cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of consumer goals on attribute weighting, overall satisfaction, and product usage

With the use of field data from a live theater company, this article demonstrates that customers' goal orientation affects not only what information is used in assessing overall satisfaction, but also downstream measures of level of satisfaction and product usage. The study segmented the customers into four groups based on their goal orientations for the established arts goals of cultural enrichment and relaxation, finding that the different groups weigh the attributes of the service differentially in determining overall satisfaction based on each attribute's ability to fulfill their goals. Furthermore, customers whose goals match the organization's orientation give the product a higher evaluation and utilize it more often. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bohr-effect enhancement in Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur) hemoglobin treated with erythrocytic organic phosphates

Abstract The effects of pH on the oxygen equilibrium of the American eel Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur) hemolysates in the presence and absence of the major erythrocytic organic phosphates, guanosine and adenosine triphosphates, were determined. The hydrogen-ion concentration was found to be a strong modulator of oxygenation in hemolysates devoid of their organic phosphates causing the typical lowering of oxygen affinity with decreasing pH (Bohr effect). An enhancement of this effect was observed when endogenous organic phosphates were present in the hemolysates except within a narrow pH range where the oxygenation equilibrium for both forms of hemolysate approximated one another. The data strongly suggest that the anodic component of the eel's multiple hemoglobins functions primarily in the delivery of oxygen to the respiring tissues while the cathodic fraction, with its high oxygen affinity and lack of a Bohr effect, operates to meet intracellular metabolic demands.
Rapid thermal annealing of W-Sm bilayers on p-type silicon

Abstract The electrical characteristics of samarium-p-type silicon contacts have been studied after rapid thermal annealing for 20 s. Tungsten was deposited on samarium without breaking vacuum to prevent the oxidation of samarium. Stable Schottky contacts with a barrier height of 0.73 eV have been obtained after annealing between 300°C and 600°C. The ideality factor showed considerable improvement with annealing.
Influence of polymer structure on melt miscibility of ternary polymer blends: A model for high performance polyurethane adhesives and coatings

The miscibility behavior of reactive ternary blends, a model for reactive hot melt polyurethane adhesives, has been characterized. The model system is composed of polyether and polyester prepolymer...
Pathophysiology of cerebrospinal fluid in head injury: Part 1. Pathological changes in cerebrospinal fluid solute composition after traumatic injury.

After head injury, many complex neurochemical events occur locally, at the site of initial injury, and globally, as a result of secondary phenomena. Neurochemical alterations in the cerebrospinal fluid after injury can be utilized to reflect these events. The authors review the role of the cerebrospinal fluid in the treatment of head injury as it relates to the diagnosis, prognosis, and further elucidation of the pathophysiological manifestations of head injury at the cellular and biochemical level. Language: en
Myelin basic protein and magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing radiation myelopathy.

Abstract The identification of radiation myelopathy using biochemical assays and imaging techniques has not previously been accomplished but has clear clinical application. Measurement of myelin basic protein (MBP) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and visualization of the spinal cord using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gives a potentially accurate diagnosis of radiation myelopathy. Female New Zealand white rabbits were irradiated to the thoracic spinal cord with single doses of 15–45 Gy. Animals receiving higher doses (≥22 Gy) generally demonstrated an early paresis (4–8 weeks) that temporarily improved, and then progressed to complete paralysis by 14–18 weeks. MBP levels in the CSF became strikingly elevated to 1001000 times the normal value. Subsequent, experiments in which rabbits were serially assessed for MBP levels demonstrated a transient elevation, which corresponded to the transient paresis, followed by dramatic elevations concurrent with the onset of paralysis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the irradiated spinal cord showed a geographically distinct region of abnormality that corresponded to the radiation field. Histopathology demonstrated demyelination, focal astrocytosis, erythrodiapedesis, and perineuronal edema in the irradiated sections. It appears that MBP levels in the CSF reflect not only radiation-induced myelopathy but also transient demyelination, and that MRI may have the potential to indicate the region of damage.
Spectral Properties of ~0.5-6 kev Energetic Neutral Atoms Measured by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) along the Lines of Sight of Voyager

Energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) observed by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) provide powerful diagnostics about the origin of the progenitor ion populations and the physical mechanisms responsible for their production. Here we survey the fluxes, energy spectra, and energy dependence of the spectral indices of ~0.5-6?keV ENAs measured by IBEX-Hi along the lines of sight of Voyager 1 and 2. We compare the ENA spectra observed at IBEX with predictions of Zank et?al. who modeled the microphysics of the heliospheric termination shock to predict the shape and relative contributions of three distinct heliosheath ion populations. We show that (1) the ENA spectral indices exhibit similar energy dependence along V1 and V2 directions?the spectrum hardens to ? ~ 1 between ~1 and 2?keV and softens to ? ~ 2 below ~1?keV and above ~2?keV, (2) the observed ENA fluxes agree to within ~50% of the Zank et?al. predictions and are unlikely to be produced by core solar wind (SW) ions, and (3) the ENA spectra do not exhibit sharp cutoffs at ~twice the SW speed as is typically observed for shell-like pickup ion (PUI) distributions in the heliosphere. We conclude that ENAs at IBEX are generated by at least two types of ion populations whose relative contributions depend on the ENA energy: transmitted PUIs in the ~0.5-5?keV energy range and reflected PUIs above ~5?keV energy. The ~0.5-5?keV PUI distribution is probably a superposition of Maxwellian or kappa distributions and partially filled shell distributions in velocity space.
Simulation and measurement of optical aberrations of injection molded progressive addition lenses

Injection molding is an important mass-production tool in the optical industry. In this research our aim is to develop a process of combining ultraprecision diamond turning and injection molding to create a unique low-cost manufacturing process for progressive addition lenses (PALs). In industry, it is a well-known fact that refractive index variation and geometric deformation of injection molded lenses due to the rheological properties of polymers will distort their optical performance. To address this problem, we developed a method for determining the optical aberrations of the injection molded PALs. This method involves reconstructing the wavefront pattern in the presence of uneven refractive index distribution and surface warpage using a finite element method. In addition to numerical modeling, a measurement system based on a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor was used to verify the modeling results. The measured spherocylindrical powers and aberrations of the PALs were in good agreement with the model. Consequently, the optical aberrations of injection molded PALs were successfully predicted by finite element modeling. In summary, it was demonstrated in this study that numerically based optimization for PAL manufacturing is feasible.
Vitamin D Actions on CD4(+) T Cells in Autoimmune Disease.

This review summarizes and integrates research on vitamin D and CD4+ T lymphocyte biology to develop new mechanistic insights into the molecular etiology of autoimmune disease. A deep understanding of molecular mechanisms relevant to gene-environment interactions is needed to deliver etiology-based autoimmune disease prevention and treatment strategies. Evidence linking sunlight, vitamin D, and the risk of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes is summarized to develop the thesis that vitamin D is the environmental factor that most strongly influences autoimmune disease development. Evidence for CD4+ T cell involvement in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and for paracrine calcitriol signaling to CD4+ T lymphocytes is summarized to support the thesis that calcitriol is sunlight’s main protective signal transducer in autoimmune disease risk. Animal modeling and human mechanistic data to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3+CD4+ Treg cell and CD4+ Tr1 cell functions, and a Th1-Tr1 switch. The proposed Th1-Tr1 switch appears to bridge two stable, self-reinforcing immune states, pro- and anti-inflammatory, each with a characteristic gene regulatory network. The bi-stable switch would enable T cells to integrate signals from pathogens, hormones, cell-cell interactions, and soluble mediators and respond in a biologically appropriate manner. Finally, we highlight unanswered questions that potentially informative future research directions that may speed delivery of etiology-based strategies to reduce autoimmune disease.
Automatically Mapping Sequential Objects to Concurrent Objects: The Mutual Exclusion Problem

We show how to automatically map an object, given its sequential implemenfation, to a concurrent object with no points of interference. Automation is needed because without if programmers must determine where mutual exclusion is needed, where synchronization is needed, and how to ensure liveness, fairness, and absence of deadlock.
Ataxia after pontine stroke: Insights from pontocerebellar fibers in monkey

Basis pontis lacunes cause contralateral but rarely ipsilateral ataxia. We explored this phenomenon with isotope tract tracing in the rhesus monkey. Labeled pontocerebellar fibers cross midline and disperse widely in the opposite hemipons before coalescing in the brachium pontis. This anatomical arrangement suggests that small pontine strokes spare sufficient decussating pontocerebellar fibers to prevent ipsilateral dysmetria, and that ipsilateral dysmetria after large pontine stroke represents a disconnection syndrome.
Hacking the quantum revolution: 1925–1975

I argue that the quantum revolution should be seen as an Ian Hacking type of scientific revolution: a profound, longue duree, multidisciplinary process of transforming our understanding of physical nature, with deep-rooted social components from the start. The “revolution” exhibits a characteristic style of reasoning – the hierarchization of physical nature — and developed and uses a specific language – quantum field theory (QFT). It is by virtue of that language that the quantum theory has achieved some of its deepest insights into the description of the dynamics of the physical world. However, the meaning of what a quantum field theory is and what it describes has deeply altered, and one now speaks of “effective” quantum field theories. Interpreting all present day quantum field theories as but “effective” field theories sheds additional light on Phillip Anderson’s assertion that “More is different”. This important element is addressed in the last part of the paper.
Studies on the composition of adipose tissue from the genetically obese rats.

