cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social support under siege: An analysis of forced migration among women from the Democratic Republic of Congo

Abstract In 2016, researchers conducted a qualitative study in a mid-sized town in the United States to address gaps in research and practice related to psychosocial consequences of forced migration among women. The loss of social support and its impacts on the well-being of women are rarely addressed in refugee resettlement policy or practice overwhelmingly concerned with economic self-sufficiency. The study sought to develop theory to explain how women (n = 27) who migrated from the Democratic Republic of the Congo recreate social support post-resettlement in the United States. An interpretive approach informed by postcolonial feminist perspectives guided the grounded theory methodology. A theoretical model emerged explaining pivots in the internal and relational lives of women as social support systematically constricted over time as a result of war, displacement, and resettlement. Upon arrival to the United States, women experienced partitioned lives through changing relationships to space and time, which contributed to women being alone and impacted well-being. Converging processes propelled women towards learning to stand alone, through which women could develop a sense self-reliance, but not without internal and relational consequences. The analysis contributes to the empirical literature knowledge of how resettlement is a life altering event that sets into motion psychosocial processes with implications for well-being and health. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Developing Texts that Match Readers’ Abilities in the Sciences: Seeking an Appropriate Instructional Level

This chapter discusses one approach to developing materials for Omani science students that seeks to bridge the gap between authentic science texts and student reading abilities by adapting texts to match those abilities and building on them in ways that are grounded in L1 and L2 research. It begins with a description of the context in which the materials have been developed and the problems encountered by learners and teachers that initially motivated their development. Next, there is a description of the process that was followed in developing the texts and their respective units of study. The third part discusses two methods used to evaluate the piloting of the units: a study into the percentage of unknown words encountered by the student population and a feedback form given to teachers who used the piloted units. The chapter concludes with a discussion about some of the most important issues of text development that arose from this project.
Notes on the theory of scales

It is the purpose of these notes to give an informal exposition of several recent results in Descriptive Set Theory, all centering around the notion of a scale. This was first isolated explicitly in the generalization of the Uniformization Theorem on the hypothesis of projective determinacy [14], but is surely implicit in some of the classical proofs. It has turned out that scales have many applications beyond the Uniformization Theorem, both in producing new results and in providing more elegant proofs of known results.
Predicting Nonthermal Electroporation of Intervertebral Disc Tissue

This paper investigates thresholds for nonthermal electroporation of cells within an intervertebral disc (IVD) using an in silico model. Simulations run in Comsol Multiphysics 5.3 indicate that electrical bioeffects can be effectively isolated from electrothermal effects by tuning the parameters of pulsed electric field (PEF) exposure. This work specifically tests the effects of applied voltage, pulse width, number of pulses, and IVD geome-tryon local electric field strength and temperature within an isotropic, homogeneous IVD. Results predict that for the modeled IVD, electric field strength depends linearly upon applied voltage, and temperature build-up is determined by the voltage as well as overall exposure time. These relationships are consistent with the fundamental Ohm's Law and Joule heating effect. Finally, a positive linear relationship exists between disc height and the applied voltage necessary to achieve a targeted temperature.
Impact of age at bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis on haemodynamics after Fontan operation.

BackgroundsThe aim of this study was to assess the impact of age at bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis on haemodynamics after total cavopulmonary connection. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive patients who underwent total cavopulmonary connection from 2010 to 2014. All patients had previously undergone bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. These patients were classified into two groups according to age at bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis: younger group, 6 months (n=67). Results The proportion of hypoplastic left heart syndrome was higher in the younger group (48 versus 4%). After total cavopulmonary connection, the chest tube period was longer in the younger group (10.1±6.6 versus 6.7±4.5 days; p=0.009). Catheterisation 6 months after total cavopulmonary connection revealed that pulmonary artery pressure was higher (11.5±1.9 versus 10.4±2.1 mmHg; p=0.017) and Nakata index was lower (219±79 versus 256±70 mm2/m2; p=0.024) in the younger group. In patients with a non-hypoplastic left heart syndrome, there was no difference in post-operative haemodynamics between two groups, but the total amount of chest drainage after total cavopulmonary connection was larger in the younger group (109±95 versus 55±40 ml/kg; p=0.044). Conclusions Early bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis did not affect the outcome of total cavopulmonary connection. Longer chest tube period, smaller pulmonary artery, and higher pulmonary artery pressure after total cavopulmonary connection were recognised in early bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis patients, especially in hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
Scavenging for better recovery of phosphates

Florida phosphates are typically processed by reverse flotation with an intermediate acid-scrubbing step. A single-reagent flotation process, using fatty acids or amines as the collector, would eliminate the intermediate scrubbing step plus an additional flotation step. This would not only simplify the process flowsheet but would also result in reduced reagent costs. The potential of single-reagent flotation of Florida phosphates using fatty acids as the collector is examined in this study.
Pilot Experimentation of the Accuracy of Accelerometer Activity Count-Derived Breaks in Sedentary Time

