cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetically guided cold atom gyroscopes and their photonic requirements

This paper focuses on several key ideas to using atom interferometry to detect rotation within the context of an atom trap or “guide”. I discuss shortcomings of traditional free space light pulse atom interferometry that the advantages of guided light pulse atom interferometry can mitigate and under what conditions that strategy is possible. There is discussion of requirements for the light pulses, and the properties of the waveguide that will be needed for guided atom interferometry to successfully improve on the capability of free space light pulse atom interferometry.
Radiative Corrections to Back Scattering

It is shown that the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron contributes to the radiative correction to scattering by a charge, even at high energies, when the scattering angle is 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. This effect increases the radiative correction slightly as compared with the usual Schwinger correction.
Genomic Clues for Defining Bacterial Pathogenicity

Genomic sequences are becoming available from both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. Here we analyze an increasing body of information available on the molecular mechanisms Salmonella typhimurium uses to cause disease, in order to divine clues for identifying sequences that play a role in pathogenesis in other bacterial pathogens.
Synthesis and Characterization of Iodinated Tetrahydroquinolines Targeting the G Protein-coupled Estrogen Receptor GPR30

A series of iodo-substituted tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolines was synthesized as potential targeted imaging agents for the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPR30. The affinity and specificity of binding to GPR30 versus the classical estrogen receptors ER alpha/beta and functional responses associated with ligand-binding were determined. Selected iodo-substituted tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolines exhibited IC(50) values lower than 20 nM in competitive binding studies with GPR30-expressing human endometrial cancer cells. These compounds functioned as antagonists of GPR30 and blocked estrogen-induced PI3K activation and calcium mobilization. The tributylstannyl precursors of selected compounds were radiolabeled with (125)I using the iodogen method. In vivo biodistribution studies in female ovariectomized athymic (NCr) nu/nu mice bearing GPR30-expressing human endometrial tumors revealed GPR30-mediated uptake of the radiotracer ligands in tumor, adrenal, and reproductive organs. Biodistribution and quantitative SPECT/CT studies revealed structurally related differences in the pharmacokinetic profiles, target tissue uptake, and metabolism of the radiolabeled compounds as well as differences in susceptibility to deiodination. The high lipophilicity of the compounds adversely affects the in vivo biodistribution and clearance of these radioligands and suggests that further optimization of this parameter may lead to improved targeting characteristics.
Perturbation theory of nonlinear elastic wave propagation

Abstract In this article a perturbation method is given for obtaining uniformly valid approximations to the solution of problems of plane wave propagation in finite elasticity theory. Examples are given showing its application to problems of longitudinal and shear wave propagation, including an explicit numerical example concerning the propagation of a shear wave in a polyurethane foam rubber.
Determination of layer sizes in carbons

Abstract Some confusion exists in the literature regarding definition and calculation of domain or layer size, L a , of graphite-like layers in carbons. In this communication various usages of layer sizes employing Warren (1941), Warren-Bodenstein (1966) and Debye interference functions are compared. The use of a layer size defined as the diameter of a disk having an equivalent area (or number of atoms) in the Warren-Bodenstein and Debye interference functions may avoid confusion.
Dynamic regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores by stromal interaction molecule 1 and sarcolipin during muscle differentiation

During muscle development, the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) undergoes remodeling to establish a specialized internal Ca2+ store for muscle contraction. We hypothesized that store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is required to fill Ca2+ stores and is, therefore, critical to creating a mature SR/ER. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) functions as a sensor of internal Ca2+ store content and an activator of SOCE channels. Myocytes lacking STIM1 display reduced SR Ca2+ content and altered expression of key SR proteins. Sarcolipin (SLN), an inhibitor of the SR calcium pump, was markedly increased in the muscle of mutant STIM1 mice. SLN opposes the actions of STIM1 by limiting SOCE, reducing SR Ca2+ content and delaying muscle differentiation. During mouse muscle development SLN is highly expressed in embryonic muscle, while the expression of STIM1 is up-regulated postnatally. These results suggest that SOCE regulates SR/ER specialization and that SLN and STIM1 act in opposing fashions to govern SOCE during myogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 241:639–647, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender Disparities in the Treatment of Late-Life Depression: Qualitative and Quantitative Findings From the IMPACT Trial

Objectives The objectives of this study were to examine gender differences in recruitment, depression presentation, and depression treatment history in a large effectiveness trial; and to use qualitative data to generate hypotheses about reasons for observed gender differences. Methods Data from IMPACT, a multisite trial of a disease management program for late-life depression in primary care were used to examine gender differences quantitatively. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 30 key informants from IMPACT (referring physicians, depression care managers, and study recruiters) to learn more about challenges in recruiting and treating depressed older men and then analyzed thematically. Results Compared with older women, older men were significantly less likely to be referred to IMPACT, to endorse core depressive symptoms, and to have received prior depression treatment. Gender differences in prior depression treatment persisted after adjustment for covariates. Qualitative themes identified as important contributors to gender disparities included 1) how men experience and express their depression, 2) traditional masculine values, and 3) the stigma of chronic mental illness. Conclusion This study provides further evidence of the gender gap in depression care, identifies possible contributing factors, and suggests avenues for future research.
Neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection: interactions between interleukin-1 and transforming growth factor-beta 1.

Neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection: interactions between interleukin-1 and transforming growth factor-β1
Calcium entry via TRPC1 channels activates chloride currents in human glioma cells.

Abstract Malignant gliomas are highly invasive brain cancers that carry a dismal prognosis. Recent studies indicate that Cl− channels facilitate glioma cell invasion by promoting hydrodynamic cell shape and volume changes. Here we asked how Cl− channels are regulated in the context of migration. Using patch-clamp recordings we show Cl− currents are activated by physiological increases of [Ca2+]i to 65 and 180 nM. Cl− currents appear to be mediated by ClC-3, a voltage-gated, CaMKII-regulated Cl− channel highly expressed by glioma cells. ClC-3 channels colocalized with TRPC1 on caveolar lipid rafts on glioma cell processes. Using perforated-patch electrophysiological recordings, we demonstrate that inducible knockdown of TRPC1 expression with shRNA significantly inhibited glioma Cl− currents in a Ca2+-dependent fashion, placing Cl− channels under the regulation of Ca2+ entry via TRPC1. In chemotaxis assays epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced invasion was inhibition by TRPC1 knockdown to the same extent as pharmacological block of Cl− channels. Thus endogenous glioma Cl− channels are regulated by TRPC1. Cl− channels could be an important downstream target of TRPC1 in many other cells types, coupling elevations in [Ca2+]i to the shape and volume changes associated with migrating cells.
ACHONDROPLASIA DUE TO DNA INSERTION INTO THE TYPE II COLLAGEN GENE

Achondroplastic dwarfism is an autosomal dominant disorder in which 90% of cases represent new mutations. The molecular mechanisms of the disruption of normal cartilage and endochondral bone formation remain unelucidated. Type II collagen is the major collagen of cartilage and plays an important role in stabilizing the extracellular matrix. In this study, fibroblast DNA from a patient with classical sporadic achondroplasia and peripheral white cell DNA from her parents with normal stature were analyzed. Southern filters were prepared following BamHl digestion and were probed with pgHCol(II)al, a probe to the carboxypropeptide and triple helical region of the human type II procollagen gene (Strom, C. and Upholt, W.B., Nucleic Acids Res., in press). The DNA from both parents showed only the normal 4.2kb band. The achondroplastic DNA, however, showed a faint band at 4.2kb and a denser band at 6.2kb. Further analysis revealed that the polymorphic 6.2kb band is due to an insertion of DNA sequences complementary to the pgHCol(II)al probe near the 3' end of the type II collagen gene. This is the first demonstration of type II collagen gene changes in the human chondrodystrophies.
Failure modes of gas metal arc welds in lap-shear specimens of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel

Abstract The failure modes of gas metal arc welds in single lap-shear specimens of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel are investigated in this paper. Notched lap-shear specimens of gas metal arc welds were made. Quasi-static test results showed two failure locations for the welds. The specimens cut from coupons with shorter weld lengths failed near the weld root whereas the specimens cut from coupons with longer weld lengths failed near the weld toe. Scanning electron and optical microscope images of the failure surfaces and cross sections showed that the gas metal arc welds failed in a ductile necking/shear failure mode. Micro-hardness tests were conducted to provide an assessment of the mechanical properties of the base metal, the heat affected zone, and the weld metal. In order to understand the failure modes of these welds, finite element models were developed with the geometric characteristics of the heat affected zones designed to match the micrographs of the cross sections for the long and short welds. Three-dimensional finite element analyses were conducted with consideration of micro void nucleation and growth. The distributions of the void volume fraction near the welds shown from the finite element analyses are consistent with the failure modes observed in the experiments. Further finite element analyses were conducted in order to understand the effects of the geometric characteristics of the heat affected zone. The results showed that the geometric characteristics of the heat affected zone have a negligible effect on the load–displacement results; however, the geometric characteristics of the heat affected zone are key factors for the resulting failure location. Finally, finite element analyses were conducted in order to understand the effects of the weld metal geometry. The results indicate that the weld penetration and the weld toe angle have negligible effects on the load–displacement response, the peak load, and the predicted failure locations.
Protection of Mice by Postirradiation Treatment with a Cell-Free Component of Spleen∗

