cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liquid cooling of a hot spot using a superhydrophilic nanoporous surface

The performance of thin-film evaporative cooling for near-junction thermal management was investigated. A liquid delivery system capable of delivering water in small volumes ranging 20~75 nl at frequencies of up to 600 Hz was established. On one side of the silicon chip, a resistive heating layer of 2 mm × 2 mm was fabricated to emulate the high heat flux hot-spot, and on the other side a superhydrophilic nanoporous coating (SHNC) was applied over an area of 10 mm × 10 mm. With the aid of the nanoporous coating, delivered droplets spread into thin films of thicknesses less than 10 μm. With this system, evaporative tests were conducted in ambient in an effort to maximize dryout heat flux and evaporative heat transfer coefficient. During the tests, heat flux at the hot spot was varied to values above 1000 W/cm 2 . Water was delivered at either given constant frequency (constant mass flow rate) or programmed variations of frequency (variable mass flow rate), for a given nanoliter dose volume. Heat flux and hot spot surface temperatures were recorded upon reaching steady state at each applied heat flux increment. A mixed mode of cooling consisting of simultaneous thin-film evaporation and boiling was observed. Relative to bare silicon surface, dryout heat flux of the SHNC surface was found to increase by ~5 times at 500~600 Hz.
Recent care of common mental disorders in the United States : prevalence and conformance with evidence-based recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: To relate the presence of recent mental disorders to use of mental health services.
Metabolic activation and covalent binding of benzo[a]pyrene to deoxyribonucleic acid catalyzed by liver enzymes of marine fish☆

Abstract Metabolic activation and covalent binding of benzo[ a ]pyrene (BP) to deproteinized salmon sperm DNA by supernatant fractions (10,000 g ) of liver homogenates isolated from untreated, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) or BP-treated starry flounder ( Platichthys stellatus ) and coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) were investigated. The influence of temperature, pH, time and concentrations of protein, BP, NADPH and DNA on covalent binding was investigated to obtain optimum conditions for in vitro binding (pmoles of BP equivalents bound/mg DNA/mg protein) of [ 3 H]BP to DNA for each of the two fish species. When the supernatant fractions from untreated starry flounder were used, the covalent binding of BP to DNA was 7.5 and 2.5 times greater than the values obtained with the supernatant fractions from untreated coho salmon or rat respectively. Treatment of both fish species with 3-MC or BP resulted in a marked (10- to 53-fold) increase in the binding. Ethyl acetate-extractable metabolites formed by fish liver supernatant fractions consisted of BP dihydrodiols (4,5-, 7,8-, and 9,10-dihydrodiols), phenols (3-OH, 9-OH, and 7-OH), quinones (3,6-, 1,6- and 6,12-Q) and BP 4,5-oxide. For both fish species, BP 9,10-dihydrodiol and BP 7,8-dihydrodiol were the major metabolites comprising as much as 48–72 per cent of the total ethyl acetate-extractable metabolites; 3-hydroxy BP was also present in significant amounts. The ratio of the non-K region dihydrodiols to phenols was significantly greater for both fish species compared to rat.
A Novel Approach to Spanish America: A Course for All Seasons

This article describes the development, implementation, and resulting evaluation of a non-credit introductory course in the Spanish American novel. The materials and lectures, all based on texts in English translation, were prepared with the specific objective of stimulating interest among students with diverse backgrounds. Favorable reception of the course as part of the Elderhostel Program for 1983 suggests that it could be used in a variety of contexts as a means of promoting enrollment in traditional foreign language classes.
Effect of conventional vs. No-tillage on pesticide leaching to shallow groundwater

Atrazine was found in groundwater all year, while cyanazine, alachlor, and carbofuran were present only for a short period (<3 mo) after pesticide application. Fairly constant background levels of <0.5 μg L −1 atrazine were found under fields treated before 1986, while levels under continuously treated fields were <2.0 μg L− 1 for 22 of 25 samplings. Pesticide residues in unconfined groundwater were usually higher (ca. 2 to 4×) than in confined groundwater. Rainfall timing relative to pesticide application was critically important to pesticide leaching
Complicated Urinary Tract Infection in the Geriatric Population

Complicated urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common problem in the geriatric population. The major complicating factors are frequent use of indwelling catheters and disorders that inhibit complete emptying of the bladder. Infection with antimicrobial-resistant, gram-negative bacilli (GNB) is much more common in those with complicated infection than those with uncomplicated infection. Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin are the oral agents most likely to retain activity against the very resistant GNB, but Proteus species and Pseudomonas are resistant to nitrofurantoin. The polymyxins and tigecycline are the parenteral agents most likely to retain activity against these organisms, but low serum and urine levels are problematic for tigecycline. Bacteremia is common and the infection may be life-threatening in the presence of pyelonephritis with obstructive uropathy, renal abscess, perinephric abscess, emphysematous pyelonephritis, or emphysematous cystitis. With complicated pyelonephritis, imaging studies are critical and urological consultation and intervention may be necessary, especially if obstructive uropathy or any of the above life-threatening complications is present. With complicated lower tract infection, the goal is relief of symptoms.
Uniformly Elliptic PDEs with Bounded, Measurable Coefficients

