cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TR7 Practical skills workshop

Background At a busy trauma centre in South London, Acute Care Core Stem (ACCS) trainees (ST1–2) had been finding it difficult to have certain practical skills directly observed and assessed due to various reasons. Once this issue was identified, an ST2 Emergency Medicine trainee organised and led a Practical Skills Workshop where ACCS ST2 trainees could have the opportunity to be observed and assessed by senior colleagues (registrars and consultants) in a controlled simulated enviroment. Summary of events The session was free and lasted less than 4 hours. The trainees presented to each other on the relevant practical skills in an initial teaching session before they were assessed by senior colleagues (one to one) in four simulation stations: DC Cardioversion, Temporary Pacing, Ascitic drain insertion and Seldinger/surgical chest drain insertion. The Anaesthetic Department loaned out (free of charge) a simulation dummy compatible with a defibrillator but part task trainers were difficult and expensive to obtain. Due to the session having been organised without funding or sponsorship, the aforementioned ST2 trainee designed and built ascitic and chest drain task trainers using affordable materials and based on their own experience in inserting these drains in patients. Results The workshop was a success and received overall positive feedback from the trainees, who all felt that they would recommend it to other trainees of similar grade. Conclusion While simulation is not reality, it is a very important and useful training tool for doctors, especially those involved in acute or emergency care. This session was an opportunity for trainees to be directly observed and assessed outside of a busy department but should not replace actual experience gained from working as ACCS doctors. Future The plan is to consider running this workshop annually for ST1–2 level trainees, as it is a replicable and affordable programme, to provide one to one teaching opportunities and to further develop trainee practical skills.
Use of Lung Cancer Screening With Low-Dose Computed Tomography in the Medicare Population

Abstract Objective To describe rates of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) and all chest computerized tomography (CT) before and after Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) initiated reimbursement and requirements for screening and to describe factors associated with receipt of LDCT. Patients and Methods Retrospective cross-sectional study of Medicare enrollees aged 55 to 77 in Parts A and B Medicare without HMO enrollment in a 20% national sample (n=3,887,430 in 2010, 4,200,875 in 2015, and 4,145,542 in 2016). The outcomes were receipt of LDCT and any chest CT from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2016. Other measures included enrollee demographic characteristics and diagnoses, including diagnoses of tobacco use. Results The number of enrollees aged 55 to 77 with LDCT rose throughout 2015 and early 2016, and then plateaued. In 2016, 0.44% of enrollees, and 2.21% of those with a tobacco-use diagnosis, underwent LDCT screening. There were increases in the rate of any chest CT (LDCT or diagnostic) between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2016, and most of this was accounted for by LDCTs. Conclusions Two years after CMS approval for lung cancer screening reimbursement, less than 5% of the Medicare population eligible for screening received LDCT. More work is required to identify and modify the barriers for LDCT screening.
Cycloaddition reactions of phthalimide substituted cyclic polyenes with heteroatom dienophiles

The cycloaddition of 6-phthalimidobicyclo[5.1.0]octa-2,4-diene and 7-phthalimido-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene with nitrosobenzene and with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione each gave a single heterocyclic product. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 8a indicated the regio- and stereoselectivity of this cycloaddition.
Minimizing the Relationship Between Early Formula Use and Breastfeeding Cessation by Limiting Formula Volume.

Abstract Objective: Early exposure to formula can interfere with successful long-term breastfeeding. The objective of this study was to determine whether limiting the volume of formula used in the ...
Androgens augment pulmonary responses to ozone in mice.

Ozone causes airway hyperresponsiveness, a defining feature of asthma, and is an asthma trigger. In mice, ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness is greater in males than in females, suggesting a role for sex hormones in the response to ozone. To examine the role of androgens in these sex differences, we castrated 4-week-old mice. Controls underwent sham surgery. At 8 weeks of age, mice were exposed to ozone (2ppm, 3 h) or room air. Twenty-four hours later, mice were anesthetized and measurements of airway responsiveness to inhaled aerosolized methacholine were made. Mice were then euthanized and bronchoalveolar lavage was performed. Castration attenuated ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and reduced bronchoalveolar lavage cells. In intact males, flutamide, an androgen receptor inhibitor, had similar effects to castration. Bronchoalveolar lavage concentrations of several cytokines were reduced by either castration or flutamide treatment, but only IL-1α was reduced by both castration and flutamide. Furthermore, an anti-IL-1α antibody reduced bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils in intact males, although it did not alter ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Our data indicate that androgens augment pulmonary responses to ozone and that IL-1α may contribute to the effects of androgens on ozone-induced cellular inflammation but not airway hyperresponsiveness.
Crystal Growth Kinetics

