cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Rights of Noncitizens in the United States

Over the past three decades, sociolegal scholarship on the rights of noncitizens in the United States has sought to explain rights and exclusions while incorporating new theory regarding racialization, biopolitics, neoliberalism, risk, and states of exception. Early work in this period distinguished between legal and illegal immigration, with a focus on assimilation, ethnicity, and new ethnic enclaves in the case of the former, and an examination of the relationship between membership and movement in the case of the latter. Large-scale restructurings of the immigration enforcement regime have made the distinction between citizens and noncitizens more important than before. Thus, scholars have coined such terms as “crimmigration” to describe the unprecedented convergence of criminal and immigration law, “rescaling” to refer to shifts from national to local enforcement efforts, and “securitization” to denote the infusion of antiterrorist measures within immigration policymaking.
Friction and wear of iron and nickel in sodium hydroxide solutions

A loaded spherical aluminum oxider rider was made to slide, while in various solutions, on a flat iron or nickel surface reciprocate a distance of 1 cm. Time of experiments was 1 hr during which the rider passed over the center section of the track 540 times. Coeficients of friction were measured throughout the experiments. Wear was measured by scanning the track with a profilometer. Analysis of some of the wear tracks included use of the SEM (scanning electron microscope) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). Investigated were the effect of various concentrations of NaOH and of water. On iron, increasing NaOH concentration above 0.01 N caused the friction and wear to decrease. This decrease is accompanied by a decrease in surface concentration of ferric oxide (Fe2O3) while more complex iron-oxygen compounds, not clearly identified, also form. At low concentrations of NaOH, such as 0.01 N, where the friction is high, the wear track is badly torn up and the surface is broken. At high concentration, such as 10 N, where the friction is low, the wear track is smooth. The general conclusion is that NaOH forms a protective, low friction film on iron which is destroyed by wear at low concentrations but remains intact at high conentrations of NaOH. Nickel behaves differently than iron in that only a little NaOH gives a low coefficient of friction and a surface which, although roughened in the wear track, remains intact. Previously announced in STAR as N83-10171
The LANL prototype Compton gamma-ray imager: design and image reconstruction techniques

Today we face serious threats from radiological dispersion devices, improvised nuclear devices, and unsecured nuclear materials. Detectors which are currently used to detect and characterize these radioactive materials (or the radioactive materials within larger assemblies) suffer from large background rates. In addition, these detectors have only minimal ability to localize the position of the source without the use of mechanical collimators - which reduce efficiency. Imaging detectors using the Compton scattering process have the potential to provide greatly improved sensitivity through their ability to reject off-source background by localizing the source. We are developing a prototype device using readily available detector systems to explore Compton imaging technology. Our aim is to build a proof-of-concept device to study the Compton technology and to benchmark simulation efforts that will guide development of larger, more efficient devices that would be needed for deployment in the field. Here we discuss the concept of our detector design and results from Monte Carlo simulations of our prototype detector. We present an extension of an imaging technique used for gamma-ray astronomy to near-field sources
A non-commutative Wiener–Wintner theorem

For a von Neumann algebra $\mathcal{M}$ with a faithful normal tracial state $\tau$ and a positive ergodic homomorpsism $\alpha :\mathcal{L}^{1}(\mathcal{M},\tau)\to\mathcal{L}^{1}(\mathcal{M},\tau)$ such that $\tau\circ\alpha =\tau$ and $\alpha $ does not increase the norm in $\mathcal{M}$, we establish a non-commutative counterpart of the classical Wiener–Wintner ergodic theorem.
Quantum Theory: A Pragmatist Approach

While its applications have made quantum theory arguably the most successful theory in physics, its interpretation continues to be the subject of lively debate within the community of physicists and philosophers concerned with conceptual foundations. This situation poses a problem for a pragmatist for whom meaning derives from use. While disputes about how to use quantum theory have arisen from time to time, they have typically been quickly resolved, and consensus reached, within the relevant scientific sub-community. Yet, rival accounts of the meaning of quantum theory continue to proliferate. 1 In this article, I offer a diagnosis of this situation and outline a pragmatist solution to the problem it poses, leaving further details for subsequent articles.
Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept

A growing number of sociologists, political scientists, economists, and organizational theorists have invoked the concept of social capital in the search for answers to a broadening range of questions being confronted in their own fields. Seeking to clarify the concept and help assess its utility for organizational theory, we synthesize the theoretical research undertaken in these various disciplines and develop a common conceptual framework that identifies the sources, benefits, risks, and contingencies of social capital.
The Effect of Perceived Lender Characteristics and Market Conditions on Strategic Mortgage Defaults

