cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transvaginal sonography as a screening method for ovarian cancer a report of the first 1000 cases screened

From November 1987 to April 1989, 1000 women 40 years or older underwent screening vaginal sonography at the University of Kentucky Medical Center (Lexington, KY). Patients included in this investigation were all asymptomatic and had no known pelvic abnormalities. Each ovary was measured in three planes and ovarian volume was calculated using the prolate ellipsoid formula. The upper limit of normal for ovarian volume was 18 cm3 in premenopausal women and 8 cm3 in postmenopausal women. In patients with normal scans, mean ovarian volumes decreased from 6.8 cm3 to 3.0 cm3 with menopause. Thirty-one patients (3.1%) had abnormal vaginal sonograms and 24 underwent exploratory laparotomy. All patients undergoing surgery had ovarian or fallopian tube tumors with dimensions identical to those predicted by ultrasound. Histologic diagnoses of these tumors included the following: adenocarcinoma, one, serous cystadenoma, eight; endometrioma, six; and cystic teratomas, two. Vaginal sonography was performed easily and without complications, and was well accepted by patients. All patients with normal sonograms have been rescreened annually and none have subsequently developed ovarian cancer. Further clinical trials to determine the efficacy of vaginal sonography as a screening method for ovarian cancer are indicated.
Fractals in physical geography

Since the fractal concept was introduced to measuring coastline length over three decades ago, fractal analysis has been prolifically applied to many topographic studies. A number of mathematical algorithms are now available to determine the fractal dimension for both linear and areal features. These determination methods require one or more straight-line segments to fit the Richardson's plot. A close examination of the literature shows that not all topographic features are fractal at all scales studied. While the multifractal nature of some geographical phenomena has been explored in great depth, it is not completely understood why some terrains are better modelled with fractal geometry than others. Fractal analysis has been successfully used to measure and characterize irregular linear features such as coastlines and shorelines, to describe and characterize landforms, and to delineate landform regions statistically. Fractal analysis can also be used to produce terrain simulations with a known dimension ...
Time-resolved emission spectroscopy in laser-generated argon plasmas—determination of Stark broadening parameters

Abstract We have investigated time-resolved emission spectra of neutral argon lines in a pulsed laser-generated argon plasma source at atmospheric pressure. Depending on time after spark ignition, electronic excitation temperatures between roughly 5600 and 9600 K are observed. Electron density values between 0.6 and 2.3×10 16 cm −3 are determined from Griem's theory of Stark-broadened line shapes as applied to the 703.025 nm emission line of argon. An examination of the influence of spatial averaging on temperature and electron density values indicates that for our extended plasma source only the hottest core region contributes significantly to the signal. Therefore, despite the obvious spatial inhomogeneity of the plasma source, the reported parameter values can be attributed to a plasma region where conditions vary only weakly. Within this framework, the electron contribution to the Stark-broadening parameters of 12 neutral argon lines is obtained with an estimated overall average uncertainty of about 20%. Our work demonstrates that laser produced plasmas can be used as a simple and versatile source to extract reliable Stark-broadening parameters.
Growth of Broad Breasted Bronze Turkey Poults Fed a 26 Percent Protein Diet with Different Levels of Productive Energy

Abstract SCOTT et al. (1948) showed that growth increases in turkey poults could be obtained by increasing the energy, protein and unidentified vitamin contents of the diet. The relation of growth in turkey poults to the physical form of the diet involving mash, grain, pellets, crumbles, concentrates, fiber content and combinations of these factors has been reported by many investigators (Goff, 1932–34; Goodearl and Moore, 1941; Berg and Bearse, 1947; Ziegenhagen et al., 1947; Robertson, 1950; and Bragg, 1953). Blaylock et al. (1954) fed Bronze poults high and low energy pellets with grain. These workers found no difference in average weights of the birds but feed efficiency of both males and females was improved when high energy, low fiber diets were fed, compared to low energy, high fiber rations. Dymsza et al. (1955) fed poults a 28% protein diet with energy levels of 744, 539 and 341 Calories per pound …
Short-term outcomes of aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in eyes previously treated with other vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors.