Let $L[\,\cdot\,]$ be a nondivergent linear second-order uniformly elliptic partial differential operator defined on functions with domain $\Omega.$ Consider the question, "When is a function u a solution of $L[u] = 0$ on $\Omega$ ?" The naive answer, "u is a solution of $L[u] = 0$ on $\Omega$ if $u\in C^2(\Omega)$ and $L[u](x) = 0$ for all $x\in\Omega,$ " is clearly too limited. Indeed, if the coefficients of L are in $W^{1,2}\cap L^{\infty},$ then L can be rewritten in divergence form for which the notion of a "weak" solution can be applied. In this case there could be infinitely many functions that are "weak" but not classical solutions. More importantly, even if the coefficients of L are just bounded and measurable, the recent results of Krylov permit us to construct "solutions" of $L[u] = 0$ on $\Omega,$ and these "solutions" are generally no better than continuous; the "weak" solutions previously mentioned can be obtained by this construction, too. The preceding discussion provides us with an adequate extrinsic definition of solution (i.e., given a function u we either prove that it is or is not the result of such a construction) that has been used by several authors, but one that is not particularly satisfying or illuminating. Our major contribution in this paper is to show the following. I. There is an intrinsic definition of solution that is equivalent to the extrinsic one. II. Furthermore, the intrinsic definition is just the (now) well-known Crandall-Lions viscosity solution, modified in a natural way to accommodate measurable coefficients.
Classification of pulpal pathosis

Abstract Clinical evidence which indicates the presence of severe pulpal pathosis dictates a treatment policy of pulp extirpation and endodontic therapy. In the absence of such evidence, therapeutic management by indirect pulp capping is the preferable regimen. In such cases, efforts should be made to maintain pulp vitality, even though chronic pulp inflammation may persist. The vitality of the pulp should be maintained as long as possible in the absence of evidence that chronic pulp inflammation is harmful to the well-being of the organism. The defensive capacity of the pulp is thereby retained.
Utility of p40 in the Differential Diagnosis of Small Round Blue Cell Tumors of the Sinonasal Tract.

The sinonasal tract may give rise to a broad range of neoplasms that share a “small round blue cell” tumor (SBRCT) appearance on routine histology, but treatment strategies depend on precise tumor classification. Immunohistochemistry for p63 is often employed in the sinonasal SRBCT differential diagnosis because it is highly sensitive for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, p63 staining may be observed in other tumor types, a potential diagnostic pitfall. P40 is a more squamous-specific isoform of p63, and it may be more useful in distinguishing poorly differentiated SCC from its mimickers in the sinonasal tract. Immunohistochemistry for p40 and p63 was performed on 171 sinonasal neoplasms with SRBCT morphology: 73 SCCs (67 poorly differentiated, non-keratinizing, or basaloid types and 6 nasopharyngeal carcinomas), 46 esthesioneuroblastomas, 11 sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas (SNUCs), 11 lymphomas, 9 melanomas, 7 alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, 4 solid adenoid cystic carcinomas, 4 NUT midline carcinomas, 4 primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), and 2 small cell carcinomas. P40 was positive in 72 of 73 SCCs, and showed a diffuse distribution in all but one positive case. P40 immunoexpression was also observed in 13 of 46 (28 %) esthesioneuroblastomas, 6 of 11 (55 %) SNUCs, 2 of 4 (50 %) adenoid cystic carcinomas, 3 of 4 (75 %) NUT midline carcinomas, 1 of 2 (50 %) small cell carcinomas, and 1 of 4 (25 %) PNETs; in the non-SCC tumors, p40 staining was focal in most cases. P63 was positive in every p40-positive tumor. In addition, a p63+/p40− phenotype was seen 5 of 11 (45 %) lymphomas, 4 of 7 (57 %) alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, 1 of 4 (25 %) PNETs, and 3 of 46 (7 %) esthesioneuroblastomas. All sinonasal melanomas were negative for both markers. In the sinonasal SRBCT differential diagnosis, both p40 and p63 are highly sensitive for SCC, but p40 is more specific. Notably, p40 is consistently negative in lymphomas and alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, two tumors that are frequently p63-positive. It must be remembered, however, that even diffuse p40 immunostaining is not entirely specific for the squamous phenotype, and therefore it should be utilized as part of an immunohistochemical panel.
Selection of model discrepancy priors in Bayesian calibration

