cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Typologizing Stakeholder Information Use to Better Understand the Impacts of Collaborative Climate Science

There is increasing interest among scholars in producing information that is useful and usable to land and natural resource managers in a changing climate. This interest has prompted transitions from scientist- to stakeholder-driven or collaborative approaches to climate science. A common indicator of successful collaboration is whether stakeholders use the information resulting from the projects in which they are engaged. However, detailed examples of how stakeholders use climate information are relatively scarce in the literature, leading to a challenge in understanding what researchers can and should expect and plan for in terms of stakeholder use of research findings. Drawing on theoretical, typological, and evaluation insights from the field of information use, we examine stakeholder use of climate information emerging from 13 collaborative climate science projects conducted in the western United States between 2012 and 2016. Three primary types of use emerge from our findings—conceptual, instrumental, and justification—reflecting common typologization of information use. Conceptual use was the most predominant. We suggest that researcher awareness of this typology can enable more systematic understanding of what project outputs stakeholders use and impacts of those outputs, giving way to new areas of inquiry and aiding in the conceptualization and design of climate information products for land and natural resource managers.
Access Denied: The Proliferation of American Medical Abortion Laws, 2000-2018.

Introduction Medical abortion is a safe, effective, and often preferred method of terminating an unintended pregnancy, but access can be made difficult by the laws of a state. Despite modern efforts to prevent unintended pregnancies in the U.S., they comprise almost half of pregnancies and 95% of abortions, signifying that abortion is a necessary and desired healthcare service. This study's purpose is to describe the proliferation of American medical abortion access laws between 2000 and 2018. Methods Policy surveillance methods were used in 2018 to collect 7 types of U.S. medical abortion access restriction laws in place as of December 1, 2018. Statutory histories were reviewed in 2019 to record the laws’ years of enactment, substantive amendment, and repeal. Results A total of 35 states restricted medical abortion access as of 2018. Medical abortion laws increased from 16 in 2000 to 96 by 2018, and only 1 was repealed. A total of 25 states had multiple laws restricting medical abortion access in 2018. Medical abortion access laws surged from 2010 to 2017, but none were passed in 2018. Medical abortion access is generally most restricted in Midwestern and Southern states and least restricted in Western and Northeastern states. Conclusions Although evidence demonstrates medical abortion's safety and efficacy, its access is increasingly limited by law in many states. Further research examining the impacts of these laws on women's health and the consequences of unintended births on women, children, families, and society is needed.
Waxing and Waning of Wings

A major challenge to Darwinian evolution is explaining 'rudimentary' organs. This is particularly relevant to birds: rudimentary wings occur in fossils, as well as in developing, molting, and flight-impaired birds. Evidence shows that young birds flap small wings to improve locomotion and transition to flight. Although small wings also occur in adults, their potential role in locomotion is rarely considered. Here we describe the prevalence of rudimentary wings in extant birds, and how wings wax and wane on many timescales. This waxing and waning is integral to the avian clade and offers a rich arena for exploring links between form, function, performance, behavior, ecology, and evolution. Although our understanding is nascent, birds clearly show that rudimentary structures can enhance performance and survival.
0008 The impact of a stay-at-home order on motor vehicle injury rates in West Virginia

Statement of purposeLittle is known about the relationship between Stay-At-Home (SAH) orders issued by state governments due to the COVID-19 pandemic and their impacts on motor vehicle-related injuries The purpose of this study was to determine whether the presence of a SAH was associated with lower rates of motor-vehicle-related injuries requiring emergency medical treatment among population sub-groups in West Virginia (WV) (i e males, females, 0–17, 18–15, 26–45, 46–65, >66 years old) Methods/ApproachA SAH order was in effect in WV from March 23 until May 4, 2020 (week 13–18 of 2020) Counts of individuals who incurred motor-vehicle-related injuries that required emergency medical treatment in WV were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Syndromic Surveillance system from Jan 1, 2019 thru Sept 6, 2020 Counts were obtained by week- year and by population subgroup The presence of the SAH order was binary coded by week Negative binomial regression was used to assess the relationship between the presence of a SAH and injury rates 2019 population sub-group estimates were obtained from the United States Census Bureau and used as offsets in the models ResultsThere were 28,763 motor-vehicle related injuries during the study period The presence of the SAH was associated with 46% less injuries overall [Incident Rate Ratio (IRR)=0 54, 95% CI 0 47, 0 62] During the SAH, females experienced fewer injuries than males (IRR=0 49 vs 0 59, respectively) and the number of injuries decreased with age (p-value 0 031) ConclusionsWV’s SAH order was associated with lower motor-vehicle injury rates across all populations sub-groups These findings indicate that most population sub-groups likely altered their travel behaviors which resulted in lower motor-vehicle injury rates SignificanceThese findings may inform future policies that impose emergency travel restrictions in populations
Using Objective Structured Clinical Exams (OSCE) to Teach Neurology Residents to Disclose Prognosis after Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury.

