cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Update on the development of an automated lung nodule detection method for CT scans

The expanded use of thoracic computed tomography (CT) for diagnostic purposes and as a screening tool, combined with the increased number of sectional images generated by each CT scan, has resulted in a rapid increase in the amount of image data that must be interpreted by radiologists. Automated, computerized analyses of these images could serve as a valuable aid to radiologists and complement their medical decision-making process. One such computerized analysis technique we have been developing is automated lung nodule detection, which has demonstrated promising performance in its ability to detect nodules in both diagnostic and low-dose screening CT scans. The process begins with the creation of a segmented lung volume. Multiple gray-level thresholds are applied so that three-dimensionally contiguous structures “dissolve” into multiple smaller structures at increasing gray-level thresholds. A volume criterion is used to qualify structures as nodule candidates. Features computed for each candidate are used as input to classifiers that categorize candidates as “nodule” or “non-nodule.” Detection results may then be displayed through a computer interface for radiologist assessment. The method has been applied to several databases of diagnostic and low-dose CT scans.
Long-Term Outcomes after Treatment with Clofarabine ± Fludarabine with Once-Daily Intravenous Busulfan as Pretransplant Conditioning Therapy for Advanced Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Abstract Pretransplant conditioning regimens critically determine outcomes in the setting of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). The use of nucleoside analogs such as fludarabine (Flu) in combination with i.v. busulfan (Bu) has been shown to be highly effective as a pretransplant conditioning regimen in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Because leukemia relapse remains the leading cause of death after allo-SCT, we studied whether clofarabine (Clo), a nucleoside analog with potent antileukemia activity, can be used to complement Flu. In a preliminary report, we previously showed the safety and efficacy of Clo ± Flu with i.v. Bu in 51 patients with high-risk AML, CML, and MDS. The study has now been completed, and we present long-term follow-up data on the entire 70-patient population, which included 49 (70%), 8 (11%), and 13 (19%) patients with AML, MDS, and CML, respectively. Thirteen patients (19%) were in complete remission, and 41 patients (59%) received matched unrelated donor grafts. Engraftment was achieved in all patients. Sixty-three patients (90%) achieved complete remission. There were no deaths reported at day +30, and the 100-day nonrelapse mortality rate was 4% (n = 3). Thirty-one percent of patients (n = 22) developed grades II to IV acute graft-versus-host disease, and the median overall survival and progression-free survival times were 2.4 years and .9 years, respectively. Our results confirm the safety and overall and progression-free survival advantage of the arms with higher Clo doses and lower Flu doses, which was most prominent in the AML/MDS group.
Interpreting Coverage Information Using Direct and Indirect Coverage

Because of the numerous benefits of tests, developers often wish theirapplications had more tests. Unfortunately, it is challenging todetermine what new tests to add in order to improve the quality of thetest suite. A number of approaches, including numerous coveragecriteria, have been proposed by the research community to helpdevelopers focus their limited testing resources. However, coveragecriteria often fall short of this goal because achieving 100% coverageis often infeasible, necessitating the difficult process ofdetermining if a piece of uncovered code is actually executable, andthe criteria do not take into account how the code is covered. In thispaper, we propose a new approach for interpreting coverageinformation, based on the concepts of direct coverage and indirectcoverage, that address these limitations. We also presents theresults of an empirical study of 17 applications that demonstrate thatindirectly covered code is common in real world software, faults inindirectly covered code are significantly less likely to be detectedthan faults located in directly covered code, and indirectly coveredcode typically clusters at the method level. This means thatidentifying indirectly covered methods can be effective at helpingtesters improve the quality of their test suites by directing them toinsufficiently tested code.
Prevalence of Group C Streptococcus and Fusobacterium Necrophorum in Patients With Sore Throat: A Meta-Analysis

PURPOSE The prevalence of Group C beta-hemolytic streptococcus and Fusobacterium necrophorum among patients with sore throat in the outpatient setting has not been previously summarized. We set out to derive prevalence information from the existing literature. METHODS We performed a systematic review of MEDLINE for studies reporting the prevalence of F necrophorum or Group C streptococcus or both in prospective, consecutive series of outpatients with sore throat, as well as laboratory-based studies of throat cultures submitted from primary care. We limited searches to studies where the majority of data was collected after January 1, 2000, to reflect contemporary microbiological methods and prevalences. Each author independently reviewed the articles for inclusion and abstraction of data; we resolved discrepancies by consensus discussion. We then performed a meta-analysis to calculate the pooled prevalence estimates using a random effects model of raw proportions. RESULTS A total of 16 studies met our inclusion criteria. The overall prevalences of Group C streptococcus and F necrophorum were 6.1% (95% CI, 3.2%–9.0%) and 18.9% (95% CI, 10.5%–27.2%), respectively. When stratified by study type, the prevalences of Group C streptococcus and F necrophorum in laboratory-based studies were 6.6% (95% CI, −1.0% to 14.2%) and 18.8% (95% CI, 6.5%–31.1%), respectively. In primary care patients with sore throat, Group C streptococcus had a prevalence of 6.1% (95% CI, 3.1%–9.2%), while F necrophorum had a prevalence of 19.4% (95% CI, 14.7%–24.1%). CONCLUSIONS Group C streptococcus and Fusobacterium necrophorum are commonly detected in patients with acute pharyngitis. Research is needed, however, to determine whether these bacteria are truly pathogenic in patients with pharyngitis and whether antibiotics reduce the duration of symptoms or the likelihood of complications.
Monitoring the establishment and flight phenology of parasitoids of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Michigan by using sentinel eggs and larvae

