cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feudalismo: critica de un modelo de sociedad y economia politica

La historiografia maxxista y la liberal comparten la nocion tradicional de un "sistema feudal" o "modo feudal de produccion" como una etapa de desarrollo que todas las sociedades deben atravesar en su camino hacia el capitalismo. La nocion de feudalismo, para designar un modelo o etapa de desarrollo, se utiliza con frecuencia en el analisis de sociedades que poseen una mezcla de elementos agrarios y capitalistas. El termino en si mismo debiera despertar sospechas. En primer lugar porque nunca se lo uso durante el periodo "medieval" al cual describe. Adquixrio vida como un termino polemico de la Ilustracion para designar un sistema atrasado o un sistema legal no ilustrado. Feodalite' como un etat de civilization aparecio primero en un trabajo del Conde de Boulainvilliers en el anio de 1727 y mas tarde lo popularizo el Baron de Montesquieu. El autorizado historiador Theodore Plucknett seinala que "feudalismo" es una palabra vaga, de origen moderno:
Observational Concerns and Techniques for High-Background Mid-Infrared (5 – 20 micron) Array Imaging

Broadband observations at 5–20 micron with large ground-based telescopes are dominated by thermal background radiation from the telescope optics, instrument and sky. Astronomical sources typically contribute less than one percent of the total detected flux. In most cases the direct, unprocessed image of a bright source (before background subtraction) is indistinguishable from an image of blank sky (Fig. 1). This paper gives an overview of the fundamental concepts, conditions and limitations of high-background mid-infrared imaging. The techniques used to acquire and process the image data are summarized, illustrated with examples from our 58 x 62 pixel mid-infrared camera astronomy program.
New Labour: A Critique - Author's Introduction

New Labour: A Critique By Mark Bevir I. CONTACT INFORMATION Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1950 Email: mbevir@berkeley.edu II. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE Mark Bevir is a Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley. He is the author of New Labour: A Critique (Routledge, 2005), and The Logic of the History of Ideas (Cambridge University Press, 1999), and co-author, with R.A.W. Rhodes, of Governance Stories (Routledge, 2006), and Interpreting British Governance (Routledge, 2003).
Procedures Used In Flight Tests of an Integrated Propulsion Control System on an F-111E Airplane

A digital integrated propulsion control system (IPCS) was tested on an F-111E airplane. The IPCS provided full authority control of the left inlet and the TF30 afterburning engine. Supersonic test conditions were of primary interest. The operational procedures and maneuvers developed for IPCS evaluation, displays for test monitoring and data acquisition, flight safety, and problems encountered are discussed. The software refinements that made modifications to standard flight test procedures necessary are described. The flexibility of digital control and the ways software was used to overcome hardware deficiencies are discussed. Application of these procedures to a typical IPCS flight is described.
Thermostabilities of Virion Activities of Newcastle Disease Virus: Evidence that the Temperature-Sensitive Mutants in Complementation Groups B, BC, and C Have Altered HN Proteins

Abstract Four virion activities of Newcastle disease virus (hemagglutinating, neuraminidase, hemolytic, and infectious activities) were examined before and after heat stress in low-salt buffer and physiological salt buffer (phosphate-buffered saline). The hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities of the Australia-Victoria wild-type (AV-WT) strain were thermostable at both salt concentrations tested, whereas the thermostabilities of the hemolytic and infectious activities were salt dependent (thermostable in phosphate-buffered saline but not in low-salt buffer). Virions of RNA+ temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of AV-WT were tested for the stabilities of the four activities. Some mutants in groups B, BC, and C were as stable as AV-WT in all functions, but others were much less stable in all functions. The unstable mutants in groups B, BC, and C affirmed the assignment of the ts lesions of these mutants to the hemagglutinin/neuraminidase (HN) protein gene because HN function(s) are required for all four activities. The instability of these ts mutants was not related to their decreased virion HN protein content and was not due to physical loss of the HN protein from the virions. Three of four ts+ plaque-forming revertants of the least stable mutant, BC2, coreverted for stability, confirming that the unstable phenotype is indeed the result of the mutation responsible for the ts phenotype. Group D mutants were approximately as stable as AV-WT in hemagglutinating, neuraminidase, and hemolytic activities; this is consistent with this group representing a lesion in a gene other than the HN protein gene. However, the infectivities of two of the three group D mutants were less stable than the infectivity of AV-WT in low-salt buffer.
«Avatares científicos» o hacer antropología de (y contra) nuestro descontento contemporáneo

Resumen es: A partir del analisis de la pelicula Avatar y de sus distintas repercusiones, examino en este articulo las estructuras de sentimiento y cosmopoliticas qu...
The Role of Preoperative Neck Ultrasounds to Assess Lymph Nodes in Patients With Suspicious or Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules

Background and Objectives Currently there are no recommendations for obtaining a preoperative neck ultrasound for patients with suspicious or indeterminate thyroid nodules. Because a preoperative surgical ultrasound can detect suspicious lymph nodes that could result in ultimately altering surgical management, we chose to study which variables were predictive of this change. Methods Medical records of 173 patients who presented between January 2006 and December 2010 with suspicious or indeterminate thyroid cytology were retrospectively reviewed. Clinicopathological variables were analyzed to determine factors predictive of malignancy and a change in operative approach. Results One hundred thirty-four of 173 patients were evaluable. Seventeen of 134 (12.6%) of the preoperative ultrasounds were suspicious. Seven of 134 (5.2%) patients underwent a formal lymph node dissection based on ultrasound findings. Size of tumor, Bethesda FNAB category, and male gender were associated with malignancy while thyroid nodule microcalcifications and category of FNAB were associated with performing lymph node dissections. Conclusion Thyroid nodule microcalcifications on ultrasound and category of FNAB appear to be the best predictors of metastatic disease. Because the surgical approach was altered in only a few patients, further analysis is needed to delineate whether performing cervical ultrasound for suspicious/indeterminate nodules is cost effective. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:601–605. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An approximation theorem in shape theory

Abstract In this paper it is shown that if X is a compactum in the interior of a PL manifold M and if U is a neighborhood of X in M , then there is a compactum X ′ in U such that X and X ′ have the same relative shape in U and the embedding dimension of X ′ equals the fundamental dimension of X . Whenever the dimension of M is not equal to three, the relative shape equivalence from X ′ to X can be realized by an infinite isotopy of M .
In intact mammalian photoreceptors, Ca2+-dependent modulation of cGMP-gated ion channels is detectable in cones but not in rods.

In the mammalian retina, cone photoreceptors efficiently adapt to changing background light intensity and, therefore, are able to signal small differences in luminance between objects and backgrounds, even when the absolute intensity of the background changes over five to six orders of magnitude. Mammalian rod photoreceptors, in contrast, adapt very little and only at intensities that nearly saturate the amplitude of their photoresponse. In search of a molecular explanation for this observation we assessed Ca2+-dependent modulation of ligand sensitivity in cyclic GMP–gated (CNG) ion channels of intact mammalian rods and cones. Solitary photoreceptors were isolated by gentle proteolysis of ground squirrel retina. Rods and cones were distinguished by whether or not their outer segments bind PNA lectin. We measured membrane currents under voltage-clamp in photoreceptors loaded with Diazo-2, a caged Ca2+ chelator, and fixed concentrations of 8Br-cGMP. At 600 nM free cytoplasmic Ca2+ the midpoint of the cone CNG channels sensitivity to 8BrcGMP, 8BrcGMPK1/2, is ∼2.3 μM. The ligand sensitivity is less in rod than in cone channels. Instantly decreasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ to <30 nM activates a large inward membrane current in cones, but not in rods. Current activation arises from a Ca2+ -dependent modulation of cone CNG channels, presumably because of an increase in their affinity to the cyclic nucleotide. The time course of current activation is temperature dependent; it is well described by a single exponential process of ∼480 ms time constant at 20–21°C and 138 ms at 32°C. The absence of detectable Ca2+-dependent CNG current modulation in intact rods, in view of the known channel modulation by calmodulin in-vitro, affirms the modulation in intact rods may only occur at low Ca2+ concentrations, those expected at intensities that nearly saturate the rod photoresponse. The correspondence between Ca2+ dependence of CNG modulation and the ability to light adapt suggest these events are correlated in photoreceptors.
Virtual Reality Visualization of CFD Simulation for Iron/Steelmaking Processes

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has become a powerful simulation technology used in iron/steelmaking industrial applications for process design and optimization to save energy. In this paper, a Virtual Engineering (VE) application is presented that uses Virtual Reality (VR) to visualize CFD results in a tracked immersive projection system. The interactive Virtual Reality (VR) was specifically adapted for CFD post-processing to better understand CFD results and more efficiently communicate with non-CFD experts. The VE application has been utilized to make an assessment in terms of visualization and optimization for steelmaking furnaces. The immersive system makes it possible to gain a quick, intuitive understanding of the flow characteristics and distributions of pressure, temperature, and species properties in the industrial equipment. By introducing the virtual engineering environment, the value of CFD simulations has been greatly enhanced to allow engineers to gain much needed process insights for the design and optimization of industrial processes.© 2010 ASME
Polytopes with prescribed contents of (n−1)-facets

If ann-dimensional polytope has facets of areaA1,A2, …,Am, then 2Ai <A1+…+Am fori=1,…,m. We show here that conversely these inequalities also ensure the existence of a polytope having these areas.
The fractionation and partial characterization of membrane fragments derived from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus

Abstract Two types of membrane particles, both binding α-[ 125 I]bungarotoxin, were obtained from electric tissue of Electrophorus electricus . They were both separated from acetyleholinesterase-containing particle by centrifugation in sucrose density gradients. The differing properties of the bungarotoxin-binding particles suggest that they may represent synaptic and extrasynaptic membrane structures containing acetylcholine receptors.
A nonintrusive flow measurement technique to validate the simulated laminar fluid flow in a packed container with vented walls.

