cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algorithms of Pain Treatment

The treatment of chronic pain is a complex process that presents physicians with many unique challenges. The subjective nature of pain and its widespread association with many different disease states have led to the development of a systemic approach to pain treatment. More specifically, physicians have focused on the creation of various pain treatment algorithms to methodize approaches to treatment and set standards of care. This chapter will first present the tools commonly utilized in the initial assessment and evaluation of chronic pain patients, which is typically the first step in any pain treatment algorithm. Next, the World Health Organization’s analgesic ladder will be discussed, as it is one of the most widely practiced algorithms in treating chronic pain patients. Lastly, we will explain the current treatment guidelines for various common pain states.
Gifts as governance: Church Welfare and the Samaritan's dilemma

How do gifts relate to formal and informal institutions? Giving gifts, especially in the form of anti-poverty aid, opens the givers to a serious social dilemma: the Samaritan's dilemma. We explain how the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints uses a mixture of formal and informal governance to provide sustainable social welfare programs that avoid this dilemma. These institutions not only govern aid arrangements, but also provide governance across the entire Church community, encouraging religious adherence and broad-based participation.
Does Good Governance Matter more for Energy Investment? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper examines the relationship between three global priorities: access to energy, good governance, and financing for development. Using the World Governance Indicators (WGI), it finds that while governance matters for raising domestic revenues, its effect on external financing sources is mixed. Good governance, except for political stability, does not appear to matter much for attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) to oil exporting countries but is positively associated with FDI to oil importing countries. In contrast, official development finance (ODA) is positively associated with good governance. The bigger bang for improving governance is at home in the form of increased tax revenues (excluding resource rents). The paper also uses the newly developed Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE) and finds that improved governance is associated with increased private investment and ODA to the energy sector. In contrast, Chinese investment to the sector appears not to be responsive to changes in governance.
Is Karenia brevis really a low-light-adapted species?

Abstract Despite nearly annual blooms of the neurotoxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (Davis) G. Hansen and Moestrup in the Gulf of Mexico, defining the suite of biological traits that explain its proliferation has remained challenging. Studies have described K. brevis as a low-light-adapted species, incapable of sustaining growth under high light, which is at odds with observed surface aggregations sometimes within centimeters of the sea surface and also with short-term experiments showing photosynthetic machinery accommodating high irradiances. Here, growth and photophysiology of three K. brevis isolates were evaluated under a range of environmentally relevant irradiances (10–1500 μmol photons m−2 s−1) in the laboratory. No differences in growth–irradiance curves were observed among isolates; all sustained maximum growth rates at the highest irradiances examined, even in exposures as long as three weeks. The growth efficiency α of K. brevis under light-limiting conditions appeared mediocre among dinoflagellates, and poorer than that of other phytoplankton (e.g., diatoms, cyanobacteria), implying that K. brevis is not a low-light specialist. This finding substantially alters earlier parameterizations of K. brevis growth–irradiance curves. Therefore, a model was developed to contextualize how these new growth–irradiance curves might affect bottom growth rates. This model was subsequently applied to a case study comparing seasonal light forcing offshore of Pinellas County, FL, USA, with a single empirical value for light attenuation, and seasonal bottom water temperatures. Predictions suggested that light may limit bottom growth as close as 1 km from shore in winter, but would only begin limiting growth 20 km from shore in summer. Population maintenance (no net growth) was possible as far offshore as 90 km in summer and 68 km in winter. These ranges intercept areas thought to be important for bloom initiation.
Meta-learning Pseudo-differential Operators with Deep Neural Networks

Abstract This paper introduces a meta-learning approach for parameterized pseudo-differential operators with deep neural networks. With the help of the nonstandard wavelet form, the pseudo-differential operators can be approximated in a compressed form with a collection of vectors. The nonlinear map from the parameter to this collection of vectors and the wavelet transform are learned together from a small number of matrix-vector multiplications of the pseudo-differential operator. Numerical results for Green's functions of elliptic partial differential equations and the radiative transfer equations demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach.
International Criminal Law: Unresolved Issues From the Past in the Korean Peninsula

Historically, the Republic of Korea [here in after Korea] has been passively involved in international criminal law stricto sensu until recently. While the development of international criminal law stricto sensu is a recent event, the international criminal law as applied to Korea cannot be understood without knowing its history, since Koreans suffered through many catastrophic events and international crimes since the late 19th century. Korean citizens were victims of international crimes such as slavery, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, committed by Japan during the Japanese colonial period from 1910 to 1945 and World War II; and aggression, war crimes, and crimes against humanity committed by North Korea during the Korean War from 1950 to 1953. Most of these international crimes, however, were not properly resolved or even addressed in international or national courts. As many years have passed, criminals, victims, evidence and witnesses are difficult to find and obtain. Research has not been performed well in this area, and there is very little literature dealing with international criminal law issues relating to Korea. The difficulty of defining what international crime is leads to the difficulty of research on international criminal law issues surrounding Korea. Fortunately, Korea is currently linked to many international and regional criminal legal systems, which helps to analyze the issues in multi-tier levels — multilateral, bilateral and domestic. In this article, first I will analyze legal issues surrounding various events where Korea was exposed to international crime and how the results of the crime had been handled. Second, the current Korean status and contribution to international criminal law will be investigated. Finally, I will conclude with recommendations on how to approach unresolved international criminal issues surrounding the Korean peninsula.
The Unity Wall project: a student-led community organizing effort to advance public discourse on social justice

