cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffusion imaging of brain tumors

MRI offers a tremendous armamentarium of different methods that can be employed in brain tumor characterization. MR diffusion imaging has become a widely accepted method to probe for the presence of fluid pools and molecular tissue water mobility. For most clinical applications of diffusion imaging, it is assumed that the diffusion signal vs diffusion weighting factor b decays monoexponentially. Within this framework, the measurement of a single diffusion coefficient in brain tumors permits an approximate categorization of tumor type and, for some tumors, definitive diagnosis. In most brain tumors, when compared with normal brain tissue, the diffusion coefficient is elevated. The presence of peritumoral edema, which also exhibits an elevated diffusion coefficient, often precludes the delineation of the tumor on the basis of diffusion information alone. Serially obtained diffusion data are useful to document and even predict the cellular response to drug or radiation therapy. Diffusion measurements in tissues over an extended range of b factors have clearly shown that the monoparametric description of the MR diffusion signal decay is incomplete. Very high diffusion weighting on clinical systems requires substantial compromise in spatial resolution. However, after suitable analysis, superior separation of malignant brain tumors, peritumoral edema and normal brain tissue can be achieved. These findings are also discussed in the light of tissue-specific differences in membrane structure and the restrictions exerted by membranes on diffusion. Finally, measurement of the directional dependence of diffusion permits the assessment of white matter integrity and dislocation. Such information, particularly in conjunction with advanced post-processing, is considered to be immensely useful for therapy planning. Diffusion imaging, which permits monoexponential analysis and provides directional diffusion information, is performed routinely in brain tumor patients. More advanced methods require improvement in acquisition speed and spatial resolution to gain clinical acceptance.
Focusing in Wason's selection task: Content and instruction effects

Abstract We propose an explanation of content effects in the Wason selection task based on the idea of focusing on the “p and not-q” response. Focusing can be implemented in two ways, either by emphasising the significance of rule violations or by discussing the probability of not-q occurring with p. The first experiment shows that our hypothesis can account for effects predicted by social contract theory or pragmatic reasoning schemas, as well as for effects not predicted by those theories. The second experiment extends our hypothesis from content to instruction effects, and shows that the intensity of the focusing manipulation produces a proportional increase in “p and not-q” response rates. The response distributions we obtained indicate that a general theoretical explanation based on focusing is called for. Our results are consistent with predictions of mental model theory, but they also indicate where the theory needs further articulation.
High hydrostatic pressure processing reduces Salmonella enterica serovars in diced and whole tomatoes

Abstract Fresh and fresh-cut tomatoes have been associated with numerous outbreaks of salmonellosis in recent years. One effective post harvest treatment to reduce Salmonella enterica in tomatoes may be high pressure processing (HPP). The objectives of the study were to determine the potential for HPP to reduce S. enterica serovars Newport, Javiana, Braenderup and Anatum in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and to determine the effect of HPP to reduce the most pressure resistant of the four serovars from fresh diced and whole tomatoes. To evaluate pressure resistance, TSB containing 8 log CFU/ml of one of the four serovars was packaged in sterile stomacher bags and subjected to one of three different pressures (350, 450 or 550 MPa) for 120 s. The most pressure resistant S. enterica serovar evaluated was Braenderup. Subjecting the broth culture to 350, 450 and 550 MPa resulted in a 4.53, 5.74 and 7.09 log reduction in S. Braenderup, respectively. Diced tomatoes (150 g) and whole red round tomatoes (approximately 150 g) were inoculated with 0.1 ml of 9.1 log CFU/ml S. Braenderup, and subjected to the same pressure treatments (350, 450 or 550 MPa). Significant reductions of S. Braenderup concentrations in diced tomatoes (P
Whatever Happened to Primitive Art

This article posits a relation between the demise of “primitive art” and the revival of individual creativity as a subject of anthropological inquiry. Scarcely 100 years have passed since the “discovery” of non-Western art by anthropologists. At the very outset it promised to embellish the drama of human technological and cognitive evolution. But as the script became unwieldy and the stage too large it was stored away as a prop of past productions, an artifact of “primitive cultures.” Meanwhile, back from the field, the art of the other is entering as player rather than object in the works of a discipline bemused by reflection upon itself, its own unavoidable humanity, and its intrinsic artistry.
A cooperative error recovery framework for IPTV over WiMAX

