cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auxetic behavior of a novel graphene assembly model

Graphene assembly, e.g. graphene aerogel, is an open-cell porous material with randomly distributed graphene sheets and voids. In this study, we propose a method to generate the 3D graphene assembly models which can reasonably display the structural properties of graphene aerogel. Our 3D graphene assembly models are firstly established by a Voronoi construction method that is usually used to build the polycrystalline materials. The optimization and relaxation are then conducted to obtain 3D graphene assembly with proper structures by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In order to explore the mechanical properties of graphene assembly, the tensile and compressive tests are carried out by MD simulations. The results show that the 3D graphene assembly reveals auxetic behavior under compression while it has positive Poisson’s ratio under tension. We also find that the Poisson’s ratios are specifically related to the grain sizes and mass densities. Furthermore, from our simulation the stress–strain relations for the compressive tests and tensile tests are also obtained. The compressive Young’s modulus, tensile Young’s modulus, compressive strength and tensile strength are found to follow the power law relation to the mass density with the exponential factors of 2.31756, 2.33005, 2.6243 and 1.5084, respectively.
Development of research methods curriculum for an integrated care fellowship.

Abstract Objective To describe the design and delivery of a curriculum in research methods for clinical fellows in integrated care. Method To design the curriculum, a standard curriculum development approach was applied through an iterative improvement process with input from researchers, clinical educators, and the first cohort of fellows. The curriculum has three central goals: (1) develop fellows' capacity to interpret the integrated care literature and apply findings in practice; (2) develop fellows' capacity for conducting quality improvement programs informed by knowledge of clinical research methods; and (3) enhance workforce capacity for practice-based research partnerships by increasing research understanding among clinical providers. A variety of educational strategies were employed to introduce each research method and apply these to the integrated care literature. Results A description, rationale, and resources for each content domain is presented. The curriculum was delivered to two cohorts of fellows. Evaluation data supports the curriculum's relevance and quality. Conclusions A rigorous development process yielded a brief research curriculum targeting the needs of clinical fellows in integrated care. The curriculum is well-received by fellows and adaptable for other subspecialties. It may serve as a model for other clinical training programs seeking to enhance their fellows' fluency in research methods.
Microsurgical Clip Trapping of Dorsal Internal Carotid Artery Blister Ruptured Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Dorsal internal carotid artery (ICA) blister aneurysms are an uncommon aneurysm variant constituting 0.3% to 1% of intracranial aneurysms and can be due to ulceration, atherosclerosis, or dissection.1-3 Despite its rarity, it carries a high risk of rupture with an estimation of 0.9% to 6.5% among intracranial aneurysms.1,2 Blister aneurysms are small in size, have no distinguishable neck, and have a friable wall that can easily rupture if manipulated, hence the difficulty in its treatment utilizing both microsurgical and endovascular techniques.1,2,4-6 Endovascular coiling of these lesions may not be adequate due to the broad-based size; stenting requires the use of antiplatelet medications, which could lead to rebleeding; flow diversion takes longer to exert its treatment effect.1,4 Conversely, microsurgical management carries a higher intraoperative rupture rate.2 Microsurgical options include clipping, clip reconstruction, trapping with bypass, and wrapping.4,7 We present a case of a 38-yr-old man who presented with a ruptured right dorsal ICA blister aneurysm treated with microsurgical trapping with intraoperative flow measurements. We demonstrate how the use of quantitative intraoperative flow measurements allows confident sacrifice of the supraclinoid ICA. We also demonstrate in contrast another case example of utilizing a clip-graft repair. The patient remained unchanged with an intact neurological exam, and postoperative imaging showed no aneurysm remnant and patent anterior choroidal artery. We review the literature and management of dorsal ICA aneurysms.8-15 We also review the technical nuances and different endovascular and microsurgical treatments that can be used for this condition. The patient gave informed consent for the procedure and verbal consent to the publication.
Safety and Efficacy of Forearm Tourniquet Compared to Upper Arm Tourniquet for Local Intravenous Regional Anesthesia in Hand Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background Forearm tourniquets may offer decreased doses of anesthetic, shorter procedure times, and less pain compared to upper arm tourniquets. There is limited data comparing the clinical efficacy of forearm Bier blocks to conventional upper arm Bier blocks. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness, complications, duration, cost, and patient satisfaction between forearm and upper arm Bier blocks during surgery. Methods Sixty-six carpal tunnel release, ganglion excision, or trigger finger procedures were performed. Patients were randomized to 3 groups: upper arm tourniquet for 25 minutes, forearm tourniquet for 25 minutes, or forearm tourniquet with immediate deflation following the procedure (<25 minutes). The efficacy of surgical anesthesia, tourniquet discomfort, and supplementary local anesthetic administration were recorded. Pain was assessed intraoperatively and postoperatively. Patient satisfaction was assessed on the first postoperative day. Results No difference was observed between groups with respect to pain, satisfaction, or administration of supplemental medication. The tourniquet time for the group with immediate deflation following procedure was shorter by an average of 9.3 minutes. Total hospital charges were 9.95% cheaper with immediate tourniquet deflation compared to procedures where the tourniquet remained inflated for at least 25 minutes. Conclusion The forearm Bier block is a safe, efficient, cost-effective technique for intravenous regional anesthesia during hand surgery, and tourniquet deflation immediately following the procedure (<25 minutes) does not increase incidence of complications. The forearm tourniquet reduces the dose of local anesthetic and therefore risk for systemic toxicity, with similar effectiveness as compared to the upper arm technique.Level of Evidence: II.
Efficacy of a Forearm Rotation Orthosis for People With a Hemiparetic Arm.

