cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strength-interval relation in the human ventricle: Effect of procainamide

Abstract The effects of procainamide on strength-interval relations were evaluated in 18 patients. At plasma concentrations of 4.3 to 13.6 μg/ml procainamide had minimal effects on threshold current in late diastole, but in early diastole it shifted the strength-interval curve to the right. The basic strength-interval relation (that is, decreasing refractory period as current is increased) was not altered. The control refractory period decreased by a mean of 44 ms as the current was increased from threshold to 10 mA, whereas a mean decrease of 42 ms was observed after procainamide. However, the steep portion of the strength-Interval curve (absolute refractory period) was shifted to longer coupling intervals by a mean value of 24 ms. These findings suggest that procainamide may primarily affect active membrane properties, but exert little net effect on passive membrane properties late in diastole.
Percutaneous rotational contact biliary lithotripsy: initial clinical results with the Kensey Nash lithotrite.

The percutaneous rotary lithotrite introduces a new concept to fragmentation and percutaneous removal of gallstones. A fluid vortex is generated, pulling calculi into a high-speed blade that fragments stones to predominantly under 500 microns. The results of treating the first 10 patients with this instrument reveal that large stone burdens as well as small stones (2-3 mm) of any composition can be removed if the gallbladder is of sufficient size to accommodate the six-pronged basket. Rotation times of 7-39 minutes were required. Nine of 10 procedures were completed; access was lost in one case. One major complication occurred. At repeat oral cholecystography, the gallbladder was visualized after 3-6 weeks in eight of the nine patients. Ursodeoxycholic acid was administered from 3 to 12 months to five patients with either residual stones or aggregates. The hospital stay ranged from 48 to 72 hours. All patients (except the patient who underwent surgery) resumed light activity in 3-4 days and strenuous acti...
Ventilation rate and copulation in Octopus vulgaris

Typically three events occur when Octopus vulgaris Cuvier mates. The male inserts its hectocotylus into the mantle cavity of the female; the hectocotylus and the bodies of the male and female become quiescent; and the female increases its ventilation rate about 2.5 times, on the average, above its precopulatory base rate. It is hypothesized that the increased ventilation rate of the female provides the stimulus to the male to transfer its spermatophore to the oviduct. Since the insertion of the hectocotylus and the female's increased ventilation rate may be dissociated, it is suggested that copulation be defined as the attachment of the hectocotylus to the oviduct. A conditioned ventilation-rate increase in the female was observed with repeated testing. Observation of arching and pumping movements of the male as well as measurements of its ventilation rate before and during copulation indicate that only a few spermatophores are transferred per copulation.
Biaxial order in spin nematics

We study a model of a spin nematic based on two spins ${\mathit{S}}_{1}$=1 and ${\mathit{S}}_{2}$=1 on each site. The couplings favor perpendicular configuration of ${\mathit{S}}_{1}$ to ${\mathit{S}}_{2}$ and parallel alignment of the ${\mathit{S}}_{1}$ and the ${\mathit{S}}_{2}$ spins, respectively. Four phases were found, including isotropic, two uniaxial, and a biaxial phase. The phase diagram is reminiscent of but different from liquid-crystal nematics.
Potential Solutions for Creating Responsive Materials

Structural materials are often engineered for toughness—an ability to withstand sudden impact and avoid brittle failure. If these materials could sense their surroundings and if their properties could be “tuned” with an external stimulus, then it might be possible to engineer materials that can self-repair the damage they may incur. Some composite polymeric materials have been developed with such capabilities ( 1 ). However, for many applications, we are still years away from knowing how to create and tune the properties of other useful materials. On page 1179 of this issue, Jin and Weissmuller ( 2 ) describe in situ tuning of a two-phase composite structure formed from nanoporous gold infiltrated with a perchloric acid (HClO4) electrolyte solution. They demonstrated “reversible” tuning of the flow stress—the pressure needed to maintain plastic deformation—by changing the composition of absorbed molecules on the gold surface with an applied electrochemical potential ( 3 ).
Changes in the planetary heat balance with chemical changes in air

The concept of an 'equivalent radiative atmosphere', a simplified model of the atmospheric radiative aspects, is used to explore changes in the greenhouse effect, caused by changes in the atmospheric composition, and changes in the incident solar flux. By extending this model to the zonal energy-balance type, it is shown that global heating has the more profound effect at higher latitudes. It is also shown that the positive feedback in H2O opacity is comparable to the initial change in opacity due, for example, to a change in CO2 content.
Impacts of SSIIa-A Null Allele on Durum Wheat Noodle Quality

