cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aqueous Polymeric Dispersions for Film Coating of Pharmaceutical Solid-Dosage Forms

Film coating as a method of coating pharmaceutical solid-dosage forms (for example, tablets, granules, capsules) has been in common use for three decades. Early success with this technology resulted from the use of highly volatile organic solvents, which permitted the employment of relatively simple processing methodologies. Regulatory concerns over the use of such solvents, however, coupled with the development of sophisticated processing equipment, have resulted in water becoming the solvent/vehicle of choice.
Removing the Gag that Binds: An Examination of Therapeutic Implications of Political Correctness

This paper examines both positive and negative influences of political correctness on family therapy. The authors contend the political correctness movement has limited assessment and joining in the therapy room. Impact on self-of-the therapist is considered. Strategies for combating the political correctness movement are discussed.
Engineered Plant Cell or Fungal Association with Bacteria that Fix Nitrogen

It is a well recognized fact that one of the most important factors limiting significant increases in the yield of agronomic crops is the availability of fixed nitrogen, which is almost totally dependent on two sources. The principal biological source of fixed nitrogen is through the symbiotic association of bacteria of the genus Rhizobium with leguminous plants. The other major source of nitrogen for agriculture are the synthetic fertilizers, which require a high initial input of energy, and have become increasingly expensive and scarce. In addition, the exploding human population and the demands of an increasingly affluent society impose a more acute challenge to agriculture than ever before for supplying high protein foods without exhausting the natural sources of energy. Biologists have reacted with vigor to this challenge, and are exploring novel approaches for alleviating the shortage of food proteins that is responsible for much of the malnutrition in the world, and for conserving our natural energy resources (Hardy and Havelka, 1975; Vasil, 1976).
Embodied Cognition and Multi-Agent Behavioral Emergence

Autonomous systems embedded in our physical world need real-world interaction in order to function, but they also depend on it as a means to learn. This is the essence of artificial Embodied Cognition, in which machine intelligence is tightly coupled to sensors and effectors and where learning happens from continually experiencing the dynamic world as time-series data, received and processed from a situated and contextually-relative perspective. From this stream, our engineered agents must perceptually discriminate, deal with noise and uncertainty, recognize the causal influence of their actions (sometimes with significant and variable temporal lag), pursue multiple and changing goals that are often incompatible with each other, and make decisions under time pressure. To further complicate matters, unpredictability caused by the actions of other adaptive agents makes this experiential data stochastic and statistically non-stationary. Reinforcement Learning approaches to these problems often oversimplify many of these aspects, e.g., by assuming stationarity, collapsing multiple goals into a single reward signal, using repetitive discrete training episodes, or removing real-time requirements. Because we are interested in developing dependable and trustworthy autonomy, we have been studying these problems by retaining all these inherent complexities and only simplifying the agent’s environmental bandwidth requirements. The Multi-Agent Research Basic Learning Environment (MARBLE) is a computational framework for studying the nuances of cooperative, competitive, and adversarial learning, where emergent behaviors can be better understood through carefully controlled experiments. In particular, we are using it to evaluate a novel reinforcement learning long-term memory data structure based on probabilistic suffix trees. Here, we describe this research methodology, and report on the results of some early experiments.
Abstract WP464: Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia After Intracerebral Hemorrhage Predicts In-Hospital Mortality and Temporary CSF Diversion

Introduction: Stress-induced hyperglycemia (SIH) in critical illnesses, including intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is often associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Objective parameters to ...
Reciprocal relationships between forest management and regional landscape structures: applying concepts from land system science to private forest management

ABSTRACTMaintaining forest cover and function given large-scale changes in population distribution, infrastructure, and regional economies represents a formidable societal challenge. Land architect...
Water withdrawal and consumption reduction for electrical energy generation systems

Abstract Water is the greatest resource for life on earth. Various human activities affect the quality and quantity of this precious resource, and there are many initiatives to ensure water resources are protected from overuse, pollution, and industrial and agricultural waste. Since the energy sector is the second largest consumer of water after agriculture, water and energy systems are highly interlinked. Specifically, a significant amount of water is used in the energy generation process primarily for producing steam and for cooling processes, the water used for cooling processes will be returned back to the reservoir. Consequently, most fossil-based power plants in addition to consuming water, impact the water resources by raising the temperature of water withdrawn for cooling. Limited water resources can also affect the ability to generate electric power to meet the demand. Therefore, integrated planning for the interleaved energy and water sectors is essential for both water and energy savings. This paper describes a comprehensive study that analyzes and quantifies water withdrawals and consumption of various electricity generation sources such as coal, natural gas and renewable sources. The study has developed a general model to determine the water consumption and impact for various energy generation scenarios and to minimize the amount of water consumption while considering several limitations and restrictions. A case study performed for the state of California indicates that quantification of water consumption can be formulated and potential opportunities for water saving can be identified.
Feasible Coaching Supports to Promote Teachers' Classroom Management in High-Need Settings: An Experimental Single Case Design Study

