cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinct White Matter Changes Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid-β1-42 and Hypertension.

BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and hypertension (HTN) are risk factors for development of white matter (WM) alterations and might be independently associated with these alterations in older adults. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the independent and synergistic effects of HTN and AD pathology on WM alterations. METHODS Clinical measures of cerebrovascular disease risk were collected from 62 participants in University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Center studies who also had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling and MRI brain scans. CSF Aβ1-42 levels were measured as a marker of AD, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging and diffusion tensor imaging were obtained to assess WM macro- and microstructural properties. Linear regression analyses were used to assess the relationships among WM alterations, cerebrovascular disease risk, and AD pathology. Voxelwise analyses were performed to examine spatial patterns of WM alteration associated with each pathology. RESULTS HTN and CSF Aβ1-42 levels were each associated with white matter hyperintensities (WMH). Also, CSF Aβ1-42 levels were associated with alterations in normal appearing white matter fractional anisotropy (NAWM-FA), whereas HTN was marginally associated with alterations in NAWM-FA. Linear regression analyses demonstrated significant main effects of HTN and CSF Aβ1-42 on WMH volume, but no significant HTN×CSF Aβ1-42 interaction. Furthermore, voxelwise analyses showed unique patterns of WM alteration associated with hypertension and CSF Aβ1-42. CONCLUSION Associations of HTN and lower CSF Aβ1-42 with WM alteration were statistically and spatially distinct, suggesting independent rather than synergistic effects. Considering such spatial distributions may improve diagnostic accuracy to address each underlying pathology.
Sampling of Pareto-Optimal Trajectories Using Progressive Objective Evaluation in Multi-Objective Motion Planning

In this paper, we introduce a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)method to solve multi-objective motion-planning problems. We formulate the problem of finding Pareto-optimal trajectories as a problem of sampling trajectories from a Pareto-optimal set. We define an implicit uniform distribution over the Pareto-frontier using a dominance function and then sample in the space of trajectories. The nature of MCMC guarantees the convergence to the Pareto-frontier, while the uniform distribution ensures the diversity of the trajectories. We also propose progressive objective evaluation to increase efficiency in problems with expensive-to-evaluate objective functions. This enables determination of dominance relationship between trajectories before they are entirely evaluated. We finally analyze the effectiveness of the framework and its applications in robotics.
Three-breed rotational crossbreds of Montbéliarde, Viking Red, and Holstein compared with Holstein cows for feed efficiency, income over feed cost, and residual feed intake.

Rotational 3-breed crossbred cows of Montbeliarde, Viking Red, and Holstein (CB) were compared with Holstein (HO) cows for alternative measures of feed efficiency as well as income over feed cost (IOFC) and residual feed intake (RFI) during the first 150 d of first, second, and third lactations. Primiparous and multiparous CB (n = 63 and n = 43, respectively) and HO (n = 60 and n = 37, respectively) cows were fed the same total mixed ration twice daily with refusals weighed once daily. Feed was analyzed for dry matter content, net energy for lactation, and crude protein content. Body weight (BW) was recorded twice weekly. Daily production of milk, fat, and protein were estimated from monthly test days with best prediction. Measures of efficiency from 4 to 150 d in milk (DIM) were feed conversion efficiency (FCE), defined as fat plus protein production (kg) per kilogram of dry matter intake (DMI); ECM/DMI, defined as kilograms of energy-corrected milk (ECM) per kilogram of DMI; net energy for lactation efficiency (NELE), defined as ECM (kg) per megacalorie of net energy for lactation intake; crude protein efficiency (CPE), defined as true protein production (kg) per kilogram of crude protein intake; and DMI/BW, defined as DMI (kg) per kilogram of BW. The IOFC was defined as revenue from fat plus protein production minus feed cost. The RFI from 4 to 150 DIM for each lactation was the residual error remaining from regression of DMI on milk energy output (Mcal), metabolic BW, and energy required for change in BW (Mcal). Statistical analysis of measures of feed efficiency and RFI for primiparous cows included the fixed effects of year of calving and breed group. For multiparous cows, statistical analysis included breed as a fixed effect and cow as a repeated effect nested within breed group. Primiparous CB cows had higher means for FCE (+5.5%), ECM/DMI (+4.0%), NELE (+4.0%), and CPE (+5.2%) and a lower mean DMI/BW (-5.3%) than primiparous HO cows. Primiparous CB cows ($875) also had higher mean IOFC than primiparous HO cows ($825). In addition, mean RFI from 4 to 150 DIM was significantly lower (more desirable) for primiparous CB cows than HO cows. Likewise, multiparous CB cows had higher means for FCE (+8.2%), ECM/DMI (+5.9%), NELE (+5.8%), and CPE (+8.1%) and a lower mean for DMI/BW (-4.8%) than multiparous HO cows. Multiparous CB cows ($1,296) also had a higher mean for IOFC than multiparous HO cows ($1,208) and a lower mean for RFI from 4 to 150 DIM than HO cows.
Evolving Paradigms and Their Impact on Mental Health Care