Purpose To report results of aflibercept therapy in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration previously treated with bevacizumab, ranibizumab, or both. Design Retrospective, interventional, noncomparative, consecutive case series. Methods Ninety-six eyes from 85 patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration who previously had received bevacizumab, ranibizumab, or both were treated with aflibercept monthly for 3 months followed by a fourth injection within 2 months. Outcomes were determined 4 ± 1 months after the first aflibercept dose and included: proportion of patients gaining or losing 2 lines or more of best-corrected visual acuity, proportion remaining within a gain or loss of 1 line, mean change in logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution visual acuity, mean change in central foveal thickness, mean change in macular cube volume, and qualitative anatomic response as assessed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Results At baseline, 82 (85%) eyes had signs of active exudation despite a mean of 17 previous anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injections. At final visit, 82 (85%) remained stable within a gain or loss of 1 line, 7 (7%) gained 2 lines or more, and 7 (7%) lost 2 lines or more of best-corrected visual acuity. Mean logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution visual acuity showed minimal change 0.02 (range, −0.46 to 0.70; P = .14). Mean central foveal thickness decreased −18 μm (range, −242 to 198 μm; P = .06). Mean macular volume decreased −0.27 mm 3 (95% confidence interval, −0.4 to −0.1 mm 3 ; P = .004). On qualitative analysis, 4 (5%) eyes had complete resolution of exudative fluid, 40 (49%) showed partial resolution, 26 (32%) remained unchanged, and 12 (14%) showed worsened exudative fluid. Conclusions Aflibercept seems to be an effective alternative for neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients previously treated with bevacizumab, ranibizumab, or both at 4 months of follow-up. Most treated eyes demonstrated stable visual acuity and anatomic improvements by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.
A general framework for object detection

This paper presents a general trainable framework for object detection in static images of cluttered scenes. The detection technique we develop is based on a wavelet representation of an object class derived from a statistical analysis of the class instances. By learning an object class in terms of a subset of an overcomplete dictionary of wavelet basis functions, we derive a compact representation of an object class which is used as an input to a support vector machine classifier. This representation overcomes both the problem of in-class variability and provides a low false detection rate in unconstrained environments. We demonstrate the capabilities of the technique in two domains whose inherent information content differs significantly. The first system is face detection and the second is the domain of people which, in contrast to faces, vary greatly in color, texture, and patterns. Unlike previous approaches, this system learns from examples and does not rely on any a priori (hand-crafted) models or motion-based segmentation. The paper also presents a motion-based extension to enhance the performance of the detection algorithm over video sequences. The results presented here suggest that this architecture may well be quite general.
Determinants of Lichen Diversity in a Rain Forest Understory

Change in lichen diversity is often used as a bioindicator to estimate effects of atmospheric pollution, but natural variation in lichen cover and species richness can be very high. We examined the top-down effects of spore-consuming ants and the bottom-up effects of nutrient and light availability on lichen diversity associated with the leaf surface of the rain forest understory plant, Piper cenocladum. Plots containing P. cenocladum were randomly assigned to treatments in factorial experiments that included high and low light levels, nutrient enrichment, and presence and absence of the ant mutualist, Pheidole bicornis. At the conclusion of the experiments, plants were harvested and size of leaves, secondary metabolite content (amides), epiphyll cover, and the species richness of the lichens (which comprised 85% of the epiphyll community) were quantified. Epiphyll cover (mosses, liverworts, and lichens) was greater on plants that had ant-mutualists and balanced resources. Lichen species richness was greater for plants with balanced resources, particularly for those with high light availability. Relationships between toxins and lichen cover and richness were weak and unclear. In this system, natural sources of variation were reliable determinants of lichen diversity and both biotic and abiotic influences were important.
Extrusion of YAG Tubes Shows that Bottom‐up Processing is Not Always Optimal

Liquid-feed flame spray pyrolysis provides easily dispersed, unaggregated nanopowders with average particle sizes of 20–70 nm depending on the processing conditions. Their chemical compositions can be controlled to ppm levels via control of the initial precursor solution. In this paper, Y3Al5O12 composition nanopowders are produced that are atomically mixed but offer a hexagonal crystal structure rather than a YAG structure. Y2O3 and δ-Al2O3 nanopowders are also produced and mixed to evaluate reactive sintering. It is shown that nanopowder/polymer mixtures permit the extrusion of tubes that retain their shape on debindering and sintering to ≥95% theoretical density. More importantly, the sintering behavior of hex-Y3Al5O12 is compared with that of tubes formed using 3:5 Y2O3:δ-Al2O3 mixtures to test the so-called bottom-up paradigm, which suggests that mixing on the finest length scales should provide optimal control of sintering rates, final densities, and grain sizes. Instead, it is found that reactive sintering is faster and offers better control of final grain sizes. Dense sintered tubes are translucent, and dimensional uniformity is maintained from extrusion through sintering.
Inhibition of E2F Activity by the Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitor p21 in Cells Expressing or Lacking a Functional Retinoblastoma Protein

