cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“There Ain’t No Bond in Town Like There Used to Be”: The Destruction of Social Capital in the West Virginia Coalfields1

There is a paucity of research focusing on the circumstances that cause or contribute to a decline in social capital within communities. Furthermore, relatively few researchers employ qualitative methods in their studies of social capital, despite the multidimensional and many-layered nature of this concept, characteristics that make social capital well suited for qualitative analysis. To address these two gaps in social capital research, I explore the mechanisms that have led to a depletion of social capital in the southern coal-producing region of West Virginia. I examine whether the coal industry, which has caused bitter conflicts among residents over environmental degradation and union loyalties, has also undermined social capital in the region. My principal data include 40 semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with randomly selected individuals in a coal-mining town and a demographically similar non-coal-mining town in West Virginia. I analyze the experiences of residents in each town, assessing the qualitative differences in community and personal life associated with social capital. I find that the loss of social capital in the coal-mining community has arisen through a combination of depopulation and the community-wide conflict that arose when an anti-union coal company bought out the union coal mine at which many in the community worked, challenging the union identity so engrained in this region.
The Joy of Being: Making Way for Young Children's Natural Mindfulness.

This article offers a novel and timely context for understanding mindfulness practices in early childhood education. Positioned within a larger social context of mindfulness, we conducted an extensive systematic review of the literature to examine the scope and nature of mindfulness and early childhood. We found that mindfulness and young children constitute a growing area of interest globally which may be culturally determined as demonstrated in how these practices are perceived and implemented in early childhood settings. Although there was variability in the ways mindfulness practices were considered, all of the articles selected for this review discussed the positive outcomes associated with mindfulness for young children. Research and practice implications are offered.
Globalization and heterogenization: Cultural and civilizational clustering in telecommunicative space (1989–1999)

Abstract The globalization of telecommunicative ties between nations is studied from a heterogenization perspective. A theoretical model inspired by Appadurai’s “disjuncture hypothesis,” which stipulates that global flows of communication are multidimensional and reinforce regional/local identities, is tested empirically on an international voice traffic dataset. Spatial-statistical measures (global and local versions of Moran’s I) indicate that countries that share the same linguistic (English, Spanish, or French) or civilizational (Catholic, Protestant, and Buddhist–Hindu) background are more likely to be each other’s “telecommunicative neighbors” and that this tendency has increased over time (1989–1999).
Evaluation of Sunflower Crop Residue in Rations for Growing Holstein Heifers

Abstract Sunflower crop residue, a mixture of stalks and heads, contained 65.4% dry matter, and dry matter was 6.1% crude protein, 66.9% neutral detergent fiber, 56.6% acid detergent fiber, 15.7% lignin, and 12.6% total ash. In vitro dry matter and cell wall digestibilities were 40.6 and 31.4%. Sixteen Holstein heifers (mean weight 247 kg) were assigned to one of four rations containing 0, 8, 16, or 32% sunflower residue (dry matter). Mid-bloom alfalfa hay and a grain mixture (corn, soybean meal, dicalcium phosphate, vitamins A, D, and E) were 30 and 20% of dry matter with corn silage providing the remaining dry matter. Weight gains during a 70-d trial were 1.31, 1.18, .91, and .98 kg/d for 0, 8, 16, and 32% sunflower residue. Dry matter digestibilities decreased with increased sunflower residue in the ration. Ruminal propionate (mol/100 mol total volatile fatty acids) decreased with increasing sunflower residue, resulting in higher acetate-to-propionate ratios. Total volatile fatty acids, ruminal pH, and ammonia concentrations were not different among diets. With proper supplementation, sunflower crop residue was an acceptable roughage up to 32% of total ration dry matter for growing Holstein heifers.
Antidepressant and antipsychotic use and adherence among Medicaid youths: differences by race

The purpose of our study is to use Medicaid data to examine the relationship between race and (a) whether youth with schizophrenia or depression diagnoses receive anti-psychotic and antidepressant prescriptions and (b) adherence to anti-psychotics and antidepressants. The analysis is based on claims files from January 1, 2000 through June 30, 2001. To assess adherence, we used the Proportion of Days Covered (PDC) measure. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Black children with schizophrenia were significantly less likely to be adherent to anti-psychotics during a quarter than White children. White children with depression were significantly more likely to receive an antidepressant prescription and they were significantly more adherent during a quarter than Black children. Providers should make sure to investigate both youth and caregiver concerns, fears, and barriers to using these medications and work with the families to develop strategies to improve medication use among youth.
Effect of the Attachment of the Tectorial Membrane on Cochlear Micromechanics and Two-Tone Suppression