Importance Insufficient voluntary forearm movements are associated with ineffective and inefficient functional performance among people poststroke. Although evidence supports the application of the occupational therapy task-oriented (OTTO) approach for this population, the training protocol does not explicitly address the role of forearm rotation movements. In addition, a need exists for theoretical support for orthotic interventions for people poststroke. Objective: To examine the efficacy of (1) a forearm rotation orthosis, (2) the OTTO approach, and (3) the combination of the two with people poststroke with a hemiparetic arm. Design Stratified, randomized, two-group, single-blinded, repeated-measures design. Setting Rehabilitation clinic. Participants Participants (N = 14) with a diagnosis of stroke and at least 10° of voluntary shoulder and elbow movement. Intervention Participants were stratified into three groups by motor function (mild, moderate, severe) and randomly assigned either to 6 wk of no treatment followed by 6 wk of OTTO or to 6 wk of orthotic intervention followed by 6 wk of orthosis plus OTTO. Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcome measures were the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), and Motor Activity Log (MAL), administered at baseline (Week 1), at the end of Phase 1 (Week 7), and at the end of Phase 2 (Week 15) by blinded evaluators. Results Both groups showed clinically important improvements on the COPM. No significant differences were found on the WMFT or MAL. Conclusions and relevance The OTTO intervention provides clinically important benefits in self-perceived functional performance to people poststroke. What This Article Adds: The OTTO approach is an occupation-focused intervention that aims at functional performance and emphasizes clients' active engagement throughout the process. The findings suggest that the protocol of the OTTO intervention and its efficacy are appropriate for clinical practice.
The Constitutional Paradox of the Durbin Amendment: How Monopolies Are Offered Constitutional Protections Denied to Competitive Firms

The Durbin Amendment is the first of the major provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act to have been implemented-but only after it withstood a constitutional challenge on the basis of the Takings Clause in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. Now that the Amendment has taken effect, this Article addresses the false economic logic that led to its passage and the dubious arguments used to sustain its constitutionality. On the first issue, the supporters of the Durbin Amendment denounced the highly effective debit card system as a form of cartelization of the industry, which yields excessive returns to banks while overcharging retailers high rates for low-cost services. That objection rests on three central fallacies. The first is that the industry is monopolistic, when in fact, there is extensive competition for customers at every level. The second is that this critique ignores the economics of two-sided markets, under which transfer payments from retailers to customers expands the universe of debit card customers, spreading around the cost of operating the system. The third is that the costs of providing debit card services are limited to the marginal costs of providing services, but this critique ignores the fixed costs necessary to put the system in place. The failure to realize that these fixed costs need protection against government expropriation is the central error of the Eighth Circuit, which * Laurence A. Tisch Professor of Law, New York University School of Law; Peter and Kirsten Bedford Senior Fellow, the Hoover Institution; James Parker Hall Distinguished Service Professor of Law Emeritus and Senior Lecturer, University of Chicago. For the record, I represented TCF, the plaintiff in the litigation discussed in this Article, through the first hearing before Judge Lawrence L. Piersol on April 4, 2011. I should like to thank David Evans and Gregory Pulles, former General Counsel at TCF, for their valuable comments.
Mercury Detoxification by Bacteria: Simulations of Transcription Activation and Mercury ? Carbon Bond Cleavage

