cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-Time Non-rigid Registration of Medical Images on a Cooperative Parallel Architecture

Unacceptable execution time of Non-rigid registration (NRR) often presents amajor obstacle to its routine clinical use. Parallel computing is aneffective way to accelerate NRR. However, development of efficient parallelNRR codes is a very challenging task. One desirable approach is to map theexisting sequential algorithm to the parallel architecture to gain speedupinstead of designing a new parallel algorithm. Multicores and GPU provide usa cooperative architecture, in which both Single Instruction Multiple Data(SIMD) and Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) programming models can co-existand complement each other. We present a method to parallelize aNRR on this cooperative architecture. Our approach is first to separate thesequential algorithm into regular and irregular parts. We then map the regularpart on GPU following SIMD paradigm and irregular part on multicores in a SPMD fashion. Unlike the approaches that use multicores orGPU alone, our approach leads to desirable speedup for the whole applicationby taking advantage of all components of the cooperative parallelarchitecture, for all individual parts of the application. This helps us toget closer to our goal: cheaper and faster NRR that leads to its morewidespread use. The results on clinical brain MRI data showthat the GPU-based Block Matching (regular part) can run at least 1.9 timesfaster than on a typical cluster of workstations with eighthigh-performance nodes. The multicores-based implementation of theincremental finite element solver (irregular part) achieves speedup of up to7 times compared to its sequential version. As a result, the total run timeof the NRR code can be reduced to less than 1 minute therefore satisfyingthe real time requirement for its clinical application.
The role of anticipation of post-session feeding in increasing resistance to punishment

A previous study had obtained in two experimental conditions an extremely heightened resistance to electric shocks of an aversive intensity. Throughout a month of testing, Ss delivered to themselves 20 shocks per day via bar-pressing. Testing was continued even beyond one month in the present study, which investigated the role of anticipation of post-session feeding as an explanation of the increasing resistance. When rats were detained in a Skinner box or in their home cages before feeding, their performance curves stopped rising and, in some cases, underwent a decline.
Decision Theory: What "Should" the Nervous System Do?

The purpose of our nervous system is to allow us to successfully interact with our environment. This normative idea is formalized by decision theory that defines which choices would be most beneficial. We live in an uncertain world, and each decision may have many possible outcomes; choosing the best decision is thus complicated. Bayesian decision theory formalizes these problems in the presence of uncertainty and often provides compact models that predict observed behavior. With its elegant formalization of the problems faced by the nervous system, it promises to become a major inspiration for studies in neuroscience.
Design of a robotic system for MRI-guided deep brain stimulation electrode placement

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a technique for influencing brain function though the use of implanted electrodes. Direct magnetic resonance (MR) image guidance during DBS insertion would provide many benefits; most significantly, interventional MRI can be used for planning, monitoring of tissue deformation, real-time visualization of insertion, and confirmation of placement. The accuracy of standard stereotactic insertion is limited by registration errors and brain movement during surgery. With real-time acquisition of high-resolution MR images during insertion, probe placement can be confirmed intra-operatively. Direct MR guidance has not yet taken hold because it is often confounded by a number of issues including: MR-compatibility of existing stereotactic surgery equipment and patient access in the scanner bore. The high resolution images required for neurosurgical planning and guidance require high-field MR (1.5–3T); thus, any system must be capable of working within the constraints of a closed, long-bore diagnostic magnet. Currently, no technological solution exists to assist MRI guided neurosurgical interventions in an accurate, simple, and economical manner.We present the design of a robotic assistant system that overcomes these difficulties and promises safe and reliable electrode placement in the brain inside closed high-field MRI scanners. The robot performs the insertion under real-time 3T MR image guidance. This paper described analysis of the workspace requirements, MR compatibility evaluation, and mechanism design.
A second-order finite difference approximation for a mathematical model of erythropoiesis

We present a second-order finite difference scheme for approximating solutions of a mathematical model of erythropoiesis, which consists of two nonlinear partial differential equations and one nonlinear ordinary differential equation. We show that the scheme achieves second-order accuracy for smooth solutions. We compare this scheme to a previously developed first-order method and show that the first order method requires significantly more computational time to provide solutions with similar accuracy. We also compare this numerical scheme with other well-known second-order methods and show that it has better capability in approximating discontinuous solutions. Finally, we present an application to recovery after blood loss. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013
The incidence and prevalence of comorbidity in multiple sclerosis