Although there are many definitions of a high-need (or high-risk) school, typically researchers and policy makers agree it is a setting in which a vast percentage of students are (a) living in econ...
Frequency-Agile Coplanar-Waveguide-Fed Miniaturized Helical Resonator Filters

A tunable helical resonator filter utilizing varactor diodes is presented for the first time. Coplanar waveguides are employed as a transition from the ports to the tapped connection, to the helical resonators. This novel configuration not only provides external coupling to the resonators but also allows for two transmission zeros (TZs), one on each side of the passband. A helical resonator with variable capacitors was fabricated and characterized as a building block for the proposed filter. The tunable helical resonator yields a measured unloaded quality factor (Q) of 192–227 with a variable center frequency of 150–230 MHz. Also, a 4% second-order bandpass filter was designed, fabricated, and tested to demonstrate the concept. The measured second-order bandpass filter achieves a variable center frequency of 170–230 MHz with an insertion loss of 0.9–1.3 dB.
3D monitoring and control of microbubble cavitation for gene delivery

Previous work showed promising results in healing large bone fractures using ultrasound-mediated gene delivery. To further improve current gene therapy for bone fractures, we aim to develop the capability to monitor and control microbubble (MB) cavitation in 3D. In this work, a generic 1024-channel 3D real-time ultrasound tomography system is introduced. B-mode, contrast-enhanced imaging and passive acoustic mapping have been implemented. Volumetric ultrasound imaging uses a motion controller to realize 3D imaging capabilities. Half wavelength spatial resolution and 150 dB dynamic range with improved CNR have been achieved with our current setup. With incoherent compounding, MB cavitation can be localized in a circular region with a diameter of ~ 2.5 mm. Arrays of different aperture size and frequency can be assembled in personalized geometries (e.g. full ring, half ring) and integrated into our tomography system. The system will be applied broadly, including creating the ability to heal bone defects using MB-based gene delivery.
Compatibility conditions from a Gram–Schmidt decomposition of deformation gradient in two dimensions

Abstract Planar deformations are analyzed in the context of a Gram-Schmidt decomposition of deformation gradient into a rotation and upper triangular stretch, where the latter consists of up to three possibly nonzero terms. Necessary—and sufficient under suitable restrictions—conditions for integrability of deformation gradient and stretch (geometrically, vanishing torsion and curvature of a certain affine connection) reduce to a system of three partial differential equations (PDEs). This system appears more convenient than corresponding compatibility conditions from polar decompositions, especially for motions involving simple shear. Admissible families of triangular stretch corresponding to simple shear, pure shear, dilation, and uniaxial strain are analyzed. Also considered are simultaneous simple shear and axial stretch, for which a non-trivial solution with non-vanishing rotation gradient is constructed.
Molecular typing methods for tracking pathogens

Publisher Summary Molecular typing and tracking of pathogens allows investigators to determine the chain of infection/contamination, through detection of the reservoir of the agent of interest, by uncovering the mode of transmission to a susceptible host and through the determination of the means of entry into the host. Additionally, information acquired from molecular typing and tracking of pathogens can (i) facilitate the detection of outbreaks within flocks or herds, (ii) facilitate the detection of emerging isolates with increased virulence properties, (iii) assist in the assessment of the effectiveness of current control measures, (iv) assist in the establishment of risk reduction strategies, and (v) assist in evaluating the effectiveness of food safety programs. There are several parameters to consider when choosing a typing method and this chapter highlights these parameters. In general, the classification and sub typing of organisms can be divided into two categories: phenotypic-based technologies or genotypic-based technologies. Phenotypic methods are based upon the detection of characteristics that are expressed by an organism, whereas genotypic methods are based upon the analysis of nucleic acids and sequence polymorphisms within an organism. The chapter describes these methods.
Bond dissociation energies of diatomic transition metal sulfides: ScS, YS, TiS, ZrS, HfS, NbS, and TaS.

