cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the rat: enhancement and suppression by synthetic polyribonucleotides.

SummaryLewis rats injected ip with 100 mg of rat cord homogenate developed a mild degree of experimental allergic en-cephalomyelitis (EAE). One iv injection of 0.6 mg of the polyribonucleotide complex, polyinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid (I:C), administered at the time of encephalitogenic challenge, increased the incidence and severity of EAE whereas polyadenylic acid: polyuridylic acid (A:U) and the single-stranded polyinosinic acid (I) or polycyti-dylic acid (C) had no effect. Injection of I:C at the time of onset of clinical signs of EAE did not influence the course of the illness.The mechanism of enhancement of EAE by I:C was investigated with the aid of the passive transfer system. Unexpectedly, I:C inhibited the development of EAE lesions when injected into recipients along with the fully immunized cells from donors with EAE. The inhibitory effect of I:C on EAE cells was transient and nondestructive. Inhibition by I:C was not mediated by the adrenal gland or by induction of interferon. The apparent...
Spacecraft sails through comet's tail

Comet Giacobini-Zinner may not have a conventional bow shock, but the “interaction region” where the comet's sheath collides with the solar wind is a far more turbulent plasma than had been anticipated. On September 13, 2 days after the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) became the first spacecraft ever to pass through a comet's tail (Eos, September 3, 1985, p. 625), mission scientists gathered at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to review their preliminary results. One scientist attending the news conference said he understood the interaction region to be “the most turbulent region that we have seen in the solar system to date.”
Eddy-Current Reflection Probes: Theory and Experiment

A general ΔZ theory of reflection-type eddy-current probes was recently developed for new types of robotic proximity sensors. In this paper, the theory is applied to the characterization of surface-connected flaws. Flaw signals were calculated using a finite-difference implementation of the ΔZ theory developed at Stanford University. A special air-core eddy-current reflection probe was fabricated at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and used to obtain flaw signals for a number of rectangular-shaped electrical-discharge-machined (EDM) notches in aluminum. An automatic impedance analyzer was used to measure flaw signals as the probe was scanned over the length of the flaw. Experimental results were then compared to predictions of the theory.
X-ray lethality in diabetic rats

Rats were made diabetic with streptozotocin and were irradiated with X-rays at various exposure levels in order to determine the LD-50/30 day dose. Non-diabetic control rats were exposed in a similar manner. The LD-50 exposures for the diabetic rats and the control rats were 436 R, and 617 R respectively. In view of the high prevalence of diabetes among the adult population, this finding may have important implications for diabetic workers who may be exposed accidentally to high levels of ionizing radiation.
Immature Teratoma of the Maxillary Sinus: A Rare Pediatric Tumor

Importance Noncongenital immature teratomas in the head and neck are extremely rare, and to our knowledge have not previously been reported in the maxillary sinus of a pediatric patient. Observations Teratomas are neoplasms that contain tissue from more than 1 embryonic cell layer that is foreign to the location where they arise and are most commonly found in the sacrococcygeal and gonadal regions in children. We present an unusual case of an immature teratoma in the maxillary sinus of a 10-year-old boy and discuss the diagnostic workup, management, and clinical course. Conclusions and Relevance Immature teratomas represent a subset of benign teratomas with immature elements that may carry a worse prognosis.
A study of the oxidative degradation of furfuryl alcohol polycondensates by infrared spectroscopy

The oxidative curing and oxidative degradation of cured furfuryl alcohol polycondensates was examined, with infrared spectroscopy, by following the functional group changes occurring in the solid phase of the resin. It has been found that the oxidative degradation of nitrogen-cured resins initially proceeds through the oxidation of methylene linkages to bifuryl ketonic species activated by adjacent furan rings. The second stage of oxidation is the scission of the bifuryl ketonic chain positions to produce substituted furoic acids. The process is postulated to proceed in a manner analogous to that observed in phenolic resin systems. The curing of furfuryl alcohol resin in air is shown to be a multistep process in which the initial oxidation of methylol groups to carboxylic acids is competitive with further polymerization through methylol condensation at adjacent furan ring alpha hydrogen positions. In addition, the oxidation of already formed methylene linkages to the bifuryl ketones is a competitive process removing methylene linkages after they are produced during further condensation (curing reactions). These routes of degradation are in good agreement with observed oxidations of furfuryl alcohol resins under more drastic conditions and offer a reasonable mechanism for resin degradation consistent with observations in analogous polymer systems.
An evaluation of the effect of degassing on the oxidation state of hydrous andesite and dacite magmas: a comparison of pre- and post-eruptive Fe 2+ concentrations

