cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional nonlinear vibrations of composite beams — I. Equations of motion

Newton's second law is used to develop the nonlinear equations describing the extensional-flexural-flexural-torsional vibrations of slewing or rotating metallic and composite beams. Three consecutive Euler angles are used to relate the deformed and undeformed states. Because the twisting-related Euler angle ϕ is not an independent Lagrangian coordinate, twisting curvature is used to define the twist angle, and the resulting equations of motion are symmetric and independent of the rotation sequence of the Euler angles. The equations of motion are valid for extensional, inextensional, uniform and nonuniform, metallic and composite beams. The equations contain structural coupling terms and quadratic and cubic nonlinearities due to curvature and inertia. Some comparisons with other derivations are made, and the characteristics of the modeling are addressed. The second part of the paper will present a nonlinear analysis of a symmetric angle-ply graphite-epoxy beam exhibiting bending-twisting coupling and a two-to-one internal resonance.
A mean field approximation to the worldsheet model of planar φ3 field theory

Abstract We develop an approximation scheme for our worldsheet model of the sum of planar diagrams based on mean field theory. At finite coupling the mean field equations show a weak coupling solution that resembles the perturbative diagrams and a strong coupling solution that seems to represent a tensionless soup of field quanta. With a certain amount of fine-tuning, we find a solution of the mean field equations that seems to support string formation.
The meaning of “the public interest” in communications policy—part II: Its implementation in early broadcast law and regulation

For more than a half‐century, as the cornerstone of federal broadcasting and telecommunications policy, the public interest standard has always been subject to some debate. Questions have regularly been raised about its meaning and the extent of the authority it implies for regulation, particularly in the deregulatory environment of the 1980s and 1990s. Part I of this study demonstrated how a deep reading of the pre‐broadcasting state and federal regulatory history reveals that interpretations of the public interest standard that have emphasized broad, diverse, public service programming have entailed a misunderstanding of its real, underlying meaning. This part of the study shows how another definition—i.e., that the public would be best served by protecting economic viability and technological advancement for private industry broadcasters—developed as the predominant doctrine before adoption of the Radio Act of 1927 and Communications Act of 1934, and how that theme came to be the applied interpretation...
Dimensions of Organizational Environments: An Exploratory Study of Their Impact on Organization Structure

This study sought to (1) develop a comprehensive typology for interpreting and analyzing organizational environments, (2) empirically test the validity of the typology, and (3) examine the relation...
A pyrex nanochannel device fabricated by AFM nanolithography

A Pyrex nanochannel device was fabricated using AFM nanolithography in conjunction with MEMS-based microfabrication. The fabrication process began with the patterning of microchannels on a Pyrex substrate using photolithography and wet etching. AFM nanolithography was then performed to realize a nanochannel between the micro reservoirs. A diamond-coated AFM probe with a relatively large force constant served as the cutting tool. A detailed study was conducted to determine the relationship between the AFM input parameters and the resultant nanochannel dimensions. A linear trend was obtained between the AFM scratch force and the nanochannel depth. A similar trend was also observed between the number of repeated scratches and the channel depth. Minimal material pileup on the nanochannel sidewall was observed during the scratch process. Flow patency in the capped-off nanochannel was demonstrated through fluorescence microscopy.
Effects of verapamil and diltiazem on hyperthermic cell death in CHO cells

Non-toxic concentrations of verapamil (0.05 and 0.075 mM) and diltiazem (0.10 and 0.25 mM) sensitize CHO cells to heat killing at 44 degrees C. These drugs sensitize by reducing both the shoulder and the slope of the exponential survival curve. Exposure to verapamil or diltiazem in conjunction with the heat sensitizer procaine HCl at 44 degrees C reduced cell survival below that observed for procaine plus heat. The mechanism by which verapamil and diltiazem sensitize CHO cells to heat killing is not understood.
Controlling Osteogenic Stem Cell Differentiation via Soft Bioinspired Hydrogels

Osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is guided by various physical and biochemical factors. Among these factors, modulus (i.e., rigidiy) of the ECM has gained significant attention as a physical osteoinductive signal that can contribute to endochondral ossification of a cartilaginous skeletal template. However, MSCs also participate in intramembranous bone formation, which occurs de novo from within or on a more compliant tissue environment. To further understand the role of the matrix interactions in this process, we evaluated osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs cultured on low moduli (102, 390 or 970 Pa) poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (p(NIPAAm)) based semi-interpenetrating networks (sIPN) modified with the integrin engaging peptide bsp-RGD(15) (0, 105 or 210 µM). Cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, as measured by alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone sialoprotein-2 (iBSP), and osteocalcien (OCN) protein expression, was highest on substrates with the highest modulus and peptide concentrations. However, within this range of substrate stiffness, many osteogenic cellular functions were enhanced by increasing either the modulus or the peptide density. These findings suggest that within a compliant and low modulus substrate, a high affinity adhesive ligand serves as a substitute for a rigid matrix to foster osteogenic differentiation.
Does Alcoholics Anonymous work differently for men and women? A moderated multiple-mediation analysis in a large clinical sample.

