cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Phase I/II Trial of the Combination of Azacitidine and Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin for Treatment of Relapsed Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Abstract Introduction Treatment with hypomethylating agent therapy might enhance anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody-mediated cytotoxicity against acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts through epigenetic effects on Syk and SHP-1 expression. Patients and Methods In the present phase I/II study, we treated patients with relapsed or refractory AML with azacitidine, followed by 2 doses of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) at 6 mg/m2, the Food and Drug Administration-approved dose and schedule at study initiation. We sought to determine the maximum tolerated dose and clinical activity of this combination therapy. Secondarily, we aimed to determine whether baseline Syk and SHP-1 expression can be used as predictive biomarkers of treatment response. Results The established maximum tolerated dose was azacitidine 75 mg/m2 daily for 6 consecutive days, followed by GO 6 mg/m2 on days 7 and 21. Of the 50 evaluable patients, 12 (24%) obtained complete remission (CR) or CR with incomplete peripheral blood recovery (CRp). No dose-limiting toxicities were observed in phase I, and no patient developed hepatic sinusoidal obstructive syndrome. Although no significant correlation was found between Syk and SHP-1 expression and the clinical response to combination therapy, in vitro studies repeatedly demonstrated that azacitidine-treated AML cells had an increased response to GO treatment. Conclusion Our study found that the combination of GO with azacitidine is relatively well tolerated, with response rates similar to those with GO monotherapy at higher doses. Differences in the GO drug schedule, dose level, and frequency might explain the discrepant response rates between our study and others, suggesting that the optimal GO dose remains unclear, especially when combined with hypomethylating agent therapy.
HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis: A Review

Importance About 40 000 Americans and 2 million people worldwide are newly infected with HIV each year. The combination antiretroviral regimen, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine, taken as a single pill once daily, has been shown to prevent HIV transmission but is used by fewer than 20% of people who could benefit in the United States. Observations PubMed was searched on February 15, 2018, using the search termspre-exposure,prophylaxis,HIV, andPrEPto identify English-language articles published between 2010 and 2018. Four placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with daily dosing of TDF/emtricitabine significantly reduces HIV acquisition in men who have sex with men, high-risk heterosexuals, and injection drug users who share injection equipment. The efficacy of daily TDF/emtricitabine exceeds 90% but is highly correlated with degree of adherence. TDF/emtricitabine is safe and well-tolerated. Only 2% of people discontinue PrEP because of adverse effects. Sexually transmitted infections are common among those using PrEP. Resistance to TDF/emtricitabine when used for PrEP is rare ( Conclusions and Relevance TDF/emtricitabine is an effective and safe therapy for preventing HIV transmission. Increasing prescription of TDF/emtricitabine for patients at risk of acquiring HIV has the potential to reduce new HIV infections.
Oscillatory encoding of visual stimulus familiarity

Familiarity of the environment changes the way we perceive and encode incoming information. However, the neural substrates underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. Here we describe a new form of experience-dependent low-frequency oscillations in the primary visual cortex (V1) of awake adult male mice. The oscillations emerged in visually evoked potentials and single-unit activity following repeated visual stimulation. The oscillations were sensitive to the spatial frequency content of a visual stimulus and required the mAChRs for their induction and expression. Finally, ongoing visually evoked θ (4-8 Hz) oscillations boost the visually evoked potential amplitude of incoming visual stimuli if the stimuli are presented at the high excitability phase of the oscillations. Our results demonstrate that an oscillatory code can be used to encode familiarity and serves as a gate for oncoming sensory inputs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previous experience can influence the processing of incoming sensory information by the brain and alter perception. However, the mechanistic understanding of how this process takes place is lacking. We have discovered that persistent low-frequency oscillations in the primary visual cortex encode information about familiarity and the spatial frequency of the stimulus. These familiarity evoked oscillations influence neuronal responses to the oncoming stimuli in a way that depends on the oscillation phase. Our work demonstrates a new mechanism of visual stimulus feature detection and learning.
Witchcraft, Sorcery, Rumors and Gossip

Witchcraft, Sorcery, Rumors, and Gossip combines two classic topics in social anthropology in a new synthesis: the study of witchcraft and sorcery and the study of rumours and gossip. It shows how rumour and gossip are invariably important as catalysts for accusations of witchcraft and sorcery, and demonstrates the role of rumour and gossip in the genesis of social and political violence, as in the case of both peasant rebellions and witch-hunts. Examples supporting the argument are drawn from Africa, Europe, India, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. They include discussions of witchcraft trials in Essex, England in the seventeenth century, witch-hunts and vampire narratives in colonial and contemporary Africa, millenarian movements in New Guinea, the Indian Mutiny in nineteenth-century Uttar Pradesh, and rumours of construction sacrifice in Indonesia.
Abstract 2154: A potent and orally available tubulin inhibitor ABI-231 suppresses triple negative breast cancer tumor growth and metastasis

