cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of patients at risk of ischemic events for long-term secondary prevention.

Purpose: To review the identification of patients at risk of secondary ischemic events, discuss the therapies available for their medical management, and identify the role of the nurse practitioner (NP) in their primary and long-term care. Data sources: ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease, AHA/ASA 2006 guidelines for patients with ischemic stroke, AHA/ACC 2006 guidelines update for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease, and selected clinical articles identified through PubMed. Conclusions: Preventive therapy in patients with atherothrombotic vascular disease is critical for reducing the risk of recurrent events. Almost all patients with atherosclerotic disease will benefit from general lifestyle modifications, and most will also benefit from appropriate pharmacotherapies targeting dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, and platelet function. However, evidence suggests that secondary prevention strategies may not be utilized effectively. Implications for practice: Increased awareness and implementation of clinical practice guidelines can reduce the risk of recurrent atherothrombotic events. NPs in primary care settings or in long-term care facilities are well placed to determine whether patients are receiving appropriate preventive care and to implement improvements in their management.
A phase I study of abacavir (1592U89) alone and in combination with other antiretroviral agents in infants and children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 330 Team.

Objectives. To evaluate the pharmacokinetic features, safety, and tolerance of abacavir, given alone and in combination with other nucleoside antiretroviral agents, in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children. Methods. HIV-infected children discontinued prior antiretroviral therapy and were given abacavir orally, 4 mg/kg every 12 hours for 6 weeks, followed by 8 mg/kg every 12 hours for 6 weeks ( n = 39); or 8 mg/kg every 12 hours for 12 weeks ( n = 8). Children then were randomized to receive a second nucleoside antiretroviral agent (zidovudine, stavudine, didanosine, or lamivudine), plus abacavir. Pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerance, CD4 + lymphocyte counts, and plasma HIV RNA concentrations were evaluated. Results. At a dose of 8 mg/kg every 12 hours, area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curves and plasma half-life values were comparable with those reported for adults receiving abacavir at a dose of 300 mg twice daily. One case each of hypersensitivity reaction and peripheral neuropathy occurred during abacavir monotherapy. Three children experienced neutropenia while receiving abacavir in combination with another antiretroviral agent. Mean CD4 + lymphocyte count and plasma HIV RNA concentration did not change when prior antiretroviral therapy was changed to abacavir monotherapy. Conclusions. Abacavir therapy is associated with good short-term tolerance and safety in HIV-infected children. Phase III studies are in progress to assess the antiviral activity of abacavir in children and adults.
A New Gleicheniopsis From The Upper Cretaceous Of Western Greenland

While examining the collection of fossil plants from Western Greenland, made by Mr. Carl 0. Erlanson in I928, portions of small fertile Gleicheniaceous fronds were observed. Some of them were merely impressions, but others had a coating of the carbonized plant tissue still adhering to the fine dark gray shale. The latter fronds proved to be of much interest. The carbonized material was carefully removed from the shale, placed in (lilute nitric acid and potassium chlorate for a short time, and then treated with ammonium hydroxide. Each sorus or other part of the fronds was macerated and examined separately. Compact groups or masses of spores were readily liberated from each sorus, but it was almost impossible to separate the individual spores. Several different methods were employed but with no satisfactory results. A few small fragments of the epidermis from the rachises were also recovered. All of this macerated plant material was mounted on slides by the euparal method (Miner, I932). Tutin (I932) proposed the genus Gleicheniopsis for certain species included in Gleichenites which differed markedly from Gleicheitia in having numerous small sporangia per sorus and very few spores; but the differ&lnces between the two genera are not sufficient, as is shown by the intermediacy of Gleichenites Porsildii. Nevertheless, since the distinction has been made, it seems best to continue the use of both generic names until more evidence is at hand. The age of Gleicheniopsis is given as Lower Cretaceous, but the specimen described here appears to belong higher up in the Cretaceous series. Heer (I882, 1883) divided the Cretaceous rocks of Western Greenland into three series: Kome or Lower Cretaceous, Atane or Cenomanian, and Patoot, the uppermost Cretaceous. Seward (I925, I927) made a critical study and( revision of this flora and concluded that a more thorough examination of the sections is necessary, because with the available facts it is difficult to correlate accurately the Cretaceous series of Greenland with other regions and also because this flora represents more fully than any other the early stages in the transitional period from an older Jurassic-Wealden vegetation to the later type that continued into the Tertiary. The shale bearing this material came from Patoot and Ata on the Nugsuaks
A Comparison of Several Meteorological Analysis Schemes over a Data-Rich Region

