cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quoted Out of Context: Contextomy and Its Consequences

“Contextomy” refers to the excerpting of words from their original linguistic context in a way that distorts the source's intentions. Contextomy prompts audiences to form a false impression of the source and contaminates subsequent interpretation when the quote is restored to its original context. In the reported experiment, participants read fabricated quotes about affirmative action and judged their sources' support for the policy. One quotation was strategically excerpted from a neutral paragraph to portray the source as either favoring or opposing the policy. When they later read the full paragraph, participants encouraged to infer attitude-related source characteristics revised their judgments less than others prompted to infer unrelated characteristics. The implications of these results are considered in light of contextomy's role in anti-affirmative action campaigns.
Accelerated Depreciation: A Neglected Chapter in War Taxation

The First World War: Revenue Act of 1916, 630; Revenue Acts of 1918 and 1921, 631; criteria used by the Government, 632; extent of amortization under this law, 634; the question of incentives, 634. — The Second World War: Second Revenue Act of 1940, 636; administration of this law, 637; changes in the law in 1942, 639. — Accelerated depreciation as an incentive to plant expansion, 641. — Conclusions, 645.
Apoptosis and protein expression after focal cerebral ischemia in rat.

We used double staining histochemistry to investigate the relationship between apoptotic cell death and selective protein expression associated with DNA damage (p53, Bax, MDM2, Gadd45), DNA repair (PCNA) and cell cycle proteins (cyclin A, cyclin D, cdk2, cdk4) in rats (n=6; control rats, n=5) subjected to transient (2 h) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and 46 h of reperfusion. Few apoptotic cells were detected in the non-ischemic hemisphere of control rats. In ischemic animals, scattered apoptotic cells were present in the ischemic core and clustered apoptotic cells were present and localized to the inner boundary zone of the ischemic core. Proteins were preferentially localized to the cellular cytoplasm of control rats and in the non-ischemic hemisphere of rats subjected to MCAo. However, after MCAo these proteins were expressed and were preferentially localized to nuclei within the ischemic lesion. DNA damage induced proteins (wt-p53 and p53-response proteins) were preferentially expressed within apoptotic cells after ischemia. DNA repair proteins and cell cycle proteins were preferentially expressed within morphologically intact cells and in reversibly damaged cells in the ischemic areas. The selective expression of proteins associated with DNA damage, DNA repair and cell cycle observed in morphologically intact cells, ischemic injured cells and apoptotic cells suggests a differential role for these proteins in cell survival and apoptosis after stroke.
Thin‐Foil Phase Transformations of Tetragonal ZrO2 in a ZrO2‐8 wt% Y2O3 Alloy

Tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) grains in an annealed ZrO2 8 wt% Y2O3 alloy transformed to orthorhombic (o) or monoclinic (m) symmetry by stresses induced by localized electron beam heating in the transmission electron microscope. Different transformation mechanisms were observed, depending on foil thickness and orientation of individual grains. In thicker grains (≥150 nm), the transformation proceeded by a burst-like growth of m laths, and this is believed to approximate bulk behavior. In thinner grains near the edge of the foil, usually those with a [100], orientation perpendicular to the thin-foil surface, “continuous” growth of an o or m phase with an antiphase-boundary-containing microstructure was observed. The o phase is believed to be a high-pressure poly-morph of ZrO2, which forms (paradoxically) as a thin-foil artifact because it is less dense than t-ZrO2, but more dense than m-ZrO2. In some very thin grains, the t→m transformation was thermoelastic. Furthermore, a mottled structure often occurred just before the t→m or t→o transformation, which is attributed to surface transformation. Aside from the lath formation, the observed transformation modes are a result of the reduced constraints in thin foils.
Gender-Related Values and Medical Specialty Choice

During orientation, all 74 first-year medical students at the University of South Carolina responded to a survey about their preferences regarding specialty, work hours, leisure-time activities, and the quality they most valued in their own physician. More women than men listed a primary care specialty as their specialty choice. The men indicated a desire to work longer hours than the women, whereas a greater proportion of the women than men chose to spend their leisure time with family and friends. This study suggests that these gender-related values may influence practice choices.
What Did Become of Peter

Our primary concern is with Peter and his disappearance in Acts, so we turn to chapter 12. Persecution had dogged the steps of the apostles from the very beginning. James, the brother of John, was executed by Herod Agrippa I. Peter was arrested and imprisoned for the third time. During the night he was mysteriously released from jail, just as "Herod was about to bring him out" (verse 6), probably for trial or even possibly for execution, as this persecution was aimed primarily at the church's leaders. Peter then returned to the house of Mary, mother of John Mark, which seems to have been the apostles' headquarters, and he explained to the assembled group how he had been delivered from prison. His final word was, "Tell this to James (brother of Jesus) and the brethren," then "he departed and went to another place" (12:17). Whether he left Mary's home for some other place in Jerusalem, or went to some unknown destination outside the city, Acts does not report: hence, our problem. One suggested solution is that Peter went to Rome at this time, but it has never had much support, perhaps mainly because the whole case for his ever being in Rome is based entirely on non-canonical tradition, instead of New Testament evidence. The
Hormonal control of courtship and copulatory behavior in male Cnemidophorus inornatus, a direct sexual ancestor of a unisexual, parthenogenetic lizard

