cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Game-Specific and Player-Specific Knowledge Combine to Drive Transfer of Learning Between Games of Strategic Interaction

Trust in others transfers between games of strategic interaction (e.g., iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma– PD and Chicken Game – CG). This transfer of trust represents knowledge acquired about the other player (player-specific knowledge), carrying over from one situation to another, which is separate from what was learned about the previous game (game-specific knowledge). We examine how the transfer of both player-specific and game-specific knowledge informs one’s decisions when interacting with a new player. In this paper, we present the experimental design of an upcoming study, where participants will sequentially play two games of strategic interaction (PD & CG) with the same or a different computerized confederate agent. In addition to the experimental design, we present model predictions, using a previously published computational cognitive model of trust dynamics. The model predicts transfer of learning effects in both conditions and larger effects when interacting with the same agent.
Bacterial Overgrowth and Intestinal Microbiome

Alterations in the gut microbiome, including bacterial overgrowth and dysbiosis, play a central role in the pathophysiology of short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure. By definition, patients with intestinal failure require TPN due to significant anatomic, mucosal, or motility disturbances. These factors in addition to pharmacologic and systemic comorbidities remodel the intestinal flora, creating a cascade of downstream pathophysiologic and clinical sequelae. The unique relationship between microbiota, epithelial barrier function, and mucosal and systemic inflammatory pathways likely drives a multitude of symptoms in intestinal failure, from intraluminal malabsorptive symptoms to severe extraintestinal complications, including liver disease. At present, diagnostic evaluations including hydrogen breath testing and duodenal aspiration/culture are considered, but may be limited in accuracy and yield. Therefore, antibiotic therapy is commonly used by intestinal rehabilitation centers. Advancements in microbiomics are likely to yield improved understanding of pathogenesis and applicable clinical evaluations that may direct future therapies in this field.
Human Hepatic Progenitor Cells in Hepatic Fibrosis of Elderly Cadavers: Cytokeratin 7 Marks Intermediate Hepatocyte-Like Cells

Human hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are small oval-shaped cytokeratin (CK) 7 and CK19 expressing cells that normally reside in a quiescent state in the canals of Hering. In response to liver dama...
Acute Deep Infections of the Upper Extremity: The Utility of Obtaining Atypical Cultures in the Presence of Purulence

Purpose In the setting of acute deep upper extremity infections, evidence is lacking to guide the decision whether to send atypical cultures (fungal and acid-fast-bacillus [AFB]) during surgical debridement, especially in the presence of purulent fluid that is commonly observed with typical bacterial infections. Our purpose was to determine the frequency of positive atypical cultures and the frequency with which they alter treatment, and identify factors associated with positive atypical cultures. Methods We retrospectively identified 100 adult patients undergoing surgical debridement of acute deep infections of the upper extremity in which fungal and/or AFB cultures were sent. Necrotizing and superficial infections were excluded. Descriptive statistics were used to describe patient characteristics, infection diagnoses, number of cultures sent with corresponding rates of positivity, and treatments. Cohorts with positive and negative atypical cultures were compared with bivariate analysis for all collected variables. Results One or more immunocompromising comorbidities were present in 46% of patients. Diagnoses included soft tissue abscess (46%), suppurative flexor tenosynovitis (22%), septic arthritis (21%), osteomyelitis (9%), and septic bursitis (2%). Aerobic bacterial, anaerobic bacterial, fungal, and AFB cultures were sent in 100%, 99%, 94%, and 82% of patients, respectively. Corresponding rates of positivity were 74%, 34.3%, 5.3%, and 2.4%, respectively. Atypical cultures were positive for 7% of patients and 2.9% of all atypical tests sent. Antibiotic treatment was influenced by atypical culture data for 4% of patients. For patients with positive atypical cultures, purulence was observed during surgery in 86% of cases. Bivariate analysis demonstrated symptom duration greater than 7 days as potentially associated with atypical culture positivity. Conclusions Intraoperative purulence at the time of surgical intervention should not deter the surgeon from obtaining atypical cultures. As expected, atypical cultures are infrequently positive given the rarity of associated diseases. Symptoms greater than 7 days may predict a higher incidence of atypical culture positivity for patients being treated surgically within 30 days of initial symptom onset. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic IV.
American-Jewish Education in an Age of Choice and Pluralism

The field of Jewish education in the United States has undergone a significant transformation in recent decades due to changing social trends, including declining numbers of children receiving a Jewish education, heightened consumerism on the part of families, rising rates of intermarriage, and severe time constraints limiting the availability of children and their families. The field has responded with a range of new initiatives and more sophisticated marketing. Although they attract only a minority of students, the most immersive forms of Jewish education—day schools, summer camps, and Israel study trips—have risen in importance for some Jewish families, even as they tax the financial and personnel resources of the American-Jewish community. Driving experimentation to address the challenges, several large foundations have spearheaded efforts such as Birthright Israel, the remaking of Hillel, the support and encouragement of day-school education, the expansion of Jewish residential camping, and the training of educational leadership.
Coherent manipulation of valley states at multiple charge configurations of a silicon quantum dot device