The bulk (post-eruptive) wt% FeO concentration in each of 11 phenocryst-poor (<5%) andesite and dacite (60–69 wt% SiO2) lavas from different monogenetic vents in the Mexican arc has been measured by titration, in duplicate. The results match, within analytical error, the wt% FeO content of the magmas during phenocryst growth (pre-euptive), which were calculated on the basis of oxygen fugacity and temperature results from Fe–Ti two-oxide oxygen barometry. The average deviation between the pre- and post-eruptive FeO concentrations is ±0.15 wt%. Application of the plagioclase-liquid hygrometer shows that at the time of phenocryst growth, these 11 magmas contained from ~3–8 wt% H2O, which was extensively degassed upon eruption. There is no evidence that degassing of ≤8 wt% H2O changed the oxidation state of these magmas. Calculations of pre-eruptive and post-eruptive oxygen fugacity values relative to the Ni-NiO buffer (in terms of log10 units) for the 11 samples span a similar range; pre-eruptive ∆NNO = −0.9 to +0.7 and post-eruptive ∆NNO = −0.4 to +0.8. The data further show that extensive groundmass (closed-system) crystallization had no affect on bulk Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios. Finally, there is no systematic variation in the range of pre-eruptive Fe3+/FeT values of the samples as a function of SiO2 concentration (i.e., differentiation). Therefore, the results of this study indicate that the elevated Fe3+/FeT ratios of arc andesites and dacites, compared with magmas erupted in other tectonic settings, cannot be attributed to the effects of (1) degassing of H2O, (2) closed-system crystallization, and/or (3) differentiation effects, but instead must be inherited from their parental source rocks (i.e., mantle-derived arc basalts).
The Role of Perceived Violation in Determining Employees' Reactions to Psychological Contract Breach

Using a racially diverse sample of 234 professional employees, this research investigated the impact of psychological contract breach and psychological contract violation on several work outcomes. ...
Risk-based determination of critical nitrogen deposition loads for fire spread in southern California deserts

Fire risk in deserts is increased by high production of annual forbs and invasive grasses that create a continuous fine fuel bed in the interspaces between shrubs. Interspace production is influenced by water, nitrogen (N) availability, and soil texture, and in some areas N availability is increasing due to anthropogenic N deposition. The DayCent model was used to investigate how production of herbaceous annuals changes along gradients of precipitation, N availability, and soil texture, and to develop risk-based critical N loads. DayCent was parameterized for two vegetation types within Joshua Tree National Park, California, USA: creosote bush (CB) and pinon-juniper (PJ). The model was successfully calibrated in both vegetation types, but validation showed that the model is sensitive to soil clay content. Despite this fact, DayCent (the daily version of the biogeochemical model CENTURY) performed well in predicting the relative response of production to N fertilization and was used to determine estimates of fire risk for these ecosystems. Fire risk, the probability that annual biomass exceeds the fire threshold of 1000 kg/ha, was determined for each vegetation type and began to increase when N deposition increased 0.05 g/m2 above background levels (0.1 g/m2). Critical loads were calculated as the amount of N deposition at the point when fire risk began to increase exponentially. Mean critical loads for all soil types and precipitation <21 cm/yr, representing the majority of our study region, were 0.32 +/- 0.07 and 0.39 +/- 0.09 g N/m2 for CB and PJ, respectively. Critical loads decreased with increasing soil clay content and increasing precipitation, such that the wettest areas with clay contents of 6-14% may have critical loads as low as 0.15 g N/m2. Mean fire risks approached their maximum at 0.93 +/- 0.21 and 0.87 +/- 0.17 g N/m2 in CB and PJ, indicating that precipitation is the driver of fire above these N deposition levels, which are currently observed in some areas of the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts. Overall, this analysis demonstrates the importance of considering both N deposition and precipitation when evaluating fire risk across arid landscapes.
Venlafaxine: in vitro inhibition of CYP2D6 dependent imipramine and desipramine metabolism; comparative studies with selected SSRIs, and effects on human hepatic CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP1A2.

