cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A least squares finite element method for viscoelastic fluid flow problems

Viscoelastic flows remain a demanding class of problems for approximate analysis, particularly at increasing Weissenberg numbers. Part of the difficulty stems from the convective behavior and in the treatment of the stress field as a primary unknown. This latter aspect has led to the use of higher-order piecewise approximations for the stress approximation spaces in recent finite element research. The computational complexity of the discretized problem is increased significantly by this approach but at present it appears the most viable technique for solving these problems. Motivated by recent success in treating mixed systems and convective problems, we formulate here a least squares finite element method for the viscoelastic flow problem. Numerical experiments are conducted to test the method and examine its strengths and limitations. Some difficulties and open issues are identified through the numerical experiments. We consider the use of high degree elements (p refinement) to improve performance and accuracy.
Accrued – An R Package for Visualizing Data Quality for Aggregate Surveillance Data

We will describe an R package developed for visualizing and analyzing the quality of aggregate surveillance data.
Fluorocarbon Stripping of Low Beta Heavy Ions

Equilibrium charge state distributions were measured for Kr, Xe, Ho and Pb ions at energies from 25 to 160 keV/amu passing through a high molecular weight fluorocarbon vapor, as well as air and carbon foil strippers. Measured charge state distributions are given which show that the fluorocarbon distributions are intermediate between those of air and foil strippers, becoming closer to foil values as velocity is decreased. At all energies substantial asymmetry in the fluorocarbon distributions towards higher charge states were observed. These favorable distributions, coupled with very high beam handling capability, low maintenance and indefinite lifetime clearly indicate the value of fluorocarbon stripping for many accelerator applications.
Inference in smoothing spline analysis of variance

Summary. Smoothing spline analysis of variance decomposes a multivariate function into additive components. This decomposition not only provides an efficient way to model a multivariate function but also leads to meaningful inference by testing whether a certain component equals 0. No formal procedure is yet available to test such a hypothesis. We propose an asymptotic method based on the likelihood ratio to test whether a functional component is 0. This test allows us to choose an optimal model and to compare groups of curves. We first develop the general theory by exploiting the connection between mixed effects models and smoothing splines. We then apply this to compare two groups of curves and to select an optimal model in a two-dimensional problem. A small simulation is used to assess the finite sample performance of the likelihood ratio test.
Disparities in emptying velocity within the left atrial appendage

Aims Pulsed Doppler measurement of left atrial appendage (LAA) emptying velocity, a marker of left atrium contractile function, has been shown to predict success of cardioversion, thrombo-embolic risk, and maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion and pulmonary vein isolation. However, in the published literature, emptying velocity measurement location is not uniform, and no standard currently exists. We assessed the hypothesis that emptying velocity when acquired near the LAA orifice differs from that at the LAA apex. Methods and results The study group comprised 44 patients (32 in sinus rhythm and 12 in atrial fibrillation) who were able to complete a non-emergent transoesophageal echocardiography. Pulsed Doppler recordings were obtained with the sample volume first positioned 1 cm from the LAA orifice, and then positioned within 1 cm of the LAA apex. At each location, we calculated the average of the peak end-diastolic LAA emptying velocity from five consecutive cardiac cycles. LAA orifice emptying velocity was higher than the apex emptying velocity in all patients. The median velocity at the orifice was 72 cm/s, which was 45% higher than the median velocity at the apex (43 cm/s, P < 0.001). Lower LAA emptying velocity at the orifice was associated with a larger discrepancy between orifice and apex velocities. The ratio of orifice to apex velocity did not vary with orifice velocity. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that clinical patient characteristics were not significant predictors of the discrepancy between orifice and apex velocities. Conclusion LAA emptying velocity is greater at the LAA orifice compared with the LAA apex. Higher, more easily measured velocity and greater variability observed with orifice measurements make it the location of choice for research and clinical applications.
Ecologic and Geographic Distribution of Filovirus Disease

We used ecologic niche modeling of outbreaks and sporadic cases of filovirus-associated hemorrhagic fever (HF) to provide a large-scale perspective on the geographic and ecologic distributions of Ebola and Marburg viruses. We predicted that filovirus would occur across the Afrotropics: Ebola HF in the humid rain forests of central and western Africa, and Marburg HF in the drier and more open areas of central and eastern Africa. Most of the predicted geographic extent of Ebola HF appear to have been observed; Marburg HF has the potential to occur farther south and east. Ecologic conditions appropriate for Ebola HF are also present in Southeast Asia and the Philippines, where Ebola Reston is hypothesized to be distributed. This first large-scale ecologic analysis provides a framework for a more informed search for taxa that could constitute the natural reservoir for this virus family.
Proteome Analyses of Strains ATCC 51142 and PCC 7822 of the Diazotrophic Cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. under Culture Conditions Resulting in Enhanced H2 Production