Background Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) began as a male organization, but about one third is now female. Studies have found that women participate at least as much as men and benefit equally from AA, but it is unclear whether women benefit from AA in the same or different ways as men. This study tested whether gender moderated the mechanisms through which AA aids recovery.
Recognition of template-primer and gapped DNA substrates by the human DNA polymerase β

Abstract Interactions between human DNA polymerase β and the template-primer, as well as gapped DNA substrates, have been studied using quantitative fluorescence titration and analytical ultracentrifugation techniques. In solution, human pol β binds template-primer DNA substrates with a stoichiometry much higher than predicted on the basis of the crystallographic structure of the polymerase-DNA complex. The obtained stoichiometries can be understood in the context of the polymerase affinity for the dsDNA and the two ssDNA binding modes, the (pol β)16 and (pol β)5 binding modes, which differ by the number of nucleotide residues occluded by the protein in the complex. The analysis of polymerase binding to different template-primer substrates has been performed using the statistical thermodynamic model which accounts for the existence of different ssDNA binding modes and has allowed us to extract intrinsic spectroscopic and binding parameters. The data reveal that the small 8 kDa domain of the enzyme can engage the dsDNA in interactions, downstream from the primer, in both (pol β)16 and (pol β)5 binding modes. The affinity, as well as the stoichiometry of human pol β binding to the gapped DNAs is not affected by the decreasing size of the ssDNA gap, indicating that the enzyme recognizes the ssDNA gaps of different sizes with very similar efficiency. On the basis of the obtained results we propose a plausible model for the gapped DNA recognition by human pol β. The enzyme binds the ss/dsDNA junction of the gap, using its 31 kDa domain, with slight preference over the dsDNA. Binding only to the junction, but not to the dsDNA, induces an allosteric conformational transition of the enzyme and the entire enzyme-DNA complex which results in binding of the 8 kDa domain with the dsDNA. This, in turn, leads to the significant amplification of the enzyme affinity for the gap over the surrounding dsDNA, independent of the gap size. The presence of the 5′-terminal phosphate, downstream from the primer, has little effect on the affinity, but profoundly affects the ssDNA conformation in the complex. The significance of these results for the mechanistic model of the functioning of human pol β is discussed.
Phase Transition in Solid Molecular Hydrogen at Ultrahigh Pressures

Solid normal hydrogen was compressed in a diamond-anvil cell to pressures above 200 GPa. Spontaneous Raman spectra demonstrate that the solid undergoes a structural phase transformation beginning at 145 GPa at 77 K, as evidenced by an abrupt discontinuity in the intramolecular vibron frequency as a function of pressure. The magnitude of the vibron-frequency shift and the pressure-temperature conditions of the phase transformation are consistent with its identification as the theoretically predicted pressure-induced orientational ordering of the molecular solid.
Ascorbic acid or l-arginine improves cutaneous microvascular function in chronic kidney disease

We sought to determine whether oxidative stress or a relative deficit of l-arginine plays a role in reducing cutaneous vasodilation in response to local heating in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Eig...
Estrogen-suppressed in vitro maturation: a novel approach to in vitro maturation.

Objective To evaluate the laboratory and clinical outcomes of estrogen-suppressed in vitro maturation (ES-IVM), a novel IVM protocol that eliminates the need for FSH stimulation and cycle monitoring. Design Case series. Setting Academic infertility center. Patient(s) Eighteen infertile couples undergoing ES-IVM (n = 20). Eligible candidates included women ≤38 years old with either polycystic ovarian syndrome, antral follicle count ≥15, and/or history of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Intervention(s) ES-IVM. Main Outcomes Measure(s) Oocyte yield, maturation, fertilization, embryo quality, implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live-birth rate were analyzed. Result(s) The average number of oocytes retrieved was 16.7 ± 5.9, with a 52.1% maturation rate and a 58% fertilization rate by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The average number of embryos transferred was 2.85 ± 0.6. The implantation rate was 17.5%, the clinical pregnancy rate was 40%, and the live-birth rate was 40%. Conclusion(s) The efficiency of ES-IVM appears to be similar to natural cycle and low-stimulation IVM protocols with respect to laboratory and clinical outcomes, while eliminating the need for FSH stimulation and cycle monitoring.
Potato Glycoalkaloids and Metabolites: Roles in the Plant and in the Diet

