cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A better ballot box

Election officials are examining technologies to address a wide range of voting issues. The problems observed in the November 2000 US election accelerated existing trends to get rid of lever machines, punch-cards, and hand-counted paper ballots and replace them with mark-sense balloting, Internet, and automatic teller machine (ATM) kiosk style computer-based systems. An estimated US $2-$4 billion will be spent in the United States and Canada to update voting systems during the next decade. Voting online might enable citizens to vote even if they are unable to get to the polls. Yet making these methods work right turns out to be considerably more difficult than originally thought. New electronic voting systems pose risks as well as solutions. As it turns out, many of the voting products currently for sale provide less accountability, poorer reliability, and greater opportunity for widespread fraud than those already in use. This paper discusses the technology available and how to ensure accurate ballots.
Autoregressive representation of longitudinal, lateral, and vertical turbulence spectra

Abstract A method for the simulation of fluctuating wind velocity time histories based on a combination of time series models and existing expressions for longitudinal, lateral, and vertical turbulence spectra is outlined. Related expressions for calculating the integral scale of turbulence, xLu, are presented. Calculated values of xLu using this method are close to those obtained by conventional methods from various field data.
Reductions and functors from problems to word problems

Abstract We introduce reductions of problems to word problems of finitely generated semigroups and groups, with special properties. (1) Complexity properties : The reductions are computable in linear time, and they reduce problems to word problems with approximately the same time complexity. For groups, the constructions use small-cancellation theory. (2) Algebraic properties : We also associate semigroups and groups with reduction functions, in such a way that composition of reduction functions corresponds to the free product with amalgamation. Moreover, we make the reductions (from problems to word problems) functorial. For this, we reformulate problem classes as categories (e.g., NP can be viewed as the category whose objects are the languages in NP, and whose arrows are all polynomial-time one-to-one reductions).
Evaluation of the right atrial venous oxygen saturation as a physiologic monitor in a neonatal model

Abstract Pulmonary artery (PA) mixed venous saturation (SvO 2 ) has become a crucial monitor in the adult intensive care unit, but is not used in neonates because of the difficulty in PA catheterization. We evaluated the possibility of utilizing the right atrial venous oxygen saturation (RAvO 2 ), which is easily accessed in the neonate, as a monitor of the effects of mechanical ventilation and intravascular volume in an animal model selected to be the size of the human neonate. A continuous RAvO 2 monitoring catheter was placed into the right atrium of 16 normal rabbits (2.2 to 4.1 kg). Oxygen delivery was manipulated by alterations in peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) (n = 6), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) (n = 6), or by progressive hypovolemia (n = 4). RAvO 2 decreased with onset of mechanical ventilation alone from 69% ± 6% to 61% ± 5% ( P 2 O, the RAvO 2 progressively decreased from 59% ± 4% to 49% ± 6% ( P 2 O, the RAvO 2 progressively decreased from 64% ± 5% to 33% ± 16% ( P 2 approached baseline after return to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) of 3 cm H 2 O. Progressive phlebotomy to a total of 10 mL/kg resulted in a decrease in RAvO 2 from 70% ± 6% to 27% ± 5% ( P 2 to near baseline. Peripheral arterial oxygen saturation remained at a constant 100% throughout each protocol. With oxygen consumption stable, the RAvO 2 is an excellent monitor of the effect of airway pressure or of hypovolemia on oxygen delivery. Use of the peripheral arterial oxygen saturation alone as a parameter for monitoring ventilator or intravascular volume effect is not adequate. RAvO 2 monitoring may be a powerful tool in the management of the critically ill neonates.
Targeting quadriceps inhibition with electromyographic biofeedback: a neuroplastic approach.

ABSTRACT: Weakness of the quadriceps is a common occurrence in patients after knee injury or surgery; this weak-ness is due to a natural mechanism known as arthrogenic muscle inhibition. If inhibition of the quadriceps persists, it can become detrimental to a patient’s function and lead to additional pathologies. A number of therapeutic interven-tions have be used in the rehabilitation of these patients, but few have proven to be successful. Electromyographic biofeedback is one modality that has demonstrated positive outcomes in patients by restoring quadriceps function. However, the reason for the effectiveness of this modality has yet to be fully explained in the area of rehabilitation. Neuroplasticity is a phenomenon that has gained much attention in rehabilitation, and its potential continues to grow. After an injury, the brain has the ability to enhance recovery by strengthening its neural circuitry. Through rehabilita -tion, clinicians can use attentional strategies to foster neuroplasticity and promote the recovery of their patients. In this article we provide reasoning for the effectiveness of electromyographic biofeedback using the evidence of neu-roplasticity. With this information, we hope to provide clinicians a rationale for using this tool in the rehabilitation of patients with persistent quadriceps inhibition.
Measuring anteversion and femoral neck‐shaft angle in cerebral palsy

