cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The God at the End of the Story: Are Biblical Theology and Narrative Character Development Compatible?

If the end goal of theology of the Hebrew Scriptures is a description of God and God’s relationship to the world, then the Hebrew Scriptures present us with a dilemma. It is increasingly apparent that the Tanak provides a wide variety of portraits of the divine being. There are two basic possibilities for making use of all of these portraits. The first option is to lay all of them out on a level surface and allow them be in dialogue and tension with one another. The second option is to place these portrayals on a trajectory which gives a position of privilege to those which are at some particular point along the path. Of course there are three choices of trajectory: Historical, canonical, or narrative. The last two differ far more for the Christian Old Testament than for the Tanak. A strictly narrative approach, which reads the biblical story from Genesis to Nehemiah, presents a divine being who is changing and developing as a character, a process which has been well demonstrated over the past decade by Jack Miles, Richard Elliot Friedman, W. Lee Humphreys, Meir Sternberg, Jerome M. Segal, and others. There is general agreement that the divine character portrayed at the end of this narrative trajectory is the one which matches the religious experience of those who were putting the literature, both the individual books and the canon, into its final form. This conclusion would seem to point toward a narrative method of doing theology which gives this endpoint a place of privilege, an observation which raises two questions. First, does this match the actual use of texts by those who are attempting narrative approaches to biblical theology? Second, what role do those portrayals which present earlier stages in the divine character development play in a narrative approach to a theology of the Hebrew Scriptures?
The Molecular Basis of Focal Cyst Formation in Human Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Type I

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common disease and an important cause of renal failure. It is characterized by considerable intrafamilial phenotypic variation and focal cyst formation. To elucidate the molecular basis for these observations, we have developed a novel method for isolating renal cystic epithelia from single cysts and have used it to show that individual renal cysts in ADPKD are monoclonal. Loss of heterozygosity was discovered within a subset of cysts for two closely linked polymorphic markers located within the PKD1 gene. Genetic analysis revealed that it was the normal haplotype that was lost. This study provides a molecular explanation for the focal nature of cyst formation and a probable mechanism whereby mutations cause disease. The high rate at which "second hits" must occur to account for the large number of cysts observed suggests that unique structural features of the PKD1 gene may be responsible for its mutability.
Analogue delay-locked loop for spatial-phase locking

An analogue delay-locked loop has been developed for spatial-phase locking in a scanning electron-beam lithography system. The loop improves pattern-placement precision to 3/spl sigma//spl sime/12 nm, by referencing all writing to a 400 nm-period grating. Results compare well with a numerical simulation.
Growth of Calves Fed Colostrum Naturally Fermented, or Preserved with Propionic Acid or Formaldehyde,

Abstract Fifty-two Holstein calves were allotted randomly at 3 days of age to 1) whole milk, 2) sour colostrum, 3) colostrum + 1% propionic acid or 4) colostrum + 1.35g 37% formaldehyde per liter. Liquid diets were offered once daily at 9% of birth weight to 35 days of age. Colostrum diets were diluted (two parts colostrum:one part water). Growth rates were similar for all liquid diets. Refusals of naturally fermented (sour) and propionic-acid colostrum were higher, particularly during periods when ambient temperature exceeded 24C. Formaldehyde colostrum was accepted readily by all calves. Protein degradation was less for formaldehyde and propionic-acid colostrums compared to naturally fermented. Addition of formaldehyde resulted in greater acceptance by calves of colostrum stored at warm ambient temperatures. Propionic acid effectively preserved colostrum, but propionic acid colostrum was not accepted readily by calves.
A boundary element approach for recovery of shape sensitivities in three-dimensional elastic solids

Abstract A boundary element formulation for design sensitivities has been developed for application in three-dimensional shape optimization of elastic solids. Both displacement and stress sensitivities can be determined, at any stage of the design process, by relatively straightforward numerical integration procedures. Further simplification in calculating displacement sensitivities is accomplished by using a special rigid-body integral identity to remove singularities. The issue of accuracy was addressed by analyzing the problem of an infinite elastic solid with a triaxial ellipsoidal cavity. It turns out that this test case is considerably more general than the usual axisymmetric examples employed in prior elastostatic error analyses. Furthermore, the stress concentration can be increased indefinitely by decreasing the two aspect ratios that define the cavity surface. More importantly, the availability of an analytical solution makes it possible to obtain an exact measure of error. For completeness, stresses and stress sensitivities were obtained for three progressively eccentric cavity shapes, using three different singular integration schemes. Generally, the numerical predictions and exact results were in excellent agreement. In the worst case, with a stress concentration of about 4.1, the best stress sensitivity prediction was within 2 percent of the exact value. This is remarkably accurate, given that the corresponding cavity model consisted of only twelve elements per octant.
Law enforcement challenges in hawala‐related investigations

