cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute hemodynamic effects of digoxin alone or in combination with other vasoactive agents in patients with congestive heart failure

Although digitalis preparations have been in use for greater than 200 years, it is only within the last 2 decades that the central hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects occurring over several hours following intravenous administration of digoxin have been investigated in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Although digoxin has been shown to stimulate myocardial contractility in tissue preparations, its positive inotropic activity does not consistently translate into improvements in hemodynamic measurements in humans. Digoxin given intravenously results in increased cardiac index and decreased heart rate, left ventricular filling pressure, and right atrial pressure, as well as in acute attenuation of neurohumoral abnormalities, in patients with chronic CHF who have abnormal baseline hemodynamic measurements. Unlike other drugs with positive inotropic activity, however, digoxin does not influence hemodynamics in normal volunteers or in CHF patients in whom hemodynamics have been normalized with other therapies. These differing effects may be related to the drug's diverse peripheral vascular effects in CHF patients in whom vasodilation may occur in comparison with those that occur in normal subjects in whom the peripheral vasoconstrictor effects may prevent the inotropic effects of the drug from being translated into an increase in cardiac output. The hemodynamic effects of digoxin in patients with chronic CHF due primarily to diastolic dysfunction have not been fully investigated. Intravenous digoxin produces hemodynamic effects in patients with CHF associated with acute myocardial infarction, but these changes are small compared with those resulting from the administration of dobutamine. Digoxin does not appear to influence hemodynamic measurements in patients with right ventricular dysfunction unless concomitant left ventricular failure is present. In patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction, the hemodynamic effects of intravenous digoxin and vasodilators are enhanced when these agents are given in combination.
Characteristics of the Functional Independence Measure in traumatic spinal cord injury.

Abstract Objectives: The characteristics of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM)™ were examined for spinal cord injury (SCI) in regard to norms over time by level and completeness of injury, differential benefit of motor and cognition subscales, and "ceiling effect" after rehabilitation discharge. Design: Descriptive study of raw FIM data collected prospectively at admission and discharge from acute inpatient rehabilitation, and at 1, 2, and 5 years after injury. Setting: National Database of the 18 Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems. Subjects: Persons with SCI, age 16 and over, with functionally complete injuries at inpatient rehabilitation admission (ASIA grades A, B, or C), admitted to Model System an average of 8 days after injury (standard deviation=13, median=1 day). Maximum sample sizes for which data were available were: at rehabilitation admission, 3,971 cases; at discharge, 4,033; at year 1 postinjury, 903; 2 years, 712; and 5 years, 570. Outcome Measures: The FIM motor and cognition subscales. Results: There is a substantial ceiling effect of the FIM cognition items even by inpatient rehabilitation discharge, ie, 80% to 90% of the cases average 6 to 7 (independent or modified independence) across the 5 FIM cognition items. At 1 year 89% to 97% of cases were rated independent. FIM motor items were consistent with level of injury and neurologic status. Motor items (excluding locomotion items) were highly intercorrelated (correlations range from .58 to .92 for self care, sphincter control, and mobility items). Trends over years 1, 2, and 5 were stable for both motor and cognition subscales. FIM motor gains were greatest between admission and discharge and gains continued through 1 year after injury, but at a much-decreased rate. Conclusions: The cognition items are not informative for detecting changes over time in SCI; at best, these items could serve as a crude cognition screening assessment. Motor items, in contrast, appear to reflect well the functional status of individuals. High correlations among several of the motor items suggest item redundancy. FIM motor scores illustrated the improvements in neurologic and ASIA scores in appropriate cases. Individuals with ASIA impairment grades of B or C at admission make the most gains in FIM motor scores.
Fluorescence determination of carboxypeptidase A activity based on electronic energy transfer

Abstract Resonance energy transfer between suitable donor and acceptor groups can occur over distances of 20 A or more, provided the donor fluoresces efficiently in a wavelength range over which the acceptor absorbs strongly. Hence, a chromophoric quenching group can be introduced into the substrate at a distance remote from the susceptible bond. The peptide region in the neighborhood of the bond to be broken can then be designed in accord with the specificity requirements of the particular enzyme. These specifications have been met through the synthesis of a series of Dns-(Gly) n -Trp substrates for carboxypeptidase A. The present assay is based on energy transfer and is applicable to other substrates of carboxypeptidase A and to other hydrolytic enzymes.
Local Vibrational Modes of Carbon-Hydrogen Complexes in Proton Irradiated AlGaN

