cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depression in rural communities: Validating the CES‐D scale

This study of 200 adults receiving outpatient services in rural Middle Tennessee was conducted to provide data on the validity of the CES-D as a measure of depressive symptomatology. Specifically, the study sought to determine the CES-D's ability to discriminate between outpatients and a sample of community residents, between patient groups reflecting different diagnostic classifications and levels of problem severity, and based upon such comparisons, to select cutting points on the CES-D which would indicate levels of depressive symptomatology which denote a need for services. The data indicated that the CES-D distinguished (1) between patients and nonpatients, (2) among various patient groups, and (3) among depressed patients with varying levels of problem severity. Further, the study cites the utility of new cutting points of 17 and 23 to provide an estimate of “possible” and “probable” caseness within the community. The study provides support for the utility of the CES-D in determining levels of depressive symptomatology in the population.
Optimizing endotracheal tube size and length for tracheal intubation through single-use supraglottic airway devices

To the Editor, Supraglottic airway devices have an established role in facilitating tracheal intubation in the setting of difficult airway management. When the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) Classic (LMA North America Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) is used as an airway conduit for tracheal intubation, there are several limitations regarding the compatibility of endotracheal tubes (ETT), because the ETTs must be passed through the relatively narrow and long airway tube of the LMA. Recently, single-use supraglottic airway devices that have configurations similar to that of the LMA Classic have been introduced. These single-use devices include the LMA Unique (LMA North America Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), the Soft Seal Laryngeal Mask (Smiths Medical Ltd., Hythe, Kent, UK), the AuraStraight (Ambu Inc., Glen Burnie, MD, USA), and the AuraOnce (Ambu Inc., Glen Burnie, MD, USA). The effectiveness of these devices to facilitate tracheal intubation has been investigated. Compared with the LMA Classic, these airways differ slightly in their structure. For instance, each of these new single-use supraglottic airways has a unique internal diameter and length, hence, options regarding both the size and length of ETTs that can be used for tracheal intubation may differ from that of the LMA Classic. These differences may be especially important when using these devices in emergent settings. We undertook a comparison of the diameters and lengths of ETTs that can be used for tracheal intubation through each of these supraglottic airways. This comparison revealed that the minimum length of ETT that could be considered suitable to advance through the supraglottic airway was deemed to be the sum of the length of the airway tube of the supraglottic airway, the distance between the mask aperture and the vocal cords (ranging from 2.0 to 4.7 cm), and the distance between the upper border of the ETT cuff and the ETT tip, i.e., B 5.5 cm in a 6 or 6.5 mm ETT and B 6.5 cm in a 7 mm ETT (Table 1). Thus, when the ETTs are passed through the supraglottic airway to the maximum extent possible, 6 mm and 7 mm internal diameter ETTs are required to project about 10 cm (4.7 ? 5.5 cm) and 11 cm (4.7 ? 6.5 cm), respectively, beyond the mask aperture. The airway tube of the LMA Unique is equal in both internal diameter and length to that of the LMA Classic, which needs a longer ETT (Tables 1 and 2). While the length of the Soft Seal Laryngeal Mask is similar to that of the LMA Classic, the former tube is thicker (Table 2). Thus, when using the Soft Seal Laryngeal Mask for tracheal intubation, a longer ETT is needed (Table 1); however, in comparison with the LMA Classic, a large bore ETT can be used (Table 2). In contrast, the airway tube of the AuraStraight has the same internal diameter as that of the LMA Classic, but the tube length is shorter (Table 2). Thus, when using the AuraStraight, normal length ETTs can be used in most cases for tracheal intubation.
The Role of Coercion in Rehabilitation of Drug Abusers

The impact of coercion in rehabilitation of drug abusers was examined in a 1979 study of a population of drug abusers in treatment programs in South Jersey, The experimental group consisted of patients in treatment through the TASC program, while the control group was made up of patients who had voluntarily committed themselves to treatment. A validated interview schedule was utilized for both coerced and noncoerced groups. Data analysis utilized analysis of contingency tables involving χ2 tests of significance and Pearsons Correlation Coefficients, as well as one-way and two-way analyses of variance. This study found that coercion facilitates success for certain population groups (e.g., older, longer-term heroin addicts), only by certain criteria (e.g., arrest and abstinence) for certain treatment settings (e.g., drug-free vs methadone maintenance programs). Confirmation of the maturing-out process with regard to treatment of heroin addicts was also noted. Based on study findings and literature review, a...
Force steps during viral DNA packaging

Biophysicists and structural biologists increasingly acknowledge the role played by the mechanical properties of macromolecules as a critical element in many biological processes. This change has been brought about, in part, by the advent of single molecule biophysics techniques that have made it possible to exert piconewton forces on key macromolecules and observe their deformations at nanometer length scales, as well as to observe the mechanical action of macromolecules such as molecular motors. This has opened up immense possibilities for a new generation of mechanical investigations that will respond to such measurements in an attempt to develop a coherent theory for the mechanical behavior of macromolecules under conditions where thermal and chemical effects are on an equal footing with deterministic forces. This paper presents an application of the principles of mechanics to the problem of DNA packaging, one of the key events in the life cycle of bacterial viruses with special reference to the nature of the internal forces that are built up during the DNA packaging process.
ArrayWiki: liberating microarray data from non-collaborative public repositories