It is generally accepted that comorbidity, the presence of one or more co-occurring conditions or diseases, increases with age, and is common in patients with a chronic disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS). And, more importantly, that comorbidity can have many effects such as diagnostic delays, selection of treatment and their outcomes, as well as worsening quality of life, to name a few. However, it is only relatively recently that there has been a focused awareness and interest in the impact of comorbid conditions in MS patients. This is evidenced by the formation of the International Workshop on MS Comorbidities being sponsored by the International Advisory Committee on Clinical trials of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in MS (ECTRIMS) and the National MS Society (NMSS). This workshop is slated for late March, where a group of international MS researchers and clinicians will meet with the aims of better describing the types of comorbidities that commonly occur in MS patients, identifying gaps in the research and suggesting strategies for addressing these gaps. In this special issue of the Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Marrie and colleagues present six papers that provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the incidence and prevalence of a variety of comorbidities in MS. These papers provide a foundation for discussions at the upcoming MS Comorbidities workshop as well as providing the MS field with a compendium of the existing literature on the incidence and prevalence of comorbidities that occur in patients with MS.
Thin-film computing with the nonlinear interface

An optical integration technique using thin-film technology can be based on an interface with a diffusive Kerr-like nonlinearity. Idealized switching behavior is assumed in order to assess the ultimate worth of such an expedient approach to optical computers if appropriate materials could be identified. This effort is justified by the results of two-dimensional simulations of the nonlinear interface carried out on the Cray X-MP/48 computer that show nearly whole-beam switching with high contrast. The simplicity of the integration architecture is demonstrated by designing a thin-film half-adder.
CRYSTAL-INDUCED INFLAMMATION IN CANINE JOINTS : I. AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL WITH QUANTIFICATION OF THE HOST RESPONSE

Injection of sodium urate or calcium pyrophosphate crystals into the stifle joints of anesthetized dogs almost invariably induced an acute exudative response. This response was quantified by serial measurements of intra-articular pressure, pH and leukocyte concentration. Pressure rose progressively and reflected intra-articular volume increase. The hydrogen ion concentration increased as the reaction progressed and correlated in a given exudate with the leukocyte concentration. Analysis of sequential physiologic and biochemical changes occurring in this model of crystal-induced inflammation may provide insight into the mechanisms of acute gouty arthritis in man.
An Interface-driven Analysis of User Interactions with an Electronic Health Records System

Objectives: This study sought to investigate user interactions with an electronic health records (EHR) system by uncovering hidden navigational patterns in the EHR usage data automatically recorded as clinicians navigated through the system's software user interface (UI) to perform different clinical tasks. Design: A homegrown EHR was adapted to allow real-time capture of comprehensive UI interaction events. These events, constituting time-stamped event sequences, were used to replay how the EHR was used in actual patient care settings. The study site is an ambulatory primary care clinic at an urban teaching hospital. Internal medicine residents were the primary EHR users. Measurements: Computer-recorded event sequences reflecting the order in which different EHR features were sequentially accessed. Methods: We apply sequential pattern analysis (SPA) and a first-order Markov chain model to uncover recurring UI navigational patterns. Results: Of 17 main EHR features provided in the system, SPA identified 3 bundled features: "Assessment and Plan" and "Diagnosis," "Order" and "Medication," and "Order" and "Laboratory Test." Clinicians often accessed these paired features in a bundle together in a continuous sequence. The Markov chain analysis revealed a global navigational pathway, suggesting an overall sequential order of EHR feature accesses. "History of Present Illness" followed by "Social History" and then "Assessment and Plan" was identified as an example of such global navigational pathways commonly traversed by the EHR users. Conclusion: Users showed consistent UI navigational patterns, some of which were not anticipated by system designers or the clinic management. Awareness of such unanticipated patterns may help identify undesirable user behavior as well as reengineering opportunities for improving the system's usability.
Basal insulin therapy.

The initiation of insulin therapy is a significant event for patients with diabetes and the physicians who care for them. Reluctance to begin insulin is multifactorial, with a major stumbling block being the perceived complexity of insulin. However, this complexity can be easily overcome by separation of insulin administration into its two components: basal and bolus therapy. An understanding of the role of basal insulin in the regulation of glucose and the development of strategies to implement basal insulin therapy can provide a transition that is rational and highly effective in most patients. The strategy also offers a unique approach to diabetes education, which permits a focused and patientspecific correction to glucose abnormalities.
Hardware and compiler-directed cache coherence in large-scale multiprocessors: Design considerations and performance study

In this paper, we study a hardware-supported, compiler-directed (HSCD) cache coherence scheme, which can be implemented on a large-scale multiprocessor using off-the-shelf microprocessors, such as the Cray T3D. The scheme can be adapted to various cache organizations, including multiword cache lines and byte-addressable architectures. Several system related issues, including critical sections, interthread communication, and task migration have also been addressed. The cost of the required hardware support is minimal and proportional to the cache size. The necessary compiler algorithms, including intra- and interprocedural array data flow analysis, have been implemented on the Polaris parallelizing compiler. From our simulation study using the Perfect Club benchmarks, we found that in spite of the conservative analysis made by the compiler, for four of six benchmark programs tested, the proposed HSCD scheme outperforms the full-map hardware directory scheme up to 70 percent while the hardware scheme outperforms the HSCD scheme in the remaining two applications up to 89 percent. Given its comparable performance and reduced hardware cost, the proposed scheme can be a viable alternative for large-scale multiprocessors such as the Cray T3D, which rely on users to maintain data coherence.
Application of non-parametric statistics of the parametric response for defect diagnosis

