cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detecting Driveable Area for Autonomous Vehicles.

Autonomous driving is a challenging problem where there is currently an intense focus on research and development. Human drivers are forced to make thousands of complex decisions in a short amount of time,quickly processing their surroundings and moving factors. One of these aspects, recognizing regions on the road that are driveable is vital to the success of any autonomous system. This problem can be addressed with deep learning framed as a region proposal problem. Utilizing a Mask R-CNN trained on the Berkeley Deep Drive (BDD100k) dataset, we aim to see if recognizing driveable areas, while also differentiating between the car's direct (current) lane and alternative lanes is feasible.
Automating sleep stage classification using wireless, wearable sensors

Polysomnography (PSG) is the current gold standard in high-resolution sleep monitoring; however, this method is obtrusive, expensive, and time-consuming. Conversely, commercially available wrist monitors such as ActiWatch can monitor sleep for multiple days and at low cost, but often overestimate sleep and cannot differentiate between sleep stages, such as rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM. Wireless wearable sensors are a promising alternative for their portability and access to high-resolution data for customizable analytics. We present a multimodal sensor system measuring hand acceleration, electrocardiography, and distal skin temperature that outperforms the ActiWatch, detecting wake and sleep with a recall of 74.4% and 90.0%, respectively, as well as wake, non-REM, and REM with recall of 73.3%, 59.0%, and 56.0%, respectively. This approach will enable clinicians and researchers to more easily, accurately, and inexpensively assess long-term sleep patterns, diagnose sleep disorders, and monitor risk factors for disease in both laboratory and home settings.
Advanced Applications in an Advanced Distribution Management System: Essentials for Implementation and Integration

For more than a decade, the distribution utility industry has recognized and increasingly accepted the concept of an advanced distribution management system (ADMS). In a nutshell, an ADMS combines the functional domains of distribution supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, the outage management system, switching management, and distribution network analysis and optimization into a single seamless system. The distribution network analysis and optimization functions are referred to as advanced applications. However, surprisingly few distribution utilities have successfully implemented an ADMS with advanced applications. Even fewer have system operators making full use of such applications. Numerous small-scale pilot projects have been executed and completed where the value of such advanced applications as fault location isolation and service restoration (FLISR) and integrated volt/volt-ampere reactive optimization (IVVO) have been positively confirmed. Successful systemwide operational deployments of advanced applications, however, are much less common. There are multiple reasons for this, including insufficient numerical robustness of advanced applications to provide solutions under a wide variety of system conditions. Other reasons include model-magnitude, complexity, and data-quality issues.
Patient and Care Delivery Characteristics Associated With Harm From Neuromuscular Blockade

Objectives To identify the prevalence of and evaluate factors associated with down-titration of sedation in patients receiving neuromuscular blockade. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary care teaching hospital in Boston, MA. Patients All patients over 18 years old admitted to the medical, surgical, or cardiac ICUs from 2013 to 2016, and who received cisatracurium for at least 24 hours. Interventions We examined patients for whom sedation was decreased despite accompanying ongoing neuromuscular blockade administration. Measurements and Main Results Of the 300 patients who met inclusion criteria (39% female, mean age of 57 yr old), 168 (56%) had sedation down-titrated while receiving neuromuscular blockade with a mean decrease in sedation dose of 18.7%. Factors associated with down-titration of sedation were bispectral index usage (90/168 [53.6%] vs 50/168 [29.8%] patients; p < 0.01; odds ratio, 1.82; 1.12-2.94), and bolus dose of neuromuscular blockade prior to continuous infusion (138/168 [82.1%] vs 79/168 [47.0%] patients; p < 0.0001). Conclusions Down-titration of sedation among mechanically ventilated patients receiving neuromuscular blockade was common and was correlated with bispectral index monitor usage. Clinicians should be aware of the limitations of quantitative electroencephalography monitoring devices and recognize their potential to cause inappropriate down-titration of sedation. Substantial opportunity exists to improve the quality of care of patients receiving neuromuscular blockade through development of guidelines and standardized care pathways.
Position Review: Functional Selectivity in Mammalian Olfactory Receptors.

There is increasing appreciation that G protein coupled receptors can initiate diverse cellular responses by activating multiple G proteins, arrestins, and other biochemical effectors. Structurally different ligands targeting the same receptor are thought to stabilize the receptor in multiple distinct active conformations such that specific subsets of signaling effectors are engaged at the exclusion of others, creating bias towards a particular outcome, which has been referred to as ligand-induced selective signaling, biased agonism, ligand-directed signaling, and functional selectivity, among others. The potential involvement of functional selectivity in mammalian olfactory signal transduction has received little attention, notwithstanding the fact that mammalian olfactory receptors comprise the largest family of mammalian G protein coupled receptors. This position review considers the possibility that while such complexity in G protein function may have been lost in the specialization of olfactory receptors to serve as sensory receptors, the ability of olfactory receptor neurons to function as signal integrators and growing appreciation that this functionality is widespread in the receptor population suggest otherwise. We pose that functional selectivity driving two, opponent inputs has the potential to generate an output that reflects the balance of ligand-dependent signaling, the direction of which could be either suppressive or synergistic, and as such needs to be considered as a mechanistic basis for signal integration in mammalian olfactory receptor neurons.
Impact of specific combat experiences on suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in U.S. military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study.