Femoral anteversion was measured by computed tomography (CT) in 40 children with cerebral palsy, however an accurate measurement was possible in only 59 of the 80 hips. Flat-surface measurement of anteversion was possible in 72 of 80 hips by CT, and in 36 of 40 hips by ultrasound. A high neck-shaft angle correlated with an inability to measure anteversion by CT. Measuring by ultrasound allowed subjects to be positioned in internal rotation and in this way accurate measurements of neck-shaft angles were obtained.
Evaluating the Evidence For and Against the Overdiagnosis of ADHD

Objective: According to the DSM-IV TR, approximately 3 to 7% of school-age children meet the criteria for ADHD. However, there is a common conception that ADHD is overdiagnosed. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the evidence for and against overdiagnosis. Method: Recent prevalence studies and research on factors affecting diagnostic accuracy were reviewed. For ADHD to be overdiagnosed, the rate of false positives (i.e., children inappropriately diagnosed with ADHD) must substantially exceed the number of false negatives (children with ADHD who are not identified or diagnosed). Results and Conclusion: Based on the review of prevalence studies and research on the diagnostic process, there does not appear to be sufficient justification for the conclusion that ADHD is systematically overdiagnosed. Yet, this conclusion is generally not reflected in public perceptions or media coverage of ADHD. Potential explanations for the persistence of the belief in the overdiagnosis of ADHD are offered. (J. of Att...
Short encodings of planar graphs and maps

Abstract We discuss space-efficient encoding schemes for planar graphs and maps. Our results improve on the constants of previous schemes and can be achieved with simple encoding algorithms. They are near-optimal in number of bits per edge.
Foraging movements by the ambush-foraging striped plateau lizard ( Sceloporus virgatus ) vary between sexes and with air temperature, but not with distance to an immobile observer or time of day

Lizard foraging activity is assessed quantitatively by measuring various aspects of activity including number of movements per minute (MPM), proportion of time spent moving (PTM), average speed over an observation period (AS), and speed while moving (MS). With some exceptions, single estimates are given without considering possible effects of environmental variables such as air temperature and time of day. Effects of distance between lizard and observer during observation, the standing distance, have not been studied previously. I measured foraging movements in a phrynosomatid ambush forager, Sceloporus virgatus , early in the breeding season to examine possible effects of sex, air temperature, time of day, and standing distance. Males had higher values of all four foraging movement variables than females. The major cause of this difference is presumably greater socially motivated movement by males, which have much larger home ranges than females. Decreased female foraging probably contributed to the difference because gravid and possibly late vitellogenic females reduce feeding and might become less mobile to reduce the likelihood of being detected by predators when a heavy clutch reduces running speed. Time of day and standing distance did not affect foraging movements. MPM, PTM, and AS decreased as temperature increased, but these effects were small. All pairs of MPM, PTM, and AS were positively correlated, but MS was correlated only with AS, and weakly. I discuss reasons for intraspecific and interspecific correlations among movement variables.
Real-Time Data Acquisition Algorithms And Implementation For 3-D Vision

Algorithms used to measure the three-dimensional coordinates of an object using a standard video camera and a mask in front of the camera lens are described. A simple and very compact 3-D camera is developed using these techniques. Depending on the type of mask and the illumination used, different algorithms are investigated. Emphasis is placed on the real-time processing of the video images with application to control. Experimental results will be presented.
Untangling the excited states of DR1 in solution: an experimental and theoretical study.

We report the experimental observations and the theoretical predictions of the fully separated n−π* and π−π* bands of Disperse Red One in acidified methanol solution. The analysis of the linear and two-photon absorption spectra is presented in four specific solvents. We demonstrate the possibility to establish the position of the first two excited states combining linear and nonlinear spectroscopy. Calculations using density functional theory at TD-B3LYP/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* level accurately predict the spectral region of the n−π* and π−π* transitions of DR1 in all solvents.
Resolution advantages of quadratic signal processing

In this paper, we show how quadratic time-frequency representations are a generalization of the spectrogram and we review our results for time-frequency analysis and display of chirps and speech. We then show comparative performance on phase-shifted keyed communication signals. The concept of quadratic filtering is then introduced and linked to Teager's energy detector and the resolution advantages over linear filtering are demonstrated.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Development and implementation of a Reduced Risk Peach Arthropod Management Program in New Jersey.

