cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fracture characteristics by age, sex, and ambulatory status among individuals with cerebral palsy: a descriptive study.

Purpose To evaluate clinically relevant fracture characteristics by age, sex, and ambulatory status among individuals with cerebral palsy. Methods Fracture location, energy of fracture, and activities that lead to a fracture were assessed among a clinic-based sample of children (0-17 years; n = 57) and adults (18-70 years; n = 58) with cerebral palsy that sustained a fracture by sex and gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) I-III vs. IV/V. Results Proportion of fractures that were low-energy was 67-99% for children and 69-84% for adults. ∼2/3rds of fractures were at the lower extremities, with the distal femur being the most common site for children (44%) and the foot/ankle for adults (40%); however, there were age, sex, and ambulatory effects, such that 43% of adults GMFCS IV/V and 32% of women had a distal femur fracture. GMFCS I-III were more likely to fracture from functionally complex activities, while GMFCS IV/V were more likely to fracture from wheelchair/transfers/limb-stuck and incidental findings. Conclusions The majority of fractures were low-energy and occurred in the lower extremities, with effects by age, sex, and GMFCS. Activities that led to a fracture also differed by age and GMFCS, which can be used to design fracture prevention interventions in addition to bolstering skeletal mass and architecture.Implications for rehabilitationSkeletal fragility is a major problem for individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) across the lifespan leading to an increased risk of fragility fractures.Rehabilitation is a prime clinical intervention to prevent fractures from occurring and improving post-fracture healing and function; yet, effective rehabilitation interventions require knowledge of fracture characteristics, such as where fractures are occurring and the activities that lead to the fracture event specific to individuals with CP.Using a clinic-based sample of 0-70 year olds with CP, we describe salient fracture characteristics based on age, sex, and ambulatory status to enhance translation into clinical and rehabilitation practice.
Abstract 16179: Concordance Between Machine Learning-based Methods of Atrial Fibrillation Subtyping in 49,905 Individuals and Relationship to Genetically Predicted Af Risk and Inflammation

Introduction: Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is a heterogeneous arrythmia. Identification of subgroups of patients with shared mechanisms, such as genetic predisposition to AF and inflammation, could fac...
Who Thinks that Female Journalists Have Sex with their Sources? Testing the Association Between Sexist Beliefs, Journalist Mistrust, and the Perceived Realism of Fictional Female Journalists

A troubling trend in television and film is the female reporter who uses sexual temptation to unethically obtain information from male sources. Which viewers are most likely to believe that sexist ...
The Issue of Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals

The issue of antimicrobial use in food animals has been controversial for more than three decades. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) first called for several restrictions on antimicrobial use in feed in 1977. That proposal has generated several studies and reports over the subsequent years. Definitive answers about the safety of antimicrobial use in animals remain scientifically challenging, but we are continuing to uncover more truths and, more important, have begun updating FDA's regulatory process for evaluating antimicrobial drugs intended for use in food animals.
Testosterone and the child (0-12 years) with Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY): a review.

Aim: To review the evidence base for providing testosterone therapy in the infant and prepubertal child with Klinefelter syndrome (KS). Methods: Major databases were searched to identify articles that addressed the role of testosterone in the development of the male foetus with and without KS and that characterized testicular function in infants with KS. Results: Infants with KS have been shown to have an increased frequency of clinical features consistent with deficient testosterone production. However, there are conflicting results regarding whether testosterone levels are low or normal. No direct data address the outcome of therapy in the prepubertal child. Conclusion: There is an absence of data that directly address the risks and benefits of testosterone therapy in prepubertal children with KS outside of the entity of microphallus. At this time, there is no other documented benefit for testosterone therapy in these children.
Decision Region Connectivity Analysis: A Method for Analyzing High-Dimensional Classifiers

In this paper we present a method to extract qualitative information from any classification model that uses decision regions to generalize (e.g., feed-forward neural nets, SVMs, etc). The method's complexity is independent of the dimensionality of the input data or model, making it computationally feasible for the analysis of even very high-dimensional models. The qualitative information extracted by the method can be directly used to analyze the classification strategies employed by a model, and also to compare strategies across different model types.
A Streamwise Upwind Algorithm Applied to Vortical flow over a Delta Wing

Improvements have been made to a streamwise upwind algorithm so that it can be used for calculating flows with vortices. A calculation is shown of flow over a delta wing at an angle of attack. The laminar, thin-layer, Navier-Stokes equations are used for the calculation. The results are compared with another upwind method, a central-differencing method, and experimental data. The present method shows improvements in accuracy and convergence properties.
Valuation of water quality and consumer choice and recognition of beach eco-certification in Tampa Bay area beaches