Abstract Among the many ways of comparing meteorological analyses, two are considered in this paper: their ability to fit the contours to observed data and to portray accurately the amplitude and position of synoptic-scale waves. Four analysis methods are investigated in a data-rich area: the National Meteorological Center (NMC) operational successive-correction objective analysis, a global statistical multivariate analysis, an isentropic analysis and a hand-analyzed subjective analysis. Analyses of wind and height for 11–14 December 1967 are compared on mandatory pressure surfaces. The individual analysts show minor differences in the positions and intensifies of synoptic-scale meteorological features, in gradients, and in the smoothing of the data. Most differences are explained in terms of the computational methods employed by each analysis scheme. The NMC, isentropic and multivariate schemes fit the station data more closely than the subjective analyses. On the basis of these comparisons, we are unabl...
Co‐producing philanthropic knowledge in African American communities

The co-production of knowledge model elucidates unexplored issues in African American philanthropy and proposes strategies for incorporating diverse philanthropic traditions into the overall practice of giving in African American philanthropy.
ANALYSIS OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER DURING IMMERSION FRYING

ABSTRACT Immersion frying was studied as a high temperature drying process and analogies drawn between periods found in drying and similar periods in immersion frying. Analysis of external heat transfer during immersion frying showed a highly complex system of free and forced convection augmented by boiling conditions. Oil flow was found to be driven downward by buoyancy forces due to cooling at the sample surface then upward due to entrainment in vapor bubbles during boiling conditions. Experimental work showed the convective heat transfer coefficient to be a dynamic property ranging from 300 to 1100 W/m2°C and to be strongly coupled with bulk movement of the oil. Heat flux measurements found a peak flux of nearly 30,000 W/m3. Based on analysis of bubble dynamics it is hypothesized that heat flux increases with increased oil degradation through a reduction in vapor bubble size and increase in bubble frequency due to changes in interfacial properties of the oil.
Noise performance of microchannel plate imaging systems

We present a characterization of the significant noise mechanisms in a microchannel image intensifier and CCD image recording system intended for applications in ultrafast imaging systems used at LLNL for nuclear science. The system under study consists of a generation two image intensifier a relay lens and a cooled CCD imaging array of 640 by 1024 pixels. Fixed pattern noise is significantly reduced by flat fielding techniques. The remaining major noise mechanisms are the intensifier shot noise and a noise factor that characterizes the non-idealness of the system. Results are given for the intensifier noise factor'' s functional dependence on input irradiance levels gain settings and accelerating voltages.
Competition and product management: Can the product life cycle help?☆

Sak Onkvisit is an associate professor. . of business at San Jose State University. in California. John J. Shaw is an associate professor of marketing at Providence College in Rhode Island. This article marks their first appearance in Business Horizons. The Product Life Cycle is a theory that needs further re f inement . Neverthe less , PLC has important implications for strategic product management . It can help you fish where the fish are and protect your own turf. It can help your product get better, not older. You can use it to milk cash cows and to track new technologies.
Celecoxib inhibits angiogenesis by inducing endothelial cell apoptosis in human pancreatic tumor xenografts

Previous studies suggest that antagonists of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 (COX-1, -2) inhibit angiogenesis in tumor xenografts, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here we characterized the effects of non-selective (indomethacin) and selective (NS398, celecoxib) cyclooxygenase inhibitors on parameters of angiogenesis in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. COX-1 expression was constitutive in 9/9 pancreatic cancer cell lines, whereas COX-2 and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2 ) expression were observed in 4/9 cell lines (BxPC3, Capan2, Cfpac1, and L3.6pl). Production of the COX product, prostaglandin E2, correlated with expression of cPLA2 and COX-2 and was blocked by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, indomethacin or NS398). In contrast to the findings of others, neither indomethacin nor NS398 affected tumor cell proliferation or secretion of angiogenic factors (VEGF, bFGF, IL-8) at concentrations that produced maximal inhibition of PGE2 production, and higher concentrations i...
Near-Infrared Raman Spectroscopy for in vivo Detection of Cervical Precancers:

This study evaluates the potential of near-infrared Raman spectroscopy for in vivo detection of squamous dysplasia, a precursor to cervical cancer. A pilot clinical trial was carried out at three clinical sites. Raman spectra were measured from one colposcopically normal and one abnormal area of the cervix. These sites were then biopsied and submitted for routine histologic analysis. Twenty-four evaluable measurements were made in vivo in 13 patients. Cervical tissue Raman spectra contain peaks in the vicinity of 1070, 1180, 1195, 1210, 1245, 1330, 1400, 1454, 1505, 1555, 1656, and 1760 cm-1. The ratio of intensities at 1454 to 1656 cm-1 is greater for squamous dysplasia than all other tissue types, while the ratio of intensities at 1330 to 1454 cm-1 is lower for samples with squamous dysplasia than all other tissue types. A simple algorithm based on these two intensity ratios separates high-grade squamous dysplasia from all others, misclassifying only one sample. Spectra measured in vivo resemble those measured in vitro. Cervical epithelial cells may contribute to tissue spectra at 1330 cm-1, a region associated with DNA. In contrast, epithelial cells probably do not contribute to tissue spectra at 1454 cm-1, a region associated with collagen and phospholipids.
One of the oldest cases of schizophrenia in Gogol's Diary of a Madman

