cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fiber-optic sensor for surface acoustic waves

Optical probing of acoustic waves provides a noncontacting method of making high-resolution measurements of the amplitude and phase of surface displacements associated with acoustic waves. Two probes have been developed for this purpose. The first uses both bulk and fiber components. It is a fiber-optic variation of the heterodyne interferometric probe used by De La Rue et al.1 Since long lengths of fiber can be placed between the laser and the sample without significant losses, large samples can be mechanically scanned with the probe head. The second probe uses an all-fiber approach. Consequently, this probe is considerably smaller and more rugged.
Factors that contribute to consumers' perceptions of online and traditional travel reservation systems

This study consisted of an exploration of consumers' perceptions towards online versus traditional flight reservation methods. In addition, the factors that may influence consumers' perceptions were explored. Two research questions were posed for this study, addressing (a) consumers' preferences for traditional versus online reservation systems, and (b) the factors that influence consumers' preferences for traditional versus online reservation systems. The results indicated that price was the most important factor in determining the method of making reservations, with personal communication, rules and regulations, available information, and brand name loyalty also being important factors. The findings of this study provide useful information to various stakeholders in the travel industry to improve the quality of their services. In addition, recommendations for effective competition between the two flight reservation methods are provided.
Integrated communications and navigation module

An iridium communications and navigation module (ICNM) has been developed for movement tracking applications. External interfaces to the ICNM include Ethernet, RS-232, and Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Bus. The module is powered by Power over Ethernet (PoE) or a +24VDC connection. The ICNM fits within the standard PC104 form factor, but utilizes a Modular Component and Sensor Bus (MCSB) interface specification for the high density connector. The ICNM includes a GPS receiver and accelerators for satellite and inertial tracking. The module manages all of the satellite communication control, encryption, and navigation functions that enable its rapid integration as a component into larger systems.
Electronic and atomic structure of Ba8Ga16Ge30?xSix type I clathrates: Ge?and Ga XAFS study

X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy at the Ga and Ge K-edges was used to study changes in the Ga and Ge electronic structure and local coordination geometry as a function of composition in Ba8Ga16Ge30?xSix type I clathrates (x?=?0, 7.5, 9.1, 10.7, 13.4 and 30). Based on XANES data, the partial density of unoccupied states with p character is modified for both Ga and Ge upon Si substitution. Among the specimens which contain both Ge and Si, we found that the specimen with the highest measured power factor (i.e.,?x?=?7.5) has the lowest density of unoccupied states for both Ga and Ge. Our experimental results are qualitatively consistent with computational results based on density functional theory, indicating that a series of pertinent electronic states are modified by Si p states. This suggests that an increase in the electron density near the Fermi level for an optimal Si substitution leads to an increase in the Seebeck coefficient and consequently in the power factor, according to the Cutler?Mott relation. Based on quantitative analysis of EXAFS spectra, we found that Ga has more Si neighbors than Ge, indicating that Si resides preferentially next to Ga. Both the Ge?Ga/Ge and Ga?Ge/Ga coordination distances remain relatively unchanged (?2.51??) regardless of the degree of Si substitution. Furthermore, the Ge?Si and Ga?Si coordination distances remain relatively unchanged at ?2.41 and ?2.45??, respectively, regardless of the degree of Si substitution. For the Ba8Ga16Si30 specimen, on average, Ga is coordinated with 0.9 Ga and 3.1 Si at roughly the same distance of ?2.50??. The number of Ga?Ga bonds is consistent with the fact that Ga is distributed on the framework sites in a way which reduces the number of Ga?Ga bonds relative to that based on a random distribution. An understanding of the underlying physics of the structure?property relationship provides for potential additional routes for tuning the electronic properties of clathrates for thermoelectric applications.
Lipophilic enterobactin analogues. Stabilities of the gallium and ferric ion complexes of terminally N-substituted catechoylamides

Constantes de stabilite des complexes de Ga 3+ et Fe 3+ avec 4 analogues lipophiles. Les complexes de Ga sont moins stables
THE INFLUENCE OF A COURSE IN ETHICS AND FREE SPEECH IN CHANGING STUDENT ATTITUDES

(1972). THE INFLUENCE OF A COURSE IN ETHICS AND FREE SPEECH IN CHANGING STUDENT ATTITUDES. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 66-75.
Multivessel Coronary Revascularization Without Saphenous Vein: Long-term Results of Bilateral Internal Mammary Artery Grafting