Introduction: The purpose of this study was toconduct a pilot experimentation of the accuracy of the ActiGraph GT9X model in detecting breaks from sedentary behavior. Methods: Participants completed six transitional-based sedentary break activities while wearing an ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer. Data were processed using both the default filter and low-frequency extension filter. Direct observation was used as the criterion to observe a break in sedentary behavior. Trial 1 included the transition from sitting to standing; trial 2, sitting to walking for 30 sec; trial 3, sitting to walking for 1 min; trial 4, standing to walking for 30 sec; trial 5, standing to walking for 1 min; and trial 6, standing to sitting. Results: For both the default and low-frequency filter, the accelerometer only detected a break 10% of the time for trial 1. Accuracy was also low (<40%) for trial 6. However, accuracy was perfect (100%) for trials 2-5. Conclusion: The ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer was inaccurate in detecting a sedentary break when transitioning from a sitting to standing position but was accurate for other transitional shifts.
Role of zinc insufficiency in fetal alveolar macrophage dysfunction and RSV exacerbation associated with fetal ethanol exposure.

Abstract Background We previously reported that maternal alcohol use significantly increases the risk of sepsis in premature and term newborns. In the mouse, fetal ethanol exposure results in an immunosuppressed phenotype for the alveolar macrophage (AM) and decreases bacterial phagocytosis. In pregnant mice, ethanol decreased AM zinc homeostasis, which contributed to immunosuppression and impaired AM phagocytosis. In this study, we explored whether ethanol-induced zinc insufficiency extended to the pup AMs and contributed to immunosuppression and exacerbated viral lung infections. Methods C57BL/6 female mice were fed a liquid diet with 25% ethanol-derived calories or pair-fed a control diet with 25% of calories as maltose-dextrin. Some pup AMs were treated in vitro with zinc acetate before measuring zinc pools or transporter expression and bacteria phagocytosis. Some dams were fed additional zinc supplements in the ethanol or control diets, and then we assessed pup AM zinc pools, zinc transporters, and the immunosuppressant TGFβ1. On postnatal day 10, some pups were given intranasal saline or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and then AM RSV phagocytosis and the RSV burden in the airway lining fluid were assessed. Results Fetal ethanol exposure decreased pup AM zinc pools, zinc transporter expression, and bacterial clearance, but in vitro zinc treatments reversed these alterations. In addition, the expected ethanol-induced increase in TGFβ1 and immunosuppression were associated with decreased RSV phagocytosis and exacerbated RSV infections. However, additional maternal zinc supplements blocked the ethanol-induced perturbations in the pup AM zinc homeostasis and TGFβ1 immunosuppression, thereby improving RSV phagocytosis and attenuating the RSV burden in the lung. Conclusion These studies suggest that, despite normal maternal dietary zinc intake, in utero alcohol exposure results in zinc insufficiency, which contributes to compromised neonatal AM immune functions, thereby increasing the risk of bacterial and viral infections.
Asset Pricing Anomalies and the Low-Risk Puzzle

The observation that low-risk assets on average have higher risk-adjusted returns relative to high-risk assets – the low-risk effect – is a driving force behind a broad set of well-documented cross-sectional asset pricing anomalies. I document that long-short strategies formed on a wide range of anomaly characteristics tend to buy low-risk and short high-risk assets. I show that this tendency implicitly embeds the low-risk effect in these cross-sectional long-short portfolios. Taking into account the exposure to the low-risk effect attenuates the economic and statistical significance of the risk-adjusted returns to a large set of asset pricing anomalies.
Abstract 044: Platelet-Endothelial Interactions in Atherosclerosis-Prone Arteries in a Non-Human Primate Model of Obesity and Insulin Resistance

Background: Platelet interactions with the vascular endothelium contribute to early atherogenesis, and occur in part from oxidative stress and secondary dysregulation of endothelial-associated von ...
A Novel Sex-Dependent Target for the Treatment of Postoperative Pain: The NLRP3 Inflammasome

In recent years the innate immune system has been shown to be crucial for the pathogenesis of postoperative pain. The mediators released by innate immune cells drive the sensitization of sensory neurons following injury by directly acting on peripheral nerve terminals at the injury site. The predominate sensitization signaling pathway involves the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). IL-1β is known to cause pain by directly acting on sensory neurons. Evidence demonstrates that blockade of IL-1β signaling decreases postoperative pain, however complete blockade of IL-1β signaling increases the risk of infection and decreases effective wound healing. IL-1β requires activation by an inflammasome; inflammasomes are cytosolic receptors of the innate immune system. NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is the predominant inflammasome activated by endogenous molecules that are released by tissue injury such as that which occurs during neuropathic and inflammatory pain disorders. Given that selective inhibition of NLRP3 alleviates postoperative mechanical pain, its selective targeting may be a novel and effective strategy for the treatment of pain that would avoid complications of global IL-1β inhibition. Moreover, NLRP3 is activated in pain in a sex-dependent and cell type-dependent manner. Sex differences in the innate immune system have been shown to drive pain and sensitization through different mechanisms in inflammatory and neuropathic pain disorders, indicating that it is imperative that both sexes are studied when researchers investigate and identify new targets for pain therapeutics. This review will highlight the roles of the innate immune response, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and sex differences in neuropathic and inflammatory pain.
Plato on Geometry and the Geometers

