cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimizing and treating chronicity in the eating disorders: A clinical overview

Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the available literature regarding treatment and management of eating disorder patients who fail to change over protracted periods of time. Method: Literature was reviewed pertaining to approaches to promoting change in treatment-resistant cases and the treatment of chronic eating disordered individuals. Results: Although there are a number of clinical perspectives on the treatment of chronic eating disorder patients, fundamental studies defining the concept of “chronicity” and standardized treatment approaches do not exist. Empirical studies of chronic cases are needed, given the absence of investigation of maintenance factors in chronic eating disorders and evidence-based approaches for treatment. An integrative and practical clinical protocol is provided. Discussion: The results of this review suggest that a significant number of eating disorder patients display a chronic course, which is poorly understood. Treatments for these individuals are not based on evidence-based findings. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Use of both 16S rRNA and engineered functional genes with real-time PCR to quantify an engineered, PCB-degrading Rhodococcus in soil

A real-time PCR (RTm-PCR) assay using fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides (TaqMan probes) was used to detect and quantify the recombinant Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1(fcb) in soil. One primer and probe set targeted a hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene unique to strain RHA1(fcb) and its phylogenetic relatives, and the other set targeted the recombinant 4-chlorobenzoate (4-CBA) degradation operon (fcb) and was strain-specific. The method had a 6-log dynamic range of detection (10(2)-10(7) cells ml(-1)) for both probes when DNA from pure cultures was used. Although the method was less sensitive in soil, the estimated number of cells in soil by real-time PCR corresponded to the measured number of RHA1(fcb) cells determined by colony-forming units.
Does the amount of exercising muscle alter the aerobic demand of dynamic exercise

The primary purpose of this study was to determine if the aerobic demand for production of specified power outputs is altered by distribution of work between the arms and legs compared with when all the work is performed by the legs. Because of the important exercise training implications, a secondary purpose of this study was to determine if the exercising muscle mass affects the cardiorespiratory demands at specified rating of perceived exertion (RPE) levels and blood lactate concentrations. Nine healthy adults completed leg cycling and combined arm and leg exercise on an Airdyne using a discontinuous protocol. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that oxygen uptake for the combined arm and leg exercise averaged 0.04 l·min−1 greater (p<0.05) than for leg cycling at the same external power outputs. However, RPE levels at specified power outputs were lower (p<0.05) with combined arm and leg exercise than leg cycling. At specified RPE levels and blood lactate concentrations, oxygen uptake and heart rate values were higher (p<0.05) for combined arm and leg exercise than leg cycling. From these findings we conclude that: (1) the addition of arm exercise to leg cycling results in a reduction in RPE, but a minimal increase in oxygen consumption to perform a given power output, and (2) if training intensity is established by RPE or blood lactate concentration, use of a muscle mass larger than that used in leg cycling should allow a greater cardiorespiratory training effect.
STAT6 expression in multiple cell types mediates the cooperative development of allergic airway disease.

Th2 cells induce asthma through the secretion of cytokines. Two such cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, are critical mediators of many features of this disease. They both share a common receptor subunit, IL-4Rα, and signal through the STAT6 pathway. STAT6−/− mice have impaired Th2 differentiation and reduced airway response to allergen. Transferred Th2 cells were not able to elicit eosinophilia in response to OVA in STAT6−/− mice. To clarify the role of STAT6 in allergic airway inflammation, we generated mouse bone marrow (BM) chimeras. We observed little to no eosinophilia in OVA-treated STAT6−/− mice even when STAT6+/+ BM or Th2 cells were provided. However, when Th2 cells were transferred to STAT6×Rag2−/− mice, we observed an eosinophilic response to OVA. Nevertheless, the expression of STAT6 on either BM-derived cells or lung resident cells enhanced the severity of OVA-induced eosinophilia. Moreover, when both the BM donor and recipient lacked lymphocytes, transferred Th2 cells were sufficient to induce the level of eosinophilia comparable with that of wild-type (WT) mice. The expression of STAT6 in BM-derived cells was more critical for the enhanced eosinophilic response. Furthermore, we found a significantly higher number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells (regulatory T cells [Tregs]) in PBS- and OVA-treated STAT6−/− mouse lungs compared with that in WT animals suggesting that STAT6 limits both naturally occurring and Ag-induced Tregs. Tregs obtained from either WT or STAT6−/− mice were equally efficient in suppressing CD4+ T cell proliferation in vitro. Taken together, our studies demonstrate multiple STAT6-dependent and -independent features of allergic inflammation, which may impact treatments targeting STAT6.
Distributed management of virtual cluster infrastructures