The hormonal control of courtship and copulatory behavior in male Cnemidophorus inornatus, one of the gonochoristic ancestral species of the all-female, parthenogenetic C. uniparens, was determined. Significantly fewer castrated males courted females than intact and sham-castrated control males. Silastic capsules containing dihydrotestosterone or testosterone reinstated courtship and copulatory behavior in a significant number of castrates. While significantly greater numbers of castrates treated with androgens resumed courtship, some of the castrates receiving progesterone implants also resumed intense courtship and copulatory behavior. Exogenous progesterone also maintained courtship behaviors in a significant number of intact males at a time when control males ceased to court. The implications of these findings for our understanding of the evolution of hormone-brain-behavior relationships and sex steroid hormone mechanisms of action are discussed.
The Role of Different Markers of Linguistic Powerlessness in Persuasion

This research examined the unique effects of different markers of linguistic powerlessness (hedges, hesitations, and tag questions) on persuasion. Participants read (Experiment 1) or listened to (Experiment 2) a communication advocating comprehensive exams. Under high message relevance, messages containing powerless markers resulted in less favorable attitudes and more negative perceptions of the message and source than did the control message. This effect occurred in both experiments and was a result of these markers lessening the impact of strong arguments; in Experiment 2, strong arguments were no more persuasive than weak arguments when the message contained any of these markers. Under low message relevance, tag questions improved the persuasiveness of message arguments relative to the control condition. These results demonstrate that the effects of linguistic markers of powerlessness are complex and depend on marker type and processing depth.
Object-object interaction affordance learning

This paper presents a novel object-object affordance learning approach that enables intelligent robots to learn the interactive functionalities of objects from human demonstrations in everyday environments. Instead of considering a single object, we model the interactive motions between paired objects in a human-object-object way. The innate interaction-affordance knowledge of the paired objects are learned from a labeled training dataset that contains a set of relative motions of the paired objects, human actions, and object labels. The learned knowledge is represented with a Bayesian Network, and the network can be used to improve the recognition reliability of both objects and human actions and to generate proper manipulation motion for a robot if a pair of objects is recognized. This paper also presents an image-based visual servoing approach that uses the learned motion features of the affordance in interaction as the control goals to control a robot to perform manipulation tasks.
Nonradiative relaxation of 2-phenylindene in solution and its implications for isomerization of stilbenes

Abstract The solvent dependence of the excited state photophysics of 2-phenylindene (PI) is explored here. The results show that the nonradiative process is activated with a barrier in excess of 6.8 kcal/mol. This finding is consistent with recent observations on PI in a supersonic jet. The implications of these findings for stilbene isomerization are discussed.
A new mechanism for nuclei formation in suspension crystallizers: the role of interparticle forces

Abstract This paper brings together the current nucleation models and the theories describing the behavior of collodial suspensions. In particular this study explores the interparticle attractive forces acting between the embryos in the solution-whose existence is postulated by the classical nucleation theory-and most importantly between the embryos and the much larger crystal seeds in a suspension crystallizer. The paper shows that these forces are too important in most cases to be neglected. They actually lead to a high concentration of embryos at the immediate vicinity of the crystal seeds. This high concentration near the crystal seed surfaces promotes a rapid coagulation of the embryos to produce particles larger than the critical nuclei. The proposed nucleation model, termed Embryos Coagulation Secondary Nucleation (ECSN), provides an explanation for an experimentally observed type of secondary nucleation.
The seasonal cycle of arsenic in estuarine and nearshore waters of the South Atlantic Bight

Abstract Arsenic concentrations vary with season on the continental shelf of the South Atlantic Bight. During periods of high winds in the winter and early spring, inorganic arsenic concentrations are reduced to as little as 20% of typical open ocean concentrations by sorption onto resuspended sediments or incorporation into phytoplankton. In the early fall, arsenic sequestered in sediments in the spring is regenerated and returned to the water column, creating elevated arsenic concentrations in the nearshore zone that are up to 50% greater than open ocean concentrations. Arsenic in the adjacent estuaries is nearly conservative over the seasonal cycle, although its distribution in the estuaries is greatly affected by the seasonal changes in arsenic concentrations in the nearshore waters.
A review of theoretical aspects of HLA and disease associations

Abstract A number of antigens (alleles) of the human histocompatibility (HLA) system have been shown to be associated with a wide range of chronic diseases. Recently a great deal of interest has been shown in many of the theoretical aspects of HLA disease associations. These range from statistical problems of detecting significant associations to the development of models to determine the mode of inheritance of the disease. These models, as well as other features of HLA disease associations, will be reviewed in this paper.
Synthetic studies on the ingenane diterpenes. An improved entry into a trans-intrabridgehead system.

