cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Numerical Simulation Approach to Studying Anterior Cruciate Ligament Strains and Internal Forces Among Young Recreational Women Performing Valgus Inducing Stop-Jump Activities

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are commonly incurred by recreational and professional women athletes during non-contact jumping maneuvers in sports like basketball and volleyball, where incidences of ACL injury is more frequent to females compared to males. What remains a numerical challenge is in vivo calculation of ACL strain and internal force. This study investigated effects of increasing stop-jump height on neuromuscular and bio-mechanical properties of knee and ACL, when performed by young female recreational athletes. The underlying hypothesis is increasing stop-jump (platform) height increases knee valgus angles and external moments which also increases ACL strain and internal force. Using numerical analysis tools comprised of Inverse Kinematics, Computed Muscle Control and Forward Dynamics, a novel approach is presented for computing ACL strain and internal force based on (1) knee joint kinematics and (2) optimization of muscle activation, with ACL insertion into musculoskeletal model. Results showed increases in knee valgus external moments and angles with increasing stop-jump height. Increase in stop-jump height from 30 to 50 cm lead to increase in average peak valgus external moment from 40.5 ± 3.2 to 43.2 ± 3.7 Nm which was co-incidental with increase in average peak ACL strain, from 9.3 ± 3.1 to 13.7 ± 1.1%, and average peak ACL internal force, from 1056.1 ± 71.4 to 1165.4 ± 123.8 N for the right side with comparable increases in the left. In effect this study demonstrates a technique for estimating dynamic changes to knee and ACL variables by conducting musculoskeletal simulation on motion analysis data, collected from actual stop-jump tasks performed by young recreational women athletes.
Dual regulation of Akt/protein kinase B by heterotrimeric G protein subunits.

While positive regulation of c-Akt (also known as protein kinase B) by receptor tyrosine kinases is well documented, compounds acting through G protein-coupled receptors can also activate Akt and its downstream targets. We therefore explored the role of G protein subunits in the regulation of Akt in cultured mammalian cells. In HEK-293 and COS-7 cells transiently transfected with β2-adrenergic or m2 muscarinic receptors, respectively, treatment with agonist-induced phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473 as evidenced by phosphoserine-specific immunoblots. This effect was blocked by the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase inhibitor LY294002 and wild-type Gαi1, and was not duplicated by co-transfection of the constitutively active Gαs-Q227L or Gαi-Q204L mutant. Co-transfection of Gβ1, Gβ2 but not Gβ5 together with Gγ2 activated the kinase when assayed in vitro following immunoprecipitation of the epitope-tagged enzyme. In contrast, constitutively activated G protein subunits representing the four Gα subfamilies were found unable to activate Akt in either cell line. The latter results are in disagreement with a report by Murga et al. (Murga, C., Laguinge, L., Wetzker, R., Cuadrado, A., and Gutkind, J. S. (1998)J. Biol. Chem. 273, 19080–19085) that described activation of Akt in response to mutationally activated Gαq and Gαi transfection in COS cells. To the contrary, in our experiments Gαq-Q209L inhibited Akt activation resulting from βγ or mutationally activated H-Ras co-transfection in these cells. In HEK-293 cells Gαq-Q209L transfection inhibited insulin-like growth factor-1 activation of epitope-tagged Akt. In m1 muscarinic receptor transfected HEK-293 cells, carbachol inhibited insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulated phosphorylation at Ser473 of endogenous Akt in an atropine-reversible fashion. We conclude that G proteins can regulate Akt by two distinct and potentially opposing mechanisms: activation by Gβγ heterodimers in a phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-dependent fashion, and inhibition mediated by Gαq. This work identifies Akt as a novel point of convergence between disparate signaling pathways.
Reconstruction of Anorganic Mammalian Bone by Surface-Initiated Polymerization of L-Lactide

Polymerization of L-lactide within the pores of anorganic mammalian bone is described. No additional solvent or catalyst is used. The resulting composites exhibit macroscopic morphologies and mechanical properties similar to that of the original bone. We observe an average compressive strength of 194 MPa and an elastic modulus of 8.8 GPa for composites comprised of poly-L-lactide and anorganic bone derived from bovine femurs. Modeling of the reaction kinetics with synthetic sources of crystalline hydroxyapatite powder suggests that polymerization proceeds via a surface-initiated mechanism that is first order in surface area of hydroxyapatite and first order in mole fraction of L-lactide.
Perseverative behaviour in fluent and non-fluent aphasic adults

Perseveration by type (recurrent, continuous, or stuck-in-set) was examined for 30 stroke patients, 20 of whom exhibited fluent aphasia, and 10 with non-fluent aphasia. Comparisons were made between the two aphasic subject groups on two verbal and two non-verbal tasks. Twenty-eight of the patients (93%) produced at least one instance of perseveration. The most commonly occurring type was recurrent perseveration. Instances of continuous perseveration also were common and were produced by 18 patients. Stuck-in-set perseveration was uncommon with only two patients exhibiting this form of perseveration. No differences were observed in the frequency of perseveration across the four tasks between fluent and non-fluent aphasic patients. Perseveration was significantly correlated with aphasia severity, but not with time post-onset.
A9.2 The Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Pathway Regulates Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Invasion

