cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Editorial: Prenatal Depressive Symptoms, Cortical Morphology, and Reward Sensitivity in Preschoolers.

Studies drawing on data from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO, https://www.gusto.sg) have provided unprecedented evidence for associations between prenatal maternal mental health symptoms and variations in offspring early brain structural and functional development.1 Wei et al.2 expand upon these studies by using data from GUSTO to test for both sex-specific effects of prenatal maternal depressive symptoms (pre-MDS) and to examine whether cortical development mediated the relationship between pre-MDS and child sensitivity to reward and punishment in preschoolers. The study found a fascinating sex-specific pattern. It showed that higher pre-MDS was associated with greater cortical surface area in boys and lower surface area in girls, specifically in areas of the prefrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, and superior parietal lobule. Regarding their hypothesized mediation model, their analysis found that superior parietal lobule surface area mediated the association between pre-MDS and sensitivity to reward in girls but not boys. In this editorial, I will discuss some of the implications, limitations, and future directions for this line of research.
A Handbook of Costume Drawing : A Guide to Drawing the Period Figure for Costume Design Students

Perfect for students of costume design and history, A Handbook of Costume Drawing illustrates and describes the dominant male and female costume silhouettes for major historical periods ranging from Egyptian dynasties through the 1960s. Important details, including head and footwear, hair styles, fashion accessories, shoulders, waist, hem, and neckline are provided to maximize the historical accuracy of each design and to help you fully recreate the look and feel of each period.
Multiscale modeling of functionalized interface effects on the effective elastic material properties of CNT–polyethylene nanocomposites

Abstract The effects of functionalization of the interface between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the polymer matrix on the macroscale elastic mechanical material properties have been investigated using a multiscale model. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations are used to investigate the influence of functionalization on the nanoscale load transfer ability of the interface between the CNT and the polymer matrix material in CNT–polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites. Graphene–polymer interface models with variable numbers of functional groups grafted between the graphene sheet and the polymer chains are adopted to represent the interface between the CNTs and the polymer matrix. Normal mode and sliding mode separations are performed using MD simulations in order to characterize the load transfer of the functionalized graphene–polymer interface in terms of force-separation responses. The influence of the functionalization density on the load transfer at the interface is studied parametrically. Two force field potentials, the consistent valence force field (CVFF) and adaptive intermolecular reactive empirical bond order (AIREBO) potential, are used to simulate the interactions between the atoms in the polymer matrix and the functional groups. An energy based bond breaking criteria is introduced into the CVFF potential such that both potentials allow for bond breaking. Comparison of the two potentials is conducted by comparing the MD simulation results where it is found that two potentials give different force-separation responses, but that in both cases, there is significant increase in load transfer capability and toughness of the interface with increasing degree of functionalization of the interface. With cohesive zone laws derived from MD results, a finite element implementation of the cohesive zone models is used to calculate the effective elastic mechanical properties of the CNT–PE nanocomposites in order to study the influence of functionalization at the nanoscale on their macroscale mechanical performance.
Cognitive and action-based aspects of developing decisions in parietal cortex

Neurons in many regions of the brain encode variables that provide information about the choice a decision-maker is about to make. For instance, during perceptual decisions, neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), the frontal eye fields, the superior colliculus, and the dorsolateral
UNCERTAINTY OF OUTCOME AND TELEVISION RATINGS FOR THE NHL AND MLS

Although there is mixed evidence of the role of uncertainty of outcome as it relates to attendance at stadiums, the limited evidence available for television ratings has shown that fans tend to prefer more uncertainty of outcome when it comes to watching live sports on television. Given the often substantially higher customer investments associated with live event attendance compared to television, fan preferences may differ across the two. This study examines Nielsen ratings for two previously unstudied sports in North America, the National Hockey League (NHL) and Major League Soccer (MLS). The uncertainty of outcome hypothesis is supported by the results in both samples using two separate measures of uncertainty of outcome. In addition, expected scoring is shown to positively impact television ratings in the NHL.
Foundations of Human-Computer Interaction in Management Information Systems, in HCI and MIS: Foundations

We begin this introduction to this first of two complementary volumes by providing a general context for both volumes and by giving a brief historical view of management information systems (MIS) scholars’ interest in human-computer interaction (HCI) research. We then integrate various HCI issues into an overarching framework that can encompass broad HCI concerns from multiple disciplines. After presenting the classification of HCI topics that guides our organization of the collection, we preview the papers collected in this volume, together with a variety of additional ideas, evidence, and insights. Topics in this volume include different disciplines’ perspectives on HCI; our evolving understanding of who users are; theoretical understanding of how to design systems to support humans; theories and models of the cognitive and behavioral aspects of information technology (IT) use; and fundamental understanding of the affective, aesthetic, value sensitive, and social aspects of HCI. Overall, this introduction brings together many literatures and highlights key points in the research’s evolution; it thus augments the collected papers to provide readers with a rich picture of HCI research’s foundations.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN DAIRY HOUSING

