cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of ponderosa pine seedlings supplied different levels of atmospheric CO2 and soil N and P

Abstract Individual and interactive effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment and soil N and P fertility on above- and below-ground growth and mycorrhizal colonization of juvenile ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) were examined. Seedlings were grown from seed in atmospheres with 700 μl l−1, 525 μl l−1, or ambient CO2 concentrations. High and low soil N treatments were created by adding sufficient (NH4)2SO4 to an infertile soil mixture to establish total N concentrations of 500 μg g−1 and 400 μg g−1, respectively, while high and low P treatments consisted of 68 μg g−1 and 43 μg g−1 concentrations, respectively, of extractable P created by additions of CaHPO4. All seedlings were inoculated with the mycobiont Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch shortly after emergence. Three whole-seedling harvests at four month intervals permitted assessment of treatment effects on shoot and root growth and ectomycorrhizal development. Initially, 525 μl l−1 CO2 and high N and P were all influential factors in above-ground growth, with each of these treatments increasing shoot weight while the latter increased height, diameter and volume. Stimulation of root growth was evident in dry weight and length measurements at the first harvest, with N and P main treatment effects again evident, but the response to elevated CO2 was most pronounced in the 700 μl l−1 atmosphere. After eight months, soil P was of little consequence above- or below-ground, but high N increased shoot dimensions, volume, and weight and root weight and length. Furthermore, the 525 μl l−1 CO2 treatment emerged as the dominant stimulatory atmosphere both above- and below-ground, as seedlings grown in intermediate CO2 exhibited the largest shoot diameters, greatest shoot and root weights, and the longest root systems at the second harvest. At the final harvest, interactive effects of 525 μl l−1 CO2 and high N were prominent, as this treatment combination produced the largest shoot dimensions, volume and weight, and the greatest root volume and coarse and fine root weights. Intermediate CO2 also produced the longest root systems after 12 months. Shoot/root ratios were lowered by growth in 700 μl l−1 CO2 after four months and by both enriched atmospheres after eight months, but this effect was no longer evident at the final harvest. Greater numbers of mycorrhizae were formed by seedlings grown in 700 μl l−1 CO2 after four months and by those grown in 525 μl l−1 CO2 after eight months. Both enriched atmospheres increased mycorrhizal counts after 12 months, and seedlings grown in high CO2 and low N exhibited the highest percentage of total root system length colonized at the final harvest as well. Overall, these results indicate that CO2 enrichment stimulates shoot and root growth of juvenile ponderosa pine, a response dependent on soil N rather than P availability, and that the magnitude of the growth increase is greater in 1.5× ambient than in 2× ambient CO2.
Magnon excitations on 2D percolation clusters

Abstract We use both eigenvalue counting techniques and CPA theory to determine the density of linearized magnon modes in 2D bond dilute magnets. The calculations are done for nearest neighbor Heisenberg ferromagnets and antiferromagnets and for the XY model. Results are obtained for 50x50 arrays with averages taken over 15 configurations. At the critical percolation concentration the distribution of the excitations on the infinite cluster varies as ϵ -λ with λ ≈ 0.32 for Heisenberg ferromagnets, λ ≈ 0.28 for the XY model and λ ≈ -0.02 for Heisenberg antiferromagnets. These results are compared with the predictions of scaling theory.
The Effect of Two‐Dimensional Nucleation on the Rate of Electrocrystallization

The effect of random two‐dimensional nucleation on current‐potential curves, valid for epitaxial electrodeposition on single‐crystal faces, has been examined employing a specific model for nucleation and surface step motion. Computations have been performed for the electrodeposition of silver and copper: for the first metal the results are in reasonable agreement with some experimental data concerning two‐dimensional nucleation on close‐packed surfaces. In the case of copper the agreement with experimental results seems to be less satisfactory. The influence of assumptions, such as the type of surface step distribution, on the rate of electrocrystallization has been examined and discussed. Computer simulations of potentiostatic transients have also been carried out, and some effects of suppressing nucleation in the vicinity of steps have been investigated.
Sucrose export defective1 encodes a novel protein implicated in chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling.

