cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thin film effects in the crystallization of CoFeB and CoFeB-based alloys

The devitrification of CoFeB thin films, where BCC α-FeCo crystallizes from the amorphous matrix, is critically important to the fabrication of successful CoFeB/MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs)1, which in turn are the leading candidates for scalable MRAM2. Future perpendicular MRAM requires MTJs with much thinner CoFeB electrodes (∼1–2nm), which may yield significant changes to the reaction kinetics and resulting diffusion profiles upon annealing as compared to in-plane devices. In this study, we have analyzed the crystallization processes of sputtered thin films of Co 20 Fe 60 B 20 and Co 20 Fe 60 B 20 -TM alloys (TM = Ta, Hf) using the increase in saturation magnetization (M s ) that accompanies the formation of α-FeCo. Although annealing with in-situ measurement of M s is a common method of analysis in the study of bulk amorphous and nanocrys-talline magnetic materials3,4, it is not well studied in thin films. We demonstrate thin film-specific effects on crystallization energetics including changes due to different nucleation surfaces and film thicknesses as well as effects analogous to those seen in bulk materials such as alloying with large transition metal species. M s measurements represent a high throughput method for the determination of crystallization temperature which can be used to screen potential composite electrodes where a layer is placed adjacent to CoFeB in order to enhance perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) or spin transfer torque (STT). While these properties are necessary to have stable and switchable devices, respectively, CoFeB must still crystallize on the MgO surface in order to produce the large tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) required by practical devices. Adjacent layers with lower crystallization temperature than those induced by the MgO interface may therefore need to be avoided.
Uptake of Glucose-1-14C by Pullularia pullulans

Pullularia pullulans cells were grown in a medium containing yeast extract, malt extract, glucose, and nutrient salts, in addition to glucose-1-14C. The lipids extracted from the cells were fractionated by use of a single column packed with silicic acid. Of the total radioactive carbon added to the culture medium, the neutral lipid fractions contained 24.8%, whereas the phospholipid portions contained only 2.1%. The largest amount (16.5%) of 14C among the neutral lipids was found in the fraction containing the free sterols. Among the phospholipids, the largest amount (1.1%) was found in phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The second largest amount (9.6%) of the total 14C used was found in trehalose, followed by carbon dioxide (7.3%).
Calorimetric studies of the energy landscapes of glassformers by hyperquenching methods

We consider some of the conditions associated with ergodicity-breaking and vitrification, in particular the equivalent, in quench vitrification, of the ωτ=1 condition that is well-known in relaxation spectroscopy. For a given quench rate, Q=dT/dt, strong liquids are trapped at much higher temperatures, relative to T g, than are fragile liquids. We relate the trapping of the system during quenches to the multidimensional 'energy landscape' by means of which the configurational microstates of the system are defined. To characterize the energy landscape at energy levels that are usually associated with fluid materials, we use differential scanning calorimetry on hyperquenched glasses. This yields not only the excess potential energies of the states trapped-in during quench Q, but also the trap depths. The latter are found to be much smaller, relative to kT g, for strong liquids than they are for fragile liquids.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of the Phenotypic Distribution of Splenic Lymphocytes in Zinc-Deficient Adult Mice

Many immunodeficiency states create an imbalance in the ratio of T cells to B cells or in the subsets of lymphocytes found within these two major classes. A 30-d period of suboptimal intake of zinc often caused a 50% decrease in the total number of splenic lymphocytes in young adult mice. One- and two-color flow cytometric analysis was made of the residual splenocytes of the zinc-deficient mice to determine whether the deficiency had also altered the composition or phenotypic distribution of any of the major subsets of T cells or B cells. Marginally zinc-deficient mice had a normal ratio of T cells to B cells with no notable change in the subsets of lymphocytes making up these two classes. Severely zinc-deficient mice that exhibited a significant degree of parakeratosis demonstrated a 20% increase in the overall ratio of T helper to T suppressor/cytotoxic cells as well as a modest decline in the percentage of B cells (5-8%). The latter decrease was not in the B cells bearing immunoglobulin M or D but in the minor subsets bearing other immunoglobulin isotypes. Thus it seems that, whereas zinc deficiency caused significant reductions in the total numbers of splenic lymphocytes, it caused no significant change in the composition of the splenic lymphocytes except in the most severe cases.
Observations of Jupiter’s Cloud Structure Near 8.5 μ

Measurements of the distribution of thermal flux along polar and equatorial scans across Jupiter suggest that the increase in brightness temperature near 8.5 μ observed by Gillett et al. may be caused by flux coming from near the cloud tops. Other possible sources are discussed and observational tests suggested which should clarify the thermal structure of the upper atmosphere.
Role of arcuate frontal cortex of monkeys in smooth pursuit eye movements. II. Relation to vector averaging pursuit.

