cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to promote forgiveness: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis addressed the efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to help people forgive others and to examine moderators of treatment effects. METHOD Eligible studies reported quantitative data on forgiveness of a specific hurt following treatment by a professional with an intervention designed explicitly to promote forgiveness. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted using k = 53 posttreatment effect sizes (N = 2,323) and k = 41 follow-up effect sizes (N = 1,716) from a total of 54 published and unpublished research reports. RESULTS Participants receiving explicit forgiveness treatments reported significantly greater forgiveness than participants not receiving treatment (Δ+ = 0.56 [0.43, 0.68]) and participants, receiving alternative treatments (Δ+ = 0.45 [0.21, 0.69]). Also, forgiveness treatments resulted in greater changes in depression, anxiety, and hope than no-treatment conditions. Moderators of treatment efficacy included treatment dosage, offense severity, treatment model, and treatment modality. Multimoderator analyses indicated that treatment dosage (i.e., longer interventions) and modality (individual > group) uniquely predicted change in forgiveness compared with no-treatment controls. Compared with alternative treatment conditions, both modality (individual > group) and offense severity were marginally predictive (ps < .10) of treatment effects. CONCLUSIONS It appears that using theoretically grounded forgiveness interventions is a sound choice for helping clients to deal with past offenses and helping them achieve resolution in the form of forgiveness. Differences between treatment approaches disappeared when controlling for other significant moderators; the advantage for individual interventions was most clearly demonstrated for Enright-model interventions, as there have been no studies of individual interventions using the Worthington model.
The relationship between volcanic eruptions and climate change: Still a conundrum?

What is the relationship between volcanic eruptions and climate change? More than 200 years after the connection was first proposed, it remains a thorny question. This article provides a brief historical overview of the problem and a review of the various data bases used in evaluating volcanic events and associated climatic change. We use the term “climate” to describe changes in the atmosphere over wide regions for periods of several months and longer. We use “weather” to describe shorter-term, variable atmospheric fluctuations experienced over more restricted areas. We appraise the present state of knowledge and highlight some pitfalls involved in using available information. Cautiously, we suggest future avenues for study, including the possibility of “volcanic winters,” or severe eruption-induced coolings.
A database for enthalpies of formation of binary transition metal alloys

Abstract Experimental values of the enthalpy of formation are listed for the 61 of the 276 binary alloys formed from pairs of Sc to Ni, Y to Pd and Lu to Pt for which data are available.
EGCG slows post-traumatic OA Progression: in vivo evidence and a novel mechanism underlying the downregulation of ADAMTS5

s / Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 22 (2014) S57–S489 S322 Wilcoxon test was used within groups and the Man-Whitney test when comparing groups. Significance level was a p-value of <0.05. All data given are on the basis of the intention to treat (ITT). To test for a possible dose-dependency the bodyweight of each patient was plotted against the different symptom scores, and a correlation test was made on each of the two groups at the initial level and after 6 and 12 weeks of treatment. Results: The two groups were comparable at the initial level regarding age, sex, bodyweight, consumption of rescue medication and the severity of OA. Twelveweeks of active treatment resulted in a reduction inWOMAC pain from 17.79 þ/8.80 to 16.57þ/-9.88, p<0.14, whilst the placebo group showed a decline in pain score from 17.96þ/-7.08 to 14.41 þ/-7.60, p<0.001. Comparing groups yielded a Man-Whitney pvalue of 0.058. No correlation was present between weight and pain score in either of the two groups on the day of inclusion. After both 6 and 12 weeks of active treatment, there was a significant negative correlation between weight and pain score (p<0.021 and p<0.022, respectively). The lower the weight the more pronounced the reduction in pain. No correlation was observed at any time point during placebo. The ADL score declined from 60.59 þ/-31.33 to 53.91 þ/30.59 after 12 weeks of active treatment (p<0.016). Placebo resulted in a decline from 55.71 þ/-25.19 to 43.90 (p<0.001). Comparing groups yielded a ManWhitney p-value of 0.098. There was no correlation between weight and ADL score in either of the two groups on the day of inclusion. Six and 12 weeks of active treatment, however, resulted in a negative correlation between weight and ADL score (p<0.019 and p<0.009 respectively). To summarize, the less the weight of the patient the better the impact from treatment. In the placebo group there was no significant correlation betweenweight and ADL score at any time point. Similar results for active treatment and placebo were obtained when testing the secondary effect variable. CRP significantly declined as a result of active treatment. Man-Whitney p-value 0.042. Conclusions: The present data suggest that patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip can benefit from treatment with the present rose-hip powder, when given a booster of 5 grams daily for 3 weeks, followed by 2.5 g for the following 9 weeks, with the effect becoming statistically significant in the group of patients of lower weight than 84 kg. This lowdose also significantly reduces CRP. 561 EGCG SLOWS POST-TRAUMATIC OA PROGRESSION: IN VIVO EVIDENCE AND A NOVEL MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE DOWNREGULATION OF ADAMTS5 D.J. Leong y, Z. He y, D.M. Hirsh y, S.J. Kim y, K.E. Sperling y, R.J. Majeska z, M.B. Schaffler z, J.A. Hardin y, N.J. Cobelli y, H.B. Sun y. yAlbert Einstein Coll. of Med., Bronx, NY, USA; z The City Coll. of NY, New
Effect of horseshoe crab spawning density on nest disturbance and exhumation of eggs: A simulation study

