cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binary inspiral, gravitational radiation, and cosmology.

Observations of binary inspiral in a single interferometric gravitational wave detector can be cataloged according to signal-to-noise ratio $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and chirp mass $\mathcal{M}$. The distribution of events in a catalog composed of observations with $\ensuremath{\rho}$ greater than a threshold ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$ depends on the Hubble expansion, deceleration parameter, and cosmological constant, as well as the distribution of component masses in binary systems and evolutionary effects. In this paper I find general expressions, valid in any homogeneous and isotropic cosmological model, for the distribution with $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\mathcal{M}$ of cataloged events; I also evaluate these distributions explicitly for relevant matter-dominated Friedmann-Robertson-Walker models and simple models of the neutron star mass distribution. In matter-dominated Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmological models advanced LIGO detectors will observe binary neutron star inspiral events with $\ensuremath{\rho}g8$ from distances not exceeding approximately 2 Gpc, corresponding to redshifts of 0.48 (0.26) for $h=0.8(0.5)$, at an estimated rate of 1 per week. As the binary system mass increases so does the distance it can be seen, up to a limit: in a matter-dominated Einstein-de Sitter cosmological model with $h=0.8(0.5)$ that limit is approximately $z=2.7(1.7)$ for binaries consisting of two $10{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ black holes. Cosmological tests based on catalogs of the kind discussed here depend on the distribution of cataloged events with $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and $\mathcal{M}$. The distributions found here will play a pivotal role in testing cosmological models against our own universe and in constructing templates for the detection of cosmological inspiraling binary neutron stars and black holes.
The binding of C14 labelled bacterial polysaccharide to serum proteins.

Die Bindung zwischen C14-markiertem Polysaccharid ausK. pneumoniae und Plasmaproteinen von Mensch, Meerschweinchen, Ratte, Maus und Hase wurde papierelektrophoretisch untersucht. Inin vitro-Versuchen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Bindung zwischen Albumin und C14-markiertem Polysaccharid bei der Ratte am ausgepragtesten, beim Meerschweinchen am geringsten ist.In vivo-Versuche ergaben jedoch eine erhebliche Bindung zwischen Albumin und Polysaccharid in beiden Gattungen.
Prevalence and patterns of violence experienced by adolescent mothers in the early postpartum period

Background Prior studies have demonstrated that pregnant adolescents may experience violence perpetrated by both parents and partners. Despite the recent emphasis on screening pregnant women for physical assault, violence during the postpartum period has been largely ignored, especially among youth. Investigations of domestic violence during this period are important because episodes of violence tend to increase around stressful life events, such as the birth of a baby. This study examined the prevalence and patterns of violence experienced by adolescents during the early postpartum period. Methods As part of an ongoing longitudinal investigation, we surveyed 459 gravids Results The prevalence of both verbal abuse (48% vs. 40%) and physical assault by a partner (21% vs. 12%) increased during the early postpartum period. In fact, 23% of the sample reported that verbal abuse and 16% reported that partner physical violence occurred in the post- but not ante-partum periods. However, violence perpetrated by family memben (7% vs. 17%) fears of being hurt by other teenagers (13% vs. 23%), and having seen someone attacked with a weapon (10% vs. 28%) were reported less frequently after delivery. Rates of family or partner violence did not significantly differ among groups of African-American, while and Hispanic adolescents at either time period, although Hispanics reported consistently lower rates for each type of violence assessed. Conclusions A substantial number of young mothers experience violence for the rust time in the early postpartum period. Moreover, adolescents who experienced violence in the 12 months before delivery continue to be at risk of partner violence 3 months later. It is therefore especially important for health care providers ω be sensitive to ongoing abuse in young mothers.
Cerebrovascular muscle cultures. I. Isolation, growth and morphological characterization

This study describes the development and establishment of pure cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells derived from dissociated cells of microvessels obtained from brains of rats. The cultured and propagated vascular smooth muscle cells display histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of smooth muscle cells consistent with those reported in cultures of peripheral vessels. Thus, the cerebrovascular smooth muscle cultures provide a new model system for the investigation of their function, particularly in relation to the regulation of cerebral blood flow and blood pressure.
Disposition and Excretion of 14C-AHTN (7-Acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-Hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene) and 14C-HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-Hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-Hexamethyl-Cyclopenta-Gamma-2-Benzopyran) After Intravenous Administration to Sprague-Dawley Rats and Domestic Pigs

