cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NASA SpaceWire Status

Three projects are developing SpaceWire upper layer protocols: JWST, LRO, GOES-R. JWST protocol development was complete before Protocol ID field was introduced to the standard. Commanding is done by using CCD5 packets tunneled through SpaceWire. Science Data packet is optimized for implementation specific requirements. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRD) investigated using the SnP Rmap protocol but chose to use CCSDS tunneled through SpaceWire. GOES-R is using CCDS tunneled through SpaceWire with project developed Reliable Delivery protocol. Reliable Delivery protocol may be used to replace MIL-STD-1553 for other mission. CCDS is the native format for the software bus for many NASA GSFC missions and therefore it is a natural packet format to tunnel through SpaceWire.
Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Repair of Adducts Induced in Human Cellular DNA by Puva

Psoralen plus UVA (long wavelength ultraviolet radiation) (PUVA) produces three types of adducts in DNA: (i) intercalation of the psoralen molecule between flat, stacked base-pairs, (ii) formation of a monoadduct by UVA radiation-dependent covalent bonding of the psoralen molecule to a base, primarily via a cyclobutane ring to a thymine, on one strand of the DNA, and (iii) formation of a DNA interstrand cross-link by a second UVA radiation-dependent covalent bonding of the psoralen molecule to a base on the opposite strand of the DNA molecule. The latter adduct (iii) is thought to be the most important biologically.
Genetic Determinants of Metabolism and Benign Prostate Enlargement: Associations with Prostate Volume.

Prostate enlargement leading to clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is associated with metabolic dysregulation and obesity. The genetic basis of this association is unclear. Our objective was to evaluate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with metabolic disorders are also associated with prostate volume (PV). Participants included 876 men referred for prostate biopsy and found to be prostate cancer free. PV was measured by transrectal ultrasound. Samples were genotyped using the Illumina Cardio-MetaboChip platform. Multivariable adjusted linear regression models were used to evaluate SNPs (additive coding) in relation to natural-log transformed (log) PV. We compared SNP-PV results from biopsy-negative men to 442 men with low-grade prostate cancer with similar levels of obesity and PV. Beta-coefficients from the discovery and replication samples were then aggregated with fixed effects inverse variance weighted meta-analysis. SNP rs11736129 (near the pseudo-gene LOC100131429) was significantly associated with log-PV (beta: 0.16, p-value 1.16x10-8) after adjusting for multiple testing. Other noteworthy SNPs that were nominally associated (p-value < 1x10-4) with log-PV included rs9583484 (intronic SNP in COL4A2), rs10146527 (intronic SNP in NRXN3), rs9909466 (SNP near RPL32P31), and rs2241606 (synonymous SNP in SLC12A7). We found several SNPs in metabolic loci associated with PV. Further studies are needed to confirm our results and elucidate the mechanism between these genetic loci, PV, and clinical BPH.
The Diffusion of Innovations: Let’s Take Another Look

Diffusion theory, popular in the marketing literature in the 1960s and 1970s, has received very little attention in recent years. The accomplishments based on the diffusion process concept are notable ones. However, there are some gaps in this literature. This paper attempts to explain some of the inconsistencies present in diffusional theories and proposes competing and/or complementary explanations based on the theory of weak ties.
Diffusion-Controlled Bubble Growth

Publisher Summary The study of diffusive bubble growth processes adds an extra dimension of complexity over certain probable situations. It is not only necessary to consider the convective motion, resulting from the large change in density upon vaporization, in the diffusion equation, but also separately to consider the equation of motion, because inertial, surface tension, and viscous effects may be appreciable. A more general two-component bubble growth solution permits both the initial temperature and concentration to be the arbitrary functions of the radial distance. The same procedures used to solve the single-component problem are employed. A general solution is obtained and various limiting cases are examined. The theory of isolated bubble growth in a liquid of arbitrary initial temperature and/or concentration distribution is well established, providing that the boundary layer volume is smaller than the bubble volume.
The pitfalls of knowledge discovery in databases and data mining

Although Data Mining (DM) may often seem a highly effective tool for companies to be using in their business endeavors, there are a number of pitfalls and/or barriers that may impede these firms from properly budgeting for DM projects in the short term. This chapter indicates that the pitfalls of DM can be categorized into several distinct categories. We explore the issues of accessibility and usability, affordability and efficiency, scalability and adaptability, systematic patterns vs. sample-specific patterns, explanatory factors vs. random variables, segmentation vs. sampling, accuracy and cohesiveness, and standardization and verification. Finally, we present the technical challenges regarding the pitfalls of DM.
Pragmatism: Philosophical Aspects

Pragmatism is a philosophical movement which began in the late nineteenth century in the USA and exerted significant influence until around the time of John Dewey's death in 1952. Pragmatism fell from favor for much of the latter part of the twentieth century, but is now seeing a revival. The ‘classical’ pragmatists are C.S. Peirce, William James, and John Dewey. Their philosophies differed a good deal, but all defended broadly empiricist views of thought and knowledge which emphasize the role of thought in guiding action and reject various traditional empiricist psychological positions. Pragmatists also tend to reject correspondence theories of truth and attempt to ground human knowledge on a special ‘foundational’ set of beliefs. Prominent English-speaking philosophers associated with pragmatism in more recent years include W.V.O. Quine, Richard Rorty, Hilary Putnam, and Robert Brandom.
Hemangiomas and vascular malformations of the head and neck : MR characterization