The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an important invasive pest of ash (Fraxinus) trees in North America. Two larval parasitoid species, Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and 1 egg parasitoid species, Oobius agrili Zhang and Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), were introduced into the United States in 2007 as part of a classical biological control program. We conducted field studies to assess the flight phenology of introduced and native parasitoids of emerald ash borer in central Michigan from 2011 to 2013 by using sentinel logs. Parasitism rates of sentinel A. planipennis eggs by O. agrili fluctuated throughout the season from 0 to 22% in 2011 and 0 to 6% in 2012. Flight phenology of O. agrili adults varied between years, and discrete generations were not apparent. Rather, O. agrili adults were generally continually present over a 3 mo period each year. Parasitism rates of sentinel A. planipennis larvae by T. planipennisi and the North American native Atanycolus spp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), respectively, ranged from 0 to 5% and 33 to 77% in 2011, from 0 to 69% and 0 to 27% in 2012, and from 0 to 53% and 0 to 46% in 2013. Phenology of adult flight of both T. planipennisi and Atanycolus spp. was inconsistent between years. Development of nondestructive methods to determine when stages of A. planipennis suitable for parasitism are present in combination with the use of sentinel logs to observe parasitoid phenology as described here will enhance the ability to evaluate the impacts of parasitoids on emerald ash borer.
Modulation of long-term endothelial-barrier integrity is conditional to the cross-talk between Akt and Src signaling.

Although numerous studies have implicated Akt and Src kinases in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1)-induced endothelial-barrier regulation, a link between these two pathways has never been demonstrated. We determined the long-term effects of Akt inhibition on Src activity and vice versa, and in turn, on the human microvascular endothelial cell (HMEC) barrier integrity at the basal level, and in response to growth factors. Our data showed that Akt1 gene knockdown increases gap formation in HMEC monolayer at the basal level. Pharmacological inhibition of Akt, but not Src resulted in exacerbated VEGF-induced vascular leakage and impaired Ang-1-induced HMEC-barrier protection in vitro at 24 hr. Whereas inhibition of Akt had no effect on VEGF-induced HMEC gap formation in the short term, inhibition of Src blunted this process. In contrast, inhibition of Akt disrupted the VEGF and Ang-1 stabilized barrier integrity in the long-term while inhibition of Src did not. Interestingly, both long-term Akt inhibition and Akt1 gene knockdown in HMECs resulted in increased Tyr416 phosphorylation of Src. Treatment of HMECs with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) that inhibited Akt Ser473 phosphorylation in the long-term, activated Src through increased Tyr416 phosphorylation and decreased HMEC-barrier resistance. The effect of TGFβ1 on endothelial-barrier breakdown was blunted in Akt1 deficient HMEC monolayers, where endothelial-barrier resistance was already impaired compared to the control. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating a direct cross-talk between Akt and Src in endothelial-barrier regulation.
Abstract A53: Establishment of a brain tumor model with dysfunctional tumor immunity in mice as a platform for immunotherapeutic evaluation and PD-1 immunotherapy