Qubits based on silicon quantum dots are emerging as leading candidates for the solid-state implementation of quantum information processing. In silicon, valley states represent a degree of freedom in addition to spin and charge. Characterizing and controlling valley states is critical for the encoding and read-out of electrons-in-silicon-based qubits. Here, we report the coherent manipulation of a qubit, which is based on the two valley states of an electron confined in a silicon quantum dot. We carry out valley qubit operations at multiple charge configurations of the double quantum dot device. The dependence of coherent oscillations on pulse excitation level and duration allows us to map out the energy dispersion as a function of detuning as well as the phase coherence time of the valley qubit. The coherent manipulation also provides a method of measuring valley splittings that are too small to probe with conventional methods.Silicon quantum dots provide a promising platform for quantum computing based on manipulation of electron degrees of freedom in a well-characterized environment. Here, the authors demonstrate coherent control of electron valley states, yielding an accurate determination of the valley splitting.
High Efficiency Diesel Powered Centrifugal Compressor and Electrical Generator for Aircraft Ground Support

Groupe generateur electrique-compresseur centrifuge actionne par un moteur diesel utilise comme equipement auxiliaire pour l'assistance aux avions (demarrage)
Recent Advances in Organocatalyzed Domino C–C Bond-Forming Reactions

Reactions that form a C-C bond make up a foundational pillar of synthetic organic chemistry. In addition, organocatalysis has emerged as an easy, environmentally-friendly way to promote this type of bond formation. Since around 2000, organocatalysts have been used in a variety of C-C bond-forming reactions including Michael and aldol additions, Mannich-type reactions, and Diels-Alder reactions, to name a few. Many of these methodologies have been refined and further developed to include cascade and domino processes. This review will focus on recent advances in this area with an emphasis on methodologies having applications in the synthesis of biologically-significant compounds.
Experimental Verification of Negative Phase Velocity in Layered Media

Stress-wave propagation is a generally dispersive phenomenon in elastic layered and periodic media. In the frequency ranges where propagation is possible, pass bands, the wave speed is a function of frequency. In the rest of the frequency spectrum, stop bands, wave propagation is impossible. The band structure of a periodic medium can be calculated using a variety of analytical and computational methods. In this paper we present such calculations for a simple layered sample. The wave propagation through the sample was measured using an ultrasonic experimental setup. The band structure was shown to agree with numerical and analytical predictions. The group velocity was calculated based on time of travel of the pulse through samples with different thicknesses. A measure of energy velocity was introduced and measured based on the mechanical power flux through samples. The phase velocity was measured based on the phase difference observed among the transmitted waves through different thicknesses. It is shown that the phase and group velocity become anti-parallel within specific pass bands as predicted based on theory.
TEACHING CONTROL THEORY TO COMPUTING PRACTITIONERS

Abstract Although feedback control is an essential part of computing systems, computing practitioners rarely have knowledge of control theory. Further, computing practitioners interested in learning control theory are faced with the problem that introductory texts contain unfamiliar examples and unfamiliar mathematics. To remedy this situation, we have developed a tutorial, book, and spreadsheet based laboratory simulations to teach control theory to computing practitioners. Key considerations in the pedagogy are to use examples drawn from computing systems, provide a short, self-contained introduction to discrete time modeling and dynamic response, and incorporate case studies of how control theory has been used in commercial computing systems.
Morphing Robots Using Robotic Skins That Sculpt Clay

Shape versatility is a mechanism that many animals leverage to effectively interact-with and locomote-within the natural world. Toward the goal of shape-changing artificial systems, we present morphing robots comprised of robotic skins and sculptable materials. Herein, we describe robotic skins—planar, skin-like substrates with embedded actuation—that are wrapped around sculptable materials in order to actively shape those materials into different forms. Our approach is inspired by the art of sculpture, where surface strains and pressures applied by hand allow clay to be sculpted into nearly any desired shape. Replacing hands with robotic skins, we achieve morphing capabilities in a robotic system. We focus on an example robot in which two robotic skins are layered on a base sculptable material to induce both locomotion and morphing behaviors, and show that morphing enables the robot to overcome obstacles during locomotion. This letter is the first instantiation of morphing robots based on sculpture-inspired surface manipulation of sculptable materials, where shape-changing capabilities are expected to improve robot adaptability to meet the demands of changing environments, overcome obstacles, or perform variable tasks.
Effects of a Training Program on Teacher Behavior and Handicapped Children's Self-Concepts.