Besides intrinsic historical and literary interest and clinical usefulness by providing good exemplar cases, the study of the history of a disease can provide clues to its pathogenesis—it is necessary, but not sufficient, that the cause of a disease be at least as old as the disease itself. Here I note one of the oldest and most complete descriptions of schizophrenia, in Nicolai Gogol's classic short story Diary of a Madman (1834).1 #### Summary points Nicolai Gogol's classic short story Diary of a Madman (1834) contains one of the earliest, and most complete, descriptions of schizophrenia Beyond intrinsic and historical interest, this case is important because it has implications for the antiquity, and possibly the aetiology, of schizophrenia From a literary point of view, the story can be appreciated as a sketch—albeit a most brilliant one—of the disease It might seem unnecessary to need to prove that schizophrenia is an old disease because “every town had a fool.” However, the only case of schizophrenia that possibly meets the diagnostic criteria for the disease (see box) much before 1800 is that of Edgar or Poor Tom in Shakespeare's King Lear .3-5 This has led to the tentative suggestion that some factor—a virus, environmental toxin, or perhaps “modernity itself”—in play since 1800 has greatly increased the incidence of schizophrenia.3 As the signs of schizophrenia can be noticed without any laboratory test or even specialised training, the extreme dearth of old cases of schizophrenia cannot trivially be due to lack of advanced diagnostic equipment or medical education in days of yore. The “mad” ravings of a local town “fool” could have been secondary to mania, temporal lobe epilepsy,6 substance misuse or withdrawal, vitamin deficiencies, or heavy metal poisoning. #### Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia (according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual , third edition2)
Role of Purα in the cellular response to ultraviolet-C radiation.

Pura is a nucleic acid-binding protein with DNA-unwinding activity, which has recently been shown to have a role in the cellular response to DNA damage. We have investigated the function of Pura in Ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation-induced DNA damage and nucleotide excision repair (NER). Mouse embryo fibroblasts from PURA-/- knockout mice, which lack Pura, showed enhanced sensitivity to UVC irradiation as assessed by assays for cell viability and clonogenicity compared to Pura positive control cultures. In reporter plasmid reactivation assays to measure the removal of DNA adducts induced in vitro by UVC, the Pura-negative cells were less efficient in DNA damage repair. Pura-negative cells were also more sensitive to UVC-induced DNA damage measured by Comet assay and showed a decreased ability to remove UVC-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. In wild-type mouse fibroblasts, expression of Pura is induced following S-phase checkpoint activation by UVC in a similar manner to the NER factor TFIIH. Moreove...
The community as a source of union power

In recent years, the labor movement has expressed interest in using the community as a source of union power in dealing with employers. This paper explores labor’s historical relationship with the community, examines the emphasis on more effective uses of the community in core union activities, identifies the communities with which labor aligns itself in coalitions, and discusses the strategies employed to form alliances with community groups. Finally, an analysis of some of the key barriers and limitations that affect prospects of the formation and effectiveness of union-community coalitions is presented.
Race-track coils for a 3 MW HTS ship motor

Abstract Since the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity (HTS), Sumitomo Electric has been developing silver-sheathed Bi2223 superconducting wire and products. Ship propulsion motors are one of the most promising applications of HTS. Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. (SEI) has recently manufactured 24 large racetrack coils, using 70 km long DI-BSCCO wires, for use in a 3 MW HTS motor developed by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. (KHI). The 3 MW HTS motor, using our newly developed racetrack coils, has successfully passed the loading test. It is particularly important that the HTS field coils used in ship propulsion motors can withstand the expansive forces repeatedly applied to them. As racetrack type coils have straight sections, the support mechanism they require to withstand expansive forces is very different from that of circular coils. Therefore, we ran tests and obtained the basic data to evaluate the 20-year durability of racetrack coils against the repeatedly applied expansive forces expected in domestic ship propulsion motors.
Timing of fungicides in relation to calendar date, weather, and disease thresholds to control Rhizoctonia web blight on container-grown azalea

Abstract Rhizoctonia web blight, caused by binucleate Rhizoctonia spp., is an annual problem in the southern United States on container-grown azaleas ( Rhododendron spp.) that receive daily irrigation. Fungicides are the only practical control method, but a guideline for timing of fungicides is not available. Typically, producers apply fungicides in July based on past experiences such as when frequent afternoon rains are forecast, or after severe blight symptoms develop. The objective of the study was to evaluate fungicide timing criteria, including a calendar schedule, and disease incidence and decision-based weather thresholds. Experiments with a randomized complete block design were performed at a site in AL and MS for three years. For 2009, 2010, treatments included a non-treated control and five treatments where fungicide timing was based on a calendar schedule, three disease threshold criteria and a rain frequency criterion. In 2011, treatments included a non-treated control, a calendar schedule, and two disease threshold criteria. The calendar schedule was the only timing treatment that resulted in significantly less blight incidence than the control in all experiments. Fungicide application based on the lowest disease threshold (16–30 blight leaves per plant quadrant) and the rain frequency criteria (>3 rain events of >6.3 mm rain within the previous seven days) suppressed blight development equal to the calendar schedule in three experiments and all other criteria provided equal disease suppression in at least one experiment. While not tested in combination, the recommendation is to schedule fungicide applications based on calendar-dates (the most consistently reliable criterion), and use the disease threshold of >16 blighted leaves per plant quadrant (a moderately reliable criterion) to adjust timing within 1–2 weeks of the calendar-date in response to year-to-year differences in disease pressure, which can vary due to weather variables such as rainfall frequency (a moderately reliable criterion).
Fiscal illusion, uncertainty, and the flypaper effect

