cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Psychology and Organizations: The Case of the United Nations

With attention to cultural dynamics, diversity, power, and privilege, this precis investigates the contribution of critical psychology to organizational performance. The precis flags the case of the United Nations system, especially the General Assembly, to identify key challenges in the twenty-first century and consider how it might advance social justice and well-being.
The Importance of Reputation for the Evolution of Decentralization

Chapter 6 underscores the importance of reputation systems for the decentralized economy. Reputation is the proper incentive, instead of money, for motivating the most efficient cooperation and long-term stability in business. Existing Web3 smart contract solutions often incentivize people to devote their energy to taking advantage of their business associates in anonymous environments. Through the promise of future business opportunities, reputation changes the relationship from adversary to partner. Reputation changes the transaction from a single-stage zero-sum game into a repeated positive-sum game. The value that is created in the transaction is that the reputation of both parties is improved in a harmonious profit-able transaction for the long-term.
Reproductive Organs, Reproduction, and Growth

This chapter provides information related to reproductive organs, reproduction, and growth of primates. Adult male primates are characterized by permanently descended testicles. The testicles descend in most primates not long after their birth, and the descent is usually later in prosimians than in anthropoids. Adult male chimpanzees can have testicles that together weigh up to 250 grams, and in contrast those of a wild shot healthy male gorilla weighed only 36 grams. The gorilla also has a very small penis. Seasonal changes in testicular size occur in the prosimian genera Varecia , Microcebus , and Cheirogaleus ; this has also been found in some macaques. Some female primates—both prosimian and new world monkeys—have a bony structure in their clitoris that is usually comparatively smaller than the male baculum. Breeding seasons are more likely to occur in environments that are subject to obvious seasonal changes. In habitats where there is a never-changing supply of food items, such as in tropical rainforests, distinct breeding seasons are unlikely. Mating seasons and consequently breeding and birthing seasons are restricted to only a couple of days or even hours in many prosimians. Many primates have variable breeding seasons with restricted numbers of offspring during certain time spans, such as one offspring per year or one offspring every 2 years. Growth not only refers to the general increase in body size but also those slowdowns of growth rates in some regions of the body that result in proportional differences in various parts of the body. Length and intensity of growth vary widely among primates.
Effect of High-Temperature Loading on Mechanical Properties of Nicalon Fibers and Nicalon Fiber/SiC Matrix Composites

Results of an investigation into the effect of elevated temperature exposure on the strength distribution of Nicalon fibers as well on mechanical properties of Nicalon/SiC composites are reported in this paper. Single-fiber strength distribution of as-fabricated Nicalon fibers was obtained from bundle tests. Strength distributions of fractured fibers in as-fabricated Nicalon/SiC composites and after elevated temperature exposure of composites were assessed from measurements of fracture mirror radii. Variations in the mechanical properties of composites evaluated as a function of test temperatures are compared with those evaluated at room temperature and are correlated to the fiber strength characteristics. Limited tests were also conducted to investigate the effect of long term exposure at elevated temperatures on composite ultimate strength.
Investigation of Opuntia ficus-indica Mucilage Nanofiber Membrane Filtration for Water Systems

Nanofiltration technology is being investigated as a cost-effective and environmentally acceptable mechanism of sustaining industrial and public water systems. Nanofiber membranes are part of the family of filtration devices being used to remove inorganics and organics from water systems. This study investigates the use of the natural material, Opuntia ficus-indica (Ofi) cactus mucilage, as a tool for nanofiber membrane filtration. Mucilage is a natural, non-toxic, bio-compatible, biodegradable, inexpensive and abundant material. Mucilage is a clear colorless substance comprised of proteins, mono-saccharides, and polysaccharides. It also contains organic species, which give it the capacity to interact with metals, cations and biological substances promoting flocculation for removing arsenic, bacteria, E. coli, and other particulates from drinking water. This natural material has the potential to be used as a sustainable method for water filtration and contaminant sensing. Therefore, mucilage nanofiber membranes were electrospun with volume ratios of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polystyrene (PS) to mucilage comparing the interaction of non-polar solvents. Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (AFS) from PSAnalytical was used to evaluate electrospun nanofiber membranes made from volume ratios ranging from 30:70 to 70:30 of mucilage: polyvinyl alcohol, mucilage: polystyrene-D-limonene, and mucilage: polystyrene–toluene in different proportions. The mucilage nanofiber membranes were used as filtration devices for 50 ppb arsenic solutions. Arsenic, being a toxic substance, acts as a deadly poison in water systems and has plagued societal preservation for centuries. The total arsenic content in the samples were measured before and after treatment. Comparative tests were also performed using 1) coated and non-coated GVWP 0.22 µm and 0.45 µm filters from Millipore and 2) columnar flow through Pasteur glass pipets filled with 0.5 g of pre-washed sand from Fisher Scientific and 0.01 g of mucilage nanofibers. Results show mucilage: polystyrene nanofiber membrane filters were capable of removing arsenic from test solutions, in terms of the percentage of arsenic removed. These data elucidate that mucilage nanofiber membranes have the potential to serve as the basis for the next generation of economically sustainable filtration devices that make use of a natural non-toxic material for sustainable water systems.
Pomegranate juice: is it the new, all-natural phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor?

