cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary variability and its impact on nutritional epidemiology

Abstract Dietary intakes are subject to measurement errors and to day-to-day variation, which have contributed to obscuring the suspected relation between dietary lipids and ischemic heart disease. The effect of measurement error on the correlation between dietary intakes and serum cholesterol levels has been studied by others. In this paper we study the effects of errors on the categorization of subjects according to the quantiles of their intakes, and the effects of this misclassification on the observed relation between observed dietary intakes and disease. Our model is based on a bivariate normal joint distribution of true and observed intakes, from which various conditional probabilities can be calculated. Tables are given to simplify many of these computations. We conclude that the usual period of collection of dietary records, 1 week, is usually adequate. The model developed is applicable to any measurement recorded with error, and two examples of its application to the classification of subjects as normotensive or hypertensive are given. The model does depend on a large number of assumptions, some of which are clearly not met. Hence the actual numerical values obtained should be treated with some scepticism. If, however, the assumptions are approximately met, then the results should be reasonable approximations to the truth.
The determination ofin situ rock thermal properties and the simulation of climate in an underground mine

This paper describes the results from a continuing research project started in 1984, which is investigating improved methods for predicting the underground climate in hot mines. The Homestake Gold Mine in South Dakota was the site for testing methods, based on radial heat flow theory, to measurein situ values of the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of rock. The methods used proved to be quite within the capability of mine staff to carry out for themselves. The results were acceptable and verified thatin situ thermal rock properties can differ considerably from laboratory determined values, in this case by a factor of approximately two. A mine climate simulation program, CLIMSIM, was applied to case studies from the Homestake mine using the measured thermal rock parameters. The results showed good correlation between the measured and simulated values.
Increased Resistance to Extinction Produced by Post-Reinforcement Goalbox Delay

The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether the increased resistance to extinction shown by Ss given post-reinforcement delay might be accounted for by frustration produced by the delay. Rats trained in a double runway were given access to the second runway either immediately after reward in the first goalbox or 30 sec. after the removal of the reward. Extinction was confined to performance in the first runway. While the delay group exhibited greater resistance to extinction than the nondelay group, the differences in the running speeds of the two groups in Runway 1 and Runway 2 during training did not approach significance. Findings were discussed as supporting the competing response hypothesis and nonsupporting the frustration hypothesis.
The Evolving Dynamic of Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea in the Modern Era: Scope, Dimensions, Dangers and Policy Responses

The rash of pirate attacks off Somalia and the Gulf of Aden in 2008 has cast into sharp light an enduring problem that affects not only the waters around the Horn of Africa but many other areas of the world as well. This paper aims to inform and put into context the current debate on piracy by providing an overview of the scope and factors driving armed maritime violence in the contemporary era and the principal dangers that are associated with this particular manifestation of transnational crime. Given its publicity and unprecedented character, the paper also addresses the appropriateness of the measures that have been instituted to deal with armed maritime violence in the wider vicinity of East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
Backarc basin evolution and cordilleran orogenesis: Insights from new ocean-bottom seismograph refraction profiling in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica

Bransfield Strait, a backarc basin off the northwestern Antarctic Peninsula, is a modern analog for Cretaceous basins inverted in the compressional tectonic regime that initiated the Andean Cordillera. Eight new refraction ocean-bottom seismograph profiles in the strait demonstrate that crustal thickness in the deep central basin increases from northeast to southwest, from ∼10 km to ∼14–16 km. This confirms multichannel seismic interpretation of upper crustal structures suggesting that the Bransfield basin is opening by northeast to southwest rift propagation within arc crust of the Antarctic Peninsula, a process also recorded in the obducted Cretaceous Rocas Verdes basin of the southernmost Andes. Thinning is most prominent along the axis of the strait, where the crust is ∼9–11 km thick. In contrast, thicknesses beneath the Antarctic Peninsula margin and the inactive South Shetland Islands pedestal are ∼18 km and ∼24 km, respectively. Seismic velocities and thicknesses suggest that new oceanic crust is not yet being generated. Extension is focused along the northwest margin, imparting the physiographic asymmetry to the strait. Comparing the Bransfield basin with the inverted Rocas Verdes basin and intraoceanic counterparts in the western Pacific suggests that rift propagation and trench-side focusing of extension may be fundamental features of young backarc basins. Resultant asymmetry may facilitate observed obduction of backarc basin floor and arc rocks onto continental margins during compressional orogenesis.
Are private school students more likely to smoke than public school students in China

