cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EAM calculations of the thermodynamics of amorphous copper

Abstract The structure and thermodynamics of pure amorphous Cu is studied with molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo and quasi-harmonic calculations using the embedded atom method. The pair distribution function, atomic volume, thermal expansion, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy are calculated for the cyrstalline, liquid and amorphous phases. The glass transition temperature of the amorphous phase is found to be approximately 400 K (∼ 0.3 T m ). The free energy difference between the amorphous and supercooled liquid phases was determined to be at most 0.01 eV per atom. The free energy of the liquid and crystalline phases in our calculation is found to agree within 0.4% of experiment over the temperature range 400–2200 K. The free energy of the glass is found to be fairly well described by the simple Turnbull model. This is the first atomic-level calculation of the free energy of a metallic glass.
Principal component analysis of PiB distribution in Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases

Objective: To use principal component analyses (PCA) of Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) PET imaging to determine whether the pattern of in vivo β-amyloid (Aβ) in Parkinson disease (PD) with cognitive impairment is similar to the pattern found in symptomatic Alzheimer disease (AD). Methods: PiB PET scans were obtained from participants with PD with cognitive impairment (n = 53), participants with symptomatic AD (n = 35), and age-matched controls (n = 67). All were assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating and APOE genotype was determined in 137 participants. PCA was used to 1) determine the PiB binding pattern in AD, 2) determine a possible unique PD pattern, and 3) directly compare the PiB binding patterns in PD and AD groups. Results: The first 2 principal components (PC1 and PC2) significantly separated the AD and control participants ( p p Conclusion: Using PCA, we demonstrated that participants with PD with cognitive impairment do not exhibit the same PiB binding pattern as participants with AD. These data suggest that Aβ deposition may play a different pathophysiologic role in the cognitive impairment of PD compared to that in AD.
Quantification of cerebellar structures with MRI

Methodological issues have limited neuroimaging studies of cerebellar structures. In this article we describe a method that addresses some of these limitations and phantom studies that examine the validity of the image manipulations. We compared volumes derived from 3D Spoiled Gradient Recalled Acquisition MR images sliced with respect to three different alignment methods: one based on cerebellar landmarks, another on cerebral landmarks and a third on the plane of acquisition. Examination of coefficients of variation, coefficients of error and convergent validity suggests that although regional cerebellar volumes based on cerebellar landmarks provide the best estimates of the true volumes, observed differences between volume measurements from alignments based on cerebellar or cerebral landmarks were generally not significant and were inconsequential. In this case, the measure was improved with alignment along local, relevant cerebellar landmarks. A set of phantom experiments showed that realignment, reslicing and interpolation in 3-dimensional image processing exerted, at most, trivial distortion on the estimates of actual object volumes.
CONTROL HEURISTICS FOR SCHEDULING IN A PARALLEL BLACKBOARD SYSTEM

This paper investigates the effects of parallelism on blackboard system scheduling heuristics. A parallel blackboard system is described that allows multiple knowledge source instantiations (KSIs) to execute in parallel using a shared-memory blackboard approach. New classes of control knowledge are defined that order the agenda by using information about the relationships between the goals of the KSIs. This control knowledge is implemented and tested in the DVMT application on a Sequent multiprocessor using BB1-style control heuristics. The usefulness of the heuristics is examined by comparing the effectiveness of problem-solving with and without the heuristics (as a group and individually). Problem solving with the new control knowledge results in improved system performance.
Computer crimes and the current legislation

Computers are becoming more affordable and, therefore, more accessible. This accessibility provides a unique opportunity for potential criminals to commit computer crimes. These crimes could and do cause serious problems for businesses and the society. Therefore, securing computer data should be the top priority of the society. Many security measures along with good legislation could go a long way to help secure the data. Many states have passed legislation to help prevent computer crimes. In addition, there are many hardware and software available to help secure the computer data. All these measures are discussed in this paper.
A Wide Tracking Range 0.2-4Gbps Clock and Data Recovery Circuit

