cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooperating with the future

An intergenerational cooperation game has been developed to study decision-making regarding resource use: when decisions about resource extraction were made individually the resource was rapidly depleted by a minority of defectors; the resource was sustainably maintained across generations, however, when decisions were made democratically by voting. Cooperation is often seen in experimental economic games because actions can be reciprocated. But this trait is of no help in one of the most important types of cooperation: cooperation with future generations who cannot reciprocate if we refrain from overexploiting their resources. To test the conditions under which cooperation with the future can occur, Oliver Hauser et al. developed a laboratory model of cooperation — the Intergenerational Goods Game (IGG) — that differs from previous games in which selfishness creates social efficiency losses for group members. Instead, selfishness negatively impacts subsequent groups. Experiments involving more than 2,000 subjects demonstrate that when decisions on resource extraction are made individually, the resource is rapidly depleted by defectors. But when participants are forced to vote on how the resource should be exploited, it is exploited sustainably across generations. Voting works for two reasons. It allows a majority of cooperators to constrain a minority of defectors, and as all players receive the same amount after a vote, cooperators need not worry about losing out relative to others. Overexploitation of renewable resources today has a high cost on the welfare of future generations1,2,3,4,5. Unlike in other public goods games6,7,8,9, however, future generations cannot reciprocate actions made today. What mechanisms can maintain cooperation with the future? To answer this question, we devise a new experimental paradigm, the ‘Intergenerational Goods Game’. A line-up of successive groups (generations) can each either extract a resource to exhaustion or leave something for the next group. Exhausting the resource maximizes the payoff for the present generation, but leaves all future generations empty-handed. Here we show that the resource is almost always destroyed if extraction decisions are made individually. This failure to cooperate with the future is driven primarily by a minority of individuals who extract far more than what is sustainable. In contrast, when extractions are democratically decided by vote, the resource is consistently sustained. Voting10,11,12,13,14,15 is effective for two reasons. First, it allows a majority of cooperators to restrain defectors. Second, it reassures conditional cooperators16 that their efforts are not futile. Voting, however, only promotes sustainability if it is binding for all involved. Our results have implications for policy interventions designed to sustain intergenerational public goods.
Small Sample Probability Limits for the Range Chart

Abstract A method is developed for using a small number of subgroups to set control limits for the Shewhart control chart for range so that these limits will yield the desired probability of a Type I error on each subsequent subgroup. Tables for calculating such limits are presented.
Small Animal Exploitation and its Relation to Hunting, Scavenging, and Gathering in the Italian Mousterian

The remains of small aquatic animals are preserved in many Mousterian caves along the Mediterranean coast. These faunas offer clues about hominids' strategies of searching for and transporting small food packages, an important complement to information on ungulate exploitation in the same region. Marine shellfish and tortoise remains from Grotta dei Moscerini, a shallow cave on the Tyrrhenian (west-central) Italian coast, are examined from taphonomic, zooarchaeologic, and biogeographic perspectives. Mousterian use of large mobile versus small sessile prey are compared to related practices by some “fully modern” human cultures.
Asymptotic freedom sum rules and sin 2 θ W in nearby composite models

Abstract The phenomenological value of the weak mixing angle, sin 2 θ W , puts dynamical constraints on composite models of the weak vector bosons with mass comparable to the scale of the binding force. These constraints are studied by making use of the asymptotic freedom sum rules (AFSR). In models where the sum over the squared preonic electric charges exceeds that over quarks and leptons, a large value of sin 2 θ W is shown to be compatible with AFSR.
Cancer and Aging

Cancer will become the leading cause of morbidity and death as the global population ages. While health and health care disparities have been well documented in culturally and linguistically diverse patients with cancer, aging involves unique biological, medical, and social considerations that must be further explored as it also influences cancer prevention and cancer treatment in these populations. Further, even though aging is common to all cultures and latitudes, the cultural context in which the experience occurs varies even within the Western context. As such, cancer specialists must learn to not only account for the functional but also for the cultural diversity of the older population in medical decisions related to cancer prevention and cancer treatment. In addition, use of screening instruments such the CGA also represent a milestone in the management of older individuals. It is also currently being modified to become more cost effective and to provide more precise information related to life expectancy and tolerance of cancer treatment. The increase in cultural diversity in the oncology setting also influences cancer treatment. A clinician must be able to act within the boundaries of cultural competence when ministering to older cancer patients. Cultural specific instruments to assess older individuals are particularly desirable in a multicultural society, but also strive to effectively communicate with these individuals in these populations, their families and significant others. With proper patient selection and information, older individuals may obtain the same degree of benefits from cancer prevention and cancer treatment as younger individuals, and age should never be a criteria for health care discrimination.
Blood flow limitations in interpreting michaelis constants for ethanol oxidation in vivo

Abstract A two-compartment model permitting localization of biochemical parameters and consideration of blood flow between compartments is used to simulate the concentration of ethanol in the blood as a function of time. The effect of the local Michaelis constant and hepatic blood flow on this concentration is illustrated by comparing model simulations with published data from rats. It is concluded that blood flow limitation can introduce a significant artifact in a commonly used method to measure the effective Michaelis constant in vivo.
Functional features of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins for pseudotype virus entry into mammalian cells.

