cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface photon echoes in the infrared range

We discuss the possibility of observing photon echoes in the infrared range from a surface monolayer. Three different detection schemes are considered: direct infrared detection, external up-conversion, and in-situ up-conversion. The external up-conversion scheme appears most promising, while the in-situ up-conversion scheme has the advantage of being highly surface specific. Dephasing relaxations of surface vibrational excitations should be measurable.
Community needs assessment of key populations-at-risk of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria's capital territory

Nigeria currently has one of the highest HIV and AIDS epidemic burden worldwide. Prevalence among key populations is currently, 34.1% (brothel-based sex workers), 21.95 (non-brothel-based), 37.6% (MSMs) and 9.3% for IDUs respectively. A huge gaps exists in the national response to key populations as a result of socio-cultural barriers and unfavorable political and legislative environment. This has become accentuated by the recently enacted anti-gay law. The Federal Capital Administration in collaboration with UNDP and UNFPA in 2013 commissioned a study on key populations in the Capital territory to identify services available to them, the gaps and opportunities for scaling up municipal responses for MSMs, FSWs and IDUs.
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness after cervical spinal cord injury.

Cervical spinal cord injury results in interruption of sympathetic airway innervation, which originates from the upper thoracic spine, whereas parasympathetic nerve supply, arising in the vagal nuclei of the brainstem, remains intact. To assess the effect of such an altered neural environment on airway reactivity, bronchoprovocation testing was performed on eight subjects with nonacute traumatic lesions of the cervical spine, all of whom were lifetime nonsmokers without history of respiratory symptoms prior to their injury. Bronchial challenge was subsequently repeated after pretreatment with the anticholinergic agent, ipratropium bromide, an inhibitor of airway muscarinic receptors. All subjects demonstrated hyperresponsiveness to methacholine (the concentration of methacholine producing a fall in FEV 1 of 20 percent from baseline [PC20]= 1.42 ± 1.61 [SD] mg/ml). Airway hyperreactivity was completely blocked by pretreatment with inhaled ipratropium bromide (mean PC20 >25 mg/ml [p
A multi-commodity flow based approach to scheduling multi-model synchronization

Process models are used widely in business process management related initiatives, such as business process optimization, IT system implementation, etc. In large amount of practices, multiple process models are maintained simultaneously and are required to keep consistent with each other. Synchronization of multiple process modules has been studied as a combination of several two-process-model synchronization problems for a long time. However, it introduces a new problem that has few research results: scheduling the synchronization to make all modifications in all models propagated to their targets in minimized time or steps. This paper proposes an approach to the scheduling problem based on multi-commodity flow network problem while taking several special constraints into consideration. The process models and the available synchronization channels are considered as the nodes and arcs in the network respectively. Through optimizing the flow of model modifications in the network, the synchronization of multiple process modules is scheduled aiming at improving synchronization efficiency and ensuring model consistence.
Lactate inhibition of lipolysis in exercising man

Abstract The role of rising lactate levels on substrate mobilization in exercising man is unclear. To define the role of increasing lactate levels, D,L-sodium lactate, 6 meq/kg, was infused into six exercising normal males. A mild work load was chosen that increased arterial free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol, but did not increase lactate significantly. Infused sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride of equal volume and osmolality served as controls. The marked rise in arterial lactate and pyruvate to 8.8 ± 0.31 μM/ml and 0.328 ± 0.023 μM/ml (mean ± SEM), respectively, resulted in a significant inhibition of the increase of plasma FFA and glycerol, which occurred during the control studies. The decreased release of these constituents could not be attributed to an “insulin effect”, since the concentration of arterial insulin decreased during exercise and was similar during each infusion period. It appears that an increase in plasma lactate or pyruvate, or both, results in a direct inhibition of exercise-mediated lipolysis in man.
Unsupervised Arabic Word Segmentation and Statistical Machine Translation

Word segmentation is a necessary step for natural language processing applications, such as machine translation and parsing. In this research we focus on Arabic word segmentation to study its impact on Arabic to English translation. There are accurate word segmentation systems for Arabic, such as MADA (Habash, 2007). However, such systems usually need manually-built data and rules of the Arabic language. In this work, we look at unsupervised word segmentation systems to see how well they perform on Arabic, without relying on any linguistic information about the language. The methodology of this research can be applied to many other morphologically complex languages. We focus on three leading unsupervised word segmentation systems proposed in the literature: Morfessor (Creutz and Lagus, 2002), ParaMor (Monson, 2007), and Demberg's system (Demberg, 2007). We also use two different segmentation schemes of the state of the art MADA and compare their precision with the unsupervised systems. After training the three unsupervised segmentation systems, we apply their resulting models to segment the Arabic part of the parallel data for Arabic to English statistical machine translation (SMT) and measure its impact on translation quality. We also build segmentation models using the two schemes of MADA on SMT to compare against the baseline system. The 10-fold cross validation results indicate that unsupervised segmentation systems turn out to be usually inaccurate with a precision that is less than 40%, and hence do not help with improving SMT quality. We also observe both segmentation schemes of MADA have very high precision. We experimented with two MADA schemes. A scheme with a measured segmentation framework improved the translation accuracy. A second scheme which performs more aggressive segmentation, failed to improve SMT quality. We also provide some rule-based supervision to correct some of the errors in our best unsupervised models. While this framework performs better than the baseline unsupervised systems, it still does not outperform the baseline MT quality. We conclude that in our unsupervised framework, the noise by the unsupervised segmentation offsets the potential gains that segmentation could provide to MT. We conclude that a measured supervised word segmentation improves Arabic to English quality. In contrast aggressive and exhaustive segmentation introduces new noise to the MT framework and actually harms its quality. This publication was made possible by the generous support of the Qatar Foundation through Carnegie Mellon University's Seed Research program provided to Kemal Oflazer. The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.
Comparing In-Class and Computer-Mediated Discussion Using a Communicative Action Framework

Communicative action offers a promising framework for assessing discussion activities in planning education. This article reports on students' ratings of the quality of in-class and computer-mediated discussion in a planning theory class. The computer-mediated discussion was a useful augmentation to strident learning, but it was rated lower than in-class discussion for sincerity, legitimacy, and comprehensibility. The article concludes with suggestions for enhancing the quality of both forms of discussion.
Figural Aftereffects in Adulthood.

It was postulated that a change in the magnitude of figural aftereffects would occur during adulthood. A significant linear trend analysis (F = 3.14, p <.1) indicated that the magnitude of the figural aftereffects increased very slightly with age. This was supported by a significant t value (t = 1.95, p <.05), which suggested a difference between the two extreme age groups: 20 and 70 years. A Pearson product-moment correlation of .8 indicated a high correlation between age and magnitude of the aftereffect.
The thermodynamics and kinetics of the β → αm transformation in three Ti-X systems

Abstract Continuous cooling experiments were used to study the β → α m transformation in three titanium base eutectoid systems: Ti-Ag, Ti-Au and Ti-Si. Using thermal arrest temperature vs cooling rate data, the T 0 temperature and the enthalpy of transformation. ΔH T β → α m , were determined for eight alloys in these sytems. Subsequent microstructural analysis yielded growth rates as a function of reaction temperature from which an estimation of the activation enthalpy for trans-interphase boundary diffusion, ΔH D b , was made. The phase boundaries of the eutectoid region for each system were re-evaluated and found to agree well with some previous investigations and to differ markedly with others. Values of ΔH T β → α m range from −2470 ± 500 to −3270 ± 460 J / mol (−590 ± 120 to −790 ± 110 cal / mol ). Most T 0 temperatures agree well with that of the bisector of the ( α + β ) region. Values of ΔH D b vary from 50 to 93 kJ/mol (11.7–22.2 kcal/mol). The growth distance of α m in one second is calculated to be ca. 6 × 10 −5 m at 7 K undercooling as compared to the equilibrium precipitate growth distance (when volume diffusion-controlled) of ca. 1 × 10 −7 m at the same time and temperature. These results further confirm the identification of the massive transformation in the alloys investigated.
Differential effects of gestational buprenorphine, naloxone, and methadone on mesolimbic μ opioid and ORL1 receptor G protein coupling

In addition to its use for heroin addiction pharmacotherapy in general, buprenorphine has advantages in treating maternal heroin abuse. To examine the gestational effects of buprenorphine on opioid receptor signaling, the [(35)S]-GTP gamma S in situ binding induced by the mu agonist [D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Gly(5)-ol] enkephalin (DAMGO) or the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) agonist was measured in mesolimbic structures of pup brains from pregnant rats administered with buprenorphine +/- naloxone, naloxone, or methadone by osmotic minipump. Drug- and gender-based changes in DAMGO- and N/OFQ-induced GTP gamma S binding were discovered in mesolimbic regions of dam, P2, and P7 brains. Buprenorphine and/or methadone gestational treatment attenuated DAMGO-induced GTP gamma S binding in some dam and male P2 mesolimbic regions. Methadone diminished DAMGO-induced GTP gamma S binding in almost all monitored brain regions of the dam but had few effects on their N/OFQ-induced GTP gamma S binding. Naloxone used in combination with buprenorphine blocked the inhibition by buprenorphine alone on DAMGO-induced GTP gamma S binding. In contrast to its inhibitory effects on DAMGO-induced GTP gamma S binding, buprenorphine stimulated N/OFQ-induced GTP gamma S binding in male P2 nucleus accumbens and lateral septum. Brain region-dependent gender differences in DAMGO-induced GTP gamma S binding were seen in P2 pups, and males showed greater sensitivity to buprenorphine and methadone than females. Our findings on mu opioid receptor (MOR) GTP-binding regulatory protein (G protein) coupling and its gender dependency are consistent with our earlier studies on mu receptor binding adaptation induced by buprenorphine in dams and neonatal rats after in utero treatment regimens, and they extend the gestational effects of this opiate to mu and N/OFQ receptor functionality.
Sec-ure nanotubes with RalA and exocyst.