This paper presents a method using only the rank of the measurements to separate a part's elevated response to parametric tests from its non-elevated response. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on the 130nm ASIC. Good die responses are correlated for same parametric tests at different conditions such as temperature, voltage and or other stress. Nonparametric correlation methods are used to calculate the intra-die correlation. When intra-die correlation is found to be low the elevated vectors that lower correlation are extracted and input to IDDQ-based diagnostic tools. Monte-Carlo simulations are described to obtain confidence bounds of the correlation for good die test response.
Differential roles of insulin receptor substrates in brown adipocyte differentiation

Insulin promotes adipocyte differentiation via a complex signaling network involving multiple insulin receptor substrates (IRSs). In cultured brown preadipocytes, expression of IRS-1 and IRS-2 mRNAs and proteins was at relatively high levels before and after differentiation into mature fat cells, while IRS-3 transcript was not detectable in preadipocytes but increased during the course of differentiation, and IRS-4 mRNA was barely detected in both states. To determine more precisely the roles of various IRS proteins in adipogenesis, we established and characterized brown preadipocyte cell lines from wild-type and IRS knockout (KO) animals. While wild-type, IRS-2 KO, and IRS-4 KO cells fully differentiated into mature adipocytes, IRS-3 KO cells showed a moderate defect in differentiation and IRS-1 KO cells exhibited a severe defect in the process. Cells lacking both IRS-1 and IRS-3 completely failed to differentiate. Expression of the adipogenic markers peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, fatty acid synthase, glucose transporter 4, and the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, as well as the brown-fat-specific markers PPARgamma coactivator 1 alpha and uncoupling protein 1, mirrored the differentiation pattern. Reconstitution of the IRS-1 KO cells with IRS-1 and IRS-4, but not IRS-2 or IRS-3, compensated for the lack of differentiation in IRS-1 KO cells. A chimeric molecule containing the N terminus of IRS-1 and the C terminus of IRS-2, but not one with the N terminus of IRS-2 and the C terminus of IRS-1, also rescued differentiation. Expression of Wnt 10a, a molecule known to inhibit adipogenesis, was dramatically increased in the IRS-1 KO cells, and this could be reduced by overexpression of IRS-1 or IRS-4, which was correlated with restoration of differentiation. These data indicate that both IRS-1 and -3 play important roles in the differentiation of brown adipocytes and that the N terminus of IRS-1 is more important for this function of the molecule. Although IRS-4 is not essential for the process, overexpression of IRS-4 can compensate for the deficiency in differentiation in IRS-1 KO cells.
Harnessing the Early-Life Microbiota to Protect Children with Cystic Fibrosis.

In this issue of The Journal, Hoen et al1 carefully studied 120 fecal and oropharyngeal samples from 13 children with cystic fibrosis (CF) from birth to nearly 3 years of age. They sought to test the hypothesis that patterns of acquisition of the normal microbiome affect the risk of CF-related events, such as pulmonary colonization with Pseudomonas and clinically significant pulmonary infections. They showed that a core of dominant microbes, many of them anaerobes, is shared between stools and the oropharyngeal mucosa, dominating the microbiome from birth and during the first few years of life in these patients. This study highlights the substantial diversity in the microbial environments in which pathogens bloom. The small sample size (13 children) limits interpretation, but the results are sufficiently promising to merit the study of larger cohorts for validation. This report leads us to consider that the early stages of acquiring the human microbiome might be important in relation to the susceptibility for infections with pathogens in CF. Such susceptibility commonly has been associated with host factors that increase the individual risk of acquiring a pathogen.2,3 In CF, impaired antimicrobial activity in the airway mucosa is an example of this type of susceptibility.4 Host CF genotype is important because there are major CF phenotypic differences based on a patient’s particular mutation.5,6 Thus, the extent of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) dysfunction provides varying selection pressure affecting the host’s early microbial colonization. A different kind of susceptibility can be conceived if we consider the individual’s microbiome as a supraorganism within each individual, in which its distinct composition and function (or dysfunction) can make it susceptible to the successful seeding and blooming of pathogens. Thus, the newborn period can be considered a vulnerable stage in which the airway microbiome is an important component of the host defense system and normal development of a healthy microbiota provides reduced susceptibility to the introduction of pathogens (Figure; available at www.jpeds.com). This may differ in children with CF, however. As such, we considered 3 important questions. Figure Schematic of microbiome and immune interactions with pathogens in children with cystic fibrosis. The oral cavity and gut are important loci for the microbiome and the microbial populations develop successionally over early life. Microbiome characteristics ...
Treatment of Giardiasis