Hao-Bo Guo, Jerry M. Parks, Alexander Johs, and Jeremy C. Smith20.1IntroductionMercury,aheavyelementthatiswidelydistributedthroughoutthebiosphere,isquitereactive, being susceptible to redox, photochemical, and various other chemicaltransformations.However,mercuryhasnoknownbeneﬁcialbiologicalfunction,andis toxic to living organisms in all chemical forms.Mercury toxicity derives from its extremely high afﬁnity for sulfur-containingligands such as cysteine and glutathione. Monomethylmercury, or simply methyl-mercury, is particularly toxic due to its extremely high thiolate afﬁnity, its ability tocrosstheplacentalandblood–brainbarriers,anditspropensityforbioaccumulationin living organisms [1].Many bacteria that live in mercury-polluted environments possess a fascinatingsuiteofgenescalledthemercuryresistance,ormer,operon,whichencodesasetofproteins and enzymes that convert inorganic and organomercurial species tovolatile,lesstoxicelementalHg(0)[1,2].Themeroperonisencodedinplasmidsortransposons, and can be transferred to other organisms via horizontal genetransfer.Several proteins and enzymes are encoded by the mer operon. These include theperiplasmicHgtransporter,MerP, membrane-bound proteinssuchas MerC,MerT,and others, and the mercuric reductase, MerA. Broad-spectrum mercury-resistantorganisms also encode an organomercurial lyase, MerB, which is responsible fordegrading organomercury compounds such as methylmercury.Transcription of theGram-negative mer operon is regulated by MerR.In this chapter are described the results of recent investigations [3, 4] on thetranscriptional regulator, MerR, and the organomercurial lyase, MerB. First, acombined experimental and computational approach is detailed in which small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simula-tionswereusedtoprobethestructureanddynamicsofthetranscriptionalregulatorMerR. MD simulations have revealed the principal conformational changes inMerRuponHg(II)-binding,whichprovidesinsightintothemolecularmechanism
Transition from n-type to p-type destroys ferromagnetism in semiconducting Sn1−xCoxO2 and Sn1−xCrxO2 nanoparticles

Abstract This work reports strong correlations between the structural, magnetic and electronic properties of room temperature ferromagnets (RTFM) Sn 1−x Co x O 2 and Sn 1−x Cr x O 2 for x = 0 to 0.1. The samples prepared by the sol–gel chemical method show RTFM for x x L with the limiting concentration x L = 0.01 for Co doping and x L = 0.025 for Cr doping. As doping level x is increased from x = 0 , the magnetic moment per ion, μ , increases and the lattice volume V L decreases up to x = x L . For x > x L , μ dramatically decreases toward zero and V L increases, the latter suggesting interstitial doping. Thermoelectric measurements showed that the samples are n-type for x x L and p-type for x > x L , suggesting that the RTFM is intrinsic and it is electron mediated.
Chiral symmetry at finite temperature: Linear versus nonlinear sigma models.

The linear O({ital N}) {sigma} model undergoes a symmetry-restoring phase transition at finite temperature. We show that the nonlinear O({ital N}) {sigma} model also undergoes a symmetry-restoring phase transition; the critical temperatures are the same when the linear model is treated in the mean field approximation and the nonlinear model is treated to leading plus subleading order in the 1/{ital N} expansion. We also carefully define and study the behavior of {ital f}{sub {pi}} and the scalar condensate at low temperatures in both models, showing that they are independent of field redefinition. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Biochemical changes in tobacco infected with Colletotrichum destructivum—I. : Fluorescent compounds, phenols, and some associated enzymes

Abstract Tobacco leaf tissue exhibited a 5- to 10-fold increase in peroxidase activity in the early stages of infection with Colletotrichum destructivum . Phenolase, ascorbic acid oxidizing ability, and quinone reductase increased only slightly or not at all. Chlorogenic acid content did not differ appreciably between infected and healthy tissue except that in some experiments chlorogenic acid was slightly reduced by the infection. Two u-v.-fluorescent compounds which were not detected in healthy tissue or in the pathogen were found in infected tissue.
Mode of action of hypoglycemic agents. I. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis by quinaldic acid and 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid

Abstract Quinaldic acid and 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid inhibited gluconeogenesis from lactate, but not from fructose in both the intact rat and in the isolated perfused rat liver. In fed rats both inhibitors are glycogenolytic; in fasted rats 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid caused hypoglycemia and both inhibitors caused severe hypoglycemia in adrenalectomized rats. Treatment of fasted rats with either inhibitor resulted in increased concentrations of plasma nonesterified fatty acids, decreased levels of blood ketone bodies, as well as a decrease in the ratio of β-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate, and elevated hepatic concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and 2- and 3-phosphoglycerate. The hepatic concentrations of malate, citrate, aspartate, triose phosphates, and hexose phosphates were decreased or normal. Lactate and pyruvate accumulated in the blood and kidneys of rats treated with 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, but blood and kidney metabolite concentrations remained normal in rats given quinaldic acid. In agreement with Bauman and Hill (Biochemistry, 7, 1322 (1968)) both quinaldic acid and methoxyindolecarboxylate inhibited oxidation and carboxylation of pyruvate by rat liver mitochondria. Octanoate restored both processes in mitochondria treated with either inhibitor and prevented or reversed their inhibition of gluconeogenesis from lactate in the perfused liver. These observations, together with the observed changes in hepatic metabolites of rats treated with methoxyindolecarboxylate or quinaldate, suggest that inhibition of hepatic mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is responsible for inhibition of gluconeogenesis by both substances.
Single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in sentinel lymph node imaging in head and neck cancer