In this paper, we propose a resource-efficient cooperative multiple-input single-output (MISO) technique to reliably deliver multicast IPTV content in WiMAX networks. To support the strict quality of service requirements of the IPTV service within a cooperative framework, we utilize a two-phase based transmission strategy, which allows the session users to reliably receive the multicast data either from the base station during the multicast phase, or from other peers during the cooperation phase. Within this framework, our objective is to maximize the session throughput, while keeping delivery latency and energy usage within acceptable limits. To achieve this objective, an adaptive rate selection algorithm is proposed to maximize the session throughput for a given set of users. We simulated the proposed reliable content delivery framework and compared its throughput, latency, overhead, and energy usage performances, to that of MIMO-based and non-cooperative (or direct) transmission techniques. When compared to the considered MIMO and direct transmission techniques, we found that the proposed approach presents a desirable balance for the given performance metrics, especially between throughput-efficiency and energy-efficiency.
Brefeldin A causes structural and functional alterations of the trans-Golgi network of MDCK cells

The trans-Golgi network (TGN) of MDCK cells is exquisitely sensitive to the fungal metabolite brefeldin A (BFA), in contrast to the refractory Golgi stack of these cells. At a concentration of 1 microgram/ml, BFA promoted extensive tubulation of the TGN while the medical Golgi marker alpha-mannosidase II was not affected. Tubules emerging minutes after addition of the drug contained both the apical marker influenza hemagglutinin (HA), previously accumulated at 20 degrees C, and the fusion protein interleukin receptor/TGN38 (TGG), a TGN marker that recycles basolaterally, indicating that, in contrast to TGN vesicles, TGN-derived tubules cannot sort apical and basolateral proteins. After 60 minutes treatment with BFA, HA and TGG tubules formed extensive networks widely spread throughout the cell, different from the focused centrosomal localization previously described in non-polarized cells. The TGG network partially codistributed with an early endosomal tubular network loaded with transferrin, suggesting that the TGG and endosomal networks had fused or that TGG had entered the endosomal network via surface recycling and endocytosis. The extensive structural alterations of the TGN were accompanied by functional disruptions, such as the extensive mis-sorting of influenza HA, and by the release of the TGN marker gamma-adaptin. Our results suggest the involvement of BFA-sensitive adaptor proteins in TGN-->surface transport.
Phase transitions in nonlinear filtering

It has been established under very general conditions that the ergodic properties of Markov processes are inherited by their conditional distributions given partial information. While the existing theory provides a rather complete picture of classical filtering models, many infinite-dimensional problems are outside its scope. Far from being a technical issue, the infinite-dimensional setting gives rise to surprising phenomena and new questions in filtering theory. The aim of this paper is to discuss some elementary examples, conjectures, and general theory that arise in this setting, and to highlight connections with problems in statistical mechanics and ergodic theory. In particular, we exhibit a simple example of a uniformly ergodic model in which ergodicity of the filter undergoes a phase transition, and we develop some qualitative understanding as to when such phenomena can and cannot occur. We also discuss closely related problems in the setting of conditional Markov random fields.
Rapid quantification of murine ABC mRNAs by real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.

Several ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are critically involved in cholesterol and phospholipid ef- flux, reverse cholesterol transport, and play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Quantification of ABC mRNA is important in studying the regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis and mechanisms related to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We have developed a one-step real time quantitative reverse transcriptase-poly- merase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for measuring mRNA levels of ABCA1, ABCG1, and ABCA2 in murine tis- sues using the TaqMan™ technology. It has significant methodological benefits when compared to classic North- ern blotting or semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Using this method, we found high expression levels of ABCA1 in liver and macrophages, and of ABCG1 in the brain and macrophages. The expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 were further induced in macrophages loaded with acLDL. In con- trast, ABCA2 was expressed exclusively in the brain with low expression levels in the macrophages. This method pro- vides a rapid, highly sensitive, specific, and reproducible quantification of ABC mRNA, and can be performed with nanograms of total RNA sample, thus making it a superior method for studying the regulation of ABC transporters in cholesterol efflux and its role in the pathogenesis of athero- sclerosis in murine models. —Su, Y. R., M. F. Linton, and S. Fazio. Rapid quantification of murine ABC mRNAs by real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J. Lipid Res. 2002. 43: 2180-2187.
A Detailed Model for High-Frequency Impedance Characterization of Ovarian Cancer Epithelial Cell Layer Using ECIS Electrodes

We report on the electrical impedance spectroscopy characterization of OVCA429 ovarian cancer cells. A commercially available eight-well cell culture impedance array (ECIS-8W1E), commonly used in electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS), was used for OVCA429 characterization. Impedances of ECIS-8W1E array were recorded with cell culture medium (without cells) and with OVCA429 cell layer in the culture medium between 100 Hz and 10 MHz frequency. Physiological and interfacial components of experimental impedance data were modeled by equivalent circuit fitting, using a newly developed model. Impedance measurements with cell culture medium show only two semicircles in the admittance plane, which are identified as: 1) low-frequency semicircle due to impedance of gold electrode in contact with the electrolyte and 2) high-frequency semicircle due to impedance of polymer-coated region of the gold electrode in contact with the electrolyte. In the presence of OVCA429 cell layer, three convolved semicircles are observed in the Cole-Cole plane, which are identified as the interfacial impedance in series with the cell layer impedance. The average resistance and capacitance of the OVCA429 cell layer was found to be 152 plusmn 59 Omegamiddotcm2 and 8.5 plusmn 2.4 muF/cm2, respectively.
Optimal Foraging Models and the Case of the !Kung