When the saphenous vein is absent or inadequate, options for multivessel coronary revascularization include bilateral mammary artery grafting and the use of conduits of unproven durability (arm vein, homologous umbilical vein, prosthetic graft). To evaluate the long-term effectiveness of bilateral mammary artery grafting, we reviewed the cases of 76 consecutive patients with multivessel disease (33 with two-vessel disease, 43 with three-vessel disease) who underwent revascularization with bilateral mammary artery grafts only during the period from 1971 to 1980. No hospital deaths occurred. Thirty-three free and 119 in situ grafts were used. Late follow-up was complete, ranging from 12 to 132 months (mean interval, 67 months) and revealed improvement by at least one New York Heart Association functional class in 59 of 71 survivors. Postoperative arteriograms (mean interval, 26 months) of 55 grafts in 28 patients showed that 49 grafts were patent (89%). Five late deaths (2 noncardiac) occurred. Actuarial survival was 97.2% to seven years and 90.2% at nine years after operation. Bilateral mammary artery grafting yielded excellent graft patency, relief of symptoms, and long-term survival. When saphenous vein is unsuitable for grafting, bilateral mammary artery grafts should be utilized before other conduits are considered.
A Study of Coronary Heart Disease in Young Men Characteristics and Metabolic Studies of the Patients and Comparison with Age-Matched Healthy Men

To study metabolic factors in the genesis of coronary heart disease in previously healthy young adults, 24 men (aged 23 to 49 years) who had recovered from proven myocardial infarction were compared with an age-matched series of 20 healthy subjects-10 business and professional men and 10 prisoners. Both series averaged 10% above ideal body weight. The patients were shorter, were heavier smokers, and had a high familial incidence (70%) of coronary heart disease. The controls had more familial diabetes. Oral glucose tolerance tests without and with cortisone showed higher peak blood sugar levels and delayed return in the patients. Four patients were found to have fasting serum triglycerides above 300 mg% and were placed in a separate category of essential hyperlipidemia. In the remaining 20 patients, serum cholesterol and triglycerides in combination were higher than in the controls, together with elevation of pre-β-lipoproteins. α1-Lipoprotein was decreased. Mean postheparin lipolytic activity was slightly...
Influence of sex on the "Athlete's Heart" in trained cyclists

Abstract Compared to females, male endurance athletes have generally been considered to demonstrate greater values of cardiac mass and volume (the “athlete's heart”). However, studies addressing this issue have frequently failed to match training volumes between groups or provided inadequate adjustment of variables for body size and composition. This study compared echocardiographic anatomic features in 8 female and 8 male competitive cyclists with a similar training history. Conforming to most previous reports, left ventricular mass and end diastolic dimension, adjusted for fat free body mass and body surface area, respectively, were greater in the males (3.56 ± 0.83 g kg −1 versus 2.50 ± 0.38 g kg −1 ; 41.7 ± 2.2 mm and 37.4 ± 2.5 mm per BSA 0.5 ). This study indicated that when training volume as well as body size and composition are considered, male endurance athletes exhibit greater cardiac dimensions and mass compared to their female counterparts.
Optimal sample planning for system state analysis with partial data collection

We develop optimal and computationally practical procedures to minimize uncertainty concerning the presence of dangerous levels of a contaminant within a building when neither replication nor complete data collection is feasible. More generally, we address inference about the state of a finite system when the state is related to information collected over components of the system when only partial data collection is feasible. When there is no correlation between sample locations, a simple random sample or maximum a priori trait presence would provide optimal sampling choices. When complicated probability models describe trait manifestation, the need to collect only partial data precludes a full fitting of complicated models, and one must rely heavily on prior information naturally leading to a Bayesian approach. Herein, we introduce a computationally efficient heuristic algorithm to simultaneously find optimal sample locations and decision rule parameterizations and then show that it drastically outperforms both random selection and maximum a priori methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Type of Post-Question and Accuracy of Concept Classification in Learning from Text

College students (N = 160) read two 1-½ page passages on the concepts of autism and trochaic meter. After reading, four independent groups answered questions requiring either a summary, the generation of a new example of the concept, a listing of the critical attributes of the concept, or the identification of a new example. All groups received feedback, and a control group received feedback but no post-question. Alternate forms of a test of concept classification were given one day and one week after reading. The identify post-question group showed greater accuracy in the classification of new examples of the concepts studied when compared to the other post-question groups, yet required no greater amount of study time than the no-question control group.
Multimedia, Multimodal Effects, and Universally Designed Instruction

Cognitive psychology often describes learning as the acquisition and reorganization of cognitive structures (Good and Brophy, 1990). These cognitive structures can be viewed as mental codes, temporary internal representations based on sensory experience (Baddeley and Hitch, 1994; Penney, 1989; Wickens, 2002; Barnard, 1999; and Paivio, 1986). In multimedia learning, the representations might involve more than one modality, and therefore have complex influences on the formation of memories (Mayer, 2001). A theoretical basis for the formation and use of multimodal mental codes based on multimedia can be used to better understand how presentation influences learning, especially for people with sensory and cognitive impairments. In turn, testing effects on people with such impairments will shed light on the relative contribution of cognitive versus sensory effects
Comparison of brain white matter fiber orientation measurements based on diffusion tensor imaging and light microscopy