Background/Objectives Cartilage destruction mediated by invasive fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) plays a central role in pathogenesis of RA. Increased cell migration and degradation of extracellular matrix are fundamental to these processes. The Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) control cell survival, proliferation and migration, which might be involved with cartilage damage in RA. PI3Kdelta isoform expression was recently identified as a key regulator of FLS growth and survival, suggesting that it could contribute to synoviocyte aggressive behaviour. Therefore, we assessed the role of PI3Kdelta in synoviocyte invasion and matrix degradation using isoform selective PI3K inhibitors. Methods FLS were cultured in Matrigel coated transwells. PI3K inhibitors or vehicle were added to the upper chamber and PDGF was used as a chemoattractant in the lower chamber. The invading cells were quantified by staining the philtres with 1% crystal violet. F-actin was visualised with Rhodamin phalloidin and analysed with fluorescent microscopy. Rac1 activation was measured using PAK1/PBD GST pull down and quantified by Western blot analysis. PI3K inhibitors: pan (GDC-0941), PI3Kalpha (A66), PI3Kbeta (TGX-221), PI3Kgamma (AS-252424), PI3Kdelta (INK007 and CAL-101) and PI3K-delta/gamma (IPI-145). Results PDGF-directed invasion was completely inhibited by the pan PI3K inhibitor (1 uM). To define the role of the individual isoforms, we tested the effect of the isoform selective PI3K inhibitors. PI3Kdelta inhibition (INK007) significantly decreased the number of invading cells, with 60 ± 5% inhibition at 1 uM (p Conclusions PI3Kdelta is a major regulator of FLS migration and invasion and functions by inhibiting Rac1 activation and modulating F actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. These observations, together with previous findings that PI3Kdelta regulates FLS growth and survival, suggest that PI3Kdelta inhibition could be chondroprotective in RA by modulating synoviocyte growth, migration and invasion.
The stereospecific preparation of F-alkenyl cadmium reagents directly from F-alkenyl iodides and bromides and cadmium metal

Abstract F -Alkenyl cadmium reagents can be readily prepared via the direct reaction of F -alkenyl iodides or bromides with cadmium powder in DMF at room temperature to 60°C. The reactions proceed with total retention of configuration, and subsequent functionalization processes also proceed with stereochemical control. The thermal stability of the cadmium reagents is excellent, and the bis reagent ( Z -CF3CFCF)2Cd was isolated (via distillation) as a DMF or triglyme solvate. This approach provides a facile, easily scaled up, stereospecific, one-pot procedure to these stable alkenyl synthetic reagents.
Roles of domain knowledge and working memory capacity in components of skill in Texas Hold'Em poker

Abstract Domain knowledge is a powerful predictor of success in many complex tasks, but do general cognitive abilities also play a role? To investigate this question, we had 155 participants representing a wide range of poker experience and skill complete tests of poker knowledge, working memory capacity (WMC), and two components of skill in Texas Hold’Em poker: the ability to remember hands and the ability to evaluate hands. Not surprisingly, poker knowledge positively predicted performance in all of the Hold’Em tasks. However, WMC added significantly to the prediction, and there was no evidence for interactions between poker knowledge and WMC. That is, WMC was as important as a predictor of performance at high levels of poker knowledge as at low levels, suggesting that domain knowledge may not always enable circumvention of WMC in domain-relevant tasks.
pH Dependence of catalysis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isochorismate-pyruvate lyase: implications for transition state stabilization and the role of lysine 42.

An isochorismate–pyruvate lyase with adventitious chorismate mutase activity from Pseudomonas aerugionsa (PchB) achieves catalysis of both pericyclic reactions in part by the stabilization of react...
A Spike Protein-Dependent Cellular Factor Other Than the Viral Receptor Is Required for Mouse Hepatitis Virus Entry

Previous studies have shown that some mouse strains are resistant to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection despite the presence of functional viral receptors (K. Yokomori and M. M. C. Lai, J. Virol. 66, 6931-6938, 1992). To determine the molecular requirement for MHV infection, several cell lines derived from both susceptible and resistant mouse strains were tested for their ability to support infection by two different MHV strains, JHM and A59. Most of the cell lines tested, including ones from susceptible mouse strains, exhibited selective resistance to JHM, but were susceptible to A59, suggesting that there is an additional cellular factor(s) discriminating JHM from A59 infection. Both RNA and protein syntheses of JHM were inhibited in the resistant cells; however, transfection of JHM genomic RNA into these cells led to the production of infectious virus, suggesting that the restriction step(s) is during an early stage of viral replication cycle. The mRNA for the MHV receptor (the murine homolog of the carcinoembryonic antigen) is expressed in all cell lines, and expression in COS cells of the receptor isolated from the resistant murine cell lines rendered the COS cells susceptible to both A59 and JHM infections. Furthermore, the transfection of additional MHV receptors into the resistant cells did not overcome the resistance to JHM virus infection. These results suggested that the viral receptor is functional; nevertheless, the JHM infection is restricted at an early step of infection in these cells. The study of the growth properties of the various recombinant viruses between A59 and JHM revealed that one of the viral genes determining viral replication in these cell lines is the S protein gene; thus, the second factor required for viral infection may interact directly or indirectly with the S protein at an early step of infection. Taken together, these studies suggest that expression of a functional viral receptor is not sufficient to establish MHV infection, and that an additional factor(s) is required for an early step of viral infection, possibly during virus entry.
Estimation of Body Fatness by Air Displacement Plethysmography in African American and White Children

