cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infinitesimal generators for two-dimensional Lévy process-driven hypothesis testing

In this paper, we present the testing of four hypotheses on two streams of observations that are driven by Levy processes. This is applicable for sequential decision making on the state of two-sensor systems. In one case, each sensor receives or does not receive a signal obstructed by noise. In another, each sensor receives data driven by Levy processes with large or small jumps. In either case, these give rise to four possibilities. Infinitesimal generators are presented and analyzed. Bounds for infinitesimal generators in terms of super-solutions and sub-solutions are computed. An application of this procedure for stochastic model is also presented in relation to the financial market.
Abstract TMP23: Inflammasome-derived Caspase-1 is Elevated in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients and Correlated to Outcome

Introduction: The role of neuroinflammation following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and its relationship to outcome is the subject of many ongoing studies. The proteolytic enzyme, caspas...
Characterizations of dual truncated Toeplitz operators

Abstract We present an operator equation characterization of a dual truncated Toeplitz (DTT) operator using the compressed shift operator. This characterization is an analogue of the classical characterization of a Toeplitz operator [2] and the more recent characterization of a truncated Toeplitz operator [32] . As applications of this characterization, we give short proofs and refinements of some basic properties of DTT operators which were obtained in [9] , [10] by more complicated methods. Furthermore, we determine when a DTT operator is normal, and when two DTT operators commute. We identify the commutant of the compressed shift which is a commutant lifting theorem in spirit.
Exploiting Allosteric Properties of RAF and MEK Inhibitors to Target Therapy-Resistant Tumors Driven by Oncogenic BRAF Signaling.

Current clinical RAF inhibitors (RAFi) inhibit monomeric BRAF (mBRAF), but are less potent against dimeric BRAF (dBRAF). RAFi equipotent for mBRAF and dBRAF have been developed, but are predicted to have lower therapeutic index. Here we identify a third class of RAFi that selectively inhibits dBRAF over mBRAF. Molecular Dynamic simulations reveal restriction of the movement of the BRAF αC-helix as the basis of inhibitor selectivity. Combination of inhibitors based on their conformation selectivity (mBRAF- plus dBRAF-selective plus the most potent BRAF-MEK disruptor MEK inhibitor) promoted suppression of tumor growth in BRAF(V600E) therapy-resistant models. Strikingly, the triple combination showed no toxicities, whereas dBRAF-selective plus MEK inhibitor treatment caused weight loss in mice. Finally, the triple combination achieved durable response and improved clinical wellbeing in a stage IV colorectal cancer patient. Thus, exploiting allosteric properties of RAF and MEK inhibitors enables the design of effective and well-tolerated therapies for BRAF(V600E) tumors.
Taxes, Transfers, Progressivity, and Redistribution: Part 1

We examine the features of taxes and transfers that make them redistributive, emphasizing the distinct roles played by the progressivity of taxes and transfers and their size. A tax system’s progressivity measures the extent to which taxes are a larger share of income for higher-income households. The redistribution induced by a tax system is equal to the system’s progressivity multiplied by its size, minus an adjustment term. A more progressive tax system causes more redistribution per tax dollar, but it may induce less total redistribution if the tax system is smaller. A tax cut can make a tax system more progressive while making it less redistributive (because of the reduction in its size); the 2001 tax cut had that effect on the federal tax system. The redistribution induced by transfers similarly depends on their progressivity and their size. Progressivity measures the extent to which transfers are a larger share of income for low-income households. Contrary to popular impression, transfers that rise with income can be progressive, as long as they rise less than proportionately with income.
Sharp constant for a $k$-plane transform inequality

The k-plane transform ℛk acting on test functions on ℝd satisfies a dilation-invariant Lp→Lq inequality for some exponents p,q. We will make explicit some extremizers and the value of the best constant for any value of k and d, solving the endpoint case of a conjecture of Baernstein and Loss. This extends their own result for k=2 and Christ’s result for k=d−1.
A Theory of the Causation of Cardiac Pain

Excerpt An unsolved problem in medicine stands as a challenge to every physician, and cardiac pain has long stood in this position. It is therefore with peculiar pleasure, and with keen appreciatio...
Globalizing the Executive MBA Program