A hybrid analog and digital quarter-rate clock and data recovery circuit employs a second-order digital loop filter with delta-sigma truncation to achieve sub-ps phase resolution and better than 2ppm frequency resolution. A test chip fabricated in a 0.18mum CMOS process achieves BER < 10-12 and consumes 14mW power while operating at 2Gbps. The tracking range is greater than plusmn5000 ppm and plusmn2500 ppm at 10kHz and 20kHz modulation frequencies respectively, thus, making this CDR suitable for systems with spread spectrum clocking
Distribution of catechins, theaflavins, caffeine, and theobromine in 77 teas consumed in the United States

significantly affect measured levels of tea compounds and (2) there was a wide variation in the composition of significantly affect measured levels of tea compounds and (2) there was a wide variation in the composition of significantly affect measured levels of tea compounds and (2) there was a wide variation in the composition of significantly affect measured levels of tea compounds and (2) there was a wide variation in the composition of the tea compounds both within each tea category and among categories: black teas contained both theaflavins the tea compounds both within each tea category and among categories: black teas contained both theaflavins the tea compounds both within each tea category and among categories: black teas contained both theaflavins the tea compounds both within each tea category and among categories: black teas contained both theaflavins the tea compounds both within each tea category and among categories: black teas contained both theaflavins and catechins, green and white teas contained catechins and trace amounts of theaflavins, herbal teas contained and catechins, green and white teas contained catechins and trace amounts of theaflavins, herbal teas contained and catechins, green and white teas contained catechins and trace amounts of theaflavins, herbal teas contained and catechins, green and white teas contained catechins and trace amounts of theaflavins, herbal teas contained and catechins, green and white teas contained catechins and trace amounts of theaflavins, herbal teas contained very low amounts of all tea compounds. A statistical profile of the distribution of catechins, theaflavins, caffeine, very low amounts of all tea compounds. A statistical profile of the distribution of catechins, theaflavins, caffeine, very low amounts of all tea compounds. A statistical profile of the distribution of catechins, theaflavins, caffeine, very low amounts of all tea compounds. A statistical profile of the distribution of catechins, theaflavins, caffeine, very low amounts of all tea compounds. A statistical profile of the distribution of catechins, theaflavins, caffeine, and theobromine in the evaluated teas offers consumers a choice of teas containing high levels of healthand theobromine in the evaluated teas offers consumers a choice of teas containing high levels of healthand theobromine in the evaluated teas offers consumers a choice of teas containing high levels of healthand theobromine in the evaluated teas offers consumers a choice of teas containing high levels of healthand theobromine in the evaluated teas offers consumers a choice of teas containing high levels of healthpromoting compounds. promoting compounds. promoting compounds. promoting compounds.
New Aspects of the Photon Self-Energy Problem

A finite but non-vanishing value for the self-energy of the photon, corresponding to a finite rest-mass, can be deduced from the new invariant formulation of quantum electrodynamics developed by Tomonaga and Schwinger, in the ${e}^{2}$ order approximation. The implications of this result are discussed.
Kidney Disease and Increased Mortality Risk in Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes associates with increased risk of mortality, but how kidney disease contributes to this mortality risk among individuals with type 2 diabetes is not completely understood. Here, we examined 10-year cumulative mortality by diabetes and kidney disease status for 15,046 participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) by linking baseline data from NHANES III with the National Death Index. Kidney disease, defined as urinary albumin/creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g and/or estimated GFR ≤60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), was present in 9.4% and 42.3% of individuals without and with type 2 diabetes, respectively. Among people without diabetes or kidney disease (reference group), 10-year cumulative all-cause mortality was 7.7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 7.0%-8.3%), standardized to population age, sex, and race. Among individuals with diabetes but without kidney disease, standardized mortality was 11.5% (95% CI, 7.9%-15.2%), representing an absolute risk difference with the reference group of 3.9% (95% CI, 0.1%-7.7%), adjusted for demographics, and 3.4% (95% CI, -0.3% to 7.0%) when further adjusted for smoking, BP, and cholesterol. Among individuals with both diabetes and kidney disease, standardized mortality was 31.1% (95% CI, 24.7%-37.5%), representing an absolute risk difference with the reference group of 23.4% (95% CI, 17.0%-29.9%), adjusted for demographics, and 23.4% (95% CI, 17.2%-29.6%) when further adjusted. We observed similar patterns for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality. In conclusion, those with kidney disease predominantly account for the increased mortality observed in type 2 diabetes.
Modeling bee swarming behavior through diffusion adaptation with asymmetric information sharing

Honeybees swarm when they move to a new site for their hive. During the process of swarming, their behavior can be analyzed by classifying them as informed bees or uninformed bees, where the informed bees have some information about the destination while the uninformed bees follow the informed bees. The swarm's movement can be viewed as a network of mobile nodes with asymmetric information exchange about their destination. In these networks, adaptive and mobile agents share information on the fly and adapt their estimates in response to local measurements and data shared with neighbors. Diffusion adaptation is used to model the adaptation process in the presence of asymmetric nodes and noisy data. The simulations indicate that the models are able to emulate the swarming behavior of bees under varied conditions such as a small number of informed bees, sharing of target location, sharing of target direction, and noisy measurements.
Independent mammalian genome contractions following the KT boundary.