Aims In order to anticipate drug-interactions of potential clinical significance the ability of the novel antidepressant, venlafaxine, to inhibit CYP2D6 dependent imipramine and desipramine 2-hydroxylation was investigated in human liver microsomes. The data obtained were compared with the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine and paroxetine. Venlafaxine’s potential to inhibit several other major P450s was also studied (CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP1A2). Methods Ki values for venlafaxine, paroxetine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and sertraline as inhibitors of imipramine and desipramine 2-hydroxylation were determined from Dixon plots of control and inhibited rate data in human hepatic microsomal incubations. The inhibitory effect of imipramine and desipramine on liver microsomal CYP2D6 dependent venlafaxine O-demethylation was determined similarly. Venlafaxine’s IC50 values for CYP3A4, CYP1A2 CYP2C9 were determined based on inhibition of probe substrate activities (testosterone 6β-hydroxylation, ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase and tolbutamide 4-hydroxylation, respectively). Results Fluoxetine, paroxetine, and fluvoxamine were potent inhibitors of imipramine 2-hydroxylase activity (Ki values of 1.6±0.8, 3.2±0.8 and 8.0±4.3 μm, respectively; mean±s.d., n=3), while sertraline was less inhibitory (Ki of 24.7±8.9 μm ). Fluoxetine also markedly inhibited desipramine 2-hydroxylation with a Ki of 1.3±0.5 μm. Venlafaxine was less potent an inhibitor of imipramine 2-hydroxylation (Ki of 41.0±9.5 μm ) than the SSRIs that were studied. Imipramine and desipramine gave marked inhibition of CYP2D6 dependent venlafaxine O-demethylase activity (Ki values of 3.9±1.7 and 1.7±0.9 μm, respectively). Venlafaxine did not inhibit ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (CYP1A2), tolbutamide 4-hydroxylase (CYP2C9) or testosterone 6β-hydroxylase (CYP3A4) activities at concentrations of up to 1 mm. Conclusions It is concluded that venlafaxine has a low potential to inhibit the metabolism of substrates for CYP2D6 such as imipramine and desipramine compared with several of the most widely used SSRIs, as well as the metabolism of substrates for several of the other major human hepatic P450s.
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE OXIDIZING SIDE OF PHOTOSYSTEM II EXOGENOUS REDUCTANTS REDUCE AND DESTROY THE Mn-COMPLEX IN PHOTOSYSTEMS II MEMBRANES DEPLETED OF THE 17 AND 23 kDa POLYPEPTIDES

Abstract Removal of 23 and 17 kDa water-soluble polypeptides from PS II membranes causes a marked decrease in oxygen-evolution activity, exposes the oxidizing side of PS II to exogenous reductants (Ghanotakis, D.F., Babcock, G.T. and Yocum, C.F. (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 765, 388–398) and alters a high-affinity binding site for Ca2+ in the oxygen-evolving complex (Ghanotakis, D.F., Topper, J.N., Babcock, G.T. and Yocum, C.F. (1984) FEBS Lett. 170, 169–173). We have examined further the state of the functional Mn complex in PS II membranes from which the 17 and 23 kDa species have been removed by high-salt treatment. These membranes contain a structurally altered Mn complex which is sensitive to destruction by low concentrations of NH2OH which cannot, in native PS II membranes, cause extraction of functional Mn. In addition to NH2OH, a wide range of other small (H2O2, NH2NH2, Fe2+) and bulky (benzidine, hydroquinone) electron donors extract Mn (up to 80%) from the polypeptide-depleted PS II preparations. This extraction is due to reduction of the functional Mn complex since light, which would generate higher oxidation states within the Mn complex, prevents Mn release by reductants. Release of Mn by reductants does not extract the 33 kDa water-soluble protein implicated in Mn binding to the oxidizing side of PS II, although the protein can be partially or totally extracted from Mn-depleted preparations by exposure to high ionic strength or to high (0.8 M) concentrations of Tris. We view our results as evidence for a shield around the Mn complex of the oxygen-evolving complex comprised of the 33 kDa polypeptide along with the 23 and 17 kDa proteins and tightly bound Ca2+.
Soap-scented oil skin patch in the treatment of fibromyalgia: A case series

Treatment for fibromyalgia is largely empiric and supportive, and favors a multidisciplinary approach. Despite treatment, symptomatic relief is often inadequate and temporary. Over 90% of fibromyalgia patients seek alternative medical care. There is much anecdotal evidence that applying a bar of soap to the skin can relieve leg cramps. Expanding on this idea, I created a skin patch from soap-scented oil, which was used to treat muscular pain and spasms. After receiving positive feedback from several patients, I hypothesized that the scent of the oil itself, applied directly to the skin, is responsible for the pain-relieving and muscle-relaxant properties of the skin patch. Furthermore, I hypothesize that this soap-scented oil skin patch is an effective treatment for the pain associated with fibromyalgia.
A microtechnique for combined analytical or continuous chromatography and electrophoresis

A micro apparatus is described for carrying out electrophoresis, chromatography, or a combination of the two, termed electrochromatophoresis, for both analytical and preparative separations. The scale of operation is in the microgram range and is considerably smaller than has been described for this type of technique. Applications to blood and dye solution are illustrated.
Ascetics and aesthetics in the "Analects"