ABSTRACT The challenge of achieving international managerial development through integrative, active, learning experiences is addressed. A scripted sequence of events for Executive MBA students in a domestic setting is coupled with a carefully planned itinerary of experiential learning opportunities abroad. Pedagogical and operational issues are discussed in detail sufficient for others to adopt and adapt the “learning web” described. Responses of participants over the three years the program has been used and refined in the People's Republic of China (samples included in the paper) validate the approach as a powerful learning experience.
Safety and accuracy of bedside carbon dioxide cavography for insertion of inferior vena cava filters in the intensive care unit.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Bedside insertion of inferior vena caval filters (IVCFs) avoids risks associated with transporting these critically ill patients to the operating room or to the radiology suite. But because IVCF insertion requires preinsertion caval imaging, the risk of contrast-induced renal failure remains a concern. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as a contrast agent does not cause renal failure, but its accuracy in determining vena caval diameter (a critical factor in filter selection) and its safety in the critical care population are unknown. This study is designed to assess the safety of using CO 2 as a contrast agent in this patient population and to evaluate its accuracy in determining the diameter of the inferior vena cava when used at the bedside. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study comparing CO 2 with iodinated contrast (IC) material was performed in critically ill patients undergoing vena cavography before bedside IVCF placement. CO 2 cavagrams were performed with one or more hand injections of 60 mL of CO 2 ; a single injection of 40 mL of IC material was used. Digital subtraction techniques were used for all of the studies. Blood pressure, pulse rate, and arterial oxygen saturation, end-tidal CO 2 , and intracranial pressure (when available) were recorded before, during, and after contrast injection. Statistical analysis was performed using the paired t -test, with p RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were studied. Mean transverse inferior vena cava (IVC) diameters measured 20.4 ± 0.7 mm (IC) and 20.0 ± 0.7 mm (CO 2 ); p=0.003. The difference in the measurements was 0.4 ± 0.1 mm, with the largest difference being 1.7 mm. In the remaining 10 patients, CO 2 differed from IC in determining IVC diameter by only 0.4 mm, a statistically significant (p 2 , or intracranial pressure were noted with the use of CO 2 . CONCLUSIONS: Carbon dioxide as a contrast agent is safe and provides accurate determination of vena caval diameter and anatomy. Carbon dioxide should be considered the contrast agent of choice in critically ill patients.
Weaning from Ventilatory Support

Weaning from various forms of respiratory support usually is a technically simple task. However, occasionally a patient may appear resistant to attempts to discontinue mechanical ventilation, or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and may become persistently hypoxemic when the fractional concentration of inspired oxygen (FIO2) is reduced. Unfortunately, conventional methods for discontinuing respiratory support often have not provided a methodical means of weaning patients and rarely were conventional methods based on sound physiologic principles. Therefore, weaning often is a subjective process which may compromise patient care. The following approach represents but one way that successful discontinuation of respiratory support may be systematically approached.
Personal computing trends and problems: an empirical study

This article reports the findings of a field study of personal computing in 173 U.S. companies. It identifies trends over the past five years in he use of personal computing as well as the corporate MIS departments' roles, policies, and practices with regard to personal computing. A prioritized checklist of personal computing problems shows lack of user education, lack of a company-wide perspective on the use of personal computers, and overwhelming demands on MIS departments at the top in terms of problem intensity.
Simulated Sea Surface Salinity variability in the tropical Pacific

Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) variability from a hindcast run of an oceanic general circulation model (OGCM) forced by daily NCEP-NCAR reanalysis from 1990 to 2001 is analyzed.
CsrA regulates glycogen biosynthesis by preventing translation of glgC in Escherichia coli.

Summary The carbon storage regulatory system of Escherichia coli controls the expression of genes involved in car- bohydrate metabolism and cell motility. CsrA binding to glgCAP transcripts inhibits glycogen metabolism by promoting glgCAP mRNA decay. CsrB RNA func- tions as an antagonist of CsrA by sequestering this protein and preventing its action. In this paper, we elu- cidate further the mechanism of CsrA-mediated glgC regulation. Results from gel shift assays demonstrate that several molecules of CsrA can bind to each glgC transcript. RNA footprinting studies indicate that CsrA binds to the glgCAP leader transcript at two positions. One of these sites overlaps the glgC Shine-Dalgarno sequence, whereas the other CsrA target is located further upstream in an RNA hairpin. Results from toeprint and cell-free translation experiments indicate that bound CsrA prevents ribosome binding to the glgC Shine-Dalgarno sequence and that this reduces GlgC synthesis. The effect of two deletions in the upstream binding site was examined. Both of these deletions reduced, but did not eliminate, CsrA binding in vitro and CsrA-dependent regulation in vivo. Our findings establish that bound CsrA inhibits initiation of glgC translation, thereby reducing glycogen biosynthesis. This inhibition of translation probably contributes to destabilization of the glgC transcript that was observed previously.
Initiating Sustained Silent Reading in Your School: Ask, “What can SSR do for Them?”

any school administrators, teachers, students, and parent organizations have discovered a dynamic program that helps students practice their reading skills and develop an appreciation for this important activity. In this Sustained Silent Reading (SSR) program, all students in the school read silently for 10-20 minutes each day. With only a few simple rules to follow, students pleasure-read in materials they have selected, and by doing so, practice their reading skills learned in class and from workbooks. Throughout the days, weeks, and months of reading interesting and appropriately matched reading materials, students discover that reading is a worthwhile pastime and begin to develop an appreciation of books, magazines, comics, textbooks, and whatever else they are reading. SSR is not new. Hunt (1971) conceived the program, and McCracken (1971) perfected it for the purpose of having students participate in recreational reading. To insure that the program meets its goals, teachers in SSR schools enforce several basic guidelines in their classrooms:
Estimation of noise properties for TV-regularized image reconstruction in computed tomography

