cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cortical Surface-Based Construction of Individual Structural Network with Application to Early Brain Development Study.

Analysis of anatomical covariance for cortex morphology in individual subjects plays an important role in the study of human brains. However, the approaches for constructing individual structural networks have not been well developed yet. Existing methods based on patch-wise image intensity similarity suffer from several major drawbacks, i.e., 1) violation of cortical topological properties, 2) sensitivity tointensity heterogeneity, and3) influence by patch size heterogeneity. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents a novel cortical surface-based method for constructing individual structural networks. Specifically, our method first maps the cortical surfaces onto a standard spherical surface atlas and then uniformly samples vertices on the spherical surface as the nodes of the networks. The similarity between any two nodes is computed based on the biologically-meaningful cortical attributes (e.g., cortical thickness) in the spherical neighborhood of their sampled vertices. The connection between any two nodes is established only if the similarity is larger than a user-specified threshold. Through leveraging spherical cortical surface patches, our method generates biologically-meaningful individual networks that are comparable across ages and subjects. The proposed method has been applied to construct cortical-thickness networks for 73 healthy infants, with each infant having two MRI scans at 0 and 1 year of age. The constructed networks during the two ages were compared using various network metrics, such as degree, clustering coefficient, shortest path length, small world property, global efficiency, and local efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that our method can effectively construct individual structural networks and reveal meaningful patterns in early brain development.
Estimation of optimal image object size for the segmentation of forest stands with multispectral IKONOS imagery

The determination of segments that represents an optimal image object size is very challenging in object-based image analysis (OBIA). This research employs local variance and spatial autocorrelation to estimate the optimal size of image objects for segmenting forest stands. Segmented images are visually compared to a manually interpreted forest stand database to examine the quality of forest stand segmentation in terms of the average size and number of image objects. Average local variances are then graphed against segmentation scale in an attempt to determine the appropriate scale for optimally derived segments. In addition, an analysis of spatial autocorrelation is performed to investigate how between-object correlation changes with segmentation scale in terms of over-, optimal, and under-segmentation.
Stochastic Scheduling of Heavy-tailed Jobs

We revisit the classical stochastic scheduling problem of nonpreemptively scheduling n jobs so as to minimize total completion time on m identical machines, P \mid \mid \mathbb{E} \sum C_j in the standard 3-field scheduling notation. Previously it was only known how to obtain reasonable approximation if jobs sizes have low variability. However, distributions commonly arising in practice have high variability, and the upper bounds on the approximation ratio for the previous algorithms for such distributions can be even inverse-polynomial in the maximum possible job size. We start by showing that the natural list scheduling algorithm Shortest Expected Processing Time (SEPT) has a bad approximation ratio for high variability jobs. We observe that a simple randomized rounding of a natural linear programming relaxation is a (1+\epsilon)-machine O(1)-approximation assuming the number of machines is at least logarithmic in the number of jobs. Turning to the case of a modest number of machines, we develop a list scheduling algorithm that is O(\log^2 n + m \log n)-approximate. Our results together imply a (1+\epsilon)-machine O(\log^2 n )-approximation for an arbitrary number of machines. Intuitively our list scheduling algorithm finds an ordering that not only takes the expected size of a job into account, but also takes into account the probability that job will be big.
Knockout of fractalkine receptor Cx3cr1 does not alter disease or microglial activation in prion-infected mice.

Microglial activation is a hallmark of the neuroimmunological response to Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and prion disease. The CX3C chemokine axis consists of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor (CX3CR1); these are expressed by neurons and microglia respectively, and are known to modulate microglial activation. In prion-infected mice, both Cx3cr1 and Cx3cl1 are altered, suggesting a role in disease. To investigate the influence of CX3C axis signalling on prion disease, we infected Cx3cr1 knockout (Cx3cr1-KO) and control mice with scrapie strains 22L and RML. Deletion of Cx3cr1 had no effect on development of clinical signs or disease incubation period. In addition, comparison of brain tissue from Cx3cr1-KO and control mice revealed no significant differences in cytokine levels, spongiosis, deposition of disease-associated prion protein or microglial activation. Thus, microglial activation during prion infection did not require CX3C axis signalling.
Descending geniculate artery: the ideal recipient vessel for free tissue transfer coverage of below-the-knee amputation wounds

The descending geniculate artery has received notoriety as the source vessel of the medial femoral condyle vascularized bone flap in recent years. Its size and location enable it to serve as a useful recipient vessel in free flap reconstruction about the knee. It is particularly useful in coverage of unstable below-the-knee amputation stumps when recipient vessels are limited. It provides the ease and convenience of two-team surgery in the supine position and its distal position permits convenient and distal insetting of the transferred flap of choice. A discussion of its use in this setting and exemplary cases are provided.
Regional vascular mechanical properties by 3-D intravascular ultrasound with finite-element analysis

