cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study on Effectiveness of Regional Logistics in China Based on Improved DEA

In this paper,we expounded systematically the basic ideas and an improved mode of DEA,on the basis of which we compared the logistics efficiency of seven provincial areas in the year 2007 using the input-output index system we constructed and found that the logistics efficiency of Beijing and Ningxia were DEA effective and also the highest-ranked two,followed by,in order from the highest to the lowest,Shandong,Henan,Jiangxi,Fujian and Jilin.
It takes a community to resurrect a CLS program.

Florida Gulf Coast University (FGCU) revised and reactivated its former 2+2 NAACLS accredited program in 2006, by instituting an innovative 3+1 approach. With the efforts of the community laboratories, FGCU instituted an innovative structure which made its CLS program more viable by greatly reducing expenses of operation without sacrificing the quality of education. ABBREVIATIONS:CLS = Clinical Laboratory Science; FGCU = Florida Gulf Coast University; BS = Bachelor of Science; NAACLS = National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences; ASCP = American Society for Clinical Pathology; ETA Employment and Training Administration
Patellar tendon straps decrease pre-landing quadriceps activation in males with patellar tendinopathy.

Abstract Objective To determine if patellar tendon straps altered quadriceps' muscle activity during a drop-jump landing in males with and without patellar tendinopathy. Design Case-control. Settings Biomechanics Research Laboratory. Participants Twenty recreationally-active males participated: ten (age = 21.3 ± 2.4 years, height = 182.8 ± 5.3 cm, mass = 81.7 ± 8.6 kg) with patellar tendinopathy; ten (age = 22.0 ± 1.6 years, height = 185.7 ± 4.5 cm, mass = 82.2 ± 9.8 kg) were healthy with no history of tendinopathy. Main outcome measures Electromyography (EMG) data for the vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles were collected. Five 2-legged 40 cm drop-jumps were performed wearing a patellar tendon strap and 5 with no-strap in a counterbalanced order. Root-mean square EMG (REMG) values of the VM, RF, and VL were averaged for a pre-landing and post-landing interval. Multiple mixed-model two-way ANOVAs were performed to determine the effect of tendinopathy and strapping condition on REMG values for each muscle. Results For the pre-landing interval, all participants displayed lesser VL EMG activation (0.44 ± 0.19%, 0.53 ± 0.27%, respectively; p = 0.007, d = 0.39) in the no-strap compared with the strap condition. Conclusions When wearing a strap, all participants demonstrated lower VL activation prior to landing which may be helpful in reducing tensile stress at the tendon. These effects may be clinically important in modulating pain in those with patellar tendinopathy.
Learning new chemistry and physics with THz light

"Terahertz spectroscopy" emerged about 16 years ago with the demonstration that nearly single cycle pulses of far-infrared (FIR) radiation could be generated, sent through free space, and subsequently detected in the time-domain. Since then, THz spectroscopy has become an active area with studies ranging from condensed matter physics to gas-phase spectroscopy to biomedical imaging. This paper describes optical pump - THz probe measurements of transient photoconductivity in CdSe quantum dots, and transient photoconductivity in colloidal nanocrystalline TiO/sub 2/. THz emission experiments of ultrafast demagnetization experiments are described as well.
Validation of a new deterministic transport code for SPECT simulation

The simulation of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has traditionally been done using Monte Carlo methods. However, the hybrid deterministic transport code TITAN is being benchmarked for the simulation of SPECT. The TITAN code is referred to as “hybrid” because it uses a discrete ordinates method in the phantom and a simplified ray-tracing algorithm in the air outside of the phantom. The TITAN code has been compared with the results of the SIMIND Monte Carlo code and experimental data of a myocardial perfusion phantom. In comparison with SIMIND, TITAN projection images were found to be in good visual agreement. However, maximum relative differences ranging from 13% to 26% were found when the projection images were compared numerically. These are believed to be the result of different cross-section information used in the codes and differences in how the codes represent collimation. A computation time comparison showed the advantage of the TITAN code over SIMIND when an increasing number of projection images are generated. The comparison with experimental data also resulted in excellent visual agreement with numerical differences of 21% to 30%, which are at least partially due to limitations of the experiment.
The SP100 component of ND10 enhances accumulation of PML and suppresses replication and the assembly of HSV replication compartments