Because the Delaware Bay horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) population is managed to provide for dependent species, such as migratory shorebirds, there is a need to understand the process of egg exhumation and to predict eggs available to foraging shorebirds. A simple spatial model was used to simulate horseshoe crab spawning that would occur on a typical Delaware Bay beach during spring tide cycles to quantify density-dependent nest disturbance. At least 20% of nests and eggs were disturbed for levels of spawning greater than one third of the average density in Delaware Bay during 2004. Nest disturbance increased approximately linearly as spawning density increased from one half to twice the 2004 level. As spawning density increased further, the percentage of eggs that were disturbed reached an asymptote of 70% for densities up to 10 times the density in 2004. Nest disturbance was heaviest in the mid beach zone. Nest disturbance precedes entrainment and begins the process of exhumation of eggs to surface sediments. Model predictions were combined with observations from egg surveys to estimate a snap-shot exhumation rate of 5–9% of disturbed eggs. Because an unknown quantity of eggs were exhumed and removed from the beach prior to the survey, cumulative exhumation rate was likely to have been higher than the snap-shot estimate. Because egg exhumation is density-dependent, in addition to managing for a high population size, identification and conservation of beaches where spawning horseshoe crabs concentrate in high densities (i.e., hot spots) are important steps toward providing a reliable food supply for migratory shorebirds.
Occupy Call Street? Reconsidering a Microbiology Critical Action Value Policy

Critical action value (CAV) policies for microbiology test results are regulated by the same mandates that govern critical values for other laboratory testing. Policy revisions and updates are left to the discretion of laboratory directors, in conjunction with their clinical communities. The published literature on CAV policy has limited discussion of infectious disease testing, necessitating the use of other information as a guide. The reconsideration of one's CAV policy benefits from an organized approach and the recognition and reconciliation of different perspectives and resources. A recent experience and considerations for the future are presented.
IN VITRO (EX VIVO) EXPANSION OF MURINE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS Running Title: In Vitro Expansion of Stem Cells

Currently there is significant interest in in vitro (ex vivo) expansion of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in hematology and oncology. Transplantation of umbilical cord blood stem cells promises to be a new and exciting mode of bone marrow/stem cell transplantation since it is inexpensive and appears to be associated with milder graft vs. host disease (GVHD) than transplantation of adult cells. A potential problem of cord blood transplantation is the limited number of stem cells that may be harvested. The majority of cases of cord blood transplantation, therefore, have been attempted in children. If it were possible to expand the population of stem cells in umbilical cord blood and transplant them to adult recipients, it would significantly enlarge the scope of this form of transplantation. Already many preclinical studies have shown that it is possible to expand the population of total cells and progenitors in culture in the presence of combinations of cytokines. Whether or not it is possible to expand the population of hematopoietic stem cells which have long-term reconstitution capabilities remains to be clarified (1–3). The cytokines used in the majority of attempts of in vitro expansion were selected from a group of early-acting cytokines such as steel factor (SF, kit ligand), flt3 ligand (FL), interleukin (IL)-3, IL-6, IL-11, granulocyte/ macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF). The rationale for combining these cytokines has been explained in a recent review (4). Almost all protocols for in vitro expansion include IL-3 and many contain IL-1 because of their known myelopoietic effects.
Many patients who undergo surgery for colorectal cancer receive surveillance colonoscopies earlier than recommended by guidelines.

Background & Aims Patients treated with surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC) should undergo colonoscopy examinations 1, 4, and 9 years later, to check for cancer recurrence. We investigated the use patterns of surveillance colonoscopies among Medicare patients. Methods We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)–Medicare linked database to identify patients who underwent curative surgery for colorectal cancer from 1992 to 2005 and analyzed the timing of the first 3 colonoscopies after surgery. Early surveillance colonoscopy was defined as a colonoscopy, for no reason other than surveillance, within 3 months to 2 years after a colonoscopy examination with normal results. Results Approximately 32.1% and 27.3% of patients with normal results from their first and second colonoscopies, respectively, underwent subsequent surveillance colonoscopies within 2 years (earlier than recommended). Of patients who were older than 80 years at their first colonoscopy, 23.6% underwent a repeat procedure within 2 years for no clear indication. In multivariable analysis, early surveillance colonoscopy was not associated with sex, race, or patients' level of education. There was significant regional variation in early surveillance colonoscopies among the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results regions. There was a significant trend toward reduced occurrence of second early surveillance colonoscopies. Conclusions Many Medicare enrollees who have undergone curative resection for colorectal cancer undergo surveillance colonoscopy more frequently than recommended by the guidelines. Reducing overuse could free limited resources for appropriate colonoscopy examinations of inadequately screened populations.
The order αs2 energy-energy correlation function at small angles

