cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Profiles of Parenting Behaviors: Associations with Adolescents’ Problematic Outcomes

Research has consistently found evidence for four parenting styles that vary along the dimensions of warmth/responsiveness and control/demandingness. Although these parenting styles have important implications for youth development, less research has explored how parents of adolescents vary in their use of subtypes of warmth and control, as well as negative aspects of parenting. The current study utilized a person-centered approach to examine adolescents’ report of their parents’ engagement in six behaviors (i.e., rules, solicitation, psychological control, problem communication, open communication, warmth). Additionally, the current study examined whether profiles of perceived parenting behaviors are differentially associated with adolescents’ substance use, risky cyber behaviors, over-eating behaviors, under-eating behaviors, and depressive symptoms. Data were collected from 161 adolescents in the US (Mage = 14.42, SD = 1.73, range = 12–18; 80.7% Caucasian; 59.6% female) who completed questionnaires regarding parenting behaviors and problematic outcomes. Latent profile analyses indicated that adolescents perceived their parents as displaying five unique profiles of parenting behaviors (i.e., Problematic, Controlling, Inconsistent, Warm and Open, Authoritative), which were uniquely associated with adolescents’ problematic outcomes. Findings urge researchers to consider how multiple aspects of parental warmth/responsiveness and control/demandingness along with negative parenting behaviors co-occur among parents of adolescents and differentially relate to developmental outcomes. When examining adolescents’ perceived parenting profiles using a wider range of parenting behaviors, findings suggest that parenting styles are more nuanced than previous research has suggested. Further, these nuanced profiles have important implications for adolescents’ problematic outcomes.
Identification of the coefficients in a non-linear: time series of the quadratic type

Abstract This paper presents a method for identifying the structure of the quadratic model x ( t )= e ( t )+∑ R r =1 ∑ S s =0 a ( r , s ) e ( t − s ) e ( t − r − s ), where the e ( t ) are indepen dent, identically distributed zero mean random variables. This finite parameter model is a simplified second-order Volterra expansion of a stable non-linear filter. The standard deviation of e ( t ) is not estimable from observations of the x ( t ). It is shown that the ( m , m + n )th third-order cumulant (called the bicovariance) of { x(t )} is cub to a ( m , n ) times the square of the variance of e ( t ). The large sample distribution of the sample bicovariance is used to determine which quadratic coefficients are significantly different from zero. The method is illustrated using artificial and real data; daily stock price series for several securities.
Mapping the Universe

This chapter focuses on a variety of ways the structure of a complex system can be revealed by maps. Familiar examples, ranging from maps and depictions of the earth, the sky, and the universe, are analyzed to identify what they have in common and how they are unique. What is special after all about something that we might have taken for granted?
Abstract 78: Factors Associated with Thrombotic Events During Pregnancy in the United States: NIS 2000-2010

Intro: Thrombosis risk is increased during pregnancy and puerperium. There are no recent data on nationwide trends in thrombotic events during the delivery period. Objective: To determine risk factors for thrombotic events in women hospitalized for deliveries. Methods: Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2000-2010) were used to identify deliveries. Weighted proportion of pregnancy hospitalizations with comorbid thrombotic events, including TIA, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, acute MI, and venous thromboembolism, was determined. Poisson regression was used to identify risk factors for thrombotic events. The first multivariable model adjusted for sociodemographic and hospital factors. The second model in addition adjusted for comorbid conditions. Results: There were 4,305,561 women hospitalized for delivery (21.5 million US deliveries), of which 7,242 (0.17%) had thrombotic events in the peripartum period. From 2000-2010, there was an increase in deliveries with associated thrombotic events observed from 7.46/10K to 34.8/10K. Compared to 2000, deliveries with thromboses was 8-fold more likely in 2010 (RR 7.94, 95% CI 1.98-31.93). There was no significant difference in rates from 2000 to 2010 after adjustment for sociodemographic and hospital factors. From 2000-2010, pregnant women with thrombotic events were older, more likely to be White, to smoke, to lack insurance, to be admitted to rural hospitals, and to be admitted in the South or Midwest. After multivariable adjustment for sociodemographics, hospital factors, and comorbidities, admissions in the South (RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.02-1.55) or Midwest (1.33, 95% CI 1.05-1.68), atrial fibrillation (1.28, 95% CI 1.01-1.62), pre-/eclampsia (5.78, 95% CI 4.37-7.66), dyslipidemia (1.72, 95% CI 1.42-2.09), atrial septal defect (14.38, 95% CI 6.76-30.58), and valvular heart disease (1.67, 95% CI 1.25-2.24) were independently associated with higher risk of thrombotic events. Conclusions: From 2000-2010, there was a sizeable increase in deliveries with associated thrombosis. Identification of factors associated with thrombotic events for women hospitalized for normal pregnancies will aid in targeted interventions to screen for, prevent and treat thrombosis related to pregnancy.
Rough Sets and Data Dependencies