Potatoes, members of the Solanaceae plant family, serve as major, inexpensive low-fat food sources providing energy (starch), high-quality protein, fiber, and vitamins. Potatoes also produce biologically active secondary metabolites, which may have both adverse and beneficial effects in the diet. These include glycoalkaloids, calystegine alkaloids, protease inhibitors, lectins, phenolic compounds, and chlorophyll. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance and to have a variety of adverse as well as beneficial effects in cells, animals, and humans, a need exists to develop a clearer understanding of their roles both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the (a) history of glycoalkaloids; (b) glycoalkaloid content in different parts of the potato plant, in processed potato products, and in wild, transgenic, and organic potatoes; (c) biosynthesis, inheritance, plant molecular biology, and glycoalkaloid−plant phyto...
The association between thiazolidinediones and hospitalisation for fracture in type 2 diabetic patients: a Taiwanese population-based nested case–control study

Evidence from the USA has emerged that thiazolidinediones may have a negative effect on the skeleton and increase the risk of fracture, but the association between thiazolidinediones use and fractures has not been evaluated in an Asian population. Using the 2000–2005 Taiwan National Health Insurance claims database, this Taiwanese population-based nested case–control study explored the association between thiazolidinediones use and hospitalisation for bone fracture in type 2 diabetic patients. In the study cohort of type 2 diabetic patients, we identified 18,003 patients with fracture and 90,015 matched controls. Multivariable conditional logistic regressions were used to estimate the association between exposure to thiazolidinediones and fractures. Duration of thiazolidinediones use was defined on the basis of cumulative days of exposure to thiazolidinediones during the year prior to the index date, i.e. 180 days. More type 2 diabetic patients with fractures than controls used thiazolidinediones (fractures 5.99% vs control 4.06%). Thiazolidinediones use was associated with hospitalisation for fracture and the association was stronger with longer term exposure to thiazolidinediones ( 180 days 1.54 [1.37–1.74], p 180 days, 1.76 [1.52–2.04], p < 0.0001), but not in men. Long-term exposure of type 2 diabetic patients to thiazolidinediones was associated with higher odds of fractures among women without a significant increase in odds of fractures among men.
Street Workers and Internet Escorts: Contextual and Psychosocial Factors Surrounding HIV Risk Behavior among Men Who Engage in Sex Work with Other Men

Sex work has been associated with elevated risk for HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in many settings. This mixed methods study examined sexual risk among MSM sex workers in Massachusetts, collecting formative data on HIV risk behavior by sex worker type in order to gain a better understanding of how to tailor prevention interventions to this unique and high-risk subgroup of MSM. Two groups of MSM sex workers were recruited between January and March 2008: street workers (n = 19) and internet escorts (n = 13). Participants completed a semistructured qualitative interview and quantitative psychosocial assessment battery; interviews were conducted until redundancy in responses was achieved. Almost one third (31%) were HIV-infected. The majority of participants (69%) reported at least one episode of unprotected serodiscordant anal sex (either insertive or receptive) with a mean of 10.7 (SD = 42.2) male sex partners of an unknown or different HIV serostatus in the past 12 months. Salient findings included: (a) internet sex workers reported being paid substantially more for sex than street sex workers; (b) inconsistent condom use, high rates of unprotected sex, and low rates of HIV status disclosure with sex work partners for both internet and street workers; general perceptions of a lack of trust on the part of sex work partners (i.e., telling them what they want to hear), offers of more money for unprotected sex; (c) contextual differences in risk taking: internet sex workers reported that they are more likely to engage in sexual risk-taking with noncommercial sex partners than sex partners who pay; (d) HIV status and STI history: two street workers became infected in the context of sex work, and 25% of the entire sample had never been tested for sexually transmitted infections (STI); and (e) motivations and reasons for doing sex work, such as the “lucrativeness” of sex work, as a means to obtain drugs, excitement, power, “why not?” attitude, and because social norms modeled this behavior. Study findings can be used to generate hypotheses for designing and providing tailored primary and secondary prevention interventions for this at-risk subgroup of MSM.
ON THE MECHANISM OF THYROID MEDIATED MITOGENESIS IN ADULT ANURA. I. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF GROWTH KINETICS AND MACRO‐MOLECULAR SYNTHESES, IN LENS EPITHELIUM, UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS TRIIODOTHYRONINE

Injection of triiodothyronine into adult frogs leads to an increase in the mitotic index of a number of tissues. The work reported here shows that in one such tissue, lens epithelium, the mitogenic effect is chiefly due to an increase in growth fraction. Practically all of the cells in the population enter DNA synthesis (although not simultaneously) as a consequence of treatment. The administration of hormone also leads to an increase in intranuclear 3H actinomycin D binding. In addition 3H uridine and 3H amino acid incorporation rates rise as does microphotometrically detectable RNA and protein content.
On the way to monodispersed ZnO nanocrystals: structure of a zinc dimer bearing primary amido ligands

The two-stage conversion of [Zn(NiBu2)2]2 into nanocrystals of zinc oxide has been studied. The initial reaction of [Zn(N i Bu2)2]2 with hexylamine in ether was conducted under nitrogen and required the addition of two hexylamines for each molecule of [Zn(N i Bu2)2]2. After 18 h the clear precursor solution contained free diisobutylamine, [Zn(N i Bu2)2]2 and an oligomeric zinc species. In the second stage of the reaction, the nitrogen atmosphere was replaced with a flow of moist air. Over a period of 2.5–4 days the water in the atmosphere hydrolyzed the zinc amide bonds, and the CO2 converted much of the hexylamine into hexylammonium hexylcarbamate, which served as the stabilizing surfactant. Based on powder X-ray diffraction there was a long period during which crystalline ZnO nucleated followed by relatively rapid growth. Replacing hexylamine with the bulky aniline derivative, 2,6-diisopropylaniline, in the first stage of the reaction made it possible to isolate and characterize a new crystalline dinucl...
Geochemical signature of provenance in sand-size material in soils and stream sediments near the Tobacco Root batholith, Montana, U.S.A.