Abstract The coefficients that give the small angle (back-to-back) behavior of the energy-energy correlation function in e + e − annihilation are calculated at order α s 2 from previous all order, small angle formulas. The purpose is to facilitate comparison with all angle, order α s 2 calculations.
Influence of non-radiative carrier losses on pulsed and continuous VECSEL performance

We investigate experimentally and theoretically the influence of non-radiative carrier losses on the performance of VECSELs under pulsed and CW pumping conditions. These losses are detrimental to the VECSEL performance not only because they reduce the pump-power to output-power conversion efficiency and lead to increased thresholds, but also because they are strong sources of heat. This heating reduces the achievable output power and eventually leads to shut-off due to thermal roll-over. We investigate the two main sources of non-radiative losses, defect recombination and Auger losses in InGaAs-based VECSELs for the 1010nm-1040nm range as well as for InGaSb-based devices for operation around 2μm. While defect related losses are found to be rather insignificant in InGaAs-based devices, they can be severe enough to prevent CW operation for the InGaSb-based structures. Auger losses are shown to be very significant for both wavelengths regimes and it is discussed how structural modifications can suppress them. For pulsed operation record output powers are demonstrated and the influence of the pulse duration and shape is studied.
Mycotic aneurysm of the left ventricle: echocardiographic diagnosis.

Abstract We report an unusual case of myocardial mycotic aneurysm of the left ventricle resulting from a healed myocardial abscess caused by an aortic regurgitant jet lesion. The diagnosis was made during intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography and confirmed by surgical inspection. The echocardiographic features are described. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:191-3.)
A complex systems science perspective for whole systems of complementary and alternative medicine research

Whole systems complementary and alternative medicine (WS-CAM) approaches share a basic worldview that embraces interconnectedness; emergent, non-linear outcomes to treatment that include both local and global changes in the human condition; a contextual view of human beings that are inseparable from and responsive to their environments; and interventions that are complex, synergistic, and interdependent. These fundamental beliefs and principles run counter to the assumptions of reductionism and conventional biomedical research methods that presuppose unidimensional simple causes and thus dismantle and individually test various interventions that comprise only single aspects of the WSCAM system. This paper will demonstrate the superior fit and practical advantages of using complex adaptive systems (CAS) and related modeling approaches to develop the scientific basis for WS-CAM. Furthermore, the details of these CAS models will be used to provide working hypotheses to explain clinical phenomena such as (a) persistence of changes for weeks to months between treatments and/or after cessation of treatment, (b) nonlocal and whole systems changes resulting from therapy, (c) Hering's law, and (d) healing crises. Finally, complex systems science will be used to offer an alternative perspective on cause, beyond the simple reductionism of mainstream mechanistic ontology and more parsimonious than the historical vitalism of WS-CAM. Rather, complex systems science provides a scientifically rigorous, yet essentially holistic ontological perspective with which to conceptualize and empirically explore the development of disease and illness experiences, as well as experiences of healing and wellness.
Interaction of Biogenic Amine Hormones with Acetaldehyde

Dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EP), serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and histamine (H) are each hormones derived from aromatic or basic amino acids. Each contains primary or secondary amines, and all, except H, contain hydroxyl groups. These functional groups are capable of reacting with acetaldehyde (AcH), the primary product of ethanol metabolism. In this study, it is shown that 5-min preincubations of the amines with AcH affect a reduction in the prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) which is caused by AcH. The data suggest that these hormones may form Schiff bases, hemiacetals, and acetals, thereby detoxifying the AcH. It is also suggested that physiological effects of these hormones may be lowered as a consequence of interaction with acetaldehyde in alcoholics. In the absence of AcH, 0.91 mM DA, 5-HT, and EP each exhibited a small statistically significant procoagulant effect on the aPTT assay with values of 30.8 ± 0.3 s (P = 0.03), 28.5 ± 1.0 s (P = 0.006), and 31.3 ± 0.2 s (P = 0.001), respectively, relative to the controls of 32.6 ± 0.6 s, 32.9 ± 0.6 s, and 33.0 ± 0.3 s. Values for 0.91 mM NE and 9.1 mM H were 33.5 ± 0.8 s (P = 0.14) and 36.0 ± 0.8 s (P = 0.14), respectively, relative to the controls (32.4 ± 0.2 s and 34.2 ± 0.4 s), and exerted a nonsignificant effect upon aPTT.
Peptide ligand recognition by G protein-coupled receptors

