cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Essays on Toleration in Late Eighteenth Century England

The theory of toleration, often the child of indifference or of sectarian interest, is most difficult to analyse, whatever the issues. It may derive from indifference to the "rights" of conscience, while hiding behind an interested manner. The advocate frequently tolerates religious differences and hysterically cries "Crusade" against an economic heresy; or he shows charity toward one sect and simultaneously invokes the wrath of God and the power of Parliament against another which he considers in error. Often the plea proceeds from a minority whose very existence depends on toleration, but which on becoming a majority, demands conformity from others. Moreover, some men who have evoked a positive philosophy of toleration express only an intellectual interest. Yet whatever the basissectarian interest, intellectual sympathy, indifference, or a passionate love of freedom-toleration has always aroused sympathy and devotion. The struggles for religious toleration in England show that this idea, like others, cannot be treated in vacuo. No writer on liberty of conscience, to be sure, failed to emphasize his belief in abstract toleration, yet often the ideal was conceived in self-interest, born in faction, and grew up amid indifference. The most exalted phrases, the most disinterested pleas came not from affected parties but from men emotionally anemic. Such sentiments smelled of the lamp, not of the battlefield. The cloistered author of treatises was not necessarily more idealistic than one who hewed out controversial pamphlets; his judgment indeed might be emasculated. Those who said most about toleration seldom had to practice it. More often than not, toleration was the word men gave to their indifference. The eighteenth century displayed, however, no slight in-
Response of the canine bladder base during reflex micturition.

Summary— The response of the bladder base to filling and voiding was studied in a surgical dog model in which the bladder base was separated from the main body and closed to form a chamber. In the bladder distension phase there was a reduction in pressure in the bladder base chamber, which implies relaxation of the bladder base. In the expulsion phase the reflex bladder body activity took place with an increase in bladder base pressure, indicating contraction. Relaxation and contraction were blocked by propranolol and phentolamine respectively and both responses were abolished by trimetaphan. It was concluded that the bladder base activity in the micturition cycle is a reflex action mediated via the sympathetic nervous system.
Statistical approaches to groundwater monitoring

Abstract Current and proposed regulations require that some form of Student's t -test be used for evaluation of groundwater pollution detection parameters. Several problems arising from that requirement lead to an inflated false alarm rate. Among these are the use of variability among replicates as the estimate of random sampling error, and the failure to take proper account of spatial and temporal sources of variation. In addition, conditions essential for the valid application of the t -test are usually lacking. The requirement that a separate t -test be conducted for each detection parameter, each reporting period, causes an additional severe increase in the likelihood of a false alarm. A dummy variable analysis of covariance is suggested as a desirable alternative. After statistically removing temporal variation from the data the averages of the upgradient and downgradient wells are compared. Examples of the use of this form of analysis are given.
Intron evolution as a population-genetic process.

Debate over the mechanisms responsible for the phylogenetic and genomic distribution of introns has proceeded largely without consideration of the population-genetic forces influencing the establishment and retention of novel genetic elements. However, a simple model incorporating random genetic drift and weak mutation pressure against intron-containing alleles yields predictions consistent with a diversity of observations: (i) the rarity of introns in unicellular organisms with large population sizes, and their expansion after the origin of multicellular organisms with reduced population sizes; (ii) the relationship between intron abundance and the stringency of splice-site requirements; (iii) the tendency for introns to be more numerous and longer in regions of low recombination; and (iv) the bias toward phase-0 introns. This study provides a second example of a mechanism whereby genomic complexity originates passively as a “pathological” response to small population size, and raises difficulties for the idea that ancient introns played a major role in the origin of genes by exon shuffling.
Passive magnetic screening.

It is shown that a passive magnetic shield for a 1,5-T whole-body magnet requires about 20 tons of iron. Moreover, to first order, the amount of shielding material is independent of the radius of the shield. The choice between a thick shield fitting tightly round the magnet and a thinner shield of larger radius is determined by considerations of available space and the need for the highest uniformity of field in the bore. Very high permeability materials such as mu-metal are useful only in special circumstances. Multiple shields are valuable if a high degree of shielding is required, but the spacing between the shields needs careful attention. Although exact reciprocity of internal and external shielding is not found in the general case, the degree of shielding will be of the same order in both cases. The complete behavior of cylindrical shields around superconducting magnets can be determined by analytical solution of Maxwell's equations; for less regular shapes, solutions may be determined numerically by computer. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
The use of emergency department thoracotomy for traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest

Despite the establishment of evidence-based guidelines for the resuscitation of critically injured patients who have sustained cardiopulmonary arrest, rapid decisions regarding patient salvageability in these situations remain difficult even for experienced physicians. Regardless, survival is limited after traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest. One applicable, well-described resuscitative technique is the emergency department thoracotomy-a procedure that, when applied correctly, is effective in saving small but significant numbers of critically injured patients. By understanding the indications, technical details, and predictors of survival along with the inherent risks and costs of emergency department thoracotomy, the physician is better equipped to make rapid futile versus salvageable decisions for this most severely injured subset of patients.
Nursing intervention studies require outcome measures that are sensitive to change: Part Two.

