cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results of Experimental Density Manipulation in An Arizona Lizard Community

A study of three species of sceloporine lizards (Sceloporus clarki, S. undulates, and Urosaurus ornatus) was begun in 1971 and continued into 1977 in a very diverse (at least II species) lizard community in central Arizona, USA. The present paper reports the results of a density manip- ulation experiment carried out with these three lizards to ascertain whether direct evidence for in- terspecific competition could be found in a community of lizards in which circumstantial evidence suggested its importance. In May 1975 the study area was divided along a natural constriction into an experimental area and a control area and an attempt was made to remove all U. ornatus and S. clarki from the experimental areas. This experimental treatment was maintained until the termination of the experiment in 1977. Patterns of habitat utilization, population density, survivorship, and indi- vidual body size of S. undulates on experimental and control areas both before and after the removals were analyzed for evidence of competitive interactions. There was no detectable effect of the removal of S. clarki and U. ornatus on habitat selection, perch height, survivorship, population density, or individual body size of S. undulates inhabiting the removal area. Implications of these results for studies of lizard community structure are discussed.
Global Daytime Distribution of Overlapping Cirrus Cloud from NOAA’s Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

Abstract Data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument are used to provide the mean July and January global daytime distributions of multilayer cloud, where multilayer cloud is defined as cirrus overlapping one or more lower layers. The AVHRR data were taken from multiple years that were chosen to provide data with a constant local equator crossing time of 1430–1500 local time. The cloud overlap detection algorithm is used in NOAA’s Extended Clouds from AVHRR (CLAVR-x) processing system. The results between 60°N and 60°S indicated that roughly 20% of all clouds and roughly 40% of all ice clouds were classified as cirrus overlapping lower cloud (cirrus overlap). The results show a strong July–January pattern that is consistent with the seasonal cycle in convection. In some regions, cirrus overlap is found to be the dominant type of cloud observed. The distributions of overlapping cirrus cloud presented here are compared ...
Binding of hela spectrin to a specific hela membrane fraction

From 30-40 g of Hela-S3 cells grown in suspension, 0.25-0.50 mg of spectrin has been purified by conventional biochemical procedures starting from a low ionic strength extraction at alkaline pH of crude Hela membranes. Hela spectrin consists in its native form of a tetramer alpha 2 beta 2 of two high molecular weight polypeptides (240,000 and 230,000 daltons). Three different populations of Hela membranes depleted of both spectrin and actin have been prepared on discontinuous sucrose gradients. Surprisingly, spectrin will reassociate with only the heavier membrane fraction. This reassociation is specific for Hela spectrin, since three other purified Hela proteins as well as human erythrocyte spectrin do not reassociate under the same conditions. This binding is not due to the presence of traces of actin still present in the membrane fraction since two Hela actin-binding proteins (filamin I and II) do not show any significant binding to this fraction. The nature of the membrane-binding site for Hela spectrin is discussed.
A free IPC is a natural logic: Strong completeness for some intuitionistic free logics

IPC, the intuitionistic predicate calculus, has the property (i) Vc(Γ⊢Ac/x) ⇒ Γ⊢∃xA.Furthermore, for certain important Γ, IPC has the converse property (ii) Γ⊢∃xA ⇒ Vc(Γ⊢Ac/x). (i) may be given up in various ways, corresponding to different philosophic intuitions and yielding different systems of intuitionistic free logic. The present paper proves the strong completeness of several of these with respect to Kripke style semantics. It also shows that giving up (i) need not force us to abandon the analogue of (ii).
The “art” of questionnaire construction: some important considerations for manufacturing studies

This article reviews research findings related to the “art” of constructing survey questionnaires. It discusses some of the important issues that should be considered in gathering quality data via questionnaires, provides general suggestions for their construction, includes a comprehensive list of important reference sources, and examines some of the survey‐based studies published in Integrated Manufacturing Systems. Constructing a good questionnaire requires a thorough grasp of the intricacies of the topical area and detailed knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of the different survey administration modes. In addition, questionnaire construction entails close attention to details about the wording of questions, their instructions, their response choices, and their sequence. Most importantly, the research instrument should be refined based on guidance from repeated pretests. Well‐constructed questionnaires can ensure the consistent meaning of the questions across respondents and can contribute to data quality by decreasing both item and unit nonresponse.
Abnormal geometry of the distal radioulnar joint: MR findings

Previously developed criteria of normal distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) axial geometry were applied to routine magnetic resonance (MR) images of 50 wrists. All wrists lacked clinically evident DRUJ instability. An attempt to apply the three geometric criteria to seven of the cases was not possible, since the prescribed landmarks were not visible. The remaining 43 cases were retrospectively divided into a symptomatic group (25 wrists), with clinical abnormalities referable to the ulnar side of the wrist, and an asymptomatic group (18 wrists), with no such abnormalities. Abnormal DRUJ geometry was found in 12 symptomatic and 2 asymptomatic wrists. This difference between the groups is significant (p = 0.02), suggesting that many symptomatic wrists exhibit different DRUJ geometry than is found in most asymptomatic wrists.
The effect of ethylene on the respiration, ethylene production, RNA and protein synthesis for apples stored in low oxygen and in air