Abstract The flypaper effect is the empirical observation that increases in intergovernmental aid stimulate greater local government expenditure than do increases in voter income. Fiscal illusion provides a widely accepted explanation for this asymmetry. Models of voter behavior under fiscal illusion typically assume that taxpayers consistently misperceive nonstochastic average for marginal tax prices. This paper develops an alternative framework in which rational voters recognize marginal tax prices but must make tax and expenditure plans under imperfect information or uncertainty. Various sources of uncertainty are analyzed and related to the flypaper effect, and implications for public expenditure demand theory are discussed.
The septation apparatus, a chitin-requiring machine in budding yeast.

This review was written during a sabbatical stay sponsored by the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte.
Increased Level of TGF-p2 in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma is Implicated in the Pathogenesis of the Disease

(1999). Increased Level of TGF-p2 in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma is Implicated in the Pathogenesis of the Disease. Journal of Toxicology: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 266-267.
Dimerization of Vaccinia Virus VH1 Is Essential for Dephosphorylation of STAT1 at Tyrosine 701

The gene product of Vaccinia virus gene H1, VH1, is the first identified dual specificity phosphatase (DSP). The human genome encodes 38 different VH1-like DSPs, which include major regulators of signaling pathways, highly dysregulated in disease states. VH1 down-regulates cellular antiviral response by dephosphorylating activated STAT1 in the IFN-γ/STAT1 signaling pathway. In this report, we have investigated the molecular basis for VH1 catalytic activity. Using small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), we determined that VH1 exists in solution as a boomerang-shaped dimer. Targeted alanine mutations in the dimerization domain (aa 1–27) decrease phosphatase activity while leaving the dimer intact. Deletion of the N-terminal dimer swapped helix (aa 1–20) completely abolishes dimerization and severely reduces phosphatase activity. An engineered chimera of VH1 that contains only one active site retains wild-type levels of catalytic activity. Thus, a dimeric quaternary structure, as opposed to two cooperative active sites within the same dimer is essential for VH1 catalytic activity. Together with laforin, VH1 is the second DSP reported in literature for which dimerization via an N-terminal dimerization domain is necessary for optimal catalytic activity. We propose that dimerization may represent a common mechanism to regulate the activity and substrate recognition of DSPs, often assumed to function as monomers.
Metric Displacement Dissonance and Romantic Longing in the German Lied

This article seeks to explore the hermeneutics of metric dissonance by examining the association between displacement or syncopation-type conflicts and Romantic longing (Sehnsucht) in the German Lied. It includes close readings of music-text relations in four specific songs: the ‘Wandrers Nachtlied II’ (Goethe/Schubert); ‘Intermezzo’ (Eichendorff/Schumann); ‘Immer leiser wird mein Schlummer’ (Lingg/Brahms); and ‘Unterm Schutz’ (George/Schoenberg). The primary methodology for the process of metric analysis derives from the work of Harald Krebs. The article as a whole traces changes both in the use of displacement dissonance, and in the nature of Sehnsucht, as well as correlations between the two over the course of the ‘long nineteenth century’. The four analyses as a group outline an historical progression of ‘introduction’ (in Schubert), ‘intensification’ (in Schumann), ‘complication’ (in Brahms) and ‘refraction’ (in Schoenberg). The study thereby combines a history of metric dissonance – one of the recurring elements of nineteenth-century style – with that of Sehnsucht – one of the most prominent features of Romantic consciousness.
Hepatic metabolic response to injury and sepsis

Background. Experimental reports have indicated that hepatic oxidative and synthetic metabolism may become depressed in sepsis. Because the mechanism of infection-related liver dysfunction has not been established, further study of these functional alterations could contribute to the therapeutic management of septic organ failure syndromes. However, recently controversy has arisen over the existence of these derangements that must be reconciled before further progress in this field can be made. Methods. Splanchnic balance studies for the measurement of glucose output and oxygen consumption were used to assess hepatic function in fasted normal volunteers (n=18), injured patients (n=10), and patients with sepsis (n=18). The liver's contribution to splanchnic metabolism was estimated from a comparison of splanchnic oxygen utilization in response to increases in the liver-specific process of glucogenesis. In addition, in vivo liver albumin production was determined by using the [14C] carbonate technique. Results. Glucose output after injury and sepsis was increased by 12.8% and 76.6%, respectively, compared with controls. On the basis of substrate balance studies, gluconeogenesis was estimated to account for 46%, 87%, and 93%, respectively, of splanchnic glucose output in each of the three groups. In patients with sepsis glucose output was also noted to be linearly related to regional oxygen consumption, indicating that these processes were coupled and increases in the respiratory activity of the splanchnic cellular mass could be accounted for by increases in new glucose output and gluconeogenic substrate clearance. The mean albumin synthetic rate increased during injury and sepsis by 22% and 29%, respectively, compared with normal volunteers. Conclusions. These studies cast doubt on the commonly held notion that tissue respiratory dysfunction may occur during sepsis. On the contrary, hepatic function is accelerated during hyperdynamic sepsis, and evidence indicating oxidative or synthetic functional depression is lacking.
In vivo uptake and metabolism of low density lipoprotein in the guinea pig adrenal.