Inequity Aversion has long been applied in a game theoretic setting to explain that individuals are willing to sacrifice personal wealth in order to financially penalize players they perceive to be acting selfishly or unfairly. I apply inequity aversion to strategic mortgage default decisions and find that individual homeowners (as well as a second sample of professional mortgage lenders) have a differential stated willingness to walk away from their mortgage based on the perceived characteristics of their lender. Importantly, these significant differences can be removed even with extremely modest loan modifications. Finally, I document that regular homeowners and even professional lenders do a poor job differentiating between the owner of their loan and the servicer of their loan. This is particularly troubling given the extreme misconception of their bank’s true character. As a result, much of their willingness to penalize is misplaced resulting in an unnecessary number of strategic mortgage defaults.
Evidence of X-Ray Synchrotron Emission from Electrons Accelerated to 40 TeV in the Supernova Remnant Cassiopeia A

We present the 2‐ 60 keV spectrum of the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A measured using the Proportional Counter Array and the High Energy X-Ray Timing Experiment on the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer satellite. In addition to the previously reported strong emission-line features produced by thermal plasmas, the broadband spectrum has a high-energy “tail” that extends to energies at least as high as 120 keV. This tail may be described by a broken power law that has photon indices of G1 5 1.820.6
Uncertainty structures in adaptive and robust stabilization

In this paper we develop and synthesize results concerning the stabilization of parametrically uncertain linear systems via state feedback. The main purpose of this paper is to bring together the previously disjoint areas of parametric robust control and adaptive control, and to examine and compare the uncertainty structures that can be accommodated by various approaches of adaptive stabilization and robust stabilization. Among adaptive approaches we consider adaptive design based on certainty equivalence approach and the ones based on Lyapunov design, in turn include the case of parameter-independent Lyapunov function and the case of parameter-dependent Lyapunov function. Among robust approaches we consider quadratic stabilization as well as nonquadratic stabilization. A hierarchy of uncertainty structures is revealed. As an example of the results established in this paper, we show that the broadest uncertainty structure stabilizable by adaptive control based on parameter-independent Lyapunov function is the antisymmetric stepwise form which is strictly larger than the so-called pure feedback form.
Bioavailability of ellagic acid in human plasma after consumption of ellagitannins from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice

Background: Ellagic acid (EA) and hydrolyzable ellagitannins (ETs) are dietary polyphenols found in fruits and nuts and implicated with potent antioxidant, anticancer and antiatherosclerotic biological properties. Unfortunately, there are no reports on the bioavailability studies of EA or ETs in the human body. We conducted in vivo studies whereby a human subject consumed pomegranate juice (PJ) (180 ml) containing EA (25 mg) and ETs (318 mg, as punicalagins, the major fruit ellagitannin). Methods: A rapid plasma extraction procedure utilizing acidic precipitation of proteins, followed by HPLC-UV analyses, was employed. Results: EA was detected in human plasma at a maximum concentration (31.9 ng/ml) after 1 h postingestion but was rapidly eliminated by 4 h. The calibration curve for quantification of EA was linear (r 2 =0.9975) over the concentration range from 1000 to 15.6 ng/ml. Conclusions: Since EA has reportedly strong affinity for proteins and poor absorption in small animals, further studies to investigate whether the presence of free EA in human plasma may be due to its release from the hydrolysis of ETs, facilitated by physiological pH and/or gut microflora action, is warranted. EA can be considered as a biomarker for future human bioavailability studies involving consumption of ETs from food sources. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Separation of Coupled Systems of Schrodinger Equations by Darboux Transformations

Darboux transformations in one independent variable have found numerous applications in various field of mathematics and physics. In this paper, we introduce a novel application of these transformations in two dimensions to decouple systems of Schrodinger equations. We derive explicit representation for three classes of such systems which can be decoupled by such transformations. We also show that there is an elegant relationship between these transformations and analytic complex matrix functions.
SOME NEW IMMERSION RESULTS FOR COMPLEX PROJECTIVE SPACE

We prove the following two new optimal immersion results for complex projective space. First, if n · 3 mod 8 but n 6· 3 mod 64, and fi(n) = 7, then CP n can be immersed in R 4ni14 . Second, if n is even and fi(n) = 3, then CP n can be immersed in R 4ni4 . Here fi(n) denotes the number of 1's in the binary expansion of n. The first contradicts a result of Crabb, which said that such an immersion does not exist, apparently due to an arithmetic mistake. We combine Crabb's method with that developed by the author and Mahowald.
Imaging hyporheic zone solute transport using electrical resistivity

