cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macrofouling of hydrocarbon polymers which contain variable proportions of crystallinity

The effect of crystallinity on the ability of a hydrocarbon to resist attachment to marine fouling organisms has been investigated. Polymers composed only of carbon and hydrogen were casted or extruded and were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and contact angle measurements. The polymers were immersed in Chesapeake Bay and evaluated at monthly intervals. All materials accumulated barnacles, algae and slime. During periods of most active growth, the polymers required moderate scraping for cleaning, but were restored to their original appearance usually with little or no damage. Fouling of the films was not influenced by their content of crystallinity.
Guest Editor's Introduction: Evidence-Based Mental Health Practices

Evidence-based practices (EBPs) refers to treatments and services that have been scientifically confirmed to improve outcomes [1-2]. As in health, calls continue to be made for mental health to move toward greater use of these practices, and efforts are being made in many countries to do so. The Winter 2004-5 issue of this journal included an article comparing the implementation of evidence-based mental health practices in the United Kingdom and the United States [3]. Based on its favorable response by readers, the editor requested that a full issue devoted to this important topic be developed. Accordingly, I put out a call for papers and received a positive response from a number of distinguished researchers and policymakers. The first article, by Leff, Conley, and Hennessy, reviews the key concepts of intervention science, emerging approaches and governmental policies on mental health evidence assessment in the United States and related market-
Polymers and telomers of 4‐chloroperfluoroheptadiene‐1,6

The polymer was prepared by pyrolyzing the sodium salt of 3,5,7,8,-tetrachloroperfluoro-octanoic acid and subsequent dechlorination of the resulting heptene with activated zinc. The heptadiene was separated from other dechlorination products and brought to a high degree of purity through use of vapor phase chromatography and polymerized in bulk utilizing gamma rays at room temperature, 100°C and 150°C, and utilizing ultraviolet light at 150°C. The properties of these brittle and glossy polymers were determined. Also the purified 4-chloroperfluoroheptadiene-1,6 was telomerized with dibromodifluoromethane yielding a cycle, clear, colorless, liquid telomer.
Identification of the cells of origin of a central pathway which sprouts following lesions in mature rats.

Abstract Following unilateral destruction of the entorhinal cortical region of the adult rat, the denervated granule cells of the dentate gyrus are reinnervated as a result of the proliferation of a pathway from the surviving contralateral entorhinal area. The present study investigates the cells of origin of this lesion-induced pathway. Following HRP injections into the reinnervated dentate gyrus, heavily labeled cells were evident in layers II and III of the contralateral entorhinal area, in marked contrast to the pattern of labeling in normal animals, where labeled cells are restricted almost entirely to layer III. The atypically labeled cells in the operated animals were found predominantly in the dorsal half of the entorhinal area, and were concentrated in the medial most portion of layer II. These atypically labeled cells in layer II of the operated animals were an average of 16% larger than their unlabeled neighbors in the same lamina. This was not related to the loading with HRP, however, since in normal animals, cells in layer II which are labeled with HRP were no different in size than unlabeled cells. The atypically labeled cells in layer II of operated animals could also be identified at the electron microscopic level, and could be distinguished from the cells in layer III which normally project to regio superior of the contralateral hippocampal formation. While labeled cells were evident in layers II and III following injections into the reinnervated dentate gyrus, no labeled cells were found in the presubiculum or parasubiculum. In combination, these results suggest (1) the pathway which reinnervates the dentate gyrus from the contralateral entorhinal area originates predominantly, if not exclusively, from the cells in layer II, (2) these cells in layer II have the same preferential distribution within the entorhinal area as the rare lightly labeled cells which can be found contralateral to an injection in normal animals and (3) cells which participate in the reinnervation are larger than their unlabeled neighbors which presumably do not give rise to fibers which reinnervate the contralateral dentate gyrus. Since the cells in layer II which sprout following lesions can be identified at both the light and electron microscopic level, a potentially valuable model system is available in which to analyze cellular changes during sprouting.
Decision-Theoretic Views on Simultaneous Testing of Superiority and Noninferiority

In a simultaneous testing of noninferiority and superiority in clinical trials, there is no multiplicity penalty. Ng (2003), however, argues that even though there is no inflation of the Type I error rate, this type of simultaneous testing is problematic because it may lead to loss of power in the subsequent confirmatory trial. And he recommends to conduct only one test chosen on the basis of the sponsor's preliminary assessment. We view the question of whether one should simultaneously test for noninferiority and superiority from a decision-theoretic view point. We develop the loss function approach implicit in Ng's research and compare his recommendation to simultaneous testing procedures indexed by a variety of design parameters. We find that the simultaneous testing procedure generally provides smaller loss than Ng's method, except when the prior distribution allocates a large probability to equivalence of the two treatments.
Abundance, biomass, vertical migration and estimated development rate of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus in the southern Gulf of Maine during late spring

