cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
After the Deluge: Central American Historiography at Low Tide

This essay reviews the following works: Centroamerica: Filibusteros, estados, imperios y memorias. By Victor Hugo Acuna. San Jose, Costa Rica: Editorial Costa Rica, 2014. Pp. xv + 151. $5.99 paperback. ISBN: 9789968684408. I Ask for Justice: Maya Women, Dictators, and Crime in Guatemala, 1898–1944. By David Carey Jr. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2013. Pp. xxv + 335. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780292748682. A Camera in the Garden of Eden: The Self-Forging of a Banana Republic. By Kevin Coleman. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016. Pp. 312. $27.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781477308554. Empire by Invitation: William Walker and Manifest Destiny in Central America. By Michel Gobat. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018. Pp. 367. $39.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780674737495. Solidarity under Siege: The Salvadoran Labor Movement, 1970–1990. By Jeffrey L. Gould. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. xviii + 262. $29.99 paperback. ISBN: 9781108410199. Banana Cowboys: The United Fruit Company and the Culture of Corporate Colonialism. By James W. Martin. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2018. Pp. x + 252. $58.10 hardcover. ISBN: 9780826359421. Breve historia de Centroamerica, 5th ed. By Hector Perez Brignoli. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2018. Pp. 352. ISBN: 9788491811923. El laberinto centroamericano: Los hilos de la historia. By Hector Perez Brignoli. San Jose, Costa Rica: Centro de Investigaciones Historicas de America Central, 2017. Pp. x + 163. $4.40 paperback. ISBN: 9789968919326. Las luchas de los trabajadores hondurenos organizados (1880–1993). By Mario Posas. Tegucigalpa: Editorial Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras, 2017. Pp. 523. ISBN: 9789992632987. Historia de las desigualdades sociales en America Central: Una vision interdisciplinaria, siglos XVIII–XXI. Edited by Ronny Viales y David Diaz. San Jose, Costa Rica: Centro de Investigaciones Historicas de America Central, 2016. Pp. xix + 634. $8.79 paperback. ISBN: 9789968919241.
Gut health, stress, and immunity in neonatal dairy calves: the host side of host-pathogen interactions

The cumulative evidence that perinatal events have long-lasting ripple effects through the life of livestock animals should impact future nutritional and management recommendations at the farm level. The implications of fetal programming due to malnutrition, including neonatal survival and lower birth weights, have been characterized, particularly during early and mid-gestation, when placental and early fetal stages are being developed. The accelerated fetal growth during late pregnancy has been known for some time, while the impact of maternal stressors during this time on fetal development and by extent its postnatal repercussions on health and performance are still being defined. Maternal stressors during late pregnancy cannot only influence colostrogenesis but also compromise adequate intestinal development in the fetus, thus, that further limits the newborn’s ability to absorb nutrients, bioactive compounds, and immunity (i.e., immunoglobulins, cytokines, and immune cells) from colostrum. These negative effects set the newborn calf to a challenging start in life by compromising passive immunity and intestinal maturation needed to establish a mature postnatal mucosal immune system while needing to digest and absorb nutrients in milk or milk replacer. Besides the dense-nutrient content and immunity in colostrum, it contains bioactive compounds such as growth factors, hormones, and cholesterol as well as molecular signals or instructions [e.g., microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)] transferred from mother to offspring with the aim to influence postnatal gut maturation. The recent change in paradigm regarding prenatal materno-fetal microbiota inoculation and likely the presence of microbiota in the developing fetus intestine needs to be addressed in future research in ruminants. There still much to know on what prenatal or postnatal factors may predispose neonates to become susceptible to enteropathogens (e.g., enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli), causing diarrhea. From the host-side of this host-pathogen interaction, molecular data such as fecal RNA could, over time, help fill those gaps in knowledge. In addition, merging this novel fecal RNA approach with more established microbiome techniques can provide a more holistic picture of an enteropathogenesis and potentially uncover control points that can be addressed through management or nutrition at the farm level to minimize preweaning morbidity and mortality.
A Theory of Synaptic Transmission

Rapid and precise neuronal communication is enabled through a highly synchronous release of signaling molecules neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft within just milliseconds of the action potential. Yet neurotransmitter release lacks a theoretical framework that is both phenomenologically accurate and mechanistically realistic. Here, we formulate an analytic theory of the action-potential-triggered neurotransmitter release at a chemical synapse. The theory captures general principles of synaptic transmission while generating concrete predictions for particular synapses. A universal scaling in synaptic transmission is established, and demonstrated through a collapse of experimental data from different synapses onto a universal curve. The theory shows how key characteristics of synaptic function - plasticity, fidelity, and efficacy - emerge from molecular mechanisms of neurotransmitter release machinery.
Abstract PS11-34: Time to completion of breast cancer treatment and survival