7-Acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN ) and 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-gamma-2-benzopyran (HHCB) are polycyclic musks widely used as fragrance ingredients in consumer products. Because their metabolic fate following systemic exposure is not fully characterized, disposition and excretion of 14C-AHTN- and 14C-HHCB-derived radioactivity were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats and domestic pigs following a single intravenous dose. Rats administered with AHTN or HHCB excreted 21% or 28% of the radioactivity in urine and 67% or 61% in feces, respectively, within 7 days. In pigs administered AHTN or HHCB, 86% or 74% of the dose was excreted in the urine, and 12% or 15% in feces, respectively, during the 14-day collection period. Radioactivity in the whole blood and plasma of both species and tissues of rats declined steadily until the end of the study (28 days) for both the materials. Radioactivity in rat adipose tissue reached peak at 2 hours after dosing, d...
Maximum entropy ensembles for time series inference in economics

Abstract This paper uses three examples of potential interest to Asian economists to support a new tool for statistical inference with time series data. In traditional theory, an ensemble Ω represents the ‘population’ behind the observed time series. Vinod [Vinod, H. D., 2004. Ranking mutual funds using unconventional utility theory and stochastic dominance, Journal of Empirical Finance, 11(3) 2004, 353–377] proposed new maximum entropy (ME) bootstrap to construct J (=999, say) elements of Ω for inference using a seven-step algorithm designed to satisfy the ergodic theorem. The algorithm's practical appeal to applied econometricians is that it avoids all structural change and unit root type testing involving complicated asymptotics and all shape-destroying transformations like de-trending or differencing to achieve stationarity. This paper simplifies and speeds up the algorithm, extends it to panel data, discusses underlying assumptions and formal properties including proving that it satisfies Doob's theorem. We show that the constructed ensemble elements retain the basic shape and dependence structure of autocorrelation function (acf) and partial autocorrelation function (pacf) of the original time series.
Case definition: postartemisinin delayed hemolysis.

In this issue of Blood , Jaureguiberry et al appear to have proven that the hypothesis of early destruction of pitted erythrocytes is correct and propose a method for screening patients for this syndrome. 1 Early destruction of pitted erythrocytes has been the leading hypothesis for postartesunate delayed hemolysis since it was first recognized a few years ago.
A Search for Collimated Jets in Cataclysmic Variables

We present a spectroscopic search for jet features in the cataclysmic variables (CVs) RW Sex, UX UMa, and RW Tri, and in the symbiotic system MWC 560. No unambiguous identification of jets are made in the CVs, which has interesting implications for the source of collimated outflows. In the symbiotic system MWC 560, which has previously had the presence of a collimated jet postulated, we have identified tentative jet features corresponding to a jet speed of about 3000 km s–1. If confirmed, this would be the second symbiotic system with a positive identification of a jet. An updated ephemeris for RW Sex is also presented.
Rehabilitation in German Prisons

Abstract Since 1976, with the passage of the Federal Prison Act, rehabilitation has been a major philosophical principle in German penal law and correctional practice. The purpose of this article is to describe three prominent features that promote rehabilitation in German prisons: unique environmental conditions, extensive work and training programs, and frequent use of community reintegration programs. The findings for this article were derived from three sources of information: informal interviews with German prison officials and university criminologists, a review of extant literature on German corrections, and most important, from visits to four maximum security correctional institutions in western Germany during the period of September 1993 through June 1994.
Surfaces versus features in visual search.

OFTEN implicit in the interpretation of visual search tasks is the assumption that the detection of targets is determined by the feature-coding properties of low-level visual processing1,2. But higher level processes have also been implicated as visual search ability is enhanced in a depth plane3 or when two-dimensional shapes are interpreted as three-dimensional forms4,5. Here we manipulate binocular disparity to degrade visual search, so that otherwise identical features become parts of surfaces through perceptual completion, rendering them less clearly distinguishable as targets and abstractors. Our results indicate that visual search has little or no access to the processing level of feature extraction but must have as an input a higher level process of surface representation.
PHOTOLABILE ‘CAGED’ FATTY ACIDS CONTAINING A 1-(2′-NITROPHENYL)-1,2-ETHANEDIOL MOIETY

Abstract 1-(2′-Nitrophenyl)ethanediol [1] was used to esterify the carboxylic acid function of fatty acids to prepare photosensitive fatty acid precursors for biological studies. The synthesis, photochemistry, and biological properties of several model cis -unsaturated fatty acids including arachidonic acid are described. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Co-Opting Justice: Transformation of a Multiracial Environmental Coalition in Southern Alabama

Between 1996 and 1998, plans to construct one of the nation's largest phenol plants near Mobile, Alabama, generated intense local opposition. Mobile Bay Watch, a movement originating among upper-middle-class whites, sought support from a nearby African American community to stop plant construction. In the process, it changed its focus from property values to the public health concerns of low-income residents. Yet, its strategies to encourage minority participation found mixed success. This paper examines how grassroots activists respond to regulatory policies that delegitimate their concerns and to new opportunities arising from federal environmental law, in the process transforming the strategies and claims of their movement.
A reliable study for extensions of the Bratu problem with boundary conditions

