable for saturating, in situ, locus-specific mutation screens (e.g., of essential or non-essential genes and regulatory DNA elements) within normal chromosomal context.
The effect of fullerenes and functionalized fullerenes on Daphnia magna phototaxis and swimming behavior.

The effects of carbon fullerenes (C(60) ) on the environment is a growing concern as the use of nanotechnology continues to increase. Previous studies have reported alteration in Daphnia magna behavior, including increased hopping frequency, heart rate, and appendage movement in response to tetrahydrofuran-solubilized C(60) and increased hopping rate and appendage movement in response to tetrahydrofuran-solubilized C(60) HxC(70) Hx exposure. The objective of the current study was to evaluate effects of water-stirred C(60) and sonicated carboxylic acid functionalized fullerenes (fC(60) ) on D. magna behavior. Behavioral endpoints are important because changes in behavior can influence predator avoidance behaviors, alter predation risk, and potentially lead to population-level effects in D. magna. To evaluate the potential effect of fullerenes on phototactic behavior, D. magna were exposed to 545.4 µg/L C(60) and 545.6 µg/L fC(60) , and vertical position was monitored. Daphnia magna were also exposed to 545.4 µg/L C(60) , 545.6 µg/L fC(60) , and 829.3 µg/L fC(60) , and swimming movements were recorded. Fullerenes altered the vertical migration response of D. magna to the addition of food, but D. magna vertical position response to predator cues was similar for fullerenes and controls. In addition, D. magna reduced swimming speed when exposed to C(60) , but other components of D. magna swimming behavior were not affected. This research supports previous findings and suggests that C(60) may influence D. magna behavior and highlights the need for further research on sublethal behavioral modifications in aquatic organisms in response to nanomaterials.
Temperature Extrapolation Mechanism for Two-Dimensional Heat Flow

20 Vincenti, W. G. and Kruger, C. H., Jr., Introduction to Physical Gas Dynamics, Wiley, New York, 1965, pp. 198-206. 21 Biblarz, O. and Fuhs, A. E., "Laser Internal Aerodynamics and Beam Quality," Proceedings of the SPIE17th Annual Technical Meeting, Developments in Laser Technology—II, Aug. 1973, San Diego, Calif. 22 Born, M. and Wolf, E., Principles of Optics, Pergamon Press, New York, 1965, pp. 109-132. 23 Liepmann, H. W. and Roshko, A., Elements ofGasdynamics, Wiley, New York, 1957, pp. 153-157. 24 Clark, P. O., "Design Considerations for High Power Laser Cavities," AIAA Paper 72-708, Boston, Mass., 1972. 25 Tucker, J. W. and Dewitt, R. N., "Atmospheric Propagation with Thermal Blooming," NRL Rept. 7038, Dec. 1969, Naval Research Lab., Washington, D.C. 26 Rosenstock, H. B. and Tucker, J. W., "An Upper Limit on the Thermal Defocusing of a Light Beam," NRL Memo. Rept. 2109, April 1970, Naval Research Lab., Washington, D.C. 27 Hayes, J. N., "Thermal Blooming of Laser Beams in Gases," NRL Rept. 7213, Feb. 1971, Naval Research Lab., Washington, D.C. 28 Hayes, J. N., "Thermal Blooming in Viscous and Thermally Conducting Fluids," NRL Rept. 7383, Aug. 1972, Naval Research Lab, Washington, D.C. 29 Stone, J. M., Radiation and Optics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963, pp. 161-166, 188-209. 30 Fuhs, A. E, "Wave Structure of Exhaust from Transonic Aircraft," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 8, No. 4, April 1971, pp. 280-281. 31 Pindzola, M., Jet Simulation in Ground Test Facilities, AGARDograph 79, Pergamon Press, New York, 1963. 32 Ehlers, F. E. and Strand, T, "The Flow of a Supersonic Jet in a Supersonic Stream at Angle of Attack," Journal of the Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 25, Aug. 1958, pp. 497-506. 33 Kawamura, R, "Reflection of Wave at an Interface of Supersonic Flows and Wave Patterns in a Supersonic Compound Jet," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, Vol. 7, Sept.-Oct. 1952, p. 412.
Bio-inspired color image enhancement model

