cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
(1R,2S,3R,4S)‐3‐Dimethylamino‐1,7,7‐trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan‐2‐ol

[103729-96-0] C12H23NO (MW 197.18) InChI = 1S/C12H23NO/c1-11(2)8-6-7-12(11,3)10(14)9(8)13(4)5/h8-10,14H,6-7H2,1-5H3/t8-,9-,10-,12+/m1/s1 InChIKey = ZDEYHASQASZDRQ-BFLSOPEQSA-N (chiral catalyst for the enantioselective addition of dialkylzinc reagents to aldehydes and ketones) Alternate Name: (−)DAIB, cis-exo-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminoiso- borneol, (−)-3-exo-(dimethylamino)isoborneol, (2S)-DAIB. Physical Data: bp 120 °C (18 mm Hg),1 75 °C (0.05 mm Hg),5 70 °C (0.1 mm Hg).2 [α]28D −14.7° (c 4.58, ethanol),1 [α]20D −14.5° (c 0.93, ethanol),5 [α]14D −9.40° (c 4.31, ethanol),4 [α]D −8.0° (c 4.3, ethanol).2 Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents, e.g., ethanol, toluene, and CH2Cl2. Form Supplied in: yellow to colorless oil. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR,1,2 HPLC,1,3 polarimetry,1, 2, 4, 5 31P NMR after derivatization.5 Preparative Methods: conversion of (1R)-camphor into vicinal amino alcohol,6-8 followed by N-methylation using either aqueous formaldehyde and formic acid6 or methyl iodide.5,7 Purification: bulb-to-bulb distillation,1,5 column chromatography.5,6
Behind the Rhetoric: Applying a Cultural Theory Lens to Community-Campus Partnership Development

The nature of engagement between American campuses and communities is contested. This article is an invi- tation to reconsider why community-campus partnerships often look so different and have diverse and some- times negative outcomes. Using a cultural theory approach (Thompson, Ellis, & Wildavsky, 1990) to eluci- date the four main cultural frames that inform human behavior—hierarchist, individualistic, fatalistic, and egalitarian—this treatment maps these frames onto the broad terrain of community-campus partnerships. This exploration enables service-learning and other partnership building practitioners to more clearly rec- ognize and understand the preconceptions that influence partners' approaches. Because service-learning rhetoric is heavily biased toward egalitarian (reciprocal, mutual) relationship building, it does not neces- sarily ensure that all entities on and off campus understand or accept this approach. This application sug- gests several areas for future research as service-learning practitioners "unlearn a belief system" and work to build a new system in its place.
Sequential conformational rearrangements in flavivirus membrane fusion

Flaviviruses are a group of viruses that cause serious diseases in humans, including yellow fever, West Nile fever and dengue fever. Like all viruses, flaviviruses protect their genetic material with a protein shell and, like many other viruses, that shell also has a lipid membrane. Flaviruses use one of their surface membrane proteins, known as ‘envelope protein’ or simply ‘E’, to bind to the surface of host cells. Once the virus has attached to the host cell membrane, it becomes engulfed within a bubble-like structure called an endosome, which also has a surrounding membrane. The interior of an endosome is acidic. Under these conditions the E protein undergoes a series of changes that bring the two membranes into close contact, so that the membrane of the virus can fuse with the membrane of the endosome. This membrane fusion allows the genome of the virus to escape the endosome and hijack the cell to make new copies of the virus. The E proteins on a mature flavivirus particle are found in pairs, but previous work showed that these proteins must work together in groups of three (called ‘trimers’) for the viral and endosomal membranes to fuse. Chao et al. have now asked: what are the rate-limiting steps that lead to the formation of trimers? And how many trimers are necessary to cause the membranes to fuse? Chao et al. have investigated these questions using virus-like particles containing the E protein of West Nile Virus. They used techniques that can track individual particles, which their laboratory had previously used to investigate the influenza virus, to model changes in the E protein before, during and after membrane fusion. Chao et al. then made mutant versions of the envelope protein and used virus-like particles containing them to test the model. The data that Chao et al. obtained and computer simulations they carried out suggest that exposure to acidic conditions encourages the pairs of E proteins to separate and extend towards the endosome membrane. Individual E proteins then group together into trimers, and at least two trimers are needed to exert enough force to allow the membranes to fuse. The experimental design used by Chao et al. will now allow them to study the action of molecules that inhibit membrane fusion by West Nile Virus and other viruses.
Potential Partnerships: Progressive Criminology, Grassroots Organizations, and Social Justice

Criminologists around the globe are writing about the disproportionate criminalization of minority groups and – in the US in particular – about racial disproportionality in all aspects of the criminal justice system. This wealth of knowledge in progressive criminology rarely animates reform efforts: it has had little impact on formal policymaking, and has failed to animate the work of grassroots activists engaged in the fight for justice system reform. Yet given the increased criminalization of young people in poor communities – and the possibilities for change at this very moment – progressive criminological ideas have never been more important. We need to think about ways to make them public. Toward this end, this paper discusses possible partnerships between progressive criminology and social justice organizations struggling to transform the criminal justice system. While describing nine such groups, we detail a set of recommendations for bridging the gap between progressive criminology and social justice organizations.
Validation of Long-Term Data from FBG Temperature Sensors

