cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marihuana Use and Social Control

society--behavior which flouts its basic values and norms--one element in its coming into being is a breakdown in social controls, those mechanisms which ordinarily operate to maintain valued forms of behavior. In complex societies, the process is somewhat more complicated since breakdowns in social control are often the consequences of the person becoming a participant in a subculture whose controls operate at cross-purposes to those of the larger society. Important factors in the genesis of deviant behavior, then, may be sought in those processes by which people are emancipated from the larger set of controls and become responsive to those of the subculture. Social controls affect individual behavior, in the first instance, through the use of power, the application of sanctions. Valued behavior is rewarded and negatively valued behavior is punished. Control would be difficult to maintain if such enforcement were always needed, so that more subtle mechanisms performing the same function arise. Among these is the control of behavior achieved by affecting the conceptions persons have of the to-becontrolled activity, and of the possibility or feasibility of engaging in it. These conceptions arise in social situations in which they are communicated by persons regarded as reputable and validated in experience. Such situations may be so ordered that individuals come to conceive of the activity as distasteful, inexpedient, or immoral, and therefore do not engage in it. Such a perspective invites us to analyze the genesis of deviant behavior in terms of events which render sanc-
Computational simulation of flows about hypersonic geometries with sharp leading edges

Hypersonic waverider design has become an important concern in the aerospace industry. As one part of an inverse design effort for waveriders, work has been done to apply existing Euler and Navier-Stokies flow solvers to hypersonic geometries with sharp leading edges. Previously, calculations were done on bodies with rounded leading edges or with conical solutions for the nose initial conditions. In this paper, solutions are computed about waveriders and conical shapes with sharp leading edges without resorting to either shortrcut. All solutions show attached shocks with fully supersonic flows at the nose and along the leading edges. Flows about several waverider shapes are shown, as well as a preliminary cone with inlet calculation to study the shock/inlet interaction.
Sexually transmitted infection is associated with increased risk of preterm birth in South Carolina women insured by Medicaid

Objective. We investigated the association between diagnosed maternal sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and very preterm or late preterm birth in 108,346 South Carolina women receiving medical...
The effect of pressure on the spectra of the T1+ ion in alkali halide lattices☆

Abstract The effect of pressure on the spectra of the Tl + ion in several alkali halide lattices has been measured to 130,000 atm (in some cases to 50,000 atm). The results can be summarized as follows; (1) In the face-centered cubic lattice, the ‘A’ peak shows a red shift with increasing pressure. The magnitude of the shift is independent of the alkali halide involved. (2) In the simple cubic lattice, the ‘A’ peak shifts blue at low pressures (up to 15,000 atm) and red at high pressures (above about 25,000 atm). (3) At the phase transition in the potassium halides, KC1 : Tl and KBr : Tl show a discontinuous blue shift; KI : T1 shows a red shift. (4) The ‘B’ peak appears in Csl : Tl and also appears discontinuously at the transition to the simple cubic lattice in KI : T1. It shifts blue with pressure. The results are, in most ways, consistent with available theory.
Role of rotational-energy defect in collisional transfer between the 5 2 P 1/2,3/2 levels in rubidium

Steady-state laser-induced fluorescence techniques have been used to study the rates for energy transfer between the $5{}^{2}{P}_{1/2,3/2}$ levels in rubidium. The cross sections for collisions with the molecular species ${\mathrm{H}}_{2},$ ${\mathrm{D}}_{2},$ ${\mathrm{N}}_{2},$ ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4},$ and ${\mathrm{CF}}_{4}$ have been measured as ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{2}{(}^{2}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{{P}_{1/2}}}^{2}{P}_{3/2})=10.0,$ 21.4, 13.2, 29.5, and $9.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{1}{(}^{2}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{{P}_{3/2}}}^{2}{P}_{1/2})=13.9,$ 29.8, 18.4, 41.0, and $13.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2},$ respectively. Correlation of these spin-orbit transfer probabilities with rotational-energy defect is demonstrated.
The effect of system parameters on the quality of polarized and depolarized bistatic radar cross section measurements

Abstract This paper presents the results of an analysis of the effects of system parameters on the quality of the measured polarized cross section from distributed targets when bistatic transmit/receive configurations are considered. This work is an extension of previous work which was applied only to the monostatic configuration. The new results include the effects due to antenna isolation as well as mismatch between target and antenna polarization states for the full bistatic transmit receive configurations. The results are illustrated using an incoherent surface scatter model where there is no phase coherence between the linear polarization scattering cross sections.
A difference equation for transient signal propagation in cold homogeneous lossy isotropic plasmas

An extremely simple difference equation for the solution of transient signal propagation in a cold homogeneous lossy isotropic plasma has been found. This difference equation is derived from an integro-differential equation for the electric field by a finite difference method. The solution is generated in a recursive manner in time.
Unfractionated human marrow cell cryopreservation using dimethylsulfoxide and hydroxyethyl starch.

