cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fixing Foster Care or Reducing Child Poverty: The Pew Commission Recommendations and the Transracial Adoption Debate

When children enter foster care, they typically become part of a deeply flawed system that fails to adequately provide for them. The Pew Commission recommendations address many of the problems in the foster care system. This article focuses on one aspect of the Commission’s recommendations, namely how critically important it is to improve the information gathering and analysis systems used in court cases involving foster children and in assessing the overall success of the child welfare system. This article supports these recommendations, but also examines them critically by addressing controversies related to what constitutes “success” in foster care. One concern about foster care is that too many children enter the system and that more effort and money should be put into reducing child poverty and supporting low-income families to reduce foster care placements. Another controversy is what constitutes an appropriate “permanent” placement for children exiting foster care, particularly with regard to transracial adoption. The article begins with a brief overview of the constitutional framework for child protection and of major foster care reforms. The article uses the transracial adoption debate to illustrate the normative issues inherent in foster care reform and the difficulties involved in defining what constitutes a successful foster care system.
Prospecting for Wind: Windmills and Wind Characteristics

Past experience with power generation by windmills indicates that the most important factor controlling success or failure is site wind characteristics. Incorrect placement on a site sheltered by buildings, terrain or agricultural growth may drop performance to one-third of the original expectations. Conversely, the appropriate hill or ridge shape may amplify power available. Site selection procedures, which are the “pick and shovel” of the modern wind prospector, include statistical climatology, numerical simulation, and physical simulation in meteorological wind tunnels. Laboratory measurements of wind overspeed, streamline patterns, and turbulence changes over idealized topography are compared with “frozen vorticity” numerical models. Field measurement of wind velocity and direction over the Rakaia Gorge region, Southern Alps, New Zealand, compare favorably with wind tunnel measurement over a 1/5000 scale model.
Behavioural Phenotypes: Goals and Methods

The field of behavioural phenotypes involves the study of the cognitive and behavioural characteristics associated with genetic syndromes, leading to a fuller understanding of people with syndromes, and permits advances in knowledge regarding both atypical and typical human development. However, behavioural phenotypes offer a number of practical challenges. Behavioural phenotypes can be difficult to measure or even to define. Efforts to study gene–behaviour correlations require researchers to synthesise techniques and data from diverse fields, ranging from statistics to clinical diagnostics. In the course of behavioural phenotype studies researchers must also contend with pervasive biases emerging from ascertainment methods, choice of statistical cohorts or control groups, and so on. In addition to these difficulties, researchers also contend with bioethical difficulties arising from tasks such as studying cognitively impaired subjects. Key Concepts: Behavioural phenotypes are essential to the study of many genetic syndromes. There is often a range of behavioural phenotypes associated with a genetic syndrome. Behavioural phenotype studies have made important contributions to developmental biology. Research into behavioural phenotypes involves a range of methodological challenges, especially the need for interdisciplinary collaboration. Research into behavioural phenotypes introduces a wide variety of ethical challenges, as gene–behaviour associations can have social repercussions. Keywords: behavioural phenotypes; cognition; behaviour; genetic syndromes; genotype–phenotype correlations; intellectual impairment
Building Blocks of Gene Expression: DNA to RNA to Protein

Understanding the genetics of hearing loss can improve the quantity and quality of the information that those who work with individuals with hearing loss can share with their patients and clients. ...
A putative processing enzyme for proenkephalin in bovine adrenal chromaffin granule membranes. Purification and properties.

Abstract A putative processing enzyme for proenkephalin, with activity directed toward basic residues, was purified over 2000-fold from washed bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin granule membranes. The molecular mass of this membrane-bound adrenal trypsin-like enzyme (mATLE) is 31 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the enzyme is extremely basic, binding to carboxymethyl-Sephadex at pH 8.5. The pH optimum of mATLE using t-butoxycarbonyl-Glu-Lys-Lys-aminomethylcoumarin as a substrate is 8.5-8.7, and its Km value for this substrate is 2.2 mM. mATLE activity was inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor, lima bean trypsin inhibitor, and aprotinin but not by metal chelators or thiol-directed reagents. Sequencing of cleavage products released from Peptide B revealed that the enzyme preferentially cleaves between and following the paired basic residues at positions 23 and 24 of Peptide B (thus generating [Met-enkephalin]-Arg-Phe and Arg-[Met-enkephalin]-Arg-Phe). Dynorphin A was cleaved following a single lysine at position 11 but not at the paired arginine site. Our results suggest that mATLE is a trypsin-like serine protease with the specificity appropriate to that of a proenkephalin processing enzyme.
Zero DC offset active RC filter designs

