cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hume's Epistemic Naturalism in the Treatise

We can understand epistemic naturalism as the view that there are cases in which we are justified in holding a belief and cases in which we are not so justified, and that we can distinguish cases of one sort from cases of the other with reference to non-normative facts about the mechanisms that produce them. By my lights, Hume is an epistemic naturalist of this sort, and I propose in this paper a novel and detailed account of his epistemic naturalism. On my account, which I call the determinacy account, Hume characterizes epistemic justification in terms of the mind's feeling determined by the relation of cause and effect to move from one impression (or idea) to an(other) idea. I find a statement of this account, which Hume applies initially to what he calls the second system of realities, in Treatise 1.3.9. After rejecting other accounts of Hume's epistemic naturalism, I show how the determinacy account handles the cases Hume considers later in Treatise 1.3.
Identification of a novel Leucine-rich repeat protein and candidate PP1 regulatory subunit expressed in developing spermatids

Spermatogenesis is comprised of a series of highly regulated developmental changes that transform the precursor germ cell into a highly specialized spermatozoon. The last phase of spermatogenesis, termed spermiogenesis, involves dramatic morphological change including formation of the acrosome, elongation and condensation of the nucleus, formation of the flagella, and disposal of unnecessary cytoplasm. A prominent cytoskeletal component of the developing spermatid is the manchette, a unique microtubular structure that surrounds the nucleus of the developing spermatid and is thought to assist in both the reshaping of the nucleus and redistribution of spermatid cytoplasm. Although the molecular motor KIFC1 has been shown to associate with the manchette, its precise role in function of the manchette and the identity of its testis specific protein partners are unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify proteins in the testis that interact with KIFC1 using a yeast 2 hybrid screen of a testis cDNA library. Thirty percent of the interacting clones identified in our screen contain an identical cDNA encoding a 40 kD protein. This interacting protein has 4 leucine-rich repeats in its amino terminal half and is expressed primarily in the testis; therefore we have named this protein t estis l eucine-r ich r epeat protein or TLRR. TLRR was also found to associate tightly with the KIFC1 targeting domain using affinity chromatography. In addition to the leucine-rich repeats, TLRR contains a consensus-binding site for protein phosphatase-1 (PP1). Immunocytochemistry using a TLRR specific antibody demonstrates that this protein is found near the manchette of developing spermatids. We have identified a previously uncharacterized leucine-rich repeat protein that is expressed abundantly in the testis and associates with the manchette of developing spermatids, possibly through its interaction with the KIFC1 molecular motor. TLRR is homologous to a class of regulatory subunits for PP1, a central phosphatase in the reversible phosphorylation of proteins that is key to modulation of many intracellular processes. TLRR may serve to target this important signaling molecule near the nucleus of developing spermatids in order to control the cellular rearrangements of spermiogenesis.
Representation of spatial data in an OODB using roughand fuzzy set modeling

This paper introduces and formally defines a fuzzy rough object-oriented database (OODB) model based on a formal framework using an algebraic type system and formally defined constraints. This generalized model incorporates both rough set and fuzzy set uncertainty, while remaining compliant with object-oriented database standards set forth by the Object Database Management Group. Rough and fuzzy set uncertainty enhance the OODB model so that it can more accurately model real world applications. Spatial databases have a particular need for uncertainty management that can be achieved through rough and fuzzy techniques.
Evaluation of assay specificity in non-suppressed ion chromatography

Abstract The utilization of tandem conductivity and indirect photometric detectors for demonstrating the purity of peak responses in non-suppressed ion chromatography is discussed. The differing nature of the two detection mechanisms, both of which can be performed simultaneously with a phthalate buffer mobile phase, provides the means for species discrimination. Specificity can be evaluated by comparing peak response ratios (ratio of the detector response from a sample and standard) obtained from both detectors. The utility of the method is demonstrated by assessing the ability of the method to identify interferences in overlapping nitrate and sulfate peaks.
The subgroup graph of a group

Given any subgroup H of a group G, let ΓH(G) be the directed graph with vertex set G such that x is the initial vertex and y is the terminal vertex of an edge if and only if x ≠ y and \({xy\in H}\) . Furthermore, if \({xy\in H}\) and \({yx\in H}\) for some \({x,y\in G}\) with x ≠ y, then x and y will be regarded as being connected by a single undirected edge. In this paper, the structure of the connected components of ΓH(G) is investigated. All possible components are provided in the cases when |H| is either two or three, and the graph ΓH(G) is completely classified in the case when H is a normal subgroup of G and G/H is a finite abelian group. Open image in new window
A void fraction model for annular flow in horizontal tubes

Abstract An important feature of detailed system simulation models for unitary air conditioners is the calculation of charge inventory. Void fraction determination in the two-phase regions of the heat exchangers is the primary challenge associated with charge inventory calculations. Annular flow is one of the predominant flow regimes encountered in horizontal heat exchangers. Analytical annular flow models typically fail to accurately represent void fraction. Thus, many of the available void fraction models are empirically based. To improve the prediction capabilities of void fraction models, a mechanistic void fraction model has been developed for annular flow in horizontal tubes. The present model considers the effect of momentum eddy diffusivity damping at the liquid–vapor interface. Two approaches are presented for determining the wall shear stress. The modeling results are compared to predictions from various void fraction models found in the literature. The present model is found to work well at moderate mass fluxes.
The Siva-1 putative amphipathic helical region (SAH) is sufficient to bind to BCL-XL and sensitize cells to UV radiation induced apoptosis.