The ancient Confucian Analects ( Lunyu ) often has been interpreted as nothing more than the "pure" ethical teachings of a humanistic Chinese sage, "Confucius" ( Kongzi or Kong Qiu ). A careful and historically-sensitive interpretation of the Lunyu reveals that the text is capable of resisting this reading, providing clues to an altogether different Confucius - not the storied pedant who dispenses common-sense wisdom to office-seeking disciples, but a spiritual teacher who guides his pupils toward sagehood through a combination of ascetic and aesthetic disciplines. Key references in the text to material privation, music and dance, and the exemplary disciple Yan Hui reveal how one fifth-century BCE Confucian ( Ru ) sect sought to preserve and construct a memory of the "historical Confucius" as a Master who instructed his disciples in ascetic disciplines, linking them to aesthetic techniques of ecstasy, and celebrated one disciple in particular, Yan Hui, as the living embodiment of his esoteric Way. Instead of proposing either a traditional, harmonizing hermeneutic of the text, or a demythologization which might reveal the "real" or "historical" Confucius and his followers, this essay argues for the toleration of multiple, even mutually-contradicting voices in this classic of ancient Chinese spirituality. A primary goal for future research on the text should be the examination of conflicts of interpretation among early Confucian sects competing to safeguard the Master's legacy.
Pharmacokinetic interactions between rebamipide and selected nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rats

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cause gastrointestinal and renal side effects. Rebamipide is a mucoprotective agent that reduces gastrointenstinal side effects when administered concomitantly with NSAIDs. In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetic drug interactions of rebamipide with two selected NSAIDs, celecoxib or diclofenac. Rats were randomly divided into five groups. Two groups received placebo and three groups were administered rebamipide (30 mg/kg) orally twice daily for two days. On day 3, the animals treated with placebo received celecoxib (40 mg/kg) or diclofenac (10mg/kg) and rats receiving rebamipide were administerd rebamipide followed by a single dose of placebo, celecoxib, or diclofenac. To investigate drug protein interactions, blank rat plasma was spiked with known concentrations of rebamipide, diclofenac plus rebamipide, or celecoxib plus rebamipide then dialyzed through a Rapid Equilibrium Dialysis device. AUC (139.70±24.97 μg h/mL), Cmax (42.99±2.98 μg/mL), and CLoral (0.08±0.02 L/h/kg) values of diclofenac in diclofenac plus rebamipide group altered when compared to those of diclofenac treated groups. Treatment with rebamipide showed no significant change in pharmacokinetic parameters of celecoxib treated rats. Cmax (7.80±1.22 μg/mL), AUC (56.46±7.30 μg h/mL), Vd/F (7.55±1.37 L/kg), and CLoral (0.58±0.09 L/h/kg) of rebamipide were significantly altered when diclofenac was co-administered with rebamipide. Pharmacokinetic parameters of rebamipide plus celecoxib group were not significantly different from those of rebamipide group. Plasma protein binding was not affected by concomitant administration of another drug. These results indicate alteration of pharmacokinetic parameters of both rebamipide and diclofenac when co-administered and cannot be explained by a variation in plasma protein binding.
Anomalous itinerant magnetism in single-crystal Sr 4 Ru 3 O 10 : A thermodynamic and transport investigation

A thermodynamic and transport study of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{4}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{10}$ as a function of temperature and magnetic field is presented. The central results include a growing specific heat $C$ with increasing field $B$, a magnetic contribution to $C∕T$ at low temperatures proportional to $\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{log}(T)$, an abrupt jump and a peak in $C∕T$ at $2.9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ and $7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ for $B\ensuremath{\parallel}ab$ plane and $B\ensuremath{\parallel}c$ axis, respectively, and corresponding changes in the low-$T$ power laws of the resistivity. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that this system is strongly anisotropic displaying spontaneous ferromagnetism along the $c$ axis and an intralayer metamagnetic transition with a possibility of a nearby quantum critical point. The exotic behavior reflects new physics that is yet to be understood.
Injuries from tire and wheel explosions during servicing.

Study objective: To evaluate injuries from tire and wheel explosions that occur during servicing. Design: Retrospective analysis of all injury reports from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Results: For the period of 1978 through 1987, there were 694 reported injuries from explosions during tire servicing; 143 of them were fatal, resulting mainly from truck tires. Because the three data sources used different methods for case finding and covered different time periods, the actual number of such injuries was probably greater. Head injuries accounted for 78% of the deaths and 24% of nonfatal injuries. The proportion of injuries occurring during tire inflation declined from 51% in 1978 to 33% in 1987 ( P Conclusions: Exploding truck tires and wheel rims cause serious injuries. The use of safety cages during inflation as required by a 1980 Occupational Safety and Health Administration standard appears to have reduced injuries during truck tire inflation. The use of helmets during servicing may further reduce serious injuries.
Tethered Lipid Bilayers on Electrolessly Deposited Gold for Bioelectronic Applications