Unfractionated bone marrow (BM) cells were cryopreserved in 1- to 2-ml aliquots using a mixture containing both 5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) in an attempt to increase the viable cell yield and reduce the clumping after thawing, observed when 10% DMSO is used alone. Samples thawed after storage for 6 months in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen, were assayed. Compared to prefreeze values, there was both a greater number of cells that excluded Trypan Blue (50 +/- 12 vs 28 +/- 12%, P less than .01) and a greater CFU-C Recovery (110 +/- 20 vs 89 +/- 35%, P less than .02) for cells in the DMSO/HES mixture, compared to those in 10% DMSO alone. No macroscopic clumping of the thawed cells was observed for those cryopreserved in the mixture in contrast to those in DMSO alone. Freezing was done without a rate-controlled freezing apparatus by simply placing the samples initially into a -80 degrees C freezer, and then later into a liquid nitrogen freezer. Additional samples stored in the DMSO/HES mixture were kept at only -80 degrees C, and when thawed 12 to 16 months later also gave an excellent CFU-C recovery (105 +/- 39% of prefreeze). The DMSO/HES mixture allows for a simplified BM cryopreservation technique that not only assures excellent recovery of CFU-Cs and eliminates clumping upon thawing, but also does not require either the use of a rate-controlled freezer or liquid nitrogen temperatures for storage up to a year.
Autoreactive T and B Cells Induce the Development of Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in the Lung

Rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Studies in humans have found that the incidence of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) correlates with the severity of lung injury. However, the mechanisms underlying the development of BALT during systemic autoimmunity remain unknown. We have determined whether systemic autoimmunity in a murine model of autoimmune arthritis can promote the development of BALT by generating a novel murine model derived from K/BxN mice. Transgenic mice with the KRN T-cell receptor specific for the autoantigen, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), were crossed with GPI-specific immunoglobulin heavy and light chain knock-in mice, producing mice with a majority of T and B cells specific for the same autoantigen. We found that 67% of these mice demonstrated lymphocytic infiltration in the lungs, localized to either the perivascular or peribronchial regions. Fifty percent of the mice with lymphocytic infiltration manifested lymphoid-like lesions resembling BALT, with distinct T and B cell follicles. The lungs from mice with lymphoid infiltrates had increased numbers of cytokine-producing T cells, including IL-17A(+) T cells and increased major histocompatibility complex Class II expression on B cells. Interestingly, challenge with bleomycin failed to elicit a significant fibrotic response, compared with wild-type control mice. Our data suggest that systemic autoreactivity promotes ectopic lymphoid tissue development in the lung through the cooperation of autoreactive T and B cells. However, these BALT-like lesions may not be sufficient to promote fibrotic lung disease at steady state or after inflammatory challenge.
An efficient algorithm to cluster order picking items in a wide aisle

Abstract In many warehousing systems cases of items have to be retrieved manually from both sides of a wide aisle and deposited on a vehicle which travels on the center line of the aisle. The picker will stop the vehicle, pick and load cases of items onto the vehicle and then drive to the next stop. There is a tradeoff between the time to stop and start the vehicle and the increased walking distance if fewer vehicle stops are made. An algorithm is presented to determine the o optimal number and location of stops and to specify the items to be picked at each stop. Comparison with heuristic clustering methods indicates savings of 10% to 90%. The algorithm can be implemented in real time on a microcomputer.
Liam o'flaherty's short stories‐visual and aural effects

(1974). Liam o'flaherty's short stories‐visual and aural effects. English Studies: Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 440-447.
Linking sportfishing trip attributes, participation decisions, and regional economic impacts in Lower and Central Cook Inlet, Alaska

Forecasts of the regional economic impacts of changes in the demand for recreation occasioned by regulatory changes, changes in the quality of the recreation experience, or changes in average trip costs require a model that links changes in these trip attributes to individual participation decisions and population participation rates. The probability that an individual will take a particular recreational trip is described using a nonlinear random effects probit model based on variable trip attributes and individual economic and demographic characteristics. These conditional individual probabilities are transformed into predictions of changes in total recreation demand using a simulation-based sample enumeration method. The regional impacts associated with ensuing changes in primary and secondary expenditure patterns are elucidated with a stand-alone recreation-sector module linked to a regionally adjusted zip code-level input-output model. Because the participation model allows for non-constant marginal utility, primary and secondary impacts exhibit nonlinear responses to variations in trip attributes. The modeling approach is demonstrated in an application to the saltwater sport fisheries for Pacific halibut and salmon in Lower and Central Cook Inlet, Alaska.
Quantum Cryptography Using Polarization Feedback

