cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Princeton Beta Experiment-Modification's advanced tokamak program

Recent experimental results in the fusion community have pointed to possible directions for improvement of the tokamak concept. A critical issue for many advanced tokamak scenarios is the optimization of the spatial distribution of plasma current density. Recent experiments on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor and Doublet III-D have demonstrated enhanced confinement and improved stability using transient techniques for the modification of the plasma current profile. The Princeton Beta Experiment-Modification (PBX-M) has begun experiments using profile modification techniques that are extrapolable to long-pulse or steady-state operation. PBX-M uses lower hybrid current drive for current profile modification, ion Bernstein wave heating for pressure profile variation, and plasma shaping to alter the magnetic geometry. This paper is an overview of the PBX-M program, its engineering facilities, and discussion of how this program is relevant to future advanced tokamak programs such as the Tokamak Physics Experiment.
Scanning Laser Anemometry and Other Measurement Techniques for Separated Flows

The title of this chapter reflects the fact that the behavior of separated flows is sufficiently different from unseparated flows to warrant special attention to experimental techniques. Simpson (1985) has reviewed the physical phenomena of separated flows with backflow. One purpose here is to review some recent advances in the methods for measuring velocity fields in the presence of the separation process. Another purpose is to discuss in some detail rapidly scanning laser anemometry, which permits the measurement of entire velocity profiles in a short period of time.
Preparation and structural characterization of large heparin-derived oligosaccharides

Porcine mucosal heparin was partially depolymerized with heparin lyase I and then fractionated into low-molecular-weight ( 5000) oligosaccharides by pressure filtration. The high-molecular-weight oligosaccharide mixture (approximately 50 wt% of the starting heparin) also contained intact heparin. This intact polymer complicates oligosaccharide purification. Thus, the low-molecular-weight fraction was used to prepare homogeneous oligosaccharides for structural characterization. The low-molecular-weight oligosaccharide mixture was first fractionated by low-pressure gel permeation chromatography into size-uniform mixtures of disaccharides, tetrasaccharides, hexasaccharides, octasaccharides, decasaccharides, dodecasaccharides, tetradecasaccharides and higher oligosaccharides. Each size-fractionated mixture was then purified on the basis of charge by repetitive semi-preparative strong-anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. This approach has led to the isolation of 14 homogeneous oligosaccharides from disaccharide to tetradecasaccharide. The purity of these heparin-derived oligosaccharides was determined by gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, analytical strong-anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and one-dimensional nuclear resonance spectroscopy. The structure of these oligosaccharides was established using 600 MHz two-dimensional nuclear resonance spectroscopy. The spectral methods used included homonuclear correlation spectroscopy, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy and heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence spectroscopy. The 1H/1H connectivities of the protons of each sugar residue in an oligosaccharide were established by two-dimensional homonuclear correlation spectroscopy, while 1H/13C assignments were made using 1H inverse detection. One- and two-dimensional nuclear resonance spectroscopic analysis of these heparin oligosaccharides showed two closely related groups of heparin-oligosaccharides are afforded by enzymatic depolymerization of heparin. One group is fully sulphated, having the structures delta UAp2S(1[-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpS6S(1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp2S( 1]n-->4)-alpha- D-GlcNpS6S, where delta UAp is 4-deoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-eno-pyranosyluronic acid, GlcNp is 2-deoxy-2-aminoglucopyranose, IdoAp is idopyranosyluronic acid, S is sulphate and n = 0-6. The other group of oligosaccharides differ in that they contain beta-D-glucuronic acid in place of the alpha-L-iduronic acid residue nearest to the reducing end. The present study describes the isolation and structural elucidation of seven new oligosaccharides: an octasaccharide, two decasaccharides, two dodecasaccharides and two tetradecasaccharides. The utility of two-dimensional nuclear resonance spectroscopy to determine the structure of complex heparin oligosaccharides is also illustrated.
Field Experiments in Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage

Resultats d'essais d'accumulation de chaleur dans une couche aquifere effectues pendant une periode de 7 ans pres de Mobile, Alabama
Competition and Market Structure Reconsidered

A number of models of oligopoly in which long-run equilibrium is given by zero profit are extended to examine further the extent to which the number of firms increases indefinitely with market size. The limitations of the modelling framework are critically assessed with particular emphasis on the neglect of competition through vertically integrated economic processes. As an alternative, it is suggested that competition and industrial structure would be better studied by differentiating vertically between the different “systems of provision” through which particular goods are supplied, taking account of the integral connections between chains of economic activity, rather than generalizing across sectors and the competition within them.
Surrogate markers predict angiogenic potential and survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme.

