cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β-Mediated Apoptosis of Primary Cortical Astrocytes Involves Inhibition of Nuclear Factor κB Signaling

Recent studies have revealed a positive correlation between astrocyte apoptosis and rapid disease progression in persons with neurodegenerative diseases. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a molecular regulator of cell fate in the central nervous system and a target of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) pathway. We have therefore examined the role of the PI-3K pathway, and of GSK-3β, in regulating astrocyte survival. Our studies indicate that inhibition of PI-3K leads to apoptosis in primary cortical astrocytes. Furthermore, overexpression of a constitutively active GSK-3β mutant (S9A) is sufficient to cause astrocyte apoptosis, whereas an enzymatically inactive GSK-3β mutant (K85M) has no effect. In light of reports on the interplay between GSK-3β and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and because of the antiapoptotic activity of NF-κB, we examined the effect of GSK-3β overexpression on NF-κB activation. These experiments revealed strong inhibition of NF-κB activation in astrocytes upon overexpression of the S9A, but not the K85M, mutant of GSK-3β. This was accompanied by stabilization of the NF-κB-inhibitory protein, IκBα and down-regulation of IκB kinase (IKK) activity. These findings therefore implicate GSK-3β as a regulator of NF-κB activation in astrocytes and suggest that the pro-apoptotic effects of GSK-3β may be mediated at least in part through the inhibition of NF-κB pathway.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF LASER POLARIZED LIQUID XENON

We demonstrate magnetic resonance imaging ~MRI! of laser polarized liquid xenon, and image exchange between the liquid and vapor phases. The exceptionally large magnetization density of this liquid should allow MRI with micron-scale spatial resolution without signal averaging. Applications may include imaging of density equilibration and convective flow near xenon’s liquid-vapor critical point, low-field imaging of porous media microstructure, and mapping of the dynamics of two-phase ~liquid-gas! flows. @S1063-651X~99!05602-0#
Surface band bending and band alignment of plasma enhanced atomic layer deposited dielectrics on Ga- and N-face gallium nitride

The effects of surface pretreatment, dielectric growth, and post deposition annealing on interface electronic structure and polarization charge compensation of Ga- and N-face bulk GaN were investigated. The cleaning process consisted of an ex-situ wet chemical NH4OH treatment and an in-situ elevated temperature NH3 plasma process to remove carbon contamination, reduce oxygen coverage, and potentially passivate N-vacancy related defects. After the cleaning process, carbon contamination decreased below the x-ray photoemission spectroscopy detection limit, and the oxygen coverage stabilized at ∼1 monolayer on both Ga- and N-face GaN. In addition, Ga- and N-face GaN had an upward band bending of 0.8 ± 0.1 eV and 0.6 ± 0.1 eV, respectively, which suggested the net charge of the surface states and polarization bound charge was similar on Ga- and N-face GaN. Furthermore, three dielectrics (HfO2, Al2O3, and SiO2) were prepared by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition on Ga- or N-face GaN and annealed in N2 ambient to investigate the effect of the polarization charge on the interface electronic structure and band offsets. The respective valence band offsets of HfO2, Al2O3, and SiO2 with respect to Ga- and N-face GaN were 1.4 ± 0.1, 2.0 ± 0.1, and 3.2 ± 0.1 eV, regardless of dielectric thickness. The corresponding conduction band offsets were 1.0 ± 0.1, 1.3 ± 0.1, and 2.3 ± 0.1 eV, respectively. Experimental band offset results were consistent with theoretical calculations based on the charge neutrality level model. The trend of band offsets for dielectric/GaN interfaces was related to the band gap and/or the electronic part of the dielectric constant. The effect of polarization charge on band offset was apparently screened by the dielectric-GaN interface states.
"This Is Just Like Those Projects from Last Semester!": Student Empowerment and Praxis at an Urban Title I Middle School.

Action research, particularly done by teachers, has had a contentious, decades-long history. As a form of social inquiry, action research has been designed to make it easier for members of social g...
The recycling of metals—I. Ferrous metals

Abstract This paper treats the recycling of ferrous metals as an integral part of the iron and steel industry. The flows of home, prompt industrial and old scrap are analyzed. The industrial organization of ferrous scrap recycling is also described. Scrap is one of the two major raw materials of the iron and steel industry. The various steelmaking processes however, consume scrap in different ratios to other raw materials in the charge. The price sensitivity of scrap and the growing importance of automotive scrap are also considered. The advantages of using scrap in steelmaking include savings of energy, pollution abatement measures and processing which would otherwise be required in producing raw iron in the blast furnace. As a disadvantage, scrap can cause technical difficulties by introducing impurities into the steel. The paper also deals with international aspects of ferrous scrap markets. Finally, it assesses the supply-demand relation as a function of such developments as the shift in the balance of steelmaking processes, the adoption of continuous casting, the use of prereduced ores and further improvements in the processing of ferrous scrap.
Does the Addition of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Improve Panic Disorder Treatment Outcome Relative to Medication Alone in the Primary-Care Setting?

