cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When Do the Sudden Stops Really Hurt

This paper analyzes the drivers and consequences of sudden stops of capital flows. It focuses on the impact of external vulnerability on the depth and length of sudden stop crises. The authors analyze 43 developing and developed countries between 1993 and 2006. They find evidence that external vulnerability not only significantly impacts the probability of a sudden stop crisis, but also prolongs the time it takes for growth to revert to its long-term trend once a sudden stop occurs. Interestingly, external vulnerability does not significantly impact the size of the instantaneous output effect in case of a sudden stop but prompts a cumulative output effect through significantly diminishing the speed of adjustment of output to its trend. This finding implies that countries financing a large part of their absorption externally do not suffer more ferocious output losses in a sudden stop crisis, but take longer to adapt afterward and are hence expected to suffer more protracted crises periods. Compared with previous literature, this paper makes three contributions: (i) it extends the country and time coverage relative to datasets that have previously been used to analyze related topics; (ii) it specifically accounts for time-series autocorrelation; and (iii) it provides an analysis of the adjustment path of economic growth after a sudden stop
Volumetric Tumor Response and Progression in EGFR-mutant NSCLC Patients Treated with Erlotinib or Gefitinib.

Rationale and Objectives The aims of this study were to investigate the association between 8-week tumor volume decrease and survival in an independent cohort of epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR )-mutant advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with first-line erlotinib or gefitinib, and to assess the rate of their volumetric tumor growth after the volume nadir. Materials and Methods In patients with advanced NSCLC harboring sensitizing EGFR mutations treated with first-line erlotinib or gefitinib, computed tomography (CT) tumor volumes of dominant lung lesions were analyzed for (1) the association with survival, and (2) the volumetric tumor growth rate after the volume nadir. Results In 44 patients with the 8-week follow-up CT, the 8-week tumor volume decrease (%) was significantly associated with longer overall survival when fitted as a continuous variable in a Cox model ( P = 0.01). The growth rate of the logarithm of tumor volume (log e V), obtained using a linear mixed-effects model adjusting for time since baseline, was 0.096/month (SE: 0.013/month; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.071–0.12/month), which was similar to the rate of 0.12/month (SE: 0.015/month; 95%CI: 0.090–0.15/month) observed in the previous report. Conclusions The 8-week tumor volume decrease was validated as a marker for longer survival in the independent cohort of EGFR -mutant NSCLC patients treated with first-line erlotinib or gefitinib. The volumetric tumor growth rate after the nadir in this cohort was similar to that of the previous cohort, indicating the reproducibility of the observation among different patient cohorts.
Comprehension of personally relevant (perl) versus novel language in two globally aphasic patients

Abstract Standard, special, and tailor-made tests were given to two patients with global aphasia to test the hypothesis that such patients can recognize personally relevant language material despite deficient comprehension of novel language. Standard and special tests assessed recognition of spoken or written names of familiar-famous persons and landmarks, as well as novel objects, photographs and line drawings. Tests tailor-made for each subject presented names of familiar–intimate persons and personal belongings. Both patients recognized names for familiar–famous and familiar–intimate persons and landmarks, whatever the response mode, consistently better than non-personal words, while no advantage was found for names of personal belongings. In the patient who was retested 2 years post-onset of stroke, recovery of novel word comprehension had improved to the level originally observed for personally relevant language material. These results yield further information on the role of personal relevance (PERL...
Planetary Flight Vehicles (PFV): Technology Development Plans for New Robotic Explorers [invited]

The Vehicle Systems Program (VSP) of NASA’s Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) has been investigating the technologies necessary to enable new planetary science and exploration missions using Planetary Flight Vehicles (PFVs). PFVs bridge the gap between orbiters (global scale and limited resolution) and rovers (local scale and high resolution). PFVs enable data gathering of phenomena at a regional scale that is not attainable with current surface based robotic system concepts. An example of such is localized magnetic fields that may provide radiation protection for human explorers. This paper outlines the goals, objectives, perceived technical challenges, and technology development approaches as they relate to enabling planetary exploration technologies. The process used for prioritizing technology investments based on science and exploration requirements with state-of-the-art assessments is discussed. Highlights of recent accomplishments in the Vehicle Systems Program’s PFV technology development activities are also presented.
Hyperkalemia in cardioplegic solutions causing increased cholesterol accumulation in vein grafts.

