cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Palynologic and petrographic variation in the Pond Creek coal bed, Pike County, Kentucky

Abstract Recent studies of the petrology and ash geochemistry of the Pond Creek coal bed (Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation) in Pike and Martin Countries, Kentucky, have defined vertical and lateral trends that are related to the development of the northeast-trending Belfry anticline contemporaneous with the deposition of the Pond Creek peat. To the northwest of the anticline the coal bed has a high-CaCO3 middle zone and a high Fe2O3-high sulfur upper zone. To the east of the anticline, particularly in the Lick Creek and Jamboree 7 1 2 ′ quadrangles, the coal bed exhibits a distinctive petrographic zonation. In the latter area, the usual megascopic sequence is a basal durain followed by a bright clarain-durain/dull The palynology of the Pond Creek coal bed was investigated in six sets of bench/lithotype samples from the Lick Creek and Jamboree 7 1 2 ′ quadrangles. The low-vitrinite basal durain (zone 1) has a palynomorph assemblage which reflects the importance of tree ferns and herbaceous lycopods. The easternmost site has a bright clarain below the durain. The latter lithotype has a fair diversity of palynormph groups and also has the highest percentage of arborescent lycopod forms of any bench below the bone (zone 5). The bright zone 2 above the durain has the greatest maceral group range and the greatest floral diversity of any of the lithotypes. The zone 3 dull lithotype has increased amounts of herbaceous lycopods and decreased amounts of arborescent lycopods, sphenopsids and tree ferns. The zone 4 bright lithotypes are generally over 80% vitrinite and, in general, exhibit a dominance of arborescent lycopods although sphenopsid, tree fern and small fern forms exhibit varying importance. The high-ash bone (zone 5) has 71.6–77.0% vitrinite. This lithotype is marked by a dominance of herbaceous lycopods at the expense of arborescent lycopods and sphenopsids. The zone 6 bright clarian is marked by an increase in arborescent lycopods and a large decrease in herbaceous lycopods. The low-vitrinite terminal durain has an assemblage with high percentages of herbaceous lycopods and low percentages of arborescent lycopods as well as increase in tree fern spores over zone 6. In general, the petrology and palynology trends are predictable. Dull lithotypes have abundant herbaceous lycopod representation and bright lithotypes have abundant arborescent lycopod representation. The greatest deviation from this simple pattern is within the zone 4 bright lithotypes, where diverse palynomorph assemblages occur among the high-vitrinite benches. Overall, the greatest floral diversity appears to have occurred near the base of the coal bed.
Accessibility of rat and human follitropin receptor primary sequence (R265-S296) in situ

The primary sequence of FSH receptor (FSHR) is homologous to LH and TSH receptors (LHR and TSHR). This family of receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled class of membrane-bound receptors. A very large extracellular domain suggests that interaction of ligand with receptor is likely to be complex. Secondary structure analysis of the FSHR R265-S296 primary sequence, which has little homology to LHR, predicted a helix-turn-helix motif. An objective of these studies was to test directly the hypothesis that FSHR R265-S296 is accessible in FSHR and plays a role in hormone binding. Rat FSHR (rFSHR) was expressed in insect cells and used as a source of receptor for binding studies. Recombinant receptor had a Kd in the picomolar range with about 200,000 receptors/cell and appeared as two forms (180 and 75 kilodaltons) by Western blot analysis. Functional coupling of the rat FSHR to adenylate cyclase in insect cells was demonstrated. Antipeptide antibodies against FSHR R265-S296 inhibited binding of radiolabeled h...
Diplogasterid nematodes (diplogasteridae: Rhabditida) and their relationship to insect disease

Abstract The pathogenicity of two species of diplogasterid nematodes, Mesodiplogaster lheritieri (Maupas) Goodey and Pristionchus uniformis Fedorko and Stanuszek was investigated under laboratory conditions, using larvae of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella Linnaeus as the test insect. Although the number of treated insects dying as a result of nematode activity was low, some insect mortality resulted after the nematodes first established themselves in the gut of the host. Nematode activity ruptured the gut wall and the nematodes entered the hemocoel, bringing with them coliform bacteria which caused a fatal septicemia. Under the present conditions, there was no indication that the dauer stages of either species could enter the body cavity of healthy insects. The literature on diplogasterid nematode-insect relationships is reviewed and discussed in light of these findings.
Radiation-induced trapping centers in thin silicon dioxide films