OBJECTIVE: The neovascularization of malignant brain tumors is a poorly understood phenomenon. Radiographic and histological evidence of increased vascularity correlate with clinical grade of gliomas. However, a quantitative noninvasive assay to assess glioma vascularity and associated clinical aggressiveness has not been developed. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells are unique vascular precursors recruited from the bone marrow through the circulation to form new tumor blood vessels. These cells were measured in patients undergoing surgery for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). We hypothesized that this might reflect the extent of tumor vascularity, predict prognosis, or be useful as an assay to assess response to antiangiogenesis therapies. In addition, we report on a novel in vitro assay to assess the proangiogenic activity within the plasma samples obtained from glioma patients. METHODS: Fifty-six patients with various-grade gliomas had peripheral venous blood collected at the time of surgery and at subsequent visits during the follow-up period. The blood was separated into plasma and cellular fractions. The plasma was utilized in a human umbilical vein endothelial cell-based angiogenic assay. The cellular fraction containing endothelial progenitor cells was isolated, and specific cellular phenotypes were immunologically separated and counted using flow cytometry. Pathological samples were reviewed at the time of initial resection, and each patient's clinical course was monitored until the time of manuscript submission. RESULTS: Plasma derived from peripheral blood of patients with GBM scored significantly higher on the functional angiogenic scale compared with plasma derived from patients with low-grade gliomas and from controls. In addition, all patients with GBM had measurable numbers of bone marrow-derived endothelial precursor cells coexpressing CD133 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in their peripheral circulation at the time of tumor resection. These cells range from less than 0.1% to 1.6% of the entire circulating mononuclear white blood cell population, or approximately 200 000 cells in some patients. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the percentage of endothelial progenitor cells in the peripheral blood at the time of initial GBM resection and survival. CONCLUSION: These studies suggest that plasma and circulating CD133 + vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2+ proangiogenic cells are present in the peripheral blood of patients with glioma and can be used as a surrogate biomarker to measure tumor angiogenicity. These cells can be measured at the time of diagnosis and monitored in the postoperative period. These assays can be used to predict tumor aggressiveness. Also promising is their potential to identify patients with increased angiogenic activity who might respond maximally to antiangiogenesis therapies or to assess tumor response in patients using those therapies as the use of these adjuvant molecular modalities becomes more prevalent in neuro-oncology.
Tendon arthroplasty of the fifth carpometacarpal joint for treatment of posttraumatic arthritis

Resectional arthroplasty with interposition of a rolled tendon spacer was used to treat posttraumatic arthritis of the fifth metacarpal-hamate joint in eight patients. The average follow-up was 5 years. All of the patients subjectively rated the functional capability and the cosmetic appearance of their hands as good or excellent. After operation, there was a net increase of 30% in the average grip strength of the study group. The motion preserved at the small finger carpometacarpal joint facilitated power function of the hand.
Wound healing following curettement of bifurcation abscesses of human primary molars

Forty-five abscessed human mandibular primary molars with bifurcation radiolucency were subjected to a two-stage formocresol treatment of the pulp chamber. On the first appointment, an elliptical patch of buccal mucosa was removed. Bony defects varied from 2 mm. to more than 4 mm. in diameter. Periapical radiographs were used to record changes in bone development. Punch biopsy specimens were taken from the bifurcation area of some subjects from 2 weeks up to a year after surgical curettement. Biopsied tissue was studied by electron and light microscopy to examine wound healing of the bifurcation, revealing an early proliferation of fibroblasts with extracellular collagen fibers. Some of the fibroblasts exhibited an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum, scattered free ribosomes, mitochondria, and other organelles which are normally observed in healthy fibroblasts. Histologic and clinical evaluation support the treatment tested for retention of previously abscessed primary molars.
System-level synthesis of low-power hard real-time systems

We present a system-level approach for power optimization undera set of user specified costs and timing constraints of hard real-timedesigns. The approach optimizes all three degrees of freedom forpower minimization, namely switching activity, effective capacityand voltage supply.We first define two key associated optimization problems, processorallocation and task assignment, and establish their computationalcomplexity. Efficient algorithms are developed for bothsystem design problems. The statistical analysis of comprehensiveexperimental results and their comparison with the developed conservativeand optimistic sharp lower bounds, clearly indicates thequality of the proposed optimization techniques.
A computer program that produces line graphs

Description. The program described here can plot line graphs suitable for publication in journal articles. Several computer-generated graphs were used in an article by Kane and Knutson (1976). An example of a line graph produced by the program is shown in Figure 1. As part of each graph, the program prints a legend with labels for the solid and/or dashed lines being plotted. The program can also print a caption underneath the graph. The use of this feature is optional; graphs with or without captions can be produced. The user has flexibility in plotting the X axis and Y axis for each graph, since the user specifies such information as the number of divisions (tick marks) on each axis, the distance between the divisions, the labels for the divisions, and the labels for the axes. Input. The user first provides data that are not specific to any single graph being plotted. These data include: identifying information about the user, such as the user's name and identification number; the plotting symbols to be used in representing the data points on the graphs (e.g., triangle, square, or octagon); and the
Racial Differences in Type of Alcoholic Beverage Consumed During Adolescence in the Pittsburgh Girls Study

