cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of internal friction on the stability of high speed rotors with anisotropic supports.

Stability of high speed single mass rotor with internal friction on damped anisotropic supports, considering support stiffness
Diplostomosis in North Park, Colorado.

The life cycle of Diplostomum spathaceum (Rudolfi 1819), as it exists in North Park, Colorado, is elucidated. California gulls (Larus californicus), common mergansers (Mergus merganser) and Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri) act as definitive hosts. Two species of water snails, Physa gyrina and Lymneae elodes, act as first intermediate hosts with seven species of fish as second intermediate hosts: brassy minnows (Hybognathus hankinsoni), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown trout (Salmo trutta), mackinaw (Salvelinus namaycush), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), western long nose suckers (Catostomus catostomus) and western white suckers (C. commersoni). Infection of fish by larvae of D. spathaceum results in cataracts of the lens and impaired vision.
PCAOB Quality Control Inspection Reports and Auditor Reputation

SUMMARY: In 2002, the peer review auditor program was replaced with independent inspections of audit firms by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). The PCAOB inspections differ fro...
Identification of transcriptional regulatory networks specific to pilocytic astrocytoma

Pilocytic Astrocytomas (PAs) are common low-grade central nervous system malignancies for which few recurrent and specific genetic alterations have been identified. In an effort to better understand the molecular biology underlying the pathogenesis of these pediatric brain tumors, we performed higher-order transcriptional network analysis of a large gene expression dataset to identify gene regulatory pathways that are specific to this tumor type, relative to other, more aggressive glial or histologically distinct brain tumours. RNA derived from frozen human PA tumours was subjected to microarray-based gene expression profiling, using Affymetrix U133Plus2 GeneChip microarrays. This data set was compared to similar data sets previously generated from non-malignant human brain tissue and other brain tumour types, after appropriate normalization. In this study, we examined gene expression in 66 PA tumors compared to 15 non-malignant cortical brain tissues, and identified 792 genes that demonstrated consistent differential expression between independent sets of PA and non-malignant specimens. From this entire 792 gene set, we used the previously described PAP tool to assemble a core transcriptional regulatory network composed of 6 transcription factor genes (TFs) and 24 target genes, for a total of 55 interactions. A similar analysis of oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) gene expression data sets identified distinct, but overlapping, networks. Most importantly, comparison of each of the brain tumor type-specific networks revealed a network unique to PA that included repressed expression of ONECUT2, a gene frequently methylated in other tumor types, and 13 other uniquely predicted TF-gene interactions. These results suggest specific transcriptional pathways that may operate to create the unique molecular phenotype of PA and thus opportunities for corresponding targeted therapeutic intervention. Moreover, this study also demonstrates how integration of gene expression data with TF-gene and TF-TF interaction data is a powerful approach to generating testable hypotheses to better understand cell-type specific genetic programs relevant to cancer.
Humanitarian violence: the US deployment of diversity

In Humanitarian Violence: The US Deployment of Diversity, Neda Atansasoski, an associate professor of Feminist Studies at the University of California-Santa Cruz, weaves a powerful and urgent compa...
Intraventricular hemorrhage induces deposition of proteoglycans in premature rabbits, but their in vivo degradation with chondroitinase does not restore myelination, ventricle size and neurological recovery

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) results in white matter injury and hydrocephalus in premature infants. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs)-neuorcan, brevican, versican, aggrecan and phosphacan-are unregulated in the extracellular matrix after brain injury, and their degradation enhances plasticity of the brain. Therefore, we hypothesized that CSPG levels were elevated in the forebrain of premature infants with IVH and that in vivo degradation of CSPGs would enhance maturation of oligodendrocyte, augment myelination, promote neurological recovery, and minimize hydrocephalus. We found that levels of neurocan, brevican, aggrecan, phosphacan, and versican were elevated, whereas NG2 expression was reduced in premature rabbit pups and human infants with IVH compared to controls. Intracerebroventricular chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) reduced the expression of neuorcan, brevican, versican and aggrecan, but not NG2. However, ChABC treatment did not enhance maturation of oligodendrocytes, myelination, or neurological recovery in the pups with IVH. Moreover, ChABC did not reduce gliosis or ventriculomegaly. Our results demonstrate that IVH induces distinct changes in the components of CSPGs, and that reversing these changes by in vivo ChABC treatment neither promotes clinical recovery, myelination, nor reduces ventriculomegaly in preterm rabbit pups.
Theory of the Hyperfine Anomalies of Deuterium, Tritium, and Helium- 3 +

The covariant equation for the three-body deuterium system is discussed, and reduced to a three-dimensional equation for the case of instantaneous two-body interactions. A noncovariant perturbation scheme, based on this three-dimensional equation, was employed to calculate the hyperfine structure (hfs) to order $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}m}{M}$ (hfs) for $_{1}\mathrm{H}^{2}$, $_{1}\mathrm{H}^{3}$, $_{2}\mathrm{He}^{3+}$. The results are compared with the experimental values, and shown to be compatible. Final determination of the theoretical values and the adequacy of the theory is shown to depend critically on the determination of a number of experimental quantities, in particular on a more precise measurement of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, of the nucleon electric and magnetic form factors and associated nucleon polarization, of the presence and magnitude of a two-nucleon spin-orbit potential, and of the singlet $n\ensuremath{-}p$ effective range.
Cost Analysis of TEOAE-Based Universal Newborn Hearing Screening.