SummaryThe size of fat cells and the composition of adipose tissue has been measured in normal and genetically obese (fatty) rats and in thin rats made fat with hypothalamic lesions. The fat cells of the obese rats were 50% larger in diameter than fat cells from normal rats. Subcutaneous fat cells in the obese rats were significantly smaller than the corresponding parametrial or epididymal fat cells. DNA content was higher in pieces of fat than in fat cells, and the content of DNA in cells from obese animals was higher than in the cells of normal animals. The fatty acid composition of the subcutaneous fat in the two types of obese rats was identical.
1000 Trials: An empirically validated end effector that robustly grasps objects from the floor

Unstructured, human environments present great challenges and opportunities for robotic manipulation and grasping. Robots that reliably grasp household objects with unknown or uncertain properties would be especially useful, since these robots could better generalize their capabilities across the wide variety of objects found within domestic environments.
Triphenyl Phosphite and Diisopropylphosphorofluoridate Produce Separate and Distinct Axonal Degeneration Patterns in the Central Nervous System of the Rat

This study compared the neurotoxic effects of triphenyl phosphite (TPP) in the rat with those seen after exposure to diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP), a compound known to produce organophosphorus-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). Animals received either three subcutaneous injections of TPP (1184 mg/kg body wt each dose) administered at 3-day intervals or a single subcutaneous injection of DFP (4 mg/kg body wt). TPP-induced clinical signs were initially observed 2 to 18 days after the last injection and included ataxia, flaccid paresis, stereotyped alternating side-to-side movements, and circling behavior. Axonal and terminal degeneration were present in the cerebellum, vestibular nuclear complex, cochlear nuclei, and superior and inferior colliculi. The subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, septal region, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex also contained degenerating axons and terminals. Degeneration was particularly evident in the sensorimotor cerebral cortex, mediodorsal, ventromedial, and medial geniculate thalamic nuclei and in the magnocellular preoptic and medial mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus. Very light degeneration was present in the gracile fasciculus and nucleus. In contrast, rats injected with DFP showed moderate degeneration in the gracile fasciculus and nucleus but did not display degeneration in any other brain region. Injections of DFP did not produce delayed onset clinical signs. The results indicate that in the rat, different central nervous system cell groups are affected by these two organophosphorus compounds and that TPP affects nuclei and tracts at all levels of the neuraxis, including those associated with higher-order processing and cognitive functions. In addition, the distinct degeneration patterns produced by these two compounds support the view that TPP-induced neurotoxicity should not be considered as a type of OPIDN, but rather as a separate category of organophosphorus-induced neurotoxicity.
Incorporation of Radionuclides into Mineral Phases via a Thermally Unstable Complexant Ligand

The complexation and thermal behavior of pyruvic acid oxime (PAO) with representative cations associated with nuclear reprocessing waste has been investigated. This ligand has the dual advantage that it precipitates most of the cations from solution and these complexes decompose at ca. 150°C to CO2, acetonitrile, and, initially, the metal hydroxide. Introduction of the appropriate elements required for Synroc phases to a simulated waste stream followed by NaPAO and disodium fumarate leads to precipitation of a metalorganic Synroc precursor in which the components have been intimately mixed at the molecular level. This approach circumvents incorporation of alkali metals in the final ceramic.
A sequential approach for determining the cultivar coefficients of peanut lines using end-of-season data of crop performance trials

Coefficients of crop cultivars, a required input for the application of crop simulation models, are normally derived from experiments designed specifically for their estimation. This procedure is laborious and time consuming even with a reduced data set. Recent studies have shown that cultivar coefficients for soybean lines can be derived from standard crop performance trials. However, this needs to be confirmed in other crops and be simplified for broader applications. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of estimating cultivar coefficients for new peanut lines using data from standard performance trials. Data from performance trials of 17 peanut lines that were conducted in farmers’ fields and research stations in the northeastern and northern regions of Thailand during 2002–2004, totaling eight environments, were used in this study. The data that were collected included dates of first flower and harvest maturity, final biomass, pod and seed yield, seed size, pod and seed harvest index, and shelling percentage. These data were used for the calculation of the cultivar coefficients using the Genotype Coefficient Calculator (GENCALC) program, which is part of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT). Evaluation of the derived cultivar coefficients was conducted with time series growth data collected in three additional experiments grown during the 2002 rainy, 2003 dry, and 2004 dry seasons. The model calibration with GENCALC resulted in cultivar coefficients that produced simulated values for the development and growth characteristics that were close to their corresponding observed values, with root mean square errors (RMSE) ranging from 1.5 to 4.1 days for development traits and 0.20–1.32 t ha � 1 for growth traits and coefficient of determinations (r 2 ) ranging from 0.55 to 0.97 for all traits. The evaluation of the cultivar coefficients that were derived from the performance trials data with independent data worked well for all development traits and fairly well for the plant growth characteristics, as judged by RMSE, r 2 , normalized root mean square error (RMSEn) and index of agreement (d). The mean RMSE values for days to first flower and to harvest maturity were 1.6 and 2.4 days; and mean r 2 were 0.72 and 0.91, respectively. The mean RMSEn values calculated from time series growth data were 17.9, 24.6 and 11.5% with the mean d values of 0.88, 0.93 and 0.93 for the 2002 rainy, 2003 dry and 2004 dry seasons, respectively. It is concluded that the cultivar coefficients of peanut lines can be estimated from typical data that are collected in standard performance trials using either GENCALC or similar methodologies.
Ahr Null Alleles: Distinctive or Different?