The purpose of this research was to assess the effectiveness of the revised Utah State University Self-Concept Protocol Program in changing teacher behaviors presumed to be related to pupil self-concept. This program was focused on teachers with handicapped pupils in mainstreamed classrooms (grades 4 through 6). Ten volunteer teachers were trained in the self-concept behaviors as part of an inservice course. Eight additional volunteer teachers served as a no-treatment control group. Program-related teacher behaviors were observed and a pupil self-concept measure was administered before and after the inservice course. Results indicated that, although no changes occurred in program-related behaviors for the control group teachers, experimental group teachers showed significant increases on six of the 12 program-related behaviors. No gains in self-concept were made by handicapped children; however, there was some evidence for differential effectiveness of the program for learning disabled and emotionally handicapped children.
Conclusion: Speculative Medicine, Speculative Fictions

This closing section looks at the role of imagination in highly experimental medicine. The emphasis on imagination, speculation, and anticipation in the field of research resonates with the genre of speculative fiction, which includes science fiction and fantasy. In a paired reading of H.G. Wells’s The Island of Dr. Moreau and a Life magazine account of the early clinical trials of dialysis, we can see how the world-making imagination that drives speculative fiction also opens up the possibility of new horizons in medicine.
Emergent versus urgent ERCP in acute cholangitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and Aims Acute cholangitis is characterized by abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice. Most patients respond to medical management with intravenous hydration and antibiotics. About 20% to 30% require biliary drainage, and ERCP is the procedure of choice. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of emergent biliary drainage on patient outcomes. Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted by searching the Embase and PubMed databases from inception to April 2019 to identify all studies that evaluated the impact of timing of ERCP on patient outcomes. Our primary outcome was in-hospital mortality (IHM), and secondary outcomes were length of stay (LOS), organ failure, and 30-day mortality. Fixed and random effects models were used to generate pooled measures of IHM, 30-day mortality, and LOS. Results Nine observational studies involving 7534 patients were included in the primary meta-analysis. IHM was significantly lower in patients who underwent emergent biliary drainage within 48 hours (odds ratio [OR], 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28-0.98). As a sensitivity analysis, we pooled the data from 2 population registry studies of 81,893 patients, which yielded consistent results for the main outcomes. LOS was also significantly lower in patients who underwent ERCP within 48 hours with a mean difference of 5.56 days (95% CI, 1.59-9.53). Patients who underwent emergent ERCP also had lower odds of 30-day mortality (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.14-1.08) and organ failure (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.33-1.46). Conclusions Our study reveals that performing emergent ERCP within 48 hours in patients with acute cholangitis is associated with lower IHM, 30-day mortality, organ failure, and shorter LOS.
Calcaneal elongation and bone strength in leaping galagids

Objectives Small-bodied vertical clinging and leaping primates have elongated calcanei which enhance leap performance by optimizing leap velocity, distance, and acceleration, but at the expense of experiencing relatively large forces during takeoff and landing. This study tests the hypothesis that the elongated calcaneus of leaping galagids is adapted to resist larger and more stereotyped bending loads compared to more quadrupedal galagids. Materials and methods The calcanei of 14 individuals of Otolemur and 14 individuals of Galago (three species of each genus) were μCT scanned. Calcaneal cross-sectional properties (maximum and minimum second moments of area and polar section modulus) were obtained from a slice representing the 50% position of bone segment length and dimensionless ratios were created for each variable using calcaneal cuboid facet area as a proxy for body mass. Results There were no significant differences in size-adjusted bending strength between Galago and Otolemur. Galago exhibited more elliptically shaped calcaneal cross sections, however, suggesting that its calcanei are more adapted to stereotyped loading regimes than those of Otolemur. Discussion The results suggest that the calcaneus of specialized leapers is adapted to more stereotyped loading patterns. The lack of predicted bone strength differences between Galago and Otolemur may be related to body size differences between these taxa, or it may indicate that loads encountered by Galago during naturalistic leaping are not reflected in the available experimental force data.
Potential Metabolite Biomarkers for Acute Versus Chronic Stage of Ischemic Stroke: A Pilot Study.