The concept of paradigm is introduced and the influences of paradigms on the theory and practice of medicine and mental health care are described. Models of energy and information in disparate systems of medicine are reviewed, and a critique is offered of current science and Western medicine. Western medicine posits that health and illness phenomena can be adequately characterized in terms of classically described forms of energy. In contrast, non-Western systems of medicine posit that “normal” and “abnormal” states reflect dynamic interrelationships between physiological processes and postulated “subtle” forms of energy. Recently proposed models of biochemical and energetic individuality are discussed and their implications for new understandings of the nature of body–brain are described. Four principle paradigms embedded in disparate systems of medicine are described: the body paradigm; the mind–body paradigm; the body–energy paradigm; and the body–spirit paradigm. The relevance of disparate paradigms to different models of health and healing is discussed. Each of these paradigms describes health and illness phenomena in relationship to the multitiered complexity of body–brain in space-time, a central premise on which integrative medicine is based. Western medicine and psychiatry are evolving paradigms in that they have been historically open to influences of new ideas. Psychiatry includes a variety of perspectives however there is no consensus on a model that adequately explains both normal conscious functioning and mental illness. The competing perspectives of contemporary psychiatry are described together with the limitations of biomedical psychiatry, the dominant contemporary model. The contributions of cognitive psychology and hermeneutics to explanation in psychiatry are described.
Techniques for scaffolding retrieval practice: The costs and benefits of adaptive versus diminishing cues.

Testing is a powerful enhancer of memory. However, if initial encoding is poor, and subsequent retrieval practice is likely to fail, then the benefits of testing are diminished or even eliminated. Previous work has suggested that the benefits of testing may be preserved under difficult conditions with a scaffolded technique called diminishing-cues retrieval practice (DCRP; Fiechter & Benjamin, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(5), 1868-1876, 2018). DCRP provides increasing retrieval demands over practice, but does not adapt to individual learners or to materials of varying difficulty. Here, we evaluate a new technique called adaptive-cues retrieval practice (ACRP). ACRP adapts to an individual's moment-to-moment ability by providing within-trial accumulated cuing, generating more demanding retrieval practice for better learned items. Across six experiments, learners practiced English-Inupiaq word pairs using ACRP, standard retrieval practice, restudy, and DCRP. ACRP is even more effective than DCRP in situations where standard retrieval practice is ineffective. When testing is most effective, ACRP, DCRP, and standard retrieval practice all enhance memory to approximately the same degree, but DCRP requires the least practice time. Our findings suggest that DCRP is a more efficient technique for learning, but that the benefits of ACRP extend to more learning scenarios than those of any other identified practice regimen.
La scoperta dell’Italia: Il fascismo raccontato dai corrispondenti americani

Mauro Canali has written an important book on the activities of American journalists in Fascist Italy and their coverage of the regime. The work is the product of exhaustive research in the archive...
Idiot science for a blue humanities: Shakespeare’s The Comedy of Errors and Deleuze’s mad Cogito

ABSTRACTCan we imagine a Blue Humanities that takes the non-relation as a starting point for ecological thought? I believe we can. Following Shakespeare and Deleuze, this essay engages in a thought...
Violence and extraction of a human commodity: From phosphate to refugees in the Republic of Nauru

Abstract With the political potency of migrant and refugee demonization, governments have brokered trade deals to extend the geographies of asylum into new sites far beyond their borders. This article draws on unprecedented fieldwork conducted in the Republic of Nauru to explore the Australian government’s practice of outsourcing asylum to Pacific island nations. I look at the overlaps between Nauru’s enterprises around phosphate and now refugees in order to understand the deep environmental and human consequences of mineral and migrant resource sectors. The article shifts the analysis away from a socio-legal or humanitarian frame towards a political economic approach centered on resource extraction, bringing to the fore questions about patterns of accumulation and imperial dependency that induce some countries to take on outsourced asylum operations over others. Ultimately, I argue that refugees are an industry that has had a hugely negative impact on local and refugee populations in Nauru. I also show how Australian-led activist campaigns exasperate these frictions by reinforcing colonial characterizations of savage Nauruans versus vulnerable refugees.
The Palliative Use of Intrathecal Baclofen in Niemann-Pick Disease Type C