Abstract In this paper the technological and scientific aspects of radiation-related charge trapping in thin SiO 2 films are reviewed. These films are amorphous in nature and are thermally grown on single crystal silicon substrates serving as the insulating layer in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors and transistors. The structure and operation of these devices are reviewed with special emphasis on the effect of charges trapped in the oxide. The technical importance of understanding the interaction of ionizing radiation with thin SiO 2 films is illustrated with two practical examples. The first involves the operation of MOS transistors in environments where ionizing radiation is present, leading to an accumulation of positive space charge in the oxide. The second deals with process-induced defects generated by radiation encountered during the fabrication of devices by processes such as electron beam lithography or electron gun metallization. Unannealed traps of this type capture hot electrons producedin the substrate during the operation of the MOS transistor. In both these examples, the charging of the oxide results in instabilities which degrade operation. Its sensitivity to charge trapped in the insulator makes the MOS system an ideal vehicle for scientific study of these phenomena. The basic techniques for characterizing the density, capture cross-sections, and location are briefly discussed and applied to the problem of radiation-induced defects in thin SiO 2 films. Ionizing radiation is shown to interact with the SiO 2 in two modes. In the first it supplies carriers to fill pre-existing hole traps at the interfaces. In the second it creates electron and hole traps in the bulk of the thin film. These latter defects are in a neutral state after irradiation and are detectable only when either electrons or holes are subsequently injected into the oxide. The capture cross-sections, trap densities and location of these centers in the film are presented. The annealing treatments required to remove these traps from aluminium and polysilicon gate devices are also discussed. The number traps produced by an incident 25 KV electron beam is found to depend weakly on the dosage. A dipolar defect, produced by the ionizing radiation, seems to explain the behavior of the neutral centers.
A turbulent time : the French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean

Introduction 1. Slavery, War, and Revolution in the Greater Caribbean 1789-1815, David P. Geggus 2. The French revolution in Saint Dominique: Triumph or Failure?, Carolyn E. Fick 3. The French Revolution and British Attitudes to the Caribbean Colonies, Michael Duffy 4. La Guerre des Bois: Revolution, War and Slavery in Saint Lucia, 1793-1838, David Barry Gaspar 5. Slave Resistance in the Spanish Caribbean in the Mid- 1790s, David P. Geggus 6. Rebellion and Royalism in Spanish Florida: The French Revolution on Spain's Northern Colonial Frontier, Jane Landers 7. Conflicting Loyalties: The French Revolution and Free People of Color in Spanish New Orleans, Kimberly S. Hanger 8. Revolutionary St. Dominique in the Making of Territorial Louisiana, Robert L. Paquette 9. The Admission of Slave Testimony at British Military Courts in the West Indies, 1800-1809, Roger N. Buckley Contributors Index
Energy metabolism in swimming the dolphin stroke.

The energy metabolism of subjects while they swam using the dolphin-butterfly stroke, was analyzed. It was found that: 1. The oxygen consumption while swimming with the whole stroke, the arm-stroke or the leg-kick, increases exponentially with an arithmetical increase in swimming velocity. 2. At competitive speeds swimming with only the leg-kick requires more energy than swimming at the same velocity with either the arm-stroke or the whole stroke. 3. A parabolic pattern is shown for the mechanical efficiency while swimming by use of each of the three methods. The mechanical efficiency increases as the velocity of swimming increases from 0 to an optimum velocity and then decreases as the velocity exceeds this value. 4. At competitive speeds swimming with only the leg-kick is less efficient than swimming with either the arm-stroke or the whole stroke. 5. At maximal speeds swimming with the whole stroke is slightly more efficient than swimming with the arm-stroke.
Remarks on Distance Distributions for Graphs Modeling Computer Networks

Abstract The Wiener polynomial of a graph G is a generating function for the distance distribution dd ( G ) = ( D 1 , D 2 ,…, D t ), where D i is the number of unordered pairs of distinct vertices at distance i from one another and t is the diameter of G . We use the Wiener polynomial and several related generating functions to obtain generating functions for distance distributions of graphs that model certain large classes of computer networks. These provide a straightforward means of computing distance and timing statistics when designing new networks or enlarging existing networks.
Growth pattern and differentiation of human soft tissue sarcomas in nude mice

Tumor suspensions prepared from 62 human soft tissue sarcomas were injected into the peritoneal cavity and subcutis of 124 nude mice. The sarcomas included were ten malignant fibrous histiocytomas, 15 fibrosarcomas, six tendosynovial sarcomas, five liposarcomas, nine myosarcomas, six angiosarcomas, six malignant schwannomas, and five miscellaneous sarcomas. Sixty-two percent of the sarcomas showed progressive growth in nude mice either subcutaneously (46%), intraperitoneally (14%), or at both sites (40%). Fifty-one percent of the primary sarcomas, 71% of the recurrent tumors, and 78% of the sarcomas that were metastatic grew in the animals. Sarcomas that were grafted into the subcutis appeared as solitary nodules and showed a more accelerated growth as well as better differentiation than those that were injected into the peritoneal cavity. The intraperitoneal tumors were multifocal and dedifferentiated growths. It appears that simultaneous subcutaneous and intraperitoneal grafting of human sarcomas into nude mice offers a model to study the histogenesis and morphologic variations of soft tissue sarcomas.
Leadership - Is That What We Study?:

Leadership is a key issue in the development of groups, organizations and nations. The study of leadership plays a crucial role in the behavioral and management sciences. It receives a lot of atten...
Some Experiments Upon the Relations Between Ether, Matter and Electricity