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive type and accounts for at least 15% of all types of breast cancer in the USA. TNBC is defined as tumors that lack the expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epithermal growth factor 2, and it is always characterized by poor prognosis due to the lack of molecular targets and the rapid development of resistance to many chemotherapeutic drugs. Interfering with microtubule dynamics is a validated drug target. Currently, one of the standard cares for TNBC treatment is using taxanes based chemotherapy, such as paclitaxel, which targets microtubules. However, drug resistance and neurotoxicities often limit their clinical efficacy, thus there are continuous needs to develop more effective therapies that could overcome these clinical limitations. In this study, we evaluated the preclinical efficacy of our potent tubulin inhibitor, ABI-231, in treating TNBC in mouse xenograft models. ABI-231 inhibited tubulin polymerization and effectively overcame P-gp mediated multidrug resistance, and it is orally available. ABI-231 showed remarkable anticancer activities against two TNBC cell lines at low nanomolar concentrations, and it could inhibit the cancer cell colony formation. Treatment with ABI-231 suppressed invasion and migration of TNBC cells, and significantly induced apoptosis of TNBC cells in vitro. ABI-231 inhibited TNBC tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner without acute toxicity in an orthotopic TNBC xenograft model. ABI-231 had similar efficacy to that of paclitaxel as tested in this mouse model. In addition, ABI-231 significantly reduced metastasis of TNBC in a tail vein mouse model. Collectively, these preliminary studies strongly suggest that ABI-231 is potent to inhibit the growth and metastasis of TNBC both in vitro and in vivo, and this potent tubulin inhibitor is a promising drug candidate for the more effective treatment of TNBC. Supported by NIH grant R01CA148706. Citation Format: Shanshan Deng, Raya Krutilina, Qinghui Wang, Tiffany N. Seagroves, Duane D. Miller, Wei Li. A potent and orally available tubulin inhibitor ABI-231 suppresses triple negative breast cancer tumor growth and metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2154.
Factors Affecting Attitudes among Buying-Center Members toward Adoption of an Ecologically-Related Regulatory Alternative: A New Application of Organizational Theory to a Public Policy Issue:

Little attention has been focused on the application of industrial marketing to macro-marketing theory, and only recently have academics become concerned with issues in ecology and business-governm...
Availability and Cost of Naloxone Nasal Spray at Pharmacies in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2017.

Importance Despite the increasingly important role of pharmacies in the implementation of naloxone access laws, there is limited information on the impact of such laws at the local level. Objective To evaluate the availability (with or without a prescription) and cost of naloxone nasal spray at pharmacies in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, following a statewide standing order enacted in Pennsylvania in August 2015 to allow pharmacies to dispense naloxone without a prescription. Design, Setting, and Participants A survey study was conducted by telephone of all pharmacies in Philadelphia between February and August 2017. Pharmacies were geocoded and linked with the American Community Survey (2011-2015) to obtain information on the demographic characteristics of census tracts and the Medical Examiner’s Office of the Philadelphia Department of Public Health to derive information on the number of opioid overdose deaths per 100 000 people for each planning district. Data were analyzed from March 2018 to February 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Availability and out-of-pocket cost of naloxone nasal spray (with or without a prescription) at Philadelphia pharmacies overall and by pharmacy and neighborhood characteristics. Results Of 454 eligible pharmacies, 418 were surveyed (92.1% response rate). One in 3 pharmacies (34.2%) had naloxone nasal spray in stock; of these, 61.5% indicated it was available without a prescription. There were significant differences in the availability of naloxone by pharmacy type and neighborhood characteristics. Naloxone was both more likely to be in stock (45.9% vs 27.8%; difference, 18.0%; 95% CI, 8.3%-27.8%;P Conclusions and Relevance Despite the implementation of a statewide standing order in Pennsylvania more than 3 years prior to this study, only one-third of Philadelphia pharmacies carried naloxone nasal spray and many also required a physician’s prescription. Efforts to strengthen the implementation of naloxone access laws and better ensure naloxone supply at local pharmacies are warranted, especially in localities with the highest rates of overdose death.
The Marked Length Spectrum Versus the Laplace Spectrum on Forms on Riemannian Nilmanifolds