ABSTRACT A small increase in amylose content may impact end-product quality of wheat. The effect of elevated amylose content in durum wheat is not known. We surveyed 255 durum wheat accessions and found two genotypes that lacked the SGP-A1 protein. These genotypes were crossed to Mountrail, an adapted durum genotype, to create populations segregating for the SSIIa-Ab null allele. Our goal was to determine the influence of allelic variation at the SSIIa-A locus on semolina properties and end-product quality with noodles as a test product. Amylose content increased 3% and cooked noodle firmness increased 2.8 g·cm for the SSIIa-Ab class compared with the SSIIa-Aa class for the PI 330546 source, but no change in either trait was detected between classes for the IG 86304 source. The SSIIa-Ab class had a 10% reduction in flour swelling compared with the SSIIa-Aa class for both crosses. Grain protein and semolina yield did not differ between SSIIa-A classes. The relationship between flour swelling power and nood...
Surface acoustic wave measurements of small fatigue cracks initiated from a surface cavity

A model for the low frequency scattering of a surface acoustic wave by a surface cylindrical cavity with two corner cracks is presented. It is applied to determine the depth of the small fatigue cracks initiated from a pit-type surface flaw. The general scattering formalism based on the elastodynamic reciprocity principle is employed. The effect of the cylindrical cavity on the surface wave reflection from cracks is considered using an approximate stress intensity factor for the corner cracks. In situ surface acoustic wave measurements have been performed during fatigue tests for an Al 2024-T3 sample. The surface wave signal was acquired continuously at different cyclic load levels. The model is verified by comparing calculated reflection signals and spectra with those from experiments. The depths of fully and partially open cracks are determined from the predicted and the measured surface wave reflections. The surface wave reflection is observed to be sensitive to crack closure.
Epidemiology of HIV cardiac disease.

The heart is an organ frequently affected in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a sharp decline in mortality and morbidity has been observed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. However, numerous reports of myocardial infarcts in young HIV-infected patients have raised concerns of premature coronary artery disease in this population. New risk factors for coronary heart disease such as increased insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and lipodystrophy syndrome, which are associated with HAART, may accelerate underlying arteriosclerosis in HIV-infected patients. Data on the incidence of coronary heart disease are limited to case reports and retrospective studies. Results from ongoing, large, prospective studies will provide information on whether or not HAART may increase the incidence of myocardial infarcts and whether a drastic change in HIV therapy is warranted.
The «bibliographic» control of microcomputer software

There are over 40,000 microcomputer software packages available in the market‐place today. This article explores some normative relationships between librarianship and computer software as intellectual works. A practical review of seven software directories (Datapro Directory of Microcomputer Software, List, The Software Catalog, PC Clearinghouse Software Directory, Apple Software 1984, IBM PC Expansion and Software Guide, IBM Software 1984) is performed. Directory features reviewed are indexes, entry composition, subject classifications, and coverage overlap.
Coarsening of a Quiescent Electrorheological Fluid II: Theory

In part I we reported a two-dimensional light scattering study of the evolution of structure in a concentrated electrorheological fluid during the ``liquid-solid`` phase transition. We found that after particle chaining along the electric field lines, strong light scattering lobes appear at a finite scattering wavevector q orthogonal to the field lines, and then brighten as they move to q=0. This indicates the existence of an unstable concentration fluctuation that signifies the segregation of chains into columns. Here we suggest a theoretical explanation for our results.
Testing the potential of flaxseed to affect spermatogenesis: morphometry

Quantitative information was collected on male reproductive effects of maternal and postnatal dietary exposure to flaxseed (20 or 40%), flaxmeal (13 or 26%) or standard NIH AIN-93 feed (0% flaxseed control). Measurements were made on the testes of F1 generation males rats (1) whose mothers were exposed to the diets designated above, and (2) who, after weaning, were placed on the same diet as their mothers for an additional 70 days. The seminiferous tubules comprised 86%, 84%, 84%, 84% and 85% of the total testis volume while the interstitial space comprised 12%, 14%, 14%, 14%, 13% of the total testis volume for the 0% flaxseed/flaxmeal, 20% flaxseed, 13% flaxmeal, 40% flaxseed and 26% flaxmeal groups, respectively. Statistically significant decreases in the absolute volume of the seminiferous tubules were observed in the 20% and 40% flaxseed-treated groups when these groups were compared to controls. Borderline statistically significant differences were also observed when Sertoli cell nucleolar number per tubular cross-section were compared in the 13% flaxmeal and 20% flaxseed treatment groups. These effects were not considered biologically significant because other parameters of male reproductive function appeared normal. Overall, the quantitative information obtained suggests that exposure to flaxseed/flaxmeal at the doses used in the present study does not adversely affect testis structure or spermatogenesis in the rat.
Literature Reviews of, and for, Educational Research: A Commentary on Boote and Beile’s “Scholars Before Researchers”

