cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PROCESSING PARAMETER EFFECTS ON SENSORY AND INSTRUMENTAL TEXTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF REDUCED‐FAT GROUND BEEF PATTIES

Effects of fat content (8 or 24%), processing temperature (–2, 1, 4C), plate size (2, 5, 5 mm), mixing time (3, 5, 8 min), and patty formation pressure (50, 100, or 150 kg) on characteristics of low-fat ground beef patties were evaluated. Reduced fat patties required less force to break when ground at –2C (2 mm plate) than when ground at 4C. Rubberiness increased as plate size increased. Rubbery scores were lowest at 4C/2 mm plate. Reduced-fat patties had lower cook losses. Increasing grinding temperature from –2 to 4C decreased break force, Kramer shear and cohesive texture. Break force was highest for patties mixed 8 min at –2C. Patty forming pressure affected breaking strength, cohesiveness, and cook loss. Production of reduced-fat ground beef patties by grinding through a 2mm plate at 4C, mixing for 2 min and forming patties at 150 kg pressure minimized rubbery texture and instrumental measures of patty hardness.
Some speculations on the rate of adhesion of cells to coverslips.

Abstract Suspensions of mouse tumour cells were cultured over glass coverslips, and their rate of adhesion to the coverslips measured. The interaction energies between the cell and coverslip surfaces were computed according to DLVO-theory, on the basis of experimentally determined parameters, for a wide range of values of Hamaker's coefficients. The secondary attractive minimum was computed to occur when the two surfaces were separated by 40–85 A. It was observed that 50% of the cells adhered to the coverslips after 30 minutes, although it was calculated that they could gravitate to the position of the secondary minima in approximately 5 minutes. We have discussed this delay of 25 minutes in terms of the mechanisms of cell adhesion to the coverslips. While it is impossible to arrive at any dogmatic conclusions, our findings are not generally in favour of physiologically significant adhesions occurring in the secondary minimum. The hypothesis is therefore advanced that the 25 minute delay is associated with the establishment of adhesion in the primary minimum. Two non-exclusive feasible mechanisms are discussed, namely that the delay is associated with the protrusion and movement of cellular probes from the positions of the secondary to the primary minima, and/or the extrusion of an intercellular “glue”.
Plant genome engineering in full bloom

The recent development of tools for precise editing of user-specified sequences is rapidly changing the landscape for plant genetics and biotechnology. It is now possible to target mutations and regulatory proteins to specific sites in a genome using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like endonucleases (TALENs), or the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system. Here we provide an update of recent developments in CRISPR/Cas9 technology and highlight online resources that will help biologists adopt new genome-editing tools.
A photoemission study of clean and oxidized Nb3Sn

Abstract The oxidation properties of Nb3Sn surfaces were studied at room temperature using photoemission spectroscopy. We found that the oxidation proceeded slower on the Nb3Sn surfaces as compared to elemental Nb and that the composites of Nb and Sn oxides are more protective than those of pure Nb.
Geotechnical design considerations for geomembrane lined slopes: Slope stability

Abstract The design of geomembrane lined containment systems is a multi-faceted problem requiring the combined talents of many diverse disciplines. One of these disciplines is that of geotechnical engineering, within which falls the topic of soil slope stability. Since the integrity of the liner is dependent on this support system its proper design is of obvious importance. This paper addresses various approaches of soil slope stability and also includes the stability of cover soils which are often placed above the geomembrane for its protection. Related topics of anchor trench design at the top of the slope and of post-construction stability problems will be treated in subsequent papers.
Mehlich 3 extractant for determination of available B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in cryic Alaskan soils

Field trials were conducted on three cryic soils in southcentral Alaska to determine the local suitability of the Mehlich 3 extractant. Mehlich 3 extractable B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, DTPA-TEA extractable Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, and hot water extractable B were measured on soils from factorial experiments with variable rates of B, Cu, Mn, and Zn. Additional soil samples from two B rate and liming studies in central Alaska were included in extractable B comparisons. Forage rape, broccoli, and potato tissue samples were collected from the factorial studies to determine relationships between soil- and plant-available micronutrients. Crop yields were not affected by micronutrient applications Neither Mehlich 3 nor DTPA-TEA extractant predicted plant-available Cu or Fe. Coefficients of determination between soil and plant tissue B were comparable for extraction by Mehlich 3 or hot water and ranged from 0.11 to 0.82 Neither the Mn nor Zn tests accounted for more than 39% of the observed tissue nutrient concentration var...
Technology assessment: Approach and reimbursement