BACKGROUND: White, compared with Black, adolescents have higher rates of alcohol use and show more rapid increases in alcohol use. Racial differences in type of alcohol beverage (i.e., beer, wine, and liquor) consumed by youth have received scant attention, and little is known regarding changes in type of alcohol beverage consumed during adolescence, when experimentation may transition to more regular use. METHODS: This study used repeated measures latent class analysis to identify distinct profiles that represent change in type of alcohol beverage consumed across ages 11 to 18 and to examine predictors (e.g., caretaker alcohol use, perceived peer alcohol use, ease in accessing alcohol, perceived neighborhood risk indicated by witnessing drug dealing), most of which were measured at ages 11 to 12, of alcohol use profiles in the Pittsburgh Girls Study (n = 2,171; 57% Black, 43% White), a community sample with annual follow-ups. RESULTS: Among Black girls, 2 profiles were identified: Low Use (76%), and Alcohol Use involving primarily liquor starting around age 15 (24%). Among White girls, 4 profiles were identified: Wine sippers (11%); a Low Use profile with low probability of drinking until age 18, when use of beer and liquor increased (52%); an Increasing Use profile with increased probability of drinking beer and liquor starting at age 15 (23%); and a High Alcohol Use profile, starting with use of wine, then shifting to use primarily of beer and liquor after age 13 (14%). Separate risk factor analyses conducted by race indicated similar predictors for Black and White girls: perceived ease in accessing alcohol, witnessing neighborhood drug dealing, and perceived peer alcohol use were each associated with heavier drinking profiles. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal profiles of type of alcoholic beverages, within and across racial groups, can guide the tailoring of interventions to address developmentally salient turning points in alcohol use for specific subgroups of girls. Language: en
Interpretation of bevel gear topography measurements

Abstract The bevel gear manufacturing process is characterized by several steps, beginning with gear design requirements and the optimization of meshing properties and ending with extending the cutting and grinding tool life. The rolling process of a gear set is currently optimized by simulating and calculating corrections for the generating movements of the cutter axis. The basis to calculate manufacturing corrections is a measurement of the flank topographies, obtained from the first cut gear. Therefore, the detected flank form deviations serve as the main issue in the subsequent simulations and calculations. Bevel gear metrology is based on a point-wise description of nominal flank geometry, which is not directly ‘visible’ since CMMs or gear measuring instruments (GMI) are able to scan rapidly across the bevel gear flank. This definition of nominal geometry is different from cylindrical gear metrology, which detects deviations through the recreation of the rolling process. Despite the different measuring methods, some of the evaluation parameters were taken over from the ‘cylindrical world’, which leads to several potential problems and misinterpretations. This paper presents common and uncommon evaluation methods, causing different topography results. These differences lead to specific correction calculations in the manufacturing process and impact the closed loop process in a significant way.
Improved clinical outcomes with multi-modality therapy for sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma of the head and neck.

Abstract Objective To examine outcomes among patients treated for sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) of the head and neck. Study design Retrospective review. Methods The records of 16 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed, non-metastatic SNUC were analyzed. Initial treatment consisted of: surgery alone (6 patients), surgery with post-operative chemoradiotherapy (4 patients), and primary radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy (6 patients). Results The median survival for patients treated by surgery followed by postoperative chemoradiotherapy was 30 months compared to 7 months and 9 months for patients treated by surgery alone and upfront chemoradiotherapy, respectively (p = 0.20). The 2-year locoregional control was 18% for patients treated with upfront chemoradiotherapy, 37% for patients treated with surgery alone, and 78% for patients treated with surgery plus chemoradiotherapy (p = 0.49). Conclusion While the potential role of selection bias must be considered, multi-modality therapy using surgery and post-operative chemoradiotherapy yielded the most favorable outcomes for SNUC and should be recommended whenever feasible.
General numerical solution to the time-dependent master equation for non-steady-state reactions: Application to the photoinitiated isomerization of cycloheptatriene to toluene

Abstract An efficient numerical algorithm has been developed to solve the time-dependent master equation. The method may be used to calculate the probability of reaction as a function of pressure for a vibrationally hot reactant produced under non-steady-state reaction conditions. To test the numerical algorithm, calculations were performed on the probability of reaction versus buffer gas pressure for the 260 nm photoinitiated isomerization of cycloheptatriene to toluene, which occurs on the ground state potential surface following internal conversion. The average energy transferred per collision, 〈Δ E coll 〉, from cycloheptatriene to 25 buffer gases was determined via master equation fits to the Stern-Volmer data of Troe and Wieters [J. Chem. Phys. 71 (1979) 3931]. The calculated values of 〈Δ E coll 〉 agree very well with those measured directly by Troe and co-workers.
Anomalous Subdiffusion in Fluorescence Photobleaching Recovery: A Monte Carlo Study