Abstract Background Neurologists need to be adept at disclosing prognosis and breaking bad news. Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE) allow trainees to practice these skills. Methods In 2017, in conjunction with the NYU School of Medicine Simulation Center, neurology faculty designed an OSCE case in which a resident had to inform a standardized patient (SP) her father had severe global hypoxic ischemic injury. The residents were surveyed on the experience using a Likert scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (best). The SP completed a behavioral anchored checklist and marked items as “not done,” “partly done,” or “well done”. Results 57 third and fourth year neurology residents completed the case from 2018 to 2020, 54 (95%) of whom completed the post-OSCE survey. Residents reported feeling moderately prepared for the simulation (mean Likert score 3.7/5), and thought their performance was average (3.4/5). Overall, they found the case to be very helpful (4.6/5). The residents performed well in the realms of maintaining professionalism (64% rated “well done”), developing a relationship (62% rated “well done”), and information gathering (61% rated “well done”). There was room for improvement in the realms of providing education and presenting the bad news (39% and 37% rated “partly/not done,” respectively). Conclusions OSCE cases can be used to teach neurology trainees how to discuss prognosis and break bad news. Feedback about this simulation was positive, though its efficacy has yet to be evaluated and could be a future direction of study.
Ensemble Combination between Different Time Segmentations

Hypothesis-level combination between multiple models can often yield gains in speech recognition. However, all models in the ensemble are usually restricted to use the same audio segmentation times. This paper proposes to generalise hypothesis-level combination, allowing the use of different audio segmentation times between the models, by splitting and re-joining the hypothesised N-best lists in time. A hypothesis tree method is also proposed to distribute hypothesis posteriors among the constituent words, to facilitate such splitting when per-word scores are not available. The approach is assessed on a Microsoft meeting transcription task, by performing combination between a streaming first-pass recognition and an offline second-pass recognition. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can yield gains when combining over different segmentation times. Furthermore, the results also show that a combination between a hybrid model and an end-to-end neural network model yields a greater improvement than a combination between two hybrid models.
Latent Correlation-Based Multiview Learning and Self-Supervision: A Unifying Perspective.

Multiple views of data, both naturally acquired (e.g., image and audio) and artificially produced (e.g., via adding different noise to data samples), have proven useful in enhancing representation learning. Natural views are often handled by multiview analysis tools, e.g., (deep) canonical correlation analysis [(D)CCA], while the artificial ones are frequently used in self-supervised learning (SSL) paradigms, e.g., SimCLR and Barlow Twins. Both types of approaches often involve learning neural feature extractors such that the embeddings of data exhibit high cross-view correlations. Although intuitive, the effectiveness of correlation-based neural embedding is only empirically validated. This work puts forth a theory-backed framework for unsupervised multiview learning. Our development starts with proposing a multiview model, where each view is a nonlinear mixture of shared and private components. Consequently, the learning problem boils down to shared/private component identification and disentanglement. Under this model, latent correlation maximization is shown to guarantee the extraction of the shared components across views (up to certain ambiguities). In addition, the private information in each view can be provably disentangled from the shared using proper regularization design. The method is tested on a series of tasks, e.g., downstream clustering, which all show promising performance. Our development also provides a unifying perspective for understanding various DCCA and SSL schemes.
Overview of the National and International Guidelines for Care of Breast Cancer Survivors

Medical management guidelines provide lifelines for busy clinicians trying to determine the best approach for individual patient scenarios. By identifying, collating, reviewing, and categorizing published results, guidelines save time and provide valuable service to clinicians. In order to effectively use any individual guideline, users must be aware of the assumptions and premises upon which individual recommendations are based. Furthermore, guideline users must recognize that the focus of guidelines is variable, with different topics addressed differently, or not at all, in different guidelines. This chapter provides a high-level review of national, and to a more limited extent, international guidelines relevant to breast cancer survivors.
Instructional Policy From Pre-K to Third Grade: The Challenges of Fostering Alignment and Continuity in Two School Districts:

In an effort to improve learning for young children and respond to preschool fade out, some districts are working on “PreK-3” initiatives to create better connected learning pathways for children. ...
Nondelegation Step Zero