The past few years have seen spectacular progress in the structure determination of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We now have structural representatives from classes A, B, C, and F. Within the rhodopsin-like class A, most structures belong to the α group, whereas fewer GPCR structures are available from the β, γ, and δ groups, which include peptide GPCRs such as the receptors for neurotensin (β group), opioids, chemokines (γ group), and protease-activated receptors (δ group). Structural information on peptide GPCRs is restricted to complexes with non-peptidic drug-like antagonists with the exception of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 that has been crystallized in the presence of a cyclic peptide antagonist. Notably, the neurotensin receptor 1 is to date the only peptide GPCR whose structure has been solved in the presence of a peptide agonist. Although limited in number, the current peptide GPCR structures reveal great diversity in shape and electrostatic properties of the ligand binding pockets, features that play key roles in the discrimination of ligands. Here, we review these aspects of peptide GPCRs in view of possible models for peptide agonist binding.
Differences between Paleozoic Asia and Paleozoic North America as shown by the distribution of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terranes

Abstract Numerous UHP suites developed in East Asia during the Paleozoic because subduction occurred in an area of low thermal gradients. By contrast, no Paleozoic UHP suites formed in North America or in terranes accreted to it because all subduction under accreting terranes occurred in an area of high thermal gradients centered in North America. High thermal gradients beneath North America are also demonstrated by an abundance of intracratonic rifts and basins. These differences in thermal gradients between North America and East Asia may have been caused by a very large mantle convection cell, with a rising limb under North America and a descending limb in an oceanic area where East Asia was assembled.
On the dynamics and control of through-plane water distributions in PEM fuel cells

Abstract We provide a semi-analytic solution to simplify an experimentally validated numeric realization of a two-phase, reaction–diffusion, distributed parameter model of the through-plane water distributions as they evolve inside polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell gas diffusion layers. The semi-analytic solution is then analyzed for stability and to gain insight into the dynamics of the equilibrium (steady-state) water distributions. Candidate distributions for vapor and liquid water are then identified which allow maximum membrane hydration while simultaneously avoiding voltage degradation that results from anode liquid water accumulation (flooding). The desired anode water distributions could be maintained via control of the anode channel conditions (boundary value control) with the ultimate goal to maximize the hydrogen utilization and prolong fuel cell life.
Pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide inhibits gli1 gene expression and proliferation in primary medulloblastoma derived tumorsphere cultures

Background: Hedgehog (HH) signaling is critical for the expansion of granule neuron precursors (GNPs) within the external granular layer (EGL) during cerebellar development. Aberrant HH signaling within GNPs is thought to give rise to medulloblastoma (MB) - the most commonly-observed form of malignant pediatric brain tumor. Evidence in both invertebrates and vertebrates indicates that cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) antagonizes HH signalling. Receptors specific for the neuropeptide pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP, gene name ADCYAP1) are expressed in GNPs. PACAP has been shown to protect GNPs from apoptosis in vitro, and to interact with HH signaling to regulate GNP proliferation. PACAP/ptch1 double mutant mice exhibit an increased incidence of MB compared to ptch1 mice, indicating that PACAP may regulate HH pathway-mediated MB pathogenesis. Methods: Primary MB tumorsphere cultures were prepared from thirteen ptch1 +/- /p53 +/- double mutant mice and treated with the smoothened (SMO) agonist purmorphamine, the SMO antagonist SANT-1, the neuropeptide PACAP, the PKA activator forskolin, and the PKA inhibitor H89. Gene expression of gli1 and [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation were assessed to determine drug effects on HH pathway activity and proliferation, respectively. PKA activity was determined in cell extracts by Western blotting using a phospho-PKA substrate antibody. Results: Primary tumor cells cultured for 1-week under serum-free conditions grew as tumorspheres and were found to express PAC1 receptor transcripts. Gli1 gene expression was significantly reduced by SANT-1, PACAP and forskolin, but was unaffected by purmorphamine. The attenuation of gli1 gene expression by PACAP was reversed by the PKA inhibitor H89, which also blocked PKA activation. Treatment of tumorsphere cultures with PACAP, forskolin, and SANT-1 for 24 or 48 hours reduced proliferation. Conclusions: Primary tumorspheres derived from ptch1 +/- /p53 +/- mice exhibit constitutive HH pathway activity. PACAP antagonizes HH signalling in these cells in a manner blocked by the PKA antagonist H89. PACAP and pharmacological activation of PKA also inhibited proliferation. Our data suggests that regulation of HH signaling by PACAP/PKA signaling may provide an alternative to SMO inhibition for the treatment of MB.
Quantitative prediction of the effect of genetic variation using hidden Markov models.

Background With the development of sequencing technologies, more and more sequence variants are available for investigation. Different classes of variants in the human genome have been identified, including single nucleotide substitutions, insertion and deletion, and large structural variations such as duplications and deletions. Insertion and deletion (indel) variants comprise a major proportion of human genetic variation. However, little is known about their effects on humans. The absence of understanding is largely due to the lack of both biological data and computational resources.
The relationship between sensation seeking and anhedonia