Niemann-Pick disease type C is a rare progressive genetic disorder that leads to the abnormal accumulation of lipids within various tissues of the body, including brain tissue and liver. There is a rapid progression of the disease, resulting in severe disability in only a few years after the first symptoms, and survival is not much longer. Spasticity, dystonia, and chronic pain are common findings that severely impact quality of life in these patients. Analgesic management with traditional pain medications is not always effective, and the risk for secondary effects in medically complex patients is high. Liver function is also a limiting factor in these patients. This is a case report of a boy with advanced Niemann-Pick disease type C with developmental regression, cataplexia, and seizures. His severe spasticity made positioning and care difficult, and intense pain required multiple hospitalizations. He had unsuccessfully trialed multiple drugs. An intrathecal baclofen pump was placed without surgical complications and resulted in positive clinical effects. Baclofen pumps have classically been used for spasticity management in adults and children with nonprogressive diseases such as cerebral palsy or spinal cord injury with relatively long life expectancies. In adults, they have been used in patients with multiple sclerosis; however, use in pediatric neurodegenerative diseases has scarcely been reported. The use of intrathecal baclofen in palliative settings might provide an additional resource to provide comfort and quality of life for children with neurodegenerative diseases not only at end-of-life stages but also earlier on.
Geoblocking: At Odds with the EU Single Market and Consumer Expectations

This chapter explores the effects of geoblocking on consumers, as well as the friction between this practice and the idea of European integration. Drawing from my experience as a Member of the European Parliament involved with legislative initiatives to address geoblocking from 2014 to 2019, I find that the European Commission’s proposals to abolish geoblocking that were announced by Commission Vice-President Ansip at the beginning of the mandate left geoblocking practices mostly intact, due to fierce opposition from the film industry. Even the modest proposal for a regulation on online broadcasting modeled after the 1993 Satellite and Cable Directive, which would have reduced (not abolished) the geoblocking of video content, was altered substantially through the negotiation process, largely to accommodate lobbying from the film industry. While politics have thus failed to abolish geoblocking, new online players, such as Netflix and Amazon, have reacted to consumer demand to be able to access video content anytime and anywhere, regardless of location. These companies were only able to grow thanks to the large single market in the USA where they got their start, and have since been able to establish themselves in the EU thanks to their substantial resources when entering the EU market. Now, the multinationals are large enough to finance their own productions, which are available to all users worldwide simultaneously. To many consumers, the issue of geoblocking therefore seems less pressing now, because they can watch content produced by streaming services such as Netflix or Amazon Prime instead of the independent productions that are unavailable to them legally in their countries. By opposing any solution to the geoblocking problem, the European film industry has thus contributed to the rise of new, powerful competitors and is now threatened by technology companies that are better at meeting user demand for non-geoblocked films and TV series. Only a decisive effort to abolish geoblocking can prevent the gradual development of a film production duopoly of Netflix and Amazon. Eventually, abolishing geoblocking will be in the interest of both consumers and a diverse film production market.
Coronavirus Neurosurgical/Head and Neck Drape to Prevent Aerosolization of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): The Lenox Hill Hospital/Northwell Health Solution.

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has infected more than 13 million people on a global scale and claimed more than half million deaths across 213 countries and territories. While the focus is currently on recovery from the pandemic, the disease has significantly changed the way we practice medicine and neurosurgery in New York City and the United States. Apart from the emergency cases, several health systems across the country have similarly started to perform elective surgeries. Although COVID-19 screening and testing guidelines have been proposed and adopted by many hospitals, these may not adequately protect the operating room personnel who are in proximity to the patient for prolonged periods. There are concerning reports of especially high transmission rates of COVID-19 in transmucosal head and neck procedures conducted by otolaryngologists and neurosurgeons, despite attempts at wearing what constitutes appropriate personal protective equipment. Methods Here, we describe a simple technique of additional draping that can be used for all cranial, endonasal, spinal, and neurointerventional cases to limit the transmission of coronavirus. Results The proposed technique offers a simple, commonly available, cost-effective alternative that avoids the use of additional retractor systems. Moreover, this technique can be used in all neurosurgical procedures. Conclusions With the rising concerns regarding airborne spread of the virus, we expect that these precautions will prove highly useful as we enter the recovery phase of this pandemic and hospitals attempt to prevent a return to widespread infection. In addition, its availability and cost effectiveness make this technique especially attractive to practical use in centers with limited resources.
Stereoscopic detection of hot spots in superfluid 4He (He II) for accelerator-cavity diagnosis