In selecting an outcome measure for a study evaluating a nursing intervention, the criterion of sensitivity to change should predominate. Researchers commonly justify their choice of outcome measures for experiments based on such psychometric criteria as high internal consistency reliability and patterns of correlations reflecting convergent and discriminant validity. Although such criteria are appropriate for measures to assess individual differences, they are insufficient when the measures will be used for intervention studies. Researchers may need to develop new measures that are tailored for experimental studies if existing measures are valid mainly for the assessment of individual differences. In this first portion of a two-part article, three of seven factors to consider in selecting an outcome measure for an intervention study are outlined and recommendations for application of principles of reliability and validity in the context of sensitivity to change are given.
A tag-free solution to unobtrusive indoor tracking using wall-mounted ultrasonic transducers

Methods for indoor tracking typically require a person to carry some type of a body worn tag. A novel tag-free solution is presented that utilizes low cost wall-mounted ultrasonic transducers. The active ultrasonic transducers capture analog echoes, which are then digitized and analyzed in order to calculate the 1-D range of the moving person. The tracking algorithm utilizes a number of signal processing techniques including band-pass filtering, Hilbert transformation, and background subtraction to remove interference from other objects in the room. The range data from multiple sensors are treated as observations in a Bayesian framework using the sigma-point Kalman smoother (SPKS) to determine a person's 2-D position and velocity. The SPKS also performs “self-calibration” or simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) to determine the location of the wall-mounted transducers. The indoor tracking accuracy of the tag-free system is better than 0.5 meters.
Cytotoxicity and keratinocyte microsome-mediated mutagenic activation of carcinogens in cultured epidermal cells.

Abstract Four model carcinogens (aflatoxin B 1 , 6-nitrochrysene, 3-amino-1-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2)) were examined for their ability to inhibit the growth of cultured human and rat epidermal cells. To find a basis for observed differences in growth inhibition, aflatoxin B 1 , Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 were tested for activation by microsomes isolated from these cells in a bacterial mutagenesis assay. Treated rat cultures exhibited sensitivity to Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 and especially aflatoxin toxicity (growth inhibition) despite their microsomes being unable to induce bacterial mutagenicity. In treated human cultures, the toxicities of Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2 and AFB 1 were stimulated by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD), consistent with their dependence on the biotransformation reactions this agent induces; however, the toxicity correlated poorly with observed bacterial mutagenicity mediated by their isolated microsomes. 6-Nitrochrysene, a known direct-acting mutagen in bacteria, was highly toxic to the rat but not to the human cells. Since toxic effects can modify carcinogenic outcomes, these findings are compatible with a complex relationship between toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity and indicate the utility of keratinocytes for clarifying this relationship.
Cognitive masking: The disruptive effect of an emotional stimulus upon the perception of contiguous neutral items*

The detection of a very briefly presented (200-msec) configuration of eight neutral stimuli was inferior when the ninth member of the stimulus array was an emotional rather than a neutral item. This outcome suggests that the symbolic meaning of portions of a stimulus may disrupt the processing of adjacent stimulus components in a single-fixation exposure of the whole stimulus
When development means political maturation: adolescents as miniature communists in post-war and pre-reform Vietnam, 1975–1986

In this study, I documented the conceptualization and representation of adolescence in Vietnam between the end of the Vietnam War and before Vietnam adopted the Western market economy. Using historical archives, especially newspapers written for and by adolescents, I argued that during this period, the Vietnamese society conceptualized life course development as a process through which an individual gains political maturity, which means the learning and practicing of communist doctrines. As such, adolescence was viewed between 1975 and 1986 as a political stage that prepares youths to become mature communists. Adolescents, therefore, were portrayed as miniature communists with norms, attitudes and behaviors shaped by communist doctrines. Adolescence was not associated with problem behavior or sexual maturation.
Effects of high‐frequency wind sampling on simulated mixed layer depth and upper ocean temperature