Abstract The present study investigates the relationship between sensation seeking and anhedonia, a pathological reduction in pleasure capacity. Previous studies have shown that hospitalized schizophrenics manifest lower levels of sensation seeking than do other psychiatric and non-psychiatric populations. The presence of anhedonia in schizophrenic and pre-schizophrenic populations has also been noted, leading to the development of measures of anhedonia designed to locate schizophrenia-prone individuals. The present study found an inverse relationship between Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale and the Physical Anhedonia Scale, which has been used as a measure of psychosis vulnerability. These findings suggest that lowered levels of sensation seeking may be indicative of physical anhedonia and may also play a role in proneness to schizophrenia.
O3.1Targeting the estrogen receptor: old receptor, new drug(s)

ABSTRACT Estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer, comprising of about 70% of breast tumors, is the most common sub-type of breast cancer. While there are multiple endocrine therapies available, such as tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors (e.g., anastrozole, letrozole and exemestane), fulvestrant, about 30% of patients with metastatic breast cancer who have tumor progression on one endocrine therapy do not respond to additional endocrine therapy. In some patients the disease progression is due to incomplete suppression of the ER pathway, while in others it is due to ER-independent signaling from alternate growth factors pathways. Our group, along with others, recently demonstrated the presence of acquired mutations in the ligand binding domain of estrogen receptor (ESR1) which can lead to constitutional activation of the estrogen receptor in the absence of ligand (estrogen), and thereby result in resistance to standard endocrine therapies particularly aromatase inhibitors [ 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. ]. In the talk, we will briefly review the mechanisms of resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer including role of ESR1 mutations, and the role of novel estrogen receptor degraders as well as rational combination of endocrine therapy with targeted therapies to treat patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Promotion of Oxygen Desorption To Enhance Direct NO Decomposition over Tb−Pt/Al2O3 Catalyst

Promotion of oxygen desorption at low temperatures holds the key to the development of an effective NO decomposition catalyst. Addition of Tb oxide to Pt/Al2O3 allows oxygen from dissociated NO to desorb at 593 K, which is significantly lower than the reported oxygen desorption temperatures for Pt catalysts. Combined temperature-programmed desorption/reaction with in situ infrared study reveals that desorbed oxygen is produced from decomposition of chelating bidentate nitrato, which may result from the reaction of adsorbed oxygen on Pt and adsorbed NO on Tb oxide. The Tb-promoted Pt/Al2O3 catalyst which possesses oxygen desorption capability at low temperatures shows the activity for decomposition of NO to N2, N2O, NO2, and O2 under pulse and steady-state reaction conditions at 773−923 K.
Critical ethnography and the neoliberal city: The US example

In the United States, the economic and political crises of the 1970s brought an end to what Robert Beauregard (2006) terms the ‘short American century’, the robust period of relatively egalitarian industrial expansion and consensual Keynesian politics following the Second World War. What has followed is more than a quarter century of intensive restructuring – evident both in economic organization and regimes of governance. Economically, restructuring has been characterized by the globalization of finance capital, the decline and displacement of the industrial economy, the withering power of organized labor, a decades-long stagnation of real wages and increase in job insecurity, widening economic inequality, and the rise of a ‘new economy’ characterized by finance, high-tech innovation, and cultural industries. These trends have been accompanied in the political realm by an ideological shift, symbolized by the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 and penetrating in various ways all levels of the fragmented US political system, involving progressive delegitimization of the postwar welfare state, increasingly punitive tactics directed at the poor, and the exaltation of the market economy as the principal arbiter of desirable political outcomes. An early protagonist of this ideological system, Milton Friedman (1962), argued that it was nothing more than a restoration of classic liberalism, the return of the free individual to the supreme position in the social cosmos. For Friedman, as for Freidrich von Hayek, centralized planning by the state in managing the economy or providing for social welfare would inevitably lead to political coercion, if not totalitarianism. Apart from setting monetary
Effects of augmentation of coarse particulate organic matter on metabolism and nutrient retention in hyporheic sediments

SUMMARY 1. Metabolic and biogeochemical processes in hyporheic zones may depend on inputs of coarse particulate organic matter. Our research focused on how differing quantity and quality of organic matter affects metabolism and nutrient retention in the hyporheic zone of a first-order Appalachian stream. 2. Sixteen plots were established on a tributary of Hugh White Creek, NC, U.S.A. Sediment was extracted and treated with leaves, wood, plastic strips or remained unamended. Following treatment, sediment was returned to the stream and, approximately 3 months later, samples were removed from each plot. 3. Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism were measured as the change in O2 and CO2 in recirculating microcosms. At the same time, we monitored other possible terminal electron accepting processes and changes in nutrient concentrations. Aerobic metabolism was low in all treatments and respiratory quotients calculated for all treatments indicated that metabolism was dominated by anaerobic processes. 4. Rates of anaerobic respiration and total (combined aerobic and anaerobic) respiration were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in plots treated with leaf organic matter compared to controls. 5. Addition of leaves, which had a low C:N ratio, stimulated respiration in hyporheic sediments. Anaerobic processes dominated metabolism in both control and amended sediments. Enhanced metabolic rates increased retention of many solutes, indicating that energy flow and nutrient dynamics in the subsurface of streams may depend upon the quantity and quality of imported carbon.
Modeling High-Pressure Mixing and Combustion Processes in Liquid Rocket Engines