Hyperkalemic cardioplegic solutions are frequently infused through vein grafts during aorta-coronary bypass operations. Although some reports have suggested the potential for physical damage to grafts by such exposure, the effects of these solutions on graft atherogenesis have not been studied. We evaluated the influence of potassium and colloid content of cardioplegic solutions on graft cholesterol accumulation in our established animal model of graft atherogenesis. Fourteen cephalic vein grafts were interposed bilaterally in the femoral arteries of seven normolipemic stump-tailed macaque monkeys. Before grafting, each vein was distended at 350 torr for 1 minute with autologous blood. Half of each vein was then filled for 30 minutes with either balanced crystalloid solution or with balanced crystalloid plus albumin (5 mg/ml). The other half of the vein was filled with the same solution plus potassium chloride (27 mEq/L). Grafts were harvested at 12 weeks. Cholesterol content was significantly greater (p
The Stasis Theory of Time: A Critique

In the previous chapter, a model of absolute divine timeless eternity was developed, which was true and coherent with the doctrine that God sustains the universe, on the assumption that the stasis theory of time is true. We now turn our attention to this theory of time for a closer examination. In this chapter I explore the arguments, philosophical and scientific, which have been given in its favor. The conclusion I reach is that we have no good reason to believe in the stasis theory.
What Oregon Psychologists Think and Know About Prescriptive Authority: Divided Views and Data‐Driven Change

Following a veto of a prescriptive authority (RxP) bill in Oregon, 397 of 743 randomly selected psychologists were surveyed online regarding their attitudes and knowledge. Participants were randomly assigned to a control (n = 203) or education (n = 194) condition. After being exposed to information regarding access, training, and legislation, education participants completed post-test measures. Evidence supporting proponents’ argument of improved access was not forthcoming. There was a division about scope expansion (43% support, 32% opposed, 25% undecided). Respondents’ knowledge of RxP was minimal, but education increased knowledge. Views were more stable, with attitudes shifting only in targeted areas. Using a “cultural cognition” framework, the discussion centers on exploring the need to evaluate RxP and use this information to educate psychologists about this issue.
CCD TIME-RESOLVED PHOTOMETRY OF FAINT CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES. I.

CCD time-resolved V and B differential light curves are presented for the dwarf novae AR And, FS Aur, TT Boo, UZ Boo, AF Cam, AL Com, AW Gem, X Leo, RZ Leo, CW Mon, SW UMa, and TW Vir. The time-series observations ranged from 2 to 6 hours and have accuracies of 0.025 mag or better for the majority of the runs. Except for AR And, X Leo, CW Mon, and TW Vir, the periods are below the cataclysmic-variable period gap (about 2 hours), and the systems are potential SU UMa stars. Photometric periods for five of the stars are the first such determinations, while those for the other seven generally confirm previous spectroscopic or photometric observations. In several cases, the photometric modulations are large amplitude (up to 0.5 mag). The results on AL Com and SW UMa indicate they may be magnetic variables.
FOXO Transcription Factors Are Negatively Regulated by p38 Map Kinases Downstream of FLT3 Receptor Signaling.

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT/PKB signal transduction cascade is an evolutionarily conserved pathway regulating the FOXO subclass of Forkhead transcription factors (FOXO1, FOXO3a and FOXO4) downstream of insulin, cytokine and growth factor receptors. When PI3K phospholipid kinase activity is low, FOXO proteins localize to the nucleus where they induce expression of genes that promote programmed cell death (FasL, Bim, TRAIL), inhibit cell cycle progression (p27KIP1, Rb related family member p130), facilitate DNA repair (GADD45) and protect against oxidative damage (MnSOD). Following receptor stimulation, increased levels of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 are generated at the plasma membrane resulting in PDK1-mediated activation of the serine/threonine kinase AKT/PKB. Subsequent phosphorylation of FOXO proteins by AKT/PKB results in their active sequestration in the cytoplasm through binding to 14-3-3 proteins, thereby blocking their action as transcription factors. Recently, it has become evident that FOXO proteins can also be regulated through other signaling pathways. One example is phosphorylation and activation of FOXO4 by stress kinases JNK/SAPK in response to oxidative stress (Essers et al., 2004; EMBO J. 23:4802–12). Here, we report that p38 mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) negatively regulate FOXO transcription factors downstream of FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Stimulation of human wild-type FLT3 receptor with FLT3 ligand, or expression of constitutively active mutants FLT3-ITD or FLT3-D835Y in Ba/F3 cells resulted in activation of p38 MAPK and phosphorylation of its known substrate ATF2 on threonine residue 71 (Thr71). Transient luciferase reporter assays showed that expression of a constitutively active MKK3 or MKK6, upstream activators of p38 MAPK, inhibited FOXO-induced gene transcription. The p38 MAPK inhibitors SB202190 and SB203580 as well as dominant-negative p38 MAPK blocked FLT3-mediated inhibition of FOXO transcription activation, suggesting p38 MAPK is both necessary and sufficient for FOXO regulation. In vitro kinase assays demonstrated that FOXO proteins are directly phosphorylated by p38 MAPK, although different p38 MAPK family members (p38α, p38β 2, p38γ and p38δ) displayed distinct FOXO protein substrate specificity. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that FOXO proteins are novel substrates of p38 MAP kinases and activation of p38 MAPK through FLT3 receptor signaling represents an important pathway to attenuate FOXO target gene regulation.
Red blood cell polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study.

