cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase transformation study of Cu2S

The phase transformations of crystalline Cu2S in the temperature range 50‡C to 600‡C have been studied through electric quadrupole interactions of111Cd impurities observed by time-differential perturbed angular correlations. The Cd is subject to no discernable quadrupolar interaction in the cubic phase above 430‡C. In the hexagonal phase between approximately 103‡C and 430‡C, a single-site, weakly temperature dependent, axially symmetric quadrupolar interaction is found. At lower temperature, the structure is complex with a number of different sites. These data were taken with a microcomputer-controlled TDPAC spectrometer with logical steering that allows a standard 4-detector spectrometer to collect simultaneously 12 channels of data.
Formulation of dynamic stability of fluid-filled shells

Abstract A method of analysis is introduced to study the dynamic stability characteristics of fluid-filled shells. The governing equations including dynamic fluid-structure interaction are derived using a Galerkin/Finite Element approach. The induced modal coupling in circumferential and axial directions is identified. The importance of geometrical imperfection is emphasized in the derivation of the set of equations which govern the dynamic stability of fluid-filled shells.
Differentiation of bovine preovulatory follicles during the follicular phase is associated with increases in messenger ribonucleic acid for cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase, but not P450 aromatase

In cattle, a dramatic increase in plasma estradiol occurs during the short 2- to 3-day follicular phase. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms that mediate this critical change, specifically whether increases in the steroidogenic ability of granulosa and thecal cells of the preovulatory follicle are associated with increases in the levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) for steroidogenic enzymes. Luteolysis and a follicular phase were induced cycling Holstein heifers (n=15) by injection of a luteolytic dose of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF 2 alpha) on day 6 or 7 of the estrous cycle (day 0 = estrus), and preovulatory follicles were obtained at three stages of differentiation (0, 12, or 24 h post-PGF2 alpha treatment). To assess developmental changes in steroidogenesis in vivo, estradiol and androstenedione were measured in follicular fluid and in culture medium after a 3-h incubation of granulosa and thecal cells in defined medium with or without gonadotropins. To determine whether...
Computational Analysis of Wall Roughness Effects for Liquid Flow in Micro-Conduits

Fluid flow in microchannels or microtubes may differ in terms of wall frictional effects, and hence flow rates, when compared to macrochannels. Focusing on steady laminar fully developed flow of a liquid in different micro-conduits, relative surface roughness is captured in terms of a porous medium layer (PML) model. The new approach allows the evaluation of microfluidics variables as a function of PML characteristics, i.e., layer thickness and porosity, uncertainties in measuring hydraulic diameters as well as the inlet Reynolds number. Specifically, realistic values for the PML Darcy number, relative surface roughness, and actual flow area are taken into account to match observed friction factors in micro-conduits
The Relationship Between Parental Psychopathology and Adolescent Psychopathology An Examination of Gender Patterns

The primary goal of this study was to examine the relationship between parental psychopathology (specifically, alcohol dependence and depression) and adolescent psychopathology, by the gender of the adolescent and the gender of the parent.The sample included 426 13- to 17-year-old adolescents and their parents. All participants were administered the SemiStructured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism to obtain clinical psychiatric diagnoses. Paternal psychopathology (depression and alcohol dependence) significantly predicted adolescent alcohol dependence, whereas maternal psychopathology did not. Maternal alcohol dependence did not predict any of the adolescent psychiatric diagnoses. In contrast, both paternal depression and maternal depression significantly predicted adolescent conduct disorder and depression. In addition, maternal depression significantly predicted adolescent anxiety.No significant interactions between parental psychopathology and adolescent gender were observed. Nevertheless, resu...
Personal vs. non-personal sources of information used in the purchase of men's apparel

This study identifies and examines the relationship between several segmentation variables and the personal and pro- motional (non-personal) cues used in the information- gathering step of the purchase decision process. In the context of this study, personal cues refer to family members, coworkers and friends. Promotional or non-personal cues refer to magazine advertisements, television advertise- ments, store displays and salespersons. Information regard- ing the use of personal and promotional cues was gathered from a national, random sample of 440 male consumers. The study found that adult male consumers report using pro- motional cues more frequently than personal information sources.
Antibody and T-cell responses specific for the androgen receptor in patients with prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) is a steroid hormone receptor that is an essential regulator of prostate development, and the primary molecular target for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. In this report, we evaluated whether patients with prostate cancer have pre-existing immune responses specific for the AR as evidence that the AR also might be pursued as an immunological target antigen. METHODS The detection of auto-antibodies specific for the AR in patient sera was evaluated by ELISA and Western blotting. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed for the presence of AR-specific T-cells, as measured by T-cell proliferation, interferon gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin-10 secretion. RESULTS We found that a significantly higher frequency of prostate cancer patients have AR LBD-specific antibody responses than do healthy male volunteers [18/105 cancer patients (17.1%) vs. 0/41 healthy volunteers, P = 0.0049], and that these responses were present regardless of the patients' disease stage [8/46 organ-confined prostate cancer patients (17.4%), 3/22 metastatic androgen-dependent patients (13.6%), and 7/37 metastatic, androgen-independent patients (18.9%)]. These antibodies were pre-dominantly of the IgG isotype, and furthermore of the IgG2 sub-isotype. In addition, we found that patients with antibody responses also had concurrent antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation and IFNγ secretion when compared to patients without antibody responses. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that some patients with prostate cancer have pre-existing humoral and cellular immune responses specific for the AR, suggesting that tolerance against the AR is not absolute and that the AR may be a potential immunotherapeutic target antigen. Prostate 67: 1729–1739, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Altercentric Perspective on the Origins of Brokerage in Social Networks: How Perceived Empathy Moderates the Self-Monitoring Effect