SummaryFractions of Ellinger's cell-free splenic extract administered following a lethal X-ray exposure resulted in 94% survival. This increased survival is greater than has previously been reported with any cell-free preparations given after radiation exposure. The protective agent was found in the second protein peak obtained by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200. The molecular weight of the protective fraction as determined by gel filtration was approximately 70,000. The relative degree of protection induced by this cell-free factor decreased with increasing X-ray doses.
Inventory and distribution strategies for retail/e-tail organizations

In the retail sector many traditional bricks-and-mortar companies have added online sales channels to their supply chains. Unfortunately, even though the combined retailer/e-tailer is becoming a common business model, there is very limited research addressing retail/e-tail operations. To address this gap, this research considers where and how much inventory should be allocated and held at each site for a company that satisfies both in-store and online demand. Specifically, we determine how many and which of a firm's capacitated locations should handle online sales to minimize total cost (holding, backorder, fixed operating, transportation, and handling costs). Our primary findings include the following: (i) when all costs are considered the percentage of sales occurring online plays a critical role in determining the number of sites providing e-fulfillment; (ii) when holding and backorder costs are the only consideration (i.e., the customer pays for shipping), the standard deviation of in-store demand controls where online inventory should be located, regardless of the percentage of demand occurring online; and (iii) an increase in unit shipping costs does not necessarily imply that adding online fulfillment locations will decrease total cost. Results from a computational study illustrate that the model provides good solutions even when demand is correlated or not normally distributed.
Parametric study of PV arc-fault generation methods and analysis of conducted DC spectrum

Many photovoltaic (PV) direct current (DC) arc-fault detectors use the frequency content of the PV system to detect arcs. The spectral content is influenced by the duration and power of the arc, surrounding insulation material geometry and chemistry, and electrode geometry. A parametric analysis was conducted in order to inform the Underwriters Laboratories (UL) 1699B (“Photovoltaic DC Arc-Fault Circuit Protection”) Standards Technical Panel (STP) of improvements to arc-fault generation methods in the certification standard. These recommendations are designed to reduce the complexity of the experimental setup, improve testing repeatability, and quantify the uncertainty of the arc-fault radio frequency (RF) noise generated by different PV arcs in the field. In this investigation, we (a) discuss the differences in establishing and sustaining arc-faults for a number of different test configurations and (b) compare the variability in arc-fault spectral content for each respective test, and analyze the evolution of the RF signature over the duration of the fault; with the ultimate goal of determining the most repeatable, ‘worst case’ tests for adoption by UL.
Comparison of fatty acid, cholesterol, and vitamin A and E composition in eggs from hens housed in conventional cage and range production facilities

The public perceives that the nutritional quality of eggs produced as free range is superior to that of eggs produced in cages. Therefore, this study compared the nutrient content of free-range vs. cage- produced shell eggs by examining the effects of the labo- ratory, production environment, and hen age. A flock of 500 Hy-Line Brown layers were hatched simultaneously and received the same care (i.e., vaccination, lighting, and feeding regimen), with the only difference being ac- cess to the range. The nutrient content of the eggs was analyzed for cholesterol, n-3 fatty acids, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, β-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E. The same egg pool was di- vided and sent to 4 different laboratories for analysis. The laboratory was found to have a significant effect on the content of all nutrients in the analysis except for cholesterol. Total fat content in the samples varied (P < 0.001) from a high of 8.88% to a low of 6.76% in laboratories D and C, respectively. Eggs from the range production environment had more total fat (P < 0.05), monounsaturated fat (P < 0.05), and polyunsaturated fat (P < 0.001) than eggs produced by caged hens. Levels of n-3 fatty acids were also higher (P < 0.05), at 0.17% in range eggs vs. 0.14% in cage eggs. The range environment had no effect on cholesterol (163.42 and 165.38 mg/50 g in eggs from caged and range hens, respectively). Vitamin A and E levels were not affected by the husbandry to which the hens were exposed but were lowest at 62 wk of age. The age of the hens did not influence the fat levels in the egg, but cholesterol levels were highest (P < 0.001) at 62 wk of age (172.54 mg/50 g). Although range production did not influence the cholesterol level in the egg, there was an increase in fat levels in eggs produced on the range.
Making the Most of Unit Dose Dispensing Automation

Pharmacy directors are faced with a myriad of options when it comes to unit dose automation. The goal of this Director' Forum article is to outline the most common types of automation available, su...
Operations Research and National Planning