When monkeys view two targets moving in different directions and are given no cues about which to track, the initiation of smooth pursuit is a vector average of the response evoked by each target s...
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was first described in 1935 by Stein and Leventhal [1]. They described several women with amenorrhea, hirsutism, obesity, and polycystic ovaries. Today, PCOS is one of the most common endocrine diseases in women. It is also one of the most common causes of infertility and menstrual irregularity. Acne is common in women with PCOS and may be the initial reason women with occult PCOS seek medical attention. Inquiring about menstrual irregularity and/or hirsutism in women with acne may facilitate referral to a gynecologist or endocrinologist for early intervention on fertility issues and medical comorbidities.
Antecedents, Characteristics and Consequences of Internal Control Weaknesses and the COSO (2013) Framework

The main thesis of our study is to provide a comprehensive review on the disclosure of Internal Control Weaknesses (ICWs) reported under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. More specifically, we classify research on ICWs into three main streams: (1) antecedents, (2) characteristics and (3) consequences of ICWs. Throughout the review, we refer to the multifaceted aspects of the disclosure of ICWs on various important topics such as corporate governance, financial reporting quality, audit quality and information asymmetry. We also discuss the possible implications of the 2013 updated Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) internal control-integrated framework on accounting literature. Our review and framework help researchers as well as policy makers to better understand the mechanisms by which the existence, discovery and disclosure of ICWs affect the U.S. firms. Further, this study provides avenues for future research and helps regulators and policy makers in setting standards and provisions related to internal controls.
Pathophysiology of empty nose syndrome

Objectives/Hypothesis To review current knowledge on nasal airflow sensation in relation to empty nose syndrome (ENS). Study Design PubMed searches. Methods Current literature pertaining to measurement of nasal patency, mechanism of sensory perception of nasal airflow, and ENS. Results A reliance on pure anatomical analysis of the anatomy in ENS falls short of explaining the disorder. Our understanding of subjective nasal sensation has advanced, as has our understanding of the flow of air through the nose. Neural healing following a surgical insult may not result in a return to a normal physiologic state. Aberrations in neurosensory systems from improper healing may play a major role in the abnormal sensations ENS patients experience. Conclusions An evidence-based hypothesis for the development and symptoms of ENS is offered. Laryngoscope, 125:70–74, 2015
Advanced repair solution of clear defects on HTPSM by using nanomachining tool

As the mask specifications become tighter for low k1 lithography, more aggressive repair accuracy is required below sub 20nm tech. node. To meet tight defect specifications, many maskshops select effective repair tools according to defect types. Normally, pattern defects are repaired by the e-beam repair tool and soft defects such as particles are repaired by the nanomachining tool. It is difficult for an e-beam repair tool to remove particle defects because it uses chemical reaction between gas and electron, and a nanomachining tool, which uses physical reaction between a nano-tip and defects, cannot be applied for repairing clear defects. Generally, film deposition process is widely used for repairing clear defects. However, the deposited film has weak cleaning durability, so it is easily removed by accumulated cleaning process. Although the deposited film is strongly attached on MoSiN(or Qz) film, the adhesive strength between deposited Cr film and MoSiN(or Qz) film becomes weaker and weaker by the accumulated energy when masks are exposed in a scanner tool due to the different coefficient of thermal expansion of each materials. Therefore, whenever a re-pellicle process is needed to a mask, all deposited repair points have to be confirmed whether those deposition film are damaged or not. And if a deposition point is damaged, repair process is needed again. This process causes longer and more complex process. In this paper, the basic theory and the principle are introduced to recover clear defects by using nanomachining tool, and the evaluated results are reviewed at dense line (L/S) patterns and contact hole (C/H) patterns. Also, the results using a nanomachining were compared with those using an e-beam repair tool, including the cleaning durability evaluated by the accumulated cleaning process. Besides, we discuss the phase shift issue and the solution about the image placement error caused by phase error.
Is Music the Next Ebooks? An Antitrust Analysis of Windowing in the Music Industry

Windowing is the act of withholding the release of content on certain services while providing exclusive access for a period of time to only one service. It involves staggering a title’s release-date, resulting in consumers having access to content at different times on different services. Windowing agreements are a form of exclusive dealings. Windowing, while widespread in the movie industry, has only recently become popular in the music industry. Windowing is now viewed as a way for artists to increase music sales, appealing to those dissatisfied with current streaming royalties. Exclusive dealings may be deemed unreasonable under the federal antitrust laws if they foreclose outlets or supplies to potential entrants, raise barriers to entry, and make it easier for firms to exploit their power. With an industry dominated by technology giant Apple and three music companies who together control 89% of global music sales, exclusive licensing agreements that enable windowing should be examined cautiously for antitrust concerns.This Note engages in the first antitrust analysis of windowing in the music industry. It claims that windowing can have anticompetitive effects depending on the terms of the agreements and the parties involved. The Note examines the structure of the music industry and why exclusionary tactics are particularly troubling given the interdependent nature of an industry dominated by large market powers. The Note engages in an examination of the strength of section 1 and section 2 Sherman Act claims against technology giant Apple. The Note concludes by providing recommendations for how to structure windowing agreements to avoid federal antitrust law violations.
Asymptotic behavior of the solutions of linear and quasilinear elliptic equations on ℝ^{ℕ}