Study Design. Review of technology assessment process for novel spine patient care. Objective. To discuss the issues surrounding the introduction of novel technologies for spine patient care. Summary of Background Data. The parties involved in the technology development and assessment process include clinicians, researchers, academic institutions, governmental organizations, and private health care payors. Methods. Description of the responsibilities and processes of various parties involved in technology assessment. Results. The process for introduction of novel spine technologies is complex and will become more efficient as each party involved increases its understanding of the roles played by all the others. Conclusions. The technology assessment process involves clinicians, researchers, governmental agencies, and private payors. All must work in concert for the efficient introduction of safe, efficacious, reasonable, and cost-effective novel treatments for spine patients.
Optical implementation of image representation using matching pursuit

An image representation technique, motivated by Stephane Mallat's matching pursuit algorithm, has been developed for image analysis and decomposition. We've simplified the mechanics of the algorithm to enable an extremely fast implementation via optical processing. Initial computer simulations show that our algorithm is capable of decomposing and representing an 2D image with a linear combination of basis image with high speed and high fidelity.
TFIIIA induced DNA bending: effect of low ionic strength electrophoresis buffer conditions.

Abstract We have used a circular permutation gel shift assay to show that the 5S gene transcription factor, TFIIIA, induces a bend at the internal promoter of the Xenopus oocyte-type 5S gene. The degree of bending is comparable to what we have previously observed for TFIIIA induced bending of the Xenopus somatic-type gene [Schroth, G.P. et al. (1989) Nature 340, 487-488]. In addition, we show that TFIIIA induced DNA bending is dramatically affected by the ionic conditions used during gel electrophoresis. By modifying the conditions of the electrophoresis, we can detect two distinct conformations for the TFIIIA/DNA complex. In very low ionic strength buffers, the degree of DNA bending in the complex is estimated to be about 25 to 30 degrees, whereas in higher ionic strength buffers it is about 60 to 65 degrees. These data explain the apparent discrepancy between our results and the results of another study in which it was claimed that TFIIIA did not 'substantially' bend DNA [Zweib, C. and Brown, R.S. (1990) Nucleic Acid Res. 18, 583-587]. These results also demonstrate that the TFIIIA/DNA complex has a large degree of conformational flexibility. Both DNA bending and conformational flexibility are structural features which may provide a key insight into the function of TFIIIA as a positive transcription factor.
Independent contexts for category ratings: A range-frequency analysis

Subjects were instructed to rate with a single set of categories an intermingled series of smaller squares and larger circles, establishing a separate scale of size for each domain. The major finding was that the scale established for one domain was independent of the skewing of sizes in the other domain. However, subjects were also able to combine the two domains into a single context when instructed to do so, particularly when the smallest circle was only slightly larger than the largest square. A range-frequency analysis of the rating suggests that under certain conditions the endpoints defining the subjective range depend upon the stimulus frequencies: the subjective endpoint is more extreme when the closest stimuli are presented with greater relative frequency.
Mutagens from the cooking of food. III. Survey by Ames/Salmonella test of mutagen formation in secondary sources of cooked dietary protein.

Abstract A survey of mutagen formation during the cooking of a variety of protein-rich foods that are minor sources of protein intake in the American diet is reported (see Bjeldanes. Morris, Felton et al. (1982) for survey of major protein foods). Milk, cheese, tofu and organ meats showed negligible mutagen formation except following high-temperature cooking for long periods of time. Even under the most extreme conditions, tofu, cheese and milk exhibited fewer than 500 Ames/ Salmonella typhimurium revertants/100 g equivalents (wet weight of uncooked food), and organ meats only double that amount. Beans showed low mutagen formation after boiling and boiling followed by frying (with and without oil). Only boiling of beans followed by baking for 1 hr gave appreciable mutagenicity (3650 revertants/100 g equivalents). Seafood samples gave a variety of results: red snapper, salmon, trout, halibut and rock cod all gave more than 1000 revertants/100 g wet weight equivalents when pan-fried or griddle-fried for about 6 min/side. Baked or poached rock cod and deep-fried shrimp showed no significant mutagen formation. Broiled lamb chops showed mutagen formation similar to that in red meats tested in the preceding paper: 16,000 revertants/100 g equivalents. These findings show that as measured by bioassay in S. typhimurium , most of the foods that are minor sources of protein in the American diet are also minor sources of cooking-induced mutagens.
Opposing effects on TSC-22 expression by BMP and receptor tyrosine kinase signals in the developing feather tract.