Abstract We implemented a 2-yr program to reduce organophosphorus and carbamate insecticide use and mitigate their associated risks as they relate to peach production in New Jersey and elsewhere. The main thrust integrated mating disruption with ground cover management practices to reduce oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae), abundance and damage. This Reduced Risk Peach Arthropod Management Program was compared with adjacent conventionally managed peach orchards. In 1999, we found 2.3 times fewer L. lineolaris and stink bugs (Euschistus servus (Say), E. tristigmus (Say), Acrosternum hilare (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and 2.0 times less heteropteran damaged peaches in reduced-risk orchards when compared with conventionally managed orchards. In 2000, we observed 4.9 times fewer heteropteran insects in reduced-risk orchards but damage levels were not significantly different bet...
Neurotoxic actions of isofenphos and three isofenphos metabolites in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Abstract The neurotoxic potencies of the aryl phosphoramidate isofenphos (O-ethyl O-(2-isopropoxycarbonyl)phenylisopropylphosphoramidothioate) and three of its metabolites, isofenphos oxon, des-N-isopropyl isofenphos (DNI), and des-N-isopropyl isofenphos oxon (DNIO), were examined in the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). In dissected preparations, the electrical responses of the normally quiescent giant interneurons (GIs) to each chemical consisted of repeated, high-frequency bursts of impulses. The mean times from application (10 ppm) to the ventral nerve cord (VNC) until the induction of GI bursting were 10.8, 32.5, 40, and 85 min for DNIO, isofenphos oxon, DNI, and isofenphos, respectively, as compared with 2.3 min for the cholinesterase inhibitor, paraoxon. Cholinesterase assays on VNCs treated in vitro showed that only paraoxon (I50 = 3.1 × 10−7 M) and DNIO (I50 = 3.1 × 10−6 M) inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, cholinesterase assays on VNCs treated in vivo indicated that all compounds inhibited cholinesterase in a dose-dependent manner; I50 values were 3.1 × 10−6 M, 3.6 × 10−6 M, 2.3 × 10−5 M, 3.3 × 10−5 M, and 9.8 × 10−3 M for paraoxon, DNIO, isofenphos oxon, DNI, and isofenphos, respectively. At inhibitor concentrations required to induce bursting after 15 min, in vivo cholinesterase activity ranged from 27 to 42% of control activity. In vivo assays performed after pretreatment with the mixed-function oxidase inhibitor β-diethylaminoethyl diphenylpropylacetate (SKF 525A) showed that cholinesterase inhibition by each metabolite was reduced by at least one order of magnitude compared with untreated preparations. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the neurotoxic action of isofenphos involves oxidative bioactivation and subsequent cholinesterase inhibition by its metabolites, as well as an induction of high-frequency bursting in identifiable GIs.
Distribution of chimeric IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and IGFBP-4 in the rat heart: importance of C-terminal basic region.

IGF binding proteins-3 and -4, whether given in the perfused rat heart or given iv in the intact animal, cross the microvascular endothelium of the heart and distribute in subendothelial tissues. IGF binding protein-3, like IGF-I/II, localizes in cardiac muscle, with lesser concentrations in CT elements. In contrast, IGFBP-4 preferentially localizes in CT. In this study, chimeric IGF binding proteins were prepared in which a basic 20-amino-acid C-terminal region of IGF binding protein-3 was switched with the homologous region of IGF binding protein-4, and vice-versa, to create IGF binding protein-34 and IGF binding protein-43. Perfused IGF binding protein-34 behaved like IGF binding protein-4, localizing in connective tissue elements, whereas IGF binding protein-43 now localized in cardiac muscle at concentrations identical to perfused IGF binding protein-3. To determine whether these small mutations altered the affinity of the chimera for cells, the ability of 125I-IGF binding protein-34 and 125I-IGF bin...
Diet and habitat preference of Mandrillus sphinx in gabon: Implications of foraging strategy.

An ecological study of the mandrill was conducted in northeastern and central Gabon from November 1982 to October 1983. The purpose of the study was to gather basic ecological data on the mandrill as a foundation for a future long-term study of this species. Data were collected by direct observation, by collecting evidence left along fresh trails, and by fecal and stomach content analyses. Fruits constituted the mandrill's major dietary item, supplemented by various plant parts and numerous insect species. Small vertebrates were also occasionally consumed. Mandrills fed primarily on the forest floor but also climbed trees to obtain food, probably on a more frequent basis than do the Papio species. The majority of mandrill sightings and identified foods were attributed to primary forest, but foraging also occurred in secondary, riparian, and inundated forests. The patchy distribution and seasonal fluctuation of fruiting trees in the rainforests of Gabon may influence mandrill home range usage. The electric feeding behavior and large home ranges estimated for mandrill groups suggest that this species may play an important role in seed dispersal. Interspecific competition for food sources may be mitigated by species' preferences for different fruit parts. The mandrill is able to utilize foods in both arboreal and terrestrial ecological niches.
Vegetation response to sewage effluent disposal on a hardwood forest

The effects of irrigating a northern hardwood forest with sewage effluent at Sugarloaf Mountain, Maine, were studied after 5 years of treatment by comparing a treated area with an unirrigated control. Sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) foliage was sampled in the treatment and control areas throughout the 1979 growing season. Stem growth was measured from increment borings extracted at breast height from 50 dominant or codominant sugar maple trees. Forest-floor vegetation (< 0.5 m tall) was sampled in 60 circular 4.0-m2 plots randomly located in both the treatment and control areas.Foliage from treated-area trees showed significantly greater uptake of N, Ca, Mg, and P and a decrease in Mn than control-area trees. Radial growth increased significantly from 4.9 mm for the 5 years prior to treatment to 6.5 mm in the 5-year treatment period. Tree seedlings in treatment areas had significantly lower densities and species richness when compared with to controls; there were 102 410, and 27 080 seedlings/ha in con...
Effect of charged residue substitutions on the membrane-interactive properties of signal sequences of the Escherichia coli LamB protein

