cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Life Is Like

A medical student working at health fairs and clinics in underserved communities spends his time asking people what their lives are like — but can't truly empathize until his own father loses his job and his health insurance.
Reconstructing the deadly eruptive events of 1790 CE at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i

A large number of people died during an explosive eruption of Kīlauea Volcano in 1790 CE. Detailed study of the upper part of the Keanakāko‘i Tephra has identified the deposits that may have been responsible for the deaths. Three successive units record shifts in eruption style that agree well with accounts of the eruption based on survivor interviews 46 yr later. First, a wet fall of very fine, accretionary-lapilli–bearing ash created a “cloud of darkness.” People walked across the soft deposit, leaving footprints as evidence. While the ash was still unconsolidated, lithic lapilli fell into it from a high eruption column that was seen from 90 km away. Either just after this tephra fall or during its latest stage, pulsing dilute pyroclastic density currents, probably products of a phreatic eruption, swept across the western flank of Kīlauea, embedding lapilli in the muddy ash and crossing the trail along which the footprints occur. The pyroclastic density currents were most likely responsible for the fatalities, as judged from the reported condition and probable location of the bodies. This reconstruction is relevant today, as similar eruptions will probably occur in the future at Kīlauea and represent its most dangerous and least predictable hazard.
Cloning of PsbS Gene from Moso Bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis) and Its Characterization of Prokaryotic Expression

PsbS protein plays an important role in non-photochemical quenching(NPQ) in plants.A PsbS gene was cloned from Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis) leaves by RT-PCR method,which named PePsbS(GenBank No.FJ600727) with 810 bp in length,and encoded a polypeptide with 269 amino acids.Homology analysis showed that the deduced PsbS was highly homologous to those from other monocotyledon plants.The protein structure analysis indicated that PePsbS consists of transit peptide and mature protein including four transmembrane domains.The fragment of PePsbS gene encoding mature protein was constructed in multiple cloning site of pET23a and expressed in Escherichia coli induced by IPTG.The expression of PePsbS was the best under 41℃ for 4 hours,the recombinant protein accounted for 21.5% of the total proteins with molecular weight about 22 kD.It indicated that there were significant effects of temperature and IPTG induced time on protein expression.
Lesions of Cowper’s Glands in Children

Abstract Lesions of Cowper’s glands in children are relatively uncommon. They may be totally asymptomatic or may cause mild irritative or obstructive voiding symptoms. We describe 4 cases to illustrate the varied manifestations of these lesions in children. A plan of treatment is suggested, which is based on the different anatomical presentations encountered.
The Roles of Type I Interferon in Bacterial Infection

Type I interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines well recognized for their role in the induction of a potent antiviral gene program essential for host defense against viruses. They also modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the role of type I IFNs in host defense against bacterial infections is enigmatic. Depending on the bacterium, they exert seemingly opposite and capricious functions. In this review, we summarize the effect of type I IFNs on specific bacterial infections and highlight the effector mechanisms regulated by type I IFNs in an attempt to elucidate new avenues to understanding their role.
Isolation Ratio and Particle Performance Measurement of a SMIF System

This paper discusses the performance evaluation of a SMIF (Standard Mechanical Interface) system. A two-chamber experimental system is used with one chamber providing the test atmosphere of the cleanroom and the other providing the test atmosphere of the minienvironment. The cleanroom atmospher can be varied by adjusting the amount of particles injected into the chamber. Particle concentration ranges from 1,000/ft-3 to 10 million/ft3 can be created in the chamber to simulate different cleanroom conditions. The atmosphere of the second chamber is maintained at Class I or better equivalent by means of a self-powered ultra-low penetration air (ULPA) filter blower unit. By means of this system, the ability of the SMIF system to isolate the contaminants in the cleanroom atmosphere from the minienvironment atmosphere was measured. In addition, the particles added to the wafer during wafer cassette handling by the SMIF-Arm were also measured by a wafer scanner. The results indicate that the SMIF system tested is...
Experience with long-term rituximab use in a multiple sclerosis clinic.

BackgroundRituximab is a monoclonal antibody directed at CD20 positive B-lymphocytes and a potential therapeutic option in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The safety of recurrent dosing is not...
Preventing Wheel Reinvention: The psgconf System Configuration Framework

Most existing Unix system configuration tools are designed monolithically. Each tool stores configuration data in its own way, has its own mechanism for enforcing policy, has a fixed repertoire of actions that can be performed to modify the system, and provides a specific strategy for configuration management. As a result, most tools are useful only in environments that very closely match the environment for which the tool was designed. This inflexibility results in a great deal of duplication of effort in the system administration community.In this paper, I present a new architecture for system configuration tools using a modular design. I explain how this architecture allows a single tool to use different strategies for configuration management, enforce different ideas of policy, and prevent duplication of effort. I also describe the implementation of this architecture at my site and identify some areas for future research.
Larger-area single-mode photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers enabled by the accidental Dirac-point

We propose to obtain larger-area single-mode photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers by increasing the mode-spacing at the bandedge where the dispersions form an accidental Dirac-point at the center of the Brillouin zone.
Incremental Benefit-Cost of MOMCare: Collaborative Care for Perinatal Depression Among Economically Disadvantaged Women.

