cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the occurrence of mucous cells in papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum.

Abstract One case of papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum in a series of sixty-three examined revealed large numbers of mucous cells within the ducts. Mucus was demonstrated by several stains. It should be interesting to determine whether these mucous cells occur any more frequently in this tumor than would be expected on chance occurrence alone, as mucous cells are seen occasionally in the large and medium-sized ducts of the normal parotid gland.
SU-E-I-29: Generalized Relative Object Detectability (G-ROD): A Metric for Comparing X-Ray Imaging Detector Systems

Purpose: To determine the relative task-specific performance of two x-ray imaging detectors including the effect of other components of the imaging chain. Methods: The relative object detectability (ROD) was defined as the ratio of the integral of the detective-quantum efficiency (DQE) of a detector weighted by the square of the Fourier Transform (or frequency spectrum) of the object to the same integral for a second detector. The generalized ROD (G-ROD) is calculated by replacing DQE by the generalized DQE (GDQE) which includes geometric unsharpness and scatter to evaluate the total imaging chain. The G-ROD was calculated for the micro-angiographic fluoroscope (MAF) relative to a flat-panel detector (FPD) for low (1.05) and high (1.2) magnifications with two focal-spot sizes, small (0.3 mm) and medium (0.5 mm), and for the same value of scatter fraction. Solid spheres from 50 to 600 microns were simulated as the objects for this evaluation. The G-ROD results were compared with those of the ROD which considers the detectors alone. Results: For 50-micron spheres, the ROD is 7.93 and, for the small [medium] focus, the G-ROD is 6.74 [5.22] at low magnification and 3.03 [1.66] at high magnification, indicating superior performance of the MAF particularly at lowmore » magnification. Both ROD and G-ROD decrease monotonically with size and remain around one above 400-microns. The G-ROD decreases more dramatically with low compared to high magnification for both focal spots. Conclusion: In all cases, the MAF performs better than the FPD and the decreasing trend of the G-ROD indicates that the performance of both detectors becomes similar as the object size increases and becomes nearly equal above 400-micron diameter sphere size. Finally, increased magnification and focal-spot size decrease the G-ROD, indicting that they degrade the performance of the MAF more than that of the FPD for a small-object viewing task. Supported by NIH Grant: 2R01EB002873 and an equipment grant from Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation.« less
News concreteness and visual-verbal association: Do news pictures narrow the recall gap between concrete and abstract news?

In three experiments with difficult stimuli, it was found that the addition of a representative picture to a news item improves recall of that item. Second, as predicted by dual-coding theory (DCT), concrete news items were recalled better than abstract news items (Experiments 2 and 3). Furthermore, concrete news items benefited more from the addition of a news picture than did abstract news items (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, it was found that news concreteness was strongly correlated with various picture attributes, including visual-verbal overlap, which might in part explain the differential gain in recall from the addition of pictures to concrete and abstract news. The results are explained using Paivio's DCT.
Ring-Opening Metathesis Copolymerization of Cyclooctene and a Carborane-Containing Oxanorbornene

The incorporation of a silyl-protected oxanorbornene imide carborane (SONIC) in polyethylene-like materials is reported. These copolymers were obtained via ring-opening metathesis copolymerization of (SONIC) and cyclooctene followed by hydrogenation with p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide. The composition of the copolymer was varied by altering the feed ratio. Structural and thermal properties were investigated and compared with that of a model polymer so as to gauge the impact on the inclusion of the silyl-functionalized carborane. An initial observation of the modification of the chain sequence upon changing solvent polarity is also discussed. Finally, the potential utilization of these materials as radiation shielding materials is mentioned. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2557–2563, 2010
The zeta potential arising from cationic surfactant adsorption in non-aqueous dispersions of carbon black

Abstract The effect of counterion size of the cationic surfactants CTAC, CTAB and CTAS on the sign and magnitude of the zeta potential on Austin black dispersions in n-heptane and benzene were investigated. Zeta potentials were determined using single-particle microelectrophoresis. Velocities were measured at the stationary levels; all the conditions for true electrophoresis were satisfied. The measured electrophoretic mobilities were converted to zeta potentials using the Huckel equation, corrected for relaxation effects. Results for n-heptane dispersions and a series on quaternary ammonium salts differing only in the size of the counterions, indicated a dependence on the sign and magnitude of the zeta potential on the nature of the counterion. The smallest counterion (chloride) gave negative zeta potentials, while the larger counterions yielded positive zeta potentials which increased with increasing size of the counterions. Similar trends were observed with the benzene dispersions. An ion-induced surface dipole mechanism was postulated to explain the observed phenomena.
Studies of bipolar nebulae. VI - Optical spectrophotometric mapping of GL 2688 /the Cygnus EGG Nebula/