Defines hawala, which in Arabic means “transfer”; what distinguishes it from other fund transfer methods is its informality, reliance on trust and networks, and lack of records. Describes how it can be used to finance terrorism and launder money, evade tax and so on. Discusses the many problems for law enforcement arising from the lack of records in hawala, or sometimes an excess of confusing records, and the mix of various businesses which tend to coexist with hawala transactions; also linguistic issues, cultural and legal or administrative differences between communities and countries, and “benami” accounts, which are false name or nominee accounts often accepted in ethnic groups that also engage in hawala. Concludes that the success of law enforcement efforts to solve cases depends on international cooperation, but that this is not always forthcoming; excessive zeal may sour working relationships, and it may not be easy even to know whether policies are working.
1,2-Dichloropropane

1,2-Dichloropropane, also known as propylene dichloride, or DCP, has been used as a solvent for oils and fats, a solvent for dry cleaning and degreasing operations, and a component of soil fumigants. Its structure and properties are given in Table 1. DCP is a volatile synthetic compound which is released to the environment primarily through its use as a soil fumigant (USEPA 1983a).
Relation of food cost to healthfulness of diet among US women

Background: Few studies have evaluated the cost of a diet that may prevent cardiovascular disease. High scores on the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) have been associated with lower rates of cardiovascular disease. Objective: We sought to evaluate the cost of a dietary pattern that may prevent cardiovascular disease among women residing in the United States. Design: By using food-cost data from the US Department of Agriculture, we explored relations between spending on food and AHEI scores among 78,191 participants in the Nurses’ Health Study. By using linear regression, we estimated the change in AHEI score (range: 2.5–87.5) for a $1 increase in spending on various food groups. Results: Study participants in the highest energy-adjusted spending quintile spent 124% as much money each day as those in the lowest quintile. The difference in AHEI scores (10th–90th percentile) among all study participants was 30 index points (Spearman’s correlation coefficient between total spending and AHEI = 0.44). The difference in AHEI scores (10th–90th percentile) within each quintile of spending ranged from 25 to 29 index points. Greater spending on nuts, soy and beans, and whole grains was associated with a higher AHEI score. Greater spending on red and processed meats and high-fat dairy was associated with a lower AHEI score. Conclusions: Although spending more money was associated with a healthier diet, large improvements in diet may be achieved without increased spending. The purchase of plant-based foods may offer the best investment for dietary health. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29854.
Inwardly rectifying K+ channels in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells

Abstract Excitation-secretion coupling in various endocrine cells is dependent on membrane voltage which is controlled by ion channels. In order to characterize and determine the functional significance of voltage-gated ion channels in the parathyroid cell, the patch clamp technique was used in cell-attached and whole cell configurations to study single channel and whole cell currents in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells. Whole cell voltage clamp recordings from dissociated bovine parathyroid cells were obtained in a physiologic solution containing (in mM): 140 NaCl, 5.4 KCl, 2 CaCl 2 , and 2 MgCl 2 . The pipette (intracellular) solution contained (in mM) 145 KAsp, 10 −5 CaCl 2 , and 2 MgCl 2 . Currents were recorded in response to 20-mV incremental changes in voltage of 300-ms duration every 3 s from −80 to +40 mV and from −40 to −140 mV. There was a small outward current recorded in response to 300-ms pulses of 20-mV increments from −80 to +40 mV. A large inward current was recorded following hyperpolarization of the parathyroid cell from −40 to −140 mV. The reversal potential for the current was −60 to −65 mV, suggesting that the majority of the current is carried by a channel that is K + selective. Our results suggest that the whole cell currents of dispersed bovine parathyroid cells in physiologic extracellular solution include an in inwardly rectifying K + current which is open at low intracellular calcium concentration. This inwardly rectifying K + channel is likely to play a major role in maintaining negative membrane potential by opposing calcium-induced depolarization of the parathyroid cell and, as a result, may have an important role in regulation of PTH secretion.
Estimation of message source and destination from network intercepts

We consider the problem of estimating the endpoints (source and destination) of a transmission in a network based on partial measurement of the transmission path. Possibly asynchronous sensors placed at various points within the network provide the basis for endpoint estimation by indicating that a specific transmission has been intercepted at their assigned locations. During a training phase, test transmissions are made between various pairs of endpoints in the network and the sensors they activate are noted. Sensor activations corresponding to transmissions with unknown endpoints are also observed in a monitoring phase. A semidefinite programming relaxation is used in conjunction with the measurements and linear prior information to produce likely sample topologies given the data. These samples are used to generate Monte Carlo approximations of the posterior distributions of source/destination pairs for measurements obtained in the monitoring phase. The posteriors allow for maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation of the endpoints along with computation of some resolution measures. We illustrate the method using simulations of random topologies
Quantification of perchloroethylene residues in dry-cleaned fabrics