Anomalous subdiffusion is hindered diffusion in which the mean-square displacement of a diffusing particle is proportional to some power of time less than one. Anomalous subdiffusion has been observed for a variety of lipids and proteins in the plasma membranes of a variety of cells. Fluorescence photobleaching recovery experiments with anomalous subdiffusion are simulated to see how to analyze the data. It is useful to fit the recovery curve with both the usual recovery equation and the anomalous one, and to judge the goodness of fit on log-log plots. The simulations show that the simplest approximate treatment of anomalous subdiffusion usually gives good results. Three models of anomalous subdiffusion are considered: obstruction, fractional Brownian motion, and the continuous-time random walk. The models differ significantly in their behavior at short times and in their noise level. For obstructed diffusion the approach to the percolation threshold is marked by a large increase in noise, a broadening of the distribution of diffusion coefficients and anomalous subdiffusion exponents, and the expected abrupt decrease in the mobile fraction. The extreme fluctuations in the recovery curves at and near the percolation threshold result from extreme fluctuations in the geometry of the percolation cluster.
Usage of an Euler Angle Parameterization of SU(N) and U(N) for Entanglement Calculations on a Two-Qubit System

Here we apply our SU( N ) and U( N ) parameterizations to the question of entanglement in the two-qubit system. In particular, the group operations which entangle a two-qubit pure state will be given, as well as the corresponding manifold that the operations parameterize. We also give the volume of this manifold, as well as the hypothesized volume for the set of all entangled two-qubit pure and mixed states.
The Netherlands Orthopedic Society: Nijmegen, January 12-14, 1989

(1990). The Netherlands Orthopedic Society: Nijmegen, January 12-14, 1989. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica: Vol. 61, No. sup235, pp. 1-10.
Urothelial carcinoma with villoglandular differentiation: a study of 14 cases.

Tumors of the urinary bladder may have a variety of histological patterns. Tumors with either glandular or villous features, such as villous adenomas, in situ adenocarcinomas, invasive adenocarcinomas, and variants of urothelial carcinoma such as micropapillary carcinomas have been described. However, urothelial carcinomas with both villous and glandular features have not been well characterized. We identified 14 cases of urothelial carcinoma with villoglandular differentiation. These cases were defined as having villoglandular features if they contained superficial finger-like processes lined by epithelium having true glandular lumina. Mean patient age at presentation was 70 years (range: 46–84 years) with a male predominance (5:1). A total of 3 cases (21%) were non-invasive, five cases (36%) had lamina propria invasion, five cases (36%) had muscularis propria invasion and one case (7%) had extravesicular extension. A concurrent high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma component was identified in 11 cases (79%), micropapillary component in 5 (36%) cases, in-situ urothelial carcinoma component in 3 cases (21%), plasmacytoid component in 3 cases (21%), invasive adenocarcinoma in 2 cases, sarcomatoid carcinoma component in one case (14%), and small-cell carcinoma component in 1 case (7%). Cystitis cystica et glandularis was present in 3 cases (21%). Angiolymphatic invasion was identified in 3 cases (21%). Histologically, the villoglandular components were composed of finger-like processes lined by glands intimately admixed with high-grade urothelial carcinoma. Many of the glands had cribriform features lined by non-mucin producing cuboidal to columnar cells. Urothelial carcinoma with villoglandular differentiation are high-grade tumors typically seen in elderly males, characterized by superficial filliform processes lined by glands intimately admixed with high-grade urothelial carcinoma (in situ or invasive) and other aggressive variants of urothelial carcinoma. These relatively rare tumors should be recognized as a variant of urothelial carcinoma.
A Note on the Endless Confusion of g, gc and lb of the English System of Units:

Hundreds of years after Newton's famous formula F = ma, the confusion between the units g and gc and their interpretations is still rampant. In spite of warnings prevalent throughout textbooks and ...
Spiral crystal growth

Abstract We numerically study the spiral mode of crystal growth using a theory developed by Burton, Cabrera and Frank using a level set method. This method is novel in that it can handle not only closed curves but open curves as well. We use our method to compute interacting spirals and make estimates of growth rates. We also propose a possible coarsening mechanism for a large number of interacting spirals.
How to Write a Rave Review

The Thomson Reuters (ISI) Web of Knowledge service lists data for nearly 7400 science journals. How many journals do you read on a regular basis? How many topics can you keep up with? If your answer to either question reached double digits, you are well beyond most scientists. The truth is that the number of papers published each year is so large that no one can keep up with the pace of science. If you want to gather even basic knowledge of a subject that is not within your immediate sphere of activity, you must rely on some sort of summary document that can bring you “up to speed” on the current state of a discipline. This is the perfect role for a review article. Scientific review articles are critical analyses of available information about a particular topic. Unlike research articles, review articles do not present new data. Their purpose is to assess and put into perspective what is already known. Unlike research articles written on narrowly defined topics for a specialized audience of peers, review articles often examine broader topics for a more general audience. For example, a review of the extracellular matrix might be published in a journal whose readers are surgeons, rather than research specialists and pathologists with a greater knowledge of the topic, or it might be read by specialists who need to keep up with developments in related subspecialties. Many reviews, however, are written on narrow topics. For example, a review of mass spectrometry principles would be quite general, whereas a review of mass spectrometry in the clinical laboratory would be more specific and a review of the ionization effect in mass spectrometry would be even more specific. There are 3 main types of review articles. The most common, which we discuss in detail in …
Synthesis of trimethylsilylbis(trifluoromethyl) phosphine and arsine by exchange reactions

Abstract The exchange reactions of (CH 3 ) 3 Si M (CH 3 ) 2 ( M = N, P, As) with (CF 3 ) 2 M ′H( M ′= P, As) were studied. The exchange of the two phosphine compounds produced (CH 3 ) 3 SiP(CF 3 ) 2 . In reactions where (CH 3 ) 3 SiAs(CF 3 ) 2 formed it was found to slowly decompose.
What is the best way to deal with malignant brain tumors.