Optical scanner spectra are presented for ten positions in the lobes of GL 2688. Color gradients exist across the nebulae, probably due to systematic variations in the sizes of typical scattering grains. Molecular emissions C2, C3, and SiC2 are found, similar to the spectra of comets. Resonance fluorescence seems to be indicated.
Epithelial overexpression of BDNF and NT4 produces distinct gustatory axon morphologies that disrupt initial targeting

Most fungiform taste buds fail to become innervated when BDNF or NT4 is overexpressed in the basal layer of tongue epithelium. Here, we examined when and how overexpression of BDNF and NT4 disrupt innervation to fungiform papillae. Overexpression of either factor disrupted chorda tympani innervation patterns either before or during the initial innervation of fungiform papillae. NT4 and BDNF overexpression each disrupted initial innervation by producing different gustatory axon morphologies that emerge at distinct times (E12.5 and E14.5, respectively). Chorda tympani nerve branching was reduced in NT4 overexpressing mice, and neuronal fibers in these mice were fasciculated and remained below the epithelial surface, as if repelled by NT4 overexpression. In contrast, many chorda tympani nerve branches were observed near the epithelial surface in mice overexpressing BDNF, and most were attracted to and invaded non-taste filiform papillae instead of gustatory papillae. These results suggest that BDNF, but not NT4, normally functions as a chemoattractant that allows chorda tympani fibers to distinguish their fungiform papillae targets from non-gustatory epithelium. Since BDNF and NT4 both signal through the p75 and TrkB receptors, trophin-specific activation of different internal signaling pathways must regulate the development of the distinct gustatory axon morphologies in neurotrophin-overexpressing mice.
Scheduling space-time dependent packets in multi-view video streaming

I formulate an optimization framework for scheduling the packet transmissions in streaming multi-view content over bandwidth constrained channels. The optimization allows me to compute the transmission decisions that maximize the expected reconstruction quality of the content at the client, for the given bandwidth resources. Two prospective multi-view content representation formats are considered: MVC and video plus depth. In the case of each, I formulate directed graph models that characterize the interdependencies between the data units comprising the content. For the video plus depth format, I develop a novel space-time error concealment strategy that reconstructs missing content at the client based on received data units from multiple views. I design two techniques for solving the optimization problem of interest. In conjunction, I derive a spatiotemporal model of the reconstruction error for the multi-view content that I employ to reduce the computational requirements of the optimization. I study the performance of my framework via simulation experiments. Significant gains in rate-distortion efficiency are observed over state-of-the-art methods.
Results of Mathematical Modeling of Modified In-Situ Oil Shale Retorting

Lawrence Livermore Natl. Laboratory (LLNL) has developed a one-dimensional (1D) mathematical model to simulate modified in-situ (MIS) retorting of oil shale. In this paper the authors discuss application of the model to commercial-scale retorting conditions. The model was tested by comparing calculated values to those measured in experimental retort runs performed at LLNL. There was generally good agreement between the calculated and observed results for oil yield, temperature profiles, and the yields of most gas species. Retorting rates were generally overestimated by as much as 10%. The model is a useful tool for design and control of retort operations and to identify and interpret observations that differ from model predictions. The model was used to predict the results for MIS retorting on a commercial scale, focusing on larger retorts and larger shale particle sizes than could be investigated experimentally. Retort bed properties, particularly shale composition and particle size, play an important role in determining the recoverable fraction of oil. For a given shale composition, the inlet-gas properties can be selected to help control retort operations and to maximize oil yield. Extreme variations in oil shale grade that may be encountered as a function of depth can be dealt with bymore » appropriate changes in the composition and flow rate of the inlet gas. In addition, it is shown that substituting oxygen diluted with steam or CO/sub 2/ (for air or air diluted with steam) can make significant improvements in the heating value of the effluent gas. Finally, the feasibility of retorting through a substantial interval of very low-grade shale is demonstrated.« less
Hybrid Wing-Body Pressurized Fuselage and Bulkhead, Design and Optimization

The structural weight reduction of a pressurized Hybrid Wing-Body (HWB) fuselage is a serious challenge. Hence, research and development are presently being continued at NASA under the Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) and Subsonic Fixed Wing (SFW) projects in collaboration with the Boeing Company, Huntington Beach and Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). In this paper, a structural analysis of the HWB fuselage and bulkhead panels is presented, with the objectives of design improvement and structural weight reduction. First, orthotropic plate theories for sizing, and equivalent plate analysis with appropriate simplification are considered. Then parametric finite-element analysis of a fuselage section and bulkhead are conducted using advanced stitched composite structural concepts, which are presently being developed at Boeing for pressurized HWB flight vehicles. With this advanced stiffened-shell design, structural weights are computed and compared to the thick sandwich, vaulted-ribbed-shell, and multi-bubble stiffened-shell structural concepts that had been studied previously. The analytical and numerical results are discussed to assess the overall weight/strength advantages.
Performance and Future of the Tevatron