A method employing intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and simultaneous hemodynamic measurements, with resultant finite element analysis (FEA) of accurate three-dimensional IVUS reconstructions (3-DR), was developed to estimate the regional distribution of arterial elasticity. Human peripheral arterial specimens (iliac and femoral, n = 7) were collected postmortem and perfused at three static transmural pressures: 80, 120, and 160 mmHg. At each pressure, IVUS data were collected at 2.0-mm increments through a 20.0-mm segment and used to create an accurate 3-DR. Mechanical properties were determined over normotensive and hypertensive ranges. An FEA and optimization procedure was implemented in which the elemental elastic modulus was scaled to minimize the displacement error between the computer-predicted and actual deformations. The "optimized" elastic modulus (Eopt) represents an estimate of the component element material stiffness. A dimensionless variable (beta), quantifying structural stiffness, was computed. Eopt of nodiseased tissue regions (n = 80) was greater than atherosclerotic regions (n = 88) for both normotensive (Norm) and hypertensive (Hyp) pressurization: Norm, 9.3 +/- 0.98 vs. 3.5 +/- 0.30; Hyp, 11.3 +/- 0.72 vs. 8.5 +/- 0.47, respectively (mean +/- SE x 10(6) dyn/cm2; P < 0.01 vs. nondiseased). No differences in beta between nondiseased and atherosclerotic tissue were noted at Norm pressurization. With Hyp pressurization, beta of atherosclerotic regions were greater than nondiseased regions: 21.5 +/- 2.21 vs. 14.0 +/- 2.11, respectively (P < 0.03). This method provides a means to identify regional in vivo variations in mechanical properties of arterial tissue.
Characteristics of Violent Crime Committed by Female Prisoners.

This study expands limited existing knowledge of the characteristics of violent crimes for which women in state prisons are incarcerated. An analysis was conducted utilizing survey data collected from female state prisoners by the U.S. Department of Justice for the Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 2004. The randomly selected, national sample consisted of 866 female state prisoners. RESULTS suggest that the majority of the violent offenses occurred within the context of a relationship with the victim, most often in a domestic setting, and were influenced by the presence or absence of co-defendants. In addition, the use of weapons was infrequent and often defensive. Implications for practice in violence prevention, prison-based, and reentry services are discussed. Language: en
Dissociative recombination studies of Ar2+ by time-of-flight spectroscopy.

From time-of-flight spectra of metastable ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ atoms emerging from sustained discharges in Ar, we observe discrete nonthermal peaks due to excited products of dissociative recombination (DR) of ${\mathrm{Ar}}_{2}^{+}$ formed by reactions in the discharge. These peaks are in addition to the expected Boltzmann distributions of metastable atoms from direct excitation by fast primary electrons. From the peak velocities, and thus the kinetic energies released in the dissociation, the DR product states are uniquely determined, regardless of subsequent radiation. As we have previously found from ${\mathrm{Kr}}_{2}^{+}$ [A. Barrios et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1348 (1992)], most of the excited DR products are (n+1)s states, but ${\mathrm{Ar}}_{2}^{+}$ also yields smaller amounts of 4p and 3d states. We have also recently shown [G. B. Ramos et al., Phys. Rev. A 51, 2945 (1995)] that, surprisingly, in studies of ${\mathrm{Ne}}_{2}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Ar}}_{2}^{+}$ DR, a substantial but undetermined fraction of reactions go to a purely ground-state channel. In addition, we have found that under certain conditions in Ar discharges, the relative amount of the higher excited-state products, including 4p, 3d, 5s, and 5p can be dramatically influenced. The velocity peaks also become narrower than expected from the thermal distribution of the parent ${\mathrm{Ar}}_{2}^{+}$ as the energy level in the product atom increases. These studies in argon discharges have included variations in source pressure, discharge voltage, and strength of the axial magnetic field.
Neurobehavioral, neurologic, and neuroimaging characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can have deleterious consequences for the fetus, including changes in central nervous system development leading to permanent neurologic alterations and cognitive and behavioral deficits. Individuals affected by prenatal alcohol exposure, including those with and without fetal alcohol syndrome, are identified under the umbrella of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). While studies of humans and animal models confirm that even low to moderate levels of exposure can have detrimental effects, critical doses of such exposure have yet to be specified and the most clinically significant and consistent consequences occur following heavy exposure. These consequences are pervasive, devastating, and can result in long-term dysfunction. This chapter summarizes the neurobehavioral, neurologic, and neuroimaging characteristics of FASD, focusing primarily on clinical research of individuals with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure, although studies of lower levels of exposure, particularly prospective, longitudinal studies, will be discussed where relevant.
Ciudad Juárez, Femicide, and the State