Cultures of the cyanobacterial genus Cyanothece have been shown to produce high levels of biohydrogen. These strains are diazotrophic and undergo pronounced diurnal cycles when grown under N2-fixing conditions in light-dark cycles. We seek to better understand the way in which proteins respond to these diurnal changes, and we performed quantitative proteome analysis of Cyanothece sp. strains ATCC 51142 and PCC 7822 grown under 8 different nutritional conditions. Nitrogenase expression was limited to N2-fixing conditions, and in the absence of glycerol, nitrogenase gene expression was linked to the dark period. However, glycerol induced expression of nitrogenase during part of the light period, together with cytochrome c oxidase (Cox), glycogen phosphorylase (Glp), and glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) enzymes. This indicated that nitrogenase expression in the light was facilitated via higher levels of respiration and glycogen breakdown. Key enzymes of the Calvin cycle were inhibited in Cyanothece ATCC 51142 in the presence of glycerol under H2-producing conditions, suggesting a competition between these sources of carbon. However, in Cyanothece PCC 7822, the Calvin cycle still played a role in cofactor recycling during H2 production. Our data comprise the first comprehensive profiling of proteome changes in Cyanothece PCC 7822 and allow an in-depth comparative analysis of major physiological and biochemical processes that influence H2 production in both strains. Our results revealed many previously uncharacterized proteins that may play a role in nitrogenase activity and in other metabolic pathways and may provide suitable targets for genetic manipulation that would lead to improvement of large-scale H2 production.
Cardamine xinfenii (Brassicaceae), a New Species from Sichuan (China)

Abstract. Cardamine xinfenii, a new species from southern Sichuan Province, is described and illustrated. It does not seem to be closely related to any of the known Asian species of the genus. It is easily distinguished by the scapose habit and by having slender stolons, 7–9-foliolate, strongly toothed basal leaves, spreading floral parts, and filiform, non-auriculate cauline leaves (bracts) subtending the base of lowermost 1 or 2 pedicels of the raceme.
Transcriptional Regulation of NK Cell Receptors

The stochastic expression of individual members of NK cell receptor gene families on subsets ofNKcells has attracted considerable interest in the transcriptional regulation of these genes. Each receptor gene can contain up to three separate promoters with distinct properties. The recent discovery that an upstream promoter can function as a probabilistic switch element in the Ly49 gene family has revealed a novel mechanism of variegated gene expression. An important question to be answered is whether or not the other NK cell receptor gene families contain probabilistic switches. The promoter elements currently identified in the Ly49, NKR-P1, CD94, NKG2A, and KIR gene families are described.
Treatment of Gynecologic Sarcomas

The primary treatment of female pelvic sarcomas is surgical; the details of surgery are discussed elsewhere. The focus of this report will be on the chemotherapy of gyn sarcomas, and particularly on uterine sarcomas, in regard to both early stage high-risk disease and advanced disease. Some brief comments about pathology, etiology, staging and other modes of treatment are also included for comparison and contrast with the general group of soft tissue sarcomas.
In vitro comparison of actinobolin and other antibiotics used in the treatment of periodontal disease and dental caries. 1.

SummaryWhen compared in vitro with a variety of clinically useful antibiotics at concentrations that reflect therapeutic levels that can be used in vivo, actinobolin (100–250 μg/disk) strongly inhibited bacterial cultures obtained from patients with periodontitis. In vitro bacterial resistance to ampicillin, demethylchlortetracycline, or erythromycin did not confer resistance to actinobolin, and resistance to actinobolin did not confer resistance to the above indicated clinically useful antibiotics.The advice and support of Dr. H. M. Fullmer are greatly appreciated. Thanks are extended to Mrs. Gayle Renfro and Mrs. Nancy Russell for their help in the preparation of this manuscript, and the Drs. J. H. Shaw and H. E. Grupe who kindly reviewed this paper prior to publication.
Inhibitors of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in human plasma.

ConclusionThere are two types of endogenous inhibitors of DBH in human plasma. One is sensitive to copper, or N-ethyl-maleimide, and is dialyzable. The other is not sensitive to copper, maleimide, or dialysis. Both types can be counteracted by diluting the plasma, thus eliminating the need for in-activators during the assay of plasma.
Variations in sleep characteristics and sleep-related impairment in at-risk college drinkers: a latent profile analysis.