Background Randomized clinical trials indicate a benefit from combining medications with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) relative to medication alone for panic disorder. Using an as-treated analysis, we evaluated whether the addition of CBT enhanced outcomes for panic disorder relative to medications alone in the primary-care setting. Method Primary-care patients with panic disorder reported on their receipt of CBT and medications over the 3 months following baseline assessment. The degree to which outcomes for those who used anti-panic medications were enhanced by the receipt of at least one component of CBT was analyzed using a propensity score model that took into account observable baseline patient characteristics influencing both treatment selection and outcomes. Results The addition of CBT resulted in statistically and clinically significant improvements at 3 months on anxiety sensitivity, social avoidance, and disability. Also, patients receiving CBT in the first 3 months of the study were more improved at 12 months than patients who took medications only during the first 3 months of the study. Conclusions The clinical utility of the findings are discussed in terms of the importance of primary-care physicians encouraging their panic disorder patients to receive CBT as well as medications.
Brain Magnetic Resonance Immediately Before Surgery in Single Ventricles and Surgical Postponement

Background Single-ventricle patients undergoing surgical reconstruction experience a high rate of brain injury. Incidental findings on preoperative brain scans may result in safety considerations involving hemorrhage extension during cardiopulmonary bypass that result in surgical postponement. Methods Single-ventricle patients were studied with brain scans immediately preoperatively, as part of a National Institutes of Health study, and were reviewed by neuroradiology immediately before cardiopulmonary bypass. Results Of 144 consecutive patients recruited into the project, 33 were studied before stage I (3.7 ± 1.8 days), 34 before bidirectional Glenn (5.8 ± 0.5 months), and 67 before Fontan (3.3 ± 1.1 years) operations. Six operations (4.5%), 2 before stage I, 3 before bidirectional Glenn, and 1 before Fontan, were postponed because of concerning findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging. Five were due to unexpected incidental findings of acute intracranial hemorrhage, and 1 was due to diffuse cerebellar cytotoxic edema; none who proceeded to operation had these lesions. Prematurity and genetic syndromes were not present in any patients with a postponed operation. Four of 4 before bidirectional Glenn/Fontan with surgical delays had hypoplastic left heart syndrome compared with 44 of 97 who did not ( p = 0.048). After observation and follow-up, all eventually had successful operations with bypass. Conclusions Preoperative brain magnetic resonance imaging performed in children with single ventricles disclosed injuries in 4.5% leading to surgical delay; hemorrhagic lesions were most common and raised concerns for extension during the operation. The true risk of progression and need for delay of the operation due to heparinization associated with these lesions remains uncertain.
Scalable routes to single and entangled photon pair sources: tailored InAs/InP quantum dots in photonic crystal microcavities

Optoelectronic devices based on single, self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots are attractive for applications in secure optical communications, quantum computation and sensing. In this paper we show how it is possible to dictate the nucleation site of individual InAs/InP quantum dots using a directed self-assembly process, to control the electronic structure of the nucleated dots and also how to control their coupling to the optical field by locating them within the high field region of a photonic crystal nanocavity. For application within fiber networks, these quantum dots are targeted to emit in the spectral region around 1550 nm.
Isolation and characterization of variant benzo[A]pyrene-resistant T47D human breast-cancer cells

T47D human breast cancer cells were grown in 1 μM benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) for 3.5 months, and 2 BaP-resistant (BaP R ) variant cell lines (C5 and C10) were isolated. Decreased aryl hydrocarbon (Ah)-responsiveness in the C5 and C10 BaP R cells was characterized by lower (80 to 90%) induction of CYP1A1-dependent activity by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), lower levels of the nuclear Ah receptor complex and significantly decreased Ah receptor mRNA levels. Nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) binding and ER mRNA levels were similar in wild-type and mutant cell lines, whereas epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA levels were significantly decreased in the variant BaP R T47D cells. 17β-Estradiol induced proliferation of both wild-type and BaP R T47D cells, and TCDD inhibited this response but did not down-regulate nuclear ER levels. The unique characteristics of the BaP R T47D variant cells will be used to further elucidate the mechanism of interaction between the ER and Ah receptor signalling pathways.
Landward vergence and oblique structural trends in the Oregon margin accretionary prism: Implications and effect on fluid flow