Werner, Earl E., and Donald J. Hall 1974 Optimal Foraging and the Size Selection of Prey by the Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Ecology 55:10421052. Werner, Earl E., Gary G. Mitte bach, and Donald J. Hall 1981 Fora ing Profitability and the Role of Experience in Habitat Use by the Bluegill Sunfish. Ecology 62:116-125. Werner, Earl E., Gary G. Mittlebach, Donald J. Hall, and James F. Gilliam 1983 Experimental Tests of Optimal Habitat Use in Fish: The Role of Habitat Profitability. Ecology 64:1525-1539. Westoby, Mark 1974 An Analysis of Diet Selection by Large Generalist Herbivores. American Naturalist 108:290-304. Zach, Reto, andJ. Bruce Falls 1978 Prey Selection by Captive Ovenbirds (Aves: Parulidae). Journal of Animal Ecology 47:929-943.
Relationship between amphetamine-induced effects on EEG power spectra and motor activity in rats

Amphetamine injection (2.5 mg/kg, SC) produced a significant quadratic trend in mean peak EEG frequencies in the theta band in one group of rats. Progressive increases in peak EEG frequencies occurred for approximately 30 min after amphetamine injection and were followed by progressive decreases through 100 min. These changes in peak EEG frequencies may have reflected pharmacokinetic properties of amphetamine. A significant and similar quadratic trend was seen in mean motor activity counts after amphetamine injection in a second group of rats. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between amphetamine-induced effects on peak EEG frequencies and mean motor activity counts.
A simulation study of practical methods for technical debt management in agile software development

Technical debt is a well understood yet understudied phenomena. A current issue is the verification and validation of proposed methods for technical debt management in the context of agile development. In practice, such evaluations are either too costly or too time consuming to be conducted using traditional empirical methods. In this paper, we describe a set of simulations based on models of the agile development process, Scrum, and the integration of technical debt management. The purpose of this study is to identify which strategy is superior and to provide empirical evidence to support existing claims. The models presented are based upon conceptual and industry models concerning defects and technical debt. The results of the simulations provide compelling evidence for current technical debt management strategies proposed in the literature that can be immediately applied by practitioners.
Targeting EGF receptor variant III: tumor-specific peptide vaccination for malignant gliomas.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadly of the human brain cancers. The EGF receptor is often amplified in GBM and provides a potential therapeutic target. However, targeting the normal receptor is complicated by its nearly ubiquitous and high level of expression in certain tissues. A naturally occurring deletion mutant of the EGF receptor, EGFRvIII, is a constitutively active variant originally identified in a high percentage of brain cancer cases, and more importantly is rarely found in normal tissue. A peptide vaccine, rindopepimut (CDX-110, Celldex Therapeutics), is directed against the novel exon 1–8 junction produced by the EGFRvIII deletion, and it has shown high efficacy in preclinical models. Recent Phase II clinical trials in patients with newly diagnosed GBM have shown EGFRvIII-specific immune responses and significantly increased time to progression and overall survival in those receiving vaccine therapy, as compared with published results for standard of care. Rindopepimut...
Noncoding RNAs and LRRFIP1 Regulate TNF Expression

Noncoding RNAs have been implicated in the regulation of expression of numerous genes; however, the mechanism is not fully understood. We identified bidirectional, long noncoding RNAs upstream of the TNF gene using five different methods. They arose in a region where the repressors LRRFIP1, EZH2, and SUZ12 were demonstrated to bind, suggesting a role in repression. The noncoding RNAs were polyadenylated, capped, and chromatin associated. Knockdown of the noncoding RNAs was associated with derepression of TNF mRNA and diminished binding of LRRFIP1 to both RNA targets and chromatin. Overexpression of the noncoding RNAs led to diminished expression of TNF and recruitment of repressor proteins to the locus. One repressor protein, LRRFIP1, bound directly to the noncoding RNAs. These data place the noncoding RNAs upstream of TNF gene as central to the transcriptional regulation. They appear to serve as a platform for the assembly of a repressive complex.
Process Indicators for Monitoring and Evaluating Vitamin A Programs

Vitamin A deficiency disorders (VADD) are a major public health problem in many parts of the world and one of the leading underlying causes of childhood mortality. Therefore, VADD control programs can contribute to reaching the international development goal of reducing childhood mortality by two thirds by the year 2015. Although economic development leads to greater food consumption of animal products (the most bioavailable source of vitamin A), other strategies, such as high dose vitamin A capsule supplementation, fortification and food production programs have been developed to tackle the VADD problem independent of economic development efforts. In this article, we discuss the essential role of process indicators in monitoring and fine-tuning VADD control and prevention programs toward ensuring that such programs will be more effective and cost-effective.
Plasmablastic lymphoma of the anus: a case report