n their article "Scholars Before Researchers: On the Centrality of the Dissertation Literature Review in Research Preparation" (Educational Researcher, August/September 2005), David N. Boote and Penny Beile argue that the literature review is the fundamental task of dissertation and research preparation. They claim that doctoral students receive minimal formal training, and little guidance from faculty or published sources, in how to analyze and synthesize research literature (p. 5). As a result, they argue, most dissertation literature reviews are poorly conceptualized and written (p. 4), and "Doctoral students may not be learning what it means to make and justify educational claims" (p. 9). They conclude that "Literature reviewing should be a central focus of predissertation coursework, integrated throughout the program" (p. 12). Many of Boote and Beile's claims are consistent with my experience in teaching and advising doctoral students, and the authors perform a valuable service in raising important, and often neglected, issues that bear on conducting a literature review for a doctoral dissertation in education. I agree with their assessment of the majority of dissertation literature reviews, and with their emphasis on the importance of learning to identify, analyze, and integrate research literature competently. In my view, however, the authors' conception of a proper dissertation literature review undercuts the value of their insights. They repeatedly use the terms "thorough" and "comprehensive" to describe the type of dissertation literature review they recommend, and although they criticize the idea, held by many doctoral students, that such reviews should be "exhaustive" (p. 7), the authors' overall message is clearly that dissertation reviews should be a broad and comprehensive review of the literature dealing with a particular field or topic. "Comprehensiveness" and "breadth" are two of their criteria for assessing "coverage," the first of their standards for evaluating dissertation literature reviews and the one to which they devote the most discussion.
The effect of schooling upon understanding of selected science terms

Eight science terms were studied as to their meanings for 9-, 13-, and 17-year-old students randomly selected from a single school district in the midwest. The results indicate that the school is ineffective in increasing numbers of students who master the select terms between seventh and eleventh grade. On three of the eight terms 9-year-olds perform as well as 17-year-old students. Although there is growth between ages 9 and 13 on degree of mastery for five terms, some of these differences can be attributed to increasing student abilities to read, increases in student experiences with school science and testing procedures, maturation and development of reasoning for students across grades, and the relative emphasis of science content/terminology for the various age levels.
Studies of substituted dihydroxy-p-benzoquinones as precipitate-exchange reagents

Abstract Studies of the barium salts of bromanilic acid, nitranilic acid and polyporic acid show that they are not superior to barium chloranilate as reagents for determining sulfate. Improved syntheses of polyporic acid and atromentin are presented; two new syntheses of barium bromanilate, and one new synthesis of barium nitranilate and of barium polyporate are also presented. Ultraviolet absorption spectra show that polyporic acid forms a dimer in dimethylsulfoxide solution.
The role of carbon dioxide in emission of ammonia from manure

Ammonia emission from manure is a significant loss of fixed N from agricultural systems and contributes to air pollution and ecosystem degradation. Despite the development of numerous mathematical models for predicting ammonia emission, the interactions between CO2 emission, manure pH, and ammonia emission are not completely understood. Others have recognized that CO2 emission from manure can increase the surface pH, and so increase the rate of NH3 emission, but this interaction has not been completely described or quantified. In this work, we present a model of simultaneous NH3 and CO2 emission that includes equilibrium acid/base reactions, kinetically-limited CO2 hydration/dehydration reactions, and diffusive transport. Our model accurately predicted the increase in NH3 emission from simple solutions due to CO2 emission, while an equilibrium-only model did not. Model predictions showed that when NH3 and CO2 emission occur simultaneously, CO2 emission generally increases NH3 emission rate by causing an elevation in surface pH. For thin stagnant layers, this response occurs under a wide range of conditions, although the magnitude of the effect is dependent on manure composition, temperature, surface mass transfer coefficient, and other parameters. Kinetically-limited CO2 hydration/ dehydration reactions moderate this interaction, so equilibrium-based models tend to over-predict NH3 emission in the absence of significant carbonic anhydrase activity. Predicted emission from deep, mixed manure showed less dependence on CO2 emission, although higher rates of CO2 hydration/dehydration increase this effect. Interactions between CO2 and NH3 emission influence the effect of model parameters on NH3 emission and result in some unexpected responses. Future work should clarify the processes controlling CO2 speciation and transport in manure, including CO2 minerals, bubble transport, and CO2 hydration/dehydration rates. Our model can inform the development of simpler models for estimating NH3 emission, and the design of experiments aimed at quantifying processes that influence NH3 emis- sion from manure. The effects of CO2 on NH3 emission deserve more attention, and both experimental and modeling approaches are needed to understand the interactions that control NH3 emission.
Nervous breakdown as a folk illness.