Effects of high-frequency wind sampling on a near-global ocean model are studied by forcing the model with a 12 hourly averaged wind product and its 24 hourly subsamples in separate experiments. The differences in mixed layer depth and sea surface temperature resulting from these experiments are examined, and the underlying physical processes are investigated. The 24 hourly subsampling not only reduces the high-frequency variability of the wind but also affects the annual mean wind because of aliasing. While the former effect largely impacts mid- to high-latitude oceans, the latter primarily affects tropical and coastal oceans. At mid- to high-latitude regions the subsampled wind results in a shallower mixed layer and higher sea surface temperature because of reduced vertical mixing associated with weaker high-frequency wind. In tropical and coastal regions, however, the change in upper ocean structure due to the wind subsampling is primarily caused by the difference in advection resulting from aliased annual mean wind, which varies with the subsampling time. The results of the study indicate a need for more frequent sampling of satellite wind measurement and have implications for data assimilation in terms of identifying the nature of model errors.
Systems engineering approach to CPU scheduling for mobile multimedia systems

In the ever-increasing digital world, mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablet computers are on the trend to become the most used electronic devices. Multimedia applications running on these devices require appropriate operating system support. These types of applications are often characterized as soft real-time applications since missing deadlines is not critical, even the quality of service decreases. One limitation of the capabilities of these devices comes from their power source: they are all battery-powered, with a restricted battery energy budget. An important part of the total power is used by the CPU of these devices, so by controlling the power consumed by the CPU, the overall power used by the mobile device will be significantly reduced. This work proposes a systems engineering modeling approach that integrates soft-real time CPU scheduling methodologies with dynamic voltage scaling approaches with the objective of achieving energy savings while providing a high-quality level of service.
Human T cells express CD25 and Foxp3 upon activation and exhibit effector/memory phenotypes without any regulatory/suppressor function

Background: Foxp3 has been suggested to be a standard marker for murine Tregs whereas its role as marker for human Tregs is controversial. While some reports have shown that human Foxp3+ T cells had no regulatory function others have shown their role in the inhibition of T cell proliferation. Methods: T cell activation was performed by means of brayostatin-1/ionomycin (B/I), mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), and CD3/CD28 activation. T cell proliferation was performed using BrdU and CFSE staining. Flow cytometry was performed to determine Foxp3 expression, cell proliferation, viabilities and phenotype analyses of T cells. Results: Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressed Foxp3 upon activation in vitro. Expression of Foxp3 remained more stable in CD4+CD25+ T cells compared to that in CD8+CD25+ T cells. The CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells expressed CD44 and CD62L, showing their effector and memory phenotypes. Both FoxP3- responder T cells and CD4+FoxP3+ T cells underwent proliferation upon CD3/CD28 activation.
Arctic Cloud Changes from Surface and Satellite Observations

Abstract Visual cloud reports from land and ocean regions of the Arctic are analyzed for total cloud cover. Trends and interannual variations in surface cloud data are compared to those obtained from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Television and Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) satellite data. Over the Arctic as a whole, trends and interannual variations show little agreement with those from satellite data. The interannual variations from AVHRR are larger in the dark seasons than in the sunlit seasons (6% in winter, 2% in summer); however, in the surface observations, the interannual variations for all seasons are only 1%–2%. A large negative trend for winter found in the AVHRR data is not seen in the surface data. At smaller geographic scales, time series of surface- and satellite-observed cloud cover show some agreement except over sea ice during winter. During the winter months, time series of satellite-observed clouds in numerous grid box...
Putting people first: specifying proper names in speech interfaces

Communication is about people, not machines. But as firms and families alike spread out geographically, we rely increasingly on telecommunications tools to keep us “connected”. The challenge of such systems is to enable conversation between individuals without computational infrastructure getting in the way. This paper compares two speech-based communication systems, Phoneshell and Chatter, in how they deal with the keys to communication: proper names. Chatter, a conversational system using speech-recognition, improves upon the hierarchical nature of the touch-tone based Phoneshell by maintaining context and enabling use of anaphora. Proper names can present particular problems for speech recognizers, so an interface algorithm for reliable name specification by spelling is offered. Since individual letter recognition is non-robust, Chatter implicitly disambiguates strings of letters based on context. We hypothesize that the right interface can make faulty speech recognition as usable as TouchTones—even more so.
Exact and approximate analysis of DQDB under heavy load

The distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) standard is studied under heavy load conditions. The DQDB protocol for asynchronous traffic is reviewed. The network model and analysis are presented when there are two active nodes. Analytic expressions are derived for the steady-state nodal throughputs and the average value of the request counters of inactive nodes. The three-station case is considered by providing an accurate approximation for the situation when the third node is in between the two initially active nodes. Simulation results are given for comparison. The effect of the position of a node was studied via simulation in the three-station case. The case when one of the active nodes becomes inactive in a network with three initially active nodes is analyzed. The state the network assumes is studied in terms of nodal throughputs after one of the nodes turns off, and the impact on the request counters of the inactive nodes are investigated. >
Transpiration of detached leaves from mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal cowpea and rose plants given varying abscisic acid, pH, calcium, and phosphorus