Although more and more hospitals are implementing universal newborn hearing screening programs, there is still very little information available about the costs of newborn hearing screening programs. The few articles which have been published evaluate technologies or protocols which are no longer used, are incomplete, or are based on hypothetical estimates of the costs and time necessary to do screening. After briefly reviewing the extant literature, this article describes a cost analysis of a TEOAE-based universal newborn hearing screening program. Reasons why the cost per baby ($7.42) is lower than in previous reports are explained, and the benefits of having accurate cost analysis data are summarized.
Corporate disclosure quality, earnings smoothing, and earnings' timeliness

Abstract This paper explores the interaction between corporate disclosure and recognition practices by examining the relation between financial analysts' ratings of disclosure quality, discretionary accruals, and the earnings–return association. The results suggest that firms with higher-quality disclosures use discretionary accruals to smooth earnings more aggressively than firms with lower-quality disclosures. As a result, the timeliness with which accounting earnings capture bad news is inversely related to disclosure quality. These results suggest that higher-quality disclosure can be accompanied by increased earnings management.
A pulse at the heart of targeted therapy

Inhibition of growth stimulatory pathways has emerged as a major focus of targeted cancer drug development. New insights regarding potent, transient inhibition of cell signaling may challenge the dogma of medicinal chemistry and clinical trial design.
Morphology of abyssal mudwaves at project MUDWAVES sites in the Argentine Basin

Abstract Extensive fields of mudwaves are present in the Argentine Basin. Mudwaves and water parameters at three sites were studied to provide detailed information on bathymetry, mudwave structure, sediment parameters and bottom water flow characteristics. Two sites, 5 and 6, are discussed in this paper. Crests of mudwaves at Site 5 on the north flank of the Zapiola Drift are oriented 45° anti-clockwise from the measured westward flow direction and migrate to the left of the flow direction. Mudwaves at Site 6 on the south flank of the Zapiola Drift are oriented 20° anti-clockwise from the inferred southeast bottom flow direction, and also migrate to the left of direction. Evidence from current meters and surface sediments suggests that the mudwaves at Site 5 are active today, while those at Site 6 have been active in the Holocene, but perhaps not within the last 100 years. Mudwave orientation anti-clockwise to mean flow, preferential sediment accumulation on the left wave flank, and apparent sediment accumulation on the wave crest agree with a model for mudwave growth presented by Blumsack and Weatherly (1989, Deep-Sea Research, 36, 1327–1339). Cross-wave asymmetry in sediment accumulation pattern is sufficient to cause a 10% change in surface sediment bulk density over the wave profile. The record of mudwave migration obtained from Sites 5 and 6 in the southern Argentine Basin and from Site 7 in the northern Argentine Basin suggests that bottom water flow has changed over a number of time scales during the last 200,000 years. Thus the analysis of abyssal bed forms can provide independent evidence about past changes in bottom flow.
Possible role for metals in stratospheric chlorine chemistry

Meteoroids ablate largely in the Earth's ionosphere (at altitudes between 80 and 120 km) and the products are seen mostly as atomic ions1–3. Atomic neutral atoms have also been observed and studied optically, but the data are not extensive for elements other than sodium4,5. The processes responsible for maintaining the equilibrium of metallic atoms and ions in the ionosphere are understood generally6–9. Below 80 km, the metal ions are largely neutralized. The chemistry which occurs during the subsequent transport of the metals to the ground is uncertain; aerosols collected in the lower stratosphere have been reported to contain chlorides and sulphates of metals (some of which occur in meteors)10–12 while aerosols collected in the troposphere have been found to contain many metals among which are meteor metals13–16. It has been suggested that ions of the type Na+ · (H2O)n may be present in the upper stratosphere17, their presence being plausible in view of a meteor sodium model which indicated that large amounts of NaOH (almost 106 cm−3) would be present at 40 km (ref. 18). This latter conclusion was questioned19 in view of thermochemical data which indicated that NaOH, once formed, should be removed quickly by reaction with Cl, ClO and HCl. We consider here reactions of meteor, and other, metals with Cl, ClO and HCl to assess the impact of halocarbons on ozone. Release of 1,000 tonne of sodium (or similar metal) may significantly reduce the harmful effects of halocarbons on ozone for several years.
Solubility in aqueous solutions of ethanol of the small molecular weight peptides of the serum very low density and high density lipoproteins: relevance to the recovery problem during delipidation of serum lipoproteins.