The Clean Beaches Council (CBC) established the first environmental certification program - the Blue Wave Campaign - for beaches in the U.S. in 1998. Certification is awarded on an annual basis to beaches that meet specific criteria set forth by the CBC. Participating in award schemes or certification programs is thought to confer two major benefits to a beach community: first, beach certification may promote responsible management of the environment, leading to improved environmental and natural resource quality; second, beach certification may be used as a promotional tool to increase tourism, signaling to beachgoers that a beach is safe, clean, and environmentally responsible. Nine informants were interviewed between April 2003 and April 2004 via telephone to elicit thoughts about beach management and experiences with the Blue Wave Campaign. Informants included beach managers and other officials in charge of management at Blue Wave certified beaches. Results indicate there are clear perceived benefits from participating in the program, including marketing potential, community pride and recognition, political support, and public educational opportunities. It remains unclear and untested, however, whether or not certification has a direct impact on beach environmental quality, and little evidence shows certification influences visitor trends. Additional research should be conducted to examine these issues. A beach intercept survey is currently being developed to examine (a) the link between certification and beach selection trends and (b) to examine how beachgoers value changes in water quality.
Recovery of normal capacity to form RNA in acriflavine by bacteria damaged by ultraviolet light.

THE acridine dye, acriflavine, in a concentration which has no effect on unirradiated bacteria, limits the increase of RNA in a culture of Escherichia coli strain B/r exposed to ultraviolet light1–3. Setlow4 has shown that dyes of this class repress excision of pyrimidine dimers, and it seems probable that the dye limits the formation of RNA by this mechanism, and that the photochemical lesion involved is the pyrimidine dimer. I5 have shown, however, that acriflavine inhibits the formation of DNA in bacteria damaged by ultraviolet light through interaction of the dye with some non-photoreversible lesion which is presumably not a dimer, and I supposed3 that such damage could also be responsible for the effect of the dye on RNA formation. In this investigation I have sought to determine the nature of the photochemical lesion responsible for the effect of the dye on RNA formation in bacteria damaged by ultraviolet light by investigating the photoreversibility of this effect in strains of E. coli both with and without the capacity for photo-enzymo splitting of the pyrimidine dimer. I have also sought to show that recovery of RNA formation through dark repair processes3 is complete by studying the recovery of the normal capacity to produce 30S and 50S ribosome in the presence of the dye.
MRD in AML: it's time to face the FACS

Improvements in the treatment outcome for childhood AML have lagged behind those achieved for childhood ALL, in part because of a dearth of well-defined prognostic factors. Whereas the prognostic impact of minimal residual disease (MRD) measurements in ALL is well established, relatively little is
The biogenesis of colchicine.

Expose d'une nouvelle hypothese sur l'origine biochimique de la colchicine dans la plante. Il est suppose que l'acide trihydroxyphenylpyruvique agit commeprecurseur de cet alcaloide en subissant les transformations decrites par les formules (I) a (VI).
Triage of patients with acute diverticulitis: are some inpatients candidates for outpatient treatment?

Aim Current recommendations regarding the triage of patients with acute diverticulitis for inpatient or outpatient treatment are vague. We hypothesized that a significant number of patients treated as an inpatient could be managed as an outpatient. Method A retrospective cohort study was carried out of 639 patients admitted for a first episode of diverticulitis. The diagnosis of acute diverticulitis was confirmed by computed tomography (CT). The endpoints included length of stay, need for surgery, percutaneous drainage and mortality. Patients were considered to have had a minimal hospitalization, defined as survival to discharge without needing a procedure, hospitalization of ≤ 3 days and no readmission for diverticulitis within 30 days after discharge. Results Of 639 patients, 368 (57.6%) had a minimal hospitalization. Female gender and CT scan findings of free air/fluid were negatively associated with the likelihood of minimal hospitalization. The presence of an abscess < 3 cm and stranding on CT did not predict the need for a higher level of care. Despite the statistical significance of several patient-level predictors, the model did not identify patients likely to need only minimal hospitalization. Conclusion Most patients admitted with acute diverticulitis are discharged after minimal hospitalization. Free air/liquid in a patient admitted for acute diverticulitis indicates a more severe clinical course.
Characterization of Disulfide Linkages in Platelet-Derived Growth Factor AA

Intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide linkages of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor A chain dimer were determined by chemical methods including selective reduction-alkylation, peptide isolation, or detection of diphenylthiohydantoin derivative of cystine from Edman reactions. Cys-37 and Cys-46 were selectively reduced with reducing agents under native conditions and revealed to be involved in intermolecular bridges. Other disulfide linkages including Cys-10-Cys-54, Cys-43-Cys-91, and Cys-47-Cys-93 form intramolecular bridges. The disulfide structure is homologous to that of platelet-derived growth factor B chain dimer.
Space-Translation Breaking and Compactification in the Liouville Theory