The purpose of this presentation is to propose that dairy producers begin monitoring select environmental characteristics in their dairy housing facilities to provide quantitative information about the performance of their facilities and its impact on the well-being of their dairy animals. Good management requires accurateperformance data to compare against performance standards to identify problem areas or areas for improvement. For good dairy producers to continue too improve upon their existing performance they need to establish environmental performance standards, begin monitoring, evaluate performance, and implement appropriate management changes when performance is not acceptable.
Variational integrators in linear optimal filtering

Discrete-time estimation and control techniques play a crucial role in digital control architectures. These methods rely on accurate approximations of continuous-time system behavior. For mechanical systems, this includes not only the system state, but also mechanical properties such as symplecticity or the long-term energy behavior. Additionally, we aim to preserve the Hamiltonian structure of optimally controlled or filtered systems. In this contribution, it is discussed how these requirements can be met when replacing the standard discretization schemes by variational integrators. We show that if one chooses a symplectic discretization scheme for a Kalman filtering problem, the discretization inherits the Hamiltonian structure of the continuous-time linear quadratic problem. Numerical experiments with this filter show better results than obtained with standard discretization.
Intrinsic Amygdala Functional Connectivity in Youth With Bipolar I Disorder.

Objective Bipolar disorder (BD) commonly begins during adolescence and may continue into adulthood. Studies in adults with BD suggest that disruptions in amygdalar neural circuitry explain the pathophysiology underlying the disorder. Importantly, however, amygdala subregion networks have not yet been examined in youth close to mania onset. The goal of this study was to compare resting state functional connectivity patterns in amygdala subregions in youth with bipolar I disorder with patterns in healthy controls. Method Centromedial, laterobasal, and superficial amygdala subdivisions were assessed during rest and examined in relation to clinical measures of mania in youth (14–20 years old) with bipolar I disorder who experienced only a single episode of mania (BD; n = 20) and age-matched healthy comparison youth without any personal or family history of DSM-IV Axis I disorders (HC; n = 23). Results Relative to HC youth, youth with BD exhibited decreased connectivity between the laterobasal subdivision of the amygdala and the hippocampus and precentral gyrus, and increased connectivity between the laterobasal subdivision and the precuneus. Connectivity between the right laterobasal amygdala and right hippocampus was positively correlated with levels of anxiety in BD but not in HC youth, and connectivity between the right laterobasal amygdala and right precuneus was negatively correlated with insight about bipolar illness. Conclusion Youth with BD have abnormal amygdala resting state network connections to regions that are critical for emotional processing and self-awareness. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these aberrant patterns in youth with BD can be altered with intervention and can influence the course of disorder.
Assessing eye orbits as predictors of Neandertal group size.

Objectives The objective is to investigate the hypothesis that Neandertal eye orbits can predict group size and social cognition as presented by Pearce et al. (Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 280 (2013) 20130168). Materials and Methods We performed a linear regression of known orbital aperture diameter (OAD), neocortex ratio, and group size among 18 extant diurnal primate species. Our data were derived from Kirk (J Hum Evol 51 (2006) 159–170) and Dunbar (J Hum Evol 22 (1992), 469–493; J Hum Evol 28 (1995) 287–296). Results There is a positive correlation between OAD and group size; a positive correlation between neocortex and group size; and a positive correlation between OAD and neocortex size. The strength of the collinearity between OAD and neocortex ratio accounts for any significance of OAD in a model. The model that best accounts for variation in group size is one that includes only neocortex ratio; including OAD does not strengthen the model. OAD accounts for 29 percent of the variation in group size. Discussion Larger orbits are correlated with larger group sizes in primates, although not significantly when controlling for neocortex ratio. Moreover, the amount of variation in group size that can be explained by OAD is negligible. The larger orbits of Neandertals compared to the average modern human population do not permit any interpretation of cognitive ability related to group size. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:680–683, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PHOTOSENSITIVITY OF RARE EARTH-DOPED GLASSES

Rare earth-doped glasses exhibit high initial photosensitivity but their response saturates at relatively modest values of (Delta) n (approximately 5 X 10 -7 ), which greatly limits their usefulness for device applications. In the context of our model, saturation results from either exhaustion of photosensitive rare earth sites, trap sites, or through competition between two photon creation and one photon bleaching processes. In this paper we report the results of new experiments designed to further elucidate the photosensitivity process with specific emphasis on the saturation mechanisms(s). Based on these new experimental results we present a refinement of our earlier model.
Real-Time Observations of Individual Macaque Sperm Undergoing Tight Binding and the Acrosome Reaction on the Zona Pellucida