Up to the present time, the only method we have of removing brain tumors is by surgery. We all hope the time may come when some other method may be discovered but until such time arrives, we must continue to resort to surgery. Every one is agreed that in the case of benign tumors this is the proper procedure but a difference of opinion has developed recently in regard to malignant tumors. As a result two groups have developed […]. [...]
Effect of age and comedication on levetiracetam pharmacokinetics and tolerability

Summary: Purpose: To compare pharmacokinetics and tolerability of levetiracetam (LEV) in older versus younger adults. Methods: As part of the Columbia Antiepileptic Drug Database, we retrospectively studied the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of LEV in patients who had been seen as an outpatient at our center during a 4-year period. We compared apparent clearance (CL) of LEV in the youngest (16–31 years; n = 151) and oldest (55–88 years; n = 157) quartile of 629 adult outpatients who had taken LEV. We also analyzed the frequency of adverse effects leading to dose change or discontinuation (“intolerability”) and specific adverse effects in the younger versus older adults. One-year retention was determined for younger and older adults newly started on LEV at our center. Results: Mean LEV CL differed significantly between older (46.5 ml/h/kg) and younger adults (78.3 ml/h/kg). On average, older patients had a 40% lower LEV CL than younger patients. Comedication with an enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drug (EIAED; mostly carbamazepine) was associated with a 24% higher clearance of LEV compared to those who were not on EIAEDs. This difference was 37% in a subgroup of patients whose LEV CL was compared while they were on and off EIAEDs. Stepwise linear regression identified younger age and comedication with an EIAED as significant predictors of increased LEV CL. A total of 34.3% of the 629 patients (31.7% of younger vs. 40.7% of older patients; p = 0.16) reported intolerability to LEV on at least one occasion. This difference in tolerability reached significance in the group of patients newly started on LEV (26.3% vs. 41.0%; p = 0.017). Drowsiness and psychiatric/behavioral side effects were the most common adverse effects associated with LEV use in both age groups. One-year retention was 72% in the older group vs. 54% in the younger group (not significant). Conclusion: Older adults have lower CL than younger adults and require a mean 40% lower dose of LEV to achieve the same serum level. Comedication with an EIAED increases LEV CL by 24–37%. Younger adults tolerate LEV better than older adults, but 1-year retention was (nonsignificantly) higher in the older group.
The energy paradox and the diffusion of conservation technology

Abstract We develop a framework for thinking about the ‘paradox’ of very gradual diffusion of apparently cost-effective energy-conservation technologies. Our analysis provides some keys to understanding why this technology-diffusion process is gradual, and focuses attention on the factors that cause this to be the case, including those associated with potential market failures — information problems, principal/agent slippage, and unobserved costs — and those explanations that do not represent market failures — private information costs, high discount rates, and heterogeneity among potential adopters. Additionally, our analysis indicates how alternative policy instruments — both economic incentives and direct regulations — can hasten the diffusion of energy-conserving technologies.
Metastases to Meckel's cave: report of two cases and comparative analysis of malignant tumors with meningioma and schwannoma of Meckel's cave.

Abstract Objective To investigate clinical characteristics of patients with malignant tumors of Meckel's cave with two illustrative cases. A comparative analysis of clinical features of malignant tumors of Meckel's cave with meningioma and schwannoma of Meckel's cave is discussed. Methods We report two cases of malignant tumors involving Meckel's cave. We identified 19 additional cases of malignant tumors of Meckel's cave in the literature. We analyzed the symptoms, results of neurological and radiographic examination, pre-operative diagnosis and final diagnosis of these tumors. Our findings were then compared with well described case series of meningioma and schwannoma involving Meckel's cave. Results Of the 21 patients with malignant tumor involving Meckel's cave, 76% (16/21) had pain, 67% (14/21) had paraesthesia, 89% (17/21) had objective evidence of trigeminal sensory involvement and 42% (8/21) had objective evidence of trigeminal motor involvement. In contrast, of patients with trigeminal schwannomas [1] , only 23% presented with pain, 36% with paraesthesia, 74% with objective evidence of trigeminal involvement and 42% with trigeminal motor involvement. Pain and paraesthesia were seen more often in malignant tumors. In Delfini et al.’s [2] series of meningiomas involving Meckel's cave, 81% of patients presented with pain, 25% with paraesthesia, 63% with trigeminal sensory deficits and only 13% with trigeminal motor involvement. Patients with malignant tumors were more likely to be older, and have paraesthesia in comparison with patients with meningioma. Conclusion Subtle clinical clues may help differentiate malignant from benign involvement of Meckel's cave. We emphasize the need to thoroughly investigate patients early for a possible primary as well as metastases, in those found to have a lesion in the Meckel's cave.
The use of stable carbon isotope analysis in rooting studies