In the following paper are described a number of experiments, undertaken at the suggestion of Professor H. A. Rowland, upon the relations between ether, matter, and electricity. The theories advanced in the paper as suggestive of the experiments are, to the best of the writer's ability, statements of Professor Rowland's ideas. Unfortunately the sudden illness and death of Professor Rowland prevented him from reviewing the paper. Since the development of the wave theory of light by Huygens in 1678, the most important problem which has confronted the physicist has been the determination of the nature and the properties of the medium which we must imagine to fill all space for the propagation of the waves which give rise to the sensation of light. Numerous ethers have been postulated, each with properties which might account for the phenomenon under consideration, but none of which have made any claim to universal application. Green has developed extensively the elastic solid theory, and has even made estimates of the density and rigidity of the ether. The recent development of the electro-magnetic theory of light and the location of the electro-magnetic energy in the ether have demanded properties entirely different from any which could be furnished by a rigid elastic solid, and new ethers have been postulated accordingly. Faraday's discovery of the rotation of the plane of polarization of light in a magnetic field suggested that the particles of matter, or the ether in connection with them, must be in rotation. As a result of the theories proposed by Ampere and Weber, and developed by Maxwell, modern theories of magnetism are based on some kind of rotary or vortical motion in the ether, and if a piece of iron is magnetized, we imagine that the molecules, or something about them, rotate also. Maxwell has tried to detect the presence of any such rotation in an electro-magnet. With a kind of gyroscope he showed that, if it exists, the angular momentum must be small compared with any quantities which we can measure. An attempt was made, at the suggestion of Professor Rowland, by Mr. Paul McJunkin and the author, to determine within what limit it is possible to say that there is no frictional or viscous resistance in the ether connected with such rotation.
Superoxide dismutase activity of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) strains isolated from AIDS patients

Abstract Objective : To explore whether Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) strains isolated from AIDS patients produce and secrete superoxide dismutase (SOD). Design : SOD was assayed in the crude extracts and in cell-free medium of 18 MAC strains (MAC 101, LR and SK strains) isolated from AIDS patients to determine intracellular and extracellular activity. The SODs were characterized by PAGE and by their sensitivity to azide, cyanide and hydrogen peroxide. Results : SOD activity was detected in cell extracts as well as in extracellular medium of all AIDS-MAC strains. PAGE demonstrated a single activity band for each strain, though there were differences in mobility. All LR strains demonstrated an activity band with R f = 0.30, while SOD band for MAC 101 and for SK strains migrated further (R f = 0.87). The differences in mobility correlated with differences in sensitivity to NaN 3 and H 2 O 2 . The SOD activity of LR strains was irreversibly inhibited 100% by 5 mM H 2 O 2 , and exhibited greater sensitivity to NaN 3 , suggesting the presence of iron in the enzyme. The SOD activity of SK strains and MAC 101, however, was not inhibited by 5 mM H 2 O 2 but was inhibited to a lesser extent by NaN 3 , which is characteristic of a manganese-containing SOD. Conclusion : Our data indicate that MAC strains are rich in manganese- or iron-containing SOD, which could contribute to the organism's resistance to the oxidative burst of activated macrophages. The secretion of SOD may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MAC strains.
Private flirts, public friends: Understanding romantic jealousy responses to an ambiguous social network site message as a function of message access exclusivity.

Abstract Research indicates that social network site use can amplify romantic jealousy, but studies have yet to identify the causes a for these reactions. An experiment was conducted to examine how message exclusivity affects jealousy responses to a hypothetical scenario. A total of 191 undergraduates were randomly assigned to imagine their potential emotional and behavioral responses to an ambiguous message given by their partner to a romantic rival, either in a private Facebook message (high exclusivity) or posted publicly as a message on the rival’s Facebook wall (low exclusivity). Those participants reading about high exclusivity messages reported more negative emotion and were more likely to imagine being confrontational. Threat perception and negative emotion both predicted confrontational behavior. There was an indirect effect of message access exclusivity on threat perception through negative emotion; there was no direct association between exclusivity and threat perception. This research has implications for the study of message processing on social network sites and the conceptualization of masspersonal communication.
Analisis de estrategias en el ajuste lineal de funciones no-lineales en problemas de optimizacion

Uno de los problemas tipicos en programacion lineal si el modelo versa sobre aplicaciones avanzadas consiste en la linealizacion de funciones no-lineales convexas y no-convexas que intervienen en la funcion objetivo o en las condiciones. Se estudian diferentes tipos de modelizaciones (“incrementos constantes”, piecewise no-adyacente adicional, piecewise no-adyacente segmentada y piecewise adyacente) que tratan el problema de las funciones no-lineales. Asimismo, cada tipo de modelizacion propuesto se puede optimizar en base a estrategias diferentes. Asi se estudia la optimizacion a base de programacionseparable, programacion lineal con conjuntos especiales de tipo 2, programacion lineal entera mixta con conjuntos especiales de tipo 1 y programacion lineal entera mixta pura empleando a su vez estrategias de cuasi-integralidad en las variables binarias. El estudio se efectua a base de un analisis numerico con problemas reales, concediendo especial atencion al alcance del analisis de sensitividad que puede proporcionar cada binomio tipo de modelizacion—estrategia de optimizacion.
Fossil Robinia wood from the western United States

