cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Representation of Fω in LF

Abstract We study how the type theory F ω can be adequately represented in the meta-logical framework Twelf [16]. This development puts special emphasis on the way how terms, types, and kinds are represented in that it uses higher-order abstract syntax to model variable binding and dependent types to model typing constraints. Furthermore our design ensures that only well-typed terms and well-kinded types can be constructed. A possible application of this work lies in the development of safe intermediate languages for compilation.
Methodologies for Performing Empirical Studies: Reportfrom the International Workshop on Empirical Studies of SoftwareMaintenance

The International Workshop on Empirical Studies of Software Maintenance workshop took place following the International Conference on Software Maintenance in Monterey, California. The focus of the workshop was on experimental quantitative and qualitative studies of software maintenance processes. Of particular interest were the design of empirical studies, their underlying methodologies and techniques, and the lessons learned from them. This is the paper resulting from the charge to the group ’’Methodologies for Performing Empirical Studies‘‘. A description of each paper in the group is presented, along with a summary of the discussion. The sessions were summarized as follows: continue to address so-called ’’stale‘‘ research questions carefully define all research constructs and models offer insights on the perceived level of generality of the research results use research methods well-suited to the problem, and use them rigorously combine methods where this would add significant additional insight—collaborate where necessary to achieve this goal don‘t ignore factors relating to maintainers (e.g., ability and experience) despite the known difficulties in their measurement maintain a strong linkage to practice to ensure the research‘s continued relevance. The group concluded with a high degree of agreement and encouragement that the field was moving in appropriate directions.
On P. Hall's Generalisation of a Theorem of Frobenius

1. It is a well known theorem due to Frobenius that the number of solutions of the equation X n = 1 in a finite group G , is a multiple of the greatest common divisor ( n , g ) of n and the order g of G. Frobenius himself proved later that the number of solutions of the equation X n = a where a is a fixed element of G , is a multiple of ( n , g a ), g a being the order of the centralizer Z(a) of a in G .
Relative rates of ligand substitution on nonacarbonyltris(μ-hydrido)(μ3-methylidyne)triruthenium clusters. The crystal structure of (μ-H)3Ru3(μ3-CPh)(CO)7(AsPh3)2

Abstract Substitution on (μ-H) 3 Ru 3 (μ 3 -CX)(CO) 9 (X=OMe, Me, Cl, Ph) by triphenylarsine proceeds sequentially to (μ-H) 3 Ru 3 (μ 3 -CX)(CO) 9−n (AsPh 3 ) n ( n = 1, 2, 3). A single-crystal X-ray crystallographic study of (μ-H) 3 Ru 3 (μ 3 -CPh)(CO) 7 (AsPh 3 ) 2 has been performed. This complex crystallizes in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group C2/c [No. 15] with a 36.746(19), b 12.743(6), c 22.802(11) A, β 108.60(4)°, V 10119 A 3 and Z = 8. Data for 2θ 4.0–35.0° (Mo- K α were collected on a Syntex P2 1 automated four-circle diffractometer and the structure was refined to R f 7.2% for all 3208 reflections ( R f 5.4% for those 2523 reflections with | F o | > 6σ(| F o |)). The crystal structure establishes axial coordination for the triphenylarsine ligands on different metal atoms. The rate of CO dissociation from (μ-H) 3 Ru 3 (μ 3 -CX)(CO) 9 is found to depend upon X in the order: X = OMe (36) ⇌ > Me (3.2) > Cl (2.3) > Ph (1) at 298 K. The labilizing effect of the methoxy substituent is attributed to stabilization of the transition state by π-donation to the Ru 3 C core.
Accounting for escape mortality in fisheries: implications for stock productivity and optimal management

Few studies have considered the management implications of mortality to target fish stocks caused by non-retention in commercial harvest gear (escape mortality). We demonstrate the magnitude of this previously unquantified source of mortality and its implications for the population dynamics of exploited stocks, biological metrics, stock productivity, and optimal management. Non-retention in commercial gillnet fisheries for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) is common and often leads to delayed mortality in spawning populations. This represents losses, not only to fishery harvest, but also in future recruitment to exploited stocks. We estimated incidence of non-retention in Alaskan gillnet fisheries for sockeye salmon (O. nerka) and found disentanglement injuries to be extensive and highly variable between years. Injuries related to non-retention were noted in all spawning populations, and incidence of injury ranged from 6% to 44% of escaped salmon across nine river systems over five years. We also demonst...
Free workshop for teachers at AGU's 2012 Fall Meeting