1363 Learning Objectives To review the value of SPECT/CT in the detection of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) in patients with head and neck cancer, focusing on its advantage over planar scintigraphy, contribution to surgical planning, detection of SLN close to the primary tumor and prediction of outcome. SLN imaging assists in accurate staging, decreasing morbidity and avoiding unnecessary neck dissection in head and neck cancer patients with lymph node metastasis. Head and neck cancer exhibits variability in lymphatic drainage, making accurate SLN imaging vital. Planar lymphoscintography is commonly performed to locate SLN in these patients, but it lacks accurate anatomical information and only rough topographical orientation of the SLN is possible. The use of SPECT/CT for detection of SLN in head and neck cancer is a topic of recent importance. SPECT/CT is able to detect SLN in >90% of patients and can detect additional nodes not detected by planar imaging. An advantage of importance is the detection of nodes adjacent to the injection site, because of the three-dimensional data from SPECT/CT, which can be overlooked by planar lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative gamma probes. The better localization of SLN by SPECT/CT provides the surgeon with more accurate localization of the SLN at various neck nodal levels, re-classifying the SLN level detected by planar imaging in more than one-third patients and can thus reduce the surgery related morbidity. SPECT/CT also reduces the number of false negatives. The SPECT/CT results can be used to predict outcome in these patients, with a significant difference in disease-specific survival between patients with a positive SLN and those with a negative SLN.
tert-butyl hydroperoxide, an organic peroxide, causes temporary delay in hair growth in a neonatal rat model.

The skin is constantly exposed to relatively high levels of ultraviolet light and high oxygen tension, and to oxidizing chemicals present in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Exposure to these environmental challenges, in addition to oxidants produced during normal cellular processes, can result in oxidative stress that causes tissue and cellular damage.1–3 In the skin, oxidative stress has been associated with the development of vitiligo and rosacea.4,5 In addition, susceptibility of melanocytes to oxidative stress may be responsible for senile hair greying.6–8 It is important to understand the effects of oxidants on skin keratinocytes because these cells encounter the highest levels of environmental oxidants. Previous studies have shown that cultured keratinocytes suffer irreversible damages with long-term, high-dose treatment of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP), an organic peroxide, although the damage was reversible in keratinocytes given short-term, low-dose treatment.9 In addition, topical application of linolein hydroperoxides (lipid peroxides) in adult mice was shown to induce apoptosis of hair follicle (HF) keratinocytes and subsequent early onset of catagen (HF regression phase).10 However, it is not known whether such oxidant-induced HF damage is permanent. In this study, we investigated the effects of tBHP on HF growth in neonatal Sprague–Dawley (SD) and Long–Evans (LE) rat pups. We treated the pups daily for 6 days and monitored hair growth for an additional 2 weeks. Use of neonatal rats facilitated the analysis of oxidative damage on visible hair-shaft growth during the synchronized postnatal HF morphogenesis. Additionally, use of the pigmented LE rats also allowed us to examine the effects of tBHP on hair-shaft pigmentation.
Neuroprotective effects of SNX-185 in an In Vitro model of TBI with a second insult

PURPOSE Second insults following traumatic brain injury (TBI), such as ischemia and hypoxia, significantly worsen outcome in patients and in experimental models of TBI. Following TBI there is a pathological increase in intracellular calcium, triggering cellular mechanisms of dysfunction and death. N-type specific voltage gated calcium channel (VGCC) blockers reduce cell death in both in vitro mechanical strain injury (MSI) and in vivo models of TBI, but they have not been previously explored in a model of TBI followed by a second insult. METHODS In the following studies, cortical neurons and astrocytes experienced MSI followed by incubation in 20% CO2. Cultures were treated with the N-type VGCC blocker, ω-conopeptide SNX-185 (1 μM), 5-minutes post-injury and intracellular calcium accumulation was assessed at 3, 6 and 24 h. Neuronal viability was assessed 24 h after MSI. RESULTS Increasing incubator CO2 to 20% significantly increased calcium accumulation and cell death regardless of MSI severity. Treatment with 1 μM of SNX-185 significantly reduced the accumulation of calcium 3 hours following injury and increased the number of viable neurons 24 h post-injury and incubation in 20% CO2. CONCLUSIONS In vitro models provide a critical tool for identifying roles of cell specific mechanisms involved in neuronal dysfunction and death following injury. These data demonstrate the potential of N-type VGCC blockers in reducing the damaging effects of TBI and second insults.
Solar thermal power system concepts for high power satellites