Stable carbon isotope analysis was evaluated as a means of predicting the relative proportions of C3 and C4 root phytomass in species mixtures. The following mixtures of C3 and C4 species were used: 1) big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii)/cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), 2) little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium)/cheatgrass, and 3) sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)/sunflower (Helianthus annuus). There was a significant correlation (P 0.98). Root length per mass varied among the five species studied (10.1–94.3 m/g), which resulted in different conclusions depending on whether root values are expressed as length or mass. For example, field samples from a tallgrass prairie site were estimated to contain about 20% cheatgrass on a mass basis, whereas the figure was 68% when expressed in terms of length. The combination of stable carbon isotope analysis with length-for-mass measurements promises to be a useful means of studying root competition between C3 and C4 plants.
Quantification of free amino acids and dipeptides using isotope dilution liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Our aim was to develop a liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS2) method to measure free amino acid (FAA) and dipeptide (DP) concentrations in biological fluids. We synthesized chloroformate derivatives of FAA and DP, identified the major precursor ions and used LCMS2 to obtain the most intense product ions. Using serial dilutions of unlabeled and labeled standards ([2H3]-L-Dopa, homoarginine, homophenylalanine, [15N]-Glutamine and [2H3]-methionine), we observed linear relationships in MS response that we used to calculate the amounts of FAA and DP in biological samples. This method is sensitive with a limit of detection (LOD) for most of the FAAs and DPs tested in the 0.05-1 pmol range and is linear over 3-5 orders of magnitude when many metabolites were measured simultaneously. Reproducibility and between run or daily variations were <10% for most FAAs and DPs. We applied this method to human samples and quantitatively measured 21 FAAs and 2 DPs in 200 microl CSF, 31 FAAs and 6 DPs in 100 microl plasma, and 23 FAAs and 5 DPs in 200 microl urine. These data demonstrate the potential for using LCMS2 to discover changes in FAA and DP metabolic pathways that occur during disease pathogenesis.
Cracking instabilities in a low-carbon steel susceptible to dynamic strain aging

Abstract Crack jumps occurring in concert with stable cracking in a low-carbon steel, used in nuclear power plants, are examined. These jumps occur in steels susceptible to dynamic strain aging at liquid water reactor temperatures. Through fractographic studies, a connection between the nature of cracking and fracture morphology is attempted. Numerical simulation of a crack growth experiment is carried out. The results of the study indicate that there may be certain conditions, such as crack-tip constraint and triaxiality and the dominance of elastic stored energy over plastic dissipation (in addition to the material’s susceptibility to dynamic strain aging), which need to be met for crack jumps to occur. The numerical results also indicate that approximate methods, such as ASTM E1152 method, for estimating driving force for growing cracks may not be viable for materials susceptible to dynamic strain aging.
Consistent Kaluza-Klein sphere reductions

We study the circumstances under which a Kaluza-Klein reduction on an n-sphere, with a massless truncation that includes all the Yang-Mills fields of $\mathrm{SO}(n+1),$ can be consistent at the full non-linear level. We take as the starting point a theory comprising a p-form field strength and (possibly) a dilaton, coupled to gravity in the higher dimension D. We show that aside from the previously studied cases with $(D,p)=(11,4)$ and (10,5) (associated with the ${S}^{4}$ and ${S}^{7}$ reductions of $D=11$ supergravity, and the ${S}^{5}$ reduction of type IIB supergravity), the only other possibilities that allow consistent reductions are for $p=2,$ reduced on ${S}^{2},$ and for $p=3,$ reduced on ${S}^{3}$ or ${S}^{D\ensuremath{-}3}.$ We construct the fully non-linear Kaluza-Klein Ans\"atze in all these cases. In particular, we obtain $D=3,$ $N=8,$ $\mathrm{SO}(8)$ and $D=7,$ $N=2,$ $\mathrm{SO}(4)$ gauged supergravities from ${S}^{7}$ and ${S}^{3}$ reductions of $N=1$ supergravity in $D=10.$
Chemical synthesis of superconducting MgB2 nanopowder

Abstract Superconducting MgB2 nanopowder has been synthesized through chemical reaction between lithium borohydride and magnesium hydride at relatively low temperatures. From quantitative Rietveld analysis, the average crystallite size of MgB2 powder was evaluated to be 33 nm. The superconducting transition temperature of the MgB2 nanopowder was found to be 38.8–38.9 K from magnetization and DC susceptibility measurements. Powder morphology has been evaluated by scanning electron microscopy.
The Mechanism of Ice Crystal Growth and Habit Formation