Modeling high-pressure mixing and combustion processes in liquid rocket engines involves a variety of challenges that include all of the classical closure problems and a unique set of problems imposed by the introduction of thermodynamic nonidealities and transport anomalies. The complicating factors of chemical kinetics, highly nonlinear source terms, and subgrid-scale velocity and scalar-mixing interactions must all be considered. The situation becomes more complex with increasing pressure because of an inherent increase in the  ow Reynolds number and dif culties that arise when  uid states approach the critical condition. This paper 1) outlines the fundamental dif culties associated with modeling mixing and combustion processes at near-critical conditions, 2) outlines the theoretical and numerical framework developed to handle these dif culties, and 3) presents the results of simulations that lend insight into the intricate nature of the problem. Case studies focus on model performance and accuracy requirements, Lagrangian –Eulerian treatments of transcritical spray dynamics, and pure Eulerian treatments of transcritical and supercritical mixing and combustion processes.
What if high expectations feel good? Perceived parental expectations, their meanings, and bulimic symptoms in Black and White college women.

Abstract This study aimed to test an interactive model of perceived parental expectations and the meaning of those expectations in relation to bulimic symptoms in Black ( n = 97) and White ( n = 179) college women. Black young women reported higher parental expectations and attached more positive meanings to high parental expectations, in comparison to their White peers. There was an interactive effect for Black young women such that, in the context of perceived high parental expectations, interpreting high parental expectations as negative was associated with higher levels of bulimic symptoms whereas interpreting high expectations as positive was associated with lower levels of bulimic symptoms. However, no interactive effect emerged for White young women. The role of differences in cultural contexts is discussed.
The inhibition of plant mitochondrial respiration by the synthetic analog of ubiquinone, 5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole (UHDBT).

Abstract The quinone analog, 5- n -undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole (UHDBT), has been shown to inhibit cyanide-sensitive and cyanide-insensitive respiration in higher plant mitochondria. The inhibition is dependent upon the concentration of mitochondrial protein. The low concentrations of UHDBT required to inhibit the cyanidesensitive pathway (μ m ) and the cyanide-insensitive pathway (n m ) indicate that UHDBT is acting as a tight-binding inhibitor of ubiquinol oxidation. Inhibition of both pathways was dependent upon pH. It is shown that UHDBT appears to be a less potent inhibitor of cyanide-sensitive NADH oxidation than of cyanide-sensitive succinate oxidation, and that the pH dependence of inhibition of these two pathways differs. The inhibition of NADH and succinate oxidation by the cyanide-insensitive pathway shows similar pH dependences although at a given pH NADH oxidation is more suceptible to inhibition than succinate oxidation.
Energy substitution in cotton production in the USA

The paper investigates the nature and extent of the substitution of energy for other inputs in the production of cotton in the USA. The specific inputs considered, in addition to energy, are labour, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, pesticides and water. The results show that input use is responsive to variations in own prices and that some limited substitution does occur between energy, labour and nitrogen fertilizer.
Improved clutter rejection in automatic target recognition (ATR) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery using the extended maximum average correlation height (EMACH) filter

Correlation filters are attractive for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) automatic target recognition (ATR) because of their shift invariance and potential for distortion-tolerant pattern recognition. In particular, the maximum average correlation height (MACH) filter exhibits better distortion tolerance than other linear correlation filters. Despite its attractive features, it has been shown that the MACH filter relies perhaps too heavily on the average training image leading to poor clutter rejection performance. To improve the clutter rejection performance, we have introduced the extended MACH (EMACH) filter. We have shown that this new filter is better at rejecting clutter images while retaining the distortion tolerance feature of the original MACH filter. In this paper, we introduce a method to decompose the EMACH filter to further improve its performance. The paper describes the theory of this method and shows its potential advantages. Test results of this method using the public domain MSTAR data base are shown.
Decentralized Feedback Control of Broadband Duct Noise with Nodal Placement of Colocated Actuator-Sensor Pairs

This paper presents experimental results from a demonstration of feedback control experiments on an open-ended acoustic duct, using nodally placed colocated actuator-sensor pairs. The disturbance signal used in the experiments is bandlimited and random. The first three modes undergo as much as 20 dB attenuation. The simplicity of the nodal control together with the spatially global sound reduction makes this a suitable technique for suppressing low frequency broadband duct noise.
Effect of insulin at dilution endpoint concentrations on macromolecular synthesis in normal mouse mammary and human breast cancer epithelial cells

Employing defined media conditions, the insulin sensitivities of mouse mammary gland epithelial cells in primary culture and MCF-7 human mammary epithelial cells were determined. Insulin stimulated the rates of (3H] uridine incorporation into RNA and [3H] leucine incorporation into protein in both primary mouse mammary gland epithelial cell cultures and MCF-7 cell cultures at concentrations approximating the dilution endpoint of the hormone (10-21 M). Insulin stimulated the rate of [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA in primary mouse mammary gland epithelial cells at the dilution endpoint concentrations. However, MCF-7 cells required insulin concentrations 100-1000-times that necessary in mouse mammary epithelial cultures to elicit an increased rate of [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA. Evidence is presented which suggests that the increased rates of uptake of 3H- uridine, [3H] thymidine and [3H] leucine into their respective precursor pools is not responsible for the apparent stimulation of RNA, DNA and protein synthesis.
Lyme Borreliosis: Biology, Epidemiology and Control