Abstract Extraction of human serum very low density (VLDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) by ethanol/ethyl ether at low temperature is associated with only partial recovery of delipidated apoproteins, apo VLDL and apo HDL. In an attempt to explain this phenomenon, many of the parameters involved in delipidation were investigated systematically. In the case of apo VLDL, it was found that 3:1 ethanol/ether mixtures commonly adopted to extract VLDL may solubilize up to 20% by weight of the VLDL protein, involving specifically the fraction containing the low molecular weight peptides. Such a fraction was increasingly soluble in aqueous solutions of ethanol (ethanol/H2O, 95:5 to 50:50 v/v), less soluble in ethanol/ethyl ether mixtures, and totally insoluble in ethyl ether, chloroform, methanol, or mixtures thereof. Extraction of HDL2 (d 1.063 – 1.125 gm/ml) or HDL3 (d 1.125 – 1.21 gm/ml) by 3:2 ethanol/ethyl ether was associated with the solubilization of a small portion of apo HDL2 (about 1% by weight of the original HDL2 protein) into the organic phase. Such a soluble fraction was made up of the low molecular weight peptides which, as shown in a previous study, are separable from the other apo HDL components by gel filtration (fraction V). The solubility pattern of such a fraction in an organic solvent was the same as that of the low molecular weight peptides from apo VLDL. From the quantitative standpoint, however, V was much less soluble in ethanol than the products from apo VLDL. The current studies provided a better insight into the chemical basis for the chemical basis for the delipidation of VLDL and HDL and also allowed for the design of procedures insuring total recoveries of delipidated apo VLDL and apo HDL (apo HDL2 and apo HDL3).
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE USTILAGINALES: XIV. BIOASSIMILATION OF L-ERYTHRULOSE INTO 4-O-β-D-MANNOPYRANOSYL-D-ERYTHRITOL

L-Erythrulose-1-C14 and -4-C14 were used as precursors in the biosynthesis of 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-D-erythritol. The ketose was utilized efficiently and the C14 distribution pattern in the product indicated that the 4-carbon fragment was transferred intact to C-3, C-4, C-5, and C-6 of the mannose moiety and was also reduced intact to the erythritol portion.A method for the degradation of D-mannose for determination of the C14 distribution in the molecule is described.
Early Experience with Intraluminal Reinforcement of Stapled Gastrojejunostomy During Laparoscopic Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass

The use of extraluminal staple-line buttressing material during laparoscopic Roux-en-y gastric bypass has shown the potential to reduce staple-line leak and bleeding. We herein present our early experience with intraluminal reinforcement of linear-cutting stapled gastrojejunal anastomosis with the use of bioabsorbable glycolide copolymer staple-line reinforcement. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was performed in 80 consecutive non-randomized morbidly obese patients. Gastrojejunal anastomosis was performed using a linear-cutting stapler without staple-line reinforcement in 40 patients (group A), while in the other 40 patients (group B), gastrojejunostomy was performed using a linear cutting stapler with intraluminal reinforcement material (bioabsorbable glycolide copolymer). Demographic data were collected. The rate of gastrojejunal anastomotic leak, bleeding, and stricture was determined. There was a statistically significant reduction in bleeding complications between the two groups (15% bleeding in group A vs. no bleeding in group B, P value = 0.0255). Stricture rate was higher in-group A (10% group A vs. 2.5% in group B); however, the difference was not statistically significant (P value = 0.2007). None of our patients developed a gastrojejunal leak. Intraluminal reinforcement of gastrojejunal anastomosis during laparoscopic gastric bypass is safe and feasible. The use of intraluminal bioabsorbable glycolide copolymer staple-line reinforcement significantly reduces the incidence of gastrojejunal bleeding.
Assessing technological change in cardiothoracic surgery.

Technological innovation—broadly defined as the development and introduction of new drugs, devices, and procedures—has played a major role in advancing the field of cardiothoracic surgery. It has generated new forms of care for patients and improved treatment options. Innovation, however, comes at a price. Total national health care expenditures now exceed $2 trillion per year in the United States and all current estimates indicate that this number will continue to rise. As we continue to seek the most innovative medical treatments for cardiovascular disease, the spiraling cost of these technologies comes to the forefront. In this article, we address 3 challenges in managing the health and economic impact of new and emerging technologies in cardiothoracic surgery: (1) challenges associated with the dynamics of technological growth itself; (2) challenges associated with methods of analysis; and (3) the ways in which value judgments and political factors shape the translation of evidence into policy. We conclude by discussing changes in the analytical, financial, and institutional realms that can improve evidence-based decision-making in cardiac surgery.
Ambulance transport rates after motor vehicle collision for older vs. younger adults: A population-based study