Human being can perceive natural scenes very well under various illumination conditions. Partial reasons are due to the contrast enhancement of center/surround networks and opponent analysis on the human retina. In this paper, we propose an image enhancement model to simulate the color processes in the human retina. Specifically, there are two center/surround layers, bipolar/horizontal and ganglion/amacrine; and four color opponents, red (R), green (G), blue (B), and yellow (Y). The central cell (bipolar or ganglion) takes the surrounding information from one or several horizontal or amacrine cells; and bipolar and ganglion both have ON and OFF sub-types. For example, a +R/-G bipolar (red-center- ON/green-surround-OFF) will be excited if only the center is illuminated, or inhibited if only the surroundings (bipolars) are illuminated, or stay neutral if both center and surroundings are illuminated. Likewise, other two color opponents with ON-center/OFF-surround, +G/-R and +B/-Y, follow the same rules. The yellow (Y) channel can be obtained by averaging red and green channels. On the other hand, OFF-center/ON-surround bipolars (i.e., -R/+G and -G/+R, but no - B/+Y) are inhibited when the center is illuminated. An ON-bipolar (or OFF-bipolar) only transfers signals to an ONganglion (or OFF-ganglion), where amacrines provide surrounding information. Ganglion cells have strong spatiotemporal responses to moving objects. In our proposed enhancement model, the surrounding information is obtained using weighted average of neighborhood; excited or inhibited can be implemented with pixel intensity increase or decrease according to a linear or nonlinear response; and center/surround excitations are decided by comparing their intensities. A difference of Gaussian (DOG) model is used to simulate the ganglion differential response. Experimental results using natural scenery pictures proved that, the proposed image enhancement model by simulating the two-layer center/surrounding retinal networks can effectively enhance color images in terms of color contrast and image details.
THE PALEOLITHIC CAVE ART OF VASCO‐CANTABRIAN SPAIN

Summary. This article explores the relationship between cave art and Upper Paleolithic archeology in northern Spain (and extreme southwestern France). Among the 83 known art sanctuaries, only three can probably be terminus ante quem dated to the early Upper Paleolithic (c. 35,000-20,000 BP). Other types of evidence (virtual absence of ornaments and mobile art objects before the Solutrean, stylistic similarities between works of late Upper Paleolithic mobile art and parietal art, overwhelming association of Solutrean and/or Magdalenian cultural deposits with art sanctuaries) clearly suggest that most of the cave art was done in the period between c. 20,000-10,000 BP. Cave art sanctuaries are distributed in non-random fashion. The clusters of sanctuaries usually correspond with dense clusters of habitation sites. The clusters are separated by substantial geographical gaps. These chronological and geographical facts coincide with contemporaneous subsistence intensification, all of which tends to support the hypothesis of increased territorialism in the late Last Glacial.
Hyperfine interactions in molecules through laser spectroscopy

The infrared and millimeter wave spectroscopy, laser Stark spectroscopy, and beam maser spectroscopy of CH3CN and its isotopic species will be discussed. The beam maser spectroscopy and hyperfine structure of molecules like NCCCD, ClCCD and CH3CCH are reviewed. The laser magnetic resonance and hyperfine structure in CF, CH and CH2 free radicals will be discussed. The Lamb dip spectroscopy and laser-induced fluorescence in I2 involving theB 3Π(0 u + ) state are reviewed with special reference to its hyperfine structure. The splitting of the rotational levels of N 2 + in itsX 2Σ g + andB 2Σ u + states due to hyperfine interactions (along with the hyperfine structure) in laser-induced fluorescence in theB−X transition is discussed. Recent results obtained in the laser photo-acoustic spectrum of ICl in the transitionX 1Σ+ −A 3Π1 will be presented and the possibility of the use of this technique in studying the hyperfine structure will be discussed.
High resolution beam gas Auger electron spectra for oxygen ions excited by collisions with He, Ne, and Ar

Abstract Initial high resolution measurements of projectile electron emission spectra for beam gas collisions are reported. The Auger electron decay of beams of O + , O 2+ , and O 3+ at 3, 8, and 18 MeV, respectively, excited by single collisions with He, Ne, and Ar was measured at a lab emission angle of 23.7° with a 36 cm double focussing electrostatic analyzer. Although prompt transitions are found to predominate the spectra, several weak lines are attributed to transitions from metastable states. Spectral features are seen to vary greatly as a function of exciter gas and as a function of projectile charge state and energy.
Heavy metal and micronutrient uptake in soybeans as influenced by sewage sludge amendment

Abstract Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) uptake of the elements, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn and Mn, from a sewage sludge-amended Mecklenburg soil was conducted in the greenhouse. “Bragg” soybeans were grown in pots for five weeks at which time the tops and roots were sampled separately for elemental analysis. Soil samples from each pot were extracted with DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) and the concentration of extractable elements correlated with the elemental content in the soybean plant. There was a significant increase in dry matter production with sludge treatment. Concentrations of Cd, Ni and Pb in the soybean shoots and roots increased from sludge-amended soil as compared to the control. The metal concentration in the soybean tissue increased with increasing levels of sludge amendment. Uptake of the heavy metals was greater by the roots than by the shoots indicating some barrier to movement of the metals from roots to shoots. The DTPA extractable Cd in sludge-amended soil increased significantly, and showed correlation to the soybean tissue metal concentrations. As for the micronutrients, Cu increased in the soybean shoot as the extractable Cu increased. There was no significant relationship between soybean tissue Zn and Mn and extractable Zn and Mn.
The interaction between global and local scene features in contextual cueing