Objective:Effectiveness of collaborative care for perinatal depression has been demonstrated for MOMCare, from early pregnancy up to 15 months postpartum, for Medicaid enrollees in a public health system. MOMCare had a greater impact on reducing depression and improving functioning for women with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than for those without PTSD. This study estimated the incremental benefit and cost and the net benefit of MOMCare for women with major depression and PTSD.Methods:A randomized trial (September 2009 to December 2014) compared the MOMCare collaborative care depression intervention (choice of brief interpersonal psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy or both) with enhanced maternity support services (MSS-Plus) in the public health system of Seattle–King County. Among pregnant women with a probable diagnosis of major depression or dysthymia (N=164), two-thirds (N=106) met criteria for probable PTSD. Blinded assessments at three, six, 12, and 18 months postbaseline included the ...
Rho GTPases as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease.

The progress we have made in understanding Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis has led to the identification of several novel pathways and potential therapeutic targets. Rho GTPases have been implicated as critical components in AD pathogenesis, but their various functions and interactions make understanding their complex signaling challenging to study. Recent advancements in both the field of AD and Rho GTPase drug development provide novel tools for the elucidation of Rho GTPases as a viable target for AD. Herein, we summarize the fluctuating activity of Rho GTPases in various stages of AD pathogenesis and in several in vitro and in vivo AD models. We also review the current pharmacological tools such as NSAIDs, RhoA/ROCK, Rac1, and Cdc42 inhibitors used to target Rho GTPases and their use in AD-related studies. Finally, we summarize the behavioral modifications following Rho GTPase modulation in several AD mouse models. As key regulators of several AD-related signals, Rho GTPases have been studied as targets in AD. However, a consensus has yet to be reached regarding the stage at which targeting Rho GTPases would be the most beneficial. The studies discussed herein emphasize the critical role of Rho GTPases and the benefits of their modulation in AD.
Introduction to critical reflection and action for teacher researchers

Serving as a comprehensive overview of action research, this book pursues two threads. First, it introduces critical reflection and action research, providing a wealth of relevant concepts, while e...
Fishing as a Cause of Evolution in Fishes

This paper discusses the degree to which fishing causes evolution in fishes and how to detect and measure it. Fishing mortality is often very high and nonrandom with respect to several life-history traits that are at least partly heritable. Therefore, it seems likely that fishing causes evolution in fishes. Selective harvest of experimental populations has produced genetic changes in them, and natural selective agents, especially selective predation, have also caused genetic changes in populations of various species. However, the action of many other factors makes the detection and measurement of evolution difficult, so many observations that show changes in life-history traits of exploited fish populations are not sufficient by themselves to establish the occurrence of evolution. The difficulty of detecting and measuring evolution by observation alone should not be interpreted as evidence that evolution is not occurring; instead, it provides a opportunity for experimental research that has theoretical and practical importance. Some experimental approaches, which should be accompanied by simulations, are discussed.
CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY PRIOR TO LIVER TRANSPLANTATION: RESULTS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Coronary angiography (CA) has been proposed for pre-operative evaluation in patients with risk factors for CAD prior to liver transplantation (LT).1-4 We evaluated the effect of the of Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and revascularization on outcomes in these patients. We included
Habilitation of very preterm infants at a Post Acute Care Inpatient Rehabilitation (PACIR) center after neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge.

Objective To investigate whether Post-Acute Care Inpatient Rehabilitation (PACIR) admission after NICU stay affects the total length of stay (LOS) of very preterm (VPT: ≤30 weeks of gestation) infants. Methods A retrospective case control study of VPT infants d/c'd from the NICU at Maria Fareri Children's Hospital (MFCH) to either a PACIR (Blythedale Children's Hospital: BH) for convalescent care (cases) or directly home (controls). Results 35 cases and 70 controls. Total LOS (MFCH + BH) was longer for cases [196 vs. 97 days]. At the time of d/c from MFCH, Special Health Care Needs (SHCN) amongst cases were greater than controls, however, became similar at the time of home d/c. The majority of cases achieved habilitation goals at the PACIR. Conclusions Although LOS was longer for patients transferred to a PACIR, habilitation at BH Hospital reduced the SHCN at the time of home d/c amongst cases.
Pre- and postnatal tobacco and cannabis exposure and child behavior problems: Bidirectional associations, joint effects, and sex differences.