The Sucrose export defective1 (Sxd1) gene of maize was cloned and shown to encode a novel protein conserved between plants and cyanobacteria. The structure of the Sxd1 locus was determined in wild-type plants and two independent sxd1 alleles. Expression analysis demonstrated that the gene was transcribed in all green tissues, with highest levels in maturing leaf blades. In situ hybridization studies revealed high levels of Sxd1 mRNA in bundle sheath cells, with lower levels within the mesophyll. The SXD1 protein was localized to chloroplasts, in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. Levels of sucrose, glucose, and fructose were compared between wild-type and sxd1 plants. Mutant plants were fully capable of producing sucrose and accumulated all three sugars at concentrations above those measured in wild-type plants. Despite these increased sugar concentrations, photosynthetic gene expression was not significantly downregulated in affected areas of sxd1 leaf blades. These results are consistent with photosynthate being trapped within anthocyanin-accumulating regions of sxd1 leaves due to plasmodesmal occlusion at the bundle sheath–vascular parenchyma boundary of the minor veins. A model for SXD1 function is proposed in which the protein is involved in a chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling pathway necessary for proper late-stage differentiation of maize bundle sheath cells, including the developmentally regulated modification of plasmodesmata.
The mathematical analysis of the computer system modeled as a two stage cyclic queue

The use of network queueing models to aid in the analysis and design of multiprogrammed computer system is well established. Their use provides qualitative insights as well as quantitative measures. These latter measures may be used either directly to assess system performance, or indirectly to provide a theoretical backstop for the validation of more elaborate simulation modes. Further, we note that the mathematical analysis of these models is of itself interesting and worthy of consideration. In this paper we concentrate on the simplest possible network model, that is, that model which consists of two nodes, through which jobs cyclically and repeatedly pass in their bid for service from the node servers. As we shall hopefully demonstrate a wide variety of situations can be represented by variations of this simple model. In this endeavor we shall include a consideration of several variants which, at least to date, defy exact mathematical analysis. In these latter cases we are therefore much interested in the availability of good quality approximate solutions, and several are discussed. As our title and preceding remarks suggest it is the mathematical analysis of these models on which we concentrate, pointing out for each, of course, what its analysis contributes to the totality of information. In the closing section we review our effort and point out the relationship of our results to more general network models.
Applications of tethered satellites to some problems of terrestrial physics

An evaluation is made of the applicability of tethered satellites to geomagnetic field and low altitude magnetospheric/ionospheric plasma investigations. Geomagnetic field observations from tethered satellites with gradiometers promise higher field measurement accuracy and the separation of current effects; plasma observations are important in understanding such processes as the deposition of magnetospheric energy into the upper atmosphere, and the influence of magnetospheric current distribution on this process. The unusual requirements that emerge for attitude knowledge and dynamic isolation in the satellite's instrumentation are discussed.
Adult olfactory epithelium contains multipotent progenitors that give rise to neurons and non‐neural cells

We have infused replication-incompetent retroviral vectors into the nasal cavity of adult rats 1 day after exposure to the olfactotoxic gas methyl bromide (MeBr) to assess the lineage relationships of cells in the regenerating olfactory epithelium. The vast majority of the retrovirus-labeled clones fall into three broad categories: clones that invariably contain globose basal cells (GBCs) and/or neurons, clones that always include cells in the ducts of Bowman's glands, and clones that are composed of sustentacular cells only. Many of the GBC-related clones contain sustentacular cells and horizontal basal cells as well. Most of the duct-related clones contain gland cells, and some also include sustentacular cells. Thus, the destruction of both neurons and non-neuronal cells that is caused by MeBr activates two distinct types of multipotent cells. The multipotent progenitor that gives rise to neurons and non-neuronal cells is a basal cell, whereas the progenitor that gives rise to duct, gland, and sustentacular cells resides within the ducts, based on the pattern of sparing after lesion and the analysis of early regeneration by using cell type-specific markers. We conclude that the balance between multipotency and selective neuropotency, which is characteristic of globose basal cells in the normal olfactory epithelium, is determined by which cell types have been depleted and need to be replenished rapidly.
COSTS & BENEFITS of GUIDED DISCOVERY ARHITECTURE ONLINE PROGRAMS

This paper focuses on the common features of Guided Discovery Architecture (GDA) online programs. It is also about developing a descriptive cost-benefit analysis of online program of GDA. It discusses how the features of GDA instruction differ from those of conventional distance education (DE) courses in terms of not only cost categories associated with online program features but also benefits associated with developing and implementing online programs. This paper addresses on definitions and measurements of expenditures and benefits of development and implementation of online programs.
A MODEL OF RACIAL RESIDENTIAL HISTORY AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SELF-RATED HEALTH AND MORTALITY AMONG BLACK AND WHITE ADULTS IN THE UNITED STATES