Social structure matters in organizational life, but our understanding of the origins of social network structure remains limited. In this paper, we observe that the literature on individual differences and social networks focuses almost exclusively on ego's views of herself and of her network. Our approach complements this egocentric perspective with a more altercentric view, in which others' perceptions of and reactions to ego's personality and relational behavior shape the structure of ego's network. Our altercentric perspective builds on earlier evidence that the construct of self-monitoring is associated with brokerage, but it suggests that the effect of self-monitoring on brokerage is amplified in those perceived as highly empathic and attenuated in those perceived as lower in empathy. A mechanism that underlies this effect is the greater propensity of others to reciprocate the social interactions of high-empathy, high self-monitors than those low in empathy. We find support for these predictions in a study of the dynamic emergence of a social network among a complete cohort of MBA students and conclude that alters are active agents in the formation of ego's network.
Training community health workers: factors that influence mammography use

The purpose of this study was to assess factors that influence mammography use among volunteer community health workers (CHWs). Data trends indicate lower mammography rates among minority and low-income women. Although CHW interventions have been shown to promote mammography use among this population, training strategies and the use of a comprehensive needs assessment are lacking. Using a cross-sectional study design, data were collected via a mailed survey. The dependent variable was mammography use within the past 2 years. The independent variables were categorized according to the factors in the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. Predisposing factors included susceptibility, barriers, benefits, health motivation, self-efficacy, education, and age. Enabling factors included income, health insurance, and regular source of care. Reinforcing factors included physician recommendation to get a mammogram, social norms, and family history of breast cancer. Self-reported data from a mailed survey were obtained from a convenience sample of urban CHWS (N = 109) ages 40–73 with a mean age of 55 (SD = 9.43). The sample included 90% African American and 8% White women. Logistic regression results showed barriers to be predictive of mammography use among CHWs controlling for age, self-efficacy, health motivation, and social norms. The findings suggest CHW training focus on how to identify and address barriers to increase the likelihood of mammography use among CHWs. Future research is needed to identify cultural differences in barriers for minority CHWs.
Prevalence and Factors Associated With Liver Test Abnormalities Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Persons

Background & Aims Liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. We evaluated the prevalence, etiology, and factors associated with liver dysfunction in patients during the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Methods We performed liver tests (baseline and after a 6-month follow-up period) in HIV-infected patients treated at a large clinic. Comprehensive laboratory and ultrasound analyses were performed. Factors associated with liver test abnormalities were assessed using multivariate logistic regression models. Results Eighty of 299 HIV-positive patients (27%) had abnormal liver test results during the 6-month study period. The majority of abnormalities were grade 1. Of those with liver test abnormalities, the most common diagnosis was nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (30%), followed by excessive alcohol use (13%), chronic hepatitis B (9%), chronic active hepatitis C (5%), and other (hemochromatosis and autoimmune hepatitis, 2%); 8 participants (10%) had more than 1 diagnosis. In total, 39 HIV patients with abnormal liver test results (49%) had a defined underlying liver disease. Despite laboratory tests and ultrasound examination, 41 abnormal liver test results (51%) were unexplained. Multivariate analyses of this group found that increased total cholesterol levels (odds ratio, 1.6 per 40-mg/dL increase; P = .01) were associated with liver abnormalities. Conclusions Liver test abnormalities are common among HIV patients during the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. The most common diagnosis was nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Despite laboratory and radiologic investigations into the cause of liver dysfunction, 51% were unexplained, but might be related to unrecognized fatty liver disease.
Photoproduction of Charged Intermediate Vector Bosons