A method for predicting the image covariance resulting from total-variation-penalized iterative image reconstruction (TV-penalized IIR) is presented and demonstrated in a variety of contexts. The method is validated against the sample covariance from statistical noise realizations for a small image using a variety of comparison metrics. Potential applications for the covariance approximation include investigation of image properties such as object- and signal-dependence of noise, and noise stationarity. These applications are demonstrated, along with the construction of image pixel variance maps for two-dimensional 128 × 128 pixel images. Methods for extending the proposed covariance approximation to larger images and improving computational efficiency are discussed. Future work will apply the developed methodology to the construction of task-based image quality metrics such as the Hotelling observer detectability for TV-based IIR.
Geologic setting of Boulder 1, Station 2, Apollo 17 landing site

Boulder 1 at Station 2 is one of three boulders sampled by Apollo 17 at the base of the South Massif, which rises 2.3 km above the floor of a linear valley interpreted as a graben formed by deformation related to the southern Serenitatis impact. The boulders probably rolled from the upper part of the massif after emplacement of the light mantle. The massif exposures are suggested to represent the upper part of thick ejecta deposited by the southern Serenitatis impact near the rim of the transient cavity. The ring structure of the southern Serenitatis basin and the radial grabens that give the massifs definition were imposed on this ejecta at a slightly later stage in the basin-forming process. There is no clear-cut compositional, textural, or photogeological evidence that Imbrium ejecta was collected at the Apollo 17 site.
Bidirectional RF-modulated fiber optic link for intra-satellite communications

Use of optical carriers to distribute RF and microwave signals can significantly reduce the size and weight of spacecraft communication systems. Optical carriers can accommodate several RF signals per fiber while permitting noise requirements for communications systems to be met. We previously reported the development of a space-qualified fiber-optic intra-satellite link that meets the requirements on single-side-band phase noise for precision RF signals. The radar altimeter radar chirp signals distributed by these links also meet system requirements. This paper reports our progress in designing a fiber-optic link that transmits RF signals in both directions on the same fiber. Tests at 5, 15, and 80 MHz showed that, for radar altimeter system applications onboard spacecraft, the bidirectional link meets the altimeter RF section's requirements on single-side-band phase noise. However, the severe attenuation requires that the modulated signals be amplified, which may increase the noise levels in the receiver section. Further work is needed to optimize the link for phase noise performance and to address power losses.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A case of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with vertebral osteomyelitits: usefulness of imaging diagnosis

A 63-year-old woman with NIDDM poorly controlled by insulin therapy was admitted to our hospital because of fever and severe lumbago. Laboratory data revealed diabetic ketosis and a hypercoagulable state with infection. Bone and gallium scintigrams revealed an abnormal accumulation of the isotopes at L4-L5, where magnetic resonance imaging showed inflammatory changes. The patient was then diagnosed as having pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. Antibiotic chemotherapy and the administration of gebexate mesilate improved the inflammation and hypercoagulable state. When diabetic patients suffer from severe lumbago with sustained fever, and show segmental knock pain along the spine, pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis should be considered. Bone and gallium scintigrams, and MRI are of clinical value for the early diagnosis of the disease.
The Synthetic Elicitor 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic Acid Induces NPR1-Dependent and NPR1-Independent Mechanisms of Disease Resistance in Arabidopsis

Immune responses of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are at least partially mediated by coordinated transcriptional up-regulation of plant defense genes, such as the Late/sustained Up-regulation in Response to Hyaloperonospora parasitica (LURP) cluster. We found a defined region in the promoter of the LURP member CaBP22 to be important for this response. Using a CaBP22 promoter-reporter fusion, we have established a robust and specific high-throughput screening system for synthetic defense elicitors that can be used to trigger defined subsets of plant immune responses. Screening a collection of 42,000 diversity-oriented molecules, we identified 114 candidate LURP inducers. One representative, 3,5-dichloroanthranilic acid (DCA), efficiently induced defense reactions to the phytopathogens H. parasitica and Pseudomonas syringae. In contrast to known salicylic acid analogs, such as 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA), which exhibit a long-lasting defense-inducing activity and are fully dependent on the transcriptional cofactor NPR1 (for Nonexpresser of Pathogenesis-Related genes1), DCA acts transiently and is only partially dependent on NPR1. Microarray analyses revealed a cluster of 142 DCA- and INA-responsive genes that show a pattern of differential expression coinciding with the kinetics of DCA-mediated disease resistance. These ACID genes (for Associated with Chemically Induced Defense) constitute a core gene set associated with chemically induced disease resistance, many of which appear to encode components of the natural immune system of Arabidopsis.
Design, Analysis, and Testing of Electrostatically Actuated Micromembranes