Abstract A nonintrusive flow measurement technique (particle image velocimetry) was used to determine the airflow field in a package with a container-to-product diameter ratio of less than 10. The complexity and uneven distribution of the measured flow field supported the requirement of a geometrical and mathematical model capable of describing the geometry and physics of flow within the package. Using novel computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes, an accurate model of the packed structure was developed and the 3D Navier–Stokes equations were solved. A good agreement was obtained between experimental and predicted velocities. The detailed insight on the airflow pattern provided by the CFD analysis makes this approach an ideal tool to analyze the effect of different vent designs in the airflow field distribution in complex packaging systems.
Effect of transient naloxone antagonism on tolerance development in rats receiving continuous spinal morphine infusion.

The magnitude of tolerance and dependence is defined in part by agonist concentration and duration of receptor exposure. Therefore, in the face of continued exposure to an opioid agonist, periodic reduction in opiate receptor occupancy should reduce tolerance. Alternately, we have shown that reversal of opiate agonist action yields increased glutamate release and NMDA-antagonist studies indicated that this release may lead to an exacerbation of tolerance. To address this issue, we observed the effect of transient daily antagonism by naloxone of otherwise continuous opioid receptor exposure on morphine tolerance development. Rats with intrathecal (i.t.) catheters and osmotic minipumps were assigned to one of the following 7-day infusion/treatment groups: group A: i.t. morphine (20 nmol/h) with daily subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of naloxone 0.6 mg/kg, group B: i.t. morphine (20 nmol/h) with daily s.c. saline, group C: i.t. saline (1 microl/h) with daily s.c. injection of naloxone 0.6 mg/kg, or, group D: i.t. saline (1 microl/h) with daily s.c. saline. Hot plate response latency was measured daily before and after the s.c. injection. The infusion was discontinued on day 7 and on day 8 the response of the rat to a probe dose of i.t. morphine (60 nmol) given as a bolus was observed. Elevated hot plate latencies were observed for groups A and B on day 1 of infusion and this declined over the following 3-4-day interval. Group B approached baseline, but by day 5 group A showed a mild hyperalgesia prior to each naloxone injection. Groups C and D showed no change in baseline latency. On day 8, 24 h after termination of morphine infusion, the magnitude of the analgesic response to the probe i.t. morphine was: group D = group C > group B > group A (P < 0.05, 1-way ANOVA). Thus, in contrast to the expectation that tolerance would be reduced by periodic blockade of opiate receptor occupancy, rats that had daily transient receptor antagonism showed a greater tolerance than rats with simple continuous receptor occupancy. These results are, however, consistent with work showing that (i) naloxone will evoke spinal glutamate release in spinal morphine tolerant rats and (ii) spinal NMDA receptor antagonism ameliorates loss of opiate effect in this spinal infusion model.
GONADOTROPINS OF THE SWINE PITUITARY II. PREPARATION, AND BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A PROTEIN APPARENTLY IDENTICAL WITH METAKENTRIN (ICSH)

LAST YEAR (1) we reported the isolation of a protein, ‘metakentrin’ (2), from the hog pituitary gland, which repairs, maintains, and stimulates the interstitial d cells of the testes and ovaries and causes the formation of corpora lutea from preformed graafian follicles. This protein was shown to be homogeneous by ultracentrifugation and electrophoretic analysis and also to possess a constant solubility in one solvent. The view that the protein is the hormone could not be taken as proved. For the sake of simplicity, however, this protein has been referred to as a ‘hormone’ without any qualifications because there are no experimental results known to be in conflict with this view. In this paper we shall describe a simplified procedure for the preparation of the hormone together with experiments consistently supporting the belief that the protein is the hormone rather than an inactive protein on which an extremely active hormone is adsorbed.
Improvable, yes; insoluble, no: A reply to Flock

The brightness constancy problem is placed in perspective with a brief restatement of the main theoretical issue. Flock’s use of our theoretical formulation with the Hess and Pretori empirical data to demonstrate that the k values fluctuate merely restates the fact that our own theoretical approximations to these and other data using a fixed value of k were not perfect fits, a fact we thought clear from graphs included in our original work. The reality of the observation that perceived brightness may increase, stay constant, or decrease with an increase in illumination is affirmed by replotting Hess and Pretori’s 17 series of experiments. The basis on which interactive effects for complex fields were calculated appears to have been missed by our critic and is here retold, and his mistaken criticism of Brown and Mueller’s citation of Heinemann’s data is corrected. Attention is called to an elemental analysis derived from our integrated theory as a constructive alternative approach.
A low-cost integrated circuit comparator system

This paper describes a circuit that allows multiple-unit neural activity to be converted to standardized pulses for computer data acquisition. Positive or negative spikes can be converted at any voltage level from positive 25 V to. negative 25 V with visual identification of exactly where on the amplified spike potential conversion occurs. This circuit provides active output voltages compatible with TTL logic.
Hypothermia for Refractory Status Epilepticus

Introduction Status epilepticus (SE) can be refractory to conventional anticonvulsants, requiring anesthetic doses of medications to suppress seizures. This approach carries significant morbidity, is associated with a high fatality rate, and may not always control SE. Hypothermia has been shown to suppress epileptiform activity experimentally, but has not previously been used as a primary modality to control SE in humans.
Universal fluctuation of the Hall conductance in a random magnetic field.

