cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron beam induced current in photovoltaics with high recombination

A model for interpreting electron beam induced current (EBIC) measurements is presented, which applies when recombination within the depletion region is substantial. This model is motivated by cross-sectional EBIC experiments on CdS-CdTe photovoltaic cells (prepared by cleaving, or focused ion beam milling). The experimental results clearly show that the maximum efficiency of carrier collection is less than 100 % and varies throughout the depletion region, contrary to the assumptions of most models used to interpret EBIC data. We describe a model which relaxes these assumptions by including recombination in the depletion region. We find that our model can reproduce experimental results only if the mobility-lifetime product μτ is spatially varying within the depletion region.
Effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on mitochondrial processes

Abstract The major psychoactive component of marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), strongly affected rat liver mitochondria in vitro. At concentrations of 15–60 nmoles/mg of mitochondrial protein, THC uncoupled state IV respiration and decreased respiratory control and ADP/O ratios. Energy-linked changes in fluorescence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate were prevented or reversed by THC. THC also produced large amplitude swelling of mitochondria and release of matrix enzymes. These effects were greatly potentiated by Mg2+. Likewise, flocculation of mixed phospholipid micelles by Mg2+ was potentiated greatly by low concentrations of THC. Studies with micelles prepared from purified phospholipids suggest that THC may specifically destabilize the cardiolipin in mixed micelles.
Analysis of 523 mandibular fractures.

Abstract Data pertaining to the cause, location, number of fracture sites, comminution, and other facial bones fractured were collated for 523 mandibular fractures, not due to gunshot, reported by selected Army installations. 1. 1. Personal altercations were responsible for 43.7 per cent of the mandibular fractures, and vehicular accidents were associated with 25.8 per cent of the mandibular fractures. 2. 2. In 55 per cent of mandibles fractured there was only one fracture site. 3. 3. Comminuted mandibular fractures were reported in 18.5 per cent of the patients. 4. 4. The angle was the site most commonly fractured, with 31.3 per cent of the patients suffering mandibular fractures at this site. Other common mandibular fracture sites were the condyle (27.9 per cent), the anterior body (23.1 per cent), and the posterior body (21.6 per cent). 5. 5. Altercations and sports most frequently caused angle fractures, whereas vehicular accidents and falls most frequently resulted in condylar fractures. 6. 6. Other facial bones were fractured in 16.8 per cent of the patients; 67 per cent of these were the result of vehicular accidents.
390 Configuration of a One Compartment Pharmakokinetic Model on a Computerized Spreadsheet Program

The spreadsheet program Multiplan was used to configure a worksheet for calculating steady state theophylline levels on a Fortune 32:16 computer. Using a one compartment pharmakokinetic model for theophylline distribution, a worksheet was designed to calculate the elimination rate constant Ke. Since the pharmakokinetic formula could not be algebrically solved for Ke, an iteration technique was applied using the unique iteration feature of the spreadsheet program. The spreadsheet design included an input section for the following parameters: serum theophylline level at the start of the infusion, the time elapsed between the start of the infusion and the second theophylline level, the second serum theophylline level, rate of infusion, and patient weight in kilograms. The value of Ke was determined in the calculation section using iteration steps of 0.001, and that value was transferred to the output section which used the steady state theophylline formula relating the steady state theophylline level to the Ke, volume of distribution, and rate of infusion. The user can then obtain either (1) the predicted theophylline level, given a specified infusion rate or (2) the required infusion rate, given a desired steady state theophylline level. The calculation time for the spreadsheet is approximately 1 - 2 seconds after the data are input, and the parameters may be changed easily if the patient's clinical status changes, e.g. addition of a drug suspected to alter theophylline pharmakokinetics.
Introduction to special issue in memorial of Nicki R. Crick: Development of peer victimization in children and adolescents.

This special issue is devoted to the research legacy of my former mentor Nicki R. Crick, Ph.D. Nicki's work and scientific contributions profoundly changed our field, and her loss has been felt bot...
Video Interactions for Teaching and Learning (VITAL): Analyzing Videos Online to Learn to Teach Early Childhood Mathematics

THE MOST PRESSING NEED in early childhood mathematics education in the United States is to improve early childhood teacher preparation. A Web-based video system, “Video Interactions for Teaching an...
Biomechanical Comparison of Coracoclavicular Reconstructive Techniques

Background: Acromioclavicular joint dislocations are common orthopaedic injuries. Numerous operative techniques have been described, but the gold standard has yet to be defined. The goal of fixation is to create a stiff and strong reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments to provide optimal stability. The modified Weaver-Dunn is the traditional surgical procedure. However, due to the high rate of recurrent instability with this technique, a shift toward a more anatomic repair has occurred.Purpose: To evaluate the biomechanical performance of multiple types of coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Thirty fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders were assigned to 1 of 5 reconstruction groups or a control group: modified Weaver-Dunn, nonanatomic allograft, anatomic allograft, anatomic suture, and GraftRope. A type III acromioclavicular joint dislocation was simulated in all specimens. The 5 techniques were completed, and a cyclic preload and a load-to...
In-Situ Observation of Deformation Associated with R-Phase in NiTi Shape Memory Alloy