Traditional characterization of hyporheic processes relies upon modelling observed in-stream and subsurface breakthrough curves to estimate hyporheic zone size and infer exchange rates. Solute data integrate upstream behaviour and lack spatial coverage, limiting our ability to accurately quantify spatially heterogeneous exchange dynamics. Here, we demonstrate the application of near-surface electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) methods, coupled with experiments using an electrically conductive stream tracer (dissolved NaCl), to provide in situ imaging of spatial and temporal dynamics of hyporheic exchange. Tracer-labelled water in the stream enters the hyporheic zone, reducing electrical resistivity in the subsurface (to which subsurface ERI is sensitive). Comparison of background measurements with those recording tracer presence provides distributed characterization of hyporheic area (in this application, ∼0·5 m2). Results demonstrate the first application of ERI for two-dimensional imaging of stream-aquifer exchange and hyporheic extent. Future application of this technique will greatly enhance our ability to quantify processes controlling solute transport and fate in hyporheic zones, and provide data necessary to inform more complete numerical models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conservation and divergence of ADAM family proteins in the Xenopus genome

Members of the disintegrin metalloproteinase (ADAM) family play important roles in cellular and developmental processes through their functions as proteases and/or binding partners for other proteins. The amphibian Xenopus has long been used as a model for early vertebrate development, but genome-wide analyses for large gene families were not possible until the recent completion of the X. tropicalis genome sequence and the availability of large scale expression sequence tag (EST) databases. In this study we carried out a systematic analysis of the X. tropicalis genome and uncovered several interesting features of ADAM genes in this species. Based on the X. tropicalis genome sequence and EST databases, we identified Xenopus orthologues of mammalian ADAMs and obtained full-length cDNA clones for these genes. The deduced protein sequences, synteny and exon-intron boundaries are conserved between most human and X. tropicalis orthologues. The alternative splicing patterns of certain Xenopus ADAM genes, such as adams 22 and 28, are similar to those of their mammalian orthologues. However, we were unable to identify an orthologue for ADAM7 or 8. The Xenopus orthologue of ADAM15, an active metalloproteinase in mammals, does not contain the conserved zinc-binding motif and is hence considered proteolytically inactive. We also found evidence for gain of ADAM genes in Xenopus as compared to other species. There is a homologue of ADAM10 in Xenopus that is missing in most mammals. Furthermore, a single scaffold of X. tropicalis genome contains four genes encoding ADAM28 homologues, suggesting genome duplication in this region. Our genome-wide analysis of ADAM genes in X. tropicalis revealed both conservation and evolutionary divergence of these genes in this amphibian species. On the one hand, all ADAMs implicated in normal development and health in other species are conserved in X. tropicalis. On the other hand, some ADAM genes and ADAM protease activities are absent, while other novel ADAM proteins in this species are predicted by this study. The conservation and unique divergence of ADAM genes in Xenopus probably reflect the particular selective pressures these amphibian species faced during evolution.
Which Types of Environmental Management Systems Are Related to Greater Environmental Improvements

While there is little empirical evidence to demonstrate which types of environmental management systems (EMSs) are associated with greater environmental improvements, governments worldwide are encouraging facilities to adopt them. This research compares the environmental performance of facilities that adopt ISO 14001–certified EMSs, complete (noncertified) EMSs, and incomplete EMSs across multiple environmental media. The authors analyze these relationships for manufacturing facilities in seven countries using a two-stage model to control for selection bias. Findings indicate that the adoption of all types of EMSs is related to improved environmental performance in an international setting. However, ISO 14001–certified EMSs are associated with environmental improvements to a broader array of environmental media. These findings offer important implications about which types of EMSs have greater promise as voluntary environmental governance tools.
Turbulent Forced Convection in a Plane Asymmetric Diffuser: Effect of Diffuser Angle

A simulation of two-dimensional turbulent forced convection in a plane asymmetric diffuser with an expansion ratio of 4.7 is performed, and the effect of the diffuser angle on the flow and heat transfer is reported. This geometry is common in many heat exchanging devices, and the turbulent convective heat transfer in it has not been examined. The momentum transport in this geometry, however, has received significant attention already, and the studies show that the results from the v 2 -f type turbulence models provide better agreement with measured velocity distributions than that from the k-s or k-ω turbulence models. In addition, the v 2 -f type turbulence models have been shown to provide good heat transfer results for separated and reattached flows. The k-e-ζ (v 2 -f type) turbulence model is used in this study due to its improved numerical robustness, and the FLUENT-CFD code is used as the simulation platform. User defined functions for the k-e-ζ turbulence model were developed and incorporated into the FLUENT-CFD code, and that process is validated by simulating the flow and the heat transfer in typical benchmark problems and comparing these results with available measurements. This new capability is used to study the effect of the diffuser angle on forced convection in an asymmetric diffuser, and the results show that the angle influences significantly both the flow and the thermal field. The increase in that angle increases the size of the recirculation flow region and enhances the rate of the heat transfer.
On the Complexity and Approximation of Binary Evidence in Lifted Inference