In this paper, we present a reliable study on extensions of the Bratu problem with boundary conditions. The work rests mainly on Adomian decomposition method and Pade approximants. The study shows a variety of approximations, one for each extension. The work highlights the effect of the extensions on the structure of the approximate solutions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On key factors influencing ductile fractures of dual phase (DP) steels

In this paper, we examine the key factors influencing ductile failure of various grades of dual phase (DP) steels using the microstructure-based modeling approach. Various microstructure-based finite element models are generated based on the actual microstructures of DP steels with different martensite volume fractions. These models are, then, used to investigate the influence of ductility of the constituent ferrite phase and also the influence of voids introduced in the ferrite phase on the overall ductility of DP steels. It is found that with volume fraction of martensite in the microstructure less than 15%, the overall ductility of the DP steels strongly depends on the ductility of the ferrite matrix, hence pre-existing micro-voids in the microstructure significantly reduce the overall ductility of the steel. When the volume fraction of martensite is above 15%, the pre-existing voids in the ferrite matrix does not significantly reduce the overall ductility of the DP steels, and the overall ductility is more influenced by the mechanical property disparity between the two phases. The applicability of the phase inhomogeneity driven ductile failure of DP steels is then discussed based on the obtained computational results for various grades of DP steels, and the experimentally obtained scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures of the corresponding grades of DP steels near fracture surface are used as evidence for result validations.
Characterizing a “New” Disease: Epizootic and Epidemic Anthrax, 1769–1780

In 1876, Robert Koch established anthrax as the first disease linked to a microbial agent. But Koch’s efforts had followed more than 150 years of scientific progress in characterizing anthrax as a specific human and veterinary disease. Focusing on France and the period between 1769 and 1780, this brief review examines noteworthy early events in the characterization of anthrax. It suggests that some “new” diseases like anthrax might be “discovered” not only by luck, brilliance, or new technologies, but by clinical/epidemiological “puzzle-fitting,” which can assemble a cohesive picture of a seemingly specific disease entity. If such processes have operated over 2 or more centuries, studying them may yield clues about desirable interactions between epidemiology/public health and experimental science in the characterization of new diseases.
Noise in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

The pediatric intensive care unit is an environment filled with dedicated caregivers, state-of-the-art monitors, and machines that collectively work to provide the best care possible for critically ill children. A previously unappreciated result of having these resources mingled together is the elevated level of environmental noise. Although the levels of noise do not reach OSHA levels (>85 dB for 8 continuous hours) that cause noise-induced hearing loss, the patients are exposed to continuous moderate noise levels that may cause hearing impairment if mixed with other ototoxic agents. In addition, these noise exposures may result in abnormalities in the stress response as well as in sleep patterns. This article reviews the physiology of hearing, the consequences of noise pollution as it relates to pediatric patients, and preventive measures used to reduce noise pollution in a pediatric intensive care setting. Considerations for further research efforts are also discussed.
“Travel Tales”: an interpretive analysis of constraints and negotiations to pleasure travel as experienced by persons with physical disabilities

Abstract Travel personnel and tourism site managers are often ill prepared to assist travelers with disabilities. The purpose of this study was to expand the understanding of constraints to pleasure travel experienced and negotiation strategies employed by persons with physical disabilities. Comparative pattern analysis was used to systematically analyze narratives written by travelers with disabilities, resulting in the emergence of six intrapersonal, six interpersonal, and eight structural themes. Further examination suggested an interactive, rather than hierarchical, relationship between the themes. Including persons with disabilities at every stage of the travel provision process can help ensure improved services for all travelers.
Volume and enthalpy profiles of CO binding to Fe(II) tetrakis-(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin.

Abstract The focus of this study is to examine volume and enthalpy profiles of ligand binding associated with CO-Fe(II) tetrakis-(4-sulfonato phenyl)-porphyrin (COFe(II)4SP) in aqueous solution. Temperature dependent photothermal beam deflection was employed to probe the overall enthalpy and volume changes associated with CO-photolysis and recombination. The analysis demonstrates that ligand recombination occurs with a pseudo first order rate constant of (2.5±0.2)×104 s−1 (at 25°C) with a corresponding volume decrease of 6±1 ml/mol. The activation enthalpy (ΔH‡) and volume (ΔV‡) change for CO recombination (determined from temperature/pressure dependent transient absorption spectroscopy) are found to be 3.9 kcal/mol and 8.2 ml/mol, respectively. These data are consistent with a mechanism in which photolysis yields a five-coordinate high spin (H2O)Fe(II)4SP complex that recombines in a single step to form the low spin (CO)(H2O)Fe(II)4SP complex. Base elimination, often associated with CO photolysis from hemes, is not observed in this system. The overall volume changes suggest a transition state with significant high spin character. Furthermore, these results demonstrate the utility of coupling photothermal techniques with variable pressure/temperature transient absorption spectroscopy to probe heme reaction dynamics.
Recent advances. HIV infection--I.

