cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pendulum Swings Again: A Mathematical Reassessment of Galileo's Experiments with Inclined Planes

After over 300 years of scrutiny, the subject of Galileo continues to be pursued with unabating intensity. Dava Sobel's Galileo's Daughter points to the popular interest in the man and his legacy. The Catholic Church, understandably interested in dispelling the notion that its censure of Galileo centuries ago is proof positive that religious faith and science as well as ecclesiastical authority and free pursuit of scholarship are irreconcilable, continues to offer explanations. New books, articles and conferences probe both in breadth and in depth the magnetic field charged by Galileo, science, and the Church.
Ultrastructure of middle ear muscle in the rabbit. I Stapedius muscle.

A morphologically slow muscle fiber was observed, as well as two types of twitch fibers. The slow fiber had ill-defined myofibrils, little sarcoplasmic reticulum, few transverse tubules, and numerous small mitochondria. The two twitch fibers are similar, respectively, to white and red fibers of skeletal muscle. A laminated structure was also observed.
Variation in four acid hydrolase activities in filarial-susceptible and -refractory genotypes of Aedes aegypti.

The purpose of this work was to compare the activities of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, α-glucosidase, acid phosphatase and β-glucuronidase at different developmental stages in filarial-susceptible and refractory genotypes of A. aegypti
On the rate of convergence in the central limit theorem for signed rank statistics

The problem of the rate of convergence of the cumulative distribution function of the one-sample rank order statistics S"N^+ to the limiting normal one is studied for the case when the underlying observations are independent but not necessarily identically distributed. The results obtained are then used to derive a strong law and functional form of a central limit theorem for S"N^+
Human T cell responses to the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) as evaluated by synthetic peptides.

Abstract A panel of synthetic peptides derived from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) was used to examine human T cell responses to this antigen. In six of seven normal persons with past EBV infection, T cell precursors specific for five peptides (P27, amino acid residues 83–101; P62, 148–166; E31, 353–367; E41, 368–381; and Ell, 461–474) were detectable. The precursor frequencies were in the range of 1:20,000 to
Restriction in Vivo III. General effects of glucosylation and restriction on phage T4 gene expression and replication

In this and the following paper the control of gene expression from different T4 DNA templates is examined. Absence of glucosylation did not grossly alter T4 early gene expression. Late gene expression, on the other hand, was altered extensively. The absence of late gene expression in DNA negative or maturation defective mutants was overcome to an appreciable extent if the infecting phage DNA lacked glucose as well. Fragmentation of the nonglucosylated genome by restriction cleavage had distinct effects on both early and late gene expression.
Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among women of reproductive age in the slums of Delhi and Hyderabad, India

This report explores how vulnerability to HIV/AIDS applies to women in the reproductive age range living in the slum areas of Delhi and Hyderabad. The paper is based on a qualitative study of AIDS awareness levels conducted during the summer of 2006. It offers insightful narratives from a sample of 32 women, providing an in depth view of their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS due to their precarious socioeconomic conditions and low AIDS awareness. The women cited lack of education, low empowerment in expressing and accessing information related to sexual matters, and poverty as key factors to vulnerability.
Separating complexity classes with tally oracles

Abstract Long and Selman (1986) proved that, for most familiar pairs of complexity classes, separating the classes with a tally oracle is no easier than truly separating the classes. Refuting a claim in the literature, we prove for the first time that for many familiar pairs of complexity classes, separating the classes with a tally oracle is easier than truly separating the classes.
A review of The Antisymmetry of Syntax

Abstract Kayne's book is divided into ten chapters, the first five of which house his influential suggestion that the linear order of formatives in a syntactic representation is dependent on their hierarchical arrangement. The remaining chapters take up construction types which would seem to undermine the conclusions of the initial chapters and, in each case, sketch an analysis that leaves these conclusions unmarred. Characteristic of Kayne's work, these latter chapters combine richness of empirical detail with breadth of scope and make rewarding reading on their own. Like the first five chapters, they are also full of invigorating ideas, both large and small. Section two of this review canvasses the by now familiar proposals of Antisymmetry's first half. A complete review of the remaining chapters is not possible, for while rich detail and broad scope are a reader's dream, they are a reviewer's nightmare. Instead, I will discuss in section three those suggestions in chapters eight and nine of Antisymmetry where an antisymmetric structure for English nominals is alleged.
Reversal of morphine antinociceptive tolerance by acute spinal inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II

It has been reported that Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) can modulate opioid tolerance via its action on learning and memory. In this study, we examine if CaMKII can directly affect opioid tolerance. We found that spinal CaMKII activity was increased in rats tolerant to morphine. In these rats, acute spinal administration of 2-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)]-N-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)]amino-N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylbenzylamine) (KN93), a CaMKII inhibitor, was able to reverse the already-established antinociceptive tolerance. These results suggest that CaMKII may directly promote opioid tolerance.
YY1 as a Regulator of Replication-dependent Hamster Histone H3.2 Promoter and an Interactive Partner of AP-2