A class of RC active filters in which the DC offset of the operational amplifier (op-amp) is completely absent from the filter output [1]. Individual filter configurations (Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass, Band Stop, All Pass) are discussed and corresponding transfer functions are defined. The effects of op-amp gain bandwidth product on filter responses are accounted for and presented in a table. In order to understand the upper limit of dynamic responses, maximum signal magnitude and corresponding frequency of maximum magnitude are calculated. The effects of noise generating components are defined and included, thus establishing the lower limit of dynamic responses for all filter configurations. Step-by-step design procedures are given for most common filter configurations. Sample filters are designed based on chosen values for critical frequency u 0 and filter quality factor Q. Filter schematics are captured and their frequency responses are simulated using circuit simulation software. Sample filters are built and their frequency responses are confirmed using a network analyzer. Extension to higher order filters is discussed and demonstrated.
Gold Nanoparticles Inhibit VEGF165-Induced Proliferation of HUVEC Cells

Gold nanoparticles inhibit VEGF165, a heparin binding growth factor, induced proliferation of HUVEC cells but do not interfere with the activity of VEGF121, a non-heparin binding growth factor. The interaction between gold nanoparticles and VEGF165 primarily occurs through the heparin binding domain of the protein. VEGF121 does not have a heparin binding domain and hence is not inactivated by gold nanoparticles.
Strategy and enhanced temperature determination in a laser heated diamond anvil cell

We show that a strategy for increased accuracy in temperature determination by optical pyrometry when the wavelength dependence of the emissivity is unknown is to measure the spectral irradiance at short wavelengths. We then introduce an improved method of determining the temperature in laser heated diamond anvil cells. In general a blackbody source is used to determine the optical transfer function required for determining the blackbody curve. By using the thermal radiation of a heated absorber at ambient pressure and known temperature, uncertainties in the temperature determination caused by the wavelength dependence of the emissivity of the heated absorber can be eliminated. Temperature determination reduces to a one-parameter fit to the blackbody curve rather than the usual two parameters (emissivity and temperature), leading to increased precision and accuracy.
Invariant chain association with HLA-DR molecules inhibits immunogenic peptide binding

Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are heterodimeric cell surface glycoproteins which bind and present immunogenic peptides to T lymphocytes. Such peptides are normally derived from protein antigens internalized and proteolytically degraded by the antigen-presenting cell. Class I MHC molecules also bind immunogenic peptides, but these are derived from proteins synthesized within the target cell. Whereas class I molecules seem to bind peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum, class II molecules are thought to bind peptides late in transport. Intracellular class II molecules associate in the endoplasmic reticulum with a third glycoprotein, the invariant (I) chain, which is proteolytically removed before cell surface expression of the alpha beta class II heterodimer. It has been suggested that the I chain prevents peptides from associating with class II molecules early in transport. Preventing such binding until the class II molecules enter an endosomal compartment could maintain the functional dichotomy between class I and class II MHC molecules. We have examined the ability of I chain-associated HLA-DR5 molecules to bind a well characterized influenza haemagglutinin-derived peptide (HAp). The results show that whereas mature HLA-DR alpha beta dimers effectively bind this peptide, the I chain-associated form does not.
Can Enterococcal Infections Initiate Sepsis Syndrome

Enterococci are the third most common nosocomial bloodstream pathogen and frequently are the causative pathogen(s) of intra-abdominal, genitourinary, surgical wound, endovascular, or other serious infections. In addition to a diverse spectrum of intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, some strains of enterococci exhibit numerous virulence factors that facilitate mucosal adherence, tissue invasiveness, endovascular attachment, and inflammation production. However, the opportunistic nature of enterococcal infection coupled with animal models of experimental enterococcal and mixed infection have caused many to question the independent capacity of this organism to incite severe sepsis or septic shock. Despite evidence suggesting that this organism possesses low intrinsic virulence, observational and interventional trials of enterococcal bacteremia and sepsis strongly support the notion that Enterococcus is capable of promulgating sepsis as a solitary or copathogen with more serious sequelae in the immunocompromised hosts. Monomicrobial enterococcal bacteremia appears to be increasing during the glycopeptide-resistant era, which bolsters the notion that pure enterococcal sepsis is a real entity.
Polar and magnetic properties of PbVO_{3} thin films

Multifunctional materials promise to provide the foundation for a class of devices in which electrical, magnetic, elastic, and other properties are coupled to one another. Here we present evidence for piezoelectricity and antiferromagnetic ordering in a multifunctional material $\mathrm{Pb}\mathrm{V}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Through the use of second-harmonic generation and x-ray linear dichroism, we determine a transition from a polar-only $4mm$ state to a polar and magnetic state below $\ensuremath{\sim}100--130\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. In combination with theory, the magnetic symmetry has been narrowed to be $G$ type $({4}^{\ensuremath{'}}∕{m}^{\ensuremath{'}}m{m}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ or spin glass. An effective piezoelectric coefficient of ${d}_{33}\ensuremath{\sim}3.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{pC}∕\mathrm{N}$ was also measured in the polar state at room temperature.
Oxygen uptake and heat production in a metabolic conformer (Littorina irrorata) and a metabolic regulator (Uca pugnax)