I want to apologize in advance for what I am about to do to you. My presentation will not be in the relaxed spirit of this occasion, nor will it be entertaining. In fact it will be very trying to you. My only excuse for such behavior is the deep conviction that my subject is a very important one. I wish I were as convinced that my treatment of it merits using this opportunity in the way that I am going to. The subject is “Operations Research and National Planning.” Retiring Presidential Address at the banquet of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Operations Research Society of America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 9, 1957.
A new, rapid and simple procedure for direct cloning of PCR products into baculoviruses

We propose a novel method for direct cloning of foreign genes into baculoviruses which avoids the use of bacterial transfer vectors. The foreign gene to be inserted is derived by PCR using appropriate primers each of which contains an additional 50 nt of baculovirus sequence for homologous recombination between the PCR-derived DNA and the baculovirus DNA, thus accomplishing insertion of the foreign gene into the baculovirus. The direct cloning of green fluorescent protein and beta-glucuronidase in different baculovirus loci is described. The method is simple and avoids the use of cumbersome techniques associated with enzymatic treatment and DNA purification.
Isolation of polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for the masked flowerpiercer Diglossa cyanea

We have isolated 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the masked flowerpiercer Diglossa cyanea from a genomic library enriched for (AAGG) n repetitive elements. The number of alleles ranged from eight to 16 per locus with the observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.64 to 1.00. These markers will be useful for analysis of questions concerning population genetic structure and models of speciation.
Predictors of screening and injury in contacts of physically abused children.

Objective To determine rates of screening in contacts of children evaluated for physical abuse, and the relationship of clinical characteristics to screening recommendation and completion and injury identification. Study design This is a planned secondary analysis of a prospective study of 1918 contacts of 1196 children referred for subspecialty abuse consultation in 20 US centers. We used multivariable logistic models to determine the relationship of index child characteristics, contact child characteristics, and shared characteristics to screening and injury identification. Results We identified injuries or disclosures of abuse in 180 (9.4%) contacts. Recommended screening was omitted in >20% of subjects for each screening modality. At least 1 screening test was more likely to be completed in contacts of index children of non-White race or Hispanic ethnicity (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.13-1.87), with abuse-specific injuries (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.63-2.83), with a confession (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.17-4.07), when the history changed (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.05-2.61), when an occult injury was found by imaging in the index child (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.39-2.43), and when families lacked private insurance (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.15-2.31). Conclusion Completion of screening recommended for contacts of potentially abused children is relatively poor, despite high risk of injury. Several clinical and demographic factors were associated with increased contact screening.
A Dynamic Systems Model of Infant Attachment

Attachment, or the emotional tie between an infant and its primary caregiver, has been modeled as a homeostatic process by Bowlby's (Attachment and Loss, 1969; Anxiety and Depression, 1973; Loss: Sadness and Depression, 1980). Evidence from neurophysiology has grounded such mechanism of infant attachment to the dynamic interplay between an opioid-based proximity-seeking mechanism and an NE-based arousal system that are regulated by external stimuli (interaction with primary caregiver and the environment). Here, we model such attachment mechanism and its dynamic regulation by a coupled system of ordinary differential equations. We simulated the characteristic patterns of infant behaviors in the strange situation procedure, a common instrument for assessing the quality of attachment outcomes (?types?) for infants at about one year of age. We also manipulated the parameters of our model to account for neurochemical adaptation, and to allow for caregiver style (such as responsiveness and other factors) and temperamental factor (such as reactivity and readiness in self-regulation) to be incorporated into the homeostatic regulation model of attachment dynamics. Principle component analysis revealed the characteristic regions in the parameter space that correspond to secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment typology. Implications from this kind of approach are discussed.
Examining Risks and Protective Factors of On-Line Identity Theft

Identity-based crimes are considered to be one of the most significant and growing problems of the last 20 years due to the significant economic harm these offenses pose for victims. The increased use and availability of personal information through on-line outlets has significantly increased the risk of identity-based fraud, although few have considered the factors that affect the likelihood of this type of victimization. This study utilizes a sample of students, faculty, and staff at a southeastern university to investigate the effects that protective factors possess on fostering resiliency against on-line identity theft. The findings suggest that protective software programs increase individual resiliency to victimization. The implications of this study for both resiliency models and cybercrime victimization are considered in detail.
Smad2 and Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor B Cooperatively Regulate Vascular Smooth Muscle Differentiation From Neural Crest Cells