In analyzing cis-regulatory elements important for cell cycle control of the replication-dependent hamster histone H3.2 gene, we discovered a binding site for the transcription factor YY1 embedded within GC-rich sequences between the two tandem CCAAT repeats proximal to the TATA element. Base mutations that specifically eliminated YY1 binding resulted in suppression of the S phase induction of the H3.2 promoter. In addition, we discovered that YY1 is an interactive partner of AP-2, which also binds the H3.2 promoter and regulates its cell cycle-dependent expression. The critical domains for YY1 and AP-2A interaction are mapped, revealing that the N-terminal portion of YY1 (amino acids 1–300) and the DNA-binding/dimerization region of AP-2A are required. Our results suggest that YY1, acting as a transcription factor binding to its site on the promoter, or through protein-protein interaction with AP-2, may be part of a regulatory network including key cell cycle regulators such as c-Myc and Rb in controlling growth- and differentiation-regulated gene expression.
TRANSIENT TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS IN END CLOSURES OF ANNULAR FUEL ELEMENTS.

Abstract The transient temperature distribution in bonded end closures of annular fuel elements of nuclear reactors is presented analytically. The solution for the temperature distribution is expressed by products of the Bessel functions, hyperbolic function, exponential time function and coupling relations between the end closures and the fuel material of the fuel elements. From a numerical example for the zirconium-alloy end closures and ceramic fuel material in a central nuclear superheating fuel element, the calculated results indicate that the temperature variation in the end closures decreases gradually with increasing time. Fourier number and, to a certain extent, enclosure length.
Differences in effects of aerobic exercise training on blood lipids in men and women.

Abstract There is considerable evidence that exercise is beneficial in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. 1–5 Most studies have compared athletes with nonathletes, or have examined a middle-aged population with already elevated blood lipids. It is not clear whether moderate exercise in a healthy but sedentary adult population can have beneficial effects on blood lipids. Some data support this contention, 3,4 but other investigators question whether exercise, independent of other factors such as diet, smoking habits and adiposity, can alter the blood lipid profile. 5
ON THE IN VITRO ACCUMULATION OF INORGANIC IODIDE BY SURVIVING THYROID TISSUE WITH RADIOACTIVE IODINE AS INDICATOR1

THE EARLY WORK of Marine (1915; Marine and Feiss, 1915) as well as the more recent observations with radioactive iodine (Hamilton and Soley, 1939; Hertz, Roberts, Means and Evans, 1940; LeBlond and Sue, 1940; Perlman, Morton and Chaikoff, 1941) leaves no doubt that the thyroid gland possesses an extraordinary capacity for the rapid removal of large amounts of circulating iodide. This iodine-concentrating capacity of thyroid tissue has not as yet received a satisfactory explanation. To obtain information on the mechanism involved, an investigation has been made here of the uptake of iodine and its subsequent conversion to thyroxine and diiodotyrosine by surviving thyroid slices in the presence of cyanide, sulfide, azide and sulfanilamide. It was shown earlier that these compounds inhibited the formation of thyroxine and diiodotyrosine by thyroid tissue, the first 3 by interfering with the cytochrome-cytochrome oxidase system (Schachner, Franklin and Chaikoff, 1943), the sulfanilamide by interfering in a ma...
Guidelines on subject access to individual works of fiction, drama, etc. 2nd ed.

The original Guidelines was published in 1990. The aim then and now is to recommend a national standard practice for the provision of genre and subject access to works of fiction, drama, poetry, hu...
The 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid-induced angiogenesis requires Janus kinase 2-signal transducer and activator of transcription-5B-dependent expression of interleukin-8.

To understand the molecular basis underlying 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE)–induced angiogenesis, we have studied the role of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak-STAT) signaling. The 15(S)-HETE stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak2 in a time-dependent manner in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMVECs). Inhibition of Jak2 activation via adenovirus-mediated expression of its dominant-negative mutant attenuated 15(S)-HETE–induced HRMVEC migration and tube formation and Matrigel plug angiogenesis. Similarly, 15(S)-HETE activated tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT-5B in a time-dependent manner. Dominant-negative mutant-mediated interference of STAT-5B activation suppressed 15(S)-HETE–induced HRMVEC migration and tube formation and Matrigel plug angiogenesis. The 15(S)-HETE induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression in Jak2-STAT-5B–dependent manner in HRMVECs. In addition, neutralizing anti–IL-8 antibodies reduced 15(S)-HETE–induced HRMVEC migration and tube formation and Matrigel plug angiogenesis. Cloning and Transfac analysis of IL-8 promoter revealed the presence of 1 putative STAT-binding sequence at −476 nt, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed the binding of STAT-5B to this site in response to 15(S)-HETE. Mutational analysis showed that STAT binding site is essential for 15(S)-HETE–induced IL-8 promoter activity. Together, these observations suggest that 15(S)-HETE–induced angiogenesis requires Jak2-STAT-5B–dependent expression of IL-8.
Synthetic approaches to peptide analogues containing 4, 4‐difluoro‐L‐proline and 4‐keto‐L‐proline

