cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Fusion of Surface Labels Provided by Multiple Raters.

Studies of the size and morphology of anatomical structures rely on accurate and reproducible delineation of the structures, obtained either by human raters or automatic segmentation algorithms. Measures of reproducibility and variability are vital aspects of such studies and are usually estimated using repeated scans or repeated delineations (in the case of human raters). Methods exist for simultaneously estimating the true structure and rater performance parameters from multiple segmentations and have been demonstrated on volumetric images. In this work, we extend the applicability of previous methods onto two-dimensional surfaces parameterized as triangle meshes. Label homogeneity is enforced using a Markov random field formulated with an energy that addresses the challenges introduced by the surface parameterization. The method was tested using both simulated raters and cortical gyral labels. Simulated raters are computed using a global error model as well as a novel and more realistic boundary error model. We study the impact of raters and their accuracy based on both models, and show how effectively this method estimates the true segmentation on simulated surfaces. The Markov random field formulation was shown to effectively enforce homogeneity for raters suffering from label noise. We demonstrated that our method provides substantial improvements in accuracy over single-atlas methods for all experimental conditions.
Ship hull drag reduction using bottom air injection

Abstract The idea of bottom air injection to reduce ship hull resistance is not new. Early patents envisioned planing hull applications. Recent planing hull tests speed realized an increase of 7–12 knots. River barges and ship fitted with an air injection system results are presented to show a 10–15% reduction in the frictional resistance. Graphs for making initial estimates for displacement hulls with bottom air injection are presented. It is clear from these results that improvements in high speed planing catamarans and full form hull resistance can be realized by using bottom air injection.
Distributed detection with data fusion for malfunction detection and isolation in fault tolerant flight control computers

It is anticipated that electromagnetic field disturbances will be increasingly problematic for future aircraft control systems, which will perform numerous flight-critical functions. Shielding within the digital systems cannot eliminate these common-cause disturbances, and redundancy is ineffective in accommodating them. This paper presents a distributed detection scheme with data fusion for monitoring the function of redundant processing channels of a flight critical control system during operation. The detection scheme is demonstrated using data collected during closed-loop High Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) system effects experiments on a quad-redundant Flight Control Computer (FCC), which is executing Autoland control laws under flight conditions with heavy clear air turbulence. The performance of the monitoring system is assessed. The detection scheme presented in this paper can also be applied to redundancy management in fault tolerant systems.
The algebra of glued polynomials on an arrangement of hyperplanes

The subject matter of this paper can be motivated in two ways. From the point of view of arrangement theory we look for commutative algebra invariants of arrangements of hyperplanes. From commutative algebra point of view we study the question whether the seminormalization of a Cohen-Macaulay ring is again Cohen-Macaulay. Let F be an infinite field and A = {Ht , . . . , If,} a central I-arrangement of hyperplanes over F, i.e., a non-empty set of (linear) hyperplanes in a vector space V of dimension I over F. We fix al,. . . , a, E V* such that Kerai = Hi and put Q = Q(d) = fl:=‘=, ai. We often identify A with the set Of Qi. Let S = $ d>OSd be the graded symmetric algebra of V*. For each choice of a basis (x1 ,T . . , xl) of V’ one can identify S with F [x1,. . , xl J. The arrangement A generates two algebras both of which are S-modules. The first one is just the coordinate ring R = R(A) = S/SQ of the affine variety Uy= 1 Hi. The second one + R is the pull-back of the system of the coordinate rings R(X) of various intersections X of the hyperplanes and the natural projections px,y : R(X) --f R (Y) for X > Y. We call + R the algebra of glued polynomials on A. Clearly R c + R. Due to [4] +R is the seminormalization of R. Notice that the algebras R and +R are naturally graded and the gradings agree with the embedding R c + R. We denote their homogeneous components of degree d by Rd and +Rd respectively. It is well known (a reference known to us is [ 10, Remark 3.51) that + R = R if and only if A is 3-generic, i.e., no Qi is a linear combination of two others. In
Delayed Esophagogastrostomy: A Safe Strategy for Management of Patients with Ischemic Gastric Conduit at Time of Esophagectomy