TSC-22 (transforming growth factor-β–stimulated clone 22) belongs to a family of leucine zipper transcription factors that includes sequences from invertebrates and vertebrates. The single Drosophila family member, encoded by the bunched gene, serves to integrate opposing bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signals during oogenesis. Similarly, mammalian TSC-22 expression is regulated by several families of secreted signaling molecules in cultured cells. Here, we show that chick TSC-22 is dynamically expressed in the condensing feather bud, as well as in many tissues of the chick embryo. BMP-2/4, previously shown to inhibit bud development, repress TSC-22 expression during feather bud formation in vivo. Noggin, a BMP antagonist, promotes TSC-22 expression. EGF, TGF-α, and fibroblast growth factor all promote both feather bud development and TSC-22 expression; each can promote ectopic feather buds that are regularly spaced between existing feather buds. Thus, TSC-22 is a candidate to integrate small imbalances in receptor tyrosine kinase and BMP signaling during feather tract development to generate stable and reproducible morphogenetic responses. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The relationship of soil province to molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from calves in Georgia

Although Cryptosporidium spp. are found throughout the world and in multiple environmental conditions, few data are available that explore the possibility of an association between specific environmental parameters and the species or strain of Cryptosporidium. This study examines the potential association between a particular Cryptosporidium species/strain found in calves and soil provinces in Georgia, USA. Necropsy cases spanning the years 1996-2002 were tested. No significant differences (P=0.962, chi(2) test of homogeneity) between numbers of positive cases were noted among soil provinces. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences for the PCR products revealed sequence similarity of the products with Cryptosporidium parvum strain C1. Although, clinical Cryptosporidiosis in calves was not found to be affected by soil province and may be caused by a single genotype, other genotypes may be responsible for subclinical infection and warrant further investigation.
Biophysical interactions in the plankton: A cross‐scale review

In plankton ecology, biological and physical dynamics are coupled, structuring how plankton interact with their environment and other organisms. This interdisciplinary field has progressed considerably over the recent past, due in large part to advances in technology that have improved our ability to observe plankton and their fluid environment simultaneously across multiple scales. Recent research has demonstrated that fluid flow interacting with plankton behavior can drive many planktonic processes and spatial patterns. Moreover, evidence now suggests that plankton behavior can significantly affect ocean physics. Biophysical processes relevant to plankton ecology span a range of scales; for example, microscale turbulence influences planktonic growth and grazing at millimeter scales, whereas features such as fronts and eddies can shape larger-scale plankton distributions. Most research in this field focuses on specific processes and thus is limited to a narrow range of spatial scales. However, biophysical interactions are intimately connected across scales, since processes at a given scale can have implications at much larger and smaller scales; thus, a cross-scale perspective on how biological and physical dynamics interact is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the field. Here, we present a review of biophysical interactions in the plankton across multiple scales, emphasizing new findings over recent decades and highlighting opportunities for cross-scale comparisons. By investigating feedbacks and interactions between processes at different scales, we aim to build cross-scale intuition about biophysical planktonic processes and provide insights for future directions in the field.
Parallel XML processing by work stealing

A language for semi-structured documents, XML has emerged as the core of the web services architecture, and is playing crucial roles in messaging systems, databases, and document processing. However, the processing of XML documents has been regarded as the performance bottleneck in most systems and applications. On the other side, the multicore processor, emerged as a solution for the clock-speed limitation of the modern CPUs, has been growingly prevalent. Leveraging the parallelism provided by the multicorere source to speedup the software execution is becoming the trend of the software development. In this paper, we present a parallel processing model for the XML document. The model is not designed just for a specific XML processing task, instead, it is a general model, by which we are able to explore various parallel XML document processing. The kernel of the model is a stealing-based dynamic load-balancing mechanism, called ThreadCrew, by which multiple threads are able to process the disjointed parts of the XML document in parallel with balanced load distribution. The model also provides a novel mechanism to trace the stealing actions, thus the equivalent sequential result can be gotten by gluing the multiple parallel-running results together. To show the feasibility and effectiveness of our approaches, we present our C# implementation of parallel XML serialization in this paper. Our empirical study shows our parallel XML serialization algorithm can improved the XML serializing performance significantly on a multicore machine.
Stochastic defect diffusion model for relaxation effects in crystalline polyethylene

Abstract It is suggested that some relaxation processes observed in crystalline polyethylene are consequences of the diffusive motion of a particular defect called a point dislocation or twist dispiration loop along the polyethylene stems in lamellar crystals. The motion of the defect, characterized by a diffusion coefficient and a mobility, is described by solutions of the Smoluchowski diffusion equation with boundary conditions that constrain the defect to move along routes that produce experimentally observable results. The fact that passage of the defect causes both a 180° rotation of the chain and moves an extra CH 2 group in the direction of the chain axis is important to the interpretation of the data according to this model. The diffusion coefficient for a defect is estimated to be around 2 × 10 −9 cm 2 s −1 at 70°C. This value is shown to be reasonable both from the viewpoint of detailed computer modelling of defect motion and contemporary ideas about scaling.
Climate change: Rethinking the sea-ice tipping point.

Summer sea-ice extent in the Arctic has decreased greatly during recent decades. Simulations of twenty-first-century climate suggest that the ice can recover from artificially imposed ice-free summer conditions within a couple of years.
An Analysis of CPA Firm Recruiters' Perceptions of Online Masters of Accounting Degrees.