Background The prognostic value of circulating polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels is unclear. Objectives To determine the associations between red blood cell (RBC) PUFA levels and risk for death. Methods This prospective cohort study included 6501 women aged 65 to 80 years who participated in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (enrolment began 1996). RBC PUFA levels were measured at baseline and expressed as a percent of total RBC PUFAs. PUFAs of primary interest were the n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and their sum (the Omega-3 Index). PUFAs of secondary interest included the 2 major n-6 PUFAs, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, and the PUFA factor score (a calculated variable including 6 PUFAs that accounts for their intercorrelations). The primary outcome was total mortality through August 2014. Results After a median of 14.9 years of follow-up, 1851 women (28.5%) had died. RBC levels of EPA and DHA were higher in the survivors ( P Conclusions Higher RBC levels of marine n-3 PUFAs were associated with reduced risk for all-cause mortality. These findings support the beneficial relationship between the Omega-3 Index and health outcomes.
Ultrafast Charge Transfer between Light Absorber and Co3O4 Water Oxidation Catalyst across Molecular Wires Embedded in Silica Membrane

The mechanism of visible light-induced hole transfer from a molecular light absorber, in the form of a free-base porphyrin, coupled to a Co3O4 nanoparticle catalyst for water oxidation by a molecular wire (p-oligo(phenylenevinylene) featuring three aryl units) is investigated by transient absorption spectroscopy. The wires are covalently anchored on the Co3O4 surface and embedded in a dense, yet ultrathin (2 nm), silica layer that separates light absorber and catalyst. The porphyrin is electrostatically adsorbed on the silica surface, and aqueous colloidal solutions of the core–shell particles are used for transient optical measurements. Pulsed optical excitation of the porphyrin results in rapid injection of the photogenerated hole onto the molecular wire and concurrent formation of reduced light absorber in less than 1 picosecond (ps). Ultrafast charge separation was monitored by transient absorption of the wire radical cation, which is given by bands in the 500 to 600 nm region and at 1130 nm, while fo...
The influence of non-condensable gas on an integral planar heat pipe radiators for space applications

Abstract A unique heat rejection system for space applications is proposed herein by integrating a variable conductance planar heat pipe with a radiator panel. The working temperature of the planar heat pipe charged with a small amount of non-condensable gas (NCG) can be maintained at a desired level when it is subjected to a sudden heat load or an environmental temperature variation. This advantage makes the variable conductance planar heat pipe (VCPHP) technology appealing to space heat rejection system designers. In the present work, a comprehensive study of the effect of a non-condensable gas on the planar heat pipe performance is conducted. A simple 2D mathematical model was derived from the ideal gas law and flat front assumption. Through this model, the effects of factors such as the NCG inventory, the reservoir size and the sink temperature on the behavior of non-condensable gas as well as on the performance of the planar heat pipe radiator can be analyzed mathematically. To validate this model, a heat rejection experiment was performed. In the experiment, different amounts of nitrogen were carefully measured and injected into the prototype brass planar heat pipe. Temperature profiles were measured and compared with the results calculated from the Steady-State Heat Pipe Operation Model combined with the NCG expansion model. The results indicate that the NCG expansion model is able to predict the location of the vapor-NCG interface as well as the working temperature accurately. In addition, the self-adjustment mechanism of the integral VCPHP is identified to support the applicability of the flat shape Vapor-NCG interface assumption when a non-uniform heat input is applied.
Social Work Values, Ethics, and Spirituality

This chapter examines underlying social work values and ethical principles that govern the practice of social work and the extent to and manner in which attention to the religious-spiritual-belief concerns of clients and client-communities is consistent with social work values and ethics. The chapter recalls the historical connections between religion, spirituality, and social work. Approaches to the integration of religion and spirituality into social work practice are presented and associated values conflicts and ethical issues are examined. The incorporation of religion and spirituality into social work education and training is also addressed.
Identifying the Predictors of Participation in Facebook Pictivism Campaigns

In recent years, several online social campaigns have encouraged individuals to change their Facebook profile pictures for a cause, such as the Human Rights Campaign’s red and pink equal sign in su...
Crowdfunding for cardiovascular research

Abstract The competition for public cardiovascular research grants has recently increased. Independent researchers are facing increasing competition for public research grant support and ultimately may need to seek alternative funding sources. Crowdfunding, a financing method of raising funds online by pooling together small donations from the online community to support a specific initiative, seems to have significant potential. However, the feasibility of crowdfunding for cardiovascular research remains unknown. Here, we performed exploratory data analysis of the feasibility of online crowdfunding in cardiovascular research.
Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate

Over a 10-year period, 670 prostatic carcinomas were diagnosed at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, Ill. Sixteen were pathologically unusual, and 10 of these 16 were found to be transitional cell carcinoma. These lesions have definite clinical and pathologic differences from the common prostatic adenocarcinoma. Origin is in the large prostatic ducts, whose lining cells are of the transitional cell type. Urologists and pathologists, if aware of these lesions, should consider them in clinically unusual or pathologically atypical cases of prostatic carcinoma.
Abstract 16658: Pannexin-1 Channels on Endothelial Cells Modulates Aortic Aneurysm Formation

