cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Genetics and Diet on the Development of Diabetes in Yucatan Miniature Swine

The intent of this study was to examine the effect of a diet nutritionally similar to that consumed by most Americans on Yucatan miniature swine that have been bred for enhanced and impaired glucose tolerance. Seventeen Yucatan miniature pigs from the glucose-intolerant line (low K) and 17 from the glucose-tolerant line (high K.) were selected. The oral glucose tolerance (OGT) of both groups of pigs was deter mined. After the OGT test (OGTT), 13 low K pigs and 12 high K pigs were placed on the American Swine Diet (ASD).The remaining animals were left on the regular swine diet. After 5 months, the pigs were again tested with an OGTT. Mean plasma glucose levels observed during the OGTT showed significant differences between the low K and high K groups on ASD at all time intervals from 60 to 150 minutes postdosing. Serum insulin levels in the high K group were significantly elevated over those in the low K group during the OGTT at 10, 20, and 30 minutes predict, and at 10 minutes after 5 months on diet. Both low and high K groups showed a dietary effect with an elevated plasma glucose response to an OGTT, although the mean increase was not significant in the high K group. In the low K group, plasma glucose levels were significantly elevated (P < 0.05) over predict values at 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. In addition, 7 out of the 10 low K pigs tested at 5 months developed insulin resistance, and noninsulin- dependent diabetes. J. Nutr. 112: 2307-2313, 1982.
Which forces reduce entropy production

A real pendulum with friction will oscillate for a while after a short push, but will eventually come to rest close to a location where is potential energy has a minimum. If the system is closed, i.e. without a source of energy, it will eventually stop moving at a location near a minimum of the potential, no matter what type of friction force acts on the pendulum. This ‘variation principle’ is a simple concept to predict the long term behavior of mechanical systems, even if the details of the friction forces are unknown.
Multicriterion Sustainability Assessment in Transportation: Private Cars, Carsharing, and Transit Buses

The increase in the number of hybrid electric vehicles and carshare users in the United States in the past decade urges transportation officials to incorporate vehicle characteristics into traditional transportation planning and sustainability assessments. This study updates the state of the art in three main ways: (a) employs a life-cycle approach instead of focusing only on the operation of modes, (b) disaggregates vehicles by type instead of assuming a uniform light-duty vehicle fleet, and (c) assesses conventional and hybrid technologies explicitly for travel mode combinations instead of assuming only fossil fuel-powered vehicles and private cars. The sustainability framework used in this study sets the direction for a multicriterion assessment of urban transportation. Six highway vehicles and modes are analyzed: an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV), a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), a carsharing program with ICEVs, a carsharing program with HEVs, a diesel bus, and a hybrid diesel-electric bus....
Advancing Island Biogeography with the Study of Continental Islands

Cody, Martin L. 2006. Plants on islands: diversity and dynamics on a continental archipelago. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. x + 259 p. $49.95, ISBN: 0-520-24729-9 (alk. paper).
A Framework for Power-Gating Functional Units in Embedded Microprocessors

Power gating is a technique commonly used for leakage reduction in integrated circuits. In microprocessors, power gating is implemented by using sleep transistors to selectively deactivate circuit modules that remain idle for sustained periods of time during program execution. In this work, we develop a new framework for power gating the functional units in embedded system microprocessors without degradation in performance. The proposed framework includes an efficient algorithm for idle time estimation, appropriate insertion of sleep instructions within the code, and a method for reactivating the sleeping units only when needed without the use of wakeup instructions. We introduce the notion of loop hierarchy trees (LHTs) to represent the partial ordering of the nested loops within the program. From the control flow graph (CFG) representation of the source program, a forest of LHTs is constructed and is used to identify the maximal subgraphs representing the long idle periods for the functional units. For each subgraph thus identified, a sleep instruction is introduced in the program with a list of corresponding functional units to be deactivated. When an instruction is decoded, the functional units needed for that instruction are automatically activated by the control unit such that the units are ready before the instruction reaches the execute stage. This eliminates the need for wakeup instructions to be inserted into the object code reducing the overheads. In our implementation, the ARM processor architecture was modified and resynthesized to include power gating by developing a CMOS cell library of functional units with the above capabilities. Experimental results are reported for a set of 12 benchmarks chosen from the MiBench suite, which indicate that, on average, our technique reduces the leakage energy in functional units by 31.1% for integer benchmarks and 26.8% for floating-point benchmarks.
Improving the Targeting of Social Assistance in Albania: Evidence from Micro-simulations