Abstract A system for quantum cryptography using polarization-preserving optical fibre and a feedback loop to compensate for time-dependent changes in the state of polarization has been implemented. Error rates of less than 0·5% have been demonstrated and much lower error rates can be expected in the future. An improved system that does not require the use of polarization-preserving fibre, and with expected data transmission rates of 100 kHz, is under construction.
Island-arc and underthrust-plate geometry

Abstract Geophysical data describing the geometry of underthrust crustal plates at the island arcs are fitted to the relation for strain-free buckling of a thin spherical shell as given by Frank (1968). Agreement of this relation with the data is notable for extensive arcs of large radius. The geometry associated with arcs of smaller radius is less strongly constrained and the dip of descending plates at arcs of small radius is greater than that predicted by the buckling relation. The data have implications concerning the growth of island arcs and the direction in which they may develop.
Effects of smoking context on habituation to a repeated cognitive task.

This study assessed the role of smoking-related cues on habituation of electrodermal responding and facial neuromuscular responses in male smokers. In three of the four groups, subjects smoked for the first five trials followed by the laboratory arithmetic task. On the sixth trial one group of subjects continued to smoke nicotine cigarettes, while the context was changed for subjects in the other groups by 1) omitting the pharmacological cues (smoking a non-nicotine cigarette) or 2) omitting both the pharmacological and behavioral cues (not smoking). Subjects in a non-smoking control group did not smoke before any of the six trials. During trials 1–5, smoking significantly increased the rate of habituation of electrodermal activity. On trial 6, electrodermal activity significantly increased for subjects who had a change in smoking context, whether it involved removal of pharmacological or smoking plus pharmacological cues. No differences in electrodermal activity were observed between subjects in these groups compared to non-smoking control subjects. Smoking increased zygomatic activity (predominant during smiling) during trials 1–5, consistent with an interpretation of the positively reinforcing nature of smoking. Corrugator activity (predominant during frowning or concentration) increased for subjects who had both the pharmacological and behavioral smoking cues omitted on trial 6.
The Career Pathway Model: Small Steps to Big Leaps.

Palm Beach Community College realigned its curriculum to allow student to seamlessly process through career pathways. Students can start in clock-hour-based instruction and transfer that learning into credit-based associate in science degrees. Along this pathway, students can use exit points to employment with recognized certificates.
Abnormal fractional anisotropy in hydrocephalic children: a DTI study

Address: 1Paediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Dept. of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA, 2Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA and 3Dept. of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA * Corresponding author
Destruction of components of the neural induction system of the amphibian egg with ultraviolet irradiation.

Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation of the vegetal hemisphere of the fertilized amphibian (Xenopus laevis) egg prior to first cleavage results in the embryo developing an incomplete set of neural structures. The effects of irradiation on various morphogenetic processes, including cell division, formation of the dorsal lip, invagination at gastrulation, and neural induction by the primary organizer, were examined. A decrease in the capacity for invagination during gastrulation and a diminution in the neural inducing capacity of the primary organizer were found to account for defective neurulation in irradiated embryos. Consequently, irradiation of the uncleaved egg leads to interference with the events of both gastrulation and neurulation.
The first Suzuki cross-couplings of aryltrimethylammonium salts

The first Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of aryltrimethylammonium triflates based on the use of an IMes·Ni(0) catalyst system is described. A wide range of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents are tolerated on both the aryltrimethylammonium triflate and the boronic acid components of this reaction. In addition to arylboronic acids, the scope of the reaction is extended to encompass both boronate esters and alkenylboranes. This methodology constitutes a novel, mild method to activate anilines for metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.
Assessment and behavioral treatment of selective mutism

Children with selective mutism present with a complicated set of symptoms, as they not only refuse to speak in particular social situations but are often shy, socially isolative, anxious, and may present as oppositional and negativistic in their behavior. Limited research on treatments for selective mutism suggests a need for additional research examining intervention possibilities. The following case description presents a 10-year-old male with selective mutism and concurrent anxiety symptoms. Treatment included the use of a significantly modified version of Social Effectiveness Therapy for Children (SET-C), a manualized behavioral treatment for social anxiety. In addition to SET-C, treatment also included concurrent parent training in the management of child anxiety. The rationale for the treatment selection and a description of treatment course are provided. Further, a discussion is presented concerning challenges to treatment progress, including cultural differences between the primary clinician and t...
Training technology through interaction management

