cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface adsorption and the velocity of chemical action at gas-solid interfaces

The relation between the reaction velocity of catalytic dehydrogenation and the rate of passage of alcohol vapour over the catalyst has been found by experiment. At low rates of flow the concentration of the aldehyde and hydrogen in the effluent gas, and therefore over the catalyst, is comparable with that of the reactant. The whole of the surface is thus not covered with the reactant, and the adsorbed reaction products cause marked decrease in the reaction velocity. When the concentration of the reaction products becomes sufficiently small, that is, when the rate of passage of the alcohol vapour exceeds some limit, the velocity is approximately independent of the rate of flow of reactant. With very high speeds the reaction velocity tends to fall again, but this is probably due to the difficulty of keeping the temperature of the catalyst constant. The formula previously deduced connecting the partial pressure of the reactant in a mixture with the fractional reaction velocity has been verified for mixtures of alcohol vapour with water, acetone and benzene; and the composition of the adsorbed gas film with the fractional partial pressure of the gases for mixtures of carbon monoxide with oxygen on platinum. The effect of mixture of vapours on the temperature coefficient of reaction is considered, and equations deduced to show the alteration produced. If the heat of desorption of the reactant is greater than that of the diluent, then the temperature coefficient is diminished, if they are equal there is no alteration, and if less the temperature coefficient is increased. Experiments show that water present in alcohol has little effect on the temperature coefficient of the reaction.
Boron in vegetation in relationship to a coal‐burning power plant

Abstract Plants grown in water from an ash‐settling pond at a coal‐burning power generating plant near Moapa, Nevada, those grown in a glasshouse in soil to which ash collected from the plant had been added, and native plants growing around the ash ponds at the plant site all had elevated B concentrations.
Calculation of camera exposure

Abstract The practical results on photographic exposure may be summarized in the simple equation, t f 2 =6U , Q H p This equation relates the helios HP of a scene detail (Fig. 1) to the incident phosage UQ on the film. Knowing the characteristic curve for the film, the photographer decides what value of UQ is to correspond to a given value of HP. Then Eq. 9 determines the camera exposure ( t f 2 ). The photographer makes two decisions: 1. (a) What are Hmax and Hminfor the range in which gradation is desired? These limits rarely coincide with the true maximum and minimum helios of the scene: they depend on what the photographer wishes to emphasize and what he wishes to ignore. 2. (b) Where should the Umax and Umin (corresponding to Hmax and Hmin) be placed on the characteristic curve of the film? We advocate the two-helios method of calculating camera exposure. Hmax and Hmin are measured, and these two values are related to Umax and Umin on the characteristic curve. Equation 9 then determines exposure time t for any aperture f. The slide rule of Fig. 7 allows easy visualization of the relations. The constant 6 in Eq. 9 is an average value based on representative lens transmittance and a point 15° from the lens axis. This constant may be re-evaluated for the particular lens being used, though such refinement is not ordinarily necessary. One should also remember that when photographing at short distances, the f of Eq. 9 is not the number engraved on the lens barrel. Various one-helios methods have been advocated (28) to simplify the calculation of exposure: 1. (1) Calculation based on Hav, 2. (2) On Hmin, 3. (3) On Hmax. These schemes are inferior to the two-helios method because they do not allow the photographer to visualize how his highlights and shadows will be reproduced. In (1), some sort of average helios is measured for the scene, and the camera exposure is t f 2 If Hav is the geometric mean of Hmax and Hmin: H av = H max H min, and if both Hmax and Hmin are known and their ratio H max H min has a value that can be reproduced, then Eq. 9a offers a good method of calculating exposure. But if Hav is taken as the reading of an ordinary photoelectric exposure meter, the results are practically worthless, as has been shown by Jones and Condit (8) and by Berg (14). For (2), the film is exposed for the shadows: t f 2 = 6U min H min Used without additional information, this method tells nothing about what will happen to the highlights. For (3), t f 2 = 6U max H max which tells nothing about the shadows. These schemes are usable, but only if the ratio H max H min is known to be within allowable limits. The paper concludes with a consideration of flash exposure based on the same methods.
Coupling NMR to NOM.

This work itemizes and critically assesses several 1D and multi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, in both the liquid (solvent suppression, APT, DEPT, INEPT, COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY, ROESY and others) and solid states (DP, SACP, RAMP-CP, CP-TOSS, MQ-DEPT, 2D 1H–13C HETCOR and others), which are relevant to the characterization of natural organic matter (NOM). The pros and cons of many of the discussed techniques are compared in an effort to provide guidance to the most beneficial utilization of these NMR instrumental techniques for researchers interested in gaining insight into various aspects of NOM.
A prospective randomly controlled clinical trial on azithromycin therapy for induction treatment of children with nephrotic syndrome