Ndihma Ekonomike (NE), the largest social assistance program in Albania, is currently targeted through a two-stage process, combining geographical targeting with individual targeting at the local level. The program’s performance is relatively good, though recent analysis shows how the categorical filters applied to household selection restrict the coverage to a minority of poor households. Further, anecdotal evidence and focus group analysis shows that the application of the current eligibility criteria can be nontransparent and administratively cumbersome. This chapter exploits the availability of a detailed information from the 2008 LSMS and an updated poverty map (Betti et al. Updating poverty maps between censuses: A case study of Albania. In Ruggeri Laderchi and Savastano (eds). Poverty and exclusion in the Western Balkans – new directions in measurement and policy. Springer, 2012) to simulate budget-neutral improvements that could increase the coverage and the targeting performance of the program. The findings show that significant improvements in coverage of the bottom quintile could already be obtained by strengthening the link between municipal level allocations and poverty through a naive poverty share approach (Elbers et al. Poverty alleviation through geographic targeting: how much does disaggregation help?, 2004). This chapter also presents a statistically derived proxy means testing measure. Adopting this indicator to screen beneficiaries could result in an improvement of the share of the benefits going to the bottom decile by more than 40 percentage points and could allow an increase by 33 percentage points of the coverage of this target group.
Employing user feedback for semantic location services

Just as coordinate-oriented location-based applications have exploded recently with mapping services, new semantic location services will be critical for the next wave of killer applications. People are going to want everyday applications to have location-awareness that goes beyond simple numerical latitude and longitude. Loci is a new semantic location service layer that employs user feedback to bridge the gap between machine-learned and human-defined places. Advances in place learning techniques have provided us the tools to detect nearly 95% of the visits we make to places and the distances we travel. The difficulty of recovering the remaining 5% comes from designing parameters that work for every user in every place. Based on a user study with 29 participants over three weeks, we show that the level of user feedback required by the service is acceptable and most of the users are willing to provide help to improve their experiences with the service. Our results suggest that user feedback has the potential to significantly improve semantic location services, but requires well-timed prompting mechanisms to improve the quality of the feedback.
k-ε modeling using modified nodal integral method

The simulation of turbulent flows is an ongoing challenge. This is especially true for the flows in the nuclear reactors. In order to save computational time and resource, accurate numerical schemes are required for such simulations. The encouraging results from the laminar flow simulations using modified nodal integral method (MNIM), serves as a motivation to use the method for turbulent flow simulations. The k–ɛ model in this work has been implemented using the MNIM formulation. Two models, one for low Reynolds number and one for high Reynolds number, are implemented. The application of the model to relatively simple problems shows that results are good and similar to what one would expect from the k–ɛ model implementation with any other numerical scheme. The results are compared with the DNS data from various sources in the literature. The difference between the DNS data and current implementation arises mainly from the assumption made in the k–ɛ model rather than the choice of the numerical scheme in the present work. It is seen that very coarse grids can be used away from the walls for the present simulation. This is especially true for low Reynolds number model. Hence, MNIM formulation for the k–ɛ model promises to reduce the over all computational cost.
Illicit drug use and adverse birth outcomes: is it drugs or context?

Prenatal drug use is commonly associated with adverse birth outcomes, yet no studies have controlled for a comprehensive set of associated social, psychosocial, behavioral, and biomedical risk factors. We examined the degree to which adverse birth outcomes associated with drug use are due to the drugs versus surrounding factors. Data are from a clinical sample of low-income women who delivered at Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1995 and 1996 (n = 808). Use of marijuana, cocaine, and opiates was determined by self-report, medical record, and urine toxicology screens at delivery. Information on various social, psychosocial, behavioral, and biomedical risk factors was gathered from a postpartum interview or the medical record. Multivariable regression models of birth outcomes (continuous birth weight and low birth weight ([LBW] <2,500 g)) were used to assess the effect of drug use independent of associated factors. In unadjusted results, all types of drug use were related to birth weight decrements and increased odds of LBW. However, only the effect of cocaine on continuous birth weight remained significant after adjusting for all associated factors (−142 g, p = 0.05). No drug was significantly related to LBW in fully adjusted models. About 70% of the unadjusted effect of cocaine use on continuous birth weight was explained by surrounding psychosocial and behavioral factors, particularly smoking and stress. Most of the unadjusted effects of opiate use were explained by smoking and lack of early prenatal care. Thus, prevention efforts that aim to improve newborn health must also address the surrounding context in which drug use frequently occurs.
A series of tubes: adding interactivity to 3D prints using internal pipes