Background. Tobacco use is prevalent among adolescents in China in general, however, little is known about tobacco use among students in private schools with an enrollment of 1.5 million. Method. In 2001, cross-sectional survey data from 2725 students in grades seven and eight (1307 sampled from private schools and 1418 sampled from public schools) were included. Smoking measures (risk of susceptibility to smoking, smoking onset, ever smoking, smoking in the past 7 days and past 30 days, established smoking) were compared between private and public school students using chi-square test, logistic regression, and survival analysis. Results. Cigarette smoking was more prevalent among private school students than among public school students (private vs. public: 21.9% vs. 12.3% for susceptibility to smoking, 53.9% vs. 38.2% for ever smoking, 22% vs. 12.0% for 30-day smoking, 15.9% vs. 4.0% for 7-day smoking, 4.5% vs. 1.2% for established smoking). Students in private schools are 3.4 to 3.8 times more likely to smoke than students in public schools after the adjustment of important covariates (gender, grade, peer smoking, parental smoking, and parents' occupation). Risk of smoking onset by age was also greater for private school students than for public school students. Conclusions. Being in private schools was associated with three to four times increases in the likelihood of current cigarette smoking and heightened risk of smoking onset by age. Findings from this study suggest the urgent need to collect additional data on risk and protective factors as well as the willingness to participate in effective tobacco use intervention prevention among private school students.
Control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in planktonic form and biofilms: a biocidal efficacy study of nonthermal dielectric-barrier discharge plasma.

Background Bacterial contamination of surfaces with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious problem in the hospital environment and is responsible for significant nosocomial infections. The pathogenic contaminants form biofilms, which are difficult to treat with routine biocides. Thus, a continuous search for novel disinfection methods is essential for effective infection control measures. This demonstration of a novel technique for the control of virulent pathogens in planktonic form as well as in established biofilms may provide a progressive alternative to standard methodology. Methods We evaluated a novel technique of normal atmospheric nonthermal plasma known as floating-electrode dielectric-barrier discharge (FE-DBD) plasma against a control of planktonic and biofilm forms of Escherichia coli , S aureus , multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) -95 (clinical isolate), -USA300, and -USA400, using widely accepted techniques such as colony count assay, LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability assay, and XTT (2,3-Bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) assay. Results Exposure of free living planktonic forms of E coli , S aureus , and MRSA were rapidly inactivated by DBD plasma. Approximately 10 7 bacterial cells were completely (100%) killed, whereas 10 8 and 10 9 were reduced by approximately 90% to 95% and 40% to 45%, respectively, in less than 60 seconds (7.8 J/cm 2 ) and completely disinfected in ≤120 seconds. In established biofilms, the susceptibility of MRSA USA400 was comparable with USA300 but less susceptible than MRSA95 (clinical isolate), S aureus , and E coli ( P 2 ). The killing responses were plasma exposure-time dependent, and cell density dependent. The plasma was able disinfect surfaces in a less than 120 seconds. Conclusion Application of DBD plasma can be a valuable decontamination technique for the removal of planktonic and biofilm-embedded bacteria such as MRSA -USA 300, -USA 400, methicillin-sensitive S aureus (MSSA), and E coli , the more common hospital contaminants. Of interest, E coli was more resistant than S aureus phenotypes.
Attitudes and the Attitude-Behavior Relation: Reasoned and Automatic Processes

The chapter re-examines, in light of recent developments, the reasoned action perspective inherent in the expectancy-value model of attitude and in the theory of planned behavior. According to this perspective, people's attitudes follow spontaneously and consistently from beliefs accessible in memory and then guide corresponding behavior. The number and types of beliefs that are accessible vary with motivation and ability to process attitude-relevant information and with the context. Based on these considerations, it is shown that the reasoned action perspective is compatible with evidence for automatic processes in the activation of attitudes and behavior, and with the finding that attitudes can vary with the context in which they are expressed. Implications for the attitude-behavior relation and for the role of habit in human behavior are discussed.
Theorizing movement in an urban transportation system by use of the constant comparative method in field research

Abstract Blending acquaintance knowledge and theoretical knowledge is one of the strengths of field method research. That blending can be systematically related by utilizing the constant comparative method developed in the grounded theory approach to theory construction. A detailed account of the use of a version of that method is given from research on New York subway systems. That account describes how on-site designs can be devised to test successive provisional hypotheses. Ethnographic research is accordingly characterized as a way of thinking rather than being solely a set of observational techniques.
Properties and Functions of Store-Operated Calcium Entry in the Developing Nervous System