Socially-unjust public discourse targeting disadvantaged and oppressed populations has increased in intensity and acceptability in the United States. In response, social work students designed and ...
Breast cancer in women: a descriptive analysis of the national cancer database.

Background and aim of the work Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States. National Cancer Database (NCDB) is one of the largest tumor databases of the United States. This study aimed to evaluate the features of breast cancer in women from a large updated database. Methods We describe and analyze the frequencies and percentages of the clinical and pathological features of women diagnosed with breast cancer registered in NCDB, in a period from 2004 to 2015. Results A total of 2,423,875 women were diagnosed with breast cancer between 2004 and 2015. The nationally representative analysis demonstrated that the incidence of breast cancer among women increased over the years. Upper-outer quadrant was the most frequent primary tumor site, and the intraductal carcinoma was the most frequent histology. The prevalence of breast cancer increased with age. The most frequent grade at diagnosis was grade II. Broadly, invasive characteristics were noted more frequently in younger patients. Left and right breast were affected with almost the same frequency, with a slight predominance of the left breast. The most frequent surgical treatment was a partial mastectomy. Reconstruction with implant was the most frequent choice. Post-mastectomy radiation therapy was administered in the majority of patients. Conclusions To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the largest descriptive analysis to date on the clinical and pathological features of breast cancer in a population-based database. The increase in incidence over the years indicates an important need for etiologic research and innovative approaches to improve breast cancer prevention.
Ion Pairing versus Solvation of Dinitrobenzene Anions in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs): Vibrational Signatures of RTIL–Substrate Interactions

The mechanism of solvation of ions by ionic liquids is more complex than solvation in most molecular solvents as the ionic liquid itself provides the counter ion. Solvation and ion pairing of anion...
Analyzing the human response to COVID-19 with arrayed imaging reflectometry

The urgent need for antibody detection tools has proven particularly acute in the COVID-19 era. Array-based tools are desirable as methods for assessing broader patterns of antigen-specific responses, as well as for providing information on SARS-CoV-2 immunity in the context of pre-existing immunity to other viruses. To that end, this talk will describe the development of a label-free microarray for rapidly quantifying antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and other upper respiratory pathogens. The approach is built on Arrayed Imaging Reflectometry (AIR), a label-free detection technique based on the creation and binding-induced degradation of an antireflective coating on the surface of a silicon chip. Performance of the array using a cohort of human samples (convalescent COVID-19 patients and negative controls) along with applications in screening monoclonal antibodies will be discussed.
Comprehensive Comparison of Fabricated 1.6-kV Punch-Through Design Ni/n-SiC Schottky Barrier Diode with Ar + Implant Edge Termination and Heterojunction p-NiO/n-SiC Diode

A comprehensive comparison of a punch-through Ni/SiC Schottky diode with Ar+ implant edge termination and heterojunction NiO/SiC diode were conducted through fabrication, electrical evaluation, TCAD simulation analysis and reverse recovery evaluation. Both fabricated diodes exhibit high breakdown voltage of 1595V, utilizing a punch-through design. The heterojunction NiO/SiC diode has shown ×0.5 less reverse leakage current than the Ni/SiC Schottky diode due to higher barrier height. The Ni/SiC Schottky diode, on the other hand, has shown 90% less reverse recovery time, indicating a small degree of minority carrier injection for the heterojunction NiO/SiC diode.
Meaning Making and Communication Influences on Perceptions of Sibling Closeness among Emerging Adults

The present study examined information and communication technology usage among emerging adults (n = 330) and the influence of meaning-making on the relationship between communication frequency and...
The grace of quadratic norms: some examples

Here I share a few notes I used in various course lectures, talks, etc. Some may be just calculations that in the textbooks are more complicated, scattered, or less specific; others may be simple observations I found useful or curious.
Analgesic use matters: a response to Dr. Yoshihara.