Although the central role of the signal sequence in protein export is well established, the molecular details underlying signal sequence in vivo function remain unclear. As part of our continuing effort to relate signal sequence phenotypes to specific biophysical properties, we have carried out an extensive characterization of the secondary structure and lipid interactions for a family of peptides corresponding to the wild-type E. coli LamB signal sequence, and mutants that harbor charged residue point mutations in the hydrophobic core region. We used membrane-resident fluorescence quenching according to the parallax method to determine the relative depth of insertion of tryptophan-labeled analogs of these peptides into the acyl chain region of bilayer vesicles composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol. Also, restriction of acyl chain motion upon peptide binding was evaluated using steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. Each of these peptides showed evidence of insertion into the acyl chain region, although most likely not in a transmembrane orientation. The mutant peptides were shown to have a reduced insertion potential relative to the wild-type peptide. Furthermore, tryptophan spectral properties indicated that insertion of the wild-type and mutant peptides enhances bilayer hydration. This effect was particularly pronounced with peptides harboring negatively charged aspartate point substitutions. The results are discussed in relation to the potential roles of signal sequences in mediating protein translocation.
Postprandial glycemic response to orange juice and nondiet cola: is there a difference?

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of unsweetened fruit juice and regular, decaffeinated soda on postprandial serum glucose levels in individuals with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) when these liquids are ingested separately as part ofmixed meals. Eighteen individuals with NIDDM consumed three test breakfasts calculated using the diabetic exchange meal-planning system. Foods were identical in each ofth e breakfasts except for foods in the fruit exchange. Carbohydrate- equivalent amounts offresh orange slices, unsweetened orange juice, and regular, decaffeinated Coke were consumed in breakfasts 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Serum glucose samples were drawn at fasting and 1, 2, and 3 hours postprandially. No difference wasfound in the postprandial serum glucose response when Coke versus orange juice was consumed in the breakfast. These findings question the appropriateness of using unsweetened fruit juices in routine meal planningfor individuals with NIDDM.
An integral matrix-based technique for systematic systolic design

In this paper we consider a systematic mapping procedure for systolic arrays. Integral matrix theory provides the basic concepts used here to define projection and scheduling vectors. Unimodular matrices are defined which describe projection, timing, and bases for the processor space and a correct timing function. The use of these matrices couples the definition of correct projection and scheduling functions and provides relatively simple tools for the design. The same mathematical description furnishes a rigorous definition of the partitioning block structure, as well as the cluster set. Both partitioning schemes of locally parallel, globally sequential (LPGS) and locally sequential, globally parallel (LSGP), as well as a number of intermediate partitioning schemes, can be generated by using this technique. Folding (intended as spatial relocation of portions of processing elements) as well as a number of design constraints can also be included, and are briefly considered here. The possible application of a systolic design for low power requirements is also discussed.
Complement component C1q unaltered by ascorbate supplementation in healthy men and women

Abstract In the guinea pig, ascorbate administration elevated plasma C1q values 30 to 50% over control values. To determine the effects of vitamin supplementation on C1q in man, healthy men and women ( n = 14) consumed placebo capsules for 4 weeks and ascorbate supplements, 1500 mg/d, for 4 weeks, in a double-blind, cross-over fashion. Subjects ate self-selected diets but were instructed to avoid vitamin C-rich foods during the 8-week experimental period. Fasting blood samples, collected at the start of the study and at the end of weeks 4 and 8, were analyzed for ascorbate and C1q, measured directly by immunodiffusion against anti-human C1q. Compared to placebo values, plasma ascorbate rose 92% following the 4-week supplementation period, and plasma C1q rose 18%. The rise in C1q following ascorbate administration was not significant ( P = 0.12). Furthermore, plasma ascorbate was not correlated with C1q ( r = 0.21, P = 0.14). Hence, in healthy men and women, ascorbate supplementation, at levels 25 times that which is recommended, did not significantly alter plasma Clq levels.
Shifting Standards and Contextual Variation in Stereotyping

This chapter provides an overview of some 10 years of research on the “Shifting Standards Model” (Biernat, Manis, & Nelson, 1991). This model suggests that stereotypes lead perceivers to evaluate individual group members relative to within-category standards. One result of this process is that subjective evaluations (e.g., judgments on semantic-differential scales) may “mask” the operation of stereotypes. For example, a man and a woman may both be described as equally “competent”, even when more “objective” evaluations reveal substantial stereotyping effects (e.g., the man is assumed to score higher on standardized tests of competency). This review focuses on the role of context in moderating the tendency to shift judgment standards, and provides a critical comparison of the shifting standards model with two other theories emphasizing contextual variation in stereotyping, Social Identity/Self-Categorization Theory (Tajfel, 1972; Turner, 1982; Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987), and the Paral...
A Warehouse-Location Problem