In the two-dimensional Liouville quantum field theory a perturbation theory may be defined for which space-translation invariance is spontaneously broken and space-time (semi)compactifies spontaneously.
Securely outsourcing linear algebra computations

We give improved protocols for the secure and private outsourcing of linear algebra computations, that enable a client to securely outsource expensive algebraic computations (like the multiplication of large matrices) to a remote server, such that the server learns nothing about the customer's private input or the result of the computation, and any attempted corruption of the answer by the server is detected with high probability. The computational work performed at the client is linear in the size of its input and does not require the client to locally carry out any expensive encryptions of such input. The computational burden on the server is proportional to the time complexity of the current practically used algorithms for solving the algebraic problem (e.g., proportional to n3 for multiplying two n x n matrices). The improvements we give are: (i) whereas the previous work required more than one remote server and assumed they do not collude, our solution works with a single server (but readily accommodates many, for improved performance); (ii) whereas the previous work required a server to carry out expensive cryptographic computations (e.g., homomorphic encryptions), our solution does not make use of any such expensive cryptographic primitives; and (iii) whereas in previous work collusion by the servers against the client revealed to them the client's inputs, our scheme is resistant to such collusion. As in previous work, we maintain the property that the scheme enables the client to detect any attempt by the server(s) at corruption of the answer, even when the attempt is collusive and coordinated among the servers.
Studies on the physiological defect in rII mutants of bacteriophage T4.

The inability of r II mutants of bacteriophage T4 to multiply in strains of Escherichia coli lysogenio for λ is shown to be due to an inhibition by monovalent cations usually present in culture media. If monovalent cations are omitted from the medium, r II mutants and the wild-type phage multiply normally, provided sufficient osmotic pressure is maintained by, for example, salts of divalent cations or sucrose. One effect of inhibitory concentration of monovalent cations is to avert the uptake of magnesium ions by r II-infected cells early in the latent period. Evidence is presented that a deficit in phosphorylation might be the primary cause of cessation of phage development in r II-infected E. coli KB: (1) Incorporation of 32 P into ATP (as well as into other phosphate-containing compounds) drops after r II infection, while the uptake of inorganic phosphate by cells continues normally. (2) Simultaneous labeling by 32 P and [ 14 C]uridine showed that the failure in phosphorylation of nucleotides precedes the failure in the synthesis of nucleid acid. (3) The ATP level of bacteria drops after infection with r II. (4) The drop in phosphorylation activity in r II-infected cells appears immediately after infection, whereas other metabolic activities continue normally for about 10 minutes. Various enzymes concerned in ATP metabolism were examined, but all showed about the same activity levels in r + -and r II-infected cells. An extensive leakage of NAD from r II-infected cells was observed, but the relation between loss of NAD and the failure in phosphorylation is not clear.
Morphine hyperalgesia in mice is unrelated to opioid activity, analgesia, or tolerance : Evidence for multiple diverse hyperalgesic systems

Abstract Hyperalgesia following chronic morphine treatment is thought to be a response to opioid receptor activation and analgesia and contribute to the development of analgesic tolerance. Here, the relationship between these variables was studied in mice tested for nociceptive sensitivity on the tail-withdrawal test during chronic infusion of various morphine doses. Hyperalgesic onset was preceded by dose-dependent analgesia except for the lowest morphine dose, which caused hyperalgesia 6 h after the start of infusion. Morphine ED 50 values obtained at various infusion intervals demonstrated both analgesic tolerance in the absence of hyperalgesia and hyperalgesia in the absence of tolerance. Continuous opioid receptor antagonism using naltrexone pellets abolished analgesia during continuous morphine administration, transiently potentiated hyperalgesia, and revealed differences in hyperalgesic onset between morphine infusion doses. Acute injection of the N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 attenuated hyperalgesia in naltrexone-treated mice, demonstrating a role for this receptor in morphine hyperalgesia unrelated to its effects upon morphine analgesia. In mice where hyperalgesia subsided after continuous infusion of the highest morphine dose (i.e., hyperalgesic adaptation), hyperalgesia was restored after infusing the lower but not higher morphine dose. In addition, acute injection of morphine-3β-glucoronide (M3G) caused hyperalgesia that was cross-adaptive with the lower morphine dose only. The data demonstrate that morphine hyperalgesia is independent of prior or concurrent opioid receptor activity or analgesia and is unrelated to analgesic tolerance. Furthermore, the lack of hyperalgesic cross-adaptation between high and low morphine doses, and their differential cross-adaptation with M3G hyperalgesia, also suggests distinct morphine dose-dependent hyperalgesic systems.
Strongly Interacting Rydberg Excitations of a Cold Atomic Gas