Many methods have been used to express the relationships between different pieces of data. In the beginning, all relationships were assumed to be rigid and precise. Objects were either in a set or they were not. All data followed a rule or was incorrect. Traditional database systems are well-suited for storing knowledge explicitly and for deducing definite information from the stored knowledge through explicitly defined rules.
Biosynthesis of Cyclopropane Compounds IX. STRUCTURAL AND STEREOCHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CYCLOPROPANE SYNTHETASE SUBSTRATE

Abstract Several natural and synthetic phospholipids can serve as substrates for the cyclopropane synthetase enzyme of Clostridium butyricum. The conditions for optimum substrate effectiveness vary with the substrate; e.g. an anionic surface-active agent is necessary with phosphatidylethanolamine, while divalent cations stimulate the rate of reaction with anionic phospholipids. These variable conditions probably provide the optimal surface charge on the phospholipid aggregates for most efficient enzyme-substrate interaction. A diether analogue of phosphatidylethanolamine, 1,2-di(9-octadecenyloxy)-3-(2-aminoethyl)phosphorylpropane, is an effective substrate for cyclopropane synthetase, indicating that the ester carbonyl groups are not essential for activity. When presented with a racemic mixture of dioleyl phosphatidylethanolamines, the enzyme acts nearly exclusively upon the 3-phosphoglycerol isomer. Cyclopropane synthetase acts upon phospholipids deposited upon filter paper discs. The pattern of activity with various phospholipids is different from that with the compounds dispersed in buffer, and no accessory substances such as surface-active agents or divalent cations stimulate the reaction on filter paper.
Agricultural and forested land use impacts on floodplain shallow groundwater temperature regime

Given the importance of groundwater temperature to the biogeochemical health of aquatic ecosystems, a floodplain study was implemented to improve understanding of rural land use impacts on shallow groundwater (SGW) temperature. Study sites included a historic agricultural field (Ag) and bottomland hardwood forest (BHF), each with nine piezometers in an 80 × 80 m grid. Piezometers were equipped with pressure transducers to monitor SGW temperature and level at 30 min intervals during the 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014 water years. The study is one of the first to utilize long-term, continuous, automated, in situ monitoring to investigate rural land use impacts on shallow groundwater temperatures. Average SGW temperature during the study period was 11.1 and 11.2 °C at the Ag and BHF sites, respectively. However, temperature range at the Ag site was 72% greater than at the BHF site. Results indicate a greater responsiveness to seasonal climate fluctuations in Ag site SGW temperature related to absence of forest canopy. Patterns of intra-site groundwater temperature differences at both study sites illustrate the influence of stream–aquifer thermal conduction and occasional baseflow reversals. Considering similar surface soil temperature amplitudes and low average groundwater flow values at both sites, results suggest that contrasting rates of plant water use, groundwater recharge, and subsurface hydraulic conductivity are likely mechanistic causes for the observed SGW temperature differences. Results highlight the long-term impact of forest removal on subsurface hydrology and groundwater temperature regime. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aptamer-Based Screens of Human Body Fluids for Biomarkers

In recent years, aptamers have come to replace antibodies in high throughput multiplexed experiments. The aptamer-based biomarker screening technology, which kicked off in 2010, is capable of interrogating thousands of proteins in a very small sample volume. With this new technology, researchers hope to find clinically appropriate biomarkers for a myriad of illnesses by screening human body fluids. In this work, we have reviewed a total of eight studies utilizing aptamer-based biomarker screens of human body fluids, and have highlighted novel protein biomarkers discovered.
Is the insanity defense "unconscionable"?

The debate over the meaningfulness and utility of the insanity defense has continued unabated ober the years. President Nixon has referred to the "unconscionably abuse" of the defense. This paper, presented as part of a panel on the subject, has propounded the view that the defense is unconscionable, using that aspect of the definition dealing with unreasonableness. The historical antecedents and the religious and social philosophy of the concept of responsibility and nonresponsibility have been reviewed. In addition to the inapplicability of the concept to current social problems, and the difficulties of applying current psychiatric knowledge to effect a rational delineation between the two legal entities encompassed under the rubric of responsibility and nonresponsibility, the potential problems and the potential opportunities which may result from the abolition of the plea are presented. With these factors in mind, as well as the obvious failure of the legal-social-penal system in handling the problems of the behaviorally deviant, I believe that the use of the current system has hampered the development of possibly more reasonable alternative systems and that, therefore, the maintenance of the insanity defense is unreasonable and harmful to our society. The insanity defense, as currently constituted and institutionalized, has evolved into a rigid and archaic vestige of the legal system of an earlier era and therefore its use has, in the sense defined, indeed become "unconscionable" and lacking in social meaningfulness. Language: en
Approach to the neonate with ecchymoses and crusts