The efficient construction of an ingenol intermediate exhibiting “inside−outside” intrabridgehead stereochemistry is reported. The sequence features the net conversion of a cis-intrabridgehead compound into a highly strained trans-species via palladium-mediated isomerization of an allylic epoxide followed by a low-temperature alkoxide-accelerated 1,5-hydrogen migration.
The Effect of Polyether, Ionophorous Anticoccidial Drugs on Feather Growth in Genetically Slow-Feathering Broilers

The rate of feather growth was measured in Hubbard X Hubbard broilers given monensin, salinomycin, or lasalocid for 8 weeks in floor pens. Chicks were given a nutritionally adequate diet. Feathers on male chicks were shorter at 10 days of age but grew faster than those on female chicks. Male chicks had longer feathers than female chicks after 31 days of age. Back feather scores were similar in male and female chicks at 52 days of age. Dietary ionophores had no effect on the rate of feather growth or the back feather coverage under the condition of this study.
PATHOLOGY AND VIRUS DETECTION IN TISSUES OF NESTLING HOUSE SPARROWS NATURALLY INFECTED WITH BUGGY CREEK VIRUS (TOGAVIRIDAE)

Alphaviruses (Togaviridae) infect wild birds, but clinical illness and death attributable to virus in naturally infected birds is rarely reported, particularly for small passerine species or nestlings. Buggy Creek virus is a unique alphavirus in the Western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEEV) complex that is vectored by the cimicid swallow bug (Oeciacus vicarius), an ectoparasite of the colonially nesting Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) and the introduced House Sparrow (Passer domesticus). While sampling birds for Buggy Creek virus (BCRV) during the summers of 2007 and 2008, we discovered large numbers of clinically ill or dead House Sparrow nestlings. Ill nestlings exhibited ataxia, torticollis, paresis, and lethargy. Histologic examination revealed that encephalitis was the most common finding, followed by myositis, myocarditis, and hepatic changes, but pathology was highly variable. We isolated BCRV from brain tissue in most of the ill or dead nestlings, and from blood, liver, kidney, spleen, lung, feather pulp, and skin in some birds. To our knowledge, this is the first report of clinical illness, gross pathology, and histopathology for a WEEV-complex alphavirus in a field-collected passerine species.
Substrate Metabolism as a Determinant for Postischemic Functional Recovery of the Heart

The mammalian myocardium meets its high energy needs through the oxidation of a variety of substrates, chiefly fatty acids. This review examines the hypothesis that efficient energy transfer in the heart occurs through a series of moiety-conserved cycles, which makes the heart an obligatory "omnivore." Ischemia results in a transformation of efficient metabolic cycles to less-efficient linear pathways. Substrate metabolism during reperfusion requires the replenishment of depleted cycles and is a major determinant for the return of contractile function. Although there is growing recognition of the concept that regulation of substrate flux through metabolic pathways is shared by several of the pathway enzymes it is apparent that glucose oxidation and glycogen resynthesis promote the return of normal contractile function in the postischemic heart. This concept is supported by clinical observations on the beneficial effects of a solution containing glucose, insulin, and potassium (GIK) for treatment of refractory left ventricular contractile failure after hypothermic ischemic arrest during cardiac surgery.
Planetary science: earth's lunar attic.

Rocks blasted long ago from the surface of Earth and other planets may be preserved on the Moon. Although hard to identify, they could hold a unique record of the chemical history of the planets and even evidence of life.
Novel benzopyrimidines as widened analogues of DNA bases.

We report on the synthesis, stacking, and pairing properties of a new structural class of size-expanded pyrimidine nucleosides, abbreviated dyT and dyC. Their bases are benzo-homologated variants of thymine and cytosine and have a design that is distinct from a previously described class of size-expanded (xDNA) pyrimidines, with a different vector of expansion relative to the sugar. We term this new base geometry “yDNA” (a mnemonic for “wide DNA”). Both C-glycosides were prepared using Pd-mediated coupling of iodinated base derivatives with a deoxyribose precursor. As free deoxynucleosides, both dyT and dyC displayed robust fluorescence, with emission maxima at 375 and 390 nm, respectively. Both widened pyrimidines could be incorporated readily as protected phosphoramidite derivatives into synthetic oligonucleotides. Experiments in “dangling end” DNA contexts revealed that both yT and yC stack more favorably than their natural counterparts. When opposite natural bases in the context of Watson−Crick DNA we...
Natural convection plume above a circular ring fire