Objective: The pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm (AA) formation involves vascular remodeling and inflammation. Pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels are expressed on endothelial cells and modulate cellular ATP...
Spontaneous Endometriosis Within a Primary Umbilical Hernia

Umbilical hernias are rather common in the General Surgery clinic; however, endometriosis of an umbilical hernia is rare. It is especially unusual to have endometriosis of an umbilical hernia spontaneously occur compared to occurring at a site of a prior surgery. We present a case of spontaneous endometriosis of an umbilical hernia without prior surgery to her umbilicus. She had not presented with the usual symptoms of endometriosis and it was not considered as a diagnosis prior to surgery. Umbilical endometriosis is rare but usually occurs after prior laparoscopic surgery. We believe this is the second reported case in the English literature and the first such case reported from North America of spontaneous endometriosis of an umbilical hernia. This case highlights the importance of a full review of systems and qualifying the type and occurrence of pain. Additionally, it is always important to analyze surgical specimens in pathology to avoid errors in diagnosis.
Predictive Techniques for Neurotoxin Outcomes.

Background Botulinum-derived neurotoxins have become a substantial tool in dermatologists' armamentarium for facial/neck rejuvenation. Current literature discusses anatomical "danger zones" to avoid during neurotoxin injection to prevent brow ptosis, blepharoptosis, and lower facial ptosis. Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether lidocaine 1% local anesthetic can be used to predict botulinum toxin treatment outcomes and prevent adverse effects of unwanted paralysis. Materials and methods One percent lidocaine was drawn up using BD ultra-fine 31 G (5/16″), 0.5-mL insulin syringes in the same quantity that would be drawn up for neurotoxin placement. The patient's face was cleansed and mapped; 0.1 mL of 1% lidocaine was injected × 5 sites in the glabella; and 3 sites were injected with 0.05 mL in the frontalis. The patient was assessed after 10 minutes. Results Improvement in frontalis and glabellar rhytides was appreciated, with noted "spocking" of the lateral brows. This technique allowed the authors to visualize the need for placement of toxin more laterally with eventual successful predictive placement for neurotoxin. Conclusion This technique of using local 1% lidocaine allows the practitioner to devise a neurotoxin distribution map tailored for each patient to limit unwanted paralysis from improper neurotoxin placement.
Research-to-Resource: Dignity for All: LGBTQ Students and Empathic Teaching:

Millennials are more likely to identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ) than students from previous generations, signaling new levels of diversity in society. The purpose o...
Histology and Gross Morphology of the Sexually Dimorphic Sternal Gland in the North American Opossum, Didelphis Virginiana Kerr

Cutaneous scent glands have been described for a wide taxonomic range of mammalian species, including the Marsupialia (for reviews, see Strauss and Ebling, 1970; Eisenberg and Kleiman, 1972; Thiessen and Rice, 1976; Stoddart, 1980; Muller-Schwarze, 1983). Pronounced sexual dimorphism of skin glands is a strong indication that their secretions are involved in social communication and, hence, are of evolutionary importance (Darwin, 1874; Thiessen and Rice, 1976; Blaustein, 1981).
Lack of estrogen receptor associated with an increased response rate to cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer

Recent advances in the management of metastatic breast cancer have led to a significant improvement in patient care. A variety of new kinds of endocrine therapy, such as antiestrogen administration or medical adrenalectomy with aminoglutethimide, have reduced the toxicity of endocrine therapy. The use of steroid receptor determinations has improved the selection of patients for endocrine therapy enormously, such that about 75% accuracy in patient assignment for or against endocrine therapy can be anticipated.
State Dependence in the Natural Gas and Rig Count Relationship

The goal of this analysis is to understand the relationship between natural gas prices and the North American natural gas rig count. Prior research has generally not included changes in the rig count as a determinant of contemporaneous or future changes in natural gas prices. We first show that when not allowing state dependence, then the rig count does not affect natural gas prices. We then show, when allowing state dependence in the natural gas and rig count relationship, changes in the rig count are an important determinant of future changes in gas prices when natural gas prices are high. That is, over our monthly sample from 1997 through 2013, we find that the rig count has a negative and significant relationship with future natural gas price changes (Granger-causes) when natural gas prices are above a $6.74/MMBtu threshold. However, when gas prices are below this threshold, then the rig count does not affect natural gas prices (though gas prices do affect the rig count). Moreover, we find evidence consistent with media reports that natural gas producers tend to 'kill any rally' in gas prices by markedly increasing gas production.
Chemical Warfare Agents: Current Status of Oral Reference Doses