Long-range communication between animal cells can be accomplished through thin tunnelling nanotubes. The generation of these delicate structures involves dynamic remodelling of actin and the plasma membrane. Now, some of the proteins that help to build these intercellular conduits have been identified.
Reconfigurable control of power plants using learning automata

A deaerating feedwater heater, equipped with a water level controller and a pressure controller, is used to investigate the feasibility of a reconfigurable control scheme for power plants by incorporating the concept of learning automata. The approach uses stochastic automata to learn the current operating status of the plant by dynamically monitoring the system performance and then switching to the appropriate controller on the basis of the observed performance. Simulation results based on a model of the experimental breeder reactor (EBR-II) at the Argonne National Laboratory site in Idaho are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the scheme. The results show that it is capable of providing a sufficient margin for the net positive suction head at the feedwater pumps under loss of steam flow into the deaerator. Under similar circumstances, the existing controller in the deaerator would be incapable of maintaining the pressure and its decay rate within the safe margins, and so would oblige the plant operator to take additional measures to protect the feedwater pumps. >
The spatial distribution of chloroplast DNA and allozyme polymorphisms within A population of Silene alba (Caryophyllaceae)

Genetic structure within a population of Silene alba was studied using a chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and six allozyme polymorphisms. A 20 X 65 m area was sampled by constructing a 5 X 5 m grid and determining the genotype of the plant nearest to each grid node. Analysis of the spatial distribution of genotypes by Moran's I and join-counts showed a significant degree of association of like cpDNA haplotypes (I = 0.52, S.N.D. = 2.55) but a random or slightly repulsed distribution of allozyme genotypes. A second sample was taken by collecting all individuals from within a 1-m wide transect established along the perimeter of the grid. Genotype and allele frequencies were calculated by grouping individuals from arbitrary 3m intervals along the transect, and analyzed by Wright's F statistics. The Fst value calculated for cpDNA (0.875) differed markedly from that based on all allozymes (0.027). Taken together, the results suggest that in this population gene flow in the maternally inherited cpDNA is limited by restricted seed dispersal, whereas gene flow in the nuclear DNA based allozymes is more pervasive owing to the added effects of pollen dispersal. The utility of cpDNA polymorphism for the study of fine-scale gene flow is discussed.
Developmental Dyslexia: Current Anatomical Research.

Modern research in the biological foundations of dyslexia relies heavily on three properties of the nervous system: 1) that the mammalian brain, particularly the human brain is largely lateralized for special cognitive functions; 2) that the final structure of the adult human brain is the result of genetic control and environmental influences that take place early in fetal life; and 3) that some of the properties of lateralization as well as ontogenetic (embryonal) development of the brain can be studied in experimental animals fruitfully. Asymmetries. Mammalian brains, particularly the brains of higher primates, are lateralized for certain functions. Thus it has been known for over a century that it is the left hemisphere of the human brain which predominantly controls the propositional aspects of language (Jackson, 1874), whereas the right is dominant over certain aspects of attention, intention and visual-spatial tasks (Heilman, 1979). Asymmetries of function have also been recently documented in the brains of animals. It is known for instance that song is controlled from one side of the brain in many species of songbirds (Nottebohm, 1977). There are also several examples of functional lateralization in nonhuman primates such as a tendency for a preferred forelimb and a tendency to use more effectively the auditory signals coming from one ear over the other for specific natural calls (Petersen, et al., 1978). Although most of the functional asymmetries in animals have been fairly random, more recently biased asymmetries in populations, i.e., more individuals lateralized to a given side, have been documented as well. Thus, for instance, some species of rats appear to be lateralized for emotional behavior to the right hemisphere, a situation similar to that found in the human (Denenberg, 1981). Although functional asymmetries have been the primary focus of research over most of the century, anatomical asymmetries in the brains
Information variables in voluntary control and classical conditioning of heart rate: field dependence and heart-rate perception.

Two experiments focused on two information variables relevant to changes in heart rate, field dependence and the ability to perceive one's own heart rate. In Exp. I, 14 field-independent and 17 fie...
A microprocessor based parallel search systems for fast data retrieval

Abstract The design of a microprocessor search system is presented. The system is based on the W-search algorithms of order (1, m) shown to be optimal by Weller and Davidson [5]. The basic concepts of the W-search are reviewed. The algorithmic concerns of loading the data and traversing the data are also examined.
The portrayal of gender in the children's television program sesame street and its effect on the intended audience

