cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Establishment and characterization of a squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in tissue culture and immunologic evaluation of the host.

Abstract A continual epithelial cell culture has been established from a squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva metastatic to the right inguinal lymph node. Initial characterization of the cell line (designated LT2), including morphology, growth properties, karyotyping, and secretion of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG-β) is reported. The LT2 cell line satisfies the following criteria of malignancy: (1) establishment in culture for more than one and one-half years exceeding more than 70 generations; (2) heteroploid karyotype; (3) abnormal cytology; (4) growth in soft agar suspension; and (5) tumorigenicity in nude mice. This cell line has also been found to be free from contamination by fibroblasts, mycoplasma, bacteria, and fungi. With the LT2 cell line, the specific tumor-host immunorelationship was assayed by autologous (host lymphocyte versus LT2 cells) cytotoxicity and lymphoblast transformation in the presence of tumor extracts or mitomycin C-treated LT2 cells. In vivo patient immunocompetence was evaluated specifically by skin testing with autologous tumor extracts and nonspecifically with bacterial recall skin test antigens and dinitrochlorobenzene. In vitro nonspecific immunocompetence was evaluated by total peripheral white blood cell and lymphocyte counts, T cell, active T cell and B cell determinations, lymphocyte response to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin, and spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity versus cultured bronchogenic carcinoma cells. Correlation of immunocompetence and the status of the tumor-host relationship with the patient's clinical course, and the potential significance of LT2 CEA and HCG-β production are discussed. The patient's response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy is evaluated.
A study of the effects of self-regulation on the global properties of disk galaxies

Supernova explosions, and winds and energetic photon fluxes from young star clusters drive outflows and supersonic turbulence in the interstellar medium in galaxy disks, and provide broad spectrum heat­ ing which generates a wide range of thermal phases in the gas. Star formation, the source of the energy inputs, is itself regulated by heating and phase exchanges in the gas. However, thermohydrodynamic self-regulation cannot be a strictly local process in the interstellar gas, since galaxy disks also have a nearly universal structure on large scales. We propose that turbulent heating, wave pressure and gas exchanges between different regions of disks play a dominant role in determining the preferred, quasi-equilibrium. self-similar states of gas disks on large-scales. In this paper we present simple families of analytic, thermohydrodynamic models for these global states, which include terms for turbulent pressure and Reynolds stresses. In these model disks star formation rates, phase balances, and hydrodynamic forces are all tightly coupled and balanced. The models have stratified radial flows, with the cold gas slowly flowing inward in the midplane of the disk, and with the warm/hot phases that surround the midplane flowing outward. The models suggest a number of results that are in accord with observation, as well as some novel predictions, including the following. 1) The large-scale gas density and thermal phase distributions in lDr. Struck wrote the bulk of the text for this publication. 2 Dr. Struck and I jointly developed this analytic model. I experimented with different forms of the equations of motion and equation of state to include turbulent viscosity and found the solutions to the model.
Stark conjectures for CM curves over number fields

We present an elliptic curve analog of the Stark conjecture for the value of the $L$-function at $s=0$. Although implied by the general Beilinson conjectures, the approach here is very concrete. Several cases are proved.
3 Genetics, Biosynthesis, and Regulation of Aflatoxins and other Aspergillus flavus Secondary Metabolites

Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most potent natural carcinogens known. AFs and their precursor sterigmatocystin (ST) are produced by Aspergillus ascomycete fungi. These polyketide-derived mycotoxins are found in contaminated food and feed, and are harmful to human and animals when ingested, causing aflatoxicosis and liver cancer. Recent genome-sequencing projects and advanced molecular techniques have increased our understanding of AF and ST genetics, production, and regulation. In this review, we discuss these recent updates.
Electrochemical detection of localized mixing produced by ultrasonic flexural waves

Localized fluid mixing caused by both standing and traveling flexural waves in 4 mu m thick membranes of low-stress silicon nitride, aluminum, and piezoelectric zinc oxide has been observed. Initial work on quantifying the mixing action using a ferri-ferrocyanide electrochemical cell is presented. One electrode is fabricated directly on the membrane; the cell current, limited by diffusion, increases from the enhanced ion transport due to the mixing. For a cell bias of 0.5 V, an increase in the limiting current from 4.2 mA without mixing to 6.6 mA with standing waves driven by 10 V at 5.0 MHz was observed. This is roughly equivalent to a rotating disk electrode spinning at 140 rpm. Possible applications include increasing the speed of amperometric sensors and as components in integrated microflow systems. >
Reforesting “Bare Hills” in Vietnam: Social and Environmental Consequences of the 5 Million Hectare Reforestation Program