An in-situ straining experiment was performed in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) on the polycrystalline Ti49Ni51 alloy with full R-phase at room temperature. The reorientation of R-phase variants to a single, favorable one was observed under small stress at the beginning of straining, corresponding to the deformation mode of the first yielding stage. During further straining, the observation showed that the reoriented R-phase undergoes a stress-induced martensite transformation, and this dynamic process was considered to contribute to the second stage deformation in the R-phase stress-strain curve. The orientation relationship between the R-phase and stress-induced martensite has been determined and the internal (001)M twins were found in the stress-induced martensite plates.
Developing Priorities for the Great Northern Landscape Conservation Cooperative: State Wildlife Action Plans (SWAP) as One Piece of Information

Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs) are public-private partnerships that focus on natural resource challenges which transcend political and jurisdictional boundaries and require a more holistic, collaborative, and adaptive approach to conservation that is firmly grounded in science and strives to ensure the sustainability of land, water, wildlife and cultural resources. The Great Northern LCC, covering Western Montana and parts of several other states and provinces, is nearing completion of a process that synthesizes conservation priorities among the 25 organizations represented on the Steering Committee and their partners. This Strategic Conservation Framework identifies priority species, ecosystems, and ecosystem processes across the landscape represented by the Great Northern LCC based on synthetic summarizations of five state-based Wildlife Action Plans, 40 other regional conservation planning documents, and focused interviews with key personnel across the region. Here we report on the process by which we analyzed data from the State Wildlife Action Plans (SWAPs) of ID, MT, OR, WA, and WY and from Strategic Habitat Conservation as one piece of information for strategic planning. Thirty-five species of greatest conservation need (as defined in the SWAPs) were identified as having commonality across the five states. The ranges of these species were then overlain and a map of areas with the greatest number of species of conservation need can be visualized across the Great Northern LCC.
Relaxation-oscillation-induced chaotic instabilities in modulated external-cavity semiconductor lasers

We theoretically examine the consequences of modulating an external-cavity semiconductor laser around its mode-locking resonant frequency. When the modulation frequency is below resonance, the laser exhibits a three-frequency route to chaos. When the modulation frequency is above resonance, the laser oscillates in two- and three-frequency states. The chaotic instability is a result of the nonlinear interaction of three periodic modes of the laser system. These modes are dynamical manifestations of the composite cavity mode-locking resonance, the applied field that is due to the modulation, and the laser relaxation oscillation.
A numerical method for the optimal control of switched systems

Switched dynamical systems have shown great utility in modeling a variety of systems. Unfortunately, the determination of a numerical solution for the optimal control of such systems has proven difficult, since it demands optimal mode scheduling. Recently, we constructed an optimization algorithm to calculate a numerical solution to the problem subject to a running and final cost. In this paper, we modify our original approach in three ways to make our algorithm's application more tenable. First, we transform our algorithm to allow it to begin at an infeasible point and still converge to a lower cost feasible point. Second, we incorporate multiple objectives into our cost function, which makes the development of an optimal control in the presence of multiple goals viable. Finally, we extend our approach to penalize the number of hybrid jumps. We also detail the utility of these extensions to our original approach by considering two examples.
A Module-based Approach to Adopting the 2013 ACM Curricular Recommendations on Parallel Computing

The widespread deployment of multicore systems over the last decade has brought about major changes in the software and hardware landscape. The resulting importance of parallel computing is reflected in the 2013 Curriculum Guidelines developed by the joint ACM/IEEE taskforce. The document recommends increased coverage of parallel computing and describes a new Knowledge Area on this topic. These recommendations have already been adopted by several universities in the form of new parallel programming courses. Implementing the recommendations in a complete curriculum, however, poses many challenges, including deciding on existing material to be removed, complying with administrative and ABET requirements, and maintaining caps on graduation credit hours. This paper describes an alternative approach for adopting the 2013 curricular recommendations on parallel computing. Specifically, we use a module based approach that introduces parallel computing concepts and re-iterates them through a series of short, self-contained modules taught across several lower-division courses. Most of these concepts are then combined into a new senior-level capstone course on parallel programming. Each module covers parallelism aspects in the context of a conventional computer science topic, thus enabling us to include parallel computing without a major overhaul of the curriculum. Evaluations conducted during the first year show encouraging results for this early-and-often approach in terms of learning outcomes, student interest, and confidence gains.
Middle School Victims of Bullying: Who Reports Being Bullied?