Abstract A collection of petrified wood from the Lower Pliocene Ogallala Formation in western Oklahoma was examined. All specimens appear to be of the same taxon and exhibit features of extant Robinia species. To date, four fossil wood species of Robinia have been described. The relationship of Robinioxylon zuriensis Falqui to Robinia is doubtful because of the lack of diagnostic critical features. The remaining three, Robinia alexanderi Webber, Robinia breweri Prakash, Barghoorn and Scott, and Robinioxylon zirkelii (Platen) Muller-Stoll and Madel do show affinity to Robinia and all have been noted as structurally similar to R. pseudoacacia . The Oklahoma woods and these three fossil species show considerable overlap in quantitative features and are identical in qualitative features. Examination of different sections (and specimens) of extant Robinia pseudoacacia wood reveals quantitative and qualitative variation similar to that found amongst the petrified woods. Robinia alexanderi , Webber, R. breweri Prakash, Barghoorn and Scott, R. zirkelii (Platen) Muller-Stoll and Madel, and the Oklahoma specimens are considered to be conspecific as the differences between these fossil wood species are no different from those accounted for by variation within a single living species, R. pseudoacacia .
Influence of defruiting on the abscisic acid and indole-3-acetic acid contents of cotton leaves

A field experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that young cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fruits (bolls) serve as sinks for ABA, or that they are a source of IAA for subtending leaves. Cotton was grown in eight four-row plots in Phoenix during the summer of 1989 and irrigated about every two weeks. In one test, flowers at anthesis were removed on 22 and 29 June and on 7 and 14 July from the first node of fruiting branches of one center row, but not the other row, in each of four replications. Subtending leaves were harvested seven days after deflowering for ABA and IAA analyses. Removal of one flower per plant had no consistent effect on the concentrations of ABA and IAA in the subtending leaf. In another test, all flowers and bolls were removed from all plants of one center row, but not the other row, of four replications on 30 June and 5 and 13 July. Uppermost fully expanded mainstem leaves were harvested from the same plots on 20, 25, and 27 July, and on 9 August (7, 12, 14, and 27 days after final defruiting) for ABA and IAA analyses. Removal of all fruits apparently caused a slight increase in ABA concentration in mainstem leaves, but the effect disappeared with time after defruiting. The ability of leaves to accumulate ABA apparently decreased slightly as boll load increased. Complete fruit removal did not, however, affect the IAA content of leaves.
Growth of the Pulmonary Arteries Following Blalock-Taussig Shunt

Abstract The Blalock-Taussig (BT) shunt remains the standard systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt. We reviewed our experience with the classic BT shunt in terms of mortality, patency, duration of palliation, and growth of the pulmonary artery. Records were reviewed in 49 consecutive patients, 25 of whom were less than one month old at the time of operation. They underwent a total of 53 BT shunts. Also, the pulmonary artery index (PAI), or the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the right and left pulmonary arteries standardized by the body surface area (BSA), was calculated. There were 4 operative deaths (7.5%) and 1 late death (2.0%). Early shunt thrombosis (within 72 hours postoperatively) occurred in 3 patients. Four patients required a second BT shunt, 5 underwent a palliative outflow tract reconstruction, and 5 required a polytetrafluoroethylene graft. Twenty-one patients underwent a corrective procedure, and 26 underwent a second cardiac catheterization. Of these 26 patients, 24 represent the subgroup used to assess the growth of the pulmonary arteries. The mean duration of palliation was 25.15 months. Mean PAI increased significantly from 127 ± 40 mm 2 /BSA pre-shunt to 286.1 ± 144 mm 2 /BSA post-shunt ( p
Core Polarization and Coulomb Displacement Energies

The contributions of core polarization terms (other than the Auerbach-Kahana-Weneser (AKW) effect) to Coulomb displacement energies of mirror nuclei near A = 16 and A = 40 are examined within the particlevibration coupling model. The parameters of the model are determined using updated data on the locations and strengths of multipole core excitations. In the absence of relevant data an energy-weighted sum rule (EWSR) is exploited. Taking into account multipole excitations up to L = 5 and subtracting the contributions which are due to short-range correlations, significant contributions (1-3%) to ΔEc are found. These corrections arise from particle coupling to low-lying collective states (long-range correlations). The implications of these results on the Coulomb energy problem are discussed.
Martensitic transformations and determination of the inhomogeneous deformation