Giardia lamblia is both the most common intestinal parasite in the United States and a frequent cause of diarrheal illness throughout the world. In spite of its recognition as an important human pathogen, there have been relatively few agents used in therapy. This paper discusses each class of drugs used in treatment, along with their mechanism of action, in vitro and clinical efficacy, and side effects and contraindications. Recommendations are made for the preferred treatment in different clinical situations. The greatest clinical experience is with the nitroimidazole drugs, i.e., metronidazole, tinidazole, and ornidazole, which are highly effective. A 5- to 7-day course of metronidazole can be expected to cure over 90% of individuals, and a single dose of tinidazole or ornidazole will cure a similar number. Quinacrine, which is no longer produced in the United States, has excellent efficacy but may be poorly tolerated, especially in children. Furazolidone is an effective alternative but must be administered four times a day for 7 to 10 days. Paromomycin may be used during early pregnancy, because it is not systematically absorbed, but it is not always effective. Patients who have resistant infection can usually be cured by a prolonged course of treatment with a combination of a nitroimidazole with quinacrine.
Update on Antifungal Drug Resistance

Invasive fungal infections remain a major source of global morbidity and mortality, especially among patients with underlying immune suppression. Successful patient management requires antifungal therapy. Yet, treatment choices are restricted due to limited classes of antifungal agents and the emergence of antifungal drug resistance. In some settings, the evolution of multidrug-resistant strains insensitive to several classes of antifungal agents is a major concern. The resistance mechanisms responsible for acquired resistance are well characterized and include changes in drug target affinity and abundance, and reduction in the intracellular level of drug by biofilms and efflux pumps. The development of high-level and multidrug resistance occurs through a stepwise evolution of diverse mechanisms. The genetic factors that influence these mechanisms are emerging and they form a complex symphony of cellular interactions that enable the cell to adapt and/or overcome drug-induced stress. Drivers of resistance involve a complex blend of host and microbial factors. Understanding these mechanisms will facilitate development of better diagnostics and therapeutic strategies to overcome and prevent antifungal resistance.
The Adult Radiographic Shuntogram

We describe the adult radiographic shuntogram, a simple method to evaluate the function and patency of a ventriculoperitoneal or ventriculoatrial shunt. The procedure involves placing contrast material into the valve of a shunt system and following the flow for appropriate clearing of contrast agent from the shunt tubing. Twenty-three studies were obtained in 15 patients in whom shunt malfunction was suspected. The method can be used to establish valve malfunction, ventricular or distal catheter obstruction, and peritoneal encystment.
Implicit and Explicit Evaluation: fMRI Correlates of Valence, Emotional Intensity, and Control in the Processing of Attitudes

Previous work suggests that explicit and implicit evaluations (good–bad) involve somewhat different neural circuits that process different dimensions such as valence, emotional intensity, and complexity. To better understand these differences, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify brain regions that respond differentially to such dimensions depending on whether or not an explicit evaluation is required. Participants made either good–bad judgments (evaluative) or abstract–concrete judgments (not explicitly evaluative) about socially relevant concepts (e. g., ''murder,'' ''happiness,'' ''abortion,'' ''welfare''). After scanning, participants rated the concepts for goodness, badness, emotional intensity, and how much they tried to control their evaluation of the concept. Amygdala activation correlated with emotional intensity and right insula activation correlated with valence in both tasks, indicating that these aspects of stimuli were processed by these areas regardless of intention. In contrast, for the explicitly evaluative good–bad task only, activity in the anterior cingulate, frontal pole, and lateral areas of the orbital frontal cortex correlated with ratings of control, which in turn were correlated with a measure of ambivalence. These results highlight that evaluations are the consequence of complex circuits that vary depending on task demands.
A framework of critical drivers in successful business-to-business e-commerce

This paper explores the literature in the field of business-to-business (B2B) electronic-commerce (e-commerce) emphasizing small-medium sized businesses. The paper takes a conceptual approach to reviewing the literature and identifying critical drivers that make an e-commerce project successful. Critical success factor models are explored to provide a theoretical foundation to the drivers that have filtered to the top of current research in the field of B2B. The paper is structured to first provide the theoretical foundation of the models in this area and the associated drivers for each model. Second, common drivers are identified and generalized to apply to all businesses. Third, additional research areas are derived from the existing literature.
Specific PKC isoforms regulate LPS-stimulated iNOS induction in murine microglial cells

Excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in reactive microglia is a major contributor to initiation/exacerbation of inflammatory and degenerative neurological diseases. Previous studies have indicated that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) can lead to iNOS induction. Because of the existence of various PKC isoforms and the ambiguous specificity of PKC inhibitors, it is unclear whether all PKC isoforms or a specific subset are involved in the expression of iNOS by reactive microglia. In this study, we employed molecular approaches to characterize the role of each specific PKC isoform in the regulation of iNOS expression in murine microglia. Induction of iNOS in response to bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was measured in BV-2 murine microglia treated with class-specific PKC inhibitors, or transfected with siRNA to silence specific PKC isoforms. iNOS expression and MAPK phosphorylation were evaluated by western blot. The role of NF-κB in activated microglia was examined by determining NF-κB transcriptional response element- (TRE-) driven, promoter-mediated luciferase activity. Murine microglia expressed high levels of nPKCs, and expressed relatively low levels of cPKCs and aPKCs. All PKC inhibitors attenuated induction of iNOS in LPS-activated microglia. Knockdown of PKC δ and PKC β attenuated ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation, respectively, and blocked NF-κB activation that leads to the expression of iNOS in reactive microglia. Our results identify PKC δ and β as the major PKC isoforms regulating iNOS expression in reactive microglia. The signaling pathways mediated by PKC involve phosphorylation of distinct MAPKs and activation of NF-κB. These results may help in the design of novel and selective PKC inhibitors for the treatment of many inflammatory and neurological diseases in which production of NO plays a pathogenic role.
Spatial variability of atrazine and alachlor efficacy and mineralization in an eastern South Dakota field

Abstract Landscape-induced differences in soil variability and other parameters have potential effects on herbicide sorption, persistence, degradation, and, ultimately, efficacy. This study examined the spatial variability of herbicide efficacy across an eastern South Dakota field in continuous corn. Atrazine and alachlor had been applied for the previous 10 yr. The spatial variability observed in weed control was compared with herbicide sorption (Kd), mineralization rate, and first-order half-life (t1/2), and field herbicide dissipation rates (DT50). Spatial structure was present in atrazine mineralization, weed biomass, and corn biomass data. The amount of atrazine and alachlor sorbed to soil collected from the summit position of the field was 10 and 20% less, respectively, than the amounts sorbed to backslope or toeslope soils. Generally, both herbicides had faster mineralization rates and shorter t1/2 in summit than in backslope or toeslope soils. Weed biomass was correlated positively with elevation ...
The Problem of Homelessness

Huddled in doorways and on heating grates, standing in lines at soup kitchens and shelters, homeless persons have become an all-too-familiar part of urban American life. Each winter, newspapers report the tragic deaths of these people: freezing on the streets, burning in makeshift shelters, wasting away from a host of illnesses. And throughout the year, homeless persons are vulnerable and victimized: beaten, raped, stabbed, strangled. Securing the basic necessities of life—food, clothing, human companionship—becomes a daunting, sometimes life-threatening, task.
Explicating Net Diversity in Trend Assessment

This study tracks the increasing supply of Internet access and the diversity of Internet use by analyzing data from the three waves of a survey conducted in the United Kingdom in 2005, 2007, and 2009. Data on Internet access and three dimensions of online use (civic-government, economic-commerce, and generic information and news) reveal that Internet not only offers an emergent promise of diversity but also presents a systematic divide in which the increase in benefits (of Internet capacities and actual consumed) does not uniformly occur, while the impacts of social disparities remain constant over time. Our discussion addresses how characteristics of social backgrounds are salient in harnessing types of Internet use that may be a critical tipping point for information diversity. We argue that policymakers will be better served by understanding the constraint of actual use that is to be in par with the continuous explosion of technological supply.
Virtuality Distributions in Application to $\gamma \gamma^* \to \pi^0$ Transition Form Factor at Handbag Level

Abstract We outline basics of a new approach to transverse momentum dependence in hard processes. As an illustration, we consider hard exclusive transition process γ ⁎ γ → π 0 at the handbag level. Our starting point is coordinate representation for matrix elements of operators (in the simplest case, bilocal O ( 0 , z ) ) describing a hadron with momentum p. Treated as functions of ( p z ) and z 2 , they are parametrized through virtuality distribution amplitudes (VDA) Φ ( x , σ ) , with x being Fourier-conjugate to ( p z ) and σ Laplace-conjugate to z 2 . For intervals with z + = 0 , we introduce the transverse momentum distribution amplitude (TMDA) Ψ ( x , k ⊥ ) , and write it in terms of VDA Φ ( x , σ ) . The results of covariant calculations, written in terms of Φ ( x , σ ) are converted into expressions involving Ψ ( x , k ⊥ ) . Starting with scalar toy models, we extend the analysis onto the case of spin-1/2 quarks and QCD. We propose simple models for soft VDAs/TMDAs, and use them for comparison of handbag results with experimental (BaBar and BELLE) data on the pion transition form factor. We also discuss how one can generate high- k ⊥ tails from primordial soft distributions.
Higher measured moisture in California homes with qualitative evidence of dampness.