For the past eighteen years (since 1993), two faces of crime have thrust Ciudad Juarez into the local, national, and international press.2 On one hand, the sexual serial killings of women and the series of kidnappings, disappearances, rape, and murder of other women that currently total more than more than 900.3 On the other hand, Juarez is also going through a period of organized-crime killings in which from January 2008 to September 20104 nearly 7,000 people, mostly men, have been assassinated by what has been defined as a drug-related cycle of vendettas, and different businesses—mainly restaurants—have been subjected to acts of arson. It seems we live under siege … and perhaps we do …
SPAR, a lncRNA encoded mTORC1 inhibitor

Next generation sequencing methods have revealed that 70 ∼90% of the human genome is transcribed, with the majority of RNA species consisting of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). While early breakthr...
REACHING COLLEGE STUDENTS WHERE THEY LIVE

The purpose of this research study was to ascertain the relative level of adoption of the use of web-based media by undergraduates, the results of which will be considered in the creation of health promotion messages and campaigns that are distributed through electronic means to a campus audience. The primary research conducted was a web-based survey of UVM undergraduates, inquiring about the extent to which they consume web delivered media programming, of both news and entertainment, and how they communicate with their peers. Through the use of descriptive statistics, it was learned that more than half of UVM undergraduates (58.7%) watch between one to five minutes of web-based video on a weekly basis, suggesting that the creation of video-based health promotion programming might indeed prove to be an effective approach to raising awareness and promoting behavior change for this population. Additional data reveals how much time respondents do a variety of media activities, as well as their most used means of communication with peers when not with them in person. The study concludes that there is a high enough adoption of the use of web-based media by undergraduates to warrant creating health promotion messages and campaigns that are distributed through electronic means to a campus audience. Acknowledgements Many people and organizations are to be acknowledged for contributing to this work and my thinking. In graduate school at New York University, Professor Neil Postman helped shaped my understanding of the ways in which people and technologies interact, and how those evolving relationships impact the social, political and cultural aspects of our society. Bill Ryerson, founder of the Population Media Center (PMC), and his wonderful colleagues, have given me the opportunity to learn first-hand how media programming can influence the behavior of an audience. Through the work of PMC, which produces serial dramas on radio and television, thousands of people in developing countries have learned to change their behaviors around gender equity, family planning, HIV/AIDS prevention, human trafficking, and numerous other social challenges that have caused unfathomable human suffering. Many thanks go to Jeff Haig for allowing me to use his class as a focus group, and to Alan Howard of Academic Computing for helping me turn the data into a story. My dissertation advisor, Bud Meyers, has helped shaped this document into the best it can be, and program advisor, Susan Brody Hasazi, has been a constant source of support from the minute I walked in the door. On the personal side, I would like to acknowledge Cynthia Belliveau, Dean of Continuing Education at UVM, for her vision and support of this work both conceptually and practically. And, my husband Woody Keppel, for patiently sacrificing our time together and for making dinner all those nights I came home late from studying.
Engineering cell identity: establishing new gene regulatory and chromatin landscapes

Cellular reprogramming can be achieved by ectopically expressing transcription factors that directly convert one differentiated cell type into another, bypassing embryonic states. A number of different cell types have been generated by such 'direct lineage reprogramming' methods, but their practical utility has been limited because, in most protocols, the resulting populations are often partially differentiated or incompletely specified. Here, we review mechanisms of lineage reprogramming by pioneer transcription factors, a unique class of transcriptional regulators that has the capacity to engage with silent chromatin to activate target gene regulatory networks. We assess the possible barriers to successful reprogramming in the context of higher-order chromatin landscape, considering how the mechanistic relationship between nuclear organization and cell identity will be crucial to unlocking the full potential of cell fate engineering.
Case 48: Lymphoepithelial Cyst

70-year-old man with an incidental pancreatic mass found during surveillance CT for newly diagnosed prostate cancer.
Clinical importance of non-participation in a maximal graded exercise test on risk of non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: CARDIA study

Abstract While poor performance during a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) predicts cardiovascular events and premature mortality, the potential clinical importance of non-participation in a GXT, either for medical or non-medical reasons, is currently unknown. Data are from 4086 and 3547 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) participants who attended the Year 7 (ages 25–37 years) and/or 20 exams (ages 38–50 years), respectively, which included a GXT. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the effect of GXT disposition (at Year 7 and 20, separately) on risk of non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality obtained through 28 years of follow-up. A GXT was not conducted or completed according to protocol in 12.9% and 19.1% of participants attending the Year 7 and 20 exams, respectively. After adjustment, participants who missed the Year 20 GXT for medical reasons had a higher risk of cardiovascular events [HR: 4.06 (95% CI: 1.43, 11.5)] and all-cause mortality [HR: 3.07 (95% CI: 1.11, 12.3)] compared to GXT completers; participants who missed at Year 20 for non-medical reasons also had higher risk of all-cause mortality [HR: 2.53 (95% CI: 1.61, 3.99)]. Findings suggest that non-participation in a GXT, regardless of medical or non-medical reason, to be an important predictor of excess risk of adverse health outcomes and premature mortality. Additional patient follow-up, including identification of potential targets for intervention (e.g., weight management and smoking cessation programs), should be conducted at the point of a missed GXT.
Structural and Functional Neuroimaging in Obesity