Abstract In the Kennedy and O'Hagan framework for Bayesian calibration of physics models, selection of an appropriate prior form for the model discrepancy function is a challenging issue due to the lack of physics knowledge regarding model inadequacy. Aiming to address the uncertainty arising from the selection of a particular prior, this paper first conducts a study on possible formulations of the model discrepancy function. A first-order Taylor series expansion-based method is developed to investigate the potential redundancy caused by adding a discrepancy function to the original physics model. Further, we propose a three-step (calibration, validation, and combination) approach in order to inform the decision on the construction of model discrepancy priors. In the validation step, a reliability-based metric is used to evaluate posterior model predictions in the validation domain. The validation metric serves as a quantitative measure of how well the discrepancy formulation captures the missing physics in the model. In the combination step, the posterior distributions of model parameters and discrepancy corresponding to different priors are combined into a single distribution based on the probabilistic weights derived from the validation step. The combined distribution acknowledges the uncertainty in the prior formulation of model discrepancy function.
Degradation of chlorophyll a to pheophytin a, pheophorbide a, and pyrroporphine XV for tracer studies

Abstract Methods are described for the preparation of micro amounts of pheophytin, a, pheophorbide a, and pyrroporphine XV from chlorophyll a with a purity adequate for the distinction of individual carbons differing by no more than 5%. The method is tested by the degradation of uniformly labeled chlorophyll-C14, using molar extinction coefficients obtained from such preparations.
The fractal architecture of cytoplasmic organization: scaling, kinetics and emergence in metabolic networks.

In this work, we highlight the links between fractals and scaling in cells and explore the kinetic consequences for biochemical reactions operating in fractal media. Based on the proposal that the cytoskeletal architecture is organized as a percolation lattice [1], with clusters emerging as fractal forms, the analysis of kinetics in percolation clusters is especially emphasized. A key consequence of this spatiotemporal cytoplasmic organization is that enzyme reactions following Michaelis-Menten or allosteric type kinetics exhibit higher rates in fractal media (for short times and at lower substrate concentrations) at the percolation threshold than in Euclidean media. As a result, considerably faster and higher amplification of enzymatic activity is obtained. Finally, we describe some of the properties bestowed by cytoskeletal organization and dynamics on metabolic networks.
Resource Allocation to Select for Yield in Soybean

Breeders need information on the best way to allocate resources to develop higher-yielding soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines using a fixed amount of resources. Our objectives were to determine the best resource allocation for first-year yield tests by varying the number of replicates, number of lines per population, and number of populations. Thirty lines developed from each of 10 populations were tested in two selection environments. All 300 lines were evaluated in each of the seven environments. Five environments were used as validation environments to compare the mean of the selected lines to the overall mean. Increasing the number of replicates did not increase the effectiveness of selection. When 30 lines were tested from five populations, the realized selection differential varied from 170 to 310 kg ha -1 , depending on which of the five populations were evaluated. We concluded that no more than 15 lines should be sampled from as many different populations as possible. The best allocation of resources to maximize the response to selection for first-year yield evaluation was the use of a single replicate at one location.
Inundation patterns and plant growth in constructed wetland characterized by dynamic water budget model

Inundation patterns and plant establishment were observed in a riparian wetland mitigation project following predictions made by a dynamic water budget model. The model combined field measurements of hydrologic variables, historical weather observations, and digital elevation data in a geographic information system. It identified one excavation among four candidates as most likely to thrive in a harsh environment with periodic drought and extreme water level fluctuations. Observed, pulsing inundation patterns are consistent with predictions made by the model. Numerous native species, many found on site, were planted in the excavation; more than half of them survived a year-long period of observation with months of no standing water. The most successful species were graminoids (especially Cyperus acuminatus), a forb (Eclipta prostrata), and herbs (especially Hibiscus laevis and Polygonum densiflorum) capable of extracting soil moisture during prolonged dry spells.
Minimum area of revolution as a state constrained optimal control problem

Abstract The classical variational problem of determining the meridian curve for the rotational surface of smallest area is solved using optimal control theory in the presence of control and state constraints The Goldschmidt solution is found to be an optimal solution under certain conditions.
Abstract IA14: Autophagy, metabolism, and pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancers have an intense resistance to currently available therapeutics which results in a dismal 5-year survival rate. This resistance points toward altered cell survival and metabolic pathways. In this regard we have previously shown that pancreatic cancers have elevated basal autophagy, which is required for their continued growth. Importantly, inhibition of autophagy pharmacologically or by RNAi approaches leads to decreased oxidative phosphorylation, a drop in ATP production, and ultimately growth inhibition. These findings have implicated autophagy as a key component of pancreatic cancer metabolism and have motivated the opening of multiple clinical trials assessing the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine as an autophagy inhibitor in pancreatic cancer. Additional work from our group has demonstrated that oncogenic Kras promotes a systematic rewiring of pancreatic cancer metabolism allowing glucose and glutamine to be utilized in a variety of biosynthetic pathways. Importantly, several of these metabolic pathways are critical for tumor growth and therefore represent potential therapeutic targets. These and other aspects of pancreatic cancer metabolism will be discussed. Citation Format: Jaekyoung Son, Costas A. Lyssiotis, Shenghong Yang, Haoqiang Ying, Xiaoxu Wang, Lewis C. Cantley, Alec C. Kimmelman. Autophagy, metabolism, and pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Progress and Challenges; Jun 18-21, 2012; Lake Tahoe, NV. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA14.
The Magnetic Properties and Structure of Hemoglobin, Oxyhemoglobin and Carbonmonoxyhemoglobin.

