cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specificity in practice benefits learning in novice models and variability in demonstration benefits observational practice

Considerable research has shown that both demonstration and verbal instruction can facilitate learning of a motor task in inexperienced individuals. In the current study, verbal instructions were used as a means to reduce the discovery learning process and control the amount of trial-to-trial variability in demonstrations. The task required models to learn to trace a pair of circles with a 90°-relative phase pattern between the arms. Verbal instructions directed one group of models toward a single strategy, and this group improved at a faster rate and performed better in a 24-h retention test compared to a group of models in a discovery learning context. The discovery models utilized multiple strategies throughout the practice. Each model was watched for 2 days by an observer, who was instructed that they would have to produce the 90°-relative phase pattern on day 3. Observers, who watched the discovery models, performed better than those who watched the single strategy models. The results support two primary conclusions. First, trial-to-trial variability associated with strategy selection processes in a model benefits an observer by facilitating perceptual discrimination processes that may play a key role in action generation. Second, verbal instructions that reduce discovery learning during physical practice benefit acquisition and retention performance when the task has multiple strategies wherein no one strategy guarantees the best performance outcome.
Cullen's sign associated with metastatic esophageal carcinoma

Cullen's sign refers to the presence of periumbilical ecchymosis and is most often recognized as a manifestation of hemorrhagic pancreatitis. However, lesser-appreciated etiologies include ruptured ectopic pregnancy, leaking aortic aneurysm, and intraabdominal malignancy. We report the case of a patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the esophagus who developed Cullen's sign shortly before death. Based on this case and previously reported cases, malignancy-associated Cullen's sign portends a dismal prognosis, and may be considered a pre-terminal finding.
Decomposition reactions of amino sugars: the dehydration of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose

Abstract The stability of the title compound ( 1 ) was investigated at 100° in acidified aqueous solutions containing, in some instances, glycine or pyridine. In strong acid (3 M hydrochloric acid), the sugar was relatively stable, and no identifiable decomposition-products were observed. In less-acidic solutions (≤0.5 M hydrochloric acid) in the presence of glycine, substantial decomposition occurred with the production of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde ( 2 ) in 0.5-5.2% yield. The major dehydration products, however (up to 18% of the starting sugar), were pyrazine derivatives bearing dissimilar, four-carbon, acyclic-sugar side-chains attached to C-2 and C-5 of the ring, respectively, arising, most probably, from C-3-C-6 of the original sugar molecules. When the conversions were performed in deuterium oxide solution, carbon-bound isotope was observed in 2 (at the aldehyde carbon and at C-3) and, in the pyrazine derivatives, on the ring (positions 3 and 6), and on the sugar-derived, side-chains.
Scoring films on Cue and online: the future is here

Location: Downtown Manhattan. Action: The composer is working on a film score in her home studio. (Video and audio source: Videotape of edited film, running at 30 frames per second.)
Self-sensing and self-healing of structural damage in fiber reinforced composites

Carbon fiber reinforced composites have been used in a wide range of applications in aerospace, mechanical, and civil structures. Due to the nature of material, multiple types of structural damage including micro matrix cracks and delaminations can significant degrade the integrity and safety of composites. It is difficult to detect and repair such damage since they are always barely visible to the naked eye. This paper presents the development of self-sensing and self-healing functions in order to detect damage progression and conduct in-situ damage repair in composite structures. Carbon nanotubes, which are highly conductive materials, are uniformly distributed within epoxy to develop the self-sensing capability. Shape memory polymer is used in the hot spot to obtain the self-healing capability. The developed multi-functional material is applied to carbon fiber reinforced composites for the autonomic detection and heal the matrix cracking. Experimental results showed that the developed composite materials are capable of detecting and healing the matrix cracks and delaminations. The developed self-healing material has the potential to be used as a novel structural material in mechanical, civil, aerospace applications. It can be used to detect and in-situ repair matrix damage induced by low velocity impacts and fatigues.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Intermetallic alloys based on gamma titanium aluminide

Titanium-aluminide alloys based on TiAl have an excellent potential to become one of the most important aerospace materials because of their low density, high melting temperature, good elevated-temperature strength and modulus retention, high resistance to oxidation and hydrogen absorption, and excellent creep properties. The chief roadblock to their application is poor ductility at low to intermediate temperatures that results in low fracture toughness and a fast fatigue-crack growth rate. During the last several years, a great deal of effort has been made to improve these ductile properties. These endeavors have met with some success through chemistry modification and microstructure control.
The acute phase reactant response to respiratory infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae: implications for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Abstract The acute phase response to Chlamydia pneumoniae infection was analyzed over a 72 h period post-infection in C57BL/6J mice. A single intra-nasal inoculation stimulated statistically significant increases in the plasma levels of IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and serum amyloid A but not TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4 and serum amyloid P. There was also a decrease in the activity of the HDL protective enzyme paraoxonase as well as a reduced ability of HDL to prevent oxidation of palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine by hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid at 48 and 72 h post-infection. To determine whether the C. pneumoniae induced acute phase response had any effect on atherosclerotic plaque stability, we measured the frequency of intra-plaque hemorrhage as a marker of plaque disruption in the innominate arteries of apolipoprotein E deficient mice at 29–30 weeks and 1.5–2.0 years of age. There was an increased frequency of intra-plaque hemorrhage only in the older mice infected with the live organism (8/14) as compared to mice treated with killed C. pneumoniae (2/11) or sham inoculated with PBS (2/12). These results suggest that acute phase reactant proteins produced in response to pulmonary infection with C. pneumoniae may contribute to the progression and destabilization of atherosclerotic lesions.
The Acceleration of Nonformaldehyde Electroless Copper Plating