p21Sdi1/WAF1/Cip1 inhibits cyclin-dependent protein kinases and cell proliferation. p21 is presumed to inhibit growth by preventing the phosphorylation of growth-regulatory proteins, including the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRb). The ultimate effector(s) of p21 growth inhibition, however, is largely a matter of conjecture. We show that p21 inhibits the activity of E2F, an essential growth-stimulatory transcription factor that is negatively regulated by unphosphorylated pRb. p21 suppressed the activity of E2F-responsive promoters (dihydrofolate reductase and cdc2), but E2F-unresponsive promoters (c-fos and simian virus 40 early) were unaffected. Moreover, the simian virus 40 early promoter was rendered p21 suppressible by introducing wild-type, but not mutant, E2F binding sites; p21 deletion mutants showed good agreement in their abilities to inhibit E2F transactivation and DNA synthesis; and E2F-1 (which binds pRb), but not E2F-4 (which does not), reversed both inhibitory effects of p21. Despite the central role for pRb in regulating E2F, p21 suppressed growth and E2F activity in cells lacking a functional pRb. Moreover, p21 protein (wild type but not mutant) specifically disrupted an E2F-cyclin-dependent protein kinase 2-p107 DNA binding complex in nuclear extracts of proliferating cells, whether or not they expressed normal pRb. Thus, E2F is a critical target and ultimate effector of p21 action, and pRb is not essential for the inhibition of growth or E2F-dependent transcription.
Pan-eukaryote ITS2 homologies revealed by RNA secondary structure

For evolutionary comparisons, phylogenetics and evaluation of potential interbreeding taxa of a species, various loci have served for animals and plants and protistans. One [second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA] is highly suitable for all. Its sequence is species specific. It has already been used extensively and very successfully for plants and some protistans, and a few animals (where historically, the mitochondrial genes have dominated species studies). Despite initial impressions that ITS2 is too variable, it has proven to provide useful biological information at higher taxonomic levels, even across all eukaryotes, thanks to the conserved aspects of its transcript secondary structure. The review of all eukaryote groups reveals that ITS2 is expandable, but always retains in its RNA transcript a common core structure of two helices with hallmark characteristics important for ribosomal RNA processing. This aspect of its RNA transcript secondary structure can rescue difficult alignment problems, making the ITS2 a more powerful tool for phylogenetics. Equally important, the recognition of eukaryote-wide homology regions provides extensive and detailed information to test experimental studies of ribosomal rRNA processing.
High motility group overexpression accelerates T-cell leukemogenesis.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy seen in childhood. Improvements in therapy for ALL have resulted in marked increases in overall survival. Specifically, cure rates o...
Concept mapping in agile usability: a case study

In this paper we report on the experience of using our concept mapping approach on an agile software project to assess its fitness. Participants used our novel concept mapping approach over a four week period during the development of a software tool for a local nonprofit agency. Results indicate that our concept mapping approach has value as a visual tool in agile usability environments.
Análisis a los Algoritmos Utilizados por el Software para BI

El proposito de este trabajo es examinar cuales son los algoritmos que utilizan los paquetes de software mas populares para BI. Una encuesta inicial informal muestra que los actuales paquetes de software de BI incluyen a la mayoria de algoritmos descritos en la literatura de los paquetes estadisticos tradicionales. Ademas, una de las principales diferencias entre el software para BI y los paquetes estadisticos tradicionales es que el primero tiene mejores caracteristicas para los reportes.
Comparing and analyzing definitions in multi-jurisdictions

Regulatory definitions establish the scope and boundary for legal statements and provide software designers with means to assess the coverage of their designs under the law. However, the number of phrases that serve to define this boundary in a legal statement are usually large and often a simple legal statement contains or is affected by up to 10 definition-related phrases. In addition, software designers may need to design their software to operate under multiple jurisdictions, which may not use the same terminology to express conditions. Thus, it is necessary for designers to keep track of definitions in one or more regulations and to compare these definitions across jurisdictions. In this paper we report a study to develop a method to analyze and compare natural language definitions across legal texts and how to analyze the legal statements with respect to definitions. Our method helps reduce the number of comparison between definitions across multiple jurisdictions as well as allows software designers keep track of several inter-related definitions in a systematic way.
The national determinants of deforestation in sub-Saharan Africa

For decades, the dynamics of tropical deforestation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have defied easy explanation. The rates of deforestation have been lower than elsewhere in the tropics, and the driving forces evident in other places, government new land settlement schemes and industrialized agriculture, have largely been absent in SSA. The context and causes for African deforestation become clearer through an analysis of new, national-level data on forest cover change for SSA countries for the 2000–2005 period. The recent dynamic in SSA varies from dry to wet biomes. Deforestation occurred at faster rates in nations with predominantly dry forests. The wetter Congo basin countries had lower rates of deforestation, in part because tax receipts from oil and mineral industries in this region spurred rural to urban migration, declines in agriculture and increased imports of cereals from abroad. In this respect, the Congo basin countries may be experiencing an oil and mineral fuelled forest transition. Small farmers play a more important role in African deforestation than they do in southeast Asia and Latin America, in part because small-scale agriculture remains one of the few livelihoods open to rural peoples.
Female Suicide Bombers and Burdensomeness

Brief case descriptions from journalists are presented to illustrate the role of traumatic experiences, the sense of being a burden to their families, and shame and humiliation in female suicide bombers.
Fractionated crystallization of α‐ and β‐nucleated polypropylene droplets