Over ninety years ago, on November 8, 1845, Michael Faraday investigated the magnetic properties of dried blood and made a note “Must try recent fluid blood.” If he had determined the magnetic susceptibilities of arterial and venous blood, he would have found them to differ by a large amount (as much as twenty per cent for completely oxygenated and completely deoxygenated blood); this discovery without doubt would have excited much interest and would have influenced appreciably the course of research on blood and hemoglobin.1 Continuing our investigations of the magnetic properties and structure of hemoglobin and related substances,2 we have found oxyhemoglobin and carbonmonoxyhemoglobin to contain no unpaired electrons, and ferrohemoglobin (hemoglobin itself) to contain four unpaired electrons per heme. The description of our experiments and the interpretation and discussion of the results are given below. The current nomenclature of hemoglobin and related substances was formulated at a time when precise information about the chemical composition and structure of the substances was not available. Now that some progress has been made in gathering this information, especially in regard to chemical composition, it is possible to revise the nomenclature in such a way as to make the names of substances more descriptive than the older names, without introducing any radical changes. In formulating the following set of names we have profited by the continued advice of Dr. Alfred E. Mirsky. The names whose use we advocate are given below, followed in some cases by acceptable synonyms. The expressions in parentheses are those whose use we consider to be undesirable.Heme: an iron-porphyrin complex (generic term, used for either ferroheme or ferriheme).Ferroheme (reduced heme): a complex of ferrous iron and a porphyrin.Ferriheme (oxidized heme): a complex of ferric iron and a porphyrin.Ferriheme chloride, …
Tribal synthesis: Piros, Mansos, and Tiwas through history

Le present article est une etude critique des theories anthropologiques recentes sur le tribalisme indigene, a partir de donnees ethnographiques et historiques sur la tribu indienne Piro-Manso-Tiwa du Nouveau-Mexique. Bien que les debats sur le constructionnisme, le capitalisme neo-tribal et les approches proprietaires de la culture apportent un eclairage precieux sur les recentes revendications culturelles et luttes politiques indigenes, ils presentent d'importantes limitations. L'approche adoptee par l'auteur, qualifiee de « synthese tribale », met l'accent sur le processus, la notion d'agent, l'interdependance et l'evolution des repertoires politiques et culturels des peuples natifs cherchant a survivre dans un contexte de domination politique et de conflit interne. Cette approche fait appel au meilleur de la theorie critique recente, dans une anthropologie de soutien qui se veut l'alliee des luttes indigenes.
Characterization of the adsorption and reaction of acetylene on clean and oxygen covered Ag(110) by EELS

Abstract The adsorption and reaction of C 2 H 2 on clean and oxygen covered Ag(110) surfaces was studied with high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Acetylene adsorbs at 100 K onto the clean surface without rehybridization and desorbs without reaction between 100 and 160 K. Acetylene reacts with adsorbed oxygen atoms at 100 K to form adsorbed CCH and H 2 O. In contrast to interactions between acetylene and other metals the carbon-carbon triple bond is preserved, as determined by the CH stretching frequency of 3270 cm −1 . H 2 O is displaced from the surface at 100 K, but a small amount (about 5% of a monolayer) remains weakly adsorbed. Unreacted acetylene and the remaining water desorb from 100 to 160 K and from 170 to 200 K, respectively. Although the CC stretching mode was not observed for CCH, the CC bond order was determined to be three from the CH stretching frequency of 3250 cm −1 . A model for CCH is proposed with the CC bond nearly parallel to the surface. The CCH formed at low temperatures disproportionates at 280 K to C 2 H 2(g) , and CC (a) , which in turn dissociates into C (a) at 550 K. The CC (a) species exhibited only one EELS loss at 240 cm −1 , whereas no losses were observed for C (a) .
On the structure of stochastic matrices with a subdominant eigenvalue near 1

Abstract An n × n irreducible stochastic matrix P can possess a subdominant eigenvalue, say λ 2 (P), near λ = 1. In this article we clarify the relationship between the nearness of these eigenvalues and the near-uncoupling (some authors say “nearly completely decomposable”) of P . We prove that for fixed n , if λ 2 (P) is sufficiently close to λ = 1, then P is nearly uncoupled. We then provide examples which show that λ 2 (P) must, in general, be remarkably close to 1 before such uncoupling occurs.
Factor Structure of the Bullying Situations Identification (BSI) Instrument

Abstract The author explored the underlying dimensions and construct validity of the Bullying Situations Identification Instrument (BSI; Hazler, Miller, Carney, & Green, 2001) using exploratory factor analyses. Three dimensions of bullying severity were found using 251 school professionals as participants. The three factors that emerged from analyses were (a) social/emotional, (b) physical, and (c) verbal. That is, school professionals appear to cognitively construct bullying severity in terms of the nature of the harm incurred. Implications for the use and continuing development of the BSI are presented herein.
Automated protocol for evaluation of electromagnetic component separation (APECS): Application of a framework for evaluating statistical methods of blink extraction from multichannel EEG