Abstract Abundance, biomass, diel vertical migration and estimated in situ development in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus were investigated during late spring in 1988 and 1989 in the southern Gulf of Maine. This region is an important feeding ground for the planktivorous right whale, Eubalaena glacialis . The 1988 study took place during the declining spring bloom, with phytoplankton biomass variable, but relatively high. The 1989 study occurred after seasonal stratification, and phytoplankton biomass was low. During the 1988 cruise the dominant stage in C. finmarchicus shifted from C1–C2 to C4–C5. Stage durations during 1988 (4.0 days for C3 and 6.6 days for C4), estimated from the temporal change in stage distribution, were similar to maximal values observed in the laboratory. In contrast, during 1989 stages C4 and C5 were dominant throughout the study period and development rate was slow (estimated C4 stage duration about 24 days). Diel vertical migration patterns changed, from an absence of migration at the first two 1988 stations where younger stages predominated (C1–C3), to a very strong diel vertical migration at the later 1988 stations where stages C3–C3 predominated. This was not a simple ontogenetic change in migratory behavior since all copepodite stages at each station showed similar patterns. During 1989 dense aggregations of C. finmarchicus remained in the surface layer both day and night, and no diel vertical migration was observed. A small, nonmigratory population of late-stage C. finmarchicus was found at depth. Individual body size of these copepods was considerably greater than those found at the surface. Differences in development rate between years reflect differences in the food environment, brought about by seasonal hydrographic changes and the development of more intense stratification. Diel vertical migration patterns, however, did not show a simple relation with food availability, and it is suggested that predation may play an important role in regulating the behavior of the copepods.
ETIOLOGY, MANAGEMENT AND SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS OF CONGENITAL CHORDEE WITHOUT HYPOSPADIAS

AbstractPurpose: We comprehensively evaluated the etiology, management and surgical complications of chordee without hypospadias.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of patients who underwent chordee correction between January 1985 and December 1996. A total of 87 patients with a median age of 14 months were treated for chordee without hypospadias. Mean followup was 10 months. Patients were treated in the standard fashion and a straight phallus was confirmed in all postoperatively. We grouped cases according to the etiology of chordee, including skin tethering, fibrotic dartos and Buck's fasciae, corporeal disproportion and urethral tethering.Results: Of the 87 patients 28 (32%) were successfully treated with release of the skin and superficial fascia. In 29 cases (33%) extensive resection of the fibrotic dartos and Buck's fasciae was necessary to straighten the phallus, including 2 (7%) in which chordee recurred. Corporeal disproportion was identified in 24 patients (28%), of whom 2 (8%) also h...
High-resolution imaging of turbulence structures in jet flames and non-reacting jets with laser Rayleigh scattering

A comparative study of the length scales and morphology of dissipation fields in turbulent jet flames and non-reacting jets provides a quantitative analysis of the effects of heat release on the fine-scale structure of turbulent mixing. Planar laser Rayleigh scattering is used for highly resolved measurements of the thermal and scalar dissipation in the near fields of CH4/H2/N2 jet flames (Red = 15,200 and 22,800) and non-reacting propane jets (Red = 7,200–21,700), respectively. Heat release increases the dissipation cutoff length scales in the reaction zone of the flames such that they are significantly larger than the cutoff scales of non-reacting jets with comparable jet exit Reynolds numbers. Fine-scale anisotropy is enhanced in the reaction zone. At x/d = 10, the peaks of the dissipation angle PDFs in the Red = 15,200 and 22,800 jet flames exceed those of non-reacting jets with corresponding jet exit Reynolds numbers by factors of 2.3 and 1.8, respectively. Heat release significantly reduces the dissipation layer curvature in the reaction zone and in the low-temperature periphery of the jet flames. These results suggest that the reaction zone shields the outer regions of the jet flame from the highly turbulent flow closer to the jet axis.
“As You Are Brothers of Mine”: Thoreau and the Irish

Abstract Did Thoreau really hate the Irish? No, but he did hate seeing his Irish neighbors buying into Yankee consumerism. While Irish wage-slavery becomes the crisis of Walden, elsewhere Thoreau admires and envies the Irish, figures for redemption: his quarrel with them becomes a quarrel with himself, then a quarrel with America.
Structure and synthesis of hypophyllanthin, nirtetralin, phyltetralin and lintetralin

Abstract Structures propounded for the four aryltetralin lignan constituents isolated from Phyllanthus niruri Linn. are confirmed by syntheses of their (±)-forms.
Thixotropic measurements of bentonite suspensions

The use of the hysteresis loop method for the determination of the thixotropic state of bentonite suspensions has been established and the use of the planimeter to measure hysteresis loops has been introduced. The concepts of the thixotropic unit and the thixotropic ratio were devised so that comparison of the degrees of thixotropy of bentonite suspensions could be easily made. It has been shown that the thixotropic state of bentonite suspensions exists in concentrations as low as 4.3% w/v of bentonite, U. S. P. XIV. The thixotropic behavior of bentonite suspensions was found to be affected by pH. Yield values were demonstrated to give an indication of the viscosity of the suspensions.
The Arnold Arboretum: A Botanical Bridge between the United States and China from 1915 through 1948

Abstract This paper examines the role played by the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University in training the first generation of modern Chinese botanists and supporting them to do field work and develop herbarium collections in China. It highlights the scientific career of H.H. Hu, who received his doctorate from Harvard University in 1925 and was strongly influenced by Arnold Arboretum staff members, including C.S. Sargent, Alfred Rehder, J.G. Jack and E.D. Merrill. The paper discusses the role of the Arnold Arboretum in the initial, worldwide distribution of Metasequoia glyptostroboides seed in 1948, and features photographs and measurements of notable specimens growing at the Arboretum today.
Energy transfer in the nanostar: the role of coulombic coupling and dynamics.

We present a theoretical investigation of energy transfer in the phenylene ethynelene dendrimer known as the nanostar. Data from extensive molecular dynamics simulations are used to model the dynamical effects caused by torsional motion of the phenyl groups. We compare rate constants for energy transfer between the two-ring chromophore and the three-ring chromophore obtained via the Forster model, the ideal dipole approximation (IDA), and the transition density cube (TDC) method, which has as its limit an exact representation of the Coulombic coupling. We find that the rate constants obtained with the TDC are extremely sensitive to the phenyl group rotation, whereas the constants computed with the Forster model and the IDA are not. The implications of these results for the interpretation of recent pump-probe experiments on the nanostar are discussed in detail. Finally, we predict the temperature dependence of the rate constant for energy transfer.
High speed hybrid silicon evanescent electroabsorption modulator.

A new way to make high speed modulators using Si waveguides is demonstrated. The hybrid silicon evanescent electroabsorption modulator with offset AlGaInAs quantum wells has an extinction ratio over 10dB and modulation bandwidth of 10GHz. The modulator has a clean open eye at 10Gb/s with sub-volt drive.
Student evaluation based indicators of teaching excellence from a highly selective liberal arts college

Abstract The paper uses individual level data from each student that has enrolled in each class in the department in the last five years. Unlike several past studies that lack data on teaching quality measures Ordered Probit models reveal that the significant determinants of effective teaching, based on student evaluations of teaching (SET) are: organization, clarity of exposition, availability and enthusiasm of the instructor. The gender and race of the instructor is significant with female and non-white instructors being downgraded by students. The usual findings of expected grades inflating teaching evaluations are contested by the empirical evidence from this paper. Highly selective liberal arts colleges claim to provide a better education based on smaller class sizes and excellent teachers that are also active scholars. The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of effective teaching in Economics and Business, according to student evaluations of teaching (SET) at one such college. The paper will begin with a literature review of the scholarship on teaching evaluations. The next section will describe the dataset and the models used to examine teaching effectiveness. The paper will conclude with a discussion of the econometric results.
Female-biased anorexia and anxiety in the Syrian hamster

Anorexia and anxiety cause significant mortality and disability with female biases and frequent comorbidity after puberty, but the scarcity of suitable animal models impedes understanding of their biological underpinnings. It is reported here that in adult or weanling Syrian hamsters, relative to social housing (SH), social separation (SS) induced anorexia characterized as hypophagia, weight loss, reduced adiposity, and hypermetabolism. Following anorexia, SS increased reluctance to feed, and thigmotaxis, in anxiogenic environments. Importantly, anorexia and anxiety were induced post-puberty with female biases. SS also reduced hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing factor mRNA and serum corticosteroid levels assessed by RT-PCR and RIA, respectively. Consistent with the view that sex differences in adrenal suppression contributed to female biases in anorexia and anxiety by disinhibiting neuroimmune activity, SS elevated hypothalamic interleukin-6 and toll-like receptor 4 mRNA levels. Although corticosteroids were highest during SH, they were within the physiological range and associated with juvenile-like growth of white adipose, bone, and skeletal muscle. These results suggest that hamsters exhibit plasticity in bioenergetic and emotional phenotypes across puberty without an increase in stress responsiveness. Thus, social separation of hamsters provides a model of sex differences in anorexia and anxiety during adulthood and their pathogeneses during adolescence.
Falsely elevated serum tobramycin concentrations in cystic fibrosis patients treated with concurrent intravenous and inhaled tobramycin.

A recently developed tobramycin preparation for inhalation (TOBI®, Pathogenesis Corp., Seattle, WA) is widely used in CF patients. It is often used in conjunction with intravenous tobramycin. Renal and ototoxicity associated with the use of tobramycin require that serum drug concentrations be monitored during therapy. We report on two patients with falsely elevated, toxic serum tobramycin concentrations while receiving concurrent intravenous and inhaled tobramycin. These cases point out the need for guidelines governing the use and monitoring of simultaneous inhaled and intravenous tobramycin therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000; 29:43– 45. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Abstract B55: The regulation of matriptase activation through PDGF D-mediated extracellular acidosis

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most diagnosed and sixth leading cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide. Activation of β-PDGFR (platelet-derived growth factor receptor) has been demonstrated in 50% of PCa cases and it is part of a 5-gene signature predicting PCa recurrence after prostatectomy. Analysis of the β-PDGFR ligands in PCa revealed association between PDGF D expression and Gleason score as well as tumor stage. When we examined the functional consequences of PDGF ligand-specific β-PDGFR signaling in PCa, we discovered a novel PDGF D-specific autocrine pathway, resulting in activation/shedding of the serine protease matriptase leading to PCa cell invasion, migration, and tumorigenesis. The present study showed that PDGF D, not PDGF B, induces extracellular acidification which correlates with increased matriptase activation. Furthermore, exposure of control or PDGF B expressing cells to an acidic buffer resulted in increased matriptase activation, indicating the functional significance of the acidic milieu in matriptase activation. A cDNA microarray analysis showed that PDGF D/β-PDGFR signaling upregulates expression of the acidosis regulator carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), a classic target of the transcriptional factor HIF-1. Interestingly, cellular fractionation displayed a strong HIF-1 nuclear localization in PDGF D expressing cells. Treatment of vector control or PDGF B expressing cells with the HIF-1 activator, CoCl2, specifically led to increased CA IX expression accompanied by extracellular acidosis and matriptase activation. Taken together, these novel findings reveal a new paradigm in matritpase activation involving PDGF D-specific signal transduction leading to extracellular acidosis. Considering the fact that intratumoral acidosis leads to chemo- and radiation resistance, understanding the role PDGF signaling plays in this process will enhance the efficacy of current clinical therapeutics. Citation Format: Abdo J. Najy, Hyeong-Reh C. Kim. The regulation of matriptase activation through PDGF D-mediated extracellular acidosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B55.
Intracellular Targeting of Proteins by Sumoylation

A novel host cell posttranslational modification system, termed sumoylation, has recently been characterized. Sumoylation is an enzymatic process that is biochemically analogous to, but functionally distinct from, ubiquitinylation. As in ubiquitinylation, sumoylation involves the covalent attachment of a small protein moiety, SUMO, to substrate proteins. However, conjugation of SUMO does not typically lead to degradation of the substrate and instead has a more diverse array of effects on substrate function. As the list of sumoylation substrates has expanded, a common theme is that many substrates exhibit sumoylation-dependent subcellular distribution. While the molecular mechanisms by which sumoylation targets protein localization are still poorly understood, it is clear that this modification system is an important regulator of intracellular protein localization, particularly involving nuclear uptake and punctate intranuclear accumulation.
The interaction of the reaction center secondary quinone with the ubiquinone-cytochrome c2 oxidoreductase in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides chromatophores

(1) Two populations of reaction centers in the chromatophore membrane can be distinguished under some conditions of initial redox poise (300 mV < Eh < 400 mV): those which transfer a reducing equivalent after the first flash from the secondary quinone (QII) of the reaction center to cytochrome b of the ubiquinone-cytochrome c2 oxidoreductase; and those which retain the reducing equivalent on Q⨪II until a second flash is given. These two populations do not exchange on a time scale of tens of seconds. (2) At redox potentials higher than 400 mV, Q⨪II generated after the first flash is no longer able to reduce cytochrome b-560 even in those reaction centers associated with an oxidoreductase. Under these conditions, doubly reduced QII generated by a second flash is required for cytochrome b reduction, so that the QII effectively functions as a two-electron gate into the oxidoreductase at these high potentials. (3) At redox potentials below 300 mV, although the two populations of QII are no longer distinguishable, cytochrome b reduction is still dependent on only part of the reaction center population. (4) Proton binding does not oscillate under any condition tested.
A Dynamical Initialization Scheme for Real-Time Forecasts of Tropical Cyclones Using the WRF Model

To improve the initial conditions of tropical cyclone (TC) forecast models, a dynamical initialization (DI) scheme using cycle runs is developed and implemented into a real-time forecast system for northwest Pacific TCs based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. In this scheme, cycle runs with a 6-h window before the initial forecast time are repeatedly conducted to spin up the axisymmetric component of the TC vortex until the model TC intensity is comparable to the observed. This is followed by a 72-h forecast using the Global Forecast System (GFS) prediction as lateral boundary conditions. In the DI scheme, the spectral nudging technique is employed during each cycle run to reduce bias in the large-scale environmental field, and the relocation method is applied after the last cycle run to reduce the initial position error. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed DI scheme, 69 forecast experiments with and without the DI are conducted for 13 TCs over the northwest Pacific in 2010 and 2011. The DI shows positive effects on both track andintensity forecasts of TCs, althoughits overallskill dependsstronglyon the performanceof the GFS forecasts.Comparedtotheforecasts withouttheDI,onaverage,forecastswiththeDIreducethepositionand intensity errors by 10% and 30%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed DI scheme improves the initial TC vortex structure and intensity and provides warm physics spinup, producing initial states consistent with the forecast model, thus achieving improved track and intensity forecasts.
Recent advances in composite right/left-handed metamaterial structures