Monitoring temperature in structures is essential for understanding their thermal behavior and performing thermal compensation for any other type of sensors used for structural health monitoring (e.g. strain). This is particularly important for long-term monitoring applications. Nevertheless, a universal procedure for the validation of temperature data from a monitoring system has not been created and implemented. In this paper, preliminary research on two methods that aim to validate temperature readings from temperature sensors is presented. The methods differ in the type of data available for validation: (1) data from two independent monitoring systems are available, and (2) data from a monitoring system and a nearby weather tower are available. The methods use linear regression and confidence intervals on the linear regression model parameters to quantify annual changes in readings, which are then used to characterize long-term performance of the sensor such as changes in sensitivity or stability, or other unusual behaviors. The methods were applied to data collected over five years from fiber optic sensors based on Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) installed on Streicker Bridge on the Princeton University campus, and similar qualitative conclusions were derived from the two methods at instrumented locations where two independent monitoring systems are installed. This validation of the two methods was used as a confirmation that the second method, for which data is generally available, can be used in lieu of the first in cases where two independent monitoring systems do not exist. Based on this validation, the second method was independently used to test data at other locations on the bridge, where only one type of sensors is installed. The validation procedure showed and quantified minor changes in sensitivity and stability in measurements from some instrumented locations after the first two years. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/62
What Caused The Crime Decline

A new study by the Brennan Center for Justice examined several possible explanations for the dramatic drop in crime in the U.S. in the 1990s and 2000s. Among the theories studied was use of the death penalty, which the report found had no effect on the decline in crime.
Slave Systems: The comparative economics of slavery in the Greco-Roman world

A comparative perspective improves our understanding of the critical determinants of the large-scale use of slave labor in different sectors of historical economies, including classical Greece and the Italian heartland of the Roman empire. This paper argues that the success of chattel slavery was a function of the specific configuration of several critical variables: the character of certain kinds of economic activity, the incentive system, the normative value system of a society, and the nature of commitments required of the free population. High real wages and low slave prices precipitated the expansion of slavery in classical Greece and Republican Rome, while later periods of Roman history may have witnessed either a high-equilibrium level of slavery or its gradual erosion in the context of lower wages and higher prices.
Capturing Psychologists’ Work in Integrated Care: Measuring and Documenting Administrative Outcomes

With the expansion of integrated primary care and the increased focus on fiscal sustainability, it is critical for clinical managers of these innovative systems to have practical methods for measuring administrative outcomes. Administrative outcomes will assist leadership in the development of efficient, streamlined clinics to provide services to the primary care population. Additionally, administrative measures can be utilized to provide information to assist in guiding resource utilization and management decisions. Several administrative outcomes are suggested for integrated primary care managers to consider for application, including: clinic utilization measures, integrated care administrative measures, wait time and access metrics, and productivity monitors. Effective utilization of these measures can help office managers and clinic leadership not only to maximize patient care, but also to enhance essential business operations, which increase the long-term sustainability of integrated primary care programs.
Ventricular ejection fractions of linear transformation and ellipsoid models

Eigenvolumes calculated from a linear transformation model were found previously to be linearly related to balloon volumes in excised hearts. The present study analyzed endocardial marker kinematics in intact, contracting left ventricles by biplane cinefluorography. Ejection fractions of the linear transformation model were compared by linear regression analysis with those of an ellipsoidal model, whose ejection fractions had been documented previously in closed and open-chest dog preparations. Data from 10 dogs indicated a correlation coefficient of 0.98 and a regression equation with close similarity to the line of identity. Ejection fractions calculated from the linear transformation model are concluded to be proportional to actual ejection fractions in intact, beating left ventricles.
Security auditing in service oriented architecture

Service oriented architectures (SOA) introduce new security challenges not present in the single-hop client-server architectures due to the involvement in multiple service providers in a service request. Considering the additional security threats on SOAs, the interactions of independent service domains could violate service policies or SLAs. We provide an efficient solution for auditing service invocations in SOA. This solution is transparent to the services, which allows using legacy services without modification. Moreover, we are investigating the transition to the cloud computing.
Responses to selection among life-history traits in a nonmigratory population of milkweed bugs (Oncopeltus fasciatus).