Rationale:Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation from neural crest cells (NCCs) is critical for cardiovascular development, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Objective:Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) function in VSMC differentiation from NCCs is controversial. Therefore, we determined the role and mechanism of a TGF-β downstream signaling intermediate Smad2 in NCC differentiation to VSMCs. Methods and Results:By using Cre/loxP system, we generated a NCC tissue–specific Smad2 knockout mouse model and found that Smad2 deletion resulted in defective NCC differentiation to VSMCs in aortic arch arteries during embryonic development and caused vessel wall abnormality in adult carotid arteries where the VSMCs are derived from NCCs. The abnormalities included 1 layer of VSMCs missing in the media of the arteries with distorted and thinner elastic lamina, leading to a thinner vessel wall compared with wild-type vessel. Mechanistically, Smad2 interacted with myocardin-related transcription...
Cross-species comparison of site-specific evolutionary-rate variation in influenza haemagglutinin

We investigate the causes of site-specific evolutionary-rate variation in influenza haemagglutinin (HA) between human and avian influenza, for subtypes H1, H3, and H5. By calculating the evolutionary-rate ratio, ω = dN/dS as a function of a residue's solvent accessibility in the three-dimensional protein structure, we show that solvent accessibility has a significant but relatively modest effect on site-specific rate variation. By comparing rates within HA subtypes among host species, we derive an upper limit to the amount of variation that can be explained by structural constraints of any kind. Protein structure explains only 20-40% of the variation in ω. Finally, by comparing ω at sites near the sialic-acid-binding region to ω at other sites, we show that ω near the sialic-acid-binding region is significantly elevated in both human and avian influenza, with the exception of avian H5. We conclude that protein structure, HA subtype, and host biology all impose distinct selection pressures on sites in influenza HA.
Etch pits on naturally altered olivine from dunites of the Appalachian Blue Ridge Mountains, North Carolina, USA

Naturally weathered olivine from metamorphosed, tectonized metadunite is corroded by funnel-shaped etch pits. Large etch pits form by weathering, and are not inherited from pre-weathering alteration of these rocks. Comparison of etch pits on olivine in naturally weathered metadunite with naturally weathered olivine phenocrysts from volcanic rocks suggests that olivine etch pits are similar in all sample suites, despite differences in crystallization and weathering/exposure ages, and regolith history.
Chemical and Clinical Evaluation of the Continuous-flow Analyzer "SMAC"

"SMAC" (Sequential Multiple Analyzer plus Computer) is a high-speed computer-controlled multitest analyzer. A 20-channel prototype SMAC (glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, carbon dioxide content, total bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, iron, uric acid, chloride, sodium, potassium, total protein, albumin, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate and alanine aminotransferases) has been evaluated for: ( a ) method precision during within-day runs and on a day-to-day basis over a period of time; ( b ) method linearity over a range established on a chemical basis and related to clinical requirements, with use of both aqueous standards and protein matrix reference material; and ( c ) correlation of SMAC values with those obtained by the methods routinely in use in our department.
Plasmid Content and Tumor Initiation Complementation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens IIBNV6

Avirulent strains IIBNV6 and NT1, derived from virulent strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, were tested for their ability to enhance tumor initiation (complement) on coinoculation with tumorigenic strains. Strain NT1, cured of the Agrobacterium virulence plasmid, failed to complement when inoculated with its virulent parental strain or with other virulent strains. Strain IIBNV6, however, complemented with all virulent strains tested. Attachment to host wound sites by both strain IIBNV6 and the virulent strain was essential for this effect. Inoculation of the tumorigenic strain at different times on leaves previously inoculated with IIBNV6 showed that the capacity to complement is lost during the period between 4 and 8 h after IIBNV6 inoculation. The rate of tumor appearance obtained with an inoculum containing IIBNV6 and a virulent auxotrophic strain was characteristic of the appearance rate obtained with prototrophic bacteria. Evidence is summarized which suggests that strain IIBNV6 can induce tumors when supplied with a substance produced or induced by a virulent bacterium at a separate site. A deoxyribonucleic acid plasmid about 40% the size of the Agrobacterium virulence plasmid was obtained from strain IIBNV6. We propose that this plasmid accounts for the ability of strain IIBNV6 to complement and that it contains part of the genetic information necessary for tumor initiation.
Global climate change and North American mammalian evolution