The heat production of Littorina irrorata and Uca pugnax in air was measured with a twin calorimeter while oxygen tension was measured with a pO2 electrode. Both L. irrorata, an oxyconformer, and U. pugnax, a metabolic regulator, showed a rapid decrease in oxygen uptake (below 1.3 mm Hg in L. irrorata and 13.4 mm Hg in U. pugnax) while heat production decreased more slowly. Consequently, during the period of minimum oxygen uptake, the oxycalorific coefficient increased from about 4.8 for both species to an average value of 8.3 in L. irrorata and 19.9 cal ml-1 O2 in U. pugnax, indicating the onset of anaerobic metabolism and accumulation of metabolic and products. Above their respective critical pO2, the oxycalorific coefficient was the same as the commonly used conversion factor of 4.8 cal ml-1 O2. From one time interval to the next, however, the coefficient varied from 3.8 to 5.4 in L. irrorata and from 2.9 to 6.0 in U. pugnax, indicating, that the processes of oxygen consumption and heat production are more or less independent of each other and usually not in phase.
Comparative study of the postoperative flow in the saphenous vein and internal mammary artery bypass grafts

Summary Postoperative coronary bypass flow was evaluated in two groups of randomly selected patients with grafts to the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Saphenous vein bypass grafts were placed in 27 patients and internal mammary artery grafts in 25 patients. Postoperative flow studies were performed in both groups with roentgenden-sitometric methods based on the transit time of radiopaque media along the graft plus the mean graft diameter. There was no significant difference between the two groups of patients for age, duration of symptoms, or the frequency of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, prior myocardial infarction, or cardiomegaly. Intraoperative bypass flows were 75±27 and 77±24 ml. per minute for the saphenous vein group (SVG) and internal mammary artery group (IMAG), respectively. There was no significant difference in the heart rate or mean aortic pressure at the time of the roentgendensitometric flow study. The mean graft diameters were 3.0±0.5 and 1.9±0.3 mm. for the SVG and IMAG, respectively (p
PREPUTIAL GLAND BETA-GLUCURONIDASE RESPONSE TO TESTOSTERONE AND TO TWO ANABOLIC STEROIDS.

Castration of male rats produces a reduction in preputial gland β-glucuronidase concentration to one half the very high level noted in normal rats. In such castrated rats, though both preputial gland weight and its content of β-glucuronidase are increased by administration of small amounts of testosterone propionate, the enhancement in enzyme level is noted at a lower dose level. The preputial concentration of β-glucuronidase rapidly reaches a maximum with small doses of testosterone propionate (i.e., 0.05 mg) and declines with larger doses (0.5 mg). On the other hand, the total preputial β-glucuronidase per rat reaches a maximum at the 0.1 mg level and this persists through the higher dose range. The anabolic steroids, norethandrolone and androstanazole, in a dose of 1 mg over 10 days, produce effects similar to those of testosterone on preputial β-glucuronidase. (Endocrinology 75: 273, 1964)
A study on fundamental mechanisms of warp and recoil in hemming

In this paper, the occurrence of recoil and surface warp during the flat surface-straight edge hemming process is investigated. A general-purpose finite element code ABAQUS/ Standard is used to simulate the hemming operations. Reverse bending and springback are the fundamental mechanisms that cause surface warp and recoil. Recoil and warp are not independent. One parameter, final equivalent warp, is used to represent both. Pre-hemming target ending position is proposed based on the minimization of the final equivalent warp. The influence of the geometrical and process parameters on recoil and warp are also discussed.
On the Separation of Tropical Convective and Stratiform Rains

Abstract This work resolves an apparent conflict between the results of Yuter and Houze and Atlas et al. concerning relations between radar reflectivity factor Z and rainfall rate R derived from essentially the same drop size data observed aloft during the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere program's (TOGA) Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE). It is shown that the single relation found by Yuter and Houze is founded upon distinct underlying Z–R relations for stratiform and convective rains. This result occurs despite the fact that errors in rain types classified by different methods and the variability of the effective drop sizes within each type tend to obscure the distinction. This newly found agreement between the two distinctly different methods of analysis also suggests the essential equivalence of the classification methods of Steiner et al. (based upon the existence of a maximum in the observed reflectivity field) and of Atlas et al. (based upon the magnitude of the drafts). Howev...
Marital Discord in Intact Families: Sex Differences in Child Adjustment.

Abstract Sex differences in child adjustment in response to marital discord in intact families are reviewed. The global hypothesis that boys are more adversely affected than are girls is examined. Contrary to this hypothesis, the review reveals that in intact families maladjustment in boys is not always related to concurrent marital discord more than is malad-justment in girls. However, the association between marital discord and adjustment difficulties is stronger in boys than in girls when clinic samples are used, when family members are the only informants, and when interparental aggression is incorporated in the definition of marital discord. Findings must be interpreted cautiously given the conceptual and methodological flaws of the research.
A dynamical system for classifying buoyant coastal discharges