Abstract Trace-element geochemistry of sandstones are being used to determine provenance. We have conducted preliminary and limited experiments to determine to what extent daughter sands retain the geochemical signature of parent rocks. Six sets of first-order stream sediments, soils from adjacent slopes, and a variety of parent rocks were collected from southwestern Montana, U.S.A. Sampling in a low-relief area ensured that climate and residence time of soils on slopes could be eliminated as variables. Sand-size fractions of stream sediments and soils, and the corresponding parent rocks (granodiorite, quartz monzonite, granite gneiss, biotite-tonalite gneiss and amphibolite) were analyzed for most major elements and selected trace elements. Petrologic modal analysis of the parent rocks and the 0.25–0.50-mm fraction of each sand was done to monitor major mineralogic control, if any, on chemical compositions of the samples. Our data show that the abundances of the Si and Al in sediments do not discriminate provenance. Abundances of Ca, Mg, Fe and Ti may broadly distinguish between sands derived from metamorphic and igneous source rocks, at least in the area studied. Differences in abundances of the Ba and Th, and the ratio of La/Lu between granitic, tonalitic and amphibolitic parent rocks are preserved in the daughter sediments that we studied. However, the size of the Eu anomaly in the REE patterns of different daughter sediments is not diagnostic of parent rocks. Abundances of Co and Sc distinguish between sediments derived from felsic and mafic rocks. A better provenance discrimination is obtained if the ratios La/Sc, Th/Sc, La/Co, Ba/Sc and Ba/Co are used. Petrologic modal data show that mineral contents and chemical compositions of parent rocks are compatible with each other. The chemical composition of the sands may be roughly correlated to the petrological modal data but the abundances of some minor and trace elements of sediments cannot be inferred from modal mineralogy. This is expected because these elements may concentrate in accessory minerals and/or may weather out into aqueous or clay mineral fractions; it is also compatible with conclusions of previous studies that some of these elements do not reside in sand-size fractions of siliciclastic sediments.
Effects of concrete versus verbal choice systems on problem behavior

Choice making is a behavior that has both philosophical and practical appeal. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that the inclusion of student choice in curricular and scheduling decisions is related to reduced problem behaviors and increased academic performance. This study explores the impact of choice making in two modes on the problem behaviors of one young adult with autism and severe intellectual disabilities. The frequency of aggressive refusals was monitored in the participant's home during meal times. In one condition, meal choices were made verbally, and in a second condition, meal choices were made with the assistance of pictures. The results suggest that for this young man, choices made via pictures were less likely to be associated with problem behaviors. The assumption is that choices made with pictures were more representative of his preferences. The implications of these results are presented for the development of choice systems in school and community settings.
Stabilized Semiconductor Optical Frequency Comb with Programmable Intracavity Dispersion Compensation

We demonstrate a mode-locked semiconductor laser producing a stabilized frequency comb. An intracavity spectral processor allows for programmable spectral phase adjustment for maximum bandwidth while maintaining a Pound-Drever-Hall lock to an intracavity Fabry-Perot etalon.
Experimental determination of crystal/melt partitioning of Ga and Ge in the system forsterite-anorthite-diopside

The crystal/liquid partitioning of Ga and Ge has been measured experimentally between forsterite, diopside, anorthite and spinel and melts in the pseudoternary system forsterite-anorthite-diopside at one atmosphere pressure and 1300°C. Gallium is incompatible with forsterite and diopside [D (Ga) = 0.024 and 0.19, respectively], is only slightly incompatible in anorthite [D (Ga) = 0.86] and is highly compatible in spinel [D (Ga) = 4.6]. The partition coefficient for Ge is within a factor of two of unity for forsterite, diopside and anorthite [D (Ge) = 0.62, 1.4 and 0.51, respectively], but Ge is incompatible in spinel [D (Ge) = 0.1]. The coefficients for the exchange of Ga and Al and the exchange of Ge and Si between minerals and melts generally are within a factor of two of unity, as is expected from the geochemical coherence of these element pairs in natural samples. The application of our results to the interpretation of natural basaltic and mantle samples from the Earth and basalts from the Moon and the Shergottite Parent Body demonstrates that it is possible to discriminate between different mantle source compositions using Ga/Al and Ge/Si ratios. The Ge variation among lunar mare basalts may be indicative of a heterogeneous lunar mantle. The substantial depletion of Ge in Chassigny relative to the other SNC meteorites may be evidence of either a heterogeneous Shergottite Parent Body (SPB) mantle, or of different geochemical behavior for Ge in the SPB.
The effects of a short-term death training program on nursing home nursing staff.

