cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Young Children's Everyday Civics

ABSTRACTCivic education for our youngest citizens faces two challenges if we want to imagine new possibilities. First, the field of social studies uses frames of analyzing citizenship education based on studies of older students. Second, predetermined adult ideas (and ideals) of what it means to act civically dominate our conceptions of civic education for young children. Drawing on data from a yearlong multivocal video-cued ethnography, this article argues that social studies needs to focus on the everyday, embodied ways that young children act civically. Using a vignette from a typical day, this article illustrates how young children's everyday relationships and interactions highlight a different vision of being civic—a more caring and relational idea of the common good. When we recognize young children's construction of a common good in their smaller, yet no less important, civic spaces of school, we can expand our notions of civic education.
Electrical impedance imaging of human muscle at the microscopic scale using a multi-electrode needle device: A simulation study.

Abstract Objective To use a standard modeling approach to evaluate the feasibility of imaging healthy and diseased skeletal muscle at the microscopic scale with a novel electrical impedance imaging (EII) needle. Methods We modeled an EII needle containing 16 impedance electrodes arranged circumferentially around the shaft of a non-conductive 19-gauge needle in 4 planes. We then combined the finite element method approach with a reconstruction algorithm to create imaging simulations of the electrical properties of the triceps brachii by localized intramuscular fat (as might be seen in any chronic neuromuscular disease) and by localized edema (as in inflammatory myositis or after direct muscle injury). Results We were able to image a 1 cm radial region of interest with a resolution of 200 µm. Modeling localized deposition of fat and pockets of inflammatory cells, showing clear differences between the two modeled clinical states. Conclusions This modeling study shows needle EII’s ability to image the internal composition of muscle. These results can serve as an initial guide in designing and manufacturing prototype EII needles for experimental testing in animals and eventually in humans. Significance Needle EII could serve as a new minimally invasive technique for imaging human muscle at the microscopic scale, potentially serving as a new biomarker to assess disease response to therapy.
Visual Motion Processing and Detection — from Biology to Modeling

This chapter concerns the visual motion processing and detection taking place in the visual cortex of the primate brain, including the cortical areas such as the primary visual cortex (V1), the middle temporal (MT) area, and the medial superior temporal (MST) area. Specifically, the following topics are discussed: (a) the selectivity for local motion direction of the V1 neurons and the component MT neurons, (b) the aperture problem and the selectivity for global motion velocity of the pattern MT neurons, and (c) the selectivity for global optic flow patterns of the MST neurons. For each topic, the basic psychophysical and neurophysiological findings of the relevant visual cortical area will be first summarized, and then the computational models of the visual processing in the corresponding area will be presented. The computational models are hoped to serve two purposes: to help neuroscientists reveal the possible neural mechanisms for visual motion processing and perception in the brain, and to familiarize the computer scientists/engineers with the current progress in understanding the biological visual motion processing to provide additional foundation based on which new algorithms may be developed for solving computer vision problems such as motion detection and estimation.
A novel neurostimulation strategy for facilitating fear regulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation targeting a human homolog of a rodent fear regulation circuit enhances extinction learning in healthy human subjects.
Rheumatoid Arthritis and Related Disorders

Joint pain is a common presenting complaint to the family physician; and as with most conditions, a careful history and physical examination are critical to accurate diagnosis and optimal management. The physician’s first task is to differentiate between true joint pain and that from nearby anatomic structures such as tendons, ligaments, fascial planes, and nerve distributions or in bursal areas. The importance of accurate diagnosis of chronic joint pain (> six weeks) has been even more accentuated in recent years by earlier use of drugs other than nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
'It's like they make it difficult for you on purpose': Barriers to property tax relief and foreclosure prevention in Detroit, Michigan.

All U.S. states permit local governments to recover unpaid property taxes through a tax lien foreclosure process. Tax relief policies can reduce household tax burdens and prevent the foreclosure of...
The Forgotten Data: A Rather Short but Deep Story of Museums and Libraries in HKH and Similar Information Sources in Support of the Global Biodiversity Information System (GBIF.org) and Model-Predictions for Improved Conservation Management

Many wealthy nations invest into research expeditions and collections world-wide. The Hindu Kush-Himalaya (HKH) region has received a lot of those activities over the last centuries but rarely gets anything in return while the conservation status quickly declines. Many data are lost and certainly not shared with the global community! Here I looked at publicly available online data from GBIF.org and interpret the amount of data and proportions held outside of the respected 17 HKH nations. For the public data available I find up to 44% of the HKH data are hosted ‘outside’, and many of the dominant national data holders are not even online or digitized, and thus not showing up in online searches and keeping the data and information exclusively for themselves for their own benefit. Nepal and Bhutan are assessed in detail for this pattern, and confirming that the GBIF data trends described here are likely underestimates of reality. Western-dominated taxonomies are widely disputed, and lack of geo-referencing and altitude accuracy make it even worse for using the data. The current pattern shows that access to data, and use ability, are currently not equally nor fair distributed and that just a few wealthy and powerful nations dominate and control the online information, e.g. to be used for commercial applications and for their own commercial publications. It raises questions of a mandatory globally free, fair and equal information exchange, data and specimen re-patriation as well as on compensations during the so-called era of progress, fairness and globalization in the Anthropocene arguably ongoing for many decades already.
Evaluation and Management of Polytrauma Patients