Highly excited Rydberg atoms have many exaggerated properties. In particular, the interaction strength between such atoms can be varied over an enormous range. In a mesoscopic ensemble, such strong, long-range interactions can be used for fast preparation of desired many-particle states. We generated Rydberg excitations in an ultra-cold atomic gas and subsequently converted them into light. As the principal quantum number n was increased beyond ∼70, no more than a single excitation was retrieved from the entire mesoscopic ensemble of atoms. These results hold promise for studies of dynamics and disorder in many-body systems with tunable interactions and for scalable quantum information networks.
Some aspects of the longitudinal motion of ions in electron storage rings

Abstract Equations for the longitudinal component of the beam—ion kick are derived and it is shown that this component can play an important part in the longitudinal transport process. By combining the expression for the longitudinal kick with conservation of energy and conservation of horizontal action, one obtains an expression for the variation of the longitudinal velocity. This result is applied to the case of an ion traversing a dipole fringe field and to the case of an ion moving in a field free region. The analytical results agree well with simulation.
Community similarity and the analysis of multispecies environmental data: A unified statistical approach

Abstract The number of species or variables in some designed environmental studies is too large for analysis using standard inferential statistics. To analyze the type of data, a two-stage procedure and follow-up methods are described. First, data are reduced using a measure of similarity or distance. Then, a permutation procedure is used to make inferences. Assuming the hypothesis is rejected, several follow-up analyses are presented as tools in understanding the causes of rejection. For example, to further understand treatment effects, a randomization based, multiple comparison procedure may be used; to better understand what differences the similarity or distance measure describes, a method based on removal of a species is given. The methods are illustrated on a study of the effects of zinc on the periphyton community in the New River, Va, U.S.A.
Reconstructing : Culturetypal and counter‐cultural Rhetorics in the martyred black vision

A guiding purpose of most social and political minority movements in a pluralistic society is to achieve legitimacy in the terms of the dominant ideology. In Anglo‐American liberal democracies such legitimation is located in the ideograph , an ideological commitment which promotes “sameness” and “identity.” An interesting feature of is that it functions implicitly as a rhetoric of control, requiring those who would achieve legitimacy to sublimate their “difference” from the dominant ideology. As such, it poses serious contradictions for a society that is truly interested in promoting a humanistic and pluralistic egalitarianism. In this essay the authors examine the way in which the culturetypal rhetoric of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the counter‐cultural rhetoric of Malcolm X functioned together to negotiate this characteristic of as black Americans in the 1960s strove to achieve legitimacy for their struggle for civil rights, and in so doing constructed a revised and emanc...
Experimental search for the effect of compressibility in unsteady Couette flow

Solution of the compressible Rayleigh problem involving an impulsively moved flat plate indicates that transverse velocities can be generated by a purely longitudinal shearing motion. It would be desirable to demonstrate the existence of these waves, and to do so was the motivation for the present investigation. However, the geometry for the Rayleigh problem is prohibitive; and since it was noticed that a similar behaviour should occur for the case of unsteady compressible Couette flow, this was considered for the present investigation. An experimental search for the existence of the transverse velocities was conducted using concentric rotating cylinders to generate the flow. Since these transverse velocities were too small to be measured directly, a temperature gradient was created across the annulus to take advantage of the much greater sensitivity of a hot-wire to temperature fluctuations produced by the fluctuation in the transverse velocity. The periodic temperature fluctuations noted were converted to equivalent transverse velocities. Experimental values obtained agreed qualitatively with the theory. Finally, the role of extraneous effects in the experimental apparatus was considered.
Digoxin‐like immunoreactive substances in chronic liver disease

Digoxin-like immunoreactive substances, which cross-react with digoxin antibody, have been found to have natriuretic effect and Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitory effect. The role of digoxin-like immunoreactive substances in chronic liver disease was studied by radioimmunoassay in 63 serum and 60 urine samples from 58 patients with chronic liver disease and compared with 16 controls. Although the mean serum digoxin-like immunoreactive substances level of compensated chronic liver disease patients (0.06 ± 0.05 ng per ml, p < 0.01) was higher than that of controls (0.02 ± 0.03 ng per ml), only four patients had serum digoxin-like immunoreactive substances higher than 0.10 ng per ml. Mean serum digoxin-like immunoreactive substances level was much higher in patients with decompensated chronic liver disease who had ascites (0.32 ± 0.17 ng per ml, p < 0.001), hepatorenal syndrome (0.57 ± 0.20 ng per ml, p < 0.001) and hepatic encephalopathy (0.43 ± 0.20 ng per ml, p < 0.001). Five patients with recent variceal hemorrhage requiring transfusions and saline infusion had significantly increased serum digoxin-like immunoreactive substances (mean: 0.16 ± 0.06 ng per ml, p < 0.001) before the development of clinically detectable ascites. The serum digoxin-like immunoreactive substances level was positively correlated with serum total bilirubin (r = 0.581, p < 0.001), AST (r = 0.454, p < 0.001), serum creatinine (r = 0.539, p < 0.001), urine digoxin-like immunoreactive substances (ng of urine digoxin-like immunoreactive substances per gm of urine creatinine, r = 0.578, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with serum albumin (r=−0.604, p < 0.001), prothrombin activity (r=−0.589, p < 0.001), serum sodium (r=−0.685, p < 0.001) and urine sodium (mEq of urine sodium per gm of urine creatinine; r=−0.476, p < 0.001). The present study shows increased serum digoxin-like immunoreactive substances in decompensated chronic liver disease. The negative correlation between serum digoxin-like immunoreactive substances and urine sodium suggests that digoxin-like immunoreactive substances level is higher in patients having low urinary sodium output. This finding may be explained by a possible renal insensitivity to digoxin-like immunoreactive substances in decompensated chronic liver disease.
Compact Sensitive Piezoelectric Mass Balance for Measurement of Unconsolidated Materials in Space