Abstract The formation of multiple layers of adsorbed water molecules on the basal and prism faces of ice may be responsible for the remarkable temperature dependence of all growth variables (linear growth rate, step velocity, and mean migration distance). This effect results from an increased residence time of molecules in the adsorbed state as the melting point is approached. A quantitative treatment based on the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller model of multi-layer adsorption exemplifies these concepts and appears to explain the measured trends with temperature. When the theoretical treatment is used in conjunction with a growth model based on the propagation of spiral steps, reasonable values for the condensation coefficient emerge. The alternation of the primary habit of ice crystals with temperature is explained when the theoretical treatment is applied to the basal and prism faces, respectively.
The Battle Against Deceptive Weight Loss Ads

“Lose up to 2 Pounds Daily Without Diet or Exercise”. “You lose weight even if you eat too much”. “New Medical Breakthrough! Lose A Pound A Day Without Changing What You Eat”.
How different is Venus from Mars? The genetics of germ-line stem cells in Drosophila females and males

In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, both spermatogenesis and oogenesis rely on germ-line stem cells (GSCs). Intensive research has revealed many of the molecules and pathways that underlie GSC maintenance and differentiation in males and females. In this review, we discuss new studies that, some differences notwithstanding, highlight the similarities in the structural and molecular strategies used by the two sexes in GSC maintenance and differentiation. These include the tight control that somatic support cells exert on every aspect of GSC function and the similar molecular mechanisms for physical attachment, cell-cell signaling and gap-junction communication. Some common principles underlying GSC biology in the fly may be applied to stem cells in other organisms.
Profiling the dynamic interfaces of fluorinated transcription complexes for ligand discovery and characterization.

The conformationally dynamic binding surfaces of transcription complexes present a particular challenge for ligand discovery and characterization. In the case of the KIX domain of the master coactivator CBP/p300, few small molecules have been reported that target its two allosterically regulated binding sites despite the important roles that KIX plays in processes ranging from memory formation to hematopoiesis. Taking advantage of the enrichment of aromatic amino acids at protein interfaces, here we show that the incorporation of six 19F-labeled aromatic side chains within the KIX domain enables recapitulation of the differential binding footprints of three natural activator peptides (MLL, c-Myb, and pKID) in complex with KIX and effectively reports on allosteric changes upon binding using 1D NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, the examination of both the previously described KIX protein–protein interaction inhibitor Napthol-ASE-phosphate and newly discovered ligand 1-10 rapidly revealed both the binding site...
Effects of isomers of apomorphines on dopamine receptors in striatal and limbic tissue of rat brain

The optical isomers of apomorphine (APO) and N-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) were interacted with three biochemical indices of dopamine (DA) receptors in extrapyramidal and limbic preparations of rat brain tissue. There were consistent isomeric preferences for the R(-) configuration of both DA analogs in stimulating adenylate cyclase (D-1 sites) and in competing for high affinity binding of 3H-spiroperidol (D-2 sites) and of 3H-ADTN (DA agonist binding sites) in striatal tissue, with lesser isomeric differences in the limbic tissue. The S(+) apomorphines did not inhibit stimulation of adenylate cyclase by DA. The tendency for greater activity or higher apparent affinity of R(-) apomorphines in striatum may reflect the evidently greater abundance of receptor sites in that region. There were only small regional differences in interactions of the apomorphine isomers with all three receptor sites, except for a strong preference of (-)NPA for striatal D-2 sites. These results do not parallel our recent observations indicating potent and selective antidopaminergic actions of S(+) apomorphines in the rat limbic system. They suggest caution in assuming close parallels between current biochemical and functional, especially behavioral, methods of evaluating dopamine receptors of mammalian brain.
Photoelectrochemical and structural characterization of carbon-doped In2O3 and carbon-doped WO3 films prepared via spray pyrolysis

Carbon-doped In 2 O 3 and carbon-doped WO 3 films were produced using a spray pyrolysis methodology with octanoic acid as the carbon dopant source. C-doped and undoped In 2 O 3 films showed a cubic polycrystalline In 2 O 3 structure, and C-doped and undoped WO 3 films displayed a monoclinic polycrystalline WO 3 structure. C-doped In 2 O 3 and WO 3 , compared to their corresponding undoped materials, showed increased absorption in the 350-550 nm range with a red shift in the band gap transition. The presence of carbonate-type species in these C-doped samples was confirmed by XPS. The photoelectrochemical activity was evaluated under near UV-visible light and visible light only irradiation conditions. Under the same irradiation conditions, C-doped In 2 O 3 and C-doped WO 3 electrodes produced greater photocurrent densities than their corresponding undoped electrodes. The C-doped In 2 O 3 electrode exhibited photocurrent densities up to 1 mA/cm 2 , with 40% from visible light irradiation, and the C-doped WO 3 electrode showed photocurrent densities up to 1.3 mA/cm 2 , with 50% from visible light irradiation. These results indicate the potential for further development of In 2 O 3 and WO 3 photocatalysts by simple wet chemical methods, and provide useful information towards understanding the structure and enhanced photoelectrochemical properties of these materials.
Reasons for limiting drinking in an HIV primary care sample.