Injury remains a leading cause of death in the United States. It is imperative that the emergency medicine physician be trained to effectively evaluate, treat, and appropriately triage these patients. Although the general concept of trauma care has not changed over the last 30–40 years, the manner in which care provided has evolved. It was traditionally believed that all intrathoracic and intraabdominal hemorrhage following injury requires operative intervention; however, with the advancement of technology including ultrasound, CT scan, and catheter-based therapies, the paradigm has shifted. Additionally, resuscitation techniques have changed focusing on the use of blood products rather than crystalloid or colloid. This chapter will focus on the initial management of the trauma patient with injuries to the chest, abdomen, pelvis, and extremities.
Depressed democracy, environmental injustice: Exploring the negative mental health implications of unconventional oil and gas production in the United States.

Abstract Unconventional oil and gas (UOG) production has rapidly expanded, making the U.S. the top producer of hydrocarbons. The industrial process now pushes against neighborhoods, schools, and people’s daily lives. I analyze extensive mixed methods data collected over three years in Colorado – including 75 in-depth interviews and additional participant observation – to show how living amid industrial UOG production generates chronic stress and negative mental health outcomes, such as self-reported depression. I show how UOG production has become a neighborhood industrial activity that, in turn, acts as a chronic environmental stressor. I examine two key drivers of chronic stress – uncertainty and powerlessness – and show how these mechanisms relate to state-level institutional processes that generate patterned procedural inequities. This includes inadequate access to transparent environmental and public health information about UOG production’s potential risks and limited public participation in decisions about production, with negative implications for mental health.
Democratizing Parallel Filesystem Monitoring

Parallel filesystems (PFSs) are one of the most critical high-availability components of High Performance Computing (HPC) systems. Most HPC workloads are dependent on the availability of a POSIX compliant parallel filesystem that provides a globally consistent view of data to all compute nodes of a HPC system. Because of this central role, failure or performance degradation events in the PFS can impact every user of a HPC resource. There is typically insufficient information available to users and even many HPC staff to identify the causes of these PFS events, impeding the implementation of timely and targeted remedies to PFS issues. The relevant information is distributed across PFS servers; however, access to these servers is highly restricted due to the sensitive role they play in the operations of a HPC system. Additionally, the information is challenging to aggregate and interpret, relegating diagnosis and treatment of PFS issues to a select few experts with privileged system access. To democratize this information, we are developing an open-source and user-facing Parallel FileSystem TRacing and Analysis SErvice (PFSTRASE) that analyzes the requisite data to establish causal relationships between PFS activity and events detrimental to stability and performance. We are implementing the service for the open-source Lustre filesystem, which is the most commonly used PFS at large-scale HPC sites. Server loads for specific PFS I/O operations (IOPs) will be measured and aggregated by the service to automatically estimate an effective load generated by every client, job, and user. The infrastructure provides a realtime, user accessible text-based interface and a publicly accessible web interface displaying both real-time and historical data. To democratize this information, we are developing an open-source and user-facing Parallel FileSystem TRacing and Analysis SErvice (PFSTRASE) that analyzes the requisite data to establish causal relationships between PFS activity and events detrimental to stability and performance. We are implementing the service for the open-source Lustre filesystem, which is the most commonly used PFS at large-scale HPC sites. Server loads for specific PFS I/O operations (IOPs) will be measured and aggregated by the service to automatically estimate an effective load generated by every client, job, and user. The infrastructure provides a realtime, user accessible text-based interface and a publicly accessible web interface displaying both real-time and historical data.
Multisensor Sequential Change Detection With Unknown Change Propagation Pattern

Detecting changes with multiple sensors has received significant attention in the literature. In many practical applications such as critical infrastructure monitoring and modeling of disease spread, a useful change propagation model is one where change eventually happens at all sensors, but where not all sensors witness change at the same time-instant. While the known change propagation dynamics was studied before, this paper studies a more general setting of unknown change propagation pattern (trajectory) in both centralized and decentralized settings with the goal of detecting the first time-instant any sensor witnesses a change. Using the dynamic programming framework, the optimal solution structures are derived and in the special rare-change regime, several more practical solutions are proposed. Under certain conditions, the first-order asymptotic optimality of a proposed algorithm called multichart test is shown as the false alarm probability vanishes. Moreover, low-complexity solutions are proposed based on online estimation of the change propagation pattern. Numerical studies illustrate that the proposed detectors offer near-optimal performance. Furthermore, in the decentralized setting, the level-crossing sampling is proposed for sampling and transmission of local statistics that significantly improves the detection performance using the same amount of communication resources compared to the conventional uniform-in-time sampling.
A Sequential Order of Periodic Motions in a 1-Dimensional, Time-Delay, Dynamical System