The subject of this paper is the relationship among the marked length spectrum, the length spectrum, the Laplace spectrum on functions, and the Laplace spectrum on forms on Riemannian nilmanifolds. In particular, we show that for a large class of three-step nilmanifolds, if a pair of nilmanifolds in this class has the same marked length spectrum, they necessarily share the same Laplace spectrum on functions. In contrast, we present the first example of a pair of isospectral Riemannian manifolds with the same marked length spectrum but not the same spectrum on one-forms. Outside of the standard spheres vs. the Zoll spheres, which are not even isospectral, this is the only example of a pair of Riemannian manifolds with the same marked length spectrum, but not the same spectrum on forms. This partially extends and partially contrasts the work of Eberlein, who showed that on two-step nilmanifolds, the same marked length spectrum implies the same Laplace spectrum both on functions and on forms.
A Survey of Grid Diagrams and a Proof of Alexander’s Theorem

Grid diagrams are a representation of knot projections that are particularly useful as a format for algorithmic implementation on a computer. This paper gives an introduction to grid diagrams and demonstrates their programmable viability in an algorithmic proof of Alexander’s Theorem. Throughout, there are detailed comments on how to program a computer to encode the diagrams and algorithms.
The Influence of Individual Legitimacy-Building Factors and Gender on Funding in Accelerators

As a perception of external audience members, organizational legitimacy is a relatively unobservable construct but can be indirectly inferred through the actions taken by external stakeholders. Des...
Stiffness effects on laminar separation flutter

Abstract This work explores self-sustained pitching oscillations of a NACA0012 airfoil operating at low-to-moderate Reynolds numbers in which the aerodynamic flow is in a transitional regime. One-degree of freedom (1-DOF) pitching oscillations are explored for chord-based Reynolds numbers of Re c = 77 , 000 and 110,000, which fall on the lower end of the flutter regime, over a large range of torsional spring constants. Laminar separation flutter (LSF) is shown to persist over several orders of magnitude of structural rigidity. At the Reynolds numbers tested, the effect of changing structural rigidity at a fixed Reynolds number exhibits remarkable similarity to the effect of varying Reynolds number at a fixed stiffness. Although the two effects are not perfectly analogous, both parameters influence the timing of transition events relative to the limit-cycle. Raising stiffness values at either Reynolds number causes the structural response to outpace boundary layer transition which in turn yields an increasingly nonlinear aeroelastic response. Oscillations are no longer sustained when the structural frequency merges with the frequency of the aeroelastic response. At this point, the slow relaxation time of boundary layer transition fails to keep pace with the structural frequency and the processes that sustain LSF are inhibited. Oscillations terminate at a lower stiffness in the lower Reynolds number case—an apparent effect of slower boundary layer transition. Interestingly, hysteresis patterns and flow topologies coalesce into nearly identical topologies for both Reynolds numbers when stiffness is very low.
Acute exposure to nicotine vapor causes short-term increases in impulsive choice in rats

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that exposure to nicotine smoke increases impulsivity. Surprisingly, research investigating the effects of electronic cigarette nicotine vapor exposure on impulsivity has not been conducted. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of nicotine vapor exposure on impulsive choice. Methods Twenty-four adult male rats were trained in the delay discounting task to choose between small immediate food rewards or larger food rewards with delayed deliveries. After 24 days of training in the delay discounting task, rats were passively exposed to vapor containing either 0, 12, or 24 mg/mL of nicotine for 10 days. To monitor exposure to nicotine, serum cotinine levels were assessed on exposure days 1, 5, and 10 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Following vapor exposure, rats were retrained in the delay discounting task until stable performance was achieved, and the effects of nicotine vapor exposure on choice preference were assessed. Results Rats that were exposed to 12 and 24 mg/mL nicotine vapor displayed higher serum cotinine levels, relative to those exposed to 0 mg/mL nicotine vapor. There were no differences in impulsive choice between any of the vapor groups when tested 15-21 days after exposure. However, increases in impulsive choice were observed when testing immediately following exposure to 24 mg/mL nicotine vapor, relative to immediately following exposure to 0 mg/mL nicotine vapor. Conclusions Findings suggest that while exposure to nicotine vapor may not cause long-term changes in decision making, it can cause short-term increases in impulsive choice, an effect that can have negative social and health consequences.
Examining Training Comprehension and External Cognition in Evaluations of Uncertainty Visualizations to Support Decision Making

Recent advances in uncertainty visualization research have focused not only on design features to support decision making, but also on challenges of evaluating the effectiveness of uncertainty visu...
The flipped classroom in ESL teacher education: An example from CALL