Abstract This study examines the effects on nursing home nurses of a two-day training program concerned with nurses and their response to the dying patient. Utilizing the Solomon four-group design, the study investigates whether exposure to information on death and dying (a) results in the acquisition of greater knowledge about death and dying, (b) is accompanied by a more positive attitude toward the elderly, and (c) is accompanied by a change in anxiety about death. Based on t tests and one-way analyses of covariance, the results point up the mixed nature of short-term training programs. It was found that there was a significant increase in the nurses' knowledge about death and dying, there was no change in their attitudes toward the elderly, and there was a significant increase among the nurses in the death anxiety experienced. This is not to suggest that training programs of this sort should not be conducted with nursing home staff. On the one hand such programs provide information useful for job perf...
The effects of hyperosmolarity on the viability and function of endothelial cells

Hypertonic solutions have been demonstrated to be efficacious in the treatment of hypovolemic shock. Their continued use when serum osmolarity is elevated may be harmful because they induce cellular dehydration. Because the hyperosmotic tolerance of cells is largely unknown, we determined the effects of increased media osmolarity on in vitro endothelial cell viability and function following periods of normoxia, anoxia, and anoxia with reoxygenation. Bovine aortic endothelial cells were exposed to hypertonic media of 330-570 mOsm/liter for 6-30 hr. Cell viability and function were ascertained utilizing trypan blue exclusion, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme release, and cell replating assays. Endothelial cells exposed to media of 460 mOsm/liter demonstrated no significant decrease in the percentage of viable cells (69.81 +/- 6.03 vs 70.64 +/- 4.62% for controls), LDH activity (334.67 +/- 7.91 vs 228.03 +/- 191.28 Berger-Broida U/ml), and replating efficiency (58.27 +/- 42.07 vs 59.10 +/- 5.79%) after 30 hr of normoxic incubation. Hypertonic media up to 570 mOsm/liter did not adversely affect cell viability following a 6-hr anoxic insult. A 6-hr anoxic insult followed by 24 hr of reoxygenation in media of 530 and 570 mOsm/liter resulted in significantly increased viability and replating efficiency compared to 30 hr of normoxia. Our data demonstrate that in vitro endothelial cells tolerate media osmolarity of up to 460 mOsm/liter without apparent decrement in viability or replating efficiency even in adverse conditions of anoxia and reoxygenation. Our data also suggest that exposure to anoxia may induce tolerance of endothelial cells to hyperosmotic media.
Autoradiographic studies of uridine-5-H3 uptake in Entamoeba histolytica in the CLG medium.

SYNOPSIS. Using uridine-5-H3, “long-term” labeling experiments over a 72 hr growth cycle were done with E. histolytica strain K9 grown in CLG medium with penicillin-inhibited Bacteroides. Autoradiographic analysis revealed that tritium occurs primarily in cytoplasm and rarely the nucleus of amebae. The most extensive cytoplasmic activity was observed during the initial 0–24 hr growth period of amebae as compared to later labeling periods. RNase or RNase followed by DNase extracted a large amount but not all label from amebae. These nucleases were least effective during the initial 24 hr period of growth. Thus it appears that tritium from uridine-5-H3 is not highly specific for RNA in amebae. However, the possibility that such label is associated with RNase-resistant RNA cannot be ruled out. More recent cytochemical studies do indicate the presence of RNase-resistant RNA in the cytoplasm of amebae. The activity found in penicillin-inhibited Bacteroides after uridine-5-H3 labeling and their reaction to the various digestive procedures was similar to amebae at corresponding labeling periods. Therefore at least some of the RNase-resistant material present in the cytoplasm of amebae may be derived from the ingested bacteria; this has been further found by appropriate experiments in which amebae were fed prelabeled bacteria. Nuclear activity when observed (always after 24 hrs growth) was associated either with the periphery of the nucleus and/or the endosome. It was not seen in the nuclear stroma. Some of this activity is RNase-resistant, perhaps representing double or multi-stranded RNA. It therefore appears that RNA is not distributed in the nuclear stroma in “long-term” labeling experiments.
MO-D-332-04: Implementation of Variable Temporal Filtering in a High-Resolution, Region-Of-Interest, High-Sensitivity, Micro-Angiographic Fluoroscope (HSMAF) Detector