This paper reports a numerical design analysis of electrostatically actuated micromembranes. We systematically compare membrane performance in terms of natural frequencies, pull-in voltage (the bias voltage at which the membrane contacts the base electrode) and the effects of variable leg lengths for a given membrane size. Some experimental data on membrane deflection profiles versus bias voltage is included along with some experimentally determined pull-in voltages. Polysilicon micromembranes were successfully fabricated using the low cost MUMPs process that limits the user to three structural layers. The devices are designed with an emphasis on the response of the membrane to applied DC bias voltage to allow for variable stiffening. Circular membranes with diameters ranging from 60 to 160 μm, suspended 2 μm over square back plates of side lengths varying from 60 to 140 μm are investigated for voltages up to 90 volts. Three-dimensional electromechanical finite element simulations have been performed. Pull-in voltage values from simulations compare favorably with the measured results. It was observed that, for maximum deflection of the membrane upon application of DC bias voltage, the optimal dimensions for back plate and top membrane should fall within the ranges 80–120 μm and 80–140 μm, respectively.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Motility influences biofilm architecture in Escherichia coli

Eight Escherichia coli strains were studied in minimal medium with a continuous flow system using confocal microscopy. K12 wild-type strains ATCC 25404 and MG1655 formed the best biofilms (∼43 μm thick, 21 to 34% surface coverage). JM109, DH5α, and MG1655 motA formed intermediate biofilms (∼13 μm thick, 41 to 58% surface coverage). BW25113, MG1655 qseB, and MG1655 fliA had poor biofilms (surface coverage less than 5%). The best biofilm-formers, ATCC 25404 and MG1655, displayed the highest motility, whereas the worst biofilm former, BW25113, was motility-impaired. The differences in motility were due to differences in expression of the motility loci qseB, flhD, fliA, fliC, and motA (e.g., qseB expression in MG1655 was 139-fold higher than BW25113 and 209-fold higher than JM109). Motility affected the biofilm architecture as those strains which had poor motility (E. coli JM109, E. coli MG1655 motA, and DH5α) formed flatter microcolonies compared with MG1655 and ATCC 25404, which had more dramatic vertical structures as a result of their enhanced motility. The presence of flagella was also found to be important as qseB and fliA mutants (which lack flagella) had less biofilm than the isogenic paralyzed motA strain (threefold less thickness and 15-fold less surface coverage).
How do electrons get from here to there

Electron Transfer Reactions. By R.D. Cannon. Pp.351. ISBN 0-408-10646-8. (Butterworth: 1981.) £32, $84.95.
Self-instructional training for assertive-refusal behavior*

The present study evaluated self-instructional training (SIT) for assertiverefusal behavior and investigated two variables which have been considered important determinants of attitude change: discrepancy and involvement. Forty nonassertive college women were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: High Assertion SIT, Moderate Assertion SIT, Behavioral Insight (placebo), and Delayed Treatment Control. The SIT conditions reflected two levels of discrepancy. Involvement was investigated as a within-subjects factor. SIT was significantly more effective than no treatment or placebo control on several measures including a behavioral test and self-reports of thoughts and behaviors. No generalization of treatment effects was found on two nonlaboratory measures. The high level of discrepancy advocated in the High Assertion condition was not detrimental and led to significantly greater behavioral change than the Moderate Assertion condition. The few significant effects for involvement reflected differential response to the placebo condition. Results highlighted the continued necessity of assessing nonspecific treatment effects.
Fuel properties, performance testing and economic feasibility of Raphanus sativus (oilseed radish) biodiesel.

Abstract Oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus) was identified as a potential cool season cover and energy crop for the southern United States. The fatty acid profile of this oil shows high levels of erucic acid (C22:1), which has been linked to health issues. Its composition makes this oil an ideal candidate for industrial application as its use as feed or food is limited. Oilseed radish oil was extracted from seed using mechanical methods and yields were determined. The extracted oil was converted to fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) via transesterification. Fuel properties were analyzed including fatty acid profile, free and total glycerol, acid number, sulfur content, water content and cold filter plugging point (CFPP). Fuel properties of the biodiesel were found to meet or exceed ASTM standards for use in on-road vehicles. Biodiesel fuel produced here was also subjected to an engine performance stress test. The properties and engine performance of oilseed radish biodiesel were shown to be comparable with No. 2 diesel and other common biodiesel fuels. Additionally, a brief engineering based feasibility analysis was performed on the economics of on-farm production of biodiesel from oilseed radish. The analysis suggested economic feasibility of the system when priced against soybean oil, a common biodiesel feedstock.
System As A Causal Force