We compare refined data sets for Atlantic benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope ratios and for North American mammalian diversity, faunal turnover, and body mass distributions. Each data set spans the late Paleocene through Pleistocene and has temporal resolution of 1.0 m.y.; the mammal data are restricted to western North America. We use the isotope data to compute five separate time series: oxygen isotope ratios at the midpoint of each 1.0-m.y. bin; changes in these ratios across bins; absolute values of these changes (5 isotopic volatility); standard deviations of multiple isotope measurements within each bin; and standard deviations that have been detrended and corrected for serial correlation. For the mammals, we compute 12 different variables: standing diversity at the start of each bin; per-lineage origination and extinction rates; total turnover; net diversification; the absolute value of net diversification (5 diversification volatility); change in pro- portional representation of major orders, as measured by a simple index and by a G-statistic; and the mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of body mass. Simple and liberal statistical analyses fail to show any consistent relationship between any two isotope and mammalian time series, other than some unavoidable correlations between a few untransformed, highly autocor- related time series like the raw isotope and mean body mass curves. Standard methods of detrend- ing and differencing remove these correlations. Some of the major climate shifts indicated by ox- ygen isotope records do correspond to major ecological and evolutionary transitions in the mam- malian biota, but the nature of these correspondences is unpredictable, and several other such tran- sitions occur at times of relatively little global climate change. We conclude that given currently available climate records, we cannot show that the impact of climate change on the broad patterns of mammalian evolution involves linear forcings; instead, we see only the relatively unpredictable effects of a few major events. Over the scale of the whole Cenozoic, intrinsic, biotic factors like logistic diversity dynamics and within-lineage evolutionary trends seem to be far more important.
Measurable Spaces and Functions

Let X be a set. Recall that an algebra on X is a collection of subsets of X containing O and closed under complements and finite unions (so also under finite intersections). It is a σ-algebra if it is also closed under countable unions (so also under countable intersections). Given Ɛ ⊆ Pow(X), there is a smallest σ-algebra containing Ɛ, called the σ-algebra generated by Ɛ and denoted by σ(Ɛ). Also, Ɛ is called a set of generators for σ(Ɛ). A σ-algebra is countably generated if it has a countable set of generators.
Orofacial EMG in Congenital Multiple Cranial Neuropathies

Investigators from Armand-Trousseau hospital and University of Paris studied 90 infants aged birth to 6 months with multiple cranial nerve involvement.
The Impact of Culture on the Indian Construction Industry

The Indian construction industry has been characterized by poor performance. This paper analyzes the potential impact of the Indian culture on the poor performance. If the culture is a major cause in the construction industry subpar performance, can the cultural influence be overridden to minimize construction project delays and cost overruns. The authors propose to identify the unique cultural issues, identify using the Construction Industry Structure (CIS) model the impact of the cultural issues on the construction industry, and identify a potential solution to the problem. The paper proposes to test the solution in actual tests with industry participants. What makes this research unique is the approach of using deductive logic to create a simple solution, and then convincing a major research client to test the proposal.
A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study of Conformational Preferences of Molecular Semiconductors

Structural modules used for assembling molecular semiconductors have typically been chosen to give desirable optical and electronic properties. Growing evidence shows that chemical functionalities should be considered for controlling molecular shape, which is important for function because of its influence on polymer secondary structure, lattice arrangements in crystals, and crystallization tendencies. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, followed by a natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, we examine eight molecular semiconductors with resolved single crystal X-ray structures to understand the features that dominate molecular conformations and ultimately develop practical rules that govern these preferences. All molecules can be described by a D′–A–D–A–D′ architecture and have a 4,4-dimethyl-4H-silolo[3,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (DTS) donor (D) core unit, with [1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine (PT), 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (FBT), or benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole (BT) electron acceptor (A) ...
Commensurate Priors on a Finite Mixture Model for Incorporating Repository Data in Clinical Trials

ABSTRACTDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a good source of fat that can be taken up through food, such as fish, or taken as a supplement. Evidence is building that DHA provides a high-yield, low-risk strategy to reduce preterm birth and/or low birth weight. These births are great costs to society. A recently completed Phase III trial revealed that higher birth weight and gestational age were associated with DHA dosed at 600 mg/day. In this article, we take a posterior predictive approach to assess impacts of these findings on public health. Simple statistical models are not adequate for accurate posterior predictive distribution estimation. Of particular interest is that the joint distribution of birth weight and gestational age is well modeled by a finite mixture of three normal distributions. Data from our own clinical trial exhibit similar features. Using the mean and variance-covariance matrices from a previous study and flexible commensurate priors for the mixing parameters, we estimate the effect of DHA...
Dietary Pattern Analysis of Changshu Residents

【Objective】To understand the dietary pattern and nutritional status among the rural residents in Changshu City.【Method】A combined diet survey was used,including foods weighing in 3 days,24h diet recall and food intake frequency questionnaire.Indoor weighing and interviewing were operated by professionals.【Result】The results showed that some nutrients intakes were deficiency and unbalanced in sample population,such as total energy,dietary fiber,vitamin A,thiamine,riboflavin,calcium,potassium,magnesium,zinc and selenium,less intake of fruit and dairy and excessive intake of sodium and iron.【Conclusion】It was necessary to strengthen nutrition education to reduce the incidence of nutrition related disease.
On cross-validated Lasso