In recent years, forestry has been strongly promoted by the government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam through large-scale projects to rehabilitate and reforest millions of hectares of land. One project to reforest 5 million hectares has received hundreds of millions of US dollars for implementation. Yet based on a case study in one area of northern Vietnam, this project appears to have had a number of unforeseen consequences. Large areas of land classified as "bare hills" have been targeted for reforestation, despite the fact that these lands already harbor a number of species that were used by local communities. The bare hills were especially economically important to poor households and to women who collected a variety of nontimber forest products there. Because the reforestation project focused most efforts on establishing new plantations rather than supporting natural regeneration, diverse sources of non-timber forest products were being replaced with monocrop exotic tree plantations. A strong inequity in the allocation of private lands for reforestation has characterized the regreening projects to date, and this may have continuing unwelcome social, environmental, and economic impacts into the future, particularly for the poor.
Immunity to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains represent the most frequent etiological agent of travelers diarrhea. Challenge studies with several of these strains were undertaken in volunteers to evaluate the mechanisms of disease-induced immunity. Seventeen students and other community volunteers were given 106 or 108 organisms of E. coli B7A (O148:H28), which produces heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins. Ten individuals developed diarrheal illness closely resembling natural travelers diarrhea; of these ten, rises in titer of serum antitoxin and anti-O antibody occurred in eight (80%). Eight of the volunteers who developed diarrhea in the first test agreed to undergo rechallenge 9 weeks later with 108 B7A organisms. Only one of these eight “veterans” developed diarrhea versus seven of twelve controls given the same challenge (P = 0.05). Despite clinical protection, all “veterans” excreted B7A after rechallenge. Four controls who developed diarrhea during the homologous B7A rechallenge test were rechallenged 9 weeks later with 109 organisms of E. coli strain E2528-C1 (O25:H-), which produces only heat-labile enterotoxin and possesses a different O, H, and pili antigen composition than B7A. Three of four “veterans” and two of six controls developed comparable diarrhea. These studies demonstrate that prior disease due to enterotoxigenic E. coli confers homologous immunity against subsequent challenge, and the operative mechanism apparently is not bactericidal and is not mediated by serum anti-O antibodies. Heterologous protection was not conferred where the only common antigen was heat-labile enterotoxin, indicating that serum infection-derived antitoxin to heat-labile enterotoxin also is not protective.
Surface vs. solution hybridization: effects of salt, temperature, and probe type

Hybridization thermodynamics on solid supports are compared with those in solution for two types of hybridization probe, DNA and uncharged morpholino oligonucleotides of identical sequences. Trends in hybridization affinity are discussed with respect to ionic strength, temperature, and surface behavior.
Deconstructing "Difference" and the Difference This Makes to Education

The tension between sameness and diversity has been an ongoing feature of modern educational theory and practice, especially in the United States. We seem fundamentally torn between, on the one hand, a desire to use education to make people more alike (whether this is in regards to a “melting pot” of citizenship values and beliefs; the essential texts of “cultural literacy”; the factual knowledge and skills that can be measured by standardized tests; or the establishment of uniform national standards across the curriculum) and, on the other hand, a desire to serve the different learning styles and needs, the different cultural orientations, and the different aspirations toward work and living represented by the diverse population of students in public schools.
An integrated information system for quality management

The current information system use in quality management and ISO 9000 certification process is typically utilized in administration and documentation. The existing software do not satisfy the technical information needs for ISO 9000. There is a need for tools that can help management to decide on technical aspects such as proper corrective and preventive actions or design verification and validation activities. This paper analyzes the information requirements of ISO 9000 standards and identifies the areas where a decision support system can be used. Further, it proposes a conceptual framework for company‐wide information management, while it explains the modular approach to the system development by introducing and empirically testing the prototype model for a corrective and preventive actions module. The proposed system will provide the conceptual structure for a quality assurance information system within organizations.
Identifying drinking water and water treatment systems vulnerabilities using the CARVER matrix method

Originally designed for target analysis, CARVER is an acronym for the vulnerability assessment elements of criticality, accessibility, recuperability, vulnerability, effect and recognisability. Every category is assessed for each component or subcomponent of a designated target. Scoring can be based on any scale but typically ranges from the lowest significance of 1, to the highest significance score of 10. Employing the CARVER method for use as a risk prevention tool is an economical and effective method of analysis. The water sector can benefit from the analysis which CARVER provides due to waters importance as a resource and CARVER's ability to provide insight on potential threats. While analysing three individual targets, it is possible to discover the broad scale use of the CARVER method. In addition, by using the CARVER method as a risk prevention tool, it provides a basis for continuing to develop methods to better the prevention of national security.
California sea lion pups play an active role in reunions with their mothers

Etude, chez Zalophus californianus, de la reponse des jeunes a l'appel des meres lors des reunions et du role des jeunes et de la mere pendant ces reunions
Seismology: dynamic triggering of earthquakes.