Abstract Buoyant discharge into the coastal ocean occurs in a confusing variety of forms and scales. In this paper I offer a classification system for such discharges based on scaling analysis of the continuity and momentum equations. The approach is phenomenological, as the principal flow scales must be known a priori. The primary parameter that emerges is the Kelvin number K, the ratio of the buoyant structure width to the baroclinic Rossby radius. Two limiting cases, K small and K large, are readily understood from the scaling analysis. I arrange 12 examples of buoyant coastal discharge observations into a hierarchy in K. Those for the smallest K have the properties predicted by the small K limiting case: strong advection terms and Froude numbers of order unity, but small Coriolis effects. Those for the largest K correspond well to the large K limiting case: weak advection terms, small Froude numbers, but order one Coriolis terms. The classification system should be useful for interpreting both future observations and model results.
Toward binder-free electrochemical capacitor electrodes of vanadium oxide-nanostructured carbon by supercritical fluid deposition: Precursor adsorption and conversion, and electrode performance

Abstract Electrochemical capacitor electrodes were fabricated by depositing an ultra-thin layer of vanadium oxide on a high conducting, large specific surface area (SSA) materials (substrates) using a supercritical fluid adsorption–calcination method. The high SSA materials included binder free single walled carbon nanotube–activated carbon (SWCNT–AC) composites and the traditional electrode of activated carbon–carbon black–polymer binder (AC–CB–binder). The uptake of the organometallic precursor for the oxide (vanadium (III) acetylacetonate) on the substrates were investigated and related to their SSA. Precursor uptakes up to 54.7 wt% of the initial carbon substrate was achieved. Calcination conditions for converting the precursor to oxide and electrochemical properties of the electrodes were thoroughly investigated. The V 2 O 5 , which showed extremely high specific pseudo-capacitance (>1000 F g −1 at 100 mV s −1 ), greatly enhanced the overall electrode performances. Conversely, the V 2 O 5 pseudo-capacitance was better utilized in the SWCNT–AC substrate, particularly at high working speeds, because of the significantly higher electrical conductivity. For example, the SWCNT–AC–V 2 O 5 composite (weight ratio 40:60) had its volumetric capacitance doubled, comparing to the ∼50% increase in the AC–CB–binder sample at 100 mV s −1 .
Magnetic properties of unrusted steel drums from laboratory and field-magnetic measurements

Laboratory-derived magnetic properties from samples of steel drums appear to be lower than bulk magnetic properties required to produce observed magnetic anomalies over the same drums. The origin of this discrepancy is perhaps in the shape demagnetization experienced by samples used in the laboratory study. Laboratory observations of magnetic susceptibility in different directions suggest that the demagnetization mechanism may have significantly attenuated the laboratory-derived magnetization values from small samples of drums. Field observations and computer modeling indicate that even though the effect of demagnetization is important for drum-shaped objects, demagnetization is less pronounced in the shape of the drum than in the samples cut for laboratory measurements. Therefore, laboratory-derived magnetizations from samples of steel drums cannot be used to model magnetic anomalies of steel drums. If laboratory-derived magnetizations were used to model steel drums, the models would underestimate the resulting magnetic anomalies considerably and, in turn, would overestimate the number of buried drums at an environmental investigation site. Apparent bulk magnetization values for unrusted vertically oriented 55 and 30 gallon drums have been calculated (i.e., the values corrected for the effect of shape demagnetization of the drums). These range from to ~125 SI units to cgs units) for volume susceptibility and from ~325 to ~2750 A/m (-0.325 to emu/cm 3 ) for remanent magnetization (based on eight 55 gallon and four 30 gallon drums). Further deviations in these values could arise from the type and thickness of the steel and variations in manufacturing conditions affecting magnetizations. From the point of view of modeling the drums, at most source-to-observation distances applicable to environmental investigations, the equivalent source method is able to approximate the observed anomalies of steel drums better than the 3-D modeling method. With two years of rusting, magnetic anomalies of some of the drums have reduced, while in other drums, they have slightly increased. The overall magnetic changes caused by rusting appear to be more complex than anticipated, at least in the initial phase of rusting.
Synthesis of zeolites A and X from fly ashes and their ion-exchange behavior with cobalt ions

A modified fusion process was studied to synthesize zeolites A and X from fly ash. It was found that the addition of aluminum hydroxide to the fused fly ash solution followed by hydrothermal treatm...
Earth as an Evolving Planetary System

“System” is an overused buzzword in textbooks covering geological sciences. Describing the Earth as a system of component parts is a reasonable concept, but providing a comprehensive framework for detailing the system is a more formidable task. Kent Condie lays out the systems approach in an easy-to-read introductory chapter in Earth as an Evolving Planetary System. In the book, Condie makes a valiant attempt at taking the melange of diverse subjects in the solid Earth sciences and weaving them into a coherent tapestry.
Interdecadal Trend and ENSO-Related Interannual Variability in Southern Hemisphere Blocking