Several clinical trials are currently underway for patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma to reinvigorate tumor immunity using immune-checkpoint blockade. However, the CNS is immunologically unique in its maintenance of an immunosuppressive environment, to protect brain cells from autoimmunity and inflammation. Thus, immunotherapy of brain tumors requires novel regimens to overcome tumor immuno-suppression. Suitable preclinical animal models with exhausted tumor-specific immunity are currently not available. We thus hypothesized that a chronic LCMV (cLCMV) strain that induces T cell exhaustion in mice may be co-opted to model the impaired immunity that characterizes brain tumors. In this model, naive and cLCMV-infected mice failed to reject a challenge with glioma in brain when murine glioma cells express one of LCMV antigens (VA-glioma) that are presented via MHC-I. In contrast, mice preimmunized with the acutely-controlled LCMV (aLCMV) strain did reject VA-glioma. In fact, in vitro co-culture of lymphocytes and glioma cells, and in vivo TIL analyses suggested that VA-glioma failed to induce CD8+ T cell responses in cLCMV-mice, in contrast to the robust CD8+ T cell response in aLCMV-mice. Furthermore, cLCMV-specific CD8 T cells lacked a central memory T cell phenotype (CD44+, CD62L-, CD127-) and expressed significantly high levels of PD-1. Thus, treatment with anti-PD1, but not isotype control antibody, successfully reinvigorated and restored antitumor immunity in cLCMV-mice that received VA-glioma cells. PD-1 blockade led to significantly improved survival. However, this treatment did not show a therapeutic effect in cLCMV-mice that received parental glioma cells that don9t express the viral antigen. These data strongly suggest that PD-1 blockade is effective in brain tumors that induce impaired tumor-specific T cell immunity. In conclusion, this novel mouse model may be useful to screen for novel immune checkpoint inhibitors and combination regimes in the setting of a single dysfunctional CD8 T cell response. Citation Format: Hiroshi Nakashima, Quazim Alayo, Pablo Penaloza, Dan Barouch, Ennio Antonio Chiocca. Establishment of a brain tumor model with dysfunctional tumor immunity in mice as a platform for immunotherapeutic evaluation and PD-1 immunotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2016 Oct 20-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2017;5(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A53.
Similarity maps and field-guided T-splines: a perfect couple

A variety of techniques were proposed to model smooth surfaces based on tensor product splines (e.g. subdivision surfaces, free-form splines, T-splines). Conversion of an input surface into such a representation is commonly achieved by constructing a global seamless parametrization, possibly aligned to a guiding cross-field (e.g. of principal curvature directions), and using this parametrization as domain to construct the spline-based surface.One major fundamental difficulty in designing robust algorithms for this task is the fact that for common types, e.g. subdivision surfaces (requiring a conforming domain mesh) or T-spline surfaces (requiring a globally consistent knot interval assignment) reliably obtaining a suitable parametrization that has the same topological structure as the guiding field poses a major challenge. Even worse, not all fields do admit suitable parametrizations, and no concise conditions are known as to which fields do.We present a class of surface constructions (T-splines with halfedge knots) and a class of parametrizations (seamless similarity maps) that are, in a sense, a perfect match for the task: for any given guiding field structure, a compatible parametrization of this kind exists and a smooth piecewise rational surface with exactly the same structure as the input field can be constructed from it. As a byproduct, this enables full control over extraordinary points. The construction is backward compatible with classical NURBS. We present efficient algorithms for building discrete conformal similarity maps and associated T-meshes and T-spline surfaces.
When things get hairy: afros, cornrows, and the desegregation of US military hair salons in West Germany

ABSTRACTThis article employs ‘hair’ as a lens for investigating the ways in which black women’s experiences in the US military and West Germany were racialized and, at the same time, gendered. Based on the personal stories of Women’s Army Corps member Babette Peyton, who got court-martialed in Germany in 1975 for wearing her hair in cornrows, and Marie Davenport, teacher and beautician in Frankfurt, who desegregated the local military hair salon, this article uncovers black women’s mundane activism against racial and gender discrimination. Their experiences and perseverance demonstrate that black military women made critical contributions to the Civil Rights Movement while abroad in Germany.
The Invisible Hand? How Market Economies Have Emerged and Declined since AD 500

Bas van Bavel has produced an important historical study, one highly relevant to current discussions about economic policy. The context in which this work is set is the ongoing debate over optimal ...
Prehypertension is real and can be associated with target organ damage.

Abstract Prehypertension (systolic blood pressure 120–139 or diastolic blood pressure 80–89 mm Hg) confers a risk of progression to hypertension, impairment of cognitive function, increased left ventricular mass, risk of end-stage renal disease, and an association with arteriosclerosis. Recent studies provide data that could support the rationale for treating prehypertensives subjects with antihypertensive medications in addition to lifestyle modification, especially if they have concomitant cardiovascular risk factors.
Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Proliferative Sickle Retinopathy: A Case Series:

Purpose:To report outcomes of intravitreal bevacizumab therapy for proliferative sickle retinopathy (PSR).Methods:A retrospective, interventional case series. Five eyes of 5 patients with PSR were ...
Observed Hierarchy of Student Proficiency with Period, Frequency, and Angular Frequency.

The item tree analysis is a useful tool to analyze and categorize skills required of students to successfully engage in particular physics tasks.
Acute high-intensity interval exercise induces comparable levels of circulating cell-free DNA and Interleukin-6 in obese and normal-weight individuals.