Cloud services that provide virtualized computational clusters present a dichotomy of systems management challenges, as the virtual clusters may be owned and administered by one entity, while the underlying physical fabric may belong to a different entity. On the physical fabric, scalable tools that “push” configuration changes and software updates to the compute nodes are effective, since the physical system administrators have complete system access. However, virtual clusters executing atop federated Grid sites may not be directly reachable for management purposes, as network or policy limitations may prevent unsolicited connections to virtual compute nodes. For these systems, a distributed middleware solution could permit the compute nodes to “pull” updates from a centralized server, thereby permitting the management of virtual compute nodes that are inaccessible to the system administrator. This paper compares both models of system administration and describes emerging software utilities for managing both the physical fabric and the virtual clusters.
Structure and properties of glassy metals

Glassy metals exhibit short range order which is almost as well developed as, but is topologically distinct from, that in crystalline metals. Their “defectiveness” is due only to the absence of long range spatial correlations of the local configurations. The mechanical and magnetic behavior of glassy metals will be interpreted in terms of current structural models, in conjunction with hypotheses concerning dilatational and flow disordering and softening.
Perceptions of Utah alfalfa growers about wildlife damage to their hay crops: Implications for managing wildlife on private land

We conducted a survey of Utah alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) growers in 1993 to identify wildlife damage problems to bay crops. Such surveys can provide wildlife managers with important insights regarding landowners' wildlife damage management concerns and needs. Pocket gophers ( Thomomys spp.) and mule deer ( Odecoileus hemionus ) were perceived by growers as causing the most damage. Respondents reported a total annual loss of $350,000 or $24.79/ha (2.8% of the total crop value) because wildlife damage in alfalfa crops. Decreased hay quantity was the most frequently cited problem caused by wildlife. Compensation and incentive programs were preferred over assistance and information programs for managing wildlife damage in alfalfa crops.
Neprilysin Inhibitors Provide Insight into its Specificity and Therapeutic Potential

Neprilysin (NEP) is one of the enzymes in the zinc-metalloendopeptidase family that displays a broad specificity in degrading small bioactive peptides. Crystal structures of seven NEP-inhibitor complexes as well as biochemical characterization of NEP activity have highlighted amino acid interactions that are crucial to the binding of various ligands. Studies also indicate that NEP is one of a select group of metalloenzymes that degrade the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) in vivo and in situ. The accumulation of neurotoxic Aβ aggregates in the brain appears to be a causative agent in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). For this reason the enzymatic degradation of Aβ has been studied extensively, but little is currently known about the specific interactions underlying NEP degradation of Aβ. Research that pertains to these interactions may lead to critical insights for utilizing NEP inhibition of Aβ accumulation as a safe, beneficial AD therapy.
Using agent-based simulation to understand populatation dynamics and coevolution in host-pathogen relationships

The development of anti-biotic resistant strains of bacteria and the nearly annual emergence of new strains of influenza virus are evidence of the rapid adaptation of pathogens to environmental pressures. The ability to predict the outcome of a long-term host-pathogen interaction could significantly improve public health decisions. Starting from the premise that all interactions between hosts and pathogens are stochastic in nature, we developed a generic agent based simulation of a population of hosts infected by a population of pathogens. Our simulation suggests that a host population is not intrinsically stable absent negative feedback loop mechanisms. We show that even in the face of a specific pathogen pressure, the outcome of a given initial host-pathogen community can be expressed only as a set of probabilities, unlike the prediction of traditional mathematical models constructed in the language of differential calculus.
Ocean Colour Radiometry: Early Successes and a Look Towards the Future

Satellite ocean colour radiometry (OCR) provides ocean scientists with their only time-dependent view of indices related to ecological and biogeochemical processes at regional to global scales. Beginning with the launch of NASA’s Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) in 1978, imagery from multiple satellite sensors has had a major impact on ocean science and helped establish the importance of ocean biogeochemistry to the major element cycles of the Earth system. OCR is being increasingly used in applications related to societal benefits. Early accomplishments include: improved methods and more accurate calculations of net primary production in the ocean at regional to global scales, including estimates of the relative contributions of land and ocean to net primary production of the biosphere; better understanding of variability of phytoplankton biomass and productivity at regional to global scales and at daily to interannual time scales; better understanding of seasonal phytoplankton dynamics at regional and global scales; better understanding of the impact of major ENSO events and other sources of interannual variability on ocean net primary production and its spatial variations around the globe; intriguing evidence that phytoplankton biomass in the ocean, particularly in the oligotrophic waters in the center of the ocean basins, may be undergoing long term changes; better understanding of the importance of mesoscale mixing processes (eddies, planetary waves) on the distribution of phytoplankton biomass; and initial successes for using OCR imagery to improve fishing efficiency, track harmful algal blooms, provide potential tools for fisheries management, provide products related to water quality assessment and other applications of benefit to society.
CHARACTERISTIC CLASSES AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL RECIPROCITY LAWS