Abstract Background A burgeoning body of research suggests that specific types of combat experiences may be a stronger predictor of suicidality among veterans than a history of combat exposure itself. To date, however, little population-based data exist about these associations in representative samples of veterans. This study examined the association between overall severity of combat exposure and specific combat experiences with suicidal ideation and suicide attempt(s) (SI/SA) in a nationally representative sample of combat veterans. Methods Data were from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, a nationally representative survey of U.S. combat veterans (n = 1100). Analyses (a) compared veterans with/without current SI and lifetime SA on sociodemographic, military, and clinical characteristics; and (b) examined associations between overall combat exposure and specific combat experiences, and SI/SA. Results Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that overall combat exposure was positively, albeit weakly, associated with SI/SA, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and lifetime trauma burden [odds ratios (ORs) = 1.02–1.03]. Combat experiences involving direct exposure to death, killing, or grave injury were independently associated with SI/SA (ORs = 1.46–1.70), whereas several general combat experiences (e.g., combat patrols) were negatively associated with SI/SA (ORs = 0.44–0.65). Discussion Results indicate that U.S. combat veterans who have witnessed others be killed or wounded in combat are at substantially higher risk for SI/SA relative to those without such histories. Collectively, findings suggest that combat exposure, when examined as an aggregate severity measure, may yield a poor prognostication of suicide risk, as it may be insufficiently sensitive to detect the effects of specific combat-related experiences.
Monolithically Fabricated Subwavelength Grating Filters for O-Band MUX/DEMUX Applications

We demonstrate low loss (−1.2dB), high extinction ratio (−30dB) and single-source thermal tunability of the first silicon add/drop subwavelength grating filters fabricated at a CMOS foundry, using a commercial, monolithic silicon photonics technology from GlobalFoundries.
Evaluation of image segmentation techniques for image-based rock property estimation

Abstract Accurate characterization of rock and fluid properties in porous media using X-ray imaging techniques depends on reliable identification and segmentation of the involved phases. Segmentation is critical for the estimation of porosity, fluid saturations, fluid and rock topology, and pore connectivity, among other pore-scale properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of different image segmentation techniques when applied to image data analysis in porous media. Two machine learning based segmentation techniques – a supervised ML technique called Fast Random Forest, and an unsupervised method combining k-means and fuzzy c-means clustering algorithms – were compared using an experimental data set. Comparisons are also presented against traditional thresholding segmentation. In addition, we discuss the potential and limitations of applying deep learning based segmentation algorithms. The performance of the segmentation techniques were compared on estimates of porosity, saturation, and surface area, as well as pore-scale estimates such as fluid-fluid interfacial areas, and Euler characteristic. X-ray micro-computed tomography images for a sintered glass frit, saturated with two-phases (air and brine), were acquired at two different voxel resolutions. The high-resolution images (6 μm) were used as the benchmark case, while the low-resolution images (18 μm) were segmented by three segmentation techniques: Fast Random Forest, clustering, and thresholding. The results for porosity and phase saturation from thresholding and from the supervised ML method (i.e. Fast Random Forest) were found to be close to the benchmark case. Segmentation results from the unsupervised ML method (i.e. clustering) were largely unsatisfactory, except for total surface area measurements. The supervised ML segmentation results provided better measurements for air-brine interfacial areas by capturing three-phase interfacial regions. Also, all segmentation techniques resulted in similar measurements for air-phase Euler characteristic confirming poor connectivity of the trapped air phase, although the closest results were obtained by the supervised ML method. Finally, despite the supervised ML segmentation technique being more computationally intensive, it was found to require less user intervention and its implementation was more straightforward. In summary, this work provides insights into different segmentation techniques, their implementation, as well as advantages and limitations with regards to quantitative analysis of pore-scale properties in saturated porous media.
Speak No Evil : Talking Race as an African American in Music Education