PURPOSE To characterize the MR appearance of the common hemangioma of infancy as well as low- and high-flow vascular malformations of the head and neck. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty patients with vascular lesions of the head and neck proved either by pathology, angiography, and/or unequivocal clinical diagnosis were included. Vascular lesions included 15 low-flow lesions (four hemangiomas, 10 venous malformations, one lymphatic malformation), and five high-flow lesions (three arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and two invasive combined malformations). All patients had MR studies (generally 1.5 T using routine T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo sequences). Nine had postgadolinium, gradient recalled-echo, CT, and/or angiographic studies. FINDINGS Deep hemangiomas and venous malformations demonstrate intermediate signal in T1-weighted images, heterogeneous high signal on T2-weighted images, and prominent enhancement. Involuting hemangiomas show focal areas of high signal intensity on T1-weighted images due to fatty replacement. Venous malformations may demonstrate venous lakes seen as homogeneous regions of high signal intensity on T2-weighted images and phleboliths seen as low signal foci. The one patient with lymphatic malformation showed a large multicystic submandibular mass with large hemorrhage-fluid levels. Features of high-flow lesions (AVMs) include serpiginous signal voids, absence of a dominant mass, and intraosseous extension with decreased marrow signal on T1-weighted images. Invasive combined vascular malformations showed serpiginous flow voids and infiltrative solid masses. Low-flow lesions (hemangiomas, venous, and lymphatic malformations) demonstrate distinct MR findings allowing their differentiation from high-flow lesions (AVMs). Deep hemangiomas and venous malformations appear as solid masses and may look identical. Venous lakes and phleboliths are features of venous malformations which, when present, may help in diagnosis. Combined vascular malformations share features of both low- and high-flow malformations. CONCLUSION MR is useful in delineating the extent of disease and differentiating low- and high-flow vascular lesions.
Formation of high axial ratio microstructures from peptides modified with glutamic acid dialkyl amides

Abstract A growing number of amphiphiles are known to form high axial ratio microstructures (HARMs) such as the hollow cylindrical microstructures called lipid tubules. As a prelude to exploring the potential of HARMs formed from lipopeptides in controlled release drug delivery, several microstructure formation conditions were investigated. We report the preparation of several glutamic acid dialkyl amides with varying alkyl chain lengths bearing a variety of peptides (1–4 amino acids) [peptide-Glu-(NHC n H 2 n +1 ) 2 , n =12, 14, 16]. These surfactants have been rapidly and efficiently converted into HARMs in aqueous buffer at physiological pH and ionic strength, or in buffer containing MeOH or EtOH. Helical ribbons and tubular HARMs were produced that were stable for as long as 6 months below the phase transition temperatures of the compounds. To estimate the stability of HARMs in vivo, HARMs formed from (Pro) 3 –Glu(NHC 16 H 33 ) 2 were incubated with DOPC liposomes or fetal calf serum at 40°C. HARM size and shape did not change significantly, suggesting that such lipopeptide particles can retain their morphology long enough in vivo to be useful as drug delivery vehicles.
Do College Students’ Gender-typed Attitudes About Occupations Predict Their Real-World Decisions?

We investigated US college students’ gender-typed attitudes about occupations for themselves as a predictor of their real-world decisions regarding an academic major and intended future career. We also investigated US college students’ attitudes about the appropriateness of gender-typed occupations for other men and women. The sample (N = 264) was mostly Caucasian and was drawn from a large state university in the Mid-Atlantic region of the US. An established self-report measure (see Liben and Bigler 2002) was used to assess attitudes about occupations for the self and other people. Gender-typed majors and intended careers were categorized using a coding scheme that was developed for the study. College students preferred gender-stereotypical occupations for themselves. Women’s, but not men’s, preferences for gender-typed occupations predicted their decisions about their academic major and the career they intended to pursue. Both men and women reported that men should only hold masculine occupations, but that women should hold both masculine and feminine occupations. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding the gender gap in occupations in the US, such as the underrepresentation of women in STEM careers and barriers for men in stereotypically female occupations.
Dynamic-focusing microscope objective for optical coherence tomography

Abstract: This paper presents a novel method for dynamic focusing in biological tissue samples using a variable-focus microscope objective within an OCT probe for a resolution of 5 microns.
Physicochemical Properties and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Carvacrol Nanoemulsions Formed by Spontaneous Emulsification