We consider the photoproduction of charged intermediate vector bosons ${W}^{+}$ or ${W}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ with an arbitrary anomalous magnetic moment $\frac{\ensuremath{\kappa}e}{2{M}_{W}}$. The cross sections at high energies are shown to increase logarithmically with $\frac{s}{{M}_{W}^{2}}$ except for the case $\ensuremath{\kappa}=1$, where a constant cross section equal to $\sqrt{2}\ensuremath{\alpha} {G}_{F}$ is reached. The deep-inelastic photoproduction of ${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ is calculated in a quark-parton model and we present numerical results for the total and the differential cross sections.
Perceived Obligations of Remarried Households to Provide Financial Assistance to Younger Family Members

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine perceived obligations of stepparents to provide financial assistance to adult stepchildren. Building on previous research, this study examined both contextual and ideological variables that may be related to perceptions of normative obligations. College student participants (N = 218) perceived higher levels of obligations to adult stepchildren whose financial need was not their fault as compared to adult stepchildren who were perceived as responsible for having financial needs. Also, perceptions of obligations were negatively related to ideologies consistent with traditional beliefs about marriage and with familism. This study highlights the need for more research and the need for policymakers to attend to how diversity in family structures is likely related to differences in intergenerational transfers.
Three-dimensional free vibrations of thick skewed cantilevered plates

Abstract The natural frequencies of skewed cantilevered thick plates are determined by using the Ritz method. The present work is the first known three-dimensional study of the problem. Assumed displacement functions are in the form of algebraic polynomials which satisfy the fixed face conditions exactly, and which are mathematically complete. Accurate natural frequencies are calculated for skewed thick plates having arbitrary degrees of skewness. Detailed numerical studies reveal interesting trends concerning the variation of frequencies with increasing skew angle. Results obtained by using the present method are compared with those obtained by using three-dimensional finite elements.
Responses of insulin to oral glucose and fructose loads in marginally copper-deficient rats fed starch or fructose

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of dietary fructose either alone or in combination with marginal copper deficiency in weanling male rats exposed to their respective diets for only 2 wk. This short duration of exposure to inadequate copper intake prevents progressive morbidity brought about by increasing periods of exposure to dietary copper deprivation. Weanling male rats were fed a copper-deficient (0.6 μg Cu/g) or a copper-adequate (6.0 μg Cu/g) diet containing 62% fructose or 62% starch for 2 wk. Either an oral glucose or an oral fructose tolerance test was conducted after an overnight fast. Insulin levels were elevated by either oral glucose or oral fructose at fasting and at 30 min postload in rats fed fructose compared with those fed starch. Despite high levels of plasma, insulin blood glucose was not reduced. Marginal copper deficiency had no effect on either plasma insulin or blood glucose. Data identify fructose as the sole agent responsible for inducing adverse changes in glucose metabolism. Two weeks of fructose consumption was sufficient to produce these changes.
Solid State NMR Observation of the Geometry of Kinked Protein Helices

Oriented sample solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) is a technique for characterizing the structure of membrane proteins in a nearly native environment. 15N anisotropic chemical shift and 15N-1H dipolar couplings in two dimensional separated local field ssNMR spectra provide precise restraints on the orientation of peptide planes with respect to the membrane normal in alpha helical protein structures. These restraints can be utilized in structure determination and provide a straightforward technique for characterization of helical orientation using PISA wheel analysis. PISA wheel analysis provides the tilt angle and rotational orientation of helical structures. This analysis breaks down for helices with a kink, because the tilt angles to the membrane normal can be determined but the 3D geometry of the kink and how it relates to the membrane environment is not known from the PISA wheel analysis.Here, we present the detailed mathematical analysis of the geometry of the kink and how it relates to the ssNMR spectra. This analysis will be applied to the M2 proton channel from the influenza A virus. The kinked helical system will be modeled as two idealized helices with a single pair of modified phi/psi angles. The kink angle is calculated as a function of the modified phi/psi angles. The PISA wheel analysis yields the rotation and tilt angles for each idealized section of helix. These values are used to derive a relationship between the tilt and rotation angles and the kink phi/psi angles. The result links the ssNMR data to the structure of a kinked helix. Specifically important to the structure of membrane proteins is the known relationship of the structure to the membrane normal. This information can then be used in structural refinement using ssNMR and other structural data.
Development of spectropolarimetric imagers from 400 to 1700 nm

Development of two prototype field-portable hyperspectral imagers that will also collect polarization signatures is being carried out in the visible-near infrared (VNIR) and the shortwave infrared (SWIR) regions. Each of these imagers uses a TeO 2 noncollinear acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) and two liquid crystal variable retarders (LCVRs). The spectral region of operation for the first imager is from 400 to 800 nm and for the second one from 900 to 1700 nm. We will present the optical design and Mueller Matrix analysis results.
Adapting to Climate Change