In this chapter we review the various growth kinetics models (“crystal growth theories”) for the steady-state formation of a solid phase from a fluid nutrient phase near equilibrium. We concentrate only on the interfacial atomic kinetics. Macroscopic growth morphologies (e.g., step bunching and macrosteps) 1, 3, 23, 55 are not considered. Also, transport in the bulk nutrient, i.e., fluid dynamics, is only treated when it strongly modifies the interfacial transport. Similarly, the role of impurities 1, 2 is indicated only from a conceptual point of view. Futhermore, it is assumed that the crystalline phase, onto which growth occurs, is large on an atomic scale.
OrgAhead: A Computational Model of Organizational Learning and Decision Making [Version 2.1.5]

Abstract : OrgAhead is a computational model of organizational learning and decision-making. The simulated organization consists of agents whose communication structure resembles hierarchies and whose primary goals are to learn the correct decision or answer to one or more tasks, or objective functions (e.g. typically the majority classification task); we refer to these task functions as the task environment. The organization also seeks to adapt to an optimal structure under the specified, and possibly changing, task environment, by admitting changes in the form of turnover and reassignment of personnel and tasks. OrgAhead can be used to test various aspects of real life organizations, such as complexity in the task environment and constraints on structure and adaptability, under the intellective paradigm of simulation models. An intellective model contains analogous entities, constructs, and complexities of the modeled organizations rather than mimicking each specific behavior.
Fibrillization of 40-residue β-Amyloid Peptides in Membrane-Like Environments Leads to Different Fibril Structures and Reduced Molecular Polymorphisms

The molecular-level polymorphism in β-Amyloid (Aβ) fibrils have recently been considered as a pathologically relevant factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies showed that the structural deviations in human-brain-seeded Aβ fibrils potentially correlated with the clinical histories of AD patients. For the 40-residue Aβ (Aβ40) fibrils derived from human brain tissues, a predominant molecular structure was proposed based on solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy. However, previous studies have shown that the molecular structures of Aβ 40 fibrils were sensitive to their growth conditions in aqueous environments. We show in this work that biological membranes and their phospholipid bilayer mimics serve as environmental factors to reduce the structural heterogeneity in Aβ40 fibrils. Fibrillization in the presence of membranes leads to fibril structures that are significantly different to the Aβ40 fibrils grown in aqueous solutions. Fibrils grown from multiple types of membranes, including the biological membranes extracted from the rats' synaptosomes, shared similar ssNMR spectral features. Our studies emphasize the biological relevance of membranes in Aβ40 fibril structures and fibrillization processes.
Performative enactments of teacher evaluation: Two preservice teachers and the edTPA:

Teacher preparation and preservice evaluation practices in the US have seen increasing influence from social efficiency and productivity logics. While analyses of the impacts of such neoliberal asc...
Current State of Nutrition Education in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Fellowship Programs in the United States and Canada.

Objectives To assess the current state of nutrition education provided during pediatric critical care medicine fellowship. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Program directors and fellows from pediatric critical care medicine fellowship programs in America and Canada. Subjects Seventy current pediatric critical care medicine fellows and twenty-five pediatric critical care medicine fellowship program directors were invited to participate. Interventions Participants were asked demographic questions related to their fellowship programs, currently utilized teaching methods, perceptions regarding adequacy and effectiveness of current nutrition education, and levels of fellow independence, comfort, confidence, and expectations in caring for the nutritional needs of patients. Measurements and main results Surveys were sent to randomly selected program directors and fellows enrolled in pediatric critical care medicine fellowship programs in America and Canada. Twenty program directors (80%) and 60 fellows (86%) responded. Ninety-five percent of programs (19/20) delivered a formal nutrition curriculum; no curriculum was longer than 5 hours per academic year. Self-reported fellow comfort with nutrition topics did not improve over the course of fellowship (p = 0.03), with the exception of nutritional aspects of special diets. Sixty-five percent of programs did not hold fellows responsible for writing daily parenteral nutrition prescriptions. There was an inverse relationship between total number of fellows in a pediatric critical care medicine program and levels of comfort in ability to provide parenteral nutrition support (p = 0.01). Program directors perceived their nutritional curriculum to be more effective than did their fellows (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Nutrition education was reported as highly underrepresented in pediatric critical care medicine fellowship curricula. The majority of programs rely on allied health care professionals to prescribe parenteral nutrition, which may influence trainee independence in the provision of nutritional therapies. Improving the format of current nutrition curriculums, by relying on more active teaching methods, may improve the delivery and efficacy of nutrition education. The impact of novel training interventions on improving the competency and safety of enteral and parenteral nutrition delivery in the PICU must be further examined.
Metode Pembelajaran untuk Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Kristen: Studi Meta Analisis