Abstract The central Oregon margin spans a regional transition in accretionary structures from seaward-verging in the south to landward-verging in the north. New multichannel seismic (MCS) data image both landward- and seaward-vergent provinces along the central and northern Oregon margin. Landward-vergence is characterized by a deep decollement, with deformation distributed across a broad lower continental slope in a coherent structural style. In the landward-vergent area, virtually all 4 km of incoming trench sediments overthrust the preceding thrust sheet, forming fault-bend folds and a distinctive ridge/trough morphology. This style of landward-vergence is not explained by existing models. In contrast, seaward-vergence correlates with a shallower decollement, approximately 1.4 km above the oceanic crust, and a more intense style of deformation within a narrower slope. Initial thickening of the trench sediments occurs across a well-developed protothrust zone. The frontal thrust forms a ramp-anticline that is cut by a prominent backthrust. Previously observed seafloor vent sites in both regions correlate with thrusts that exhibit high-amplitude, reversed-polarity reflections suggestive of enhanced porosity along the faults. Potential fluid sources and migration paths are strongly influenced by changes in the level of the decollement and vergence along the margin. Abrupt changes in structural style occur both along strike and updip, and are bounded by two sets of oblique-slip faults. Three NW-striking left-lateral faults are imaged in both MCS and SeaBeam data. Plunging anticlines developed along the NW-striking faults are venting fluids and were previously interpreted as mud volcanoes. The deformation front is locally disrupted where these faults intersect the prism, but they appear to have limited influence on the structural evolution of the prism. In contrast, the NE-striking right-lateral faults are confined to the deforming sediments of the upper plate. These faults interact with the thrusts within the prism, forming a rhomboidal pattern of three-dimensional deformation.
Thermoelectric Transport in a ZrN/ScN Superlattice

Metal/semiconductor superlattices have the potential for a high thermoelectric figure of merit. The thermopower of these structures can be enhanced by controlling the barrier height using high-energy electron filtering. In addition, phonon scattering at interfaces can reduce the lattice contribution to the thermal conductivity. In this paper, we present theoretical and experimental studies of the thermoelectric transport in ZrN/ScN metal/semiconductor superlattices. Preliminary measurement results show an exponential increase in the cross-plane electrical conductivity with increasing temperature, which indicates the presence of the barrier. Fit of the Boltzmann transport-based model with the data indicates a barrier height of 280 meV. The cross-plane Seebeck coefficient of the sample is also measured by combining Seebeck voltage transient measurements with the thermal imaging technique. A Seebeck coefficient of 820 μV/K at room temperature is extracted, which is in good agreement with the simulation result of 800 μV/K. Theoretical calculations predict that the ZrN/ScN structure can exhibit a ZT of 1.5 at 1300 K assuming lateral momentum is conserved and that a ZT of 3 is achievable if the lateral momentum is not conserved.
Elevated Maternal IL-16 Levels, Enhanced IL-16 Expressions in Endothelium and Leukocytes, and Increased IL-16 Production by Placental Trophoblasts in Women with Preeclampsia

Cytokine IL-16 plays an important role in innate immune responses. However, little information is available about IL-16 function in human pregnancy. In this study, we collected maternal blood samples from 125 pregnant women between 26 and 41 wk of gestation, 63 from normal pregnant women and 62 from women with preeclampsia (PE). Serum IL-16C levels were measured by ELISA. We also examined IL-16C and IL-16N immunostaining in maternal vessels and protein expression in leukocytes from normal and PE pregnant women. In addition, IL-16C production by placental trophoblasts was also determined. Our results showed that IL-16C levels were significantly higher in severe PE than in mild PE and normal pregnant controls, 515 ± 58 vs 287 ± 46 (p < 0.05) and 163 ± 9 pg/ml (p < 0.01), respectively, indicating that increased IL-16 levels in PE is associated with the severity of the disease. There was no difference for the IL-16C levels in normal pregnant women throughout the third trimester. The correlation of maternal IL-16C levels with labor and body mass index was also analyzed. IL-16C levels were neither associated with labor nor associated with body mass index. Moreover, increased IL-16C immunostaining in maternal vessel endothelium and enhanced IL-16C protein expression in leukocytes were observed in PE. We also found that IL-16C production was increased by trophoblasts from PE placentas. Our study demonstrated up-regulation of the IL-16 profile in both the maternal and the placental systems in PE, suggesting that IL-16 could be an important cytokine engaged in the altered immune system and exaggerated inflammatory response in PE syndrome.
Electroreception in juvenile scalloped hammerhead and sandbar sharks

The unique head morphology of sphyrnid sharks might have evolved to enhance electrosensory capabilities. The ‘enhanced electroreception’ hypothesis was tested by comparing the behavioral responses of similarly sized carcharhinid and sphyrnid sharks to prey-simulating electric stimuli. Juvenile scalloped hammerhead sharks Sphyrna lewini and sandbar sharks Carcharhinus plumbeus oriented to dipole electric fields from the same maximum distance (approximately 30 cm) and thus demonstrated comparable behavioral-response thresholds (<1 nV cm ‐1 ). Despite the similarity of response threshold, the orientation pathways and behaviors differed for the two species. Scalloped hammerheads typically demonstrated a pivot orientation in which the edge of the cephalofoil closest to the dipole remained stationary while the shark bent its trunk to orient to the center of the dipole. By contrast, sandbars swam in a broader arc towards the center of the dipole. The different orientation patterns are attributed to the hydrodynamic properties of the cephalofoil, which enables the hammerheads to execute sharp turns at high speed. The greater trunk width of the sandbar sharks prevented them from demonstrating the same degree of flexibility. Therefore, although the sphyrnid head morphology does not appear to confer a greater sensitivity to prey-simulating dipole electric fields, it does provide (1) a greater lateral search area, which may increase the probability of prey encounter, and (2) enhanced maneuverability, which may aid in prey capture. Movies available on-line
Resource allocation in fading wireless ad-hoc networks with temporally correlated loss