Pomegranate juice, which is derived from the pomegranate fruit, has been shown to have potent antioxidants, supposedly even more than in wine or green tea. It has recently been shown that it seems to protect nitric oxide (NO) in its continuing battle against oxidative stress, and it thereby has the potential to enhance the effect of NO on certain biologic systems.1 Because tumescence occurs as a result of an intact NO-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway within the cavernosal nerve and cavernosal smooth muscle cells, it seems logical to determine whether pomegranate juice can cause improvement in erectile function.
The adherence of group A streptococci to oropharyngeal cells: the lipoteichoic acid adhesin and fibronectin receptor.

The attachment of group A streptococci to oropharyngeal epithelial cells is mediated by adhesive molecules (adhesins) on the surfaces of the micro-organisms that interact with receptor molecules on the epithelial cells. The evidence that the adhesin is composed of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) complexed with bacterial cell surface proteins is as follows: (a) Among the purified cell wall substances tested, only LTA was able to inhibit attachment; (b) treatment of streptococci with anti LTA but not with antibody against other surface substances blocks attachment; (c) LTA forms complexes with purified M protein, the most abundant protein on the surface of virulent streptococci; (d) the lipid moieties of LTA, which mediate attachment, remain free in the M protein-LTA complexes to interact with receptor analogues, such as serum albumin. The evidence that the receptor for the LTA mediated binding of streptococci resides in fibronectin molecules on oropharyngeal cells is as follows: (a) the addition to adhesion test mixtures of fibronection inhibits binding; (b) the number of streptococci capable of attaching is directly proportional to the amount of fibronectin present on epithelial cells; (c) purified fibronectin immobilized on latex beads agglutinates suspensions of streptococci; (d) radiolabeled fibronectin binds to group A streptococci; (e) both the agglutination of fibronectin-beads and the binding of fibronectin to streptococci is blocked by LTA, the streptococcal adhesin.
Conservation as a Catalyst for Conflict: Message and Meaning in Policymaking

Communication of politically divisive concepts is important to consider when evaluating the trend towards increased participatory environmental policymaking. Research focusing on communication among stakeholders is vital to help understand the role that message and meaning play in policymaking. Externally imposed meaning can be especially powerful in the context of political communication, especially when the definitions imposed are legalistic or otherwise institutionalized. Meaning can be unintentionally opaque, purposefully manipulated, or simply misconstrued. The motive or reason behind the lack of clarity may be particularly important to policy discussions. Shared values may also lead more readily to shared meaning in communication. In policy contexts within which there are not shared values, we may see a higher degree of miscommunication or policy struggle. It is evident, based on interview data, that stakeholders involved in Colorado water policy define the word ‘conservation’ differently. The two potential definitions of this word carry vastly different connotations for environmental outcomes. The research presented here indicates that there is not intentional manipulation of meaning or even sloppy communication of conservation concepts. Rather, the word has evolved rapidly over less than a century, to support more pro-environmental concepts. Those who hold environmental values are those that define the term according to this modern definition. This research indicates that when policy negotiators and discussants understand that there is a difference in communicated meaning and they are in the minority stakeholder group, they can avoid conflict or misunderstanding based on language.
Effect of Ultraviolet Light on Division and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Haemophilus influenzae

Abstract The effects of ultraviolet (UV) light on cell morphology, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, and protein synthesis in UV-sensitive and UV-resistant strains of Haemophilus influenzae were examined. Relatively low doses of UV induce lyses in the sensitive strains but not in the resistant mutant; however, UV temporarily blocks cell division of the resistant mutant, and elongated cells are formed after a period of incubation. Low doses of UV do not stop DNA synthesis in any of the strains examined; however, they do slow the rate of DNA synthesis in a manner consistent with the model correlating the kinetics of postirradiation DNA synthesis with the cell's ability to repair UV-induced DNA lesions. The data are not consistent with a model in which UV causes all DNA synthesis to stop for a time linearly dependent on dose.
Immunophilins, mTOR, and pharmacodynamic strategies for a targeted cancer therapy.