A 1998 paper published in Reviews in Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Opresko et al. 1998) documented the development of oral reference doses (RfDs) for several groups of chemical warfare agents; i.e., sulfur mustard agents, nitrogen mustard agents, organophosphate nerve agents, the arsenical lewisite, and cyanogen chloride. The development of these reference doses was initiated by the U.S. Army Environmental Center (USAEC) to support its continuing task of remediating sites potentially contaminated by past releases of hazardous substances. This action was taken under general provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). The USAEC, which functions as the program manager for the Army’s Installation Restoration Program (IRP), determined that responsible and efficient cleanup of both active installations and formerly used defense sites (FUDS) contaminated with chemical warfare agent residues required key toxicological parameters for performing IRP site health risk assessments.
Online censorship and digital surveillance: the relationship between suppression technologies and democratization across countries

Using country- and multi-level analyses, we dissect how internet censorship and surveillance obstruct democratization, providing the first cross-national tests of online surveillance effects. Acros...
Wave Propagation in Composites of Plasma and Metamaterials with Negative Permittivity and Permeability.

Wave propagation is observed through a negative permeability metamaterial immersed in gaseous plasma. A 3D array of split ring resonators (SRR) is enveloped by an inductively heated argon plasma with a nominal plasma frequency of 2.65 GHz. Transmission spectra show electromagnetic waves traverse the composite medium from 1.3–1.7 GHz for which the permeability of the SRRs and the permittivity of the plasma are simultaneously negative. Only surface waves and evanescence are observed outside this frequency band. The edge of the transmission band also shows negative group velocity, albeit with high wave attenuation. The free electron density of the plasma is coupled to the inductive heating, allowing dynamic reconfiguration of the metamaterial’s frequency band and wave impedance.
Public Management in Rural Local Governments: An Assessment of Institutional Differences and Implications:

Rural America often is portrayed in one of two ways. The first recalls quintessential American main streets—safe, friendly, and situated in picturesque landscapes. The second depicts empty storefro...
Nbn−Mre11 interaction is required for tumor suppression and genomic integrity

We derived a mouse model in which a mutant form of Nbn/Nbs1mid8 (hereafter Nbnmid8) exhibits severely impaired binding to the Mre11−Rad50 core of the Mre11 complex. The Nbnmid8 allele was expressed exclusively in hematopoietic lineages (in Nbn−/mid8vav mice). Unlike Nbnflox/floxvav mice with Nbn deficiency in the bone marrow, Nbn−/mid8vav mice were viable. Nbn−/mid8vav mice hematopoiesis was profoundly defective, exhibiting reduced cellularity of thymus and bone marrow, and stage-specific blockage of B cell development. Within 6 mo, Nbn−/mid8 mice developed highly penetrant T cell leukemias. Nbn−/mid8vav leukemias recapitulated mutational features of human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), containing mutations in NOTCH1, TP53, BCL6, BCOR, and IKZF1, suggesting that Nbnmid8 mice may provide a venue to examine the relationship between the Mre11 complex and oncogene activation in the hematopoietic compartment. Genomic analysis of Nbn−/mid8vav malignancies showed focal amplification of 9qA2, causing overexpression of MRE11 and CHK1. We propose that overexpression of MRE11 compensates for the metastable Mre11−Nbnmid8 interaction, and that selective pressure for overexpression reflects the essential role of Nbn in promoting assembly and activity of the Mre11 complex.
Divine Kingship in Medieval Sri Lanka: Dynamics in Traditions of Power and Virtue in South Asia

The present article focuses on Sri Lankan views of divine kingship to illustrate how the figure of the king was developed in ways that borrowed and were shaped by the transfer of Hindu notions of kings and gods around the period of intensive Hindu interventions into the island from the tenth to thirteenth centuries CE. After discussing the paradigmatic figure of King Aśoka, the virtuous king (*dhammarāja*) held to be the model for all subsequent monarchs in the tradition, we will examine inscriptional and poetic writings that conflated Sri Lankan kings with Hindu gods. The dynamics of comparing kings with gods has ancient roots in India, and these notions were adopted by Sri Lankan Buddhists during the long “medieval” period of roughly the tenth to the sixteenth centuries CE. The dynamic introduction of new strands of Buddhist kingship expanded upon the figure of the king. I argue that this development was primarily metaphorical in nature, and it was further enhanced by eulogizing kings as bodhisattvas, or future Buddhas. By incorporating much of the language and notions of divine kingship from the Hindu tradition, Sri Lankan Buddhism made kingship into the dynamic site for cultural borrowing. Yet it stabilized and reinforced its local traditions by comparing kings with gods and bodhisattvas, presenting them as being *like* extraordinary beings in the context of praise for their power and virtue.
Walkers take advantage of energy savings on split treadmills

![Graphic][1] Humans and other animals often walk economically so that they don't waste energy, but when learning new movement patterns, does the nervous system select movements that reduce energy use? Natalia Sanchez and Surabhi Simha, as part of a collaboration between labs at University
Pigments in Citrus Fruit: Mutants, Compounds, Genes, and Beyond