A survey of microarray repositories reveals that their contents and data models are heterogeneous, and that repositories developed for different communities have become "silo-ed" over time. A community maintained resource, ArrayWiki, resolves these problems by uniting disparate meta-data that are difficult for users to find. This resource provides users with simple text-based searches across all experiment metadata, and exposes data to search engine crawlers (Semantic Agents) such as Google to further enhance data discovery. In addition, automated quality control processes provide extra information about data quality not available in other microarray resources. The data in this resource are open to community contribution, comment, and modification and are distributed and visualized using a novel, compact data storage format, BioPNG. ArrayWiki is available at http://www.bio-miblab.org/arraywiki.
Conorenal dysplasia: a syndrome of cone-shaped epiphysis, renal disease in childhood, retinitis pigmentosa and abnormality of the proximal femur.

Conorenal dysplasia is a rare sydrome which includes cone shaped epiphysis, renal disease in childhood, retinitis pigmentosa and abnormality of the proximal physis and metaphysis of the femur. A long term followup of one patient is presented along with a review of the reported cases. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbons from H2CO mixtures over the group VIII metals: III. Metal-support effects with Pt and Pd catalysts

Abstract Methane formation from CO H 2 mixtures has been found to proceed much more rapidly on supported Pt and Pd than on unsupported Pt and Pd. Characterization of these catalysts by CO and H2 chemisorption measurements allowed the determination of average particle sizes and specific activities. The enhancement of specific activity correlates with an increase in the surface concentration of the more weakly bound CO species. For Pt, this appears to be due primarily to a crystallite size effect, whereas for Pd the support plays the major role and infers a substantial metal-support interaction.
Digital watermarking by using a feature-based multiwavelet fusion approach

In this paper, a scheme based on a multiwavelet transform for digital image watermarking is presented. The algorithm tries to integrate the effect of compression and image feature measurement. The information of the watermark is embedded into the salient feature of the host image that will survive most kinds of distortions or attacks. The general procedure for transform domain watermarking consists of three steps: host image decomposition, watermark embedding, and reconstruction of the watermarked image. The preliminary results indicate the feasibility of the promising approach. Extensive experiments will be carried out to improve the robustness of the algorithm.
Zur katalatischen und peroxidatischen Aktivität von Cu2+‐Komplexen

Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Struktur von Cu2+-Komplexen und ihrer katalytischen Aktivitat beim H2O2-Zerfall last sich als „molekulare Sonde” verwenden, indem er es erlaubt, aus der katalytischen Aktivitat eines Cu2+-Komplexes unbekannter Struktur die Zahl der koordinierten Ligandgruppen abzuleiten. Da auserdem nur koordinierte Ligandgruppen durch H2O2 oxidiert werden, lassen sich aus der spektrophotometrisch verfolgbaren Oxidation bestimmter Teile eines Liganden weitere Hinweise auf die Beschaffenheit der Koordinationssphare des Metallions gewinnen. Dies gelang am Beispiel der Cu2+-Komplexe von Amiden, Polyaminosauren, Nucleotiden, RNS und nativer sowie denaturierter DNS. Kinetische Untersuchungen gestatten Einblicke in die Mechanismen katalatischer und peroxidatischer Reaktionen.
Stimulation of Aldosterone Synthesis by Angiotensin II in the Brain: Support for Positive Feedback in Hypertension?

See related article, pp 564–571 Gomez-Sanchez et al1 published 2 crucial articles in 2005.1,2 One established that aldosterone could be synthesized in vivo in the rat brain.1 The other demonstrated that intracerebroventricular infusion of trilostane, to inhibit of aldosterone and corticosterone synthesis in the brains of Dahl salt-sensitive rats, reversed salt-induced hypertension. These carefully performed studies raised the possibility that in addition to circulating aldosterone, aldosterone synthesized locally in the brain could play a physiological role in the regulation of blood pressure. Subsequently, Huang et al3 and Gomez-Sanchez et al4 used a more selective inhibitor of aldosterone synthase, FAD286,5 and reported attenuation or reversal of salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Those articles provided additional support for the hypothesis that salt-induced hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats is, in part, dependent on elevated expression of aldosterone synthase within the brain, resulting in increased local production of aldosterone. Was the physiological relevance of locally produced aldosterone unique to this genetic model of hypertension? In this issue of Hypertension , the article by Huang et al6 shows that intracerebroventricular infusion of either …
Introduction: Performing Disputes

Imagine a culture where an argument is viewed as a dance, the participants are seen as performers, and the goal is to perform in a balanced and aesthetically pleasing way. (Lakoff and Johnson 1980:5)
Forced convection in three-dimensional flows: III. Asymptotic solutions with viscous heating