Abstract Superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities cooled by superfluid 4He (He II) are building blocks of many modern particle accelerators due to their high quality factor. However, Joule heating from sub-millimeter surface defects on cavities can lead to cavity quenching, which limits the maximum acceleration gradient of the accelerators. Developing a non-contacting detection technology to accurately locate these surface hot spots is the key to improve the performance of SRF cavities and hence the accelerators. In a recent proof-of-concept experiment (Phys. Rev. Applied, 11, 044003 (2019)), we demonstrated that a molecular tagging velocimetry (MTV) technique based on the tracking of a He 2 * molecular tracer line created nearby a surface hot spot in He II can be utilized to locate the hot spot. In order to make this technique practically useful, here we describe our further development of a stereoscopic MTV setup for tracking the tracer line’s motion in three-dimensional (3D) space. We simulate a quench spot by applying a transient voltage pulse to a small heater mounted on a substrate plate. Images of the drifted tracer line, taken with two cameras from orthogonal directions, are used to reconstruct the line profile in 3D space. A new algorithm for analyzing the 3D line profile is developed, which incorporates the finite size effect of the heater. We show that the center location of the heater can be reproduced on the substrate surface with an uncertainty of only a few hundred microns, thereby proving the practicability of this method.
Competing Motives in the Partisan Mind: How Loyalty and Responsiveness Shape Party Identification and Democracy

Introduction 1. A Dual Motivations Theory 2. Identity Justification: Identifying with the "Lesser of Two Evils" 3. Identity Justification: Issue Reprioritization 4. Cognitive Resources and Resistance to Identity Change 5. Motivation and Measurement Error 6. The Paradox of Partisan Responsiveness 7. Motivation and Democracy References
Building detection in SAR imagery

Current techniques for building detection in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery can be computationally expensive and/or enforce stringent requirements for data acquisition. We present a technique that is effective and efficient at determining an approximate building location from multi-pass single-pol SAR imagery. This approximate location provides focus-of-attention to specific image regions for subsequent processing. The proposed technique assumes that for the desired image, a preprocessing algorithm has detected and labeled bright lines and shadows. Because we observe that buildings produce bright lines and shadows with predetermined relationships, our algorithm uses a graph clustering technique to find groups of bright lines and shadows that create a building. The nodes of the graph represent bright line and shadow regions, while the arcs represent the relationships between the bright lines and shadow. Constraints based on angle of depression and the relationship between connected bright lines and shadows are applied to remove unrelated arcs. Once the related bright lines and shadows are grouped, their locations are combined to provide an approximate building location. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the outcome of this technique.
Elliptic and magneto-elliptic instabilities

Vortices are the fundamental units of turbulent flow. Understanding their sta- bility properties therefore provides fundamental insights on the nature of turbulence itself. In this contribution I briely review the phenomenological aspects of the instability of el- liptic streamlines, in the hydro (elliptic instability) and hydromagnetic (magneto-elliptic instability) regimes. Vortex survival in disks is a balance between vortex destruction by these mechanisms, and vortex production by others, namely, the Rossby wave instability and the baroclinic instability.
Experiences Toward An Interactive Cloud-Based Learning System for STEM Education

The digital technology plays a vital role for improving student learning and engagement. This is especially true in STEM education where teaching scientific concepts for K-12 education requires engaging platform to encourage inquiry-based learning, and it has been shown that the use of computer simulations can increase student achievement and their interest in STEM. In this paper, we present an interactive cloud-based web system that enables teachers in middle schools to effectively teach earth and environmental science using interactive simulations. To achieve on-demand accessibility and high reliability, our system is hosted on Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud platform that allows users, with an Internet connection and a Web browser, to access the course and do assignments. Additionally, we demonstrate teacher-role’s functionality regarding managing course content, identifying low-performing students and achieving improved student learning outcomes. With the seamless integration of interactive simulations, user-friendly interfaces and transparent functionalities, our system aims to make learning more fun and engaging. Teachers who have used our system found it to be very helpful in engaging their students.
An Accident of Geography? Assessing the Gerrymandering of School Attendance Zones:

ContextDespite the recent emphasis on public school choice, more than four-fifths of public school students still attend the traditional school to which they are assigned (NCES CCD, 2013), making a...
Programming-By-Example by Programming-By-Example: Synthesis of Looping Programs

Program synthesis has seen many new applications in recent years, in large part thanks to the introduction of SyGuS. However, no existing SyGuS solvers have support for synthesizing recursive functions. We introduce an multi-phase algorithm for the synthesis of recursive ``looplike'' programs in SyGuS for programming-by-example. We solve constraints individually and treat them as ``unrolled`` examples of how a recursive program would behave, and solve for the generalized recursive solution. Our approach is modular and supports any SyGuS Solver.
Díaz‐Guerrero, Rogelio