Abstract A comparison is made between the respiration rate and ethylene production of the whole fruit and the respiration rate, ethylene production, incorporation of 14 C-uridine into an RNA fraction and of 14 C-valine into a protein fraction of peel disks prepared from the fruit from Bramley's Seedling apples stored at 12° in air and in 3% oxygen. Results show that the respiration and ethylene production of the whole fruit is closely reflected in the behaviour of the peel disks in air, in low O 2 and on transfer from low O 2 to air. Ethylene appears to be the key to the increased rate of respiration and the other parameters including the development in the disks of a malate decarboxylating system (the malate effect) which appears to be a coupled system involving malic enzyme, pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase (NADPH 2 -dependent). While oxygenous ethylene has a temporary stimulatory effect on the various systems investigated when applied in 3% O 2 , autostimulation of ethylene production with attendant physiological action does not appear possible in low O 2 . Both production and physiological action of ethylene appear to require relatively high concentration of O 2 for their full operation.
Overexpression of laminin-8 in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells promotes angiogenesis-related functions

This study examined the effects of endogenous overexpression of laminin-8 on angiogenesis and wound healing in primary human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs). HDMECs expressed laminin-8 and laminin-10, but no other laminins, as determined by radioimmunoprecipitation assay using a panel of antibodies to individual laminin chains. To study laminin-8 function, full-length human laminin α4 cDNA was retrovirally transferred to HDMEC, and specific overexpression of laminin-8 was verified by Western blot. Laminin-8 overexpression promoted endothelial cell spreading and migration in scratch assays and accelerated angiogenic tubule formation in collagen gel overlay assays. Strong inhibitory effect of β1 integrin and weak inhibition by αvβ3 integrin antibodies were observed in laminin-8-stimulated cell migration, but only β1 integrin antibodies affected tubule formation. These studies suggest that laminin-8 overexpression may prove to be a useful method to engineer HDMECs to promote angiogenesis and wound repair.
Efficient analysis of warm standby systems using central limit theorem

In a warm standby sparing system, the standby units have time-dependent failure behavior; they have different failure parameters or in general distributions before and after they are used to replace the on-line faulty units. Such time-dependent behavior makes the reliability analysis of warm standby system a challenging task. Existing approaches to analyzing the reliability of warm standby systems include Markov-based methods, simulation-based methods, and combinatorial me thods. Those approaches, however, have one or more of the following limitations: 1) requiring long computation time especially when results with high degree of accuracy are desired, 2) requiring exponential time-to-failure distribution for system components, and 3) involving difficult tasks of computing convolution of multiple integrals. In this paper, based on the central limit theorem, a computationally-efficient approximate method is proposed for the reliability analysis of warm standby systems. The proposed approach has no limitation on the time-to-failure distributions for the system components. Several case studies using different time-to-failure distributions and system sizes are performed to demonstrate the application of the proposed approach.
η2-acrylonitrilecyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron(II) tetrafluoroborate: an unusual high-valent transition metal complex

Abstract Fp(η 2 -vinyl ether)BF 4 complexes ( 2a–d ) (Fp = η-C 5 H 5 Fe(CO) 2 ) are useful starting materials for the preparation of thermodynamically unstable Fp(η 2 -acrylonitrile)BF 4 complexes ( 3a–d ). Treatment of 2a–d with tetraethylammonium cyanide at 0°C gave the neutral adducts 4a–d which were transformed, in the presence of fluoroboric acid etherate at −78°C, to the acrylonitrile complexes 3a–d . These salts are unstable at room temperature, but they add carbon and heteroatomic nucleophiles at −78°C to give (α-cyano-alkyl)Fp complexes 5a–c, 6 and 7 .
Fusion/fission neutron damage ratio for alumina

Abstract Ultra-violet optical absorption is used to determine the ratio of the volume density of optically active anion vacancies following fusion versus fission-spectrum neutron exposures of high-purity, crystalline α-Al 2 O 3 . This experimental damage ratio of 2.3 compares favorably with Robinson's calculated ratio of 2.0 for aluminum. When the sapphire results are compared with previous reports for crystalline magnesia, similar anion damage behavior is found.
Phylogenetic differences in spontaneous contractility of isolated heart muscle cells.