Although it is generally accepted that major changes in the earth’s history are significant drivers of phylogenetic diversification and extinction, such episodes may also have long-lasting effects on genomic architecture. Here we show that widespread reductions in genome size have occurred in multiple lineages of mammals subsequent to the Cretaceous– Tertiary (KT) boundary, whereas there is no evidence for such changes in other vertebrate, invertebrate, or land plant lineages. Although the mechanisms remain unclear, such shifts in mammalian genome evolution may be a consequence of an increase in the efficiency of selection against excess DNA resulting from post-KT population size expansions. Independent historical changes in genome architecture in diverse lineages raise a significant challenge to the idea that genome size is finely tuned to achieve adaptive phenotypic modifications and suggest that attempts to use phylogenetic analysis to infer ancestral genome sizes may be problematical.
Electropolymerized Polypyrrole Nanocoatings on Carbon Paper for Electrochemical Energy Storage

A highly electrically conductive and uniform polymer film containing small, evenly sized particles was potentiodynamically electropolymerized at a slow scan rate of 50 mV s−1, as compared to the strongly agglomerated and low-conducting films obtained at higher scan rates of 100 and 200 mV s−1. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments demonstrated a higher areal capacitance, energy density, and power density in the former material. The superior supercapacitive performance was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and can be explained by both a higher electrical conductivity and a facilitated charge transfer in the redox reactions occurring in the former electrode. This work suggests the possibility of fabricating polypyrrole (PPy) pseudocapactive electrodes with high performance via a facile potentiodynamic synthesis at low scan rates. Meanwhile, it provides an alternative to introducing surface functionalities of conductive polymers onto the carbon paper.
Flutamide: a novel agent for restoring the depressed cell-mediated immunity following soft-tissue trauma and hemorrhagic shock

Recent studies indicate beneficial effects of androgen depletion in male mice, before trauma-hemorrhage on cell-mediated immunity following soft-tissue trauma and hemorrhagic shock. Nonetheless, it remains unknown whether androgen receptor blockade following the insult has any salutary effects. To study this, male C3H/HeN mice were either sham-operated or subjected to soft-tissue trauma (i.e., 2.5 cm midline laparotomy) followed by hemorrhagic shock (blood pressure 35 +/- 5 mmHg for 90 min) and then adequately resuscitated (shed blood and lactated Ringer's). Immediately after the completion of resuscitation, as well as 24 and 48 h thereafter, the animals received either vehicle, 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) flutamide or 25 mg/kg BW flutamide subcutaneously. At 72 h after resuscitation, all animals were killed. The spleens and peritoneal macrophages (M phi) were then harvested and cultures established to determine IL-2 and IL-3 release, splenocyte proliferative capacity, as well as splenic and peritoneal M phi IL-1 release. Moreover, plasma testosterone and corticosterone levels were measured. Our results indicate that trauma-hemorrhage resulted in significant depression of splenocyte and M phi functions in vehicle-treated and animals receiving 10 mg/kg BW flutamide. Treatment with 25 mg/kg BW flutamide following trauma-hemorrhage, however, resulted in levels of cytokine release which were comparable with those found in sham-operated animals. No significant alterations in plasma corticosterone and testosterone levels were observed in any of the experimental groups. These findings indicate that short-term therapy of males with the androgen receptor blocker, flutamide at 25 mg/kg BW, following trauma-hemorrhage has protective effects on immune functions. This protective effect is dose dependent, since 10 mg/kg BW flutamide did not produce significant salutary effects. Thus, flutamide represents a novel and safe agent for improving the depressed functions in male trauma patients suffering severe blood loss.
Additional Evidence on the Sticky Behavior of Costs

Recent studies in cost behavior find that selling, general, and administrative costs (SG&A) and cost of good sold (CGS) are sticky, i.e., costs increase more with activity increases than they decrease in response to equivalent activity decreases. We examine whether the magnitude of the activity changes is the driving force behind this "sticky" phenomenon. Specifically, we explore how costs behave for different ranges of sales activity changes. SG&A and CGS costs do not exhibit sticky cost behavior for small revenue changes, implying linearity of costs with respect to revenue. However, when revenue changes by more than ten percent, costs exhibit sticky behavior. We also find inter-industry differences in the stickiness behavior of both SG&A and CGS costs as well as in the determinants of sticky behavior.
Middleware-based connection management for QoS-enabled networks