Abstract : Local vibrational modes (LVMs) of carbon-hydrogen (C-H) complexes in proton implanted AlGaN grown on sapphire by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The LVMs exhibit five distinctive peaks in the spectral region of 2846 ^ 2963/cm, which are due to the symmetric and asymmetric stretching modes of C-H(sub n) (n=1-3). The LVMs intensities in doped AlGaN are increased as irradiation dose is increased in the entire irradiation dose range used without reaching the saturation stage. On the other hand, undoped samples show that LVMs intensity increase then either decreased or saturated as the irradiation dose is increased above 5 x 10(exp 16)/sq cm. Proton irradiation causes a drastic increase in the CH3 LVM while electron irradiation causes the opposite effect suggesting strongly that the observed LVMs are truly due to CH complexes.
Cause Reduction for Quick Testing

In random testing, it is often desirable to produce a "quick test" -- an extremely inexpensive test suite that can serve as a frequently applied regression and allow the benefits of random testing to be obtained even in very slow or over-subscribed test environments. Delta debugging is an algorithm that, given a failing test case, produces a smaller test case that also fails, and typically executes much more quickly. Delta debugging of random tests can produce effective regression suites for previously detected faults, but such suites often have little power for detecting new faults, and in some cases provide poor code coverage. This paper proposes extending delta debugging by simplifying tests with respect to code coverage, an instance of a generalization of delta debugging we call cause reduction. We show that test suites reduced in this fashion can provide very effective quick tests for real-world programs. For Mozilla's Spider Monkey JavaScript engine, the reduced suite is more effective for finding software faults, even if its reduced runtime is not considered. The effectiveness of a reduction-based quick test persists through major changes to the software under test.
Analysis of 1- and 3-methylhistidines, aromatic and basic amino acids in rat and human urine

A procedure based on automated amino acid analysis has been developed to simultaneously quantify 1-methylhistidine (1-MH), 3-methylhistidine (3-MH), tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, histidine and arginine levels in human and rat urines. Deproteinized urine samples containing amino acids in the range 1-10 nmol were analyzed using single-column methodology with ninhydrin detection. Standard curves produced correlation coefficients greater than or equal to 0.99 with duplicate analyses agreeing to within +/- 1.9%. Quantitative recovery was ensured by using L-alpha-amino-beta-guanidinopropionic acid as an internal standard. Elution was accomplished in less than 90 min at pH 5.7 with sodium citrate buffers at 45 degrees C and 65 degrees C. Since 3-MH in the rat is acetylated at the alpha-amino group, rat, but not human, urine ultrafiltrates required acid hydrolysis prior to analysis. The utility of the technique of analysis of 1-MH and 3-MH in human urine was demonstrated for an adult male on a meat-free diet for 21 days; urinary excretion rates for 3-MH and 1-MH were determined to be 3.06 +/- 0.10 and 0.72 +/- 0.07 mumol/kg body mass/day, respectively. The technique was also used to measure the effect of disuse atrophy of rat skeletal muscle which induced a 40-60% increase in 3-MH. The procedure is also highly suited for measurement of urinary aromatic and/or basic amino acids.
Clinical Trials For Cytoprotection In Stroke

To date, many cytoprotective drugs have reached the stage of pivotal phase 3 efficacy trials in acute stroke patients. (Table 1) Unfortunately, throughout the neuroprotective literature, the phrase “failure to demonstrate efficacy” prevails as a common thread among the many neutral or negative trials, despite the largely encouraging results encountered in preclinical studies. The reasons for this discrepancy are multiple, and have been discussed by Dr. Zivin in his review. Many of the recent trials have addressed deficiencies of the previous ones with more rigorous trial design, including more specific patient selection criteria (ensure homogeneity of stroke location and severity), stratified randomization algorithms (time-to-treat), narrowed therapeutic time-window and pharmacokinetic monitoring. Current trials have also incorporated biologic surrogate markers of toxicity and outcome such as drug levels and neuroimaging. Lastly, multi-modal therapies and coupled cytoprotection/reperfusion strategies are being investigated to optimize tissue salvage. This review will focus on individual therapeutic strategies and we will emphasize what we have learned from these trials both in terms of trial design and the biologic effect (or lack thereof) of these agents.
Global Springer theory

Abstract We generalize Springer representations to the context of groups over a global function field. The global counterpart of the Grothendieck simultaneous resolution is the parabolic Hitchin fibration. We construct an action of the graded double affine Hecke algebra (DAHA) on the direct image complex of the parabolic Hitchin fibration. In particular, we get representations of the degenerate graded DAHA on the cohomology of parabolic Hitchin fibers, providing the first step towards a global Springer theory.
Differential block of cardiac delayed rectifier current by class Ic antiarrhythmic drugs : evidence for open channel block and unblock