This paper describes a method for determining a more profitable geographic location pattern for the warehouses that are employed by a firm in delivering known quantities of its finished product to its customers, where the number of warehouses is also permitted to vary. It is shown that this can normally be expected to be a concave minimization problem. Unfortunately, there are usually no practical computational methods for determining the values of the variables that correspond to the absolute minimum of a concave cost function. However, a local optimum can be determined by a method described in the article. The method involves a sequence of transportation computations that are shown to converge to the solution. An illustrative small scale computation is included. An appendix explains in intuitive terms the nature of the computational difficulties that arise in a concave-programming problem.
A survey of the hay fever plants and important atmospheric allergens in the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area.

Abstract 1.1. A botanical survey of the hay fever plants in the metropolitan area of Phoenix, Arizona, is presented. 2.2. Data are given concerning the kind, concentration, and seasonal occurrence of the atmospheric pollen grains and fungous spores found during a one-year investigation conducted from June 1, 1957, through May 31, 1958, in Phoenix and Tempe, Arizona. 3.3. Morus species (mulberry) and Fraxinus velutina (Arizona ash) are found to be the most important tree pollinators contaminating the air in the spring. Franseria species (false ragweeds) and Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) are heavy pollinators that reach anthesis in the spring and shed pollen sporadically through the summer and fall. (Contrary to popular belief, only one grass—Bermuda—was found to shed great enough concentrations of pollen to be considered significantly important as a general allergen.) Amaranthus palmeri (careless weed) and Atriplex species (saltbush) are heavy contributors to the atmospheric pollen in the summer and fall months, the careless weed being the most important. Finally, the fungous spores are found in the air year round, with spores of Alternaria species the most prevalent. 4.4. It is concluded that a definite allergy problem exists in the Phoenix area and the Salt River Valley, as evidenced by the presence of allergens in the air throughout the year.
Safety and efficacy of adjuvant single-agent ifosfamide in uterine sarcoma.

Abstract Purpose. The role of adjuvant therapy for completely resected uterine sarcoma continues to be debated. Previous chemotherapy trials have shown little, if any, advantage over surgery alone, with significant added toxicity. To our knowledge, the current study is the first to evaluate adjuvant ifosfamide in completely resected uterine sarcomas. Methods. Between 1992 and 1999, 13 consecutive patients with completely resected moderate- to high-grade uterine sarcoma received three cycles of adjuvant ifosfamide (1.5 g/m 2 /day × 3 days, repeated every 28 days). Mesna was given 30 min prior to infusion. Postinfusion mesna was administered to 10 of the patients in the outpatient setting utilizing a subcutaneous infusion pump. The remaining 3 patients received traditional intravenous mesna at 4 and 8 h after infusion. Results. The median follow-up of the patient population was 26 months. For early-stage patients ( n = 10), the 2-year progression-free survival was 60%, with a median of 26 months. The 2-year overall survival was 100%, dropping to 67% at 3 years. Early-stage patients showed an advantage in both progression-free and overall survival. Early-stage patients with mixed mullerian tumor (MMT) had a significantly longer time to progression that those with leiomyosarcoma (LMS) (2-year progression-free survival of 100% versus 33%; P = 0.019). Three patients required dose reduction secondary to grade 2–3 toxicities (neutropenia ×2, nausea and vomiting ×1). All significant toxicity was eliminated with dose reduction. Conclusions. Adjuvant ifosfamide appears to be safe and well tolerated in patients with completely resected uterine sarcoma. It can easily be given in the outpatient setting if mesna is administered via a subcutaneous pump. Our data, consistent with previous studies in advanced sarcoma, suggest a potentially greater role for ifosfamide in MMT than in LMS.
Characterization of human 12-lipoxygenase genes.

Abstract Two human 12-lipoxygenase enzyme (arachidonate:oxygen 12-oxidoreductase, EC 1.13.11.31)-related genes were characterized from 13 distinct clones isolated from three genomic bacteriophage and cosmid libraries. A complete gene (12-lipoxygenase gene 1) spanning approximately 17 kilobases and consisting of 14 exons with sequence matching the cloned platelet/human erythroleukemia (HEL) cell cDNA sequence was identified. Several consensus sites for transcription factors and two potential transcription initiation sites within the 5' flanking region, encompassing the putative promoter region, were identified. A segment of a second, probable pseudogene (12-lipoxygenase gene 2), which displays approximately 85% identity to gene 1 within exon sequences, was also characterized. The presence of two 12-lipoxygenase genes was also substantiated by Southern blot analysis of total human genomic DNA. Exon-intron boundaries for the 12-lipoxygenase genes were located in the identical corresponding positions to the previously cloned human 5-lipoxygenase and rabbit 15-lipoxygenase genes, indicating a highly related gene family. Three lipoxygenase genes (12-lipoxygenase genes 1 and 2, 15-lipoxygenase) were localized to human chromosome 17, whereas the most unrelated lipoxygenase (5-lipoxygenase) was mapped to chromosome 10 by PCR analysis of a human-hamster somatic hybrid DNA panel. 12-Lipoxygenase gene 1 expression could be detected in human erythroleukemia cells, platelets, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells with certainty by reverse transcription-PCR analysis. There was no detectable 12-lipoxygenase gene 2 expression in several tissues and cell lines.
Regulating Slavery: Deck-Stacking and Credible Commitment in the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