The concept of a nervous breakdown is a popular, layman's view of a type of emotional disturbance. The term has no equivalent in medical or psychiatric diagnosis. An exploratory study into the meanings attached to the term by a sample of 70 lay persons using a questionnaire showed that a nervous breakdown qualifies as a "folk illness" (1). Respondents expressed no doubt about the social reality (shared cognitive domain) of the concept of a nervous breakdown. They were able to specify its causes (etiology), the associated behavioral traits (symptoms), treatment and sources of help, and the expected duration. The data were collected in a small town having a large, state university. The sample was composed of 47 students and 23 non-students; the average age of the sample was 28.1 yr. (range: 18 to 71 yr.). The sample was predominantly from small towns (38) and suburbs (20) rather than a big city (9) or farm (2); one gave no answer. Ninety percent of the sample said that a nervous breakdown is not a form of mental illness. Fifty-nine percent of the respondents had personally known someone who had a nervous breakdown, while six respondents said they themselves had experienced one (duration ranged from 5 min. to 8 mo.). Its causes are typically viewed as situational, stemming from too much "pressure" or "stress." The questionnaire asked what traits respondents would show if they were to have a nervous breakdown some time in the future, with space for up to eight traits. The most often mentioned traits were physical nervousness, e.g., fidgety, shaky, mentioned by 59% of the respondents; depression (36%), anger (29%), afld being withdrawn (27% ). The questionnaire allowed each respondent to list several sources of help. Sources of help for a nervous breakdown were more often informal, such as family or friends (48), rather than official sources of help, such as mental health workers (32), physicians ( 17), and priests or ministers (7). The most common kind of solution (mentioned by 32 respondents) was rest, a vacation, less stress in everyday situations, and time itself. Respondents believed that a nervous breakdown would last months (46%) rather than weeks (30%) or a year or longer (24%). It appears that cognitive frameworks for looking at emotional disturbances are not shared between laymen and mental health professionals. This may explain why laymen would tend not to seek a mental health professional for help with a self-defined nervous breakdown.
NHC–Cu-Catalyzed Silyl Conjugate Additions to Acyclic and Cyclic Dienones and Dienoates. Efficient Site-, Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of Carbonyl-Containing Allylsilanes

Efficient and highly diastereo- and enantioselective conjugate additions of phenyldimethylsilyl units to acyclic and cyclic dienones and dienoates are disclosed. The C–Si bond forming reactions are catalyzed by 2.0–2.5 mol % of a copper complex of a chiral monodentate N-heterocyclic carbene; the requisite reagent, PhMe2Si–B(pin), is commercially available or can be easily prepared. Transformations generate allylsilanes in up to 98% yield and >99:1 enantiomeric ratio and proceed with complete 1,4-selectivity, unless the dienone or dienoate carries a trisubstituted alkene conjugated to the carbonyl group; in the latter cases, 1,6-addition products are obtained exclusively and in up to >98% Z selectivity.
Visual Languages: A Tutorial and Survey

Research into visual and growing in popularity. The concept of generalized icons is a framework for the design of the next genertion of visual languages.
PREFERENCE FALSIFICATION, POLICY CONTINUITY AND COLLECTIVE CONSERVATISM*

Through a model that distinguishes between privately-held and publicly-declared preferences, and between private and public beliefs, this paper explains why a society might c ling to its past choices. All four variables are endogenous to the mo del. Following the introduction of a measure of collective conservati sm, the paper turns to the determinants and consequences of feedback from society's choices to its members' private beliefs and preference s. The theory is applied to the persistence of India's caste system t o explain why the lowest castes have been among the system's most com mitted supporters. Copyright 1987 by Royal Economic Society.
Doping PbSe nanocrystals: Predictions based on a trapped-dopant model

We recently proposed that impurity doping in colloidally grown semiconductor nanocrystals is often controlled primarily by kinetics rather than by thermodynamics. In this ``trapped-dopant'' model the diffusion of an impurity through a nanocrystal is negligible at colloidal growth temperatures. Consequently, an impurity can only be incorporated as a dopant into a growing nanocrystal if it first adsorbs on the surface and is then overgrown. This surface adsorption can be complicated by a competing process: the binding of the impurity by surfactant molecules and other agents added to the growth solution to passivate the nanocrystal and control its growth. Here we use density-functional theory to study the interplay and outcome of these processes for the doping of PbSe nanocrystals by a number of candidate dopants (Mn, Co, Cl, In, Cd, Tl, etc.) in the presence of two widely used growth additives (oleic acid and hexadecylamine). The results suggest that successful doping requires making a trade-off between surface adsorption (which favors small dopants) and interior trapping (which favors large dopants). Moreover, the widely used growth agent oleic acid binds strongly to almost all dopants, suggesting that the standard growth procedure may require modification for successful doping to be realized.
In vitro Phosphorylation of Mouse Osteopontin Expressed in E. coli

To understand the role of post-translational modifications on the structure and function of osteopontin, a secreted glycosylated phosphoprotein, we expressed mouse osteopontin in E. coli as a fusion protein with glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The purified fusion protein was cleaved by factor Xa generating GST (26 kDa) and recombinant osteopontin (60 kDa). The fusion protein was phosphorylated in vitro by cytosolic, microsomal, and casein kinase II fractions from mouse kidney homogenates. The fusion protein and recombinant osteopontin were also phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The suitability of the fusion and recombinant proteins as model substrates for the study of the function(s) and post-translational modifications of osteopontin is discussed.
Bioelectric sources arising in excitable fibers (Alza lecture)