In this chapter, the author consciousness of the music education profession by sharing her own personal stories, illustrating how specific structures and social actors in ones profession perpetuate and "legitimize an oppressive social order". She illuminates how structures within the music education profession and some of its social actors silence particular voices while applauding others. The author believes that these instances are vivid testaments of my indecisiveness, concern, and psychological grappling with speaking race. she suggests that PWIs not only employ and recruit more African American professors and students, but also immediately reflect on how their environments, decisions, and actions may devalue or discount Africans Americans. For centuries, African Americans have communicated their journey toward achieving equity and social justice in America by displaying their stories in their art, dance, literature, and song. As D. Bradley highlighted, several obstacles contribute to the difficulty of speaking race, including colonialization, institutionalized Whiteness, and managing pluralistic platforms.
Sonic Pipelines at the Seafloor

How did the offshore oil industry develop the means to image the seafloor with photographic precision? What are the stakes of producing images through processes that simultaneously produce carcasses? This essay addresses these questions by charting the ambivalent history of reflection seismology from the 1940s to the present day. In the postwar era, when offshore drilling was just emerging, companies like Union Oil, Shell Oil, Macco Corporation, and affiliated researchers were key actors in the development of offshore prospecting techniques. From wire sounding technologies like the soundfish to modern airgun surveys, the hunt for energy resources paved the way for high-resolution imaging of the ocean floor, despite devastating ecological casualties. Drawing from sound studies scholarship in addition to interviews and oceanographic records, this essay focuses on how petroleum surveys have affected the material space of their interventions. In particular, I theorize the survey as a distinct framework for knowledge that privileges comprehensive and continuous information feeds. I contend that the repeated bias toward frictionless signal in combination with discourses of energy security has obscured and even justified the harmful ecological impacts of reflection seismology on ocean environments. Ultimately, I argue that rather than starting with the visual abstractions of survey maps and seismic images, attention must be returned to the violent sonic “bangs” of surveying—a recurring event that is inseparable from the nonhuman and environmental agencies, casualties, and affects that co-constitute the media-making process.
Laser-excited raman spectroscopy of biomolecules. IV. Thermal denaturation of aqueous lysozyme.

Abstract Laser-Raman spectra of native lysozyme in aqueous solution (7%, pH 5, 0.1 M NaCl) have been observed in the temperature range 32–76°C. In this range there is very little quantitative change in the spectra, from which the conclusion is drawn that any conformational change in the native structure is confined mainly to the sidechains. The disulfide bonds are intact at 76°C. If the protein solution is heated for 2 h at 100°C, the resultant irreversible denaturation produces a gel whose Raman spectrum at 32°C shows differences from that of the native protein, particularly in the amide I, amide III and disulfide regions. These are such as to imply a disordering of the polypeptide backbone, including changes in its conformation near the disulfide cross-links. At most, only one of the four disulfide bonds disappears with this treatment, though the data are consistent with no loss of bonds, but with a substantial alteration in their geometries.
Undocumented and Under Surveillance

Using data collected from a larger qualitative study that explored the educational trajectories of young women of color with disabilities through the School to Prison Pipeline, this empirical case study focuses on how one student’s undocumented status impacted her education in juvenile justice. Research has begun to provide us with statistics about the Pipeline; however, there is still very little known about the actual experiences of students. Using a combination of interviews, observations, and document analysis, I collaborated with an undocumented Latina labeled with an emotional disability to share how her intersectional identities impacted her experiences juvenile justice.
Product of a transferred H-2Ld gene acts as restriction element for LCMV-specific killer T cells

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the mouse, H–2 on chromosome 17, contains several families of genes encoding cell-surface molecules which have a role in mediating immune responses1,2. The class I genes encode a family of homologous membrane proteins including the transplantation antigens K, D and L. These antigens reflect extensive genetic polymorphism which is apparent in the many different class I gene constellations or haplotypes found in mice (for example, BALB/c mice exhibit the H–2d haplotype and their class I molecules are denoted Kd, DD and Ld). Transplantation antigens serve as targets for T-cell killing in allogeneic immune responses such as in vivo graft rejection3 and destruction of allogeneic cells by cytotoxic T cells in vitro4. However, the physiological role of transplantation antigens may be to serve as restricting elements in virus-mediated T-cell killing of infected self cells. Virus infection of mice generates killer T cells whose receptors must interact with the foreign viral antigen and a class I molecule or restricting element for the cytotoxic effector function to be activated5,6. Thus the T-cell receptor recognizes the viral antigen in the context of a class I molecule. To study the interaction between the T-cell receptor and the class I restricting element, we have used the mouse L-cell transformant 8–5 which expresses Ld molecules7 and the K7-65 transformant expressing K molecules (R.S.G. et al., in preparation). Mouse L cells are fibroblasts derived from C3H mice of H–2k haplotype and monoclonal antibodies can be used to distinguish H–2d molecules from the endogenous H–2k products. Recently, we have demonstrated that both Ld (ref. 8) and Kd molecules (unpublished data) expressed on transformed L cells can act as target antigens for alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Here we show that the Ld molecule on transformed mouse L cells can serve as a restricting element in lymphocytic choriomeningiris virus (LCMV) infection, whereas its Kd counterpart cannot.
The POLPSA lesion: MR imaging findings with arthroscopic correlation in patients with posterior instability.