A discussion of specialized computer training to enable employees achieve a higher degree of learner proficiency that will lead to the absence of process errors.
A quantum mechanical study of the LiH molecule in the ground state

Abstract The lithium atom and the lithium hydride molecule are studied by a method in which a product of one electron functions, each of which is a highly variable molecular orbital, is chosen to represent a configuration. All parameters in the wave function are varied in an unrestricted manner so as to minimize the energy. Open shell techniques and configuration interaction are employed. In four configurations 89% of the dissociation energy of LiH is calculated. The energy and the electron distribution are discussed as a function of internuclear distance.
Apoptosis parallels lymphopoiesis in bone marrow transplantation and HIV disease

Summary Apoptosis has been implicated in a variety of physiological processes ranging from tissue modeling to deletion of autoreactive T lymphocytes during thymic development. The recent finding that a large proportion of peripheral T cells from HIV-infected subjets apoptose in culture raises an important issue: does this represent a pathologic mechanism by which the virus disrupts the immune system, or a normal physiologic response to virus-mediated T-cell loss? To study the potential relationship between apoptosis and lymphopoiesis, we compared apoptosis rates in unstimulated lymphocyte cultures from healthy subjets, HIV+ gay men, and bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients undergoing immune reconstitution. BMT recipients were chosen because they undergo massive regeneration of lymphocytes following marrow ablation and graft infusion. The data obtained in BMT recipients suggests that elevated apoptosis accompanies, and is the consequence of, elevated lymphopoiesis. We also found a strong inverse relationship between in vitro T-cell apoptosis rates and peripheral T-cell counts. These results provide a new interpretation for elevated apoptosis observed in HIV-infected individuals — that it reflects increased T-cell turnover consequent to virus-mediated destruction of CD4+ T cells.
Nonlinear excitations in DNA: polarons and bubbles

Abstract We discuss temperature effects in a model of charge transport in DNA. The charge is coupled to the lattice distortions and therefore temperature induced fluctuations and coherent base-pair openings (“bubbles”) directly affect the charge’s motion. The influence of the charge–lattice coupling constant on polaronic behavior, as well as the effect of different initial charge configuration are described. We also briefly present preliminary results from numerical simulations suggesting the existence of a temperature window with long time coherent polaronic transport. This transport mechanism may be either polaronic hopping or polaron drifting depending on the value of the coupling constant.
A re-examination of sex differences in axon density and number in the splenium of the rat corpus callosum.

Abstract Previous work from our laboratory reported a sex difference in axon number in the splenium of the adult rat corpus callosum [13]. However, the cortical origin of the axons that were sampled is unknown and sex differences may exist in the topography of axons in this area. The present study revisits the issue of sex differences in axon number in the splenium. First, the topographical organization of axons in the splenium was investigated. Rats each received single intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The location of HRP labelled fibers in the corpus callosum was compared across the various injection sites. There is a rostrocaudal organization of axons in the splenium based on rostral to caudal cortical location that does not vary by sex. Second, visual axons, which comprise the posterior fifth (relative to overall length) of the corpus callosum in both sexes, were thoroughly sampled with electron microscopy. Significant dorsoventral and rostrocaudal variation in myelinated and unmyelinated axon density was found. While axon density varied to some extent depending on the sex of the animal, axon number calculations revealed no sex differences in total axon number. Males, however, had significantly more myelinated axons than females. Thus, sex differences in axon density in the adult rat splenium were regional and did not result in overall sex differences in axon number.
Theoretical Study of Mechanisms, Thermodynamics, and Kinetics of the Decomposition of Gas-Phase α-HMX (Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine)

We present a theoretical study of the decomposition mechanism of gas-phase α-HMX. Four distinct channels were studied using the B3LYP/cc-pVDZ level of theory. These are as follows: (i) HMX first loses an NO2 to form HMR which further breaks a C−N bond to form a chain structure and then later loses three methylenenitramines (MN, H2CNNO2) successively; (ii) the chain structure forms a 10-member ring via a rung closure step before undergoing further decomposition; (iii) HMX first eliminates an HONO, then loses two MN, and eliminates an HONO successively; (iv) HMX eliminates two HONO successively, then loses an MN, and finally eliminates an HONO. The rate constants of each elementary reaction have been calculated using the transition-state theory. The thermodynamics properties were also calculated for the stable species by employing a standard statistical thermodynamics method. Channel i was found to be the preferred decomposition pathway on the basis of the analysis of rate constants of the elementary react...
Elastic Properties of Glasses