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma which has been most commonly reported in jaw and oral cavity in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected patients. A handful of cases have been reported in the extra-oral sites. Plasmablastic lymphomas should be differentiated from other large cell lymphomas as these lymphomas have very short survival and poor response to chemotherapy. We present a case of PBL in an HIV infected patient with history of recurrent anal fistulotomies.
SPOCS: Software for Predicting and Visualizing Orthology/Paralogy Relationships Among Genomes

Summary: At the rate that prokaryotic genomes can now be generated, comparative genomics studies require a flexible method for quickly and accurately predicting orthologs among the rapidly changing set of genomes available. SPOCS implements a graph-based ortholog prediction method to generate a simple tab-delimited table of orthologs and in addition, html files that provide a visualization of the predicted ortholog/paralog relationships to which gene/protein expression metadata may be overlaid. Availability and Implementation: A SPOCS web application is freely available at http://cbb.pnnl.gov/portal/tools/spocs.html. Source code for Linux systems is also freely available under an open source license at http://cbb.pnnl.gov/portal/software/spocs.html; the Boost C++ libraries and BLAST are required. Contact: vog.lnnp@euccm.nnaeel
The Fog Around Cost-Benefit Studies of Crime and Punishment May Finally Be Clearing: Prisoners and Their Kids Suffer Too

Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness studies of crime control and punishment have proliferated since the late-1980s. Especially in relation to crime prevention programs and punishment policies they have been hugely, and regrettably, influential. “Regrettable” because many have relied on exaggerated estimates of “intangible costs” of victimization so unrealistically high that that almost any sanctioning policy no matter how severe could be shown to be effective. Likewise, almost any prevention program estimated to have prevented rapes or robberies could be shown to generate benefits in excess of costs. Estimates for rape and homicide were greatly exaggerated because they were initially based on jury damage awards in civil law suits, the right hand tale of any crime distribution because a successful lawsuit depends on the presence of an egregious crime and one or both of a highly sympathetic victim and a wealthy or well-insured defendant. The latter are not common characteristics of rape and homicide defendants. More recent studies have relied on statistical life valuations ranging from $0.7 to 26.4 million, a range so wide that any number chosen is inherently arbitrary. Recent work, however, has shown that studies relying on estimates of intangible victim costs are fundamentally flawed for the reasons described and others.
Assessment limits and timing of real estate transactions

Abstract Michigan homebuyers face large potential discontinuities in property tax obligations for purchases made around January 1 and May 1 under the state's application of acquisition-value based assessment limits and principal residence (homestead) exemptions, respectively. Consistent with incentives, roughly 3.7 percent of sales concluded in the first 10 business days of January are thus attributable to timing responses among the subset of properties listed by the largest 25 percent of firms by sales volume. Underlying this effect is a willingness to stretch the number of days between contract and closing dates by an average of 2 to 4 business days per $1000 of tax savings among transactions otherwise likely to conclude immediately prior to the end of the year. A small proportion of taxpayers–assisted by more experienced real estate brokers–hence appear to respond in a sophisticated manner to the timing incentives inherent to Michigan's assessment limit system when confronted with the possibility of near-immediate increases in taxable basis. Though specific to Michigan, these findings emphasize the importance of behavioral distortions around the types of tax discontinuities that are inherent to the implementation of most property tax and assessment system policies.
Non-cell autonomous cell death caused by transmission of Huntingtin aggregates in Drosophila.

ABSTRACTRecent evidence indicates that protein aggregates can spread between neurons in several neurodegenerative diseases but much remains unknown regarding the underlying mechanisms responsible for this spreading and its role in disease progression. We recently demonstrated that mutant Huntingtin aggregates spread between cells within the Drosophila brain resulting in non-cell autonomous loss of a pair of large neurons in the posterior protocerebrum. However, the full extent of neuronal loss throughout the brain was not determined. Here we examine the effects of driving expression of mutant Huntingtin in Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) by using a marker for cleaved caspase activity to monitor neuronal apoptosis as a function of age. We find widespread caspase activity in various brain regions over time, demonstrating that non-cell autonomous damage is widespread. Improved understanding of which neurons are most vulnerable and why should be useful in developing treatment strategies for neurodegenerativ...
Emulating the consistency of human behavior with an autonomous robot in a market scenario