Nuclear domain 10 (ND10) bodies are small (0.1-1 μM) nuclear structures containing both constant [e.g., promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML), SP100, death domain-associated protein (Daxx)] and variable proteins, depending on the function of the cells or the stress to which they are exposed. In herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected cells, ND10 bodies assemble at the sites of DNA entering the nucleus after infection. In sequence, the ND10 bodies become viral replication compartments, and ICP0, a viral E3 ligase, degrades both PML and SP100. The amounts of PML and SP100 and the number of ND10 structures increase in cells exposed to IFN-β. Earlier studies have shown that PML has three key functions. Thus, (i) the interaction of PML with viral components facilitates the initiation of replication compartments, (ii) viral replication is significantly less affected by IFN-β in PML-/- cells than in parental PML+/+ cells, and (iii) viral yields are significantly lower in PML-/- cells exposed to low ratios of virus per cell compared with parental PML+/+ cells. This report focuses on the function of SP100. In contrast to PML-/- cells, SP100-/- cells retain the sensitivity of parental SP100+/+ cells to IFN-β and support replication of the ΔICP0 virus. At low multiplicities of infection, wild-type virus yields are higher in SP100-/- cells than in parental HEp-2 cells. In addition, the number of viral replication compartments is significantly higher in SP100-/- cells than in parental SP100+/+ cells or in PML-/- cells.
“Killer” Metaphors and the Wisdom of Captive Orcas

This entry distinguishes captive orcas from their wilder and freer kin. We speculate that captive orcas embody three principle metaphors: Prisoner; Activist; Martyr. These metaphors help us to imagine the kinds of rhetorical thinking necessary for a deeper understanding of the costs of human behavior as well as the potential for creating new visions and modes of witnessing. By witnessing orcas-as-prisoners, humans begin to see marine parks anew, as prisons, understanding their own complicity in the imprisonment of animal activists. Captive orca metaphors help to convey the actions of other-than-humans as rhetorically salient and politically motivated.
Elastic Scattering of 3He from Polarized 3He

Experimental evidence now exists for highly excited levels in 6Be. Measurements of the differential cross section for 3He-3He elastic scat- tering1,2,3) show a broad resonance at about 24 MeV excitation energy in 6Be which has been identified with the l=3 partial wave. Resonant structure has also been observed in the 3He-3He capture reaction4) corresponding to a Jπ = 3- level at 23 MeV excitation. Resonating group calculations5) employing a phenomenological imaginary potential predict an unsplit 3F level at 25 MeV excitation.
On a Nonlinear Hyperbolic Equation Describing Transmission Lines, Cell Movement, and Branching Random Walks

This is a preliminary and expository report on a nonlinear hyperbolic equation that arises from a variety of distinct phenomena. We derive the equation $$ {\varepsilon ^2}{v_{tt}} + \left( {1 + g\left( v \right)} \right){v_t} = {k^2}{v_{xx}} + f\left( v \right) $$ (1) as the equation for the voltage along a transmission line with nonlinear shunt conductance and a series inductance along the length of the line, from simple models of movement and reproduction in tissue cells and one celled organisms, and from a mathematical treatment of a branching random walk. In addition, with the proper scaling and choice of f and g this nonlinear hyperbolic equation can be viewed as the equation that describes a continuum of coupled van der Pol oscillators. In equation (1) the value of e 2 need not be small, but the choice of the notation e 2 suggests analogies with other well known nonlinear partial differential equations, and we will mention some of these analogies below. The purpose of this report is to briefly explain and motivate all of these derivations and to present some basic results about the solutions of this equation. In addition, the purpose is to show how the probabilistic interpretation of the equation arising out of the branching random walk helps in the understanding and motivation of the results. Detailed proofs of the new results will be presented elsewhere.
Current Concepts of the Pathophysiology of Allergic Asthma

The word asthma was derived from the Greek word for “panting,” or “breath-lessness” and thus might be considered a description of a symptom rather than a diagnosis. Although medical advances of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have established asthma as a diagnostic entity, it is recognized that this disease is heterogeneous and difficult to classify. Asthma can be defined clinically as a recurrent disease causing intermittent wheezing, breathlessness, and cough with sputum production. Pathologically, asthma is a disease of airflow obstruction caused by combinations of bronchial smooth muscle contraction, mucosal edema and inflammation, and viscous mucin secretion. The disease involves large and small airways but not alveoli, and the processes leading to airflow obstruction are reversible, either spontaneously or in response to medication.
Resistance to Microtubule-Targeting Drugs

As essential components of cell shape, signaling, movement and division, microtubules (MTs) are crucial to normal cellular functions and survival. Beginning with vincristine in the 1950’s numerous agents targeting the microtubules have been identified and developed as anti-cancer agents. Their use in the clinic has at times led to complete regression of tumors, but unfortunately in too many cases, regressions have not occurred or have been followed by the recurrence of tumor that is then usually resistant to the agent that appeared initially to be effective. These clinical observations have driven a body of work that has sought to understand why some cells are resistant to begin with while others become resistant after drug treatment. Numerous approaches have been used to identify the molecular changes responsible for this differential sensitivity, and once identified these have been used to understand at a structural level how resistance is conferred. These studies have helped to elucidate mechanisms of drug resistance and also enhance our understanding of how microtubule-targeting drugs interact with tubulin and the microtubules.
An “uppity generation” and the revitalization of macroscopic sociology