The mechanical stimulation of the outer hair cell hair bundle (HB) is a key step in nonlinear cochlear amplification. We show how two-tone suppression (TTS), a hallmark of cochlear nonlinearity, can be used as an indirect measure of HB stimulation. Using two different nonlinear computational models of the cochlea, we investigate the effect of altering the mechanical load applied by the tectorial membrane (TM) on the outer hair cell HB. In the first model (TM-A model), the TM is attached to the spiral limbus (as in wild-type animals); in the second model (TM-D model), the TM is detached from the spiral limbus (mimicking the cochlea of OtoaEGFP/EGFP mutant mice). As in recent experiments, model simulations demonstrate that the absence of the TM attachment does not preclude cochlear amplification. However, detaching the TM alters the mechanical load applied by the TM on the HB at low frequencies and therefore affects TTS by low-frequency suppressors. For low-frequency suppressors, the suppression threshold obtained with the TM-A model corresponds to a constant suppressor displacement on the basilar membrane (as in experiments with wild-type animals), whereas it corresponds to a constant suppressor velocity with the TM-D model. The predictions with the TM-D model could be tested by measuring TTS on the basilar membrane of the OtoaEGFP/EGFP mice to improve our understanding of the fundamental workings of the cochlea.
Effects of dietary cholesterol upon bile acid metabolism in guinea pig

Cholesterol fed guinea pigs develop a hemolytic anemia accompanied by high cholesterol concentrations in the liver, plasma, and red cells. We have studied the bile acid metabolism of guinea pigs fed a diet with or without cholesterol in a search for the factor(s) which prevent adequate control of their body cholesterol pool and, therefore, its pathological consequences. The results show that in the cholesterol fed guinea pig the synthesis (and excretion) of bile acids was at least three times greater than in controls. This is the result of a doubling of the fractional turnover rate and a smaller increase in the pool size. The major increase of the bile acid pool was in the liver. The main bile acid in gall bladder bile and small intestines was chenodeoxycholic acid, with smaller amounts of 7-ketolithocholic and ursodeoxycholic acids. In the caecum, large intestines, and feces, the major bile acid was lithocholic acid.
Esthesioneuroblastoma in Maffucci’s syndrome

Maffucci's syndrome consists of multiple cutaneous hemangiomas, dyschondroplasia, and enchondromas with potential for malignant change. We report a case of a 33-year-old man with Maffucci's syndrome who presented with a several month history of nasal congestion, facial pain, and diminished vision in his left eye. Radiological studies showed a large soft tissue mass centered in the sinonasal area, extending bilaterally into maxillary sinuses and orbits with compression of left optic nerve. Biopsy of the mass showed esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma). Chemotherapy resulted in initial improvement, but the tumor recurred and did not respond to further treatment, resulting in his death. Sarcomatous tumors are reported in Maffucci's syndrome, but this is a rare case of a neuroendocrine tumor in a patient with Maffucci's syndrome.
Contribution of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products to the total atrazine load in Midwestern streams

The contribution of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products (HADPs) to the total atrazine load (i.e., atrazine plus stable metabolites) in streams needs to be determined in order to fully assess the impact of atrazine contamination on stream ecosystems and human health. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the contribution of HADPs to the total atrazine load in streams of nine midwestern states and (2) to discuss the mechanisms controlling the concentrations of HADPs in streams. Stream samples were collected from 95 streams in northern Missouri at preplant and postplant of 1994 and 1995, and an additional 46 streams were sampled in eight midwestern states at postplant of 1995. Samples were analyzed for atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), and three HADPs. Overall, HADP prevalence (i.e., frequency of detection) ranged from 87 to 100% for hydroxyatrazine (HA), 0 to 58% for deethylhydroxyatrazine (DEHA), and 0% for deisopropylhydroxyatrazine (DIHA) with method detectio...
Elastic field of a thin-film/substrate system under an axisymmetric loading

This paper presents the elastic solution of a layered half space with perfect interfacial bonding under an axisymmetrical compressive loading on the plane surface. The analysis is intended to model the nano-indentation of thin-film coating/substrate systems. Unlike most of the existing work of which the substrate is assumed as rigid and the numerical results are obtained by finite element analysis, the present paper presents theoretical solutions for the elastic coating/substrate systems. The surface displacement profiles and the stress fields are shown to be sensitive to the thickness of the coating layer and the ratio of the elastic modulus of the coating material to that of the substrate. When the film thickness is comparable to the loading contact radius, the film elastic property cannot be accurately determined by using Sneddon's half-space indentation solution. Furthermore, there are pronounced differences in the stress fields of the hard-coating and the soft-coating systems. When an indentation load is applied to a soft-thin-film/hard-substrate system, most the stress components are compressive. But for a hard-thin-film/soft-substrate system, the radial and hoop stresses in the film near the film/substrate interface change from tension to compression as the film thickness decreases. The normal and shear stress results are compared with those obtained from finite element analysis (Jayachandran, R., Boyce, M. C. and Argon, A. S. (1995) Mechanics of the indentation test and its use to assess the adhesion of polymeric coatings. In Adhesion Measurement of Films and Coatings, ed. K. L. Mittal. VSP, pp. 189–215) for the rigid substrate system. Also, the load-indentation depth results are compared with the experimental data of Oliver and Pharr (Oliver, W. C. and Pharr, G. M. (1992) An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. Journal of Material Research7(6), 1564–1583) for tungsten subjected to elastic indentation. The agreement is quite satisfactory. Implications of the elastic field on the failure mechanisms of coating/substrate systems are also discussed.
Earth science: keeping score on the core.