Abstract The interdecadal trend and ENSO-related interannual variability in the frequency and intensity of atmospheric blocking in the Southern Hemisphere are analyzed by a statistical model that takes account of serial correlation in the datasets. Results suggest that an autoregressive process AR(1) fits the error term of the Southern Hemisphere blocking occurrence series, and a white-noise process AR(0) fits the error term of the Southern Hemisphere blocking intensity series reasonably well. It is found that the Southern Hemisphere blocking days have decreased over the past 52 yr (1948–99) but with an enhanced intensity. In addition, the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric blocking is found to occur more frequently in the warm phase of ENSO cycles, whereas the intensity of the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric blocking does not appear to be affected by ENSO cycles.
Development of the polyembryonic parasite Copidosomopsis tanytmemus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Copidosomopsis tanytmemus Caltagirone is a polyembryonic egg-larva parasite of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller). The parasite undergoes holoblastic cleavage, producing a morula whose cells divide repeatedly to form a large mass of undifferentiated embryonic tissue. This tissue, the polygerm, gives rise to as many as 200 larvae. The larvae are dimorphic. Precocious larvae, which constitute ca. 10% of the larva brood, dissociate from the polygerm in as early as 7 days, are extremely motile, have deeply sclerotized mandibles and cranial structures, neither molt nor pupate, and invariably die as larvae. Normal larvae are formed from the polygerm ca. 25 days later, have small, weakly sclerotized mandibles, apparently undergo 4 instars, and consume most of the host's tissues. Normal larvae pupate within the host integument in individual pupal chambers; females emerge in 50 or 51 days, 3 days later than the males. The average brood size is 88 for females, 76 for males. There is an emergence mortality of 20% in female broods and 17% in male broods. Mixed broods are common under laboratory conditions. Adults ordinarily live to 10 days but can survive to 25 days in the laboratory on a diet of honey and water.
Test Results of a Planar Superconducting Undulator for the Advanced Photon Source

The first superconducting planar undulator (SCU0) at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) has been built with the goal of providing the APS users with higher photon fluxes at higher photon energies. The undulator magnetic structure is wound with NbTi superconducting wire. The magnet is indirectly cooled by liquid helium circulating in a closed circuit. The cooling of the helium circuit, the current leads, and the thermal shields are provided by four cryocoolers. After a rigorous stand-alone cold test the undulator has been installed into the APS storage ring. The results of the SCU0 cold test are presented in this paper.
Colloids from the aqueous corrosion of uranium nuclear fuel

Abstract Colloids may enhance the subsurface transport of radionuclides and potentially compromise the long-term safe operation of the proposed radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain. Little data is available on colloid formation for the many different waste forms expected to be buried in the repository. This work expands the sparse database on colloids formed during the corrosion of metallic uranium nuclear fuel. We characterized spherical UO2 and nickel-rich montmorilonite smectite-clay colloids formed during the corrosion of uranium metal fuel under bathtub conditions at 90 °C. Iron and chromium oxides and calcium carbonate colloids were present but were a minor population. The estimated upper concentration of the UO2 and clays was 4 × 1011 and 7 × 1011–3 × 1012 particles/L, respectively. However, oxygen eventually oxidized the UO2 colloids, forming long filaments of weeksite K2(UO2)2Si6O15 · 4H2O that settled from solution, reducing the UO2 colloid population and leaving predominantly clay colloids. The smectite colloids were not affected by oxygen. Plutonium was not directly observed within the UO2 colloids but partitioned completely to the colloid size fraction. The plutonium concentration in the colloidal fraction was slightly higher than the value used in the viability assessment model, and does not change in concentration with exposure to oxygen. This paper provides conclusive evidence for single-phase radioactive colloids composed of UO2. However, its impact on repository safety is probably small since oxygen and silica availability will oxidize and effectively precipitate the UO2 colloids from concentrated solutions.
Application of the MOSFET device structure in characterizing imperfection centers in indium-doped silicon☆

Abstract C.T. Sah has published a review article demonstrating the application of high-frequency small signal capacitance and current transients of a space charge layer. Application of such transients is a powerful technique in characterizing deep level imperfection center concentrations, energy levels, thermal and optical emission rates and thermal capture cross sections. The MOSFET device structure is particularly convenient for low temperature measurements of shallow levels where deionization occurs and the substrate becomes highly resistive, seriously limiting capacitance transient techniques. Examples are given by results on indium-doped silicon, such as employed in extrinsic IR detectors. The emission time constant of holes from the neutral indium center has been found to depend on the indium doping. Measurements on lightly doped samples yield a value for the emission rate, 1 e p , of 6.0 msec at 77°K and a thermal activation energy of 0.15 eV. Measurements on heavily doped samples yield values of 1 e p of 20 μsec at 77°K and an activation energy of 0.117 eV. These results are consistent with the Poole-Frenkel effect describing field enhanced thermal emission of holes from the indium center. Measurements of the hole capture coefficient at 77°K yield values for cp of 3.7 × 10−7 cm3/sec. These measurements have been made on heavily doped samples. The capture coefficient measured is the zero field or quasi-equilibrium value. The temperature dependence of the hole capture coefficient has been found to be T−4. Small transients in the thermal emission rate measurements have been observed. These transients have thermal activation energies of around 0.08 eV and are associated with the 0.11 eV level as reported by Hughes Research Labs after accounting for barrier lowering by the Poole-Frenkel effect.
Polarized fermions in the unitarity limit

