cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abnormalities of King Crab Pereiopods (Decapoda Anomura, Lithodidae)

Paralithodes camtschatica (Tilesius) ist einer der vielen Decapoden, welche heteromorphe Pereiopoden besitzen. Die Abweichungen reprasentieren Bifurkationen oder Duplikationen eines Abschnittes der Pereiopoden und resultieren oft in verschiedenen und ungewohnlichen Strukturen. Die grosen Scheren scheinen die ausgepragteste Potenz zur Bifurkation zu besitzen, die Auswuchse deuten jedoch auf die Anlage funktionsfahiger Segmente hin.
Accuracy of the random vortex method for a problem with non-smooth initial conditions

Abstract The accuracy of the random vortex method, in approximating the solution of the Navier-Stokes equation, is investigated using the model problem of a circular vortex as suggested by Milinazzo and Saffman [13]. The method consists of partitioning the vorticity into “vortex blobs.” These blobs are moved via two actions. First, a blob is deterministically moved under the action of the velocity field associated with the other blobs. Then to simulate viscosity a random component is added to the position of the blob. For this model problem the nonlinear terms of the Navier-Stokes equation vanish. Thus the major error inherent in the deterministic component of the method vanishes. Consequently, for this model problem concentration is on the interaction of the deterministic and random components of the method. Results show that the accuracy of the method depends heavily on the initial distribution and strength of the computational elements, i.e., the vortex blobs. With the right choice of initial conditions it is found that e1(t)=|L(t)−A(t)|A(t) is O(R − 1 2 N − 1 2 ) , where L(t) and A(t) are, respectively, the exact and computed angular moment of vorticity distribution at time t for N vortex blobs at a Reynolds number R.
Determination of dissolved organic nitrogen using persulfate oxidation and conductimetric quantification of nitrate‐nitrogen

Abstract Nitrogen (N) in forest soil extracts and surface waters may be dominantly in organic compounds as dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Due to various difficulties associated with measuring total N (as TKN) by the Rjeldahl digest, this important vehicle for nutrient movement is rarely monitored. By coupling two relatively new methods and optimizing them for use in soil studies, we developed an alternative method for measuring DON. Analysis of pure compounds and field samples shows that persulfate oxidation combined with conductimetric quantification of nitrate (NO3) provides a highly accurate measure of dissolved N content. With relatively inexpensive equipment and reagents, a single technician can digest and assay over a hundred samples a day. This rapid, simple, and accurate assay may make it possible to routinely monitor DON where it had previously been impractical. This in turn could substantially enhance understanding about the form and quantity of N involved in nutrient fluxes.
The Efferent Control of the Organs of Balance and Equilibrium in the Toadfish, Opsanus tau

All vertebrates are endowed with a vestibular efferent system (EVS) consisting of somata within the central nervous system with long axons exiting the brain to innervate the labyrinth. Behaviorally relevant stimuli related to feeding and/or aggressive behaviors and conditions leading to enhanced attentional states or alerting activate the EVS. Increased EVS activity modifies the resting rate and response dynamics to motion of vestibular afferents. This modification is nonuniform across the fiber spectrum of the semicircular canals, for example, affecting the more-sensitive, low-spontaneous-activity cells more profoundly than their less-sensitive counterparts. The cellular bases for EVS effects are excitatory axoaxonic synapses upon primary afferents and axosomatic inhibitory synapses upon hair cells.
Calcineurin Enhances MAPK Phosphatase-1 Expression and p38 MAPK Inactivation in Cardiac Myocytes

Multiple intracellular signaling pathways have been shown to regulate the hypertrophic growth of cardiac myocytes including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-cells. However, it is uncertain if individual regulatory pathways operate in isolation or if interconnectivity between unrelated pathways is required for the orchestration of the entire hypertrophic response. To this end, we investigated the interconnectivity between calcineurin-mediated cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and p38 MAPK signaling in vitro and in vivo. We show that calcineurin promotes down-regulation of p38 MAPK activity and enhances expression of the dual specificity phosphatase MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). Transgenic mice expressing activated calcineurin in the heart were characterized by inactivation of p38 and increased MKP-1 expression during early postnatal development, before the onset of cardiac hypertrophy. In vitro, cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes infected with a calcineurin-expressing adenovirus and stimulated with phenylephrine demonstrated reduced p38 phosphorylation and increased MKP-1 protein levels. Activation of endogenous calcineurin with the calcium ionophore decreased p38 phosphorylation and increased MKP-1 protein levels. Inhibition of endogenous calcineurin with cyclosporin A decreased MKP-1 protein levels and increased p38 activation in response to agonist stimulation. To further investigate potential cross-talk between calcineurin and p38 through alteration in MKP-1 expression, the MKP-1 promoter was characterized and determined to be calcineurin-responsive. These data suggest that calcineurin enhances MKP-1 expression in cardiac myocytes, which is associated with p38 inactivation.
Strategies for Teaching Dance History: Gaining a Feel for the Past