Pigments in citrus fruit include chlorophylls, carotenoids, and flavonoids. While chlorophylls color green citrus fruit, carotenoids and flavonoids are synthesized predominantly in citrus fruit after the color breaker stage. Various carotenoids are responsible for a spectrum of characteristic red, orange, and yellow colors for mature citrus fruit. Lycopene is the carotenoid producing pink to red in some sweet orange and grapefruit mutants while other carotenes and xanthophylls contribute to commonly seen orange to yellow colors. Anthocyanins, a subgroup of colored flavonoids, yield additional blood red colors only in blood oranges. Citrus fruit mutants rich in red lycopene or anthocyanins that generate additional organoleptic attraction and marketing appeal have been extensively used in various pigment studies and comparisons. Most biosynthetic genes and some regulatory genes in the carotenoid and anthocyanin pathways have been cloned and characterized. Pigmentation and gene expression changes during citrus fruit postharvest degreening and storage were also gradually uncovered. Genetic knowledge of citrus fruit pigmentation facilitates continuing research on and variety improvement for beneficial pigment compounds. Dietetics of some citrus pigments has been studied from both nutritional and preventive medicinal perspectives, with emphasis on lycopene and anthocyanins due to the predominant content in popular red-fleshed cultivars, special marketing appeal, and potential health benefits. Nutraceutical and medicinal benefits of consumption of citrus fruit (juice) include substantially improved health biomarkers for lipid profiles, low risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease, and potential suppression of some cancers. Regular moderate consumption of fresh citrus fruit and/or orange juice should be encouraged as part of a daily healthy diet.
DNA-Directed Protein Packing within Single Crystals

Designed DNA-DNA interactions are investigated for their ability to modulate protein packing within single crystals of mutant green fluorescent proteins (mGFPs) functionalized with a single DNA strand (mGFP-DNA). We probe the effects of DNA sequence, length, and protein-attachment position on the formation and protein packing of mGFP-DNA crystals. Notably, when complementary mGFP-DNA conjugates are introduced to one another, crystals form with nearly identical packing parameters, regardless of sequence if the number of bases is equivalent. DNA complementarity is essential, because experiments with non-complementary sequences produce crystals with different protein arrangements. Importantly, the DNA length and its position of attachment on the protein markedly influence the formation of and protein packing within single crystals. This work shows how designed DNA interactions can be used to influence the growth and packing in X-ray diffraction quality protein single crystals and is thus an important step forward in protein crystal engineering.
CHAPTER 2 – FUNCTIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the basic facts about functions. A function is a rule of correspondence F that assigns to each member x of one set, called the domain of the function, a unique element F(x) in a second set. The collection of all elements F(x) is called the range of the function. The function itself is designated by F. If x is a member of the domain, the corresponding member of the range is designated by F(x). There are several places in mathematics where consistent use of language or notation is abused in deference to both custom and utility. When F is a real-valued function of a real variable, the graph of F is a set of pairs of real numbers. Thus, the graph may be identified with a certain subset of points in the plane.
Reprint: Trade shocks and the shifting landscape of U.S. manufacturing

Abstract Using data over more than a century, we show that shifts in the location of manufacturing industries are a domestic reflection of what the international trade literature refers to as the product cycle in a cross-country context, with industries spawning in high-wage areas with larger pools of educated workers and moving to lower-wage areas with less education as they age or become “standardized.” We exploit the China shock industries as a set of industries that were in the late-stage product cycle by 1990 and show how the activity in those industries shifted from high-innovation areas to low-education areas over the 20th century. The analysis also suggests that the resilience of local labor markets to manufacturing shocks depends on local industries’ phase in the product cycle, on local education levels, and on local manufacturing wages. The risk of unemployment and detachment from the labor force rises most when a shock hits in areas where an industry already has begun phasing out, wages are high, or education levels are low. The results are consistent with the belief that there are long-term, secular trends in U.S. industrial structure driving the movement of industries, which shocks may mitigate or accelerate.
iXBRL Early Adoption, Audit Efforts and Audit Resource Allocation

This study examines how inline XBRL (iXBRL) early adoption impacts auditor efforts and audit resource allocation. While iXBRL can make financial reporting information accessible to a wide range of external stakeholders, the presentation format change should have no impact on auditor behavior. Audit firms note that presenting XBRL metadata on top of audited financial statements could lead to an expectations gap where external stakeholders believe that the inline tags have been audited despite no procedures being required. We find that iXBRL early adoption is associated with higher audit fees. Further, among non-adopting firms, utilizing an audit office or partner with iXBRL experience is associated with a negative audit effort spillover effect. Partner iXBRL experience is associated with a greater likelihood of an announcing a misstatement and a lower likelihood of detecting an internal control material weakness. We provide timely information on iXBRL adoption’s unintended auditor impact.
The Contractor Shadow Government: A Literature Review

This literature review assesses the current academic scholarship and government reports on the role of private contractors in conducting America’s public business. After discussing several major trends in the literature including the shadowy nature of outsourcing, it develops an analytical framework to evaluate the arguments that are made for and against the outsourcing of public sector activities to private parties. This framework encompasses eight arguments arranged in Practical, Ideological and Corrupt categories that can be used to evaluate current or future proposals to outsource public sector activities. It is posited that this framework will give public policy makers a firm basis on which to evaluate each outsourcing decision on its specific merits in order to make personnel decisions tailored to unique situational attributes.
Microglia regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory.

Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system. Microglia possess varied morphologies and functions. Under normal physiological conditions, microglia mainly exist in a resting state and constantly monitor their microenvironment and survey neuronal and synaptic activity. Through the C1q, C3 and CR3 “Eat Me” and CD47 and SIRPα “Don’t Eat Me” complement pathways, as well as other pathways such as CX3CR1 signaling, resting microglia regulate synaptic pruning, a process crucial for the promotion of synapse formation and the regulation of neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity. By mediating synaptic pruning, resting microglia play an important role in the regulation of experience-dependent plasticity in the barrel cortex and visual cortex after whisker removal or monocular deprivation, and also in the regulation of learning and memory, including the modulation of memory strength, forgetfulness, and memory quality. As a response to brain injury, infection or neuroinflammation, microglia become activated and increase in number. Activated microglia change to an amoeboid shape, migrate to sites of inflammation and secrete proteins such as cytokines, chemokines and reactive oxygen species. These molecules released by microglia can lead to synaptic plasticity and learning and memory deficits associated with aging, Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, and other neurological or mental disorders such as autism, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. With a focus mainly on recently published literature, here we reviewed the studies investigating the role of resting microglia in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory, as well as how activated microglia modulate disease-related plasticity and learning and memory deficits. By summarizing the function of microglia in these processes, we aim to provide an overview of microglia regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory, and to discuss the possibility of microglia manipulation as a therapeutic to ameliorate cognitive deficits associated with aging, Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, and mental disorders.
The Interplay of Sexual Arousal and Power-Related Emotions in Men’s Alcohol-Involved Sexual Aggression Intentions

Research has identified power/dominance and sexual arousal as key motivators of men’s sexual aggression; however, little research has examined the interplay of these two factors in alcohol-involved...
Algorithm-derived feature representations for explainable AI in catalysis

Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a critical tool in catalysis, attributed to its capability of finding complex patterns in high dimensional and heterogeneous data. A recently published article in Chem Catalysis ( Esterhuizen et al .) used unsupervised ML for uncovering electronic and geometric descriptors of the surface reactivity of metal alloys and oxides.
In situ hybridization. A research technique or routine diagnostic test

In situ hybridization is the molecular method for localizing nucleic acid targets in the context of histomorphology. As such, it has tremendous potential application in research and diagnostic pathology. This essay attempts to briefly review the in situ method and to clarify its position as an emerging clinically useful technology.
Functional homology of chemotactic methylesterases from Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.

Abstract The methylesterase enzyme from Bacillus subtilis was compared with that from Escherichia coli. Both enzymes were able to demethylate methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) from the other organism and were similarly affected by variations in glycerol, magnesium ion, or pH. When attractants were added to a mixture of B. subtilis MCPs and E. coli methylesterase, the rate of demethylation was enhanced. Conversely, when attractants were added to a mixture of E. coli MCPs and B. subtilis methylesterase, the rate of demethylation was diminished. These effects are what would be expected if, in these in vitro systems, the MCPs determined the rate of demethylation. These data suggest that, although the enzymes are from evolutionarily divergent organisms and are different in size, they have considerable functional homology.
The relationship of age-related maculopathy, cataract, and glaucoma to visual acuity.

Purpose To investigate the relationship of age-related maculopathy, cataract, and glaucoma to visual acuity in the population-based Beaver Dam Eye Study. Methods A cross-sectional, population-based study was performed in people 43 through 86 years of age residing in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, who were identified between 1987 and 1988 and examined (n = 4926) between 1988 and 1990. Of those who participated, 99.4% were white. Visual acuity was measured (n = 4886) using a modification of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study protocol. Stereoscopic color fundus photographs and slit lamp and retroillumination photographs of the lens were graded in a masked fashion using standardized protocols to determine the presence of age-related maculopathy and central cataract. Results Fifty-seven percent of those who were legally blind had late age-related maculopathy in both eyes. The frequency of visual acuity of 20/200 or worse was not significantly different in eyes with exudative macular degeneration (48%) than in eyes with pure geographic atrophy (42%). While controlling for other factors (age, central cataract, and glaucoma) in participants with both gradable age-related maculopathy and visual acuity measurable in at least one eye (n = 4716), investigators found that each of the early age-related maculopathy lesions was associated with a decrease in visual acuity of approximately two letters or fewer when compared to eyes without these lesions. Late age-related maculopathy was associated with a decrease of approximately seven lines of letters read correctly. Conclusion These data demonstrate that exudative macular degeneration and pure geographic atrophy are the most important causes of legal blindness in this population and that early age-related maculopathy, central cataract, and glaucoma had a small effect on visual acuity.
Mother Emotion, Child Temperament, and Young Children's Helpless Responses to Failure