Genetic parameters were assessed in the nonmigratory Puerto Rico population of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, and compared with parameters estimated in a migratory population from Iowa (Palmer and Dingle, 1986). Offspring-parent regression analysis provided initial estimates of heritabilities and phenotypic and genetic correlations among wing length, head-capsule width, female age at first reproduction, fecundity for the first and second five days of reproduction by females, and clutch size for the first and second five days of reproduction by females. Replicated bidirectional selection for wing length was then imposed, with a direct response to selection revealing substantial additive genetic variance for this trait, as was also the case with the Iowa population. Assays for correlated response to selection yielded two further similarities to Iowa: a positive response in head-capsule width and no consistent response in age at first reproduction. In contrast to the results with Iowa bugs, neither regression analysis nor selection revealed statistically significant genetic correlations between fecundity measures and those of other traits. In both populations the potential exists for body-size characters to evolve together independently of age at first reproduction; but in the nonmigratory Puerto Rico bugs, fecundity does not contribute to a life-history syndrome involving genetic correlations among these traits.
Fire Effects on Basal Area, Tiller Production, and Mortality of the C4 Bunchgrass, Purple Threeawn

Fire behavior associated with wild and prescribed fires is variable, but plays a vital role in how a plant responds to fire. Understanding the relationship between fire behavior and rangeland plant community response will help to improve the use of prescribed fire to achieve management objectives. Fire is an important ecological process in many rangeland ecosystems and can be used as a tool to maintain grassland plant communities and shift community composition. Purple threeawn (Aristida purpurea Nutt.) is a grass native to North America that has poor forage quality and the ability to form near monocultures. Therefore, the identification of tools to reduce purple threeawn abundance is desirable. We assessed the effects of summer and fall prescribed fire on purple threeawn plant basal area, tiller production, and plant mortality one growing season post fire in the northern Great Plains. Thermocouples and portable data loggers were used to measure the maximum temperature, heat duration, and heat dosage that individual purple threeawn plants experienced. Fire reduced basal area and tiller production 59 % and 57 %, respectively. Heat dosage (C-statistic = 0.69) and heat duration (C-statistic = 0.65) were good predictors of purple threeawn mortality. A restrospective analysis showed maximum temperatures were similar for fall and summer fires but heat duration and dosage were 44 % and 21 % greater for summer fires, respectively. Our results indicate that purple threeawn is a fire sensitive species. The ability to predict purple threeawn mortality could enhance the efficacy of prescribed fire as tool to restore purple threeawn and other Aristida-dominated plant communities.
Variability and multiplicity in the meanings of stereotypical gendered speech in Japanese

Recent research on the use of gendered speech in Japanese has demonstrated extensive within-gender diversity, suggesting that the relationship between linguistic forms and gender is variable, not fixed. While this diversity in use suggests a diversity in interpretation, the latter has not been adequately examined in its own right and deserves closer attention, given that it has important implications for the relationship between linguistic forms and social meanings. To address this gap, this study analyses both native speakers’ metapragmatic comments on the use of gendered linguistic forms and the interpretation of such forms used in situated conversations. It considers how and why forms normatively interpreted as feminine or masculine may be (re)interpreted differently by different persons or in different social contexts. Drawing on the notion of indirect and variable indexicality, I consider how such diverse and multiple interpretations can be accounted for in a theoretically coherent manner.
Hydra metalloproteinase 1 (HMP1)

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the structural chemistry and the biological aspects of hydra metalloproteinase 1 (HMP1). Hydra metalloproteinase 1 is a member of the astacin class of metalloproteinases. Astacin metalloproteinases include members such as crayfish astacin and human bone morphogenetic protein 1, and meprin and tolloid proteins of different organisms. These proteinases have been associated with a broad spectrum of biological activities such as food digestion, egg shell hatching, processing of growth factors, and axis determination and cell differentiation during development in a wide variety of organisms. These diverse functions are attributed to an intrinsic proteolytic activity that is involved with direct processing of substrates, indirect modulation of growth factor activity, and assembly and integrity of the extracellular matrix. On the other hand, in addition to osteogenetic activity, BMP-1 also possesses the ability to modify the deposition and composition of basement membrane, acting as type I procollagen C-proteinase. A modified immunocytochemical procedure demonstrated that HMPl protein can be localized not only to ECM of tentacles, but also endodermal cells of the body column in a pattern similar to its mRNA distribution.
Fused lasso approach in regression coefficients clustering: learning parameter heterogeneity in data integration

As data sets of related studies become more easily accessible, combining data sets of similar studies is often undertaken in practice to achieve a larger sample size and higher power. A major challenge arising from data integration pertains to data heterogeneity in terms of study population, study design, or study coordination. Ignoring such heterogeneity in data analysis may result in biased estimation and misleading inference. Traditional techniques of remedy to data heterogeneity include the use of interactions and random effects, which are inferior to achieving desirable statistical power or providing a meaningful interpretation, especially when a large number of smaller data sets are combined. In this paper, we propose a regularized fusion method that allows us to identify and merge inter-study homogeneous parameter clusters in regression analysis, without the use of hypothesis testing approach. Using the fused lasso, we establish a computationally efficient procedure to deal with large-scale integrated data. Incorporating the estimated parameter ordering in the fused lasso facilitates computing speed with no loss of statistical power. We conduct extensive simulation studies and provide an application example to demonstrate the performance of the new method with a comparison to the conventional methods.
Doing Research in the Dalian Economic Zone