Abstract Given the paucity of dance scholarship and the evanescence of historical resources, how do we best prepare dance historians for an increasingly technology-driven future? This article examines strategies for engaging students in historical research that involves their imaginations and kinesthetic responses. Especially important in this process is teaching students to ground their research in solid and well-established data and to learn to write clearly and analytically. The article describes a number of strategies for marrying technology and writing so as to increase dance literacy and develop students' historical awareness and empathy.
Shear-free turbulent boundary layers. Part 2. New concepts for Reynolds stress transport equation modelling of inhomogeneous flows

Models for the dissipation tensor and (slow) pressure–strain terms of the Reynolds stress transport equations are presented which are applicable near boundaries. These models take into account the large inhomogeneity and anisotropy that can be present near walls and surfaces, and are inspired by the physical insights developed in Part 1 of this paper. The dissipation tensor model represents a fundamentally new approach to dealing with turbulence inhomogeneities. The pressure–strain model shows how the classic return-to-isotropy model of Lumley (1978) can be adapted to the near-wall region. The closure hypotheses underlying these two models are tested in an a priori fashion using direct numerical simulation (DNS) data.
Newton Polytopes of Two-Dimensional Hidden Markov Models

In this paper, we show that the Newton polytope of an observation Y from a two-dimensional hidden Markov model (2D HMM) lies in a three-dimensional subspace of its ambient eight-dimensional space, whose vertices correspond to the most likely explanations ("hidden" states) for Y given the model. For each Newton polytope, there exists a set of "essential" vertices, which form a skeleton for the polytope. All observations in the same orbit (identical under translations, rotations, and transpositions) have the same Newton polytope. Our main conjecture is that the maximal number of vertices of any Newton polytope is of order n 2.
Experimental study of subsolidus phase relations and mixing properties of pyroxene and plagioclase in the system Na2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2

In the system Na2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (NCAS), the equilibrium compositions of pyroxene coexisting with grossular and corundum were experimentally determined at 40 different P-T conditions (1,100–1,400° C and 20.5–38 kbar). Mixing properties of the Ca-Tschermak — Jadeite pyroxene inferred from the data are (J, K): $$\begin{gathered} G_{Px}^{xs} = X_{{\text{CaTs}}} X_{{\text{Jd}}} [14,810 - 7.15T - 5,070(X_{{\text{CaTs}}} - X_{{\text{Jd}}} ) \hfill \\ {\text{ }} - 3,350(X_{{\text{CaTs}}} - X_{{\text{Jd}}} )^2 ] \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ The excess entropy is consistent with a complete disorder of cations in the M2 and the T site.
Photoelectron-Counting Distributions for Irradiance-Modulated Radiation*

Photoelectron-counting distributions are obtained for modulated radiation sources, with arbitrary modulation waveforms and depths. Cases treated in detail include chaotic, amplitude-stabilized, and Risken sources, with square-wave, triangular, and sinusoidal modulation. Modulation is shown to broaden the counting distributions, an effect interpretable as accentuated photon bunching. The broadening is not marked for the chaotic source, but the shape of the distribution changes drastically for the amplitude-stabilized source. Varying the radiation statistics and the modulation waveforms can produce a variety of counting distributions, from double peaked to extremely flat. Modulation may serve to accentuate the distinctions between counting distributions associated with sources of different radiation statistics.
Effective induction of cells expressing GABAergic neuronal markers from mouse embryonic stem cell.

Successful derivations of specific neuronal and glial cells from embryonic stem cells have enormous potential for cell therapies and regenerative medicine. However, the low efficiency, the complexity of induction method, and the need for purification represent obstacles that make their application impractical. In this study, we found that PDGFRα+ cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) can serve as a useful source from which to induce cells that express γ-aminobutyric-acid (GABA)-releasing (GABAergic) neuronal markers. PDGFRα+ cells were induced from mESC on collagen IV-coated plates in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) culture medium with limited exposure to retinoic acid, sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorter and maintained in MSC culture medium containing Y-27632, a Rho-associated kinase inhibitor. We found that supplementation of vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-basic, and sodium azide (NaN3) to MSC culture medium effectively differentiated PDGFRα+ cells into cells that express GABAergic neuronal markers, such as Pax2, Dlx2, GAD67 NCAM, and tubulin-βIII, while markers for oligodendrocyte (Sox2) and astrocyte (Glast) were suppressed. Immunostaining for GABA showed the majority (86 ± 5%) of the induced cells were GABA-positive. We also found that the PDGFRα+ cells retained such differentiation potential even after more than ten passages and cryopreservation. In summary, this study presents a simple and highly efficient method of inducing cells that express GABAergic neuronal markers from mESC. Together with its ease of maintenance in vitro, PDGFRα+ cells derived from mESC may serve as a useful source for such purpose.
Applying Real-Time Quantitative PCR to Fusarium Crown Rot of Wheat.