The present paper aspires to explain fully both the supreme importance of Geometry for Plato, and also the nature of the serious ongoing criticism that Plato (and the Academy) directs against the geometers, an explanation that has eluded modern scholars of Plato (since M. Ficino in the fifteenth century to our present day). In order to understand the criticism, it is necessary first to have a true understanding of the nature of Plato’s philosophy. The most crucial concept in understanding Plato’s philosophy, and essentially the only one, is the geometrical concept of periodic anthyphairesis of two magnitudes, say line segments, established with the Logos criterion (Sect. 1.2).
Elevation to Strategic Advisor

This transition, from compliance based reporting and analysis of historical financial information, to one more closely aligned with forward looking guidance and advice, is not one that can happen given the current status of technology and education within the financial services landscape. Elevating and becoming more of a strategic partner within the business decision making process will require better integration of technology tools, processes, and procedures and strategies leveraging technology must become a part of the financial services conversation. What makes the current era seemingly different from prior technology trends and forces is the fact that, instead of representing an iteration or step development building on current technologies, blockchain and artificial intelligence are two disruptive tools. Let’s not forget, and avoid getting lost in the technical jargon, just what exactly both artificial intelligence and blockchain might change about the financial services landscape and conversation (Fig. 18.1).
Superficial Infections of the Skin and Nails

Abstract Superficial and cutaneous mycoses are frequent causes of dermatological appointments and lead to great morbidity to the affected patients. These fungal infections impair superficial layers of the skin, hair and nails. Both superficial and cutaneous mycoses arise from a fungal pathogen restricted to the stratum corneum but in the former, there is mild or no tissue reaction, while in the latter an inflammatory process usually occurs. Here we discuss the most clinically important superficial mycoses: pityriasis versicolor, tinea nigra, white piedra, black piedra, and relevant cutaneous mycoses: dermatophytoses, candidiasis, and dermatomycoses.
Treating Morton’s neuroma by injection, neurolysis, or neurectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of pain and satisfaction outcomes

Individual evidence suggests that multiple modalities can be used to treat entrapment pathology by Morton’s neuroma, including injection, neurolysis, and neurectomy. However, their impacts on patient pain and satisfaction have yet to be fully defined or elucidated. Correspondingly, our aim was to pool systematically identified metadata and substantiate the impact of these different modalities in treating Morton’s neuroma with respect to these outcomes. Searches of 7 electronic databases from inception to October 2019 were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were screened against pre-specified criteria. The incidences of outcomes were extracted and pooled by random-effects meta-analysis of proportions. A total of 35 articles satisfied all criteria, reporting a total of 2998 patients with Morton’s neuroma managed by one of the three modalities. Incidence of complete pain relief after injection (43%; 95% CI, 23–64%) was significantly lower than neurolysis (68%; 95% CI, 51–84%) and neurectomy (74%; 95% CI, 66–82%) (P = 0.02). Incidence of complete satisfaction after injection (35%; 95% CI, 21–50%) was significantly lower than neurolysis (63%; 95% CI, 50–74%) and neurectomy (57%; 95% CI, 47–67%) (P < 0.01). The need to proceed to further surgery was significantly greater following injection (15%; 95% CI, 9–23%) versus neurolysis (2%; 95% CI, 0–4%) or neurectomy (5%; 95% CI, 3–7%) (P < 0.01). Incidence of procedural complications did not differ between modalities (P = 0.30). Although all interventions demonstrated favorable procedural complication incidences, surgical interventions by either neurolysis or neurectomy appear to trend towards greater incidences of complete pain relief and complete patient satisfaction outcomes compared to injection treatment. The optimal decision-making algorithm for treatment for Morton’s neuroma should incorporate these findings to better form and meet the expectations of patients.
Financing Continuous Development: The 'American Plan' of State Capitalism

In this chapter for the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of State Capitalism (OUP, 2020), we outline what we call 'The American Plan' of state capitalism, developed by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in the early years of the American republic, and trace its defining elements through two centuries down to the present. In the modern era, these elements jointly define what we call a 'Development Finance State,' an American tradition of hybrid public-private financing of continuous economic progress. We argue that rediscovery and rebirth of this forgotten but powerful American tradition is the key to the country’s ability to meet the many challenges it faces today.
Gender Differences in Surgical Volume among Cataract Surgeons.