Abstract Objective We present APECS (Automated Protocol for Evaluation of Electromagnetic Component Separation), a framework for evaluating the accuracy of blind source separation algorithms in removing artifacts from EEG data. APECS applies multiple, automated procedures to quantify the extent to which blinks are removed, and the degree to which nonocular activity is left intact. Methods APECS was used to evaluate blink removal using three BSS algorithms: Second-Order Blind Inference (SOBI) and two Independent Component Analysis (ICA) implementations, FastICA and Infomax. The algorithms were applied to a series of blink-free EEG datasets, which were contaminated with real or simulated blinks. Extracted components were assumed to contain blink activity if correlation of their spatial projectors to a predefined blink template exceeded some threshold, and if polarity inverted above and below the eyes. Blink-related components were then subtracted to produce filtered data. The success of each data decomposition is evaluated through the use of multiple, automated metrics, to determine which decomposition best approximates the ideal solution (complete separation of blink from nonblink activity). Results The outcomes for the evaluation measures were generally congruent, but also provided different and complementary information about the quality of each data decomposition. Under our testing framework, Infomax outperformed both FastICA and SOBI. Best results were achieved when blink activity loaded onto a single component. Conclusions Multiple metrics, both quantitative and qualitative, are important in evaluating algorithms for artifact extraction. Significance Failure to achieve complete separation of blink from nonblink activity can affect experimental outcomes, as illustrated here, using an ERP study of word–nonword discrimination. This illustrates the importance of methods for evaluation of artifact extraction results.
Simplex with sum of infeasibilities for SMT

The de facto standard for state-of-the-art real and integer linear reasoning within Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers is the Simplex for DPLL(T) algorithm given by Dutertre and de Moura. This algorithm works by performing a sequence of local optimization operations. While the algorithm is generally efficient in practice, its local pivoting heuristics lead to slow convergence on some problems. More traditional Simplex algorithms minimize a global criterion to determine the feasibility of the input constraints. We present a novel Simplex-based decision procedure for use in SMT that minimizes the sum of infeasibilities of the constraints. Experimental results show that this new algorithm is comparable with or outperforms Simplex for DPLL(T) on a broad set of benchmarks.
A commercial solution for surface plasmon sensing

A novel, fully integrated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) transducer is described which is based on the encapsulation of the required electro-optical components within the optical material, through a molding process. Prototype sensors based on this approach have been successfully fabricated and tested. Results are shown for sensing of refractive index variations in alcohol solutions. Additionally, the SPR transducer is shown to function as a biological sensor.
Management of a hyperactive-conduct disordered child through correspondence training: a preliminary study.

This study examined the clinical effects of correspondence training procedures in the management of a hyperactive-conduct disordered boy. During the reinforcement of promise-do correspondence procedure, a toy (reinforcer) was given contingent upon the presence of a promise to inhibit target behaviors (e.g., inattention, overactivity, aggression) and the actual inhibition of such behaviors. This intervention was programmed in a multiple baseline design across settings. Consistently lower levels of hyperactivity and conduct disorders were noted during treatment, relative to baseline. A demonstration of the indirect effects of the procedures upon the child's academic performance was also seen.
Intracellular immunization of mosquito cells to LaCrosse virus using a recombinant Sindbis virus vector

A cDNA of the small RNA genome segment of La Crosse (LAC) virus was inserted, in an antisense orientation, into a double subgenomic Sindbis (dsSIN) virus expression vector generating pTE/3'2J/ANTI-S (15,000bp). In vitro transcription of the pTE/3'2J/ANTI-S template generated genomic RNA that was electrotransfected into BHK-21 cells to produce virus. Northern blot analysis of RNA isolated from infected Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells showed that the TE/3'2J/ANTI-S virus produced a subgenomic mRNA of the appropriate size, indicating transcription of the LAC cDNA segment. C6/36 cells were infected with either TE/3'2J/ANTI-S, TE/3'2J (a dsSIN virus with no LAC insert), or wild type Sindbis (SIN, strain AR339) viruses and subsequently challenged with LAC virus. LAC virus titers were determined using a capture antibody ELISA. Mosquito cells infected with TE/3'2J/ANTI-S virus yielded at least 4 log10 TCID50/ml less LAC virus than cells infected with either TE/3'2J or AR339 SIN viruses. The use of the infectious SIN virus expression vectors provides a novel approach for high level cytoplasmic expression of genes or sequences of interest in arthropod cells, and for evaluating strategies for intracellular immunization against arboviruses.
Prediction of outcome of acute GI hemorrhage: a review of risk scores and predictive models.