Online education continues to grow at a rapid pace. Assessment of the effectiveness of online programs is needed to differentiate legitimate programs from diploma mills. The authors examined the perceptions of CPA firm recruiters on whether an online Master of Accounting (MACC) matters in the hiring decision. Results show that recruiters do not perceive a difference in a candidate who receives an online MACC and a candidate who receives a MACC from a traditional classroom-based accounting program. Results also show that having passed all or part of the CPA exam or enrollment in a CPA review course are the most highly rated attributes of a new accounting graduate, bad communications skills are the lowest rated attributes, and both accounting GPA and overall GPA do matter to recruiters.
A note on solving the concave cost dynamic lot-sizing problem in almost linear time☆

Abstract The heavily-debated Wagner-Whitin algorithm is known to produce optimal ordering policies for minimal-cost dynamic lot-sizing problems. In an earlier paper in this journal, Evans showed that the Wagner-Whitin algorithm is essentially a shortest path computation on an acyclic network, and presented a simple O(n2) computer implementation with low storage requirements. As an extension, in this paper we present a very fast microcomputer implementation of the algorithm for the case of concave procurement cost structures. Our extensive computational results show that for this cost structure, the algorithm will solve problems in linear time. A quasi-theoretical argument is given to explain this behavior under the assumption that data are randomly distributed.
Jahn–Teller d-state term splittings in Ti, Zr, and Hf elemental oxides: Intrinsic bonding/anti-bonding states and conduction/valence band edge intrinsic defects

Abstract Densities of interfacial and bulk defects in high- κ dielectrics are typically at least two orders of magnitude higher than in Si–SiO 2 devices. An asymmetry in hole and electron trapping is a significant limitation for Si device operation and reliability. There are two critical issues: (i) are these defects intrinsic, or are they associated with processed introduced impurities? and (ii) what are local atomic arrangements and electronic structure at these defect sites, and can these defects be reduced? This paper presents spectroscopic studies of thin film nanocrystalline high- κ gate dielectrics: TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , and HfO 2 (the IVB TM oxides) that have identified the electronic structure of intrinsic bonding states and, the intrinsic bonding defects as well. The multiplicity of d-state spectral features are interpreted in terms of Jahn–Teller (J–T) term splittings. Conduction band d-states and defects in films >3 nm display Jahn–Teller d-state splittings, and these have been eliminated in three ways; (i) by reducing film thickness to less than about 2.5 nm, (ii) by SiO 2 inclusions in phase separated Hf and Zr silicates with >50–60% TM oxide content, and (iii) by incorporation N-atoms into HfO 2 by 700 °C annealing in NH 3 .
Keeping the Gate: Declinations of the Request to Participate in a Telephone Survey Interview

The authors employ a conversation-analytic perspective, using a haphazard sample of recorded phone calls, to analyze the sequential placement of and turn construction manner for recipients' declinations of the request to participate in a telephone survey interview. Recipients regularly respond very early in the opening of the phone call, just after the “reason for the call” is stated. In constructing their declining turns, recipients are either polite (claiming the “bad timing” of the request or that they are “not interested”), or they are impolite, as when they abruptly hang up. Some declinations are without preamble and are minimalist, whereas others are expressive and contain some question about the nature or length of the interview. The distribution of declination types reflect interviewers' and recipients' coordinated social actions in their brief encounter. The authors explore implications for survey design and data quality.
RBP-J (CSL) Is Essential for Activation of the K14/vGPCR Promoter of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus by the Lytic Switch Protein RTA

The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) gene product virally encoded G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR) is a homolog of cellular GPCRs and has been proposed to play important roles in KSHV-induced angiogenesis. The most abundant vGPCR-containing transcripts are K14/vGPCR bicistronic RNAs that are strongly induced during lytic reactivation. Here we show that the promoter governing this transcript is strongly responsive to activation by the viral lytic switch protein RTA. By deletion mapping and scanning mutation analyses, we have identified three putative RTA response elements (A, B, and C) in this promoter. However, none of these sites appear to directly bind RTA in electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). Site C corresponds to a canonical binding site for RBP-J, a sequence-specific transcriptional repressor that is normally the target of Notch signaling. RBP-J can bind RTA and recruit it to its cognate recognition site; when this happens, the activation function of RTA can relieve RBP-J-mediated repression and upregulate expression of the targeted gene. EMSA studies reveal that both sites A and C can bind to RBP-J; sequence inspection reveals that site A is a novel functional variant of known RBP-J recognition sites. (Site B corresponds to an as-yet-unknown host DNA-binding protein.) The importance of sites A and C in vivo is underscored by the observation that K14/vGPCR promoter function is dramatically inhibited in cells genetically deficient in RBP-J. The regulation of K14/vGPCR transcripts by RBP-J raises the possibility that other modulators of Notch signaling might be able to induce expression of this RNA outside the context of lytic KSHV replication.
Complications due to the use of BMP/INFUSE in spine surgery: The evidence continues to mount.