Mobile robots moving in a crowd need to conform to the same social standards as the human participants. Imitating human behavior is a natural choice in these situations - however, not every human behaves in the same way. On the other hand, it is known that humans tend to behave in a consistent way, with their behavior predictable by their social status. In this paper we consider a marketplace where humans perform purposeful movement. With many people moving on intersecting trajectories, the participants occasionally encounter micro-conflicts, where they need to balance their desire to move towards their destination (their mission) with the requirements of the social norms of not bumping into strangers or violating their personal space. We model micro-conflicts by a series of two-player games. We show that if all humans are using consistent strategies which are aware of their own social status and can infer the social status of their opponent, the overall social costs will be lower compared to scenarios where the humans perform inconsistent strategies (even if those strategies are adaptive). We argue that robots acting in social environments should also adopt consistent strategies and align themselves with the ongoing social structure.
Rates of Growth of Honeybee Larvae

SummaryGrowth rates of honeybee larvae (Apis mellifera) were determined in the period April-July by weighing individual larvae at definite age intervals. Larval weight was correlated to larval age and the relationship expressed in terms of regression equations. A coefficient of variation of 20% was established as a maximum acceptable variation for pooled samples of 20 larvae.
Interval Probabilities, and Not Ordinal Probabilities, are the Foundation of J M Keynes's Approach to Probability

J M Keynes’s wide ranging discussions of interval estimates and their application in chapter III of the A Treatise on Probability (TP,1921) was mistaken by Frank Ramsey to be a discussion of ordinal estimation in 1922 and 1926. Ramsey completely misunderstood how Keynes’s logical theory of probability was operationalized. This catastrophic, intellectual blunder was then passed on from Frank Ramsey by way of Gay Meeks and Robert Skidelsky to Rod O’Donnell, Bradley Bateman, Anna Carabelli, Jochen Runde, and a host of others. Philosophers were not immune. Henry E Kyburg and Isaac Levi, for instance, also concluded that Keynes had to have been working with ordinal probabilities because they limited their reading of the TP to Part I. This paper pinpoints where in chapter III this devastating blunder by Ramsey occurred. Ramsey mistook Keynes‘s discussions of interval probabilities for discussions of ordinal probabilities. Ramsey made one of the greatest intellectual blunders in the history of science and can no longer be considered a major contributor to work in decision theory and probability.
Productive parallel programming with CHARM

CHARM++ is a general-purpose framework for developing high-performance parallel applications [1]. Applications written using Charm++ run at scales spanning mobile devices [2], multi-core processors, multi-processor NUMA woprkstations and servers, networked clusters, and the world's largest supercomputers. A selection of Charm++ applications in production scientific usage is shown in Table 1. These applications consume the second most execution cycles on NSF computing resources, after MPI.
A New Species of Caprithrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from Cumberland Island, Ga.

Caprithrips insularis, n. sp., from Cumberland Island, Ga., on centipede grass, Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack., is described. A key to the world species of Caprithrips is included.
Expression profile of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits in the brain of HIV-1 transgenic rats given chronic nicotine treatment

Abuse of addictive substances, including cigarettes, is much greater in HIV-1-infected individuals than in the general population and challenges the efficiency of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). The HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat, an animal model used to study drug addiction in HIV-1-infected patients on HAART, displays abnormal neurobehavioral responses to addictive substances. Given that the cholinergic system plays an essential part in the central reward circuitry, we evaluated the expression profile of nine nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit genes in the central nervous system (CNS) of HIV-1Tg rats. We found that nAChR subunits were differentially expressed in various brain regions in HIV-1Tg rats compared to F344 control rats, with more subunits altered in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of the HIV-1Tg rats than in other brain regions. We also found that chronic nicotine treatment (0.4 mg/kg/day) decreased the mRNA expression of nAChR subunits α6, β3, and β4 in the VTA of HIV-1Tg rats, whereas expression of α4 and α6 subunits in the NAc increased. No such changes were observed in F344 rats. Together, our data suggest that HIV-1 proteins alter the expression of nAChRs, which may contribute to the vulnerability to cigarette smoking addiction in HIV-1 patients.
The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition

(1948). The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 55, No. 10, pp. 630-633.
Contributions of Thermodynamic and Mass Transport Modeling to Evaluation of Groundwater Flow and Groundwater Travel Time at Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Constraints on groundwater flow and groundwater travel time (GWTT) at the proposed HLW repository site at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, U.S.A., can be provided through thermodynamic modeling of relations between gas, liquid, and solid phases, and mass transport modeling. In the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain the observed distribution of 14 C can be reasonably represented by a mass transport and mass transfer model representing diffusion of 14 C0 2 in the gas phase from the ground surface and equilibrium between aqueous and gas phases, in the absence of net advective flow. This mechanism could also account for aqueous phase 14 C activities in the unsaturated zone. Thermodynamic interpretations indicate that groundwaters extracted from boreholes in the water saturated tuffaceous aquifer at Yucca Mountain are undersaturated with respect to calcite, providing evidence that groundwater flow bypasses zones of rock containing calcite and therefore must be channelized. This conclusion is supported by published isotopic data for calcites and groundwaters.
Packet security with path sensitization for NoCs