This talk is concerned with microwave applications of left handed metamateials based on the composite right/left handed transmission line configurations. This technique does not rely on resonance to realize negative permittivity and permeability but is characterized broadband structures that can be one dimension or multidimensions. A brief explanation of the principle of this phenomenon is described. The majority of the talk is on microwave component applications with unique characteristics. Significant progress has been made on the microwave applications. The examples include leaky wave antennas, compact antennas, directional couplers, dual band and broadband components, harmonic filters, and distributed amplifiers. Additionally, an alternative method to realize the left handed material by means of dielectric resonators is briefly presented.
Diffusion of Oxygen in Tungsten and some other Transition Metals

Stringer and Rosenfield1 have recently calculated some activation energies for diffusion of oxygen in transition metals, which were not otherwise available. One of these metals was tungsten. In a plot of activation energy versus melting point of the solvent, the authors attempted to show that tungsten and other metals dissolving less than about 1 per cent oxygen lay on a straight line through the origin; while those metals dissolving more than about 1 per cent oxygen fell on a straight line, which did not pass through the origin and which had a small negative slope. The line through the origin was supposed to be indicative of a normal lattice distortion mechanism and the other line an ionization mechanism.
Extreme Elongation of Asteroid 1620 Geographos from Radar Images

MOST small asteroids are thought to result from catastrophic collisions1, and their shapes can provide insight into their origin and collisional evolution. Two main-belt asteroids have been successfully imaged by spacecraft2,3, but such images have yet to be obtained for asteroids that cross Earth's orbit. Earth-crossing asteroids are generally too small to be resolved by optical telescopes, and shape constraints derived from optical lightcurves are subject to large systematic biases4. Ground-based radar observations, on the other hand, have proved successful in resolving the shapes of some small asteroids5-9. We describe here radar measurements of the Earth-crossing asteroid 1620 Geographos during its recent close encounter with the Earth. We have determined the silhouette of Geographos along its rotation axis, and confirm earlier lightcurve-based conjectures10 that this object has a very unusual shape. The silhouette is irregular, non-convex and has an aspect ratio of 2.76 ± 0.21, establishing it as the most elongated Solar System object yet imaged. The unusual nature of the shape is underscored by laboratory fragmentation experiments11,12, in which the average aspect ratio of fragments is 1.4, with fewer than 1% as elongated as Geographos.
System-level power-aware design techniques in real-time systems

Power and energy consumption has recently become an important issue and consequently, power-aware techniques are being devised at all levels of system design; from the circuit and device level, to the architectural, compiler, operating system, and networking layers. In this paper, we concentrate on power-aware design techniques for real-time systems. While the main focus is on hard real-time, soft real-time systems are considered as well. We start with the motivation for focusing on these systems and provide a brief discussion on power and energy objectives. We then follow with a survey of current research on a layer-by-layer basis. We conclude with illustrative examples and open research challenges. This paper provides an overview of power-aware techniques for the real-time system engineer as well as an up-to-date reference list for the researcher.
The impact of prostate size on urinary quality of life indexes following laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.

Purpose: We assessed the effects of prostate size on long-term health related quality of life and functional outcomes after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: A total of 729 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer were stratified by pathological prostate gland weight, including group 1—less than 35 gm, group 2—35 to 70 gm and group 3—greater than 70 gm. Urinary health related quality of life was assessed preoperatively and at regular intervals following laparoscopic radical prostatectomy using the validated Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite questionnaire.Results: A total of 613 evaluable patients were studied with a mean age of 57.7 years, a preoperative prostate specific antigen of 6.0 ng/ml, a median preoperative and postoperative Gleason score of 6, and a mean pathological gland weight of 51.3 gm (range 13.4 to 145.7). Patients with the largest glands had significantly worse baseline urinary function, as demonstra...
Amorphous Placement and Informed Diffusion for Timely Field Monitoring by Autonomous, Resource-Constrained, Mobile Sensors