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) colonization can alter transpiration of host leaves, but scientists remain unclear about the mechanisms involved. We tested whether intact root systems were required to observe effects of root colonization by Glomus intraradices on leaf transpiration, or whether some VAM influence resided in leaves even after they were detached from root systems. We measured the transpiration of detached leaves of VAM and nonmycorrhizal plants exposed to different levels of several substances known to influence stomata locally or act in whole-plant regulation of transpiration: abscisic acid, calcium, phosphorus, and hydrogen ions. In rose, some VAM influence on transpiration resided in leaves, even after they had been separated from their root systems. However, removing leaves from their root systems eliminated the VAM influence on stomatal behavior of cowpeas.
Copyright for Internet Authors and Artists

This small paper attempts to answer inquiries received during the span of at least a decade. It contains little information that is unavailable at the Copyright Office website, but it focuses on the needs of a much smaller, if sizable, audience.
Minority Access to Literacy: An American Case Study:

Despite the urgency felt about the need for eradicating illiteracy, both in developing and industrialised nations, little effort has been made towards understanding the nature and constraints of access faced by the minorities throughout the world; or of the speafic challenges that they face in acquiring literacy and developing literary abilities over time. The paper discusses some of the global issues of minority access to literacy and their manifestations within the United States, focusing on four categories of interest: (1) the relationship between literacy, minority access and human rights, (2) minorities and'standard forms of literacy expression, (3) minority access as a national dilemma in the United States, and (4) changing views of literacy access and develop ment. The implications for research, practice and policy are also spelled out.
Efficient error correction algorithms for gene tree reconciliation based on duplication, duplication and loss, and deep coalescence.

Background Gene tree - species tree reconciliation problems infer the patterns and processes of gene evolution within a species tree. Gene tree parsimony approaches seek the evolutionary scenario that implies the fewest gene duplications, duplications and losses, or deep coalescence (incomplete lineage sorting) events needed to reconcile a gene tree and a species tree. While a gene tree parsimony approach can be informative about genome evolution and phylogenetics, error in gene trees can profoundly bias the results.
Molecular analysis of the rfb O antigen gene cluster of Salmonella enterica serogroup O:6,14 and development of a serogroup-specific PCR assay.

The Kauffmann-White scheme for serotyping Salmonella recognizes 46 somatic (O) antigen groups, which together with detection of the flagellar (H) antigens form the basis for serotype identification. Although serotyping has become an invaluable typing method for epidemiological investigations of Salmonella, it does have some practical limitations. We have been characterizing the genes required for O and H antigen biosynthesis with the goal of developing a DNA-based system for the determination of serotype in Salmonella. The majority of the enzymes involved in O antigen biosynthesis are encoded by the rfb gene cluster. We report the sequencing of the rfb region from S. enterica serotype Sundsvall (serogroup O:6,14). The S. enterica serotype Sundsvall rfb region is 8.4 kb in length and comprises six open reading frames. When compared with other previously characterized rfb regions, the serogroup O:6,14 sequence is most related to serogroup C1. On the basis of DNA sequence similarity, we identified two genes from the mannose biosynthetic pathway, two mannosyl transferase genes, the O unit flippase gene and, possibly, the O antigen polymerase. The whole cluster is derived from a low-G+C-content organism. Comparative sequencing of an additional serogroup O:6,14 isolate (S. enterica serotype Carrau) revealed a highly homologous sequence, suggesting that O antigen factors O:24 and O:25 (additional O factors associated with serogroup O:6,14) are encoded outside the rfb gene cluster. We developed a serogroup O:6,14-specific PCR assay based on a region of the putative wzx (O antigen flippase) gene. This provides the basis for a sensitive and specific test for the rapid identification of Salmonella serogroup O:6,14.
Model Validation of Power System Components Using Hybrid Dynamic Simulation

Hybrid dynamic simulation, with its capability of injecting external signals into dynamic simulation, opens the traditional dynamic simulation loop for interaction with actual field measurements. This simulation technique enables rigorous comparison between simulation results and actual measurements and model validation of individual power system components within a small subsystem. This paper uses a real example of generator model validation to illustrate the procedure and validity of the component model validation methodology using hybrid dynamic simulation. Initial model calibration has also been carried out to show how model validation results would be used to improve component models
Linear vs. branching time: a complexity-theoretic perspective