A simple cost-effective method (spontaneous emulsification) for fabricating physically stable antimicrobial nanoemulsions from essential oils is described. These nanoemulsions (10 wt % total oil phase) were formed by titration of a mixture of essential oil (carvacrol), carrier oil (medium chain triglyceride, MCT), and nonionic surfactant (Tween) into an aqueous solution with continuous stirring. Oil phase composition (carvacrol-to-MCT mass ratio) had a major impact on initial droplet diameter, with the smallest droplets (d ≈ 55 nm) being formed at 2.5 wt % carvacrol and 7.5 wt % MCT. Surfactant type also had an appreciable impact on mean droplet diameter, with Tween 80 giving the smallest droplets (d ≈ 55 nm) from a group of food-grade nonionic surfactants (Tween 20, 40, 60, 80, and 85). The droplet size also decreased (from >5000 to <25 nm) as the total surfactant concentration was increased (from 5 to 20 wt %). The long-term stability and antimicrobial efficacy of selected nanoemulsions was examined at ambient temperature. The stability of the nanoemulsions to droplet growth during storage decreased as the carvacrol concentration in the oil phase increased. Conversely, the antimicrobial efficacy of the nanoemulsions increased as the carvacrol concentration increased. These results have important implications for the design and utilization of nanoemulsions as antimicrobial delivery systems in the food and other industries. They suggest that the carrier oil concentration must be carefully controlled to obtain good physical stability and antimicrobial efficacy.
Investigating the place of forgiveness within the Positive Youth Development paradigm

This article examines the place of forgiveness within the Positive Youth Development (PYD) paradigm. We suggest knowledge of forgiveness can be advanced by understanding it from a developmental perspective. We review research indicating that forgiveness can contribute to positive developmental outcomes during adolescence and we explore theoretical relationships between forgiveness and three important components of the PYD perspective: the development of a moral identity, developmental assets and adolescents as co‐producers of their development. These particular PYD concepts are discussed because of their relation to scholarly work on forgiveness and because they can provide a developmental perspective that may advance our understanding of forgiveness. Finally, we discuss the implications of conceptualising forgiveness from a PYD perspective for research on forgiveness and for forgiveness education. Research implications include examining how youth move from one point in the forgiveness process to the next...
Identification of ischemic area of left ventricle by visualization of 43 K myocardial deposition.

A new method to determine myocardial blood distribution was used to study a patient with a recent large transmural anterior myocardial infarct. The method consisted of injecting 43potassium into a peripheral arm vein and recording the radioactivity over the chest with a scintillation (Anger) camera. Elimination of noncardiac radioactivity in the analysis of data was accomplished by recording the rapid passage of injected 99mtechnetium through the heart. The cardiac deposition of the potassium was visualized by identifying the contour of the heart from the technetium scan. In this patient deposition of 43potassium was markedly reduced in the septal region of the myocardium. This correlated well with the ischemic area suggested by coronary angiography, which demonstrated proximal occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and absence of obstructive disease in the other coronary arteries. Intracoronary artery injection of 43K gave confirmation of decreased deposition in the same area. This met...
The design of successful rural financial intermediaries: Evidence from Indonesia

Abstract The success (outreach and sustainability) of eight rural financial intermediation systems in Indonesia, in profitably reaching large numbers of small individual clients, is explained in terms of organizational design. Networks of semiautonomous units use local information and contract enforcement mechanisms to lower transaction costs. Reflecting basic concerns with institutional and financial viability, elements of mechanism design have included compatible incentives such as performance-based compensations (profit sharing, collection fees), efficiency wages (equivalent to quasi-equity), and system monitoring; managerial discretion over transactions conducted at market terms, policies to protect portfolio value, and no dependency-creating subsidies are important. Interventions have been appropriate for the problem at hand.
Clozapine use in HIV-infected schizophrenia patients: a case-based discussion and review.

Background Schizophrenia is a common neuropsychiatric disorder that is associated with an increased risk for HIV infection. Because schizophrenia may affect the ability of HIV-infected patients to adhere to their antiretroviral regimen, optimal management of their mental illness is a high priority in such individuals. However, 20% to 30% of patients with schizophrenia are refractory to first-line antipsychotics. Objective Given the frequency of comorbid HIV infection and schizophrenia, the authors investigated the potential role of clozapine, with the idea that this medication may be considered for use in this particular patient population. Method The authors present histories of clozapine treatment in two patients with schizophrenia and comorbid HIV illness. The use of clozapine in this population, along with potential pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug interactions are discussed. Results Management and information regarding the use of clozapine in patients with schizophrenia and comorbid HIV illness are presented. Discussion Clozapine can be used successfully in HIV-infected individuals, with control of viral replication an achievable goal, particularly for those patients in whom there is some external oversight of medication adherence. A multidisciplinary approach must be adopted, with the consultation psychiatrist providing the best possible control of psychiatric problems so that infectious-disease doctors can achieve the goal of HIV replication control.
Even Order Regular Magic Squares Are Singular

(2000). Even Order Regular Magic Squares Are Singular. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 107, No. 9, pp. 777-782.
Lima bean–lady beetle interactions: spider mite mediates sublethal effects of its host plant on growth and development of its predator