Abstract Background: Metabolome profiling is used to identify biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Previous studies compared metabolite profiles in AIS and healthy controls, which did not account for factors that affect metabolome (genetics, medications). This pilot project evaluates the change in metabolite concentrations between the acute and chronic stage of stroke in the same cohort in order to minimize other factors impact. Methods: We performed global metabolome profile on serum of 20 and urine of 12 stroke patients in acute (72 hours) and chronic (3-5.2 months) stage and compared relative peak values using Wilcoxon and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis methods. Chronic stage metabolite concentrations were considered baseline. We performed analysis to identify significantly overrepresented pathways using MetaboAnalyst. Results: Three serum metabolites asparagine (P = .045), tyrosine (P = .015), and xylose (P = .003) had significantly higher concentrations in acute stage. Seven out of top 10 serum metabolites ranked by Wilcoxon test P value were related to amino acid (AA) metabolism. Two urine metabolites glycine (P = .03) and acetylcarnitine (P = .05) had significantly different concentrations in the acute stage. Five of the top 10 urine metabolites related to AA metabolism. We identified 6 significant pathways after false discovery rate correction that were upregulated in the acute stage: (1) Aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis, (2) nitrogen, (3) alanine, aspartate, and glutamate, (4) branched-chain AA, (5) arginine and proline, and (6) phenylalanine metabolism. Conclusion: Longitudinal study design confirms that AA metabolism heavily involved in the pathophysiology of acute brain ischemia. Prospective longitudinal studies with a higher number of participants are needed to establish useful stroke biomarkers.
Exploring Reimbursement Options for the National Diabetes Prevention Program: Lessons Learned From a Pilot Project in Los Angeles, 2014-2018.

Context Although Medicare and several state Medicaid programs are beginning to cover the cost of delivering the National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP), little is known about the logistical challenges to establishing reimbursement options for these services. Objective To describe Los Angeles' experience working with payers to identify and establish reimbursement pathways for National DPP providers. Design A case study was conducted to identify regional options for covering the costs of the National DPP. Setting Los Angeles. Participants A managed care organization along with selected National DPP providers (those that provide in-person and/or online services) participated in this regional pilot project. Intervention The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health explored and prototyped reimbursement options for the National DPP, using input from and participation by target health plans (payers) and program providers. Main outcome measure The establishment of a regional reimbursement approach for the National DPP. Results Pilot project participants weighed the pros and cons of billing (Medicare/Medicaid)/reimbursing for program services directly, ultimately choosing to go with a third-party integrator that worked with payers to handle the administrative process of reimbursing program providers for their services. The integrator negotiated and obtained reimbursements on the behalf of the National DPP providers. Conclusions Lessons from this case study suggest an emerging need to build further capacity among National DPP providers, as they are often community-based organizations that are not equipped to bill Medicare/Medicaid directly for services. A third-party integrator represents a viable approach for addressing this logistical issue.
Trends in outpatient intervention for pediatric ankyloglossia

Abstract Objectives Anecdotally, there has been an increase in ankyloglossia referrals and frenotomy procedures performed in recent years. Many studies have characterized frenotomy indications and outcomes, but none have quantified how the frequency of referrals and interventions have changed over time in the outpatient setting. This study analyzes temporal trends in the diagnosis and intervention of ankyloglossia in a pediatric otolaryngology practice to further clarify how patterns of management of this condition have changed over time. Methods This study was a retrospective chart review of patients evaluated for ankyloglossia in an outpatient pediatric otolaryngology clinic between 2008 and 2018. The chi-square test for trend was used to assess yearly changes in the referral numbers, surgical interventions, and procedure indication prevalence proportions of interest. Results Referral numbers and frenotomy procedures increased as a percentage of total office visits from 2008 to 2018 (P = 0.0026, P Conclusion Significant increases in referrals for frenotomy and number of frenotomy procedures performed are demonstrated, especially in young infants for feeding concerns. It is unlikely representative of a true increase in the incidence of ankyloglossia, but rather the result of cultural and clinical factors driving referrals and intervention.
A systematic review of interventions using health behavioral theories to improve medication adherence among patients with hypertension

Medication adherence is a major problem in the treatment of hypertension. Approximately half of the patients who use antihypertensive medications are not adherent. Several interventions have endeavored to improve medication adherence among patients with hypertension, and some have used health behavioral models/theories. However, the quality and effectiveness of using health behavioral models/theories in improving medication adherence among patients with hypertension remain unknown. The main aim of this systematic review was to describe study characteristics and types of health behavioral models/theories used in interventions for improving medication adherence among adults with hypertension. PubMed, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases were searched for randomized clinical trial interventions using any health behavioral models/theories published in English from 1979 to 2019. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, two independent reviewers searched, screened abstracts and articles, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias and the use of the model/theory using the Theory Coding Scheme. A total of 11 articles were included in this systematic review. Two studies reported significant improvement in medication adherence. The Self-Regulation Model and Social Cognitive Theory were the most common types of models/theories. Nine studies used a single model/theory, and four studies measured the constructs of a model/theory. Risk of bias was good (n = 4) and fair (n = 5) in interventions. Using health behavioral models/theories may be an efficient way for health care professionals to improve adherence to medications among patients with hypertension. More interventions with rigorous designs are needed that appropriately utilize health behavioral models/theories for improving medication adherence among adults with hypertension.
Race and Ethnic Group Disparities in Emotional Distress Among Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background and objectives Framed within Conservation of Resources theory, this study addressed race-ethnic differences in the relationships between emotional distress and current and expected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic stressors. Research design and methods The study employed data from the Household Pulse Survey, a large national survey collecting weekly data to understand the experiences of Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic (age 55 and above; N = 94,550). Emotional distress included depression and anxiety symptoms. COVID-19 stressors included current and expected income, housing, health care, and food insecurities. Results Older persons of color reported higher rates of stressors and emotional distress than their White counterparts. In relation to current stressors, older Black persons responded with less emotional distress and older Latino persons responded with more emotional distress than older White persons. In addition, older persons of color were more likely to expect future resource losses related to COVID-19, and the association between these expectations and emotional distress varied by race-ethnic group. Discussion and implications The findings reflected the disproportionate negative impact of COVID-19 stressors on emotional distress among older persons of color, providing a baseline for future studies to further examine the impacts of the pandemic among diverse older adult populations.
Investigating the factors affecting the ecological well-being performance in Iran from 1994 to 2014