Patients with acute GI hemorrhage are encountered on an almost daily basis by gastroenterologists, endoscopists, emergency room physicians, and other health care personnel. Acute GI hemorrhage encompasses a spectrum of bleeding lesions from the upper GI tract and the small bowel to the colon and the rectum. It is associated with substantial patient morbidity and mortality, as well as economic cost. 1-6 Over the last few decades, the diagnosis and the management of acute GI hemorrhage has undergone remarkable changes, particularly with the rapid dissemination and advancement of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy and pharmacotherapeutics. Moreover, by extensive early application of endoscopic evaluation, the natural history and the diverse etiology of acute GI hemorrhage is much better understood today than in the past. Physicians have long been aware that the clinical outcome of an episode of acute GI hemorrhage can be predicted with reasonable accuracy and that such a prediction may be useful in patient management. Although it is difficult to prove a beneficial impact on overall patient mortality, a strong argument can be made that improved medical decision making, particularly at the initial patient triage level, may lead to improvements in patient management, outcome, and resource utilization. 2,7-15 Thus, with the current focus on the economic aspects of health care delivery, it is not surprising that there is increased interest in the early risk stratification of patients with acute GI hemorrhage so that they can be triaged to appropriate, cost-effective levels of care. This review summarizes and critically appraises the major clinical scoring systems promulgated in
Interaction between anterior pituitary prodynorphin and the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH).

The purpose of present research was to investigate the possible involvement of prodynorphin (proDYN)-derived peptides acting locally within the anterior pituitary (AP) on the effects of estradiol-17β (E2) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on the release of luteinizing hormone (LH). Exposure of bovine AP cells in primary suspension cultures to E2 increased (P<0.05) the spontaneous release of proDYN-derived peptides and also augmented (P<0.05) the GnRH-induced release of LH. Both of these E2-induced responses required either high E2 dosages or prolonged exposure to produce significant changes, but there were a few cases in which the association between E2-induced changes in both parameters was absent. Therefore, it seems unlikely that proDYN-derived AP peptides mediate the effects of E2 on GnRH-induced LH release. Using another approach, cultured cells were exposed for 48 h to an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (oligo) targeted against the translation initiation site of bovine proDYN. Compared with the two control treatments (scrambled oligo sequence or no oligo treatment), the antisense treatment decreased (P<0.05) the quantity of LH released in response to challenge of the cells with 5 nM GnRH. There were no concurrent changes in cellular contents of proDYN-derived peptides or mRNA for LH-β, but the antisense treatment tended to decrease (P<0.10) the relative abundance of proDYN mRNA. In summary, proDYN-derived peptides probably do not mediate direct intrapituitary effects of E2 on LH, but the antisense treatment interfered in an unknown way with GnRH-induced release of LH from cultured AP cells.
Anesthetics and cerebral metabolism.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on the utilization of the effects of general anesthetics on cerebral metabolism as revealed by imaging for therapeutic and preventive purposes, for understanding mechanisms of anesthetic action, and for elucidating mechanisms of cerebral processing in humans. RECENT FINDINGS General anesthetics suppress cerebral metabolism significantly. This effect has been used for neuroprotection during inadequate cerebral blood flow. With the advent of noninvasive imaging techniques, this suppression has also been used to image and map the sites of anesthetic action in the living human brain. Volatile agents, intravenous anesthetics, and analgesics have all begun to be explored using mostly positron emission tomography. The ability of anesthetics to change global baseline brain metabolism has created the opportunity to examine the relevance of global baseline (resting) brain activity in terms of region-specific cerebral processing. SUMMARY Anesthetics experimentally appear to be useful for neuroprotection, at least during the early post-ischemic period. Identification of the cerebral sites of anesthetic action by in vivo human brain imaging provides new insights into the mechanism of action of these agents. Anesthetic-related manipulation of baseline brain metabolism demonstrates the significant contribution of this global activity to regional cerebral processing.
Statistical analysis of dynamic sequences for functional imaging

Factor analysis of medical image sequences (FAMIS), in which one concerns the problem of simultaneous identification of homogeneous regions (factor images) and the characteristic temporal variations (factors) inside these regions from a temporal sequence of images by statistical analysis, is one of the major challenges in medical imaging. In this research, we contribute to this important area of research by proposing a two-step approach. First, we study the use of the noise- adjusted principal component (NAPC) analysis developed by Lee et. al. for identifying the characteristic temporal variations in dynamic scans acquired by PET and MRI. NAPC allows us to effectively reject data noise and substantially reduce data dimension based on signal-to-noise ratio consideration. Subsequently, a simple spatial analysis based on the criteria of minimum spatial overlapping and non-negativity of the factor images is applied for extraction of the factors and factor images. In our simulation study, our preliminary results indicate that the proposed approach can accurately identify the factor images. However, the factors are not completely separated.
Cooking in the sunshine

'Appropriate technology' is touted as a solution to many of the energy needs of developing countries. A pi lot project to introduce solar ovens in Central America shows one way forward.
Arrest of replication by mammalian DNA polymerases α and β caused by chromium‐DNA lesions