Lyme borreliosis, commonly known as lyme disease, is now acknowledged as the most highly prevalent arthropod-borne human disease in northern temperate regions of the world. This book describes the basic characteristics of the disease, the biology of the pathogens in their vectors and vertebrate hosts, their ecology in different regions of the world and the global epidemiology of the disease. The final chapters address the prevention and control measures that have resulted from this knowledge.
An economic rationale forprostate cancer screening

There is ample evidence that routine screening for ~ostate cancer with both digital rectal examination ?RE) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) can in:ase the cancer detection rate and can increase the iercentage of organ-confined disease at the time of aitial diagnosis. 1-5 Yearly prostate screening with ,RE and PSA is recommended by the American ancer Society 6 and the American Urological Associan for men aged 50 to 70. 7 Despite this support, the iractice of routine prostate cancer screening remains [tmtroversial and is criticized because of concerns ~vercost, 8,9 cost-effectiveness, l°,u the actual improvement in mortality, n.15 and the chance of diagnos~g latent, clinically insignificant prostate cancer.1618 ~In contrast to prostate cancer screening, breast ~ ncer screening for women over age 50 is widely acticed and is covered by most insurance carriers. 19"21 Breast cancer screening has been shown to Btecrease the mortality rate for breast cancer by as [~uch as 30%.22-25 A routine evaluation with either ~nammography alone or mammography plus clinih i breast examination has been reported to be costi" , ~ttecUve given the decrease in mortality r a t e . 26-34 The present study compares the cost per cancer :tected from breast cancer screening with the cost .'r cancer detected from prostate cancer screening ~' analyzing the outcomes of several major prostate nd breast cancer screening studies. 4'5,35'36 The costs cancer detection have been estimated by applythe Medicare fee schedule charges for the calr ~dar year 1992 to the screening evaluations and le subsequent diagnostic tests performed. 37 The !0st-effectiveness of breast and prostate cancer ereening is then estimated by assessing the potenial impact of such screening on mortality rates.
Methane generation in landfills.

Abstract Methane gas is a by-product of landfilling municipal solid wastes (MSW). Most of the global MSW is dumped in non-regulated landfills and the generated methane is emitted to the atmosphere. Some of the modern regulated landfills attempt to capture and utilize landfill biogas, a renewable energy source, to generate electricity or heat. As of 2001, there were about one thousand landfills collecting landfill biogas worldwide. The landfills that capture biogas in the US collect about 2.6 million tonnes of methane annually, 70% of which is used to generate heat and/or electricity. The landfill gas situation in the US was used to estimate the potential for additional collection and utilization of landfill gas in the US and worldwide. Theoretical and experimental studies indicate that complete anaerobic biodegradation of MSW generates about 200 Nm3 of methane per dry tonne of contained biomass. However, the reported rate of generation of methane in industrial anaerobic digestion reactors ranges from 40 to 80 Nm3 per tonne of organic wastes. Several US landfills report capturing as much as 100 Nm3 of methane per ton of MSW landfilled in a given year. These findings led to a conservative estimate of methane generation of about 50 Nm3 of methane per ton of MSW landfilled. Therefore, for the estimated global landfilling of 1.5 billion tones annually, the corresponding rate of methane generation at landfills is 75 billion Nm3. Less than 10% of this potential is captured and utilized at this time.
Postmodernism, Resistance, and Cyberspace: Making Rhetorical Spaces for Feminist Mothers on the Web

This article argues that online communities can be seen as fostering meaningful political action, but that to understand such action requires rethinking the notion of political resistance in postmodern terms. Its claims are based on rhetorical analysis of the political activity occurring in an online community being fostered by a cluster of websites on feminist mothering and alternative parenting.
Aggregation of Consumer Ratings of Online Products: Applying Social Choice Theory to Investigate the Cordorcet Efficiency of Mean Rule:

Mean rule has been popularly used to aggregate consumer ratings of online products. This study applied social choice theory to evaluate the Condorcet efficiency of the mean rule, and to investigate the effect of sample size (number of voters) on the agreement or disagreement between the mean and majority rules. The American National Election Survey data (1968) were used, where three candidates competed for the presidency, and the numerical thermometer scores were provided for each candidate. Random sampling data with varied sample sizes were drew from the survey, and then were aggregated according to the majority rule, the mean rule, and other social choice rules. The results show that the sample winner of the mean rule agrees with the sample majority winner very well; as sample size increases, the sample mean rule even converges faster to the correct population majority winner and ordering than does the sample majority rule. The implications for using aggregation rules for online product rating were also...
Does distress intolerance moderate the link between ADHD symptoms and number of sexual partners