The nondelegation doctrine, as a matter of both precedent and logic, properly distinguishes between delegations to administrative agencies and delegations to the President, imposing more vigorous scrutiny on the latter. The nondelegation doctrine vindicates the Article I Vesting Clause by preventing Congress from being divested of the legislative power. Its purpose is to reinforce Congress’s legislative supremacy in the realm of ordinary law, not to impede Congress’s ability to achieve legislative objectives by delegating regulatory authority to administrative agencies. At the same time, the nondelegation doctrine has a valuable role to play in constraining the delegation of broad powers to the President directly, a constraint that encourages delegation of regulatory authority to administrative agencies. The diffuse structure of the modern administrative state is a testament to the great success of the nondelegation doctrine, not evidence of its underenforcement. Indeed, the contemporary push to reinvent the nondelegation doctrine in an indiscriminate way would turn it into something closer to its opposite.
Carbon Estimation and Offsets for U.S. University Aviation Programs

Aviation activities produce carbon. The International Civil Aviation Organization has included a carbon calculator on its website as a way to estimate a passenger’s carbon footprint. United Airlines, Delta Airlines and British Airways are three airlines that offer customers ways to offset the carbon emissions generated by their air travel. University flight programs also generate carbon emissions. While not required in the United States at this time, forward-thinking companies and universities are looking for ways to reduce their carbon footprint by reducing or offsetting emissions created by combustion of fuels. This paper discusses aviation fuel emissions, examines the carbon footprint of a university flight program, identifies ways to offset the carbon, and explores the use of trees to offset the carbon generated by flight operations. In addition, this paper presents a methodology for estimating the carbon footprint for the fuel used in a university flight training program and for estimating the number of trees to offset aviation emissions.
Decision Problems in Algebraic Classes of Groups (A Survey)

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses decision problems in algebraic classes of groups. The chapter presents a survey concerning a world problem, a conjugacy problem, and other decision problems in certain classes of finitely presented groups. Each of the decision problems is known to be unsolvable for finitely presented groups in general. The chapter explores these decision problems in classes of finitely presented groups that in some sense are elementary. The chapter also discusses algebraic classes and algebraic constructions.
Varieties of Collective Apologies

Some of the issues central to the meanings of collective apologies invoke significant debates within contemporary philosophy, and the preceding discussions raise far more questions than they answer. Despite the many nuances of my account of individual apologies, collective apologies add layers of complexity to nearly every facet of apologetic meaning. They also tend to traffic in large-scale and high-stakes injuries, adding multiple loathsome offenders, scores of seriously injured victims, and a range of ultimate values to an already intricate analysis. To complicate matters further, we find many of these exchanges within ever-confounding corporate and political contexts. All of this may leave some readers feeling more confused than when they began. When a UN report on the Rwandan genocide stated that the “United Nations as an organization, but also its Member States, should have apologized more clearly, more frankly, and much earlier,” we might have initially viewed this as a laudable and unproblematic assertion. Yet as we noticed in the introduction with respect to demands that the Pope apologize for his Regensburg address, we need some standard against which to measure such gestures. When we demand that a collective apologize, what do we mean? Of all the issues raised regarding collective apologies, here I would like to highlight those that I consider most important. If apologies present loose constellations of interrelated meanings, these are the questions I ask first when scanning the horizons of collective apologies.
Towards the Use of Action Research to Promote Sustainability

The purpose of this article is to discuss how action research might be utilized to enhance sustainability in organizational settings. While it has been argued that active engagement by researchers in implementing organizational change risks organizational capture, action research is a methodology that may be able to withstand organizational pressures, thus allowing researchers to implement sustainability practices from within organizations. The article summarizes the history and principles of action research. In addition, The Centre for Social and Environmental Accounting Research (CSEAR) is discussed as a case study of action research which seeks to further the goals of sustainability through its efforts on a worldwide basis.
Permutations and Combinations

Imagine that you are gathering data for a major report on the government’s economic policies. An influential friend arranges for your access to the most up-to-date files in the Bureau of the Census. Because the report is due in a few days, you are hoping that these files will give you the information you need to complete your report. Unfortunately, the files contain raw data that has not been organized or cross-referenced in any way; there is no way you can extract enough coherent information in the available time. You lose your job. Moral: having a set is not enough for most purposes; we must understand its structure.
Movement of endotoxin through soil columns

Land treatment of wastewater is an attractive alternative to conventional sewage treatment systems and is gaining widespread acceptance. Although land application systems prevent surface water pollution and augment the available water supplies, the potential dangers to human health should be evaluated. Since sewage may contain high amounts of bacterial endotoxin, the removal of endotoxin from sewage by percolation through soil was investigated. It was found that 90 to 99% of the endotoxin was removed after travel of sewage through 100 to 250 cm of loamy sand soil. When distilled water was allowed to infiltrate into the soil to simulate rainfall, the endotoxin was mobilized and moved in a concentrated band through the soil column. On testing samples from actual land treatment sites, as much as 480 ng of endotoxin per milliliter was found in some groundwater samples. The presence of endotoxin in potable water is known to be a potential problem under some circumstances, but the importance of endotoxin in water supplies has not been fully assessed. Therefore, the design, operation, and management of land application systems should take into account the fate of endotoxin in groundwater beneath the sites.
Evaluating alternative instance representations