This research aims to find alternative learning methods to improve student's learning outcomes in Christian education subjects. This research was generalized 20 previous classroom action research. Those classroom action researches collected using google scholar search. The results of those classroom actions research generalized by meta-analysis technique. Based on the result of this research, there are 4 best learning methods to improve student's learning outcomes in Christian education subject, namely: make a match, Paikem, Q&A grouping, and Contextual Teaching and Learning. Based on the research, Christian education teachers suggested using those 4 learning methods to improve students learning outcomes. Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan alternatif metode pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Kristen. Penelitian ini merupakan generalisasi dari 20 Penelitian Tindakan Kelas sebelumnya. Hasil-hasil Penelitian terdahulu dikumpulkan melalui pencarian dengan menggunakan Google Scholar. Hasil-hasil penelitian kemudian digeneralisasi dengan teknik meta analisis. Hasil generalisasi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 4 metode pembelajaran yang paling mampu meningkatkan hasil belajar mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Kristen, yaitu: make a match, Paikem, kelompok dan tanya jawab, serta Contextual Teaching and Learning. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, maka disarankan kepada guru Pendidikan Agama Kristen untuk menggunakan metode-metode pembelajaran tersebut apabila memerlukan peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa.
Literary Landlords in Plaguetime

Copyright scholars disagree about whether we should conceptualize copyright as a form of property. This essay accepts the property metaphor and asks what it entails. It observes that if copyright is property, then copyright owners are landlords. It reflects on why copyright owners love the property metaphor, but hate the landlord metaphor. And it asks how conceptualizing copyright owners as landlords might affect our assessment of their moral claims.
Maternal Autonomy Support and Children’s Social Competencies, Academic Skills, and Persistence: Social Determinants and Mediation

Drawing on self-determination theory, family stress theory, and the social determinants of health framework, the current study sought to evaluate direct and indirect relationships among socioeconomic status (maternal education and income), parenting stress, autonomy supportive parenting behavior, and children’s positive outcomes (e.g., social competences, academic skills, and persistence) using a racially diverse sample from low-income backgrounds. Using data on 2233 children collected at birth (T1), age 5 (T2) and age 9 (T3) as part of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study, a structural equation model was tested in MPlus. Associations among main constructs were tested in a single structural model and mediation effects were subsequently evaluated using a bias-corrected bootstrap method. Autonomy supportive parenting was directly and positively associated with all three positive outcomes evaluated in children (e.g., social competences, academic skills, and persistence). Maternal education at child’s birth was directly related to autonomy supportive parenting, and maternal income at birth was indirectly associated with autonomy supportive parenting through the mediating mechanism of maternal parenting stress. Autonomy supportive parenting was also found to mediate associations between parenting stress and children’s social competences, academic skills, and persistence. Parenting education and intervention programs that focus on teaching parents how to avoid or manage stress and be autonomy supportive may benefit children’s positive development. It is also important, however, for policy makers, educators, and practitioners who work with parents to recognize the impact of socioeconomic constraints that may impact parenting behaviors and choices.
Long term functional outcomes of a permanent antibiotic cement spacer for chronic distal tibial osteomyelitis in a patient with diabetes

Abstract A 66-year-old male with chronic right distal tibial osteomyelitis presents with erythema and a draining sinus tract concerning for acute exacerbation. Previously stable on amoxicillin/clavulanate, worsening symptoms for 3–4 months prompted referral. Following evaluation, treatment consisted of debridement, insertion of an antibiotic cement spacer into the partial cortical tibial defect and free flap coverage. At five-year follow up, the antibiotic spacer remains in place without recurrence of osteomyelitis and with preserved function. Further investigation is needed to validate permanent retention of an antibiotic spacer as an alternative to vascularized or non-vascularized bone grafts for management of chronic tibial osteomyelitis in the comorbid diabetic limb salvage population.
Harmonic-Oscillator Model for Baryons

Attention is drawn to a possible band structure displayed by the known ${N}^{*}$ resonances. The observed spectrum is similar to that predicted by a paraquark harmonic-oscillator shell model. Exact three-body Schr\"odinger wave functions are used to compute the $N\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\pi}$ partial decay widths, assuming the pion emission takes place via a one-quark de-excitation. The agreement with experiment is very good.
The role of child negative emotionality in parenting and child adjustment: Gene–environment interplay

BACKGROUND Evocative gene-environment correlation (rGE) describes a process through which children's heritable characteristics influence their rearing environments. The current study examined whether heritable influences on parenting and children's behavioural outcomes operate through child negative emotionality. METHOD Using data from the Early Growth and Development Study, we examined associations among adoptive parent reports of child anger and sadness at 4.5 years, adoptive parents' hostile and warm parenting at 6 years and child behavioural problems and social competence at age 7. Birth parent temperament was included to test whether child effects on parents reflect evocative gene-environment correlation (rGE). RESULTS Child anger at 4.5 years evoked hostile parenting from adoptive parents at 6 years, which was subsequently related to child problem behaviours at 7 years. Evocative rGE effects were identified for adoptive parents' hostile parenting. CONCLUSIONS By employing a genetically informed design, we found that birth parent temperament was related to child negative emotionality. Adoptive parents were sensitive to child negative emotionality, and this sensitivity was linked to the child's later adjustment.
Revisions to USDA biotechnology regulations: The SECURE rule