We show that the rms fluctuation of the antisymmetric part of the Hall conductance of a planar mesoscopic metal in a random magnetic field with zero average is universal; it is of the order of ${\mathit{e}}^{2}$/h, independent of both the amplitude of the random magnetic field and the diffusion coefficient even in the weak-field limit. This quantity is exactly zero in the case of ordinary scalar disorder. A similar statement holds for some other systems with broken time-reversal symmetry. We propose an experiment to measure this surprising effect.
Designing drugs for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction

Dysfunction of female sexual desire, arousal, or orgasm affects approximately 30% of women. Early attempts to treat female sexual dysfunction arose out of programs developed for male erectile dysfunction and have proven largely unsuccessful. A new wave of targets is now being pursued; many of these targets are postulated to modulate central pathways. Classical neurotransmitter systems, such as dopamine and serotonin, as well as the neuropeptide melanocortin, are receiving the most attention. Early clinical data look promising; however, clinical trial methodology in female sexual dysfunction is not well developed and only further testing will determine whether these treatments meet regulatory hurdles and satisfy patient need.
Response of Soot Temperature to Unsteady Inlet Airflow Under Modulated Condition and Naturally Occurring Combustion Dynamics

The response of soot temperature to unsteady inlet airflow is characterized using pyrometry. The unsteady inlet airflow is achieved by either modulating inlet air or naturally occurring unstable flame, running on a jet fuel at fuel-rich conditions. The inlet air is modulated by a siren device running at frequencies between 150 and 250 Hz and up to 60% of modulation level (u'/um) is achieved. Also, the combustor can be run naturally unstable at the same inlet operating condition by changing the combustor length. For pyrometry, the emission from whole flame at 660 nm, 730 nm, and 800 nm is recorded and the three-color pyrometry is used to measure soot temperature. The effect of nonisothermal distribution of soot in flame on the measured temperature is also considered. The level of overall temperature fluctuation under inlet flow modulation (Trms/Tmean) is about an order of magnitude lower than that of flame emission fluctuation (Irms/Imean). Under naturally occurring instability, the measured soot temperature is in phase with the pressure measured in the combustor, indicating that the measured soot temperature can be used as a quantity related to combustion dynamics for fuel-rich sooty flames.
Targeting p53 for enhanced radio- and chemo-sensitivity

p53 acts as a central mediator of the cellular response to stressful stimuli. The growth-suppressive function of p53 is lost with mutation and this occurs commonly in human cancer. In addition to suppressing cancer development and progression, wild-type p53 further confers chemo-sensitivity and radio-sensitivity upon tumor cells. Accumulated evidence over the last two decades that wild-type p53 activity is required for the efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy has led to considerable interest in development of strategies to restore normal p53 function in tumors with defective p53-dependent signaling. A number of promising discoveries, based on the knowledge of structural and functional basis of p53 mutation, p53 degradation by MDM2 and p53 family proteins, provide a foundation for future drug design. Here we review the role of p53 in enhancing the sensitivity from radiation and chemotherapy and discuss current progress on therapies targeting p53.
Self-Assembled Electrooptic Thin Films with Remarkably Blue-Shifted Optical Absorption Based on an X-Shaped Chromophore

An "X-shaped" two-dimensional electrooptic (EO) chromophore with extended orthogonal conjugation was designed and synthesized. Self-assembled thin films of this chromophore were fabricated via layer-by-layer chemisorptive siloxane-based self-assembly. The films exhibit a dramatically blue-shifted optical maximum (325 nm) while maintaining a large EO response (chi33(2) approximately 232 pm/V at 1064 nm; r33 approximately 43 pm/V at 1550 nm).
Ten rules of academic life: reflections on the career of an affective disorders researcher.

The term Festschrift is usually defined as a volume of learned articles or essays by colleagues and admirers, serving as a tribute or memorial to a scholar. In the Old World, it too often also carries the connotation that the honoree is soon to shuffle off this mortal coil, never to be heard from again, or at the least that she will be hors de combat from this point on. It is a pleasure to observe that Paula J. Clayton, M.D., the present honoree, is still contributing to our field, so this occasion is clearly celebratory rather than funereal. This is a New World Festschrift. Not everybody is so honored. Like old soldiers, many worthy academic colleagues simply fade away. Festschrifts are arranged for those who have made superordinate contributions to the field. Our coming together for this occasion says much for Paula Clayton and her work over many years. My purpose here is to review in a light vein the qualities of Paula Clayton that engendered such respect and affection. Young scientists here may gain some guidance for their own careers. The message of Paula Clayton's career is distilled in Ten Rules of Academic Life.
Pit-1 Binding Sites at the Somatotrope-specific DNase I Hypersensitive Sites I, II of the Human Growth Hormone Locus Control Region Are Essential for in Vivo hGH-N Gene Activation

