cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vivo laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy of pig liver with a temperature-controlled diode laser and MRI correlation.

Background and Objective To evaluate the efficacy of a new temperature-controlled Diode laser to generate in vivo tissue coagulations with laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) in pig liver and MRI-correlation of these necroses. Study Design/Materials and Methods Each of four animal subjects received eight treatments at four different constant temperatures (70, 80, 90, and 100°C) and at two out of three different intervals (3, 6, 9 minutes), resulting in a total of 32 lesions. After sacrificing, the liver was examined in an open MRI (0.35T). Tissue necrosis was measured macroscopically and compared with the size measured by MRI. Results The size of the necrosis was energy dependent with the largest extent at 100°C at 9 minutes (2.1 cm). The correlation between macroscopic lesion size and MRI findings was significant (P > 0.036). Histological workup excluded carbonization in every case. Conclusions LITT carried out with the Diode laser provides reproducible necroses of pig liver in vivo. MR-imaging results compared favorably with those obtained by pathologic specimens. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:374–378, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Buried Gas Transmission Pipelines: Temperature Profile Prediction through the Corresponding States Principle

Abstract A new analytic technique for the prediction of temperature profile of buried gas pipelines is developed based on the corresponding states principle. The resulting equations are tested through prediction of the actual experimental data. It is demonstrated that the new technique can predict temperature profile quite accurately without using any additional chart or table. This technique can also be used for prediction of gas mixture temperature profile flowing in a buried pipeline.
Syzygies for Metropolis base chains

It is shown that Markov chains for sampling from combinatorial sets in the form of experimental designs can be made more efficient by using syzygies on gradient vectors. Examples are presented.
Aberrant Left Coronary Artery Arising from the Right Sinus of Valsalva with a Right Coronary Arteriovenous Malformation

An 11-year-old boy presented with myocardial ischemia and was found to have an aberrant left main coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva coursing between the aorta and pulmonary artery, as well as a small arteriovenous malformation from a right atrial branch of the right coronary artery to the right atrium. Distinctive echocardiographic findings were supported by angiographic and magnetic resonance imaging studies. Treadmill and scintigraphic stress testing were normal. Corrective surgery was accomplished by a modified technique to unroof the intramural proximal course of the left coronary artery, without postoperative complications. The anatomy and pathophysiology of this rare coronary lesion are reviewed.
A histone deacetylase inhibitor potentiates estrogen receptor activation of a stably integrated vitellogenin promoter in HepG2 cells.

To compare the role of histone deactylation in estrogen activation of a transiently transfected vitellogenin (VIT) promoter and an integrated VIT promoter in the same cells, we produced three HepG2, human hepatoma, cell lines (HepG2ERV cells) stably expressing human estrogen receptor α (hERα) and containing an integrated VIT promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (VIT-CAT) reporter gene. The three ER-positive HepG2ERV cell lines and wild-type, ER-negative, HepG2 cells cotransfected with cytomegalovirus-hERα exhibited similar MOX-dependent inductions of 20- to 50-fold with a transiently transfected VIT-luciferase reporter and 15- to 50-fold with a transfected 4-estrogen response element-TATA-luciferase reporter gene. The histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, did not enhance MOX induction of the transiently transfected VIT promoter in the HepG2ERV cells. In contrast, trichostatin A dramatically potentiated MOX induction of the stably integrated VIT-CAT reporter gene, resulting in MOX-ER-depende...
Horizontal transmission of Metarhizium anisopliae among laboratory populations of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Abstract The horizontal transmission capacity of the autochthonous Metarhizium anisopliae strain EAMa 01/58-Su among Ceratitis capitata adults was evaluated in laboratory tests. Males and females inoculated either with dry conidia or with wet conidia became infected exhibiting 95.0–100.0% mortality rates with mycosis and Average Survival Time values of 8.30–9.30 days. Both the inoculation method and the sex, however, had a significant effect on the effectiveness of transmission; thus, inoculation with dry conidia resulted in higher transmission rates than inoculation with wet conidia. In both inoculation methods, the male-to-female rate of transmission ranging between 90.0% (wet) and 100.0% (dry) was higher than the female-to-male rate, which varied from 60.0% (wet) to 90.0% (dry). While the effectiveness of transmission was highly correlated with the sexual proportion between inoculated males and clean females, the mean number of females infected by males tended to be constant (4.5–5.5). SEM micrographs of clean C. capitata females than had been paired during 24 h with inoculated males revealed the presence of conidia in the dorsal thoracic and abdominal sclerites, with many conidia either germinated or not being observed in the female ovipositor. The horizontal transmission potential of M. anisopliae strain EAMa 01/58-Su was evaluated against C. capitata in cage experiments using an experimental autoinoculation device consisting of a plastic mineral water bottle. Adults of C. capitata of both sexes entered and exited the autoinoculation device for the 48 h of exposure and became infected with the fungus with 100.0% male and female mortality followed by mycosis. Moreover, adults of C. capitata that were maintained for 48 h in contact with the autoinoculation device transmitted the fungal inoculum to clean adults of the opposite sex, with 95.0% mortality rates of clean males or females. These results reveal the relevant contribution that horizontal transmission has on the overall efficacy of fungal treatment for medflies, and they indicate that medflies might potentially be controlled through the use of EAMa 01/58-Su strain in an autoinoculation device.
Derivation of highly purified cardiomyocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells using small molecule-modulated differentiation and subsequent glucose starvation