We have previously reported the generation of pseudotype virus from chimeric gene constructs encoding the ectodomain of the E1 or E2 glycoprotein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1a appended to the trans membrane domain and cytoplasmic tail of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein. Sera derived from chimpanzees immunized with homologous HCV glycoproteins neutralized pseudotype virus infectivity (L. M. Lagging et al., J. Virol. 72, 3539-3546, 1998). We have now extended this study to further understand the role of HCV glycoproteins in pseudotype virus entry. Although a number of mammalian epithelial cells were susceptible to VSV/HCV pseudotype virus infection, plaquing efficiency was different among host cell lines. Pseudotype virus adsorption at low temperature decreased plaque numbers. Treatment of E1 or E2 pseudotype virus in media between pH 5 and 8 before adsorption on cells did not significantly reduce plaque numbers. On the other hand, treatment of cells with lysosomotropic agents or inhibitors of vacuolar H(+) ATPases had an inhibitory role on virus entry. Concanavalin A, a plant lectin, exhibited neutralization of both HCV E1 and E2 pseudotype virus infectivity. However, mannose binding protein, a C-type mammalian lectin, did not neutralize virus in the absence or presence of serum complement. Pseudotype virus infectivity was only partially inhibited by heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan, in a saturable manner. Additional studies suggested that low-density lipoprotein receptor related molecules partially inhibit E1 pseudotype virus infectivity, while CD81 related molecules interfere with E2 pseudotype virus infectivity. A further understanding of HCV entry and strategies appropriate for mimicking cell surface molecules may help in the development of new therapeutic modalities against HCV infection.
Pediatric allergic rhinitis drug therapy.

BACKGROUND AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Allergic rhinitis strikes up to 30% of adults and approximately 40% of children. In children, boys are more likely to be affected than girls, and symptoms typically develop before 20 years of age (Dykewicz, 1998). Children who exhibit perennial symptoms tend to grow into adulthood with the disorder, while up to 20% of children with seasonal symptoms will have resolution of the disorder by early adulthood (Sly, 1999). Risk factors for the development of allergic rhinitis include residing within a polluted area, nonwhite race, and higher socioeconomic status. Other factors that have been linked with a higher likelihood of developing the disorder include: exposure to indoor allergens in early childhood, maternal smoking, and the early introduction of foods or formula during infancy (Dykewicz, 1998). There appears to be a genetic predisposition in that 60% of patients have a family history of allergic rhinitis (Cookson, 1989). Patients with a history of atopic dermatitis, eczema, asthma, or other atopic diseases are more likely to have concomitant allergic rhinitis. Approximately 20% of patients with allergic rhinitis also have asthma (Dykewicz, 1998). A number of culprits are responsible for the triggers for allergic rhinitis. Seasonal allergic rhinitis typically occurs when levels of allergens (such as trees, pollens, grasses, weeds, and fungi) are elevated in outdoor air; seasonal allergic rhinitis also varies depending on the area of the country (AAAAI, 2005). In the United States, spring is typically when tree pollen is problematic, late spring and summer for grass pollen, and late summer or early fall for weed pollen. Mold spore levels are affected by temperature, wind, rain, and humidity (AAAAI, 2005). Outdoor molds are found on decaying vegetation and soil and are released into the atmosphere when the earth is disturbed. Perennial allergic rhinitis is present year-round and is usually noted in indoor environments. Triggers include allergens from insects, animals, molds, and house OBJECTIVES
Clinical and radiographic features of the lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome

Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome is an autosomal dominant malformation complex that affects craniofacial structures including the teeth and salivary glands. There have been several cases of this syndrome reported to date. A family with three affected members is presented. In addition to several of the clinical manifestations of lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital syndrome, these subjects also show previously unreported radiographic features of the syndrome as demonstrated by panoramic radiographic examination and corrected axis linear tomography of the temporomandibular joints.
An ELISA assay for murine interleukin-1β

An ELISA assay was developed for murine IL-1 beta (mIL-1 beta) using a polyclonal antibody generated in rabbits. The antibody was purified by affinity chromatography on protein A coupled to Sepharose followed by chromatography on mIL-1 beta coupled to Sepharose. The protein A and affinity purified populations were compared using radiolabeled mIL-1 beta and the results used to develop the conditions for the ELISA. The assay developed is sensitive to pg/ml concentrations of mIL-1 beta, is comparable in sensitivity to one which uses a hamster monoclonal antibody as the capture antibody, and can be used to detect IL-1 beta in peritoneal washings or tissue lysates from either mouse or rat. There is no cross reaction with any cytokine tested. The use of ELISA enhancement kits can increase the resolution at the lower concentration ranges without affecting assay sensitivity. This assay should prove useful for defining the presence and potential role for IL-1 beta in animal models of disease.
In ovo treatment with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides decreases colonization of Salmonella enteriditis in broiler chickens.

Abstract Induction of the innate immune response in newly hatched chickens is important for limiting infections with bacteria, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Enteriditis (SE). CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) can stimulate the innate immune response of young chickens. Therefore, we examined the effectiveness of CpG-ODN administered in ovo on intestinal colonization by SE and the ability to modulate the function of heterophils in young chickens. Heterophils were isolated from 2-day-old chickens and were stimulated with heat-killed SE (HK-SE) or PMA for oxidative burst and HK-SE or live SE for degranulation assays. CpG-ODN treatment had no effect on heterophil oxidative burst when stimulated with HK-SE or PMA. However, HK-SE and live SE increased degranulation (P
Pencils of rays in wave optics

Every partially coherent field of illumination may be associated with a collection of generalized pencils of rays which, in turn, furnish a representation of the wave field. The hybrid Wolf function which represents the radiant energy of a thin pencil is shown to be a real, but not necessarily positive definite quantity. Such generalized pencils are used to represent certain familiar interferograms and recognize elementary results.
Precise Timing for Peak Relaxin and Decreased Progesterone Secretion after Hysterectomy in the Pig

Relaxin and progesterone secretion by aging corpora lutea (days 90–120) was examined in pregnant and lactating gilts compared with that in hysterectomized animals. The length of pregnancy is about 115 days in pigs. Unmated gilts were hysterectomized on day 6 (estrus = day 0). From days 90–101, relaxin concentrations in peripheral plasma remained consistently low in pregnant gilts (range, 0.7–1.5 ng/ml) and less (P < 0.05) than those in hysterectomized animals (range, 0.9–3.5 ng/ml). Relaxin increased abruptly (P < 0.01) to a peak of 66 ng/ml in pregnant gilts and 37 ng/ml in hysterectomized animals. Relaxin peaked in pregnant animals at 113 ± 0.7 days (±se) and in hysterectomized gilts at 113 ± 0.7 days; gestation length averaged 114 ± 0.8 days. In pregnant gilts, relaxin decreased from a peak of 66 to 11 ng/ml within 1 day and remained low (<1.0 ng/ml) in these lactating dams until day 120. In hysterectomized gilts, peak relaxin also decreased abruptly from 37 to 4.2 ng/ml, but remained consistently grea...
Karhunen-Loève expansion for multi-correlated stochastic processes

We propose two different approaches generalizing the Karhunen–Loeve series expansion to model and simulate multi-correlated non-stationary stochastic processes. The first approach (muKL) is based on the spectral analysis of a suitable assembled stochastic process and yields series expansions in terms of an identical set of uncorrelated random variables. The second approach (mcKL) relies on expansions in terms of correlated sets of random variables reflecting the cross-covariance structure of the processes. The effectiveness and the computational efficiency of both muKL and mcKL is demonstrated through numerical examples involving Gaussian processes with exponential and Gaussian covariances as well as fractional Brownian motion and Brownian bridge processes. In particular, we study accuracy and convergence rates of our series expansions and compare the results against other statistical techniques such as mixtures of probabilistic principal component analysis. We found that muKL and mcKL provide an effective representation of the multi-correlated process that can be readily employed in stochastic simulation and dimension reduction data-driven problems.
Equality and distributive justice

One of the most influential appeals in disputes concerning distributive justice is the appeal to the value of equality. However, the concept of equality is one of the vaguest concepts in social philosophy and philosophical discussions of equality are notorious for their ambiguity. The purpose of this paper is to formulate concisely and then to evaluate the adequacy of four egalitarian formulas and a four-step egalitarian position for achieving distributive justice.
Finite-rank perturbation of the linear-quadratic control problem

Let (X, ) be a Hilbert space, M/sup T/ = M : X/spl rarr/ X linear self-adjoint map, u/sub 0/, u/sub 1/,......u/sub m//spl isin/ X, a /spl isin/ X, Z be a closed vector subspace in X. Consider the following optimization problem: f(x) = ((( )/2)+( )+((1/2)/spl Sigma/(/sub i,j=1/,/sup m/)l/sub ij/ )) /spl rarr/ min (1) x /spl isin/ a + Z (2). We assume that the matrix L = (l/sub ij/) is symmetric and f is convex. Suppose that we can solve (numerically or analytically) the problem of the form f/sub v/(x) = ((( )/2) + ( )) (3) x/spl isin/ a + Z (4) for any v /spl isin/ X. The question we address in this paper is whether it is possible to obtain the optimal solution to (1), (2) based on the information obtained by solving problems (3), (4).
Prolongation of Pseudopregnancy of Rats by Gonadotropins Implanted in the Ovarian Bursae

Effects on the duration of pseudopregnancy (PSP) of prolactin, LH, FSH, or various combinations of those hormones were studied in female rats. Hormones were implanted in the ovarian bursae on day 4, 7, or 9 of PSP or consecutively on days 4, 5, and 6. Prolactin, in doses ranging from 3 to 642 μg, and LH or FSH, at 3 μg, had no effect on PSP. However, 17 μg or more of LH implanted on day 4 or 7 significantly (p 80 μg) likewise prolonged PSP, but lower doses (17 or 56 μg) implanted on day 7 were less effective. The effect of consecutive (days 4-6) implantation of LH or FSH was similar to that of a single (day 4) LH or FSH implant. There was no synergism among prolactin, LH, and⁄or FSH when equal amounts of those hormones were implanted simultaneously on day 7 or 9. Neither LH nor FSH, when implanted on day 9, affected PSP. Ova were not found in 15 rats 24 hr after implantation on day 7 of 17 μg or 68 μg of LH or 17 μg of FSH, suggest...
Radio system performance model for predicting communications operational ranges in irregular terrain

SRI International (formerly Stanford Research Institute) has developed a VHF communication system performance model which predicts the probability of successful communications (P s ) in irregular terrain for both analog voice and digital systems. The Longley-Rice model is used to predict the propagation effects. A new noise model, based upon information in CCIR Report 258, is used to help estimate predetection signal-to-noise ratios (R). A communication success is achieved when R ≥ R r , where R r is a value of R required for acceptable performance. The value of R r for a given system is either estimated analytically or determined empirically for a given application. Therefore, the model predicts the probability that R ≥ R r versus range (or other variables of interest). After a user has established an operationally required probability of successful communication (P sr ), the operational range (OR) of a radio system in irregular terrain can be defined as the range where P s = P sr . The model was used to compute OR for VHF-FM voice systems for several example cases, and the results were compared with measured data. Reasonable agreement between the predictions and observations was obtained.
From the Double Movement to the Double Danger: Kierkegaard and Rebounding Violence*

In the introduction to Prey into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience, Maurice Bloch makes some forthright admissions about the methodological and theoretical pitfalls threatening a project of the scope he undertakes in this slim, provocative volume. He acknowledges, for instance, the temptation, when arguing for what he describes as a “quasi-universal” religious structure, to present “a tendentious selection of examples, and make this structure appear to be present everywhere.”1 In the face of this danger, independent readers, who “choose to continue the exercise by trying to see whether what is proposed here stands up to the test of the other cases they know” become the most important critical constraint.2 In what follows I test Bloch's theory of rebounding violence against the thought of Soren Kierkegaard, the nineteenth-century Danish theologian.
Is age ≥ 70 years an important predictor of adverse events among patients enrolled in metastatic melanoma trials? Findings from pooled analyses of therapeutic trials

Background The current study was undertaken to explore whether older age predicts adverse event rates in metastatic melanoma patients participating in cancer clinical trials.
HER-2 targeted treatment of osteosarcoma: the challenges of developing targeted therapy and prognostic factors for rare malignancies

Importance of the field: Despite the substantial success realized treating osteosarcoma with chemotherapy, metastatic disease or refractory/recurrent disease continue to frustrate patients and clinicians. The failure to improve outcomes with treatment intensification indicates the need for new approaches, such as the introduction of targeted therapy. The application of trastuzumab (Herceptin®) in the setting of HER-2 positive osteosarcoma is reflective of this concept.Areas covered in this review: This review summarizes reports from 1996 to the present which focus on HER-2 expression and its prognostic relevance in the setting of osteosarcoma.What the reader will gain: The prognostic value of HER-2 remains controversial, and both standard methodologies for assessing expression and the effectiveness of HER-2 directed therapy in this patient population have yet to be established.Take home message: The relative rarity of the disease makes larger prospective studies difficult in terms of both time and coordin...
Pseudospin approach to the dynamics and squeezing of SU(2) and SU(1, 1) coherent states

The semi-classical Dicke model and the ideal parametric amplifier are described by Hamiltonians linear in the SU(2) and SU(1, 1) group generators, respectively. We use the usual pseudospin vector as well as its SU(1, 1) analog to give a unified description of the dynamics of the coherent states in these models. The pseudospin vector obeys a precession (or pseudoprecession) equation; hence simple geometrical arguments can be used to relate its evolution to that of the coherent-state parameters. To study fluctuations and squeezing we introduce the pseudospin tensor, which is a higher-order generalization of the pseudospin vector. The pseudospin tensor obeys a generalized precession equation that can be factored into scalar, vector, and quadrupole parts and solved exactly by application of the Cayley–Hamilton theorem. Squeezing is related directly to the behavior of the. pseudospin tensor and can therefore be calculated without invoking the group-theoretical disentangling formulas. Our approach is thus elementary in character. It also provides an attractive and closely parallel geometrical account of coherent-state evolution and squeezing in the two models.
A novel arrangement of silicate tetrahedra in the uranyl silicate sheet of oursinite, (Co0.8Mg0.2)[(UO2)(SiO3OH)]2(H2O)6

Oursinite is a rare Co-bearing uranyl silicate of the uranophane group. The structure of oursinite, (Co 0.8 Mg 0.2 )[(UO 2 )(SiO 3 OH)] 2 (H 2 O) 6 , is orthorhombic, space group Cmca , a = 7.0494(5), b = 17.550(1), c = 12.734(1) A, V = 1575.4(2) A 3 , Z = 4. It was solved by direct methods and refined on the basis of F 2 for all unique reflections using least-squares techniques to an agreement index ( R 1) of 2.66%. The structure contains an approximately linear (UO 2 ) 2+ uranyl ion that is present as a uranyl pentagonal bipyramid, one symmetrically distinct SiO 3 OH acid silicate group, and one M 2+ (OH,H 2 O) 6 octahedron (M is dominated by Co). The uranyl pentagonal bipyramids and silicate tetrahedra are linked by the sharing of edges and vertices, giving a sheet based upon the uranophane anion topology. Adjacent sheets are linked by M 2+ (OH,H 2 O) 6 octahedra located in the interlayer, and by hydrogen bonds. Each M 2+ (OH,H 2 O) 6 octahedron contains two OH groups that are apical ligands of silicate tetrahedra in adjacent uranyl silicate sheets. Although several uranophane-group minerals contain sheets that are based upon the uranophane anion topology, the oursinite sheet involves novel orientations of silicate tetrahedra.
Self-controlled use of a perceived physical assistance device during a balancing task.

The nature of the relationship between self-controlled conditions and the participant's perception of when and how to use a physical assistance device while practicing a balancing task was examined. Participants in the Self-control group (n = 9) were allowed to decide when to use a balance pole while performing the task, while the Yoked group (n = 9) had no choice regarding pole usage. The Self-control group had immediate performance benefits that persisted on a delayed retention task. Questionnaire results indicated that the Self-control group predominately used the balance pole when attempting a new performance strategy, while the Yoked group reported they would have preferred use of the pole when attempting a new strategy. Results lend support to the assertion that self-controlled conditions facilitate learning because participants can make decisions regarding assistance based on self-generated performance strategy—as relating to their perception of successful movement execution—to a greater extent tha...
Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) growth and temperature indices as indicators of the year–class strength of age‐1 walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) in the eastern Bering Sea

Ecosystem-based fisheries management requires the development of physical and biological time series that index ocean productivity for stock assessment and recruitment forecasts for commercially important species. As recruitment in marine fish is related to ocean condition, we developed proxies for ocean conditions based on sea surface temperature (SST) and biometric measurements of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) captured in the walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) fishery in the eastern Bering Sea in three periods (July 16–30, September 1–15 and September 16–30). The main purpose of this paper was to evaluate Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) growth as a possible indicator of ocean conditions that, in turn, may affect age-1 walleye pollock recruitment. Marine growth rates of Pacific salmon are the result of a complex interplay of physical, biological and population-based factors that fish experience as they range through oceanic habitats. These growth rates can, therefore, be viewed as indicators of recent ocean productivity. Thus, our hypothesis was that estimated intra-annual growth in body weight of immature and maturing age-4 male and female chum salmon may be used as a biological indicator of variations in rearing conditions also experienced by age-0 walleye pollock; consequently, they may be used to predict the recruitment to age-1 in walleye pollock. Summer SSTs and chum salmon growth at the end of July and September explained the largest amount of variability in walleye pollock recruitment indicating that physical and biological indices of ocean productivity can index fish recruitment.
Analysis of intraocular lens power calculation in post-radial keratotomy eyes.

Abstract Purpose To determine whether refractive complications can be prevented by applying the currently most accurate method of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in the post-radial keratotomy (RK) patient. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, and American Eye Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. Methods Twenty-four eyes having cataract surgery after RK were studied retrospectively for the final postcataract refraction and for the target refraction used in selecting the IOL. Nine of the eyes were further studied for the keratometry (K) values obtained with different methods and for the theoretical postoperative refraction with an IOL aiming for plano or −1.50 diopters (D) based on the known flatter calculated K, axial length, power of the implanted IOL, and refraction after cataract surgery. Results Implantation of an IOL aiming for plano in the 24 post-RK eyes would have resulted in a hyperopic refraction in 83.4% cases. The choice of an IOL targeted at myopia reduced the frequency of hyperopia to 42.0% (24 cases). Selection of an IOL calculated with a flatter calculated K and aiming for plano decreased the frequency of hyperopia to 44.4%; however, aiming for −1.50 D still resulted in hyperopia in 44.4% of eyes (9 cases). Conclusions Unintentional hyperopia can be significantly decreased but not eliminated as a complication of post-RK cataract surgery. The accuracy of the IOL power determination can be improved if myopia is targeted as the postcataract surgery refractive error and the flatter calculated K is used in the IOL determination.
Optimization of nested SQL queries revisited

Current methods of evaluating nested queries in the SQL language can be inefficient in a variety of query and data base contexts. Previous research in the area of nested query optimization which sought methods of reducing evaluation costs is summarized, including a classification scheme for nested queries, algorithms designed to transform each type of query to a logically equivalent form which may then be evaluated more efficiently, and a description of a major bug in one of these algorithms. Further examination reveals another bug in the same algorithm. Solutions to these bugs are proposed and incorporated into a new transformation algorithm, and extensions are proposed which will allow the transformation algorithms to handle a larger class of predicates. A recursive algorithm for processing a general nested query is presented and the action of this algorithm is demonstrated. This algorithm can be used to transform any nested query.
Rotating Structures in Extragalactic Variable Radio Sources

Four sources have now been found by the Michigan variability program which exhibit large amplitude rotations in polarization position angle with time. The most straightforward explanation for the phenomenon is a physical rotation in the radio emitting region.
borjo coffeehouse: Franchise, Independence, and Starbucks

The case describes decisions faced by Rob Loomis and Jon Pruden, the cofounders of a coffeehouse, and how they resolved them. First, their coffeehouse franchise experienced disappointing results—they decided to close it and reopen as an independent coffeehouse. Shortly thereafter, they had to respond to an existential challenge to their business—the entry of Starbucks across the street. The case describes Rob's decision to persist despite Starbucks’ entry, and his strategic, operational, and tactical moves to ensure growth. A key dilemma that Rob faced was whether his initial success against Starbucks was sustainable. An underlying theme of the case is that entrepreneurial success requires persistent improvisation to adapt to dynamic and uncertain environments.
Cell-autonomous requirement for TCF1 and LEF1 in the development of Natural Killer T cells

Natural killer T (NKT) cells develop from common CD4(+) CD8(+) thymocyte precursors. Transcriptional programs that regulate the development of NKT cells in the thymus development remain to be fully delineated. Here, we demonstrate a cell-intrinsic requirement for transcription factors TCF1 and LEF1 for the development of all subsets of NKT cells. Conditional deletion of TCF1 alone results in a substantial reduction in NKT cells. The remaining NKT cells are eliminated when TCF1 and LEF1 are both deleted. These data reveal an essential role for TCF1 and LEF1 in development of NKT cells.
U.S. Supreme Court Upholds Balkanization for Some, But Not All, Bonds

In an article in State Tax Notes, Viard critiques the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision in Kentucky Dept. of Revenue v. Davis, which upheld state income tax exemptions for residents' holdings of home-state municipal bonds. He argues that the decision rested on a flawed understanding of nondiscrimination and an unfounded distinction between public and private activities. Viard notes, though, that the Court left open the validity of such exemptions in the private-activity-bond segment of the municipal bond market, in response to an amicus brief that he and other AEI scholars filed.
Ciprofloxacin-Induced Psychosis

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of ciprofloxacin-induced psychosis and to discuss occurrence rates, risk factors, possible etiologies, preventive measures, and treatment courses for this adverse reaction.DATA SOURCES:Case reports and review articles identified by MEDLINE.DATA EXTRACTION:Data from pertinent published sources were reviewed and abstracted.DATA SYNTHESIS:A 49-year-old man developed symptoms of severe psychosis concomitant with ciprofloxacin (250 mg bid) treatment. Central nervous system effects secondary to ciprofloxacin treatment are uncommon and usually consist only of minor dizziness or mild headache, although rare occurrences of seizures and hallucinations have been reported. The mechanism by which ciprofloxacin causes these adverse effects is not fully understood. It has been suggested that quinolones may produce an epileptogenic effect by inhibiting the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid to its receptor sites in the brain. There is yet no explanation for the occurrence of hallucinations or p...
Improving response rates and evaluating nonresponse bias in surveys: AMEE Guide No. 102

Robust response rates are essential for effective survey-based strategies. Researchers can improve survey validity by addressing both response rates and nonresponse bias. In this AMEE Guide, we explain response rate calculations and discuss methods for improving response rates to surveys as a whole (unit nonresponse) and to questions within a survey (item nonresponse). Finally, we introduce the concept of nonresponse bias and provide simple methods to measure it.
Maternal Inheritance of a Y Chromosome in Heliothis Could Play a Role in Backcross Sterility

In lepidoptera, females are the heterogametic sex, being either XY (ZW) or XO (ZO). Mitotic chromosome numbers and the presence of sex chromatin in female-derived nuclei demonstrate that a Y chromosome is present in Heliothis virescens and H. subflexa females as well as in backcross females derived from the hybridization of H. virescens males×H. subflexa females
Interaction between reconnection and Kelvin–Helmholtz at the high-latitude magnetopause

Abstract On March 23, 2002, Cluster satellites recorded an event, which has been interpreted as reconnection, during an outward crossing near the dawn side cusp region in the Northern Hemisphere. The event showed a large perturbation in the magnetic normal component, inconsistent with a one-dimensional reconnection layer configuration, and causing a poor result in a minimum magnetic variance analysis. The utilization of the plasma velocity or electric field data significantly improves the boundary normal analyses. Through the comparison between observational data and local three-dimensional MHD simulations, it is demonstrated that this perturbation is likely an indication of a strong boundary modulation by a KH wave. The event is used to examine several established and new boundary normal analysis methods.
Mites of Crataegus and Amelanchier in Hood River Valley, Oregon