Protein kinases are currently a major focus for cancer drug discovery because of their integral roles in cellular transformation, growth control, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Indeed, >30 kinase inhibitors are currently in clinical trials [(1)][1] , and ongoing drug discovery efforts will add
A logical approach to multilevel security of probabilistic systems

A second-order modal logic for reasoning about multilevel security in probabilistic systems is proposed. A possible world semantics is presented, and it is proved that the logic is sound with respect to it. The semantics is novel in treating probability measures themselves as possible worlds. After giving a syntatic definition of security, it is shown that the semantic interpretation of the syntactic definition is equivalent to an earlier independently motivated characterization called probabilistic noninterference due to J. W. Gray, III (1991). The authors examine a syntatic representation of Gray's applied flow model and discuss the relation between these characterizations of security and between their usefulness in security analysis. A syntatic description of a round-robin server and a sketch of the formal proof of its security are also provided. >
Host Effects of Glandular-Haired Alfalfa on Alfalfa Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Potato Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Populations in Virginia

Cultivars of glandular-haired alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., such as ‘54H69’, are currently available and marketed as being resistant to potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris). Between 2000 and 2002, studies were conducted to compare the effects of ‘54H69’ and a standard, nonglandular-haired alfalfa cultivar, ‘Choice’, on alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), and potato leafhopper populations at Campbell and Montgomery counties, Virginia. ‘54H69’ had no effect on alfalfa weevil populations. At each location, densities of alfalfa weevil in ‘54H69’ and ‘Choice’ were similar, but pest pressure was higher at Campbell Co. than at Montgomery Co. and always exceeded the economic threshold before insecticide was applied. Densities of potato leafhopper also did not differ between ‘54H69’ and ‘Choice’ in any year at the two locations. Insecticide treatment effectively reduced potato leafhopper densities in the two cultivars, although populations were below the economic threshold at both locations when the insecticides were applied. Overall, postinsecticide treatment comparisons showed that the densities of alfalfa weevil and potato leafhoppers were similar or higher in untreated ‘54H69’ compared with insecticide-treated ‘Choice’. In addition, there were no differences in seasonal dry yields between ‘54H69’ and ‘Choice’ in any year at either location. Our results indicate that the glandular-haired alfalfa ‘54H69’ does not provide acceptable resistance to potato leafhopper and also does not offer a yield advantage to growers in Virginia.
On the optimal convergence speed of wireless scheduling for fair resource allocation

In this paper, we study the design of joint flow-rate control and scheduling policies in multihop wireless networks for achieving maximum network utility with provably optimal convergence speed. Fast convergence is especially important in wireless networks that are dominated by the dynamics of incoming and outgoing flows as well as the time-sensitive applications. Yet, the design of fast converging policies in wireless networks is complicated by: 1) the interference-constrained communication capabilities, and 2) the finite set of transmission rates to select from due to operational and physical-layer constraints. We tackle these challenges by explicitly incorporating such discrete constraints to understand their impact on the convergence speed at which the running average of the received service rates and the network utility over a finite time horizon $T$ converges to their limits. In particular, we establish a fundamental fact that the convergence speed of any feasible policy cannot be faster than $\Omega({1\over T})$ under both the rate and utility metrics. Then, we develop an algorithm that achieves this optimal convergence speed in both metrics. We also show that the well-known dual algorithm can achieve the optimal convergence speed in terms of its utility value. These results reveal the interesting fact that the convergence speed of rates and utilities in wireless networks is dominated by the discrete choices of scheduling and transmission rates, which also implies that the use of higher-order flow-rate controllers with fast convergence guarantees cannot overcome the aforementioned fundamental limitation.
Clinical and biochemical effects of impeded androgen (oxymetholone) therapy of hereditary angioedema

Daily therapy and alternate-day therapy with the attenuated androgen oxymetholone were compared in patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE). Fifteen of 16 patients who experienced at least monthly attacks of HAE without treatment were asymptomatic on administration of 5 mg oxymetholene daily. When 13 of the patients who had been maintained asymptomatically on 5 mg oxymetholone daily were advanced to a treatment schedule of 5 mg every other day, seven attacks occurred during a cummulative 50 mo of therapy. The adverse effects that occurred with daily oxymetholone therapy largely subsided when the patients received alternate-day therapy, while a significant mean rise in C4 protein and function occurred only on daily therapy. Statistically significant mean increases in serum levels of C1INH occurred with daily therapy and were maintained with alternate-day therapy. Clinical benefit can be obtained with a treatment program that does not produce a statistically significant rise in C4 protein or function and does not raise C1INH to the lower limit of normal. The finding that alternate-day therapy diminished the side effects of the drug while affording a substantial reduction in the incidence and severity of attacks indicates the feasibility of this therapeutic approach.
Use of Raman scattering to investigate disorder and crystallite formation in as-deposited and annealed carbon films