Matched asymptotic solutions are given for the temperature profiles and heat transfer rates in laminar three-dimensional flows with viscous dissipation. The results are asymptotically valid for small thermal diffusivity α; they hold for Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids. The fluid properties are evaluated at an average temperature for the system; this is satisfactory for moderate temperature differences. Heat transfer formulas for various thermal boundary conditions are included. Several examples are analyzed, including the frictional heating of a polymer melt in flow through a wire-coating die.
Designing a social network to support the independence of young adults with autism

Independence is key to a successful transition to adulthood for individuals with autism. Social support is a crucial factor for achieving adaptive self-help life skills. In this paper we describe the results of a formative design exercise with young adults with autism and their caregivers to uncover opportunities for social networks to promote independence and facilitate coordination. We propose the concept of SocialMirror, a device connected to an online social network that allows the young adult to seek advice from a trusted and responsive network of family, friends and professionals. Focus group discussions reveal the potential for SocialMirror to increase motivation to learn everyday life skills among young adults with autism and to foster collaboration among a distributed care network. We present design considerations to leverage a small trusted network that balances quick response with safeguards for privacy and security of young adults with autism.
BACKGROUNDS AT AN e-e- LINEAR COLLIDER

Background sources at a 1 TeV Linear Collider are discussed along with ideas on how to limit their effect on the detector. With modest shielding and an adequate solenoidal field, we find that detector backgrounds are minimal and that the experimental environment should be similar to that which one normally associates with e+e- colliders.
Measurement of the absolute Raman scattering cross section of the 1584-cm−1 band of benzenethiol and the surface-enhanced Raman scattering cross section enhancement factor for femtosecond laser-nanostructured substrates

The absolute Raman scattering cross section (σRS) for the 1584-cm−1 band of benzenethiol at 897 nm (1.383 eV) has been measured to be 8.9 ± 1.8 × 10−30 cm2 using a 785-nm pump laser. A temperature-controlled, small-cavity blackbody source was used to calibrate the signal output of the Raman spectrometer. We also measured the absolute surface-enhanced Raman scattering cross section (σSERS) of benzenethiol adsorbed onto a silver-coated, femtosecond laser-nanostructured substrate. Using the measured values of 8.9 ± 1.8 × 10−30 and 6.6 ± 1.3 × 10−24 cm2 for σRS and σSERS respectively, we calculate an average cross-section enhancement factor (EF) of 0.8 ± 0.3 × 106. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A real-time distributed light field camera

We present the design and implementation of a real-time, distributed light field camera. Our system allows multiple viewers to navigate virtual cameras in a dynamically changing light field that is captured in real-time. Our light field camera consists of 64 commodity video cameras that are connected to off-the-shelf computers. We employ a distributed rendering algorithm that allows us to overcome the data bandwidth problems inherent in dynamic light fields. Our algorithm works by selectively transmitting only those portions of the video streams that contribute to the desired virtual views. This technique not only reduces the total bandwidth, but it also allows us to scale the number of cameras in our system without increasing network bandwidth. We demonstrate our system with a number of examples.
An improved algorithm for implication testing involving arithmetic inequalities

Implication testing of arithmetic inequalities has been widely used in different areas in database systems and has received extensive research as well. Klug and Ullman (A. Klug, 1988; and J.D. Ullman, 1989) proposed an algorithm that determines whether S implies T, where T and S consist of inequalities of form (X op Y), X and Y are two variables, and op/spl epsiv/ {= , /spl ges/}. The complexity of the algorithm is O(n/sup 3/), where n is the number of inequalities in S. We reduce the problem to matrix multiplication, thus improving the time bound to O(n/sup 2.376/). We also demonstrate an O(n/sup 2/) algorithm if the number of inequalities in T is bounded by O(n). Since matrix multiplication has been well studied, our reduction allows the possibility of directly adopting many practical results for managing matrices and their operations, such as parallel computation and efficient representation of sparse matrices. >
Eating attitudes in urban and suburban adolescents

We administered the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory to two populations of high school students. The first group, 268 suburban females (mean age 16.2 years), completed their questionnaires in May 1988. The second population, 389 females and 281 males (mean age 16.0 years) in a city school with 92% black of Hispanic students, completed their questionnaires in February 1990 and were also measured for height and weight as part of a health screening. Scores of 21 or higher on the EAT-26 were achieved by 17.5% of the suburban females, 15.0% of the urban females, and 6.0% of the urban males. Significantly more suburban females (63%) considered themselves overweight, compared with both urban females (35%) and males (19%), yet only 14% of suburban females were calculated to be > 10% over ideal body weight, compared with 45% of urban females and 39% of urban males. Contrary to expectations, self-esteem was higher and anxiety lower in the urban students than the suburban students; self-esteem and anxiety were each significantly correlated with higher EAT scores in both populations, but believing oneself overweight was correlated with higher EAT scores in only the suburban students. These data indicate that abnormal eating attitudes are present among both urban and suburban students but with important differences in their manifestations and implications.
Ultraconserved Elements: Analyses of Dosage Sensitivity, Motifs and Boundaries