In this chapter, periodic motions in a 1-D, time-delayed, nonlinear dynamical system are explored by a semi-analytical method. The stability and bifurcations of periodic motions are determined by eigenvalue analysis. A global sequence of periodic motions \(P_{1(S)} \triangleleft P_{1(A)} \triangleleft P_{3(S)} \triangleleft P_{2(A)} \triangleleft\;\ldots\;\triangleleft P_{m(A)} \triangleleft P_{2m - 1(S)} \triangleleft\; \ldots (m = 0,1,2,\ldots)\) is discovered. Numerical simulations of periodic motions are performed from analytical predictions. From finite Fourier series analysis, harmonic amplitude and phases for periodic motions are presented. This chapter is dedicated to Valentin Afraimovich for a friendship between Valentin Afraimovich and Albert Luo during the past 20 years. The results are from the useful and valuable discussions between Valentin and Albert.
Reinforcement learning with Gaussian processes for condition-based maintenance

Abstract Condition-based maintenance strategies are effective in enhancing reliability and safety for complex engineering systems that exhibit degradation phenomena with uncertainty. Such sequential decision-making problems are often modeled as Markov decision processes (MDPs) when the underlying process has a Markov property. Recently, reinforcement learning (RL) becomes increasingly efficient to address MDP problems with large state spaces. In this paper, we model the condition-based maintenance problem as a discrete-time continuous-state MDP without discretizing the deterioration condition of the system. The Gaussian process regression is used as function approximation to model the state transition and the value functions of states in reinforcement learning. A RL algorithm is then developed to minimize the long-run average cost (instead of the commonly-used discounted reward) with iterations on the state-action value function and the state value function, respectively. We verify the capability of the proposed algorithm by simulation experiments and demonstrate its advantages in a case study on a battery maintenance decision-making problem. The proposed algorithm outperforms the discrete MDP approach by achieving lower long-run average costs.
The impact of a single session of aerobic exercise on positive emotional reactivity in depression: Insight into individual differences from the late positive potential.

Abstract Depression has been characterized by a broad disengagement from the environment, as reflected by dampened positive and negative emotional reactivity. Research has shown that acute exercise may enhance positive emotional reactivity in healthy adults. It is unknown whether it can alter positive emotional reactivity in depression. In the present study, positive emotional reactivity was assessed using the late positive potential (LPP) event-related potential before and after 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in 43 adults with current or a lifetime history of depression (Mage = 32.74 years; Min/Max = 18/59) and 18 never-depressed healthy adults (Mage = 37.94 years; Min/Max = 21/61). Acute exercise increased the LPP for healthy adults; the LPP did not change among those with current or a lifetime history of depression. A secondary aim was to identify moderators of change in positive emotional reactivity among subgroups of adults with current depression. Compared to adults with impaired mood reactivity, those with intact mood reactivity had a pre-to-post increase in the LPP. The current study provides preliminary support for the LPP as a neural indicator of exercise efficacy and highlights individual differences in response to acute exercise in depression.
Automotive Vehicle Security Metrics

The emergence of connected and autonomous vehicles is at a rapid and unprecedented pace. A recent state-sponsored initiative calls for building a transportation information network that utilizes intelligent sensors on sections of state highways. Indeed, vehicle to infrastructure communication systems are slowly evolving. Peripheral sensors that are used to assist the human operator in lane changing, obstacle avoidance, and parking is becoming a norm in modern automotive vehicles. Although this newly found convenience is a boon to society, both socially and economically, it presents security challenges that are endemic to connected technologies. These challenges underscore the need to look closely at the state of automotive vehicle security. In conjunction with this effort, it is imperative that we investigate the metrics with which security can be measured. As a major component of continuous improvement, quantitative and qualitative measures must be devised to be able to make a full appreciation of the process. This chapter describes automotive vehicle security metrics and derives sample attack calculations to illustrate their applicability.
“We Believe the Bible”: Cambodian Women in Christian Leadership, 1953–Present

