cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High sensitivity to site directed mutagenesis of the peptide segment connecting phosphorylation and Ca2+ binding domains in the Ca2+transport ATPase

Nine residues (Leu321, Lys329, Asn330, Val333, Arg334, Leu336, Pro337, Val339 and Glu340), within the peptide segment intervening between the catalytic domain and the Ca2+ binding domain of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA 1) ATPase, were individually mutated to Ala. The mutated proteins were recovered in the microsomal fraction of COS-1 cells following transient expression, and exhibited inhibition of Ca2+ uptake and ATPase hydrolytic activity, while forming discernable levels of phosphorylated intermediate. Mutation of Glu340 to Gln (rather than to Ala) was much less effective, suggesting that the functional consequence of the mutation is related to structural perturbation, rather than loss of the acidic side chain. The high sensitivity of this peptide segment to single mutations suggests that its structural integrity is required for functional linkage of the phosphorylation and Ca2+ binding domains.
Insect Pollinated Crops, Insect Pollinators and US Agriculture: Trend Analysis of Aggregate Data for the Period 1992–2009

In the US, the cultivated area (hectares) and production (tonnes) of crops that require or benefit from insect pollination (directly dependent crops: apples, almonds, blueberries, cucurbits, etc.) increased from 1992, the first year in this study, through 1999 and continued near those levels through 2009; aggregate yield (tonnes/hectare) remained unchanged. The value of directly dependent crops attributed to all insect pollination (2009 USD) decreased from $14.29 billion in 1996, the first year for value data in this study, to $10.69 billion in 2001, but increased thereafter, reaching $15.12 billion by 2009. The values attributed to honey bees and non-Apis pollinators followed similar patterns, reaching $11.68 billion and $3.44 billion, respectively, by 2009. The cultivated area of crops grown from seeds resulting from insect pollination (indirectly dependent crops: legume hays, carrots, onions, etc.) was stable from 1992 through 1999, but has since declined. Production of those crops also declined, albeit not as rapidly as the decline in cultivated area; this asymmetry was due to increases in aggregate yield. The value of indirectly dependent crops attributed to insect pollination declined from $15.45 billion in 1996 to $12.00 billion in 2004, but has since trended upward. The value of indirectly dependent crops attributed to honey bees and non-Apis pollinators, exclusive of alfalfa leafcutter bees, has declined since 1996 to $5.39 billion and $1.15 billion, respectively in 2009. The value of alfalfa hay attributed to alfalfa leafcutter bees ranged between $4.99 and $7.04 billion. Trend analysis demonstrates that US producers have a continued and significant need for insect pollinators and that a diminution in managed or wild pollinator populations could seriously threaten the continued production of insect pollinated crops and crops grown from seeds resulting from insect pollination.
CELL RESPIRATION STUDIES : I. A MICROSPIROMETER FOR THE CONTINUOUS STUDY OF THE OXYGEN ABSORPTION BY LIVING CELLS

A description is given of a closed space respiration apparatus which can be used to determine the amount of gas used or liberated by living blood or tissue cells, or chemical substances. Continuous observations can be made and repeated measurements recorded without interrupting the vital processes or destroying the cells. Studies of the oxygen consumption by whole blood in normal individuals and in patients with leucocytosis and myelogenous leucemia, as well as by white cells suspended in plasma, will be reported in subsequent papers.
A Method of Estimating Vertical Eddy Transport in the Planetary Boundary Layer Using Characteristics of the Vertical Velocity Spectrum.

Abstract The vertical eddy diffusivity coefficient K is hypothesized to depend upon the parameters that determine the energy spectrum of the vertical velocity fluctuations. Vertical velocity spectra from the lowest 320 m of the atmosphere are used to verify a relation among the rate of dissipation of eddy energy per unit mass, the standard deviation of the vertical velocity fluctuations, and the wavenumber of the peak of the energy spectrum of the vertical velocity fluctuations. Observations at Round Hill, Mass., and Cedar Hill, Tex., are employed to verify that the vertical eddy viscosity KM is proportional to the product of any two of the above parameters. However, the Richardson number must be included with these parameters in order to estimate the vertical eddy conductivity KH. In addition, it is shown that the wavenumber maximum of the vertical velocity spectrum and the nondimensional ratio σw/u* may be approximated at heights less than 320 m by empirical formulae.
Factors influencing serum immunoglobulin E levels in Greek children.

Serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) were determined by enzyme immunoassay in 414 Greek infants and children of both sexes, 1 month to 14 years old. The children were admitted to the “Aghia Sophia” Teaching Hospital for Children (Athens, Greece) for surgical corrections of minor anatomic abnormalities, but they were otherwise healthy. Statistical analysis was performed through multiple regression after logarithmic transformation of the immunoglobulin values. IgE levels increased significantly by about 80°, per year up to the age of 5 years, without noticeable impact of age on these levels thereafter. History of allergic disease showed a significant positive association with serum levels of IgE in both younger (less than 5 years) and older children. History of frequent infections was positively associated with IgE levels, although the relation was statistically significant only in the older age group. IgE levels in Greek children appear to be higher than the corresponding levels of children living in northern Europe, but much lower than those of children in Southeast Asia, a fact that may reflect different exposure level during childhood to infections known to influence IgE levels.
Computational algebra for bifurcation theory

We provide algorithmic methods for the solution of the classification problem of bifurcations by vanishing and non-vanishing derivatives. These methods come from a generalization of standard bases for modules in local rings. We introduce the necessary theory of bifurcations, provide the algorithmic tools, and show the effectiveness of these tools in several examples, including a new one.
Increased expression of FcγRI on isolated PMN from individuals of African descent

Abstract FcγR plays an important role in host defense, triggering and/or facilitating many immunologic responses. Of the three defined FcγRs, FcγRI (CD64) is not known to be constitutively expressed on normal PMN. We report here that there is markedly increased expression of FcγRI on the PMN of normal, healthy blacks, detected by binding of monoclonal antibody to this receptor. This may have significant implications when multiracial data are pooled in studies of receptor expression as markers of response to various chemotherapeutic agents.
Complexes of the rate earths—V piperidine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid

Step-wise formation constants have been determined for the rare earths (including yttrium) with piperdine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid. The measurements have been made in aqueous solutions of ionic strength μ = 0·1 (KNO3) and a temperature of 25°C. The data have been interpreted in terms of 1:1 and 2:1 chelates. Trends in the values of log K1 and log K2 are discussed and compared with similar values for other ligands which contain the same basic chelating structure. It is shown that the size of the metal ion is an important factor in determining the magnetitude of the formation constants of piperidine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid chelates in much the same way as in the chelates of dipicolinic acid.
Prosthetic thigh arteriovenous access: outcome with SVS/AAVS reporting standards

Abstract Purpose Differences in the reporting methods of results for arteriovenous (AV) access can dramatically affect apparent outcome. To enable meaningful comparisons in the literature, the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Association for Vascular Surgery (SVS/AAVS) recently published reporting standards for dialysis access. The purpose of the present study was to determine infection rates, patency rates, and possible predictive factors for prosthetic thigh AV access outcomes with the reporting standards of the SVS/AAVS. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of all patients who underwent placement of thigh AV access by the Surgical Teaching Service at Greenville Memorial Hospital between 1989 and 2001. Outcomes were determined based on SVS/AAVS Standards for Reports Dealing with AV Accesses. The rate of revision per year of access patency was also determined; this end point more accurately reflects the true cost and morbidity associated with AV access than do patency or infection rates alone. Results One hundred twenty-five polytetrafluoroethylene thigh AV accesses were placed in 100 patients. Nine accesses were excluded from the study, six because there was no patient follow-up and 3 as a result of deaths unrelated to the access procedure and which occurred less than 30 days after access placement. There were six (4%) late access-related deaths. There were 18 (15%) early access failures, related to infection in 14 cases (12%), thrombosis in three cases (2%), and steal in one case (1%). Early failure was more common in patients with diabetes mellitus ( P = .036). The primary and secondary functional patency rates were 19% and 54%, respectively, at 2 years. Infection occurred in 48 (41%) accesses. The patency and infection rates were not influenced by patient age, gender, body mass index, or diabetes mellitus. The median number of interventions per year of access patency was 1.68, and this outcome was positively correlated with body mass index ( P Conclusions Prosthetic AV access in the thigh is associated with higher morbidity compared with that reported for the upper extremity, and should be considered only if no upper extremity AV access option is available. Early access failure and the requirement for an increased number of interventions to reestablish and maintain access patency are more common in patients with diabetes mellitus and obesity. The number of interventions per year of access patency is a valuable end point when assessing the outcome of AV access procedures.
Negative impact of sexual abuse on adult male gender: Issues and strategies of intervention

Although male sexual abuse has co-existed with female sexual abuse, the professional literature has paid minimal attention to the impact of sexual abuse of male children to their adult adaptation. This paper concentrates on the negative impact of sexual abuse on the adult male's gender identity. Examples of eight male clients' responses to sexual abuse in their adult life and the therapeutic framework utilized to work with them are discussed in the paper.
Growth of epitaxial anatase (001) and (101) films

Abstract Anatase (TiO 2 ) films have been grown by oxygen plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction and low energy electron diffraction indicate that the films grow epitaxially with respect to the substrate. For (001) anatase films grown on SrTiO 3 (001) we have found that a (l×4) reconstruction is formed under growth conditions. On cooling to room temperature this reconstruction remains. The (101) anatase films were grown on a natural anatase (101) substrate. The natural substrate (i.e., mineral) was used due to the difficulty in obtaining good lattice matched materials for this surface orientation. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate that both surfaces are fully oxidized with Ti in the 4+ oxidation state.
High-temperature oxidation of Ti-4.32 wt.% Nb alloy

