cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and crystal structure of bis(1-{[(quinolin-8-yl)imino]methyl}pyrene-κ2N,N′)silver(I) tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate

The title compound, [Ag(qPyr)2]CF3SO3 where qPyr = 1-(quinoline-2-yl­methyl­ene)amino­pyrene, C26H16N2, was synthesized from a reaction of silver tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate and qPyr in di­chloro­methane–methanol mixed media. In this design, the qPyr ligand was chosen for its characteristic excitation and emission profiles, which could enable the tracking of the silver complex within biological targets. The AgI atom resides in a distorted tetra­hedral N4 coordination sphere. Analysis of the packing pattern revealed significant intra- and inter­molecular π–π stacking inter­actions between the [Ag(qPyr)2]+ cations. In addition, a weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bond consolidates the packing between cations and anions.
Data-Driven Society Begins with Data-Savvy Youth

EDITOR'S SUMMARY With data literacy an increasingly critical skill, dedicated instruction should start early in the educational process. By secondary school students should understand the distinction between data and information and the scope of the concept, and they should think critically about authorship, quality, source, collection, access, sharing and reuse. Instruction in data literacy requires access to large repositories of digital data, enabling students to develop skills in data description and tagging, prompting critical thinking about trustworthiness, reliability and validity, as well as audiences, temporal attributes, representations and evaluative sources. Data can be the focal point of a variety of classroom projects and integrated across disciplines, and there are many sources of data that can be readily accessed for classroom projects.
Young Infants' Word Comprehension Given An Unfamiliar Talker or Altered Pronunciations.

To understand spoken words, listeners must appropriately interpret co-occurring talker characteristics and speech sound content. This ability was tested in 6- to 14-months-olds by measuring their looking to named food and body part images. In the new talker condition (n = 90), pictures were named by an unfamiliar voice; in the mispronunciation condition (n = 98), infants’ mothers “mispronounced” the words (e.g., nazz for nose). Six- to 7-month-olds fixated target images above chance across conditions, understanding novel talkers, and mothers’ phonologically deviant speech equally. Eleven- to 14-months-olds also understood new talkers, but performed poorly with mispronounced speech, indicating sensitivity to phonological deviation. Between these ages, performance was mixed. These findings highlight the changing roles of acoustic and phonetic variability in early word comprehension, as infants learn which variations alter meaning.
Influence of concurrent chronic kidney disease on intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring during parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism

Abstract Background The influence of chronic kidney disease on intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring during parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism has not been well-established. We hypothesize that chronic kidney disease influences intraoperative parathyroid hormone degradation kinetics during parathyroidectomy. Methods This is a single institution retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism underdoing parathyroidectomy. Patients were stratified according to normal kidney function (glomerular filtration rates ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or presence of chronic kidney disease (glomerular filtration rates 15 − 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Demographics, laboratory data, operative findings, and intraoperative parathyroid hormone data were compared between groups. Results Of the 964 study patients, 235 had chronic kidney disease (24.4%), while 729 (75.6%) had normal kidney function. The chronic kidney disease population had a greater median preoperative serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) (125 vs 114 pg/mL; P Conclusion Patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism have similar intraoperative parathyroid hormone degradation kinetics, and the intraoperative parathyroid hormone criteria used to predict cure should be similar to those with normal kidney function.
Multiple meanings of calling: Next steps for studying an evolving construct.

Research on work as a calling has rapidly increased in recent years, yet the lack of consensus regarding the construct’s definition presents key challenges to researchers, most notably the potentia...
Autism and the Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Considerable progress in understanding the nature of autism and related disorders has been made over the past 51 years. Given the early onset of the condition, it is somewhat paradoxic that our knowledge of autism in infants and very young children remains limited in important respects. Our knowledge of the other pervasive developmental disorders is even more limited. Although it now appears that these conditions arise as a result of some insult to the developing central nervous system, precise and testable pathophysiologic mechanisms have not yet been identified. Advances in the understanding of the psychology of autism should provide better directives for biologic research.
Polarized Raman measurements of Y1-xPrxBa2Cu3O7

We report polarized Raman measurements on small single crystals embedded in ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Pr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ polycrystalline pellets. The measurements show two-mode behavior in the Cu-O bending mode of the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes (${\mathit{B}}_{1\mathit{g}}$ mode). The increase in frequency with x of the Ba-Ba stretching mode and the chain copper\char21{}apical oxygen Cu(1)-O(4) stretching mode is consistent with hole localization on Ba sites due to Ba 5d\char21{}O 2p covalency. This localization may be related to the suppression of superconductivity in this compound, which increases with increasing x.
Interactive Surgical Simulation Using a Meshfree Computational Method