In many in-situ instruments information about the mass of the sample could aid in the interpretation of the data and portioning instruments might require an accurate sizing of the sample mass before dispensing the sample. In addition, on potential sample return missions a method to directly assess the captured sample size would be required to determine if the sampler could return or needs to continue attempting to acquire sample. In an effort to meet these requirements piezoelectric balances were developed using flextensional actuators which are capable of monitoring the mass using two methods. A piezoelectric balance could be used to measure mass directly by monitoring the voltage developed across the piezoelectric which is linear with force, or it could be used in resonance to produce a frequency change proportional to the mass change. In this case of the latter, the piezoelectric actuator/balance would be swept in frequency through its fundamental resonance. If a mass is added to the balance the resonance frequency would shift down proportionally to the mass. By monitoring the frequency shift the mass could be determined. This design would allow for two independent measurements of the mass. In microgravity environments spacecraft thrusters could be used to provide acceleration in order to produce the required force for the first technique or to bring the mass into contact with the balance in the second approach. In addition, the measuring actuators, if driven at higher voltages, could be used to fluidize the powder to aid sample movement. In this paper, we outline some of our design considerations and present the results of a few prototype balances that we have developed.
Control of the Molecular Orientation of Membrane-Anchored Biomimetic Glycopolymers

Quantifying and controlling the orientation of surface-bound macromolecules is crucial to a wide range of processes in areas as diverse as biology, materials science, and nanotechnology. Methods capable of directing orientation, as well as an understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms are, however, lacking. In this paper, we describe experiments in which the conformations of structurally well-defined polymers anchored to fluid lipid membranes were probed using Fluorescence Interference Contrast Microscopy (FLIC), an optical technique that provides topographic information with few-nanometer precision. The novel rodlike polymers mimic the architecture of mucin glycoproteins and feature a phospholipid tail for membrane incorporation and a fluorescent optical probe for FLIC imaging situated at the opposite termini of the densely glycosylated polymeric backbones. We find that the orientation of the rigid, approximately 30 nm long glycopolymers depends profoundly on the properties of the optical report...
Development of allometric leaf area models for intensively managed black walnut ( Juglans nigra L.)

• Introduction Intensive plantation management of high-value hardwoods, such as black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), is focused on maximizing both stem form and growth at the stand and tree level. While significant research has focused on genetic improvement in black walnut, little is known about the production ecology of this species in plantation settings.
Hiatal hernia repair and gastroesophageal reflux disease in gastric banding patients: analysis of a national database.

Abstract Background Hiatal hernia (HH) is a risk factor for complications after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), with recommendation to repair these at the time of LAGB placement. We reviewed the characteristics and outcomes of bariatric patients undergoing HH repair during LAGB. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HH repair in LAGB patients and its potential effect on outcomes. Methods Using the Bariatric Outcomes Longitudinal Database, we identified patients who had hiatal hernia repair at the time of their LAGB (HHR group) and compared them to other LAGB patients without a HH repair (NonHHR group). Results Of 41,611 patients who underwent LAGB during 2007–2010, 8120 (19.5%) had HH repair (HHR), adding only 4 minutes to the operating time, without an increase in blood transfusion, length of stay, or band-related complications. Preoperatively, the HHR cohort had a higher incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) compared with nonHHR (49% versus 40%, respectively; P P P = .4), with similar GERD scores at this time point. Conclusion HH are repaired in one fifth of LAGB patients, with a surprisingly minimal increase in operative times and no change in length of stay, morbidity, or mortality. In patients with GERD, HH repair had minimal effect on postoperative improvements in reflux symptoms. These findings suggest that many of the repairs may involve small hernias with unclear clinical effect.
Intelligent processing of polymer sheets for calendering