Rogelio Diaz-Guerrero was born on August 3, 1918 in Guadalajara, Mexico. He died on December 8, 2004 in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Interested in the mainsprings of human behavior and conduct since adolescence, he became a medical student and obtained his M.D. degree at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in 1943. Concurrently, he embarked upon the study of psychology, pursuing graduate studies at the University of Iowa where he received a master's degree and a Ph.D. in 1944 and 1947, respectively. Research-oriented and steeped in experimental, developmental, and social psychology, Diaz-Guerrero was involved in pioneering the development of academic and professional programs in psychology in Mexico. Throughout his career, he held a succession of appointments at UNAM. In recognition of his lifetime contribution, Diaz-Guerrero was appointed National Emeritus Investigator of the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico. He was one of the founders of the Interamerican Society of Psychology and the Mexican Society of Psychology, both of which he served as President. Keywords: cultural psychology; indigenous psychology
Effects of phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, and hematin on the synthesis of protein components of rat liver microsomal membranes.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum was solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate and the protein components were fractionated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The relative rates of amino acid incorporation into the fractionated protein bands following various drug treatments were measured. The drugs used were phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene, representative of two classes of drugs which induce a variety of microsomal drug-metabolizing activities, and hematin, which causes a decrease in the activities of enzymes associated with drug metabolism. Each of the three compounds produced distinctive changes in amino acid incorporation into the protein components of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In each case the greatest change in amino acid incorporation was in a major protein band in the 50,000 molecular weight region of the gel. Cytochrome P-420, the solubilized form of cytochrome P-450, was purified and shown to migrate as a protein with a molecular weight of 50,000, indicating that this protein is contained in the 50,000 molecular weight band. Amino acid incorporation into isolated cytochrome P-420 showed that this protein is responsible for at least part of the drug-mediated changes in amino acid incorporation observed for the 50,000 molecular weight protein band.
Japan's green resources: Forest conservation and social values

Modern and historical Japanese societies are and were quite comfortable with a nature defined, designed, and dominated by humans. While contemporary Japanese are concerned about the environment, especially about non-timber (“green”) forest resources, conservation organizations are generally small and locally focused. Public forests, accounting for 40 percent of all Japan's forests, are intensively managed. At the national level, the timber program is operating below cost and there is increasing emphasis on non-timber management and rural economic development. A professional elite largely determines forest management goals and cultural barriers minimize broad public participation. Increasingly aware of the environmental impacts of their industrial society at home and abroad, the Japanese are becoming more environmentally concerned. Government agencies are especially proactive in enhancing environmental understanding among Japanese citizens and in sharing their resource management expertise with other Pacific Rim nations.
Semantics-Based Information Brokering: A Step Towards Realizing the Infocosm

The rapid advances in computer and communication technologies, and their merger, is leading to a global information market place. It will consist of federations of very large number of information systems that will cooperate to varying extents to support the users' information needs. We propose an architecture which may facilitate meeting these needs. It consists of three main components: information providers, information brokers and information consumers. We also propose an approach to information brokering. We discuss two of it's tasks: information resource discovery, which identi es relevant information sources for a given query, and query processing, which involves the generation of appropriate mapping from relevant but structurally heterogeneous objects. Query processing consists of information focusing and information correlation. While the access-based search, and syntactic and hierarchical information organization has been adequate in the past, information brokering in presence of huge digital libraries or millions of information sources will likely require semantics and information-content based search and structuring of information. Our approach is based on: semantic proximity, which represents semantic similarities based on the context of comparison, and schema correspondences which are used to represent structural mappings and are associated with the context. The context of comparison of the two objects is the primary vehicle to represent the semantics for determining semantic proximity. Speci cally, we use a context to capture the semantics in terms of the meaning and/or the use of an object. Using a partial context representation, we capture the assumptions in the intended use of the objects and the intended meaning of the user query. Information focusing is supported by subsequent context comparison. The same mechanism can be used to support information resource discovery. Context comparison leads to changes in schema correspondences that are used to support information correlation. 1 In the not too distant a future ... Merging of computers and communications, or the impending merger of TV, PC and the cable box, has created a lot of excitement. Gigabit public and private networks with huge leaps in wired ( ber) communication and high frequency low power wireless transmission capabilities, combined with fast switching (e.g., ATM) will move all types of information 1 Technical Report DCS-TR-301, Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, October 1993.
Cloning and Characterization of Glioma BK, a Novel BK Channel Isoform Highly Expressed in Human Glioma Cells

Voltage-dependent large-conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channels (BK channels) are widely expressed in excitable and nonexcitable cells. BK channels exhibit diverse electrophysiological properties, which are attributable in part to alternative splicing of their α-subunits. BK currents have been implicated in the growth control of glial cells, and BK channels with novel biophysical properties have recently been characterized in human glioma cells. Here we report the isolation, cloning, and functional characterization of glioma BK (gBK), a novel splice isoform of hSlo , the gene that encodes the α-subunits of human BK channels. The primary sequence of gBK is 97% identical to its closest homolog hbr5, but it contains an additional 34-amino-acid exon at splice site 2 in the C-terminal tail of BK channels. hSlo transcripts containing this novel exon are expressed ubiquitously in various normal tissues as well as in neoplasmic samples, suggesting that the novel exon may modulate important physiological functions of BK channels. Expression of gBK in Xenopus oocytes gives rise to iberiotoxin-sensitive (IbTX) currents, with an IC 50 for IbTX of 5.7 nm and a Hill coefficient of 0.76. Single gBK channels have a unitary conductance of ∼250 pS, and the currents show significantly slower activation and higher Ca 2+ sensitivity than hbr5. Ca 2+ sensitivity was enhanced specifically at physiologically relevant [Ca 2+ ] i (100–500 nm). Examination of biopsies from patients with malignant gliomas has revealed specific overexpression of BK channels in gliomas compared with nonmalignant human cortical tissues. Importantly, tumor malignancy grades have correlated positively with BK channel expression, suggesting an important role for the gBK channel in glioma biology.
Development of a finite element-based injury metric for pulmonary contusion part I: model development and validation