Christianity is a small but growing minority in Cambodia, accounting for only about 3% of the population yet growing there at a rate faster than in any other country in Southeast Asia. In Cambodian Christian communities, it is not uncommon to find more women than men in the churches. Cambodian boys often spend a brief period of their youth as novice monks at Theravada Buddhist monasteries, during which time they have the opportunity to become familiar with the Pali language and holy texts. Girls are not afforded this same opportunity, as there are no nuns (bhikkhuni) in contemporary Theravada. Within the Christian community in Cambodia, women carry out much of the service work in the churches, but only rarely are they invited to preach, let alone to become pastors—as is the case in much of the world. This article, based on interviews and participant observation with evangelical churches in Cambodia in 2019, demonstrates the ways in which ministry carried out by women has been characterized by courageous creativity, empowered through physical distance, and undergirded by a resoluteness of vocation.
The multi-time correlation functions, free white noise, and the generalized Poisson statistics in the low density limit. (arXiv:math-ph/0701055v1 CROSS LISTED)

In the present paper the low density limit of the non-chronological multitime correlation functions of boson number type operators is investigated. We prove that the limiting truncated non-chronological correlation can be computed using only a sub-class of diagrams associated to non-crossing pair partitions and thus coincide with the non-truncated correlation functions of suitable free number operators. The independent in the limit subalgebras are found and the limiting statistics is investigated. In particular, it is found that the cumulants of certain elements coincide in the limit with the cumulants of the Poisson distribution. An explicit representation of the limiting correlation functions and thus of the limiting algebra is constructed in a special case through suitably defined quantum white noise operators.
Toward a Wearable Biosensor Ecosystem on ROS 2 for Real-time Human-Robot Interaction Systems.

Wearable biosensors can enable continuous human data capture, facilitating development of real-world Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) systems. However, a lack of standardized libraries and implementations adds extraneous complexity to HRI system designs, and precludes collaboration across disciplines and institutions. Here, we introduce a novel wearable biosensor package for the Robot Operating System 2 (ROS 2) system. The ROS2 officially supports real-time computing and multi-robot systems, and thus provides easy-to-use and reliable streaming data from multiple nodes. The package standardizes biosensor HRI integration, lowers the technical barrier of entry, and expands the biosensor ecosystem into the robotics field. Each biosensor package node follows a generalized node and topic structure concentrated on ease of use. Current package capabilities, listed by biosensor, highlight package standardization. Collected example data demonstrate a full integration of each biosensor into ROS2. We expect that standardization of this biosensors package for ROS2 will greatly simplify use and cross-collaboration across many disciplines. The wearable biosensor package is made publicly available on GitHub at \this https URL
Oxytocin increases perceived competence and social-emotional engagement with brands.

Humans express loyalty to consumer brands much like they do in human relationships. The neuroactive chemical oxytocin is an important biological substrate of human attachment and this study tested whether consumer-brand relationships can be influenced by oxytocin administration. We present a mathematical model of brand attachment that generates empirically-testable hypotheses. The model is tested by administering synthetic oxytocin or placebo to male and female participants (N = 77) who received information about brands and had an opportunity to purchase branded products. We focused on two brand personality dimensions: warmth and competence. Oxytocin increased perceptions of brand competence but not brand warmth relative to placebo. We also found that participants were willing to pay more for branded products through its effect on brand competence. When writing about one’s favorite brands, oxytocin enhanced the use of positive emotional language as well as words related to family and friends. These findings provide preliminary evidence that consumers build relationships with brands using the biological mechanisms that evolved to form human attachments.
Simple Sequences with Puzzling Properties

Many mathematicians feel that the main impact of computers on mathematics has been not in solving problems, as one might expect, but rather in posing them. The prime illustration is probably the recent activity in discrete dynamical systems stimulated by the celebrated computer experiments of Mitchell Feigenbaum. Perhaps “explorations” is a better description of this work, for the appropriate analogy is not with physics or biology but with astronomy. The computer is the mathematician’s telescope, which when used intelligently makes it possible to find out what is “out there” in the mathematical universe. (This whole development should be a source of satisfaction to the Platonists, who have been saying all along that, like stars and galaxies, mathematical phenomena are discovered, not invented.)
Biosynthesis and Immunochemical Localization of Glomerular Components

The molecular composition of the glomerulus became a target of interest when Masugi (1934) first demonstrated that immunization of animals with kidney tissue resulted in a diffuse glomerular lesion. The search for the nephritogenic antigen, although not yet complete, has provided the impetus for many studies of glomerular structure and function. The importance of understanding the sites of synthesis and degradation of matrix constituents relates to (1) normal glomerular structure and function, (2) localization and disposition of immune deposits, (3) immunogenicity of individual components (i.e., cellular and humoral responses to glomerular constituents), and (4) genetic or acquired diseases resulting in an accumulation of abnormal matrix constituents resulting in loss of function—chronic glomerulonephritis.
Paracervical uterine denervation by transection of the cervical plexus for the relief of dysmenorrhea.