Nonformaldehyde, low pH (compared to highly alkaline bath) electroless copper plating has been investigated. Thiourea and its derivatives have been shown to increase the deposition rate of electroless copper plating solutions using HEDTA [N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid trisodium salt hydrate] as the complexing agent and sodium hypophosphite as the reducing agent. A thiourea concentration of 1.0 ppm produced a fourfold increase in the deposition rate of copper from about 1 to 4 μm/h. The effect of thiourea on the electrochemical reactions, and the crystal structures and electrical properties of the copper deposits were examined. A small amount of thiourea, or its derivatives, in the electroless copper solution improves the catalytic activity of the copper surface for the oxidation of hypophosphite, resulting in a higher electroless deposition rate. The thiourea also increases the growth colony size of the copper deposits and improves its conductivity. A reaction mechanism is proposed to describe the function of the thiourea and its derivatives on the process. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
A FEASIBILITY STUDY TO IDENTIFY ICE TYPES BY MEASURING ATTENUATION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES FOR AIRCRAFT ICING DETECTION

Aircraft icing has been recognized as the most significant weather hazard that impacts aviation safety. A thin sheet of ice on lifting or control surfaces of an aircraft can adversely affect its flight performance by increasing drag and decreasing lift and thrust. The uncontrolled shedding of ice built up on surfaces may severely damage critical components. The occurrence of ice accretion is also a big challenge in terms of economic impact. The presence of ice can not only cause flight delays, but also reduce flight profits by increasing fuel consumptions and additional cost for de-icing operations. A better understanding of the physical mechanisms of water movement and the ice formation process on aircraft surfaces is very important and critical in ensuring safe and efficient operation of aircraft in cold weather. Generally there are two types of ice that can be deposited during flight: glaze ice and rime ice, which occur is dependent on weather conditions. Glaze ice is formed with high liquid water content (LWC) and large droplet size at temperatures just below the freezing point, and it has a smooth, clear and dense appearance. Rime ice forms with lower LWC and smaller droplet size at temperatures around or below −12 C°. It is a mixture of tiny ice particles, containing many micro bubbles and cracks, and it has a white rough appearance. These two types of ice may have significantly different effects on flight performance. However, most of the current de-icing approaches and practices do not consider this and operators potentially perform a lot of unnecessary actions. In this study, attenuation measurement of ultrasonic waves is performed to investigate the feasibility of characterization of ice types. Analysis investigates frequency dependent attenuation properties that are potentially closely related to ice acoustic properties and hence the micro-structure.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Simulation-based optimization of electricity demand response for sustainable manufacturing systems

Electricity demand response is considered a promising tool to balance the electricity demand and supply during peak periods. It can effectively reduce the cost of building and operating those peaking power generators that are only run a few hundred hours per year to satisfy the peak demand. The research on the electricity demand response implementation for residential and commercial building sectors has been very mature. Recently, it has also been extended to the manufacturing sector. In this paper, a simulation-based optimization method is developed to identify the optimal demand response decisions for the typical manufacturing systems with multiple machines and buffers. Different objectives, i.e. minimizing the power consumption under the constraint of system throughput, and maximize the overall earnings considering the tradeoff between power demand reduction and potential production loss, are considered. Different energy control decisions are analyzed and compared regarding the potential influence on the throughput of manufacturing system due to the different control actions adopted by throughput bottleneck machine.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Ventilation inhomogeneity: Alveolar mechanics and gas distribution

The effects of regional lung differences in alveolar mechanics on the transpulmonary pressure-volume (Ptp-V) relationship and the single-breath washout (SBW) of nitrogen were investigated by mathematical modeling and postmorten human lung experiments. Regional nonuniformity in alveolar collapse and re-opening were associated with differences in gravitational stress or elasticity. Model simulations predict that neither type of regional nonuniformity qualitatively affects the shape of the Ptp-V curve, but does affect the terminal (or small-volume) portion of the SBW. Comparisons of characteristics of the Ptp-V and SBW curves indicate that regional nonuniformity in alveolar collapse is an important mechanism associated with ventilation inhomogeneity.
Thermal Modeling of Very Small Scale Devices