Abstract Aims Obesity is associated with lipid aggregation in adipocytes and macrophage infiltration, leading to increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Increased cell-free DNA (cfDNA) concentrations have been observed in clinical conditions of systemic inflammation. While the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on the release of circulating cfDNA still remain unknown, acute intense exercise has been shown to increase inflammatory cytokines and cfDNA concentrations in normal-weight individuals. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute high-intensity interval Exercise (HIIE) on plasma cfDNA and interleukin-6 (IL-6) responses in obese and normal-weight subjects. Main methods Fourteen male subjects (7 obese and 7 normal-weight) participated in an acute HIIE protocol (30 min, 4x4min @ 80% - 90% of VO2max) on a treadmill. Between HIIE intervals, subjects performed 3 min of active recovery at 50–60% VO2max. Blood samples were collected prior to, immediately following exercise, and one hour into recovery for measurements of plasma cfDNA and IL-6. Key findings Our results demonstrated a significant elevation in plasma cfDNA immediately following acute HIIE in both obese and normal-weight subjects. A comparable elevation in the concentration of plasma IL-6 was also found between two groups in response to acute HIIE. Furthermore, the level of plasma cfDNA was not correlated with IL-6 either at baseline or in response to acute HIIE. Significance These findings may support the utilization of HIIE as a time-efficient exercise protocol to understand the obesity-associated cfDNA and inflammatory responses.
Supramembrane Potential-Induced Electroconformational Changes of the Voltage-Gated Na Channels Is a Possible Mechanism in Electrical Injury

Understanding the mechanisms involved in electrical injury is a fundamental question in electrical trauma management and patient treatment. So far, several mechanisms have been postulated to explain the phenomena observed in electrically injured patients. In addition to thermal effects which may burn the skin, tissues and muscles close to or touching the electrode, membrane electroporation has been considered as one of the mechanisms of electrical injury1,2
The immunologic phenotyping of bone marrow biopsies and aspirates: frozen section techniques

Techniques were developed for the preparation of frozen sections from undecalcified bone marrow biopsy cores and bone marrow aspirates. Selected indirect antibody and biotin-avidin detection systems, employing immunoperoxidase or immunofluorescent labels, were studied to determine which were best suited for bone marrow frozen section immunohistopathology. Methods employing murine hybridoma monoclonal antibodies illustrate the immunophenotyping of representative lymphoid neoplasms, involving bone marrow. The results of immunohistologic staining were comparable to those of fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis of cell suspensions. The advantages and limitations of immunohistologic techniques are discussed as they relate to immunophenotypic studies previously feasible only with bone marrow cell suspensions. Frozen section immunohistologic techniques serve as useful adjuncts to the conventional evaluation of bone marrow aspirates and biopsies.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cis- and Trans-Trimethyltriphenylcyclotrisiloxane

2,4,6-Trimethyl-2,4,6-triphenylcyclotrisiloxane (P3) exists as cis and trans-stereoisomers. Herein, we present the detailed synthesis and characterization of the cis- and trans-P3 isomers. After preparation of the mixed cyclic methylphenylsiloxanes, it was found that vacuum distillation was the best method for separating P3 from the mixture of P3 and 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane (P4) on a large scale and that pure cis-P3 can be isolated by washing the mixed P3 isomers with methanol. It is also shown that a selective crystallization method was successful for isolating cis-P3 from the mixture of P3 and P4 directly and that large crystals may be obtained. Using gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the two different isomers and four different isomers in P3 and P4, respectively, are easily identified. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms, and infrared (IR) spectra with various ratios of cis-P3 and trans-P3 were also analyzed. A melting point depression of the cis-P3 was observed with an increased amount of trans-P3 for the mixed isomers, as expected. These P3 stereochemical isomers provide valuable starting materials for the preparation of stereoregular siloxanes using ring-opening polymerization.
Thickness Effect on Cross-Ply GLARE 5 FML Beams Subjected to Ballistic Impact

In this study, GLARE 5 fiber-metal laminates (FMLs) of dimensions: 254mm25.4mm (10″×1″) with various thicknesses were impacted by a 0.22 caliber bullet shaped projectile using a high-speed gas gun. The specimens were cut transversely through the impact center using a diamond blade cutting wheel for destructive damage evaluation. The results showed that failure pattern was changed as the specimen thickness increased. This was very obvious especially for (5/4) and (6/5) configurations. In addition, a high-speed camera was used to record the damage evolution on the non-impacted side of the specimens. It was found that when impacted ballistically by the same projectile velocity, debonding between the bottom (non-impacted side) aluminum layer and its adjacent glass-fiber reinforced epoxy layer was increased by changing the lay-up configuration from (6/5) to (5/4). This phenomenon was demonstrated experimentally using the video footage obtained from the high-speed camera.
Selecting and Evaluating Secondary Data: The Role of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis

For clinicians to make informed decisions for patient management and research, they must analyze multiple studies for quality and relevance to the population of interest. Secondary sources of information (especially systematic reviews and meta-analyses) help to summarize and reconcile conflicting studies in the literature. By explicitly stating how evidence was found, selected, and evaluated, systematic reviews eliminate many of the biases inherent in narrative reviews. Meta-analysis uses statistical methodology to combine results of several related studies, which affords greater statistical power versus that of individual studies. Though retrievable via traditional online literature search engines, a variety of databases are available that specialize in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. To construct a quality systematic review, one should formulate a clear question, define a comprehensive yet efficient literature searching strategy, include all appropriate studies, summarize results, assess heterogeneity, and consider appropriateness of pooling results if individual studies for meta-analysis. Caution must be exercised when conducting/interpreting a systematic review or meta-analysis to ensure inclusiveness of literature searching, optimization of statistical rigor, minimization of bias, and avoidance of inclusion of multiple publications of the same dataset. The results and conclusions of a systematic review or meta-analysis are only as reliable as the methods used in each of the primary studies; their synthesis does not compensate for errors of methodology in the individual primary studies. Meta-analyses, constructed as they are of multiple nonidentical studies, must be viewed as a hypothesis-generating rather than a hypothesis testing tool especially if major methodological differences or heterogeneity among their components is detected.
Uncertainty, agency and motivation in graduate design students

Abstract Transformational education in design goes beyond the acquisition of skills and knowledge to involve the development of the self as a designer with an emerging but individual professional identity. For designers, the ability to engage with uncertainty in the design process can be positioned as a threshold concept in a transformation curriculum, one that allows them to understand themselves and their professional responsibilities more deeply than they had previously. Within a larger, design-based research approach, this study presents a qualitative investigation based on grounded theory of written reflections produced by graduate students in learning design in response to several prompts on uncertainty. Our findings indicate that (1) students experience uncertainty as an influence on personal agency; (2) many find uncertainty provokes complex, ambivalent emotional responses; and (3) students identify both internal and external strategies for managing uncertainty. Implications for design educators are discussed.
Cardiac hemi-autotransplantation as a new approach to resect complex left atrial neoplasms

Here, we describe cardiac hemi-autotransplantation as a novel technique to mobilize the heart substantially, facilitating resection of complex left atrial paraganglioma with negative margins in a young patient.
Genetically Encoded Protein Tyrosine Nitration in Mammalian Cells

Tyrosine nitration has served as a major biomarker for oxidative stress and is present in high abundance in over 50 disease pathologies in humans. While data mounts on specific disease pathways from specific sites of tyrosine nitration, the role of these modifications is still largely unclear. Strategies for installing site-specific tyrosine nitration in target proteins in eukaryotic cells, through routes not dependent on oxidative stress, would provide a powerful method to address the consequences of tyrosine nitration. Developed here is a Methanosarcina barkeri aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair that efficiently incorporates nitrotyrosine site-specifically into proteins in mammalian cells. We demonstrate the utility of this approach to produce nitrated proteins identified in disease conditions by producing site-specific nitroTyr-containing manganese superoxide dismutase and 14-3-3 proteins in eukaryotic cells.
Interventions in Prison Nurseries

A prison nursery is dedicated housing inside a criminal justice facility where incarcerated pregnant women continue to co-reside with and be the primary caregiver for their infants for a defined period of time following birth. Available globally, prison nurseries have been variously appraised as inadequate substitutes for social welfare in impoverished countries or as protections for child development and attachment where supportive resources are provided. Existence of nurseries in the USA has been relatively rare and erratic, with between one and thirteen state corrections departments supporting prison nurseries at any point in history. The exception is the New York State facility which is over a century old. Outcome studies for prison nurseries have primarily been descriptive based on observations, surveys, official records, and interviews. Evidence for reduction in criminal recidivism enhanced family support, and re-entry success remains contradictory or under-reported. The humanizing effects of infant presence on prisoners and staff and maternal grief and worry regarding children are consistent themes. Child development outcomes have been measured in the UK, Spain, and the USA, the latter with the most promising results associated with supportive programs. Community alternatives to maternal incarceration are receiving increasing attention to avoid separation of one or more children from parents.
On-Demand Electromagnetic Hotspot Generation in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates via "Add-On" Plasmonic Patch.

Electromagnetic hotspots at the interstices of plasmonic assemblies are recognized to be the most potent sites for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We demonstrate a novel “add-on” electrom...
Labor Force Participation Over the Life Course: The Long-Term Effects of Employment Trajectories on Wages and the Gendered Payoff to Employment

In this article, we consider how individuals' long-term employment trajectories relate to wage inequality and the gender wage gap in the United States. Using more than 30 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 sample, we identify six employment trajectories for individuals from ages 22 to 50. We find that women across racial/ethnic groups and Black men are more likely than White and Hispanic men to have nonsteady employment trajectories and lower levels of employment throughout their lives, and individuals who have experienced poverty also have heightened risks of intermittent employment. We then assess how trajectories are associated with wages later in careers, at ages 45-50. We find significant variation in wages across work trajectories, with steady high employment leading to the highest wages. This wage variation is primarily explained by work characteristics rather than family characteristics. Finally, we examine gender variation in within-trajectory wages. We find that the gender wage gap is largest in the steady high employment trajectory and is reduced among trajectories with longer durations of nonemployment. Thus, although women are relatively more concentrated in nonsteady trajectories than are men, men who do follow nonsteady wage trajectories incur smaller wage premiums than men in steady high employment pathways, on average. These findings demonstrate that long-term employment paths are important predictors of economic and gender wage inequality.
Etiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Dezhou city from 2010 to 2018