In keeping with the directive in Executive Order 13874 (Modernizing the Regulatory Framework for Agricultural Biotechnology Products) to adopt regulatory approaches that are proportionate to risk and avoid arbitrary distinctions across like products, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) revised its biotechnology regulations by promulgating the Sustainable, Ecological, Consistent, Uniform, Responsible, and Efficient (SECURE) rule. Specifically, the SECURE rule 1) establishes exemptions for plants modified by genetic engineering where the modification could otherwise have been made through conventional breeding, 2) uses risk posed by the introduced trait to determine whether an organism is regulated, rather than relying on whether the organism was developed using a plant pest, and 3) provides a mechanism for a rapid initial review to efficiently distinguish plants developed using genetic engineering that do not pose plausible pathways to increased plant pest risk from those that do. As a result of the focused oversight on potentially riskier crops developed using genetic engineering, USDA is expected to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its oversight program. The reduced regulatory burden is expected to promote innovation by expanding the number and diversity of developers to include smaller businesses and academics and to increase the number and variety of traits being developed through biotechnology.
You Have to Pay to Live: Somali Young Adult Experiences With the U.S. Health Care System.

There is increasing documentation that refugees face experiences of interpersonal or structural discrimination in health care and employment. This study examines how Somali refugees understand vari...
The Maturing Minor

Rational cognitive capacity is mostly completely acquired by the mid-teens. However, the auto-regulatory mental processes necessary to convert rational understanding to wise decisions—known as executive function—mature 10 years later. Legal capacity tends to be linked to ability to comprehend a problem rationally. In the US, the age of medical decisional competence is usually 18, though not in areas that have been carved out for public health reasons. In the UK it is 16, but earlier if rational understanding is demonstrable. Certainly, the question of deferring legal competence until the age of emotional maturity is a political non-starter in all developed nations, regardless of the emotional maturity of the older adolescent or the young adult. This chapter discusses important facets of decision-making under these conditions. This includes the role of parents.
640 Stem-like CD4 T cells in cancer

Background CD4 T cells can differentiate into multiple effector subsets that can mediate variable functions. In this work we aim to understand how CD4 T cells differentiate in response to tumor antigens and their respective function in the anti-tumor response. Methods Tumor tissue was collected from patients undergoing surgery at Emory University Hospital. Activated PD1+ CD45RA- tumor infiltrating CD4 T cells were sent for 10X single cell RNA-seq. Tumor samples were also processed for flow cytometry and ex vivo functional analyses. For in vivo studies, prostate cancer mouse model expressing the LCMV glycoprotein (TRAMPC1-GP) was used, as well as LCMV Armstrong infection. Results To characterize the heterogeneity of CD4 T cells infiltrating kidney tumors, we performed single cell RNAseq. We found three distinct activated (PD1+ CD45RA-) CD4 T cell populations. Two effector clusters consisting of Th1-like (EOMES+) and Treg (FOXP3+) cells, and a third cluster expressing TCF1, and genes associated with stemness and survival that did not fit defined CD4 effector lineages. We further confirmed these data by flow cytometry and found the same tumor infiltrating CD4 subsets in 100 kidney cancer patients. When placed in culture under different polarization conditions, tumor TCF1+ CD4 T cells proliferated and differentiated into the Th1-like and Treg effector populations found in the tumor, in addition to other effector lineages (Th1, Tfh) given the appropriate conditions, while the Th1-like and Treg cells underwent no proliferation or phenotype changes. These data suggests that the TCF1+ CD4s act as activated unpolarized precursors to the effector subsets in the tumor. To further test this hypothesis in vivo, we adoptively transferred tumor specific (SMARTA) CD4 T cells into mice followed by TRAMPC1-GP tumor inoculation. Transferred SMARTAs activated and first acquired a TCF1+ phenotype in the TDLN prior to predominantly differentiating into Tregs in the tumor. Given their plasticity in vitro, we asked whether TCF1+ SMARTAs primed in tumors were destined to differentiate into Tregs. To test this, we transferred 4-week activated TCF1+ SMARTAs from TDLNs of TRAMPC1-GP mice into naive mice that were immediately infected with LCMV Armstrong. We found that the transferred SMARTAs differentiated into Th1 and Tfh cells in response to the virus, similar to the endogenous virus specific CD4 T cells. Conclusions Overall, this work shows that CD4 T cells remain in an activated phenotype in the tumor with the capacity to differentiate into non-suppressive effector lineages given the appropriate conditions that may benefit the anti-tumor response.
Relentless Progress: The Reconfiguration of Children's Literature, Fairy Tales, and Storytelling