Abstract Adrenal uptake and metabolism of circulating low density lipoprotein (LDL) was examined in female guinea pigs. [ 3 H]LDL was prepared by exchange labeling with [ 3 H]cholesteryl linoleate. After its injection plasma [ 3 H]sterol ester concentration declined rapidly. This decline was slower in those animals pretreated with dexamethasone than in untreated controls. At 120 min after [ 3 H]LDL administration [ 3 H]cholesteryl esters and [ 3 H]cholesterol were detected in the adrenal gland. The levels of both radioactive and radioinert esters were lower in animals given dexamethasone. In contrast no difference in radioactive or radioinert cholesterol concentration was evident. In a second experiment [ 3 H]LDL was prepared by reconstitution of the LDL-core with [ 3 H]cholesteryl linoleate. After administration its disappearance from the circulation was similar to that observed in the first experiment. Other organs also took up [ 3 H]LDL including the liver and kidney. Free and esterified [ 3 H]cholesterol concentrations were greater in the liver than in the adrenal gland at 120 min after injection. The results from these two experiments were interpreted to mean that the adrenal cortex is capable of taking up LDL and metabolizing its cholesteryl esters. Uptake may be stimulated by ACTH.
Development of a bath for codeposition of copper and platinum

To improve the mechanical properties of electrodeposited copper, a new bath was developed for the codeposition of copper and platinum. A pyrophosphate bath employing chloroplatinic acid as a source of platinum was investigated at current densities ranging from 1 to 4 A dm−2 and temperatures from 20 to 60 °C. Bright, shiny and crack-free deposits were obtained at low current densities (i.e., 1–2 A dm−2). The amount of platinum observed in the deposits was found to increase with the current density and bath temperature. The Knoop hardness was found to increase with platinum content in the deposits. Corrosion rates measured in solutions of NaCl were found to decrease with platinum content. Deposits containing up to 3.9 wt % of platinum can be obtained by electrodeposition. As compared to electrodeposited copper from the acid bath, the Cu—Pt deposits exhibited a 17% increase in Knoop hardness and a 21% increase in corrosion resistance.
A breakdown of the total-time law in free-recall learning

Five experiments are reported in which single-trial free recall followed various frequencies of repetition under massed (MP) and distributed (DP) schedules. All experiments showed the DP schedule to result in far better recall than the MP schedule, and the difference between MP and DP increased as the frequency of repetition increased. This was true for sentences, nonsense syllables, and words. Various activities inserted between successive words in the lists did not change the basic findings.
Narratives of Self in Networked Communications

Abstract Although theorists have claimed that network technologies challenge traditional concepts of self and writing, many fail to point out that these revolutionary potentials are not intrinsic to the technologies. My experiences using Daedalus interchange in composition classrooms point to the need for critical engagement with technologies in order to question humanist conceptions of a self writing. If we do not actively teach our students to use technologies critically, they will map their traditional concepts of self and writing onto the new technologies, and thus rely upon humanist notions of the author. Unless we critically address students' perceptions of writing and specifically address ways that technologies change this notion, we will replicate the same classroom structure the new technologies supposedly challenge.
Secondary invariants and chiral anomalies of basic Dirac families

Abstract The theory of characteristic classes of foliated bundles is applied to the study of a class of geometric Dirac operators. For a foliation of even codimension with minimally immersed leaves on the base, the nature of chiral anomalies is examined in view of the cohomology of the truncated Weil algebra. A foliated Wess-Zumino term is defined and for certain cases the homotopy groups of the gauge group of the foliation are determined.
Electron-transfer catalysed substitution of dodecacarbonyltrithenium mediated by dibenzoylethylene: A factorial design experiment

Abstract The electron-transfer catalysed substitution of PPh3 for CO on Ru3(CO)12 mediated by dibenzoylethylene was studied using a factorial design experiment. Within the range of conditions investigated, the efficiency of the reaction was affected exclusively by a two-factor interaction between the Ru3(CO)12 and PPh3 concentrations. Maximum turnover numbers were achieved only when both of these concentrations were at their high levels. The dibenzoylethylene concentration and the current had no significant effect on efficiency. Other phosphines (PR3, R = Me and/or Ph or Bu), P(OMe)3 and ButNC show similar reactivity.
Purification of thyrotropic hormone-releasing factor from bovine hypothalamus.