Significant advances in the development of light-weight, compact, reliable, and cost-effective electrical power system (EPS) components are required to enable the design of future large satellite systems (10-100 kW/sub e/). Alkali-metal thermal-to-electric converters (AMTEC), a form of direct energy conversion technology, are being developed as a high efficiency, radiation hard converter for high electrical power on a satellite platform. A satellite electrical power system based on AMTEC would consist of a collector to gather sunlight and focus the energy into a receiving cavity surrounded by AMTECs to convert the thermal energy to electrical energy. Large systems are robust and have been projected to achieve specific power levels as high as 14 W/sub e//kg in geosynchronous orbits and power levels as high as 150 kW/sub e/. An AMTEC based system would accept thermal energy at 1200 K, reject heat at 600 K, and could achieve as high as 25% efficiency with 120 W/sub e//kg and 200 W/sub e//1 (AMTEC component level) at high voltage (100 V). This paper outlines a conceptual high power solar-thermal system utilizing AMTEC and examines the advantages and disadvantages of such as system as compared to conventional photovoltaic based systems.
Developing a Theoretical Framework for Logistics Outsourcing

In this paper, the authors present an examination of the theoretical foundations for outsourcing. They apply these theoretical foundations to explain why organizations outsource logistics, and them examines if the benefits are primarily cost-based, resource-based, or strategic in nature. The authors first discuss a number of theoretical perspectives for logistics outsourcing. These perspectives are then compared and contrasted. A theoretical framework is then provided for logistics outsourcing in which the varying perspectives are integrated. The authors conclude with observations regarding the theoretical and practitioner applications of logistics outsourcing.
Identifying alkali metal inhibitors of crystal growth: a selection criterion based on ion pair hydration energy

We show that alkali metals function as effective modifiers of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystallization wherein alkali-oxalate ion parings reduce the rate of crystal growth by as much as 60%. Our findings reveal a distinct trend in alkali metal efficacy that cannot be explained by colloidal theories or simple descriptors, such as ion size, but is consistent with a theoretical model that accounts for the ion pair's affinity for water.
Ethnicity and Newborn Outcomes: The Case of African American Women

Purpose: Although previous studies have confirmed the relationship between socioeconomic status, ethnicity, education, and occupation on birth outcomes, less is known about the relationship of providers influence or hospital characteristics on birth outcomes for minority women. It is not well understood whether hospital or physician characteristics exert an equal or greater affect compared with maternal sociodemographic factors, particularly for Black childbearing women known to be at particular risk for adverse birth outcomes. Design: This retrospective descriptive study sought to determine whether variation in neonatal birth outcomes for Black women was attributable to hospital characteristics, physician influence, or patient sociodemographics. Methods: Fixed and random effects were conducted to empirically determine the relative importance of hospital, physician, and patient characteristics (partitioning the variation of differences in birth outcome to each component) using a large administrative dataset. Findings: Considerable variability existed among hospitals over and above hospital ownership or number of hospital beds. Conclusions: Ethnicity was a statistically significant predictor of adverse outcomes, as was the number of prenatal visits and maternal education. There is a significant relationship between adverse newborn outcomes and ethnicity after controlling for hospital and physician characteristics. Clinical Relevance: Ongoing birth disparities in African American childbearing women are a significant public policy issue with important research and clinical implications. This research adds to nursing knowledge by helping eliminate some factors previously thought to have contributed to the high incidence of perinatal complications for African American women and their newborns.
Local force model for cine CT cardiac dynamics analysis

In this paper we present a local force model and its integration in a hierarchical analysis of the estimation of the left ventricle motion over a cardiac cycle. The local force model is derived from the dynamics of interconnected point masses driven by local constant forces over a short time. The forces drive the interconnected point masses within a regional patch of the left ventricle surface from one time instant to another. The trajectory that minimizes the total energy required to move the masses from one surface to another is considered as the local displacement vector. This estimated trajectory takes into account surface constraints and previous estimations derived from the volumetric images sequences so that the point masses travel along smooth trajectories resembling the realistic left ventricle surface dynamics. This proposed model is able to recover the point correspondences of the nonrigid motions between consecutive frames when the surfaces and the initial conditions of the left ventricle at consecutive time frames are given. The local force model is incorporated into a hierarchical analysis scheme providing us with the complete dynamics of the left ventricle as compared to the local kinematic analysis of previous approaches. Experimental results based on synthetic and real left ventricle CT volumetric images show that the proposed scheme is very promising for cardiac analysis.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
De novo microdeletion of BCL11A is associated with severe speech sound disorder

In 10 cases of 2p15p16.1 microdeletions reported worldwide to date, shared phenotypes included growth retardation, craniofacial and skeletal dysmorphic traits, internal organ defects, intellectual disability, nonverbal or low verbal status, abnormal muscle tone, and gross motor delays. The size of the deletions ranged from 0.3 to 5.7 Mb, where the smallest deletion involved the BCL11A, PAPOLG, and REL genes. Here we report on an 11-year-old male with a heterozygous de novo 0.2 Mb deletion containing a single gene, BCL11A, and a phenotype characterized by childhood apraxia of speech and dysarthria in the presence of general oral and gross motor dyspraxia and hypotonia as well as expressive language and mild intellectual delays. BCL11A is situated within the dyslexia susceptibility candidate region 3 (DYX3) candidate region on chromosome 2. The present case is the first to involve a single gene within the microdeletion region and a phenotype restricted to a subset of the traits observed in other cases with more extensive deletions.
CARBON CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVELOPE OF VY CANIS MAJORIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR OXYGEN-RICH EVOLVED STARS