Carbon films were prepared by ion-beam as well as rf-discharge deposition, and annealed at temperatures up to 950\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Raman spectra of these films, in the range 1000-1800 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, were analyzed via a best fit to computer-generated line shapes, used to simulate the $D$ and $G$ lines. Our results are given in terms of the $\frac{I(D)}{I(G)}$ intensity ratio, line position, and linewidth as a function of anneal temperature. The $\frac{I(D)}{I(G)}$ ratio for the rf-discharge-deposited films shows a maximum, and there is a suggestion of similar behavior for the ion-beam-deposited films. This maximum indicates that crystallite growth is promoted by higher anneal temperatures. As suggested by comparison with theory, the down-shifted $G$ line position of 1536 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the as-deposited films indicates the presence of bond-angle disorder. The similarly, down-shifted $D$ line position of \ensuremath{\sim}1283 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ indicates that the as-deposited films may contain some fourfold-coordinated bonds as well as disorder. The shift of the $D$ and $G$ lines to asymptotes of 1353 and 1598 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively, as anneal temperature increases, indicates that the crystallites are dominated by threefold over fourfold coordination. The linewidths of both lines decrease in width with increasing anneal temperature. This is also consistent with the removal of bond-angle disorder and the increasing dominance of crystallites as annealing proceeds to higher temperatures.
Effect of answer until correct testing on reliability

Summary.-Seventh- and eighth-grade students took an 18-item multiplechoice achievement test. One group of 131 randomly assigned examinees took the test under a procedure which required them to answer until correct and gave immediate total feedback while the other group of 156 students took the test under conventional multiple-choice conditions. The coefficient alpha reliabilities of the two sets of scores were .64 and 33, respectively. The generality of the findings of this and previous studies was discussed. Since Pressey's ( 1926) first teaching-testing machine, a variety of mechanical, electrical, and chemical techniques have been developed to give examinees immediate feedback on their responses to multiple-choice questions. With immediate feedback examinees can be informed whether each ariswer is correct, and if incorrect they can be directed to continue selecting answers until feedback on a later attempt indicates that the keyed option has been chosen. Four-option items are then scored on a 3-2-1-0 basis if answered correctly on the first, second, third, or fourth trial, respectively. Several researchershave studied the reliability of scores obtained by such answer-until-correct procedures. Gilman and Ferry (1972) had graduate students answer until correct while using a carbon erasure device. For each examinee, ( 1) an answer-until-correct score was determined by subtracting the total number of erasures from the total number of possible responses and (2) an inferred-number-right score was obtained by counting as correct those items answered correctly on the first trial. Comparison of these two sets of scores from the same set of answer sheets showed answering until correct was substantially more reliable than the inferred number right. Hanna ( 1974) used similar procedures with undergraduate students to compare reliabilities of the two kinds of scores. The findings indicated higher reliability for the answering until correct. In a replication study (Hanna, 1975), answering until correct again exhibited better reliability than inferred number right. Using a latent image to provide feedback to undergraduate students, Evans and Misfeldt ( 1974) compared the two kinds of scores. They reported higher reliability for answering until correct. Similarly in a study (Taylor, West, & Tinning, 1975) using a science test for medical students, answering until correct produced slightly higher reliability than inferred number right. A major shortcoming of these studies is that answering until correct was compared with in'This article is based on a reanalysis of data gathered for a Master's thesis by Carl A. Long, Jr. (1978) under rhe supervision of Gerald S. Hanna.
Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of ketoconazole on in vitro adherence of Candida albicans to vaginal epithelial cells.

The in vitro adherence of multiple14C-glucose labeled isolates ofCandida albicans to exfoliated vaginal epithelial cells in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of ketoconazole was studied with a new method utilizing differential centrifugation in a gelatin-PBS solution as well as by the standard method of direct microscopy measurement. Pre-incubation of stationary-phase candida in ketoconazole at concentrations of 0.002 to 0.1 Μg/ml for 4 h at 37 ‡C had no effect on adherence. The addition of ketoconazole to logarithmic phaseCandida albicans failed to reduce the total number of cell-associated adherent yeast but exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of ketoconazole was associated with a dystrophic morphology of the blastospores, extensive clumping and reduced germination resulting in fewer individual candida blastospores directly attached to the cell membranes. Germination inhibition and a marked reduction in adherent candida was observed when 0.01 Μg/ml ketoconazole was added toCandida albicans incubated in germination promoting medium. The diminished adherence ofCandida albicans to vaginal epithelial cells after exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of ketoconazole may have clinical relevance in preventing recurrent Candida vaginitis.
A Short and Efficient Synthesis of (R,R)-2-Methylcyclopropanecarboxylic Acid

We report herein a short and efficient synthesis of (R,R)-2-methylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid via a Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons reaction involving commercially available (S)-propylene oxide and triethylphosphonoacetate (TEPA). The TEPA/base/propylene oxide stoichiometry was found critical to achieve high yields. We therefore studied the TEPA anion formation and stability using in situ IR spectroscopy. The reaction yield is strongly influenced by the counterion and solvent, whereas high diastereoselectivities are always obtained. Under the best experimental conditions (HexLi/MeTHF/150 °C), crude (R,R)-2-methylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid is obtained in 85−90% yield with >98% trans selectivity.
“Not the Normal Mode of Maintenance”: Bureaucratic Resistance to the Claims of Lone Women in the Postwar British Welfare State