The oxidation kinetics of Ti-4.32 wt.% Nb (2.27 at.%) alloy in either air or oxygen under 1 bar pressure have been investigated in the temperature range of 1255–1471 K. For oxidation in oxygen the kinetics follow consecutively decreasing parabolic rate laws. The kinetics become nonparabolic after prolonged oxidation in air. X-ray data reveal the presence of TiO2 (rutile) as the main oxide. The presence of Ti2O, δ-TiN, and ɛ-TiN is found on the metal surface after oxidation in air. Microhardness and electron microprobe measurements are used to determine Ti, Nb, O, and N profiles across the oxidized alloy. The oxygen diffusion coefficient in the alloy can be expressed byD=65.6 exp(−234.3/RT) with the activation energy in kilojoules per mole. The oxidation behavior of the alloy is explained.
Structure Elucidation at the Nanomole Scale. 1. Trisoxazole Macrolides and Thiazole-Containing Cyclic Peptides from the Nudibranch Hexabranchus sanguineus

A single specimen of Hexabranchus sanguineus, a nudibranch from the Indo-Pacific that is known to sequester kabiramides B and C and other trisoxazole macrolides, yielded new kabiramide analogues, 9-desmethylkbiramide B and 33-methyltetrahydrohalichondramide, and two new unexpected thiazole-containing cyclic peptides in submicromolar amounts. The structures of these cyclic peptides were determined by analyses of 1D and 2D NMR spectra recorded with a state-of-the-art 1 mm 1H NMR high-temperature superconducting microcryoprobe, together with mass spectra. In addition to two proline residues, each peptide contains a thiazole- or oxazole-modified amino acid residue, together with conventional amino acid residues. All of the amino acid residues were l, as determined by Marfey’s analysis of the acid hydrolysates of the peptides. This is the first report of cyclic thiazole peptides from H. sanguineus. Since thiazole-oxazole-modified peptides are typically associated with cyanobacteria and tunicates, the finding m...
THE EARLY SETTLEMENT OF AURORA, NEVADA, AND NEARBY MINING CAMPS1

(1964). THE EARLY SETTLEMENT OF AURORA, NEVADA, AND NEARBY MINING CAMPS. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 490-507.
Post-silicon platform for the functional diagnosis and debug of networks-on-chip

The increasing number of units in today's systems-on-chip and multicore processors has led to complex intra-chip communication solutions. Specifically, Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) have emerged as a favorable fabric to provide high bandwidth and low latency in connecting many units in a same chip. To achieve these goals, the NoC often includes complex components and advanced features, leading to the development of large and highly complex interconnect subsystems. One of the biggest challenges in these designs is to ensure the correct functionality of this communication infrastructure. To support this goal, an increasing fraction of the validation effort has shifted to post-silicon validation, because it permits exercising network activities that are too complex to be validated in pre-silicon. However, post-silicon validation is hindered by the lack of observability of the network's internal operations and thus, diagnosing functional errors during this phase is very difficult.In this work, we propose a post-silicon validation platform that improves observability of network operations by taking periodic snapshots of the traffic traversing the network. Each node's local cache is configured to temporarily store the snapshot logs in a designated area reserved for post-silicon validation and relinquished after product release. Each snapshot log is analyzed locally by a software algorithm running on its corresponding core, in order to detect functional errors. Upon error detection, all snapshot logs are aggregated at a central location to extract additional debug data, including an overview of network traffic surrounding the error event, as well as a partial reconstruction of the routes followed by packets in flight at the time. In our experiments, we found that this approach allows us to detect several types of functional errors, as well as observe, on average, over 50p of the network's traffic and reconstruct at least half of each of their routes through the network.
Microwave conductivity near order-disorder phase transition: A comparison between Ag 2 HgI 4 and Cu 2 HgI 4

Abstract The cation order-disorder phase transition of Ag2HgI4 and Cu2HgI4 involves a major change only in the cation sublattice and is accompanied by a jump in the dc conductivity. Critical dynamics of this phase transition have been studied by microwave conductivity measurement. When the frequency of excitation is high enough, an extra critical structure with no correspondence to dc conductivity is revealed. It is plausible that the transition is driven by coupling between the cations themselves as there is very little difference in the I− sublattice before and after the transition. The close resemblance to a ferroelectric leads to the suggestion that the anomaly is due to the renormalized vibrational mode of the cations. A phenomenological expression for the complex conductivity spectrum based on quasi-chemical and mean field theories is constructed to give a qualitative account of the experimental observation.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor coordinately activates transcription of neuropeptide genes in a neuroblastoma cell line.

