cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential Damage to Bone–Implant Interface When Measuring Initial Implant Stability

Background: An electronically controlled mechanical tapping device (MTD) to measure implant stability has been studied extensively for its ability to measure initial stability at the time of surgical placement and predict an implant's survival prognosis, with few reported complications.Methods: Initial stability data, measured repeatedly with a resonance frequency analysis device and the MTD, for seven of 28 implants placed in jawbones of four fresh human cadavers and the histologic images of bone–implant interfaces are presented as evidence for potential damage to the bone–implant interface using these techniques.Results: A progressive increase in mobility from stable (−1) to less stable (4) and eventually to visibly mobile (999) was observed after three measurements with the MTD. Corresponding histologic images revealed that the buccal threads in the coronal half of the implants were displaced lingually and apically from the bony indentations that were created during insertion of the self-threading impl...
IN(+3) as a chemoselectivity switch for TMM-PDL2 cycloadditions to ynones

Abstract The previous inability to effect palladium catalyzed cycloadditions of 2-trimethylsilylmethallyl acetate to the carbonyl group of ynones is rectified by the employment of indium acetylacetonoate as a co-catalyst.
Attention as a predictor of learning in infants

Abstract A total of 240 fourteen-week-olds were rewarded with a pattern of lights and tones for kicking. The reward display interrupted a background of random alternation between two lights and tones. In experiment 1, attention to this background stimulus during a 1-min baseline was assessed using the number of fixations of alternating lights. During 6 min of reward, high-attention subjects showed significantly greater changes in kicking rate from baseline than low-attention subjects. In experiment 2, the proportion of subjects with low attention ratings increased dramatically during an extended 5-min baseline period, and those subjects with low attention ratings at the end of baseline did not show an increase in kicking from baseline to the reward phase, while high-attention subjects did show evidence of learning. Thus, an objective measure of attention, empirically separate from the dependent learning measure, provided a significant prediction of the effectiveness of subsequent reinforcement, and could be manipulated simply by extending the baseline by as little as 4 min.
SAPS: a production system with active data structures

SAPS (still another production system), a specialized forward chaining production system developed to support research in planning and plan recognition systems, is described. This planning research is based on mixed initiative development of military logistic and tactical operations plans. To support it, SAPS was designed with a flexible, innovative control structure and an unusual use of active plan nodes and data structures. SAPS synthesizes networks of independent, active nodes that support planning activities, an approach that applies to problem solving in general. SAPS views computation as a network of cooperating, independent nodes, each able to perform arbitrary computation. Each node is controlled by activating and deactivating rule sets assigned to it. Even though the same rule set can be assigned to several nodes, the control is by rule sets in each node. As an example, SAPS is applied to the n queens problem. >
Partnership for a New Generation of vehicles' fuel economy goal: Evaluation of trade-offs along the path

The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV), a government and industry joint initiative, has established a goal of tripling the fuel economy of a midsize sedan. A series of modeling experiments was conducted to examine the relative effectiveness of various technical steps cumulatively accomplishing this goal. A composite 1995 midsize sedan was sequentially modified, resulting in 21 different vehicles, each with selectively singularly altered candidate technical modifications that are evaluated with respect to their effectiveness for increasing fuel economy. The candidate technical modifications included manual transmission; reduced acceleration requirement; reduced frontal area and coefficient of drag; low-resistance tires; lightweight material; fuel-efficient, turbo-charged, direct-injection diesel engine; hybridizing to a parallel configuration; and lower grade-climbing requirements. The study design is discussed, and simulated fuel economy gain for each step is presented. The modeling exerc...
Regulation of protein glycosylation and sorting by the Golgi matrix proteins GRASP55/65

The Golgi receives the entire output of newly synthesized cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum, processes it in the stack largely through modification of bound oligosaccharides, and sorts it in the trans-Golgi network. GRASP65 and GRASP55, two proteins localized to the Golgi stack and early secretory pathway, mediate processes including Golgi stacking, Golgi ribbon linking and unconventional secretion. Previously, we have shown that GRASP depletion in cells disrupts Golgi stack formation. Here we report that knockdown of the GRASP proteins, alone or combined, accelerates protein trafficking through the Golgi membranes but also has striking negative effects on protein glycosylation and sorting. These effects are not caused by Golgi ribbon unlinking, unconventional secretion or endoplasmic reticulum stress. We propose that GRASP55/65 are negative regulators of exocytic transport and that this slowdown helps to ensure more complete protein glycosylation in the Golgi stack and proper sorting at the trans-Golgi network.
Energy internet or comprehensive energy network