Getting to the bottom of events at the boundary between Earth's core and mantle is fiendishly difficult. The latest analysis invokes evidence from an isotope of tungsten to conclude that the two do not interact.
Is central nitric oxide essential in hypertension

It is becoming increasingly evident that central nervous system nitric oxide (NO) may be an important contributor to the development of hypertension in light of its centrally-mediated sympatho-inhibitory actions [1–3]. In this issue of the journal, Ferrari and Fior-Chadi [4] investigate the role of central neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the development of hypertension using the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model [4]. These authors report that nNOS message and protein levels within the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) are elevated in SHR relative to their age-matched WistarKyoto (WKY) controls. This enhanced nNOS expression precedes the elevation in blood pressure and is observed as early as 15 days of age. The authors further note that the nNOS message and protein decreases with age in both SHR and WKY rats. These results suggest that abnormal NTS NO may play a role in the pathophysiology of hypertension in this animal model.
A novel event-based consistency model for supporting collaborative cyberinfrastructure based scientific research

Grid computing is an emerging technology one of whose main focuses is the coordinated resource sharing among dynamic groups of individuals, institutions and resources. In collaborative Grid environments, data and system consistency play a crucial role for the correct functioning of the system. In this paper we propose a novel event-based consistency model and discuss the implementation and integration of this model with Semantic Research Grid (SRG)-a collaborative system consisting of tools and services for supporting Cyberinfrastructure based scientific research. Our consistency model is based on the concept of event and dataset; it prevents the replication of records in the system and ensures the working of the system in a consistent state.
The (failed) production of Hindu nationalized space in Ahmedabad, Gujarat

This article addresses the attempt by India's most extensive Hindu nationalist organization, the RSS, and its women's wing, the Samiti, to Hindu nationalize the city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat. It makes two inter-related arguments. It argues that notwithstanding long-term, intense Hindu nationalist efforts to Hindu nationalize the city space and its subjects, the project has been and remains a failure. The heterogeneity of the city-space and its subjects infinitely exceeds such homogenizing moves. It also suggests that while Hindu nationalists claim that religious difference is key, gender and sexuality are inseparably crucial to their constructions, violations and eliminations of subjects, architectural structures and territorialities across scale. In a first section this article addresses the RSS's and Samiti's grids of intelligibility: their categories (especially of space, gender, sexuality and subjects), logics and prescriptions for conduct. A second section focuses on RSS and Samiti practices to transfor...
ATTITUDES, BEHAVIORS, AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE FAMILY: A Reexamination of the Role of Family Structure

Political socialization researchers have long declared the importance of the family to the socialization of young people. But political science has not kept pace with the dramatic changes in “family” over the last 25 years. Where, in the past, family was generally a two-parent family, today more than 25 percent of the families with children under 18 are single-parent families. This research seeks to reexamine the traditional assumptions about how family structure influences socialization by testing the hypothesis that young adults raised in single-parent families experience different patterns of political socialization than those raised in two-parent families. However, the data provide no support for this hypothesis. There is no relationship between family structure and political efficacy, political knowledge, or political participation, and only a weak one between structure and political trust.
Input-output-controlled nonlinear equation solvers

To upgrade the efficiency and stability of the successive substitution (SS) and Newton-Raphson (NR) schemes, the concept of input-output-controlled solvers (IOCS) is introduced. By employing the formal properties of the constrained version of the SS and NR schemes, the IOCS algorithm can handle indefiniteness of the system Jacobian, can maintain iterate monotonicity, and provide for separate control of load incrementation and iterate excursions, as well as having other features. To illustrate the algorithmic properties, the results for several benchmark examples are presented. These define the associated numerical efficiency and stability of the IOCS.
WELCOME TO THE NEIGHBORHOOD: HOW CAN REGIONAL SCIENCE CONTRIBUTE TO THE STUDY OF NEIGHBORHOODS?*

We argue in this paper that neighborhoods are highly relevant for the types of issues at the heart of regional science. First, residential and economic activity takes place in particular locations, and particular neighborhoods. Many attributes of those neighborhood environments matter for this activity, from the physical amenities, to the quality of the public and private services received. Second, those neighborhoods vary in their placement in the larger region and this broader arrangement of neighborhoods is particularly important for location choices, commuting behavior and travel patterns. Third, sorting across these neighborhoods by race and income may well matter for educational and labor market outcomes, important components of a region's overall economic activity. For each of these areas we suggest a series of unanswered questions that would benefit from more attention. Focused on neighborhood characteristics themselves, there are important gaps in our understanding of how neighborhoods change – the causes and the consequences. In terms of the overall pattern of neighborhoods and resulting commuting patterns, this connects directly to current concerns about environmental sustainability and there is much need for research relevant to policy makers. And in terms of segregation and sorting across neighborhoods, work is needed on better spatial measures. In addition, housing market causes and consequences for local economic activity are under researched. We expand on each of these, finishing with some suggestions on how newly available data, with improved spatial identifiers, may enable regional scientists to answer some of these research questions.
Thyroid Hormone Secretion by the Fetal Thyroid Gland