Two independent laboratories have generated Ahr "null" or "knockout" mice that share some common characteristics but also have distinct phenotypes. In this Commentary, we will discuss our view of the candidate variables that might account for these differences. More importantly, we hope that this discussion can identify important parameters to be assessed by investigators in the process of characterizing their own modified loci. The variables that we have considered include the possibility that different targeting strategies can result in altered products with unsuspected function or that the targeting event itself can alter the function of neighboring genes. Further, genetic background can have an important influence on phenotype, and differences in genome can be introduced during derivation by the type of embryonic stem cells used and by the random segregation of parental genes in the F2 generation of line propagation. In addition, phenotype may be acutely sensitive to environmental variables, such as pathogen and chemical exposure and stress introduced by crowding and disease. Finally, we discuss approaches to resolving differences between null mice and propose a partial solution, the institution of a repository for detailed information on targeted alleles that may not typically be allowed in today's "fast paced" scientific publications.
Scalable Secure MJPEG Video Streaming

In today's world, more and more applications are developed for mobile devices and ever-increasing amount of communication happens over mobile devices and mobile networks. Though providing mobility and convenience, mobile devices generally do not offer intensive computations like their wired counterparts. In this paper we propose a set of methods that aims to protect video, specifically Motion JPEG (MJPEG) video streams, using selective data encryption. More precisely, our algorithm selects the most critical pixel information of MJPEG video as the input of encryption to keep itself lightweight while choosing and encrypting additional less-important video information when the environment allows. The proposed method was originated from the fact that JPEG images are encoded using prioritized pixel information. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm performs well in terms of frame rate and CPU load at playback.
Drugs Around the Corner: Domestic Drug Markets and Violence in Colombia and Mexico

Over the past decade, drug consumption has increased in Colombia and Mexico, countries traditionally concerned with drug production and trafficking. Governments and observers have associated this growth with spikes in violence. Drawing on drug consumption surveys and fieldwork in four cities, this study argues that contrary to this perception, there is no automatic connection between domestic drug markets and violence. Violence depends on whether large drug-trafficking organizations (DTOs) control low-level street dealers and on whether those DTOs have a market monopoly at the local level. When dealers are independent, violence might be sporadic, but when DTOs control dealers, violence can explode (given competition between DTOs) or implode (if one organization holds a monopoly). Control over dealers provides DTOs not only income but also informants and armed muscle. This article also shows that domestic drug markets are not new, and have grown incrementally in the past two decades.
Elevated 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with protracted treatment in sarcoidosis.

Summary Background Active vitamin D metabolite, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, has pleomorphic effects on both innate and acquired immunity. Sarcoid granuloma derived 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D leads to hypercalcemia, but the association of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D with the clinical phenotype of the disease is currently unknown. Objective To determine the relationship between serum 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels and the degree of sarcoidosis disease chronicity. Design Serum 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels were measured and associated with sarcoidosis activity and phenotypes as assessed by Sarcoidosis Severity Score and Sarcoidosis Clinical Activity Classification respectively. Results Fifty nine patients were recruited with 44% having a sub-acute onset, and the chronic disease phenotype. There was no significant difference in serum 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels by chest radiograph stage ( p = 0.092) nor did the levels correlate with the Sarcoidosis Severity Score ( r = −0.16; p = 0.216). Serum 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels were associated with patients requiring repeated regimens of systemic immunosuppressive therapy or >1 year of therapy (SCAC Class 6). Increasing quartiles of serum 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D level was associated increased odds of the chronic phenotype (OR 1.82, 95% CI, 1.11, 2.99, p = 0.019). The majority (71%) of the patients with levels >51 pg/mL required chronic immunosuppressive therapy as defined by SCAC class 6. Conclusions In patients with sarcoidosis, elevated 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with chronic treatment needs.
Assessment of futility in clinical trials

The term 'futility' is used to refer to the inability of a clinical trial to achieve its objectives. In particular, stopping a clinical trial when the interim results suggest that it is unlikely to achieve statistical significance can save resources that could be used on more promising research. There are various approaches that have been proposed to assess futility, including stochastic curtailment, predictive power, predictive probability, and group sequential methods. In this paper, we describe and contrast these approaches, and discuss several issues associated with futility analyses, such as ethical considerations, whether or not type I error can or should be reclaimed, one-sided vs two-sided futility rules, and the impact of futility analyses on power.
Effects of Age and Experience on the Development of Neurocognitive Systems

Publisher Summary Progress in cognitive science and the development of noninvasive techniques such as electrophysiology have permitted extensive, ongoing mapping, and differentiation of sensory and cognitive systems in the mature human brain. This chapter reiterates that the event-related potential (ERP) technique has been, and will continue to be, indispensable in informing about development and how age and experience contribute to the adult-like mosaic of neurocognitive systems. Within the visual system, there is a structural and functional segregation of motion and location information from color and form information along “dorsal” and “ventral” processing streams, respectively. An understanding of the normal development of the dorsal and ventral visual streams could provide clues as to how and why auditory deprivation affects dorsal stream functions more than ventral stream functions. This chapter indicates that the basic measure of infant face recognition is the ability to discriminate the face of its own mother from the face of another woman. It also demonstrates that although there is overlap in the systems involved in face processing from early school years to adulthood, age and experience affect the functioning and distribution of this network in significant ways.
Fragmentary and Unidentified Texts

The following texts are either too fragmentary to be assigned with certainty to any of the groups of the lunar or planetary texts or defy explanation because of a lack of similar texts.
Is myocardial perfusion imaging an important predictor of mortality in women and if so, is this likely cost effective?

Among the most common diagnostic tests performed in adults who present with chest pain symptoms is a noninvasive evaluation of suspected obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), which is performed annually in nearly 20 million patients ([1][1]). The options for testing include the use of the
Library as Place: What Students Value in a Performing Arts Library

Library collections, spaces, and technologies are evolving at a rapid pace. Understanding why students come to the library, what they do, their preferred environments, needed technologies, and how library services fit into this changing paradigm allows librarians to plan, adapt, and remain relevant. This study used focus groups, user-observed data, and a survey tool to determine students’ preferences and most frequent activities in an academic performing arts library. Findings indicated that most students used the library to write papers and study, and their preferences included quiet study spaces, available technologies, and staff expertise.
Development of Hepatic Phosphorylase in the Chick Embryo.

SummaryPhosphorylase activity was measured in the liver of chick embryos at various stages of development. Enzyme activity increases abruptly between the 16th and 18th day of incubation, at a time when, according to previous studies, hepatic glycogen concentration and UDPG-glycogen transfer-ase activity decrease to relatively low values.
Participation and boycott in authoritarian elections

The existence of authoritarian elections raises a number of questions regarding the strategies of political opposition. What explains the choice of strategy among key opponents of a regime? What de...
Effect of 2-acetoamidoethyl (p-chlorophenyl) (m-trifluoromethylphenoxy) acetate (halofenate) on cholesterol oxidation by rat liver mitochondria.

SummaryWe have compared the effects of halofenate [2-acetoamidoethyl (p-chlorophenyl) (m-trifluoromethylphenoxy) acetate] and clofibrate (ethyl p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate) on rat serum and liver lipids and on oxidation of cholesterol by suitably fortified preparations of rat liver mitochondria. The halofenate was fed as 0.05% of the diet and the clofibrate as 0.3%. Both compounds caused increases in liver size and liver lipids. In the 3-week feeding experiment, both test compounds showed a significant hypocholesteremid effect.When complete incubation mixtures were used, the oxidation of 26-14C-cholesterol to 14CO2 was no different for liver mitochondrial preparations from halofenate, clofibrate, or control rats. However, in the absence of boiled supernatant factor (cytosol), oxidation of cholesterol was significantly higher with liver mitochondrial preparations from the drug-treated rats.
Development Mode and Development Background of Population Modernization

The thesis makes use of demographic transition theory to answer and analyze the question of demographic transition mode.On given conditions,there are three basic mode in the process of population modernization: ①the spontaneous development mode;②the development mode driven by outside force;③the mixed development mode.
The Theoretical Thinking of China Textile Industrial Transformation and Upgrading

Textile industry is not a " sunset industry ",but the basic people′s livelihood,strategic and competitive advantage of industry of China′s economic and social development.However,in its development there also are many quality and structural problems,and transformation and upgrading is the only route for survival,development,upgrading of China′s textile industy.For this,we put forward six paths for our country′s textile industry transformation and upgrading,including industrial transfer and industrial coordination,independent innovation and the independent brand double promotion,the textile industry and burgeoning industry integration,the textile industry and eommerce combined,specialized market and industrial cluster development,the domestic market and international market linkage development.
Afro-Hondurans in the Chocolate City: Garifuna, Katrina, and the Advantages of Racial Invisibility in the Nuevo New Orleans

When Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans in August of 2005, the United States public and the world got a first-hand view of the effects of centuries of structural racism. The discussion was primarily about the different ways in which African-Americans and white residents experienced the storm and its aftermath. The debate soon complicated with the sudden recognition of the presence of Latinos, mainly Mexican and Central American, that came to New Orleans to work in the clean up and reconstruction. Observers pointed out that, much of this population was not actually new. In fact, it included Latino storm victims, evacuees, and returnees. Despite the information, the media continued to portray Latinos as newcomers, potential threats to the local labor conditions, and possible disruption of the historic black/white/Creole racial identity of the city. Four years after Katrina, the presence of Latinos in New Orleans is much more visible. However, the media and local residents' perceptions are ambiguous. In effec...
Legislation relevant to perinatal care.

In California, legislation is playing an increasingly important part in effecting significant changes in perinatal care. The main points of six bills enacted over the past eight years are summarized and the impact of implementation is outlined.
Th17 Cells and Associated Cytokines in Inflammation and Cancer

Abstract SCI-5 CD4+ T cells, upon activation, differentiate into cytokine-producing effector helper T (TH) cells. In addition to TH1 and TH2 lineage cells, additional TH subsets, including TH17 and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells have been identified. TH17 cells produce IL-17, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22 and mediate tissue inflammation. TH17 cells play protective or pathogenic roles in cancer, depending on the context. On the other hand, Tfh cells produce IL-21 and regulate germinal center reactions. Tfh cells may play a role in some forms of lymphoma. I will discuss on the regulation and function of these two subsets of T cells in the context of cancer. Disclosures: Dong: Ono: Consultancy; Tempero: Consultancy; Genentech: Honoraria; GSK: Consultancy; AnaptysBio: Consultancy.
Problem Solving: Applications of Research to Undergraduate Instruction and Evaluation

The formal reasoning strategy used in medical diagnostic problem solving can be conceptualised as composed of four more elementary processes — cue acquisition, hypothesis generation, cue interpretation and hypothesis evaluation. These processes are closely linked to the clinician's store of medical knowledge. The acquisition, retention and recall of content cannot ensure its effective application, yet training in problem‐solving skills with inadequate attention to factual content will not be effective either. Two educational programmes are described which aim to increase the effective linking of clinical strategy and clinical memory in undergraduate medical students. Clinical problem‐solving sessions use simulated cases to provide experience in blending clinical knowledge and problem‐solving strategies. Problem‐solving examinations offer the opportunity for students to display the reasoning and planning behind their actions. They assess students’ ability to use a problem‐solving model and to document the medical work‐up using the Problem Oriented Medical Record. Both educational programmes use concepts and theory developed in empirical research on medical problem solving. Fundamental research is used to raise questions about educational practice, while the practical concerns of education raise questions for substantive inquiry.
Simulation study of quantitative precision of the PET/X dedicated breast PET scanner.

The goal for positron emission tomography (PET)/X is measuring changes in radiotracer uptake for early assessment of response to breast cancer therapy. Upper bounds for detecting such changes were investigated using simulation and two image reconstruction algorithms customized to the PET/X rectangular geometry. Analytical reconstruction was used to study spatial resolution, comparing results with the distance of the closest approach (DCA) resolution surrogate that is independent of the reconstruction method. An iterative reconstruction algorithm was used to characterize contrast recovery in small targets. Resolution averaged 2 mm full width at half maximum when using depth-of-interaction (DOI) information. Without DOI, resolution ranged from 2 . 1 ± 0.13 to 3.1 ± 0.42 mm for scanner crystal thickness between 5 and 15 mm. The DCA resolution surrogate was highly correlated to image-based FWHM. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed specificity and sensitivity over 95% for detecting contrast change from 5:1 to 4:1 (area under curve > 99 % ). For PET/X parameters modeled here, the ability to measure contrast changes benefited from higher photon absorption efficiency of thicker crystals while being largely unaffected by degraded resolution obtained with thicker crystals; DOI provided marginal improvements. These results assumed perfect data corrections and other idealizations, and thus represent an upper bound for detecting changes in small lesion radiotracer uptake of clinical interest using the PET/X system.
Service Cynicism: How Civic Disengagement Develops:

How does civic disengagement develop? This article examines the theory that the dissatisfaction and disengagement citizens develop toward one government agency can extend to an alternative agency. Leveraging police precinct-level data on 311 calls and criminal complaints from 2004 to 2012 in New York City, it investigates whether government responsiveness to municipal issues predicts citizens’ willingness to submit criminal complaints to the police. The study finds that predictors of disengagement with law enforcement extend beyond negative interactions with law enforcement alone. Rather, the time it takes local government officials to fix a 311 request for services, such as filling potholes and abating noise, shapes the likelihood that residents will file misdemeanor criminal complaints. Thus policymakers must account for the policy environment beyond their agency’s domain to alleviate citizens’ dissatisfaction and disengagement with government overall.
Enhanced detection of infectious prions by direct ELISA from the brains of asymptomatic animals using DRM2-118 monoclonal antibody and Gdn-HCl.