Many applications require network performance bounds, or Quality of Service (QoS), for their proper operation. This is achieved through the appropriate allocation of network resources; however, providing end-to-end QoS is becoming more complex, due to the increasing heterogeneity of networks. For example, end-to-end QoS can be provided through the concatenation of services across multiple networks (domains), but each domain may employ different network technologies as well as different QoS methodologies. As a result, management strategies are needed to provide QoS across multiple domains in a scalable and economically feasible manner. This paper describes a microeconomic-based middleware architecture that allows the specification and acquisition of QoS and resource policies. The architecture consists of users, bandwidth brokers, and network domains. Executing applications, users require network QoS obtained via middleware from a bandwidth broker. Bandwidth brokers then interact with one another to provide end-to-end QoS connections across multiple domains. This is done in a BGP manner which recursively provides end-to-end services in a scalable fashion. Using this framework, this paper describes management strategies to optimally provision and allocate end-to-end connections. The methods maintain a low blocking probability, and maximize utility and profit, which are increasingly important as network connectivity evolves as an industry.
Image Feature Extraction Using Diameter-Limited Gradient Direction Histograms

Features extracted by operators which examine diameter-limited gradient direction histograms are important because they describe images of industrial workpieces efficiently and have the potential for rapid computation via special purpose hardware. When such operators are passed over an image in raster fashion, features such as the following are detected: a strong peak in the direction histogram indicating the presence of a relatively straight edge, a second strong direction indicating a corner, a wide direction group indicating a curved edge, and a uniform distribution of directions over the histogram indicating small holes. Diameter-limited optimization can be used to substantially reduce the number of pixels which have been given feature labels by such operators without losing descriptive power. Feature labels for direction histograms having a second strong direction, a wide direction group, or a uniform distribution might be retained only if all other pixels within a circular aperture have a lower bin value. Pixels with a strong direction label might be retained only if all other pixels within a circular aperture and along the gradient direction have a smaller bin value. Tracking can then be applied to the remaining strong direction pixels in the direction perpendicular to the gradient to achieve representation of edges by endpoints. Experimental results indicate that descriptions which are compatible with human interpretation can be achieved.
Potential influences of climate and nest structure on spotted owl reproductive success: a biophysical approach.

Many bird species do not make their own nests; therefore, selection of existing sites that provide adequate microclimates is critical. This is particularly true for owls in north temperate climates that often nest early in the year when inclement weather is common. Spotted owls use three main types of nest structures, each of which are structurally distinct and may provide varying levels of protection to the eggs or young. We tested the hypothesis that spotted owl nest configuration influences nest microclimate using both experimental and observational data. We used a wind tunnel to estimate the convective heat transfer coefficient (hc) of eggs in 25 potential nest configurations that mimicked 2 nest types (top-cavity and platform nests), at 3 different wind speeds. We then used the estimates of hc in a biophysical heat transfer model to estimate how long it would take unattended eggs to cool from incubation temperature (∼36°C) to physiological zero temperature (PZT; ∼26°C) under natural environmental conditions. Our results indicated that the structural configuration of nests influences the cooling time of the eggs inside those nests, and hence, influences the nest microclimate. Estimates of time to PZT ranged from 10.6 minutes to 33.3 minutes. Nest configurations that were most similar to platform nests always had the fastest egg cooling times, suggesting that platform nests were the least protective of those nests we tested. Our field data coupled with our experimental results suggested that nest choice is important for the reproductive success of owls during years of inclement weather or in regions characterized by inclement weather during the nesting season.
Effects of Instruction in Basic Communication Skills on Physical Therapists and Physical Therapy Students

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that laboratory instruction within a one-semester course could significantly change the communication skills of physical therapists and physical therapy students in the desired direction. Effective use of communication skills, the dependent variable, is defined in the counseling psychology literature. The independent variables were parts of two academic courses for physical therapists: one for graduate students (physical therapists) and one for undergraduate students. Data from the two groups were treated separately in a one-group, pretest-posttest, quasi-experimental design. The test for overall effect of changes in communication skills of undergraduate students was significant at the .0001 level. Post hoc tests for changes in use of seven specific skills varied in significance level from .8 to .0001. Education techniques, not subject variability, accounted for most of the change. Graduate student data did not reach traditional significance levels, but encouraging trends were noted. Results can be interpreted in terms of education, clinical experience, and measurement tools.
Model-driven product line software development process

The past 10 years have created such buzzwords as "model-based development" and "auto-code generation". Conveniently absent from the tool literature on model-based development are the equally, or more important concepts of Software Architecture and Process. When developing product line software, the process and architecture form a critical foundation to base reusable products and components. The development process can no longer be viewed as "model-based", but rather as "model-driven", due to the reliance on the models as the source artifact as opposed to the creators of the source artifacts. A model-driven product line software development process allows capturing of behavior, for commonality across different products, and having a different implementation for a specific product release.
Polymerizations of Alkenylsilanes Using Early Transition Metal Catalysts