We investigate the relationship between the decay at infinity of the right-hand side f and solutions u of an equation Lu = f when L is a second order elliptic operator on R N . It is shown that when L is Fredholm, u inherits the type of decay of f (for instance, exponential, or power-like). In particular, the generalized eigenfunctions associated with all the Fredholm eigenvalues of L, isolated or not, decay exponentially. No use is made of spectral theory. The result is next extended when L is replaced by a Fredholm quasilinear operator. Various generalizations to other unbounded domains, higher order operators or elliptic systems are possible and briefly alluded to, but not discussed in detail.
6Li Embedded Biaxially Stretched Scintillation Films for Thermal Neutron Detection and Neutron/Gamma Discrimination

Biaxially stretched composite polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) films (BSCPF) embedded with submicron lithium fluoride (6LiF) particles and luminescent molecules were fabricated to make large area scintillation films (≈1 m × 1 m) for thermal neutron detection. BSCPF had 20.2% higher neutron light yield as compared to unstretched composite film (UCPF), and were 2.46 ± 1.47 times more efficient for detecting thermal neutrons than lithiated glass GS20 above lower level discriminator corresponding to an intrinsic efficiency for gamma <10−6. MCNPX simulations for a layered BSCPF detector resulted 6.1 cps for 1 ng 252Cf, thus meeting the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory criteria for absolute neutron detection efficiency and intrinsic gamma-neutron discrimination. BSCPF have alpha to beta ratio of 0.25, which is higher than that for UCPF (0.11), and also for GS20 (0.22), which offers the possibility of excellent neutron/gamma discrimination.
Central Role of Gimap5 in Maintaining Peripheral Tolerance and T Cell Homeostasis in the Gut

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is often precipitated by an abnormal immune response to microbiota due to host genetic aberrancies. Recent studies highlight the importance of the host genome and microflora interactions in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation including IBD. Specifically, genome-wide (GWAS) and also next-generation sequencing (NGS)—including whole exome or genome sequencing—have uncovered a large number of susceptibility loci that predispose to autoimmune diseases and/or the two phenotypes of IBD. In addition, the generation of “IBD-prone” animal models using both reverse and forward genetic approaches has not only helped confirm the identification of susceptibility loci but also shed critical insight into the underlying molecular and cellular pathways that drive colitis development. In this review, we summarize recent findings derived from studies involving a novel early-onset model of colitis as it develops in GTPase of immunity-associated protein 5- (Gimap5-) deficient mice. In humans, GIMAP5 has been associated with autoimmune diseases although its function is poorly defined. Here, we discuss how defects in Gimap5 function impair immunological tolerance and lymphocyte survival and ultimately drive the development of CD4+ T cell-mediated early-onset colitis.
THE USE OF ADRENAL CORTEX PREPARATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF ASTHENIA

A number of years ago, Riesman called attention (1) to the probability that certain types of asthenia with hypotension were caused by deficient activity of the adrenal cortex. Our interest in this hypothesis has been twofold: 1) to test the usefulness of the potent preparations of adrenal cortex now available in the treatment of these sub-Addisonian degrees of cortical deficiency; and 2) to seek objective criteria for establishing primary responsibility of the adrenal cortex in a given case. Our therapeutic results with the use of adrenal cortex preparations and, at times with extra salt, have on the whole been gratifying. The search for clean-cut diagnostic criteria, however, at present remains unrealized. In the last analysis we have still to depend for judgment upon the whole clinical picture, the ruling out of other sources of disability, and the consistency of the results of clinical trials in each case of cortical extract. We had hoped that, on the basis of findings in Addison’s disease, these milde...
Nonperturbative vacuum effect in the quantum field theory of meson mixing