As electronic device dimensions shrink down to the nanoscale regime, quantum effects such as electron tunneling and quantum confinement become significant. Along with quantum effects, various scattering processes such as carrier-carrier and carrier-defect scattering will influence device performance. Many transport models are not mature enough to couple the thermal effects with electronic solutions at such small scales. Incorporation of strong scattering influences on the electron transport in most cases is extremely difficult and computationally intensive. In this paper, we study a simple model that allows for integration of electron-phonon scattering effects in a nanotransistor. An acoustic deformation potential based electron-phonon scattering model is used to incorporate scattering in the device. A 7.5% drop in channel current was observed for a scattering rate of 1013 /sec while current flow dropped by 50% for higher scattering rates. The effective channel resistance due to scattering was found to increase by a factor of 1.3. The results are compared to the I-V characteristics obtained using the non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) formalism and were found to match well. The effect of phase-breaking scattering was also studied using NEGF where a 25% decrease in channel current was obtained thus demonstrating the importance of including scattering effects with quantum transport.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Effects of alpha methyl-para-tyrosine on the recall of a passive avoidance response

Treatment with alpha methyl-para-tyrosine 4 hr before training on a passive avoidance task altered recall in mice tested 24 hr after training. The observed alterations were dependent on the intensity of the footshock used during training. Retention of the avoidance habit was reduced by drug treatment when a footshock of 1.6 milliamperes (mA) was employed, while retention by drug-treated mice was enhanced when a footshock of 0.16 mA was used. No significant differences in retention were noted when a footshock of 0.8 mA or no footshock was employed. These results could not be explained on the basis of drug-induced changes in activity or sensitivity to footshock, of to state-dependent learning.
Polarimetric sensing of fiber strain in plastic-jacketed high-birefringence optical fibers

It is important to measure quantitively the initial compressive strain and fiber axis deformation in plastic-jacketed optical fibers induced by the jacketing process,1 since these are serious factors which are related to the thermal characteristics for optical cable design. Usually thermal characteristics of fiber strain in plastic-jacketed optical fibers are measured by using the phase shift of the modulation signal or delay time of the launched optical pulse. Our measurements used the birefringence change in nylon-jacketed high-birefringence optical fibers.
Wetting of liquid droplets on two parallel filaments

Droplet wetting on two parallel filaments may assume a barrel-shaped morphology or a liquid bridge depending upon the filament diameter and spacing, droplet volume, and contact angle. This paper is aimed to examine the dependency of droplet wetting length upon the above parameters. In the process, morphology of either a barrel-shaped droplet or a liquid bridge sitting on two parallel filaments is determined numerically by using surface finite element method (SFEM). Variation of wetting length with contact angle is examined at varying droplet volume, filament spacing, and droplet morphology. It is found that the droplet wetting length increases with decreasing filament spacing ratio as well as contact angle while it also increases with the growth of droplet volume. The dependency of wetting length upon contact angle behaves sensitive to filament spacing in the case of stable liquid bridges, while it exhibits nearly constant sensitivity to the contact angle in the case of barrel-shaped droplets. The quantitative relations yielded in this study can be considered as characteristic curves applicable for a variety of droplet-on-filament systems, particularly useful to wetting property characterization of filaments, micro liquid delivery, biological cell manipulation, etc.
Crystallization of a newly discovered histidine acid phosphatase from Francisella tularensis.

Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious bacterial pathogen that is considered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to be a potential bioterrorism weapon. Here, the crystallization of a 37.2 kDa phosphatase encoded by the genome of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica live vaccine strain is reported. This enzyme shares 41% amino-acid sequence identity with Legionella pneumophila major acid phosphatase and contains the RHGXRXP motif that is characteristic of the histidine acid phosphatase family. Large diffraction-quality crystals were grown in the presence of Tacsimate, HEPES and PEG 3350. The crystals belong to space group P41212, with unit-cell parameters a = 61.96, c = 210.78 A. The asymmetric unit is predicted to contain one protein molecule, with a solvent content of 53%. A 1.75 A resolution native data set was recorded at beamline 4.2.2 of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Advanced Light Source. Molecular-replacement trials using the human prostatic acid phosphatase structure as the search model (28% amino-acid sequence identity) did not produce a satisfactory solution. Therefore, the structure of F. tularensis histidine acid phosphatase will be determined by multiwavelength anomalous dispersion phasing using a selenomethionyl derivative.
Sustainable Power Management for Mobile Computing