A prospective study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of azithromycin (AZM) when combined with prednisone therapy compared with prednisone therapy alone in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) undergoing induction treatment. A prospective randomly controlled clinical trial was conducted. Randomization was performed to select the research subjects who were composed of children with PNS and treated with AZM combined with prednisone (the intervention group) and with prednisone alone (the control group). A total of 211 randomly selected patients with PNS received either AZM combined with prednisone (n = 106) or prednisone alone (n = 105) for 6 months. At three months in the follow‐up period, 12 patients were lost to follow up (intervention group, 7; control group, 5), and 6 patients had a transient hypocomplementemia (intervention group, 4 ; control group, 2). AZM was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg q.d (1 dose per day) for three consecutive days. The median duration before remission was 6 days in the intervention group and 9 days in the control group (p < 0.0001). Relapse rate differed among the groups at 3 months (11.6 vs. 21.4 %, p = 0.049). No difference in relapse rate was observed between the two groups within 4 to 6 months and at 6 months (p = 0.168, 0.052). After 4 weeks of treatment, steroid resistance occurred in 1 out of 95 (1.05 %) patients in the intervention group and in 10 out of 98 (10.2 %) patients in the control group (p = 0.006). After 8 weeks of treatment, no difference was found in steroid resistance between two groups (1/95 vs. 3/98, p = 0.327). During follow-up at 6 months, no difference was exhibited by the two groups on frequent relapse rates (p = 0.134). Conclusion: If a course of AZM is added to the glucocorticoid-induced treatment among children with PNS, then the sensitivity of prednisone increases. This increase consequently reduces duration to remission and decreases relapse. However, further studies are necessary to confirm these results.
Uncertainty and knowledge theories new era in Granular Computing

LNS is a generalization of topological neighborhood system(TNS) by simply dropping all axioms of topology but the superset axiom. The goal of this paper is to show that LNS is the “correct” granule for granular computing (GrC) and Granular Mathematics (GrM). Here are some high lights 1) Zadeh(1996)suggested that if classical mathematics is viewed as Math(point), GrM is Math(granule). The axiomatization of LNS in GrC2011 shows that GrM = Math(granule), point free. 2) Crisp LNS = Fuzzy LNS (when in terms of alpha-cuts). item TNS, a special LNS, models the uncertainty of “nearness” 3) Infinitesimals can be defined by TNS in hyperreals. 4) LNS includes all generalized rough sets and fuzzy sets (when rough degree/fuzzy are ignored.) 5) GrC/GrM provide the infrastructure for probability, possibility and belief measures.
Toward a multifactorial model of Alzheimer disease

Abstract Relations among antecedent biomarkers of Alzheimer disease (AD) were evaluated using causal modeling; although correlation cannot be equated to causation, causation does require correlation. Individuals aged 43 to 89 years ( N = 220) enrolled as cognitively normal controls in longitudinal studies had clinical and psychometric assessment, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, and brain amyloid imaging via positron emission tomography with Pittsburgh Compound B (PIB) obtained within 1 year. CSF levels of Aβ 42 and tau were minimally correlated, indicating they represent independent processes. Aβ 42 , tau, and their interaction explained 60% of the variance in PIB. Effects of APOE genotype and age on PIB were indirect, operating through CSF markers. Only spurious relations via their common relation with age were found between the biomarkers and regional brain volumes or cognition. Hence, at least 2 independent hypothesized processes, one reflected by CSF Aβ 42 and one by CSF tau, contribute to the development of fibrillar amyloid plaques preclinically. The lack of correlation between these 2 processes and brain volume in the regions most often affected in AD suggests the operation of a third process related to brain atrophy.
My brain told me to do it

Voluntary motor control requires circuits in the brain to develop synchronously with spinal motor circuitry. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Reimer et al. (2013) demonstrate that this process is coordinated in zebrafish: dopamine released from descending projections modulates formation of motor neurons by attenuating the response of progenitors to Shh signaling.
Kainate receptor modification in the fetal guinea pig brain during hypoxia.