Replacing the perturbative vacuum by the nonperturbative vacuum, we extend a recent development of a quantum field theoretic framework for scalar and pseudoscalar meson mixing. The unitary inequivalence of the Fock space of base (unmixed) eigenstates and the physical mixed eigenstates is investigated and the flavor vacuum state structure is explicitly found. This is exploited to develop formulas for two flavor boson oscillations in systems of arbitrary boson occupation number. We apply these formulas to analyze the mixing of {eta} with {eta}' and comment on the other meson-mixing systems. In addition, we consider the mixing of boson coherent states, which may have future applications in the construction of meson lasers.
A sharp Remez inequality on the size of constrained polynomials

where m(A) denotes the Lebesgue measure of A. IIow large can the maximum modulus be on [ 1, l] for polynomials from n,(s)? In [7] E. I. Remez answered this question establishing the best possible upper bound. The solution and one of its applications in the theory of orthogonal polynomials can be found in [S] as well. Remez-type inequalities and their applications were studied in [l-3]. The purpose of this paper is to a sharp Remez-type inequality for constrained polynomials. Remez’s inequality asserts that
Learning Recursive Distributed Representations for Holistic Computation

A number of connectionist models capable of representing data with compositional structure have recently appeared. These new models suggest the intriguing possibility of performing holistic structure-sensitive computations with distributed representations. Two possible forms of holistic inference, transformational inference and confluent inference, are identified and compared. Transformational inference was successfully demonstrated by Chalmers; however, the pure transformational approach does not consider the eventual inference tasks during the process of learning its representations. Confluent inference is introduced as a method for achieving a tight coupling between the distributed representations of a problem and the solution for the given inference task while the net is still learning its representations. A dual-ported RAAM architecture based on Pollack's Recursive Auto-Associative Memory is implemented and demonstrated in the domain of Natural Language translation.
Developing high-performance parallel software for realtime application

Abstract Complex electro-mechanical systems require computational speeds and reliabilities far beyond the capabilities of current, embedded computers. The uses of software and computers offering substantial parallelism are becoming essential. This paper explains how a research team has developed novel, integrated programming/operating system technology based on past experiences with parallel applications, using a realtime systems testbed and sample, realtime applications in cooperation with a large DARPA-funded robotics project. The purpose of these developments is to create software technology that assists programmers in constructing efficient parallel software, in adapting such software to realize performance goals, and in making adaptation decisions. This paper describes a prototype of an integrated programming/operating system. Two sample adaptations of realtime software illuminate the functionalities of the different components of the software system. This research was supported by NSF grant ECS-8307216 and by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD) under Contract No DDAE07-84-K-R001 monitored by the Army Tank Automotive Command.
Microthermal analysis of polymeric materials

Abstract The technique of scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) with microthermal analysis (μTA) was used for examining the surface thermal properties of a wide selection of materials ranging from poorly thermal conducting polymers to highly conductive metals. We discuss μTA results in comparison with the data collected from conventional methods of thermal analyses, namely, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermomechanical analysis (TMA). The μTA measurements of melting and glass transition temperatures were conducted using a wide range of heating rates. We demonstrated that the trends observed were consistent with concurrent measurements by DSC. From the comparison of the μTA and TMA results, we concluded that the thermomechanical contribution, which is due to a variable physical contact area for a “sinking” tip, was dominant in the microthermal response of polymers.
Mission without end? Peacekeeping in the African political marketplace

Since the mid-1990s the UN, in tandem with major western powers, has embarked upon an ambitious effort of peace support operations in Africa. The results of what we may call the ‘Annan experiment’ are not yet in. But there are good reasons to fear that, in many African countries, such peace operations have defend normative outcomes that are beyond realistic expectation, so that they can never hope to ‘succeed’. This article examines the political and economic functioning of fragile African states using the lens of a ‘political marketplace’ in which local elites seek to obtain the highest reward for their loyalty, over short time horizons, within patrimonial systems. In such systems, political institutions are incapable of managing confect, which means that standard peacemaking efforts and peacekeeping operations do not align with domestic possibilities for settlement. To the contrary, external engagements can so distort domestic political markets that they obstruct national political bargaining and result in an open-ended commitment to peacekeeping in countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan.
Unconstrained maximum likelihood estimation of contemporaneous covariances

Abstract A reparameterization is suggested which guarantees positive semidefinite estimates of the contemporaneous covariance matrix in a single equation, linear random coefficient model without introducing side constraints into the optimization problem. Monte Carlo simulation results are reported and compared.
Green's functions for a source in a boundary layer: direct waves, channelled waves and diffracted waves

Green's functions for a source embedded in an isothermal transversely sheared boundary layer are compared with direct numerical simulation (DNS) at various frequencies and free-stream Mach numbers. The procedures developed for a mixing layer in Part 1, are applied to derive the low- and high-frequency Green's functions for direct waves, i.e. the third-order convective wave equation is solved using asymptotic matching. In addition, channelled waves propagating downstream along the wall are analysed using the normal mode decomposition. By introducing an adjoint operator of the convective wave equation with a mixed-type boundary condition on the wall, the corresponding Hilbert space is defined and eigenfunctions of channelled waves are normalized. Furthermore, diffracted waves in the shadow zone are formulated in the high-frequency limit. These theoretical predictions are compared with numerical simulations in two dimensions: DNS are performed based on the full Navier-Stokes equations
MAGNETIC MOMENT MEASUREMENTS: PUSHING THE LIMITS