Interactive medical simulations are rapidly gaining in popularity as attractive alternatives to traditional techniques of training fine motor skills, as in surgery. The generation of multimodal virtual environments for surgical training is complicated by the necessity to develop heterogeneous simulation scenarios involving the interaction of surgical tools with soft biological tissues in real time. While several techniques ranging from rapid but nonphysical geometry-based procedures to complex but computationally inefficient schemes have been proposed, none is uniquely suited to solve the problem. In this chapter we discuss the challenges facing the field of realistic surgery simulation and present a novel point-associated finite field (PAFF) approach, developed specifically to cope with these challenges. Based upon the equations of motion, this technique is utilized to perform discretization based only on a set of nodal points, circumventing the generation of a finite element mesh. Approximation functions based on the moving least squares technique are used in conjunction with a point collocation scheme. We propose several specializations of this scheme for linear as well as nonlinear problems.
Perspective: Implantable optical systems for neuroscience research in behaving animal models—Current approaches and future directions

Compared to many other organ systems, the fundamental means by which the central and peripheral nervous systems connect and communicate remain poorly understood. The overall aging of populations in the developed world increases the significance of degenerative and mental health disorders, thereby motivating research into the development of effective therapies, founded on basic insights into the working principles of the brain. Progress in these endeavors can be accelerated by the development of optical tools and techniques capable of tracking and evoking changes in cell-level activity and in system-level neuronal interactions, both in the brain and in the peripherals, especially in unrestricted, freely behaving subjects. This perspective highlights the recent emergence of active optoelectronic platforms that leverage genetically targeted stimulators, inhibitors, and sensors and their vital role in brain research and therapy development. The technological advances that underpin the latest, most powerful device embodiments include miniaturized, highly efficient semiconductor light emitters and detectors that can operate chronically in a fully implantable, battery-free, wireless manner. Recent progress in this field enables a range of powerful modes of operation, with key advantages over traditional systems.
Clarifying and reframing the neoliberal critique of educational policy using policy process theories

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the vocabulary and frameworks offered by two theories of public policy process: the advocacy coalition framework (ACF) and the narrative policy framework (NPF) and what they offer to the study of global education reform. The foci of ACF are policy subsystems, formation of advocacy coalitions around policy issues, and their impact on policy change; the emphasis of NPF is the divergent narratives developed and used by these coalitions. This paper reviews each theoretical framework, summarizes existing research literature on their education policy applications, and then poses alternative questions and suggest alternatives to study global education policies, especially those presently critiqued using the term neoliberal which we position as nebulous in its current usage. The aim is to open channels of communication for scholars from different disciplines by introducing different theoretical approaches to analyse the role of the numerous elements that shape global education policy.
Финн Кюдланд и Эдвард Прескотт: движущие силы экономических циклов (Нобелевская премия 2004 г. по экономике)

The method of analyzing and modeling cyclical fluctuations of economy initiated by F. Kydland and E. Prescott - the 2004 Nobel Prize winners in Economics - is considered in the article. They proposed a new business cycle theory integrating the theory of long-run economic growth as well as the microeconomic theory of consumers and firms behavior. Simple version of general dynamic and stochastic macroeconomic model is described. The given approach which was formulated in their fundamental work "Time to Build and Aggregate Fluctuations" (1982) gave rise to an extensive research program and is still used as a basic instrument for investigating cyclical processes in economy nowadays.
Preemergence Herbicide Effects on Nursery Crop Root and Shoot Growth

Abstract The effects of preemergence herbicides on root and shoot growth of redtip photinia (Photinia × fraseri Lindl.), abelia (Abelia× grandiflora × A. Schumannii Rehd.), azalea (Rhododendron obt...
Polycystic ovary syndrome: An update

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder. Patients may present with a combination of hyperandrogenism symptoms, menstrual irregularities, metabolic syndrome, infertility, acne, and obesity. PCOS diagnosis is based on three diagnostic guidelines. Treatment options include oral contraceptive pills, antiandrogens, and metformin.
Work-Life Balance Satisfaction of Parents in Fragile Families across Canada

Recognizing the spread of alternative family arrangements, the present paper examines how the parents’ work-life balance satisfaction is affected when they are raising children outside a stable mar...
Neural EGFL like 1 as a potential pro-chondrogenic, anti-inflammatory dual-functional disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug

Arthritis, an inflammatory condition that causes pain and cartilage destruction in joints, affects over 54.4 million people in the US alone. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated the emerging role of neural EGFL like 1 (NELL-1) in arthritis pathogenesis by showing that Nell-1-haploinsufficient (Nell-1+/6R) mice had accelerated and aggravated osteoarthritis (OA) progression with elevated inflammatory markers in both spontaneous primary OA and chemical-induced secondary OA models. In the chemical-induced OA model, intra-articular injection of interleukin (IL)1β induced more severe inflammation and cartilage degradation in the knee joints of Nell-1+/6R mice than in wildtype animals. Mechanistically, in addition to its pro-chondrogenic potency, NELL-1 also effectively suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines and their downstream cartilage catabolic enzymes by upregulating runt-related transcription factor (RUNX)1 in mouse and human articular cartilage chondrocytes. Notably, NELL-1 significantly reduced IL1β-stimulated inflammation and damage to articular cartilage in vivo. In particular, NELL-1 administration markedly reduced the symptoms of antalgic gait observed in IL1β-challenged Nell-1+/6R mice. Therefore, NELL-1 is a promising pro-chondrogenic, anti-inflammatory dual-functional disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug (DMOAD) candidate for preventing and suppressing arthritis-related cartilage damage.
Association of checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy with less cardiac toxicity than combination therapy.

671Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) demonstrate impressive clinical benefit across a variety of cancers. NCCN guidelines for several cancers including renal cell carcinoma now suppor...
Analytical Framework for Staging of Space Propulsion Systems

Staging of space propulsion systems would allow lifetime limitations inherent to small propulsion systems to be bypassed in order to enable high-ΔV capabilities for small spacecraft, in particular ...
History of Crude Oil Refining

In this chapter, we discuss the history of the use of crude oil by humans in various areas of the world from more than 4000 years ago, and how crude oil refining has evolved over time, and the various products that we make from crude oil for use in our modern lifestyles.
Imaging of Stroke Mimics

Many nonvascular neurological disorders can present in a similar fashion to acute ischemic syndrome. These include but are not limited to seizure, hemiplegic migraine, CNS infection/inflammation, tumor, and acute metabolic or toxic encephalopathies. Neuroimaging especially MRI plays a central role in differentiating these diseases. This chapter will discuss the imaging features of selected stroke mimics.
Children are sensitive to mutual information in intermediate-complexity face and non-face features

Understanding developmental changes in children's use of specific visual information for recognizing object categories is essential for understanding how experience shapes recognition. Research on the development of face recognition has focused on children's use of low-level information (e.g. orientation sub-bands), or high-level information. In face categorization tasks, adults also exhibit sensitivity to intermediate complexity features that are diagnostic of the presence of a face. Do children also use intermediate complexity features for categorizing faces and objects, and, if so, how does their sensitivity to such features change during childhood? Intermediate-complexity features bridge the gap between low- and high-level processing: they have computational benefits for object detection and segmentation, and are known to drive neural responses in the ventral visual system. Here, we have investigated the developmental trajectory of children's sensitivity to diagnostic category information in intermediate-complexity features. We presented children (5-10 years old) and adults with image fragments of faces (Experiment 1) and cars (Experiment 2) varying in their mutual information, which quantifies a fragment's diagnosticity of a specific category. Our goal was to determine whether children were sensitive to the amount of mutual information in these fragments, and if their information usage is different from adults. We found that despite better overall categorization performance in adults, all children were sensitive to fragment diagnosticity in both categories, suggesting that intermediate representations of appearance are established early in childhood. Moreover, children's usage of mutual information was not limited to face fragments, suggesting the extracting intermediate-complexity features is a process that is not specific only to faces. We discuss the implications of our findings for developmental theories of face and object recognition.
Novel homogeneous burnable poisons in pressurized water reactor ceramic fuel

Abstract Due to excess reactivity, fresh nuclear fuel often contains burnable poisons. This research looks at six different burnable poisons and their impacts on reactivity, material attractiveness, and waste management. An MCNP simulation of a PWR fuel pin was performed with a fuel burnup of 60 GWd/MTHM to determine when each burnable poison fuel type would decrease below a k∞ of 1. For determining the plutonium material attractiveness in each burnable poison fuel type, the plutonium isotopic content of the used fuel was evaluated using Bathke's Figure of Merit formula. For the waste management analysis, the thermal output of each burnable poison fuel type was determined through ORIGEN decay simulations at 100 and 300 years after being discharged from the core. The performance of all six burnable poisons varied over the three criteria considered and no single burnable poison performed best in all three considerations.
Origin and Evolution of the Turtle Body Plan

The origin of turtles and their uniquely shelled body plan is one of the longest standing problems in vertebrate biology. The unfulfilled need for a hypothesis that both explains the derived nature...
Impact of Wildfire on the Surface Energy Balance in Six California Case Studies

We investigate the impact of wildfires on surface energy exchange through the assessment of six California wildfires that occurred in the last 20 years. A burned–unburned binary mask was generated from the MODIS approximate date of burn product and implemented into the Simplified Simple Biosphere model for a series of simulations. Model performance was evaluated against the North American Land Data Assimilation System and is found to simulate surface temperature and net radiation accurately. Simulations show a decrease in latent heat flux in every case study except the Rush fire, which occurred in Lassen County in August 2012. Post-fire changes in net radiation and sensible heat followed similar trends, decreasing in each of the domains except for the Rush and Cedar fires. The greatest changes in temporally-averaged net radiation occurred in the Rim (− 41.7 W m−2), Basin Complex (− 31.6 W m−2), and Rush (26.5 W m−2) fires. Initial increases in sensible heat flux, caused by the decrease in albedo from ash deposition, are balanced by decreases in latent heat flux in the Zaca, Rim, and Basin Complex case studies. Results also indicate a relationship between decreases in average sensible heat flux and leaf-area-index change. Wildfires that burn in sparsely vegetated areas are associated with increases in sensible heat flux, an effect that is magnified by long ash-deposition periods (i.e., Rush fire), while wildfires that burn in densely vegetated areas are associated with large decreases in sensible and latent heat flux (i.e., Rim, Basin Complex fires).
Heplisav-B: A Hepatitis B Vaccine With a Novel Adjuvant.