Observations of the carbon-bearing molecules CO, HCN, CS, HNC, CN, and HCO+ have been conducted toward the circumstellar envelope of the oxygen-rich red supergiant star, VY Canis Majoris (VY CMa), using the Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO). CO and HCN were also observed toward the O-rich shells of NML Cyg, TX Cam, IK Tau, and W Hya. Rotational transitions of these species at 1 mm, 0.8 mm, and 0.4 mm were measured with the ARO Submillimeter Telescope, including the J = 6 → 5 line of CO at 691 GHz toward TX Cam and W Hya. The ARO 12 m was used for 2 mm and 3 mm observations. Four transitions were observed for HCO+ in VY CMa, the first definitive identification of this ion in a circumstellar envelope. Molecular line profiles from VY CMa are complex, indicating three separate outflows: a roughly spherical flow and separate red- and blueshifted winds, as suggested by earlier observations. Spectra from the other sources appear to trace a single outflow component. The line data were modeled with a radiative transfer code to establish molecular abundances relative to H2 and source distributions. Abundances for CO derived for these objects vary over an order of magnitude, f ~ 0.4-5 × 10–4, with the lower values corresponding to the supergiants. For HCN, a similar range in abundance is found (f ~ 0.9-9 × 10–6), with no obvious dependence on the mass-loss rate. In VY CMa, HCO+ is present in all three outflows with f ~ 0.4-1.6 × 10–8 and a spatial extent similar to that of CO. HNC is found only in the red- and blueshifted components with [HCN]/[HNC] ~ 150-190, while [CN]/[HCN] ~ 0.01 in the spherical flow. All three velocity components are traced in CS, which has a confined spatial distribution and f ~ 2-6 × 10–7. These observations suggest that carbon-bearing molecules in O-rich shells are produced by a combination of photospheric shocks and photochemistry. Shocks may play a more prominent role in the supergiants because of their macroturbulent velocities.
A Safer Nuclear Enterprise

The global nuclear enterprise, the activities and infrastructure that support both weapons and civil energy programs, is facing significant challenges. In the 26 years since Chernobyl, the nuclear power industry has strengthened its safety practices, yet Fukushima demonstrates the fragility of the civil nuclear enterprise. Despite an admirable record and firm commitment to make safety a primary criterion in weapons design, production, handling, and deployment, and to ensure that nuclear material is protected against theft, there is growing apprehension about terrorists acquiring weapons or nuclear material. We outline key principles and recommendations aimed at weak points in the world's nuclear enterprises.
Experimental production of hepatic necrosis and fibrosis with water.

IN the course of experiments devised to study the effects of the parenteral administration of various types of fluids on lymph-flow in the rat, I had occasion to introduce sterile distilled water intravenously by way of the portal vein. As a result of this procedure, observations were made on the production of acute hepatic injury followed by fibrosis.
VALIDITY OF DENSITY - LIQUID LIMIT PREDICTIONS OF HYDROCOMPACTION

Hydrocompaction, the peculiar property of some unconsolidated arid sediments to collapse, slump, and crack when wetted, is particularly destructive to canals, pipelines, dams, and other water conveyance structures. An apparently logical and simple method for the detection of deposits susceptible to hydrocompaction, described in the literature, is based on dry density and liquid limit values of “undisturbed” core samples. The reliability of this method was evaluated using about 10,700 samples of alluvium obtained mostly with 3-in.-diameter push samplers from more than 1,100 test holes in the west-central portion of the San Joaquin Valley, California. The samples originated from deposits known to be either susceptible or nonsusceptible to hydrocompaction. About 15 percent of the samples obtained in areas known to be not susceptible to hydrocompaction were, according to the method, “theoretically susceptible” to hydrocompaction. In areas known to be affected by hydrocompaction, the percentage of “theoretically susceptible” samples was 18 percent. These comparisons indicate that the method is not reliable in the area studied, and its validity in other areas should be tested prior to its application in engineering projects.
Serum DBH in three forms of acute stress.