What needs to be developed from the concept of “Smart Grid” is that: when renewable energy sources are absolutely prevailing in power generation, distributed power generation and distributed energy storage systems are widespread across the grid, and electric vehicle charging loads are prevailing in power load demands, how can the power grid support electric power as a core secondary energy source, undertake the role of a bridge between primary energy and end-use energy, and achieve the coordination and the optimization in macro energy perspective; how to guarantee the security of both macro energy and environment as well as the reliability of electricity. If a new term is needed, it should be Comprehensive Energy Network, not Energy Internet.
Porcine granulosa cells in suspension culture. I. follicle-stimulating hormone induction of human chorionic gonadotropin-binding sites on cells from small follicles

Granulosa cells were aspirated from small follicles from the ovaries of 3- to 6-month-old pigs, washed, and cultured in sealed spinner flasks. Medium 199 was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, insulin, dexamethasone, T4, and antibiotics. FSH, LH, or hCG was added daily where appropriate. Cultures were sampled every other day for 10 days. Cells were examined microscopically, and cellular [125I]hCG binding and DNA content were measured. The cells aggregated and underwent morphological luteinization within 4 days in the absence or presence of FSH, LH, or hCG. Aggregation in culture was independent of clumping at the time of harvest. There was no measurable cell proliferation, based on the lack of mitotic figures and the lack of any increase in DNA. The average yield of luteinized cells from small follicle granulosa cells was 7% at 6 days. Cell concentration remained constant between days 6-10. Between days 0-2, [125I]iodo-hCG binding declined in all cultures. It continued to decline through day 10 in control cultures. In cultures containing FSH, binding increased to a maximum on day 6. The effect was specific for FSH. Increased binding was due to increased numbers of binding sites per cell. Equilibrium saturation binding data indicated that [125I]iodo-hCG binding to freshly harvested and cultured granulosa cells was specific, saturable, and of high affinity. The numbers of binding sites were 938 +/- 49 and 7602 +/- 156 sites/cell for control and FSH on day 6, respectively, compared to 498 +/- 14 sites/cell on day 0. The effect of FSH on the increase in binding sites was specific and dose related. Autoradiographic studies indicated a skewed normal frequency distribution of [125I]iodo-hCG-binding sites on cultured cells
How do substitute teachers substitute? An empirical study of substitute-teacher labor supply

This paper examines the daily labor supply of a potentially important, but often overlooked, source of instruction in U.S. public schools: substitute teachers. I estimate a sequential binary-choice model of substitute teachers’ job-offer acceptance decisions using data on job offers made by a randomized automated calling system. Importantly, this randomization generates exogenous variation in offer quality. I find that determinants of substitutes’ offer-acceptance decisions include the offer's arrival time, commute time, day of week, classroom type, school type, and school quality. Interestingly, conditional on school quality student demographics do not significantly influence substitutes’ decisions. Longer and higher paying full-day jobs are preferred to half-day jobs, although conditional on daily pay, job length does not significantly impact daily labor-supply decisions. Preferences for several job characteristics are found to vary with substitutes’ regular-teacher certification status. Policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Immunopathogenesis and treatment of myasthenia gravis.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) 4 is a disease of neuromuscular transmission characterized by weakness of striated muscles. The defect in neuromuscular transmission is mediated by autoantibodies which react with nicotinic acetycholine (AChR) receptors at postsynaptic myoneural junctions. In this review, we examine the immunopathogenesis of MG and consider various therapeutic strategies suggested by work in this area as well as by advances in our understanding of immunoregulation and autoimmunity.
TH‐C‐BRB‐07: Feasibility of Online Range Adaptive Spot Scanning Proton Therapy

Purpose: To assess the feasibility of an online adaptive proton therapy technique for discrete spot scanning proton therapy (SSPT) to correct for interfractional anatomic changes. Methods: An adaptive algorithm was developed to compensate for range changes without full reoptimization. The individual spot energies from the original treatment plan were adjusted to match the new anatomy based on the water equivalent pathlength to the distal edge of the target on a ray‐by‐ray basis. Remaining spots outside of (proximal‐ and lateral‐to) the target were then removed or spots were added if necessary. The newly adapted plan was imported back to the treatment planning system for dose computation using the new spot arrangement. Three lung patients were selected with targets of variable sizes in the right upper lobe and a single beam (Right Lateral) SSPT plan was tested using this approach. These patients were selected based on large anatomical changes over the course of treatment, with an average GTV and CTV shrinkage of 38% and 19%, respectively, by the end of treatment. A total of 19 weekly CTimages were analyzed.Results: The dose to normal tissue, especially distal to the target, was reduced after applying the proposed adaptive technique. The maximum improvement in mean and V20Gy contralateral lung dose between the adapted and non‐adapted plans were 13.4Gy and 18.6Gy, respectively. The maximum improvement in spinal cord Dmax and D1cc were 31.2Gy and 38.9Gy, respectively. Target coverage decreased for both the adapted and non‐adapted plans, but the D95% target dose for the adapted plan remained =80% while the D95% target dose for the non‐adapted plans dropped to as low as 43.1%. Conclusions: The adaptive procedure shows promise to reduce normal tissue doses and improve target coverage without a full reoptimization. Improvement in spot adjustment strategy may be needed to further improve target coverage. Funding support provided by: The University of Texas Gradate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston and the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. Supported in part by NCI P01CA021239‐29A1.
Measurement of the size of intracellular ice crystals in mouse oocytes using a melting point depression method and the influence of intracellular solute concentrations.