We construct a dynamic racial residential history typology and examine its association with self-rated health and mortality among black and white adults. Data are from a national survey of U.S. adults, combined with census tract data from 1970–1990. Results show that racial disparities in health and mortality are explained by both neighborhood contextual and individual socioeconomic factors. Results suggest that living in an established black neighborhood or in an established interracial neighborhood may actually be protective of health, once neighborhood poverty is controlled. Examining the dynamic nature of neighborhoods contributes to an understanding of health disparities.
Visualization and Temporal/Spatial Characterization of Cardiac Radiofrequency Ablation Lesions Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background—The purpose of this study was to describe a system and method for creating, visualizing, and monitoring cardiac radiofrequency ablation (RFA) therapy during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods and Results—RFA was performed in the right ventricular apex of 6 healthy mongrel dogs with a custom 7F nonmagnetic ablation catheter (4-mm electrode) in a newly developed real-time interactive cardiac MRI system. Catheters were positioned to intracardiac targets by use of an MRI fluoroscopy sequence, and ablated tissue was imaged with T2-weighted fast spin-echo and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted gradient-echo sequences. Lesion size by MRI was determined and compared with measurements at gross and histopathological examination. Ablated areas of myocardium appeared as hyperintense regions directly adjacent to the catheter tip and could be detected 2 minutes after RF delivery. Lesions reached maximum size ≈5 minutes after ablation, whereas lesion signal intensity increased linearly with time but then re...
Effects of promethazine-hydrochloride on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Promethazine hydrochloride at a concentration of 0.033 mg/ml has pronounced effects on leukocyte metabolism and function. The drug inhibits the phagocytosis-induced increases in O2 consumption and hexose monophosphate shunt activity. Associated with these effects is an inhibition of the iodination of zymosan particles and an inhibition of bacterial killing by the cell. At least two mechanisms appear to be involved. Many of the effects can be explained by an inhibition of phagocytosis, but promethazine also inhibits the decarboxylation of amino acids and iodide fixation in a cell-free system, indicating a specific effect on metabolism. These results may partially account for the action of the drug in ameliorating the effects of erythroblastosis.
What the papers say: p53 Loss of Function: Implications for the Processes of Immortalization and Tumorigenesis

The complex process of cell immortalization and transformation is likely to involve the inactivation of growth regulatory genes. Mutations (deletions, missense mutations) in the p53 gene are the most frequently observed genetic alteration in human tumors, making p53 a candidate for a cellular protein involved in the control of cell growth. Two recent studies have examined the role of p53 in immortalization and tumorigenesis. In the first study, p53 expression was examined in both mortal and immortal chick embryo fibroblasts. All mortal clones expressed p53 but the loss of wild-type p53 expression was observed in every immortal cell line examined. In the second study, a line of mice carrying two null p53 alleles has been created and characterized. Although these mice develop normally, they show a predisposition to develop a variety of neoplasms at an early age (< 6 months). Although it is unclear whether p53 regulates the same, different, or overlapping pathways in the two experimental systems, these data demonstrate that p53 function is critical for the maintenance of normal growth control and support the current classification of p53 as a growth suppressive or tumor suppressor gene.
Aggressive Behavior Directed at Nursing Home Personnel by Residents' Family Members

Anecdotal evidence suggests there is a significant amount of aggressive behavior directed at nursing home personnel by residents' family members. This exploratory study describes a random sample survey of 70 Florida nursing homes. Administrators reported 1,193 acts of verbal aggression and 13 acts of physical aggression for a 6-month period. Dissatisfaction over how the specific and overall care needs of residents were being met was most frequently cited as the contributing factor. Social work staff and directors of nursing were most often called on to resolve these conflicts. The authors conclude with recommendations for research and conflict resolution.
HHV-6A, 6B, and 7: immunobiology and host response

The discoveries of Human herpesvirus 6 variant A (HHV-6A), Human herpesvirus 6 variant B (HHV-6B) and Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) followed the development of methods for activation and long-term culture of peripheral blood T lymphocytes. Based on their shared biological properties and nucleotide sequences, HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7 are classified as members of the roseolovirus genus of the betaherpesvirus subfamily. HHV-6A and HHV-6B are very closely related, with most of their encoded proteins sharing greater than 90% amino acid sequence identity; most HHV-7 protein sequences share 30% to 60% amino acid sequence identity with their HHV-6 counterparts (for review, see Yamanishi et al., and elsewhere in this volume). Roseoloviruses share many genetic and biologic properties with the more distantly related cytomegaloviruses. All of the roseoloviruses infect T lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro, cause similar damage to infected cells, and have overlapping but distinct disease spectra.
A MEMS electrospray nozzle for mass spectroscopy

We present our development of a micron-sized MEMS electrospray nozzle and demonstrate its application for electrospray mass spectroscopy (MS). The fabricated and tested micromachined electrospray nozzles are typically 40 /spl mu/m long and with 1-3 /spl mu/m orifice diameters. They also have built-in particle filters. This micromachined nozzle has been successfully interfaced with a mass spectrometer (Finnigan Mat LCQ Ion Trap) to perform standard characterization using a solution of gramicidin S at a flow rate of 50 nL/min and a voltage potential of 4 kV. This MEMS nozzle has demonstrated valid MS analyses with lower flow rates, and it has many advantages over the traditional complex preparation of a glass-capillary.
Shape and average energy of beta-particle spectra☆