Abstract The human growth hormone gene cluster is composed of five closely related genes. The 5′-most gene in the cluster,hGH-N, is expressed exclusively in somatotropes and lactosomatotropes of the anterior pituitary. Although thehGH-N promoter contains functional binding sites for multiple transcription factors, including Sp1, Zn-15, and Pit-1, predictable and developmentally appropriate expression ofhGH-N transgenes in the mouse pituitary requires the presence of a previously characterized locus control region (LCR) composed of multiple chromatin DNase I hypersensitive sites (HS). LCR determinant(s) necessary for hGH-N transgene activation are largely conferred by two closely spaced HS (HS I,II) located 14.5 kilobase pairs upstream of the hGH-N gene. The region sufficient to mediate this activity has recently been sublocalized to a 404-base pair segment of HS I,II (F14 segment). In the present study, we identified multiple binding sites for the pituitary POU domain transcription factor Pit-1 within this segment. Using a transgenic founder assay, these sites were shown to be required for high level, position-independent, and somatotrope-specific expression of a linkedhGH-N transgene. Because the Pit-1 sites in thehGH-N gene promoter are insufficient for such gene activation in vivo, these data suggested a unique chromatin-mediated developmental role for Pit-1 in the hGH LCR.
Students' Views of Business Ethics: An Analysis

This study investigates the difference in perceptions between undergraduate business and MBA students regarding selected ethical issues facing employees and managers of today's businesses. Furthermore, the study investigates the intergroup (i.e., at each educational level) and intragroup (i.e., between undergraduates and MBAs) differences in terms of the “situation”; that is, their position as an employee or a manager of the company. A sample of 104 undergraduate and MBA students was used. The results indicate that undergraduate students tend to act more ethically than do MBA students, and both groups tend to be more ethically oriented the higher their professional corporate position is. The findings have direct implications for business practitioners and for educators.
Advances in the imaging of cerebral aneurysm inflammation

Cerebral aneurysm formation, growth and rupture are thought to be the result of a complex interaction between cerebrovascular hemodynamics and pathobiology. Recently, new evidence has emerged regarding the role of inflammation in the walls of cerebral aneurysms. Noninvasive methods to characterize the degree of inflammation in aneurysms could enable clinicians to estimate the risk of future aneurysm growth and rupture, influencing treatment. This review examines emerging techniques of imaging inflammatory biomarkers in cerebral aneurysms.
WING FORMULAE FOR STARK-BROADENED HYDROGEN AND HYDROGENIC LINES

Asymptotic expressions are given for the behavior of Stark profiles at large distances from the line center. For the broadening by ions, the quasi- static approximation is used throughout. Depending on the distance from the line center, the electron contribution is calculated with the usual impact approximation, with a modified impact approximation due to Lewis, or on the far wings of the lines with the qussi-static approximation. The validity regions of the various approximations are delineated, and the errors introduced into previous calculations of complete line profiles by neglecting the Lewis modification are discussed. The requirement that the transitions between the various approximations be smooth leads to a new estimnte for the strong collision term in the impact broadening. (auth)
The renal lesions of electrolyte imbalance. IV. The intranephronic calculosis of experimental magnesium depletion.

A dietary depletion of magnesium in rats leads to the production in the thin limb of Henle's loop of the nephrons of spherical microliths composed of a matrix of PAS-positive substances and calcium phosphate (3). These microliths grow by accretion to form intranephronic calculi. The classical pathological syndrome of clinical nephrolithiasis is thus reproduced within the nephron; to wit, the origin of the calculus at a certain level, local traumatic damage at the site of its origin, passage with the fluid flow down the urinary passages, lodgment of the calculus at some restricting point, obstruction of fluid flow and the usual consequent localized intrarenal "hydronephrotic" alterations of regressive atrophic cellular dysplasias within the nephron. To the classical description of the two forms of urinary lithiases occurring in the bladder and in the renal pelvis must therefore be added a third form, intranephronic calculosis. From the first origin of a microlith to its ultimate form as a calculus its organized structure is characterized by its matrix (PAS-positive materials) in which the periodic precipitation of crystalline mineral (Ca++, PO3---) occurs in a pattern simulating Liesegang rings.
Intestinal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and hematologic abnormalities in a child with a ring 18 chromosome†

The previously unreported combination of ring 18 chromosome, intestinal nodularlymphoid hyperplasia, severe hypogammaglobulinemia, and bone marrow hypoplasia was found in a deaf and mentally retarded 12-year-old girl. In addition to a quantitative deficiency of platelets, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, functional abnormalities of neutrophils were demonstrated by various recently developed in vitro tests. Defective stem cell maturation and the presence of faulty “bursal-equivalent” tissue are postulated as the basis for the hematologic and immunologic abnormalities.
Perception, Color, and Realism

One reason philosophers have addressed the metaphysics of color is its apparent relevance to the sciences concerned with color phenomena. In the light of such thinking, this paper examines a pairing of views that has received much attention: color physicalism and externalism about the content of perceptual experience. It is argued that the latter is a dubious conception of the workings of our perceptual systems. Together with flawed appeals to the empirical literature, it has led some philosophers to grant color physicalism a scientific legitimacy it does not merit. This discussion provides a useful entry into broader points pertaining to debates about color realism and the relationship between philosophical theories of color and the relevant empirical literatures. A sketch of a novel form of color realism is offered, as is an example that fills in some details of that sketch.
Ascorbic acid protects SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from apoptosis and death induced by β-amyloid