Background:Modern breast cancer (BC) treatment involves the use of multimodality therapy. Treatment delays are common and can be multifactorial. There are few studies examining the association between the duration of the time from diagnosis to completion of all acute BC treatment modalities and survival. This study is designed to determine if there is an association between time to complete treatment and survival. Study Design:A retrospective analysis was performed using data from The National Cancer Database (NCDB) to determine whether an association exists between the duration of time from diagnosis to completing all acute BC treatment (surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy) and survival. A second analysis was performed to determine if the association between treatment duration and survival varies by receptor status. Results:The NCDB data from BC patients diagnosed in 2010 was analyzed. The inclusion criteria included less than 80 years of age with a single cancer diagnosis, Stage I through III invasive breast cancer who required treatment with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. A total of 28,284 patients were included in the analysis. Median follow-up was 5.8 years. The order of treatment included 20,772 patients had treatment in the order of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy and 7,512 patients had treatment order chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy. A Cox proportional hazards model was developed and identified a cut off showing the risk of delaying completion of all treatment beyond 38 weeks was associated with decrease in overall survival. This was statistically significant with an adjusted hazard Ratio of 1.21. This cut off of 38 weeks was found to be significant regardless of receptors type. The statistically significant Hazard ratios for receptor subtypes include: Triple negative (HR: 1.188, 95%CI: 1.06-1.34), ER+PR+Her2- (HR: 1.22, 95%CI: 1.09-1.36), ER-PR-Her2+ (HR: 1.29, 95%CI: 1.004-1.67) and ER+PR+Her2+ (HR: 1.32, 95%CI: 1.01-1.72). The patients with treatment duration greater than 38 weeks were comprised of 4768(63.47%) neo-adjuvant chemotherapy patients and 8191 (39.43%) of the surgery first group. Conclusion: Efforts to improve the efficiency of multimodality BC treatment and reduce treatment delays should be a priority to optimize BC patient outcomes. Citation Format: Debra Ann Pratt, Talia Burneikis, Chao Tu, Stephen R. Grobmyer. Time to completion of breast cancer treatment and survival [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS11-34.
Power over Procedure

American law should better protect people’s bodies from being caged than it should protect people’s money. And yet in so many ways it does the opposite. Instead of calibrating protections for defendants to the importance of the interest at stake, disparities between pretrial protections in federal civil and criminal procedure instead track differences in race and class between defendants in the two systems. Criminal defendants, for instance, can be locked in cages for two days on a mere accusation by police before a magistrate considers the validity of that deprivation. Civil defendants, by contrast, typically cannot be deprived of their property without first having a judge hear their arguments. Criminal defendants sometimes do not learn about the government’s evidence until the eve of or during trial—a trial that comes in scant few cases. Civil defendants would never be forced into such a trial by surprise but rather have numerous tools of formal discovery to compel evidence from the opposing party throughout the pretrial period. This Article argues that comparing federal criminal procedure to federal civil procedure across several substantive areas provides new and valuable insight into the systemic racism and classism woven into the fabric of U.S. law. Criminal defendants are disproportionately poor people of color, while civil defendants are often wealthy corporations whose executives are largely White; those wealthy civil defendants play an outsized role in developing civil procedure. Trials are scarce in both civil and criminal procedure. But civil procedure—where wealthy White defendants are disproportionately powerful—offers significant pretrial protection for defendants that reduced the prevalence of trials. Criminal law has also made trials largely disappear but not by affording procedural protections to defendants. Rather, criminal law made going to trial much too risky for defendants. Nonetheless, instead of recognizing the lack of trials and shifting procedural protections pretrial, criminal law continues to rest its faith on mythological trials to protect defendants’ rights.
Economic Insecurity and Deportees' Decision to Re-migrate in a COVID-19 Era

For potential immigrants, the COVID-19 pandemic has reduced economic opportunities and increased risks both at home and abroad. We seek to understand how COVID-19 has impacted the calculations that govern one's decision to emigrate. Leveraging a unique panel survey of Guatemalans recently deported from the U.S., we explore how COVID-19 has affected deportees' economic well-being and the intent to re-migrate. We find that while COVID-19 does not measurably decrease deportees' (already poor) current economic conditions, the pandemic increases expectations of being worse off in the next year and uncertainty about future economic conditions. Furthermore, the pandemic also increases uncertainty about whether deportees intend to re-migrate in the coming year. This increase in uncertainty reflects the increased difficulty potential migrants face in weighing relative opportunities and risks during a transnational crisis, even as one's expectations about economic well-being in the home country become more pessimistic.
Accurate Operative Time Prediction in Thyroid Surgery: A Rural Tertiary Care Facility Experience

Objective:To determine whether surgeons can estimate thyroid operative time more accurately than a system-generated average time estimate.Methods:Four otolaryngologists at a single institution with...
Correction to: Charles Camic: Veblen, The Making of an Economist Who Unmade Economics: Harvard University Press