The Landers earthquake of 1992 triggered a series of earthquakes in other parts of California, focusing attention on the mechanism of remote triggering. Laboratory experiments on granular material under pressure suggest that triggering is a result of seismic waves impinging on a fault and inducing elastic nonlinear behaviour of the fault core, accompanied by instantaneous weakening and failure. The resulting ‘softening-to-weakening’ model fits in well with field observations of real earthquakes. After an earthquake, numerous smaller shocks are triggered over distances comparable to the dimensions of the mainshock fault rupture, although they are rare at larger distances. Here we analyse the scaling of dynamic deformations (the stresses and strains associated with seismic waves) with distance from, and magnitude of, their triggering earthquake, and show that they can cause further earthquakes at any distance if their amplitude exceeds several microstrain, regardless of their frequency content. These triggering requirements are remarkably similar to those measured in the laboratory for inducing dynamic elastic nonlinear behaviour, which suggests that the underlying physics is similar1,2.
Full- and pilot-scale GAC adsorption of organic micropollutants

Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption of 30 environmentally relevant micropollutants (MP) from four surface waters was investigated at the pilot-scale with empty bed contact times (EBCTs) of 7 and 15 min. An increase in background dissolved organic matter resulted in more and earlier MP breakthrough. Compared to an EBCT of 7 min, MP breakthrough at an EBCT of 15 min demonstrated 52% later breakthrough on average for five MPs on a throughput basis. A regression model was developed with data from three waters to predict MP throughput in bed volumes to 10% breakthrough (BV10%) based on the influent dissolved organic carbon concentration and the MP pH-dependent octanol-water partition coefficient, polarizability, and molecular volume. The regression model over predicted full-scale BV10% values when applied to a wastewater-water impacted water source and to GAC with a larger particle diameter, for which a particle size adjustment was able to account for most of the difference.
Theory and optimization of lens ducts

Lens ducts are simple optical devices that have found application in the coupling of pump radiation from extended two-dimensional semiconductor laser diode arrays into solid-state laser gain media. The operation of these devices relies on the combined effects of lensing at their curved input surface and channeling by total internal reflection off their canted planar sides, to contain and couple semiconductor diode laser light efficiently to the input face of a solid-state laser crystal or glass. The lens duct provides a robust method for amplifying the irradiance of laser diode array pump sources and has made possible a scalable diode end-pumping architecture that offers the opportunity to expand significantly the number of ions and transitions that can be practically engaged in diode-pumped solid-state laser systems. An analytic model that describes the transfer efficiency of lens ducts and aids in the optimization of their design is presented.
Promoting advance directives among African Americans: a faith-based model.

Background: Studies show that African Americans are less likely than other ethnic groups to complete advance directives. However, what influences African Americans' decisions to complete or not com...
Stability and mix in spherical geometry.

We consider a spherical system composed of {ital N} concentric fluid shells having perturbations of amplitude {eta}{sub {ital i}} at interface {ital i}, {ital i}=1,2,...,{ital N}{minus}1. For arbitrary implosion-explosion histories {ital R}{sub {ital i}}({ital t}), we present the set of {ital N}{minus}1 second-order differential equations describing the time evolution of the {eta}{sub {ital i}} which are coupled to the two adjacent {eta}{sub {ital i}{plus minus}1}. We report analytical solutions for the {ital N}=2 and {ital N}=3 cases. We also present a model to describe the evolution of a turbulent mixing layer in spherical geometry when the interface between two fluids undergoes a constant acceleration or a shock.
Brief visual experience induces immediate early gene expression in the cat visual cortex.

Abstract Brief visual experience causes rapid physiological changes in the visual cortex during early postnatal development. A possible mediator of these effects is the immediate early genes whose protein products are involved in the rapid response of neurons to transsynaptic stimulation. Here we report evidence that the levels of immediate early gene mRNAs in the visual cortex can be altered by manipulating the visual environment. Specifically, we find that brief (1 h) visual experience in dark-reared cats causes dramatic transient inductions of egr1, c-fos, and junB mRNAs in the visual cortex but not in the frontal cortex. Levels of c-jun and c-myc mRNAs are unaffected. These results suggest that select combinatorial interactions of immediate early gene proteins are an important step in the cascade of events through which visually elicited activity controls visual cortical development.
Determination of metal atoms incorporated in molecular intermediates: an STM study of acetylide on Ag(1 1 0)

Many inorganic molecular intermediates, such as imide, nitrate, and sulfite, incorporate a stoichiometric number of added metal atoms into their structures on Ag(1 1 0) or Cu(1 1 0). In this paper an example of such general behavior is illustrated with an organic molecular intermediate––acetylide (C2) on Ag(1 1 0). Acetylide is produced by reacting acetylene with oxygen atoms on the Ag(1 1 0)-p(2 × 1)-O surface. Acetylides form row structures along the 〈11¯0〉 axis, which, as coverage increases, are compressed along the 〈0 0 1〉 axis to form nominal “p(2 × 2)”, “p(2 × 3)”, “p(2 × 1)”, and “p(14 × 1)” structures. The final acetylide structure incorporates 0.55 ML silver atoms, which may be released upon titration with acetic acid. A buckled structure is proposed where acetylide bonds to two added silver atoms in a linear configuration in the trough along the 〈11¯0〉 axis with seven equally spaced silver atoms in a p(13 × 1) unit cell.
Structural elements of the ubiquitin-independent proteasome degron of ornithine decarboxylase