With local and global contexts clearly segregated, and with the target appearing only in the local array, the present method provided a strong test of our hypothesis that the two sources of information are integrated. During the training block, we found contextual cueing when subjects searched in repeated arrays (global and local predictive), suggesting that participants were sensitive to the spatial regularity in either global scene, th l l b th driven primarily by memory for local elements near the target location (Olson & Chun, 2002). In contrast, studies using real-world scene stimuli have found that contextual cueing is driven primarily by memory for global scene features (Brockmole et al., 2006). Participants completed a training session of 24 blocks of 16 trials. Within a block, each of the 16 global scene items appeared once. Training e oca array or o .
Bragg scattering of atoms from a standing light wave.

We report the first observation of Bragg scattering of sodium atoms from a standing light wave. We also present a theory which quantitatively predicts the amplitude of the various Bragg orders as a function of the light's detuning and power, and the interaction time. The analog of the Pendello$uml---sung effect, previously observed in Bragg scattering of neutrons from crystals, is predicted and qualitatively observed for first-order Bragg scattering of atoms from a standing light wave.
Differentiating search results on structured data

Studies show that about 50p of Web search is for information exploration purposes, where a user would like to investigate, compare, evaluate, and synthesize multiple relevant results. Due to the absence of general tools that can effectively analyze and differentiate multiple results, a user has to manually read and comprehend potential large results in an exploratory search. Such a process is time consuming, labor intensive and error prone. Interestingly, we find that the metadata information embedded in structured data provides a potential for automating or semi-automating the comparison of multiple results. In this article we present an approach for structured data search result differentiation. We define the differentiability of query results and quantify the degree of difference. Then we define the problem of identifying a limited number of valid features in a result that can maximally differentiate this result from the others, which is proved NP-hard. We propose two local optimality conditions, namely single-swap and multi-swap, and design efficient algorithms to achieve local optimality. We then present a feature type-based approach, which further improves the quality of the features identified for result differentiation. To show the usefulness of our approach, we implemented a system CompareIt, which can be used to compare structured search results as well as any objects. Our empirical evaluation verifies the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.
Exploring geo-scientific data in virtual environments

This paper describes tools and techniques for the exploration of gee-scientific data from the oil and gas domain in stereoscopic virtual environments. The two main sources of data in the exploration task are seismic volumes and multivariate well logs of physical properties down a bore hole. We have developed a props-based interaction device called the cubic mouse to allow more direct and intuitive interaction with a cubic seismic volume. This device effectively places the seismic cube in the user's hand. Geologists who have tried this device have been enthusiastic about the ease of use, and were adept only a few moments after picking it up. We have also developed a multi-modal, visualisation and sonification technique for the dense, multivariate well log data. The visualisation can show two well log variables mapped along the well geometry in a bivariate colour scheme, and another variable on a sliding lens. A sonification probe is attached to the lens so that other variables can be heard. The sonification is based on a Geiger-counter metaphor that is widely understood and which makes it easy to explain. The data is sonified at higher or lower resolutions depending on the speed of the lens. Sweeps can be made at slower rates and over smaller intervals to home in on peaks, boundaries or other features in the full resolution data set.
Relationship between DCT-II, DCT-VI, and DST-VII transforms

Discrete Sine Transforms of type VII (DST-VII) have recently received considerable interest in video coding. In this paper, we show that there exists a direct connection between DST-VII and DCT-II transforms, allowing their joint computation for certain transform sizes. This connection also yields fast algorithms for constructing DCT-VI and DCT-VII.
The impact of escalating regulatory requirements on the conduct of clinical research

A discussion of the impact of escalating regulatory requirements is provided, from the point of view of the administration of the institutional review board of an academic institution, and from clinical investigators who conduct studies at that same institution. Current and anticipated future issues are discussed.
Nanometer-scale vibrational dynamics in biological membranes

We report on dynamic properties of supported phospholipid membranes, using a spectroscopy technique based on terahertz surface guided waves. The transmitted spectra clearly show not only signal decrease of about 10% due to water absorption, but also transmission dips caused by the vibrational motions of membrane molecules.
Nutritional issues in patients with severe neutropenia.