This literature review addresses sexism and gender misrepresentation on Sesame Street, the world's most popular children's television program. The results of meta‐analytic studies reveal an imbalance in the proportion of males and females in the broadcast. It is clear that audience members respect and identify with certain characters more than others because of their roles in the program. However, gender, which greatly affects decisions about how a certain character will speak and act, often limits his/her behavior. Drawing on numerous studies about Sesame Street in relation to cultivation theory, socialization theory, and social learning theory, this paper discusses the show's content and the correlation between increased exposure to Sesame Street and viewers’ changes in attitude and behavior. Conclusions from the reports reviewed suggest the presence of gender inequality and stereotyping on Sesame Street and the need to conduct more research to test the immediate and long‐term effects of this type of ma...
GeneDesign 3.0 is an updated synthetic biology toolkit

GeneDesign is a set of web applications that provides public access to a nucleotide manipulation pipeline for synthetic biology. The server is public and freely accessible, and the source is available for download under the New BSD License. Since GeneDesign was published and made publicly available 3 years ago, we have made its code base more efficient, added several algorithms and modules, updated the restriction enzyme library, added batch processing capabilities, and added several command line modules, all of which we briefly describe here.
The human X-linked steroid sulfatase gene and a Y-encoded pseudogene: evidence for an inversion of the Y chromosome during primate evolution.

Abstract The mammalian X and Y chromosomes are thought to have evolved from a common, nearly homologous chromosome pair. Although there is little sequence similarity between the mouse or the human X and Y, there are several regions in which moderate to extensive sequence homologies have been found, including, but not limited to, the so-called pseudoautosomal segment, in which X-Y pairing and recombination take place. The steroid sulfatase gene is in the psuedoautosomal region of the mouse, but not in man. We have cloned and characterized the human STS X-encoded locus and a pseudogene that is present on the long arm of the Y chromosome. Our data in humans and other primates suggest that there has been a pericentric inversion of the Y chromosome during primate evolution that has disrupted the former pseudoautosomal arrangement of these genes. These results provide additional insight into the evolution of the sex chromosomes and into the nature of this interesting portion of the human genome.
Vulnerability of the copepod Acartia tonsa to predation by the scyphomedusa Chrysaora quinquecirrha : effect of prey size and behavior

Although scyphomedusae have received increased attention in recent years as important predators in coastal and estuarine environments, the factors affecting zooplankton prey vulnerability to these jellyfish remain poorly understood. Current models predicting feeding patterns of cruising entangling predators, such as Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Desor, 1948), fail to account for the selection of fast-escaping prey such as copepods. Nevertheless, our analysis of gastric contents of field-collected medusae showed that this scyphomedusa fed selectively on the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa (Dana, 1846) and preferentially ingested adult over copepodite stages. We measured feeding rates in a planktonkreisel while simultaneously videotaping predator–prey interactions. C. quinquecirrha consumed adult A. tonsa ten times faster than copepodites. Differences in prey behavior, in the form of predator–prey encounter rates or post-encounter escape responses, could not account for the elevated feeding rates on adults. Prey size, however, had a dramatic impact on the vulnerability of copepods. In experiments using heat-killed prey, feeding rates on adults (1.5 times longer than copepodites) were 11 times higher than on copepodites. In comparison, medusae ingested heat-killed prey at only two to three times the rate of live prey. These results suggest that during scyphomedusan–copepod interactions, prey escape ability is important, but ultimately small size is a more effective refuge from predation.
Theory perspective: SCES ’05 Vienna

Abstract Over the past decades, there has been research on strongly correlated electron materials that has consistently outperformed our wildest expectations, with new discoveries and radically new theoretical insights. SCES ’05 reaffirmed this vitality. Highlight areas included parity violating superconductivity, a new, two-dimensional helium-3 “Kondo lattice” and the discovery of quantum critical ferro-electricity. I review these and many other developments, with an emphasis on open questions and prospects for the future.
Mutual Aid, State Welfare, and Organized Charity: Fraternal Societies and the “Deserving” and “Undeserving” Poor, 1900–1930

Few terms have recurred so often in the work of American social welfare historians as “deserving” (or worthy) and “undeserving” (unworthy). These concepts, of course, describe criteria employed by private and government agencies to determine eligibility for social welfare assistance. A special object of concern in the literature has been their use, in particular misuse, by charity organizations and welfare agencies during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
First Hybrid Turbulence Modeling for Turbine Blade Cooling