Impressive advances in the understanding of the virology and immunology of HIV infection have led to new treatments, new methods to monitor treatment, and new optimism regarding the treatment of early HIV infection. Although controversial, the possibility of curing HIV infection in selected patients by using existing technology was discussed at the 1996 international AIDS conference in Vancouver, Canada. However, the substantial expense, toxicity, and inconvenience of the new treatments make many clinicians and patients more cautious than are the investigators regarding the potential effectiveness of these new approaches. Further, 90% of the 22 million people with HIV infection worldwide live in societies without the financial resources to pay the current price for these treatments, and others in developed nations may lack access due to a lack of, or limitations on, health insurance. In industrialised nations, we can work with our patients to take advantage of the lessons learnt in the past year. At the eleventh international AIDS conference in Vancouver, Canada, several investigators presented theory or data regarding the possibility of eradicating HIV infection by the aggressive use of combination antiretroviral treatment. David Ho discussed the steady state model of HIV infection derived from studies of viral replication and turnover in treated patients. Susceptible CD4 lymphocytes become infected with HIV and most develop productive infection, leading one and a half days later to a release of a large number of new virions and the death of the host cell (fig 1). These virions are cleared from plasma with a half life of about six hours and initiate a new round of infection in susceptible CD4 cells, predominantly within lymphoid tissue. Ho and colleagues estimate that 99% of the virus found in the plasma is derived from this cycle.1 Using this model, Perelson et al have estimated that 10 …
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung

Primary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung is rare; only 26 case reports have been identified in the literature. The present report presents a case of a 67-year-old white man with a T1 N1 M0 lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung. He presented with severe arthritic complaints that resolved after resection of the tumor. The majority of these tumors have occurred in Asian patients who have shown evidence of previous exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus.
Impact of aging on gene expression in a rat model of ischemic cutaneous wound healing.

Abstract Background Tissue ischemia and aging are independent features associated with the healing impairment of cutaneous wounds. However, the pathophysiology of these processes as they relate to impaired-healing wounds is poorly understood. Materials and methods A single full-thickness biopsy wound was made on both ears of young (3–6 month) and aged (>24 month) Fisher rats. One ear was rendered ischemic by transection of the vasculature at the ear base, while the other ear served as an internal nonischemic control. Wounds were harvested from 3 to 7 days and were evaluated histologically for either granulation tissue formation and epithelialization. Total RNA from wounds harvested at postoperative day 7 was probed using a nylon-based cDNA array to assess global genetic expression alterations. Results Healing in the rat ear model is impaired by both ischemia and advanced age as measured by granulation tissue formation and wound epithelialization. Granulation tissue formation was affected to a greater degree by ischemia than age (−58% versus −21%, respectively) while epithelialization displayed an opposite response (−17% versus −53%, respectively). Global analysis of gene expression suggests that ischemia engenders a marked increase in genes displaying altered expression in aged animals compared to young animals. Importantly, all possible alterations in gene expression are found in samples from aged ischemic wounds, indicating that gene regulation is not simply depressed by advanced age. Conclusions Wound epithelialization appears to be affected to a greater degree by advanced age than by ischemia. The results demonstrate the distinctive phenotype presented by the clinically relevant combination of age and ischemia in an in vivo model of cutaneous wound healing.
Specific Interaction of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Tat Proteins with a Cellular Protein Kinase

The human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) Tat proteins are related transcriptional activators whose effects are likely to be mediated by a cellular factor. Using an in vitro kinase assay, we have shown that the Tat protein of HIV-2 and the activation domain of the Tat protein of HIV-1 specifically bind to a cellular protein kinase. Mutations in Tat that abolish transactivation activity in vivo abrogate the ability of the mutants to bind to the kinase in vitro. This is the first demonstration of a cellular factor that binds to Tat that is specific for a functional activation domain of Tat and that displays a biochemical activity. Additionally, we show that the Tat protein of HIV-2 serves as a substrate of the kinase in vitro. Consistent with the in vitro results, the Tat protein of HIV-2 interacts with a cellular kinase in HIV-2 Tat-transfected cells and is phosphorylated in vivo. These results suggest that a cellular serine/threonine kinase may act as a mediator of Tat function.
The spindle-assembly checkpoint: aiming for a perfect mitosis, every time

Checkpoints reduce the frequency of errors in cell division by delaying the progress of the cell cycle until certain processes are complete. The spindle-assembly checkpoint prevents the onset of anaphase until a bipolar spindle is present and all chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Evidence from yeast and mammalian cells suggests that kinetochores are at least one source of the signal that stops the cell cycle. Recent studies in budding yeast have begun to define the signal-transduction pathway involved in the spindle-assembly checkpoint, but details of the endpoint of the pathway, where these signals interact with the cell-cycle machinery, remain to be characterized.
Duality and the bootstrap