3D printers offer extraordinary flexibility for prototyping the shape and mechanical function of objects. We investigate how 3D models can be modified to facilitate the creation of interactive objects that offer dynamic input and output. We introduce a general technique for supporting the rapid prototyping of interactivity by removing interior material from 3D models to form internal pipes. We describe this new design space of pipes for interaction design, where variables include openings, path constraints, topologies, and inserted media. We then present PipeDream, a tool for routing such pipes through the interior of 3D models, integrated within a 3D modeling program. We use two distinct routing algorithms. The first has users define pipes' terminals, and uses path routing and physics-based simulation to minimize pipe bending energy, allowing easy insertion of media post-print. The second allows users to supply a desired internal shape to which we fit a pipe route: for this we describe a graph-routing algorithm. We present several prototypes created using our tool to show its flexibility and potential.
Matrix computations on systolic-type meshes: an introduction to the multimesh graph method

Systolic-type arrays use both the fine-grain parallelism and the regularity of matrix computations effectively. The multimesh graph method for deriving these arrays is systematic, flexible, and easy to use. >
A framework for allocating personalized appliance-level disaggregated electricity consumption to daily activities

Abstract Residential and commercial buildings account for more than 74% of total annual electricity consumption in the United States. Studies have shown that occupants’ awareness of their behaviors in consuming electricity encourages them to change their unsustainable behaviors and improves the sustainable ones. As behaviors impact the ways that daily activities are performed, in order to develop a personalized appliance level model of an occupant's behavior, precise activity recognition is required. In this paper, we introduce a novel framework to allocate personalized appliance-level disaggregated electricity consumption to daily activities. In our framework, using ontology-based approach, the input appliance usage data is first separated into categories of non-overlapping activity events. The separated data sets are then segmented to detect activity segments, which are next mapped into activity classes using a trained classification model. To evaluate the performance of our presented framework, an experimental validation was carried out in three test bed apartment units. Results of validation showed a total F -measure value of 0.97 for segmentation and an average accuracy of 93.41% for activity recognition. Following the activity recognition, the approximate electricity consumption associated with the recognized activities was estimated and the results of each test bed unit were compared with the others.
Academic Support at the Crossroads: From Minority Retention to Bar Prep and Beyond - Will Academic Support Change Legal Education or Itself Be Fundamentally Changed?

In 1982, Duncan Kennedy's essay on hierarchies in legal education appeared in the Journal of Legal Education and publicly recognized what many had acknowledged to be problems and gaps in contemporary legal education. At the time the article was written, academic support as an institution in legal education was in its infancy. Looking back at the development of the academic support movement demonstrates that, in many respects, it was designed to address at least some of the issues raised by Kennedy. This essay looks at the emergence of academic support in legal education in the context of Kennedy's article, examining the genesis of academic support programs, their development in the last two decades, possible future directions, and their implications for legal education and the broader legal profession. It concludes that academic support programs that focus on learning and empowering students to develop the skills to practice law in a complex and diverse society while developing positive, meaningful professional identities will become more central to the education mission of the law school and in so doing some of the existing hierarchies in legal education may be challenged and the issues raised by Duncan Kennedy positively addressed.
Wettability transparency and the quasiuniversal relationship between hydrodynamic slip and contact angle

The universality of the scaling laws that correlate the hydrodynamic slip length and static contact angle was investigated by introducing the concept of the wettability transparency of graphene-coated surfaces. Equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of droplet wettability for Si(111), Si(100), and graphene-coated silicon surfaces were performed to determine the conditions required to obtain similar contact angles between bare and graphene-coated surfaces (wettability transparency). The hydrodynamic slip length was determined by means of equilibrium calculations for silicon and graphene-coated silicon nanochannels. The results indicate that the slip-wettability scaling laws can be used to describe the slip behavior of the bare silicon nanochannels in general terms; however, clear departures from a general universal description were observed for hydrophobic conditions. In addition, a significant difference in the hydrodynamic slippage was observed under wettability transparency conditions. Alternatively...
Structure analysis of graphite fiber surfaces

An analysis of the surface properties of unsized, untreated, “Thornel-50” graphite fibers was made using measurements of adsorption from solution. The technique used was continuous flow solid-liquid chromatography. The specific surface area of the “Thornel-50” fibers was found to be 1.3–1.4 m2/g. The shape of the adsorption isotherms, and calculated isosteric heat of adsorption data, showed evidence for at least two energetically different kinds of adsorption sites on the surface of “Thornel-50”. These were identified as the sides (edges of basal planes) and the tops (faces of basal planes) of graphite crystallites on the surface of the fiber. The fractions of these two kinds of adsorption sites were found to be approximately 0.25 and 0.75, respectively. All the solute molecules studied, including the polymer molecules, physically adsorbed in a horizontal (flat) orientation on the fiber surface.
Environmental justice and statistical summaries of differences in exposure distributions.