Abstract The flipped classroom is one of many technology-enhanced teaching strategies. In this approach, students are responsible for initial learning at home (often via instructional videos) and class time is used for problem-solving and activities to deepen understanding. Although research on and use of the flipped classroom in language education is growing, little work has examined its use in teacher education, particularly for language teachers. To address this gap, this study examined the flipped classroom through the eyes of pre-service language teachers to reveal what hinders them from or encourages them to adopt this approach. Data were collected from students in a Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) course; they experienced two flipped class sessions (complementing the traditional instructor-led sessions) and completed a survey about their experiences. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with a sub-set of students to examine their perceptions in greater depth. Three major themes emerged regarding benefits of the flipped classroom: learner autonomy, learning by doing with support, and preventing cognitive overload. Four challenges emerged: learners’ technology access and technical ability, technical support for instructors, ambiguous student responsibility, and an inability to provide immediate clarification. Three additional notable themes emerged: heightened awareness of peers in the classroom, different reactions to content-oriented versus technically-oriented instructional videos, and student workload. These themes are discussed in detail, along with suggestions for teacher training and professional development. Also considered is the need to establish guidelines for best practices in flipped classrooms and to develop high-quality approaches to flipping without a dependence on instructional videos.
Molecular Engineering of Ultrasmall Silica Nanoparticle–Drug Conjugates as Lung Cancer Therapeutics

Purpose: Small-molecule inhibitors have had a major impact on cancer care. While treatments have demonstrated clinically promising results, they suffer from dose-limiting toxicities and the emergence of refractory disease. Considerable efforts made to address these issues have more recently focused on strategies implementing particle-based probes that improve drug delivery and accumulation at target sites, while reducing off-target effects. Experimental Design: Ultrasmall ( Results: Gefitinib-bound C′ dots (DFO-Gef-C′ dots), synthesized using the gefitinib analogue, APdMG, at a range of drug-to-particle ratios (DPR; DPR = 11–56), demonstrated high stability for DPR values≤ 40, bulk renal clearance, and enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity relative to gefitinib (LD50 = 6.21 nmol/L vs. 3 μmol/L, respectively). In human non–small cell lung cancer mice, efficacious Gef-C′ dot doses were at least 200-fold lower than that needed for gefitinib (360 nmoles vs. 78 μmoles, respectively), noting fairly equivalent tumor growth inhibition and prolonged survival. Gef-C′ dot–treated tumors also exhibited low phosphorylated EFGR levels, with no appreciable wild-type EGFR target inhibition, unlike free drug. Conclusions: Results underscore the clinical potential of DFO-Gef-C′ dots to effectively manage disease and minimize off-target effects at a fraction of the native drug dose.
Abordagem ativa no processo de ensino-aprendizagem na disciplina de Desenho Técnico: uma experiência em Engenharia

The initial periods of Engineering courses are made up of disciplines of the so-called “basic cycle”, which are generally difficult and demotivating subjects for most students because they are not similar to the practical part of the course. Thus, the objective of the present work is to evaluate the use of active methodologies in the teaching-learning process of Technical Drawing discipline. The developed method was based on the Kolb Experiential Learning Cycle, and sought to unite theoretical and practical knowledge related to the subject of study and linked to the course of Forest Engineering. The results show the proposed methodology as a promising way to stimulate the students' interest in the discipline. It is recommended that other teaching-learning methodologies in the basic disciplines of Engineering be created / adapted and disseminated, enabling a process that is centered on student learning.
Chaos in Ecology and Epidemiology

Methods of identifying chaos as the origin of irregularity in time series are applied to observations and models from ecology and epidemiology.
Natural deletions in the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein drive antibody escape

Abstract Zoonotic pandemics follow the spillover of animal viruses into highly susceptible human populations. Often, pandemics wane, becoming endemic pathogens. Sustained circulation requires evasion of protective immunity elicited by previous infections. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has initiated a global pandemic. Since coronaviruses have a lower substitution rate than other RNA viruses this gave hope that spike glycoprotein is an antigenically stable vaccine target. However, we describe an evolutionary pattern of recurrent deletions at four antigenic sites in the spike glycoprotein. Deletions abolish binding of a reported neutralizing antibody. Circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants are continually exploring genetic and antigenic space via deletion in individual patients and at global scales. In viruses where substitutions are relatively infrequent, deletions represent a mechanism to drive rapid evolution, potentially promoting antigenic drift.
Euthanasia, Efficiency, and the Historical Distinction between Killing a Patient and Allowing Them to Die

Voluntary active euthanasia and physician assisted suicide should not be legalised because too much that is important about living and dying will be lost
Modal Identification Using SMIT