In this note, we formulate and prove a non-commutative generalization of the reciprocity laws of Parshin and Kato in higher dimensional class field theory [Kat][P1][P4]. This can be regarded as a geometric realization of the reciprocity laws implicit in the Gersten-Quillen complex in algebraic K-theory [Q]. We expect this work to be related to the “higher dimensional Langlands program”, which has yet to be formulated precisely (although see [Kap]). Let X be an k-dimensional complex analytic space (possibly singular). Let F := (C0 ⊂ C1 ⊂ · · · ⊂ Ck = X) be a flag of irreducible subspaces in X, with dim Ci = i (we often omit Ck from the notation). For any analytic open set V ⊂ X, we constructed in [Br-M1] a homology class κF,V ∈ Hk(V ;Z) and showed that it satisfies the homological reciprocity law described in Theorem 2.1. Let ĉp denote the characteristic class of Deligne-Beilinson [Be] which refines the usual pth Chern class cp. In section 3, we define the non-commutative symbol F,V at the “place” F , by pulling back ĉk+1 via the evaluation map BGL(n,O(V )) × V → BGL(n,C) and taking the “slant-product” of the resulting class with κF,V . Here O(V ) denotes the algebra of holomorphic functions on V and we are viewing GL(n,O(V )) as a discrete group. It is important to note that the non-commutative symbol is not just a number, rather it is the cohomology class in Hk+1(BGL(n,O(V )),C∗) of a degree k + 1 group cocycle on GL(n,O(V )). Since the homology class κF,V satisfies a reciprocity law, we obtain
Stephensia Shanori. I. Cytology of the Ascus and Other Observations

Cytological and developmental studies of the Tuberales have been greatly neglected. Only Tuber brumale auct. (Berlese, 1898), T. brumale var. melanosporum Vitt. (Greis, 1938, 1939), T. aestivum Vitt. (Schussnig, 1921; Greis, 1938, 1939), T. excavatum Vitt. (Hawker, 1954), and Hydnobolites sp. (Faull, 1905) were previously investigated cytologically. Ontogenetic studies of several species (see Discussion) have been reported. Observations in most of these studies were made on only a few specimens, in some cases already mature. Greater knowledge of the ontogeny and cytology in more species is necessary before the importance of these processes to relationships within the order can be decided.
Life Cycle Concept in Marketing Research

This article reviews the ways “life cycle position” has been used as an independent variable in marketing research.
The Chalkboard: Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Fuel cells based on the anodic exchange membranes (AEMFC) can operate on a variety of fuels and generate high power densities at moderate operating temperatures. The real advantage of AEMFC use in polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cells is the absence of expensive noble metal catalysts in the electrodes. However, the AEMFC systems have their own set of challenges, as related to materials and processing schemes, which require innovative engineering solutions. Key among these are the conductivity and durability of the anion-exchange membrane, the identification of suitable OH- ion conductive polymers for anode and cathode binders, and the identification/optimization of membrane-electrode-assembly preparation methods. Progress is being made, research funding for AEMFC is seeing an upward trend, and more papers on the subject are being published. The very positive developments over the past ten years resulting in improved PEMFC performance and durability with lower manufacturing costs bode well for similar progress on the AEMFC front, especially given the increasing commitment to this technology that is emerging.
Coverage control based effective jamming strategy for wireless networks

A group of mobile jammers is tasked with disrupting the overall communication of a static radio network. The jammers are assumed to have limited jamming capabilities, such that the jamming effect is constrained to a disk area around the jammer. Radios within the jamming zone will be disrupted and the jamming intensity depends on the relative distance between the radio and the jammer. To disrupt the communication network, a dynamic coverage control based jamming strategy is developed, where the jammers coordinate their motion and cooperatively guarantee that every radio in the network is accumulatively disrupted up to a desired jamming level over time. It is further assumed that each jammer has a limited communication capability. Two jammers can only share jamming information when they stay within a certain distance. To ensure consistent jamming coordination, motion control laws are developed for jammers to perform effective jamming while preserving network connectivity among jammers. An appealing feature of the current work is the use of mobile jammers to dynamically disrupt the overall communication network, which enables cooperative jamming over large scale networks by using a limited number of mobile jammers.
Laser deposition of YBCO thin films over large areas

We have studied the large area deposition of YBCO thin films by excimer laser deposition with a substrate-rotation method. The rotating substrates were uniformly coated by positioning the plume axis at a few centimeters from the substrate rotation center. Film thickness variation of ±10%, uniform superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of >87K and uniform surface morphology were achieved on the 40mm X 40mm MgO substrate. Simulation for the optimization of the substrate-rotation method was also carried out and which agreed well with the experimental results.
Journaling as reinforcement for the resourcefulness training intervention in mothers of technology-dependent children