Fusarium crown rot (FCR) of wheat is a persistent problem that causes significant losses worldwide. In Montana, FCR is caused primarily by Fusarium culmorum and F. pseudograminearum. Recently, a real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR) assay was developed for FCR using primers and probes specific for a segment of the trichodiene synthase (tri5) gene. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of QPCR for accessing FCR severity on wheat in field experiments. In 2004 and 2005, plots of spring and durum wheat were inoculated with varying levels of F. pseudograminearum oat inoculum and grown under rain-fed conditions. Two weeks prior to harvest, plants were collected from the plots and assessed for FCR severity and analyzed by QPCR for Fusarium DNA quantities. Disease severity scores (DSS) and Fusarium DNA quantities were positively correlated with each other for all three cultivars in 2004 but for only the durum cultivar in 2005 (P 0.05). When DSS and Fusarium DNA quantities negatively correlated with yield, both measurements were comparable in predicting yield reduction (R = -0.64 and -0.77, respectively). Results indicate that this QPCR assay is effective in measuring FCR severity in wheat.
Mouse Crossveinless-2 is the vertebrate homolog of a Drosophila extracellular regulator of BMP signaling

The Dpp/BMP signaling pathway is highly conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates. The recent molecular characterization of the Drosophila crossveinless-2 (cv-2) mutation by Conley and colleagues introduced a novel regulatory step in the Dpp/BMP pathway (Development 127 (2000) 3945). The CV-2 protein is secreted and contains five cysteine-rich (CR) domains similar to those observed in the BMP antagonist Short gastrulation (Sog) of Drosophila and Chordin (Chd) of vertebrates. The mutant phenotype in Drosophila suggests that CV-2 is required for the differentiation of crossvein structures in the wing which require high Dpp levels. Here we present the mouse and human homologs of the Drosophila cv-2 protein. The mouse gene is located on chromosome 9A3 while the human locus maps on chromosome 7p14. CV-2 is expressed dynamically during mouse development, in particular in regions of high BMP signaling such as the posterior primitive streak, ventral tail bud and prevertebral cartilages. We conclude that CV-2 is an evolutionarily conserved extracellular regulator of the Dpp/BMP signaling pathway.
13C Labeling Indicates That the Epoxide-Containing Amino Acid of HC-toxin Is Biosynthesized by Head-to-Tail Condensation of Acetate

HC-toxin, cyclo(D-Pro-L-Ala-D-Ala-L-Aeo), where Aeo stands for 2-amino-9,10-epoxi-8-oxodecanoic acid, is a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylase. Previous molecular genetic studies indicated that HC-toxin biosynthesis requires a dedicated fatty acid synthase. The incorporation of [13C]acetate into HC-toxin was studied using NMR. The pattern of incorporation of 13C was consistent with the carbons of Aeo being derived from head-to-tail condensation of acetate.
Christian Martyrdom and the "Dialect of the Holy Scriptures": The Literal, the Allegorical, the Martyrological

This paper seeks to test a venerable scholarly and popular commonplace: that the ideology of religious martyrdom is based upon and further reflects a literal or even hyper-literal interpretation of Scriptures. Through two test-cases from late antique Christian writings, Tertullian's scorpiace and Origen's exhortatio ad martyrium , I seek to demonstrate the inadequacy of the literal/allegorical dichotomy to comprise and comprehend the complex, ingenious ways in which "the dialect of the holy Scriptures" (Origen's phrase) is claimed to speak in one unambiguous voice that instructs the Christian to accept martyrdom under persecution through confession. Self- and other-characterizations using the labels of "literal" and "allegorical" readings abound in these writings, but are not confined to one side or another. Via such "fighting words," the lexicon of hermeneutical claims of fidelity to or apostasy from the Scriptures is pressed into service by authors who, like Tertullian in Carthage and Origen in Caesarea, craft careful apologetic and protreptic arguments to support the claim that for Christians "it is better to prefer a religious death to an irreligious life."
Antioxidative activity and safety of the 50 ethanolic extract from red bean fermented by Bacillus subtilis IMR-NK1.

This study aimed at evaluating the antioxidative activities and the safety of 50% ethanolic extract from red bean fermented by Bacillus subtillis IMR-NK1. The antioxidative activities, including α,...
DNA “fingerprints” and paternity ascertainment in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Highly variable regions of DNA are found in a wide diversity of organisms and are typically composed of alleles consisting of a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) of a short core sequence. DNA fingerprinting probes are VNTR probes that simultaneously detect a large number of similar VNTRs in the target DNA. The highly polymorphic pattern observed in a DNA fingerprint allows resolution of questions concerning individual identification. M13 phage was used to fingerprint captive chimpanzees for paternity ascertainment. Although the probability of band sharing among captive chimps appears to be higher than among some other reported captive and feral animal populations, the probe is highly useful and can be expected to become more widely used in the genetic management of captive populations.
How can the results of silicon debug justify the investment in design-for- debug infrastructure?