Background Ischemia of the gastric conduit remains an important complication of esophagectomy and is associated with an increased risk of anastomotic leak and sepsis. We report a group of patients with multiple comorbid conditions and an ischemic gastric conduit that was successfully managed by a delayed esophagogastrostomy. Study Design Between 2000 and 2007, esophagectomy with gastric pullup was performed in 554 patients. In 37 patients (7%), the combination of an ischemic graft and substantial comorbid conditions prompted delayed reconstruction to avoid an immediate esophagogastrostomy. In these patients, the gastric conduit was brought up and secured in the neck, and a cervical esophagostomy was constructed. Subsequently, a delayed esophagogastrostomy was performed through neck incision. Outcomes were analyzed at a median of 22 months (interquartile range [IQR], 13 to 30 months). Results There were 29 male and 8 female patients, with a median age of 65 years (IQR, 58 to 75 years). Thirty-one patients had malignant disease; 12 received neoadjuvant therapy. All 37 patients recovered from their esophagectomy without evidence of ischemic necrosis or fistula from their gastric conduit. In 35 patients, a delayed esophagogastrostomy was performed at a median of 98 days (IQR, 89 to 110 days). At the time of reconstruction, all had well-perfused gastric conduits, and the anastomoses healed without leak, wound infection, or sepsis. A stricture developed in three patients and was treated with dilation. Delayed esophagogastrostomy was never performed in two patients because of development of recurrent malignant disease. Conclusions Delayed esophagogastrostomy is a safe strategy for management of patients with comorbidities and an ischemic gastric conduit at the time of esophagectomy.
Momentum and the Disposition Effect: The Role of Individual Investors

We hypothesize that disposition effect-induced momentum documented in Grinblatt and Han (2005) should be stronger in stocks with greater individual investors’ presence since individual investors are more prone to the disposition effect. We find strong evidence for our hypothesis for a large sample of NYSE/AMEX/NASDAQ stocks from the end of 1980 to 2005. Our results hold across different momentum strategies using alternative ways of defining individual investors’ presence in a stock and maintain even after controlling for variables known to drive momentum. Furthermore, we find that our results are stronger for hard-to-value stocks consistent with the
Comparative Performance of Four Serodiagnostic Procedures for Detecting Bovine and Equine Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Antibodies

Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an epizootic epitheliotropic viral disease occurring only in the Western Hemisphere and affecting principally cattle, sheep, and horses. Recent VS epizootics in the United States have been caused by the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-NJ). The Indiana 1 serotype of the virus (VSV-IN,) last appeared in this country during the 1964-1966 series of epizootics. Economic losses result from both clinical disease and regulatory barriers imposed upon livestock trade and transport. These barriers arose because VS resembles more serious reportable vesicular diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease in some respects. Timely, accurate VSV serodiagnosis is thus needed for foreign animal disease surveillance and regulatory purposes. Serotype-specific complement fixation (CF) and serum neutralization (SN) procedures have traditionally been used. 1,2 In recent years, competitive and IgM-specific capture enzyme-linked immunoassays (cELISA, mcELISA) have been
Conflict exceptions: simplifying concurrent language semantics with precise hardware exceptions for data-races

We argue in this paper that concurrency errors should be treated as exceptions, i.e., have fail-stop behavior and precise semantics. We propose an exception model based on conflict of synchronization free regions, which precisely detects a broad class of data-races. We show that our exceptions provide enough guarantees to simplify high-level programming language semantics and debugging, but are significantly cheaper to enforce than traditional data-race detection. To make the performance cost of enforcement negligible, we propose architecture support for accurately detecting and precisely delivering these exceptions. We evaluate the suitability of our model as well as the behavior of our architectural mechanisms using the PARSEC benchmark suite and commercial applications. Our results show that the exception model largely reflects how programmers are already writing code and that the main memory, traffic and performance overheads of the enforcement mechanisms we propose are very low.
Molecular Imaging of Atherosclerosis for Improving Diagnostic and Therapeutic Development

Despite recent progress, cardiovascular and allied metabolic disorders remain a worldwide health challenge. We must identify new targets for therapy, develop new agents for clinical use, and deploy them in a clinically effective and cost-effective manner. Molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions has become a major experimental tool in the last decade, notably by providing a direct gateway to the processes involved in atherogenesis and its complications. This review summarizes the current status of molecular imaging approaches that target the key processes implicated in plaque formation, development, and disruption and highlights how the refinement and application of such tools might aid the development and evaluation of novel therapeutics.
Neural mechanisms underlying the therapeutic actions of guanfacine treatment in youth with ADHD: A pilot fMRI study

Twenty-five youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a Go/No-go task before and after 6–8 weeks of randomized once-daily treatment with either the α2A-adrenergic receptor agonist guanfacine or placebo. Clinical improvement was greater for guanfacine than placebo and was differentially associated with reduced activation for guanfacine compared with placebo in the right midcingulate cortex/supplementary motor area and the left posterior cingulate cortex.
Selective activation of JNK1 is necessary for the anti-apoptotic activity of hILP

The balance between the inductive signals and endogenous anti-apoptotic mechanisms determines whether or not programmed cell death occurs. The widely expressed inhibitor of apoptosis gene family includes three closely related mammalian proteins: c-IAP1, c-IAP2, and hILP. The anti-apoptotic properties of these proteins have been linked to caspase inhibition. Here we show that one member of this group, hILP, inhibits interleukin-1β-converting enzyme-induced apoptosis via a mechanism dependent on the selective activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1. These data demonstrate that apoptosis can be inhibited by an endogenous cellular protein by a mechanism that requires the activation of a single member of the mitogen-activating protein kinase family.
A Building Block Approach to Photochemical Water-Splitting Catalysts Based on Layered Niobate Nanosheets