Introduction G AS turbines require proper cooling mechanisms to protect the airfoils from thermal stresses generated by exposure to hot combustion gases. The problem becomes aggravated by the growing trend to use higher turbine inlet temperatures to generate more power. Thus, film cooling is used as a cooling mechanism, and it works in the form of row of holes located in the spanwise direction, through which cold jets are issued into the hot crossflow. The penetration of cold jets into the main flow creates a complex flowfield. Systematic investigation of such flowfield started in late 1950s. Figure 1 shows the schematic of a single round jet injected in the crossflow at an angle α = 35 deg. The figure also describes the boundary conditions applied at different faces. Even though use of symmetry boundary condition at the hole centerline would reduce the computational time by half, its use is avoided as it prevents the possibility of capturing the unsteady asymmetric vortical flow patterns. This geometry is well accepted by the gas-turbine community and has been extensively studied1 for cooling performance for a wide range of blowing ratios, M = ρ j Vj/ρfsVfs, where ρ and V are density and normal velocity, respectively, for jet j and freestream fs. Goldstein2 correlated film cooling effectiveness η = (Tfs − T )/ (Tfs − Tj ) with the parameter x/Mb, where x is the downstream distance; M is the blowing ratio; b is the slot width; and Tfs, T , and Tj are the temperatures of crossflow, blade, and jet, respectively. Sinha et al.1 carried out experimental work to study the relationship between the fluid-thermal parameters of jet and film cooling effectiveness using a row of inclined holes. The mixing of a jet in a cross stream is a fully three-dimensional phenomenon.3 Amer et al.4 pointed out that the flow predictions are greatly affected by the selection of the turbulence model. Roy5 documented the cooling performance of 12 different arrangements of holes with a combination of blowing ratio M , distance between the holes L , and jet angle α using a upwind-biased finite volume code and standard k–ω turbulence closure model. Garg and Rigby6 resolved the plenum and hole pipes for a three-row showerhead film cooling arrangement with Wilcox’s k–ω turbulence model. Heidmann et al.7 used Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) to compute the heat transfer for a realistic turbine vane with 12 rows of film cooling holes with shaped holes and plena resolved. Though these studies provide good details of the flow, the anisotropic dynamic nature of the spanwise vortices that affect the film cooling process are more complex than that can be captured by the mixing models used in aforementioned papers. Acharya8 compared the re-
Effects of Indomethacin and Tolmetin on Furosemide-lnduced Changes in Renin Release

SummaryProstaglandin synthetase inhibitors, indomethacin and tolmetin, blocked furosemide-induced increase in renin secretion whether the furosemide was given intravenously or into the renal artery. Tolmetin and indomethacin did not affect the natriuretic, kaliuretic or calciuretic response to furosemide. Therefore, blockade of furosemide-in-duced renin release does not appear to require an alteration in sodium or calcium load at the macula densa. Thus, the site of action of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors on renin release is probably subsequent to the signal perceived by the macula densa.
Cost-effectiveness in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis: the conjunctival biopsy.

Purpose Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disease that often affects ocular structures. The definitive diagnosis of sarcoidosis requires tissue biopsy for confirmation. Conjunctival biopsy is a simple and relatively inexpensive diagnostic tool. This study was undertaken to determine the utility and cost of conjunctival biopsy for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis compared with other diagnostic biopsy sites. Methods A retrospective study was performed of all conjunctival biopsies taken for sarcoidosis at the Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1982 and 1995. All case histories were reviewed. Data regarding biopsy of tissues confirming sarcoidosis was collected. The costs of performing and evaluating all biopsy techniques were obtained from the estimating department. Results Forty-one cases of sarcoidosis were identified that had undergone conjunctival biopsies. Twenty-one patients had a positive conjunctival biopsy for sarcoidosis, and 20 patients had a negative conjunctival biopsy but a positive biopsy of another organ. In all positive biopsies, special stains for acid fast organisms and fungi were negative. Conclusions Conjunctival biopsy is a simple, relatively inexpensive procedure that may be helpful in establishing the diagnosis of sarcoidosis with a negligible complication rate. Positive results are similar for conjunctival biopsy and mediastinoscopy. About 10 patients can be evaluated with conjunctival biopsy for the cost of one patient undergoing mediastinoscopy. Multiple levels of the tissue must be examined, as distribution of the granulomas may be random. Also, bilateral conjunctival specimens should be obtained to increase the positive yield.
Spatial analysis of extension fracture systems: A process modeling approach

Little consensus exists on how best to analyze natural fracture spacings and their sequences. Field measurements and analyses published in geotechnical literature imply fracture processes radically different from those assumed by theoretical structural geologists. The approach adopted in this paper recognizes that disruption of rock layers by layer-parallel extension results in two spacing distributions, one representing layer-fragment lengths and another separation distances between fragments. These two distributions and their sequences reflect mechanics and history of fracture and separation. Such distributions and sequences, represented by a 2 × nmatrix of lengthsL,can be analyzed using a method that is history sensitive and which yields also a scalar estimate of bulk extension, e(L).The method is illustrated by a series of Monte Carlo experiments representing a variety of fracture-and-separation processes, each with distinct implications for extension history. Resulting distributions of e(L)are process-specific, suggesting that the inverse problem of deducing fracture-and-separation history from final structure may be tractable.
Adolescent dating violence: prevalence, risk factors, health outcomes, and implications for clinical practice

The goal of this synthesis is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the literature associated with dating violence in adolescence. Previous research findings on the prevalence, risk factors associated with victimization and perpetration, and potential health outcomes of dating violence are discussed. The importance of designing developmentally and culturally competent dating violence prevention and intervention strategies in the clinical setting is emphasized. This review is intended to assist health care professionals to develop interventions in their clinical settings to prevent and reduce adolescent dating violence.
The role of project management maturity and organizational culture in perceived performance