Objective. To evaluate the features of the posterior labrocapsular periosteal sleeve avulsion (POLPSA) lesion on MR imaging in athletes with posterior shoulder instability. Design and patients. Six male athletes (age range 19–43 years) with avulsion of the posterior glenoid periosteum were identified on MR imaging. There were four football players, one wrestler, and one competitive weightlifter. The weightlifter had a bilateral condition so that seven shoulders were evaluated. MR imaging was performed with a 1.5 T magnet utilizing conventional and fat-saturated fast spin-echo coronal oblique and sagittal oblique sequences and a 3D-GRE transaxial sequence. Surgical correlation was available in all shoulders. Results. All patients presented with pain and a joint effusion. The size of the periosteal sleeve and redundant joint recess was variable. Fibrous proliferation was noted arthroscopically in four shoulders beneath the sleeve. Although the posterior labrum was detached in all studies, only one labrum had a tear while two showed marked degeneration. Conclusion. The POLPSA lesion is an abnormality that can be associated with posterior instability. It differs from a reverse Bankart lesion because the periosteum, although detached, remains intact with the posterior capsule and detached posterior labrum. This lesion may represent an acute form of a Bennett lesion.
Understanding American policy towards the decolonization of European empires, 1945–64

(1992). Understanding American policy towards the decolonization of European empires, 1945–64. Diplomacy & Statecraft: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 105-125.
Abrogation of T cell homing by alloantibody: A new mechanism of immunological enhancement

Utilizing a dual isotope assay, the effect of passively transferred enhancing alloantibody on the specific accumulation of cytotoxic T cells in murine skin allografts were examined. (C57BL/6 x A/J)F1 (B6AF1) mice hyperimmunized with weekly injections of B10.D2 and B10.BR lymphoid cells served as a source of anti-B10.D2 and anti-B10.BR alloantibody. Intraperitoneal injections of alloantibody in B6AF1 hosts on days 0,2, and 4 significantly prolonged skin allograft survival. Dually skin allografted B6AF1 mice with or without the administration of enhancing alloantibody received differentially labeled (3H/14C) cytotoxic T cells on day 5. On day 7, a "homing index" derived from the comparison of 3H to 14C ratios was calculated for the skin allografts and draining axillary lymph nodes of each mouse. In unenhanced, normal mice significant preferential homing of cytotoxic T cells to skin allografts was demonstrated. However, enhanced mice receiving cytotoxic T cells had significantly dimished homing to skin allografts. Preferential localization of effector cells to the draining axillary lymph nodes was not present in either unenhanced or enhanced mice. These data demonstrate that enhancing alloantibody interferes with the specific accumulation of cytotoxic T cells in skin allografts and may be an important previously undescribed mechanism of immunological enhancement.
Permitting a new mine: Insights from the community debate

Abstract When a mining company selects a site for development, the company begins a dialogue with the local community about receiving the necessary approvals for the mining permits. The dialogue focuses on how well the company can use science and technology to manage risk to the local environment, and on how much economic benefit will be gained by the local community for accepting the risk. A useful approach to better understand how the debate affects the outcome of the permitting effort is to use the method of “discourse communities and analysis”. This paper analyzes two efforts by Kennecott (Rio Tinto) and one by Exxon to develop base metal mine sites in the Upper Midwest of the USA. As the three case studies show, the local pro- and anti-mining discourse community members will not be changing their basic positions as the permitting of a new mine is debated. Accordingly, both communities are trying to convince undecided stakeholders rather than talking to each other. Both sides are using ever more sophisticated media methods to communicate their message to the undecided residents of the community. By winning the support of the majority of the undecided residents, political pressure can be used to sway the decision.
Differential effect of glutamate receptor blockade on dendritic outgrowth in chicken lumbar motoneurons

Abstract Glutamate receptor-mediated changes in intracellular Ca2+ may have important implications for activity-dependent regulation of early embryonic development. NMDA receptors were originally considered to be the sole source of glutamate-mediated Ca2+ influx. However, AMPA receptors lacking the GluR2 subunit also allow a significant influx of Ca2+ ions. Although Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors are a familiar feature in developing neurons, the developmental function of these receptors during the formation of the nervous system remains to be established. Previously, we have demonstrated that chicken lumbar motoneurons express Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors at embryonic day (E) 6. The Ca2+ permeability of AMPA receptors decreases three-fold by E11. In this study we explored the role of transiently expressed Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors in regulating the dendritic morphology of developing motoneurons in ovo. The AMPA receptor blocker CNQX (1 mg/day), when applied between E5 and E8, causes a significant increase in dendritic outgrowth and branching as compared with vehicle-treated embryos. Inhibition of NMDA receptor activity with MK-801 (100 μg/day) during this period has no effect on dendritic morphology. Treatment of chicken embryos with CNQX between E8 and E11 (when most receptors become Ca2+-impermeable) has no significant effect on dendritic morphology. However, MK-801 application between E8 and E11 causes a significant reduction in dendritic length and branching. These findings indicate that AMPA receptor activation between E5 and E8 limits dendritic outgrowth in developing motoneurons, whereas NMDA receptor activation is involved in dendritic remodeling after the establishment of synaptic contacts with sensory afferents.
Devolution and the transformation of community housing activism