It is shown that the elastic properties of covalent networks are very sensitive to coordination. High coordination networks are relatively hard and the elastic constants are determined by the covalent forces. Low coordination networks are relatively soft and the elastic constants are determined by longer range forces.
Dynamic Competition in Pharmaceuticals: Cross-National Evidence from New Drug Diffusion

We report on an exploratory examination of the extent of differences across fifteen countries and three therapeutic classes (antihypertensives, antidepressants and antiepileptics) in the rate at which medicines in general and new medicines in particular are promoted and then diffuse, as well as relative new/old drug prices. We find substantial heterogeneity across classes and countries in promotion and diffusion. In terms of diffusion, relative prices of old vs. new drugs, and intensity of detailing physicians, we find that somewhat surprisingly, the US is often ‘‘in the middle’’ relative to other countries, and is not an outlier. However, differences across classes are striking. Overall, new drug quantity elasticities with respect to own price are negative, ranging from about � 0.75 to � 1.1, while cross-price (new drug quantity with respect to old drug price) are positive but small. Total promotion effects on total utilization are generally positive, particularly antidepressants. Promotion of new drugs positively affects the new drug share, while promotion of old drugs negatively affects the new drug share. Promotion of old drugs is surprisingly substantial in some classes and countries. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grain boundary contributions to transport

Abstract Several important features of grain boundaries, as related to thin metallic film properties, will be discussed. Boundaries are particularly important in films where diffusional processes occur mainly at low temperatures and grain sizes are of the order of 1μm or less. One phenomenon of interest is electromigration where a high dc current density causes a net atom drift in the direction of electron flow, mainly along boundaries. Non-uniformities in the boundary network lead to a divergence in the diffusion flux, with resultant mass depletion and void formation. A related discussion will be presented on radioactive tracer self-diffusion in gold films at temperatures below 200°C where dislocations and grain boundaries are controlling. Relationships to electromigration will be illustrated. Also to be discussed will be measurements of grain boundary contributions to electrical resistivity in terms of specific grain boundary models. Analytical expressions will be presented to allow extraction of the boundary contributions.
Rat anterior pituitary dopaminergic receptors are regulated by estradiol and during lactation.

We investigated whether dopamine (DA) receptors in rat anterior pituitary change under conditions known to alter PRL secretion. Pituitary donors were males, ovariectomized females, ovariectomized females treated with either 5 μg/kg or 25μg/kg 17β-estradiol benzoate (EB) for 5 days, and lactating rats. Lactating rats either remained with their pups until decapitation or were separated from pups 18 h previously. PRL was analyzed in trunk blood by RIA, and DA receptors were quantitated in partially purified pituitary membranes by equilibrium binding using [3H]spiperone. The number of binding sites (Bmax) and binding affinity (K)d were calculated by Scatchard analyses. Estradiol significantly decreased the Bmax from 359.7 ± 23.0 fmol/mg protein (mean ± SE) in ovariectomized rats to 246.2 ± 19.0 fmol/mg protein with the 5 μg/kg dose and to 179.3 ±10.1 fmol/mg protein with the 25 μg/kg dose. Plasma PRL levels were significantly increased from 16.3 ± 2.0 ng/ml in the ovariectomized rats to 95.8 ± 15.8 ng/ml and ...
Advances and Applications for Geodesy: 2010 UNAVCO Science Workshop; Boulder, Colorado, 8–11 March 2010

Geodesy's reach has expanded rapidly in recent years as EarthScope and international data sets have grown and new disciplinary applications have emerged. To explore advances in geodesy and its applications in geoscience research and education, approximately 170 scientists (representing 11 countries: Colombia, Denmark, Ecuador, France, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, New Zealand, Russia, Spain, and the United States), including 15 students, gathered at the 2010 UNAVCO Science Workshop in Colorado. UNAVCO is a nonprofit membership-governed consortium that facilitates geoscience research and education using geodesy. Plenary sessions integrated discovery with broad impact and viewed geodesy through three lenses: (1) pixel-by-pixel geodetic imaging where various remote sensing methodologies are revealing fine-scale changes in the near-surface environment and the geologic processes responsible for them; (2) epoch-by-epoch deformation time series measured in seconds to millennia, which are uncovering ephemeral processes associated with the earthquake cycle and glacial and groundwater flow; and (3) emerging observational powers from advancing geodetic technologies. A fourth plenary session dealt with geodesy and water, a new strategic focus on the hydrosphere, cryosphere, and changing climate. Keynotes included a historical perspective by Bernard Minster (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) on space geodesy and its applications to geophysics, and a summary talk by Susan Eriksson (UNAVCO) on the successes of Research Experience in Solid Earth Science for Students (RESESS) and its 5-year follow-on with opportunities to mentor the next generation of geoscientists through cultivation of diversity.
Ambivalence and attitudes in consumer replacement decisions