An estimated one-third of American adults are obese 1, and the proportion of obese adults has been shown to increase with age through midlife 2. Obesity ­throughout the lifespan is associated with greater cardiovascular risk 2, 3 and increased mortality, 3, 4 as well as negative psychosocial sequelae 5 and psychiatric comorbidity 6, 7, including a variety of maladaptive eating/dieting ­patterns (e.g., binge eating, emotional eating, weight cycling). 8, 9
Impact on Oncology Practices of Including Drug Costs in Bundled Payments

Introduction:This analysis evaluates the impact of bundling drug costs into a hypothetic bundled payment.Methods:An economic model was created for patient vignettes from: advanced-stage III colon cancer and metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer. First quarter 2016 Medicare reimbursement rates were used to calculate the average fee-for-service (FFS) reimbursement for these vignettes. The probabilistic risk faced by practices was captured by the type of patients seen in practices and randomly assigned in a Monte Carlo simulation on the basis of the given distribution of patient types within each cancer. Simulations were replicated 1,000 times. The impact of bundled payments that include drug costs for various practice sizes and cancer types was quantified as the probability of incurring a loss at four magnitudes: any loss, > 10%, > 20%, or > 30%. A loss was defined as receiving revenue from the bundle that was less than what the practice would have received under FFS; the probability of loss was calculated ...
The Future of Intervention Science: Process-Based Therapy:

Clinical science seems to have reached a tipping point. It appears that a new paradigm is beginning to emerge that is questioning the validity and utility of the medical illness model, which assumes that latent disease entities are targeted with specific therapy protocols. A new generation of evidence-based care has begun to move toward process-based therapies to target core mediators and moderators based on testable theories. This could represent a paradigm shift in clinical science with far-reaching implications. Clinical science might see a decline of named therapies defined by set technologies, a decline of broad schools, a rise of testable models, a rise of mediation and moderation studies, the emergence of new forms of diagnosis based on functional analysis, a move from nomothetic to idiographic approaches, and a move toward processes that specify modifiable elements. These changes could integrate or bridge different treatment orientations, settings, and even cultures.
Application of Exercise to Fat Reduction

For this indication, exercise should be prolonged (30 to 60 minutes) and should involve the reciprocal use of multiple groups of large muscles in a smooth, aerobic manner. Pulse should stay at or below 70% of the age-adjusted maximum. The most consistent results are seen with exercise periods of 60 minutes per day, 7 days per week.
Boston Keratoprosthesis Type II: Indications, Techniques, Outcomes, and Management

Implantation of a keratoprosthesis device is indicated for the visual rehabilitation of patients with corneal blindness in whom a standard corneal allograft would likely fail. The Boston keratoprosthesis type I device is a collar button-shaped device, composed of polymethyl methacrylate and titanium, whereas the type II device has an additional anterior extension that allows for implantation through surgically closed eyelids. The type I device is used in patients with intact eyelids, normal blink, and adequate tear film. The type II device is reserved for patients with abnormal lid function and tear secretion, forniceal foreshortening, and ocular surface keratinization. Herein, we focus on the indications, preoperative assessment, surgical technique, and postoperative care for the Boston keratoprosthesis type II and provide advice on management of complications.
Characterization of the Stage of Progression in Hepatocarcinogenesis in the Rat

The concept of neoplastic progression as a stage in the natural history of neoplastic development was first enunciated by Foulds1. He distinguished the stage of initiation as that which established “a persistent region of incipient neoplasia whence tumors of varied kinds emerge at a later time”2. All of the remainder of neoplastic development he termed progression. In a sense, such a concept was quite analogous to that proposed earlier by several authors as the stages of initiation and promotion3. Interestingly, the basis for the development of these two concepts of multistage carcinogenesis were, respectively, experimental mammary adenocarcinoma and epidermal carcinoma in mice. In retrospect, more emphasis was placed on the development of malignant lesions in the concept of progression, whereas early benign and preneoplastic lesions were emphasized as characteristic of the stage of promotion during multistage epidermal carcinogenesis. It is only during the last decade that these two general concepts have been reconciled on the basis of an increased understanding and characterization of the early stages of development, initiation and promotion, with the relegation of the term progression to the final stage of neoplastic development, in which the malignant characteristics and genetic heterogeneity of neoplasms appear4.
Multimodal interferometric imaging of nanoscale structure and macromolecular motion uncovers UV induced cellular paroxysm