Objective:To review the immunogenicity and safety of a hepatitis B vaccine containing the cytosine phosphoguanosine (CpG) 1018 adjuvant (HepB-CpG).Data Sources:Literature searches were performed us...
Willful ignorance in international coercion

Intelligence gathering presents a dilemma when states attempt military coercion. New information may bolster the case for war and the credibility of threats to fight. But it may also undermine the ...
Accelerated aging: A marker for social factors resulting in cardiovascular events?

Abstract Background Medicine and public health are shifting away from a purely “personal responsibility” model of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention towards a societal view targeting social and environmental conditions and how these result in disease. Given the strong association between social conditions and CVD outcomes, we hypothesize that accelerated aging, measuring earlier health decline associated with chronological aging through a combination of biomarkers, may be a marker for the association between social conditions and CVD. Methods We used data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study (CARDIA). Accelerated aging was defined as the difference between biological and chronological age. Biological age was derived as a combination of 7 biomarkers (total cholesterol, HDL, glucose, BMI, CRP, FEV1/h2, MAP), representing the physiological effect of “wear and tear” usually associated with chronological aging. We studied accelerated aging measured in 2005-06 as a mediator of the association between social factors measured in 2000-01 and 1) any incident CVD event; 2) stroke; and 3) all-cause mortality occurring from 2007 through 18. Results Among 2978 middle-aged participants, mean (SD) accelerated aging was 3.6 (11.6) years, i.e., the CARDIA cohort appeared to be, on average, 3 years older than its chronological age. Accelerated aging partially mediated the association between social factors and CVD (N=219), stroke (N=36), and mortality (N=59). Accelerated aging mediated 41% of the total effects of racial discrimination on stroke after adjustment for covariates. Accelerated aging also mediated other relationships but to lesser degrees. Conclusion We provide new evidence that accelerated aging based on easily measurable biomarkers may be a viable marker to partially explain how social factors can lead to cardiovascular outcomes and death.
A Generalized Portmanteau Goodness-of-fit Test for Time Series Models

We present a goodness-of-fit test for time series models based on the discrete spectral average estimator. Unlike current tests of goodness of fit, the asymptotic distribution of our test statistic allows the null hypothesis to be either a short- or long-range dependence model. Our test is in the frequency domain, is easy to compute, and does not require the calculation of residuals from the fitted model. This is especially advantageous when the fitted model is not a finite-order autoregressive model. The test statistic is a frequency domain analogue of the test by Hong (1996, Econometrica 64, 837–864), which is a generalization of the Box and Pierce (1970, Journal of the American Statistical Association 65, 1509–1526) test statistic. A simulation study shows that our test has power comparable to that of Hong's test and superior to that of another frequency domain test by Milhoj (1981, Biometrika 68, 177–187).
Fractional Variable Order Gronwall Inequality

This chapter presents the first generalized fractional variable order Gronwall inequality. It follows [1].
74. Use of the Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System in Adolescents and Young Adults with Heavy Menstrual Bleeding Due to a Bleeding Diathesis