A layer multiplying coextrusion process was used to produce multilayered polypropylene/polystyrene (PP/PS) films with various nucleating agents. When heated into the melt, the thin PP layers broke up into submicron PP droplets that exhibited fractionated crystallization. If the initial PP layers were 20 nm or less, the resulting droplets exhibited exclusively homogeneous nucleation. If a nucleating agent was added, the systematic departure from homogeneous nucleation provided insight into the nature of the heterogeneous nucleation. In this study, we used thermal analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and wide angle X-Ray scattering (WAXS) to examine the effect of two nucleating agents. We confirmed with WAXS and AFM that a soluble sorbitol nucleating agent for the PP α-form operates in three concentration regimes as proposed in a previous study. Morphologically, homogeneous nucleation of the submicron droplets produced a granular texture. The correlation length from small-angle X-Ray scattering (SAXS) suggested that the grains contained 1–3 mesophase domains. Drawing on classical nucleation theory, the critical size nucleus of an individual mesophase domain was estimated to be about 2 nm3, which was considerably smaller than the mesophase domain. This pointed to mesophase crystallization that included the processes of nucleation and growth. Additional experiments were performed with nucleating agents for the PP β-form. However, they were not effective in nucleating crystallization of the droplets, presumably because they were essentially insoluble in PP and the nucleating particles were too large to be accommodated in the PP droplets. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
PROPERTY RIGHTS, TRADE, AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS USING ALTERNATIVE MEASURES

The effect that the components of the Economic Freedom of the World Index (Gwartney, Lawson, and Block, 2004) have on alternative measurements of well being is investigated. The objective is to observe the effect of trade policies and property rights on the quality of life using the Human Development Index (UNDP, 1995) and the Index of Human Progress (Emes and Hahn, 2001). Positive results are found with regard to the effect of property rights, free trade, and limited regulation on the quality of life. The results for property rights are robust.
Micro mechanical single crystal silicon fracture studies torsion and bending

We introduce a micro electro mechanical system to characterize materials as their size is reduced to submicron scale. We employ the system to study the strength of a single crystal silicon pillar subjected to twisting and bending. The minimum width of the pillar is 0.5 /spl mu/m. Its length is less than 10 /spl mu/m. It twists by more than 20/spl deg/ before failure. The maximum normal and shear stress at failure are estimated to be 20 GPa and 8.5 GPa respectively.
A zero-length bellows for the PEP-II High-Energy Ring

Due to beamline space constrictions and the modular design of the vacuum system, a conventional bellows can not be used everywhere in the PEP-II High-Energy Ring (HER) arcs. A zero-length "Flex Flange" was developed which actually performs better than a more standard bellows. The Flex Flange fits the space available while still preserving the modularity of the system. Furthermore, the design provides for an accurate match-up between adjoining octagonal copper chambers despite the large fabrication and assembly tolerances and high operational loads. Beam chamber continuity is ensured by an integral RF seal ring which is easy to install and fault-tolerant. Heating from synchrotron radiation and higher-order mode trapping is managed to ensure a robust connection despite the 3000 mA beam current of the PEP-II HER. The Flex Flange concept is versatile and adaptable to many applications, yet economical both in space needed and cost.
Estimation of spurious radiation from microstrip etches using closed-form Green's functions

The problem of spurious radiation from electronic packages is considered by investigating the power radiated from microstrip etches that are excited by arbitrarily located current sources and terminated by complex loads at both ends. The first step in the procedure is to compute the current distribution on the microstrip line by using the method of moments (MoM). Two contributions of this paper are: (i) employing the recently derived closed-form Green's functions in the spatial domain, which permits an efficient computation of the elements of the MoM matrix; and (ii) incorporating complex load terminations in a convenient manner with virtually no increase in the computation time. The computed current distribution is used to calculate the spurious radiated power, and the result is compared with that derived by using an approximate, transmission line analysis. >
Prediction of Genetic Interactions Using Machine Learning and Network Properties.

A genetic interaction is a type of interaction where the effect of one gene is modified by the effect of one or several other genes. These interactions are important for delineating functional relationships among genes and their corresponding proteins, as well as elucidating complex biological processes and diseases. An important type of genetic interaction - synthetic sickness or synthetic lethality - involves two or more genes, where the loss of either gene alone has little impact on cell viability, but the combined loss of all genes leads to a severe decrease in fitness (sickness) or cell death (lethality). The identification of genetic interactions is an important problem for it can help delineate pathways, protein complexes and regulatory dependencies. Synthetic lethal interactions have important clinical and biological significance, such as providing therapeutically exploitable weaknesses in tumors. While near systematic high-content screening for genetic interactions is possible in single cell organisms such as yeast, the systematic discovery of genetic interactions is extremely difficult in mammalian cells. Therefore, there is a great need for computational approaches to reliably predict genetic interactions, including synthetic lethal interactions, in these organisms. Here, we review the state-of-the-art approaches, strategies, and rigorous evaluation methods for learning and predicting genetic interactions, both under general (healthy/standard laboratory) conditions and under specific contexts, like diseases.
Molecular bases of low production rates of apolipoprotein B-100 and truncated apoB-82 in a mutant HepG2 cell line generated by targeted modification of the apolipoprotein B gene.