A tracer dose of 131I was given to each of 17 pregnant beagles immediately after a total surgical thyroidectomy at dates of gestation graded fairly evenly from 36 to 62 days, the average period of gestation for the beagle being 63 days. After allowing 3 days for part of the 131I to cross the placenta, to be concentrated by the fetal thyroid glands, and to label the thyroidal iodotyrosines and iodothyronines, fetal sera were chromatographed for evidence of secretion of these compounds. Serum 131I radioactivity was found in the thyroxine area in the sera of all litters at 42 or more days of gestation age, but not in 2 litters at 36 and 38 days of gestation. The administration of Nal to mother beagles in doses of 0.15–25.0 mg/day or Na-l-thyroxine in dosage of 0.15–1.5 mg/day, starting the day before the tracer dose and continuing through to cesarean section, did not appear to affect the secretion of T4 by the fetal thyroid gland. (Endocrinology 80: 545, 1967)
Three-color cDNA microarrays with prehybridization quality control yield gene expression data comparable to that of commercial platforms

Despite their lower cost and high content flexibility, a limitation of in-house-prepared arrays has been their susceptibility to quality control (QC) issues and lack of QC standards across laborato...
COOKED WEIGHT AND SOLIDS LOSS OF AIR‐COOLED AND WATER‐COOLED FROZEN VEGETABLES

The final cooked weight and solids content of frozen vegetables were affected by the method used for cooling them after steam blanching. Previous work had established that frozen vegetables prepared by steam blanching and air cooling lost significantly less solids than by water cooling, but they had a lower frozen yield. Present work showed that the frozen vegetables that had been air cooled had a higher yield after cooking than did the water-cooled ones. Much of the water lost in air cooling was regained by the vegetables when they were cooked, and although the loss of solids in cooking was about the same regardless of method of cooling, the overall loss of solids was greater for the water-cooled vegetables.
Low-power laser-based carbon monoxide sensor for fire and post-fire detection using a compact Herriott multipass cell

With the anticipated retirement of Space Shuttles in the next few years, the re-supplying of short-lifetime sensors on the International Space Station (ISS) will be logistically more difficult. Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a well-known combustion product and its absence in a fire and post-fire environment is a reliable indicator for mission specialists that the air quality is at a safe to breathe level. We report on the development and performance of a prototype compact CO sensor, based on the PHOTONS platform [1], developed for the ISS based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS). A CO absorption line at ~4285 cm-1 is targeted using a distributed-feedback (DFB) laser diode operating at room temperature. A custom designed Herriott multipass cell 16cm long, with an effective path length of 3.7 m is employed. Mechanical, optical and electronics systems are integrated into a compact package of dimensions measuring 12.4"x 3.4"x 5". Power consumption is less than 1 W, enabling prolonged battery life. A detection limit of 3 ppm is achieved when performing 40 second long temperature scans. A recent initial test at NASA-JSC was successful. Future improvements include the reduction of the sampling volume, scan time and an improved CO minimum detection limit.
Rapid in vitro sulfoxidation of chlorpromazine by human blood: Inhibition by an endogenous plasma protein factor

Abstract Sulfoxidation of chlorpromazine is a major metabolic pathway in humans and is clinically significant insofar as chlorpromazine-sulfoxide is thought to be pharmacologically inactive. Sulfoxidizing capacities of hepatic and extrahepatic tissues were examined in vitro . Liver, lung, and gut, but not brain, were found to have differential activities (liver>lung>gut) which were NADPH dependent and had characteristics of enzymatic reactions. NADPH independent sulfoxidation of chlorpromazine is seen in the presence of whole blood. This reaction reaches completion in less than 5 sec. and is considerably more active than that seen with other tissues; the total sulfoxidizing capacity of whole blood can be attributed to hemoglobin. Plasma contains a protein-like factor that actively inhibits blood-catalyzed chlorpromazine sulfoxidation. This factor has a molecular weight of 72,000±6000 daltons. The possible roles of this protein in regulating phenothiazine metabolism are discussed.
A defense that will not defend

The current defense system, as planned, will not defend against even four or five suitably equipped missiles. We are far from being ready to make a deployment decision. There is a better way.
Psychologie projective et agressivité

This work, taking into account the contributions of Freud and Szondi, examines the theme of human agressivity as a basically ethical problem. Moral conscience, in fact, emerges from dialectic tension of pulsional conflicts, in two different, though parallel and complementary processes: the triangular relations I-father- brother (Cain complex) and I-father-mother (Oedipus complex). I n the second part, the point of view of projective psychology, especiallv Dr. Louis Corman's work, is proposed as an indispensable rnethod for the psychodynamic study of human agressivity.
THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROBLAST AND THE MACROPHAGE : I. THE FIBROBLAST.