Ultraconserved elements (UCEs) are sequences that are identical between reference genomes of distantly related species. As they are under negative selection and enriched near or in specific classes of genes, one explanation for their ultraconservation may be their involvement in important functions. Indeed, many UCEs can drive tissue-specific gene expression. We have demonstrated that nonexonic UCEs are depleted among segmental duplications (SDs) and copy number variants (CNVs) and proposed that their ultraconservation may reflect a mechanism of copy counting via comparison. Here, we report that nonexonic UCEs are also depleted among 10 of 11 recent genomewide data sets of human CNVs, including 3 obtained with strategies permitting greater precision in determining the extents of CNVs. We further present observations suggesting that nonexonic UCEs per se may contribute to this depletion and that their apparent dosage sensitivity was in effect when they became fixed in the last common ancestor of mammals, birds, and reptiles, consistent with dosage sensitivity contributing to ultraconservation. Finally, in searching for the mechanism(s) underlying the function of nonexonic UCEs, we have found that they are enriched in TAATTA, which is also the recognition sequence for the homeodomain DNA-binding module, and bounded by a change in A + T frequency.
Baclofen blocks LES relaxation and crural diaphragm inhibition by esophageal and gastric distension in cats.

Esophageal distension and transient lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation (TLESR) are accompanied by simultaneous relaxation of the LES and inhibition of crural diaphragm. Recent studies indi...
A note on tidal delay by inland seas and harbors

Abstract The phase shift induced in the tide along a straight coastline by a bay is calculated on the assumptions that the ocean is of uniform depth and that inertial effects are negligible within the bay (but the bay need not be of uniform depth). The inertial effects in the mouth of the bay are incorporated in an amplification factor that allows for the possibility of Helmholtz resonance. The tidal phase delay induced by San Francisco Bay at more northerly points on the California coastline is estimated to be three seconds, which is negligible compared with the observed anomalies between San Francisco and Crescent City. On the other hand, the tidal phase shifts induced by much larger inland seas, such as Hudson's Bay, could be substantial.
Determinants of Nutrition Label Use Among College Students

Abstract The purpose of this research was to assess the frequency of nutrition label use among college students and its relationship to nutrition and label knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding diet-disease relationships, and to determine factors predictive of frequent or infrequent label use. This study utilized a cross-sectional design. Volunteer participants included a convenience sample of 1,294 students from a large university in Texas. A 57-item survey instrument was used to assess nutrition label knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs about diet-disease relationships. Open-ended items were included to capture reasons for frequent/infrequent label use. Statistical analyses included frequency distributions, Pearson's correlations, independent sample t-tests, and binary logistic regression. Label users had greater knowledge, more favorable attitudes, and more accurate perceptions of diet-disease relationships than nonusers. Females exhibited greater knowledge, more favorable attitudes, and...
Corporal punishment and child adjustment

The association between corporal punishment and children's emotional and behavioral functioning was studied in a sample of 98 non-referred children with a mean age of 12.35 (SD=1.72) recruited from two school systems in the southeastern United States. Children were divided into those who had experienced no corporal punishment over approximately a two-week period, those who had experienced mild levels of corporal punishment (i.e., 1 or 2 instances), and those who had experienced high levels of corporal punishment (i.e., 3 or more instances). Results indicated that use of corporal punishment was associated with problems in both emotional and behavioral adjustment. However, these associations were strongest for children who experienced high levels of corporal punishment, for children who were impulsive, and for children who did not experience a warm and supportive family climate.
Insulin-like Growth Factor I Overexpression in Human Pancreatic Cancer: Evidence for Autocrine and Paracrine Roles

We assessed the potential roles of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in human pancreatic cancer. IGF-I enhanced the growth of ASPC-1 and COLO-357 human pancreatic cancer cells, and this effect was significantly inhibited by a highly specific monoclonal anti-IGF-IR antibody (alpha IR3). Both cell lines expressed mRNA transcripts for IGF-IR, and basal cell growth was significantly reduced by an IGF-IR antisense oligodeoxynucleotide. IGF-I mRNA transcripts were not detected in either cell line or in two additional pancreatic cancer cell lines. In contrast, analysis of 12 pancreatic cancers revealed a 32-fold increase (P < 0.01) in IGF-I mRNA levels by comparison with the low levels observed in the normal pancreas. By in situ hybridization, IGF-I mRNA grains were present in both the cancer cells and in the surrounding connective tissue. Six of the cancers exhibited a 4.4-fold increase in IGF-IR mRNA levels. These findings suggest that IGF-I may participate in aberrant autocrine and paracrine activation of IGF-IR in pancreatic cancer in vivo.
Duftverarbeitung im Antennallobus der Honigbiene Apis mellifera

Odor processing in the honeybee antennal lobe. Brains consist of complex neural networks which process, optimize and select information in form of neural activity. In order to understand basic mechanisms of information processing, we studied the sense of smell. We analyzed a well defined structure in the insect brain, the antennal lobe, which represents the olfactory bulb of insects. By simultaneously visualizing activity in the input and the output, we analyzed the processing of olfactory information by the antennal lobe neural network. Using pharmacological tools we selectively blocked parts of the network. Our results show that olfactory representation is modulated by several parallel networks, which optimize different aspects of olfactory coding. At least two functions could be isolated: a global network, likely to keep the overall activity in an optimal range, and a selective network. Individual connections of the latter contrast enhance the representation of different odors.
Approaches to scaling up physiologically based soil-plant models in space and time.

