cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for an isotopic steady state in soluble collagens

Abstract The distribution of specific radioactivity was determined for soluble and insoluble collagens in guinea pigs multiply labeled with 3 H-L-proline 6 weeks prior to sacrifice. Multiple extractions of neutral salt-soluble (0.15–0.30 M NaCl) and citrate-soluble collagens demonstrated constant but unequal specific activities which indicated the achievement of an isotopic steady state. The specific activity of acid-soluble collagens is 3–5 times higher than salt-soluble collagen and almost equal to that of insoluble collagen. The data indicate that there is a large difference in biological age between salt-soluble collagen and acid-soluble collagens.
Basal metabolism and age of adult man

Abstract Basal metabolism measurements made on young men were repeated after 19 yr. Basal metabolism was repeatedly measured over a period of 22 yr on men initially aged 44–56 yr. In the younger men the basal metabolic rate per individual man decreased by an average of only 3% in 19 yr but during this period these men had an average gain of 10.6 kg so there was a decrease of 9% in the average metabolic rate per unit of body weight. In the older men, average weight gain over 22 yr was only 1 kg, and there was not any significant decrease in individual oxygen consumption with age. The commonly cited figures on age changes in basal metabolism in adults, derived from cross-sectional surveys, much overestimate the true age effect.
Quantum Efficiency of Human Vision

The detective quantum efficiency for foveal vision is computed from the flash perception data of Blackwell and McCready. The detective quantum efficiency is identical with the concept of quantum efficiency introduced by Rose in 1946, and is defined as the square of the ratio of the smallest possible threshold to the observed threshold, where the smallest possible threshold is set by the statistical fluctuations in the number of the background photons entering the eye. The computed values of the detective quantum efficiency Q are tabulated in Table V, and depend on the target diameter α, on the light pulse duration T, and on the background luminance B. The maximum values of Q (with the respect to variation of α and T) range from about 0.25% to about 1.0 %over the range from 0.1 to 100 ft-L, with the maximum value occurring at about 1.0 ft-L. The computed values of Q are free of the questionable assumptions previously used by Rose and by Jones regarding integration time and threshold signal-to-noise ratio.
Aspergillus fumigatus peptides differentially express Th1 and Th2 cytokines

Relevant allergens from Aspergillus fumigatus associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) have been cloned and expressed. The pathogenesis of ABPA probably depends on specific cytokines and immunoglobulins secreted by lymphocytes on stimulation with different epitopes of those allergens. In the present study, we synthesized peptides of 12-16 amino acids from the sequence of Asp fI and compared their immunological responses in four mice strains (BALB/c, C57BL/6, AKR, and CBA). Of the five peptides studied for their cytokine profile, one showed a clear Th1, whereas another showed a Th2 response. The remaining three peptides varied in their immunoreactivity. The results suggest that a number of epitopes of diverse activities are present in individual molecules and may be involved in the pathogenesis of ABPA through differential cytokine secretions.
Stress concentration factors in finite anti-plane shear: numerical calculations and analytical estimates

In two recent papers [1, 2], an analytical approach for obtaining bounds on elastic stress concentration factors in the theory of finite anti-plane shear of homogeneous isotropic incompressible materials was presented. For the problem of an infinite slab, with a traction-free circular or elliptical cavity, subject to a state of finite simple shear deformation, explicit estimates for the stress concentration factor were obtained in terms of the cavity geometry, applied stress at infinity and constitutive parameters. In this paper, numerical results for these stress concentration factors are obtained using a finite-difference scheme and the analytical and numerical results are compared.
An extension of clark' formula

The representation formula of Clark (1970) and Haussmann (1979) is established for Brownian functional in the space D1.1
U.S. natural gas in 2011 and beyond

Abstract In January 2011 the refrain was “$5 natural gas forever,” based on the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) annual outlook, which argued that natural gas prices will remain below $5 per million Btu until 2022. The underlying rationale was growth in the “vast” U.S. shale gas resource base. Many bloggers, bankers and bureaucrats accepted the verdict. Not to be outdone, the Paris-based International Energy Agency (IEA) issued a press release on January 20th (2011) and in the press release they claimed that “booming” shale gas production in the United States would prompt a “global rush” to explore for the “new” resource against a backdrop of natural gas prices in Europe and Asia ranging from $8 to $11 per MMBtu (Fig. 1).
Intersensory integration of spatial position during early childhood.

The research concerned correspondences of elementary attributes of spatial position (up-down, inside-outside, and upright vs upside-down) between haptic and visual sense-modalities by young children. Ss between the ages of 3 to 6 made cross-modal Sameness-Difference judgments and recognition matches in which accuracy required differentiating spatial position. Ss aged 3 and 4 yr. showed little accuracy in Sameness-Difference judgments, whereas significant increases in accuracy were found by ages 5 and 6. Results are discussed in terms of developments in perceptual activity and the process of intersensory integration.
Biofeedback and progressive relaxation: effects on systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate.