Purpose: Temporal filtering with operator‐selectable weighting factor has been implemented in a LabVIEW‐based Graphical User Interface (GUI) for use with a new high‐resolution, High‐Sensitivity, Micro‐Angiographic Fluoroscope (HSMAF) in order to enhance visualization during neuro‐interventional procedures. Method and Materials: The detector which is based on a CsI(Tl) phosphor, a light image intensifier, and a fiber‐optic taper coupled to a charge‐coupleddevice(CCD) camera, provides the angiographer with real‐time display of high‐resolution region‐of‐interest (ROI) images. The high sensitivity of the HSMAF enables the detector to work in fast frame‐rate, low‐dose x‐ray procedures such as fluoroscopy and roadmapping which are subject to noise. The variable temporal filtering is able to reduce the imagenoise and improve visualization of details of small structures such as stent struts. The selectable weighting factor which can be set before or even during acquisition, offers a fine adjustment tool for the compromise between motion blurring and noise reduction. The temporal filter weighting‐factor can be varied between 1 and 12, typically; however, in extremely noisy cases and small object motion it can go up to a higher value. Results: Variable temporal filtering and its resulting noise reduction, have significantly improved image quality and the visualization capability of the HSMAF system. The variable weighting factor gave the flexibility to control the amount of noise smoothing, even during the fluoroscopic procedure. Despite the increased processing time needed for temporal filtering, the GUI can still maintain the 30 fps display rate during fluoroscopy and roadmapping. Conclusion: The ability of variable noise reduction during roadmapping and fluoroscopy with the HSMAF provides angiographers and interventionalists with a capability of enchanced visualization of small vessel and endovascular device details, such as stent‐struts, hence making diagnoses and image guided interventions more accurate. (Support from NIH Grants R01NS43924, R01EB002873 and Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation).
Information Costs and the Organization of the Real Estate Brokerage Industry in the U.S. and Great Britain

This paper examines the differing organizations of the residential real estate brokerage industry in the U.S. and Great Britain, and argues that they may be interpreted as alternative solutions to a common set of informational problems. Of particular interest is why the multiple listing service — an arrangement whereby brokers share market information in an effort to exploit the public-good nature of information — is so pervasive in the United States, but is largely absent in Great Britain. Some possible reasons are found in the differing histories of the parent housing markets, as well as other institutional differences.
Use of DRYLAB to compare octadecylsilane and carbon supports for reversed-phase chromatography of triazine herbicide test solutes.

One of the most important aspects of method development in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the accurate prediction of the resolution as one or more experimental variables (usually the mobile-phase composition) are changed. By use of commercially available computer simulation programs, e.g. Drylab 2000, data from a few initial experimental runs are used to predict how the separation will vary with composition so that a computer program can then rapidly locate the optimum conditions. Assumption of a linear relationship between log k' (retention factor) and phi (volume fraction of organic modifier in the element) minimizes the number of initial runs required for a separation and is usually adequate when the range of phi is not large. In this work the linearity of plots of log k' against phi for octadecylsilane-coated silica (ODS) and carbon-coated zirconia (C-ZrO(2)) columns were compared and the plots were used to determine whether prediction of the separation of triazine herbicides was adequate. Analysis of the slopes and intercepts of such plots are presented for both types of columns.
Mechanical properties and biochemical activity of remineralizing resin-based Ca–PO4 cements

Abstract Objectives. This study examined strength and bioactive (remineralizing) properties of a powder/liquid formulation (Cement I) and a more practical two-paste formulation (Cement II) of a fluoride-releasing resin-based Ca–PO4 cement. Methods. For the remineralization potential, the dissolution of calcium, total ionic phosphate and fluoride from set cement specimens were determined in buffered saline and saliva-like solution (SLS). Artificial caries lesions were produced on coronal dentin of extracted human molars. On each tooth, two defined areas were coated, one with a composite resin (calcium-free control), the other with either Cement I or II. After incubation in SLS, the mineral loss under the cement was analyzed by digitized microradiography and compared to that under the control. Results. The diametral tensile strength of Cement II of approximately 30 MPa after 24 h and 23 MPa after 4 weeks was 2 to 3 times higher than that of Cement I (ANOVA, t-test, p Significance. These in vitro results suggest that the stronger Cement II could serve as a restoration-supporting lining material and could remineralize dentin in areas where complete removal of carious tissue is contra-indicated.
Gun Availability and Robbery Rates: A Panel Study of Large U.S. Cities, 1974–1978

This paper examines the hypothesis that crime rates and the availability of firearms form a "vicious circle," so that increases in one lead to increases in the other. Two waves of panel data are used to estimate the relationship between rates of robbery and the relative availability of guns in a sample of large U.S. cities. The results indicate that total robbery rates and gun availability had no influence on each other, but that weapons choice in robbery and gun availability did form a mutually reinforcing cycle. Some implications of these findings are considered. Language: en
Structural Polymer-Based Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers: Understanding the Processing-Structure-Performance Relationship