The objective of this paper is to introduce a Structural Modal Identification Toolsuite (SMIT) for MATLAB that has been recently developed to facilitate system identification of structural systems. SMIT is an integrated toolbox, supporting a user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) for modal identification. In this paper, the results of several system identification methods are compared in terms of accuracy and efficiency. The toolbox is capable of performing several common system identification methods with a standardized process, which is composed of input, eigenvalue estimation, and post processing procedures. The toolbox can present the estimated modal parameters graphically, and conveniently store and recall the identification results. The implemented identification methods consist of several classes of system identification algorithms, including Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA), Auto-Regressive Moving-Average method with eXogenous terms (ARMAX), and Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI). The performance of SMIT was verified by identifying the modal parameters of Northampton Steel Bridge (NSB), using five identification algorithms. A set of ambient acceleration responses was collected using a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), and a subset of the sensing nodes was selected to identify vertical and torsional modes of NSB. The comparison of identification results to examine the accuracy and efficiency of each method supports that the SMIT is applicable to identify civil infrastructures effectively.
Autonomous Transfinite Progressions and the Extent of Predicative Mathematics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the formal proof-theoretic results relevant to the program of characterizing the informal notions of predicative definition and predicative proof, treated throughout under the assumption that the set of natural numbers is given. An immediate consequence of this assumption is that the meanings of arithmetical definitions of properties of natural numbers are (taken to be) completely determined. These can be represented by formulas from a formal system of elementary number theory (Z), where the quantifiers are intended to range over the set of natural numbers. Then the proofs represented by derivations of the classical system (Z) are immediately acceptable. The predicative definitions and proofs considered in the chapter are supposed to be all those which are generated by the foregoing processes. That is, the predicative definitions are all those in which meaning can be ultimately reduced to numerical quantification.
Use of Paragraph 6 System for Access to Medicine

The intellectual property protection regime under the TRIPS Agreement raises certain public health concerns regarding access to medicine. However, the TRIPS Agreement includes various flexibilities which may be utilized by its member nations to ameliorate its negative impact on access to medicine. One such flexibility is the Paragraph 6 System. This paper highlights some of the difficulties involved in using the Paragraph 6 System as determined by its first and only use in the trade of Apo-TriAvir® from Canada to Rwanda, and proposes potential revisions that may be made to the Paragraph 6 System or other future legislations implementing the Paragraph 6 System at a national level in order to render the System more effective for use, as well as attempts to provide a realistic view of the impact of intellectual property protection on access to medicine.
Short‐TR, Spoiled, Gradient Echo Imaging

When a spin system is repeatedly disturbed by a fast repetition of RF pulses, the transverse magnetization after each new RF pulse approaches a steady-state value which is smaller than the thermal equilibrium value. The spin system takes a finite number of pulses before this steady-state is reached in a time that depends on both the T1 of the tissue and the flip angle of the RF pulse. Sequences utilizing a steady-state approach can be broadly classified as steady-state incoherent (SSI) and steady-state coherent (SSC) sequences. The main difference between the two lies in whether the transverse magnetization is forced to zero or allowed to go naturally to steady-state between successive RF pulses. As the nomenclature suggests, the SSI sequences are based on the elimination, or the “spoiling,” of any remnant transverse magnetization prior to the occurrence of each new RF pulse. This unit discusses the SSI sequences in detail.
Magnetoexcitons in Strained InSb Quantum Wells

Magneto-optical measurements of InSb quantum wells show absorption features due to transitions between Landau levels of the conduction and valance subbands. The energies and intensities of the strongest features are well explained by a modified Pidgeon-Brown model that explicitly incorporates pseudomorphic strain.
Dorsal Air Sac Assay

The dorsal air sac assay (DASA) is a simple and convenient in vivo assay to measure angiogenesis and angiogenesis inhibition by substances of interest. In the assay, tumor cells that release angiogenic factors are placed in a diffusion chamber that consists of a plastic or rubber ring covered with cellulose membrane filters on both sides. The chamber is implanted into a dorsal air sac under the skin of mice. Angiogenic factors released from the tumor cells induce angiogenesis in the mouse air sac fascia attached to the chamber. The newly formed blood vessels are readily recognizable and these blood vessels may be quantified. The chamber-bearing mice may be treated with antiangiogenic agents by systemic administration and the degree of the angiogenesis inhibition can be measured and quantified after the mice are sacrificed.
Asymmetrical cerebellar uptake in brain single photon emission computed tomography.

A 92-YEAR-OLD MAN was admitted because of ataxia with increased right-sided dysmetria and mild right hemiparesis. He has a history of a left cerebral vascular accident with right hemiplegia 3 years ago with the complication of Jacksonian seizures. Neurological examination showed a wide-based ataxia gait, decreased strength on the right, and decreased sensation in the right lower extremity. Cerebellar examination showed right-sided dysmetria. The Romberg test was positive. Iodine-123HIPDM brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images showed decrease in uptake in the right cerebellum (Fig 1) compatible with clinical findings of right cerebellar infarct. Unenhanced computed tomography (CT) of the head (Fig 2) showed prominent ventricles, basilar cisternas, and cortical sulci compatible with mild atrophy for the patient's age. These findings were unchanged from the study done 3 years previously. No cerebral or cerebellar infarction was identified. CASE 2
Phonotactics, neighborhood activation, and lexical access for spoken words.