Abstract Differentiation factors have been identified that influence the phenotype of sympathetic neurons by altering expression of classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms through which such factors act would be facilitated by the availability of a neuronal cell line that responds to these factors in a fashion similar to sympathetic neurons. We have identified a human neuroblastoma cell line, NBFL, that responds to the differentiation factor ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) by coordinately inducing multiple neuropeptide genes as do sympathetic neurons. Treatment of NBFL cells with CNTF increases vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) mRNAs but does not change other neurotransmitter properties. The induction of VIP mRNA by CNTF in NBFL cells is dose dependent, rapid, sustained, and independent of new protein synthesis. Genomic 5' flanking sequences located within a 1.59-kilobase region of the human VIP gene and distinct from the previously defined cAMP-responsive element subserve transcriptional activation by CNTF. Further examination of NBFL cells should permit the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which CNTF and other differentiation factors coordinately activate neuropeptide gene transcription to influence neuronal differentiation. Similar mechanisms may mediate the effect of CNTF on neuronal survival.
Comparison of 137Cs irradiation and mitomycin C treatment of stimulator cells in the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction.

Abstract 137Cs-irradiation has been compared with mitomycin C treatment for the inhibition of DNA synthesis in the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction in mice and humans. 137Cs-irradiation was found to be as effective as mitomycin C in preventing cell proliferation without interfering with the ability of the cell to stimulate allogeneic cells in MLC.
Last But Not Least The Pedagogical Insights of “Intellectual Craftsmanship”

Although much has been written in the past 50 years about the pedagogical value of The Sociological Imagination, one section of Mills’s book has been underutilized for far too long. Namely, the essay in the appendix, “On Intellectual Craftsmanship,” has been rarely invoked by sociologists discussing the significance of The Sociological Imagination for teaching and learning. Given that the appendix is explicitly about doing research and engaging in the scholarly process, this oversight may be understandable; however, we argue that there is much to be found in the appendix that serves the needs of teachers and learners alike. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the pedagogical insights that are implicit in Mills’s recommendations for being intellectual craftspersons.
The South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organization (SPRFMO): an improved model of decision-making for fisheries conservation?

The Convention on the Conservation and Management of High Seas Living Resources in the South Pacific Ocean recently entered into force. The new South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organization (SPRFMO) that it creates will face key challenges in the conservation and management of critical commercial fish stocks in the region. Among the most important species under management is the Orange Roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus). The SPRFMO regime was designed to avoid, or at least lessen, some of the major difficulties experienced by other RFMOs around the world. One of its features is a stricter standard for utilizing the objection procedure in the decision-making of the organization. The Orange Roughy is harvested by the destructive bottom-trawling method which poses a significant threat to South Pacific seamounts. The status of the Orange Roughy, and the protection of these seamounts, will likely be a barometer of SPRFMO success. The SPRFMO may provide an improved model for decision-making and organizational effectiveness in commercial fisheries on the high seas.
Large-scale velocities and primordial non-Gaussianity

We study the peculiar velocities of density peaks in the presence of primordial non-Gaussianity. Rare, high-density peaks in the initial density field can be identified with tracers such as galaxies and clusters in the evolved matter distribution. The distribution of relative velocities of peaks is derived in the large-scale limit using two different approaches based on a local biasing scheme. Both approaches agree, and show that halos still stream with the dark matter locally as well as statistically, i.e. they do not acquire a velocity bias. Nonetheless, even a moderate degree of (not necessarily local) non-Gaussianity induces a significant skewness (~0.1–0.2) in the relative velocity distribution, making it a potentially interesting probe of non-Gaussianity on intermediate to large scales. We also study two-point correlations in redshift space. The well-known Kaiser formula is still a good approximation on large scales, if the Gaussian halo bias is replaced with its (scale-dependent) non-Gaussian generalization. However, there are additional terms not encompassed by this simple formula which become relevant on smaller scales (k ≳ 0.01h/Mpc). Depending on the allowed level of non-Gaussianity, these could be of relevance for future large spectroscopic surveys.
Stability of the leapfrog/midpoint method

Abstract The leapfrog method is popular because of its good stability when solving partial differential equations with oscillatory solutions. “It has the disadvantage that the solution at odd time steps tends to drift farther and farther from the solution for even time steps, so it is common to stop the integration every twenty time steps or so and reinitialize with the first order forward Euler method …”. We prove that restarting in this way results in a method that is not stable. We further show that if the step size is not too big, perturbations grow so slowly that the computations are stable enough for practical purposes. The leapfrog method is not dissipative, but we show that restarting results in a method with a useful amount of dissipation. We also show that Gragg’s smoothing scheme improves the stability of the method.
Minimizing Land Use and Nitrogen Intensity of Bioenergy

The environmental impacts of bioenergy products have received a great deal of attention. Life cycle analysis (LCA) is a widely accepted method to quantify the environmental impacts of products. Conducting comprehensive LCAs for every possible bioenergy alternative is difficult because of the sheer magnitude of potential biomass sources and energy end products. The scopes of LCAs are often simplified to compare multiple products on the basis of greenhouse gas emissions and net energy balances, and may neglect equally important considerations such as nitrogen and land use. This study determines the most desirable energy crops on the basis of nitrogen and land use. The theoretical minimum nitrogen and land use requirements of fourteen bioenergy feedstocks are evaluated. These results can help prioritize certain feedstock crops for more in-depth life cycle analyses and can be used to inform policies on dedicated energy crops. The results of the study indicate that sugar cane has the best nitrogen and land use...
Uniaxial-strain effects on n = 1 free-exciton and free-carrier lines in GaAs