In 1850, Congress delegated federal judicial powers to a new bureaucracy that was devoted to capturing escaped slaves in free states and returning them to their owners. The Fugitive Slave Act was an attempt to enhance the credibility of a commitment made in the Constitution's Article IV § 2, which had gone unenforced for more than half a century. This article demonstrates how Congress engaged in deck-stacking , engineering the administrative structure and judicial procedures of the fugitive slave rendition process in ways that favored slave-holding interests. Analysis of votes by members of Congress on final passage of the act and amendments to the act demonstrate the political influences on choices of process. I demonstrate that regional (free versus slave state), partisan (Whig versus Democrat), and electoral (Free Soil party support) calculations all play a role in determining the likelihood of a legislator voting for the antislavery position. Moreover, political conflict was muted when amendments dealt mainly with structural issues, but was amplified when the amendment's content was procedural. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Growth and characterization of zirconium oxide films

Abstract Zirconium oxide films were deposited on silicon substrates by nebulizing alcohol solutions of zirconium acetylacetonate followed by pyrolysis and annealing of the oxide film in flowing oxygen for 30 minutes. The homogeneous uniform films obtained showed comparable properties to those reported from more elaborate procedures. The simplicity of this technique of ultrasonic nebulization and pyrolysis is of interest because of the commercial desirability of zirconium oxide films.
Solar power system analyses for electric propulsion missions

Solar electric propulsion (SEP) mission architectures are applicable to a wide range of NASA missions including human Mars exploration and robotic exploration of the outer planets. In this paper, we discuss the conceptual design and detailed performance analysis of an SEP stage electric power system (EPS). EPS performance, mass and area predictions are compared for several PV array technologies. Based on these studies, an EPS design for a 1-MW class, Human Mars Mission SEP stage was developed with a reasonable mass, 9.4 metric tons, and feasible deployed array area, 5800 m/sup 2/. An EPS was also designed for the Europa Mapper spacecraft and had a mass of 151 kg and a deployed array area of 106 m/sup 2/.
The future of conventional warfare and U.S. military strategy

(1992). The future of conventional warfare and U.S. military strategy. The Washington Quarterly: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 201-228.
Velocity and temperature fields in turbulent liquid flow through a vertical concentric annular channel

Abstract Velocity and temperature fields are measured in turbulent upflow of liquid Refrigerant-113 through a vertical concentric annular channel. Data are reported in the Reynolds number range of 18000–50300 and inner wall heat flux range of 0–30000 W m−2. The velocity field measurements are generally successful whereas some difficulty is encountered in the measurement of single-point correlation between turbulent velocity and temperature fluctuations.
Anesthesia for interventional neuroradiology

Interventional Neuroradiology (INR) is firmly established in the management of cerebrovascular diseases. The aim of this manuscript is to present the author's critical review of the literature and interpretation emphasizing perioperative and anesthetic management strategies to prevent complications and minimize their effects if they occur. Planning the anesthetic and perioperative management is predicated on understanding the goals of the therapeutic intervention and anticipating potential problems.
Fast and accurate wire delay estimation for physical synthesis of large ASICs

Interconnect delays represent an increasingly dominant portion of overall circuit delays. During timing-driven physical synthesis process, timing analysis is repeatedly performed over several hundred thousand components. Thus, fast and accurate estimation of interconnect delays is crucial. Traditionally, lumped and elmore delay models have been widely used for computing interconnect delays in physical synthesis due to their computational efficiency. However, these delay models are known to be inaccurate since they ignore slew and resistive shielding effects. In this paper, we propose a new iterative refinement based delay estimation approach that considers resistive shielding along with driver slew. Experimental results show that the proposed approach gives not only highly accurate results for far end RC-line delays but also compares very favorably to more difficult to match source end delays and source slews. In addition, use of the proposed delay model in physical synthesis yields significant performance improvement on several large industrial ASICs.
Tankyrase 1 regulates centrosome function by controlling CPAP stability

CPAP—a gene mutated in primary microcephaly—is required for procentriole formation. Here we show that CPAP degradation and function is controlled by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase tankyrase 1. CPAP is PARsylated by tankyrase 1 in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of tankyrase 1 leads to CPAP proteasomal degradation, preventing centriole duplication, whereas depletion of tankyrase 1 stabilizes CPAP in G1, generating elongated procentrioles and multipolarity. Tankyrase 1 localizes to centrosomes exclusively in G1, coinciding with CPAP degradation. Hence, tankyrase 1-mediated PARsylation regulates CPAP levels during the cell cycle to limit centriole elongation and ensure normal centrosome function.
A NONPROTEIN CONSTITUENT OF PARATHYROID GLAND EXTRACTS