The discussion of the relative merits of linear versus branching time frameworks goes back to early 1980s. One of the beliefs dominating this discussion has been that "while specifying is easier in LTL (linear-temporal logic), verification is easier for CTL (branching-temporal logic)". Indeed, the restricted syntax of CTL limits its expressive power and many important behaviours (e.g., strong fairness) can not be specified in CTL. On the other hand, while model checking for CTL can be done in time that is linear in the size of the specification, it takes time that is exponential in the specification for LTL. A closer examination of the the issue reveals, however, that the computational superiority of the branching time framework is perhaps illusory. In this talk we will compare the complexity of branching-time verification vs. Linear-time verification in many scenarios, and show that linear-time verification is not harder and often is even easier than branching-time verification. This suggests that the tradeoff between branching and linear time is not a simple tradeoff between complexity and expressiveness.
Evolution and implications of a paradigm shift in the marketing of leisure services in the USA

The evolution of leisure services marketing in the USA has passed through five stages in the past half‐century: pre‐marketing (activity/custodial focus), selling, user benefits orientation, community‐wide benefits orientation and repositioning. The first two stages were supplanted by the user benefits orientation in the late 1970s. The user benefits focus transitioned into the leisure field from the business literature and remained pre‐eminent until the mid‐1990s. It was superseded because it had two conceptual flaws. First, it failed to address the notion of equity. Second, its focus on being responsive to individual users was inconsistent with the broader mandate of public leisure agencies to provide community‐wide services. The emergence of credible scientific research in the past decade to support advocates’ claims of community‐wide benefits has facilitated emergence of the most recent evolutionary stage of leisure services marketing which is repositioning. Repositioning seeks to connect community‐wid...
On investigating overlay service topologies

Recently, a moderate amount of work has been reported on the use of overlay networks to support value-added network services, such as multicasting, Quality-of-Service (QoS), security, etc. To design an overlay network, the first step is to choose an overlay topology connecting all the overlay service nodes. When considering overlay topologies, several questions need to be answered first: How overlay topologies affect overlay routing performance? Which topologies can provide satisfactory performance? How can we construct efficient overlay topologies connecting all the overlay nodes? In this paper, we focus on the overlay network topology construction issue. First, we evaluate and compare the performance and overhead of the existing overlay topologies. Second, we formalize the overlay topology construction problem and propose two new heuristic methods to construct efficient overlay topologies. Simulation results have demonstrated the efficiency of the two proposed approaches. It is shown that overlay service performance varies significantly with respect to different overlay topologies. Thus, it is important to choose an appropriate overlay network topology. The knowledge of IP-layer topology information also benefits significantly in constructing efficient overlay topologies as inferred from the results.
Characterizing essential and incidental complexity in software architectures

This paper reports results from an experimental case study that seeks to characterize essential and incidental complexity in the design of a complex software product using design structure matrices (DSMs). A DSM captures structural dependencies among the modules and can be used to identify parts of a system that lack cohesion and/ or are highly coupled. We consider such parts as excessively complex. In the case study, we capture the complexity of an Internet-based collaborative system as it was originally designed and after it was redesigned using an architecture-centric development methodology. We find significant reduction in excessive complexity of the redesigned system suggesting that excessive complexity can be an incidental byproduct of a development methodology that lacks focus on the systemic properties of a system that strongly influence its architecture.
A low-power 1-Gbps reconfigurable LDPC decoder design for multiple 4G wireless standards

In this paper we present an efficient system-on-chip implementation of a 1-Gbps LDPC decoder for 4G (or beyond 3G) wireless standards. The decoder has a scalable datapath and can be dynamically reconfigured to support multiple 4G standards. We utilize a pipelined version of the layered belief propagation algorithm to achieve partial-parallel decoding of structured LDPC codes. Instead of using the sub-optimal Min-sum algorithm, we propose to use the powerful belief propagation (BP) decoding algorithm by designing an area-efficient soft-input soft-output (SISO) decoder. Two power saving schemes are employed to reduce the power consumption up to 65%. The decoder has been synthesized, placed, and routed on a TSMC 90 nm 1.0 V 8-metal layer CMOS technology with a total area of 3.5 mm2. The maximum clock frequency is 450 MHz and the estimated peak power consumption is 410 mW.
Magnesium and Muscle Cramps in End Stage Renal Disease Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis

We evaluated the frequency and severity of muscle cramps, and the effect of dialysate magnesium on muscle cramps in 62 stable ESRD patients on chronic hemodialysis. Each subject was surveyed twice within a 6-month period. A single nephrology fellow conducted all in-person surveys. During the first survey, the patients were dialyzed with dialysate magnesium of 0.75 meq/L (0.375 mmol/L). Prior to the second survey, the dialysate magnesium was increased to 1.0 meq/L (0.50 mmol/L). The severity of cramps was scored on a 1–10 scale, with 10 indicating maximal severity. The number of patients with muscle cramps was significantly lower with dialysate magnesium of 1.0 meq/L (0.50 mmol/L) (56% versus 77%, ). No significant difference was observed in interdialytic weight gain, intradialytic ultrafiltration, dry weight, or intradialytic hypotension. The mean ± SD severity score of muscle cramps decreased from to ( ). Seven of 31 (23%) patients in the group with low dialysate magnesium while 0/20 (0%) patients receiving high magnesium dialysate terminated hemodialysis early due to cramps ( ). Both the number of patients reporting muscle cramps and the severity score decreased with higher dialysate magnesium which contributed to better adherence to hemodialysis treatments.
Characterization of a previously unidentified ordered orthorhombic metastable phase in Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr

Abstract A previously unidentified, nanometer scale ordered precipitate has been characterized in the metastable β titanium alloy Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr (Ti-5553) using conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM). The phase, termed Oʺ, is metastable, the ordering transformation occurring over an intermediate temperature range (e.g., 375 °C), and this ordered face centered orthorhombic precipitate may be observed co-existing with isothermal ω and α phases in the alloy. It is also noted that this transient phase may provide the diffracted intensities observed from another phase, identified tentatively in the literature as orthorhombic martensite, αʺ [1].
Contribution of epigenetics in diabetic retinopathy

Diabetes has become the epidemic of the 21st century, and with over 90% patients with diabetes becoming at a risk of developing retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy has emerged as a major public health concern. In spite of cutting edge research in the field, how retina and its vasculature are damaged by the diabetic milieu remains ambiguous. The environmental factors, life style or disease process can also bring in modifications in the DNA, and these epigenetic modifications either silence or activate a gene without altering the DNA sequence. Diabetic environment up- or downregulates a number of genes in the retina, and emerging research has shown that it also facilitates epigenetic modifications. In the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, the genes associated with important enzymes (e.g., mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and thioredoxin interacting protein) and transcriptional factors are epigenetically modified, the enzymes responsible for these epigenetic modifications are either activated or inhibited, and the levels of microRNAs are altered. With epigenetic modifications taking an important place in diabetic retinopathy, it is now becoming critical to evaluate these modifications, and understand their impact on this slow progressing blinding disease.
A New Threat to the Viability of Contribution Limits

In July, the Wisconsin Supreme Court held that it violates the First Amendment to prevent political candidates from coordinating with outside spending groups like super PACs if the groups’ ads do not expressly advocate the election or defeat of a candidate. The decision is erroneous under federal precedent and fundamentally misunderstands the Supreme Court’s holdings distinguishing between independent spending and spending coordinated with a candidate. Wisconsin’s regulatory scheme will be largely inoperable for the time being: Contribution limits will be fairly meaningless, at least for sophisticated actors who seek to circumvent them. And the logic of the decision leads to the conclusion that candidates have the constitutional right to set up campaign accounts that may accept unlimited contributions, so long as that money is not used for express advocacy. Because the Court’s reasoning lacked a coherent basis or a foundation in federal case law, it may not be overly optimistic to think that other state or federal courts will reject its reasoning. Yet there are indications that at least some regulators and courts may share the Wisconsin Court’s view, and there is little doubt that the issue will arise in other states. This article will review the law of coordination, as well as recent Supreme Court case law relied upon by the Wisconsin Court, to demonstrate the Court’s error. It will also address some of the effects the decision will have in Wisconsin and elsewhere if other courts similarly depart from longstanding precedent.
Is MRI helpful in assessing the distance of the tumour from the internal os in patients with cervical cancer below FIGO Stage IB2

Aim To determine the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting tumour-free margins from the internal os (IO). Materials and methods A database search yielded 79 women with early-stage cervical cancer who underwent radical hysterectomy and preoperative MRI. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of MRI in assessment of ≤5 and >5 mm IO involvement were calculated with histopathological surgical specimen findings considered to be the reference standard. A main and subset analysis was performed. The subset analysis included only those patients who would have been considered for radical trachelectomy. Results For predicting a distance between the tumour and the IO of ≤5 mm, MRI had a sensitivity of 73%, a specificity of 98.3%, a PPV of 95%, a NPV of 88.1%, and an accuracy of 89.8% for the main analysis, and sensitivity of 81.8%, a specificity of 93.2% a PPV of 69.2% a NPV of 96.5% and an accuracy of 91.4% for the subset analysis. Conclusion MRI has high specificity, NPV, and accuracy in detecting tumour from the IO, making MRI suitable for treatment planning in patients desiring trachelectomy to preserve fertility.
Response of Adult Southern Potato Wireworms to Light Traps