We present a modular approach to the synthesis of nanostructured catalysts for photochemical splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen. The catalysts are built from exfoliated, semiconducting niobate nanosheets derived from the layered perovskite HCa2Nb3O10. The latter is a catalyst for photochemical evolution of hydrogen from water under UV irradiation. After chemical modification with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APS), IrO2 or Pt particles can be attached to the nanosheets to produce various two-component nanostructures that were fully characterized with transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry was used to determine the onset potentials for O2 and H2 evolution. At pH = 14, the observed values are in the range +0.61 to +1.24 V (NHE, water oxidation) and −1.36 to −1.62 V (NHE, water reduction). Under UV irradiation, all catalysts evolve hydrogen from water without any sign of deactivation for 5 h. The highest quantum efficiency of 3.49% is observed...
The zip (postal) code difference: methods to improve identification of rural subgroups

Abstract Over the past decade national policymakers have grappled with the increasingly difficult issue of implementing programs which sustain the viability of the rural health care system. The set of problems that are of major concern to these decisionmakers include: (1) the shifts in the utilization patterns away from the rural health care delivery system; (2) the impact of modification in the health care reimbursement system which disproportionately favors urban health systems; and, (3) the continuing difficulty in affecting the disproportionate supply of health providers in urban areas compared to rural settings. The complex nature of health services research demands a multidisciplinary approach especially on sociocultural problems such as rural health delivery. Effective analysis in health care crosses many disciplinary boundaries such as medicine, nutrition, economics, sociology, and public health among others disciplines. A major concern to many of these rural health research analysts is the ad hoc treatment of the rural populace in federal and state health policy decisionmaking. The key to understanding the variance in treatment of rural health can be appreciated by reviewing the accuracy of rural definitions. In the present study, a refined rural definition is proposed which will assist research analysts in providing greater information on the distribution of rural health care services. A preliminary analysis of the proposed definitions indicates that a more precise measurement of rural provides greater accuracy in determining the medical needs of rural areas. Adaptation of the concept will benefit the decisionmaking process through improvements in the methodological approach to rural health research. State legislators, regional and state planning agencies, federal funding agencies, foundations, and other programs involved in support of rural life program will be better able to assess the impact of programs through use of the new definition. Finally, a refined typology for rural will also effect other research endeavors and appears to be generalizable to research on other pertinent rural delivery issues such as transportation, education, and regional planning.
Cell–cell membrane fusion during mammalian fertilization

The mechanism of sperm-egg fusion in mammals is a research area that has greatly benefited from the use of gene deletion technology. Because fertilization is internal in mammals and the gametes (particularly the eggs) are sparse in number, in vitro studies have considerable limitations. Using gene deletions, a few cell surface proteins in both gametes have been identified as essential for gamete fusion. Ongoing studies are directed at analysis of the function of these proteins and the search for additional proteins that may be involved in this process. So far, no mammalian proteins have been found that also function in sperm-egg fusion of non-mammalian species or in other types of cell-cell fusion.
The requirement of the LC8 dynein light chain for nuclear migration and septum positioning is temperature dependent in Aspergillus nidulans

In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, the multisubunit motor complex cytoplasmic dynein plays essential roles in nuclear migration and septum positioning. The 8 kDa light chain, LC8, the smallest subunit, is conserved among eukaryotic organisms. Besides being a component in the dynein complex, LC8 also interacts with a wide spectrum of mammalian and viral proteins. To date, the function of this small polypeptide is not well understood. To address this issue, we have created a deletion mutation (DeltanudG) at the nudG locus encoding LC8 in A. nidulans. At 42 degrees C, the DeltanudG mutant forms minute colonies lacking asexual reproduction: this phenotype resembles the phenotype of the dynein heavy chain null mutant. The mutant nuclei largely clustered in the spore body after conidial germination, and the septum was often assembled distally toward the hyphal apex, whereas a control germling has its nuclei distributed along the hypha and the septum formed near the spore body. When the mutant was grown at 23 degrees C, however, its colony resembled a control one, and so did the patterns of nuclear distribution and septum positioning. Elevation of the growth temperature gradually reduced colony size and abolished asexual sporulation. After a period of growth at 23 degrees C that allowed the nuclei to move out of the spore end, a temperature shift to 42 degrees C prevented newly divided nuclei from migrating apart, suggesting that LC8/NUDG was required for both initiating and maintaining dynein motor functions at elevated temperatures. A functional GFP-NUDA fusion was used to test whether LC8/NUDG is required for DHC (dynein heavy chain)/NUDA localization. We found that at 23 degrees C GFP-NUDA localized to the hyphal apex and the septation site in DeltanudG cells as in control cells. Such localizations were absent at 42 degrees C in mutant cells, but not in control cells. We conclude that LC8 plays a role in DHC localization/function, and the requirement for such a role in A. nidulans cells is temperature dependent.
A radio telescope for the calibration of radio sources at 32 GHz