Recent regulatory action requires the assessment of environmental justice (equitable protection from the burdens of environmental hazards across sociodemographic subpopulations) in the siting of hazardous waste sites, and prioritization of environmental remediation efforts. Assessments of environmental justice require linking exposure, demographic, and health data. The geographic nature of the data makes the use of geographic information systems attractive for environmental justice assessments. Typical geographic assessments compare the composition of `exposed' populations, while typical statistical assessments focus on differences in health outcomes between population subgroups, possibly adjusted for exposure. We outline an alternate approach based on summarized differences between exposure distributions within each population subgroup. We illustrate how such summaries provide a tool for site evaluation (e.g., defining exposure inequities resulting from locating a new potential hazard at any of a number of possible sites). In addition, we describe summaries, based on dose–response relationships, to describe risk differences imposed by the observed exposure differences. Reported toxic emissions from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania illustrate the approach.
Large Eddy Simulation of Supersonic Combustion in a Cavity-Strut Flameholder

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of supersonic combustion in a cavity-based flameholder in an experimental test facility is carried out. Nonreacting and reacting flow analysis is performed within the compressible LES framework using Linear Eddy Mixing (LEM) model as a subgrid closure for turbulent combustion (LEMLES). Preliminary results of an artificial neural network (ANN) based filtered chemical rates modeling (Turbulent-ANN) are also presented. Two configurations: a baseline cavity with 11 injectors on the aft ramp and a cavity with a strut positioned upstream of the cavity with 6 fuel injectors are analyzed. Numerical data are in good agreement with the velocity measurements obtained using Hydroxyl Tagging Velocimetry (HTV) in nonreacting flow. Results show that the multiple shear layers in the wake of the strut provide a wider mixing region that has the potential for flame stabilization. Low pressure region behind the strut causes increased mass transfer between cavity and main flow stream. Reacting flow computations using LEMLES and Turbulent-ANN approach show good agreement with available wall pressure data. LEMLES simulates the small scale subgrid processes whereas the Turbulent-ANN methodology can predict same flame physics in a computationally much affordable way.
Association of anticardiolipin antibodies and pregnancy loss in women with systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective To analyze the pregnancy history in relation to the presence or absence of anticardiolipin antibodies in women who had been diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Design One-hundred twenty-five women of reproductive age who were diagnosed with SLE and attended the Lupus Clinic at Parkland Memorial Hospital or Southwestern Medical Center were selected for this study. A retrospective review of patient histories, including anticardiolipin antibody test results and pregnancy histories, was conducted. Women who had therapeutic pregnancy terminations were excluded from this study. A χ 2 analysis was used to evaluate the significance of the data. Results In women with SLE of childbearing age with anticardiolipin antibodies, a 39% pregnancy loss rate occurred, compared with an 11% loss rate in anticardiolipin antibody-negative women. In women with at least two pregnancies who had anticardiolipin antibodies, 27% experienced two or more losses, whereas only 3% of antibody-negative women had recurrent pregnancy loss. Conclusion We conclude that women with SLE and the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies are at increased risk for pregnancy loss.
A Survey on the Analysis on Public Health Emergency Respondseing Capacity of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Maoming City

Objective To evaluate the public health emergency response of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) in Maoming city.Methods Questionnaire type survey was conducted in 7 regional CDC offices in the districts and counties of Maoming city.Results All institutions have developed the emergency response system and prepared the contingency plans for the public health emergency.The offices of CDC in the city area had a better emergency response capacity then the general public.Conclusion Development of an emergency response system for public health incidence is a long-term goal for the disease control and prevention.It requires a full cooperation between the health authorities and general public.Training program for the professional should be strengthened,and the awareness of public health incidence in the general public should be enhanced.
Basic Microarray Analysis

Microarrays offer a powerful approach to the analysis of gene expression that can be used for a wide variety of experimental purposes. However, several types of microarray platforms are available. In addition, microarray experiments are expensive and generate complicated data sets that can be difficult to interpret. Success with microarray approaches requires a sound experimental design and a coordinated and appropriate use of statistical tools. Here, the advantages and pitfalls of utilizing microarrays are discussed, as are practical strategies to help novice users succeed with this method that can empower them with the ability to assay changes in gene expression at the whole-genome level.
Depression and dissociation as predictors of physical health symptoms among female rape survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relative contributions of depression and dissociation, as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), to physical health symptoms and to examine the relationships among somatic symptoms, PTSD, depression, and dissociation in relation to childhood and adult trauma exposure. METHOD: Cross-sectional data are from 132 female rape survivors with PTSD assessed before engaging in a study of trauma-focused cognitive therapy for PTSD. Measures included the Pennebaker Inventory of Limbic Languidness, Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Trauma Symptom Inventory-Dissociation Subscale, Childhood Sexual Abuse Exposure Questionnaire, and Assessing Environments-III-Physical Punishment Scale. RESULTS: Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that only dissociative and depression symptoms contributed significantly to physical health symptoms. Similarly, among the subsample of women with either childhood sexual or physical abuse, depression and dissociation were significant predictors of somatic symptoms. However, among women without childhood abuse, only dissociation significantly predicted somatic symptoms. CONCLUSION: Understanding the psychological and biological mechanisms that link childhood versus adult trauma exposure, PTSD, and comorbid depression or dissociation to physical health symptoms may aid development of individualized treatments for the physical and psychological consequences of trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Effect of retinoic acid on differentiation of cultured pig preadipocytes