The article Charles Camic: Veblen, The Making of an Economist Who Unmade Economics, written by Charles Steindel, has been updated.
O01.6 A Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion membrane protein blocks interferon gamma stimulated immunity in humans and nonhuman primates

Background Epithelial cells that are stimulated with interferon gamma (IFNγ) carry out a potent immune response termed cell-autonomous immunity. While Chlamydia trachomatis is susceptible to murine cell-autonomous immunity, it evades this response in humans. The virulence factors underlying this evasion are unknown. A better animal model is needed to evaluate the importance of this defense pathway against C. trachomatis infection. Methods We leveraged a novel library of C. trachomatis x C. muridarum chimeras to identify candidate virulence factors. We assayed chimeras and follow-up mutants for their ability to evade inclusion ubiquitination in IFNγ-primed human cells. Growth restriction assays were performed in human cells in the presence or absence of IFNγ. We isolated primary fibroblasts from a macaque skin biopsy to test whether a similar response is induced by IFNγ-stimulation in the nonhuman primate (NHP) model. Results The inclusion membrane protein CT135 is required for evasion of cell-autonomous immunity. Organisms lacking a functional copy of this gene failed to block ubiquitin recruitment to their inclusions in IFNγ-primed human and NHP cells. This ubiquitination was associated with a severe growth defect in vitro. Retrospective analysis of a NHP study revealed an inoculum containing a CT135 mutant had poor fitness in vivo. We clonally isolated the mutant and confirmed it was susceptible to cell-autonomous immunity. Conclusion A historic paucity of genetic tools has hindered the identification of virulence factors that facilitate Chlamydia trachomatis pathogenesis. By leveraging a novel library of mutants, we identified a virulence factor that facilitates chlamydial subversion of cell-autonomous immunity in human and NHP cells. While this C. trachomatis gene is nonfunctional in the mouse model, our reevaluation of a previous study suggests it is required for in vivo survival in NHP. This work underscores the importance of NHP as model organisms to study chlamydia immunity.
Stretchable origami robotic arm with omnidirectional bending and twisting

Inspired by the embodied intelligence observed in octopus arms, we introduce magnetically controlled origami robotic arms based on Kresling patterns for multimodal deformations, including stretching, folding, omnidirectional bending, and twisting. The highly integrated motion of the robotic arms is attributed to inherent features of the reconfigurable Kresling unit, whose controllable bistable deploying/folding and omnidirectional bending are achieved through precise magnetic actuation. We investigate single- and multiple-unit robotic systems, the latter exhibiting higher biomimetic resemblance to octopus' arms. We start from the single Kresling unit to delineate the working mechanism of the magnetic actuation for deploying/folding and bending. The two-unit Kresling assembly demonstrates the basic integrated motion that combines omnidirectional bending with deploying. The four-unit Kresling assembly constitutes a robotic arm with a larger omnidirectional bending angle and stretchability. With the foundation of the basic integrated motion, scalability of Kresling assemblies is demonstrated through distributed magnetic actuation of double-digit number of units, which enables robotic arms with sophisticated motions, such as continuous stretching and contracting, reconfigurable bending, and multiaxis twisting. Such complex motions allow for functions mimicking octopus arms that grasp and manipulate objects. The Kresling robotic arm with noncontact actuation provides a distinctive mechanism for applications that require synergistic robotic motions for navigation, sensing, and interaction with objects in environments with limited or constrained access. Based on small-scale Kresling robotic arms, miniaturized medical devices, such as tubes and catheters, can be developed in conjunction with endoscopy, intubation, and catheterization procedures using functionalities of object manipulation and motion under remote control.
Use of ganglion cell layer measurements on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography as an adjunct for determining the chronicity of occipital lobe lesions (P6.033)