The early transition metal diatomic sulfides, MS, M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, and Ta, have been investigated using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy in the vicinity of their bond dissociation energies (BDEs). Due to the high density of vibronic states in this energy range, the molecular spectra appear quasicontinuous, and when the excitation energy exceeds the ground separated atom limit, excited state decay by dissociation becomes possible. The dissociation process typically occurs so rapidly that the molecule falls apart before a second photon can be absorbed to ionize the species, leading to a sharp drop in ion signal, which is identified as the 0 K BDE. The observed predissociation thresholds yield BDEs of 4.852(10) eV (ScS), 5.391(3) eV (YS), 4.690(4) eV (TiS), 5.660(4) eV (ZrS), 5.780(20) eV (HfS), 5.572(3) eV (NbS), and 5.542(3) eV (TaS). Utilizing thermochemical cycles, the enthalpies of formation, ΔfH0Ko(g), of 182.7(4.3) kJ mol−1 (ScS), 178.3(4.2) kJ mol−1 (YS), 293.1(16.7) kJ mol−1 (TiS), 337.3(8.4) kJ mol−1 (ZrS), 335.0(6.6) kJ mol−1 (HfS), 467.0(8.0) kJ mol−1 (NbS), and 521.5(2.1) kJ mol−1 (TaS) are obtained. Another thermochemical cycle has been used to combine the previously measured M+-S BDEs with the M-S BDEs and atomic ionization energies to obtain the MS ionization energies of 6.44(5) eV (ScS), 6.12(8) eV (YS), 6.78(7) eV (TiS), 6.60(10) eV (ZrS), and 6.88(9) eV (NbS). Using this same cycle, we obtain D0(Hf+-S) = 4.926(20) eV. The bonding trends of the early transition metal sulfides, along with the corresponding selenides, are discussed.
Neighborhood characteristics and ataque de nervios: the role of neighborhood violence.

Ataque de nervios is a Latina/o idiom of distress that may occur as a culturally sanctioned response to acute stressful experiences, particularly relating to grief, threat, family conflict, and a b...
Computational and experimental characterization of the novel ECM glycoprotein SNED1 and prediction of its interactome

ABSTRACT The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein SNED1 has been shown to promote breast cancer metastasis and control neural crest cell-specific craniofacial development, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which it does so remain unknown. ECM proteins exert their functions by binding to cell surface receptors, sequestering growth factors, and interacting with other ECM proteins, actions that can be predicted using knowledge of protein’s sequence, structure and post-translational modifications. Here, we combined in-silico and in-vitro approaches to characterize the physico-chemical properties of SNED1 and infer its putative functions. To do so, we established a mammalian cell system to produce and purify SNED1 and its N-terminal fragment, which contains a NIDO domain. We have determined experimentally SNED1’s potential to be glycosylated, phosphorylated, and incorporated into insoluble ECM produced by cells. In addition, we used biophysical and computational methods to determine the secondary and tertiary structures of SNED1 and its N-terminal fragment. The tentative ab-initio model we built of SNED1 suggests that it is an elongated protein presumably able to bind multiple partners. Using computational predictions, we identified 114 proteins as putative SNED1 interactors. Pathway analysis of the newly-predicted SNED1 interactome further revealed that binding partners of SNED1 contribute to signaling through cell surface receptors, such as integrins, and participate in the regulation of ECM organization and developmental processes. Altogether, we provide a wealth of information on an understudied yet important ECM protein with the potential to decipher its functions in physiology and diseases.
Communication-efficient certificate revocation management for Advanced Metering Infrastructure and IoT Integration

Abstract Advanced Metering Infrastructure forms a communication network for the collection of power data from smart meters in Smart Grid. As the communication between smart meters could be secured utilizing public-key cryptography, however, public-key cryptography still has certain challenges in terms of certificate revocation and management particularly related distribution and storage overhead of revoked certificates. To address this challenge, in this paper, we propose a novel revocation management approach by utilizing cryptographic accumulators which reduces the space requirements for revocation information significantly and thus enables efficient distribution of such information to all smart meters. We implemented the proposed approach on both ns-3 network simulator and a testbed. We demonstrated its superior performance with respect to traditional methods for revocation management.
Severe COVID-19 virus reactivation following treatment for B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

SARS-CoV-2 has infected millions of people worldwide, but little is known at this time about second infections or reactivation. Here, we report a case of a 55-year-old female undergoing treatment for CD20+ B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia who experienced a viral reactivation after receiving rituximab, cytarabine, and dasatinib. She was initially hospitalized with COVID-19 in April and developed a high antibody titer with two negative nasal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) swabs for SARS-CoV-2 on discharge. After recovery, she resumed treatment in June for her leukemia, which included rituximab, cytarabine, and dasatinib. She promptly lost her COVID-19 antibodies, and her nasal PCR turned positive in June. She developed a severe COVID-19 pneumonia with lymphopenia, high inflammatory markers, and characteristic bilateral ground-glass opacities on chest CT, requiring high-flow nasal cannula and transfer to the intensive care unit. She received steroids, anticoagulation, and convalescent plasma, and within 48 h she was off oxygen. She was discharged home in stable condition several days later. Given the short time frame from leukemia treatment to PCR positivity and the low case rate in mid-June in New York City, reinfection appears to have been unlikely and SARS-CoV-2 reactivation is a possible explanation. This case illustrates the risks of treating recently recovered COVID-19 patients with immunosuppressive therapy, particularly lymphocyte- and antibody-depleting therapy, and raises new questions about the potential of SARS-CoV-2 reactivation.
Is spirituality a component of wisdom? Study of 1,786 adults using expanded San Diego Wisdom Scale (Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index).