Abstract β-Amyloid causes apoptosis and death in cultured neurons that may be mediated by generation of reactive oxygen species. Since ascorbic acid concentrations are relatively high in brain, we tested whether and how this antioxidant might protect cultured SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from apoptotic cell death. SH-SY5Y cells did not contain ascorbate in culture but readily took it up to achieve intracellular concentrations several-fold those of GSH. Treatment of cells with 2–10 μM β-amyloid 25–35 decreased both intracellular ascorbate and GSH without affecting rates of ascorbate transport, which suggests that the peptide induces an oxidant stress in the cells. Overnight culture of cells with 10–20 μM β-amyloid 25–35 induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells when measured as externalization of phosphatidylserine by annexin V binding, as DNA fragmentation in the TUNEL assay, and as caspase-3 activity in cell lysates. Pre-loading cells with ascorbate substantially prevented apoptosis measured by these assays as well as cell death. In addition to preventing apoptosis, ascorbate loading of SH-SY5Y cells also decreased basal rates of generation of endogenous β-amyloid. Together, these results support the notion that β-amyloid induces apoptosis and death in neurons due to oxidant stress and suggest that intracellular ascorbate effectively prevents this toxicity.
Ballistic Impact of Dry Woven Fabric Composites: A Review

weave, architecture, yarn crimp, and the various mechanisms of energy absorption of the fabric, discussed later. To briefly compare various commercial brands of fabrics, Zylon woven fabrics absorb nearly twice the energy per unit areal density specific energy absorbed SEA than both Kevlar and Spectra, when gripped on all four edges, and almost 12 times that of aluminum fuselage skin. The ballistic impact performance of PBO systems is substantially superior to Kevlar 29 systems and marginally better than Kevlar KM2 systems 4. It is reported in Ref. 5 that Spectra fibers are ten times stronger than steel. Previous review work includes a database of early ballistic fabric research by Cunniff 6, and the mechanisms influencing ballistic performance of woven fabrics by Cheeseman and Bogetti 7.
System test for high-NA objectives at the 157-nm wavelength

Focusing on small features for optical inspection or defect repair, shorter wavelengths are used to increase resolution and energy density. Objectives designed for 157 nm using calcium fluoride are optimized and evaluated interferometrically at the wavelength of use to include all actinic effects. An image evaluation set-up is presented using a custom illuminator to image 130nm features, enlarged 500 times, onto a back-thinned CCD camera in real time.
Doing an Excellent Review of a Sex Roles Paper

Reviewers do an enormous service for Sex Roles. An excellent review helps the author as well as the Editor, and helps to strengthen the journal. This editorial discusses some issues to consider when doing a review for this journal. It is not essential that a reviewer consider each of these points, but it should be clear what aspects of the paper are being considered in the review and which are not. First, in writing your review, remember that your review is going to a real person. Be diplomatic! It is very helpful to begin a review by noting the strengths of the manuscript before moving on to the criticisms. Reviewers have read an article looking for possible problems, so it is helpful to step back before writing the review and think about how this feedback is best presented. Second, note whether the paper is an initial submission or a revision. Issues addressed in the reviewer comments depend on the stage of revision. For an initial review of a paper, focus on the overall theory, measures and analyses. Save specific suggestions about how sentences might be more clearly worded for later reviews. When looking at a revision, be sure to comment on whether or not the author responded to earlier feedback on the paper. Third, it is not necessary to provide line by line spelling or formatting corrections. A general sentence explaining that the paper does not follow APA style guidelines or that the paper contains many spelling errors is sufficient. Here are points that might be considered in your review:
Polymers for the stabilization and delivery of proteins topically and per os to the insect hemocoel through conjugation with aliphatic polyethylene glycol.

Co-feeding of aliphatic polyethylene glycol (PEG), phospholipase A2, anionic and ionic detergents, and amphipathic glycoside with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein to fourth stadium tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens, did not affect the levels of BSA in the hemolymph. Covalent conjugation of small proteins like the decapeptide trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) to polyethylene glycol was previously shown to protect the peptide from protease attack and enhance its accumulation in the insect hemocoel. Whether this polymer chemistry could do the same for larger proteins was examined. The chemistry for the synthesis of polydispersed aliphatic PEG350-insulin and monodispersed aliphatic PEG333-insulin are described herein. Insulin was used for this synthesis and not BSA to better control conjugation among the available free amine groups. When PEGylated insulin or free insulin were fed in artificial diet to fifth stadium budworms, greater concentrations of insulin using the PEGylated variants were found in the hemolymph than when free insulin was used (a 6.7 and 7.3-fold increase for the PEG350 and PEG333 conjugates, respectively). When insulin is topically applied to the dorsum of H. virescens, no insulin is found in the hemolymph. However, after topical application of the PEGylated insulins, PEG350-insulin and PEG333-insulin were detected in the hemolymph. After injections of insulin into the hemocoel of fourth stadium H. virescens, insulin is completely cleared from the hemolymph in 120 min. In comparison, PEG350-insulin and PEG333-insulin were present in the hemolymph for 300 and 240 min after injection, respectively, translating to a 3.3 and 2.7-fold increase in the length of time insulin remains in the hemolymph after injection.
Conformation of N-(purin-6ylcarbamoyl) glycine, a hypermodified base in tRNA.

The crystal structure of the potassium salt of N-(purin-6ylcarbamoyl) glycine was determined from three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data. The N6-substituent is distal (trans) to the imidazole ring, forming an intramolecular hydrogen bond N(glycine) -H---N(1)adenine. This conformation of the N6-substituent is typical of ureidopurines, and blocks the two sites N6-H and N1 of adenine that are normally utilized for complementary base-pairing in the double helical regions of nucleic acids; the internal hydrogen bonding further enhances the shielding of N1. This blocking of N6-H and N1 may be important in enhancing the single stranded conformation of the anticodon loop of tRNA and in preventing the modified adenosine adjacent to the anticodon from taking part directly in codon-anticodon interaction through the complementary base pairing.
Relationship between the Transport and Toxicity of Cephalosporins in the Kidney

Large doses of cephaloridine cause acute necrosis of the proximal renal tubule that can be prevented by probenecid and other organic anions. Although there is little or no net secretion of cephaloridine by the mammalian kidney, the degree of cephaloridine uptake by the cortex of the rabbit kidney is substantial; this uptake is also prevented by probenecid and other organic anions. Cortical concentrations of cephaloridine were measured in control and probenecid-treated animals of different mammalian species. Evidence of cephaloridine trnsport was found in the guinea pig and the rat as well as in the rabbit. The degree of reduction of cortex-to-serum ratios by probenecid (control cortex-to-serum minus probenecid-treated cortex-to-serum ratios) correlated with the sensitivity to the nephrotoxicity of the drug. This degree or reduction was greatest in the rabbit, intermediate in the guinea pig, and least in the rat. In addition, the newborn rabbit, which is more resistant to the toxicity of cephaloridine than the adult, also had significantly lower cortical concentrations of cephaloridine. Finally, the acute tubular necrosis produced by extremely large doses of cefazolin in the adult rabbit was prevented by probenecid. It was concluded (1) that the nephrotoxicity of cephaloridine is related to its renal cortical transport with high intracellular concentrations of drug; and (2) that this relationship between transport and toxicity exists for cefazolin as well, although the toxicity is of a different order of magnitude. The unusual mechanism of cephaloridine transport in the proximal tubule was contrasted with that of the other cephalosporins in an attempt to explain its greater degree of nephrotoxicity.
Adaptive optics package designed for astronomical use with a laser guide star tuned to an absorption line of atomic sodium

We present the design and implementation of a very compact adaptive optics system that senses the return light from a sodium guide-star and controls a deformable mirror and a pointing mirror to compensate atmospheric perturbations in the wavefront. The deformable mirror has 19 electrostrictive actuators and triangular subapertures. The wavefront sensor is a Hartmann sensor with lenslets on triangular centers. The high-bandwidth steering mirror assembly incorporates an analog controller that samples the tilt with an avalanche photodiode quad cell. An f/25 imaging leg focuses the light into a science camera that can either obtain long-exposure images or speckle data. In laboratory tests overall Strehl ratios were improved by a factor of 3 when a mylar sheet was used as an aberrator. The crossover frequency at unity gain is 30 Hz.
Gold weight lid load as a secondary procedure.

This paper discusses the use of gold weight lid load as a secondary procedure. By using three representative patients, I emphasize the following points: First, the dominance of the eye must be determined so that postoperative changes in the eyelid height can be anticipated. Second, in order to obtai
Dissecting Complex Metabolic Integration Provides Direct Genetic Evidence for CodY Activation by Guanine Nucleotides

The global regulator CodY controls the expression of dozens of metabolic genes and genes mediating adaptation to nutrient availability in many low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria. Branched-chain amino acids l-isoleucine, l-leucine, and l-valine (ILV) activate CodY both in vivo and in vitro, and genes that direct their synthesis (ilv, ybgE, and ywaA) are highly repressed by CodY, creating a potential negative feedback loop. The nucleoside triphosphate GTP also activates CodY in vitro, but the evidence for activation by GTP in vivo is limited and indirect. We constructed a Bacillus subtilis strain (ybgE bcd ywaA) that is unable to convert branched-chain α-keto acids to ILV or to use ILV as a precursor for branched-chain fatty acid synthesis. Unexpectedly, the strain was not viable on rich medium. Supplementing rich medium with short, branched-chain fatty acids or derepressing expression of genes for de novo ILV synthesis bypassed the original lethality, restoring growth and showing that the lack of viability was due to insufficient intracellular production of the precursors of branched-chain fatty acids. Spontaneous extragenic suppressor mutants that arose in the triple mutant population proved to have additional mutations in guaA or guaB or codY. Expression of ILV biosynthetic genes in codY mutants was increased. The gua mutations caused guanine/guanosine auxotrophy and led to partial derepression of direct CodY-repressed targets, including ILV biosynthetic genes, under conditions similar to those that caused the original lethality. We conclude that a guanine derivative, most likely GTP, controls CodY activity in vivo.
An Aid to Pattern Recognition