In this study, the factors affecting the index of ecological well-being performance (IEWP) in Iran were investigated from 1994 to 2014. For this purpose, the long- and short-run relationships between IEWP and per capita GDP as the indicator of economic growth, energy consumption per capita, and the population were analyzed. In addition, the well-known Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology framework was used. The empirical model was evaluated by applying the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. The ARDL bounds test was employed to investigate the long-run relationships. The results indicated the existence of a long-run relationship and cointegration. The empirical results also revealed that the relationship between economic growth and IEWP is positive and statistically significant. This indicated that Iran is located in the first stage of development. According to the empirical results, energy consumption has reduced IEWP. Therefore, the energy consumption in Iran is ecologically inefficient in improving human well-being in the short and long run. Moreover, the impact of the population is negative on IEWP and statistically significant in the short and long run. As a result, the population growth in Iran contributes to more environmental degradation and pollution. Hence, energy consumption and population development policies must align with the reduction in environmental pollution.
Domestic Violence Victimization among South Asian Immigrant Men and Women in the United States

Domestic violence is a pernicious social problem in the United States and a cause of national concern. The South Asian culture disempowers individuals experiencing domestic violence from recognizin...
The Potential Consequences of the Global Tax Reset

Tax avoidance by multinationals has long been a part of the global tax system. Furthermore, the tax avoidance industry always seems to be outpacing the national governments. Elected governments take years to develop tax laws but the accounting and law firms always seem to undermine them within months of a public official’s budget speech. Many accounting and law firms advise governments on tax legislation design and enforcement, which only fuels the suspicion that the tax avoidance industry and national governments are often partners in facilitating international tax avoidance. The costs of tax avoidance can be high as taxes play a critical role in the development of an equitable society. According to one estimate, the uncollected U.S. tax gap could be in the range of $250 to $300 billion per year, which is the equivalent of a 15 percent surtax on the honest taxpayer. In the U.K., the annual estimated avoided tax amount is $170 billion. Even in wealthy nations, these sums are exorbitant when public funds are scarce and the economies may be in recession. However, tax avoidance adversely affects poor nations the most. The populations in some poor nations with abundant natural resources face grinding poverty even though a more efficient tax collection could raise their standard of living significantly. Due to rising economic and political pressures, European and U.S. politicians strongly supported the accelerated “Base Erosion and Profit Shifting” (BEPS) Project, also known as the Global Tax Reset. The BEPS Project aims to prevent base erosion and profit shifting by having taxes paid in the jurisdiction where profits are generated and value is created (i.e., substance). While the purpose of BEPS may be to reduce the most egregious forms of tax planning, many believe that it may only exacerbate the problems of international tax avoidance. Overall, BEPS may be creating more administrative burdens without addressing the core issues of international tax avoidance.
Continent Cutaneous Urinary Diversions

Continent cutaneous urinary diversion (CCUD) requires the use of intestinal segment to construct a urinary reservoir as well as a catheterizable continence mechanism. It constitutes an ideal solution for patients who are not candidates for orthotopic neobladder and do not want to have incontinent diversions. In this chapter, we explain the selection and preparation process for patients undergoing radical cystectomy with CCUD. We also describe the most commonly used surgical techniques for CCUD and focus mostly on Indiana pouch creation, which is the most common CCUD performed at our institution.
OperonSEQer: A set of machine-learning algorithms with threshold voting for detection of operon pairs using short-read RNA-sequencing data