Older adults are at greater risk than younger adults for life-threatening injury after motor vehicle collision (MVC). Among those with life-threatening injury, older adults are also at greater risk of not being transported by emergency medical services (EMS) to an emergency department. Despite the greater risk of serious injury and non-transportation among older adults, little is known about the relationship between patient age and EMS transportation rates for individuals experiencing MVC. We describe transport rates across the age-span for adults seen by EMS after experiencing MVC using data reported to the North Carolina Department of Motor Vehicles between 2008 and 2011. Of all adults aged 18 years and older experiencing MVC and seen by EMS (n=484,310), 36.3% (n=175,768) were transported to an emergency department. Rates of transport for individuals seen by EMS after MVC increased only a small amount with increasing patient age. After adjusting for potential confounders of the relationship between patient age and the decision to transport (patient gender, patient race, air bag deployment, patient trapped or ejected, and injury severity), transport rates were: age 18-64=36.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 35.9-36.2%); age 65-74=36.6% (95% CI, 36.0-37.1%); age 75-84=37.3% (95% CI, 36.5-38.1%), and age 85-94=38.2% (95% CI, 36.7-39.8%). In North Carolina between 2008 and 2011, the transportation rate was only slightly higher for older adults than for younger adults, and most older adults experiencing MVC and seen by EMS were not transported to the emergency department. These findings have implications for efforts to improve the sensitivity of criteria used by EMS to determine the need for transport for older adults experiencing MVC. Language: en
12-Watt CW Polycrystalline Cr2+:ZnSe Laser Pumped by Tm-fiber Laser

We demonstrate high-power (12 W, 43% efficient) polycrystalline Cr2+:ZnSe CW laser, operating at 2425 nm, pumped by Tm-fiber laser at 1908 nm. The output power shows no roll-off indicating that much higher output-powers are achievable.
A multicenter study of stent-assisted coiling of cerebral aneurysms with a Y configuration.

BACKGROUND: Stent-assisted coiling with 2 stents in a Y configuration is a technique for coiling complex wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms. OBJECTIVE: We sought to provide long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes with Y-stent coiling, which are not currently established. METHODS: Seven centers provided deidentified, retrospective data on all consecutive patients who underwent stent-assisted coiling for an intracranial aneurysm with a Y-stent configuration. RESULTS: Forty-five patients underwent treatment by Y-stent coiling. Their mean age was 57.9 years. Most aneurysms were basilar apex (87%), and 89% of aneurysms were unruptured. Mean size was 9.9 mm. Most aneurysms were treated with 1 open-cell and 1 closed-cell stent (51%), with 29% treated with open-open stents and 16% treated with 2 closed-cell stents. Initial aneurysm occlusion was excellent (84% in Raymond grade I or II). Procedural complications occurred in 11% of patients. Mean clinical follow-up was 7.8 months, and 93% of patients had a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2 at last follow-up. Mean angiographic follow-up was 9.8 months, and 92% of patients had Raymond grade I or II occlusion on follow-up imaging. Of those patients with initial Raymond grade III occlusion and follow-up imaging, all but 1 patient progressed to a better occlusion grade (83%; P < .05). Three aneurysms required retreatment because of recanalization (10%). There was no difference in initial or follow-up angiographic occlusion, clinical outcomes, incidence of aneurysm retreatment, or in-stent stenosis among open-open, open-closed, or closed-closed stent groups. CONCLUSION: In a large multicenter series of Y-stent coiling for bifurcation aneurysms, there were low complication rates and excellent clinical and angiographic outcomes.
Morphologic analysis of the pulmonary vascular bed (PVB) in infants with in utero exposure to prostaglandin inhibitors

Maternal ingestion of proataglandin synthetase inhibitors may be associated with premature closure of the ductus arteriosus (DA) and/or direct stimulation of pulmonary vessels. The effects of this on the developing PVB are unknown. We studied the lungs of an infant whose mother took aspirin repetitively throughout the pregnancy. The infant's serum salicylate level at 24 hours of age was 1.2 mg/dl. He had pulmonary hypertension, tricuspid insufficiency and a closed DA documented at 10 hours of age. The other infant whose mother took indomethacin 10-12 days prior to delivery had a syndrome of persistent hypoxemia. All lungs were fixed by perfusion and 5th generation (resistance) vessels identified. Compared to control, the Medial width/external diameter (m/d) ratios were increased, 0.25±0.01(S.E.) (n=55) (p<0.01) and 0.34±0.01(n=50) (p<0.001) respectively; control 0.21±0.01(n=138). The number of resistance vessels/cm2 lung calculated in 10 to 30 randomly selected sections was 89±10(S.E.)(p<0.001) and 348±41(N.S.) respectively; control 341±18. The infant with chronic aspirin exposure had premature closure of the DA, an increased m/d ratio due to decreased external diameters, and a decreased number of vessels/ cm2 lung. The infant with short tern indomethacin exposure had hypoxemia, increased m/d ratio due to increased muscle, and a normal number of vessels/cm2. These changes may be due to differences in exposure to these drugs and their effects on the DA or the pulmonary vessels in utero.
Perinatal methadone exposure and brain development: a biochemical study.

— The neurochemical effect of maternally administered methadone (5 mg/kg, DL-methadone-HCI) on the brain (including the olfactory bulbs, cerebellum, and brain stem) and cerebellum of offspring exposed during gestation and/or lactation was studied in 10-, 21-, and 60-day old rats. Brain weights were significantly reduced in all methadone-exposed groups at 10 days of age, while only those rats subjected to methadone during gestation or lactation had deficits in brain weights at day 21; no differences were found at 60 days. Brain DNA content was significantly reduced in all opiate-exposed offspring at every age examined, but RNA/DNA and protein/DNA ratios were only consistently increased in rats of the gestation group. Cerebellar weight was reduced at 10 days in the gestation-lactation pups, at 21 days in rats of the gestation and lactation groups, and at 60 days in animals of the gestation and gestation-lactation groups. Cerebellar DNA content was significantly decreased in pups of the gestation group at every age investigated, but only reduced at 21 days in the lactation group and at 60 days in the gestation-lactation group. Rats in the lactation group had the greatest number of alterations in terms of RNA and protein, with the most noticeable being decreases in mean cellular RNA content on days 21 and 60 and a reduction in the mean cellular protein content on day 60. These data suggest that prenatal and/or postnatal methadone treatment affects the biochemical maturation of the central nervous system; deficits in neurons and/or glia, as well as a reduction in myelination, might be reflected in these changes.
Inside the integrated assessment models: Four issues in climate economics

Good climate policy requires the best possible understanding of how climatic change will impact on human lives and livelihoods in both industrialized and developing counties. Our review of recent contributions to the climate-economics literature assesses 30 existing integrated assessment models in four key areas: the connection between model structure and the type of results produced; uncertainty in climate outcomes and projection of future damages; equity across time and space; and abatement costs and the endogeneity of technological change. Differences in treatment of these issues are substantial and directly affect model results and their implied policy prescriptions. Much can be learned about climate economics and modelling technique from the best practices in these areas; there is unfortunately no existing model that incorporates the best practices on all or most of the questions we examine.
Elevated Concentrations of Actinides in Mono Lake

Tetravalent thorium, pentavalent protactinium, hexavalent uranium, and plutonium (oxidation state uncertain) are present in much higher concentrations in Mono Lake, a saline, alkaline lake in eastern central California, than in seawater. Low ratios of actinium to protactinium and of americium to plutonium indicate that the concentrations of trivalent actinides are not similarly enhanced. The elevated concentrations of the ordinarily very insoluble actinides are maintained in solution by natural ligands, which inhibit their chemical removal from the water column, rather than by an unusually large rate of supply.
Impacts of energy storage on the future power system

The electrical energy storage systems serve many applications to the power system like economically meeting peak loads, quickly providing spinning reserve, improving power quality and stability, and maintaining reliability and security. The rapidly increasing integration of renewable energy sources into the grid is driving greater attention towards electrical energy storage systems which are capable of stabilizing the output from renewable energy sources. The application of electrical energy storage systems will also defer the installation of new transmission lines. With the development of advanced energy storage technologies, the electrical energy storage systems are making the future power system more reliable, efficient and economical. This paper presents various energy storage technologies currently used, their applications and the role they are going to play in the future power system.
Understanding critical literacy through Lacan's four orders of discourse model

Although conceived as a model for psycho-analytical discourse, Lacan's four orders of discourse model may offer a beginning tool to conceptualize the implementation of critical literacy discourses in classrooms as a process of shifting students' relationships with the symbolic order. Most subjects, Lacan argues, are unaware that their ideas and selves are being shaped by their relationship with the symbolic order, and without that awareness there is little that they can do to change that relationship. The process whereby the participants' relationship to the symbolic order is made conscious, and can therefore be disrupted, falls to critical literacy teachers. Although critical literacy teachers have many of the same goals and beliefs, their enactment of critical literacy is quite different based on which community of practice they see as the goal of student learning. This paper explores the differential enactment of critical literacy in three classrooms and uses Lacan's four orders of discourse as a theor...
A comprehensive SNP-based genetic analysis of inbred mouse strains