Objective: To describe use of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in differentiating acute from chronic post-geniculate visual pathway dysfunction. Background: Retrograde transsynaptic degeneration (RTSD) is thought to occur following longstanding injury to post-geniculate pathways and may be detected via segmental thinning of the ganglion cell layer (GCL) on SD-OCT. Design/Methods: Case report. Results: An otherwise healthy 41-year old right-handed man presented to Neuro-Ophthalmology for an incidentally discovered homonymous right superior quadrantanopia. He had been evaluated in Stroke clinic for transient right-sided weakness with prior work up which was allegedly significant only for “artefactual” changes on MRI brain. Although the patient denied any residual symptoms, a visual field defect was detected, prompting concern for a new ischemic infarct. However, a repeat contrast-enhanced MRI brain was remarkable only for gliotic changes with volume loss along the paramedian left occipital lobe which, per neuroradiology, had to have occurred at least two months prior. Specific attention to pre-geniculate visual pathways revealed no abnormalities. In Neuro-Ophthalmology clinic, Humphrey visual fields confirmed the visual field defect, while SD-OCT revealed segmental GCL thinning in areas of the retina corresponding to areas of his visual field defect. The presence of obvious RTSD allowed us to determine that the occipital infarcts were at least a year old. We subsequently tracked down an MRI brain from four years prior which demonstrated identical appearing changes within the left occipital lobe. Conclusions: Given this patient’s recent transient ischemic attack, the uncertainty of the onset of his visual field defect appropriately prompted concern for new stroke. However, the presence of GCL thinning on SD-OCT consistent with RTSD provided reassurance that the infarction was remote and this conclusion was confirmed by inspection of an MRI from four years prior. SD-OCT may serve as a widely available, non-invasive, and cost-effective adjunct in differentiating acute from chronic post-geniculate visual pathway injury. Disclosure: Dr. Pham has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dinkin has received personal compensation for activities with Lewis Johs Avallone Aviles, LLP and Jeffries Group as an consultant.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: controller of systemic inflammation

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine that is secreted by the anterior pituitary and immune cells in response to surgical stress, injury, and sepsis. This cytokine appears to be a critical regulator of the inflammatory pathways, leading to systemic inflammatory response syndrome and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. This report provides an integrated scheme describing the manner by which MIF controls the neurohormonal response and the adaptive immune system, namely the T-helper (Th)1 and Th2 lymphocytes, which results in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. The development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and subsequent development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome appear to be related to MIF levels and the balance of Th1 and Th2 function.
A subset of papillary thyroid carcinomas contain KRAS mutant subpopulations at levels above normal thyroid.

The molecular pathogenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is largely attributed to chromosomal rearrangements and point mutations in genes within the MAPK pathway (i.e., BRAF and RAS). Despite KRAS being the 6th most frequently mutated gene for all cancers, the reported frequency in thyroid cancer is only 2%. This may be due, in part, to the use of insensitive mutation detection methods such as DNA sequencing. Therefore, using the sensitive and quantitative ACB-PCR approach, we quantified KRAS codon 12 GGT GAT and GGT GTT mutant fraction (MF) in 20 normal thyroid tissues, 17 primary PTC, 2 metastatic PTC, and 1 anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. We observed measurable levels of KRAS codon 12 GAT or GTT mutation in all normal thyroid tissues. For PTCs, 29.4% and 35.3% had KRAS codon 12 GAT and GTT MF above the 95% upper confidence interval for the corresponding MFs in normal thyroid. The highest observed KRAS codon 12 GTT MFs were associated with tumors with follicular characteristics and relatively high levels of tumor necrosis. The results indicate KRAS mutant subpopulations are present in a large number of thyroid tumors, a fact previously unrecognized. The presence of KRAS mutation may indicate a tumor with an aggressive phenotype, thus directing the course of clinical treatment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of umbilical catheterization on morbidity and mortality in extremely premature newborns.

OBJECTIVE Investigate the benefit of umbilical catheterization upon survival and selected morbidities in extremely premature newborns (<28 weeks gestation). Outcomes of successfully catheterized extremely premature newborns are compared with others who cannot be successfully catheterized, and we hypothesize that umbilical catheterization promotes survival and reduces morbidities. STUDY DESIGN Utilizing a retrospective, cohort study design, survival and outcomes of catheterized and non-catheterized newborns (n = 722) were compared by univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Of all newborns, 66.8% had both umbilical arterial catheter (UAC) and umbilical venous catheter (UVC) placements, 15.0% had only UAC, 13.7% had only UVC, and 4.6% had neither. Overall survival was 82.5%. Survivals with and without UAC were 82.5% and 82.6% (NS), but survival with UVC was 80.7% versus 90.1% without UVC (p = 0.012). Analysis of risk factors associated with death during umbilical catheterization reaffirmed that death remained significantly dependent upon UVC placement (OR = 35.7; 95% CI: 3.7-347.3, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Successful umbilical catheterization of extremely premature newborns does not provide benefit through promotion of survival or reduction of morbidities when compared to others who are not successfully catheterized at the umbilicus.
The Cycle of Violence: Understanding Individual Participation in Collective Violence

Why do “ordinary” people engage in collective violence, harming others on behalf of their group? In this article, we argue that the violent group itself, and the identity it bestows on participating members, is an often overlooked and yet fundamental source of motivation for an individual's participation in collective violence. Reviewing insights from social and moral psychology, military history, and public health, we outline how the psychology of individual violent behavior presents a puzzle. For an ordinary person, participation in violence is often an aversive and distressing experience, and yet violent behavior leads to more violence in the future. A better understanding of the dynamics of collective violence allows us to make sense of this paradox. Violent groups can promote violent behavior among members by increasing members' motivation to engage in violence, particularly through group identification and deliberate strategies, and by removing psychological obstacles to violence (i.e., by making violence less aversive). Our synthesis of the literature points to a cycle of individuals' participation in collective violence, in which group identification motivates violent behavior and violent behavior increases identification with violent groups.
Sub-National Immigration Regulation and the Pursuit of Cultural Cohesion