This study examined factors that influence a student's decision to report being bullied at school. An anonymous survey of 2,437 students in six middle schools identified 898 students who had been bullied, including 25% who had not told anyone that they were bullied and 40% who had not told an adult about their victimization. We investigated chronicity and type of bullying, school climate, familial, demographic, and attitudinal factors that influenced victim reporting to anyone versus no one, to adults versus no one, and to adults versus peers. Logistic regression analyses indicated that reporting increased with the chronicity of victimization. Reporting was generally more frequent among girls than boys, and among lower grade levels. Students who perceived the school climate to be tolerant of bullying, and students who described their parents as using coercive discipline were less likely to report being bullied. Implications for improving victim reporting of bullying are discussed.
A review of the discrepancy between the in-air and in-water calibration of cobalt-60 machines.

Causes for the discrepancy noted by Grant et al. between the in-water and in-air calibration of /sup 60/Co are discussed. Data are presented from measurements with a set of ionization chambers with thimbles of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 cm outside radii. These data include measurements of percentage depth dose, backscatter factors, and displacement factors. The results show that the discrepancy noted by Grant et al. is caused by a combination of small errors both in depth dose data and in the displacement factor incorporated into C/sub lambda/.
Self-maintained escort cells form a germline stem cell differentiation niche

Stem cell self-renewal is controlled by concerted actions of niche signals and intrinsic factors in a variety of systems. In the Drosophila ovary, germline stem cells (GSCs) in the niche continuously self-renew and generate differentiated germ cells that interact physically with escort cells (ECs). It has been proposed that escort stem cells (ESCs), which directly contact GSCs, generate differentiated ECs to maintain the EC population. However, it remains unclear whether the differentiation status of germ cells affects EC behavior and how the interaction between ECs and germ cells is regulated. In this study, we have found that ECs can undergo slow cell turnover regardless of their positions, and the lost cells are replenished by their neighboring ECs via self-duplication rather than via stem cells. ECs extend elaborate cellular processes that exhibit extensive interactions with differentiated germ cells. Interestingly, long cellular processes of ECs are absent when GSC progeny fail to differentiate, suggesting that differentiated germ cells are required for the formation or maintenance of EC cellular processes. Disruption of Rho functions leads to the disruption of long EC cellular processes and the accumulation of ill-differentiated single germ cells by increasing BMP signaling activity outside the GSC niche, and also causes gradual EC loss. Therefore, our findings indicate that ECs interact extensively with differentiated germ cells through their elaborate cellular processes and control proper germ cell differentiation. Here, we propose that ECs form a niche that controls GSC lineage differentiation and is maintained by a non-stem cell mechanism.
Induction of global anergy rather than inhibitory Th2 lymphokines mediates posttrauma T cell immunodepression.

Abstract Depressed mitogen-induced IL-2 and IFN-γ responses after severe mechanical or thermal injury are postulated to result from an expansion of Th2 lymphocytes with concomitant excessive production of IL-4 and/or IL-10. Here, we simultaneously assessed proliferation and Th1 (IFN-γ) versus Th2 (IL-10, IL-4) lymphokine production in trauma patients' isolated T cells stimulated in a costimulation sufficient, antigen presenting cell independent system (anti CD3 + anti-CD4). T cells with depressed proliferation and IL-2 production simultaneously lost IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ protein and mRNA responses. Exogenous IL-12 addition did not restore IFNγ responses, but exogenous IL-2 partially restored IL-4, IFN-γ, and IL-10 production. Although initially partially restored by exogenous IL-2 or stimulation with PMA + ionomycin, patient T cells with persisting anergy progressively lost even these lymphokine and proliferative responses. Development of global T cell anergy was not a result of lost T cell viability or protein synthesis, since it corresponded to predominance of anergic T cells with upregulated expression of CD11b, but downregulated CD28 and CD3 expression. Thus, the subset of posttrauma patients whose isolated T cells become unresponsive experienced progressively worsening global anergy, mediated not by an increased production of Th2 lymphokines, but possibly by T cell incapacity to be activated through TCR triggering or Ca2+ mobilization.
Young Children's Representation of Spatial Information Acquired From Maps

The early development of the ability to acquire integrated knowledge of a space from a map was investigated in 130 children, 4 to 7 years of age. Experiment 1 demonstrated that all 6- and 7-yearolds and many 4- and 5-year-olds could learn the layout of a large playhouse composed of six adjoined rooms by memorizing a map. Children who learned the map before entering the playhouse more quickly learned a route through it than children who were not exposed to the map, and older children performed significantly better than younger children. In Experiment 2 preschoolers learned a map of a space that contained six spatially separated small rooms within one large room. Children could therefore view the entire configuration of smaller rooms as they traveled around the larger room. Preschoolers performed significantly better in Experiment 2 than in Experiment 1, and the majority of them performed perfectly or almost perfectly. Taken together; the findings help to clarify young children's map-reading abilities in several respects and suggest that preschoolers' abilities are more substantial than has been assumed or demonstrated previously. The use of maps in research on spatial cognition has waxed and waned. Maps figured in an early wave of investigations when researchers (e.g., Piaget, Inhelder, & Szeminska, 1960) believed that children's construction of maps and model layouts could provide valid replicas of children's mental representations of a space. But the use of maps declined when it became clear that children with equal representations might produce quite different maps because of differences in their ability to draw in general and to construct maps specifically (Kosslyn, Heldmeyer, & Locklear, 1977; Siegel, 1981).
Bureaucratic Expertise versus Legislative Authority: A Model of Deception and Monitoring in Budgeting