Objective Sleep disturbance and heavy drinking increase risk of negative consequences in college students. Limited research exists on how they act synergistically, and the overall nature of sleep and sleep-related impairment in college student drinkers is poorly understood. A latent profile analysis was conducted on the sleep characteristics and daytime sleep-related consequences of college student drinkers who were at-risk based on Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Consumption scores.
Natal philopatry varies with larval condition in salamanders

An individual’s physiological condition early in ontogeny often regulates natal dispersal and philopatry decisions; however, increased condition promotes dispersal in some organisms and philopatry in others. These disparate findings likely arise from interactions among an individual’s early life stage physiological condition, its likelihood of surviving a dispersal event (i.e., dispersal capacity), and its motivation to leave its natal site (i.e., dispersal propensity). Due to the broad importance of reproductive site selection to population structure and dynamics, studies disentangling these various phenotype-dependent effects are critical. We evaluated the relationships between two aspects of larval physiological condition and natal philopatry in Arizona tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum) in an isolated pond system. In this population, geographic distance between ponds is small, adult survivorship is very high, and thus the likelihood of a successful breeding event should mediate reproductive site selection as opposed to the likelihood of surviving the dispersal event. We found that natal philopatry increased with an estimate of long-term body condition in males, but there was no relationship in females. However, natal philopatry decreased with an estimate of short-term body condition. We also found that an individual’s natal pond had effects on philopatry that influenced both sexes and were independent of the pond’s direct effects on body condition. Together, these findings strongly support the importance of an individual’s early developmental experience in the natal environment to its reproductive behaviors across its lifespan, and further highlight the value of considering how phenotype-dependent dispersal mechanisms may vary between the sexes. Previous research has not discerned a generalizable relationship between larval physiological condition and natal philopatry, likely because of the complex interaction between an individual’s ability (dispersal capacity) and its motivation (dispersal propensity) to reproduce in its natal habitat. Using a salamander population with small inter-pond distances and high adult survival, we isolated the effects of two aspects of physiological condition on dispersal propensity. We found that increased long-term larval physiological condition was associated with natal philopatry in male, but not female, tiger salamanders, as well as differences in philopatry based on natal pond. In contrast, short-term larval physiological condition was negatively associated with philopatry. Our findings suggest an important, long-lasting role of the natal environment on reproductive site selection, and further implicate that the conditions experienced in early development can strongly affect reproductive behaviors across the life cycle.
Benefit/Flexible/Social Purpose Corporations: Comparison of Principal Features

This chart provides a high-level comparison of the principal features (e.g., purpose, transparency, reporting, voting thresholds, etc.) across three variations of legislation relating to the new corporate forms for conducting social enterprise: legislation proposed by B Lab; legislation enacted by Delaware and Colorado; and legislation enacted in California (flexible purpose) and Washington (social purpose).
Summarization of Over-voltage Test Technology in Commissioning of Yun-Guang ± 800 kV DC Transmission Project

±800 kV DC transmission project from Yunan to Guangdong is the first UHV DC transmission project in the world,in the commissioning process of which,over-voltage test technology and commissioning experience of filters at both AC and DC sides and converter transformer at AC side are summarized.Over-voltage test technologies between station commissioning and system commissioning of the project and ±500 kV DC transmission project are comparatively analyzed in respect of setting of commissioning project,commissioning method and acceptance standards.Attentions in commissioning are indicated and suggestions such as further optimization and division of commissioning safety management mode and drastic shortening of time of test run are made.
Community-based restaurant interventions to promote healthy eating: a systematic review.

Introduction Eating in restaurants is associated with high caloric intake. This review summarizes and evaluates the evidence supporting community-based restaurant interventions. Methods We searched all years of PubMed and Web of Knowledge through January 2014 for original articles describing or evaluating community-based restaurant interventions to promote healthy eating. We extracted summary information and classified the interventions into 9 categories according to the strategies implemented. A scoring system was adapted to evaluate the evidence, assigning 0 to 3 points to each intervention for study design, public awareness, and effectiveness. The average values were summed and then multiplied by 1 to 3 points, according to the volume of research available for each category. These summary scores were used to determine the level of evidence (insufficient, sufficient, or strong) supporting the effectiveness of each category. Results This review included 27 interventions described in 25 studies published since 1979. Most interventions took place in exclusively urban areas of the United States, either in the West or the South. The most common intervention categories were the use of point-of-purchase information with promotion and communication (n = 6), and point-of-purchase information with increased availability of healthy choices (n = 6). Only the latter category had sufficient evidence. The remaining 8 categories had insufficient evidence because of interventions showing no, minimal, or mixed findings; limited reporting of awareness and effectiveness; low volume of research; or weak study designs. No intervention reported an average negative impact on outcomes. Conclusion Evidence about effective community-based strategies to promote healthy eating in restaurants is limited, especially for interventions in rural areas. To expand the evidence base, more studies should be conducted using robust study designs, standardized evaluation methods, and measures of sales, behavior, and health outcomes.
A MODULAR THEORY OF VIRUS EVOLUTION

A modular theory for virus evolution is proposed. The theory envisions viruses as belonging to large interbreeding families, members of which share only a common genome organization consisting of interchangeable genetic elements each of which carries out an essential biological function. Evidence for the theory obtained from the study of temperate bacteriophages is summarized, and the possible application to animal viruses is discussed.
The Garment and Textile Industries

Two major forces are promoting dramatic change in the prospective international division of labor in garments and textiles.1 Producers in the NICs are now looking over their shoulders at nascent garment and textile export operations in the newly-invigorated economies of the Asian population giants — China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. Concurrently with this increase in wage-based competition, sophisticated microelectronics-based systems for garment and textile production and marketing are emerging in the OECD economies.
Types and Physics of Fiberscopes