Adult Conoderus falli Lane were caught during each month of the year in a trap equipped with a 15-w fluorescent blacklight (BL) lamp operated continuously between 1956 and 1967 in 1 location over sod near Charleston, S. C. The largest numbers were taken between June and September and the smallest between December and March. Catches in this trap during midsummer were highest between 8 and 9 PM EST, and 94.6% of the total catch occurred before midnight. In other tests, 15-w fluorescent BL lamps were more attractive than similar green, daylight, or strontium blue lights and were therefore used as the standard lamp in subsequent studies. Downward suction fans did not increase the catches of C. falli . Differences between catches in traps with the lamps positioned at ground level and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 18 ft above ground level were not significant, but traps at these heights caught more beetles than other traps 50 or 100 ft above ground level. The largest catches were taken over sod and in and at the edges of cultivated fields; the least were taken in woodlands. Moonlight had no apparent effect on catches. In limited tests, averages of 18, 728 and 4357 adults were caught in the light traps during the season of oviposition in 1965 and 1966, respectively, but larval populations of fall brood within 100 ft of the traps were not significantly affected.
Media Richness, Team Behaviors, and Task Complexity on Team Performance

Student groups worked a maze problem in a high or low media rich environment, with distributed or shared materials, with or without training on effective communication. Training did not affect performance, but groups with shared information had greater levels of performance. The media rich environment was debilitating, contrary to expectation. A training and materials interaction suggests that teamwork behaviors can decrease group performance when the task is easy, but increase performance on a more difficult task. Best predictors of performance suggest different types of behaviors have greater impact in different settings, and giving and seeking situation awareness might suggest a group is experiencing problems with the task.
Secondary functionalization of allyl-terminated GaP(111)A surfaces via heck cross-coupling metathesis, hydrosilylation, and electrophilic addition of bromine.

The functionalization of single crystalline gallium phosphide (GaP) (111)A surfaces with allyl groups has been performed using a sequential chlorine-activation/Grignard reaction process. Increased ...
Abstract 4455: Relapsed/refractory AML responds robustly to IACS-10759, a novel OXPHOS inhibitor

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly aggressive disease that is made up of several genetically and clinically diverse hematological malignancies that are characterized by clonal expansion of malignant stem/progenitor cells with limited ability to differentiate into mature blood cells. Standard of care for AML has progressed minimally in the past 30 years for relapse/refractory AML, with survival rates of 65 years. Therefore, novel, highly effective therapeutics are needed for this population. Growing evidence suggests that in AML, metabolism is altered and that the tumor cells become highly dependent of mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for their survival. We developed IACS-10759 as a novel small molecule inhibitor of complex I that potently inhibits oxygen consumption, eliminates hypoxia, and strongly inhibits the proliferation of cells grown in galactose medium with EC50 values between 1-10 nM. When AML cell lines as well as primary AML cells from relapsed/refractory patients were treated ex vivo with IACS-10759, apoptosis was robustly induced with EC50 values also ranging between 1-10 nM. It is noteworthy, that while apoptosis was induced in primary AML cells, normal patient-derived bone marrow cells were not sensitive. In AML orthotopic xenografts, daily oral dosing with 15 mg/kg IACS-10759 extended median survival to 70 days from 18 days in control animals. Taken together, the robust response in AML cell lines, primary AML samples ex vivo, and efficacy in orthotopic xenografts, IACS-10759 has entered IND enabling studies with first-in-human studies targeted for third quarter of 2015. Citation Format: Marina Protopopova, Madhavi Bandi, Jennifer Bardenhagen, Christophor Bristow, Christopher Carroll, Edward Chang, Ningping Feng, Jason Gay, Mary Geck Do, Jennifer Greer, Marina Konopleva, Polina Matre, Zhijun Kang, Gang Liu, Florian Muller, Timothy Lofton, Timothy McAfoos, Jay Theroff, Yuting Sun, Yuanqiang Wu, Melinda Smith, Lynda Chin, Giulio Draetta, Philip Jones, Carlo Toniatti, M. Emilia Di Francesco, Joseph R. Marszalek. Relapsed/refractory AML responds robustly to IACS-10759, a novel OXPHOS inhibitor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4455. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4455
The metabolism ofTrans, trans-octadecadienoic acid. Incorporation ofTrans, trans-octadecadienoic acid into the C20 polyunsaturated acids of the rat

Trans,trans-9,12-octadecadienoic acid-1-C14 was fed to adult rats. After four hr the animals were killed and the fatty acids isolated from their organ lipids. The 20-carbon fatty acids were isolated and degraded stepwise.
Transcendence of Postmodernism

From the rise of postmodernism,this paper makes an analysis of the basic features of historic view of postmodernism.It is concluded that postmodernism transcends over modernity in deconstruction.It is different from subjectivism of western modernity,on the contrary,its value orientation is mostly pluralism and nihilism.
Health Examination Results of Food and Public Place Employees in Shijiazhuang City in 2010