Cultivated plants can have negative effects on natural enemies that attack spider mites. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that spider mites mediate effects of a lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus L., cultivar on the life history of a lady beetle Stethorus punctillum Weise. We provi- sioned laboratory arenas with two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, from planters containing Hen- derson Bush Bean or Fordhook 242 lima bean plants and monitored the growth, development, larval survival, fecundity, and adult life span of predators. We determined the protein content and the linamarin (a cyanogenic gly- coside) content in foliage, spider mites, and predators. Predators took longer to develop and were smaller sized when consuming mites from the Henderson foliage. There was no significant mite-mediated effect of cultivar on predator fecundity or life span. Although soluble protein was greater in foliage of the Henderson than the Fordhook cultivar, mites contained less protein when reared on the Henderson, and predators contained less protein when fed with mites from the Henderson. Linamarin content was greater in Henderson than Fordhook foliage, and greater in spider mites and predators in the Henderson treatment. Linamarin in Henderson foliage may reduce the ability of spider mites to utilize plant protein. As a result, prey quality is reduced and predators that feed on these prey (from the Henderson treatment) grow at a slower rate and are smaller sized than their cohorts (from the Fordhook treatment). In conclusion, T. urticae mediates the effects of the Henderson cultivar on S. punctillum development but not fecundity or life span.
Effect of dopant size on the ionic conductivity of cubic stabilised ZrO2

Abstract The ionic conductivity of ZrO2 doped with 12 mol% Gd2O3, Nd2O3, Y2O3, or Yb2O3 was investigated using ac impedance measurement techniques and analysis of the frequency-dependent response in the complex plane. The results are discussed from the point of view of the dependence of the conductivity on the radius of the dopant ion.
Ramsey unsaturated and saturated graphs

A graph is Ramsey unsaturated if there exists a proper supergraph of the same order with the same Ramsey number, and Ramsey saturated otherwise. We present some conjectures and results concerning both Ramsey saturated and unsaturated graphs. In particular, we show that cycles Cn and paths Pn on n vertices are Ramsey unsaturated for all n ≥ 5. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Habitat vs. dispersal constraints on bryophyte diversity in the Mojave Desert, USA

Abstract Preserving desert plant diversity requires an understanding of the degree to which plant communities are constrained either by suitable habitat or by dispersal limitations. Using a spatially explicit approach, we surveyed diversity in an undisturbed xeric bryophyte community within a regular sampling grid of 1000 adjacent cells. Eigenvector mapping and variation partitioning revealed that spatially independent habitat processes accounted for little of the variation in community composition (2.0%); most variation was attributed either to habitats that were spatially structured (25.6%) or to dispersal independent of habitat (28.0%). At three nested scales, the most influential habitat factors were topography (broad-scale >5 m 2 ), shrub “islands” (meso-scale 1−5 m 2 ), and physical substrate characteristics (fine-scale 2 ). Dispersal limitation was less obviously scale-dependent at the community level, yet was important when considering individual species, which showed a wide range of spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I = −0.003–0.601). Our findings suggest that bryophyte diversity is the joint result of dispersal limitations and the distinctive spatially patterned environment of desert shrublands. Therefore, conservation efforts must not only account for dispersal limitations of individual species of concern, but should also seek to retain native shrubs and consequent landscape physiognomy that create bryophyte habitat.
Complex interactions of caffeine and its structural analogs with ultraviolet light in cell killing.

Abstract We measured the clonogenic survival response of cultured mouse 10 T 1 2 cells exposed to UV light and caffeine post-treatment. When 0.5 and 1 mM caffeine were present for 24 h immediately following UV, the D0 values of the biphasic survival curves suggest that one subpopulation was sensitized and one subpopulation was protected from killing by UV light. A cloned survivor from the radioprotected subpopulation responded to UV plus caffeine in identical manner as the parent cells. When the caffeine exposure was prolonged to 48 h, only the radiosensitizing effect was observed. Two demethylated analogs of caffeine were also tested. The response of 10 T 1 2 cells to 1 mM theophylline present for 24 h after UV irradiation was approximately the same as that for the same treatment with 1mM caffeine. However, prolonging the theophylline exposure to 48 h failed to produce the same kind of potentiation of cell killing as that observed for caffeine. Xanthine by itself was as toxic to 10 T 1 2 cells as caffeine, but had no synergistic effect as caffeine when given to UV-irradiated cells for 24 or 48 h. It is therefore unlikely that all the effects of caffeine on UV-irradiated cells are mediated by its demethylated metabolites.
The influence of surface structure on the catalytic activity of alumina supported copper oxide catalysts. Oxidation of carbon monoxide and methane

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron spin resonance (ESR) have been used to characterize a series of Cu/Al 2 O 3 catalysts. The information obtained from surface and bulk characterization has been correlated with CO and CH 4 oxidation activity of the catalysts. For catalysts with Cu/Al atomic ratios ⩽0.051, XPS data indicated that most of the Cu was present as a dispersed surface phase. ESR results showed that the ratio of isolated/interacting copper surface phase decreased with increasing Cu content. For catalysts with Cu/Al atomic ratio ⩾0.077, large CuO crystallites were detected by XRD. XPS results indicated that Cu dispersion decreased with increasing Cu content. The turn over frequency (TOF) for CO oxidation increased with increasing Cu content. This has been attributed to an increase in the amount of crystalline CuO present in the catalysts. The TOF for CH 4 oxidation decreased with increasing Cu content up to Cu/Al = 0.051 . This was paralleled by a significant decrease in the relative Cu ESR signal measured for the catalysts. We propose that the isolated Cu surface phase is more active for CH 4 oxidation than the interacting copper surface phase or crystalline CuO. CH 4 oxidation activities were similar for the catalysts with Cu/Al atomic ratio ⩾0.077.
Thymocyte Development in the Absence of Pre-T Cell Receptor Extracellular Immunoglobulin Domains