The human Siva gene is localized to chromosome 14q32-33 and gives rise to the full-length predominant form, Siva-1 and a minor alternate form, Siva-2 that appears to lack the proapoptotic properties of Siva-1. Our recent work has shown that the missing region in Siva-2 encodes a unique twenty amino acid putative amphipathic helical region (SAH, residues 36–55 in Siva-1). Despite the fact that Siva-1 does not belong to the BCL-2 family, it specifically interacts with the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-XL and sensitizes MCF7 breast cancer cells expressing BCL-XL to UV radiation induced apoptosis. Deletion mutagenesis has mapped the necessary region to the SAH in Siva-1. In this paper we demonstrate that the SAH region in Siva-1 is sufficient to specifically interact with the anti-apoptotic members of the BCL2 family such as BCL-XL and BCL-2 but not its apoptotic member BAX. Using transient transfections and direct microinjection of synthetic SAH peptides, we also demonstrate that the SAH region is sufficient to inhibit the BCL-XL mediated cell survival and render MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cells expressing BCL-XL highly susceptible to UV radiation induced apoptosis. The underlying mechanism of action of SAH mediated inhibition of BCL-XL (and/or BCL2) cell survival appears to be due to loss of mitochondrial integrity as reflected in enhanced cytochrome c release leading to the activation of caspase 9 and finally caspase 3.
Selective Synthesis of Liver Nuclear Acidic Proteins following Glucagon Administration in vivo

IT is known that the metabolism of the non-histone, acidic proteins associated with DNA in the chromatin of animal cells is influenced by steroid hormones. The effects are often highly specific; for example, the administration of hydrocortisone to adrenalectomized rats leads to a selective stimulation of synthesis of a liver chromosomal protein of molecular weight 41,0001. Hydrocortisone also alters the pattern of phosphorylation of chromosomal proteins in the liver, differential effects becoming evident within minutes after injection of the hormone2,3. Similar specific alterations in the synthesis or phosphorylation of nuclear proteins have been observed in uterine cells responding to oestrogens4, in kidney cells following aldosterone administration (C. Liew, personal communication), in prostate cells stimulated by androgens5, and in insect chromosomes stimulated by ecdysone6. In all these cases, the steroid hormone also affects the RNA synthetic capacity of the target cells, presumably as a result of altered template capacity of the modified chromatin.
Reply to Commentary by Juliet Mitchell: Siblings in Clinical Work

Juliet Mitchell's wide-ranging theory of lateral dynamics proposes that displacement by a sibling, real or potential, upends a small child's identity and position as “the baby.” This trauma gives rise to the complex process of forming a personal identity in a world of similar others. The impact of lateral relationships should therefore have major implications for analytic practice. Traditionally, however, psychoanalysis has treated siblings mainly as rivals for parental love and attention, not as unconsciously meaningful beings in their own right. This paper describes some ways that Mitchell's theory has inspired clinical interventions that would not have come into focus through a lens of parent–child relatedness.
COMPARISON OF APPROXIMATE METHODS FOR SOLVING NON-LINEAR CONVECTIVE DIFFUSION PROBLEMS

Abstract A comparison is made of the approximate methods of solving a high Schmidt number non-linear convective diffusion equation and boundary conditions similar to those which arise in various separation problems including reverse osmosis and directional solidification. The series expansion method gives the best agreement with exact numerical solutions. The film theory, which provides very simple results, yields surprisingly good estimates which are second in accuracy only to the series expansion. Several more sophisticated techniques including rapidly varying boundary conditions, the integral method and local non-similarity yield results of somewhat disappoinling accuracy. The linear problem, B 2 = 0, for which exact analytical and numerical solutions exist, provides a discriminating test of the accuracy of the methods.
Artifact distribution and its relationship to microtopographic geomorphic features in an eolian environment, Chihuahuan Desert