Fermilab's Tevatron continues Run 2 operation as a 36 × 36 bunch proton-antiproton collider at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV. Progress throughout the Fermilab accelerator complex that has led to recent advances in luminosity will be highlighted. The goals for the remainder of Run 2, currently scheduled to end in 2009, will be discussed.
Experiences with microturbine generator systems installed in the south coast air quality management district

A comprehensive field data collection campaign is reported on in which operational data are being obtained from microturbine generators located in the South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD). The data obtained are archived in a SQL database, which provides the ability to look at various performance aspects as a function of many parameters interactively on the Internet. An overview of the program is provided along with details regarding the data collection and archiving strategies. To provide a framework relative to optimal operation of these systems in the region, economics associated with various operational schedules as a function of various rate structures in Southern California are provided. In addition to quantitative operational characteristics and performance results, some general end-user impressions of the technology and of the overall installation process are also documented. Details from three representative sites are presented.
The accuracy of a continuous volumetric balancing system in pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy.

BACKGROUND In pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) patients, accurate ultrafiltration (UF) measurement is essential, as both over- and under-UF may result in suboptimal outcomes. Traditionally, CRRT has relied on scale-based UF measurements; however, the recent development of a continuous volumetric balancing system has allowed for the advent of scale-less CRRT. METHODS To assess the accuracy of the volumetric balancing system, we designed a continuously measuring digital scale, which accounted for dialysate use and collected effluent, allowing us to independently measure UF volume and compare it with the machine reported UF volume. RESULTS In four low weight (6.9-16.7 kg) pediatric CRRT patients, we measured the UF volume over 20 separate runs, comprising a total of 318 hours. Over this time, the total measured UF volume was 50,550 mL ± 296 mL, whereas the total reported UF volume was 50,733 mL, a difference of 183 mL ± 296 mL (0.6 ± 0.9 ml/h), or 0.4 ± 0.6%. For each patient, over 48-112 hours per patient, the differences between the total measured and total reported UF volumes ranged from -7.8 ± 1.7 ml/h to +9.7 ± 1.8 ml/h, or -6.0 ± 1.3% to +5.4 ± 1.0%. CONCLUSIONS In low-weight, pediatric CRRT patients, the scale-less continuous volumetric balancing system delivers accurate ultrafiltration.
The noncoding RNA revolution-trashing old rules to forge new ones.

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) accomplish a remarkable variety of biological functions. They regulate gene expression at the levels of transcription, RNA processing, and translation. They protect genomes from foreign nucleic acids. They can guide DNA synthesis or genome rearrangement. For ribozymes and riboswitches, the RNA structure itself provides the biological function, but most ncRNAs operate as RNA-protein complexes, including ribosomes, snRNPs, snoRNPs, telomerase, microRNAs, and long ncRNAs. Many, though not all, ncRNAs exploit the power of base pairing to selectively bind and act on other nucleic acids. Here, we describe the pathway of ncRNA research, where every established "rule" seems destined to be overturned.
A fuel cell model in biological energy conversion

Consideration of the high energy conversion efficiency of biological systems leads to the idea that mechanical energy may arise via a series of steps, of which a rate-determining one occurs in a fuel-cell-like element. The mitochondrion is suggested as the site of such entities. The observed efficiency would be consistent with a potential loss of about 0.5 V. The supposed biological fuel cells would be able to act as an electrical power source, driving chemical reactions against their spontaneous direction. Considerations of electrical conductance in wet proteins shows that ohmic (i.e., non-interfacial) potential differences through mitochondrial membranes could be negligible. The cathodic reaction would be the reduction of oxygen, O2+4H++4e−→H2O and the anodic reaction, 2NADH+→2NAD+2H++4e−. The anodes are suggested as being molecular, buried in the invaginations of the inner membrane forming the cristae. The cathodes are located on enzymes which are probably on the inner side of the membrane but could be, respectively, on the outer (cathodic), and the inner (anodic) sides. The electron transport occurs though proteins within each membrane. The relation of the so-called fuel cell potentials to potentially observable membrane potentials, and those measured by fluorescent probes, are discussed. The fuel cells produce electrical energy and this energy is transferred to ADP by an electrolytic route, using electric power from the cells to work the endergonic ATP synthesis. Possible electrode reactions are suggested. An exponential dependence of the rate of ATP synthesis upon applied potential has been observed. Biological cells radiate electromagnetically in the 109 to 1015 Hz region. Such phenomena support a fuel cell model of a biological cell because they demand the presence of mobile electrons.
First description of a fossil symphylan,Scutigerella dominicana sp. n. (Scutigerellidae: Symphyla), in Dominican amber

Two specimens ofScutigerella dominicana sp. n. are described from Dominican amber dated at 25–40 million years. The holotype specimen is represented by a fourth instar and the paratype by a third instar. These fossils represent the first description of a fossil symphylan, the first report of members of the phylum Symphyla from Dominican amber and the first report of a fossil Scutigerellidae.
Genomic fingerprints of Staphylococcus aureus of bovine origin by polymerase chain reaction-based DNA fingerprinting.