We present a multimodal label-free interferometric imaging platform for measuring intracellular nanoscale structure and macromolecular dynamics in living cells with a sensitivity to macromolecules as small as 20nm and millisecond temporal resolution. We validate this system by pairing experimental measurements of nanosphere phantoms with a novel interferometric theory. Applying this system in vitro, we explore changes in higher-order chromatin structure and dynamics that occur due to cellular fixation, stem cell differentiation, and ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. Finally, we discover a new phenomenon, cellular paroxysm, a near-instantaneous, synchronous burst of motion that occurs early in the process of UV induced cell death. Given this platforms ability to obtain nanoscale sensitive, millisecond resolved information within live cells without concerns of photobleaching, it has the potential to answer a broad range of critical biological questions about macromolecular behavior in live cells, particularly about the relationship between cellular structure and function.
Introductory game development

This tutorial is targeted at individuals with little or no game development experience. The tutorial focuses on a multitude of skills like scene layout and hierarchy, game scripting, physics, user interface, and applying audio and graphic effects. This tutorial/workshop takes students through the steps necessary to create a basic game.
Global and site-specific analysis of protein glycosylation in complex biological systems with Mass Spectrometry

Protein glycosylation is ubiquitous in biological systems and plays essential roles in many cellular events. Global and site-specific analysis of glycoproteins in complex biological samples can advance our understanding of glycoprotein functions and cellular activities. However, it is extraordinarily challenging because of the low abundance of many glycoproteins and the heterogeneity of glycan structures. The emergence of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has provided us an excellent opportunity to comprehensively study proteins and their modifications, including glycosylation. In this review, we first summarize major methods for glycopeptide/glycoprotein enrichment, followed by the chemical and enzymatic methods to generate a mass tag for glycosylation site identification. We next discuss the systematic and quantitative analysis of glycoprotein dynamics. Reversible protein glycosylation is dynamic, and systematic study of glycoprotein dynamics helps us gain insight into glycoprotein functions. The last part of this review focuses on the applications of MS-based proteomics to study glycoproteins in different biological systems, including yeasts, plants, mice, human cells, and clinical samples. Intact glycopeptide analysis is also included in this section. Because of the importance of glycoproteins in complex biological systems, the field of glycoproteomics will continue to grow in the next decade. Innovative and effective MS-based methods will exponentially advance glycoscience, and enable us to identify glycoproteins as effective biomarkers for disease detection and drug targets for disease treatment. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 9999: XX-XX, 2019.
A Review Of “Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality: Perspectives from the World's Religious Traditions”

“In the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, it is very clear that every child is born with the ability to get close to God” (Yildirim, 74) encapsulates a common thread that weaves throughout this ta...
Dynamic DNA-based information storage

Abstract Technological leaps are often driven by key innovations that transform the underlying architectures of systems. Current DNA storage systems largely rely on polymerase chain reaction, which broadly informs how information is encoded, databases are organized, and files are accessed. Here we show that a hybrid ‘toehold’ DNA structure can unlock a fundamentally different, dynamic DNA-based information storage system architecture with broad advantages. This innovation increases theoretical storage densities and capacities by eliminating non-specific DNA-DNA interactions common in PCR and increasing the encodable sequence space. It also provides a physical handle with which to implement a range of in-storage file operations. Finally, it reads files non-destructively by harnessing the natural role of transcription in accessing information from DNA. This simple but powerful toehold structure lays the foundation for an information storage architecture with versatile capabilities.
The North American hydrologic cycle through the last deglaciation

Abstract While the climate evolution of North America during the last deglaciation has received considerable attention, few detailed model–data comparisons of the deglacial hydroclimate have been conducted at the continental scale. Here we use a transient climate simulation of the last deglaciation and a synthesis of hydroclimate proxies from across the continent to broadly assess the moisture budget and its evolution, including the primary components and mechanisms for changes, and evaluate the level of agreement between model and data in order to inform areas of major discrepancy for attention in future work. At the broadest scale, the simulation indicates that North America was wetter than modern through much of the last deglaciation, with the exception of the Pacific Northwest. This was principally due to increased moisture convergence by the mean flow over the west of the continent, and by transient eddies over the east. We find that the simulation demonstrates considerable skill in comparison to proxy records in the coastal Southwest and Pacific Northwest, with limited success in other regions. The highest disagreement occurs in the North-central region, where the model and data disagree on the sign of changes. In addition, we find that the areas of agreement coincide with regions whose hydroclimate is dominated by winter precipitation, while regions of disagreement are those where summer precipitation is predominant, and where the model suggests dynamical changes are important. These results illustrate the impact of the ice sheet on the atmospheric dynamics, and therefore the importance of its accurate reconstruction, as well as that of model resolution. Our analysis and synthesis provide context for future transient climate simulations, and suggest numerous areas of priority for future research.
Feline irradiated diet-induced demyelination; a model of the neuropathology of sub-acute combined degeneration?