This paper reviews the evaluation of bioelectric source strength and source field relationships for excitable fibers. For the single fiber, quantitative expressions describing the source may be derived which are independent of the fields produced by the sources. Rigorous expressions describe the equivalent elemental sources as discs, while the approximate line source is frequently satisfactory under physiological conditions. For fiber bundles the source associated with each fiber cannot be evaluated by the approximate isolated fiber expressions. However, when the bundle can be approximated as a bidomain and if the activation is planar, then mathematical expressions can be obtained. The resulting field behaves as if its origin was an equivalent single fiber. When the bidomain simplification and equal anisotropy ratio approximation is made, the planar waveform assumption can be removed and the resultant source and field can be evaluated. However, the latter are no longer independent.
Beyond ‘talking out of school’: educational researchers as public intellectuals

This conceptual article explores the notion of educational researchers operating as public intellectuals. To do this, I situate my analysis within a broader tradition of public intellectual work in the American academy. I also offer a framework for three specific forms of public intellectual work, supported by relevant examples, which can be taken up by educational researchers. I then raise critical issues, concerns, and tensions that complicate such work, and conclude by offering suggestions for better linking educational research to the broader public. Although this article focuses largely on researchers working within the university context, particularly tenure-line faculty, many of its insights are applicable to independent researchers, policy analysts, or others working within the broadly defined field of educational research.
Modeling the Martian seasonal CO2 cycle 2. Interannual variability

Abstract A diurnal and seasonal thermal model that can successfully fit seasonal pressure variations observed at the Viking 1 landing site and observed retreat rates of the seasonal polar caps is used to investigate the sensitivity of Martian seasonal pressure curves to interannual variations in the heat balance of the north and south seasonal polar caps. Year-to-year differences between measured surface pressures at the Viking landing sites as a function of season are used as upper limits on the potential magnitudes of interannual variations in the mass of the Martian atmosphere. There are compared with model-calculated interannual pressure variations which we obtain by temporarily altering model input parameter values. The results show that uniform, year-long interannual variations in the albedos or emissivities of the north or south seasonal polar cap of greater than ∼2% absolute would be quite apparent in the Viking Lander data. A brief cessation of net frost condensation within the north seasonal polar cap due to elevated atmospheric temperatures during the 1977B global dust storm would have caused interannual pressure variations later in the year that are larger than those observed. Simulations are performed which show that the dust layers deposited onto the condensing north seasonal polar cap during global dust storms can substantially darken sublimating seasonal frost deposits when they become uncovered during the following spring, and yet have relatively minor effects on seasonal pressure variations. For the case of the 1977B global dust storm, the interannual repeatability of the Viking Lander pressure data could be compatible with a 10% decrease in the albedo of the north seasonal polar cap. This result leaves open the possibility that the asymmetric behavior of CO2 frost at the north and south residual polar caps could be due to differential dust contamination of accumulating north polar seasonal CO2 deposits during global dust storms.
Activism in the Schools: Providing LGBTQ Affirmative Training to School Counselors

SUMMARY Research suggests that school experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth are overwhelmingly negative and that anti-LGBTQ violence and victimization in school lead to both acute and chronic negative developmental outcomes for these youth. The counseling psychology profession is uniquely situated to address and ameliorate these negative environments by providing training and support to school counselors on LGBT youth and prevention education. This article describes a model developed in partnership between a community-based organization and a local University to train school counselors and other educational professionals to be agents of change within their own school community toward creating safer and supportive environments for LGBTQ youth.
Standardized Methods for the Determination of Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolics in Foods and Dietary Supplements

Methods available for the measurement of antioxidant capacity are reviewed, presenting the general chemistry underlying the assays, the types of molecules detected, and the most important advantages and shortcomings of each method. This overview provides a basis and rationale for developing standardized antioxidant capacity methods for the food, nutraceutical, and dietary supplement industries. From evaluation of data presented at the First International Congress on Antioxidant Methods in 2004 and in the literature, as well as consideration of potential end uses of antioxidants, it is proposed that procedures and applications for three assays be considered for standardization: the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and possibly the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. ORAC represent a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction mechanism, which is most relevant to human biology. The Folin-Ciocalteu method is an electron transfer (ET) based assay and gives reducing capacity, which has normally been expressed as phenolic contents. The TEAC assay represents a second ET-based method. Other assays may need to be considered in the future as more is learned about some of the other radical sources and their importance to human biology.
Renormalization Method and Mirror Symmetry

This is a brief summary of our works (arXiv:1112.4063, arXiv:1201.4501) on constructing higher genus B-model from perturbative quantization of BCOV theory. We analyze Givental's symplectic loop space formalism in the context of B-model geometry on Calabi{Yau manifolds, and explain the Fock space construction via the renormalization tech- niques of gauge theory. We also give a physics interpretation of the Virasoro constraints as the symmetry of the classical BCOV action functional, and discuss the Virasoro constraints in the quantum theory.
Efficient multisensor fusion using multidimensional assignment for multitarget tracking