Abstract Objective Wisdom has gained increasing interest among researchers as a personality trait relevant to well-being and mental health. We previously reported development of a new 24-item San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE), with good to excellent psychometric properties, comprised of six subscales: pro-social behaviors, emotional regulation, self-reflection (insight), tolerance for divergent values (acceptance of uncertainty), decisiveness, and social advising. There is controversy about whether spirituality is a marker of wisdom. The present cross-sectional study sought to address that question by developing a new SD-WISE subscale of spirituality and examining its associations with various relevant measures. Methods Data were collected from a national-level sample of 1,786 community-dwelling adults age 20–82 years, as part of an Amazon M-Turk cohort. Participants completed the 24-item SD-WISE along with several subscales of a commonly used Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality, along with validated scales for well-being, resilience, happiness, depression, anxiety, loneliness, and social network. Results Using latent variable models, we developed a Spirituality subscale, which demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties including a unidimensional factor structure and good reliability. Spirituality correlated positively with age and was higher in women than in men. The expanded 28-item, 7-subscale SD-WISE total score (called the Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index or JTWI) demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties. The Spirituality subscale was positively correlated with good mental health and well-being, and negatively correlated with poor mental health. However, compared to other components of wisdom, the Spirituality factor showed weaker (i.e., small-to-medium vs. medium-to-large) association with the SD-WISE higher-order Wisdom factor (JTWI). Conclusion Similar to other components as well as overall wisdom, spirituality is significantly associated with better mental health and well-being, and may add to the predictive utility of the total wisdom score. Spirituality is, however, a weaker contributor to overall wisdom than components like pro-social behaviors and emotional regulation. Longitudinal studies of larger and more diverse samples are needed to explore mediation effects of these constructs on well-being and health.
Statin-Associated Necrotizing Myopathy: A Feared Complication.

Statins are a group of frequently-prescribed drugs with proven cardiovascular risk-benefit. The most common adverse effects include weakness and myalgias. However, prescribers need to be aware of a less common complication, statin-associated necrotizing myopathy, which can occur at any time during the treatment course and has been found to be <0.1% of adverse effects. High suspicion is warranted when patients taking statins develop weakness and myalgia. Increased risk of muscle injury has been observed when using gemfibrozil in combination with statins and should be avoided. We present a case of an elderly male with chronic use of combination lipid-lowering agents who initially presented with proximal weakness. He was diagnosed with statin-associated necrotizing myopathy and subsequently developed rapid end-stage renal disease in the setting of severe rhabdomyolysis. The case report discusses the work-up of proximal muscle weakness with focus on the importance of early recognition and prompt management of rhabdomyolysis to avoid life-threatening complications.
Memes on Memes and the New Creativity

Memes are the paradigm of a new, flourishing creativity. Not only are these captioned images one of the most pervasive and important forms of online creativity, but they also upend many of copyright law’s fundamental assumptions about creativity, commercialization, and distribution. Chief among them is that copying is harmful. Not only does this mismatch threaten meme culture and expose fundamental problems in copyright law and theory, but the mismatch is even more significant because memes are far from an exceptional case. Indeed, memes are a prototype of a new mode of creativity that is emerging in our contemporary digital era, as can be seen across a range of works. Therefore, the concern with memes signals a much broader problem in copyright law and theory. That is not to say that the traditional creativity that copyright has long sought to protect is dead. Far from it. Both paths of creativity, traditional and new, can be vibrant. Yet we must be sensitive to the misfit between the new creativity and existing copyright law if we want the new creativity to continue to thrive.
Law and Industrial Relations: China and Japan after World War II

Industrial relations in China and Japan trade union laws of China and Japan law and industrial relations.
Homophobia, History, and Homosexuality: Trends for Sexual Minorities

This paper explores the cultural, religious, and sociological underpinnings of homophobia and intolerance toward homosexuals. Theories of homosexual causation are also explored as well as a brief historical accounting of the rise of modern gay culture in Western society. Empirical findings or regional attitudinal differences toward homosexuals both recently and over time are presented in graphical format. Finally, changing attitudes are explored, and conclusions suggest that although homophobia is still very prevalent, tolerance and support from social institutions for GLBT individuals are slowly increasing over time.
Vasomotor symptoms, serum estrogens, and gonadotropin levels in surgical menopause.

Abstract Hormonal parameters of young women who developed vasomotor symptoms in the immediate postoperative period following castration are compared to those who remained asymptomatic. Only 37.5 per cent of 16 premenopausal women developed “hot flushes” after operation. Perimenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms and elevated follicle-stimulating hormone levels demonstrated normal luteinizing hormone and estrogen values preoperatively. There were no statistically significant differences in total serum estrogen, follicle-stimulating hormone, or luteinizing hormone concentrations between the group of patients with symptoms and the group without symptoms. The results of the study indicate that rising gonadotropin or declining estrogen values appear to have no direct correlation to the onset of vasomotor symptoms in the immediate postoperative period. Thus, the precise etiology of the “hot flush” remains to be elucidated.
Proposed use of sharepoint to improve new employee in-processing

Microsoft SharePoint is an enterprise content management system that provides a collaborative platform for end users to design, monitor and execute business processes. This paper describes a workflow design methodology that if followed, end users can construct SharePoint workflows that implement a business process. As an example, we apply our methodology to a real-world business process, showing how we develop the final SharePoint workflows. Our methodology first develops UML models for the business process at hand. From these UML models, it then generates SharePoint workflows.
Practical Ethics: Civil Disobedience, Violence and Terrorism

We have examined a number of ethical issues. We have seen that many accepted practices are open to serious objections. What ought we to do about it? This, too, is an ethical issue. Here are five cases – all ones that actually happened – to consider. Oskar Schindler was a minor German industrialist. During the war, he ran a factory near Cracow, Poland. At a time when Polish Jews were being sent to death camps, he assembled a labour force of Jewish inmates from concentration camps and the ghetto, considerably larger than his factory needed, and used several illegal stratagems, including bribing members of the SS and other officials, to protect them. He spent his own money to buy food on the black market to supplement the inadequate official rations he obtained for his workers. By these methods, he was able to save the lives of about 1,200 people. Dr. Thomas Gennarelli directed a Head Injury Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia. Members of an underground organization called the Animal Liberation Front knew that Gennarelli inflicted head injuries on monkeys there and had been told that the monkeys underwent the experiments without being properly anaesthetised. They also knew that Gennarelli and his collaborators videotaped their experiments to provide a record of what happened during and after the injuries they inflicted. They tried to obtain further information through official channels but were unsuccessful. In May 1984, they broke into the laboratory at night and found thirty-four videotapes.
How to Handle Students Exhibiting Violent Behaviors

oday's teachers and students are constantly at risk because of the increase in violent crimes within schools. According to the Uniform Crime Report (1981), 18.5 percent of all arrests involving violent crime are committed by individuals who are under the age of eighteen. In fact, it has been estimated that juvenile misconduct of a violent nature leading to adjudication may occur in up to 95 percent of the nation's youth under the age of twenty-one (Siegel and Senna 1981). Often these children and youths are labeled unofficially as delinquent, conduct disordered, or antisocial (Rock 1992). Whatever the label, though, various forms of juvenile misconduct, rule breaking, and especially violent behaviors are commonplace in public schools today. Continued occurrences of violent behaviors instill fear in both the teachers and the students who attend the public schools (Boesel 1978). Needless to say, this atmosphere is not conducive to the provision of a safe environment in which to learn. Because of this fear as well as other contributing factors, many students believe that for their protection they must carry some type of weapon to school (Parade Magazine 1992). In this article we will try to alleviate some of these fears by discussing possible causes of violence in the classroom and by outlining steps to prevent or reduce the impact of students who exhibit violent behaviors.
Replication of GWAS associations for GAK and MAPT in Parkinson's disease.

Summary In the investigation of disease aetiology, the genome-wide association study (GWAS) provides a hypothesis-free investigation of the broader human genome and, as with all scientific investigations, replication is essential to validate any findings. To date, six GWAS have been performed to investigate the influence of common genetic variation in Parkinson's disease (PD) and only two associations have been replicated: alpha synuclein (SNCA) and microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), both PD candidate genes before GWAS. In our population-based study, we genotyped four of the top single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from a previous study. By using the identical analytic method and genetic model in our independent sample, we provide evidence for replication of rs1724425 near MAPT (OR = 0.74, P= 0.0163) and rs1564282 in cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK; OR = 1.61, P= 0.0151); rs3775478 of multimerin 1 (MMRN1) (P= 0.30) and rs356229 of SNCA (P= 0.14) did not replicate in our study population. While MAPT has been considered a PD candidate gene and has been observed in association with PD in other GWAS, GAK is a new candidate for investigation in future studies.
Integrating community engagement and children's voices into design and planning education

This article shares outcomes from a year-long participatory planning process – one that brought together children and youth engagement, city planning, campus planning, and a university environmental design course to explore child-friendly, dense and affordable housing for a city of approximately 100,000 residents. This process of engagement asked design students to include youth participation and child-friendly cities as an integrated component of sustainable cities. The article shows varying degrees of transformation, views of children as credible participants, and values gained from the project. Many undergraduates changed their thinking about the role of young people in design processes and outcomes.
Pour encourager les autes? The Curious History and Distressing Implications of the Criminal Provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Sentencing Guidelines Amendments That Followed