Abstract Photoluminescence at liquid-helium temperature from free excitons in GaAs has been studied for zero strain and for [100] stresses from 33 to 500 kg cm -2 . At zero strain (group T d ) there are three exchange-split exciton lines Λ 5 ( J = 1, allowed), and Λ 3 and Λ 4 ( J = 2, forbidden, and at lower energy than J = 1). The Λ 5 line is strain split by [100] stress χ (group D 2d ) into a higher-energy line X 2 of σ polarization (⊥ stress) and a lower- energy line X 1a of π polarization (∥ stress). The Λ 4 lines gives, with this strain, an allowed, lower-energy line X 1b of σ polarization. The exchange splitting E between Λ 5 and Λ 4 is 0.37 ± 0.04 meV. Theory predicts relative strengths X 1a : X 1b : X 2 of π:0:σ for E ≪ strain splitting Δ hv , changing to π:σ/2:σ/2 for Δ hv ≪ E , and our data are consistent. The deformation potential coefficients for the Λ 5 exciton states are a = -9.76 ± 0.03 eV and b = -1.52 ± 0.06 eV. The dependence of E G on χ has been determined and found to be more rapid than that for X 1a . The value for G (1) thus derived is 4.4 ± 0.04 meV and for E G we find 1.51996 eV ± 0.04 meV for one sample.
THE USE OF PITUITARY EXTRACTS BY MOUTH IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS

It has been quite conclusively shown that pituitary extract—posterior lobe—is effective in controlling the polydipsia and polyuria of diabetes insipidus. It has, however, been necessary in practically every case to administer the extract by intramuscular injection. As a rule one injection per day, regardless of the size of the dose, is not sufficient to relieve the patient. Usually two or three injections of 1 cc. each are required to keep down both the day and the night intake and output. Since, in most cases, this treatment has to be continued indefinitely a great financial and physical burden must be endured by the patient. The present price of the liquid extract is about 25 cents per 1 cc. ampoule. Since it usually requires three injections per day the cost to the patient would be $0.75 per day for the extract, alone. To this is to be added the physician’s charge for giving the injections
A conditional dichotomy theorem for stochastic processes with independent increments

Let X(t) and Y(t) be two stochastically continuous processes with independent increments over [0, T] and Levy spectral measures Mt and Nt, respectively, and let the “time-jump” measures M and N be defined over [0, T] × R⧹{0} by M((t1, t2] × A) = Mt2(A) − Mt1(A) and N((T1, t2] × A) = Nt2(A) − Nt1(A). Under the assumption that M is equivalent to N, it is shown that the measures induced on function space by X(t) and Y(t) are either equivalent or orthogonal, and necessary and sufficient conditions for equivalence are given. As a corollary a complete characterization of the set of admissible translates of such processes is obtained: a function f is an admissible translate for X(t) if and only if it is an admissible translate for the Gaussian component of X(t). In particular, if X(t) has no Gaussian component, then every nontrivial translate of X(t) is orthogonal to it.
Reckoning with the Spectre

Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press. Ravitch, Diane (1983). The troubled crusade. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Reisman, D. & Jencks, C. (1966). The academic revolution. New York: Doubleday. Roth, J. A. (1974). Professionalism: The sociologist's decoy. Sociology of Work and Occupations, 1, 6-51. Rothman, D. (1980). Conscience and convenience: The asylum and its alternatives in progressive America. Boston: Little, Brown. Rothstein, W. G. (1972). American physicians in the nineteenth century: from sects to science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Rudolph, F. (1985, February 13). Integrity in the college curriculum, Assocation of American Colleges. Chronical of Higher Education. Slaughter, S. (1980, March). The danger zone: Academic freedom and civil liberties. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 448, 46-61.
Modeling Water Quality Impacts of Cellulosic Biofuel Production from Corn Silage