The last three years have seen developments in both experimental technology and theoretical capabilities. Thus it has become possible to measure the magnetic properties of weakly excited nuclear states with shorter half-lives and in nuclei further away from stability. In particular, two examples will be given concerning the structure of 4+ states in the mass 70 nuclei and the nature of the excitation of mixed-symmetry states in Zr nuclei. In addition, progress has been made in experiments involving radioactive beams. While these experiments are very difficult, successful experiments have been carried out in light Ar and S nuclei as well as in heavier isotopes in the A=132 region. The experiments will be described and the latest theoretical approaches will be discussed.
A simple and rapid method for the estimation of l-asparaginase in chromatographic and electrophoretic effluents: Comparison with other methods

Abstract Four methods for the measurement of l -asparaginase have been compared with a new modification of an enzymatic, spectrophotometric technique utilizing l -glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and malate dehydrogenase. This last technique uses disposable polycarbonate tubes both as reaction vessels and as cuvettes. Only a single addition of reagents and a single reading of absorbance is required. The simplicity of this technique is especially helpful when the prompt analysis of many samples of l -asparaginase is desired.
Hyperinflammatory proliferative (blastomycosis-like) pyodermas: review, mechanisms, and therapy.

Some sites of chronic localized infection have a vigorous granulocytic inflammatory response and develop marked tissue proliferation. This is most common in patients with poor nutrition, halogen ingestion or foreign bodies. The granulocytes release connective tissue-activating peptides which cause fibroblast proliferation and ground substance formation. The dermal papillae enlarge and support a larger germinative cell volume, producing pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. Hypertrophic granulation tissue or "proud flesh" appears to be a similar phenomenon without the epithelial component. In a milder physiologic range this phenomenon probably accounts for the term "laudable pus."
Reflection-impulsivity and level of maturity.

Summary It was hypothesized that scores on the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF) are related to level of maturity. To test this hypothesis, 76 latencyaged boys in residential treatment were administered the MFF and a gross motor coordination test and were assessed for soft signs of neurological damage. Also included were age, IQ, and reading scores, along with ratings of behavior problems, activity, and impulsivity levels. A factor analysis yielded a factor (Factor II) consisting of MFF errors, age, soft signs of neurological damage, and gross motor coordination. Another factor (Factor IV) consisted of MFF errors and MFF latency. Factor IV provides support for the reflection-impulsivity construct, while Factor II may suggest that scores on the MFF are partially a function of physiological maturity and that errors contribute more than latency to the determination of reflection/impulsivity.
Comparison of a classical Th1 bacteria versus a Th17 bacteria as adjuvant in the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

The relative contribution of myelin-specific Th1 and Th17 cells in the pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), is controversial. IL-12, the key cytokine necessary for the differentiation of Th1 cells, has been found to be dispensable for EAE induction; while the related cytokine associated with Th17 cells, IL-23, is a critical factor for inducing EAE. Since EAE is induced by immunization with myelin proteins in CFA which contains M. tuberculosis that generates a prototypical Th1-mediated immune response, we sought to determine if replacing the M. tuberculosis in the adjuvant with a bacterium that induces an IL-23-dependent Th17 cell response during infection would induce EAE with a different phenotype. C. rodentium, a bacterium that requires IL-23 for protective immunity, was used as the adjuvant in EAE and compared to CFA. Mice immunized with C. rodentium adjuvant (CRA) developed classical signs of EAE, similar to CFA-immunized mice, but disease was less severe with a later onset and slower progression than CFA. Surprisingly, the peripheral cytokine profile revealed similar numbers of Th1 and Th17 cells for both CFA and CRA-immunized mice; however, the number of Th1 and Th17 cells was significantly reduced in the CNS of CRA-immunized mice. The development of EAE in CRA-immunized mice was associated with epitope spreading. The unique clinical course of CRA immunizations helps serve as a useful alternative model for studying EAE pathogenesis and potential therapeutics for MS.
Stabilization of the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase-like protein ICA512 in GH4C1 cells upon treatment with estradiol, insulin, and epidermal growth factor