Abstract In this report we describe the use of a novel anti-prion monoclonal antibody (DRM2-118) for the direct detection of infectious prions by ELISA. Epitope mapping using overlapping hamster (SHa) prion peptides indicates DRM2-118 binding occurs between residues 93-100 and at the 310-helix (residues 163-170) between alpha helix-A and -B. This antibody shows broad species binding to endogenous prions from brain homogenates and corresponding recombinant prion proteins. To evaluate the performance of this MAb for the detection of prion proteins we performed an animal time course and evaluated prion detection from both crude brain homogenates and lipid raft fractions (DRM) by direct ELISA. Prion detection was significantly enhanced by the addition of the chaotropic guanidine-HCl (Gdn-HCl) during protein immobilization with detection of PK-resistant prion from asymptomatic animal brains at (45-DPI) and from lipid rafts at (24-DPI). Our data demonstrates enhanced prion detection from brain lipid rafts of asymptomatic animals by a simple direct ELISA using the DRM2-118 MAb combined with Gdn-HCl.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Update for 2018

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons and other neuronal cells, leading to severe disability and eventually death from ventilatory failure. It has a prevalence of 5 in 100,000, with an incidence of 1.7 per 100,000, reflecting short average survival. The pathogenesis is incompletely understood, but defects of RNA processing and protein clearance may be fundamental. Repeat expansions in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 gene (C9orf72) are the most common known genetic cause of ALS and are seen in approximately 40% of patients with a family history and approximately 10% of those without. No environmental risk factors are proved to be causative, but many have been proposed, including military service. The diagnosis of ALS rests on a history of painless progressive weakness coupled with examination findings of upper and lower motor dysfunction. No diagnostic test is yet available, but electromyography and genetic tests can support the diagnosis. Care for patients is best provided by a multidisciplinary team, and most interventions are directed at managing symptoms. Two medications with modest benefits have Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of ALS: riluzole, a glutamate receptor antagonist, and, new in 2017, edaravone, a free radical scavenger. Many other encouraging treatment strategies are being explored in clinical trials for ALS; herein we review stem cell and antisense oligonucleotide gene therapies.
Callirhoe, Concubinage, and a Corruption in Chariton 2.11.5

The author posits an unnoted textual corruption in Chariton 2.11.5 (?? ?? ????? ??????????) and, based on palaeography, the surrounding context, and an internal parallel, proposes a correction (?? ?? ???? ??????????).
Resident and Nonresident Fingernail Isotopes Reveal Diet and Travel Patterns

Global travel has increased, and having a diagnostic tool to distinguish residents from visitors would be valuable. This study examined stable isotope biomarkers of fingernail tissues of resident (n = 26) and nonresident (n = 22) participants in Salt Lake City (SLC), UT, from 2015 to 2016. The purpose of this research was to determine whether fingernail isotopes could be used for reconstructing geolocation movements and to examine the convergence in nonresident fingernail isotopes to that of the resident signal following their arrival to SLC. Resident isotope values defined a baseline to make comparisons to. Initial nonresident hydrogen and oxygen isotope values were correlated with precipitation isotopes of their prior location. Fingernail isotope turnover rates were rapid and nonresident isotopes were indistinguishable from residents after ~71-90 days. The results of our study highlight the utility of stable isotope measurements of fingernail clippings to examine travel history reconstruction that could aid in identification of human remains.
A Computational Desk for Surgeons

According to the American Heart Association, cardiovascular disease is an underlying cause of death that accounted for 37.3% of all deaths, or one of every 2.7 deaths in the United States in 2003. Many of these deaths corresponding to vascular disease are due to the rupture of an aneurism or the rupture of a vulnerable plaque usually located near the narrowing of blood vessels, also called stenosis [1, 2]. The interested reader can refer to the chapters of Mark Davies et al. and Scott Berceli et al. in this volume for an overview of low extremity vessels diseases.
Opioid receptors inhibit the spinal AMPA receptor Ca2+ permeability that mediates latent pain sensitization.