Abstract 1. 1. Separated adult mammalian and avian heart muscle cells were observed to contract and relax spontaneously under conditions which cause contracture of reptilian and amphibian heart muscle cells. 2. 2. The role of catecholamines in imparting resistance to potassium-induced contracture could not be demonstrated with the separated cells, as it has with papillary muscle preparations.
The Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Type 1 Receptor (PAC1‐R) Is Expressed on Gastric ECL Cells: Evidence by Immunocytochemistry and RT‐PCR

The current study was undertaken to determine the presence and distribution of PAC1-Rs within the gastric mucosa. Polyclonal antibodies to the carboxyl terminus of the rat PAC1-R were generated and shown to be specific against the PAC1-R expressed in NIH 3T3 cells. Western blot analysis using isolated (approximately 85% pure) ECL cell membranes identified a 48 kD protein consistent with the calculated molecular mass of the cloned PAC1-R. RT/PCR performed using specific primers for the PAC1-R confirmed the presence of splice variants of the rat PAC1-R, but not VPAC1-R or VPAC2-R. These data provide the first direct evidence for the existence of functional PACAP Type I receptors on ECL cells of the gastric mucosa and suggest a potential role for PACAP in the stimulation of gastric acid secretion and in the regulation of the growth of ECL cells.
Discarding the Basket: The Reinterpretation of Tradition by Akha Christians of Northern Thailand

Protestant Akha highlanders of Northern Thailand held a Silver Jubilee in 1987 celebrating the initial conversions to Christianity twenty-five years earlier. The Akha-language translation of the passage from the Gospel of Matthew selected as the Jubilee's theme evokes the image of a laden basket from a pre-Christian folktale accounting for the differentiation of Akha from other ethnic groups, and the Protestant Akha used this traditional image to separate themselves from non-Christian Akha. This paper explores the transformation of a symbolic vehicle for interethnic differentiation into a vehicle for intraethnic differentiation. Use of this laden basket image is viewed as part of intraethnic dialogues of identity, which are themselves embedded in dialogues of identity between Christian as well as traditionalist members of the Akha tribal minority and Buddhist Thai, who are Thailand's dominant majority both politically and culturally.
Location and continuous orientation estimation of buried targets using tensor extraction

Dictionary matching techniques have been an e ective way to detect the location and orientation of buried targets using electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors. Two problems with dictionary detection are that they require a large amount of computer storage to enumerate nine dimensions, and fine discretization of the parameter space must be used to reduce modeling error. The proposed method shrinks the dictionary size by five orders of magnitude, and reduces modeling error by directly solving for the 3×3 tensor model of the target. A robust lowrank matrix approximation algorithm has been implemented which can also account for directional insensitivities in the measurements.
Environmental fate of synthetic pyrethroids during spray drift and field runoff treatments in aquatic microcosms.

Abstract The aquatic fate and persistence of synthetic pyrethroids under spray drift and field runoff treatment regimes were determined in outdoor pond microcosms. In this paper, the experimental design and construction of outdoor microcosms is presented, as well as the aquatic fate of tralomethrin and deltamethrin. Tralomethrin is rapidly degraded to deltamethrin, with a half-life of 12.7 hours under spray drift conditions. Degradation profiles of tralomethrin in water indicated rapid conversion of deltamethrin and to less active isomers and then to decamethrinic acid (BR 2 CA). After 24 hours, the percent radioactivity of tralomethrin was 25% of the test material in the water column. In sediment, tralomethrin was immediately converted to deltamethrin. Deltamethrin is rapidly degraded with a half-life of 8 to 48 hours, depending on mechanism of introduction into water. Degradation profiles of deltamethrin in water indicated rapid conversion of deltamethrin to decamethrinic acid (BR 2 CA), comprising approximately 90% of the radioactivity in the aqueous phase at 168 hours. Extraction and analysis of fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas ) after 96 hours revealed that tissue residues contained parent compounds and metabolites α-R-deltamethrin, trans -deltamethrin and Br 2 CA. Fish residues are directly related to aqueous concentrations, thus bioavailability under field runoff regimes were an order of magnitude lower than tissue residues under spray drift conditions. Plant tissue was found to significantly accumulate pyrethroids.
Menstrual cycle status and adrenocortical reactivity to pyschological stress

Abstract (1) Women either using or not using oral contraceptives were exposed to the psychological stress of self-evaluation at different stages of the menstrual cycle. (2) Adrenocortical reactivity to psychological stress was significantly greater in women tested during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle than in women tested during the midcycle phase. (3) If women were taking oral contraceptives, however, no such differences were observed in adrenocortical reactivity relative to the phase of the cycle. (4) The subjects' reports of their affective responses to the task did not differ as a function of either menstrual cycle status or oral contraceptive use. (5) It was speculated that physiological reactivity to psychological stress is related to the magnitude of fluctuations in the levels of the gonadal hormones across the menstrual cycle.
An efficient heuristic method for the simple assembly line balancing problem

SUMMARY An efficient single-pass heuristic method capable of finding good solutions for the single-model deterministic line balancing problem is presented. The method involves four phases for simplifying a given problem, reducing its size and decomposing it into smaller subproblems when appropriate. The solution is then found by using combinations of various heuristic rules. The procedure is illustrated on the 70-task problem of Tonge (1960)and computational results on well-known test problems are reported.
Infrared Divergence in Quantum Electrodynamics