The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of air displacement plethysmography (ADP) to estimate body fatness in prepubertal and early pubertal African American and white children. One hundred nineteen nonoverweight and overweight boys (N = 56) and girls (N = 63), age (mean +/- SD) 9.8 +/- 1.7 y, body mass index 25.9 +/- 7.6 kg/m2 (range, 14.2-47.0 kg/m2), and mean percent body fat (%BF) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) 39.2 +/- 11.7% (range, 12.2-57.5%), were studied. %BF by ADP was compared with DXA %BF estimates and with body fat by several field methods: skinfold thicknesses using the Slaughter et al. equations (Hum Biol 60: 709-723, 1988), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using the Houtkooper et al. equation (J Appl Physiol 72: 366-373, 1992), and a predictive equation using skinfold thicknesses, BIA, and weight (Goran et al.: Am J Clin Nutr 63: 299-305, 1996). All methods used to estimate %BF were significantly correlated with DXA (all p < 0.0001), with r2 ranging from 0.85 (skinfold measurements) to 0.95 (ADP). ADP using the Siri equation underestimated %BF by -1.9% (p < 0.001); the Bland-Altman limits of agreement (defined as +/-2 SD) were +/-7.4%. %BF by ADP-Siri underestimated %BF by DXA by 3.0% for girls (p < 0.001) and by 0.6% for boys (NS). Agreement between body fat estimation by ADP and DXA did not vary with age, race, or pubertal stage. Application of the age-adjusted Lohman model to ADP significantly increased the magnitude of the underestimation to -6.9% (p < 0.0001). Prediction of %BF by the Slaughter skinfold thickness equation showed no significant mean bias for the overall data, but significantly underestimated %BF in girls (-3.7%) while overestimating %BF in boys (+2.4%) with wide limits of agreement (+/-17.7%, p < 0.01 versus ADP). %BF by the Houtkooper BIA equation or Goran model underestimated %BF to a significantly greater degree than ADP (Houtkooper, -8.1%; Goran, -10.1%; both p < 0.0001 versus DXA or ADP). Determination of %BF from ADP using the Siri model slightly underestimates %BF as determined by DXA in girls, but appears to be superior to existing field methods both in accuracy and limits of agreement. Because of the ease with which it can be performed, ADP may prove useful for investigations of adiposity in children.
Lithological and fluvial controls on the geomorphology of tropical montane stream channels in Puerto Rico

An extensive survey and topographic analysis of five watersheds draining the Luquillo Mountains in north-eastern Puerto Rico was conducted to decouple the relative influences of lithologic and hydraulic forces in shaping the morphology of tropical montane stream channels. The Luquillo Mountains are a steep landscape composed of volcaniclastic and igneous rocks that exert a localized lithologic influence on the stream channels. However, the stream channels also experience strong hydraulic forcing due to high unit discharge in the humid rainforest environment. GIS-based topographic analysis was used to examine channel profiles, and survey data were used to analyze downstream changes in channel geometry, grain sizes, stream power, and shear stresses. Results indicate that the longitudinal profiles are generally well graded but have concavities that reflect the influence of multiple rock types and colluvial-alluvial transitions. Non-fluvial processes, such as landslides, deliver coarse boulder-sized sediment to the channels and may locally determine channel gradient and geometry. Median grain size is strongly related to drainage area and slope, and coarsens in the headwaters before fining in the downstream reaches; a pattern associated with a mid-basin transition between colluvial and fluvial processes. Downstream hydraulic geometry relationships between discharge, width and velocity (although not depth) are well developed for all watersheds. Stream power displays a mid-basin maximum in all basins, although the ratio of stream power to coarse grain size (indicative of hydraulic forcing) increases downstream. Excess dimensionless shear stress at bankfull flow wavers around the threshold for sediment mobility of the median grain size, and does not vary systematically with bankfull discharge; a common characteristic in self-forming ‘threshold’ alluvial channels. The results suggest that although there is apparent bedrock and lithologic control on local reach-scale channel morphology, strong fluvial forces acting over time have been sufficient to override boundary resistance and give rise to systematic basin-scale patterns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the clostridial hydrophobic with a conserved tryptophan family (ChW) of proteins in Clostridium acetobutylicum with emphasis on ChW14 and ChW16/17