The empirical literature on the control of bureaus notes that politicians have difficulty observing bureaucratic output, but this insight is rarely represented informal models. To analyze how bureaus use this uncertainty strategically, we develop a model of expertise-based agenda control, building on the Niskanen (1971) and Miller and Moe (1983) tradition. We show that under some plausible conditions, bureaus will underestimate the benefits, and overestimate the costs, of their programs. In the model, politicians are neither passive nor omniscient: they anticipate the bureau's strategic behavior and establish a monitoring system to counteract it. This possibility of detection changes the bureau's behavior: even imperfect monitoring reduces the bureau's deception of the legislature, whether or not the legislature's demand for the bureau's services is concealed. Moreover, uncertainty by itself matters: if the legislature makes it harder for a risk-averse bureau chief to predict demand or penalty, the bureau will restrain its deception.
Amplification of sumatriptan-induced contraction in rabbit saphenous vein but not in basilar artery

The modulation of serotonin (5-HT1B/1D) receptor-induced vascular contractility by histamine and U-46619 was compared in the rabbit basilar artery and saphenous vein. In the saphenous vein, histami...
Verification of NASA emergent systems

NASA is studying advanced technologies for a future robotic exploration mission to the asteroid belt. This mission, the prospective ANTS (Autonomous Nano Technology Swarm) mission, will comprise of 1,000 autonomous robotic agents designed to cooperate in asteroid exploration. The emergent properties of swarm type missions make them powerful, but at the same time are more difficult to design and assure that the proper behaviors will emerge. We are currently investigating formal methods and techniques for verification and validation of future swarm-based missions. The advantage of using formal methods is their ability to mathematically assure the behavior of a swarm, emergent or otherwise. The ANT mission is being used as an example and case study for swarm-based missions for which to experiment and test current formal methods with intelligent swarms. Using the ANTS mission, we have evaluated multiple formal methods to determine their effectiveness in modeling and assuring swarm behavior.
"Neutron Shell": A high efficiency array of neutron detectors for γ−ray spectroscopic studies with Gammasphere

A shell of neutron detectors was designed, constructed, and employed in γ−ray spectroscopy with Gammasphere. It consists of up to 35 tapered regular hexagons that replace the same number of forward Ge-detector modules in Gammasphere. The shell was designed for high detection efficiency and very good neutron−γ discrimination. The simultaneous use of time of flight, and two methods of pulse shape discrimination between neutrons and γ rays is described. Techniques for spectroscopy with efficient detection of two neutrons are discussed.
Nurses’ professional values and attitudes toward collaboration with physicians

Background:Growing evidence suggests that collaborative practice improves healthcare outcomes, but the precursors to collaborative behavior between nurses and physicians have not been fully explored.Research question:The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to describe the professional values held by nurses and their attitudes toward physician–nurse collaboration and to explore the relationships between nurses’ characteristics (e.g. education, type of work) and professional values and their attitudes toward nurse–physician collaboration.Research design:This descriptive correlational study examines the relationship between nurses’ professional values (Nurses Professional Values Scale–Revised) and their attitudes toward nurse–physician collaboration (Jefferson Scale of Attitudes toward Physician–Nurse Collaboration).Ethical considerations:Permission to conduct the study was received from the hospital, and the Institutional Review Boards of the healthcare system and the participating universit...
Tissue Scaffold Engineering by Micro-Stamping

A hand operated benchtop stamping press was developed to conduct research on microscale hole fabrication in polymer membranes for applications as scaffolds in tissue engineering. A biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, poly(e-caprolactone), was selected for micropunching. Membranes between 30 μm and 50 μm thick were fabricated by hot melt extrusion, but could not be stamped with a 200 μm circular punch at room temperature, regardless of die clearance due to excessive strain to fracture. This problem was overcome by cooling the membrane and die sets with liquid nitrogen to take advantage of induced brittle behavior below the polymer’s glass transition temperature. While cooled, 203 μm hole patterns were successfully punched in 33 μm thick poly(e-caprolactone) membranes with 11% die clearance, achieving 71% porosity.
Communication: Atomic force detection of single-molecule nonlinear optical vibrational spectroscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) allows for a highly sensitive detection of spectroscopic signals. This has been first demonstrated for NMR of a single molecule and recently extended to stimulated Raman in the optical regime. We theoretically investigate the use of optical forces to detect time and frequency domain nonlinear optical signals. We show that, with proper phase matching, the AFM-detected signals closely resemble coherent heterodyne-detected signals. Applications are made to AFM-detected and heterodyne-detected vibrational resonances in Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (χ(3)) and sum or difference frequency generation (χ(2)).
Evolving intelligent agents: A 50 year quest