The questioner was Perry Anderson, and the query was directed at me, Theda Skocpol, as the two of us sat together on a wintry day in 1978, eating lunch at Grendel's Den, down Boylston street from Harvard Square. I had just finished the manuscript for States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China.' Anderson and I knew one another by reputation, but this was our first personal discussion. I had described the arguments and the historical scope of my new book to him, and he had then asked me about my background. Where had I come from; and what was my education? Anderson was himself the author of a recently published two-volume masterpiece, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism and Lineages of the Absolutist State, a study that analyzed European civilization and European states over two thousand years of history.2
Paving the Way: Road and Empire Builders

This chapter highlights metropolitan re-imaginings of the French as inheritors of both Roman builders of empire and colonized Gauls, after the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. On the ground, this translated as a reordering of the colony toward a system of transport of both people and goods, administrators engineering landscapes to pacify regions, using the “civilizing roadway” and “association” to assuage anxieties both at home and in the colony. As roads became integral parts of the new regime, travel writing also became part of the official propaganda. This chapter focuses in particular on the figure of Albert Sarraut, Governor General, instigator of the road-building project, and future Minister of the Colonies.
Gender Dictates the Relationship between Serum Lipids and Leukocyte Counts in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004

Dyslipidemias and leukocytosis are associated with cardiovascular disease and immune disorders. Mechanistic studies have shown lipoprotein metabolism to play a significant role in the regulation of atherosclerosis development and leukocyte activation, whereas lipid-lowering treatments have been shown to exert beneficial anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in clinical trials. However, the relationship between clinical markers of lipid metabolism and leukocyte counts has not been extensively evaluated at the population level. We aimed to determine whether clinical blood lipid measures are associated with leukocyte counts in the general U.S. population represented in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999⁻2004, and whether differences exist between men and women (n = 5647). We observed a strong positive linear trend between serum triglycerides vs. blood lymphocyte and basophil counts in both men and women, whereas a positive trend between monocytes vs. triglycerides and lymphocytes vs. total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) was only detected in women. Conversely, HDL-C was inversely associated with a greater number of leukocyte subsets in men, whereas inverse trends between HDL-C vs. lymphocytes were observed in both men and women. In multiple regression models, a 10% increase in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides was associated with a predicted 1.6%, 0.6%, and 1.4% increase in blood lymphocyte counts in women, respectively, whereas no relationship was observed in men. In both men and women, a 10% increase in triglycerides was additionally associated with higher lymphocyte, neutrophil, and basophil counts, whereas 10% increases in HDL-cholesterol were associated with significantly lower lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil counts in men, in addition to lower lymphocyte and monocyte counts in women. These findings suggest that clinical lipid markers may be used to predict blood leukocyte distributions, and that a gender-specific relationship exists between distinct classes of serum lipids and immune cell subsets.
The effects of microbial phytase, citric acid, and their interaction in a corn-soybean meal-based diet for weanling pigs.

Crossbred weanling pigs (an equal number of barrows and gilts) with an average initial weight of 7.4 (Exp. 1) or 9.6 kg (Exp. 2) were used in two 4-wk experiments (Exp. 1, n = 96; Exp. 2, n = 96) to investigate the effects of added phytase or citric acid on performance, rib mineralization, gastric pH, and digestibility measurements. A corn-soybean meal-based diet low in Ca and P was used in both experiments. In Exp. 1, three citric acid levels (0, 1.5, or 3.0%) and four phytase levels (0, 250, 500, or 750 U/kg) were used in a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. In Exp. 2, two citric acid levels (0 or 2.0%) and three phytase levels (0, 250, or 500 U/kg) were used in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Phosphorus was maintained at .33 and .34% in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Calcium was maintained at a 2.5:1 ratio with total available P (available P plus the estimated released phytate P by phytase) in Exp. 1 and at a level of .44% in Exp. 2. In both experiments, BW and feed consumption were measured weekly, and pen fecal samples were collected twice daily for 5 d during wk 4. At the end of wk 4, the barrow in each pen was killed following a fast-refeed-fast (22-1-2 h) regimen for collection of 10th ribs and stomach digesta. In Exp. 1 and 2, phytase addition did not affect (P > .05) performance but linearly increased (P < .05) rib shear force, shear energy, dry bone weight, ash weight, ash percentage, and Ca and P digestibilities. Addition of citric acid in both experiments reduced dietary pH and stomach digesta pH (P < .05). The addition of citric acid improved (P < .05) ADG, feed efficiency, and Ca digestibility in Exp. 1, but it had no effect on performance and Ca digestibility in Exp. 2. In summary, the additions of citric acid and phytase to weanling pig diets were each beneficial, but no synergistic effects were observed.
Teaching an old ligand new tricks.