Pulmonary contusion is the most commonly identified thoracic soft tissue injury in an automobile crash and after blunt chest trauma and affects 10-17% of all trauma admissions. The mortality associated with pulmonary contusions is significant and is estimated to be 10-25%. Thus, there is a need to develop a finite element model based injury metric for pulmonary contusion for the purpose of predicting outcome. This will enable current and future finite element models of the lung to incorporate an understanding of how stress and strain may be related to contusion injuries. This study utilizes 14 impacts onto male Sprague-Dawley rats. In 5 of these tests, a calibrated weight (46 g) is dropped from a height of 44 cm directly onto the lungs of intubated, anesthetized rats in situ. Contused volume is estimated from MicroPET scans of the lung and normalized on the basis of liver uptake of 18F-FDG. The lungs are scanned at 24 hours, 7 days, and 28 days (15 scans), and the contused volume is measured. In addition, 9 controlled mechanical tests on in situ rat lung are used for model development and validation. Identical impacts are performed on a finite element model of the rat lung. The finite element model is developed from CT scans of normal rat and scaled to represent average rat lung volume. First principal strain is chosen as a candidate injury metric for pulmonary contusion. The volume of contused tissue at the three time points measured using PET is compared to the strain level achieved by a corresponding volume in the finite element model. For PET scans (n=5 scans per time point), the average contusion volume was 4.2 cm3 at 24 hours, 2.8 cm3 at 7 days, and 0.39 cm3 at 28 days. These volumes were used to identify threshold peak first principal strain levels measured by the finite element model. Maximum first principal strain from the finite element model for the three volume levels (4.2, 2.8, and 0.39 cm3) was 3.5%, 8.8%, and 35% strain, respectively. Furthermore, the lung model exhibited exponential decay in principal strain threshold as more of the lung volume was considered, correlating to the precise and well defined volume of the contusion as it healed. The results of this study may be used to establish an injury metric to predict pulmonary contusion due to an impact to the lungs. The results may be used to improve finite element models of the human body, which may then be used to tune stiffnesses of interior components of automobiles and tune safety systems for maximum mitigation of this serious injury.
Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema syndrome: followup for neoplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) syndrome may represent a paraneoplastic disorder in a significant percentage of cases. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with RS3PE syndrome at the Medical College of Wisconsin before 1995 were telephoned and asked about their rheumatologic course since initial diagnosis of RS3PE and whether they had been diagnosed with any cancer. If so, permission was obtained to review tissue pathology. Criteria used for diagnosis of RS3PE syndrome included sudden onset of painful diffuse swelling of both hands associated with pitting edema of the dorsa of the hands without other synovitis or evidence of disease, negative rheumatoid factor, absence of radiologic abnormalities, and resolution within 6-12 months without sequelae. Data from the national SEER databank on population incidence of cancers in the appropriate sex, age, and ethnic groups for the years under study were used to assess relative risk for cancer. RESULTS: There were 10 patients for whom followup data were available. Four had a cancer diagnosed following recognition of the RS3PE syndrome; 1 patient developed non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma initially diagnosed as hairy cell leukemia after 4 years; 1 developed acute lymphocytic leukemia with hyperdiploidy after 14 years; 1 was diagnosed with male breast cancer after 2.5 years; and 1 developed squamous cell lung cancer 12 months after RS3PE diagnosis. SEER data project an estimated rate of 2-3 cancers in a similar group of 10 patients of the same sex, age, and time period for this geographic area. CONCLUSION: The small sample size in this longterm followup precludes extrapolation to larger populations but suggests that there may be a slightly higher than expected rate of neoplasia in patients diagnosed with RS3PE syndrome. The interval between onset of RS3PE syndrome and diagnosis of cancer was fairly long, indicating that patients should be monitored for neoplasia with prudent age and sex specific surveillance for an extended period after diagnosis with RS3PE.
Missed sleep and asthma morbidity in urban children