This paper presents the formation of a novel biomimetic interface consisting of an electrolessly deposited gold film overlaid with a tethered bilayer lipid membrane (tBLM). Self-assembly of colloidal gold particles was used to create an electrolessly deposited gold film on a glass slide. The properties of the film were characterized using field-effect scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Bilayer lipid membranes were then tethered to the gold film by first depositing an inner molecular leaflet using a mixture of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate], 1,2-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPGP), and cystamine in ethanol onto a freshly prepared electrolessly deposited gold surface. The outer leaflet was then formed by the fusion of liposomes made from DPGP or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine on the inner leaflet. To provide functionality, two membrane biomolecules were also incorporated into the tBLMs: the ionophore valinomycin and a segment of neuropathy target esterase containing the esterase domain. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, UV/visible spectroscopy, and fluorescence recovery after pattern photobleaching were used to characterize the resulting biomimetic interfaces and confirm the biomolecule activity of the membrane. Microcontact printing was used to form arrays of electrolessly deposited gold patterns on glass slides. Subsequent deposition of lipids yielded arrays of tBLMs. This approach can be extended to form functional biomimetic interfaces on a wide range of inexpensive materials, including plastics. Potential applications include high-throughput screening of drugs and chemicals that interact with cell membranes and for probing, and possibly controlling, interactions between living cells and synthetic membranes. In addition, the gold electrode provides the possibility of electrochemical applications, including biocatalysis, bio-fuel cells, and biosensors.
Arsenic segregation to silicon/silicon oxide interfaces

Arsenic segregation at polycrystalline silicon/silicon and polycrystalline silicon/silicon oxide interfaces was examined directly by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM). Segregation occurring precisely at these interfaces was identified. A simple model was proposed based on arsenic segregation to structural units containing dangling bonds and consequent bond saturation. The removal of these dangling bonds will then play an important role in the electrical properties of these interfaces. Furthermore substitutional arsenic segregation at a degenerate level at these interfaces was also proposed. The subsequent dopantionization and localized charges at the interfaces was discussed.
GaN/AlN Nonlinear Optical Waveguides for Ultrafast Intersubband All-Optical Switching

We demonstrate self- and cross-absorption modulation based on near-infrared intersubband transitions in GaN/AlN quantum-well waveguides with record low values of the required absorption saturation power.
Coupled heat conduction and deformation in a viscoelastic composite cylinder

We study the coupled problem of deformation due to mechanical and thermal loading of a composite cylinder made up of two layers of linear isotropic viscoelastic materials. The effect of a time-varying temperature field due to unsteady heat conduction on the short term and long term material response is examined in terms of the stress, displacement, and strain fields. The material properties of the two layers of the composite cylinder at any given location and time are assumed to depend on the temperature at that location at that given instant of time. Sequentially coupled analyses of heat conduction and deformation of the viscoelastic composite cylinder are carried out. Analytical solutions for the stress, strain and displacement fields of the viscoelastic composite cylinder are obtained from the corresponding solution of the linear elasticity problem by applying the Correspondence Principle. We examine the discontinuity in the hoop stress and the radial strain at the interface of the two layers caused by mismatches in material properties, during transient heat conduction. We find that the discontinuities change over time as the mismatch in the moduli of the two layers changes due to the material properties which are time-dependent. We also investigate the effect of the thermal field on the time-dependent field variables in the composite body.
Spatial and temporal variability in copper complexation in the North Pacific

Abstract The complexation of trace metals by organic ligands has long been proposed to play a significant role in determining trace metal speciation in seawater. However, analytical methodologies with sufficient specificity and sensitivity only recently have been developed to enable us to address questions of trace metal/organic complexation. In this study copper titrations were conducted at sea using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry on North Pacific samples to determine the extent of copper complexation with organic ligands. This study includes data from a transect from 33°N, 139°W to 55°N, 148°W and seasonal occupations of the VERTEX T-4 station (33°N, 139°W). The data indicate the presence of at least two copper binding ligands: L 1 , the stronger ligand, or ligand class, averages 2 nM with log K ′ l cond(Cu′) = 11.6; L 2 , the weaker ligand class varies between 5 and 10 nM witgh log K ′ 2 cond(Cu′) = 8.6. The presence of these ligands strongly buffers the activity of copper(II) in surface waters at all stations. Seasonal variations in the distribution of strong copper complexing ligands follow seasonal variations in the depth of the mixed layer at T-4 and indicate a ligand source in the lower mixed layer. Ligand concentrations do not covary with the rates of primary productivity in a latitudinal transect from the central North Pacific to the subarctic. Ligand concentrations at all stations vary only by a factor of two and hold surface water copper(II) ion activities relatively constant (about 10 −14 M), suggestive of a regulated ligand production mechanism. These results comprise a unique data set for copper complexation in the Pacific and may have significantly implications for the distribution of plankton between oligotrophic and subarctic systems.
Self‐consistent modeling of magnetic fields and plasmas in the inner magnetosphere: Application to a geomagnetic storm