Federal agencies have led the development of adaptation principles and tools in forest ecosystems over the past decade. Successful adaptation efforts generally require organizations to: (1) develop science-management partnerships, (2) provide education on climate change science, (3) provide a toolkit of methods and processes for vulnerability assessment and adaptation, (4) use multiple models to generate projections of climate change effects, (5) incorporate risk and uncertainty, (6) integrate with multiple management objectives, (7) prioritize no-regrets decision making, (8) support flexibility and adaptive learning, and (9) incorporate adaptation in planning and projects. Resistance, resilience, response, and realignment strategies help to identify the scope of appropriate adaptation options at broad spatial scales in forest ecosystems. At the local scale, it is necessary to: (1) define management objectives, spatial extent, and timeframes, (2) analyze vulnerabilities, (3) determine priorities, (4) develop local tactics associated with strategies, (5) implement plans and projects, and (6) monitor, review, and adjust. The best examples of vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning in forests have occurred in national forests, where science-management partnerships have been established across multiple institutions. Although strategic planning for adaptation has been increasing, implementation of on-the-ground adaptation projects has been rare, primarily because of a lack of budget, personnel, and mandate for action. No one agency or organization can fully meet the challenge of adaptation, but this task is within reach if willing partners work collaboratively toward sustainable management grounded in knowledge of climate science and dynamic ecosystems.
Network-as-a-Service in Software-Defined Networks for end-to-end QoS provisioning

End-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning for supporting diverse application requirements is a challenging problem in the Internet. Network-as-a-Service (NaaS) in the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm offers a promising approach to addressing this challenge. In this paper, the author first presents a framework for applying NaaS in SDN that enables network service orchestration for supporting inter-domain end-to-end QoS. Then a high-level abstraction model for network service capabilities is proposed and a technique for determining required bandwidth in network services to achieve QoS guarantee is developed. Network calculus is employed in the proposed modeling and analysis, which makes the developed techniques general and applicable to networking systems consisting of heterogeneous autonomous domains.
Hybrid NEMS-CMOS integrated circuits: A novel strategy for energy-efficient designs

Substantial increase in gate and sub-threshold leakage of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices is making it extremely challenging to achieve energy-efficient designs while continuing their scaling at the same pace as in the past few decades. Designers constantly sacrifice higher levels of performance to limit the ever-increasing leakage power consumption. One possible solution to tackle the leakage issue, which is proposed in this work, is to integrate nano-electro-mechanical switches (NEMS) with CMOS technology. Hybrid NEMS-CMOS technology takes advantage of both near-zero-leakage characteristics of NEMS devices along with high ON current of CMOS transistors. The feasibility of integration of NEMS switches into a CMOS process is illustrated by a practical process flow. Moreover, co-design of hybrid NEMS-CMOS as low-power dynamic OR gates, static random access memory (SRAM) cells and sleep transistors is explored. Simulation results indicate that such hybrid dynamic OR gates can achieve 60-80- lower switching power and almost zero-leakage power consumption with minor delay penalty. However, the hybrid OR gate outperforms its CMOS counterpart both in terms of delay and switching power consumption with increase in fan-in beyond 12. Additionally, it is shown that a hybrid NEMS-CMOS SRAM cell can achieve almost 8- lower standby leakage power consumption with only minor noise margin and latency cost. Finally, application of NEMS devices as sleep transistors results in up to three orders of magnitude lower OFF current with negligible performance degradation as compared to CMOS sleep switches.
A derivation of two-dimensional equations for the vibration of electroded piezoelectric plates using an unrestricted thickness expansion of the electric potential

In the derivation of two-dimensional equations for the vibration of piezoelectric plates from variational equations, expansions of the mechanical and electrical variables in the thickness coordinate are employed. If the major surfaces of the plate are electroded and the electric potential is expanded in functions of the thickness coordinate which do not vanish at the electrodes, the variations of the different orders of the expansion potentials are not independent because the electric potential must satisfy constraint conditions at the electrodes where it is independent of position. In this work the electric potential is expanded in functions of the thickness coordinate which do not vanish at the surface electrodes and the constraint conditions are included by means of the method of Lagrange multipliers. The resulting piezoelectric plate equations are obtained along with an integral condition on the Lagrange multipliers over the electrodes, which results in the equation for the current through the electrodes. It is shown that the elimination of the Lagrange multipliers results in a reduced system of electrostatic plate equations and associated edge conditions, which is easier to use.
Maintenance therapy for multiple myeloma after an autologous transplant: what have we learned?