Abstract This essay provides a conceptual analysis of systems and systemic causation. Using data from the OECD nations, it also provides a plausible case for several examples of systemic causation. Nations with the same cultural systems, that is, same cluster of cultural values, are shown to have the same clusters of institutions that define their economic system. In turn, these economic systems are shown to have corresponding sets of economic/social performance outcomes which compose the performance systems. I present evidence that causal forces most likely underlie such correlations and, moreover, that such causation is not between the individual characteristics of the clusters but rather between the systems themselves.
Natural benzofurans: Synthesis of isopterofuran

A synthesis of the fungistatic phytoalexin, isopterofuran is described. In the key step, the benzofuran heterocycle is constructed by reaction of an o-iodophenol with a cuprous arylacetylide.
Bayes and Minimax Sample-Admissible Multivariate Selection Procedures

Abstract Let P be a class of independent populations each having an underlying multivariate normal distribution with unknown mean vector. Independent vector samples of common size n are drawn from each population in P. We say that a subset G of P is δ*-Pareto-optimal (in P) if no other population in P has the property that each component of its mean vector is larger by at least δ* ≥ 0 than the corresponding component of the mean vector of any given population in G. This article treats the problem of devising and evaluating strategies for selecting the (unique) subset G of P that is δ*-Pareto-optimal. We note that the set G as defined above is unique, nonempty, always exists, and may turn out to be the whole class P. Procedures devised to select the δ*-Pareto-optimal subset of populations are evaluated by means of loss functions that penalize the practitioner for the incorrect exclusion (inclusion) of populations that belong (do not belong) to the set G of δ*-Pareto-optimal populations. Minimax and Bayes p...
Joint data base elements for modeling and simulation

This paper discusses the approach used in a proof of concept effort developing data elements and data models for specific applications in the modeling and simulation (M&S) functional areas of research and development, test and evaluation, analysis, and combat development. Specifically, this joint data base elements approach provides the M&S community with a reverse-engineering data modeling procedure using IDEFIX that is compatible with the Department of Defense Corporate Information Management initiative. This approach also includes the development of a data dictionary/directory, containing the data elements and their descriptions, information on M&S data bases, and a repository to support future developments.
Oral health assessment in the San Blas and Santa Ana populations of Nicaragua

Aim The aim of this study was to assess the oral health of a population in rural Nicaragua. Methods A total of 241 individuals were recruited from areas around San Blas and Santa Ana, Nicaragua. A demographic questionnaire assessing income, access to oral health care, means of transportation and presence of dental/health insurance was collected for each patient. Oral screenings were also conducted to assess for evidence of untreated decayed teeth, restorations, missing/extracted teeth and presence/absence of periodontal disease. Results The majority of residents in San Blas and Santa Ana, Nicaragua, have little income if any, no medical or dental insurance of any kind and no means of transportation. There was a very high prevalence of untreated decayed teeth among the population studied where 51.1% of our sample had three or more dental caries. Children aged fewer than 20 years had five times the prevalence of dental decay than those in the United States. No statistically significant difference was found in untreated decayed teeth by age or gender. A smaller percentage (25.2%) of all patients had restorations with a statistically significant difference found between genders (P < 0.0001). There was also a relationship between gender and number of missing/extracted teeth (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in amount of untreated decayed teeth among those who reported having been seen by a dentist within the previous one-to-three, greater than 3 years or never at all. Conclusion Among a population of individuals from San Blas and Santa Ana, Nicaragua, there are major socio-economic barriers present, and a significant burden of oral pathology is evident.
Reactions and photochemistry of vibrationally excited Cl−2

Abstract Endothermic reactions and photodestruction of Cl − 2 below the thermodynamic limit have been observed in the gas phase. These results suggest that Cl − 2 formed by electron impact is vibrationally excited.
Freshwater Inflow Biotic Index (FIBI) for the Lavaca-Colorado Estuary, Texas

Freshwater inflow is an important source of physical variability in estuaries. Effects of water flow are dynamic, and it is impossible to sample all conditions as they vary over space and time. Benthos, however, are fixed in place, continuously sample the overlying water conditions, and demonstrate a variety of consistent responses to multiple sources of stress. Benthic indices of biotic integrity (BIBIs) have been particularly useful for assessing aquatic systems. However most indices have focused on assessing effects related to changes in water quality rather than water quantity. This study develops a Freshwater Inflow Biotic Index (FIBI) to determine how changes in freshwater inflow affect benthic populations, which in turn reflect the ecological condition of an estuary. Based on benthic succession theory and long-term data, 12 biotic metrics were chosen that characterized benthic community structure in response to inflow regimes. The metrics were ranked and then reduced to one variable using principal...
Hydrology and the Management of Watersheds

