cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Large Corporate Forestland Ownerships in the United States

Ownership of forestland in the United States has changed in recent decades, including the proliferation of timber investment management organizations (TIMOs) and real estate investment trusts (REITs), with the potential to alter forest management and timber supply. This article quantifies forest ownership transitions among ownership categories between 2007 and 2017 and investigates how and why large corporate ownerships own and manage their forestlands. Ownership transitions were determined from refined USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis data; we also conducted a survey of large corporate forestland ownerships. Corporate forestland acreage increased between 2007 and 2017, while family and public forestland decreased. Large corporate landowners report multidimensional, financially focused land management, although industry, timber investment management organizations, real estate investment trusts, and other owners report some different motivations and income streams. This work provides a baseline to track future ownership transitions and the behaviors of large corporate forestland owners.
A systematic study of the influence of ligand field on the slow magnetic dynamics of Co(II)-diimine compounds

Herein we report heteroleptic Co(II) diimine complexes [Co(H2bip)2Cl2] (1), [Co(H2bip)2Br2] (2), [Co(H2bip)3]Br2·1MeOH (3) and [Co(H2bip)2(Me2bpy)]Br2·(MeCN)0.5·(H2O)0.25 (4) (H2bip = 2,2′-bi-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, bpy = 2,2′-dipyridyl, Me2bpy = 4,4′-Me-2,2′-dipyridyl), purposefully prepared to enable a systematic study of magnetic property changes arising from the increase of overall ligand field from σ/π-donor chlorido (1) to π-acceptor 4,4′Me-2,2′bpy (4). The presence of axial and rhombic anisotropy (D and E) of these compounds is sufficient to allow 1–4 to show field-induced slow relaxation of magnetization. Interestingly, we found as the effective ligand field is increased in the series, rhombicity (E/D) decreases, and the magnetic relaxation profile changes significantly, where relaxation of magnetization at a specific temperature becomes gradually faster. We performed mechanistic analyses of the temperature dependence of magnetic relaxation times considering Orbach relaxation processes, Raman-like relaxation and quantum tunnelling of magnetization (QTM). The effective energy barrier of the Orbach relaxation process (Ueff) is largest in compound 1 (19.2 cm−1) and gradually decreases in the order 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 giving a minimum value in compound 4 (8.3 cm−1), where the Raman-like mechanism showed the possibility of different types of phonon activity below and above ∼2.5 K. As a precursor of 1, the tetrahedral complex [Co(H2bip)Cl2] (1a) was also synthesized and structurally and magnetically characterized: this compound exhibits slow relaxation of magnetization under an applied dc field (1800 Oe) with a record slow relaxation time of 3.39 s at 1.8 K.
Extensions and Application of the Robust Shared Response Model to Electroencephalography Data for Enhancing Brain-Computer Interface Systems

Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) decode electroencephalography (EEG) data collected from the human brain to predict subsequent behavior. While this technology has promising applications, successfully implementing a model is challenging. The typical BCI control application requires many hours of training data from each individual to make predictions of intended activity specific to that individual. Moreover, there are individual differences in the organization of brain activity and low signal-to-noise ratios in noninvasive measurement techniques such as EEG. There is a fundamental bias-variance trade-off between developing a single model for all human brains vs. an individual model for each specific human brain. The Robust Shared Response Model (RSRM) attempts to resolve this tradeoff by leveraging both the homogeneity and heterogeneity of brain signals across people. RSRM extracts components that are common and shared across individual brains, while simultaneously learning unique representations between individual brains. By learning a latent shared space in conjunction with subject-specific representations, RSRM tends to result in better predictive performance on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data relative to other common dimension reduction techniques. To our knowledge, we are the first research team attempting to expand the domain of RSRM by applying this technique to controlled experimental EEG data in a BCI setting. Using the openly available Motor Movement/ Imagery dataset, the decoding accuracy of RSRM exceeded models whose input was reduced by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), and subject-specific PCA. The results of our experiments suggest that RSRM can recover distributed latent brain signals and improve decoding accuracy of BCI tasks when dimension reduction is implemented as a feature engineering step. Future directions of this work include augmenting state-of-the art BCI with efficient reduced representations extracted by RSRM. This could enhance the utility of BCI technology in the real world. Furthermore, RSRM could have wide-ranging applications across other machine-learning applications that require classification of naturalistic data using reduced representations.
Decompressive Craniectomy

Decompressive Craniectomy (DC) is used to treat elevated intracranial pressure that is unresponsive to conventional treatment modalities. The underlying cause of intracranial hypertension may vary and consequently there is a broad range of literature on the uses of this procedure. Traumatic brain injury (TBI), middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction, and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are three conditions for which DC has been predominantly used in the past. Despite an increasing number of reports supportive of DC, the controversy over the suitability of the procedure and criteria for patient selection remains unresolved. Although the majority of published studies is retrospective, the recent publication of several randomized prospective studies prompts a reevaluation of the utility of DC. We review the literature concerning the use of DC in TBI, MCA infarction, and SAH and address the evidence regarding common questions pertaining to the timing of and laterality of the procedure. We conclude that at the time of this review, there still remains insufficient data to support the routine use of DC in TBI, stroke or SAH. There is evidence that early and aggressive use of DC in good-grade patients may improve outcome, but the notion that DC is indicated in these patients is contentious. At this point, the indication for DC should be individualized and its potential implications on long-term outcomes should be comprehensively discussed with the caregivers.
Rethinking the Goals of Diabetes Prevention Programs.