Relationships between measured moisture and qualitative dampness indicators (mold odor, visible mold, visible water damage, or peeling paint) were evaluated using data collected from California homes in a prospective birth cohort study when the infants were 6 or 12 months of age (737 home visits). For repeated visits, agreement between observation of the presence/absence of each qualitative indicator at both visits was high (71-87%, P < 0.0001). Among individual indicators, musty odor and visible mold were most strongly correlated with elevated moisture readings. Measured moisture differed significantly between repeated visits in opposite seasons (P < 0.0001), and dampness increased with the number of indicators in a home. Linear mixed-effect models showed that 10-unit increases in maximum measured moisture were associated with the presence of 0.5 additional dampness indicators (P < 0.001). Bedroom (BR) walls were damper than living room (LR) walls in the same homes (P < 0.0001), although both average and maximum readings were positively correlated across room type (r = 0.75 and 0.67, respectively, both P < 0.0001). Exterior walls were significantly damper than interior walls (P < 0.0001 in both LRs and BRs), but no differences were observed between maximum wall readings and measurements at either window corners or sites of suspected dampness.
The Akin Procedure: An Analysis of Results:

This paper reports the initial and long-term results of 45 Akin procedures done at the Hospital for Joint Diseases/Orthopaedic Institute from 1966 to 1985. Indications for 36 of the 45 operated feet were for an essentially asymptomatic great toe valgus deformity which caused symptoms to develop in the second toe and in 9 of 45 feet for residual hallux valgus after previous hallux valgus surgery. Excellent and good results were reported in 89% of the patients. The most common technical problem reported in 22% of the patients was plantar angulation at the osteotomy site. The only technical problem that was associated with long-term complications was bone apposition of less than 50% which may have lead to a nonunion in one case and recurrence of deformity in another. Shortening of the hallux was observed in all cases secondary to the closing wedge osteotomy. Shortening can be limited if a minimum of bone is removed from the proximal phalanx. A mathematical analysis is presented in this paper which can be used to provide guidelines to osteotomy size so that a minimum of bone necessary for correction can be removed. The Akin procedure should be performed within certain guidelines. Rarely is an Akin procedure alone indicated for the correction of a hallux valgus deformity. In most patients the proximal phalangeal osteotomy needs to be performed in combination with some other procedure to correct all components of the hallux valgus deformity. Furthermore the procedure can be used with success in those patients who present with an essentially asymptomatic great toe valgus deformity at the metatarsophalangeal joint or the interphalangeal joint which causes symptoms and/or deformity to develop in the second toe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Artificial Diets for Rearing the Tilehorned Prionus

Five diets formulated with and without pecan wood were developed for rearing the tilehorned prionus, Prionus imbricornis (L.), through the larval stage to adult emergence. The rate of early larval growth was greatest with the diet in which alphacel was substituted for pecan wood; uniform larvae, 6–7 g, were produced in 210 days. These root-boring larvae required 3–5 years to complete one generation.
Trammel Rotors in Regular Polygons

(1957). Trammel Rotors in Regular Polygons. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 71-78.
The New Ethos of Patient Autonomy

Informed consent did not spring full-armored like Athena from the head of Zeus. As already noted, it has undergone a long development in Anglo-American law. Equally, though only in more recent years, the doctrine has been appropriated by a broad-based movement to reform medicine in ways felt to be more congruent with the general practices and aspirations of a free society. And it is to this social movement, this “new ethos of patient autonomy” (McCullough and Wear, 1985; Wear, 1991), that we must now refer in order to understand the agendas, insights and arguments behind the doctrine of informed consent.
Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology.: By Martin J. Medhurst, Robert L. lvie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott., Greenwood, 1990, 248 pp., $39.95, Cloth

(1991). Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. American Journalism: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 277-278.
Sub-acute Toxicity Test of Dynamic Inhalation of Cypermethrin Microemulsion on Rats

[Objective]To establish the method for dynamic inhalation of pesticide on rats,and provide essential condition?for pesticide 2~4 phase experiment of toxicology. [Methods]The liquid pesticide(cypermethrin microemulsion) was atomized by diluent at two kinds of concentrations.The multiaperture glass plate absorbed tube was adopted to collect samples on 4 horizontal points of rats breathing zone during 3 period of atomization.The HPLC was adopted for quantitative determination of the pesticide concentration in cabinet. [Results]The mean concentration of low dose group was(99±24)mg/m3,that of high dose group was(850±183)mg/m3.The average temperature and average humidity was(24.9±1.5)℃ and(35.5±3.5)%,respectively. [Conclusion]The mean concentration of every sampling point is similar which indicates that the toxic concentrations of low-dose and high-dose are homogenized and steady and meet the requirements of dynamic inhalation standard.
Prognostic and Predictive Factors of Invasive Breast Cancer