In subjects with familial hypobetalipoproteine- mia heterozygous for truncated forms of apolipoprotein B, both apoB-100 and the truncated forms are produced at lower than expected rates. We studied the mechanism of low levels of apoB in a cell model produced by targeted modification of the apob gene of HepG2 cells. One of the three alleles of apob was found to be targeted. The targeted cells expressed apoB-100 and B-82. The media of mutant cells contained 56% of the levels of apoB-100 present in the media of wild-type (WT) HepG2 cells. ApoB-82 was present at 11% of the apoB-100 levels in mutant cell media. An 85- kD protein (apoB-15) representing the N-terminal fragment of apoB was also secreted, but only in the mutant cell me- dia. We examined the mechanism of low levels of apoB-82. Cellular apoB-82 mRNA was 11% of apoB-100 mRNA, lower than the 33% expected, but consistent with relative levels of apoB-82 in the media. ApoB mRNA transcription in WT and the mutant cells did not differ, while the levels of apoB-82 mRNA in nuclei and polysomes were 46% and 12% of the levels of apoB-100 mRNA, respectively, suggesting that the lower levels of apoB-82 mRNA were due to altered message stability. In a pulse/chase experiment with ( 35 S) methionine, at zero time of chase, the amounts of apoB-100 in mutant cells was 66% that of WT levels, consistent with the modification of one allele. The fractions of newly syn- thesized apoB-100 secreted into the media at 2 h were 10% in the mutant cells and 19% in the WT cells, suggesting greater presecretory degradation of apoB-100 in the mutant cells. Thus, low levels of mutant apoB-82 mRNA gave rise to the low levels of apoB-82, while low levels of apoB-100 were due to low rates of secretion. —Srivastava, R. A. K., N. Srivastava, M. Averna, A. B. Cefalu, and G. Schonfeld. Mo- lecular bases of low production rates of apolipoprotein B- 100 and truncated apoB-82 in a mutant HepG2 cell line gen- erated by targeted modification of the apolipoprotein B gene. J. Lipid Res. 1999. 40: 901-912.
A method to assess soil erosion from smallholder farmers' fields: a case study from Malawi.

Soil erosion by water is a major threat to sustainable food production systems in Africa. This study presents a qualitative soil erosion assessment method that links the number of broken ridges (NBRS) observed on a smallholder farmer’s field after a rain event to factors of soil erosion (e.g., rainfall intensity, slope steepness, crop canopy height, and conservation practice) and to soil loss data measured from a runoff plot and receiving small streams. The assessment method consists of a rapid survey of smallholder farmers combined with field monitoring. Results show an indirect relationship between NBRS and factors of soil erosion. Results also show a direct relationship between NBRS and suspended sediment concentrations measured from an experimental runoff plot and receiving streams that drain the sub-watersheds where farmers’ fields are located. Given the limited human and financial resources available to soil erosion research in developing countries, monitoring NBRS is a simple, cost-effective, and reliable erosion assessment method for regions where smallholder farmers practice contour ridging.
Transient micropackets for silicon dioxide and polymer-based vaporizable electronics

We report, for the first time, arrayable self-contained transient micropackets as building blocks to realize vaporizable electronics. Transience is controlled by a one-shot micro-valve, with 2.2 mJ trigger energy, 15.4 msec trigger-time and 100% triggering yield, which exposes nanoliter reactive rubidium droplets to air. The oxygen in air oxidizes the rubidium exothermically, generating heat that vaporizes the low-temperature degradable polymer substrate, which forms the substrate for the packets. Here we also demonstrate micro-packets of sodium biflouride (NaHF2), which decomposes on heating to etch 1 μm oxide electronics substrate in 1 minute. With co-packaging of rubidium and NaHF2, we demonstrate a pathway to fully transient packaged electronics.
Asymmetric boosting

A cost-sensitive extension of boosting, denoted as asymmetric boosting, is presented. Unlike previous proposals, the new algorithm is derived from sound decision-theoretic principles, which exploit the statistical interpretation of boosting to determine a principled extension of the boosting loss. Similarly to AdaBoost, the cost-sensitive extension minimizes this loss by gradient descent on the functional space of convex combinations of weak learners, and produces large margin detectors. It is shown that asymmetric boosting is fully compatible with AdaBoost, in the sense that it becomes the latter when errors are weighted equally. Experimental evidence is provided to demonstrate the claims of cost-sensitivity and large margin. The algorithm is also applied to the computer vision problem of face detection, where it is shown to outperform a number of previous heuristic proposals for cost-sensitive boosting (AdaCost, CSB0, CSB1, CSB2, asymmetric-AdaBoost, AdaC1, AdaC2 and AdaC3).
Market Integration and Portfolio Strategy