Store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) open in response to depletion of calcium stores in the endoplasmic reticulum. These channels are expressed in a variety of tissues including the immune system, vasculature and hepatocytes. The most widely studied and characterized SOC is the Calcium Release-Activated Calcium (CRAC) channel in the immune system. Recent findings indicate that CRAC channels are activated by local interactions between the ER Ca2+ sensor, STIM1 and the CRAC channel subunit, ORAI1. Calcium influx through these channels has been shown to play an important role in transcription of inflammatory mediators such as interleukins and cytokines, mediated by the transcription factor NFAT1.The current study aims at characterizing these channels in the developing nervous system. Calcium imaging experiments demonstrate the presence of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) with properties similar to that mediated by the CRAC channel. Calcium influx following store-depletion is blocked by La3+, a potent CRAC channel blocker. In addition, 2-APB (0.01–0.02 mM) causes a transient elevation in intracellular calcium followed by a decrease, consistent with that observed in immune cells. Functional studies done using NFAT1 tagged to GFP show translocation of this transcription factor to the nucleus upon calcium entry following store-depletion. Further, we find an increase in the levels of endogenous NFAT-dependent gene expression using Luciferase reporter assays. Altogether, these results provide evidence for the existence of store-operated calcium entry in the developing nervous system and point towards a regulatory role for this pathway in gene-transcription.
Information retrieval: Where to find it when you need if: If you must dig deeper, this guide to primary sources and references may quickly ¿point you in the right direction¿

Discusses primary sources, references and guides including computer-aided retrieval services.
Adult intracardiac rhabdomyoma resembling the extracardiac variant

Abstract Rhabdomyomas are benign striated muscle neoplasms that may assume a number of characteristic histologic patterns. These lesions may be classified as cardiac or extracardiac on the basis of their location and histology. We present a case of a large intracardiac mass with the morphologic features of an extracardiac rhabdomyoma occurring in an adult female.
Global Environment Facility investments in the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances

Stratospheric ozone depletion threatens human health and the global environment. In 1987, the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol) set aggressive timelines for countries to phase-out products and organic chemicals that were causing rapid ozone depletion in the Antarctic stratosphere. The Global Environment Facility (GEF), established in 1991, is the largest multilateral funder of environmental protection projects and provides financial support for implementation of the Montreal Protocol. This paper summarizes GEF investments to address ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in Countries with Economies in Transition (CEITs), presents case studies from representative countries, and discusses lessons learned. Complementing the work of the Multilateral Fund that supports developing country Parties of the Montreal Protocol, the GEF provides financial support to CEIT’s to address ODS phase-out targets and timelines. These investments include technology development and transfer, outreach and training, institution building, and programs to phase-out ODS. Working with partners in the public and private sectors, the GEF has allocated approximately US$210 million, leveraging another US$250 million in co-financing, for 28 ODS phase-out projects in 18 CEITs. GEF ODS project investments in CEITs have contributed to Protocol success by phasing-out 20,000 ozone depletion potential (ODP) Megagrams (Mg) of consumption and 29,000 ODP Mg of production. Among the GEF’s most significant efforts to eliminate ODS are projects that transfer technologies and strengthen institutional capabilities of partner countries. These projects have enabled the installation of non-ODS technologies, adoption of best practices by the private sector, and provided CEITs with the legislative and policy framework necessary to sustain ODS phase-out. Almost 25 years after its establishment, the Montreal Protocol with support from financial mechanisms such as the GEF, is a successful model for addressing global environmental challenges.
Effects of turbulence on average refraction angles in occultations by planetary atmospheres

Four separable effects of atmospheric turbulence on average refraction angles in occultation experiments are derived from a simplified analysis, and related to more general formulations by B. S. Haugstad. The major contributors are shown to be due to gradients in height of the strength of the turbulence, and the sense of the resulting changes in refraction angles is explained in terms of Fermat's principle. Because the results of analyses of such gradient effects by W. B. Hubbard and J. R. Jokipii are expressed in other ways, a special effort is made to compare all of the predictions on a common basis. We conclude that there are fundamental differences, and use arguments based on energy conservation and Fermat's principle to help characterize the discrepancies.
Mechanism of isotope exchange reaction between methane and deuterium

The rate of CH4 disappearance in a shock-heated CH4:D2:Ar = 9.70:9.86:80.44 mixture was monitored by coincidence absorption of the 2948 cm−1 He-Ne laser line over the shockfront temperature range of 1900–2300K. Comparison with CH4 pyrolysis results by means of computer simulations suggested that atom and free radical chains are responsible for the homogeneous D/H exchange reaction on CH4. Additional simulations for the experimental conditions of previous single-pulse shock tube experiments led to the recognition of a high sensitivity of the exchange rate to trace amounts of hydrocarbon impurity and to the dissociation rate of CH4.
Corrections to the ft-values of 0+ → 0+ superallowed β-decays

Abstract The second-forbidden corrections to superallowed Fermi β-decays are determined by expectation values rather than matrix elements between states of different structure. They partly cancel the corrections arising from violation of isospin symmetry. Within the limits of experimental uncertainty, ( t ) corr has the same value for all the decays except that of 26 Al.
A 51-Year-Old Man With a Complicated Medical History and Abnormal Chest Radiographic Finding