Two models have been developed to explain the relative roles of cultural and geomorphic processes on the distribution of artifacts in the arid southwestern United States. This study tested the Geological Disturbance Model at a microtopographic scale in an area of approximately 14 km2 in the northeastern Hueco Basin, West Texas. Coppice dunes, interdunal deflational areas, and sandsheets have formed throughout the Hueco Basin within the last 100–150 years. The number of coppice dunes in 1,397 ha was counted, and 48 ha were mapped to determine the surface area of the coppice dunes and interdunal deflational areas. Artifact distribution was statistically compared to the coppice dunes in each hectare. No significant linear correlation was found. Cultural practices or other factors appear to have a greater influence on the distribution of artifacts than geomorphic processes at this scale. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Proximity: Emergent interaction design for co-constructed improvisational performance

We present Proximity, a robotic improvisational dance partner that uses principles of interactive dance and emergent behavior to collaborate with a human dancer in live, improvised dance performance. We describe the design theories that informed the project and how they were applied. Future development of the prototype is discussed.
Comparing public and private iaas cloud models

To better understand the advantages and disadvantages of deploying a private cloud or employing a public cloud for computing resources, a fully featured private cloud of infrastructure as a service (IaaS) was built from bare metal servers using Xen Server and featured mobile device compatibility. Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) was experimented as an example of public clouds. In this work, configurations are discussed. Costs, reliability, and usefulness of private and public clouds are examined.
Familial aggregation of mandibular prognathism

Mandibular prognathism is a hereditary condition where there is an excess growth of the mandible in relation to the maxilla that can be associated with maxillary retrusion, mandibular protrusion, or both. Skeletal mandibular prognathism is most prevalent in Eastern Asian populations. This paper focuses on a Korean family with skeletal mandibular prognathism that was inherited through three generations. Apparently, neither mandible nor maxilla is retruded in the affected individuals, but there is a concave facial profile. The dentition has a class I occlusion with skeletal mandibular prognathism, and the only way to treat this case would be orthognathic surgery with the help of orthodontic appliances.
Abstract 2344: 3D extracellular stiffness cues drive localized changes in gene expression

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM) stimulates mechanotransduction pathways that regulate tissue development and tumor progression. We previously showed that a stiff ECM potentiates cell growth and survival, enhances cell migration to drive tumor cell invasion, and drives malignant progression of the mammary gland in culture and in vivo, but the specific transcriptional and molecular events that occur as cells acquire these phenotypic changes are not well understood. To clarify this process, we used expression microarrays, tandem mass spectrometry, and RNA sequencing to identify changes in gene expression levels, isoform usage, and protein abundance that occur as intact ascini respond to distinct stiffness environments. We found that in stiffer ECM conditions ascini acquire consistent changes in gene expression related to cell adhesion and mRNA splicing, and specifically induce the expression of a set of genes involved in epithelial cell differentiation that includes multiple SPRR and S100 proteins. Remarkably, these genes map to an apparent stiffness-mediated transcriptional hotspot on chromosome 1q21, a region containing elevated transcription in many cancers but whose activity has not been related to mechanotransduction. We then used a heuristic approach to identify additional candidate force-mediated transcriptional hotspots throughout the genome that contain multiple genes that are coordinately activated or silenced in response to elevated ECM stiffness. Provocatively, we find that genes whose expression levels are responsive to ECM stiffness cues are disproportionately located within chromosomal regions that associate with the nuclear lamina, suggesting that these transcriptional changes may be due in part to force-dependent alteration of genomic contacts with the nuclear envelope. These studies provide biological insight into the divergent cellular responses to distinct stiffness environments and suggest that genome regulatory responses to the force environment may specifically target distinct chromosomal regions via a mechanism that remains to be elucidated. Citation Format: Russell Bainer, Yoshihiro Yui, Shannon Mumenthaler, Parag Mallick, Ondrej Podlaha, Franziska Michor, Jan Liphardt, Jonathan Licht, Valerie Weaver. 3D extracellular stiffness cues drive localized changes in gene expression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2344. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2344
Electrode Dissipation at Ultra-High Frequencies

A simple method is presented for measuring the electrode dissipation in a tube operating normally in its circuit at ultra-high frequencies. Application to tube design and circuit design is indicated. Results of a typical experument are given for a triode oscillator tube, for which values are worked out for the grid temperature distribution, required tension in grid wires, and power limitation due to grid dissipation.
Ion mobility–mass spectrometry: a new paradigm for proteomics

Abstract Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) coupled with ion mobility–mass spectrometry (IM–MS) provides a rapid (μs–ms) means for the two-dimensional (2D) separation of complex biological samples (e.g., peptides, oligonucleotides, glycoconjugates, lipids, etc.), elucidation of solvent-free secondary structural elements (e.g., helices, β-hairpins, random coils, etc.), rapid identification of post-translational modifications (e.g., phosphorylation, glycosylation, etc.) or ligation of small molecules, and simultaneous and comprehensive sequencing information of biopolymers. In IM–MS, protein-identification information is complemented by structural characterization data, which is difficult to obtain using conventional proteomic techniques. New avenues for enhancing the figures of merit (e.g., sensitivity, limits of detection, dynamic range, and analyte selectivity) and optimizing IM–MS experimental parameters are described in the context of deriving new information at the forefront of proteomics research.
Traction Stress Dynamics During Chemotactic Amoeboid Cell Migration