Because of the expansion of the postwar welfare state and its rhetoric of inclusion, the British National Assistance Board (NAB), which provided means-tested relief, faced a dramatic increase in the number of lone women with children claiming assistance in the 1950s and 1960s. In trying to restrict the state's role in social provision, the NAB relied on and tried to extend familial obligations for women's support that had been institutionalized in family law and in the poor law. The largely unsuccessful efforts of the NAB to prevent such women from turning to the welfare state included various forms of persuasion, coercion, and intimidation. Scholars of social policy in the postwar period have called attention to later efforts to discourage applications by lone women between the late 1960s and the 1990s. But the defensive posture against such women was adopted much earlier, in a relatively unexamined portion of the NAB's history. In its early, formative years, the NAB devised new strategies based on the rationales of female dependence that had long been entrenched in family law and the poor law. These methods and rationales became fixed in the postwar bureaucratic repertoire and were later available to bolster gendered attacks on the welfare state itself, particularly those made so aggressively under Thatcherism.
A continuous-flow high-yield process for preparation of lipid-free hemoglobin.

Abstract Hypotonic hollow-fiber dialysis of bovine red blood cells followed by ultrafiltration through 0.1-μm pore hollow fibers provides a simple method for isolation of lipid-free hemoglobin. Hemoglobin (Hb) isolated by comparative techniques were all contaminated with membrane stroma. HPLC analysis of Hb revealed a protein peak of 99.6% purity and sodium dodecylsulfate-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed a single band. The process requires hypoosmotic dialysis of bovine RBC to a final 160–180 mosmol/kg osmotic pressure. Additional reduction in osmotic pressure causes irreversible cell lysis which leads to lipid contamination of the Hb. Processing of 1 2 liter of packed red blood cells requires 4–5 h, resulting in an average of 90% hemoglobin recovery.
Probabilistic Assessment of Structural Damage due to Earthquakes for Buildings in Mid-America

This paper provides an approach to conduct a probabilistic assessment of structural damage due to seismic events with an application to typical building structures in mid-America. The developed methodology includes modified damage state classifications based on the Applied Technology Council (ATC)-13 and ATC-38 damage states and the ATC-38 database of building damage. Damage factors are assigned to each damage state to quantify structural damage as a percentage of structural replacement cost. To account for the inherent uncertainties, these factors are expressed as random variables with a Beta distribution. A set of fragility curves, quantifying the structural vulnerability of a building, is mapped onto the developed methodology to determine the expected structural damage. The total structural damage factor for a given seismic intensity is then calculated using a probabilistic approach. Prediction and confidence bands are also constructed to account for the prevailing uncertainties. The expected seismic s...
An alignment-sensitive probe for an image projector

Abstract The paper describes an improved probe capability for an interactive graphic display based on film, microfiche or slides, providing a method of reducing registrational tolerances inherent in film images. Detection of the frame registration is accomplished by a photodiode array located adjacent to the display screen. The array picks up the light dark address pattern coding from the sound track area and converts it to digital output. A back-projection two-mirror system is used to achieve a reasonable presentation size of 5 × 7 in.
On promising without moral risk

is not the only possible view we can ask if it is even a very good one, since we now have an alternative to fall back on. I was concerned a moment ago to point out that there is a certain bizarrerie or counter-intuitiveness about the space-time view. Moreover, it is, so far as I can judge, without any compensating philosophic merits whatever. These circumstances would seem to be enough to damn it out of hand. I am myself convinced that the substance view will ultimately prove to be the "right" one, although some fairly big systematic guns would have to be rolled up in order to make out the case decisively.
Two-Dimensional Stability of an Electromagnetic Wave Obliquely Incident on a Nonuniform Plasma

For an electromagnetic wave obliquely incident on an inhomogeneous plasma, the dominant instability at critical density is a radiating decay instability whose associated ion-wave frequency, even in regimes where the growth rate greatly exceeds the real frequency, is approximately ${({{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{D}}}^{2}L)}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}{c}_{s}\ensuremath{\equiv}{K}_{min}{c}_{s}$. The stimulated radiation peaks between the normal and backscatter angles and may be an important factor in explaining present experiments. A nonlinear calculation at modest power shows that the nonlinear state involves a large-amplitude ion wave through which the excited waves can compress the pump wave.
Characterizing frictional behavior for use in predicting the seismic response of unattached equipment