We have used a novel gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based approach to quantify perchloroethylene (PCE) residues in dry-cleaned fabrics. Residual PCE was extracted from fabric samples with methanol and concentration was calculated by the gas chromatographic peak area, standardized using PCE calibration data. Extracts examined were from samples of 100% wool, polyester, cotton, or silk, which were dry cleaned from one to six times in seven different Northern Virginia dry-cleaning establishments. Additional experiments were conducted to investigate the kinetics of PCE release in the extraction solvent and to the open air. We found that polyester, cotton, and wool retained ≥ µM levels of PCE, that these levels increased in successive dry-cleaning cycles, and that PCE is slowly volatilized from these fabrics under ambient room air conditions. We found that silk does not retain appreciable PCE. Measured differences across dry-cleaning establishments and fabric type suggest more vigorous monitoring of PCE residues may be warranted. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2481–2487. © 2011 SETAC
Movements and diving behavior of pelagic spotted dolphins

We radio tracked 20 pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata )i n the pelagic waters of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean during three research cruises in 1992, 1993, and 2001. Dolphins were tracked for up to 6 d from 20 to 1,000 km offshore. Seventeen of these dolphins also carried time–depth recorders, nine of which were recovered with a combined total of 477 h of dive data. The movement data suggested that the dolphins associate with areas of relatively high biological productivity. Dolphins close to shore moved along the continental slope, while some dolphins traveled farther offshore along thermocline “ridges.” Tracking and tagging multiple dolphins demonstrated the dynamic nature of dolphin herds, which change size and membership over the course of a day. At night, the dolphins traveled more slowly but dove deeper and longer, with more rapid ascents and descents than during daylight hours. These nighttime dive characteristics support the hypothesis suggested by some food habit studies that spotted dolphins are nocturnal feeders. Comparison of dive data with acoustic backscatter data indicates that spotted dolphins typically begin and end nighttime feeding activities with dusk and dawn diving bouts that track the vertical migration of organisms associated with the deep scattering layer.
The Navstar global positioning system in operation desert storm: A research note

(1995). The Navstar global positioning system in operation desert storm: A research note. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 327-335.
The spatial-temporal characteristics of type I collagen-based extracellular matrix

Type I collagen abounds in mammalian extracellular matrix (ECM) and is crucial to many biophysical processes. While previous studies have mostly focused on bulk averaged properties, here we provide a comprehensive and quantitative spatial-temporal characterization of the microstructure of type I collagen-based ECM as the gelation temperature varies. The structural characteristics including the density and nematic correlation functions are obtained by analyzing confocal images of collagen gels prepared at a wide range of gelation temperatures (from 16 °C to 36 °C). As temperature increases, the gel microstructure varies from a “bundled” network with strong orientational correlation between the fibers to an isotropic homogeneous network with no significant orientational correlation, as manifested by the decaying of length scales in the correlation functions. We develop a kinetic Monte-Carlo collagen growth model to better understand how ECM microstructure depends on various environmental or kinetic factors. We show that the nucleation rate, growth rate, and an effective hydrodynamic alignment of collagen fibers fully determines the spatiotemporal fluctuations of the density and orientational order of collagen gel microstructure. Also the temperature dependence of the growth rate and nucleation rate follow the prediction of classical nucleation theory.
Cardiovascular Benefits of Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists: What About Potassium?

Before the mid-1990s, much data supported the hypothesis that the primary mechanism action of aldosterone was to maintain sodium, volume, and potassium homeostasis. This is accomplished by a direct effect on epithelial cells of the distal segments of the nephron to actively promote sodium transport out of and potassium transport into the tubular lumen. This primary mechanism of action was reinforced by the 2 major mechanisms controlling adrenal aldosterone secretion: activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and, specifically, the concentration of angiotensin II, and the level of potassium.1 For nearly 50 years, inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), with a particular emphasis on increased angiotensin II production, has been documented to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Less well appreciated are the adverse effects of the other major outcome from activation of the RAAS: potassium reduction. In experimental animals and humans, potassium reduction increases cardiovascular risk, and potassium replacement reduces it. Because of the adverse effects of potassium reduction, inhibitors of the mineralocorticoid receptor have been used for many years to counteract the adverse effects of thiazide diuretics or an activated RAAS. Because of potential adverse side effects from spironolactone, the only mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist available at the time, other potassium-sparing diuretics were developed, among them triamterene. During the past 10 years, an increasing body of evidence has suggested that aldosterone and specifically activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor in nonepithelial cells also can induce cardiovascular damage. Data to support this conclusion come from clinical and experimental studies. The first major clinical study was the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES), in which the mortality of subjects with severe congestive heart …
ER Stress Induces Cleavage of Membrane-Bound ATF6 by the Same Proteases that Process SREBPs

ATF6 is a membrane-bound transcription factor that activates genes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. When unfolded proteins accumulate in the ER, ATF6 is cleaved to release its cytoplasmic domain, which enters the nucleus. Here, we show that ATF6 is processed by Site-1 protease (S1P) and Site-2 protease (S2P), the enzymes that process SREBPs in response to cholesterol deprivation. ATF6 processing was blocked completely in cells lacking S2P and partially in cells lacking S1P. ATF6 processing required the RxxL and asparagine/proline motifs, known requirements for S1P and S2P processing, respectively. Cells lacking S2P failed to induce GRP78, an ATF6 target, in response to ER stress. ATF6 processing did not require SCAP, which is essential for SREBP processing. We conclude that S1P and S2P are required for the ER stress response as well as for lipid synthesis.
Effects of smoking abstinence on cigarette craving, nicotine withdrawal, and nicotine reinforcement in smokers with and without schizophrenia.