Chemotaxis is involved in a broad range of biological phenomena such as during cancer metastasis. It requires a tightly regulated, spatiotemporal coordination of underlying biochemical processes that impact the mechanics of cell migration. In response to intrinsic and environmental cues, motile cells can adapt their migration effectively. Yet both the mechanisms by which this adaptation occurs and the role of the interactions between biochemistry and mechanics of cell migration are largely unknown.We use Fourier Traction Force Microscopy to measure the spatiotemporal evolution of shape and traction stresses and construct traction tension kymographs to analyze cell motility as a function of the dynamics of the cells' mechanically active adhesions (traction adhesions). We show that wild-type cells migrate mainly by forming two stationary traction adhesion sites at their front and back halves, over which the cell body moves forward in a step-wise fashion through periodic axial and, to a lesser degree, lateral contractions. We demonstrate that lateral forces are critical in mediating cell motility and essential for migration on highly adhesive substrates where cells implement two alternate motility modes to achieve migration. Our analysis of two mutant strains that lack distinct F-actin crosslinkers (mhcA- and abp120- cells) also supports a key role for lateral contractions in amoeboid cell motility, while the differences in their traction adhesion dynamics suggest the two mutant strains use distinct mechanisms to achieve migration. The considerable differences we find in both the spatiotemporal organization of traction adhesions and contractility, when comparing to the control wild type, provide insight into the role of the extracellular environment and of key cytoskeletal proteins in cell migration. We propose that these are highly conserved mechanisms, which function in a range of amoeboid cells, including leukocytes, as well as other forms of cell motility.
Prediction of Shelf-Life of Pasteurized Milk and Other Fluid Dairy Products in 48 Hours

The objectives of this study were to provide early shelf-life information about various dairy products and to eliminate the need for flavor analysis to detect microbiological spoilage. Two combinations of milk and media volumes (5 and 20 ml) and two preincubation times (18 and 24 h) were evaluated. An improved impedance method to predict potential shelf-life of whole milk, skim milk, chocolate milk, and half and half was developed. A mixture of 20 ml of product and 20 ml of plate count broth, preincubated for 18 h at 18°C, followed by impedance testing at 21°C, gave consistent results in the least time. Traditionally the impedance method required the input of a taste panel for calibration of the impedance detection times to flavor-related shelf-life. A simpler method replaces flavor analysis by impedimetric determination of each sample's last day of use. Last day of use was defined as the day after the impedance detection time was ≤2.0 h. On this day, standard plate counts were usually in the 1.0 × 106 to 1.0 × 107 cfu/ml range, indicating spoilage. Correlation coefficients between impedance detection times and days to last day of use or Moseley plate counts were r = .89 and r = .71, respectively. A field trial at a commercial dairy research center verified that impedance detection times correlate very closely to flavor-related shelf-life and that last day of use determination is useful in replacing flavor analysis when necessary. This method provides potential shelf-life prediction within 48 h. The last-day-of-use concept allows users to calibrate the impedance method without a plate count procedure or taste panel.
Synthesis and photophysical properties of carbazole-based blue light-emitting dendrimers.

A new class of highly fluorescent and stable carbazole-based dendrimers (1−5) that contain the ethynylbenzene and diethynylbenzene cores has been synthesized and characterized. They show very high extinction coefficients of absorption (Amax ≈ 328−353 nm) and high quantum yields of fluorescence (λmax ≈ 386−437 nm; ΦF ≈ 0.72−0.89; τF ≈ 2.09−3.91 ns) in dichloromethane. The quantum yields of fluorescence of 1−5 in the solid state are equally high (λmax ≈ 385−422 nm; ΦF ≈ 0.40−0.85). These data indicate their potential use as blue-emitting materials in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Synchrotron magnetic x-ray measurements of the order parameter in Mn 0.5 Zn 0.5 F 2

Synchrotron magnetic x-ray scattering studies have been performed on the site-diluted antiferromagnet ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Zn}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ in zero field and in a field of 0.36 T. No hysteresis was observed in either experiment nor was any broadening due to random fields observed at the ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ A${\r{}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ level in the 0.36 T external field. The sublattice magnetization was measured and the effective exponents \ensuremath{\beta}=0.33 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 and 0.21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07 were extracted for 0 and 0.36 T external fields, respectively. Order-parameter curves for both fields exhibit mean-field behavior for an extended region below ${T}_{N}$ consistent with expectations based on the Ginzburg criterion. An average over published experiments gives \ensuremath{\beta}=0.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 in good agreement with theory, for the random-exchange Ising model.
Treatment of blister-like aneurysms with the pipeline embolization device.