Irradiation of food at 50–55 kGy results in a profound, chronic demyelinating-remyelinating disease of the entire central nervous system (CNS) in cats, named Feline Irradiated Diet-Induced Demyelination (FIDID). This study examines the early stages of demyelination and long-term consequences of demyelination and remyelination on axon survival or loss. Myelin vacuolation is the primary defect leading to myelin breakdown, demyelination then prompt remyelination in the spinal cord and brain. There is no evidence of oligodendrocyte death. The spinal cord dorsal column is initially spared yet eventually becomes severely demyelinated with subsequent loss of axons in the core and then surface of the fasciculus gracilis. However remyelination of the sub-pial axons in the dorsal column results in their protection. While there was a lack of biochemical evidence of Vitamin B12 deficiency, the pathological similarities of FIDID with sub-acute combined degeneration (SCD) led us to explore treatment with Vitamin B12. Treatment led to recovery or improvement in some cats and neurologic relapse on cessation of B12 therapy. While the reason that irradiated food is myelinotoxic in the cat remains unresolved, nonetheless the neuropathological changes match exactly what is seen in SCD and its models and provide an ideal model to study the cellular and molecular basis of remyelination.
Multidisciplinary team management for high grade immune-related adverse events (irAEs): A single center experience.

e15076Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly used in the management of cancer. High grade irAEs are uncommon but can be severe and require hospital admission. There is an ...
Acquired tracheoesophageal fistula and detachable soda can tab

Abstract Benign tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) secondary to foreign body aspiration is not uncommon. An unwitnessed foreign body aspiration with minimal symptoms may have a delayed presentation with significant morbidities including TEF. This case report is of a seven-year old child presenting with new-onset severe airway reactive disease for six months, who was found to have a foreign body lodged in the trachea. The large size of the object made it impossible to pass through the glottis, therefore, a secondary tracheoesophageal fistula was contemplated and later confirmed with contrast study. Repair of the fistula was performed 3 weeks later after optimization of patient condition. The surgical approach was facilitated by insertion of radio opaque guidewire into the fistula via bronchoscopy. This was followed by anterior neck exploration and division of fistula at the upper mediastinum, with primary repair of the trachea and esophagus using vascular muscle flab interposition.
Python 3 types in the wild: a tale of two type systems

Python 3 is a highly dynamic language, but it has introduced a syntax for expressing types with PEP484. This paper explores how developers use these type annotations, the type system semantics provided by type checking and inference tools, and the performance of these tools. We evaluate the types and tools on a corpus of public GitHub repositories. We review MyPy and PyType, two canonical static type checking and inference tools, and their distinct approaches to type analysis. We then address three research questions: (i) How often and in what ways do developers use Python 3 types? (ii) Which type errors do developers make? (iii) How do type errors from different tools compare? Surprisingly, when developers use static types, the code rarely type-checks with either of the tools. MyPy and PyType exhibit false positives, due to their static nature, but also flag many useful errors in our corpus. Lastly, MyPy and PyType embody two distinct type systems, flagging different errors in many cases. Understanding the usage of Python types can help guide tool-builders and researchers. Understanding the performance of popular tools can help increase the adoption of static types and tools by practitioners, ultimately leading to more correct and more robust Python code.
Condyloma lata in secondary syphilis

Syphilis is known as the “great imitator” for its varied clinical manifestations. The historically low rate of syphilis in the United States in the early 2000s has been followed by an epidemic of primary and secondary (P&S) infections, with a 71.4% increase between 2014 and 2018 (10.8 vs 6.3 cases per 100,000).1 In 2018, about 85.7% of all reported cases of P&S syphilis were observed in men, most of whom were men who have sex with men.1 Rates of P&S syphilis also increased by 30.4% in women between 2017 and 2018.1 In this case series, we describe 9 patients with condyloma lata (CL) seen in our tertiary academic medical center inpatient dermatology service between May 2015 and December 2018.
Examining native CSR advertising as a post-crisis response strategy

Although companies have started to adopt native CSR advertising for crisis communication, no existing research has examined this new phenomenon. To fill the gap, this study tested how crisis type a...
Efficient Partitioning and Allocation of Data for Workload Queries

Our aim is to provide efficient partitioning and replication of data. We seek to accommodate a variety of transaction types (both short and long-running, read and write-oriented) to support workloads in cloud environments. We do so by introducing an approach that partitions and allocates small units of data, that we call micropartitions, to multiple database nodes. Only the necessary data is available to the workload in the form of micropartitions. Transactions are routed directly to the appropriate micropartitions.
Some Applications of ROVS in Fisheries Science