Objective To understand the etiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth diseases (HFMD) in Dezhou city from 2010 to 2018, and to provide laboratory evidence for its prevention and control. Methods A total of 5 186 fecal specimens were collected from patients with HFMD. Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect enterovirus (EV) and analyze its pathogenic characteristics. Results From 2010 to 2018, 5 186 samples of HFMD cases were detected in Dezhou, with a total positive rate of 71.75%, including 1 357 cases of EV-A71 (26.17%), 874 cases of CV-A16 (16.85%) and 1 490 cases of other Enteroviruses (28.73%). There were significant differences in the overall detection rate in each month. The peak period of detection rate was from June to August. The dominant virus strains with different types appeared dynamically in different years. EV-A71 was the predominant serotype in severe and aggregated cases. Laboratory confirmed cases were mainly children under 5 years old (96.25%). Conclusions From 2010 to 2018, the pathogen of HFMD in Dezhou city showed a dynamic change, with obvious seasonal distribution of cases and high incidence of specific population. Etiological surveillance should be strengthened to focus on prevention and control of high-risk population in high-risk season. Key words: Hand, foot and mouth disease; Enterovirus; Etiological analysis
Resolution of Systemic Rheumatologic Symptoms following Breast Implant Removal

Reports of women with breast implants who suffer a wide variety of systemic symptoms have become more and more prevalent over the past several years. This entity has become known as breast implant illness in conventional news and social media outlets but has vague and nonspecific diagnostic criteria. As a result, the phenomenon is difficult to both identify and treat. The reported patient is a 76-year-old woman who underwent breast reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi flap and textured silicone implant 20 years before the onset of symptoms, which included debilitating joint pain. She had previously maintained an active lifestyle, but symptoms progressed to a point where she was unable to perform basic tasks. A full rheumatologic and connective tissue workup was done, but other than elevated markers of inflammation, it showed no diagnosable disease entity. After a lengthy discussion with her primary care physician and plastic surgeon, she decided to undergo removal of the implant. Following explantation, her symptoms quickly improved, and within several weeks, she was able to return to her active lifestyle.
LITT for Metastatic In-Field Recurrence

Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) offers a minimally invasive approach to the treatment of both regrowth of brain metastases and/or radiation necrosis following radiosurgery (known together as metastatic in-field recurrence). Current indications for LITT include patients who have KPS >70, have good expected survival or systemic therapy options, and are deemed suitable surgical candidates. While LITT treatment was previously offered when patients required initiation of steroids for symptom management, LITT results have been shown to be better when the lesion is smaller and therefore there is a current trend toward using LITT earlier in the course of the progression of these lesions. While surgical access is less invasive, adverse neurological outcomes following LITT are similar to those encountered in a craniotomy.
Deep Relational Reasoning for the Prediction of Language Impairment and Postoperative Seizure Outcome Using Preoperative DWI Connectome Data of Children With Focal Epilepsy

Prolonged seizures in children with focal epilepsy (FE) may impair language functions and often reoccur after surgical intervention. This study is aimed at developing a novel deep relational reasoning network to investigate whether conventional diffusion-weighted imaging connectome analysis can be improved when predicting expressive and receptive scores of preoperative language impairments and classifying postoperative seizure outcomes (seizure freedom or recurrence) in individual FE children. To deeply reason the dependencies of axonal connections that are sparsely distributed in the whole brain, this study proposes the “dilated CNN + RN”, a dilated convolutional neural network (CNN) combined with a relation network (RN). The performance of the dilated CNN + RN was evaluated using whole brain connectome data from 51 FE children. It was found that when compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms, the dilated CNN + RN led to an average improvement of 90.2% and 97.3% in predicting expressive and receptive language scores, and 2.2% and 4% improvement in classifying seizure freedom and seizure recurrence, respectively. These improvements were independent of the prefixed connectome densities. Also, the dilated CNN + RN could provide an explainable artificial intelligence (AI) model by computing gradient-based regression/classification activation maps. This mapping analysis revealed left superior-medial frontal cortex, bilateral hippocampi, and cerebellum as crucial hubs, facilitating important connections that were most predictive of language function and seizure refractoriness after surgery.
The History of Mapping