Can fairy tales subvert consumerism? Can fantasy and children's literature counter the homogenizing influence of globalization? Can storytellers retain their authenticity in the age of consumerism? These are some of the critical questions raised by Jack Zipes, the celebrated scholar of fairy tales and children's literature. In this book, Zipes argues that, despite a dangerous reconfiguration of children as consumers in the civilizing process, children's literature, fairy tales, and storytelling possess a uniquely powerful (even fantastic)capacity to resist the "relentless progress" of negative trends in culture. He also argues that these tales and stories may lose their power if they are too diluted by commercialism and merchandising. Stories have been used for centuries as a way to teach children (and adults) how to see the world, as well as their place within it. In Relentless Progress, Zipes looks at the surprising ways that stories have influenced people within contemporary culture and vice versa. Among the many topics explored here are the dumbing down of books for children, the marketing of childhood, the changing shape of feminist fairy tales, and why American and British children aren’t exposed to more non-western fairy tales. From picture books to graphic novels, from children’s films to video games, from Grimm’s fairy tales to the multimedia Harry Potter phenomenon, Zipes demonstrates that while children’s stories have changed greatly in recent years, much about these stories have remained the same—despite their contemporary, high-tech repackaging. Relentless Progress offers remarkable insight into why classic folklore and fairy tales should remain an important part of the lives of children in today’s digital culture.
Incidence angle and gray-to-white-matter ratio dependence of the focused-ultrasound induced blood-brain barrier opening in non-human primates

FUS coupled with the systemic administration of microbubbles has been proved to open the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) locally, transiently and non-invasively in non-human primates (NHP). However, the complexity of the NHP brain constitutes an obstacle in relating the volume size of the induced opening (VBBB) to the geometric aspects of the method as well as the physiologic characteristics of the targeted areas. The objective of the current study is to quantify the correlation between the VBBB, the FUS pressure and the incidence angle. Additionally, the dependence of the opening shift on the gray-to-white-matter ratio at the targeted area is studied.
Molecular Mechanism of Hypermutation

This chapter focuses on somatic hypermutation, the remarkable process of targeted mutagenesis that alters variable region sequence. The mechanism of somatic hypermutation has not yet been deﬁned in complete molecular detail. Nonetheless, it explains how B cells use cell-type–speciﬁc factors to initiate an attack on the immunoglobulin (Ig) loci, and then employ ubiquitous repair and recombination pathways to modify DNA sequence. The chapter begins with an overview of how somatic hypermutation alters the DNA sequence, emphasizing the characteristics of hypermutated variable regions that are relevant in understanding the mechanism, and then discussing the hypermutation pathway itself, focusing on speciﬁc factors that may participate in hypermutation. A hypermutation pathway driven by the creation and repair of DNA breaks was originally suggested by evidence that targeted mutation of Ig genes could produce either untemplated or templated mutations. B cells have usurped conserved and ancient pathways for DNA repair in order to carry out the targeted mutagenesis of Ig genes. The universality of this pathway is highlighted by recent evidence, and is discussed in the chapter.
THE LAW OF CRIME CONCENTRATION AND THE CRIMINOLOGY OF PLACE

According to Laub (2004), criminology has a developmental life course with specific turning points that allow for innovations in how we understand and respond to crime. I argue that criminology should take another turn in direction, focusing on microgeographic hot spots. By examining articles published in Criminology, I show that only marginal attention has been paid to this area of study to date—often termed the criminology of place. I illustrate the potential utility of a turning point by examining the law of crime concentration at place, which states that for a defined measure of crime at a specific microgeographic unit, the concentration of crime will fall within a narrow bandwidth of percentages for a defined cumulative proportion of crime. By providing the first cross-city comparison of crime concentration using a common geographic unit, the same crime type, and examining a general crime measure, I find strong support for a law of crime concentration. I also show that crime concentration stays within a narrow bandwidth across time, despite strong volatility in crime incidents. By drawing from these findings, I identify several key research questions for future study. In conclusion, I argue that a focus on the criminology of place provides significant opportunity for young scholars and has great promise for advancing criminology as a science.
Regulation of expression of nitrate and dinitrogen assimilation by anabaena species.