Abstract A simple graphical method is presented for determining, directly from observations of the crystallographic features of a martensitic transformation, the inhomogeneous deformation which is part of the total transformation distortion. With few exceptions, this pattern of inhomogeneity—plane and direction of shear (slip, twinning, stacking faults)—has not been observed. It is of great importance since it is intimately related to the dislocation arrays which are involved in transformation, and thus can provide information about the mechanism. The essence of the scheme consists of working in reverse the problem previously studied: given a particular set of observations of the lattice parameters of the initial and final structures, interface plane normal, orientation relationships, and magnitude and direction of macroscopic displacement; to determine uniquely that pattern of inhomogeneity which could produce that particular set of crystallographic features. The technique involves a more elegant and considerably shorter version of the graphical formulation of the Wechsler-Lieberman-Read theory of martensitic transformations, which is first described. Strong evidence is presented to substantiate the correctness and utility of the theory, and the “inverse” method is then applied to the determination of the pattern of inhomogeneity in one of the few cases where accurate experimental data are available on a single transformation process: the f.c.c. to b.c.t. austenite-martensite transformation in an Fe-Ni-C alloy. The calculated pattern of inhomogeneity is shown to be reasonable, in the light of existing inconclusive experimental information and other theoretical considerations. The importance is discussed of reporting precise data on all the crystallographic features of a single transformation process which results in a single plate or domain of the product phase. It is shown how the scatter in habit, and the shift in habit, in steels can be studied by this treatment.
Vickers indentation behavior of several commercial glasses at high temperatures

The Vickers indentation behavior of five commercial glasses has been investigated as a function of temperature. The glasses included: (i) soda-lime-silica Float glass, (ii) lead-alkali silicate, (iii) 7740 Pyrex™ borosilicate, (iv) potassium phosphate, and (v) lanthanum borate. A recording microindentation system was constructed to allow Vickers indentation testing to be conducted at temperatures significantly above room temperature. The Vickers hardness was observed to decrease continuously with increasing temperature for all glasses, with the exception of the 7740 Pyrex™ glass. Decreases in hardness were attributed to decreases in elastic moduli and bond strength with increasing temperature. The lengths of median-radial cracks around indentations in several glasses were observed to first increase, and then decrease, with increasing temperature. The first of this behavior was attributed to initial increases of the crack driving force, characterized by the quantity (E/H), as well as to a decrease in fracture surface energy. Viscous flow at higher temperatures was believed responsible for a reduction in the crack driving force and crack tip stress, resulting in an eventual decrease in crack length. Viscoelastic behavior of the Float glass was characterized by a rate-dependent hardness and indentation crack pattern. Load–displacement traces indicated an increase in the work of indentation and residual indentation depth with increasing temperature for all glasses.
Review Of Fluorescence Diagnosis Using Porphyrins

Tumors can be detected by their increased fluorescence compared to surrounding tissue, several hours after injection of a fluorescent, tumor-localizing compound such as dihematoporphyrin ether. The fluorescence is observed by either a nonimaging photodetector, with appropriate filters, or by an imaging optical system (usually employing an image intensifier because the fluorescence is weak). Excitation is best carried out with a laser, but a filtered arc lamp may be suitable. Instruments differ in the methods of excitation, detection, reduction of background from native fluorescence of tissues, and provision for a whitelight - illuminated reflectance image or other means for guiding and identification of anatomical landmarks. Carcinoma in situ has been detected by a number of these instruments.
Electromyography of sartorius muscle.

The sartorius muscle of ten normal subjects was studied by elec-tromyography. It is most active during flexion of the hip and only slightly active during lateral rotation and abduction of the hip. The muscle is usually more active during knee flexion than during extension, but this is not universal. Apparently in some persons it plays a role in knee extension in addition to its knee flexion action, depending on knee position and variations in insertion. Sartorius appears to be a regulator in hip flexion and lateral rotation during the swing phase of gait.
Wreaths of Tangent Circles

It is well known that a circle can be exactly surrounded by six other circles the same size as the original circle (Figure 1).
Practical approaches to identifying sealed and open fractures

For one essential ingredient of permeable fracture networks (degree of fracture pore-space preservation in large fractures), I show how the characterization challenge presented by sparse fracture sampling can be overcome by measuring a surrogate, the abundance of rock-mass cement that precipitated after fractures ceased opening. Sampling limitations are overcome because the surrogate is readily measured in small rock samples, including sidewall cores and cuttings, permitting site-specific diagnosis of the capacity of fractures to transmit fluid over a wider range of sample depths than conventional methods allow. A diverse core database shows that this surrogate correctly predicts where large fractures are sealed. Information on timing of fracture opening relative to cement sequence can be obtained in two ways. First, evidence of fracture-movement history and cement sequences in sparse large fractures can be extrapolated to areas having only cement data. Alternately, evidence of fracture timing can be acquired from sealed, micrometer-scale fractures. Distribution of porosity-reducing cement is commonly heterogeneous (from bed to bed and location to location) in siliciclastic and carbonate rocks. However, because patterns of sealed or open fractures cannot be delineated using fracture observations alone, surrogates have practical value for production fairway mapping and other applications in which identifying open fractures is essential. This study highlights the vital interplay among structural and diagenetic processes for fracture-porosity preservation or destruction.
What If?: A Study of Seminal Cases as if Decided in a Twombly/Iqbal Regime