Abstract Female ophthalmologists performed significantly fewer cataract surgeries for Medicare beneficiaries in 2017 compared to their male counterparts, even after adjustment for clinical productivity, years of experience, and practice size.
"Cool Knees" as a Measure of Systemic Vascular Resistance in Cardiac Patients.

Introduction Clinical assessment of cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in cardiac patients is often inaccurate. Since the genicular arteries form a watershed zone accessible to physical examination, we hypothesized that "cool knees" would reflect abnormalities in central hemodynamics. Methods Nineteen patients with cardiac diagnoses, but without distributive shock, had a measurement of skin temperature over the thigh, knee, and foot in parallel with central hemodynamics derived from invasive monitoring. Results The temperature gradient from thigh to knee (DTK) reflected increased SVR, and was significantly correlated with SVR, cardiac index (CI), and CO. Cool feet (DTF) were significantly correlated only with systemic hypotension, but not central hemodynamics. Conclusion Cool knees reflect increased SVR in cardiac patients and may be an important physical exam finding in their assessment and management.
Parathyroid scintigraphy with incidental indirect finding of pancreas cancer.

Modifications of the biodistribution of 99mTC sestamibi during the myocardial perfusion and parathyroid imaging may be secondary to benign or malignant processes of visualized anatomic structures not related to the target organs of these imaging procedures. The author presents a case of pancreatic adenocarcinoma indirectly depicted on parathyroid scintigraphy.
Mastering the Grammar of Past Tense Counterfactual Sentences: A Pilot Study of Adolescents Attending Low-Income Schools.

Background/aim This pilot study was designed to determine if adolescents had mastered the grammar of past tense counterfactual (PTCF) sentences (e.g., "If Julie had done all of the track workouts, she might have won the state meet"). Of interest was their ability to use the modal, auxiliary, and past participle verbs correctly in the main clause of a PTCF sentence. Prior research had indicated that PTCF sentences were challenging to older children. Hence, we wished to determine if PTCF sentences would continue to challenge adolescents. Methods The participants were two groups of adolescents, who were aged 13 and 16 years, and a control group of young adults having a mean age of 22 years (n = 40 per group). Each participant read a set of four fables and completed a PTCF sentence based on the story. Each incomplete sentence contained a subordinate clause that employed the past perfect verb form (e.g., "If the fox had been able to jump higher…"). The participant's task was to complete the sentence in writing, generating a grammatically correct main clause that contained the present perfect verb form (e.g., "he would have been able to reach the delicious grapes."). Results On the PTCF sentences task, the 16-year-olds earned a higher mean raw score than the 13-year-olds, but the two groups did not show a statistically significant difference. However, the 22-year-olds performed significantly better than the 13-year-olds. It was also found that using the correct form of the past participle verb was the most difficult aspect of the task for all three groups, and that mastering the grammar of PTCF sentences continued into adulthood. Discussion/conclusion The PTCF sentence is a late linguistic attainment, perhaps due to its infrequent occurrence in spoken language. The study offers implications for the concept of grammatical mastery and for the distinction between prescriptive and descriptive grammar.
U.S. public support for biofuels tax credits: Cost frames, local fuel prices, and the moderating influence of partisanship

Abstract Researchers debate the viability of biofuels to address growing global energy demands and climate change. Understanding factors that maintain and build public support for government policies bolstering biofuels is critical. Using a nationally representative survey experiment, we examine the influence of competing cost arguments and spatial variation in ZIP-code level gasoline prices on Americans' support for federal tax credits to promote biofuels. We examine the influence of competing arguments about the cost implications of biofuels for consumers on support for federal tax credits, and whether such treatment effects are moderated by respondents’ political partisanship and by variation in local fuel prices. Consistent with research on loss aversion, arguments that biofuels could increase costs for consumers were more influential than arguments touting economic benefits. However, arguments that biofuels could eventually decrease fuel costs for consumers were more influential among subjects who experienced high local gasoline prices. Finally, we found evidence of a significant partisan divide in policy preferences, and evidence that partisanship moderates the influence both of competing cost frames and of local fuel prices on support for federal biofuels tax credits. Our results add important nuance to understanding of how economic calculations affect public support for policies to support biofuels.
Predicting 30 - Day outcomes in emergency department patients discharged with COVID-19.