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to estimate white matter fiber orientations in fixed brain specimens. The specimens were subsequently sectioned, stained for myelinated fibers, and imaged with light microscopy. The MRI data were registered with the micrographs, allowing direct comparison of fiber orientation estimates between the two methods. Fiber orientation was measured in regions of interest in the frontal lateral corpus callosum. The results of diffusion MRI and light microscopy agreed within 2 degrees-the difference was not statistically significant.
A java API for historical ciphers: an object-oriented design project

This paper describes a project suitable for a software engineering or object-oriented design course. The project consists of asking students to design an application programming interface (API) for a particular range of applications. An API-design project has several features not always found in application-design projects: It forces students to focus carefully on the distinction between the programming and the user interfaces; it provides a good justification for studying existing APIs as model code; it provides a natural way to divide tasks between different groups of designers/programmers; and, the final product can be used as the basis for programming projects in other courses. In this case the particular project we describe is the design of an API for implementing Historical Cipher algorithms.
Red blood cell antigen genotype analysis for 9087 Asian, Asian American, and Native American blood donors.

BACKGROUND There has yet to be a comprehensive analysis of blood group antigen prevalence in Asian Americans and Native Americans. There may be ethnic differences in blood group frequencies that would result in clinically important mismatches through transfusion. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Blood donors who self-identified as Asian or Native American were tested using a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) DNA array (HEA BeadChip kit, Bioarray Solutions Ltd) that predicts expression of 38 human erythrocyte antigens (HEAs) and by serology for ABO, D, C, M, N, Jka, and Jkb. The prevalence of blood group antigens was compared to published European prevalence. Discrepancies between SNP-predicted and serology-detected antigens were tallied. RESULTS A total of 9087 blood donors were tested from nine Asian and Native American heritages. The predicted prevalence of selected antigens in the RHCE, JK, FY, MNS, LU, CO, and DO blood group systems were variable between Asian populations, but overall not significantly different than Europeans. Compared to European frequencies, Kell blood group allele frequencies were significantly different in the Chinese, Native American, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, South Asian, and Southeast Asian heritage blood donors; Diego antigens Dia and Dib were different in donors of Native American and South Asian ancestries (p < 0.05). Of the donors tested, 4.5% showed a SNP-serology discrepancy that segregated within specific ethnic groups. CONCLUSION This study provides HEA allele frequency and antigen prevalence data in a cohort of Asian and Native Americans donors. Several ethnic groups exhibited differences in HEA frequencies compared to Europeans. Genotype-serotype discrepancies were detected in all systems studied.
Culture-Independent Analysis of Aerosol Microbiology in a Metropolitan Subway System

The goal of this study was to determine the composition and diversity of microorganisms associated with bioaerosols in a heavily trafficked metropolitan subway environment. We collected bioaerosols by fluid impingement on several New York City subway platforms and associated sites in three sampling sessions over a 1.5-year period. The types and quantities of aerosolized microorganisms were determined by culture-independent phylogenetic analysis of small-subunit rRNA gene sequences by using both Sanger (universal) and pyrosequencing (bacterial) technologies. Overall, the subway bacterial composition was relatively simple; only 26 taxonomic families made up ~75% of the sequences determined. The microbiology was more or less similar throughout the system and with time and was most similar to outdoor air, consistent with highly efficient air mixing in the system. Identifiable bacterial sequences indicated that the subway aerosol assemblage was composed of a mixture of genera and species characteristic of soil, environmental water, and human skin commensal bacteria. Eukaryotic diversity was mainly fungal, dominated by organisms of types associated with wood rot. Human skin bacterial species (at 99% rRNA sequence identity) included the Staphylococcus spp. Staphylococcus epidermidis (the most abundant and prevalent commensal of the human integument), S. hominis, S. cohnii, S. caprae, and S. haemolyticus, all well-documented human commensal bacteria. We encountered no organisms of public health concern. This study is the most extensive culture-independent survey of subway microbiota so far and puts in place pre-event information required for any bioterrorism surveillance activities or monitoring of the microbiological impact of recent subway flooding events.
Bis­[μ2‐bis­(di­phenyl­phosphinoyl)­methanido‐κ2O:O′]­hexa­methyl­di‐μ3‐oxo‐tetraaluminium(III) tetra­hydro­furan disolvate

The title centrosymmetric alumoxane compound, [Al4(CH3)6(μ3-O)2(μ-{Ph2P(O)}2CH)2]·C4H8O, is dimeric in the solid state as its THF disolvate, with a central Al2O2 ring core connected to terminal Me2Al units through oxo and non-chelating phosphinate anions.
If She Is Not a Victim, Does That Mean She Was Not Traumatized? Evaluation of Predictors of PTSD Symptomatology Among College Rape Victims