We have previously shown that trivalent chromium, and hexavalent chromium in the presence of one of its primary in vivo reductants, ascorbate, can bind to DNA and form interstrand crosslinks capable of obstructing replication. This effect was demonstrated in vitro by using Sequenase Version 2.0 T7 DNA polymerase; its parent enzyme, the unmodified T7 DNA polymerase; and Escherichia coli polymerase I large (Klenow) fragment; and it was demonstrated ex vivo by using Taq polymerase and DNA from chromium-treated human lung cells as template. This study was performed to determine whether DNA-bound chromium affects mammalian DNA polymerases in the same manner. Two mammalian enzymes, DNA polymerase alpha and DNA polymerase beta, were used. DNA polymerase alpha is a processive enzyme believed to be the primary lagging-stand synthetase, whereas DNA polymerase beta is a non-processive enzyme believed to function in DNA repair by filling single stranded gaps one base at a time. DNA polymerase arrest assays were performed with each of these enzymes to replicate DNA with toxicologically relevant levels of chromium adducts produced by either trivalent chromium or hexavalent chromium and ascorbate. Both enzymes responded to chromium-DNA damage by arresting replication, and the arrests increased in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the guanine-specific pattern of arrests produced when an exonuclease-free preparation of DNA polymerase beta was used corresponded exactly to the arrest patterns produced in vitro by the exonuclease-free enzyme Sequenase and ex vivo by Taq polymerase. These results suggest that replication arrest may be a common response of polymerases to DNA-chromium lesions and provide a plausible mechanism for the inhibition of DNA synthesis and S-phase cell-cycle delay that occurs in mammalian cells treated with genotoxic chromium compounds.
Spondylolysis and its relationship to degenerative joint disease in the prehistoric Southeastern United States

Spondylolysis, a fatigue fracture in the neural arch of lumbar vertebrae, is common in Eskimos and some athletes. In Archaic Indians from northwestern Alabama, 17% of males and 20% of females with complete lumbar regions showed this defect. It is found at a fairly early age in adult males in this group, but in females it does not appear until after age 40 years. Spondylolysis is associated with higher levels of osteoarthritis around the fifth lumbar vertebra, where this defect typically occurs. Otherwise, there is little relationship between its presence and degenerative joint disease, especially in the weight-bearing joints. The incidence in young males may be related to activities necessitating a high level of mobility around the lumbar spine. The late occurrence in females suggests that osteoporosis may have been a contributing factor.
Radical stabilization: Synthesis and decomposition of a β-ketodiazene

Abstract The synthesis and decomposition of bis(1,1-dimethyl-2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)diazene ( 7e ) is described. The presence of a carbonyl group adjacent to a radical center greatly enhances the radical stability.
Further evaluation of traditional icing scaling methods

This report provides additional evaluations of two methods to scale icing test conditions; it also describes a hybrid technique for use when scaled conditions are outside the operating envelope of the test facility. The first evaluation is of the Olsen method which can be used to scale the liquid-water content in icing tests, and the second is the AEDC (Ruff) method which is used when the test model is less than full size. Equations for both scaling methods are presented in the paper, and the methods were evaluated by performing icing tests in the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel (IRT). The Olsen method was tested using 53 cm diameter NACA 0012 airfoils. Tests covered liquid-water-contents which varied by as much as a factor of 1.8. The Olsen method was generally effective in giving scale ice shapes which matched the reference shapes for these tests. The AEDC method was tested with NACA 0012 airfoils with chords from 18 cm to 53 cm. The 53 cm chord airfoils were used in reference tests, and 1/2 and 1/3 scale tests were made at conditions determined by applying the AEDC scaling method. The scale and reference airspeeds were matched in these tests. The AEDC method was found to provide fairly effective scaling for 1/2 size tests, but for 1/3 size models, scaling was generally less effective. In addition to these two scaling methods, a hybrid approach was also tested in which the Olsen method was used to adjust the LWC after size was scaled using the constant Weber number method. This approach was found to be an effective way to test when scaled conditions would otherwise be outside the capability of the test facility.
An inexpensive, hard x-ray imaging spectrometer for use in x-ray astronomy and atomic physics☆

Abstract We have evaluated a simple X-ray imaging spectrometer (XRIS) useful in the 20–400 keV region. The XRIS consists of an alkali halide scintillator crystal optically coupled to a commercial imaging, photomultiplier tube. The standard performance criteria (spatial sensitivity, pulse height uniformity, spatial and energy resolution) have been studied as a function of X-ray energy and crystal thickness. In particular, spatial resolutions of better than 2 mm (FWHM) have been obtained at 88 keV with standard scintillator crystal energy resolution and near 100% detection efficiency. The XRIS represents an inexpensive, easy to use alternative to more sophisticated imaging systems. We are currently planning to use it in both atomic physics and x-ray astronomy applications.
On multiplication of 2 × 2 matrices

Abstract The two main results of this note are: (i) The minimum number of multiplications required to multiply two 2 X 2 matrices is seven. (ii) The minimum number of multiplications/divisions required to multiply two complex numbers is three.
Essential of Crystallography