Changes in binding affinity, acrosomal status, and motility of living sperm on the zona pellucida were for the first time in any mammalian species directly observed and analyzed with video microscopy. A single zona was air-dried and rehydrated on a microscope slide, and a coverslip supported by glass beads was added. Capacitated sperm were added together with Alexa-SBTI, a probe for acrosin that can detect the acrosome reaction. The heads of loosely attached sperm oscillated on the zona and the flagella beat symmetrically with a sigmoid-shaped waveform. Tight binding was observed after 16 sec as the sperm head became fixed in place on the zona. The shape of the flagellar beat simultaneously shifted to a more rigid, C-shaped waveform. The first signs of the acrosome reaction were detected within 11 sec of tight binding. Rapid flushing removed approximately 65% of sperm that were loosely attached but only 2% of those that were tightly bound. In the 2 min following the onset of tight binding, the lateral displacement of the flagellum increased by approximately 30% and the beat frequency decreased by 25%. Lignosulfonic acid (LSA) inhibited loose sperm attachment and the development of tight binding. LSA had no effect on the time of the acrosome reaction following tight binding or on changes in motility that followed tight binding. These data suggest that LSA affects the initial attachment or docking of sperm to the zona, a step that may align or recruit one or more specific zona receptors to be responsible for mediating the acrosome reaction.
Gamma Rays in Coincidence with K X Rays from the La, Ce, and Pr Fission Fragments of Cf 252

An experiment has been carried out to study the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from the fission fragments of ${\mathrm{Cf}}^{252}$. The $Z$ values of the fragments studied were determined by detecting their $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ x rays with a Si(Li) x-ray speectrometer. A single-channel analyzer was used to accept only pulses corresponding to the $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ x rays of the element under study. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays were detected with a Ge(Li) detector, and a time coincidence system was used to accept only the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray pulses that occurred within 0.175 \ensuremath{\mu}sec of the preselected x ray. Energy transitions in three fission elements, $\mathrm{La}(Z=57)$, $\mathrm{Ce}(Z=58)$, and $\mathrm{Pr}(Z=59)$, were observed in an energy range 125-300 keV. Eleven $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transitions were seen in La, fourteen in Ce, and four in Pr, although some of the weaker $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays attributed to La and Pr may belong to $\mathrm{Ba}(Z=56)$ and $\mathrm{Nd}(Z=60)$, respectively.
A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Therapeutic Workplace for Chronically Unemployed, Homeless, Alcohol-Dependent Adults

Aims: To assess the efficacy of the Therapeutic Workplace, a substance abuse intervention that promotes abstinence while simultaneously addressing the issues of poverty and lack of job skills, in promoting abstinence from alcohol among homeless alcoholics. Methods: Participants ( n = 124) were randomly assigned to conditions either requiring abstinence from alcohol to engage in paid job skills training (Contingent Paid Training group), offering paid job skills training with no abstinence contingencies (Paid Training group) or offering unpaid job skill training with no abstinence contingencies (Unpaid Training group). Results: Participants in the Contingent Paid Training group had significantly fewer positive (blood alcohol level ≥ 0.004 g/dl) breath samples than the Paid Training group in both randomly scheduled breath samples collected in the community and breath samples collected during monthly assessments. The breath sample results from the Unpaid Training group were similar in absolute terms to the Contingent Paid Training group, which may have been influenced by a lower breath sample collection rate in this group and fewer reported drinks per day consumed at intake. Conclusion: Overall, the results support the utility of the Therapeutic Workplace intervention to promote abstinence from alcohol among homeless alcoholics, and support paid training as a way of increasing engagement in training programs.
Anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-reducing properties of apolipoprotein mimetics: a review

Reduced levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) are a strong independent predictor of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. The major anti-atherogenic function of HDL is to mediate reverse cholesterol transport. This response is highly dependent on apoA-I and apoE, protein components of HDL. Randomized clinical trials have assessed effects of several classes of drugs on plasma cholesterol levels in CAD patients. Agents including cholestyramine, fibrates, niacin, and statins significantly lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and induce modest increases in HDL-C, but tolerance issues and undesirable side effects are common. Additionally, residual risk may be present in patients with persistently low HDL-C and other complications despite a reduction in LDL-C. These observations have fueled interest in the development of new pharmacotherapies that positively impact circulating lipoproteins. The goal of this review is to discuss the therapeutic potential of synthetic apolipoprotein mimetic peptides. These include apoA-I mimetic peptides that have undergone initial clinical assessment. We also discuss newer apoE mimetics that mediate the clearance of atherogenic lipids from the circulation and possess anti-inflammatory properties. One of these (AEM-28) has recently been given orphan drug status and is undergoing clinical trials.
Wavelet methods for combining CAD with enhancement of mammograms