The present study tests the hypothesis that hypoxia alters the high-affinity kainate receptors in fetal guinea pig brain. Experiments were conducted in normoxic and hypoxic guinea pig fetus at preterm (45 days of gestation) and term (60 days of gestation). Hypoxia in the guinea pig fetus was induced by exposure to maternal hypoxia (FiO2 = 7%) for 60 min. Brain tissue hypoxia in the fetus was documented biochemically by decreased levels of ATP and phosphocreatine. [3H]-Kainate binding characteristics (Bmax = number of receptors, Kd = dissociation constant) were used as indices of kainate receptor modification. P2 membrane fractions were prepared from the cortex of normoxic and hypoxic fetuses and were washed six times prior to performing the binding assays. [3H]kainate binding was performed at 0 degrees C for 30 min in a 500 microliters medium containing 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 0.1 mM EDTA (pH 7.4), 300 micrograms protein and varying concentrations of radiolabelled kainate ranging from 1 to 200 nM. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of 1.0 mM glutamate. During brain development from 45 to 60 days gestation, Bmax value increased from 330 +/- 16 to 417 +/- 10 fmoles/mg protein; however, the Kd was unchanged (8.2 +/- 0.4 vs 8.8 +/- 0.5 nM, respectively). During hypoxia at 60 days, the Kd value significantly increased as compared to normoxic control (15.5 +/- 0.7 vs 8.8 +/- 0.5 nM, respectively), whereas the Bmax was not affected (435 +/- 12 vs 417 +/- 10 fmol/mg protein, respectively). At 45 days, hypoxia also increased the Kd (11.9 +/- 0.6 vs 8.2 +/- 0.4 nM) without affecting the Bmax (290 +/- 15 vs 330 +/- 16 fmol/mg protein, respectively). The results show that the number of kainate receptors increase during gestation without change in affinity and demonstrate that hypoxia modifies the high-affinity kainate receptor sites at both ages; however the effect is much stronger at 60 days (term). The decreased affinity of the site could decrease the kainate receptor-mediated fast kinetics of desensitization and provide a longer period for increased Na(+)-influx, leading to increased accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ by reversal of the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange mechanism. In addition, Kd values for kainate-type glutamate receptor sites are 30-40 fold lower (i.e. higher affinity) than those for NMDA-displaceable glutamate sites. The higher affinity suggests that the activation of the kainate-type glutamate receptor during hypoxia could precede initiation of NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxic mechanisms. We propose that hypoxia-induced modification of the high affinity kainate receptor in the fetus is a potential mechanism of neuroexcitotoxicity.
Psychotherapy appointment no-shows: rates and reasons

Patients who frequently miss or do not show for their scheduled psychotherapy appointments create administrative and clinical difficulties, and may not be receiving effective treatment. Prior research has predominately focused on either identifying demographic and administrative factors related to patient no-show rates or evaluating the effectiveness of administrative procedures for reducing no-shows. This paper attempts to identify rates of missed appointments in clinical practice and explore more specific clinical process factors related to patient no-shows. Psychotherapists (N = 24) and their patients (N = 542) in the outpatient department of a public safety-net hospital were surveyed to examine how frequently patients missed scheduled psychotherapy appointments and for what reasons. Findings indicate that the majority of missed appointments were accounted for by patients with occasional absences (approx. 1 per month), while only a small percentage of patients missed appointments with high frequency. Patients missed their psychotherapy appointments for a number of reasons, including clinical symptoms, practical matters, motivational concerns, and negative treatment reactions.
First Report of Sclerotinia Stem Rot Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Brassica carinata in Florida.

Brassica carinata A. Braun, commonly referred to as Ethiopian rapeseed, a near relative of collards and mustard, has become the object of increasing interest as an oil crop. It has been reported th...
The Organizational Ombuds Office and Corporate Social Responsibility: Driving Values in an Organization

When employees experience conflicts and concerns in the workplace, and cannot see a way to satisfactorily address them, their lives at work may become increasingly difficult, affecting the quality of their work and productivity. Ultimately, they may see that the only option available to resolve the problem is to leave the company.
A pratical comment on resolution IV designs: Bad properties of quantitative factors

In the literature, Resolution IV designs are defined as designs which yield main-effect estimators unbiased by two-factor interactions. This note proves that this property does not hold, if quantitative factors are present.
Must the Context Be Considered When Applying Generic Safety Symbols: A Case Study in Flammable Contact Adhesives

Several household fires have occurred in the United States and Canada when flammable contact adhesive vapors were ignited by nearby pilot lights. While the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned the sale of extremely flammable adhesives in the U.S., its Canadian counterparts have focused more attention on product labeling. This field experiment examined the impact of the flame and poison warning symbols prescribed by the Canadian Government for a flammable adhesive. The results suggest that although the generic meanings of these two symbols are well understood, people have difficulty inferring the specific safety precautions most necessary for this particular product, apparently because they do not realize that adhesive vapors, rather than the adhesive itself, pose the fire hazard. Users also tended to overestimate the significance of the toxicity hazard. This incorrect assessment was corrected for a subset of subjects by reading the product specific text provided on the back of the container. Implications for the design and evaluation of safety symbols are provided as are recommendations for modifying several features of the adhesive's label.
Process requirements and properties of spray-dried squid protein

The process requirements and properties of dehydrated squid protein prepared by a water extraction and spray dehydration process were studied. After removal of skin and viscera, a water soluble fraction was obtained by filtering the comminuted slurry which, when diluted and spray dried, was converted into a powder having a very light color. A low yield of 29.4% on the semi-pilot scale appeared to be due to material loss during washing. In a well designed laboratory study however, yield averaged 74% indicating that loss during washing could be minimized. The product averaged 81% protein, had excellent water solubility and a good oil binding capacity as well as emulsion stability. Animal feeding studies showed that nutritionally the quality of the dehydrated squid protein is comparable with that of casein.
Press reports on the chiapas uprising: towards a transnationalized communication