An investigation is made of the flow field of the turbulent natural convection plume above a circular ring fire. It is hoped that such an investigation will contribute to the understanding of some of the mechanisms by which a fire spreads. Results are found to agree qualitatively with fragmentary data from full-scale large fire tests available in the literature.
Identifying sources of B and As contamination in surface water and groundwater downstream of the Larderello geothermal – industrial area (Tuscany–Central Italy)

Summary A study on the upper reaches of the Cecina River (Tuscany–Central Italy) and the associated unconfined aquifer was carried out from September 2007 to August 2008. The study aimed to identify the sources of B and As contamination in stream water and groundwater, and record contamination levels. The study area, which comprises a northern sector of the Larderello geothermal field, has in time been contaminated by both surface geothermal manifestations (now thought to have ceased) and anthropogenic activity. The latter refers to the disposal of spent geothermal fluids and borogypsum sludge, by-product of colemanite treatment with sulphuric acid, which until the late ‘70s were discharged in the Larderello area into the Possera Creek, a southern tributary of the Cecina River. A network of 22 stream sections and 9 observation wells was defined. Stream discharge (16 sites), well water levels and chemical concentrations (mainly B, As and anions) in water were measured monthly. Together, discharge and chemical concentrations were used to define the source of contamination by calculating the contaminant load in successive sections of the river network. Due to the stream’s intermittent flow, only 50% of the performed monthly surveys could be used in comparing the contaminant load at different sections. Both contaminant loads (referring to median to high flow conditions) and chemical concentrations suggest that B mainly derives from the leakage of a concentrated Na–SO4 water rich in B, SO4, NO3 likely from a small aquitard located in the Larderello area. The B load from this area is about 2 kg/h and increases to approximately 2.7 kg/h in the final section of the study area, likely due to contribution of groundwater. As mainly derives from dissolution and adsorption–desorption processes involving water and As-rich stream bed sediments. Of the total 15 g/h As load measured at the end section, only about 3 g/h derive from the Larderello area. Further to stream bed, As-rich sediments are also found at shallow depths in the area of the Cecina–Possera confluence and in the upper part of the aquifer skeleton. These sediments contribute to increase up to about 76 μg/L the As content of groundwater of the Cecina–Possera confluence area which, draining water from the Possera Creek, represents the aquifer root zone. This zone determines the B and As contents of groundwater which flows more or less parallel to the Cecina River, undergoes progressive dilution during its westward flow and locally supplies the same river. Most of the study stream water and groundwater in the study area cannot be exploited because mean B and As contents (respectively in the range 1.2–15.6 mg/L and 1.1–75.9 μg/L), are often well above the permissible limits for drinking water (1 mg/L for B, 10 μg/L for As).
The Divergent Development of the Apical Ectodermal Ridge in the Marsupial Monodelphis domestica

Marsupials give birth after short gestation times to neonates that have an intriguing combination of precocial and altricial features, based on their functional necessity after birth. Perhaps most noticeably, marsupial newborns have highly developed forelimbs, which provide the propulsion necessary for the newborn's crawl to the teat. To achieve their advanced state at birth, the development of marsupial forelimbs is accelerated. The development of the newborn's hind limb, which plays no part in the crawl, is not accelerated, and is likely even delayed. Given the large differences in the rate of limb outgrowth among marsupials and placentals, we hypothesize that the pathways underlying the early development and outgrowth of marsupial limbs, especially that of their forelimbs, will also be divergent. As a first step toward testing this, we examine the development of one of the two major signaling centers of the developing limb, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), in a marsupial, Monodelphis domestica. We found that, while both opossum limbs have reduced physical AER's, in the opossum forelimb this reduction has been taken to the extreme. Where the M. domestica forelimb should have an AER, it instead has only a few patches of disorganized cells. These results make the marsupial, M. domestica, the only known amniote (without reduced limbs) to exhibit no morphological AER. However, both M. domestica limbs normally express Fgf8, a molecular marker of the AER.
Behavioral responses to uterine or vaginal distension in the rat