Two groups of subjects were pretrained in Jacobson's progressive relaxation, then instructed to lower their blood pressure while receiving contingent feedback or no feedback for two 1-hr sessions. A third group was pretrained in a control relaxation procedure, then instructed to lower blood pressure while receiving contingent feedback. All subjects returned for a Follow-up session in which they attempted to reduce blood pressure without feedback. The results indicated reliable decreases in systolic blood pressure for all three groups in the first two sessions. The group pretrained in progressive relaxation and given feedback achieved greater control than the other two groups which did not differ from each other. During the Follow-up session, blood pressure decreases were small but reliable in the two groups pretrained in progressive relaxation. Heart rate and diastolic blood pressure decreased in all groups, with the progressive relaxation groups achieving the lowest levels. It is concluded that progressive relaxation and blood pressure feedback in combination are highly compatible and that progressive relaxation allows for modest blood pressure control in the absence of feedback.
Comparison of human urine gastric inhibition (HUGI) and bacterial endotoxin as inhibitors of acid secretion

Abstract In conscious cats with gastric fistulas, 10 μg · kg−1 of human urinary gastric inhibitor (HUGI) given as an intravenous bolus injection increased mean rectal temperature 1.4°C and inhibited mean gastrin-stimulated acid secretion by 64%. The sample of HUGI contained an amount of β-hydroxymyristic acid corresponding to a 5% contamination of the HUGI with bacterial endotoxin. Injection of bacterial endotoxin in an amount corresponding to the β-hydroxymyristic acid content of HUGI mimicked, both in magnitude and time course, the increase in body temperature and the inhibition of acid secretion produced by HUGI. We conclude that inhibition of acid secretion by HUGI may be due to the presence of an endotoxin-like contaminant.
SU-E-U-08: Presentation of a New Intrafractional Prostate Monitoring Method with Ultrasound Image Guidance During Radiotherapy Treatment

Purpose: Clinical presentation of a new intrafractional ultrasound image guidance (USIG) prostate monitoring/tracking method. Methods: Clarity ultrasound system has recently released a new feature to monitor/track intrafractional prostate motion using a trans‐perineal image acquisition position. After initial localization and image guidance correction, the ultrasound probe remains fixed in the sagittal‐plane, trans‐perineal imaging position via a couch‐mounted arm‐support system. The software then enters a live monitoring mode, where the scanning ultrasound probe continuously acquires fanned sagittal images for tracking of during‐treatment prostate position. Compared to other tracking technologies (e.g. RF implanted beacon tracking, or real‐time fluoro monitoring), the ultrasound system has the unique advantages of live 3D image display, without invasive procedure or imaging radiation dose. We present our initial experience using this monitoring feature for 8 patients and 218 treatment sessions. Results: The monitoring software functioned as expected during treatment with consistent reporting of prostate deviation from isocenter location, and notification of instances where positional error exceeded our tolerance of 3 mm for 5 second. Comparisons of prostate tracking data streams obtained from Clarity USIG with data streams obtained in our clinic from Calypso RF tracking of a similar patient population show similarity of recorded motion information for both methods. Average during‐treatment prostate motion for both tracking methods was on the order of 1–2 mm in 3 cardinal directions, with roughly 5% of instances where motion exceeded 3 mm, 5 second tolerance level. When Monitoring reported that tolerance was exceeded we confirmed this by performing redundant, static imaging Alignment, with confirmation that target position had, indeed, changed as reported. Conclusion: The newly released trans‐perineal ultrasound Monitoring approach was confirmed to function well clinically, and to report accurate intrafractional monitoring data. Acquired motion streams were consistent with our Calypso monitoring experience obtained on a similar patient population in our own clinic.
Repeat coronary angioplasty: Correlates of a second restenosis

Abstract To identify the correlates of a second restenosis after repeat percutaneous coronary angioplasty, the records of 384 patients with single vessel disease who underwent repeat angioplasty for restenosis complicating a first elective angioplasty were examined. A second restenosis occurred in 47 (31%) of 151 patients having angiographic follow-up. Univariate correlates of a second restenosis were an interval between the first and the second angioplasty 90% before the second angioplasty (67 versus 29%, p 20 mm Hg after the second angioplasty (52 versus 28%, p Multivarlate predictors of a second restenosis were an interval of
Reassessing the Impact of Option Introductions on Market Quality: A Less Restrictive Test for Event-Date Effects