Objectives : To provide information on the assessment and management of the nutritional needs of patients with severe neutropenia. Data Sources : Textbook chapters, research articles, and review articles. Conclusions : Malnutrition is a common result of high-dose chemotherapy treatment. Clinical outcomes are directly related to careful assessment, early intervention, and ongoing evaluation and monitoring in the severely neutropenic population. Implications for Nursing Practice : Early assessment, management, and psychological support are essential in meeting the needs of this patient population.
Chloride channel block phase advances the single-unit activity rhythm in the SCN

The mammalian suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) contain a circadian pacemaker that exhibits a 24 h rhythm in single-unit activity in vivo and in vitro. Chloride channel block by a saturating concentration of picrotoxin at either CT6 or CT15 produces large phase advances in the SCN single-unit activity rhythm in vitro. These phase advances are not affected by simultaneous blockade of voltage-sensitive sodium and calcium channels by TTX and magnesium. Thus, the effects of picrotoxin appear to be mediated by direct blockade of the chloride channel, rather than subsequent membrane depolarization. GABA-A receptor-mediated chloride flux may be part of the mechanism of circadian timekeeping.
Rewarding electrical brain stimulation in rats after peripheral nerve injury: decreased facilitation by commonly abused prescription opioids.

Background Prescription opioid abuse is a significant concern in treating chronic pain, yet few studies examine how neuropathic pain alters the abuse liability of commonly abused prescription opioids. Methods Normal and spinal nerve ligated (SNL) rats were implanted with electrodes into the left ventral tegmental area (VTA). Rats were trained to lever press for intracranial electrical stimulation (VTA ICSS), and the effects of methadone, fentanyl, hydromorphone, and oxycodone on facilitation of VTA ICSS were assessed. A second group of neuropathic rats were implanted with intrathecal catheters, and the effects of intrathecal clonidine, adenosine, and gabapentin on facilitation of VTA ICSS were assessed. The effects of electrical stimulation of the VTA on mechanical allodynia were assessed in SNL rats. Results Responding for VTA ICSS was similar in control and SNL rats. Methadone, fentanyl, and hydromorphone were less potent in facilitating VTA ICSS in SNL rats. Oxycodone produced a significant facilitation of VTA ICSS in control (maximum shift 24.10 ± 6.19 Hz) but not SNL rats (maximum shift 16.32 ± 7.49 Hz), but also reduced maximal response rates in SNL rats. Intrathecal administration of clonidine, adenosine, and gabapentin failed to facilitate VTA ICSS in SNL rats, and electrical stimulation of the VTA did not alter mechanical allodynia following nerve injury. Conclusions The present data suggests that the positive reinforcing effects of commonly abused prescription opioids are diminished following nerve injury. In addition, alleviation of mechanical allodynia with nonopioid analgesics does not appear to stimulate limbic dopamine pathways originating from the VTA in SNL rats.
ras oncogene is expressed in adenocarcinorna of the endometrium

Abstract Activation of c-ras oncogenes has been implicated in human carcinomas of the colorectum, prostate, bladder, and breast. The major peptide product of c-ras is a 21 kilodalton peptide (p21), but other larger “ras-related” peptides have been described in urine obtained from patients with several types of cancers. In the present investigation immunohistochemical methods were used to assess c-ras expression in tissues obtained from patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were processed in routine fashion, then incubated with a monoclonal antibody raised against a v-H-ras synthetic peptide. ras Peptides were not detected in proliferative or secretory endometrium or in benign adenomatous hyperplasia. One of four specimens of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and two of 11 specimens of grade 1 (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) adenocarcinoma stained positive for ras peptides. A total of 95% of the grade 2 and 3 adenocarcinomas studied contained detectable ras peptides within neoplastic cells. In contrast to previous immunohistochemical studies that identified ras peptides only in neoplastic cells of bladder, prostate, colon, and breast cancers, we routinely found ras peptides within stromal cells of high-grade endometrial carcinomas. When stained with hematoxylin and eosin, these cells have the appearance of foamy macrophages.
Structure of air-water bubbly flow in a vertical pipe—I. liquid mean velocity and turbulence measurements

Abstract The liquid-phase turbulent structure of an air water, bubbly upflow in a circular pipe has been investigated experimentally. Liquid-phase local velocities and turbulent stresses were simultaneously measured, using both one- and two-dimensional hot-film anemometer probes. A highly-accurate digital process method, based on threshold combinations of level and slope, was developed to identify the phases. Systematic measurements were conducted under 48 flow conditions covering a range of local void fraction from 0 to 50%. The important experimental results and parametric trends are summarized and discussed. Finally, the present data are compared with some other data sources and existing models.
Undergraduate student attitudes about hypothetical marketing dilemmas

This study investigated the attitudinal responses of 403 undergraduate students with respect to nine hypothetical marketing moral dilemmas. Participants varied by gender, major, and age. It was found that undergraduate women responded more ethically on the hypothetical marketing moral dilemmas, as hypothesized. Secondly, chosen major did not make a difference on cognitive, affective, or behavioral responses. Further, the overall means for each scenario were in the morally correct direction in every case. Also, all intercorrelations for each story were significant. Finally, whenever there was a nonchance finding for age, the oldest participants answered more morally than the youngest subjects. Implications of these findings for the undergraduate curriculum and for organizational management were discussed.
MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA AND NOONAN VERSUS KING SYNDROME