To the Editor, For many years, results of surgical therapies for spinal disorders were presented simplistically and superficially as “excellent,” “good,” “fair,” or “poor.” In recent years, assessments of outcomes of surgery for spinal disorders have become more sophisticated and comprehensive, typically including ratings of pain intensity (e.g., visual analog scale) as well as functional outcomes (e.g., Oswestry Disability Index). Dr. Yoshihara reminds us that postoperative medication use is reported rarely in outcomes evaluations of spinal surgeries but can be a significant confounder in the assessment of responses to surgical therapies. As Dr. …
In-plane relaxation of Cu(111) and Al(111)/α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) interfaces

The electronic structure and total energy of the Al and Cu alumina interfaces have been calculated with the plane wave pseudopotential method based on Lanczos diagonalization of the Kohn-Sham density matrix. For both interfaces we found in-plane relaxation, resulting in the rotation of the O triangle and expansion of the O-O bonds at the alumina surface. The calculated adhesive energies of the Cu(111)/alumina and Al(111)/alumina interfaces are several times smaller than that of the Nb(111)/alumina interface. The Cu(111)/Al-terminated alumina interface is found to have the smallest adhesive energy which is presumably related to the high degree of spatial delocalization of metal-oxygen bonds at the interface.
Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase activity associated with age at menopause and reproductive history

Reproductive history was obtained and the activity and electrophoretic pattern of the blood enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (transferase) was measured in 104 adult Caucasian women, less than 70 years of age, sampled from the general population. Fifteen women were identified as carriers for the Duarte (GtD) or galactosemia (gt) variants of transferase--genes associated with reduced transferase activity compared with normal (Gt+). The mean age at menopause for 8 women with a natural menopause who were GtD/Gt+ or gt/Gt+ was 44.8, significantly younger (P = 0.007) than the mean age of 49.2 reported by 31 naturally postmenopausal subjects with Gt+/Gt+ genotypes and normal transferase activity. Compared with the latter group, women who were Duarte or galactosemia carriers were 13.7 times more likely to have a menopause before age 48 (with 95% confidence limits of 2.0 to 95.5). Six of 13 (46%) married women who were GtD/Gt+ or gt/Gt+ reported more than 2 years' trying to achieve a pregnancy, compared with 11 of 74 (15%) with normal genotypes and activity (P = 0.02). The authors conclude that genetic deficiency of transferase may be associated with infertility and early menopause.
Community participation patterns among preschool-aged children who have received Part C early intervention services.

Background We examined activity-specific patterns and child,family and environmental correlates of participation restriction in nine community-based activities among preschoolers with disabilities who have received Part C early intervention services. Methods Data were gathered from a subsample of 1509 caregivers whose children (mean age = 67.7 months) had enrolled in the National Early Intervention Longitudinal Study (NEILS) and completed a 40-min computerized telephone interview or 12-page mailed survey.Data were analysed on cases with complete data on the variables of interest.Bivariate relationships were examined between variables,including patterns of co-reporting participation difficulties for pairs of community activities. Results Caregivers were more than twice as likely to report difficulty in one activity (20%) than difficulties in 2‐3,4‐5,or 6‐9 activities.Co-reporting paired difficulties was strong for activities pertaining to neighbourhood outings but less conclusive for community-sponsored activities and recreation and leisure activities.Our data show strong and positive associations between child functional limitations in mobility,toileting,feeding,speech,safety awareness,and friendships and participation difficulty in 7‐9 activities.Lower household income was associated with participation difficulty in 7 out of 9 activities and difficulty managing problematic behaviour was strongly associated with participation difficulty in all 9 activities.Each of the three environmental variables (limited access to social support,transportation and respite) was associated with participation restrictions in all nine activities. Conclusion Results provide practitioners with detailed descriptive knowledge about modifiable factors related to the child,family and environment for promoting young children’s community participation,as well information to support development of a comprehensive assessment tool for research and intervention planning to promote community participation for children enrolled in early intervention.
Siting Encounters and Encountering Sites: Contemporary Narrative Geographies

The following article, the third of a series which examines connections between women and space, examines significant relationships between geography (space/place) and literature, in terms of their chronological development, their functions, and their repercussions. In literary considerations of space, the concept of geography has evolved from indicating physical place to imaginary sites of selfconstruction and socio-ideological insertion. Contemporary literary theories have appropriated geographical constructs to examine texts in innovative ways, just as the authors of those texts have appropriated literature to forge positions of their own.
Kidney resident B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the urine of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. (HUM1P.313)

Renal involvement remains the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in SLE. B cells play a prominent role in kidney pathology in mouse models of SLE. In addition to producing autoantibodies, B cells produce cytokines and can present antigen to autoreactive T cells. Recently, we identified a B cell population with high expression of CD19 and CD20 and low expression of CD21 that is expanded in some human SLE patients. The presence of an expanded CD19hi B cell population correlates with poor long-term outcomes of end stage renal disease. High expression of CXCR3 by CD19hi B cells, suggests that they are trafficking to sites of inflammation, such as the kidney. To test this possibility we examined concurrent patient urine and plasma samples for the presence of B cells by flow cytometry. An Interferon alpha assay was used to determine whether levels were elevated in blood and urine.We identified B cells in ~1/3 of patient samples that are likely of kidney origin. Patients fell into two non-overlapping groups based on B cell phenotype.In the first group, urine B cells exhibited a B cell phenotype, among which were CD19hi B cells, present at the frequency equal to the peripheral blood.In the second group, the B cells exhibited a plasmablast phenotype and these cells spontaneously secreted IgG. Moreover, IFNα levels in plasma correlate significantly with the frequency of CD19hi B cells.
The Impact of Negotiator Styles on Bargaining Interactions