Objective: The aim was to compare the effects of the class Ic antiarrhythmic drugs flecainide, encainide, and recainam on the delayed rectifier current, IK. Methods: Membrane currents were studied using the single suction pipette voltage clamp technique in freshly dissociated cat ventricular myocytes bathed in HEPES buffered physiological saline at 32°C. Results: Flecainide and encainide decreased IK with IC50 values of 2.1 μM and 6 μM, respectively. Recainam (100 μM) reduced IK by only 7(SEM 3)% after 20-30 min exposure and by 19% after an 80 min exposure (IC50 >400 μM). None of the compounds blocked the inward rectifier, IKI. Block of IK by flecainide and encainide increased with depolarisation following a voltage dependence similar to that describing channel activation. Flecainide and encainide also slowed the time course of the IK tail currents, consistent with drug dissociating from open channels. Conclusions: The observed voltage dependence for IK block by flecainide and encainide resembles the interaction reported between these agents and the excitatory sodium channel, ie, depolarisation enhances block while repolarisation leads to removal of block. The results further suggest that the electrophysiological profile of class Ic agents can have a markedly different ionic basis, ie, K+ channel block by flecainide and encainide is balanced by a potent block of sodium channels, while recainam appears to be a weak but relatively specific blocker of sodium channels only. These differences are not readily accommodated by the current Harrison-Vaughan-Williams classification scheme, and suggest the possibility that potentially important drug specific differences can exist within the same antiarrhythmic drug class. Cardiovascular Research 1992; 26 :1121-1130
Host Specificity Studies on Ceutorhynchus maculaalba , a Potential Candidate for the Biological Control of Opium Poppy

Ceutorhynchus maculaalba (Herbst), was studied as a possible biological control agent against opium poppy, Papaver somniferum . The adult makes oviposition punctures in the capsules causing damage and loss of latex. Later, the larva feed in the capsules and destroy the seeds. Host specificity tests to ascertain the safety of the weevil using 114 plant species or varieties in 20 families were made at the Rome Laboratory. Feeding was found on plants in most families tested, however the highly specialized ovipositional behaviour indicates that the insect is specific enough to be used in a biocontrol program.
SNITCH: a software tool for detecting cut and paste plagiarism

Plagiarism of material from the Internet is a widespread and growing problem. Computer science students, and those in other science and engineering courses, can sometimes get away with a "cut and paste" approach to assembling a paper in part because the expected style of technical writing is less expositional than in liberal arts courses. Detection of cut and paste plagiarism is time-consuming when done by hand, and can be greatly aided by automated software tools. This paper reports on the design of a software tool called SNITCH that implements a fast and accurate plagiarism detection algorithm using the Google Web API. Issues related to plagiarism detection software are discussed and empirical results of a performance and accuracy study are presented.
Effectiveness of telephone support in increasing physical activity levels in primary care patients.

Abstract Background: Physician counseling of patients to increase physical activity has had limited success in changing behavior. Providing organizational support to primary care providers and their patients may increase effectiveness. Objective: This study evaluates the effectiveness of a telephone-based intervention to increase physical activity among patients who exercised Design: This was a randomized controlled trial, conducted from 1997 to 1998, of 316 patients aged 18 to 65 who were recruited from a mailed health risk assessment. Baseline and 6-month post-intervention telephone assessments were conducted by telephone. Setting: One family physician's patients in a suburban community. Intervention: Three sessions of telephone-delivered motivational counseling. Main outcome measures: Physical activity score (11-item Physician-Based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise [PACE]) 6 months after the intervention. Results: After adjusting for baseline exercise, there was a significantly higher level of self-reported exercise among individuals randomized to the intervention at the 6-month follow-up. The mean level of activity at follow-up for the intervention group was a PACE score of 5.37, compared to 4.98 in the control group ( p p Conclusions: Patients can be recruited using a health-screening questionnaire to receive a telephone-delivered behavioral intervention to successfully increase their physical activity levels.
An Integrative Approach to Personal Epistemology: A Guiding Model

This commentary brings together a collection of articles that addresses several of the important issues in research on personal epistemology. We also propose a more integrated model that elaborates on the following fundamental elements of personal epistemology: (a) a mechanism of change (i.e., epistemic doubt, epistemic volition, and resolution strategies), (b) dimensions of beliefs, (c) advanced beliefs, (d) metacognition, (e) conditions for change (i.e., dissonance and personal relevance), (f) affect, (g) cognitive abilities and environment, and (h) reciprocal causation. Our goal in developing this model is to integrate many of the salient theoretical issues raised by the diverse models of personal epistemology represented in this special issue as a way to guide and inform future research and educational practice.
Histological and histochemical studies of post-ovulatory and pre-ovultory atretic follicles in Mustelus canis.