With the increase in clock domains and multi-core designs, the impact of adding traditional debug features is becoming prohibitive. The impact is mainly in restrictions in device operation and increased risk to the design itself. It is no longer a given that these features pay for themselves in terms of benefit to silicon debug and test.
Adsorption of argon, nitrogen, and water vapor on zirconium oxide

Abstract The adsorptive characteristics of zirconium oxide have been investigated by studying the adsorption of nitrogen, argon, and water. Surface properties were found to depend primarily on the amount of irreversibly adsorbed water retained by the sample. Water was found to irreversibly adsorb on zirconium oxide in amounts far in excess of that required for a classical chemisorbed monolayer. Weight loss for the sample between 25° and 500°C, in vacuum, was equivalent to 2.3 monolayers of chemisorbed water. Replacement of this water by adsorption from the vapor phase at 25°C because prohibitively slow after the irreversible adsorption of about 1.3 monolayers of water. In contrast to this, it was relatively easy to obtain reversible water vapor isotherms at 300° and 400°C. All three adsorbates showed that this sample of zirconium oxide has a pore system spanning the micro to macro size range. Irreversible adsorption of water caused a 20% decrease in the specific surface area as measured by nitrogen and argon. This reduction is real and occurs through the filling of micropores by irreversibly adsorbed water. Specific surface areas calculated from the water data suffer from the specificity of the interaction of water with the oxide surface and do not provide a true measure of the geometric area.
Isolation accelerates reproductive senescence and alters its predictors in female rats

The process of reproductive senescence in female rats (Rattus norvegicus, Sprague-Dawley strain) was altered by their social environment during adulthood. The incidence of constant estrus (CE), which marks the end of estrous cyclicity, was nearly twice as high in females living in isolation as it was in females living in groups. Isolated females also entered CE at three times the rate of group-housed females. In addition, the characteristics of a rat's estrous cycle when she was young predicted whether or not she would enter CE during reproductive senescence. However, the characteristics of the cycle that predicted if a rat would enter CE were different for isolated females than for females living in groups. In isolated rats, entry into CE was predicted by a pattern of regular cycles followed by irregular cycles, a lordosis reflex of consistently high intensity during irregular cycles, and an absence of spontaneous pseudopregnancies. Furthermore, a long duration of CE was predicted by early cessation of estrous cycles. In rats living in groups, increased estrogenization of the vaginal smears during irregular cycles was the only predictor of entry into CE. In both environments, the onset of an acyclic lordosis reflex predicted the timing of CE. The potential role of ovarian steroids as mediators of these effects is discussed.
THINKING ABOUT POLITICS

There are distinctive modes of thinking about politics, three of which are discussed here. A mode consists of a characteristic domain of relevance, filing system, and grammar of beliefs. A person relying on Mode A treats politics as an extension of interpersonal experience. A person relying on Mode B organizes political thinking around a set of salient group identifications. A person relying on Mode C views public objects in terms of their consequences for collective goods. The three modes are illustrated by applying them to concrete issues in a hypothetical manner: Vietnam, bussing, and attitudes toward presidential candidates. The concept of surrogate attitudes is developed and various implications of the theoretical argument are discussed.
Lysine requirement of growing puppies fed practical and purified diets

Abstract Growing Pointer puppies were used in four experiments to establish a quantitative requirement for lysine in an intact-protein (22.25% crude protein, 3863 kcal ME/kg) and purified crystalline L-amino acid diet (13.69% crude protein, 4099 kcal ME/kg). In experiments 1 and 2, a corn gluten meal, sesame meal and meat and bone meal (CGM-SM-MBM) diet was supplemented with L-lysine•HC1 to contain lysine levels varying from 0.5 to 1.0% of the diet. Weight gain and feed efficiency were maximized when total dietary lysine was present at 0.8% of the diet (207 mg/100 kcal ME). In experiments 3 and 4, crystalline amino acids were fed as the sole source of nitrogen. Rate of gain and feed efficiency of puppies fed dietary lysine levels ranging from 0.4 to 0.9% suggested a requirement not exceeding 0.7% of the diet (171 mg/100 kcal ME). Plasma and urinary urea decreased linearly when puppies were fed the crystalline amino acid diet supplemented with increasing levels of lysine. Plasma free lysine concentration in puppies fed either the intact protein or free amino acid diet remained relatively low until dietary lysine reached the level required for maximal growth and efficiency of feed conversion. At dietary lysine levels above this point, plasma free lysine increased markedly.
The creation of adenovirus genomes with viable, stable, internal redundancies centered about the E2b region.

Abstract During the course of constructing new adenoviral strains by overlap recombination, we have discovered that internally redundant viable genomes can be created by end-to-end joining of the input DNA molecules. The cellular functions responsible for the end-joining activity frequently ligated the overhanging single strands of the complementary ends to form a novel restriction site at the junction. In 2 of the 17 cases analyzed in detail by restriction digestion, and some sequence determinations, the cellular functions had repaired the ends, presumably prior to end-joining. Four of the isolates had suffered deletions at the junction ranging in size from 13 to 532 bp. The isolate with the largest deletion also had an insertion of 14 by of unknown origin at the site of the deletion. All of the redundant isolates replicated as efficiently as isogenic unit length strains, and plaque dilution titrations obeyed one-hit kinetics, showing that the redundant genomes were nondefective. Nevertheless unit-length genomes were observed at a low level (some 5 to 10% of the total) in stocks of each isolate before and after plaque purification. They presumably arose by recombination between the redundant sequences either intra- or intermolecularly. Evidence from Southern blot analysis showed that molecules with three copies of the redundant sequences also arose and could be detected both in intracellular and in capsid viral DNA. These species would arise by unequal crossing-over between redundant genomes. The efficient replication of the redundant species demonstrates that the precise spatial relationships between splice donors and acceptors on either strand, in this region of the genome, do not have to be rigidly maintained. These data suggest that it may be possible to place other genetic information between the DNA polymerase and terminal protein precursor genes and have it expressed from the major late promoter in its normal location.
Design and Control of a Ship Motion Simulation Platform from an Energy Efficiency Perspective