In an interview with me, Liming, a woman from the province of Heilongjiang who was now selling fruit on the street in the Dalian Economic Zone, explained that an economic zone has a special status; because she had managed to move there to live, even without having acquired a permanent residency permit, she is viewed as a success by her friends back home. When I asked her why, she explained “Because I live in the DEZ, [my status] is considered higher, more successful. The DEZ is even better than Harbin [a city in Heilongjiang]… This is a development zone, it is really developed and Harbin is just a city. So coming here is better, there are more opportunities for people here.”
Dirichlet L-Functions and the Distribution of Quadratic Residues

In Sect. 7.4 of Chap. 4, we saw how the non-vanishing at s = 1 of the L-function L(s, χ) of a non-principal Dirichlet character χ played an essential role in the proof of Dirichlet’s theorem on prime numbers in arithmetic progression (Theorem 4.5). In this chapter, the fact that L(1, χ) is not only nonzero, but positive, when χ is real and non-principal, will be of central importance. The positivity of L(1, χ) comes into play because we are interested in the following problem concerning the distribution of residues and non-residues of a prime p. Suppose that I is an interval of the real line contained in the interval from 1 to p. Are there more residues of p than non-residues in I, or are there more non-residues than residues, or is the number of residues and non-residues in I the same? We will see that this question can be answered if we can determine if certain sums of values of the Legendre symbol of p are positive, and it transpires that the positivity of the sum of these Legendre-symbol values, for certain primes p, are determined precisely by the positivity of L(1, χ) for certain Dirichlet characters χ. We make all of this precise in Sect. 7.1, where the principal theorem of this chapter, Theorem 7.1, is stated and then used to obtain some very interesting answers to our question about the distribution of residues and non-residues. In the next section, the proof of Theorem 7.1 is outlined; in particular we will see how the proof can be reduced to the verification of formulae, stated in Theorems 7.2, 7.3, and 7.4, which express the relevant Legendre-symbol sums in terms of the values of L-functions at s = 1. Sections 7.3–7.7 are devoted to the proof Theorems 7.2–7.4. In Sect. 7.3, the fact that L(1, χ) > 0 for real, non-principal Dirichlet characters is established, and Sects. 7.4–7.6 are devoted to discussing various results concerning Gauss sums, analytic functions of a complex variable, and Fourier series which are required for the arguments we take up in Sect. 7.7. Because it plays such an important role in the results of this chapter, we prove in Sect. 7.8 Dirichlet’s fundamental Lemma 4.8 on the non-vanishing of L(1, χ) for real, non-principal characters. Motivated by the result on the convergence of Fourier series that is proved in Sect. 7.6, we give yet another proof of quadratic reciprocity in Sect. 7.9 that uses finite Fourier series expansions.
The Implied Futures Financing Rate

We explore the cost of implicit leverage associated with an S&P 500 Index futures contract and derive an implied financing rate. While this implicit financing rate has often been attractive relative to market rates on explicit financing, the relationship between the implicit and explicit financing rates has been volatile and varied considerably based on legal and economic regimes.
RAX Activates Tumor Suppressor p53.

Recently, our laboratory identified RAX as a unique cellular activator for the interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR. Cellular stresses such as IL-3 withdrawal from factor dependent hematopoietic cells, inflammatory cytokine and chemotherapy treatment or viral infection promote RAX phosphorylation with activation of PKR leading to inhibition of new protein synthesis. In addition, PKR can also regulate the transcription factors p53, STAT1 and NF-kB. Now we report a novel activity for RAX in regulating the expression and activity of the tumor suppressor, p53. Results indicate that increased RAX expression in p53 expressing cells, such as HEK293, mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) or human osteosarcoma U2OS promotes an increase in the steady-state level of endogenous p53 and its activation of the p53 target gene, p21. Furthermore, when RAX is expressed in U2OS cells or coexpressed with p53 in p53 null H1299 cells, enhanced, dose-dependent p53 transcriptional activity is observed as assessed using a p53 luciferase reporter. Consistent with these findings, flow cytometry demonstrates that either RAX or PKR can stimulate p53-dependent G1 arrest that precedes apoptosis. Since p53 is a major ‘sensor’ for DNA damage leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, we also examined whether RAX enhances p53’s response to DNA damage. Following gamma irradiation or Cisplatin treatment of p53 expressing cells, expression of exogenous RAX augments while ‘knock down’ of endogenous RAX by siRNA or expression of the dominant-negative, RAX (S18A) mutant, potently blocks any increase in p53 and p21 expression compared to vector-only control cells. While we find no evidence that RAX directly interacts with p53, results indicate that RAX promotes p53 SUMOylation but does not affect p53 ubiquitination or interaction with MDM2. We now propose that RAX augments the p53 stress-dependent cellular response potentially by a PKR-dependent mechanism involving SUMOylation. Since p53 is only mutated in apparently 15% of hematologic malignancies versus more than 50% in solid tumors, it is envisioned that a more detailed understanding of the mechanism by which RAX activates p53 may serve as a basis for novel antileukemic strategies.
Embedding Knowledge Elicitation and MTSystems within a Single Architecture

This paper describes Expedition, an environment designed to facilitate the quick ramp-up of MT systems from practically any alphabetic language (L) into English. The central component of Expedition is a knowledge-elicitation system that guides a linguistically naive bilingual speaker through the process of describing L in terms of its ecological, morphological, grammatical, lexical, and transfer information. Expedition also includes a module for converting the elicited information into the format expected by the underlying MT system and an MT engine that relies on both the elicited knowledge and resident knowledge about English. The Expedition environment is integrated using a configuration and control system. Expedition represents an innovative approach to answering the need for rapid-configuration MT by preparing an MT system in which the only missing link is information about L, which is elicited in a structured fashion such that it can be directly exploited by the system. In this paper we report on the current state of Expedition with an emphasis on the knowledge elicitation system.
Recovery of proliferative cells up to 15- and 49-day postmortem from bovine skin stored at 25°C and 4°C, respectively

The objective of this study was to assess the time limits within which proliferative cells can be recovered in bovine skin stored separately at 4 and 25°C after animal death. In the first experimen...
Benzylic bromination catalyzed by triphenylphosphine selenide via Lewis basic activation

Abstract The synthesis of benzyl bromides was achieved under mild reaction conditions using N -bromosuccinimide as a bromine source and triphenylphosphine selenide as a catalyst. These conditions were compatible with a variety of substrates including boronic esters, protected amines to give imines, and carboxylic acids (to give phthalides when ortho to the benzylic center). A preliminary mechanistic investigation utilizing calculated bond dissociation energies (BDE) is employed to rationalize how a Lewis base can activate a radical mechanism.
Phylogeography and population genetics of introduced Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Bighead Carp (H. nobilis) in North America

The success of a biological invasion and the ability to control an invader may partially depend on the genetic diversity of the invasive species and the amount of dispersal and gene flow occurring throughout its introduced range. Here, we used nuclear microsatellites to analyze genetic diversity and structure and whole mitogenomic sequences to analyze the phylogeography of Silver Carp (SC; Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Bighead Carp (BHC; H. nobilis) across their North American ranges. Our objectives were to assess: (1) the number of mitochondrial haplotypes that were introduced and how they are distributed in North America, which may provide insight into the history of the invasion, (2) how genetic diversity compares between the native Asian and introduced North American populations, (3) how genetic variation is structured across the North American ranges of SC and BHC as well as between the two species, and (4) whether patterns of genetic diversity and structure are likely to affect success of environmental DNA programs for monitoring these species. In both species, we found relatively few mitochondrial haplotypes, and most were present throughout the range. For both SC and BHC, unique haplotypes were found only in a portion of the species’ range, possibly indicating the location of additional, more recent introductions. In both species, genetic diversity was moderately lower in North American populations (i.e., 75–90% of that found in Asian populations), but genetic diversity still remained high. We found very little population genetic structure, consistent with a rapidly spreading invasive species, and did not find evidence of cryptic interspecific hybrids. The markers developed for eDNA monitoring will be effective for detecting the majority of individuals of these species in North America. The relatively high level of genetic variation and lack of population structure of SC and BHC in North America indicate that genetic diversity likely will not limit their persistence and that high connectivity will likely complicate efforts to control these invasive species.
The Effect of Telemedicine on Resource Utilization and Hospital Disposition in Critically Ill Pediatric Transport Patients.

Abstract Purpose: Pediatric transport teams rely on communication to report patient data to medical command officers, who create care plans and determine disposition. Common destinations are the em...
A clinical pathway for heart failure reduces admissions from the ED without increasing congestion in the ED

Abstract Background A multidisciplinary team at a major academic medical center established an Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure Clinical Pathway (ADHFCP) program to reduce inpatient readmission rates among patients with heart failure which, among several interventions, included an immediate consultation from a cardiologist familiar with an ADHFCP patient when the patient presented at the Emergency Department (ED). This study analyzed how that program impacted utilization of services in the ED and its subsequent effect on rates of admission from the ED and on disposition times. Methods ADHFCP inpatient visits were retrospectively risk stratified and matched with non-program inpatient visits to create a control group. A Cox survival model analyzed the ADHFCP's impact on patients' likelihood to visit the ED. Multivariable ANOVA evaluated the impact of the program on the patients' likelihood of being admitted when presenting at the ED. The ADHFCP's impact on bed-to-disposition time in the ED was evaluated by Wilcoxon's rank-sum test, as were doses of diuretics administered in the ED. Results The survival analysis showed no impact of the ADHFCP on patients' likelihood of visiting the ED, but ADHFCP patients presenting to the ED were 13.1 (95% CI: 3.6–22.6) percentage points less likely to be admitted. There was no difference in bed-to-disposition times, but ADHFCP patients received diuretics more frequently and at higher doses. Conclusions Improved communication between cardiologists and ED physicians through the establishment of an explicit pathway to coordinate the care of heart failure patients may decrease that population's likelihood of admission without increasing ED disposition times.
Recurrent posterior circulation infarcts secondary to vertebral artery external compression treated with endovascular deconstruction

When multiple, recurrent infarcts occur in spite of maximal medical management, the level of suspicion for atypical vascular injury should be heightened. We present a case of a patient who presented with recurrent posterior circulation infarcts despite optimized medical management. On imaging, he was found to have external anatomical vertebral artery muscular and/or osseous compression leading to repetitive vascular injury and strokes. Recurrent intimal injury and vertebral artery to intracranial emboli despite anticoagulation and subsequent dual antiplatelet therapy necessitated definitive operative management. Surgical bypass, external surgical decompression, reconstructive endovascular, and deconstructive endovascular techniques were carefully considered. A deconstructive endovascular approach was chosen as the least morbid option. The use of endovascular plugs such as a microvascular plug provides a quick and effective means of achieving a therapeutic parent artery occlusion in lieu of traditional coil occlusion. Although reserved as a last resort, parent artery occlusion can be a viable option to treat recurrent strokes, particularly in a nondominant vertebral artery.
The Prickly Thorn: A Re-evaluation of Orde Wingate and the Special Night Squads

AbstractOrde Wingate’s Special Night Squads played a key role in defeating the Great Arab Revolt of 1936–1939. Wingate’s Night Squads were distinctive in their approach to counter-insurgency warfare; in addition to bringing Arab insurgents to battle, the Night Squads proved their mettle by ‘flying the flag’ and by improving cooperation between Jewish settlers and British servicemen. Nevertheless, the Night Squad’s accomplishments and legacy must be properly situated within the broader wave of tactical innovations undertaken by the British Army throughout the Rebellion.
Manual Versus Automated Narrative Analysis of Agrammatic Production Patterns: The Northwestern Narrative Language Analysis and Computerized Language Analysis

Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes of the manually coded Northwestern Narrative Language Analysis (NNLA) system, which was developed for characterizing agrammatic producti...
Impact of Antiretroviral Regimens on Cerebrospinal Fluid Viral Escape in a Prospective Multicohort Study of Antiretroviral Therapy-Experienced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Infected Adults in the United States.

Author(s): Mukerji, Shibani S; Misra, Vikas; Lorenz, David R; Uno, Hajime; Morgello, Susan; Franklin, Donald; Ellis, Ronald J; Letendre, Scott; Gabuzda, Dana | Abstract: BackgroundCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral escape occurs in 4%-20% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults, yet the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on CSF escape is unclear.MethodsA prospective study of 1063 participants with baseline plasma viral load (VL) ≤400 copies/mL between 2005 and 2016. The odds ratio (OR) for ART regimens (protease inhibitor with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [PI + NRTI] vs other ART) and CSF escape was estimated using mixed-effects models.ResultsBaseline mean age was 46 years, median plasma VL, and CD4 count were 50 copies/mL, and 424 cells/μL, respectively. During median follow-up of 4.4 years, CSF escape occurred in 77 participants (7.2%). PI + NRTI use was an independent predictor of CSF escape (OR, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-5.0) in adjusted analyses and models restricted to plasma VL ≤50 copies/mL (P l .001). Regimens that contained atazanavir (ATV) were a stronger predictor of CSF viral escape than non-ATV PI + NRTI regimens. Plasma and CSF M184V/I combined with thymidine-analog mutations were more frequent in CSF escape vs no escape (23% vs 2.3%). Genotypic susceptibility score-adjusted central nervous system (CNS) penetration-effectiveness (CPE) values were calculated for CSF escape with M184V/I mutations (n = 34). Adjusted CPE values were low (l5) for CSF in 27 (79%), indicating suboptimal CNS drug availability.ConclusionsPI + NRTI regimens are independent predictors of CSF escape in HIV-infected adults. Reduced CNS ART bioavailability may predispose to CSF escape in patients with M184V/I mutations.
Moderately heavy exercise produces lower cardiovascular, RPE, and discomfort compared to lower load exercise with and without blood flow restriction

To determine the acute cardiovascular and perceptual responses of low-load exercise with or without blood flow restriction and compare those responses to that of moderately heavy exercise. Twenty-two participants completed unilateral elbow flexion exercise with a moderately heavy-load- [70% one-repetition maximum (1RM); 70/0] and with three low-load conditions (15% 1RM) in combination with 0% (15/0), 40%, (15/40) and 80% (15/80) arterial occlusion pressure. Participants exercised until failure (or until 90 repetitions per set). The cardiovascular response (arterial occlusion) was measured pre and post exercise and the perceptual responses [ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and discomfort] were determined before and after each set of exercise. For arterial occlusion pressure, the lower-load conditions had greater change from pre to post compared to 70/00 (e.g., 15/80: 44 vs. 70/0: 34 mmHg). RPE was highest across the sets for the 15/80 condition with the other conditions having similar RPE (e.g., set 4: median rating of 17.2 for 15/80 vs. ~ 15.5 for other conditions). Ratings of discomfort were also greatest for the 15/80 condition (15/80 > 15/40 > 15/0 > 70/0). Exercise volume within the 15/0 and 15/40 conditions were similar but were significantly greater than that observed with the 15/80 and 70/0 conditions. Low-load exercise to volitional failure results in a greater cardiovascular response to that of moderately heavy-load exercise. When high pressure is applied to low load exercise, there is a reduction in exercise volume but an elevated perceptual response that may be an important consideration when applying this stimulus in practice.
Mr. Ely’s amendment: Massachusetts Federalists and the politicization of slave representation

Responding to state electoral losses in 1804, Massachusetts Federalists vehemently pursued an antislavery measure called the Ely amendment, which sought to end the three-fifths clause. Despite fail...
Suppression of zeaxanthin formation does not reduce photosynthesis and growth of transgenic tobacco under field conditions

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) transformed with an antisense cDNA construct of violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) was examined for the effects of suppressed xanthophyll-cycle activity on photoinhibition, photosynthesis and growth under field conditions. De-epoxidation of violaxanthin and non-photochemical quenching were highly inhibited in antisense plants relative to vector-control and wild-type plants. However, no differences were observed between antisense and control plants in photosynthetic CO(2) uptake and maximum photochemical yield [(F(m)-F(o))/F(m)] measured at predawn or in actual photochemical yield [(F(m)'-F(s))/F(m)'] measured at midday. Moreover, growth rates of the plants were the same, as were the leaf area ratio, plant height and leaf number. Similarly, antisense plants did not exhibit greater susceptibility to photoinhibition than controls under field conditions. In contrast, when chloroplast protein (D1) synthesis was inhibited by lincomycin, antisense plants were more vulnerable to photoinhibition than wild-type plants. These results indicate that photoprotection under field conditions is not strictly dependent on the levels of the de-epoxidized xanthophylls, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin.
Defining and Measuring Sexual Orientation for Research

Conceptually defining populations, such as those defined by race and ethnicity, and developing methods to identify members of those populations operationally have continually challenged researchers (LaVeist, 2002). Today, as scientists begin to treat sexual orientation as a demographic variable like race and ethnicity, it is important to examine critically and clarify our conceptualizations of sexual orientation as well as critically examine measures used for operationally identifying the sexual orientation of research subjects.
Inhibition of DNA Synthesis by 1-β-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine: Differential Effect on Chain Initiation and Elongation in Human Lymphoblasts

1-β-D-Arabinofuranosylcystosine (ara-c) is a potent inhibitor of DNA replication in various organisms, such as bacteria (1), DNA viruses (2) and animal cells (3). In humans, ara-c has been quite effective in the treatment of acute granulocytic leukemia (4,5). Two of the possible hypotheses for its inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis center on the replicative DNA polymerase. In the first model, the triphosphate form of ara-C inhibits competitively the utilization of deoxycytidine triphosphate during the elongation of DNA chains (6–8). In the second model, ara-CTP is incorporated into the growing DNA chain and this incorporation now prevents further chain-elongation by the polymerase (9–11). Although both of these effects have been demonstrated in vitro the mechanism of action for this drug has not been clearly established in vivo (3).
Torsional Waveguide Sensor for Molten Materials

Viscosity of the molten glass is a key variable in determining the quality of the final glass product. At low viscosities the melt can be highly corrosive. At high viscosities the melter can become plugged. “Melt viscosity is the most important processing property; it controls processing rate, product homogeneity, and heat transfer within the molten glass [1]. “ Thus, the viscosity is an important parameter which can be used by the vitrification industry for the processing of waste material and by the glass industry for production of high quality glass products. The major problem in measuring the viscosity of the molten waste product is the extremely hot and corrosive environment.
D Resümee und Ausblick

In diesem abschliesenden Teil der Arbeit sollen die in Kapitel 6 und 7 dargestellten Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung noch einmal zusammengefasst und vor dem Hintergrund der in den Kapiteln 1-3 gemachten theoretischen Aussagen unter Bezug auf die Forschungsfrage resumiert werden. Es wurde anhand eines Beispiels fur ein Mentoringprojekt – hier ProMentora der Universitat Augsburg – der Frage nachgegangen, welche Bedingungsfaktoren fur die Aktualitat und Verbreitung von Mentoring sich in den verschiedenen schriftlichen Texten eines konkreten Mentoringprojekts finden und welche Erkenntnisse sich daraus gewinnen lassen, aus denen Empfehlungen fur die Optimierung von Mentoringprozessen resultieren konnen (vgl. dazu ausfuhrlich S. 144).
A Brief History of the Smartphone