Background Children living in urban environments have many risk factors for disrupted sleep, including environmental disturbances, stressors related to ethnic minority status, and higher rates of stress and anxiety. Asthma can further disrupt sleep in children, but little research has examined the effects of missed sleep on asthma morbidity.
Amino acid chemoreception: effects of pH on receptors and stimuli

A current model of amino acid chemoreception has generated the idea that pH affects the efficiency of stimulus-receptor binding by altering the charge distribution on stimulus molecules. The model suggests that amino acids are maximally stimulatory near their isoelectric points. We point out that, within a broad range of pH values, changes in stimulant amino acids cannot account for altered chemoresponsiveness. We suggest instead that pH-induced changes in chemoreception are a result of changes in charge distribution on the protein receptor.
Solutions to sign problems in lattice Yukawa models

We prove that sign problems in the traditional approach to some lattice Yukawa models can be completely solved when the fermions are formulated using fermion bags and the bosons are formulated in the worldline representation. We prove this within the context of two examples of three dimensional models, symmetric under $U_L(1) \times U_R(1) \times Z_2 ({Parity})$ transformations, one involving staggered fermions and the other involving Wilson fermions. We argue that these models have interesting quantum phase transitions that can now be studied using Monte Carlo methods.
Shaming Psychoanalytic Candidates

An earlier version of this paper was presented at Symposium, 2006, March 5, 2006, and is in press, Contemporary Psychoanalysis.
NXG01-4: Scalable Hierarchical Traceback

Distributed Denial of Service attacks have recently emerged as one of the most potent, if not the greatest, weaknesses of the Internet. Previous solutions for this problem try to traceback to the exact origin of the attack by requiring the participation of all routers. For many reasons this requirement is impractical. In the presence of non-participating routers most of the proposed schemes either fail in reconstructing the attack path or end up with an approximate location of the attacker. We propose Hierarchical IP Traceback (HIT), a hierarchical approach to address this issue. HIT has significant improvements over other works in several dimensions: (1) with just a few tens of packets, HIT enables the victim to reconstruct the attack graph, an improvement of 2-3 orders of magnitude when compared to previous schemes; (2) HIT scales to large distributed attacks with thousands of attacks; (3) owing to its hierarchical nature, the reconstruction takes only tens of seconds.
Strong nonlinear optical enhancement in MBE-grown Bi1−xSbx

Abstract We report an experimental study of the linear and nonlinear optical properties of Bi 1−x Sb x alloy layers grown by MBE. Non-degenerate four-wave mixing experiments at CO 2 laser wavelengths yield a large third-order nonlinear susceptibility (χ (3) ≈3.5 × 10 −4 esu). Furthermore, due to the high reflectivity of the Bi 1−x Sb x films at both the air and substrate interfaces, the etalon formed can enhance the nonlinear optical signal by over an order of magnitude.
A Comparative Analysis of Theological and Critical Perspectives on Emancipatory Praxis through Accounting

Abstract This paper examines the insights that the interface between critical theory and different theologies can bring to our understanding of accounting's emancipatory potential. The paper begins with a comparative analysis of critical perspectives and Jewish and Christian theological perspectives on emancipatory praxis, with a particular emphasis on emancipation from spiritual alienation. The theological perspectives are based on the two creation stories in the biblical book of Genesis and what they teach about human relationships, social justice, and spiritual development. The paper then illustrates what a theological education might be like within the context of an accounting or management degree, where the objective is to encourage business students to think reflectively, ethically, and spiritually about themselves, their profession, and other people. Next, the paper considers how alternative accounting reporting and disclosure practices can promote the spiritual development of individual persons and their communities. The conclusion discusses structural constraints that would shape and be shaped by the proposed emancipatory accounting practices, and acknowledges that other spiritual traditions besides Western theology also can be mobilized to promote emancipatory accounting education and practice in a pluralistic society.
Gene number in species of Astereae that have different chromosome numbers.

Abstract Differences in the gametic chromosome numbers (n = 4, 5, 9) of species in the Astereae tribe of the Compositae have been variously interpreted. One hypothesis proposes that n = 9 was the original base number of the group and that the lower numbers resulted from aneuploid reduction. The alternative hypothesis asserts that the ancestral base number was n = 4 or n = 5 and that species in which n = 9 are allotetraploids derived by hybridization between taxa with the lower numbers. Electrophoretic analysis of 17 enzyme systems in five species of Machaeranthera, in which n = 4, 5, and 9, and two species of Aster in which n = 5 and 9, demonstrates that all of these species have the same number of gene loci specifying the tested enzymes. The absence of isozyme multiplicity in the species in which n = 9 suggests that they did not arise by polyploidy.
Predictors of early mortality in systemic sclerosis: a case–control study comparing early versus late mortality in systemic sclerosis