The growing interest in the use of alternative biomass products for fuel production requires a thorough understanding of the environmental impacts associated with the production of these bioenergy crops. Corn silage is a potential bioenergy feedstock; however, water quality implications for its utilization as a biofeedstock are not understood. The objective of this work was to evaluate water quality impacts associated with corn silage production. The GLEAMS-NAPRA model was used to quantify runoff, percolation, erosion, nitrate-nitrogen, total phosphorus, and pesticide losses attributed to the production of corn silage with and without winter cover crops for two tillage options (conventional tillage and no till) on three Indiana soils. Results revealed that corn silage would generate greater annual surface runoff (1 to 6 mm) and percolation (1 to 20 mm) compared with corn grain and grain plus stover cropping systems. Silage/winter cereal rye cover crop reduced annual surface runoff and percolation and was strongly influenced by increases in evapotranspiration, when compared with continuous silage production. Silage managed with winter cereal rye cover crop influenced water quality by reducing annual nitrate losses with runoff from a low of 14 % to a high of 27 %, with relatively no effect because of tillage management. No-till practice on silage system produced significantly greater phosphorus losses (7.46 to 18.07 kg/ha) in comparison to silage/cereal rye, corn grain, and grain plus stover harvest (p < 0.05). For every 1,000 l of ethanol produced from corn silage, erosion losses ranged from 0.07 to 0.95 t/ha for conventional tillage practices and from 0.06 to 0.83 t/ha for no-till practices. The feasibility of cropping systems such as corn silage/cereal rye could contribute to large-scale biomass production but should be further investigated.
An Unsupervised Learning Approach for Facial Expression Recognition using Semi-Definite Programming and Generalized Principal Component Analysis

In this paper, we consider facial expression recognition using an unsupervised learning framework. Specifically, given a data set composed of a number of facial images of the same subject with different facial expressions, the algorithm segments the data set into groups corresponding to different facial expressions. Each facial image can be regarded as a point in a high-dimensional space, and the collection of images of the same subject resides on a manifold within this space. We show that different facial expressions reside on distinct subspaces if the manifold is unfolded. In particular, semi-definite embedding is used to reduce the dimensionality and unfold the manifold of facial images. Next, generalized principal component analysis is used to fit a series of subspaces to the data points and associate each data point to a subspace. Data points that belong to the same subspace are shown to belong to the same facial expression.
Data-driven web entertainment: the data collection and analysis practices of fantasy sports players

More and more data is available on the Internet. This data can provide the context for new forms of entertainment and edutainment. Here we study fantasy sports as an example of how this happens and how users bound their data-oriented activities. Fantasy sports are enjoyed by many tens of millions of players around the world. But how engaged are these players and how do they manage the information-rich nature of the game? To start to answer these questions, we are investigating players' fantasy sports practices. How much time do they spend playing? What information do they use to make decisions? How do they interact with other players? In this paper, we report on 160 responses to a questionnaire of US-based Amazon Mechanical Turk workers who are self-identified fantasy sports players.
RosettaEPR: Rotamer Library for Spin Label Structure and Dynamics

An increasingly used parameter in structural biology is the measurement of distances between spin labels bound to a protein. One limitation to these measurements is the unknown position of the spin label relative to the protein backbone. To overcome this drawback, we introduce a rotamer library of the methanethiosulfonate spin label (MTSSL) into the protein modeling program Rosetta. Spin label rotamers were derived from conformations observed in crystal structures of spin labeled T4 lysozyme and previously published molecular dynamics simulations. Rosetta’s ability to accurately recover spin label conformations and EPR measured distance distributions was evaluated against 19 experimentally determined MTSSL labeled structures of T4 lysozyme and the membrane protein LeuT and 73 distance distributions from T4 lysozyme and the membrane protein MsbA. For a site in the core of T4 lysozyme, the correct spin label conformation (Χ1 and Χ2) is recovered in 99.8% of trials. In surface positions 53% of the trajectories agree with crystallized conformations in Χ1 and Χ2. This level of recovery is on par with Rosetta performance for the 20 natural amino acids. In addition, Rosetta predicts the distance between two spin labels with a mean error of 4.4 A. The width of the experimental distance distribution, which reflects the flexibility of the two spin labels, is predicted with a mean error of 1.3 A. RosettaEPR makes full-atom spin label modeling available to a wide scientific community in conjunction with the powerful suite of modeling methods within Rosetta.
Can the Future of Neutrino Physics Compare with its Past

I shall summarize the marvellous accomplishments in neutrino physics of the past decade, very briefly sketch our current understanding of these elusive particles and provide a personal list of the most important challenges that remain in this discipline, given in (my) order of priority. Because the following discussion is more provocative than novel, I must apologize in advance for the inevitable omissions, distortions, inequities and iniquities resulting from my ignorance or infirmitude, inattention or ineptitude and unintended arrogance.
A comparison of lesion detection accuracy using digital mammography and flat-panel CT breast imaging (Honorable Mention Poster Award)

