cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of morphine-induced cAMP overshoot: a cell-based assay model in a high-throughput format

Opiates are not only potent analgesics but also drugs of abuse mainly because they produce euphoria. Chronic use of opiates results in the development of tolerance and dependence. Dr Marshall Nirenberg’s group at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) was the first to use a cellular model system of Neuroblastoma × Glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) to study morphine addiction. They showed that opiates affect adenylyl cyclase (AC) by two opposing mechanisms mediated by the opiate receptor. Although the cellular mechanisms that cause addiction are not yet completely understood, the most observed correlative biochemical adaptation is the upregulation of AC. This model also provides the opportunity to look for compounds which could dissociate the acute effect of opiates from the delayed response, upregulation of AC, and thus lead to the discovery of non-addictive drugs. To identify small molecule compounds that can inhibit morphine-induced cAMP overshoot, we have validated and optimized a cell-based assay in a high throughput format that measures cellular cAMP production after morphine withdrawal. The assay performed well in the 1536-well plate format. The LOPAC library of 1,280 compounds was screened in this assay on a quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) platform. A group of compounds that can inhibit morphine-induced cAMP overshoot were identified. The most potent compounds are eight naloxone-related compounds, including levallorphan tartrate, naloxonazine dihydrochloride, naloxone hydrochloride, naltrexone hydrochloride, and naltriben methanesulfonate. The qHTS approach we used in this study will be useful in identifying novel inhibitors of morphine induced addiction from a larger scale screening.
Low-dose fluconazole prophylaxis in kidney transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus

Background The use of prophylactic antifungal therapy is suggested after kidney transplantation. However, efficacy of low-dose (50 mg) oral fluconazole and its effect on tacrolimus trough levels in patients maintained on tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid, with or without corticosteroids, is unknown. Methods A retrospective analysis to evaluate efficacy was performed in 305 kidney transplant recipients. An additional analysis to evaluate the fluconazole–tacrolimus drug interaction was performed in 103 patients. Complete tacrolimus area under the curve measurements were also performed in seven patients to further evaluate this drug interaction. Results The incidence of fungal infections was very low (0.6%, n = 2). The average tacrolimus trough level at the time of discontinuation and one wk after stopping fluconazole was unchanged (11.69 ± 3.18 and 11.15 ± 3.69 ng/mL, p = 0.145, n = 103). Tacrolimus trough levels on and off of fluconazole in a subgroup of patients continued on corticosteroids, was not significantly different (p = 0.952) but was significantly lower after fluconazole discontinuation if corticosteroids were withdrawn (p = 0.037). However, data from complete tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in the corticosteroid withdrawal group demonstrated no clinically significant differences. Conclusion Low-dose, once daily oral fluconazole is effective antifungal prophylaxis after kidney transplantation without significant effects on tacrolimus trough levels or overall exposure.
The coadsorption of metals and molecular icosahedra on Cu(100)

Abstract We have studied the coadsorption of two quite different metals with thin films of the molecular icosahedron orthocarborane (C 2 B 10 H 12 ). The monovalent metal Na forms a bulk metal-icosahedral complex, while the divalent metal Hg does not intermix with the orthocarborane and instead forms islands at the orthocarborane-copper interface. This behavior is reminiscent of metal doping of fullerides.
Controlling for anthropogenically induced atmospheric variation in stable carbon isotope studies

Increased use of stable isotope analysis to examine food-web dynamics, migration, transfer of nutrients, and behavior will likely result in expansion of stable isotope studies investigating human-induced global changes. Recent elevation of atmospheric CO2 concentration, related primarily to fossil fuel combustion, has reduced atmospheric CO2 delta13C (13C/12C), and this change in isotopic baseline has, in turn, reduced plant and animal tissue delta13C of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Such depletion in CO2 delta13C and its effects on tissue delta13C may introduce bias into delta13C investigations, and if this variation is not controlled, may confound interpretation of results obtained from tissue samples collected over a temporal span. To control for this source of variation, we used a high-precision record of atmospheric CO2 delta13C from ice cores and direct atmospheric measurements to model modern change in CO2 delta13C. From this model, we estimated a correction factor that controls for atmospheric change; this correction reduces bias associated with changes in atmospheric isotopic baseline and facilitates comparison of tissue delta13C collected over multiple years. To exemplify the importance of accounting for atmospheric CO2 delta13C depletion, we applied the correction to a dataset of collagen delta13C obtained from mountain lion (Puma concolor) bone samples collected in California between 1893 and 1995. Before correction, in three of four ecoregions collagen delta13C decreased significantly concurrent with depletion of atmospheric CO2 delta13C (n > or = 32, P < or = 0.01). Application of the correction to collagen delta13C data removed trends from regions demonstrating significant declines, and measurement error associated with the correction did not add substantial variation to adjusted estimates. Controlling for long-term atmospheric variation and correcting tissue samples for changes in isotopic baseline facilitate analysis of samples that span a large temporal range.
A Fast Approximate Analytical Solution to Luikov’s Equations With Variable Thermophysical Properties