We studied the effect of retinoic acid on the differentiation of cultured porcine preadipocytes. Porcine preadipocytes were cultured in serum-free medium (DME/F12 medium containing 100 nM insulin, 10 micrograms/mL transferrin, and 50 ng/mL hydrocortisone). Addition of increasing amounts of retinoic acid (1 nM to 20 microM) to the medium reduced glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity, a late marker of preadipocyte differentiation. At lower concentrations (0.1 to 10 nM), retinoic acid had no effect on the GPDH activity. Addition of retinoic acid (10 microM) for 24 h during the early stage of development (d 1) greatly inhibited the GPDH activity. After the cells were differentiated, however, retinoic acid no longer had any effect. Therefore, retinoic acid was most effective in undifferentiated cells. Following a 24-h exposure of porcine preadipocytes to retinoic acid at d 1, Northern blot analysis showed that there was a decrease in lipoprotein lipase and adipsin mRNA levels. The results suggest that retinoic acid is a potent inhibitor of porcine preadipocyte differentiation in primary culture.
Microwave Absorption of Superconductors at Low Magnetic Fields

The modulated microwave absorption of superconductors will be described with particular emphasis on the high-T c cuprate superconductors.
Characterization of a Commercial Silicon Beta Cell

Silicon detectors are of interest for the verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) due to their enhanced energy resolution compared to plastic scintillators beta cells. Previous work developing a figure-of-merit (FOM) for comparison of beta cells suggests that the minimum detectable activity (MDA) could be reduced by a factor of two to three with the use of silicon detectors. Silicon beta cells have been developed by CEA (France) and Lares Ltd. (Russia), with the PIPSBox developed by CEA being commercially available from Canberra for approximately $35k, but there is still uncertainty about the reproducibility of the capabilities in the field. PNNL is developing a high-resolution beta-gamma detector system in the shallow underground laboratory, which will utilize and characterize the operation of the PIPSBox detector. Throughout this report, we examine the capabilities of the PIPSBox as developed by CEA. The lessons learned through the testing and use of the PIPSBox will allow PNNL to strategically develop a silicon detector optimized to better suit the communities needs in the future.
Embryology of the Testis

Since the gonochoristic higher vertebrates evolved from hermaphrodite ancestors, it seems justified to turn to surviving primitive species in order to gain an understanding of genetic and developmental problems of sex determination. About a hundred years ago it was first realized that rudimentary hermaphrodism still occurs in some local races of the European brown frog (Rana temporaria). The males start out differentiating ovaries which, usually before maturing, transform into testes. It was left to me to find out that in a low percentage the change is still incomplete at the adult stage. Artificial self fertilization and outcrossing of three hermaphrodites to males and females of truly gonochoristic race could be made. As far as I know these are the only reported and proven cases of fully fertile tetrapod vertebrates (1).
Flooring preference and behavior in sound and lame sows

The objectives of this study were to assess sow flooring preference and behavior during sound, induced lame and lameness recovery states. Thirty-four multiparous, non-pregnant sows were compared pr...
Cytoprotective Drug-Tissue Plasminogen Activator Protease Interaction Assays: Screening of Two Novel Cytoprotective Chromones.