Summary Fiberoptic endoscopes, seemingly simple devices, are complex instruments that required significant research and development to achieve the current level of sophistication. Fortunately for the medical profession, fiberoptic light transmission is an important principle with wide application in the communication industry. For this reason, research and development continues at a rapid pace. This research is then readily applicable to medical instrument technology. The benefit for the physician is a wide variety of reliable, high-quality fiberoptic instruments. The union of fiberoptic medical technology with sophisticated video and computer equipment has enhanced our ability to diagnose, treat, and record pathologic conditions in many previously inaccessible areas of the body. Fiberoptic endoscopy has become an integral part of anesthesiology practice as well. Anesthesiologists are now routinely using fiberscopes for tracheal intubation and examination of the airway. This equipment allows the anesthesiologist to manage patient airways that were extremely difficult to manage without fiberoptics. Fiberoptic technology will continue to be of increased importance in the practice of anesthesiology and critical care medicine. Knowledge of the principles of fiberoptics will aid in understanding its medical applications.
Development, Culture and Social Policy in Uzbekistan

The terms ‘social development’ and ‘economic development’ are becoming obsolete. Although the ‘social’ has long been separated from the ‘economic’, recent thinking and research challenges this sharp dichotomy as conceptually flawed and as likely to lead to misconceived policy formulation. The two terms gradually are being replaced by the single term ‘human development’, which embraces both social and economic issues and emphasizes their interlinkages. Throughout this study, human development will be substituted for social development and development policy will be substituted for social policy.
Modeling Robot Assembly Tasks in Manufacturing Using SysML

Robotics has had a transformative impact on manufacturing, and will continue to do so as robots progress to collaborate with humans. To do this, robots must become easier to program and interact with. In this paper we present SysML as a modeling language to enable simplified robot programming through abstraction. We give a brief introduction to SysML, its structure and benefits, and describe our method for modeling assembly tasks with SysML. We then show how this can be applied to a physical assembly task on a real robot.
Structural, Chemical and Antigenic Properties of Surface Membranes Isolated from Leishmania Donovani

Surface membranes (SM) having a mean density of ~1.19 g/cm3 were isolated from Leishmania donovani promastigotes via sucrose gradient centrifugation procedures. As ascertained by electron microscopy, isolated SM were structurally asymmetrical as subpellicular microtubules remained attached to their inner lamina. SM were also asymmetric with regard to their external orientation of glycosylated ligands as demonstrated in SM labeled with various ferritin conjugated lectins. Ultra-structure cytochemistry demonstrated that a non-specific acid phosphatase, a 3′-, and a 5′-nucleotidase were localized on the SM external lamina whereas, an adenyl cyclase and an ATPase were associated with the SM cytoplasmic surface. Sodium do-decyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electropherograms (SDS-PAGE) of SM characteristically contained ~40 peptide bands which ranged in ~ molecular weight from ≤1.2 to ≥22 × 104 daltons. Of these, ~20 were stained with periodic acid-Schiffs' reagent suggesting their apparent glycopeptide nature. In SDS-PAGE of SM, many of these presumptive glycopeptides were “stained” by several fluoresceinated-lectins indicating compositional heterogeneity in their carbohydrate side chains. A variety of non-ionic detergents caused dissolution of the SM bilayer but structurally and spacially intact MT-nexuses were retained as insoluble complexes. The various detergent soluble extracts were reacted against rabbit anti-SM sera in gel immuno-electrophoresis (IEP) reactions. Results of these IEP and 2-dimensional crossed-IEP reactions indicated that isolated SM contained a minimum of 19-21 major antigenic components. Presumably, some of these antigens are of import in the host immune response to this human pathogen.
Comparison of established and novel methods for the detection and enumeration of microparticles in canine stored erythrocyte concentrates for transfusion.

BACKGROUND Microparticles (MP) are submicron, phosphatidylserine (PS)-bearing lipid vesicles with physiologic and pathologic roles in coagulation and inflammation. Microparticles accumulate in packed RBC (pRBC) stored for transfusion, potentially increasing recipient morbidity. Historically, canine MP have been detected with the PS label annexin V in supernatant samples. Other detection methods are available but have not been evaluated in dogs. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to detect and enumerate MP in canine pRBC using annexin V, lactadherin, and bio-maleimide to compare label performance and assess microparticle accumulation under standard storage conditions. METHODS Microparticles (0.5-1.0 μm) in canine dog erythrocyte antigen 1.1 positive, nonleukoreduced pRBC were labeled with FITC-annexin V, FITC-lactadherin, and the fluorescent dye bio-maleimide, and were counted using flow cytometry at 3 time points (days 7, 21, and 35) of storage. Unprocessed pRBC, rather than supernatant, were used. RESULTS Annexin V and bio-maleimide labeling produced comparable microparticle counts (P = .16), while lactadherin labeling resulted in higher microparticle counts than annexin V (P = .002) and bio-maleimide (P = .006), particularly on day 7. Bio-maleimide- and annexin V-based microparticle counts increased significantly from day 7 to 35 (P = .04), and increases from day 21 to 35 approached statistical significance (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS Bio-maleimide- and annexin V-mediated microparticle counts were comparable in unprocessed canine pRBC using flow cytometry. Whether the increased microparticle counts with lactadherin were due to increased sensitivity for small, PS-bearing MP or due to labeling of membrane fragments and debris requires further investigation.
Infection in Organ Transplantation