Introduction: Schizophrenia is associated with a high prevalence of cigarette smoking. The aims of this study were to compare smokers with schizophrenia (SS) and control smokers without psychiatric illness (CS) on (a) cigarette craving and nicotine withdrawal symptom severity during a 72-hr smoking abstinence period; (b) nicotine reinforcement, before and after abstinence; and (c) latency to smoking lapse following abstinence. We also explored mediators of smoking lapse in SS and CS.
Tutorial: cognitive analysis methods applied to human-robot interaction

This half-day tutorial will cover topics related to conducting cognitive task analysis and cognitive work analysis for purposes of informing human-robot interaction design and development. The goal of the tutorial is to provide attendees with an overview and comparison of various cognitive task analysis and cognitive work analysis methods, an understanding of how to conduct these types of analyses, collect the necessary data for analysis, and provide real-world case studies for specific cognitive task analysis and cognitive work analysis. The tutorial will include examples from actual analyses and data collection activities.
Defining the inhibitory potential of uremic toxins on erythromycin hepatic metabolism

Hepatic clearance of erythromycin is significantly reduced in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. To determine whether uremic toxins, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furan-propanoic acid (CMPF) and indoxyl sulfate can directly inhibit the liver uptake of erythromycin, rat hepatocytes were incubated with erythromycin in the presence of these toxins. Intracellular concentrations of erythromycin and its demethylated metabolite were measured by LC/MS/MS. CMPF at concentrations normally present in ESRD patients (200μM) significantly inhibited the intracellular accumulation of erythromycin and correspondingly its metabolite (68.2±2.4%, 71.8±4.9%, respectively, p<0.05). The inhibitory effect was dose-dependent. CMPF showed little effect on the enzymatic metabolism of erythromycin. In contrast, indoxyl sulfate did not significantly inhibit the uptake of erythromycin even at concentrations of 1000μM, but showed more pronounced inhibition of metabolite generation (59.1±3.6%, p<0.05). When incubated with microsomes, indoxyl sulfate (100μM) significantly inhibited the metabolism of erythromycin (26% reduction, p<0.05). These data suggest that CMPF can directly inhibit the uptake of erythromycin by hepatocytes, most likely by inhibiting uptake transporters, while indoxyl sulfate is more likely to inhibit the enzymatic metabolism of erythromycin. The inhibitory effects of these uremic toxins may directly contribute to the reduced hepatic clearance of erythromycin in ESRD patients. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P62–P62; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.235
The risk of impending preterm delivery in asymptomatic patients with a nonmeasurable cervical length in the second trimester

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the pregnancy outcome of asymptomatic patients in the second trimester with a nonmeasurable cervical length (0 mm). Study Design This retrospective cohort study included 78 patients with singleton pregnancies and a sonographic nonmeasurable cervix that was detected at 14-28 weeks of gestation. Patients with cervical cerclage were excluded. Results We found that (1) 75.3% of the patients delivered before 32 weeks of gestation; (2) the median diagnosis-to-delivery interval was 20.5 days, and the delivery rate within 7 and 14 days was 28.2% and 35.6%, respectively; and (3) patients with a nonmeasurable cervix that was diagnosed at P = .009). Conclusion Asymptomatic women with a nonmeasurable cervix in the second trimester have a median diagnosis-to-delivery interval of approximately 3 weeks. Almost 65% of these patients will not deliver within 2 weeks, yet 75% of them will deliver before 32 weeks of gestation. The earlier a nonmeasurable cervix is identified, the shorter the diagnosis-to-delivery interval.
Microstructural Evolution and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Al-5083

The fine scale microstructure of Al-5083 (H-131) sensitized at 448 K (175 °C) for 1, 10, 25, 50, 100, 240, 500, and 1000 hours has been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study the evolution of the β phase (Al3Mg2) at grain boundaries and on pre-existing intragranular particles. In fully sensitized Al-5083, the β phase (Al3Mg2) forms heterogeneously both at grain boundaries and on pre-existing particles, which are enriched in manganese. TEM observations showed that the grain boundary precipitation of the β phase initially occurs between 0 to 1 hour of aging at 448 K (175 °C), and that the β phase grows with a ribbonlike morphology. The grain boundary planes are covered by the β phase after 240 hours of aging. The contribution of microstructure, defects, and environment on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior is discussed.
Order recursive Gaussian elimination and efficient CAD of microwave circuits