In this paper we present the development of a multisensor fusion algorithm using multidimensional data association for multitarget tracking. The work is motivated by a large scale ground target surveillance problem, where observations from multiple asynchronous sensors with time-varying sampling intervals (e.g., electronically scanned array radars) are used for centralized fusion. The combination of multisensor fusion with multidimensional assignment is done such as to maximize the 'time-depth,' in addition to 'sensor-width' for the number S of lists handled by the assignment algorithm. The time-depth results from the simultaneous use of multiple frames of measurements obtained at different time instants. The sensor- width comes from the geographically distributed nature of the sensors. A procedure, which guarantees maximum effectiveness for an S-dimensional data association (S greater than or equal to 3), i.e., maximum time-depth (S-1) for each sensor without sacrificing the fusion across sensors, is presented. Using a sliding-window technique (of length S), the estimates are updated after each frame of measurements. The algorithm provides a systematic approach to automatic track formation, maintenance and termination for multitarget tracking using multisensor fusion with multidimensional assignment for data association. Estimation results are presented for simulated data.
Unexpected binding mode of the sulfonamide fluorophore 5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalene sulfonamide to human carbonic anhydrase II. Implications for the development of a zinc biosensor.

Abstract The three-dimensional structure of human carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) complexed with the sulfonamide fluorophore 5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalene sulfonamide (dansylamide) has been determined to 2.1-A resolution by x-ray crystallographic methods. Unlike other arylsulfonamide inhibitors of CAII, the naphthyl ring of dansylamide binds in a hydrophobic pocket in the active site, making van der Waals contacts with Val-121, Phe-131, Val-143, Leu-198, and Trp-209. Interestingly, a conformational change of Leu-198 is required to accommodate dansylamide binding, which rationalizes the enhanced dansylamide affinity measured for certain Leu-198 variants (Nair, S. K., Krebs, J. F., Christianson, D. W., and Fierke, C. A. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 3981–3989). Modeling studies indicate that a second binding mode, in which the fused aromatic ring is rotated out of the hydrophobic pocket, is sterically feasible. Both experimentally observed and modeled binding modes have implications for new leads in the design of avid CAII inhibitors. Finally, the structure of the CAII-dansylamide complex has implications for its exploitation in zinc biosensor applications, and possible routes toward the optimization of fluorophore design are considered on the basis on this structure.
Cinefluorographic Control of Super Selective Coronary Occlusion in Experimental Animals

Experimental coronary occlusion formerly depended on either open chest techniques or dissemination of minute foreign particles in the blood stream. In the new method, a radio-opaque sphere is placed in the coronary artery of intact dogs, under cinefluorographic control. The occlusion of this vessel is performed under anesthesia by way of selective catheterization of the left coronary artery. Following a preliminary visualization, the catheter is removed and a sphere of the appropriate size is impaled on its tip. This instrument is then guided under image intensifier fluoroscopy into the coronary artery and lodged in place. Coronary arteriograms are performed immediately after the occlusion. This method has already demonstrated its value in studies of coronary vasomobility, in the serial observation of collateral development and is being utilized in detecting the influence of various surgical and/or medical therapy upon the natural history of acute coronary occlusion.
Minimax approximations to the zeros of P n (x) and Gauss-Legendre quadrature

Abstract This paper is concerned with the numerical development of some minimax trigonometric approximations to the positive zeros of the n th Legendre polynomial P n ( x ). One of the approximation formulas we derive yields at least 4.2 significant decimal digits of accuracy for any n ⩾ 2, and can be used to furnish initial guesses in an iterative method for the computation of the zeros of P n ( x ) to nearly full machine accuracy. This approach avoids some of the computational complexity associated with the selection of appropriate initial guesses for use in a special 5th order scheme previously developed by the first author for the numerical computation of the abscissas required in the n -point Gauss-Legendre quadrature rule.
Designer diversity: moving beyond categorical branding

Given the primacy of global economics and marketing mind-sets, this article interrogates current views of diversity as a phenomenon of “bodies and backgrounds” design and branding. We begin by examining the concept of diversity and its lexical and conceptual history. We then briefly review relevant design and branding concepts and proceed to apply them to diversity. The article concludes with an analysis of design and branding as subversive and obstructive in advancing contemporary understandings of diversity, and asserts that adherence to bodies and backgrounds branding creates barriers to transformative global inclusion, tolerance, and human rights.
Systematic conservation planning: An updated protocol