Abstract This research examines consumer replacement decisions and the ambivalence that may accompany such decisions. Durable goods replacement decisions are complex in that they involve two interconnected but distinct subdecisions: whether to replace the good, and what to do with the incumbent possession. This research proposes and tests a decision model that incorporates both of these subdecisions. It also examines sources of conflict associated with the ambivalence that may accompany replacement decisions. In so doing, it describes some potential problems associated with conflict measures that have been previously used in the ambivalence literature and describes methods to avoid these problems. Findings from a longitudinal study demonstrate that a model incorporating elements of both replacement subdecisions offers superior prediction of intentions over a traditional decision model. Findings also reveal that ambivalence may have effects at both the pre- and post-purchase stages of the decision process, and that the relationship between conflict and ambivalence may be more complex than previously recognized.
The Prince William Sound Risk Assessment

After the grounding of the Exxon Valdez and its subsequent oil spill, all parties with interests in Prince William Sound (PWS) were eager to prevent another major pollution event. While they implemented several measures to reduce the risk of an oil spill, the stakeholders disagreed about the effectiveness of these measures and the potential effectiveness of further proposed measures. They formed a steering committee to represent all the major stakeholders in the oil industry, in the government, in local industry, and among the local citizens. The steering committee hired a consultant team, which created a detailed model of the PWS system, integrating system simulation, data analysis, and expert judgment. The model was capable of assessing the current risk of accidents involving oil tankers operating in the PWS and of evaluating measures aimed at reducing this risk. The risk model showed that actions taken prior to the study had reduced the risk of oil spill by 75 percent, and it identified measures estimated to reduce the accident frequency by an additional 68 percent, including improving the safety-management systems of the oil companies and stationing an enhanced-capability tug, called the Gulf Service, at Hinchinbrook Entrance. In all, various stakeholders made multimillion dollar investments to reduce the risk of further oil spills based on the results of the risk assessment.
Ramsey fringes in a Bose-Einstein condensate between atoms and molecules.

In a recent experiment, a Feshbach scattering resonance was exploited to observe Ramsey fringes in a $^{\mathrm{85}}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{b}$ Bose-Einstein condensate. The oscillation frequency corresponded to the binding energy of the molecular state. We show that the observations are remarkably consistent with predictions of a resonance field theory in which the fringes arise from oscillations between atoms and molecules.
Incorporating the effects of time estimation into human-reliability analysis for high-risk situations

A modeling framework for predicting the effects of discrepancies between subjective and objective measures of elapsed time on performance of human-machine interaction tasks in high-risk situations is presented. Following a review of the major theories and experimental research findings in time estimation, the importance of time estimation in terms of its potential for affecting human performance in critical human-machine system operations is discussed. The authors' approach for dealing with time-related task demands is to describe the ongoing dynamic processes during task performance that are associated with temporal estimation, and to assess their effects on human reliability. This is accomplished through a conceptual framework that is depicted and discussed in terms of several task features and information-processing mechanisms, and that implicitly recognizes the experimental evidence concerning human time-estimation performance. This concept is illustrated through special cases that are formulated and analyzed in terms of their potential for contributing to human error as a function of time-estimation considerations. >
Parental eligibility for public health insurance: a study of the State Children's Health Insurance Program and child coverage rates

This article investigates whether offering parental coverage for public health insurance increases coverage rates among children. Using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), we examine the effect of parental benefits on participation rates of children in the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Our findings indicate a significant difference in take-up rates for children in states offering parental coverage compared to neighbouring states that did not in the period surrounding the introduction of the SCHIP program (1997–2002). Specifically, states offering parental coverage have greater program participation (on the order of 10% points) among children even after controlling for observable demographic characteristics and the household's position in the income distribution. Thus, extending coverage to the parents of SCHIP-eligible children appears to be an effective strategy to reduce uninsurance rates among children.
Syncopal attacks arising from erratic demand pacemaker function in the vicinity of a television transmitter.