Abstract A study has been carried out to investigate the rehydration of foods during storage, employing the coupled partial differential equations proposed by Luikov. Variations of mass and thermal diffusivities with temperature and moisture content have been included in the model. The Method of Weighted Residuals has been applied to develop approximate analytical expressions from the resulting set of partial differential equations to predict moisture and temperature profiles. The influence of dimensionless variables on the moisture transfer has been examined.
Effect of microtubule-disrupting drugs on protein and RNA synthesis in Physarum polycephalum amoebae

The effects of the microtubule-disrupting drugs, colchicine, vinblastine, podophyllotoxin, griseofulvin, and lumicolchicine (10-5 M), on protein and RNA synthesis were studied in Physarum polycephalum amoebae in culture. All, except lumicolchicine, were found to simultaneously reduce the rate of protein synthesis and stimulate RNA synthesis. These results parallel the effects seen in cells exposed to heat shock. Treatment of the cells with a microfilament-disrupting drug, cytochalasin B (10 μg/ml in ethanol), resulted in a reduced rate of protein synthesis after 2 h compared to a similar effect by vinblastine in 5–15 min. A morphological abnormality, microtubule paracystals, were seen associated with centrioles in vinblastine-treated cells in which protein synthesis had been reduced by 50%. Vinblastine and podophyllotoxin were shown to interfere with the recovery of protein synthesis after inhibition by low or elevated temperatures. The possible role of microtubules in regulating the translational response of a cell to an external environmental stimulus is discussed.
Stimulation of specific Aeromonas antibody secretion in rat intestine by gamma-aminobutyric acid.

This study was undertaken to assess a possible role for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the regulation of intestinal secretion of IgA and IgG antibodies. Rats were immunized with culture supernatant of Aeromonas hydrophila isolate SSU. This culture supernatant contains a number of toxins that may be considered virulence factors. After 24 days of immunization, rats were anesthetized and a 10-cm intestinal segment was intubated and ligated at both ends in situ. The intestinal loop was perfused with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The effluents were collected for measurement of IgA and IgG by the ELISA. When compared with the effect of intravenous administration of normal saline in the control group, intravenous injection of GABA (30 mg/kg) resulted in a significant increase of IgA and IgG secretion in the experimental group. These stimulatory effects of GABA on secretion of IgA and IgG were abolished by bicuculline, a GABA-receptor antagonist, and by atropine, indicating that the GABA-stimulated secretion of IgA and IgG was mediated via the GABA receptors and cholinergic muscarinic receptors. These results suggest that GABA may participate in the nervous regulation of intestinal secretion of IgA and IgG antibodies in the rat.
Heat-transfer coefficient of condensing vapours

The original method employed by Wilson to eliminate the use of thermocouples embedded in the tube wall in evaluating the heat-transfer coefficient of the condensing vapours is not fundamentally sound. A modified method on a more rigorous basis is presented. It has been demonstrated theoretically that the heat-transfer coefficient of a condensing vapour is a function of rate of heat only. The proposed method consists in varying the rate of flow of cooling water inside the condensing tube and the over-all temperature difference to obtain the heat-transfer coefficients at a constant rate of heat-transfer. The over-all temperature drop is varied by changing the pressure in the vapour space. The film coefficient is then calculated from the intercept of a plot of δ T/q against 1/(1 + 0.011t) V0.8. The heat-transfer coefficients of trichloroethylene, bromobenzene, nitromethane and n-hexyl alcohol have been experimentally determined by the proposed method. The theory of the method was confirmed by plotting h0 against q; the slope was equal to-1/3. The heat-transfer coefficients predicted from Nusselt's equation agreed with those determined experimentally for trichloroethylene and bromobenzene, but not with those for nitromethane and n-hexyl alcohol.
Socioeconomic Status- and Gender-Based Differences in Students' Perceptions of E-Learning Systems.

Many universities are pushing for an increase in on-line course offerings to offset the rising cost of providing high quality educational opportunities and to better serve their student populations. However, enrollments in online courses are not always sufficient to offset their own costs. One possible way of improving enrollments is through marketing campaigns targeted to specific demographic groups. In this study, we extend prior research on online learning by investigating how students’ perceptions of e-learning systems, prior to their enrollment in an online course, vary across socio-economic status and gender. Findings suggest that working-class students perceive e-learning systems more positively than their middle-class peers, but that little difference exists between genders. Armed with this knowledge, universities may improve online course enrollments by marketing online courses specifically to working-class students or through campaigns aimed at improving middle-class students’ perceptions of e-learning systems.
The Coradical Filtration for Quantized Enveloping Algebras

We determine the coradical filtration on a quantized enveloping algebra t/9(g) = U defined over Q(q). As applications, we determine the biideals of U and describe the group of Hopf algebra automorphisms of U.
Critical Limb Ischemia: Current Approach and Future Directions

Patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) represent the highest risk patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), with high rates of death, amputation, and other cardiovascular events. Previously, nonsurgical options for patients with CLI were limited. However, advances in endovascular techniques such as angiosome-based revascularization and technologies such as drug-eluting balloon and stent platforms have dramatically improved the therapeutic outlook. Additionally, advances in stem cell-based therapy and angiogenic factors show promise as adjuvant medical therapy.
Cautionary Note on Reporting Eta-Squared Values from Multifactor ANOVA Designs

The authors provide a cautionary note on reporting accurate eta-squared values from multifactor analysis of variance (ANOVA) designs. They reinforce the distinction between classical and partial eta-squared as measures of strength of association. They provide examples from articles published in premier psychology journals in which the authors erroneously reported partial eta-squared values as representing classical etasquared values. Finally, they discuss broader impacts of inaccurately reported etasquared values for theory development, meta-analytic reviews, and intervention programs.
Idea Garden: Situated Support for Problem Solving by End-User Programmers

Although there have been many advances in end-user programming environments, recent empirical studies report that programming still remains difficult for end users. We hypothesize that one reason may be lack of effective support for helping end-user programmers problem-solve their own way around barriers they encounter. Therefore, in this paper, we describe the Idea Garden, a concept designed to help end-user programmers generate new ideas and problem-solve when they run into barriers. The Idea Garden has its roots in Minimalist Learning Theory and problem-solving theories. Our proof-of-concept prototype of the Idea Garden concept in the CoScripter end-user programming environment currently targets three barriers reported in end-user programming literature. It does so using an integrated, just-in-time combination of scaffolding for problem-solving strategies, for design patterns, and for programming concepts. Our empirical results showed that this approach helped enduser programmers overcome all three types of barriers our prototype targeted.
Protostellar formation in rotating interstellar clouds. IV: Nonisothermal collapse

Radiative transfer in the Eddington approximation is included in a multidimensional, self-gravitational, hydrodynamical computer code. Details of the numerical solution and thermodynamic relations are given. Comparison calculations with previous spherically symmetrical models of protostellar collapse are used to validate the basic approach and the artifices which allow the explicit hydrodynamics code to follow the accretion of gas onto a quasi-equilibrium core. A series of axisymmetric models is used to investigate the importance of rotation in collapsing clouds, as the initial amount of angular momentum is lowered, with an emphasis on the possible formation of rings. Rings readily form even in the nonisothermal regime except for very low initial angular momenta; even these clouds may experience ring formation prior to reaching stellar densities. The models imply that other effects (such as gravitational torques or turbulent viscosity) may be necesary to avoid binary formation and thus result in a presolar nebula consistent with the assumptions of either Safronov or Cameron.
Optical Phase Conjugation In (Hg,Cd)Te

Abstract Optical phase conjugation by degenerate and spin-resonant four-wave mixing in Hg1_xCdxTe has been studied. Three mechanisms have been identified: conduction band nonparabolicity, electron spin resonance, and photoexcited plasma. Values of the third order nonlinear susceptibility x for x-values of 0.216 - 0.232 range from 10~8 - 10~7 esu (conduction band nonparabolicity) through ^10~4 esu (electron spin resonance) to ^3 x 10~^ esu (photo- excited plasma). These measurements are of use in evaluating the potential of Hg^_xCdxTe for correction of wavefront distortions by optical phase conjugation.*IntroductionHgi_xCdxTe is an alloy semiconductor which has found widespread use in infrared detec- tors(D. By adjusting the ratio of Hg to Cd during crystal growth, the composition can be adjusted between that of CdTe (x = 1) and HgTe (x = 0). The composition of greatest inter­ est for infrared detectors is x = 0.20, for which the energy gap is 0.1 eV at 77K. For 0.15 <. x <. 0.27 the conduction band is nonparabolic, and the electron effective mass me at the bottom of the band is small, e.g., me = 0.001 meo at x = 0.20, where meo is the free electron mass.The same properties give rise to large third order nonlinear susceptibilities for small gap (i.e. 0.15 <. x 0.27) Hg^_xCdxTe. Following earlier investigations of the spin-flip Raman laser^2) and resonant four-wave mixing^3), we have recently been studying optical phase conjugation in Hg^_ xCd Te by both degenerate four-wave mixing and spin-resonant four- wave mixing, in the forward and reflective modes. Phase conjugation by three mechanisms has been studied, namely, conduction band nonparabolicy'4)9 photoexcited plasma^ ', and electron spin resonance^). These experiments are discussed below.Optical phase conjugation is potentially useful for correcting wavefront distortion in optics for high power lasers. The measurements described here are useful in evaluating the potential of Hg^_xCdxTe in this application.
A note on the efficiency ranking of two second-best policy instruments for pollution control