Invasive breast carcinomas comprise a heterogeneous group of lesions that differ in their molecular and pathologic features and clinical behavior. Some patients have long disease-free survival, whereas others experience the rapid development of recurrence and metastases that are fatal within a few years of the initial diagnosis. Many factors in individual tumors can be evaluated to stratify patients into subsets with varying risks of recurrence and response to different therapy modalities. This chapter describes the current standard prognostic and predictive factors of invasive breast carcinoma and discusses emerging data on molecular markers which can be considered in clinical practice.
Comparison of the New Adult Ventilator-Associated Event Criteria to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pediatric Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Definition (PNU2) in a Population of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Patients.

Objectives The new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention paradigm for ventilator-associated events is intended to simplify surveillance of infectious and noninfectious complications of mechanical ventilation in adults. We assessed the ventilator-associated events algorithm in pediatric patients. Design A retrospective observational cohort study. Setting This single-center study took place in a PICU at an urban academic medical facility. Patients Pediatric (ages 0-18 yr old) trauma patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury ventilated for greater than or equal to 2 days. Measurements and main results We assessed for pediatric ventilator-associated pneumonia (as defined by current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention PNU2 guidelines), adult ventilator-associated events, and an experimental ventilator-associated events definition modified for pediatric patients. We compared ventilator-associated events to ventilator-associated pneumonia to calculate the test characteristics. Thirty-nine of 119 patients (33%) developed ventilator-associated pneumonia. Sensitivity of the adult ventilator-associated condition definition was 23% (95% CI, 11-39%), which increased to 56% (95% CI, 40-72%) using the modified pediatric ventilator-associated pneumonia criterion. Specificity reached 100% for both original and modified pediatric probable ventilator-associated pneumonia using ventilator-associated events criteria. Children who developed ventilator-associated pneumonia or ventilator-associated condition had similar baseline characteristics: age, mechanism of injury, injury severity scores, and use of an intracranial pressure monitor. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia and ventilator-associated condition portended similarly unfavorable outcomes: longer median duration of ventilation, ICU and hospital length of stay, and more discharges to rehabilitation, home health, or nursing care compared with patients with no pulmonary complication. Conclusions Both current and modified ventilator-associated events criteria have poor sensitivity but good specificity in identifying pediatric ventilator-associated pneumonia. Despite poor sensitivity, the high specificity of the ventilator-associated events diagnoses does provide a useful and objective metric for interinstitution ICU comparison. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and ventilator-associated condition were both associated with excess morbidity in pediatric traumatic brain injury patients.
Production and the Organisation of Labour among Hunter-Gatherers

This chapter illustrates one kind of controlled comparison, one that holds the general structural type constant, in this case, hunter-gatherers, while varying the ecology. The ethnographic cases include band-level hunter-gatherers and one complex hunter-gatherer group in California, the Tolowa. Relationships between factors which are ecological, specifically seasonal, and factors which are institutional, specifically those concerning the organisation of production processes, constitute the primary focus of the chapter. These relationships bear critically upon patterns of labour organisation among hunter-gatherers — patterns that are based primarily upon age and gender. The basic argument is that because hunting and gathering represent only part of the totality of productive activities in such societies, quantitative assessments of the relative proportion of hunting to gathering do not reflect accurately the organisation of labour for the production of material livelihood. An understanding of the organisation of labour requires a qualitative analysis of the features of production processes in societies without domesticated plants and animals. The concept of production for hunter-gatherers must also be revised and broadened to include: (1) the movement of people from one ecological zone to another (2) the manufacture of clothing, and (3) most importantly, food processing and preparation for storage and consumption, including the procurement of food-processing materials, such as water and firewood.
Response by Alexander et al to Letters Regarding Article, "A Shocking Development in a Young Male Athlete With Chest Pain".

We thank Dr McGorrian and colleagues for their insights on our challenging case recently presented in Circulation .1 Eosinophilic coronary periarteritis is an intriguing potential cause of our patient’s presentation. As the authors describe, the disease entity has been characterized in patients with coronary artery vasospasm and associated coronary dissection or sudden cardiac death. As in our case, some may have a preexisting history of atopy. The most distinguishing features of eosinophilic coronary periarteritis are appreciated by histology, which reveals eosinophilic infiltration isolated to the adventitia and vasa vasorum of the epicardial coronary arteries.2 Thus, this diagnosis is difficult to confirm outside of autopsy. Some features of our case make eosinophilic coronary periarteritis less likely to be the main contributor to his presentation. On coronary angiography, there was no evidence of aneurysmal changes, which …
Chapter 10 – Organization and Expression of Genes Encoding IgA Heavy Chain, Polymeric Ig Receptor, and J Chain

