cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A numerial experiment on orthonormalization process

A numerical experiment has been conducted to check theeffectiveness and reliablity of the orthnormalization process tosolve two-point boundary value problems. This process in usedalong with the method of superposition in the linear case andwith the quasilinearization and then the method of superpositionin the non-linear case.
Distal semimembranosus muscle-tendon-unit review: morphology, accurate terminology, and clinical relevance

Background: Our knowledge of the stability of the posteromedial knee is evolving. The distal semimembranosus is an important posteromedial stabilizer of the knee. Current anatomical texts and atlases do not accurately detail the distal insertion. Journal literature commonly mentions multiple distal insertions, one of which contributes to the oblique popliteal ligament. The purpose of this study was to review the literature, current morphology, terminology and clinical relevance of the distal semimembranosus muscle-tendon-unit (SMTU), and suggest alternative nomenclature. Methods: Literature search was conducted on anatomical and clinical texts, atlases, journals and websites to analyze the distal morphology of the semimembranosus muscle. Deep dissections were performed on 31 embalmed cadavers, 56 knees in total (27Rt and 29L), identifying the distal semimembranosus tendon morphology. Results: Literature search revealed significantly inconsistent morphology of the distal semimembranosus muscle-tendon-unit. Cadaver dissection revealed a consistent trifurcation with three dominant expansions. Cadaver dissection also revealed an oblique popliteal tendon/expansion, indigenous to SMTU, not a ligament. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of a consistent morphology and suggests a more precise nomenclature of the distal SMTU, which includes renaming the oblique popliteal ligament as the oblique popliteal tendon/expansion.
A Binary Integer Program to Maximize the Agreement Between Partitions

This research note focuses on a problem where the cluster sizes for two partitions of the same object set are assumed known; however, the actual assignments of objects to clusters are unknown for one or both partitions. The objective is to find a contingency table that produces maximum possible agreement between the two partitions, subject to constraints that the row and column marginal frequencies for the table correspond exactly to the cluster sizes for the partitions. This problem was described by H. Messatfa (Journal of Classification, 1992, pp. 5---15), who provided a heuristic procedure based on the linear transportation problem. We present an exact solution procedure using binary integer programming. We demonstrate that our proposed method efficiently obtains optimal solutions for problems of practical size.
Physiological evidence for two classes of mitral cells in the rat olfactory bulb

The spontaneous activity of mitral cells was recorded in vivo from the main olfactory bulb of freely breathing anesthetized rats. Single units recorded extracellularly from the mitral cell body layer were further identified as mitral cells by antidromic activation of the lateral olfactory tract and the posterior piriform cortex. Hierarchical cluster analysis of their spontaneous activity showed that at least two classes of mitral cells could be distinguished. A post-hoc multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant differences between the two groups based on mean rate, latency, and the coefficient of variation in interspike interval. Univariate tests showed that the groups differed in mean rate, but not in latency, or in the coefficient of variation in interspike interval. Autocorrelation analysis showed that the high frequency group tended to fire in bursts. Functional implications of these putative subclasses of mitral cells are discussed.
Infrared Spectroscopy Studies of Platinum Salts Containing Tetracyanoplatinate(II). Evidence for Strong Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions in “Vapochromic” Environmental Sensor Materials

We have studied the sorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by [(n-C4H9)4N]2[Pt(CN)4] and [Pt(p-CN-C6H4-C10H21)4][Pt(CN)4] with FTIR spectroscopy. The data indicate a strong correlation exist...
History and heroes: the thermal niche of fishes and long-term lake ice dynamics*

These perspectives on climate change come largely from two views, i.e. that of a fish and fisheries ecologist with an autecological interest and that of a limnologist interested in long-term dynamics and change. Ideas about the thermal niche evolved from the late F. E. J. Fry's (University of Toronto) paradigm of fish response to environmental factors and the late G. Evelyn Hutchinson's (Yale University) formalization of the niche concept. In contrast, ideas about climatic change and variability have been shaped by long-term observation records from lakes around the northern hemisphere. The history of each set of ideas, i.e. the thermal niche of fishes and learning from nature's long-term dynamics, is briefly reviewed in the context of climatic change.
PAYNE'S OBJECT CLASSIFICATION NONABSTRACT SCORES AND LOVIBOND'S MEASURE OF SCHIZOPHRENIC THOUGHT DISORDER