Dense genetic maps of mammalian genomes facilitate a variety of biological studies including the mapping of polygenic traits, positional cloning of monogenic traits, mapping of quantitative or qualitative trait loci, marker association, allelic imbalance, speed congenic construction, and evolutionary or phylogenetic comparison. In particular, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have proved useful because of their abundance and compatibility with multiple high-throughput technology platforms. SNP genotyping is especially suited for the genetic analysis of model organisms such as the mouse because biallelic markers remain fully informative when used to characterize crosses between inbred strains. Here we report the mapping and genotyping of 673 SNPs (including 519 novel SNPs) in 55 of the most commonly used mouse strains. These data have allowed us to construct a phylogenetic tree that correlates and expands known genealogical relationships and clarifies the origin of strains previously having an uncertain ancestry. All 55 inbred strains are distinguishable genetically using this SNP panel. Our data reveal an uneven SNP distribution consistent with a mosaic pattern of inheritance and provide some insight into the changing dynamics of the physical architecture of the genome. Furthermore, these data represent a valuable resource for the selection of markers and the design of experiments that require the genetic distinction of any pair of mouse inbred strains such as the generation of congenic mice, positional cloning, and the mapping of quantitative or qualitative trait loci.
Sexual risk behaviors and alcohol: Higher base rates revealed using the unmatched‐count technique

HIV/AIDS is a disease whose only known prevention is behavioral. Risky sex is one of the ways in which people become infected with HIV, as well as other STDS. Estimating the base rates of risky sex and risky sex after drinking proves difficult. This study uses the unmatched‐count technique (UCT) to estimate base rates for sexual risk behaviors and sexual risk behaviors after drinking and compares the findings with those estimates found using conventional methods. UCT does not require the participant to directly answer sensitive questions, and, thus, may provide more accurate reporting than other methods. In a population of college students, the UCT revealed higher estimates of base rates for having had sex, having had sex without a condom, and having had sex without a condom after drinking than an anonymous self‐report survey. These higher estimates provide a better feel for the level of these risk behaviors, may help understand the relationship between alcohol and risky sex, and point to the need to targ...
Factors Influencing Residency Choice of General Surgery Applicants—How Important Is the Availability of a Skills Curriculum?

Objective The objective of this study was to assess the factors that impact residency choice by general surgery applicants and the importance of the availability of skill curricula. Methods Fourth-year medical students (n = 104) interviewing for a general surgery position in an academic medical center voluntarily completed an anonymous survey detailing questions about the factors that influenced their choice of a residency program. Applicants were asked to rank in order of importance 14 factors potentially influencing their decision making and to address specifically the value of skills training. Data are reported as medians (range). Results The applicants' median age was 26 (range, 24-35) years; 44% were women, and the prior simulator exposure was 1 (range, 0-90) hour. The factors influencing the choice of residency in order of importance were the quality of life of current residents, the volume and variety of cases, and the quality of the curriculum (medians, 3-4), followed by the reputation of the institution and the program director, the location, and mentor advice (medians, 6-8); and the presence of expertise in areas of interest, the availability of a skills curriculum, the academic versus private designation, the efficiency of the hospital, and the size of residency (medians, 9-10). Women were more likely than men to rank lifestyle higher. Applicants' decision making was influenced positively in 92% by the presence of an organized skills curriculum. Conclusions The main determinants of the applicants' choice of a general surgery program are the quality of life of the residents and the anticipated clinical experience and curriculum quality. The availability of organized skills curricula is low in the applicant priorities, but it does influence their decision-making process. These findings may help program directors to optimize their residency curriculum and interviewing process.
Three dolabellanes and a macrolide from the sponge Dysidea sp. from Palau.

A specimen of Dysidea sp. from Palau contained three new dolabellane diterpenes 1−3 and an unstable 14-membered macrolide, arenolide (4), which showed modest cytotoxicity. From a chemotaxonomic viewpoint, these metabolites are so unusual that we discuss their possible origin.
A Study of the Decomposition of Glucose Solutions

Glucose solutions were thermally decomposed under varying conditions. Preliminary findings showed that the formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose was subject to general acid-base catalysis. Results also indicate that the rate of reaction was inversely proportional to the initial concentration of glucose.
Using BitTorrent to distribute virtual machine images for classes

There are a number of benefits to using virtual machines in a training environment; however, when the total size of the images range from 5-40 GB, getting those images to the physical machines in a timely fashion can be a concern.In our environment, we have a single machine we can use as a server, and classrooms located on different subnets (in different cities). With this situation, a multicast solution isn't possible, and standard file transfer methods (e.g. over a common windows share) take 6-24 hours to complete.Given the existing limitations, we needed a faster method of deploying images to our client machines. Our solution centers on BitTorrent technology, a few additional freely available applications, and is glued together with a little scripting. With our solution in place, the 6-24 hour completion times have been reduced to 1-4 hours, and the deployment process takes less than 10 simple steps.The implementation is flexible enough that the server environment can be run from a Live CD if necessary, and similar implementations can easily be made platform independent. With the variety of tools that can be used to implement this environment, we also avoid the pitfalls of vendor lock-in.
Psychosocial wellness among spiritual healing participants