Increasingly, adverse events (AE) attributed to utilizing BMP/INFUSE (Bone Morphogenetic Protein, Medtronic, Memphis, TN, USA) “off-label” in spine surgery are being reported. In 2008, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning that in anterior cervical spine surgery, the “off-label” use of BMP/INFUSE contributed to marked dysphagia, hematoma, seroma, swelling, and/or the need for intubation/tracheostomy. Subsequent studies have cited the following AE; heterotopic ossification (HO), osteolysis, infection, arachnoiditis, increased neurological deficits, retrograde ejaculation, and cancer. Furthermore, in 2011, Carragee et al. noted that 13 of the original industry-sponsored BMP/INFUSE spinal surgery studies failed to acknowledge multiple AE. Additionally, in 2012, Comer et al. observed that the frequency of retrograde ejaculation reported for BMP/INFUSE used “on-label” to perform Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion/Lumbar Tapered Fusion-Cage Device (ALIF/LT-Cage) was also largely “under-reported.” To summarize, there is mounting evidence in the spinal literature that utilizing BMP/INFUSE in spinal fusions contributes to major perioperative and postoperative morbidity.
The Glorieta Mountain, New Mexico, Siderite (ECN=+ 1058,356)*

The history of the recovery of the masses that comprize the Glorieta Mountain, New Mexico, siderite is reviewed. The present paper is based on a detailed mineralogical, metallographical, and chemical investigation of the remarkable cane-shaped specimen from the Department of Geology of the University of New Mexico. The meteoritic constituents present are kamacite, taenite, plessite, schreibersite, and lawrencite. The meteorite is classified as a medium octahedrite (Om).
The Importance of Child Care in Economic Development: A Comparative Analysis of Regional Economic Linkage

Regional economic developers typically use input-output modeling to compare the linkage effects of different targets for economic development policy. Using input-output models for all 50 states in ...
Synthesis of a Photoaffinity Analog of 3′-Azidothymidine, 5-Azido-3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxyuridine. INTERACTIONS WITH HERPESVIRUS THYMIDINE KINASE AND CELLULAR ENZYMES

Long term administration of 3′-azidothymidine (AZT) for the treatment of AIDS has led to detrimental clinical side effects in some patients, the biochemical causes of which are still being delineated. Base-substituted, azido-nucleotide photoaffinity analogs have routinely proven to be effective tools for identifying and characterizing nucleotide-utilizing enzymes. Therefore, we have synthesized 5-azido-3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxyuridine, which is a potential photoaffinity analog of two human immunodeficiency virus drugs, AZT and 3′azido-2′,3′-dideoxyuridine. A partially purified herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase and [γ-32P]ATP were used to make an AZT monophosphate analog, [32P]5-azido-3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxyuridine monophosphate. The photoaffinity properties of this analog were initially tested with herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase. Photoaffinity labeling of this enzyme was saturable (half-maximal, 30 μM) and could be specifically inhibited by AZT, AZT monophosphate, thymidine, and thymidine monophosphate. Photolabeling of rat liver microsomal membranes was also done, and several membrane proteins that interact with AZT monophosphate were identified. The antiviral and cytotoxic activities of 5-azido-3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxyuridine were determined using human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 strain IIIB and an AZT drug-resistant strain in human T lymphocyte H9 cells.
Striated Muscles of an Amber Insect

IT is well known that arthropods found in Baltic amber are unusually well preserved, so that even the minutest features of their chitinous structures are plainly visible under considerable magnification. The internal organs, however, are usually completely disintegrated, nothing but the amber mould of the chitinous skeleton remaining. It was therefore something of a pleasant surprise to discover a specimen of an amber fungus-gnat in which the flexor and extensor muscles of the tibia, located in the femur, are so well preserved in all legs, that not only their outlines, but also the transverse striations of the fibres, may be clearly seen under the microscope at a linear magnification of 300:1 (see Fig. 1).
BMD impact on silicon fin defect at TSV bottom

A new type of through-silicon via (TSV) defect, silicon fin defect, which was found after the TSV deep-reactive-ion-etching process at the TSV bottom is reported. These defects are considered killer TSV defects that may cause process or mechanical failures and have to be eliminated. A scanning electron microscope automatic process inspection approach, which is non-destructive and proven to be effective, has been established to image the fin defects at the bottom of the trench. A possible root cause of this defect is also explored. Both simulation and benchmarking test results indicate that bulk micro defects (BMDs) in the silicon substrate could serve as a micro-mask during etching and result in silicon fin defects.
Effects of β-carotene and lycopene thermal degradation products on the oxidative stability of soybean oil