This article examines the different techniques and bargaining traits associated with negotiator styles. It explores the Cooperative/Problem Solving, Competititve-Adversarial, and Competitive/Problem-Solving styles to determine which ones are more common among practicing lawyers, and which one is likely to be employed by proficient negotiators.
Effect of Copper Deficiency on the Apolipoprotein E-Rich High Density Lipoproteins in Rats

Twenty-four male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two treatments, namely a copper-adequate (8 mg Cu/kg diet) or a copper-deficient (0.85 mg Cu/kg diet) group. Feed and distilled-demineralized water were provided ad libitum. After 7 wk, plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) were isolated by ultracentrifugation and agarose column chromatography. A heparin-Sepharose affinity column chromatographic method was used to subfractionate HDL into apolipoprotein E (apoE) -rich and apoE-poor subfractions. Significantly higher protein and cholesterol contents of HDL and the second retained (RII) subfraction (apoE-rich) were observed in copper-deficient than in control rats. The apoE contents of HDL and the apoE-rich (RII) subfraction were about threefold higher in copper-deficient rats. The increase in apoE in the HDL fraction was due primarily to the increased apoE concentration of the RII subfraction. In addition to a higher apoE concentration, apolipoprotein A-I concentration was also higher in the RII subfraction of the copper-deficient rats as compared to controls. However, the percentage of these apolipoproteins remained unaltered by copper deficiency. The present data suggest that the hypercholesterolemia observed in copper deficiency was associated with marked increases in cholesterol and apolipoprotein contents of the apoE-rich HDL.
Multimodality in the Technical Communication Classroom: Viewing Classical Rhetoric Through a 21st Century Lens

The authors provide a robust framework for using rhetorical foundations to teach multimodality in technical communication, describing a pedagogical approach wherein students consider the rhetorical canons—invention, arrangement, style, delivery, and memory—when developing texts beyond print. Students learn to assess their own work, reflecting on how each canon contributed to the rhetorical effectiveness of their multimodal projects. The authors argue for using the canons as a rhetorical foundation for helping students understand technical communication in the digital age.
Drosophila Miranda, a New Species

Page 378, Table 1, for "Length of the hind tibiae in (at 24 ½°)" read "Length of the hind tibiae in M (at 24
Lattice vibrational properties of Si/Ge core-shell nanowires for thermoelectric applications

Using first principles Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, we have studied the structural and lattice vibrational properties of [111]-oriented Si/Ge core-shell nanowires. Our results show that the fundamental atomicity of the underlying lattice is important for an accurate explanation of phonon frequencies. The detailed analysis shows that thermal conductance due to selective phonon modes of Si/Ge coreshell nanowires can be suppressed by engineering the ratio of core/shell atoms, as well as the detailed atomistic configuration. In particular, our results reveal that heavier shell atoms in Si/Ge core-shell nanowires reduce thermal conductivity, increasing their thermoelectric figure of merit.
Descending necrotizing mediastinitis: a complication of dental implant surgery.

Background The placement of osseointegrated dental implants is considered a minimally invasive procedure with a low complication rate. Reported complications include local trauma to neurovascular structures, mandible fractures, sinusitis, and localized gingivitis. Major life-threatening complications are extremely rare. Severe infection has not been reported in a review of the English literature. Method Case study. Results We present a case of life-threatening deep neck space infection resulting in descending necrotizing mediastinitis following osseointegrated dental implant placement. Treatment included intravenous antibiotics, aggressive neck debridement, and removal of the infected dental implants. Conclusion Severe infection can result from the placement of dental implants. Principles of treatment include antibiotics, surgical drainage and debridement, and careful assessment and removal of the involved implants. HEAD & NECK 1996;18:192–196 © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Inorganic structures in space group P3m1; coordinate analysis and systematic prediction of new ferroelectrics.