Background Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common problem among adolescent girls, exacerbated by Inherited Bleeding Disorders (IBD) and Joint Hypermobility (JH), including Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS). Studies have examined use of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) in adult women with IBDs, showing reduction in menstrual blood loss and high continuation rates, but questions remain regarding rates of IUS expulsion and need for hemostatic agents with insertion. A few studies have addressed teens with IBDs or JH and LNG-IUS, reinforcing positive outcomes. However, study sizes were small, limiting conclusions regarding bleeding profiles, IUS expulsion, and long-term continuation. The objective of this study was to report on our patients with HMB and a bleeding diathesis using the LNG-IUS, including post-IUS bleeding profiles, rates of IUS expulsion and long-term continuation. Methods After IRB approval, we conducted a retrospective review of females, ages 12-25, who presented to our multidisciplinary bleeding clinic with HMB. Charts were selected using ICD-10 codes for HMB and diagnosis of an IBD or JH Disorder, treated with the LNG-IUS. Data was extracted from the chart by a single provider, including demographics, bleeding diagnosis, bleeding profiles before and after insertion, medications prescribed, continuation rate, and complications. Primary outcome was bleeding pattern after insertion. Secondary outcomes included rates of IUD expulsion and continuation. Descriptive statistics were reported as means, ranges and frequencies. LNG-IUS continuation rates were recorded and used to construct a survival graph. Results 35 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age at menarche was 11.6. Mean age at insertion was 16.9 (range 11-23); majority were Caucasian (73.3%). Von Willebrand Disease was present in 16 patients (45.7%) and JH Disorders in 12 (34.3%, Table 1). Majority (91.4%) had tried at least one hormonal regimen prior to LNG-IUS. Follow up bleeding data was available on 33 patients (Table 1); one patient was excluded for same-day removal and one for removal at 2 weeks for cramping. Majority (81.8%) reported improvement in bleeding, with 60.6% reporting spotting or amenorrhea. IUS expulsion occurred in 3 patients (9.1%) despite hemostatic agents administered at insertion. Mean continuation was 5.08 years (95% CI 4.24-5.92), with 79% likelihood that patients kept their IUD in place for at least 2.5 years, and some up to 6 years (Figure 1). Conclusions The LNG-IUS is an effective treatment for adolescents and young adults with HMB and a bleeding diathesis, with high rates of amenorrhea. Rates of IUD expulsion appear higher than the general population during first 30 days, but long-term continuation rates remain high.
Twenty Years After Glioblastoma Multiforme Diagnosis: A Case of Long-Term Survival.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive tumor that has a poor prognosis with a median survival of 15 months with treatment and 3-4 months without treatment. Subsets of patients are found to survive longer than two years, some survivors lived more than 10 years, and rare cases survived 20 years or more with treatment. Better prognosis has been found to be associated with many factors. Some of these factors are related to patients' characteristics, biological factors that impact tumor aggressiveness, and/or factors associated with treatment. However, the exact contribution for extended survival is still not known. Finding the factors that have a strong impact on the long survival is of high importance and can help give hope to better treat glioblastoma cases. In this report, we present a case of a glioblastoma patient who was diagnosed at the age of 47 years with more than 20-year survival. We further discuss the suggested factors that may have contributed to a better prognosis with a focus on the possible role of varicella-zoster infection in mediating long-term survival.
BVVLS2 overlooked for 3 years in a pediatric patient caused by novel compound heterozygous mutations in SLC52A2 gene.

Abstract Background Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome-2 (BVVLS2) is a rare autosomal recessive neurological disorder caused by mutations in the SLC52A2 gene, which is characterized by early childhood onset of sensorineural hearing loss, bulbar palsy, peripheral neuropathy, and respiratory insufficiency. We aimed to investigate the genetic cause of a 4-year-old boy who suffered from BVVLS2 whose initial presentation was severe normocytic anemia and had been overlooked for three years in a local hospital. He was misdiagnosed with pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and treated with hormones and chemotherapy drugs, but there was no obvious effect. Methods The targeted capture of 927 genes associated with neuromuscular disorders and next-generation sequencing were performed. Sanger sequencing was employed to verify the variant mutations. Results The proband was found to be heterozygous for c.350T > C (p.L117P) in exon 3 and c.1135_1137delTGG (p.W379del) in exon 5 of SLC52A2 gene. His anemia and neurological symptoms improved significantly after treatment with low dose oral riboflavin. Conclusions This study expands the mutational spectrum of SLC52A2 and phenotypic spectrum of BVVLS2, which provides a foundation for further investigations elucidating the SLC52A2 related mechanisms of BVVLS2. A low-dosage of riboflavin supplementation was used to obtain good curative effect, which provides further future references for the clinical treatments of BVVLS.
The Grammar of Society: The Evolution of a Fairness Norm

Introduction The example I used in the previous chapter is that of the emergence of a drinking norm. Such a norm is typically descriptive, though in some situations even such an irrelevant behavior may come to signify allegiance to a particular group, not unlike the rules of etiquette I described in Chapter 1. When what started as a descriptive norm acquires some ulterior significance, when people start attributing value to it and believe they are expected by others to follow the group norm, it becomes a social norm. Probably many group norms that fulfill a signaling or exclusionary function were born as descriptive norms. Teenage groups are an example: Their dress codes may have emerged by chance, but soon enough they become imbued with meaning and value. Not all social norms, however, stem from descriptive norms. In particular, the pro-social norms I am interested in seem to partake of a very different origin. Norms of cooperation, promise-keeping, reciprocity, or fairness are some of the institutions that allow a society to function smoothly, if not exist. The problem of social order, its origin and maintenance, has traditionally been associated with the existence of pro-social behaviors. If, as I am, one is interested in the spontaneous emergence of such order, then a central question becomes how to model the emergence of those behavioral patterns that keep a society together. There is, however, a difference in pro-social norms as to their importance for society's survival.
Short-Term Memory for Order Information