Abstract 1. 1. The transection of the cervical division of the Lee-Frankenhauser uterovaginal plexus lying in, around, and under the terminal 2.5 cm. of the uterosacral ligaments permits sensory denervation of the cervix and fundus of the uterus and the proximal segment of the tubes. 2. 2. The procedure may be done during laparotomy or culdotomy. 3. 3. Neuromuscular and neurovascular autonomic imbalance is avoided since both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways are interrupted. 4. 4. Relief of acquired dysmenorrhea with or without antecedent primary dysmenorrhea was obtained satisfactorily in 69 of 73 cases (94.5 per cent). The relief was complete in 63 cases (86.3 per cent); in 30 of 35 aggravated primary dysmenorrhea cases (85.7 per cent); in 33 of 38 acquired secondary dysmenorrhea cases (86.8 per cent). Relief was partial in 6 cases (8.2 per cent). There were four failures (5.5 per cent). 5. 5. There was no interference with the function of the bladder or rectum. 6. 6. The regrowth of the nerves is prevented by the interposition of the posterior parametrial peritoneum between the transected uterosacral ligaments and the top of the vagina.
Practicing philosophy of childhood: Teaching in the (r)evolutionary mode

This article explores the necessary requirements for effective teacher facilitation of community of philosophical inquiry sessions among children, and suggests that the first and most important prerequisite is the capacity to listen to children, which in turn is based on a critical and reflective interrogation of one’s own philosophy of childhood (POC)—the set of beliefs and assumptions about children and childhood which adults tend to project onto real children. It argues that the most effective way to explore these assumptions is in community of philosophical inquiry (CPI), where we encounter the same concepts—nature, person, good and evil, innocence, etc.—which underlie more general philosophical inquiry. It then describes the work of the American educator Patricia Carini, who developed the Descriptive Review Process as a phenomenological approach to understanding the children with whom one is in relation, and identifies the Descriptive Review Process as another form of the practice of philosophy of childhood which, together with the regular practice of POC-CPI among teachers, offers us a grounded, integrated methodology for schools dedicated to adult-child dialogue and to school as a site for cultural reconstruction.
Listeria monocytogenes cell invasion: a new role for cofilin in co-ordinating actin dynamics and membrane lipids.

Summary Actin reorganization, mediated by the actin dynamizing protein cofilin, is essential for host cell invasion by the intracellular pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. During invasion, the InlB bacterial surface ligands closely interact with host cell Met receptors to induce phagocytosis. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Han et al., 2011 clearly demonstrate that phospholipase D (PLD)-dependent production of membrane phosphatidic acid is required for invasion. They further show that the phosphorylated form of cofilin, which is inactive in actin binding, is necessary for the activation of the PLD1 isoform. Although cofilin-independent PLD2 can also mediate internalization, it is a phospho-cofilin-dependent balanced production of phosphatidic acid that is required for optimal Listeria internalization. Cofilin-dependent membrane lipid remodelling has important implications for cofilin function that go well beyond its direct effects on actin.
Using DInSAR, airborne LiDAR, and archival air photos to quantify landsliding and sediment transport

[1] We demonstrate the ability of coupled remote sensing tools to characterize large, slow-moving landslides in the Eel River catchment, northern California. From a stack of ALOS interferograms, we identified 5 large (>1 km long) landslides that exhibited significant activity from February 2007 to February 2008. For the Boulder Creek earthflow, we used orthorectified air photos taken in 1964 and unfiltered airborne LiDAR flown in 2006 to map the displacement of trees growing on the landslide surface. Combining those displacement orientations with stacked DInSAR data, we observed average downslope velocities of 0.65 m yr−1 through the central transport zone of the landslide. Given landslide depth estimates, minimum sediment transport and denudation rates are estimated to be 4100 m3 yr−1 and 1.6 mm yr−1, respectively. Our results demonstrate the highly erosive role of large, slow-moving landslides in landscape evolution and suggest that the superposition of dense, ephemeral gully networks and rapidly moving zones within the landslide may facilitate delivery of slide-mobilized sediment into adjacent fluvial channels.
Systematic designs of buffers in macropipelines of systolic arrays

In a macropipeline of systolic arrays, outputs of one systolic array in a given format have to be fed as inputs to another systolic array in a possibly different format. A common memory becomes a bottleneck and limits the number of systolic arrays that can be connected together. In this paper, they study designs of buffers to convert data from one format to another. The minimum number of buffers is determined by a dynamic-programming algorithm with THETA(n/sup 2/) computational complexity, where n is the problem size. A general-purpose converter to convert data from any distribution to any other in a subset of the possible data distribution is also proposed. Last, buffer designs for a macropipeline to perform feature extraction and pattern classification are used to exemplify the design process.
Control of mRNA export and translation termination by inositol hexakisphosphate requires specific interaction with Gle1.