A relatively simple economic model compares two pollution control policies on the basis of regional costs for attainment. The comparison seeks to rank policies which impose uniform charges for emissions and those which impose requirements of a percentage reduction of pollutants. The results indicate that there are too many unique regional variations to make a valid ranking. The model region consists of two pollution sources and a single monitoring point. 13 references.
Hydroperiod, predators and the distribution of physid snails across the freshwater habitat gradient

Summary 1. Studies of species distributions across environmental gradients further our understanding of mechanisms regulating species diversity at the landscape scale. For some freshwater taxa the habitat gradient from small, shallow and temporary ponds to large, deep and permanent lakes has been shown to be an important environmental axis. Freshwater snails are key players in freshwater ecosystems, but there are no comprehensive studies of their distributions across the entire freshwater habitat gradient. Here we test the hypothesis that snail species in the family Physidae are distributed in a non-random manner across the habitat gradient. We sampled the snails, their predators and the abiotic environment of 61 ponds and lakes, spanning a wide range in depth and hydroperiod. 2. Temporary habitats had the lowest biomass of predators. Shallow permanent ponds had the highest biomass of invertebrate predators but an intermediate fish biomass. Deep ponds and lakes had the highest fish biomass and intermediate invertebrate biomass. Five species of physids occurred in the regional species pool and 60 of the 61 ponds and lakes surveyed contained physid snails. Each pond and lake contained an average of just 1.2 physid species, illustrating limited membership in local communities and substantial among-site heterogeneity in species composition. 3. Physids showed strong sorting along the habitat gradient, with Physa vernalis found in the shortest hydroperiod ponds and Aplexa elongata, P. gyrina, P. acuta and P. ancillaria found in habitats of successively greater permanence. When organised into a site-by-species incidence matrix with sites ordered according to their hydroperiods, we found the pattern of incidence to be highly coherent, showing that much of the heterogeneity in species composition from one pond to another is explained by hydroperiod. We also found that the number of species replacements along this gradient was higher than random, showing that replacement is more important than nesting in describing species composition in ponds of different hydroperiod. 4. Discriminant analysis showed that pond depth, invertebrate biomass and fish biomass were the best predictors of species composition. Analysis of these niche dimensions showed that P. vernalis and A. elongata were most successful in shallow, temporary ponds with few predators. P. gyrina and P. acuta were typically found in ponds of intermediate depth and high predator abundance. P. ancillaria was found in the deepest lakes, which had abundant fish predators but few invertebrate predators. Of the five species considered, P. ancillaria, P. vernalis and A. elongata were relatively specialised with regard to key habitat characteristics, P. gyrina was moderately generalised and P. acuta was remarkably generalised, since it alone occurred across the entire freshwater habitat gradient. The exceptional habitat breadth of P. acuta stands in contrast to distributional studies of other freshwater taxa and deserves further attention.
The Relationship between Types of Human–Animal Interaction and Attitudes about Animals: An Exploratory Study

ABSTRACTExisting theory and research suggests that understanding the nuances of particular instantiations of human–animal relationships is important in promoting positive, mutually beneficial relationships between people and animals. One such aspect of human–animal interaction (HAI) involves species of animal involved in the relationship, and how various types of HAI may impact individuals' attitudes about animals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore if species and/or types of animal ownership were associated with feelings of emotional attachment, commitment, and moral orientation toward animals. A sample of young adults (n = 567) from the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development completed a survey which included questions about animal ownership and attitudes about animals. Regression analyses demonstrated that the species of animal(s) a person owned significantly predicted all three dimensions of attitudes about animals. In addition, latent class analyses identified three prevalent types o...
Local Input Linkages: A Comparison of Foreign-owned and Domestic Manufacturers in Georgia and South Carolina

BARKLEY D. L. and MCNAMARA K. T. (1994) Local input linkages: a comparison of foreign-owned and domestic manufacturers in Georgia and South Carolina, Reg. Studies 28, 725–737. Input purchasing patterns of foreign-owned and domestic manufacturers were compared to determine if local economic impacts varied by country of ownership. Input purchasing data were obtained from a 1990 survey of South Carolina and Georgia manufacturers. Tobit estimation results indicate nonmetro foreign-owned firms had significantly higher propensities to purchase inputs in-county than domestic branch plants located in nonmetro counties. No significant differences existed between the input purchase propensities of metro domestic and foreign-owned manufacturers. However, foreign-owned firms were disproportionately represented in industries with relatively weak indirect and induced effects on the local economies. Relatively strong overall impacts may not be associated with the relatively large initial input purchases of foreign-owned...
Cyanogen bromid fragments of human serum transferrin.