A patient with an implanted permanent Medtronic 5842 pacemaker had repeated syncopal episodes. These attacks were related to pacemaker inhibition because of a changing radio-frequency field in the vicinity of a television transmitter. A titanium-shielded Medtronic 5942 pacemaker corrected the sensing problem. Patients with 5842 Medtronic pacemakers should be warned of the possible hazards of erratic pacemaker function when they are near television transmitters.
The effectiveness of global positioning system electronic navigation

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a worldwide radio-navigation system that consists of a constellation of twenty-four satellites located in six orbits, and their ground control stations. A unique device called the GPS receiver is responsible for the actual interface between the civil user and the global positioning system network. Global position system provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed using a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time. Four GPS satellite signals are used to compute position in three dimensions (X, Y, and Z) and the time offset in the receiver clock. The position in the X, Y, and Z dimensions along with time are converted in the receiver to calculate geodetic latitude, longitude and height above the ellipsoid. Our research utilizes the earthmate high-performance GPS receiver, Ashtech G8 GPS receiver and a Sigtech Subaltto MC 500 GPS receiver. Our purpose is to test and evaluate the performance of the receivers to determine which gives more accurate position. In addition to position, we will determine the accuracy of the measurements computed by the receiver in comparison to those of a local area road map. This research focus towards implementing GPS into an indoor environment. With this research, we can determine which receiver(s) would be more effective for positioning, tracking, and navigation in a closed structure.
Acting for the Greater Good: Identification with Group Determines Choices in Sequential Contribution Dilemmas

In mixed-motive interactions, defection is the rational and common response to the defection of others. In some cases, however, group members not only cooperate in the face of defection but also compensate for the shortfalls caused by others' defection. In one field and two lab studies, we examined when group members were willing to compensate for versus match defection using sequential dilemmas. We found that the level of identification with the broader group increased willingness to compensate for intragroup defection, even when it was personally costly. Compensating for a defecting partner's actions, however, is not an act of unconditional cooperation: It is accompanied by a lack of trust in the errant group member and a desire to be perceived as more ethical. Cooperation by others, on the other hand, is matched independent of whether the cooperator was an in-group or out-group member. We find similar patterns of compensation and matching when the personal cost involved contributing money or effort. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Caenorhabditis elegans lin-13, a Member of the LIN-35 Rb Class of Genes Involved in Vulval Development, Encodes a Protein With Zinc Fingers and an LXCXE Motif

The SynMuv genes appear to be involved in providing a signal that inhibits vulval precursor cells from adopting vulval fates in Caenorhabditis elegans. One group of SynMuv genes, termed class B, includes genes encoding proteins related to the tumor suppressor Rb and RbAp48, a protein that binds Rb. Here, we provide genetic evidence that lin-13 behaves as a class B SynMuv gene. We show that null alleles of lin-13 are temperature sensitive and maternally rescued, resulting in phenotypes ranging in severity from L2 arrest (when both maternal and zygotic activities are removed at 25°), to sterile Multivulva (when only zygotic activity is removed at 25°), to sterile non-Multivulva (when both maternal and zygotic activities are removed at 15°), to wild-type/class B SynMuv (when only zygotic activity is removed at 15°). We also show that LIN-13 is a nuclear protein that contains multiple zinc fingers and a motif, LXCXE, that has been implicated in Rb binding. These results together suggest a role for LIN-13 in Rb-mediated repression of vulval fates.
Design and implementation of an integrated beamformer and uplink scheduler for OFDMA femtocells

Beamforming is a signal processing technique with numerous benefits. Unlike with omni-directional communications, it focuses the energy of the transmitted and/or the received signal in a particular direction. Although beamforming has been extensively studied on conventional systems such as WiFi, little is known about its practical impact on OFDMA femtocell deployments. Since OFDMA schedules multiple clients (users) in the same frame (in contrast to WiFi), designing intelligent scheduling mechanisms and at the same time leveraging beamforming, is a challenging task.Unlike downlink, we show that the integration of beamforming with uplink scheduling projects an interesting trade-off between beamforming gain on the one hand, and the power pooling gain resulting from joint multi-user scheduling on the other hand. This, in turn, makes the uplink scheduling problem even hard to approximate. To address this, we propose algorithms that are simple to implement, yet provably efficient with a worst case guarantee of half. We implement our solutions on a real WiMAX femtocell platform integrated with an eight-element phased array beamforming antenna. Evaluations from both prototype implementation and trace-driven simulations show that our solution delivers throughput gains of over 40% compared to an omni-directional scheme.
Estimation of Creatinine Clearance in End-Stage Liver Disease