The atresia of post-ovulatory and pre-ovulatory follicles of the viviparous smooth dogfish, Mustelus canis, is compared for approximately the first fourth of an 11 month gestation. A thick collagenous sheath and numerous tubules in the theca identify the large, folded stage A post-ovulatory follicle. In stage B the tubules have been filled by cells to form “islands.” In stage C the entire structure is greatly diminished, adjacent islands tend to fuse, the collagenous sheath is virtually gone and the granulosa is degenerating. Preovulatory follicles from large, yolky oocytes pass through four stages beginning with yolk phagocytosis by granulosa cells of the villi (stage I), which are long and granular in stage II; villi fuse, theca cells increase greatly, fill with granules (stage III), encroach on the granulosa and disperse it into small groups of cells which finally disappear (stage IV) leaving a mass of thecal cells. A special type of pre-ovulatory follicle from small non-yolky oocyte atresia exhibits prominent thecal tubules and an unusual arrangement of granulosa cells. This follicle appearrs to enlarge during the summer, becoming multilobed; few granules are present. The distribution of lipid in frozen sections, stained by Oil red O, is described for all types of follicles. Schultz and Lewis and Lobban tests for steroids were made on frozen sections with corresponding results. Positive green tests indicating the presence of steroids or possible steroidogenesis were limited to: (1) one post-ovulatory follicle, in the islands; (2) four stage III and seven late stage IV pre-ovulatory yolky atretic follicles; (3) two special atretic follicles. The special atretic follicle appears to be a unique feature of M. canis and it is suggested tentatively that it may be related to viviparity.
Surface chemistry of mica-aluminum-phosphate and nucleotide systems

Abstract The nucleotide and phosphate anchoring on AlCl 3 -treated mica was found to proceed via phosphate retention on hydroxylated aluminum species. The aluminum-to-phosphate bond is irreversibly formed but can be broken by neutral fluoride without sequestration of the aluminum into the solution. A procedure is given for regeneration of the fluorinated aluminum surface species for nucleotide anchoring.
Hollow-Cathode Emission of the AlO Spectrum

ALL emission bands previously attributed to the AlO molecule have been observed in the glow from a hollow cathode containing Al–Al2O3 pellets. The hollow cathode is a much more appropriate source for high-resolution studies than is the aluminium arc, and it is therefore gratifying that it may be used to excite materials as refractory as this one. Our discharge tube is quite similar to that described by Naude and Hugo1 except that currents as high as 2 amp. were used. It has been employed with a 150,000-line Bausch and Lomb plane grating to record the green (A—X) bands of AlO in third order at a dispersion of 0.4 A./mm. and the ultra-violet bands in second and third orders. Effective resolving powers up to 200,000 have been achieved.
Creep behavior of an Al-2. 0 wt pct Li alloy in the temperature range 300 °C to 500 °C

The elevated temperature deformation behavior of an Al-2. 0 wt pct Li alloy in the temperature range 300 °C to 500 °C was studied using constant extension-rate tension testing and constant true-stress creep testing under both isothermal and temperature cycling conditions. Optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to assess the effect of deformation on microstructure. The data showed that the stress exponent,n, has a value of about 5. 0 at temperatures above theα +δAlLi solvus (approximately 380 °C) and that subgrains form during plastic deformation. Models for dislocation-climb and dislocation-glide control of creep were analyzed for alloys deformed in the temperature range of stability of the terminal AlLi solid solution. A climb model was shown to describe closely the behavior of this material. Anomalous temperature dependence of the activation energy was observed in this same temperature range. This anomalous behavior was ascribed to unusual temperature dependence of either the Young’s modulus or the stacking fault energy, which may be associated, in turn, with a disorder-order transformation on cooling of the alloy.
Placing immigrant identities

In this afterword to our special issue on immigrant identity and place, we explore the importance of place and context in forming immigrant identity, as well as the various ways in which immigrants make places. Discussions of immigrant adaptations often just consider reception at the national scale, whereas immigrants move into particular cities and towns. This article details some of the different ways that immigrants interact with their places, how the process of immigration introduces hybrid identities, and the differences in the immigrant experience by gender, status, and color.
Comparison of factors affecting daily variation of blood pressure in Filipino-American and Caucasian nurses in Hawaii.

Although several studies have examined differences in daily blood pressure variability between African-American and Caucasian groups in the United States, little is known about the blood pressure variation of other ethnic groups. This study examined the effects of emotional state, setting, posture, and ethnicity on the ambulatory blood pressure of female health care workers (nurses and nurse's aides) from 2 ethnic groups: Filipino-Americans (N = 38) and Caucasians (N = 22). Ambulatory blood pressure measurements were obtained at 15-min intervals during a typical work day. Participants reported in a diary their setting (work or home), posture, mood, and specific activity at each measurement. The effects of these factors and ethnicity were examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results show that for all subjects blood pressure was higher at work (P < 0.05), while standing (P < 0.05), during reports of negative moods (anxiety, anger, or sadness) (P < 0.05), and while engaging in activities such as interacting with fellow staff members at work and “washing up” at home. However, the Filipino-American women reported negative moods more frequently than their Caucasian counterparts (P < 0.05), had a greater proportion of readings taken while standing at work, and reacted differently than the Caucasian women to some specific activities; for instance, their blood pressure was not elevated when doing household chores. These results suggest that the extent of blood pressure variation in daily life may depend upon cognitive processes which are influenced by the cultural background and emotional state of the individual. They further suggest that ethnicity has an important impact on blood pressure variation. Am J Phys Anthropol 106:373–383, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Harvest Security and Intraspecific Diversity in Traditional Tropical Agriculture