In this paper, we derive a rate of convergence of the Lasso estimator when the penalty parameter $\lambda$ for the estimator is chosen using $K$-fold cross-validation; in particular, we show that in the model with Gaussian noise and under fairly general assumptions on the candidate set of values of $\lambda$, the prediction norm of the estimation error of the cross-validated Lasso estimator is with high probability bounded from above up-to a constant by $(s\log p /n)^{1/2}\cdot(\log^{7/8}n)$ as long as $p\log n / n = o(1)$ and some other mild regularity conditions are satisfied, where $n$ is the sample size of available data, $p$ is the number of covariates, and $s$ is the number of non-zero coefficients in the model. Thus, the cross-validated Lasso estimator achieves the fastest possible rate of convergence up-to the logarithmic factor $\log^{7/8}n$. In addition, we derive a sparsity bound for the cross-validated Lasso estimator; in particular, we show that under the same conditions as above, the number of non-zero coefficients of the estimator is with high probability bounded from above up-to a constant by $s\log^5 n$. Finally, we show that our proof technique generates non-trivial bounds on the prediction norm of the estimation error of the cross-validated Lasso estimator even if $p$ is much larger than $n$ and the assumption of Gaussian noise fails; in particular, the prediction norm of the estimation error is with high-probability bounded from above up-to a constant by $(s\log^2(p n)/n)^{1/4}$ under mild regularity conditions.
Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) Derived Deformation from the MW 6.0 24 August, 2014 South Napa Earthquake Estimated by Two and Three Dimensional Point Cloud Change Detection Techniques

Remote sensing via LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) has proven extremely useful in both Earth science and hazard related studies. Surveys taken before and after an earthquake for example, can provide decimeter-level, 3D near-field estimates of land deformation that offer better spatial coverage of the near field rupture zone than other geodetic methods (e.g., InSAR, GNSS, or alignment array). In this study, we compare and contrast estimates of deformation obtained from different pre and post-event airborne laser scanning (ALS) data sets of the 2014 South Napa Earthquake using two change detection algorithms, Iterative Control Point (ICP) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The ICP algorithm is a closest point based registration algorithm that can iteratively acquire three dimensional deformations from airborne LiDAR data sets. By employing a newly proposed partition scheme, “moving window,” to handle the large spatial scale point cloud over the earthquake rupture area, the ICP process applies a rigid registration of data sets within an overlapped window to enhance the change detection results of the local, spatially varying surface deformation near-fault. The other algorithm, PIV, is a well-established, two dimensional image co-registration and correlation technique developed in fluid mechanics research and later applied to geotechnical studies. Adapted here for an earthquake with little vertical movement, the 3D point cloud is interpolated into a 2D DTM image and horizontal deformation is determined by assessing the cross-correlation of interrogation areas within the images to find the most likely deformation between two areas. Both the PIV process and the ICP algorithm are further benefited by a presented, novel use of urban geodetic markers. Analogous to the persistent scatterer technique employed with differential radar observations, this new LiDAR application exploits a classified point cloud dataset to assist the change detection algorithms. Ground deformation results and statistics from these techniques are presented and discussed here with supplementary analyses of the differences between techniques and the effects of temporal spacing between LiDAR datasets. Results show that both change detection methods provide consistent near field deformation comparable to field observed offsets. The deformation can vary in quality but estimated standard deviations are always below thirty one centimeters. This variation in quality differentiates the methods and proves that factors such as geodetic markers and temporal spacing play major roles in the outcomes of ALS change detection surveys.
Introduction: The Key

In the summer of 1790, while serving as first president of the United States in New York, George Washington received a letter and two gifts from Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Moitier Marquis de Lafayette, his close friend and fellow veteran of the American Revolution. That Lafayette would send Washington a gift seemed fairly ordinary, as the two enjoyed a close relationship. Lafayette had arrived in America from France in 1777 as a passionate volunteer to help the American colonists in their war for independence from the Britain. Only 19 years old at the time, the French nobleman had willingly left his expecting wife, young daughter, and pampered lifestyle in order to volunteer as a common soldier under the command of General Washington. Washington had taken notice of this French adventurer, and even appointed Lafayette as his aide-de-camp, or personal aid. By the end of the war, Lafayette considered Washington as an adoptive father, and Washington likewise saw Lafayette as his own son. As a sign of his affection, Lafayette had even named his heir ‘George Washington Lafayette,’ and the two friends corresponded frequently.
High pulse energy, tunable repetition rate source for two-photon microscopy

Multiphoton microscopy requires balancing high peak powers for depth penetration with low average powers to prevent thermal damage. We demonstrate a wavelength-tunable source with 27 to 48 nJ pulse energy and an adjustable repetition rate.
Divide and Conquer: Leveraging Topology in Control of Epidemic Information Dynamics