Premature and systemically ill infants have a high risk of developing dermatologic infectious complications, displaying the consequences of skin barrier immaturity. Opportunistic infections are an increasing concern in neonates, with cutaneous fungal infections (Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Mucor, Fusarium) observed more commonly as pathogens. Neonates are especially susceptible due to stresses of the perinatal transition to ex-utero life, stratum corneum immaturity, and medical intervention during early life including intravenous catheters, non-sterile adhesive dressings, broad spectrum antibiotic use, and systemic corticosteroids for lung disease. Cutaneous presentations of these infections encompass a broad set of morphologies: papules, vesicles, pustules, ecchymoses, and necrotic, pupuric plaques. There are many etiologies that present as ecchymoses and scaly or crusted lesions. The presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options in the neonatal patient presenting with ecchymoses and crusts will be discussed.
ETHICAL ISSUES CONFRONTING TRAVEL AGENTS.

This article provides an overview of current and prospective ethical issues facing commercial (as opposed to leisure) travel agents. Industry wide ethical issues include conflicting pressures from suppliers and clients, competency requirements for agents and misleading advertising and sales claims (“vaporware” in industry jargon). Issues with travel suppliers include calculation and payment of commissions, fare loopholes, frequent flyer plans and the use and abuse of benefits directed to individual employees. Issues with corporate clients of travel agents include hidden preferred carriers or suppliers, client pressure to use fare loopholes and hidden relationships with corporate travel consultants. Future issues include protecting client privacy, free riding, and divergent international business practices.
Catalytic Nanoarchitectures--the Importance of Nothing and the Unimportance of Periodicity

Heterogeneous catalysis has always been an inherently nanoscopic phenomenon with important technological and societal consequences for energy conversion and the production of chemicals. New opportunities for improved performance arise when the multifunctionality inherent in catalytic processes, including molecular transport of reactants and products, is rethought in light of architectures designed and fabricated from the appropriate nanoscale building blocks, including the use of “nothing” (void space) and deliberate disorder as design components. Architectures with all of the appropriate electrochemical and catalytic requirements, including large surface areas readily accessible to molecules, may now be assembled on the benchtop. Designing catalytic nanoarchitectures that depart from the hegemony of periodicity and order offers the promise of even higher activity.
Vaccination with dendritic cell/tumor fusion cells results in cellular and humoral antitumor immune responses in patients with multiple myeloma.

We have developed a tumor vaccine in which patient-derived myeloma cells are chemically fused with autologous dendritic cells (DCs) such that a broad spectrum of myeloma-associated antigens are presented in the context of DC-mediated costimulation. We have completed a phase 1 study in which patients with multiple myeloma underwent serial vaccination with the DC/multiple myeloma fusions in conjunction with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. DCs were generated from adherent mononuclear cells cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-4, and tumor necrosis factor-α and fused with myeloma cells obtained from marrow aspirates. Vaccine generation was successful in 17 of 18 patients. Successive cohorts were treated with 1 × 106, 2 × 106, and 4 × 106 fusion cells, respectively, with 10 patients treated at the highest dose level. Vaccination was well tolerated, without evidence of dose-limiting toxicity. Vaccination resulted in the expansion of circulating CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes reactive with autologous myeloma cells in 11 of 15 evaluable patients. Humoral responses were documented by SEREX (Serologic Analysis of Recombinant cDNA Expression Libraries) analysis. A majority of patients with advanced disease demonstrated disease stabilization, with 3 patients showing ongoing stable disease at 12, 25, and 41 months, respectively. Vaccination with DC/multiple myeloma fusions was feasible and well tolerated and resulted in antitumor immune responses and disease stabilization in a majority of patients.
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study of Two Military Veterans

This case study investigated the effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) on the prevalence and intensity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and self- perceived improvement of performance and satisfaction in daily activities in war veterans. Two male Caucasian veterans (ages 54 and 38) diagnosed with PTSD participated in these case studies with a pretest–posttest design. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and the PTSD Symptom Scale–Interview (PSS-I) were administered before and after the 4-week CES treatment. The participants self-administered the 4-week CES treatment protocol using Alpha-Stim SCS CES device in their home for 20 to 60 min a day, 3 to 5 days a week with a comfortable, self-selected, current level between 100 and 500 microamperes. They were asked to document the settings and responses in a daily treatment log. Through visual trend analysis and change scores, the results revealed daily PTSD symptoms decreased in frequency and severity for both parti...
Electroporation advances in large animals

In vivo electroporation-mediated gene therapy in large animals is gaining ground as one of the most important means for non-viral gene therapy. This review focuses on the novel aspects of reversible electroporation as applied to large animals, improvement of electroporation delivery technique, and development of electroporation-based vaccines. In regard to large animals, we have summarized the initial use of electroporation-mediated antineoplastic gene therapy in humans, vaccination in monkeys, reversing and preventing cachexia in dogs, and increases growth rate and piglet survival in pigs. Novel techniques incorporating electroporation, including ex vivo manipulations, electron avalanche transfection, and electrosonoporation illustrate evolving modifications. Specific alterations of electroporation parameters and DNA formulations along with ideas of enhancing gene transfection efficiency are provided in addition to a discussion of some of the current limitations of electroporation-mediated gene therapy.
Unconventional optical imaging using a high-speed neural network based smart sensor