The issue of whether individuals can be traumatized by the experience of rape if they do not label the experience a victimization remains controversial. Indeed, there are conflicting findings with regard to the extent to which such unacknowledged victims experience posttraumatic symptoms. The goal of the current study was to evaluate acknowledgment status as a predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology using structural equation modeling among a sample of 346 college rape victims. Results showed that whereas acknowledged victims reported more symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, acknowledgment status did not add to the prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a model including assault violence and other important predictors of these symptoms.
Literature review on superhydrophobic self‐cleaning surfaces produced by electrospinning

Self-cleaning surface is potentially a very useful addition for many commercial products due to economic, aesthetic, and environmental reasons. Super-hydrophobic self-cleaning, also called Lotus effect, utilizes right combination of surface chemistry and roughness to force water droplets to form high contact angle on a surface, easily roll off a surface and pick up dirt particles on its way. Electrospinning is a promising technique for creation of superhydrophobic self-cleaning surfaces owing to a wide set of parameters that allow effectively controlling roughness of resulted webs. This article gives a brief introduction to the theory of super-hydrophobic self-cleaning and basic principles of the electrospinning process and reviews the scientific literature where electrospinning was used to create superhydrophobic surfaces. The article reviewed are categorized into several groups and their results are compared in terms of superhydrophobic properties. Several issues with current state of the art and highlights of important areas for future research are discussed in the conclusion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Multifold ring closing metathesis reactions in the formation of resorcin[4]arene cavitands

The formation of the resorcin[4]arene cavitands using the ring closing metathesis reaction (RCM) in perallylated resorcin[4]arenes was investigated. The formation of resorcinarene cavitands offers unique molecular platforms for host–guest chemistries, sensor development, metal complexation, as well as new polymers and self-assembled systems, and as potential reaction sites, and novel catalytic platforms. In this manuscript we show that cavitand formation by the RCM reaction depends, to a large extent, on the conformation and the substituents on the upper and lower rim of the perallylated resorcin[4]arenes. The perallylation of the octahydroxy compounds disrupted the intramolecular hydrogen bonds causing a dynamic shift in the conformer equilibrium.
Byzantine fault-tolerant implementation of a multi-writer regular register

Distributed storage systems have become popular for handling the enormous amounts of data in network-centric systems. A distributed storage system provides client processes with the abstraction of a shared variable that satisfies some consistency and reliability properties. Typically the properties are ensured through a replication-based implementation. This paper presents an algorithm for a replicated read-write register that can tolerate Byzantine failures of some of the replica servers. The targeted consistency condition is a version of regularity that supports multiple writers. Although regularity is weaker than the more frequently supported condition of atomicity, it is still strong enough to be useful in some important applications. By weakening the consistency condition, the algorithm can support multiple writers more efficiently than the known multi-writer algorithms for atomic consistency.
Bifurcations in the learning of recurrent neural networks

Gradient descent algorithms in recurrent neural networks can have problems when the network dynamics experience bifurcations in the course of learning. The possible hazards caused by the bifurcations of the network dynamics and the learning equations are investigated. The roles of teacher forcing, preprogramming of network structures, and the approximate learning algorithms are discussed. >
Cryptophycin 1 binds to tubulin at a site distinct from the colchicine binding site and at a site that may overlap the vinca binding site.

Abstract Cryptophycin 1 is a new cytotoxic antimicrotubule agent with excellent antitumor activity. The methods of Sackett (Biochemistry, 34, 7010–7019, 1995), utilizing the selective and specific proteolysis of α- and β-tubulin by trypsin and chymotrypsin, was used to identify the cryptophycin 1 binding site on tubulin. Occupancy of the colchicine or vinca binding sites causes changes in the structure of tubulin that can be detected by proteolysis with trypsin and chymotrypsin. The addition of cryptophycin 1 to tubulin causes changes in both the tryptic and chymotryptic cleavage of tubulin consistent with occupation of the vinca binding site and distinct from occupation of the colchicine binding site. The effects of cryptophycin 1 on the tryptic digests are identical to the effects seen with vinblastine and differ saliently from the effects of maytansine and rhizoxin, other agents known to bind to the vinca site. The data suggest that the binding site of cryptophycin 1 may overlap the vinca binding site on tubulin.
Antibacterial Efficacy of Electrochemically Activated Solution for Poultry Spraying and Chilling

An electrochemically activated solution (EAS) was evaluated for its antibacterial efficacy against Salmonella typhimurium on chicken carcasses during inside/outside (I/ O) birdwasher spraying at 20 C and 413 kPa for 17s and chilling at 4 C for 45 min in a pilot plant. The EAS with 50 ppm of oxidants in terms of free chlorine (Cl) in the I/O spray reduced Salmonella on carcasses by 1.39 log 10 CFU/carcass, whereas tap water and a 50 ppm (Cl) hypochlorite solution reduced Salmonella by 0.86 and 0.87 log 10 CFU/carcass, respectively. Further chilling using iced EAS (50 ppm of Cl) did not reduce Salmonella on carcasses but eliminated Salmonella in the chiller water.
Two modes of FEN1 binding to PCNA regulated by DNA.