Oxidative coupling of primary alkylsilanes catalyzed by Group IVB metallocene complexes leads predominantly to linear polysilanes, as first reported by Harrod. We have investigated the polymerization of ethylsilane and vinylsilane using dimethyltitanocene in order to determine the suitability of such polymers as precursors to Si-C based ceramics for application as coatings or composite matrices. A photochemical procedure for initiation of polymerization is described. Ethylsilane forms polysilanes (which contain a -Si-Si-Si-Si- backbone) by a step growth mechanism. Vinylsilane shows some Si-Si formation; however, polymerization by several different routes, including formation of polycarbosilanes (which contain a -Si-C-SI-C- backbone) by hydrosilation reactions and crosslinking via metathesis, predominate. The carbosilane polymer has high char yield (60-75%) and appears advantageous for conversion into silicon carbide, as determined by X-ray diffraction.
A Retrospective Examination of Sleep Disturbance across the Course of Bipolar Disorder.

Background: Sleep disturbance is a prevalent and clinically significant feature of bipolar disorder. However, there are aspects of sleep and bipolar disorder that have been minimally characterized. This study aims to fill several gaps in the literature by examining the prevalence, coexistence, and persistence of sleep disturbance retrospectively across a five-year period in bipolar disorder. Methods: Fifty-one people with bipolar disorder I and comorbid insomnia who were currently inter-episode completed the NIMH Retrospective Life-Charting Methodology (the life chart). The life chart was used to document the prevalence, coexistence, and persistence of insomnia, hypersomnia, delayed sleep phase, reduced sleep need, and irregular sleep patterns across the course of five years. Results: Across the five year period, manic months were primarily characterized by reduced sleep need (62.8%) and insomnia (38.1%), depressive months by hypersomnia (56.0%) and insomnia (51.9%), mixed months by all five types of sleep disturbance, and inter-episode months by insomnia (67.4%). There was coexistence in the types of sleep disturbance experienced. Further, each type of sleep disturbance demonstrated persistence across the five years, with persistence rates being the highest for insomnia (49.0–58.8%). Conclusions: Sleep disturbance is a prevalent and complex feature across mood episodes and inter-episode periods of bipolar disorder. Further, there is variation in the types of sleep disturbance experienced.
Epidemiological Analysis of Measles in Meizhou City during 2004—2008

[Objective]To study the epidemic characteristics of measles in Meizhou city,provide the scientific basis for control and prevention of measles.[Methods]Descriptive epidemiological methods were adopted to analyze the epidemic data of measles in Meizhou city during 2004—2008.[Results]429 measles cases were reported in Meizhou city during 2004—2008 with an average annual incidence of 2.14/lakh,and measles epidemic had reported every year.The cases and outbreaks mainly occurred in the Wuhua county,Xingning county and Pingyuan county.The cases relatively concentrated and was characterized by local outbreaks.Measles outbreak peak was March to May,accounted for 51.05% of the total cases.The cases range in age from 8 months old to 14 years old accounted for 69.93% of the total cases.[Conclusion]The effect of planned immunization for measles control are obvious.The strategies should focus on vaccination of weak regions and weak groups in immunization program,and improving measles monitoring and reporting.
Treatment of Foot and Ankle Neuroma Pain With Processed Nerve Allografts.

Background:Localized nerve pain in the foot and ankle can be a chronic source of disability after trauma and has been identified as the most common complication following operative interventions in the foot and ankle. The superficial location of the injured nerves and lack of suitable tissue for nerve implantation make this pain refractory to conventional methods of neuroma management. We describe a novel strategy for management using processed nerve allografts to bridge nerve gaps created by resection of both end neuromas and neuromas-in-continuity.Methods:A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed of all patients who received a processed nerve allograft for treatment of painful neuromas in the foot and ankle between May 2010 and June 2015. Patient demographic and operative information was obtained, as well as preoperative and postoperative pain assessments using a conventional ordinal scale and PROMIS (Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) Pain Behavi...
A survey of the use of arterial catheters in anesthetized dogs and cats: 267 cases