Background Endovascular vessel reconstruction with the pipeline embolization device (PED) has become common practice. Data on the safety and efficacy of the PED in blister-like aneurysms (BLAs) are limited. Objective To retrospectively present our experience with use of the PED in BLAs. Methods A total of 8 patients harboring 8 BLAs were treated with the PED at our institution between November 2011 and April 2013. Results Aneurysm size was 2.5 mm on average. Five patients had sustained a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 1 patient presented with sentinel headaches, and in 2 patients the aneurysm was incidentally discovered. Seven aneurysms arose from the ICA and 1 from the basilar artery. Placement of the PED was successful in all 8 patients. There were no procedural or perioperative complications in any of the patients. At the latest follow-up, all 8 patients achieved a favorable outcome (mRS 0-2). Angiographic follow-up was available for 6 patients at a mean time point of 3.9 months. Follow-up angiography showed 100% aneurysm occlusion in 5 patients and marked decrease in aneurysm size in 1 patient. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that the PED may be a safe and effective treatment for BLAs. Given the limitations of other treatment modalities and the challenging nature of BLAs, flow diversion may be a valuable option for these lesions.
Hypothalamic Substrates of Metabolic Imprinting

The mammalian brain develops according to intrinsic genetic programs that are influenced by a variety of environmental factors. Developing neural circuits take shape in two major environments: one in utero and a second during postnatal life. Although an abundance of epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that nutritional variables during perinatal life have a lasting effect on metabolic phenotype, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Peripheral hormones are widely regarded as effective signals that reflect the state of peripheral environments and can directly influence the development of a variety of functional neural systems. Recent findings suggest that the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin may play an important role in directing formation of hypothalamic neural pathways that control body weight. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) is a key site for the regulatory actions of leptin in adults, and this same hormone is required for the normal development of ARH projections to other parts of the hypothalamus. In this review, the neurobiological role of leptin is considered within the context of hypothalamic development and the possibility that variations in both prenatal and postnatal nutritional environments may impact development of neural circuits that control energy metabolism through an indirect action on leptin secretion, or signaling, during key developmental critical periods.
Reversed Functional Organization of Mouse and Human APOBEC3 Cytidine Deaminase Domains

APOBEC3 proteins comprise a multigene family of antiviral cytidine deaminases that are active against human immunodeficiency virus, simian immunodeficiency virus, endogenous retroelements. The Vif protein of lentiviruses binds to specific APOBEC3 proteins, notably A3F and A3G, to induce their degradation by proteasomes. APOBEC3 proteins are of two types, those with a single deaminase domain such as human (h)A3A and hA3C and those with two cytidine deaminase domains (CDD) such as hA3G, hA3F, hA3B and the mouse APOBEC3, mA3. In hA3G, both active sites are required for antiviral function but serve separate functions. CDD2 mediates the C to U deamination of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome, whereas CDD1 binds the viral RNA to allow for virion packaging. Here we analyzed the role of the two domains in additional APOBEC3 family members. We analyzed APOBEC3 proteins in which either the critical glutamic acid residue or the Zn2+ coordination amino acid residues in the active sites were mutated. The separation of function of the domains is maintained in hA3B and hA3F, but in the mouse protein mA3, the roles of the two domains are reversed. Deamination is mediated by CDD1, whereas encapsidation and dimerization are mediated by CDD2. Antiviral function of each of the APOBEC3 proteins was largely attributable to deaminase activity. Deaminase-independent antiviral activity of the active site mutants was minor. These findings suggest that the two active sites have different functions but that these functions can be interchanged in different APOBEC3 family members.
Clinical outcomes following switch from venlafaxine ER to desvenlafaxine in nonresponders and responders

AbstractObjective:This post hoc analysis examined efficacy and tolerability of open-label desvenlafaxine in patients with major depressive disorder switched from blinded placebo, venlafaxine extended release (ER), or desvenlafaxine.Research design and methods:Patients who completed 8 weeks of double-blind therapy with placebo (n = 176), venlafaxine ER (n = 175), or desvenlafaxine (n = 143) enrolled in a 10-month, open-label extension study and received desvenlafaxine 200 to 400 mg/d. Efficacy (17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HDRS17]) was assessed separately for nonresponders and responders to double-blind treatment. Tolerability during the first month of open-label desvenlafaxine was assessed.Results:Among nonresponders (n = 134) to double-blind placebo, venlafaxine ER, and desvenlafaxine, mean decreases in HDRS17 scores were −10.9, −7.3, and −7.7, respectively; HDRS17 response rates were 67%, 53%, and 48%, respectively. Although responders (n = 360) to double-blind placebo, venlafaxine ER, and ...
Nonantibiotic Effects of Fluoroquinolones in Mammalian Cells

Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are powerful broad-spectrum antibiotics whose side effects include renal damage and, strangely, tendinopathies. The pathological mechanisms underlying these toxicities are poorly understood. Here, we show that the FQ drugs norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin are powerful iron chelators comparable with deferoxamine, a clinically useful iron-chelating agent. We show that iron chelation by FQ leads to epigenetic effects through inhibition of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that require iron as a co-factor. Three dioxygenases were examined in HEK293 cells treated with FQ. At sub-millimolar concentrations, these antibiotics inhibited jumonji domain histone demethylases, TET DNA demethylases, and collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylases, leading to accumulation of methylated histones and DNA and inhibition of proline hydroxylation in collagen, respectively. These effects may explain FQ-induced nephrotoxicity and tendinopathy. By the same reasoning, dioxygenase inhibition by FQ was predicted to stabilize transcription factor HIF-1α by inhibition of the oxygen-dependent hypoxia-inducible transcription factor prolyl hydroxylation. In dramatic contrast to this prediction, HIF-1α protein was eliminated by FQ treatment. We explored possible mechanisms for this unexpected effect and show that FQ inhibit HIF-1α mRNA translation. Thus, FQ antibiotics induce global epigenetic changes, inhibit collagen maturation, and block HIF-1α accumulation. We suggest that these mechanisms explain the classic renal toxicities and peculiar tendinopathies associated with FQ antibiotics.
FLOW PAST A CONSTRICTION IN A CHANNEL: A MODAL DESCRIPTION

We consider the waves generated by transcritical flow past a constriction in a channel, or by ships or surface pressure distributions travelling at transcritical speeds. The two-dimensionality of the upstream advancing nonlinear waves, which has been observed both experimentally and numerically by several authors, is described by a modal decomposition of the flow response. We show that the lowest transverse mode may evolve nonlinearly, leading to a two-dimensional response upstream, with the higher transverse modes swept downstream. This description is supported by comparing the initial evolution of the solutions to the corresponding linear and nonlinear problems. Averaging across the channel demonstrates that the three-dimensional problem may be related to the corresponding two-dimensional problem with an additional effective forcing coming from the nonlinear coupling of the higher modes to the lowest two-dimensional mode. This coupling leads to a dependence of the upstream solutions on the channel width as well as the Froude number. Solutions are also obtained for two-layer fluids in which cubic nonlinearity is also important. The inclusion of cubic nonlinearity permits the generation of two-dimensional fronts upstream, and demonstrates that the transition from three- to two-dimensional solutions upstream is not specific to Boussinesq solitary waves.
Phosphorus and organic matter enrichment in snowmelt and rainfall–runoff from three corn management systems

Abstract The physical nature of sediment transport favors the movement of smaller and less dense materials, typically resulting in greater (enriched) sediment total phosphorus (TP) and organic matter (OM) concentrations than those of the parent soil. In rainfall–runoff, residue cover significantly influenced P enrichment, with the median TP enrichment ratio (TPER) for corn-grain (1.4) being significantly greater (p = 0.007) than that for corn-silage (0.8) and manured corn-silage (1.0) fields, which were similar. While greater P enrichment was observed in snowmelt compared to rainfall–runoff, attributable to correspondingly high OMER values, TPER was unaffected by treatment differences (p = 0.60). The OM enrichment was much higher (~ 10×) during snowmelt (9.7) compared to rainfall–runoff (0.97). Low flow rates over frozen surfaces may have favored enhanced transport of OM and clay-sized particles in snowmelt. Crop residue contributions from corn-grain systems favor greater transport of organic P forms (i.e., low dissolved reactive P/total dissolved P ratios) whereas inorganic P dominance was observed in silage fields. Additional intra-event runoff data generated for fields with different crop-row orientations (contour vs. up-and-down the slope) provided more insights into the temporal dynamics of P enrichment process. The TPER values were generally inversely related to flow rate and soil loss. This study addresses crucial knowledge/information gaps on the role played by the mode of runoff generation (rainfall–runoff vs. snowmelt) and field roughness conditions (due to crop residue, crop-row orientations) on P enrichment from row-cropped agricultural systems.
The Multiple Roles of Visual Cortical Areas MT/MST in Remembering the Direction of Visual Motion

Although the role of cortical areas MT and MST (MT/MST) in the processing of directional motion information is well established, little is known about the way these areas contribute to the execution of complex behavioral tasks requiring the use of such information. We tested monkeys with unilateral lesions of these areas on a visual working memory task in which motion signals not only had to be encoded, but also stored for brief periods of time and then retrieved. The monkeys compared the directions of motion of two random-dot stimuli, sample and test, separated by a temporal delay. By increasing the temporal delay and spatially separating the two stimuli, placing one in the affected visual field and the other in the intact visual field, we were able to assess the contribution of MT/MST to specific components of the task: encoding (sample), retention (delay) and encoding/retrieval/comparison (test). We found that the effects of MT/MST lesions on specific components depended upon the demands of the task and the nature of the visual motion stimuli. Whenever stimuli consisted of random dots moving in a broad range of directions, MT/MST lesions appeared to affect encoding. Furthermore, when the lesions affected encoding of the sample, retention of the direction of stimulus motion was also affected. However, when the stimulus was coherent and the emphasis of the task was on the comparison of small direction differences, the absence of MT/MST had major impact on the retrieval/comparison component of the task and not on encoding or storage.
Conditions for Competence Acquisition and Therapy