The infrared divergences of quantum electrodynamics are eliminated to all orders of perturbation theory in the matrix elements by an appropriate choice of initial and final soft photon states. The condition for this cancellation restricts these states to representations of the canonical commutation rules which are unitarily inequivalent to the usual Fock representation.
Nonhuman primate models of encephalitic alphavirus infection: historical review and future perspectives

Venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalitis viruses are New World alphaviruses that are recognized as potential agents of biowarfare and bioterrorism owing to their morbidity and mortality in humans, ease of production, considerable stability, and high infectivity in aerosols. As a result, these encephalitic alphaviruses are defined as category B select agents. Studies involving infection of nonhuman primates have been instrumental in gaining an understanding of the in vivo pathogenesis of these viruses and have provided relevant models to evaluate the efficacy of candidate human vaccines. Recent advances have led to refinement and further characterization of these models toward the goal of utility in the licensure of next-generation alphavirus vaccines and therapeutics for use in humans by the Animal Rule.
Aversive stimulus attenuates impairment of acquisition in a delayed match to position T-maze task caused by a selective lesion of septo-hippocampal cholinergic projections

Infusion of 192 IgG-saporin (SAP) into the medial septum (MS) of rats selectively destroys cholinergic neurons projecting to the hippocampus and impairs acquisition of a delayed matching to position (DMP) T-maze task. The present study evaluated whether introduction of a mild aversive stimulus 30 min prior to training would attenuate the deficit in DMP acquisition caused by the SAP lesions. Male Sprague–Dawley rats received medial septal infusions of either artificial cerebrospinal fluid or SAP (0.22 μg in 1.0 μl). Fourteen days later, all animals were trained to perform the DMP task. Half of the SAP-treated animals and controls received an intraperitoneal injection of saline each day, 30 min prior to training. Results show that intraperitoneal saline attenuated the impairment in DMP acquisition in SAP lesioned rats. These results suggest that a mild aversive stimulus can attenuate cognitive deficits caused by medial septal cholinergic lesions.
A multicomputer architecture with a segmented shared bus

Abstract Single-bus multicomputer systems can support only a relatively small number of processing elements as the bus quickly becomes the communication bottleneck. Multiple-bus systems provide increased communication bandwidth and can support larger numbers of processing elements. The segmented-bus architecture is an important extension of these systems and offers even more communication bandwidth. The segmented bus contains switches between every pair of adjacent processing elements and can be dynamically segmented into smaller buses that can simultaneously connect more than one pair of processing elements. This paper examines the design of the processing elements, the mathematical modeling and the simulation of the architecture. It relates the performance of the system to the number of processing elements and the bus segmentation and allocation procedure, given a specific load.
Voluntary stuttering suppresses true stuttering: A window on the speech perception-production link

In accord with a proposed innate link between speech perception and production (e.g., motor theory), this study provides compelling evidence for the inhibition of stuttering events in people who stutter prior to the initiation of the intended speech act, via both the perception and the production of speech gestures. Stuttering frequency during reading was reduced in 10 adults who stutter by approximately 40% in three of four experimental conditions: (1) following passive audiovisual presentation (i.e., viewing and hearing) of another person producing pseudostuttering (stutter-like syllabic repetitions) and following active shadowing of both (2) pseudostuttered and (3) fluent speech. Stuttering was not inhibited during reading following passive audiovisual presentation of fluent speech. Syllabic repetitions can inhibit stuttering both when produced and when perceived, and we suggest that these elementary stuttering forms may serve as compensatory speech gestures for releasing involuntary stuttering blocks by engaging mirror neuronal systems that are predisposed for fluent gestural imitation.
An Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Study of the Aggregation States of Organocopper Complexes in Solution

Using the technique of ESMS, a number of carbon-bound organocuprate species derived from copper(I) halides and CuCN have been examined. The data obtained indicate the presence of several anionic aggregates in solution.
Renal Cell Carcinoma: Diagnosis Based on Metastatic Manifestations

Renal cell carcinomas are notorious for their tendency to metastasize early, often before the primary tumor has become apparent. Frequently, the initial complaint is referable to a distant metastatic lesion. Metastatic lesions have been found in almost every organ or tissue of the body. When a patient with a clinically asymptomatic renal cell carcinoma has signs and symptoms referable to a localized lesion, the final diagnosis depends on histologic and cytologic evaluation of a biopsy specimen. In this article, we describe a patient who had a pulsating transcalvarial occipital-suboccipital mass as the initial manifestation of an occult renal cell carcinoma. Initial manifestations by site of metastasis described in the literature are reviewed, and the differential diagnosis of primary clear cell tumor versus metastatic lesions from a renal cell carcinoma, according to their pathologic features, is discussed.
Optimal disease control through combined use of preventive and curative measures