The FEN1 nuclease functions during Okazaki fragment maturation in the eukaryotic cell. Like many other proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins, FEN1 interacts with the interdomain connector loop (IDCL) of PCNA, and PCNA greatly stimulates FEN1 activity. A yeast IDCL mutant pcna-79 (IL126,128AA) failed to interact with FEN-1, but, surprisingly, pcna-79 was still very active in stimulating FEN1 activity. In contrast, a C-terminal mutant pcna-90 (PK252,253AA) showed wild-type binding to FEN1 in solution, but poorly stimulated FEN1 activity. When PCNA was loaded onto a DNA substrate coupled to magnetic beads, it stabilized retention of FEN1 on the DNA. In this DNA-dependent binding assay, pcna-79 also stabilized retention of FEN1, but pcna-90 was inactive. Therefore, in the absence of DNA, FEN1 interacts with PCNA mainly through the IDCL. However, when PCNA encircles the DNA, the C-terminal domain of PCNA rather than its IDCL is important for binding FEN1. An FF→GA mutation in the PCNA-interaction domain of FEN1 severely decreased both modes of interaction with PCNA and resulted in replication and repair defects in vivo.
Analytic expressions for the reflection delay, penetration depth, and absorptance of quarter-wave dielectric mirrors

The authors analyze the operation of high-reflectivity quarter-wave (QW) dielectric mirrors at the band-stop center (Bragg) frequency, relevant for the design of small-cavity optoelectronic structures. The energy penetration depth concept is used to determine a first-order linear approximation for the reduction of the mirror peak reflectivity of the QE mirror as a function of the mirror material parameters and the number of layers. The expression can be applied in the limit of small loss. The mathematical analysis and expressions for the absorptance and the peak reflectivity of a dielectric mirror with weak material absorption are presented. The use of the results is illustrated for a typical vertical cavity surface-emitting laser structure. >
Transferable rights in a recreational fishery : an application to the red snapper fishery in the Gulf of Mexico

Transferable rights (TRs) programs are being increasingly considered in fisheries to overcome current overfishing situation. This paper will focus on developing a conceptual foundation, investigating advantages of the TRs program in fishery management, and answering critical issues to implement recreational TRs programs. Implication is to the Gulf of Mexico red snapper fishery.
Derivation and development of a mathematical model for long bone growth

The objective of this work is to derive and develop a mathematical model that can be used to better understand long bone growth, specifically in the tibia. A cell balance was performed on the three regions of the growth plate, in order to determine the variables (number of proliferating cells and cell division rate of the proliferating cells) that influence the tibia growth rate as well as their relationship to the growth rate. Once this relationship was established, previously collected data were used to understand how the tibia growth rate and number of proliferating cells changes with time. These equations were then inserted into the model in order to determine how the cell division rate changes with time. Using these three equations, this model can be applied to determine how limb asymmetry occurs along with how various factors, including vitamins and hormones, can affect the tibia bone growth rate.
Older adults' acceptance of a community-based telehealth wellness system.

The development of ongoing assessment tools to monitor older adult health and wellness can support improved quality of life and independence. These technologies have often been employed within private residences. Our work describes a telehealth kiosk system implemented within a community setting, which reduces the costs of installing and maintaining individual systems. Though user acceptance of telehealth systems has been studied within the context of home residences, this has yet to be addressed for community-based systems. Older adults in a retirement community were recruited to use a telehealth system including assessment of vital signs and cognitive performance. With a series of focus groups (N = 12, average age 79.3 years), we examined user perceptions of the telehealth kiosk, addressing issues of usability, effectiveness and privacy. Older adults were favorable towards the collection of health monitoring information, recognizing the utility of these data sources. There were issues of usability, espe...
Wide‐angle neutron scattering studies of mixed crystals of polyethylene and deuteropolyethylene

Wide-angle neutron scattering studies have been made of a series of mixed crystal blends of polyethylene and deuterated polyethylene in the range 0.68 ≤ K = 4πλ−1 sinθ ≤ 2.02 A−1. Recent calculations by Stamm have shown that regularly folded subunits of small numbers (two to ten) of stems should produce an observable modulation of the diffuse scattering pattern of such mixtures in this K range. For both melt- and solution-crystallized blends, no extra signal was observed above the background scattering level. The data are used to place an upper limit (of about four) on the number of stems that could be regularly folded in the (100) and (010) planes for these materials.
A new species of Trapania Pruvot-Fol, 1931 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Nudibranchia) from the Caribbean Sea with an analysis of its phylogenetic relationships