The acquisition of interpersonal competence and therapy are viewed as learning processes that differ in terms of several key dimensions. The former is especially relevant for those who are competen...
The Sound of Power Conveying and Detecting Hierarchical Rank Through Voice

The current research examined the relationship between hierarchy and vocal acoustic cues. Using Brunswik’s lens model as a framework, we explored how hierarchical rank influences the acoustic properties of a speaker’s voice and how these hierarchy-based acoustic cues affect perceivers’ inferences of a speaker’s rank. By using objective measurements of speakers’ acoustic cues and controlling for baseline cue levels, we were able to precisely capture the relationship between acoustic cues and hierarchical rank, as well as the covariation among the cues. In Experiment 1, analyses controlling for speakers’ baseline cue levels found that the voices of individuals in the high-rank condition were higher in pitch and loudness variability but lower in pitch variability, compared with the voices of individuals in the low-rank condition. In Experiment 2, perceivers used higher pitch, greater loudness, and greater loudness variability to make accurate inferences of speakers’ hierarchical rank. These experiments demon...
Effect of oxygen exposure on Auger spectra

The effect of residual vacuum contamination on Auger spectra, and subsequently on quantitative analysis, is well known. These effects become especially obvious when measuring the extent of phosphorus grain boundary segregation in the many alloys that require various methods of in situ fracture. To gain insight into the effects of vacuum contamination on the phosphorus Auger signal, we exposed a grain facet to controlled oxygen dosages and monitored the decreasing phosphorus-to-iron PPHR as a function of the increasing oxygen-to-iron PPHR. This communication reports the results of this experiment and suggests ways to compensate for vacuum contamination.
TrkA expression in the CNS: evidence for the existence of several novel NGF-responsive CNS neurons

NGF acts as a neurotrophic factor by binding and activating its receptor on certain neuronal populations in the CNS and PNS. TrkA is a receptor for NGF. Recent findings in vitro indicate that this NGF-activated receptor tyrosine kinase transduces the NGF signal. To further define NGF actions in the CNS, we examined trkA expression in the adult rat brain. We found that trkA mRNA and immunoreactivity (IR) coincided in specific, defined neuronal populations in the forebrain and brainstem. In addition to cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and neostriatum, trkA expression was found in noncholinergic neurons in (1) the paraventricular anterior and reuniens thalamic nuclei, (2) the rostral and intermediate subnuclei of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), (3) scattered neurons in the ventrolateral and paramedian medulla, (4) the prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, and (5) the area postrema. NGF responsiveness was demonstrated for each of these populations. In contrast to trkA, p75NGFR was found only in a minority of NGF-responsive populations. Our data provide further evidence that expression of trkA marks NGF-responsive CNS neurons and suggests novel roles for NGF in the brain.
Integrating Developmental Theory and Methodology: Using Derivatives to Articulate Change Theories, Models, and Inferences.

Matching theories about growth, development, and change to appropriate statistical models can present a challenge, which can result in misuse, misinterpretation, and underutilization of different analytical approaches. We discuss the use of derivatives --- the change of a construct with respect to changes in another construct. Derivatives provide a common language linking developmental theory and statistical methods. Conceptualizing change in terms of derivatives allows precise translation of theory into method and highlights commonly overlooked models of change. A wide variety of models can be understood in terms of the level, velocity and acceleration of constructs: the 0th, 1st, and 2nd derivatives, respectively. We introduce the language of derivatives, and highlight the conceptually differing questions that can be addressed in developmental studies. A substantive example is presented to demonstrate how common and unfamiliar statistical methodology can be understood as addressing relations between differing pairs of derivatives.
Ignorability and stability assumptions in neighborhood effects research

Two central assumptions concerning causal inference in the potential outcomes framework for estimating neighborhood effects are examined. The stable unit treatment value assumption in the context of neighborhood effects requires that an individual's outcome does not depend on the treatment assigned to neighborhoods other than the individual's own neighborhood. The assumption is important in that it makes estimation feasible, although some progress can be made even when the assumption is relaxed. Some discussion is given concerning the contexts in which the neighborhood-level stable unit treatment value assumption is likely to hold. The ignorability assumption allows the researcher to move from conclusions about association to conclusions about causation. In the context of neighborhood-wide interventions, the ignorability assumption for the individual-level potential outcomes framework can be easily adapted for neighborhood effects.
Imputation of Ramp Flow Data Using the Asymmetric Cell Transmission Traffic Flow Model