The unidirectional translocation of messenger RNA (mRNA) through the aqueous channel of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is mediated by interactions between soluble mRNA export factors and distinct binding sites on the NPC. At the cytoplasmic side of the NPC, the conserved mRNA export factors Gle1 and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) play an essential role in mRNA export by activating the ATPase activity of the DEAD-box protein Dbp5, promoting localized messenger ribonucleoprotein complex remodeling, and ensuring the directionality of the export process. In addition, Dbp5, Gle1, and IP6 are also required for proper translation termination. However, the specificity of the IP6-Gle1 interaction in vivo is unknown. Here, we characterize the biochemical interaction between Gle1 and IP6 and the relationship to Dbp5 binding and stimulation. We identify Gle1 residues required for IP6 binding and show that these residues are needed for IP6-dependent Dbp5 stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Gle1 is the primary target of IP6 for both mRNA export and translation termination in vivo. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, the IP6-binding mutants recapitulate all of the mRNA export and translation termination defects found in mutants depleted of IP6. We conclude that Gle1 specifically binds IP6 and that this interaction is required for the full potentiation of Dbp5 ATPase activity during both mRNA export and translation termination.
Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope

SINCE its invention in the early 1980s by Binnig and Rohrer1,2, the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) has provided images of surfaces and adsorbed atoms and molecules with unprecedented resolution. The STM has also been used to modify surfaces, for example by locally pinning molecules to a surface3 and by transfer of an atom from the STM tip to the surface4. Here we report the use of the STM at low temperatures (4 K) to position individual xenon atoms on a single-crystal nickel surface with atomic pre-cision. This capacity has allowed us to fabricate rudimentary structures of our own design, atom by atom. The processes we describe are in principle applicable to molecules also. In view of the device-like characteristics reported for single atoms on surfaces5,6, the possibilities for perhaps the ultimate in device miniaturization are evident.
Axial moment analyses of convective heat and mass transfer processes

This paper illustrates how an axial moment method can be used to provide simple analyses of convective heat and mass transfer problems in circular conduits. The basic procedure is illustrated, and useful results are obtained for four important transport problems. Criteria for radial uniformity are obtained for steady-state tubular reactors and for a capillary column inverse gas chromatography experiment. New results are presented for second and third moments for solute dispersion in a tube, and an approximate solution is obtained for the classic problem of laminar heat transfer in a tube.
Input of creep and shrinkage characteristics for a structural analysis program

Presented is a computer program for the input of creep and shrinkage properties for a structural analysis program. The program either accepts numerical data on the compliance function and the shrinkage function at discrete load durations and ages at loading, or uses the recent BP Model for creep involving the double-power law. The most useful characteristic is the availability of thirteen different options for specifying the creep and shrinkage parameters; sealed conditions or drying conditions, creep values specified and interpolation to be used, parameter of a creep formula specified, or creep formula automatically fitted to given creep data, short time data specified and extrapolation done by a formula, etc. In addition to returning the compliance function, the program also calculates the relaxation function and the age-dependent elastic moduli of a Maxwell chain model that is equivalent to the given creep properties. The program is particularly suitable for the input of creep characteristics for a large-scale finite element analysis.
The V.42bis standard for data-compressing modems

The CCITT V.42bis standard for data-compressing modems, a conservative and economically implementable scheme, is discussed from algorithmic, experimental, practical, and marketing standpoints. It is shown that 4.2bis compresses text about as well as the Lempel-Ziv-Welch algorithm of the Berkeley Unix Compress utility. Other Ziv-Lempel variants are discussed briefly. >
Towards a Test of the Aggregation Hypothesis in Huntington's Disease using β-Hairpin Enhancing Motifs

Huntington's Disease (HD), one of ten polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat diseases, is a devastating disorder caused by expansion of a polyQ-encoding CAG repeat from 37 or more in exon1 of the huntingtin (htt) gene. Although HD brains contain polyQ aggregates, and polyQ aggregation rates in vivo and in vitro increase with repeat length, there is a continued debate about the role of amyloid-like aggregates in HD. Recently we reported that aggregation of chemically synthesized, short (repeat length ∼ 22), simple polyQ sequences is greatly enhanced with the addition of unnatural amino acids that encourage β-hairpin formation in the aggregation nucleus. Here we ask whether β-hairpin encouraging mutations in a short polyQ version of the htt exon1 peptide also greatly enhance aggregation. We do this while confining our study to mutations that can be introduced during ribosomal synthesis. We show here that a short polyQ sequence containing (a) L-Pro-Gly instead of the previously described D-Pro-Gly and (b) a modified tryptophan zipper motif aggregates much faster than a simple polyQ sequence of similar length. This can be traced to a decrease in the critical nucleus for amyloid formation from a value of n∗ ≈ 4 for a simple, unbroken Q23 sequence to n∗ ≈ 1 for similar length polyQ containing β-hairpin motifs. At the same time, the morphologies, secondary structure structures, and bioactivities of the resulting fibrils from simple and exon1 mimic polyQ were essentially identical. Importantly, incorporating these motifs into short polyQ exon1 analogs produces rapid spontaneous aggregation rates comparable to exon1 peptides with long, disease associated polyQ repeat lengths. Expression of these exon1 analogs in cells now addresses whether even short polyQ htt exon1 can be toxic if its polyQ is redesigned to promote rapid aggregation.
Gilpinian Realism and International Relations