Among the many potential applications of carbon nanotubes (CNT), its usage to strengthen polymers has been paid considerable attention due to the exceptional stiffness, excellent strength, and the low density of CNT. This has provided numerous opportunities for the invention of new material systems for applications requiring high strength and high modulus. Precise control over processing factors, including preserving intact CNT structure, uniform dispersion of CNT within the polymer matrix, effective filler-matrix interfacial interactions, and alignment/orientation of polymer chains/CNT, contribute to the composite fibers' superior properties. For this reason, fabrication methods play an important role in determining the composite fibers' microstructure and ultimate mechanical behavior. The current state-of-the-art polymer/CNT high-performance composite fibers, especially in regards to processing-structure-performance, are reviewed in this contribution. Future needs for material by design approaches for processing these nano-composite systems are also discussed.
Threading dislocation removal from the near-surface region of epitaxial cadmium telluride on silicon by lithographic patterning of the substrate

(211) oriented silicon substrates were patterned and etched to give mesas of various sizes and shapes. Cadmium telluride epitaxial layers were deposited on the patterned substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Dislocation termini in the epilayer were found to be concentrated in the trenches that formed the mesa boundaries. Mesa sizes up to 17 µm were found to be nearly free of threading dislocation termini. Threading dislocation termini are observed to congregate in lines parallel to the 〈321〉 crystallographic directions. Evidence of subsurface, horizontal dislocations running through the mesa is given.
Temporal structure of variability reveals similar control mechanisms during lateral stepping and forward walking

Abstract Previous research exploring a lateral stepping gait utilized amount of variability (i.e. coefficient of variation) in the medial-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) direction to propose that the central nervous system's active control over gait in any direction is dependent on the direction of progression. This study sought to further explore this notion through the study of the temporal structure of variability which is reflective of the neuromuscular system's organization of the movement over time. The largest Lyapunov exponent (LyE) of the reconstructed attractors for the foot's movement in the AP and ML was calculated. Results revealed that despite the obvious mechanical differences between a lateral stepping gait and typical forward walking, the central nervous system's organization of the movement of the feet is similar in the primary planes of progression, as well as the secondary planes of progression, despite being different anatomical planes during the locomotive tasks. In addition, consistent with previous studies exploring amount of variability, the secondary plane for both locomotive tasks proved to have larger LyE values than the primary plane of progression (F 1,9 =35.086, p
On local inertia in Cosserat continua

A new equation governing local rotational inertia is obtained here for all theories employing the Cosserat continuum with deformable director triad. This equation represents a condition necessary to insure the invariance of the rotational kinetic energy under superposed rigid body motions.
Prevention of Ultraviolet (UV)-Induced Surface Damage and Cytotoxicity of Polyethersulfone Using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Titanium Dioxide

Nanostructured surfaces are finding use in several medical applications, including tissue scaffolds and wound dressings. These surfaces are frequently manufactured from biocompatible polymers that are susceptible to ultraviolet (UV) damage. Polyethersulfone (PES) is a biocompatible polymer that undergoes oxidation and degradation when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. A uniform TiO2 coating can protect PES during exposure to UV sources (e.g., germicidal lamps and sunlight). The goal of this study was to determine whether atomic layer deposition (ALD) can successfully be used to grow TiO2 onto PES, protect it from UV irradiation, and reduce macrophage in vitro cytotoxicity. TiO2 was ALD-coated onto PES at 21 nm thickness. Uncoated PES exposed to UV for 30 min visibly changed color, whereas TiO2-coated PES showed no color change, indicating limited degradation. Macrophages exposed to UV-treated PES for 48 h showed reduced cell viability (via MTT assay) to 18% of control. In contrast, the cell viability for UV-treated TiO2-coated PES was 90% of control. Non-UV treated PES showed no decrease in cell viability. The results indicate that ALD of TiO2 thin films is a useful technique to protect polymers from UV damage and to retain low cytotoxicity to macrophages and other types of cells that are involved in wound healing. TiO2- coated PES membranes also have potential use in direct methanol fuel cells and in wastewater treatment membranes.
Do trust-based beliefs mediate the associations of frequency of private prayer with mental health? A cross-sectional study

Significant associations of private prayer with mental health have been found, while mechanisms underlying these associations are largely unknown. This cross-sectional online study (N = 325, age 35.74, SD 18.50, 77.5 % females) used path modeling to test if trust-based beliefs (whether, when, and how prayers are answered) mediated the associations of prayer frequency with the Anxiety, Confusion, and Depression Profile of Mood States-Short Form scales. The association of prayer and depression was fully mediated by trust-based beliefs; associations with anxiety and confusion were partially mediated. Further, the interaction of prayer frequency by stress was associated with anxiety.
Covariates of human peripheral nerve function: II. Vibrotactile and thermal thresholds.