Prior research concludes that option introductions improve the average liquidity of the underlying stocks. We develop an improved, generalizable test to assess whether market quality changes occur on or near an event date. Applying this method to option listing events, we conclude that options do not systematically improve the market quality of the underlying security; rather, the market quality of the underlying security improves before the listing decision. Hazard model tests indicate that improving liquidity is a selection criterion in the option listing decision. Moreover, these tests suggest that the size of a stock's bid-ask spread is the single most important option listing determinant. This study reexamines the impact of equity option introductions on stock market liquidity. Previous studies find an improvement in market quality charac teristics after option introductions and conclude that options improve the quality of the underlying market.1 In this paper, we make several new contributions. First, we present and adopt a more flexible empirical tool for identifying regime shifts when event selection may be endogenously determined. Second, using this method, we reverse two major findings of the existing literature?that option in troductions reduce spreads and increase volume. Finally, we find that the bid-ask spread is an important, and perhaps the most important, determinant of the option
Adenosine kinase deficiency in tritiated deoxyadenosine-resistant mouse S49 lymphoma cell lines

Mutant sublines were derived of S49 mouse T-lymphoma cells that were resistant to tritiated deoxyadenosine. Twenty-five isolates that were selected in 1 microCi/ml of the nucleoside were cross-resistant to 6-thioguanine, were sensitive to HAT (hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine), and contained less than 1% of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in wild-type cells. One of the mutant clones, S49-dA2, was further subjected to selection in a medium containing 2 microCi/ml tritiated deoxyadenosine and 1 microgram/ml deoxycoformycin, an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. All resistant subclones were cross-resistant to tubercidin, 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside, and arabinosyladenine. One of the subclones, S49-12, was completely devoid of adenosine kinase and was partially deficient in deoxyadenosine kinase. This subclone, however, contained wild-type levels of deoxycytidine kinase. DEAE chromatography of the wild-type cell extracts revealed two deoxyadenosine phosphorylating activities, one of which coeluted with adenosine kinase and was the enzyme missing in S49-12. The other species phosphorylated both deoxyadenosine and deoxycytidine, of which deoxycytidine was the preferred substrate.
Phonological representations and the variable patterning of glides

We argue that the glides [j,w] are not just non-nuclear versions of vowels, but also bear a subsegmental difference, which we propose is due to a feature [±vocalic]. This representational difference is integrated into an explanation of why glides may be skipped in vowel harmony, even when other consonants do participate in harmony. In addition, we propose that the glides [j,w] have two Designated Articulators: [j] is both [Dorsal] and [Coronal], and [w] is both [Dorsal] and [Labial]. These representational proposals shed light on a number of phenomena, such as why the glide [j] becomes [k] in some languages, but [3] in others, as well as why the glide [w] can sometimes become [m]. In short, glides are mentally represented as neither vowels nor consonants, have their own constriction degree, and have two Designated Articulators. The interaction of the logic of abstract binary featural representations together with representational notions such as constrastivity and representational simplification yields this typology of variable patterning.
Steady state and transient creep properties of an aluminum alloy reinforced with alumina fibers

Abstract Steady state and transient creep experiments have been conducted on a metal matrix composite consisting of an aluminum-5 wt% magnesium alloy matrix reinforced with 26 vol.% alumina fibers. The composite exhibits high steady state stress exponents which range from 12.2 at 200°C to 15.5 at 400°C. The apparent activation energy for creep over this temperature range is found to be 225 kJ/mol. After unloading, large anelastic strains are observed. The anelastic recovery process is found to vary non-linearly with stress and temperature and exhibits an activation energy of 151 kJ/mol. A finite element model of the composite microstructure has been developed by treating the alumina fibers as an interconnected network of elastic beam elements. This model accurately simulates the transient response of the material to changes in loading. The model suggests that the high stress exponents, high activation energy, and large recoverable strains observed for this material can be explained by a balance between load transfer to and damage of the fiber network.
Polyhedral Fluorocarbon (CF)n―Structures and Energies

The structures and energies of selected (CX)n (n = even, 6−60, X = F or H) polyhedra, computed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level, show (CH)n isomers to be generally less strained than the corresponding (CF)n analogues. For n = 6−24, both (CH)n and (CF)n favor the same geometric patterns. The tube isomers (t-(CX)n) of large (n = 26−60) species with fused five-membered rings at the tube ends are thermodynamically more stable than the cage isomers (c-(CX)n), deduced from the most stable carbon cages. The stabilities of tube isomers are determined by the distortion of the bond angles (angle strain) and the nonbonded F···F repulsive interactions. The latter have been quantified by means of homodesmotic equations. Four structural types of t-(CX)n structures are built on the basis of the number of fused five-membered rings, and the thermodynamically more stable t-(CX)n structures have more fused five-membered rings, in opposition to the isolated pentagon rule governing the stability of carbon fu...
Intimate Risk: Sexual Risk Behavior among African American College Women.