Abstract. Trapania bonellenae, a new species from Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles belonging to the nudibranch family Goniodorididae, is characterized by having a unique translucent grey color with a pattern of black pigment, a complex network of opaque white lines covering almost the entire notum and very elongate extra-branchial and extra-rhinophoral appendages. The radular teeth are characterized by a very long and narrow subterminal cusp. A phylogenetic analysis of all species of Trapania for which there is enough morphological information available, reveals that the new species is most closely related to a group of mostly Indo-Pacific species. The support and resolution for this clade are weak and more research is necessary.
Native American Two Spirits

“Two-Spirit” and “berdache” identities are alternate terms for the third and fourth genders in Native North American societies. Major historical and theoretical perspectives on the gender variation and gender systems of Native North American cultures are described. Major characteristics such as dress, sexuality, and occupational specialization are traits associated with third and fourth genders in these cultures. Keywords: berdache; fourth gender; Native Americans; third gender; two spirits
Congestion Control: A decentralized solution to the resource allocation problem

For the development in this section, it is convenient to represent the capacity constraints (2.2) in vector form. To this end, let R be a matrix that is defined as follows: the (r, l)th entry of R is 1 if source r’s route passes through link l and is zero otherwise. Thus, R is an | S| × |L| routing matrix which provides information on the links contained in all the source’s routes in the network. Let y l be the total arrival rate of traffic at link l.
Olefin Ring‐Closing Metathesis

The olefin ring-closing metathesis reaction catalyzed by ruthenium and molybdenum complexes has been employed in the syntheses of carbocycles, heterocycles, supramolecular compounds, and in tandem metathesis reactions. Chiral ruthenium and molybdenum catalysts have provided high enantiomeric and diastereomeric excesses in ring-closing metathesis reactions. Many of the unsuccessful medium- and large-sized ring formations which were unsuccessful by traditional methods, such as the intramolecular Wittig, Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons, and Julia–Kocienski reactions, can now be formed by olefin ring-closing metathesis reactions. Ring-closing metathesis has been a key step and sometimes the only successful method for the synthesis of numerous natural products and drug discovery targets. The objective of this chapter is to provide an updated, comprehensive coverage of the literature of the olefin ring-closing metathesis reaction and related processes. Key mechanistic points are summarized. Keywords: ring-closing metathesis; Grubb's catalyst; Schrock's catalyst; dienes; asymmetric catalyst; ruthenium complex; molybdenum complex; medium- and large-sized rings; natural products
A Modified Coupled Spectrophotometric Method to Detect 2-5 Oligoadenylate Synthetase Activity in Prostate Cell Lines

2’-5’ oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS) are interferon inducible enzymes that polymerizes ATP to 2’-5’-linked oligomers of adenylate (2-5As). As part of the innate immune response, these enzymes are activated by viral double stranded RNA or mRNAs with significant double stranded structure. The 2-5As in turn activate RNaseL that degrade single stranded RNAs. Three distinct forms of OAS exist in human cells (OAS1, 2 and 3) with each form having multiple spliced variants. The OAS enzymes and their spliced variants have different enzyme activities. OAS enzymes also play a significant role in regulating multiple cellular processes such as proliferation and apoptosis. Moreover, Single nucleotide polymorphisms that alter OAS activity are also associated with viral infection, diabetes and cancer. Thus detection of OAS enzyme activity with a simple spectrophotometric method in cells will be important in clinical research. Here we propose a modified coupled spectrophotometric assay to detect 2-5 oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) enzyme activity in prostate cell lines as a model system. The OAS enzyme from prostate cancer cell lysates was purified using Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) bound activated sepharose beads. The activated OAS enzyme eluted from Sepharose beads showed expression of p46 isoform of OAS1, generally considered the most abundant OAS isoform in elutes from DU14 cell line but not in other prostate cell line. In this assay the phosphates generated by the OAS enzymatic reaction is coupled with conversion of the substrate 2-amino-6-mercapto-7-methylpurine ribonucleoside (methylthioguanosine, a guanosine analogue; MESG) to a purine base product, 2-amino-6-mercapto-7-methylpurine and ribose1-phosphate via a catalyst purine nucleoside phosphorylase (phosphorylase) using a commercially available pyrophosphate kit. The absorbance of the purine base product is measured at 360 nm. The higher levels of phosphates detected in DU145 cell line indicates more activity of OAS in this prostate cancer cell line. The modified simple method detected OAS enzyme activity with sensitivity and specificity, which could help in detection of OAS enzymes avoiding the laborious and radioactive methods.
Case 1-2008 : A 45-Year-Old Man with Sudden Onset of Abdominal Pain and Hypotension

A 45-year-old man was transferred to the emergency department because of the sudden onset of abdominal pain, followed by hypotension. Except for a history of alcohol abuse and probable hepatic cirrhosis, he had been well until the morning of admission, when he experienced sharp abdominal pain while lifting a heavy object. He went to a local health center, where hypotension was noted, and was transferred to this hospital. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were performed.
Price beliefs and experience: Do consumers’ beliefs converge to empirical distributions with repeated purchases?☆