Knowledge of the flux of celestial sources is important to radio astronomers and telecommunications engineers who wish to accurately calibrate their large aperture antennas. At 32 GHz the flux of celestial objects is given by extrapolations using the spectral indices obtained from measurements at lower frequencies; there have been no direct calibrations. We have therefore developed a program whereby a 5-meter diameter radio telescope at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) operating at 32 GHz will observe a list of radio sources. By accurately calibrating the 5-meter antenna we will be able to have direct measures of celestial radio source fluxes. Accurate calibration of the 5-meter radio telescope must be done in-situ at OVRO; therefore, we have built a radio telescope intended to be a standard gain tool to be used to perform the accurate 5-meter calibration. This telescope uses a highly efficient 1.5-meter offset feed Cassegrainian optics configuration whose aperture efficiency is nearly 80%. The telescope uses a radiometer with a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) low noise amplifier (LNA), and a pair of feeds to operate in a beam switching mode. When tracking a celestial source, one of the two beams is pointed to the source and the other is pointed to an empty part of the sky. Coherent detection of the difference signal of this rapidly switched signal provides a measure of the signal due to the source. The technical challenge for this standard gain telescope is that it must provide accurate tracking of the celestial source with minimum pointing errors; it must contribute a minimum noise temperature; each beam on the sky has to be nearly equal in performance; and a stable radiometer that can detect signals in millikelvins is required. Such a system is summarized.
Temperature influences the expression of resistance of soybean (Glycine max) to the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines)

Resistance of plants to arthropods may be lost at low or high temperatures. I tested whether the relative resistance of five genotypes of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., to three isolates of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, was influenced by three temperatures, 14, 21 and 28°C, in no-choice tests in the laboratory. The interaction between temperature and the genotype of soybean influenced the population sizes of two isolates of A. glycines. Two genotypes of soybean, LD05-16611 and PI 567597C, which usually are resistant to isolate 1 and 3, became susceptible: LD05-16611 at the low temperature and PI 567597C at the high temperature. The genotypes PI 200538 and PI 567541B usually are susceptible to isolate 3 but were resistant at 21 and 28°C. I can only speculate as to the reason why temperature influences resistance of some genotypes of soybean to A. glycines: A. glycines may be directly influenced by temperature or indirectly influenced by changes in the host plant. Nevertheless, my results suggest that temperature may be one factor that influences the expression of resistance of soybean to A. glycines, so genotypes of soybean should be screened for resistance to the aphid at multiple temperatures.
Forest fragmentation and duration of forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hübner) outbreaks in northern hardwood forests

In northern forests dominated by aspen (Populus spp.), the duration of outbreaks of forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hubner) has been reported to increase with forest fragmentation. This relationship has not been tested in other forest types affected by this widespread native defoliator. From 2002 to 2007, a large-scale outbreak of this insect in the northeastern United States defoliated millions of hectares, with sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) the primary host. We used digital defoliation maps generated from aerial surveys and national land cover data to assess the effect of fragmentation on outbreak duration in areas of NY, MA, VT, and NH. We found that outbreak duration increased with forest cover and decreased with the forest edge, in opposition to the pattern previously reported for aspen-dominated forests in Canada. This pattern was significant from plot sizes ranging from 100 m to 1000 m in radius. The relationship between FTC and its natural enemies, which was postulated to underlie the effect of fragmentation on outbreaks in aspen forests, may be affected differently in northern hardwood forests, or other factors may be more important in determining outbreak duration in this forest type.
Teaching Maltreated Children in the Preschool

This article applies the findings of previous research by the author and others to the management of preschool-aged maltreated children in the classroom. Such children are common in both regular and special education classrooms. Depending upon the type of maltreating home environment that they have experienced, they may be expected to display one of several patterns of atypical development and to need specialized intervention. The several types of home environments are described, as are the associated patterns of child development. Recommendations are offered regarding the social and academic needs of the children and the management of their problems in the classroom.
The medical computing "lag": perceptions of barriers to the application of computers to medicine.