The past several years have witnessed a significant increase in the volume of state and local laws related to immigration, many of them attempting to increase law enforcement efforts, and deny residency, public benefits, and employment to undocumented immigrants. Ostensibly erected for resource-guarding reasons, these sub-national regulations act as legally constructed walls, closing off local communities to migrants. Proponents of such measures also contend that sub-national closure - especially in the shadow of lax national border control - is critical to cultural stability and preservation. This Article maintains that resource-guarding rationales are proxies for culture-based exclusion. As such, this Article argues that policymakers at national and sub-national levels should focus on the viability of the cultural arguments underlying exclusionary legislation. Such analysis will ultimately conclude that sub-national immigration regulation is neither the only, nor most effective, method for promoting community cohesion and stability. Because state and local laws aimed at excluding immigrants cannot actually achieve their purpose - i.e., preserving the cultural status quo - sub-national entities should abandon their barrier-building. Community culture will change and evolve regardless of the presence of undocumented persons. In addition, constitutional constraints and economic incentives limit the degree of closure any sub-national community could hope to achieve. This Article then demonstrates that national or sub-national units can create and maintain stable, culturally distinct communities without building physical or legal walls. Indeed, the current spectrum of local response to national border policy - with some localities electing to embrace and include undocumented immigrants - demonstrates that sub-national inclusiveness can also serve community cohesiveness. A more generous immigration policy will not de-stabilize sub-national communities, and therefore these communities need not, and should not, exclude putative members, regardless of citizenship status.
A model-based parameter estimation technique for wideband interpolation of periodic moment method impedance matrices

Several computational electromagnetic modeling techniques have been developed specifically for the analysis and design of frequency selective surfaces (FSS). One of the most popular and widely used of these techniques is the periodic method of moments (PMM). The application of the PMM to the analysis of FSS geometries at a single frequency involves the construction and solution of a linear system of equations of the form Zi=v, where Z is the impedance matrix, i is the vector that contains the unknown coefficients of the basis functions used to expand the surface current, and v is the known excitation vector. For simulations where wideband analysis is required, the entire system has to be reconstructed and solved for each frequency sampling point in the band of interest. Therefore, finding a way to reduce the time involved in calculating the Z matrix is extremely important. We introduce a model-based parameter estimation (MBPE) technique that can be used to accelerate the computation of the PMM impedance matrix, Z, over wide frequency ranges for efficient analysis and design of FSS.
Preparation and evaluation of PEO‐coated materials for a microchannel hemodialyzer

The marked increase in surface-to-volume ratio associated with microscale devices for hemodialysis leads to problems with hemocompatibility and blood flow distribution that are more challenging to manage than those encountered at the conventional scale. In this work stable surface modifications with pendant polyethylene oxide (PEO) chains were produced on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polycarbonate microchannel, and polyacrylonitrile membrane materials used in construction of microchannel hemodialyzer test articles. PEO layers were prepared by radiolytic grafting of PEO-polybutadiene-PEO (PEO-PB-PEO) triblock polymers to the material surfaces. Protein repulsion was evaluated by measurement of surface-bound enzyme activity following contact of uncoated and PEO-coated surfaces with β-galactosidase. Protein adsorption was decreased on PEO-coated polycarbonate and PDMS materials to about 20% of the level recorded on the uncoated materials. Neither the triblocks nor the irradiation process was observed to have any effect on protein interaction with the polyacrylonitrile membrane, or its permeability to urea. This approach holds promise as a means for in situ application of safe, efficacious coatings to microfluidic devices for blood processing that will ensure good hemocompatibility and blood flow distribution, with no adverse effects on mass transfer. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1014–1020, 2014.
Minimum edge blocker dominating set problem

Abstract This paper introduces and studies the minimum edge blocker dominating set problem (EBDP), which is formulated as follows. Given a vertex-weighted undirected graph and r > 0, remove a minimum number of edges so that the weight of any dominating set in the remaining graph is at least r . Dominating sets are used in a wide variety of graph-based applications such as the analysis of wireless and social networks. We show that the decision version of EBDP is NP-hard for any fixed r > 0. We present an analytical lower bound for the value of an optimal solution to EBDP and formulate this problem as a linear 0–1 program with a large number of constraints. We also study the convex hull of feasible solutions to EBDP and identify facet-inducing inequalities for this polytope. Furthermore, we develop the first exact algorithm for solving EBDP, which solves the proposed formulation by a branch-and-cut approach where nontrivial constraints are applied in a lazy fashion. Finally, we also provide the computational results obtained by using our approach on a test-bed of randomly generated instances and real-life power-law graphs.
Complex Trauma: Approaches to Theory and Treatment