[1] A geomagnetic storm model needs to take into account the coupling between magnetic field and plasma, as the storm-time field in the inner nightside magnetosphere can be very depressed compared to that of the Earth dipole, thus significantly modifying plasma transport. In this paper we extend our previous "one-way" coupling between a kinetic ring current model and a magnetospheric force-balance model to a fully magnetically self-consistent approach, in which the force-balanced fields are fed back into the kinetic model to guide its evolution. The approach is applied to simulating the 21-23 April 2001 "GEM Storm Challenge" event. We use boundary and initial conditions for the kinetic model from several spacecraft, and magnetic flux boundaries for the equilibrium code from an empirical magnetic field model. We find significant differences in the self-consistent results compared to those obtained from the kinetic model with a dipolar background field (with the same particle boundary conditions and electric fields), due mainly to changes in the particle drifts. In addition to large depressions in the nightside magnetic field values compared to a dipolar field, we also find significantly lower particle density and perpendicular plasma pressure in the inner magnetosphere in the self-consistent case, as well as local, narrow pressure peaks and strongly enhanced plasma β p in localized regions on the nightside.
Impact of the safe routes to school program on walking and bicycling

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Increasing walking and bicycling to school has been a national policy goal since Congress created the Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program. While previous research has suggested positive program impacts, there have been no large-scale studies with strong research designs. Here we study 801 schools in the District of Columbia, Florida, Oregon, and Texas to assess how the proportion of students walking and bicycling to school changed after the introduction of SRTS programs. By including schools with and without SRTS programs and analyzing data collected over time (2007–2012), we are able to distinguish SRTS impacts from secular trends. We find increases in walking and bicycling after schools implemented SRTS programs. Engineering improvements are associated with an 18% relative increase in walking and bicycling, and the effects of education and encouragement programs are cumulative. Over the course of five years, these education and encouragement programs could lead...
Pinter: EGO Development and Psychological Space

This article analyzes Pinter's room-symbolism as a form of imagery deriving from the earliest stages of the mother-infant relationship, antedating the process of separation-individuation. Such imagery, conceived as forming an integral part of cognitive and adaptive skills, serves as a spatial analogue of secure/insecure containment by the mother. Feelings of insecurity are engendered by the child's perception of the mother as a dangerous or non-gratifying object. The symbolic representation of the child's conflicted feelings, as interpreted by Pinter, is a room or house that fails to provide protection against invasive forces. The result of such vulnerability, explored with great ingenuity by Pinter, is the blocking of major ego functions and resources for coping. The invasive forces, resulting from projected aggressive drives, overwhelm Pinter's feckless protagonists, who yearn for the physical reparation of the mother's “destroyed” body. The playwright's anti-heroes and their antagonists alike represent...
Clustering revisited: A spectral analysis of microseismic events

Identifying individual subsurface faults in a larger fault system is important to characterize and understand the relationship between microseismicity and subsurface processes. This information can potentially help drive reservoir management and mitigate the risks of natural or induced seismicity. We have evaluated a method of statistically clustering power spectra from microseismic events associated with an enhanced oil recovery operation in southeast Utah. Specifically, we were able to provide a clear distinction within a set of events originally designated in the time domain as a single cluster and to identify evidence of en echelon faulting. Subtle time-domain differences between events were accentuated in the frequency domain. Power spectra based on the Fourier transform of the time-domain autocorrelation function were used, as this formulation results in statistically independent intensities and is supported by a full body of statistical theory upon which decision frameworks can be developed.
Power Allocation and Self-Scheduling for Cooperative Transmission Using Opportunistic Large Arrays

This paper introduces methods for broadcasting and upstream routing in ad hoc networks that use a form of cooperative diversity called opportunistic large arrays (OLAs). By "limiting the flood," each method saves more than half the energy compared to OLA-flooding, without requiring GPS, individual node addressing, or inter-node interaction. OLAs form in "levels," and we present a simple, distributed way for a node to learn its level. In the broadcast method, called OLA-T, a node compares its received power to a prescribed threshold to decide if it should forward. A more energy-efficient variation, OLA-VT, optimizes the thresholds as a function of level. The upstream routing method applies to the wireless sensor network topology. The OLA concentric routing algorithm (OLACRA) exploits the concentric shapes of the OLAs to guide the message upstream to the collection node. Enhancements to OLACRA are considered to further improve energy savings and reliability.
A STAT-1 knockout mouse model for Machupo virus pathogenesis

Background: Machupo virus (MACV), a member of the Arenaviridae, causes Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, with ~20% lethality in humans. The pathogenesis of MACV infection is poorly understood, and there are no clinically proven treatments for disease. This is due, in part, to a paucity of small animal models for MACV infection in which to discover and explore candidate therapeutics. Methods: Mice lacking signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1) were infected with MACV. Lethality, viral replication, metabolic changes, hematology, histopathology, and systemic cytokine expression were analyzed throughout the course of infection. Results: We report here that STAT-1 knockout mice succumbed to MACV infection within 7-8 days, and presented some relevant clinical and histopathological manifestations of disease. Furthermore, the model was used to validate the efficacy of ribavirin in protection against infection. Conclusions: The STAT-1 knockout mouse model can be a useful small animal model for drug testing and preliminary immunological analysis of lethal MACV infection.
Public Support for Climate Change Policy: Consistency in the Influence of Values and Attitudes Over Time and Across Specific Policy Alternatives