Lifted inference algorithms exploit symmetries in probabilistic models to speed up inference. They show impressive performance when calculating unconditional probabilities in relational models, but often resort to non-lifted inference when computing conditional probabilities. The reason is that conditioning on evidence breaks many of the model's symmetries, which can preempt standard lifting techniques. Recent theoretical results show, for example, that conditioning on evidence which corresponds to binary relations is #P-hard, suggesting that no lifting is to be expected in the worst case. In this paper, we balance this negative result by identifying the Boolean rank of the evidence as a key parameter for characterizing the complexity of conditioning in lifted inference. In particular, we show that conditioning on binary evidence with bounded Boolean rank is efficient. This opens up the possibility of approximating evidence by a low-rank Boolean matrix factorization, which we investigate both theoretically and empirically.
Adaptive data structures for IP lookups

The problem of efficient data structures for IP lookups has been well studied in the literature. Techniques such as LC tries and extensible hashing are commonly used. In this paper, we address the problem of generalizing LC tries, based on traces of past lookups, to provide performance guarantees for memory suboptimal structures. As a specific example, if a memory-optimal (LC) trie takes 6 MB and the total memory at the router is 8 MB, how should the trie be modified to make best use of the 2 MB of excess memory? We present a greedy algorithm for this problem and prove that, if for the optimal data structure there are b fewer memory accesses on average for each lookup compared with the original trie, the solution produced by the greedy algorithm will have at least 9 × b/11 fewer memory accesses on average (compared to the original trie). An efficient implementation of this algorithm presents significant additional challenges. We describe an implementation with a time complexity of O(ξ(d)nlog n) and a space complexity of O(n), where n is the number of nodes of the trie and d its depth. The depth of a trie is fixed for a given version of the Internet protocol and is typically O(log n). In this case, ξ(d) = O(log2n). We also demonstrate experimentally the performance and scalability of the algorithm on actual routing data.
Battelle's Proposed Cooperative Program To Develop Guided Wave Optoelectronic Manufacturing Technology

The Battelle Memorial Institute is presently organizing a cooperative research and development program designed to facilitate rapid transition of optoelectronic technology from research to development. Specifically, the program will help U.S. industry develop the basic manufacturing technology it needs to produce active optoelectronic components efficiently and cost effectively for both long- and short-haul fiber optic systems. Manufacturing methods developed in the program are to be tested under pilot conditions so that fully packaged and connectorized prototypes are made available to the sponsoring companies at the earliest possible time. Three critical issues, microassembly and packaging, optical circuitry, and optoelectronic substrates, will be addressed in separate projects.
WELL-POSEDNESS AND GLOBAL ATTRACTORS FOR LIQUID CRYSTALS ON RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS

We study the coupled Navier-Stokes Ginzburg-Landau model of nematic liquid crystals introduced by F.H. Lin, which is a simplified version ofthe Ericksen-Leslie system. We generalize the model to co...
On Modeling Telecommuting Behavior: Option, Choice, and Frequency

The current study contributes to the already substantial scholarly literature on telecommuting by estimating a joint model of three dimensions—option, choice and frequency of telecommuting. In doing so, we focus on workers who are not self-employed workers and who have a primary work place that is outside their homes. The unique methodological features of this study include the use of a general and flexible generalized hurdle count model to analyze the precise count of telecommuting days per month, and the formulation and estimation of a model system that embeds the count model within a larger multivariate choice framework. The unique substantive aspects of this study include the consideration of the “option to telecommute” dimension and the consideration of a host of residential neighborhood built environment variables. The 2009 NHTS data is used for the analysis, and allows us to develop a current perspective of the process driving telecommuting decisions. This data set is supplemented with a built environment data base to capture the effects of demographic, work-related, and built environment measures on the telecommuting-related dimensions. In addition to providing important insights for policy analysis, the results in this paper indicate that ignoring the “option” dimension of telecommuting can, and generally will, lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the behavioral processes governing telecommuting decisions. The empirical results have implications for transportation planning analysis as well as for the worker recruitment/retention and productivity literature.
Cobalt-catalyzed hydrosilation/hydrogen-transfer cascade reaction: a new route to silyl enol ethers.

Capitalizing on cobalt: A new route to silyl enol ethers employing a Co-catalyzed cascade reaction featuring a tandem hydrosilation/hydrogen-transfer reaction is reported. The low catalyst loading, mild reaction conditions, and unique η(2)-silane resting state showcase the impressive utility of this seldom used transition-metal catalyst in C-H activation reactions (see scheme; VTMS = vinyltrimethylsilane; Cp* = 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene).
Robust controller design for the active mass driver benchmark problem

In this paper we develop a robust controller design for the Active Mass Driver (AMD) benchmark problem. The design process is based around the D-K iteration procedure for (complex) μ synthesis, together with a balanced truncation procedure to reduce the controller order. The final design is a third-order linear controller, which utilizes only four accelerometer measurements, and has desirable rolloff properties (i.e. small required bandwidth, and a high degree of robustness). Despite the simplicity of the controller, it is able to yield quite good performance, while using only modest control authority.
Benefit/Risk Assessment in Prevention Trials