Immature thymocytes express a pre-T cell receptor (pre-TCR) composed of the TCRbeta chain paired with pre-Talpha. Signals from this receptor are essential for passage of thymocytes through a key developmental checkpoint in the thymus. These signals were efficiently delivered in vivo by a truncated form of the murine pre-TCR that lacked all of its extracellular immunoglobulin domains. De novo expression of the truncated pre-TCR or an intact alphabetaTCR was sufficient to activate characteristic TCR signaling pathways in a T cell line. These findings support the view that recognition of an extracellular ligand is not required for pre-TCR function.
Coated vesicles in the rat anterior pituitary gland.

Summary Ultrastructural documentation of the formation of coated vesicles in prolactin cells of the rat anterior pituitary sland is presented. Coated vesicles were observed forming from the secretory granular membrane in the Golgi area and between the Golgi complex and the plasmalemma. They were also found budding off the membrane lining the exocytotic pocket. Following peroxidase reaction product could be seen forming from the membrane of the exocytotic pocket and adjacent to it. These vesicles were found in transit towards the Golgi area or within lysosomes. It is proposed that these coated vesicles are important for membrane conservation and that this is occurring in developing secretory granules near the Golgi complex, in more mature secretory granules and at the level of the plasmalemma during exocytosis.
The enzymic synthesis of GM1b: rat-brain CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid: asialo-GM1 sialyltransferase.

An enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) to a tetrahexosylceramide (asialo-GM1) in young rat brain is described. The enzymic product is a new monsialoganglioside containing a neuraminidase-labile neuraminic acid, GM1b. The activity of this sialyltransferase is higher in fetal and young rat brains. The enzyme exhibits a pH optimum of 6.5 in cacodylate buffer. The incorporation of radioactivity into GM1b is stimulated in the presence of asialo-GM1 and CMP-NeuNAc and is dependent, on the quantity added. The detergent mixture, Tween 80 and CF54, is required for optimal activity. Recent demonstration of the natural occurrence of GM1b in the free cell types of rat ascites hepatoma cells suggests a functional importance of this CMP-NeuNAc:asialo-GM1 sialyltransferase in the in vivo formation of this novel monosialoganglioside.
Esophageal cancer dose escalation using a simultaneous integrated boost technique.

Purpose We previously showed that 75% of radiation therapy (RT) failures in patients with unresectable esophageal cancer are in the gross tumor volume (GTV). We performed a planning study to evaluate if a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) technique could selectively deliver a boost dose of radiation to the GTV in patients with esophageal cancer. Methods and Materials Treatment plans were generated using four different approaches (two-dimensional conformal radiotherapy [2D-CRT] to 50.4 Gy, 2D-CRT to 64.8 Gy, intensity-modulated RT [IMRT] to 50.4 Gy, and SIB-IMRT to 64.8 Gy) and optimized for 10 patients with distal esophageal cancer. All plans were constructed to deliver the target dose in 28 fractions using heterogeneity corrections. Isodose distributions were evaluated for target coverage and normal tissue exposure. Results The 50.4 Gy IMRT plan was associated with significant reductions in mean cardiac, pulmonary, and hepatic doses relative to the 50.4 Gy 2D-CRT plan. The 64.8 Gy SIB-IMRT plan produced a 28% increase in GTV dose and comparable normal tissue doses as the 50.4 Gy IMRT plan; compared with the 50.4 Gy 2D-CRT plan, the 64.8 Gy SIB-IMRT produced significant dose reductions to all critical structures (heart, lung, liver, and spinal cord). Conclusions The use of SIB-IMRT allowed us to selectively increase the dose to the GTV, the area at highest risk of failure, while simultaneously reducing the dose to the normal heart, lung, and liver. Clinical implications warrant systematic evaluation.
An X-Ray Study of the p-n-Alkoxybenzoic Acids. Part VII. Crystal Structures of Related Forms of p-n-Hexoxy- and p-n-Octoxy-Benzoic Acids

Abstract X-ray structure analyses have been carried out at room temperature for a crystalline modification of p-n-hexoxybenzoic acid (60BAC) which undergoes four solid-solid transitions on heating before yielding a nematic phase, and for a form of p-n-octoxybenzoic acid, different from that previously reported, which undergoes a single solid-solid transition before yielding a smectic phase. In both crystals the molecules are present as centrosymmetric hydrogen-bonded dimers. The alkyl chains are in the all-trans extended conformation but the dimers have a non-planar conformation arising from a gauche-relation of the ether oxygen and C(γ) about the C(α)-C(β) bond of the chain. This molecular conformation is the same as that found in other crystalline modifications of homologous members. The dimers in each structure are arranged in identical stacks along the crystal b-axes, and in projection down that axis are arranged in parallel staggered rows in a head-to-tail fashion in 8OBAC, but in an alternating head...
Rotational molecular motion in solid H 2 and D 2 under pressure