Abstract Characterizing friction is a fundamentally important aspect of modeling the seismic response of a body resting on any mechanical interface. In the context of rigid bodies mounted within building structures, the numerous types of elements and interfaces encountered in practice require specific characterization before any modeling assumptions can be undertaken. To this end, in this paper, the specific problem of characterizing the frictional behavior for a variety of small equipment types typically found in Biological and Chemical Science laboratories is studied using two different methods of testing. A simple approach is presented to determine the instantaneous coefficients of friction considering inertial effects. Resulting coefficients of static friction μ s and kinetic friction μ k for these types of equipment and their plausible range of uncertainty are presented. Analytical comparisons with shake table experiments, using mean frictional resistance values, illustrate that reasonable estimations of time history response can be determined. The accuracy of the prediction increases as the effects of stick-slip are minimized.
Narcissistic Ghosts in Rowland-Mounted, Concave Gratings with nu = 0 degrees : a Cautionary Note.

Narcissistic ghost lines in a Rowland-grating spectrograph have been identified as arising from the reimaging of bright spectral features, which are incident on the face of a detector photocathode [Cesium iodide (CsI) on a microchannel plate], back onto the detector by the grating in zero order. The mean of the wavelength of the diffracted light and the apparent wavelength of the ghost allows the angle of the grating normal with respect to the input beam (alpha) to be determined. Measurements of ghost intensity as a function of wavelength are presented and are found to range between 7 x 10(-4) and 7 x 10(-3) of the parent line. We find that the sum of the CsI photocathode reflectivity and quantum efficiency <1/2, showing the bulk of the light incident upon the detector, is neither reflected nor detected. We caution that any Rowland circle spectrograph with a detector normal nearly aligned with the grating normal and with a sufficiently reflective detector face (or surrounding mounting structure) will suffer from these narcissistic ghosts.
Propagation of random errors in spectrophotometric colorimetry

Every physical quantity with an a priori range of numerical values constituting a continuum is subject to error in its measurement. It is important to report the highest amount by which any measured quantity might be in error. Optical radiation measurements are typiclly based on determination of the ratio of the instrumental reading of a calibrated standard to the instrumental reading of the test sample. There are random and systematic errors in both the instrumental readings and the calibration values. The uncertainty in a calculated value due to random error in its constituents can be determined using well known techniques of error propagation. Examples of error propagation through spectral reflectance factor measurements and colorimetric calculations are presented. The standard deviations of CIELAB coordinates for typical measurements can be as high as 0.258 due only to random errors in the calibration chain.
Sporogenicity of yeast autolyzates and casein hydrolyzates for Bacillus popilliae in liquid cultures

Abstract Bacillus popilliae NRRL B-2309S forms several million refractile spores/ml in liquid shaken cultures. A suitable medium includes glucose, K 2 HPO 4 , water, and three selected ingredients-activated carbon, a yeast autolyzate, and a casein hydrolyzate. Only 4 out of 26 lots of commercial yeast autolyzates tried were sporogenic. However, spore formation in the presence of the four was poor and erratic unless a compatible casein hydrolyzate also was present. Five of eight lots of casein hydrolyzates improved the sporogenicity of selected yeast products to various degrees. A comparison of amino acid compositions of yeast and casein lysates sheds no light on differences between suitable and unsuitable ones. Less refined yeast and casein products seem preferable.
Tumor-host relations during development and after regression of the tumor.

Abstract Chemical and physiological changes occurring during development and after regression of the Murphy-Sturm lymphosarcoma, and the Jensen sarcoma, in the rat, and of a myeloid leukemia in the mouse, have been studied. Growth of the Murphy-Sturm lymphosarcoma is accompanied by an increase in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content of liver, lung, and spleen, and a decrease of DNA in the bone marrow. Of the tissues mentioned, spleen alone shows a change in the concentration of ribonucleic acid (RNA), namely, an increase. The potassium concentration of liver also rises. During the development of the Jensen sarcoma, there is a rise in the concentration of DNA in the lung, while RNA remains unchanged. Hemoglobin, specific gravity, and total solids of the blood are markedly depressed and attain minimum levels when tumor size has reached 20% of the body weight. Myeloid leukemia has no effect on the DNA of liver or kidney in the mouse, but induces a rise in lung DNA and a decrease in DNA of the spleen. The RNA does not show a change in any of these tissues. When the three afore-mentioned tumors undergo regression, each of the above changes is reversed and normal patterns are re-established.
Patterns of part-time employment

Abstract The research examines the impact of type of part-time work arrangements, type of referent others used by part-time employees to make equity assessments, and demographic variables on part-time workers' reactions to their jobs. Data were collected from 707 part-time workers in five medical care, retailing, and educational settings. Consistent with the hypotheses, part-time workers have more positive job attitudes toward positions which are permanent and are congruent with their past education and work experience. Relative to part-time student workers, married women with children are more likely to be employed in these permanent part-time jobs, to have more positive job attitudes, and to earn higher wages. Contrary to the traditional assumption of the literature on part-time workers, part-time workers in this study used other part-timers in their organizations as their referent others rather than full-time colleagues.
Biology, Injury, and Management of Maple Tree Pests in Nurseries and Urban Landscapes