Computer-aided diagnosis techniques have been proposed as second opinion providers in digital mammography. This paper considers a new method of presenting CAD output to the radiologist. Instead of superimposing detected pixels or arrows on the mammogram, we adaptively enhance the most suspicious regions according to the weight indicated by the test statistic at the detector output. In so doing, CAD false positives promise to be less obtrusive to the viewer, and lesions missed by CAD (false negatives) may still be detected by the radiologist. In our method the entire mammogram is enhanced to some (spatially varying) degree. Enhancement is realized by applying nonlinear operators to wavelet coefficients computed at multiple scales. We combine this technique with the results of our previous wavelets-based CAD algorithm for detecting microcalcifications.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Real-time analysis of volatiles formed during processing of a chemically amplified resist

The analysis of vapors desorbing from resist films during processing provides important information on impurity content, loss of resist components, and available decomposition pathways that complements data obtained by film composition studies. We have constructed an instrument for in-situ sampling and identification of volatiles from both bulk polymers and cast films by tandem mass spectrometry. We have used this instrument to identify volatile products from thermal and acid catalyzed deprotection of p-(t- butyloxycarbonyloxy)styrene (PTBOCST) to form p-hydroxystyrene (PHOST). The results show that the two reaction pathways have markedly different chemistry, and that the generally accepted deprotection mechanism oversimplifies what is actually happening in the film.
The role of specific and core dysfunctional beliefs in breast cancer radiotherapy patients' fatigue.

The goal of the study was to examine the relationships among fatigue catastrophizing, core dysfunctional beliefs, and fatigue in breast cancer radiotherapy patients. Seventy-eight patients participated in the study (mean age = 56.3, standard deviation = 10.5). Patients completed questionnaires on fatigue catastrophizing, core dysfunctional beliefs, and fatigue in their last week of radiotherapy. Using bootstrapping procedures to obtain estimates and confidence intervals for indirect effects, results showed that core beliefs (Need for Comfort and Demandingness for Fairness) had significant indirect effects on fatigue through fatigue catastrophizing, as indicated by the 95 percent confidence interval (.02–.19 for Need for Comfort; .01–.16 for Demandingness for Fairness).
Speech acts and recent linguistics

Until fairly recently it seemed possible to draw a boundary, however vague, between linguistics and the philosophy of language: linguistics dealt with the empirical facts of natural human languages; the philosophy of language dealt with the conceptual truths that underlie any possible language or system of communication. Within the terms of this distinction, the study of speech acts seemed to lie clearly on the side of the philosophy of language, and until the past few years most of the research on speech acts was done by philosophers and not by linguists. Lately, however, all this has changed. In the current period of expansion, linguists have simply moved into large territories where previously only philosophers worked, and the writings of such philosophers as Austin, Grice, and others have now been assimilated into the working tools of the contemporary linguist. The philosopher of language can only welcome this development, for the linguist brings to bear a knowledge of the facts of natural human languages, together with techniques of syntactical analysis which, at least in the past, have been absent from the purely philosophical writings on language. The collaboration between linguists and philosophers is especially fruitful in studying what to me is one of the most interesting questions in the study of language: how do structure and function interact? This question involves such questions as, for example, what is the relation between the various kinds of illocutionary acts and the syntactical forms in which they are realized in the various natural human languages?
Diacylglycerol kinase epsilon modulates rapid kindling epileptogenesis.

Summary: Purpose: Diacylglycerol kinase epsilon (DGKe) regulates seizure susceptibility and long-term potentiation through arachidonoyl-inositol lipid signaling. We studied the significance of arachidonoyl-diacylglycerol (20:4 DAG) in epileptogenesis in DGKe-deficient mice undergoing rapid kindling epileptogenesis. Methods: Tripolar electrode units were implanted in right dorsal hippocampi of male DGKe+/+ and DGKe−/− mice. Ten days after surgery, kindling was achieved by stimulating 6 times daily for 4 days with a subconvulsive electrical stimulation (10-s train of 50-Hz biphasic pulses, 75–200 μA amplitude) at 30-min intervals. After 1 week, mice were rekindled. EEGs were recorded and analyzed to characterize epileptogenic events as spikes, sharp waves, or abnormal amplitudes and rhythms. Right hippocampi were analyzed by histology [Timm's staining, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity], and for DNA fragmentation (TUNEL). Results: DGKe−/− mice had significantly fewer motor seizure and epileptic events compared with DGKe+/+ mice from the second day of stimulation. These differences were maintained during rekindling. DGKe−/− mice also exhibited low-amplitude spike–wave complexes, short spreading depression, and predominant lower-frequency (1–4 Hz) bands throughout stimulation, whereas DGKe+/+ mice exhibited increased high-frequency bands (4–8 Hz; 8–15 Hz) from the second day of stimulation, as determined by power spectral analysis. DGKe−/− mice displayed no sprouting in the supragranular area or NPY inmunoreactivity in the hilus and had weak astrocyte reactivation in all hippocampal areas. No TUNEL-positive cells were detected in any group of mice. Conclusions: DGKe modulates kindling epileptogenesis through inositol lipid signaling. Because arachidonate-containing diacylglycerol phosphorylation to phosphatidic acid is selectively blocked in DGKe−/− mice, we postulate that the shortage of arachidonoyl-moiety inositol lipids and/or the messengers derived thereof is a key signaling event in epileptogenesis.
Free energies of protein–protein association determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry correlate accurately with values obtained by solution methods