In September 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a press release stating that “twin epidemics of diabetes and obesity continue to threaten the health of Americans” but that encouraging new studies (i.e., the Diabetes Prevention Program [DPP] experimental trial) indicated that type 2 diabetes could be prevented and that “promoting healthy lifestyles should be a national priority” (1). Twenty years later, this press release could be issued today with almost no revision and be completely accurate. In 2001, 6.4% of the U.S. population had diagnosed diabetes; currently 10.5% of Americans do (2). Today’s prevalence closely matches projections made in 1992 based on “the overly pessimistic assumption that there will be no scientific or medical discoveries to reduce the prevalence of diabetes” (3). Yet, strategies for preventing diabetes have been developed in the intervening years. In 2001, the DPP made history as one of a handful of clinical trials that was stopped early because the risk-benefit ratio so clearly favored the experimental interventions over placebo (4). This remarkable efficacy buoyed support for wide-scale implementation of the DPP “lifestyle” arm, which had the goals of promoting ≥5% weight loss and ≥150 min of weekly physical activity. Achievement of these two goals was demonstrated in the DPP trial to significantly reduce type 2 diabetes risk short-term (within 5 years). Enthusiasm for the DPP trial sharply contrasted with the challenges of implementing diabetes prevention in the broader population (5,6). There is limited evidence that participants in subsequent iterations of the DPP provided in clinical and community settings …
LA CONFORMACIÓN DE DISCURSO FEMINISTA EN DIÁLOGO CON LOS DISCURSOS SOCIALES: LAS MUJERES FRENTE A LOS PROBLEMAS SOCIALES DEL 30

Este trabajo se pregunta por la conformacion del discurso feminista en la decada del 30 en Chile, momento en que las mujeres se consolidaron como grupo politico y legitimaron sus demandas. Se consideran discursos de dos organizaciones: el Partido Civico Femenino y el MEMCH. El objetivo es analizar como se abordaron problemas de la sociedad en un corpus que cubre no solo textos programaticos, sino de temas generales. Se busca visualizar el dialogo del discurso feminista con otros discursos sociales en una estrategia que permite concluir que las organizaciones consiguieron unidad, para lo que recogieron elementos ajenos a su marco ideologico especifico feminista.
Phylogenetic and ecological effects on interspecific variation in structurally simple avian vocalizations

Flight calls are structurally simple avian vocalizations largely associated with sustained migratory flight. We used a multilocus phylogeny of 47 North American wood warblers (Aves: Parulidae) to quantify the extent of phylogenetic signal in flight-call spectrographic characteristics and to remove phylogenetic effects when testing for associations among flight-call attributes, behavioural characters related to migration strategies and ecological habitat variables. We also employed a quantile regression and null model approach to compare a matrix of interspecific phylogenetic divergence with indices of the corresponding acoustic differences derived from spectrographic measurements of flight calls. Nearly half of the measurements of flight-call properties exhibited significant associations with phylogeny. Controlling for phylogenetic effects, high-frequency flight calls were associated with species occupying taller and more open forest canopies. Ecological properties associated with migratory and winter distributions did not correlate with flight-call characteristics. Differences among the evolutionary histories of structural vs. signal properties of flightcalls suggest that phylogenetic and ecological effects are present. The evolution of flight-call syllable structure may involve selection for species recognition, whereas adaptation to the acoustic environment likely has influenced evolution of their spectral and temporal properties. More generally, the historical contribution to variation in behavioural characters is a long-standing source of debate; these results suggest that substantial phylogenetic effects may be present even in vocal traits that may be highly labile. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 94, 155–173.
Combat exposure and suicide risk in two samples of military personnel.

OBJECTIVE: In light of increased suicidal behaviors among military personnel and veterans since the initiation of combat operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, questions have been raised about the potential causal role of combat. The objective of the current study was to identify any direct or indirect effects of combat exposure on suicide risk through depression symptom severity, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and fearlessness about death, consistent with the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide (Joiner, 2005). METHOD: Structural equation modeling was utilized with two separate samples of deployed military personnel, 1 nonclinical (n = 348; 89.7% male, mean age = 24.50) and 1 clinical (n = 219; 91.8% male, mean age = 27.88), to test the effects of combat exposure on suicide risk. RESULTS: Greater combat exposure was directly associated with fearlessness about death and PTSD symptom severity in both samples, but failed to show either a direct or indirect effect on suicide risk. PTSD symptom severity was strongly associated with depression symptom severity, which in turn was related to suicide risk directly (in the nonclinical sample) or indirectly through low belongingness and perceived burdensomeness (in the clinical sample). CONCLUSIONS: In both samples of deployed active duty military personnel, combat exposure was either unrelated to suicide risk or was too distally related to have a measurable effect. Results do not support the interpersonal-psychological theory's hypothesis that combat exposure should be indirectly related to suicide risk through acquired fearlessness of death. Language: en
Malignant ependymomas in a patient with Turcot's syndrome: case report and management guidelines.

Abstract Background Turcot’s Syndrome is the association of multiple adenomatous polyps of the colon with a primary tumor of the central nervous system. We present the first reported case of Turcot’s Syndrome in a patient with malignant ependymomas. Recent advances in the elucidation of the genetic basis for the hereditary forms of colon cancer have provided a clearer understanding of the etiology of Turcot’s Syndrome. This new information is relevant to the neurosurgical community and provides updated guidelines in the diagnosis and management of patients with this complex disease process. Results Turcot’s Syndrome is related to two distinct genetic errors. The first involves a germ-line mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, which is postulated to act as a tumor suppressor gene. The second is a germ-line defect in one of a group of genes responsible for DNA nucleotide mismatch repair. Conclusion The elucidation of the gene defects responsible for the hereditary forms of colon cancer has provided a clearer understanding of the molecular basis of Turcot’s Syndrome. Patients with hereditary forms of colon cancer and neurologic symptoms require immediate and thorough investigation because of their significantly increased risk of developing CNS tumors. Previously healthy patients diagnosed with a CNS tumor with a family history of adenomatous polyposis coli should undergo screening and surveillance colonoscopy as the CNS lesion may precede colonic symptoms. CNS screening guidelines for asymptomatic patients with adenomatous polyposis coli requires further risk analysis studies. All patients diagnosed with Turcot’s Syndrome should be tested for the gene defect, including the CNS tumor tissue to provide further data on the genetic relationship between Turcot’s Syndrome and the hereditary forms of colon cancer.
INFLUENCE OF DELAYED RESORPTION ON SPECIFIC GONADOTROPIC AUGMENTATION

No ONE SERIOUSLY BELIEVES that the pituitary liberates its gonadotropic hormone once daily at a given time, yet the conventional assay of pituitary hormone is based on a single or at best double daily injection. The ovarian response so obtained is considerably less than that obtained by the process of prolonged delayed resorption or multiple divided dosage, yet this increased response obtained under more normal physiologic conditions is spoken of as the phenomenon of non-specific augmentation. Since it has been shown (1 2) that the lessened response obtained by single daily injections is nothing more or less than the ‘antagonism’ phenomenon, which is elicited when pituitary extracts are rapidly resorbed, we consider the term non-specific augmentation unnecessary. There is, however, a type of augmentation produced by the combined action of pituitary extracts and prolan which has never been connected with the phenomenon of delayed resorption.
Use of Internet Pornography and Men’s Well-Being

The widespread and relatively inexpensive influx of high speed Internet technology has rendered the Cybersex pornographic industry a considerably profitable e-commerce business. This exploratory investigation attempts to delineate the intricacies and effects of such technology on individual well-being using ethnographic field research methodology. Although most individuals utilize the Internet for occupational, educational, recreational, and shopping purposes, a sizable male minority exists, known as Cybersex compulsives and at-risk users, who invest an inordinate amount of their time, money, and energy in the pursuit of Cybersex experiences with negative intrapersonal ramifications in terms of depression, anxiety, and problems with felt intimacy with their real-life partners. Such individuals find themselves in a compulsive Cybersex quest for the “perfect” sexual visualization that will match their “lovemap,” only to get disappointed at its fleeting nature.
Notch and Basal Cells Take Center Stage during Airway Epithelial Regeneration

Airway epithelium is maintained by basal cells, but the mechanisms responsible for repair are poorly characterized. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Rock et al. (2011) show that Notch signals regulate differentiation, but not self-renewal of basal cells after injury, and that this role appears conserved in mouse and human lung.
Performance appraisal and the need for an organizational grievance procedure: A review of the literature and recommendations for future research

The majority of performance appraisal systems do not result in valid and reliable evaluations of employee performance. As a consequence, conflict in the workplace may result, and a grievance procedure for employees may be necessary. This article outlines some of the problems associated with performance appraisal systems, presents the need for a grievance procedure and possible formats, and poses questions for further research.
A case of ventricular undersensing in the DDI mode: cause and correction.

A case is presented that demonstrates a confusing problem of ventricular undersensing in the DDI pacing mode, Electrocardiographic monitoring of the patient after pacemaker implantation revealed intermittent ventricular channel outputs which appeared to be inappropriate. These occurred a period of time after the intrinsic R wave, equal to the programmed AV interval. This problem was caused by ventricular lead undersensing, which resulted when the patient's intrinsic rate was such that the intrinsic ventricular complex occurred during the ventricular blanking period. The problem was corrected by reprogramming the blanking period.
ZnO-modified zirconia as gold catalyst support for the low-temperature methanol steam reforming reaction

Abstract Nanoscale zirconia (ZrO 2 ) is widely investigated both as catalyst support and catalyst. Bare ZrO 2 binds gold weakly due to lack of surface defects. In this study, nanoscale ZrO 2 was modified with zinc oxide (ZnO) at different amounts, and examined as support of gold catalysts for the methanol steam reforming (SRM) reaction. ZrO 2 with high specific surface area serves as dispersant of ZnO to create highly dispersed ZnO clusters, which provide more anchoring sites for strong gold-metal oxide bonding. Addition of ZnO also passivates the surface acidity of ZrO 2 , thus blocking the direct methanol decomposition to CO and H 2 . To prepare the highly dispersed ZnO clusters on ZrO 2 , a carbon hard-template method was used, followed by calcination at 550 °C to produce a highly porous mixed oxide solid. To investigate the modification of ZrO 2 by ZnO, the surface acidity was probed with isopropanol in temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) mode. Adsorption of the gold precursor on the ZnO-modified ZrO 2 was carried out by the anion adsorption method. Better dispersion, and better activity and stability of these gold catalysts were found than on either pure ZrO 2 or ZnO. Accordingly, the light-off temperature of SRM is lower and a wider temperature window for CO-free H 2 production up to moderately high temperatures (∼375 °C) is found.
A Nakagami-N-gamma Model for Shadowed Fading Channels

Wireless channels are subject to short term fading and shadowing. Such shadowed fading channels are described using a Nakagami-lognormal process, with the Nakagami-m (short term fading) and lognormal distributions (shadowing). This approach does not result in a closed form solution for the density function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) making wireless systems analysis difficult. It was suggested that a gamma or an inverse Gaussian distribution can be used in place of the lognormal distribution providing an analytical framework. The match of these two distributions to the lognormal was less than ideal. Invoking shadowing as multiplicative process, the distribution of the product of N gamma variables is proposed in place of the lognormal pdf resulting in the Nakagami-N-gamma model. It is shown that this model leads to simple solutions to the density and distribution functions as well as error rates for coherent phase shift keying modems. The outage probabilities and error rates based on the Nakagami-lognormal (NL) and Nakagami-N-gamma (NNG) models were compared. Results showed excellent match at levels of shadowing generally observed in wireless systems. While values of N as low as 3 was sufficient for low values of m and weak to moderate shadowing, values of N in the range of 7---9 provided better match for higher levels of shadowing and higher values of m. By varying N, it is also possible to get the NNG pdf to move closer to the NL pdf making the new model an ideal one for the shadowed fading channels with its flexibility and availability of analytical expressions.
Boosting Biomedical Entity Extraction by Using Syntactic Patterns for Semantic Relation Discovery

Biomedical entity extraction from unstructured web documents is an important task that needs to be performed in order to discover knowledge in the veterinary medicine domain. In general, this task can be approached by applying domain specific ontologies, but a review of the literature shows that there is no universal dictionary, or ontology for this domain. To address this issue, we manually construct an ontology for extracting entities such as: animal disease names, viruses and serotypes. We then use an automated ontology expansion approach to extract semantic relationships between concepts. Such relationships include asserted synonymy, hyponymy and causality. Specifically, these relationships are extracted by using a set of syntactic patterns and part-of-speech tagging. The resulting ontology contains richer semantics compared to the manually constructed ontology. We compare our approach for extracting synonyms, hyponyms and other disease related concepts, with an approach where the ontology is expanded using GoogleSets, on the veterinary medicine entity extraction task. Experimental results show that our semantic relationship extraction approach produces a significant increase in precision and recall as compared to the GoogleSets approach.
Fatigue of stainless steel in hydrogen

The fatigue crack growth rates of two austenitic stainless steel alloys, AISI 301 and 302, were compared in air, argon, and hydrogen environments at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Under the stresses at the crack tip the austenite in type 301 steel transformed martensitically to a’ to a greater extent than in type 302 steel. The steels were also tested in the cold worked condition under hydrogen or argon. Hydrogen was found to have a deleterious effect on both steels, but the effect was stronger in the unstable than in the stable alloy. Cold work decreased fatigue crack growth rates in argon and hydrogen, but the decrease was less marked in hydrogen than in argon. Metallographic, fractographic, and microhardness surveys in the vicinity of the fatigue crack were used to try to understand the reasons for the observed fatigue behavior.
Checklist for the Removable Prosthesis Wax Trial Insertion Appointment

A checklist is described that is designed to permit a systematic evaluation of the factors involved in the trial insertion appointment. The checklist aids both the student and the instructor in assuring that items are not overlooked during this important appointment. More equitable grading of the student's preparation and knowledge is facilitated. The checklist also serves as an excellent patient approval form.
Biological transport of zinc-65 into the deep sea1