This paper addresses the problem of evaluating which, among a given set of alternative representations of a problem, is best suited for learning from examples. It is argued that the representation that leads to a simpler function of the input features is best suited for learning. An algorithm for estimating the complexity of the function from a set of examples is proposed. The algorithm was able to correctly identify the better of the two given representations for the two-or-more-clumps problem.
Differential signalling in human cannabinoid CB1 receptors and their splice variants in autaptic hippocampal neurones

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabinoids such as Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol, the major psychoactive component of marijuana and hashish, primarily act via cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors to produce characteristic behavioural effects in humans. Due to the tractability of rodent models for electrophysiological and behavioural studies, most of the studies of cannabinoid receptor action have used rodent cannabinoid receptors. While CB1 receptors are relatively well-conserved among mammals, human CB1 (hCB1) differs from rCB1 and mCB1 receptors at 13 residues, which may result in differential signalling. In addition, two hCB1 splice variants (hCB1a and hCB1b) have been reported, diverging in their amino-termini relative to hCB1 receptors. In this study, we have examined hCB1 signalling in neurones. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH hCB1, hCB1a hCB1b or rCB1 receptors were expressed in autaptic cultured hippocampal neurones from CB1−/− mice. Such cells express a complete endogenous cannabinoid signalling system. Electrophysiological techniques were used to assess CB1 receptor-mediated signalling. KEY RESULTS Expressed in autaptic hippocampal neurones cultured from CB1−/− mice, hCB1, hCB1a and hCB1b signal differentially from one another and from rodent CB1 receptors. Specifically, hCB1 receptors inhibit synaptic transmission less effectively than rCB1 receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results suggest that cannabinoid receptor signalling in humans is quantitatively very different from that in rodents. As the problems of marijuana and hashish abuse occur in humans, our results highlight the importance of studying hCB1 receptors. They also suggest further study of the distribution and function of hCB1 receptor splice variants, given their differential signalling and potential impact on human health. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer in a young adult: a case report and a review of the literature.

The peak incidence of bladder cancer (BC) is in the sixth decade of life. Muscle–invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) in young adults is extremely rare. We report a case of MIBC in a 28–year–old smoking male patient. The patient presented with hematuria and flank pain for which he underwent a computerized tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis with and without contrast. The CT scan showed a 6 cm mass on the left side of the trigone extending to the left urteric orifice and left hydronephrosis, but no lymphadenopathy was noted. The patient then underwent a left nephrostomy tube placement followed by trans–urethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). The tumor involved both ureteric orifices and extended to the prostatic urethra. Complete resection was not feasible. Pathology showed high– grade T1 urothelial carcinoma. CT scan of the chest showed no distant lung metastasis. The patient then elected to undergo radical cystectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion. Final pathology revealed T2a N0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Our aim is to present our experience and review the literature for the natural history and oncological and quality of life outcomes of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder in young patients.
Perturbed Green's functions in electromagnetic scattering

The solution of a problem involving the scattering of an incident electromagnetic field by an obstacle is easily solved when the obstacle has a boundary corresponding to a constant coordinate surface for which an analytic solution for the Green's function satisfying appropriate boundary conditions can be found. When the boundary does not satisfy this condition one generally has to solve an integral equation for the unknown boundary values of the field and/or its normal derivative at the surface. In the more restricted case when the boundary deviates by a small amount from a constant coordinate surface various perturbation solutions can be developed. We examine approximate solutions that can be constructed by perturbing the Green's function. In order to keep the discussion as simple as possible and yet illustrate the concepts involved we consider only problems that can be solved using a scalar Green's function. We start with the Green's function for the canonical problem of an obstacle with a constant coordinate surface and consider various perturbations of this Green's function and the resultant field solutions.
Susceptibility of nonprimate cell lines to hepatitis A virus infection.