Abstract Introduction Determining disposition for COVID-19 patients can be difficult for emergency medicine clinicians. Previous studies have demonstrated risk factors which predict severe infection and mortality however little is known about which risk factors are associated with failure of outpatient management and subsequent admission for COVID-19 patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational chart review of patients who had a confirmed positive COVID-19 test collected during an ED visit between March 1, 2020 and October 11, 2020. Patients were divided into two groups based on presence or absence of a subsequent 30-day hospitalization. Clinical and demographic information were collected including chief complaint, triage vital signs and comorbid medical conditions. Results 1038 patients were seen and discharged from a network ED with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. 94 patients (9.1%) were admitted to a hospital within 30 days of the index ED visit while 944 (90.9%) were not admitted to a network hospital within 30 days. Patients that were admitted were more likely to be older (aOR = 1.04 (95% CI 1.03–1.06)), hypoxic (aOR = 2.16 (95% CI 1.14–4.10)) and tachycardic (aOR = 2.13 (95% CI 1.34–3.38)) on initial ED presentation. Preexisting hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease and malignancy were all highly significant risk factors for 30-day hospital admission following initial ED discharge (p Conclusion Emergency Department providers should consider age, chief complaint, vital signs and comorbid medical conditions when determining disposition for patients diagnosed with COVID-19.
Inverse mass cascade of self-gravitating collisionless flow and effects on halo mass functions

The inverse mass cascade is proposed for statistically steady state of self-gravitating collisionless flow (SG-CFD). The continuous mass transfer from small to large mass scales (inverse cascade) is formulated. Direct effect on mass functions is discussed. Mass cascade is local, two-way, and asymmetric in mass space. Halos inherit/pass their mass from/to halos of similar size. Two distinct ranges are identified: a propagation range with a scale-independent rate of mass transfer and a deposition range with cascaded mass consumed to grow halos. Dimensional analysis leads to a power-law mass function in propagation range with a geometry exponent (${\lambda}$). A fundamental merging frequency $f_0{\sim}m_p^{\lambda-1}a^{-1}$ is identified, where $a$ is the scale factor. The particle mass $m_p$ can be determined if frequency is known. The rate of mass transfer ${\epsilon}_m{\sim}a^{-1}$ is independent of halo mass (key feature of propagation range). Typical halos grow as $m_h{\sim}a^{3/2}$ and the waiting time (halo lifespan) scales as ${\sim}m_h^{-\lambda}$. Chain reaction of mass cascade provides non-equilibrium system (SG-CFD) a mechanism to continuously release energy and maximize entropy. A continuous injection of mass ("free radicals") at the smallest scale is required to sustain the everlasting inverse mass cascade such that the total halo mass $M_h$ increases as $a^{1/2}$. These "radicals" might be directly generated at the smallest Planck scale or by a direct cascade from large to small scales. The entire mass cascade can be formulated by random walk in mass space, where halos migrate with an exponential distribution of waiting time. This results in a heterogeneous diffusion model, where mass function can be fully derived without relying on specific collapse models. A double-$\lambda$ mass function is proposed with different $\lambda$ for two ranges and compared to simulations.
Screening of Early Maturing Soybean Accessions for Resistance against HG Type 2.5.7 of Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) is one of the devastating soybean pests worldwide, including the United States. Resistant cultivars combined with crop rotation are the primary meth...
Plasmonic Gold Nanostars for Immuno Photothermal Nanotherapy to Treat Cancers and Induce Long-Term Immunity

Plasmonics–active gold nanostars provide an excellent multifunctional platform for cancer photo-immunotherapy. Their multiple sharp branches acting like “lightning rods” can convert safely and efficiently light into heat. As with other nanoparticles, GNS sizes can be controlled so that they passively accumulate in tumors due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect of tumor vasculature. GNS therefore can act as nano-sources of heat that can ablate tumor cells in their microenvironment (i.e., from the inside) with high spatial accuracy. This feature improves tumor-targeting precision and permits the use of reduced laser energy required to destroy the targeted cancer cells. GNS have a tunable plasmonic band in the near infrared region, where there is low tissue absorption and autofluorescence, and therefore they are quite suitable for in vivo applications. The ability to selectively heat tumor areas where GNS are located while keeping surrounding healthy tissues at significantly lower temperatures offers significant advantages over other thermal therapies. GNS-mediated photothermal therapy combined with checkpoint immunotherapy was shown to reverse tumor-mediated immunosuppression, leading to the treatment of not only primary tumors but also cancer metastasis as well as inducing effective long-lasting immunity against cancer, i.e. an anticancer ‘vaccine’ effect.
A-TAPER: A Framework for Deprescribing Medications effectively

Abstract Inappropriate medication use creates avoidable safety issues for older adults. Deprescribing medications that are high risk and/or of minimal benefit is important for reducing morbidity and adverse effects, especially in this population. A variety of deprescribing resources and algorithms are available, but a singular framework to effectively approach and implement the deprescribing of unnecessary medications in practice does not exist. An interprofessional team of pharmacists, geriatricians, and researchers developed a framework to guide providers in deprescribing medications. This framework is represented by the acronym A-TAPER, which stands for Assess medication use, Talk about risks versus benefits, select Alternatives, Plan next steps, Engage patient, and Reduce dose. Within this framework, comprehensive, medication-specific deprescribing toolkits can be created.
Observations on the Rat Pineal in Tissue Culture