As the title indicates, this book deals with hydrology, which is the science of water, and watershed management, which is the process of guiding and organizing land and other resource use on a topographically delineated area drained by a stream system to provide desired goods and services without adversely affecting soil and water resources. The book's contents have been divided into four parts. Part I deals with hydrologic processes and land use. Individual chapters cover precipitation and interception; evapotranspiration and soil water storage; infiltration, runoff, and streamflow; and groundwater. This structure provides a basic introduction to components of the hydrologic cycle.
The Dielectric Constant of Liquids under High Pressure

Values of the dielectric constant have been determined for ten liquids at two temperatures and at pressures up to 12,000 atm. except in those cases where freezing would occur at lower pressures. For chloro- and bromobenzene, eugenol, hexyl, isobutyl, and ethyl alcohol, and glycerin, the reciprocal of the Clausius-Mosotti function varies linearly with the density. Carbon disulphide, pentane, and ethyl ether, behave in a somewhat more complicated manner. The linear relations can be explained by variations of the constant of the inner field, the polarizability, or both. A theoretical discussion is given. Anomalous dispersion at 247,000 cycles was observed for eugenol, isobutyl alcohol, and glycerin.
Growth Factors in the Maquila Industry

The maquila industry has been experiencing rapid growth for the last two decades. In order to assess the prospects for future growth, it is necessary to identify those factors that have encouraged this growth. To identify those factors, a sample of maquilas in the fastest growing segment of the industry was chosen. A sample of twenty-four maquilas, sixteen in Cd. Juarez and eight in Cd. Chihuahua, were selected as representing the fastest growing segment of the maquila industry. The manufacturing categories represented in the sample included apparel and other textile products, furniture and fixtures, transportation equipment, electric and electronic machinery, electric and electronic parts and accessories and other manufacturing operations. The maquilas included in the sample represent 82.5 percent of the manufacturing structure of the industry and 86.6 percent of the employment in the second generation of maquilas (Table 1). During the past two decades the maquila industry's manufacturing structure has remained relatively stable. Therefore, the data analysis should provide a basis for determining the potential for further growth in the maquila industry and the motivations for locating American plants in Mexico.
Twisted chains of resonant nanoparticles: Polarization control, waveguidance, and radiation

Linear arrays of resonant nanoparticles that are sequentially rotated about the array axis display interesting polarization sensitive optical properties. Such “twisted” arrays support two transverse modes with distinct waveguidance and radiation properties.
Effect of boundary conditions on mass transfer near the base of a cylinder in crossflow

The mass (heat) transfer pattern near the base of a cylinder in crossflow, at Re{sub d} of 10,000-80,000, was described by Goldstein and Karni and Karni and Goldstein. Two small, intense vortices within the horseshoe vortex system produce high values and steep gradients of the transport coefficient over a narrow strip extending from the cylinder base to about 0.07d above it. The studies also indicate the effects of cylinder diameter and endwall boundary layer thickness on these phenomena. In the present study a portion of the endwall and the test cylinder placed normal to it are coated with naphthalene. Local mass transfer measurements are conducted on both surfaces and the results are compared to earlier data by Karni and Goldstein. Thus, the effect of changing the endwall boundary conditions from inactive to active on the mass (heat) transfer pattern is investigated.
Metallic surgical instruments for interventional MRI procedures: evaluation of MR safety.

This investigation evaluated metallic surgical instruments for magnetic resonance (MR) safety in association with a 1.5-Tesla/64-MHz MR system. Seven different instruments (mallet, bone punch, curette, Weil-Blakesley ethmoid forceps, suction cannula, septum speculum, and Kocher-Langenbeck retractor; Aesculap, Inc. (South San Francisco, CA) were tested for magnetic field interactions, heating, and generation of artifacts by using previously described techniques. Heating was evaluated for the septum speculum and Kocher-Langenbeck retractor by using a special gel-filled phantom and a fluoroptic thermometer to record temperatures immediately before and during MRI performed at a whole-body averaged SAR of 1.3 W/kg. Artifacts were assessed with the instruments placed inside of a gel-filled phantom and performing MRI using T1-weighted spin-echo and gradient-echo pulse sequences. Magnetic field interactions were relatively minor (deflection angles, 0 to 7 degrees; torque, 0 to +1), the highest temperature changes were < or = +0.8 degrees C, and the artifacts should not create substantial problems considering the "intended use" for these instruments. The findings of the MR safety tests indicated that the seven different metallic surgical instruments (Aesculap, Inc.) would be safe and acceptable for use in interventional MRI procedures performed with MR systems with static magnetic fields of 1.5 T or less. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:152-157.
Parenting Attributions and Attitudes in Diverse Cultural Contexts: Introduction to the Special Issue