Mites were sampled from the leaves, spurs, and terminal stems of Crataegus douglasii Lindblom, C. columbiana Howell. and Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt, in Hood River Valley. Oregon. Four species of mites known to be phyto-phagous were collected from the wild host and from apple orchards. These are Bryobia rubrioculus Scheuten; yellow spider mites, Eotetranychus carpini borealis (Ewing); E. willamettei (Mcgregor); and European red mites, Panonychus ulmi (Koch). Four predaceous species, Balaustium sp., Typhlodromus anchialus (Kennett). T. arboreus (Chant). and T. rhenanus (Oudemans), found on the wild hosts were also collected from apple orchards. Only B. rubrioculus, P. ulmi, T. rhenanus , and Balaustium sp. were abundant, and then only when adjacent orchards supported large populations. Although their relationships with the host species could not be determined. Tydeus californicus (Banks) was commonest on C. columbiana , while T. zempoalensi Baker seemed to prefer C. douglasii .
Resumé of Values of the Faraday.

A resume is given of the determinations of the value of the Faraday. Values obtained by silver deposition, iodide oxidation, oxalate oxidation, the omegatron, and silver dissolution are reviewed. All values are converted to the unified 12C international scale of atomic weights using the international atomic weights of 1967. Values of the Faraday are given in terms of both the NBS (legal) and absolute units of electrical measure. In the latter the new value for the acceleration due to gravity is used in computing the absolute value of electric current. On this basis and using the atomic weight of silver determined by Shields, Craig, and Dibeler, and converting to the 12C scale, the value of the Faraday is 96,486.9 ± 1.6 absolute coulombs per gram-equivalent which differs by only 1 part per million from the value recommended by the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council. If the atomic weight of silver recommended in 1967 by the International Atomic Weight Commission is used, the Faraday on the new gravity value is 96,486.5 ± 1.6 absolute coulombs per gram-equivalent which differs by 5 parts per million from that recommended by the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council. No change in the value of the Faraday adopted by the NAS - NRC Committee is recommended.
A Fractal Approach for Modeling SOFC Electrode Mass Transport

Fractal modeling approaches are common in the study of porous media and may be applied to describe pore surface morphology and network topology within a porous medium. Fractal structures can serve as templates for the pore structure and allow for the more detailed examination of diffusion phenomena within pore structures. In the present work a fractal pore morphology model is applied toward modeling diffusion within the electrochemically active region of an SOFC electrode. The porous electrode is separated into bulk and electrochemically active regions. Within the bulk electrode a one-dimensional model is applied based on the dusty-gas formalism assuming volume average microstructural parameters. The electrochemically active region is modeled using a two-dimensional finite element model based on a Koch pore cross-section as a fractal template. This fractal model is compared to a one-dimensional transport model applying the common assumption of a planar reaction zone. Performance variations that may exist for electrodes with the same average bulk properties are investigated in initial studies. These studies allow for exploration of the merits of fractal approaches in modeling diffusive transport within porous SOFC electrodes.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Measuring conflict management, emotional self-efficacy, and problem solving confidence in an evaluation of outdoor programs for inner-city youth in Baltimore, Maryland

Substantial evidence supports the value of outdoor education programs for promoting healthy adolescent development, yet measurement of program outcomes often lacks rigor. Accurately assessing the impacts of programs that seek to promote positive youth development is critical for determining whether youth are benefitting as intended, identifying best practices and areas for improvement, and informing decisions about which programs to invest in. We generated brief, customized instruments for measuring three outcomes among youth participants in Baltimore City Outward Bound programs: conflict management, emotional self-efficacy, and problem solving confidence. Measures were validated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of pilot-testing data from two groups of program participants. We describe our process of identifying outcomes for measurement, developing and adapting measurement instruments, and validating these instruments. The finalized measures support evaluations of outdoor education programs serving urban adolescent youth. Such evaluations enhance accountability by determining if youth are benefiting from programs as intended, and strengthen the case for investment in programs with demonstrated success.
Epidemiological analysis of varicella from 2011 to 2012 in Liaocheng city

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of varicella from 2011 to 2012 in Liaocheng city,and provide advices for the control of varicella.Method The data were collected from disease surveillance information reporting system and public health emergency events reporting system of chinese information system for disease control and prevention from 2011 to 2012 in Liaocheng city,and the data were analyzed with descriptive statistic.Results A total of 1 462 cases of varicella were reported in Liaocheng city from 2011to 2012,with average anmual incidence of 12.59 /100 000.Most of cases occurred in spring and winter.The number of male cases was more than that of the females and the sex ratio(boys to girls) was 1.52 ∶ 1.Most patients were the students and nurseries children aged below 14 years with the number of 1 210 cases which accounted for 82.76% of total cases.Children aged 4-7 years occupied 47.00%.Conclusion Varicella has obviously seasonal peak incidence.Children were high-risk population,The village elementary school is the focus of varicella indicating the nessesity for strengthening the monitoring of varivella infection in elementary schools and enhancement of varicella vaccine coverage supervision.
Characterization of Protein-Protein Interactions

With the approaching completion of the Pichia pastoris genome, a greater emphasis will have to be placed on the proteome and the protein-protein interactions between its constituents. This chapter discusses methods that have been used for the study of such interactions among both soluble and membrane-associated proteins in peroxisome biogenesis. The procedures are equally applicable to other cellular processes.
Establishing the Architecture of Plant Gene Regulatory Networks.