An improved synthesis of 4, 4-difluoro-L-proline is described. A key step in this synthesis involves the fluorination of Z-4-keto-L-proline benzyl ester, using diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST), to give the corresponding Z-4, 4-difluoro-L-proline benzyl ester. Preparation of dipeptide derivatives containing 4, 4-difluoro-L-proline has been accomplished by initial synthesis of the corresponding 4-keto-L-proline depeptide derivatives, which were then fluorinated with DAST. A one-step synthesis of Boc-4-keto-L-proline from Boc-4-hydroxy-L-proline by chromium trioxide oxidation is reported. These synthetic procedures should facilitate the preparation of a variety of peptide analogues containing 4, 4-difluoro-L-proline and 4-keto-L-proline.
Automatic classification of unexploded ordnance applied to live sites for MetalMapper sensor

ABSTRACT This paper extends a previously-introduced method for automatic classi cation of Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)across several datasets from live sites. We used the MetalMapper sensor, from which extrinsic and intrinsicparameters are determined by the combined Di erential Evolution (DE) and Ortho-Normalized Volume MagneticSource (ONVMS) algorithms. The inversion provides spatial locations and intrinsic time-series total ONVMSprincipal eigenvalues. These are t to a power-decay empirical model, providing dimensionality reduction to 3coecients ( k , b, and g) for polarizability decay. Anomaly target features are grouped using the unsupervisedclustering Weighted-Pair Group Method with Averaging (WPGMA) algorithm. Central elements of each clusterare dug, and the results are used to train the next round of dig requests. A Naive Bayes classi er is used as asupervised learning algorithm, in which the product of each feature's independent probability density representseach class of UXO in the feature space. We request ground truths for anomalies in rounds, until there are no moreTargets of Interest (TOI) in consecutive requests. This fully automatic procedure requires no expert intervention,saving time and money. Naive Bayes outperformed previous e orts with Gaussian Mixture Models(GMM) in allcases.Keywords: Electromagnetic Induction, Inverse Problems, Bayesian Learning, UXO, Live Site, Time Domain
G o protein as signal transducer in the pertussis toxin-sensitive phosphatidylinositol pathway

RECEPTORS stimulating phospholipase C do so through heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins1,2 to produce two second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and diacylgly-cerol1. In spite of the detailed understanding of phospholipase C structure3 and phosphatidyl inositol signalling1, the identity of the GTP-binding protein involved is so far unknown. To address this issue, we have used the Xenopus oocyte in which muscarinic receptors couple to phospholipase C through a pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding protein2. In this cell, InsP3 mobilizes intracellular Ca21 to evoke a Cl-current. The magnitude of this Cl- current is proportional to the amount of InsP3 in the cell4, and therefore can be used as an assay for InsP3 production. We report here that the activated a-subunit of the GTP-binding protein G0, when directly injected into oocytes, evokes a Cl- current by mobilizing Ca2+ from intracellular InsP3-sensitive stores. We also show that holo-GO, when injected into oocytes, can specifically enhance the muscarinic receptor-stimulated Cl current. These data indicate that GO can serve as the signal transducer of the receptor-regulated phospholipase C inXenopus oocytes.
Reevaluation of thermosphere heating by auroral electrons

This paper presents a new calculation of neutral gas heating by precipitating auroral electrons. It is found that the heating rate of the neutral gas is significantly lower than previous determinations below 200 km altitude. The neutral gas heating arises from the many exothermic chemical reactions that take place from the ions and excited species created by the energetic electrons. The calculations show that less than half the energy initially deposited ends up heating the neutral gases. The rest is radiated or lost in the dissociation of O2 because the O atoms do not recombine in the thermosphere. This paper also presents a new way of calculating the heating rate per ionization that can be used for efficient determination of the overall neutral gas heating for global thermosphere models. The heating rates are relatively insensitive to the neutral atmosphere when plotted against pressure rather than altitude coordinates. At high altitudes, the heating rates are sensitive to the thermal electron density and long-lived species. The calculations were performed with the Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma (FLIP) model using a 2-stream auroral electron precipitation model. The heating rate calculations in this paper differ from previous heating rate calculations in the treatment of backscattered electrons to produce better agreement with observed flux spectra. This paper shows that more realistic model auroral electron spectra can be obtained by reflecting the up going flux back to the ionosphere at the upper boundary of the model. In this case, the neutral gas heating rates are 20%–25% higher than when the backscattered flux escapes from the ionosphere.
Shared Parenting After Divorce: A Review of Shared Residential Parenting Research

One of the most complex and compelling issues confronting policymakers, parents, and the family court system is what type of parenting plan is most beneficial for children after their parents' divorce. How much time should children live with each parent? An increasing number of children are living with each parent at least 35% of the time in shared residential parenting families: How are these children and their parents faring? In what ways, if any, do divorced parents who share the residential parenting differ from parents whose children live almost exclusively with their mother? How stable are shared residential parenting plans? By reviewing the existing studies on shared parenting families, these questions are addressed.
Cytomembranous inclusions in the brain of a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Ultrastructural studies of cells and tissues in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have revealed two distinct cytomembranous inclusions referred to as “tubuloreticular inclusions” (TRI) and “confronting cylindrical cisterns” (CCC). TRI are found most often in leukocytes and endothelial cells in conditions with elevated levels of alpha-interferon, such as viral infections, autoimmune diseases and certain neoplasms. On the other hand, CCC are detected almost exclusively in mononuclear inflammatory cells and are limited to a few conditions, of which AIDS is the most common. CCC have been proposed as an ultrastructural marker for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We describe CCC in mononuclear inflammatory cells in the brain of a patient with AIDS. Finding CCC in brain tissue with no other specific feature such as multinucleated giant cells, nevertheless, should alert the neuropathologist to the possibility that the patient might have AIDS.
Simulation and modeling of return waveforms from a ladar beam footprint in USU LadarSIM

Ladar systems are an emerging technology with applications in many fields. Consequently, simulations for these systems have become a valuable tool in the improvement of existing systems and the development of new ones. This paper discusses the theory and issues involved in reliably modeling the return waveform of a ladar beam footprint in the Utah State University LadarSIM simulation software. Emphasis is placed on modeling system-level effects that allow an investigation of engineering tradeoffs in preliminary designs, and validation of behaviors in fabricated designs. Efforts have been made to decrease the necessary computation time while still maintaining a usable model. A full waveform simulation is implemented that models optical signals received on detector followed by electronic signals and discriminators commonly encountered in contemporary direct-detection ladar systems. Waveforms are modeled using a novel hexagonal sampling process applied across the ladar beam footprint. Each sample is weighted using a Gaussian spatial profile for a well formed laser footprint. Model fidelity is also improved by using a bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) for target reflectance. Once photons are converted to electrons, waveform processing is used to detect first, last or multiple return pulses. The detection methods discussed in this paper are a threshold detection method, a constant fraction method, and a derivative zero-crossing method. Various detection phenomena, such as range error, walk error, drop outs and false alarms, can be studied using these detection methods.
Pairwise Credit in Search Equilibrium

Pairwise extension of credit is introduced into the barter-search economy previously analyzed by the author. The penalty for failure to repay a debt is modeled as the end of trading opportunities. Since credit availability makes access to trade more valuable, there may be multiple equilibrium credit limits. Since the credit limit affects the implicit interest rate and the stock of inventories, it is necessary to check the net impact of the credit limit on the incentive to repay. In a calculated example, with lumpy credit availability, multiple equilibria are very common with a greater credit limit associated with a lower implicit interest rate. With smooth credit availability no multiple equilibria were found. Surprisingly, credit can break the no-production equilibrium.
Affinity for Quantitative Tools: Undergraduate Marketing Students Moving Beyond Quantitative Anxiety

Marketing students are known as less likely to have an affinity for the quantitative aspects of the marketing discipline. In this article, we study the reasons why this might be true and develop a ...
DYNAMIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE TRANSFER OF SLIP ACROSS A GRAIN BOUNDARY

The mechanism of strain transfer (dislocation passage) across a grain boundary has been investigated by using the in-situ TEM deformation technique. Segregants to the grain boundary affected neither the initial interaction between matrix and grain-boundary dislocations nor the process of accommodation of matrix dislocations into the boundary, but rather affected how the grain boundary relieves the additional stress that arises due to the accommodated dislocations. The effect of the segregants on the relief mechanism may be due to their altering either the stress required to operate grain-boundary dislocation sources or the cohesive strength of the grain boundary.
Generalized wordlength patterns and strength

Abstract Xu and Wu (2001) defined the generalized wordlength pattern ( A 1 , … , A k ) of an arbitrary fractional factorial design (or orthogonal array) on k factors. They gave a coding-theoretic proof of the property that the design has strength t if and only if A 1 = ⋯ = A t = 0 . The quantities Ai are defined in terms of characters of cyclic groups, and so one might seek a direct character-theoretic proof of this result. We give such a proof, in which the specific group structure (such as cyclicity) plays essentially no role. Nonabelian groups can be used if the counting function of the design satisfies one assumption, as illustrated by a couple of examples.
Regulation of the Nuclear Gene That Encodes the α-Subunit of the Mitochondrial F0F1-ATP Synthase Complex ACTIVATION BY UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTOR 2

We have previously identified several positivecis-acting regulatory regions in the promoters of the bovine and human nuclear-encoded mitochondrial F0F1-ATP synthase α-subunit genes (ATPA). One of these cis-acting regions contains the sequence 5′-CACGTG-3′ (an E-box), to which a number of transcription factors containing a basic helix-loop-helix motif can bind. This E-box element is required for maximum activity of theATPA promoter in HeLa cells. The present study identifies the human transcription factor, upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2), as a nuclear factor that binds to the ATPA E-box and demonstrates that USF2 plays a critical role in the activation of theATPA gene in vivo. Evidence includes the following. Antiserum directed against USF2 recognized factors present in HeLa nuclear extracts that interact with the ATPApromoter in mobility shift assays. Wild-type USF2 proteins synthesized from expression vectors trans-activated theATPA promoter through the E-box, whereas truncated USF2 proteins devoid of the amino-terminal activation domains did not. Importantly, expression of a dominant-negative mutant of USF2 lacking the basic DNA binding domain but able to dimerize with endogenous USF proteins significantly reduced the level of activation of theATPA promoter caused by ectopically coexpressed USF2, demonstrating the importance of endogenous USF2 in activation of theATPA gene.
Lymph Node Evaluation Achieved by Open Lobectomy Compared With Thoracoscopic Lobectomy for N0 Lung Cancer

Background Controversy remains regarding the adequacy of the lymph node evaluation achieved by video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy for lung cancer. This study compared the completeness of the lymph node dissection or sampling for patients undergoing lobectomy by open thoracotomy vs VATS for clinical N0 lung cancer. Methods This study was a retrospective review of 129 patients who underwent lobectomy for clinical N0 lung carcinoma from December 2008 to January 2012. Results Lobectomy was an open procedure in 69 patients (53.5%) and by VATS in 60 (46.5%). The VATS and open groups were well matched for age ( p = 0.50) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second percentage predicted ( p = 0.16). The mean pathologic tumor sizes were not significantly different (2.9 ± 0.26 vs 3.4 ± 0.25 cm, respectively; p = 0. 14). The mean number of nodes dissected in the open group was significantly higher (14.7 ± 1.3 vs. 9.9 ± 0.8 nodes; p = 0.003). In the open lobectomy group, 24.6% of the patients were upstaged to pathologic N1 or N2 compared with 10% in the VATS group ( p = 0.05). The Kaplan-Meier 3-year survival was similar between the groups. Conclusions In our hands, significantly more lymph nodes were dissected, and a higher percentage of patients were upstaged to N1/N2, during open lobectomy compared with VATS lobectomy in patients with clinical stage N0 lung cancer. Although this did not translate into improved survival at 3 years, concern is raised about the adequacy of lymph node dissection during VATS lobectomy.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Ion-Exchange Properties of Porous Titanosilicates, HM3Ti4O4(SiO4)3·4H2O (M = H+, K+, Cs+), Structural Analogues of the Mineral Pharmacosiderite

Titanosilicate, a structural analogue of the mineral pharmacosiderite, was prepared in its potassium and cesium forms, and the cesium form was ion exchanged to obtain the acid form. The alkali cation derivatives, HM3Ti4O4(SiO4)3·4H2O (M = K+, Cs+), as well as the acid form, H4Ti4O4(SiO4)3·8H2O, are isostructural with the mineral. They crystallize in the cubic space group P43m with a = 7.8212(2) A, a = 7.7644(3) A, a = 7.8214(6) A, and Z = 1 for the cesium, potassium, and proton phases, respectively. In the structure, four titanium octahedra link to form Ti4O4 cubes around the unit-cell corners, and silicate tetrahedra join the titanium octahedra in all three crystallographic directions to form a three-dimensional framework. These linkages create three-dimensional tunnel systems that are filled by water molecules and exchangeable ions. The charge-neutralizing protons in the acid form bond to the oxygens in the Ti4O4 unit. Among the four protons in this group, three exchange for the cesium or potassium cat...
Autotuning for high performance computing