The relative oxidative stability of soybean oil samples containing either thermally degraded β-carotene or lycopene was determined by measuring peroxide value (PV) and headspace oxygen depletion (HOD) every 4 h for 24 h. Sobyean oil samples containing 50 ppm degraded β-carotene that were stored in the dark at 60°C displayed significantly (P<0.01) higher HOD values compared with controls. Lycopene degradation products (50 ppm) in soybean oil significantly (P<0.05) decreased HOD of samples when stored in the dark. PV and HOD values for samples containing 50 ppm of either β-carotene or lycopene degradation products stored under lighted conditions did not differ significantly from controls (P<0.05). However, soybean oil samples containing 50 ppm of unheated, all-trans β-carotene or lycopene stored under light showed significantly lower PV and HOD values than controls (P<0.01). These results indicated that during autoxidation of soybean oil held in the dark, β-carotene thermal degradation products acted as a prooxidant, while thermally degraded lycopene displayed antioxidant activity in similar soybean oil systems. In addition, β-carotene and lycopene degradation products exposed to singlet oxygen oxidation under light did not increase or decrease the oxidative stability of their respective soybean oil samples.
Biological effects of Kepone and mirex in freshwater invertebrates

Acute and chronic toxicity studies of Kepone (chlordecone) and mirex were conducted with daphnids (Daphnia magna), amphipods (Gammarus pseudolimnaeus), and larvae of a midge (Chironomus plumosus). Acute toxicities of Kepone ranged from a 48-hr EC50 of 350 microgram/L for midges to a 96-hr LC50 of 180 microgram/L for amphipods, whereas the acute toxicities of mirex to all three taxa exceeded 1000 microgram/L. Maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations (MATC's) for Kepone and mirex were estimated by measuring reproduction of daphnids, growth of amphipods, emergence of midges, and survival of all organisms. MATC for Kepone was estimated to be between 9 and 18 microgram/L for daphnids, between 1 and 2 microgram/L for amphipods, and between 8.4 and 18 microgram/L for midges; MATC for mirex exceeded 34 microgram/L for daphnids and midges, but less than 2.4 microgram/L for amphipods. The concentration of Kepone and mirex accumulated by daphnids was 760 and 8025 times, respectively, the concentration in water. Estimated times for elimination of 50% of the residues by daphnids were 141 hr for Kepone and 12 hr for mirex.
Viscoelastic Properties of Injured and Uninjured Rat Brain Tissue

In this study, changes in the viscoelastic material properties of brain tissue due to traumatic diffuse axonal injury (DAI) were investigated. The impact acceleration model was used to generate DAI in rat brain stem. The viscoelastic material properties of brain tissue along the corticospinal (CSpT) tract in the brain stem were characterized using an indentation technique and a quasilinear theory. The results show significant reduction in the elastic response of brain tissue due to injury. In regions with significantly more DAI, larger changes in the elastic shear modulus and relaxation function were observed. These findings can improve the injury predictability of computational models of brain injury.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Distinguishing between duplex and hairpin forms of RNA by 15N–1H heteronuclear NMR

A general method is described for distinguishing RNA hairpins from RNA duplexes by application of two-dimensional filtered nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectra on a 1:1 mixture of unlabeled and 99% 15N-labeled molecules. The method is applied to the RNA dodecamer rGGCGCUUGCGUC which can form an intramolecular hairpin under low salt conditions and a duplex in high salt. This procedure allows unambiguous identification of RNA hairpins or duplexes under the same conditions that are used in the NMR solution structure determination.
Hypnotizability in Bulimia

On the basis of previous research demonstrating higher hypnotic capability and dissociative capacity in hospitalized bulimics as compared to anorexic abstainers and anorexic purgers, (Pettinati, 1985a,b), the present study investigated whether differences in hypnotic capability and dissociative capacity exist between bulimics and nonbulimics in a volunteer sample of university women. The Bulimia Test (BULIT) (Smith & Thelan, 1984) was administered to university student volunteers. Of the subjects, 42 who scored at or above a symptomatic level and the 42 who scored lowest/nonsymptomatic on the BULIT were invited to participate in an individualized interview to confirm appropriate group membership and to view a videotape explaining hypnosis and hypnosis concepts. The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C (SHSS:C) was administered individually by a research assistant blind with respect to Ss' group membership. The final bulimic group (n = 40) demonstrated significantly higher hypnotizability than did the nonbulimic (n = 42) group, however, there was no significant difference on the dissociative factor of hypnotic susceptibility.
Norovirus and its histo-blood group antigen receptors: an answer to a historical puzzle

Recent findings demonstrate that human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) serve as receptors for norovirus infection. The recognition of human HBGAs by noroviruses is a typical protein-carbohydrate interaction, in which the protruding domain of the viral capsid protein forms an interface with the oligosaccharide side-chains of the antigens, with a wide diversity among different strains. The human HBGA system is also highly polymorphic and is controlled by multiple gene families with silent alleles. The presence of such diversified molecules on the cell surfaces indicates a possible host defense mechanism against the changing external environment. As mild pathogens that replicate possibly only in the intestinal tract, noroviruses have developed unique strategies to overcome the host defense system. This has been shown by their genetic and structural variations, which explains why norovirus-associated diseases are so common and widespread in every population worldwide.
A double-blind crossover study to compare the efficacy of three dosage levels of flurbiprofen in the treatment of rheumatoid disease and osteoarthrosis