Tissue culture and phase contrast, time-lapse photographic techniques have been utilized to assist in characterizing cell types of the rat pineal gland and test the response of pineal cells in vitro to hormones and lowered sodium levels in the basic medium. This chapter presents an experiment on the rat pineal in tissue culture using time-lapse photographic techniques. Characteristics of two parenchymal cell types found in the outgrowth from normal pineals are reported and described as the chief cell and the basophil. Peripheral lipid droplets were depleted in chief cells in the outgrowth from normal pineals grown in a sodium-deficient medium. The outgrowth from pineal obtained from sodium-deficient rats was extremely meager. Thyroxin caused a marked dissolution of granules in the pineal basophil, while triiodothyronine was less effective. Angiotensin promoted the accumulation of fine basophilic granules in chief cells. Schwann cells were observed to flutter more rapidly than normal in the treated cultures.
Towards a Java Environment for SPMD Programming

As a relatively straightforward object-oriented language, Java is a plausible basis for a scientific parallel programming language. We outline a conservative set of language extensions to support this kind of programming. The programming style advocated is Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD), with parallel arrays added as language primitives. Communications involving distributed arrays are handled through a standard library of collective operations. Because the underlying programming model is SPMD programming, direct calls to other communication packages are also possible from this language.
Subband coding of cyclostationary signals with overdecimated filter banks

We consider optimal orthonormal filter banks for subband coding of wide sense cyclostationary signals, with N-periodic second order statistics. An L-channel over decimated uniform filter bank, with N-periodic analysis and synthesis filters, is used as the subband coder. An average variance condition is used to measure the output distortion. We show that for at least three potential bit allocation strategies, the optimum filter bank is a principal component filter bank. This is in the same vein as our earlier results on subband coding with maximally decimated filter banks.
Perceived Health Needs/Problems/Interests of the Aged.

(1978). Perceived Health Needs/Problems/Interests of the Aged. Health Education: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 3-3.
Interaction of Typhoon and Ocean Project (ITOP) Data Management and Operations Support

Abstract : The creation and maintenance of a long-term data archive for ITOP field and supporting data sets. The three primary objectives of this project were to develop an ITOP project web site, to develop an ITOP Field Catalog for use in daily project planning in the field as well as post-field analysis, and the development and long-term maintenance of a long-term distributed ITOP data archive. Additional objectives included the collection and processing of dropsonde data sets from the United States Air Force (USAF) C-130 and Dropwindsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near the TAiwan Region (DOTSTAR) Astra aircraft, leading to the development of a high resolution radiosonde and dropsonde composite data set. A focused effort was made to generate a quality control processing system for the USAF C-130 Airborne eXpendable BathyThermograph (AXBT) data. The ITOP project web site was developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Earth Observing Laboratory (NCAR/EOL) by Scot Loehrer and Steve Williams with input from Jim Moore (also EOL) and Eric D Asaro (University of Washington). The web page is the central location for all ITOP-related information. It contains links to the data archives at EOL and the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), the field catalogs from ITOP dry run 2009 and 2010 field deployments, meetings, publications, and documents. For all of the ITOP meetings, EOL has generated web pages that include links to all of the presentations given at the meeting. The ITOP publications page is meant as a single location to see all of the publications that are generated from the ITOP project. EOL also made available to investigators an ITOP Wiki page for the discussion of research topics.
Organometallic conformational equilibria : XIV. steric factors in 1,2-disubstituted-π-allylpalladium chloride complexes

Abstract Increasing the bulkiness of the substituent on carbon 2 of some 1,2-disubstituted-1,2,3-h3-allylpalladium complexes increases the fraction of anti isomer in a series of similar complexes. Even with bulky substituents in the 2-position, syn isomers may still predominate and the presence of the keto group is an essential feature in the greater stability of the anti isomer of the 1-acetyl and 1-benzoyl derivatives. The possibility of preparing solutions which contain only a specified allyl configuration by capitalizing on solid state isolation and relatively slow interconversions in solution is discussed.
Rabbit heart cell culture, strain RHF-1. II. Behavior of adenovirus types 1 to 4.

Ankudas, Milda M. (University of Illinois, Chicago) and Newton Khoobyarian. Rabbit heart cell cultures, strain RHF-1. II. Behavior of adenovirus types 1 to 4. J. Bacteriol. 84:1287–1291. 1962.—In general, the findings indicate that adsorption to RHF-1 cells of adenovirus types 1, 2, and 4, but not type 3, precedes the events leading toward virus multiplication. Adenovirus type 3 attained maximal adsorption (90%) in 2 hr, with no evidence of virus multiplication. Under optimal conditions in the present experiments, the type 1 virus appeared to be released from the infected cells at a much slower rate than types 2 and 4. No correlation seemed to exist between the extent of cytopathic changes produced by type 1 in RHF-1 cells and the rise in virus infectivity during the logarithmic phase. On the other hand, the progression of cytopathic effect of type 2- and type 4-infected cells appeared to be a direct result of virus propagation. Further-more, the relative yield of virus per host cell, though small in quantity, was more or less similar for all three types. Histopathologically, no marked difference among the cells infected with types 1, 2, and 4 was clearly evident. Upon serial subculturing of these viruses in RHF-1 cells, a concomitant decrease in infectious virus, as well as complement-fixing antigen titers at each passage level, was also noted.
A Review of “Las ciudades imaginarias en la literatura latinoamericana”