The prevention, diagnosis, and management of infectious disease in transplantation are major contributors to improved outcomes in organ transplantation. The risk of serious infections in organ recipients is determined by interactions between the patient's epidemiological exposures and net state of immune suppression. In organ recipients, there is a significant incidence of drug toxicity and a propensity for drug interactions with immunosuppressive agents used to maintain graft function. Thus, every effort must be made to establish specific microbiologic diagnoses to optimize therapy. A timeline can be created to develop a differential diagnosis of infection in transplantation based on common patterns of infectious exposures, immunosuppressive management, and antimicrobial prophylaxis. Application of quantitative molecular microbial assays and advanced antimicrobial therapies have advanced care. Pathogen-specific immunity, genetic polymorphisms in immune responses, and dynamic interactions between the microbiome and the risk of infection are beginning to be explored. The role of infection in the stimulation of alloimmune responses awaits further definition. Major hurdles include the shifting worldwide epidemiology of infections, increasing antimicrobial resistance, suboptimal assays for the microbiologic screening of organ donors, and virus-associated malignancies. Transplant infectious disease remains a key to the clinical and scientific investigation of organ transplantation.
When brand anthropomorphism alters perceptions of justice: The moderating role of self-construal

Abstract This research investigates the interplay between brand anthropomorphism and self-construal on evaluations of distributive and procedural justice. We show that consumers with independent self-construal, who value equitable exchanges in their relationships with others, react more negatively to instances of distributive injustice when a brand is anthropomorphized (vs. non-anthropomorphized). In contrast, we find that consumers with interdependent self-construal, who focus on the needs of others, react less negatively to situations of distributive injustice when a brand is anthropomorphized (vs. non-anthropomorphized). However, because fair procedures signal acceptance by others, we show that interdependents evaluate procedural injustice particularly negatively in the instances of brand anthropomorphism. We offer in-depth insights into the interplay between brand anthropomorphism and self-construal in situations where distributive and procedural types of justice interact with each other. Finally, this research provides critical managerial evidence showing that marketers can strategically embed cues within their marketing communications that activate either an independent or an interdependent self-construal in order to manage consumer reactions to perceived marketplace injustice when a brand is anthropomorphized (vs. non-anthropomorphized).
The variant [ʃ] in the Spanish of Ciudad Juárez

A characteristic feature of the Spanish spoken in the Mexican state of Chihuahua is the pronunciation of the standard phoneme /tʃ/ ( ) as a non-standard allophone [ʃ] ( ). The present study analyzes the social and linguistic factors that influence variation in the Mexico-United States border community of Ciudad Juarez. Direct and indirect elicitations techniques were used to gather tokens of /tʃ/ from a sample of 40 local speakers who varied in age, sex, socioeconomic status, education level, and degree of bilingualism. The data was perceptually and acoustically interpreted and then statistically examined using variable rules analysis. On the linguistic side, the results show that [s], [i], [u] in preceding phonological context favor weakening. On the social side, the most prone participants to produce [ʃ] were: young men from low socioeconomic status, regardless of being Spanish monolinguals or Spanish-English sequential bilinguals. These findings indicate an ongoing gender shift with respect to previous research in the same community.
Dewey, Technological Thinking and the Social Studies: The Intelligent use of Digital Tools and Artifacts

Since the emergence of computer technologies in education in the 1970s, social studies teacher educators have advocated for the effective use of digital tools and artifacts (DTAs) in student learning. After nearly four decades, researchers still report low-level cognitive uses and overwhelmingly traditional teaching methods. Perhaps one reason for the lack of progress is the absence of clear guidelines and theoretical constructs. The purpose of this manuscript is to place the use of DTAs within the context of John Dewey’s philosophy, and along the way, articulate guidelines for integrating technology in the social studies. By constructing a philosophical framework based on Deweyan thought, one can test research and ideas, perhaps leading to the more purposeful and effective use of these tools and artifacts in teaching and learning. Philosophy is an instrument for criticizing and reconstructing human activities, and scholars belatedly credit Dewey as a pioneer in the technology branch.
Contaminated Forests: Risk In Perspective