Abstract Human serum transferrin was fragmented by a combination of methods involving cyanogen bromide, acylation, and reduction-alkylation. Six fragments were isolated in a homogeneous form, and their molecular weights were 26 000; 16 000; 15 000; 9000; 6000; and 4000 (the N-terminal fragment of transferrin), thus accounting for the molecular weight of transferrin (76 000). The carbohydrate present in native transferrin was found in two fragments, that with a molecular weight of 26 000 and that with a molecular weight of 16 000. All amino acids present in native transferrin were accounted for, within experimental error, in the fragments isolated.
Sublingual immunotherapy in pediatric allergic rhinitis and asthma: Efficacy, safety, and practical considerations

Specific allergen immunotherapy (SIT) is the only disease-modifying treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma. Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is the only method with a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved formulation, but safety concerns limit administration to medical facilities. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), under investigation in the United States, appears to have a more favorable safety profile, which may expand its use to populations generally not treated with SIT (eg, young children). This paper reviews SLIT studies that were specifically limited to the pediatric population. Most demonstrated evidence of clinical efficacy, but approximately 29% failed to demonstrate efficacy in symptom and medication scores in the first treatment year. Efficacy was seen in a broad range of allergen doses, but optimal dose range has not been established. SLIT appeared to be well tolerated in children as young as 2 years, but serious adverse reactions, including anaphylaxis, were reported. SLIT is a promising immunotherapy that may expand the population receiving SIT because of the convenience of home administration due to its favorable safety profile. However, questions remain unanswered, including optimal therapeutic dose.
Sociology in the Academy : A Study in Contradictions?

In this essay, the authors present data collected in mixed-method and multi-phased projects that reveal some troubling contradictions within the discipline of Sociology. From a range of respondents, students through college presidents, several themes emerge that may not bode well for Sociology if left unchecked. Most important are the conflicting demands to provide large General Education classes while maintaining a robust, rigorous curriculum for Sociology majors; to meet university standards for scholarly production while allowing for work that is not within the traditional definitions of research; and to increase interdisciplinary collaboration without diluting the discipline.
Creating smarter schools through collaboration

Principles of cognitive psychology are considered, not primarily as they inform classroom practice, but as they inform school organization and administrative practice in schools. Theories of knowledge as distributed, social, situated, and based on prior beliefs and knowledge are applied to organizational learning within schools. Collaborative problem solving is explored as a means that schools might employ to become smarter. The study is situated within a Midwestern high school that is striving to improve itself. This school employs collaborative strategies to learn and adapt to changed expectations and circumstances. In the school examined, this collaboration is orchestrated through the creation of discourse communities among teachers and cognitive apprenticeships among teachers and administrators.
Forest management policies and elk summer carrying capacity in theAbies amabilis forest, western Washington

Effects of different forest management policies on long-term vegetation development are incorporated into a computer simulation of a western Washington watershed. The response of a Rocky Mountain elk(Cervus canadensis nelsoni) population to these vegetation changes is simulated using information on their differential use of vegetation types. Simulations include: 1) a cessation of timber harvesting leading to an immediate decline in elk members resulting from a reduction in summer habitats; 2) a stable elk population, similar to the present one, resulting from a constant timber harvesting rate, and 3) initial increases in herd size, followed within 50 years by a sharp decrease, resulting from cutting all old growth timber within the next decade and then a cessation of timber harvestings.
Business Manuscripts at Baker Library, 1969–1979

Last December the Manuscripts Department of Baker Library issued a new edition of its collections guide entitled, Manuscripts in Baker Library, A Guide to Sources for Business, Economic and Social History.' Although this is the fourth edition of its List of Business Manuscripts, the changed title reflects what is felt to be the broadened scope of the collections and their more varied use. Earlier editions appeared in 1932 (minus an index), 1951, and 1969. As before, the new volume is a complete listing of holdings, not just a supplement covering additions since 1969. Even with a few removals, additions come to an even 100 collections, for a total of 1403, as compared with 1303 in the previous edition. This does not include the foreign materials listed (many of them in the Kress Library) or the selection of filed and typed items briefly described. The index has been considerably expanded (from 48 pages to 73 pages), for it includes not only entries for the new collections, but many additional ones for material already here. The latter were drawn from a close study of the typed finding aids, carried out a few years prior to the decision to issue the new edition.2 What is the nature of the material that has been added to the
Ameiotic recombination in asexual lineages of Daphnia

Despite the enormous theoretical attention given to the evolutionary consequences of sexual reproduction, the validity of the key assumptions on which the theory depends rarely has been evaluated. It is often argued that a reduced ability to purge deleterious mutations condemns asexual lineages to an early extinction. However, most well characterized asexual lineages fail to exhibit the high levels of neutral allelic divergence expected in the absence of recombination. With purely descriptive data, it is difficult to evaluate whether this pattern is a consequence of the rapid demise of asexual lineages, an unusual degree of mutational stability, or recombination. Here, we show in mutation-accumulation lines of asexual Daphnia that the rate of loss of nucleotide heterozygosity by ameiotic recombination is substantially greater than the rate of introduction of new variation by mutation. This suggests that the evolutionary potential of asexual diploid species is not only a matter of mutation accumulation and reduced efficiency of selection, but it underscores the limited utility of using neutral allelic divergence as an indicator of ancient asexuality.
Photochemical Synthesis of (eta(6)-Arene)chromium Hydrido Stannyl and (eta(6)-Arene)chromium Bis(stannyl) Complexes.