Since the early days of medical computing, medical computer researchers have envisioned how computers could benefit medical research and practice and have deplored the inability of medicine to take full advantage of the computer's power. They, and others, have analyzed the causes for the medical computing “lag.” These analyses identify a wide range of difficulties that the introduction of computers into medicine faced, and continues to face.
Surface Free Energy Determination of APEX Photosensitive Glass

Surface free energy (SFE) plays an important role in microfluidic device operation. Photosensitive glasses such as APEX offer numerous advantages over traditional glasses for microfluidics, yet the SFE for APEX has not been previously reported. We calculate SFE with the Owens/Wendt geometric method by using contact angles measured with the Sessile drop technique. While the total SFE for APEX is found to be similar to traditional microstructurable glasses, the polar component is lower, which is likely attributable to composition. The SFE was modified at each stage of device fabrication, but the SFE of the stock and fully processed glass was found to be approximately the same at a value of 51 mJ·m−2. APEX exhibited inconsistent wetting behavior attributable to an inhomogeneous surface chemical composition. Means to produce more consistent wetting of photosensitive glass for microfluidic applications are discussed.
Magnet Design Considerations for Fusion Nuclear Science Facility

The Fusion Nuclear Science Facility (FNSF) is a nuclear confinement facility that provides a fusion environment with components of the reactor integrated together to bridge the technical gaps of burning plasma and nuclear science between the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) and the demonstration power plant (DEMO). Compared with ITER, the FNSF is smaller in size but generates much higher magnetic field, i.e., 30 times higher neutron fluence with three orders of magnitude longer plasma operation at higher operating temperatures for structures surrounding the plasma. Input parameters to the magnet design from system code analysis include magnetic field of 7.5 T at the plasma center with a plasma major radius of 4.8 m and a minor radius of 1.2 m and a peak field of 15.5 T on the toroidal field (TF) coils for the FNSF. Both low-temperature superconductors (LTS) and high-temperature superconductors (HTS) are considered for the FNSF magnet design based on the state-of-the-art fusion magnet technology. The higher magnetic field can be achieved by using the high-performance ternary restacked-rod process Nb 3 Sn strands for TF magnets. The circular cable-in-conduit conductor (CICC) design similar to ITER magnets and a high-aspect-ratio rectangular CICC design are evaluated for FNSF magnets, but low-activation-jacket materials may need to be selected. The conductor design concept and TF coil winding pack composition and dimension based on the horizontal maintenance schemes are discussed. Neutron radiation limits for the LTS and HTS superconductors and electrical insulation materials are also reviewed based on the available materials previously tested. The material radiation limits for FNSF magnets are defined as part of the conceptual design studies for FNSF magnets.
The Common Market and Political Federation in Western European Public Opinion

The opening paragraph of the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community affirms the signatories' determination to "establish the foundations of an ever closer union among the European peoples."' Prominent "Europeans" among the treaty's draftsmen saw the EEC as a stepping stone to regional political amalgamation. Many expected that the successful operation of the Common Market would generate support for political federation among groups that initially preferred to limit international merger to the economic sector, as well as among groups that initially opposed all aspects of regional unity. Analysis in this study is directed toward determining whether, and to what extent, these expectations of the "Europeans" were realized after the EEC was transformed from a design "on paper" into a functioning international organization. As will be shown, the major finding of this study is that popular enthusiasm for the Common Market in France, West Germany and Italy was not generalized into support for political federation on the Continent. During the period under investigation here, Frenchmen,
Sensing and Estimation on a Modular Testbed for Swarm Robotics

Collective robotics offers the promise of enhanced performance and robustness relative to that of individual robots, with decreased cost or time-to-completion for certain tasks. Having many degrees of freedom, the multi-robot control and estimation problems are challenging, specifically when the solutions require a great amount of communication among the robots. While numerical simulation is a critical tool in swarm robotics research, verification of obtained results under a physical realization of the swarm is far from routine. Therefore, we have developed and used a sensor-integrated testbed for the validation of cooperative-robotics algorithms, observation of swarm behavior, and measurement of system performance.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The physiologic role of corticosteroids in Ménière's disease.

Multiple options exist to manage Meniere's disease (MD), ranging from dietary modifications to ablative surgery. Corticosteroids (CS) have long been used to manage MD, but their exact mechanism for disease alleviation is relatively uncertain. Glucocorticoid receptors have been shown to exist in the human inner ear and several studies propose they influence mechanisms of blood flow, fluid regulation, and ion regulation, with recent evidence describing the latter two. Corticosteroids have been shown to upregulate aquaporins and ion channels in the inner ear, and may have a positive effect on labyrinthine blood flow. Additionally, processes have been described in genomic and non-genomic manners. This text will review the literature on the actions of CS on the inner ear relevant to MD.
Classification of respiratory effort and disordered breathing during sleep from audio and pulse oximetry signals

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a highly prevalent condition associated with many adverse health problems. As the current means of diagnosis (polysomnography) is obtrusive and ill-suited for mass screening of the population, we explore a minimal-contact, automatic approach that uses acoustics-based methods in conjunction with pulse oximetry. We present a two-stage method for automatically classifying breathing sounds produced during sleep to track respiratory effort and predicting disordered breathing events using respiratory effort durations and oxygen desaturations. We compare our method for tracking respiratory effort and predicting disordered breathing with human expert event scoring. Our subject-independent method tracks respiratory effort with 87% accuracy and predicts disordered breathing events with 40–52% accuracy.
Why Do Patients with Parkinson Disease Fall? A Single Center Experience (P4.330)