Mouse ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) is quickly degraded by the 26S proteasome in mammalian and fungal cells. Its degradation is independent of ubiquitin but requires a degradation signal composed of residues 425-461 at the ODC C-terminus, cODC (the last 37 amino acids of the ODC C-terminus). Mutational analysis of cODC revealed the presence of two essential elements in the degradation signal. The first consists of cysteine and alanine at residues 441 and 442 respectively. The second element is the C-terminus distal to residue 442; it has little or no sequence specificity, but is intolerant of insertions or deletions that alter its span. Reducing conditions, which preclude all well-characterized chemical reactions of the Cys(441) thiol, are essential for in vitro degradation. These experiments imply that the degradative function of Cys(441) does not involve its participation in chemical reaction; it, instead, functions within a structural element for recognition by the 26S proteasome.
Quantitation of protein-protein interactions by thermal stability shift analysis.

Thermal stability shift analysis is a powerful method for examining binding interactions in proteins. We demonstrate that under certain circumstances, protein–protein interactions can be quantitated by monitoring shifts in thermal stability using thermodynamic models and data analysis methods presented in this work. This method relies on the determination of protein stabilities from thermal unfolding experiments using fluorescent dyes such as SYPRO Orange that report on protein denaturation. Data collection is rapid and straightforward using readily available real-time polymerase chain reaction instrumentation. We present an approach for the analysis of the unfolding transitions corresponding to each partner to extract the affinity of the interaction between the proteins. This method does not require the construction of a titration series that brackets the dissociation constant. In thermal shift experiments, protein stability data are obtained at different temperatures according to the affinity- and concentration-dependent shifts in unfolding transition midpoints. Treatment of the temperature dependence of affinity is, therefore, intrinsic to this method and is developed in this study. We used the interaction between maltose-binding protein (MBP) and a thermostable synthetic ankyrin repeat protein (Off7) as an experimental test case because their unfolding transitions overlap minimally. We found that MBP is significantly stabilized by Off7. High experimental throughput is enabled by sample parallelization, and the ability to extract quantitative binding information at a single partner concentration. In a single experiment, we were able to quantify the affinities of a series of alanine mutants, covering a wide range of affinities (∼ 100 nM to ∼ 100 μM).
THE NATURE, UNITY AND VALUE OF GEOGRAPHY

Geography is hurt by a widespread misunderstanding of its nature and accomplishments. The purpose here is to show how the seeming great diversity of geographic study is unified by a common concern with the meaning of place and the organization of space. Geography can be proud of its increasing contribution to knowledge and to society, but it must constantly guard the quality of its work.
Nest-Site Selection and Nest Survival of Early Successional Birds in Central Pennsylvania

Abstract We studied nest-site selection and nest survival of early successional birds at the Barrens Grouse Habitat Management Area in central Pennsylvania in 2006 and 2007. We compared vegetation at nests to that at sites 30 m distant to examine microhabitat characteristics related to nest-site selection and which characteristics were associated with nest survival. Daily nest survival probability was 0.968 ± 0.006 (SE) for Chestnut-sided Warblers (Dendroica pensylvanica), 0.935 ± 0.014 for Field Sparrows (Spizella pusilla), 0.955 ± 0.011 for Indigo Buntings (Passerina cyanea), and 0.960 ± 0.005 for all species combined. Nest-site selection was best characterized by high woody stem density for Chestnut-sided Warblers, Indigo Buntings, and all species combined. Nest survival increased with woody stem density, indicating that nest-site preferences may be adaptive. Ground cover best predicted nest placement for Field Sparrows but no measured variable affected nest survival for this species. We suggest that s...
Catastrophe Optics Method to Determine the Micro-Nano Size Profiles at TPL of Liquid Films on a Solid Surface

As discovered by recent studies, what directly affects the wetting and spreading is curvature in micro-region rather than the macroscopic contact angle. Measuring the profile of the micro-region becomes an important research topic. Recently, catastrophe optics has been applied to this kind of measurements. Optical catastrophe occurring in far field of waves of liquid-refracted laser beam implies a wealth of information about the liquid spreading not only for liquid drops but also for films. When a parallel laser beam passes through a liquid film on a slide glass at three-phase-line (TPL), very interesting optical image patterns occur on a screen far from the film. An analysis based on catastrophe optics discloses and interprets the formation of these optical image patterns. The analysis reveals that the caustic line manifested as the bright-thick line on the screen implies the lowest hierarchy of optical catastrophes, called fold caustic. This optical catastrophe is produced by the inflexion line on liquid surface at the liquid foot, which is formed not only in the spreading of drops but also in spreading of films. The generalized catastrophe optics method enables to identify the edge profiles and determine the edge foot height of liquid films. Keywords: Crossover region, Inflexion line, liquid edge foot, Catastrophe optics, Caustic and diffraction
A Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism May Influence Phenotype in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis

S U N D A Y 474 Key Function of Cadherin-Like 26 in Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders Julie M. Caldwell, PhD, Margaret Collins, MD, Carine Blanchard, PhD, Emily Stucke, BA, Katherine Kemme, BS, Lissa Amin, BA, Philip Putnam,MD, James Franciosi, MD, Juan Pablo Pablo Abonia, MD, Marc E. Rothenberg, MD, PhD, FAAAAI; Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, Cincinnati Childrens’ Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, Cincinnati Children Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Orlando, FL. RATIONALE: Cadherin-like 26 (CDH26) is markedly overexpressed in the affected tissue of eosinophilic gastritis (EG) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) patients. We aimed to understand the expression pattern and function of CDH26 in eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders. METHODS: Characterization of CDH26 expression patterns was undertaken through RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis. Protein interactions were examined using transient transfection and immunoprecipitation analysis. CDH26 function in mediating calciumdependent cell aggregation was tested. The impact of CDH26 on eosinophil transmigration through 293T cells was investigated. RESULTS: CDH26 was highly expressed in the gastric and esophageal epithelium of patients with EG or EoE, respectively. This molecule exhibited homotypic interaction and additionally interacted with betacatenin, alpha-catenin, and delta-catenin (p120) when expressed ectopically in 293T cells. Furthermore, cells expressing high levels of CDH26 exhibited calcium-dependent aggregation. Interestingly, CDH26 protein expression was observed in human peripheral blood eosinophils, and eosinophil transmigration through 293T cells overexpressing CDH26 was enhanced compared to transmigration through control cells. CONCLUSIONS: CDH26 interacts with catenin proteins, which link cadherin molecules to the actin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, CDH26 exhibits homotypic interaction and promotes calcium-dependent cell aggregation, consistent with a function in cell adhesion. A greater number of eosinophils migrated to eotaxin through CDH26-overexpressing cells compared to control cells. SinceCDH26 protein expressionwas detected in eosinophils, engagement between CDH26 molecules on epithelial cells and eosinophils may impact cell signaling and localization. As such, we propose that CDH26 is a major cadherin expressed in allergic GI tissue and may have a key role in various aspects of disease pathogenesis and diagnosis.
Laser-induced damage of fused silica at 355 nm initiated at scratches

Scratches of measured width were produced on the surface of a IV grade fused silica window using a diamond tip. Two scratch morphologies were observed: plastic and brittle. The scratches were irradiated with a 355 nm laser pulse. The laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the unscratched output surface was 15 J/cm 2 at 3-ns. The LIDT of the scratched surface as a function of scratch width was then measured for both input and output surface scratches. Input surface scratches of width smaller than 10 micrometers did not influence the LIDT of the silica window. On the output surface, 7 $mUm wide scratches lowered the LIDT by a factor of two. For larger scratches, the LIDT reached an asymptotic value of 5 J/cm 2 on both input and output surface. Possible reasons for this LIDT drop could be electric field enhancement in the cracks below the scratch, the presence of contamination particles in the scratch, or the weakening of the material because of existing mechanical flaws.
Luminescence, optical absorption and electron spin resonance of an X-irradiated poly(ester urethane)

Abstract X-ray-induced damage in Estane® 5703, a segmented poly(ester urethane) copolymer, has been investigated by thermally stimulated luminescence, radioluminescence, optical absorption and electron spin resonance techniques over a wide temperature range. Some glow curve features correlate with molecular motion of the polymer, as determined by viscoelastic measurements, indicating charge detrapping via thermal destruction of cavity traps. Spectral emission consists of four Lorentzian bands with maxima at 2.38, 2.55, 2.74 and 2.93 eV, which are attributed to triplet-to-singlet (π, π∗) electronic transitions of the phenyl group in the polymer hard segment. Absorption peaks at 3.97, 4.29 and 4.46 eV are also assigned to (π, π∗) transitions of the phenyl group. Several radicals with overlapping resonances are induced at low temperature, which, with increasing temperature, evolve into the relatively stable peroxy radical at room temperature.
Model-driven optimization using adaptive probes

In several applications such as databases, planning, and sensor networks, parameters such as selectivity, load, or sensed values are known only with some associated uncertainty. The performance of such a system (as captured by some objective function over the parameters) is significantly improved if some of these parameters can be probed or observed. In a resource constrained situation, deciding which parameters to observe in order to optimize system performance itself becomes an interesting and important optimization problem. This problem is the focus of this paper. Unfortunately designing optimal observation schemes is NP-HARD even for the simplest objective functions, leading to the study of approximation algorithms.In this paper we present general techniques for designing non-adaptive probing algorithms which are at most a constant factor worse than optimal adaptive probing schemes. Interestingly, this shows that for several problems of interest, while probing yields significant improvement in the objective function, being adaptive about the probing is not beneficial beyond constant factors.
Prognostic factors in T3b renal cell carcinoma