This technical note describes the degree to which emerging markets are integrated with the global market and the implications for portfolio strategy. See also two other related notes on emerging markets (UVA-F-1453 and UVA-F-1455).
A Geometric View of Some Apportionment Paradoxes

(1992). A Geometric View of Some Apportionment Paradoxes. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 3-17.
Energy Level Alignment and Morphology of Ag and Au Nanoparticle Recombination Contacts in Tandem Planar Heterojunction Solar Cells

We present the interface characterization of vacuum-deposited metal nanoparticle recombination layers (Ag, Au; 1 nm equivalent thickness) at donor/acceptor heterojunctions comprising copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and C60 as model interfaces for tandem planar heterojunction organic photovoltaics (TOPVs). We compare the extent to which voltage doubling occurs using these two metal recombination contacts (RC) in TOPVs (ITO/CuPc/C60/(Ag,Au)/CuPc/C60/BCP/Al) and correlate the differences with energetic dissimilarities revealed by UV-photoemission (UPS) and inverse photoemission (IPES) spectroscopies, and morphology as revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Ag interlayer RCs produce the expected voltage doubling in the open-circuit voltage (VOC) for the TOPV, whereas Au RCs showed poor voltage addition. Significant shifts in ionization potential and electron affinity and shifts in local work function were observed for C60/metal heterojunctions and for ...
RNA editing in cancer: Mechanistic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications

We have recently provided a comprehensive analysis of A-to-I RNA editing events in various cancer types, revealing many clinically relevant RNA editing sites and demonstrating that RNA editing can selectively affect cancer drug sensitivity. Our results unveil mechanistic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications for RNA editing in cancer.
Prelude to a Much-Needed Study: Subject Headings: the History and Theory of the Alphabetical Subject Approach to Books

(1947). Prelude to a Much-Needed Study: Subject Headings: the History and Theory of the Alphabetical Subject Approach to Books. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 277-278.
Large field-of-view wavefront control for deep brain imaging(Conference Presentation)

The biggest obstacle for deep tissue imaging is the scattering of light due to the heterogeneous distribution of biological tissue. In this respect, multiphoton microscopy has an inherent advantage as the scattering is significantly reduced by the use of longer excitation wavelengths. However, as we go deeper into the brain, effects of scattering still accumulate resulting in a loss of resolution and increased background noise. Adaptive optics is an ideal tool of choice to correct for such distortions of the excitation wavefront; the incident light can be tuned to cancel out the wavefront distortion experienced while propagating into greater depths resulting in a diffraction limited focus at the depth of interest. However, the biggest limitation of adaptive optics for in vivo brain imaging is its limited corrected field-of-view (FOV). For typical multiphoton laser scanning microscopes, the wavefront corrector for adaptive optics is placed at the pupil plane. This means that a single correction wavefront is applied to the entire scanned FOV which results in inefficient correction as the correction is averaged over the entire FOV. In this work, we demonstrate a novel approach to measure and display different correction wavefronts over different segments of the FOV. The application of the different correction wavefronts for each segment is realized in parallel resulting in fast aberration corrected imaging over a large FOV for high resolution in vivo brain imaging.
Comparative Research on Grid-Connection Modes for Huge Power Supplies

Hereafter some large-scale power plants even huge hydropower stations will be built up in Northwest and Southwest China. What kind of grid-connection modes to be applied to these large-scale or huge power suppliers and the relevant grid-connection principles to be followed by these power suppliers are the problems to be researched and solved. Firstly,the transient stability of the modes by which some kinds of huge power suppliers are connected with AC power grid is analyzed and compared in detail; then a detailed transient stability simulation of a certain large-scale demonstration system is performed; finally some helpful conclusions are obtained:in the general situation,the bundling power transmission mode is favorable to increase the stability of sending system; if it is helpful to evidently increase the inertia of the equivalent leading group,the mode that connects the huge power supplier with sending system will be helpful to enhance the stability of sending system,however it is necessary to perform simulation and analysis while these principles are applied to FACT systems.
Social Inequality and HCI: The View from Political Economy

Massive changes in the economy and computing technology in recent years call for a close examination of their relationship. Changes include a broad range of topics and issues, some of which directly and crucially fall within the purview of HCI research and practice. We propose a perspective that engages issues of political economy, with a focus on social inequality. We introduce some of the history of concepts of this perspective, and discuss implications for HCI. We observe that practical and conceptual resources within HCI for considering political economy and inequality are emerging.
The Soviet Union and the Contemporary Political Situation in Southern Africa