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus (n = 75) isolated from mammary secretions of cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis from several geographic locations in the USA were examined using polymerase chain reaction-based DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprints were produced using a synthetic oligonucleotide primer (5'GTAACGCC3') to produce a distinct spectrum of amplified DNA fragments facilitating a high degree of resolution for differentiating S. aureus strains. PCR-based DNA fingerprinting grouped the 75 S. aureus isolates into 19 distinct profiles. The technique differentiated closely related strains within and between geographic locations. Findings suggest that certain types are found across geographic regions suggesting a common clonal type. Within herd data suggest heterogeneity among subclinical and clinical isolates of S. aureus strains. Compared to existing typing methods, PCR-based DNA fingerprinting is easy to perform and interpret. Use of PCR-based DNA fingerprinting may allow for a more detailed investigation of the epidemiology of S. aureus mastitis in dairy cows.
A rapid technique for measuring and visualizing the extent of separated flow

A method is described for rapidly measuring and visualizing the extent of separated flow suitable for a wind tunnel environment. The method utilizes a continuously swinging total pressure probe. This technique permits acquiring and presenting graphical records of separated regions in a fraction of the time required by other methods. Typical results indicate the presence of highly complicated three-dimensional separated regions for a typical general aviation twin-engine aircraft at post-stall conditions.
Walter T. Johnson (1892 to 1937): pioneer of coccidiosis research in the fowl.

Walter T. Johnson (1892 to 1937), veterinarian at Western Washington Agricultural Experiment Station (WWAES), Puyallup, Washington, USA, and subsequently poultry pathologist and professor of veterinary medicine at Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station (OSAES), Corvallis, Oregon, USA, made many important contributions to our understanding of the disease coccidiosis. His pioneering work included the first description of Eimeria necatrix and Eimeria praecox from the chicken and identification of four other species of Eimeria from the fowl. He demonstrated the relationship between numbers of oocysts ingested and severity of infection, and described the phenomenon of host specificity and the significance of immunity. Contrary to widespread opinion, he considered that coccidia were not involved in blackhead disease and other pathological conditions reported from the fowl. His views on control were ahead of his time and he anticipated the possibility of vaccinating birds by infecting them with ...
Design and synthesis of peripherally restricted transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonists.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel antagonists may have clinical utility for the treatment of chronic nociceptive and neuropathic pain. We recently advanced a TRPV1 antagonist, 3 (AMG 517), into clinical trials as a new therapy for the treatment of pain. However, in addition to the desired analgesic effects, this TRPV1 antagonist significantly increased body core temperature following oral administration in rodents. Here, we report one of our approaches to eliminate or minimize the on-target hyperthermic effect observed with this and other TRPV1 antagonists. Through modifications of our clinical candidate, 3 a series of potent and peripherally restricted TRPV1 antagonists have been prepared. These analogues demonstrated on-target coverage in vivo but caused increases in body core temperature, suggesting that peripheral restriction was not sufficient to separate antagonism mediated antihyperalgesia from hyperthermia. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate that the site of action for T...
Citizenship as the Aim of the Social Studies

(1976). Citizenship as the Aim of the Social Studies. Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 1-22.
Assessment of damage in composite laminates through dynamic, full-spectral interrogation of fiber Bragg grating sensors

In this study, we demonstrate the full-spectral interrogation of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor at 535 Hz. The sensor is embedded in a woven, graphite fiber–epoxy composite laminate subjected to multiple low-velocity impacts. The measurement of unique, time dependent spectral features from the FBG sensor permits classification of the laminate lifetime into five regimes. These damage regimes compare well with previous analysis of the same material system using combined global and local FBG sensor information. Observed transient spectral features include peak splitting, wide spectral broadening and a strong single peak at the end of the impact event. Such features could not be measured through peak wavelength interrogation of the FBG sensor. Cross-correlation of the measured spectra with the original embedded FBG spectrum permitted rapid visualization of average strains and the presence of transverse compressive strain on the optical fiber, but smeared out the details of the spectral profile.
Reactively sputtered coherent TiN process for sub-0.5-μm technology

TiN films were sputtered deposited through a collimating medium under different conditions where the sputter target was maintained in nitrided and non-nitrided modes. In-situ rapid thermal (RTP) annealing was done in an applied materials metal anneal chamber (MAC) integrated with the Endura physical vapor deposition (PVD) system. The barrier properties of these films were evaluated for tungsten plug application. Contact resistances and junction leakage data are presented. It is seen that the TiN films deposited in the non-nitrided mode possess excellent barrier properties. This method of deposition offers significantly improved wafer throughputs for coherent sputtering of TiN. The MAC offers an excellent alternative to the conventional furnace annealing approach for contact silicidation and provides a means for improving productivity.
Concept comparison of caring and social support.