Abstract We examined the changes in serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) activity in men subjected to three forms of acute stress: cold pressor, sustained hand grip, and insulin-induced hypoglycemia. The responses to all three of these stresses are reported to be mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. In spite of striking increases in blood pressure induced by the cold pressor and sustained hand grip tests and the clinical and chemical evidence of hypoglycemia following insulin there was little alteration in serum DBH activity. A change in serum DBH level is not a good measure of acute alterations in sympathetic nervous system activity in men.
Circumspection, reciprocity, and optimal carbon prices

Assessments of the benefits of climate change mitigation—and thus of the appropriate stringency of greenhouse gas emissions abatement—depend upon ethical, legal, and political economic considerations. Global climate change mitigation is often represented as a repeated prisoners’ dilemma in which the net benefits of sustained global cooperation exceed the net benefits of uncooperative unilateral action for any given actor. Global cooperation can be motivated either by circumspection—a decision to account for the damages one’s own actions inflict upon others—or by the expectation of reciprocity from others. If the marginal global benefits of abatement are approximately constant in total abatement, the domestically optimal price approaches the global cooperative optimum linearly with increasing circumspection and reciprocity. Approximately constant marginal benefits are expected if climate damages are quadratic in temperature and if the airborne fraction of carbon emissions is constant. If, on the other hand, damages increase with temperature faster than quadratically or carbon sinks weaken significantly with increasing CO2 concentrations, marginal benefits will decline with abatement. In this case, the approach to the global optimum is concave and less than full circumspection and/or reciprocity can lead to optimal domestic abatement close to the global optimum.
Proteomic Approaches to the Study of Papillomavirus-Host Interactions

The identification of interactions between viral and host cellular proteins has provided major insights into papillomavirus research, and these interactions are especially relevant to the role of papillomaviruses in the cancers with which they are associated. Recent advances in mass spectrometry technology and data processing now allow the systematic identification of such interactions. This has led to an improved understanding of the different pathologies associated with the many papillomavirus types, and the diverse nature of these viruses is reflected in the spectrum of interactions with host proteins. Here we review a history of proteomic approaches, particularly as applied to the papillomaviruses, and summarize current techniques. Current proteomic studies on the papillomaviruses use yeast-two-hybrid or affinity purification-mass spectrometry approaches. We detail the advantages and disadvantages of each and describe current examples of papillomavirus proteomic studies, with a particular focus on the HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins.
Investigating the ability of meshed distribution systems to increase penetration levels of Distributed Generation

Electric power distribution systems are undergoing an unparalleled evolution driven by the proliferation of Distributed Generation (DG) and particularly by the need to accommodate growing levels of photovoltaic power penetration. The intermittent ad uncontrollable nature of these resources impacts the distribution system under both operation and planning scenarios. This paper discusses utilizing alternative operation modes of distribution feeders, namely a meshed structure, to increase allowable penetration level of Distributed Generation. Some of the factors that limit proliferation of DGs in the distribution system are first discussed. Then, the advantages of a meshed network structure with respect to these limiting factors are presented. Results in terms of maximum allowable penetration of DG for a test system are also presented and compared to results for the same test system with an updated meshed structure.
Propofol and the risk of delirium: exploring the anticholinergic properties of propofol.

Delirium is a common pathologic event in both medical and surgical patients. It is essential to note that patients who develop delirium have worse long term outcomes. The etiology and pathogenesis of delirium are extremely complex and not entirely understood. Certain medications classes are implicated in delirium. For example, medications targeting muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are well known to be associated with delirium and altered mentation. Propofol is a medication commonly used in anesthesiology practice and sedation in intubated patients. In vitro studies provided evidence that propofol actively interacts with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Additionally, some, but not all clinical studies demonstrated that propofol led to delirium. Therefore, future prospective studies investigating the use of propofol and delirium occurrence are of paramount importance. These studies should adjust for such common confounders as patients’ demographics and age, comorbid conditions, use of other medications, type of surgery, baseline cognitive status, etc. Another important task would be to research the susceptibility for propofol-related delirium. By studying these critical questions, we will gain additional insights into the complex etiology and pathobiology of delirium in addition to a better understanding of the pharmacology of propofol.
Sedation and anesthesia in children for endoscopy

In children, the need for an endoscopic procedure equates with the need for sedation. The goals of sedation are analgesia, anxiolysis, and amnesia. Options available include endoscopist-directed conscious sedation and deep sedation or general anesthesia administered by an anesthesiologist. The endoscopist's choice of sedation must take into account the patient's age, maturity level, and disease state, the type and duration of procedure, risks and benefits of each sedation method, and desires of the patient and parent. While certain procedures dictate the need for general anesthesia, most procedures can be safely and efficiently completed under intravenous sedation with the combination of a narcotic and a benozdiazepine. Proper preparation of the patient, parent, endoscopy personnel, and endoscopy suite are imperative to successful sedation and thus a successful procedure. Postprocedure monitoring is important to insure that patient has fully recovered from sedation.
Graft tension in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction An in vivo study in dogs

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of initial tensioning on the outcome of reconstruction of the ACL. The ACLs of 15 adult mongrel dogs were excised and reconstructed. In the first five dogs, the ACLs of both knees were reconstructed using the medial one-third of the patellar tendon. The graft was fixed under a tension of 1 N (0.22 pounds) in one knee and 39 N (8.8 pounds) in the opposite knee. In the remainder of the dogs, the reconstructions were augmented with Dacron prostheses. Tensioning of both graft components in the augmented reconstructions was either with 1 N in one knee and 39 N in the contralateral knee or disproportionate tensions of 1 N and 39 N applied to the autogenous material and to the prosthesis. Sacrifice was 3 months postsurgery and results were examined with microangiography/history and mechanical testing. In the reconstructions with the patellar tendon alone, the biologic study showed poor vascularity and focal myxoid degeneration within the graft pretensioned with a load of 39 N. In the augmented reconstructions, the knees in which both graft materials were fixed with 1 N tension showed the strongest and stiffest reconstruction at 3 months. The study suggests that minimal tension should be applied to the graft materials during surgical reconstruction of the ACL.
The oxidation of amino acids by Tetrahymena pyriformis W.