This study examines the factors that explain public preferences for a set of climate change policy alternatives. While scholarly work indicates a relationship between attitudes and values on views toward specific issues, the literature often examines general support for issues rather than specific policy proposals. Consequently, it is unclear the extent to which these attitudes and values affect specific policy considerations. This project examines public support for five climate change policy options in two national surveys taken three years apart. The empirical analysis reveals that time is a factor and that those who are liberal, have strong ecological values, report greater concern for climate change, and trust experts are consistently more supportive of the climate policy options considered here. The results shed new light on the nuanced views of the American public toward climate change.
A nonlinear programming approach for control allocation

A novel nonlinear programming based control allocation scheme is developed. The performance of this nonlinear control allocation algorithm is compared with that of other control allocation approaches, including a mixed optimization scheme, a redistributed pseudo-inverse approach, and a direct allocation (geometric) method. The control allocation methods are first compared using open-loop measures such as the ability to attain commanded moments for a prescribed maneuver. The methods are then compared in closed-loop with a dynamic inversion-based control law. Next, the performance of the different algorithms is compared for different reference trajectories under a variety of failure conditions. Finally, we perform some preliminary studies employing "split actuators" that increase available control authority under failure conditions. All studies are conducted on a re-entry vehicle simulation.
The CodeSurfer software understanding platform

CodeSurfer is a tool that provides a wide range of program understanding capabilities by exposing the results of a static-semantic analysis to the user in novel and interesting ways. The tool performs a number of whole-program analyses, including pointer analysis, and creates a system dependence graph for the program. The user can browse these dependences through the GUI in a manner akin to surfing the Web. An open architecture fosters the development of plug-ins that can extend the basic functionality. These include tools for reasoning about the paths through the program, and for software assurance.
A novel technique to prevent inadvertent sheath migration

Inadvertent trocar-sheath migration is annoying to the surgeon and may result in serious visceral injury. Herein is described a novel technique to prevent such migration. A 0.25-in. Penrose drain is wrapped around the trocar-sheath unit as a collar to prevent sheath migration.
Paediatric out-patient antiepileptic drug doses recorded in the medical charts are not reliable: implications for the notion of noncompliance

There may be discrepancies between the antiepileptic drug (AED) doses the physician believes the patient is taking and what is actually taken. This prospective study assesses the extent of the problem in one paediatric epilepsy clinic. A questionnaire was administered to the parent or patient by the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) with the physician blind. All AED doses taken were recorded and the medical charts later reviewed by the CNS. Twenty-five unselected patients (1–16 years old) taking 40 AEDs were studied. Five per cent of current AED regimes were incorrectly documented in the charts. Furthermore the AEDs and doses taken had changed from those planned at the previous clinic visit for 44% of patients (30% of AEDs). Twenty per cent of patients had difficulty understanding the AED regime, even though 72% had it in writing. Although the discrepancies were not harmful, the unreliability of the medical charts' entries is demonstrated. Such errors could well be detrimental to patient care and are not simply a matter of non-compliance. Extra care needs to be taken to reduce these errors and studies of patient compliance should control for them.
Multifamily Behavioral Treatment (MFBT) for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A Step-by-Step Model

pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapy have both proven effective for approximately 75% of such patients. However, the majority of patients experience a recurrence of symptoms when medications are stopped and 25% to 35% of those treated with behavior therapy fail to benefit or relapse during follow-up. OCD rarely leaves the family system unaffected. Family research indicates that close to 90% of family members accommodate to rituals by participating directly in compulsions, facilitating avoidance, and modifying personal and family routines. These fall-out effects of OCD can inhibit behavioral treatment if not addressed in a family context. Multifamily groups have been useful in treating both medical and psychiatric patients. In particular, long-term outcome in preventing relapse for schizophrenic patients has proven to improve after a multifamily approach. Pilot data of multifamily treatment for OCD demonstrates that this modality is as effective as group behavioral therapy for patients alone, and comparable to individual behavioral therapy. This article describes in detail an 18-session multifamily behavioral family treatment program for OCD that holds promise for improving symptoms while activating family members to participate in behavioral treatment to improve outcome by understanding the disorder, managing OC symptoms more effectively, and improving the quality of life for all family members. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 2:107–122 (2002)]
A method for dynamically suppressing sidelobes in optical coherence tomography