Abstract Characterization of intracellular ice formed during the cooling procedures of cells significantly benefits the development and optimization design of cryopreservation or cryosurgery techniques. In this study, we investigated the influence of the concentration of extracellular non-permeable and permeable solutes on the melting points of the intracellular ice in mouse oocytes using cryomicroscopy. The results showed that the melting points of the intracellular ice are always lower than the extracellular ice. Based on this observation and the Gibbs–Thomson relation, we established a physical model to calculate the size of intracellular ice crystals and described its relationship with the concentrations of intracellular permeating solutes and macromolecules. This model predicts that the increased concentration of macromolecules in cells, by increasing the extracellular non-permeating solute concentration, can significantly lower the required concentration of permeable solutes for intracellular vitrification. The prediction was tested through the cryomicroscopic observation of the co-existence of intracellular vitrification and extracellular crystallization during cooling at 100 °C/min when the extracellular solutions contain 5 molal (m) ethylene glycol and 0.3 to 0.6 m NaCl.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria in the environment

It is likely that the incidence of infection by environmental opportunistic mycobacteria will continue to rise. Part of the rise will be caused by the increased awareness of these microbes as human pathogens and improvements in methods of detection and culture. Clinicians and microbiologists will continue to be challenged by the introduction of new species to the already long list of mycobacterial opportunists (see Table 3). The incidence of infection will also rise because an increasing proportion of the population is aging or subject to some type of immunosuppression. A second reason for an increase in the incidence of environmental mycobacterial infection is that these microbes are everywhere. They are present in water, biofilms, soil, and aerosols. They are natural inhabitants of the human environment, especially drinking water distribution systems. Thus, it is likely that everyone is exposed on a daily basis. It is likely that certain human activities can lead to selection of mycobacteria. Important lessons have been taught by study of cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with exposure to metalworking fluid. First, the implicated metalworking fluids contained water, the likely source of the mycobacteria. Second, the metalworking fluids contain hydrocarbons (e.g., pine oils) and biocides (e.g., morpholine) both of which are substrates for the growth of mycobacteria [53,193]. Third, outbreak of disease followed disinfection of the metalworking fluid [136,137]. Although the metalworking fluid was contaminated with microorganisms, it was only after disinfection that symptoms developed in the workers. Because mycobacteria are resistant to disinfectants, it is likely that the recovery of the mycobacteria from the metalworking fluid [137] was caused by their selection. Disinfection may also contribute, in part, to the persistence of M avium and M intracellulare in drinking water distribution systems [33,89,240]. M avium and M intracellulare are many times more resistant to chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone than are other water-borne microorganisms [141,236]. Consequently, disinfection of drinking water results in selection of mycobacteria. In the absence of competitors, even the slowly growing mycobacteria can grow in the distribution system [33]. It is likely that hypersensitivity pneumonitis in lifeguards and therapy pool attendants [139] is caused by a similar scenario.
Characterization of ST14A Cells for Studying Modulation of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels.

In medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum, dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) specifically inhibit the Cav1.3 subtype of L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCs). MSNs are heterogeneous in their expression of dopamine receptors making the study of D2R pathways difficult in primary neurons. Here, we employed the ST14A cell line, derived from embryonic striatum and characterized to have properties of MSNs, to study Cav1.3 current and its modulation by neurotransmitters. Round, undifferentiated ST14A cells exhibited little to no endogenous Ca2+ current while differentiated ST14A cells expressed endogenous Ca2+ current. Transfection with LTC subunits produced functional Cav1.3 current from round cells, providing a homogeneous model system compared to native MSNs for studying D2R pathways. However, neither endogenous nor recombinant Cav1.3 current was modulated by the D2R agonist quinpirole. We confirmed D2R expression in ST14A cells and also detected D1Rs, D4Rs, D5Rs, Gq, calcineurin and phospholipase A2 using RT-PCR and/or Western blot analysis. Phospholipase C β-1 (PLCβ-1) expression was not detected by Western blot analysis which may account for the lack of LTC modulation by D2Rs. These findings raise caution about the assumption that the presence of G-protein coupled receptors in cell lines indicates the presence of complete signaling cascades. However, exogenous arachidonic acid inhibited recombinant Cav1.3 current indicating that channels expressed in ST14A cells are capable of modulation since they respond to a known signaling molecule downstream of D2Rs. Thus, ST14A cells provide a MSN-like cell line for studying channel modulation and signaling pathways that do not involve activation of PLCβ-1.
BORON FIXATION BY ILLITES