The purpose of this study is to understand and describe the influences associated with sexual risk-taking among African American college women. The study participants included 15 African American w...
THE EFFECT OF SMALL CALIBRATION SAMPLE SIZES ON TOEFL IRT‐BASED EQUATING

The present study compared the performance of LOGIST and BILOG on TOEFL IRT-based scaling and equating using both real and simulated data and two calibration structures. Applications of IRT for the TOEFL program are based on the three-parameter logistic (3PL) model. The results of the study show that item parameter estimates obtained from the smaller real data sample sizes were more consistent with the larger sample estimates when based on BILOG than when based on LOGIST. In addition, the root mean squared error statistics suggest that the BILOG estimates for the item parameters and item characteristic curves were closer in magnitude to the “true” parameter values than were the LOGIST estimates. The equating results based on the parameter estimates suggest that the rule of thumb recommendation that pretest sample sizes be at least 1000 for LOGIST should be retained if at all possible.
Hg(II) Ion Detection Using Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Decorated with Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles

Fast and accurate detection of aqueous contaminants is of significant importance as these contaminants raise serious risks for human health and the environment. Mercury and its compounds are highly toxic and can cause various illnesses; however, current mercury detectors suffer from several disadvantages, such as slow response, high cost, and lack of portability. Here, we report field-effect transistor (FET) sensors based on thermally reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with thioglycolic acid (TGA) functionalized gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) (or rGO/TGA-AuNP hybrid structures) for detecting mercury(II) ions in aqueous solutions. The lowest mercury(II) ion concentration detected by the sensor is 2.5 × 10–8 M. The drain current shows rapid response within less than 10 s after the solution containing Hg2+ ions was added to the active area of the rGO/TGA-AuNP hybrid sensors. Our work suggests that rGO/TGA-AuNP hybrid structures are promising for low-cost, portable, real-time, heavy metal ion detectors.
Cavity Flame-Holders for Ignition and Flame Stabilization in Scramjets: An Overview

This paper describes ongoing research efforts in the scramjet community on cavity e ame holders, a concept for e ame holding and stabilization in supersonic combustors. During the last few years, cavities have gained the attention of the scramjet community as a promising e ame-holding device, owing to results obtained in e ight tests and to feasibility demonstrations in laboratory-scale supersonic combustors. However, comprehensive studies are needed to determine the optimal cone guration that will yield the most effective e ame-holding capability with minimum losses. The e owe eld characteristics of cavities and research efforts related to cavities employed in lowand high-speed e ows are summarized. Open questions impacting the effectiveness of the cavities as e ame holders in supersonic combustors are discussed.
Gender Differences Among Children With ADHD on Continuous Performance Tests: A Meta-Analytic Review

Objective: Gender differences among children with ADHD are not well understood. The continuous performance test (CPT) is the most frequently used direct measure of inattention and impulsivity. This...
Somatostatin receptor activation of cellular effector systems

Somatostatin (SRIF) induces its multiple biological actions by interacting with a family of receptors, referred to as SSTR1-SSTR5. These receptors are capable of associating with particular guanine nucleotide binding proteins to couple the receptors to distinct cellular effector systems. Therefore, G proteins have an important role in directing SRIF signalling and may provide the molecular basis for the diverse cellular actions of SRIF.
Inheritance Characteristics of Brown Patch Resistance in Tall Fescue

Brown patch, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, is a devastating disease of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Developing genetic resistance is a viable long term control strategy; however, the genetic mechanism of brown patch resistance in tall fescue is not known. The objectives for this research were to (i) calculate the broad and narrow-sense heritability for brown patch resistance, (ii) determine the relative importance of additive and non-additive (dominance and epistatic) gene effects for brown patch resistance, (iii) estimate the general and specific combining abilities of tall fescue parents for brown patch resistance, (iv) estimate the minimum number of effective genes involved in brown patch resistance, and (v) develop a genetic linkage map and identify the presence of quantitative trait loci for brown patch resistance in tall fescue. To complete these objectives, several field trials were conducted to evaluate the resistance of a diverse background of tall fescue genotypes, as well as parents and progeny from controlled crosses after inoculation with R. solani. Expressed Sequence Tags Simple Sequence Repeats (EST-SSRs) along with genomic-SSR markers were used to develop a genetic linkage map of a mapping population derived from a cross between a resistant genotype and a susceptible genotype. Analysis of the phenotypic data indicated brown patch resistance in tall fescue is heavily influenced by the environment with phenotypic responses displaying a continuous distribution, both characteristics indicative of quantitative inheritance. Additive genetic variance was more important than non-additive genetic variance in brown patch resistance in tall fescue. It was estimated that one to three genes were segregating for resistance in the progeny that were evaluated. A genotypic recurrent selection program would be the most effective for improving brown patch resistance in tall fescue. Molecular marker analysis revealed the presence of two putative quantitative trait loci.%%%%
'Dwelling' with ecotourism in the Peruvian Amazon : Cultural relationships in local-global spaces

This article argues for a perspective to ecotourism development that is not determined solely by academics, capitalistic markets, conservationists or NGOs, but also by locally defined and culturally embedded relations and meanings. We start with a theoretical critique of ecotourism development and conservation at the intersection of the macro-global and micro-local levels. Insights from the existential philosopher, Martin Heidegger (1889—1976) help identify spaces and relationships in natural area destinations that illustrate the paradox of ecological modernization. A longitudinal case study of a community-based ecotourism initiative in the Peruvian Amazon is used to illustrate our argument. Local residents work in partnership with a private tour company to market and operate the lodge, but negotiations go beyond splitting profits or commodifying resources. Members engage in and resist tourism-related changes in multiple ways. Heidegger's notions of dwelling and care (concern: Sorghe) introduces a way of ...
Distributed multi-dimensional hidden Markov model: theory and application in multiple-object trajectory classification and recognition