Abstract The focus of this study of disease control is on the following two questions: (1) What level of disease treatment represents an economically sound target? (2) What combination of preventive and curative measures is most cost efficient in reaching and maintaining that target? A theoretical model is developed and applied to control of schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China. The optimal strategy is found to in some cases involve delayed use of the preventive measure, allowing treatment programs time to make initial headway.
Program of early development in the mammal: Post-transcriptional control of a class of proteins synthesized by mouse oocytes and early embryos

Abstract Following fertilization of mouse eggs there is a singular change in the pattern of newly synthesized proteins, as analyzed by high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The synthesis of six polypeptides, designated here as “fertilization proteins” FP1-FP6, is greatly enhanced in one-cell embryos as compared to ovulated eggs. Their synthesis continues for about 36 hr, during which the first cleavage division takes place, and is virtually terminated by the eight-cell stage of development. These six proteins all have apparent molecular weights of approximately 35,000 daltons and isoelectric points ranging from about 6.1 (FP1) to 6.9 (FP6). Peptide mapping of [35S]methionine-labeled FP1-FP4 on SDS-polyacrylamide gels revealed very similar electrophoretic patterns of radiolabeled peptides, suggesting that the four polypeptides are structurally related to one another. Although FP1-FP4 are synthesized by mouse oocytes, they represent minor products, with only about 0.2% of the [35S]methionine incorporated into oocyte proteins present in FP1-FP4 in growing and fully grown oocytes. This is to be compared with the synthesis of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and tubulin (α and β) which are major products, representing as much as 1.8 and 2.0%, respectively, of total protein synthesis in growing and fully grown oocytes. On the other hand, in an mRNA-dependent, cell-free translation system (rabbit reticulocyte lysate) to which RNA prepared from mouse oocytes is added, the incorporation of [35S]methionine into FP1, FP2, FP3, or FP4 is comparable to incorporation into either LDH or tubulin. Along with LDH, tubulin, and actin, FP1-FP4 are the major cell-free translation products observed on fluorograms of two-dimensional gels; such is the case using RNA prepared from oocytes at all stages of growth (20 to 85 μm in diameter). Comparisons of [35S]methionine incorporation into FP1-FP4, LDH, and tubulin in cultured oocytes and in a cell-free translation system indicate that the synthesis of FP1-FP4 in mouse oocytes is very low relative to levels of mRNA coding for these proteins that are present throughout oocyte growth. The results suggest that expression of FP1-FP4 during oogenesis is under post-transcriptional control, and that following fertilization of mouse eggs there is a marked stimulation of translation of mRNA coding for FP1-FP4. It is possible that the mRNA may have been transcribed from days to weeks earlier during oocyte growth.
Predictors of surgical mortality and long-term results of endocardial resection for drug-refractory ventricular tachycardia

Abstract The results of surgical therapy performed in 51 consecutive patients with ventricular tachycardia were reviewed to determine short- and long-term predictors of success of such therapy in preventing recurrences of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Of 41 patients (80%) who survived surgery, 40 had postoperative programmed stimulation and, of these patients, 78% ( n = 31) had no inducible ventricular tachycardia on no antiarrhythmic therapy. This group had a very low incidence of arrhythmia recurrence, with only one nonfatal episode of ventricular tachycardia after a mean follow-up of 41 ± 30 months. In contrast, two of the nine patients (22%) who had inducible arrhythmias postoperatively had cardiac arrest ( p = 0.12). Multivariate analysis identified two significant predictors of perioperative mortality in our patients: increased duration of cardiopulmonary bypass time and increased baseline pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. It is concluded that (1) patients who do not have inducible ventricular tachycardia after arrhythmia surgery have a very low incidence of recurrent arrhythmia and (2) prolonged time of cardiopulmonary bypass and increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure are predictive of perioperative mortality.
An analysis of the technical variables in the production of C bands.

Numerous combinations, concentrations, pH's and durations of HCl, NaOH and SSC treatments were tested for the purpose of developing an improved C banding technique for human metaphase chromosomes. Methods of slide preparation, as they affect C banding were also evaluated. — HCl and SSC treatment used separately, for all times and concentrations tested, gave no C banding. All treatment sequences which included an NaOH exposure gave at least some C banding, but also gave considerable swelling and distortion. Surprisingly, the best results were obtained from heat-dried preparations exposed to 0.2 N HCl at 25° C for 15 minutes, no NaOH and subsequently incubated in 2xSSC, pH=7.0 at 62–65° C for 18–24 hours. This technique is now being used routinely, following a G banding technique for homologue identification, to monitor C band variation in human chromosomes. — The pH of the 2xSSC incubation solution was found to be important. Slides treated as above with HCl, but with 2xSSC, pH=6.0 gave only G banding; HCl and 2xSSC, pH=8.0 gave C banding, but considerable chromosome swelling and poor uptake of stain. — Air- or ignition-dried preparations, with the HCl and 2xSSC treatment appeared undertreated and gave a mixture of G and C banding. A brief (30 second) exposure to 0.07 N NaOH between the HCl and 2xSSC steps is recommended. These results are in support of DNA-protein interaction and/or loss rather than denaturation-renaturation as a likely mechanism for C band production.
Using the video lookup table for reflectivity calculations: Specific techniques and graphic results