Program performance depends not only on the algorithms and data structures implemented in the program but also on coding parameters. These parameters include frequency and size of messages, shape of loop tiles, and minimum number of iterations required for parallel execution of a loop. Making the right selection of algorithms, data structures and coding parameters for a given target machine can be an onerous task in part because of the many machine parameters that must be taken into account and the interaction between these parameters. Important machine parameters include cache size, memory bandwidth, communication costs, and overhead. Furthermore, some of the selections must often be reassessed when porting to a different machine even when this machine does not differ significantly from the original target.It is clearly advantageous to make use of tools and techniques that help reduce the initial effort of programming for performance as well as the cost of porting. The tool that comes first to mind is the compiler. Compilers were developed to enable machine independent programming and, to this end, apply powerful code generation and optimization strategies that take into account machine parameters. However, compilers not always suffice. They operate almost exclusively at the coding level and even at this low level they are not always effective. For example, compilers often fail to reorganize loops in the best manner when generating code for microprocessor vector extensions. Good use of these extensions today requires manual intervention.Autotuning programs are those capable of generating one or several versions of a program. These versions could be derived from a parameterized program, or from descriptions at a higher level of abstraction that could take the form of algorithms or even problem specification. It is also desirable to take into account target machine parameters and the characteristics of the input data in the generation process.When multiple versions are generated, one is selected at compile-time or at run time by carrying out an empirical search that executes the versions with representative data and measures program performance to guide the selection.Autotuning programs can be written in conventional code such as Fortran, C, C++, or java, annotated with transformations that can be applied to the whole program or to code segments. Alternatively, autotuning programs can be written in a very high level declarative notation that represent algorithms or problems to be solved.Although the initial cost of developing an autotuning program is higher than that of developing a conventional program, it has the advantage that much of the analysis required for the first target machine is done automatically and that it can be ported across machines and machine classes maintaining good performance.
How just is the guilty but mentally ill verdict? An exploration into personality and intellectual factors

The Guilty But Mentally Ill (GBMI) statute was enacted in 1975 largely in response to public calls for a decrease in insanity acquittals and for ensuring the treatment of mentally disordered offenders. The statute has been the subject of much debate since its inception, but very little empirical research has been done regarding the clinical basis of the underlying construct. The present study examined psychological characteristics of GBMI offenders and contrasted these and discharge diagnoses across the GBMI group, a psychiatric inpatient group, and a group of convicted felons not referred for inpatient treatment during the four years of the study. Results supported the hypothesis that GBMI offenders were measurably mentally disordered. However, GBMI offenders were not found to be significantly different from the general convicted population or from a prison inpatient group except on one MMPI scale. Implications for treatment and further research are presented.
Type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in human ovarian cancer

In the ovary cortisol-cortisone inter-conversion is catalyzed by the enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD). Its role in carcinomas of human ovary is unknown. The majority of ovarian cancers are derived from ovarian surface epithelium and the inflammation caused by successive ovulation seems to a play a role in the development of cancer. Cortisol is known to act as anti-inflammatory agent and its metabolism by type 1 and type 11beta-HSD may control the inflammatory action by cortisol in ovary. We undertook this study to investigate type 2 11beta-HSD activity which functions exclusively oxidative direction, in normal ovarian tissue compared to ovarian epithelial cancer. Ovarian tissue was obtained from patients undergoing hysterectomy for both benign and malignant disease. Tissue was placed immediately on dry ice and subsequently transferred to a freezer where they were maintained at -70 degrees C. NAD dependent 11beta-HSD activity was then determined in this tissue. T-test was performed to determine statistical significance. Mean type 2 enzyme activity was 0.87 +/- 1.65 pmol/min g tissue in normal ovarian tissue versus a mean enzyme activity of 2.96 +/- 1.37 pmol/mim g tissue in from cancer specimens. This difference was statistically significant with a p-value of 0.03. Type 2 1beta-HSD activity in ovarian cancer specimens was significantly higher than enzyme activity measured in normal post-menopausal ovarian tissue. Decreased cortisol levels due type 2 1beta-HSD activity may play a role neoplastic transformation as well as tumor proliferation in ovarian cancer by eliminating anti-inflammatory action of cortisol.
The practice of optometry: National Board of Examiners in Optometry survey of optometric patients.

Abstract Purpose A study commissioned by the National Board of Examiners in Optometry was designed to obtain information about patients seen in general practice. Methods Providers completed an encounter form for patients seen during a 2-day sample. Data were obtained from 11,012 patients in rural, urban, and suburban environments from a diverse population of 480 optometrists representative of profession-wide practitioners in terms of geographic distribution and practice settings. Although practitioners were selected randomly, the response rate among those who were invited to participate was only 17.7%. Optometrists who specialized and did not classify themselves as general practitioners were excluded from the study. Results The study provides insights into the most common diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed, medications prescribed, and referrals made in general practices. Seventy-one percent of all examinations were categorized as comprehensive, approximately 13% were because of disease, and 11% were for contact lens care. Almost 17% of all patients received a formal visual field test (Goldmann or automated). Refractive error was the most prevalent diagnosis, reflective of the ocular problems found in the general population, and systemic conditions were the second largest category. Although 12% of all patients were referred to an ophthalmologist for further care, other types of referrals were infrequent. Referrals to a primary care physician, laboratory, and imaging or for refractive surgery accounted for only 8% of all referrals. Conclusion Ocular disease treatment was found to be an integral part of the optometrist’s practice. Prescribing topical medications, both legend and “over-the-counter,” was a primary treatment option. The most common medications prescribed were for glaucoma, with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy drops making up the remainder, in descending order.
Collaborative modeling: the missing piece of distributed simulation

