cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical Conductivity Relaxation Study of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes using Epitaxial (001)-Oriented Strontium-Doped Lanthanum Manganite Thin Films

Epitaxial single-crystal films of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (100) having smooth surface morphologies were deposited on SrTiO3 (100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Electrical conductivity relaxation (ECR) measurements were carried out at elevated temperatures over a range of absolute oxygen pressures to determine the oxygen surface exchange coefficient. Steady-state conductivity data of the thin films show good agreement with the bulk material’s properties. The values of the oxygen exchange coefficients (Kchem) are found to be similar for both oxidation and reduction process between 50 and 500 mTorr O2. The activation energy (Ea) of Kchem is 1.00±0.27 eV at temperatures above 600 °C and Kchem (T= 612 °C) ≈ 1.2x10−6 cm/s.
Optoelectronics: Combining chemical worlds

Using self-assembly and electrodeposition, complementary organic and inorganic building blocks are combined to form a lamellar hybrid that is an efficient photoconductor.
Evolution and Progress of Deep UV Resist Materials

It has been almost thirty years since the first deep UV exposure was carried out and almost twenty five years since the term "deep UV lithography" was coined. Although resist systems classified as "chemical amplification resists" are the workhorse for the 248 nm deep UV lithography, the resist materials have evolved significantly in the realm of deep UV lithography as well as within the boundary of chemical amplification. This paper describes the evolution and progress of the deep UV (248-193nm) positive resist materials that have occurred in the last quarter century.
Momentum Spectrum of Positrons from the Decay of μ + Mesons

The momentum spectrum of positrons from ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ decay has been examined. The detecting instrument was a 20-atmos hydrogen-filled diffusion cloud chamber, operated in a magnetic field of 7000 gauss. The data have been compared with the spin-\textonehalf{} $\ensuremath{\mu}$-meson theory of Michel, as modified by Behrends, Finkelstein, and Sirlin, to include first radiative corrections, and with the spin $\frac{3}{2}$ theory of Behrends and Fronsdal. Statistical analysis of the 1300 acceptable events yields the shape parameters ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{R}=0.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ (standard deviation) and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\frac{3}{2}}=0.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ (standard deviation). The theoretical spectra described by shape parameters in the vicinity of the best fits are very similar and this experiment cannot discriminate between the two spin assignments for the $\ensuremath{\mu}$ meson. The value of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{R}$ can be related to the Michel parameter ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{M}$, and gives ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{M}=0.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ (standard deviation). The result for ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{Michel}}$ was related to published $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay data, and restrictions on a common interaction for $\ensuremath{\beta}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}$ decay were deduced.
Review of the oral toxicity of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

Polyvinyl alcohols (PVA) (CAS no. 9002-89-5) are synthetic polymers used in a wide range of industrial, commercial, medical and food applications. The purpose of this review, this critical evaluation of the available information on PVA, is to support the safety of PVA as a coating agent for pharmaceutical and dietary supplement products. All the available information on PVA gleaned from a comprehensive search of the scientific literature were critically evaluated. Orally administered PVA is relatively harmless. The safety of PVA is based on the following: (1) the acute oral toxicity of PVA is very low, with LD(50)s in the range of 15-20 g/kg; (2) orally administered PVA is very poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; (3) PVA does not accumulate in the body when administered orally; (4) PVA is not mutagenic or clastogenic; and (5) NOAELs of orally administered PVA in male and female rats were 5000 mg/kg body weight/day in the 90-day dietary study and 5000 mg/kg body weight/day in the two-generation reproduction study, which was the highest dose tested. A critical evaluation of the existing information on PVA supports its safety for use as a coating agent for pharmaceutical and dietary supplement products.
An automated method for determination of the molecular weight of macromolecules via sedimentation equilibrium in a preparative ultracentrifuge.

Abstract An automated method for quantitating the concentration gradient of a macromolecule brought to sedimentation equilibrium in a preparative ultracentrifuge is described. Between 30 and 80 μl of macromolecular solution are spun in a combination centrifuge tube and optical cell fabricated from quartz. Immediately following the conclusion of centrifugation the tube is optically scanned along its length using a spectrophotometer sample cell modified for this purpose. Successive scans of the same tube containing first solution and then solvent permit the differential absorbance due to macromolecule to be measured precisely as a function of position within the centrifuge tube, and hence the radial position within the rotor. Molecular weights calculated from data so obtained from 32 centrifugations of eight proteins ranging in M r from 12K to 340K using either swinging-bucket or fixed-angle rotors agree with previously published values with a standard deviation of 5%.
Antigen Processing Differences Among APC