Probabilistic phonotactics refers to the relative frequencies of segments and sequences of segments in spoken words. Neighborhood density refers to the number of words that are phonologically similar to a given word. Despite a positive correlation between phonotactic probability and neighborhood density, nonsense words with high probability segments and sequences are responded to more quickly than nonsense words with low probability segments and sequences, whereas real words occurring in dense similarity neighborhoods are responded to more slowly than real words occurring in sparse similarity neighborhoods. This contradiction may be resolved by hypothesizing that effects of probabilistic phonotactics have a sublexical focus and that effects of similarity neighborhood density have a lexical focus. The implications of this hypothesis for models of spoken word recognition are discussed.
Birth Order Has No Effect on Intelligence: A Reply and Extension of Previous Findings

We address points raised by Zajonc and Sulloway, who reject findings showing that birth order has no effect on intelligence. Many objections to findings of null birth-order results seem to stem from a misunderstanding of the difference between study designs where birth order is confounded with true causal influences on intelligence across families and designs that control for some of these influences. We discuss some of the consequences of not appreciating the nature of this difference. When between-family confounds are controlled using appropriate study designs and techniques such as multilevel modeling, birth order is shown not to influence intelligence. We conclude with an empirical investigation of the replicability and generalizability of this approach.
The Politics, Praxis, and Possibilities of Critical Peace Education

Critical approaches offer peace educators and researchers the contextual and conceptual resources to understand the structural impediments to advancing peace education in diverse locales across the...
Using Summary Statistics as Data in ANOVA: A SYSTAT Macro

In laboratory and classroom assignments, students are asked to review research findings. Often the data available include only the means, standard deviations, and number of subjects. A SYSTAT macro is given that generates sufficient information from the data available to compute an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analyses.
Improving Wind Profiler–Measured Winds Using Coplanar Spectral Averaging

Abstract A method is presented that increases the detectability of weak clear-air signals by averaging Doppler spectra from coplanar wind profiler beams. The method, called coplanar spectral averaging (CSA), is applied to both simulated wind profiler spectra and to 1 yr of archived spectra from a UHF profiler at Christmas Island (1 October 1999–30 September 2000). A collocated 50-MHz wind profiler provides a truth for evaluating the CSA technique. In the absence of precipitation, it was found that CSA, when combined with a fuzzy logic quality control, increases the height coverage of the 1-hourly averaged UHF profiler winds by over 600 m (two range gates). CSA also increased the number of good wind estimates at each observation range by about 10%–25% over the standard consensus method.
Development of the preoptic area: time and site of origin, migratory routes, and settling patterns of its neurons.

Neurogenesis and morphogenesis in the rat preoptic area were examined with [3H] thymidine autoradiography. For neurogenesis, the experimental animals were the offspring of pregnant females given an injection of [3H]thymidine on two consecutive gestational days. Nine groups were exposed to [3H]thymidine on embryonic days E13–E14, E14–E15, E21–E22, respectively. On postnatal day P5, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during 24-hr periods were quantified at four anteroposterior levels in the preoptic area. Throughout most of the preoptic area there is a lateral to medial neurogenetic gradient. Neurons originate between E12–E15 in the lateral preoptic area, between E13–E16 in the medial preoptic area, between E14–E17 in the medial preoptic nucleus, and between E15–E18 in the periventricular nucleus. These structures also have intrinsic dorsal to ventral neurogenetic gradients. There are two atypical structures: (1) the sexually dimorphic nucleus originates exceptionally late (E15–E19) and is located more lateral to the ventricle than older neurons; (2) in the median preoptic nucleus, where older neurons (E13–E14) are located closer to the third ventricle than younger neurons (E14–E17). For an autoradiographic study of morphogenesis, pregnant females were given a single injection of [3H] thymidine during gestation, and their embryos were removed either two hrs later (short survival) or in successive 24-hr periods (sequential survival). Short-survival autoradiography was used to locate the putative neuroepithelial sources of preoptic nuclei, and sequential survival autoradiography was used to trace the migratory waves of young neurons and their final settling locations. The preoptic neuroepithelium is located anterior to and in the front wall of the optic recess. The neuroepithelium lining the third ventricle is postulated to contain a mosaic of spatiotemporally defined neuroepithelial zones, each containing precursor cells for a specific structure. The neuroepithelial zones and the migratory waves originating from them are illustrated. Throughout most of the preoptic area, neurons migrate predominantly laterally. The older neurons in the lateral preoptic area migrate earlier and settle adjacent to the telencephalon. Younger neurons migrate in successively later waves and accumulate medially. The sexually dimorphic neurons are exceptional since they migrate past older cells to settle in the core of the medial preoptic nucleus. The median preoptic nucleus originates from a midline neuroepithelial zone that is continuous with the neuroepithelium in the midline basal telencephalon, and is, therefore, considered to represent a transitional area between the telencephalon and the diencephalon.
Coordination of units and understanding of simple fractions: Case studies