1 ISSN 2045-1393 10.2217/IJH.13.70 © 2014 Future Medicine Ltd Int. J. Hematol. Oncol. (2014) 3(1), 1–3 Current treatment for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) can be divided into different phases: induction, highdose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHSCT), consolidation and maintenance. The use of auto-HSCT, immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors (PIs) in the treatment of MM have greatly improved the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of these patients in the last 10–15 years [1]. Even with recent progress in therapy, almost all MM patients eventually relapse. To overcome this problem, approaches such as post-auto-HSCT consolidation and maintenance are being explored to prolong the duration of remission and delay disease progression [2–4]. Maintenance therapy for MM is primarily used to prolong the remission duration and, hence, survival after induction therapy and/or auto-HSCT [5–7]. An ideal maintenance drug should be easy to administer, safe and well tolerated over prolonged periods, and improve OS. In this editorial, we will review the evolution and current status of maintenance therapy after auto-HSCT, and offer recommendations based on the available data. Prior to the availability of IMiDs and PIs, interferon and corticosteroids were used as maintenance therapy, mainly after induction, with modest benefit [8,9]. Their use was limited by significant toxicity and a high rate of discontinuation in the case of interferon [8]. After IMiDs and PIs became available, thalidomide, lenalidomide and bortezomib have been used for maintenance after an auto-HSCT. Thalidomide, with or without corticosteroids, has been used in post-autoHSCT maintenance in at least six randomized clinical trials thus far [4,10–14]. With the exception of the Canadian trial [4], the other five trials demonstrated an improvement in PFS; however, only two studies, IFM 99 [10] and the Australian study [12], demonstrated an improvement in OS. A meta-ana lysis of these trials by the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) confirmed an improvement in PFS (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.65), but concluded that the trials were too heterogeneous to confirm an OS benefit [7]. These trials differed in induction therapy, thalidomide dose and duration, and concurrent use of corticosteroids. In the IFM trial [10], benefit of thalidomide maintenance was restricted to patients with less than a very good partial response and
P 3 -coupon: A probabilistic system for Prompt and Privacy-preserving electronic coupon distribution

In this paper, we propose P3-coupon, a Prompt and Privacy-preserving electronic coupon distribution system based on a Probabilistic one-ownership forwarding algorithm. In this algorithm, only one hop of forwarder (coupon owner) information instead of the complete forwarder list is recorded to keep the coupon short and privacy-preserving. Such information is updated probabilistically following two ownership flipping models, namely, One-Flip and Always-Flip models. We also use a Bluetooth Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) toolkit to enable fast, configuration-free coupon exchange. We have implemented the system in Java ME. Our experiments on real world mobile phones, such as Nokia and Samsung phones, and large scale simulations show that our system is efficient in peer to peer coupon distribution and capable of massive deployment. We believe our key methodology can serve as a general framework for facilitating information propagation on mobile phones, which requires promptness and privacy protection.
Expanded experimental space for luminescence studies of thin film CdS/CdTe solar cells

We have explored a large range of experimental space for photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) measurements of CdS/CdTe solar cells. This space includes changes in temperature, injection intensity (laser power for PL, current for EL), electrical bias for PL, and laser energy for PL. Measurements were resolved both spectrally and spatially (2D for EL, 1D for PL). Combination of EL and PL measurements revealed that most spatial inhomogeneity was the result of non-uniform current transport rather than local variations in recombination rate. The greatest spectral resolution was obtained with low temperature EL at low injection rates. High injection EL as well as high forward biased PL suppressed band-edge emission at low temperatures. Spectral structure was found to be greater in EL than in PL. These effects likely originated from preferential current transport along grain boundaries and/or certain grains.
Bistable oscillations with a self-pumped phase-conjugate mirror

Optical bistable oscillation beams with a self-pumped phase-conjugate mirror are reported. The results of an experimental demonstration are given, and an explanation based on the threshold of oscillation is presented.
Identification of humoral immune responses in protein microarrays using DNA microarray data analysis techniques

Motivation: We present a study of antigen expression signals from a newly developed high-throughput protein microarray technique. These signals are a measure of antibody--antigen binding activity and provide a basis for understanding humoral immune responses to various infectious agents and supporting vaccine and diagnostic development. Results: We investigate the characteristics of these expression profiles and show that noise models, normalization, variance estimation and differential expression analysis techniques developed in the context of DNA microarray analysis can be adapted and applied to these protein arrays. Using a high-dimensional dataset containing measurements of expression profiles of antibody reactivity against each protein (295 antigens and 9 controls) in 42 malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) protein arrays derived from 22 donors with various clinical presentations of malaria, we present a methodology for the analysis and identification of significantly expressed antigens targeted by immune responses for individual sera, groups of sera and across stages of infection. We also conduct a short study highlighting the top immunoreactive antigens where we identify three novel high priority antigens for future evaluation. Availability: All software programs (in R) used for the analysis described in this paper are freely available for academic purposes at www.igb.uci.edu/servers/servers.html Contact: pfbaldi@uci.edu
A reactive molecular dynamics model of thermal decomposition in polymers: I. Poly(methyl methacrylate)