We use data on consumers’ subjective beliefs about the distribution of prices in an online marketplace to investigate two questions of interest. First, when consumers face price uncertainty, to what extent do their beliefs about the distribution of prices reflect the actual empirical price distribution? Second, do consumers learn about features of the empirical distribution through experience? Using reported expectations for online textbook prices from a survey of 1224 college students, we find that consumers with no prior experience in purchasing textbooks online tend to expect online prices to be higher than what is observed empirically. However, consumers with more experience in the marketplace generally have more accurate beliefs about the price distribution, which is consistent with learning.
High-power fiber lasers for photocathode electron injectors

Many new applications for electron accelerators require high-brightness, high-average power beams, and most rely on photocathode-based electron injectors as a source of electrons. To achieve such a photoinjector, one requires both a high-power laser system to produce the high average current beam, and also a system at reduced repetition rate for electron beam diagnostics to verify high beam brightness. Here we report on two fiber laser systems designed to meet these specific needs, at 50 MHz and 1.3 GHz repetition rate, together with pulse pickers, second harmonic generation, spatiotemporal beam shaping, intensity feedback, and laser beam transport. The performance and flexibility of these laser systems have allowed us to demonstrate electron beam with both low emittance and high average current for the Cornell energy recovery linac.
Trajectory design for air launch vehicle

The essential characteristics,flight sequence,trajectory design and optimal analysis for air launch vehicle are discussed.
Recent Progress in Thin Film Multichip Packaging for High Temperature Digital Electronics

A thin film material and process technology is being developed and evaluated for high temperature (300°C) digital multichip modules for use in geothermal well instrumentation. The substrate technology selected is AlN to minimize the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the substrate and the SiC digital die. A thin film/plated Ti/Ti:W/Au metallization is used with a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited Si3N4 to create multilayer interconnections. Active components are assembled to the interconnect substrate using Au stud bump thermocompression bonding. The Au stud bump maintains a monometallic interface between the substrate Au pad surface and the Au pads on the SiC die. A digital circuit has been built and successfully tested as an initial demonstration.
The design algorithm (DEAL) for communications and electronics systems

The Design Algorithm (DEAL) for Communications and Electronics Systems, an automated shipboard electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis program, is described. It is an expanded version of the DEsign Electronics ALgorithm (DEEAL) that, in addition to analyzing two-way interactions between electronics systems (radar and EW), now has the capability to analyze interactions between communications and electronics systems. Further, multiple-signal interference (e.g., intermodulation) to either a communications or radar receiver is now included in the algorithm.
Morals and Sincerity

It is sometimes said that if a man is sincere in what he is doing, then you cannot blame him for undertaking it or persisting in it, even though you may think that what he is doing is evil and pernicious. Thus it may be said that Hitler was sincere in what he was doing, and although we may think it thoroughly wrong, we cannot blame him for acting on his principles. It may even be said that we can have no right to prevent him from trying to do what he believes is right.
Design of small loop antennas for on-the-move HF manpack radios

A design of electrically small multi-turn loop antennas for on-the-move man-pack high frequency near vertical incidence skywave communications is discussed. Parameters such as bandwidth, gain, and RF exposure are considered for loops with 1, 2 and 3 turns as well as with a 2-arm loop configuration. For the initial study, all loop diameters are set at 1 m. It is shown that more turns on a loop antenna improve gain, whereas the 2-arm configuration improves overall performance expressed in the bandwidth/efficiency product.
The Mammalian-Specific Protein Armcx1 Regulates Mitochondrial Transport during Axon Regeneration

Mitochondrial transport is crucial for neuronal and axonal physiology. However, whether and how it impacts neuronal injury responses, such as neuronal survival and axon regeneration, remain largely unknown. In an established mouse model with robust axon regeneration, we show that Armcx1, a mammalian-specific gene encoding a mitochondria-localized protein, is upregulated after axotomy in this high regeneration condition. Armcx1 overexpression enhances mitochondrial transport in adult retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Importantly, Armcx1 also promotes both neuronal survival and axon regeneration after injury, and these effects depend on its mitochondrial localization. Furthermore, Armcx1 knockdown undermines both neuronal survival and axon regeneration in the high regenerative capacity model, further supporting a key role of Armcx1 in regulating neuronal injury responses in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Our findings suggest that Armcx1 controls mitochondrial transport during neuronal repair.
SWI/SNF complex in cancer

Four studies in this issue report new mechanisms underlying the function of the chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF complex in controlling gene expression and suppressing tumor development, providing valuable insights into the treatment of cancers harboring mutations in genes encoding SWI/SNF complex subunits.
Teachers and Students Poised to Use Mobile Phones in the Classroom.