Media reports of the Zapatista uprising have magnified the event and brought it to a transnational audience. This ethnographic analysis of the news making process documents the ways in which media agents, historical agents and the audience reciprocally affected each other, as images are projected and received. The press presence shaped an image of the historical agents as the uprising began, thus creating a space in which indigenous actors affected global events. It initially emphasized the justice of Zapatista demands creating a new image of what revolution and democracy might mean. Press attention has, however, waned as the Mexican federal troops increased their pressure and the democratic process set in motion has reached a stalemate
Multibit oversampled Σ-Δ A/D convertor with digital error correction

This now famous anthology brings together various aspects of oversampling methods and compares and evaluates design approaches. It describes the theoretical analysis of converter performances, the actual design of converters and their simulation, circuit implementations, and applications.
Ablastin: The phenomenon

Abstract A brief report is made of a conference held on the subject of ablastic immunity. Included are the background of the meeting, its organization, and its purpose, which was to summarize our knowledge of the subject and to consider future research plans. A list of some of the research problems discussed by the participants and possible experimental approaches for their resolution are presented. The report also serves as an introduction to a series of papers by the participants of the conference published concurrently.
Intrinsic Optical Signal Imaging of Stimulus-Evoked Neural Activities in the Retina

Intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging and electrophysiological recording were used to detect retinal neural activities. IOS imaging allowed dynamic monitoring of visual signal propagation from the photoreceptor to inner retinal neurons.
Messenger RNA synthesis, transport, and storage in silkmoth ovarian follicles.

Abstract Developing oocytes of the silkmoths Actias luna and Antheraea polyphemus were shown to contain significant amounts of polyadenylated RNA. This presumed messenger RNA comprises 0.2 to 0.3% of the total extractable RNA, and is found exclusively in subribosomal fractions of ooplasm. Pulse-chase and other time-course studies indicate that the nurse cells are the probable source of this as well as other fractions of ooplasmic RNA. Labeled polyadenylated RNA extracted from both nurse cells and ooplasm appears in similar, heterodisperse, fractions with a major peak at 18 S in sucrose gradients. No evidence of the presence of polysomes or of active protein or RNA synthesis was detected in the oocytes during vitellogenesis.
Phosphorylation of the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA Polymerase Processivity Factor EA-D by the EBV-Encoded Protein Kinase and Effects of the l-Riboside Benzimidazole 1263W94

A member of the family of l-riboside benzimidazole compounds, 1263W94, was shown recently to inhibit replication of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (V. L. Zacny, E. Gershburg, M. G. Davis, K. K. Biron, and J. S. Pagano, J. Virol. 73:7271–7277, 1999). In the present report the effect of 1263W94 on the phosphorylation pattern of the EBV DNA polymerase processivity factor, EA-D, during viral reactivation in latently EBV-infected Akata cells is analyzed. This pattern specifically changes with progression of cytolytic infection. In the presence of 1263W94 the appearance of the hyperphosphorylated form of EA-D is mainly affected. Next, coexpression of the cloned EBV-encoded protein kinase (EBV PK), BGLF4, with EA-D demonstrated the ability of EBV PK to phosphorylate EA-D to its hyperphosphorylated form in transient assays. However, the phosphorylation of EA-D was not directly inhibited by 1263W94 in these coexpression assays. The results indicate that the EBV PK appears to be responsible for the hyperphosphorylation of EA-D, imply that the phosphorylation status of EA-D is important for viral replication, and suggest that 1263W94 acts at a level other than direct inhibition of EA-D phosphorylation by EBV PK.
Isotopic fractionation during soil uptake of atmospheric hydrogen

Abstract. Soil uptake of atmospheric hydrogen (H2) and the associated hydrogen isotope effect were studied using soil chambers in a Western Washington second-growth coniferous forest. Chamber studies were conducted during both winter and summer seasons to account for large natural variability in soil moisture content (4–50%) and temperature (6–22 °C). H2 deposition velocities were found to range from 0.01–0.06 cm s−1 with an average of 0.033 ± 0.008 cm s−1 (95% confidence interval). Consistent with prior studies, deposition velocities were correlated with soil moisture below 20% soil moisture content during the summer season. During winter, there was considerable variability observed in deposition velocity that was not closely related to soil moisture. The hydrogen kinetic isotope effect with H2 uptake was found to range from −24‰ to −109‰. Aggregate analysis of experimental data results in an average KIE of −57 ± 5‰ (95% CI). Some of the variability in KIE can be explained by larger isotope effects at lower ( 30%) soil moisture contents. The measured KIE was also found to be correlated with deposition velocity, with smaller isotope effects occurring at higher deposition velocities. If correct, these findings will have an impact on the interpretation of atmospheric measurements and modeling of δD of H2.
ID1 Is a Functional Marker for Intestinal Stem and Progenitor Cells Required for Normal Response to Injury