This chapter discusses the structure and expression of the genes encoding IgA heavy chains, polymeric Ig receptors, and J chains. The chapter also compares and contrasts the IgA genes of various species. A secretory immune system is present in most of the mammals, including primitive mammals such as insectivores, monotremes, and marsupials. Genes encoding IgA heavy chains have been cloned from several mammals including—man, mouse, rat, rabbit, pig, horse, and cattle. These cloned Cα genes are highly similar to each other and can be used as probes to clone Cα genes of other mammals. In contrast to mammalian Cα genes, which encode three domains, the chicken Cα gene encodes a heavy chain with four domains. Most mammalian species have one or two IgA isotypes expressed in secretions, but rabbits have at least 11 IgA isotypes. Genes encoding pIgR are cloned from rabbit, human, mouse, cattle, rat, and possum, whereas J chain genes have been cloned from mouse, human, cattle, chicken, possum, bullfrog, clawed toad, turtle, shark, and earthworm.
Geochemical Landscape Classification

This chapter deals with the most holistic concept of formal landscape geochemistry—the geochemical classification of landscapes—which follows from the action of the geochemical flows (as described in Chapter 8) during the historical evolution of a landscape (as described in Chapter 11) which together produce a geochemical landscape. The other concepts of landscape geochemistry also contribute to the classification process. For example, geochemical gradients and geochemical barriers are of considerable interest in relation to specific geochemical landscape types.
Revision Using Distal Inflow (RUDI)

Revision using distal inflow is performed to treat steal syndrome in patients with hemodialysis access in an attempt to preserve the fistula and avoid its ligation. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
CCD Imagers for Astronomy: Past Problems and Future Hopes

The search for high-quality, large-format, CCD imagers during the 1980’s reminds me of a journey across a large and forbidding desert. One starts off full of great expectations of a quick completion, but discouragement sets in around mid-journey as the barrenness of the landscape becomes apparent and the goal on the horizon is shown to be only a mirage. Finally, mountains resolve themselves from the mirages and we take heart in knowing that we seem finally to be making some progress. I think the analogy fits the CCD situation well, starting with the view from the time period 1979–80 and working toward the present.
Identifying and Quantifying Disjunctions at Multiple Taxonomic Levels in Western Hemisphere Mammals

I surveyed more than 1,700 Western Hemisphere mammal species ranges to identify, quantify, and examine patterns of disjunction at multiple taxonomic levels. Species that had disjunct populations (isolated by at least 500 km from other parts of the species range) were further analyzed using novel measures of disjunction by determining the distance to the disjunction and the relative area of disjunctions compared to the primary range area. Disjunction at this scale is rare (6.4 percent) in all terrestrial mammals but more common in bats (14.6 percent) than nonvolant mammals. Disjunctions are concentrated in six families, specifically Molossidae (31.5 percent disjunct), Didelphidae (24.7 percent disjunct), Felidae (28.6 percent disjunct), Vespertilionidae (15.3 percent disjunct), Emballonuridae (10.5 percent disjunct), and Phyllostomidae (10.4 percent disjunct). Geographically, 85 percent of disjunct mammal species have ranges that occur entirely or partially in South America. Geographic information systems ...
PP150: Evaluation of reconstructive techniques for anterior skull base defects following tumor ablation

Purpose Reconstruction of craniomaxillofacial cancer defects is challenging when tumors extend to the skull base. Nowadays vascularized flaps are the option of choice. Free flaps have the added benefit of access to more cephalad defects without constraints of rotational arc as with pedicled flaps. We compared various flaps used to reconstruct anterior skull base defects after resection of malignant tumors. Materials and methods We identified 14 free or pedicled flaps done to reconstruct anterior cranial base defects. We performed a retrospective analysis to compare patient demographics, tumor histology, surgical technique, and complications among the various flaps. We also compared patients’ quality of life by conducting a telephone survey. Results All patients had stage 3 or 4 squamous cell carcinoma, most originating in the paranasal sinuses extending to the anterior skull base. There were six radial forearm free flaps, three anterolateral thigh flaps, four latissimus dorsi free flaps and one pedicled supraclavicular flap. Complications included three mesh exposures following radiation treatment, one wound infection, and two flap dehiscences after XRT. Both dehiscences occurred with RFFF and both were redone with TDAP flaps. There were no csf leaks or donor site morbidities. There were no complaints of functional deficits with feeding or speech impairments. Some patients reported visual disturbance after orbital exenteration, however they adjusted to this. Conclusions Vascularized flaps provide reliable and durable reconstructive options for anterior skull base defects following resection of malignant neoplasms of the craniofacial region. Free flaps such as RFFF, ALT, and TDAP are well suited for these defects. They have a low risk of complications and low donor site morbidity, while offering good functional and esthetic outcomes.