Soviet leaders have an interest in impeding Western access to the raw materials and minerals in Southern Africa and in disrupting Western use of the sea lanes around the Southern end of the continent.(David Albright, 1982)
The immunology of asthma: Asthma phenotypes and their implications for personalized treatment

Abstract Objectives To review current thinking regarding the role of personalized phenotype-driven as opposed to broad guideline-based therapies in asthma and to speculate on the relative contributions of innate (lung) and adaptive (T and B lymphocyte) roles in asthma pathogenesis. Data Sources PubMed literature review. Study Selections Articles pertaining to asthma pathogenesis, with emphasis on those that included biotherapeutic interventions. Results Current methods allow asthma to be divided into phenotypes characterized by the presence or absence of eosinophilic inflammation. Corticosteroids are likely to be only effective in the context of eosinophilic inflammation. Similarly, interventions with biotherapeutic agents currently available or in development have efficacious only when administered to patients with asthma of relevant phenotypes. Conclusion The availability of biotherapeutic agents that target IgE, interleukin (IL) 5, and, in the near future, IL-13 is an exciting vindication of molecular medicine. However, these biotherapeutic agents are only effective when targeted to patients with specific asthma phenotypes. In Promising biotherapeutic targets are the airway epithelial–derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Targeting these lung epithelial–derived mediators, instead of products of the adaptive immune system, may be more likely to improve day-to-day asthma symptoms in contrast to agents that target the adaptive immune system, approaches that primarily act to ameliorate asthma exacerbations.
Local Geometry of the Fermi Surface and Magnetoacoustic Oscillations in Metals

The absorption coefficient and velocity of sound propagating in a metal at right angles to the applied magnetic field B in the region of moderately strong magnetic fields for which the inequalities Ωτ ≫ 1 and q R ≫ 1 are satisfied simultaneously (2R is the characteristic diameter of the cyclotron orbit and q is the wave vector of the acoustic wave) oscillate as a result of variation of the magnetic field. These oscillations, which are known as geometrical oscillations, are generated as a result of the periodic reproduction of the most favorable conditions for the absorption of the acoustic wave energy by electrons moving along the wave front. Their period is determined by the extremal diameter 2Rex of the Fermi surface of the metal.
Oncocardiology—Past, Present, and Future: A Review

Importance Oncocardiology is a medical discipline that focuses on the identification, prevention, and treatment of cardiovascular complications related to cancer therapy. This discipline has gained interest from the cardiology community in recent years because of a remarkable increase in the number of cancer survivors and the proliferation of new cancer therapies causing cardiovascular complications, such as hypertension, heart failure, vascular complications, and cardiac arrhythmia. In this review, we provide historical perspectives, highlight new discoveries, and speculate on the opportunity created by merging the research interests and clinical practices of cardiology and oncology. Observations The old paradigm of anthracycline cardiotoxic effects is replaced by new insights that anthracycline targets topoisomerase II β to cause DNA double-strand breaks and a profound change in the transcriptome leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species and the development of mitochondriopathy. Prevention of anthracycline cardiotoxic effects should be based on inhibiting or degrading topoisomerase II β. New challenges were posed by the introduction of trastuzumab and tyrosine kinase inhibitors that revolutionized cancer therapy. The on-target cardiotoxic effects of trastuzumab were owing to a prosurvival benefit of Her2 that binds to neuregulin, whereas the off-target effect of multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors may be mediated by disruption of the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway or the stress-induced angiogenesis. Sensitive imaging techniques, such as global strain, and biomarkers have allowed for early detection of cardiotoxic effects. Early treatment with heart failure medications may be beneficial in preventing the development of late cardiotoxic effects. Conclusions and Relevance Close collaboration between cardiologists and oncologists is required to meet the demand of an increasing number of cancer survivors. New insights based on mechanistic studies or genetic discoveries will pave the way for better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer therapy-induced cardiovascular complications.
Reproductive coercion a systematic review

Reproductive coercion is a behavior that interferes with the autonomous decision-making of a woman, with regard to reproductive health. It may take the form of birth control sabotage, pregnancy coercion, or controlling the outcome of a pregnancy. The objectives of this article are to address the questions: (1) What is known about reproductive coercion, its prevalence, and correlates? (2) What strategies do women use to preserve their reproductive autonomy when experiencing reproductive coercion? (3) What interventions are effective to decrease reproductive coercion? In this review of 27 research studies, 12 contained findings regarding the general phenomenon of reproductive coercion and 19 contained findings about at least one component of reproductive coercion. Additionally, 11 studies contained findings related to the intersection of intimate partner violence (IPV) and reproductive coercion, 6 presented data on strategies women use to resist reproductive coercion, and 3 included intervention data. Variation in measurement makes synthesis of prevalence and correlate data challenging. The reviewed literature presents reproductive coercion as a phenomenon that disproportionately affects women experiencing concurrent IPV, women of lower socioeconomic status, single women, and African American, Latina and multiracial women. Women who experience reproductive coercion were found to present frequently for certain health services. Most data on reproductive coercion are descriptive, and there is need for further research to examine the co-occurrence with related phenomena such as IPV and unintended pregnancy. More research is also needed on the strategies women use to resist reproductive coercion as well as interventions aimed at survivors and perpetrators of reproductive coercion and health-care providers who encounter them.
Modularization strategy for syngas generation in chemical looping methane reforming systems with CO2 as feedstock