Abstract Aims We examined prospective associations between pre-and-postnatal tobacco and cannabis exposure on child behavior problems from 2 to 3 years of child age, sex differences in these associations, and bidirectional associations between maternal postnatal substance use and child behavior problems across time. Methods The sample consisted of 247 primarily young, unmarried, low-income, minority mothers and their children (97 prenatally exposed to tobacco and cannabis, 81 exposed to tobacco only, and 69 non-exposed). Mothers were assessed during each trimester of pregnancy, at 2, 9, 16 months, 2 and 3 years of child age. Results Bivariate results indicated significant differences mainly for girls. Girls in the prenatal tobacco exposure group had higher internalizing problems compared to the other two groups, and higher attention and sleep problems at 3 years compared to the control group. Higher number of cigarettes per day during pregnancy was significantly associated with higher anxiety/depression and higher attention problems at 3 years, and the associations were stronger for girls compared to boys. In model testing controlling for prenatal exposure, results indicated bidirectional associations between behavior problems at 2 years and maternal postnatal cannabis use, such that higher cannabis use across the infant toddler period predicted higher behavior problems at 2 years, which in turn predicted higher cannabis use a year later. Conclusions Results add to the literature on joint effects of tobacco and cannabis, highlight the importance of considering bidirectional associations between maternal substance use and child behavior problems, and indicate generally stronger prenatal tobacco exposure effects for girls.
Reductions of Theories for Analysis

The formal theories considered here are all subsystems of second order arithmetic with the full comprehension principle, briefly (CA). They are theories for classical analysis: Hilbert used a theory equivalent to (CA) as a formal framework for mathematical analysis in lectures during the early twenties; an extensive portion of analysis had already earlier been developed by Weyl in a weak subsystem of (CA). Weyl’s work aimed at rebuilding parts of analysis on a “sound” basis, and that meant, above all, avoiding impredicative principles. Hilbert, in contrast, set himself the task of securing the instrumental usefulness of all of classical mathematics. He hoped to achieve that aim by reducing analysis and even set theory to a fixed, absolutely fundamental part of arithmetic, so-called finitist mathematics. The specific proposal of how to achieve such a reduction is the mathematical centerpiece of Hilbert’s program; it was refuted by Godel’s Incompleteness Theorems.
As ideologias da economia positiva: tecnocracia, laissez-faire e as tensões dos argumentos metodológicos de Friedman

The purpose of this paper is to reinterpret Milton Friedman’s (1953/2009) classic essay on methodology. It attempts to draw a connection between the claims he puts forward in this work with the larger transition that was taking place in economics at the time, from interwar pluralism to postwar neoclassicism. After briefly reconstructing his argument, it is argued that it contains a tension between instrumentalism and realism. Such tension, in its turn, parallels the internal tension of the ideological role played by postwar economics, divided between its emergent technocratic inclination and its older connection to a laissez-faire ideology, a distinction borrowed from Jurgen Habermas’ (1968/1970) work.
Constraining nuclear matter parameters with GW170817

The tidal measurement of gravitational waves from the binary neutron star merger event GW170817 allows us to probe nuclear physics that suffers less from astrophysical systematics compared to neutron star radius measurements with electromagnetic wave observations. A recent work found strong correlation among neutron-star tidal deformabilities and certain combinations of nuclear parameters associated with the equation of state. These relations were then used to derive bounds on such parameters from GW170817 assuming that the relations and neutron star masses are known exactly. Here, we expand on this important work by taking into account a few new considerations: (1) a broader class of equations of state; (2) correlations with the mass-weighted tidal deformability that was directly measured with GW170817; (3) how the relations depend on the binary mass ratio; (4) the uncertainty from equation of state variation in the correlation relations; (5) adopting the updated posterior distribution of the tidal deformability measurement from GW170817. Upon these new considerations, we find GW170817 90% confidence intervals on nuclear parameters (the incompressibility ${K}_{0}$, its slope ${M}_{0}$, and the curvature of symmetry energy ${K}_{\mathrm{sym},0}$ at nuclear saturation density) to be $81\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}\ensuremath{\le}{K}_{0}\ensuremath{\le}362\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$, $1556\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}\ensuremath{\le}{M}_{0}\ensuremath{\le}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}4971\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$, and $\ensuremath{-}259\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}\ensuremath{\le}{K}_{\mathrm{sym},0}\ensuremath{\le}32\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$, which are more conservative than previously found with systematic errors more properly taken into account.
Career Patterns of American Superintendents.