Renewable energy sources have been integrated into Mega-Watt (MW) power utility systems and very low power applications with milli-Watt (mW) consumption. There is very limited work in this area for commonly available mobile computer systems operating in the range of a few Watts to tens of Watts. This paper investigates the use of renewable energy sources and the associated power electronics for low power mobile computers. Sustainable power management architectures have been explored for improved "Performance per Watt", including thermoelectric (TE) and photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion. A renewables link to the system DC bus has been added to the mobile power architecture. Various platform form factors have been analyzed using a combination of visual basic models for TE, finite-element analysis (FEA) for thermals, spreadsheet calculations for PV energy conversion based on realistic assumptions, and SPICE simulations for the power electronics. 10% or more improvement in Performance/Watt is conceivable based on preliminary analysis performed on the standard Thin and Light systems. The first prototype has been developed for the Hybrid Thermoelectric Conversion (HTC) system along with the associated power electronics design and validation. The rest of the system will be added in stages to the prototype.
Coherent scattering of slow neutrons by liquid argon

Abstract In this paper we report some calculations of both quasi-elastic and inelastic scattering of slow neutrons by liquid argon near its triple point. These calculations are based o a phenomenological theory developed earlier by the author. It is shown what role the coherence parameter R plays in determining the scattering. The width of the quasi-elastic scattering is calculated as a function of momentum transfer, which exhibits a characteristic oscillatory behaviour. A formula for the inelastic differential scattering cross section in one-phonon approximation is derived and is shown to reduce in a certain limit to that given by Egelstaff. The scattering function S(α,β) has been calculated as a function of α for various values of β. For small values of β, the general shape of S(α,β) is nearly the same as given by the convolution approximation but for large values of β there is a significant difference.
Lossless layout compression for maskless lithography systems

Future lithography systems must produce more dense chips with smaller feature sizes, while maintaining throughput comparable to today's optical lithography systems. This places stringent data-handling requirements on the design of any maskless lithography system. Today's optical lithography systems transfer one layer of data from the mask to the entire wafer in about sixty seconds. To achieve a similar throughput for a direct-write maskless lithography system with a pixel size of 25 nm, data rates of about 10 Tb/s are required. In this paper, we propose an architecture for delivering such a data rate to a parallel array of writers. In arriving at this architecture, we conclude that pixel domain compression schemes ar essential for delivering these high data rates. To achieve the desired compression ratios, we explore a number of binary lossless compression algorithms, and apply them to a variety of layers of typical circuits such as memory and control. The algorithms explored include the Joint Bi-Level Image Processing Group (JBIG), Ziv-Lempel (LZ77) as implemented by ZIP, as well as our own extension of Ziv-Lempel to two-dimensions. For all the layouts we tested, at least one of the above schemes achieves a compression ratio of 20 or larger, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed system architecture.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ferrohydrodynamic relaxometry for magnetic particle imaging

The ferrohydrodynamic properties of magnetic nanoparticles govern resolution and signal strength in magnetic particle imaging (MPI), a medical imaging modality with applications in small animals and humans. Here, we discuss the development and key results of a magnetic particle relaxometer that measures the core diameter and relaxation constant of magnetic nanoparticles. This instrument enables us to directly measure the one-dimensional MPI point spread function. To elucidate our results, we develop a simplified ferrohydrodynamic model that assumes nanoparticles respond to time varying magnetic fields according to a Debeye model of Brownian relaxation, which we verify with experimental data.
Energy and the Regulation of Nation States

Complex industrial nation-states organize themselves through social hierarchies, identified here as the regulatory (REG) sector, that include both public and private sectors. A comparison of some sixty countries over the past century shows their REG sector evolution to be constrained by regional-cultural antecedents and by major historical events. Overriding these constraints, however, is the consumption of nonhuman, or "commercial", energy, as REG sector expansion requires an increase of nonhuman energy consumption.
CT-video registration accuracy for virtual guidance of bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopic biopsy is often used for assisting the assessment of lung cancer. We have found in previous research that live image guidance of bronchoscopy has much potential for improving biopsy outcome. We have devised a system for this purpose. During a guided bronchoscopy procedure, our system simultaneously draws upon both the bronchoscope's video stream and the patient's 3D MDCT volume. The key data-processing step during guided bronchoscopy is the registration of the 3D MDCT data volume to the bronchoscopic video. The registration process is initialized by assuming that the bronchoscope is at a fixed viewpoint, giving a target reference video image, while the virtual-world camera inside the MDCT volume begins at an initial viewpoint that is within a reasonable vicinity of the bronchoscope's viewpoint. During registration, an optimization process searches for the optimal viewpoint to give the virtual image best matching the fixed video target. Overall, we have found that the CT-video registration technique operates robustly over a wide range of conditions, with considerable flexibility in the initial-viewpoint choice. Further, the system appears to be largely insensitive to the differences in lung capacity during the MDCT scan and during bronchoscopy. Finally, the system matches effectively in a wide range of anatomical circumstances.
VASCULAR DIFFERENTIATION IN THE VEGETATIVE SHOOT OF XANTHIUM CHINENSE