Tertiary amines are poor directing groups for C(sp3)–H activation using Pdii catalysts due to favourable β-hydride elimination pathways. Now, an N-acetyl amino acid ligand is shown to shut down this deleterious pathway, enabling facile arylation of a highly medicinally relevant group of compounds.
A numerical modelling of flows in an open channel with emergent vegetation

Simulations of shallow-water flows in an open channel with vegetation are considered. The simple formulation of bulk resistance makes numerical realization of vegetation straightforward. Stem-scale...
The role of glassy dynamics in the anomaly of the dielectric function of solid helium

We propose that the acousto-optical (electro-elastic) coupling of the electric field to strain fields localized around defects in disordered 4He causes an increase of the dielectric function with decreasing temperature due to the arrested dynamics of defect excitations. A distribution of such low-energy excitations can be described within the framework of a glass susceptibility of a small volume fraction inside solid 4He. Upon lowering the temperature the relaxation time τ(T) of defects increases and an anomaly occurs in the dielectric function ϵ(ω,T) when ωτ(T) ∼ 1. Since ϵ(ω,T) satisfies the Kramers–Kronig relation, we predict an accompanying peak in the imaginary part of ϵ(ω,T) at the same temperature that the largest change in amplitude occurs at a fixed frequency. We also discuss recent measurements of the amplitude of the dynamic dielectric function that indicate a low-temperature anomaly similar to that seen in the resonance frequency of the torsional oscillator and shear modulus experiments.
Oral self-management of palbociclib (Ibrance®) using mobile technology protocol.

Aim This study will test the feasibility and effectiveness of mobile technology intervention on the patients' self-management of oral anticancer medication. Secondary objectives include acceptability, the usefulness of text messages, and satisfaction by participants and nurses. Methods This prospective two-arm study will recruit patients (N = 220) with metastatic breast cancer and initiating treatment with palbociclib (Ibrance ®). Allowing for attrition, patients will be randomized into the control (N = 100) or intervention (N = 100) group. Unidirectional text message reminders will be sent during the treatment cycle through a secure web application using the patient's smartphone. Self-reported survey responses will be collected at three time points; at consent, end of treatment cycles, and the follow-up clinic visit and include a demographic questionnaire, the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire, Post study questionnaire and the R-15 Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire. Nurses providing care for study patients will complete the Adaptation of Stamps Nurse Workload questionnaire. Data will be analysed an intent-to-treat analysis comparing the two arms. Study approval was obtained in December 2019 and funded in January 2020. Discussion Smartphones are globally available and have text messaging capability which is increasingly being used as an intervention in healthcare studies. This study will test a low-cost, nurse-led intervention that enhances the patient's experience with oral anti-cancer medications, improves access to care, reduces costs, and improves the satisfaction of nurses caring for oncology patients. Impact Despite the ease of administering oral anti-cancer medications, oncology patients maynot take them as prescribed and consequently, these factors affect patient outcomes and disease control. Given the importance of taking oral anti-cancer medications and the difficulties patients experience in achieving it, the effective use of mobile technology interventions can actively engage patients in their care and improve medication self-management of anticancer treatment regimens.
Socioeconomic Impact of RSV Hospitalization

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease is a significant cause of morbidity and socioeconomic burden worldwide among young children. The majority of RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and mortality occurs in developing countries and is associated with various sociodemographic risk factors. Independent risk factors for severe RSV disease include age and premature birth. While RSV mortality in developed countries is lower relative to developing countries, high-risk infants with comorbidities experience higher rates of mortality. RSV LRTI is often severe and is associated with hospitalization, increased need for intensive care unit admission and mechanical ventilation, long-term complications, and caregiver stress and loss of work productivity. Overall, these factors translate to higher health care resource utilization and costs and should be factored into the consideration for RSV prophylaxis. Multiple vaccine candidates and long-acting monoclonal antibodies are in various stages of clinical development. Currently, palivizumab is the only approved RSV immunoprophylaxis available for use in specific high-risk pediatric populations. This review will discuss the socioeconomic impact and health care resource utilization of RSV-related hospitalization (RSVH) as well as various sociodemographic risk factors that can be used to identify children at high risk of developing severe RSV disease.
Stem Cell Therapy as a Treatment for Autoimmune Disease—Updates in Lupus, Scleroderma, and Multiple Sclerosis

Evidence for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) in autoimmune disease has been building since the 1990s; however, many clinicians may not yet be aware of its applications to autoimmune disease. We review the basic tenets of HCT and evidence for autologous HCT in multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and lupus with an emphasis on recent advanced phase trials. In MS, the phase 3 randomized MIST trial and the phase 2 randomized ASTIMS trial demonstrated the efficacy of autologous HCT in refractory MS over disease-modifying therapies and mitoxantrone, respectively. In SSc, the phase 3 randomized ASTIS trial and the phase 2 randomized SCOT trial demonstrated the efficacy of autologous HCT in advanced SSc compared to cyclophosphamide. The evidence for HCT in autoimmune diseases continues to grow, particularly in MS and SSc. In lupus, large, comparative trials are still needed. Across autoimmune diseases, questions that still remain to be answered include optimizing patient selection to limit TRM, the appropriate use of MAC, and the necessity for graft manipulation. Furthermore, collaboration between disease-specific and transplant physicians is imperative to expand the appropriate use of HCT in routine clinical practice.
A Low-Loss Silicon MEMS Phase Shifter Operating in the 550-GHz Band