Dinitrophenylation of a commercial parathyroid gland extract under mild conditions yielded a water-insoluble protein derivative and a water-soluble nonprotein fraction that was nondialyzable and ha...
Optical steering of dual band microwave phased array antenna using semiconductor laser switching

The first microwave phased array antenna steered by optical delay lines is presented. Delay times specified by the antenna steering angle were implemented by switching bias currents of high speed lasers pigtailed to the fibre optic delay lines. No beam squint was observed in the radiation pattern of the antenna as its frequency was switched from the L- to the X-band. >
Limitations on the stabilizability of globally-minimum-phase systems

The author gives examples showing that, in general, it is possible for a globally-minimum-phase system in normal form to have states that cannot be driven asymptotically to the origin by means of any open-loop control. In particular, this provides counterexamples to a number of recently published stabilization theorems. It is established, by means of examples, that a minimum-phase system in normal form need not be semiglobally stabilizable or small-input semiglobally BIBO stabilizable, even if the zero dynamics is exponentially stable and the completeness condition holds. >
Duration of an Intervention's Impact on Perceived Breast Cancer Risk

This study explored risk perceptions after breast cancer risk appraisal. The study involved a randomized trial of Women's Health clinic patients (≥ 40 years old). Primary outcome was perceived breast cancer risk at baseline, 1 month, 6 months, and 18 months. Perceived breast cancer risks were higher than actual calculated risks at baseline. At baseline, 45% reported moderate/strong risk and 43% reported lower-than-average risk; 53% said that their risk was lower than 15%. Mean perceived lifetime risk was 31 out of 100. Throughout follow-up, the treatment group reported lower risks by all measures, as compared to controls. However, for African American women, perceived risk “out of 100 women” did not change. A brief health risk appraisal tends to lower breast cancer risk perceptions for at least 18 months, but the impact may vary by race/ethnicity. These findings could affect health behaviors, such as annual mammograms, which are influenced by perceived risk.
New mixing-length model for supersonic shear layers

A new mixing length model is presented for supersonic shear flows. In this model, the characteristic scale of the mixing region is not constant across the shear layer at each axial position but is determined locally by the lateral distance between the two points where flow moves sonic relative to the local point. Supersonic free shear layers at various Mach numbers were calculated by solving the compressible boundary layer equations with the new model. The results demonstrate the decrease of spreading rate with increasing Mach number and agree well with experimental data.
Rethinking Reading Comprehension Instruction: A Comparison of Instruction for Strategies and Content Approaches

A BSTRA C T Reports from research and the larger educational community demonstrate that too many students have limited ability to comprehend texts. The research reported here involved a two-year study in which standardized comprehension instruction for representations of two major approaches was designed and implemented. The effectiveness of the two experimental comprehension instructional approaches (content and strategies) and a control approach were compared. Content instruction focused student attention on the content of the text through open, meaning-based questions about the text. In strategies instruction, students were taught specific procedures to guide their access to text during reading of the text. Lessons for the control approach were developed using questions available in the teacher’s edition of the basal reading program used in the participating classrooms. Student participants were all fifth graders in a low-performing urban district. In addition to assessments of comprehension of lesson texts and an analysis of lesson discourse, three assessments were developed to compare student ability to transfer knowledge gained. The results were consistent from Year 1 to Year 2. No differences were seen on one measure of lesson-text comprehension, the sentence verification technique. However, for narrative recall and expository learning probes, content students outperformed strategies students, and occasionally, the basal control students outperformed strategies students. For one of the transfer assessments, there was a modest effect in favor of the content students. Transcripts of the lessons were examined, and differences in amount of talk about the text and length of student response also favored the content approach.
Ultrasound monitoring of in vitro radio frequency ablation by echo decorrelation imaging.

Objective The purpose of this study was to test ultrasound echo decorrelation imaging for mapping and characterization of tissue effects caused by radio frequency ablation (RFA). Methods Radio frequency ablation procedures (6-minute duration, 20-W power) were performed on fresh ex vivo bovine liver tissue (n = 9) with continuous acquisition of beam-formed ultrasound echo data from a 7-MHz linear array. Echo data were processed to form B-scan images, echo decorrelation images (related to rapid random changes in echo waveforms), and integrated backscatter images (related to local changes in received echo energy). Echo decorrelation and integrated backscatter values at the location of a low-noise thermocouple were assessed as functions of temperature. Echo decorrelation and integrated backscatter images were directly compared with ablated tissue cross sections and quantitatively evaluated as predictors of tissue ablation and overtreatment. Results Echo decorrelation maps corresponded with local tissue temperature and ablation effects. Consistent echo decorrelation increases were observed for temperatures above 75 degrees C, whereas integrated backscatter maps showed a nonmonotonic temperature dependence complicated by acoustic shadowing, with high variance at large temperature elevations. In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of echo decorrelation and integrated backscatter maps as predictors of local tissue ablation, echo decorrelation performed well (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] = 0.855 for ablation and 0.913 for overtreatment), whereas integrated backscatter performed poorly (AUROC Conclusions Echo decorrelation imaging can map tissue changes due to RFA in vitro, with local echo decorrelation corresponding strongly to local tissue temperature elevations and ablation effects. With further development and in vivo validation, echo decorrelation imaging is potentially useful for improved image guidance of clinical RFA procedures.
Nightingale’s Environmental Theory:

This author extracts the environmental theory from Florence Nightingale's writings and recorded experiences. As Nightingale's experiences broadened to other cultures and circumstances, she generated an ever-widening commitment to redress unjust social policies imperiling human health. She mobilized collaborators, shaped public awareness, and championed the cause of those suffering as a result of unjust policies. Nightingale challenged nurses to create environments where population health is a realistic expectation.
A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of cortical asymmetry in bipolar disorder

Conclusions: The presence of a right hemisphere disturbance in BPD is consistent with the hypothesis that the right hemisphere may be dominant in mood regulation. The presence of both left and right hemisphere disturbances in mania may explain the coexisting psychotic and affective symptoms observed in this condition.
The Arabidopsis nuclear pore and nuclear envelope.

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane structure that separates the eukaryotic cytoplasm from the nucleoplasm. The nuclear pores embedded in the nuclear envelope are the sole gateways for macromolecular trafficking in and out of the nucleus. The nuclear pore complexes assembled at the nuclear pores are large protein conglomerates composed of multiple units of about 30 different nucleoporins. Proteins and RNAs traffic through the nuclear pore complexes, enabled by the interacting activities of nuclear transport receptors, nucleoporins, and elements of the Ran GTPase cycle. In addition to directional and possibly selective protein and RNA nuclear import and export, the nuclear pore gains increasing prominence as a spatial organizer of cellular processes, such as sumoylation and desumoylation. Individual nucleoporins and whole nuclear pore subcomplexes traffic to specific mitotic locations and have mitotic functions, for example at the kinetochores, in spindle assembly, and in conjunction with the checkpoints. Mutants of nucleoporin genes and genes of nuclear transport components lead to a wide array of defects from human diseases to compromised plant defense responses. The nuclear envelope acts as a repository of calcium, and its inner membrane is populated by functionally unique proteins connected to both chromatin and—through the nuclear envelope lumen—the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton. Plant nuclear pore and nuclear envelope research—predominantly focusing on Arabidopsis as a model—is discovering both similarities and surprisingly unique aspects compared to the more mature model systems. This chapter gives an overview of our current knowledge in the field and of exciting areas awaiting further exploration.
Carbon–fluorine bond cleavage in fluoroarenes via a niobium(III) imido complex: from stoichiometric to catalytic hydrodefluorination

The mechanism of activation of C–F bonds in fluoroarenes using a well-defined niobium(III) imido complex has been investigated. The Nb(III) arene species [BDI]Nb(NtBu)(η6-C6H6), 1, (BDI = β-diketimate), reacts stoichiometrically with fluoroarenes to yield niobium(V) aryl fluorides. Spectroscopic analysis supported by DFT calculations revealed the critical involvement of a Nb(III) fluoroarene-bound species. In contrast to previous reports of related reactivity, we found that perfluorinated arenes (i.e. those normally assumed to bear more ‘activated’ C–F bonds) are, in the present system, much less reactive towards C–F bond cleavage than mono- or difluoro-substituted arenes. In addition to demonstrating stoichiometric hydrodefluorination reactions, we also describe an efficient and mild hydrodefluorination of mono- and di-fluoroarenes that is catalytic in niobium.
Vasomotor responses of soleus feed arteries from sedentary and exercise-trained rats.

Our goals were to determine the nature of endothelium-dependent and -independent vascular responses in isolated soleus feed arteries (SFA) and to test the hypothesis that these responses would be a...
Cooperative effects of growth factors involved in the induction of hematopoietic mesoderm

Hematopoietic induction occurs on the ventral side of Xenopus gastrulae and is thought to be triggered by the growth factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4). To characterize this process, we developed a quantitative and sensitive assay for the induction of erythroid cells from totipotent ectoderm of the embryo. When high doses of BMP-4 were used in this explant assay, few erythroid cells were detected. In contrast, large numbers of differentiated erythroid cells were induced when ectoderm was treated with BMP-4 and the mesoderm inducers, activin, or fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Ectopic expression of GATA-1 also induced abundant erythroid cells in ectoderm treated with bFGF. This induction of erythroid cells by GATA-1 was blocked by coexpression with a dominant negative BMP-4 receptor, showing that GATA-1 requires the BMP signaling cascade to function. These results suggest that BMP-4 requires mesoderm induction to generate a program of gene expression, which regulates the specification of hematopoietic mesoderm by GATA factors.