Abstract The degree of distortion produced in a beta-particle spectrum due to the forbiddenness of the transition is discussed. By approximating the Fermi function appearing in the Fermi theory of beta decay to a three-term polynomial, equations are developed to calculate the average energy of various beta emitters having allowed as well as some forbidden transitions. The contribution to electron energy per decay, by the internal-conversion electrons, is also discussed.
The value of active portfolio management

We calculate the value of interim portfolio revision, an integral component of active management of mutual funds by comparing the returns on actively managed mutual fund portfolios with the returns the fund portfolios would have earned had there been no interim revision. The results show that, on an average, excess returns from interim portfolio revision do not cover the incremental trading costs, even over holding periods as long as 6 months. Across mutual funds, we find evidence of a positive relationship between the excess returns and mutual fund expense ratios suggesting that those managers who generate higher excess returns charge higher fees from the stockholders.
God Does Not Play Dice: Causal Determinism and Preschoolers' Causal Inferences

Three studies investigated children's belief in causal determinism. If children are determinists, they should infer unobserved causes whenever observed causes appear to act stochastically. In Experiment 1, 4-year-olds saw a stochastic generative cause and inferred the existence of an unobserved inhibitory cause. Children traded off inferences about the presence of unobserved inhibitory causes and the absence of unobserved generative causes. In Experiment 2, 4-year-olds used the pattern of indeterminacy to decide whether unobserved variables were generative or inhibitory. Experiment 3 suggested that children (4 years old) resist believing that direct causes can act stochastically, although they accept that events can be stochastically associated. Children's deterministic assumptions seem to support inferences not obtainable from other cues.
It's Not Black and White: Advertising and Race in Cultural Context

ABSTRACT Studies in the United States have found that matching an advertising model's race to the target audience is an effective marketing strategy. However, race is a cultural construct and little research has been conducted on race and advertising effectiveness outside of the United States. This study, conducted with female consumers in Brazil, found that advertisements were not more effective when the subject and the model were of the same race. To better understand the psychological processes triggered by race, this study explored two related but distinct conditions of identification: similarity and liking. It found that in conditions of boundary permeability between groups, liking is more important than similarity in determining advertising effectiveness in the target sample. A general model is proposed.
Does immigration induce ‘native flight’ from public schools into private schools?

Abstract The paper tests whether native-born American families respond to inflows of immigrants by sending their children to private school. The analysis uses 1980 and 1990 Census data from 132 metropolitan areas. For primary school students, no significant relation between immigration and private school enrolment is found. For secondary schools, a significant link emerges. For every four immigrants who arrive in public high schools, it is estimated that one native student switches to a private school. White students account for most of this flight. Natives appear to respond mainly to immigrant children who speak a language other than English at home.
Shoot and root physiological responses to localized zones of soil moisture in cultivated and wild lettuce (Lactuca spp.)

Cultivated crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) has a shallower root system than its wild relative, Lactuca serriola L. The effects of localized soil water, at depth, on plant water relations, gas exchange and root distribution were examined in the two species using soil columns with the soil hydraulic-ally separated into two layers, at (0–20 cm and 20–81) cm, but permitting root growth between the layers. Three treatments were imposed on 7-week-old plants, and maintained for 4 weeks: (i) watering, both layers to field capacity; (ii) drying the upper layer while watering the lower layer to field capacity, and (iii) drying both layers. Drying only 0–20 cm of soil had no effect on leaf water status, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance or biomass production in L. serriola compared to a well-watered control, but caused a short-term reduction (10 d) in leaf water status and photosynthesis in L. sativa that reduced final shoot production. The different responses may be explained by differences in root distribution. Just before the treatments commenced, L. serriola had 50% of total root length at 20–80 cm compared to 35% in L. sativa. Allocation of total biomass to roots in L. serriola was approximately double that in L. sativa. The wild species could provide germplasm for cultivated lettuces to extract more soil water from depth, which may improve irrigation efficiency.
John Sloan's Veiled Politics and Art

During the 1909 New York mayoral campaign, the Socialist newspaper, the New York Call, published a series of seven political cartoons signed by Josh Nolan. Analysis of the subject and style of these cartoons suggest that the signature on them was an anagrammatic pseudonym for painter John Sloan, a leading figure of the Ash Can School and later art director for the Masses. Sloan confirms this in his diary, which provides the reader with evidence of the painter's inclination to use anagrams and fictitious names. The cartoons document a forgotten aspect of the artist's career and reveal many of his political and aesthetic influences. The images also explicate Sloan's personal political commitments and the origins of his later unique imagery. This essay examines Sloan's early cartoons, while questioning why Sloan would choose to hide his identity when creating images for the New York Call.
Evolutionary Optimization of a Nonbiological ATP Binding Protein for Improved Folding Stability