Abstract A novel protein family, clostridial hydrophobic with a conserved W (ChW), is specific to Clostridium acetobutylicum , thus, suggesting roles specific to its unique physiology. Functions for members of this protein family have not been characterized. The expression and promoter architecture of two genes, chw14 (CAC1532) and chw16 / 17 (CAC2584), encoding two members of the ChW protein family were characterized and their regulation explored. The genes chw14 and chw16 / 17 behave similarly under every condition tested in the DNA-microarray gene expression studies. Previous protein analysis suggested that the master transcriptional regulator, Spo0A, was required for their accumulation, as ChW14 and ChW16/17 proteins were absent in the spo0A null strain, SKO1. Primer extension assays showed a single transcript for each chw14 and chw16 / 17 detected from mid-exponential phase until early stationary phase. A predicted σ A consensus motif is just upstream of the transcriptional start sites of both chw14 and chw16 / 17 , with a single putative Spo0A binding site, 0A box, within the promoter region of both chw14 and chw16 / 17 . Using reporter analysis we showed that the promoters of chw14 and chw16 / 17 are highly active during mid-exponential phase in wild type C. acetobutylicum . Analysis of expression in the spo0A deficient SKO1 strain indicated the promoter activity of both chw14 and chw16 / 17 appears constitutive, thus the promoters do not appear to be inactivated in the absence of Spo0A. The relationship among ChW proteins and the ChW domains themselves was delineated. The ChW proteins appear to originate with C. acetobutylicum where the non- C. acetobutylicum ChW proteins are nested within the main C. acetobutylicum protein branch. Examination of the ChW domain alone shows that every third domain clusters together phylogenetically. Additionally, almost all of ChW proteins contain a multiple of three ChW domains. Taken together, these data suggest that ChW domains function in triplets of association.
History of cryosurgery

The use of freezing temperatures for the therapeutic destruction of tissue began in England in 1845-51 when James Arnott described the use of iced salt solutions (about-20 degrees C) to freeze advanced cancers in accessible sites, producing reduction in tumor size and amelioration of pain. Improved freezing techniques were possible early in the 1990s when solidified carbon dioxide came into use and later when liquid nitrogen and nitrous oxide became available. Nevertheless, cryotherapy was a minor technique, used only for the accessible lesions of skin and mucosa. With the development of modern cryosurgical apparatus by Cooper in 1961, a resurgence of interest in cryosurgery was initiated and techniques for diverse clinical conditions, including visceral cancer, evolved, After the initial widespread clinical trials matured in the 1970s, some applications of the technique fell into disuse while others became standard treatment. Late in the 1980s, further improvements in apparatus and imaging techniques have permitted increased clinical use in neoplastic disease, including visceral cancer.
180 IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY REPRESENTED TRANSCRIPTS IN PREIMPLANTATION BOVINE EMBRYOS

Identification of transcripts that are present at key development stages of preimplantation embryos is critical for a better understanding of early embryogenesis. To that end, this project had two goals. The first was to characterize the relative abundance of multiple transcripts during several developmental stages, including metaphase II-stage oocytes (MPII), and 2-cell-stage (2-cell), precompact morula (PCM), and in vitro-produced blastocyst-stage (IVTBL) embryos. The second was to characterize differences in the relative abundance of transcripts present in in vivo- (IVVBL), in vitro-, and nuclear transfer-produced (NTBL) blastocysts. It was our hypothesis that the identification of differentially represented transcripts from these stages would reveal not only developmentally important genes, but also genes that might be aberrantly expressed due to embryo production techniques. Individual clusters from a large bovine EST project (http://genome.rnet.missouri.edu/Bovine/), which focused on female reproductive tissues and embryos, were compared using Fisher's exact test weighted by number of transcripts per tissue by gene (SAS PROC FREQ; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Of the 3144 transcripts that were present during embryogenesis, 125 were found to be differentially represented (P < 0.01) in at least one pairwise comparison (Table 1). Some transcripts found to increase in representation from the MPII to the 2-cell stage include protein kinases, PRKACA and CKS1, as well as the metabolism-related gene, PTTG1. These same transcripts were also found to decrease in representation from the 2-cell to the PCM stage. RPL15 (translation) and FTH1 (immune function) were both more highly represented in the PCM than in the 2-cell stage. From PCM to IVTBL, we saw an increase in RPS11, another translation-related transcript. When comparing blastocyst-stage embryos from different production techniques, several transcripts involved in energy production (e.g., COX7B and COX8A) were found to be more highly represented in the NTBL than in the IVTBL. COX8A was also more highly represented in the IVVBL than in the IVTBL. By investigating these differentially represented transcripts, we will be able to better understand the developmental implications of embryo manipulation. We may also be able to better develop reproductive technologies that lead to in vitro- and nuclear transfer-derived embryos which more closely follow a normal program of development. Table 1. Differentially represented transcripts between developmental stages
Transforming the content management process at IBM.com

This case study explores the evolution of the Franklin Content Management System, developed by IBM's Internet Technology Group. Franklin began as a technology-driven process to provide a web content management solution with the following goals: content reusability, simplified management of content and design that enforces integrity and consistency, the customization of content to individual users, and the delivery of content to a variety of display devices.These goals were met in part by the decomposition of information into reusable fragments represented in XML. This approach provides unique opportunities in a content management system. However, it also raises some interesting challenges in the deployment of such a tool and the education of its users.The development of Franklin evolved over a two year period and has culminated in the deployment of 62 country portals within the ibm.com domain. Furthermore, concepts from the Franklin project are influencing the strategy and design of IBM offerings.
Behavior of M[Al2Me6N3] (M=K, Rb, Cs) with aromatic solvents and the crystal structures of Cs[Al2Me6N3]·2p-xylene and [K·dibenzo-18-crown-6] [Al2Me6N3]· 1.5(1-methylnaphthalene)