Objectives To describe the clinical practice of insertion of arterial catheters in anesthetized dogs and cats, to document complications of arterial catheterization, and to determine risk factors associated with the complications. Design Prospective clinical study and retrospective evaluation of medical records. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals Dogs (n = 251) and 13 cats anesthetized for clinical procedures with arterial catheters inserted for blood pressure monitoring. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Details of the animal and catheter were collected at the time of anesthesia. On the following day, the catheter site was palpated and observed for abnormalities and the medical records of all animals were reviewed retrospectively for complications. Details of catheter placement were available for 216 catheters: 158 catheters in a dorsal pedal artery, 50 catheters in the median caudal (coccygeal) artery, 6 in the median artery, and 1 each in a cranial tibial and lingual artery. Blood pressure was obtained from 200 catheters, and 12 catheters failed before the end of anesthesia. Postoperative observational data obtained from 112 catheters described a palpable arterial pulse at 73 sites and no pulse at 21 sites. No risk factor for arterial occlusion was identified. No complications resulting from arterial catheterization were noted in the medical records. Conclusions Arterial catheterization resulted in loss of a peripheral pulse postoperatively in 21/94 (22.3%) of animals examined, although no evidence of tissue ischemia was noted in the medical records of any of the patients in this study. These results suggest that insertion of a catheter in the dorsal pedal or coccygeal arteries was not associated with a high risk for complications. However, the course of arterial occlusion postoperatively warrants further investigation.
Partial Evidence in Medicine

We advance a conception of evidence in medicine that accounts for the significance of randomized clinical trials despite the fact that they are not the gold standard in clinical research. Crucial to this account is the gradualist, partial nature of evidence in medicine, and the different kinds of uncertainty that are involved throughout medical inquiry.
Single-Molecule FRET Delineates Asymmetric Trimer Conformations during HIV-1 Entry

HIV-1 entry into cells requires binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) to receptor CD4 and coreceptor. Imaging of individual Env molecules on native virions revealed that Env trimers are dynamic, spontaneously transitioning between three distinct conformations. Binding of CD4 and coreceptor surrogate antibody 17b promotes opening of the closed Env (State 1) to stabilize an activated conformation (State 3) by way of at least one structural intermediate (State 2). Here, using single-molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET), we identify this intermediate as an asymmetric conformation where only a single CD4 molecule engages the Env trimer and individual protomers adopt distinct conformations. Binding of a second CD4 molecule is needed to completely open the trimer. Thus, our work reveals a novel asymmetric structural intermediate and gives insights into cooperativity during the opening of the HIV-1 Env trimer.
Why People Might Be Reluctant to Alleviate the Suffering of Others

Why is it that some people do nothing to help others who are suffering? This chapter offers seven answers to the question, all of which have received considerable attention in the social psychological and sociological research literature. Each answer indicates areas that may be relevant to policy making and possibly productive self-examination that could increase the numbers of people acting to alleviate suffering. The seven categories, ordered on a continuum of resistance from easiest to overcome to most difficult to overcome are (1) not knowing what to do, (2) fear of being inadequate or making mistakes, (3) diffusion of responsibility for helping others in need, (4) obliviousness to the suffering of others, (5) defensive reactions to the suffering of others, (6) reluctance to pay the cost (in money, effort, time, and reputational risk) that could be involved in helping others, and (7) not caring. A major implication of this analysis is that policies and people can change in ways that lead at least some people to take more active and proactive steps to alleviate peoples’ suffering.
Experimental demonstration of wideband multimodule serial reflectors

We demonstrate unpolarized wideband reflectors fashioned with orthogonal serial resonant reflectors. Unpolarized incident light generates internal TM- and TE-polarized reflections that are made to cooperate to extend the bandwidth of the composite spectral reflectance. The experimental results presented show ~42% band extension by a two-grating module. In addition, good angular tolerance is found because the orthogonal arrangement simultaneously supports classical and fully conic mountings at oblique angles. The resulting spectra form contiguous zero-order reflectance across wide spectral/angular regions. Furthermore, using a multimodule device with serial reflectors fabricated with silicon-on-quartz wafers with different device layer thicknesses, extreme band extension is achieved providing ~56% fractional bandwidth with reflectance exceeding 98%. These results imply potential for developing lossless unpolarized mirrors operating in diverse spectral regions of practical interest.
Overview: Cardiovascular Manifestations and Management

Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) has traditionally been considered a disease of tissue fibrosis, but it is now recognized that vascular disease is playing a fundamental role in pathogenesis and the clinical burden. In fact, the primary target in both initiating and propagating the disease may be blood vessels. The tissue injury and fibrosis clearly associates with an autoimmune process and a widespread obliterative vasculopathy of peripheral arteries and microcirculation. The clinical consequences of the vascular insult are evident from the earliest manifestation of the disease: Raynaud’s phenomenon, caused by a vascular insult to both nutritional and thermoregulatory vessel of the skin.
Augmenting Computer-Aided Design Software With Multi-Functional Capabilities to Automate Multi-Process Additive Manufacturing