Background Heavy drinking among individuals with HIV is associated with major health concerns (liver disease, medication nonadherence, immune functioning), but little is known about cognitive-motivational factors involved in alcohol consumption in this population, particularly reasons for limiting drinking. Methods Urban HIV primary care patients (N = 254; 78.0% male; 94.5% African American or Hispanic) in a randomized trial of brief drinking-reduction interventions reported on reasons for limiting drinking, alcohol consumption, and alcohol dependence symptoms prior to intervention. Results Exploratory factor analysis indicated 3 main domains of reasons for limiting drinking: social reasons (e.g., responsibility to family), lifestyle reasons (e.g., religious/moral reasons), and impairment concerns (e.g., hangovers). These factors evidenced good internal consistency (αs = 0.76 to 0.86). Higher scores on social reasons for limiting drinking were associated with lower typical quantity, maximum quantity, and binge frequency (ps < 0.01), and higher scores on lifestyle reasons were associated with lower maximum quantity, binge frequency, and intoxication frequency (ps < 0.01). In contrast, higher scores on impairment concerns were associated with more frequent drinking and intoxication, and higher risk of alcohol dependence (ps < 0.05), likely because dependent drinkers are more familiar with alcohol-induced impairment. Conclusions The current study is the first to explore reasons for limiting drinking among individuals with HIV and how these reasons relate to alcohol involvement. This study yields a scale that can be used to assess reasons for limiting drinking among HIV-positive drinkers and provides information that can be used to enhance interventions with this population. Discussing social and lifestyle reasons for limiting drinking among less extreme drinkers may support and validate these patients' efforts to limit engagement in heavy drinking; discussion of impairment reasons for limiting drinking may be a way to engage dependent drinkers in efforts to decrease their alcohol consumption.
A comparison of the augmented bar display and the object display

Two experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that object displays facilitate integration task performance because they contain information that is not readily accessible in standard bar displays. The first experiment demonstrated that when the extra information present in an object display is added to a bar display, as in the augmented bar display, integration task performance can be improved in the bar display. The second experiment shows that integration task performance is poor with an object display when the extra information present in the object display is not relevant to the integration task. If the decision statistic can be specified at the time of display design, an augmented bar display may be appropriate since it offers good performance for both separate and integral tasks; if the decision statistic cannot be specified at the time of display design, the use of an object display may hinder performance if the decision statistic and emergent feature are not correlated.
Does endogenous progesterone promote recovery of chronic sensorimotor deficits following contusion to the forelimb representation of the sensorimotor cortex

We studied sensorimotor recovery in male, normal-cycling and pseudopregnant female rats following unilateral FL-SMC contusions. Forelimb use (push off before a rear, support against the walls, and landing after a rear) and the foot fault test (foot misplacements during locomotion on an elevated grid) were analyzed from videotapes taken before surgery, and then again on post-surgical days 2 and 36. High endogenous progesterone levels in females at the time of injury did not affect recovery as there were no differences between males, pseudopregnant females and normal-cycling female rats on these behaviors. None of the brain-injured rats recovered symmetrical forelimb use between 2 and 36 days after injury (P>0.05) and they also showed foot misplacements (P>0.05) in the foot fault test. Male and female rats with contusions had fewer mean foot misplacements on day 36 than 2 days after injury (P<0.001), indicating that there was partial recovery on this task. These results were taken to show that there were no sex differences in motor deficits caused by unilateral FL-SMC injury. In addition, higher endogenous progesterone levels in females did not protect them from the chronic sensorimotor deficits caused by unilateral FL-SMC contusions.
The biochemical role of the heat shock protein 90 chaperone complex in establishing human telomerase activity

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that synthesizes the G-rich DNA found at the 3′-ends of linear chromosomes. Human telomerase consists minimally of a catalytic protein (hTERT) and a template-containing RNA (hTR), although other proteins are involved in regulating telomerase activity in vivo. Several chaperone proteins, including hsp90 and p23, have demonstrable roles in establishing telomerase activity both in vitro and in vivo, and previous reports indicate that hsp90 and p23 are required for the reconstitution of telomerase activity from recombinant hTERT and hTR. Here we report that hTERT and hTR associate in the absence of a functional hsp90-p23 heterocomplex. We also report that hsp90 inhibitors geldanamycin and novobiocin inhibit recombinant telomerase even after telomerase is assembled. Inhibition by geldanamycin could be overcome by allowing telomerase to first bind its primer, suggesting a role for hsp90 in loading telomerase onto the telomere. Inhibition by novobiocin could not similarly be overcome but instead resulted in destabilization of the hTERT polypeptide. We propose that the hsp90-p23 complex fine tunes and stabilizes a functional telomerase structure, allowing primer loading and extension.