Treatment with 1 nM estradiol, 300 nM insulin, and 5 nM epidermal growth factor induces secretory granule accumulation and prolactin storage in GH4C1 rat pituitary tumor cells. The same triple treatment induced more than 6-fold accumulation of both the precursor (100 kDa, pro-ICA512) and the mature forms (60-70 kDa, ICA512 transmembrane fragment) of ICA512, a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase-like protein that is preferentially localized in secretory granule membranes. Accumulation of ICA512 resembles that of prolactin storage, for the combination of all three, estradiol, insulin, and epidermal growth factor, gave the greatest induction, which was maximal at 4 days. This effect was specific, as the levels of the small GTP-binding protein Rab3, which is also associated with secretory granule membranes, were unaffected by the triple hormone/growth factor treatment. Increased transcription and translation of ICA512 could only partially account for its 6-fold accumulation, as ICA512 messenger RNA and ICA512 synthesis levels were 1.8 +/- 0.35- and 1.6 +/- 0.17-fold in triple treated GH4C1 cells compared with those in untreated cells, respectively. Pulse-chase procedures showed that pro-ICA512 was more stable in treated cells. These results indicate that the enlargement of the secretory granule compartment results in the stabilization of ICA512 and raise the possibility that trafficking of secretory granules may affect ICA512's function and vice versa.
Antidepressant drugs and dopamine uptake in different brain regions

The effect of trycyclic antidepressants on 3H-dopamine uptake into synaptosomes obtained from rat striatum and mesolimbic cortical areas was examined. Chlorimipramine was found to be the most potent uptake inhibitor (IC50 of 3.2-3.8 X 10(-6) M) in both brain regions. Desmethylimipramine, protryptyline and iprindole were approximately one-half as potent (IC50 of 5.9-8.5 X 10(-6) M) in both brain areas. Kinetic constants obtained from Line-weaver-Burk plots in both areas revealed no alteration in Km for transport and a decrease in V max thus indicating a non-competitive inhibition. The effect of chlorimipramine on the release of 3H-dopamine from striatal synaptosomes required a concentration 10(-5) M for 50% release in 5 min. It is suggested that dopamine uptake inhibition may play some role in the action of tricyclic drugs, e.g., activation of schizophrenic psychopathology but that this action can not be solely responsible for their antidepressant properties.
The stacking fault energy and delamination wear of single-phase f.c.c. metals

Abstract The role of the stacking fault energy (SFE) in the delamination wear of single-phase f.c.c. metals is discussed, based on the data obtained with four different copper-based solid solutions and with aluminum, nickel and AISI 304 stainless steel. Since crystal plasticity (and thus the SFE) affects all aspects of delamination wear ( i.e. surface traction, plastic strain accumulation, crack nucleation and crack propagation) and since the interactions between them are complex, there is no simple general relationship between the SFE and the wear rate.
Physiological studies in a large sibship with antitrypsin deficiency.

Abstract A large sibship demonstrated the severe consequences of α 1 antitrypsin deficiency. Of 11 living sibs 6 were homozygous deficient (Pi type ZZ) and 5 heterozygous (Pi type MZ). The homozygous group showed severe obstructive ventilatory impairment by spirometry, marked abnormality of airway resistance and specific conductance with striking pulmonary hyperinflation. The heterozygous deficient group demonstrated a less severe obstructive defect by ventilation measurements with only marginal abnormality of airway resistance, specific conductance, and normal lung volumes. The evidence suggests that both the heterozygous and the homozygous states of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency are lung damaging.
Reverse osmosis applied to the recovery of water from aqueous salt solutions

A cellulose acetate membrane was applied to the study of reverse osmosis on aqueous solutions of LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, SrCl2 and BaCl2. This membrane, 71 microns thick and having an effective diameter of 1 1/2 in. was mounted within a specially constructed cell, made of stainless steel and designed to withstand pressures up to 1500 psi. The cell consisted of two chambers, which were separated by the membrane, and a porous plate supporting it. Solutions of 0·05 N, for all of these salts, were used to establish the osmotic pressure of each solution, the water fluxes through the membrane, and the extent of salt rejection. These variables were also determined for NaCl normalities of 0·2 and 0·6. On a single pass basis, the salt rejections ranged from 76% for KCl up to 95% for CaCl2. The results are discussed in terms of the size of the hydrated cation. The water fluxes for all these solutions were found to be essentially the same and were independent of the type of salt. For solutions of 0·05 N, the water fluxes ranged from zero at the osmotic pressure up to about 44 × 10−5 g sec−1cm−2 (8·8 gal day−1ft−2) at 800 psi and 77°F. Also, for the 0·05 N-NaCl solution, the temperature was varied from 77°F to 120°F. The results of this temperature study show that the extent of salt rejection remains essentially fixed, while the water flux at any given pressure at 120°F becomes nearly double that of 77°F.
Impairment of MHC class I transcription in a mutant bovine B cell line.