Although conventional mammography is currently the best modality to detect early breast cancer, it is limited in that the recorded image represents the superposition of a 3D object onto a 2D plane. As an alternative, cone-beam CT breast imaging with a CsI based flat-panel imager (CTBI) has been proposed with the ability to provide 3D visualization of breast tissue. To investigate possible improvements in lesion detection accuracy using CTBI over digital mammography (DM), a computer simulation study was conducted using simulated lesions embedded into a structured 3D breast model. The computer simulation realistically modeled x-ray transport through a breast model, as well as the signal and noise propagation through the flat-panel imager. Polyenergetic x-ray spectra of W/Al 50 kVp for CTBI and Mo/Mo 28 kVp for DM were modeled. For the CTBI simulation, the intensity of the x-ray spectra for each projection view was determined so as to provide a total mean glandular dose (MGD) of 4 mGy, which is approximately equivalent to that given in a conventional two-view screening mammography study. Since only one DM view was investigated here, the intensity of the DM x-ray spectra was defined to give 2 mGy MGD. Irregular lesions were simulated by using a stochastic growth algorithm providing lesions with an effective diameter of 5 mm. Breast tissue was simulated by generating an ensemble of backgrounds with a power law spectrum. To evaluate lesion detection accuracy, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) study was performed with 4 observers reading an ensemble of images for each case. The average area under the ROC curves (Az) was 0.94 for CTBI, and 0.81 for DM. Results indicate that a 5 mm lesion embedded in a structured breast phantom can be detected by CT breast imaging with statistically significant higher confidence than with digital mammography.
The “message” in the (political) battle

Abstract Using the mediation of mediatization, political campaigns of American electoral candidates create and attempt to sustain a positive “message” for their candidate and a negative one for their opponent(s). Essentially a biographically projectible ‘brand’, and thus, like brand, potentially engendering suspicion, “message” can seem sometimes to recede in importance, and campaigns work at meta-“message”-ing to deny their own, and to heighten their opponents’, engagement in “message” activity. In the 2008 election cycle the two final presidential candidates both began by seeming to eschew “message,” but it re-emerged in seemingly decisive ways by the conclusion of the electoral cycle.
Differences in Resources Provided by Grandparents in Single and Married Parent Families

Abstract Relationship quality, social contact, and support provided by grandparents to single and married parents were examined using data from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH). Contributions from the respondents' own parents, parents-in-law, and step-parents were examined using ANOVA and chi-square analyses. In general, respondents reported stronger ties with parents than in-laws, and with female rather than male relatives. Custodial mothers' relationships with their parents and in-laws were more strained than those of custodial fathers, and included less social contact with former in-laws. As a result, custodial mothers received less support than custodial fathers, even though their needs were greater. Custodial fathers had more income than single mothers, and they received a broader range of support from a larger network of extended kin. Therapists, family practitioners, and legal professionals can use this information to encourage custodial mothers to view former in-laws as a reso...
Cofilin Dissociates Arp2/3 Complex and Branches from Actin Filaments

Summary Background Actin-based cellular motility requires spatially and temporally coordinated remodeling of a network of branched actin filaments. This study investigates how cofilin and Arp2/3 complex, two main players in the dendritic nucleation model, interact to produce sharp spatial transitions between densely branched filaments and long, unbranched filaments. Results We found that cofilin binding reduces both the affinity of actin filaments for Arp2/3 complex and the stability of branches. We used fluorescence spectroscopy to measure the kinetics of cofilin association with filaments and the resulting dissociation of Arp2/3 complex and TIRF microscopy to visualize filament severing and the loss of actin filament branches. Cofilin severs filaments optimally when few actin subunits are occupied but dissociates branches rapidly only at higher occupancies. Effective debranching is nevertheless achieved, as a result of cooperative binding and reduced affinity of Arp2/3 complex for the filament, at cofilin concentrations below those required for direct competition. Conclusions Cofilin rapidly dissociates Arp2/3 complex and branches by direct competition for binding sites on the actin filament and by propagation of structural changes in the actin filament that reduce affinity for Arp2/3 complex.
Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Core−Shell CdS−Mn/ZnS Nanowires by a Two Step Solvothermal Process

Synthesis of thin (5−8 nm) CdS−Mn/ZnS core−shell nanowires (CSNWs) with high aspect ratio (up to ∼150) is reported for the first time. The modified solvothermal synthesis of CSNW involved two steps: the formation of Mn-doped CdS core followed by the ZnS shell. The CSNW growth process is engineered in such a way that the ZnS shell layer grew radially onto the prematurely grown CdS−Mn core, that is, prior to the formation of its well-faceted surface.
Creating false memories with hybrid lists of semantic and phonological associates: Over-additive false memories produced by converging associative networks

Abstract The present experiments assessed false memories for critical items (e.g., dog) following the presentation of semantic associates (e.g., hound, puppy), phonological associates (e.g., log, dot), or hybrid lists of semantic and phonological associates (e.g., hound, dot). Experiment 1 indicated that the addition of only three phonological associates to a list of 10 semantic associates doubled the recall of non-presented critical items. Experiment 2 indicated that embedding 18 semantic associates and 18 phonological associates within a single list led to greater false recall than the sum of the false recall effects produced by lists containing 18 semantic associates or lists containing 18 phonological associates. Experiment 3 explored this over-additivity and indicated that lists of 8 semantic associates and 8 phonological associates produced greater false recall and false recognition than the average produced in lists containing 16 semantic or 16 phonological associates. These studies provide converging evidence that lists of semantic and phonological associates produce over-additive false recall and false recognition of non-presented critical items relative to pure semantic or pure phonological lists. An activation-monitoring framework is presented that provides an account of the increased false memories elicited by hybrid lists of semantic and phonological associates. Experiment 3 also showed that the experience of remembering during recognition was driven more by semantic factors, whereas the experience of knowing was driven more by phonological factors.
Making Education Work for the American Indian.