The theory and implementation of reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) are presented. The capabilities of RMD and its potential use as a tool for investigating the mechanisms of thermal transformations in materials are demonstrated by presenting results from simulations of the thermal degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). While it is known that depolymerization must be the major decomposition channel for PMMA, there are unanswered questions about the nature of the initiation reaction and the relative reactivities of the tertiary and primary radicals formed in the degradation process. The results of our RMD simulations, performed directly in the condensed phase, are consistent with available experimental information. They also provide new insights into the mechanism of the thermally induced conversion of this polymer into its constituent monomers.
The Social Networks of Homeless Youth Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence

While there is a growing body of research on intimate partner violence (IPV) experienced by the housed youth population, a limited amount is known about IPV experienced by homeless youth. To our knowledge, no previous studies have examined how homeless youths’ experience of IPV is related to their social network, even though the social networks of homeless youth have been shown to be significant indicators of health and mental health. The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between IPV, gender, and social networks among a sample of 386 homeless youth in Los Angeles, California. Results revealed that one fifth of the sample experienced IPV in the past year. Stratified regression models revealed that IPV was not significantly related to any measure of male social networks; however, females who experienced IPV had more male friends (β = 2.03, SE = 0.89, p < .05) than females who did not experience IPV. Female homeless youth who witnessed family violence during childhood had more male frie...
Lack of Effectiveness of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer and the Prevention of Amputation A cohort study

OBJECTIVE Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is a device that is used to treat foot ulcers. The study goal was to compare the effectiveness of HBO with other conventional therapies administered in a wound care network for the treatment of a diabetic foot ulcer and prevention of lower extremity amputation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a longitudinal observational cohort study. To address treatment selection bias, we used propensity scores to determine the “propensity” that an individual was selected to receive HBO. RESULTS We studied 6,259 individuals with diabetes, adequate lower limb arterial perfusion, and foot ulcer extending through the dermis, representing 767,060 person-days of wound care. In the propensity score–adjusted models, individuals receiving HBO were less likely have healing of their foot ulcer (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–0.73) and more likely to have an amputation (2.37 [1.84–3.04]). Additional analyses, including the use of an instrumental variable, were conducted to assess the robustness of our results to unmeasured confounding. HBO was not found to improve the likelihood that a wound might heal or to decrease the likelihood of amputation in any of these analyses. CONCLUSIONS Use of HBO neither improved the likelihood that a wound would heal nor prevented amputation in a cohort of patients defined by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services eligibility criteria. The usefulness of HBO in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers needs to be reevaluated.
Retinally perceived light can entrain the pineal melatonin rhythm in Japanese quail.

Abstract The avian pineal organ contains a circadian oscillator that can drive a daily rhythm of melatonin synthesis. In some avian species the pineal organ may act, via the cyclic release of melatonin, as a pacamaker within a multioscillator circadian system. The routes by which light entrains the pineal melatonin rhythm were investigated in the Japanese quail. A ‘patching’ protocol was used to expose directly either the eyes or the pineal to a light-dark cycle while the rest of the bird was exposed to constant light. The results show that the pineal melatonin rhythm can be entrained (1) by light perceived directly or (2) by light perceived by the eyes. Furthermore, the pathway by which light entrains the pineal melatonin rhythm includes the optic nerves because transection of the optic nerve eliminates the ability of ocularly perceived light to entrain the pineal melatonin rhythm.
Alterations in the Phospholipid Composition of Escherichia coli B During Growth at Different Temperatures

The major phospholipid classes of Escherichia coli B, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, cardiolipin, and phosphatidyl glycerol, were quantitated at different stages of the growth cycle. The organisms were incubated at both 27 and 37 C. Significant differences were observed both in the amounts of total lipid phosphorus per gram (dry weight) of cells and in the relative percentages of the individual phospholipids. At 37 C the total amount of lipid phosphorus decreased significantly throughout the growth cycle. However, at 27 C total lipid phosphorus accumulated. The patterns of the three major phospholipid classes of Escherichia coli exhibited complex quantitative changes. In addition, some evidence based on glycerol to phosphate molar ratios indicated that phosphatidyl glycerolphosphate replaced phosphatidyl glycerol during the late growth stages of E. coli B when grown at 27 C. A comparative analysis of phospholipid and fatty acid patterns led to a hypothesis attempting to explain some reported variations in the lipid composition of E. coli under different conditions of growth.
Homeostatic T Cell Proliferation How Far Can T Cells Be Activated to Self-Ligands?