The mechanism of boron uptake by clays, especially illitic clays, and the factors which control such uptake have long been debated issues. In an attempt to answer some of the questions of the controversy, three illites were treated in solutions containing boron. In the study, boron concen- tration, salinity, temperature, and time were varied independently over rather wide ranges. For the illites studied, irreversible uptake of boron was increased by increasing boron concen- tration, salt concentration, temperature, and time of treatment. The amount of boron which was fixed also varied with the type of illite treated. The amount of fixation was controlled primarily by the specific surface area of the clay and also by the crystallinity, K content, and/or amount of mixed-layer material ("frayed-edge" development?), and apparently was independent of the original boron content of the clay. A two-step mechanism is proposed for boron fixation by illite, consisting of rapid chemical adsorp- tion of the tetrahedral B(OH)+ anion at the "frayed-edge" of the illite flake followed by much slower diffusion of boron into the tetrahedral part of the structure.
EFFECT OF KINETIN ON THE ECTEOLA CELLULOSE ELUTION PROFILE AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF RNA FROM THE EXCISED FIRST SEEDLING LEAVES OF BARLEY.

Abstract The total RNA isolated by phenol-sodium lauryl sulfate procedure from fresh barley leaves and from excised barley leaves floated for 4 days in the dark on water or on 10 mg per liter kinetin solution was compared regarding its nucleotide composition, melting curve, and elution profile on Ecteola anion exchanger. Only quantitative differences were noted in the Ecteola elution profile of RNA from the three sources. The RNA from all the three sources was also similar in the nucleotide composition and the shape of the melting curve. Quantitative differences in the amount of components (designated from “a” to “m”) of RNA from three sources were noted. The most significant difference was a 50% decrease in the amount of the principal RNA component, “K,” in leaves floated on water. The component “K” was eluted from the Ecteola column with 0.1 N NaOH and was not retarded by chromatography on Sephadex G-200. This component, which is regarded as representative of the major component of high molecular weight RNA, was preserved almost 100% in leaves floated on kinetin solution. It is suggested that kinetin, by stimulating synthesis and suppressing destruction of heavy RNA, may preserve the polyribosomes of the excised leaf and thus maintain protein synthesis, which is essential for the survival of the excised leaf.
Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri Infection Activates Colonic Foxp3+ T Cells Enhancing Their Capacity To Prevent Colitis

Helminthic infections protect mice from colitis in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease and also may protect people. Helminths like Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri can induce regulatory T cells (Treg). Experiments explored whether H. polygyrus bakeri infection could protect mice from colitis through activation of colonic Treg and examined mechanisms of action. We showed that H. polygyrus bakeri infection increased the number of T cells expressing Foxp3 in the colon. More importantly, Foxp3+/IL-10− and Foxp3+/IL-10+ T cell subsets isolated from the colon of H. polygyrus bakeri–infected mice prevented colitis when adoptively transferred into a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease, whereas Treg from uninfected mice could not provide protection. Only the transferred colonic Foxp3+/IL-10− T cells from H. polygyrus bakeri–infected mice readily accumulated in the colon and mesenteric lymph nodes of recipient mice, and they reconstituted the Foxp3+/IL-10− and Foxp3+/IL-10+ T cell subsets. However, transferred Foxp3+/IL-10+ T cells disappeared. IL-10 expression by Foxp3+ T cells was necessary for colitis prevention. Thus, H. polygyrus bakeri infection activates colonic Foxp3+ T cells, making them highly regulatory. The Foxp3+ T cells that fail to express IL-10 may be critical for populating the colon with the Foxp3+/IL-10+ T cells, which are required to control colitis.
On the flow of an unsteady, compressible boundary layer over a semi-infinite flat plate whose temperature is varied with time

Es wird die Grenzschicht untersucht, die sich in laminarer, kompressibler Stromung an einer ebenen Platte unter der Annahme einstellt, dass sich diese nach einer Seite ins Unendliche ausdehnt und von der Ruhe aus gleichformig beschleunigt wird. Die Temperatur der Platte wird in vorgeschriebener Weise mit der Zeit geandert, und der Effekt dieser Anderung kurz nach dem Beginn der Bewegung wird fur Punkte berechnet, die weit vom Plattenrand entfernt sind.
Negotiating Measurement: Methodological and Interpersonal Considerations in the Choice and Interpretation of Instruments.