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is currently used in combination with endovascular procedures to enhance recanalization and cerebral reperfusion and is also currently administered as standard-of-care thrombolytic therapy to patients within 3–4.5 h of an ischemic stroke. Since tPA is not neuroprotective or cytoprotective, adjuvant therapy with a neuroprotective or an optimized cytoprotective compound is required to provide the best care to stroke victims to maximally promote clinical recovery. In this article, we describe the use of a sensitive standardized protease assay with CH3SO2-D-hexahydrotyrosine-Gly-Arg-p-nitroanilide•AcOH, a chromogenic protease substrate that is cleaved to 4-nitroaniline (p-nitroaniline) and measured spectrophotometrically at 405 nm (OD405 nm), and how the assay can be used as an effective screening assay to study drug-tPA interactions. While we focus on two compounds of interest in our drug development pipeline, the assay is broadly applicable to all small molecule neuroprotective or cytoprotective compounds currently being discovered and developed worldwide. In this present study, we found that the specific tPA inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1; 0.25 μM), significantly (p 10 μM for CSMC-19 and CSMC-140, respectively. Using bonafide 4-nitroaniline, we then demonstrated that the reduction of 4-nitroaniline detection was not due to drug-4-nitroaniline quenching of signal detection at OD405 nm. In conclusion, the results suggest that high concentrations of both cytoprotectives reduced 4-nitroaniline production in vitro, but the inhibition only occurs with concentrations 104–1025-fold that of EC50 values in an efficacy assay. Thus, CSMC-19 and CSMC-140 should be further developed and evaluated in embolic stroke models in the absence or presence of a thrombolytic. If necessary, they could be administered once effective tPA thrombolysis has been confirmed to avoid the possibility that the chromone will reduce the efficacy of tPA in patients. Stroke investigator developing new cytoprotective small molecules should consider adding this sensitive assay to their development and screening repertoire to assess possible drug-tPA interactions in vitro as a de-risking step.
WHOSE FAULT? THE SPECULATOR'S GUILT IN LITTLE DORRIT

In May 1855, Charles Dickens confided to a friend that he had found a “capital name” for his new work, Nobody's Fault, a title that remained until he completed the first three numbers and renamed it Little Dorrit (Letters 7.703). The original title has generally been assumed to refer to Dickens's broad attack on the lack of accountability in government, particularly in relation to the Crimean War. However, the phrase also evokes the issues of financial impropriety that permeate the novel. In particular, Arthur's obsessive concern that through his parents’ grasping at money “some one may have been grievously deceived, injured, ruined” (39; bk. 1, ch. 5) links his personal sense of guilt to the more public instance of financial “ruin” in the book – the collapse of Mr. Merdle's fraudulent schemes. In both cases, the question of agency remains ambiguous. Who is at fault for the bankruptcy of Clennam & Doyce: Arthur, who invested the firm's money in Merdle's ventures; Pancks, who convinced him of their soundness; or Merdle, who perpetrated the fraud? And who bears responsibility for the financial deceit that deprived Amy Dorrit of her rightful inheritance from Arthur's grandfather: Mrs. Clennam, who hid the codicil; Arthur's father, who colluded in the concealment; or Arthur, who, along with his parents, benefited financially from the transaction? Out of these ambiguities emerges one figure that becomes the locus of responsibility and blame for both transgressions – Arthur Clennam. Against the express wishes of his solicitor, Arthur steps forward to become the “solitary target” for the “thousands of people. . . wildly staring about for somebody alive to heap reproaches on” in the aftermath of Merdle's downfall and suicide (599; bk. 2, ch. 26). His actions give public expression to his private sense of familial guilt, allowing him to declare openly, “I am at fault.”
Marginalizing Humanism, a Preference for the Objectifiable, and Moving On

In this article, the authors address the impact of current cultural pressures on the counseling field and how they threaten to marginalize core humanist tenets. In particular, the authors examine 2 ways the field has reacted to cultural pressures, review early humanist philosophers' dire concerns over these same practices, and discuss implications for the field moving forward.
Scabies and Pediculosis Pubis

Diagnosis of scabies requires a high index of suspicion on the part of the clinician. Overdiagnosis can be minimized by demonstrating the organism by the several laboratory techniques described. Pediculosis pubis, on the other hand, is one of the few sexually transmitted diseases that can be diagnosed by physical examination alone; the less numerous adult lice can be identified with the aid of a magnifying lens or loupe.
Initial explorations into the user experience of 3D file browsing

We present an initial exploration into the usability of 3D file browsing. To explore the 3D file browsing technique design space, we analyzed the existing literature and developed three representative 3D file browsing techniques that cover many of their characteristics. Block3D uses a priority weighting scheme to elevate and display files in a grid-based structure. Cluster3D uses sets of animated racks to display files. LTreeCube3D visualizes files and directories using groups of semi-transparent cubes within a larger cube-like structure. We conducted an experiment exploring the affect these 3D file browsing technique have on users in a manual file searching task. Our evaluation is based on task completion time and a post-questionnaire used to gather subjective feedback on each technique in terms of user preference. The results indicate that users completed the manual file search task significantly faster using Block3D than both LTreeCube3D and Cluster3D. Although subjective ranking showed users preferred the Block3D technique, user feedback also showed merits of the other techniques.
Historical Sketch of the Official Teaching of the Catholic Church on Moral Education in Schools