LGR5 and BMI1 mark intestinal stem cells in crypt base columnar cells and +4 position cells, respectively, but characterization of functional markers in these cell populations is limited. ID1 maintains the stem cell potential of embryonic, neural, and long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells. Here, we show in both human and mouse intestine that ID1 is expressed in cycling columnar cells, +4 position cells, and transit-amplifying cells in the crypt. Lineage tracing revealed ID1+ cells to be self-renewing, multipotent stem/progenitor cells that are responsible for the long-term renewal of the intestinal epithelium. Single ID1+ cells can generate long-lived organoids resembling mature intestinal epithelium. Complete knockout of Id1 or selective deletion of Id1 in intestinal epithelium or in LGR5+ stem cells sensitizes mice to chemical-induced colon injury. These experiments identify ID1 as a marker for intestinal stem/progenitor cells and demonstrate a role for ID1 in maintaining the potential for repair in response to colonic injury.
On the heat flux vector for flowing granular materials--part II: derivation and special cases

Heat transfer plays a major role in the processing of many particulate materials. The heat flux vector is commonly modelled by the Fourier's law of heat conduction and for complex materials such as non-linear fluids, porous media, or granular materials, the coefficient of thermal conductivity is generalized by assuming that it would depend on a host of material and kinematical parameters such as temperature, shear rate, porosity or concentration, etc. In Part I, we will give a brief review of the basic equations of thermodynamics and heat transfer to indicate the importance of the modelling of the heat flux vector. We will also discuss the concept of effective thermal conductivity (ETC) in granular and porous media. In Part II, we propose and subsequently derive a properly frame-invariant constitutive relationship for the heat flux vector for a (single phase) flowing granular medium. Standard methods in continuum mechanics such as representation theorems and homogenization techniques are used. It is shown that the heat flux vector in addition to being proportional to the temperature gradient (the Fourier's law), could also depend on the gradient of density (or volume fraction), and D (the symmetric part of the velocity gradient) in an appropriate manner. Themore » emphasis in this paper is on the idea that for complex non-linear materials it is the heat flux vector which should be studied; obtaining or proposing generalized form of the thermal conductivity is not always appropriate or sufficient.« less
Dust Storms and Their Impact on Ocean and Human Health: Dust in Earth’s Atmosphere

Satellite imagery has greatly influenced our understanding of dust activity on a global scale. A number of different satellites such as NASA’s Earth-Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Sea-viewing Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) acquire daily global-scale data used to produce imagery for monitoring dust storm formation and movement. This global-scale imagery has documented the frequent transmission of dust storm-derived soils through Earth’s atmosphere and the magnitude of many of these events. While various research projects have been undertaken to understand this normal planetary process, little has been done to address its impact on ocean and human health. This review will address the ability of dust storms to influence marine microbial population densities and transport of soil-associated toxins and pathogenic microorganisms to marine environments. The implications of dust on ocean and human health in this emerging scientific field will be discussed.
The Impact of Paternal Involvement on Feto-Infant Morbidity Among Whites, Blacks and Hispanics

Few studies have examined paternal involvement in relation to feto-infant health; therefore we aim to assess the impact of absence of the father on birth outcomes among racial-ethnic subgroups. Florida vital statistics records for singleton births occurring between 1998 and 2005 were used for this study. Births to women less than 20 years of age and births outside the gestational age range of 20–44 weeks were excluded. Adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were generated to examine the impact of paternal involvement, as defined by presence of paternal information on the birth certificate, on feto-infant morbidity across racial-ethnic sub-populations. There were higher rates of low birth weight, very low birth weight, preterm birth, very preterm birth, and small for gestational age (SGA) among father-absent births. Within each racial-ethnic subgroup, women with absent fathers had higher risks of poor birth outcomes than their counterparts with involved fathers. Black women with absent fathers had the highest risk of low birth weight, very low birth weight, preterm birth, very preterm birth, and SGA. Promoting paternal involvement during the perinatal period may provide a means to decrease the proportion of infants born of very low birth weight or very preterm, thus potentially reducing the black–white disparity in infant mortality.
Reconstructing memory through the archives: public pedagogy, citizenship and Letizia Battaglia’s photographic record of mafia violence

This essay shuttles between the archive in its literal sense as a site of storage, and in its figurative senses as a migrating, foundational concept that is fused with affect and speaks of memory and forgetting, disavowal and betrayals. I maintain that a productive ground for theorising the archive as a site of radical public teaching can be found in the public pedagogical projects of anti-mafia activists currently working in Sicily. In the following pages, I focus on the photojournalism of Sicilian anti-mafia activist Letizia Battaglia. Bound up with traditions of social documentary and autobiography, Battaglia’s collection of over 6000 photographs of the mafia’s internal war in Sicily works as a moving, portable archive that takes place at the breakdown of memory and challenges the world to understand organised crime as far more than Sicily’s ‘local problem’. Drawing on the work of D.W. Winnicott, Masud Khan and Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, I argue that Battaglia’s photographic archive creates a social prote...
Antipredatory Defense of Neonatal Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) by Yearling Male Pronghorn in Southwestern South Dakota