Objective: Why Do Patients with Parkinson Disease Fall? A Single Center Experience. Background: Falls are a major cause of disability in Parkinson disease (PD) patients. In this study, we investigated the risks associated with repeated falls in PD. Design/Methods: Data were collected from 404 PD patients followed for one year in an outpatient setting. Results: Of the 404 patients, 197 (49[percnt]) were non-fallers, 142 (35[percnt]) single fallers and 65 (16[percnt]) recurrent fallers. Single fallers(5.9 + 2.5 yrs., 19.7 + 8.3 UPDRS score) resembled non-fallers(5.4 + 2.2 yrs., 18.9 + 8.3 UPDRS score ) in duration and severity of PD. Recurrent fallers differed significantly from single and non-fallers, having longer disease duration (12.6 + 6.8 yrs., P <0.001) and greater disease severity (32.3 + 12.6 UPDRS score , P <0.001). Recurrent fallers differed significantly from single and non-fallers in postural stability: “pull test” (23 (12[percnt]) of non-fallers, 19 (13[percnt]) of single fallers and 31 (48[percnt]) of recurrent fallers scored abnormally on this test) and one-leg stance test (11 (6[percnt]) of non-fallers, 22 (16[percnt]) of single fallers and 43 (66[percnt]) of recurrent fallers were impaired on this test). Recurrent fallers differed from single and non-fallers with a higher prevalence of Freezing of Gait, “FOG” (12 (6[percnt]) non-fallers, 19 (13[percnt]) single fallers, and 31(48[percnt]) recurrent fallers received an abnormal score of greater than 1 on this test. The odds of obtaining an abnormal score on the FOG test were 2.4 times higher for single fallers in comparison to non-fallers, 5.9 times higher for recurrent fallers in comparison to single fallers, and 14.1 times higher for recurrent fallers in comparison to non-P <0.001). Conclusions: Among fallers, postural stability was more impaired than locomotion. Strategies that improve the evaluation and treatment of postural stability should be emphasized in PD patients who fall. Disclosure: Dr. Lieberman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Deep has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lockhart has nothing to disclose. Dr. Frames has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shafer has nothing to disclose. Dr. McCauley has nothing to disclose.
Glutaminase regulates extracellular vesicles release through key metabolic intermediate α-ketoglutarate in HIV-1-infected macrophages

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important in the intercellular communication in the CNS and their release is increased upon neuroinflammation. Our previous data demonstrated the increased release of EVs induces neurotoxicity during HIV-1 infection. However, the molecular mechanism by which HIV-1 increases EV release remains unknown. In current study, we investigated glutaminase (GLS), a mitochondria enzyme critical for glutamine metabolism, in EV release. We used transmission electron microscopy, NanoSight and Western blot to quantify and confirm the elevation of EV release in HIV-1-infected macrophages. Interestingly, overexpression of GLS led to increased release of EVs. Blocking the GLS activity by GLS inhibitors significantly reduced EV release, suggesting a critical role of GLS in EV release. Furthermore, the inhibited EV release was reversed by the addition of α-ketoglutarate, identifying it as a critical downstream effector for GLS inhibitors. Consistently, the EV levels were significantly higher in GLS-transgenic mice than control mice, suggesting that GLS increases EV release in vivo. In conclusion, these findings support GLS as an essential enzyme that regulates EV release through key metabolic intermediate α-ketoglutarate during HIV-1 infection. Therefore, GLS inhibitors may serve as novel therapeutic agents to block the adverse effect of EVs during HIV-1 neurological complications.
Corrigendum: Hyperuniformity variation with quasicrystal local isomorphism class (2017 J. Phys. Condens. Matter 29 204003 )

A prefactor was omitted in Equation (7) of the initial manuscript. The correct form of the equation is provided in this Corrigendum.
P113 High levels of angiotensin receptor type 1 antibodies in a child with FSGS who had a renal transplant