Acetic acid extracts of hypothalamic tissue of bovine origin were concentrated by a precipitation procedure and subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex. Thyrotropic hormone-releasing factor (TRF) activity was followed by measuring the release of thyrotropic hormone (TSH) from rat pituitary tissue in vitro, the release of 131I in mice pretreated with codeine and thyroxine as well as the elevation of plasma TSH in thyroidectomized rats pretreated with thyroxine. TRF activity was consistently found to emerge from Sephadex just after α- MSH and before arginine vasopressin. The TRF zone from Sephadex was further greatly purified by phenol extraction and then subjected to chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). TRF area from CMC was repurified by rechromatography. Purified TRF was active in vivo at the level of 10 μg and in vitro at the dose of 1 μg. Chemical and biological characteristics indicate that TRF is a weakly basic polypeptide different from oxytocin, vasopressin, α- and β- MSH and LRF. (Endoc...
Effect of various levels of pyridoxine on erythrocyte aminotransferase activities in the rat

Abstract A study was designed to evaluate the performance of erythrocyte alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferases in the insufficient, marginal, adequate and elevated dietary vitamin B-6 intake ranges of the rat. Female Long-Evans rats, 12 weeks old, were 4-hour meal-fed an AIN 76A diet devoid of pyridoxine (PN) for 3 weeks. Rats were then blocked by weight and randomly assigned within block to one of six dietary treatments (n=12). Four diets were formulated to contain 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 7.0 mg PN.HCl/kg. The rats receiving these diets were pair-fed to the 0.25 group; all were 4-hour meal-fed. Two additional diet treatments of 7.0 and 1400 mg PN.HCl/kg were fed ad libitum. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture at the end of the devoid period and at 2, 4, and 6 weeks of repletion. ALT and AST endogenous and stimulated activities were determined by an automated procedure (recently published by the senior author). Aminotransferase activities differed significantly between devoid and control groups at the end of the devoid period. After repletion at various levels for six weeks a significant dose-response was reached among the pair-fed groups. There was no difference in response between ad libitum and pair-fed groups at the 7.0 mg PN.HCl/kg level. While there was a significant increase in the alanine aminotransferase levels at nominal 1400 mg PN.HCl/kg, it was not suggestive of a dramatic change.
Differential length-weight relations among centrarchids (Pisces: Centrarchidae) from tidal freshwater and oligohaline wetland habitats

Use of tidal-freshwater and oligohaline wetlands by centrarchid fishes along a coastal river-estuarine gradient is partially controlled by salinity. I examined length-weight relationships between tidal-freshwater and oligohaline populations ofMicropterus salmoides, M. punctulatus, Lepomis microlophus, L. punctatus andL. macrochirus, species that commonly use saline wetlands. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) documented significantly heavier specimens ofMicropterus salmoides andLepomis microlophus in tidal-freshwater (P 0.05) in length-weight patterns. Specimens ofL. macrochirus andM. punctulatus were heavier at a given length in tidal-freshwater than oligohaline marshes, but direct comparisons were not possible because of violation of the parallel slope assumption of ANCOVA. Data on some species examined contradict previous laboratory physiological data which suggested that salinity and its rate of change control use of saline habitats by centrarchids. These data support the hypothesis that use of habitat is a multidimension function of abiotic and biotic factors and that laboratory physiological studies based on abiotic factors alone may not provide all the answers to questions centered around life-history consequences of using various habitats.
Effects of sex hormones on costimulatory molecule expression in multiple sclerosis

Sex hormones play a central role as modulators of immune responses and autoimmune diseases. We hypothesized that suppression of MS disease during pregnancy may be mediated by sex steroid hormones via regulation of costimulatory molecules such as CD40L or CD80/CD86 (B7-1/B7-2). We tested two sex hormones that are implicated in immune suppression during pregnancy: estriol and progesterone. We also examined whether this regulation is gender-specific or disease-related. PBMC from untreated relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RR MS) patients and controls were examined for expression of T cell and monocyte costimulatory molecules following mitogen stimulation in the presence or absence of sex hormones. In the absence of hormones, we confirmed that mitogen stimulation induced significantly more CD40L on the surface of CD4(+)T cells in MS patients compared to controls, and we extend these findings by showing there were no gender differences in induction of CD40L. Although supra-physiologic doses of hormones mildly suppressed CD40L expression on activated T cells, in vitro exposure to typical pregnancy-related physiologic doses of estriol or progesterone showed very little or no suppression of CD40L. On monocytes, neither estriol nor progesterone significantly altered the expression of CD80/CD86. These results suggest that physiologic doses of estriol or progesterone cannot alter CD40L on T cells or CD80/CD86 on monocytes sufficiently to explain the improvement observed in MS during pregnancy. Thus, although amelioration of MS and other autoimmune diseases during pregnancy is thought to be due to increased sex hormones, the present results do not support a role for suppression of costimulation via estriol or progesterone.
Topological scaling behavior in antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chains with half-integer spin