Abstract Devolving affordable housing policies in the United States has altered urban community collective action. This article employs a political opportunity structure (POS) approach to assess the impact of devolution on community activism styles on the Lower East Side of New York City. The case study examines three phases of federalism and finds that devolution results in dispersed housing and community development decision making, and shifts responsibilities to the non-profit sector. The resulting structures encourage community group competition, shrinkage or elimination of smaller community based organizations (CBOs) and growth of professionalized community development corporations (CDCs). The article challenges the POS notion that decentralization enhances political access. American devolution produces contest federalism; competitive non-profit housing development produces winners and losers, and inhibits collective action.
Variation of nuclear magnetic shielding of 19F with intermolecular interactions and rovibrational motion in fluoroethanes

Abstract The density and temperature dependence of 19 F shielding in CF 3 CH 3 , CF 2 HCH 3 , CF 3 CF 3 , and CF 3 CF 2 Cl is reported in the following form: σ ( T , ϱ ) = σ 0 ( T ) + σ 1 ( T ) ϱ + …. The temperature dependence of σ 0 ( T ), the 19 F nuclear magnetic shielding in the limit of the isolated molecule, is due to rovibrational averaging and is more pronounced for F in the fluoroethanes than in comparable electronic environments in fluoromethanes. Intermolecular effects on shielding due to binary molecular interactions are studied in dilute gas, and the excess shielding in the liquid phase due to many-body contributions is obtained from gas-to-liquid shifts. Pairwise interactions lead to deshielding in all 19 F environments; the deshielding effect is greater for molecules with more hydrogens. In liquid, many-body interactions lead to increased shielding so that the 19 F nucleus in the liquid phase is somewhat less deshielded than might be expected from extrapolation of the gas-phase results to liquid densities.
Computational Experiments for Science Education

Scanning tunneling microscopy simulation. Using MW's quantum dynamics engine, the tunneling cur- rent from the probe tip to an atom sitting at the surface of a substrate is dynamically visualized. The electron wave is colored by the phase.
Production of Atomic Rays and of Cosmic Rays in Supernovae

A. Supernovae. - Several years ago, Baade and I made the following suggestions [1]: (1) A class of very rare temporary stars exists, some of whose major physical properties are similar to those of common novae, but in a superlative degree. We proposed that the new stars might appropriately be called supernovae. (2) Supernovae are an origin of the cosmic rays. Our first problem obviously was to locate as many active supernovae as possible in order to prove the correctness of assertion (1). Through the discovery of nine supernovae [2] with the Schmidt Telescope on Palomar Mountain, the solution of this problem has now reached a stage of completeness which is sufficient to allow us to turn our attention to assertion (2). We therefore proceed to outline some of the general processes which presumably take place in supernovae and which are capable of producing cosmic rays as well as atomic rays of high energy.
Intradural extension of a sacrococcygeal teratoma

Abstract Intradural extension of a sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is extremely rare and only well-documented in presacral tumors that have been associated with a familial history, anorectal stenosis, and sacral dysraphism. This case documents the extension of a type I SCT into the dural sac with attachment to the filum terminale. A full-term female was transferred to our tertiary newborn intensive care unit with a sacral mass measuring 12 × 13 cm. It protruded from the buttocks and displaced the anus anteriorly. Rectal examination showed no presacral component. Radiographs demonstrated calcification in the soft tissue mass and a normalappearing sacrum with the last sacral segment not visualized. At operation during dissection of the cephalad component, the SCT extended into the spinal canal. Neurosurgical consultation resulted in a sacral laminectomy which revealed the tumor to be attached to the tip of the filum terminale. The tumor was removed in toto with all sacral roots preserved. The infant required a second operation to revise a wound dehiscence and suspected cerebrospinal fluid leak. The final pathology report was benign SCT. Follow-up at 2 years showed no recurrence, normal sphincter tone, and a normal computed tomography scan. This represents the first well-documented intradural extension of a Type I SCT with attachment to the spinal cord. This extremely rare occurrence requires awareness with the availability of neurosurgical support to expedite operative management.
Controller performance assessment by frequency domain techniques