What if, like in It’s a Wonderful Life, we were able to go back and see what life would be like without a particular legal rule? In other words, what if we could be the George Bailey of law for a day? It is through this “what if” lens that this essay tackles the already well-discussed cases of Bell Atlantic v. Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal. But, unlike the scholarship that has addressed these cases so far, this essay stakes out a completely different methodological approach. Rather than predicting what courts might do with Twombly and Iqbal going forward, it asks what might have been had Twombly and Iqbal existed decades ago. To engage in this exercise, the essay looks at actual complaints in cases that have become common parlance in legal circles, Bakke v. The Regents of the Univ. of Cal. and Hopkins v. Price Waterhouse, and applies the standards enunciated in Twombly and Iqbal to them. By doing so, the essay attempts to concretely think about the consequences of a Twombly/Iqbal pleading regime by considering the potential impact that a granted motion to dismiss might have had on cases that we take for granted today. This requires both micro and macro considerations. At the micro level, it is worth thinking about whether the complaint could have been re-filed and ultimately survive a motion to dismiss. At the macro level, the exercise involves a broader consideration of what would have happened had the case never been decided. In other words, how would the doctrines defined by that seminal case have been affected? And, even more broadly, how might the development of particular kinds of law practice changed and how might other modes of social change been utilized? By considering the effect of Twombly and Iqbal in this manner, the essay offers yet another way to consider the benefits and drawbacks of a Twombly/Iqbal regime.
The prostate cancer risk calculator from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial underestimates the risk of high grade cancer in contemporary referral patients.

Purpose: The prostate cancer risk calculator from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial estimates the risk of positive biopsy and 1 containing high grade disease (Gleason score 7 or greater) based on prostate specific antigen, digital rectal examination, family history, race and prior negative biopsy. Since data used to create the calculator came from an unreferred population that underwent mainly sextant biopsy, to our knowledge its usefulness in the contemporary urology practice is unknown.Materials and Methods: We performed the same multivariate logistic regression used to derive the prostate cancer risk calculator in a cohort of men from the Stanford Prostate Needle Biopsy Database who underwent initial prostate needle biopsy using an extended 12-core scheme.Results: Our predictions of overall prostate cancer risk did not differ significantly from those of the calculator. Prostate specific antigen, abnormal digital rectal examination and family history were independent risk factors. However, our model ...
Analysis of cloud impact on infrared and microwave atmospheric sounding performance using NAST

Data collected by airborne infrared (NAST-I, MAMS) and microwave (NAST-M) sensors during CAMEX-3 (Florida, summer 1998) are used to quantify the cloud impact on atmospheric sounding performance in several ways. First, the degrees of freedom introduced by clouds are estimated by applying principal component transforms to cloud-perturbed (clear minus cloudy) NAST spectra. These results are then compared to those obtained using radiances simulated using two-level clouds. Finally, the radiance cloud-clearing performance for NAST-type clouds is evaluated and compared with results for simulated two-level clouds.
Reaction Reading: A Tool for Providing Fantasy Imagery for Long-Term Care Facility Residents

Reaction reading, the choral reading of poetry in small groups, gives mentally alert long-term care residents an opportunity to react to poetry with knowledge, opinion, emotion, and imagination. The activity can be led by a nonprofessional. Residents are encouraged to share their reflective fantasy (memory of past places and events) and projective fantasy (ideas of places beyond the contemporary setting) as inspired by poetic images. Application of the reaction reading method and its benefits are described.
Genetic Basis for Daptomycin Resistance in Enterococci

The emergence of multidrug-resistant enterococci as a leading cause of hospital-acquired infection is an important public health concern. Little is known about the genetic mechanisms by which enterococci adapt to strong selective pressures, including the use of antibiotics. The lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin is approved to treat Gram-positive bacterial infections, including those caused by enterococci. Since its introduction, resistance to daptomycin by strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium has been reported but is still rare. We evolved daptomycin-resistant strains of the multidrug-resistant E. faecalis strain V583. Based on the availability of a fully closed genome sequence for V583, we used whole-genome resequencing to identify the mutations that became fixed over short time scales (~2 weeks) upon serial passage in the presence of daptomycin. By comparison of the genome sequences of the three adapted strains to that of parental V583, we identified seven candidate daptomycin resistance genes and three different mutational paths to daptomycin resistance in E. faecalis. Mutations in one of the seven candidate genes (EF0631), encoding a putative cardiolipin synthase, were found in each of the adapted E. faecalis V583 strains as well as in daptomycin-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium clinical isolates. Alleles of EF0631 from daptomycin-resistant strains are dominant in trans and confer daptomycin resistance upon a susceptible host. These results demonstrate a mechanism of enterococcal daptomycin resistance that is genetically distinct from that occurring in staphylococci and indicate that enterococci possessing alternate EF0631 alleles are selected for during daptomycin therapy. However, our analysis of E. faecalis clinical isolates indicates that resistance pathways independent from mutant forms of EF0631 also exist.
A Time to Join, A Time to Quit: The Influence of Life Cycle Transitions on Voluntary Association Membership