The advancement of neural network methods and technologies is finding applications in many fields and disciplines of interest to the defense, intelligence, and homeland security communities. Rapidly reconfigurable sensors for real or near-real time signal or image processing can be used for multi-functional purposes such as image compression, target tracking, image fusion, edge detection, thresholding, pattern recognition, and atmospheric turbulence compensation to name a few. A neural network based smart sensor is described that can accomplish these tasks individually or in combination, in real-time or near real-time. As a computationally intensive example, the case of optical imaging through volume turbulence is addressed. For imaging systems in the visible and near infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, the atmosphere is often the dominant factor in reducing the imaging system's resolution and image quality. The neural network approach described in this paper is shown to present a viable means for implementing turbulence compensation techniques for near-field and distributed turbulence scenarios. Representative high-speed neural network hardware is presented. Existing 2-D cellular neural network (CNN) hardware is capable of 3 trillion operations per second with peta-operations per second possible using current 3-D manufacturing processes. This hardware can be used for high-speed applications that require fast convolutions and de-convolutions. Existing 3-D artificial neural network technology is capable of peta-operations per second and can be used for fast array processing operations. Methods for optical imaging through distributed turbulence are discussed, simulation results are presented and computational and performance assessments are provided.
The lymph node ratio has limited prognostic significance in melanoma

Abstract Background The importance of the lymph node ratio (LNR) after regional lymphadenectomy for cutaneous melanoma is unknown. Materials and methods A post hoc analysis was performed for patients after the completion of lymphadenectomy for cutaneous melanoma. LNR was calculated as the number of tumor-positive nodes divided by the total number of lymph nodes. Comparison of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) and univariate and multivariate analyses with regard to LNR was performed. Comparison of the performance of LNR to other measurements of lymph node disease was performed. Results A LNR of 0.10 was a significant cutoff point for determining DFS and OS. On multivariate analysis, LNR >0.10 was an independent predictor of DFS and OS without other measures of lymph node disease burden. Patients with LNR >0.10 had worse DFS and OS. Absolute counts of tumor-positive lymph nodes differentiated survival differences better than LNR. LNR was not a significant predictor of survival in patients with neck or axillary dissections but was for inguinal dissections. In multivariate analysis of alternative nodal measures, LNR was an inferior prognostic factor. Conclusions A LNR >0.10 has a negative prognostic significance when it is the only measurement of lymph node disease considered but is an inferior prognostic factor to alternative measures of lymph node disease.
Comparative analyses of the ultraviolet-B flux over the continental United State based on the NASA total ozone mapping spectrometer data and USDA ground-based measurements

In recent years, the risk of health effects caused by the increased exposure to Ultraviolet-B (UVB) due to stratospheric ozone depletion has received wide attention. In the US, there are two ways to accurately measure the UVB. They include: 1) the National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) Nimbus-7 total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS), and 2) the United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) ground-based network. This paper compares these two sensors' data for the ultraviolet index (UVI) nationally and regionally to support possible public health, agricultural, and ecological analyses in the future. The major findings of our study are: 1) although there are discrepancies between these two data sets, the temporal correlation coefficients can be as high as 98%. 2) Both types of data sources depict the macroscopic spatial pattern of the UVI across the continental US.indicating a strong spatial correlation; 3) The two data sources are generally consistent though the UVI of the NASA TOMS data are often about 0.13-1.05 units larger than those of the USDA ground-based measurements; and 4) Varying differences can be seen between the Midwest and two coastal regions. While the level of the UVI on the west coast has shown a decreasing trend in the past few years, its counterpart on the east coast showed an opposite trend in between 2000 and 2005. It is hard to conclude that the changes are due to variations of total ozone concentrations in this study period. The USDA ground-based measurements may be better applied for time series analysis for public health, ecological, and agricultural applications due to their ability to provide intensive calibrated point measurements.
Multiple‐step geomagnetic storms and their interplanetary drivers

[11 ] While the classic picture of a geomagnetic storm is of a main phase eventually reaching maximum intensity, followed by a recovery, the profile can often be more complex. This has been recognized in past studies that have classified storms as having "one" or "two" "steps" during the main phase. However, the intense (Dst < -100 nT) storms studied during the LWS CDAW Workshop may be more complicated. We discuss the variety of interplanetary circumstances that gave rise to several storms of varying complexity.
Diffusion in a one-dimensional disordered system