The Asymmetric Cell Transmission model can be used to simulate traffic flows in freeway sections. The model is specified by fundamental diagram parameters—determined from mainline data, and on-ramp and off-ramp flows. The mainline flow/density data are efficiently archived and readily available, but the ramp flow data are generally found missing. This paper presents an imputation technique based on iterative learning control to determine these flows. The imputation technique is applied sequentially on all the segments of the freeway, and the ramp flows, which minimize the error between the model calculated densities/flows and measurements are investigated. The stability and convergence of the density and flow errors using the imputation updates is also presented. Finally an example is shown to illustrate its use in a practical scenario.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Rational Synthesis of Dimensionally Reduced TiS2 Phases

Despite the fact that new dimensionally reduced hybrid organic–inorganic compounds have attracted considerable interest because of their unique optical and electronic properties, the rational synthesis of these new materials remains elusive. Here we systematically studied the relative influence of the major synthetic parameters, including temperature, ligand structure, and ligand-to-metal stoichiometry, on the preparation of dimensionally reduced TiS2. One-dimensional TiS2 phases tend to form at high ligand-to-metal ratios and relatively lower temperatures, while the two-dimensional parent lattices are preferred at higher temperatures. The organic ligand structure dictates the temperature window in which a dimensionally reduced phase can be accessed. Although a small change in ligand structure, such as changing ethylenediamine to propylenediamine, for example, will significantly influence the stability of these phases, it will only subtly change the electronic structure. Via the development of a systemati...
Estimating the Power Capability of Li-ion Batteries Using Informationally Partitioned Estimators

Enforcing constraints on the maximum deliverable power is essential to protect lithium-ion batteries and to maximize resource utilization. This paper describes an algorithm to address the estimation of power capability of battery systems accounting for thermal and electrical constraints. The algorithm is based on model inversion to compute the limiting currents and, hence, power capability. The adequacy of model inversion significantly depends on the accuracy of model states and parameters. Herein, these are estimated by designing cascading estimators whose structure is determined by quantifying the relative estimability of states and parameters. The parameterized battery model and the estimation algorithms are integrated with a power management system in a model of a series hybrid electric vehicle to demonstrate their effectiveness.
The Relationship between Weight‐Based Prejudice and Attitudes towards Obesity‐Reducing Public Policies

A variety of public policies have been proposed to counteract obesity. Many factors, such as the desire to promote better health, may affect the support for such policies. However, given the pervasiveness of weight-based prejudice in the United States, it is likely that antifat bias may influence policy attitudes as well. We predicted that higher levels of weight-based prejudice would be positively associated with attitudes towards obesity-reducing policies and would be associated specifically with support for policies that are more punitive in nature. In two separate studies, participants were surveyed about their level of support for various public health polices and their explicit antifat prejudice attitudes, along with other relevant attitudinal and demographic information. Study 1 established that weight-based prejudice was significantly associated with support for more punitive policies even when controlling for other related factors. Study 2 extended this result to show that the link between antifat attitudes and support for punitive policies was foremost about targeting overweight individuals as opposed to targeting unhealthy behavior. These findings highlight the need for thoughtful consideration of how best to separate out the prejudicial motive to punish from the need to promote health when choosing, garnering support for, and implementing obesity-related policies.
Evaluating the Intervention-Based Evidence Surrounding the Causal Role of Breakfast on Markers of Weight Management, with Specific Focus on Breakfast Composition and Size

Nutritional strategies are vitally needed to aid in the management of obesity. Cross-sectional and epidemiologic studies consistently demonstrate that breakfast consumption is strongly associated with a healthy body weight. However, the intervention-based long-term evidence supporting a causal role of breakfast consumption is quite limited and appears to be influenced by several key dietary factors, such as dietary protein, fiber, and energy content. This article provides a comprehensive review of the intervention-based literature that examines the effects of breakfast consumption on markers of weight management and daily food intake. In addition, specific focus on the composition and size (i.e., energy content) of the breakfast meal is included. Overall, there is limited evidence supporting (or refuting) the daily consumption of breakfast for body weight management and daily food intake. In terms of whether the type of breakfast influences these outcomes, there is accumulating evidence supporting the consumption of increased dietary protein and fiber content at breakfast, as well as the consumption of more energy during the morning hours. However, the majority of the studies that manipulated breakfast composition and content did not control for habitual breakfast behaviors, nor did these studies include a breakfast-skipping control arm. Thus, it is unclear whether the addition of these types of breakfast plays a causal role in weight management. Future research, including large randomized controlled trials of longer-term (i.e., ≥6 mo) duration with a focus on key dietary factors, is critical to begin to assess whether breakfast recommendations are appropriate for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity.