cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
All Those Liver Masses are not Necessarily from the Liver: A Case of a Giant Adrenal Pseudocyst Mimicking a Hepatic Cyst

Patient: Male, 50 Final Diagnosis: Adrenal pseudocys Symptoms: Abdominal pain • fever Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: — Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Most abdominal cysts, including adrenal pseudocysts, are benign and asymptomatic. Rapid enlargement, hemorrhage, infection, rupture with leakage of cyst contents, or pressure on adjacent organs can cause symptoms. Although usually diagnosed incidentally on imaging, determining the origin of a cyst can sometimes be challenging. In these situations, surgical excision and pathological analysis is crucial to diagnosis and management. We report here a case of a giant symptomatic adrenal pseudocyst that closely mimicked a hepatic cyst at presentation. Case Report: A 50-year-old man, with a history of an incidentally detected hepatic cyst, presented with severe abdominal pain, fevers, leukocytosis, and mildly abnormal liver function tests. CT scan revealed a large well defined cystic space-occupying lesion within the liver, with findings suggesting cyst rupture and possible infection. Early laparotomy was performed, and the origin was determined intraoperatively to be right adrenal, which was later confirmed by pathology. Conclusions: Contrast-enhanced CT scan is the criterion standard for evaluation for abdominal cystic masses. Precise diagnosis of a giant abdominal cyst can be challenging. Surgery is both diagnostic and curative in such situations. We also discuss the specific situations in which surgery should be considered in cases of adrenal cystic masses.
VARIATION IN LAG TIME FOR NATURAL CATCHMENTS

Lag time for a catchment is shown to be a variable which is strongly correlated with flood magnitude. Values for various parameters of rainfall and runoff were derived from the analysis of records for five small catchment areas. Lag time is defined as the time between the centers of mass of excess rainfall and direct runoff. Weighted mean discharge is used as the measure of average streamflow magnitude. No significant correlation is found between the lag and various characteristics of the areal and temporal distribution of rainfall. Therefore, the lag-weighted mean discharge equations best represent the variable lag time for the catchments studied.
The Evolving Regulation of the Legal Profession: The Costs of Indeterminancy and Certainty

This Article examines the incentive systems of the common law and modern rules of lawyer discipline, which combine to form a dual system of lawyer regulation in this country. The Article considers discontinuities between this dual system of regulation created by the common law, which influenced the 1908 Canons of Professional Ethics, and the current disciplinary rules, presented by the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. While the Model Rules form the basis of lawyer discipline in most states, the approach presented in the Canons continues to have force because the common law applies to lawyers through contract and tort law. Like the common law, the Canons rely on indeterminate, general rules and a strong background requirement of reasonable conduct. The result was a sense of uncertainty for lawyers - like the uncertainty applicable to everyone in a common law system. The Model Rules seem to present greater certainty from the lawyer's perspective, with clearer standards and a presumption that no sanctions are possible absent a violation of a clear standard. Thus, the rules enhance due process for lawyers charged with misconduct. The Rules thus seem to lessen the indeterminacy of the common law to lawyers and reduce the likelihood of sanctions in uncertain circumstances. This approach may have costs, however, both in reduced public confidence in the system of justice and by creating an unfounded perception by lawyers that they are free from sanctions absent the certainty of the Model Rule standards. The net result of the dual system may be greater indeterminacy associated with divergent expectations and standards.
The Rationality of Belief and Some Other Propositional Attitudes

In this paper, I explore the question of whether the expectedconsequences of holding a belief can affect the rationality ofdoing so. Special attention is given to various ways in whichone might attempt to exert some measure of control over whatone believes and the normative status of the beliefs thatresult from the successful execution of such projects. I arguethat the lessons which emerge from thinking about the case ofbelief have important implications for the way we should thinkabout the rationality of a number of other propositional attitudes,such as regret, desire, and fear. Finally,I suggest that a lack of clarity with respect to the relevant issueshas given rise to a number of rather serious philosophical mistakes.
Mapas conceptuales: reflexión educativa desde la concepción constructivista sociocultural del aprendizaje

La concepcion constructivista sociocultural del aprendizaje no ha dejado de lado el papel que dentro del proceso de ensenanza y aprendizaje pueden aportar las tecnologias de la informacion y la comunicacion (TIC), ya que desde este enfoque no son vistas como algo aislado al proceso de aprendizaje ni como medios que transmiten informacion y propician la sustitucion del educador. Todo lo contrario, se promueven como herramientas semioticas o instrumentos psicologicos que pueden influir en los procesos de construccion de significados y de atribucion de sentido que llevan a cabo las personas durante la ensenanza y el aprendizaje. A partir de la perspectiva constructivista de orientacion sociocultural se pretende describir la contribucion que el software CmapTools puede brindar al proceso de ensenanza y aprendizaje, concretamente al ajuste de la ayuda del docente, asi como su participacion en el proceso de autorregulacion individual y grupal en situaciones de aprendizaje colaborativo.
Processing of incomplete fuzzy data using artificial neural networks

A degenerated fuzzy-number processing system based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) is introduced. The digital representation of fuzzy numbers is assumed, where the universe of discourse is discretized into n equally divided intervals. The representation of the membership function values is transformed into binary quantized values which have their maximum at 2/sup m/-1 where m is the number of data bits used in the system. It is proposed that fuzzy number processing be performed in two basic stages. The first is the retrieval of fuzzy data consisting of degenerated fuzzy numbers, and the second is the performance of the desired fuzzy operations on the retrieved data. A method of incomplete fuzzy-number retrieval is proposed. It is based on an ANN structure which is trained to estimate the missing membership function values. >
Chinese dietary culture influences consumers' intention to use imported soy‐based dietary supplements: an application of the theory of planned behaviour

The over-saturated dietary supplement (DS) market in developed countries such as the US spurs the need for foreign market expansion, and the Chinese market provides a great potential for the foreign soy-based DS industry. This study examined Chinese consumers' intention to use imported (US-made US-brand) soy-based DS based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Two alternative models were also examined in which Chinese dietary culture variables, including soyfoods favourability and dining-out sociability, as well as their interactions with attitudes, were integrated into the TPB model. A cross-sectional, self-administered survey was conducted with a sample of 215 subjects (137 females; 78 males) in Shanghai, China. The TPB variables attitude, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control and behavioural intention, as well as the Chinese dietary culture variables: soyfoods favourability and dine-out sociability were measured. Multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the three models. The statistical results indicated that all three models were statistically significant to predict intention (Model 1: R2 = 0.473, P < 0.001; Model 2: R2 = 0.505, P < 0.001; Model 3: R2 = 0.525, P < 0.001). The results also showed that attitude, perceived behavioural control, and dine-out sociability were significant (positive) determinants of intention. Soyfoods favourability acted a significant (negative) moderator of the relationship between attitude and intention. Subjective norm had no significant impact on intention. In conclusion, the TPB model was useful to predict Chinese consumers' intention to use imported soy-based DS, but not all the TPB components weighed significantly in exploring DS consumption in China. The selected Chinese dietary culture variables were much more important predictors than subjective norm. This study makes a significant contribution in the application of the TPB model and in market strategy development for imported dietary supplements in China.
Is temporal order encoded automatically

The reported experiment tested the suggestion that encoding of temporal order is automatic. Specifically, two of Hasher and Zacks’s (1979) automaticity criteria were examined: (1) that the amount and appropriateness of practice received would not affect acquisition of temporal information, and (2) that reliable individual differences would not be found on a test of memory for temporal order. Contrary to expectations, neither of these criteria was confirmed: Retention of temporal order increased with practice at three (or four) successive lists. And, reliable individual differences were indicated by the findings that subjects’ relative performance levels remained stable across lists, and that groups with higher average academic ability outperformed those with lower ability. Similar results were obtained for a flee-recall task (in which case they were expected). Problems of assessing degrees of nonautomaticity are discussed. Our data are seen to be in general conformity with Tzeng’s (e.g., Tzeng & Cotton, 1980) “study-phase” retrieval theory of temporal coding.
Commentary: A Few Tweaks to the Toolkit

We want to begin by complimenting the authors on their concise and coherent presentation of the validation of the Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching (MKT) scales. The papers provided a clear and u...
“Come, Follow Me”: Apprenticeship in Jesus' Approach to Education

Abstract Over the years, there has been a great deal of scholarly work focusing of the life, teaching, and ministry of Jesus. In this article, the author contributes to this body of literature by examining Jesus' ministry through the lens of legitimate peripheral participation, an approach to learning that surfaced during the last decade of the 20th century. After explaining this educational approach, the author offers an examination of Jesus' ministry as it relates to legitimate peripheral participation and then briefly discusses some implications for contemporary Christian faith communities.
The effect of mineral-ion interactions on soil hydraulic conductivity

Abstract The reuse of winery wastewater (WW) could provide an alternative water source for vineyard irrigation. The shift of many wineries and other food processing industries to K+-based cleaners requires studies on the effects of K+ on soil hydraulic conductivity (HC). Depending on clay content and mineral composition, K+ additions can affect the HC either positively or negatively. Soil mineralogy was anticipated to exhibit a strong influence on HC responses and, therefore, soils of contrasting mineralogy were evaluated for changes in soil HC resulting from applications of solutions elevated in Na+ and K+. To examine the impact of mineral-ion relationships on HC, soils dominant in montmorillonite, vermiculite, or kaolinite from the Napa and Lodi wine regions of California, were packed into soil columns to observe changes in leachate chemistry and HC. Irrigation with Na+- and K+-rich WW was simulated by applying solutions at sodium absorption ratio (SAR) values of 3, 6, and 9 and potassium absorption ratio (PAR) values of 1, 2, 4, and 9. While HC was reduced in the 2:1 clay soils (montmorillonite and vermiculite) for all SAR treatments, the vermiculite and the kaolinite rich soils exhibited equal or greater reductions in HC for PAR treatments, as compared with the SAR treatments. Findings from this evaluation of the interaction of Na+ and K+ with three different mineral soils suggest that the reuse of WW with increasing PAR are least problematic for montmorillonite dominated soils and most detrimental to the HC of the vermiculite dominated soil. The presence of minerals with a high affinity for K+ (e.g., vermiculite, mica) in this soil suggest that the interlayer binding of K+ could lead to greater reductions in HC. Full analysis of soil and WW is recommended prior to all land applications.
Ecological perspectives on child maltreatment: Research and intervention

(1989). Ecological perspectives on child maltreatment: Research and intervention. Early Child Development and Care: Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 11-29.
The role of thyroid hormone in the regulation of hepatic carbamyl phosphate synthetase activity in Rana catesbeiana.

Both spontaneous and thyroid hormone (TH)- induced metamorphosis of Rana catesbeiana are accompanied by a marked increase in the activity of the urea cycle enzyme carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS). The increase induced by exogenous TH is de novo synthesis of enzyme and appears to be secondary to an increase in the CPS mRNA level resulting from the elevated plasma TH. Since endogenous TH levels rise sharply during spontaneous metamorphosis, a similar sequence of events would be anticipated. However, after midclimax, CPS activity continues to increase, while plasma TH levels steadily decline, suggesting that other factors are involved. To obtain insight into this problem, the changes in CPS mRNA level during spontaneous development were determined using a mammalian CPS cDNA probe and correlated with changes in CPS activity and plasma T3 concentration. CPS mRNA level and CPS activity were barely detectable until midprometamorphosis, but both increased rapidly during the latter half of this phase. CPS activ...
Patterns of ionic current through Drosophila follicles and eggs.

Abstract Large steady electrical currents traverse Drosophila follicles in vitro as well as permeabilized eggs. During the period of main follicle growth (stages 9–11), these currents enter the anterior or nurse cell end of the follicles. This inward current acts like a sodium ion influx with some calcium involvement. During the period of chorion formation (stages 12–14), foci of inward current also appear at the posterior, posterodorsal, and anterodorsal regions of follicles in vitro . In stage 14, the posterior in current acts like a chloride ion efflux. In preblastoderm eggs substantial currents continue to enter their anterior end; while weaker and less frequent ones enter their posterior end. We present models in which the currents during follicle growth are driven by the plasma membrane of the oocyte nurse cell syncitium; the external currents during choriogenesis are driven by the follicular epithelium; while the currents through the preblastoderm egg are driven by its plasma membrane. Measurements of pole-to-pole resistances and voltages across preblastoderm eggs indicate that the transcellular currents normally maintain a steady extracellular voltage gradient along the perivitelline space, with the anterior pole kept negative by perhaps 4 or 5 mV. The developmental significance of these currents is discussed.
A Reappraisal of the 21-Day Cumulative Irritation Test in Man

The standard 21-day cumulative irritation test was reexamined to determine if it could be abbreviated in order to lessen costs and delays and simplify operations. The relative scores on 150 cosmeti...
Information carrying identity proof trees

In open systems, the verification of properties of subjects is crucial for authorization purposes. Very often access to resources is based on policies that express (possibly complex) requirements in terms of what are referred to variously as identity properties, attributes, or characteristics of the subject. In this paper we provide an approach that an entity called a verifier can use to evaluate queries about properties of a subject requesting resources that are relevent deciding whether the requested action is authorized. Specifically, we contribute techniques that enable reuse of previously computed query results. We consider issues related to temporal validity as well as issues related to confidentiality when one entity reuses query results computed by another entity. We employ constraint logic programming as the foundation of our policy rules and query evaluation. This provides a very general, flexible basis, and enable our work to be applied more or less directly to several existing policy frameworks. The process of evaluation of a query against a subject identity is traced through a structure, referred to as identity proof tree, that carries all information proving that a policy requirement is met.
Phosphorus-based calix[4]arene ligands bound to metals through oxygen

Calixarenes containing phosphorus are useful ligands toward transition metals. We report complexes of calix[4]arenes in which metal binding is through one of the oxygens of the calixarene backbone.
Is the limulus amebocyte lysate the sole predictor of septic episodes in major thermal injuries

Septic episodes in thermal injuries are usually hallmarked by a series of physiologic parameters that include tachypnea, prolonged paralytic ileus, hyperthermia or hypothermia, altered mental status, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis or unexplained leukopenia, acidosis, and hyperglycemia. Recent studies with polycystic kidney disease have clearly indicated that the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assays were predictive of fungal infections in this patient population. Because both bacteria and fungi produce lipopolysaccharide that can be identified with the LAL assay, we randomly assayed sequential sera of 45 patients with major thermal injuries for positivity in the LAL assay, with use of the QCL-1000 kit (BioWhittaker, Walkersville, Md). The average burn size of this patient population was 63.43% total body surface area. The average age of the patient was 6.2 years. The sex distribution included 30 males and 15 females. The infectious agents included gram-positive cocci and gram-negative rods, and 14 patients had concomitant fungal infections. Eighty-five percent of the patients tested were positive for endotoxin, with levels ranging from 1.0 EU/mL. The predominant organism isolated before or on the date the serum was drawn was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (51%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (15%). The remaining 34% were a variety of Enterobacteriaceae. Of the 14 patients who yielded a fungus, 3 had negative LAL assays. Two patients with an elevated LAL grew only Staphylococcus epidermidis in the bloodstream and the wounds. These data clearly indicate that the LAL assay cannot be relied on as the sole predictor of septic episodes; however, it can be an adjunctive test to confirm sepsis when the other parameters have been considered.
Multiplex hologram representations of space-variant optical systems using ground-glass encoded reference beams

Multiplex holograms can accurately represent 2-D space-variant optical systems if hologram-to-hologram cross talk can be reduced to an acceptable level. In the experiments reported here the combination of ground-glass diffusers with chirped wave front illumination proved to be an effective means of suppressing this cross talk. The residual cross talk distribution and intensity depend both on the signal and the optical system. The experiments also show that overlapping outputs from multiplexed holograms add coherently in amplitude. In addition, an accurate holographic representation of an extremely space-variant system is presented.
A note on risk aversion and multivariate, state-dependent preferences

Abstract Within the multivariate, state-dependent utility framework, a full insurance specification of risk aversion places severe restrictions on preferences. In particular, the von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function must be separable, and state-dependent only for consumption of the insured good.
Utilization of the skin attachment model to determine the antibacterial efficacy of potential carcass treatments

Two experiments (EXP), utilizing the skin attachment model (SAM), were conducted to determine the bactericidal activity of six potential carcass disinfectants [EXP 1: 20, 400, and 800 ppm sodium hypochlorite; EXP 2: 5% acetic acid (AA), 8% trisodium phosphate (TSP), and 1% sodium metabisulfite (SS)] during simulated scalder (50 C for 2 min), chiller (0 C for 60 min), or post-process dip (23 C for 15 s) application. Efficacies of treatments were determined against populations of Salmonella typhimurium that were "loosely" or "firmly" attached to chicken breast skin (10 cm diameter). For comparison, activity of the six disinfectants was also determined against S. typhimurium in aqueous suspension. All disinfectants except SS reduced numbers of freely suspended S. typhimurium by > or = 4.5 log10 cfu/mL. The sodium metabisulfite did not reduce populations of salmonellae. In both EXP, there were disinfectant by application interactions (P 0.05). In contrast, AA activity was affected by the application method (P < 0.05). Against loosely attached cells, AA was most effective in the chiller application (2.5 log10 reduction), whereas against firmly attached cells, AA was effective only in the scalder application (2.0 log10 reduction). Attachment of S. typhimurium to poultry skin apparently increased the ability of the bacteria to resist various disinfectants, and efficacy was influenced by extent of attachment of bacteria to skin and method of disinfectant application.
Multiple nuclear receptors may regulate hepatitis B virus biosynthesis during development

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replicates by the reverse transcription of the viral 3.5 kb pregenomic RNA. Therefore the level of expression of this transcript in the liver is a primary determinant of HBV biosynthesis. In vivo neonatal transcription of the HBV 3.5 kb pregenomic RNA is developmental regulated by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α). In addition, viral biosynthesis in non-hepatoma cells can be supported directly by this nuclear receptor. However HBV transcription and replication can be supported by additional nuclear receptors including the retinoid X receptor α/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (RXRα/PPARα), retinoid X receptor α/farnesoid X receptor α (RXRα/FXRα), liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH1) and estrogen-related receptors (ERR) in non-hepatoma cells. Therefore during neonatal liver development, HNF4α may progressively activate viral transcription and replication by binding directly to the proximal HNF4α recognition sequence within the nucleocapsid promoter. Alternatively, HNF4α may support viral biosynthesis in vivo indirectly by activating a network of liver-enriched nuclear receptors that, in combination, direct HBV 3.5 kb pregenomic RNA transcription and replication.
Isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from the blood of seven patients with Lyme disease.

Abstract purpose: Borrelia burgdorferi , the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, has rarely been successfully cultured from blood. We report on seven patients from Westchester County, New York, with B. burgdorferi bacteremia diagnosed between April 1987 and August 1987. patients and methods: One hundred thirty-two attempts to isolate spirochetes were made on blood specimens obtained from 104 patients. Twenty-two of these specimens were obtained from nine patients who had recently been bitten by Ixodes ticks but who were asymptomatic. Heparinized blood or serum specimens (0.2 to 0.4 mL) were inoculated onto 6 mL of modified Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium. Lyme serology was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent polyvalent, IgM, and IgG assays, fluorescent immunoassay, and microhemag-glutination. results: Four of the seven patients had erythema migrans, two had facial nerve palsy, and one had a flu-like syndrome without rash. These patients represented 21% (four of 19) of all patients with the characteristic skin lesion who had blood cultures for B. burgdorferi , and 40% (two of five) of all those with facial nerve palsy. Serologic testing was frequently nonreactive; two patients had no detectable antibody on multiple sera by five different assays. All patients improved with antibiotic treatment, and had negative subsequent blood cultures, but five of seven had persistent complaints after completion of therapy. conclusion: Culturing blood for B. burgdorferi may be useful in confirming the diagnosis of Lyme disease in selected patients. Use of spirochete blood cultures may facilitate a better understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of Lyme disease.
Future Directions for Geological Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in Geological Education

Modern geology has been multi-disciplinary since its origins more than 200 years ago. Multi-spectral remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS) together offer new geological tools that increase the need for knowledge from other scientific disciplines even more than has been traditionally accepted. Multi-spectral remote sensing requires that a geologist be trained to observe more than rock outcrops in the field. The soils surrounding the outcrop and the vegetation growing on them may contain more extractable geological information than the outcrop itself, and much of the new information can come from wavelengths of light invisible to the human eye. Outputs from Global Positioning System devices displayed in map form through GIS software are far more spatially precise than paper maps and Brunton compasses, but geologists must learn to use the new devices and software before the benefits can be appreciated. We see four growth areas in world markets related to employment of geologists and geophysicists who know remote sensing and GIS technology: industrial mineral exploration and extraction; engineering and environmental geology, including applications in non-geological government agencies and general businesses; modernized exploration for petroleum and metallic minerals; and ‘academic’ positions for researchers in universities, aerospace companies, and government agencies that compare change patterns in paleoclimates with those of recent climates. To meet these demands, we recommend that geology departments increase the number of courses in engineering and environmental geology; reach out to other science departments, both by encouraging more electives in their courses for geology students and by providing more earth materials, geochemistry, hydrology, and geological remote sensing courses for students from other science departments; and embrace remote sensing and GIS courses, the former from within the geology department, by requiring that most students take one course each for almost all sub-disciplines in geology and geophysics. Some of the increased courses could be taught in virtual co-operative universities, like the one being planned by OhioView, which is a remote sensing/GIS consortium of 11 universities in Ohio.
Reprint of: Impaired fixation to eyes following amygdala damage arises from abnormal bottom-up attention

SM is a patient with complete bilateral amygdala lesions who fails to fixate the eyes in faces and is consequently impaired in recognizing fear (Adolphs et al., 2005). Here we first replicated earlier findings in SM of reduced gaze to the eyes when seen in whole faces. Examination of the time course of fixations revealed that SM's reduced eye contact is particular pronounced in the first fixation to the face, and less abnormal in subsequent fixations. In a second set of experiments, we used a gaze-contingent presentation of faces with real time eye tracking, wherein only a small region of the face is made visible at the center of gaze. In essence, viewers explore the face by moving a small searchlight over the face with their gaze. Under such viewing conditions, SM's fixations to eye region of faces became entirely normalized. We suggest that this effect arises from the absence of bottom-up effects due to the facial features, allowing gaze location to be driven entirely by top-down control. Together with SM's failure to fixate the eyes in whole faces primarily at the very first saccade, the findings suggest that the saliency of the eyes normally attract our gaze in an amygdala-dependent manner. Impaired eye gaze is also a prominent feature of several psychiatric illnesses in which the amygdala has been hypothesized to be dysfunctional, and our findings and experimental manipulation may hold promise for interventions in such populations, including autism and fragile X syndrome.
Thermoplastic matrix continuous filament composites of Kevlar® aramid or graphite fiber☆☆☆

Abstract Key static mechanical properties and laminating processes of thermoplastic matrix continuous filament composites reinforced with Kevlar® aramid or graphite fibers are presented and discussed. A tow of Kevlar or graphite impregnated with a thermoplastic matrix from a proprietary melt-coating process involving injection of a melted thermoplastic polymer can be consolidated into a sound, void-free composite laminate by compression molding. The unidirectional composites of Kevlar 49 or graphite from the melt-coated tows possess mechanical properties superior to those of similar composites prepared by other processes such as yarn cowinding and film laminating. The unidirectional composites of Kevlar 49 with thermoplastic matrices prepared from the melt-coated tows are equivalent or superior to those using Epon® epoxies or polyvinylester in flexural, shear and compressive strengths. Using J-polymer, a polyamide copolymer and a proprietary Du Pont resin candidate as a thermoplastic matrix model, a static mechanical test data base has been developed for graphite/thermoplastic matrix composites showing significant advantages in damage tolerance, compression after impact, and interlaminar fracture toughness. Although the unidirectional compressive strength of graphite/epoxy composites has been shown to correlate with matrix modulus, the thermoplastic matrix composites show no such correlation.
Model development for fluid structure interaction in the slip regime

While many microscale systems are subject to both rarefaction and fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) effects, most commercial algorithms cannot model both, if either, of these for general applications. This study modifies the momentum and thermal energy exchange models of an existing, continuum based, multifield, compressible, unsteady, Eulerian-Lagrangian FSI algorithm, such that the equivalent of first-order slip velocity and temperature jump boundary conditions are achieved at fluid-solid surfaces, which may move with time. Following the development and implementation of the slip flow momentum and energy exchange models, several basic configurations are considered and compared to established data to verify the resulting algorithm’s capabilities.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Fossil Ondatrini from Western North America

The cranium of Pliopotamys minor (Wilson) from the Hagerman local fauna is described. The cranial elements show a mosaic of shapes found in other distantly related arvicoline genera. The size of the cranium and the ratio of certain cranial measurements most closely approximate the extant genera Neofiber and Arvicola , which suggests a similar structural grade for the three genera. A partial cranium of a relatively advanced ondatrine recovered from deposits equivalent to those which contain the late Pliocene Benson local fauna is reported from Arizona. The stage of evolution of this animal is similar to species previously described from the early Pleistocene. These relationships suggest an early radiation of Ondatrini in the American southwest. Two partial lower jaws of a primitive ondatrine are reported from the San Joaquin formation of California. The nature of the specimens precludes generic assignment.
CROSS-RELAXATION IN ELECTRON-NUCLEAR COUPLED SYSTEMS BY PULSED DYNAMIC NUCLEAR POLARIZATION AT LOW MAGNETIC FIELDS

A new method for the experimental determination of the cross-relaxation (CR) transition rates in liquid solutions of paramagnetic compounds has been developed utilizing a pulsed dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique. In contrast to NMR relaxation, which is proportional to the sum of relaxation rates, the DNP effect is determined by the ratio of transition rates in the nucleus−electron coupled spin system. By use of pulsed DNP, the NMR relaxation rates and DNP data can be obtained in the same experiment. As a result, a set of independent equations for CR and dipole−dipole (DD) transition rates can be derived. The solution of these equations defines individual cross-relaxation and DD transition rates, as well as molecular−kinetic information, and avoids the necessity of performing complicated variable frequency and temperature measurements. A pulsed DNP relaxometer operating at a proton frequency of 0.5 MHz was constructed. The 4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl (TEMPONE) stable free radical...
GABA-like immunoreactivity in the squirrel monkey vestibular endorgans.

Abstract The localization of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like immunoreactivity in the squirrel monkey vestibular endorgans was investigated using an antiserum against GABA coupled with glutaraldehyde to bovine serumalbumin. GABA-like immunoreactivity was found in nerve fibers and bouton-type terminals, both in the cristae ampullares and the maculae. The location of positive staining corresponded better with known efferent than afferent components of the vestibular periphery.
Structure of Round, Fully Developed, Buoyant Turbulent Plumes

An experimental study of the structure of round buoyant turbulent plumes was carried out, emphasizing conditions in the fully developed (self-preserving) portion of the flow. Plume conditions were simulated using dense gas sources (carbon) dioxide and sulfur hexafluoride) in a still air environment. Mean and fluctuating mixture fraction properties were measured using single-and two-point laser-induced iodine fluorescence. The present measurements extended farther from the source (up to 151 source diameters) than most earlier measurements (up to 62 source diameters) and indicated that self-preserving turbulent plumes are narrower, with larger mean and fluctuating mixture fractions (when appropriately scaled) near the axis, than previously thought. Other mixture fraction measurements reported include probability density functions, temporal power spectra, radial spatial correlations and temporal and spatial integral scales.
Modulation of receptors for the colony-stimulating factor, CSF-1, by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and CSF-1

Abstract The ability of the mononuclear phagocyte-specific colony-stimulating factor, CSF-1, to down-regulate its receptor on peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM) was examined. Because of the essentially irreversible binding of CSF-1 to its receptor at 2°C, unoccupied cell surface receptors could be measured by rapidly cooling PEM to 2°C and determining the amount of 125 I-CSF-1 bound at this temperature. On incubation with 125 I-CSF-1 at 37°C more receptors were lost than could be accounted for by 125 I-CSF-1 binding. This receptor loss, apparently caused by CSF-1 itself, was shown to be due in large part to the presence of contaminating lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which at 10 ng/ml was by itself able to cause complete loss of the CSF-1 receptors. LPS also induced loss of the insulin receptor by PEM. LPS did not cause apparent CSF-1 receptor loss by binding to the receptor or by stimulating the release of CSF-1 or substances which complete for the binding of 125 I-CSF-1 to the receptor. However, LPS did stimulate release of factos by LPS responsive (C3H/HeN) PEM which caused CSF-1 receptor loss by LPS non-responsive (C3H/HeJ) PEM. In the absence of LPS induced effects, incubation of 125 I-CSF-1 with PEM at 37°C resulted in down-regulation of the CSF-1 receptors. The number of CSF-1 receptor sites down-regulated corresponded to the number of CSF-1 molecules that were cell-associated plus the number that were intracellularly degraded and released.
An investigation of cranial motion through a review of biomechanically based skull deformation literature

Abstract Objectives There is ongoing debate over the existence of cranial motion resulting from manual manipulation during Cranial Osteopathy (CO). The purpose of this study was to review and summarize the literature regarding cranial mobility and human cranial stiffness in order to evaluate the validity of cranial movement in humans due to manual manipulation. Methods In Part I, the literature was reviewed to determine the existence and extent of cranial motion in animals and humans. In Part II, the literature was reviewed to determine the stiffness of the human cranium. In Part III, a biomechanical analysis was performed to determine the amount of force necessary to cause cranial deflections reported in the studies identified in Part I, using published skull stiffness values reported in the studies identified in Part II. Results Skull deflection across the cranial sutures of animals ranged from 0 μm to 910 μm. Cranial vault deflection in living humans was reported to range from 0.78 μm to 3.72 μm. Reported human skull stiffness values ranged from 390 N/mm to 6430 N/mm depending on the region of the skull and the method of loading. Based on the range of skull stiffness values, it was determined that an applied force between 0.44 N and 23.2 N would be required to cause 0.78 μm of deflection, and between 2.09 N and 111 N would be required to cause 3.72 μm of deflection. Conclusion Externally applied forces and increases in intracranial pressure can result in measurable cranial motion across the cranial sutures in adolescent and adult mammalian animal species, and measurable changes in cranial vault diameter in post-mortem and living adult humans. However, the amount of cranial motion may vary by subject, the region of the head to which forces are applied, and the method of force application. Given that the forces required to generate reported cranial deflections in living humans are within the range of forces likely to be used during CO, it is reasonable that small amounts of cranial deflection can occur as a result of the forces applied to the skull during CO.
Oxygen Exposure in the Newborn Guinea Pig Lung Lavage Cell Populations, Chemotactic and Elastase Response: a Possible Relationship to Neonatal Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Summary: Neonatal guinea pig pulmonary response to oxygen exposure Fio2 > 0.9 resulted in an increase in total cell number in lung lavage. Alveolar macrophages initially increased within 48 h of exposure. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages exceeded age-matched neonatal control values by 72 h of oxygen exposure. By 144 h of life, total inflammatory cell number still exceeded control cell populations. Chemotaxis of alveolar macrophages to N-formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine (1 × 10−5 M) exceeded chemotaxis of air-exposed controls. Although initially depressed, by 72 h of Fio2 > 0.9 polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis increased 6-fold. Endogenous chemotactic peptides were demonstrated in lung lavage supernatant of oxygen-exposed neonatal guinea pigs. Elastase activity rose in oxygen exposed guinea pigs by 72 h of life. Lung lavage disaturated phosphatidyl-choline in oxygen-exposed neonates exceeded control values 4-fold. In a preliminary study, lung effluent elastase activity was found to be increased in human neonates with respiratory distress syndrome over the first days of life compared to infants intubated but without lung disease. In infants developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia, tracheal aspirate protease activity remained greater than 10−3 U for over 10 days and up to 5 weeks of age. Speculation: Lung damage in neonatal guinea pigs from elevated oxygen exposure results in lung cell injury with enhanced chemotaxis for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. These cells release proteolytic enzymes into pulmonary effluent. These proteolytic enzymes may, if unabated, result in lung connective tissue damage. Although previously described only in adult animals and implicated in the adult respiratory distress syndrome, similar processes may be operative in the development of neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia. It is tempting to extrapolate our finding of higher amounts of elastase activity in tracheal effluent in infants developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia compared to other infants without lung disease or respiratory distress syndrome to similar findings in neonatal guinea pigs exposed to high concentrations of oxygen. Although this extrapolation may not be justified without further studies documenting the precise source of elastase activity, monitoring of lung effluent protease activity may provide useful biochemical indices of neonatal lung injury. Modulation and/or prevention of neonatal lung injury may be possible by reducing proteolytic activity either by reducing lung inflammation or increasing endogenous antiprotease activity.
Applications Of Microcomputers In Optical Astronomy

Several applications of microcomputers have been implemented at the Goethe Link Observatory of Indiana University. A dedicated microprocessor acquires encoder information on telescope position and time, processes the data, and displays time, coordinates, airmass, etc. on a video screen. An inexpensive image analysis system to aid in the reduction and interpretation of astronomical vidicon images has also been completed. Grey-scale and color image display, frame registration, image enhancement, hard-copy and other features have been implemented in 8080 FORTH for this system. Instrumentation control and data acquisition applications include a high speed photometer and a S-1 I-SIT vidicon data acquisition system.
Bessie Clayton: An American Genée

WHEN BESSIE CLAYTON DIED in 1948 at the age of seventy, she was eulogized in the New York Times as "the nation's first born prima ballerina."1 Although she was hardly the first American ballet dancer, she was the most prominent native exponent of this form during the peak of her career, from 1895 to 1915. Since that time we have forgotten her. We have lost track of her unique accomplishments, especially her unstinting efforts to educate audiences, to instill young dancers with a more professional attitude toward their art, and to raise standards for dance training in this country. Because of her classical training and glamorous personal style, she was often referred to as the American Genee. Like Genee, Clayton chose to pursue the major portion of her career on the commercial stages of Broadway and vaudeville. As an "eccentric" or athletic ballerina she perfected an unusual type of character dancing that was wildly popular with audiences on both sides of the Atlantic. Her career was shaped by the eclectic milieu at the turn of the century and directed by the force of her highly original personality. Clayton's training and professional achievements reveal an interesting perspective on this vigorous, sometimes vulgar period of American dance. During the last quarter of the nineteenth century both the quality of ballet performance and the degree of audience support declined sharply. Opera houses, the traditional home of ballet, were notorious for their cautious and predictable policies. Adeline Genee described this degeneration in 1908: "Today the premiere danseuse is not more than-what shall I say? A little piece of dust! She appears for one moment-and does nothing! In Munich, at the Royal Opera, I danced thirty-three times in one year, and that was called a good season!"2 As Genee pointed out, dance seasons in Western Europe
Plant products as topical microbicide candidates: Assessment of in vitro and in vivo activity against herpes simplex virus type 2

There is considerable interest in developing topical microbicides; products to be used intravaginally by women for protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Many compounds derived from plants have been shown to have antimicrobial properties. We examined 19 such compounds in vitro by plaque reduction assay to determine their activity against a common sexually transmitted pathogen, herpes simplex virus type 2. Compounds with an ED50≤7.0 mg/ml were tested for efficacy in vivo. Four compounds, carrageenan lambda type IV, cineole, curcumin, and eugenol, provided significant protection (P<0.05) in a mouse model of intravaginal HSV-2 challenge. Eugenol, which provided the greatest protection in mice was also evaluated using the guinea pig model of genital HSV-2 infection where it also demonstrated significant protection. Based on these results, several plant-derived compounds appear to warrant further evaluation as potential microbicides.
The effects of fluoride and low calcium on the physical properties of the rat femur.

The effect of fluoride on the physical properties of bone was investigated with the aid of an Instron materials tester. Two groups of weanling female rats, one on an adequate (0.6%) calcium diet and the other on a low (0.1%) diet were given the following dosage levels of fluoride (as NaF) in their deionized drinking water over a fifteen and one-half week period: 3.4 ppm, 10.0 ppm and 45.0 ppm. In the adequate calcium group a significant increase in flexibility in the rat femur was found only at the 45.0 ppm dosage level. This was not offset by a significant decrease in strength. In the low calcium group a similar significant increase in flexibility appeared at the 10.0 ppm dosage level as well as the 45.0 ppm, but a significant decrease in strength at the two dosage levels was observed. These were in direct relation to the amount of fluoride given.
A survey of solved and unsolved problems on superpositions of functions

One tool in the search of new approximation schemes and computational algorithms for functions of several variables is the study of their representability in terms of prescribed superpositions of functions of fewer variables [21, 361. We shall outline in this paper some ideas which originated with Hilbert, but were carried far beyond their original purpose by Kolmogorov and his school. The history of these ideas is sketched in Section 1; some of the main results in the area of superpositions are outlined in Sections 2 and 3; Section 4 describes unsolved problems. The reader is also referred to the excellent papers of Amol’d [4], Lorentz [22], Vitu.%in [39], and VituHkin-Henkin [40].
The lowest excited states of a chromate derivative. Resolved optical and odmr spectra of RbCrO3Cl AND CsCrO3Cl at 1.4 K

The phosphorescence, excitation and absorption spectra of the CrO3Cl− anion in its neat rubidium and cesium salts at 1.4 K are reported. The spectra show sharp zero-phonon lines, which allow vibronic analyses of the phosphorescence spectra based on the respective Raman spectra. The zero-field splittings and lifetimes of the spin-triplet state of CrO3Cl− anion in each of the salts have also been obtained. The results are compared with earlier results for the potassium salt.
Sex Discrimination in Hiring: The Influence of Organizational Climate and Need for Approval on Decision Making Behavior:

It was hypothesized that an organization's climate could inhibit or encourage discriminatory behavior, and that subjects’ need for approval would interact with climate to influence their decisions. One hundred and sixty-one male business students read one of two sets of materials intended to manipulate company climate, and then evaluated a fictitious resume of a male or female applicant for a managerial position within the company. Decisions regarding hire, salary, applicant fit with the company, and anticipated longevity were dependent measures. The hypothesis regarding organizational climate received partial support. In a discriminatory climate women applicants were evaluated less favorably than men in terms of likelihood of hire and degree of fit between the applicant and the organization. Although not statistically significant, a similar pattern of results was obtained on the salary measure and on the measure of applicant predicted longevity. Contrary to expectations, approval motivation was not related to the dependent measures.