The low-frequency properties of a disordered one-dimensional diffusion model are determined. Of particular interest is the case where the distribution of hopping elements diverges for small values of the hopping elements. The density of states and the leading correction terms are calculated at low frequencies and the diffusion constant and correlation length are determined. The scaling assumptions of Alexander et al. are verified. The model considered is also one for phonons with random force constants and the localization length for low-frequency phonons is determined. The case where there is both off-diagonal and diagonal disorder is considered.
Long range E-0 Reconnaissance System And Flight Test Results

Beginning 1977, Fairchild Weston Systems developed a long-range E-0 Reconnaissance System. The goal was to develop and experimentally demonstrate the capabilities of a sensor using Charge Coupled Device (CCD) Time Delay and Integration, (TM) technology. It was shown to be possible to electronically subtract the background, due to haze, from each picture element (PIXEL) and amplify the remaining differences to enhance the reproduced scene. The large image signal-to-noise ratio required was ob-tained through the use of a TDI. An optically contiguous focal plane, built up of TDI chips, was integrated into a long focal length camera, which was test-flown. This paper describes the experiment and the results obtained.
Alteration of O,O-dimethyl S-[alpha-(carboethoxy)benzyl] phosphorodithioate (phenthoate) in citrus, water, and upon exposure to air and sunlight.

The fate of32P- and14C-labeledO,O-dimethylS-[α-(carboethoxy)benzyl] phosphorodithioate (phenthoate) was determined in citrus, water, and upon exposure to air and sunlight. The products recovered from citrus and glass plates exposed to sunlight were unchanged phenthoate, phenthoate oxon, demethyl phenthoate, mandelic acid,bis- [α-(carboethoxy)benzyl] disulfide,O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioic and phosphorodithioic acid. Similar products generally were found in citrus leaf and fruit extracts. Phenthoate was fairly stable in phosphate buffered water with a half-life of approximately 12 days at pH 8.0. The major hydrolysis products were phenthoate acid, demethyl phenthoate and demethyl phenthoate oxon.
The effect of tidal resuspension on the distribution of intertidal epipelic algae in an estuary

The distribution of microalgal biomass in the sediments and water column of a salt marsh and mudflat ecosystem was studied over a fifteen month period by fluorometric analysis of chlorophyll a . Chlorophyll entered the water column on the early flood tide due to the resuspension of intertidal mudflat sediments and associated epipelic algal flora. By mid-flood tide, chlorophyll values were surpassed by its degradation products. Unusually large numbers of bivalves and other suspension feeders present in the system may have processed the water and released fecal materials, thus raising the concentration of pheopigment in the water column between early and mid-flood tide. By mid-ebb, the pigment levels had declined, possibly due to the setting of algal cells and feces. Resuspension recommenced briefly by late ebb as the system emptied. Calculations revealed that if 10 to 15% of the mudflat sediments were resuspended to a depth of 1 mm it could account for the chlorophyll levels inside the estuary, which were high compared to neighboring systems. Pigment gradients in the water column and sediments indicated net transport of epipelic algae from the mudflat to the salt marsh where most of the bivalves were located. Suspended material concentrations as well as counts of epipelic and phytoplankton frustules suggested that epipelic algae in shallow estuarine systems may be an important food source for the filter feeding community when made available twice daily by tidal resuspension of sediments.
Ethnic peace in the east: Transnational networks and the CSCE/OSCE

Abstract While a great deal is made of the international community's inability to prevent ethnic violence in Yugoslavia, little attention has been paid to international efforts to manage ethnic conflicts in the years since. With an emphasis on the spearheading initiatives of the CSCE/OSCE, this article fleshes out the meaning of the so-called ‘Bosnia effect’. It contends that, by the middle of the 1990s, a transnational network of governmental and non-governmental organizations had adopted overlapping, reinforcing strategies and principles to encourage ethnic cooperation in Eastern Europe. While this transnational network focused on ethnic conflict management did not prevent violence everywhere, this article explains the unique networking behaviour of transnational actors and demonstrates its effect on the transformation of ethnic politics in a case study of Latvia.
Adrenergic innervation of the gills, pulmonary arterial plexus, and dorsal aorta in the neotenic salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum

The presence of adrenergic innervation was investigated in four different vascular segments of the neotenic tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, by histofluorescent staining for catecholamines. The segments were the respiratory section of the gill, the branchial shunt vessels, a vascular plexus in the pulmonary artery, and the dorsal aorta. No adrenergic fibers were detected in the respiratory section of the gill or the pulmonary arterial plexus. In contrast, the branchial shunt vessels contained both adrenergic varicosities and catecholamine-containing cell bodies. These cells resemble Type I cells of the mammalian carotid body and amphibian carotid labyrinth. Adrenergic innervation of the dorsal aorta was sparse and restricted to the adventitia. The results suggest that adrenergic nerves may directly regulate blood flow in the gill, and thus gas exchange, by controlling vascular resistance of the branchial shunts. The contractile state of the dorsal aorta may also be under adrenergic control. In addition, it is suggested that the adrenergic cells of the branchial shunts may serve a receptor function in being sensitive to arterial blood gases.
On the convergence of modified contractions