I argue that realism in particular and IR more generally erred by assigning Kenneth Waltz’s Theory of International Relations pride of place in revivifying realist thought. Had Robert Gilpin’s War and Change in World Politics been given equal billing, international relations research would have unfolded quite differently over the past three decades. Scholars would not have been bewildered by change, bewitched by the balance of power, blind to numerous potentially powerful realist theories, and bothered by endless and unproductive zero-sum debates among representatives of competing paradigms. And had all those pathologies been absent, we would be far better prepared today for the intellectual and policy challenges of a world in which underlying power balances appear to be changing quickly, and the status quo inter-state order is ever more contested.
An unusual nasal burn

Sir, A clinical photograph of a 47-year-old lady who tried to commit suicide by taking an overdose of a commonly prescribed sedative or hypnotic drug. This lady took a zopiclone overdose and spent a total of 14 h asleep on the floor. She vomited her gastric contents, and her stomach acids caused a superficial partial thickness chemical burn affecting her nose. She was treated conservatively with dressings. Eur J Plast Surg (2009) 32:171 DOI 10.1007/s00238-009-0330-y
Diffusion, evaporation, and surface enrichment of a plasticizing additive in an annealed polymer thin film

We present the first measurements of the simultaneous diffusion, surface enhancement, and evaporation of a plasticizer from a polymer, thin-film matrix using neutron reflection techniques. The reflectivity profiles as a function of the annealing time at an elevated temperature yield the time-dependent, plasticizer volume fraction profiles in a polyester-polyurethane (Estane) film. Thin, plasticizer-enriched layers form at both the polymer/substrate and polymer/air interfaces for annealed and unannealed samples. The diffusion equations for a material diffusing through a film and then evaporating into a vacuum at the free surface describe the loss of the plasticizer from the film for annealed samples. The loss of the plasticizer from the film is not limited by the movement of the plasticizer through the polymer matrix but is dominated by the plasticizer's rate of evaporation from the surface. The rate of evaporation and the volume fraction profiles for the plasticizer at the substrate interface are both consistent with surface attractions dominating over bulk attractions between the miscible plasticizer and the polymer.
Obstructive sleep apnea: an unrecognized but prevalent condition.

Obstructive sleep apnea remains an unrecognized and under appreciated disease. The reported prevalence ranges from 2% to 10%. Risk factors include obesity, increased neck circumference, and certain ethnic groups. An apnea index >20 is associated with higher mortality rate.
Do subject matter knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and pedagogical content knowledge constitute the ideal gas law of science teaching?

(1992). Do subject matter knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and pedagogical content knowledge constitute the ideal gas law of science teaching? Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 16-20.
Generalized inverses of random linear operators in Banach spaces

The theory of generalized inverses has its roots in the context of linear problems where either too much or too little information is specified. In operator-theoretic terminology a generalized inverse replaces the inverse for an operator which is not necessarily one-to-one or onto. Equations involving such operators may have “solutions ” in some generalized sense, e.g., leastsquares solutions (of minimal norm). Depending on the defining conditions that are used, a variety of generalized inverses have been developed in the literature to suit different purposes. One of them, the “Moore-Penrose inverse,” is connected with the problem of finding least-squares solutions. The “Drazin inverse” is useful in various “backward projection problems” such as the recovery of past states of a system from a given state, if the system can be modeled by a linear operator with finite ascent and descent. The literature about generalized inverses and their applications is quite extensive. We refer to [34] for various aspects of this subject, including an extensive annotated bibliography. Unlike the inverse, generalized inverses need not depend continuously on the operator. For example, to obtain continuous dependence of the Moore-Penrose inverse, one has to restrict the class of perturbations one considers, even in the case of matrices (changes of the rank are not permitted). This point of view is important in numerical analysis. For other applications, it is of interest to study generalized inverses of operator-valued functions and various modes of the dependence of the generalized inverses on the parameters. Two such modes have attracted attention in recent literature. Motivated by Fredholm operators, several authors have studied holomorphic and meromorphic dependence of operators and their generalized inverses on parameters; see, e.g. [3, 4, 17, 18, 23, 241. A markedly different mode of dependence, which is motivated by the theory
Fabrication of a continuous wettability gradient by radio frequency plasma discharge