Voluntary association researchers typically rely on cross-sectional data to demonstrate that individual membership varies across life cycle stages. The life cycle and membership, however, are more appropriately treated as dynamic processes. This research recognizes the dynamic nature of these processes by exploring the influence of transitions to marriage and parenthood on the joining and leaving rates of voluntary associations. Event history techniques are used to analyze retrospective data from a probability sample of 1,050 individuals. Separate models are estimated for males and females, while additional analyses disaggregate joining and leaving rates by group type. Results demonstrate that the effects of life cycle transitions on rates are gendered and suggest that relationships consistently reported in cross-sectional analyses result from differences in underlying joining and leaving rates
Optimal Long Term Acquisition of Coal for Fuel Blending

At present, most utilities must generate power to serve their load plus desired interchange while meeting sulfur dioxide emission constraints. There are several methods of meeting the sulfur dioxide requirements. The most cost effective method in most of the midwest is to blend high and low sulfur coal to meet sulfur dioxide constraints.
Simulation and synthesis of CSP-based interprocess communication

The Sea Cucumber project synthesizes parallel software threads into hardware on FPGAs (field programmable gate arrays). A communication system is needed which can be used to communicate between parallel software threads, and which can be synthesized into hardware with matching behavior. This paper describes a satisfactory communication system and presents three main contributions. First, it proposes a concise Java API for CSP (communication sequential processes) communication. Second, it presents a general hardware solution, which establishes interfaces and protocols for a various hardware implementations. Finally, it describes a hardware implementation created for the Xilinx Virtex II FPGA for performance analysis.
The arousal-retention interval interaction revisited: The effects of some procedural changes

The arousal/time interaction obtained in the Kleinsmith and Kaplan studies apparently can be attenuated by set or motivational variables. A six-item paired-associate list was presented a single time to each of 189 Ss, who were then tested for recall at varying times (immediate, 6 and 18 min, or 2 days). The high arousal items showed significant reminiscence at 6 min, but the overall effects were not as strong as in previous studies. The role of motivational sets under incidental learning conditions is discussed.
Multiple-Genome Comparison Reveals New Loci for Mycobacterium Species Identification

To identify loci useful for species identification and to enhance our understanding of the population structure and genetic variability of the genus Mycobacterium, we conducted a multiple-genome comparison of a total of 27 sequenced genomes in the suborder of Corynebacterineae (18 from the Mycobacterium genus, 7 from the Corynebacterium genus, 1 each from the Nocardia and Rhodococcus genera). Our study revealed 26 informative loci for species identification in Mycobacterium. The sequences from these loci were used in a phylogenetic analysis to infer the evolutionary relations of the 18 mycobacterial genomes. Among the loci that we identified, rpoBC, dnaK, and hsp65 were amplified from 29 ATCC reference strains and 17 clinical isolates and sequenced. The phylogenetic trees generated from these loci show similar topologies. The newly identified dnaK locus is more discriminatory and more robust than the widely used hsp65 locus. The length-variable rpoBC locus is the first intergenic locus between two protein-encoding genes being used for mycobacterial species identification. A multilocus sequence analysis system including the rpoBC, dnaK, and hsp65 loci is a robust tool for accurate identification of Mycobacterium species.
The status of investigations into the use of continued fractions for computer hardware

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that representations of numbers other than positional notation may lead to practical hardware realizations for the digital calculation of classes of algorithms. It is the authors' opinion that practicality of the use of continued products has been demonstrated. This paper describes current research in the use of continued fractions. Although practicality has not been demonstrated, theoretical results are promising, and the results thus far are presented as a case study of the difficulties which arise when use of a new representation is attempted.
Global nomads in the digital veldt

Gostaria de explorar as implicacoes da comunicacao movel ao contextualiza-lo tanto historicamente como em termos do uso de outros tipos de midia. Isso requer analise em um alto nivel de abstracao. Em vez de me envolver em uma analise de nivel micro do uso cotidiano de telefones celulares, tentarei apresentar um argumento de nivel macro sobre o lugar da telefonia movel na evolucao global ao longo dos milenios de formas de conexoes humanas a lugares e conexoes entre pessoas. Meu argumento geral e que, a medida que nos movemos rapidamente para uma nova era de globalizacao e comunicacao sem fio, estamos tambem em espiral para tras, de alguma maneira, para a primeira forma de associacao humana: a caca nomada e recolha. Em suma, estamos nos tornando "nomades globais".
Business associations and better governance in Africa