Already in the early 1960s, Larry Fogel and his colleagues were exploring the possibility of creating artificial intelligence using simulated evolution. Over the past 50 years, that idea has captured the imagination of many people and has led to a wide variety of approaches. In this article, this quest is summarized, the current state of the art is described, and some of the remaining open questions are discussed.
Occupationally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: National Case Surveillance Data During 20 Years of the HIV Epidemic in the United States

OBJECTIVE: To characterize occupationally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection detected through case surveillance efforts in the United States. DESIGN: National surveillance systems, based on volun- tary case reporting. SETTING: Healthcare or laboratory (clinical or research) settings. PATIENTS: Healthcare workers, defined as individuals employed in healthcare or laboratory settings (including students and trainees), who are infected with HIV. METHODS: Review of data reported through December 2001 in the HIV/AIDS Reporting System and the National Surveillance for Occupationally Acquired HIV Infection. RESULTS: Of 57 healthcare workers with documented occupationally acquired HIV infection, most (86%) were exposed to blood, and most (88%) had percutaneous injuries. The circum- stances varied among 51 percutaneous injuries, with the largest proportion (41%) occurring after a procedure, 35% occurring dur- ing a procedure, and 20% occurring during disposal of sharp objects. Unexpected circumstances difficult to anticipate during or after procedures accounted for 20% of all injuries. Of 55 known source patients, most (69%) had acquired immunodeficiency syn- drome (AIDS) at the time of occupational exposure, but some (11%) had asymptomatic HIV infection. Eight (14%) of the health- care workers were infected despite receiving postexposure pro- phylaxis (PEP). CONCLUSIONS: Prevention strategies for occupationally acquired HIV infection should continue to emphasize avoiding blood exposures. Healthcare workers should be educated about both the benefits and the limitations of PEP, which does not always prevent HIV infection following an exposure. Technologic advances (eg, safety-engineered devices) may further enhance safety in the healthcare workplace (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003;24:86-96). ABSTRACT
Near misses and incidents

Take a deep breath; try again. How did the oxygen content of the room drop? I am sweating and becoming really lightheaded—that 6 G-feeling. In a minute, the world view will narrow to a dark tunnel, then complete blackness, and I will keel over. I need to sit on the floor; it is hard to fall too
Lactic dehydrogenase activity in blood.

Summary and Conclusions1. Lactic dehydrogenase activity is present in the venous serum of normal human adults. Normal activity ranges from 260 to 850 units per ml with a mean value of470 ± 130 units per ml. 2. Venous whole blood hemolysates of normal adults have a lactic dehydrogenase activity varying between 16,000 to 67,000 units per ml with a mean value of 34,000 ± 12,000 units per ml. 3. Alterations in serum lactic dehydrogenase have been studied in a selected group of disease states. 4. Experimental and clinical myocardial infarction are associated with a rise in serum lactic dehydrogenase activity. 5. Lactic dehydrogenase like serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase rises in a characteristic fashion following myocardial infarction.
Book review: Advances in 40Ar/39Ar dating: From archaeology to planetary sciences

Edited by F. Jourdan, D.F. Mark, and C. Verati. Geological Society of London Special Publications. ISBN: 978-1-86239-360-8, 378 pages. The recently published book Advances in 40 Ar/ 39 Ar Dating: From Archaeology to Planetary Sciences is a collection of 24 chapters authored by international scientists on topics ranging from decay constants to 40Ar/39Ar dating of extraterrestrial objects. As stated by the editors in their introduction, these chapters were assembled with the goal of providing technique-specific examples highlighting recent advances in the field of 40Ar/39Ar dating. As this is the first book truly dedicated to 40Ar/39Ar dating since the second edition printing of the argon geochronologist’s handbook Geochronology and Thermochronology by the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar Method (McDougall and Harrison 1999), a new collection of chapters highlighting recent advances in 40Ar/39Ar geochronology offers much to the interested reader. The book is organized into four sections: methodological developments, tectonics, volcanology, and planetary sciences. Of particular …
Short-and Mid-term Follow-up Study on Tricuspid Valve Detachment in Correction of Ventricular Septal Defect