Abstract By extending the concept of duality we obtain non-linear conditions in the coupling constant. In the dual model framework a sum rule for the coupling constant is obtained, which resembles the conditions derived in the multiperipheral bootstrap.
Quantitative evaluation of improvement in muscle weakness in a patient receiving extracorporeal photopheresis for scleroderma: magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

1. Griffiths CEM, Voorhees JJ. Immunological mechanisms involved in psoriasis. Semin Immunopaihol 1992; 13:44154. Voorhees JJ. Leukotrienes and other lipoxygenase products in the pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis and other dermatoses. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:541-7. Baker BS, Friy L. The immunology of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:1-9. Stichlerling M, Bomscheuer E, Schroder JM, et al. Localization of neutrophil-activating peptide-l/interleukin-8 immunoxeactivity in normal and psoriatic skin. J Invest Dermatol 1991;96:26-30. Gillitzer R, Berger R, Mielke V, et al. Upper keratinocytes of psoriatic skin lesions express high levels of NAP-l/IL-8 mRNA in situ. J Invest Dermatol 1991;97:73-9. 6.
The boundary layer contribution to intertropical convergence zones in the quasi-equilibrium tropical circulation model framework

Theories for the position and intensity of precipitation over tropical oceans on climate time scales have a perplexing disagreement between those that focus on the momentum budget of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and those that focus on thermodynamic factors. In the case of narrow intertropical convergence zones (ITCZs), there is some evidence for both classes of theories, and there are large open questions on the interpretation of the moist static energy (MSE) and momentum budgets of these regions. We develop a model in which both types of mechanisms can operate and the interaction between them can be analyzed. The model includes a mixed-layer ABL, coupled to a free troposphere whose vertical structure follows the quasi-equilibrium tropical circulation model (QTCM) of Neelin and Zeng. The case analyzed here is axisymmetric, using a fixed sea surface temperature (SST) lower boundary condition with an idealized off-equatorial SST maximum. We examine a regime with small values of the gross moist stability associated with tropospheric motions, which is realistic but poses theoretical challenges. In both rotating (equatorial β-plane) and nonrotating cases, the model ITCZ width and intensity are substantially controlled by the horizontal diffusion of moisture, which is hypothesized to be standing in for nonaxisymmetric transients. The inclusion of the ABL increases the amplitude and sharpness of the ITCZ, contributing to the importance of diffusion. Analytical solutions under simplifying assumptions show that the ABL contribution is not singular in the nondiffusive limit; it just features an ITCZ more intense than observed. A negative gross moist stability contribution associated with the flow component driven by ABL momentum dynamics plays a large role in this. Because of the ABL contribution, the flow imports, rather than exports, MSE in the ITCZ, but we show that this can be understood rather simply. The ABL contribution can be approximately viewed as a forcing to the tropospheric thermodynamics. The ABL forcing term is in addition to thermodynamic forcing by net flux terms in the MSE budget, which otherwise is much as in the standard QTCM. The ABL momentum budget suggests that divergent flow in the ABL is controlled to a significant extent by the pressure gradient imprinted on the ABL by the SST gradient—termed the Lindzen–Nigam contribution—although we also find that the thermodynamics mediating this is nontrivial, especially in the rotating case. Nonetheless, when this component of the pressure gradient is artificially removed, the peak ITCZ precipitation is reduced by a fraction on the order of 15 to 25%, less than might have been expected based on the diagnosis of the ABL momentum budget.
Implementational aspects of the contourlet filter bank and application in image coding

This paper analyzed the implementational aspects of the contourlet filter bank (or the pyramidal directional filter bank (PDFB)), and considered its application in image coding. First, details of the binary tree-structured directional filter bank (DFB) are presented, including a modification to minimize the phase delay factor and necessary steps for handling rectangular images. The PDFB is viewed as an overcomplete filter bank, and the directional filters are expressed in terms of polyphase components of the pyramidal filter bank and the conventional DFB. The aliasing effect of the conventional DFB and the Laplacian pyramid to the directional filters is then considered, and the conditions for reducing this effect are presented. The new filters obtained by redesigning the PDFBs satisfying these requirements have much better frequency responses. A hybrid multiscale filter bank consisting of the PDFB at higher scales and the traditional maximally decimated wavelet filter bank at lower scales is constructed to provide a sparse image representation. A novel embedded image coding system based on the image decomposition and a morphological dilation algorithm is then presented. The coding algorithm efficiently clusters the significant coefficients using progressive morphological operations. Context models for arithmetic coding are designed to exploit the intraband dependency and the correlation existing among the neighboring directional subbands. Experimental results show that the proposed coding algorithm outperforms the current state-of-the-art wavelet-based coders, such as JPEG2000, for images with directional features.
Population model-based optimization