The title compounds were synthesized by the addition of AlMe3 to the corresponding azide suspended in an aromatic solvent. Both products were obtained as air-sensitive colorless crystals. Cs[Al2Me6N3]·2p-xylene crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupC2/m witha=19.143(6),b=16.227(6),c=10.392(5) A, β=114.06(2)o, and ρcalc = 1.20 g cm−3 forZ=4. Refinement led to a conventionalR value of 0.037 for 2179 observed reflections. The cesium atom resides on a mirror plane, and the anion is disordered about a twofold axis. Thep-xylene molecules sandwich the cesium ion. [K·dibenzo-18-crown-6] [AlMe6N3]·1.5(1-methylnaphthalene) crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/c witha=14.176(5),b=13.021(5),c=25.324(8) A, β=98.23(4)0, and ρcalc = 1.08 g cm−3 forZ=4. The finalR value was 0.132 for 1402 observed reflections. One of the 1-methylnaphthalene molecules is disordered about a center of inversion and interacts with the potassium ion. The other solvent molecule is found roughly in layers in the lattice and also exhibits disorder of the methyl substituent. For both title compounds the AlMe3 groups of the anion exhibit a staggered (C s) conformation.
Watchdog Processors and Structural Integrity Checking

The use of watchdog processors in the implementation of Structural Integrity Checking (SIC) is described. A model for ideal SIC is given in terms of formal languages and automata. Techniques for use in implementing SIC are presented. The modification of a Pascal compiler into an SIC Pascal preprocessor is summarized.
Wavelength-dependent dynamics of heat shock protein 70 expression in free electron laser wounds

Many medical laser procedures require selecting laser operating parameters that minimize undesirable tissue damage. In this study, heat shock protein 70(hsp70) gene expression was used as a sensitive marker for laser-induced thermal damage. Wound repair and hsp70 expression were compared after surgery with the free electron laser(FEL) as a function of wavelength(l) and radiant exposure(H). Damage was assessed at l = 6.45, 6.10, and 2.94 mm using 8-20 J/cm2. The FEL beam (Vr=200 mm,30Hz,tp =5ms) was delivered to produce a 6.5 mm square wound. hsp70 expression was assessed using a transgenic mouse strain with the hsp70 promoter driving luciferase and eGFP expression. Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) was monitored non-invasively and in real time. Hsp70 protein was visualized with laser confocal imaging, blood velocity was measured with 2D-laser doppler, and depth of tissue damage was measured using histological methods. BLI verified the model's sensitivity and peak hsp70 expression was bi-phasic, with maxima occurring 12 and 24 hours after FEL irradiation. hsp70 expression exhibited wavelength-dependence, and it increased with radiant exposure. Histology indicated that tissue damage at 6.45 µm was ~2x deeper than 6.10 mm. Quantitative BLI with the Hsp70-luc transgene can be used to non-invasively measure gene expression in laser-tissue interaction studies.
Psychiatric inpatient treatment of adolescents. A review of clinical experience.

Summary The literature regarding management of adolescents in psychiatric hospitals has been surveyed and a biblography prepared. Though all published experiences are not presented, this review is the first such compilation in this particular area. Adolescents have been treated for many years in facilities other than hospitals as well as in psychiatric hospitals. In the latter, however, the needs of adolescents were not differentiated from those of adults. Adolescents have become a larger segment of the psychiatric hospital population. The question of whether they are best managed in special all-adolescent facilities or in mixed adolescent-adult wards with specific programs has been debated in the literature since 1950. Though no final conclusions have been drawn, the usefulness of all-adolescent units appears to be limited primarily by their inability to handle aggressive and destructive behavior of any extent and to accommodate chronic and severely disturbed patients. The small size of such units, “rigid” selection policies, need for high staff to patient ratio, and the surprisingly few reports of surviving endeavors are reflective of these limitations. Mixed adolescent-adult wards are beset by the same problems, but clinical reports reveal that the adolescent is more manageable in such a setup when a specific program geared to his needs is established and implemented. The effects of adult patients on the management and treatment of adolescents is presented and discussed as well as the reduction in aggressive and destructive behavior of adolescents when placed on adult wards. The main problem in hospital treatment, regardless of setting, is the control of aggressive and destructive behavior. There is general agreement that limits must be set and enforced, selection policies developed and interstaff communication well established. Follow-up studies are presented. This review reveals the striking sparsity of systematic investigation into the problems of treatment of adolescents in psychiatric hospitals.
Argon Cluster-Mediated Trapping and Vibrational Spectroscopic Characterization of an OH-·HCH2• Intermediate in the O•- + CH4 Reaction