1. A pure strain of fibroblasts has been isolated from Sarcoma 10 of the Crocker Foundation. After about 16 months of life in vitro , the malignancy of the strain is as great as that of the original tumor. 2. The strain has been compared with a strain of normal rat fibroblasts. The malignant cells are generally larger, coarser, and more refringent than normal cells. They possess all the morphological characteristics of fibroblasts. They do not show any abnormalities and never degenerate and die. They are to all appearances healthy cells. Their mode of locomotion is identical with that of normal fibroblasts. Their colonies are larger, but the architecture is similar. 3. The residual activity of both cell types, the duration of their life, and their rate of growth in a nutrient medium are almost identical. 4. The sarcomatous fibroblasts liquefy a rat plasma coagulum while normal fibroblasts do not. They turn phenol red golden yellow whereas, under the same conditions, normal cells turn it pinkish orange. 5. Sarcomatous and normal fibroblasts of the rat multiply to an unlimited degree in chick embryo juice. They live for only a short time in rat serum and chick serum. Calf liver digest will suffice for an unlimited proliferation of sarcoma fibroblasts, but fails to support the life of normal fibroblasts for very long. 6. The presence of bone marrow greatly increases the rate of growth of sarcomatous fibroblasts cultivated in rat serum, while it only slightly affects that of the normal cells. The unlimited growth of the sarcomatous tissue in animals to which it is transplanted may be attributed to the presence of macrophages, which are a normal constituent of the tumor, and possibly are a necessary factor of its growth in vivo .
Immunohistochemical Demonstration of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor, 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase-1 and −2, and Hexose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase in Rat Ovary

An IHC survey using several monoclonal antibodies against different portions of the rat mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) molecule demonstrated significant specific MR immunoreactivity in the ovary, prompting further study of the localization of MR and of determinants of extrinsic MR ligand specificity, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) types 1 and 2, and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH). MR expression (real-time RT-PCR and Western blot) did not differ significantly in whole rat ovaries at early diestrus, late diestrus, estrus, and a few hours after ovulation. MR immunostaining was most intense in corporal lutea cells, light to moderate in oocytes and granulosa cells, and least intense in theca cells. Light immunoreactivity for 11β-HSD2 occurred in most cells, with some mural granulosa cells of mature follicles staining more strongly. The distribution of immunoreactivity for 11β-HSD1 and H6PDH required to generate NADPH, the cofactor required for reductase activity of 11β-HSD1, was similar, with the most-intense staining in the cytoplasm of corporal lutea and theca cells and light or no staining in the granulosa and oocytes. MR function in the ovary is as yet unclear, but distinct patterns of distribution of 11β-HSD1 and -2 and H6PDH suggest that the ligand for MR activation in different cells of the ovary may be differentially regulated. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:633–641, 2009)
China's environment in a globalizing world

How China and the rest of the world affect each other. China's environmental problems dominate those of the world, not only because China contains a fifth of the world's people, but also because China's economy is so big and developing so rapidly. The expanding links of globalization mean that China's problems are the world's problems too. In a Feature this week, Jianguo Liu and Jared Diamond look at the effects of China's sweeping environmental change and socio-economic challenges, synthesizing detailed literature that is scattered even for Chinese readers and largely inaccessible to western readers. On the cover, crowds on Nanjing Lu, Shanghai's famous shopping street where global influences are clear to see (Mark Henley/Panos). Elsewhere in the issue, Peter Aldhous reports on how China plans to cope with its exploding need for energy.
Boron-10/Boron-11 Isotopic Ratio Determinations Utilizing FT-NMR Spectroscopy

Currently the analytical method used for determining the isotopic ratio of boron with a high degree of accuracy is by means of a mass spectrometer. However, the analysis by mass spectroscopy is often plagued by involved preparations, interferences, and instrument memory. It is also necessary to remove background contamination before each sample determination by "lengthy pump down periods." In some cases emission spectroscopy may yield results that are applicable for rough approximations. The absorption and activation by neutrons has been used to determine the approximate level of enrichment of the 10B isotope.
Pore-scale study of capillary trapping mechanism during CO2 injection in geological formations