Sound evaluation planning requires numerous decisions about how constructs in a program theory will be translated into measures and instruments that produce evaluation data. This article, the first...
Continuous-time time-stretched analog-to-digital converter array implemented using virtual time gating

We demonstrate the continuous-time operation of a time-stretch analog-to-digital converter array. A continuous-time RF signal is segmented into parallel channels and each channel is stretched in time prior to digitization. The technique offers improvement in the effective input bandwidth and sampling rate of the digitizer. The implementation uses virtual time gating for interleaving segments of the continuous-time RF signal. The signal is first modulated onto a linearly chirped optical carrier and then sliced, in time, using passive optical filters. This technique obviates the need for fast switching gates. It results in minimum interchannel mismatch and in hardware efficiency since all channels are stretched using the same electro-optic modulator and the same dispersive elements.
Application of a Geographic Information System to the Tracking and Control of an Outbreak of Shigellosis

A personal computer-based commercial geographic information system (GIS) was applied to an outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. We used a database consisting of demographic, temporal, and home-address information for all recognized cases of S. sonnei that occurred among health care beneficiaries from 23 May 1997 through 14 August 1997. We imported this database into the GIS, which contained a digitized basemap of the local community. Through simultaneous examination of temporal and spatial distribution of the 59 identified cases of S. sonnei, a focus of infection in a single housing area was identified. Targeted education among residents of the neighborhood in which there was intense transmission was associated with prompt extinction of the epidemic. A GIS offers an efficient and practical way to directly visualize the dynamics of transmission of infectious diseases in the setting of a community outbreak.
Timing PPM-UWB signals in ad hoc multiaccess

To synchronize ultra-wideband (UWB) signals with pulse position modulation (PPM), we develop and test timing algorithms in both data-aided and nondata-aided modes based on a novel synchronization criterion that we term timing with dirty templates (TDT). Using symbol-rate integrate-and-dump operations, our TDT-based algorithms for PPM-UWB signals remain operational in practical UWB settings. In addition, our algorithms ensure rapid synchronization by collecting multipath energy. Moreover, for the data-aided mode, we design a simple training pattern which not only expedites the synchronization, but also enables timing in a (possibly ad hoc and asynchronous) multiuser environment. Simulations and comparisons are also performed to corroborate our theoretical analysis.
Wavelet transforms for the analysis of microarray experiments

Array comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) is a microarray technology for measuring the relative copy number of thousands of genomic regions. Visual examination of cgh profiles shows that genomic changes occur on a variety of length scales. Such changes may be characteristic of phenotypic variables such as tumor type and gene mutational status. To aid in identifying such features and exploring their relationship with phenotypic outcomes, we are applying wavelet transforms to the analysis of such profiles. This allows us to decompose a cgh signal into components on different length scales, even when the genome is severely aberrated, providing a convenient basis for exploring their behavior. Wavelet transforms may also be useful in the realm of gene expression. The expression signal given by genes in clustered order can be wavelet transformed, which compresses the signal from many genes into a few components, possibly aiding in the development of new tumor classifiers.
Regional science: From crisis to opportunity1

This essay reacts to the idea of crisis implied in earlier reviews of regional science and suggests that ongoing methodological debates in the fields of geography and economics provide many opportunities for regional scientists. The recent shift away from spatial analysis to social theory in geography has not found much support in regional science, but it is the implications of postmodernism that should be of most concern. Recent trends in economics have shown that lively debates can occur without embracing every new intellectual fashion. Regional science has much to gain from engagements in such debates as we approach the fin de millennium.
The Ethics of Effective Teaching: Challenges from the Religious Right and Critical Pedagogy

Abstract. This essay asks: What are the ethics of engaging self-identified “conservative” students in topics and processes of learning that may unravel their world-view and possibly their personal lives? We should take their concerns, fear, and distrust seriously and not simply dismiss them as ignorant. We should strive to be “trustworthy” educators, guiding students through the consequences of transformative education. This paper argues that conservative students are critically examining and reacting to the liberal academy by leveling critiques similar to those found within feminist, post-colonial and post modern pedagogies. This essay reviews contemporary postmodern, postcolonial, and feminist pedagogies, which analyze bias and power in the classroom and have sought to represent marginalized voices in the classroom in order to challenge the way education often simply serves and protects the interests of the privileged. Pedagogies centered on subject or disciplinary method cannot secure a trustworthy pedagogy since method, thinking skills, and subjects are themselves bias-laden. But critical pedagogy offers insights to help us achieve the goal of becoming trustworthy educators for students coming from a wide spectrum of religious perspectives.
Privilege, equity, and the Advanced Placement Program: tug of war

the latter decades of the 20 th century, up to the present as it faces threats to its credibility and prestige. In so doing, it also explores the difficulty of combating inequality with school reform, particularly in light of continuing moves by privileged groups to gain a measure of distinction. In the case of the Advanced Placement Program, a greater push for equity has, ironically, incited a reaction that may, in the end, result in greater inequity.
The Temperature-Dependent Viscoelastic Behavior of Dielectric Elastomers