The advantages of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) to measure relative solution-phase affinities of tightly bound protein–protein complexes are demonstrated with selected variants of the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens protein barstar (b*) and the RNAase barnase (bn), which form protein–protein complexes with a range of picomolar to nanomolar dissociation constants. A novel chemical annealing procedure rapidly establishes equilibrium in solutions containing competing b* variants with limiting bn. The relative ion abundances of the complexes and those of the competing unbound monomers are shown to reflect the relative solution-phase concentrations of those respective species. No measurable dissociation of the complexes occurs either during ESI or mass detection, nor is there any evidence for nonspecific binding at protein concentrations <25 μM. Differences in ΔΔG of dissociation between variants were determined with precisions <0.1 kcal/mol. The ΔΔG values obtained deviate on average by 0.26 kcal/mol from those measured with a solution-phase enzyme assay. It is demonstrated that information about the protein conformation and covalent modifications can be obtained from differences in mass and charge state distributions. This method serves as a rapid and precise means to interrogate protein–protein-binding surfaces for complexes that have affinities in the picomolar to nanomolar range.
A note on the decomposition of the exterior algebra of the adjoint representation

This note points out a factor of the Poincare polynomial of the λ-isotypic component of the exterior algebra λL, where L is a complex semisimple Lie algebra and λ is a dominant weight. Although these polynomials have been studied with regard to their factorizations, this particular factor seems to have gone unstated.
Demography and evolution in an immigrant ethnic community: Hungarian Settlement, Louisiana, USA.

The fertility mortality and marriage patterns of a small population of Hungarian origin that settled in Louisiana from 1896 onward are described. The relationships between demographic processes and genetic factors are also examined. Data are from church records and other community records. (ANNOTATION)
Kinetics of tomato golden mosaic virus DNA replication and coat protein promoter activity in nicotiana tabacum protoplasts

Abstract We have analyzed the replication kinetics of the DNA A and DNA B genome components of the geminivirus tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) in protoplasts derived from Nicotiana tabacum suspension culture. In addition, the kinetics of TGMV coat protein promoter activity, as measured by expression of a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter, have been examined. In our protoplast system, double-stranded DNA forms of both viral genome components appeared by 18 hr post-transfection, while single-stranded DNA accumulated to detectable levels after 18–24 hr. Expression of GUS from the TGMV coat protein promoter did not require viral DNA replication, nor was it dependent on expression of AL1, the only viral gene necessary for DNA replication. However, maximal expression was achieved following AL1-mediated replication of DNA A. GUS activity from replicating templates exceeded that from nonreplicating templates by 60- to 90-fold. Expression of the GUS reporter gene from nonreplicating viral DNA templates was similar to GUS expression from the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus in N. tabacum protoplasts.
Models for route choice behavior in the presence of information using concepts from fuzzy set theory and approximate reasoning

The need for realistic route choice models has become essential in light of the on going research in the IVHS (Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems) area, where drivers are required to incorporate verbal, visual and prescriptive information into their own perceptions while making route choices. We present a modeling framework for route choice in the presence of information based on concepts from fuzzy set theory, approximate reasoning and fuzzy control. We use fuzzy sets to model perceptions of network attributes, and traffic information provided by an information system. Rules of the form: “if ... then ...” are used to model the decision process, and to describe attitudes towards taking a specific route given (possibly vague) perceptions on network attributes. The rules are used as anchoring schemes for decisions, while the adjustment of the rules to changing conditions is done by an approximate reasoning mechanism. The suggested approach provides a route choice model in which the final choice is a combination of various considerations each of which captures a certain aspect of the final decision in a non-linear fashion. We demonstrate the methodology through a small example and discuss calibration issues and implementation difficulties.
Using Multicriteria Methods in the Early Stages of New Product Development