To better define the regulation and expression of bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, the bovine B lymphoblastoid cell line, BL3, was exposed to γ-irradiation and surviving cells were immunoselected for MHC class I antigen loss. The resulting class I expression loss variant, BL3.1, was characterized at both the protein and genetic levels to ascertain the nature of the defect. Microfluorimetry analysis revealed a 3–5-fold surface density reduction of all class I products on BL3.1 cells relative to the parental BL3 cells. This decreased surface expression was specific for MHC class I and not MHC class II or the non-MHC-linked gene product, immunoglobulin (Ig). Northern and quantitative slot blot analyses demostrated a corresponding diminution of class I RNA in BL3.1 suggesting a transcriptional level defect. Nuclear run-off and transcription inhibition experiments confirmed no post-transcriptional changes while Southern blot analysis provided no evidence for alterations within or near the class I genes. To help elucide the mechanism of altered class I expression, the parent, BL3, and variant, BL3.1, were cultured with factors known to enhance MHC class I transcription. Interferon (IFN)-γ, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and activated peripheral cell lines induced MHC class I transcription and surface expression 2–3-fold greater than the untreated controls. It is likely, therefore, that a genetic alteration outside of the class I genes has occured within BL3.1 impairing expression of MHC class I.
Exact complex line shapes of atomic resonance.

De nouvelles equations et leurs formes modifiees presentees dans l'article, sont susceptibles de procurer une interpretation theorique correcte des donnees experimentales d'absorption resonnante, particulierement des mesures de refractivite resonnante
Influencing food selection with point-of-choice nutrition information

Abstract This study evaluated the effectiveness of a point-of-choice nutrition information program that used a comprehensive set of communication functions in its design. Positive findings in other point-of-choice cafeteria studies relate to the provision of tangible incentives for behavior change. This study examined the effect of a nutrition education program that relied on intangible incentives. To provide sufficient incentive for behavior change we presented specific nutrient information on the food choices at each meal, suggestions for healthful food selection, and the long-term, presently intangible health benefits of such change. The study was designed to control for seasonal effects and for internal variables that typically threaten validity. We conducted the program in two dormitory cafeterias for an academic year. Students in one dormitory cafeteria were presented with a nutrition sign (providing general nutrition information and recommendations for changing food selections) and with nutrient display cards (indicating the number of calories, milligrams of cholesterol, and percentage of calories provided by fat in one serving of each targeted food). Students in a second dormitory cafeteria were presented with nutrient display cards only, after a baseline, no-intervention period. The results of a multiple-baseline experiment indicate that food-selection behavior was influenced in the first cafeteria but remained unchanged in the second location.
Power, Identity, and Collective Action in Social Exchange

Our research aims to bring collective action back into the study of structural determinants of power in social exchange. Previous research has focused primarily on the bargaining power of actors whose locations in exchange networks confer different risks of exclusion. We argue that structural position affects not only bargainingpower but also the ability of low-power actors to organize against unequal bargaining power. We hypothesize that collective action among low-power actors is facilitated by identification with others who are structurally disadvantaged. We test two identity-theoretic expected utility models that specify how actors in a mixedmotive coalition game might take into account the payoffs to others in structurally equivalent positions. In the utilitarian model, actors maximize the greatest good to the greatest number. In the collectivist model, actors also seek to minimize in-group inequality. Results show some support for the utilitarian model among female participants and strong support for the collectivist model among both males and females. We speculate about causes of gender differences and identify directions for future exchange-theoretic research on social identity and socially embedded collective action.
Problems with EM algorithms for ML factor analysis

Rubin and Thayer recently presented equations to implement maximum likelihood (ML) estimation in factor analysis via the EM algorithm. They present an example to demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm, and propose that their recovery of multiple local maxima of the ML function “certainly should cast doubt on the general utility of second derivatives of the log likelihood as measures of precision of estimation.” It is shown here, in contrast, that these second derivatives verify that Rubin and Thayer did not find multiple local maxima as claimed. The only known maximum remains the one found by Joreskog over a decade earlier. The standard errors obtained from the second derivatives and the Fisher information matrix thus remain appropriate where ML assumptions are met. The advantages of the EM algorithm over other algorithms for ML factor analysis remain to be demonstrated.
Populating the wilderness: crowdsourcing database of the smokies

Purpose – Researchers at the University of Tennessee Libraries experimented with crowdsourcing to determine if contributions by members of the public could be utilized to add citations and subject tags to a new online bibliography, Database of the Smokies (DOTS: dots.lib.utk.edu). The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – The database is built in Drupal, an open source platform that provides a crowdsourcing mechanism. The public was offered the opportunity to create accounts and add content to DOTS. After three months, the project team performed a transaction log analysis of user submissions in order to determine whether an editorial process was necessary. Findings – This analysis revealed that 18 percent of database content was the result of crowdsourcing and that much of the content submitted by participants was either obscure or difficult to locate. The analysis also showed that while contributors added valuable citations, an editorial review process was necessary to ensure th...
The cost of departure from optimal radii in microvascular networks