IN THE STUDIES on the photoperiodic responses of plants, there has been no detailed study made of the vascular ontogeny in the plants used. It is felt that such studies would not only increase the understanding of these responses, but would also contribute to the understanding of plant development in general. Of the several plants that have been used quite extensively in studies on photoperiodism, Xanthium has proven to be one of the most responsive (Bonner and Bonner, 1948; Hamner and Bonner, 1938; Mann, 1940; Withrow and Withrow, 1943.) Xanthium chinense Mill. (Millspaugh and Sherff, 1919) was selected for this study as a representative of this physiologically interesting group and as a starting point for further comparative studies in this genus. The literature on vascular differentiation was reviewed in 1943 (Esau, 1943b) and more recently by Esau (1953b) and Philipson (1949). A consideration of the most pertinent papers will be made in the discussion of the results of this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Plants of Xanthium chinense were collected in the vicinity of Davis, California, during the spring and summer of 1950 and 1951. The apical 1 cm. or more was removed and killed and fixed in Craf III (Sass, 1940). Dehydration was accomplished by the alcoholxylene method or by the tertiary butyl alcohol method. The latter technique caused less hardening and made sectioning easier. The material was embedded in Fisher's Tissuemat and sections were cut at 7-l10i. Heidenhain's hematoxylin, safranin and fast green were used as a triple-stain combination. Fast green stained the thickened walls of young sieve tubes and thus facilitated their identification. Three shoots, cut in serial transverse sections, were analyzed in detail. Twentv-two other shoots, cut in serial transverse or longitudinal sections, were used to confirm or substantiate the data presented here. Some of the data were obtained from fresh material sectioned by hand and stained with phloroglucinol and hydrochloric acid. While the exact chronological age of these plants is not known, the stage of development as indicated by the number of leaves is noted in the appropriate places. The oldest (ontogenetically) plants used
Fulminating systemic capillary leak syndrome with lymphocytosis and hypogammaglobulinemia

We report a case of fulminating systemic capillary leak syndrome which temporarily responded to verapamil, a calcium channel blocker. We noted two features of the disease not previously reported: a rise in lymphocyte count 2-3 days prior to an attack, and hypogammaglobulinemia. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible etiology of this disease.
Analytical Study of Helical Gear Dynamics With Sliding Friction Using Floquet Theory

Analytical models of a helical gear pair are developed in order to examine the effect of sliding friction on the dynamic transmission error. Simplified 6 degree-of-freedom and single degree-of-freedom analytical models are developed. These models characterize the contact plane dynamics and capture the velocity reversal at the pitch line due to sliding friction. By assuming a constant mesh stiffness density along the contact lines, a linear time-varying model (with parametric excitation) is obtained. The effect of sliding friction is quantified by an effective mesh stiffness term. Floquet theory is then used to obtain closed-form solutions to the dynamic transmission error given periodic piece-wise linear tooth stiffness function. Responses to both initial conditions and forcing function under a nominal torque are derived. Analytical models are validated by comparing predictions with numerical simulations. Finally, parametrically-induced instability issues are briefly mentioned.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
An Approach to Optimum Shape Determination for a Class of Thin Shells of Revolution

Convex thin shells of revolution shape optimization, considering enclosed volume and weight for prescribed failure condition
Femtosecond investigation of electron thermalization in gold.

Electron-electron and electron-phonon thermalization processes are investigated in gold films using a high-sensitivity multiple-wavelength femtosecond pump-probe technique. A nonequilibrium electron distribution is excited by free-carrier absorption of an infrared femtosecond pulse and its relaxation dynamics followed by measuring the transient reflectivity and transmissivity with a visible probe pulse. Measurements performed in a thin gold film in the very low perturbation limit (\ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{e}}$\ensuremath{\sim}20 K) yield evidence for the existence of a non-Fermi electron distribution with an electron thermalization time of \ensuremath{\sim}500 fs and an electron-lattice interaction time of 1 ps. The apparent thermalization dynamics of the electron gas is much faster in optically thick samples and is shown to be dominated by transport effects.
Detecting coronal holes for solar activity modeling

Solar image analysis relies on the detection of coronal holes for predicting disruptions to earth's magnetic field. This paper introduces a level-set method for detecting coronal holes based on the processing of extreme ultra-violet images (EUVI) and magnetic images. For validating the approach, two independent manual annotations were combined to produce a set of 46 consensus maps. Overall, the level-set method produces significant improvements over the currently used approach. Future work needs to focus on validating the approach on larger datasets, the integration of more imaging modalities, and an analysis of inter-rater and intra-rater variability.
Cholinergic activation of the basolateral amygdala regulates unlearned freezing behavior in rats.