PURPOSE. To explicate the similarities and differences between the concepts of caring and social support. METHODS. Qualitative concept comparison. FINDINGS. Similarities and/or subtle and substantive differences exist between caring and social support. Both concepts are characterized as dynamic interpersonal processes that involve sensitivity. Caring appears to lie within the purview of expert nurse providers, while social support is located primarily within the domain of lay providers. Social support is perfunctory and focused, whereas caring encounters are more intimate and holistic. Caring results in improved mental well-being for both recipients and providers, while improvements in mental health are limited to social support recipients. Unlike social support, physical well-being is an outcome of caring. CONCLUSIONS. Caring and social support share common attributes and outcomes; however, they appear to be different processes that predominately exist in separate domains. Caring appears to reside within the professional paradigm of nursing, while social support exists primarily within the sphere of lay providers. IMPLICATIONS. Nurses are encouraged to develop and use well-delineated conceptual frameworks to guide practice and research.
Evaluation of Toughness Differences in Turkeys

SUMMARY The reaction of a large untrained panel to turkey meat samples ranging from very tender to very tough was studied. Suitable samples were produced by varying the post-mortem aging time before freezing from 1 to 24 hr. Warner-Bratzler shear-force values were compared with toughness differences detectable by a small trained panel and with toughness complained of by the large panel. The small panel, using a triangle test, distinguished toughness differences in light meat that differed in shear resistance by 4 Ib in a 9- to 22-Ib range. Complaints about toughness by the large panel increased markedly when the light meat had shear resistance above 25 Ib, and to some extent between 19 and 25 Ib.
Enzyme resolution in starch gel electrophoresis.

Abstract 1. 1. Improved resolution of enzyme bands in starch gel electrophoresis obtained by assaying extracts of 1 mm slices is well worth the increased manipulative requirements, for research purposes. Resolution is also improved by limiting slab thickness to about 2 mm or less before cutting the slices. 2. 2. Starch gel electrophoresis of honey α-glucosidase preparations show up to ten distinct bands in a 30 mm zone of activity when processed in this manner; only one activity zone was found by direct staining of the gel by chromogenic substrate reagents.
Radiometric Levitation of Microscopic Particles in a Laser Beam

We observe the levitation of non-transparent particles such as tungsten in a laser beam surrounded by a gas. We document the motion of trapped particles and observe the trapping phenomenon under conditions of free fall.
RESOURCE‐DEPENDENT INTERACTIONS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF DESERT ANT COMMUNITIES

Resources influence consumer physiology, behavior, population growth, interspecific interactions, and community structure. To understand fully the influence of resources on interactions among consumer populations and community structure, it may be necessary to understand the influence of resources on individual behavior. In the first part of this study, we examined how resource type influenced foraging behavior and interactions in a guild of omnivorous desert ants. Cafeteria experiments showed that Myrmecocystus depilis, M. mimicus, and Aphaenogaster cockerelli prefer protein resources to seed resources. However, A. cockerelli collects mostly seed resources, and M. depilis and M. mimicus collect mostly protein resources when faced with competition from one another. A temporary removal experiment showed that the effect of M. mimicus and M. depilis on A. cockerelli depended on resource type. At protein resources, Myrmecocystus foragers tended to displace A. cockerelli foragers, but at seed resources, there ...
Farm Labor Legislation: A Computer Program to Assist Growers

Labor recruitment and management is critical to agricultural production. Dependence on hired labor is growing, even in states and regions where farm labor needs were traditionally met by family members. Employment in agriculture is governed by a large number of complex federal and state regulations. A computerized information system designed to facilitate compliance with these regulations is described. A user survey shows that the system is widely and effectively used.
Chorionic Villus Sampling

Since the introduction of prenatal diagnosis by amniocentesis, the most unpleasant aspects of the process according to most women have been the long wait to have the test and the long wait for results. Physicians and couples alike have wished for a technique that could be used in the first weeks of pregnancy. An alternative prenatal diagnostic method that offers an earlier and for many couples a more rapid answer than amniocentesis is currently under intense clinical and laboratory investigation. In the past few years, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), also called chorionic villous biopsy, has evolved as a useful clinical procedure (Fraccaro et al., 1985), although much work remains to be done regarding its accuracy and safety. By learning of an affected fetus in the first trimester, couples are spared many weeks of anxious waiting and their privacy about the pregnancy is assured. The pregnant woman is offered the option of a first trimester termination, which is medically safer than late abortion and much less taxing physically for her. The emotional stresses are not eliminated, but in some respects they are lessened by this option. Looking ahead, the diagnosis of some disorders will surely lend themselves to in utero treatment that may need to begin before the second trimester. CVS would be an essential diagnostic tool for detecting an affected fetus in such cases.
KINETIC ANALYSIS OF ESTROGEN AND ANTIESTROGEN COMPETITION FOR HYPOTHALAMIC CYTOSOL ESTROGEN RECEPTORS. EVIDENCE FOR NONCOMPETITIVE LIGAND-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS

AbstractThe binding of (3H)-estradiol (E2) to cytoplasmic estrogen receptors isolated from female rat hypothalamus-preoptic area by unlabeled estrogen and antiestrogens (nafoxidine and tamoxifen) was examined when the concentrations of both the agonist (3H)-E2) and unlabeled competitors were varied over a wide range. Concentrations of unlabeled E2 up to 10-10M decreased the affinity of the labeled steroid for its receptor; at higher E2 concentrations, the apparent number of binding sites (Bmax) began to decline. Thus at some concentrations, E2 may act as a mixed competitive and noncompetitive inhibitor of its own binding to hypothalamic cytosol receptors. The antiestrogens differed markedly from E2 in their interactions with hypothalamic estrogen receptors. Only at relatively high competitor concentrations (e.g., > 10-9M) did the antagonists appear to competitively inhibit (3H)-E2-receptor binding. The most striking observation was that tamoxifen and nafoxidine significantly inhibited (3H)-E2-receptor bin...
Plane-strain Bulge Test for Thin Films

The plane-strain bulge test is a powerful new technique for measuring the mechanical properties of thin films. In this technique, the stress–strain curve of a thin film is determined from the pressure-deflection behavior of a long rectangular membrane made of the film of interest. For a thin membrane in a state of plane strain, film stress and stain are distributed uniformly across the membrane width, and simple analytical formulae for stress and strain can be established. This makes the plane-strain bulge test ideal for studying the mechanical behavior of thin films in both the elastic and plastic regimes. Finite element analysis confirms that the plane-strain condition holds for rectangular membranes with aspect ratios greater than 4 and that the simple formulae are highly accurate for materials with strain-hardening exponents ranging from 0 to 0.5. The residual stress in the film mainly affects the elastic deflection of the membrane and changes the initial point of yield in the plane-strain stress–strain curve, but has little or no effect on further plastic deformation. The effect of the residual stress can be eliminated by converting the plane-strain curve into the equivalent uniaxial stress–strain relationship using effective stress and strain. As an example, the technique was applied to an electroplated Cu film. Si micromachining was used to fabricate freestanding Cu membranes. Typical experimental results for the Cu film are presented. The data analysis is in good agreement with finite element calculations.
Automated translation of UML models of architectures for verification and simulation using SPIN

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is fast becoming an industry standard for object-oriented modeling and analysis. Applying the UML to model, analyze and design dependable systems require methods and tools for model checking that are integrated with the UML and its support environment. Recent advances in model-checking technologies have led to the development of approaches and tools to check the correctness of security protocols as well as check the correctness properties (such as deadlock properties) of architectural abstractions of component based systems implementing specific styles of coordination. This paper focuses on use of a specific model-checking technology, SPIN, in model checking architectures specified using UML. In particular the paper develops an approach to check desired properties of a class of distributed component based software architectures characterized by indirect connection via mediators and shared space. The approach is demonstrated in the context of an architectural design implementing the NetBill protocol for e-commerce.
Repeated-measures modeling improved comparison of diagnostic tests in meta-analysis of dependent studies

Abstract Objective Current methods for meta-analysis of diagnostic tests do not allow utilizing all the information from papers in which several tests have been studied on the same patient sample. We demonstrate how to combine several studies of diagnostic tests, where each study reports on more than one test and some tests (but not necessarily all of them) are shared with other papers selected for the meta-analysis. We adopt statistical methodology for repeated measurements for the purpose of meta-analysis of diagnostic tests. Study design and setting The method allows for missing values of some tests for some papers, takes into account different sample sizes of papers, adjusts for background and confounding factors including test-specific covariates and paper-specific covariates, and accounts for correlations of the repeated measurements within each paper. It does not need individual-level data, although it can be modified to use them, and uses the two-by-two table of test results vs. gold standard. Results The results are translated from diagnostic odds ratios (DOR) to more clinically useful measures such as predictive values, post-test probabilities, and likelihood ratios. Models to capture between-study variation are introduced. The fit and influence of specific studies on the regression can be evaluated. Furthermore, model-based tests for homogeneity of DORs across papers are presented. Conclusion The use of this new method is illustrated using a recent meta-analysis of the D-dimer test for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis.
Relations between Mutual Information, Strong Equivalence, Signal-to-Noise Ratio, and Signal Sample Path Properties