Abstract A system identification based method for assessing the performance of closed-loop systems is proposed, utilizing measures which coincide naturally with classical and modern frequency domain design specifications. Standard robust control system design methodologies seek to maximize closed-loop performance, subject to strict robustness requirements and include specifications for bandwidth and peak magnitude of the sensitivity and complementary sensitivity functions. Estimates of these transfer functions can be obtained by exciting the reference input with a zero mean, pseudo random binary sequence, observing the process output and error response, and developing a closed-loop model. Performance assessment is based on the comparison between the observed frequency response characteristics and the design specifications. Selection of appropriate model structures, experiment design, and model validation which will ensure reasonable estimates of the closed-loop transfer functions are considered in this paper. A case study involving the performance assessment of a packed bed tubular reactor control system is presented.
Reflection of Women’s Status in Speech Frequency: A Four-Culture Study:

The premises of this investigation were rooted in two cross-cultural trends: variation in male dominance (and thus in women’s overall position) and the typically strong domestic status of women. In a four-culture study built around these regularities, this article’s goal was to discover whether women’s speech frequency in the home setting—that is, in the sphere of their greatest influence—would be affected by their gender status. It was found that overall higher status for women was accompanied by greater relative frequency of speaking by mothers (vis-a-vis fathers). Also, mothers were the most frequent speakers among 12 different classes of speakers (mothers, teen males, etc.) in three of the samples, but fathers spoke most frequently among Kenyan Logoli, where women’s gender status was the lowest. The results may provide an impetus to further sociolinguistic research on speech in the home setting.
Psyllium and methylcellulose fermentation properties in relation to insoluble and soluble fiber standards

Abstract Psyllium (two husk sizes), methylcellulose (three viscosity grades), pectin, and Solka Floc ® were fermented in vitro with human fecal inoculum for 4, 12, and 24 h to assess organic matter disappearance (OMD), short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and gas production and composition. Substrate OMD was greatest for pectin following by methylcellulose, psyllium, and Solka Floc ® . Pectin fermentation produced the highest total SCFA followed by psyllium, Solka Floc ® , and methylcellulose. Total gas production correlated well with SCFA production and ranged from 108.1 (pectin) to 0.57 (methylcellulose 15) mL/g OM. Differences in SCFA and gas production may affect clinical properties; therefore, fermentative characteristics of fibrous ingredients should be considered when evaluating the fiber sources for supplementation purposes.
Restructuring for Resilience

Economic crisis is compounded when structural change is amplified by cyclical downturns. Many governments respond to this situation by focusing policy initiatives on technology and innovation as a way to generate economic growth. These initiatives often result in new organizations for managing technology-based economic development that function outside the mission of traditional government agencies. Organized as a nonprofit, these entities attempt to bridge the public and private sector by offering a clear focus, flexibility, and an opportunity to accomplish a public goal without enlarging government agencies. In contrast to traditional economic development, which tends to focus narrowly on attracting business, these new initiatives emphasize longer-term capacity-building as a way to promote and anchor innovative activities and establishments. Without the traditional strictures associated with being part of state government, these organizations are often in a strong position to mediate and manage relationships between private interests and public institutions. The last major U.S. recession in the late 1970s witnessed widespread application of this new organizational form to technology-based economic development. Well-known examples are the North Carolina Biotechnology Center, Connecticut Innovations, and Pennsylvania’s Ben Franklin Program. To date, 42 states have experimented with quasi-public economic development organizations, with varying outcomes and ability to influence economic growth. Despite the importance of these efforts, we have limited understanding of how to design enduring organizations that act as catalysts for regional economic change. The purpose of this article is to examine North Carolina’s experience with the design of two dedicated industrial development organizations. The two organizations were proposed by the same state strategic plan, yet one succeeded and continues to thrive, while the other has been divested of many of its assets and core economic development functions. Initiated by the same state government in close procession, these two organizations arguably provide an example of how organi
Analysis of a mixed finite-volume discretization of fourth-order equations on general surfaces

In this paper, we study a finite-volume method for the numerical solution of a model fourth-order partial differential equation defined on a smooth surface. The discretization is done via a surface mesh consisting of piecewise planar triangles and its dual surface polygonal tessellation. We provide an error estimate for the approximate solution under the H 1 -norm on general regular meshes. Numerical experiments are carried out on various sample surfaces to verify the theoretical results. In addition, when the underlying mesh is constructed by the so-called constrained centroidal Voronoi meshes, we propose a numerically demonstrated superconvergent scheme to compute gradients more accurately.
Electrophysiological signs of readout from memory. II Computer classification of single evoked potential waveshapes.