Are business associations a cure for or a cause of bad governance in Africa? Pluralists think business associations are needed to bargain and compromise over improvements in public policy, whereas public choice theorists suspect business associations of destructive rent-seeking. This article reports results of a survey in eight African countries that illuminates these issues. Most business leaders and civil servant respondents see major problems with governance, though across countries there is a perception of improvement. Business associations are reported to work reasonably well as policy advocates for better governance. They are seen as doing a fair job of keeping members updated on the policy environment. The associations also appear to be building ‘social capital’ (the ability to trust and work cooperatively with others) among member firms. Thus, the evidence is that business associations in Africa conform better to the pluralist model of interest group behaviour, as opposed to the more critical public choice viewpoint. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in Electrostatic Accelerators

Advances in the design and performance of electrostatic accelerators since 1969 are reviewed with special emphasis on the "forefront" accelerators that are currently leading in voltage capability. A comparison of the acceleration tube design offered by the National Electrostatics Corporation and the High Voltage Engineering Corporation will also be made. Other methods of increasing heavy ion energy by means of dual foil stripping will be discussed as well as the performance of a newly developed sputter ion source for the production of negative heavy ions with reliability and flexibility that greatly exceeds all other present systems. Finally, new developments in terms of both booster systems and very high voltage electrostatic accelerators (25-60 MV) are discussed.
Indexes for Pectus Deformities

A thoracic index is a formula used to qualify or quantify a thoracic deformity and in some cases, to define strategies within treatment. It is also a diagnostic tool used historically to assess the severity of the defect. There is no definition, classification, or consensus in the literature on which thoracic index is the gold standard. There are also no guidelines regarding cut-off values. This chapter is an effort to put all this together, starting by defining thoracic indexes, proposing a classification and describing them in detail for the first time. The main objective is to find out which are the most commonly indexes used by chest wall malformation experts worldwide, and why. For this reason the present chapter includes a web-based survey made to the aforementioned experts in order to review this issue in detail. Since there is currently no thoracic index without limitations, perhaps the perfect index is a mathematical combination of several different indexes. Perhaps it is one single index still to be discovered. This is the first step to search for a universal thoracic index for surgical – decision making.
Polymorphisms of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase and Other Enzymes: Metabolic Significance, Risks and Impact on Folate Requirement

A common genetic polymorphism results from a C-->T substitution in the gene encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), the enzyme that produces 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methyl-THF) required for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. In individuals with the T/T genotype (T/T), functional metabolic effects include changes in one-carbon folate derivatives, elevations in plasma homocysteine and differences in response to folic acid supplementation compared with normal (C/C) or heterozygous (C/T) genotypes. The metabolic changes associated with the T/T genotype are postulated to modify risk for chronic disease (e.g., vascular disease and cancer) and neural tube defects (NTD) when accompanied by folate deficiency. The modulation of these metabolic abnormalities by increasing folate intake suggests that folate requirements may be different in affected individuals (T/T) relative to normal (C/C) or heterozygous (C/T) individuals. The complex interaction between this common genetic polymorphism of MTHFR and folate intake is the focus of intense investigation.
Life History Traits and Rearing Techniques for Fall Webworms (Hyphantria cunea Drury) in Colorado

The fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury) is a moth species native to North America and an invasive pest in Europe and Asia. Hyphantria cunea larvae are noted generalists, and have been recorded feeding on dozens of plant families worldwide. There appear to be at least two forms of H. cunea that are distinguished by the larval head capsule color: black or red. Most previous accounts of H. cunea in the literature focus on the black-headed form. The three goals of the research we present here are to 1) detail successful rearing techniques for the red-headed form of H. cunea, 2) describe life history traits of red-headed H. cunea in Colorado and 3) test whether female pupal mass predicts potential fecundity for H. cunea as well as other lepidopteran species. Our data are compiled from two years of rearing experiments in the lab. In addition, we compare measures of life history traits from our research with those of other collections of H. cunea from Asia, Europe, Canada, and other regions of the United States to enable a better comparison between the black-headed and red-headed forms of H. cunea.
Preface to China-Concept Factor and Stock Returns in Taiwan

This study investigates whether there is a "China-concept factor", a common variation of stock returns, for firms that are listed in Taiwan stock markets and have real investments in China. We employ a methodology similar to that used by Lamont et al. (2001) in examining whether there is a financial-constraints factor. Listed firms in Taiwan stock markets for the period 1990-2004 are used to form portfolios of firms based on observable characteristics related to their real investments in China. We find that firms investing heavily in China have stock returns moving together over time, which suggests that firms investing in China are subject to common shocks. Firms investing heavily in China are found to exhibit higher average stock returns. There exists a China-concept factor for firms listed in Taiwan stock market and have real investments in China.
Sodium-phosphate transporter adaptation to dietary phosphate deprivation in normal and hypophosphatemic mice

The X-linked hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mouse is a model for hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets and is a homologue of human X-linked hypophosphatemia. The defect in the Hyp mouse appears to b...