The hierarchy of display of determinants on a protein antigen is of critical importance with respect to which T cells will be selected during thymic development, as well as in the induction of mature responses. Activation of T cells will be dependent on unfolding, reduction and chain cleavage of the antigen, and the vagaries of competition with other determinants as well as hindrance in access to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or subsequently of the MHC/peptide complex to the T cell receptor. We here focus on a description of the parameters that determine the generation and display of determinants on MHC class II molecules by different types of antigen presenting cells in different locations.
The SLIM Study: Slo-Niacin® and Atorvastatin Treatment of Lipoproteins and Inflammatory Markers in Combined Hyperlipidemia

Background The combination of niacin and statin has proven value in the management of hyperlipidemia and prevention of heart disease. However, the efficacy of the nonprescription time-release niacin, Slo-Niacin®, is little studied alone and not at all with atorvastatin. We studied Slo-Niacin® and atorvastatin, singly and together, to determine efficacy on the combined abnormalities of triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Methods A total of 42 men and women with LDL-C >130 mg/dL and HDL-C Results Mean entry lipids (in mg/dL) were as follows: TG 187, LDL-C 171, and HDL-C 39. Mean body mass index was 32.6 kg/m 2 . Monotherapy with Slo-Niacin® decreased median TG 15%, mean LDL-C 12%, and non-HDL-C 15% and increased HDL-C 8%. Atorvastatin decreased median TG 26%, mean LDL-C 36%, and non-HDL-C 36% and increased HDL-C 6%. Combined therapy decreased median TG 33% and mean LDL-C and non-HDL-C each 43%. HDL-C increased 10% (all P P 2 -C 20% (all P Conclusions Slo-Niacin® 1.5 g/d with atorvastatin 10 mg/d improved lipoprotein lipids, apoproteins, and inflammation markers without hepatotoxicity. Slo–Niacin® deserves further study as a cost-effective treatment of hyperlipidemia. ( ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00194402)
Assessing Position Order in Rigid Body Guidance: An Intuitive Approach to Fixed Pivot Selection

This paper presents a new method for determining whether an RR dyad will pass through a set of finitely separated positions in order. Several established solution methods have been previously documented for this problem. This method utilizes only the displacement poles in the fixed frame to assess in an intuitive fashion whether a selected fixed pivot location will result in an ordered dyad solution. A line passing through the selected fixed pivot is rotated one-half revolution about the fixed pivot, in a manner similar to a propeller with infinitely long blades, to sweep the entire plane. Order is established by tracking the sequence of the displacement poles intersected by the rotating line. With four or five positions, fixed pivot locations corresponding to dyads having any specified order are readily found. Five-position problems can be directly evaluated to determine if any ordered solutions exist, and degenerate cases of four positions for which the set of fixed pivots corresponding to ordered dyads collapses to a single point on the center point curve can be identified.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Effects of Differing Farm Policies on Farm Structure and Dynamics

The U.S. farm sector is characterized by a great deal of heterogeneity. One reason for the heterogeneity in farm sizes is the multiple objectives of producers, which in addition to profit‐making, include a high‐quality rural lifestyle. The traditional aggregate indicators capture the heterogeneity, but relatively is knowing about the changing dynamics of the U.S. farm sector. This chapter explores the dynamics of agriculture by considering exit, entry, and volatility using farm‐level data from 1978 to 1997 and the mobility of surviving farms during this period.
Empowering the business analyst for on demand computing

The tools, methods, and techniques used to create business architecture are often quite different from those used in developing software architecture. This "impedance mismatch" or gap is aggravated by volatile business requirements that need to be satisfied in operational systems. Bridging this gap not only allows a more seamless transition and faster time to market, but also enables and empowers business analysts to contribute their deep subject matter expertise at many phases of the software-development life cycle, a critical aid in fruitful application development. This paper presents a case study of a project with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), which explored the potential for reducing duplication of effort among patent offices by sharing work products. IBM provided an innovative method to support the analysis, the "business compiler," a tool that implements Grammar-oriented Object Design (GOOD). GOOD is a method for creating and maintaining dynamically reconfigurable software architectures driven by business-process architectures. The business compiler was used to capture business processes within real-time workshops for various lines of business and create an executable simulation of the processes used.
Accommodation of kinematic disturbances during minimum-time maneuvers of flexible spacecraft

This paper is concerned with control of the perturbations experienced by a flexible spacecraft during a minimum-time maneuver. The spacecraft is modeled as a rigid hub with a flexible appendage. The perturbations consist of deviations from a rigid-body maneuver and elastic vibration. The vibration is described by a linear, time-varying set of ordinary differential equations subjected to piecewise-constant disturbances caused by inertia! forces resulting from the maneuver. The control is carried out during the maneuver period, which is relatively short, and it uses an observer to estimate the controlled state and part of the disturbance vector. The controller is divided into an optimal finite-time linear quadratic regulator for the reduced-order model and a disturbance-accommodation control that minimizes a weighted norm spanning the constant part of the full-modeled state. The controller is designed to mitigate the effects of control and observation spillover, as well as of modeling errors. The developments are illustrated by means of a numerical example.
Blood antioxidant defense system and dietary survey of elderly diabetic men