Through positive and negative selection, the thymus allows a small fraction of immature CD4+8+ double positive thymocytes to differentiate into mature CD4+8− or CD4−8+ single positive cells; these cells are released into the periphery to establish the mature T cell pool. Positive selection
Introduction to Genetics

Genes are short segments of DNA that carry information to make cellular proteins necessary for life. Mutations are heritable changes in the DNA nucleotide sequence of a gene. There are three broad categories of mutations: substitutions, insertions, and deletions. Molecular testing facilitates identification of genetic disease but carries risk for identification of uninterpretable and unsought information. Most single gene metabolic disorders are inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
Radiation use efficiency in adjacent hardwood and pine forests in the southern Appalachians

The efficiency with which trees convert photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) to biomass has been shown to be consistent within stands of an individual species, which is useful for estimating biomass production and carbon accumulation. However, radiation use efficiency (e) has rarely been measured in mixed-species forests, and it is unclear how species diversity may affect the consistency ofe, particularly across environmental gradients. We compared aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), intercepted photosynthetically active solar radiation (IPAR), and radiation use efficiency (e = ANPP/ IPAR) between a mixed deciduous forest and a 50-year-old white pine (Pinus strobus L.) plantation in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Average ANPP was similar in the deciduous forest (11.5 Mg ha 1 y 1 ) and pine plantation (10.2 Mg ha 1 y 1 ), while e was significantly greater in the deciduous forest (1.25 g MJ 1 ) than in the white pine plantation (0.63 g MJ 1 ). Our results demonstrate that latesecondary hardwood forests can attain similar ANPP as mature P. strobus plantations in the southern Appalachians, despite substantially less annual IPAR and mineral-nitrogen availability, suggesting greater resource-use efficiency and potential for long-term carbon accumulation in biomass. Along a 260 m elevation gradient within each forest there was not significant variation in e. Radiation use efficiency may be stable for specific forest types across a range of environmental conditions in the southern Appalachian Mountains, and thus useful for generating estimates of ANPP at the scale of individual watersheds.
The Brain as the Original Accounting Institution

ABSTRACT: The evolved brain neuronally processed information on human interaction long before the development of formal accounting institutions. Could the neuronal processes represent the underpinnings of the accounting principles that exist today? This question is pursued several ways: first as an examination of parallel structures that exist between the brain and accounting principles, second as an explanation of why such parallels might exist, and third as an explicit description of a paradigm that shows how the benefits of an accounting procedure can emerge in an experiment.
National Culture and Teaching Culture

Anthropologists of education, argue the Spindlers, ought to do more cross-cultural comparison and do it more systematically. They and Ben-Peretz and Halkes set good examples. But why do we need such comparative studies? The Spindlers support comparative research in order to study cultural transmission, "the learning that takes place ... as a result of calculated intervention." Their own article, though, focuses on something else, on the same thing that Ben-Peretz and Halkes investigate-teachers' cultural knowledge for teaching. I will argue that there are good reasons beyond those offered by either pair of authors for doing comparative studies of teaching culture. The Spindlers' emphasis on cultural transmission suits an anthropology of education that sees itself as a branch of the study of enculturation (see, for example, most of the articles in Roberts and Akinsanya 1976). Given their definition of cultural transmission, it also encompasses the move within the anthropology of education to examine how children in schools learn the official curriculum (Erickson 1982, Wolcott 1982). There is, however, a different anthropology of education that focuses on the function of schooling as a means for reproducing the social order (e.g., Erickson 1984; McDermott 1974) and whose action-oriented practitioners ask how schooling ought to be reformed (e.g., Cazden 1983). The Spindlers' concerns are not these practitioners' concerns, nor does the latter group do cross-national research. When they compare, they generally compare one classroom to another or one American school to another.
Cyclic phenomena in the graft-versus-host reaction.

SummaryParabiosis of (AX C57B1/1)F1 hybrid mice with strain A mice was followed by intoxication of the hybrids; these hybrids exhibited a cyclic pattern of hypothermia and mortality. Infusion of similar hybrids with strain A spleen cells resulted in homologous disease in the hybrids; these hybrids exhibited a cyclic pattern of hypothermia and weight loss. It is suggested that the graft-versus-host reaction is expressed similarly in both models, perhaps as alternating phases of immunity and tolerance of the parental lymphoid cells for the hybrid. The circadian temperature rhythm of the host animal was impaired by the graft-versus-host reaction, probably by interference with endogeneous temperature regulation.
Patterns of leaf surface wetness for montane and subalpine plants

The frequency and duration of water on leaf surfaces have important consequences for plant growth and photosynthetic gas exchange. The objective of the present study was to compare the frequency and duration of leaf wetness under natural field conditions among species and to identify variation in structural features of leaves that may reduce surface wetness. During June–September 1992 in the central Rocky Mountains (USA), natural leaf wetting due to rain and dewfall was observed on 79 of 89 nights in open meadow habitats compared to only 29 of 89 nights in the understorey. Dew formation occurred at relative humidities that were often well below 100% because of radiational heat exchange with cold night skies and low wind speeds (< 0.5 m s−1). A survey of 50 subalpine/montane species showed that structural characteristics associated with the occurrence and duration of leaf surface wetness differed among species and habitats. Both adaxial and abaxial surfaces accumulated moisture during rain and dewfall events. Leaf surfaces of open-meadow species were less wettable (P= 0.008), and had lower droplet retention (P= 0.015) and more stomata P= 0.017) than adjacent understorey species. Also, leaf trichomes reduced the area of leaf surface covered by moisture. Ecophysiological importance is suggested by the high frequency of leaf wetting events in open microsites, influences on growth and gas exchange, and correspondence between leaf surface wettability and habitat.
Extent and course of glomerular injury in human membranous glomerulopathy