Addressing the tradeoff between the QoS and consumed power is a critical issue for wireless ad-hoc networks. The loss observed in such networks is often temporally correlated. This paper examines an optimal scheme to maximize the aggregate data rate of wireless ad-hoc networks under the power and loss constraints. In order to properly model temporally correlated loss observed in a fading wireless channel, we propose the use of finite-state Markov chains. Details of fading statistics of SIR, an important indicator of transmission quality, are presented. We also analyze the impacts of enforcing power, block-loss probabilities, and data rates constraints.
Record warming in the South Pacific and western Antarctica associated with the strong central‐Pacific El Niño in 2009–10

[1] Satellite data for the past three decades reveal a record-high sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly within a large mid-latitude region of the south-central Pacific (SCP) during the mature phase of the 2009–10 El Nino, with a peak magnitude that is 5 times the standard deviation of local SST anomaly and is warmer than the concurrent tropical-Pacific SST anomaly. The SCP oceanic warming was confined to the upper 50 meters and is associated with an extreme and persistent anticyclone. Wind changes associated with the anticyclone caused the oceanic warming with surface heat flux and ocean processes playing equally important roles. The anticyclone diverted circumpolar westerlies and warm air towards Antarctica. Austral-summer SST in the Bellingshausen Sea also reached a three-decade high. The extreme atmospheric and oceanic anomalies in the South Pacific may have been fueled by the 2009–10 El Nino because of its record-high SST anomaly in the central-equatorial Pacific.
Low Duty Cycle, Energy-Efficient and Mobility-Based Boarder Node--MAC Hybrid Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

The need for an efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol is extremely important with the emergence of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The MAC protocol has increasingly been significant in advancing the performance of WSNs. In this paper, a low duty cycle, energy-efficient and mobility-based Boarder Node Medium Access Control (BN-MAC) hybrid protocol is introduced for WSNs that controls overhearing, idle listening and congestion issues by preserving energy over WSNs. BN-MAC leverages the features of contention and schedule-based MAC protocols. The contention encompasses the novel semi-synchronous approach that helps obtain faster access to the medium. The schedule-based part helps reduce the collision and overhearing problems. The idle listening control (ILC) model is embedded within the BN-MAC that administers the nodes to go to sleep after performing their tasks to saves additional energy. The least distance smart neighboring search (LDSNS) model is used to determine the shortest and most efficient path in a one-hop neighborhood. Evaluation of the BN-MAC is conducted using network simulator-2 (ns2), then its quality of service (QoS) parameters are compared with other known hybrid MAC protocols including X-MAC, Zebra medium access control (Z-MAC), mobility-aware SMAC (MS-MAC), advertisement-based MAC (A-MAC), Adaptive Duty Cycle SMAC (ADC-SMAC) and Mobile Sensor (MobiSense) MAC protocols.
A GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR PARAMETER ESTIMATION FOR THE LAW OF COMPARATIVE JUDGEMENT

This paper gives a numerical procedure for estimating the parameters of the law of comparative judgement under a variety of conditions. A broad class of goodness-of-fit functions is treated, including weighted least-squares and maximum-likelihood criteria. Any response function that has the necessary derivatives can be employed. Various kinds of constraints may be imposed on the parameters of the model. Special attention is given to linear constraints; and to equality constraints, where any of the parameters may be assumed to be known in advance and any subset of the parameters may be assumed to take on either a specified or an unspecified common value. In the maximum-likelihood case, for large samples, approximate standard errors and confidence intervals for the estimated parameters may be obtained, and goodness of fit may be tested by the likelihood-ratio technique. Numerical examples are provided.
Laminin functions in tissue morphogenesis

Significant advances have been made in the application of genetics to probe the functions of basement membrane laminins. These studies have shown that different laminin subunits profoundly affect tissue morphogenesis, starting around the time of embryonic implantation and extending through organogenesis and into the postnatal period. Collectively they have revealed common functions that include the induction and maintenance of cell polarity, the establishment of barriers between tissue compartments, the organization of cells into tissues, and the protection of adherent cells from detachment-induced cell death, anoikis. Interpreted in light of what is known about laminin structure and self-assembly and binding activities, these advances have begun to provide insights into mechanisms of action. In this review we focus on the contributions of the laminins in invertebrate and vertebrate tissue morphogenesis.
SWINE INFLUENZA III. FILTRATION EXPERIMENTS AND ETIOLOGY