Integrative habitat management requires adaptive management of landscapes and seascapes for productivity (including farming and mining), nature protection, and (human) habitation and recreation. Systematic conservation planning (SCP) is a framework that has been developed during the last decade for a structured approached to prioritizing and managing habitats deemed important for the protection of natural values. Drawing on protocols developed by several groups during the last decade, this paper presents an updated protocol for SCP. The new protocol emphasizes the interactions between components and revision and reiteration of planning stages due to feedback between the components. It also explicitly notes the cultural values and normative assumptions that are built into this framework and emphasizes that adequate planning processes must address the ethical issues that are raised. The paper concludes by noting some of the lacunae of this protocol and difficulties that will be encountered in future extensions to satisfy all goals of integrative habitat management.
Experiments in the control of unbalance response using magnetic bearings

Abstract Unbalance response is a common vibration problem associated with rotating machinery. For several years, researchers have demonstrated that this vibration could be greatly alleviated for machines using active magnetic bearings through active control. Many of the control strategies employed fall into a class which the authors have termed adaptive open loop control. In this paper, three algorithms in this class are presented and their performances are examined experimentally. These algorithms are (1) a non-recursive control law with simultaneous estimation, (2) a recursive control law with simultaneous estimation, and (3) a recursive control law with gain scheduling according to operating speed. Each algorithm was coded in C and executed on a high-speed, multi-tasking digital controller. The advantages and disadvantages of each algorithm are illustrated by examining experimental results from a laboratory magnetic bearing rotor rig. These results clearly demonstrate the high degree of synchronous vibration attenuation (over 30 dB) which can be achieved with adaptive open loop methods. The response of these algorithms to a sudden change in “simulated imbalance” is used to evaluate their relative transient performances. These results indicate the benefits of recursive control laws in adapting the synchronous open loop control currents to cancel the vibration. The ability of each of the algorithms to adapt the open loop control during changes in rotor speed is also examined. On this test, the recursive gain scheduled algorithm shows superior performance: rotor midspan vibration is almost completely eliminated over the operating speed range. However, surprisingly, the non-recursive control law shows better performance than the recursive law with simultaneous estimation. This result is explained in terms of the stability of the adaptation process.
Two New Bifunctional Protein Modification Reagents and Their Application to the Study of Parvalbumin

2-[(Trifluoroacetoxy)mercuri]-4-fluorophenol (MFP) and 4-(acetoxymercuri)phenyl azide (MPA) have been prepared and characterized. The sulfhydryl-specific reagents MFP and MPA have been used to study the structure of parvalbumin. The 19F resonance of the derivative of parvalbumin with MFP was studied at 94.6 and 235.2 MHz. At 94.6 MHz, the 19F signal line width is 25 Hz and T1 = 0.28 s, while at 235.2 MHz, the line width is 35 Hz and T1 = 0.39 s. T1 was not affected by substitution of D2O for H2O as a solvent. Removal of calcium from the parvalbumin derivative resulted in the upfield shift of the 19F signal and a decrease in T1 at 94.6 MHz. The pKa for phenolic titration of the MFP derivative was 10.75 compared with 9.5 for the free reagent. These results are interpreted in terms of lodgment of the aryl group in a cleft in the surface of the parvalbumin. The derivative with MPA was photolyzed and subjected to amino acid analysis. Comparison of the analysis of parvalbumin, parvalbumin-MPA, and the photolyzed product indicated destruction of aspartic acid during the photolysis. Asp-22 is a reasonable candidate for the residue attacked, based on comparison with the published crystal structure of parvalbumin.
A computer controlled high resolution Raman spectrometer system

The design and performance of a computer controlled high resolution scanning Raman spectrometer system is described. Resolution of 0.05 cm−1 has been achieved with vibration-rotation bands with single mode laser operation. Pure rotation lines have been observed with 0.04 cm−1 slit widths.
Single Event Kinetic Modeling of the Methanol-to-Olefins Process on SAPO-34

The MTO process on SAPO-34 was modeled in a fundamental way using the single event concept combined with the Evans−Polanyi relationship. This approach together with a number of thermodynamic constraints leads to a drastic reduction of the number of independent parameters. These were determined from the experimental data using a combination of a hybrid genetic algorithm, sequential quadratic programming, and the Levenberg−Marquardt optimizer. The effect of the structure of reactant and product on the rate coefficients of the various types of elementary steps was illustrated. The effect of operating variables such as temperature and the methanol partial pressure was investigated using the kinetic model. The deactivation of the catalyst was modeled in terms of the amount of C6+ olefins formed and trapped inside the SAPO-34 cavities. The effect of deactivation on the evolution with process time of the conversion and product yields of the MTO process was illustrated by the simulation of an isothermal fixed bed...
Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation of Cr 53 in the Ordered Magnetic Insulator Cr Cl 3

The $^{53}\mathrm{Cr}$ nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rates in Cr${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ have been measured in both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic states. The dominant relaxation mechanism is shown to arise from three-magnon scattering processes.
Clavicipitaceous endophytes of grasses: their potential as biocontrol agents.