Abstract Hepatitis A virus (HAV) has been adapted to grow in primate cell cultures. We investigated replication of HAV in nonprimate cells by inoculating 20 cell lines from different species with the tissue culture-adapted HM175 strain. Slot blot hybridization and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that HAV replicated in GPE, SP 1K, and IB-RS-2 D10 cells of guinea pig, dolphin, and pig origin, respectively. Studies in IB-RS-2 D10 cells were discontinued because cultures were contaminated with classical swine fever virus. A growth curve showed that HAV grew poorly in GPE cells and intermediately in SP 1K cells compared with growth in FRhK-4 cells. Therefore, the cell surface receptor(s) and other host factor(s) required for HAV replication are present in nonprimate as well as primate cells.
Simulation of Ash Deposition Behavior in an Entrained Flow Coal Gasifier

Fly ash deposition is an important phenomenon associated with ash/slag handling and discharge in the entrained-flow coal gasification process. Fouling and slagging inside the gasifier may cause reliability and safety problems because they can impose strong negative effects on the gasifier wall in the way of heat transfer and chemical corrosion. For these reasons, this study focuses on investigating the ash deposition distribution inside of a two-stage entrained-flow gasifier. The computational model is developed in order to simulate the gasification process with a focus on modeling ash formation, fly ash, and ash deposition. The Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is applied to solve the reactive thermal-flow field and particle trajectories with heterogeneous reactions. The governing equations include the Navier-Stokes equations, twelve species transport equations, and ten global chemical reactions consisting of three heterogeneous reactions and seven homogeneous reactions. The coal/ash particles are tracked with the Lagrangian method. The effects of different coal/ash injection schemes and different coal types on ash deposition have been investigated. The results show that the two-stage fuel feeding scheme could distribute the ash throughout a larger gasifier’s volume and, hence, could reduce the peak ash deposition rate and make the ash distribution more uniform inside the gasifier. Gasification of a high-ash coal results in a high ash deposition rate, low syngas higher heating value (HHV), and low carbon conversion rate. The result of ash deposition rate in this study can be used as a boundary condition to provide ash particle influx distribution for use in slagging models.
Facilitation and predation structure a grassland detrital food web: the responses of soil nematodes to isopod processing of litter

1. Detritus can support successive consumers, whose interactions may be structured by changes in the condition of their shared resource. One model of such species interactions is a processing chain, in which consumers feeding on the resource in a less processed state change the resource condition for subsequent consumers. 2. In a series of experiments, the hypothesis was tested that a common detritivore, the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber, affects soil nematodes through the processing of plant litter. Different detrital resources were added to soil from a California coastal prairie in order to simulate litter processing by the detritivore. Treatments that included only whole grass litter corresponded to detrital food webs lacking detritivores, while treatments that included mixtures of P. scaber faeces and grass litter corresponded to different densities or feeding rates of P. scaber. 3. Simulated litter processing by P. scaber increased the abundance of bacterivorous nematodes by between 32% and 202% after 24-44 days in laboratory experiments, but had no effect on fungivorous or predaceous nematodes. 4. In a subsequent field experiment, however, fungivorous nematodes were suppressed by isopod litter processing while bacterivores showed no response. Instead, P. scaber processing of litter increased the abundance of predaceous nematodes in the field experiment by 176%. 5. When simulated litter processing of litter was crossed in laboratory experiments with predaceous nematode addition (comparable to the response of predators in the field experiment), the abundance of bacterivores was increased by isopod processing of litter (by an average of 122%), but suppressed by elevated densities of predaceous nematodes (by an average of 41%). 6. This suggests that litter processing by P. scaber facilitates the bacterial channel of the soil food web, but that predaceous nematodes suppress the response of bacterivores in the field. Processing chain interactions may, therefore, be important in understanding the relative importance of bacterial and fungal channels in the soil food web, while top-down effects of predators determine the resulting changes in population abundance and biomass.
Hot-wire Anemometry for Turbulence Measurements in Helium-Air Mixtures

The use of extended hot-wire anemometry involving an interfering probe is shown to permit measurements of variable density turbulence such as arises in the mixing of helium and air. The methods of calibration and data reduction leading to time series in one or more velocity components, in the mass fraction of helium, and in the mixture density are described. Typical results in various flows to which the technique has been applied are discussed.
FRICTION IN NUCLEAR DYNAMICS

The problem of dissipation in nuclear dynamics is related to the breaking down of nuclear symmetries and the transition from ordered to chaotic nucleonic motions. In the two extreme idealizations of the perfectly Ordered Regime and the fully Chaotic Regime, the nucleus should behave as an elastic solid or an overdamped fluid, respectively. In the intermediate regime a complicated visco-elastic behaviour is expected. The discussion is illustrated by a simple estimate of the frequency of the giant quadrupole resonance in the Ordered Regime and by applications of the wall and window dissipation formulae in the Chaotic Regime.
Hospital Resource Utilization for Common Noncardiac Diagnoses in Adult Survivors of Single Cardiac Ventricle