ABSTRACT. Antipredatory defense of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) neonates (≤1 month old) by adult females (>18 months old) is well documented throughout the geographic range of this species. However, reports of male pronghorn defending neonates against predators are limited to a single study in northwestern Wyoming where occurrences were documented of adult males assisting female pronghorn in defending neonates against coyotes (Canis latrans). To our knowledge, defense of neonatal pronghorn by yearling males (12–18 months old) has not been reported previously for this species. We report occurrences of antipredatory defense of neonatal pronghorn by yearling males in southwestern South Dakota.
RESONANT ELECTRON CAPTURE IN VIOLENT PROTON-HYDROGEN ATOM COLLISIONS

A new collision chamber design has made possible differential measurements of scattering of protons on atomic hydrogen target atoms. The scattering takes place in the interior of a furnace where hydrogen gas is dissociated. Electron capture probability is measured vs proton energy for protons passing nearly through the center of isolated hydrogen atoms such that the incident particle is scattered through an angle of 3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. This shows a resonant structure with maxima at energies of 0.78, 1.57, 3.92, and 20.1 kev. A simple model is presented for looking at these resonances. In the light of this model and previous theoretical work, the location of the high-energy maximum is unexpectedly low, and this suggests that a phase constant is needed to achieve agreement between experiment and theory. The ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ on H data presented here are compared with those for the other combinations, ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ on ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ on He, and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ on He, which also show resonant electron capture.
Corning lightweight core fabrication technologies

Fabrication of lightweight mirrors from low expansion glass can be achieved using various core and faceplate lightweighting techniques. Lightweighting can be achieved using abrasive waterjet (AWJ) cutting, CNC machining and a new approach that Corning is developing to produce lightweight cores based on Corning's patented extrusion process. The selection of which lightweighting technology to use is dependent on customer design considerations of the lightweight mirror. These lightweighting techniques are reviewed and discussed, along with advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Corning will also introduce and discuss its new extruded core lightweighting process.
The space efficiency of XML

Abstract XML is the future language for data exchange, and support for XML has been extensive. Although XML has numerous benefits including self-describing data, improved readability, and standardization, there are always tradeoffs in the introduction of new technologies that replace existing systems. The tradeoff of XML versus other data exchange languages is improved readability and descriptiveness versus space efficiency. There has been limited work on examining the space efficiency of XML. This paper compares XML to other data exchange formats. Experiments are performed to measure the overhead in XML files and determine the amount of space used for data, schema, and overhead in a typical XML document.
Agonist-independent activation of Gz by the 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor co-expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda cells. Distinguishing inverse agonists from neutral antagonists.

Abstract The human 5-hydroxytryptamine1Areceptor, when expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells, facilitates the binding of [35S]GTPγS to a co-expressed GTP-binding regulatory protein, Gz, consistent with constitutive activity. The antagonists 4-(2′-methoxyphenyl)-1-[2′(n-2"-pyridinyl)-p-iodobenzamido]ethyl-piperazine (p-MPPI) and the related fluorobenzamido analoguep-MPPF had little (p-MPPI) or no (p-MPPF) effect on this activity. In contrast, a third antagonist, the neuroleptic spiperone, produced an almost complete suppression. Thus, using G protein activation as an index of receptor activity, p-MPPF was classified as a neutral antagonist,p-MPPI as a partial inverse agonist, and spiperone as essentially a full inverse agonist. As predicted, spiperone displayed properties consistent with a special form of noncompetitive antagonism when used to displace the agonist [125I]R-(+)-trans-8-hydroxy-2-[N-n-propyl-N-(3′-iodo-2′-propenyl)amino]tetralin. Our data profile Sf9 cells as a unique vehicle for the characterization of inverse agonists, as these cells support a systematic pairing of mammalian receptors and G proteins, quantitative assays of G protein activation, and unambiguously labeled populations of coupled and uncoupled receptors.
Measurement of the pyroelectric coefficient of poly(vinylidene fluoride) down to 3 K

The temperature dependence of the pyroelectric coefficient ${\mathrm{p}}^{|\mathrm{I}\mathrm{H}}$ of polyvinylidene fluoride (${\mathrm{PVF}}_{2}$) was measured from 307 K to the previously unexplored region of 3 K. The measurements were performed on a film of oriented (\ensuremath{\mathrm{B}}-phase) ${\mathrm{PVF}}_{2}$ by monitoring its surface charge response to quasistatic heating and cooling transients. The data exhibit a pure cubic temperature dependence from 3 to 6 K with no evidence of a linear term. This is consistent with the prediction by Szigeti and the Debye limit, respectively, for the primary (i.e., strain-free) and secondary contributions to pyroelectricity. The data from \ensuremath{\sim}20 to \ensuremath{\sim}150 K, which include the region of largest change, are well fit by an exponential function (i.e., ${\mathrm{a}}_{0}$${\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}\mathrm{/}\mathrm{T}}$), corresponding to a thermal activation energy of \ensuremath{\theta}=(25.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06) K. Our data for ${\mathrm{p}}^{|\mathrm{I}\mathrm{H}}$, from 100 to 250 K, are approximately proportional to the thermal expansion coefficient, recently published by Hartwig, which indicates that the observed pyroelectricity is dominated by piezoelectric (i.e., secondary) contributions in that temperature regime.
Voice and Manual Control in Dual Task Situations