Computer executed classification and sorting has been systematically applied to a large body of evoked potential data. These data were gathered from many differentially trained cats in a variety of decision-making tasks and control conditions. This analysis has led to a number of unequivocal findings: 1. A sequence of types or modes of evoked potentials spans the decision-making events, and this sequence is often quite reproducible from trial to trial. 2. The occurrence of some modes is highly correlated with the particular decisions reached by the animal (defined operationally in terms of subsequent behavioral response), whereas other modes are not correlated with any specific decision. 3. Different readout modes, defined as modes which correlate highly and differentially with different decisions, differ in late component structure. This late component structure appears capable of variation quite independently of the primary component amplitude. 4. While four types of readout processes are described, there is substantial consistency across cats in terms of latency (40–70ms) and duration (40–70ms) of components involved in readout. 5. This consistency of readout phenomena across cats survived variation of the motivational paradigm, operant response, stimulus frequency, stimulus modality, conditioning apparatus, and method of conditioning. Thus the phenomenon is not unique to these obvious situational parameters. 6. The utilization of a differential GO vs GO behavioral paradigm and the results of five types of control experiments indicate that the readout modes do not passively reflect either nonspecific or specific consequences of movement, intention to move, orientation, direction of gaze, posture, position, response bias, and/or pupillary dilation. The results of these experiments support the interpretation that a readout mode reflects the activation of a particular memory about a specific experience.
Management of Postoperative Pain: Influence of Anesthetic and Analgesic Choice

Improved control of postoperative pain is being increasingly scrutinized yet concomitantly demanded by patients, physicians, and even the federal government. Our ever-increasing subspecialization in medicine has compartmentalized much of perioperative care and has created substantial difficulty for physicians in understanding the overall influence of other physicians' perioperative decisions, including control of pain. Clearly, intraoperative anesthetic management can affect patients' pain and perioperative course remote from the surgical procedure through modulation of analgesic and perioperative stress responses. Additionally, outcome studies show that provision of improved analgesia and minimization of the perioperative stress response enhance clinical outcome in both low- and high-risk patients. This article highlights new information on how anesthetic and analgesic management influences perioperative pain and decreases the incidence of complications in surgical patients.
Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence by quinones in algae and chloroplasts.

Abstract 1. A number of quinones and substituted quinones quenched strongly chlorophyll fluorescence in Swiss chard chloroplasts and in the intact algae, Ulva lobata and Porphyra perforata . Quenching occurred in the absence as well as in the presence of 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. 2. Among the quinones found to have a high quenching activity were 2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzoquinone, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, phenanthrenequinone, and 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone. Reduced quinones had no or little quenching activity. 3. The quinones tested quenched less strongly the initial fluorescence, observed immediately upon illumination, than the subsequent rise of fluorescence yield during illumination. For the most active compounds, the concentrations needed for 50% quenching of the initial and the subsequent increase of fluorescence were about 70 and 15 μM, respectively. 4. The kinetics of fluorescence quenching at different light intensities and concentrations of quencher and absence of stimulation of O 2 evolution indicate that the quenchers do not stimulate photosynthetic electron transport but interact directly with chlorophyll molecules of photosystem 2 by formation of traps for the excitation energy. 5. In agreement with the assumption that the site of action of the quinones is near system 2, a number of these compounds inhibited light-induced cytochrome reduction in Porphyra in vivo . However, for most compounds no quantitative relation was found between the extent of inhibition of cytochrome reduction or of the Hill reaction in chloroplasts and the activity in quenching chlorophyll fluorescence.
Oxidation of pyruvate, malate, citrate, and cytosolic reducing equivalents by AS-30D hepatoma mitochondria.

Mitochondria isolated from normal rat liver and AS-30D hepatoma were concurrently evaluated with regard to their bioenergetic and metabolic properties. AS-30D mitochondria oxidized many NAD-linked respiratory substrates at rates 1.5-4 times faster than those from liver, a fact which contributes to their diminished membrane depolarization on conversion from state 4 to state 3 respiration. AS-30D mitochondria exhibited no signs of a "truncated" Krebs cycle, nor did they oxidize malate preferentially based upon its origin in the cytosol or the mitochondrial matrix. In addition, β-oxidation in AS-30D mitochoadria was not sufficient to suppress respiratory CO2 production and induce pyruvate carboxylation to the extent observed in liver. Finally, AS-30D mitochondria were able to oxidize externally generated NADH in a reconstituted system, but in a manner independent of the transmembrane electrical potential (ΔΨ), suggesting that the malate-aspartate shuttle is not operable in vivo. This fact may necessitate the adaptations tumor cells make to reoxidize cytosolic NADH through glycolysis even in the presence of adequate oxygen.
Fertility interactions in Drosophila: Theoretical model and experimental tests