Geological sequestration of CO2 gas has emerged as a promising solution for reducing the amount of greenhouse gases in atmosphere. A number of continuum scale models are available to describe the transport phenomena of CO2 sequestration. These models rely heavily on a phenomenological description of subsurface transport phenomena and the predictions can be highly uncertain. “First-principle” pore-scale models provide a better understanding of fluid displacement processes. In this work we use a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model to study pore-scale displacement and capillary trapping mechanisms of super-critical CO2 in the subsurface. Simulations are carried out to investigate the effects of gravitational, viscous, and capillary forces on the amount of trapped CO2 in terms of non-dimensional numbers. We found that the displacement patterns and the amount of trapped CO2 depends mainly on Capillary and Gravity numbers. For large Gravity numbers, most of the injected CO2 reaches the cap-rock due to gravity separation. A significant portion of CO2 gets trapped by capillary forces when the Gravity number is small. When the Gravity number is moderately high, trapping patterns are heavily dependent on the Capillary number. If the Capillary number is very small, then capillary forces dominate the buoyancy forces and a significant fraction of injected CO2 is trapped by the capillary forces. Conversely, if the Capillary number is high, trapping is relatively small since buoyancy dominates the capillary forces.
Effect of levodopa priming on dopamine neuron transplant efficacy and induction of abnormal involuntary movements in Parkinsonian rats

Clinical trials of neural grafting for Parkinson's disease (PD) have produced variable, but overall disappointing, results. One particular disappointment has been the development of aberrant motor complications following dopamine (DA) neuron grafting. Despite a lack of consistent benefit, the utility of dopamine neuron replacement remains supported by clinical and basic data. In a continued effort to elucidate factors that might improve this therapy, we used a parkinsonian rat model to examine whether pregraft chronic levodopa affected graft efficacy and/or graft-induced dyskinesia (GID) induction. Indeed, all grafted PD patients to date have had a pregraft history of long-term levodopa. It is well established that long-term levodopa results in a plethora of long-lasting neurochemical alterations and genomic changes indicative of altered structural and synaptic plasticity. Thus, therapeutic dopamine terminal replacement in a striatal environment complicated by such changes could be expected to lead to abnormal or inappropriate connections between graft and host brain and to contribute to suboptimal efficacy and/or postgraft GID behaviors. To investigate the effect of pregraft levodopa, one group of parkinsonian rats received levodopa for 4 weeks prior to grafting. A second levodopa-naive group was grafted, and the grafts were allowed to mature for 9 weeks prior to introducing chronic levodopa. We report here that, in parkinsonian rats, preexposure to chronic levodopa significantly reduces behavioral and neurochemical efficacy of embryonic dopamine grafts. Furthermore, dopamine terminal replacement prior to introduction of chronic levodopa is highly effective at preventing development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias, and GID-like behaviors occur regardless of pregraft levodopa status.
Neurophysiology of vocal fold paralysis.

The term vocal fold paralysis conjures the image of a motionless larynx. In fact, paralysis is traditionally defined as an inability to move a body part because of loss or impairment of its nerve supply. Although a tremendous volume of energy and literature has been devoted to laryngeal paralysis in the past decade, there are still substantial gaps in our understanding of fundamental issues. Oddly enough, controversy remains regarding the actual innervation pathways of the larynx and whether the paralyzed larynx is truly denervated or dysfunctionally reinnervated. An appreciation of these basic issues is prerequisite to making prudent decisions regarding the most appropriate type of intervention. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of basic laryngeal anatomy and neurophysiology to prepare the reader for a subsequent discussion of futuristic research for treatment of laryngeal paralysis. A novel approach is described, which can induce selective reinnervation of individual laryngeal muscles by their original motor fibers within the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Thus, synkinetic reinnervation after nerve injury can be avoided. The possible mechanisms underlying selective reinnervation are proposed, and the potential for translating this technology into clinical medicine using electrotherapy and gene therapy is entertained.
Organizational Narcissism: Technology, Legitimacy, and Identity in an Indian NGO

This article is a critical examination of discourses on technology in a nongovernment organization (NGO). In it, the author elaborates on the organization’s use of “appropriate technology” discours...
Treatment of obesity: developments of the past 150 years.

The history of obesity since the end of the 18th century is reviewed, with particular attention to events connected with the Banting dietary. This treatment appears to have been, originally, one in which carbohydrates were restricted but the total food intake was not restricted. Lacking a rationale, it became modified to. fit current concepts; it underwent transformation into a low calorie diet in which fat was greatly restricted. Another, more recent, diet in which carbohydrate is restricted while the total caloric intake is not restricted is presented. The rationale for this treatment is indicated.
Reaching African American Battered Women: Increasing the Effectiveness of Advocacy

This study reports findings from interviews with 242, primarily African American, battered women in Detroit. Most of the women rated domestic violence advocacy as very or somewhat helpful. Satisfaction with police and receiving referrals from the legal system were significantly associated with ratings of advocates’ helpfulness. Receiving information, being emotionally supported, and having advocates readily available and accessible were the most common reasons why women rated advocates as helpful. Women who gave advocates low helpfulness ratings described them as unavailable, unsympathetic, or ineffective in legally sanctioning abusers. Less than half of the women who experienced severe violence in the focal incident reported that advocates helped them with safety planning, and there was a low rate of follow-up on referrals provided by advocates. This analysis suggests that advocacy can be satisfying for urban, African American women, but more intensive services should be provided to make a significant contribution to their safety.
The Sonic Hedgehog–Patched–Gli Pathway in Human Development and Disease