Abstract We study the topological string order parameter O S in antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chains with half-integer spin S > 1 / 2 . The O S is factorized into a product of an integer-spin component O S − 1 / 2 and a phase factor of an effective spin- 1 / 2 chain. This result is obtained in the valence-bond-solid (VBS) picture and is supported by density-matrix renormalization group calculations. We use a modified integer-spin component for its intuitive physical picture and simplified formalism. We show that the original and modified versions lead to identical scaling parameters for S = 3 / 2 and 5 / 2 at all chain lengths and asymptotically (in the large- L limit) equivalent description for S ⩾ 7 / 2 . These results provide justification for the use of the simplified O S in the study of topological scaling behavior in general half-integer-spin chains.
Sublimation giving crystals suited for the measurement of profile angles

The conditions are specified, which lead to thin crystal plates of simple geometric form suited for the measurement of profile angles. The reasoning toward the recognition of the typical profile angle is indicated.
Location, location, regulation: a novel role for β-spectrin in the heart

Voltage-gated Na+ channels (VGSCs) are responsible for the rising phase of the action potential in excitable cells, including neurons and skeletal and cardiac myocytes. Small alterations in gating properties can lead to severe changes in cellular excitability, as evidenced by the plethora of heritable conditions attributed to mutations in VGSCs highlighting the need to better understand VGSC regulation. In this issue of the JCI, Hund et al. identify the ability of a key structural protein, βIV-spectrin, to bind and recruit Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II to the channel at a cellular location key to successful action potential initiation and propagation, where it can mediate function and excitability.
Accounting for Diffusion in Agent Based Models of Reaction-Diffusion Systems with Application to Cytoskeletal Diffusion

Diffusion plays a key role in many biochemical reaction systems seen in nature. Scenarios where diffusion behavior is critical can be seen in the cell and subcellular compartments where molecular crowding limits the interaction between particles. We investigate the application of a computational method for modeling the diffusion of molecules and macromolecules in three-dimensional solutions using agent based modeling. This method allows for realistic modeling of a system of particles with different properties such as size, diffusion coefficients, and affinity as well as the environment properties such as viscosity and geometry. Simulations using these movement probabilities yield behavior that mimics natural diffusion. Using this modeling framework, we simulate the effects of molecular crowding on effective diffusion and have validated the results of our model using Langevin dynamics simulations and note that they are in good agreement with previous experimental data. Furthermore, we investigate an extension of this framework where single discrete cells can contain multiple particles of varying size in an effort to highlight errors that can arise from discretization that lead to the unnatural behavior of particles undergoing diffusion. Subsequently, we explore various algorithms that differ in how they handle the movement of multiple particles per cell and suggest an algorithm that properly accommodates multiple particles of various sizes per cell that can replicate the natural behavior of these particles diffusing. Finally, we use the present modeling framework to investigate the effect of structural geometry on the directionality of diffusion in the cell cytoskeleton with the observation that parallel orientation in the structural geometry of actin filaments of filopodia and the branched structure of lamellipodia can give directionality to diffusion at the filopodia-lamellipodia interface.
Phantom urinary phenomena in hemodialysis patients

Abstract Phantom phenomena related to urinary functions would seem to be relatively frequent in patients undergoing hemodialysis. These phenomena were reported by 17 of 24 men and seven of 11 women studied. Findings in these patients strongly support the premise that phantoms represent a psychological response to a loss of an important Junction, even in the absence of body disruption.
The impact of politics on fiscal behavior: the case of Brazil

This paper examines the proposition that a government which faces an election or depends on general popular support to govern effectively will find it difficult to resist increasing expenditures or to raise taxes. The resulting fiscal deficits are then either financed by the central bank, which produces inflation, or by domestic and/or foreign borrowing, increasing the government's foreign or domestic debt. After a brief historical survey of Brazil, a method is use to test the validity of this hypothesis in a more formal way.
Apollo 16 site geology and impact melts - Implications for the geologic history of the lunar highlands

The geology of the Apollo 16 site is reconsidered on the basis of data from photogeology, geochemical remote sensing, and lunar samples. The site possesses an upper surface of anorthositic gabbro and related rocks. Mafic components were deposited as basin ejecta. The events involved in its geological evolution were the Nectaris impact and the Imbrium impact. The role of large, local craters in the history of the region was to serve as topographic depressions to accumulate basin ejecta. The most abundant melt composition at Apollo 16 is an aluminous variety of LKFM basalt supplied by the Nectaris impact as ejected basin impact melt. The mafic LKFM melt may have been supplied by the Imbrium impact. More aluminous melt groups are probably derived from local, small craters. The remainder of the deposits in the region are composed of anorthositic clastic debris derived from the Nectaris basin, the local crustal substrate, and Imbrium and other basins.
Application of rotational resonance to inhomogeneously broadened systems