In this paper, we propose a novel distributed causal multi-dimensional hidden Markov model (DHMM). The proposed model can represent, for example, multiple motion trajectories of objects and their interaction activities in a scene; it is capable of conveying not only dynamics of each trajectory, but also interactions information between multiple trajectories, which can be critical in many applications. We firstly provide a solution for non-causal, multi-dimensional hidden Markov model (HMM) by distributing the non-causal model into multiple distributed causal HMMs. We approximate the simultaneous solution of multiple HMMs on a sequential processor by an alternate updating scheme. Subsequently we provide three algorithms for the training and classification of our proposed model. A new Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm suitable for estimation of the new model is derived, where a novel General Forward-Backward (GFB) algorithm is proposed for recursive estimation of the model parameters. A new conditional independent subset-state sequence structure decomposition of state sequences is proposed for the 2D Viterbi algorithm. The new model can be applied to many other areas such as image segmentation and image classification. Simulation results in classification of multiple interacting trajectories demonstrate the superior performance and higher accuracy rate of our distributed HMM in comparison to previous models.
Analytical model for a passive stand-off layer damping treatment applied to an Euler-Bernoulli beam

Passive constrained layer (PCL) damping treatments have been shown to be a very effective and reliable method for the damping of structures and have been implemented successfully in many commercial and defense designs for the aerospace and automotive industries. A conventional passive constrained layer damping treatment consists of a viscoelastic layer sandwiched between the vibrating structure and a cover layer. In a passive stand-off layer (PSOL) damping treatment, a stand-off or spacer layer is added to a conventional passive constrained layer damping treatment between the vibrating structure and the viscoelastic layer. The addition of this stand-off layer increases the distance of the viscoelastic and constraining layers from the neutral axis of the vibrating structure. This is thought to enhance damping by increasing the shear angle of the viscoelastic layer. To investigate how the bending and shearing rigidities of the stand-off layer (SOL) affect the damping performance, an analytical model has been developed for a PSOL damping treatment applied to an Euler-Bernoulli beam. In this paper, the equations of motion are derived and solved. The resulting simulations of the frequency response are then discussed.
Combined treatment of refractory depression with an MAO inhibitor and a tricyclic.

While there has recently been a resurgence of interest in monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), these antidepressant medications are still relatively infrequently utilized in this country.I.2 Prominently discussed side effects (especially hypotension) and dangerous interactions with multiple medications and/or foods are the probable explanation. While taking an MAOI, serious, even fatal, hypertensive and hyperpyretic crises can result from the ingestion of indirectlyacting sympathomimetic amines, such as ephedrine, phenylephrine, and phenylpropanolamine, or else present in tyramine-containing foods, such as red wine and aged cheese. The combination of an MAOI with a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) can be used, but this should be done with caution.3 Although MAOIs often are considered as a secondline option for treating most affective illnesses, their side effects and interactions with other substances appear to be less of a problem than previously considered.1.2 They are particularly efficacious in treating atypical depression and are helpful in phobias or in depression refractory to other therapies.I.2·4.5 With proper precautions, major side effects are not common.l.2.4.S When side effects do occur, they include pos-
Industrial hygiene audits

Management is challenged constantly to enhance occupational health programs for employees. Industrial hygiene auditors must assume their share of this responsibility by operating on a highly professional level using accepted auditing principles. This document describes the planning, organizing, directing and controlling of an industrial hygiene audit for the purpose of measuring the effectiveness of established occupational health objectives.
The Politics of Football in Iran

This essay attempts to show that the history of football in Iran has been intimately intertwined with politics, both domestic and international. Although the national sport of Iran is wrestling, Iran's first place in the 1998 world championships, held in Teheran, caused far less excitement in Iran than the country's mere participation in the 1998 soccer World Cup. In Iran nationalism peaks around football probably because many consider collective action a truer test of a country's spirit than individual talent. Given the Islamic Republic's persistent attempts to keep global culture at bay, the widespread popularity of football in Iran calls for some explanation. The transition from wrestling to football as Iran's most popular sport, argues the essay, therefore reflects the social and political changes that have occurred in the country. The aim of the essay is therefore to analyze the interplay between the popularization of football, social change, state policies and politics. The game's persistent popular...
The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1β-converting enzyme

Abstract We have cloned the C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 . A ced-3 transcript is most abundant during embryogenesis, the stage during which most programmed cell deaths occur. The predicted CED-3 protein shows similarity to human and murine interleukin-1β-converting enzyme and to the product of the mouse nedd-2 gene, which is expressed in the embryonic brain. The sequences of 12 ced-3 mutations as well as the sequences of ced-3 genes from two related nematode species identify sites of potential functional importance. We propose that the CED-3 protein acts as a cysteine protease in the initiation of programmed cell death in C. elegans and that cysteine proteases also function in programmed cell death in mammals.
EQUIVOCATION: CHARACTER INSURANCE