Many of the problems facing fisheries managers are solvable only through application of new technologies. Fisheries scientists are limited by current observational capabilities, and are also under considerable financial pressures which demand increased efficiency. Major development of technology has never been practicable for fisheries science. However, on many occasions technologies are developed for military or industrial purposes and become economically feasible for fisheries applications. Two recent examples which have had a considerable impact on the field are microprocessors and hydro-acoustic fish detection and enumeration techniques. A striking example of technology and economics in the latter area is the sector scanning sonar. The first sector scanning sonar was developed in the 1950s for the British Admiralty at a cost of over one million dollars. Several models are now commercially available for under $50,000 and they are becoming widely used in commercial fisheries, although their use by fisheries scientists is still limited. A similar technological and economic status is currently present in the Remote Operating Vehicle (ROV). Developmental costs have been underwritten by military, oil and related industries. ROVs are now available at costs which are economically accessible to fisheries scientists. This paper explores several potential applications of this technology in the field of fisheries.
The Dynamics of Aqueous Hydroxide Ion Transport Probed via Ultrafast Vibrational Echo Experiments

We use peakshift, transient grating, and 2D IR measurements to probe the dynamics of NaOD solutions. Our experiments suggest that OD- possesses a stable solvation shell and signatures of fast intermolecular proton transfer are observed.
Modelling of Material Property Variation for Layered Manufacturing

Layered manufacturing (LM), alias solid freeform fabrication or rapid prototyping, is an important emerging manufacturing technique. It builds up a manufactured artefact by depositing successive layers of material under computer control. Until recently, objects manufactured by LM methods have been regarded as composed of homogeneous material. However, new methods of optimal design specify `functionally graded’ or inhomogeneous materials. Layered manufacturing provides a means for producing such variable material distributions. Furthermore, methods are under development for embedding reinforcing fibres in the deposited material, and additional means are therefore needed for the representation of material nonisotropy. The problem reduces essentially to that of parametrizing the interior of a boundary representation solid model, ideally in terms of the surfaces involved in its boundary. The paper surveys several methods with the potential for representing 3D material distributions, and examines their compatibility with ISO 10303 (STEP) an international standard for the representation of product life-cycle data. Some consideration is also given to the related problem of representing the microstructure resulting from the deposition of the material (in most LM methods) in strands or filaments.
History and Observation Variables in Assessing Febrile Children

Attending pediatricians listed five history and eight observation variables on which they base their "instinctive" judgment (prior to performing a physical examination) of overall degree of illness of febrile children. Attending pediatricians and house staff observer pairs independently scored these variables in an overall assessment on 219 young, febrile children. The observation variable playfulness had the strongest correlation with overall assessment. Observer agreement in scoring the variables and overall assessment, while statistically significant, was only fair. When an attending pediatrician judged a child as moderately or severely ill on overall assessment, serious illnesses were four times as likely as when such a judgment was not made. When a house officer judged a child as moderately or severely ill, serious illnesses were less than twice as likely as when such a judgment was not made. However, only 57% of children with serious illnesses were judged by the attending pediatrician as moderately or severely ill on overall assessment. These data demonstrate the importance and limitations of "instinctive" clinical judgments about young, febrile children; the association between observation of complex behavioral patterns, especially playfulness, and overall assessment; and the need for further study of these complex behavioral patterns in order to define a reliable clinical approach to febrile children.
Habitat Use, Chick Survival and Density of Caucasian Black Grouse Tetrao mlokosiewiczi

We surveyed Caucasian black grouse Tetrao mlokosiewiczi residing on the Lagonakskiy Ridge, northwestern Caucasus, Russia, in June-July 1998, and on the Magisho Ridge in July 1999. Weather affected habitat use by brood hens: on sunny days 18 broods were encountered in meadows, six in ravines, and three in pine forests; on wet days broods moved to the ridge tops (N=9) and only one was observed in pine forest. Subadult males used the same habitats as females with broods. Seven of eight adult males were encountered in ravines; only one was encountered in a meadow. Habitat use by adult males was not affected by weather and differed from habitat use by females and subadult males. Well-camouflaged females, chicks and subadult males used relatively open, food-rich habitats, whereas black adult males preferred ravines, where nutrition was poor, but where tall grass protected them from aerial predators. One nest with five hatched eggs was found. In broods an average of one chick per 10 days was lost. Agoshawk Accipiter gentilis killed one adult female. Our density estimate of 2.3 adults/km^2 for the Lagonakskiy Ridge was similar to densities reported elsewhere (2.3 1.2; N=7).
Las repercusiones de los europeos en la cultura kumiai