Structural comparison of in vitro evolved proteins with biological proteins will help determine the extent to which biological proteins sample the structural diversity available in protein sequence space. We have previously isolated a family of nonbiological ATP binding proteins from an unconstrained random sequence library. One of these proteins was further optimized for high-affinity binding to ATP, but biophysical characterization proved impossible due to poor solubility. To determine if such nonbiological proteins can be optimized for improved folding stability, we performed multiple rounds of mRNA-display selection under increasingly denaturing conditions. Starting from a pool of protein variants, we evolved a population of proteins capable of binding ATP in 3 M guanidine hydrochloride. One protein was chosen for further characterization. Circular dichroism, tryptophan fluorescence, and (1)H-(15)N correlation NMR studies show that this protein has a unique folded structure.
Review: The use of 'Clickers' in the classroom: Teaching innovation or merely an amusing novelty?

'Clickers' are individual response devices in which students each have a remote control that allows them to quickly and anonymously respond to questions presented in-class. Clickers are now being used in many classrooms as an active learning component of courses. Educators considering the use of clickers in their own classrooms may wonder whether the clickers are a worthwhile, pedagogical tool or merely an amusing novelty. As Li (2008) pointed out, research has examined clicker effects on interaction within the classroom, but little research has examined whether clicker use can affect the understanding of concepts. This article will discuss ways in which clickers may help students organize and understand material presented in the classroom. The paper is intended to help guide educators in potentially effective uses of clickers as well as to guide future research.
September sea-ice cover in the Arctic Ocean projected to vanish by 2100

Arctic sea-ice cover is changing rapidly. An analysis of 18 state-of-the-art climate models and observed trends in Arctic sea-ice cover over the past three decades indicates that under a scenario of medium future greenhouse-gas emissions, the Arctic Ocean will probably be ice-free in September before the end of the twenty-first century. The Arctic climate is changing rapidly1. From 1979 to 2006, September sea-ice extent decreased by almost 25% or about 100,000 km2 per year (ref. 2). In September 2007, Arctic sea-ice extent reached its lowest level since satellite observations began3 and in September 2008, sea-ice cover was still low. This development has raised concerns that the Arctic Ocean could be ice-free in late summer in only a few decades, with important economic and geopolitical implications. Unfortunately, most current climate models underestimate significantly the observed trend in Arctic sea-ice decline4, leading to doubts regarding their projections for the timing of ice-free conditions. Here we analyse the simulated trends in past sea-ice cover in 18 state-of-art-climate models and find a direct relationship between the simulated evolution of September sea-ice cover over the twenty-first century and the magnitude of past trends in sea-ice cover. Using this relationship together with observed trends, we project the evolution of September sea-ice cover over the twenty-first century. We find that under a scenario with medium future greenhouse-gas emissions, the Arctic Ocean will probably be ice-free in September before the end of the twenty-first century.
Coadsorption of CO and O2 on rhodium

Abstract The adsorption and coadsorption of CO and O2 on polycrystalline Rh at room temperature and at low exposures (0.2-1.6 L) have been investigated using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), electron stimulated desorption (ESD) and static secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) techniques. For the single gas adsorption case, O2 and CO thermally desorb at 1450 and 600 K, respectively. The ESD CO+2 ion was observed for the first time. It exhibits at unusually narrow ion energy distribution. Evidence is also presented which suggest that the CO2 molecule is the source of not only electronically desorbed CO+2, but also RhCO+ and RhO+ secondary ions.
Emerging Meteorological Requirements to Support High Penetrations of Variable Renewable Energy Sources: Solar Energy

With the emergence of favorable policies and effective financing schemes to allow for large penetrations of variable renewable energy resources tied into the electricity grid, there are increasing RD in turn, as variable renewable energy (VRE) resource penetrations increase, their impact on grid reliability, stability, and energy quality also increase. A key challenge for utility and system operators is the ability to forecast this variability over time periods of a few minutes to several days in the future. R&D programs on weather-driven energy resource variability and the ability to forecast this variability have been undertaken in the U.S. and elsewhere. These programs include special field measurement campaigns, data processing techniques, and modeling schemes devised to quantify and forecast the characteristics of this variability in the electricity grid. After introducing the challenge of high penetrations of VRE in a transmission or distribution system, this chapter highlights some key studies underway or completed, with special emphasis on characterizing and predicting solar system output variability associated with rapid cloud passages or changing weather patterns. Some of these studies have been undertaken as a significant international collaboration established under the International Energy Agency’s (IEA’s) Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC) Implementing Agreement’s Task 36 “Solar Resource Knowledge Management,” and a new Task 46 currently underway titled “Solar Resource Assessment and Forecasting.”
Association between competitive food and beverage policies in elementary schools and childhood overweight/obesity trends: differences by neighborhood socioeconomic resources.