An order-recursive variant of Gaussian elimination has been presented for efficient solution of linear equations resulting from augmenting the feed line impedence matrix by block row and column vectors corresponding to reactions associated with discontinuities in the moment method simulation of MMIC elements. The potential utility of the solution technique in a CAD environment is demonstrated by applying it to the interactive design of microstrip low-pass filter. >
K/(L+M) conversion ratios in the decay Pm148 → Sm148

Abstract The K/(L+M) conversion ratios of the 286,550 and 627 keV transitions among the excited states of Sm 148 populated by the decay of Pm 148 have been measured using a shallow diffused silicon p-n junction detector. The reliability of the p-n junction detector as an instrument for the quantitative measurement of K/(L+M) conversion ratios was established by measuring the K/(L+M) conversion ratios of Hg 203 , Au 198 , Cs 137 and Bi 207 and comparing the values obtained with those of previous workers using other methods. For the measurements of the K/(L+M) conversion ratios of the transitions in Sm 148 , the p-n junction detector was employed in an arrangement which afforded the use of beta-gamma coincidence techniques. The following values were obtained: (K/(L+M)) 286 =7.0±1.0; (K/(L+M)) 550 = 5.1±0.3; (K/(L+M)) 627 = 5.4±0.4. The K/(L+M) ratio measured for the 286 keV transition, considered with the results of other workers, permits an M1+E2 multipolarity assignment to this transition and indicates a 6 + → 6 + transition between the 2.19 and 1.90 MeV states in Sm 148 .
High-Speed Frequency-Shift Keying of LF and VLF Radio Circuits

Present VLF transmitters are limited in transmission speed to approximately 20 words per minute because of the bandwidth limitations of the High-Q antenna circuit. To permit an increase in transmission speed, a unique method has been developed which makes use of the variation of reactance of the antenna circuit in synchronism with frequency shift modulation of the carrier. The method makes possible the transmission of teletype or high speed Morse signals at speeds of 100 words per minute or more. This increase by a significant factor in present traffic handling capabilities of VLF stations can be accomplished by increasing the cost of the station less than ten per cent.
Distinct peptide signals in the UmuD and UmuD′ subunits of UmuD/D′ mediate tethering and substrate processing by the ClpXP protease

The Escherichia coli UmuD′ protein is a component of DNA polymerase V, an error-prone polymerase that carries out translesion synthesis on damaged DNA templates. The intracellular concentration of UmuD′ is strictly controlled by regulated transcription, by posttranslational processing of UmuD to UmuD′, and by ClpXP degradation. UmuD′ is a substrate for the ClpXP protease but must form a heterodimer with its unabbreviated precursor, UmuD, for efficient degradation to occur. Here, we show that UmuD functions as a UmuD′ delivery protein for ClpXP. UmuD can also deliver a UmuD partner for degradation. UmuD resembles SspB, a well-characterized substrate-delivery protein for ClpX, in that both proteins use related peptide motifs to bind to the N-terminal domain of ClpX, thereby tethering substrate complexes to ClpXP. The combined use of a weak substrate recognition signal and a delivery factor that tethers the substrate to the protease allows regulated proteolysis of UmuD/D′ in the cell. Dual recognition strategies of this type may be a relatively common feature of intracellular protein turnover.
The annual cycle and biological effects of the Costa Rica Dome

The Costa Rica Dome is similar to other tropical thermocline domes in several respects: it is part of an east–west thermocline ridge associated with the equatorial circulation, surface currents flow cyclonically around it, and its seasonal evolution is affected by large-scale wind patterns. The Costa Rica Dome is unique because it is also forced by a coastal wind jet. Monthly climatological fields of thermocline depth and physical forcing variables (wind stress curl and surface current divergence) were analyzed to examine the structure and seasonal evolution of the dome. The annual cycle of the dome can be explained by wind forcingin four stages: (1) coastal shoaling of the thermocline off the Gulf of Papagayo during February–April, forced by Ekman pumping on the equatorward side of the Papagayo wind jet; (2) separation from the coast duringMay–June when the intertropical converg ence zone (ITCZ) moves north to the countercurrent thermocline ridge, the wind jet stops, and the North Equatorial Countercurrent extends toward the coast on the equatorward flank of the ridge; (3) countercurrent thermocline ridging duringJuly–November, when the dome expands to the west as the countercurrent thermocline ridge shoals beneath a band of cyclonic wind stress curl on the poleward side of the ITCZ; and (4) deepening duringDecember–January when the ITCZ moves south and strong trade winds blow over the dome. Coastal eddies may be involved in the coastal shoalingobserved duringFebruary– March. A seasonally predictable, strong, and shallow thermocline makes the Costa Rica Dome a distinct biological habitat where phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass are higher than in surrounding tropical waters. The physical structure and biological productivity of the dome affect the distribution and feeding of whales and dolphins, probably through forage availability. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Coping-Related Substance Use Motives and Stressful Life Experiences Among People with a History of Incarceration