A 51-year-old man is referred for evaluation of an abnormal chest radiograph finding showing a chest mass. The patient has no chest complaints. He has a diagnosis of COPD (FEV1, 2.0 L; 55% of predicted) and gave up smoking 7 years ago when he received a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. This was followed by a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease 3 years later. Soon after that, he developed an atrioventricular block requiring a permanent pacemaker. He developed spondylosis of the cervical spine with torticollis, and 1 year ago, he underwent a C2-T4 spinal fusion. This was complicated by postoperative bilateral aspiration pneumonia, from which he recovered. His vital signs are normal, and he has an arterial oxygen saturation of 94% while breathing ambient air. His lung examination reveals expiratory wheezes, and he has mild lower-extremity edema bilaterally, but there is no evidence of clubbing. Complete blood count and electrolyte levels are normal. His chest radiograph and high-resolution CT are shown in Figures 1–4. Prior films are unavailable. What is the most likely cause of the radiographic abnormalities?
Philomela Speaks: Alice Walker's Revisioning of Rape Archetypes in The Color Purple

The ancient story of Philomela has resonated in the imaginations of women writers for several thousand years. The presence of this myth in contemporary texts by African American women writers marks the persistence of a powerful archetypal narrative explicitly connecting rape (a violent inscription of the female body), silencing, and the complete erasure of feminine subjectivity.1 For in most versions of this myth Philomela is not only raped-she is also silenced. In Ovid's recounting, for example, Philomela is raped by her brother-in-law, Tereus, who then tears out her tongue. Philomela is finally transformed into a nightingale, doomed to chirp out the name of her rapist for eternity: tereu, tereu. The mythic narrative of Philomela therefore explicitly intertwines rape, silencing, and the destruction of feminine subjectivity. Contemporary African American women's fiction contains allusions to this archetypal rape narrative. In Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye, for example, Pecola Breedlove's rape by her father Cholly causes a fragmentation of her psyche. Pecola's attempts to tell of her rape are nullified by her disbelieving mother, and by the novel's conclusion her voice is only exercised in internal colloquies with an imaginary friend. She flutters along the edges of society, a "winged but grounded bird" (158). Similarly, in Gloria Naylor's The Women of Brewster Place, after Lorraine is gagged and brutally gang raped, she becomes both insane and unable to speak of her rape. Finally, she is left with only one word, a word that echoes back to Philomela's "tereu, tereu," the word she attempted to use to stop her attackers: "Please. Please"
Effect of oxytocin on expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 mRNA and protein in ovine endometrial tissue in vivo.

Abstract The induction of endometrial prostaglandin (PG) F 2α synthesis by oxytocin is dependent upon activation of phospholipase (PL) A 2 and mobilization of arachidonic acid. The objective of this study was to determine if oxytocin stimulates PGF 2α synthesis by inducing synthesis of cytosolic PLA 2 (cPLA 2 ). In Experiment 1, 15 ovariectomized ewes were given progesterone and estradiol to simulate an estrous cycle. Ewes were then given an injection of oxytocin on Day 14 of the simulated estrous cycle. Jugular blood samples were collected and assayed for 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F 2α (PGFM). Uteri were collected at 0, 7.5, 25, 90, or 240 min postinjection (n = 3 ewes/time point). Total RNA was isolated from caruncular endometrium and subjected to dot-blot analysis. Oxytocin induced a rapid and transient increase in serum PGFM (P 0.10). In Experiment 2, 11 ovary-intact ewes were given oxytocin (n = 5) or saline (n = 6) on Day 15 after estrus. Jugular blood samples were collected and assayed for serum concentrations of PGFM. Uteri were collected at 15 min postinjection. Homogenates were prepared from caruncular endometrium and subjected to Western blot analysis. Concentrations of PGFM were higher in oxytocin treated ewes compared to saline treated ewes at 15 min postinjection (P 2 protein were greater in the cytosolic than in the microsomal fraction (P 2 protein in either fraction (P > 0.10). In conclusion, oxytocin did not effect expression of either cPLA 2 mRNA or protein in ovine endometrium. Oxytocin may stimulate PGF 2α synthesis by activating cPLA 2 protein that is already present in an inactive form.
A time–distance criterion for evaluating forecasting models

Abstract In modeling series with leading or lagging indicators, it is useful to compare models in terms of time–distance. This paper formalizes the concept of time–distance in terms of various metrics, and investigates their behavior. For evaluating forecasts, time–distance metrics are shown to be more useful than standard measures (such as mean squared forecasting errors) under some circumstances and some time–distance metrics outperform others. An application to business cycle leading indicators is provided.
Entropy control costs entropic equilibria

Strategic errors may occur because of player trembles or because of noise in the communication channels. Suppose that the probability distribution of potential errors can be influenced at a cost γ proportional to the entropy reduction. This modified strategic-form game involves the choice of a probability distribution over strategies and a probability distribution over potential errors with weight e on the latter. Each modified game has a Nash Equilibrium (NE), and any limit as e → 0 is called an “γ-entropic equilibrium”, γ-entropic equilibria always exist and constitute a subset of trembling-hand-perfect equilibria, but otherwise γ-EE are independent of other refinements such as Proper NE.
Influence of Localized Umklapp Scattering on the Galvanomagnetic Properties of Metals