Benefit/risk assessment (B/RA) is a mathematical procedure to estimate the probability of detrimental outcomes, beneficial outcomes and the net-effect anticipated from exposure to a given agent or procedure. B/RAs of health-related outcomes are used for public health planning, decision-making regarding health care financing, and therapeutic decision-making in clinical practice. Information obtained from B/RAs based on findings from controlled clinical trials, particularly those with double-masking of treatment, are most informative for health care planning and decision making because such information is less likely to be bias than is information obtained from observational studies. Thus, B/RAs in prevention trials are an excellent source of information to use as the basis for health care planning and decision-making. Applications of R/BA in prevention trials are performed as supplements for planning, monitoring and analyzing the trial. These applications can be categorized into three types of assessments. This article provides a description of the three types of assessment performed in prevention trials, defines the statistical algorithms used for each type of assessment and discusses several key methodological and practical issues involve with the application of B/RA to health-related outcomes. Keywords: benefit/risk; risk assessment; health risk assessment; net-effect; global monitoring
Kick and phase errors in spontaneous and amplified radiation

Abstract Two types of magnet errors are considered – the random phase error (RPE), in which the phase errors are evenly distributed along the magnet, and the random kick error (RKE), in which the errors in the derivative of the phase are evenly distributed. We compute the reduction in performance of both spontaneous radiation and high-gain free-electron lasers for both types of errors within the framework of 1-D free-electron laser theory.
Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding in MOn- and MOn Clusters (M = Mo, W; n = 3−5): A Photoelectron Spectroscopy and ab Initio Study

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and ab initio calculations are combined to investigate the electronic structure of MOn- clusters (M = W, Mo; n = 3−5). Similar PES spectra were observed between the W and Mo species. A large energy gap between the first and second PES bands was observed for MO3- and correlated with a stable closed-shell MO3 neutral cluster. The electron binding energies of MO4- increase significantly relative to those of MO3-, and there is also an abrupt spectral pattern change between MO3- and MO4-. Both MO4- and MO5- give PES features with extremely high electron binding energies (>5.0 eV) due to oxygen-2p-based orbitals. The experimental results are compared with extensive density functional and ab initio [CCSD(T)] calculations, which were performed to elucidate the electronic and structural evolution for the tungsten oxide clusters. WO3 is found to be a closed-shell, nonplanar molecule with C3v symmetry. WO4 is shown to have a triplet ground state (3A2) with D2d symmetry, whereas WO5 i...
Quantum gates and circuits

A historical review is given of the emergence of the idea of the quantum logic gate from the theory of reversible Boolean gates. I highlight the quantum XOR or controlled NOT as the fundamental two–bit gate for quantum computation. This gate plays a central role in networks for quantum error correction.
Fast algorithm for polygon decomposition

An O(klog(k)+n) algorithm is developed, where n is the number of versions, to decompose rectilinear polygons into rectangles. This algorithm uses horizontal cuts only and reports nonoverlapping rectangles the union of which is the original rectilinear polygon. This algorithm has been programmed in Pascal on an Apollo DN320 workstation. Experimentation with rectilinear polygons from VLSI artwork indicate that the present algorithm is significantly faster than the plane sweep algorithm and the algorithm proposed by K.D. Gourley and D.M. Green (1983). >
Educating fellows in practice-based learning and improvement and systems-based practice: The value of quality improvement in clinical practice☆

Abstract Introduction In 1999, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education identified 6 general competencies in which all residents must receive training. In the decade since these requirements went into effect, practice-based learning and improvement (PBLI) and systems-based practice (SBP) have proven to be the most challenging competencies to teach and assess. Because PBLI and SBP both are related to quality improvement (QI) principles and processes, we developed a QI-based curriculum to teach these competencies to our fellows. Methods This experiential curriculum engaged our fellows in our neonatal intensive care unit's (NICU's) structured QI process. After identifying specific patient outcomes in need of improvement, our fellows applied validated QI methods to develop evidence-based treatment protocols for our neonatal intensive care unit. Results These projects led to immediate and meaningful improvements in patient care and also afforded our fellows various means by which to demonstrate their competence in PBLI and SBP. Our use of portfolios enabled us to document our fellows' performance in these competencies quite easily and comprehensively. Discussion Given the clinical and educational structures common to most intensive care unit–based training programs, we believe that a QI-based curriculum such as ours could be adapted by others to teach and assess PBLI and SBP.
Sufficient conditions for coarse-graining evolutionary dynamics