The specific activities of zinc-65 (/sup 65/Zn:Zn) in pelagic and benthic animals collected off Oregon were correlated with depth of capture to estimate vertical biological transport rates. Results suggest that about 2 yr are required for transport of /sup 65/Zn from near-surface to abyssobenthic animals. Vertical transport appears to be slower in upper waters, suggesting recycling of zinc within biological communities, and more rapid below 500 m. The long vertical transport time for zinc contrasts with the shorter times estimated for transport of zinc and other elements by fecal pellets. This raises questions about the importance of fecal pellets as a rapid transport mechanism for biologically required materials into the deep sea.
Delineation of spatial boundaries in a wetland habitat

A probabilistic similarity technique was used to locate spatial and temporal biotic boundaries in two west-central Florida marshes. By investigating spatial and temporal boundaries simultaneously, insights into community dynamics that were not apparent from examination of either kind of boundary in isolation were obtained. Recurring spatial boundaries in both marshes were found at the edges of deeper basins or near the edges of the marshes. Spatial boundaries shifted more frequently in Big Marsh, a large, well-drained marsh with extensive transition zones, than in Little Marsh, a poorly drained marsh with a relatively stable water level. Temporal boundaries occurred most frequently in autumn in both marshes. Temporal boundaries were associatd frequently with changes in spatial boundaries in Big Marsh, but only infrequently in Little Marsh. Simultaneous investigation of spatial and temporal boundary dynamics can be used to identify transition zones within marshes and can be used to determine from one year seasonal sampling surveys whether wetland boundaries will remain stable over more than one year.
Healing of the Intrabony Periodontal Lesion Following Root Conditioning With Citric Acid and Wound Closure Including an Expanded PTFE Membrane

The effect of citric acid conditioning of the root surface in conjunction with gingival flap surgery including barrier membranes (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene) was clinically evaluated in 26 intrabony periodontal defects in 23 patients. Control treatment included gingival flap surgery with barrier membranes alone. Twelve defects were treated with the experimental and 14 with the control protocol. Healing was evaluated 12 months after surgery. Initial probing depths approximated 6.9 mm and defect depths measured during surgery exceeded 4 mm. The patients exhibited good oral hygiene over the study interval as substantiated by low plaque and bleeding scores. Acid conditioning of the root surface did not enhance periodontal healing in this study, similar amounts of defect resolution were observed following either treatment protocol. Probing depth reduction generally approximated 1.8 mm; gain of clinical attachment, 0.8 mm; and defect bone fill, 1.2 mm. Under the prevailing conditions, the barrier membrane procedure apparently gave a healing result beyond which further improvement could not be achieved by root surface conditioning.
AP-2γ and the Homeodomain Protein Distal-less 3 Are Required for Placental-specific Expression of the Murine 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase VI Gene, Hsd3b6

The enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3β-HSD) is essential for the biosynthesis of all active steroid hormones. It exists as multiple isoforms in humans and rodents, each the product of a distinct gene. Human 3β-HSD I in placenta is essential for placental progesterone biosynthesis and thus is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. The murine ortholog, 3β-HSD VI, is the only isoform expressed in giant trophoblast cells during the first half of mouse pregnancy. This study was designed to identify the cis-acting element(s) and the associated transcription factors required for trophoblast-specific expression of 3β-HSD VI. Transfection studies in placental and nonplacental cells identified a novel 66-bp trophoblast-specific enhancer element located between −2896 and −2831 of the 3β-HSD VI promoter. DNase protection analysis of the enhancer element identified three trophoblast-specific binding sites, FPI, FPII, and FPIII. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with oligonucleotides representing the protected sequences, FPI and FPIII, and nuclear extracts isolated from human JEG-3 cells and from mouse trophoblast cells, demonstrated the same binding pattern that was distinct from the binding pattern with mouse Leydig cell nuclear proteins. Further electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified AP-2γ and the homeodomain protein, Dlx 3, as the transcription factors that specifically bind to FPI and FPIII, respectively. Site-specific mutations in each of the binding sites eliminated enhancer activity indicating that AP-2γ and Dlx 3, together with an additional transcription factor(s) that are conserved between humans and mice, are required for trophoblast-specific expression of 3β-HSD VI.
Minocycline reduces ethanol drinking.

Abstract Alcoholism is a disease characterized by continued alcohol consumption despite recurring negative consequences. Thus, medications that reduce the drive to consume alcohol can be beneficial in treating alcoholism. The neurobiological systems that regulate alcohol consumption are complex and not fully understood. Currently, medications are available to treat alcoholism that act either by causing accumulation of a toxic metabolite of ethanol, or by targeting specific transmitter receptors. The purpose of our study was to investigate a new potential therapeutic pathway, neuroimmune interactions, for effects on ethanol consumption. We hypothesized that neuroimmune activity of brain glia may have a role in drinking. We utilized minocycline, a second generation tetracycline antibiotic that has immune modulatory actions, to test our hypothesis because it is known to suppress microglia, and to a lesser extent astroglia, activity following many types of insults to the brain. Treatment with 50 mg/kg minocycline significantly reduced ethanol intake in male and female C57Bl/6J mice using a free choice voluntary drinking model. Saline injections did not alter ethanol intake. Minocycline had little effect on water intake or body weight change. The underlying mechanism whereby minocycline reduced ethanol intake requires further study. The results suggest that drugs that alter neuroimmune pathways may represent a new approach to developing additional therapies to treat alcoholism.
Research on Influence Factor of Primary Frequency Regulation Performance for Thermal Power Plant