Summary Many broad-scale, environmental phenomena can be investigated by extrapolating from detailed study of events at a small scale. This paper evaluates approaches to the use of physiologically based soil-plant models for addressing broad-scale, environmental issues. When the space and time domains of a soil-plant simulator are extended, there is an increase in the variability of soil, plant, and weather variables, which can be dealt with by what is called extended-range modeling, ERM. There may also be a gain of phenomena not represented at the small scale, which can be dealt with by what is called phenomena-added modeling, PAM. As an example of ERM, a Monte Carlo procedure, called Latin hypercube sampling, is used to estimate annual photosynthate production of an oak-hickory forest under three atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Phenomena-added modeling is illustrated by scaling up spatially from a vegetated plot to a watershed, and scaling up temporally from a physiological model with hourly time steps to a forest-succession model operating on annual time steps. Where large-scale processes take place on a time scale similar to, or faster than, that of small-scale processes (plot-watershed case), less computation is required if the small-scale processes are built into the large-scale model and ERM is conducted with the expanded model. Phenomena-added modeling may be conducted by information transfer from a small-scale simulator to a large-scale simulator. This is also possible with Latin hypercube sampling by using the output frequency distributions from the small-scale model as input distributions for the large-scale model. The final outputs at the large scale are also frequency distributions, and these can be used to determine confidence intervals for statistical comparisons among modeling scenarios. The ERM and PAM methods are data and computer intensive; nevertheless, they can fill an important need for addressing large-scale issues that cannot be adequately addressed through other scaling up methods.
Measurement of nonlinear normal modes using multi-harmonic stepped force appropriation and free decay

Abstract Nonlinear Normal Modes (NNMs) offer tremendous insight into the dynamic behavior of a nonlinear system, extending many concepts that are familiar in linear modal analysis. Hence there is interest in developing methods to experimentally and numerically determine a system׳s NNMs for model updating or simply to characterize its dynamic response. Previous experimental work has shown that a mono-harmonic excitation can be used to isolate a system׳s dynamic response in the neighborhood of a NNM along the main backbones of a system. This work shows that a multi-harmonic excitation is needed to isolate a NNM when well separated linear modes of a structure couple to produce an internal resonance. It is shown that one can tune the multiple harmonics of the input excitation using a plot of the input force versus the response velocity until the area enclosed by the force–velocity curve is minimized. Once an appropriated NNM is measured, one can increase the force level and retune the frequency to obtain a NNM at a higher amplitude or remove the excitation and measure the structure׳s decay down a NNM backbone. This work explores both methods using simulations and measurements of a nominally-flat clamped–clamped beam excited at a single point with a magnetic force. Numerical simulations are used to validate the method in a well defined environment and to provide comparison with the experimentally measured NNMs. The experimental results seem to produce a good estimate of two NNMs along their backbone and part of an internal resonance branch. Full-field measurements are then used to further explore the couplings between the underlying linear modes along the identified NNMs.
Impact of liver P450 reductase suppression on cyclophosphamide activation, pharmacokinetics and antitumoral activity in a cytochrome P450-based cancer gene therapy model.

The effect of the antithyroid drug methimazole (MMI) on cytochrome P450/P450 reductase-dependent activation of the anti-cancer prodrug cyclophosphamide (CPA) was investigated in a rat model of P450 prodrug activation-based cancer gene therapy. MMI treatment decreased the expression of hepatic P450 reductase by ∼75% but did not alter P450 reductase levels in a 9L gliosarcoma growing in vivo as a subcutaneous solid tumor. In a pharmacokinetic study, MMI treatment significantly decreased the peak plasma concentration of the active, P450-generated metabolite 4-hydroxy-CPA, from 84.1 to 57.8 μM, and substantially prolonged its apparent half-life, from 25.4 to 54.3 minutes. The area under the plasma concentration × time curve and clearance values for 4-hydroxy-CPA were largely unchanged, however, indicating that MMI decreases the rate but not the overall extent of hepatic CPA activation. MMI alleviated some of the systemic toxicities of CPA treatment, as judged by the moderation of CPA-induced body weight loss and hematuria. The impact of MMI on CPA antitumoral activity was evaluated in rats implanted with 9L tumors transduced with P450 reductase in combination with the CPA-activating P450 2B1, which confers the capacity for intratumoral prodrug activation and leads to markedly enhanced chemosensitivity. CPA given as a single, subtherapeutic dose of 75 mg/kg resulted in a 13.8 day growth delay, whereas CPA in combination with MMI increased the growth delay to 17.4 days. By contrast, a tumor growth delay of only 3.4 days was observed in animals bearing 9L wild-type tumors given the same drug combination. We conclude that the selective reduction of liver P450 reductase after MMI treatment decreases the rate of hepatic drug activation and the host toxicity of CPA without loss of the antitumoral effect, thus increasing the therapeutic index of CPA in a P450-based cancer gene therapy model, where CPA undergoes localized drug activation at its intratumoral site of action.
Meeting the diagnostic challenge of Behcet's disease.