Many modern Latin American literary texts have been historically and geographically situated in cities identified by name or by urban markers—literary representations based on existing, recognizabl...
ARAB CITIES IN THE NEOLIBERAL MOMENT

Mohammed Bou Azizi was 26 years old. According to those who loved him and knew him best, he was a humble young man, whose life was guided by a powerful sense of duty. Born into a poor family in the...
Niche News: The Politics of News Choice, by Natalie Jomini Stroud

Over the past decade, Americans have witnessed seismic shifts in the structure of the news media. Cable and satellite television now reaches into more than 90% of households in the United States, a...
Aluminum Compounds, Introduction

The CAS registry lists 5037 aluminum-containing compounds exclusive of alloys and intermetallics. The aluminum containing compound having the largest worldwide market is metal-grade alumina. Second is aluminum hydroxide. Bauxite is the principal ore used for alumina production. Additive applications include those as flame retardants in products such as carpets, and to enhance the properties of paper, plastic, polymer, and rubber products. Significant quantities are also used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, adhesives, polishes, dentifrices, and glass. Aluminum sulfate, , also known as alum cake, is industrially produced for major applications as a sizing agent in the paper industry and as a coagulant to clarify municipal and industrial water supplies. In terms of worldwide production, it ranks third behind alumina and aluminum hydroxide. All the halogens form covalent aluminum compounds having the formula AlX3. The most important commercially are the anhydrous chloride and fluoride, and aluminum chloride hexahydrate. The latter is used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics as a flocculant and for impregnating textiles. The alkyls and aryls, R3Al (in monomer form), are colorless liquids or low melting solids easily oxidized and hydrolyzed when exposed to the atmosphere. Triethylaluminum (TEA), one of the most commercially important members of this family of chemicals, is so reactive it bursts into flame on contact with air, ie, it is pyrophoric, and it reacts violently with water. Special techniques are necessary for the safe handling and use of organoaluminum compounds, which are used commercially in multimillion kg/yr quantities as catalysts or starting materials for the manufacture of organic compounds such as plastics, elastomers biodegradable detergents, and organometallics containing zinc, phosphorus, or tin. Sodium aluminate is used in water purification, in the paper industry, for the after-treatment of TiO2 pigment, and in the manufacture of aluminum-containing catalysts and zeolite. A large and growing industrial use of aluminum hydroxide and sodium aluminate is the manufacture of synthetic zeolite. Zeolites are aluminosilicates with Si/Al ratios between 1 and infinity. There are 40 natural, and over 100 synthetic, zeolites. Zeolite-based materials are extremely versatile: uses include detergent manufacture, ion-exchange resins (ie, water softeners), catalytic applications in the petroleum industry, separation processes, and as an adsorbent for water, carbon dioxide, mercaptans, and hydrogen sulfide. Keywords: bauxite; Aluminum hydroxide; alumina; aluminum; bayer process; aluminum sulfate; aluminum chloride zealetes; organoaluminum compounds; sodium aluminates
Resolving the Hox Paradox

From DNA to Diversity Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design. Sean B. Carroll, Jennifer K. Grenier, and Scott D. Weatherbee. Blackwell Science, Malden, MA, 2001. 230 pp. Paper, $44.95, £33.95. ISBN 0-632-04511-6. Genomic Regulatory Systems Development and Evolution. Eric H. Davidson. Academic Press, San Diego, 2001. 273 pp. $49.95. ISBN 0-12-205351-6. The evolution of developmental gene networks is the focus of both of these books. Carroll et al . provide an easy-access introduction to the topic that relies on lessons drawn from a handful of model organisms. Davidson stresses general principles in his less accessible but deeper account, which is aimed at his colleagues in the "evo-devo" field.
Contemporary Trends in the Pharmacological and Extracorporeal Management of Heart Failure A Nephrologic Perspective

Heart failure and chronic kidney disease share a number of risk factors and pathophysiological pathways. These 2 pathological processes coexist in large numbers of patients. Whereas the presence of chronic kidney disease in patients with heart failure adversely influences their survival, cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality in individuals with chronic kidney disease. The management of heart failure by cardiologists has recently expanded from pharmacological treatment to extracorporeal strategies; the interaction between (and concurrent use of) these approaches traditionally has been part of nephrology care and training. The purpose of this review is to explore these management strategies from a nephrologic standpoint and cover the pathophysiology of diuretic resistance, new pharmaceutical strategies to induce natriuresis or aquaresis, and the physiological basis and theoretical advantages of fluid removal by nontraditional peritoneal or hemofiltration approaches. This review also focuses on the technical features, safety, and potential risks of dedicated ultrafiltration devices that do not require dialysis staff or facilities and that are now readily available to nonnephrologists.
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in small-cell lung cancer.