The Intelligent Processing of Materials (IMP) concept has been applied to the calendering process with the goal of improving shape quality and process efficiency. All four basic features of the IPM, including modeling, data processing, sensing, and controlling, are considered. In the process modeling, bending and thermal models are developed. With these models, the relationship between the process parameters and quality of the calendered sheets has been established. A material data bank has been established to couple with the process modeling and real-time sensing data. In sensing, ultrasonic and temperature sensors have been implemented to measure critical quality and process parameters in situ. The sensing data have been used not only to verify the modeling prediction but also to establish information needed to diagnose the causes of the layflat problem. Based on the model prediction as well as sensing information, a better control system to alleviate layflatness problems has been developed. Finally, a control strategy for future improvement of the calendering system is proposed. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Benefits of Open Lung Biopsy in Patients with Previous Nondiagnostic Transbronchial Lung Biopsy

In a 17-month period, 20 immunosuppressed patients underwent transbronchial biopsy of the lung for diagnostic evaluation of a pulmonary infiltrate of unknown etiology. In 19 patients, the fransbronchial biopsy was nondiagnostic. Thirteen of the 19 patients were critically ill and were referred for an open lung biopsy. Eleven (85 percent) of these 13 patients left the hospital after open lung biopsy and appropriate medical treatment. Two patients who were receiving mechanical ventilation at the time of open biopsy succumbed to the combination of their underlying disease and respiratory failure. �he initial evaluation of pulmonary infiltrates of unknown etiology generally begins with noninvasive tests such as cytologic study and cultures of the sputum. Thereafter, a transbronchial biopsy of the lung using a fiberoptic bronchoscope’ or guided flexible catheter2 is indicated. If no diagnosis is established, an open lung biopsy should be performed for definitive diagnosis and treatment.’� Proceeding with open lung biopsy in the immunosuppressed patient with a pulmonary infiltrate of unknown etiology offers a more challenging therapeutic problem, since these patients frequently have associated problems which increase their surgical risks. These problems include abnormal bleeding factors, reduced granulocyte reserve, and poor healing of tissue. This report evaluates the benefits of proceeding with open lung biopsy after a nondiagnostic transbronchial lung biopsy in critically ill immunosuppressed patients who had pulmonary infiltrates of
Promoting Resilience in At‐Risk Children

Intervening effectively with youths at risk from early deprivation, family dysfunction, poverty, abuse, and other factors is a major concern for educational and social service policymakers. Current research suggests that a majority of at-risk youths do not experience drastic outcomes, but many exhibit protective factors that buffer them from negative consequences. Longitudinal studies from Hawaii, the continental United States, and Great Britain have identified several personality, familial, and environmental variables that promote resiliency in youths at risk. This article discusses these variables and provides counselors with an assessment technique and strategies to promote a salutogenesis perspective.
Understanding Male Bias Against Girls and Women in Science1

Boys consistently have expressed more negative attitudes toward women in science than have girls. The basis of these negative male attitudes was explored in a sample of 159 male and 158 female science-oriented high school students. The students participated in a science enrichment program in which positive information about women in science was provided. Consistent with theories of prejudice and stereotyping: (a) at the beginning of the program, more negative attitudes toward women in science were linked to lower science self-confidence among boys, but not among girls; and (b) following the program, analysis of residual post-scores (with pre-scores controlled) indicated that changes in self-confidence over the course of the program were related significantly to changes in attitudes toward women in science among boys but not among girls. Implications for girls’ and women's participation in science are discussed.
Coherent Phase Equilibrium in Alloys with Congruent Points

The effects of elastic stress on phase equilibrium are examined for an alloy system possessing a congruent point in the absence of stress. The stress-free molar free energies of each of the phases are represented by a Taylor series expansion in temperature and composition about the stress-free congruent point temperature and composition. This representation has enabled us to derive an analytical description of the stable and metastable coherent phase diagrams which are valid in the vicinity of the congruent point regardless of the detailed solution thermodynamics of the alloy. We find the following for stable coherent phase equilibrium: the exponents describing the power law temperature dependence of certain field lines can be altered due to elastic stress; phase compositions for alloy compositions along certain field lines can be independent of both temperature and alloy composition; and a jump in volume fraction of magnitude less than one is possible with a smooth change in temperature or composition. We find the following for metastable coherent phase equilibrium: regardless of the degree of elastic inhomogeneity, there can be at most one jump in the volume fraction with a smooth change in temperature or composition; two-phase equilibrium in single-phase regions of the stress-free phase diagram is possible; and the equilibrium state of the system can depend on the processing path used to reach a given temperature and alloy composition. We have employed the theory and known thermophysical data to estimate the importance of elastic stress on phase equilibrium in the Ni-V system.
Retention of Paramagnetic Particles by Magnetite Particle Clusters with Multifunctional Character