The Boltzmann equation is used to investigate the influence of umklapp scattering on the galvano-magnetic properties of a nearly-free-electron bcc metal with a spherical Fermi surface. A phenomenological scattering function is used to describe the umklapp scattering. If the areas of the Fermi surface where umklapp scattering occurs are very small and the scattering very intense, the transverse magnetoresistance is found to increase linearly with the magnetic field to a saturation value. The linear variation can occur up to values of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}\ensuremath{\tau}$ as large as 150, i.e., well into the high-magnetic-field region. The Hall "constant" is also found to vary with the magnetic field strength. Application of the results to potassium, aluminum, and cadmium is briefly discussed.
Biomechanical effects of glenoid retroversion in total shoulder arthroplasty.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of glenoid retroversion after total shoulder arthroplasty on glenohumeral joint contact pressures, contact areas, and forces. We studied 8 cadaveric shoulders with a custom shoulder testing system that permits anatomic loading of the rotator cuff and the humerothoracic muscles. Each shoulder was tested intact and after total shoulder arthroplasty with the glenoid component in a neutral position and with the glenoid component retroverted 15°. Glenohumeral contact pressures and areas were measured with Fuji pressure-sensitive film, and the glenohumeral forces were measured with a 6- df load cell. Glenohumeral contact areas decreased significantly, and contact pressures increased after total shoulder arthroplasty with both neutral glenoid components and retroverted glenoid components ( P P P
The impact of endovascular procedures on fellowship training in lower extremity revascularization.

Objective The introduction of endovascular aneurysm repair has resulted in a decline in open abdominal aortic aneurysm repairs performed by vascular residents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if a similar trend has occurred with open lower extremity revascularization procedures, with increased endovascular procedures producing a decrease in the number of open lower extremity revascularizations. Furthermore, this study evaluates the effect of endovascular procedure volume on the frequency of subtypes of open lower extremity procedures performed. Methods The total number of vascular procedures, lower extremity bypasses, and endovascular interventions from 2000 to 2010 were analyzed from case logs of vascular residents as reported by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Results The average number of cases performed by vascular residents has increased by 150% from 463.9 in 2000 to 1168 in 2009, due to the increased number of endovascular procedures. The average number of endovascular revascularizations has increased by 317% from 40.5 performed in 2000 to 168.9 in 2009. Femoral-popliteal bypasses have increased in frequency by 27% whereas the number of infrapopliteal bypass has remained unchanged. The largest difference is seen in femoral endarterectomies with a 234% increase from 3.2 per resident in 2001 to 10.7 per resident in 2010. Comparison of the proportion of femoral-popliteal and tibioperoneal interventions performed by angioplasty or bypass after 2007 revealed that endovascular interventions comprise 50% of procedures in the femoral-popliteal distribution, whereas 65% of infrapopliteal interventions are still performed using open techniques. Conclusions The number of procedures performed during vascular residency has dramatically increased over the last decade secondary to the increased number of endovascular procedures. The average vascular surgery resident's open operative experience has been stable over the last 10 years, despite the increasing endovascular case volume. Residents perform femoral endarterectomy with increasing frequency, perhaps representing an increasing volume of hybrid procedures. Gaps in information available for evaluating resident training remain a significant obstacle. Moving forward, revision of the current reporting system to a format that more accurately reflects resident experience would be beneficial.
Formulas from first-, second-, and third-order perturbation theory for atoms with one valence electron

Abstract Formulas from many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) are given for the first- and second-order wave functions of states in atoms having a single valence electron outside a closed core. These formulas are used to derive expressions for transition amplitudes and energy shifts in first-, second-, and third-order MBPT.
Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents With Pediatric-Onset Spinal Cord Injury

BACKGROUND: Little is known about depression and anxiety in adolescents with spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVE: To examine how depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and usage of treatment differ by age and sex among adolescents with SCI. METHOD: Youth 12 to 18 years old who had acquired SCI at least 1 year prior were recruited from 3 specialty hospitals. They completed the Children's Depression Inventory (ages 12-17 years) or Beck Depression Inventory-II (18 years), and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (12-18 years). Analyses assessed differences between younger and older adolescents and between males and females. RESULTS: The 236 participants were an average age of 15.58 years (SD 1.98), 58% were male, and 60% Caucasian. Average age at injury was 10.57 years (SD 5.50), and 62% had paraplegia. For depression, 5.5% of adolescents ages 12 to 17 years exceeded the clinical cutoff and 12.7% of 18-year-old adolescents fell into a range of moderate or severe depression. For anxiety, 10.6% of adolescents ages 12 to 18 years exceeded the clinical cutoff. Univariate results revealed that older adolescents were more depressed than younger adolescents, and girls were more anxious than boys. An interaction between sex and age emerged, in that older adolescent girls were significantly more anxious than other youth. Older adolescents were also more likely to be taking medications for emotional, psychological, or behavioral reasons. Reports of suicidal ideation did not differ by adolescent age or sex. CONCLUSION: For these adolescents, depression differed with age, and anxiety differed based on age and sex. Implications for intervention include early identification and treatment for struggling adolescents. Language: en
1,3-Cyclohexadiene Polymers. 1. Anionic Polymerization