Abstract The convergence of the iteration algorithm based on the algorithmic function x →α x + (1 − α)A( x ) is analyzed, where A: R n→ R n is a point-to-point mapping, and the coefficient α may change during the process.
Researching Race Within Educational Psychology Contexts

In this article, we question why race as a sociohistorical construct has not traditionally been investigated in educational psychology research. To do so, we provide a historical discussion of the significance of race as well as present current dilemmas in the exploration of race, including an examination of the incidence and prevalence of race-related constructs in top educational psychology journals. As a means of expanding educational psychology's use of race as a sociohistorical construct, we introduce the concepts of race-focused and race-reimaged constructs. We end the article with suggestions for how we can begin exploring race as a sociohistorical construct in the field of educational psychology, including the need to challenge traditional paradigms and embrace culturally relevant methodologies.
SU-E-T-83: Ultra-Violet Annealing of Optically Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeter

Purpose: To study the effectiveness of an ultra‐violet (UV) light source in releasing charges from deep traps in optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter (OSLD) for optical annealing. This potentially removes the known dependence of OSLD on the irradiation history and aids periodic recalibrationof each OSLD for accurate dosimetry.Methods: We irradiated OSLDs at different doses using high energyphotons. Then we illuminated them under two different light sources to observe the temporal development of the regenerated OSL signals after each illumination. A high power light‐ emitting diode(LED) was utilized to de‐populate the intermediate dosimetry traps, whereas a UV light source was used to re‐distribute charges among deep and intermediate dosimetry traps. The regeneration of OSL signal was observed using the microStar OSLD reader. The illumination sessions were repeated multiple times to reduce trapped charges. Results: The regeneration rate of the OSL signal after de‐population with the LED increased with irradiation dose, consistent with more charges in deep traps. During UVillumination, the population of charges in the intermediate dosimetry traps reached a transient‐equilibrium state. After UV was turned off, the OSL signal increased with time for highly irradiated OSLD and decreased for un‐irradiated OSLD. After repeated UVilluminations, the regeneration signal from the irradiated OSLD decreased to the level of un‐irradiated OSLD. Conclusions:UVillumination is effective in redistributing charges among traps and can potentially be used to more thoroughly annealirradiated OSLDs.
Relation of Distance to Foraging Intensity of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) on Natural Food Sources

In experiments conducted during 2 seasons, several variables affecting the relation of distance to foraging intensity were tested simultaneously by labeling bees with genetic markers and either P32 or I131. During one season the weather, though variable, permitted normal flight and there was no significant variation among the days sampled; during the other season cold weather and frequent rains limited flights to short, intermittent periods and there was large variation among samples taken on different days at the same location. Weather, having a major effect only under marginal flight conditions, is therefore a “threshold” factor. During the season when weather permitted normal flight, the bees were so distributed that a linear relation to distance was found in the proportion of bees between any 2 of the 3 apiaries. When the proportion of distance that bees from each apiary had to fly to the sampled location was plotted against the proportion of bees for each location, the steep slope of each line obtained indicated a rapid decrease in relative attractiveness of a food source with increased distance from the apiary. The body-color mutation “cordovan” did not affect the distribution of foragers or their pollen-gathering activity. During the season when weather conditions permitted normal flight, I131 showed no effect on the distribution of foragers, but P32 had a slight effect. Even if the data from the apiary that was fed P32 are omitted, it is concluded that there is a rapid decrease in relative attractiveness of a food source with increased distance from the apiary.
Atomistic simulations of metallic microstructures

Abstract This paper reviews recent results in the simulation of the mechanical response of metallic microstructures at the atomic level. The role of the grain boundary network in deformation process is the concentration of this paper as studied by virtual tensile and nanoindentation tests. The grain boundary network is found to contribute to plastic deformation through the process of dislocation nucleation, absorption and transmission, as well as grain boundary accommodation mechanisms such as grain boundary sliding and migration. The microstructural grain boundary network is also critical to the nucleation and propagation of cracks. The challenges and opportunities in this area are discussed.
BAX supports the mitochondrial network, promoting bioenergetics in nonapoptotic cells