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) can lead to ESRD requiring a renal transplant and the rate of recurrent FSGR (rFSGS) is high. The exact mechanisms of the pathogenesis of FSGS and rFSGS is unclear and both FSGS and rFSGS have similar pathological findings and clinical symptoms. To date there are no good tests that can predict FSGS or rFSGS. A very recent report indicated that antibodies against Angiotensin Receptor Type 1 (AT1R-Ab) could predict rFSGS post-transplant. Angiotensin II (AT II) acts on angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1R) and exerts hemodynamically vital actions. AT1Rs are extensively distributed across various organ systems including renal podocytes. Over-activation of AT1R via AT II or AT1R-Ab could trigger events leading to chronic renal injury. Presence of AT1R-Ab was shown to be associated with vascular rejection and malignant hypertension in the absence of detectable allograft-specific HLA antibodies and also in C4d positive AMR in a zero mismatch (ABDR) renal transplant in the absence of HLA DSAs. We present a case of a 7 year old African American male with biopsy-proven FSGS and typical features of nephrotic syndrome including proteinuria of 13 g/g based on protein to creatinine ratio. Upon initial diagnosis he was treated with steroids. Cessation of the steroids resulted in recurrence of his nephrotic syndrome. Additionally he was diagnosed with hypertension (HTN) and left ventricular hypertrophy both treated with an ACE inhibitor. He unfortunately progressed in terms of his chronic kidney disease to ESRD requiring a cadaveric renal transplant, performed in Jan 2016. His mean AT1 -Ab levels were 266.18 ± 36.06 (n = 7) and 120.72 ± 37.53 U/ML (n = 5) pre and post-transplant respectively (>17 units of AT1R-Ab is considered positive). Currently the patient is doing well on maintenance immunosuppression without recurrence of his original disease. The practice of screening for AT1R-Ab in pre and post renal transplant patients is gradually evolving. Considering the mechanisms of AT1R activation and subsequent downstream events, early monitoring for AT1R antibody levels in similar patients with HTN and idiopathic FSGS may help in appropriate management of preventing multi-organ injuries, malignant HTN, metabolic disorders and eventual ESRD. More patients with pre-transplant FSGS and r FSGS post transplant need to be evaluated for AT1R-Ab.
Simulation and Design of Hybrid Human-Natural-Technological Systems

Interactions among complex and rapidly evolving human, natural, and technological systems in urbanizing regions pose unprecedented challenges for planners and designers who aim to create resilient ...
Linear Classification and Regression for Text

Linear models for classification and regression express the dependent variable (or class variable) as a linear function of the independent variables (or feature variables). Specifically, consider the case in which y i is the dependent variable of the ith document, and \(\overline{X_{i}} = (x_{i1}\ldots x_{id})\) are the d-dimensional feature variables of this document. In the case of text, these feature variables correspond to the term frequencies of a lexicon with d terms. The value of y i is a numerical quantity in the case of regression, and it is a binary value drawn from { − 1, +1} in the case of classification.
Web Page Extension of Data Warehouses

Data warehouses are constructed to provide valuable and current information for decision-making. Typically this information is derived from the organization’s functional databases. The data warehouse is then providing a consolidated, convenient source of data for the decision-maker. However, the available organizational information may not be sufficient to come to a decision. Information external to the organization is also often necessary for management to arrive at strategic decisions. Such external information may be available on the World Wide Web; and when added to the data warehouse extends decision-making power. The Web can be considered as a large repository of data. This data is on the whole unstructured and must be gathered and extracted to be made into something valuable for the organizational decision maker. To gather this data and place it into the organization’s data warehouse requires an understanding of the data warehouse metadata and the use of Web mining techniques (Laware, 2005). Typically when conducting a search on the Web, a user initiates the search by using a search engine to find documents that refer to the desired subject. This requires the user to define the domain of interest as a keyword or a collection of keywords that can be processed by the search engine. The searcher may not know how to break the domain down, thus limiting the search to the domain name. However, even given the ability to break down the domain and conduct a search, the search results have two significant problems. One, Web searches return information about a very large number of documents. Two, much of the returned information may be marginally relevant or completely irrelevant to the domain. The decision maker may not have time to sift through results to find the meaningful information. A data warehouse that has already found domain relevant Web pages can relieve the decision maker from having to decide on search keywords and having to determine the relevant documents from those found in a search. Such a data warehouse requires previously conducted searches to add Web information.
Electromyographic Studies of Motor Control in Humans

Disorders of motor control produced by disorders of the peripheral nervous system produce changes in recruitment, rate, rhythm, and discharge patterns of motoneurons, which can be studied electrophysiologically. In this article, some common clinically useful techniques, including kinesiologic and single motor unit studies for evaluation of human motor control, are reviewed.
THE DYNAMICS OF WATER VAPOR FLUX IN THE MARINE BOUNDARY LAYER

Evaporation from a water surface is defined as the amount of water vapor carried aloft from unit area per unit time; hence, $$ E = \rho {{w}^{w}} $$ (1) where ρw is the water vapor density [g/m3], and w is the vertical wind [m/s]. Normally, the determination of the evaporation implies a time average of both ρw and w. Consequently, we can express the instantaneous values of both of these quantities as composed of a mean value (denoted by a braceket, ) and a fluctuating quantity (denoted by a prime), i.e., $$ {{\rho }_{w}} = + {{\rho }_{w}}^{\prime };w = + w', $$ (2) then $$ E = + , $$ (3) where the first term on the right is the eddy flux. For sufficiently long averaging time, ≡ 0, then $$ E = ,[g/{{m}^{2}}s]. $$ (4)
Això era i no era: mito y memoria en Montserrat Roig