We isolate an [O.CH 4 ]. - intermediate in the reactive O. - + CH 4 encounter using an argon cluster-mediated trapping technique and characterize it using vibrational predissociation spectroscopy. The spectra of the argon-solvated complexes establish that only the OH - .CH 3 . ion-radical adduct is prepared. Its formation is firmly established by the appearance of the signature OH - stretching band close to that of the free hydroxide ion. The band origin locations and partially resolved rotational spacings indicate that hydroxide binds onto one of the methyl hydrogen atoms, much like the motif observed previously in the I - .HCH 2 . ion-radical complex. This OH - .CH 3 . species is best regarded as an entrance-channel complex in the secondary (endothermic) OH - + CH 3 . → H 2 O + CH 2 - proton transfer reaction. These observations indicate that the initial H-atom ion step (O. - + CH 4 → OH - + CH 3 .) occurs too quickly to enable capture of the intermediates directly associated with this process.
Efficiency of Thermionic Emission from C60

We have determined the number of delayed electrons emitted from an ensemble of gas-phase C60, excited at 355 nm with light from an unfocused pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Delayed electrons are detected by single particle counting and integrated over a time interval of 0.1 μs ≤ t ≤ 80 μs. At low laser fluence I, the electron number scales as Ip with p = 6.0 ± 0.4. It approaches saturation at a maximum laser fluence of 100 mJ/cm2, equivalent to a power density of 14 MW/cm2, where delayed electron emission reaches a probability of 2.6 ± 1.1% per multiphoton-excited C60. This experimental value is interpreted as a lower limit to the quantum efficiency for electron emission from C60; it provides an upper limit to the efficiency of competing reactions such as dissociation of C60 into C58 + C2. The dependence of the electron number on the temperature of the fullerene source is in good agreement with the number density of C60 in the molecular beam, as computed from published equilibrium vapor pressures.
Evaluation of Cottonseed Meal Supplementation of Inorganically Fertilized Florida Largemouth Bass Spawning Ponds

Abstract Spawning ponds of Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus were fertilized with liquid inorganic fertilizers and either cottonseed meal (CSM) or no cottonseed meal (NOCSM) to evaluate the effects of organic fertilization on largemouth bass fry production, plankton densities, and water quality. Each treatment consisted of eight replicate ponds. All ponds of both treatments were subjected to the same inorganic fertilization regimen. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels were similar between treatments. Morning and afternoon dissolved oxygen levels were significantly lower in CSM ponds than in NOCSM ponds throughout much of the culture period. Levels of total CO2 were significantly higher in CSM ponds than NOCSM ponds. Higher total CO2 concentrations apparently contributed to significantly lower pH levels in CSM than in NOCSM ponds. Phytoplankton biomass preceding crustacean zooplankton density peaks was significantly higher in CSM than in NOCSM ponds. Cladoceran and rotifer densities were ...
HPTLC Determination of Amino Acids in Snail-Conditioned Water From Biomphalaria glabrata, Two Strains of Helisoma trivolvis, and Lymnaea elodes

Abstract High performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to analyze amino acids in water conditioned by Biomphalaria glabrata, a Pennsylvania and Colorado strain of Helisoma trivolvis, and Lymnaea elodes. The snail-conditioned water (SCW) samples were dried with air and reconstituted in 10% n-propanol and then applied to cellulose HPTLC plates and developed with n-propanol-water (7:3). Amino acids were detected with ninhydrin reagent and the resulting colored sample zones were compared to known standards. The amino acids present in SCW were identified as alanine, aspartic acid, leucine, phenylalanine, serine, tryptophan, and valine along with one unidentified ninhydrin positive zone. The valine zone was quantified by densitometric scanning at 610 nm, and the concentrations ranged from 1.3-2.6 μg mL−1 snail−1 in the SCW for all four strains of snails. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of valine in water conditioned by the four strains of snails based on Student's t-test.
In situ Dynamic Rheological Study of Polyacrylamide during Gelation Coupled with Mathematical Models of Viscosity Advancement

Acrylamide dynamic viscosity has been measured in aqueous solutions. Separate rheological measurements were performed on neat resins devoid of the curing agent over a range of shear rates to yield the initial resin viscosity. The gels were also characterized by sub-ambient DSC to determine the phase structure as a function of formulation. The dynamic viscosity shows a marked sigmoidal behavior with a plateau viscosity. Mathematical interpretations of the gel time both by sigmoidal and power law models were comparable. The power law model allowed a direct determination of the gel time while the sigmoidal model yielded parameters associated with the initial viscosity, one associated with the plateau viscosity of the gel, and two time constants controlling the sharpness of the transition.
High-pressure flow kinetics - A study of the OH + HCl reaction from 2 to 100 torr

The discharge-flow resonance fluorescence technique has been used to obtain absolute rate data for the OH + HCl reaction at total pressures from 2 to 100 torr of helium and 2 to 25 torr of 80% nitrogen plus 20% helium. At 295 K the rate constant is (7.9 +/- 0.4) x 10/sup -13/ cm/sup 3/ molecule/sup -1/s/sup -1/. The results are independent of the pressure, the carrier gas, the surface-to-volume ratio, and the source of HCl but are dependent upon temperature. The interaction of flow dynamics, diffusion, and chemical reaction is discussed. Procedures are given to correct rate data for axial and radial diffusion.
Mercury (Hg) Levels in the Caspian Sea Kilka Fish: A Communication