Single ventricle congenital heart disease (SV CHD) has transformed from a nearly universally fatal condition to a chronic illness. As the number of adults living with SV CHD continues to increase, there needs to be an understanding of health care resource utilization (HCRU), particularly for noncardiac conditions, for this patient population. We performed a retrospective database review of the University HealthSystem Consortium Clinical Database/Resource Manager for adult patients with SV CHD hospitalized for noncardiac conditions from January 2011 to November 2014. Patients with SV CHD were identified using International Classification of Disease (ICD)-9 codes associated with SV CHD (hypoplastic left heart, tricuspid atresia, and SV) and stratified into 2 groups by age (18 to 29 years and 30 to 40 years). Direct cost, length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate and mortality data were compared with age-matched patients without CHD. There were 2,083,651 non-CHD and 590 SV CHD admissions in Group 1 and 2,131,046 non-CHD and 297 SV CHD admissions in Group 2. There was no difference in LOS in Group 1, but there were higher costs for several diagnoses. LOS and costs were higher for several diagnoses in Group 2. ICU admission rate and in-hospital mortality were higher for several diagnoses for patients with SV CHD in both groups. In conclusion, adults with SV CHD admitted for noncardiac diagnoses have higher HCRU (longer LOS and higher ICU admission rates) compared with similarly aged patients without CHD. These findings stress the importance of good primary care in this population with complex, chronic cardiac disease to prevent hospitalizations and higher HCRU.
STAC-A2 on Intel architecture: evolving from scalar code to heterogeneous applications

STAC-A2TM is a compute and memory intensive industry benchmark in the field of market risk analysis. The benchmark specifications were created by the Securities Technology Analysis Center STAC®, and are based on the inputs collected from the leading trading companies, universities, and high performance computing vendors. The specifications describe models that represent realistic market risk analysis workloads. In this paper, we discuss the development steps that lead to the competitive performance of the STAC-A2 benchmark executed on systems consisting of Intel® Xeon® processors and an Intel® Xeon PhiTM coprocessor. We show the importance of the utilization of all parallel resources available on Intel architectures to achieve maximum performance. We demonstrate that the offload extension supported by Intel® Composer XE minimizes the efforts required to create accelerated applications by using only C/C++ language. With Intel's latest implementation of the STAC-A2 benchmark, we were able to achieve a significant 800% performance gain by using a heterogeneous approach running on two Intel Xeon E5-2699 v3 processors and a single Intel® Xeon PhiTM 7120A card, compared with earlier version running on only two Intel Xeon E5-2697 v2 processors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ontologies for natural language processing

Rapid technological improvements of biomedical computational semantics and natural language processing (NLP) are leading to a profound transformation in the reuse of knowledge found in scientific journal articles or semistructured biomedical databases. Indeed, both contain textual entries, which can be transformed and annotated with formal language representation, description logic and ontologies (such as Gene Ontology), and can be stored in ontology-anchored databases. Recent advances in the standardization of electronic document interchange formats (e.g., XML, RDF, OWL) also contribute to the reuse of information and knowledge. While scientific biomedical literature remains the pinnacle of knowledge in terms of breadth and depth, as compared to derivative databases (e.g., Pubmed), its role is challenged by alternate receptacles of original knowledge, such as biomedical databases containing semistructured textual entries and highly computable data (e.g., Genbank). As a result of the development of digital libraries and semistructured textual databases, automated tools are increasingly researched to create data structures in declarative knowledge, a highly computable data structure using logic. Though current generation of literary knowledge trumps declarative knowledge in quantity, its noticeable value is compromised at a retrieval cost, owing to literary knowledge being buried in an overwhelming growth of scientific articles. Similarly, data entry of biomedical databases derived from scientific journals, generally accomplished via manual annotation, is a rate-limiting and costly process. In contrast, automated data structures derived from NLP portend instantaneous and comprehensive linguistic knowledge across boundless scientific articles and research communities. Increasing efforts have been invested to translate linguistic data structures generated by NLP into ontology-anchored declarative data sets to obtain otherwise unattainable large-scale or cross-disciplinary inferences. Additionally, NLP based on Harris' Sublanguage Theory challenges the very nature by which we conceive and maintain biomedical ontologies. This article focuses on the challenges brought on by the convergence of biomedical ontologies, originally developed to structure databases, and linguistic data structures produced by NLP operating on unstructured or semistructured corpora. Theories upon which the convergence of NLP, biomedical informatics, and ontologies are being conducted will first be addressed, followed by a description of the properties of ontologies that make them suitable for NLP, and a succinct analysis of their readiness for use by NLP systems. Keywords: ontologies; natural language processing; controlled terminologies; coding; indexing; computational semantics; semantic networks; computational terminologies; biomedical databases; knowledge bases
A surface treatment for non-specular reflection