This study investigated the effects of equivocation (deliberate vagueness) on source credibility (competence and character), agreement, and perceived vagueness. The results indicated that the equivocated message produced significantly higher character ratings for the speaker than did the clearly stated disagreeable message, but there was no significant difference for the competence ratings. The equivocated message also produced significantly more agreement than the clear message. These findings, as well as others, led the researchers to conclude that equivocating disagreeable arguments helps preserve credibility—most notably the character ratings; and that character is the best predictor of message agreement. The results were interpreted in terms of information processing theory, suggesting that equivocated messages evoke meanings which are congruent with prior experience and attitudes. In contrast to the tenet advocated since antiquity that all issues should be addressed clearly, this study indicates that under certain circumstances the speaker can enhance effectiveness by using the rhetorical technique of deliberate vagueness.
Comparison of the Antipyretic Action and Toxicity of D-Glucono-Para-Phenetidin and Acetphenetidin

SummaryThe antipyretic action of glucono-phenetidin in equimolecular proportions is about equal to the action of acetphenetidin when tested on rabbits fevered with injections of hay infusion. Glucono-phenetidin is non-toxic to rats in doses up to 50 gm. per kg., whereas acetphenetidin manifests occasional toxic symptoms in doses as low as 4 gm. per kg., and was fatal in 3 out of 5 animals with a dose of 6 gm. per kg. This indicates a definitely wider range between therapeutic and toxic dose for glucono-phenetidin than for acetphenetidin.
Effectiveness of a Drill-assisted Intraosseous Catheter versus Manual Intraosseous Catheter by Resident Physicians in a Swine Model

Introduction: Our objective was to compare the effectiveness, speed, and complication rate of the traditional manually placed intraosseous (IO) catheter to a mechanical drill-assisted IO catheter by emergency medicine (EM) resident physicians in a training environment. Methods: Twenty-one EM residents participated in a randomized prospective crossover experiment placing 2 intraosseous needles (Cook® Intraosseous Needle, Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN; and EZ-IO® Infusion System, Vidacare, San Antonio, TX). IO needles were placed in anesthetized mixed breed swine (mass range: 25 kg to 27.2 kg). The order of IO placement and puncture location (proximal tibia or distal femur) were randomly assigned. IO placement time was recorded from skin puncture until the operator felt they had achieved successful placement. We used 3 verification criteria: aspiration of marrow blood, easy infusion of 10 mL saline mixed with methylene blue, and lack of stained soft tissue extravasation. Successful placement was defined as meeting 2 out of the 3 predetermined criteria. We surveyed participants regarding previous IO experience, device preferences, and comfort levels using multiple choice, Likert scale, and visual analog scale (VAS) questions. IO completion times, VAS, and mean Likert scales were compared using Student’s t-test and success rates were compared using Fisher’s exact test with p<0.05 considered significant.Results: Drill-assisted IO needle placement was faster than manually placed IO needle placement (3.66 vs. 33.57 seconds; p=0.01). Success rates were 100% with the drill-assisted IO needle and 76.2% with the manual IO needle (p=0.04). The most common complication of the manual IO insertion was a bent needle (33.3% of attempts). Participants surveyed preferred the drill-assisted IO insertion more than the manual IO insertion (p<0.0001) and felt the drill-assisted IO was easier to place (p<0.0001).Conclusion: In an experimental swine model, drill-assisted IO needle placement was faster and had less failures than manual IO needle placement by inexperienced resident physicians. EM resident physician participants preferred the drill-assisted IO needle. [West J Emerg Med.2013;14(6):629–632.]
Solution properties of dextran in water and in formamide

We investigate here solution properties of the common polysaccharide dextran (with various molecular weight fractions: T70, T110, T500, and T2000) in aqueous and in formamide solutions at 20°C and 40°C, as obtained from viscosity measurements. Dextran behaves as a random coil in water and formamide solutions on the basis of the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada constant being in the range 0.5< α < 0.8 and the molecular weight dependence of the hydrodynamic coil radius, Rcoil ∼ MW1/2. Dextran segments interact more favorably with the formamide solvent molecules than with water, as attested by higher intrinsic viscosity, Rcoil, and hydrodynamic expansion factor αη values in formamide compared to aqueous solutions. This can be attributed to formamide offering more readily available sites (CO and NH3) to form hydrogen bonds with dextran. Apparently the stronger cohesive forces (reflected in higher surface tension σ and solubility parameter δ values) between water molecules make it harder for dextran to break them, thus the dextran coils swell less in this medium. As the temperature increases from 20°C to 40°C, dextran is driven toward theta conditions in both water and formamide solutions. Upon heating, the polymer segments interact less with the solvent molecules and adopt a less expanded conformation in the solution; the solvent quality decreases, and the coils contract. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Fragrance material review on (2E,6Z)-nona-2,6-dien-1-ol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of (2E,6Z)-nona-2,6-dien-1-ol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Pneumomediastinum in the neonatal and paediatric intensive care unit