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a heterogeneous pharmacogenetic disorder; it has been reported as autosomal dominant and recessive traits, and with myotonia congenita, Duchenne and Barnes muscular dystrophies, Evans myopathy, central core disease, Kniest, Noonan and King syndromes. The recognition of Noonan syndrome has helped the differentiation of the Turner-like phenotypes. Variable expressivity and pleiotropism characterized this syndrome and two types may exist. Patients with Noonan-like phenotype, myopathy and MH have been referred to as having King syndrome; 2/5 patients reported by King et al had contractures. Two unrelated children diagnosed elsewhere as having Noonan syndrome and congenital arthrogryposis appeared to have King syndrome; both had Noonan facies, webbed neck, average intelligence, normal karyotypes and no heart anomaly. The female has had two episodes of MH. She also had hypomimic facies and winged scapules. Muscle biopsy showed evidence of myopathy. The mother of the male was of average stature and intelligence, but had Noonan facies and webbed neck. Myogenic arthrogryposis, average intelligence and lack of heart defect may allow differentiation between King and Noonan syndromes. The screening platelet bioassay and the caffeine contracture test may be of help in identifying the patients at risk for MH; once identified, these patients should wear Medic alert bracelets.
Gesture recognition using Bezier curves for visualization navigation from registered 3-D data

Abstract This paper presents a gesture recognition system for visualization navigation. Scientists are interested in developing interactive settings for exploring large data sets in an intuitive environment. The input consists of registered 3-D data. A geometric method using Bezier curves is used for the trajectory analysis and classification of gestures. The hand gesture speed is incorporated into the algorithm to enable correct recognition from trajectories with variations in hand speed. The method is robust and reliable: correct hand identification rate is 99.9% (from 1641 frames), modes of hand movements are correct 95.6% of the time, recognition rate (given the right mode) is 97.9%. An application to gesture-controlled visualization of 3D bioinformatics data is also presented.
Economic development and the health care system in Hong Kong

This article describes parallel developments of the Hong Kong economy and its health care system. The purpose is to illustrate how the Hong Kong health system evolved in response to external and internal pressures generated by economic prosperity. The Hong Kong system illustrates the importance of clear policy making in the face of these pressures. In particular, issues of investment, financing and distribution of health services are examined in relation to hospital cost control and service accessibility. In the past, health care costs in Hong Kong have been controlled at the expense of limited accessibility of health services. At present, Hong Kong policy-makers are faced with the challenge of maintaining a sharp focus on cost control as they face pressure to expand and improve health care coverage for the citizens. So far they have responded by emphasizing management efficiency through reorganization. It remains to be seen whether this strategy can be successful without passing increased health care costs to the consumers.
Modeling and Prediction of Hole Profile in Drilling, Part 2: Modeling Hole Profile

A hole profile model that integrates the dynamics of the drill in the presence of alignment errors, the drill wandering, and the drill margin-hole wall interaction has been developed. The ultimate profile of the hole is generated by the vibrations of the drill at its tip due to its dynamics and wandering, and by the continual updating of the already generated surface to account for any potential drill margin-hole wall interaction. The model predicts the lobbing pattern of the hole in close agreement to that observed during the experiments. The effect of the drill dynamics in the presence of alignment errors, drill wandering, drill margin-hole wall interaction as well as the individual effect of the alignment errors (α, o, and γ) has been studied.
Ranchland Ownership Dynamics in the Rocky Mountain West

We examine the rate of ranch sales and the nature of ranchland ownership change in the Rocky Mountain region. Interest in this phenomenon is high because ranches represent the largest parcels of private open space and relatively natural landscapes in the West and because anecdote, media coverage, and testimony from range professionals suggest that a significant turnover in ranch ownership is underway. Ranch sales activity is of special interest to groups seeking to conserve both ranchlands as habitat and ranching as part of the regional economy and culture. Very little work has been conducted on ranchland ownership per se, although we were able to build on studies of ranchland prices and on surveys that included some questions relating to operational goals, tenure, and future plans. The literature also offers a foundation for a ranch ownership typology. We tracked sales of ranch properties of 400 or more acres in 3 Rocky Mountain counties for the period 1990–2001, finding turnover (sale) rates from 14% to 45%. With help from local real estate agents, appraisers, and county officials, we classified ranch buyers according to a simple typology and found that the majority of acres sold (54%) went to “amenity buyers,” and 62% of acres sold went to out-of-state buyers. This 12-year slice of ranch sales suggests a significant ranchland ownership transition to a new type of owner is, indeed, underway in the Rockies.
The Effect of Interpersonal Attraction on Manipulatory Curiosity in Preschool Children