Importance To our knowledge, few published studies have examined the influence of competitive food and beverage (CFB none have investigated disparities in the influence of CFB these changes occurred for all children across all school neighborhood socioeconomic levels. In the postpolicy period, these trends differed by school neighborhood socioeconomic advantage. From 2005-2010, trends in overweight/obesity prevalence leveled off among students at schools in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods but declined in socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods. Students in the lowest-income neighborhoods experienced zero or near zero change in the odds of overweight/obesity over time: the annual percentage change in overweight/obesity odds was 0.1% for females (95% CI, −0.7 to 0.9) and −0.3% for males (95% CI, −1.1 to 0.5). In contrast, in the highest-income neighborhoods, the annual percentage decline in the odds of overweight was 1.2% for females (95% CI, 0.4 to 1.9) and 1.0% for males (95% CI, 0.3 to 1.8). Findings were similar for school neighborhood education. Conclusions and Relevance Our study found population-level improvements in the prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity that coincided with the period following implementation of statewide CFB however, the degree of their effectiveness is likely to depend on socioeconomic and other contextual factors in school neighborhoods. To reduce disparities and prevent obesity, school policies and environmental interventions must address relevant contextual factors in school neighborhoods.
Platform biochemicals for a biorenewable chemical industry

The chemical industry is currently reliant on a historically inexpensive, petroleum-based carbon feedstock that generates a small collection of platform chemicals from which highly efficient chemical conversions lead to the manufacture of a large variety of chemical products. Recently, a number of factors have coalesced to provide the impetus to explore alternative renewable sources of carbon. Here we discuss the potential impact on the chemical industry of shifting from non-renewable carbon sources to renewable carbon sources. This change to the manufacture of chemicals from biological carbon sources will provide an opportunity for the biological research community to contribute fundamental knowledge concerning carbon metabolism and its regulation. We discuss whether fundamental biological research into metabolic processes at a holistic level, made possible by completed genome sequences and integrated with detailed structural understanding of biocatalysts, can change the chemical industry from being dependent on fossil-carbon feedstocks to using biorenewable feedstocks. We illustrate this potential by discussing the prospect of building a platform technology based upon a concept of combinatorial biosynthesis, which would explore the enzymological flexibilities of polyketide biosynthesis.
A Stochastic Model of Demand Forecasting for Technical Manpower Planning

This paper presents a stochastic technique for short-term demand forecasting of manpower requirements for a particular functional skin group. The demand model is adaptable to any organization in which the demand for services from a skill group is derived from several projects or activities. Working from these multi-project demands for skill group services, Bayesian decision analysis is used to produce a composite forecast of total skill group manpower demand. Options in the model provide for selectively varying the number and level of detail of the multi-project demand curves. The output of the model is useful for further manpower planning.
Interlocking Systems of Power, Privilege, and Oppression in Adult Higher Education Classes:

This qualitative comparative case study was guided by a feminist-materialist theoretical framework, and examined how power relationships predominantly based on gender but including race, class, and age were manifested in higher education classrooms of adult students. Two master's level counseling classes were chosen for the study, one was taught by a male professor and the other by a femal professor. The predominant means of data collection were audiotaped participant-observations of the classes; interviews and document analysis were additional sources of data. Data were analyzed according to the constant comparative method. Major findings of the study are: (a) students who benefit from interlockng systems of privilege have more power in the classroom; (b) the male professor tended to exert more control than the female professor; and (c) middle-aged women with more education tend to be more participatory, at least in classes where affective forms of knowledge are valued.
Behavioral Interventions for Individuals with Intellectual DisabilitiesExhibiting automatically-Reinforced Challenging Behavior: Stereotypy andSelf-Injury

Challenging behaviors (CBs) among those with intellectual disabilities (ID) such as stereotyped behavior (stereotypy) and self-injurious behavior (SIB) are widespread, dangerous, progressive in nature, and can interfere significantly with an individual’s quality of life. When the function of CB is identified, interventions are more successful. This paper reviewed literature on available behavioral interventions for automatically reinforced cases of stereotypy and SIB. Sixteen single-subject studies met the inclusion criteria, and interventions were analyzed according to the topography exhibited. Every intervention successfully decreased the stereotypy or SIB for its participant. This literature review shows that individualized behavioral interventions can be successful at reducing automatically reinforced CBs. Implications for interventions are discussed separately for stereotypy and SIB.
Operative Indications in Fractures of Both Bones of the Forearm