As a basic auxiliary service, primary frequency regulation (PFR) is provided with significant effect in secure and stable operation for grids. Thermal power plants undertake important task in PFR by virtue of it is main type in grid-connected power plants. However, some problems such as slow response, inadequate load variable quantity, or even reverse regulating effect exist in actual PFR process. In PFR relative control logic, PFR command, load variable quantity command and main steam pressures influence must be taken into consideration. Regulating valves flow characteristics and adjustment of overlap degree can result in imbalance of load regulating under different working point. Frequency data utilized by grid dispatching center and power plant are inconsistent so that PFR evaluation may be affected. On the premise of safe operation in power plant, energy storage can improve units load in a fast time. A series of optimization measurements are put forward on the basis of the above four influence factors. In accordance with respective influence characteristics, these measurements possess a certain reference significance to improve performance index of PFR.
A novel compound containing coupled Mo3S4 clusters, [Mo3S4(HBpz3)2]2(μ-O)(μ-C3H3N2)2

Abstract Treatment of a methanol solution of Mo 3 S 4 4+ ion with pyrazole, C 3 H 4 N 2 (Hpz), and potassium tris-pyrazolylborate, KBH(C 3 H 3 N 2 ) 3 (KHBpz 3 ) with molar ratios of approximately 1:1:4 allows the isolation of the crystalline, red-brown title compound in about 80% yield. The compound has been identified and structurally characterized by X-ray methods. The crystals, which contain two molecules of interstitial THF per hexanuclear molecule, belong to space group P 2 1 / c with the following unit cell dimensions: a =12.890(7), b =26.807(8), c =24.07(1) A, β=96.16(4)°, V =8269(11) A 3 , Z =4. The title molecule has no imposed symmetry, but for practical purposes there is a two-fold symmetry axis passing through the μ-O atom and bisecting the line between the centers of the two Mo 3 clusters.
Panama disease: Return of the first banana menace

Abstract Before 1960, Panama disease (fusarium wilt) was the most important disease in the banana export trades. Although the importance of Panama disease decreased after the Cavendish cultivars replaced Gros Michel, recent outbreaks have renewed interest in this problem. Race 4 affects cultivars of the Cavendish subgroup in the subtropics, as well as race 1 and race 2 suscepts. It has caused concern in the tropically based export trades which depend almost entirely on the Cavendish clones. Attention is also drawn to affected non‐exported bananas which are important cash crops or staple foods. Although they are not as well documented as those on the Cavendish subgroup, epidemics of the disease on non‐exported bananas are far more important.
Atomic relaxation in the presence of intense partially coherent radiation fields

I develop a nonperturbative relaxation theory appropriate for an atom subjected to strong finite-bandwidth radiation fields. The partial coherence implied by the finite bandwidth is modeled by simple phase and amplitude correlation functions. Modifications of the Mollow theory of resonance fluorescence are calculated as an example. The finite bandwidth of the applied field does not have a simply additive effect on the predicted fluorescence spectrum. (AIP)
Schneiderian first rank symptoms: reconfirmation of high specificity for schizophrenia

The prevalence of Schneiderian first-rank symptoms (FRS) in 294 consecutive admissions to a research unit was evaluated with reference to their diagnostic distribution (SADS/RDC). Thirty-five of 58 patients with schizophrenia had FRS, as compared to nine of 190 patients with major depressive disorder. All patients with two or more FRS received a diagnosis of schizophrenia. In the absence of organic or toxic etiology, the specificity of FRS for schizophrenia was 95% and their predictive value was 90%. These findings indicate that FRS should be regarded as strongly suggestive of schizophrenia in the absence of an organic syndrome.
Seeing Galaxies through Thick and Thin. IV. The Superposed Spiral Galaxies of NGC 3314