The rotational state of a H2 or D2 molecule in solid hydrogen or deuterium is calculated over the range of densities for which the molecular phases are expected to be stable. For para-H2 and ortho-D2 we predict sudden transitions as the pressure is increased from states where the molecules are rotating freely to states where they are librating about equilibrium orientations. These transitions are predicted to occur in the region of several hundred megabars of pressure. Although in principle observable, these first-order transitions are expected to lead to only small changes in the equation-of-state curves. These transitions from rotating to librating molecular motion are expected to be accompanied by changes in the crystal structures from hcp to fcc.
Carcinoembryonic antigen in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. 1. The prognostic value of serial plasma determinations

Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determinations were obtained prior to therapy in 300 patients with invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix followed at the University of Kentucky Medical Center from 1971 to 1976. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels were elevated (greater than 2.5 ng/ml) in 48% of cervical cancer patients, and varied directly with stage of disease and histologic differentiation of the tumor. Plasma CEA levels were more commonly elevated in patients with endocervical adenocarcinoma than in those with squamous cell carcinoma, but were not related to vascular invasion in the specimen or regional lymph nodal morphology. Two hundred and four patients had 2 to 15 (mean = 5) follow-up plasma CEA determinations after treatment. Thirty patients had progressively increasing plasma CEA levels following therapy, of which 29 developed recurrent cervical cancer. A progressive rise of plasma CEA preceded the clinical diagnosis of recurrence by 1 to 23 months (mean = 6 months) in 13 of these patients, and occurred at the same time or after the clinical diagnosis of recurrence in 16 cases. Patients with progressively rising plasma CEA levels following therapy for cervical cancer should be extensively evaluated to rule out the presence of occult recurrence.
Is Higgs found

Abstract Events recently reported by the CERN-Collider collaborations seem difficult to understand in terms of known particles. We argue that these observations may indicate the production and decay of the standard electroweak Higgs boson with mass ∼ 150 GeV. If this explanation is correct, the Higgs boson production cross section is greatly enhanced due to the existence of as yet unobserved particles with masses in the 0.1 to 1 TeV range.
Dioxygen and superoxide stability of metallopeptide based mimics of nickel containing superoxide dismutase: the influence of amine/amidate vs. bis-amidate ligation.

Abstract Nickel containing superoxide dismutase (NiSOD) is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the disproportionation of O 2 − . In its reduced state, the Ni(II) ion is coordinated by two cis -cysteinates, an amine nitrogen and an amidate nitrogen atom. It thus bears a resemblance to the distal bis-cysteinate bis-amidate ligated nickel center of acetyl coenzyme A synthase. Using metallopeptide based NiSOD mimics derived from the first 12 residues of the NiSOD sequence we demonstrate that altering the primary coordination sphere from a bis-thiolate amine/amidate motif to a bis-thiolate bis-amidate motif changes the O 2 and ROS stability of the metallopeptide. Using FT-IR, ESI-MS and S K-edge XAS we show that the bis-amidate bis-thiolate ligated metallopeptide {Ni II (SOD m1 -Ac)} (SOD m1 -Ac = AcHN-HCDLPCGVYSPA-COOH) undergoes oxidation at one thiolate ligand in the presence of O 2 , converting it into a coordinated sulfinate. Upon exposure of {Ni II (SOD m1 -Ac)} to O 2 − the metallopeptide undergoes extensive sulfur oxidation. This can be contrasted with the unacylated metallopeptide {Ni II (SOD m1 )} which does not undergo sulfur based oxidation under these conditions. The biological implications of these findings are discussed.
RHS, Inc.: Innovation “Guiding” Agriculture:

RHS, Inc. presents the story of an agricultural equipment business initially founded in 1980 on Rick Heiniger's personal experience and desire to improve his financial situation during challenging ...
Exposing digital forgeries in scientific images

A recent case of scientific fraud, involving manipulated images in a high-profile scientific publication, has sent shock- waves through the scientific community. By some measures, however, this case is not isolated - in at least one journal, it is estimated that as many as 20% of accepted manuscripts contain figures with inappropriate manipulations, and 1% with fraudulent manipulations. Several scientific editors are considering putting safeguards in place to help reduce these numbers. While sensible policy and awareness are certainly important, there is likely to be a need for computational techniques that automatically detect common forms of tampering. We describe three such techniques for detecting traces of tampering in scientific images. Specifically, image segmentation techniques are employed to detect image deletion, "healing", and duplication.
POSTER: Analysis and Comparison of Secure Localization Schemes for Intelligent Transportation Systems

In this work, we employ distance bounding (DB) and verifiable trilateration (VT) for secure localization in an intelligent transportation system (ITS). We first demonstrate several possible attack scenarios, and then establish an analytical framework to evaluate the security of these schemes. Results are derived in terms of the probability of a given position being spoofed by maliciously-controlled vehicles assuming randomly distributed colluding attackers. The results show that while VT outperforms DB, both methods have a high probability of being spoofed.
Application of compressibility correction to calculation of flow in inlets.