Embryogenesis is regulated by a number of complex signaling cascades, which are critical for normal development. One such pathway begins with a secreted protein called “SONIC HEDGEHOG” (SHH [MIM 600725]), which sets off a chain of events in target cells, leading to the activation and repression of target genes by transcription factors in the Gli family. Dysregulation of the Sonic hedgehog–Patched–Gli (Shh-Ptch-Gli) pathway leads to several human diseases, including birth defects and cancers. Elements of the Shh-Ptch-Gli pathway are highly conserved, indicating its essential role in development. However, Shh signaling is also apparently susceptible to evolutionary pressures. Thus, Shh signaling has been adapted to serve tremendously diverse functions in a wide array of animal models, in both embryonic and adult life. Shh and the downstream molecules involved in signal transduction vary, to some extent, between animals, as well. Although a great deal can be learned from the study of animal models, it is essential to not assume that what is true in one model system is necessarily true in another. Thus, this review focuses specifically on our current understanding of the Shh-Ptch-Gli pathway and its clinical significance in humans.
“I Was Always This Way…”: Rhetorics of Continuity in Narratives of Conversion

This article is concerned with identifying, comparing, and accounting for the principal rhetorical conventions within Pagan practitioners’ narratives of conversion. Applying key insights from studies on narrative identity and drawing on 15 months of fieldwork and 25 in-depth interviews with Pagan practitioners, I first outline formal similarities in the content of participants’ narratives, arguing that these narrative conventions together constitute an ideal typical conversion narrative: what I call the rhetoric of continuity. This narrative form depicts the process of conversion as a rediscovery or uncovering of a temporally continuous and essentialized Pagan self. I suggest that while all conversions involve both change and continuity, adherents of different faith traditions vary in the degree to which they stress self-transformation and/or self-continuity. I then argue that the rhetoric of continuity reflects and reinforces practitioners’: (1) perspective on the locus and nature of the authentic self; (2) claims to legitimacy and social acceptance; and (3) understanding of the nature of religious truth.
Some unifying fixed point principles

This article is written for both the general mathematican and the specialist in mathematical logic. No prior knowledge of metamathematics, recursion theory or combinatory logic is presupposed, although this paper deals with quite general abstractions of standard results in those three areas. Our purpose is to show how some apparently diverse results in these areas can be derived from a common construction. In Section 1 we consider five classical fixed point arguments (or rather, generalizations of them) which we present as problems that the reader might enjoy trying to solve. Solutions are given at the end of the section. In Section 2 we show how all these solutions can be obtained as special cases of a single fixed point theorem. In Section 3 we consider another generalization of the five fixed point results of Section 1 and show that this is of the same strength as that of Section 2. In Section 4 we show some curious strengthenings of results of Section 3 which we believe to be of some interest on their own accounts.
A Probabilistic View of Problems in Form Error Estimation

Inspection systems that provide metrology information on discrete points from the surface of an object must use some type of fitting procedure to obtain more meaningful dimensional and form information. In this context, we can examine the devia­ tions of the surface being measured and neglect for the moment uncertainties introduced by the inspection system. Consider the idealized geometric boundary shown in Fig. 1 where the desired form feature is a straight line and the profile P is the actual profile of the workpiece. Form tolerances (ANSI/ASME Y14.5M, 1982) specify a zone bounded by two offset profiles of the nominal surface which must enclose P. We need only specify the offset value and no datum is needed, i.e., the toler­ ance zone floats in space. For a discrete set of points, we want to determine if profile P lies within the specified tolerance zone (in this case straightness). We are faced with the problem of making infer­ ences about the limits of the zone with incomplete information on P. The limits of P, /„ and /,, are separated by a distance, W, which must be compared with the tolerance zone specification. In practice P and the limits (/„ and /,) are unknown because it is infeasible to take an infinite number of points on P. We can easily extend the same problem to form tolerances other than straightness. Thus, the sampling strategy (location and number of points) and sample data analysis are critical issues in the context of inspection using discrete sample points.
Early and Late Cytotoxic Effects of External Application of the Alzheimer's Aβ Result from the Initial Formation and Function of Aβ Ion Channels†

Extracellular application of the Alzheimer's beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide evokes a series of cellular responses that leads to the death of cells by apoptosis. Some responses to freshly prepared Abeta occur immediately, including changes in intracellular calcium concentration and changes in membrane permeability and phosphatidylserine asymmetry. We show here that the cytotoxic action of externally applied Abeta, such as caspase activation and apoptotic loss of cell viability, occurs and persists even several days after Abeta is removed from the medium. We find that the mechanism for this persistent cytotoxic action of extracellular Abeta is based on the sustained activity of active Abeta ion channels that remain incorporated in the cell membrane. To confirm this assessment, we blocked the late cytotoxic action of Abeta with the classically known Abeta channel blockers zinc and tromethamine. To further validate this conclusion, we developed a specific peptide segment from the sequence forming the mouth of the Abeta channel to block Abeta Ca2+ channels acutely and to block late Abeta effects on caspase activation and apoptosis. This is the first report of a specific Abeta channel blocker compound, NA4, which efficaciously and potently blocks the most known cellular responses to Abeta.
College students' motivation to achieve and maintain a healthy weight.