Anabaena sp. strain 7120 appeared more responsive to nitrogen control than A. cylindrica. Growth in the presence of nitrate strongly repressed the differentiation of heterocysts and fixation of dinitrogen in Anabaena sp. strain 7120, but only weakly in A. cylindrica. Nitrate assimilation by ammonium-grown cultures was strongly repressed in Anabaena sp. strain 7120, but less so in A. cylindrica. The repressive effect of nitrate on dinitrogen assimilation in Anabaena sp. strain 7120, compared to A. cylindrica, did not correlate with a greater rate of nitrate transport, reduction to ammonium, assimilation into amino acids, or growth. Although both species grew at similar rates with dinitrogen, A. cylindrica grew faster with nitrate, incorporated more 13NO3− into amino acids, and assimilated (transported) nitrate at the same rate as Anabaena sp. strain 7120. Full expression of nitrate assimilation in the two species occurred within 2.5 h (10 to 14% of their generation times) after transfer to nitrate medium. The induction and continued expression of nitrate assimilation was dependent on protein synthesis. The half-saturation constants for nitrate assimilation and for nitrate and ammonium repression of dinitrogen assimilation have ecological significance with respect to nitrogen-dependent growth and competitiveness of the two Anabaena species.
Evaluation of Dye and Pigment Based Ink Jet Ink Sets

The development of high performance inkjet printers and inks is advancing rapidly. Manufacturers seem to introduce their new technology inks to the market on an almost daily basis. Chemists in ink laboratories are still fighting with the issue of combining a wide gamut of dye-based inks with the lightfast and weather resistance qualities of pigment-based inks into new-age ink formulations. Three different inkjet printers and inks were investigated in this work: the Epson Stylus Pro 5000, using a dye-based ink set, the Epson Stylus Pro 5500, employing Archival ink technology, and the Epson Stylus Photo 2200, with 7-color UltraChromeTM inks. A number of different commercial substrates were sampled. Printability tests were carried out to test and evaluate ink/printer/substrate interactions. Particle size analyses of the three ink types were investigated. Color gamuts and ICC profiles for each of the different printer/ink/substrate sets were compared. In addition, the accuracy of each printer’s color profile was investigated. The results of the profile accuracy measurements were expressed in terms of CIE Lab coordinates and Root Mean Square (RMS) E. Results of accelerated lightfastness tests for the different ink sets were interpreted in terms of change of profile and color gamut.
Super-resolution Enhancement of Video

We consider the problem of enhancing the resolution of video through the addition of perceptually plausible high frequency information. Our approach is based on a learned data set of image patches capturing the relationship between the middle and high spatial frequency bands of natural images. By introducing an appropriate prior distribution over such patches we can ensure consistency of static image regions across successive frames of the video, and also take account of object motion. A key concept is the use of the previously enhanced frame to provide part of the training set for super-resolution enhancement of the current frame. Our results show that a marked improvement in video quality can be achieved at reasonable computational cost.
Silicon-on-Insulator-Based Single-Chip Image Sensors

A low-voltage (≤3.3 V) imaging technology has been developed to enable scientific-grade imagers with low-power complex functions on chip. A 128×128 CCD imager with on-chip clocking and charge-domain analog-to-digital conversion, as well as an exploratory active pixel sensor have been demonstrated. A 640×960 CCD imager with optimized 12 bit charge-domain conversion and an improved active pixel sensor are presently in fabrication.
Dreamwork, Anthropology and the Curing Professions: A Cultural Approach to Dreamwork

Dreamwork, Anthropology and the Curing Professions:. Cultural Approach to Dreamwork. Ian R. Edgar. Aldershot, UK: Avebury, 1995. ix. 145 pp. £29.95.
Radiation Dosimetry, Protection, and Regulations

There are three units related to radiation: the roentgen (R) for exposure, the rad (radiation absorbed dose) for absorbed dose, and the rem (roentgen equivalent man) for dose equivalent.
Temperature-sensitive mutations at the carboxy terminus of the alpha subunit of the Escherichia coli F1F0 ATP synthase.

Abstract Mutations were constructed in the a subunit of the F1F0 ATP synthase from Escherichia coli. Truncated forms of this subunit showed a temperature sensitivity phenotype. We conclude that the carboxy terminus of the a subunit is not involved directly with proton translocation but that it has an important structural role.
Neurophysiological Aspects of Behavior Development in the Chick Embryo

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the electrophysiological studies for behavior development in the chick embryo. In a study described in the chapter, spinal cord bioelectric activity was traced from the fourth day of incubation until hatching on the twenty-first day. The special properties of the electrophysiological preparation were utilized to test the significance of movement-produced feedback to embryonic motility. This was done by comparing the amount of burst activity, the neural correlate of motility, before and after the immobilization of embryos with curare. No significant differences were found, indicating that movement-produced feedback has little, if any, effect on the amount of spontaneous embryonic motility at the 15-day stage tested. A final study involved the examination of burst discharges occurring at two different spinal cord loci. This constituted a study of communication within the embryonic cord. The rather surprising result was that nearly synchronous burst discharges were observed along the rostrocaudal axis of the ventral cord from at least the sixth to the 19th day.
Hip and Groin Injuries in Athletes