Twenty-four 3- and 4-year-old boys and girls were assigned to either a high or low curiosity group on the basis of teacher's ratings. They were observed twice in dyads, once with a high and once with a low sociometric choice partner. A 2 (high vs. low curiosity) x 2 (3- vs. 4-year-old) x 2 (high vs. low choice partner) analysis of variance was used to analyze observations of the children's manipulatory behaviors in a novel setting. High-choice dyads exhibited greater manipulatory curiosity than low-choice pairs (p < .01) with 4-year-olds showing greater curiosity than 3-year-olds (p < .001). Teacher's ratings of curiosity did not discriminate between children on their observed curiosity. The possibility that interpersonal attraction (measured as sociometric choice) may operate as a stimulating condition leading to a heightened drive state could account for the increased manipulatory behaviors which were observed. Age effects were noted as they related to general increase in manipulatory behaviors. A need for alternatives to teacher's ratings was also noted.
Optimizing periodic broadcast resource requirements with proxy

Video streaming on a large scale can be expensive and resource demanding. Periodic broadcast reduces server I/O bandwidth usage for popular videos. While improving the scalability this mechanism increases considerably the WAN bandwidth usage and buffer space needed by a client. We address the resource demands on the client side with proxy caching. We show that prefix caching can lower WAN bandwidth usage and derive the lower limit, and that chunk caching can reduce buffer space requirements. We introduce periodic broadcast schemes designed to work with both types of caching and analyze their cost
A New Formula for the Pattern Bandwidth of Fabry-Pérot Cavity Antennas Covered by Thin Frequency Selective Surfaces

A new closed form expression is introduced to estimate the 3 dB pattern bandwidth of a Fabry-Perot cavity antenna covered by a thin frequency selective surface (FSS) radiating at the broadside direction. The new formula has been obtained by using reciprocity, transmission line theory, and the susceptance model of the FSS. This formula estimates the 3 dB pattern bandwidth more accurately than previous expressions.
Experimental setup for the measurement of surge propagation in induction machines

This paper presents the experimental setup for the measurement of surges and their propagation within the turns of a coil in an induction machine. Recent advances in data capture techniques makes this work possible, which will lead to an improved understanding of the mechanisms involved.
Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning to Identify Gout Flares From Electronic Clinical Notes

Objective Gout flares are not well documented by diagnosis codes, making it difficult to conduct accurate database studies. We implemented a computer-based method to automatically identify gout flares using natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) from electronic clinical notes. Methods Of 16,519 patients, 1,264 and 1,192 clinical notes from 2 separate sets of 100 patients were selected as the training and evaluation data sets, respectively, which were reviewed by rheumatologists. We created separate NLP searches to capture different aspects of gout flares. For each note, the NLP search outputs became the ML system inputs, which provided the final classification decisions. The note-level classifications were grouped into patient-level gout flares. Our NLP+ML results were validated using a gold standard data set and compared with the claims-based method used by prior literatures. Results For 16,519 patients with a diagnosis of gout and a prescription for a urate-lowering therapy, we identified 18,869 clinical notes as gout flare positive (sensitivity 82.1%, specificity 91.5%): 1,402 patients with ≥3 flares (sensitivity 93.5%, specificity 84.6%), 5,954 with 1 or 2 flares, and 9,163 with no flare (sensitivity 98.5%, specificity 96.4%). Our method identified more flare cases (18,869 versus 7,861) and patients with ≥3 flares (1,402 versus 516) when compared to the claims-based method. Conclusion We developed a computer-based method (NLP and ML) to identify gout flares from the clinical notes. Our method was validated as an accurate tool for identifying gout flares with higher sensitivity and specificity compared to previous studies.
The Relationship of Candidiasis to Linear Gingival Erythema in HIV‐Infected Homosexual Men and Parenteral Drug Users

Periodontal status was evaluated in two cohorts participating in a study of the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. One cohort consisted of 77 seropositive and 44 seronegative homosexual men, and the other cohort was comprised of 44 seropositive and 39 seronegative parenteral drug users (PDU). No differences were observed between seropositive and seronegative individuals within a cohort in terms of clinical periodontal parameters (percent of sites with > or = 4 mm probing depth, percent of sites exhibiting bleeding on probing, mean oral hygiene index). The PDU displayed more existing periodontal disease than the homosexual men. Periodontal disease in the seropositive individuals in both cohorts was not strictly related to the number of CD4+ lymphocytes. Linear gingival erythema (LGE), defined as an erythematous band of at least 2 mm extending between adjacent papilla, was observed in all 4 groups. Seropositive homosexual men displayed more LGE than seronegative homosexual men (16.6% vs. 11.4%) and seronegative PDU displayed more LGE than seropositive PDU (38.5% vs. 29.5%), but neither difference was significant. LGE tended to be related to reduced numbers of CD4+ lymphocytes, but this relationship did not reach statistical significance. A statistically-significant relationship was found between the presence of intraoral candidiasis and LGE in seropositive homosexual men: 42.9% of these subjects with candidiasis had LGE, while only 12.7% of the subjects without candidiasis had LGE (P < .05). For the seropositive PDU, 35.3% of the individuals with candidiasis had LGE and 25.9% of the subjects without candidiasis displayed LGE, but the difference was not statistically significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
AtomCaml: first-class atomicity via rollback