SummaryForty-two patients, 21 suffering from rheumatoid disease and 21 from osteoarthrosis, took part in a study to compare the efficacy of flurbiprofen at three dosage levels, namely 75 mg, 150 mg and 300 mg daily, each for 4 weeks. The two disease categories were analyzed separately. For the patients with rheumatoid disease, 2 were removed from the analysis completely and of the remaining 19, 12 were included in all the comparisons and 7 were only included in some. For patients with osteoarthrosis, 2 were removed from the analysis completely and of the remaining 19, 13 were included in all comparisons and 6 were only included in some. For both the patients with rheumatoid disease and those with osteoarthrosis, no significant differences were found between treatments for any of the comparisons, except for the left knee-sternum distances for patients with osteoarthrosis. Here the results showed a significant difference between the 75 mg and 300 mg treatments at the 5% level in favour of the 75 mg treatmen...
Improving Efficiency of Spam Detection using Economic Model

Economic lifting has made email spam a scathing threat to the society due to its related exploits. Many spam detection schemes have been proposed employing the tendency of spam to alter the normal statistical behavior of mail traffic. Threshold tuning of these detectors is still a challenging task. Since, shooting down benign emails as spam (false positive), in pursuit of higher detection rates, can be detrimental. In this paper, we introduce a novel economic metric, based on the underlying spam economic system, to assist detectors in keeping their false positives at bay by associating detection accuracy to the spammer's cost. Hence, the sensitivity of a detector does not need to be tuned all the way up to maximize detection, but enough to make spamming cost unbearable to the spammer. Since, spam is all about making money ultimately. Our evaluation shows the effectiveness of this approach in considerably reducing the false positives for the detectors.
Craniosynostosis and radial ray defect: a rare presentation of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

A newborn with bilateral coronal craniosynostosis, hypoplastic thumbs, imperforate anus, and prenatal growth restriction was evaluated and given the clinical diagnosis of Baller–Gerold syndrome (BGS). While confirmatory testing of RECQL4 was pending, the infant developed unexplained hypocalcemia, prompting testing for a 22q11.2 deletion. Subsequently, the infant was found to have a 22q11.2 deletion, and was negative for an RECQL4 mutation. We therefore conclude that 22q11.2 deletion syndrome can present with findings resembling the BGS phenotype. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studies on tumor antigens of the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma

Abstract The Walker 256 carcinosarcoma was established in cell culture and found to retain its tumorigenicity in albino rats. Histologic studies indicated that the tissue culture induced tumor gave rise to a more fibroblastic cell line when recultured, whereas solid tumor appeared more epithelial. Rabbit antiserum to cultured tumor cells was used to detect the presence of tumor-associated antigens not present in normal rat tissues. The antisera reacted in the double diffusion test to identity a common antigen between cultured tumor cells and extract prepared from solid tumor tissue as well as antigen unique to the cultured cells. Tumor-directed antibodies were detected also in the sera of rats bearing the Walker tumor. The tumor-associated antigens were found to be localized in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells by immunofluorescence. Complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies to the tumor were present in the rabbit antitumor cell serum, but not in the serum of rats carrying the lethal tumor.
PT-symmetric Talbot effects.

We show that complex $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$-symmetric photonic lattices can lead to a new class of self-imaging Talbot effects. For this to occur, we find that the input field pattern has to respect specific periodicities dictated by the symmetries of the system. While at the spontaneous $\mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}$-symmetry breaking point the image revivals occur at Talbot lengths governed by the characteristics of the passive lattice, at the exact phase it depends on the gain and loss parameter, thus allowing one to control the imaging process.
Two New Species in the Aleiodes (Tetrasphaeropyx) Lineage (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) from Maryland U.S.A.