AbstractMost hydraulic servo systems are designed with little consideration for energy efficiency. Pumps are selected based upon required peak power demands, valves are chosen primarily for their rated flow, actuators for the maximum force. However, the design of a hydraulic servo system has great potential in terms of energy efficiency that has, for the most part, been ignored. This paper describes the design and control of a large-scale ship motion simulation platform that was designed and built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the Office of Naval Research. The primary reasons to incorporate energy-efficiency features into the design are cost and size reduction. A preliminary survey of proposed designs based on traditional motion simulation platform configurations (Stewart Platforms) required hydraulic power supplies approaching 1.22 MW. This manuscript describes the combined design and control effort that led to a system with the same performance requirements, however requiring a primary power supp...
Gauge fields on the world sheet: Strings with gauge- and supersymmetry breaking

Abstract It is shown that the introduction of two-dimensional gauge fields as dynamical degrees of freedom on the world sheet provides a general mechanism for obtaining spontaneous breakdown of spacetime gauge symmetries and supersymmetries in string theories. Other known methods of introducing symmetry breaking are seen to be included in the general world sheet gauge field formulation
Globalization and the “Place” of Politics in Contemporary Theory: A Commentary

THE TENDENCY TO UNDERSTAND the impact of globalization on political activism through such binary oppositions as “global” versus “local” and “space” versus “place” elides the processes through which these spatial categories and discourses are politically constructed and contested. By contrast, the political significance of place, far from being settled in the evolving global economy, is a hotly contested stake in contemporary struggles over the built environment. Through an ethnographic study of community activism in New York City, this paper demonstrates how elite claims about the global imperatives of capital accumulation are being challenged in so-called “local places.” [Globalization, urban development, activism, space, New York City]
Characterization of a Novel Melt Curve by Use of the Roche LightCycler HSV 1/2 Analyte-Specific Reagent Real-Time PCR Assay: Frequencies of This Novel (Low) Melt Curve and Commonly Encountered (Intermediate) Melt Curves

We characterize a novel probe binding-site polymorphism detectable solely by melt curve analysis using the Roche LightCycler HSV 1/2 analyte-specific reagent real-time PCR assay. The frequencies of this novel (47°C) and previously described intermediate (60 to 62°C) melt curves were 0.016% and 4.9%, respectively.
Pulsed NMR studies of self-diffusion and defect structure in liquid and solid krypton

Nuclear spin-spin relaxation and atomic self-diffusion have been studied for $^{83}\mathrm{Kr}$ in liquid and solid natural krypton. Transient NMR signals observed in the solid phase are separated into components governed by the effective quadrupolar and dipolar interactions. Interpretation of the quadrupolar component is aided by the analysis of observed quadrupole echoes. Fedders's calculations of quadrupolar effects for spin 9/2 are found to agree with $^{83}\mathrm{Kr}$ central transition relaxation rates observed in solid krypton. Analyses of motional narrowing indicate the coefficient of atomic self-diffusion in solid krypton to be $D={3.1}_{\ensuremath{-}2.1}^{+6.8}\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{(5010\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}220)}{RT}]$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec. In liquid krypton, direct external-gradient self-diffusion measurements yield $D\ensuremath{\rho}=(1.83\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{(180\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40)}{RT}]$ g/cm sec.
Distribution of second generation European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, egg masses in field corn and relationship to subsequent tunneling damage

The relationship between second generation European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner) egg mass numbers and subsequent field corn damage, as measured by stalk cavity numbers, was studied in 79 fields in northeastern North Carolina over three years. A mean of 0.028 egg masses per plant (645 egg masses/23400 plants) was found over the course of the study. Significant differences in oviposition rate were detected between fields and years. Ca. 85% of egg masses were deposited in a five leaf zone surrounding the primary ear; of these, 89% were found on the lower four leaves in this zone. Egg masses appeared to be distributed randomly within fields but at low rates of incidence, and oviposition was relatively uniform between sampling areas within individual fields. Under moderate to high oviposition pressure (mean number of egg masses per plant over the duration of the oviposition period >ca. 0.02), eggs laid during the early phases of the oviposition period account for more subsequent stalk damage than eggs laid during the later phases of the oviposition period. Variations in second generation egg mass numbers accounted for ca. 70% of variation in stalk cavity numbers.
Implementation and Outcomes of a Multidisciplinary High-Risk Breast Cancer Program: The William Beaumont Hospital Experience

Abstract Purpose The implementation of a program that incorporates a risk assessment questionnaire (RAQ) to identify high-risk patients in a community-based health system was evaluated. Materials and Methods Women with no history of breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ who were undergoing annual screening mammography were offered an RAQ. Cases determined to be high risk (Gail lifetime risk ≥20% or as indicated through personal and/or family history) were offered referral to our High-risk Breast Cancer Program. A retrospective data review was conducted on completed questionnaires. Results A total of 5878 women underwent evaluation with the RAQ between September 2009 and August 2010. The mean age of the cohort was 55 years old, with 84.9% (4990) of participants being white, and 6.8% (400) African American. In the entire population, 45.7% (2446) had at least 1 first-degree relative with breast cancer (BC), and 923 (17.2%) women were found to be high risk by the Gail model. Beyond the Gail model, 53 (0.9%) women had undergone prior chest radiation, 34 (0.6%) had a male relative with BC, 200 (3.4%), had 3 or more relatives with BC on one side of their family, 308 (5.2%) had a relative with breast and ovarian cancer on one side of the family, and 105 (1.8%) noted 2 relatives with BC with onset under age 50 years on the same side of the family. Conclusions Our experience indicates that the identification of women at high risk for BC can be easily incorporated into an annual screening mammography visit. Identification of these patients as high risk can allow for individualized, more-appropriate surveillance and prevention.
Forficatocaris Schadeni, a New Copepod (Harpacticoida) from Central Brazil, with Keys to the Species of the Genus

ABSTRACT A new species of interstitial harpacticoid copepod, Forficatocaris schadeni (Parastenocarididae) is described from a wet campo (field) in central Brazil. Males of F. schadeni differ from all previously described species in possessing a subterminal hypophysis extending well past the end of the endopod of leg 4, together with a strong lateral spine on leg 5. Females are distinguished by the small, triangular, flat outer subterminal spine of leg 5. This is the first record of this genus on a highly organic substrate. The wet campo habitat is described; it seems similar in stability to the psammic habitats of other forficatocarid species. Keys to known species of Forficatocaris are furnished.
Up-regulation of tissue-type transglutaminase after traumatic brain injury

Tissue-type transglutaminase (tTG, EC 2.3.2.13) has been implicated in various disease paradigms including neurodegenerative disease. In these studies, tTG induction after traumatic brain injury was studied using a rat cortical impact model. Using western blots, two forms of tTG protein expression were identified ‐ a79-kDa primary form (tTG-L) and a less abundant70-kDa form (tTG-S). Both forms of tTG protein were elevated after injury. In ipsilateral cortex, peak induction of tTG-L protein [561% a 80% of control (na 5)] was observed five days after injury, with expression remaining elevated after two weeks. Peak induction of tTG-S protein [302% a 81% of control (na 5)] was observed three days after injury. Lesser tTG protein induction was observed in hippocampus. Northern blot analysis demonstrated two tTG transcripts in the ipsilateral cortex with peak induction of tTG-L mRNA three days after injury. However, tTG-S mRNA was not identified in control samples and only faintly detected in injured tissue. To facilitate analysis of low abundance transcripts in smaller tissue samples, a semiquantitative realtime PCR strategy was used. Semi-quantitative PCR analysis of tTG-L mRNA induction in ipsilateral cortex (peak after three days; 414% a 21% of control, na 3) confirmed tTG-L mRNA induction determined by northern blot (410% of control).
Recommended curriculum for CS1, 1984

Ce rapport offre un premier cours en informatique qui attire l'attention sur la methodologie de programmation et la resolution de probleme. Il est approprie pour les etudiants et autres interesses par une introduction disciplinee a la programmation
SBS mitigation with multi-tone amplification: a theoretical model

A new technique for mitigating stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) effects in narrow-linewidth Yb-doped fiber amplifiers is demonstrated with a model that reduces to solving an 8×8 system of coupled nonlinear equations with the gain, SBS, and four-wave mixing (FMW) incorporated into the model. This technique uses two seed signals, or 'two-tones', with each tone reaching its SBS threshold almost independently and thus increasing the overall threshold for SBS in the fiber amplifier. The wavelength separation of these signals is also selected to avoid FWM, which in this case possesses the next lowest nonlinear effects threshold. This model predicts an output power increase of 86% (at SBS threshold with no signs of FWM) for a 'two-tone' amplifier with seed signals at 1064nm and 1068nm, compared to a conventional fiber amplifier with a single 1064nm seed. The model is also used to simulate an SBS-suppressing fiber amplifier to test the regime where FWM is the limiting factor. In this case, an optimum wavelength separation of 3nm to 10nm prevents FWM from reaching threshold. The optimum ratio of the input power for the two seed signals in 'two-tone' amplification is also tested. Future experimental verification of this 'two-tone' technique is discussed.
Habitat use by desert bighorn sheep during lambing

Habitat used for predator escape may be a factor limiting restoration of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) in small mountain ranges in New Mexico. Female bighorn sheep seek isolation in discrete areas for parturition. Although parturition sites are used only for <3 days they play an important role in neonate survival. We compared habitat characteristics at pre-parturition (n = 21), parturition (n = 38), random (n = 38), and post-parturition sites (n = 21). At each site we calculated distance to steep terrain, elevation, ruggedness, slope, and visibility. Parturition and post-parturition sites were higher in elevation and more rugged than sites used during pre-parturition. Post-parturition sites were closer to terrain with 100% slope than the pre-parturition or parturition sites. Post-parturition sites had higher visibility and steeper slopes than the pre-parturition sites. Parturition sites were steeper, higher in elevation, more rugged, and had lower visibility than the random sites. Fidelity to parturition sites was observed on 1 of 38 occasions. Because lambing sites are used for short periods they are poorly understood and often ignored by land managers. Additional research is recommended in other desert bighorn sheep populations to understand better and predict habitat use during the lambing period.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE WAGLERINS, PEPTIDE TOXINS FROM THE VENOM OF WAGLER'S PIT VIPER, TROPIDOLAEMUS WAGLERI