The horticultural strategies of traditional tropical agriculturists center on the preservation of harvest security. In addition to cultivating simultaneously numerous species of crops, traditional tropical farmers also plant multiple varieties of each crop. These cultivars are frequently distinguished on the basis of color, ranging from white to yellow to red to purple. In addition to varying in appearance and taste and in resistance to environmental stresses, the color-based varieties often differ in length of growing season. By practicing multicolored, intraspecific polyculture, the traditional tropical farmer either provides himself several opportunities to secure a complete single harvest and/or staggers his harvest throughout the year and thus, in either case, preserves his lifestyle. Acceptance of Green Revolution technologies by traditional tropical farmers would accelerate if they were offered multiple, high-yielding varieties of staple food crops of varying color and maturation periods.
Use of image algebra for portable image processing algorithm specification

The design of portable image processing algorithms depends on the availability of standard specification languages. In many cases, such specification languages have taken the form of subprogram libraries. In this paper, we discuss a different approach to language standards, namely, the use of mathematical system, an image algebra, for specifying image processing algorithms. The AFATL image algebra, capable of specifying all finite gray level image processing algorithms, provides a variety of mathematical tools with which to manipulate images at a high level. This paper discusses the unique benefits of using such a mathematical system as a common interface specification rather than using typical subprogram libraries, and presents the basic operations and operands of the AFATL image algebra. In addition, we look closely at an imbedding of the image algebra into the Ada programming language. This imbedding provides the basis for a portable high-level image processing language. Benefits and drawbacks of both an Image Algebra Ada (IAA) translator and an Image Algebra Interpreter (IAI) for a sublanguage of IAA are discussed. We close with an analysis of prospects for future use of image algebra in algorithm specification.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Arbitrage and Growth Rate for Riskless Investments in a Stationary Economy

A sequential investment is a vector of payments over time, (a0, a1, ... ,an), where a payment is made to or by the investor according as ai is positive or negative. Given a collection of such investments it may be possible to assemble a portfolio from which an investor can get “something for nothing,” meaning that without investing any money of his own he can receive a positive return after some finite number of time periods. Cantor and Lipmann (1995) have given a simple necessary and sufficient condition for a set of investments to have this property. We present a short proof of this result. If arbitrage is not possible, our result leads to a simple derivation of the expression for the long–run growth rate of the set of investments in terms of its “internal rate of return.”
Nonintrusive pressure measurement in microfluidic systems via backscattering interferometry

Measurement of pressure in microfluidic systems typically requires intrusion into the channel, rendering direct pressure and fluid flow rate measurements impractical outside of a laboratory environment. A nonintrusive measurement technique has been successfully developed to measure fluid pressure in both gas and liquids in microchannels. The technique, which consists of an unfocused laser beam impinging a microchannel to generate interferometric fringes, contains information on both channel wall deflection and changes in refractive index of the liquid or gas. The effects can be isolated through interpretation of fringe shift and changes in fringe morphology. Using finite element analysis to determine microchannel wall deflection in conjunction with refractive index data enables accurate quantification of pressures in microchannels.
Electrical Characteristics of Barium Strontium Titanate-Oxide Composite Films

Abstract : In a previous work, composites of BSTO combined with other nonelectrically active oxide ceramics have been formulated and have demonstrated adjustable electronic properties which can be tailored for use in various electronic devices. One application has been for use in phased array antennas and insertion has been accomplished into several working antenna systems. To further accommodate the frequencies required by these phased array antennas, thin films of the composites have been fabricated using a Krypton Fluoride excimer laser as an ablation source. The electrical properties, including the dielectric constant and the tunability (change in the dielectric constant with applied voltage) have been measured. The results have been compared to those obtained for the bulk ceramic composites and other BSTO/oxide composite thin film structures. (jg)
Effects of organic acids and dissolved oxygen on apatite and chalcopyrite dissolution: Implications for using elements as organomarkers and oxymarkers