The Caspian Sea is a unique aquatic ecosystem, as it is the largest lake in the world. Unfortunately, human activities, such as the offshore oil production and chlor-alkali industry, are continuously contaminating the Caspian Sea. The environmental health issue of mercury (Hg) poisoning caused by Hg-contaminated fish has concerned some experts about the safety of fish consumption by the human populations of the Caspian Sea region. In the present study, the Hg levels in three Iran-produced canned common kilka samples of identical commercial composition were determined. The Hg levels in the studied fish samples were found to be in the range 0.00655 ± 0.00007 mg/kg. The results were compared to a number of regulatory limits. According to the results, the fish individuals included in the very limited set of randomly selected Caspian Sea kilka fish in this study are low in Hg, and, from the perspective of Hg contamination, they should be fit for human consumption. It is not known how representative this limite...
Influence of College Peers on Disordered Eating in Women and Men at 10-Year Follow-Up

Research supports both concurrent and prospective associations between peer behaviors and disordered eating levels in late adolescent and young adult men and women. However, no study has examined peer influence after a follow-up duration over which peer groups change dramatically. This study examined how college roommates' dieting predicted disordered eating levels in women (n = 566) and men (n = 233) at 10-year follow-up. For women, college roommates' dieting significantly predicted Eating Disorder Inventory Drive for Thinness and Bulimia scores and purging at 10-year follow-up. Findings highlight the potential for school-based, peer-led interventions to have long-term benefits in women.
An in vivo comparison of photoactivatable fluorescent proteins in an avian embryo model.

Tracing the lineage or neighbor relationships of cells in a migratory population or deep within an embryo is difficult with current methods. The recent explosion of photoactivatable fluorescent proteins (PAFPs) offers a unique cell labeling tool kit, yet their in vivo performance in intact embryos and applicability have not been thoroughly explored. We report a comparison study of PAGFP, PSCFP2, KikGR, and Kaede analyzed in the avian embryo using confocal and 2-photon microscopy. PAFPs were introduced into the chick neural tube by electroporation and each photoconverted in the neural crest or cells in the neural tube with exposure to 405 nm light, but showed dramatic differences in photoefficiency and photostability when compared at the same 2% laser power. KikGR and Kaede photoconverted with ratios only slightly lower than in vitro results, but cells rapidly photobleached after reaching maximal photoefficiency. PSCFP2 had the lowest photoefficiency and photoconverted nearly 70 times slower than the other dual-color PAFPs tested, but was effective at single-cell marking, especially with 2-photon excitation at 760 nm. The dual-color PAFPs were more effective to monitor cell migratory behaviors, since non-photoconverted neighboring cells were fluorescently marked with a separate color. However, photoconverted cells were limited in all cases to be visually distinguishable for long periods, with PSCFP2 visible from background the longest (48 hr). Thus, photoactivation in embryos has the potential to selectively mark less accessible cells with laser accuracy and may provide an effective means to study cell–cell interactions and short-term cell lineage in developmental and stem cell biology. Developmental Dynamics 236:1583–1594, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Research Note: Effects of Monensin and Bambermycins on the Performance of Market Turkeys,

The effects were examined of monensin and the bambermycins in feed on growing turkeys. The drugs were used alone and in combination. A total of 1,600 hen and tom turkeys were divided into 32 pens. Four treatments were used, including 45 or 90 g/ton (907 kg) monensin either to 10 wk of age or to market age with and without adding of 2 g/ton of bambermycins. Evaluation parameters, including body weight, feed efficiency, and mortality, were done at 6, 10, and 13 wk of age for hens and 6, 10, and 18 wk of age for toms. Adding bambermycins increased body weights of hens at 10 wk of age and toms at 6 and 10 wk of age. No differences among treatments were noted at market weight within any of the parameters studied. No differences among treatments were noted in efficiency or mortality by the conclusion of the trial.
Hybrid Query and Data Ordering for Fast and Progressive Range-Aggregate Query Answering

Data analysis systems require range-aggregate query answering of large multidimensional datasets. We provide the necessary framework to build a retrieval system capable of providing fast answers with progressively increasing accuracy in support of range-aggregate queries. In addition, with error forecasting, we provide estimations on the accuracy of the generated approximate results. Our framework utilizes the wavelet transformation of query and data hypercubes. While prior work focused on the ordering of either the query or the data coefficients, we propose a class of hybrid ordering techniques that exploits both query and data wavelets in answering queries progressively. This work effectively subsumes and extends most of the current work where wavelets are used as a tool for approximate or progressive query evaluation. The results of our experimental studies show that independent of the characteristics of the dataset, the data coefficient ordering, contrary to the common belief, is the inferior approach. Hybrid ordering, on the other hand, performs best for scientific datasets that are inter-correlated. For an entirely random dataset with no inter-correlation, query ordering is the superior approach.
Adaptive diversity based spectrum allocation in single-radio wireless ad hoc networks