Resolution in optical coherence tomography is often degraded due to sidelobes of the point response. Frequently, the spectrum of the low-coherence source is unable to be changed to reduce sidelobes. We present a method that derives a space-invariant linear post processing digital filter that reduces the sidelobes in the reconstructed image while minimizing the increase in image noise. This method is demonstrated on the image of rat mammary tissue.
Arthroscopic treatment of subcoracoid impingement caused by lesser tuberosity malunion: a case report and review of the literature.

t p c b t 2 w e t p m t w ubcoracoid impingement resulting from abnormal ontact between the anterosuperior humerus and the nterior coracoacromial arch represents an uncommon ource of anterior shoulder pain. Since the original escription of subcoracoid impingement in 1909 by oldthwait, its etiology, pathoanatomy, iagnosis, and treatment have been decribed. Any process that decreases the anatomic interal between the coracoid process and humeral head ay lead to painful impingement of the intervening soft issue, including the subscapularis and bursa, particuarly during forward elevation, adduction, and internal otation. Etiologies have been categorized as idioathic, iatrogenic, or traumatic. Traumatic causes of ubcoracoid impingement include fractures of the scaplar neck, as well as fractures of the coracoid process tself. Lesser tuberosity fracture causing subcoracoid imingement has been reported only once and was treated ith open coracoplasty. We describe the unique case f subcoracoid impingement caused by malunion of a esser tuberosity fracture treated with arthroscopic coraoplasty.
High-resolution stratigraphy of the Newark rift basin (early Mesozoic, eastern North America)

VirtuallytheentireLateTriassicandear- liest Jurassic age section of the early Meso- zoic Newark continental rift basin has been recoveredinover6770mofcontinuouscore as part of the Newark Basin Coring Project (NBCP). Core was collected using an offset drilling method at seven sites in the central partofthebasin.Thecoresspanmostofthe fluvial Stockton Formation, all of the lacustrine Lockatong and Passaic forma- tions, the Orange Mountain Basalt, and nearly all of the lacustrine Feltville Forma- tion. The cores allow for the first time the full Triassic-age part of the Newark basin stratigraphic sequence to be described in detail. This includes the gray, purple, and red, mostly fluvial Stockton Formation as well as the 53 members that make up the lacustrine Lockatong (mostly gray and black)andPassaic(mostlyred)formations. The nearly 25% overlap zones between each of the stratigraphically adjacent cores are used to test lateral correlations in detail, scalethecorestooneanother,andcombine them in a 4660-m-thick composite section. This composite shows that the entire post- Stockton sedimentary section consists of a hierarchy of sedimentary cycles, thought to be of Milankovitch climate cycle ori- gin. Lithostratigraphic and magnetostrati- graphic correlations between core overlap zonesandoutcropsdemonstratethatthein- dividual sedimentary cycles can be traced essentially basinwide. The agreement be- tween the cyclostratigraphy and magne- tostratigraphy shows both the cycles and the polarity boundaries to be isochronous horizons. Detailed analysis of the Newark basin shows that high-resolution cyclos- tratigraphy is possible in lacustrine, pri- marily red-bed rift sequences and provides a fine-scale framework for global correla- tions and an understanding of continental tropical climate change.
Optimizing Large-Scale Temporary Housing Arrangements after Natural Disasters

Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and tsunamis often cause large-scale destruction in residential areas. In the aftermath of these disasters, emergency management agencies need to urgently develop and implement a temporary housing plan that provides displaced families with satisfactory and safe accommodations. This paper presents the computational implementation of a newly developed multiobjective optimization model to support decision-makers in emergency management agencies in optimizing large-scale temporary housing arrangements. The model is capable of simultaneously minimizing 1 postdisaster social and economic disruptions suffered by displaced families; 2 temporary housing vulnerabilities to postdisaster hazards; 3 adverse environmental impacts on host communities; and 4 public expenditures on temporary housing. The model is implemented in four main phases and it incorporates four optimization modules to enable optimizing each of the aforementioned important objectives. A large-scale temporary housing application example is presented to demonstrate the unique capabilities of the model and illustrate the performed computations in each of the implementation phases.
The Function of TrophomiRs and Other MicroRNAs in the Human Placenta

In eutherian organisms, the placenta interfaces the fetal and maternal environments. Located at the placental villous surface, in direct contact with maternal blood, is the trophoblast layer, which mediates the crucial maternal-fetal exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products, produces hormones that support the pregnancy, and provides immunologic defense. Discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) and their role in development, differentiation, and homeostatic resilience has increased our understanding of genomic and epigenomic networks that regulate placental function. Moreover, unique miRNA species, which are expressed by human trophoblasts and are termed "trophomiRs," may show specialized functions during normal and pathological pregnancies. Placental miRNAs, packaged within exosomes and other vesicles or bound in protein complexes, are capable of communicating distinctive signals to maternal and/or fetal tissues. Additional research may usher in the use of circulating miRNAs as pregnancy-related disease biomarkers, providing new diagnostic and therapeutic options during pregnancy.