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is not used routinely in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) but has been proven useful in non-small-cell lung cancer. The performance of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET in patients with SCLC was evaluated in this study. Fifteen patients with proven SCLC were evaluated (8 men and 7 women; mean age, 68 years; range, 50–81 years). Among the 15 patients with SCLC, 3 were newly diagnosed and 12 had received chemotherapy or radiation therapy before PET. Five patients underwent surgery (3 newly diagnosed and 2 after therapy) after PET scan, and 14 received chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both. The patient who was not treated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy underwent surgery only. All patients had computed tomographic (CT) scans before PET and had clinical follow-up for at least 2 months after PET. The patients received 3.4 to 4.15 mCi of 18 F-FDG intravenously after fasting for at least 4 hours. Whole-body PET scans were acquired approximately 50 min after injection by using an ADAC Laboratories C-PET plus scanner. Among the 12 patients treated before PET, 2 were found with solitary pulmonary nodules positive on PET. Subsequent surgical resection and pathology showed 1 true positive and 1 false positive (postradiation pneumonitis). Six of these 12 patients had extrapulmonary metastases or large intense hilar or pulmonary uptake on PET, or both. Four of these 12 had no evidence of abnormal FDG uptake and were considered true negatives. The 3 patients with newly diagnosed SCLC were all true positives on PET, confirmed by surgery. One false negative on CT scan was attributed to postradiation fibrosis. These preliminary data suggest that whole-body FDG-PET can provide the basis for determining which treatment modality would be the most appropriate during the early stages of SCLC, when surgery is still an option, and it is a useful tool to assess the effect of treatment in patients with this disease. A more accurate assessment of SCLC will be possible if FDG-PET scan is combined with CT during the early evaluation of these patients.
Metarhizium spore surface antigens are correlated with pathogenicity

An antiserum produced to intact spores of an isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae (DAT F-001), which is pathogenic to Adoryphorus couloni, was used to determine the ELISA-index (DAS-ELISA) of 49 isolates of M. anisopliae. The ELISA-index gave a measure of the level of spore surface antigens present in spore populations of each isolate. The virulence of the 49 isolates was determined by bioassay and ranged from non-pathogenic to highly virulent. The virulence of the isolates was correlated with the ELISA-index. We suggest that the spore surface antigens of M. anisopliae are the primary determinant of host-specificity.
A more equitable account of the note-taking functions in learning from lecture and from text

Previous research investigating the encoding, encoding-plus-storage, and extermal-storage functions of note taking has failed to equate processing opportunities among the groups. The present studies did so by having the encoding group take notes on two occasions without review, the encoding-plus-storage group take notes one time and review notes the next, and the external-storage group twice review a set of borrowed notes. Three forms of note taking were used: conventional, and note taking on skeletal and matrix frameworks. In both Experiment 1, involving lecture learning, and Experiment 2, involving text learning, an advantage was found for the encoding-plus-storage function on tests involving factual-recall and recognition performance but not on tests measuring higher-order performance. With respect to note-taking forms, no advantage existed for any form when information was acquired from lecture. When text material was used there was some advantage for conventional notes and a clear advantage for not taking notes at all, but instead twice reading the material. These findings were explained relative to observed note-taking behaviors, the opportunity for review, and the processing demands proposed by the combination of reading and note taking, particularly when notes must be classified into an existing framework.
Determinants of Consumer Responses to Direct Marketing Media

Abstract This study examined consumer propensity to respond to direct marketing offers made via catalogs, direct mail, and direct response TV. A comparison of the relative importance of marketer's reputation, advertising exposure frequency, and the product offer revealed that the latter was the most important determinant of consumer response frequency. Marketer's reputation was found to be more important for direct response TV and less important for catalog advertising: neither did high frequency of media exposure appear to impact on responses to direct mail and direct response television. The findings suggest that the maximization of reach rather than frequency could possibly be the primary media communication goal for selling products through direct mail and direct response television.
Histopathologic and immunofluorescence study of skin lesions associated with circulating lupus anticoagulant.

Abstract We reviewed the histopathologic findings in 28 specimens from 25 patients who had skin lesions associated with lupus anticoagulant. The clinical lesions were ulcers, gangrene, thrombophlebitis, hemorrhage, and cutaneous necrosis. Noninflammatory thrombosis of small dermal vessels was observed in all 8 biopsy specimens from gangrene lesions, 10 of 13 specimens from ulcer lesions, and 2 of 5 specimens from thrombophlebitis lesions. Necrotizing vasculitis was not significant in these biopsy specimens. Immunofluorescence findings included a positive lupus band test in lupus erythematosus—lassociated disease and nonspecific deposits in occasional cases. Focal noninflammatory intravascular coagulation is responsible for the microscopic and clinical skin lesions in these patients.