Exploration de l'architecture d'une memoire associative. Presentation d'un systeme qui utilise une simple phrase pour decrire son environnement reconnu par quelques detecteurs
Seeds of Success: A National Seed Banking Program Working to Achieve Long-Term Conservation Goals

ABSTRACT: Seeds of Success (SOS) is a national native seed collection program, led by the US Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management in partnership with numerous federal agencies and nonfederal organizations. The mission of the SOS is to collect wildland native seed for long-term germplasm conservation and for use in seed research, development of native plant materials, and ecosystem restoration. Each year about 50 SOS teams are stationed across the United States to make seed collections following a single technical protocol. SOS collections are divided into a long-term conservation storage collection, which is stored at multiple USDA Agricultural Research Service seed storage facilities, and a working collection, which is stored at partner institutions and made available for research. In addition to collecting and banking native species for future uses, SOS provides seed that can be increased to provide genetically appropriate plant materials for ecological restoration of disturbed lands. Seed c...
Comparative studies of the respiratory functions of mammalian blood. XI. Pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana).

Abstract Respiratory characteristics of whole blood from four antelope (Antilocapra americana) were studied. The blood- oxygen capacity averaged 22.5 vol%. Oxygen dissociation curves were constructed at 38 °C and corrected to a plasma pH of 7.40. The mean blood P50 value was 28.3±0.7 mm Hg. The Bohr factor (Δ log Po2/Δ pH) was −0.473±0.040. The concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate averaged 1.01±0.08 μ mole/g Hb. Starch gel electrophoresis showed that antelope hemoglobin has only one major component which migrates at a slower rate than human hemoglobin A. The pH difference across the red cell membrane was 0.251±0.040, and it remained unchanged over a wide range of plasma and intraerythrocytic pH values. Antelope erythrocytes do not sickle under high oxygen tension and high pH environments as has been observed in many species of deer.
Haemagglutination inhibition and aggregation of Fusobacterium nucleatum by human salivary mucinous glycoproteins

Abstract Whole human unstimulated saliva, parotid saliva and a mucinous fraction resulting from (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 saturation of saliva showed aggregation of suspensions of Fusobacterium nucleatum and inhibition of its characteristic haemagglutination. This aggregation was inhibited by d -galactose and EDTA but glucose had no effect. Secretory IgA in the mucinous fraction was bound to the bacterial cell aggregates; Sephadex 4B chromatography separated S-IgA from those fractions displaying haemagglutination inhibition and aggregation activity. The active fractions contained high molecular weight mucinous glycoproteins with receptors similar to those for the haemagglutination active moiety on human cells. Salivary mucinous glycoproteins may thus play a role in the colonization of oral fusobacteria.
Characterization and persistence of Verticillium albo-atrum isolated from alfalfa growing in high temperature regions of southern California

Verticillium albo-atrum isolated from alfalfa (lucerne) (Medicago sativa) growing at high air temperatures in southern California desert regions was compared with isolates from cooler, more favourable climates in Europe and the northern USA by determination of colony morphology, temperature effects on radial growth on agar, virulence on a resistant (NK-89786) and susceptible (Moapa-69) alfalfa cultivar, and by isozyme electrophoresis. Isolates from Europe, northern USA and southern California produced different colony morphologies on lactose yeast prune agar. Southern California isolates incubated at 30°C on agar produced significantly (P = 005) greater colony diameters than isolates from northern USA and Europe after 20 days. The virulence of isolates from southern California and northern USA was equally severe on alfalfa, while the virulence of European isolates was comparatively less severe. Alfalfa isolates of V. albo-atrum from southern California had similar isozyme banding patterns to alfalfa isolates from Europe and northern USA, suggesting a common origin. However, differences in morphology, virulence and temperature relations indicate that isolates may have adapted to local environmental conditions. V. albo-atrum from southern California was tested for its persistence in alfalfa debris at high temperatures over time, and for its ability to infect other crops and weeds. The fungus persisted over a 32-month period in baled alfalfa hay exposed to air temperatures as high as 40°C during the summer months. Alfalfa stem pieces infected with V. albo-atrum were buried in sterile soil or in non-sterile field soil, or held without soil and incubated at 20, 24, 30, 35 and 41°C. Regrowth continued for up to 16 months at 30°C and for 3 months at 35°C from a small percentage of stem pieces buried in field soil. Regrowth continued for up to 16 months at 41°C from a small percentage of stems stored without soil. V. albo-atrum was reisolated from all nine inoculated weed species, with three of these exhibiting foliar symptoms of Verticillium wilt. Ten of the inoculated crop species harboured V. albo-atrum and four showed symptoms.