The results of 11 experiments with Drosophila species show that fertility is not a reducible property: the fertility of a mating pair cannot be predicted from the average fertility of the two genotypes involved. We propose a model of fertility selection that does not assume additivity (or multiplicativity) but assumes random mating and that the genotypic frequencies are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Numerical simulations show that removal of the assumption of Hardy-Weinberg frequencies does not significantly change the equilibrium frequencies predicted by the model.
Second harmonic generation using partially coherent light

Abstract The second harmonic generation process is considered using partially coherent light formed by the superposition of a coherent field and a chaotic field. The conversion efficiency is derived. Expressions are also presented for the variance and for the probability density function of the second harmonic intensity and of the transmitted intensity at the fundamental wavelength.
Interpretation of clinically important electrocardiogram abnormalities by emergency department students, residents, and staff

Study objectives: We determine whether students, residents, and emergency department staff are able to correctly identify specific clinically important abnormalities on standard 12-lead ECGs and what misdiagnoses are most frequent. Methods: This was a prospective study test using 8 abnormal ECG results and 1 normal ECG result (Table) readily diagnosed by computerized interpretation and administered to the above 3 groups. Each participant was allotted 10 minutes to complete the test in freehand form, with the patient's age and a chief complaint of "chest pain" provided. The percentage of correct answers for each ECG was calculated for each group. Results: The common misdiagnoses were extrapolated from the freehand answers (Table). Pericarditis was commonly misdiagnosed as an acute infarction or hyperkalemia. Atrial flutter with 2:1 conduction was frequently misdiagnosed as a supraventricular tachycardia or sinus tachycardia. The ECG demonstrating a Wenkebach (Mobitz type I) block was commonly misdiagnosed as a complete heart block, Mobitz type II, or sinus bradycardia. Incorrect identification of the bifascicular block was due to failure to recognize the left anterior fasicular block in conjunction with the right bundle-branch block. The low-voltage ECG was usually misinterpreted as a normal ECG. Conclusion: Correct recognition of clinically important ECG abnormalities is poor among students and only slightly improved among residents. Improved didactic training in 12-lead ECG, as well as rapid availability of computerized ECG interpretation, could be implemented to improve these results.Table, abstract 262ECGsCorrect Responses, No. (%)Students (n=24)Residents (n=58)Staff (n=20)Normal15 (63)50 (86)20 (100)Pericarditis4 (17)16 (28)13 (65)Inferior MI9 (38)39 (67)19 (95)Septal MI15 (63)42 (72)20 (100)Atrial flutter 2:12 (8)16 (28)18 (90)Mobitz I2 (8)23 (40)17 (85)Bifascicular block2 (8)9 (16)14 (70)Complete heart block14 (58)29 (50)19 (95)Low voltage2 (8)15 (26)14 (70)Average score (maximum=9)2.74.17.7 MI, Myocardial infarction.
Noninvasive phenotypic analysis of cardiovascular structure and function in fetal mice using ultrasound.

Methods We established methods for noninvasive mouse fetal heart imaging using an Acuson/Siemens Sequoia ultrasound scanner equipped with a single-pulse CHIRP Coded Excitation program, and a high-frequency linear array transducer. Mouse fetuses spanning gestation day 12.5 to 18.5 (E12.5–E18.5) were studied. Results Controlled anesthetic and constant body temperature were found to be essential for hemodynamic stability of the mother and fetuses. Fetal heart rates increased from 160 to 220 beats/min as development progressed. These heart rates were lower than those of newborn mice, so that frame rates above 100 Hz adequately resolved structural details in 2D without misregistration. Analysis of 2D images showed a doubling in crown-to-rump length (8–19 mm), and rapid growth of the heart from 1 to 3 mm in diameter as fetuses developed from E12.5 to E18.5. A cumulative increase in scanning modalities was achieved with increasing developmental age, with the optimal stage for scanning being E16.5. At E16.5 right and left could be distinguished, and it was possible to obtain diagnostic 2D color flow Doppler in the four-chamber, apical long axis 3/5-chamber and short axis views. In addition, M-mode images of high quality were obtainable from E15.5 to E18.5, whereas spectral Doppler signals could be obtained readily from E12.5 onwards. Conclusions These studies show that ultrasound imaging can be used for structural and functional analysis of the developing mammalian heart, even at early stages of development. Such noninvasive cardiovascular ultrasonic evaluation should be ideally suited for high throughput screening of mutagenized mice. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 69:83–91, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
There Is No Experimental Evidence for Endocyclic Cleavage in the Action of e → e (Retaining β) Glycopyranosidases, and Much Against It

Abstract A recent review by Franck ( 1 ) in this journal reappraised some of the evidence for exocyclic cleavage during catalysis by β-glycopyranosidases in favor of an endocyclic cleavage mechanism. The purpose of this letter is to indicate briefly how this reappraisal appears to be based upon misconceptions in logic, chemistry, and biology.