The diagnostic criteria include some of the commonest findings and exclude other findings that may be important.
Robert A. Millikan meets the credibility revolution: comment on Harrison (2013), ‘field experiments and methodological intolerance’1

Millikan's famous oil drop experiment is scrutinized from the viewpoint of the methodological dicta of the credibility revolution.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring phenotypes among individuals with and without diabetes taking antihypertensive medication: the Jackson Heart Study

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) can detect phenotypes associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Diabetes is associated with increased CVD risk but few data are available documenting whether blood pressure (BP) phenotypes, detected by ABPM, differ between individuals with versus without diabetes. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 567 participants in the Jackson Heart Study, a population-based study of African Americans, taking antihypertensive medication to evaluate the association between diabetes and ABPM phenotypes. Two clinic BP measurements were taken at baseline following a standardized protocol. ABPM was performed for 24 h following the clinic visit. ABPM phenotypes included daytime, sustained, nocturnal and isolated nocturnal hypertension, a non-dipping BP pattern, and white coat, masked and masked isolated nocturnal hypertension. Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ⩾126 mg dl-1, haemoglobin A1c ⩾6.5% (48 mmol mol-1) or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic medications. Of the included participants (mean age 62.3 years, 71.8% female), 196 (34.6%) had diabetes. After multivariable adjustment, participants with diabetes were more likely to have daytime hypertension (prevalence ratio (PR): 1.32; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09-1.60), masked hypertension (PR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.11-1.93) and masked isolated nocturnal hypertension (PR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.02-1.89). Although nocturnal hypertension was more common among participants with versus without diabetes, this association was not present after adjustment for daytime systolic BP. Diabetes was not associated with the other ABPM phenotypes investigated. This study highlights the high prevalence of ABPM phenotypes among individuals with diabetes taking antihypertensive medication.
Clinical value of the CLINY Silicone ED tube with Stylet in the treatment of the early postoperative inflammatory small bowel obstruction in children

Objective To explore the clinical value of the CLINY Silicone ED Tube with Stylet in treatment of the early postoperative inflammatory small bowel obstruction in children. Methods From June 2007 to October 2010,25 patients with early postoperative inflammatory small bowel obstruction were treated with the CLINY Silicone ED tube with Stylet(experimental group,n=12) and with nasogastric tube(control group,n=15),respectively.The gastrointestinal decompression amounts in the first five days after intubation,recovery time of exhaust/defecation,days of intubation,abdominal X-ray film were retrospectively analyzed and compared. Results The gastrointestinal decompression amounts in experimental group was significant higher than that in control group.The recovery time of exhaust/defecation in experimental group was shorter than in control group [(4.6±3.2)d vs(7.8±4.3)d,P0.01].The days of intubation in experimental group was shorter than in control group [(5.81±1.17)d vs(9.43±2.56)d,P0.01]. Conclusion The ED tube can more effectively drain the digestive juice,relieve the intestinal dilatation and promote the intestinal peristalsis,and it is effective for the early postoperative inflammatory small bowel obstruction.
Interactive effects of dietary chromium tripicolinate and crude protein level in growing-finishing pigs provided inadequate and adequate pen space.