Children’s construction of fraction concepts is one of the important concerns for mathematics educators. A study was conducted to investigate relationships between children’s fraction concepts and whole number concepts. A specific focus was placed on the children’s notions of units and how they coordinate two different units. The findings suggest that the schemes to coordinate units are closely related to how children understand fractions.
Mercury and Other Metals in British Seals

INCREASING concern about environmental pollution has led to many investigations of heavy metals and their distribution in the sea, air and biological materials. There have, however, been few investigations of seals and here we give some preliminary results of analyses of British seals. Soft-tissue samples were taken from ninety-six seals (Table 1), both common seals (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), from six sites around Britain between February 1968 and January 1972; these were collected during the course of long-term population studies. Results from some areas lack data on samples from the middle age-group as mature seals cannot be aged by external features but by examination of canine teeth1,2. Data from East Anglia for both species were pooled because of small sample sizes. Brain and liver samples were obtained from most seals and kidney and teeth from about a third; all tissues were placed individually in uncontaminated polythene bags and stored at −20° C. The wet samples were digested in nitric acid and total mercury was estimated using a Perkin–Elmer 305 atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Cadmium in soft tissues was estimated by AAS using a flame technique; teeth, collected from 1968 onwards, were dissolved in nitric acid and analysed on a Perkin-Elmer 303 AAS for lead, cadmium, copper, chromium and zinc.
Tyrosine kinase activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Previous evidence showed that b- and a-type flagellins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are modified in vivo by phosphorylation at tyrosine. This research was designed to demonstrate phosphorylation of flagellin at tyrosine in vitro. Evidence presented showed that flagellin is labelled by [gamma-32P]-ATP, but not by [alpha-32P]-ATP, when incubated with cell envelope fractions. Results suggested that autophosphorylation of a 42 kDa membrane protein occurred. No activity was detected in cytoplasmic fractions. Flagellin protein was identified by flagella-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) and was labelled with anti-phosphotyrosine mAb. Confirmation of tyrosine kinase activity was shown by labelling of synthetic poly(Glu:Tyr) as a substrate with [gamma-32P]-ATP. Labelling of poly(Glu:Tyr) was heat sensitive and time dependent. Labelled phosphotyrosine was observed in partial acid hydrolysates of substrates. Using poly(Glu:Tyr) as substrate, tyrosine kinase activity was shown to be inhibited by sulphydryl reagents. It appears that tyrosine kinase and flagellin phosphorylation occur in several Pseudomonas spp. Location of phosphotyrosine in a conserved region of flagellin may serve as a cell signal so that intact flagellin is appropriately exported.
Modification of the Nikon microcomparator for accurate reading of Rayleigh interference patterns.

Abstract A modification of the Nikon 6C optical comparator is described which enables the operator to determine fringe positions on Rayleigh interference patterns with greater accuracy, precision, and speed than can be obtained by other methods. Because the decision required for correct position of the fringe is a maximum or minimum in an electrical signal, much of the tediousness and eyestrain is eliminated from the plate reading process.
Identifying the molecular basis of inhibitory control deficits in addictions: neuroimaging in non-human primates

Deep insights into the structural, molecular and functional phenotypes underlying addiction have been made possible through in vivo neuroimaging techniques implemented in non-human and human primates. In addition to providing evidence that many of the neural alterations detected in stimulant-dependent individuals can emerge solely through experience with drugs, these studies have identified potential biological phenotypes that influence addiction liability. Here, we review recent advances that have been made in understanding the pathophysiology of stimulant addiction using neuroimaging techniques in non-human primates. Evidence indicates that dysfunction of the dopamine system can be both a cause and consequence of stimulant use and that this bi-directional relationship may be mediated by the ability of individuals to exert inhibitory control over behaviors. Further, recent data has demonstrated an involvement of the serotonin system in addiction-related behaviors and neurobiology, suggesting that the relationship between dopamine and serotonin systems may be altered in addiction. This approach aids in the development of novel targets that can be used in the treatment of addiction.
A new therapeutic approach to the fetus with congenital complete heart block: preemptive, targeted therapy with dexamethasone

Abstract Background: Therapy of established congenital complete heart block in the fetus has resulted in improved survival but persistence of heart block. This exposes the infant to the morbidity of heart block, including the risk of sudden death and pacemaker implantation. Case: A 35-year-old gravida 2, para 1, with Sjogren syndrome and a previous pregnancy complicated by congenital complete heart block presented during her second pregnancy. Intensive fetal monitoring with echocardiography was employed. Early evidence of myocardial dysfunction and dysrhythmia was found, dexamethasone therapy was initiated, and the dysfunction and dysrhythmia resolved. The pregnancy went to term without further complication. Conclusion: This represents a new and successful strategy to identify very early signs of myocardial disease in a fetus at high risk of congenital complete heart block, enabling targeted, preemptive therapy.
Modeling the pharmacodynamics of passive membrane permeability