The present study attempted to replicate an earlier, unpublished observation of a strong, positive relationship between two indices of schizophrenic thought disorder. Object Classification Test nonabstract (OCT-NA) scores (Payne & Hewlett, 1960). a measure of overinclusive thinking, and Lovibond's (1954) scale had correlated .62 for a sample of 21 young, male. poor-premorbid, schizophrenic inpatients examined by the author. The present sample comprised 41 male inpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenic reaction. Only patients who had not been first hospitalized nor diagnosed as schizophrenic for more than 5 yr. were included: 26 Ss were rated as poor-premorbids, 15 as goods; 19 obtained paranoid. 22 Ss, non-paranoid subtype diagnoses. Lovibond scores were derived from Part I1 of Rapaport's (1945) Object Sorting Test and scored by Lovibond's (1954) criteria. The nonabsuact scores from the Object Classification Test were derived according to Payne and Hewlett's (1960) specifications. The order of presentation of the two sorting tests was consecutively alternated throughout the sample. Patients were tested by a female examiner. The product-moment correlation of the nonabstract and Lovibond scores was .32 (p < .05). This finding suggests that the two measures of schizophrenic thought disorder are somewhat related but does not support the hypothesis of a strong relationship between the two indices. Comparisons indicate that the nonabstract mean (2.61) and standard deviation (2.99) for the present sample were considerably smaller than the comparable values for the original patient group (M = 6.71; SD = 4.39). Similarly the Lovibond score mean (3.44) and standard deviation (2.84) were less than those obtained originally (M = 6.71; SD = 6.54). Statistical estimations showed that the sample-t* sample differences in rs are probably due to sample differences in score dispersions. Internal analysis did not support an explanation of the differences in score dispersion based on subjects' characreristics. While marked study-to-study variation in means and standard deviations seems to be a general characteristic of nonabstract scores and other measures of overinclusive thinking, the sources of such variation remain open to speculation and further inquiry.
An Experimental Study of a Free-Surface Shear Layer With and Without the Presence of Surfactants

A free-surface shear layer was studied to ascertain the effects due to the presence of surface tension gradients on the directional shift of the shear layer and turbulence intensities in the vicinity of the water free-surface. It was found that the presence of surfactants altered the direction of the shear layer in the vicinity of the free surface, with the shear layer being pulled to the higher surface tension side. In addition, the turbulence intensity in the plane of the free surface was dramatically reduced, also leading to damped surface deformations. These results show conclusively that the role surfactants play in turbulent free-surface shear flows needs to be considered.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Drapery and Pattern in Portrait Painting as a Source for my Work in the Photobooth, with particular reference to “The Curtain Master” William Larkin

AbstractFor almost two decades Liz Rideal's work as a photographer has involved the use of a photobooth. The seriality and repetition of almost instant imagery has characterized all the work that she has produced during that period. It has also been informed by representations of cloth in historical paintings, and in particular by a series of portraits executed by William Larkin in the early seventeenth century, known as the Suffolk Collection. In these works carpets and curtains act as repeating decorative motifs. These and other paintings inspired Rideal to move away from figurative work and to bring drapery into the foreground until cloth became, effectively, the subject of her photographic “portraits,” and drapery by itself comes to stand for art. This article reflects on these developments in her work and examines in particular the way in which a close study of historical portrait painting has informed and shaped it.
The boy who cried unicorn: a parable.

Once upon a time, there was a boy who wished to make a lot of money. One day, while looking at a horse, he got a great ideaddidn’t most people believe in the magical properties of unicorns to ameliorate or even cure disease? The boy had of course never seen a unicorn, so he simply put the horse in a pasture and ran around town shouting, ‘‘See the unicorn! Only $5!’’ The townspeople happily paid to be let in, but once they saw it was only a horse, they threatened to drive the boy out of town. Surprisingly, though, a few of the people were so desperate that they came back again, and paid againda chance to see a unicorn, however unlikely, was surely better than no chance at all. Still, the boy realized he’d never get rich this way, so it was back to the drawing board. ‘‘Perhaps I can invest a little of my earnings to improve my search for a real unicorn,’’ he thought. And so he did. In a curio shop, he found a lovely horn that could be tied on to a horse’s head. One of the scouts he hired found a horse with an unusually pointy head. ‘‘See the latest, most genuine unicorn!’’ he announced, with great fanfare. ‘‘Only $10.’’ It wasn’t perfect, but people often see what they wish to see. So profits did improve, and now the boy was able to hire unicorn experts, and even alchemistsdscientists who would surely be able to transform a horse into a unicorn! He branched out into elixirs and potions, and he ‘‘studied’’ their effects. Some did have a measurable (if not necessarily meaningful ) impact. Compared to no treatment at all, that is. Most of his money was even better spentdon marketing experts. He advertised with the town crier and backed his claims with numerous ‘‘references’’dall in the boy’s possession, but ‘‘for business reasons not available for public review at this time.’’ He put a pig in the pasture beside the horsedsince the horse looked so much more like a unicorn than did the pig, well . He hired other boys to hand out quill pens with a picture of the unicorn. He paid famous spokesmen to talk about the critical search for newer and better unicorns. He even discovered (some might say ‘‘invented’’) brand-new diseases and
Neonatal injection of Lewis rats with recombinant Vβ8.2 induces T cell but not B cell tolerance and increased severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

In Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mediated by V beta 8.2 effector cells, anti-idiotypic T cells and antibodies could be boosted by injection of V beta 8.2 peptides, inducing both T cells and antibodies that reduced the severity and shortened the course of disease. However, EAE in Lewis rats is self-limiting, and we sought to determine if the anti-idiotypic response contributed to the natural recovery process. In a previous study, we found that adult tolerance induced to one of the regulatory idiotopes, V beta 8.2-44-54, caused worsening of EAE, implicating response to this epitope in recovery from EAE. However, neonatally-induced tolerance to V beta 8.2-44-54 did not alter the course of EAE, suggesting either compensation by additional V beta 8.2 determinants, or mechanistic differences in tolerization protocols. In this report, we reevaluate the role of V beta 8.2 determinants in recovery from EAE, using two recombinant V beta 8.2 constructs to induce neonatal tolerance to the comprehensive set of V beta 8.2 epitopes prior to adult induction of EAE. We found that neonatal exposure to either of the recombinant V beta 8.2 molecules induced "split" tolerance-specific T cell tolerance but enhanced antibody responses- and a more severe course of EAE. In contrast, neonatal exposure to a V beta 8.2 + T cell hybridoma or a control protein did not induce T cell tolerance to V beta 8.2 determinants and did not alter the EAE disease course. These results are consistent with those obtained by inducing adult tolerance, and suggest that our previous result (normal recovery from EAE in rats neonatally tolerized to V beta 8.2-44-54) was probably due to a compensatory response to other V beta 8.2 determinants. In both studies, the data clearly implicate T cell recognition of V beta 8.2 determinants in the natural EAE recovery process.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a New Vapochromic Pt(II) Complex Based on the 1-Terpyridyl-2,3,4,5,6-pentaphenylbenzene (TPPPB) Ligand

A novel terpyridine ligand containing a pentaphenylphenyl moiety linked to the terpyridyl core (1-terpyridyl-2,3,4,5,6-pentaphenyl-benzene (TPPPB)) has been synthesized in good yield and reacted with Pt(DMSO)2Cl2, to produce the cationic complex [Pt(TPPPB)Cl]Cl (5). 5 was studied structurally and spectroscopically. It is observed to be brightly luminescent in the solid state at room temperature and at 77 K, with no change in lambdaem(max). The complex exhibits reversible vapochromic behavior upon exposure to methylene chloride vapors, changing color from red (5-R) to green (5-G). The shift to higher energy in the emission maximum from 654 to 514 nm is the largest vapochromic shift (140 nm) yet reported. The [Pt(TPPPB)Cl]Cl complex exhibits high selectivity for certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including methylene chloride, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetonitrile. The crystal structures of both the green and red forms have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In both forms, the cationic Pt(II) complex possesses the anticipated square-planar coordination geometry that is distorted as a consequence of constraints from the terpyridyl binding. Analysis of the crystal packing of the green form (5-G) reveals the presence of non-interacting Pt...Pt separations with distances of 3.9092(9) and 4.5483(11) A and a zigzag arrangement between neighboring Pt(II) ions. The red form (5-R) contains complexes that are stacked with Pt...Pt separations of 3.2981(14) and 3.3427(14) A, indicative of metallophilic interaction. The change in the emitting state, as a consequence of the effect of the volatile organic compounds, results from a disruption of the d8-d8 metallophilic interactions in the red form and its metal-metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MMLCT) excited state to a more-localized Pt(dpi)-to-tpy(pi*) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state in the green form.
Alert fatigue: A lesson relearned

A recent Informatics Exchange installment by Cash[1][1] delineated the issues related to alert fatigue. In 1969, my colleagues and I reported on the same topic as it related to the implemention of a hospital information system at the Massachusetts General Hospital.[2][2] One of the project’s
Self-phase modulation-based multiple carrier generation for radio over fiber duplex baseband communication

A self-phase modulation-based duplex baseband radio over fiber architecture is proposed, where data are transmitted up to six radio access units (RAUs) in distributed antenna system. Bidirectional full duplex 768 Mbps data transmission has been demonstrated, where data are transmitted from control unit to the base station (BS) and from BS to the RAUs over a distance of 20 km and 300 m, respectively. Our proposed architecture gives good performance and cost-effective solution for duplex RoF communication over long distance.
Thermal degradation of vinylidene chloride/butyl acrylate copolymers

Vinylidene chloride/acrylate copolymers display a good barrier to the transport of small molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, etc.) as well as to flavor and aroma constituents of food items. For this reason, they occupy a place of prominence in the barrier plastic packaging industry. However, at process temperatures, these materials tend to undergo degradative dehydrochlorination. This is a typical radical chain process with distinct initiation, propagation, and termination phases and if unchecked can lead to the development of coloration which may be objectionable in some applications. To examine the influence of an aliphatic side chain on this process, a series of vinylidene chloride/butyl acrylate (4, 8, 12, 18, 20 wt.%) copolymers have been sythesized and fully characterized by chromatographic, thermal, and spectroscopic methods and by thermogravimetry. Increasing levels of butyl acrylate in the copolymer have little impact on the rate of initiation of degradation but do modestly decrease the propagation rate for the degradation.
IR laser induced photo-orientation of Li(H2O) in solid argon