The incidence, aetiology and pathophysiology of pneumomediastinum (PM), an uncommon and potentially serious disease in neonates and children, were evaluated. A retrospective chart review of all patients diagnosed with PM who were hospitalised in the intensive care unit of the University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Switzerland, from 2000 to 2006, was preformed. We analysed the incidence, severity and causes of PM and investigated the possible differences between neonatal and non-neonatal cases. Seven children and nine neonates were identified with PM. All patients had a good outcome. Six cases of PM in the group of children older than 4 weeks were deemed to be caused by trauma, infection and sports, whereas one case was idiopathic. All nine neonatal cases presented with symptoms of respiratory distress. We were able to attribute four cases of neonatal PM to pulmonary infection, immature lungs and ventilatory support. Five neonatal cases remained unexplained after careful review of the hospital records. In conclusion, PM in children and neonates has a good prognosis. Mostly, it is associated with extrapulmonary air at other sites. It is diagnosed by chest X-ray alone. We identified mechanical events leading to the airway rupture in most children >4 weeks of life, whereas we were unable to identify a cause in half of the neonates studied (idiopathic PM).
Electrochromic polyaniline/graphite oxide nanocomposites with endured electrochemical energy storage

Abstract Polyaniline (PANI)/graphite oxide (GO) nanocomposite films were fabricated by electropolymerization of aniline monomers onto GO coated indium tin oxide (ITO) glass slides, which were prepared by spin coating technique. The morphology as well as the crystalline structure of the composite films were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results confirm the obtained composite structural films and the interactions between the polymer matrix and the GO particles. The optical properties and the electrochemical capacitive behaviors of the composite films for electrochromic displays and electrochemical energy storage devices applications were investigated using the spectroelectrochemistry (SEC), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements. The composite films show multi-color electrochromism at different potentials arising from PANI. A coloration efficiency of 59.3 cm2 C−1 is obtained for the composite film, higher than that of the pure PANI thin films, 50.0 cm2 C−1. An areal capacitance of 25.7 mF cm−2 that is comparable to PANI (75.1 mF cm−2) is derived from the CV at a scan rate of 5 mV/s with a broader working potential window of 1.3 V. The cyclic stability studies reveal that the composite films exhibits much more enhanced durability and retains 53.1% of the capacitance even after 1000 charge–discharge galvanostatic cycles. However, the pure PANI thin films lose almost most of the charge storage or discharge capacity even after 350 cycles. The interactions between PANI matrix and GO particles are believed to be responsible for the observed enhanced stability in the nanocomposite films.
P1 or P1;? Or something else?

The October 1998 release of the Cambridge Structural Database (1992) contains structural details (unit-cell dimensions and atom coordinates) for nearly 1300 distinct entries under space group P1 (No. 1); for 279 of these entries, the space-group designation is incorrect. The most common type of error, occurring for 157 entries with Z > 1, seems to have resulted from a simple misprint – the omission of the `overline' in the symbol P\overline{1} as it appears in the original publication; in these cases the reported coordinates, when applied to space group P\overline{1} rather than P1, lead to reasonable intermolecular distances and to apparently reliable structures. In the remaining 123 cases the space group is incorrect for more fundamental reasons and the atom coordinates should be revised. In approximately one-third of the structures in which chiral molecules crystallize in P1 with Z = 2, the two molecules are related by an approximate center of inversion. In some cases this pseudocenter is surprisingly exact, with r.m.s. deviations from centrosymmetry as small as 0.1 A, and may result in the same sort of refinement difficulties that inevitably arise when truly centrosymmetric structures are mistakenly refined in space group P1. It appears as though, for typical molecular compounds, standard crystal-structure techniques may be unable to distinguish between P1 and P\overline{1} if the r.m.s. deviation from centrosymmetry is less than ∼0.1 A.
Fabrication and Nanocompression Testing of Aligned Carbon‐Nanotube–Polymer Nanocomposites