Favored for their rapid growth and brilliant fall color, maple ( Acer spp.) trees are among the most commonly grown deciduous shade trees in urban landscapes and commercial production nurseries. Many maple species used as ornamental plants share a suite of important arthropod pests that have the potential to reduce the trees' economic and esthetic value. We review the biology, damage, and management for the most important pests of maples with emphasis on integrated pest management (IPM) tactics available for each pest. Unfortunately, the biology of some of these pests is not well studied. This knowledge gap, paired with the low esthetic threshold for damage on ornamental plants, has hindered development of IPM tactics for maple pests in nurseries and landscapes. Maples will likely remain a common landscape plant. Therefore, our challenge is to improve IPM of the diverse maple pest complex.
Lithium Difluoro(oxalato)borate as Additive to Improve the Thermal Stability of Lithiated Graphite

The reaction of lithiated graphite with a nonaqueous electrolyte of 1.2 M LiPF{sub 6} in ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (3:7 by weight) was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. The decomposition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) took place at about 100 C and was followed by a continuous formation/decomposition of the SEI up to 250 C. Another two peaks were observed at temperatures above 250 C. These peaks were attributed to the major reaction of lithiated graphite with the nonaqueous electrolyte. With the addition of lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate as an electrolyte additive, the onset temperatures of the three peaks were pushed higher, as confirmed by the activation energies obtained.
Stimulus-Specific Sequence Representation in Serial Reaction Time Tasks:

Some recent evidence has favoured purely response-based implicit representation of sequences in serial reaction time tasks. Three experiments were conducted using serial reaction time tasks featuring four spatial stimuli mapped in categories to two responses. Deviant items from the expected sequence that required the expected response resulted in increased response latencies. The findings demonstrated a stimulus-specific form of representation that operates in the serial reaction time task. No evidence was found to suggest that the stimulus-specific learning was contingent on explicit knowledge of the sequence. Such stimulus-based learning would be congruent with a shortcut within an information-processing framework and, combined with other research findings, suggests that there are multiple loci for learning effects.
Barrier pointing: using physical edges to assist target acquisition on mobile device touch screens

Mobile phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs) are incredibly popular pervasive technologies. Many of these devices contain touch screens, which can present problems for users with motor impairments due to small targets and their reliance on tapping for target acquisition. In order to select a target, users must tap on the screen, an action which requires the precise motion of flying into a target and lifting without slipping. In this paper, we propose a new technique for target acquisition called barrier pointing, which leverages the elevated physical edges surrounding the screen to improve pointing accuracy. After designing a series of barrier pointing techniques, we conducted an initial study with 9 able bodied users and 9 users with motor impairments in order to discover the parameters that make barrier pointing successful. From this data, we offer an in-depth analysis of the performance of two motor impaired users for whom barrier pointing was especially beneficial. We show the importance of providing physical stability by allowing the stylus to press against the screen and its physical edge. We offer other design insights and lessons learned that can inform future attempts at leveraging the physical properties of mobile devices to improve accessibility.
Effect of dietary selenium on the reproductive success of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus)

The effects of dietary and waterborne selenium on the reproductive success of adult bluegills were evaluated in a chronic toxicity study. Before spawning, two-year-old bluegills were exposed for 60 d to six combinations of dietary and waterborne selenium. Mean seleno-L-methionine (as selenium) concentrations measured in the diet were 0.8 (control), 4.6, 8.5, 16.8, and 33.3 μg/g (dry weight). Waterborne selenium was supplied as a 6:1 mixture of selenate and selenite. Nominal waterborne selenium exposure concentration was 10 μg/L in all exposures except the control. Morphological measurements of adult fish, including length, weight, condition factor, and Gonado Somatic Index, were measured at days 60 and 140 of exposure. Reproductive indicators, including spawning frequency, number of eggs per spawn, percentage of hatch, and survival of resulting fry for 30 d after hatch were monitored during the 11-week spawning period. Selenium concentrations were determined in adult fish, eggs, and 30-d-old fry. Only fry were significantly affected. Survival was severely reduced in fry of parents exposed to 10 μg/L waterborne selenium in combination with dietary exposure of 33.3 μg/g (dry weight) seleno-L-methionine. These results support field observations that indicate food-chain accumulation of selenium can severely reduce reproductive success of bluegills.
Identification and characterization of cell type-specific and ubiquitous chromatin regulatory structures in the human genome.