Abstract Infrared irradiation into the H 2 O symmetric stretching mode of Li(H 2 O) isolated in solid argon creates persistent spectral holes in the H 2 O stretching and bending regions of the metal—water complex. These spectral holes are thought to arise from photo-orientation of Li(H 2 O) inside the matrix cage. An activation barrier of the order of 1 kcal mol −1 is estimated for the reverse spectral hole-filling process. The spectral holes which resulted from polarized IR laser photolysis of 3530.0, 3535.1 and 3537.7 cm −1 were dichroic. Vibrational mode assignment of the perturbed water modes of the complex is made based on direct experimental evidence obtained from the analysis of the dichroic spectra.
Discovering discovery patterns with predication-based Semantic Indexing

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights? PSI represents concepts and relations in hyperdimensional space. ? PSI is used to infer discovery patterns from known therapeutic relationships. ? These patterns are used to recover therapeutic relationships for a held-out disease set. ? PSI outperforms a co-occurrence based approach in this regard. ? PSI searches efficiently across large networks of relevant relationships.. In this paper we utilize methods of hyperdimensional computing to mediate the identification of therapeutically useful connections for the purpose of literature-based discovery. Our approach, named Predication-based Semantic Indexing, is utilized to identify empirically sequences of relationships known as "discovery patterns", such as "drug x INHIBITS substance y, substance y CAUSES disease z" that link pharmaceutical substances to diseases they are known to treat. These sequences are derived from semantic predications extracted from the biomedical literature by the SemRep system, and subsequently utilized to direct the search for known treatments for a held out set of diseases. Rapid and efficient inference is accomplished through the application of geometric operators in PSI space, allowing for both the derivation of discovery patterns from a large set of known TREATS relationships, and the application of these discovered patterns to constrain search for therapeutic relationships at scale. Our results include the rediscovery of discovery patterns that have been constructed manually by other authors in previous research, as well as the discovery of a set of previously unrecognized patterns. The application of these patterns to direct search through PSI space results in better recovery of therapeutic relationships than is accomplished with models based on distributional statistics alone. These results demonstrate the utility of efficient approximate inference in geometric space as a means to identify therapeutic relationships, suggesting a role of these methods in drug repurposing efforts. In addition, the results provide strong support for the utility of the discovery pattern approach pioneered by Hristovski and his colleagues.
Identification of sirm, a Novel Insulin-regulated SH3 Binding Protein That Associates with Grb-2 and FYN

Abstract We have previously developed a mouse model of insulin-resistant diabetes by targeted inactivation of the insulin receptor gene. During studies of gene expression in livers of insulin receptor-deficient mice, we identified a novel cDNA, which we have termed sirm (Son of InsulinReceptor Mutant mice). sirm is largely, albeit not exclusively, expressed in insulin-responsive tissues. Insulin is a potent modulator of sirm expression, and sirm mRNA levels correlate with tissue sensitivity to insulin. The product of the sirm gene is a serine/threonine-rich protein with several proline-rich motifs and an NPNY motif, conforming to the consensus sequence recognized by the phosphotyrosine binding domains of insulin receptor substrate and Shc proteins. However, Sirm bears no extended homologies with other known proteins. Based on the sequences of the proline-rich domains, we sought to determine whether Sirm binds to the SH3 domains of FYN and Grb-2. We demonstrate here that Sirm binds to FYN and Grb-2 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and that insulin treatment results in the dissociation of the Sirm·FYN and Sirm·Grb-2 complexes. We also show that Sirm is a substrate for the kinase activity of FYN in vitro. Based on the patterns of expression of sirm, its regulation by insulin, and the interactions with molecules in the insulin signaling pathway, we surmise that Sirm plays a role in modulating tissue sensitivity to insulin.
The phase diagram of NaNO3—KNO3☆

The binary phase diagram of NaNO3 and KNO3 was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The data more precisely defined the solidus and liquidus of an earlier phase diagram for this system. This phase diagram was modelled using regular solution theory. By fitting the model to the experimental data the regular solution parameters and the heat of mixing for the solid solution of NaNO3 and KNO3 were estimated.
Hierarchical thermodynamic metrics for evaluating the environmental sustainability of industrial processes

Industrial progress toward sustainability requires meaningful, practical, and scientifically sound metrics. Most existing metrics rely on information about material and energy inputs and emissions from the main process and selected processes in its life cycle. Such metrics often result in multiple conflicting variables, making it difficult to use them for decision making. Furthermore, sustainability metrics need to be scientifically rigorous and capable of evaluating the broader economy and ecosystem scale impacts of selected processes and products. This paper proposes a framework for evaluating the environmental sustainability of industrial processes that satisfies these needs. This framework uses exergy analysis to combine different types of material and energy streams in a thermodynamically sound manner. Exergy analysis is also combined with end-point life-cycle impact assessment methods for evaluating the impact of emissions. This results in metrics for a selected system with different levels of aggregation ranging from multiple to single dimensions. The challenge of analyzing a process at life cycle and coarser spatial scales is met by combining exergy analysis, life cycle assessment, input-output analysis, and both economic and ecological aspects. The result is a doubly nested hierarchy, which analyzes processes at multiple spatial scales of process, life cycle, economy, and ecosystem. Each scale contains another hierarchy based on the degree of aggregation of the metrics. A case study of the ammonia process illustrates the characteristics of the proposed approach.
Alveolar Osteitis and Osteomyelitis of the Jaws