Objectives We reviewed our patients with pathologic T3b renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to determine which factors influenced survival in this high risk patient group.
Research Dissemination and Diffusion: Translation Within Science and Society

In moving health and social service programs from planning into action, it is essential to understand the extent to which the knowledge gained from research should influence the actions taken by or...
Giving the Ontological Argument Its Due

In this paper, I shall present and defend an ontological argument for the existence of God. The argument has two premises: (1) possibly, God exists, and (2) necessary existence is a perfection. I then defend, at length, arguments for both of these premises. Finally, I shall address common objections to ontological arguments, such as the Kantian slogan (‘existence is not a real predicate’), and Gaunilo-style parodies, and argue that they do not succeed. I conclude that there is at least one extant ontological argument that is plausibly sound.
Rock magnetic characteristics of surficial marine sediments from the California continental borderland

Abstract The rock magnetic variability of surficial marine sediments from the California continental borderland adjacent to southern California is described. The data were derived from measurement of the natural (NRM), anhysteretic (ARM), and isothermal (IRM) remanent magnetization and magnetic susceptibility of 385 samples from 230 ☐ cores. Magnetic mineralogy studies carried out on selected samples indicate that detrital magnetite predominates throughout the borderland, but there are also locally important contributions from detrital and authigenic hematite, altered glauconite, and biogenic magnetite. Maps of the distributions of various rock magnetic parameters show that: (1) the proportion of magnetic material decreases outward from the coastline through dilution by organic material and carbonate, (2) the magnetic grain size distribution shifts to finer average grain size outward from the coastline, (3) important local contributions to the sediment magnetic material can come from erosion of submerged bank tops or ridges, (4) glauconite-rich zones on bank tops can be altered to remanent magnetic material that is anomalously strong in intensity and coercivity, and (5) that diagenetic processes occur ubiquitously within the deep basins causing large scale dissolution of the magnetic material. Comparisons of ARM, χ , and SIRM (saturation IRM) indicate that ARMχ is very sensitive to grain-size changes and that both the quantity (ARM 2 + χ 2 ) 0.5 and SIRM are good indicators of volume of remanent magnetic material in the borderland.
Boron trifluoride catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of epoxidized soybean oil in liquid carbon dioxide

Ring-opening polymerization of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) catalyzed by boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF3·OEt2), in liquid carbon dioxide, was conducted in an effort to develop useful biobased biodegradable polymers. The resulting polymers (RPESO) were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, solid state 13C NMR spectroscopies and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results indicated that ring-opening polymerization of ESO occurred at mild conditions, such as at room temperature, and a subcritical CO2 pressure of 65.5 bar. The formed RPESO materials were highly crosslinked polymers. The glass transition temperatures of these polymers ranged from −11.9 °C to −24.1 °C. TGA results showed that the RPESO polymers were thermally stable at temperatures lower than 200 °C and significant decomposition mainly occurred above 340 °C.
The role of social and dispositional variables associated with emotional processing in adjustment to breast cancer: an internet-based study

Cognitive and emotional processing is seen as critical to successful adjustment to traumatic experiences, such as breast cancer. Cognitive and emotional processing can be facilitated by dispositional and social environmental factors. Emotional intelligence is a dispositional characteristic defined as the ability to understand, accurately perceive, express, and regulate emotions (J. D. Mayer & P. Salovey. 1997). This study investigated psychological adjustment as a function of emotional intelligence, social support, and social constraints in 210 patients recruited via postings to Internet-based breast cancer support groups. Regression analyses indicated high social constraints and low emotional intelligence were associated with greater distress. Evidence suggested high emotional intelligence could buffer against the negative impact of a toxic social environment. Results support a social-cognitive processing model of adaptation to traumatic events and suggest consideration of emotional intelligence may broaden this model.
Cyclic ADP-ribose, the ryanodine receptor and Ca2+ release

In a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate tissues the ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ channel is the pathway for Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. The mechanism for activation of the ryanodine receptor-channel complex appears to depend both on the ryanodine receptor isoform and the cell type. In addition, a complex combination of endogenous intracellular compounds regulates channel gating. In this article, Rebecca Sitsapesan, Stephen McGarry and Alan Williams review the mechanisms involved in cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR)-induced Ca2+ release and discuss the likelihood that cADPR-activated Ca2+ release is mediated by one of the recognized isoforms of the ryanodine receptor-Ca2+ channel complex.
Categories and Similarities: A Note on Circularity

Theories of metaphor comprehension that rely on category assignment based on common characteristics (Keysar & Glucksberg, 1992), a comparison between characteristics or relationships of source and target (Chiappe & Kennedy, 2001), or a mapping of characteristics or relationships from source to target (Gentner & Bowdle, 2001) are inherently circular, since these comparisons, mappings, or categories usually make sense only after the underlying metaphor has already been understood. This inherent circularity is avoided by approaches such as conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) and conceptual blending theory (Fauconnier & Turner, 1998) that seek to explain metaphors in terms of underlying cognitive concepts or schemas.
A connection between Strassen's and Donsker-Varadhan's laws of the iterated logarithm

A connection is given between various functional laws of the iterated logarithm for Brownian motion due to Donsker and Varadhan, Csaki, Chung, Strassen, and the author.
Place learning in virtual space. III: Investigation of spatial navigation training procedures and their application to fMRI and clinical neuropsychology.