Personal communication devices are increasingly equipped with sensors for passive monitoring of encounters and surroundings. We envision the emergence of services that enable a community of mobile users carrying such resource-limited devices to query such information at remote locations in the field in which they collectively roam. One approach to implement such a service is directed placement and retrieval (DPR), whereby readings/queries about a specific location are routed to a node responsible for that location. In a mobile, potentially sparse setting, where end-to-end paths are unavailable, DPR is not an attractive solution as it would require the use of delay-tolerant (flooding-based store-carry-forward) routing of both readings and queries, which is inappropriate for applications with data freshness constraints, and which is incompatible with stringent device power/memory constraints. Alternatively, we propose the use of amorphous placement and retrieval (APR), in which routing and field monitoring are integrated through the use of a cache management scheme coupled with an informed exchange of cached samples to diffuse sensory data throughout the network, in such a way that a query answer is likely to be found close to the query origin. We argue that knowledge of the distribution of query targets could be used effectively by an informed cache management policy to maximize the utility of collective storage of all devices. Using a simple analytical model, we show that the use of informed cache management is particularly important when the mobility model results in a non-uniform distribution of users over the field. We present results from extensive simulations which show that in sparsely-connected networks, APR is more cost-effective than DPR, that it provides extra resilience to node failure and packet losses, and that its use of informed cache management yields superior performance.
Characterization of the Infectious Bursal Agent

Abstract GUMBORO disease was first diagnosed as an infectious disease in the fall of 1957 by Cosgrove (1962). Later, two virus agents were isolated from birds believed to be suffering from the Gumboro disease syndrome, Winterfield et al. (1961). The first was isolated from kidneys of affected birds and it was designated the “Gray” agent that caused nephrosis but was believed to be a variant type of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The virus was of low virulence for the respiratory tract (Winterfield et al., 1961; Winterfield and Hitchner, 1962; and Winterfield, 1963). A second agent was isolated later by the same research group from the bursa of affected birds and was designated infectious bursal agent (IBA). Thus, Winterfield et al. (1962) concluded that at least two different agents were involved in Gumboro disease. The Winterfield group then differentiated the signs and gross pathology of birds infected by the two agents, namely…
The Effect of Pretrial Detention on Imprisonment Decisions

A number of studies have addressed the respective influences of such legal factors as offense seriousness, and such extralegal factors as race, on imprisonment decisions. One factor that is not easily classified as either legal or extralegal-pretrial detention-has not received as much attention as the "typical" legal and extralegal variables, although some researchers feel that pretrial detention plays a pivotal role in imprisonment decisions. This exploratory article assesses the relationship between pretrial detention and the decision to incarcerate in adult felony cases in a Florida county, controlling for various legal and extralegal factors. Results indicate that those defendants who had been subject to pretrial detention were more likely to be incarcerated, and to receive longer sentences if they were incarcerated, than defendants who had been released pending case disposition.
Functional organization of tactile inputs from the hand in the cuneate nucleus and its relationship to organization in the somatosensory cortex.

Central processing of tactile inputs from the hand begins in the main cuneate nucleus and continues in the thalamus and area 3b cortex. Little is known about cuneate functional organization in primates or about how cuneate and area 3b organization are related. In this study, neurophysiologic approaches were used to evaluate how tactile inputs from the hand and adjacent body are organized in the cuneate nucleus of squirrel monkeys. Cuneate data on the organization of hand inputs were then compared with analogous area 3b data from our earlier cortical studies that used the same approaches. Evaluations of several cuneate properties, including (1) responsiveness to tactile stimulation, (2) incidences and sizes of receptive fields, (3) somatotopic progressions, (4) properties of representations, and (5) relationships between functional inputs and cytochrome oxidase staining, suggest that tactile afferents from the hand form consistently organized cuneate representations that, in turn, relate to the parcellated organization of cuneate structural substrates. Comparisons of cuneate and area 3b organization indicate that tactile processing from the brainstem to cortex involves a preservation of tactile responsiveness and somatotopic organization but, in addition, involves transformations that produce receptive field sharpening, suppression of hairy hand inputs, amplification and refinement of glabrous inputs, and relocations of representations. Ascending lemniscal substrates are characterized by cascading excitatory convergence/divergence that increments at successively higher levels between sensory afferents and area 3b. It is suggested that the observed preservations and transformations reflect this organization but, in addition, reflect mechanisms that cause counterbalancing sharpening and suppressions of hand inputs.
Stochastic Dominance: A Methodological Approach to Enhancing the Conceptual Foundations of Operations Management Theory

Production/operations management (POM) research has traditionally preference ordered alternatives based on the expected values of outcomes for decision making under risk problems. The shortcomings of ignoring the uncertainty or variance of outcomes are discussed. A hypothetical example is provided to illustrate multiple moment and stochastic dominance preference ordering approaches and to demonstrate the theoretical superiority of stochastic dominance. Conclusions concerning the applicability of stochastic dominance approaches for POM research are presented.
The relation between outsourcing and the return from corporate IT spending: perceptions from practitioners

Information technology (IT) may be viewed as a strategic asset or as a utility. The view a company holds not only influences the return it expects to receive from IT investments, but also its decisions regarding outsourcing. This paper reports research conducted to examine the association between these issues from the viewpoints of experienced executives, managers and consultants in comparison with those of veteran IT professionals. The findings show that results expected from outsourcing are changing. Moreover, understanding the areas where managers and IT professionals agree and where they differ provides valuable insights into strategies for gaining adequate returns on IT spending.
Two Dakota Homestead Frontiers