Objective To investigate the clinical value of temporary tricuspid valve detachment(TVD) in the correlation of ventricular septal defect(VSD).Methods A total of 1 021 VSD patients admitted January 2006 to December 2010 in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively,including 211 of TVD(TVD group) and 810 of non-TVD(non-TVD group).All patients were observed cardiac structure and assessed tricuspid regurgitation(TR) by echocardiography in preoperative and three days,a month,6-month and 1-year postoperative.Results 695 cases were repaired with patch,including 209 of TVD group and 486 of non-TVD group.Another 326 cases were repaired by suturing VSD directly,including 2 of TVD group and 324 of non-TVD group.There was no statistic difference in cardiopulmonary bypass time,aorta blocking time and postoperative hospital stay between two groups(P0.05).There was no peroperative death in both two groups.Complete atrioventricular block was 0 and 3,residual leak was 3 and 8,and tricuspid regurgitation was 14 and 47 in TVD group and non-TVD group respectively.There was no statistic difference in postoperative complication rate between two groups(8.1% VS 7.2%,P0.05).All cases were followed up for one year without long-term death and reoperation associated with residual leakage.No case was found mild TR in TVD group,and 8 cases in non-TVD group,there was nostatistic difference between two groups(P0.05).Conclusion TVD is a safe and effective technique for improving the VSD exposure,has no correlation with the atrioventricular block,surgical time and TR,and can protect the tricuspid valve leaflets structure and reduce the incidence of serious postoperative TR.
Variation in incubation period within a population of the European starling

La duree de la periode d'incubation est determinee principalement par le comportement incubateur de l'adulte de Sturnus vulgaris, les proprietes thermiques du nid ou les deux; la qualite intrinseque de l'œuf joue un moindre role
Obesity Treatment at HealthPartners: Adaptation of Clinical Guidelines into Systems for Practice Operations.

The purpose of this paper is to describe how HealthPartners health system in Minneapolis, MN, has translated a clinical guideline for obesity among adults into an efficient care delivery practice operations system. Based on a foundation provided by the physician-led Institute of Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI)-developed Prevention and Management of Obesity for Adults Health Care Guideline, HealthPartners adapted the guideline into an electronic health record-based “Smart Set” that provides frontline physicians with the information, treatment options, and referral steps necessary to care for their patients with obesity. Additional context is provided in terms of insurance coverage and systems-based resources designed to prevent and treat obesity for adults.
Intravesical chemotherapy use after radical nephroureterectomy: A national survey of urologic oncologists.

Abstract To determine the use of prophylactic intravesical chemotherapy (pIVC) following radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) and barriers to utilization in a survey study of urologic oncologists. Methods A survey instrument was constructed, which queried respondents on professional experience, practice environment, pIVC use, and reasons for not recommending pIVC when applicable. The survey was electronically distributed to members of the Society of Urologic Oncology over an 8-week period. Survey software was used for analysis. Results The survey response rate was 22% (158 of 722). Half of the respondents were in practice for ≤10 years, while 90% performed ≤10 RNU cases annually. Of the 144 urologists regularly performing RNU, only 51% reported administering pIVC, including 22 exclusively in patients with a prior history of bladder cancer. One-third administered pIVC intraoperatively, whereas the remainder instilled pIVC at ≤3 (7%), 4 to 7 (37%), 8 to 14 (20%), and>14 (3%) days postoperatively. Almost all urologists noted giving a single instillation of pIVC. Agents included mitomycin-C (88%), thiotepa (7%), doxorubicin (3%), epirubicin (1%), and BCG (1%). Among respondents who did not administer pIVC, the most common reasons cited included lack of data supporting use (44%), personal preference (19%), and office infrastructure (17%). Conclusion Only 51% of urologic oncologists report using pIVC in patients undergoing RNU. Reasons underlying this underutilization are multifactorial, thereby underscoring the need for continued dissemination of existing data and additional studies to support its benefits. Moreover, improving the logistics of pIVC administration may help to increase utilization rates.
Photovoltaic properties of selenized CuGa/In films with varied compositions

Thin CuGa/In films with varied compositions were deposited by co-evaporation and then selenized in situ with evaporated selenium. The selenized Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 absorbers were used to fabricate 390 solar cells. Cu/(Ga+In) and Ga/(Ga+In) (Cu/III and Ga/III) were independently varied, and photovoltaic performance was optimal at Cu/III of 77−92% for all Ga/III compositions studied (Ga/III ∼ 30, 50, and 70%). The best absorbers at each Ga/III composition were characterized with time-resolved photoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry, and devices were studied with temperature-dependent current density-voltage, light and electrical biased quantum efficiency, and capacitance-voltage. The best cells with Ga/III ∼ 30, 50, and 70% had efficiencies of 14.5, 14.4, and 12.2% and maximum power temperature coefficients of −0.496, −0.452, and −0.413%/°C, respectively. This resulted in the Ga/III ∼ 50% champion having the highest efficiency at temperatures greater than 40°C, making it the optimal composition for practical purposes. This optimum is understood as a result of the absorber's band gap grading— where minimum band gap dominates short-circuit current density, maximum space charge region band gap dominates open-circuit voltage, and average absorber band gap dominates maximum power temperature coefficient.
La imposición de los valores católicos patriarcales a través de la censura en las revistas juveniles femeninas de la España franquista (1941-1977)