To compare the characteristics of patients with systemic sclerosis who died within 2 years of diagnosis to those who died after 2 years of diagnosis. A retrospective chart review of all medical records of deceased systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients who had been followed at our institution from 1985 to 2007 was performed. We identified 87 deceased SSc patients within this period. From the 87 deceased individuals, 20 had died within 2 years after they were diagnosed, and 67 had died after 2 years of their diagnosis. Patients who died within 2 years of diagnosis were more likely to be anticentromere antibody negative when compared to the patients who died after 2 years (17/20 vs. 48/67, P = 0.03). The time from the first appearance of non-Raynaud’s symptoms to diagnosis was significantly shorter in the group who died within 2 years than in the group who died after 2 years of diagnosis (11.8 ± 10.3 vs. 60.7 ± 64.9 months, P = 0.002). According to the Medsger severity score, there was more severe muscle (0.82 ± 1.13 vs. 1.8 ± 1.28, P = 0.0014) and heart (0.86 ± 1.37 vs. 2.1 ± 1.71, P = 0.0013) involvement at the initial evaluation in patients who died before 2 years of diagnosis when compared to the group of patients who died after 2 years of diagnosis. The time from the first symptoms to treatment initiation was significantly shorter in patients who died early (9.43 ± 6.3 vs. 38.3 ± 54.4 months, P = 0.05). The interval between treatment initiation and death was also significantly shorter (15.1 ± 9.48 vs. 60.7 ± 49.7 months, P = 0.001), reflecting greater severity of disease. Patients who died within the first 2 years of SSc diagnosis were typically anticentromere negative and had significant muscle and cardiac involvement. The time from the first appearance of non-Raynaud phenomenon symptoms to death was much shorter in the patients who died within 2 years of diagnosis, suggesting a very fulminant form of systemic sclerosis.
Critical shear stress of trout feed and implications for particulate transport in flow through raceways

Abstract Aquaculture has been identified with many different types of environmental impacts. Of these, aquacultural sediments are noteworthy because of the associated nutrient and particulate transport from aquaculture facilities to the receiving waters. We investigated the critical shear stress needed to initiate sediment transport as a function of, bed roughness (smooth, 0.4 and 0.7 mm) and particle size (2.5, 1.4 and 0.71 mm). We estimated bed shear stress using logarithmic velocity profiles and near-bed velocity gradients and obtained a critical shear stress estimate with a relative error of 18.9% or 0.007 N/m 2 . Critical shear stress estimates were impacted by particle size and bed roughness with smaller particles and greater roughness associated with greater critical shear stress. The maximum (plus uncertainty) critical shear stress for all test conditions was 0.083 N/m 2 . The estimate is in agreement with other estimates of critical shear stress for aquacultural particles, and is greater than estimated available shear stress in typical Idaho raceways especially considering the algae growth in many raceways. Lack of adequate sediment transport increases the time that particles reside in the raceway which, in turn, increases mechanical and biological degradation, resulting in reduced effectiveness of sediment and nutrient management. Means to increase the critical shear stress offers opportunities for future reductions in nutrient and particle export from aquaculture operations.
A transmission electron microscopy study of the deformation behavior underneath nanoindents in nanoscale Al-TiN multilayered composites

Nanoscale multilayered Al–TiN composites were deposited using the dc magnetron sputtering technique in two different layer thickness ratios, Al : TiN = 1 : 1 and Al : TiN = 9 : 1. The Al layer thickness varied from 2 nm to 450 nm. The hardness of the samples was tested by nanoindentation using a Berkovich tip. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was carried out on samples extracted with focused ion beam from below the nanoindents. The results of the hardness tests on the Al–TiN multilayers with two different thickness ratios are presented, together with observations from the cross-sectional TEM studies of the regions underneath the indents. These studies revealed remarkable strength in the multilayers, as well as some very interesting deformation behavior in the TiN layers at extremely small length scales, where the hard TiN layers undergo co-deformation with the Al layers.
Statistical mobility prediction for planetary surface exploration rovers in uncertain terrain

Planetary surface exploration rovers must accurately and efficiently predict their mobility on natural, rough terrain. Most approaches to mobility prediction assume precise a priori knowledge of terrain physical parameters, however in practical scenarios knowledge of terrain parameters contains significant uncertainty. In this paper, a statistical method for mobility prediction that incorporates terrain uncertainty is presented. The proposed method consists of two techniques: a wheeled vehicle model for calculating vehicle dynamic motion and wheel-terrain interaction forces, and a stochastic response surface method (SRSM) for modeling of uncertainty. The proposed method generates a predicted motion path of the rover with confidence ellipses indicating the probable rover position due to uncertainty in terrain physical parameters. Rover orientations and wheel slippage are also predicted. The computational efficiency of SRSM as compared to conventional Monte Carlo methods is shown via numerical simulations. Experimental results of rover travel over sloped terrain in two different uncertain terrains are presented that confirms the utility of the proposed mobility prediction method.