An experiment was conducted to determine the interactive effects of dietary chromium tripicolinate (CrPic), CP, and pen space (PS) as a stress on growth performance, carcass traits, and plasma hormones and metabolites of crossbred growing-finishing pigs (128 pigs; initial BW 27.2 kg). A factorial arrangement of treatments included two levels of Cr ( 0 and 400 ppb as CrPic), two levels of CP (80 [80P] and 120% [120P] of the lysine requirement; NRC, 1988), and two levels of PS (adequate [APS] or inadequate [IPS]). In the grower phase, ADG was decreased more by IPS when pigs were fed 80P (CP x PS, P .10) ADG, ADFI, or G/F in the grower phase. In the finisher phase, pigs fed 120P had less ( P .10) ADG compared with pigs fed 80P. Gain/feed was higher (P <.10) in pigs fed 120P than in pigs fed 80P. Daily gain and ADFI were lower (P <.03) in pigs provided IPS than in pigs provided APS. In pigs fed 80P, CrPic tended to result in higher ADG and G/F; however, in pigs fed 120P, Cr tended to result in lower ADG and G/F (CP x Cr, P < .09). Pigs fed 120P had greater (P <.03) longissimus muscle area ( LMA) and percentage of muscling ( PM ) and less (P <.03) 10th rib fat thickness (TRF) than pigs fed 80P. Pigs provided IPS had greater LMA and PM and less TRF than pigs provided APS ( P <.03). Pigs fed CrPic had higher TRF when provided IPS but lower TRF when provided APS (Cr x PS, P <.07). Feeding CrPic had minimal effect on plasma urea N, cholesterol, glucose, NEFA, insulin, or growth hormone.
Continuous EEG Monitoring is an Important Tool in Managing Critically Ill Patients in Intensive Care Units (P2.091)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of continuous EEG monitoring in critically ill patients with altered mental status. BACKGROUND: A significant percentage of patients admitted to the intensive care units (ICU’s) have altered mental status (AMS) as one of their diagnoses. Common causes of AMS include anoxic brain injury, toxic/metabolic encephalopathy, infection, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, malignancy or traumatic brain injury. The underlying cause of altered mental status is often non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) or subclinical seizures, which can only be identified and managed using continuous EEG monitoring. DESIGN/METHODS: We reviewed the charts of 48 patients including comatose patients who were admitted with AMS to various ICU’s at Hahnemann University Hospital between 01-01-2009 and 12-31-2009, and underwent continuous EEG monitoring. Their primary diagnoses, EEG findings, duration of EEG recording, time taken to record first electrographic event and other relevant laboratory and radiological data were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS: Out of the 48 patients studied with continuous EEG monitoring for AMS, toxic/metabolic encephalopathy (26[percnt]), anoxic brain injury (22[percnt]) and epilepsy (18[percnt]) were the three top primary diagnoses. 24 patients had epileptiform activity on continuous EEG. Generalized NCSE (33[percnt]) and generalized myoclonic status epilepticus (21[percnt]) were the most common epileptiform abnormalities recorded, followed by subclinical seizures (13[percnt]), partial convulsive SE (13[percnt]) and partial NCSE (8[percnt]). These electrographic events were recorded on the first day of monitoring, within 24 hours in all the patients who had events on continuous EEG monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous EEG is an effective tool in monitoring NCSE and subclinical seizures in critically ill patients. 24 hours of continuous EEG monitoring is an appropriate screen for non-convulsive seizures in comatose and non-comatose patients. It may also help improve outcomes in patients in whom NCSE or subclinical seizures are not coexistent with other serious comorbidities like anoxic brain injury etc. Disclosure: Dr. Aggarwal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pillai has nothing to disclose.
Disability Identity in Conflict: Performativity in the U.S. Social Security Benefits System

This paper highlights the schism between self-identity perception and the legal view of what it means to live with disabilities. It showcases how disabled people who identify with contemporary views of disability, derived from the disability rights and independent living movements as well as the concept of the social model of disability, are forced to adjust themselves to and comply with the state's view of disability in order to gain the Social Security benefits they need in order to sustain themselves.Using original qualitative data that showcases “real life” experiences of benefit claimants, this paper sheds new light on the process of obtaining Social Security disability benefits in the U.S.
Abstract 331: Caeolin-1 Deficiency Increases LDL Cholesterol Uptake but Attenuates Inflammation of Endothelial Cells

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the major structural protein essential to the formation of the caveolae in endothelial cells. Cav-1 is thought to play an important role in the regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis, a process that needs to be properly controlled to limit and prevent cholesterol accumulation and eventually atherosclerosis. Genetic ablation of Cav-1 on an apoE knockout background inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis, while re-expression of Cav-1 in the endothelium promotes lesion expansion by affecting several processes including endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and nitric oxide production in vitro and increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Specifically, in vivo study shows that loss of Cav-1 reduces LDL infiltration into the artery wall and inhibits progression of atherosclerosis. However, surprisingly, we found that knock down of Cav-1 in human endothelial cells increases the binding and uptake of diI-LDL in vitro suggesting that Cav-1 decreases transcytosis of LDL. Moreover, Caveolin-1 has also been implicated in the regulation of inflammation in endothelial cells. Here we show that Cav-1 affects the induction of cell adhesion molecules in endothelial cells by inflammatory mediators including TLR2 ligand Pam3cys, IL-1B, and TNF. Specifically, knock-down of Cav-1 in human endothelial cells decreases the induction of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and SELE in both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, we also show that silencing of Cav-1 attenuates the major signaling pathways that are involved in the induction of cell adhesion molecules including MAPK, AKT, JNK-AP1 and NF-κB pathways.
What Authorizes the Image? The Visual Economy of Post-Secular Jurisprudence

In law’s visual economy our commitment to justice grows out of a renewed encounter with an interior libidinal source whose ongoing collective investment binds us to the nomos in which we live. We experience this corporeal bond in paintings, films, and video images on screens large and small. In the ethically inflected aesthetic of post-secular jurisprudence, justice is to law as beauty is to art. As distant as an abstract expressionist canvas, as close as any neighbor, or indeed any screen on which the neighbor becomes real to us. That is where we behold the source and instantiation of law’s judgment and authority.
Women as Public Scientists in the Atomic AgeRachel Carson, Charlotte Auerbach, and Genetics