The anionic polymerization of 1,3-cyclohexadiene (1,3-CHD) using various initiating systems and with or without additives was studied. In contrast to the situation with linear conjugated dienes, co...
Do supermembranes contain massless particles

Abstract We compute the Casimir energy of an 11-dimensional Green-Schwarz supermembrane, generalizing the calculations of Kikkawa and Yamasaki for the bosonic membrane. We find a nonvanishing result. Assuming a simple relation between angular momentum and energy similar to that of the bosonic membrane, we conclude that such supermembranes do not contain massless particles.
Stochastic Voltage/Var control with load variation

Renewable Energy sources are the requirement of the present power system, not only as replenish source but also as distributed generation source. This paper develops a stochastic optimization for Voltage/Var for Optimal Power Flow (OPF) involving load variation. The Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) also invite some imputes along with it such as stochastic behavior. The planning and operation of certain system is also a major challenge for the industry. So, OPF for such system is intriguing problem. One of the important challenge i.e., Voltage/ VAR control is a prime source of complexity and reliability. Therefore, it is fundamental requirement of all the utility companies. There is a need for robust and efficient Voltage VAR optimization technique to meet the peak demand and reduction of the losses. The voltages beyond limit may damage costly sub-station devices and equipment at consumer end as well. Especially, RERs introduces more disturbance and some of the RERs are not capable enough to meet the VAR demand. Hence, there is a strong need for Voltage/ VAR control in RER environment. This paper aims at development of OPF for Voltage VAR control involving RERs using the best available technology. The developed optimization scheme with RERs is tested on 24 bus system with Load Variation into the system.
Polarization observables for two-pion production off the nucleon

We develop polarization observables for the processes {gamma}N {yields} {pi}{pi}N and {pi}N {yields} {pi}{pi}N, using both a helicity and hybrid helicity-transversity basis. Such observables are crucial if processes that produce final states consisting of a spin-1/2 baryon and two pseudoscalar mesons are to be fully exploited for baryon spectroscopy. We derive relationships among the observables, as well as inequalities that they must satisfy. We also discuss the observables that must be measured in ''complete'' experiments, and briefly examine the prospects for measurement of some of these observables in the near future.
The Principal's Next Challenge: The Twentieth Century Art of Managing Stress:

Stress is a normal condition of living in today's complex society. It is a condi tion to which the school administrator is not immune. A formula for measuring stress and some strategies for dealing...
Covering lemmas and an application to nodal geometry on Riemannian manifolds

The main part of this note is to show a general covering lemma in Rn, n 2 2 , with the aim to obtain the estimate for BMO norm and the volume of a nodal set of eigenfunctions on Riemannian manifolds. This article is a continuation of our previous work [L]. In [L] we proved a covering lemma in R2 and applied it to the BMO norm estimates for eigenfunctions on Riemannian surfaces. The principal part of this article is to prove a general covering lemma in Rn for n 2 2 . As applications, we can obtain the BMO estimate for eigenfunctions and the volume estimate for the nodal set. Let M n be a smooth, compact, and connected Riemannian manifold with no boundary. Let A denote the Laplacian on M n . Let -Au = ilu, u an eigenfunction with eigenvalue il , il > 1 . Our main results can be stated as follows Theorem A (BMO estimate for log lul) . For u , il as above and n 2 3 , where C is independent of il and u and is only dependent on n and M n Theorem B (geometry of nodal domains). Let n 2 3 and u , il as above. Let B c M n be any ball, and let R c B be any of the connected components of {x E B :u(x) # 0) . If R intersects the middle halfof B , then where C is independent of il and u Donnelly and Fefferman [DFl, DF2] and Chanillo and Muckenhoupt [CM] proved Theorem A with (10gil)~ replaced by iln(n+2)/4 and iln log2 , respectively, and Theorem B with A-2n2-n14 replaced by il-(n+n2(n+2))/2 and il-2n2-n/2 (log il)-2n , respectively. Received by the editors June 28, 1991. 1991 Mathematics Subject Class$cation. Primary 35B05, 58G03. @ 1993 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939193 $1.00 + $.25 per page
Three-dimensional image processing for acoustic microscopy

The authors have built a scanning acoustic microscope operating in the 3- to 10-MHz range that measures both amplitude and phase. Using the additional information available with an acoustic microscope that measures phase as well as amplitude allows image processing that cannot be done with amplitude alone. The effective resolution can be increased in the transverse resolution and doubled in the vertical direction by Fourier deconvolution of experimental images taken at a single frequency. By combining images taken at closely-spaced frequencies, a significant further increase in effective depth resolution can be obtained. These techniques were applied to images of a deep trench designed as a scale model of vertical capacitors in integrated circuits. The effects of the surface on the overall image can be removed, leaving only the image of the bottom of the trench. The reflection from the top surface of a block of aluminium was numerically removed, providing better contrast of substrate defects. >
Reversal of primary embryonic induction by cold, and the "fixation" of induction in cells activated by lithium chloride.

The effects of low temperature on embryonic induction were investigated. Presumptive epidermis cells of Rana pipiens were either pretreated with cold (4°C) and then treated with lithium chloride at the same temperature, or activated by lithium chloride at 22°C, then rapidly chilled to 4° and kept at this temperature for a period of time. Cultures were made from the treated cells. It was found that induction at low temperature could occur, although it did not proceed beyond determining neuralization. When, on the other hand, the cells were first induced with LiCl to the point at which they should have been determined to differentiate into melanophores, but were then rapidly chilled and kept in the cold for some time, the effects of induction were suppressed and the cells differentiated into ciliated epithelium. A 15–60 minute lag in time between induction and chilling (during which the cells were kept in the culture medium at room temperature) allowed neural induction to be gradually “fixed,” and a 120–180 minute lag was sufficient for melanphore induction to become insensitive to the subsequent treatment with cold. It is speculated from these results that induction occurs very slowly at low temperature and that the inductive stimulus activates a sequence of reactions, one or several of which are strongly repressed by the cold. In this case, when no products result from these reactions, the sequence is assumed to stop and possible feed-back mechanisms switch the whole system to its initial condition.
Micromechanical analysis of crack initiation and hysteresis loops of aluminium single crystals under high-cycle fatigue

Abstract The micromechanical model of extrusion formation in a polycrystal under high-cycle fatigue is briefly reviewed. Following the same general approach, and guided by the observations of Mecke and Blochwitz on the subgrain boundary displacement in a single crystal, a micromechanic model of extrusions and intrusions in an aluminum single crystal with multiple fatigue bands under stress-controlled loading is presented. The microstress and strain fields in the crystal are calculated by the boundary element method for the three-dimensional elasto-plastic solids. From these microfields, the macroscopic stress and strain of the crystal at different stages of loading are calculated. The numerical analysis gives the changes in hysteresis loop shape with loading cycles. The incremental plastic strain distribution and the incremental residual stress in each cycle depend on the initial shear stresses. Two sets of initial stresses are taken to calculate the hysteresis loops. This shows the dependence of the shap...
Genome-wide identification of allele-specific expression (ASE) in response to Marek’s disease virus infection using next generation sequencing

Background Marek’s disease (MD), a T cell lymphoma induced by the highly oncogenic α-herpesvirus Marek’s disease virus (MDV), is the main chronic infectious disease concern threatening the poultry industry. Enhancing genetic resistance to MD in commercial poultry is an attractive method to augment MD vaccines, which is currently the control method of choice. In order to optimally implement this control strategy through marker-assisted selection (MAS) and to gain biological information, it is necessary to identify specific genes that influence MD incidence.
Family‐based interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed preadolescents: an open‐treatment trial

Aim: To conduct an open-treatment trial to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and clinical outcomes of using a family-based adaptation of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depressed Adolescents with a sample of preadolescents (ages 9–12) presenting for outpatient treatment for depression. Methods: Sixteen preadolescents who met criteria for a depressive disorder according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition participated in this open-treatment trial of family-based interpersonal psychotherapy (FBIPT). Parents chose whether their preadolescents should receive FB-IPT only (n = 10) or FB-IPT with antidepressant medication (n = 6). Pre- and post-treatment assessments included clinician-administered measures of depression and global functioning, and parent- and child-reported anxiety symptoms. Results: FB-IPT was associated with high treatment compliance rates (88%) and was associated with significant decreases in preadolescents’ depressive and anxiety symptoms. Preadolescents who received FB-IPT only were as likely as those receiving FB-IPT and medication to have significant reductions in depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms, and to experience significant improvement in global functioning. Parents were more likely to choose combination treatment when their depressed preadolescents had a comorbid anxiety disorder. Conclusions: Further research on FB-IPT is needed to establish its efficacy as compared with usual outpatient treatment, its ability to be disseminated to child clinicians with varying levels of training and in adequately powered randomized controlled trials that can detect group differences.
What's Love Got to Do with it? Close Relationships and Perceived Growth:

This study examined whether relationship characteristics predict increased perceptions of growth. Partners from 301 dating couples each rated how much supportive assistance they received, their love for their partners, how much they became closer to their ideals, and how much closer their partners became to the partners' ideals. After 5 months, 184 women and 138 men again rated how much they and their partners became closer to their ideals. Time 1 ratings of becoming closer to ideals were partialed from Time 2 ratings; the partner's love and the individual's perceptions of assistance were used (separately) to predict the increase in becoming closer to ideals (growth). As hypothesized, the more the partner loved the individual, the more growth each partner reported for the individual. Also, the more assistance the individual received, the more growth both partners reported that the men experienced and the more growth women reported experiencing.
Characterization of presolar silicate and oxide grains in primitive carbonaceous chondrites

Raster ion imaging of the oxygen isotopes with the NanoSIMS ion microprobe has been used to identify presolar grains in two primitive meteorites. Eleven presolar silicates and eight presolar oxides were identified in the primitive carbonaceous chondrite Acfer 094 for abundances of 325 and 360 parts per million (ppm), respectively. In addition, nine presolar silicates and five presolar oxide grains were identified in the CO3 chondrite ALHA 77307, for abundancesof 320and200ppm,respectively.Theseabundances,whicharematrix-normalizedandcorrectedforinstrumental detectionefficiencies,aremuchhigherthanthoseofotherpresolarphases,withtheexceptionof nanodiamonds,although the latter may not all be presolar. The chemical compositions of six presolar silicate grains from ALHA 77307 were elucidated by Auger spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of one presolar silicate grain revealed a nonstoichiometric composition and an amorphous structure as indicated by the diffuse electron diffraction pattern. The oxygen isotopic compositions of the presolar silicates indicate origins in red giant and asymptotic giant branch stars. Analysis of the Si isotopic compositions of 10 presolar silicates provides further constraints on the effects of Galactic chemical evolution. Subject headingg circumstellar matter — dust, extinction — Galaxy: evolution — nuclear reactions, nucleosynthesis, abundances — stars: evolution
Paracrine regulation of fetal lung morphogenesis using human placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells

Abstract Background Recent experimental work suggests the therapeutic role of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) during perinatal lung morphogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential paracrine effects of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (PL-MSCs) on pulmonary development. Methods Human MSCs were isolated from preterm placental chorion. Normal E14.5–15.5 fetal rat lungs were subsequently harvested and cultured ex vivo in the presence of conditioned media from PL-MSCs for 72 h. The lungs were analyzed morphometrically and by quantitative DNA, protein, and gene expression. Postnatal human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and neonatal foreskin fibroblasts (FF) were used as controls. Results The MSC phenotype of the isolated placental cells was confirmed. Compared with lungs cultured in the absence of PL-MSCs, fetal lung growth was markedly accelerated on exposure to PL-MSC conditioned media as demonstrated by increases in Δlung surface area, terminal bud formation, and Δterminal bud formation. Pulmonary growth was predominantly impacted by enhanced branching morphogenesis, as shown by 73.5 ± 6.1 terminal buds after stimulation with PL-MSCs compared with 46.7 ± 5.7 terminal buds in control unconditioned media (P Conclusions These data suggest that human PL-MSCs are potent paracrine stimulators of pulmonary morphogenesis in a fetal organ culture model. Cell therapies based on autologous or donor-derived PL-MSCs may represent a novel strategy for enhancing perinatal lung growth.
Are excessive granulation tissue formation and retarded wound contraction due to decreased collagenase activity in wounds in tight-skin mice?

Summary Wound contraction is delayed in tight-skin mice but the mechanism(s) are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate collagenase levels and the formation of granulation tissue in experimental wounds in tight-skin mice. One full-thickness skin excision (20×20 mm) was made on the back of nine tight-skin and eight normal mice. Granulation tissue analyses were performed 7 days post-operatively. The collagenase activity was determined by the use of a radiolabelled telopeptide-free collagen substrate, and the amount of granulation tissue was determined gravimetrically. Wound contraction was delayed (P<0.001) in tight-skin mice (mean 22%) compared with normal mice (mean 46%). The collagenase activity was decreased (P<0.05) by 40%, whereas the quantity of granulation tissue was increased (P<0.001) by 60% in the wounds of tight-skin mice. Decreased collagenase content may provide one explanation for the delayed contraction of full- thickness wounds in tight-skin mice. Furthermore, this animal wound model may prove useful in the understanding of the pathogenesis, and in exploration of treatment, of excessive granulation tissue formation during wound healing.
Are institutional investors myopic? A time‐series study of four technology‐driven industries

This paper examines the popular myth that managers in high-technology industries are altering their critical R&D investments in response to the short-term profit pressures of large institutional stockholders. The study entails an empirical examination of the relationship between R&D spending and institutional ownership over a 10-year period for 129 firms based in four research-intensive industries. Contrary to the view that institutional investors are having a damaging affect on R&D spending, after controlling for intervening effects the results suggest that higher levels of institutional ownership may be associated with greater R&D expenditures. A number of possible explanations for this finding are developed.