We consider a polarized Fermi gas in the unitarity limit. Results are calculated analytically up to next-to-leading order in an expansion about d=4 spatial dimensions. We find a first order transition from superfluid to normal phase. The critical chemical potential asymmetry for this phase transition is {delta}{mu}{sub c}=(2{mu}/{epsilon})(1-0.467{epsilon}), where {epsilon}=4-d is the expansion parameter and {mu} is the average chemical potential of the two fermion species. Stability of the superfluid phase in the presence of supercurrents is also studied.
Acceleration Feedback Control Strategies for Aseismic Protection

One of the exciting new application areas for feedback system design has to do with the protection of civil engineering structures from earthquakes, from wind, or from waves. Preliminary indications are the control methods will be able to make a genuine contribution to this problem area, which is of great economic and social importance both in this country and abroad. As in most application-specific situation, not every control modelling, computation, and implementation method may be expected to make a material contribution to the practical solution. It seems at this point in time, however, that the H 2 frequency domain methods, coupled with acceleration feedback, have a solid contribution to make. In this paper, the authors present experimental verification of the, performance predictions of such strategies in the University of Notre Dame's Structural Dynamics and Control/Earthquake Engineering Laboratory. The written version of the paper provides a complete description of the facilities, as well as the problem formulation. The Conference Video Proceedings will contain a presentation of the structural control performance results.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic changes associated with aging and implications for drug therapy

The population of older adults continues to increase, and polypharmacy in this population is more the rule than the exception. Physiologic changes that occur with aging result in multiple alterations to the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, which, in turn, increase the risk of adverse drug reactions. Consideration of initial dose adjustment, along with frequent medication reconciliation and analysis of the medication list, are keys to providing optimal pharmaceutical care for elderly patients.
Coherent States Engineering with Linear Optics

We present a general linear optics based approach to implement contractive transformations that map products of N coherent states to products of M coherent states (M≤N) and apply it to nondestructive quantum database search.
Spontaneous neural activity in fetal brain reaggregate cultures

Abstract Fetal rat brains that have been mechanically dissociated into single cells will reassociate to form spherical reaggregates when placed in culture on a gyratory shaker. Extracellular recordings from these reaggregates indicate that they exhibit spontaneous bioelectric activity, which is occasionally rhythmic. Bioelectric activity of maximal amplitude is observed just beneath the reaggregate surface, and the sign of this activity often reverses upon deeper penetration by the microelectrode. The average amplitude of the spontaneous discharge is reduced by addition of Mg2+ and Mn2+, but lowering the concentration of Na+ or addition of tetrodotoxin increase the discharge amplitudes. It is suggested that Ca2+ mediates the electrical activity, and that the rhythm is partially autogenic in origin. In addition, agents which synaptically block the inhibitory neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyrate and glycine enhance the spontaneous activity, as does the convulsant pentylenetetrazol. A mechanism of excitation through the release of inhibition, utilizing a decrease in chloride conductance, is proposed. These reaggregate cultures exhibit a developmental sequence of electrophysiological changes which parallel those demonstrated biochemically and morphologically, and should prove useful for studying nervous system development.
Dpc-4 protein is expressed in virtually all human intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: comparison with conventional ductal adenocarcinomas.

DPC4 (MADH4, SMAD4) encodes a nuclear transcription factor shown to be genetically inactivated in over one-half of conventional infiltrating ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas have been suggested to be distinct neoplasms with a significantly less aggressive course than conventional ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, but molecular comparisons of these tumor types have previously been impaired by technical difficulties. Recently, immunohistochemical labeling for the DPC4 gene product has been shown to be an extremely sensitive and specific marker for DPC4 gene alterations in pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Therefore, we analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of Dpc4 protein in 79 IPMNs using a previously characterized monoclonal antibody. Twenty-nine of the IPMNs also had an associated infiltrating adenocarcinoma available for analysis. The labeling patterns observed were compared to those we have previously reported for conventional ductal carcinomas. All 79 of the intraductal components of the IPMNs strongly expressed Dpc4 protein. In 77 of the 79 cases (97%), the labeling was diffusely positive, and in 2 of the 79 (3%) the labeling was focally positive. Dpc4 expression was seen in 28 (97%) of the associated 29 invasive cancers. The one infiltrating carcinoma that showed loss of Dpc4 expression was associated with an intraductal component which showed focal loss of Dpc4 expression. The strong and almost universal expression of Dpc4 in IPMNs contrasts sharply with the loss of Dpc4 expression seen in approximately 30% of in situ adenocarcinomas of the pancreas (so-called pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms, grade 3; P < 0.001) and in 55% of pancreatic duct carcinomas (P < 0.0001). Differences in Dpc4 expression between IPMNs and ductal carcinomas suggest a fundamental genetic difference in tumorigenesis, which may relate to the significantly better clinical outcomes observed for IPMNs.
Synthesis and Activity of Ruthenium Alkylidene Complexes Coordinated with Phosphine and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of a variety of ruthenium complexes coordinated with phosphine and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. These complexes include several alkylidene derivatives of the general formula (NHC)(PR3)(Cl)2RuCHR‘, which are highly active olefin metathesis catalysts. Although these catalysts can be prepared adequately by the reaction of bis(phosphine) ruthenium alkylidene precursors with free NHCs, we have developed an alternative route that employs NHC-alcohol or -chloroform adducts as “protected” forms of the NHC ligands. This route is advantageous because NHC adducts are easier to handle than their free carbene counterparts. We also demonstrate that sterically bulky bis(NHC) complexes can be made by reaction of the pyridine-coordinated precursor (NHC)(py)2(Cl)2RuCHPh with free NHCs or NHC adducts. Two crystal structures are presented, one of the mixed bis(NHC) derivative (H2IMes)(IMes)(Cl)2RuCHPh, and the other of (PCy3)(Cl)(CO)Ru[η2-(CH2-C6H2Me2)(N2C3H4)(C6...
Oxygen Consumption Rates of Free and Alginate-Entrapped βTC3 Mouse Insulinoma Cells