Originally cast against the backdrop of the pan-Protestant public school, the manuscript follows Catholic magisterial teaching on religious/moral education in schools as the Church confronts the growing influence of the secular state in schooling in the latter stages of the 19th century and into the 20th.
Viewing the Urban Socio-ecological System Through a Sustainability Lens: Lessons and Prospects from the Central Arizona–Phoenix LTER Programme

Cities are complex socio-ecological systems (SES). They are focal points of human population, production, and consumption, including the generation of waste and most of the critical emissions to the atmosphere. But they also are centres of human creative activities, and in that capacity may provide platforms for the transition to a more sustainable world. Urban sustainability will require understanding grounded in a theory that incorporates reciprocal, dynamic interactions between societal and ecological components, external driving forces and their impacts, and a multiscalar perspective. In this chapter, we use research from the Central Arizona–Phoenix LTER programme to illustrate how such a conceptual framework can enrich our understanding and lead to surprising conclusions that might not have been reached without the integration inherent in the SES approach. By reviewing research in the broad areas of urban land change, climate, water, biogeochemistry, biodiversity, and organismal interactions, we explore the dynamics of coupled human and ecological systems within an urban SES in arid North America, and discuss what these interactions imply about sustainability.
Tracer study to estimate the transport of cruise altitude aviationemissions in Northern Hemisphere

Abstract. Given the increasing role of intercontinental and higher altitude emissions influence on surface air quality, it is important to understand the transport characteristics of these emissions both for policy and mitigation strategies. The horizontal and vertical transport of directly emitted upper troposphere anthropogenic cruise altitude aircraft emissions (CAAE) has not been well understood due to limited studies. Therefore, in this study we conducted tracer simulations for key source regions in the Northern hemisphere to understand the transport and influence of CAAE on surface air quality. Our results from Northern hemisphere simulations highlight that
Engineering the Palladium–WSe2 Interface Chemistry for Field Effect Transistors with High-Performance Hole Contacts

Palladium has been widely employed as a hole contact to WSe2 and has enabled, at times, the highest WSe2 transistor performance. However, there are orders of magnitude variation across the literature in Pd–WSe2 contact resistance and ION/IOFF ratios with no true understanding of how to consistently achieve high-performance contacts. In this work, WSe2 transistors with impressive ION/IOFF ratios of 106 and Pd–WSe2 Schottky diodes with near-zero variability are demonstrated utilizing Ohmic-like Pd contacts through deliberate control of the interface chemistry. The increased concentration of a PdSex intermetallic is correlated with an Ohmic band alignment and concomitant defect passivation, which further reduces the contact resistance, variability, and barrier height inhomogeneity. The lowest contact resistance occurs when a 60 min post-metallization anneal at 400 °C in forming gas (FG) is performed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates this FG anneal produces 3× the concentration of PdSex and an Ohmic...
Time-to-operation does not predict outcome in acute type A aortic dissection complicated by neurologic injury at presentation.

Abstract Objective Neurologic injury complicating the presentation of acute type A aortic dissection remains a challenge for cardiac surgeons. Methods This was a retrospective review of patients undergoing open repair of acute type A aortic dissection at our institution between January 2005 and December 2015. Evidence of neurologic injury at the time of presentation was abstracted from the medical record. Propensity-score matching was used to account for baseline differences between groups, and outcome analysis was performed using logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Among patients with persistent neurologic deficits, a threshold for time-to-operation was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves. Results There were 345 patients who underwent open repair for acute type A aortic dissection; 50 patients presented with neurologic injury. In the matched analysis, in-hospital mortality was greater among patients who presented with neurologic deficits (odds ratio, 4.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-16.97; P = .03). Among patients with persistent neurologic deficits at presentation, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis with cross-validation suggested that time-to-operation was a poor predictor of both neurologic outcome (area under the curve, 0.40) and death (area under the curve, 0.49). Conclusions Neurologic injury at the time of presentation with acute type A aortic dissection was associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality. Among patients with persistent neurological deficits, time-to-operation failed to predict either neurologic outcome or perioperative mortality suggesting that longer time from onset of symptoms of neurologic injury should not act as a contraindication to proceeding to the operating room for expedient repair.
Effectiveness of Studying When Coupled with Exercise-Induced Arousal