Abstract The effect of 39 amino acids on the oxygen uptake of Tetrahymena pyriformis W was determined. Respiration was stimulated, in decreasing order of activity, by l -phenylalanine, l -tyrosine, l -cysteine, d -cysteine, l -proline, l -isoleucine, 1,1- dl -aminopropanesulfonic acid, l -leucine, and d -leucine. The effects of varying concentrations of l -phenylalanine and l -cysteine and mixtures of amino acids on respiration were also determined. No amino acid oxidase activity could be detected in cell-free homogenates using l -cysteine, l -phenylalanine, or l -alanine as substrates. Studies were made on the disappearance of l -phenylalanine in relation to oxygen consumption and ammonia production.
What Research Reveals about School Jazz Education.

Though jazz has been a part of many school music programs for more than 40 years, relatively little research on jazz education exists. Despite this scarcity, a comprehensive examination of the exta...
Generating efficient virtual worlds for visualization using partial evaluation and dynamic compilation

We argue that runtime program transformation, partial evaluation, and dynamic compilation are essential tools for automated generation of flexible, highly interactive graphical interfaces. In particular, these techniques help bridge the gap between a high-level, functional description and an efficient implementation. To support our claim, we describe our application of these techniques to a functional implementation of n-Vision, a real-time visualization system that represents multivariate relations as nested 3D interactors, and to Auto Visual, a rule-based system that designs n-Vision visualizations from high-level task specifications. n-Vision visualizations are specified using a simple functional language. These programs are transformed into a cached dataflow graph. A partial evaluator is used on particular computation-intensive function applications, and the results are compiled to native code. The functional representation simplifies generation of correct code, and the program transformations ensure good performance. We demonstrate why these transformations improve performance and why they cannot be done at compile time.
An art appreciation curriculum for preschool children

A 10‐week art appreciation curriculum was provided for 17 preschool children for one‐half hour per week in small groups in their classroom. The works of five artists (Jackson Pollock, Morris Louis, Andy Warhol, Piet Mondrian and Henry Moore) were presented along with biographical sketches of the artists, demonstration of the artists’ techniques, and hands‐on experience with the techniques. Before and after the course, the children's self‐esteem, art involvement, and preference, as well as classification of art works were evaluated. Following the course the children showed greater involvement in art and tended to be more consistent in their artwork preferences. They were also better able to distinguish paintings from sculptures and improved on tasks that involved naming artists and identifying artists’ works. Finally, their self‐esteem scores increased. Thus, the preschoolers appeared to benefit in several ways from this early art appreciation curriculum.
GaAs MMIC elements in phased-array antennas

Over the last six years NASA Lewis Research Center has carried out a program aimed at the development of advanced monolithic microwave integrated circuit technology, principally for use in phased-array antenna applications. Arising out of the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) program, the initial targets of the program were chips which operated at 30 and 20 GHz. Included in this group of activities were monolithic power modules with an output of 2 watts at GHz, variable phase shifters at both 20 and 30 GHz, low noise technology at 30 GHz, and a fully integrated (phase shifter, variable gain amplifier, power amplifier) transmit module at 20 GHz. Subsequent developments are centered on NASA mission requirements, particularly Space Station communications systems and deep space data communications.
Distribution of First-Detected Atrial Fibrillation Patients Without Structural Heart Diseases in Symptom Classifications

Background: The characteristics and prognosis of patients with first-detected atrial fibrillation (AF) in Japan remain unclear. Methods and Results: First-detected AF patients without structural heart disease (n=289) were reviewed with regard to 2 symptom classifications (CCS-SAF and EHRA). In both classifications, asymptomatic patients comprised ≈40% of the patients, and patients in the most symptomatic class (≈6%) had peculiar characteristics and poor prognosis. In other symptomatic classes, symptoms affected the treatment strategy without a significant difference in the patients' backgrounds and prognosis. Conclusions: This is the first report to describe the distribution, characteristics and outcomes of first-detected AF patients according to symptom classifications. (Circ J 2012; 76: 1020-1023)
Doublet composite Higgs from general ultrafermion representations

Abstract We compute the potential for a composite Higgs whose constituent fermions transforms as d and d +1 representations of SU(2) w . We show that the fine-tuning problem is independent of d .