The three-fingered α-neurotoxins isolated from the venoms of Elapidae family snakes have long been used as tools for the isolation and characterization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). These small proteins cause paralysis and death by binding to the nAChR at the neuromuscular junction and competitively antagonizing the action of acetylcholine. Snakes of the Viperidae family were not previously known to make toxins that target nAChR. A decade ago, four peptides of 22–24 amino acids were characterized from the venom of Wagler's Pit Viper, Tropidolaemus wagleri. These peptides are unique among the lethal components of Viperid venoms in that their lethal effects, like the three-fingered toxins, are mediated by competitive antagonism of muscle nAChR. One of these peptides, called Waglerin-1, also possesses a distinctive selectivity for the α–e interface binding site of the mouse nAChR, binding with over 2000-fold higher affinity to the α–e site compared to the α–δ or α–γ binding sites. Furtherm...
Ethnic Conflict and State Building in Burma

State of Strife: The Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict in Burma Martin Smith (Washington D.C.: East-West Center, 2007, Policy Studies 36) Assessing Burma's Ceasefire Accords Zaw Oo and Win Min (Washingto...
Evaluation of the psychological profiles of patients with signs and symptoms of temporodiular disorders

Abstract The psychologic profiles of 88 female patients with signs & symptoms of temporomandibular disorders are compared with those of a control group having no signs or symptoms of such disorders. Scores on the Crown Crisp Experimental Index indicate a significant difference in the profiles of somatization and hysteria.
IL-lβ Gene Expression in B Cells Derived from the Murine MRL/lpr Model of Lupus

The MRL/lpr model of SLE resembles human lupus in its various immunopathologic characteristics including the presence of high-level IgG and anti-DNA antibody production and multisystem organ involvement (nephritis, arthritis, and vasculitis). Our previous studies have shown that IL-1 overactivity in B cells plays a potentially important role in driving IgG and autoantibody production. However, the underlying mechanisms determining IL-1 overactivity are poorly understood. We studied IL-lβ gene expression and transcriptional rates in B cells derived from old and young MRL/lpr, MRL/+ +, and non-autoimmune control mice using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and the nuclear run-on assay. RT-PCR demonstrated increased steady-state IL-lβ gene expression in B cells derived from old MRL/lpr mice as compared to either young MRL/lpr or control mice. Furthermore, IL-lβ gene expression in B cells was associated with the presence of the lpr mutation because heightened IL-1β message was observed in RNA obtained from MRL/lpr but...
7α-Iodo and 7α-Fluoro Steroids as Androgen Receptor-Mediated Imaging Agents

We have synthesized several 7alpha-fluoro (F) and 7alpha-iodo (I) analogues of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) and 19-nor-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-NDHT) and tested them for binding to the androgen receptor and for their biological activity in an in vitro assay with cells that have been engineered to respond to androgens. The relative binding affinity to the androgen receptor determined in competition assays showed that in the androstane series the fluoro steroids have the highest affinity and that F-17alpha-CH3-DHT (4) has a higher affinity than 5alpha-DHT. All other steroids were somewhat less potent than 5alpha-DHT with F-DHT (2) = I-17alpha-CH3-DHT (3) >/= F-NDHT (6) > F-17alpha-CH3-NDHT (8) = I-DHT (1) >/= I-NDHT (5) > I-17alpha-CH3-NDHT (7). The relative biological activity in cells transfected with the androgen receptor and an androgen responsive reporter gene is 4 >> 5alpha-DHT > 2 > 6 > 3 >/= 1 >/= 8 >/= 5 > 7. The iodinated compound, I-17alpha-CH3-DHT (3), with the highest binding activity was synthesized labeled with 125I and was shown to bind with high affinity, Ka = 1.9 x 10(10) L/mol, and low nonspecific binding to the androgen receptor in rat prostatic cytosol. However, when radiolabeled [125I]-17alpha-CH3-DHT ([125I]3) was injected into castrated male rats, it showed very poor androgen receptor-mediated uptake into the rat prostate. This was unexpected in light of its superior receptor binding properties and its protection by the 17alpha-methyl group from metabolic oxidation at C-17. However, the biological potency of I-17alpha-CH3-DHT (3) was not as high as would have been expected. When I-DHT (1) and I-17alpha-CH3-DHT (3) were incubated in aqueous media at 37 degrees C they rapidly decomposed, but they were stable at 0 degrees C. The fluorinated analogue 4 treated similarly at 37 degrees C was completely stable. The products of the decomposition reaction of I-DHT (1) at 37 degrees C were identified as iodide and principally 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androst-7-en-3-one. The temperature dependence of this elimination reaction explains the inconsistency between the high binding to the androgen receptor (measured at 0 degrees C) and the low biological activity, as well as the poor androgen receptor mediated concentration in vivo. The fluorinated analogue F-17alpha-CH3-DHT (4) has both high affinity for the androgen receptor and high stability in aqueous media. Of the compounds tested, 4 has the highest affinity for the androgen receptor as well as the highest androgenic activity. Thus it is likely that F-17alpha-CH3-DHT 4 labeled with 18F will be an excellent receptor-mediated diagnostic imaging agent.
CHAOTIC BEHAVIOR IN A FRACTIONAL-ORDER SYSTEM CONTAINING A CONTINUOUS ORDER-DISTRIBUTION