Let (St) and (Nt), t ∈ [0,T], be measurable stochastic processes, with (Nt) Gaussian. Relations are obtained between the average mutual information of (St) and (St + Nt), strong equivalence of (St + Nt) and (Nt), the signal-to-noise ratio of a quadratic-linear test statistic, and the sample path properties of (St). These relations generalize previous results due to T. S. Pitcher. For the case when (St) and (Nt) are jointly Gaussian, it is shown that these relations cannot be substantially improved.
Overview of CITRIS for the IEEE LCN conference

The Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society (CITRIS) is a partnership between four UC campuses – Berkeley (lead campus) Davis, Merced, Santa Cruz, the state of California and private industry. It is one of four UC Centers for Science and Innovation formed to help solve societal scale problems, which affect the quality of life of every Californian. Professor Bajcsy will describe some of the projects going on at UC campuses to help solve these daunting challenges: ! Education – distance learning… ! Energy Efficiency – smart buildings… ! Environment - water, air, environment, forest fires… ! Health Care - monitoring devices… ! Homeland Security and Defense. ! Seismic Safety ! Transportation.
Face recognition memory deficits and visual object memory performance in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives.

OBJECTIVE: Face recognition memory deficits in schizophrenia are attributed to frontotemporal dysfunction. Biological relatives of patients have similar deficits, suggesting genetic susceptibility. Because the impairment may reflect generalized object memory deficits, the authors evaluated both face and visual object recognition. METHOD: The Penn Face Memory Test and Visual Object Learning Test were given to 102 patients with schizophrenia, 60 of their biological relatives, and 135 healthy comparison subjects. RESULTS: Significant immediate and delayed face recognition deficits were observed in patients and their relatives. Although patients were more impaired in visual object memory than comparison subjects, relatives were not. CONCLUSIONS: Face recognition deficits in patients with schizophrenia and their families are not secondary to generalized object memory deficits and may be an endophenotype reflecting frontotemporal impairment.
Leader-member exchange development: a hospitality antecedent investigation

Abstract This study reviews the literature surrounding leader-member exchange (LMX), proposes and tests antecedents of LMX. The intent is to clarify antecedents of LMX. The study uses a hospitality sample, as LMX is related to a wide range of constructs highly relevant for hospitality management. Following confirmatory factor analysis, the antecedents are tested using regression analysis, followed by path analysis. LMX is posited to develop through interaction between leader and member. Power is shown to be reflected in the LMX, and social power is tested as antecedent to LMX. The results are consistent with a causal model that has superior-subordinate intradyadic communication, the superior's coercive power and the superior's reward power as antecedents to LMX, which then has referent power as consequent. Expert power is found to be an additional antacedent to referent power, not LMX.
Israel is failing to protect its citizens from secondhand smoke: underestimating public support

Rather than clearly and unequivocally requiring 100% smokefree workplaces and public places (including restaurants, bars and other entertainment venues), Israeli law contains several elements that parallel the tobacco companies ’“ accommodation” program, which is designed to maintain the social acceptability of smoking and protect industry profits. Rather than 100% smokefree workplaces, smoking is permitted in private offices despite the fact that it then wafts throughout the building. Bars and pubs are allowed to set aside a quarter of their space for smokers, as long as it is in a separate room, and this explains the dangerous levels of secondhand smoke air pollution in Israeli bars and pubs. The weaknesses in the current Israeli laws are sending Israeli citizens to the hospital for secondhand smoke-induced heart attacks, asthma and other diseases. The Israeli government needs to catch up with the rest of the developed world and enact and implement a strong smokefree law. This is a commentary on http://www.ijhpr.org/content/2/1/20/. Commentary The most amazing statistic Laura Rosen and colleagues report in their paper “Do health policy advisors know what the public wants? An empirical comparison of how health policy advisors assess public preferences regarding smoke-free air, and what the public actually prefers” [1] is that 27% of Israel’s health policy advisors were exposed to secondhand smoke at work. (This is better than for the public, 46% of whom suffered secondhand smoke exposure at work). The fact that even workplaces for health care advisors are not 100% smokefree reflects the fact that the government is not effectively protecting Israeli citizens from the thousands of toxic chemicals in secondhand smoke and the heart disease and cancer they cause. An objective measure of this failure is the fact that third of Israeli nonsmokers have detectable levels of cotinine (a metabolite of nicotine) in their urine, a result that has been attributed to poor enforcement of Israel’s smoking restrictions [2].
Is There a Cost to Transparency

Conducting the first direct tests for the cost of private transparency, the authors examined whether a willingness to offer transparency to investors is beneficial or costly in terms of hedge fund returns. Transparency is implicit when a fund accepts managed accounts because such accounts are directly controlled by investors. Overall, the authors found no evidence that transparency harms fund returns. They also found no support for concerns that managers offering transparency suffer from selection bias.
Circadian hormone secretory profiles in women with severe premenstrual tension syndrome.