Abstract Sloan and Brown [ Computer Graphics and Image Processing 10 , 1977, 297–317] have shown that the video lookup table can be used to provide fast and flexible changes to a raster graphic display without changing the image memory contents. By storing encoded surface normal vectors and using the video lookup table to perform reflectivity calculations, the surface may be rapidly displayed under a wide range of lighting and reflectivity conditions. However, there are certain drawbacks. Quantizing the surface normal produces artifacts in the final image unlike those resulting from the usual approach of quantizing the surface brightness. Second, the lighting effects must be independent of object position, and so shadowing cannot be done with this method. Results from the use of this method are shown in photographs of the display of several objects under different lighting and reflectivity conditions, and surface normal quantization schemes.
Active-passive hybrid piezoelectric networks for vibration control: comparisons and improvement

In this research, the passive damping and active control authority of several basic active-passive hybrid piezoelectric networks are analysed and compared. The comparison is performed in a nondimensionalized manner, throughout which the importance of the generalized electro-mechanical coupling coefficient is highlighted. It is concluded that these configurations yield very similar open-loop performance for the same electro-mechanical coupling. It is shown that larger electro-mechanical coupling leads to higher passive network damping and, depending on the design and configuration, could also derive better active authority and overall performance. A method of increasing the electro-mechanical coupling coefficient by using a negative capacitance circuit is proposed, analysed and experimentally verified.
The role of self-esteem in safer sexual practices

Self-esteem appears in the literature as a variable that influences the practice of risky sexual behaviors. It is often assumed that higher levels of self-esteem are associated with safer sexual behaviors, especially those that prevent the spread of HIV. The research literature was reviewed to examine the relationship between self-esteem and the practice of safer sexual behaviors. Research indicates that higher levels of self-esteem are found in adolescents who practice risky sexual behaviors and have more sexual partners. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
Editorial Policy on the Use of the Terms “Sex” and “Gender”

As Zoe Peterson and Charlene Muehlenhard (2011, this issue) elaborated, there is a long history of debate about the use of the terms “gender” and “sex” in the field of feminist psychology, as well as more generally in all psychological and social science research related to women and gender studies. They further noted that the generally preferred term now in psychology is “gender,” based on Rhoda Unger’s (1979) persuasive article. However, both terms are widely used, often interchangeably. Peterson and Muehlenhard conclude that the distinction will become less and less important over time. Others have suggested that we should take a definite viewpoint. In their chapter, titled “Words matter: The language of gender,” Smith et al. (2010) argued that the words we use affect how we think about issues and to what we pay attention. Many details are provided by Smith et al. about the naming of issues and how this affects the discourse regarding these issues within U.S. feminist thought. Based in these arguments and on Unger (1979), as past and present editors of Sex Roles, we believe that routine use of the term “sex” in the journals’ pages would suggest that the authors and editors believe that any differences in behavior and abilities are rooted in biology and that the journal’s reviewers and editors prefer essentialist and/or evolutionary approaches. Although it is impossible ever to know how much of human behavior is innate or biological and how much is learned or otherwise influenced by the environment or cultural context, we ask our authors to use the term “gender” because its implications are clearly broader and more inclusive than those of the term “sex.” This policy was developed by Sue Rosenberg Zalk during her editorship. As she routinely wrote in her letters to authors:
Implementation for central data handling within a Multi-Instrument Suite

The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observatory includes an Instrument Suite (IS) consisting of eight instruments providing various types of data. The science data must be stored for later downlink, trigger data processed in order to determine quality of the stored science data, bent pipe data routed to other instruments, and housekeeping forwarded to the spacecraft avionics for health and status. In addition, commands from the Science Operations Center via the spacecraft avionics must be properly processed and forwarded to the designated instrument. In order to properly handle and process the large amount of data associated with these instruments, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) developed the Central Instrument Data Processor (CIDP). The CIDP utilizes the unique Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Application Process Identifier (APID) assigned to each packet within the system for steering the packet to the proper destination. The parallel handling of data from the eight instruments makes the steering function a perfect candidate for implementation in hardware. For science data storage, the CIDP employs a mass memory design based on commercial flash technology. With the limited number of writes and potential for memory cells to go bad, metrics for the flash must be monitored and maintained to ensure reliable storage. The data is then downlinked using the CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP). Hardware implementations of the flash interface and CFDP protocol greatly relieve the responsibilities on flight software. This paper provides an architectural view into the CIDP data handling functions from receipt to downlink. Emphasis is placed on the hardware designs incorporated to increase capability while decreasing the burden on flight software. It also identifies bottlenecks in the system, and addresses how these could be alleviated to improve overall throughput.
Novel molecular and cellular therapeutic targets in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoproliferative disease