ABSTRACT Between 1870 and 1910 the northern plains was transformed from Indian reservation to a farming frontier for whites as a result of decisions made outside the region, and by the adaptations of white and Indian settlers. The frontier migration fields of Sanborn County, South Dakota, and Bowman County, North Dakota, were heavily concentrated in the Middle West, illustrating the shift in migrant origins as the frontier pushed westward. The contrast in patterns of development beween North and South Dakota was largely determined by the location and timing of railroad construction, which in turn reflected the government's land grant and Indian policies. Within Sanborn and Bowman counties, pioneer settlement patterns illustrate the role of group migration, public land policies, and railroad land sales.
Muscarinic receptor-stimulated Ca2+ signaling and inositol lipid metabolism in avian salt gland cells

Activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors was studied by measuring agonist-stimulated inositoi lipid turnover and changes in [Ca2+]i in dissociated salt gland secretory cells. Carbachol stimulation of quin2-1oaded cells results in a sustained 4-fold increase in [CaZ+]i , while incorporation of [32pIP i into phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidate are similarly increased. [3H]Inositol phosphates, measured in the presence of Li +, increased 13-fold. The stimulated increment in [Ca z÷ ]i required extracellular Ca 2÷, whereas [3Hlinositol phosphate accumulation was independent of external Ca z +. Dose-response curves for carbachoMnduced increments in [Ca2+]i, P1 labeling, and labeled inositol phosphate release are similar, with ECs0 values of 6, 4.5 and 8 /~M, respectively. Dissociation constants for atropine vs. the quin2 and phospholipid responses are 0.59 + 0.3 nM and 0.48 + 0.28 nM, respectively. These cells thus provide a model system for the study of non-exocytotic secretion as a consequence of stimulated inositol lipid turnover.
Beyond the Best Interests of Children: Four Views of the Family and of Foundational Disagreements Regarding Pediatric Decision Making

This paper presents four different understandings of the family and their concomitant views of the authority of the family in pediatric medical decision making. These different views are grounded in robustly developed, and conflicting, worldviews supported by disparate basic premises about the nature of morality. The traditional worldviews are often found within religious communities that embrace foundational metaphysical premises at odds with the commitments of the liberal account of the family dominant in the secular culture of the West. These disputes are substantial and ultimately irresolvable by sound rational argument because of the failure to share common foundational premises and rules of evidence. It is in light of these fundamental disagreements that there is a need to evaluate critically the claims and agenda advanced by the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Mechanical Effects of Dynamic Binding between Tau Proteins on Microtubules during Axonal Injury

The viscoelastic nature of axons plays a key role in their selective vulnerability to damage in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Experimental studies have shown that although axons can tolerate 100% strain under slow loading rates, even strain as small as 5% can rupture microtubules (MTs) during the fast loading velocities relevant to TBI. Here, we developed a computational model to examine rate-dependent behavior related to dynamic interactions between MTs and the MT-associated protein tau under varying strains and strain rates. In the model, inverted pairs of tau proteins can dynamically cross-link parallel MTs via the respective MT-binding domain of each tau. The model also incorporates realistic thermodynamic breaking and reformation of the bonds between the connected tau proteins as they respond to mechanical stretch. With simulated stretch of the axon, the model shows that despite the highly dynamic nature of binding and unbinding events, under fast loading rates relevant to TBI, large tensile forces can be transmitted to the MTs that can lead to mechanical rupture of the MT cylinder, in agreement with experimental observations and as inferred in human TBI. In contrast, at slow loading rates, the progressive breaking and reformation of the bonds between the tau proteins facilitate the extension of axons up to ∼100% strain without any microstructural damage. The model also predicts that under fast loading rates, individual MTs detach from MT bundles via sequential breaking of the tau-tau bonds. Finally, the model demonstrates that longer MTs are more susceptible to mechanical rupture, whereas short MTs are more prone to detachment from the MT bundle, leading to disintegration of the axonal MT ultrastructure. Notably, the predictions from the model are in excellent agreement with the findings of the recent in vitro mechanical testing of micropatterned neuronal cultures.
Working with the Parents of Children and Adolescents with BPD

The pediatrician and psychoanalyst Donald Winnicott said: “There is no such thing as a baby, there is a baby and someone.” This statement captures the reality that a human baby cannot exist on its own. To see the infant as an individual completely separate from its caregiver misses the essential nature of the child’s utter dependence on another person.
Clinical and economic impact of nesiritide

(August 15, 2003, Supplement). On page S21, the next to last sentence of the first paragraph should read, ``Yet despite its relative obscurity, heart failure hospitalizations constitute the number one cost for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).''
Relationship between ribonuclease and certain anionic polymers in utilization of mevalonic acid by liver homogenates.