In this article on complex trauma, the author looks at how biology, attachment, and belatedness form a core of symptoms and fragmentation in individuals who are victims. The source of the victimization is not limited to family violence and neglect. Wars, accidents, and disease fall into the enlarged view of “polytrauma,” and the emotional and physical manifestations share commonalities. The naming and connection to a new story, the healing within the context of the therapeutic relationship, and the nature of implicit memory are all examined as important to the victim's recovery and re-creation of self and soul.
Cardiovascular responses to spinal cord stimulation and autonomically active drugs in Squalus acanthias

Abstract 1. 1. Stimulation of the spinal cord in high spinal cord transected dogfish ( Squalus acanthias ) produced characteristic phasic changes in blood pressure, but these apparently are not related to vasomotor activity. 2. 2. Sympathomimetic drugs, adrenergic blockade, ganglionic blocking and stimulating drugs produce responses similar to those seen in mammals. 3. 3. Although no evidence for a neurogenically mediated sympathetic control was obtained, the responses to the autonomically active drugs indicate the presence of some essential elements of a sympathetic vasomotor control system. 4. 4. However, no evidence was adduced that these elements exert any central control over the peripheral circulation in this primitive vertebrate.
Computing foundations for the scientist (abstract only)

There is a need for a new style of supporting a computer course. Although it is widely recognized that computer technology provides essential tools for all current scientific work, few university curricula adequately ground science majors in the fundamentals that underlie this technology. Introducing science students to computational thinking in the areas of algorithms and data structures, data representation and accuracy, abstraction, performance issues, and database concepts can enable future scientists to become intelligent, creative and effective users of this technology. The intent is not to turn scientists into computer scientists, but rather to enhance their ability to exploit computing tools to greatest scientific advantage. This poster demonstrates one course doing this.
A Substitute for a Liquid Air Trap for Mercury Vapour in Vacuum Systems

As is well known, the speed and simplicity of the mercury vapour condensation pump has led to its almost universal adoption in the production of extremely high vacua. It suffers from the disadvantage that, while it rapidly removes gases and vapours from the vessel to be exhausted, it does not remove mercury vapour. Consequently, it is necessary to freeze the mercury vapour in a trap between the pump and vessel to be exhausted, by immersing the trap in liquid air. The cost of making liquid air, the difficulty of getting it in certain laboratories, and, in some researches, the need for keeping the mercury trap in action for several weeks without a break, suggested the desirability of looking for some alternative method.
Packrat parsing: simple, powerful, lazy, linear time, functional pearl

Packrat parsing is a novel technique for implementing parsers in a lazy functional programming language. A packrat parser provides the power and flexibility of top-down parsing with backtracking and unlimited lookahead, but nevertheless guarantees linear parse time. Any language defined by an LL(k) or LR(k) grammar can be recognized by a packrat parser, in addition to many languages that conventional linear-time algorithms do not support. This additional power simplifies the handling of common syntactic idioms such as the widespread but troublesome longest-match rule, enables the use of sophisticated disambiguation strategies such as syntactic and semantic predicates, provides better grammar composition properties, and allows lexical analysis to be integrated seamlessly into parsing. Yet despite its power, packrat parsing shares the same simplicity and elegance as recursive descent parsing; in fact converting a backtracking recursive descent parser into a linear-time packrat parser often involves only a fairly straightforward structural change. This paper describes packrat parsing informally with emphasis on its use in practical applications, and explores its advantages and disadvantages with respect to the more conventional alternatives.
Level set methods for etching, deposition and photolithography development

Level set techniques are numerical techniques for tracking moving interfaces, and have been applied to a wide collection of problems in front propagating and surface advancement. The techniques are robust, accurate, unbreakable, and extremely fast, and can be applied to highly complex two and three dimensional surface topography evolutions in etching, deposition, and photolithography, including sensitive flux/visibility integration laws, simultaneous etching and deposition, effects of non-convex sputter laws demonstrating faceting, as well as ion-sputtered re-deposition and re-emission with low sticking coefficients, and surface diffusion.
Alternating chemical ligation reactivity of S-acyl peptides explained with theory and computations

Previously discovered alternating reactivity of S-acyl di-, tri-, and tetrapeptide in internal chemical ligation reactions is rationalised using conformational search, virtual screening methods and quantum chemical calculations. Conformational preorganisation is shown to be the major controller of reactivity, with hydrogen bonding providing additional stabilisation for the tetrapeptide structure.
Detached-Eddy Simulations and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Simulations of Delta Wing Vortical Flowfields