This Article presents a legislative history of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the subsequent amendments to the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. It explains the surprising interaction between the civil and criminal provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley. The Article also provides a dramatic and detailed account of the interplay of political interests and agendas that ultimately led to large sentence increases for serious corporate criminals and blanket sentence increases for virtually all federal fraud defendants. The tale illuminates the substance of the new legislation and sentencing rules, but is more broadly instructive regarding the distribution of power over criminal sentencing between the three branches and the hope for rationalizing sentencing policy through insulation from political pressure. Professor Bowman concludes that the Sentencing Commission may be fatally vulnerable to an emerging alliance between Congress and the Executive in sentencing matters, and that the Commission may no longer be capable of functioning as it was intended.
Potent cyclic urea HIV protease inhibitors with 3-aminoindazole P2/P2′ groups

Abstract Cyclic ureas containing 3-aminoindazole P2/P2′ groups are extremely potent inhibitors of HIV protease. The parent 3-aminoindazole 6 showed a K i × 0.01 nM but poor translation of enzyme activity to antiviral activity was observed. A series of 3-alkylaminoindazoles revealed that translation improved with increasing lipophilicity. An X-ray crystal structure of 6 bound to HIV protease was obtained.
Basic Online Pennsylvania Legal Research for Librarians

Librarians engage in reference interviews where knowledge of legal research is necessary, but they may not have formal training in legal research. Understanding a few basic elements of legal research will create a foundation of knowledge from which librarians can learn to effectively help patrons locate legal resources. The author presents these elements and describes their application in the context of researching free online Pennsylvania legal resources, including special advice to clarify the librarian’s role when working with patrons who are conducting legal research. The author also discusses the value of librarians creating a toolkit of free online Pennsylvania resources.
Unified model of deep inelastic heavy ion collisions: Collectivity and statistics

Deep inelastic heavy ion collisions are viewed as multi-step processes described in terms of coupled-channel equations. Including both statistical and collective excitations, it is shown that in the semi-classical limit the coupled-channel equations reduce to a classical equation of motion for the relative coordinate with frictional force, master equation for the intrinsic occupation probabilities, and a damped forced harmonic oscillation for the mean deformation of the ions. We therefore succeed in unifying the approaches of Agassi et al. and Broglia et al., and in justifying the phenomenological models of Deubler et al. and Abul-Magd et al.
Solvent effects on chemical processes. 9. Energetic contributions to the complexation of 4-nitroaniline with α-cyclodextrin in water and in binary aqueous-organic solvents

Abstract The phenomenological theory of solvent effects partitions the free energy change of a process into contributions from solvent-solvent interactions (the general medium or solvophobic effect), solvent-solute interactions (the solvation effect), and solute-solute interactions (the intersolute or intrasolute effect). This approach is applied to complex formation between α-cyclodextrin and 4-nitroaniline in water and many aqueous-organic solvent mixtures; the organic solvents were methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, ethylene glycol, dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile, and acetone. Complex stability constants were measured spectrophotometrically. The parameters of the phenomenological model were extracted by nonlinear regression or by graphical analysis. It is observed that there are two classes of cosolvents, distinguished by their polarity. If the pure solvent has log P < −0.3 (where P is the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient), the system behaves “normally,” with parameter values typical of nonelectrolyt...
Rotational transitions and thermal diffusion in ortho and para hydrogen

Abstract The principal contributors to thermal diffusion in ortho-para hydrogen mixtures are identified as the ( 0→2 2→0 ) rotational transitions. The effects of rotation energy dependent interaction potentials and resonances with bound states were found to be minor.
Nationwide Survey of Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention Practices at US Level I Trauma Centers

Background In 2007, the American College of Surgeons (ACS) Committee on Trauma implemented a requirement that Level I trauma centers must have a mechanism to identify patients who are problem drinkers and the capacity to provide an intervention for patients who screen positive. Although the landmark alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) mandate is anticipated to impact trauma practice nationwide, a literature review revealed no studies that have systematically documented SBI practice pre-ACS requirement. Study Design Trauma programs at all US Level I trauma centers were contacted and asked to complete a survey about pre-ACS requirement trauma center SBI practice. Results One hundred forty-eight of 204 (73%) Level I trauma centers responded to the survey. More than 70% of responding centers routinely used laboratory tests (eg, blood alcohol concentration) to screen patients for alcohol and 39% routinely used a screening question or standardized screening instrument. Screen-positive patients received a formal alcohol consult or had an informal alcohol discussion with staff members approximately 25% of the time. Conclusions The investigation observed marked variability across Level I centers in the percentage of patients screened and in the nature and extent of intervention delivery in screen-positive patients. In the wake of the ACS Committee on Trauma requirement, future research could systematically implement and evaluate training in the delivery of evidence-based alcohol interventions and training in development of trauma center organizational capacity for sustained delivery of SBI.
The determination of all Carlitz sets

Abstract This paper describes all sets of positive integers (x, y, z) for which xy ≡ 1 (mod z) and z2 ≡ 1 (mod x) and z2 ≡ 1 (mod y). The main step is to show that, once factors are switched from x to y to get (z 2 − 1) y prime to x, then either x = y or (z 2 − 1) y = z − x . This is done by studying Pell equations of Richaud type.
Absolute determination of zero-energy phase shifts for multiparticle single-channel scattering: Generalized Levinson theorem.