This study investigates whether project management maturity (PMM) relates to perceived organizational performance and how an organization's cultural orientation is a contributing factor. Perceived ...
Internal pressure behavior of polymers above and below the glass temperature

It has been well established in the literature that the internal pressure, Pi = (∂E/∂V)T, of a polymer in the glassy state is about half the value expected from the behavior of the polymer just above the glass temperature, Tg. Consideration of this behavior in terms of a recent analysis of factors affecting internal pressures leads to the conclusion that the expression for the total energy of a glass must include a volume-dependent stored energy term, a term not present above Tg. This stored energy could be associated with actual bond and segment deformations in the glassy state. Brittleness and solvent cracking behavior of glasses will be strongly dependent on this stored elastic energy which can be modified by altering the molding conditions under which the glass is formed.
A sequent-style model elimination strategy and a positive refinement

We present a sequent style proof system related to the MESON procedure, which is itself based on the model elimination strategy for mechanical theorem proving. The MESON procedure is attractive because it is a problem reduction format, that is, it has a goal-subgoal structure. The sequent style system based on it shares this advantage, and also has a simple declarative semantics and soundness proof. A refinement of the sequent style system tends to produce shorter sequents and may facilitate the use of the MESON procedure with caching of solutions to subgoals to avoid repeated work on the same subgoal. In the MESON procedure, a goal is marked ‘contradicted’ and considered to be solved, if an ancestor goal is complementary to it. In the positive refinement, only the positive goals need to be checked for contradiction in this way. This means that if a list of ancestor goals is kept with each goal, it is only necessary to store the negative ancestor goals, since these are the only ones that need to be examined in testing if a positive goal is contradicted. Similar restrictions on the reduction operation of model elimination are possible.
Size and shape of the mandibular condyle in primates

The relationships between the size of the articular surface of the mandibular condyle and masticatory muscle size, tooth size, diet, and biomechanical variables associated with mastication were studied by taking 12 measurements on skulls of 253 adult female anthropoid primates, including three to ten specimens from each of 32 species. In regressions of condylar length, width, or area against body weight, logarithmic transformations substantially improve the fit of the equations compared with untransformed data. There is a strong relationship betwden condylar measurements and body weight, with all correlations being .94 or higher. The slopes of the allometric regressions of length, width, and area of the condylar head indicate slight positive allometry with body size. Folivorous primates have smaller condyles than frugivorous primates, and colobines have smaller condyles than cebids, cercopithecines, or hominoids. When colobines are eliminated, the differences between frugivores and folivores are not significant. However, the two species with the relatively largest condyles are Pongo pygmaeus and Cercocebus torquatus, suggesting that there may be a relationship between unusually large condylar dimensions and the ability to crak hard nuts between the teeth. Cranial features having strong positive correlations with condylar dimensions include facial prognathism, maxillary incisor size, maxillar postcanine area, mandibular ramus breadth, and temporal fossa area. These data are interpreted as indicating that relatively large condyles are associated with relatively large masticatory muscles, relatively inefficient mandibular biomechanics, and a large dentition. These relationships support the growing evidence that the temporomandibular joint is a stress-bearing joint in normal function.
Electrokinetic remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils under reducing environments

Abstract This paper describes the migration of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), nickel, Ni(II), and cadmium, Cd(II), in clayey soils that contain different reducing agents under an induced electric potential. Bench-scale electrokinetic experiments were conducted using two different clays, kaolin and glacial till, both with and without a reducing agent. The reducing agent used was either humic acid, ferrous iron, or sulfide, in a concentration of 1000 mg/kg. These soils were then spiked with Cr(VI), Ni(II), and Cd(II) in concentrations of 1000, 500 and 250 mg/kg, respectively, and tested under an induced electric potential of 1 VDC/cm for a duration of over 200 h. The reduction of chromium from Cr(VI) to Cr(III) occurred prior to electrokinetic treatment. The extent of this Cr(VI) reduction was found to be dependent on the type and amount of reducing agents present in the soil. The maximum reduction occurred in the presence of sulfides, while the minimum reduction occurred in the presence of humic acid. The concentration profiles in both soils following electrokinetic treatment showed that Cr(VI) migration was retarded significantly in the presence of sulfides due both to the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) as well as an increase in soil pH. This low migration of chromium is attributed to: (1) migration of Cr(VI) and the reduced Cr(III) fraction in opposite directions, (2) low Cr(III) migration due to adsorption and precipitation in high pH regions near the cathode in kaolin and throughout the glacial till, and (3) low Cr(VI) migration due to adsorption in low pH regions near the anode in both soils. Ni(II) and Cd(II) migrated towards the cathode in kaolin; however, the migration was significantly retarded in the presence of sulfides due to increased pH through most of the soil. Initial high pH conditions within the glacial till resulted in Ni(II) and Cd(II) precipitation, so the effects of reducing agenets were inconsequential. Overall, this study demonstrated that the reducing agents, particularly sulfides, in soils may affect redox chemistry and soil pH, ultimately affecting the electrokinetic remediation process.
Facets of psychopathy in relation to potentially traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder among female prisoners: the mediating role of borderline personality disorder traits.