This paper discusses the fractional dynamics, and the bifurcation behavior, of a specific nonlinear system that contains a continuous order-distribution. The dynamics of the system are predicted using the describing-function method. General approximation methods are then derived for the continuous order-distribution component. The system is simulated using these approximations, and the results compared with the describing-function predictions. This is believed to be the first observation of chaos in a system with continuous order-distribution.
ON SOME PROPERTIES OF THE QUANTILES OF THE CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO INTERVAL ESTIMATION

Three theorems are presented which describe certain mathematical properties of the quantiles of the central chi-square distribution with ν degrees of freedom. The first two theorems deal with certain inequalities of the quantiles with respect to , and , for a certain range of tail probabilities, while the third theorem deals with the monotonicity of the ratio of the quantiles to ν, as a function of ν, also for a certain range of tail probabilities. Applications of these theorems are illustrated in a few examples by showing analytically certain properties of interval estimators which are either not often thought of or are taken for granted more by intuition than by formal mathematical reasoning. One of the interval estimator properties that is discussed deals with whether or not an interval always contains the corresponding maximum likelihood estimator, and another property deals with whether or not a larger sample size is better than a smaller one, on the average. In either case, nontrivial illustrations ...
On hexagonal gravity water waves

In this paper we produce numerical, genuinely three-dimensional, hexagonal traveling wave solutions of the Euler equations for water waves using a surface integral formulation derived by Craig and Sulem. These calculations are free from the requirements of either long wavelength or two-dimensionality, both of which are crucial to the KdV and KP scaling regimes, and we produce hexagonal traveling waves of not only small but also moderate amplitude.
Effect of Age and Frequency on Intervertebral Disc Cell Response to Dynamic Compression

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a unique orthopaedic tissue consisting of at least two cell types: fibroblast-like annulus fibrosus (AF) cells and chondrocyte-like nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. Culture of cells in 3D gel matrices (such as alginate or agarose), maintains the normal morphology and ECM molecule production of chondrocytes for extended periods of time and also allows the application of various forms of mechanical stimulation, such as hydrostatic or compressive loading. In vivo studies have shown IVD cells to be responsive to frequency, duration, and amplitude of mechanical load [1]. IVD literature on mechanobiology uses varying methodologies to apply dynamic loads (compression, hydrostatic forces), with different times of mechanical stimulation, differences in model systems (in vivo, tissue culture, cell culture), species, and ages, and an optimal loading protocol to stimulate extracellular matrix protein accumulation is unknown. The overall goal of this work is to evaluate the potential, and perhaps even feasibility, of mechanical stimulation for extracellular matrix (ECM) regeneration using intervertebral disc cells. Also of interest is whether cells from mature tissue are capable of serving as a potential cell source for future IVD regeneration [2,3].
Definitive tumor resection and percutaneous bacille Calmette-Guérin for management of renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma in solitary kidneys.

Abstract Objectives This study was done to evaluate the safety and initial efficacy of definitive tumor resection combined with percutaneous bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for management of renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in patients with solitary kidneys. Methods Eight patients with anatomically solitary kidneys, all of whom had a prior history of TCC elsewhere in the urinary tract, were treated with either partial nephrectomy (n = 2) or percutaneous resection (n = 6) combined with a 6-week course of topical BCG administered percutaneously. Seven (87.5%) of the 8 patients tolerated the complete BCG course without adverse effects. One patient required cessation of treatment for renal insufficiency, which resolved with discontinuation of therapy. Follow-up nephroscopy was performed 3 months after the initial tumor resection in 6 of the 8 patients, and all patients underwent regular follow-up surveillance at 3- to 6-month intervals thereafter with radiographic, cytologie, and, in some cases, ureteroscopic examinations. Results With follow-up ranging from 9 to 59 (mean, 22) months, local tumor recurrence has become evident in only 1 patient. Two other patients have developed distant metastatic disease, both of whom had invasive TCC elsewhere in the urinary tract prior to treatment of the upper tract tumor. Conclusions Combining a 6-week course of percutaneously administered topical BCG with definitive tumor resection is generally well tolerated, and, ultimately, this protocol may result in a decreased incidence of local tumor recurrence in these high-risk patients.
Boolean restriction categories and taut monads

A Boolean category is a restriction category if and only if it has one exception and all morphisms are deterministic. In the category of sets, taut monads are precisely the Boolean ones. It follows that collection monad types in Haskell inherit an assertion calculus based on dynamic logic.