SYNOPSIS This Introduction describes the conceptual rationale, the general methods of the Parenting Across Cultures Project, and the analytic plan adopted in the articles in this special issue. Each article that follows this Introduction describes the parenting context and mothers' and fathers' attributions for successes and failures in caregiving and progressive versus authoritarian childrearing attitudes in each of nine countries: China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States. Results in each article address questions of similarities and differences in mothers' and fathers' attributions and attitudes and how highly mothers' attributions and attitudes are correlated with fathers' attributions and attitudes within a national group. The special issue concludes with an article that draws connections among the findings across the nine countries and outlines implications of similarities and differences between mothers' and fathers' parenting attributions and a...
The nature of the initial transient in the rate of formation of nickel carbonyl

Abstract The transient in the rate of Ni(CO) 4 formation has been studied as a function of the gas used in the initial heat treatment of the nickel samples. Quantitatively similar transient effects were seen whether the samples were heated in reducing (H 2 , D 2 ) or neutral (He) atmospheres. A mechanism is proposed in which the heat treatment activates the surface; in particular a finite number of low coordination nickel sites are activated. These sites are energetically favored for Ni(CO) 4 formation and are responsible for the transient behavior.
Neurons assemble acetylcholine receptors with as many as three kinds of subunits while maintaining subunit segregation among receptor subtypes

Abstract A family of genes encoding neuronal acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunits has been identified and cloned from vertebrates. Expression studies have implied that as few as one or two kinds of subunits may be sufficient to construct neuronal AChRs and that multiple pair-wise combinations of the gene products are capable of generating functional receptors. We show here that a class of AChRs with a predominantly synaptic location on neurons contains receptors having at least three types of subunits and that the subunits are encoded by the α3, β4, and α5 AChR genes. In addition, we show that a class of extrasynaptic AChRs on the same neurons contains the α7 subunits but lacks the α3, β4, and α5 subunits. The results demonstrate that native AChRs on neurons are more complex in composition than previously appreciated and suggest that constraints on subunit interactions limit the kinds of receptor species produced.
Web tension and gravity as cues in spider orientation

The bowl and doily spider, Frontinella pyramitela (Araneae, Linyphiidae), typically hangs at the lowest point on its concave upward, bowlshaped web (Fig. 1). It returns to the same area after prey capture, courtship, or repulsion of intruders, and naive spiders of either sex come to rest at the same “center of preference”. Because the “center of preference” is not visibly different from other parts of the bowl sheet, it is not obvious what cues the spiders use in establishing its location. Investigation of the roles of gravity, web curvature, thread density and web tension reveals the “center of preference” to be an area no different from others with respect to curvature and thread density but different with respect to tension. Tension in the web is locally high at the “center”, drops as one moves toward the periphery of the bowl, and rises again at the periphery (Fig. 6). The natural relationship between gravity and the orientation of the bowl is not a necessary condition in defining the location of the “center of preference” but gravity is involved in orienting the search for its location (Figs. 3, 4). Altering the pattern of web tension by cutting the tensor threads destroys the accord among spiders as to the location of the “center of preference” and confirms the role of web tension in the orientation of this spider.
Argumentativeness: Its effect in group decision‐making and its role in leadership perception

Using perceived group leaders trained to argue for an extreme position, this study examined the function and influence of argumentativeness on leadership perception, leadership maintenance, and decision‐making in the small group. The data suggest that degree of argumentativeness influences perceptions of leadership, with the highly or extremely argumentative individual chosen over the moderate or mildly argumentative individual. Highly argumentative individuals were also rated as more influential on the group's decision. Extremely argumentative individuals, though downgraded in group ratings on “Influence,” were found to have had a disproportionate influence on the group's decision. Implications for small group communication research are discussed.
Chemiluminescence imaging of pre-injection reactions during engine starting

The thermal and chemical state of residual gas is known to influence the likelihood of autoignition, ignition delay and combustion phasing of the subsequent diesel engine cycle. To elucidate the role of residual gases in these processes, ultraviolet chemiluminescent reactions and their spectra are observed during the pre-injection, compression period in a dynamometer-driven, optically-accessible, diesel engine operated with a single fuel injection event. During a cold start sequence, while the engine is motored and fuel is injected without firing, the pre-injection chemiluminescence (PIC) intensity increases from cycle to cycle. This leads to a second mode of intermittent firing cycles which are observed to follow a higher intensity of PIC. In the third mode, decreased PIC intensity is measured in firing cycles that are preceded by partial misfires. In the fourth mode, firing is continuous, but with a high IMEP coefficient of variation (COV). Here, PIC intensity is found to strongly correlate with advanced combustion phasing. As firing continues, it is observed that COV, PIC intensity and the phasing correlation decrease. Upon fuel shutoff, PIC intensity decays with time. Spectral measurements confirm that reactions of low temperature combustion intermediates, including chemiluminescent formaldehyde (HCHO*) and CHO* comprise the observed PIC.
Identifying and predicting problem behavior trajectories among pre-school children investigated for child abuse and neglect.