In this paper, we investigated the temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior of dielectric elastomers (DEs) and the effects of viscoelasticity on the electro-actuation behavior. We performed dynamic thermomechanical analysis to measure the master curve of the stress relaxation function and the temperature dependence of the relaxation time of VHB 4905, a commonly used DE. The master curve was applied to calculate the viscoelastic spectrum for a discrete multiprocess finite deformation viscoelastic model. In addition, we performed uniaxial creep and stress relaxation experiments and electrical actuation experiments under different prestretch conditions. The measured spectrum was applied to predict the experimental results. Generally, the model produced good quantitative agreement with both the viscoelastic and electro-actuation experiments, which shows the necessity of using a multiprocess relaxation model to accurately capture the viscoelastic response for VHB. However, the model underpredicted the electro-actuated creep strain for high voltages near the pull-in instability. We attributed the discrepancies to the complex boundary conditions that were not taken into account in the simulation. We also investigated the failure of VHB membrane caused by viscoelastic creep when prestretched and subjected to constant voltage loading. The experimental time to failure for the specimens decreased exponentially with voltage, which agreed well with the predictions of the model. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4030850]
A Novel Inhibitor of DNA Polymerase β Enhances the Ability of Temozolomide to Impair the Growth of Colon Cancer Cells

The recent emerging concept to sensitize cancer cells to DNA-alkylating drugs is by inhibiting various proteins in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. In the present study, we used structure-based molecular docking of DNA polymerase beta (Pol-beta) and identified a potent small molecular weight inhibitor, NSC-666715. We determined the specificity of this small molecular weight inhibitor for Pol-beta by using in vitro activities of APE1, Fen1, DNA ligase I, and Pol-beta-directed single-nucleotide and long-patch BER. The binding specificity of NSC-666715 with Pol-beta was also determined by using fluorescence anisotropy. The effect of NSC-666715 on the cytotoxicity of the DNA-alkylating drug temozolomide (TMZ) to colon cancer cells was determined by in vitro clonogenic and in vivo xenograft assays. The reduction in tumor growth was higher in the combination treatment relative to untreated or monotherapy treatment. NSC-666715 showed a high specificity for blocking Pol-beta activity. It blocked Pol-beta-directed single-nucleotide and long-patch BER without affecting the activity of APE1, Fen1, and DNA ligase I. Fluorescence anisotropy data suggested that NSC-666715 directly and specifically interacts with Pol-beta and interferes with binding to damaged DNA. NSC-666715 drastically induces the sensitivity of TMZ to colon cancer cells both in in vitro and in vivo assays. The results further suggest that the disruption of BER by NSC-666715 negates its contribution to drug resistance and bypasses other resistance factors, such as mismatch repair defects. Our findings provide the "proof-of-concept" for the development of highly specific and thus safer structure-based inhibitors for the prevention of tumor progression and/or treatment of colorectal cancer.
Pioneers in Pediatric Psychology: Integrating Nutrition and Child Development Interventions

As part of the Pioneers in Pediatric Psychology series, this article provides a brief personal account of Maureen Black's career as a pediatric psychologist. It traces the transition of the Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP) from a section of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association (APA) to an independent division of APA, which occurred during my presidency of SPP. The article addresses three aspects of pediatric psychology that have been central to my career: pediatric nutritional problems, global child development, and the advancement of children's health and development through policy-related strategies. The article concludes with Lessons Learned and Recommendations for the future of pediatric psychology.
Competition in the Semidesert Grass‐shrub Type as Influneced by Root Systems, Growth Habits, and Soil Moisture Extraction

Measurements of phenological development, herbage production, basal area, and density of annual and perennial grasses and of the half—shrub burroweed (Aplopappus tenuisectus (Greene) Blake), over a 4—year period show that production of each class of plant was affected to some extent by each of the others, except that annual grasses had no effect on burroweed crown area. Production of Arizona cottontop (Trichachne californica (Benth.) Chase), the dominant perennial grass, was restricted about 25% on plots with annual grass or burroweed competition and 46% by both together. Annual grass production averaged 18% lower with burroweed competition and 44—54% lower with perennial grass competition. Burroweed crown area increased 220% on plots with no perennial grass, but only 111% on plots with perennial grass competition. Presence of burrowed reduced perennial grass yield only moderately, because the root systems of burroweed and grass do not overlap greatly, and their main growth periods are at different seasons. High evaporation rates during the summer growing season masked most differences in moisture extraction between species. During the winter—spring growing period, on the other hand, burroweed depleted the available soil water rapidly, while water loss on perennial grass plots was little more than from bare soil.
The use and interpretation of addressee honorifics and plain forms in Japanese: Diversity, multiplicity, and ambiguity