This study considers a CO2 feedstock in conventional methane reforming processes and metal oxide lattice oxygen based chemical looping reforming. Lattice oxygen from iron-titanium composite metal oxide provides the most efficient co-utilization of CO2 with CH4. A modularization chemical looping strategy is developed to further improve process efficiencies using a thermodynamic rationale. Modularization leverages the ability of two or more reactors operating in parallel to produce a higher quality syngas than a single reactor operating alone while offering a direct solution to scale up of multiple parallel reactor processes. Experiments conducted validate the thermodynamic simulation results. Simulation and experimental results ascertain that a cocurrent moving bed in a modularization system can operate under CO2 neutral or negative conditions. The results for a modularization process system for 7950 m3 per day (50,000 barrels per day) of liquid fuel indicate a ∼23% reduction of natural gas usage over baseline-case. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3343–3360, 2017
Disruptive Models in Primary Care: Caring for High-Needs, High-Cost Populations

Starfield and colleagues have suggested four overarching attributes of good primary care: "first-contact access for each need; long-term person- (not disease) focused care; comprehensive care for most health needs; and coordinated care when it must be sought elsewhere." As this series on reinventing primary care highlights, there is a compelling need for new care delivery models that would advance these objectives. This need is particularly urgent for high-needs, high-cost (HNHC) populations. By definition, HNHC patients require extensive attention and consume a disproportionate share of resources, and as a result they strain traditional office-based primary care practices. In this essay, we offer a clinical vignette highlighting the challenges of caring for HNHC populations. We then describe two categories of primary care-based approaches for managing HNHC populations: complex case management, and specialized clinics focused on HNHC patients. Although complex case management programs can be incorporated into or superimposed on the traditional primary care system, such efforts often fail to engage primary care clinicians and HNHC patients, and proven benefits have been modest to date. In contrast, specialized clinics for HNHC populations are more disruptive, as care for HNHC patients must be transferred to a multidisciplinary team that can offer enhanced care coordination and other support. Such specialized clinics may produce more substantial benefits, though rigorous evaluation of these programs is needed. We conclude by suggesting policy reforms to improve care for HNHC populations.
Superstrider associative array architecture: Approved for unlimited unclassified release: SAND2017-7089 C

We define the Superstrider architecture and report simulation results that show it could be key to achieving HIVE hardware goals. Superstrider's performance comes from a novel sparse-to-dense stream converter, which relies on 3D manufacturing to tightly couple DRAM to an internal network so operations like merging and parallel prefix can be performed quickly and efficiently. With the ability to use the stream converter as a programming primitive, the memory-bound low-level graph operations that we are aware of speed up substantially. We give special attention to triangle counting in this paper. Simulations detailed elsewhere1 show 50–1,000× improvement in speed and energy efficiency. The low end of the range should be achievable by constructing a custom controller for current High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) where the high end would require fully integrated 3D that is on roadmaps for the future.
The Parable of Kitty Genovese, the New York Times, and the Erasure of Lesbianism

T h e 1964 r a p e a n d m u r d e r o f catherine “Kitty” Genovese in New York city shocked the city, the nation, and the world, but not because a young white woman had been viciously assaulted in public. Media attention instead focused immediately on “thirty-eight witnesses”—men and women living nearby in seemingly safe, semi-suburban Kew Gardens—who allegedly did not want to “get involved” by going to her aid. The New York Times reported that, despite their awareness of the brutal assault that took place just outside their apartment windows, no one called the police. In subsequent articles from the Times the failure of these witnesses to act became symptomatic of a city in a crisis of apathy and an example of a psychic illness threatening the body politic. Unlike other contemporaneous tales of urban crime that offered detailed descriptions of the young women involved, the victim in this case—a twenty-eight-year-old Italian american bar manager who lived in Queens with her female lover—was reduced rhetorically to a chalk outline on the sidewalk: editor a. M. rosenthal’s accounts in the New York Times erased her from the story.
Involving Family Members of Children With OCD in CBT

Abstract Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic, impairing condition associated with high levels of family accommodation. Research shows that involving families in treatment helps shape outcomes for youth with OCD. Specifically, the way a family reacts and copes when faced with OCD symptoms plays an important role in the course and maintenance of the disorder. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of specific family factors that are associated with child and adolescent OCD, and we document their links to CBT outcomes. We then detail additional skills focusing on self-soothing, resolving broader family conflicts, and troubleshooting around barriers to successful treatment.