Oxygen consumption rates of beta TC3 mouse insulinoma cells were measured in three different cell culture systems: monolayer, freshly trypsinized cell suspension, and trypsinized cells entrapped in alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate (APA) polymer beads. The oxygen consumption rate for cells in the APA beads was similar to the rate for freshly trypsinized cells, indicating that cells can be entrapped without affecting their oxygen consumption rate. The cells in monolayers consumed oxygen at a higher rate than freshly trypsinized cells or cells in APA beads, suggesting that trypsinization may lower oxygen consumption capability. In addition, the oxygen consumption of beta TC3s during glucose-induced insulin secretion was not significantly different from the basal rate, in contrast to the increased oxygen demand of actively secreting islets. Our results suggest that beta TC3s may be better suited than islets for use in a bioartificial pancreas due to their stable oxygen requirements.
The role of surface and intracellular mucus in gastric mucosal protection against hydrogen ion. Compositional differences.

The role of surface and intracellular mucus in gastric mucosal protection against hydrogen ion was investigated. Gastric mucosa, prepared from dog and rat stomachs at various stages of mucus depletion, was mounted in the permeability chamber, and the diffusion of hydrogen ion from the luminal to the serosal side was measured. Removal of the surface mucus caused a 42.9% increase in the permeability of rat gastric mucosa and a 47.4% increase in the permeability of dog gastric mucosa. The permeability to hydrogen ion of gastric mucosa depleted of its surface and intracellular mucus increased 216% in the case of the dog and 280% with the rat. Compositional analysis showed that in both animals the intracellular mucus had a higher content of lipids, covalently bound fatty acids, and carbohydrates, whereas the protein content was higher in the surface mucus. The results suggest that, although both the surface and intracellular mucus participate in the retardation of hydrogen ion diffusion, the contribution of th...
Difficulties in the diagnosis of spitzoid melanocytic lesions

Spitz nevus was first described in 1948 by Dr Sophie Spitz, who termed it juvenile melanoma based on its striking cytologic resemblance to melanoma, being composed of large epithelioid and spindle cells, and its prevalence among children. Several changes in terminology have since occurred with increased knowledge and experience, particularly regarding its occurrence in adult populations and rather indolent clinical behavior. Nevertheless, the distinction of Spitz nevus from melanoma still remains a significant problem in dermatopathology. Most classic examples of Spitz nevi can be easily distinguished histopathologically from melanoma, although lesions with unusual or atypical features still pose diagnostic difficulties, particularly in small or partial samples. In general, poor interobserver diagnostic concordance is not uncommon. Herein, we review the histopathological features of Spitz nevi, including common and recently reported variants, and spitzoid melanoma, and discuss recent advances in ancillary...
PERSONAL INVENTORY DECISIONS — WHAT SHOULD WE FIND OUT?

This paper calls attention to the profound differences between personal inventory decision making and the corresponding decision making of business organizations. It is argued first that the motivations and criteria being used by consumers are vastly different from the assumptions of models such as the well known EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) model. Next the implications for marketing are discussed. A research agenda is then proposed for filling in some of what is currently unknown.
X-ray mirror reflectivities from 3.8 to 50 keV (3.3 to 0.25 Å) Part II—Pt, Si and other materials

Abstract A highly polished platinum coated mirror was demonstrated to reflect X-rays with high efficiency up to 38 keV (0.33 A). For the mirror operating at an angle of incidence of 8 mrad, the mirror reflected 8 keV X-rays with a 70% efficiency while the reflectivity at 16 keV was only 0.6%. The measured reflectivity of the mirror fell off in energy about 30 times faster than predicted by simple Fresnel theory assuming a smooth surface. This implies, for instance, that the harmonic rejection performance of platinum coated X-ray mirrors at synchrotron radiation sources may be significantly better than expected. In other measurements, very imperfect surfaces of unpolished sheet aluminum, copper and stainless steel surprisingly reflected as much as 30–50% of the X-rays incident upon them at small glancing angles.
Effects of Acidosis and CO 2 on Vascular Tone in Newborn Piglet Pulmonary Resistance Vessels (PRV)