ABSTRACTThis study examined the perceptions of 15 teachers and 103 middle school students at a progressive private school located in Mumbai, India to determine their support for the use of mobile phones in the classroom, their perceptions of the mobile phone features that are beneficial for school-related work, and the instructional benefits and barriers to mobile phone use prior to beginning a mobile phone pilot program. The results indicated that most teachers (86%) and students (92%) supported the use of mobile phones in the classroom while those remaining voiced uncertainties. The participants perceived many mobile phone features as being useful in the classroom, but the teachers and students significantly differed in their views. Participant responses revealed little concern about most of the barriers reported in the literature; both teachers and students were least concerned about the use of mobile phones causing a disruption to learning.
Family as a Social Institution

This entry examines the family as a social institution. It explores the dynamics of family, the definitions of social institution, and family's various components. Finally, it explores why family is considered a social institution, and how this perception has the potential to be harmful. Keywords: family structure; functions of the family; institutions
Modeling the mechanics of semiflexible biopolymer networks: Non-affine deformation and presence of long-range correlations

An intertwined network of fibers forms the microstructure of many biological materials and defines their mechanical properties. Depending on the properties of individual fibers, from mechanics point of view, these fibrous materials can be considered to behave as semiflexible networks or flexible networks. While the behavior of flexible networks has been studied thoroughly, the mechanics of semiflexible networks is a less developed subject. In semiflexible networks, the filaments resist the external stresses by storing energy in both bending and axial modes of deformation. Their deformation field is non-affine and has long range correlations within a certain range of scales of observation. Due to the increasing interest in understanding the mechanical and rheological properties of complex systems such as the cell cytoskeleton and connective tissue, a growing interest was manifested in characterizing the mechanics of the semiflexible networks in the recent years. This chapter discusses recent advances in the field of semiflexible random fiber networks, including the quantification of their non-affine deformation and methods for solving boundary value problems on fibrous domains with intrinsic long range correlations.
An Inexpensive and Convenient Method to Culture Facultative Anaerobic Microorganisms from Yogurt

It is often difficult for students grasp the concept that some organisms can grow in the absence of oxygen and that oxygen can be toxic to organisms. However, as educators usually describe in the classroom, the importance of the anaerobic growth of microorganisms can be seen in many areas of industry, health, and the creation of several categories of food ranging from fermented alcohols to breads and cheeses. To demonstrate that microorganisms can grow and thrive in the absence of oxygen, we have developed an inexpensive and easy technique to culture facultative anaerobic bacteria from yogurt in high school or undergraduate biology laboratories. Using the method discussed, which uses readily available and low-cost equipment, students can culture and visually identify facultative anaerobic bacteria that they may consume on a regular basis, demonstrating the utility of organisms that thrive in an anaerobic environment.
The Influence of Misarticulations on Children's Word Identification and Processing.

Purpose The purpose of the present studies was to determine how children's identification and processing of misarticulated words was influenced by substitution commonness. Method Sixty-one typicall...
The central multiplicative interaction of PO2 and PCO2 on ventilation.

The concept of a multiplicative interaction of P0 2 on ventilation was revived from the observations made by Nielsen and Smith who published a “fan”-shaped family of lines relating ventilation as a function of PCO 2 with varied P0 2 1. These diverging lines of \(\dot{V} \) - PC0 2 with changing P0 2were interpreted as an indication of a multiplicative interaction of P0 2 and PCO 2 on ventilation. This was in contrast to Gray's theory, who wit9 the d to available at that time, formulated his multiple factor theory of respiratory chemical regulation and assigned additive effects to PC0 2, P0 2 and pH on ventilation. Grodins3 further analyzed these multiple factors mathematically and plotted the effects of PC0 2 on ventilation. These lines can be modified by a third factor to become non-parallel lines. This was interpreted as a multiplicative interaction. If the modification of the \(\dot{V} \) - PC0 2 lines by the third factor became parallel, then this variable was interpreted to cause an additive interaction. Later, it was found experimentally that pH and PC0 2 acted as additive factors on ventilation, but P0 2and PC0 2 interact in a multiplicative fashion on ventilation4.
Summary and Extensions

This chapter summarizes the research presented in the preceding chapters and suggests some possible ways in which it might be extended further for new applications, such as the analysis of process variations in logic circuits, and the analysis of biological networks.
Phase II trial of uracil/tegafur (UFT) plus leucovorin in patients with advanced biliary carcinoma

Precis: UFT 300 mg/m2/day and leucovorin 90 mg/day could be administered safely to patients with advanced biliary cancer with good performance status; however, this combination and schedule of 28-day administration has no activity in this disease.
Diseases in an Amphibian Colony

Although amphibia have long been the objects of detailed study in the field, and of experimental manipulation in the laboratory, relatively little attention has been devoted to the spontaneous diseases of these animals. In addition to the fact that the etiology and pathogenesis of most “naturally” occurring amphibian diseases are still poorly understood, the study of amphibian pathology has been further complicated by the recent introduction of methods of laboratory culture of a number of species; these methods, per se, creating new combinations of circumstances threatening the health of the animals.