Hardware security is becoming a major concern as integrated circuits (IC) are exponentially growing thanks to technology scaling. With ICs reaching upwards of billions of transistors, detecting hardware trojans (HT) is like finding a needle in a haystack. Therefore, it becomes imperative to protect critical computing infrastructure from malicious attackers attempting to unearth vital information. Security enhancements should offer resiliency to limit their impact on overall chip performance as HTs are likely to slip through detection mechanisms. In this paper, we propose packet-security (P-Sec) a packet validation technique to protect compromised network-on-chip (NoC) architectures from fault injection side channel attacks and covert HT communication by merging two robust error detection schemes, namely algebraic manipulation detection (AMD) and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) codes. With P-Sec, applications containing sensitive and encrypted data can be protected from an ideal attacker using AMD codes at the cost of marginal area and power overhead in the network interface but with enhanced security on demand.
A Saltwater Intrusion Model Based on Semi-implicit Eulerian-Lagrangian Finite-volume Method

A 2D numerical model to simulate tidal flow and salinity in complex estuaries is developed.The grid module is designed under unstructured triangular grid with second order accuracy by cell reconstruction using multiple least square methods to remove stability limitations associated with surface gravity wave.The circulation module is based on semi-implicit Eulerian-Lagrangian method and free from CFL condition constraint,and the wetting and drying are addressed by movable boundary techniques.The salinity module is designed in the frame-work of finite-volume method with a second-order resolution in coordination with the discreted continuity equation,through the cell face concentration reconstructed from surrounding cell averaged by complex interpolation combined with a mono-tonicity criterion.The model has been tested by a pure advection case and a pure diffusion case,which demonstrates that the model has a high accuracy.Finally,this model has been applied to simulating the saline intrusion in the Yangtze(Changjiang)River Estuary and the results show that the simulated tidal levels,velocities and salinities agree well with the measured ones.
Editorial on papers by Naito, Wessel, and their colleagues.

From the Department of Surgery, University of Alabama School of Medicine and Medical Center, Birmingham, Ala.
Optimality in the Channel Model

Experience with economic dynamics, in the contexts of planned and non-planned economies clearly indicates that the current change in states of the system is influenced by the past. On the other hand, models of economic dynamics almost always are “Markovian” in the sense that the current change in the states of the system depends only on the present. Ragner Frisch recognized the past’s influence and wrote extensively on it under the general heading of the Oslo Channel Model. Frisch was much more concerned, in these writings, with the practice of economic planning than with the theoretical analysis of the phenomena he modeled (see e.g. Frisch 1962).
I Am Woman, But Not Roaring: An Examination of Similarities and Differences in How Male and Female Professional Athletes are Using Twitter

The Twitter activity of male and female athletes was analyzed in this study to determine how they connect with fans and enhance their public profile. The emergence of social media provides female athletes more control over their public image. Drawing on research in public relations, a quantitative content analysis of tweets produced by athletes was examined using the dialogic principles and the use of the structural features of the platforms. Findings from this study indicated some difference between male and female athletes’ use of Twitter. Males employed the “generation of return visits” principle along with the use of hashtags that indicate a more strategic use of social media, and female athletes tended to produce original tweets with useful information and frequently interacted with other users.
Biologically effective rates of a new premix (atrazine, bicyclopyrone, mesotrione, and S-metolachlor) for preemergence or postemergence control of common waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer var. rudis] in corn

A premix of atrazine, bicyclopyrone, mesotrione, and S-metolachlor was recently approved for broad-spectrum weed control in corn in the United States. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the response of common waterhemp to various rates of the premix applied before emergence (preemergence, PRE) or after emergence (postemergence, POST) in corn. In greenhouse dose-response bioassays, PRE application of the premix at 975 g a.i. ha−1 provided 90% control (visual estimates) of common waterhemp at 28 d after treatment (DAT). The POST doses to control 90% (ED90) of common waterhemp at 21 DAT were estimated as 1157 and 1838 g a.i. ha−1 for the 8–10, and 15–18 cm tall common waterhemp, respectively. Under field conditions, the premix applied PRE at the labeled rate (2900 g a.i. ha−1) provided 98% and 91% control of common waterhemp at 14 and 63 DAT, respectively. The ED90 values for the in-field POST dose-response bioassay were 680 and 2302 g a.i. ha−1 at 14 DAT for the 8–1...
DOES SUGAR CONSUMPTION ATTRACT BEDBUGS AND/OR INCREASE BEDBUG FERTILITY?