Although athletic injuries about the hip and groin occur less commonly than injuries in the extremities, they can result in extensive rehabilitation time. Thus, an accurate diagnosis and well-organized treatment plan are critical. Because loads of up to eight times body weight have been demonstrated in the hip joint during jogging, presumably even greater loads can occur during vigorous athletic competition. The available imaging modalities are effective diagnostic tools when selected on the basis of a thorough history and physical examination. Considerable controversy exists as to the cause and optimal treatment of groin pain in athletes, or the so-called "sports hernia." There has also been significant recent attention focused on intraarticular lesions that may be amenable to hip arthroscopy. This article briefly reviews several common hip and groin conditions affecting athletic patients and highlights some newer topics.
Censusing marine living resources in the Gulf of Maine: a proposal

A proposal to census marine life in the Gulf of Maine is under discussion. This would aim to survey the spectrum of organisms at intervals over the approximate period 2002-2004 in order to accomplish the following goals: (1) describe the spatial distribution of organisms by taxon, (2) estimate abundance, (3) quantify diversity, (4) relate spatial distributions to each other, and (5) associate distributions with the underlying oceanography. While much of the censusing work appears to be mainly descriptive, answering questions about what is found where and in what quantities, it may also allow testing of hypotheses. One source of hypotheses is founded on the beliefs that observable changes in organism distribution can be related to changes in the oceanography, such as water-mass distribution and evolution in time, and that these relationships can also be quantified. Particular hypotheses would depend on particular taxa, for their response time to changes in an innately dynamic environment will also vary. The primary approach is to divide the spectrum of organisms into functional groups, each of which can be observed or, as appropriate, sampled with the same or similar tools. Representative groups are the following: small pelagic organisms including bacteria, protozoa, and plankton; fish and squid, possibly further divided into pelagic and demersal fish; large vertebrates, including large predatory animals and marine mammals, and seabirds; offshore subtidal benthos; and intertidal and nearshore subtidal benthos. In addition, some limited sampling and observation may be performed through the slope water to the north wall of the Gulf Stream and on some of the New England Seamounts. Remote sensing techniques, including especially acoustical and optical tools, will be important in this work. In addition to summarizing the status of the planning project, the potential of remote sensing tools for application in the pilot census are reviewed. The use of fishing vessels as research platforms is mentioned.
Globalization and extra-parliamentary politics in an era of democracy

Two currents can be distinguished in the literature regarding the domestic consequences of globalization. One perspective holds that globalization depoliticizes extra-parliamentary protest activity despite the presence of democracy. Another perspective suggests that globalization has contributed to the repoliticization of protest, especially when democracy is present. Using cross-sectional time-series data in a global sample for the 1970–2006 period, the paper examines the effect of globalization on extra-parliamentary protest activity in the context of democracy. The paper further tests these relationships cross-regionally comparing East Asia with Latin America – arguably the two regions in the world where dual transitions to economic and political liberalization have been in full force since 1970s. The results reveal distinct patterns of protest activity cross-regionally, whereby East Asia approximates the depoliticization trend from the global sample. In contrast, the results for Latin America provide confirming evidence for the repoliticization perspective. These findings remain robust across a number of control variables, and different measures of democracy and estimation techniques. Overall, the paper shows that democracy influences the relationship between globalization and extra-parliamentary protest activity – a relationship that up to now has remained systematically untested.
Versatile medium for the enumeration of sulfate-reducing bacteria.

A lactate-yeast extract-sulfate medium, making use of both thioglycolate and ascorbate to poise the En gave valid colony counts of sulfate-reducing bacteria with both pure cultures and natural samples.
NUCLEAR POWER IMPACTS: A CONVERGENCE/DIVERGENCE SCHEMA

Impacts of nuclear power plants are generally considered on a local scale only. A schema that considers local and interstate convergence and divergence is found useful in identifying the widespread nature of the impacts, especially those associated with a local decision to build a nuclear facility. Of the four possible subdivisions within this schema, three apply to the Palo Verde power plant near Phoenix, AZ.
Role of Etching in Aqueous Oxidation of Hydrogen-Terminated Si(100)

Surface infrared spectroscopy is used to examine the initial phases of oxidation of hydrogen-terminated Si(100) in ultrapure water containing dissolved oxygen. Analysis of both Si−O and Si−H vibrational modes suggests that oxide growth occurs in patches and reveals that much of the surface remains unoxidized after 5 h of immersion in O2(aq). Isotopic labeling experiments are used to demonstrate that the same type of surface etching that takes place in O2-free water occurs in the presence of O2(aq). Evidence for surface homogenization during the earliest stages of this etching process suggests that etching might play a critical role in smooth oxide growth, a conclusion supported by the near absence of detectable surface oxidation when etching is virtually eliminated by lowering the solution pH.
Compressible Magnetorheological Fluids