The dual functionality of the tumor suppressor BAX is implied by the nonapoptotic functions of other members of the BCL-2 family. To explore this, mitochondrial metabolism was examined in BAX-deficient HCT-116 cells as well as primary hepatocytes from BAX-deficient mice. Although mitochondrial density and mitochondrial DNA content were the same in BAX-containing and BAX-deficient cells, MitoTracker staining patterns differed, suggesting the existence of BAX-dependent functional differences in mitochondrial physiology. Oxygen consumption and cellular ATP levels were reduced in BAX-deficient cells, while glycolysis was increased. These results suggested that cells lacking BAX have a deficiency in the ability to generate ATP through cellular respiration. This conclusion was supported by detection of reduced citrate synthase activity in BAX-deficient cells. In nonapoptotic cells, a portion of BAX associated with mitochondria and a sequestered, protease-resistant form was detected. Inhibition of BAX with small interfering RNAs reduced intracellular ATP content in BAX-containing cells. Expression of either full-length or COOH-terminal-truncated BAX in BAX-deficient cells rescued ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption and reduced glycolytic activity, suggesting that this metabolic function of BAX was not dependent upon its COOH-terminal helix. Expression of BCL-2 in BAX-containing cells resulted in a subsequent loss of ATP measured, implying that, even under nonapoptotic conditions, an antagonistic interaction exists between the two proteins. These findings infer that a basal amount of BAX is necessary to maintain energy production via aerobic respiration.
New oxidative tools for the functionalization of the cephalostatin north 1 hemisphere.

Dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) C−H oxidation of ketone 17 to hemiketal 18 (82%), bis-dehydration to vinyl ether 21 (77%), and DMDO again provides C-23 axial alcohol 23 (99%). Routine processing, including a double-stereoselective Sharpless AD reaction (de >98%), gives alcohols 7 and 32. C-23 deoxy substrate 7 undergoes Suarez hypoiodite oxidative cyclization to (natural) β spiroketal 34, but compound 32, bearing a C-23 silyl ether, generates unnatural spiroketal 33.
Ellipic Expert: an expert system for elliptic partial differential equations

Abstract Problem oriented, very high level languages represent a first step toward the modernization of scientific mathematical software. An example of such a system is XELLPACK , an environment for solving elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs). XELLPACK is based on ELLPACK and the X Window System, making full use of interactive color graphics output and input. XELLPACK contains vast raw PDE solving power; for a given elliptic problem, XELLPACK provides 1147 distinct solution paths. For the nonexpert user, choosing a single valid path is difficult while choosing the “best” path is nearly impossible. Thus, it takes an “elliptic expert” to make full use of XELLPACK's elliptic problem solving capabilities. Most similar sophisticated scientific systems share analogous drawbacks. As a step toward the solution of this problem, we have begun work on Elliptic Expert , an expert system for solving elliptic PDEs. We are incorporating enough expertise into Elliptic Expert to make the extensive problem solving capabilities of XELLPACK completely accessible to the nonexpert; i.e. the average design engineer. When completed, Elliptic Expert will not only advise the user in the selection of the “best” solution method, but also aid in the analysis of the accuracy of the computed solution. We present here the design and current state of Elliptic Expert.
Junctional Permeability Measurements in the Embryonic Chick

Abstract The purpose of this paper is two-fold: to measure junctional permeability of different types of dissociated lens cells and to compare the junctional permeability of dissociated lens cells to that of cells in the intact lens. Dissociated embryonic chick lens cells and intact embryonic chick lenses were loaded with the fluorescent dye 5,6 carboxyfluorescein diacetate. The return of fluorescence after bleaching an individual cell was used to estimate cell-to-cell permeability. Use of the confocal microscope facilitated quantitation of the return of fluorescence as well as optical sectioning needed to measure cell-to-cell permeability in an intact lens. Two types of dissociated cells were studied: spherical and short elongated cells. The average rate constant for 5,6 carboxyfluorescein transfer between these cells was 7.9×10-3sec-1and 8.1×10-3sec-1, respectively. The junctional permeability for both types of cells was reduced by lowering internal pH to 6.0 by bathing the cells in a sodium acetate solution. Permeability measurements of the central epithelial cells of an isolated whole lens gave an average rate constant of 2.6×10-3sec-1, comparable to the rates measured in the dissociated cells. These results establish that the photobleach method can be used in intact lens to quantitatively assess junctional permeability and that dissociated epithelial cells have very nearly the same junctional permeabilities as cells in the intact lens.
Ponds in the twenty-first century

Because they are economical reactors, properly designed ponds for waste management will grow in importance in the 21st Century. They will also be important for water and nutrient recycling and for animal feed production. Paddle wheel mixed algal growth ponds are not only a cost effective choice for wastewater oxidation but also are most efficient in fixing solar energy and in reclaiming water, nutrients, and energy from organic wastes. As the human population increases the amount of arable land will soon be less than one hectare per person and, at current world crop productivities of much less than 0.1 g/m 2 /d, one hectare of arable land per person will be insufficient to sustain a projected population of more than six billion by the year 2000. Because the amount of land is finite, the apparent solutions are to increase productivity and, ultimately, to attain a constant population. Microalgae in ponds can produce high protein biomass at a rate of 10 to 20 g/m 2 /d, productivities an order of magnitude greater than land crops. Algae can be combined with grains to produce valuable feed, which through poultry, animals, and fish can improve human nutrition. With improved human nutrition, financial security should increase and birth rates should decline; therefore, algaculture in ponds, together with conventional agriculture, can help reach a stable population and improve the quality of human life.
Interspecific differences in dead plant buffering capacity alter the impact of acid rain on decomposition rates in tidal marshes