This article presents a low-loss silicon microelectrical mechanical system (MEMS) phase shifter operating in the 500–600 GHz band. The phase shifter consists of a $\text{30-}\mu \text{m}$ thick perforated silicon slab that is moved in and out of a waveguide in the E-plane with a large deflection MEMS actuator. By implementing different hexagonal patterns in the silicon slab, a stepped permittivity is created to impedance match, and thus, reduce return loss. When the silicon slab is inserted into the waveguide, the phase velocity of the incoming wave is decreased, thus resulting in different phase shifts depending on the position of the slab inside the waveguide. The MEMS phase shifter is fully actuated at around $50\,{\text{V}}$ and can move up to $\pm 95\,\mu \text{m}$ , depending on the applied voltage. The insertion loss, when the maximum phase shift is achieved, is measured to be $\text{1.8}\,\text{dB}$ , compared to a $1.6\text{-}\text{dB}$ insertion loss for a waveguide of equivalent length. The return loss is better than $\text{18}\,\text{dB}$ for the desired band. The measured phase shift, with the slab fully inserted into the waveguide at $\text{550}\,\text{GHz}$ was $145^\circ$ . The MEMS phase shifter enables a variety of applications including phased array antenna systems with scanning capability for mapping of planetary surfaces with an electronically steerable antenna.
The discourse of deservingness: Racialized framing during rumored ICE raids:

On February 12–14th, 2017, there were rumors of an ICE raid in the small East Texas city of Hometown. Reports that ICE was present circulated on social media platforms and radio stations in the are...
Women warriors in early modern Spain: a tribute to Bárbara Mujica: edited by Susan L. Fischer and Frederick A. de Armas, Newark, University of Delaware Press, 2019, 306 pp., $75 (hardback), ISBN13 978-1644530153/$37.50 (paperback), ISBN13 978-1644530160.

Susan L. Fischer and Frederick A. de Armas's tribute to Barbara Mujica is interdisciplinary, creative and unique. Beginning with an outstanding introduction and historiographical overview, the volu...
Stochastic Partial Differential Equation Modelling of Flow and Transport

Several natural processes are involved in the transport of pollutants from a source through different environmental compartments and media, leading ultimately to exposure of human populations. Environmental modelling is concerned with the study of these processes and the prediction of pollutant levels at specified space-time points in the environment.
Tuning the Light Absorption of Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers: Effects of Side Chains and ‘Spacer’ Units in Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine-Fluorene Copolymers

Four donor–acceptor (D-A) copolymers of 2,3-difunctionalized thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine (TP) and 9,9-dioctylfluorene were prepared in order to illustrate the ability to tune the electronic and optical properties of TP-based D-A polymers by the choice of side chains on the TP unit. In addition, analogous polymers were prepared with and without thiophene spacer units in order to allow discussion of their effect on the material properties. This combination of effects allowed tuning of the band gap over the range of 1.6–2.1 eV. Full optical and electrochemical characterization is reported for all materials, as well as initial photovoltaic device data for representative materials.
Amphipodological agreement with Platnick

(1991). Amphipodological agreement with Platnick. Journal of Natural History: Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1675-1676.
Ontology, Epistemology, and Multiple Methods

Epistemologies and research methods do not exist in metaphysical vacuum. This is to say that they are both, supported by (or presumed by), and support (or presume) fundamental ontologies. A discussion of the epistemological foundations of "multi-method" research in the social sciences - in as much as such research claims to unearth "causal" relations - therefore cannot avoid the ontological presuppositions or implications of such a discussion. "Multi-method" research is therefore also "multi-ontological". But though there isn't necessarily a perfect correspondence between ontology, epistemology, and methodology, they do constrain each other. As such it is possible to make methodological choices that are at odds with one's (implicit) ontology or argue from an ontology that is inconsistent one's choice of methods. Yet lack of recognition of this fact has hampered methodological discussions in political science, especially with respect to the discussion on the merits of multi-method research. The ontology implicitly accepted in such discussions is "reductionist" and "regularist", i.e. one which respectively defines causes in terms of non-causal relations and states of affair and affirms that such non-causal relations are regularities in nature. This paper will argue that any attempt to fit "multi-method" research (where "multi-method" signifies some combination of inferential statistics and case studies) within this narrow ontology is destined to fail since such a metaphysics logically cannot accord case studies a necessary or sufficient role in the in the establishment of causal relations. In other words, in the context of "multi-method" research the role of case studies is rendered superfluous under this ontology, with the result that the use of multiple methods cannot be logically - rather epistemologically - justified. However there are metaphysical positions within the ambit of an empiricist philosophy of science that can accommodate multiple methods without contradiction. The paper will discuss two such ontologies and suggest ways in which they might allow the establishment of a coherent epistemological foundation for multi-method research, however, within a decidedly empiricist philosophy of science.
Women and Psychiatry