Summary. The circadian secretory profiles of serum prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol were measured in two women suffering from severe premenstrual tension syndrome and in two asymptomatic control subjects. Subjects and controls were screened and included after a rigorous selection process. Blood samples were obtained every 30 min over a period of 24 h in each woman both on day 9 (follicular phase) and day 26 (luteal phase) of the menstrual cycle. There was no relationship between the hormonal secretory profiles and the premenstrual tension syndrome.
Diagnosis and Therapy for Airway Obstruction in Children With Down Syndrome

Objectives To document the causes of upper airway obstruction in a population of children with Down syndrome and to highlight the role of associated comorbidities. Design and Setting Review of 23 cases involving children with Down syndrome who were referred for upper airway obstruction over a 2½-year period to the Pediatric Otolaryngology Service of the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. Methods Data on the following variables were obtained: reason for referral, demographics, diagnosis, surgical procedures, complications, and comorbidities. Results The children ranged in age from 1 day to 10.2 years (mean age, 1.8 years; median age, 6 months). Thirteen children were male and 10 were female. None of the children had subglottic stenosis. Laryngomalacia was the primary diagnosis in 10 children (43%), 8 of whom were younger than 1 month. Obstructive sleep apnea was the primary diagnosis in 11 children (48%), 8 of whom were older than 2 years. All children with obstructive sleep apnea and 4 children with laryngomalacia had a secondary ear, nose, and throat disorder. Gastroesophageal reflux was a comorbidity in 14 children (61%). Conclusions The causes, severity, and presentation of upper airway obstruction in children with Down syndrome are related to the age of the child and to associated comorbidities. The treatment of comorbidities and secondary ear, nose, and throat disorders is an integral component of the surgical management of upper airway obstruction in such cases.
Conformational changes in the nuclear lamina induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 require genes U(L)31 and U(L)34.

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) U L 31 and U L 34 proteins are dependent on each other for proper targeting to the nuclear membrane and are required for efficient envelopment of nucleocapsids at the inner nuclear membrane. In this work, we show that whereas the solubility of lamins A and C (lamin A/C) was not markedly increased, HSV induced conformational changes in the nuclear lamina of infected cells, as viewed after staining with three different lamin A/C-specific antibodies. In one case, reactivity with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes an epitope in the lamin tail domain was greatly reduced in HSV-infected cells. This apparent HSV-induced epitope masking required both U L 31 and U L 34, but these proteins were not sufficient to mask the epitope in uninfected cells, indicating that other HSV proteins are also required. In the second case, staining with a rabbit polyclonal antibody that primarily recognizes epitopes in the lamin A/C rod domain revealed that U L 34 is required for HSV-induced decreased availability of epitopes for reaction with the antibody, whereas U L 31 protein was dispensable for this effect. Still another polyclonal antibody indicated virtually no difference in lamin A/C staining in infected versus uninfected cells, indicating that the HSV-induced changes are more conformational than the result of lamin depletion at the nuclear rim. Further evidence supporting an interaction between the nuclear lamina and the U L 31/U L 34 protein complex includes the observations that (i) overexpression of the U L 31 protein in uninfected cells was sufficient to relocalize lamin A/C from the nuclear rim into nucleoplasmic aggregates, (ii) overexpression of U L 34 was sufficient to relocalize some lamin A/C into the cytoplasm, and (iii) both U L 31 and U L 34 could directly bind lamin A/C in vitro. These studies suggest that the U L 31 and U L 34 proteins modify the conformation of the nuclear lamina in infected cells, possibly by direct interaction with lamin A/C, and that other proteins are also likely involved. Given that the nuclear lamina potentially excludes nucleocapsids from envelopment sites at the inner nuclear membrane, the lamina alteration may reflect a role of the U L 31/U L 34 protein complex in perturbing the lamina to promote nucleocapsid egress from the nucleus. Alternatively, the data are compatible with a role of the lamina in targeting the U L 31/U L 34 protein complex to the nuclear membrane.
HyFlow: a high performance distributed software transactional memory framework

We present HyFlow --- a distributed software transactional memory (D-STM) framework for distributed concurrency control. HyFlow is a Java framework for D-STM, with pluggable support for directory lookup protocols, transactional synchronization and recovery mechanisms, contention management policies, cache coherence protocols, and network communication protocols. HyFlow exports a simple distributed programming model that excludes locks: using (Java 5) annotations, atomic sections are defined as transactions, in which reads and writes to shared, local and remote objects appear to take effect instantaneously. No changes are needed to the underlying virtual machine or compiler. We describe HyFlow's architecture and implementation, and report on experimental studies comparing HyFlow against competing models including Java remote method invocation (RMI) with mutual exclusion and read/write locks, distributed shared memory (DSM), and directory-based D-STM. Our studies show that HyFlow outperforms competitors by as much as 40-190% on a broad range of transactional workloads on a 72-node system, with more than 500 concurrent transactions.