In the Murray optimality model of branching vasculatures, the radii of vessels are related to blood viscosity, vascular metabolic rate, and blood flow rate, in such a way as to minimize the total work (hydraulic and metabolic) of the system. The model predicts that flow is proportional to the cube of a vessel radius, and that at junctions the cube of the radius of the parent vessel equals the sum of the cubes of the daughter radii. In comparing real vasculatures to the Murray model, we have previously had no expressions for evaluating the apparent energy cost for departures from the optimal junction exponent of 3. Such expressions are derived here. They show that junction exponents, from about 1.5 to large positive values, are within 5% of the energy minimum. With the new equations, observed individual junctions or entire vascular trees can be compared, energy-wise, with the Murray optimum. Junctions in the transverse arteriolar trees of cat sartorius muscle were compared to the Murray optimality model, using these new expressions. The junction exponents for these small pre-capillary vessels had a broad range, with a median value greater than the Murray optimum of 3. The exponents were restricted, however, to values requiring, at individual junctions, little increase in energy. The majority of junctions had energy costs less than 1% above the Murray minimum. For entire trees involving many junctions the departures from optimality averaged less than 10%. Thus, while the branching geometry for these microvascular trees deviates significantly from the Murray optimum in the direction of larger daughter to parent ratios, the departures are small in energy terms.
Online Ramsey games for triangles in random graphs

In the online F-avoidance edge-coloring game with r colors, a graph on n vertices is generated by randomly adding a new edge at each stage. The player must color each new edge as it appears; the goal is to avoid a monochromatic copy of F. Let N"0(F,r,n) be the threshold function for the number of edges that the player is asymptotically almost surely able to paint before he/she loses. Even when F=K"3, the order of magnitude of N"0(F,r,n) is unknown for r>=3. In particular, the only known upper bound is the threshold function for the number of edges in the offline version of the problem, in which an entire random graph on n vertices with m edges is presented to the player to be r edge-colored. We improve the upper bound for the online triangle-avoidance game with r colors, providing the first result that separates the online threshold function from the offline bound for r>=3. This supports a conjecture of Marciniszyn, Spohel, and Steger that the known lower bound is tight for cliques and cycles for all r.
Importance of growth direction in mid-infrared Quantum Cascade lasers

We report on the effect of growth direction in Quantum Cascade lasers by using symmetric structures. Dopant migration causes strong wavefunction overlap with dopants for positively biased devices, resulting in ∼40% lower performance than those biased negatively.
Novel mutations in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein gene and their effects on transcriptional, translational, and clinical phenotypes.

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked recessive immunodeficiency characterized by thrombocytopenia, eczema, and recurrent infections, and caused by mutations in the WAS protein (WASP) gene. WASP contains several functional domains through which it interacts with proteins involved in intracellular signaling and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. In this report, 17 WASP gene mutations were identified, 12 of which are novel. DNA of affected males and obligate carriers was PCR amplified and analyzed by SSCA, heteroduplex analysis, and direct sequencing. The effects of the mutations at the mRNA and protein level were ascertained by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. All missense mutations were located in exons 1–4. Most of the nonsense, frameshift and splice site mutations were found in exons 6–11. Mutations that alter splice sites led to the synthesis of several types of mRNAs, a fraction of which represented the normally spliced product. The presence of normally spliced transcripts was correlated with a milder phenotype. When one such case was studied by Western blotting, reduced amounts of normal-size WASP were present. In other cases as well, a correlation was found between the amount of normal or mutant WASP present and the phenotypes of the affected individuals. No protein was detected in two individuals with severe WAS. Reduced levels of a normal-size WASP with a missense mutation were seen in two individuals with XLT. It is concluded that mutation analysis at the DNA level is not sufficient for predicting clinical course. Studies at the transcript and protein level are needed for a better assessment. Hum Mutat 14:54–66, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: why do some women dislike it?

Background. There is growing evidence of women's dissatisfaction with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) because of a high incidence of adverse effects.Objective. To quantify the continuation rate and users' satisfaction, and identify symptoms associated with early removal before the 5-years effective life-time.Method. A questionnaire was sent to 212 women, who had LNG-IUS inserted from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2003 at The Ipswich Hospital, UK.Results. The response rate was 76% (n = 161), 16 of the respondents were excluded and the data of 145 are presented. The continuation rate was 85%, 70%, 59%, 56%, 50% and 50% at 6 months, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years, respectively. The total number of women who had the LNG-IUS removed before 5 years was 72 (50%), and the median duration of use was 270 days (range 4–1460). The reasons for early removal were unscheduled bleeding, progestogenic adverse effects, abdominal pain and others in 40 (28%), 32 (22%), 19 (13%) and 19 (13%) women, respecti...