Abstract The findings reported are based on an exploratory, comparison group study of participants in spiritual healing practices carried out over a 2-year period (1981–1983) in Baltimore, Md. In this study, participation in such forms of healing, which generally occurs in small groups, is related to various measures of psychosocial wellness defined as the emic construct of ‘subjective health’. Interview data from regular participants in two types of healing group, charismatic ( n = 83) and metaphysical ( n = 93), were compared with regular utilizers of primary care ( n = 137), using the same data collection procedures. Members of the two types of healing group differ on some social attribute data. Members of charismatic healing groups tend to be of slightly lower SES overall than members of metaphysical healing groups. Members of both types of healing groups, however, had significantly more positive scores on wellness measures than primary care patients, even when sex, age, marital status, illness severity and religiosity were controlled statistically. Findings suggest that such groups play a social support function among regular participants, and that participation in specific healing systems can be seen as a contextual variable which has an effect on subjective self-reports of health or, as defined here, wellness.
Zinc finger diversity

Abstract As in past years, research on a wide assortment of metal binding and nucleic acid binding domains has proceeded apace. Structural studies of individual domains and of peptide-nucleic acid complexes, combined with mutagenesis and footprinting, have continued to increase our understanding of the details of zinc finger-nucleic acid interactions.
Wetware, Hardware, or Software Incapacitation: Observational Methods to Determine When Autonomy Should Assume Control

Control-theoretic modeling of human operator's dynamic behavior in manual control tasks has a long, rich history. There has been significant work on techniques used to identify the pilot model of a given structure. This research attempts to go beyond pilot identification based on experimental data to develop a predictor of pilot behavior. Two methods for pre-dicting pilot stick input during changing aircraft dynamics and deducing changes in pilot behavior are presented This approach may also have the capability to detect a change in a subject due to workload, engagement, etc., or the effects of changes in vehicle dynamics on the pilot. With this ability to detect changes in piloting behavior, the possibility now exists to mediate human adverse behaviors, hardware failures, and software anomalies with autono-my that may ameliorate these undesirable effects. However, appropriate timing of when au-tonomy should assume control is dependent on criticality of actions to safety, sensitivity of methods to accurately detect these adverse changes, and effects of changes in levels of auto-mation of the system as a whole.
Suprarenal gland lymphatic drainage

The gross and microscopic anatomy of the suprarenal gland lymphatic system was studied in post mortem specimens and specimens in which the venous system was injected with blue latex solution. Extensive subserous lymphatic networks overlie the suprarenal gland. Deep to these networks are the lymphatic vessels proper of the suprarenal gland. These vessels lie within the suprarenal gland capsule and communicate with the subserous lymphatic network. Their primary routes of drainage, however, are directed medialward, passing to the thoracic duct cr cisterna chyli either directly or by way of regional lymph nodes. A few capsular lymphatic vessels extend toward the diaphragm or the kidney. The regional lymph nodes are small, few in number and situated at the lower medial aspect of the gland. Microscopic examination of serially sectioned suprarenal glands revealed a complete absence of lymphatic vessels in the cortical and medullary parenchymal tissue. Lymphatic vessels were found only in the capsule and in the adventitia of the central vein and its major tributaries. A close association between capsular lymphatic vessels and veins was noted and in a number of specimens capsular lymphatic vessels were traced to the inferior vena cava where they assumed a close relationship with vasa vasorum.
Dysphagia in the young male: The ringed esophagus

The endoscopic view of the multi-ringed esophagus readily explains why the term "tracheal esophagus" is applicable. This entity may be undiagnosed until dysphagia and impactions secondary to strictures occur in the young male. Several factors point to a congenital rather than an acquired disorder. Treatment consists of slow, progressive dilatations that are repeated for recurrent dysphagia.
Preparation and characterization of a novel magnetic biochar for arsenic removal

A magnetic biochar based adsorbent with colloidal or nanosized γ-Fe(2)O(3) particles embedded in porous biochar matrix was fabricated via thermal pyrolysis of FeCl(3) treated biomass. The synthesized samples were studied systematically by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffraction pattern, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, superconducting quantum interference device, and batch sorption measurements. The characterization analyses showed that large quantity of γ-Fe(2)O(3) particles with size between hundreds of nanometers and several micrometers tightly grow within the porous biochar matrix. Biochar/γ-Fe(2)O(3) composite exhibited excellent ferromagnetic property with a saturation magnetization of 69.2emu/g. Batch sorption experimental results showed that the composite has strong sorption ability to aqueous arsenic. Because of its excellent ferromagnetic properties, the arsenic-laden biochar/γ-Fe(2)O(3) composite could be easily separated from the solution by a magnet at the end of the sorption experiment.
BACKSCATTERED ELECTRON IMAGING TO DETERMINE WATER-TO-CEMENT RATIO OF HARDENED CONCRETE