ICSD Release 2007/1 contains 47 families of inorganic crystal structures, some single-member only, within the 311 entries listed under the polar space group P3m1. Coordinate analysis reveals 12 such families to be candidate ferroelectrics, over a range of confidence levels. Selection is based on the detection of an approach to nonpolar supergroup symmetry, within specified limits, by the atomic arrangement as reported in a confirmed polar space group. The primary source of uncertainty in such predictions is the reliability of the underlying structural determination. The candidates include In2ZnS4, TlSn2F5, Cu7Te4, NaMnSe2, Na2In2(Mo3O8)(MoO4)2, Nb3Br7S, Nb3TeI7, fencooperite, Bi(HCOO)3, Li(NpO2)(CO3)(H2O)2, LiPtD0.66 and Ag3(MoO3F3)(Ag3(MoO4)Cl). A total of 20 structures examined are likely to be nonpolar, a further 20 have reduced predictive properties and three others are more likely to retain P3m1 symmetry over a wide thermal range. Substantial uncertainties associated with many of the listed 163 CdI2, 69 ZnS and 10 SiC polytype structures, together with their low potential for use as possible ferroelectrics, led to their exclusion from fuller analysis.
The reactions of O(1D) with ozone and nitrous oxide

Ozone was photolyzed at room temperature in the presence of N2O at 2537 A and 2288 A to produce O(1D) atoms. These atoms can react with either O3 or N2O via From the quantum yield of N2, the relative rate constants k6a/k6 and k2/k6 could be obtained, where k6 + k6a + k6b. The former rate constant ratio was found to be 0.37 ± 0.03 at 2537 A and 0.33 ± 0.03 at 2288 A, in good agreement with an earlier report from our laboratory. The ratio k2/k6 was found to be 2.6 at 2537 A, but 4.1 at 2288 A. The difference in the two numbers, if real, may reflect differences in reactivity due to different amounts of excess translational energy in the O(1D) atom at the two wavelengths.
Reduction scheme for some structural eigenvalue problems by a variational theorem

An accurate reduction scheme for structural eigenvalue problems is deduced from a variational theorem in which the displacement, velocity and/or momentum fields are taken to be independent.
Global optimization approach to the linear complementarity problem

The linear complementarity problem is formulated as a constrained quadratic global minimization problem. A computational method is presented and justified, which does not depend on any special properties of the problem matrix M. The method is based on the use of a multiple-cost-row linear program with $2n$ cost rows, where n is the number of problem variables. The method has been tested computationally on 265 randomly generated test problems, ranging in size from $n = 10$ to $n = 500$. In all cases the matrix $M + M^T $ was indefinite (the most difficult class of LCP). The computation was carried out using the Cray 1S and Cray X-MP/48 supercomputers. These computational results suggest that the average performance of the algorithm is $O(n^4 )$,
Analysis of H2O in silicate glass using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) micro-FTIR spectroscopy

We present a calibration for attenuated total reflectance (ATR) micro-FTIR for analysis of H2O in hydrous glass. A Ge ATR accessory was used to measure evanescent wave absorption by H2O within hydrous rhyolite and other standards. Absorbance at 3450 cm−1 (representing total H2O or H2Ot) and 1630 cm−1 (molecular H2O or H2Om) showed high correlation with measured H2O in the glasses as determined by transmission FTIR spectroscopy and manometry. For rhyolite, ![Formula][1] and ![Formula][2] where A 3450 and A 1630 represent the ATR absorption at the relevant infrared wavelengths. The calibration permits determination of volatiles in singly polished glass samples with spot size down to ~5 μm (for H2O-rich samples) and detection limits of ~0.1 wt% H2O. Basaltic, basaltic andesite and dacitic glasses of known H2O concentrations fall along a density-adjusted calibration, indicating that ATR is relatively insensitive to glass composition, at least for calc-alkaline glasses. The following equation allows quantification of H2O in silicate glasses that range in composition from basalt to rhyolite: ![Formula][3] where ω = 550 ± 21, b = −0.19 ± 0.03, ρ = density, in g/cm3, and A 3450 is the ATR absorbance at 3450 cm−1. The ATR micro-FTIR technique is less sensitive than transmission FTIR, but requires only a singly polished sample for quantitative results, thus minimizing time for sample preparation. Compared with specular reflectance, it is more sensitive and better suited for imaging of H2O variations in heterogeneous samples such as melt inclusions. One drawback is that the technique can damage fragile samples and we therefore recommend mounting of unknowns in epoxy prior to polishing. Our calibration should hold for any Ge ATR crystals with the same incident angle (31°). Use of a different crystal type or geometry would require measurement of several H2O-bearing standards to provide a crystal-specific calibration. [1]: /embed/mml-math-1.gif [2]: /embed/mml-math-2.gif [3]: /embed/mml-math-3.gif
DNA content in the diagnostic biopsy for benign-adjacent and cancer-tissue areas predicts the need for treatment in men with T1c prostate cancer undergoing surveillance in an expectant management programme.