The objective of this research was to replicate and extend an investigation of Voice and Manual Control in Dual Task Situations previously performed by Wickens et al. (1985). This study incorporated both the previous within-subject design with a much larger sample size and a novel between-subject paradigm. The repeated measures investigation minimizing asymmetric transfer between response conditions revealed significantly better performance when a verbal Sternberg task was voice controlled in combination with a manually controlled spatial tracking task. The between-subject study likewise supported this finding. The previous 1985 study's findings favoring hemispherically compatible left-handed tracking were not supported in this investigation.
Replication timing and metazoan evolution.

The long-presumed relationship between transcriptional activity of genes and their replication early in S-phase was challenged when a whole-genome analysis of replication timing in budding yeast found no such relationship. A new study reports the first genome-wide comparison of replication timing and gene expression in a multicellular organism, revealing a strong correlation between the two. This difference may reflect levels of nuclear organization that are important in the context of tissue-specific gene regulation.
Consumer response to calorie base variations on the graphical nutrient density food label

Abstract This paper reports the results of a supermarket study of the graphical nutrient density food label format. The graphical nutrient density label format presents information in a graphical display (rather than the current numeric presentation) and allows consumers to compare how much nutritional value, in terms of percentage of U.S. RDA, they will receive from a food relative to the amount of calories (in terms of some estimate of daily needs) that food will provide. The study tested the effects of variations in calorie base level used on the graphical food label and the presence or absence of a calorie base identification statement on consumer perceptions of the nutritional quality of food products. Findings indicated that calorie base level affected consumer estimations of nutritional quality, with food quality estimations declining monotonically as calorie base used declined. In addition, consumers perceived nutritionally identical foods to be of higher nutritional quality when a calorie base identification statement was present on a food label than when it was absent. Among the implications of the study for policymakers and the food industry is the finding that merely adding a calorie base identification statement to the graphical nutrient density label had an impact on consumer perceptions of nutrient quality.
Uncovering and testing archetypes of effective public sector CIOs

Given the importance of public sector CIOs to government performance and citizens' faith in democracy as an efficient provider of services, it is important to understand what makes some government CIOs more effective than others. Q Method is used to uncover five archetypes of public sector CIOs which are shown to be reliable across two Q sorts. These archetypes include politically-oriented CIO, savvy negotiator, technology optimizer, and skillful communicator. Further analysis using a tournament scoring approach indicates that business-oriented CIOs are the most effective. Applying a stakeholder perspective to interpret the results, it is proposed that business-oriented CIOs understand the value in tracking closely to an organization's business leaders and strategically ignoring other stakeholders in their environment, even politically powerful ones. The development and comparison of archetypes provide a new focus of CIO research by extending from the individual level of the attribute to a combination of attributes (archetypes).
Inhibitory effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) preparations on HIV infection of human placenta in vitro.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has been implicated in modifying Kaposi sarcoma lesions in HIV positive patients and in reducing HIV infection in human lymphocytes and human choriocarcinoma cells. These anti-HIV effects of hCG may contribute to the limited maternal to fetal transmission of HIV infection (25-35 per cent without treatment). However, it is unknown whether such high dosages of hCG have any effect on vertical transmission of HIV or on the infection of the human placenta with cell-free HIV. We have investigated in a dose dependent manner the effects of hCG on HIV-1 infection of human term placentae. Using commercially available hCG preparations, the ability to modify the infection of placental explants in vitro was examined. Sigma hCG and ICN beta-hCG (0.1, 1, 10 IU/ml) and APL hCG and Sigma and Serono recombinant hCG (0.1, 1, 10, 100 IU/ml) were added during 6 h of pre-incubation and the 4 days of culture (3 days following the 24 h exposure to HIV-1 Ba-L strain). Cell-free HIV infection of the placental explants was documented using DNA-PCR detection of Gag and LTR regions of HIV. Each experimental condition was repeated in different placentae (n=5) and each PCR amplification was performed in duplicate with each primer set (total=20). Our results demonstrate that there is a dose dependent inhibition of HIV-1 infection in the human placenta above the physiologic levels (0.2 IU/ml) of hCG produced during incubation. At the highest concentration used (100 IU/ml), 80 per cent inhibition of HIV infection was achieved with urinary extract hCG and about 50 per cent with recombinant hCG. beta-hCG alone appears to possess an efficacy equivalent to the complete hCG molecule. In this in vitro study, hCG demonstrates specific anti-HIV inhibitory properties that cannot be solely attributed to urinary contamination of the commercial preparations. Such inhibitory action of hCG may be present at varying levels throughout gestation based upon the circulating levels of hCG and its production by the placenta. Knowledge of the specific mechanisms underlying this inhibition is necessary before clinical applications can be considered.
Clinical Implications of Anterior S-T Segment Depression in Patients With Acute Inferior Myocardial Infarction