An understanding of vortical structures and vortex breakdown is essential for the development of highly maneuverable vehicles and high angle of attack flight. This is primarily due to the physical limits these phenomena impose on aircraft and missiles at extreme flight conditions. Demands for more maneuverable air vehicles have pushed the limits of current CFD methods in the high Reynolds number regime. Simulation methods must be able to accurately describe the unsteady, vortical flowfields associated with fighter aircraft at Reynolds numbers more representative of full-scale vehicles. It is the goal of this paper to demonstrate the ability of detached-eddy Simulation (DES), a hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)/large-eddy Simulation (LES) method, to accurately predict vortex breakdown at Reynolds numbers above 1 ×10 6 . Detailed experiments performed at Onera are used to compare simulations utilizing both RANS and DES turbulence models
Mutant and Infectious Prion Proteins Display Common Biochemical Properties in Cultured Cells

Prion diseases are unusual neurodegenerative disorders that can be both infectious and inherited. Both forms are hypothesized to result from a posttranslational structural alteration in the cell surface glycoprotein PrPc (cellular isoform of the prion protein) that converts it into the protease-resistant isoform PrPSc (scrapie isoform of the prion protein). However, a direct comparison of molecular events underlying these two manifestations of prion diseases has not been possible, because there has been no cell culture model for the familial forms. We report here that when mutant prion proteins associated with three different inherited prion disorders of humans are expressed as their murine homologues in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, the proteins are protease-resistant and detergent-insoluble, two biochemical properties characteristic of infectious PrPSc. In addition, each mutant protein remains tightly associated with the plasma membrane after enzymatic cleavage of its glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, a property that we now show is also typical of infectious PrPSc. The cell culture system described here is the first in vitro model for familial prion diseases and provides compelling evidence that infectious and genetic cases share common molecular features.
Characterization of the conditioned taste aversion produced by 7-OH-DPAT in rats.

Abstract Using the conditioned taste aversion preparation, we described the dose-effect curve for the reputed dopamine D3 agonist (±)7-OH-DPAT (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, or 10 mg/kg). Rats received a 0.1 % saccharin taste paired on repeated occasions with one of the 7-OH-DPAT doses. The 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/kg doses of 7-OH-DPAT produced a significant conditioned saccharin aversion. This aversion was evident regardless of whether saccharin intake of 7-OH-DPAT-treated rats was compared to their own water consumption or to saccharin intake by saline-treated rats.
Transcriptionally Abundant Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Alleles Are Fundamental to Nonhuman Primate Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques are the preferred animal model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines that elicit CD8(+) T cell responses. Unlike humans, whose CD8(+) T cell responses are restricted by a maximum of six HLA class I alleles, macaques express up to 20 distinct major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) sequences. Interestingly, only a subset of macaque MHC-I sequences are transcriptionally abundant in peripheral blood lymphocytes. We hypothesized that highly transcribed MHC-I sequences are principally responsible for restricting SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. To examine this hypothesis, we measured SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses in MHC-I homozygous Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. Each of eight CD8(+) T cell responses defined by full-proteome gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay were restricted by four of the five transcripts that are transcriptionally abundant (>1% of total MHC-I transcripts in peripheral blood lymphocytes). The five transcriptionally rare transcripts shared by these animals did not restrict any detectable CD8(+) T cell responses. Further, seven CD8(+) T cell responses were defined by identifying peptide binding motifs of the three most frequent MHC-I transcripts on the M3 haplotype. Combined, these results suggest that transcriptionally abundant MHC-I transcripts are principally responsible for restricting SIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. Thus, only a subset of the thousands of known MHC-I alleles in macaques should be prioritized for CD8(+) T cell epitope characterization.
Does Adolescents' Readiness to Change Substance Use Behavior Differ Depending on Profile of Psychiatric Comorbidity?

ABSTRACT Objectives: Certain psychiatric diagnoses, such as conduct disorder, typically predict more chronic course of substance use in adolescents. Little is known, however, regarding the extent to which an adolescent's profile of psychiatric comorbidity is associated with differences in readiness to change substance use behavior following admission to outpatient treatment. Methods: Adolescents (N = 169, 14–18 years old) recruited from addictions treatment completed a comprehensive assessment of substance use and other psychiatric disorders, and measures of readiness to change substance use. Latent class analysis was used to identify distinct profiles of comorbid psychopathology, which were then related to measures of readiness to change. Results: The most prevalent psychiatric disorders were conduct disorder (47%), major depression (29%), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (17%), and oppositional defiant disorder (11%). Latent class analysis identified 6 distinct profiles of psychiatric comorbidit...
Opposing patterns of neural priming in same-exemplar vs. different-exemplar repetition predict subsequent memory