The R&D manager is commonly faced with the problem of deciding which projects to fund to meet overall corporate and technical goals. Because outcomes can rarely be predicted with certainty, decisions aimed at striking a balance between cost and risk are likely to involve some amount of redundancy at the project level. The intent of this paper is to examine the difficulties that arise when trying to pursue a parallel strategy in the presence of multiple objectives. The basic elements of the problem include a set of projects, a set of objectives, the associated probability measures relating effort to success, budgetary and performance constraints, and a utility function defined on the range of outcomes. In the model it will be assumed that each project contributes to one or more objectives, and that the selection criterion is based on expected utility maximization. With this in mind, the problem is formulated as a probabilistic goal programme and solved with a heuristic that computes the K best funding schemes. Results are presented for a case involving the development of a non-petroleum-powered vehicle which demonstrate the robustness of the algorithm and the implications of the underlying decision rules.
Morphological evidence of discrete stocks of yellow perch in Lake Erie

Abstract Identification and management of unique stocks of exploited fish species are high-priority management goals in the Laurentian Great Lakes. We analyzed whole-body morphometrics of 1430 yellow perch Perca flavescens captured during 2007–2009 from seven known spawning areas in Lake Erie to determine if morphometrics vary among sites and management units to assist in identification of spawning stocks of this heavily exploited species. Truss-based morphometrics (n = 21 measurements) were analyzed using principal component analysis followed by ANOVA of the first three principal components to determine whether yellow perch from the several sampling sites varied morphometrically. Duncan's multiple range test was used to determine which sites differed from one another to test whether morphometrics varied at scales finer than management unit. Morphometrics varied significantly among sites and annually, but differences among sites were much greater. Sites within the same management unit typically differed significantly from one another, indicating morphometric variation at a scale finer than management unit. These results are largely congruent with recently-published studies on genetic variation of yellow perch from many of the same sampling sites. Thus, our results provide additional evidence that there are discrete stocks of yellow perch in Lake Erie and that management units likely comprise multiple stocks.
Fuzzy logic multisensor association algorithm

A recursive multisensor association algorithm has been developed based on fuzzy logic. It simultaneously determines fuzzy grades of membership and fuzzy cluster centers. It is capable of associating data from various sensor types and in its simplest form makes no assumption about noise statistics as many association algorithms do. The algorithm is capable of performing without operator intervention, i.e., it is unsupervised. It associates data from the same target for multiple sensor types. The algorithm also provides an estimate of the number of targets present, reduced noise estimates of the quantities being measured, and a measure of confidence to assign to the data association. The fuzzy logic formalism used offers the opportunity to incorporate additional information or heuristic rules easily. A comparison of the algorithm to a more conventional Bayesian association algorithm is provided. Also, procedures for defuzzification, i.e, mapping fuzzy results to hard results are discussed as well as the method of determining target validity. Various simulated and experimentally measured real-time data sets are analyzed and provide a basis for comparison of the fuzzy and Bayesian association algorithms.
New approach for capturing soluble root exudates in forest soils

Summary 1Soluble root exudates are notoriously difficult to collect in non-hydroponic systems because they are released in a narrow zone around roots and are rapidly assimilated by rhizosphere microbes. This has substantially limited our understanding of their rates of release and chemical composition in situ, and by extension, their ecological significance. 2Here we describe the advantages and limitations of several commonly employed methods for measuring exudation with respect to their potential adaptability for field use in forest ecosystems. Then, we introduce a novel in situ method for measuring exudation in forest soils, and present preliminary results of the spatial and temporal dynamics of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) exudation at the Duke Forest FACTS-1 site, North Carolina, USA from April 2007 to July 2008. 3Exudation rates varied by an order of magnitude, with the highest rates occurring in late-June 2007 and mid-July 2008, and the lowest rates occurring during late-August 2007. On an annual basis, we estimate pine roots in the upper 15 cm of soil release c. 9 g C m−2 year−1 via this flux, which represents 1–2% of net primary productivity at the site. 4The magnitude of exudation rates did not differ across an N availability gradient but did track general patterns of below-ground C allocation at the site. Exudation was well-predicted by root morphological characteristics such as surface area and the number of root and mycorrhizal tips, further supporting a possible link between root C allocation and exudation. 5Because all methods for estimating exudates introduce experimental artefacts, we suggest that only a limited amount of ecologically relevant information is probably gleaned from a single method. Thus, a complementary suite of experimental approaches will best enable researchers to understand consequences of changing patterns of exudation in the wake of global environmental change.
Mechanics of damage processes in series and in parallel: a conceptual framework