We have designed, implemented, and evaluated AtomCaml, an extension to Objective Caml that provides a synchronization primitive for atomic (transactional) execution of code. A first-class primitive function of type (unit->'a)->'a evaluates its argument (which may call other functions, even external C functions) as though no other thread has interleaved execution. Our design ensures fair scheduling and obstruction-freedom. Our implementation extends the Objective Caml bytecode compiler and run-time system to support atomicity. A logging-and-rollback approach lets us undo uncompleted atomic blocks upon thread pre-emption, and retry them when the thread is rescheduled. The mostly functional nature of the Caml language and the Objective Caml implementation's commitment to a uniprocessor execution model (i.e., threads are interleaved, not executed simultaneously) allow particularly efficient logging. We have evaluated the efficiency and ease-of-use of AtomCaml by writing libraries and microbenchmarks, writing a small application, and replacing all locking with atomicity in an existing, large multithreaded application. Our experience indicates the performance overhead is negligible, atomic helps avoid synchronization mistakes, and idioms such as condition variables adapt reasonably to the atomic approach.
Gene Ontology annotations at SGD: new data sources and annotation methods

The Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD; http:// www.yeastgenome.org/) collects and organizes biological information about the chromosomal features and gene products of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although published data from traditional experimental methods are the primary sources of evidence supporting Gene Ontology (GO) annotations for a gene product, high-throughput experiments and computational predictions can also provide valuable insights in the absence of an extensive body of literature. Therefore, GO annotations available at SGD now include high-throughput data as well as computational predictions provided by the GO Annotation Project (GOA UniProt; http://www.ebi.ac.uk/GOA/). Because the annotation method used to assign GO annotations varies by data source, GO resources at SGD have been modified to distinguish data sources and annotation methods. In addition to providing information for genes that have not been experimentally characterized, GO annotations from independent sources can be compared to those made by SGD to help keep the literature-based GO annotations current.
Analysis of Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate Signaling in Cerebellar Purkinje Spines

A 3D model was developed and used to explore dynamics of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) signaling in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Long-term depression in Purkinje neurons depends on coincidence detection of climbing fiber stimulus evoking extracellular calcium flux into the cell and parallel fiber stimulus evoking inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-meditated calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Experimental evidence shows that large concentrations of IP3 are required for calcium release. This study uses computational analysis to explore how the Purkinje cell provides sufficient PIP2 to produce large amounts of IP3. Results indicate that baseline PIP2 concentration levels in the plasma membrane are inadequate, even if the model allows for PIP2 replenishment by lateral diffusion from neighboring dendrite membrane. Lateral diffusion analysis indicates apparent anomalous diffusion of PIP2 in the spiny dendrite membrane, due to restricted diffusion through spine necks. Stimulated PIP2 synthesis and elevated spine PIP2 mediated by a local sequestering protein were explored as candidate mechanisms to supply sufficient PIP2. Stimulated synthesis can indeed lead to high IP3 amplitude of long duration; local sequestration produces high IP3 amplitude, but of short duration. Simulation results indicate that local sequestration could explain the experimentally observed finely tuned timing between parallel fiber and climbing fiber activation.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE IMPORTANT SUPPLIER PRINCIPLE AS APPLIED IN THE NEGOTIATION OF RECIPROCAL TRADE AGREEMENT CONCESSIONS

BY 1934, THE YEAR the Trade Agreements Act was passed, the value and quantum of world trade had declined to a fraction of what it had been in the previous decade. The Trade Agreements Program was a New Deal emergency measure designed to expand foreign outlets for American goods. It was one of the devices adopted by the Roosevelt administration to ameliorate depressed domestic economic conditions. American foreign commercial policy, since 1923, had been founded on the principle of equality of treatment. It was evident from the outset that some method had to be devised whereby concessions were made only to those countries who would grant concessions in return which would be of maximum benefit to American producers and consumers. It was necessary, however, to effect a reconciliation between this objective and the principle of equality of treatment. This was accomplished by the adoption of the important supplier principle. Through the application of this principle, concessions were to be granted only to countries which were the major or an important source of imports to the United States. Chapters 1 and 2 of the dissertation are devoted to the presentation of sufficient historical background material to place the study in accurate focus. Chapter 3 presents the results of an inductive analysis of Schedule II of eight selected trade agreements. The conclusions reached are that the important supplier principle provides most of the implementation necessary to make the principle of equality of treatment the most effective vehicle for attaining the objectives of the Trade Agreements Program. Chapter 4 presents an attempt to estimate the potential importance of the Trade Agreements Program in the postwar settlement. The study provides evidence to substantiate the assertion that the success of the Trade Agreements Program in achieving its announced objective is not open to serious criticism. This does not justify the
Mitochondrial Trafficking in Neurons