Recent evidence suggests that the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is involved in the expression of freezing behavior in rats. This study investigated the effects of unilateral phthalic acid (PA) lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) on fear-motivated behavior in response to a natural predator-stimulus. Such lesions preferentially disrupt the cholinergic projection to the BLA. Rats were placed in a chamber containing either real or fake cat hair, and the amount of time spent freezing and the number of contacts made with the stimulus were measured. Compared with Sham control rats, the PA NBM-lesioned rats displayed significantly less freezing in the presence of the cat hair. Both the Sham and lesioned rats made fewer contacts with the real than the fake cat hair. Pre-testing intra-BLA infusion of the direct muscarinic cholinergic agonist oxotremorine ipsilateral to the PA NBM-lesion attenuated the freezing deficit. The indirect non-specific cholinergic agonist physostigmine increased the time spent freezing in Sham rats, but did not attenuate the freezing deficit in the NBM-lesioned rats. Sham and NBM-lesioned rats given oxotremorine infusions made fewer contacts with either the real or the fake cat hair. The PA NBM-lesion did not affect open field activity. These findings indicate that muscarinic cholinergic activation in the BLA from the NBM influences fear-motivated freezing behavior.
Looking, feeling, and doing: are there age differences in attention, mood, and behavioral responses to skin cancer information?

According to socioemotional selectivity theory (SST: Carstensen, 2006), a limited time perspective motivates older adults to pursue hedonic goals that optimize their affective experience; indeed, older adults report more positive affect than do younger adults (e.g., Carstensen et al., 2011). Building on assertions that older adults might display positivity effects in their information processing to optimize their mood state and regulate their emotions (e.g., Carstensen & Mikels, 2005), several studies observed age differences in attention towards emotionally-valenced stimuli. For example, a dot-probe study found that older adults attend more to positive and less to negative stimuli (Mather & Carstensen, 2003). Several eye-tracking studies found older adults fixate more to positive and less to some types of negative stimuli than do younger adults, across stimulus types (Isaacowitz, Wadlinger, Goren & Wilson, 2006a,b; Isaacowitz & Choi, 2011). Older adults activate positive looking preferences when in bad moods, (Isaacowitz, Toner, Goren, & Wilson, 2008), and these looking preferences can lead to better moods, though only for older adults with good executive functioning (Isaacowitz, Toner, & Neupert, 2009; Noh, Lohani & Isaacowitz, in press). In summary, these findings demonstrate that positive looking can facilitate mood regulation for some older adults in certain situations.
FRANCIS JOSEPH MARSCHNER, 1882–1966

(1967). FRANCIS JOSEPH MARSCHNER, 1882–1966. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 635-636.
Characterization of a Virus Associated with Head and Lateral Line Erosion Syndrome in Marine Angelfish

Abstract The morphological and biophysical characteristics were determined for a previously unreported angelfish reovirus isolated from a moribund angelfish Pomacanthus semicirculatus exhibiting clinical signs associated with head and lateral line erosion syndrome. Viral particles were nonenveloped, possessed a segmented double-stranded RNA genome enclosed by a double nucleocapsid, and were resistant to inactivation by ether and low pH. Electrophoretic and serologic characteristics of this viral agent were compared with those of other aquatic reoviruses isolated from different fish hosts (chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta, golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas, and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus). Based upon these findings, molecular weights were estimated for the 11 genomic segments (0.34–2.4 × 106) and some of the major structural viral polypeptides (34.4–137.0 × 103).
Fluorescence in situ hybridization of three oncogenes on a leiomyoma.

Using fluorescence in situ hybridization technique, expression of three oncogenes, C-myc, RARa, and cyclin-D was tested on a uterine leiomyoma. C-myc and RARa were amplified in approximately 30% and 90% of the cells, respectively. Numerous small signals of C-myc were indicative of the presence of double minutes. Amplification of RARa is being reported for the first time in a leiomyoma. Cyclin-D was normal in diploid cells while it was highly amplified in polyploid cells. Low levels of amplified C-myc and cyclin-D cells seem to be the reason for this tumor to be benign, while RARa could not be effective without the association of some other gene such as PML. Information presented here are significant toward developing new curative strategies such as gene-specific drugs and molecular manipulation to stop the activity of cancer gene. Further study may elucidate that how fibroids grow and maintain their rare benign nature. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:1147–1149, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High-resolution and high-sensitivity instrumentation for detection of visible-ultraviolet luminescence from products of core-hole decay

Abstract High-resolution and high-sensitivity instrumentation has been designed and assembled for the study of vibrationally- and rotationally-resolved luminescence from products of core-hole decay in molecules. The luminescence is produced by the interaction of a high-density molecular beam with either high-energy electrons or with monochromatic synchrotron radiation and is detected by a large-aperture 1-m spectrograph equipped with an intensified photodiode array.
Fabrication and performance evaluation of pixelated nano-wire grid polarizer

Metal-based nano-wire grid polarizer (NWGP) is widely used in division of focal plane (DoFP) imaging sensors to capture polarization information of the imaged environment. In this paper, we present a procedure for fabricating aluminum pixelated NWGP structures using electron beam lithography (EBL) and reactive ion etching (RIE). We evaluate optical performance of the NWGP structures in terms of different orientations (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°), line widths (50nm to 500nm), and spectral response (460nm to 625nm).
Hemolymph juvenile hormone titers in pupal and adult stages of southwestern corn borer [Diatraea grandiosella (pyralidae)] and relationship with egg development.