Levels of antioxidants, activities of free radical scavenging enzymes and extent of lipid peroxidation were determined in the blood of 37 elderly diabetic men and 30 control elderly men, 16 without cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 14 with CVD. The mean +/-S.D. of the ages of the diabetic men was 66+/-5 and those of the control men was 69+/-5, while serum glucose levels of diabetic men were 213+/-81 mg/dl and that of control subjects were 95+/-14 mg/dl. Among the diabetic men, 13 men were obese with body mass index>30, 26 men had poor control of diabetes (glycohemoglobin>7%) and 25 men had retinopathy. The diets of the control and diabetic men were evaluated. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for major endogenous antioxidant defense parameters and lipid peroxidation. The results show that diabetic men had significantly lower blood reduced glutathione levels (p<0.001) and erythrocyte (RBC) CuZn-superoxide dismutase activity (p<0.001) when compared to control groups with or without CVD. There was no significant differences in plasma vitamin E levels and the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in RBC among the three groups. The extent of lipid peroxidation was highest in diabetic patients, intermediate in controls with CVD, and lowest in controls without CVD. The results suggest that a decline of endogenous antioxidant defense capability contributes to oxidative stress in the diabetic elderly patients. Dietary survey showed that there were no differences in the nutrient intakes of diabetic and control groups. It appears that individual dietary advice is needed for a large portion of diabetic patients in view of their poor glycemic control, hypertriglyceridemia and obesity.
Regulation of N-arginine dibasic convertase activity by amines: putative role of a novel acidic domain as an amine binding site.

Peptide sequence analysis and cDNA cloning indicate that a previously described mouse arginine-specific dibasic cleaving enzyme (dynorphin converting enzyme) [Csuhai et al. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 12411] is the homologue of N-arginine dibasic convertase (NRDc) isolated from rat testis [Chesneau et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 2056]. A mouse NRDc cDNA exhibited 98% amino acid identity with the rat cDNA. However, within a 74 residue acidic stretch, this identity drops to 82%. Likewise, the corresponding acidic stretch of human NRDc is only 73% identical with that of rat NRDc. To reconcile previously observed kinetic differences between rat and mouse NRDc, the hydrolysis of peptide substrates by the rat, human, and mouse enzymes was compared using phosphate and Tris as buffers. Although the three NRDc's behaved similarly, Tris had a pronounced effect on the kinetics of peptide hydrolysis. With BAM-8, α-neoendorphin, and dynorphin B as substrates, Tris increased KM up to 40-fold with little change in Vmax, ...
The Instron technique as a measure of immediate-past wall extensibility.

The relationship between the plastic-extensibility values (PEx) obtained in the Instron technique and the growth parameter, wall extensibility (Φ) has been evaluated for Avena sativa L. coleoptile cell walls. The possibility that PEx is proportional to the growth rate rather than to Φ has been eliminated by showing that turgor-driven changes in the growth rate do not cause comparable changes in PEx. For Avena coleoptiles, PEx appears to be a measure of the average Φ over the previous 60–90 min rather than a measure of the instantaneous Φ of the growth equation. This is indicated by the fact that while PEx and the growth rate start to change simultaneously after addition of indole-3-acetic acid or KCN, the growth rate reaches a new, constant value 60–90 min before a new plateau value of PEx is obtained. Similar results are obrained with soybean (Glycine max L.) hypocotyl walls, indicating that the relationship between PEx and the parameter Φ is a general one, although the period over which Φ is averaged differs from tissue to tissue. In addition, it is shown that PEx can be measured more than once on the same section; a new potential for plastic extension is regenerated whenever the force vectors are changed even slightly. It is concluded that PEx is a measure of those domains in the wall where a wall-loosening event has occurred which has not been eliminated by further wall synthesis or other biochemical events.
A Bid‐Price Model for ‘Non‐Western’ Cities: Revised Specification and Empirical Test

. A significant portion of the literature concerning intra-urban residential location has involved the development of a utility maximization bid-price model which relates income and distance to work. When distance-overcoming costs are monetary, a positive income-distance function is predicted, and studies in several Anglo-American cities have provided some confirmation. If expenses are made to be temporal, the model forecasts a negative relationship because the opportunity cost of commuting is directly variable with income. A study was conducted in Piracicaba (pop. 125,000), Brazil, and neither positive nor negative income-distance functions were encountered for any of the transportation differentiated groups. The findings indicate that the prevalence of walking, bicycling and other commuting modes which consume large amounts of time does not adequately explain the “non-western” residential pattern (negative income-distance to the Central Business District function) which is common in many Latin American cities. The results also suggest that hypotheses which consider spatial relationships between residences and sites other than the place of work may prove to be more fruitful (1).
The Effect of Water on Decomposition Dynamics in Mesic to Wet Hawaiian Montane Forests