Bedbugs are attracted to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and sebum, the production of which may be affected by dietary sugar. Increased intake of sugar may produce an unknown threshold of CO 2 or sebum needed to influence prey selection. Our hypothesis was that, in a non-laboratory setting, a differential sugar intake might measurably influence bedbug human prey selection. After adjusting for socioeconomic and other confounding factors in a large representative sample of non-institutionalized New York City adults, we found an association between daily consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and bedbug infestation (AOR 2.1, 95% confidence interval, 1.4, 3.0). While these findings are clearly exploratory, we feel they warrant further investigation of dietary sugars as a determinant of bedbug prey selection.
The Reasoning behind a "Good Reason" Standard: The Seventh Circuit's Analysis of Successor Liability in Teed v. Thomas & Betts Power Solutions, L.L.C.

On January 9, 2013, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit held in Teed v. Thomas & Betts Power Solutions, L.L.C. that a federal common law standard for successor liability applies to claims arising under the Fair Labor Standards Act. In doing so, the court established a new, broader standard for successor liability that applies to any claim arising from an employer’s violation of a federal labor or employment statute. This Comment argues that, although the court properly recognized congressional policies favoring employee protection, the new standard goes too far in liberalizing the successor liability exception. With little to guide the newly articulated standard, the Seventh Circuit cannot anticipate problems that might arise in deciding future cases.
Synthesis of Nonstoichiometric Cu2ZnSnS4 from ZnS by Cation Exchange

A cation exchange reaction of wide band gap crystalline ZnS with CuCl2 and SnCl4 in triethylene glycol was developed to synthesize nonstoichiometric Cu2ZnSnS4 with crystallite size more than 100 nm. The materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, Raman, and energy dispersive X-ray elemental mapping. The method allows the formation of Zn-rich phases and good control of the crystal size and shape. No narrow bandgap high conductive CuxS impurities were observed.
Ethical by Design: Ethics Best Practices for Natural Language Processing.

Natural language processing (NLP) systems analyze and/or generate human language, typically on users’ behalf. One natural and necessary question that needs to be addressed in this context, both in research projects and in production settings, is the question how ethical the work is, both regarding the process and its outcome. Towards this end, we articulate a set of issues, propose a set of best practices, notably a process featuring an ethics review board, and sketch and how they could be meaningfully applied. Our main argument is that ethical outcomes ought to be achieved by design, i.e. by following a process aligned by ethical values. We also offer some response options for those facing ethics issues. While a number of previous works exist that discuss ethical issues, in particular around big data and machine learning, to the authors’ knowledge this is the first account of NLP and ethics from the perspective of a principled process.
Utilizing Consumer Health Informatics to Support Management of Hypertension by Clinical Pharmacists in Primary Care: Study Protocol.

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is a major public health concern in the United States given its wide prevalence, high cost, and poor rates of control. Multiple strategies to counter this growing epidemic have been studied, and home blood pressure (BP) monitoring, mobile health (mHealth) interventions, and referrals to clinical pharmacists for BP management have all shown potential to be effective intervention strategies. Objective: The purpose of this study is to establish feasibility and acceptability of BPTrack, a clinical pharmacist-led mHealth intervention that aims to improve BP control by supporting home BP monitoring and medication adherence among patients with uncontrolled HTN. BPTrack is an intervention that makes home-monitored BP data available to clinical pharmacists for use in HTN management. Secondarily, this study seeks to understand barriers to adoption of this intervention, as well as points of improvement among key stakeholders, so that larger scale dissemination of the intervention may be achieved and more rigorous research can be conducted. Methods: This study is recruiting up to 25 individuals who have poorly controlled HTN from a Family Medicine clinic affiliated with a large Midwestern academic medical center. Patient participants complete a baseline visit, including installation and instructions on how to use BPTrack. Patient participants are then asked to follow the BP monitoring protocol for a period of 12 weeks, and subsequently complete a follow-up visit at the conclusion of the study period. Results: The recruitment period for the pilot study began in November 2016, and data collection is expected to conclude in late-2017. Conclusions: This pilot study seeks to document the feasibility and acceptability of a clinical pharmacist-led mHealth approach to managing HTN within a primary care setting. Through our 12-week pilot study, we expect to lend support for this approach, and lay the foundation for translating this approach into wider-scale implementation. This mHealth intervention seeks to leverage the multidisciplinary care team already in place within primary care, and to improve health outcomes for patients with uncontrolled HTN. Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02898584; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02898584 (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/6u3wTGbe6)
Stockyard: a discrete event-based stock market exchange simulator

We describe an agent-based stock market simulator built using an asynchronous discrete event simulation framework. The simulator is unique in that it's driven by real-world financial algorithms and protocols; and it's open source. It utilizes an order book bid and ask matching model, and real-world exchange protocols. Our simulation is based on multiple agents interacting through an exchange agent. This method is distinct from those that utilize historical pricing data. Order book execution supports a more realistic interaction between agents. Pricing in our model arises from the dynamics of matching orders in the order book. Our simulator enables the study of market dynamics, and trading strategies using real-world exchange protocols. We present our design and implementation of a market simulator and discuss our initial results using the message protocols defined by NASDAQ: OUCH and ITCH. Our initial results demonstrate StockYard's capability and efficiency in simulating markets with realistic trade volumes.
The tumor-immune microenvironment (TME) in HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer (mBC): Relationship to non-metastatic (met) tumors and prior treatment (tx) received.