Abstract We have previously suggested that mobility patterns of P and Y in paleosols could serve as “organomarkers” to denote the presence of organic ligands secreted by terrestrial organisms on early Earth. In addition, our data indicate that Cu depletion may provide a viable oxymarker for determining the presence of atmospheric oxygen during soil weathering processes. In this research, we continue pursuing the potential for utilizing these elements as markers by investigating dissolution of Durango apatite (Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 2.82 (F,Cl,OH) 1.54 ) and Messina chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) reacted under batch conditions in the presence and absence of two aliphatic and aromatic organic acids under oxic and anoxic conditions. In general, results show that organic acids enhance element release from apatite (Ca, P and Y) and chalcopyrite (Cu, Fe, and Y), and increasing organic acid concentrations from 1 to 10 mM results in greater dissolution. The aliphatic organic acid citrate enhances mineral dissolution to the greatest extent and dissolution in the presence of aromatic salicylate or absence of ligand is lowest. Release of Ca, P, and Y from apatite was not impacted by dissolved O 2 (g) while release of Cu from chalcopyrite was impacted. Aqueous Cu concentrations at the end of batch experiments with chalcopyrite are four orders of magnitude greater under oxic conditions, whereas Fe concentrations are substantially higher under anoxic conditions. These data support the hypothesis that release of P and Y from apatite is enhanced by organic acids and that Cu release is impacted significantly by dissolved O 2 (g) and, to a lesser extent, organic acids. Thus, it seems plausible that geochemical and mineralogical signatures of P, Y, and Cu may have utility for distinguishing the presence of terrestrial organisms and atmospheric conditions during soil weathering processes on early Earth.
Meson exchange in the reaction K+ + p → K∗ + N∗

The four-particle final states of the K/sup +/-p interaction at 1.96 Bev/ c were investigated. It is found that these states are predominantly produced via the double resonance production K/sup +/ + p yields K/sup */ + N/sup */. The experimental data support a spin-zero meson exchange, presumably a meson( pi ), for small four-momentum transfers. The four particles produced in the reaction are in the isotopic spin T = 1 state and occur in five possible charge combinations. The observed cross sections of these reactions and the branching ratios expected on the assumption that the nucleon and meson( pi ) are always produced in the T = 3/2 state and that the meson (K) and ( pi ) are always produced in the T = 1/2 state are presented. (C.E.S.)
Anisotropic magnetic susceptibility of hexagonal Co-based diluted magnetic semiconductors.

We present magnetic-susceptibility data for two new cobalt-based diluted magnetic semiconductor systems with the wurtzite lattice structure: ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Co}}_{\mathit{x}}$Se and ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Co}}_{\mathit{x}}$S. At low temperatures, the magnetic susceptibility of both systems is anisotropic. We analyze the low-temperature data within the framework of the crystal-field model, including pair interaction. The analysis yields the value of the zero-field splitting D/${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$ of the ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$-ion orbital ground state as 1.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 K for the selenides, and as 0.85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 K for the sulfides. From quantitative analysis of the high-temperature data, we obtain the value of the nearest-neighbor ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$-${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$ exchange integral J/${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$ for ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Co}}_{\mathit{x}}$Se to be -37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 K.
Gender Dynamics in Mexican American Families: Connecting Mothers’, Fathers’, and Youths’ Experiences

Study goals were to examine the conditions under which congruent and incongruent patterns of parents’ division of household labor and gender role attitudes emerged, and the implications of these patterns for youth gender development. Questionnaire and phone diary data were collected from mothers, fathers, and youths from 236 Mexican American families living in the southwestern US. Preliminary cluster analysis identified three patterns: Traditional divisions of labor and traditional attitudes, egalitarian divisions of labor and egalitarian attitudes, and an incongruent pattern, with a traditional division of labor but egalitarian attitudes. MANOVAs, and follow-up, mixed- and between-group ANOVAs, revealed that these groups of families differed in parents’ time constraints, socioeconomic resources, and cultural orientations. Mothers in the congruent egalitarian group worked more hours and earned higher incomes as compared to mothers in the congruent traditional and incongruent groups, and the emergence of the incongruent group was grounded in within-family, interparental differences in work hours and incomes. Parents’ patterns of gendered practices and beliefs were linked to their youths’ housework participation, time with mothers versus fathers, and gender role attitudes. Youths in the congruent traditional group reported more traditional gender role attitudes than did youths in the congruent egalitarian and incongruent groups, and gender atypical housework participation and time with parents were only observed in the congruent egalitarian group. Findings demonstrate the utility of a within-family design to understand complex gendered phenomena, and highlight the multidimensional nature of gender and the importance of contextualizing the study of ethnic minorities.
BBS7 is required for BBSome formation and its absence in mice results in Bardet-Biedl syndrome phenotypes and selective abnormalities in membrane protein trafficking

Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a pleiotropic and genetically heterozygous disorder caused independently by numerous genes (BBS1–BBS17). Seven highly conserved BBS proteins (BBS1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9) form a complex known as the BBSome, which functions in ciliary membrane biogenesis. BBS7 is both a unique subunit of the BBSome and displays direct physical interaction with a second BBS complex, the BBS chaperonin complex. To examine the in vivo function of BBS7, we generated Bbs7 knockout mice. Bbs7−/− mice show similar phenotypes to other BBS gene mutant mice including retinal degeneration, obesity, ventriculomegaly and male infertility characterized by abnormal spermatozoa flagellar axonemes. Using tissues from Bbs7−/− mice, we show that BBS7 is required for BBSome formation, and that BBS7 and BBS2 depend on each other for protein stability. Although the BBSome serves as a coat complex for ciliary membrane proteins, BBS7 is not required for the localization of ciliary membrane proteins polycystin-1, polycystin-2, or bitter taste receptors, but absence of BBS7 leads to abnormal accumulation of the dopamine D1 receptor to the ciliary membrane, indicating that BBS7 is involved in specific membrane protein localization to cilia.
Opening the dialog: robotics and the internet

Inter-component communication has received considerable attention by robotic software architects as various frameworks and toolkits have matured. While the resulting software platforms have proven useful for abstracting hardware interfaces and the complex networking issues that are often present in robot deployment scenarios, they typically present users with arduous paths for integrating new hardware and software, while making no allowance for humans as peers on the network. We explore how mature standards and protocols born of the Internet community can be leveraged to empower software designed for robots and sensor networks. Here we present software approaches that facilitate the integration of new hardware devices, software platforms, and humans in ways that are natural and intuitive for each
A multimodal virtual environment for interacting with 3d deformable models

In this video presentation, we introduce an immersive multimodal virtual environment which supports real-time interactions with 3D deformable model through a haptic device. We include a system called "FakeSpace" to imitate 3D environment, and a PHAMTOM device to simulate touching forces. Movements of 3D deformable models are simulated based on a spectral method, and forces are simulated as spring forces. We are able to real-time update both visual and haptic feedbacks, so that to provide a more realistic user interaction. In addition, with the help of stereoscopic display, we can present an immersive 3D experience. This video illustrates the settings of our environment and demonstrates how users real-time manipulate 3D models in this immersive system using some interactive examples. Our system is reconfigurable and is useful for different applications in the fields of education, entertainment, medical simulation and so on.
The Relationship of the Geometry of Plain Knit Cotton Fabric to Its Dimensional Change and Elastic Properties

A study was made of the geometry of 34 different plain knit cotton fabrics which were knit, in a wide range of stiffness, of six different yarns (12/1, 20/1, 28/1, 36/1, 40/1, 50/1). Stitch length ...
From East–West to North–South

Since the inception of Antipode in 1969, the world has changed. The 1970s saw a period of protest in the first world, and alternative national experiments in a third world flexing its wings and experimenting with non-alignment as colonialism came to an end. Through the 1980s, the two rival Cold War military and political systems shaped development possibilities in what we called the third world. While relations between either superpower (and client states) and the third world too often provided only limited development opportunities for recently decolonized nations and Latin America, third world leaders did have the opportunity to play one superpower off against the other, and faced some choice of political economic system. This room for maneuver was at times exploited by third world elites to resist capitalist (or communist) incursion (eg by nationalizing foreign branch plants and restricting capital flows), and develop social democratic and welfare state systems (albeit with variable impact on the well-being of the less well off). The period since 1989 has witnessed the demise of (and impoverishment in) the COMECON states, the rise of the USA as the dominant economic, ideological and military power, and the hegemony of neoliberal development globalization discourse. Yet the consequence has not been prosperity for all: the rising tide of neoliberal globalization has not lifted all ships. Instead, East–West rivalries have been replaced by North–South tensions around such issues as the power and role of the WTO, the UN and international finance institutions, global civil society and donor driven NGOs, mobility of labor vs that of capital and commodities, and public health crises related to AIDS. Whereas East–West rivalries were predominantly played out at the nation-state scale, this is no longer true for North–South tensions. CSE: AR ANTI 001
Molecular characterization and multiple infections of rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus in outpatients with sporadic gastroenteritis in Shanghai, China, 2010–2011

Rotavirus (RV), norovirus (NoV), sapovirus (SaV), human astrovirus (HAstV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) are significant because they are the most common pathogens that cause diarrhea in young children. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic characteristics and compare the roles of these five viruses in outpatient children with diarrhea in Shanghai. A total of 436 fecal samples were collected from pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis from January 2010 to December 2011. The selected samples were subjected to reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) or PCR to detect and genotype RV, NoV, SaV, HAstV and HAdV. RV (43.3 %, 189/436) was the most prevalent virus, followed by NoV (28.9 %, 126/436), HAdV (7.1 %, 31/436). HAstV (1.8 %, 8/436) and SaV (0.5 %, 2/436). The percentage of multiple infection cases was 14.9 % (65/436), and RV + NoV was the predominant mixed infection. The RV genotype combinations of P[8]G3 (52/189, 27.5 %), P[8]G1 (51/189, 26.9 %) and P[8]G9 (48/189, 25.4 %) occurred most frequently. The predominant NoV genotype was GII.4 (73.0 %, 92/126), and the majority of GII.4 clustered as GII.4-2006b (65.2 %, 60/92). Two of the SaV cases were identified as GI.2 and GII.1. All HAstV-positive samples belonged to HAstV-1. The predominant HAdV type was HAdV-41 (45.2 %, 14/31). This study clearly shows the diversity of the viral causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in outpatient children in Shanghai, which will provide baseline information for future vaccination strategies and development in this area.
Effective and bankfull discharges of streams in the Yampa River basin, Colorado and Wyoming