Effects of Acidosis and CO 2 on Vascular Tone in Newborn Piglet Pulmonary Resistance Vessels (PRV)
The “Four Rs” of Enhancing Elementary Games Instruction: Refocus, Recycle, Reorganize, Restructure

(1999). The “Four Rs” of Enhancing Elementary Games Instruction: Refocus, Recycle, Reorganize, Restructure. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 70, No. 7, pp. 36-40.
Time management for new faculty

In this article, we describe techniques for time management for new faculty members, covering a wide range of topics ranging from advice on scheduling meetings, email, to writing grant proposals and teaching.
Type IIB orientifolds with NS-NS antisymmetric tensor backgrounds

We consider six dimensional $\mathcal{N}=1$ space-time supersymmetric type IIB orientifolds with a nonzero untwisted NS-NS sector $B$ field. The $B$ field is quantized due to the requirement that the type IIB spectrum be left-right symmetric. The presence of the $B$ field results in rank reduction of both 99 and 55 open string sector gauge groups. We point out that in some of the models with a nonzero $B$ field there are extra tensor multiplets in the ${\mathbf{Z}}_{2}$ twisted closed string sector, and we explain their origin in a simple example. Also, the 59 open string sector states come with a multiplicity that depends on the $B$ field. These two facts are in accord with anomaly cancellation requirements. We point out relations between various orientifolds with and without the $B$ field, and also discuss the F-theory duals of these models.
Dynamic predictability of intraseasonal variability associated with the Asian summer monsoon

The objective of this study is to estimate the limit of dynamical predictability for the tropical intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) associated with the Asian summer monsoon. Ensembles of ‘twin’ predictability experiments were carried out with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Laboratory for the Atmospheres atmospheric general circulation model using specified annual cycle sea surface temperatures. Initial conditions were taken from a 10-year control simulation during periods of strong ISO activity identified via extended empirical orthogonal function analysis of 30–90 day band-passed tropical rainfall. From this analysis, 21 cases were chosen for each of four distinct phases of the ISO cycle, making 84 cases in total. Two different sets of small random perturbations were added to these 84 initial states. Simulations were then performed for 90 days from each of these 168 perturbed initial conditions. A measure of potential predictability was constructed based on a ratio of the signal associated with the ISO, in terms of rainfall or 200 hPa velocity potential (VP200), and the mean-square difference between sets of twin forecasts. This ratio indicates that the limit of predictability for this model's ISO extends out to about 25 days for VP200 and to about 15 days for rainfall. The predictability measure shows modest dependence on the strength of the ISO events, with stronger events having a greater limit of predictability by a few days. It also exhibits a dependence on the phase of the ISO, with greater predictability for the convective phase at short (≲5 days) lead times and for the suppressed phase at longer (≳15 days) lead times. The implications of these results as well as their associated model and analysis caveats are discussed. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Adaptive estimation methods: their applications to modelling time varying economic systems

Discusses recursive estimation techniques which can be used to update or revise estimates of the parameters of an economic model to account for new data. Such methods admit the possibility of proceeding with the gathering of observed data until a specified accuracy of the parameters is achieved or if the economic processes are time‐varying the parameters can be tracked. Recursive methods can also be used for adaptive learning, forecasting and control. Examines both single equation ‐ static as well as dynamic ‐ economic models.
Crystal Structure of the Iron-dependent Regulator from Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 2.0-Å Resolution Reveals the Src Homology Domain 3-like Fold and Metal Binding Function of the Third Domain

Abstract Iron-dependent regulators are primary transcriptional regulators of virulence factors and iron scavenging systems that are important for infection by several bacterial pathogens. Here we present the 2.0-A crystal structure of the wild type iron-dependent regulator from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in its fully active holorepressor conformation. Clear, unbiased electron density for the Src homology domain 3-like third domain, which is often invisible in structures of iron-dependent regulators, was revealed by density modification and averaging. This domain is one of the rare examples of Src homology domain 3-like folds in bacterial proteins, and, in addition, displays a metal binding function by contributing two ligands, one Glu and one Gln, to the pentacoordinated cobalt atom at metal site 1. Both metal sites are fully occupied, and tightly bound water molecules at metal site 1 (“Water 1”) and metal site 2 (“Water 2”) are identified unambiguously. The main chain carbonyl of Leu4 makes an indirect interaction with the cobalt atom at metal site 2 via Water 2, and the adjacent residue, Val5, forms a rare γ turn. Residues 1–3 are well ordered and make numerous interactions. These ordered solvent molecules and the conformation and interactions of the N-terminal pentapeptide thus might be important in metal-dependent activation.