Small molecule permeability through cellular membranes is critical to a better understanding of pharmacodynamics and the drug discovery endeavor. Such permeability may be estimated as a function of the free energy change of barrier crossing by invoking the barrier domain model, which posits that permeation is limited by passage through a single “barrier domain” and assumes diffusivity differences among compounds of similar structure are negligible. Inspired by the work of Rezai and co-workers (JACS 128:14073–14080, 2006), we estimate this free energy change as the difference in implicit solvation free energies in chloroform and water, but extend their model to include solute conformational affects. Using a set of eleven structurally diverse FDA approved compounds and a set of thirteen congeneric molecules, we show that the solvation free energies are dominated by the global minima, which allows solute conformational distributions to be effectively neglected. For the set of tested compounds, the best correlation with experiment is obtained when the implicit chloroform global minimum is used to evaluate the solvation free energy difference. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10822-011-9480-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
3: Life-Span Development: Implications for Education

The purpose of this chapter is to relate our knowledge about life-span developmental psychology to the emerging interest in education as lifelong learning. We begin by examining several sociocultural factors which have fostered the increasing emphasis on a lifelong approach to education. Next we consider several models of life-span development and their meaning for lifelong education. The role of education at various developmental stages is discussed, and characteristics which differentiate the young adult from the older learner and which must be taken into account in designing educational programs at different periods in the life span are discussed. Finally, implications for education arising from developmental changes in adult learners are considered. The authors assume that the primary aim of education should be optimization of individual development across the life span, although the specific objectives of education may vary both with individual development and sociocultural milieu (Baltes & Danish, 1979; Birren & Woodruff, 1973; Kohlberg & Mayer, 1972). It is a major thesis of this chapter that the individual continues to learn and change across the life span, and thus educational intervention is a viable mechanism for facilitating optimal development at all periods in life. Since approximately two-thirds to three-quarters of the life span is centered in adulthood, a major reallocation of educational resources seems implied. Therefore, much of this chapter will deal with developmental changes in adulthood and their educational implications.
Healthy Behavior Trajectories between Adolescence and Young Adulthood

Healthy behaviors including adequate exercise and sleep, eating breakfast, maintaining a healthy weight, and not smoking or binge drinking inhibit chronic disease. However, little is known about how these behaviors change across life course stages, or the social factors that shape healthy behaviors over time. I use multilevel growth models and waves I-III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N=10,775) to evaluate relationships between adolescents' psychosocial resources, social support, and family of origin characteristics during adolescence and healthy behavior trajectories through young adulthood (ages 13-24). I find that healthy behaviors decline dramatically during the transition to young adulthood. Social support resources, such as school connectedness and support from parents, as well as living with non-smoking parents, are associated with higher levels of healthy behaviors across adolescence and adulthood. Social support from friends is associated with lower engagement in these behaviors, as is living in a single parent family or with a smoking parent during adolescence. Findings indicate that psychosocial, social support, and family of origin resources during adolescence exert a persistent, though generally not cumulative, influence on healthy behavior trajectories through young adulthood.
Lysosomes in Malignant Skin Tumours

IN the course of a study on the histochemistry of experimentally induced carcinogenesis in mouse skin I observed that a few appfications of benzpyrene to the skin induced apparent activation of lysosomes in the epidermis1. I considered it of interest to examine the state of lysosomes in the final tumour stage, especially in tumours classified as malignant.
The formation of cyclopentenones and 3(2h)-furanones from acetylenic precursors

Abstract Acetylenic alcohols, obtained in high yield from condensations of 3,3-diethoxypropyne or 3,3-ethylenedioxybutyne with cyclic ketones, may be used as substrates for cyclopentenone annelation or spirofuranone synthesis.
The solubility and recrystallization of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene in a 3-ethyl-1-methylimidazolium acetate–DMSO co-solvent system

Ionic liquids have previously been shown to dissolve strong inter- and intramolecular hydrogen-bonded solids, including natural fibers. Much of this solubility is attributed to the anions in ionic liquids, which can disrupt hydrogen bonding. We have studied the solubility and recrystallization of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), a very strong inter- and intramolecular hydrogen-bonded solid, in various ionic liquid solvent systems. We discovered that acetate-based ionic liquids were the best solvents for dissolving TATB, while other anions, such as Cl−, HSO4− and NO3− showed moderate improvements in the solubility compared to conventional organic solvents. Ionic liquid–DMSO co-solvent systems were also investigated for dissolving and recrystallizing TATB.