The superposed pair of spiral galaxies making up NGC 3314 offers a unique opportunity to trace the dust properties in a spiral galaxy. We analyze multicolor Hubble Space Telescope imaging, supported by ground-based near-IR imaging and fiber-array spectroscopy, to measure dust extinction in the foreground Sc galaxy NGC 3314A, which is backlit by the Sb system NGC 3314B. The superposition allows us to measure extinctions over a wide range of galactocentric radii in the foreground galaxy from 0.4–4.5 kpc. In the outer half of the disk, the extinction is strongly localized in discrete dust lanes, including some patches whose galactic setting is clear only because of associated Hα emission at the foreground velocity. These dust features show an extinction curve with a slope close to the Galactic mean (R = 3.5 ± 0.3) over a range in galactocentric radius from 1.6 to 3.8 kpc, with no radial trend. Using the I-K color of the background nucleus, we derive an extinction of AI = 3.3 through the disk at a projected distance of 400 pc from the nucleus of NGC 3314A. The extinction in even the inner disk of NGC 3314A is quite patchy, since background Hα emission is detected from all parts of the system. Local anticorrelations between foreground and background line emission demonstrate that the dust is concentrated in star-forming regions, as has been found for the blue light in several systems. The colors of the dust lanes in NGC 3314A that are projected only partially against the background disk indicate that the dust scale height in the foreground disk is substantially smaller than that of the stars. The color-intensity behavior of the net light in these regions tracks the predictions of a thin-layer model closely.
The Impact of Cigarette Deprivation and Cigarette Availability on Cue-Reactivity in Smokers

Aims This experiment was conducted to determine the impact of cigarette deprivation and cigarette availability on reactivity measures to cigarette cues. Participants Smokers were recruited who were 18 years of age or older, not attempting to quit or cut down on their smoking, smoked at least 20 cigarettes daily, had been smoking regularly for past year and had an expired carbon monoxide level of at least 10 parts per million. Design Smokers were assigned randomly to abstain from smoking for 24 hours (n = 51) or continue smoking their regular amount (n = 50). Twenty-four hours later, they were exposed to trials of either a lit cigarette or a glass of water with a 0, 50 or 100% probability of being able to sample the cue on each trial. Craving, mood, heart rate, skin conductance, puff topography and latency to access door to sample the cue were measured. Findings Both exposure to cigarette cues and increasing availability of those cues produced higher levels of craving to smoke. Deprivation produced a generalized increase in craving. There was no consistent evidence, however, that even under conditions of high cigarette availability, deprived smokers were sensitized selectively to presentations of cigarette cues. Conclusions The data suggest that, even under conditions of immediate cigarette availability, deprivation and cue presentations have independent, additive effects on self-reported craving levels in smokers.
Automatic inattention to attractive alternatives: the evolved psychology of relationship maintenance

There can be important reproductive benefits to maintaining a long-term romantic relationship. As a result, humans may possess evolved psychological mechanisms designed to help them maintain their commitment to a long-term mate, particularly when faced with attractive alternative relationship partners. The current study identifies a relationship maintenance process that involves being inattentive to alternative relationship partners. Experimentally eliciting thoughts and feelings of romantic love—an emotion thought to have evolved for the purpose of relationship maintenance—reduced attention to alternative partners at an early, automatic stage of visual perception. Consistent with evolutionary models of mate selection, this reduction in attention was observed only for opposite sex targets displaying high levels of physical attractiveness. This research illustrates the utility of integrating evolutionary models of mating with theory and method from cognitive science.
Geographic variation in critical photoperiod and in diapause intensity of Chrysopa carnea (Neuroptera)

Abstract Two strains of Chrysopa carnea, one originating from Ithaca, New York (42°27′ N) and one from Chandler, Arizona (33°19′ N) displayed marked differences in both initiation and intensity of the facultative reproductive diapause. The northern stock had a critical photoperiod 1 hr longer (between LD 13·5 : 10·5 and LD 14 : 10) than the southern one (between LD 12·5 : 11·5 and LD 13 : 11). The longer critical photoperiod of the northern population allows it to enter diapause earlier in the season and is adapted to the long day lengths of late summer and early occurring winter conditions at higher latitudes. At each photoperiod tested the northern strain consistently showed a deeper diapause than the southern strain. Both showed an inverse relationship between diapause duration and day length; therefore the insects perceived and responded to hourly differences in photoperiod. C. carnea's ability to adjust both critical photoperiod and diapause depth, to the different photoperiods and conditions found at various latitudes, probably promoted the species' broad latitudinal distribution. Diapause duration is apparently under polygenic control.
A Review of “Play Therapy with Children in Crisis: Individual, Group and Family Treatment, 3rd Edition”

In the third edition of Play Therapy with Children in Crisis: Individual, Group and Family Treatment, Nancy Boyd Webb introduces the reader to an array of play therapy models, techniques, and theor...
Nonlinear Viscoelasticity of Concentrated Solutions of Aggrecan Aggregate

Aggrecan, the major cartilage proteoglycan, is the macromolecular species primarily involved in the resiliency of cartilage tissue. Most aggrecan molecules occur in cartilage extracellular matrix as aggregates. Each aggregate has a supramolecular structure, with many highly anionic, brushlike aggrecan subunits noncovalently bound to a hyaluronan chain. To better examine the viscoelastic properties of aggrecan aggregate, contaminating subunits were removed by exclusion chromatography. At physiologic ionic strength, concentrated solutions of purified aggrecan aggregate exhibit predominantly elastic behavior at small shear strains. However, above a critical strain, gamma c, the shear moduli show a pronounced strain-softening transition, where the storage modulus decreases suddenly, and the loss modulus exhibits a maximum. At small stresses, the creep function is also highly elastic, exhibiting an equilibrium compliance and large recoverable compliance. When the stress is amplified, a discrete transition to viscous flow occurs at a yield stress sigma y. These nonlinear responses are similar to previous observations for close-packed colloidal suspensions of soft spheres, such as microgel or emulsion particles, for which a yield transition occurs when the stress and deformation are sufficient to move a particle past its neighbors.
Preparation of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate hydrazones