With the onset of the atomic age in 1945, geneticists increasingly spoke out about how nuclear fallout and radiation impacted heredity and reproduction. The scholarship discussing post–World War II activism focuses almost exclusively on males, with little attention given to women who served as public scientists or the role gender played in gaining public trust and influencing policy makers. This paper examines two women, both trained in genetics, who became activists in the 1950s and 1960s to educate the public about the dangers radiation and wartime chemicals posed to the human germ plasm. In Genetics in the Atomic Age (1956), Charlotte Auerbach (1899–1994) described basic genetic principles to explain why radiation-induced mutations could be harmful. In Silent Spring (1962), Rachel Carson (1907–1964) drew on genetics to warn about the possible mutagenic properties of DDT along with other concerns. Both women fostered scientific literacy to empower an informed citizenry that could influence public policy. They appealed both to men and to the growing cadre of middle-class educated women, encouraging an expanded role for maternal responsibility: not only protecting families but also the well-being of all humankind. This essay is part of a special issue entitled THE BONDS OF HISTORY edited by Anita Guerrini.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Characterization of 20% Yttria doped Cerium on Silicon

Bare silicon and 20% yttria stabilized ceria on a silicon substrate are annealed. The annealed substrates are analyzed at varying temperatures using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The impedance data is fitted against appropriate equivalent circuits and the fitted data is characterized with an Arrhenius plot and a plot of the ionic conductivity against temperature. The 20% YDC sample is found to have a high ionic conductivity, and therefore should be studied further in order to determine the practicality of using YDC as an electrolyte.
Interventional Approaches to Low Back Pain

Chronic low back pain (LBP) places a tremendous economic burden on society due to both direct and indirect costs. Health care costs for adults with chronic LBP have steadily increased over the past 20 years, coinciding with a large increase in the utilization of spinal injections, surgical interventions, opioid medications, and physical therapy. The treatment of LBP is best approached by a multimodal and even multidisciplinary approach with a combination of physical rehabilitation, pharmacologic management, psychological intervention, spinal injections, and surgical intervention with a goal of improving the functional status of the patient. In this review, we discuss the interventional management of LBP secondary to herniated nucleus pulposus, spinal stenosis, facet mediated pain, sacroiliitis, and discogenic pain.
CHAPTER 4 – Concentration Regimes and Mathematical Modeling

This chapter focuses on the concentration regimes of polysaccharides and mathematical modeling. Polysaccharides uses span dilute, semidilute, and concentrated regimes from fractions of a percent in a hydrosol to higher than 90% in a xerogel. At the lower limit, solute–solute interactions are minimum and a macroscopic property ( P ) is theoretically the sum of the properties of the independently acting molecules. At the upper limit, P is the combined property of multiples of molecules seen as clusters, each cluster acting as a hydrodynamic unit. There are four to six concentration regimes, which are classified into three broad types on the basis of the number of polymer chains present, the number and length of the monomer constituting them, and the volume of the monomer relative to the volume V i . A dilute solution is characterized as one of sufficiently low concentration that the polymer molecules are separated from each other. P is characterized mathematically as a scalar variable ( v ) raised to the magnitude of one or more systemic constants.
Benefits of Theatrical Improvisation in the Training of Psychotherapists

Following his introduction to theatrical improvisation as a hobby, the author began applying theater games to his therapy practice with couples and families, finding these techniques useful for both assessment and intervention in clinical practice. Drawing upon the author’s 25 years of relevant experience in training therapists, this chapter presents both anecdotal and empirical support for several beneficial effects on therapists’ personal and professional lives gained by practicing theatrical improvisation during their training. These effects include increased appropriate risk-taking, enhanced therapeutic presence, greater present-centered awareness, greater use of appropriate self-disclosure, access to intuition, heightened attention to power/status cues and maneuvers and the intensification of therapeutic charisma. Specific methods are described and pragmatic guidelines offered for the effective improvisational training and supervision of therapists.
The teachable letter recognizer

The "Teachable Letter Recognizer" (TLR) is a program for letter learning which uses a method not vet described in the character recognition literature. TLR has two main characteristics: (1) It uses a discrimination tree as a knowledge representation. The discrimination tree is a quadtree with some additions. (2) The two types of global features that are used to characterise a letter are the density of pixels and the overall "color", white, black or grey. TLR is invariant to shifts and shows several interesting effects which are related to human behavior, for example occasionally it becomes confused when learning new letters. TLR's importance as a letter recognition program lies in its ability to recognize some distortions of letters which it has never seen before, and for which it also does not have a transformation algorithm.
Open Nephron-Sparing Surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma

Partial nephrectomy or nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) provides effective curative therapy for patients with localized renal cell carcinoma. In patients with imperative indications, it represents an alternative to renal replacement therapy. For selected patients with systemic comorbidities that threaten global renal function, NSS preserves unaffected nephrons with excellent cancer-specific survival. Elective partial nephrectomy for patients with a small (≤4 cm), unifocal tumor, and a normal contralateral kidney is associated with a low risk (0% to 3%) of local recurrence and cancer-specific survival rates of 90% to 100%. Comparisons between radical and partial nephrectomy demonstrates equivalent cancer control over 5 years.