Resourcefulness, a set of cognitive and behavioral skills used to attain, maintain, or regain health, is a factor related to depressive symptoms in mothers of children with chronic conditions and complex care needs who are dependent on medical technology such as mechanical ventilation or feeding tubes. The purpose of this secondary analysis of a randomized, controlled pilot intervention study was to determine the feasibility, acceptability and fidelity of daily journal writing as a method of reinforcement of resourcefulness training (RT) that teaches the use of social and personal resourcefulness skills. Participants returned their journals to the study office at the end of the four-week journaling exercise. Content analysis from exit interviews and journals supported the feasibility, acceptability and fidelity of daily journaling for reinforcement of RT in this population. Journal writing can be used by pediatric nurses to reinforce and promote resourcefulness skill use in parents of technology-dependent children.
Managing mixed-stock fisheries: genotyping multi-SNP haplotypes increases power for genetic stock identification

A common challenge for fisheries management is resolving the relative contribution of closely related populations where accuracy of genetic assignment may be limited. An overlooked method for increasing assignment accuracy is the use of multi-SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) haplotypes rather than single-SNP genotypes. Haplotypes increase power for detecting population structure, and loci derived from next-generation sequencing methods often contain multiple SNPs. We evaluated the utility of multi-SNP haplotyping for mixture analysis in western Alaska Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Multi-SNP haplotype data increased the accuracy of mixture analysis for closely related populations by up to seven percentage points relative to single-SNP genotype data for a set of 500 loci; 90% accuracy was achievable with as few as 150 loci with multi-SNP haplotypes but required at least 300 loci with single-SNP genotypes. Individual assignment to reporting groups showed an even greater increase in accuracy ...
A study and evaluation of the tripartite seismic method of locating hurricanes

Abstract Tripartite records from the U. S. Navy stations at Bermuda, Cherry Point, and Miami were studied in detail for the 1950 hurricane season. Following a discussion of the theoretical error expected in this study, the results of single and average azimuth computation are given. Since the error between computed and observed storm azimuths exceeds the theoretical by a considerable amount, a study of the causes of the errors was undertaken. The difficulties are considered to result from instrumentations and procedure, lack of wave coherence at the three elements of the tripartite net, and refraction or multiple wave paths. A large range in velocities was observed, with indications that the lower values are the more reliable. Selection on a velocity basis gives somewhat better success than averaging all readings over the chosen interval of time. Suggestions for improvement of the instrumentation program are given.
Interprofessional Education - A Foundation for a New Approach to Health Care.

Training practitioners with better skills in teamwork and communication is thought to be essential for preventing medical errors, and it may help reduce health inequities and reverse rising costs by providing patients with the amount and type of expertise they need.
Management of Through-and-Through Penetrating Skull Injury: A Railroad Spike That Transgressed the Anterior Skull Base.

Background Penetrating injuries involving foreign objects that transgress the entirety of the human skull present challenges in the management of vascular injuries, infectious risk, cerebrospinal fluid leak, and cosmetic repair. Ultimately, effective management of these injuries requires a multidisciplinary team and judicious surgical planning. Case Description Here we present the treatment of a patient who experienced a penetrating injury from a railroad spike, with entry and exit points involving the left and right anterior aspects of the temporal fossa, respectively. Conclusions The rationale for management decisions is reviewed in the context of the published literature.
Remarkably selective NH4+ binding and fluorescence sensing by tripodal tris(pyrazolyl) receptors derived from 1,3,5-triethylbenzene: structural and theoretical insights on the role of ion pairing

A fluorescent sensor for NH4+ based on 1,3,5-triethylbenzene shows remarkable binding and sensing selectivity for NH4+vs. K+. Fluorescence and NMR titrations reveal surprising differences in the sensing properties and binding constants of tris-(3,5-dimethyl)pyrazole 1vs. tris(3,5-diphenyl)pyrazole 2. The roles of ion pairing and solvation are revealed by X-ray and DFT studies.
Diffusion of CO2 on the Rutile TiO2(110) Surface

The diffusion of CO{sub 2} molecules on a reduced rutile TiO{sub 2}(110)-(1×1) surface has been investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The STM feature associated with a CO{sub 2} molecule at an oxygen vacancy (V{sub O}) becomes increasingly streaky with increasing temperature, indicating thermally activated CO{sub 2} diffusion from the V{sub O} site. From temperature-dependent tunneling current measurements, the barrier for diffusion of CO{sub 2} from the V{sub O} site is estimated to be 3.31 ± 0.23 kcal/mol. The corresponding value from the DFT calculations is 3.80 kcal/mol. In addition, the DFT calculations give a barrier for diffusion of CO{sub 2} along Ti rows of only 1.33 kcal/mol.
Neuropharmacological Aspects of the Neural Control of Prolactin Secretion

In recent years, an increasing number of studies have appeared in which neuropharmacological agents were used in attempts to clarify which of the putative neurotransmitters are involved in the control of prolactin secretion. Some of the more recently developed drugs and pharmacological agents can be expected to demonstrate a high degree of specificity if used judiciously. The use of these agents in neuroendocrine studies has led to the identification of several neurotransmitters that are involved in the control of prolactin secretion. Few reviews have been totally devoted to the effects of pharmacological agents on prolactin secretion, therefore, a few aspects of the neuropharmacology of prolactin control are considered in some detail, and integration of data from a variety of sources is attempted.
Oncomodulin in Normal and Transformed Cells

The 3-dimensional crystal structure of oncomodulin from X-ray analysis reveals that it is quite similar to that of parvalbumin (F. Ahmed et al., in preparation). Oncomodulin has three domains composed of helix:metal-binding loop:helix arranged in a similar way to parvalbumin (Moews and Kretsinger 1975). This was not unexpected because it was known that oncomodulin and parvalbumin share 50% identical amino acid sequence, and an additional 30% conservative residue replacement (MacManus et al., 1987). Also both the circular dichroic and proton NMR spectra suggested the existence of great similarity of secondary structure (MacManus et al., 1984; Williams et al., 1987).
Exploring the Relationships Between Maternal Mental Health Symptoms and Young Children’s Functioning in a Low-Income, Minority Sample

Poor maternal mental health, including depression and high stress levels, can negatively impact many domains of child development, particularly among low-income, ethnic minority families experiencing multiple stressors. Low-income minority mothers, particularly Hispanic mothers, are also at increased risk of experiencing exposure to community violence and other types of trauma. However, studies exploring the additional impact of maternal trauma symptoms on children’s functioning are rare. This study aims to address this gap by examining the impact of maternal trauma symptoms on young children’s functioning in a low-income, predominantly Hispanic sample through the mechanisms of maternal depressive symptoms, and mother’s experiences of parenting stress and strain. The sample consisted of 158 biological mothers (58% Hispanic, 13% African American, 5.7% White American) who were participating in community-based mental health treatment for their children (MAGE = 3.7, SD = 1.2). Mothers completed questionnaires providing information on their children’s behaviors and their own mental health and stress levels at intake. Path analysis indicated that there was a significant indirect effect of maternal trauma symptoms on children’s behavior problems through maternal depressive symptoms and maternal stress in the parent-child relationship (β = 0.09, p < 0.01). In addition, there was a direct effect of maternal trauma symptoms on children’s behavior problems (β = 0.32, p < 0.001). The results suggest that maternal trauma symptoms, in addition to maternal depressive symptoms, contribute to poor maternal and child functioning.
Understanding nationwide readmissions after thyroid surgery.

Background The 30-day readmission rate is increasingly utilized as a metric of quality that impacts reimbursement. To date, there are no nationally representative data on readmission rates after thyroid surgery. We aimed to determine national readmission rates after inpatient thyroidectomy operations and whether select clinical factors were associated with increased odds of postthyroidectomy readmission. Methods Using the 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database, we identified patients undergoing inpatient thyroid surgery as defined by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, procedure codes for thyroid lobectomy, partial thyroidectomy, complete thyroidectomy, and substernal thyroidectomy. Descriptive statistics were used to report readmission rates, most common diagnosis and causes of readmission, and timing of presentation after discharge. Multivariable logistic regression models controlling for potential confounders were used to determine whether select factors were associated with 30-day readmission. Results A total of 22,654 patients underwent inpatient thyroid surgery during the study period, 990 of whom (4.4%) were readmitted within 30 days. Among these, the most common diagnoses during readmission were disorders of mineral metabolism and hypocalcemia, accounting for 36.0% and 26.6% of readmissions, respectively. This held true regardless of the apparent indication for thyroid surgery (goiter, cancer, or thyroid function disorder) or timing of readmission after discharge. Calcium-related abnormalities were the top diagnoses at readmissions (22.1%). Most readmissions (54.6%) occurred within 7 days of discharge, with 24.6% within the first 2 days Factors associated with an increased odds of readmission included having Medicare (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.47 and 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–2.11) or Medicaid insurance (AOR 1.44 [CI 1.04–1.99]), being discharged to inpatient post acute care (AOR 2.31 [CI 1.48–3.62]) or to home health care (AOR 1.78 [CI 1.21–2.63]), having an Elixhauser comorbidity score ≥ 4 (AOR 2.04 [CI 1.27–3.26]), and a duration of stay ≥2 days after the thyroid surgery (AOR 2.7 [CI 1.9–3.82]). The only complication during index admission associated with increased odds of readmission was hypocalcemia (AOR 1.5 [CI 1.1–2.06]. Indications for thyroid surgery were not associated with increased odds of readmission. Conclusion Readmissions after thyroid surgery are relatively low and occur early after surgery. The most common diagnoses identified on readmission were calcium and mineral metabolism disorders, which also were the most common cause of readmission. Socioeconomic factors, comorbidities, and complications during the index admissions were found to be associated with nonelective, postthyroidectomy readmissions. Recognition of these risk factors may guide the development of interventions and protocols to decrease readmissions.
Infection Prevention and Control: A Biodefense Measure

Infection prevention and control (IPC) is the foundation for preventing the spread of infectious diseases, regardless of source, during medical treatment. Biological attacks will inevitably involve the medical management of sick individuals, which will not only tax the healthcare system, but also highlight the vital importance of infection control. Reducing the capacity for disease transmission will be pivotal in not only the early stages of an outbreak or biological attack, but also during times of crisis. Infection control programs also conduct disease surveillance and reporting to public health departments, which is crucial during an attack or outbreak. Infection control failures, like those in the 2013–2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak and continued Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreaks, act as amplifiers for pathogen transmission. In the event of a biological attack, the strength and stamina of a hospital’s infection control program will be critical to early recognition, isolation, treatment, and reducing the spread of infection.
Awareness of Stroke Signs and Symptoms and Calling 9-1-1 Among US Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2009 and 2014.

Introduction Early recognition of stroke symptoms and recognizing the importance of calling 9-1-1 improves the timeliness of appropriate emergency care, resulting in improved health outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess changes in awareness of stroke symptoms and calling 9-1-1 from 2009 to 2014. Methods We analyzed data among 27,211 adults from 2009 and 35,862 adults from 2014 using the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The NHIS included 5 questions in both 2009 and 2014 about stroke signs and symptoms and one about the first action to take when someone is having a stroke. We estimated the prevalence of awareness of each symptom, all 5 symptoms, the importance of calling 9-1-1, and knowledge of all 5 symptoms plus the importance of calling 9-1-1 (indicating recommended stroke knowledge). We assessed changes from 2009 to 2014 in the prevalence of awareness. Data analyses were conducted in 2016. Results In 2014, awareness of stroke symptoms ranged from 76.1% (sudden severe headache) to 93.7% (numbness of face, arm, leg, side); 68.3% of respondents recognized all 5 symptoms, and 66.2% were aware of all recommended stroke knowledge. After adjusting for sex, age, educational attainment, and race/ethnicity, logistic regression results showed a significant absolute increase of 14.7 percentage points in recommended stroke knowledge from 2009 (51.5%) to 2014 (66.2%). Among US adults, recommended stroke knowledge increased from 2009 to 2014. Conclusion Stroke awareness among US adults has improved but remains suboptimal.
Understanding Trade-Offs of Phase Change Materials for Transient Thermal Mitigation

There are many applications throughout the military and commercial industries whose thermal profiles are dominated by intermittent and/or periodic pulsed thermal loads. Typical thermal solutions are steady state heat sinks that provide enough continuous cooling capacity to address the peak thermal load as if it were a steady-state condition. Such a conservative approach guarantees satisfying the thermal challenge, but it can result in significant cooling overdesign. This work investigates improving system size and weight without sacrificing platform performance by developing a package focused on transient thermal mitigation using timescale matched (TSM) phase change materials (PCMs). The TSM PCMs comprise both metallic and organic PCMs that enable each other. This work demonstrates that for short pulses, metallic PCMs have a fast thermal response due to their high thermal conductivity (high-k) but their weight, cost, and integration complexity limits their viability in applications. Alternatively, organic PCMs are inexpensive, lightweight, and can have very high latent heat of fusion but have very low thermal conductivity (low-k) compared to metals and thus cannot absorb heat quickly. The concept of time-scale matching will be presented as well as a numerical study outlining design trade-offs, packaging considerations, and the five time scale matching regimes. The paper will conclude with a Monto Carlo analysis showing a Pareto front of the optimal solutions when integrating copper, a metallic PCM and an organic PCM simultaneously and the solution families that are created.
Source - A Space Mission to Probe the Trail of Water

Water is critical for determining the habitability of planets, and understanding how the Earth became wet is essential for determining the occurrence of ocean worlds. Water is believed to have been accreted onto the Earth well after its formation, plausibly from impacts of comets or asteroids formed during the evolution of the protoplanetary disk. This disk itself collapsed from a dense core in a molecular cloud. The water transferred from core to disk was formed in the dense interstellar medium, so that tracing the trail of water is an overarching goal for both astronomy and planetary science. Tracing the inheritance of water requires observation of the submillimeter rotational lines of water and of its isotopologues H 2 18 O, H 2 17 O, and HDO. The most favorable transitions lie at 500 GHz to 1200 GHz. To observe a statistically meaningful sample of sources in a 3-year mission requires a 3.2 to 4.2 m telescope equipped with highest sensitivity SIS receivers and digital spectrometers. We discuss here the science and mission design of our proposed mission, Source.
What Do the Results Mean

The concluding chapter provides a summary of the results reported in the previous chapters, emphasizing the overall preferences in favor of racial/ethnic, gender, and socioeconomic diversity and the broad consensus around these preferences across groups of participants. The chapter then reviews scholarship on how diversity affects campus communities and individual students and faculty, emphasizing that effects at the community level are widely regarded to be positive whereas deeper debates surround impact at the individual level. The chapter concludes by considering current challenges to affirmative action in college admissions in the courts and from those arguing for diversity of viewpoints rather than demographics.
SOTL Research Design for Assessment of Interventions

Faculty are becoming increasingly interested in the science of teaching and learning (SoTL) and working to explore whether specific interventions are associated with a substantive change in learning outcomes (Whitman and Richlin 2007). In this article we lay out different ways faculty might deepen their approach to SoTL through their courses, provide examples for and explanations of these designs, discuss different means of assessing outcomes depending on the types and regularity of courses faculty teach, and provide specific tools for assessment in the context of a Political Science methods course.
Imaging of tumour acidosis with PET

The detection of small tumours with positron emission tomography is significantly enhanced by 64Cu-labelled polycationic polymers sensitive to the acidic pH of tumours.
Surgical Resection and Utilization of Fasciocutaneous Advancement Flaps for Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: The Closure

Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) remains a major problem and a challenging soft tissue cancer to manage. In contrast to the dramatic advancement in breast cancer management for early detected disease, the locally advanced ulcerating breast cancer remains a challenge. The care of these patients requires a well-adapted multidisciplinary team and well-trained breast surgical oncologist with the skills to resect and close the resultant defect. The treatment in most cases begins with multi-regimen neoadjuvant chemotherapy with plans of converting extensive disease into resectable disease and addressing distant metastases, followed by surgical resection allowing for palliation and wound control, and radiation and endocrine therapy as indicated. One of the principal utilization scenarios is in the setting of palliation for local wound care impacting quality of life. Additional considerations such as adjuvant treatment, patient comorbidities, and available resources may all factor into the surgical approach. Myocutaneous flaps have traditionally been an option for soft tissue coverage of large defects; however, there are potential advantages to consider in local advancement and rotational flaps that may result in less morbidity post-operatively. This chapter describes the utilization of local advancement flaps including fasciocutaneous flaps, as well as skin grafts as available options for wound closure and when these might be more appropriately suited for our patients.
Using Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) to Detect Ligand Binding with Purified Protein

Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) can be used to detect the binding of a small molecule ligand to a purified target protein. Upon binding with certain ligands, the protein can be stabilized from thermal denaturation. DSF uses a fluorescent dye and Real-Time PCR instrument to detect the unfolding process of proteins during thermal denaturation. The experiment can be set up and finished in 1 day once the purified protein is available.
Cell cycle-independent integration of stress signals promotes Non-G1/G0 quiescence entry

Abstract Cellular quiescence is a non-proliferative state required for cell survival under stress and during development. In most quiescent cells, proliferation is stopped in a reversible state of low Cdk1 kinase activity; in many organisms, however, quiescent states with high Cdk1 activity can also be established through still uncharacterized stress or developmental mechanisms. Here, we used a microfluidics approach coupled to phenotypic classification by machine learning to identify stress pathways associated with starvation-triggered high-Cdk1 quiescent states in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that low- and high-Cdk1 quiescent states shared a core of stress-associated processes, such as autophagy, protein aggregation and mitochondrial upregulation, but differed in the nuclear accumulation of the stress transcription factors Xbp1, Gln3 and Sfp1. The decision between low- or high-Cdk1 quiescence was controlled by cell cycle-independent accumulation of Xbp1, which acted as time-delayed integrator of the duration of stress stimuli. Our results show how cell cycle-independent stress-activated factors promote cellular quiescence outside of G1/G0.
Simultaneous fMRI and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry bridges oxygenation and neurotransmitter dynamics across spatiotemporal scales

Abstract The vascular contributions of neurotransmitters to the hemodynamic response are gaining more attention in neuroimaging studies, as many neurotransmitters are vasomodulatory. To date, well-established electrochemical techniques that detect neurotransmission in high magnetic field environments are limited. Here, we propose an experimental setting enabling simultaneous fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) and blood oxygenation-dependent functional magnetic imaging (BOLD fMRI) to measure both local tissue oxygen and dopamine responses, and global BOLD changes, respectively. By using MR-compatible materials and the proposed data acquisition schemes, FSCV detected physiological analyte concentrations with high spatiotemporal resolution inside of a 9.4 T MRI bore. We found that tissue oxygen and BOLD correlate strongly, and brain regions that encode dopamine amplitude differences can be identified via modeling simultaneously acquired dopamine FSCV and BOLD fMRI time-courses. This technique provides complementary neurochemical and hemodynamic information and expands the scope of studying the influence of local neurotransmitter release over the entire brain.
Integrative approaches to dispersing science: A case study of March Mammal Madness.