Operon prediction in prokaryotes is critical not only for understanding the regulation of endogenous gene expression, but also for exogenous targeting of genes using newly developed tools such as CRISPR-based gene modulation. A number of methods have used transcriptomics data to predict operons, based on the premise that contiguous genes in an operon will be expressed at similar levels. While promising results have been observed using these methods, most of them do not address uncertainty caused by technical variability between experiments, which is especially relevant when the amount of data available is small. In addition, many existing methods do not provide the flexibility to determine whether the stringency with which genes should be evaluated for being in an operon pair. We present OperonSEQer, a set of machine learning algorithms that uses the statistic and p-value from a non-parametric analysis of variance test (Kruskal-Wallis) to determine the likelihood that two adjacent genes are expressed from the same RNA molecule. We implement a voting system to allow users to choose the stringency of operon calls depending on whether your priority is high coverage of operons or high accuracy of the calls. In addition, we provide the code so that users can retrain the algorithm and re-establish hyperparameters based on any data they choose, allowing for this method to be expanded on as additional data is generated and incorporated. We show that our approach detects operon pairs that are missed by current methods by comparing our predictions to publicly available long-read sequencing data. OperonSEQer therefore improves on existing methods in terms of accuracy, flexibility and adaptability.
Theorising the ‘Fifth Migration’ in the United States: Understanding Lifestyle Migration from an Integrated Approach

This chapter provides an overview of relevant theory for examining both rural and urban lifestyle migration in the United States. Specifically, I explore key explanatory models born of research into what has been called ‘non-economic migration’ occurring since the early twentieth century as context for encouraging an integrated perspective combining elements of each. I highlight changes in how some Americans appear to negotiate calculations of personal and collective quality of life engendered by an emerging economic order based on principles of flexibility and contingency — the effects of which are experienced by individuals, families and entire communities. Through a focused review of relevant literature from a range of social science disciplines and drawing on data from my own ethnographic encounters with lifestyle migrants in their everyday lives, I suggest the need to combine macro- and micro-levels of analysis. Finally, I intend to identify immediate and long-term prospects for lifestyle migration at a time of protracted fiscal and social insecurity and what this might suggest about not only challenges but also opportunities faced by persons and places in the United States.
Ions, ion‐pairs, and their agglomerates

The concepts of ion-pairs, solvent separated ion-pairs, and of higher agglomerates is reviewed. The conditions under wich these concepts are justified are outlined. Relations between conductance and the ion association is examined. The effect of solvents upon the association, the mobility of ions, their degree of solvation, etc. are discussed. Die Begriffe Ionenpaare, Iosungsmittelgetrennte Ionenpaare und hohere ionische Aggregate sowie die Voraussetzungen, unter denen diese Begriffe sinnvoll sind, werden erortert. Die Beziehungen zwischen Leitfahigkeit und Ionenassoziation werden untersuch. Die Wirkung von Losungsmitteln auf die Assoziation der lonen, ihre Beweglichkeit, den Solvatationsgrad usw. wird diskutiert.
The Poetics and Politics of Youth in Milton's England

Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction: childish things Part I. The Growth of Consent and Disciplining of Childhood in Early Modern England: 1. Coming of age on stage: Jonson's epicoene and the politics of childhood in early Stuart England 2. Children, literature, and the problem of consent 3. Contract's children: Thomas Hobbes and the culture of subjection Part II. Milton and the Children of Liberty: 4. 'Perplex't paths': youth and authority in Milton's early work 5. 'Children of reviving libertie': the radical politics of Milton's pedagogy 6. 'Youthful beauty': infancy and adulthood among the angels of Paradise Lost 7. Children of paradise Epilogue: 'children gathering pebbles on the shore'.
Cancer and the Ageing Process

The ageing process is a highly complex eventual outcome of development. Cancer is a disease of multicellular organisms that results primarily due to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Although cancer is a pathological phenomenon, ageing by itself is a natural process. However, ageing can promote certain age-related pathologies including cancer. Both cancer and the ageing process have deleterious effects on the well-being of an organism. At the cellular level, a complex phenotype known as cellular senescence regulates both cancer and the ageing process. A cell undergoes senescence due to telomere shortening or exposure to various stress factors. Senescent cells are morphologically and functionally distinct from proliferating and apoptotic cells. These cells do not divide but are metabolically active. In the context of a tissue or an organ, senescent cells exert both cell autonomous and nonautonomous effects, which regulate cancer and the ageing process. Key Concepts: Ageing is the key risk factor for cancer and it promotes cancer. All normal cells undergo cellular senescence, a permanent growth-arrested phase. Cellular senescence results due to intrinsic factors such as telomere shortening or extrinsic factors such as stress. Induction of senescence by intrinsic or extrinsic factors is mediated by p53/p21 and p16INK4A/pRB tumour suppressor pathways. Tumour suppressor pathways not only regulate cancer but also regulate organismic ageing. Cellular senescence contributes to ageing and cancer via its cell autonomous and nonautonomous effects. Cellular senescence can suppress or promote cancer via cell autonomous and nonautonomous mechanisms. Model systems can be used to study the mechanism of ageing and cancer. Keywords: cancer; ageing; senescence; telomeres; telomerase; SA-β-gal; SASP
Proof Theory in Philosophy of Mathematics