Abstract The general public as well as researchers often subscribe to claims that there are socially agreed-upon rules of honorifics and that the use of honorifics is simply a matter of observing those rules. In this study, I first examine native speakers’ opinions posted on an online blog-site and illustrate the existence of competing ideologies of honorifics, suggesting that their use is not simply a matter of following rules. I then analyze six audio-taped conversations and show wide inter- and intra-speaker variation in the use of honorific and plain forms. I contend that such variation cannot be accounted for by rules that link linguistic forms directly to certain contextual features, no matter how many features are identified. While speakers may be constrained by what they think are societal norms, it is ultimately the speaker that determines the choice of these forms. I argue that such a choice reflects the affective stance the speaker strategically takes toward a given context on the basis of his/her beliefs about honorific use, and that the relevant contextual features are only indirectly indexed, or implicated, through the stance expressed by honorific or plain forms. This approach allows us to account for the diverse use of these linguistic forms as resources for constructing desired contexts, including relationships, identities, speech acts/activities, and settings. It can also explain the diversity, multiplicity, and ambiguity of the situated meanings of honorific and plain forms as indexical signs.
Multicast authentication in the smart grid with one-time signatures from sigma-protocols

Security for multicast communication by mutual (sender and receiver) authentication is a challenging problem in the smart grid given the unique constraints in communication bandwidth, computation time, and computational resources of field devices. Traditional public-key infrastructure based digital signature schemes (such as RSA) cannot be naively adapted for secure communication in the smart-grid because of: (i) increased communication burden (large key sizes which increase communication bandwidth), (ii) increased time for decryption/verification (which increase latency) and (iii) the limited computational capabilities of smart-meters and other field devices. These unique constraints limit the direct application of generic solutions with one-time signature schemes, (OTS), or the Bins and Balls (BiBa) scheme for broadcast authentication, or improvements via HORS (Hash to Obtain Random Subset). While the signature size and verification time are small, the public-key size is large with moderate overhead for signature generation with BiBa. A significant reduction in signing overhead is achieved with HORS which makes it useful for several multicast authentication applications. However, even HORS is not well suited for smart grid applications mainly because it requires large public key sizes. For power-grid communications, the most recent multicast authentication protocol called Tunable Signing and Verification (TSV) [1] reduces the signature size (over HORS) at the expense of increased computations at sender or receiver. Hence the need for better one-time signature schemes that will require fewer resources at the receiver, with modest signature sizes and low sender computations is both urgent and important in the smart-grid environment.
Effectiveness of peer-led dissonance-based eating disorder prevention groups: results from two randomized pilot trials.

Objective The present preliminary trials tested whether undergraduate peer leaders can effectively deliver a dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program, which could facilitate broad dissemination of this efficacious intervention.
Using Science Songs to Enhance Learning: An Interdisciplinary Approach

Music is recognized as an effective mode of teaching young children but is rarely used in university-level science courses. This article reviews the somewhat limited evidence on whether and how content-rich music might affect college students' understanding of science and offers practical suggestions for incorporating music into courses. Aside from aiding memorization, songs may potentially improve learning by helping students feel relaxed and welcome in stressful settings, engaging students through multiple modes (verbal vs. nonverbal) and modalities (auditory vs. visual vs. kinesthetic) simultaneously, challenging students to integrate and "own" the material through the medium of song lyrics, and increasing students' time on task outside of class through enjoyable listening or songwriting assignments. Students may produce content-rich songs of good quality if given sufficient assistance and encouragement by instructors and peers. The challenges ahead include 1) defining the circumstances in which music is most likely to promote learning and 2) developing rubrics for evaluating the quality of songs.
Decreased hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization in pearl mice.

Neutropenia is common to both Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 2 and canine cyclic hematopoiesis (CH) which are caused by mutations in the AP3B1 gene. The purpose of this study was to determine if pearl mice were neutropenic. Complete blood counts (CBCs) and bone marrow differential counts, colony forming unit (CFU) assay, bone marrow lineage negative (lin – ), Sca + and c-kit + cells (LSK cells), bone marrow elastase, myeloperoxidase, and cathepsin G enzyme activity were compared in C57Bl6 (Bl/6) and pearl mice. Stress granulopoiesis was evaluated following 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide or 1 mg/kg bortezomib administration and by limiting dilution bone marrow transplantation. The CBCs and CFUs were determined in Bl/6 and pearl mice following AMD3100 or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration. Pearl mice were not neutropenic and did not have cyclic neutropenia. Bone marrow elastase, myeloperoxidase, and cathepsin G enzyme activity were similar in pearl and Bl/6 mice. The numbers of CFU-G, CFU-GEMM, and LSK cells were increased moderately in pearl mice. Stress granulopoiesis was similar in Bl/6 and pearl mice. CFU assays and CBCs performed on Bl/6 and pearl mice administered AMD3100 resulted in similar results. However, normal mice administered G-CSF had higher peripheral blood neutrophil counts and greater CFU numbers compared with pearl mice. Unlike patients with HPS-2 and dogs with CH, pearl mice did not have neutropenia or CH but had decreased hematopoietic progenitor cell and granulocyte mobilization in response to G-CSF.
Investigation of Fan-Wake/Outlet-Guide-Vane Interaction Broadband Noise