In order to discuss American Indian education with some degree of intelligence, we must first have some idea of what we are talking about with respect to the definition of Indian. Unfortunately, most articles on the topic of Indian education have made the all too common mistake of assuming too much. We assume that everyone knows how an Indian looks, how an Indian behaves, how Indians live, and even how Indians think. We also assume that there is such a thing as an Indian language. As a step toward dispelling the myth of the stereotype Indian, we will briefly examine some of the complexities involved with attempting to understand "Indian." We will then proceed to review Indian education.
Neuroanatomical localization of the 'precentral knob' with computed tomography imaging.

Background/Aims: The ‘precentral knob’, a cortical representation of the motor hand function, can be identified and localized consistently using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI. We present a method of indirectly identifying and localizing the Ω-shaped precentral knob using the anatomical landmarks on computed tomography (CT). Methods: CT and MRI obtained within 24 h from 10 patients undergoing a headache workup and found to be negative for any anatomical abnormalities were studied. First, the precentral knob was identified in the CT images. Then, the ‘coronal suture line’ and ‘midline’ were identified and used to measure the distance to the precentral knob on both hemispheres. MRI was used to confirm the location of the precentral knob in the CT images based on anatomical landmarks (i.e. sulcal configurations). Results: The precentral knob is located 45.1 ± 5.2 mm posterior with respect to the coronal suture line and 33.9 ± 3.4 mm lateral to the midline on the right hemisphere, and 44.6 ± 5.7 mm posterior and 33.2 ± 2.5 mm lateral on the left hemisphere. Conclusion: We present a method of consistently identifying and localizing the Ω-shaped precentral knob, a cortical representation of the motor hand function, using CT.
Disrupted myelin and axon loss in the anterior commissure of the aged rhesus monkey.

This study assesses the effects of age on the composition of the anterior commissure of the rhesus monkey. The anterior commissures of nine young (5–10 years), five middle-aged (15–20 years), and eight old (25–35 years) monkeys were examined by light and electron microscopy. In all, 90 –95% of the nerve fibers in the anterior commissure are myelinated. With age, the structure of the myelin sheaths of some nerve fibers is altered. Some of the axons also show signs of degeneration and this leads to a loss of nerve fibers. Thus, in young and the middle-aged monkeys the mean number of myelinated nerve fibers in the anterior commissure is 2.2 10 6 , while in the old monkeys the mean is 1.2 10 6 . Increasing age is correlated with a reduction in the number of myelinated nerve fibers in the anterior commissure, an increase in the frequency of structural alterations in myelin sheaths, and an increase in the frequency of occurrence of degenerating axons. However, the number of myelinated nerve fibers is the only variable that correlates with cognition: in monkeys 5–20 years of age the fewer the number of nerve fibers the poorer the cognitive performance, as measured by our Cognitive Impairment Index (CII). The most common neuroglial cells in the anterior commissure are oligodendrocytes. They account for 86% of all neuroglial cell profiles, while astrocytes account for 9%, and microglial cells for 5% of profiles. There is no apparent change with age in the total numbers of neuroglial cells, although as they age each of the neuroglial cell types acquires some inclusions in their cytoplasm. The data, together with those from previous studies, support the concept that in aging there is a ubiquitous loss of myelinated nerve fibers from the brain and that fiber loss is preceded by alterations in the structure of many of the myelin sheaths. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:14 –30, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: aging; primate; astrocyte; oligodendrocyte; microglia; electron microscopy; axon; nerve fibers
Mutual Annihilation of Singlet Excitons in [sgrave]-Conjugated Polysilanes

Abstract In previous papers, we have reported that the exciton-exciton annihilation rate constant is very high for singlet excitons in poly(n-propyl methyl silane) and that it is insensitive to temperature. In this paper, we report further that this rate constant is roughly the same magnitude as that found earlier in both poly(phenyl methyl silane) and poly(di-n-hexyl silane), and that it is not affected by the molecular weight of the polymer, at least in poly (di-n-hexyl silane). However, solid films of poly(di-n-hexyl silane) undergo an order-disorder transition near 42°C, and it appears that this transition causes an order of magnitude decrease in the annihilation rate constant.
Photoluminescence characterization of ZnO nanowires decorated with metallic nanoparticles

The room and low temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra of as grown zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires and those coated with aluminum (Al) and nickel (Ni) nanoparticles by RF magnetron sputtering have been investigated. A strong enhancement of UV emission is seen for those samples coated with metallic nanoparticles. Noting that the presence of high energy Ar atoms and the absence of hydrogen incorporation during the metal deposition a model is proposed that can explain the experimental results.