Teams of modelers brought together from different organizations generally have relied on ad hoc means to develop models. To achieve the coordination required in such collaboration, such teams rely on face to face discussions of issues, exchange their models via post or email and regularly consult through phone calls and teleconferences. The difficulties and expense involved in such coordination have often made building large-scale simulation models in a distributed manner cost prohibitive. Often, the difficulties involved are not recognized until too late, causing the project to be abandoned altogether. Under such circumstances, distributed modeling has not become a mainstream activity except for those who must rely on interoperability of models. For example, multinational corporations must depend on distributed modeling and simulation of the logistics supply and demand processes and therefore must overcome all barriers to collaboration of subject matter experts dispersed across space and time. The Department of Defense overarching goal of performing distributed simulation by overcoming geographic and time constraints has brought the problem of distributed modeling to the forefront. The High Level Architecture standard is primarily intended for simulation interoperability. However, as indicated, the existence of a distributed modeling infrastructure plays a fundamental and central role in supporting the development of distributed simulations. In this paper, we describe some fundamental distributed modeling concepts and their implications for constructing successful distributed simulations. In addition, we discuss the Collaborative DEVS Modeling environment that has been devised to enable graphically dispersed modelers to collaborate and synthesize modular and hierarchical models. We provide an actual example of the use of Collaborative DEVS Modeler (CDM) in application to a project involving corporate partners developing an HLA-compliant distributed simulation exercise.
Health effects classification and its role in the derivation of minimal risk levels: neurological effects.

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) uses substance-specific minimal risk levels (MRLs) to assist in evaluating public health risks associated with exposure to hazardous sub...
LIDAR-based vehicle tracking for a virtual mirror

Low visibility conditions and blind zones induce hazards to driving and have been shown to be a cause of many automobile crashes every year. In order to reduce these effects, the virtual mirror, a computer-generated display that uses a high-accuracy DGPS system coupled with an onboard geo-spatial database, was used to render the view that the driver would see in a mirror-like display. In order to correctly display and integrate the information (lane boundaries, etc.) from the database with the sensed objects, a real-time method of locating and tracking nearby vehicles was developed. This paper outlines the algorithms and equipment used to achieve real-time vehicle tracking based on a scanning laser range sensor, and the experiments performed to determine the accuracy of the virtual mirror's ability to correctly display moving vehicles in the sensor's field of view.
The Therapeutic Ideology of Moral Freedom

Philip Rieff's theory of culture remains as relevant today for assessing the state of Western cultures as it was in the 1960s when it was initially formulated. As Rieff predicted, therapeutic cultu...
Bit-rate-flexible all-optical OFDM transceiver using variable multi-carrier source and DQPSK/DPSK mixed multiplexing

We propose and demonstrate a bit-rate-flexible all-optical OFDM transceiver. Signals were successfully generated at 107, 42.8, 32.1, and 10.7Gbit/s and received through the transceiver. The 107-Gbit/s signal was successfully transmitted over 40-km-SMF without dispersion compensation.
Thermal- and Fast-Spectrum Molten Salt Reactors for Actinide Burning and Fuel Production

Notice: This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes.
Effects of partial immersion in water on vertical ground reaction forces and weight distribution in dogs

Objective—To assess the impact of partial immersion in water on vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) and vGRF distribution in dogs. Animals—10 healthy adult dogs. Procedures—Weight placed on each limb of each dog was measured 3 times (1 scale/limb). Dogs were then immersed in water to the level of the tarsal, stifle, and hip joints, and vGRFs were measured. Coefficients of variation for triplicate measurements were calculated. Mixed-effects ANOVAs were used to compare the vGRF for thoracic versus pelvic limbs and the vGRF at various immersion levels as well as the vGRF distributions among limbs at various immersion levels. Results—Mean ± SD vGRF before immersion was 249 ± 34 N. It was significantly decreased by 9% after immersion to the tarsal joints (227 ± 32 N), by 15% after immersion to the stifle joints (212 ± 21 N), and by 62% after immersion to the hip joints (96 ± 20 N). The vGRFs were significantly higher for the thoracic limbs than for the pelvic limbs before immersion and at all immersion level...
Empirical Clinical Practice: A Critical Analysis