An application of the compressibility correction developed by Lieblein and Stockman (1972) to the calculation of flow in axisymmetric inlets is described. The results with experimental data from wind tunnel model tests are compared. The configuration is a conventional subsonic inlet with a NACA series one external cowl shape and a two-to-one ellipse internal lip. It is shown that the compressibility correction gives a relatively good approximation to the internal compressible flow behavior, and thus should be useful in the design and analysis of engine nacelle inlets.
Learning Style Differences of Nonconforming Middle-School Students

This article describes and defines the concept of learning style differences. It explains why young adults have, and cause, problems while learning. Suggestions for teaching those students whom teachers often cannot reach are offered.
Slew-aware clock tree design for reliable subthreshold circuits

In the paper, we analyze the effect of clock slew in subthreshold circuits. Specifically, we address the issue that variations in clock slew at the register control can cause serious timing violations. We show that clock slew variations can cause latch timing metrics such as setup, hold and clock-to-q times to deviate by 90% from the design goals. Based on these observations, we recognize the importance of clock slew control in subthreshold circuits. We propose a systematic approach to design the clock tree for subthreshold circuits to reduce the clock slew variations while minimizing the power dissipation in the tree. We show that a tighter nodal capacitance control is necessary to control the slew in a subthreshold clock tree, which can increase the power dissipation. Recognizing that the wire resistances have a negligible effect in subthreshold circuits, we show proper wire sizing is necessary to reduce the clock power. Finally, we propose a dynamic nodal capacitance control technique that allows larger slew at the earlier nets of the tree while controlling it more aggressively near the sink nodes. The combined approach, including the wire sizing and dynamic nodal capacitance control, can achieve better slew control (and better timing control) at lower power in subthreshold circuits.
Analysis of a Polarization-Maintaining Optical Fiber Interferometer for Simultaneous Measurement of Acoustic Pressure and Temperature

An all polarization-maintaining fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for simultaneous measurement qf acoustic pressure and temperature is examined. Measurements by Farahi et al. (1990) indicate that the cross-sensitivity between temperature and axial strain may be significant for a polarization-maintaining fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer ; however, no one has examined the significance of cross-sensitivity for the Mach-Zehnder case. Sensitivities to acoustic pressure and temperature, and the cross-sensitivity generated by simultaneous disturbances are determined both analytically and numerically. The fiber's relatively high temperature sensitivity compared with its acoustic pressure sensitivity suggests that a short length of sensing fiber is sufficient for use as a temperature sensor with little or no interference from acoustic pressure. To measure acoustic pressure, however, a straight length of the fiber examined in this study is not sufficient. In practice, this sensing fiber could be coiled around a compliant cylinder or into a small diameter sensing element to enhance longitudinal strain and thus sensitivity. Results show that in either case, the cross-sensitivity is extremely small and can be ignored.
Valence and the Rule of Eight

F. LONDON, in an interesting article (Zeit. f. Physik, 46, 455; 1928), attempts to account for the difference in valence behaviour between nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine on one hand, and phosphorus, sulphur, and chlorine on the other, in terms of absolute quantum restrictions. The chemist has been inclined to account for the limited valence of nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine on the grounds of energy relations; that is, many compounds do not occur because they are ‘unstable.’ Such an explanation is admittedly unsatisfactory.
Red River anthology.

Serving as President of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma has been the pinnacle of my professional career to this point. Many have helped me reach this point: most important are my wife June and daughter Kimberly, my surgical mentors at Baylor, Doctors George Jordan, Arthur Beall, and Michael E. DeBakey, and my office assistants, especially Ms. Mary Allen. This presentation summarizes three decades of an abiding and driving special interest.
Education for the Public Service Policy Analysis and Administration in the MPA Core Curriculum

What curriculum components are contained in professional master's programs in public affairs and administration? Using information from Self Study Reports submitted by graduate programs in public a...
Infrared beamlines at the Canadian Light Source

This talk describes the two infrared beamlines at Canada’s first synchrotron, the Canadian Light Source in Saskatoon. One is for mid-infrared bio-spectromicroscopy and industrial applications, and the other for high resolution far infrared spectroscopy.
Pseudotoxemia: new onset psychogenic seizure in third trimester pregnancy.