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have become an important cell source to address the lack of primary cardiomyocytes available for basic research and translational applications. To differentiate hiPSCs into cardiomyocytes, various protocols including embryoid body (EB)-based differentiation and growth factor induction have been developed. However, these protocols are inefficient and highly variable in their ability to generate purified cardiomyocytes. Recently, a small molecule-based protocol utilizing modulation of Wnt/β-Catenin signaling was shown to promote cardiac differentiation with high efficiency. With this protocol, greater than 50%-60% of differentiated cells were cardiac troponin-positive cardiomyocytes were consistently observed. To further increase cardiomyocyte purity, the differentiated cells were subjected to glucose starvation to specifically eliminate non-cardiomyocytes based on the metabolic differences between cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes. Using this selection strategy, we consistently obtained a greater than 30% increase in the ratio of cardiomyocytes to non-cardiomyocytes in a population of differentiated cells. These highly purified cardiomyocytes should enhance the reliability of results from human iPSC-based in vitro disease modeling studies and drug screening assays.
Histologic evaluation of combining tetracycline and allogeneic freeze-dried bone on bone regeneration in experimental defects in baboons.

Tetracyclines (TTC) have been used both systemically and locally during periodontal bone grafting procedures, but previous work regarding the effect of TTC on new bone formation has been contradictory. The purpose of this study was to determine if the use of locally applied TTC in combination with freeze-dried bone allografts (FDBA) would enhance bone regeneration in an experimental alveolar bone osseous defect grafting system. Pre-weighed freeze-dried bone allograft particles (300-500 μ diameter) were placed in nylon mesh chambers (250 μ pore size) and rehydrated with either 10 μg/ml aqueous TTC or sterile distilled water. Empty chambers were used as further controls. The chambers were placed in the posterior mandible of baboons in surgically created windows. After 3 and 5 weeks, the chambers were retrieved, processed histologically, and analyzed histometrically for new bone formation. The TTC-rehydrated FDBA demonstrated much greater (> 5 x) new bone formation than the water rehydrated FDBA. These resul...
A Peasant Reading of the Parable of the Talents/Pounds: A Text of Terror?:

A study of the social relations implied in the parable of the talents/pounds viewed in its narrative world. The study indicates that this parable is the product of imaginations socialized in the dy...
A methodology for LBIST logic diagnosis in high volume manufacturing

LBIST (Logic Built-In Self Test) is a structural test method that tests a circuit by running test patterns generated on the die as opposed to ATPG (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) method in which the test patterns are pre-generated to test specific fault types. LBIST has emerged as an alternative scan based test methodology due to its attractive benefits such as reduced pattern size and field testability. LBIST uses pseudo random patterns enabling it to generate patterns on the die saving tester memory to a large extent. At the same time it poses challenges to enable fail data collection for later debug as the LBIST test iterations are usually large (typically 100000). Tester time is not a big concern for a LBIST based method if the objective is to know if the unit passed or failed, but memory usage is a concern due to the need to compare intermediate scan responses to determine and collect failing responses for diagnosis and debug purposes. This motivated us to come up with a methodology for fail data collection that optimizes tester time and memory and collects enough fail data to provide acceptable diagnosis quality. In this paper we have presented a methodology for fail data collection and discussed the tester overheads for LBIST logic diagnosis.
The initial 87Sr86Sr ratios of the Kirwan volcanics of Dronning Maud Land: Comparison with the Kirkpatrick Basalt, Transantarctic Mountains

Abstract A series of lava flows from Mountain B (6°13.9′W, 74°06.9′S) of the Kirwan Escarpment in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, is composed of tholeiite basalts of Jurassic age. Their chemical compositions are similar to those of Jurassic basalts elsewhere in Dronning Maud Land but differ from those of the Kirkpatrick Basalt of the Transantarctic Mountains. The basalts on Mountain B contain 50.39% SiO 2 , 9.7 ppm Rb, 174.4 ppm Sr, have a Rb/Sr ratio of 0.057, and a K/Rb ratio of 417. Their average initial 87 Sr 86 Sr ratio is 0.7044 ± 0.0010 (1 σ ) which suggests that the magma from which they formed could have been derived from the upper mantle without extensive contamination with 87 Sr and other elements. These results confirm earlier suggestions that the Jurassic basalts of Dronning Maud Land differ significantly from the Kirkpatrick Basalt and the Ferrar Dolerite of the Transantarctic Mountains. These differences in chemical and Sr-isotopic composition may be related to tectonic activity and magma formation during the break-up of Gondwanaland.
Development of cutaneous and proprioceptive afferent projections in the chick spinal cord.

Abstract Muscle and cutaneous nerves were individually labeled with Dil in chick embryos to examine the development of sensory afferent arborizations in the spinal cord. Initially, cutaneous and muscle arbors were similar; both types first entered the spinal gray matter at stage 28–29 (embryonic day (E) 6). Differences in projections were first observed by late stage 34 (E8.5): muscle afferent collaterals extended almost unbranched to the level of motoneuronal dendrites while cutaneous afferents branched frequently and remained within the dorsal horn. Projections of putative small caliber axons into laminae 1 and 2, located laterally in the chick, did not develop until E13–14.
Calcium Alginate Barrier Films Modified by Montmorillonite Clay

The goal of decreasing the permeation of small molecules through calcium alginate films is addressed by incorporating small amounts of montmorillonite clay into the polymer. Incorporation is achieved by (i) blending up to 3 wt% pre‐exfoliated montmorillonite into sodium alginate polymer solutions, (ii) casting thin films, (iii) cross‐linking the chains with calcium chloride solution into insoluble calcium alginate, and (iv) drying the resulting cross‐linked materials. Exfoliation and dispersion of the montmorillonite platelets is assessed by light scattering and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. The barrier properties of the impregnated films were gauged by permeation of benzaldehyde using a Hanson‐Research diffusion cell. Decreased permeability is found at clay loadings below 3 wt%. Dedicated to Professor John L. Stanford on the occasion of his 60th birthday.
A high-temperature prototype instrument for downhole acoustic sensing

This paper presents the design for an acoustic instrument which can operate at frequencies of 10–40 kHz and temperatures up to 250°C. It first introduces a high-temperature circuit using Sandia's Sprytron switching tube and an over-voltage gap. Next, the high-temperature performance of a 2-V Permendur magnetostrictive transducer (for the transmitter), and a piezoelectric material (for the receiver) is described. The problems encountered and the corresponding solutions are revealed. The design of an acoustic isolator and the mechanical housing of this instrument are presented.
Research and development status of ceramic breeder materials

Abstract The breeding blanket is a key component of the fusion reactor because it directly involves tritium breeding and energy extraction, both of which are critical to development of fusion power. The lithium ceramics continue to show promise as candidate breeder materials. This promise was also recognized by the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) design team in its selection of ceramics as the first option breeder material. Blanket design studies have indicated areas in the properties data base that need further investigation. Current studies are focusing on issues such as tritium release behavior at high burnup, changes in thermophysical properties with burnup, compatibility between ceramic breeder and beryllium multiplier, and phase changes with burnup. Laboratory and in-reactor tests are underway, some as part of an international collaboration for development of ceramic breeder materials.
Accelerating the Deployment of Security Service Infrastructure with Collective Intelligence and Analytics

With the increasing complexity of IT outsourcing environments thousands of servers and their configurations are increasingly managed by globally distributed teams. This requires a flexible identity access management process in place to efficiently provision necessary access rights for a given system, only if users need it, when they need it and for only as long as they need it. In this paper we present a novel approach to discovering required role permissions by integrating system data and enterprise crowd sourcing (a process where a group of experts solve problems through collaboration). By mining server registries, compliance repositories (such as user revalidation records), we derive a set of servers and the respective access rights for each team member. This data is then validated and updated by one or more team members using the principles of crowd sourcing. We show that this approach improves the role discovery process and accelerates the deployment of the security service infrastructure.
Biobleaching of pulp with dioxygen in the laccase-mediator system — reaction mechanisms for degradation of residual lignin

Abstract Pine Kraft-AQ pulp was biobleached with pressurized dioxygen at 40°C in laccase-mediator system (LMS), i.e. in acetate buffer (pH 4.5) containing Coriolus-laccase and 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (HOBT), the latter being as a mediator. The LMS-treatment was followed by alkaline extraction (E) under standard conditions. The structures of the residual lignins before and after the biobleaching did not differ appreciably. This indicates that only a part of the residual lignin in the pulp undergoes oxidative degradation in the LMS treatment. In contrast, the treatment resulted in strong changes in the structure of the lignin isolated from E-effluents. The 2D HMQC (1H13C correlation) spectra showed the disappearance of β-O-4′, β-β′ and β-5′ bonds in the structure of the alkaline soluble lignin (ASL) from E-effluents, which are present in the 2D spectrum of the original residual lignin (RKL). In addition, the spectra exhibited new signals that are assigned to ArCOOH in biphenyl (5-5′) moieties. This implies that oxidative cleavage of side chains plays an important role in the delignification of pulp. The NMR studies also indicated that intensive degradation of aromatic ring has occurred in the biobleaching. However, premethylation of neither benzyl alcohol nor phenolic hydroxyl groups of the residual lignin in pulp before the biobleaching affected the rate of delignification. The latter indicates that phenolic moieties participate not only in oxidative degradation but also dehydrogenative polymerization reactions in the biobleaching. This is consistent with an appreciable increase in the proportion of fractions with higher molecular mass in lignin isolated from E-effluents.
Germinal Disc-Derived Epidermal Growth Factor: A Paracrine Factor to Stimulate Proliferation of Granulosa Cells

The germinal disc (GD) of the chicken oocyte produces factors that influence proliferation and differentiation of granulosa cells. Granulosa cells proximal to the GD are more proliferative, whereas granulosa cells distal to the GD are more differentiated. Previously, we had found epidermal growth factor (EGF) was present in the GD. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that EGF is the GD-derived paracrine factor that stimulates proliferation of granulosa cells. Northern analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and radioimmunoassay indicated that the GD and granulosa cells but not theca cells are the sources of EGF in chicken preovulatory follicles. However, only the conditioned medium from the GD region (GDR = GD + overlying granulosa cells) but not the granulosa cell-conditioned medium stimulated proliferation of granulosa cells. Pretreatment of conditioned media with EGF antibody abolished the proliferation-stimulating effect of the GDR-conditioned medium. We conclude that EGF is one of the paracrine factors produced by the GD to stimulate proliferation of granulosa cells. Granulosa cells proximal to the GD express a proliferative phenotype possibly because they are exposed to a greater amount of EGF derived from the GD.
DIRTCam in the desert: The Silver Lake field test of the Robotic Arm Camera

The Robotic Arm Camera (RAC) is a panchromatic imager included as part of the Mars Volatiles and Climate Surveyor (MVACS) science experiment on Mars Polar Lander and on the Mars 2001 lander. It is designed to take both panoramic and microscopic images in order to gather data on the morphology and mineralogy of surface materials. In order to demonstrate these capabilities, a field test was conducted at Silver Lake playa in the Mojave Desert. The test consisted of going to a remote site unknown to the science team and providing that team with a data set of RAC panoramic, anaglyph, and microscopic images similar to what would be available during an actual landing. With only this information the science team attempted a determination of the position and the geology of the field test site. Using panoramic and anaglyph images provided by RAC, in conjunction with overflight images simulating data from a descent camera, the landing site for the field test was determined within 50 m of the actual site as lying near both a playa and an alluvial fan. Images of samples from the surface and within the trench revealed grain morphology, texture, and mineralogy indicating a soil dominated by quartz and feldspar, interspersed with a minor mafic component. Grain-size distribution was bimodal, with small, rounded to subrounded grains dominant at lower depths and larger, more angular grains more plentiful near the surface. This mineralogy is confirmed by the geology of the site and the data provided by the descent images and mid-IR measurements. RAC has demonstrated its ability to image the local geology and identify the major mineralogic components of an unknown site. These abilities will be crucial in understanding both the macroscopic and the microscopic geology of future Mars landing sites. This test also has demonstrated the crucial link between RAC data and complementary data sets such as context images and compositional data that can support the mineralogic observations made by RAC.
Role of calcium channels in spreading depression in rat hippocampal slices.

Abstract In the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices, spreading depression (SD) was provoked by a brief period of hypoxia or by localized application of high potassium solution. We measured extracellular DC voltage (Vo), extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]o) and/or extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]0). SD was provoked under control conditions and also when voltage-gated Ca2+ channels were blocked by application of 2 mM Ni2+ or Co2+. In some experiments, CPP, DNQX, or the two together were also applied to block glutamate receptor-coupled channels. When SD was provoked by hypoxia, these treatments significantly increased the latency of SD onset and decreased the amplitudes of the accompanying δVo δ[Ca2+]o. Hypoxia-induced SD was never blocked completely, however and δ[Ca2+]o was reduced at most by 50%. When SD was provoked by application of high K+ solution near the recording site, Ni2+ or Co2+ partially suppressed the Vo and [Ca2+]o shifts but did not block SD altogether. When high K+ solution was applied at a distance, Ni2+ or Co2+ blocked the propagation of SD to the recording site. We conclude that during SD, a significant proportion of the calcium ions flowing into neurons does not pass through voltage-gated or glutamate receptor-linked channels.
Trauma and aging effects on hospital costs and length of stay

Two hundred eleven consecutive admissions entered into the trauma registry of an inner-city hospital over a six-month period were studied. Length of stay, age, mechanism of injury, trauma score, gross financial charges, daily charges, and reimbursement rates were analyzed by linear multiple regression. Length of stay and gross financial charges were found to be significantly associated with age and trauma score. Daily charges were associated with length of stay and trauma score. Reimbursement rates were inversely associated with age and length of stay. The elderly make up a significant proportion of trauma victims and the cost of their care is higher than for younger patients. Because reimbursement for this age group is based largely on diagnosis-related groups, which pay only fixed costs, trauma centers must analyze the potential economic impact of older trauma victims.
Self-organizing TCP with multiple wireless LAN

Wireless access networks have been widely deployed in urban areas. However, current network managers on mobile devices cannot provide continuous connectivity for applications when the device is moving from one access network to another. In this paper, we propose a Self-Organizing Network Manager (SONM). It organizes different wireless links to provide more reliable connectivity for upper layer protocols and applications. To properly switch between different wireless access networks, SONM makes decisions by using a heuristic method that takes into account signal strength, link quality, and accelerometer values from the mobile device. SONM creates redundant links when needed, and manages configurations in different layers of the TCP/IP stack. We partially implement SONM to support multiple WiFi networks and test the application goodput. Test results validate that SONM is able to smoothly switch from one AP to another, without introducing perceivable performance degradation.
Francis of Assisi and His Order: Questions, Conflict, and Identity

Augustine Thompson, O.P. Francis of Assisi: A New Biography . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012. 299 pp., $29.95, ISBN 978-0-8014-5070-9. Neslihan Senohak. The Poor and the Perfect: The Ri...
Rescue of the Epstein–Barr Virus BZLF1 Mutant, Z(S186A), Early Gene Activation Defect by the BRLF1 Gene Product

Abstract Expression of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) immediate-early protein, BZLF1 (Z), is sufficient to disrupt viral latency. Z transcriptionally activates the EBV early genes by binding to upstream Z-responsive elements (ZREs). Recently, a serine-to-alanine mutation of Z residue 186 (within the basic DNA binding domain) was shown to inhibit the ability of Z to induce lytic infection in latently infected cells, although the Z(S186A) mutant could still bind several known ZREs and activated an early EBV promoter (BMRF1) in transient reporter gene assays (Francis, A. L., Gradoville, L., and Miller, G. (1997). J. Virol. 71, 3054–3061). We now show that a specific deficiency in the ability to bind to ZRE elements in the immediate-early BRLF1 promoter may account for the inability of Z(S186A) to activate BRLF1 expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the ability of Z(S186A) to induce early BMRF1 and BHRF1 gene expression is rescued by cotransfection with a BRLF1 expression vector. However, the Z(S186A)/BRLF1 (R) combination cannot induce full lytic replication, suggesting that Z(S186A) may also be deficient in a replication-specific function. These results suggest that in the context of the intact viral genome, both Z and R expression are required for activation of early gene transcription in latently infected cells.
Surgical management of prostate cancer. Contemporary results with anatomic radical prostatectomy

In men with clinically localized prostate cancer whose life expectancy exceeds 10 years, radical prostatectomy has been considered the preferred treatment. When the cancer is confined to the prostate, radical prostatectomy has yielded excellent long term, cancer-free survival results; however, when the cancer escapes from the prostate, recurrence rates increase progressively with the degree of cancer spread. The morbidity and mortality rates for prostate cancer are high because, in the past, the cancer usually was detected late. Recent advances in early detection and surgical technique have increased the opportunities to improve treatment outcomes. However, some authors have questioned the preference of radical prostatectomy over expectant management. This article presents the author's experience with anatomic radical prostatectomy, in which an undetectable postoperative serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level was used to measure the success of therapy in approximately 1000 patients treated during the past decade. The results are compared with those reported from other centers that also have ample experience with this operation. Together, these results suggest that contemporary anatomic radical prostatectomy provides unexcelled cancer control with low mortality and morbidity rates. With PSA screening, it is now possible to detect prostate cancers sooner, when patients are younger and more of the tumors are organ confined. Therefore, the treatment outcomes should be correspondingly more favorable in the future. Prospective, randomized studies are underway to compare the results of radical prostatectomy with those of expectant management in patients with clinically localized disease. However, until other treatments are proved to be as effective as radical prostatectomy in a representative patient population, radical prostatectomy should be considered the preferred treatment for men with localized prostate cancer whose life expectancy exceeds 10 years. Cancer 1995 ;75 :1903-8.
NUMERICAL RESPONSE OF LIZARDS TO AQUATIC INSECTS AND SHORT-TERM CONSEQUENCES FOR TERRESTRIAL PREY

Spatial subsidies, or inputs of resources from more productive donor habitats, can cause numerical responses in consumer populations via behavioral and demographic mechanisms. In addition, subsidies may have indirect effects on the in situ prey of these consumers. These indirect effects can be either negative (e.g., apparent competition) or positive (e.g., via diet shifts) depending on the relative strength of the predator's functional and numerical responses to prey subsidies. Here we report a numerical response by a lizard (Western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis) to experimental reductions in the flux of river-derived insects. Initially, equal densities of lizards declined significantly faster in plots in which aquatic insect abundance was reduced by nearly 50% (season average) relative to controls. Abundance and biomass of terrestrial arthropods declined significantly between the start and end of the experiment across treatments. Despite consistently lower lizard abundance in plots with reduced subsidy levels, however, relative declines in the abundance and biomass of in situ terrestrial arthropods (all taxa combined) were not significantly different between reduced- and ambient-subsidy plots. Relative declines in spider biomass differed significantly between treatments and were higher in reduced-subsidy than ambient-subsidy plots, but only over one of three 3-wk sampling intervals. Thus, over the biologically active summer season, aquatic subsidies exerted brief positive or no significant indirect effects on the in situ prey of riparian lizards. These results suggest that, although aquatic insect prey may determine the spatial distribution and local abundance of riparian predators, the effects of increased predator density on in situ prey may be offset by higher per capita predation by these consumers on in situ prey in subsidy-poor relative to subsidy-rich habitats.
Cranial irradiation of young rats impairs later learning and growth.

Abstract Young rats (26 days) were exposed to ionizing radiation of the head of 0, 1200, 2400, or 3000 rads total in 200 rads/day doses. The subsequent growth of irradiated rats was permanently impaired: such impairment was positively related to amount of irradiation. Beginning in adolescence, rats were trained on a horizontal/vertical visual discrimination in a runway task, and although all four groups mastered the discrimination, they differed in their patterns of acquisition. These results indicate long term effects are associated with a cranial irradiation regimen similar to that given to children suffering acute lymphocytic ieukemia (ALL).
Infection of Bacillus subtilis with phenol-extracted bacteriophages.

Abstract A bacteriophage capable of infecting transformable strains of Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil and designated as SP3. Concentrated, partially purified suspensions of this virus were prepared and extracted with water-saturated phenol. The resulting aqueous solutions of a material that had the properties of free deoxyribonucleic acid were shown to induce the production of plaque-forming units when incubated with competent B. subtilis cultures. Phage production was not detected when the bacteriophage extracts were incubated with identical noncompetent bacteria. The infectivity of the phage extracts for B. subtilis was resistant to RNase, trypsin, and to the antiserum prepared against homologous intact SP3 bacteriophages, but was completely destroyed by incubation with low concentrations of DNase.
Reversal of Chemoselectivity in Diels−Alder Reaction with α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones Catalyzed by Brønsted Acid or Lewis Acid

High chemoselectivity was observed in the Diels−Alder reaction of α,β-unsaturated aldehyde and α,β-unsaturated ketone with cyclopentadiene. Using Tf2NH as catalyst, the reaction gave Diels−Alder adduct derived from α,β-unsaturated ketone as a major product. On the other hand, bulky Lewis acid, B(C6F5)3, gave mainly the cycloadduct of α,β-unsaturated aldehyde and cyclopentadiene.
PAN-INTEGRALS WITH RESPECT TO IMPRECISE PROBABILITIES

As a unified generalization of both the Lebesgue integral and the Sugeno integral, pan-integrals were introduced for nonnegative measurable functions with respect to fuzzy measures. In this paper, the concept of a pan-integral is generalized for nonnegative measurable functions with respect to monotone set functions, which include coherent imprecise probabilities. An inequality is established between two functionals on the class of all nonnegative bounded measurable functions, the natural extension of a monotone lower probability and the corresponding pan-integral whose operators are the common addition and common multiplication. We also discuss the necessary and sufficient conditions for the equality between these two functionals. By using a new concept of para-additivity, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the equality when the lower probability is restricted to be a belief measure.
Micro-ring optical resonators fabricated by selective oxidation of refractory metals (SORM)

A novel platform for integrated photonic circuits is proposed based on selective oxidation of refractory metals (SORM). Low-loss tantalum pentoxide coupled micro-ring optical resonators and high-index contrast ridge waveguides are demonstrated based on this platform.
Glycosphingolipid-functionalized nanoparticles recapitulate CD169-dependent HIV-1 uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells

Ganglioside GM3, a host-derived glycosphingolipid incorporated in the membrane of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) viral particles, mediates interactions between HIV-1 and Siglec1/CD169, a protein expressed on dendritic cells (DCs). Such interactions, which seem to be independent of viral envelope glycoprotein gp120, are poorly understood. Here we develop a model system consisting of self-assembled artificial virus nanoparticles (AVNs) that are free of viral glycoproteins or other host-derived glycolipids and glycoproteins. These plasmonic AVNs contain a membrane of defined composition wrapped around a solid metal core. GM3-containing AVNs are captured by CD169-expressing HeLa cells or mature DCs, and are sequestered within non-lysosomal tetraspanin-positive compartments. This distribution is reminiscent of CD169-dependent HIV-1 sequestration in mature DCs. Our results highlight GM3-CD169 binding as a gp120-independent signal for sequestration and preservation of HIV-1 infectivity. They also indicate that plasmonic AVNs offer improved features over liposome-based systems and represent a versatile tool for probing specific virus-cell interactions.
Producing Family Problems: Organization and Uses of the Family Perspective and Rhetoric in Family Therapy

This article applies and extends literature on the micropolitics of trouble and family rhetoric perspectives by analyzing how therapists in a family therapy agency practicing the brief model used family rhetoric in defining and responding to client problems. Family rhetoric is the use of images of family (the family perspective) to (1) persuade others to one's preferred orientation to issues of mutual concern and (2) attribute identities to one's self and others. The article focuses on how the therapists rhetorically enacted and applied the family perspective in interactions with colleagues and clients to define and remedy client troubles. In general, troubles were defined and remedied by treating them as products of clients' family systems, defined as enduring roles, relationships, and perspectives. The therapists sought to remedy client troubles by initiating changes assessed as appropriate for their troubles and family systems. The article concludes by considering some of the implications of the findings and analysis for the sociological study of human service work.
A Glance Back in Time: Thirty‐Seven Months as Prisoners of War

This “A Glance Back in Time” provides a very special and poignant story, unknown to most. Alice Clarke was the founder of Nursing Forum and its publisher and editor for almost 30 years. She was a U.S. Army nurse when she interviewed the nurses in this story, soon after they were liberated from a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp. A recently published book, We Band of Angels, tells the in-depth story of these American nurses trapped on Bataan during World War 11. Its author, Elizabeth Norman, has given us a memorable, historical gift. This article was published originally in 1945 in The American Journal of Nursing, Vol. 45, pp. 342–345. Reprinted with permission.
Connectivity of multi-channel wireless networks under jamming attacks

Jamming attacks can cause serious destruction to communication systems without much cost, especially when secret keys shared by the system are exposed. Uncoordinated Frequency Hopping (UFH) is an effective countermeasure to jamming attacks without dependence on pre-shared secret keys. In this paper we study the connectivity of a multi-channel network under jamming attacks, where each communication link can switch from regular transmission to UFH transmission when jamming attacks are detected. Under the framework of percolation theory, we show that as the jammer density increases, two phase transitions occur: from strong connection where there exists an infinite component composed of regular links, to weak connection where there exists an infinite component composed of both regular and UFH links, then to disconnection.
The importance of the complete history in the discovery of a potential suicide: a case report.

Suicidal ideation and completed suicides are an increasing problem among the elderly. In 1992, the elderly accounted for 13% of the population but represented 20% of all completed suicides. There are recognized risk factors for suicides in elderly patients, which include depression, deteriorating physical health, and loss of independent functioning. A complete history enables the examiner to establish a relationship with the patient and to formulate a diagnosis. Unfortunately, histories are often incomplete. Many factors can account for this, including financial pressures, patient volume, and overspecialization. The physiatric history is the integration of many parts. It incorporates not only the physiatrist's evaluation but those of other disciplines as well, for example, physical and occupational therapy. The physiatric history is a sensitive tool for assessing the state of being of the whole patient. We describe a case in which a careful and complete physiatric history and physical examination revealed an elderly patient with suicidal ideation and a plan.
Reductive Electron Transfer Quenching of MLCT Excited States Bound To Nanostructured Metal Oxide Thin Films

The ruthenium compounds Ru(deeb)(bpz)2(PF6)2, Ru(deeb)2(bpz)(PF6)2, and Ru(deeb)2(dpp)(PF6)2, where deeb is 4,4‘-(CO2CH2CH3)2-2,2‘-bipyridine, bpz is 2,2‘-bipyrazine, and dpp is 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine, have been prepared, characterized, and anchored to mesoporous nanoparticle thin films comprised of the wide band gap semiconductor TiO2 or the insulator ZrO2. The metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited states of these compounds are potent photooxidants (E°(RuII*/+) > +1.0 V vs SCE) with long lifetimes (τ > 1 μs) that efficiently oxidize iodide and phenothiazine with rate constants that approach the diffusion limit in acetonitrile. Photogalvanic cells based on the sensitized TiO2 materials yield photocurrent action spectra that agree well with the Ru(II) absorptance spectra. The photocurrent efficiency was very low, φ < 10-4. Transient absorption data show that neither the excited nor the reduced state of the ruthenium compounds efficiently inject electrons into the TiO2 particles. The cage escap...
Physician Knowledge of the Diagnosis and Management of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

: Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), a tick-borne illness that has its highest incidence in the south central and southeastern United States, is often a diagnostic challenge, as patients frequently present with nonspecific symptoms during the early stages of illness. RMSF has a high case fatality rate among untreated individuals, and the median time from onset of symptoms to death is only eight days, making early recognition and treatment of RMSF crucial. In two Mississippi public health districts, 148 primary care physicians were randomly selected and mailed surveys regarding RMSF diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Eighty-four of the 148 (57%) physicians responded. Responses from different specialties and different health districts were compared using chi square statistics. Almost all (99%) physicians correctly identified doxycycline as the antibiotic agent of choice for treating adults and adolescents. However, only 21% of family practice physicians, and 25% of emergency medicine physicians correctly identified the antibiotic of choice for treating children with RMSF. Twenty-three percent of physicians responded that waiting for the development of a rash before prescribing antibiotics is an appropriate treatment strategy. The current standard of care—doxycycline as the agent of choice among children 8 years of age or younger with suspected RMSF—has not been effectively communicated to all physicians caring for children. Also, many physicians are not familiar with the rationale underlying initiation of antibiotic therapy prior to the development of rash in patients with suspected RMSF. Continuing education efforts should focus on antibiotic selection in pediatric patients and initiation of therapy prior to the onset of rash in appropriate patients.
On infinitely precise rounding for division, square root, reciprocal and square root reciprocal

Quotients, reciprocals, square roots and square root reciprocals all have the property that infinitely precise p-bit rounded results for p-bit input operands can be obtained from approximate results of bounded accuracy. We investigate lower bounds on the number of bits of an approximation accurate to a unit in the last place sufficient to guarantee that correct round and sticky bits can be determined. Known lower bounds for quotients and square roots are given and/or sharpened, and a new lower bound for root reciprocals is proved. Specifically for reciprocals, quotients and square roots, tight bounds of order 2p+O(1) are presented. For infinitely precise rounding of the root reciprocal, a lower bound can be found at 3p+O(1), but exhaustive testing for small sizes of the operand suggests that in practice (2+/spl epsiv/)p for small /spl epsiv/ is usually sufficient. Algorithms can be designed for obtaining the round and sticky bits based on the bit pattern of an approximation computed to the required accuracy. We show that some improvement of the known lower bound for reciprocals and division is achievable at the cost of somewhat more complex hardware for rounding. Tests for the exactness of the quotient and square root are also provided.
Hospital capacity planning for efficient disaster mitigation during a bioterrorist attack

Effective hospital capacity planning can not only significantly enhance the capability and effectiveness of the treatment provided to patients during a bioterrorist attack but can also provide critical information. While a lot of work has been done to model hospital capacity estimates for natural disasters the same cannot be said for manmade biological disasters like anthrax or smallpox. In this paper, we develop a generic simulation model of hospital capacity planning during a bioterrorist attack. We model both cases in which the occurrence of the attack and the type of agent used are known as well as when they are not known. The model is also unique in developing a feedback loop to alert emergency management officials about the occurrence and type of an attack. Our results are able to pinpoint the characteristics of the hospitals that are most relevant at various stages of exposure and provide policy recommendations.
Advection, Phase Distortion, and the Frequency Spectrum of Finescale Fields in the Sea

Continuous depth–time measurements of upper-ocean velocity are used to estimate the wavenumber– frequency spectrum of shear. A fundamental characteristic of these spectra is that the frequency bandwidth increases linearly with increasing wavenumber magnitude. This can be interpreted as the signature of Doppler shifting of the observations by time-changing “background” currents as well as by instrument motion. Here, the hypothesis is posed that the apparently continuous wavenumber–frequency spectrum of oceanic shear results from the advective “smearing” of discrete spectral lines. In the Arctic Ocean, lines at the inertial ( f ) and vortical ( 0) frequencies (where f is the Coriolis frequency) account for most of the variance in the shear spectrum. In the tropical ocean, two classes of inertial waves are considered, accounting for 70% of the observed shear variance. A simple model is introduced to quantify the effects of lateral advection, random vertical advection (“fine-structure contamination”), and deterministic (tidal) vertical advection on these “otherwise monochromatic” records. Model frequency spectra are developed in terms of the probability density and/or spectrum of the advecting fields for general but idealized situations. The model successfully mimics the increasing frequency bandwidth of the shear spectrum with increasing vertical wavenumber. Excellent fits to the observed frequency spectrum of shear are obtained for the Arctic (weak advection and short-spatial-scale inertial waves) and low-latitude (strong advection and long and short inertial waves) observations. While successfully replicating the wavenumber–frequency spectrum of shear, the model does not even consider motion at scales greater than 250 m, the “energy containing” scales of the internal wave field. To a first approximation, the waves with the majority of the kinetic and potential energy constitute a population apart from those with the momentum, shear, and strain.
Specificity of Interaction between Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin and Claudin-Family Tight Junction Proteins

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), a major cause of food poisoning, forms physical pores in the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. The ability of CPE to recognize the epithelium is due to the C-terminal binding domain, which binds to a specific motif on the second extracellular loop of tight junction proteins known as claudins. The interaction between claudins and CPE plays a key role in mediating CPE toxicity by facilitating pore formation and by promoting tight junction disassembly. Recently, the ability of CPE to distinguish between specific claudins has been used to develop tools for studying roles for claudins in epithelial barrier function. Moreover, the high affinity of CPE to selected claudins makes CPE a useful platform for targeted drug delivery to tumors expressing these claudins.