While the outcome for pediatric patients with lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) or lymphoid malignancies, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), has improved dramatically, patients often suffer from therapeutic sequelae. Additionally, despite intensified treatment, the prognosis remains dismal for patients with refractory or relapsed disease. Thus, novel biologically targeted treatment approaches are needed. These targets can be identified by understanding how a loss of lymphocyte homeostasis can result in LPD or ALL. Herein, we review potential molecular and cellular therapeutic strategies that (i) target key signaling networks (e.g., PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT, Notch1, and SRC kinase family-containing pathways) which regulate lymphocyte growth, survival, and function; (ii) block the interaction of ALL cells with stromal cells or lymphoid growth factors secreted by the bone marrow microenvironment; or (iii) stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses.
Environmental Degradation of Polyacrylamides

Abstract The environmental fate of a polyacrylamide thickening agent (PATA), formulated without and with a glyphosate-surfactant herbicide (GH), was examined under various environmental situations: formulation in surface water and ground water, volatility, and soil mobility.Environmental Fate of PATA in Surface Water and Ground Water:PATA was formulated at four concentrations in distilled–deionized water, three surface water samples, and two ground water samples, without and with a GH. Solutions were placed in glass bottles, covered with plastic wrap, and exposed to environmental (outdoor) conditions for 6 weeks. Acrylamide and ammonium concentration, pH, and bacterial and fungal populations were measured weekly. All solutions in this portion of the study had a homogeneous milky appearance but by the conclusions of the study were nearly transparent. The results of this study suggest that polyacrylamide can degrade to acrylamide under environmental conditions. Statistically, there was no linear correlation between the various parameters measured.Volatility:PATA was formulated without and with GH. Each solution plus an acrylamide standard (positive control) was placed in a glass beaker and exposed to environmental (outdoor) conditions for 6 days. Acrylamide concentration, ammonium concentration, pH, and solution volume were measured daily. Acrylamide and ammonium concentrations increased during the study in all formulations, except when solutions evaporated to dryness. pH did not change greatly over the course of the study for these samples. Those solutions containing PATA had a homogeneous milky appearance but by the conclusions of the study were nearly transparent. This suggests a physical structural change in the polymer.Soil Mobility:PATA formulated with GH was also applied to soil columns and soil boxes containing sand, Eudora sandy loam, Eudora sandy clay, and Kohola silt loam. Acrylamide could be detected by Day 2 in all soil columns. Acrylamide could not be detected in the runoff of any of the soil boxes.
Monte Carlo calculations of two-neutron transfer cross sections.

Abstract Differential cross sections for (t, p) and (p, t) reactions have been calculated in finite-range distorted-wave Born approximation, with the Monte Carlo method used to evaluate the six-dimensional integrals. The use of the Monte Carlo method makes it possible to treat cases of non-zero angular momentum transfer. Angular distributions and relative cross sections are in good agreement with those given by the zero-range approximation. The cross sections of unnatural-parity transitions, as calculated by our one-step finite-range DWBA, are several orders of magnitude smaller than experimental data, suggesting the importance in these reactions of two-step processes.
Suppressing the self in rheumatoid arthritis.

Antibodies that stimulate T-cell costimulatory receptors block progression of established rheumatoid arthritis in a mouse model. No existing therapy arrests disease to such an extent ( pages 1088–1094 ).
Collapse loads of partially loaded clamped shallow spherical caps

Partially loaded clamped plastic shallow spherical caps collapse loads and stress and velocity distributions
Nuclear astrophysics: The first 50 years

Two papers published in 1957 helped to define the field of nuclear astrophysics. Since then, the field has expanded to include a broad range of phenomena in addition to the origin of the elements.
Chlorpromazine metabolism in humans. Part I. Quantitation of chlorpromazine and its metabolites in human plasma and urine by direct scan spectrodensitometry.

A direct scan technique employing quantitative thin-layer chromatography for color samples of chlorpromazine and its metabolites by spectro-photometric method with the use of double-beam spectrodensitometer is described. Chlorpromazine and 17 metabolites have been analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. This method can be applied for the assay of phenothiazines in both human plasma and urine. Extraction procedures for chlorpromazine and its metabolites in blood plasma and urine are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of this technique are discussed.
Effect of various outcoupling options on free-electron ring laser performance

The power extraction and lowest-order transverse-mode structure of a free-electron ring laser with hyperboloid-paraboloid grazing incidence telescopes are studied as a function of the method used to outcouple the beam. Four different resonator configurations, with various outcoupling and intracavity optics, are modeled using a free-electron laser, wave optics computer code. A stable ring with a diffraction grating outcoupler gives better power extraction and transverse-mode structure than unstable rings and scrapers which outcoupled either an annular ring or central spot. Efforts to reshape the intracavity beam after scraper outcoupling in order to improve interaction with the electron beam in the wiggler did not produce power extraction equivalent to that of the stable ring. >
Integrating Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy in the Treatment of a Bipolar Patient