Abstract The magnetic force exerted by a 3‐D array of five hundred identical magnetite particles (with r m = 400 nm) on two differently sized paramagnetic particles (with r p = 160 and 1000 nm) was investigated to reveal the multifunctional character of magnetic particle clusters that may prove to be advantageous when used as a HGMS element. The orientation of the magnetic field, the separation s between the magnetite particles in the array, and the distance h between the paramagnetic particle and the surface of the magnetite array were all found to have significant effects. Both the large and small paramagnetic particles experienced interactions with the array that were strictly due to the array behaving collectively as a single magnetic unit; but these relatively “smooth” interactions were much longer‐ranged for the large paramagnetic particle. The large and small paramagnetic particles also experienced interactions with the array that were strictly due to individual (yet cooperative) interactions wit...
Increased contractility of diabetic rabbit corpora smooth muscle in response to endothelin is mediated via Rho-kinase beta.

Corpus cavernosum smooth muscle (CCSM) from rabbits made diabetic for 6 months as a result of alloxan injection exhibited increased sensitivity (3vs 9 nM EC50) and generated 20–50% greater force to endothelin-1 (ET-1) compared to CCSM from normal rabbits. In contrast, the force produced by the CCSM in response to KCl and phenylephrine was not significantly altered in diabetic CCSM. The increased ET-1 sensitivity is associated with a two to three-fold upregulation of ET receptor A at both mRNA and protein levels in diabetic CCSM. ET-1-induced CCSM contraction is largely dependent upon Rho-kinase (ROK), since it is almost completely blocked by Y-27632 (a highly selective ROK inhibitor). Furthermore, expression of ROKβ isoform is selectively upregulated in CCSM from diabetic rabbits. Thus, an increased CCSM tone, modulated by sensitization of the endothelin-mediated contractile pathway via ROK, may be a key component of the molecular mechanism of diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction.
THE SEASONAL VARIATION OF SUICIDE IN ZIMBABWE

Summary.-In Zimbabwe, suicides were found to peak in January (possibly a registration artifact), with a subsidiary peak in November (consistent with the spring peak found in the northern hemisphere). Lester (1979) reported that the suicide rate in the USA showed peaks in April and September, and the present work explored whether a parallel seasonal variation would be found in Zimbabwe. Data were provided by the Central Statistical Office in Harare, Zimbabwe for suicides during 1983-1986. The 2177 suicides by black Zimbabweans had a peak of 2.10 per day in January and a subsidiary peak of 1.61 per day in November. By month, mean values per day were January 2.10 per day, February 1.43, March 1.46, ApriI 1.47, May 1.29, June 1.22, July 1.20, August 1.56, September 1.55, October 1.55, November 1.61, and December 1.44. These data show the trough was 1.20 per day in July (X,,2 = 49.93, p<.001). This analysis shows suicides peaked in spring (November) and summer (January) in Zimbabwe. No differences, however, were found in the monthly variation of suicide by sex, age, marital status, or method. The January peak may be an artifact of registration procedures, in which deaths toward the end of the year are recorded as being in the new year. It is then important that these analyses be replicated in other African nations in the southern hemisphere. However, the spring peak is consistent with data from the northern hemisphere.
Scrap and Storage Markets in the Gulf of Mexico—III. Process Workflows and Industry Structure

Abstract The scrap metal and storage markets associated with platforms and drilling rigs are one of the least-publicized sectors of the energy industry. Structures, rigs, and marine vessels contribute to scrap supply in coastal communities and is an important sector for many regional economies, but relative to aggregate scrap sources are considered marginal contributors to total supply. In part three of this four-part series, we follow offshore structures through the scrap process and review conditions that affect the competitiveness of regional markets. Factors that impact scrap metal price are examined. We conclude with a brief overview of the industry players in the US scrap market.
Overview and implementation of an intervention to prevent adherence failure among HIV-infected adults initiating antiretroviral therapy: lessons learned from Project HEART.

Abstract Project HEART, an acronym for Helping Enhance Adherence to Retroviral Therapy, was a prospective, controlled study to develop, implement, and evaluate a clinic-based behavioural intervention to prevent adherence failure among HIV-infected adults beginning their first highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen (N = 227). In this paper, we describe the conceptualisation of the Project HEART adherence intervention, characteristics of the participants, and lessons learned implementing HEART in an inner-city clinic setting. A multi-component intervention, HEART combined enhanced education, reminders, adherence feedback, social support and adherence-focused problem solving in an integrated manner to address common cognitive, motivational, and social barriers to adherence. Unique components of the intervention included use of participant-identified adherence support partners and a standardized adherence barriers assessment to develop and implement individualised adherence plans. Lessons learne...
Walking the Walk: The Association Between Community Environmentalism and Green Travel Behavior