Photolysis of (η6-arene)Cr(CO)3 complexes and HSnPh3 in aromatic solvents at room temperature has led to two classes of complexes: hydrido stannyl compounds containing the η2-H−SnPh3 ligand and bis(stannyl) compounds containing two SnPh3 ligands. The ratio between the two complexes simultaneously produced depends on the choice of the arene. Complexes with different arenes (mesitylene, toluene, benzene, fluorobenzene, and difluorobenzene) have been obtained and characterized including X-ray structures for (η6-C6H3(CH3)3)Cr(CO)2(H)(SnPh3) (1a), (η6-C6H3(CH3)3)Cr(CO)2(SnPh3)2 (1b), (η6-C6H5F)Cr(CO)2(SnPh3)2 (4b), and (η6-C6H4F2)Cr(CO)2(SnPh3)2 (5b). X-ray crystallography of the last three compounds has given the following results: 1b, monoclinic, space group P21/c (No. 14), a = 13.905(4) A, b = 18.499(2) A, c = 17.708(2) A, Z = 4, V = 4285(1) A3; 4b, orthorhombic, space group Pca21 (No. 29), a = 16.717(2) A, b = 18.453(2) A, c = 25.766(2) A, Z = 8, V = 7948(2) A3; 5b, monoclinic, space group P21/c (No. 14)...
In vivo and in vitro hyperbaric studies in mice suggest novel sites of action for ethanol

The present study uses increased atmospheric pressure as an ethanol antagonist to test the hypothesis that allosteric coupling pathways in the GABA A receptor complex represent initial sites of action for ethanol. This was accomplished using behavioral and in vitro mea- sures to determine the effects of pressure on ethanol and other GABAergic drugs in C57BL/6 and LS mice. Be- haviorally, exposure to 12 times normal atmospheric pres- sure (ATA) of a helium-oxygen gas mixture (heliox) an- tagonized loss of righting reflex (LORR) induced by the allosteric modulators ethanol and pentobarbital, but did not antagonize LORR induced by the direct GABA ago- nist 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo-pyridin-3-ol (THIP). Si- milarly, exposure to 12 ATA heliox antagonized the anti- convulsant effects verses isoniazid of ethanol, diazepam and pentobarbital. Biochemically, exposure to 12 ATA he- liox antagonized potentiation of GABA-activated 36 Cl - uptake by ethanol, flunitrazepam and pentobarbital in LS mouse brain preparations, but did not alter GABA-acti- vated 36Cl- uptake per se. In contrast to its antagonist ef- fect versus other allosteric modulators, pressure did not antagonize these behavioral or in vitro effects induced by the neuroactive steroid, 3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one (3α,5β-P). These findings add to evidence that pressure directly and selectively antagonizes drug effects mediat- ed through allosteric coupling pathways. The results fit predictions, and thus support the hypothesis that alloste- ric coupling pathways in GABA A receptors represent ini- tial sites of action for ethanol. Collectively, the results suggest that there may be common physicochemical and underlying structural characteristics that define ethanol sensitive regions of receptor proteins and/or their associ- ated membranes that can be identified by pressure within (e.g., GABA A ) and possibly across (e.g., GABA A , NMDA, 5HT 3 ) receptors.
Automatic patient search for breast cancer clinical trials using free-text medical reports

The purpose of this work is to develop algorithms to automatically identify qualified patients for breast cancer clinical trials from free-text medical reports. Specifically, we developed an algorithm, called subtree match, that achieves this by finding structural patterns in free-text patient report sentences that are consistent with given trial criteria. Experimental results indicate that this technique is effective and performs better than several competing techniques. Our work is useful in two respects. First, it can potentially increase the efficiency and reduce the cost of the patient enrollment process. Second, it can be extended/adapted to the clinical trials of other diseases
Effect of salinity on the intracellular osmolytes in the pyloric caeca and tube feet of Luidia clathrata (say) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Abstract 1. 1. When Luidia clathrata were transferred to low salinity (15‰S), intracellular amounts (nmole solute/mg solute-free dry tissue) of Na+, Mg2+ and Cl− decreased initially, followed by a decrease in glycine within 2 days; intracellular amounts of K+ and Ca2+ did not change during 1 week. 2. 2. In low-salinity individuals, cell volume was regulated by changes in intracellular amounts of both inorganic ions and glycine, and after 1 week, the intracellular concentrations (mM) of K+ and Ca2+ were higher than predicted by the proportional salinity decrease. 3. 3. When individuals were transferred to high salinity (35‰S), intracellular amounts of Na+, K +, Mg2+ and Cl− increased initially, followed by a decrease in K+ within 2 days; intracellular amounts of glycine did not increase until after 2 days. 4. 4. In high-salinity individuals, cell volume was regulated by changes in intracellular amounts of inorganic ions only, and after 1 week, the intracellular concentration of K+ was lower than predicted by the proportional salinity increase. 5. 5. Isosmotic intracellular regulation involves coordinated changes in intracellular concentrations of both organic and inorganic osmolytes not only to regulate cell volume but also to re-establish ionic balances for functional physiological processes.
Integrating animal personality into insect population and community ecology