ONE OF THE MOST significant developments in social work over the past 15 years has been the establish ment of the empirical clinical practice (ECP) model. This model has been pro moted as a way of elevating the profes sionalism of practitioners and fostering the development of a social work knowl edge base (Bloom, 1978; Briar, 1980; Grinnell & Siegel, 1988; Jayaratne & Levy, 1979). Arguments for the adop tion of ECP rest on claims to superiori ty in three interrelated areas: objec tivity, accountability, and ethics. The persuasiveness of these arguments is evident in the large number of educa tional programs that now prescribe training in this approach as a require ment for a social work degree. Concurrent with the development of the ECP model has been the emergence of a literature critical of the positivist orientation toward research and practice that is reflected in ECP and related ap proaches (Haworth, 1984; Heineman, 1981; Witkin, 1989a). Critiques of ECP have tended to focus on particular as pects of the model, such as its use of single-case designs or its usefulness for practice (Kagle, 1982; Ruckdeschel & Farris, 1981; Thomas, 1978). The meta theoretical justifications (the underlying epistemological and ontological assump tions) of the model rarely have been ad dressed in relation to its areas of claimed superiority. This article examines the justifications for the ECP approach in terms of its own methodological claims and metatheoretical assumptions.
Bistatic scattering from a vegetative medium simulated by cylinders

By considering the vegetation as a regular homogeneous distribution of individual scatterers and thus modeling it as an array of perfectly conducting finite thin circular cylinders over a ground plane, bistatic cross section is determined using the image principle and its variation with the angle of incidence, length, and diameter is studied.
Perceptually based techniques for semantic image classification and retrieval

The accumulation of large collections of digital images has created the need for efficient and intelligent schemes for content-based image retrieval. Our goal is to organize the contents semantically, according to meaningful categories. We present a new approach for semantic classification that utilizes a recently proposed color-texture segmentation algorithm (by Chen et al.), which combines knowledge of human perception and signal characteristics to segment natural scenes into perceptually uniform regions. The color and texture features of these regions are used as medium level descriptors, based on which we extract semantic labels, first at the segment and then at the scene level. The segment features consist of spatial texture orientation information and color composition in terms of a limited number of locally adapted dominant colors. The focus of this paper is on region classification. We use a hierarchical vocabulary of segment labels that is consistent with those used in the NIST TRECVID 2003 development set. We test the approach on a database of 9000 segments obtained from 2500 photographs of natural scenes. For training and classification we use the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) technique. We examine the performance of the algorithm (precision and recall rates) when different sets of features (e.g., one or two most dominant colors versus four quantized dominant colors) are used. Our results indicate that the proposed approach offers significant performance improvements over existing approaches.
A low-power multirate differential PSK receiver for space applications

Wireless communication for deep-space and satellite applications needs to accommodate the Doppler shift caused by the movement of the space vehicle and should consume low power to conserve the onboard power. A low-power phase-shift keying (PSK) receiver has been designed for such applications. The receiver employs double differential detection to be robust against Doppler shift and uses subsampling with a 1-bit A/D converter and digital decimation architecture at the front end to achieve low-power consumption. The receiver is also designed to be programmable to operate using single-stage differential detection instead of double-stage differential detection at low Doppler rates to obtain optimum performance. Furthermore, the baseband can be employed in either direct subsampling or intermediate frequency (IF)-sampling front ends. Both front ends offer minimal power consumption and differ from traditional types by replacing some conventional analog components such as a voltage-controlled oscillator, mixer, or phase-locked loop with their digital counterparts. This eliminates problems due to dc offset, dc voltage drifts, and low-frequency (LF) noise. The paper also includes a brief discussion of the nonidealities existing in real applications. The proposed phase shift keying (PSK) receiver supports a wide range of data rates from 0.1-100 Kbps and has been implemented in a CMOS process.
Understanding the psychodynamics of non-adherence to medical treatment in persons with HIV infection

We present this medical-psychiatric case discussion to illustrate the psychodynamic aspects of nonadherence in a woman with AIDS. Our patient sustained severe, repeated abandonment and brutal emotional, physical and sexual trauma throughout her early and later childhood and adult life. Her care was considerably complicated by the sequelae of trauma including difficulty with trust and posttraumatic stress disorder. The additional problem of HIV dementia compounded the patient's nonadherence to treatment. We present a multidisciplinary biopsychosocial approach that enabled the patient to engage in both medical and psychiatric care.
Amyloid-[beta]-induced neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: from synapses toward neural networks

Alzheimer's disease is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Diverse lines of evidence suggest that amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides have a causal role in its pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. Here we discuss recent evidence that Abeta may be part of a mechanism controlling synaptic activity, acting as a positive regulator presynaptically and a negative regulator postsynaptically. The pathological accumulation of oligomeric Abeta assemblies depresses excitatory transmission at the synaptic level, but also triggers aberrant patterns of neuronal circuit activity and epileptiform discharges at the network level. Abeta-induced dysfunction of inhibitory interneurons likely increases synchrony among excitatory principal cells and contributes to the destabilization of neuronal networks. Strategies that block these Abeta effects may prevent cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Potential obstacles and next steps toward this goal are discussed.