A conceptual framework for damage processes in materials is presented. In this framework, the mechanics of damage processes in materials is investigated. These processes are categorized into either damage processes described in terms of stiffness degradation or damage processes described in terms of cross-sectional area reduction. Furthermore, the damage processes are visualized to occur as sequences either in series or in parallel. Schematic diagrams are used to illustrate these processes in a similar way to what is done with elastic springs and electric circuits. Different kinds of combinations and interactions of the damage processes are illustrated with various examples. The generalization to three-dimensional states of deformation and damage is also presented. This work is currently limited to linear elastic materials. The concepts presented in this work could be linked to homogenization methods. It is hoped that this work will lay the groundwork to open new areas of research in damage mechanics.
Some observations on exclusion regions in branch and bound algorithms

In branch and bound algorithms for constrained global optimization, an acceleration technique is to construct regions $${\varvec{x}}^{*}$$x? around local optimizing points $$\check{x}$$x?, then delete these regions from further search. The result of the algorithm is then a list of those small regions in which all globally optimizing points must lie. If the constructed regions are too small, the algorithm will not be able to easily reject adjacent regions in the search, while, if the constructed regions are too large, the set of optimizing points is not known accurately. We briefly review previous methods of constructing boxes about approximate optimizing points. We then derive a formula for determining the size of a constructed solution-containing region, depending on a small radius $$\epsilon $$∈, and of constructing a containing box $${\varvec{X}}^{*}\supset {\varvec{x}}^{*}$$X??x? such that all points in $${\varvec{X}}^{*}\setminus {\varvec{x}}^{*}$$X?\x? are proven to be infeasible, without the need to actually process them in the branch and bound algorithm. The construction differs in its motivation and concept from previous methods of constructing such boxes $${\varvec{X}}^{*}$$X?. It may be possible to use this technique to reduce the large amount of processing branch and bound algorithms typically require to fathom regions adjacent to optimizing points, and to obtain more accurate bounds on solution sets.
An n-gram analysis of Communications 2000--2010

Applied to almost 3,500 articles it reveals computing's (and Communications') culture, identity, and evolution.
Commemorating the unwon war: on not remembering Vietnam

Through their political strategic silence, the related events of establishing a Tomb of the Unknown and Gerald Ford's policy statements as South Vietnam fell “reveal the contradictory injunctions of remembrance and forgetting.”
The binding of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol to bacteriophage øX174 DNA

Summary As described in our previous study (Hsu et al. [1979] Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 87 , 416), the trans -7,8-dihydrodiol metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene selectively binds and inactivates single-stranded oX174 DNA, whereas the infectivity of double-stranded oX DNA (RF) is not significantly affected by the dihydrodiol. Anti -benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, on the other hand, inhibits the infectivity of single-and double-stranded oX DNAs with equal efficiency. The nature of the dihydrodiol and diolepoxide interaction with oX DNA was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis and Sephadex LH20 chromatography. The results indicate that, although both benzo[a]pyrene metabolites complex with oX174 DNA, no stable covalently bound adducts are detected with the dihydrodiol under conditions which permit demonstration of diolepoxide adducts.
Free convection organic sublimation on a vertical semi-infinite plate

Abstract The nonlinear, partial differential equations defining free convection boundary-layer flow along a vertical, flat, subliming, nonreacting surface were solved by means of a similarity transformation and a numerical method of asymptotic iteration through the boundary layer. The ambient temperature and pressure were varied to observe the resulting effect on the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. Particular interest was directed to the effect of the pressure ratio ( P ∞ P bw ) near regions of flow instability caused by the interaction of buoyancy and gravitational forces in the boundary layer. The results indicated that the ambient pressure can have a significant effect on convective heat and mass transfer in certain, well defined regions.
Crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain of adenovirus type 5 fiberprotein at 1.7 Å resolution

Abstract Background: Adenoviral infection begins with the binding of virion to the surface of host cells. Specific attachment is achieved through interactions between host-cell receptors and the adenovirus fiber protein and is mediated by the globular carboxy-terminal domain of the adenovirus fiber protein, termed the carboxy-terminal knob domain. Results The crystal structure of the carboxy-terminal knob domain of the adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) fiber protein has been determined at 1.7 A resolution. Each knob monomer forms an eight-stranded antiparallel β -sandwich structure. In the crystal lattice, the knob monomers form closely interacting trimers which possess a deep surface depression centered around the three-fold molecular symmetry axis and three symmetry-related valleys. Conclusion The amino acid residues lining the wall of the central surface depression and the three symmetry-related floors of the valleys are strictly conserved in the knob domains of Ad5 and adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) fiber proteins, which share the same cellular receptor. The β –sandwich structure of the knob monomer demonstrates a unique folding topology which is different from that of other known antiparallel β –sandwich structures. The large buried surface area and numerous polar interactions in the trimer indicate that this form of the knob protein is predominant in solution, suggesting a possible assembly pathway for the native fiber protein.
P0 Stage at Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer is Associated with Improved Outcome Independent of Traditional Clinical Risk Factors