Stemming from a nationwide survey of superintendents (Glass, Bjork, & Brunner, 2000), this article dispels the myth that there is a crisis facing the American school superintendency. Though we note...
Preface: Historical and Cultural Perspectives on Lesson Study in Japan and China

Lesson study offers a powerful set of lenses that can sharpen our gaze on teaching. It invites the teachers engaged in conducting a research lesson, observers of the lesson, or even those studying lesson study as a practice to consider small moments and movements in a single lesson and fine details of teaching with the goal of understanding and improving teaching and learning. Yet anyone engaged in lesson study would remind us that it is not only a lens that magnifies the current moment, the act of teaching, but lesson study also gains its power from its ability to focus the educator on connections between the present and future. By considering goals for learning in guiding a lesson plan, looking closely at the enactment of that plan in an instance of teaching, and revising and reflecting on the plan’s effect, teachers and others engaged in the practice of lesson study move between big ideas and micro-moments. Lesson study thus naturally weaves back and forth from future to present back to future.
Leveraging Machine Learning Approach to Setup Software-Defined Network(SDN) Controller Rules During DDoS Attack

A machine learning based Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack detection system, implemented in a virtual SDN environment testbed, has been presented in this paper. This system identifies whether any incoming traffic in a network is a DDoS type or not. To implement this approach, we applied AdaBoosting with decision stump as a weak classifier to train our model on a private network dataset in SDN environment. Our model showed up to 93% detection accuracy with a low false-positive rate. We have also tested and compared our model’s accuracy with different machine learning algorithms and presented the result.
Handbook of media management and economics, 2nd Edition

The numbers continue to add up when you look at the status of scholarship in the Handbook of Media Management and Economics, 2nd edition, which affords the opportunity to see how research examines ...
Litigation Risk as a Justification for Agency Action

To justify its rescission of the Deferred Action on Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) employed a novel rationale: risk of litigation. DHS argued that DACA was potentially unlawful and might be disruptively enjoined by a court and that the agency could preemptively wind down the program in light of risk that it would be forced to do so in litigation. This Note argues first that agencies can and should consider litigation risk in taking regulatory action—especially given the increasing frequency of nationwide injunctions. But it proposes that an agency invoking litigation risk must examine four elements: forgone benefits prior to a predicted disruptive injunction, probability of the injunction, costs of the injunction, and contrary litigation risk. Examination of these elements here suggests that the DACA rescission could not have been justified solely on the basis of litigation risk and that regulatory changes will rarely be justified on this sole basis. Courts must carefully scrutinize litigation risk rationales, as excessive deference to this rationale may allow agencies to evade responsibility for their policy decisions by passing blame on to hypothetical future judicial action.
Current State of Pediatric Critical Care in Nepal

Introduction: Limited data exist on current pediatric critical care services (PICU) in Nepal. This descriptive study aims to describe the structure, services, equipment, staffing, and cost of pediatric critical care in Nepal. Methods: A questionnaire survey was called in or emailed to the chief of each facility of all tertiary hospitals in Nepal. Inclusion criteria included hospitals with separate physical facilities …
Mapping Lung Water Signal Distribution on Human Chest and Predition of Lung Water Content

Measuring lung water change is invaluable for monitoring patients with heart failure and pulmonary diseases and assessing their responses to the treatment. Sensors for such measurement have been developed in Hawaii Advanced Wireless Technologies Institute (HAWTI) and clinical trials have been carried out. In this paper, we use numerical simulations to obtain the signals received by the sensors as a function of lung water content and sensor locations on the human torso. The data are interpolated to obtain a finer distribution of signals on the chest. The higher resolution data are used to train the support vector regression (SVR) machine to establish a prediction model for lung water content as a function of received signal and location of the sensors. The interpolation and SVR methods can save significant simulation time and will be used for building a database for lung water prediction for various human torsos.
An 11,300 yr record of paleoclimatology and paleoceanography of the central California coast in a gravity core from Pioneer Seamount

Abstract Diatom, pollen, silicoflagellate, and biogenic opal analyses from a 155 cm-long gravity core from Pioneer Seamount, offshore Santa Cruz, California (PS1410-06 GC, latitude 37.3°N, longitude 123.4°W, water depth 2165 m) are compiled for the last ~11,300 years and compared with those of ODP 1019 and TN062-O550 from northern California. The relative abundance record of the subtropical diatom Fragilariopsis doliolus has similar bimodal Holocene patterns in all three cores, suggesting that sea surface temperatures (SST) were lower during the middle part of the Holocene than they were during the later and earlier parts. The relative abundance of coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) pollen, a proxy for fog and coastal upwelling, displays stepwise increases in ODP 1019 and TN062-O550 between ~ 4000 and 3000 cal yr. BP, but its relative abundance in PS1410-06 GC increases gradually throughout the past 10,200 yr without any major steps. Similarly, biogenic silica (opal) displays stepwise increases at ~3600 and 2900 cal yr. BP in ODP 1019 and TN062-O550, respectively, whereas opal increases more gradually in PS1410-06 GC during the past 10,100 yr with relatively minor steps at ~3100 and ~2600 cal yr. BP. Together, coastal redwood and opal argue for a more gradual late Holocene increase in coastal upwelling along the coast of central California compared with that off northern California, where onshore-offshore gradients are more distinct.
Flame propagation in the mixtures of O2/N2 oxidizer with fluorinated propene refrigerants (CH2CFCF3, CHFCHCF3, CH2CHCF3)

A kinetic model is presented for high-temperature oxidation and combustion of the refrigerants: 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf), 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)), and 3,3,3-trifluorop...
Skeletal Stem Cells for Bone Development and Repair: Diversity Matters.

Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) are considered to play important roles in bone development and repair. These cells have been historically defined by their in vitro potential for self-renewal and differentiation into “trilineage” cells; however, little is known about their in vivo identity. Here, we discuss recent progress on SSCs and how they potentially contribute to bone development and repair. Bone is composed of diverse tissues, which include cartilage and its perichondrium, cortical bone and its periosteum, and bone marrow and its trabecular bone and stromal compartment. We are now at the initial stage of understanding the precise identity of SSCs in each bone tissue. The emerging concept is that functionally dedicated SSCs are encased by their own unique cellular and extracellular matrix microenvironment, and locally support its own compartment. Diverse groups of SSCs are likely to work in concert to achieve development and repair of the highly functional skeletal organ.
The Role of Physical Therapy in Multiple Risk Factor Management Poststroke: A Scoping Review.

Background and purpose Individuals after stroke often have multiple chronic conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and tobacco use. These comorbidities not only are commonly found in individuals with stroke, but also negatively affect functional outcomes and increase risk for hospital readmission and overall mortality. It is important for physical therapists to address the whole person during treatment after stroke, including comorbidities, not just the problems resulting from the stroke itself. However, it is unclear how common it is for physical therapists to address multiple diagnoses at once using a wellness model. Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to examine current evidence regarding the role of physical therapy in addressing modifiable risk factors for individuals after stroke, to identify gaps in research associated with physical therapy management of related comorbid diagnoses during treatment for stroke. Methods A scoping review methodology was utilized searching PubMed and CINAHL databases to identify interventional research studies specifically addressing multiple modifiable risk factors utilizing physical therapy for individuals after stroke. Results The initial search yielded 5358 articles and 12 articles met full inclusion criteria. Only 2 studies included participants with significant mobility impairments, and none included individuals with communication impairments. Only 4 of the 12 studies provided education in their design. Eight studies did not include any patient-reported outcome measures. Only 3 studies included long-term follow-up assessments. Discussion Secondary stroke risk factors can be positively addressed using physical therapy interventions; however, more research is needed regarding individuals with moderate to severe mobility or communication deficits. Opportunities for physical therapy research to address stroke risk factors in this complex population include expanding follow-up periods, improving educational interventions, and including caregivers in study design. Conclusions This review highlights the need for better integration of clinical considerations into stroke rehabilitation research as a whole, along with the need for additional research regarding the role physical therapy can play in addressing multimorbidity in individuals with stroke.
The More Ethnic the Face, the More Important the Race: A Closer Look at Colorism and Employment Opportunities among Middle Eastern Women:

Colorism is the intra- and interracial discrimination an individual experiences based on one’s phenotype. Current research focused on colorism among black Americans has found that “dark-skinned bla...
Surviving, Learning, and Striving in the Times of Pandemic: Teaching With A Journal of the Plague Year: An Archive of COVID-19 (JOTPY)

With the onset of COVID-19, spring 2020 proved difficult for teachers and students everywhere. But amid the challenges of online and hybrid education, incorporating A Journal of the Plague Year: a ...
Ontogenetic growth pattern of the extinct megatooth shark Otodus megalodon—implications for its reproductive biology, development, and life expectancy

The extinct megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae), is known primarily from its gigantic teeth in the late Neogene marine fossil record. It is known to reach at least 14.1‒15....
Microbial production of human milk oligosaccharide lactodifucotetraose.

Abstract Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are potent bioactive compounds that modulate neonatal health and are of interest for development as potential drug treatments for adult diseases. The potential of these molecules, their limited access from natural sources, and difficulty in large-scale isolation of individual HMOs for studies and applications have motivated the development of chemical syntheses and in vitro enzymatic catalysis strategies. Whole cell biocatalysts are emerging as alternative self-regulating production platforms that have the potential to reduce the cost for enzymatic synthesis of HMOs. Whole cell biocatalysts for the production of short-chained, linear and small monofucosylated HMOs have been reported but those for fucosylated structures with higher complexity have not been explored. In this study, we established a strategy for producing a difucosylated HMO, lactodifucotetraose (LDFT), from lactose and L-fucose in Escherichia coli. We used two bacterial fucosyltransferases with narrow acceptor selectivity to drive the sequential fucosylation of lactose and intermediate 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) to produce LDFT. Deletion of substrate degradation pathways that decoupled cellular growth from LDFT production, enhanced expression of native substrate transporters and modular induction of the genes in the LDFT biosynthetic pathway allowed complete conversion of lactose into LDFT and minor quantities of the side product 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL). Overall, 5.1 g/L of LDFT was produced from 3 g/L lactose and 3 g/L L-fucose in 24 h. Our results demonstrate promising applications of engineered microbial biosystems for the production of multi-fucosylated HMOs for biochemical studies.
Myositis autoantibodies in a racially diverse population of children with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.