A systematic investigation of covariates of quantitative sensory thresholds was performed on data collected by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Vibrotactile and thermal sensory thresholds were obtained from the index finger and great toe of 4,462 male Vietnam-era veterans. The magnitude of effect of skin temperature, height, body mass index, age, race, place of military service, smoking status, alcohol consumption, income, and examiner was estimated for the four outcomes. The major covariates of finger and toe vibrotactile threshold were age, height, body mass index, and examiner. The major covariates of toe thermal threshold were height, income, and examiner, and of finger thermal threshold were age, income, examiner, race, and smoking status. Alcohol consumption had only small effects on vibrotactile thresholds and essentially no effect on thermal thresholds. These results provide an empirical basis for selecting variables to control in studies employing vibrotactile and thermal threshold measures.
Photoetching Of Polymers With Excimer Lasers

Photoetching with excimer lasers has been studied in a variety of polymeric materials. Photoetching rates of polymers irradiated were measured at various laser wavelengths and fluences. The relationship of these results to the polymer absorption coefficient is examined. We propose that different mechanisms of photoetching may prevail, which depend on the absorption coefficient of the polymer. Potential use of this dry-etching process for lithography applications is evaluated.
Identification of redundant angiogenic sites in laminin α1 and γ1 chains

Abstract The degradation of the extracellular matrix is one of the first steps involved in angiogenesis, the formation of new vessels from preexisting ones. Laminin, a large extracellular matrix protein, has many biological activities, including the promotion of angiogenesis. Screening of the laminin-1 chains identified 20 angiogenic peptides, of which, A13 and C16, from the α1 and γ1 chains, respectively, were the most active. We recently identified the receptors for C16 as the integrins α5β1 and αvβ3. Here, we show unexpectedly that A13 is a redundant active site to C16 present in the N-terminal globular domain of the α1 chain. The peptides are located in homologous sites present in the last globular domains of their respective chains, and their amino acids are 66% conserved, as compared to the inactive homologous site in the β1 chain, B19 to B20, which is only 18%–23% conserved. Cell attachment studies demonstrated that both A13 and C16 reciprocally inhibited their adhesion activity, whereas the corresponding laminin β1 chain peptides were inactive. Chorioallantoic membrane assays showed that the in vivo angiogenic activity of A13 is blocked by a C16 antagonist, C16S, which also binds to the same integrin receptors. A13 affinity chromatography and immunoprecipitation analysis showed that the αvβ3 and α5β1 integrin receptors bind to this sequence. We have therefore identified redundant activity on two laminin chains. These highly conserved functional sites are likely important mediators of the biological responses of laminins because either one or both of these chains (active sites) are present in almost all laminin isoforms identified to date.
Three ethically justified indications for selective termination in multifetal pregnancy: A practical and comprehensive management strategy

The authors provide an ethical justification for three indications for performing selective termination of multifetal pregnancies. These indications are (1) achieving a pregnancy that results in a live birth of one or more infants with minimal neonatal morbidity and mortality, (2) achieving a pregnancy that results in a live birth of one or more infants without antenatally detected anomalies, and (3) achieving a pregnancy that results in a singleton live birth. This ethical justification is based on two basic approaches to obstetric ethics that emphasize that these indications must be established on the basis of informed consent. The authors underscore the importance of matters of private conscience and demonstrate the consistency of the ethical justification with existing public policy in the United States.
Qualitative and quantitative performance of ¹⁸F-FDG-PET/MRI versus ¹⁸F-FDG-PET/CT in patients with head and neck cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging and PET/CT are integrated in the work-up of head and neck cancer patients. The hybrid imaging technology 18 F-FDG-PET/MR imaging combining morphological and functional information might be attractive in this patient population. The aim of the study was to compare whole-body 18 F-FDG-PET/MR imaging and 18 F-FDG-PET/CT in patients with head and neck cancer, both qualitatively in terms of lymph node and distant metastases detection and quantitatively in terms of standardized uptake values measured in 18 F-FDG-avid lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients with head and neck cancer underwent both whole-body PET/CT and PET/MR imaging after a single injection of 18 F-FDG. Two groups of readers counted the number of lesions on PET/CT and PET/MR imaging scans. A consensus reading was performed in those cases in which the groups disagreed. Quantitative standardized uptake value measurements were performed by placing spheric ROIs over the lesions in 3 different planes. Weighted and unweighted κ statistics, correlation analysis, and the Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: κ statistics for the number of head and neck lesion lesions counted (pooled across regions) revealed interreader agreement between groups 1 and 2 of 0.47 and 0.56, respectively. Intrareader agreement was 0.67 and 0.63. The consensus reading provided an intrareader agreement of 0.63. For the presence or absence of metastasis, interreader agreement was 0.85 and 0.70. The consensus reading provided an intrareader agreement of 0.72. The correlations between the maximum standardized uptake value in 18 F-FDG-PET/MR imaging and 18 F-FDG-PET/CT for primary tumors and lymph node and metastatic lesions were very high (Spearman r = 1.00, 0.93, and 0.92, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with head and neck cancer, 18 F-FDG-PET/MR imaging and 18 F-FDG-PET/CT provide comparable results in the detection of lymph node and distant metastases. Standardized uptake values derived from 18 F-FDG-PET/MR imaging can be used reliably in this patient population.