AbstractYoung children differ in their responses to failure, displaying mastery or helplessbehavior patterns. We examine the moderating role of child temperament on theassociation between parent warmth/negativity and children’s helpless responses tofailure. Regarding temperament, we focus on tendencies to experience interest andsadness because they entail task engagement and withdrawal, respectively. Wemeasured mother (n5150) expressions of positive and negative emotion during ateaching task, assessed temperament using LabTAB-Preschool episodes, and codedhelplessness during an impossible puzzle task. Maternal negative emotion duringteaching was positively associated with helplessness, but only for children low ininterest. Maternal warmth was negatively associated with helplessness, but only forchildren high in sadness; sadness did not moderate the relation between maternalnegativity and helplessness. Findings provide support for parenting by temperamentgoodness-of-ﬁt models and for a discrete emotions approach to temperament.Keywords: temperament; discrete emotions; sadness; interest; parenting;helplessness; self-regulation; childrenIntroductionThe preschool period is critical for development of self-regulation (Kopp, 1982),including regulation of emotion and behavior during new or challenging tasks (e.g.,Kelley & Jennings, 2003). Experimental situations in which children make mistakesor fail to ﬁnish tasks readily elicit individual differences in emotional, cognitive,and behavioral indicators of self-regulation. A majority of children maintain positiveemotion, assess their ﬂawed work positively, plan to repair their mistakes, and seekfurther challenge, but some respond to perceived failure with negative emotion,harsh evaluations of their work, poor prognosis for future efforts, and avoidance ofchallenge (e.g., Dweck, 1991; Heyman, Dweck, & Cain, 1992; Smiley & Dweck,
Contextualizing the Centennial of Japanese Colonial Rule in Korea

This article examines the 2010 commemoration of the centennial of Japanese colonialism in Korea. Prime Minister Kan Naoto’s apology generated controversy, exposing the longstanding domestic divide within Japan over the imperial past. The politicization of history, apologies and acts of contrition impedes reconciliation between Japan and its Asian neighbours. Apologies and acts of contrition may not be sufficient to advance reconciliation, but remain essential elements of that process. Japan’s legalistic position based on the 1965 Basic Treaty may protect it from further compensation claims, but also precludes the grand gestures that are essential to reconciliation.
Tracking of climatic niche boundaries under recent climate change.

Summary 1. Global climate has changed significantly during the past 30 years and especially in northern temperate regions which have experienced poleward shifts in temperature regimes. While there is evidence that some species have responded by moving their distributions to higher latitudes, the efficiency of this response in tracking species’ climatic niche boundaries over time has yet to be addressed. 2. Here, we provide a continental assessment of the temporal structure of species responses to recent spatial shifts in climatic conditions. We examined geographic associations with minimum winter temperature for 59 species of winter avifauna at 476 Christmas Bird Count circles in North America from 1975 to 2009 under three sampling schemes that account for spatial and temporal sampling effects. 3. Minimum winter temperature associated with species occurrences showed an overall increase with a weakening trend after 1998. Species displayed highly variable responses that, on average and across sampling schemes, contained a strong lag effect that weakened in strength over time. In general, the conservation of minimum winter temperature was relevant when all species were considered together but only after an initial lag period (c. 35 years) was overcome. The delayed niche tracking observed at the combined species level was likely supported by the post1998 lull in the warming trend. 4. There are limited geographic and ecological explanations for the observed variability, suggesting that the efficiency of species’ responses under climate change is likely to be highly idiosyncratic and difficult to predict. This outcome is likely to be even more pronounced and time lags more persistent for less vagile taxa, particularly during the periods of consistent or accelerating warming. Current modelling efforts and conservation strategies need to better appreciate the variation, strength and duration of lag effects and their association with climatic variability. Conservation strategies in particular will benefit through identifying and maintaining dispersal corridors that accommodate diverging dispersal strategies and timetables.
Is MRI Necessary in the Evaluation of Pediatric Central Sleep Apnea

Objectives(1) To determine the prevalence of central nervous system (CNS) pathology identified on head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in children with central sleep apnea (CSA); (2) to assess the yield of MRI in evaluation of CSA; and (3) to identify factors that predict CNS pathology in children with CSA.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary children’s hospital.Subjects and MethodsA chart review was conducted over 12 years. Patients 6 months to 18 years of age who underwent head MRI for evaluation of CSA were included. CSA was diagnosed on polysomnogram as central apnea index >1.ResultsForty children were included in the CSA group. Twenty-two patients were male, and the mean age was 60 ± 41.5 months. The mean central apnea index was 3.8 ± 1.9, while the mean obstructive apnea hypopnea index was 3.4 (interquartile range, 0.7-3.8). Eighteen percent (7 of 40) of children with CSA had evidence of CNS pathology on MRI, with the most common finding (n = 3) being arachnoid cyst. Chil...