The ability to access individual layers of a part as they are being printed has allowed additive manufacturing (AM) researchers to experiment with the in situ placement of components, thereby creating multi-process parts with additional functionality, such as customized printed electronics. As AM has evolved to become an established method for creating end-use parts, this interest in multi-process printing has increased. Although progress has been made in developing multi-process hardware, which can combine AM with other technologies, holistic design software, capable of readily integrating these processes, is developing at a slower rate. In this paper, an integrated software solution capable of supporting multi-process 3D printing from design through manufacture is described, featuring the integration of electronic components and circuits interconnected by copper wires. This solution features automated generation of the cavities that accommodate electronic components as well as toolpath generation for a multi-process 3D printer capable of automated wire embedding. As a case study of the developed technology, a hexagonal 3D printed body, which included a microcontroller, four LEDs, a USB connector, two resistors, and a Zener diode, all interconnected by embedded copper wires, was fabricated within a short cycle time: 5.75 h from design to fabricated part. Short cycle times allow multiple design iterations to be realized and printed within the same day.
Prediction for sustained deep molecular response of BCR‐ABL1 levels in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase

BACKGROUND The achievement of a sustained deep molecular response is a goal of increasing relevance because it opens the possibility of treatment discontinuation. The objective of this analysis was to develop a prediction model for a sustained molecular response with BCR-ABL1 level <0.0032% on the international scale (MR4.5 ) for at least 2 years according to BCR-ABL1 levels achieved within the first 12 months of therapy. METHODS Data for 603 patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase in consecutive prospective clinical trials were analyzed. The best fit average molecular response was defined by robust linear regression models, with which the average molecular levels were defined. The minimum acceptable molecular response was defined by quantile regression for the 95th percentile, with which the worst 5% BCR-ABL1 levels were identified. RESULTS In 603 patients with a median follow-up of 103 months, 2002 BCR-ABL1-level data points within 1 year of tyrosine kinase inhibitors were identified. The regression equation for the best fit average levels for a sustained MR4.5 was Log10 (PCR) = -0.1424 × (Months) - 0.8668, and the regression equation for minimum acceptable levels was Log10 (PCR) = -0.1403 × (Months) + 0.6142 (where PCR indicates polymerase chain reaction). To achieve a sustained MR4.5 , the best fit average levels were 0.051%, 0.019%, 0.007%, and 0.003% at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively; the minimum acceptable levels were 1.561%, 0.592%, 0.225%, and 0.085% at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This model proposes optimal values that predict the highest probability of reaching such a goal. These values can be used to guide therapy when a sustained MR4.5 is the objective. Cancer 2018;124:1160-8. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Rice molecular map

Rice is ideally suited to genetic and molecular studies. Some of its positive features include a small nuclear genome (450 Mb), diploidy (2n = 2x = 24) and the ability to be transformed by exogenous DNA (Uchimaya et al. 1986; Arumuganathan and Earle 1991; Kothari et al. 1993). Moreover, because of its importance as a crop species, scientists have been identifying and studying the genetic basis of morphological and physiological mutants for nearly a century.
Novelty and Usefulness Trade-Off: Cultural Cognitive Differences and Creative Idea Evaluation:

Creativity and innovation have become critical organizational capabilities in today’s global environment, and leveraging creative potential of employees across various cultural contexts has become ...
Engaging Undergraduate Students to Be Agents of Social Change: Lessons from Student Affairs Professionals

With an emphasis on how student affairs professionals and student development theory can assist public administration faculty, this article offers a framework for educating and developing undergraduate public administration students to be effective agents of social change. Developed with roots from student development theory, The Social Change Model of Leadership Development (SCM) is proposed as a framework that public administration faculty can implement to design and evaluate curricula that meet the demands of developing socially responsible students. Included in this article are examples of how the SCM can be used in the classroom.
Preface to Part VI

I wish to preface Pegg & Tall’s paper with a word of caution for the reader—be ready for a thorough, detailed and rich adventure in comparing multiple theoretical frameworks drawing on concept formation and more generally, epistemology. I would recommend that graduate students read this paper with a mind to diving into each theory described simultaneously to find detailed examples and lengthier descriptions of the ideas contrasted in this paper. John and David do a thorough job at comparing various theories that address local and global issues in cognitive growth and formation of rich mathematical concepts. They move beyond simply comparing various cognitive development theories to offering issues concerning the learning of mathematics and empirical studies that could arise from this meta-framework synthesis. Indeed, they report on data from various longitudinal studies and smaller-scale studies, upon which I believe future research could be established.
Acetylcholine Metabolism in PC12, A Clonal Cell Line on Secretory Cells

PC12 is a clonal line of rat pheochromocytoma (7). PC12 cells synthesize catecholamines (primarily dopamine) and acetylcholine (ACh), store each in different granules and exhibit a Ca++-sensitive, depolarization-induced secretion of each (8,9,15,19). These properties make it possible to compare the metabolism and granular storage of two different transmitters produced by the same secretory cell. In this paper we summarize our use of PC12 cells for such studies, with the emphasis being on ACh.
The Early Development of Adaptive Behavior and Functional Performance in Young Children with Down Syndrome: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