Background Juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (JIIMs) is a group of autoimmune disorders, including juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), juvenile polymyositis (JPM) and overlap myositis, that are characterized by proximal muscle weakness, elevated levels of serum muscle enzymes, and pathognomonic skin findings. While the exact etiology of JIIMs is unclear, the presence of myositis specific autoantibodies (MSAs) have been associated with certain clinical phenotypes, organ involvement and disease prognosis. To date, there have been few studies of the associations between MSA presence and patient ethnicity. It is important to understand the extent to which ethnicity impacts disease manifestations, organ involvement and clinical outcomes. The goal of our study is to determine MSA and myositis associated autoantibody (MAA) presence, clinical phenotype, and disease course in a racially diverse population of pediatric patients with JIIMs. Methods Patients age 2-21 years with a prior diagnosis of JDM, JPM or overlap myositis, who had been tested for MSA/MAA, were eligible for study inclusion. Clinical and laboratory data were collected retrospectively via manual chart review in this single-center study. Descriptive statistics were performed to summarize each variable. Given the small sample size, non-parametric testing was performed using Fischer's exact test, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results Thirty one patients were included in the analysis. Race and ethnicity were self-reported as Hispanic (48.4%), white (25.8%), and Black (25.8%). The most prevalent MSAs were anti-MDA5 (25.8%), anti-p155/140 (22.6%) and anti-MJ (19.4%). Presence of autoantibodies (p = 0.04) and pulmonary disease (p = 0.03) were significantly higher in patients of Black or Hispanic descent compared with white descent. Anti-MDA5 antibodies, cutaneous ulceration, cardiopulmonary involvement, hospitalizations and one death were only reported in patients with Black or Hispanic descent. Patients with anti-MDA5 antibodies were more likely to be male (p = 0.04) and to have cutaneous ulceration (p = 0.02). Conclusions This study describes the prevalence of MSA/MAA in a racially diverse group of patients with JIIM and further delineates clinical phenotype and disease complications in these groups. We found a relatively high proportion of children with anti-MDA5 antibodies and described potentially worse clinical courses in children of Black or Hispanic descent. Further investigation is warranted to examine these findings.
Temporal variation in association between short-term exposure to fine particulate matter and hospitalisations in older adults in the USA: a long-term time-series analysis of the US Medicare dataset.

Summary Background Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2·5) is associated with increased risk of hospital admissions and mortality, and health risks differ by the chemical composition of PM2·5. Policies to control PM2·5 could change its chemical composition and total mass concentration, leading to change in the subsequent health impact. However, there is little ence on whether associations between PM2·5 and health exhibit temporal variation. We investigated whether risks of hospitalisations from short-term exposure to PM2·5 varied over time in the USA. Methods We did a time-series analysis using a national dataset comprising daily circulatory and respiratory hospitalisation rates of Medicare beneficiaries (age ≥65 years) and PM2·5 in 173 US counties from 1999 to 2016. We fitted modified quasi-Poisson models to estimate temporal trends of associations within a county, and pooled county-level estimates using Bayesian hierarchical modelling to generate an overall estimate. Findings The study included 10 559 654 circulatory and 3 027 281 respiratory hospitalisations. We identified changes in the national average association between previous-day PM2·5 and respiratory hospitalisation over time, with a U-shape that is robust under stratification, linear, and non-linear models. The change in risk of respiratory hospitalisation per 10 μg/m3 increase in previous-day PM2·5 decreased from 0·75% (95% posterior credible interval 0·05 to 1·46) in 1999 to –0·28% (–0·79 to 0·23) in 2008, and then increased to 1·44% (0·00 to 2·91) in 2016. No statistically significant temporal change was observed for associations between same-day PM2·5 and circulatory hospitalisation. Interpretation Hospitalisation risk from PM2·5 changes over time and has increased over the past 7 years in study, especially in northeastern USA. The temporal trend differs by cause of hospitalisation. This study emphasises the necessity of evaluating temporal heterogeneity in health impacts of PM2·5 and suggests caution in applying association estimates to a different time period. Funding US Environmental Protection Agency and Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies.
Brownian Motion and the Appraisal of Theories

Brownian movement (discovered by the botanist Brown in 1827) refers to the irregular motion of small suspended particles in various fluids which keeps them from steadily sinking due to gravitation. Attempts to explain this phenomenon are linked with the atomic debates from the late 19th century to the early 20th. In particular, the testing of the Einstein—Smoluchowski theory of Brownian motion by Perrin1 is considered to have provided the long sought-after evidence in favor of the molecular-kinetic theory of gases against classical thermodynamics. While this episode has often served as a case study for philosophers,2 such case studies, as remarked generally by Laudan et al. (1986, p. 159) “are not ‘tests’ of the theory in question at all, but applications of the theory to a particular case”. The aim of my discussion will be to employ this episode to carry out genuine tests, focusing on the following set of interrelated theses on theory appraisal: (T2.3, T2.4, T2.5, T2.6, T2.8 and T2.10). As many of these pertain to evaluating guiding assumptions, I shall suggest briefly how my results bear on a thesis on the appraisal of guiding assumptions (GA1.1), and a thesis on scientific revolutions (GA4.1). The atomic debate as a whole is too broad to be taken up here.
Postulates for protein (hydrophobic) folding and function