Afferent fibers in the rat hypogastric and pelvic nerves supply the uterus and vagina, respectively, the former being responsive mainly to intense uterine stimuli, the latter to gentle and intense vaginal stimuli (Berkley et al. 1993c). If such responses result in sensory experiences, those produced by uterine and vaginal stimulation should differ, uterine stimuli being experienced mainly as pain and vaginal stimuli experienced in various ways, including pain. To test this hypothesis, 48 young virgin rats were first trained to make an operant response to escape a noxious tail-pinch stimulus. Latex balloons inserted into the rat's uterine horn or vagina were then distended to various volumes and the metestrous rat's detection behaviors and operant escape response probabilities measured. Approximately 26% of the 23 rats tested failed to respond to uterine stimulation, even when it produced ischemia. For the rest, detection and escape responses occurred only to ischemic stimuli and never to all of them, even at the highest volumes. In contrast, all 25 rats tested responded readily to vaginal distension, often to all of them at high volumes. Detection behaviors occurred at distension magnitudes lower than those that evoked escape responses. These results support the hypothesis that sensory consequences of uterine and vaginal stimulation differ. Because effective uterine stimuli were larger than any that would occur in a normal physiological state in non-pregnant/parturient rats, normally occurring uterine states in such rats are probably insensible. In addition, while the behavioral responses did indeed reflect differences in hypogastric and pelvic nerve response properties, the results also indicated that activity produced in those fibers, even by abnormal stimuli, does not inevitably result in behavior.
Long-term culture and fine specificity of human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones reactive with human immunodeficiency virus type 1

The definition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) immunogenic epitopes is central to the rational design of AIDS vaccine strategies. In this study, we have generated seven HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clones from the peripheral blood of two seropositive subjects. Epitopes recognized by these CTL clones were identified by using target cells infected with recombinant HIV-1-vaccinia virus vectors expressing truncated reverse transcriptase proteins and further defined by using target cells incubated with overlapping 25-amino acid synthetic reverse transcriptase peptides. Five different CTL epitopes were identified, and in each case recognition was restricted by class I human leukocyte antigens (HLA). Clones maintained specific cytolytic function in continuous culture for up to 11 months, requiring only periodic restimulation with a CD3-specific monoclonal antibody. These results indicate that HIV-1-specific, major histocompatibility class I-restricted CTL recognize multiple epitopes of a single viral gene product in conjunction with different host HLA antigens. In addition, they demonstrate that human virus-specific CTL can be grown in long-term culture without the need for reexposure to viral antigen.
Mechanisms of Change: The Contributions of Rex Stockton to Group Development and Outcome in Research and Practice

ABSTRACT This article reflects upon Rex Stockton's contributions to the area of group process and outcome research. Through a series of research studies and literature reviews, Stockton has contributed to the current understanding of the precise mechanisms of change through which groups are effective. His work in the areas of structure, cohesion, premature termination, and member goals and expectations is reviewed. In addition, his emphasis on utilizing this information to support the work of practitioners is highlighted. Stockton's contributions to the group process and outcome literature are examined in relation to current research in the area and to recent efforts to develop and disseminate empirically supported principles to guide the work of practitioners.
Percolation View of Novolak Dissolution. 6. The Acceleration of Novolak Dissolution by Phenolic Additives

Phenols or polyphenols of low molecular weight are added to Novolak resists to increase the dissolution rate. They function as dissolution promoters by introducing additional hydrophilic percolation sites (OH groups) into the system. All low molecular weight phenols accelerate dissolution, but some are also able to improve lithographic performance by increasing the image contrast of the material, i.e., the difference in dissolution rate between exposed and unexposed areas of the resist film. Additives that function in this way are those that are included in the phenolic clusters formed by the inhibitor. It appears that the criterion for inclusion in the clusters is the acidity of the OH groups of the additive.
Yearly variation of root distribution with depth in relation to nutrient uptake and corn yield

Abstract Root length and root distribution in the soil profile is important in determining the amount of nutrients and water taken up by the plant. Data about year to year variation of corn (Zea mays L.) root growth and its relation to nutrient uptake are limited. An evaluation of the importance of root system size and distribution on P and K uptake and corn yield was made from samples taken annually from a long‐term fertility experiment on Raub silt loam, fine silty, mixed, mesic Aquic Argiudolls. Root density varied with soil depth among years, whereas P and K fertilizer treatment had no measureable influence on total root length. Ear leaf P concentration was highly correlated with the amount of roots in the 0 to 15 cm layer which contained most of the available P. Since P was not appreciably limiting corn yield, no significant relation was found between yield and P content of the ear leaf. Yields on K deficient plots were positively correlated with root density in the topsoil. Correlations of root dens...
Predicting nitrogen and phosphorus removal in wetlands due to detritus accumulation: A simple mechanistic model

Constructed wetlands have shown a substantial capacity for wastewater treatment under a wide range of conditions, but removal efficiency of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) has been inconsistent and is often low. Models designed to predict N and P removal in wetlands include complex numerical efforts and empirical models, both of which have shortcomings. In this paper we present a simple mechanistic model capable of predicting N and P removal by detritus accumulation in constructed wetlands. Implications of the simplifications made in this model are explored through simulation modeling. Preliminary validation with one system suggests that the model holds promise. The dominant role of refractory organic matter suggests that more research is needed on this topic.
Improved Myocardial Preservation at 4°C