Abstract An explosion of research on Down syndrome in the past two decades has characterized a phenotypic profile including relative strengths in visual spatial processing, receptive language, and social-relatedness, as well as relative challenges in expressive language, verbal processing, and goal-directed behavior. However, there is gap in our understanding of the adaptive behavior profile, that is, the ability for individuals to meet the demands of everyday living, in this population. This review examines research on adaptive behavior and functional performance in children with Down syndrome. Through examining within-group effect sizes across existing research, a distinctive profile emerges after early childhood that suggests daily living skills, also known as self-care, may be a relative challenge to everyday functioning in addition to communication. Suggestions are made in regards to measurement and future research.
Ext and Tor

As stated in the last chapter, homological algebra is primarily concerned with measuring how much modules depart from being projective, injective, or flat. The measure of this is contained in two new sequences of functors, Tor and Ext. While there are several ways of defining these functors (a fact that is the source of some theorems), the most straightforward way is via complexes.
The Long Term Impacts of Grants on Poverty: 9-Year Evidence from UgandaAS Youth Opportunities Program

There is growing enthusiasm for cash grants as a tool to tackle poverty globally, but we have little sense whether the promising short-run impacts persist in the long term. In 2008, Uganda gave $400/person to thousands of young people, to help them start skilled trades. Four years on, an experimental evaluation found grants raised earnings by 38% (Blattman, Fiala, Martinez 2014). We return after 9 years to find these start-up grants raised earnings and consumption temporarily only. Grantees’ investment leveled off; controls eventually increased their incomes through business and casual labor; and so both groups converged in employment, earnings, and consumption. Grants had lasting impacts on assets, skilled work, and possibly child health, but had little effect on mortality, fertility, health or education.
Genetic polymorphisms in selected Phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes in relation to breast cancer survival

1122 Genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing genes have been suggested to play an important role in the inter-individual variations in response to chemotherapy among cancer patients. Limited previous studies, most of which had a small sample size and evaluated a single gene effect on clinical outcomes of treatment, have produced inconsistent results. In this study, we evaluated a combined effect of functional polymorphisms in genes encoding five drug-detoxifying enzymes (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, UGT1A1 and SULT1A1) on overall survival among 951 breast cancer patients who were recruited into the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study during 1996-1998, treated with both surgery and chemotherapy, and genotyped for all five gene polymorphisms. Of them, 148 were deceased during a median follow-up of 5.2 years after diagnosis. The Cox regression model was used to assess the genotype-outcome association. With the exception of GSTP1 polymorphism, no association was observed between overall survival and each individual polymorphism in the GSTT1, GSTM1, SULT1A1, or UGT1A1gene. Individuals homozygous for the GSTP1105Val allele had a 63% reduced risk of decease (RR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.86) as compared with the 105Ile/105Ile genotype. Potential joint effects of all polymorphisms were evaluated by estimating RRs based on the number of variant genotypes in the SULT1A1, UGT1A1, GSTP1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 genes. The adjusted RRs for death were 1.30 (95% CI = 0.90, 1.87) for patients carrying 1 variant gene, 0.91 (95% CI = 0.64,1.30) for patients carrying 2 variant genes, 1.24 (95% CI = 0.82, 1.87) for patients carrying 3 variant genes, and 1.36 (95% CI = 0.55, 3.39) for patients carrying 4 or more variant genes, compared with those with none of these variant genotypes in these genes. These results do not support a strong effect of genetic polymorphisms in these phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes on breast cancer survival.
Empirical correlation between mortars mechanical and durability tests with different cementitious materials replacements

The durability of concrete against penetration of chloride ions is one of the most important factors that can affect the serviceability of structures. Many tests can measure or predict the durabili...
Does Adaptive EPS Forecasting Make Analysts' Forecasts Redundant?

In this study, we examine the relative accuracy of financial analysts' and adaptive time-series earnings forecasts made at the beginning of a fiscal year. We consider IBES consensus forecasts and employ a novel forecasting approach: artificial neural networks. The central question is whether financial analysts efficiently utilize available information and produce forecasts that are more accurate than predictions of statistical models. We identify models that obtain a better forecast accuracy for the greater number of companies and answer the question of which models have a better ability to recognize the sign of future changes in earnings. We find that the relative accuracy of financial analysts' earnings forecasts decreases with the difficulty of the forecasting task as measured by the variation of the change in earnings and the forecast horizon. The evidence presented contributes to the understanding of the formation and value of analysts' predictions.