Objectives Public engagement is increasingly viewed as an important pillar of scientific scholarship. For early career and established scholars, navigating the mosaic landscape of public education and science communication, noted for rapid "ecological" succession, can be daunting. Moreover, academics are characterized by diverse skills, motivations, values, positionalities, and temperaments that may differentially incline individuals to particular public translation activities. Methods Here we briefly contextualize engagement activities within a scholarly portfolio, describe the use of one public education program-March Mammal Madness (MMM)- to highlight approaches to science communication, and explore essential elements and practical considerations for creating and sustaining outreach pursuits in tandem with other scholarly activities. Results MMM, an annual simulated tournament of living and fossil animal taxa, has reached hundreds of thousands of learners since 2013. This program has provided a platform to communicate research findings from biology and anthropology and showcase numerous scholars in these fields. MMM has leveraged tournament devices to intentionally address topics of climate change, capitalist environmental degradation, academic sexism, and racist settler-colonialism. The tournament, however, has also perpetuated implicit biases that need disrupting. Conclusions By embracing reflexive, self-interrogative, and growth attitudes, the tournament organizers iteratively refine and improve this public science education program to better align our activities with our values and goals. Our experiences with MMM suggest that dispersing science is most sustainable when we combine ancestral adaptations for cooperation, community, and storytelling with good-natured competition in the context of shared experiences and shared values.
Effect of the 1996 Welfare Reform on Undocumented Immigrants

This paper examines the labor market effects of ending the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) for undocumented immigrants in the United States. The Welfare Reform Act of 1996 required that tax filers have a valid Social Security number to claim the EITC, thus disqualifying undocumented immigrants from receiving the EITC benefits. Comparing EITC per person in counties with different percentages of undocumented immigrants before and after 1996 reveals that counties with relatively higher percentages of undocumented immigrants lost approximately 154 USD per person of the EITC. Utilizing a difference-in-differences design that compares undocumented immigrants with and without children, uncovers that ending the EITC sharply reduced the labor supply of single-mothers undocumented immigrants by five percentage points even though it did not affect the labor force participation and earnings of undocumented immigrants in general. The results reflect the extremely inelastic labor supply of undocumented immigrants as a whole, but a high elasticity (0.88) for single-mother undocumented immigrants.
On the Road to Berea: A Response to Richard C. Chewning's 'Biblical Orthodoxy Requires the S.N.A.P. of Scriptures’

Dick Chewning has written an engaging and necessary “call to arms” for the evangelical community in general and the Christian Business Faculty Association (CBFA) in particular. The Word of God is coming under attack as those within the church grapple with how the Bible speaks and informs contemporary humanity about how to have life and how to live as we approach the new millennium. How can a book written 2000 years ago possibly inform me about the complex choices I must make today?
On Generating Distributions with the Memoryless Property

The exponential and geometric distribution are well-known continuous and discrete family of distributions with the memoryless property, respectively. The memoryless property is emphasized in introd...
Astrophysics through Computation: With Mathematica® Support

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Stellar atmospheres 3. Stellar interiors 4. Extreme classical stars 5. General relativity and applications 6. Binaries and clusters 7. Astrophysical plasmas 8. Galaxies 9. Cosmic structures References Index.
Designing a Musical Theatre Curriculum for the Modern University

iv Introduction 1 Chapter 1 The Changing Face of the Modern University 3 Chapter 2 The Current Student Learning Outcomes 14 Chapter 3 The Additional Two Student Learning Outcomes 25 Chapter 4 The Proposed Curricula 36 Conclusion 49 Bibliography 50 Appendix A 55 Appendix B 57 Appendix C 60 Appendix D 62 Vita 64
CAN WE TALK? A REVIEW OF JAY KATZ, THE SILENT WORLD OF DOCTOR AND PATIENT

The Silent World of Doctor and Patient I is an eloquent plea for recasting the doctor-patient relationship. Professor Katz convincingly demonstrates that both the medical and legal professions have not done enough to insure that honest and open communication in doctor­ patient relationships will prevail in both therapeutic and experimental settings. Physicians, as Katz perceptively notes, are "well trained to attend caringly to patients' physical needs" (p. 130). But, as he ob­ serves, little in their training prepares them to attend with skill or zeal to patients' decisionmaking needs. Philosophers, theologians and legal scholars place much emphasis upon patient autonomy in their writings in analyzing the norms that ought to constitute the researcher-subject and physician-patient relationships. 2 But the harsh reality is quite different from the idealized norm. As Professor Katz argues convincingly through his careful analysis of legal cases, clinical case studies, and the close examination of codes of professional conduct in medicine, physicians have been unwilling to actually share decisionmaking authority with their patients, and the legal system has been, at best, reluctant to attempt jurisprudential re­ forms that would challenge or disturb this reluctance. Professor Katz cites a number of factors relevant to our under­ standing of the gap between theory and practice, or perhaps more ac­ curately, ideology and practice. In part, he notes, medicine's professional dominance and social prestige in Western societies has been secured by cloaking the details of medical skill and knowledge in
Monsoon Disturbances Over Southeast and East Asia and the Adjacent Seas

Abstract : The long-term goal is to study weather disturbances over the Southeast and East Asian monsoon region and its adjacent seas using Navy research and operational analysis and forecast models. The primary goal is to advance our understanding of the weather-producing systems in the region, in order to improve forecast capabilities. In the process we will assess the skill and characteristics of the models in representing and forecasting these disturbances and find clues that may be useful for model improvement efforts.