espanolLos valores patriarcales catolicos son clave para entender el ideal de feminidad que exaltaba la Espana del General Franco. El Franquismo no dudo en utilizar la censura sobre las revistas femeninas infantiles y juveniles para educar y hacer aceptable este restrictivo rol femenino. De este modo, a traves de la legislacion censora podemos entender que rol jugo el catolicismo ultracatolico tanto en crear como en hacer cumplir las normas de la censura. Ademas, para comprender mejor como la legislacion cambio y como el ideal femenino evoluciono, compararemos las normas con las revistas juveniles mas populares de aquellos anos: Mis chicas (1941-1950), Florita (1949-1961), Sissi (1958-1967) y Lily (1970-1977), cuatro publicaciones que muestran una clara evolucion desde los contenidos religiosos y pedagogicos de la primera, hasta la ultima, con una vision mas comercial y centrada en el entretenimiento. De este modo intentaremos comprobar si los cambios experimentados por las publicaciones fueron puramente esteticos o si obedecieron a un autentico cambio de los valores catolicos que imponia la censura. EnglishPatriarchal Catholic values are the key to understand the ideal of womanhood in Francoist Spain. In order to educate and to make acceptable this restrictive role, Franco’s Regime didn’t hesitate to use censorship over children and teenager publications. Through censorship regulations we will understand what role ultraconservative Catholicism played by both creating and to enforcing these laws. Besides, for a better understanding of how legislation changed and womanhood ideal evolved we will confront legislation against the most popular female teen magazines in their time – Mis chicas (1941-1950), Florita (1949-1961), Sissi (1958-1967), and Lily (1970-1977), four publications which show a clear evolution from the religious and educational first one to the more commercial and devoted to entertainment last one. In that way, we will try to understand if that changes were just aesthetic or if it was a real change in the Catholic values imposed by censorship.
TraceLab Components for Reproducing Source Code Summarization Experiments

This artifact is a reproducibility package for experiments in source code summarization. The artifact is implemented as a set of components for the TraceLab research infrastructure. We have converted two implementations of state-of-the-art source code summarization into prepackaged and easily-reusable TraceLab components. Prior to this conversion, the implementations were accessible but difficult to use, being scattered across numerous scripts in various languages with many dependencies. We provide the components, detailed tutorials, and two example virtual machine images via our online appendix.
Potential targeting of B7-H4 for the treatment of cancer

Observations noting the presence of white blood cell infiltrates within tumors date back more than a century, however the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating tumor immunity continue to be elucidated. The recent successful use of monoclonal antibodies to block immune regulatory pathways to enhance tumor-specific immune responses for the treatment of cancer has encouraged the identification of additional immune regulatory receptor/ligand pathways. Over the past several years, a growing body of data has identified B7-H4 (VTCN1/B7x/B7S1) as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. The potential clinical significance of B7-H4 is supported by the high levels of B7-H4 expression found in numerous tumor tissues and correlation of the level of expression on tumor cells with adverse clinical and pathologic features, including tumor aggressiveness. The biological activity of B7-H4 has been associated with decreased inflammatory CD4+ T-cell responses and a correlation between B7-H4-expressing tumor-associated macrophages and FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) within the tumor microenvironment. Since B7-H4 is expressed on tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages in various cancer types, therapeutic blockade of B7-H4 could favorably alter the tumor microenvironment allowing for antigen-specific clearance tumor cells. The present review highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting B7-H4.
Undescribed hominin fossils from the Transvaal Museum faunal collections

During the course of renewed investigation into the fossil faunas recovered from several Plio-Pleistocene deposits in the Sterkfontein Valley, 15 previously unrecognized hominin fossils were recognized in the faunal collections of the Transvaal Museum. In addition, eight hominin fossils were previously recovered from the faunal collections of the Transvaal Museum by various visitors since the early 1970s. These fossil fragments are derived from the sites of Sterkfontein, Kromdraai and possibly Swartkrans. This paper provides descriptions and illustrations of these previously undescribed materials.
Highly reliable GaN MOS-HFET with high short-circuit capability

A new MOS-HFET structure of a GaN power device for highly reliable GaN MOS gates has been designed. A normally-on JFET structure is fabricated between the gate and drain of the GaN MOS-HFET. By using this technology, the reliability of the gate insulator is greatly improved under the high drain voltage of the blocking-state. The new GaN MOS-HFET also reduces saturation current in the short-circuit condition by about 30%. It is expected that this new device improves the tolerance characteristics in the short-circuit condition without the on-resistance penalty associated with conventional structures.
The Inefficacy of Profit Level Regulation for the Natural Monopoly Markets of Diversified Firms

The first question in any assessment of current or alternative forms of regulation is: “Why regulate at all?” From an economic perspective9 the classic basis for regulation has been described as follows: “The most traditional economic case for regulation assumes the existence of natural monopoly-that is-where economies of scale are so persistent that a single firm can serve the market at a lower unit cost than two or more firms.”10
Common social cognitive impairments do not mean common causes: A commentary on Cotter et al. (2018).