It is commonly assumed that the ability to track the frequencies of a set of schemata in the evolving population of an infinite population genetic algorithm (IPGA) under different fitness functions will advance efforts to obtain a theory of adaptation for the simple GA. Unfortunately, for IPGAs with long genomes and non-trivial fitness functions there do not currently exist theoretical results that allow such a study. We develop a simple framework for analyzing the dynamics of an infinite population evolutionary algorithm (IPEA). This framework derives its simplicity from its abstract nature. In particular we make no commitment to the data-structure of the genomes, the kind of variation performed, or the number of parents involved in a variation operation. We use this framework to derive abstract conditions under which the dynamics of an IPEA can be coarse-grained. We then use this result to derive concrete conditions under which it becomes computationally feasible to closely approximate the frequencies of a family of schemata of relatively low order over multiple generations, even when the bitstsrings in the evolving population of the IPGA are long.
Kicking Away the Ladder: Student Politics and the Making of an Indian Middle Class

In many poorer countries, middle classes are reshaping economic and political life, and nowhere is this process more evident than in postcolonial India. This paper uses ethnographic research on stu...
Market timing wealth effects of American Depository Receipts: The cases of emerging and developed market issues

Abstract We examine the long-term returns of a sample of foreign equities traded on the New York Stock Exchange as American Depository Receipts (ADRs) issued between January 1, 1987 and September 30, 2000. Distinctions are made between those ADRs issued by companies headquartered in emerging and developed markets and those ADRs issued before and after January 1, 1998. The results suggest that, on average, emerging market ADRs issued prior to January 1, 1998 underperform the S&P 500 in long-term holding periods, while those issued after January 1, 1998 outperform the S&P 500. Alternatively, developed market ADRs slightly underperform the S&P 500 in long-term holding periods regardless of date of issue.
Land data assimilation systems

Soil moisture, temperature, and snow are integrated states, so errors in land surface forcing and parameterization accumulate in these stores, which leads to incorrect surface water and energy partitioning. However, many innovative new high-resolution land surface observations are becoming available that will provide the additional information necessary to constrain land surface predictions at regional to global scales. These constraints can be imposed in two ways. Firstly, by forcing the land surface primarily by observations (such as precipitation and radiation), the often severe atmospheric numerical weather prediction land surface forcing biases can be avoided. Secondly, by employing innovative land surface data assimilation techniques, observations of land surface storages such as soil temperature and moisture can be used to constrain unrealistic simulated storages. Land data assimilation systems (LDAS), are basically uncoupled land surface models that are forced primarily by observations, and are therefore not affected by NWP forcing biases. Land data assimilation systems also have the ability to maximize the utility of limited land surface observations by propagating their information throughout the land system to unmeasured times and locations.
Economic tussles in federated identity management

Federated identity management (FIM) enables a user to authenticate once and access privileged information across disparate domains. FIM’s proponents, who see the technology as providing security and ease of use, include governments and leaders in the IT industry. Indeed, a cornerstone of the current U.S. government’s efforts to secure cyberspace is its “National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace” (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2011). Yet adoption of federated identity management systems has been slow. From disputes over liability assignment for authentication failures to concerns over privacy, there have been many explanations for the slow uptake of federated identity management systems. We believe the problem is embedded in stakeholder incentives. We present an economic perspective of stakeholder incentives that sheds light on why some applications have embraced FIM while others have struggled. To do so, we begin by briefly analyzing seven use cases of successful and unsuccessful FIM deployments. From this we identify four critical tussles that may arise between stakeholders when engineering a FIM system. We show how the successful deployments have resolved the tussles, whereas the unsuccessful deployments have not. We conclude by drawing insights on the prospects of future FIM deployments.
A stable FSI algorithm for light rigid bodies in compressible flow

Abstract In this article we describe a stable partitioned algorithm that overcomes the added mass instability arising in fluid–structure interactions of light rigid bodies and inviscid compressible flow. The new algorithm is stable even for bodies with zero mass and zero moments of inertia. The approach is based on a local characteristic projection of the force on the rigid body and is a natural extension of the recently developed algorithm for coupling compressible flow and deformable bodies [1] , [2] , [3] . The new algorithm advances the solution in the fluid domain with a standard upwind scheme and explicit time-stepping. The Newton–Euler system of ordinary differential equations governing the motion of the rigid body is augmented by added mass correction terms. This system, which is very stiff for light bodies, is solved with an A-stable diagonally implicit Runge–Kutta scheme. The implicit system (there is one independent system for each body) consists of only 3 d + d 2 scalar unknowns in d = 2 or d = 3 space dimensions and is fast to solve. The overall cost of the scheme is thus dominated by the cost of the explicit fluid solver. Normal mode analysis is used to prove the stability of the approximation for a one-dimensional model problem and numerical computations confirm these results. In multiple space dimensions the approach naturally reveals the form of the added mass tensors in the equations governing the motion of the rigid body. These tensors, which depend on certain surface integrals of the fluid impedance, couple the translational and angular velocities of the body. Numerical results in two space dimensions, based on the use of moving overlapping grids and adaptive mesh refinement, demonstrate the behavior and efficacy of the new scheme. These results include the simulation of the difficult problems of shock impingement on an ellipse and a more complex body with appendages, both with zero mass.
Syntheses of E- and Z-2- and 4-fluorourocanic acids