Glomerular permselectivity and dynamics were evaluated serially in 14 nephrotic patients with membranous glomerulopathy (MG). Analysis of transglomerular dextran sieving, before and again after proteinuria remitted, revealed persistent depression by 60-80% of glomerular pore density and the two-kidney ultrafiltration coefficient, Kf. The glomerular filtration rate was lowered by half on each occasion. Morphometric examination of glomeruli in a second group of 16 nephrotic patients with MG revealed a low prevalence of glomerulosclerosis (5 +/- 3%) and a twofold increase in filtration surface due to marked glomerular hypertrophy. Presumably, widening by threefold of the basement membrane and/or epithelial podocytes accounted for the computed reduction in ultrafiltration capacity. There was no correlation between glomerular structure and the subsequent course of MG over the ensuing 24-96 mo. Rather, a twofold expansion of the interstitial compartment predicted those who went on to exhibit progressive renal insufficiency. We conclude that increasing resistance to water flow by walls of patent and perfused glomerular capillaries is the proximate cause of progressive renal insufficiency in MG.
Endovascular Management of Ascending Aortic Pathologies

Ascending aorta pseudoaneurysms are rare and occur infrequently from traumatic causes, infectious causes, anastomotic dehiscence of suture lines, and cannulation sites from previous aortic surgery.1 Pseudoaneurysms of the ascending aorta are occasionally picked up on routine imaging for other causes. Computed tomography and angiography are the most common forms of diagnosis. A recent magnetic resonance imaging study found a replacement.2 Pseudoaneurysms of the ascending aorta are prone to rupture with fatal complications including death from pericardial tamponade, free rupture into the mediastinum, compressive symptoms of dyspnea, vocal cord paresis, or paralysis and pain. Indications for repair include compressive symptoms relating to the size of aneurysm and a maximum diameter of greater than 5.0 cm.
Time of Fertilization in Pinus Taeda L. (Loblolly Pine)

Pinus taeda L. (Loblolly Pine) is the most important forest tree species in the Southeastern United States producing the major volume of both commercial timber and pulpwood for the region. Inadequate regeneration of this species has been identified as one of the problems of continued high softwood production in the Southeast. Part of the solution would be a readily available seed supply for forest nurseries.
Similarity of effect of adrenalin, adrenaline and nor-adrenaline on the cat denervated heart.

SummaryNo difference can be seen in the quantitative responses of the acutely surgically denervated heart of the cat to “Adrenalin,” adrenaline or nor-adrenaline.The authors wish to thank the Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute for the supply of 1-adrenaline and Winthrop-Stearns Inc. for the 1-nor-adrenaline used in this investigation.
Patient-Reported Adherence to Empiric Vitamin/Mineral Supplementation and Related Nutrient Deficiencies After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

Background Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is associated with nutrient deficiencies, but the optimal supplement regimen remains unclear. We assessed patient-reported adherence to and efficacy of Mayo Clinic’s post-RYGB vitamin/mineral supplement protocol and the related incidence of common nutrient deficiencies.
Ecology and Occurrence of Notiosorex in Southern California

Although having a wide geographic range, the gray shrew ( Notiosorex c. crawfordi Baird) has been one of the most rarely collected North American mammals. Recently, Hoffmeister and Goodpaster (1954) found Notiosorex to be surprisingly common in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona. There they were able to secure seven specimens from beneath Agave plants and sight records for two others. It seems probable that Notiosorex is also more common in southern California than has been previously appreciated. The writer wishes to thank Mr. Bill Lower for assistance in field work and Dr. George A. Bartholomew for his many helpful suggestions regarding this study. Los Angeles County .—Vaughan (1954) reported a Notiosorex taken “beneath a woodpile on the campus of Norton School, two miles northeast of Claremont… .” Cunningham (1956) found that barn owls ( Tyto alba ) and horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ) regularly capture Notiosorex in coastal Los Angeles County. Two skulls of this shrew were found in pellets taken from a barn owl nest and five found in two horned owl nests. In every sample of pellets from these nests, Notiosorex was as common, or more common, than the ornate shrew ( Sorex ornatus ), the shrew most frequently captured by man in this area. Compton (1937) similarly found Notiosorex to be more abundant than Sorex , in a ratio of ten to one, in the Pleistocene deposits of the Rancho La Brea tar pits. Vegetation of the three …