The identification of regulatory elements from different cell types is necessary for understanding the mechanisms controlling cell type–specific and housekeeping gene expression. Mapping DNaseI hypersensitive (HS) sites is an accurate method for identifying the location of functional regulatory elements. We used a high throughput method called DNase-chip to identify 3,904 DNaseI HS sites from six cell types across 1% of the human genome. A significant number (22%) of DNaseI HS sites from each cell type are ubiquitously present among all cell types studied. Surprisingly, nearly all of these ubiquitous DNaseI HS sites correspond to either promoters or insulator elements: 86% of them are located near annotated transcription start sites and 10% are bound by CTCF, a protein with known enhancer-blocking insulator activity. We also identified a large number of DNaseI HS sites that are cell type specific (only present in one cell type); these regions are enriched for enhancer elements and correlate with cell type–specific gene expression as well as cell type–specific histone modifications. Finally, we found that approximately 8% of the genome overlaps a DNaseI HS site in at least one the six cell lines studied, indicating that a significant percentage of the genome is potentially functional.
Air–water partitioning of greenhouse gases and volatile organic compounds

Abstract Henry's constants of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 58 systems containing water and one or more salts have been correlated using a thermodynamic model based on dilute solution theory. Several classes of VOCs were studied, including the 2-ketones, 1-alkanols, tert-butyl ethers, organic sulfides, aromatic hydrocarbons, and chlorinated organics. Henry's constants in 39 of these systems were measured in our laboratory using a single experimental technique that provided internally consistent data for the development of models. Both salting-out and salting-in behavior were observed in the systems studied, and we were able to correlate all data within experimental error using the dilute solution model and one ternary salt-effect parameter. This parameter was found to increase linearly with the size of the VOC within a homologous series when the VOC was salted-out by the addition of salt, and to decrease linearly with size when the VOC was salted-in. Henry's constants of light gases (methane and nitrogen) were also correlated over a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and salt concentrations using a Krichevsky–Kasarnovsky type extension of the dilute solution theory. When the extended model was used to estimate methane losses from produced water tanks, our estimates were significantly different from published calculations, emphasizing the need for experimental data when salts are present.
Primers on molecular pathways--the insulin pathway.

The insulin pathway is crucial for the regulation of intracellular and blood glucose levels and the prevention of diabetes. Regulating blood glucose levels demands coordinated interaction between seve
Interfacial embrittlement by bismuth segregation in copper/tin–bismuth Pb-free solder interconnect

Microchemistry and mechanical properties of a copper/tin–bismuth Pb-free solder interconnect were examined in the as-reflowed and aged conditions by in situ Auger fracture and interface fracture mechanics techniques. In the as-reflowed condition, the solder–copper interface was highly resistant to fracture, and the fracture mechanism was ductile with the crack path following the interface between the solder alloy and the copper–tin intermetallic phase. Upon thermal aging, bismuth segregation was found to occur on the copper–intermetallic interface. Auger depth profiling indicated that the segregation was confined to about one monolayer from the interface. The segregation was shown to embrittle the interface, resulting in an approximately 5-fold decrease in the interfacial fracture resistance.
Kinetics of C6H5 Radical Reactions with Toluene and Xylenes by Cavity Ringdown Spectrometry

The kinetics for the metathetical reactions of phenyl radical with toluene and xylenes have been studied experimentally and theoretically. The absolute bimolecular rate constants for the reactions of C6H5 with toluenes (C7H8 and C7D8) and xylenes (three C8H10 isomers) were measured by cavity ringdown spectrometry at temperatures between 295 and 483 K. For the reaction with toluene, a strong isotope effect was observed, whereas for xylene reactions no structural preference was noticed among the three isomers. The weighted least-squares analysis of each reaction gave rise to the following rate constant expressions in units of cm3/(mol s): k(C7H8) = (2.08 ± 0.11) × 1011 exp[−(1027 ± 35)/T]; k(C7D8) = (2.27 ± 0.43) × 1011 exp[−(1340 ± 64)/T]; k(C8H10) = (1.48 ± 0.11) × 1011 exp[−(526 ± 27)/T]. Additionally, we have carried out hybrid density functional theory (B3LYP) calculations for the reactions of C7H8 and C7D8 using the 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The predicted rate constants using the conventional transition ...
Asymptotically Optimal Quickest Change Detection in Distributed Sensor Systems

Abstract In the standard formulation of the quickest change-point detection problem, a sequence of observations, whose distribution changes at some unknown point in time, is available to a decision maker, and the goal is to detect this change as quickly as possible, subject to false alarm constraints. In this paper, we study the quickest change detection problem in the setting where the information available for decision-making is distributed across a set of geographically separated sensors, and only a compressed version of observations in sensors may be used for final decision-making due to communication bandwidth constraints. We consider the minimax, uniform, and Bayesian versions of the optimization problem, and we present asymptotically optimal decentralized quickest change detection procedures for two scenarios. In the first scenario, the sensors send quantized versions of their observations to a fusion center where the change detection is performed based on all the sensor messages. In the second sce...