I used a mesic to wet precipitation gradient on Maui, Hawaii, to test whether variation in rainfall regulates decomposition in tropical wet forest. Decomposition rates of leaves and roots from the dominant tree species, Metrosideros polymorpha, were measured at six sites similar in temperature regime, parent material, ecosystem age, vegetation, and topographical relief, whereas mean annual precipitation (MAP) at these six sites varied from 2200 to over 5000 mm/y. In situ decomposition rates of leaves placed on the soil surface declined by a factor of 6.4 with increased precipitation, whereas the decomposition rate of roots placed below ground declined by a factor of 2.3 across the gradient. Leaves collected from the 2200-mm site and placed at all sites on the gradient decomposed faster on the soil surface than they did below ground, whereas both above- and belowground decomposition rates of the common leaves decreased by a factor of 2.5 with increased precipitation. Of the environmental variables that changed with MAP, soil oxygen availability appeared to be the proximal factor that limited decomposition rates across the gradient, both above and below ground. When plant tissue collected from all sites across the gradient was decomposed at a common site, leaves from the wettest sites decomposed almost three times more slowly than leaves from the mesic sites. In contrast, roots from across the gradient all decomposed at a similar rate in a common site. Of tissue chemistry variables, high lignin concentration was correlated consistently with slow decomposition for roots and leaves. These results suggest that soil oxygen limitation combined with poorly decomposable leaves caused slower rates of decomposition and nutrient release with increased rainfall in these upland forests.
COSMIC-RAY INTENSITY ABOVE THE ATMOSPHERE AT HIGH LATITUDES

The total charged particle cosmic-ray intensity above the atmosphere has been measured with thin-walled Geiger counters (total effective stopping power of apparatus and residual atmosphere 0.5 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ of aluminum) carried in balloon-launched rockets at geomagnetic latitudes 54.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} N, 62.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} N, 71.9\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} N, and 86.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} N. The respective values of unidirectional particle intensity averaged over the upper hemisphere are: $\overline{J}=0.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01, \ensuremath{\le}0.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05, \ensuremath{\le}0.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05, \mathrm{and} =0.48\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ ${({\mathrm{cm}}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These results are consistent with the complete or nearly complete absence of primary cosmic rays having a magnetic rigidity less than 1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ volts.
Selective and nonselective dopamine receptor agonists: an innovative approach to cardiovascular disease treatment

Dopamine and a new group of selective and nonselective peripheral dopaminergic receptor effectors are being evaluated for the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders, including shock, CHF, and systemic hypertension. Dopamine, in relatively low intravenous doses, will stimulate both peripheral DA1 receptors, which mediate arterial vasodilation of different vascular beds, and the DA2 receptors, which mediate the inhibition of norepinephrine release. Ibopamine is a new oral, nonspecific peripheral dopaminergic agonist with an active metabolite (epinine) that is being evaluated in patients with CHF. Fenoldopam is a selective peripheral DA1 agonist now being developed as a parenteral treatment for hypertensive emergencies. Dopexamine is a parenteral agent that selectively activates both DA1 and beta 2 adrenergic receptors and is being evaluated in patients with CHF and in individuals with postoperative left ventricular dysfunction. A group of selective DA2 receptor agonists is being evaluated as long-term treatment for systemic hypertension.
Role of brachytherapy in malignant melanoma: A preliminary report

From August 1979 to May 1986, various brachytherapy techniques were applied at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) in an adjuvant setting with/without surgery and external radiation therapy in the management of advanced malignant melanoma. Thirty-three patients underwent brachytherapy procedures. The patients' ages ranged from 35 to 82 years, with a median age of 56 years. Fourteen patients had disease localized to the implant site, whereas 19 patients also had disseminated disease elsewhere. The indications for implant were residual gross disease (21), microscopically positive margins (3), and histologically negative but clinically close margins of resection (9). Local control at the implant site was noted in 80% of patients at 6 months and 42% of patients at 1 year; two patients had reached 54 months and 72 months with no evidence of disease. Local control was 100% (9/9) in patients with histologically negative but clinically close margins of resection, and 48% (11/23) with microscopically positive margins and/or gross residual disease. Complications were seen as follows: delay in wound healing (1), wound infections (4), radiation enteritis (1), small bowel obstruction (1). The present study suggests that brachytherapy combined with surgery can achieve a good local control in patients with negative but clinically close margins of resection. In patients with gross residual disease who are at a high risk for local recurrence, approximately one-half can be locally controlled with this approach. These preliminary results should be tested in a prospective controlled study.
Carbon (1s) NEXAFS spectroscopy of biogeochemically relevant reference organic compounds

Natural organic matter (NOM) is a highly active component of soils and sediments, and plays an important role in global C cycling. However, NOM has defied molecular-level structural characterization, owing to variations along the decomposition continuum and its existence as highly functionalized polyelectrolytes. We conducted a comprehensive systematic overview of spectral signatures and peak positions of major organic molecules that occur as part of NOM using near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The spectra of carbohydrates and amino sugars show resonances between 289.10 and 289.59 eV, attributed to 1s-3p/σ * transitions of O-alkyl (C-OH) moieties. They also exhibited distinct peaks between 288.42 and 288.74 eV, representing C 1σ―π * C=O transition from COOH functionalities. Amino acids produced a strong signal around 288.70 eV, which can be identified as a C 1s―π * C=O transition of carboxyl/carbonyl (COOH/ COO-) structures. Spectral features near 285.29 eV were ascribed to C 1s―π * C=O transition of ring structure of aromatic amino acids, while spectra between 287.14 and 287.86 eV were attributed to C 1s―π * C-H and C 1s―π * C-H/ 3 p Rydberg-like excitations from CH and CH 2 groups. Phenols and benzoquinone produced strong resonances between 285.08 and 285.37 eV, attributed to the π * orbital of C (C 1s―π * C=C ) atoms connected to either C or H (C―H) in the aromatic ring. The next higher excitation common to both phenols and quinone appeared between 286.05 and 286.35 eV, and could be associated with C 1s―π * C=C transitions of aromatic C bonded to O atom in phenols, and to C 1s―π * C=O transitions from aromatic C connected to O atom (C-OH) in phenols or to a C=O in p-benzoquinone and some phenols with carbonyl structures, respectively. Nucleobases exhibited complex spectral features with pronounced resonances between 286.02 and 286.84 eV and between 288.01 and 288.70 eV. Molecular markers for black C (benzenecarboxylic acid and biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) exhibit sharp absorption bands between 285.01 and at 285.43 eV, possibly from C 1s―π * C=C transition characteristic of C-H sites or unsaturated C (C=C) on aromatic ring structures. These aromatic carboxylic acids also exhibit broad peaks between 288.35 and 288.48 eV, reflecting C 1s―π * C=O transition of carboxyl functional groups bonded to unsaturated C. This investigation provides a more comprehensive NEXAFS spectral library ofbiogeochemically relevant organic C compounds. The spectra of these reference organic compounds reveal distinct spectral features and peak positions at the C K-edge that are characteristic of the molecular orbitals bonding C atoms. Detailed structural information can be derived from these distinctive spectral features that could be used to build robust peak assignment criteria to exploit the chemical sensitivity of NEXAFS spectroscopy for in situ molecular-level spatial investigation and fingerprinting of complex organic C compounds in environmental samples.
Linearized Approach for Predicting Thermal Stresses in Asphalt Pavements due to Environmental Conditions

Temperature fluctuations in asphalt pavements significantly affect pavement stability and the selection of asphalt grading. Ability to accurately predict asphalt pavement temperatures at different depths and horizontal locations based on environmental conditions will greatly help pavement engineers, not only in the selection of the asphalt grade to be used in various pavement lifts, but also in the accurate assessment of thermal stresses in and between various asphalt lifts. This is especially critical when the asphalt pavement is exposed to extreme freeze and thaw conditions. In this paper, a simulation model is proposed that uses a transient, two-dimensional finite difference approach to calculate the temperature distribution in asphalt pavements in response to hourly thermal environmental conditions and to calculate associated thermal stresses. Previous attempts to determine thermal stresses in asphalt sections range from correlations of observed cracking to ambient environmental conditions, to detailed numerical solutions of stress equations. The difficulty lies in adequately describing rheological properties of asphalt as a function of temperature. This paper uses the stiffness index to estimate the thermal stress distribution in asphalt pavements, and preliminary thermal stress maps during seasonal and diurnal freeze/thaw cycles are presented. Simulation results show that the greatest thermal stresses are observed in cases where pavement lifts have dissimilar thermal properties.
Pressure Sintering Of III-V Compounds

III-V compound semiconductors, specifically gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide, have potential application as high-speed windows and domes for broadband infrared transmission, especially the 8- to 12-μm region. Their application as very high speed domes is made possible by enhancing their mechanical properties, particularly fracture toughness. This work describes the process used to hot press GaAs and GaP powders to near theoretical densities. High resistivity materials were used to form the powders in simple milling techniques. Near theoretical densities were achieved at pressures of 30,000 to 40,000 psi and temperatures approximately two-thirds of the material melting point. Morphological studies using Nomarski microscopy, SEM, and TEM of fracture surfaces and polished and etched surfaces reveal significant dislocation loops, subgrain boundaries and texturing consistent with an increased fracture toughness in the hot pressed powders. The morphology and force versus displacement data verify the mechanism of densification to be plastic deformation. Sample disks of the hot pressed powders were fabricated to a 1-inch diameter and 1/8-inch thickness. The hot pressed GaAs showed 8- to 12-μm transmission to 16 percent limited by light scattering, probably caused by residual porosity. The hot pressed GaP has not shown any transmission, probably because of light scattering from residual porosity and absorption caused by a Ga-rich phase from decomposition of the powder surfaces during pressing.
Nutrition for Preterm Infants After Hospital Discharge

Preterm infants accrue significant nutrient deficits during hospitalization, and at the time of discharge most VLBW preterm infants have moderate to severe growth failure. Infants with significant morbidities and infants with ELBW have more severe growth failure since they regain birth weight at a later age, and they gain weight more slowly. Catch-up growth accelerates after hospital discharge. The rates of catch-up growth vary according to many factors including birth weight, gestational age, parental size, adequacy of intrauterine growth, neurologic impairment, clinical course, and nutrition. Most catch-up growth occurs within the first 2 to 3 years of life; however, compensatory catch-up growth may continue into adolescence and adulthood. Despite evidence of ongoing catch-up growth, the mean growth measurements of children and adults who were born preterm and with VLBW are lower than their term-born peers. Accelerated rates of catch-up growth are associated with better neurodevelopmental outcomes. Inadequate head circumference growth, in particular, may have long-term prognostic significance for later neurodevelopment in preterm infants. Nutrient-enriched formulas that provide 22 kcal/oz are often prescribed for VLBW preterm infants after hospital discharge. Several studies have reported that preterm infants fed the enriched versus standard term infant formulas have greater rates of catch-up growth during the first year of life, including greater increases in head circumference. The nutrient-enriched formulas appear to be of particular benefit for male infants. There is less information regarding the nutrient needs of breast-fed infants after hospital discharge. However, several studies have demonstrated that preterm infants fed unfortified human milk after discharge have growth rates and bone mass that are lower than formula-fed infants during infancy. The use of fortified human milk, or alternate feedings with a nutrient-enriched formula may be useful for breast-fed infants who have delays in catch-up growth. Additional studies are needed to determine whether enriched feedings might be of particular benefit for preterm infants who are at greater risk for postnatal growth failure, including infants born SGA, or with extremely low birth weights, intrauterine growth restriction, or chronic conditions such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The potential effect of nutritional programming on long-term outcomes of preterm infants also requires further investigation.
Identification and characterization of CD8 + suppressor T cells

It has long been appreciated that certain subsets of T cells are capable of suppressing immune reactions. Initially, such T cells were described as CD8+ suppressor T cells (Ts) and there is a vast body of research spanning 30 years that describes the immunobiology of CD8+ Ts. However, studies on CD8+ Ts have suffered from the inability to distinguish CD8+ Ts from CD8+ T cells of other phenotypes. Here we present a brief history of CD8+ Ts, a review of recent progress distinguishing CD8+ Ts as a unique subset of CD8+ T cells, and an overview of the evolving immunological context in which CD8+ Ts function.
Sustainability and Historic Preservation in Retail Design: Integrating Design into a Model of the REI Denver Decision-Making Process

Recreational Equipment Inc.'s (REI) leadership in sustainable retail design is exemplified in the redesign of the historic Tramway Power Company Building for its new Denver flagship store. Although REI provided leadership, the design team's experience and knowledge were instrumental to the implementation of sustainable design and historic preservation principles. This study (a) describes and models REI's decision-making related to the location and redesign of their store, (b) defines the integral role of designers in the collaborative process undertaken to incorporate sustainability and historic preservation into the design solution, and (c) provides a holistic evaluation of the outcome. The study was guided by the Blackwell, Miniard, and Engel (2001) model of decision-making and other design process models. Data were collected via interviews with primary stakeholders involved in the project. The outcome of the analyses was a modified version of the Blackwell et al. model (2001) that integrates the design process and illustrates the juxtaposition of three orienting philosophies— retailing, sustainable design, and historic preservation. These three philosophies were used to evaluate the project outcome—an amenable design solution that serves the needs of an environmentally conscious retailer and contributes to the enrichment of the Denver community. Findings from the analyses provide an example of corporate stewardship for retailers and design professionals who wish to make environmentally-sound practices part of their business philosophy and activities. The REI model also can serve as a useful teaching tool and provides directions for future research in this area.
Quasi-nonparametric upper tolerance regions based on the bootstrap

In this paper the upper tolerance problem for random samples will be investigated. Here we will be concerned with populations that are skewed to the right and possess a finite minimum (e.g. the Exponential distribution). The method developed here takes the form of a multiplicative factor times a quantile estimate. The multiplicative factor is simple in form and is based on bootstrapped quantiles of order statistics, though no resampling is required. The quantile estimate itself could be of any desired form; for example, it could be nonparametric, and, therefore based on order statistics as well. The proposed tolerance limit has the desirable property of allowing for the possibility of exceeding the sample maximum, and therefore capturing more probability content, while avoiding, in general, use of the extreme order statistics.
A national study examining the impact of SEVIS on international student and scholar advisors