Despite the recent surge of interest in the concept of animal personalities, that is, temporally consistent individual differences in behavior, few studies have integrated intraspecific behavioral variation in population or community ecology. Insects and other arthropods provide ideal model systems to study how intraspecific behavioral variation affects phenomena in ecology. This is due to the fact that arthropods not only are highly amenable to experimental manipulation, but they also allow us to answer general ecological questions on multiple scales of biological organization. Herein, we review recent developments and views on how the framework of animal personality could provide a deeper understanding of classic issues in (1) population ecology (e.g., local adaptation, dispersal, and invasion), (2) community ecology (e.g., food webs and ecosystem engineering), and (3) more insect-focused topics such as metamorphosis and pollination biology.
In defense of sidgwick

PROFESSOR SINGER'S moral theory is centered around the generalization argument (GA) which has this general form: If the consequences of everyone's acting in a certain way would be undesirable, then no one ought to act in that way.' This argument is qualified by the generalization principle (GP) which states that if act A is right or wrong for one person it must also be right or wrong for any similar person in similar circumstances.2 (It should be noted that a justification for not acting in accordance with the GA is if it can be shown that one's circumstances are relevantly dissimilar from those in which the act is wrong.) If a person is justified in not acting in accordance with the GA, then it is the case that everyone in similar circumstances to his is also justified in not acting in accordance with the GA. In defending his argument Professor Singer claims against Sidgwick that the argument "not everyone will do it" (PE) -PE, or the principle of exception, stands for the argument "not everyone else will do it"is neither an objection to nor ever a justification for someone's acting contrary to what the GA prescribes.3 The specific passage to which Singer objects is this: "It cannot be assumed as certain that it is never right to act upon a maxim of which universal application would be an undoubted evil. This assumption may seem to be involved in what was previously admitted as an ethical axiom, that what is right for me must be right for 'all persons under similar conditions.' But reflection will show that there is a special case within the range of the axiom in which its application is necessarily self-limiting, and excludes the practical universality which the axiom appears to suggest, i.e., where the agent's conditions include (1) the knowledge that the maxim is not universally accepted, and (2) a reasoned conviction that his act will not tend to make it so, to any important extent. For in this case the axiom will prac-
Graft copolymers of wood pulp and 1‐phenylethene. I. Generality of synthesis and proof of copolymerization

A method of grafting lignin-containing materials is now known that allows 1-phenylethylene (styrene, [100-42-5]) graft copolymers of a lignin source to be quantitatively made. The grafting reaction is a solution polymerization often run in aprotic, polar, organic solvents. Grafting changes solubility and surface properties of the lignin-containing material. The lignin-containing materials grafted are unbleached wood pulps produced by chemical, thermal, and mechanical pulping. Grafting wood pulp produces a wood-reinforced, thermoplastic composite. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mitigation of air flow maldistribution in evaporators

Abstract Flow maldistribution in evaporators can lead to significant performance and capacity degradation. A significant amount of work has previously been published to overcome this issue. For a fixed air side maldistribution, various methods have been proposed to significantly reduce the effect on performance. Refrigerant compensation has been proposed to reduce the effects of maldistribution in variable air flow systems. However, little work has been found in open literature relative to modifying the refrigerant circuitry to make it less vulnerable to variable air-side maldistribution. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap in the open literature with a simple and easy to understand case study. The performance of a proposed interleaved circuitry approach, and active refrigerant flow control are compared to standard coil circuitry for different cases of maldistribution. The results show that the interleaved circuitry recovers less of the performance losses than equalization of the exit superheats by active control of refrigerant distribution. However, the implementation cost in an actual system is expected to be much lower and the long term reliability is expected to be better than for an active control approach
Effect of amphetamine on behavior maintained by sucrose: interaction of reinforcement schedule and food restriction.

Abstract A multiple schedule (Mult FR 10 VI 30″) was employed to examine the interaction of reinforcement schedule and food restriction on amphetamine's effects on lever pressing behavior. High response rates were observed in fixed ratio (FR) 10 components. Significantly lower response rates were observed under the variable interval (VI) 30″ schedule. In the nonrestricted feeding condition, significant decreases in high rate FR 10 responding occurred after administration of 1.0 mg/kg amphetamine while lower rates under the same schedule were increased by 0.30 and 1.0 mg/kg amphetamine. In contrast, VI 30″ responding was minimally effected at any amphetamine dose. Food restriction resulted in significant increases in responding in both schedule components. Under food restriction, significant decreases in responding were observed only in the FR 10 components at the highest amphetamine dose. The data indicate that amphetamine produced rate-convergent effects and the susceptibility of the animal to these effects was dependent on the schedule of reinforcement and food restriction.
On search in peer-to-peer file sharing systems