M ost contemporary psychiatric literature describing the longterm treatment of bipolar illness emphasizes the benefit of pharmacotherapy. Although reference may be made to the need for concomitant psychotherapy (1–3), the techniques and problems in integrating these two therapeutic approaches are seldom discussed. The following case report, describing the treatment of a woman with bipolar disorder, illustrates problems common to the management of bipolar disorder and the usefulness of psychotherapy in the following aspects of treatment: 1) establishing a therapeutic alliance, 2) helping the patient overcome denial of illness, 3) addressing issues in transference and countertransference, 4) balancing therapeutic drug doses and side effects, and 5) encouraging significant others to provide ongoing mental status information.
Modes of economizing behavior: Experimental evidence

Abstract In addition to more or less elaborate, explicity rational procedures, economic choices in reality are frequently made by trial and error, imitation, following an authority, habit, thoughtless impulse, and hunch. Presenting results from a number of experiments that explicity incorporate decision cost, this paper explores the extent to which these alternative decision making modes can lead to ‘optimal’ choices.
Measurement of water by oven evaporation using a novel oven design. 2. Water in motor oils and motor oil additives

The measurement of water in lubricating oils is important because water accelerates the corrosion of metal parts and bearings in motors. Some of the additives added to lubricating oils to improve their performance react with the Karl Fischer reagent (KFR) causing a positive bias in the water measurement. A new oven evaporation technique for measuring water in oils has been developed that is automated, requires less sample handling, is easily calibrated, and is capable of measuring relatively small mass fractions of water (≥50 mg/kg sample). A series of motor oils was analyzed with the standard KFR, a reagent that detects interfering substances that reduce iodine, and the aldehyde–ketone reagent that does not detect substances that react with methanol and form water. The oil samples were heated to 107°C and then reheated to 160°C. At both temperatures, material was measured by both KFRs, but only zinc dithiophosphate released sulfur compounds that would react with the reagent that detects interfering substances. Mass fractions of between 20 and 70% of the volatile material released at either temperature were measured with the standard KFR but not with the aldehyde–ketone reagent. These results demonstrate that there are a number of sources of positive bias in the measurement of water in motor oils and that the standard KFR cannot be used to measure water in motor oils and motor oil additives. These results also indicate that some of the material reacts with methanol to form water. Finally, these results suggest that some of the material that is volatile at 160°C and not at 107°C may be water that is physically occluded or may be substances that react with diethyleneglycol monomethylether to produce water.
Stall cleanliness and stall temperature of two different freestall bases

Abstract The objective of this study was to describe the differences in freestall cleanliness and stall temperature between a barn with Dual Chamber Cow Waterbeds (DCCW; Advanced Comfort Technology, Reedsburg, WI) and a barn with rubber-filled mattresses at the University of Kentucky Coldstream Dairy Research Farm from January 18, 2012, to May 3, 2013. Stall cleanliness was measured twice weekly (n=134) by the same 2 observers using a 0.91m × 0.91m wire grid containing 128 equally sized rectangles (10.16cm × 5.08cm). This grid was centered at the rear portion of the stall; a rectangle that was visibly wet or had any amount of feces present was defined as a dirty rectangle. Weekly stall temperature (n=66) was measured by the same observer during a.m. milkings in the same predetermined stalls. Feces and wet sawdust were removed from the stalls before stall temperatures were acquired. Temperatures were obtained using a handheld thermometer at 30.48cm above the stall base as determined via dual laser measurements. Stall temperature was measured on the front, middle, and back of the stall first with clean sawdust and then with the sawdust removed from the stall and wiped clean with a towel. Daily temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated using Kentucky climate data calculated through the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture via a data logger, located 5.63 km from the Coldstream Dairy Farm. Stall cleanliness was not different between the DCCW barn (26.09±0.89 rectangles) and the rubber-filled mattress barn (23.70±0.89 rectangles). Mean THI throughout the study was 64.39±0.82. Stall temperature was different among THI categories. Temperature-humidity index categories 1 (coldest), 2, 3, and 4 (warmest) had THI ranges of 22.94 to 50.77, 50.77 to 64.88, 64.88 to 78.75, and 78.75 to 101.59, respectively. Stall temperatures (°C; least squares means ± SE) were 2.26±0.30, 8.86±0.30, 15.52±0.30, and 20.95±0.30 for THI categories 1 to 4, respectively. Stalls with rubber-filled mattresses had a lower temperature (°C) than DCCW with least squares means ± SE of 10.52±0.21°C and 13.29±0.21°C, respectively. The DCCW were probably significantly warmer because water holds heat well. The DCCW may have more of a heat-insulating effect compared with rubber-filled mattresses.