Abstract To assess various factors associated with anterior S-T segment depression during acute inferior myocardial infarction, 47 consecutive patients with electrocardiographic evidence of a first transmural inferior infarction were studied prospectively with radionuclide ventriculography an average of 7.3 hours (range 2.9 to 15.3) after the onset of symptoms. Thirty-nine patients (Group I) had anterior S-T depression in the initial electrocardiogram and 8 (Group II) did not have such “reciprocal” changes. There was no difference between the two groups in left ventricular end-diastolic or end-systolic volume index or left ventricular ejection fraction. Stroke volume index was greater in Group I than in Group II. There were no group differences in left ventricular total or regional wall motion scores. A weak correlation existed between the quantities (mV) of inferior S-T segment elevation and reciprocal S-T depression. No relation between anterior S-T segment depression and the left ventricular end-diastolic volume index could be demonstrated; the extent of left ventricular apical and right ventricular wall motion abnormalities, both frequently associated with inferior infarction, did not correlate with the quantity of anterior S-T depression. These data show that anterior S-T segment depression occurs commonly during the early evolution of transmural inferior infarction, is not generally a marker of functionally significant anterior ischemia and cannot be used to predict left ventricular function in individual patients. Anterior S-T segment depression may be determined by reciprocal mechanisms.
Low-level arsenite causes accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in rabbit renal cortical slices and HEK293 cells.

Abstract Arsenic is a known human carcinogen that affects a variety of processes within the cell. In this study, the effects of environmentally relevant As(III) exposures on the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome pathway have been investigated. Low-level As(III) exposure (0.5 – 10 μM) causes an accumulation of high-molecular-weight ubiquitin protein conjugates in both precision-cut rabbit renal-cortical slices and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. The As(III) doses that induced these molecular changes were subcytotoxic in both model systems. Doses of 10 μM As(III) decreased cellular activity of the 20S proteasome by 40 and 15% in slices and HEK293 cells, respectively. As(III) did not cause any notable difference in Ub-conjugating activity of rabbit renal slices or HEK293 cells. Since ubiquitination plays such a vital role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, this noticeable perturbation of cellular ubiquitination is likely to have a multitude of signaling effects within the cells and may contribute to the pathogenesis of low-level arsenic.
Feedforward pulse-width modulator for boost DC-DC power converters

The authors describe a novel pulse-width modulator with feedforward compensation of input voltage disturbances in boost DC-DC switched mode power converters. The modulator transforms an open-loop boost converter into a linear DC voltage amplifier. It is suitable for simple integrated-circuit implementation using the same building blocks as existing PWM controllers for switched mode power supplies.
Physico-chemical characterization of stored black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Abstract Selected physical and chemical characteristics were studied on black beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) after 2 years of storage under refrigerated hypobaric conditions (RHC) and ambient conditions (AC). Black beans stored under RHC of 4.5°C, 50–60% relative humidity and atmospheric pressure of 125 mm Hg exhibited quality factors characteristic of fresh beans, such as shorter cooking time, smaller quantities of solids loss, electrolytes leached, and percentage of hardshell than beans stored at AC of 23–25°C and 30–50% relative humidity. Additionally, beans stored under RHC demonstrated greater germination rate (93%) than beans stored at AC (72%). Beans stored at AC exhibited quality factors characteristic of hard-to-cook (HTC) beans. Percentage water absorption indicated a faster initial hydration rate in beans stored under RHC compared to beans stored at AC until after 12 h of soaking, when both reached a similar hydration rate. Moisture content of beans stored under RHC was similar to that of beans prior to storage, while the moisture content of beans stored at AC was significantly lower. Crude protein, crude fat, and ash concentration of beans prior to storage and beans stored for 2 years under RHC or AC were not significantly different. The electrophoretic profile of the main protein of beans, globulin G1, was not altered by the storage conditions. The combined effect of refrigeration and hypobaric storage conditions demonstrated potential for maintaining the fresh quality of beans in storage for up to 2 years.
Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation of Communication-Induced Checkpointing Protocols in F E Family

Communication-induced checkpointing (CIC) protocols can not only bound rollback propagation but also allow each process to take checkpoints independently while at the same time ensure all checkpoints to be useful. In this paper, we present both theoretical and experimental evaluation of protocols in a particular CIC protocol family, called FE family in the literature, and also the FE- Lazy family which is the corresponding family obtained by applying ldquolazy indexing strategyrdquo to the FE family.