Abstract Eclampsia, or toxemia of pregnancy, is a disorder of pregnancy characterized by seizures associated with hypertension, edema, and proteinuria. Toxemia carries significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Psychogenic seizures are defined as events that clinically resemble epileptic seizures but are not accompanied by abnormal electrical activity of the cerebral cortex. We report the case of a third trimester pregnant patient who presented with new onset convulsive activity that was associated with peripheral edema, intermittent hypertension, and proteinuria. The initial impression of the treating physicians—emergency medicine, obstetrical, and neurology—was toxemia of pregnancy. After further review and the application of numerous procedures and therapies with potential risk, the diagnosis of psychogenic seizure was made.
PLASMA TRANSPORT IN THREE DIMENSIONS

Arbitrary three-dimensional toroidal configurations are combined with general anisotropic transport coefficients by using generalized formulations of plasma transport. It is found that one-dimensional averaged equations represent coordinate-independent diffusion of the four extensive adiabatic variables relative to one another. An alternating dimension algorithm is described, which involves solving the one-dimensional diffusion equations with occasional reference to the three-dimensional equilibrium equation to update the geometric coefficients. It is noted that no boundary equation is needed for the diffusion equation where the magnetic axis is zero, and the plasma system for stellarators and tokamaks requires four equations: three diffusion equations and one first-order ordinary differential equation for the pressure balance.
WOMEN'S UNION LEADERSHIP: CLOSING THE GENDER GAP

Women comprise 44 percent of the labor movement, but a smaller percentage of union leaders. We discuss the importance of having a leadership that is representative of the membership, some of the differences between male and female leadership, and why the labor movement needs more women leaders. In order to promote women's leadership, we first discuss a four-stage model of how union leaders develop: finding your voice, developing basic skills, figuring out the politics, and setting the agenda. We then add suggestions about what current union leaders can do to promote women's leadership at each of these four stages.
Son of the Soil Reclaiming the Land in Zimbabwe

The ZANU government of President Robert Mugabe has undertaken a credible measure of land redistribution but has yet to achieve a mutually beneficial land reform among the races in Zimbabwe. Mugabe'...
Growth and Survival of the Australian Red Claw Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus at Three Densities in Earthen Ponds

Australian red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus were cultured in nine 0.02-ha earthen ponds at densities of l/m2, 3/m2 and 5/m2 for 158 d. Average weight at stocking was 3.2 g. All ponds were provided with a combination of hay and corn silage at a rate of 500 kg/ha per month and a commercial crayfish ration fed at 5%, decreasing to 2% of estimated biomass/d during the growing season. Overall survival rate was 72%, and did not differ among treatments. Final yields and average weights varied significantly with stocking density. Red claw averaged 67 g with an average pond yield of 475 kg/ha at l/m2. At 3/m2 and 5/m2, red claw averaged 48 g and 38 g, respectively, and yielded 1,020 kg/ha and 1,422 kg/ha, respectively.
Aberrant neuronal responsiveness in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat: Acoustic responses and influences of the central nucleus upon the external nucleus of inferior colliculus

Abstract The inferior colliculus (IC) central nucleus (ICc), is critical for audiogenic seizure (AGS) initiation in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat (GEPR). The ICc lacks direct motor outputs but sends a major projection to the external nucleus of IC (ICx), which does project to the sensorimotor integration nuclei within the AGS neuronal network. The present study compared acoustic responses of ICx neurons in the GEPR and normal anesthetized rat and evaluated whether the GEPR exhibits functional abnormalities in the pathway from ICc to ICx. There is a significantly greater incidence of sustained repetitive response patterns to the acoustic stimulus in GEPR ICx neurons (75%) than in normal ICx neurons (24%). Following unilateral microinjection of N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) into the contralateral ICc, acoustically-evoked ICx excitation and inhibition were each increased in normal animals, which is consistent with the mixed projections previously reported in this pathway and observed with electrical stimulation in the present study. The NMDA-induced ICx firing increase may be relevant to AGS, since, in previous studies, bilateral focal microinjection of NMDA into the ICc induced AGS susceptibility in normal rats [23]. However, the incidence and degree of the ICx neuronal response changes after NMDA microinjection was not abnormal in the GEPR. These data suggest that the hyperresponsiveness of ICx neurons may not involve abnormal transmission between the ICc and ICx, despite the elevated ICx neuronal responses to acoustic stimuli. However, the ICx hyperresponsivess of the GEPR, which is likely due to the known decrease in effectiveness of GABA-mediated inhibition in GEPR neurons, may be a major mechanism subserving the critical role that this structure plays in the AGS network.
Prospective EHR-based clinical trials: the challenge of missing data.

This discussion focuses on the challenges of using prospectively collected electronic health record (EHR) data as outcomes in clinical trials, with a particular emphasis on the issue of missing data. Our discussion is motivated by the article in this issue: ‘Translating the Hemoglobin A1C with More Easily Understood Feedback: A Randomized Controlled Trial’ by Gopalan et al.1 In the spirit of open science, the authors generously shared their study protocol, statistical analysis plan and analysis data set. Using their data set, we conducted analyses to help emphasize important statistical issues. This editorial should not be considered a criticism of their paper; rather, their study is used as a reference to expand on the challenges of missing data in EHRs and to provide suggestions for future studies.
ON SOLVABILITY AND WELL-POSEDNESS OF BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS FOR NONLINEAR HYPERBOLIC EQUATIONS OF THE FOURTH ORDER

In the rectangle › = (0;a)£(0;b) the nonlinear hyperbolic equa- tion u (2;2) = f i x;y;u ¢ with the continuous right-hand side f : › £R !R is considered. Unimprovable in a sense sucient conditions of solvability of Dirichlet, Dirichlet-Nicoletti and Nicoletti boundary value problems are established.