Problem: Reducing gasoline consumption could sharply curtail greenhouse gas emissions. Ongoing research seeks to document factors associated with green travel behavior, like walking and transit use. Purpose: We seek to determine whether green beliefs and values are associated with green travel behavior. We measure whether residents of communities with environmentalist attributes drive less, consume less gasoline, and are more likely to commute by private vehicle. We explore several channels through which green beliefs and values may affect travel behavior and vice versa. Methods: We drew our demographic, transportation, and built environment data from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing including the Public Use Microdata Sample and the 2001 National Household Travel Survey, and constructed our indicators of green ideology using voting records, political party membership, and data on hybrid auto ownership. We estimated ordinary least squares regression and linear probability models using both individ...
Endobronchial Polyposis following Smoke Inhalation

A 50-year-old fireman was found to have multiple endobronchial polyps when investigated for hemoptysis two months after acute thermal inhalation injury. Biopsy was obtained and the histology demonstrated benign granulation tissue. The polyps spontaneously regressed, without specific treatment, six months after the accident. Tracheal bronchial polyposis appears to be another complication of heat and smoke inhalation.
Fast approximation algorithms for a nonconvex covering problem

Abstract We study approximation schemes for computing minimal coverings by nonconvex objects in one dimension. This problem arises, for instance, in the context of motion planning for robots. In this paper we describe a polynomial approximation scheme for this strongly NP-complete problem. For this purpose, we develop a general method—the shifting strategy—nested applications of which yield such a scheme (polynomial schemes for strongly NP-complete problems are quite rare). With some additional effort, the shifting strategy leads to algorithms that are of practical interest in that their running time is bounded by low-degree polynomials.
Online accessibility concerns in shaping consumer relationships in the automotive industry

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide practitioners of management and information technology a sense of how the automobile industry uses the internet to market its products.Design/methodology/approach – A review of the applied literature on practices and actual examples of companies' practices (obtained through personal interviews and basic empirical analysis of managers located in Pittsburgh, PA) was conducted. An analysis of data derived from web‐enabled and highly educated professionals from the metropolitan area of Pittsburgh, PA, resulted in 60 interviews from an initial sample of over 155 professionals from three area firms. Techniques reviewed include online advertising, data mining from web sites, other conventional advertising of the company web site and positioning their vehicles among the various search engines.Findings – The statistical findings lead to the general conclusion that people are using the internet with greater regularity to gain information about vehicle purchases. How...
Dimensionality of visual complexity in computer graphics scenes

How do human observers perceive visual complexity in images? This problem is especially relevant for computer graphics, where a better understanding of visual complexity can aid in the development of more advanced rendering algorithms. In this paper, we describe a study of the dimensionality of visual complexity in computer graphics scenes. We conducted an experiment where subjects judged the relative complexity of 21 high-resolution scenes, rendered with photorealistic methods. Scenes were gathered from web archives and varied in theme, number and layout of objects, material properties, and lighting. We analyzed the subject responses using multidimensional scaling of pooled subject responses. This analysis embedded the stimulus images in a two-dimensional space, with axes that roughly corresponded to "numerosity" and "material / lighting complexity". In a follow-up analysis, we derived a one-dimensional complexity ordering of the stimulus images. We compared this ordering with several computable complexity metrics, such as scene polygon count and JPEG compression size, and did not find them to be very correlated. Understanding the differences between these measures can lead to the design of more efficient rendering algorithms in computer graphics.
Loss of αv Integrin Expression and Recurrence in Node-Negative Lung Carcinoma

Abstract Background . Despite "curative" resection, metastases develop in many patients with node-negative (N0) non–small cell lung carcinoma. Alternative biologic markers for this tumor would be useful. Integrins are cell adhesion molecules that are thought to be important in tumor progression, and expression of these molecules previously has been shown to be altered in non–small cell lung carcinoma. We evaluated alterations in integrin expression and clinical outcome. Methods . Immunohistochemical staining of tumor specimens was performed, and clinical data were reviewed retrospectively. Results . Data were complete for 42 patients. Half of all patients (21/42) and 9 of 26 patients with negative nodes experienced tumor recurrence during follow-up. Neither histologic type nor tumor differentiation status correlated with recurrence. However, loss of the αv integrin subunit was associated significantly with recurrence in the N0 group. Seventy-five percent of patients with negative nodes who exhibited recurrence lost αv expression, compared with only 10% of patients with negative nodes who did not exhibit recurrence ( p = 0.012). Alterations of other integrin subunits did not correlate significantly with prognostic follow-up variables. Conclusions . Loss of αv expression may serve as a marker for patients with node-negative non–small cell lung carcinoma who are at high risk for recurrence, potentially directing additional therapies.