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by C. Nadelson, volume 24, pp. 16522–16528, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Sexing North American Eskimo and Indian Innominate Bones with the Acetabulum/Pubis Index

The acetabulum/pubis index was tested on American Eskimo and Indian samples of innominate bones to which sex had been assigned by visual inspection. The index alone sexed 91 and 89% of the Eskimo and Indian samples, respectively. Subsequent sorting of misclassified specimens with femur head diameter resulted in 96 and 99% rates of classification. The index and a measurement of ischial height were used in a discriminant function model which correctly identified the sex of 93% of the Eskimo and 92% of the Indian bones. Using femur head diameter to sort those specimens which were misclassified by their discriminant function score yielded classification rates of 96 and 98%. These results are compared to a range of 92 to 100% obtained with the index in earlier studies of American black and white pelvic bone samples.
Mobilization in Severe Sepsis: An Integrative Review

Severe sepsis is a leading cause of long-term morbidity in the United States. Up to half of severe sepsis is treated in non-intensive care unit (ICU) settings, making it applicable to hospitalist practice. Evidence has demonstrated benefits from physical therapy (PT) in myriad conditions; whether PT may benefit severe sepsis patients either within or outside the ICU is unknown. Therefore, we conduct a review of the literature to understand whether early mobilization improves outcomes in patients with severe sepsis in non-ICU settings. We summarize the pathophysiology of functional decline in severe sepsis, the efficacy of PT in other patient populations, and the potential rationale for PT interventions in patients with severe sepsis. Multiple databases were searched for keywords including length of stay, mortality, costs, mobilization and PT. Two authors (SG and VC) independently determined the eligibility of each study. A secondary review including studies of any infectious pathology with PT interventions or sepsis patients within the ICU was also conducted. Our search did not yield any primary literature regarding the impact of mobilization on severe sepsis outcomes in non-ICU settings. Only one retrospective study showed potential benefit of therapy in sepsis patients in the ICU. Similarly, in non-ICU settings, only one study that included patients with bacterial pneumonia reported outcomes after implementing an intervention consisting of early mobilization. These findings suggest that scant data regarding the efficacy of early mobilization following severe sepsis exists. Since hospitalists often care for this patient population, an opportunity for research in this area exists.
Magmatic and tectonic extension at mid-ocean ridges : 1. Controls on fault characteristics

We use 2-D numerical models to explore the thermal and mechanical effects of magma intrusion on fault initiation and growth at slow and intermediate spreading ridges. Magma intrusion is simulated by widening a vertical column of model elements located within the lithosphere at a rate equal to a fraction, M, of the total spreading rate (i.e., M = 1 for fully magmatic spreading). Heat is added in proportion to the rate of intrusion to simulate the thermal effects of magma crystallization and the injection of hot magma into the crust. We examine a range of intrusion rates and axial thermal structures by varying M, spreading rate, and the efficiency of crustal cooling by conduction and hydrothermal circulation. Fault development proceeds in a sequential manner, with deformation focused on a single active normal fault whose location alternates between the two sides of the ridge axis. Fault spacing and heave are primarily sensitive to M and secondarily sensitive to axial lithosphere thickness and the rate that the lithosphere thickens with distance from the axis. Contrary to what is often cited in the literature, but consistent with prior results of mechanical modeling, we find that thicker axial lithosphere tends to reduce fault spacing and heave. In addition, fault spacing and heave are predicted to increase with decreasing rates of off-axis lithospheric thickening. The combination of low M, particularly when M approaches 0.5, as well as a reduced rate of off-axis lithospheric thickening produces long-lived, large-offset faults, similar to oceanic core complexes. Such long-lived faults produce a highly asymmetric axial thermal structure, with thinner lithosphere on the side with the active fault. This across-axis variation in thermal structure may tend to stabilize the active fault for longer periods of time and could concentrate hydrothermal circulation in the footwall of oceanic core complexes.
Assessing anthracycline-treated childhood cancer survivors with advanced stress echocardiography