1. It has been possible to demonstrate, in Berkefeld filtrates of infectious material from experimental cases of swine influenza, a virus which when administered intranasally to susceptible swine induced a mild, usually afebrile illness of short duration. The changes in the respiratory tract resembled those in swine influenza but were usually much less extensive. When the filtrable virus was mixed with pure cultures of H. influenzae suis and administered to swine a disease identical clinically and pathologically with swine influenza was induced. The data presented indicate that the filtrable virus of swine influenza and H. influenzae suis act in concert to produce swine influenza and that neither alone is capable of inducing the disease. 2. One attack of swine influenza usually renders an animal immune to reinfection. Blood serum from an animal made immune in this way neutralizes infectious material from swine influenza in vitro, as shown by the failure of the mixture to produce disease in a susceptible animal. 3. The virus can be stored in a dried state or in glycerol for several weeks at least. In one instance dried material apparently retained both the virus and H. influenzas suis in viable form for a period of 54 days. 4. Fatal cases of experimental swine influenza have been observed in which H. influenzae suis was the only organism that could be cultivated from the respiratory tract. 5. Attention has been called to some features of marked similarity between epizootic swine influenzae and epidemic influenzae in man.
THE APPLICATION OF LARGE GAUSSIAN MIXED MODELS TO THE ANALYSIS OF 24 HOUR AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING DATA IN CLINICAL TRIALS

We propose the use of Gaussian mixed models to analyse statistically 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure data from clinical trials. We develop specific models and apply them to data from a clinical study that compares two angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. We investigate and discuss computing issues related to the implementation of such methods. We conclude that this methodology provides a sophisticated but practical approach to the analysis of such data.
Assessing transferability of ecological models: an underappreciated aspect of statistical validation

Summary 1. Ecologists have long sought to distinguish relationships that are general from those that are idiosyncratic to a narrow range of conditions. Conventional methods of model validation and selection assess in- or out-of-sample prediction accuracy but do not assess model generality or transferability, which can lead to overestimates of performance when predicting in other locations, time periods or data sets. 2. We propose an intuitive method for evaluating transferability based on techniques currently in use in the area of species distribution modelling. The method involves cross-validation in which data are assigned non-randomly to groups that are spatially, temporally or otherwise distinct, thus using heterogeneity in the data set as a surrogate for heterogeneity among data sets. 3. We illustrate the method by applying it to distribution modelling of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill) and brown trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus) in western United States. We show that machine-learning techniques such as random forests and artificial neural networks can produce models with excellent in-sample performance but poor transferability, unless complexity is constrained. In our example, traditional linear models have greater transferability. 4. We recommend the use of a transferability assessment whenever there is interest in making inferences beyond the data set used for model fitting. Such an assessment can be used both for validation and for model selection and provides important information beyond what can be learned from conventional validation and selection techniques.
An expert decision support system for production control

Abstract The most crucial resource in manufacturing and production is human expertise. Unfortunately it is often the most costly to acquire. Corporate consulting fees and management training expenses testify to this end. Recent advances in artificial intelligence, decision support, and information processing offer a potential solution to this scarcity. The development of expert decision support systems in the production domain may prove to be the productivity theme of the decade. We present OASES (Operations AnalySis Expert System), designed using the XDSS framework proposed in [10] to emulate a consultant and aid management in troubleshooting manufacturing processes.
Diagnostic and prognostic utility of right-sided catheterization and endomyocardial biopsy in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Abstract To determine the value of cardiac catheterization and endomyocardial biopsy in patients with heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy, the records of 61 patients (36 men, 25 women, ages 13 to 65 years) with this disorder were reviewed. Myocardial lymphocytic infiltration was present in 8 (13%). Three had myocyte degeneration and necrosis (“definite” myocarditis), whereas the other 5 had no degeneration or necrosis (“equivocal” myocarditis). Compared with the 53 without lymphocytic infiltration, these 8 patients more often had symptoms of a preceding viral illness (88 vs 30%, p = 0.002) and had a shorter duration of cardiac symptoms (18 ± 18 vs 109 ± 132 days [mean ± standard deviation], p
Pornography in sex research: the construction of sex, gender, and sexual orientation

The use of sexually explicit audio-visual material as a tool for psychological research has gained attention in the popular press as well as in field-specific publications in the past few decades. However, the conversation about such studies rarely addresses the complex nature of pornographic motion pictures, treating pornography as a simple stimulus rather than as a complicated spectatorial engagement with multiple appeals. This article examines the work of two of the most prolific researchers in the field of sexual response and sexual orientation studies, J. Michael Bailey and Meredith L. Chivers. The article explores the researchers’ assumptions about pornography and sexuality through the rhetoric in their published papers and the aesthetics and content of the specific audio-visual stimuli they employ. Although the researchers employ pornography as a presumptively pre-cultural tool that produces objective scientific knowledge about sexual orientation, gender, and sex, their use of this sexually explici...
1,5‐Pentanediamine, N,N′‐Bis[(11bR)‐3,5‐dihydro‐3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐oxido‐4H‐dinaphtho[2,1‐d:1′,2′‐f]‐[1,3,2]diazaphosphepin‐4‐yl]‐N,N′‐dimethyl