Neurons, perhaps more than any other cell type, depend on mitochondrial trafficking for their survival. Recent studies have elucidated a motor/adaptor complex on the mitochondrial surface that is shared between neurons and other animal cells. In addition to kinesin and dynein, this complex contains the proteins Miro (also called RhoT1/2) and milton (also called TRAK1/2) and is responsible for much, although not necessarily all, mitochondrial movement. Elucidation of the complex has permitted inroads for understanding how this movement is regulated by a variety of intracellular signals, although many mysteries remain. Regulating mitochondrial movement can match energy demand to energy supply throughout the extraordinary architecture of these cells and can control the clearance and replenishing of mitochondria in the periphery. Because the extended axons of neurons contain uniformly polarized microtubules, they have been useful for studying mitochondrial motility in conjunction with biochemical assays in many cell types.
The social biases of environmental change in Gary, Indiana, 1945-1980.

The proliferation of industrial wastes in urban America after World War II coincided with a growing public concern about environmental degradation. Despite substantial literature about the environmental movement, we know very little about how the environment actually changed.' Although the social orientation of environmentalism has attracted scholarly debate, the social biases of ecological change remain unexplored.2 How did industrial pollution change after 1945? How did new waste disposal patterns affect rich and poor, white and black, white collar and blue collar? Which groups in society benefited most from postwar ecological change? These largely unexplored and unanswered questions form the basis of this study. Gary, Indiana provides an ideal setting for examining recent ecological change. Throughout the postwar era, Gary ranked as one of the nation's most polluted cities. The concentration of steel manufacturing along the southern shore of Lake Michigan produced enormous quantities of airborne and waterborne industrial wastes. The severity of Gary's environmental degradation after
A Learning Architecture: How School Leaders Can Design for Learning Social Justice.

Purpose: The field of socially just educational leadership focuses on reducing inequities within schools. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how one strand of social learning theory, comm...
Autonomic reactivity of panic patients during a CO2 inhalation procedure

The objectives of this study were to compare continuous subjective and physiological responses of panic disorder patients and normal controls during 5% CO2 inhalation. Psychophysiological responses of panic disorder patients (n = 42) and controls (n = 25) were monitored during baseline (20 min), 5% CO2 inhalation (20 min), and recovery (20 min). The data were compared at baseline and over periods of the experiment using analysis of variance. A subgroup of patients who experienced panic attacks during the CO2 inhalation (n = 12) were significantly different from the other subjects on baseline heart rate and on variability of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, skin conductance, and breathing variability (length and number of breathing pauses and length of breathing cycle variability). Inspection of the data showed that elevation in blood pressure and breathholding were present during some of the panic attacks, suggesting that some attacks may represent a complex psychophysiological response with elements of a “freezing” reaction, well described in animal experiments, which can quickly shift to a “fight/flight” reaction that is usually characterized by an increase in heart and breathing rate. However, some patients had only minimal changes in breathing and others had minimal psychophysiological changes during the time they indicated that they had a panic attack. Panic attacks are not homogeneous and may be characterized by a variety of physiological and cognitive responses. This may indicate that biological mechanisms of panic include abnormality in many functionally connected areas of the brain responsible for complex psychophysiological reactions to multiple threatening situations. Depression and Anxiety 11:15–26, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Theoretical study of the small slope approximation for ocean polarimetric thermal emission

Analytical models for ocean surface polarimetric thermal emission based on the small perturbation method (SPM) have shown success in matching brightness temperature azimuthal variations from aircraft based measurements. It has also been shown that use of the small perturbation method for calculation of surface emissivity results in a series in surface slope, not surface height, so that the method remains accurate for large height surface emission even when it fails for the corresponding scattering calculations. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the SPM/small slope approximation (SPM/SSA) for ocean surface polarimetric thermal emission, and investigates the extent to which varying ocean surface length scales contribute to brightness temperature zeroth and second azimuthal harmonics. It is found that ocean waves of lengths both comparable to and much greater than the electromagnetic wavelength can contribute to these harmonics, depending on the extent to which the ocean surface spectral model places asymmetry in these length scales. In addition, the SPM/SSA is approximated for the contributions of both very long and very short ocean length scales compared to the electromagnetic wavelength, and it is found that both long and short wave contributions can be expressed in simple equations involving either standard or modified ocean surface slope variances.