Abstract A protocol is presented for the determination of internuclear distances using rotational-resonance magnetization-exchange NMR in systems with inhomogeneously broadened lines. Non-linear least-square fitting procedures are used to obtain the distance, the inhomogeneous broadening, the zero-quantum relaxation time, and error estimates for these parameters. We apply this procedure to a biological system of unknown structure.
The crystal structure of Cr2Si2Te6: Corrigendum

Abstract The structure of Cr2Si2Te6, originally described in the noncentrosymmetric space group R3, is properly described in the centrosymmetric R 3 . The structure of the related compound Fe2P2Se6, which has also been described in R3, should probably be reinvestigated.
Phase relationships in the system SrBr2SrCl2

Abstract Strontium bromide-chloride phases (SrBrxCl2−x) in the composition region 2.00 > x > 0 were prepared and examined by the Guinier powder X-ray diffraction technique. Observed and calculated powder intensities for the compositions x = 1.60, 1.40, and 0.30 are presented. The anions assume an ordered arrangement at the first two compositions and a random arrangement at the third. Two previously unreported intermediate phases at the composition about x = 1.50 and x = 0.60, both of unknown structure, were identified and their d values are reported. SrBr2 is found to be insoluble in SrCl2.
Comparison of in vivo energy metabolism in the brain of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri and bullhead catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus during anoxia.

Abstract 1. 1. Rainbow trout and bullhead catfish ( Ictalurus nebulosus ) were exposed to anoxic water inside a plastic tube until death (12 min for trout; 62 min for catfish). Immediately upon death, the brain was removed and analyzed for metabolites, high energy phosphate compounds, and metabolic fuel while the blood was analyzed for metabolites. 2. 2. Control bullhead brains had higher concentrations of glycogen, ATP, creatine phosphate (CrP), and glucose than control trout. 3. 3. After anoxia bullheads showed a significant decrease in ATP, CrP, and glycogen while lactate more than doubled in concentration. 4. 4. After anoxia trout showed a doubling in brain lactate and a decline in glycogen, but no decline in ATP or CrP. There were no changes in brain glucose, ketone bodies, or alternative anaerobic end-products in either species although an elevation in blood isobutyrate was noted. 5. 5. Brain death in the catfish may be due to depletion of fuel for anaerobiosis and a subsequent loss of ATP. In the trout there may be other causes such as a greater permeability of its neuronal membranes and alterations in intracellular free calcium stores.
13 MOTILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SPERMATOZOA FROM BULLS GRAZING TALL FESCUE PASTURES

Fertilisation is less than expected with spermatozoa from bulls consuming toxic endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue. The objective of this study was to evaluate motility characteristics of spermatozoa from bulls grazing tall fescue pastures using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Semen was collected from six Angus bulls (average age = 15.1 ± 0.04 months) during a three-month grazing study. Bulls grazed Kentucky 31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) infected with Neotyphodium coenophialum, an ergot alkaloid-producing endophyte (n = 3), or Jesup tall fescue with Max-Q™ (NTE), a non-ergot alkaloid producing endophyte (n = 3), and grouped by body weight and scrotal circumference to graze pastures from April 18 to June 26. Semen was collected once per week between 0600–0800 h beginning in mid-May and ending the last week of June. Gross motility and morphology was evaluated before extending with Bioxcell® animal protein-free formula (IMV, Aigle, France) and antibiotics (CSS 100, 2% of total volume). Extended semen was then evaluated using CASA to determine final dilution and packaged into straws (20 million sperm/straw), where equilibration occurred over 3 h in a cold room at 4°C. Straws were frozen for 7 min in static vapor of liquid nitrogen and plunged into goblets filled with liquid nitrogen. Semen was thawed and assessed using CASA at 0 and 3 h post-thaw. Data were analysed as a randomised block design with the fixed effects of treatment, blocking on semen collection date, utilising the mixed models procedure of SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Data were tested for normality (Shapiro-Wilk W ≥ 0.90), and treatment differences were determined using F-protected least significant differences. Path velocity (P = 0.001) and progressive velocity (P = 0.003) were lower in spermatozoa from bulls grazing E+ during the last 2 weeks of collection in June independent of time of assessment post-thaw. Sperm head area decreased in size in spermatozoa from E+ grazing bulls at 3 h post-thaw (P = 0.04) compared with NTE grazing bulls. Percent of rapid (progressive % with path velocity >50 μm s–1) and medium (progressive % with path velocity 30μm s–1) velocity spermatozoa was decreased for E+ grazing bulls compared to NTE grazing bulls (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.004, respectively) and was accompanied by an increase in static (immobile) spermatozoa from E+ bulls (P < 0.0001). These findings indicate that spermatozoa movement and velocity are impaired in bulls grazing E+ tall fescue pastures compared to bulls grazing NTE tall fescue pastures after the freeze and thaw process, which may explain decreased fertilisation and cleavage rates of oocytes co-incubated with these spermatozoa.