The previously demonstrated capacity to utilize the hydrophobic folding and assembly transition in designed model proteins to perform diverse energy conversions is formalized in terms of three postulates with an associated 15 corollaries. Each corollary defines one of the 15 pairwise free-energy transductions involving the six intensive variables: mechanical force, temperature, pressure, chemical potential, electrochemical potential, and electromagnetic radiation. The first postulate directly involves the input of thermal energy to raise the temperature from below to above that temperature required to drive hydrophobic folding and assembly, with the resultant capacity to perform useful mechanical work. The second postulate considers the energy inputs that can lower or raise the temperature range over which the hydrophobic folding transition occurs; these energy inputs can thereby perform mechanical work. The third postulate treats the energy conversions not involving mechanical force, whereby a pair of functional groups becomes coupled by each being a part of the same hydrophobic association process with each functional group being able individually to drive the hydrophobic folding transition and thereby to change the state of the second functional group in an energy-conversion process. It is then shown how a model protein can be so designed as to function in a second-order process treated by Postulate III and how the efficiency of energy conversion can be enhanced. Finally, these energy-conversion studies using the hydrophobic folding and assembly transition in model proteins are related to a theoretical model for cooperative hydrophobic folding and to experimental studies suggesting a central role for hydrophobic folding in the general problem of protein folding. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fitting exponential smoothing models with computer graphics

Abstract Fitting an exponential smoothing model to historical data involves two distinct decision processes. First, the presence (or lack) of trend and/or cyclic effects in the data must be identified. Secondly, having identified the terms which should be included in the model, appropriate values for the associated parameters (or smoothing constants) must be chosen. The decision process associated with each of these tasks can be based on a rigorous statistical methodology or less sophisticated intuitive techniques. We have found that the use of microcomputer graphics supported by simple statistical measures gives significant insight into identifying the presence of trend and/or seasonal cycles and measuring the effect of the values assigned to the exponential smoothing constants. This is particularly true when the data set being used has relatively few points. This paper presents forecasting software developed by the authors and illustrates the use of microcomputer graphics in fitting exponential smoothing models to historical data.
The rate of movement of [3H]-water and [14C]-dextran into the gingival sulcus of the rabbit.

Abstract The entrance of [ 3 H]-water and [ 14 C]-dextran into the gingival sulcus of the mandibular incisors of rabbits following submucosal injection was monitored. Tritiated water readily entered the sulcus; the rate decreased with time bi-exponentially. Elevation of the oncotic strength of the injected solution (4.44 mM polyvinylpyrrolidone or 0.40 mM dextran) slowed the rate of decline. The intrasulcular recovery of [ 14 C]-dextran was negligible in control animals. Inclusion of polyvinylpyrrolidone (4.44 mM) in the injected solution increased the entry of label into the sulcus. Thus, the oncotic pressure of interstitial fluid of the connective tissue can play a role in the movement of both water and macromolecules into the sulcus.
Folding of amphipathic alpha-helices on membranes: energetics of helix formation by melittin.

Membranes have a potent ability to promote secondary structure formation in a wide range of membrane-active peptides, believed to be due to a reduction through hydrogen bonding of the energetic cost of partitioning peptide bonds. This process is of fundamental importance for understanding the mechanism of action of toxins and antimicrobial peptides and the stability of membrane proteins. A classic example of membrane-induced folding is the bee-venom peptide melittin that is largely unstructured when free in solution, but strongly adopts an amphipathic alpha-helical conformation when partitioned into membranes. We have determined the energetics of melittin helix formation through measurements of the partitioning free energies and the helicities of native melittin and of a diastereomeric analog with four d-amino acids (d4,l-melittin). Because D4,l-melittin has little secondary structure in either the free or bound forms, it serves as a model for the experimentally inaccessible unfolded bound form of native melittin. The partitioning of native melittin into large unilamellar phosphocholine vesicles is 5.0(+/-0.7) kcal mol-1 more favorable than the partitioning of d4,l-melittin (1 cal=4.186 J). Differences in the circular dichroism spectra of the two forms of melittin indicate that bound native melittin is more helical than bound d4, l-melittin by about 12 residues. These findings disclose that the free energy reduction per residue accompanying the folding of melittin in membrane interfaces is about 0.4 kcal mol-1, consistent with the hypothesis that hydrogen bonding reduces the high cost of partitioning peptide bonds. A value of 0.6 kcal mol-1 per residue has been observed for beta-sheet formation by a hexapeptide model system. These two values provide a useful rule of thumb for estimating the energetic consequences of membrane-induced secondary structure formation.
A CONTOUR-BASED RECOVERY OF OPTICAL FLOWS BY ITERATIVE IMPROVEMENT