[352310-87-3] C51H52N6O2P2 (MW 842.95) InChI = 1S/C51H52N6O2P2/c1-52(60(58)54(3)44-30-26-36-18-8-12-22-40(36)48(44)49-41-23-13-9-19-37(41)27-31-45(49)55(60)4)34-16-7-17-35-53(2)61(59)56(5)46-32-28-38-20-10-14-24-42(38)50(46)51-43-25-15-11-21-39(43)29-33-47(51)57(61)6/h8-15,18-33H,7,16-17,34-35H2,1-6H3 InChIKey = HTIRTTKKZTYOST-UHFFFAOYSA-N (catalyst for the asymmetric allylations of allylic tributylstannanes to aldehydes,1 catalyst for the asymmetric aldol additions of aldehyde-derived trichlorosilyl enolates to aldehydes,2, 3 catalyst for the asymmetric aldol additions of aldehyde-,4 ketone-,5, 6 and ester-derived7 trialkylsilyl enal derivatives to aldehydes, catalyst for the vinylogous aldol addition of ketone-,8 ester-,7 and amide-derived9 trialkylsilyl dienolates to aldehydes, catalyst for the asymmetric additions of isocyanides to aldehydes10) Physical Data: mp 216–218 °C (benzene); [α]D24 −390° (c=1.07, MeOH). Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents except hydrocarbons and diethyl ether. Form Supplied in: fine white crystals. Analysis of Reagent Purity: EA, IR, MS, NMR. Preparative Methods: bisphosphoramide (R,R)-1 is prepared in a one-pot, three-step procedure1 beginning with (R)-N,N′-dimethyl-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′diamine 211 (eq 1). Treatment of the dilithium dianion of 2 with PCl3, followed by the coupling with the appropriate N,N′-dimethylalkanediamine 3 in the presence of Et3N, and finally oxidation with m-CPBA affords bisphosphoramides (R,R)-1. (R,R)-1c is commercially available from Obiter Research, LLC. Contact waboulanger@obiterresearch.com (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the phosphoramide is a stable, hygroscopic compound which is best stored in a dessicator or dry-box. Avoid prolonged exposure to air or moisture.
Restoring the Peers in the 'Bulwark': Blakely v. Washington and the Court's Jury Project

In this Article, Professor Myers argues that the right to a jury is a mainstream value that is at the center of an evolving jurisprudence over the meaning of the Sixth Amendment. It is, perhaps counterintuitively, a mainstream value supported most powerfully not by the centrists of the Supreme Court, but by the left and right wings. He explores the Court's recent expansion of the jury right in the line of cases culminating in Blakely v. Washington and United States v. Booker and anchors it in this Symposium's considerationof the constitutional center.
Four Site-Preparation Techniques for Regenerating Pine-Hardwood Mixtures in the Piedmont

Four variations of the fell-and-burn technique, a system developed to produce mixed pine- hardwood stands in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, were compared in the Piedmont region. All variations of this technique successfully improved the commercial value of low-quality hardwood stands by introducing a pine component. After six growing seasons, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) occupied the dominant crown position and oaks the codominant position in fell-and-burn treated stands on poor to medium quality sites. The precise timing offelling residual stems, as prescribed by thefell-and-burn technique, may be,flexible because winter and spring,felling produced similar results. Although summer site preparation burns reduced hardwood height growth by reducing the length of thefirst growing season, they did not improve pine survival or growth. Pines were as tall as hardwoods withinfour growing seasons in burnedplots and within sixgrowing seasons in unburned plots. Additional research is needed to determine the level or intensity of site preparation needed to establish pine-hardwood mixtures over a range of site conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):116-122. Improving productivity on nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) lands in the Southeast is a major goal for meeting future timber demands. In the Piedmont and Mountain regions, over 68% of the commercial forestland (26.9 million ac) is occu- pied by hardwood or mixed pine-hardwood stands, and 7 1% of this land is owned by NIPF landowners (Bechtold and Ruark 1988). Because hardwood growth is vigorous in these regions, conversion of stands to pure pine requires extensive site preparation to control competition. Rather than spend the $150 to $250 per acre required for conversion to pure pine, most NIPF landowners choose to leave their forests unmanaged. These unmanaged forests are responsible for a large acreage of poorly stocked stands of low-quality hard- woods in the Southeast. Although timber production may not be the primary inter- est of many NIPF landowners, they may be attracted to enhancing income if their forestlands can provide other benefits such as aesthetics or wildlife habitat. Establishment of pine-hardwood mixtures is a method of providing mul- tiple benefits while improving productivity and minimizing investment (Phillips and Abercrombie 1987). However, guide-
Comparison of Clinical Risk Factors Among Pediatric Patients With Single Admission, Multiple Admissions (Without Any 7-Day Readmissions), and 7-Day Readmission

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Readmissions have received increasing attention. The goal of this study was to identify demographic and clinical factors associated with hospital utilization and 7-day readmissions. METHODS: This retrospective case–control study of inpatient and observation encounters was conducted at a freestanding children’s hospital. Over a 1-year period, patients were categorized into 3 groups: patients with a single admission, patients with multiple admissions without any 7-day readmissions, and patients with at least one 7-day readmission. Factors associated with risk of future hospital utilization were determined, and post hoc testing was performed to compare groups. RESULTS: Patients with a single admission had statistically significant lower numbers of medications at admission and discharge, lower rates of home health care at admission and discharge, and fewer diagnosis codes during index admission than patients with multiple admissions. There were no statistically significant differences among patients with multiple admissions between those with and without 7-day readmissions. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that patients with multiple admissions were similar regardless of whether they had any 7-day readmissions. Because patients with multiple admissions seemed to represent a single high-risk group, it is possible that many readmissions represent a consequence of medical complexity rather than a failure of care. Further studies are necessary to determine if providing targeted interventions to high-risk patients will lower their future hospital utilization.
Chemical characterization and redox potential of coarse and fine particulate matter (PM) in underground and ground-level rail systems of the Los Angeles Metro.