This volume is a new edition of an earlier publication (1974) entitled Crystalline Solids. The new volume has been greatly expanded and is the first of a projected two volumes. In this volume, the authors provide a thoroughgoing treatment of the theory and procedures of crystallographic calculations, while the topics of crystal chemistry and crystal physics will be covered in the proposed sequel. The first half of this work deals with the theory of applied crystallography in five chapters: crystal lattices, stereographic projections, crystal symmetry, space groups, and crystallographic calculations. The second half covers the experimental methods of diffraction and structure analysis. More details of computational methods are outlined in extensive appendices.
An expression for the rate of return of an egg after artificial deformation

The forces which may be involved in the restoration of a deformed cell to its normal shape are considered. Estimates of the order of magnitude of the forces suggest that the most important forces are those due to surface tension, membrane elasticity and viscosity. An approximate expression is then derived for the rate of return of an elongated or compressed egg. The former expression is compared with data on eggs ofArbacia by E. N. Harvey and H. Shapiro, and it is found to agree sufficiently well with the data. The initial surface force is too low compared with that given by K. S. Cole but various factors are discussed which could contribute to this discrepancy. The value for the net viscosity of the egg is about twice the value arrived at by L. V. Heilbrunn for the egg protoplasm.
Depression predicts mortality and hospitalization in patients with myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure.

Background To evaluate whether depressive symptoms are independently predictive of mortality and hospitalization among patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by heart failure. Methods The EPHESUS trial enrolled patients with AMI complicated by heart failure. Patients from Canada, the UK, and the United States completed a Medical Outcomes Study–Depression questionnaire at baseline in addition to a comprehensive clinical examination. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine the relationship between depressive symptoms and outcomes, including 2-year all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death or hospitalization, adjusting for baseline clinical variables. Results Overall, 143 of 634 patients (22.6%) had significant depressive symptoms at baseline (Medical Outcomes Study–Depression score ≥0.06). Depressed patients had higher 2-year mortality (29% vs 18%; P = .004) and cardiovascular death or hospitalization (42% vs 33%; P = .016). After risk adjustment, depressive symptoms remained significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio 1.75, 95% CI 1.15-2.68, P = .01) and cardiovascular death or hospitalization (hazard ratio 1.41, 95% CI 1.03-1.93, P = .03). Results were consistent across demographic and clinical subgroups. Conclusions Depression is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death or hospitalization after AMI complicated by heart failure. Although many factors may mediate outcomes in patients with AMI, studies are warranted to evaluate whether a depression intervention can improve survival and/or reduce hospitalizations.
Ab initio modeling of small, medium, and large loops in proteins.

This study presents different procedures for ab initio modeling of peptide loops of different sizes in proteins. Small loops (up to 8--12 residues) were generated by a straightforward procedure with subsequent "averaging" over all the low-energy conformers obtained. The averaged conformer fairly represents the entire set of low-energy conformers, root mean square deviation (RMSD) values being from 1.01 A for a 4-residue loop to 1.94 A for an 8-residue loop. Three-dimensional (3D) structures for several medium loops (20--30 residues) and for two large loops (54 and 61 residues) were predicted using residue-residue contact matrices divided into variable parts corresponding to the loops, and into a constant part corresponding to the known core of the protein. For each medium loop, a very limited number of sterically reasonable C(alpha) traces (from 1 to 3) was found; RMSD values ranged from 2.4 to 5.9 A. Single C(alpha) traces predicted for each of the large loops possessed RMSD values of 4.5 A. Generally, ab initio loop modeling presented in this work combines elements of computational procedures developed both for protein folding and for peptide conformational analysis.
Interactions Between Muscle and the Immune System During Modified Musculoskeletal Loading

Interactions between the immune system and skeletal muscle may play a significant role in modulating the course of muscle injury and repair after modified musculoskeletal loading. Current evidence indicates that activation of the complement system is an early event during modified loading, which then leads to inflammatory cell invasion. However, the functions of those inflammatory cells are complex and they seem to be capable of promoting additional injury and repair. Recent findings implicate an early invading neutrophil population in increasing muscle damage that is detected by the presence of muscle membrane lesions. Macrophages that invade subsequently serve to remove cellular debris, and seem to promote repair. However, macrophages also have the ability to increase damage in muscle in which there is an impaired capacity to generate nitric oxide. In vivo and in vitro evidence indicates that muscle-derived nitric oxide can serve an important role in protecting muscle from membrane damage by invading inflammatory cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that the dynamic balance between inflammatory cells, the complement system, and muscle-derived free radicals can play important roles in the secondary damage of muscle during modified musculoskeletal loading.
Occurrence of a singular Jacobian in filter design

One method of network design is to adjust the element values until the coefficients of some network function are correct. It has recently been found that, when designing conventional ladder filters this way, the Jacobian in the Newton scheme became singular. The conditions for this are described and proved.