There are several ways of marking the stages in a scientist’s life: as a young student one is invited to present one’s ideas to ones close associates. as an older student one is allowed (after extensive vetting) to present a 10 minute “contributed” paper to a society meeting as one’s work is recognized meeting organizers invite one to give a 30 minute presentation of important work in due course as one becomes the world expert in a field one is invited to give a “keynote” speech at the start of a conference or a summary or “rapporteur” talk at the end. after that life goes downhill. Eventually, all one can do is give an after dinner talk!
Making the dietary guidelines for Americans “for Americans”: The critical role of data analyses

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe the critical role that data analyses played in the development of the 2015 – 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans . In abbreviation, the five overarching Guidelines of the 2015 – 2020 Dietary Guidelines are to follow a healthy eating pattern across the life span; focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount; limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake; shift to healthier food and beverage choices; and support healthy eating patterns for all. Key Recommendations provide further guidance. Four approaches were used to review the evidence: (1) original systematic reviews; (2) high-quality existing reports, comprised primarily of systematic reviews; (3) data analyses; and (4) food pattern modeling analyses. National databases and analyses by Federal agencies were critical to answer questions about chronic disease prevalence rates, food and nutrient intakes of the U.S. population, and nutrient content of foods. They were also essential to support food pattern modeling used to describe the types and amounts of foods to eat to help meet nutrient needs while taking into consideration current intakes and scientific research. Data analyses contributed substantially to development of the Dietary Guidelines and will continue to be essential in updating Federal nutrition policy.
Revolving Rating Analysts and Ratings of Mortgage-Backed and Asset-Backed Securities: Evidence from LinkedIn

This study examines whether revolving rating analysts who transition from major rating agencies to issuers are associated with any rating inflation in the issuers’ mortgage-backed securities (MBS) ...
Tendon Transfers to Restore Ankle Dorsiflexion After Anterior Compartment Myonecrosis: A Case Report.

Case A 47-year-old Caucasian woman spontaneously developed an isolated anterior compartment pressure of >100 mm Hg in the left leg. Despite fasciotomies, the musculature was nonviable and required debridement. Following Achilles tendon lengthening, a posterior tibial tendon (PTT) to anterior tibial tendon (ATT) transfer was supplemented with a flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer to the remaining PTT in order to prevent a flatfoot deformity while restoring active dorsiflexion. Conclusion Preservation of the tendinous portion of the ATT during debridement allowed for transfer of the PTT to the ATT using a modified Pulvertaft transfer. This technique allowed early ambulation and restoration of active dorsiflexion, obviating the ongoing use of an ankle-foot orthosis.
Review of the Finite Bandwidth Concept

The neutral stability curves of many problems in continuum physics have a remarkable similarity. The curves usually relate the value of some parameter to some length scale, and if the instability sets in as growing oscillations there is an additional dispersion relation. Previous studies have attempted to describe the time behavior of a number of discrete scales of motion when the value of the parameter is slightly supercritical. However, it is intuitively clear that in general a continuous range of scales are involved and the following analysis describes how this concept may be readily incorporated. As a prototype we choose the Benard-Rayleigh problem whose stability diagram appears below (Fig.1). In the final section we sketch what happens when growing oscillations are the initial instability.
NK CELL ACTIVATION IN SM/J MICE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses SM/J inbred strain that has both hyper NK- and K-cell activity and hyperresponsiveness to B-cell mitogens. SM/J NK cells may be chronically activated, and the SM/J strain may provide a new genetic model for examining NK-cell activation. The elevation of NK activation in the SM/J strain is because of the chronic activation of a subset of NK1, Qa-5 – NK cells. This responsiveness appears to be under polygenic, non H-2 control. NK activity could be boosted in SM/J mice, and the NK response was greater and more rapid in the SM/J strain than in B6 mice. Spleen cell interferon (IFN) levels were also greater in SM/J mice than in other strains. SM/J NK cells can be activated rapidly in vivo , and their splenic IFN levels are elevated. The activated NK cells in SM/J mice cannot readily be categorized into one of the subsets described by Minato et al . SM/J NK cells can be activated and IFN levels are elevated in SM/J mice. NK cell activity is present in both the spleen and the bone marrow of SM/J mice.
High-End Specificity of the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Problems Scale of the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5-5 in a Sample of Young Children with Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

In practice, ADHD is commonly assessed with parent-reports in the absence of diagnostic interviews or behavioral observations, yet little is known about how accurately rating scales can independently detect ADHD. We used receiver operating characteristic analysis to evaluate the CBCL 1.5–5 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Problems scale’s ability to correctly classify the presence/absence of ADHD within a sample of young children with disruptive behavior disorders (N = 44), offering a conservative test of the scale’s ability to distinguish ADHD symptoms from neighboring problems (i.e., “high-end specificity”). Across cut scores, the scale accurately differentiated between children with and without co-occurring ADHD (AUC = 0.83, SE = 0.07). Applying a cut score in the range of 61–64 yielded the most favorable balance across diagnostic utility properties (i.e., sensitivity = 0.71, specificity = 0.91, positive predictive power = 0.88, negative predictive power = 0.78). Findings provide empirical support to bolster confidence regarding use of this scale to assess early child ADHD, even in the context of complex diagnostic profiles.
Interfer-ing with immunotherapy-induced autoimmunity

Inhibition of type I IFN prevents autoimmune toxicity while preserving antitumor efficacy of combined cancer vaccine and adoptive cell therapy.
A phase II feasibility study of palbociclib in combination with adjuvant endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive invasive breast carcinoma.