Despite the high prevalence of trauma exposure in female prisoners, few studies have examined the link between psychopathy and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)—or the potential mediating role of borderline personality disorder traits. Using a sample of incarcerated women, we identified differential associations across facets of psychopathy, as assessed via the Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL–R; R. D. Hare, 2003), with potentially traumatic events (PTE) and symptoms of PTSD. Specifically, the Interpersonal and Affective facets were unrelated to both PTE and PTSD, while the Lifestyle and Antisocial facets were each associated with PTE and the Antisocial facet was uniquely associated with PTSD symptoms. Borderline personality disorder traits fully accounted for the association between the Antisocial facet and both PTE and PTSD, while the Lifestyle facet contributed incrementally to the prediction of PTE. The findings clarify linkages among psychopathy, trauma, PTSD, and borderline personality disorder traits, and extend our understanding of the clinical presentation of psychopathy in women.
Frequent consumption of milk, yogurt, cold breakfast cereals, peppers, and cruciferous vegetables and intakes of dietary folate and riboflavin but not vitamins B-12 and B-6 are inversely associated with serum total homocysteine concentrations in the US population

BACKGROUND Elevated circulating total homocysteine (tHcy) is an independent risk factor for vascular diseases. OBJECTIVE We investigated the relation between dietary intakes and serum tHcy in the US population. DESIGN Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) were used to investigate the associations between food consumption frequency and dietary B vitamin intakes and serum tHcy in 5996 persons. RESULTS Multivariate-adjusted tHcy concentrations were approximately 15.2% higher in subjects who never consumed milk than in those who consumed milk >30 times/mo, approximately 6.4% higher in subjects who never consumed yogurt than in those who consumed yogurt >15 times/mo, approximately 7.4% higher in subjects who never consumed cold breakfast cereals than in those who consumed cold breakfast cereals >30 times/mo, approximately 6.3% higher in subjects who never consumed peppers (includes red, yellow, green, and hot chili peppers) than in those who consumed peppers >30 times/mo, and approximately 16.5% higher in subjects who never consumed cruciferous vegetables than in those who consumed cruciferous vegetables >30 times/mo. Consumption of citrus fruit and juices, cheese, meats, coffee, or tea had no significant association with tHcy. Folate (beta=-0.0017, P for trend=0.004) and riboflavin (beta=-0.2851, P for trend=0.027), but not vitamin B-6 (beta=0.0505, P for trend=0.70) and cobalamin (beta=-0.0035, P for trend=0.58), were inversely related to serum tHcy after adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSIONS In this population-based study, milk, yogurt, cold breakfast cereals, peppers, and cruciferous vegetables were inversely related to serum tHcy. This association may be explained by increased intakes of folate and riboflavin.
Endotoxin and interleukin-1 decrease hepatic lipase mRNA levels

Abstract The acute phase response induces a multitude of changes in lipoprotein metabolism including hypertriglyceridemia, triglyceride enriched LDL, and decreased HDL levels accompanied by changes in HDL composition including increased free cholesterol and triglycerides and a decrease in esterified cholesterol. Here we demonstrate that endotoxin (LPS) induces a 56% decrease in hepatic lipase activity in liver and a 45% decrease in hepatic lipase activity in post heparin plasma in Syrian hamsters. LPS treatment also produces a marked decrease in hepatic lipase mRNA levels in the liver. Half maximal reduction in hepatic lipase mRNA levels occurred at ≈0.2 μg LPS/100 g BW with a maximal decrease at 1.0 μg/100 g BW (>90% decrease), indicating that inhibition of hepatic lipase is a sensitive host response to LPS. Additionally, IL-1 produced a marked decrease in hepatic lipase mRNA levels while TNF had no effect. Moreover, IL-1 treatment of HepG2 cells in vitro also decreased hepatic lipase mRNA levels suggesting that IL-1 can directly regulate hepatic lipase expression in liver cells. LPS decreased hepatic lipase mRNA levels in control as well as IL-1 type 1 receptor deficient mice indicating that IL-1 action is not absolutely essential and that several cytokines and/or small molecular mediators can regulate hepatic lipase during the acute phase response. The LPS and IL-1 induced decrease in hepatic lipase could have several consequences including decreasing the clearance of triglyceride rich lipoprotein particles and producing an increase in triglyceride rich HDL. The decrease in hepatic lipase activity and mRNA levels may be part of a series of coordinated changes in lipoprotein metabolism that occur during the acute phase response. These changes may be initially beneficial to the host but if present for an extended period may be proatherogenic.
PATHOBIOLOGY OF H5N2 MEXICAN AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTIONS OF CHICKENS

To determine the association between specific structural changes in the hemagglutinin gene and pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), groups of 4-week-old White Plymouth Rock chickens were inoculated intravenously or intranasally with AIVs of varying pathogenicities isolated from chickens in central Mexico during 1994-1995. Mildly pathogenic (MP) viruses had a common hemagglutinin-connecting peptide sequence of Pro-Gln-Arg-Glu-Thr-Arg decreases Gly and had restricted capability for replication and production of lesions in tissues. The principle targets for virus replication or lesion production were the lungs, lymphoid organs, and visceral organs containing epithelial cells, such as kidney and pancreas. Death was associated with respiratory and/or renal failure. By contrast, highly pathogenic (HP) AIVs had one substitution and the addition of two basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin connecting peptide, for a sequence of Pro-Gln-Arg-Lys-Arg-Lys-Thr-Arg decreases Gly. The HP AIVs were pantropic in virus replication and lesion production ability. However, the most severe histologic lesions were produced in the brain, heart, adrenal glands, and pancreas, and failure of multiple critical organs was responsible for disease pathogenesis and death. No differences in lesion distribution patterns or in sites of AIV replication were evident to explain the variation in mortality rates for different HP AIVs, but HP AIVs that produced the highest mortality rates had more severe necrosis in heart and pancreas. The ability of individual HP AIVs to produce low or high mortality rates could not be explained by changes in sequence of the hemagglutinin-connecting peptide alone, but probably required the addition of other undetermined genomic changes.
The graphic cell method: a new look at digitizing geologic maps

Abstract The graphic cell method is an alternative method of digitizing areal geologic information. It involves a discrete-point sampling scheme in which the computer establishes a matrix of cells over the map. Each cell and the whole cell is assigned the identity or value of the geologic information that is recognized at its center. Cell size may be changed to suit the needs of the user. The computer program resolves the matrix and identifies potential errors such as multiple assignments. Input includes the digitized boundaries of each geologic formation. This method should eliminate a primary bottleneck in the creation and testing of geomathematical models in such disciplines as resource appraisal.
Personal contemporary observations of nursing care in Saudi Arabia

Observations were made of the Saudi Arabian health-care delivery system, in regards to nursing care and the relationship between service provider and client. Current challenges facing the health-care system were also examined to determine how they affect nursing practice.
Analysis of Source Localization in Reverberant Environments

Several source localization algorithms have been proposed in the literature for acoustical source localization. Many of these algorithms make use of the generalized cross correlation (GCC). In order to facilitate the comparison between algorithms, the properties of the GCC should be as well understood as possible. In this work, it will be shown that by changing the assumptions on the signal, a more accurate model of the GCC can be obtained. This model will be used in several scenarios to compare localization algorithms
Evidence that ORF3 at the Streptococcus parasanguis fimA locus encodes a thiol-specific antioxidant.

Streptococcus parasanguis is a primary colonizer of dental plaque and a major player in subacute bacterial endocarditis. In the present study, the authors report that an ORF (ORF3) located 77 bp downstream of the fimA operon on the S. parasanguis FW213 chromosome complements an Escherichia coli thiol peroxidase (tpx) mutation in glutamine synthetase (GS) protection assays and that GS is protected by the ORF3 gene product in S. parasanguis cell extracts. In addition, the putative streptococcal peroxidase (TpxSp) protects S. parasanguis from stress caused by H2O2 and is induced by oxygen, as revealed by Northern blot analysis. Taken collectively, these findings support a thiol-dependent antioxidant activity for Tpx in S. parasanguis.
Development of the SRK/T intraocular lens implant power calculation formula

A new implant power calculation formula (SRK/T) was developed using the nonlinear terms of the theoretical formulas as its foundation but empirical regression methodology for optimization. Postoperative anterior chamber depth prediction, retinal thickness axial length correction, and corneal refractive index were systematically and interactively optimized using an iterative process on five data sets consisting of 1,677 posterior chamber lens cases. The new SRK/T formula performed slightly better than the Holladay, SRK II, Binkhorst, and Hoffer formulas, which was the expected result as any formula performs superiorly with the data from which it was derived. Comparative accuracy of this formula upon independent data sets is addressed in a follow-up report. The formula derived provides a primarily theoretical approach under the SRK umbrella of formulas and has the added advantage of being calculable using either SRK A-constants that have been empirically derived over the last nine years or using anterior chamber depth estimates.
Active and passive techniques for group size estimation in large-scale and dynamic distributed systems

This paper presents two solutions to a distributed statistic collection problem, called Group Size Estimation. These algorithms are intended for large-scale and dynamic distributed systems such as Grids, peer-to-peer overlays, etc. Each algorithm estimates (both in a one-shot and continuous manner) the number of non-faulty processes present in the global group. The first active scheme samples receipt times of gossip messages, while the second passive scheme calculates the density of process identifiers when hashed to a real interval. Our analysis, trace-driven simulation and deployment on a 33-node Linux cluster study and compare the latencies, scalability, and accuracy of these schemes.