We consider the problem of information retrieval in a peer-to-peer file sharing system. We assume that peers are unreliable, metadata are sparse, and queries are short. In light of this, the question becomes whether there exists a combination of metadata management and ranking techniques that can consistently improve query results. We try several alternatives, and, through analysis and simulation, show a combination that generally yields the best results.
Knowledge architectures for cultural narratives

This paper introduces a new approach toward applying ideas of knowledge management toward the domain of culture and communities. A set of precedents are discussed, all of which have focused on the design of digital media systems for communities. Two knowledge management techniques, previously not discussed within prevailing literature, are introduced within specific projects. The application of these techniques, anticipated and received results, and general implications of this research on the field of knowledge management are highlighted. This paper finds that approaching new cultural and community‐focused domains yields new, satisfying techniques toward the management of knowledge. The techniques of community‐driven ontology and proactive agents are discussed and evaluated as design approaches toward the problem of creating meaningful knowledge architectures for community‐focused media systems. Knowledge management, as a paradigm, can apply to a number of domains that are not solely business‐focused. The re‐application of these principles can generate meaningful approaches toward how the knowledge architectures that mediate digital media systems for communities and cultures. Discussion of two new approaches toward knowledge management and knowledge architectures. This research is a focus on of these techniques in the new, critical environment of communities, culture, and narratives. This paper allows researchers and students of knowledge management to begin to approach the ideas of mediating knowledge more broadly. It engages the language and approach of design into the field of knowledge management. Finally, it creates an opportunity to begin to apply more heterogeneous research to the burgeoning field of knowledge management.
Fault Modeling and Analysis for Bridging Defects in a Synchronizer

This paper presents fault modeling and analysis for bridging defects in a synchronizer that is implemented by two D flip-flops. Bridging defects are injected into any two nodes of the syncronizer, and HSPICE is used to perform circuit analysis. The defects are exhaustively injected and simulated to find all possible faults that might occur in the synchronizer. The results obtained can be used to develop methods for testing the interfacing circuits between different clock domains.
ACCELERATION OF LIPID OXIDATION BY VOLATILE PRODUCTS OF HYDROPEROXIDE DECOMPOSITION

Safflower oil, methyl oleate, and methyl linoleate were oxidized in a closed system where they were in contact with vapor space over previously oxidized methyl linoleate. The volatile compounds resulting from linoleate oxidation greatly accelerated peroxidation of the oil and the two esters. Similar results were obtained when safflower oil and methyl esters of oleic acid and linoleic acid were contacted with vapor phase over hexanal or 2,3-decadienal, both of which are major products of decomposition of peroxides formed from peroxidized linoleate.
Water Level Management Opportunities for Ecological Benefit, Pool 5 Mississippi River

: This paper examines the potential to manage Mississippi River water levels for ecological benefits. The study focuses on the Weaver Bottoms, a 4,000 acre backwater marsh in southeastern Minnesota (Pool 5) highly valued for fish and wildlife habitat. The Weaver Bottoms has suffered increasing loss of aquatic vegetation and associated habitat degradation since the 1960s, largely due to persistent high water, sedimentation, wave re-suspension of sediments, and poor light penetration. In other reaches of the Mississippi River, water level reductions exposing backwater sediments have produced strong vegetative responses due to subaerial exposure of seeds and sediment compaction. Water level management scenarios for Pool 5 were developed using the HEC-2 water surface profile model. Results indicate that in many years it would be possible to reduce water levels sufficiently to expose much of the Weaver Bottoms, generating a substantial vegetative response. Additional benefits could be expected since both sediment compaction and increased vegetation would reduce re-suspension of sediments. Shifting management priorities to improve habitat would temporarily impact many river users, including both commercial and recreational boaters. Water level reductions must be coordinated with their needs.
Simulation of Induced Electric Field Distribution Based on Five-Shell Spherical Model Used in rTMS

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a high technology that uses the induced electromagnetic to diagnose and therapy disease. Although there are many researches working on distributing of magnetic and electric field, the static electric filed could be neglected or computed roughly. In this paper, a five-shell spherical model used on rTMS is presented. According to the different dielectric properties of the head tissues, the Laplace equation of static electric field is solved by both of Gauss theorem and current's continuity principle. This model is useful to get the parameters of the most focus coil to promote the development of rTMS stimulator.
A protocol test system for the study of sliding window protocols on networked UNIX computers

A software-based system for modeling transport layer protocols and observing their behavior and performance in an actual local area network setting is introduced. The simple interface definition provides for rapid prototyping of the flow control, error recovery and connection management features of transport layer protocols. The ability to introduce errors into the communications stream allows for testing in a variety of situations which are troublesome for communications protocols, such as long delays in delivery and acknowledgment, packet loss, and high noise rates. This protocol test system (PTS) is intended as a tool which can provide a practical environment in which students and engineers can develop and study communications protocols,. >