A variety of projects in proof theory of relevance to the philosophy of mathematics are surveyed, including Godel's incompleteness theorems, conservation results, independence results, ordinal analysis, predicativity, reverse mathematics, speed-up results, and provability logics.
[12] Detection of mutation in yeast hsp60 gene by PCR

Publisher Summary The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has made a revolutionary impact on molecular biology research. Among its many applications, PCR has the potential to play a major role in determining the molecular basis of mutations. This chapter discusses the way PCR is utilized to characterize the mutations in the heat-shock protein 60 (hsp60) genes present in mna2-1 and mna2-2, instead of resorting to the more conventional approach of molecular cloning and sequencing of the mutant genes. In 1987, Mueller described a series of temperature-sensitive mutants that resulted in a partial or total loss of mitochondrial RNA when grown at restrictive temperature. These mutants were encompassed by eight complementation groups. One of these mna2 includes two alleles: mna2-1 and mna2-2. These two alleles can be complemented functionally by wild-type hsp60 gene, the product of which is present inside the mitochondria as a 14-member homopolymeric complex and functions in the assembly and refolding of the proteins imported into mitochondria. The task of identifying the mutation in the resident hsp60 gene of the mna2 mutants can be divided into the following steps: (1) the isolation of the total yeast DNA from the mutants, (2) isolation of the different fragments of the gene using PCR, and (c) the sequencing of the PCR-amplified fragments.
Assessment of Creativity in Culturally Different Children

Montagu (1974) notes complex societal changes needed of the highly developed majority population is to be effective in stimulating creativity in people from different cultural backgrounds. He views necessary conditions in every culture before latent potentialities for achievement can be expressed as: (1) a cultural background of respect for achievement in the child’s family; (2) encouragement and rewards within the family and culture; and (3) societal conditions in which individual development has not physically hampered his ability to learn. He states that the necessary components for basic opportunity for achievement include freedom from a continuous
A Review of “Exclusionary Empire: English Liberty Overseas, 1600-1900”

In this compelling collection of essays, Jack P. Greene, one of the most accomplished historians of British America, has assembled ten essays by distinguished scholars to explore the spread of Engl...
Hemoglobin level is an independent predictor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women undergoing evaluation for chest pain: results from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study.

Abstract Objectives This study was designed to investigate the relationship between hemoglobin level (Hgb) and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with suspected ischemia. Background Low Hgb levels correlate with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (MI) or congestive heart failure (CHF). However, the prognostic significance of Hgb in women with suspected ischemia is unclear. Methods As part of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE), we prospectively studied 936 women referred for coronary angiography to evaluate suspected ischemia. We compared Hgb levels with cardiovascular risk factors, core lab interpreted angiograms, inflammatory markers, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Results Of women enrolled, 864 (mean age 58.4 ±11.6 years) had complete Hgb, angiogram, and follow-up (mean 3.3 ± 1.7 years) data. The mean Hgb was 12.9 g/dl (range 7.7 to 16.4 g/dl) and 184 women (21%) were anemic (Hgb Conclusions Our findings extend previous reports, linking lower hemoglobin levels with higher risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes, to women evaluated for suspected ischemia in the absence of acute MI or CHF.
Integrating design stage of fuzzy systems using genetic algorithms

The authors propose an automatic fuzzy system design method that uses a genetic algorithm and integrates three design stages. The method determines membership functions, the number of fuzzy rules, and the rule-consequent parameters at the same time. Because these design stages may not be independent, it is important to consider them simultaneously to obtain optimal fuzzy systems. The method includes a genetic algorithm and a penalty strategy that favors systems with fewer rules. The method was applied to the classic inverted-pendulum control problem and has been shown to be practical through a comparison with another method. >
Invariants reveal multiple forms of robustness in bifunctional enzyme systems