Abstract Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination of ring-fluorinated N -trityl-imidazole carboxaldehydes with dialkyphosphonoacetic acid esters produced ring-fluorinated imidazolyl- E - and Z -acrylate esters. Stereochemistry was controlled by choice of phoshonate. Acid catalyzed removal of trityl followed by ester saponification gave the target 2- and 4-fluoro- E - and Z -urocanic acid derivatives. These are being investigated as potential mediators of photo-immunosupression.
The role of model dynamics in ensemble Kalman filter performance for chaotic systems

The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is susceptible to losing track of observations, or ‘diverging’, when applied to large chaotic systems such as atmospheric and ocean models. Past studies have demonstrated the adverse impact of sampling error during the filter’s update step. We examine how system dynamics affect EnKF performance, and whether the absence of certain dynamic features in the ensemble may lead to divergence. The EnKF is applied to a simple chaotic model, and ensembles are checked against singular vectors of the tangent linear model, corresponding to short-term growth and Lyapunov vectors, corresponding to long-term growth. Results show that the ensemble strongly aligns itself with the subspace spanned by unstable Lyapunov vectors. Furthermore, the filter avoids divergence only if the full linearized long-term unstable subspace is spanned. However, short-term dynamics also become important as nonlinearity in the system increases. Non-linear movement prevents errors in the long-term stable subspace from decaying indefinitely. If these errors then undergo linear intermittent growth, a small ensemble may fail to properly represent all important modes, causing filter divergence. A combination of long and short-term growth dynamics are thus critical to EnKF performance. These findings can help in developing practical robust filters based on model dynamics.
A Dempster-Shafer model of relevance

The authors present a model for representing relevance and classification decisions of multiple catalogers in the context of a hierarchical bibliographical database. The model is based on the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence. Concepts such as ambiguous relevance, inexact classification, and pooled classification are discussed using the nomenclature of belief functions and the Dempster rule. The model thus gives a normative framework in which it is possible to describe and address many problematic phenomena which characterize the way people classify and retrieve documents. >
Mechanical design considerations for conventionally laminated, high-speed, interior PM synchronous machine rotors

This paper discusses mechanical design considerations that are particular to conventionally (i.e., radially) laminated rotors of interior permanent-magnet synchronous machines. Focus is placed on applications where the radial forces due to high-speed operation are the major mechanically limiting design factor. Proper design of the lamination bridges, or ribs, at the rotor outer diameter is explained in terms of the both material considerations and electromagnetic performance impact. The tradeoff of complexity versus performance associated with using strengthening ribs in the magnet cavities is discussed. The sensitivity of the mechanical design limitations to the rotor-shaft mounting mechanism is also highlighted. These effects are then analyzed using finite-element analysis for a 150-N/spl middot/m/6-kW integrated starter/alternator designed for operation up to 6000 r/min with an annular rotor to accommodate a torque converter or clutch assembly. This example demonstrates that it is possible to significantly improve the rotor's structural integrity using the techniques described in this paper with only a very modest impact on the projected machine drive cost.
Field-Installable Fusion Splice Connector

Installing optical connectors in FTTx network usually involves field-installable connectors employing mechanical splices. Fujikura has developed a field-installable fusion splice connector that is easy to install and of high reliability.
Sugar sensing in higher plants

Sugar repression of photosynthetic genes is likely a central control mechanism mediating energy homeostasis in a wide range of algae and higher plants. It overrides light activation and is coupled to developmental and environmental regulations. How sugar signals are sensed and transduced to the nucleus remains unclear. To elucidate sugar-sensing mechanisms, we monitored the effects of a variety of sugars, glucose analogs, and metabolic intermediates on photosynthetic fusion genes in a sensitive and versatile maize protoplast transient expression system. The resuits show that sugars that are the substrates of hexokinase (HK) cause repression at a low concentration (1 to 10 mM), indicating a low degree of speci? ficity and the irrelevance of osmotic change. Studies with various glucose analogs suggest that glucose transport across the plasma membrane is necessary but not sufficient to trigger repression, whereas subsequent phosphorylation by HK may be required. The effectiveness of 2-deoxyglucose, a nonmetabolizable glucose analog, and the ineffectiveness of various metabolic intermediates in eliciting repression eliminate the involvement of glycolysis and other metabolic pathways. Replenishing intracellular phosphate and ATP diminished by hexoses does not overcome repression. Because mannoheptulose, a specific HK inhibitor, blocks the severe repression triggered by 2-deoxyglucose and yet the phos? phorylated products per se do not act as repression signals, we propose that HK may have dual functions and may act as a key sensor and signal transmitter of sugar repression in higher plants.
Promoting Corporate Entrepreneurship through Human Resource Management Practices: A Review of Empirical Research