Postoperative bone healing after oral surgical procedures occurs uneventfully in most cases. However, in certain patients, the normal process of healing can be delayed and, in some cases, often because of multiple coexisting factors, the sites can become infected, with extension of the infection into medullary bone. This process is termed osteomyelitis. This article outlines the pathogenesis, microbiology, and surgical and medical therapies of this condition and specifically addresses osteomyelitis cases related to patients with no documented history of radiation or bisphosphonate exposure and in whom the principal factor in the development of the condition is infection by pyogenic microorganisms.
Genetic and geometric optimization of three-dimensional radiation therapy treatment planning

The thesis of this report is that potentially useful treatment beams can be chosen based on geometric heuristics and that a genetic algorithm (GA) can be constructed to find an optimal combination of beams based on a formal objective function. The paper describes the basic principles of a GA and the particular implementation developed. The code represents each plan in the population as two paired lists comprised of beam identifiers and relative weights. Reproduction operators, which mimic sexual reproduction with crossover, mutation, cloning, spontaneous generation, and death, manipulate the lists to grow optimal plans. The necessary gene pool is created by software modules which generate beams, distribute calculation points, obtain clinical constraints, add wedges, and calculate doses. The code has been tested on a set of artificial patients and on four clinical cases: prostate, pancreas, esophagus, and glomus. All demonstrated consistent results, indicating that the code is a reliable optimizer. Additional experiments compared the results for a full set of open beams to the geometrically selected set and the GA code with simulated annealing. Geometric selection of beam directions did not significantly compromise optimization quality. Compared to simulated annealing, the genetic algorithm was equally able to optimize the objective function, and calculations suggest it may be the faster method when the number of beams to be considered exceeds approximately 70.
Modeling the Temperature-Dependence of Tertiary Creep Damage of a Directionally Solidified Ni-Base Superalloy

Directionally solidified (DS) Ni-base superalloys have become a commonly used material in gas turbine components. Controlled solidification during the material manufacturing process leads to a special alignment of the grain boundaries within the material. This alignment results in different material properties dependent on the orientation of the material. When used in gas turbine applications the direction of the first principle stress experienced by a component is aligned with the enhanced grain orientation leading to enhanced impact strength, high temperature creep and fatigue resistance, and improve corrosion resistance compared to off axis orientations. Of particular importance is the creep response of these DS materials. In the current study, the classical Kachanov-Rabotnov model for tertiary creep damage is implemented in a general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software. Creep deformation and rupture experiments are conducted on samples from a representative DS Ni-base superalloys tested at temperatures between 649 and 982°C and two orientations (longitudinally- and transversely-oriented). The secondary creep constants are analytically determined from available experimental data in literature. The simulated annealing optimization routine is utilized to determine the tertiary creep constants. Using regression analysis the creep constants are characterized for temperature and stress-dependence. A rupture time estimation model derived from the Kachanov-Rabotnov model is then parametrically exercised and compared with available experimental data.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Luther's Struggle for Faith

Our interest in Luther's struggle for faith is not merely historical. We do not investigate this subject as we do Luther's views on monstrosities or the names for the gems in the Apocalypse, nor do we probe into his spiritual trials in order to collect additional specimens of abnormal psychology. If he was abnormal then the abnormal has become the normal. All of us today are engaged in a struggle for faith and our concern is not so much with the disease as with the cure. How was it that Luther, despite his travailing of spirit, could be so tremendous in his faith, so incredible in his courage, so astounding in his output? Luther's faith is our quest.
Imaging Evaluation in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases

Surgery and systemic chemotherapy now offer the best treatment options for long-term survival and possible cure for patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. CT or MRI and possible PET imaging provide critical information for planning treatment of these patients.
Local elimination of Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides: indirect evidence of sacoglossan herbivory?