The basis of learning is knowledge of discrete information such as terms and definitions that can be developed through memorization. A strong knowledge base is something students strive to develop through self-directed study. Little research has investigated the role of simultaneous exercise and memorization on recall ability with a delay in recall of at least 24 hrs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an exercise bout on memory by requiring participants to recall words 24 hrs after exposure to three different interventions: memorization while cycling, memorization after cycling, and memorization without cycling. 21 physically active young adults completed the crossover design in randomized order. During testing sessions, participants were given a unique list of 100 words and were instructed to memorize as many words as possible. They returned 24 hrs later to recall the words. The average number of words recalled for each intervention were: memorization while cycling, 51.5 ± 19.8 words; memorization after cycling, 45.1 ± 22.4 words; memorization without cycling, 45.7 ± 23.3 words. Mixed-measures ANOVA revealed that exercise did not alter recall ability (p = 0.121). However, statistical contrasts showed that the number of words recalled following memorization during cycling was higher than number of words recalled during the other interventions (p = 0.043). The results indicate that exercise has no adverse effect on memorization ability. Simultaneous memorization and exercise produced a greater ability to recall words than memorization after or without exercise.
Financial Immigration Federalism

Federal preemption doctrine constrains state power over undocumented immigrants. As courts and commentators focus on disputes over policing and removal, led by sanctuary cities and states, they overlook what I call “ﬁnancial immigration federalism.” This Article uncovers emerging forms of ﬁnancial immigration federalism while also reconsidering familiar forms. Federal tax legislation explicitly eliminated certain tax credits to undocumented immigrants, but states continue to explore expanding them—including by incentivizing employment that is considered illegal under federal law. State entities have supported long-term, owner-occupancy mortgages to undocumented immigrants, which the traditional government-sponsored enterprises do not purchase. And undocumented immigrants, including those with legal work authorization, have long been excluded from federal lending markets for higher education, a vacuum that states have ﬁlled with divergent policies. In each of these markets, states and localities act to both expand and limit ﬁnancial options to undocumented immigrants, a form of immigration federalism. To analyze tensions between preemption and state sovereignty at the heart of ﬁnancial immigration federalism, this Article uncovers the legal questions arising from states extending ﬁnancial beneﬁts to undocumented immigrants, particularly when conditioned on employment and long-term residency. I argue that competing deference regimes, including to state and local tax policy, should play a role in resolving the constitutionality of subnational ﬁnancial sanctuary (or purgatory). I also consider the case for incorporating subnational intent, as opposed to just congressional or federal intent, in analyzing ﬁnancial immigration federalism.
Worth the Wait: Delayed Recall after 1 Week Predicts Cognitive and Medial Temporal Lobe Trajectories in Older Adults.

Objective: We evaluated whether memory recall following an extended (1 week) delay predicts cognitive and brain structural trajectories in older adults Method: Clinically normal older adults (52–92 years old) were followed longitudinally for up to 8 years after completing a memory paradigm at baseline [Story Recall Test (SRT)] that assessed delayed recall at 30 min and 1 week. Subsets of the cohort underwent neuroimaging (N = 134, mean age = 75) and neuropsychological testing (N = 178–207, mean ages = 74–76) at annual study visits occurring approximately 15–18 months apart. Mixed-effects regression models evaluated if baseline SRT performance predicted longitudinal changes in gray matter volumes and cognitive composite scores, controlling for demographics. Results: Worse SRT 1-week recall was associated with more precipitous rates of longitudinal decline in medial temporal lobe volumes (p = .037), episodic memory (p = .003), and executive functioning (p = .011), but not occipital lobe or total gray matter volumes (demonstrating neuroanatomical specificity; p > .58). By contrast, SRT 30-min recall was only associated with longitudinal decline in executive functioning (p = .044). Conclusions: Memory paradigms that capture longer-term recall may be particularly sensitive to age-related medial temporal lobe changes and neurodegenerative disease trajectories. (JINS, 2020, xx, xx-xx)
Demand for Health Insurance in the Time of COVID-19: Evidence from the Special Enrollment Period in the Washington State ACA Marketplace

I study the demand for health insurance during the COVID-19 pandemic using Special Enrollment Period (SEP) individual-level enrollment data from the Washington State Affordable Care Act Marketplace. I document that most individuals enrolling in plans during the pandemic are those who lost minimum essential coverage, followed by uninsured individuals making use of Washington’s limited-time SEP for uninsured individuals. I estimate a demand model and find that low-income individuals and young individuals are more premium sensitive. I find that 20.4 percent of the individuals in my analysis sample did not pay their initial premium. Individuals losing minimum essential coverage are less likely to pay their initial premium than individuals using the SEP for other qualifying events. Lower income individuals are less likely to pay the initial premium than higher income individuals. My results suggest three reasons for considering more generous premium subsidies during the remainder of the pandemic: (1) individuals losing minimum essential coverage are already using the exchange to replace lost coverage, (2) consumers are premium sensitive, and (3) there are meaningful differences across demographic groups in the probability of paying the first premium, which is necessary for coverage to take effect.