We present an iterative algorithm for the computation of motion parameters which characterize the motion in the image plane, given a sequence of contours which change in time due to motion in space. Our method is based on the observation due to Waxman and Ullman (1985) that the second-order polynomial approximation of optical flow in the image coordinates provides sufficient information for 3-D motion computation. The use of an explicit flow model enables us to improve normal flow estimates through an iterative process. The algorithm has been tested on the synthetic time-varying images. The optical flows recovered from this scheme are accurate enough to be used for 3-D structure and motion computation. We also discuss the (in)variance of the zerocrossings of the Laplacian operating on the image intensities with respect to motion. The change of perspective view due to relative motion results certain zerocrossings not being preserved as image evolves, thereby deteriorating the accuracy of 2-D motion obtained by analyzing such zero-crossing contours. We present a theorem which relates true local measurement of zerocrossings to the tolerance of optical flow vector. Such analysis suggests an effective way to prevent "unstable" zerocrossings from being used for the matching process of motion computation.
Lectotypification of Eunotogramma laeve

Grunow first proposed the epithet Eunotogramma laeve in 1879 for specimens collected from North Carolina, USA and mounted on strewn slide no. 257 in the Cleve and Moller (C&M) exsiccatae. In 1882, he again listed E. laeve from material collected from Florida, USA and mounted on slide no. 320 from the same exsiccatae. Examination of C&M slides no. 257 and 320 from the Farlow Herbarium and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia with the light microscope (LM) reveals the presence of three Eunotogramma species on the two slides. Under the LM, the specimens on C&M slide no. 257 have areolate frustules, whereas the two species on C&M slide no. 320 have hyaline frustules. Given that there is no nomenclatural type for E. laeve, the areolate specimens found on the C&M slide no. 257 from the Farlow Herbarium are here designated as the lectotype for the species.
A formation flight experiment

A formation flight testbed highlights the intricate interplay between technology and control theory for interconnected systems. Successfully controlling airplanes that fly in formation will entail a complete control design cycle: first principles modeling to understand the underlying physical phenomena, system identification to fit the experimental data to a physically motivated model, model-based control design, control system implementation, and finally, assessing the performance of the controller.
Atrial natriuretic peptide negatively regulates follicle-stimulating hormone-induced porcine oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion via cGMP-dependent protein kinase pathway.

Abstract This study examined the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on porcine cumulus-enclosed oocyte (CEO) maturation and cumulus expansion. ANP negatively regulated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-stimulated germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD; 90.1, 81.2 and 68.2% for FSH, FSH + 10 nM ANP and FSH + 1 μM ANP, respectively), first polar body emission (PB1; 86.1, 75.3 and 53.3% for FSH, FSH + 1 nM ANP and FSH + 1 μM ANP, respectively) and cumulus expansion (CEI; 3.47, 3.16 and 2.43 for FSH, FSH + 1 nM ANP and FSH + 1 μM ANP, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner when CEOs were cultured in the maturation medium containing porcine follicular fluid (pFF). This negative effect showed a time-dependent manner after preincubation with 100 nM ANP for 5 h (78.4% PB1), 10 h (81.7% GVBD and 74.1% PB1), 20 h (78.5% GVBD and 68.9% PB1), and 44 h (75.3% GVBD and 60.5% PB1), respectively. ANP also significantly inhibited FSH-induced porcine oocyte GVBD (47.6% versus 83.8%) and PB1 emission (22.4% versus 45.2%) when CEOs were cultured in pFF-free maturation medium. cGMP analog 8-Br-cGMP (10 μM to 1 mM) mimicked the effects of ANP on GVBD, PB1, and CEI. The negative effect of ANP was completely reversed by KT5823 (a specific inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase), while C-ANP-(4-23) (an analogue of ANP and specific binder for natriuretic peptide receptors-C) was ineffective in oocyte maturation. Neither ANP nor C-ANP-(4-23) had an effect on spontaneous porcine oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion. These results suggested that ANP negatively regulates FSH-activated porcine oocyte meiotic resumption, meiotic maturation and cumulus expansion. The function of ANP on porcine oocyte maturation is via the cGMP dependent protein kinase (PKG) pathway.
Matrix Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations of Ni(CO)x-, x = 1−3

Laser-ablated Ni atoms and electrons react with CO in excess argon during condensation to form the Ni(CO)1-4 complexes and Ni(CO)1-3- anions. Matrix infrared spectra of the neutral complexes with 12C16O, 13C16O, and 12C18O substitution are in agreement with earlier reports with thermal Ni atoms. In addition, new absorptions at 1847.0, 1801.7, and 1858.8 cm-1 exhibit isotopic spectra in excellent agreement with DFT calculations for the Ni(CO)1-3- anions. An experiment doped with the CCl4 electron-trapping molecule gave the same Ni(CO)1-4 spectrum without the corresponding anions, which strongly supports this identification of the molecular anions.