The purpose of this research is to examine the impact that Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) is having on the professional worklives of international student and scholar advisors (ISSAs) on U.S. college and university campuses. ISSAs are clearly satisfied with their work and hold their institutions in high regard. However, SEVIS is having a profound effect on their morale, satisfaction, and their likelihood to leave the field. That is, SEVIS (i.e., reporting, training, time) and the quality of worklife (i.e., professional activities and career development, recognition for competence and their expertise, external and intra-department relationships, perceptions of discrimination) are important to ISSAs, and thus have a strong effect on their level of satisfaction and/or morale, and their subsequent intentions to stay or leave their career/profession.
A Digital System for Enhancing the Fetal Electrocardiogram

In order to see the true nature of the fetal electrocardiogram, many varied signal enhancement techniques have been tried. Recently, through the use of coherent time averaging, the successful recovery of the low-voltage portions of the fetal ECG has been demonstrated. The averaging device which has been used has limitations with respect to the recovery of transient changes in the fetal ECG, however. This paper discusses the design of a new type of averaging device that, by giving more weight to the more recent fetal ECGs as they are included in the average, aids in the observation of these transients. A prototype of this averaging system has been built and used to process a limited sample of tape-recorded fetal ECG data. The enhanced fetal ECGs that were obtained are shown.
Atomic Data and Spectral Line Intensities for Mg VIII

EUV spectral lines of Mg VIII have been observed from the solar corona by Skylab, SERTS, and more recently by SOHO. Atomic data for this astrophysically important ion are presented in this paper. The atomic data include energy levels, oscillator strengths, transition rates, and electron-impact excitation collision strengths. Twenty levels are included by using the configurations 2s22p, 2s2p2, 2p3, 2s23s, 2s23p, and 2s23d. Collision strengths are calculated at five incident energies (15.0, 22.5, 30.0, 37.5, and 45.0 Ry) in the distorted wave approximation. The temperature of maximum abundance for this ion is log Te = 5.9 K. The rate coefficients are calculated at this temperature by averaging the collision strengths over a Maxwellian distribution. Proton rates and solar background radiation have been included in calculating level populations, and intensity ratios are calculated by including proton rates only. The relative intensity ratios are compared with observed ratios obtained from SERTS and SOHO/CDS to infer electron density in different solar features such as an active region, quiet-Sun, and off-limb. With a few exceptions, the predicted intensity ratios match observed values very well over a variety of instrumentation and solar conditions. Since Mg VIII has a number of strong EUV lines, we expect that the spectra of this ion should prove useful for abundance studies and other plasma diagnostics.
Travel-time curves for a simple sea floor model

This paper reviews a simple technique for interpreting the velocity structure of upper oceanic crust from travel-time data of sonobuoy and ocean bottom receiver refraction experiments. The technique does not involve sophisticated digital processing or synthetic seismogram analysis. Interpretations can be carried out with a pencil, paper and slide rule.
Lipide synthesis in aorta preparations from atherosclerosis-susceptible or resistant pigeons.

Abstract Certain breeds of pigeons exhibit a very high incidence of aortic lesions which closely resemble those of human atherosclerosis. The aortas of other breeds almost never show lesions. When minced aortas of atherosclerosis-susceptible, or, respectively, resistant breeds were incubated with acetate-1-C14, no significant differences between the two breeds were apparent in the amounts of C14 incorporated into the digitonin-precipitable substances. Of the C14 in the latter fraction, only a portion was actually incorporated into cholesterol. In atherosclerosis-susceptible pigeons lesions are found only, or predominantly, in the distal half of the thoracic aorta. In both susceptible and nonsusceptible breeds of pigeons this portion of the aorta is much more active for the incorporation of C14 into the lipides than is the proximal portion.
On document supply in Ireland and the USA: experiences at the Boole Library, Cork University

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the Boole Library at Cork University, Ireland with university libraries in the USA in terms of resource sharing and inter‐library lending.Design/methodology/approach – Comparisons are made between Boole Library and university libraries in the USA with reference to lack of funds and resources. The paper highlights the differences in funding of inter‐library lending.Findings – Much could be said about how electronic resources are altering the landscape and future of interlibrary loan, but no media forms have evolved to entirely satisfy readers' need to handle the physical book in front of them.Originality/value – One of the remarkable things about the physical book is what a superb technological form it is. Books are both portable and strong. There is still no better way to read lengthy texts. Although more people are requesting articles electronically, the demand for books seems to keep growing apace with the development of shared library catalogs.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASS OF ANTILYMPHOCYTE ANTIBODIES IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS PATIENTS AND THEIR FAMILIES

Antilymphocyte antibody (ALA) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied using an indirect immunofluorescent technique with air-dried, acetone-fixed lymphocytes. Ninety-four per cent of patients with SLE and 65 per cent of their relatives had ALA. The ALA response in SLE patients involved antibodies of all classes. However, the ALA in their relatives was primarily of the IgM class. Restriction of the class of ALA in asymptomatic relatives is analogous to that seen with anti-RNA antibodies and suggests that the switch to production of autoantibodies of the IgG class may be important in the pathogenesis of SLE.
Can Juvenile Justice Detention Facilities Meet the Call of the American Academy of Pediatrics and National Commission on Correctional Health Care? A National Analysis of Current Practices