A method of treating reflective surfaces to reduce reflections causing signal drop-outs or antenna side lobes is described. The surface is constructed of small cells that reflect such that the relative phase of individual reflections is randomized and does not sum constructively or destructively. Tests of return loss and oblique reflection with comparisons to flat plates and RF absorber show performance similar to that of RF absorber.
Formation of Inosine-5′-Monophosphate by a Kinase in Cell-Free Extracts of Ehrlich Ascites Cells in Vitro

SummaryCell-free extracts from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were found to convert inosine to inosine 5′-monophosphate at a rate comparable to the conversion of adenosine to adenosine 5′-monophosphate by the same extracts. This inosine kinase appeared to be distinct from adenosine kinase. Conditions necessary for optimum activity were studied. Magnesium ions were required, as was a relatively low level of ATP and an ATP-regenerating system. The pH optimum was approximately 7.4.
Metastasizing malignant juxtaovarian tumor with terminal hypercalcemia: a case report

A juxtaovarian tumor of probable mesonephric origin in an 18-year-old white woman recurred six years later with a pelvic mass and widespread peritoneal metastases. Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, and cis-platinum induced a partial response of approximately one year duration. The terminal disease course was associated with hypercalcemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. At autopsy, there were extensive abdominopelvic tumor masses with pleural deposits.
New complex transition metal carbides formed on an electron microscope heating stage

Abstract Particles shown to be complex carbides of copper. nickel, molybdenum.tungsten. gold, silver and titanium along with carbides of the elements in stainless steel, were formed on an electron microscope heating stage. These particles were observed to form on thin carbon films coating the electron microscope grids of the metals listed above. The d-spacings measured for these particles are essentially the same as those that are observed with a mixture of the complex carbides of general formula M6C and M23C6. Electron microprobe analysis was performed on the particles formed in the microscope. and the analysis confirmed the presence of the respective metals within the particles. In general, the various metal carbides were observed to form at different temperatures on different metal grids.
Recommendations from overweight youth regarding school-based weight control programs.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to obtain recommendations from overweight youth on the development of school-based weight control programs; to determine their level of interest in participation; and to learn about the outcomes they desired from such a program. Because obesity is prevalent among youth of certain minority groups and low socioeconomic backgrounds, and since few programs address the needs of these youth, the study population was selected from inner city public schools with high percentages of youth from minority groups and low socioeconomic backgrounds. Sixty-one overweight adolescents participated in semi-structured, in-depth individual interviews, which were audiotaped, transcribed, coded, and analyzed. Findings indicated that many overweight adolescents were interested in participating in school-based weight control programs, provided they are conducted in a supportive manner; offer enjoyable activities; are informative; are sensitive to the needs of overweight youth; and do not conflict with other activities. Adolescents stressed the importance of a program leader who understands the difficulties that overweight youth face, and many expressed their preference for a leader who is currently overweight or had been overweight in the past.
Effect of Nonuniform Stack Compression on Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Temperature Distributions

A three-dimensional model is used to predict the power output and internal temperature distribution of a small proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack. Of particular interest is the influence of nonuniform stack compression on thermal conditions inside the fuel cell. A dimensionless membrane isothermality is correlated with a dimensionless compressive load distribution, suggesting that similar relationships may be developed for other fuel cell geometries. Fuel cell performance, in terms of minimizing temperature variations inside the device, can be enhanced by application of nonuniform stack compression.
Dynamics of hemispheric dominance for language assessed by magnetoencephalographic imaging.

Objective: The goal of the current study was to examine the dynamics of language lateralization using magnetoencephalographic (MEG) imaging, to determine the sensitivity and specificity of MEG imaging, and to determine whether MEG imaging can become a viable alternative to the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP), the current gold standard for preoperative language lateralization in neurosurgical candidates. Methods: MEG was recorded during an auditory verb generation task and imaging analysis of oscillatory activity was initially performed in 21 subjects with epilepsy, brain tumor, or arteriovenous malformation who had undergone IAP and MEG. Time windows and brain regions of interest that best discriminated between IAP-determined left or right dominance for language were identified. Parameters derived in the retrospective analysis were applied to a prospective cohort of 14 patients and healthy controls. Results: Power decreases in the beta frequency band were consistently observed following auditory stimulation in inferior frontal, superior temporal, and parietal cortices; similar power decreases were also seen in inferior frontal cortex prior to and during overt verb generation. Language lateralization was clearly observed to be a dynamic process that is bilateral for several hundred milliseconds during periods of auditory perception and overt speech production. Correlation with the IAP was seen in 13 of 14 (93%) prospective patients, with the test demonstrating a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 92%. Interpretation: Our results demonstrate excellent correlation between MEG imaging findings and the IAP for language lateralization, and provide new insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical speech processing. ANN NEUROL 2012;
The development of electroporation.