This chapter contextualizes the modern smartphone by exploring its historical trajectory and the figures who were instrumental in its development. Using the most recent statistics for device ownership and usage, the chapter addresses the extreme views surrounding the smartphone, ranging from the hysterical to the dismissive, and situates this book somewhere in between the two.
Leading from the Center: Indigenous Knowledge Builds Higher Education Leaders

Tribal college and university leaders and their students thrive in geographic and social environments where conditions would otherwise predict failure for individuals and institutions. This chapter explores the connectedness of leaders to their Indigenous values. Those values center their work in the context of success and prosperity despite significant obstacles. Leadership in this nation’s tribal colleges and universities and in their communities goes beyond the hierarchy typical of most higher education institutions and communities creating widespread strategic direction rooted in values, spirituality, and relationships. Tribal colleges are the center of tribal life and their leadership emerges from a sacred place.
Global distribution and potential for halophytes

Some 1500 species of halophytes are distributed on all the world’s continents except Antarctica. Screening trials suggest that perhaps a third of these may be sufficiently salt tolerant to be grown with highly saline irrigation water, including seawater. Many species have high protein levels and other desirable nutritional characteristics, although ash (salt) content can be a problem. As much as 130 x 106ha of salt-affected land and coastal desert may actually be usable for halophyte crops — an area twice the size of existing desert irrigation districts. Thus there is a means of providing animal feed in regions where at first sufficient land and water does not appear to be available.
Stages of Development of the Goosefish, Lophius americanus, and Comments on the Phylogenetic Significance of the Development of the Luring Apparatus in Lophiiformes

The first developmental scheme for the anglerfish Lophius americanus is described. The stages of embryonic and larval development are based on 'defining characters'; other aspects of development are described as 'concurrent characters' (in the sense of Shardo 1995). The embryo phase is described in stages 1–16; the yolk-sac larva phase is described in stages 17–21; the feeding larva phase is described in stages 22–26. Stages 9–23 are defined by specimens from a developmental series collected by the author; the remaining stages are defined through analysis of museum specimens and descriptions from previous literature. The developmental stages of L. americanus are compared to those of the frogfish Antennarius striatus (Antennariidae: Lophiiformes), the only other anglerfish for which there are published stages. Landmarks in the development of the two species are used as a basis for comparative study. Two new putative synapomorphies for Lophiiformes, based on the development of the spinous dorsal fin, are proposed: (1) the pterygiophores of the spinous dorsal fin develop from a single condensation of tissue that later divides or separates into independent pterygiophores; and (2) the first pterygiophore supports both the first (the luring apparatus) and second dorsal fin spines. This results from a lack of division of the anteriormost pterygiophore in development. These characters are supported by evidence from the literature but require further study in more lophiiforms.
Steps to Inclusion—Dance Steps That Is!

ABSTRACTIndividuals with disabilities should have access to the same life and leisure opportunities as their typically developing peers. Dance is a lifelong pastime that can bring joy to everyone. ...
Geospatial Analyses of Accessibility to Down Syndrome Specialty Care.

Objective To assess whether the location of 71 Down syndrome specialty care clinics in the US make them inaccessible to a considerable portion of the American population. Study design Using a population-based representative sample of 64 761 individuals with Down syndrome and a Google Maps Application Programming Interface Python program, we calculated the distance each patient with Down syndrome would need to travel to reach the nearest clinic. Two conceptualizations were used—the state fluidity method, which allowed an individual to cross state lines for care and the state boundary method, which required individuals receive care in their state of residence. Results Almost 1 in 5 US individuals face significant geographic obstacles to receiving specialty care. This finding is especially prominent in the South, where >33% of patients with Down syndrome must travel >2 hours to reach their nearest clinic. Conclusions Down syndrome specialty care clinics are inaccessible to a considerable portion of American society. Innovative usage of technology might be useful to minimize these disparities in healthcare accessibility.
Finite Series Solution Arising from Three-Dimensional q-Difference Equation

In this article, we introduce a three-dimensional q-difference operator with its equation. Also we derive certain theorems using three-dimensional q-difference operator. Suitable examples veri ed by MATLAB are inserted to illustrate our findings.
Examining context shifts’ effect on relationship trajectories in friendships using Turning Point Theory:

Drawing from Turning Point Theory, this study explores whether context shifts, which are changes in the location where a friendship is enacted, affect relationship trajectories and friendship close...
Teaching problem solving in engineering education: expert systems construction

This study presents a pedagogical model of constructing an expert system knowledge base for an undergraduate computer networking class. This model included: identifying a suitable problem, defining the problem domain, specifying goals or solutions, specifying problem attributes and values, generating rules and examples, and selecting the right tool. In addition, the effectiveness of this problembased learning approach was verified by an experimental study. Results indicated that students in a student-created expert system group achieved significantly higher scores than a system-provided expert system group (F = 5.042, p < .05) when they were solving story problems. Creating such an authentic learning environment by asking students to develop their own knowledge base is the main theme of the study. The same instructional technology can be applied to other disciplines that focus on teaching engineering problem solving.