A new cross-layer design taking advantage of OFDMA in ad hoc networks is presented. OFDMA technology is exploited at the physical layer to improve data rate through multiuser diversity and to enhance channel throughput by enabling multiple concurrent transmissions over orthogonal subchannels, each consisting of a group of tones or subcarriers. The proposed Subchannel Selection Algorithm (SSA) addresses the distribution of subchannels and the new Tone Assignment Algorithm (TAS) takes advantage of fading and is adapted to the limitations of ad hoc networks. TAS operates alongside the signaling of the resulting medium access control (MAC) protocol called Concurrent Communication medium Access or CoCo-MAC. The new MAC addresses the synchronization requirements of OFDMA and the needs of the tone assignment algorithm, and also enables concurrent initiation of data transmissions from multiple nodes to the same receiver or from a single transmitter to multiple receivers. We present analysis and simulation results on the throughput advantages of our technique compared to previous spectrum allocation and MAC protocols based on the avoidance of multiple access interference.1
Applications of micro-systems technology for characterization and detection of microorganisms

Biological entities such as microorganisms are exquisite systems that have many intricate properties and can perform complex functions. We present the use of electrical characterization to examine two properties and functions of the microorganisms within novel micro-systems. One system takes advantage of the charge state of the cells to measure their electrophoretic mobility through micro-pores. The second system measures impedance changes produced by the metabolic activity of cells to determine their viability. Such devices with an electronic signal output can be very useful in producing practical systems for rapid detection and characterization of cells for a wide variety of applications in the food and health industries.
Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates the chronotropic response to angiotensin II via stimulation of PTEN in the spontaneously hypertensive rat neurons.

Several studies have focused on the beneficial effects of peripheral angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang-(1–7)] in the regulation of cardiovascular function, showing its counterregulatory effect against the actions of angiotensin II (ANG II). However, its actions in the central nervous system are not completely understood. In the present study, we investigated the intracellular mechanisms underlying the action of ANG-(1–7) using the patch-clamp technique in neurons cultured from the hypothalamus of neonatal spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Superfusion of neurons with ANG II (100 nM) significantly increased neuronal firing in both strains of rats, and this chronotropic effect of ANG II was significantly enhanced in prehypertensive SHR neurons compared with WKY rat neurons. The enhanced chronotropic effect of ANG II was attenuated by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibitor, LY 294002 (10 μM). Superfusion of neurons with ANG-(1–7) (100 nM) did not alter the neuronal firing rate in either SHR or WKY neurons; however, it significantly attenuated the chronotropic action of ANG II exclusively in prehypertensive SHR neurons. This counterregulatory effect of ANG-(1–7) on ANG II action in prehypertensive SHR neurons was attenuated by cotreatment with either A-779, a Mas receptor antagonist, or bisperoxovanadium, a phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) inhibitor. In addition, incubation of WKY and prehypertensive SHR neurons with ANG-(1–7) significantly increased PTEN activity. The data demonstrate that ANG-(1–7) counterregulates the chronotropic action of ANG II via a PTEN-dependent signaling pathway in prehypertensive SHR neurons.
Protection of DNA against Direct Radiation Damage by Complex Formation with Positively Charged Polypeptides

Abstract Roginskaya, M., Bernhard, W. A. and Razskazovskiy, Y. Protection of DNA against Direct Radiation Damage by Complex Formation with Positively Charged Polypeptides. Radiat. Res. 166, 9–18 (2006). Radioprotection of DNA from direct-type radiation damage by histones has been studied in model systems using complexes of positively charged polypeptides (PCPs) with DNA. PCPs bind to DNA via ionic interactions mimicking the mode of DNA-histone binding. Direct radiation damage to DNA in films of DNA-PCP complexes was quantified as unaltered base release, which correlates closely with DNA strand breaks. All types of PCPs tested protected DNA from radiation, with the maximum radioprotection being approximately 2.5-fold compared with non-complexed DNA. Conformational changes of the DNA induced by PCPs or repair of free radical damage on the DNA sugar moiety by PCPs are considered the most feasible mechanisms of radioprotection of DNA. The degree of radioprotection of DNA by polylysine (PL) increased dramatica...
Three-Dimensional Molecular Modeling of Bovine Caseins: κ-Casein

Three-dimensional structures derived from X-ray crystallography are extremely important in elucidating relationships between structure and function for many proteins. However, not all proteins can be crystallized. The caseins of bovine milk are one class of noncrystallizable proteins. The complete primary and partial secondary structures of these proteins are known, but homologous proteins with known crystallographic structure are not available. In this report, sequence-based predictions of secondary structure were made and adjusted to conform with global secondary structures derived from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. With this information, a three-dimensional structure for kappa-casein was constructed using molecular modeling computer programs. The constructed model contains two unstranded beta-sheets; both are predominantly hydrophobic and capable of forming quaternary structural interaction sites with alpha s1-casein. This unrefined structure is in good agreement with much of the biochemical information available for kappa-casein.
VARIABLES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ATTRITION

This article provides a comprehensive synthesis of research on language attrition to date, with a view to establishing a theoretically sound basis for future research in the domain of second language (L2) attrition. We identify the variables that must be tracked in populations who experience language loss, and we develop a general model for the assessment of the processes involved. This critical review suggests that future research in this domain should establish baselines for attainment against which to measure attrition, and that learners must be compared to themselves in longitudinal designs that involve periodic assessment of both linguistic and extralinguistic factors. In the proposed model, populations are defined as sets of variables, which are subject to change following shifts in discrete time periods in the general process of acquisition and attrition. A working model is elaborated for the assessment of L2 attrition and retention, which, we hope, might encourage additional work in this area.