In adults better results will be obtained if fractures of both bones of the forearm with displacement are treated by open operation rather than by repeated attempts at closed manipulation or by use of skeletal traction. Skeletal traction through the metacarpal bones frequently leads to complications its the hand that nullify any advantage that may be obtained from the traction so far as the reduction of the fracture of the forearm is concerned. Fractures of both bones of the forearm take longer to heal than is usually realized. The common error made by all of us is that, in our enthusiasm to get a patient back to work, immobilization is discontinued too soon, and a secondary deformity occurs in a fracture which is not completely solidified. Usually, immobilization is required for a minimum of three to four months. Of course, the time depends on the age of the patient, the type of fixation, roentgenographic findings, and the judgment of the surgeon. The management of fractures of both bones of the forearm depends a great deal on the judgment, experience, and skill of the surgeon. It is similar to golf in which one depends on his own experience to know what club is most suitable in his hands to perform a successful shot to the green. No two golfers, including the professionals, use exactly the same club, at the same distance, under the same circumstances. So it is in management of fractures of both bones of the forearm. The individual surgeon must evaluate each case based on his own skill and past experience.
Hostile Environments, Title VII, and the ADA: The Limits of the Copy and Paste Function

Two federal circuits, borrowing from Title VII jurisprudence, recently recognized a cause of action for a disability-based hostile environment under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Neither opinion, however, considered how the analysis of a disability-based hostile environment claim under the ADA might differ from that of a race- or sex-based hostile environment claim under Title VII. This Article examines the differing theories of equality underlying the two statutes and argues that, because the statutes prohibit discrimination in fundamentally different ways, courts must resist the temptation to copy and paste Title VII doctrine into ADA hostile environment opinions. This Article instead suggests an analysis of ADA hostile environment actions that is consistent with the specific combination of theories underlying that statute.
Providing instructional support for AAC service delivery in low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries

AbstractPurpose: The majority of individuals with disabilities live in low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries; typically these individuals receive limited, if any, communication rehabilitation services. The present study investigated the experiences of eight augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) professionals who had provided instructional support for AAC service delivery in LAMI countries.Method: An online focus group was used to explore the training experiences of eight AAC professionals.Result: A thematic analysis of the focus group discussion resulted in four major recommendations when providing training for AAC service delivery in LAMI countries: (a) investigate learner needs, (b) provide contextually relevant instructional content, (c) use engaging instructional activities and (d) assess the impacts of instructional activities.Conclusion: The instructional recommendations of the focus group participants are discussed within a theoretical framework of recommended best practices in support...
A cooperative game theoretic analysis of incentives for microgrids in regulated electricity markets

We model the economic incentives for market participants to cooperate in the development of a microgrid in a small electricity network served by a regulated utility. The microgrid can provide energy, ancillary services, heat and enhanced reliability to its customers. Using the framework of cooperative game theory, assuming exchangeable utility and full public information, we quantify how microgrid development affects prices, costs and benefits for parties in the network under alternative sets of assumptions. Our analysis yields three main results. First, market failures mean that the misalignment between the social objective (market efficiency) and objectives of private parties (profit maximization and consumer surplus maximization) can incent investment in inefficient scale and types of microgrid installations. We discuss how regulators can facilitate the realization of efficient market outcomes. Second, if the regulator does not correctly anticipate the timing of microgrid introduction and does not account for it in the rate-making process, social benefits associated with microgrid development could be lower and suboptimal investments may take place, relative to the case in which there is no regulatory lag. Third, utility customers could reap most of the benefits of microgrid introduction, if microgrids result in lower electric rates for all customers. However, when regulated prices are above the marginal cost of power provided by the utility, introducing microgrids can instead raise rates and the resulting economic losses to utility customers might exceed the economic gains to the microgrid owner and its consumers. Our study shows how the cooperative game framework can be useful to regulators and policy makers for identifying the beneficiaries of microgrid promotion policies, and for correcting the market failures in utility pricing that can distort incentives for microgrid investment.
Copper-alloyed spinel black oxides and tandem-structured solar absorbing layers for high-temperature concentrating solar power systems

Abstract Although renewable solar power plants are rapidly proliferating, high cost and the intermittent availability of solar power are still significant barriers for its penetration into the energy grid system. Concentrating solar power (CSP) offers an attractive alternative due to its integration with cost-effective thermal energy storage systems. To further reduce the cost of CSP, it is imperative to operate the plants at higher temperatures for enhanced efficiency. One of the key components for next-generation high-temperature CSP is the solar absorbing coating materials. In this work, we have developed tandem-structured solar absorbing layers with CuFeMnO4 and CuCr2O4 black oxide nanoparticles (NPs). These tandem structures exhibited a remarkably high solar-to-thermal conversion efficiency, or figure of merit (FOM), of 0.903, under the condition of 750 °C operating temperature and a solar concentration ratio of 1000. More importantly, the coating showed unprecedented durability, as demonstrated from long-term isothermal annealing at 750 °C in air as well as rapid thermal cycling between room temperature and 750 °C. Our results suggest that the tandem black oxide coating is suitable to meet the stringent demand of next-generation high-temperature CSP systems. The coating materials synthesis, structures, optical as well as thermal properties will be discussed.
Dark-Spored Agarics—I: Drosophila, Hypholoma, and Pilosace