As online social networks grow in both size and connectivity, epidemic information dynamics in such networks is attracting considerable research interests, due to its impact on both the network and individuals. This paper studies control of malicious information (virus) epidemic with replicable antidote information, taking topological characteristics of the underlying graph into consideration. Specifically, we analytically relate the extinction time of the virus to the diameter and giant component size of the remaining graph after the initial antidote distribution. With this 'divide and conquer' guideline, topology-based antidote distribution approaches are designed, and then examined through simulations in real world network portions.
Signal-to-noise ratio measurements for IoT communications with quantum tunneling reflectors

In this work, we show how a quantum tunneling reflector (QTR) achieves high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when properly locked to a 5.8 GHz external signal. The energy cost per bit of the RF device is only 2.9 pt, compared with over 10 J for conventional Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) transmitters. As a result, sensors communicating through backscatter modulation can increase their communication range at low energy cost per bit when equipped with a quantum tunneling reflector. Although the tunnel diode is highly non-linear, the measured SNR is approximately linear for increasing impinging powers; moreover, by amplifying signals below −55 dBm, the tunneling reflector achieves high sensitivities and extends by a factor of four the range of a backscatter system with respect to the signal-to-noise ratio.
Rhetorical mobilities and the city: The white slavery controversy and racialized protection of women in the U.S.

ABSTRACTThe case study of an early twentieth century controversy over “white slavery” demonstrates the importance of an explicit consideration of mobility based rhetoric to understanding space and political subjectivities within space. Through an analytical framework of mobility that considers scale, connection, time, and agency, I find that the city was constructed as a gendered and racialized space, which enabled restrictions to corporal mobility. I provide both a justification and a model for reading mobility based rhetoric in public controversy.
Nativity Disparities in Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among U.S. Adults.

Introduction Several studies have identified disparities in human papillomavirus (HPV)-related outcomes by nativity status (i.e., U.S.- versus foreign-born). However, few studies have explored whether vaccination differences exist by nativity status. Vaccination disparities have the potential to exacerbate HPV-related cancer disparities in the long term if left unaddressed. Therefore, the authors investigated whether there were significant differences in HPV vaccination initiation (one or more doses) and completion (three or more doses) between U.S.-born and foreign-born men and women. Methods Using the 2011 to 2015 waves of the National Health Interview Survey, data from 15,967 U.S. men aged 18–32 years and 23,794 U.S. women aged 18–35 years were analyzed in February 2017. Multivariable logistic regression models were fit to determine whether nativity status predicted (1) HPV vaccination initiation and (2) HPV vaccination completion separately among men and women after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and healthcare factors. Results Compared with those born in the U.S., foreign-born men and women had lower prevalence of HPV vaccine initiation and completion. Furthermore, after controlling for covariates, foreign-born men (OR=0.63, 95% CI=0.47, 0.85) and women (OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.49, 0.66) had significantly lower adjusted odds of HPV vaccination initiation compared with their U.S.-born counterparts. Additionally, foreign-born women had significantly lower adjusted odds of HPV vaccination completion (OR=0.56, 95% CI=0.46, 0.69). Conclusions The demographic, socioeconomic, and healthcare factors included in this study did not appear to account fully for observed disparities. Future research is needed to understand other factors that may contribute to nativity status disparities in HPV vaccination.
Relating Chain Conformations to Extensional Stress in Entangled Polymer Melts.

Nonlinear extensional flows are common in polymer processing, but they remain challenging theoretically because dramatic stretching of chains deforms the entanglement network far from equilibrium. Here, we present coarse-grained simulations of extensional flows in entangled polymer melts for Rouse-Weissenberg numbers ${\mathrm{Wi}}_{R}=0.06--52$ and Hencky strains $\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\ge}6$. Simulations reproduce experimental trends in extensional viscosity with time, rate, and molecular weight. Studies of molecular structure reveal an elongation and thinning of the confining tube with increasing ${\mathrm{Wi}}_{R}$. The rising stress is quantitatively consistent with the decreasing entropy of chains at the equilibrium entanglement length. Molecular weight dependent trends in viscosity are related to a crossover from the Newtonian limit to a high rate limit that scales differently with chain length.
Survey of Recent Experimental Results on Positron Scattering in Gases Part II: Beyond Total Cross Sections

The first decade (1972–82) of positron-gas scattering experiments performed with slow positron beams has been primarily concerned with the measurements of total scattering cross sections for positrons colliding with the inert gases and various molecules, which was the subject of the preceding paper presented at this Workshop.1 In this paper the focus of attention will be placed on positron scattering experiments performed with slow positron beams which extend beyond total cross section measurements. Included in this category are measurements of differential and inelastic cross sections for the scattering of positrons by atoms and molecules, and searches for positron scattering resonances.