SummaryLiver homogenates preincubated with RNAse, in contrast to controls, do not incorporate mevalonic acid into non-saponifiable material or cholesterol. This inactivation by RNAse is preventable or reversible with an autoclaved extract of liver or with certain anionic polymers including polyethylene sulfonate, heparin, DNA and even RNA. The polymers also inactivate RNAse in vitro at comparable ratios of inhibitor to enzyme used in the biosynthetic experiments. Inactivation of RNAse in vitro is not observed, however, with comparatively high levels of liver extract. It is concluded that liver extract does not function in the homogenate system merely by inactivation of RNAse but this interpretation may be applicable to the anionic polymers.
Junction Field Effect Transistors For High-Temperature Or High-Power Electronics

Junction field effect transistors (JFETs) are attractive for high-temperature or highpower operation since they rely on a buried semiconductor junction, and not a metal semiconductor interface as in a metal semiconductor (MESFET) or heterojunction field effect transistor (HFET), for modulating the transistor channel. This is important since a metal/semiconductor interface often degrades at elevated temperatures, either due to the ambient temperature or to Joule heating at high current levels, while a buried semiconductor junction can withstand higher temperatures. In fact, for proper design, the JFET becomes limited by thermal carrier generation in the semiconductor and not metallurgical degradation of the gate electrode. In this talk an overview is given of JFET technology based on GaAs, SiC, and GaN. While impressive room temperature, high-frequency, results have been reported for GaAs JFET's with unit current gain cut-off frequencies up to 50 GHz, more work is needed to limit substrate conduction for optimum operation at 300 °C and above. For SiC JFETs, well behaved transistor operation has been maintained up to 600 °C, however, increased frequency performance is needed. More recently, a GaN JFET has also been demonstrated that is promising for similarly high temperature operation but is presently limited by buffer conduction. Future directions for each of these technologies, and potential extension to high power switching devices such as thyristors, will be presented at the conference.
Alternating Least Squares Optimal Scaling: Analysis of Nonmetric Data in Marketing Research:

The authors discuss and illustrate the advantages and limitations of a family of new approaches to the analysis of metric and nonmetric data in marketing research. The general method, which is base...
Emerging dilemmas with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in children.

Purpose of review There has been an increase in the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in recent years. This article reviews the literature on three manifestations of MRSA infections in the head and neck of children: sinonasal infections, otologic infections, and neck abscesses. Recent findings Historically nosocomial in origin, MRSA infections more recently are found to occur in otherwise healthy patients with no obvious risk factors. This community-acquired MRSA is known to be responsible for cutaneous abscesses in various regions of the body. Nasal carriage in healthy children is thought to account for increasing incidence of infections involving the respiratory tract as well as deep-space neck infections. Although these community-acquired strains of MRSA often retain susceptibility to nonbeta lactam antibiotics, there are reports of clindamycin resistance. Summary There is an increase in incidence of MRSA among infections involving the head and neck in children. Vigilant monitoring of antibiotic susceptibilities is warranted as well as judicious use of culture-directed antibiotic agents in their treatment. Topical therapy may play an important role in treatment of infections involving the sinonasal tract and ear.
Abstract B70: Inhibition of the malignant phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells by PRL-2 siRNA.

Human PRL (PTP4A) tyrosine phosphatases include PRL-1, PRL-2 and PRL-3. All of these PRL phosphatases are oncogenic in pancreatic and other epithelial cell types, causing downregulation of p21Waf1/Cip1, accelerated G1 to S transition, invasion, and metastasis. We measured PRL protein phosphatase expression by immunohistochemistry in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) vs. normal tissues from the same patient, and found that PRL-2 was overexpressed in 45% (n=11) and PRL-1 was overexpressed in 25% (n=8) of the human PDAC specimens. To test the hypothesis that PRL-2 phosphatases are required for cancer cell proliferation and invasive properties, we undertook siRNA experiments to knock down PRL-2 expression, and measured effects on tumor cell growth and invasion. Although the sequences of human PRL-1, PRL-2, and PRL-3 genes are very similar, we utilized siRNA sequences which are unique to PRL-2. The RNAi-mediated reduction of PRL-2 in human pancreatic MIA PaCa2 adenocarcinoma cells resulted in a significant decrease in the malignant phenotype, namely reduced DNA synthesis, a lower percentage of the cell population in S-phase, and decreased cell invasion (in a Matrigel assay) when compared to control cells treated with a scrambled sequence RNA. Furthermore, cells with decreased expression of PRL-2 exhibited increased apoptosis. Together, these results suggest that the PRL-2 tyrosine phosphatases may be a viable molecular target for the chemotherapy of pancreatic cancers. Citation Format: Pamela L. Crowell. Inhibition of the malignant phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells by PRL-2 siRNA. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Progress and Challenges; Jun 18-21, 2012; Lake Tahoe, NV. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B70.