ABSTRACT This mixed methods quantitative–qualitative study examined coping-related motives for substance use among 68 men and women with a history of incarceration. Qualitative analyses yielded 3 principal motivational categories: coping, social reinforcement, and enhancement. Discriminant analyses revealed that coping motives were associated with greater drinking frequency and quantity, along with a broader variety of adverse consequences, alcohol dependence, parental divorce or separation, later onset of childhood neglect, and experiencing conditions perceived as analogous to war. Practice implications are discussed, including a comprehensive motivational assessment at the initiation of treatment, and the prevention or mitigation of stressful events during childhood and adult life.
Predicting coastal cliff erosion using a Bayesian probabilistic model

Abstract Regional coastal cliff retreat is difficult to model due to the episodic nature of failures and the along-shore variability of retreat events. There is a growing demand, however, for predictive models that can be used to forecast areas vulnerable to coastal erosion hazards. Increasingly, probabilistic models are being employed that require data sets of high temporal density to define the joint probability density function that relates forcing variables (e.g. wave conditions) and initial conditions (e.g. cliff geometry) to erosion events. In this study we use a multi-parameter Bayesian network to investigate correlations between key variables that control and influence variations in cliff retreat processes. The network uses Bayesian statistical methods to estimate event probabilities using existing observations. Within this framework, we forecast the spatial distribution of cliff retreat along two stretches of cliffed coast in Southern California. The input parameters are the height and slope of the cliff, a descriptor of material strength based on the dominant cliff-forming lithology, and the long-term cliff erosion rate that represents prior behavior. The model is forced using predicted wave impact hours. Results demonstrate that the Bayesian approach is well-suited to the forward modeling of coastal cliff retreat, with the correct outcomes forecast in 70–90% of the modeled transects. The model also performs well in identifying specific locations of high cliff erosion, thus providing a foundation for hazard mapping. This approach can be employed to predict cliff erosion at time-scales ranging from storm events to the impacts of sea-level rise at the century-scale.
Evidence that neurovascular coupling underlying the BOLD effect increases with age during childhood

Functional MRI using blood–oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) imaging has provided unprecedented insights into the maturation of the human brain. Task-based fMRI studies have shown BOLD signal increases with age during development (ages 5–18) for many cognitive domains such as language and executive function, while functional connectivity (resting-state) fMRI studies investigating regionally synchronous BOLD fluctuations have revealed a developing functional organization of the brain from a local into a more distributed architecture. However, interpretation of these results is confounded by the fact that the BOLD signal is directly related to blood oxygenation driven by changes in blood flow and only indirectly related to neuronal activity, and may thus be affected by changing neuronal–vascular coupling. BOLD signal and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were measured simultaneously in a cohort of 113 typically developing awake participants ages 3–18 performing a narrative comprehension task. Using a novel voxelwise wild bootstrap analysis technique, an increased ratio of BOLD signal to relative CBF signal change with age (indicative of increased neuronal–vascular coupling) was seen in the middle temporal gyri and the left inferior frontal gyrus. Additionally, evidence of decreased relative oxygen metabolism (indicative of decreased neuronal activity) with age was found in the same regions. These findings raise concern that results of developmental BOLD studies cannot be unambiguously attributed to neuronal activity. Astrocytes and astrocytic processes may significantly affect the maturing functional architecture of the brain, consistent with recent research demonstrating a key role for astrocytes in mediating increased CBF following neuronal activity and for astrocyte processes in modulating synaptic connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp, 36:1–15, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fast inward current properties of voltage-clamped ventricular cells of embryonic chick heart

To determine ionic properties of the fast inward current of embryonic chick hearts, whole cell voltage-clamp experiments were carried out on single cardiomyocytes. Ventricular myocytes trypsin disp...
Environmentally mediated carbonic anhydrase induction in the gills of euryhaline crustaceans

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase appears to be a central molecular component in the suite of physiological and biochemical adaptations to low salinity found in euryhaline crustaceans. It is present in high activities in the organs responsible for osmotic and ionic regulation, the gills, and more specifically, the individual gills that are specialized for active ion uptake from dilute sea water. Within those gills carbonic anhydrase is distributed among different subcellular pools, the cytoplasm, mitochondria and microsomes. The cytoplasmic pool represents the largest subcellular fraction of carbonic anhydrase activity, and it is this fraction that undergoes a tenfold induction during acclimation to low salinity. Carbonic anhydrase activity is present in excess of that needed to support the general ion-transport processes, and so it is doubtful that carbonic anhydrase activity itself is a point of short-term regulation in response to salinity changes. Rather, upregulation of carbonic anhydrase appears to be a result of selective gene expression, representing a permanent response to long-term adaptation to low salinity. The exact signal that initiates the induction of carbonic anhydrase, and the pathway through which that signal is transduced to the activation of the carbonic anhydrase gene, are unknown, but two promising avenues of research exist. First, induction of carbonic anhydrase is immediately preceded by hemodilution and subsequent cell swelling, a potential initiating event in the process. Second, recent work indicates that expression of carbonic anhydrase is under the control of a repressor substance, located in the eyestalk, whose effect is removed upon exposure to low salinity.
A robotics based design activity to teach the Doppler effect