Many grasses harbour systemic clavicipitaceous endophytes in their leaves, stems, and seeds. Laboratory experiments and field observations have shown that infected plants are often toxic to livestock and more resistant to insect herbivores than uninfected conspecifics. Recently developed inoculation techniques allow artificial infection of grasses and the development of new varieties with high levels of endophyte infection. The fungi have applied potential as biocontrol agents against insect pests of grasses although their utilization may be limited to non-pasture situations. Exploitation of this naturally occurring symbiosis may obviate the need for chemical pesticides in managed grasslands.
Endoscopic diode laser cyclophotocoagulation in the management of aphakic and pseudophakic glaucoma in children.

Introduction Endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) has been shown to be a useful adjunct in the management of a variety of difficult pediatric and adult glaucomas. This study reports the efficacy and safety of this procedure for pediatric aphakic and pseudophakic glaucoma. Methods ECP was performed on 34 eyes of 25 patients under 16 years of age with aphakic or pseudophakic glaucoma between April 1994 and November 2004. Patients were followed for a minimum of 12 months or until a treatment failure had been declared. Treatment failure was defined as postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) of >24 mm Hg and IOP lowering of less than 15% despite the addition of glaucoma medications or the occurrence of any visually significant complications. Aphakic eyes of patients with congenital glaucoma or an anterior segment dysgenesis were not included in the study group. Results Pretreatment IOP averaged 32.6 mm Hg in the 34 eyes, compared with a final postoperative average of 22.9 mm Hg. Mean follow-up period for study eyes was 44.4 months, and the average number of procedures per eye was 1.5. Overall success rate was 53% (18/34). Thirteen of the 34 eyes (38%) received one treatment only and were deemed a success. Retinal detachments developed in two eyes within the first postoperative month. Conclusions ECP is a useful tool in the treatment of aphakic and pseudophakic glaucoma, with a low rate of visually significant complications. Retreatment of eyes improved the overall success rate, although experience with cases beyond two treatment sessions is limited. Hypotony was not encountered despite 8 of the 34 eyes receiving 360° of total endocyclophotoablation to the ciliary processes.
Memory Bandwidth Efficient Two-Dimensional Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm and Implementation for Large Problem Sizes

Prevailing VLSI trends point to a growing gap between the scaling of on-chip processing throughput and off-chip memory bandwidth. An efficient use of memory bandwidth must become a first-class design consideration in order to fully utilize the processing capability of highly concurrent processing platforms like FPGAs. In this paper, we present key aspects of this challenge in developing FPGA-based implementations of two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D-FFT) where the large datasets must reside off-chip in DRAM. Our scalable implementations address the memory bandwidth bottleneck through both (1) algorithm design to enable efficient DRAM access patterns and (2) data path design to extract the maximum compute throughput for a given level of memory bandwidth. We present results for double-precision 2D-FFT up to size 2,048-by-2,048. On an Alter a DE4 platform our implementation of the 2,048-by-2,048 2D-FFT can achieve over 19.2 Gflop/s from the 12 GByte/s maximum DRAM bandwidth available. The results also show that our FPGA-based implementations of 2D-FFT are more efficient than 2D-FFT running on state-of-the-art CPUs and GPUs in terms of the bandwidth and power efficiency.
A control and signal Processing integrated circuit for the JPL-boeing micromachined gyroscopes

A special-purpose integrated circuit that accomplishes the real-time control and filtering tasks for the JPL-Boeing micromachined gyroscopes using a flexible, low-power implementation is presented. Our exposition focuses on the integration of the circuit and a prototype sensor, the synthesis and implementation of the control filters, and the subsequent performance of the closed-loop system. Identified sensor models are also presented because the control approach and, hence, the circuit architecture, is motivated by special features of the sensor dynamics.
Multidimensional content eXploration

Content Management Systems (CMS) store enterprise data such as insurance claims, insurance policies, legal documents, patent applications, or archival data like in the case of digital libraries. Search over content allows for information retrieval, but does not provide users with great insight into the data. A more analytical view is needed through analysis, aggregations, groupings, trends, pivot tables or charts, and so on. Multidimensional Content eXploration (MCX) is about effectively analyzing and exploring large amounts of content by combining keyword search with OLAP-style aggregation, navigation, and reporting. We focus on unstructured data or generally speaking documents or content with limited metadata, as it is typically encountered in CMS. We formally present how CMS content and metadata should be organized in a well-defined multidimensional structure, so that sophisticated queries can be expressed and evaluated. The CMS metadata provide traditional OLAP static dimensions that are combined with dynamic dimensions discovered from the analyzed keyword search result, as well as measures for document scores based on the link structure between the documents. In addition, we provide means for multidimensional content exploration through traditional OLAP rollupdrilldown operations on the static and dynamic dimensions, solutions for multi-cube analysis and dynamic navigation of the content. We present our prototype, called DBPubs, which stores research publications as documents that can be searched and -most importantly-- analyzed, and explored. Finally, we present experimental results of the efficiency and effectiveness of our approach.