Background Surveillance for anthracycline cardiotoxicity in cancer survivors typically utilizes resting M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography, which are insensitive to detection of subtle myocardial changes. We examined childhood cancer survivors treated with anthracyclines during exercise using various echocardiography techniques to investigate if these tools can better detect subclinical cardiac dysfunction. Procedure We recruited asymptomatic survivors at least five years post treatment. Echocardiography was performed at rest and at termination of exercise utilizing tissue Doppler techniques and strain rate imaging. Results Eighty participants were characterized by cardiotoxicity risk status (high [12], moderate [23], low [24], no risk [21]) as defined by the Children's Oncology Group Long Term Follow-Up Guidelines v3.0. The high-risk group had a higher resting heart rate than controls (100 vs. 88 bpm [P for trend = 0.049]). Peak aerobic capacity in all groups was similar. Compared to controls at rest, the high-risk group had evidence of diastolic dysfunction with lower E/A ratios (1.4 vs. 2.0, P = 0.008) and higher septal early diastolic velocities (E/E') of 11.7 versus 9.9 (P = 0.165). With exercise, this difference resolved and myocardial contractile reserve was preserved. Conclusions Asymptomatic, pediatric cancer survivors at high-risk for anthracycline cardiotoxicity have some evidence of diastolic filling abnormalities at rest. With exercise, they augment their systolic and diastolic function to achieve normal maximal aerobic capacity suggesting they are able to compensate for mild cardiac dysfunction in the early years after exposure. Additionally, findings suggest that routine exercise echocardiography may not be a useful surveillance tool to assess anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:502–508. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Motivational enhancement mitigates the effects of problematic alcohol use on treatment compliance among partner violent offenders: Results of a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Treatment programs for intimate partner violence (IPV) evidence high rates of noncompliance, which is associated with repeat offending. Problematic alcohol use is reported in approximately half of all partner violent offenders and represents a strong risk factor for treatment noncompliance. However, previous research with IPV offenders mandated to treatment has not evaluated methods to mitigate the effects of alcohol misuse on treatment compliance. METHOD: In the current study, 60 male IPV offenders (25 binge drinkers) were randomly assigned to a single-session brief motivational interview (BMI) or control intervention prior to treatment commencement. Treatment compliance data were collected 6 months later. RESULTS: Findings indicated that binge drinkers had lower treatment compliance than non-binge-drinking participants, and that binge-drinking BMI participants attended more treatment sessions and evidenced lower dropout rates than binge-drinking control participants. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the importance of individualized treatment planning for IPV offenders in order to maximize available resources while accommodating the needs of males at greatest risk for noncompliance and continued violence. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
Reading behavior in dyslexia: Is there a distinctive pattern?

Our findings do not support the belief that a subclass of those specifically backward in reading, the dyslexics, can be differentiated from other poor readers on the basis of a high rate of reversal errors. Although some dyslexics showed orientational and directional biases which are absent in most poor readers, neither those children classified as dyslexics nor other poor readers typically displayed a high proportion of reversals as compared with other errors. Moreover, the difficulties manifested in the common error pattern are chiefly outside the domain of visual perception. They are language-related and are not specific to the visual perception of language. The difficulties of poor readers appear to reflect the inaccessibility of the phonetic segmentation of spoken language, inability to adopt an efficient coding strategy for operations involving short-term memory, and failure to grasp the complex nature of the spelling system of English. Since the difficulties of learning to read interact with the structural peculiarities of particular languages and the way those structures are manifested in the writing system, we must suppose that important work remains to be done in cross-language comparisons of children’s reading errors. How these linguistic factors may influence the reading behavior of dyslexics is likely to be a productive question for future investigation.
A belief function distance metric for orderable sets

This paper describes a new metric for characterizing conflict between belief assignments. The new metric, specifically designed to quantify conflict on orderable sets, uses a Hausdorff-based measure to account for the distance between focal elements. This results in a distance metric that can accurately measure conflict between belief assignments without saturating simply because two assignments do not have common focal elements. The proposed metric is particularly attractive in sensor fusion applications in which belief is distributed on a continuous measurement space. Several example cases demonstrate the proposed metric's performance, and comparisons with other common measures of conflict show the significant benefit of using the proposed metric in cases where a sensor's error and noise characteristics are not known precisely a priori.
The tensor fascia lata myocutaneous flap in gynecologic oncology.

Abstract The tensor fascia lata flap is a laterally based myocutaneous flap with wide applicability in gynecologic oncology. Technical considerations are discussed and uses are outlined with specific examples.
Utilization of [14C]phenylalanine derived from arylphorin or free amino acid in Manduca sexta pharate adults

The role of arylphorin as a storage protein was studied using 14C-arylphorin. 14C-arylphorin was produced optimally by incubating one-half fat body from Manduca sexta fifth instar larvae at 22 degrees C for 24 h, in 1 ml of medium containing amino acids at 25% of their physiological concentration with [U-14C]-phenylalanine (phe) provided initially without nonlabeled phenylalanine. Nonlabeled phe was provided after 1 h at 16% of its physiological concentration. The specific activity of 14C-arylphorin produced in vitro was 30 times greater than that generated in vivo. Injection of 14C-arylphorin into pharate adults was used to study the distribution of 14C-phe derived from this protein into 14CO2 and tissues for comparison with injection of free 14C-phe during the middle (days 6 to 12 pharate adult) and late (days 12 to 17 pharate adult) stages of adult development. Appearance of 14CO2 from 14C-arylphorin as compared to 14C-phenylalanine showed a slower time course during both the middle and late stages of development, in keeping with the time needed for degradation of the protein. In accord with faster phe turnover near the end of adult development, total 14CO2 production was greater and the retention of 14C in hemolymph and fat body was less compared to the middle stage of development regardless of whether 14C-arylphorin or 14C-phe was injected. In the middle stage of development, the appearance of 14C in the cuticle and head parts was greater, whereas incorporation into abdomen and thorax was less than during the late stage of development. Since the pattern of 14C distribution from 14C-arylphorin and 14C-phe was similar, one major function of arylphorin must be as a storage protein replenishing the supply of free amino acids used for synthesis of adult tissues. These results also suggest a limited contribution of M. sexta arylphorin to formation of the cuticle subsequent to day-6 pharate adult.
Observation of bulk phase separation and coexistence in a sheared micellar solution