This paper presents a STEM design activity for use by primary and secondary school teachers to effectively teach the Doppler effect to students. First, the phenomenon is presented in an intriguing way. Once the initial concept is grasped, we cover the science of what is happening by describing the concept and definition of frequency, wavelength, and velocity. Several applications are then presented as well as some supplemental concepts that may be studied in more advanced classes. Finally, the students are instructed to think creatively about how to set up an experiment that utilizes robotics technology to adequately demonstrate the fundamentals of the Doppler effect. The students are required to fulfill of several learning objectives during the design activity. The design activity was presented to several high school teachers in the Northeastern region of the United States who in turn conducted the activity in their classrooms.
Source apportionment of ambient particle number concentrations in central Los Angeles using positive matrix factorization (PMF)

Abstract. In this study, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model (version 5.0) was used to identify and quantify major sources contributing to particulate matter (PM) number concentrations, using PM number size distributions in the range of 13 nm to 10 µm combined with several auxiliary variables, including black carbon (BC), elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), PM mass concentrations, gaseous pollutants, meteorological, and traffic counts data, collected for about 9 months between August 2014 and 2015 in central Los Angeles, CA. Several parameters, including particle number and volume size distribution profiles, profiles of auxiliary variables, contributions of different factors in different seasons to the total number concentrations, diurnal variations of each of the resolved factors in the cold and warm phases, weekday/weekend analysis for each of the resolved factors, and correlation between auxiliary variables and the relative contribution of each of the resolved factors, were used to identify PM sources. A six-factor solution was identified as the optimum for the aforementioned input data. The resolved factors comprised nucleation, traffic 1, traffic 2 (with a larger mode diameter than traffic 1 factor), urban background aerosol, secondary aerosol, and soil/road dust. Traffic sources (1 and 2) were the major contributor to PM number concentrations, collectively making up to above 60 % (60.8–68.4 %) of the total number concentrations during the study period. Their contribution was also significantly higher in the cold phase compared to the warm phase. Nucleation was another major factor significantly contributing to the total number concentrations (an overall contribution of 17 %, ranging from 11.7 to 24 %), with a larger contribution during the warm phase than in the cold phase. The other identified factors were urban background aerosol, secondary aerosol, and soil/road dust, with relative contributions of approximately 12 % (7.4–17.1), 2.1 % (1.5–2.5 %), and 1.1 % (0.2–6.3 %), respectively, overall accounting for about 15 % (15.2–19.8 %) of PM number concentrations. As expected, PM number concentrations were dominated by factors with smaller mode diameters, such as traffic and nucleation. On the other hand, PM volume and mass concentrations in the study area were mostly affected by sources with larger mode diameters, including secondary aerosols and soil/road dust. Results from the present study can be used as input parameters in future epidemiological studies to link PM sources to adverse health effects as well as by policymakers to set targeted and more protective emission standards for PM.
The Bovine Pancreatic Spasmolytic Polypeptide Gene Maps to Syntenic Group U10: Implications for the Evolution of the Human Breast Cancer Estrogen Inducible Locus

Recently, homology has been reported for pS2, a protein expressed in many human breast cancers, and a hormonogastric protein known as pancreatic spasmolytic polypeptide (SPP; formerly designated as PSP). The breast cancer estrogen inducible locus (BCEI), which encodes pS2, maps to human chromosome 21 (HSA 21). The SPP locus has not been mapped in humans. Several loci from HSA 21 have been mapped in cattle to syntenic group U10, but a BCEI bovine homolog was not detected. If a bovine BCEI locus does exist, map comparisons predict BCEI will reside on syntenic group U10. The assignment of bovine SPP to syntenic group U10 supports the postulated evolutionary relationship between BCEI and SPP.
Bulk Ceramic and Screen Printed EuBa2Cu3O7-δ

The structural, magnetic and electrical properties of EuBa2Cu3O7-δ have been investigated both for bulk ceramics and screen printed thick films. The bulk ceramic reaches zero resistance at 92 K, and has large intragranular critical current density inferred from magnetization loops; the directly measured critical current density is substantially lower because of the weak links (Josephson junctions) between grains. Screen printed thick films on strontium titanate have poor magnetic and resistive transitions with evidence for two phases. High temperature oxygen anneals produce a bulk ceramic with significantly enhanced magnetic properties.
Social Indecision: A Dysfunctional Focus of Transitional Society