This article analyzes the use and meaning of memory in the fiction of Montserrat Roig. Catalan fairy tales often begin “Aixo era i no era”, a formula which affirms and simultaneously denies the truth of the story; Roig felt a similar ambivalence about the history of Catalonia, which was incomplete and excluded the contributions of women. To recover lost voices, arrest amnesia and thus foster the writing of a more inclusive history, she turned to individual memory and to her own imagination: “Against memory loss, there is the word. Against the finality of death, there is the story of other lives.” She committed herself to the writing of different versions of the past, some true, others imagined. To give universality to the fictional stories, she used various myths; this article traces her use of the myth of Genesis and the loss of the Garden of paradise. It concludes with an analysis of El canto de la juventud a late story which synthesizes her beliefs about memory, the word and history.
Investigating the Effects of Parents’ Inappropriate Disclosures on Young Adults’ Emotion Regulation and Rumination

As children grow older, parents feel more comfortable sharing information about relational issues. This study explored associations between parents’ inappropriate disclosures, young adults’ ruminat...
Saturation-Volume Estimation for Multisegment Copper Interconnect Wires

Recently, many physics-based electromigration (EM) models have been proposed to mitigate the over-conservativeness of existing Black–Blech-based EM models. To assess EM failures, one needs to estimate how the void grows after the nucleation phase. As a result, it is important to estimate the saturation volume of a void, which is important for EM mortality check. The existing saturation void volume model only works for a single wire segment. In this paper, we propose a new model for fast estimation of the void’s saturation volume for general multisegment interconnect wires. The new model is based on the fundamental atom conservation at the steady-state condition of void growth phases. The new formula agrees with the existing saturation void volume formula for the single-segment wire case and is a natural extension of the single-segment case to general multisegment wires. In addition, we consider the impacts of the void volume on final stress distributions of the wire to further improve the accuracy of the proposed formula. Based on the new formula, we propose a new EM immortality check flow, which considers both the recently proposed EM immortality in the void nucleation phase and the void saturation volume in the growth phase. The new flow can further reduce the conservativeness of the existing EM failure effect analysis. The numerical results show that the proposed formula agrees well with a published work for two-segment cases, which are supported by experimental data. The formula is also validated by the recently proposed physics-based 3-D finite-element (FEM) analysis tool for general multisegment interconnect wires. We also demonstrate new EM immortality check flow to quickly identify the new type of immortal wires, which are nucleated but with smaller-than-critical voids.
Mistaking the Trees for the Forest

This letter to the editor comments on the recently published article by Flynn et al. about shared decision making as related to discontinuation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for chronic myeloid leukemia.
A Patient Safety Educational Tool for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Development and Usability Study.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a health condition that threatens patient safety; however, few interventions provide patient-centered education about kidney-specific safety hazards. Objective: We sought to develop and test the usability of a mobile tablet–based educational tool designed to promote patient awareness of relevant safety topics in CKD. Methods: We used plain language principles to develop content for the educational tool, targeting four patient-actionable safety objectives that are relevant for individuals with CKD. These four objectives included avoidance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); hypoglycemia awareness (among individuals with diabetes); temporary cessation of certain medications during acute volume depletion to prevent acute kidney injury (ie, “sick day protocol”); and contrast dye risk awareness. Our teaching strategies optimized human-computer interaction and content retention using audio, animation, and clinical vignettes to reinforce themes. For example, using a vignette of a patient with CKD with pain and pictures of common NSAIDs, participants were asked “Which of the following pain medicines are safe for Mr. Smith to take for his belly pain?” Assessment methods consisted of preknowledge and postknowledge surveys, with provision of correct responses and explanations. Usability testing of the tablet-based tool was performed among 12 patients with any stage of CKD, and program tasks were rated upon completion as no error, noncritical error (self-corrected), or critical error (needing assistance). Results: The 12 participants in this usability study were predominantly 65 years of age or older (n=7, 58%) and female (n=7, 58%); all participants owned a mobile device and used it daily. Among the 725 total tasks that the participants completed, there were 31 noncritical errors (4.3%) and 15 critical errors (2.1%); 1 participant accounted for 30 of the total errors. Of the 12 participants, 10 (83%) easily completed 90% or more of their tasks. Most participants rated the use of the tablet as very easy (n=7, 58%), the activity length as “just right” (rather than too long or too short) (n=10, 83%), and the use of clinical vignettes as helpful (n=10, 83%); all participants stated that they would recommend this activity to others. The median rating of the activity was 8 on a scale of 1 to 10 (where 10 is best). We incorporated all participant recommendations into the final version of the educational tool. Conclusions: A tablet-based patient safety educational tool is acceptable and usable by individuals with CKD. Future studies leveraging iterations of this educational tool will explore its impact on health outcomes in this high-risk population.