A local population of the introduced green macroalga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides was investigated in Oban in the district of Argyll, western Scotland. Periodic surveys demonstrated that sacoglossan densities ( Elysia viridis and Placida dendritica ) were unusually high in 1997 and early 1998, slug herbivory noticeably damaged algal thalli, and the local algal population was decimated. These patterns provide indirect evidence of the significance of slug herbivory on the introduced alga.
Polymer crystallization-driven, periodic patterning on carbon nanotubes

We report herein a unique means to periodically pattern polymeric materials on individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using a controlled polymer crystallization method. One-dimensional (1D) CNTs were periodically decorated with polymer lamellar crystals, resulting in nano-hybrid shish-kebab (NHSK) structures. The periodicity of the polymer lamellae varies from 20 to 150 nm. The kebabs are approximately 5-10 nm thick (along CNT direction) with a lateral size of approximately 20 nm to micrometers, which can be readily controlled by varying crystallization conditions. Both polyethylene and Nylon 66 were successfully decorated on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), as well as vapor grown carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The formation mechanism was attributed to "size-dependent soft epitaxy". Because NHSK formation conditions depend on CNT structures, it further provides a unique opportunity for CNT separation. The reported method opens a gateway to periodically patterning polymers and different functional groups on individual CNTs in an ordered and controlled manner, an attractive research field that is yet to be explored.
Many-body effects in the first excited subband of the n-inversion layer of Si

Abstract We have calculated the self-energies of electrons in the lowest and first excited sub-bands of Si inversion layers. The self-consistent wavefunctions calculated in the Hartree approximation were used, and dynamic screening was approximated by the Lundqvist-Overhauser model. The correlation energy of an electron in the excited band is quite large: about −10 meV at an inversion layer density of 10 11 cm −2 to about −16 meV at 3 × 10 12 cm −2 . The calculated separation between subbands is in very good agreement with available experimental measurements. An exciton is predicted with a binding energy of 0.9 meV at N inv = 10 12 cm −2 calculated in the static approximation.
Structure-function relationships in rat brainstem subnucleus interpolaris: IV. Projection neurons

In a companion paper (Jacquin et al., '89), the structure and function of local circuit (LC) neurons in spinal trigeminal (V) subnucleus interpolaris (Sp Vi) were described. The present report provides similar data for 44 projection neurons in Sp Vi. Of these, 25 thalamic, 16 cerebellar, 2 superior collicular, and 1 inferior olivary projecting neurons were studied. The majority responded to vibrissa(e) deflection, and all except 4 of these had multivibrissae receptive fields. The remainder were responsive to either guard hair deflection or indentation of glabrous skin. Latencies to V ganglion shocks were suggestive of monosynaptic activation from the periphery. SpVi projection neurons were topographically organized in a manner consistent with that of their primary afferent inputs. Nonvibrissa sensitive cells had diverse morphologies. Morphometric analyses of the more heavily sampled thalamic and cerebellar projecting, vibrissa(e)-sensitive cells indicated the following. (1) As compared to LC neurons, projection neurons had bigger receptive fields, cell bodies, dendritic trees, and axons; less circular dendritic trees; a greater preponderance of spiny dendrites and fewer axon collaterals in Sp Vi. (2) Dendritic tree extent correlated significantly with receptive field size, thus suggesting that dendritic tree size is one mechanism contributing to receptive field size in vibrissae-sensitive projection neurons. (3) V thalamic cells had significantly bigger receptive fields and dendritic trees, and also give off more local axon collaterals, than V cerebellar neurons. Collicular and inferior olivary projecting neurons shared structural and functional attributes with other Sp Vi long-range projecting cells. Structure-function relationships exist for vibrissa-sensitive projection neurons in Sp Vi. The relevant parameters correlating with projection neuron morphology are receptive field size and projection status, whereas for Sp Vi LC neurons the relevant correlative parameter is peripheral receptor association.
Molecular analysis of CXPD mutations in the repair-deficient hamster mutants UV5 and UVL-13

Abstract The cDNA sequence of the Chinese hamster xeroderma pigmentosum group D ( CXPD ) nucleotide excision repair gene was analyzed from three Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines: repair proficient strain AA8 and repair deficient, UV complementation group 2 strains UV5 and UVL-13. CXPD encodes a presumed ATP-dependent DNA helicase and is single copy in CHO lines due to the hemizygosity of chromosome 9. Comparison of the deduced wild-type AA8 CXPD protein sequence with that of the Chinese hamster V79 lung-derived cell line revealed two amino acid polymorphisms. Position 285 is glutamine in AA8 and arginine in V79, and position 298 is alanine in AA8 and threonine in V79. Comparison with the human XPD, Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD3, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad15 homologs shows variability at these positons. Analysis of the CXPD sequence in the repair deficient CHO lines UV5 and UVL-13 revealed, in each case, a single base substitution resulting in an amino acid substitution. Position 116 is tyrosine in UV5 and cysteine in AA8, and the corresponding positions of XPD, RAD3, and rad15 arc cysteine. Position 615 is glutamic acid in UVL-13 and glycine in AA8, and the corresponding positions of XPD, RAD3, and rad15 are glycine. In both UV5 and UVL-13, positions 285 and 298 are glutamine and alanine, respectively, as seen in AA8. These results suggest that cysteine 116 and glycine 615 are critical to the repair function of CXPD.
Preparation and characterization of a 5′-deazaFAD T491V NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase

NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase is a flavoprotein which contains both an FAD and FMN cofactor. Since the distribution of electrons is governed solely by the redox potentials of the cofactors, there are nine different waysthe electrons can be distributed and hence nine possible unique forms of the protein. More than one species of reductase will exist at a given level of oxidation except when the protein is either totally reduced or oxidized. In an attempt to unambiguously characterize the redox properties of the physiologically relevant FMNH&#57344;2&#57347; form of the reductase, the T491V mutant of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase has been reconstituted with 5&#39;-deazaFAD which binds to the FAD-binding site of the reductase with a K&#57344;d&#57347; of 94 nM. The 5&#39;-deazaFAD cofactor does not undergo oxidation or reduction under our experimental conditions. The molar ratio of FMN to 5&#39;-deazaFAD in the reconstituted reductase was 1.1. Residual FAD accounted for less than 5% of the total flavins. Addition of 2 electron equivalents to the 5&#39;-deazaFAD T491V reductase from dithionite generated a stoichiometric amount of the FMN hydroquinone form of the protein. The 5&#39;-deazaFAD moiety remained oxidized under these conditions due to its low redox potential (-650 mV). The 2-electron-reduced 5&#39;-deazaFAD reductase was capable of transferring only a single electron from its FMN domain to its redox partners, ferric cytochrome c and cytochrome b&#57344;5&#57347;. Reduction of the cytochromes and oxidation of the reductase occurred simultaneously. The FMNH&#57344;2&#57347; in the 5&#39;-deazaFAD reductase autoxidizes with a first-order rate constant of 0.007 s&#57346;-&#57347;&#57346;1&#57347;. Availability of a stable NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase capable of donating only a single electron to its redox partners provides a unique tool for investigating the electron-transfer properties of an intact reductase molecule.
Biosynthesis of C4 (Fourth Component of Complement) by Hybrids of C4-Deficient Guinea Pig Cells and HeLa Cells

Peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs homozygous for a genetic deficiency of the fourth component of complement (C4) were fused in vitro with a cell line of human origin (HeLa). The resulting hybrid cells, derived from cell lines each incapable of C4 synthesis by themselves, synthesized functionally active human C4.
Behavior of a Fluid Filled Subsurface Crack Under Moving Hertzian Loading

Cracking of a fluid filled subsurface crack is studied by the distributed dislocation technique within the framework of two-dimensional linear elastic fracture mechanics. The opening volume of the horizontal Griffith crack is fully occupied by an incompressible fluid. In the presence of friction, a moving Hertzian line contact load is applied at the surface of the half plane. The induced hydrostatic fluid pressure inside the crack is calculated through an iterative scheme with the restriction that due to the fluid incompressibility there is no change of the crack-opening volume (COV). The stress intensity factors at the tips of the fluid filled crack are analyzed and the effective quadrature formulae are given for the evaluation of the COV. A hypothesis is introduced that the crack propagation is initiated when the elastic strain energy release rate reaches the critical fracture toughness and is arrested when the energy release rate is below the arrest toughness. Based on the energy criterion, predictions will be attempted for determining the load position where the crack propagation/kink commences as well as the growth increment of the branch crack before it is arrested. A step-by-step crack path is constructed for various loading conditions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Distribution of subgroups of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive and noradrenergic nerves in the female rat uterine cervix

Nerves in the uterine cervix of the rat were examined with regard to co-existence of markers for noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y, and differential tissue innervation by nerves containing different combinations of these markers. Immunohistochemical labeling of single and adjacent serial cryostat sections, and double labeling was employed. Some animals were treated with the noradrenergic neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine. In control animals neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibers were numerous in the myometrium and around arteries; noradrenergic fibers were few in the myometrium and moderate in number around arteries. Myometrial neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibers were not decreased, but apparently increased, in 6-hydroxy-dopamine-treated rats; in contrast, perivascular neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibers were markedly reduced, but not totally absent. Noradrenergic fibers were absent in the myometrium and around arteries following 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Labeling of adjacent sections and double labeling revealed coincident labeling of markers for neuropeptide Y and noradrenaline in perivascular, but not myometrial, nerves. We concluded that most myometrial neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves did not contain noradrenaline since they were not sensitive to 6-hydroxydopamine and did not stain doubly; however, perivascular neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibers which degenerated after 6-hydroxydopamine treatment and did label doubly must co-store noradrenaline. Some neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive perivascular fibers may contain neuropeptide Y but not noradrenaline. Thus, it appears there is a differential innervation of tissues in the cervix by neuropeptide Y/noradrenergic nerves; this could reflect a differential regulation of tissues innervated by these nerves.
Distribution of mRNA for the calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase in rat brain : expression in areas associated with learning and memory