In his article “Gene Therapy: Safer and Virus Free?” (News Focus, 23 Nov., p. [1638][1]), D. Ferber says that the method of electroporation was “developed by immunologist Richard Heller's team at the University of South Florida.,” but this is incorrect. The first use of electroporation to
Selecting for floral character associations in wild radish, Raphanus sativus L.

ESS models of reproductive allocation have been used extensively to explain patterns of floral diversity in angiosperms. These theoretical explorations assume that proportional allocation to pollen, ovules, and seeds, as well as to secondary features such as showy petals and nectar rewards, can evolve independently within the limits set by total resource availability. In populations of California wild radish, we have shown previously that petal size, a strong determinant of visitation by honey bee pollinators, is positively correlated with both pollen and nectar production, but not with ovule or seed number per flower. These phenotypic associations may reflect selection, environmental correlation, and/or genetic constraint. By exerting selection on the petal size: pollen number ratio over two generations, we eliminated the positive correlation between petal size and pollen production, with both characters showing significant change after a single selection episode. Once these two floral traits became uncoupled, nectar sugar production was significantly correlated only with petal size. Our results suggest that natural selection could readily alter reproductive allocation in these flowers, and that the phenotypic correlations observed in nature may be maintained by selection for effective reproductive phenotypes.
Inhibition of DAT function attenuates manganese accumulation in the globus pallidus

Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient, though exposure to high concentrations may result in neurotoxicity characterized by alterations in dopamine neurobiology. To date, it remains elusive how and why Mn targets dopaminergic neurons although recently the role of the dopamine transporter has been suggested. Our primary goal of this study was to examine the potential roles of the monoamine transporters, dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET), in neuronal Mn transport. Using striatal synaptosomes, we found that only inhibition of DAT significantly decreased Mn accumulation. Furthermore, weanling rats chronically exposed to Mn significantly accumulated Mn in several brain regions. However, rats receiving the specific DAT inhibitor GBR12909 (1 mg/kg bw, three times/week; 4 weeks) had significantly lower Mn levels only in the globus pallidus compared to saline-treated rats (p < 0.05). Our data show that inhibition of DAT exclusively inhibits Mn accumulation in the globus pallidus during chronic exposure.
An unusual tricuspid chondrichthyan tooth from the Lower Permian of Texas, U.S.A.

A single small, well-preserved complete tooth from the upper Petrolia Formation (early Artinskian), Wichita Group, in north-central Texas, possesses a crown composed of three nearly parallel labially-positioned principal cusps of about equal length and stature. Secondary cusps are absent. The lateral cusps are nearly straight and cylindrical, but proximally compressed; they each bear about nine mostly straight cristae on all margins, mostly restricted to the distal half. The central cusp is similar, although less compressed, and bears about seven cristae with none on the lingual side. The base is longer than wide (labial-lingual) and possesses a similarly elongated basal tubercle and apical button. The basal tubercle is slightly concave, restricted to the labial half of the aboral surface, and has a prominent labial rim which is indented. The prominent apical button covers the oral surface of the lingually extended base, lies partly between the lateral cusps, is in contact with all three cusps, and its lingual margin bears prominent centrally positioned foramina, resulting in a slightly bifurcated appearance. These characters are similar in some aspects to the Late Devonian phoebodontiforms Phoebodus politus and Jalodus. Among xenacanthiform sharks, the tooth is most similar to Bransonella from the Carboniferous and Early Permian (Asselian). The Texas Permian tooth shows no evidence of wear from transport. It probably represents a new taxon, and its morphology supports the concept that phoebodontiforms and xenacanthiforms are closely related. The shapes of the apical button and basal tubercle, and especially the three equal cusps, suggest this tooth may be allied more closely to the phoebodontiforms, but its affinity cannot presently be determined.
Evidence that H-enriched human placental ferritin is structurally similar to L-enriched ferritins of other tissues.

Abstract Ferritin was purified from normal full-term placenta, and the native structure and subunit composition were characterized. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the placental ferritin subunits suggested the presence of three subunit types. Using acid urea gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis, these subunits were tentantively identified as two H-type and one L-type. The relative proportions of the subunit types were approx. 23% H-1, 33% H-2 and 44% L. The native structure of placental ferritin as judged by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy was quite similar to that of ferritin isolated from horse spleen, a source that is composed predominantly of L subunits. These results are consistent with a ferritin tetracosameric structure whose H and L subunits fit into 24 equivalent sites interchangeably because the secondary and tertiary structures of the two subunit types are very similar.