This paper describes the utilization of a desktop virtual environment task, the Computer-Generated (C-G) Arena, in the study of human spatial navigation. First, four experiments examined the efficacy of various training procedures in the C-G Arena. In Experiment 1, participants efficiently located a hidden target after only observing the virtual environment from a fixed position (placement learning). In Experiment 2, participants efficiently located a hidden target after only observing an experimenter search the virtual environment (observational learning). In Experiment 3, participants failed to display alatent learning effect in the virtual environment. In Experiment 4, all training procedures effectively taught participants the layout of the virtual environment, but the observational learning procedure most effectivelytaught participants the location of a hidden target within the environment. Finally, two experiments demonstrated the application of C-G Arena procedures to neuroimaging (Experiment 5) and neuropsychological (Experiment 6) investigations of human spatial navigation.
Transcriptional targets of Foxd3 in murine ES cells

Understanding gene regulatory networks controlling properties of pluripotent stem cells will facilitate development of stem cell-based therapies. The transcription factor Foxd3 is critical for maintenance of self-renewal, survival, and pluripotency in murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Using a conditional deletion of Foxd3 followed by gene expression analyses, we demonstrate that genes required for several developmental processes including embryonic organ development, epithelium development, and epithelial differentiation were misregulated in the absence of Foxd3. Additionally, we identified 6 novel targets of Foxd3 (Sox4, Safb, Sox15, Fosb, Pmaip1 and Smarcd3). Finally, we present data suggesting that Foxd3 functions upstream of genes required for skeletal muscle development. Together, this work provides further evidence that Foxd3 is a critical regulator of murine development through the regulation of lineage specific differentiation.
Intravenous tramadol: effects, nociceptive properties, and pharmacokinetics in horses.

Abstract Objective To determine the optimal dose, serum concentrations and analgesic effects of intravenous (IV) tramadol in the horse. Study design Two-phase blinded, randomized, prospective crossover trial. Animals Seven horses (median age 22.5 years and mean weight 565 kg). Methods Horses were treated every 20 minutes with incremental doses of tramadol HCl (0.1–1.6 mg kg−1) or with saline. Heart rate, respiratory rate, step frequency, head height, and sweating, trembling, borborygmus and head nodding scores were recorded before and up to 6 hours after treatment. In a second study, hoof withdrawal and skin twitch reflex latencies (HWRL and STRL) to a thermal stimulus were determined 5 and 30 minutes, and 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after bolus IV tramadol (2.0 mg kg−1) or vehicle. Blood samples were taken to determine pharmacokinetics. Results Compared to saline, tramadol caused no change in heart rate, step frequency or sweating score. Respiratory rate, head height, and head nodding and trembling scores were transiently but significantly increased and borborygmus score was decreased by high doses of tramadol. Following cumulative IV administration of 3.1 mg kg−1 and bolus IV administration of 2 mg kg−1, the elimination half-life of tramadol was 1.91 ± 0.33 and 2.1 ± 0.9 hours, respectively. Baseline HWRL and STRL were 4.16 ± 1.0 and 3.06 ± 0.99 seconds, respectively, and were not significantly prolonged by tramadol. Conclusion and clinical relevance IV tramadol at cumulative doses of up to 3.1 mg kg−1 produced minimal transient side effects but 2.0 mg kg−1 did not provide analgesia, as determined by response to a thermal nociceptive stimulus.
Slow Compressive Strength of Amalgam

An investigation of the compressive strength of amalgam at various loading rates revealed that the strengths of several commercial amalgams loaded at 0.001 inch/ minute were correlated (r = 0.931) to their respective dynamic creep values.
The Influence of Between-Dimension Correlation, Misfit, and Test Length on Multidimensional Rasch Model Information-Based Fit Index Accuracy

Most research on confirmatory factor analysis using information-based fit indices (Akaike information criterion [AIC], Bayesian information criteria [BIC], bias-corrected AIC [AICc], and consistent...
Models for cellular interactions in development without polarity of individual cells II. Problems of synchronization and regulation

The notion of polarity is often used in developmental biology for the explanation of various phenomena. Some authors have considered that polarity is absolutely essential for certain kinds of phenomena to appear. In this paper, we identify polarity of an individual cell with its ability to distinguish in somo sense between its ‘ left’ and its ‘ right ’ side. It has been shown, using a developmental model originally due to Lindenmayer, that oven if we restrict ourselves to models in which individual cells have no polarity, the models remain general enough to realize any effective procedure. In other words, they have a universal computing ability. However, it has been conjectured that, in a linear array of cells, the individual cells must have polarity in order to exhibit certain kinds of regulatory behaviour, i.e. the regaining of certain global properties of the array after a significant external disturbance (for example, the breaking of the array into two disconnected arrays). We demonstrate that one suc...
Fast-neutron interaction with isotopic and elemental molybdenum