We observe a shear-flow-induced phase transition in wormlike micelle solutions which depends on whether the applied stress or the applied shear rate is held constant. When the shear stress is held constant, the system macroscopically phase separates into two coexisting phases with a single stable interface between them. By contrast, when the shear rate is held constant, the system still undergoes a phase transition, but the steady states are homogeneous and no coexistence is observed. This leads to dramatically different rheological behavior and unusual long-lived metastable states.
The communicative function of English verb number

This paper offers an account of English verb number solely in terms of communicative function. In this account, verb number is a full-fledged expressive device comparable to the number system for English nouns; all instances of verb number are accounted for in terms of meaning, with the caveat that meaning pertains to conceptualization, not reference. Two points emerge from this line of analysis. First, verb number is not controlled by subject number; each is a separate communicative choice governed by discourse-based principles of semantic coherence. Second, even though the subject usually precedes the verb, speakers can nevertheless think ahead and choose subject number so as to accommodate an anticipated choice of verb number just as well as the reverse, and appear to do both on different occasions. Thus, both choices are best understood in terms of symmetrical relations of textual cohesion, usually with each other but sometimes with other features of the context.
Cognitive and social influence factors in adolescent smoking cessation

Using a longitudinal design, the current study investigated the roles of smoking-related beliefs, and parent and peer psychosocial factors as antecedents and consequences of adolescent smoking cessation. Results indicated that adolescents who would later quit smoking were different from those who continued to smoke even prior to the transition. For younger subjects, cessation was related mainly to parental influences (e.g., parental support and attitudes towards smoking). Older adolescents responded primarily to peer influences in choosing to quit. While psychosocial factors served as antecedents to cessation, results also indicated that the process of quitting itself led to changes in the adolescents' social environment that further reinforced smoking cessation (e.g., fewer friends who smoked, less positive peer attitudes towards smoking). Thus, the process of smoking cessation among adolescents may be bidirectional, with psychosocial factors influencing the decision to quit and, in turn, being influenced by such a decision.
Audience Perceptions of Candidates’ Appropriateness as a Function of Nonverbal Behaviors Displayed During Televised Political Debates

Compared to televised debates using a single-screen format, such debates using a split screen presenting both debaters simultaneously show viewers the nonverbal reactions of each debater's opponent. The authors examined how appropriate or inappropriate such nonverbal behaviors are perceived to be. Students watched one of four versions of a televised debate. One version used a single-screen format, showing only the speaker, whereas the other three versions used a split-screen format in which the speaker's opponent displayed constant, occasional, or no nonverbal disagreement with the speaker. Students then rated the debaters' appropriateness. Analysis indicated that the opponent was perceived to be less appropriate when he displayed any background disagreement compared to when he did not. The students perceived the speaker as most appropriate when his opponent displayed constant nonverbal disagreement.
Effect of holding technique and culture drop size in individual or group culture on blastocyst development after ICSI of equine oocytes with low meiotic competence.

Abstract The effect of medium-to-embryo ratio on blastocyst development of equine embryos from oocytes with compact cumuli was evaluated in the present experiment. In addition, two methods for holding oocytes before in vitro maturation were compared. In Experiment 1, oocytes cultured with roscovitine for 16–18h before maturation were fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection and cultured individually in 2.5, 5, 10 or 50μl droplets. In Experiment 2, oocytes were either cultured with roscovitine or held in a modified M199 with 20% serum at room temperature (EH treatment) for 16–18h, then matured, fertilized and cultured in groups at 5μl medium per embryo. In Experiment 3, oocytes were held in the EH treatment, then were matured and fertilized. In Study 3.1, injected oocytes were cultured individually in drop sizes as for Experiment 1; in Study 3.2, groups of 2–7 oocytes were cultured in fixed drop sizes of 5 or 50μl. Blastocyst development rates of individually-cultured embryos were not significantly different among drop sizes in either Experiment 1 or 3 (15–29%). In Experiment 2, blastocyst rates were not significantly different between holding treatments (17–23%). In Experiment 3, for group-cultured oocytes, blastocyst development was not significantly different between 5 and 50μl drops (39 and 27%, respectively). In conclusion, compact-cumulus oocytes may be effectively held in the EH treatment before maturation, and single culture of equine embryos yields acceptable blastocyst development. The greatest blastocyst rate (39%) was obtained with group culture in a 5μl droplet.