Model-based optimization methods are a class of stochastic search methods that iteratively find candidate solutions by generating samples from a parameterized probabilistic model on the solution space. In order to better capture the multi-modality of the objective functions than the traditional model-based methods which use only a single model, we propose a framework of using a population of models at every iteration with an adaptive mechanism to propagate the population over iterations. The adaptive mechanism is derived from estimating the optimal parameter of the probabilistic model in a Bayesian manner, and thus provides a proper way to determine the diversity in the population of the models. We provide theoretical justification on the convergence of this framework by showing that the posterior distribution of the parameter asymptotically converges to a degenerate distribution concentrating on the optimal parameter. Under this framework, we develop two practical algorithms by incorporating sequential Monte Carlo methods, and carry out numerical experiments to illustrate their performance.
Determinants of Alcohol Abuse in a Psychiatric Population: A Two-Dimensionl Model

A method for multidimensional scaling of group differences in categorical data patterns was used to investigate configural relationships among alcohol use and abuse groups. The analysis resulted in a model from which two primary etiologic concepts, plus a moderator, were derived. Exposure is the concept that summarizes demographic factors related to level of alcohol use. However, problem drinking differs from frequent drinking along a dimension in the demographic domain that is independent of the exposure dimension. Duration of frequent alcohol use is a concept that relates to age, duration, and chronicity variables. The relationship between resources and responsibilities appears to be a moderator in the dimension separating frequent and problem drinking. Low income and family responsibilities interact to make frequent alcohol use more likely to be perceived as a problem.
2-(Methylamino)-5-chlorobenzophenone Imine: A Novel Product Formed in Base-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Diazepam

Diazepam (1), a hypnotic and anxiolytic drug in worldwide use, formed an intermediate product in a mixture of ethanol and sodium hydroxide ([NaOH] ≥ 1 M). The intermediate product slowly decomposed to form 2-(methylamino)-5-chlorobenzophenone imine (2) and 2-(methyl-amino)-5-chlorobenzophenone (3). The amount of 2 formed, relative to that of 3, increased with increasing NaOH concentration. Compound 2, a heretofore unknown derivative of 1, was characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet–visible absorption, mass, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses.
Application of signature-tagged mutagenesis to the study of virulence of Erwinia amylovora.

To identify genes that contribute to the virulence of Erwinia amylovora in plants, 1892 mutants were created and screened in pools of ≤96 mutants using signature-tagged mutagenesis. Nineteen mutants were not recovered from apple shoots following inoculation, which suggested that the insertions in these mutants affected genes important for bacterial survival in planta. DNA flanking the Tn5 insertions in the 19 mutants was sequenced and analysed by blast. One mutant had a Tn5 insertion in amsE, a gene involved in the biosynthesis of exopolysaccaride (EPS). Fourteen mutants had insertions in loci that were implicated in biosynthesis or transport of particular amino acids or nucleotides, a site-specific recombinase active during cell division and several putative proteins of unknown function; the flanking DNA of the remaining four mutants lacked significant homology with any DNA in the database. When inoculated individually to hosts, 10 of the 19 mutants caused significantly less disease and multiplied less, as compared with the wild-type strain.
Soil Loss as Affected by Different Combinations of Surface Litter and Rock

The effects of various surface cover types, their combinations, and bare ground on soil loss from a clay loam topsoil were studied on small plots in the laboratory using a rotating boom rainfall simulator. A total of 105 plots with various types and amounts of surface cover were exposed to simulated rainfall at 100 mm/h for 30 min. Cover treatments included herbaceous litter opf sedges (Carex spp.) and blue-grass (Poa spp.), shrub litter of willows (Salix spp.), small rocks, and mixtures of these cover types at several levels of cover (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) and bare ground (control) (...)
Optimum control of nonlinear discrete-data systems

This paper introduces a technique for the synthesis of nonlinear discrete-data control systems to fulfill an optimal performance criterion. The synthesis procedure is developed by use of the state-transition method. Digital compensation is designed for the nonlinear system to have deadbeat performance. The technique presented permits the use of a digital computer to carry out the design of optimum control.
Adaptive distributed indexing for structured peer-to-peer networks

Structured peer-to-peer networks support keyword search by building a distributed index over the collective content shared by all peers. Building the index and processing queries involve data transfer among peers, thus it is important to keep both of these activities bandwidth-efficient. However, this goal is difficult to attain, as smaller, less precise indices reduce index building and access costs but increase query processing cost, which potentially increases overall cost. We study the trade-off between indexing cost and query processing cost in a structured peer-to-peer network and propose a cost-reducing, adaptive, distributed indexing technique based on the term distributions in local shared contents and user query logs. Using this information, we reduce costs by tuning the precision of the index. The approach we take is to group local documents and to index the groups instead of either individual documents or entire peer collections. We control total cost by controlling the number and contents of groups. We propose a probabilistic model to estimate the cost of grouping, which allows us to identify the optimal number of groups to be created. In addition, we propose a cost-based distance function to guide the document grouping process. Experimental results show that our adaptive indexing technique reduces cost by up to 47% compared with peer-level grouping and by up to 73% compared with document-level grouping.
Implementing a Market Orientation in Small Manufacturing Firms: From Cognitive Model to Action