Abstract The triose phosphates have been prepared by the enzymatic dismutation of D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) in the presence of hydrazine, and the hydrazones decomposed by extraction with benzaldehyde to give a mixture of the two compounds. ( Meyerhof and Junowicz-Kocholaty, 1943 ). The instability of the triose phosphates upon storage in solution or as the corresponding barium salts has limited the usefulness of this procedure for the preparation of these compounds. The chemical synthesis of these compounds has been reported (Ballou and Fisher, 1943; Ballou 1960 ). This communication describes a method for the preparation of the triose phosphate hydrazones which are stable to alkaline treatment and to storage as the barium salts.
Informational intra-group influence : The effects of time pressure and group size

The judgments of groups have immense impact on our daily lives. This paper theorizes that three families of intra-group influence affect the collective estimation process. These different forms of influence map to different levels of task demonstrability, or the extent to which correct answers are transparent to problem-solvers. When demonstrability is low, group estimates are disproportionately influenced by proposals closer to the intra-group mean (centrality). When demonstrability is high and groups are small, group decisions are disproportionately influenced by proposals closer to the correct answer (accuracy). Finally, when demonstrability is high and groups are larger, group decisions are disproportionately influenced by proposals offered by generally more accurate individuals across a set of judgments (expertise). Three laboratory studies support our predictions with regard to informational influence in cooperative groups. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of fluid dynamical processes during pulsed-laser texturing of material surfaces

Pulsed-laser texturing of material surfaces proceeds with shallow melt resulting from the absorption of laser energy. Flow processes in the fluid determine the morphological structure of the re-solidified surface. Approximations made in the literature are improved upon here to describe the fluid flow in the melt. In particular, the pressure in the melt is included in the Navier-Stokes equation and the surface boundary condition, which is shown to have significant impact on the flow processes and thus, on the final finish of the surface. The calculations for Si surface modifications are found to be in close agreement with the experimental observations, considerably improving upon the earlier descriptions.
Uridine kinase activity in human tumors

The activity of uridine kinase, a key enzyme in the salvage pathway for pyrimidine bases and nucleosides and for the activation of the corresponding chemotherapeutic analogs, varied 10-fold in a series of human colon adenosarcomas; similar variations were observed with other tumor types. In contrast to the leukemias where only the adult isozyme appears to be present, both the adult and embryonic forms were present in the solid tumors examined. The qualitative and quantitative differences may account, in part, for differences in the innate (initial) sensitivity of the tumors to pyrimidine base and nucleoside analogs.
Brain G-protein proteolysis by calpain: enhancement by lithium.

Abstract Heterotrimeric G-proteins mediate many receptor-coupled signal transduction processes and the cellular concentrations of G-proteins are modulated by several factors, including development, activity, and drugs. The mechanisms causing changes in G-protein concentrations are mostly unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if G-proteins could be proteolyzed by calpain, a calcium-activated neutral protease that has been linked with neuronal plasticity. In membranes prepared from rat cerebral cortex, calpain rapidly cleaved the α-subunit of Go but did not hydrolyze s-subunits. Comparisons of the proteolysis of different α-subunits revealed that they were differentially susceptible to calpain-induced proteolysis in the order ofαs > αo > αq > αi. Preincubation of cortical membranes with GTPγS, which binds to Gα and causes its dissociation from the sγ dimer, reduced calpain-mediated proteolysis of αo. Lithium, the primary treatment for mania, enhanced the calpain-mediated proteolysis of αo in the heterotrimeric state but did not affect proteolysis of dissociated, GTPγS-bound αo. These results demonstrate that proteolysis by calpain is a potential mechanism by which cellular G-protein concentrations can be regulated.
The MDSplus data acquisition system, current status and future directions

The MDSplus data acquisition system was developed in collaboration with the ZTH group at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the RFX group at CNR in Padua, Italy and is currently in use at MIT, RFX in Padua, and TCV at EPFL in Lausanne. MDSplus is based on a hierarchical experiment description which completely describes the data acquisition and analysis tasks and contains the results from these operations. It also includes a set of X/motif based tools for data acquisition and display, as well as diagnostic configuration and management. These tools were designed to operate in a distributed, client/server environment with multiple concurrent readers and writers to the data store. An interface to a relational database is provided for storage and management of processed data. A commercially available package called IDL is used as the primary data analysis and visualization tool. The current projects include a new interface to the electronic logbook, tools for remote collaborators and WWW access, and a port of the system to UNIX and Windows-NT/95.