Abstract The effective discharge is defined as the increment of discharge that transports the largest fraction of the annual sediment load over a period of years. Increments of the average annual total sediment load transported by various discharges were calculated by the flow-duration, sediment-transport-curve method for 15 gaging stations in the Yampa River basin of Colorado and Wyoming. A total sediment-transport curve was constructed for each gaging station by adding measured instantaneous suspended-sediment discharges to bedload-sediment discharges computed by the Meyer-Peter and Mueller relation. The streamflow durations were compiled from the respective gaging-station records. The quantity of sediment transported by discharges having various frequencies may be computed by combining these two relations. The 15 gaging stations had diverse hydraulic and sediment characteristics. Contributing drainage area ranged from 51.8 to 9,960 km2, and mean-annual discharge ranged from 0.040 to 43.9 m3/s. The median diameter of bed material ranged from 0.4 to 86 mm. Mean-annual sediment load from the drainage basins studied ranged from 500 to 1.3·106 metric tons per year. The effective discharges at the 15 gaging stations were equaled or exceeded on the average of between 1.5 days per year (0.4% of the time) and 11 days per year (3.0% of the time). The recurrence interval of the effective discharges ranged from 1.18 to 3.26 yr. on the annual flood series. To compare the effective discharge with the bankfull discharge, cross-sections were surveyed in a self-formed reach of the channel in the vicinity of each gaging station. The bankfull discharge was defined as the discharge which filled the channel to the level of the floodplain. At all gaging stations, the effective discharge and the bankfull discharge were nearly equal. Thus, the stream channels appear to be adjusted to their effective discharge.
Faith and Locus of Control

A total of four dimensions emerged from a factor analytic study of faith. They were titled Faith in God, Faith in People, Faith in Self, and Faith in Technology. Comparisons of religious and secula...
Primate origins, human origins, and the end of higher taxa

When people learn that I study human evolution and we start talking about it, they sometimes ask me, “How long ago did the first humans live?” My answer is usually another question: “What do you mean by 'humans'?” That response seems as baffling and wrong-headed to them as their question seems to me, and it usually takes us a while to straighten things out. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Common Bacterial Isolates in a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Rwanda

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious public health threat in both developed and developing countries. Many developing countries, including Rwanda, lack adequate surveillance systems, and therefore, the prevalence of AMR is not well-known. We conducted a prospective observational study to assess the prevalence of AMR among common bacterial isolates from clinical specimens obtained from patients on the medical wards of Kigali University Teaching Hospital (KUTH). We evaluated the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial pathogens cultured from urine, blood, sputum, and wound swab specimens obtained over a 6-month period (July 1 to December 30, 2013). There were 154 positive cultures from specimens obtained from 141 unique patients over the study period. Urine, blood, wound swab, and sputum cultures comprised 55.2%, 25.3%, 16.2%, and 3.3% of the total specimens evaluated; 31.4% and 58.7% of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella isolates, respectively, were resistant to at least one of the third generation cephalosporins. Eight percent of E. coli isolates were resistant to imipenem; 82% and 6% of Staphylococcus aureus strains were oxacillin- and vancomycin-resistant respectively. Antimicrobial resistance rates are high in Rwanda and pose a serious therapeutic challenge to the management of common infections.
Symptoms of Psychopathology among Jail Prisoners The Effects of Exposure to the Jail Environment

This article examines the contribution of person and environment factors to symptoms of psychopathology among jail prisoners. The data challenge the conventional view that a disproportionate number of jail prisoners exhibit symptoms of psychological and psychiatric disorders because they are mentally ill before they enter jail. The SCL-90 was administered to a sample of jail prisoners (N = 339) within 72 hours of confinement. Initially, the respondents were asked to rate symptoms since then had been confined and the week prior to their arrest and confinement. The instrument was administered again to available members of the sample (N = 102) after 5 days of incarceration, at which time the respondents were asked to rate their symptoms since their initial interview. A repeated measures analysis of variance of prisoner symptom scores for the three rating intervals indicated that for several dimensions symptoms increase markedly during incarceration's initial period and then stabilize or diminish after five d...