A methodology has been developed for the determination of the water-to-cement (w/c) ratio in hardened concrete using backscattered electron imaging (BEI) within a scanning electron microscope. Reproducible quantitative data are obtained by using standards from polished sections as well as by controlling brightness and contrast on the instrumentation. The method is based on concrete sections that have been vacuum impregnated with epoxy and polished to a flat surface. During impregnation, epoxy fills capillary porosity as well as cracks, voids, and other defects. The w/c ratio is directly related to the capillary porosity and degree of hydration and therefore can be measured. The epoxy-impregnated porosity appears black in BEI, whereas other phases such as calcium silicate hydrate, ferrite phases, and aggregate appear as brighter phases. Signal production, brightness, contrast, sample preparation, general methodology, and resolution are discussed.
Comparison of DISC and K-SADS-P Interviews of an Epidemiological Sample of Children

One-hundred 9 through 12-year-old children and their mothers who had been previously interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) were selected for a clinical diagnostic reassessment. The families, who were reinterviewed after 3 to 4 months, were part of a larger geographically based epidemiological sample. Reinterviews were conducted by child clinicians, using a modified version of the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia (K-SADS). The prevalences of each of the mental disorders as estimated by each interview were compared. Agreement on diagnoses based on these interviews was found to be moderate, although generally statistically significant. Study design issues that account in part for these findings are discussed.
Tonsillar pulsatility before and after surgical decompression for children with Chiari malformation type 1: an application for true fast imaging with steady state precession.

Introduction We hypothesize that surgical decompression for Chiari malformation type 1 (CM-1) is associated with statistically significant decrease in tonsillar pulsatility and that the degree of pulsatility can be reliably assessed regardless of the experience level of the reader.
The International Harmonization Project for Response Criteria in Lymphoma Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are critical to the development of newer and more effective treatments. Standardized response criteria are essential to assess and compare the activity of various therapies within and among studies and to facilitate the evaluation of new treatments by regulatory agencies. The International Harmonization Project developed revised guidelines with the goal of improved comparability among studies, leading to accelerated new agent development resulting in the rapid availability of improved therapies for patients who have lymphoma. Modifications of these recommendations are expected as new information and improved technologies become available.
The gene for a small stable RNA (10Sa RNA) of Escherichia coli

Summary A gene that codes for a small stable RNA (362 nucleotides) has been sequenced. It is a monocistronic gene, with its own promoter and terminator. It produces a precursor that is about 100 nucleotides longer than the mature RNA with all the extra nucleotides at the 3′ end. The gene contains an open reading frame that corresponds to a small protein 25 amino acids long.
Axon Degeneration and Regeneration: Insights from Drosophila Models of Nerve Injury

Axon degeneration is the pivotal pathological event of acute traumatic neural injury as well as many chronic neurodegenerative diseases. It is an active cellular program and yet molecularly distinct from cell death. Much effort is devoted toward understanding the nature of axon degeneration and promoting axon regeneration. However, the fundamental mechanisms of self-destruction of damaged axons remain unclear, and there are still few treatments for traumatic brain injury (TBI) or spinal cord injury (SCI). Genetically approachable model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, have proven exceptionally successful in modeling human neurodegenerative diseases. More recently, this success has been extended into the field of acute axon injury and regeneration. In this review, we discuss recent findings, focusing on how these models hold promise for accelerating mechanistic insight into axon injury and identifying potential therapeutic targets for TBI and SCI.
The Role of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in Patients with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Induced Angioedema

Objective:To assess the safety of using angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in patients who develop angioedema with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs).Data Sources:A literature search was performed using MEDLINE (1977-January 2011) and Cochrane Library, using the terms angiotensin receptor blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and angioedema. In addition, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Only English-language publications were included. Randomized controlled trial data, observational studies (retrospective and prospective), and case reports on adults who received ACEI therapy and then an ARB as an alternative therapy were reviewed.Data Synthesis:Two randomized controlled trials and 1 meta-analysis evaluated ARB use in patients intolerant to ACEIs. Taken together, there is a conservative estimate of a 10% or less incidence of cross reactivity of angioedema in patients who receive an ARB after experien...
A Woman Both "New" and "True": Jane Campbell as Catholic Suffragist

Historical accounts of the Progressive Era in the United States generally lack any discussion of the nation’s Catholic laywomen. Yet Catholic laywomen played key roles in Progressive Era history. Some, for example, were active in suffrage reform, and one necessary step in that struggle was the bridging of the problematic divide between supporters of suffrage and the Catholic Church – more specifically, between suffrage advocates and the votes of the Catholic faithful, which were greatly influenced by the church establishment, and which became critical in the years leading up to the ratification of the nineteenth amendment. One Catholic laywoman in particular, Jane Campbell (1845–1928), maintained leadership roles in both the Catholic community and the suffrage community (specifically the National American Woman Suffrage Association). This article provides some necessary historical context regarding the Catholic Church’s history in the Progressive Era United States and discusses Campbell’s influence in both the suffrage and Catholic communities during the two-year span of 1913–1915, which was a critical period of growth and change for both the church’s identity and the suffrage cause.