A novel compressible magnetorheological fluid (CMRF) has been synthesized with additives that provide compressibility to the fluid. This CMRF has been designed to provide an elastic component to a magnetorheological fluid (MRF) that can be used as a springless damper. CMRF provides controllable compressibility to the MRF. The controllability of the fluid is achieved by the use of magnetic particles and an external magnetic field, and the fluid is made compressible by the addition of suspended compressible polymer particles. The compressibility of the fluid has been characterized with force–displacement measurements. This CMRF has controllable off-state viscosity and high shear yield stress. The incorporation of polymeric particles into the MRF also decreases the settling of iron particles and improves the redispersion of the fluid. To make the fluid more redispersible, the surface of the iron particles is coated with a high-temperature fluorinated polymer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Electrophysiologic effects of beta blockers in ventricular arrhythmias

Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents are effective antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. However, these agents exert little or no measurable electrophysiologic effect on normal Purkinje and ventricular muscle fibers when administered acutely. They prevent catecholamine-induced increases in Purkinje fiber automaticity and may interfere with catecholamine-dependent slow responses. beta-adrenergic blocking drugs also prevent the decrease in ventricular fibrillation threshold induced by catecholamines. In the acutely ischemic ventricle, some beta blockers selectively depress conduction within the ischemic zone. The long-term administration of some beta blockers has, in contrast to their short-term effects, been shown to prolong action potential duration and effective refractory period in the ventricle. Which of these observed electrophysiologic effects, either alone or in combination, contributes to the ventricular antiarrhythmic effects of beta-blocking drugs in man is at present unknown.
Opportunistic Source Coding for Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks

We propose a jointly opportunistic source coding and opportunistic routing (OSCOR) protocol for correlated data gathering in wireless sensor networks. OSCOR improves data gathering efficiency by exploiting opportunistic data compression and cooperative diversity associated with wireless broadcast advantage. The design of OSCOR involves several challenging issues across different network protocol layers. At the MAC layer, sensor nodes need to coordinate wireless transmission and packet forwarding to exploit multiuser diversity in packet reception. At the network layer, in order to achieve high diversity and compression gains, routing must be based on a metric that is dependent on not only link-quality but also compression opportunities. At the application layer, sensor nodes need a distributed source coding algorithm that has low coordination overhead and does not require the source distributions to be known. OSCOR provides practical solutions to these challenges incorporating a slightly modified 802.11 MAC, a distributed source coding scheme based on network coding and Lempel-Ziv coding, and a node compression ratio dependent metric combined with a modified Dijkstra's algorithm for path selection. We evaluate the performance of OSCOR through simulations, and show that OSCOR can potentially reduce power consumption by over 30% compared with an existing greedy scheme, routing driven compression, in a 4 times 4 grid network.
Interferon induction by viruses. XIX. Vesicular stomatitis virus--New Jersey: high multiplicity passages generate interferon-inducing, defective-interfering particles.

Abstract The infectious particles of plaque-derived, low multiplicity passaged wild-type VSV of New Jersey origin consistently induce about 1800 units of interferon ( IFN ) 10 7 aged chick embryo cells. This inducing capacity is sensitive to both uv radiation and heat (50°). Virus obtained after two successive high multiplicity passages in GMK-Vero cells consistently induced over 25,000 units of IFN 10 7 cells. The IFN induction dose-response curve showed that one IFN-inducing particle (IFP) per cell sufficed to produce a quantum yield of IFN, but infection with two or more IFPs led initially to a marked suppression in the yield of IFN. IFN induction was attributed to two distinct defective particles that differed in size, both containing snap-back RNA, i.e., covalently linked, self-complementary[±]RNA. The IFN-inducing capacity of these defective-interfering particles was not inactivated by uv or heat. However, heat did eliminate the IFN suppressing activity observed at higher multiplicities, implicating a heat-sensitive component in the virion as a regulator of IFN yield, and involving possibly the virion transcriptase and 3′-leader RNA product.
Collaborative oral/aural revision in foreign language writing instruction

Abstract Although L1 and L2 writing research has demonstrated the positive effects of revision, few empirical studies have investigated the effects of a collaborative revision-based method in the foreign-language (FL) context. This investigation tests the hypothesis that a multistep, oral revision process carried out in the FL is measurably facilitative in developing basic composition skills and written fluency among adult learners. The study involves two groups of college-level learners of French (L1 = English) who were given two essay assignments, each requiring three separate drafts. In the control group, the instructor alone supplied written feedback; in the experimental group, revision took place in small groups, with participants reading their own papers aloud to their group partners, who responded orally according to a written protocol. Analysis of the final versions of the two essays collected from both groups showed that essays produced by the experimental group received significantly higher component and overall scores than those produced by the control group (p