Background:Estimation of renal function in patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) is complicated by several factors.Objective:To develop a practical and relatively inexpensive method for estimating creatinine production and clearance in patients with ESLD.Methods:Serum creatinine concentrations and urinary excretion of creatinine were measured in 27 patients with moderate-to-severe liver disease with the goal of developing equations to predict creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Subjects were studied during an initial evaluation for a liver transplant program. Two 24 hour urine specimens were collected along with 3 serum samples over a 2 day evaluation period. Serum and urine creatinine concentrations were determined using both a modified Jaffe (autoanalyzer) method and an HPLC method. The data were analyzed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling.Results:Considering both statistical criteria and physiological conventions through allometric scaling theory, creatinine clearance (mL/min) in mal...
Geometric and algebraic errors in calculating a transducer's spatial impulse response

Two types of errors resulting from the numerical evaluation of a transducer's spatial impulse response function have been identified, One is geometric and is due to the mismatch between the emulated piston surface (approximated using many small planar elements) and the true surface. The other error is algebraic and is due to the inexact formulation of the response of the emulated surface. The deviations from the true response were calculated for three different pistons. The results indicate that the shape and placement of the elements are important for the computational accuracy.
Expression of the zic1, zic2, zic3, and zic4 genes in early chick embryos

The zic genes encode a family of transcription factors with important roles during early development. Since little is known about zic gene expression in chick embryos, we have characterized the expression patterns of the zic1, zic2, zic3, and zic4 (zic1-4) genes during neurulation and somitogenesis. We used in situ hybridization to analyze the expression patterns of the zic1-4 genes during early chick development (HH stages 7-19). The zic1-3 genes showed both overlapping and gene-specific expression patterns along the length of the dorsal neural tube and in the dorsal parts of the somites. In addition, unique expression domains of zic genes included: zic2 in the neural plate, periotic mesoderm and limb buds; zic3 in the paraxial mesoderm surrounding the neural plate, in presomitic mesoderm and in the most recently formed epithelial somites; zic2 and zic3 in developing eyes. zic4 expression was limited to dorsal fore- and midbrain regions and, unlike the expression of the zic1-3 genes, zic4 expression was not detected in the hindbrain and trunk. This was in contrast to more extensive zic4 expression in other vertebrates. The zic1-3 genes were expressed in both overlapping and unique domains within the neural tube, somites and other ectoderm and mesoderm-derived structures in the future head and trunk. zic4 expression, however, was limited to dorso-anterior regions of the future brain. This is the first comprehensive study of zic1-4 gene expression in chick embryos during neurulation and somitogenesis.
Effect of a short-duration, culturally tailored, community-based diabetes self-management intervention for Korean immigrants: a pilot study.

PurposeThe purpose of this pilot study was to assess the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of a short-duration, culturally tailored, community-based diabetes self- management program (C...
Prostate Cancer in the United States and Japan

The highest incidence of cancer in American men, next to cancers of the skin and lung, is prostate cancer. Present estimates indicate that about one out of 11 American men will develop prostate cancer. In 1990 there were an estimated 106,000 new cases annually in the United States, and nearly one-third (30,000) of these patients died of the disease. In Japan, the age adjusted prostate cancer mortality rate is significantly lower (2 per 100,000) than in the U.S. (14 per 100,000). However, the incidence of occult or latent prostatic cancer is similar in both countries. In the following pages, data from both countries are reported which offer potential insight into the etiology and progression of prostate cancer in American and Japanese patients.
The Human Rights Injunction: Equitable Remedies Under the Alien Tort Claims Act

A properly structured human rights injunction may be used judiciously to promote human rights goals without sacrificing doctrinal legitimacy. In the 1960s era of civil rights litigation in the United States, the 'civil rights injunction' was a key vehicle of structural reform. A 'human rights injunction' under the Alien Tort Statute, with certain features to ensure comity and enforceability, can serve an analogous role in the context of transnational public law litigation.
Fault Tolerance through Direct Adaptive Control using Neural Networks

Many traditional fault tolerant flight control systems augment a baseline controller with an algorithm to detect and then isolate faults. Often, this entails estimating a new system dynamics model and automatic synthesis of new controller parameters. An alternate approach to fault tolerant control can be utilized if the basel ine controller is a direct adaptive control system. For failure modes that do not require control reconfiguration, this baseline adaptive controller demonstrates fault tolerance. This paper details the general formulation of a direct adaptive controller based on dynamic inversion with neural network adaptation. The implementation of this controller on several vehicles is also presented. In order to show the broad applicability of this approach, these vehicles are chosen from a wide range of categories, namely a tailless fighter, a reusable launch vehicle technology demonstrator, a helicopter, a ducted fan, and an acrobatic airplane. Results for nominal and fault cases for these vehicles are provided. Through this summary of fault tolerance results for each vehicle, direct adaptive control is shown to be well -suited to providing both nominal and fault tolerant control for vehicles from a wide range of categories.