Study Type – Prognosis (case series)Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE To assess the DNA content in benign-adjacent and cancer-tissue areas of a diagnostic biopsy, to predict which patients would subsequently develop an unfavourable biopsy necessitating treatment for prostate cancer in the expectant management (EM) programme. PATIENTS AND METHODS Of 71 patients who had benign-adjacent and cancer-tissue areas of diagnostic biopsies available, 39 developed unfavourable biopsies (Gleason score ≥7, Gleason pattern 4/5, three or more cores positive for cancer, >50% of any core involved with cancer), while 32 maintained favourable biopsies on annual surveillance examination (median follow-up 3.7 years). DNA content was measured on Feulgen-stained biopsy sections using an automatic imaging system (AutoCyteTM, TriPath Imaging Inc, Burlington, NC, USA). Cox proportional-hazard regression and Kaplan-Meier plots were used to identify significant predictors for unfavourable biopsy conversion. RESULTS Univariately, DNA content measurements i.e. an excess of optical density (OD) in the benign-adjacent tissuer area, and the sd of the OD in the cancer tissue were significant, with a hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval of 2.58 (1.17–5.68; P = 0.019) and 5.36 (1.89–15.24; P = 0.002), respectively, for predicting unfavourable biopsy conversion that required intervention. Also, several other DNA content measurements in benign-adjacent and cancer-tissue areas showed a trend to statistical significance. Further, benign-adjacent excess of OD (3.12, 1.4–6.95; P = 0.005) and cancer sd of OD (5.88, 2.06–16.82; P = 0.001) remained significant in the multivariate model to predict unfavourable biopsy conversion. Patients with benign-adjacent excess of OD > 25.0 and cancer sd of OD of >4.0 had the highest risk for unfavourable biopsy conversion (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS DNA content measurements in the benign-adjacent and cancer-tissue areas appear to be useful for predicting unfavourable biopsy conversion (a recommendation for intervention) on annual surveillance examinations in the EM programme.
Sensation in a Single Neuron Pair Represses Male Behavior in Hermaphrodites

Pheromones elicit innate sex-specific mating behaviors in many species. We demonstrate that in C. elegans, male-specific sexual attraction behavior is programmed in both sexes but repressed in hermaphrodites. Repression requires a single sensory neuron pair, the ASIs. To repress attraction in adults, the ASIs must be present, active, and capable of sensing the environment during development. The ASIs release TGF-β, and ASI function can be bypassed by experimental activation of TGF-β signaling. Sexual attraction in derepressed hermaphrodites requires the same sensory neurons as in males. The sexual identity of both these sensory neurons and a distinct subset of interneurons must be male to relieve repression and release attraction. TGF-β may therefore act to change connections between sensory neurons and interneurons during development to engage repression. Thus, sensation in a single sensory neuron pair during development reprograms a common neural circuit from male to female behavior.
Black-White Inequality in Reading and Math Across K-12 Schooling: A Synthetic Cohort Perspective

While much has been written on the racial gap in achievement, few national studies have assessed the gap’s trajectory over K-12 schooling. The reason for this is understandable—most national data sets do not contain respondent information for this entire educational period. I utilize survey data from three national data sets containing White and Black students to document the trajectory of reading and math inequality between school entry and the end of high school. An attempt to clarify these observed patterns is made by assessing changes in the score distributions of these students across grade level, and examining how Black score distributions would fare if held to the White score distributions. Findings suggest that efforts to equalize achievement disparities must not only focus on “bringing the bottom up”, but also on keeping the top Black achievers on pace with the top White achievers across grade level.
Battered woman and public opinion: Some realities about the myths

Expert testimony regarding the battered woman syndrome is often presented at trial on behalf of women charged with killing their batterers. Where courts have admitted such testimony into evidence, they have done so on the theory that the testimony is needed to dispel common myths regarding battered women—e.g., erroneous beliefs that battered women are masochists, who are somehow responsible for the battering they suffer and could avoid being battered by simply leaving their batterers. To date, however, there is no published empirical evidence that either jurors or members of the public at large hold such erroneous beliefs. The results of this study provide empirical support for the judicial hypothesis. These results suggest that many members of the general public eligible for jury duty do, in fact, hold erroneous, stereotyped beliefs about battered women.
Global Clusters in Municipal E-Governance: A Longitudinal Study

This research focuses on the trends in municipal e-governance among large municipalities based on a worldwide survey in 2011. The study replicates previous surveys conducted every other year since 2003 and the longitudinal assessment analyzes specific features of municipal websites. This paper examines these longitudinal trends in terms of four different clusters: 1) digitally mature cities, 2) digitally moderate cities, 3) digitally minimal cities, and 4) digitally marginal cities, and identifies the best practices among them. There were significant changes in the top ranking cities, with Seoul, Toronto, Madrid, Prague, and Hong Kong representing the highest level in e-governance.
Concentration of urine in a central core model of the renal counterflow system.