A campaign was conducted to assess personal exposure of coarse (2.5 μm < dp < 10 μm) and fine (dp < 2.5 μm) PM for two lines of the L.A. Metro–a subway (red) and light-rail (gold) line. Concurrent measurements were taken at University of Southern California (USC) to represent ambient conditions. A comprehensive chemical analysis was performed including total and water-soluble metals, inorganic ions, elemental and organic carbon, and organic compounds. Mass balance showed that in coarse PM, iron makes up 27%, 6%, and 2% of gravimetric mass for the red line, the gold line, and USC, respectively; in fine PM, iron makes up 32%, 3%, and 1%. Ambient air is the primary source of inorganic ions and organic compounds for both lines. Noncrustal metals, particularly Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Mo, Cd, and Eu, were elevated for the red line and, to a lesser degree, the gold line. Mo exhibited the greatest crustal enrichment factors. The enriched species were less water-soluble on the red line than corresponding species on the go...
The United States, Brazil, and the Cold War, 1945–1960: End of the Special Relationship

The Cold War brought significant alterations in American foreign policy alignments, as former allies became adversaries and recent enemies became partners. Germany and Japan come immediately to mind as examples of the latter, while previously friendly China transformed itself into a bitter antagonist by 1950. In a less dramatic fashion, but likewise with profoundly negative results, Washington also "lost" Brazil, the world's fifth largest country and the eighth largest market economy in 1981, during the first postwar decade. In so doing it practically guaranteed the long-range decline of American influence in Latin America. The virulent symptoms of an adversarial posture on Brazil's part were not seen in sharp focus until the mid-1970s, when the two governments found themselves at odds on virtually every international issue, with Brazil often leading Latin American resistance to American policy. Recent difficulties, best symbolized by Brazil's hotly debated 1975 nuclear accord with West Germany, ' seemed all the more perplexing because Brazil had been the "historic" ally of the United States in Latin America at least since the turn of the century when maintenance of a special relationship with Washington became a major pillar of Brazil's foreign policy strategy. Dedication to that relationship stemmed from Brazilian conviction that the interests of Portuguese-speaking, Luso-African Brazil were fundamentally different from those of its Spanish-speaking, potentially hostile Indo-European neighbors and that American friendship was the best means of bolstering Brazil's position vis-A-vis Spanish America, especially arch-rival Argentina. In return for preferential economic, diplomatic, and military assistance from the United States, Brazil would serve this country as an intermediary with Spanish America and would also assume increasing responsibility for South Atlantic
Conceptual Design of a N+1 Transonic Executive Jet

This design study examines the performance possibilities of a clean sheet next generation executive transport (“Super Mid-Size Business Jets”) developed to incorporate current technologies in a novel manner. This study finds a configuration that maximizes the efficiency of a super mid-size business jet roughly comparable to the Cessna Citation X without any sacrifice of performance capabilities or comfort levels. The suggested design was based upon the outcomes of single and multi dimensional trade studies seeking to minimize the fuel burn of the aircraft. Phoenix Integration's ModelCenter facilitated multi-disciplinary optimization trade studies using a collection of modified and enhanced versions of NASA’s aerodynamic programs EDET and VORLAX and NASA’s propulsion cycle model, NPSS. These codes formed the basis of the numerical results which substantiated the design choices made by the team. The optimized design is of unconventional configuration, a tail-less delta, but meets or exceeds all design requirements set forth: a Super Mid-Size cabin, competitive field length requirements, transcontinental range, and a high-speed cruise in excess of Mach 0.9. The team does not foresee insurmountable difficulties for this design to attain FAA certification.
Role of the matrixin MMP-2 in multicellular organization of adipocytes cultured in basement membrane components

Primary rat adipocytes cultured in basement membrane component gels migrated and organized into large, three-dimensional, multicellular clusters. Gross morphological changes seen during this reorganization are described. The rate of cluster formation decreased with age of the rats and was stimulated by insulin in older, but not in younger rats. Echistatin, a disintegrin, partially inhibited the formation of multicellular clusters in a concentration-dependent fashion (50% inhibitory concentration approximately 10 nM). The original extracellular matrix was initially remodeled and eventually destroyed by the time large multicellular clusters were observed. This implied that one or more matrix-degrading protease(s) were being secreted. Adipocyte-conditioned medium was found to contain a divalent cation-sensitive gelatinase activity at approximately 72 and/or approximately 62 kDa. The elution profile of this activity from gelatin-Sepharose 4B was similar to matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2, a 72-kDa matrixin with a 62-kDa mature form), and the dimethyl sulfoxide eluant from these columns contained MMP-2 immunoreactivity. MMP-2 concentration and activity were greater in conditioned medium from young than from older animals; however, insulin did not affect the amount of MMP-2 in adipocyte-conditioned media. The matrixin inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline not only blocked gelatinase activity in zymograms but also prevented extracellular matrix remodeling and destruction, as well as adipocyte migration and the formation of cell-cell contacts in adipocyte cultures. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the matrixin MMP-2 is secreted by adipocytes. Whereas matrixin activity alone may not be sufficient for the formation of multicellular clusters, the data indicate that it may have a requisite role in this process.
Research of Far-infrared Thermal Therapy Instrument based on Medical Device Evaluation