Levinson{close_quote}s theorem relates the zero-energy phase shift {delta} for potential scattering in a given partial wave {ital l}, by a spherically symmetric potential that falls off sufficiently rapidly, to the number of bound states of that {ital l} supported by the potential. An extension of this theorem is presented that applies to single-channel scattering by a compound system initially in its ground state. As suggested by Swan [Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A {bold 228}, 10 (1955)], the extended theorem differs from that derived for potential scattering; even in the absence of composite bound states {delta} may differ from zero as a consequence of the Pauli principle. The derivation given here is based on the introduction of a continuous auxiliary {open_quote}{open_quote}length phase{close_quote}{close_quote} {eta}, defined modulo {pi} for {ital l}=0 by expressing the scattering length as {ital A}={ital a}cot{eta}, where {ital a} is a characteristic length of the target. Application of the minimum principle for the scattering length determines the branch of the cotangent curve on which {eta} lies and, by relating {eta} to {delta}, an absolute determination of {delta} is made. The theorem is applicable, in principle, to single-channel scattering in any partial wave for {ital e}{sup {plus_minus}}-atom and nucleon-nucleusmore » systems. In addition to a knowledge of the number of composite bound states, information (which can be rather incomplete) concerning the structure of the target ground-state wave function is required for an explicit, absolute, determination of the phase shift {delta}. As for Levinson{close_quote}s original theorem for potential scattering, {ital no} {ital additional} {ital information} {ital concerning} {ital the} {ital scattering} {ital wave} {ital function} {ital or} {ital scattering} {ital dynamics} {ital is} {ital required}. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less
Economics and Education for Human Flourishing: Wendell Berry and the Oikonomic Alternative to Neoliberalism

Neoliberal ideologies and policies have transformed how we think about the economy, education, and the environment. Economics is presented as objective and quantifiable, best left to distant experts who develop algorithms regarding different monetary relations in our stead. This same kind of thinking—technical, numerical, decontextualized, and ostensibly objective—infiltrates how we think about education and the environment. For example, neoliberal education reform focuses on using test scores and markets as a way to measure and improve learning and teaching. Similarly, environmental issues are presented as problems to be solved through new technologies and market efficiency. In response, we critique neoliberalism using the philosophy of the agrarian poet and writer Wendell Berry who abhors how neoliberalism disconnects humans from one another and the traditions that sustain them in their communities. Rather than neoliberalism's rootless entrepreneurial individual—homo economicus—we suggest that freedom, ...
Results of repeated leveling surveys at Newberry Volcano, Oregon, and near Lassen Peak Volcano, California

Personnel from the U.S. Geological Survey's Cascades Volcano Observatory conducted first-order, class-II leveling surveys near Lassen Peak, California, in 1991 and at Newberry Volcano, Oregon, in 1985, 1986, and 1994. Near Lassen Peak no significant vertical displacements had occurred along either of two traverses, 33 and 44 km long, since second-order surveys in 1932 and 1934. At Newberry, however, the 1994 survey suggests that the volcano's summit area had risen as much as 97±22 mm with respect to a third-order survey in 1931. The 1931 and 1994 surveys measured a 37-km-long, east–west traverse across the entire volcano. The 1985 and 1986 surveys, on the other hand, measured only a 9-km-long traverse across the summit caldera with only one benchmark in common with the 1931 survey. Comparison of the 1985, 1986, and 1994 surveys revealed no significant differential displacements inside the caldera. A possible mechanism for uplift during 1931–1994 is injection of approximately 0.06 km3 of magma at a depth of approximately 10 km beneath the volcano's summit. The average magma supply rate of approximately 1×10–3 km3/year would be generally consistent with the volcano's growth rate averaged over its 600,000-year history (0.7–1.7×10–3 km3/year).
A method for calibrating an eye-monitoring system for use with infants

An algorithm for calibrating data from an infrared corneal reflection eye movement monitor is described. The algorithm is designed for use with infants and other noninstructable subjects.
Toxicity of Mould-damaged Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas)

THE toxicity for livestock of mouldy sweet potatoes has been recognized for several decades in the United States1 and, especially, Japan2. The few reports available describing toxic manifestations mention pulmonary oedema, emphysema and adenomatosis as characteristic disease signs in cattle involved in natural outbreaks3–5. These disease signs have also been attributed to other moulded feed products, silage and lush pasture grass6. Somewhat similar effects have been observed when large doses of tryptophan were administered to cattle7.
Evaluation of the Accuracy of Estimation Retinoscopy