Los europeos que llegaron a la conquista, colonizacion y catequizacion de las Californias fueron observados en un principio por los aborigenes con asombro y temor, pero en la medida en que se aduenaban de la tierra donde decenas de comunidades kumiai habitaban en intimo equilibrio con su entorno natural, sus actividades se tornaron agresivas, rebeldes y finalmente en desanimo. Aquellas comunidades que una vez fueron duenas de las tierra tuvieron que cederlas y sujetarse a nuevas normas y costumbres, no obstante, como lo demuestra en ultima instancia la autora en este trabajo, los kumiai no van a desaparecer sino siempre van a estar ahi.
Kelsen: A Critical Review (Kelsen: Un Regard Critique)

The article exposes the thought of Kelsen in a critical fashion in order to demonstrate certain internal contradictions in the thought of Kelsen.
Pole-Placement Vibration Control of a Flexible Composite I-beam using Piezoceramic Sensors and Actuators:

This article concerns active vibration control of a flexible 3.35-m long composite I-beam that is used in civil structures in a cantilevered configuration by using piezoceramic materials, in particular the PZT (lead zirconate titanate), in the form of patches. These PZT patches are surface-bonded on the I-beam and function as actuators and sensors. A real time data acquisition and control system is used to record the experimental data and to implement controllers. To assist the control system design, open loop testing and system identification are conducted. A pole-placement controller is designed and is simulated using the identified model. Simulations show a dramatic increase in damping of the beam. Experimental results verify the simulated results and demonstrate the effectiveness of active control of a civil structure using smart materials.
Characteristics of Residues of Methyl Parathion Applied to Field Cotton

Methyl parathion applied to field cotton by a high-clearance spray machine at the rate of 0.5 lb. in 6 gal. of water per acre was found to persist on and in the foliage up to 12 days. The principal site of the residues of the insecticide was in and under the cuticle of the leaf and not on the surface. Bioassays indicated the residues of methyl parathion found 1, 3, 7. and 12 days after treatment of the cotton were toxic to the boll weevil ( Anthonomus grandis Boheman). Analyses using p32-labeled methyl parathion indicated the residual half-life of the insecticide applied to cotton leaves was approximately 24 hours. Maximum penetration of the leaf by the insecticide occurred within the first 2 hours after application. The p32-labeled methyl parathion was not translocated from its site of application on the cotton leaf. Locale analyses using radioactive methyl parathion indicated that most of the residual deposit was located within the leaf tissues, with some remaining in the cuticular layer of the leaf. Four compounds containing p32 were found in the residue. Two were identified as methyl parathion and methyl para-oxon (dimethyl p -nitrophenyl phosphate) and the others were not identified. Under conditions of high temperatures (72° to 112° F.) more of the residual methyl parathion in the cotton leaf was converted to methyl para-oxon than under conditions of lower temperatures (70° to 90° F.). The toxicity of the residues of methyl parathion over extended periods was due in part to the presence of methyl para-oxon.
Withdrawal time in excellent or very poor bowel preparation qualities

AIM: To evaluate association(s) between withdrawal time and polyp detection in various bowel preparation qualities. METHODS: Retrospective cohort analysis of screening colonoscopies performed between January 2005 and June 2011 for patients with average risk of colorectal cancer. Exclusion criteria included patients with a personal history of adenomatous polyps or colon cancer, prior colonic resection, significant family history of colorectal cancer, screening colonoscopy after other abnormal screening tests such as flexible sigmoidoscopy or barium enema, and screening colonoscopies during in-patient care. All procedures were performed or directly supervised by gastroenterologists. Main measurements were number of colonic segments with polyps and total number of colonic polyps. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of 8331 colonoscopies showed longer withdrawal time was associated with more colonic segments with polyps in good (adjusted OR = 1.16; 95%CI: 1.13-1.19), fair (OR = 1.13; 95%CI: 1.10-1.17), and poor (OR = 1.18; 95%CI: 1.11-1.26) bowel preparation qualities. A higher number of total polyps was associated with longer withdrawal time in good (OR = 1.15; 95%CI: 1.13-1.18), fair (OR = 1.13; 95%CI: 1.10-1.16), and poor (OR = 1.20; 95%CI: 1.13-1.29) bowel preparation qualities. Longer withdrawal time was not associated with more colonic segments with polyps or greater number of colonic polyps in bowel preparations with excellent (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 0.99-1.26; OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 0.99-1.24, respectively) and very poor (OR = 1.02, 95%CI: 0.99-1.12; OR = 1.05, 95%CI: 0.99-1.10, respectively) qualities. CONCLUSION: Longer withdrawal time is not associated with higher polyp number detected in colonoscopies with excellent or very poor bowel preparation quality.
Improved exposure for carotid endarterectomy

Carotid endarterectomy continues to be an operation that is widely employed and associated with excellent outcomes. Challenges to attain adequate field visualization do occur. A new retracting device is described that vastly improves operative field visualization, particularly in the upper area where high lesions and limited cervical mobility can restrict or hamper technical maneuvers. Complex maneuvers such as mandibular subluxation or osteotomy may be obviated.