leadership potential in their respective organizations, and they spend a great deal of money hiring consulting firms to test young executives, or to pirate them away from other organizations. This doubt of top management about the capabilities of their junior members seems a little invalid, since most organizations of any size and stability continue to prosper. It may reflect a necessary feeling on the part of top executives that no one can really replace them. None the less, if these same executives could, by permitting a normal growth of the administrative component, be freed from the details of their jobs, they would have more time to assess their aspiring juniors, whatever their characteristics. Finally, and most important, a normally-growing administrative component would leave top executives time to deal with the very problems which are occasioned by size. If size brings about an explosive growth in the quantity of potential contacts, this means that there should be a commensurate increase in the amount of thought directed toward the quality of these contacts. If size increases the need for adequate control and properly exercised authority, so also does it increase the need for adequately discharged responsibility for the direction in which the whole massive organization moves. If the size of an organization increases, its effect on its containing community, state, and nation increases, and with this, the need for a higher degree of foresight in the guidance of the whole.
Simulation Experiment and Calculation of DC Electric Field Caused by DC Transmission Line at High Altitude Districts

500 kV Qinghai-Tibet DC transmission project will be built,and DC transmission line will firstly be built over 5000 m altitude in world,the station will firstly be built over 3000 m altitude too. The EM environment become worse as the altitude rises. Therefore,the mathematic model of DC transmission line was established,the DC electric field calculation program was programmed for high altitude DC transmission lines,and DC electric field of different altitude areas was calculated. Analog experiment was put to test the DC transmission lines electric field in Wuhan,Lanzhou,Xining,Germu,Tibet and Tuotuohe. The results of calculating DC electric field in deferent altitude areas almost match those from Analog experiment. On the same condition,the ground DC electric field under DC transmission lines increases as the altitude height rises,and the rising rate is 2~4 kV/m per 1000 m.
The Bradleyan Regress, Non-Relational Realism, and the Quinean Semantic Strategy

Non-Relational Realism is a popular solution to the Bradleyan regress of facts or truths. It denies that there is a relational universal of exemplification; for an object a to exemplify a universal F-ness, on this view, is not for a relation to subsist between a and F-ness. An influential objection to Non-Relational Realism is that it is unacceptably obscure. The author argues that Non-Relational Realism can be understood as a selective application of satisfaction semantics to predicates like ‘exemplify’, and that so understood, it is not obscure. This kind of selective use of satisfaction semantics may be feasible in other contexts as a means of making theories more parsimonious.
Effects of Climate Change on Extreme Low-Flows in Small Lowland Tributaries in the Skagit River Basin

Abstract Management of extreme low-flows requires fundamental trade-offs between water extraction for human use (e.g. for irrigation and municipal water supply) and in-stream flows to protect aquatic ecosystems. In the context of protecting endangered salmon and other cold-water fish species in small streams, extreme low-flows are one of the most important aspects of the flow regime. We quantify projected changes in low-flow magnitude and timing for several lowland tributaries of the Skagit River basin in response to regional climate change. Ten hydrologic model simulations of mid-21st century (2030–2059) streamflows are compared against a historical period (1917–2006). Each of the hydrologic simulations are forced by atmospheric variables developed from respective CMIP3 global climate model (GCM) output downscaled to 1/16th degree resolution using the Hybrid-Delta downscaling method. Baseline historical simulations are forced by historical gridded meteorological data sets of temperature and precipitation...
Cl- secretagogues increase basolateral K+ conductance of frog corneal epithelium.

The stromal-to-tear transport of Cl- by the corneal epithelium of the frog is increased by pharmacological effectors (secretagogues) that are known to raise the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP o...
Immune Response to Hepatitis B Virus in Children with Papular Acrodermatitis

Papular acrodermatitis of childhood (PAC) is characterized by papular eruption of skin, lymphadenopathy, and acute hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive anicteric hepatitis. To study the course of hepatitis B virus infection we followed 16 patients with PAC, 2 to 7 years of age, for periods ranging from 6 to 46 months. All patients tested developed hepatitis B surface antigenemia subtype ay, and produced antibody to hepatitis B core antigen with the highest incidence after 3 to 5 months. Half of the children investigated developed antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen 4 to 18 months (mean, 6.5) after the onset of PAC. At the end of the investigation, 31% of the children were still HbsAg-positive, 50% were antibody to hepatitis B core antigen-positive, and in 43% the activity of serum aminotransferases was abnormal. Liver biopsy repeated in 2 children showed chronic aggressive hepatitis. The pattern of antibody response to hepatitis B virus is similar in both HBsAg-positive hepatitis and PAC. The frequent development of HBsAg carrier state and the high proportion of children with liver abnormalities at the end of the investigation suggest an impaired clearance of hepatitis B virus and a tendency to chronicity.
Test strategies in selected clinical problems.

Algorithmic testing strategies for various clinical problems, such as myocardial infarction, hypothyroidism, and hepatic disease, are presented. The strategies, although based on Bayesian statistics and clinical decision analysis, are descriptive in that, for the most part, clinicians appear to adopt the same ideas and principles.