Background: Some children are unable to cooperate for retinoscopy because they object strongly to the placement of lenses close to their faces. For these children, it would be ideal to obtain an accurate estimate of refractive error without using lenses. Techniques of estimation retinoscopy include sliding the sleeve of the Copeland retinoscope downward or moving closer to the patient until neutrality is achieved. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of estimation techniques by comparing results to standard retinoscopy with loose lenses in cooperative children. Methods: A Copeland retinoscope was calibrated using a schematic eye and loose lenses. A scale was created adjacent to the sleeve of the retinoscope which allowed an estimate of refractive error based on the position of the top of the sleeve. Estimation retinoscopy followed by standard retinoscopy with loose lenses was done on 100 eyes of 50 children after cycloplegia. Results: Estimation of spherical equivalent for myopia less than 4 D and hyperopia less than 2 D correlated strongly with results obtained by standard retinoscopy with loose lenses (r = 0.87). Estimation retinoscopy had a sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 67%, positive-predictive value of 58%, and negative-predictive value of 92% in the detection of amblyogenic refractive errors. Conclusions: Estimation retinoscopy has very good accuracy for low levels of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Techniques of estimation may be useful in excluding amblyogenic refractive errors, particularly in children who object to loose lenses held close to them.
On the locus of action of interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH or LH) on feather pigmentation of African weaver birds

Abstract Experiments were performed upon African weaver birds ( Euplectes afer and Steganura paradisaea ) to determine whether the extra-gonadal action of ICSH upon feather color is the result of a direct effect upon the regenerating feather. No evidence of a local action could be found. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
Note: Ranking DMUs with Infeasible Super-Efficiency DEA Models

It has been suggested in the data envelopment analysis (DEA) literature that it is impossible to obtain a full ranking of decision-making units (DMUs) when infeasible subproblems arise in the so-called super-efficiency DEA models under different returns to scale (RTS) assumptions other than constant returns to scale (CRS) andconsequently the application of the super-efficiency DEA models under different RTS conditions other than CRS should be restricted. The implications of the infeasibility in super-efficiency DEA models with respect to the efficiency ranking of the DMUs is explored. Based on the analysis, we show that it is still possible to obtain the full ranking of the entire observation set when infeasibilities arise in super-efficiency DEA models.
Managing data in distributed multimedia conferencing applications

Managing packets in a distributed multimedia environment involves coordinating and synchronizing multiple data streams. The Ensembles Coordination Program provides the required coordination, reduces delay using path selection and message rebroadcasting, and allows the end application to manage the synchronization within the streams.
A Closer Look at Halo Error in Performance Ratings

This study focused on conceptualizing and measuring a particularly pervasive form of rating error—halo. Longitudinal data were analyzed to assess the relationship between rater-ratee familiarity an...
The dnrM gene in Streptomyces peucetius contains a naturally occurring frameshift mutation that is suppressed by another locus outside of the daunorubicin-production gene cluster.

Summary: A 2.7 kb BamHI fragment of the daunorubicin biosynthetic cluster in Streptomyces peucetius ATCC 29050 was shown to contain two ORFs, dnrL and dnrM, whose deduced products exhibit a high sequence similarity to a number of glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyl transferases and TDP-D-glucose dehydratases, respectively. Although these genes were believed to be necessary for the synthesis of the deoxyaminosugar, daunosamine, a constituent of daunorubicin, the dnrM gene contains a frameshift in the DNA sequence that causes the premature termination of translation. A gene encoding another TDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase, previously isolated from S. peucetius, was identified by PCR amplification of genomic DNA. The presence of this gene explains why a dnrM::aphll mutation did not block daunorubicin production.
Adsorption of microcystin-Lr onto iron oxide nanoparticles

Abstract In this study, the adsorption of microcystin-LR onto iron oxide (maghemite) nanoparticles from water was examined. Factors influencing the sorption behavior included microcystin and maghemite concentration, pH, ionic strength, and the presence of natural organic matter. Adsorption of microcystin-LR was strongly affected by pH. The adsorption increased with decreasing pH, with a maximum adsorption around pH 3. Adsorption of microcystin-LR on maghemite was primarily attributed to electrostatic interactions, although hydrophobic interactions may also play a role. The extent of microcystin-LR adsorption onto maghemite increased with increasing ionic strength at pH 6.4, since salt ions screened the electrostatic repulsion between adsorbed microcystin molecules. Adsorption of microcystin-LR was not significantly affected by the presence of Suwannee River Fulvic acid (SRFA) below 2.5 mg/L. However, adsorption decreased at higher SRFA concentrations (2.5–25 mg/L) due to competitive adsorption between SRFA and microcystin-LR for limited sorption sites.