Simulated acid rain did not alter respiration rates of microbial associations on dead Spartina alterniora from Delaware salt marshes or on dead Carex lyngbyei from Oregon brackish marshes. Since these dead plant-microbe associations have a strong buffering capacity for acid rain, the microbial associations did not experience a low pH. In contrast, Phragmites australis has a low buffering capacity and microbial respiration was reduced at least 25 % by acid rain. When dead plant-microbe associations from freshwater marshes and various terrestrial plant populations were immersed in simulated acid rain, the rain water equilibrated at pH's from 3.9 to 5.0 and were characteristic of the various species. The different buffering capacities of such dead plant-microbe associations may explain the inconsistent results published from decomposition studies and may serve as a quick and easy method of assessing the probable impact of acidic deposition on decomposition processes.
Psychiatric Disorders, Drug Use, and Medical Status in Injection Drug Users With HIV Disease

The authors reviewed records of 84 HIV-infected methadone-maintenance treatment (MMT) patients for psychiatric disorders, HIV disease status, and urine drug-test results. Sixty-six patients (79%) required psychiatric consultation (P+). Their diagnoses are presented. P+ patients and patients not requiring consultation (P-) were compared for drug abuse, HIV status, and zidovudine (AZT) treatment while in MMT. P+patients had a higher rate of drug-positive urine tests than P- patients, were more likely to have progressed to AIDS, and were less likely to have AZT prescribed. Among injection drug users in MMT, current psychiatric comorbidity is common and may be associated with worsened drug-abuse treatment and HIV disease outcome.
Acceptability of interventions for aggressive behavior in long-term care settings: comparing ratings and hierarchical selection

Fifty-six active treatment team members in long-term nursing care facilities completed an online survey assessing treatment acceptability of modern behavioral, pharmacological, and sensory interventions. A traditional treatment acceptability rating scale was compared to treatment selections in a paired-options format. Unlike earlier research, there were no significant differences in acceptability between the 3 interventions on the traditional rating scale. However, ratings and selections were significantly correlated for behavioral and pharmacological interventions. The clinical significance of such relations and the implications for the use of treatment ratings is discussed.
Health and Social Services for Male-to-Female Transgender Persons of Color in San Francisco

SUMMARY This article presents findings from an investigation of health needs, service utilization, and perceived barriers to services among male-to-female (MtF) transgender persons of color in San Francisco. Focus groups (n = 48) and survey interviews (n = 332) were conducted with convenience samples recruited from the community. Participants reported a range of health and social services needed during the previous year, with African-Americans and Latinas showing particularly strong service needs. Rates of utilizing services were high for basic health care but lower for social services, substance abuse treatment, psychological counseling, and gender transition-related medical services. No significant ethnic group differences in health service utilization were found. Qualitative findings evinced the call for transgender-specific programs and advanced provider training on transgender issues such as hormone use, gender transition, HIV/ AIDS care and prevention, substance abuse, and mental health problems.
Fourteen novel microsatellite markers for the gopher frog, Lithobates capito (Amphibia: Ranidae)

We isolated and characterized a total of 14 microsatellite loci from gopher frogs, Lithobates capito. This species is of conservation concern because most populations have gone locally extinct across the geographic distribution. Loci were screened for 21 individuals from a single population in Florida. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 7 to 17, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.667 to 0.947, and the probability of identity values ranged from 0.011 to 0.077. These new loci provide tools for examining the genetic diversity and population structure of L. capito populations and addressing factors associated with their decline.
Survey of the utilization of psychiatrists and psychologists for hospitalized children.

Although interest by psychiatrists and psychologists in consultation to pediatric settings has increased in the past few years, little is known about how frequently they have been involved in providing psychosocial services to hospitalized children The authors distributed a 20item questionnaire to 136 pediatricians and 12 head nurses, representing 22 hospitals throughout Washington State The questionnaire was designed to assess the disciplines involved in providing psychosocial care, the availability of various personnel, teaching functions, funding of services, and perceived need for further services The results showed that psychiatrists and psychologists were utilized least often in all settings Respondents from 68% of the hospitals represented specifically requested more services from psychiatrists and psychologists trained in pediatric issues The authors discuss possible reasons behind the underutilization of psychiatrists and psychologists.
Dispersity of repeat DNA sequences in Oncopeltus fasciatus, an organism with diffuse centromeres.

DNA of Oncopeltus fasciatus, an organism with diffuse centromeres, has been characterized by determination of its base composition, buoyant density, thermal stability, and reassociation kinetics; renatured DNA was characterized similarly. We conclude that repeated sequences are primarily short and scattered throughout the genome. This is in contrast to the extensive tandem repeats which are found in DNAs of organisms with discrete centromeres.