Abstract Many clinical conditions, ranging from psychiatric to neurodegenerative illnesses, are associated with impairments in the processes by which we perceive, interpret, and respond to social information; a suite of abilities known as social cognition. Through a systematic review of meta-analyses, Cotter et al. (2018) present a compelling view of social cognitive deficits as a core phenotype of many clinical conditions. However, we caution against one potential interpretation of their findings, namely, that similar social cognitive outcomes are produced by similar causes. Specifically, we argue that while the outcome may look similar across clinical conditions (i.e., global social cognitive deficits), the cause and nature of those impairments are likely to differ, and, as a consequence, so too will its remediation. We advocate for the development of better methods for assessing social cognition, which may speak to the varying nature of social cognitive impairment across conditions. Ultimately, a better understanding of how social cognition is impaired will facilitate the development of more targeted, more effective treatments, that will improve patient care.
DYNAMICS OF NEUTRALLY BUOYANT PARTICLES IN LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER FLOWS

Abstract The quasistatic motion of a neutrally buoyant particle suspended in a shearing flow at small Reynolds numbers is reviewed. Special attention is devoted to the translational and rotational motions of a rigid spherical particle suspended in a simple shear flow. An assessment is made of the effects upon these particle velocities arising from the presence of bounding walls, fluid inertia, and an embedded dipole when a uniform external field acts. Motion of the particle when suspended in a Poiseuille flow within a circular tube is also discussed, including radial migration across the streamlines due to fluid inertia effects or translational Brownian motion. The motions of liquid droplets and gas bubbles in uniform and non-uniform simple shear flows are summarized. In contrast with rigid spheres, such particles deform in response to the shear in their proximity. This deformation results in non-linear phenomena (such as radial migration across the streamlines of a Poiseuille flow), despite the linearity of the dynamical equations of motion governing the internal and external motions of the droplet. A general theory is outlined of the motion of a neutrally buoyant, rigid, non-spherical particle suspended in a homogeneous shearing flow. The translational and rotational particle motions are shown to be governed by two intrinsic third-rank tensors that depend only upon the size and shape of the particle. The forms adopted by these tensors for particles possessing various modes of geometric symmetry are discussed, and the results employed to calculate the behavior of axisymmetric bodies of revolution suspended in a simple shearing flow, as well as in various types of elongational flows. The effects of particle inertia and rotary Brownian motion on the rotational motion of the particle are briefly discussed. Modifications of the particle motion arising from inhomogeneities in the shear flow are also outlined.
Amoeba provide insight into the origin of virulence in pathogenic fungi.

Why are some fungi pathogenic while the majority poses no threat to humans or other hosts? Of the more than 1.5 million fungal species only about 150–300 are pathogenic for humans, and of these, only 10–15 are relatively common pathogens. In contrast, fungi are major pathogens for plants and insects. These facts pose several fundamental questions including the mechanisms responsible for the origin of virulence among the few pathogenic species and the high resistance of mammals to fungal diseases. This essay explores the origin of virulences among environmental fungi with no obvious requirement for animal association and proposes that selection pressures by amoeboid predators led to the emergence of traits that can also promote survival in mammalian hosts. In this regard, analysis of the interactions between the human pathogenic funges Cryptococcus neoformans and amoeba have shown a remarkable similarity with the interaction of this fungus with macrophages. Hence the virulence of environmental pathogenic fungi is proposed to originate from a combination of selection by amoeboid predators and perhaps other soil organism with thermal tolerance sufficient to allow survival in mammalian hosts
From coherent to vibronic light harvesting in photosynthesis.

Photosynthetic organisms are a remarkable example of nanoscale engineering and have mastered the process of solar energy harvesting over billions of years of evolution. Therefore, researchers seek insights from the light collection mechanisms of photosynthetic machinery. The initial energy transfer stage of photosynthesis, which begins with light absorption and leads to charge separation, is remarkably robust in conditions of strong energetic disorder, extreme physiological temperatures, and low light flux — very different from conventional solar conversion materials [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. However, determining the key principles which are responsible for efficient conversion is a challenging task due to the complexity of the photosynthetic systems. The field encountered a fascinating lead in 2007 when oscillatory features were discovered in two-dimensional electronic spectroscopic data — the optical analogue of 2D NMR — and were assigned to quantum coherence between donor and acceptor electronic states [ 4•• ]. In this review, we describe the evolution in our understanding of quantum effects in photosynthetic energy transfer. A vibronic model is described to demonstrate the current opinion on how quantum effects can optimize energy transfer.