Experimental and theoretical studies have suggested that bifunctional enzymes catalyzing opposing modification and demodification reactions can confer steady-state concentration robustness to their substrates. However, the types of robustness and the biochemical basis for them have remained elusive. Here we report a systematic study of the most general biochemical reaction network for a bifunctional enzyme acting on a substrate with one modification site, along with eleven sub-networks with more specialized biochemical assumptions. We exploit ideas from computational algebraic geometry, introduced in previous work, to find a polynomial expression (an invariant) between the steady state concentrations of the modified and unmodified substrate for each network. We use these invariants to identify five classes of robust behavior: robust upper bounds on concentration, robust two-sided bounds on concentration ratio, hybrid robustness, absolute concentration robustness (ACR), and robust concentration ratio. This analysis demonstrates that robustness can take a variety of forms and that the type of robustness is sensitive to many biochemical details, with small changes in biochemistry leading to very different steady-state behaviors. In particular, we find that the widely-studied ACR requires highly specialized assumptions in addition to bifunctionality. An unexpected result is that the robust bounds derived from invariants are strictly tighter than those derived by ad hoc manipulation of the underlying differential equations, confirming the value of invariants as a tool to gain insight into biochemical reaction networks. Furthermore, invariants yield multiple experimentally testable predictions and illuminate new strategies for inferring enzymatic mechanisms from steady-state measurements.
Non-Uniform Random Feature Selection and Kernel Density Scoring With SVM Based Ensemble Classification for Hyperspectral Image Analysis

Traditional statistical classification approaches often fail to yield adequate results with Hyperspectral imagery (HSI) because of the high dimensional nature of the data, multimodal class distribution and limited ground truth samples for training. Over the last decade, Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and Multi-Classifier Systems (MCS) have become popular tools for HSI analysis. Random Feature Selection (RFS) for MCS is a popular approach to produce higher classification accuracies. In this study, we present a Non-Uniform Random Feature Selection (NU-RFS) within a MCS framework using SVM as the base classifier. We propose a method to fuse the output of individual classifiers using scores derived from kernel density estimation. This study demonstrates the improvement in classification accuracies by comparing the proposed approach to conventional analysis algorithms and by assessing the sensitivity of the proposed approach to the number of training samples. These results are compared with that of uniform RFS and regular SVM classifiers. We demonstrate the superiority of Non-Uniform based RFS system with respect to overall accuracy, user accuracies, producer accuracies and sensitivity to number of training samples.
The differences in hemodyanamics, cardiac function and myocardial structure associated with chronic mechanical circulatory in patients support with either pulsatile or continuous flow left ventricular assist devices

Background: Chronic LVAD use leads to improvement in hemodynamic, structural and biochemical makers of heart failure. We compared echocardiographic and myocardial ultrastructural features of hearts at the time of LVAD implantation and at the time of explantation in twenty consecutive patients (12-pulsatile flow Novacor, 8-continuous flow MicroMed). Methods: Two D-echocardiography and doppler data was acquired in a conventional manner. Analysis of cardiac cytokines was performed by semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry. Results: Significant percent changes ( final measurement divided by the baseline) LVEDD ( Continuos C-13.7% vs Pulsatile P -33.7%, p .0.004), EDV (C -23.5% vs -P41.2%, p 0.015), ESV (C-25.6% vs P-57.6%, p 0.001), LAV (C-25.2% vs P-40.4%, p 0.071), Mitral E/A (C-23.9% vs P-39.9%, p NS), TRV (C-26.4% vsP -23.8%, p NS) and PVAT (C-28.5% vs P-38.5%, p NS) were observed with both continuous and pulsatile support. Only pusatile support demonstrated a statistically significant percent change in LV Mass (C -6.3% vsP -20.6%, p 0.038), LVEF (C12.9% vs P 103.5%, p 0.006), RV FAC (C -2% vs P 33.3%, p 0.07), DT (C 25.0% vs P 138.3%, p 0. ). Both continuous and pulsatile forms of mechanical support demonstrate equivolent reduction in myocardial TNF-alpha, total collagen and mycocyte size. Summary: greater reductions in indirect measures of LV loading may lead to the regression of LV mass and improvement in RV function achieved with pulsatile devices compared to continuos flow devices. These data suggest chronic LVAD support with pulsatile and continuos flow have differential effects on cardiac structure and function. The clinical significance of these observations is not clearly defined, but is the subject of ongoing investigation.
TROSPIUM CHLORIDE IMPROVES OVERACTIVE BLADDER SYMPTOMS: A MULTICENTER PHASE III TRIAL

ABSTRACTPurpose: Trospium chloride is an anticholinergic agent with predominantly peripheral nonselective antimuscarinic activity lacking central nervous system effects. It has no known drug-drug i...
A study of the generalized morphological filter

A new class of morphological filters is proposed for image enhancement. The filter, known as the generalized morphological filter (GMF), uses multiple structuring elements and combines linear and morphological operations. The GMF can be designed to suppress various types of noise yet preserve geometrical structure in an image. A study of several aspects of the performance of the filter is presented. The study includes geometrical feature preservation, noise suppression, structuring element selection, and the root signal structure. For the sake of comparison, averaging and median filters are also used in the experiments and corresponding figures of merit of the performance of the filter. The empirical study shows that the generalized morphological filter possesses effective noise suppression with reduced geometrical feature blurring.