OBJECTIVE. Despite the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics, just 53 of the ∼3500 juvenile justice residential facilities in the United States have received voluntary accreditation for facility health care from the National Commission on Correctional Health Care. This suggests either that facilities do not meet the standards of care or do not seek accreditation. This study describes whether and under what conditions juvenile detention facilities (a narrowly defined subset of all facility types) adhere to some of the standards outlined by the National Commission on Correctional Health Care and promoted by the American Academy of Pediatrics. METHODS. Data from 2 national censuses of juvenile justice residential facilities (n = 726) were used to describe detention facility performance in terms of 10 types of service provision, ranging from health screening to communicable-disease testing. Multivariate models predicting high levels of service provision were estimated. RESULTS. Juvenile detention centers partially meet some of the minimum standards. Most services can be garnered at some level; however, they tend to be provided on an ad hoc basis for portions of the population rather than systematically for the whole population. Detention centers most likely to provide a higher tier of services tend to be those that have longer average lengths of stay, are larger, and are government owned. There are also geographic and racial differences in quality and scope of health services. CONCLUSIONS. Juvenile facilities have been provided a single set of standards for a diverse system with tremendous variation across and within facility types. Detention centers are just one specialized type. Very few detention centers meet a minimum standard of care, which suggests that standards are simply not being met (hence the low levels of accreditation). The findings of this study call into question whether detention facilities with little in the way of health care infrastructure can benefit from National Commission on Correctional Health Care standards as they are currently packaged, regardless of whether accreditation is the ultimate goal.
The Use of an Air Jet in the Spectrographic Analysis of Low Alloy Steel

This paper presents a part of the work being done at the Research Staff of General Motors Corporation to determine the applicability of recent scientific information to the procedures of spectrographic analysis of low alloy steel under conditions of receiving inspection. The desired method is one which makes use of the point-to-plane technique and gives accurate results even though the submitted samples have wide variations in size, shape, and metallurgical history. A previous paper described the selection of line pairs. This paper describes our investigations as to the function of an air jet blown through the analytical gap and its value in increasing the reproducibility and accuracy of analytical results.
Melanomas Arising in Large Congenital Nevocytic Nevi: A Prospective Study

Abstract: In 1979 a registry of large (20 cm or more in diameter) congenital nevocytic nevi was established at the NYU Medical Center. To date. 56 patients have been entered. Seven were lost to follow-up. An additional two patients had melanoma on entry into the study and were therefore excluded from the results of prospectively following such patients for the development of melanoma. Thus, this report concerns 47 individuals who were followed prospectively fora mean of 53 months, only 1 of whom developed melanoma. This was a 2-month-oId girl at entry into the study who subsequently developed Tou-raine's syndrome. She eventually developed a primary melanoma in the central nervous system and died of metastatic disease at the age of 21 months.
Performance‐property of novel glass fiber reinforced polypropylene compounds and their applications

The objective of this work was to investigate the property enhancement of polypropylene compounds due to glass fiber reinforcement at various levels. General trends in properties, performance and application were carefully established and surveyed. Second generation metallocene- based glass fiber reinforced polypropylene compounds were also studied in terms of their “property - performance” characteristic and compared to the original series. Addition of nylon to glass fiber reinforced polypropylene compounds was investigated as a further possible avenue for creating a new family of polymer alloys. Comparison of properties, advantages, applications were examined.
Molecular mechanics analysis of drug-resistant mutants of HIV protease

Drug-resistant mutants of HIV-1 protease limit the long-term effectiveness of current anti-viral therapy. In order to study drug resistance, the wild-type HIV-1 protease and the mutants R8Q, V32I, M46I, V82A, V82I, V82F, I84V, V32I/I84V and M46I/I84V were modeled with the inhibitors saquinavir and indinavir using the program AMMP. A new screen term was introduced to reproduce more correctly the electron distribution of atoms. The atomic partial charge was represented as a delocalized charge distribution instead of a point charge. The calculated protease-saquinavir interaction energies showed the highly significant correlation of 0.79 with free energy differences derived from the measured inhibition constants for all 10 models. Three different protonation states of indinavir were evaluated. The best indinavir model included a sulfate and gave a correlation coefficient of 0.68 between the calculated interaction energies and free energies from inhibition constants for nine models. The exception was R8Q with indinavir, probably due to differences in the solvation energy. No significant correlation was found using the standard molecular mechanics terms. The incorporation of the new screen correction resulted in better prediction of the effects of inhibitors on resistant protease variants and has potential for selecting more effective inhibitors for resistant virus.