Concentration of urine in a central core model of the renal counterflow system. In this model descending Henle's limbs (DHL), ascending Henle's limbs (AHL) and collecting ducts (CD) exchange with a central vascular core (VC) formed by vasa recta loops—assumed so highly permeable that the core functions as a single tube, open at the cortical end and closed at the papillary end. Solute supplied to the VC primarily by AHL increases VC osmolality and so extracts water from DHL and CD, increasing their osmolality while diluting AHL fluid. This single effect multiplied by the counterflow arrangement leads to a high papillary osmolality in all structures. Some of the solute may enter DHL to be recycled. In single solute system energy requirements for transport out of AHL decrease from outer to inner medulla. In two solute systems (e.g. salt and urea) mixing in the central core can supply part of the energy for the final concentration of urine. Urea cycling, regulated by ADH, allows active Na + transport in the outer medulla and cortex to be used for concentration in the inner medulla.
News Event Modeling and Tracking in the Social Web with Ontological Guidance

News event modeling and tracking in the social web is the task of discovering which news events individuals in social communities are most interested in, how much discussion these events generate and tracking these discussions over time. The task could provide informative summaries on what has happened in the real world, yield important knowledge on what are the most important events from the crowd's perspective and reveal their temporal evolutionary trends. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) has been used intensively for modeling and tracking events (or topics) in text streams. However, the event models discovered by this bottom-up approach have limitations such as a lack of semantic correspondence to real world events. Besides, they do not scale well to large datasets. This paper proposes a novel latent Dirichlet framework for event modeling and tracking. Our approach takes into account ontological knowledge on events that exist in the real world to guide the modeling and tracking processes. Therefore, event models extracted from the social web by our approach are always meaningful and semantically match with real world events. Practically, our approach requires only a single scan over the dataset to model and track events and hence scales well with dataset size.
PROTEIN KINASE C ISOZYMES AND SUBSTRATES

As most cells express more than one type of protein kinase C (PKC), it has been difficult to establish the role of individual PKCs in cellular functions. Isozyme differences in cofactor requirements and subcellular location, in addition to variability in expression of PKCs and substrates among various cell types, are all involved in determining the effects of PKC activation. Recent identification of cellular PKC-targeting proteins and of isozyme-selective functions has provided new insight into the roles of individual PKCs in cellular processes.
Crystal structure of atomic hydrogen.

We have performed quantum Monte Carlo calculations on atomic metallic hydrogen at zero temperature and constant volume (${\mathit{r}}_{\mathit{s}}$=1.31) for protons rigidly fixed to lattice sites and for protons having zero point motion. By studying a variety of crystal structures including bcc, simple cubic, simple hexagonal, diamond, and \ensuremath{\beta}-Sn, we show that low-coordination structures, especially diamond, are energetically favored for a range of pressures around 3.0 Mbars. Our results show that it is essential to treat the electrons beyond the local density approximation and protons beyond the harmonic approximation to predict the correct ground state structure.
The mechanism of proton transfers.

Abstract A CNDO/2 molecular orbital calculation has been performed to study the proton transfer between two ammonia molecules as a model for a base with one lone electron pair and between two water molecules as a model for a base with two electron pairs. The hydrogen bond energy was found to have the expected angular dependence. However, the activation energy for proton transfer was found to have a very low dependence on the angular orientation of the base. In fact activation energy was found to decrease under certain types of strain. These results are in contradiction to the idea of “orbital steering” and suggest that strain could contribute to enzymatic efficiency in proton transfers as described for bent hydrogen bonds by Wang ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. , 66 (1970) 874).
A radioimmunoassay for human metallothionein

Endogenous metallothionein (Mt) in human body fluids has never been reported due to the lack of a sensitive technique. Described will be a sensitive and accurate radioimmunoassay for human Mt utilizing an antibody developed to purified rat cadmium-binding protein. A high titer antiserum having complete cross-reactivity with human Mt was used at a final dilution of 1:20,000 to detect a routine lower sensitivity of 100–200 pg Mt. The same antiserum was subsequently used to measure Mt in plasma and urine of cadmium-exposed workers. Urinary Mt levels were found to have a close correlation with urinary Cd content, r = 0.89.
SU-E-T-775: Toward Web-Based Real-Time VMAT and IMRT Inverse Planning Using Cloud Computing

Purpose: To provide an efficient cloud computing infrastructure for VMAT and IMRT inverse planning. Methods: Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) with a master node (17.1 GB memory, 2 virtual cores, 420 GB instance storage, 64‐bit platform) is used as the backbone of cloud computing for VMAT and IMRT dose optimization. The master node is scalable on an “on‐demand” basis. It can lunch more workers if the CPU usage exceeds the upper limit for given time (e.g., over 90% usage for 2 minutes), or terminate the workers if there are finished tasks. A quadratic objective function with volumetric constraints is expressed as a function of the aperture shapes and weights of the incident beams. A Monte Carlo simulation is employed to generate accurate dose kernel by parallel tasks. The number of parallel tasks is approximately the same as or less than the total number of beamlets in iterative simulation for all beams. The cloud optimization is implemented for a Varian TrueBeam STX linac beams with and without flattening filters available. The filed output from EC2 is sent down to the Simple Storage Service (S3). Three clinical cases have been studied for the purpose of evaluating the performance of the new planning platform. Results: A cloud computing environment leads to speedups of 150–300 times for the cases considered in this study. The speedup scales approximately linearly with the number of nodes used for computing. The resultant plans from the cloud computing are found almost identical to that obtained using a desktop PC, indicating the reliability of the cloud computing platform. Conclusions: A cloud computing infrastructure has been established for VMAT and IMRT inverse planning with different beam characteristics. The cloud computing environment substantially improves the speed of inverse planning and makes future on‐treatment adaptive replanning possible. This work was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRFK) of the Korea Government (MEST) (Grant No. K20901000001‐09E0100‐ 00110)
Chemoprevention of breast cancer: implications for postmenopausal women.