[Objective]To fully investigate the health examination and prevalence of infectious diseases among food and public place employees of Shijiazhuang City,and provide evidence for better prevention and control of infectious diseases.[Methods]The employees of Shijiazhuang City received related diseases examination in 2010,and then the results were descriptively analyzed.[Results]A total of 117 288 employees were examined in 2010,232 were detected with occupational contraindication,the qualification rate of physical examination for employees was 99.80%.A total of 197 cases with 5 infectious diseases(virus hepatitis,typhoid,dysentery,tuberculosis and dermatoses) were detected,the detection rate was 0.05%,0.08%,0%,0.03%,0.01% respectively.Among which,typhoid has the highest detection rate and constituent ratio,and the lowest one was dysentery.35 cases were detected with syphilis from public places employees,the detection rate was 0.09%.[Conclusion]The preventive health examination plays a certain role of prevention.It is an important link to perform health examination for controlling and reducing the prevalence of infectious diseases.
Rapamycin: An InhibiTOR of Aging Emerges From the Soil of Easter Island

Rapamycin (sirolimus) is a macrolide immunosuppressant that inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein kinase and extends lifespan in model organisms including mice. Although rapamycin is an FDA-approved drug for select indications, a diverse set of negative side effects may preclude its wide-scale deployment as an antiaging therapy. mTOR forms two different protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2; the former is acutely sensitive to rapamycin whereas the latter is only chronically sensitive to rapamycin in vivo. Over the past decade, it has become clear that although genetic and pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 extends lifespan and delays aging, inhibition of mTORC2 has negative effects on mammalian health and longevity and is responsible for many of the negative side effects of rapamycin. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular and physiological effects of rapamycin treatment, and we discuss how the use of alternative rapamycin treatment regimens or rapamycin analogs has the potential to mitigate the deleterious side effects of rapamycin treatment by more specifically targeting mTORC1. Although the side effects of rapamycin are still of significant concern, rapid progress is being made in realizing the revolutionary potential of rapamycin-based therapies for the treatment of diseases of aging.
Reduction of Fertility in Female Baboons Immunized with Lactate Dehydrogenase C4

Immunization of female rabbits and mice with the sperm-specific isozyme of lactate dehydrogenase, LDH-C 4 , significantly reduced their fertility. Similar studies have been extended to nonhuman primates. Two female baboons, immunized with human LDH-C 4 , produced low antibody titers. These titers were markedly enhanced by booster injections of murine LDH-C 4 . An additional seven female baboons responded with relatively high antibody titers after receiving murine LDH-C 4 as both priming and booster dosages. All nine females received injections of murine LDH-C 4 at varying times determined by serum titer levels during fertility studies. These antisera reacted with human, mouse, and baboon LDH-C 4. In a series of breeding experiments, 22 of 30 matings, or 73%, were infertile as compared with 28% in control matings. This contraceptive effect of the vaccine containing LDH-C 4 was related to antibody titer and was reversible. Normal pregnancies ensued in animals in which the titer declined after termination of booster injections of vaccine.
Prosthesis fabrication using electrical discharge machining

Fixed-removable implant prostheses provide solutions for some of the problems associated with implant dentistry, especially in the maxilla. The technique for using electrical discharge machining to create a precise passive fit between the substructure bar and the removable suprastructure is presented. The advantages, disadvantages, and complications associated with this type of prosthesis are discussed.
Crimp length decreases in lax tendons due to cytoskeletal tension, but is restored with tensional homeostasis.

Collagen crimp morphology is thought to contribute to the material behavior of tendons and may reflect the local mechanobiological environment of tendon cells. Following loss of collagen tension in tendons, tenocytes initiate a contraction response that shortens tendon length which, in turn, may alter crimp patterns. We hypothesized that changes in the crimp pattern of tendons are the result of cell-based contractions which are governed by relative tautness/laxity of the collagen matrix. To determine the relationship between crimp pattern and tensional homeostasis, rat tail tendon fascicles (RTTfs) were either allowed to freely contract or placed in clamps with 10% laxity for 7 days. The freely contracting RTTfs showed a significant decrease in percent crimp length on both day 5 (3.66%) and day 7 (7.70%). This decrease in crimp length significantly correlated with the decrease in freely contracting RTTf length. Clamped RTTfs demonstrated a significant decrease in percent crimp length on day 5 (1.7%), but no significant difference in percent crimp length on day 7 (0.57%). The results demonstrate that the tendon crimp pattern appears to be under cellular control and is a reflection of the local mechanobiological environment of the extracellular matrix. The ability of tenocytes to actively alter the crimp pattern of collagen fibers also suggests that tenocytes can influence the viscoelastic properties of tendon. Understanding the interactions between tenocytes and their extracellular matrix may lead to further insight into the role tendon cells play in maintaining tendon heath and homeostasis. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:573-579, 2017.