In MYCOLOGIA for January and March, I918, a series of eight articles on the gill-fungi of tropical North America was concluded with a treatment of species having brown, purplish-brown, or black spores. On page 15 in the January number of that year the fourteen genera of the subtribe Agaricanae were keyed out, beginning with the sessile Melanotus and ending with Coprinus and Clarkeinda, in which the characters are more complex. The present series of articles will deal with species occurring in temperate North America, except those confined to the Pacific Coast, which have already been considered for the most part in articles published in MYCOLOGIA some years ago. The key to the genera need not be repeated here. I shall, for convenience, begin with the larger, more fleshy species and take up the small, slenderstemmed ones later, reversing the natural order. The three genera of the present article may be distinguished from others of the subtribe by a fleshy or fibrous stem, gills that do not deliquesce, and little or no veil, which does not form a definite ring on the stem. They may be separated from each other by the following key:
Projectile Motion with Resistance and the Lambert W Function

Ed Packel (packel@lakeforest.edu) did his undergraduate work at Amherst College and received a Ph.D. in functional analysis from M.I.T. in 1967. Since 1971 he has taught at Lake Forest College, where he served as department chair from 1986 to 1996. His research interests have oscillated among functional analysis, game theory, social choice theory, information-based complexity, and the use of technology (Mathematica) in teaching. His recreational enthusiasms have somehow gravitated towards sports where low numbers are good-namely, competitive distance running and golf.
Occupational Hazards Pre-assessment for One Newly-building Hydropower Station

Objective To control and eliminate the occupational hazard from origin,to prevent and cure occupational disease,and to protect the health of labourer.Method According to the feasibility research report of the newly-building hydropower station and related documents,and based on the requirements of the"Technical Guidelines for Occupational Hazard Pre-assessment of Construction Project",the advance hygienic analyzation and assessment for the occupational hazard that will caused by the project,and the grade of the imperilment,as well as the protection plan were processed.Results The main factors of occupational hazard for the project would be noises,and power frequency electric field.The detecting results of similar water power plant showed that noise: Lex.8h=63.46dB(A),and the maximum value of power frequency electric field of chief control room: 0.043 kV/m·Besides,the means to be adopted for preventing noises,vibration,radiofreque radiation and toxin were feasible,and the anticipative prevent effects were all right.Conclusion The newly-building;project has a common imperilment of occupational hazard,the means to be adopted for preventing occupational hazard are feasible.
Genome-Wide Techniques for the Study of Clinical Epigenetic Biomarkers

Epigenetic research has gained prominence in the last decades as it provides new insights in explaining gene regulation in the context of human disease, as well as it endows with new diagnostic and prognostic tools. The identification of epigenetic biomarkers is providing with reliable indicators useful for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response to therapies, thus contributing to accelerate clinical research and achieve more precise therapeutic regimes. This chapter reviews the first attempts to approach epigenetic changes and describes the latest technologies that are contributing to our knowledge of the diverse epigenomic makeup of human cells, including the latest assays to profile oxidative derivatives of 5-methylcytosine and the most recent sequencing platforms.
The American Party System: Origins and Development

The history of the American party system is fascinating. It has been a complex process of trial and error; even today it is adapting. It was a process characterized by both contradictory, alternating patterns of support and rejection and continuous efforts at reform and revision. In America we have struggled to develop a system acceptable to both the public and the political elites. We have repeatedly questioned the need and function of parties, and we have periodically questioned our type of party system. At the beginning, before 1800, leaders moved only hesitantly toward a competitive party system, and many people warned against it. In the nineteenth century scholars and political leaders attacked parties, developed new ones when the old seemed ineffective, regulated them rigorously, and seriously questioned their value to our society. In the twentieth century, even while the two-party system was maturing and capturing the public’s support, we have attempted to rob parties of crucial functions, such as leadership recruitment, and questioned their superiority compared to interest groups. Throughout our history, therefore, we have wavered between two sentiments and two cultures: pro-party and anti-party. In the context of persisting ambivalence about parties, this chapter will review the origins of the early parties and then sketch their later developments.
Relationship between physical function and sleep quality in African Americans

Study Objectives:There is a growing body of research examining the relationship between sleep and functional outcomes. However, little is known about sleep and physical functioning in older African...