Results of elemental neutron-scattering measurements at incident energies of 4.5-10 MeV are presented. A comprehensive interpretation of the fast-neutron interaction with elemental and isotopic molybdenum at energies of ≤ 30 MeV is outlined. Spherical, vibrational and dispersive models are considered, including isospin, energy-dependent and mass effects. Existing dichotomies in the literature are alleviated. The models are vehicles for fundamental physical investigations and the provision of data for applied purposes.
Quintessential phase: A method of mitigating turbulence effects in interferometer measurements of precision motion

This paper describes a method of mitigating the effect of turbulence in interferometer measurements. In this paper, we will use the example of turbulence disturbing the interferometric estimate of the position of a moving stage, as a 1-D analog of wafer scanning stages used in chip making. The QP method uses a multi-segment detector to detect variations of the drift velocity of the air moving through the interferometer beam, and combines these with a turbulence model to create a set of auxiliary turbulence states. These states are then combined with the states of the moving electromechanical system to form a model of the moving stage in which the turbulence has been removed from the stage position estimate.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL MAGNETOSONIC TURBULENCE IN MULTI-ION AND DUSTY PLASMAS

Abstract Two-dimensional weak turbulence of magnetosonic waves, propagating perpendicular to an external magnetic field in multi-ion and dusty plasmas, is considered. Kolmogorov spectra of the turbulence in a long-wave region are obtained. They are determined by decay interactions of the magnetosonic mode with an additional wave mode existing in the low-frequency region in such plasmas.
CLEAVABLE DOUBLE-CHAIN SURFACTANT CO(III) COMPLEXES

Double-chain surfactant Co(III) complexes 1 and 2 have been cleaved in H2O by reduction with Na2S2O4 under mild conditions or by irradiation at 354 nm or with sunlight. In each case, cleavage derives from the reduction of substitutionally inert Co(III) to substitutionally labile Co(II).
ANNUAL REPORT RESOURCE COMMITMENT AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN AUSTRALASIA

: In April 1978 a mail questionnaire was administered to 1230 Australian and 215 New Zealand public companies to solicit annual report resource commitment and distribution patterns. Summarized responses indicate that Australian annual reports for year ended 1977 cost A$2.98 per copy on average to produce and mail, while New Zealand reports for the same period cost NZ$2.50. More than half of these costs is attributable to the printing component. Australian companies employed 99 manhours on average in the preparation and distribution of their reports, while New Zealand companies employed 130 manhours. Eighty percent of all reports distributed by Australian companies were sent to shareholders, while 70 percent of all reports distributed by New Zealand companies were sent to this group.
Impact of diet and smoking on risk of developing intestinal metaplasia of the stomach.

A cohort of Hawaii Japanese men was assembled for epidemiologic studies of heart disease and cancer. Diet and tobacco consumption data were obtained from 1965 to 1968 and from 1971 to 1975. Biopsies from sites at maximal, intermediate, and minimal risk of intestinal metaplasia were performed on 350 men. Metaplasia was found in 234 men. Gastric cancer was found in 9/234 with metaplasia (3.8%) and 1/116 men without metaplasia (0.89%). Nitrite-rich salty foods (e.g., cured meats) were directly related to metaplasia at both examinations. Vitamin C intake did not appear to have prevented the development of intestinal metaplasia. Smoking was directly related to the presence of metaplasia, but the association was weaker than was observed for cured meats. The strong association between nitrite-rich salty foods and metaplasia appears to be uniform from one study to another, as is the lack of a consistent relation between metaplasia and either smoking or vitamin C consumption. Heavy smokers were more likely to have metaplasia than were nonsmokers, but these associations were weaker than were those with cured meats.
Back to basics: Thunderstorms: Part 1

Cambridge University Press, 234pp. Simpson, J. E., Mansfield, D. A. and Milford, J. R. (1977) Inland penetration of sea-breeze fronts. Q. 3. R. M e t e d . SOC., 103, pp.47-76 Smith, K. (1976) The climates of coasts and inland water bodies. In: Chandler, I. J. and Gregory, S . (Eds.) 77z climate of the British Isles, Longman, pp. 248-263 Sumner, G. N. (1977) Sea breeze occurrence in hilly terrain. Wearher, 32, pp. 200-208 Van Delden, A. (1993) Observational evidence of the wave-like character of the sea breeze effect. Beicr. Phys. Atmosph., 66, pp. 63-72 White, I. D., Mottershead, D. N. and Harrison, S . J. (1992) Environmental systems. Chapman and Hall, 616pp.