Abstract Background The CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib prolongs progression-free survival in hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative (HR+/HER2−) metastatic breast cancer when combined with endocrine therapy. This phase II trial was designed to determine the feasibility of adjuvant palbociclib and endocrine therapy for early breast cancer. Patients and methods Eligible patients with HR+/HER2− stage II–III breast cancer received 2 years of palbociclib at 125 mg daily, 3 weeks on/1 week off, with endocrine therapy. The primary end point was discontinuation from palbociclib due to toxicity, non-adherence, or events related to tolerability. A discontinuation rate of 48% or higher would indicate the treatment duration of 2 years was not feasible, and was evaluated under a binomial test using a one-sided α = 0.025. Results Overall, 162 patients initiated palbociclib; over half had stage III disease (52%) and most received prior chemotherapy (80%). A total of 102 patients (63%) completed 2 years of palbociclib; 50 patients discontinued early for protocol-related reasons (31%, 95% CI 24% to 39%, P = 0.001), and 10 discontinued due to protocol-unrelated reasons. The cumulative incidence of protocol-related discontinuation was 21% (95% CI 14% to 27%) at 12 months from start of treatment. Rates of palbociclib-related toxicity were congruent with the metastatic experience, and there were no cases of febrile neutropenia. Ninety-one patients (56%) required at least one dose reduction. Conclusion Adjuvant palbociclib is feasible in early breast cancer, with a high proportion of patients able to complete 2 years of therapy. The safety profile in the adjuvant setting mirrors that observed in metastatic disease, with approximately half of the patients requiring dose-modification. As extended duration adjuvant palbociclib appears feasible and tolerable for most patients, randomized phase III trials are evaluating clinical benefit in this population. Clinicaltrials.gov registration NCT02040857.
Effect of Tantalum and MgO adhesion layers on plasmonic nanostructures

Plasmonic structures have a wide variety of sensing applications because of their high field localization effect that leads to high sensitivity at lower powers. Specifically, plasmonic nanohole arrays are attractive platforms for sensing because of their easy alignment and measurement. In terms of fabricating these sensors, usually an adhesion layer is needed to ensure firm contact between the plasmonic metal layer and the substrate. Most fabrication efforts rely on titanium or chromium based metallic adhesion layers. However, the presence of the adhesion layer may hinder the plasmonic resonance by broadening the resonance and reducing the plasmonic field enhancement. This leads to degradation of sensing capabilities. We investigate the effect of tantalum, chromium, and titanium adhesion layers on plasmonic sensors made of nanohole arrays. Using the bulk refractive index data for metallic adhesion layers, we show that tantalum has the potential to show less damping effect compared to commonly used chromium and titanium. However, it still causes significant damping because of its high absorption, which becomes even larger for tantalum thin film according to our ellipsometry measurement results. We also propose here to use MgO dielectric adhesion layers to avoid the damping effect. Our investigation on MgO adhesion layers shows strong adhesion properties without scarifying sensor performance. Moreover, we will present an alternate sensor geometry that is less prone to damping by the adhesion layer and that can enhance the plasmonic resonance even if there is a metallic adhesion layer.
Growing up Globally: Third Culture Kids’ Experience with Transition, Identity, and Well-Being

As globalization increases, there has been a rise in expatriate families and, consequently, students enrolled in international schools. These children, known as third culture kids (TCKs), face difficult transitions, identity development challenges, and adverse social-emotional effects. Transition programs have been developed and implemented by some international schools to assist students living in a third culture; however, extended support and specialized TCKs’ programs that address transition, identity, and emotional issues continues to be largely unavailable. To better serve this ever-increasing population, the current literature is examined, and, arising from this, implications and future directions for helping professionals in international schools are presented.
Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation Reduces Neurodegenerative Process in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease in which the retinal ganglion cell axons of the optic nerve degenerate concomitant with synaptic changes in the retina, leading finally to death of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Electrical stimulation has been used to improve neural regeneration in a variety of systems, including in diseases of the retina. Therefore, the focus of this study was to investigate whether transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) in the DBA2/J mouse model of glaucoma could improve retinal or optic nerve pathology and serve as a minimally invasive treatment option. Mice (10 months-old) received 21 sessions of TES over 8 weeks, after which we evaluated RGC number, axon number, and anterograde axonal transport using histology and immunohistochemistry. To gain insight into the mechanism of proposed protection, we also evaluated inflammation by quantifying CD3+ T-cells and Iba1+ microglia; perturbations in metabolism were shown via the ratio pAMPK to AMPK, and changes in trophic support were tested using protein capillary electrophoresis. We found that TES resulted in RGC axon protection, a reduction in inflammatory cells and their activation, improved energy homeostasis, and a reduction of the cell death-associated p75NTR. Collectively, the data indicated that TES maintained axons, decreased inflammation, and increased trophic factor support, in the form of receptor presence and energy homeostasis, suggesting that electrical stimulation impacts several facets of the neurodegenerative process in glaucoma.
Evaluating the potential eye hazard at visible wavelengths of the supercontinuum generated by a NIR femtosecond laser in water