We tested the ability of various cardiac preservation techniques to preserve left ventricular function of isolated canine hearts using preservation temperatures of 4 degrees or 15 degrees C. The four techniques tested were: (1) topical hypothermia, and hypothermic arrest induced by (2) perfusion of 1 liter of a modified Collins solution, (3) perfusion of 1 liter of a modified extracellular solution (DKS), or (4) perfusion of 500 ml of blood cardioplegia. Following the cold ischemia period, the hearts were reperfused with blood in the working heart preparation and tested for their ability to recover left ventricular function. Hearts preserved 2 hours at 15 degrees C using hypothermia, modified Collins solution, or DKS solution achieved an average of 60, 73, and 95%, respectively, of baseline function. Hearts preserved 3 hours at 4 degrees C using topical hypothermia attained 70% of baseline function, while hearts stored 5 hours at 4 degrees C using modified Collins solution or DKS solution recovered 83 and 92%, respectively, of baseline function. Hearts preserved at 4 degrees C functioned at levels equal to or greater than that of hearts stored at 15 degrees C, even though the hearts preserved at 4 degrees C were stored for longer periods than those preserved at 15 degrees C. Hearts preserved with blood cardioplegia for 2 hours at either 4 degrees or 15 degrees C achieved functions statistically the same as baseline levels during the reperfusion period. These data show no advantage for preservation temperatures of 15 degrees C compared with 4 degrees C. Our data provide a firm experimental basis for the clinical use of myocardial preservation temperatures of 4 degrees C, especially when combined with cardioplegia.
On the use of statistical concepts in grand unified theories

Abstract The study raises the question - whether the use of traditional statistical mechanical concepts is legitimate in the early epochs of the development of the universe (from ≈10-40s after the big bang, until about 10-30s). Several current procedures are examined in detail; the use of the equilibrium notion, the use of Boltzmann-like rate equations, the use of ideas from the theory of phase transitions. It is stressed that from the general viewpoint of statistical mechanics there is no convincing evidence that dynamical systems described by spontaneously broken gauge theories necessarily approach equilibrium. Techniques are suggested whereby this question might be approached. It is noted that the usual treatment by starting from the assumption of a homogeneous, isotropic universe is in principle incapable of discussing local non-equilibrium features. It is very questionable whether this assumption is valid for the epochs considered. Attention is called to the circumstance that if the phase transition picture is taken literally, the presence of both fermions and bosons indicates that a consistent treatment requires the existence of a critical line Tc(ξ), rather than a critical temperature. ξ is the ratio of the Fermi to Bose concentrations. This might well alter the qualitative picture of successive stages in the development of the universe.
Comparing national systems of human resource development: role and function of post-baccalaureate HRD courses of study in the UK and US

This paper compares human resource development in the UK and US by focusing on characteristics of master's level academic courses of study as important elements of each country's national system of HRD. Following a review of the history, structure, definitions, professional associations, credentialing and accreditation schemes, and national level recognitions and awards for outstanding HRD, the results of an empirical investigation of eighty-three leading academic institutions in both countries are presented. These include institutional profiles, enrolment trends and curriculum required for master's level degrees. The findings point to substantive differences in content and structure in both countries and suggest directions for further study and knowledge building in comparative human resource development.
The thermal instability in a sheared magnetic field - Filament condensation with anisotropic heat conduction

The condensation-mode growth rate of the thermal instability in an empirically motivated sheared field is shown to depend upon the existence of perpendicular thermal conduction. This typically very small effect (perpendicular conductivity/parallel conductivity less than about 10 to the -10th for the solar corona) increases the spatial-derivative order of the compressible temperature-perturbation equation, and thereby eliminates the singularities which appear when perpendicular conductivity = 0. The resulting growth rate is less than 1.5 times the controlling constant-density radiation rate, and has a clear maximum at a cross-field length of order 100 times and a width of about 0.1 the magnetic shear scale for solar conditions. The profiles of the observable temperature and density perturbations are independent of the thermal conductivity, and thus agree with those found previously. An analytic solution to the short-wavelength incompressible case is also given.
Laboratory investigation of tilt and seismicity anomalies in rock before failure

Laboratory measurements of tilt and seismicity anomalies whose time durations are a few milliseconds are shown to precede failure in dry rock specimens. The observed tilt and seismicity behaviour is qualitatively similar to that reported to precede earthquakes. Test results suggest that this precursor time for laboratory specimens of this length may be independent of rock type, in agreement with theoretical predictions and other experimental data on rock failures including earthquakes.
High-frequency spectral changes in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex for potential neuoroprosthetics