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the retention of item and order information that draws on the same processing capacity. A negative answer is provided for both temporal sequence and spatial location information. Four experiments are conducted. Experiment 1 result's indicates that the amount of to-be-remembered does not influence the retention of temporal sequence information, and experiment 2 result's suggests that the coding strategy used to retain spatial location information is not affected by the amount of associated item information. Experiments 3 and 4 provide further indications that spatial location retention is not affected by the quality of the to-be-remembered items, because there are no consistent effects in these experiments of either the phonemic or the visual characteristics of the items. The chapter discusses why subjects use different coding strategies for the retention of temporal sequence and spatial location information. The present findings in the chapter have implications for a much broader issue in cognitive psychology concerning the representation of information in memory.
Energy minimization method for optimal energy-delay extraction

In evaluating a design, it is critical to extract the best energy-delay curve, often performed with optimization tools. Such curve can be quickly obtained from our proposed numerical method where the energy at each delay target is minimized by redistribution of gate sizes to balance delay and energy consumption among different stages of the design. Compared to delay-optimized solution, the resulting energy saving is significant, 30%-50%, depending on delay target and design. The results are confirmed with simulation, using Fujitsu's 0.11/spl mu/m, 1.2V CMOS technology.
Usefulness of thin‐section single‐shot turbo spin echo with half‐fourier acquisition in evaluation of local invasion of lung cancer

Purpose To evaluate the usefulness of thin-section single-shot turbo spin echo with half-Fourier acquisition (SS-TSE-HF) alone for evaluation of local invasion of lung cancer. Materials and Methods Our Institutional Review Board approved this retrospective study. Thirty-six patients with lung cancer who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for evaluation of local invasion followed by curative surgery from July 2008 to June 2012 were enrolled in this study. Two reviewers independently and blindly reviewed computed tomography (CT) and MRI (thin-section SS-TSE-HF and conventional MRI, which consisted of conventional axial SS-TSE-HF, dynamic MRI with respiratory and/or cardiac cine, and T1-weighted high-resolution isotropic volume examination [THRIVE]) for the presence of local invasion. Diagnostic performances were evaluated using gross surgical findings and pathological results as a standard reference. Results The overall diagnostic performance for detecting local invasion of lung cancer between the two reviewers were as follows: specificity and accuracy of thin-section SS-TSE-HF (89.0% and 87.5%) were significantly higher than those of CT (25.6% and 46.9%, P < 0.001 for both) or conventional MRI (61.0% and 69.5%, P < 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively). Sensitivity was 84.8% for thin-section SS-TSE-HF with the same value for CT (P = 0.246) and conventional MRI (P = 0.209). Conclusion Thin-section SS-TSE-HF sequence alone without any contrast agent demonstrated a relatively high diagnostic performance in evaluation of local invasion of lung cancer. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:747–754. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels: Carbonization and coking of coal

Thermal decomposition of coals Often the terms carbonization and pyrolysis are used almost interchangeably. Pyrolysis has the broader meaning: breaking apart of molecules by application of heat or thermal energy. As discussed in Chapters 19 and 22, pyrolysis processes could be run to make gases or liquids rather than solids as the primary product. Carbonization, more narrowly defined, refers to conversion of a starting material into carbon, or a carbon-rich solid. It is entirely possible, and indeed often done, to pyrolyze a hydrocarbon feedstock for the purpose of carbonization, but carbonization is not simply pyrolysis by another name. Carbonization can be effected without using heat as the primary driving force, a good example being carbonization of sucrose (ordinary table sugar) by pouring concentrated sulfuric acid on it; carbonization occurs very promptly and very effectively. Carbonization driven by thermal energy usually requires temperatures >500 °C. A carbonaceous solid that appears to have passed through an intermediate fluid state when being produced is called a coke . Carbonaceous solids that do not pass through such a fluid state during formation are chars . These definitions apply to carbonization processes using any feedstock, including biomass, petroleum, and polymers. All coals, regardless of whether they are caking or coking coals, leave a solid carbonaceous residue at the end of the carbonization process. Chars, if heat-treated to extreme temperatures, e.g. ≥2500 °C, do not form graphite, while cokes do. That is, chars are non-graphitizable, while cokes are graphitizable [A].
Metalizing reduction and magnetic separation of vanadium titano-magnetite based on hot briquetting