Pulsed lasers with ultrashort pulse durations have become ubiquitous in a variety of applications, including laser eye surgery. Therefore, the role of nonlinear optical effects, such as supercontinuum generation, needs to be considered when evaluating their potential hazard. We used a NIR femtosecond laser to generate a supercontinuum within an artificial eye. We recorded the visible spectra of the supercontinuum generated and calculated the energy contained within the visible band. Our results indicate that for certain exposure conditions, the supercontinuum’s energy within the visible range surpasses the maximum permissible energy allowed for visible wavelengths by the laser safety standards.
Back to basics: How reading the text and taking notes improves learning

Abstract Instructors regularly assign textbook readings and encourage students to take notes on those readings. Despite this being standard preparation for many courses, there has been little scholarship on how much this pre-lecture preparation helps students learn. Using a panel data set that leverages student fixed effects, the impact that reading the text and taking notes has on quizzes and exams in an Introduction to Microeconomics course is quantified. I find that taking a page of pre-lecture notes and reading the text increases quiz grades by up to a standard deviation. With regard to exams, when students take notes on the textbook their scores also increase, in some cases by a full letter grade. These results show even a small amount of preparation can have a significant impact on student achievement.
Flash Continuous Glucose Monitoring (FreeStyle Libre 14-Day System) for Self-Management of Diabetes Mellitus.

The use of FreeStyle Libre increases time in euglycemic range and decreases hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic time and events in adults with type 1 diabetes.
Process, practices, and outcomes of trauma-focused services in a statewide treatment foster care program

Abstract Many youth in treatment foster care (TFC) have been exposed to traumatic life events that are associated with negative health outcomes, yet few studies have examined how TFC programs are addressing the needs of trauma-exposed youth. This study used clinical data from 542 youth enrolled in TFC services within a statewide publicly funded mental health system from 2008 to 2018 to explore (a) how many youth receive trauma treatment, including youth diagnosed with PTSD, (b) to what extent common elements for youth trauma treatment are among the interventions employed during months when trauma was included as a treatment focus, and (c) clinician-reported trauma treatment progress. Only 34% of all youth in TFC, and 56% of youth diagnosed with PTSD, received treatment with any focus on trauma during the first six months of TFC. Therapists used a variety of therapeutic strategies during months when trauma was treated, some of which were consistent with the evidence-base for youth traumatic stress. Therapists reported 36% of youth with some trauma treatment focus made, at most, minimal improvement on trauma concerns during this time. Considerations for research and clinical practice in trauma-focused treatment foster care services are discussed.
An acute naproxen dose does not affect core temperature or Interleukin-6 during cycling in a hot environment

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs’ anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory effects has led some individuals to theorize these medications may blunt core body temperature (Tc) increases during exercise. We utilized a double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced cross-over design to examine the effects of a 24-h naproxen dose (3–220 ​mg naproxen pills) and placebo (0 ​mg naproxen) on Tc and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations during cycling in a hot or ambient environment. Participants (n ​= ​11; 6 male, 5 female; age ​= ​27.8 ​± ​6.5 years, weight ​= ​79.1 ​± ​17.9 ​kg, height ​= ​177 ​± ​9.5 ​cm) completed 4 conditions: 1) placebo and ambient (Control); 2) placebo and heat (Heat); 3) naproxen and ambient (Npx); and 4) naproxen and heat (NpxHeat). Dependent measures were taken before, during, and immediately after 90 ​min of cycling and then 3 ​h after cycling. Overall, Tc significantly increased pre- (37.1 ​± ​0.4 ​°C) to post-cycling (38.2 ​± ​0.3 ​°C, F1.7,67.3 ​= ​150.5, p ​< ​0.001) and decreased during rest (37.0 ​± ​0.3 ​°C, F2.0,81.5 ​= ​201.6, p ​< ​0.001). Rate of change or maximum Tc were not significantly different between conditions. IL-6 increased pre- (0.54 ​± ​0.06 ​pg/ml) to post-exercise (2.46 ​± ​0.28 ​pg/ml, p ​< ​0.001) and remained significantly higher than pre-at 3 ​h post- (1.17 ​± ​0.14 ​pg/ml, 95% CI ​= ​−1.01 to −0.23, p ​= ​0.001). No significant IL-6 differences occurred between conditions. A 24-h, over-the-counter naproxen dose did not significantly affect Tc or IL-6 among males and females cycling in hot or ambient environments.