The Drosophila learning mutant, rutabaga, is deficient in the calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase, and studies of associative learning in Aplysia have implicated this enzyme in neuroplasticity. Therefore, the distribution of mRNA encoding the calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase in rat brain was examined by in situ hybridization. mRNA for this enzyme is expressed in specific areas of brain that have been implicated in learning and memory, including the neocortex, the hippocampus, and the olfactory system. The presence of mRNA for this enzyme in the pyramidal and granule cells of the hippocampal formation provides evidence that it is found in neurons. These data are consistent with the proposal that the calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase plays an important role in learning and memory.
The nature of body dysmorphic disorder and treatment with cognitive behavior therapy

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a distressing and disabling body image disorder that involves excessive preoccupation with physical appearance in a normal appearing person. Persons with BDD exhibit fears of being noticed, feelings of shame and embarrassment, thought processes that can range from repetitive thinking to delusions, avoidance of social situations and exposure of physical appearance, compulsive rituals, somatic preoccupation, medical and cosmetic treatment seeking, and resistance to psychological intervention. BDD overlaps diagnostically with other disorders and presents unique challenges for the mental health practitioner. The purpose of this paper is to describe the pathology of BDD and its development and treatment, although empirical information on these topics is very limited at the present time. Detailed recommendations are given for cognitive behavior therapy. Intervention consists of cognitive restructuring of private body talk and undue importance given to physical appearance, exposure to avoided body image situations, and response prevention of body checking and grooming behaviors.
Phosphatidylserine-positive erythrocytes bind to immobilized and soluble thrombospondin-1 via its heparin-binding domain.

Phosphatidylserine (PS)-dependent erythrocyte adhesion to endothelium and subendothelial matrix components is mediated in part via thrombospondin (TSP). Although TSP exhibits multiple cell-binding domains, the PS-binding site on TSP is unknown. Because a cell-binding domain for anionic heparin is located at the amino-terminus, we hypothesized that PS-positive red blood cells (PS +ve -RBCs) bind to this domain. We demonstrate that both heparin and its low-molecular-weight derivative enoxaparin (0.5–50 u/mL) inhibited PS +ve -RBC adhesion to immobilized TSP in a concentration-dependent manner (21% to 77% inhibition, P +ve -RBC adhesion to TSP. Antibodies that recognize the collagen- and the carboxy-terminal CD47-binding domain on TSP had no effect on this process. Although preincubation of PS +ve -RBCs with TSP peptides from the heparin-binding domain that contained the specific heparin-binding motif KKTRG inhibited PS +ve -erythrocyte adhesion to matrix TSP ( P +ve -RBC adhesion. Additional experiments show that soluble TSP also interacted with PS +ve -RBCs via its heparin-binding domain. Our results demonstrate that PS-positive erythrocytes bind to both immobilized and soluble TSP via its heparin-binding domain and that both heparin and enoxaparin, at clinically relevant concentrations, block this interaction. Other studies have shown that heparin inhibited P-selectin– and soluble-TSP–mediated sickle erythrocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Our results, taken together with the previously documented findings, provide a rational basis for clinical use of heparin or its low–molecular-weight derivatives as therapeutic agents in treating vaso-occlusive pain in patients with sickle cell disease.
Putting Powers Back on Multi-Track

Power theorists are divided on the question of whether individual powers are single-track (for a single manifestation type) or are multi-track (capable of producing distinct manifestation types for distinct stimuli). EJ Lowe has recently defended single-tracking, arguing that the multi-tracker can provide no adequate reason for treating powers as capable of having multiple manifestation types, and claiming that putative instances of multi-track powers are either single-track powers in need of unifying descriptions or are merely several single-track powers. I respond to Lowe on behalf of the multi-tracker, first by arguing that he overlooks the extra-empirical features of the debate, then by posing a dilemma for any single-track account of powers concerning the single-tracker’s ability to appropriately deal with fine-grained manifestation types. Finally I provide the aforementioned reason for thinking that there are multi-track powers.
Sexual behavior in male rhesus monkeys elicited by electrical stimulation of preoptic and hypothalamic areas.

Abstract Electrical stimulation of the preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus or dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) has produced sexual behavioral responses in 11 male rhesus monkeys. At a short latency following the onset of each train of stimulation, the stimulated males would mount estrogen-treated, receptive females. Quantitative measures of the elicited sexual behavior, in 4 males, were applied to describe differences between the effects of preoptic and DMH stimulation on male sexual performance. As compared to spontaneous sexual activity, stimulation of the DMH produced mounts of longer duration, with more thrusts per mount, higher thrusting rates and a greater number of ejaculations per test session; refractory periods between successive ejaculatory episodes were shortened as a result of stimulation-induced mounting behavior. Preoptic stimulation also induced mounts of longer than normal duration characterized by a slightly increased number of thrusts per mount. In contrast to DMH stimulus effects, however, thrusting rate was decreased significantly by preoptic stimulation and ejaculation did not occur even after multiple stimulus-induced mounts. Penile erections were elicited by stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial nucleus and the posterior hypothalamus in socially isolated or restrained males; however, stimulation of these same sites was ineffective for provoking sexual behavioral responses when tests were performed while the males were paired with receptive females.