Two new sibling species of the Aleiodes (Tetrasphaeropyx) from Maryland are described. Both species closely resemble A. shawi Fortier. A key is provided for the two new species that includes A. shawi. Host information is included.
IV. HEMOGLOBIN INJECTIONS AND CONSERVATION OF PIGMENT BY KIDNEY, LIVER AND SPLEEN: THE INFLUENCE OF DIET AND BLEEDING

When the minimal renal threshold for blood hemoglobin is exceeded there is observed a deposit of iron staining pigment in the epithelium of the renal convoluted tubules. At a certain point this epithelium cannot take up more hemoglobin and this coincides with the minimal renal threshold level. When the injections of blood hemoglobin are kept below the minimal renal threshold level we note a complete absence of iron staining pigment in the renal tubular epithelium. Given a deposit of iron staining pigment in the tubular epithelium, it will slowly disappear during rest periods with no hemoglobin injections. Anemia due to bleeding will accelerate this removal of pigment from the renal epithelium and this indicates a conservation of material by the kidney for use in construction of new hemoglobin. Pigment giving a positive stain for iron will be found in the liver and spleen when hemoglobin injections are given, regardless of the renal threshold. Removal of this pigment is accelerated by anemia due to bleeding and as a rule an anemia period of 2 months at a level of 1/3 normal (40 to 50 per cent hemoglobin) will render the spleen, liver and kidney free from iron staining pigment. Pigment giving a positive iron stain is frequently observed in the mesenteric and lower retroperitoneal lymph glands. This is merely a drainage of pigment and phagocytes including pigment from some organ in which the pigment deposit was primary. In stock dogs in this laboratory the hemoglobin level is quite high when the animals are in a perfectly normal state. The blood hemoglobin averages 120 to 150 per cent hemoglobin. In such dogs iron staining pigment in the spleen is a common finding and on occasion is observed in the liver. To establish an accurate base line for the study of iron and iron staining pigment storage due to diet intake one must submit these dogs to a preliminary anemia period of at least 2 months. Muscle hemoglobin has a very low renal threshold and escapes freely into the urine when given intravenously. Contrasting with blood hemoglobin this musde hemoglobin under identical conditions does not cause the deposit of iron staining pigment within the epithelium of the renal tubules. A pigment giving no iron staining reaction may be found in the epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the kidney. Whether this is due to dietary or other factors is uncertain but this indicates pigment conservation by the kidney. Finally we would emphasize again the fact that the kidney is of considerable importance in the conservation of hemoglobin and hemoglobin split products which presumably are utilized to build up new hemoglobin.
Direct perception of action-scaled affordances: the shrinking gap problem.

The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of possibilities for action (i.e., affordances) that depend on one's movement capabilities, and more specifically, the passability of a shrinking gap between converging obstacles. We introduce a new optical invariant that specifies in intrinsic units the minimum locomotor speed needed to safely pass through a shrinking gap. Detecting this information during self-motion requires recovering the component of the obstacles' local optical expansion attributable to obstacle motion, independent of self-motion. In principle, recovering the obstacle motion component could involve either visual or non-visual self-motion information. We investigated the visual and non-visual contributions in two experiments in which subjects walked through a virtual environment and made judgments about whether it was possible to pass through a shrinking gap. On a small percentage of trials, visual and non-visual self-motion information were independently manipulated by varying the speed with which subjects moved through the virtual environment. Comparisons of judgments on such catch trials with judgments on normal trials revealed both visual and non-visual contributions to the detection of information about minimum walking speed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Clinical trials with N-isopropyl-α-(2-methylhydrazino)-p-toluamide hydrochloride in malignant lymphoma and other disseminated neoplasia

The antitumor agent, N-isopropyl-α-(2-methylhydrazino)-p-toluamide hydrochloride (Procarbazine) was administered to 66 patients with disseminated neoplastic disease, 48 of whom could be evaluated. Eight of 11 patients with Hodgkin's disease had partial or complete tumor regression for a median of 4 months. Since most of them were considered refractory to x-irradiation, alkylating agents and periwinkle alkaloids, the agent is not cross-resistant with conventional treatment and may be used effectively in sequence in the treatment of patients with Hodgkin's disease. For patients having lymphoma or “solid tumor” there was a positive correlation between response and symptomatic and performance status. Response occurred more frequently in patients with a better performance status and few symptoms. Bone marrow depression and neurotoxicity were the major toxic and dose-limiting effects. The myelosuppression involved all three formed elements produced by the marrow and was dose related. Neurotoxicity consisted of nausea and vomiting (38%), sensorium changes (12%), hypotension (12%) and peripheral neuritis (20%). The authors establish the efficacy of the drug in Hodgkin's disease and indicate the need for more extensive exploration of epithelial neoplasms.
Making Stuff Outreach at the Ames Laboratory and Iowa State University

The U. S. Department of Energy’s Ames Laboratory in Ames, Iowa was a coalition partner for outreach activities connected with NOVA’s Making Stuff television series on PBS. Volunteers affiliated with the Ames Laboratory and Iowa State University, with backgrounds in materials science, took part in activities including a science-themed Family Night at a local mall, Science Cafes at the Science Center of Iowa, teacher workshops, demonstrations at science nights in elementary and middle schools, and various other events. We describe a selection of the activities and present a summary of their outcomes and extent of their impact on Ames, Des Moines and the surrounding communities in Iowa. In Part 2, results of a volunteer attitude survey are presented, which shed some light on the volunteer experience and show how the volunteers’ participation in outreach activities has affected their views of materials education.