Previous research demonstrates that ADHD symptoms are related to increased risky sexual behavior. Distress intolerance (DIT) has also been linked to risk behavior and may also be related to increased risky sexual behavior. Thus, we evaluated the degree to which DIT moderated the link between ADHD symptoms and number of casual and monogamous sexual partners. Participants were undergraduate psychology students (N = 660; 30 % male; M = 20.23, SD = 1.40; 47 % European American) who completed an online assessment. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that several DIT constructs, specifically tolerance, appraisal, and regulation, moderated the link between ADHD symptoms and casual sex partners. Only regulation moderated the association between ADHD symptoms and monogamous sex partners. Results suggest that difficulty managing distress moderates the link between ADHD symptoms and number of sexual partners. These results have important implications for prevention and intervention program development.
Measurement of 129I by liquid scintillation and NaI(Tl) scintillation methods

Abstract The radionuclide 129I can be measured by either liquid scintillation or NaI(Tl) scintillation methods because its decay leads to the emission of both electrons and gamma- or X-rays. The pulse-height spectra obtained with each detector type is preented and interpreted. Typical counting efficiencies obtained were 75% in a well-type NaI(Tl) detector and 95% in an emulsion-type liquid scintillation system and a commercial coincidence-type counter.
Urinary concentrating capacity of Rattus rattus and other mammals from the lower florida keys

Abstract 1. 1. There is considerable variation in the renal medullary thickness (3.4–7.7) of six mammals from islands in the Lower Florida Keys. This appears to be correlated with differences in their abilities to survive without fresh or brackish drinking water. 2. 2. The black rat (Rattus rattus) had the highest predicted urine osmotic pressure and the highest measured urine concentration (4300 mOsm). This species was a common inhabitant of remote mangrove islets lacking brackish water ponds and often even dry land. 3. 3. In captivity R. rattus maintained its body mass on a diet of rodent pellets (8% water) while drinking 26%. (75% seawater). However a process of 10 days acclimation was required. On 35%. (100% seawater), mass losses considerably surpassed gains and death occurred in seven to nine days. 4. 4. Thus even the most salt tolerant mammal (R. ruttus) from islands in the Florida Keys probably can not utilize seawater for drinking. It must rely on preformed and metabolic water in its food, and possibly on a temporary lens of fresh water formed during rains for water intake.
Making Words Matter: The Asian Tsunami, Darfur, and “Reflexive Discourse” in International Politics

Prominent communicative approaches to humanitarian crisis assume that international action is constrained by definitional disagreement. Yet interpretive agreement is not always enough to stimulate states into acting. Reflexive discourse is an alternative form of communicative action, and it occurs when international actors (state, nonstate, or suprastate) generate insecurity in powerful states, and stimulate these states into actions that they might initially be reluctant to pursue. By calling out the discrepancy between a targeted state’s actions and its biographical narrative, reflexive discourse challenges a targeted state’s self-identity and thus illuminates the interest such a state has in confronting certain crises. I use the American response to the recent Asian Tsunami, reviewing how then U.N. Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Jan Egeland inadvertently used reflexive discourse by suggesting that Western nations were being “stingy” with their initial aid offers. This (in part) prompted the United States, albeit with much indignation, to increase by twenty times its aid to the affected areas. I then posit how a reflexive discourse strategy might have been used to persuade the United States into acting to confront the genocide in Darfur.
Thalidomide malformations and genetic background in the rabbit.

Thalidomid wurde in Gelatinkapseln peroral (500 mg/Tag/Kaninchen) an 30 gravide Kaninchen vom 6. bis 11. Tag nach Konzeption verabreicht. Von 109 klassifizierbaren Jungen waren nur 4% normal: 77 uberlebten, 9 waren tot und 23 wurden abortiert; 20 weitere waren teilweise resorbiert und deshalb unklassifizierbar. Die drei genetisch verschiedenen Kaninchenstamme des Versuchs wiesen signifikante Unterschiede auf in Typus, relativer Zahl und Verteilung der Missbildungen.
Starting sputter-ion pumps and the outgassing of wet metal surfaces☆

Abstract Sputter-ion pumps are found to start easily from nitrogen with a wet metal surface load. Repeated wet starts do not change the starting or operating characteristics of the pump. Outgassing of wet stainless steel is found to follow the relation q = 1.25 × 10−5t−1.47 torr-litres per second per cm2 after 15 minutes and to be independent in shape for short or long exposures to water.
Thermodynamic Properties of Cerium Oxalate and Cerium Oxide

Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry were used to determine the thermodynamic properties of cerium oxalate. Hydrated cerium oxalate was found to contain 13 molecules of water and decomposed producing three thermal events corresponding to the loss of adsorbed water, water of hydration, and decomposition of anhydrous cerium oxalate to cerium oxide. Anhydrous cerium oxalate obeyed first-order reaction kinetics where -ln (1 - ..cap alpha..)=kt. Reaction rates, heat capacities, and equations for the heat capacities are given.