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) has been associated with goal encoding in primates. Thus far, the majority of research involving DLPFC, including all electrophysiology studies, has been performed in non-human primates. In this paper, we explore the possibility of utilizing the cortical activity in DLPFC in humans for use in Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs). Electrocorticographic signals were recorded from seven patients with intractable epilepsy who had electrode coverage over DLPFC. These subjects performed a visuomotor target-based task to assess DLPFC's involvement in planning, execution, and accomplishment of the simple motor task. These findings demonstrate that there is a distinct high-frequency spectral component in DLPFC associated with accomplishment of the task. It is envisioned that these signals could potentially provide a novel verification of task accomplishment for a BCI.
Simultaneous patient translation during CT scanning

This paper deals with methods of reducing the total time required to acquire the projection data for a set of contiguous CT images. Normally during the acquisition of a set of slices, the patient is held stationary during data collection and translated to the next axial location during an inter-scan delay. The authors will demonstrate, using computer simulations and scans of volunteers on a modified scanner, how acceptable image quality is achieved if the patient translation time is overlapped with data acquisition. If the concurrent patient translation is ignored, structured artifacts significantly degrade resulting reconstructions. A number of algorithms are presented to minimize the structured artifacts through the use of projection modulation using the data from individual and multiple slices. Comparison is made of the methods with respect to structured artifacts, noise, resolution and susceptibility to motion. Review of preliminary clinical feedback by a panel of radiologists has indicated that the residual image degradation is tolerable for selected applications when it is critical to acquire more slices in a patient breathing cycle than is possible with conventional scanning. The method is a useful protocol when some image quality can be traded for increased scan rate. Applications include increased contrast utilization and minimization of registration artifacts.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Monoclonal antibodies against a phencyclidine derivative are used to investigate protein-ligand interactions

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies against the irreversible alkylator N-ethyl-1-[2-(4-isothiocyanothienyl)]cyclohexylamine (ITCE) of the 1-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine (TCP) binding site of the N- methyl- d -aspartate receptor were raised. Each antibody was characterized in a competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a range of TCP analogs. It was found that each monoclonal antibody has a different affinity profile for the various TCP analogs. No correlation between the structure of the side chain groups of each compound and the selective affinities of the antibodies could be deduced, indicating that the overall affinity of the antibodies is determined by more than just the sum of the interaction forces with each ligand's functional groups. In addition to the possible identification of endogenous TCP-like compounds these antibodies could be used as a model to study the molecular interaction between drugs and their receptors' active sites.
Advances in HPLC technology for the determination of drug impurities

Advances in HPLC technology have improved capability for drug impurity profiling in terms of faster analysis time, better separations and faster method development. We review developments in monolithic columns, sub-2-μm particle columns operated at typical or high pressures, high temperature operation, new stationary phases, systematic method development, column classification techniques and selected detectors.
Interference with immunoassays of angiotensin I and II by proteins in human plasma.

Abstract Two proteins have been identified in human plasma which interfere in the immunoassays for angiotensin I and II. One of these, having a molecular wt. of 140000 appears to be a proteolytic enzyme which interferes in the immunoassay of angiotensin II by destruction of the labelled peptide during incubation at 2°. The activity of this enzyme is partially inhibited by dimercaptol and 8-hydroxyquinoline. Specific antisera against angiotensin II exert a partial protective effect on the labelled peptide during incubation. A second protein, having a molecular wt. of 118000 interferes in the immunoassay of angiotensin I by an unknown mechanism. The presence of these interfering proteins necessitates corrections in results obtained by the immunoassays.
Cross-Linked, Heterogeneous Colloidosomes Exhibit pH-Induced Morphogenesis

Inspired by morphogenesis in biology, we present a strategy for developing functional 3D materials with the capacity to morph based on environmental cues. We utilized local mechanical stresses to cause global shape changes in colloidosomes. Colloidosomes were assembled from pH-sensitive calcium alginate particles (CAPs) with high and low swelling ratios. Colloidosomes were subsequently cross-linked via diamine compounds with varying carbon chain lengths. New colloidosome isoforms were generated from heterogeneous mixtures of CAPs, which resulted in nonuniform stresses. Our study demonstrated that coordinated networks of heterogeneous subunits may be used to design programmable materials.
ULTRAFAST DYNAMICS OF CP*M(CO)2 (M = IR, RH) IN SOLUTION : THE ORIGIN OF THE LOW QUANTUM YIELDS FOR C-H BOND ACTIVATION