Using in-depth interviews of the CEO/Presidents of 21 small manufacturing firms, this research explored how leaders with a high market-oriented cognitive model have intentionally pursued the implementation of that model and how their activities differed from leaders with a low market-oriented cognitive model. Results indicated that leaders in high market-oriented organizations appeared to be working from cognitive models that reflected market-oriented values, and norms consistent with those suggested by Homburg and Pflesser. Additionally, results indicated strong consistencies across firms in the mechanisms used by leaders to implement their high market-oriented cognitive models and different but equally strong consistencies in the mechanisms used by leaders to implement their low market-oriented cognitive models. Structurally, high market-oriented leaders expressed less departmentalization than low market-oriented firms, used some form of internal customer/supplier networks, had very open communication systems, and established performance management systems designed to initiate and reward market-oriented behaviors among employees.
Feedback Between Real Estate and Urban Economics

This paper considers the implications of increasing land supply constraints in the United States on urban demand. First, because shifts in demand are now capitalized more into the price of land, house prices in some metropolitan areas have grown increasingly unaffordable to typical households. This might have an effect on the fundamental character of such cities. Second, the effect of home owners’ financial interests as landowners on their decisions about what regulations or investments in their communities to support may become stronger. Third, researchers may now be able to better use land prices to make inferences about urban demand. However, interpreting real estate prices still is tricky.
Firms' knowledge-sharing strategies in the global innovation system: empirical evidence from the flat panel display industry

This paper explores the relationship between firms' strategies to share knowledge with their innovation system and innovative performance. The empirical analysis showed that many firms designed strategies to share technological knowledge with competitors, and those firms that shared knowledge with their innovation system earned higher innovative performance than firms that did not share knowledge. In addition, firms that interacted with their global innovation system earned higher innovative performance than firms that interacted with only their national innovation system. These results should help managers and researchers understand how to devise technology strategies in globally integrated industries. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrons are transported through phenylene-ethynylene oligomer monolayers via localized molecular orbitals.

We report excellent correlations between the first negative threshold potentials (VTHs) for electric conduction, electrochemical potentials, and computed lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies in a series of phenylene−ethynylene oligomers bearing a sulfur-based anchoring unit and different electroactive substituents on the central benzene ring. The theoretical and electrochemical results strongly suggest that the peaks observed in the i−V curves have a true molecular origin and are associated with distinct unoccupied molecular levels of the compounds that are strongly localized on the central ring (except for compound I). This localization might account for the existence of a long-lived radical−anion state that permits lateral electron hopping and leads to charge trapping and storage.
Predicting islet yield in pediatric patients undergoing pancreatectomy and autoislet transplantation for chronic pancreatitis.

Bellin MD, Blondet JJ, Beilman GJ, Dunn TyB, Balamurugan AN, Thomas W, Sutherland DER, Moran A. Predicting islet yield in pediatric patients undergoing pancreatectomy and autoislet transplantation for chronic pancreatitis. Background/Objective: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) in children is associated with significant morbidity and can lead to narcotic dependence. Total pancreatectomy (TP) may be indicated in refractory CP to relieve pain; simultaneous islet autotransplant (IAT) may prevent postsurgical diabetes. About half of pediatric patients are insulin independent 1 yr after IAT. Insulin independence correlates best with the number of islets available for transplantation (islet yield). Currently there is no known method to predict islet yield in a given patient. We assessed the ability of preoperative metabolic tests to predict islet yields in 10 children undergoing TP/IAT. Design/Methods: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and mixed meal tolerance tests (MMTT) were obtained prior to surgery in 10 patients age ≤ 18 yr. Fasting glucose, C-peptide, and creatinine were used to calculate the C-peptide to glucose* creatinine ratio (CPGCR). C-peptide peak and area under the curve (AUC) were determined from 2 h MMTT. Linear regressions were performed to predict islet yield from baseline test results. Results: Islet yield ranged from 7000 to 434 000 islet equivalents (IE) (mean 222 452 ± 148 697 IE). Islet yield was well predicted from body weight and fasting plasma glucose (R 2 = 57%, adjusted for overfitting by bootstrap). Islet yield was positively associated with CPGCR, peak C-peptide, and AUC C-peptide and negatively associated with HbA1c. Conclusions: Pilot data from 10 pediatric patients suggest that simple preoperative measurement of fasting plasma glucose may give a useful prediction of islet yield. Islet yield correlates with HbA1c and C-peptide levels. This information allows individual candidates to weigh the specific risk of becoming diabetic against the benefit of pain relief should they undergo TP-IAT.
Transdermal nitroglycerin therapy may not prevent early postmenopausal bone loss.