The present neuroimaging study examines how repetition-related neural attenuation effects differ as a function of the perceptual similarity of the repetition and subsequent memory. One previous study (Turk-Browne et al., 2006) reported greater attenuation effects for subsequent hits than for misses. Another study (Wagner et al., 2000) found that neural attenuation is negatively correlated with subsequent memory. These opposing results suggest that repetition-related neural attenuation for subsequent hits and misses may be driven by different factors. In order to investigate the factors that affect the degree of neural attenuation, we varied perceptual similarity between repetitions in a scanned encoding phase that was followed by a subsequent memory test outside the scanner. We demonstrated that the degree of neural attenuation in the object processing regions depends on the interaction between perceptual similarity across repeated presentations and the quality their encodings. Specifically, the same areas that decreased neural signal for repetitions of same exemplars that were subsequently recognized with confidence that the repetitions were identical showed a decrease in neural signal for different-exemplar misses but not for the corresponding subsequently recognized hits. Our results imply that repetition-related neural attenuation should be related to the more efficient processing of perceptual properties of the stimuli only if subjects are able to subsequently remember the stimuli. Otherwise, the cause of attenuation may be in the failure to encode the stimuli on the second presentation as shown by the pattern of neural attenuation for the different-exemplar misses.
Change of the hydrogen excitation cross sections due to the wake potential of a fast charged particle.

The wake potential of a fast charged particle is derived for an atomic system using first-order quantum-mechanical perturbation theory. The Coulomb excitation cross sections of the target atoms by this wake potential are then derived and found to be considerable. Numerical results on a model system of condensed atomic hydrogen show that the wake potential is very important and must be included in calculating the integrated Coulomb excitation cross sections in condensed matter.
Government debt in the euro area-Evidence from dynamic factor analysis

Abstract This paper shows that an unobserved common factor drives the co-movement of government debt in the euro area. The old-age dependency ratio explains the factor after controlling for the Maastricht Treaty, the adoption of the euro, and the ongoing crisis.
Impact of regulatory science on global public health

Regulatory science plays a vital role in protecting and promoting global public health by providing the scientific basis for ensuring that food and medical products are safe, properly labeled, and effective. Regulatory science research was first developed for the determination of product safety in the early part of the 20th Century, and continues to support innovation of the processes needed for regulatory policy decisions. Historically, public health laws and regulations were enacted following public health tragedies, and often the research tools and techniques required to execute these laws lagged behind the public health needs. Throughout history, similar public health problems relating to food and pharmaceutical products have occurred in countries around the world, and have usually led to the development of equivalent solutions. For example, most countries require a demonstration of pharmaceutical safety and efficacy prior to marketing these products using approaches that are similar to those initiated in the United States. The globalization of food and medical products has created a shift in regulatory compliance such that gaps in food and medical product safety can generate international problems. Improvements in regulatory research can advance the regulatory paradigm toward a more preventative, proactive framework. These improvements will advance at a greater pace with international collaboration by providing additional resources and new perspectives for approaching and anticipating public health problems. The following is a review of how past public health disasters have shaped the current regulatory landscape, and where innovation can facilitate the shift from reactive policies to proactive policies.
Amoebic liver abscess in Rhodesian Africans

Abstract Eighty-eight African patients with amoebic liver abscess are described. The diagnosis was readily made in pyrexial patients who had right-sided upper abdominal pain, an enlarged, very tender liver and signs at the right base. However, in apyrexial subjects (10%) and where abdominal pain was absent (7%), the diagnosis was considerably delayed. Five children (7%) were seen under the age of five, four of whom died because the diagnosis was not suspected. It is particularly emphasized that there should be a greater awareness of this condition in this age group. Amoebae were found in only a small percentage of stool (14%) and pus specimens (11%), while biopsy of the abscess edge yielded 40%. The relative values of a positive amoebic latex test (82%) and an elevated alkaline phosphatase (71%) are noted. In only half the aspirations was the classical anchovy sauce appearance seen. Metronidazole is the drug of choice with repeated aspirations for large abscesses. Mortality was 13·5%, occurring mainly in the extremes of life.
Clinical and oculographic response to Tenuate Dospan (diethylpropionate) in a patient with congenital nystagmus.

Abstract PURPOSE: We report a female adult with congenital nystagmus who responded with improved visual function and oculographic parameters after taking the anorexic diet drug Tenuate Dospan (diethylproprionate; Watson Laboratories, Inc., Corona, California). METHODS: Observational case report. Clinical ophthalmic examination and ocular motility recordings were performed before and after administration of the drug Tenuate Dospan. RESULTS: The binocular visual acuity of the patient improved from 20/70 to 20/50, her exotropic deviation decreased from 12 to 4 prism diopters, her stereopsis increased from none to 200 seconds/arc, and her ocular motility recordings showed increased foveation periods and a broadened null zone. CONCLUSION: For unexplained reasons, the anorexic stimulant Tenuate Dospan “paradoxically” improved the nystagmus and binocular function in this patient with congenital nystagmus. This observation may be the basis for investigation of a new pharmacological treatment approach to patients with congenital nystagmus or strabismus.