As environments become more complex and dynamic, firms must become more entrepreneurial in order to identify new opportunities for sustained superior performance. Corporate entrepreneurship (CE) involves organizational learning, driven by collaboration, creativity and individual commitment. Therefore, it is widely held that HRM practices are an important driver of success. However, there is a pressing need for empirical research that addresses the contributions that HRM makes to a firm’s ability to accept risk, be innovative and be proactive. This paper reviews empirical research linking human resource management (HRM) practices with CE. It is found that although there is consensus as to the importance of HRM to CE, the empirical evidence is mixed and tends to lack a clear theoretical explanation. This review identifies two central themes that need to be addressed as we seek a theoretical explanation for this important relationship: individual risk acceptance and the encouragement of discretionary entrepreneurial contributions. It is suggested that these two issues are interdependent. Potential theoretical avenues and future research directions are discussed.
Self-healing organic-dye-based random lasers

One of the primary difficulties in the implementation of organic-dye-based random lasers is the tendency of organic dyes to irreversibly photodecay. In this Letter, we report the observation of “reversible” photodegradation in a Rhodamine 6G and ZrO2 nanoparticle-doped polyurethane random laser. We find that during degradation, the emission broadens, redshifts, and decreases in intensity. After degradation, the system is observed to self-heal leading to the emission returning to its pristine intensity, giving a recovery efficiency of 100%. While the peak intensity fully recovers, the process is not strictly “reversible”, as the emission after recovery is still found to be broadened and redshifted. The combination of the peak emission fully recovering and the broadening of the emission leads to a remarkable result: the random laser cycled through degradation, and recovery has a greater integrated emission intensity than the pristine system.
Aspects Of Chern-Simons Theory

Lectures at the 1998 Les Houches Summer School: Topological Aspects of Low Dimensional Systems. These lectures contain an introduction to various aspects of Chern-Simons gauge theory: (i) basics of planar field theory, (ii) canonical quantization of Chern-Simons theory, (iii) Chern-Simons vortices, and (iv) radiatively induced Chern-Simons terms.
A measure of betweenness centrality based on random walks

Betweenness is a measure of the centrality of a node in a network, and is normally calculated as the fraction of shortest paths between node pairs that pass through the node of interest. Betweenness is, in some sense, a measure of the influence a node has over the spread of information through the network. By counting only shortest paths, however, the conventional definition implicitly assumes that information spreads only along those shortest paths. Here, we propose a betweenness measure that relaxes this assumption, including contributions from essentially all paths between nodes, not just the shortest, although it still gives more weight to short paths. The measure is based on random walks, counting how often a node is traversed by a random walk between two other nodes. We show how our measure can be calculated using matrix methods, and give some examples of its application to particular networks.
Nationalism and Bounded Integration: What It Would Take to Construct a European Demos

This article uncovers some crucial key assumptions of polity-formation underpinning the debate about the European Union's democratic legitimacy. It uses theories of nationalism to understand why a ...
Large-Eddy Simulation of Realistic Gas Turbine Combustors

Large-eddy simulation is a promising technique for accurate prediction of reacting multiphase flows in practical gas-turbine combustion chambers involving complex physical phenomena of turbulent mixing and combustion dynamics. Development of advanced models for liquid fuel atomization, droplet evaporation, droplet deformation and drag, and turbulent combustion is discussed specifically for gas-turbine applications. The nondissipative, yet robust numerical scheme for arbitrary shaped unstructured grids developed by Mahesh et al. (Mahesh, K., Constantinescu, G., and Moin, P., "A New Time-Accurate Finite-Volume Fractional-Step Algorithm for Prediction of Turbulent Flows on Unstructured Hybrid Meshes," Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 197, No. 1, 2004, pp. 215-240) is modified to account for density variations due to chemical reactions. A systematic validation and verification study of the individual spray models and the numerical scheme is performed in canonical and complex combustor geometries. Finally, a multiscale, multi physics, turbulent reacting flow simulation in a real gas-turbine combustor is performed to assess the predictive capability of the solver.
Balanced multiple description video coding using optimal partitioning of the DCT coefficients

In this paper, we propose a balanced multiple description video coding scheme which is based on the partitioning of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients. Our scheme splits the single-layered stream generated by a standard coder into two correlated and balanced (virtually identical rates and distortions) substreams. The optimization is in the redundancy-rate-distortion sense using Lagrangian relaxation for optimum allocation of redundancy among the blocks in the frame. A greedy algorithm to meet the equal distortions criterion and an algorithm to optimally achieve equal bit rates for the two descriptions are proposed. Our simulation results substantiate our claim of achieving balanced descriptions at high peak signal-to-noise ratios values for any specified redundancy and any target bit rate. Our design complies with the existing motion-compensated DCT-based standards, i.e., each description can be independently decoded by any standard decoder.