Electrophysiological mapping includes sequence of activation mapping, refractory period mapping, and voltage mapping, each of which has its own history. This review is focused on the origin and development of activation mapping. Although areas of study of clinical cardiac electrophysiology did not originate until the late 1960s, activation mapping with electrodes on the surface of the heart had its origin 6 decades earlier, and has continued to develop until incorporated into the study of experimental and clinical electrophysiology of normal and abnormal cardiac rhythms. This is a story of advances in technology that provided the tools that enabled investigators to develop and advance the field of experimental and clinical cardiac electrophysiology of normal and abnormal cardiac rhythms. We have come a long way from the early days of using the string galvanometer, and, subsequently, for decades, the roving electrode probe or catheter. This progress would not have been possible if not for the many dedicated scientists and clinicians who developed and continue to develop the field.
Substance Use among Exclusive Electronic Cigarette Users and Dual Combustible Cigarette Users: Extending Work to Adult Users

Background: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have become increasingly popular in recent years. Existing evidence indicates e-cigarettes used in isolation are less harmful than combustible cigar...
Intergenerational Service Learning Program Improves Aging Knowledge and Expectations and Reduces Ageism in Younger Adults

This article discusses a study which evaluated the effects of an intergenerational service-learning exergaming program for older adults on younger adults’ aging knowledge, expectations, and perceptions. Eighteen college students (ages 19-26 years) served as trainers for an 8-week exergaming physical activity program for older adults (12 contact hours). Questionnaires assessing aging knowledge, ageist attitudes and aging expectations were completed at Weeks 1, 8, and 25 (follow-up); program evaluations were completed at Weeks 8 and 25. Significant improvement from Week 1 to Week 25 was found for: Aging knowledge scores (p<0.03), positive aging expectations regarding mental health (p<.02), positive aging expectations regarding cognitive health (p=.043), overall aging expectations (p<.05), ageism (stereotypes) (p<.02) and ageism (separation) (p=.000). All trainers ranked their experience as “good to excellent.” This intergenerational service learning program is effective in improving aging knowledge, expectations and perceptions.
Hydrogen exchange studies of respiratory proteins. IV. A new, ligand-responsive class in hemoglobin.

Abstract As part of an ongoing survey, the early time region of hemoglobin's hydrogen exchange curve was studied to find hydrogens that respond to allosteric structure change. A difference hydrogen exchange method, previously designed for this kind of study, was used. Among the approximately 25 hydrogens per subunit studied, 7 respond to ligand binding by accelerating 14-fold in exchange rate; the remainder are ligand-indifferent. The responsive hydrogens form a first order kinetic class in both liganded and deoxyhemoglobin, and this gives further support to the "breathing" picture of hydrogen exchange. The increase in exchange rate observed indicates that the segment holding these hydrogens experiences a net structural free energy change worth +1.5 Cal in the allosteric transition.
Active faulting in the Walker Lane

[1] Deformation across the San Andreas and Walker Lane fault systems accounts for most relative Pacific–North American transform plate motion. The Walker Lane is composed of discontinuous sets of right-slip faults that are located to the east and strike approximately parallel to the San Andreas fault system. Mapping of active faults in the central Walker Lane shows that right-lateral shear is locally accommodated by rotation of crustal blocks bounded by steep-dipping east striking left-slip faults. The left slip and clockwise rotation of crustal blocks bounded by the east striking faults has produced major basins in the area, including Rattlesnake and Garfield flats; Teels, Columbus and Rhodes salt marshes; and Queen Valley. The Benton Springs and Petrified Springs faults are the major northwest striking structures currently accommodating transform motion in the central Walker Lane. Right-lateral offsets of late Pleistocene surfaces along the two faults point to slip rates of at least 1 mm/yr. The northern limit of northwest trending strike-slip faults in the central Walker Lane is abrupt and reflects transfer of strike-slip to dip-slip deformation in the western Basin and Range and transformation of right slip into rotation of crustal blocks to the north. The transfer of strike slip in the central Walker Lane to dip slip in the western Basin and Range correlates to a northward broadening of the modern strain field suggested by geodesy and appears to be a long-lived feature of the deformation field. The complexity of faulting and apparent rotation of crustal blocks within the Walker Lane is consistent with the concept of a partially detached and elastic-brittle crust that is being transported on a continuously deforming layer below. The regional pattern of faulting within the Walker Lane is more complex than observed along the San Andreas fault system to the west. The difference is attributed to the relatively less cumulative slip that has occurred across the Walker Lane and that oblique components of displacement are of opposite sense along the Walker Lane (extension) and San Andreas (contraction), respectively. Despite the gross differences in fault pattern, the Walker Lane and San Andreas also share similarities in deformation style, including clockwise rotations of crustal blocks leading to development of structural basins and the partitioning of oblique components of slip onto subparallel strike-slip and dip-slip faults.
Inhibitory role of the distal small intestine on the gastric secretory response to meals in man

Abstract The role of the distal small intestine on postprandial gastric function was determined in 6 healthy volunteers by diverting chyme from the intestine at a site 100 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz and comparing the results with those observed in the same subjects when chyme was exposed to the entire gut. Diversion of chyme increased the gastric secretory response, which suggests that the distal small intestine has an inhibitory role in postprandial gastric secretion.
Candida-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients

Abstract Ten hospitalized patients with severe diarrhea associated with intestinal Candida overgrowth are reported. Candida -associated diarrhea is predominantly of the secretory type, characterized by frequent watery stools, usually without blood, mucus, tenesmus, or abdominal pain. The patients were elderly, malnourished, and critically ill, or suffered from chronic debilitating illness. Their hospital stays were prolonged, and the majority were being treated with multiple antibiotics or chemotherapeutic agents. Diarrhea often led to dehydration, prerenal azotemia, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte imbalance. Stool culture most frequently isolated Cand. albicans in association with decreased normal flora. Colonoscopy showed no evidence of colitis. Diagnosis was made based on the absence of diarrheaproducing medications, the continuation of diarrhea despite fasting, the exclusion of other infections, inflammatory conditions and other causes of secretory diarrhea, and a dramatic reponse to a short course of nystatin.
Location and size of the shallow magma reservoir beneath Kīlauea caldera, constraints from near-source Vp/Vs ratios

We present high-resolution compressional wave to shear wave velocity ratios (Vp/Vs) beneath Kīlauea’s summit caldera by applying an in situ estimation method using waveform cross-correlation data for three similar earthquake clusters. We observe high Vp/Vs ratios (1.832 and 1.852) for two event clusters surrounded by the low background Vp/Vs value of 1.412 at ∼2.1 km depth below the surface. These high and low Vp/Vs ratios can be explained by melt- and CO2-filled cracks, respectively, based on a theoretical crack model. The event cluster with the highest Vp/Vs ratio consists of long-period events that followed the 1997 East Rift Zone eruption, indicating their association with fluid and magma movement. The depths of the two clusters with high Vp/Vs ratios are consistent with the magma reservoir location inferred from geodetic observations. Their locations east and north of Halema‘uma‘u crater suggest a horizontal extent of a few kilometers for the reservoir.
Bioactive Egg Components and Inflammation

Inflammation is a normal acute response of the immune system to pathogens and tissue injury. However, chronic inflammation is known to play a significant role in the pathophysiology of numerous chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Thus, the impact of dietary factors on inflammation may provide key insight into mitigating chronic disease risk. Eggs are recognized as a functional food that contain a variety of bioactive compounds that can influence pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways. Interestingly, the effects of egg consumption on inflammation varies across different populations, including those that are classified as healthy, overweight, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetic. The following review will discuss the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of egg components, with a focus on egg phospholipids, cholesterol, the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, and bioactive proteins. The effects of egg consumption of inflammation across human populations will additionally be presented. Together, these findings have implications for population-specific dietary recommendations and chronic disease risk.
Mapping the distribution of amobarbital sodium in the intracarotid Wada test by use of Tc-99m HMPAO with SPECT

The intracarotid amobarbital sodium, or Wada, test has been used to localize speech and memory function prior to surgical treatment of temporal lobe seizures. The authors mixed technetium-99m hexamethyl-propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) with amobarbital sodium and injected the mixture in 25 patients with epilepsy. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain was then performed to determine intracerebral distribution of the amobarbital sodium. Results of SPECT were compared with those of conventional and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The distribution of Tc-99m HMPAO and, presumably, amobarbital sodium varied from patient to patient. SPECT revealed a statistically different distribution from that predicted with conventional angiography. The distribution also often differed from that of DSA, although the difference was not significant. SPECT revealed infrequent delivery to mesial temporal lobe structures. This emphasizes the need for caution in the use of the intracarotid amobarbital sodium test to predict the outcome of removal of these areas.
All optical histology using femtosecond laser pulses

We discuss the use of femtosecond laser pulses for serial histology. Successive iterations of multiphoton imaging and ablation provide diffraction-limited volumetric data that is used to reconstruct the architectonics of labeled cells or microvasculature.
Interfacial resistance: Diffusion into a laminar liquid-liquid jet

Abstract Transient rates of diffusion through a liquid-liquid interface have been measured using a laminar jet. The system isobutanol-water at nominal contact times of 0·05 to 0·5 sec exhibits what appears to be a small interfacial resistance of approximately 80 sec/cm. Stability of the jet limits the variety of liquid pairs which can be studied. However, the method should prove useful in examining interfacial phenomena which accompany diffusion through the liquid-liquid interface.
Application of a versatile instrument for production of cutaneous anesthesia without needle penetration of the skin

A self-contained jet injector, the Syrijet Mk II, can be used for needle-less injection of anesthetic agents into the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Although designed for dental use, its compact size, simplicity, and versatility make it suited for many medical applications where a relatively small anesthetic field is desired, especially in children. It provides an anesthetic area for the introduction of standard hypodermic needles for more extensive tissue infiltration, or for definitive anesthesia for procedures such as marrow aspiration, biopsies, small lesion excision, and in certain field blocks such as digital or facial sensory. It is significantly free of side effects and complications.