Fan-wake/outlet-guide-vane interaction broadband noise in turbofan jet engines is studied. The mechanism and some issues are first discussed using a two-dimensional gust-prediction model. An oblique gust-prediction model is then developed. Quasi-three-dimensional unsteady lift is calculated using a two-dimensional equivalence method. It is coupled with annular duct modes to obtain the sound power spectrum density. Spanwise turbulence integral length scales and their impact on power spectrum density predictions are investigated. A spanwise integration limit suitable for the complete frequency range is proposed. The model is validated using the NASA Source Diagnostic Test data. Sound power scaling with vane count B is examined. If solidity is maintained, the cascade response does not converge on the single-airfoil response, even for low vane counts. The sound power varies inversely with B at low frequency; it scales with B at very high frequency. The power spectrum density trend with the fan tip Mach number...
Gender and national differences in attitudes toward same-gender touch

Women have been reported to be more positive about same-gender touch, but cross-cultural information about this touch is limited. Male and female students from Chile (n = 26), Spain (n = 61), Malay...
Evaluation of 4 Commercial Viewing Devices for Radiographic Perceptibility and Working Length Determination.

Abstract Introduction This study compared images displayed on 1 desktop monitor, 1 laptop monitor, and 2 tablets for the detection of contrast and working length interpretation, with a null hypothesis of no differences between the devices. Methods Three aluminum blocks, with milled circles of varying depth, were radiographed at various exposure levels to create 45 images of varying radiographic density. Six observers viewed the images on 4 devices: Lenovo M92z desktop (Lenovo, Beijing, China), Lenovo Z580 laptop (Lenovo), iPad 3 (Apple, Cupertino, CA), and iPad mini (Apple). Observers recorded the number of circles detected for each image, and a perceptibility curve was used to compare the devices. Additionally, 42 extracted teeth were imaged with working length files affixed at various levels (short, flush, and long) relative to the anatomic apex. Observers measured the distance from file tip to tooth apex on each device. The absolute mean measurement error was calculated for each image. Analysis of variance tests compared the devices. Observers repeated their sessions 1 month later to evaluate intraobserver reliability as measured with weighted kappa tests. Interclass correlation coefficients compared interobserver reliability. Results There was no significant difference in perceptibility detection between the Lenovo M92z desktop, iPad 3, and iPad mini. However, on average, all 3 were significantly better than the Lenovo Z580 laptop (P values ≤.015). No significant difference in the mean absolute error was noted for working length measurements among the 4 viewing devices (P = .3509). Conclusions Although all 4 viewing devices seemed comparable with regard to working length evaluation, the laptop computer screen had lower overall ability to perceive contrast differences.
IIHS head restraint ratings and insurance injury claim rates

ABSTRACTObjectives: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) rates front seat/head restraint designs using a combination of static and dynamic measurements following RCAR-IIWPG procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine whether vehicles with better IIHS-rated seats/head restraints had lower injury risk in rear-end collisions and how the effect of better rated seats interacted with driver gender and age.Methods: The presence of an associated insurance injury claim was determined for rear-impact crashes using 2001–2014 model year cars and SUVs. Logistic regression was used to compare injury risk for vehicles with good, acceptable, and marginal IIHS-rated seats/head restraints with poor-rated seats/head restraints. Analyses were run by gender and driver age and also by the rate of more severe injury claims.Results: Injury rates were 11.2% lower for vehicles with seats/head restraints rated good compared to vehicles with seats/head restraints rated poor. The percentage reduction for good-...
Abstract TP309: Subarachnoid Extension of Hemorrhage Is Associated with Poor Outcomes in Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background: Extension of hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space is observed in primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), yet the phenomenon has undergone limited study and is of unknown significance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the incidence, characteristics and clinical consequences of subarachnoid hemorrhage extension (SAHE) in ICH. Methods: Patients with primary ICH were enrolled into a prospective registry between December 2006 and July 2012. Patients were managed, and serial neuroimaging obtained, per a structured protocol. SAHE was identified on imaging, along with ICH volumes, by expert reviewers blinded to outcomes. Ordinal regression models were developed to test whether the occurrence of SAHE was a predictor of functional outcomes independent of ICH Score, with confirmation of model validity by appropriate tests. Results: 234 patients were studied, and 93 (39.7%) had SAHE. SAHE was associated with lobar hemorrhage location (65% of SAHE versus 19% of non-SAHE cases, p Conclusions: SAHE is associated with poor outcomes independent of traditional ICH severity measures. Further exploration of this phenomenon to understand the underlying mechanisms of harm is needed.