Estrogen administration is associated with reduction in perimenopausal symptoms and the risk for several conditions affecting postmenopausal women. As estrogen administration also increases the risk for breast cancer, a common dilemma facing many women and their physicians is whether to use estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that antagonises estrogenic effects in breast tissue but retains some estrogen agonist properties in other organs, or neither. For women with average to moderate risk of breast cancer and with perimenopausal symptoms, ERT may be the best short-term choice. For very high-risk women (>1% per year) with menopausal symptoms, alternatives to ERT might be offered and tried first. A diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer within the last 2 to 5 years should be considered a relative contraindication for ERT unless the tumour was estrogen receptor negative. High-risk women without menopausal symptoms are the best candidates for the only currently approved drug for breast cancer risk reduction, tamoxifen. Although the drug is approved for women with a 5-year risk of breast cancer ≥1.7% (0.34% per year), postmenopausal women most likely to experience a favourable benefit/risk ratio are those with a Gail estimated risk of >0.5% per year without a uterus or >1% per year if they retain their uterus. Tamoxifen should not be used in women with prior history of thromboembolic or precancerous uterine conditions. Tamoxifen is often used in Europe in conjunction with transdermal ERT in hysterectomised women without obvious loss of efficacy or increased risk of thromboembolism. Raloxifene is a second generation SERM with estrogen-like agonist effects on bone but with less uterine estrogen agonist activity than tamoxifen. Raloxifene may have less potent breast antiestrogenic effects than tamoxifen, particularly in a moderate- to high-estrogen environment. Raloxifene is approved for use in reducing risk of osteoporosis, but not breast cancer. Whether it is as effective as tamoxifen in reducing breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women is the subject of a current trial. All women regardless of breast cancer risk are advised to employ non-pharmacological risk reduction measures, including normalisation of body-weight, exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and avoidance of smoking and alcohol. The preventive options are best weighed during an individualised consultation where a woman’s menopausal symptoms and risk for breast cancer and other diseases can be examined, and the options for improving postmenopausal health can be discussed.
On the roughening transition of biphenyl: Transition of faceted to non-faceted growth of biphenyl for growth from different organic solvents and the melt

Abstract In this paper the morphology of biphenyl will be derived, using the periodic bond chain PBC theory. From this derivation, the surface anisotropy factors e hkl for the different faces are obtained. Next, the α hkl factors of the different F faces ( hkl ) for growth from different organic solvents and the melt will be calculated using a new recipe. Then the critical values α R hkl of the α hkl factors of the different faces will be calculated. Finally the equipment used for all the experiments will be described and the results will be discussed in relation to the calculated α hkl factors and the critical values α R hkl of the α hkl factors.
Performance analysis of thin-layer extensional thermoelectric SMA actuators

We model in this work a thermoelectrically cooled thin SMA layer extensional actuator as a first step towards the design of a high frequency, high force, large strain shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator. The thermoelectric Peltier effect is used to alternately heat/cool the SMA, leading to cyclic phase transformation. The effect of variable actuating load and constant load applied as boundary conditions on the SMA actuator are considered. The frequency response is of interest as also are performance measures like energy conversion efficiency and the energy output per unit volume of active material. based on these measures, the proposed actuator is compared with other various commercially available actuators. The analysis points to the possibility that micron-thick SMA layers, with a low transformation hysteresis and undergoing partial transformation, can deliver frequencies of around 30 Hz at peak stresses of about 145 MPa.
Total synthesis of (+)-13,14-threo-densicomacin

Abstract The title compound was synthesized from propargyl alcohol and L-glutamic acid via a convergent approach using Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and asymmetric dihydroxylation for the introduction of chiral centers and Pd o - catalyzed coupling for construction of the carbon skeleton
Comments on the translational and transcriptional origin of Euglena chloroplastic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.

A response to: “A consideration of Euglena gracilis W3BUL as a cytoplasmic control for the wild-type phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase system” and “A reinvestigation of the sites of transcription and translation of Euglena chloroplastic phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase” by J. L. Lesiewicz and D. S. Herson.