OBJECTIVES To develop and refine a scale of motivational factors related to healthy weight achievement and maintenance and to examine differences by gender and weight status. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 300 university students aged 18-24 years. RESULTS Factor analysis yielded 6 factors-Intrinsic (Cronbach's alpha=0.73): affective motivation, self-efficacy/interest; Extrinsic (Cronbach's alpha=0.68): social reward, peer pressure, lack of choice, and authority influence. Males and normal-weight students showed higher affective motivation and overall intrinsic motivation compared to females and overweight students, (P<.001). CONCLUSION Intrinsic motivational factors and gender differences should be considered in developing obesity prevention interventions in this age-group.
Geographic patterns of pulmonary disease in south carolina.

Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to assess the patterns of geographic variation of the following pulmonary diseases: tuberculosis (TB), lung cancer (LC), berylliosis (BR), sarcoidosis (SR), and asthma (AS). METHODS: Hospitalization rates for the five diseases were calculated for the 46 South Carolina (SC) counties from 1985–1995. Variation in rates was assessed by county, region, and urban/rural status using analysis of variance. SC was divided into 4 regions, according to proximity to the coastline and to physiographic characteristics. Region 1 comprised counties in the western-most part of the state, and region 4 comprised the counties closest to the coastline. SC was also divided into 5 population density settings: extreme rural ( 100,000). Statistical analyses were performed with SAS Version 8. RESULTS: Table 1 Table 1 . Mean hospitalization rates for pulmonary diseases in South Carolina Asthma * Lung cancer * Sarcoidosis * Tuberculosis * Berylliosis ** Region 1 215.2 166.1 8.1 12.6 2.6 Region 2 284.5 147.4 9.0 16.4 4.9 Region 3 322.0 152.2 19.6 28.8 2.7 Coastal 290.8 148.2 22.2 30.1 9.7 Extreme rural 204.0 132.2 14.0 20.1 0 Rural 309.9 141.7 18.6 31.8 6.3 Middle-size 372.2 189.0 20.0 29.4 2.5 Middle-urban 205.4 138.5 8.4 10.2 8.3 Urban 266.7 136.6 16.1 21.4 4.4 * Rates are per 100,000. ** Rates are per 10,000,000. The rates of SR, TB, and BR were significantly higher in the coastal region. In contrast, no coastal pattern was detected by population density. CONCLUSIONS: The consistent association of SR, TB, and BR with geographical region, as opposed to the inconsistent association with population density, suggests that environmental factors may be involved in these pulmonary diseases. These results demonstrate the need for further analysis of the relationship between socio-economic, behavioral, and environmental factors and the development of these diseases.
Flow cytometry is of limited utility in the early identification of "double-hit" B-cell lymphomas.

Background: B-cell lymphomas with concurrent translocations of MYC and BCL2 or BCL6, also known as “double-hit” lymphomas (DHL), are rare malignancies characterized by aggressive clinical behavior and poor prognosis. Previous reports suggest that decreased CD20 and/or CD19 expression by flow cytometry is relatively common in DHL and may help to identify cases requiring additional cytogenetic analysis. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 26 cases of DHL, and compared their flow cytometric characteristics to cases of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Cases were analyzed by four-color flow cytometry, and bivariate dot-plots were reviewed for light scatter characteristics, CD19, CD20, CD45, and surface light chain. Results: Relatively few DHL cases showed dim expression of CD19 or CD20, and statistically significant differences were found only in the frequency of dim CD19 expression between DHL and BL or DLBCL. Although concomitant dim CD19 and CD20 expression was exclusive to DHL, it was present in only a minority of cases. Conclusions: We conclude that although a subset of DHL expresses aberrant levels of CD19 and/or CD20 by flow cytometry, these findings are of limited utility in identifying cases requiring cytogenetic analysis due to their low frequency. Until more sensitive pathologic parameters can be identified and validated, the decision to perform cytogenetic analysis should rest on a combination of clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic features suggestive of high-grade, aggressive disease. © 2013 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Glycomic analysis: an array of technologies

Carbohydrates encode biological information necessary for cellular function. The structural diversity and complexity of these sugar residues have necessitated the creation of novel methodologies for their study. This review highlights recent technological advancements that are starting to unravel the intricate web of carbohydrate biology. New methods for the analysis of both glycoconjugates and glycan structures are discussed. With the use of these innovative tools, the field of glycobiology is poised to take center-stage in the postgenomic era of modern biology and medicine.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Posterior Urethral Valves

Posterior urethral valves are a urologic deformity involving a narrowing of the prostatic portion of the male urethra. This causes a bladder outlet obstruction. The sonographic criteria include hyd...