Objective: This article aim to research the safety and efficacy of far-infrared thermal therapy instrument.Methods: Based on field study at manufacture and hospital,a literature and standards study is carried out on the working principle,treatment mechanism,intended use,risk factors and requirements of the far-infrared thermal therapy instrument.Conclusions: The safety of far-infrared thermal therapy instrument should be assured by electrical safety,temperature control and radionuclide limits.Its efficacy should be validated by clinical research,and its intended use should be defined for application of hyperthermia,because of its far-infrared penetrating effect superior to the traditional methods in terms of hyperthermia.
Evaluation Residual Moisture in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes and Its Effect on Electrode Performance

Removing residual moisture in lithium-ion battery electrodes is essential for desired electrochemical performance. In this manuscript, the residual moisture in LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 cathodes produced by conventional solvent-based and aqueous processing is characterized and compared. The electrochemical performance has also been investigated for various residual moisture contents. It has been demonstrated that the residual moisture lowers the first cycle coulombic efficiency, but its effect on short term cycle life is insignificant.
Structure of the male copulatory apparatus in Prognathorhynchus busheki (Platyhelminthes, Kalyptorhynchia)

Gnathorhynchidae is a diverse taxon of predatory eukalyptorhynch flatworms characterized by an armed proboscis. Their present taxonomy is not concordant with what we know of their phylogeny. Further progress in this area is hindered by a lack of information concerning their morphology. As recent studies have shown, a historical reliance on live observations for species descriptions has resulted in a number of errors and omissions. Here, we redescribe the anatomy of the male copulatory organ of Prognathorhynchus busheki using transmission electron and confocal microscopy, correcting several errors in the original description. Furthermore, we use these results to update our understanding of the anatomy and evolution of male copulatory organs in Gnathorhynchidae and in Platyhelminthes more generally.
Population genomic analyses reveal a history of range expansion and trait evolution across the native and invaded range of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)

Identifying sources of genetic variation and reconstructing invasion routes for non-native introduced species is central to understanding the circumstances under which they may evolve increased invasiveness. In this study, we used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms to study the colonization history of Centaurea solstitialis in its native range in Eurasia and invasions into the Americas. We leveraged this information to pinpoint key evolutionary shifts in plant size, a focal trait associated with invasiveness in this species. Our analyses revealed clear population genomic structure of potential source populations in Eurasia, including deep differentiation of a lineage found in the southern Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas and divergence among populations in Asia, eastern Europe, and western Europe. We found strongest support for an evolutionary scenario in which western European populations were derived from an ancient admixture event between populations from eastern Europe and Asia, and subsequently served as the main genetic ‘bridgehead’ for introductions to the Americas. Introductions to California appear to be from a single source region, and multiple, independent introductions of divergent genotypes likely occurred into the Pacific Northwest. Plant size has evolved significantly at three points during range expansion, including a large size increase in the lineage responsible for the aggressive invasion of California's interior. These results reveal a long history of colonization, admixture, and trait evolution in C. solstitialis, and suggest routes for improving evidence-based management decisions for one of the most ecologically and economically damaging invasive species in the western United States. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Passivation kinetics of Mg-Nd-Gd-Zn-Zr (EV31A) and Mg-Y-Nd-Gd-Zr (WE43C) in NaOH solutions

Abstract Passivation kinetics of two Mg-RE alloys, such as Mg-Nd-Gd-Zn-Zr (EV31A), and Mg-Y-Nd-Gd-Zr (WE43C) were investigated in two different heat treated conditions (solution treated and overaged) in 0.01 - 1.0 M NaOH solutions under potentiostatic conditions. Negative reaction order was observed in dilute NaOH which transitioned to positive values as the passivation time increased and in the 1 M NaOH as well. The passive layers showed platelet morphology and the size of the platelets decreased with increase in the NaOH concentration. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics was not improved on the passive layer covered surface of the Mg-RE alloys in contrast to the improvements reported on the hydroxide covered pure magnesium. The electrochemical impedance increased with increase in the NaOH concentration in the solution treated condition of both Mg-RE alloys, whereas the overaged EV31A alloy showed a reverse trend. The passive layer of EV31A showed almost 100% higher charge carrier density than the film formed on the WE43C in the overaged condition. A better passivation behavior was observed in the solution treated condition than that in the overaged condition which could be attributed to the uniform distribution of the RE elements in the solution treated specimens. The WE43C alloy revealed better corrosion resistance in the alkaline solution than the EV31A alloy.