To achieve high efficiency utilization of Panzhihua vanadium titano-magnetite, a new process of metalizing reduction and magnetic separation based on hot briquetting is proposed, and factors that affect the cold strength of the hot-briquetting products and the efficiency of reduction and magnetic separation are successively investigated through laboratory experiments. The relevant mechanisms are elucidated on the basis of microstructural observations. Experimental results show that the optimal process parameters for hot briquetting include a hot briquetting temperature of 475°C, a carbon ratio of 1.2, ore and coal particle sizes of less than 74 μm. Additionally, with respect to metalizing reduction and magnetic separation, the rational parameters include a magnetic field intensity of 50 mT, a reduction temperature of 1350°C, a reduction time of 60 min, and a carbon ratio of 1.2. Under these above conditions, the crushing strength of the hot-briquetting agglomerates is 1480 N, and the recovery ratios of iron, vanadium, and titanium are as high as 91.19%, 61.82%, and 85.31%, respectively. The new process of metalizing reduction and magnetic separation based on hot briquetting demonstrates the evident technological advantages of high efficiency separation of iron from other valuable elements in the vanadium titano-magnetite.
User-Friendly Model Checking: Automatically Configuring Algorithms with RuleBase/PE

Model checking is known to be computationally hard, meaning no single algorithm can efficiently solve all problems. A possible approach is to run many algorithms in parallel until one of them finds a solution. This approach is sometimes called state-of-the-art (SOTA) model checker. However, hardware resources are often limited, forcing some selection. In this paper we present an automatic decision system, called Whisperer, which generates an optimized set of configured algorithms for a given model-checking problem. The system weights the advice of advisors, each predicting the fitness of a different algorithm for the problem. Advisors also monitor the progress of currently running algorithms, allowing the replacement of ineffective algorithms. Whisperer is built into the formal verification platform, RuleBase/PE, and allows novice users to skip the delicate task of algorithm selection. Our experiments show Whisperer, after some training, performs nearly as well as SOTA.
Algebraic extensions of arbitrary integral domains

The theory of using a polynomial to create an algebraic field extension is well-defined in mathematical literature and the technique is commonly used in symbolic computation. Even when extensions are not over a field, monics polynomials are often used to extend rings (e.g., the Gaussian Integers can be formed as ℤ[x]/x2+1). As long as only algebraic integers are introduced (i.e., the extension is monic), the computational methods are straightforward and the algorithms and supporting theory are known.
Ureteric stent placement with extraction string: no strings attached?

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Of patients treated with an indwelling ureteric stent 80–90% experience lower urinary tract symptoms that are a hindrance to health-related quality of life. The prevalence of the extraction/retrieval string after ureteroscopy for stone disease and stent placement varies significantly between surgeons and published series, but the benefits of eliminating the need for a secondary procedure such as cystoscopy and stent removal, as well as the decrease in cost to the patient are well established. Published reports have not addressed the prevalence of post-procedure related events (PREs) in patients who have received an indwelling ureteric stent with the extraction/retrieval string still intact after ureteroscopy for stone disease. By analysing PREs (Emergency Room visits, unscheduled clinic visits, and telephone calls) related to their stent or procedure for patients with and without an extraction/retrieval string, the feasibility of the extraction string can be validated and the misconceptions about their use can be alleviated. OBJECTIVE • To review a retrospective ureteric stent cohort with and without extraction string to compare post-procedure related events (PRE), as ureteric stent placement after endoscopic management of urolithiasis is common, but data regarding the potential benefits or disadvantages of ureteric stent placement with extraction string are sparse. PATIENTS AND METHODS • Between June 2009 and June 2010, 293 patients underwent ureteroscopy with or without lithotripsy for stone disease. • In all, 181 patients had a unilateral procedure and underwent stent placement postoperatively. • Records were retrospectively reviewed for operative data and PRE occurring within the first 6 weeks after surgery, defined as unscheduled clinic or Emergency Room visits, or adverse event telephone calls. RESULTS • Of 181 patients who underwent ureteric stent placement, 43 (23.8%) included an extraction string. • In all, 34.3% of all patients had a PRE, including 37.2% and 33.3% of patients with and without extraction string, respectively (P= 0.64). • PRE occurred in men with or without an extraction string (27.8 vs 32.4%, respectively; P= 0.71) and women with or without an extraction string (44.0 vs 34.3%, respectively, P= 0.39). • PRE occurred with relatively equal frequency between men and women (P= 0.28). • Only two women (4.7%) reported removing their stent prematurely, on postoperative days 2 and 6. CONCLUSIONS • Ureteric stent placement with extraction string after ureteroscopy for stone disease does not seem to result in more PRE, regardless of gender. • Prospective randomised trials are needed to determine the benefits and disadvantages of ureteric stents with extraction string.
Auxin and its transport play a role in plant tolerance to arsenite‐induced oxidative stress in Arabidopsis thaliana