Abstract Objective Young children involved with child welfare services are at high risk for behavior problems. This study aims to identify externalizing behavior paths that preschoolers in this high-risk population follow over a 6 year period, and the predictors of membership in normative and problematic pathways. Methods Using data from the National Study of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW), the sample included 246 4-year-olds who remained home after investigation. Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was used to estimate the number, size, and shape of subgroups of preschoolers following distinct behavioral pathways. Early predictors of membership in the resulting groups were then examined. Results Four groups of preschool children following distinct behavior trajectories over 6 years were identified. Weighted results show that more than half (61%) of the children followed a low/normal problem behavior trajectory while just over one tenth (12%) were on a persistent high trajectory, remaining in the clinical range throughout the study. Improving (23%) and worsening (4%) problem behavior groups were also identified. Internalizing problems, attention problems, child ethnicity, and maltreatment type reported at age 4 predicted membership in the trajectory groups. Conclusions Internalizing behavior problems and maltreatment type may distinguish preschool children who are more likely to experience worsening or persistent problematic externalizing behaviors from those likely to follow a normal behavior trajectory. Practice implications Identifying early indicators of externalizing behavior problems and addressing them with evidence-based interventions to reduce negative behaviors may avert long-term negative outcomes.
Expression of fast and slow isoforms of the Ca2+-ATPase in developing chick skeletal muscle

Abstract The expression of fast and slow isoforms of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase was studied in the developing chick embryo and in tissue-cultured myotubes. Monoclonal antibodies specific for each isoform were used as probes of protein expression. Analysis of expression of Ca 2+ -ATPase isoforms in chick thigh muscles by immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that all muscle fibers expressed both isoforms during their development. Primary generation muscle fibers expressed predominantly the slow isoform. Secondary generation fibers expressed both isoforms at comparable levels. Loss of the “inappropriate” isoforms occurred late in embryonic development. Immunoblot analysis of embryonic thigh muscle proteins indicated that the expression of the slow isoform varied little from embryonic Day 6 (ED6) to ED19, while expression of the fast isoform increased dramatically just prior to ED19. Tissue-cultured myotubes derived from ED12 chick thigh muscle myoblasts, plated at high density, expressed both isoforms of the Ca 2+ -ATPase at very similar levels. Clonal analysis of myoblasts taken from early (ED6) and late (ED12) chick thigh muscles showed that all muscle colonies expressed both forms, consistent with in vivo results. Fiber-type specific isoforms of the Ca 2+ -ATPase and myosin heavy chain are not coordinately expressed in developing chick skeletal muscle.
Continuous-wave laser operation of chromium-doped forsterite

Room-temperature continuous-wave laser action in chromium-activated forsterite (Cr:Mg2SiO4) has been achieved for longitudinal pumping in a nearly concentric cavity by the 1064-nm radiation from a cw Nd:YAG laser. The laser emission is centered at 1244 nm and has a spectral bandwidth of 12 nm. An output-power slope efficiency of 6.8% is measured. The effective emission cross section is estimated to be ∼1.1 × 10−19 cm2.
Evaluating jail reform: A comparative analysis of podular/direct and linear jail inmate infractions

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the similarities and differences in inmate rule infractions in a traditional jail and podular/direct jail supervision jail. The methods relied on are comparative chisquare difference tests and logit modeling. The analyses are descriptive for each facility and comparative across the two types of jails. The findings indicate that the podular/direct facilities have significantly fewer formal rule violations, while they may be responding to these more severely. A portion of the findings call into question the claims about the podular/direct model as a panacea approach. Most of the findings of this study, however, are consistent with past presumptions about the superiority of the podular/direct management and design approach to institutional corrections.
Early-Adolescent Perceptions of Attachment to Mother and Father A Test of the Emotional-Distancing and Buffering Hypotheses

The purpose of this study was to empirically examine the emotional distancing and buffering hypotheses. The sample was composed of 231 seventh graders (133 females and 98 males). Each adolescent completed a battery of questionnaires yielding measures of perceived attachment to mother and father, pubertal status, family expressiveness and cohesion, and feelings of depression and social anxiety. The emotional-distancing hypothesis was supported in that perceived attachment to parents was found to diminish with advanced pubertal maturity. The buffering hypothesis was also supported in that adolescents who perceived greater attachment to parents reported less depression and social anxiety as well as more positive perceptions of family expressiveness and cohesion. However, pubertal maturity did not appear to moderate the buffering effects of attachment. Results are discussed in terms of the need to further explore socialization processes associated with the child's transition into early adolescence.
Bridging the Gap Between Management-Organizational Research and Public Policy

The article discusses four initiatives that could help bridge the gap between management-organizational scholarship and public policy. First, the author suggests enriching research distribution cha...