Abstract Juvenile hormones I, II and III were monitored in hemolymph of pupal and adult stages of various ages of Diatraea grandiosella females. JH III was the predominant homologue followed by JH II, and JH I was rarely detectable. At day 5 after pupation, no JH was detectable. JH titers increased from 7.5 days after pupation to a peak of 24.8 ng ml −1 JH II and 26 ng ml −1 JH III at adult emergence and then declined to low levels by 24 h after emergence. Ovarian development in D. grandiosella parallels changes in hemolymph JH titers, but the role of JH in vitellogenesis is unclear since the time of vitellogenesis initiation has yet to be determined. No apparent vitellogenin deposition was observed in eggs 5 days after pupation. Some oocytes were partially vitellogenic by 7.5 days after pupation and oocytes continued to grow afterwards, but no oocytes were chorionated during the pupal stage. Chorionated oocytes were observed in 24-h-old female moths. Juvenile hormone is essential for chorion formation in this species, because decapitated pupae treated with 10 μ g JH III in corn oil developed chorionated oocytes while decapitated pupae treated with corn oil did not.
Fungal riboflavin 5′-hydroxymethyl dehydrogenase catalyzes formation of both the aldehyde (riboflavinal) and the acid (riboflavinoic acid)

Abstract The purified enzyme from Schizophyllum commune that readily catalyzes the oxidation of the 5′-hydroxymethyl function of riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ) with a redox dye and O 2 to form the 5′-aldehyde can more slowly further oxidize the 5′-aldehyde to the 5′-acid. Hence, the formation of these so-called `schizoflavins' can be accounted for by the action of one enzyme.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Pioneering Research for a Century

One century ago, M.W. Beijerinck contended that the filterable agent of tobacco mosaic disease was neither a bacterium nor any corpuscular body, but rather that it was a contagium vivum fluidum ([Beijerinck, 1898][1]). Beijerinck's contribution followed A. Mayer's path-breaking work on tobacco
Electromagnetic Reconstruction Techniques

The basis for developing projection tomographic reconstruction algorithms has been the assumption of straight-line ray-path propagation. But in the case in which propagation occurs within discretely inhomogeneous media at wavelengths of the order of the size of the scatterer, phenomena such as refraction, reflection and diffraction can no longer be neglected and a straight-line projection tomographic approach fails. This is especially evident when a large difference in refractive index occurs, such as that encountered with dm-to-mm-wave propagation in inhomogeneous atmospheric media, representing hydrometeorite distributions, the marine ocean boundary layer, the ground surface underburden, or bone and soft layers within soft tissue. An exact solution for the general vector scattering case which strictly requires a polarimetric radiative transfer approach is not available, and in this research, the assumption is made that the media are weakly diffracting so that the Born and Rytov approximations are valid. Based on this assumption, various diffraction imaging methods were developed most recently, and we are basing our studies on Devaney's back-propagation tomographic approach which was developed upon scalar wave theory. It is the main objective of this research to extend this work to the realm of electromagnetic vector wave theory for the improved diffraction-corrected imaging of radar targets embedded in clutter within the dm-to-mm-wavelength region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Breaking Through the Barriers Using Video as a Tool for Intercultural Communication

Although the termAfrican diaspora is commonly used as the basis of group classification and unity, there is much cultural diversity among the peoples of the diaspora. The dispersal of African peoples throughout the world resulted in myriad regional, class, and cultural differences. As a result of this cultural separation, African Americans have continually searched for ways to reinstall cultural linkages to their African heritage. However, such Pan-African exploration has taken many often divergent directions (Asante, 1983). The descendants of enslaved Africans brought to the United States, for example, have been enculturated to the point where the particular U.S. pattern for living has become "natural." Thus many African Americans residing in the United States have consciously and unconsciously adopted the "American" culture (i.e., values, attitudes, customs, beliefs) as the worldview lens through which they observe, participate, and evaluate the other members of the African diaspora. However, those who have been fortunate to travel to the continent of Africa, for instance, have been resocialized into their Africanness in the broadest sense: acquiring a sense of personal identity; learning what to believe and how to behave; learning values, norms, and skills; and, most importantly, acquiring a sense of their origin. Unfortunately, most African Americans have experienced the problem of marginality because they have been largely isolated from this process (Carrington, 1991). They have not had
A Fully-Analog, 128-Stage Charge Coupled Device (CCD) Correlator

A 128-stage CCD analog correlator was fabricated which demonstrates several important features including: -- Correlation accuracy from input-to-input better than 0.2%. -- Overall correlation nonlinearity < 1%. -- Dynamic range = 105 dBâˆsHZ. -- Complete 128-stage correlator fabricated in 200 x 50 mil chip.
Experimental granuloma formation with pine pollen