Objectives Final pathologic specimen free of detectable disease (P0) is not uncommon in patients undergoing cystectomy for bladder cancer, especially in the era of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. To improve our understanding of its significance in a contemporary series, we performed an outcomes analysis of this cohort of patients.
Limits of hydrosphere-lithosphere interaction: Origin of the lowest-known δ18O silicate rock on Earth in the Paleoproterozoic Karelian rift

Geologic records of Earth9s hydrosphere and meteoric precipitation older than 2 Ga are rare, although they provide insight into the past climate, rates of water-rock interaction, and intensity of plate tectonics. Here we report and describe in detail the lowest known δ 18 O (–16‰ to –25‰) terrestrial silicate rocks on Earth, found in Paleoproterozoic plagiogneisses from the Belomorian complex, Karelia, Russia. Geochronologic and oxygen isotopic data on zircons (+7‰ to –26‰) and monazite (–17.5‰) imply that the protoliths of these rocks were ca. 2.5 Ga metasediments and metavolcanics that were hydrothermally altered prior to 1.85 Ga within an intracontinental rift zone, and involved ultralow δ 18 O, 18 O waters outside of polar regions or the interiors of large landmasses provide independent evidence for a moderately glaciated, so called “slushball” Earth climate between 2.45 and 2.4 Ga, in which low- or mid-latitude, mid-size continents were covered with glaciers while the ocean remained at least partially unfrozen to allow for intracontinental isotopic distillation in a large temperature gradient. In addition to these climatic inferences, the data are more readily explained by a depleted –10‰ seawater reservoir during Paleoproterozoic time.
Hard-Copy Images For Referral Use

Conventional multiformat imaging devices using photographic film have been the prime modality for producing hard-copy images from stored digital information or displayed CRT images. As the primary utility of these images develops from that of diagnosis to one of illustrating a diagnosis (either for a referring physician or the patient's chart), some compromise in image quality can be envisioned if the reward is either decreased cost or increased convenience. To this end we have investigated the physician acceptance of a dry silver copying system.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Prospective Prediction of Women’s Sexual Victimization by Intimate and Nonintimate Male Perpetrators

Although behavioral risk factors such as substance use have been hypothesized to increase women’s vulnerability to sexual victimization, prospective studies provide mixed empirical support. In the current prospective study, the authors considered substance use, sexual activity, and sexual assertiveness as predictors of sexual victimization from intimate partners and nonintimate perpetrators. Among a representative community sample of women ages 18–30 years (N = 927), 17.9% reported sexual victimization over 2 years, the majority by an intimate partner. Low sexual refusal assertiveness, drug use, and prior intimate partner victimization predicted intimate partner sexual victimization. Heavy episodic drinking and number of sexual partners predicted victimization from nonintimates. The finding that there are different risk factors for sexual victimization from intimates versus nonintimates suggests the need for tailored prevention strategies.
Individual differences among repressors and sensitizers in conceptual skills

Sensitizers were hypothesized to perform significantly better than repressors on 11 concept acquisition tasks. Differences between repression-sensitization (R-S) groups ( n = 48), as measured by the Byrne R-S scale, were found to be significant on several of these tasks. As compared with repressors, sensitizers more rapidly acquired: (a) A disjunctive nonverbal concept, when a set for conjunctive concepts had to be broken ( p < .05); and (b) Two verbal concepts ( p < .05). Medium scoring participants performed significantly better than repressors in acquiring: (a) Nonverbal disjunctive concepts ( p < .05); and (b) Verbal concepts (p < .05). R-S results are discussed with reference to conceptual skills and “cognitive flexibility”.
Transgenic Studies on the Involvement of Cytokinin and Gibberellin in Male Development

Numerous plant hormones interact during plant growth and development. Elucidating the role of these various hormones on particular tissue types or developmental stages has been difficult with exogenous applications or constitutive expression studies. Therefore, we used tissue-specific promoters expressing CKX1 and gai, genes involved in oxidative cytokinin degradation and gibberellin (GA) signal transduction, respectively, to study the roles of cytokinin and GA in male organ development. Accumulation of CKX1 in reproductive tissues of transgenic maize (Zea mays) resulted in male-sterile plants. The male development of these plants was restored by applications of kinetin and thidiazuron. Similarly, expression of gai specifically in anthers and pollen of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Arabidopsis resulted in the abortion of these respective tissues. The gai-induced male-sterile phenotype exhibited by the transgenic plants was reversible by exogenous applications of kinetin. Our results provide molecular evidence of the involvement of cytokinin and GA in male development and support the hypothesis that the male development is controlled in concert by multiple hormones. These studies also suggest a potential method for generating maintainable male sterility in plants by using existing agrochemicals that would reduce the expense of seed production for existing hybrid crops and provide a method to produce hybrid varieties of traditionally non-hybrid crops.