1054Background: HR+/HER2- primary breast tumors demonstrate less anti-tumor immune activity than HER2+ or triple-negative BC. However, minimal data exist about the TME of HR+/HER2- met tumors, part...
Neoliberalism in Mexican Cultural Theory

This essay reviews two theoretical books on neoliberalism written by Mexican cultural critics: Capitalismo gore (Gore Capitalism), by Sayak Valencia, published originally in Spanish in 2010 and tra...
Towards optimization of the osmotic drying process of alumina-gelatin objects: Regression analysis and verification

Abstract In this study, further analysis of the osmotic drying process was conducted to identify the optimum combination of parameters for drying rectangular alumina-gelatin beams. This study was designed to determine the effect of three variables related to the osmotic drying process (osmotic pressure, molecular weight, and immersion time) on the interaction between the liquid desiccant and the submerged alumina-gelatin samples. The water loss from the alumina-gelatin samples was positively correlated with the molecular weight, osmotic pressure, and immersion time. Up to 40% by weight of the initial water content was removed during the osmotic drying process. The samples also experienced solids gain due to the counterflow of solute from the liquid desiccant. The least amount of solids gain resulted from drying for the shortest immersion time at low osmotic pressure and high molecular weight. Evidence of possible interactions between variables was noted for the sintered density metric. Statistical methods were used to form regression equations for the measured responses (water loss, solids gain, bulk density). A verification experiment was conducted to compare the experimental outcomes to the predicted outcomes. The responses were simultaneously optimized to identify the combination of variable settings required to meet specified goals. In order to maximize water loss, minimize solids gain, and maximize bulk density, the ceramic-gelatin object should be immersed for approximately 60 min in an aqueous solution of 100,000 g/mol poly(ethylene oxide) at an osmotic pressure of 2.50 MPa. These values are valid for the range of parameter settings tested and the sample fabrication and drying methods used.
Chemotherapy or combined modality therapy for early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma: A comparative, population-based study.

8546 Background: The choice between chemotherapy alone (Ct) and combined modality therapy (Ct with radiation, CMT) in early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) remains controversial. Identifying patients (...
Psychophysics: Perceived Exertion

AbstractThe perceived exertion model developed by Borg has been examined and applied extensively. Research conducted by Morgan and colleagues have been instrumental in expanding the knowledge base in the area of perceived exertion. Results from research conducted by Morgan, for example, have indicated that ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) are influenced not only by physiological factors but by psychological factors as well. Furthermore, Morgan and colleagues have shown that personality structure, physiological responses, training status, gender, and environmental conditions interact in a complex fashion to influence perceived exertion, and this is especially true for physical activity performed underwater (e.g., scuba diving). The intent of this review paper is to provide an overview of selected studies highlighting the broad impact of Bill Morgan's research with regards to perceived exertion. The three areas highlighted include research examining perceived exertion during physical activity, perceived ...
Using Machine Learning and the Electronic Health Record to Predict Complicated Clostridium difficile Infection.

Background Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile infection (CDI) is a health care-associated infection that can lead to serious complications. Potential complications include intensive care unit (ICU) admission, development of toxic megacolon, need for colectomy, and death. However, identifying the patients most likely to develop complicated CDI is challenging. To this end, we explored the utility of a machine learning (ML) approach for patient risk stratification for complications using electronic health record (EHR) data. Methods We considered adult patients diagnosed with CDI between October 2010 and January 2013 at the University of Michigan hospitals. Cases were labeled complicated if the infection resulted in ICU admission, colectomy, or 30-day mortality. Leveraging EHR data, we trained a model to predict subsequent complications on each of the 3 days after diagnosis. We compared our EHR-based model to one based on a small set of manually curated features. We evaluated model performance using a held-out data set in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Results Of 1118 cases of CDI, 8% became complicated. On the day of diagnosis, the model achieved an AUROC of 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.83). Using data extracted 2 days after CDI diagnosis, performance increased (AUROC, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.83-0.95), outperforming a model based on a curated set of features (AUROC, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.91). Conclusions Using EHR data, we can accurately stratify CDI cases according to their risk of developing complications. Such an approach could be used to guide future clinical studies investigating interventions that could prevent or mitigate complicated CDI.