The exceptional electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have motivated extensive research on their manufacturing and applications. At bulk scales, there is particular interest in property enhancements by adding CNTs to polymers to make composite materials. Most work on CNT-based composites presented in the literature to date has focused on dispersion of single- or multiwalled CNTs (SWNTs or MWNTs) in the matrix; however, bulk CNTs embedded in a polymeric matrix tend to form aggregates that are not only poorly adhered to the matrix but also concentrate stresses, compromising the effect of the CNTs as reinforcement. [1] On the other hand, establishing order and alignment among CNTs within a composite matrix offers significant further potential to harness the properties of individual CNTs at bulk scales by realizing the anisotropic properties of CNTs in desired directions, and by enabling packing and dispersion of CNTs at much higher volume fractions than in tangled configurations. In this work, CNT–polymer composites are manufactured by wetting as-grown arrays of vertically aligned CNTs rapidly and effectively (lack of voids) using off-the-shelf polymers. The wetting process not only preserves the alignment of the CNTs, but also allows the controlled manufacturing of nanocomposite test structures. Direct characterization of the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite structures is also presented in this work. The mechanical-reinforcement results support the feasibility of using these CNTarrays in large-scale hybrid advanced composite architectures reinforced with aligned CNTs. Such composites will also benefit from multifunctional property (e.g., electrical conductivity) enhancements owing to the aligned CNTs.
Experimental results at one GHz on linearizing an nMOS transistor with a parallel pMOS transistor

A simple circuit consisting of an nMOS transistor in parallel with a pMOS transistor is shown to reduce nonlinear distortion. Measured experimental results show more than 10 dB reduction in third order distortion at 1 GHz for a prototype 0.18 micron CMOS integrated circuit. Experimental data further suggest that the relative increase in the third order output intercept point greatly exceeds the corresponding increase in power supply current. Since the proposed circuit is itself a three-terminal device, it can also be used as a building block for larger circuits. Finally, theoretical linearization conditions are presented in terms of the gains and intercept points of the nMOS and pMOS devices.
Assessment of Remaining Life of a Control Stage Blade With Solid Particle Erosion Damage

Unscheduled replacement of HP control stage blades due to solid particle erosion can be avoided if the structural integrity of the eroded blade has not been compromised, and the risk of an in-service failure is shown to be minimal. An analytical approach is presented which was used to evaluate whether blades with SPE damage could remain in service until the next convenient outage, in order to provide the plant engineers with specifications to assist them in determining the need for replacement based on further observed erosion damage. A three-dimensional fracture mechanics model was applied to study the propagation of cracks caused by erosion, and to assess when rupture was likely to occur. The results of the study are presented as a model for plant operators to use in scheduling the repair or replacement of HP blades.© 1993 ASME
1‐Lithio‐1‐methoxycyclopropane

[75697-62-0] C4H7LiO (MW 78.05) InChI = 1S/C4H7O.Li/c1-5-4-2-3-4;/h2-3H2,1H3; InChIKey = WHIBJYNFKQDVDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (synthesis of 2-vinylcyclobutanones,2 which are intermediates in the synthesis of higher-membered rings via ring expansion3) Solubility: sol THF, in which solvent it is prepared. Preparative Methods: from 1-methoxy-1-phenylthiocyclopropane4 via reductive lithiation with Lithium 4,4′-Di-tert-butylbiphenylide (LDBB) or Lithium 1-(Dimethylamino)naphthalenide (LDMAN) in THF at −78 °C.5 Alternatively, a similar reagent, 1-ethoxy-1-lithiocyclopropane, is obtained by lithium–tin and lithium–bromine exchange reactions of 1-ethoxy-1-(tri-n-butylstannyl)cyclopropane and 1-bromo-1-ethoxycyclopropane, respectively.6 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: presumed to be unstable and is used immediately for further transformations. α-Metalated ethers undergo Wittig rearrangement7 and/or carbenoid reactions.8
Durability of cognitive remediation training in schizophrenia: performance on two memory tasks at 6-month and 12-month follow-up

Patients with schizophrenia have consistently been found to exhibit cognitive deficits, particularly in memory, which have been suggested to mediate functional outcomes. Several recent reviews of cognitive retraining have concluded that these deficits respond to training, although the sustainability of cognitive improvement following completion of training has not been adequately evaluated. Most studies had small samples and very short follow-up periods. As part of a larger study, we examined performance on two memory tasks in two groups of participants: those who received computerized cognitive remediation training in addition to work therapy (n=45), vs. those who only received work therapy (n=49). Computerized cognitive remediation included hierarchical training on a computerized digit span task and a computerized words serial position task. Assessments using the same computerized tasks were made at three time points: baseline, end of active intervention, and 6-month follow-up. Compared to the active control condition (work therapy only), the group receiving computerized cognitive remediation in addition to work therapy showed significantly greater improvements on the trained digit span task following training. These improvements were maintained at the 6-month follow-up. There were no significant group differences on the word serial position task at any time point. Results indicate that computerized training can lead to sustained improvements on some, but not all, training tasks.
Checking the United Nations: A Checklist Evaluation of United Nations Specialized Agencies Serial Publications

During the spring and summer of 2008 the University of Kansas (KU) Libraries conducted a collection evaluation study on the serial sales publications issued by United Nations (UN) specialized agencies. After a checklist was compiled, KU holdings were compared to the list to develop a record of UN specialized agency serial publication holdings at KU. The goal was to identify both electronic and print holdings within this specific collection. The project also sought publications that were freely available electronically for the purpose of expanding the KU international government information collection while increasing neither the serials budget nor the physical size of the collection.