Abstract Gene regulatory grids (GRGs) encompass the space of all the possible transcription factor (TF)–target gene interactions that regulate gene expression, with gene regulatory networks (GRNs) representing a temporal and spatial manifestation of a portion of the GRG, essential for the specification of gene expression. Thus, understanding GRG architecture provides a valuable tool to explain how genes are expressed in an organism, an important aspect of synthetic biology and essential toward the development of the “in silico” cell. Progress has been made in some unicellular model systems (eg, yeast), but significant challenges remain in more complex multicellular organisms such as plants. Key to understanding the organization of GRGs is therefore identifying the genes that TFs bind to, and control. The application of sensitive and high-throughput methods to investigate genome-wide TF–target gene interactions is providing a wealth of information that can be linked to important agronomic traits. We describe here the methods and resources that have been developed to investigate the architecture of plant GRGs and GRNs. We also provide information regarding where to obtain clones or other resources necessary for synthetic biology or metabolic engineering.
Sequential Thiol–Ene and Tetrazine Click Reactions for the Polymerization and Functionalization of Hydrogel Microparticles

Click chemistry is a versatile tool for the synthesis and functionalization of polymeric biomaterials. Here, we describe a versatile new strategy for producing bioactive, protein-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel microparticles that is based on sequential thiol–ene and tetrazine click reactions. Briefly, tetra-functional PEG-norbornene macromer and dithiothreitol (SH) cross-linker were combined at a 0.75:1 [SH]:[norbornene] ratio, emulsified in a continuous Dextran phase, and then photopolymerized to form PEG hydrogel microparticles that varied from 8 to 30 μm in diameter, depending on the PEG concentration used. Subsequently, tetrazine-functionalized protein was conjugated to unreacted norbornene groups in the PEG microparticles. Tetrazine-mediated protein tethering to the microparticles was first demonstrated using fluorescein-labeled ovalbumin as a model protein. Subsequently, bioactive protein tethering was demonstrated using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glucose oxidase (GOx). Enzy...
Influence of Glottal Fry on Acoustic Voice Assessment: A Preliminary Study.

Summary Purpose This preliminary study examined the influence of glottal fry on measurement of speaking fundamental frequency (SF 0 ) and whether sex differences influence the impact glottal fry has on SF 0 and cepstral peak prominence (CPP). It was hypothesized that SF 0 and CPP would decrease as percent glottal fry in the sample increased, with larger changes observed in the female voice. Methods Twenty-six participants (13 men, 13 women) completed the study. Participants were recorded reading the Rainbow Passage. SF 0 and CPP were determined from the original sample. Percent glottal fry SF 0 was determined and semitone change was recalculated after removal of glottal fry from the sample. Regression analysis was used to determine the impact of glottal fry and sex on semitone change and CPP differences in SF 0 . Results Significant differences were found for both sex and percent glottal fry on semitone change in SF 0 . A significant relationship was not found between CPP and semitone change when sex was accounted for. Conclusions Findings from this study indicate that the measurement of SF 0 for women will decline as percent of glottal fry increases. These findings have clinical implications for interpretation of SF 0 measurement and evidence-based outcomes for voice therapy.
A Gödel-Artemov-Style Analysis of Constructible Falsity

David Nelson’s logic of constructible falsity \(\mathsf {N}\) is a well-known conservative extension to intuitionistic logic \(\mathsf {Int}\). Heinrich Wansing has suggested that extending the provability interpretation of \(\mathsf {Int}\) to such extensions requires that one enriches the single category of formal proofs assumed intuitionistically with further categories representing formal refutations. This paper adapts the framework of Sergei Artemov’s justification logic—which has provided incredible insight into \(\mathsf {Int}\)—to capture a proof/refutation interpretation of \(\mathsf {N}\). To represent distinct types of justification, we identify the distinct agents of Tatiana Yavorskaya-Sidon’s two-agent logic of proofs \(\mathsf {LP}^{2}_{\uparrow {\uparrow }}\) with categories of proof and refutation, permitting an embedding of \(\mathsf {N}\) into \(\mathsf {LP}^{2}_{\uparrow {\uparrow }}\). In conclusion, we describe how a Godel-Artemov-style analysis can be given for Cecylia Rauszer’s Heyting-Brouwer logic and show that Melvin Fitting’s semantic realization proof can be extended to normal multimodal logics in general.
Case 39-2017. A 41-Year-Old Woman with Recurrent Chest Pain.

A 41-year-old woman presented with recurrent episodes of chest pain. She had an elevated troponin level, anterior ST-segment depressions on electrocardiography, and focal left ventricular hypokinesis on echocardiography. A diagnosis was made.