Abstract A total of 327 rats were sacrificed 2, 3, and 4 weeks and 6, 9, and 12 months after injection of whole pine pollen or pine pollen fractions. Sixty-three per cent of the 170 rats injected with whole pollen or the insoluble portions of the cell wall fraction showed granulomatous lesions in spleen, liver, and lungs. These resemble tubercles and are composed of epithelioid cells, Langhans type giant cells and a rim of lymphocytes. Acid-fast staining pine pollen fragments were found phagocytized within these giant cells. Chemical determinations of pine pollen so far have shown the presence of proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids in the soluble fraction. The insoluble fraction, which consists mostly of cell walls, contains loosely bound lipids and the material causing the pollen to stain acid-fast. With histochemical stains, localization and nature of the chemical substances in the giant cells and tubercles was studied. Histochemical staining of pine pollen before injection and of tubercles 4 weeks after injection of pollen showed the presence of acid-fast staining material, phospholipids, and PAS positive material indicating the presence of lipids and polysaccharides.
Power spectral analysis of EEG activity during sleep in cigarette smokers

Background Research on the effects of cigarette smoking on sleep architecture is limited. The objective of this investigation was to examine differences in sleep EEG between smokers and nonsmokers. Methods Smokers and nonsmokers who were free of all medical comorbidities were matched on different factors, including age, gender, race, body mass index, and anthropometric measures. Home polysomnography was conducted using a standard recording montage. Sleep architecture was assessed using visual sleep-stage scoring. The discrete fast Fourier transform was used to calculate the EEG power spectrum for the entire night within contiguous 30-s epochs of sleep for the following frequency bandwidths: δ (0.8 to 4.0 Hz); θ (4.1 to 8.0 Hz); α (8.1 to 13.0 Hz); and β (13.1 to 20.0 Hz). Results Conventional sleep stages were similar between the two groups. However, spectral analysis of the sleep EEG showed that, compared to nonsmokers, smokers had a lower percentage of EEG power in the δ-bandwidth (59.7% vs 62.6%, respectively; p Conclusions Cigarette smokers manifest disturbances in the sleep EEG that are not evident in conventional measures of sleep architecture. Nicotine in cigarette smoke and withdrawal from it during sleep may contribute to these changes and the subjective experience of nonrestorative sleep.
757 PRIMARY PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE (PP) DEFICIENCY IN CHILDREN WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Deficient PP release is seen in Prader-Willi syndrome and severe pancreatitis but not in other forms of malabsorption; this endocrine deficiency may reflect exocrine cell damage and may also influence appetite. Since PP can promote acinar cell growth and pancreatic exocrine secretion, we studied PP release in children with CF (ages 1 to 17 yr) and normal children as part of a more extensive study of PP in states of altered nutrition and appetite. PP was stimulated by a low protein meal (0.2 gr/kg) and 7 days later a high protein meal (1.5 gr/kg). Exocrine replacement was discontinued 3 days before the first test but not the second test. Levels of PP, glucose (G) and insulin (I) were obtained at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 min. Mean ± SE peak values as shown. Peak PP values were at 15 min for both groups. *Significantly different from normal controls p<0.05. There was no significant relationship of PP response to age or severity of disease (NIH score). The CF group had the lowest PP response of all groups tested in the overall project involving 109 children. This study suggests 1) PP deficiency is an early prominent abnormality in CF 2)absence of a 15 min post meal PP response of 200+ may be useful in diagnosis and screening for CF 3)severe PP deficiency per se is not necessarily associated with severe hyperphagia.
A revision and extension of results on 4-regular, 4-connected, claw-free graphs

In 1995, Plummer (1992) [6] published a paper in which he gave a characterization of 4-regular, 4-connected, claw-free graphs. Based on that work, Hartnell and Plummer (1996) [5] published a paper on 4-connected, claw-free, well-covered graphs a year later. However, in his 1995 paper, Plummer inadvertently omitted some of the graphs with odd order. In this paper, we will complete Plummer's characterization of all 4-connected, 4-regular, claw-free graphs, and then show the implications this has on the well-covered graphs he and Hartnell determined. In addition, we will characterize 4-connected, 4-regular, claw-free, well-dominated graphs.
A Rhodium(I)-Xylyl-BINAP Catalyzed Asymmetric Ynamide-[2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition in the Synthesis of Optically Enriched N,O-Biaryls

A rhodium(I)-xylyl-BINAP catalyzed asymmetric [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of achiral conjugated aryl ynamides with various diynes is described here. This asymmetric cycloaddition provides a series of structurally interesting chiral N,O-biaryls with excellent enantioselectivity along with a modest diastereoselectivity with respect to both C-C and C-N axial chirality.
A business case for tele-intensive care units.

Objectives: A tele-intensive care unit (tele-ICU) uses telemedicine in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting, applying technology to provide care to critically ill patients by off-site clinical resources. The purpose of this review was to examine the implementation, adoption, and utilization of tele-ICU systems by hospitals to determine their efficiency and efficacy as identified by cost savings and patient outcomes.