The role of auxin in plant development is well known; however, its possible function in root response to abiotic stress is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate a novel role of auxin transport in plant tolerance to oxidative stress caused by arsenite. Plant response to arsenite [As(III)] was evaluated by measuring root growth and markers for stress on seedlings treated with control or As(III)-containing medium. Auxin transporter mutants aux1, pin1 and pin2 were significantly more sensitive to As(III) than the wild type (WT). Auxin transport inhibitors significantly reduced plant tolerance to As(III) in the WT, while exogenous supply of indole-3-acetic acid improved As(III) tolerance of aux1 and not that of WT. Uptake assays using H(3) -IAA showed As(III) affected auxin transport in WT roots. As(III) increased the levels of H2 O2 in WT but not in aux1, suggesting a positive role for auxin transport through AUX1 on plant tolerance to As(III) stress via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signalling. Compared to the WT, the mutant aux1 was significantly more sensitive to high-temperature stress and salinity, also suggesting auxin transport influences a common element shared by plant tolerance to arsenite, salinity and high-temperature stress.
Diurnal cycle of the South Pacific Convergence Zone in 30 years of satellite images

©2015. American Geophysical Union. A data set of three-hourly South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) location and extent, from which IR temperature within the SPCZ may be obtained, for 1980-2012, November-April is used to examine the diurnal cycle of the SPCZ. Maximum SPCZ area occurs at 15:00-18:00 local standard time (LST). Two minima in mean IR temperature are evident, one at 13:00-16:00 LST, nearly coinciding with the maximum in area, and the second in the early morning hours at 05:00-07:00 LST, when area is at a minimum. The morning minimum in mean IR temperature is associated with a peak in deep convection while the afternoon minimum is associated with a peak in midlevel clouds. On average, the morning minimum in IR temperature dominates in the tropical regions of the SPCZ, while the afternoon IR temperature minimum dominates in the subtropical regions of the SPCZ. The relative strength of the two IR temperature minima is affected by the seasonal cycle, intraseasonal variability associated with active Madden Julian Oscillation events, and interannual variability due to the El Nino Southern Oscillation. The morning IR temperature minimum becomes more dominant when the SPCZ is more frequently present or when the SPCZ is shifted toward the equator. In terms of cloud height, midlevel clouds dominate at all times in all regions of the SPCZ and peak in abundance between 15:00-18:00 LST. Low-level clouds peak near midnight and then transition to high-level clouds, which peak between 03:00-06:00 LST, just before sunrise.
Altered malate dehydrogenase activity in nucleus magnocellularis of the chicken following cochlea removal

The metabolism of second order auditory neurons in nucleus magnocellularis (NM) in the chick brainstem can be profoundly altered when excitatory input from the cochlea is removed. Within hours of cochlea removal, NM neurons show an increase in histochemical staining for the Kreb's cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), followed in several days by decreases in SDH staining. We examined the activity of another Kreb's cycle enzyme, malate dehydrogenase (MDH) using a histochemical stain and a sensitive quantitative biochemical assay for comparison. We found changes in MDH staining similar in time course and magnitude to those of SDH; within 4 h of cochlea removal, MDH activity increases in ipsilateral NM neurons. By 9 days after cochlea removal MDH activity decreases, although not to the same degree as seen with SDH. Biochemical measurements of MDH activity also showed an early increase in activity in ipsilateral NM, followed at 9 days survival by a decrease in activity. Biochemical measurements of the activity of other enzymes in NM may be useful in further defining the metabolic consequences of deafferentation.
CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM (CH) IN ONE UK HEALTH REGION

From Nov 1981 to Feb 1987, 289697 infants survived to be eligible for CH screening from one UK health region from which 100 infants were positive by TSH assay. The incidence was 1/3392 for whites and 1/917 for Asians (P=0.0001). The female:male ratio was 3.08:1. There was one transient and one missed case. There was a 9 fold variation in incidence amongst whiles in the 19 health districts within the region. 91/100 CH infants received a technetium scan. 41% were aplastic, 42% ectopic, 3% hypoplastic, and 13% enlarged or normal (EN). The EN group was 4.78 (P=0.02) times commoner amongst consanguinous couples. Thyroid Aplasia was 2.2 Limes commoner in mothers of 25 years or greater (P=0.06) There was a 10% complication rate amongst CH infants. 2% had hyaline membrane disease in isolation, 8% a variety of renal and cardiac anomalies plus 1 trisomy 21. This sub group was screened later (50% screened in last quintile, greater than 19 days, P=0.05) but did not receive treatment later than noncomplicated group (100% of those alive treated by 29 days versus 88% of non complicated group). There was a greatly increased mortality (5.7%) amongst CH infants when compared to the region (P=0.0001).
ATTITUDES OF UNDERGRADUATE COLLEGE STUDENTS TOWARD AIDS

This study examined attitudes about AIDS and the effects of those attitudes on the behavior of 131 undergraduate college students. Participants reported having minimal concern about contracting AIDS from their current or future sexual partners, and their rate of sexual activity had not changed from that of the previous year. Of all participants 69% reported they did not use condoms during their sexual encounters. White students were more knowledgeable about AIDS than their peers from minority groups. Although all participants were aware they could not contract the AIDS virus through common social interaction, 80% reported they would feel very anxious if a classmate who had AIDS continued to attend classes. These findings suggest that these undergraduate students underestimate their risk of HIV infection and so jeopardize their health.