Abstract Acute inflammation induces sensitization of nociceptive neurons and triggers the accumulation of calcium permeable (CP) α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This coincides with behavioral signs of acute inflammatory pain, but whether CP-AMPARs contribute to chronic pain remains unclear. To evaluate this question, we first constructed current-voltage (I V) curves of C-fiber stimulus-evoked, AMPAR-mediated EPSCs in lamina II to test for inward rectification, a key characteristic of CP-AMPARs. We found that the intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced an inward rectification at 3 d that persisted to 21 d after injury. Furthermore, the CP- AMPAR antagonist IEM-1460 (50 μM) inhibited AMPAR-evoked Ca2+ transients 21d after injury but had no effect in uninflamed mice. We then used a model of long-lasting vulnerability for chronic pain that is determined by the balance between latent central sensitization (LCS) and mu opioid receptor constitutive activity (MORCA). When administered 21 d after the intraplantar injection of CFA, intrathecal administration of the MORCA inverse agonist naltrexone (NTX, 1 μg, i.t.) reinstated mechanical hypersensitivity, and superfusion of spinal cord slices with NTX (10 μM) increased the peak amplitude of AMPAR-evoked Ca2+ transients in lamina II neurons. The CP-AMPAR antagonist naspm (0–10 nmol, i.t.) inhibited these NTX-induced increases in mechanical hypersensitivity. NTX had no effect in uninflamed mice. Subsequent western blot analysis of the postsynaptic density membrane fraction from lumbar dorsal horn revealed that CFA increased GluA1 expression at 2 d and GluA4 expression at both 2 and 21 d post-injury, indicating that not just the GluA1 subunit, but also the GluA4 subunit, contributes to the expression of CP-AMPARs and synaptic strength during hyperalgesia. GluA2 expression increased at 21 d, an unexpected result that requires further study. We conclude that after tissue injury, dorsal horn AMPARs retain a Ca2+ permeability that underlies LCS. Because of their effectiveness in reducing naltrexone-induced reinstatement of hyperalgesia and potentiation of AMPAR-evoked Ca2+ signals, CP-AMPAR inhibitors are a promising class of agents for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain.
Introduction: The UNESCO Libraries Section

This chapter introduces the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, the optimistic idealism that permeated the organization during its early days, and the early post–World War II context into which UNESCO, and its Libraries Section and Reconstruction Program specifically, emerged. UNESCO’s concern for books and libraries developed as a result of fascism’s targeted attacks in those areas, ranging from the public burning of books in 1933 and culminating in the theft, confiscation, and destruction of millions of books and thousands of libraries throughout the war years. The chapter also introduces the emotional relationships and connections that individuals, institutions, and organizations had with books and libraries, often seeing them as representatives of people and places lost during the war.
Virtual reality therapy as adjunct to traditional physical therapy for a TBI patient who suffered a gunshot wound to the head: Case report

Traumatic brain injury by gunshot creates a variety of unique sequelae that can be very challenging for clinicians to develop rehabilitation interventions. This case report presents an example of supplementing traditional physical therapy with virtual reality training for a patient who suffered a penetrating traumatic brain injury to the back of the head. By personalizing and modulating the virtual scenes to the patient’s deficits and tolerance for virtual reality exposure, the patient was able to progress in his rehabilitation, which had plateaued after traditional therapy alone. At the conclusion of his rehabilitation, the patient showed clinically meaningful improvements in functional mobility assessments and subjective self-reports.
Perspectives From the Foot and Ankle Department at an Academic Orthopedic Hospital During the Surge Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City

Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: Cases of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus (COVID-19) first emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 Since then, the virus has spread globally at a rapid pace The first case in New York City was reported on March 1, 2020, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020 New York City rapidly became the epicenter of the pandemic, with hospitals across the city making a number of changes to accommodate the influx of COVID-19 patients Here, we describe our experience in adapting to the COVID-19 pandemic as a department consisting of 10 foot and ankle fellowship-trained surgeons with up to 28 years of individual experience in an academic orthopedic hospital Methods: Information was obtained from direct interviews with surgeons in the Foot and Ankle Service and from our institution’s intranet Additional information was obtained by viewing twice-weekly livestreams from March 27th, 2020 to May 1st, 2020 held by the Surgeon-In-Chief, which detailed hospital-wide policies and initiatives being implemented in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic Results: On March 17, 2020, all elective surgeries were suspended at our institution, and a list of essential procedures was established In-person clinical visits were limited to new patients being evaluated for essential procedures and first postoperative visits for returning patients, with all patients receiving pre-visit and on-site screening for COVID-19 All other new patient and follow-up appointments were conducted via telehealth visits Much of our main hospital was repurposed to accept transfers of both COVID-negative and COVID-positive patients A postanesthesia care unit and a floor of 9 operating rooms were repurposed as negative-pressure rooms for the care of critical COVID-positive patients on ventilators An Orthopedic Triage Center (OTC) was established to relieve the patient load in the emergency departments of other hospitals in the city Conclusion: By changing the way we delivered foot and ankle care and repurposing the roles of our employees and our institution, we have adapted strategies to continue delivering care to our patients As we transition toward a ‘new normal,’ our goals are to gradually progress toward normal operations while keeping our patients and employees safe With these gradual steps, we hope to emerge from this pandemic stronger and ready to adapt to the ever-changing needs of our community