Context: Osteoporosis is common among postmenopausal women; animal studies and human pilot studies support the concept of nitric oxide (NO) donors reducing bone mineral density loss. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate whether NO donor, nitroglycerin, prevents postmenopausal bone loss. Design: This was a 3-yr randomized, double blinded, single-center, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Setting: The single-center study was conducted at the University of Medicine and Dentistry-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (New Brunswick, NJ). Participants: Participants included 186 postmenopausal women aged 40–65 yr, with lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) T-scores of 0 to −2.5. Intervention: Women, stratified by lumbar T-score ( 5 yr), were randomized to receive nitroglycerin ointment (22.5 mg as Nitro-Bid) or placebo ointment received daily for 3 yr. Both groups took 630 mg daily calcium plus 400 IU vitamin D supplements. Measurements: BMD was mea...
Interview as intervention: The case of young adult multidrug users in the club scene

article i nfo This paper reports on changes in substance use and substance dependence symptoms—without intervention—among young adult multidrug users in the club scene, ages 18-29, (N=444) who participated in a natural history study. Computer-assisted personal interviews at baseline and 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-ups included well-tested measures of substance use and dependence. Changes in substance dependence symptoms and drug use frequencies were calculated using Cohen's d statistic. Mean age was 22; 40% were female; 58% were Hispanic, 17% White, and 21% Black. At 18-month follow-up assessment, participants reported significantly fewer days of cocaine (d=−.85 at 18months), ecstasy (d=−.93), benzodiazepine (d=−.82), and prescription opioid (d=−.81) use, as well as reduced substance dependence symptoms (d=−.42). These results, together with data from focus groups with completers, suggest that comprehensive health and social risk assessments may have quite strong intervention effects among young adult multidrug users.
TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE MUTANTS FOR THE REPLICATION OF PLASMIDS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI II. PROPERTIES OF HOST AND PLASMID MUTATIONS

Host mutations in Escherichia coli K12 selected for the temperature-sensitive replication of the bacterial plasmid colicinogenic factor E1 ( ColE1 ) exhibit a pleiotropic effect with respect to the effect of the mutation on other extrachromosomal elements. The mutations also vary with respect to the time of incubation of the cells at 43°C required for complete cessation of COlE1 , DNA synthesis. While the synthesis of the bacterial chromosome appears unaffected, supercoiled ColE1 DNA replication stops immediately in some mutants and gradually decreases during several generations of cell growth before stopping in others. Mutations isolated in the ColE1 plasmid resulted in only a gradual cessation of ColE1 DNA synthesis over several generations of cell growth at 43°C. Conjugal transfer of the ColE1 and COlV factors occurs normally in the host mutants when the transfer is carried out at the permissive temperature; however, the presence of a group I mutation in the donor cell prohibited conjugal transfer of either plasmid DNA at 43°C to a normal recipient cell. Similarly, the presence of this mutation in the recipient prevented the establishment of COlE1 or COlV in the mutant recipient cell upon conjugation with a normal donor at 43°C . Various host COlE1 , replication mutants carrying either ColE1 or ColE2 were also defective in the mitomycin Cinduced production of colicin E1 or colicin E2 at 43°C. The majority of the host mutations examined exhibited a temperature sensitivity to growth in deoxycholate in addition to the inhibition of plasmid DNA replication, suggesting a membrane alteration in these mutants when grown at the restrictive temperature.
Resisting power and influence: a case study in virtue ethics.

This is a case study based on the author's experi - ence while serving as an ethics committee (IRB) chair in New York City. It addresses the issues of power and coercion as they apply to the human research participants protection process. It primarily focuses on the power imbalance that can exist between research participants and their IRB advocates on the one hand and the research institutions, funding agen - cies, and investigators with their unlimited resources on the other. IRB Chairs and IRB leaders must be fire-walled from conflicts of interest arising not just from financial factors but from factors related to power, hierarchy, structure, and con - trol. Senior staff, IRB members, administrators and ethicists best advocate for human volunteers in research through per -
The Generality of the Underlying Dimensions of the ODDI Continuing Learning Inventory

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the three empirically derived factors of the Oddi Continuing Learning Inventory (OCLI) remain hardy across study samples. Data analysis involved generating pairs of factor scores for one data set by using the factor-score coefficients of two other data sets and then correlating the pairs of factor scores. High positive correlations (r ≥ .93) indicated the three derived factors in the rotated factor structure matrix matched those reported by Oddi (1984). The results suggest the underlying dimensions of the OCLI do not break up under different study conditions.
CT Use in Hospitalized Pediatric Trauma Patients: 15-year Trends in a Level I Pediatric and Adult Trauma Center

A slightly increasing trend was found in CT use from 1996 to 2004–2005, and a relatively unchanged or slightly declining trend was seen for CT of different body regions since 2005.