Abstract Radio frequency (RF) plasma discharge in atmospheres of ammonia, oxygen, and sulfur dioxide was used to create a continuous change in wettability on the surfaces of polyethylene, polystyrene, polydimethylsiloxane, and polytetrafluoroethylene. These continuous changes, referred to as wettability gradients, were produced by exposing the polymers to the RF plasma in a box with a cover which opened at a constant velocity. Contact angles of water on the derivatized polymer surfaces decreased monotonically as the time of plasma exposure increased. A wide range in wettability was produced by manipulating the RF power, the gas species, and the duration of plasma exposure. The production of such surfaces has promising application in surface science because a continuous spectrum of surface energies or surface chemistries can be produced on one sample at one time.
A replication of kalish's study of cemetery visits

Abstract In a replication of a recent study by Kalish (1986) on fear of death and frequency of cemetery visits, a sample of students (N = 68) in death and dying courses were surveyed to determine their attitudes and behaviors in this regard. Unlike Kalish's sample, the present group demonstrated a positive, significant correlation between fear of death and number of cemetery visits. Those categorizing themselves as high in death fear visited cemeteries much more frequently than did those low in fear of death.
A note on the rate of convergence of Schauder decomposition

Abstract An improved rate of convergence of Schauder decomposition in the Sobolev space Wpn is established. This extends the result previously obtained in J. Math. Anal. Appl., 102 (1) (1984) 203–210.
Cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and urinary MHPG in children.

Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) free MHPG levels for six autistic and four medicated Tourette Syndrome (TS) patients are in the usual adult range, but levels are elevated in two recently medicated TS patients. Plasma free MHPG levels in unmedicated autistic and TS patients are similar to those in normal boys, but are increased in two of seven medicated TS patients. There is a strong association between plasma free MHPG and urinary total MHPG levels in normal boys. Age and total urinary MHPG are positively correlated in autistic children. MHPG appears to be a useful index of noradrenergic function in childhood neuropsychiatric disorders.
A PHOTOELASTIC-MODULATOR POLARIMETER AT PINE MOUNTAIN OBSERVATORY

The use of photoelastic polarimeters in astronomy is briefly reviewed, and a visible and near-UV photoelastic modulation polarimeter is described which has been in continuous service on the 61-cm telescope of Pine Mountain Observatory for 6 years. The polarimeter is used primarily for linear polarization measurements, but is easily adaptable to circular polarimetry. The instrument has produced data at a sensitivity level of 0.01%, with long-term absolute reproducibility.
Search for superheavy hydrogen-6

Abstract A search has been made for the superheavy isotope of hydrogen, 6H, whose existence has been claimed in two heavy ion experiments. The pion double charge exchange reaction 6 Li (π − , π + ) X at T(π−)= 220MeV was used in a high-resolution search for 6H. No evidence for 6H was found anywhere in the missing mass range −10 to +30 MeV. In the missing mass region 0–5 MeV 95% confidence upper limits of 0–5 nb/sr for the production cross section were set.
Axiomatic bootstrapping: a guide for compiler hackers

If a compiler for language L is implemented in L, then it should be able to compile itself. But for systems used interactively commands are compiled and immediately executed, and these commands may invoke the compiler; so there is the question of how ever to cross-compile for another architecture. Also, where the compiler writes binary files of static type information that must then be read in by the bootstrapped interactive compiler, how can one ever change the format of digested type information in binary files?Here I attempt an axiomatic clarification of the bootstrapping technique, using Standard ML of New Jersey as a case study. This should be useful to implementors of any self-applicable interactive compiler with nontrivial object-file and runtime-system compatibility problems.
The genetic composition of Oxalobacter formigenes and its relationship to colonization and calcium oxalate stone disease

Oxalobacter formigenes is a unique intestinal organism that relies on oxalate degradation to meet most of its energy and carbon needs. A lack of colonization is a risk factor for calcium oxalate stone disease. Protection against calcium oxalate stone disease appears to be due to the oxalate degradation that occurs in the gut on low calcium diets with a possible further contribution from intestinal oxalate secretion. Much remains to be learned about how the organism establishes and maintains gut colonization and the precise mechanisms by which it modifies stone risk. The sequencing and annotation of the genomes of a Group 1 and a Group 2 strain of O. formigenes should provide the informatic tools required for the identification of the genes and pathways associated with colonization and survival. In this review we have identified genes that may be involved and where appropriate suggested how they may be important in calcium oxalate stone disease. Elaborating the functional roles of these genes should accelerate our understanding of the organism and clarify its role in preventing stone formation.