Using picosecond transient absorption spectroscopy we have examined the dynamics of Cp{sup *}Ir(CO){sub 2} (Cp{sup *}=C{sub 5}Me{sub 5}) in cyclohexane and Cp{sup *}Rh(CO){sub 2} in n-pentane solution at room temperature following 295-nm UV excitation. A transient absorption with an instrument limited risetime was observed for Ir from 440 to 740 nm and Rh from 500 to 650 nm. Each transient can be well fit to a biexponential decay consisting of a fast component of 2-3 ps and a slower component of 30-40 ps. These transients are attributed to excited state absorptions. Taking into account independent femtosecond IR studies of the ground state recovery and our data, we suggest that most excited state molecules relax through nondissociative excited states, decaying to the ground state without the loss of CO. These results offer an explanation for the low C-H bond activation quantum yields observed on preparative irradiation of Cp{sup *}Ir(CO){sub 2} and Cp{sup *}Rh(CO){sub 2}. 18 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
URBAN ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND THE URBAN UNDERCLASS: AN EXAMINATION OF TWO PROBLEMATIC SOCIAL PHENOMENA

William Julius Wilson argued in his recent book The T'3) Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Un&cla, and Public Policy that recent changes in urban economic structure at least partially explain the recent social deterioration experienced by inner-city blacks. He specifically identified male joblessness in relation to the demand for marriageable men as an important link between the urban economic structure and social outcome. This paper applies Wilson's ideas in a racially disaggregated contextual analysis of the social problems of unwed adolescent childbearing and single-parent family structure. In addition to Wilson's joblessness variable, which reflects the number of jobs available in an urban economy, this analysis considers a status variable, which reflects the quality of jobs available in an urban economy. Black and white social dislocations exhibit substantial associations with characteristics of urban economies. The effect of urban economic structure on unwed adolescent childbearing and single paren...
The density effect and rate of energy loss in common plastic scintillators

Abstract The density effect term in the rate of ionization energy loss formula has been determined for common types of plastic scintillator following the well-known dispersion model of Sternheimer. The rate of energy loss and the most probable energy loss in thin detectors made of plastic scintillator have been calculated and tabulated systematically taking into consideration both density effect and shell correction terms. The values of fwhm as percentage of the most probable energy loss in detectors of three different thickness have been calculated and presented graphically covering the range of interest in both high energy physics and cosmic rays.
Nonlinear dynamics of paced cardiac cells

When a cardiac cell is rapidly paced it can exhibit a beat-to-beat alternation in the action potential duration (APD) and the intracellular calcium transient. This dynamical instability at the cellular level has been shown to correlate with the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias and has motivated the application of nonlinear dynamics in cardiology. In this article, we review mathematical approaches to describe the underlying mechanisms for alternans using beat-to-beat iterated maps. We explain the development and properties of these maps, and show that they provide a fruitful framework to understand dynamical instabilities of voltage and calcium in paced cardiac cells.
Application of classification-tree methods to identify nitrate sources in ground water.

A study was conducted to determine if nitrate sources in ground water (fertilizer on crops, fertilizer on golf courses, irrigation spray from hog (Sus scrofa) wastes, and leachate from poultry litter and septic systems) could be classified with 80% or greater success. Two statistical classification-tree models were devised from 48 water samples containing nitrate from five source categories. Model 1 was constructed by evaluating 32 variables and selecting four primary predictor variables (delta 15N, nitrate to ammonia ratio, sodium to potassium ratio, and zinc) to identify nitrate sources. A delta 15N value of nitrate plus potassium > 18.2 indicated animal sources; a value 575 indicated inorganic fertilizer on agricultural crops; a ratio 3.2 indicated septic-system wastes; a ratio 2.8 indicated spray wastes from hog lagoons; a value < 2.8 indicated poultry wastes. Model 2 was devised by using all variables except delta 15N. This model also included four variables (sodium plus potassium, nitrate to ammonia ratio, calcium to magnesium ratio, and sodium to potassium ratio) to distinguish categories. Both models were able to distinguish all five source categories with better than 80% overall success and with 71 to 100% success in individual categories using the learning samples. Seventeen water samples that were not used in model development were tested using Model 2 for three categories, and all were correctly classified. Classification-tree models show great potential in identifying sources of contamination and variables important in the source-identification process.
Rejoinder and an Update Recent Advances in Correlates of Internalized Heterosexism

Three themes found across the reactions to the Major Contribution are discussed: agreement on the destructive nature of internalized heterosexism; the importance of focusing on resilience and other strengths shown by lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals that enable them to be healthy in the face of oppression; and the need for further research on internalized heterosexism, including the construct itself. Recent advances in research on correlates of internalized heterosexism are also described.
Optimum Setting for Proportional Controller

On the basis of four common criteria?integral square error (ISE), integral absolute error (IAE), time integral-square-error (ITSE), and time integral absolute error (ITAE)?optimal lines for typical sampled data servo drives for computer numerical control (CNC) are derived and approximated by simple equations. The objective is to provide the control engineer with a simple equation for the selection of the control parameters. A line of critical damping is also derived and simply approximated.