AGU is committed to fostering the next generation of Earth and space scientists. We work on this commitment in many ways, one of which is partnering with the National Earth Science Teacher's Association (NESTA) to hold the annual Geophysical Information for Teachers (GIFT) workshop at the Fall Meeting. GIFT allows K–;12 science educators (both classroom and informal) to hear from scientists about their latest Earth and space science research, explore new classroom resources for engaging students, and visit exhibits and technical sessions during the Fall Meeting. Six teams of leading scientists and education/public outreach professionals will give talks and lead teachers through interactive classroom activities over the course of 2 days at GIFT 2012. Becoming a GIFT presenter is a highly competitive process, with 29 applications evaluated through a peer review system this year. Science standards, prior classroom testing of materials, expertise of presenters, teacher interests, and AGU's science priorities are all taken into account during the selection process.
Space Use by Forster’s Terns Breeding in South San Francisco Bay

Abstract Parental care behaviors often differ in dimorphic seabirds, leading to sex-specific differences in foraging behaviors. However, few studies have examined sex-specific foraging behaviors in monomorphic seabirds. Using radio-telemetry, we studied Forster’s Terns (Sterna forsteri)-a monomorphic and socially monogamous seabird-breeding in the South San Francisco Bay, California. Space use did not differ between males and females. Instead, space use varied by breeding stage and colony affiliation. Forster’s Terns were located farthest from the nest during pre-breeding and post-breeding time periods, and closest to the nest during incubation and chick-rearing. Home-range size and core-use areas decreased as the breeding season progressed and were most concentrated in the post-breeding stage. The results of this and other studies indicate that terns, unlike other monomorphic seabirds studied, do not exhibit sex-specific differences in space use. .
Growth Rate Characteristics of Acoustic Neuromas Associated With Neurofibromatosis Type 2

Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a dominantly inherited disorder characterized by the occurrence of bilateral acoustic neuromas (ANs) and other central nervous system tumors. Magnetic resonance images and audiologic data on 22 patients with NF2 who underwent multiple studies at the National Institutes of Health between 1983 and 1993 were reviewed to determine the growth characteristics of ANs in these patients. The average growth rate of ANs in NF2 patients was 0.30 cm 3 per year and was significantly higher in older patients (0.75 cm 3 per year) than in younger ones (0.12 cm 3 per year). Larger ANs were more commonly found in patients with concomitant spinal tumors or meningiomas. NF2 patients with spinal tumors but not meningiomas demonstrated faster growth rates than patients without additional tumor burden. The data from this study suggest that older patients or patients with associated spinal tumors have faster growing ANs and therefore should be followed closely and treated aggressively.
Adaptive Modal Combination Procedure for Nonlinear Static Analysis of Building Structures

A new pushover analysis procedure derived through adaptive modal combinations (AMC) is proposed for evaluating the seismic performance of building structures. The methodology offers a direct multimode technique to estimate seismic demands and attempts to integrate concepts built into the capacity spectrum method recommended in ATC-40 (1996), the adaptive method originally proposed by Gupta and Kunnath (2000) and the modal pushover analysis advocated by Chopra and Goel (2002). The AMC procedure accounts for higher mode effects by combining the response of individual modal pushover analyses and incorporates the effects of varying dynamic characteristics during the inelastic response via its adaptive feature. The applied lateral forces used in the progressive pushover analysis are based on instantaneous inertia force distributions across the height of the building for each mode. A novel feature of the procedure is that the target displacement is estimated and updated dynamically during the analysis by incorporating energy-based modal capacity curves in conjunction with constant-ductility capacity spectra. Hence it eliminates the need to approximate the target displacement prior to commencing the pushover analysis. The methodology is applied to two existing steel moment-frame buildings and it is demonstrated that the AMC procedure can reasonably estimate critical demand parameters such as roof displacement and interstory drift for both far-fault and near-fault records, and consequently provides a reliable tool for performance assessment of building structures.
Hydrology of the Jordan River Basin: Watershed Delineation, Precipitation and Evapotranspiration

The Jordan River Basin is shared between Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan and Palestine; the waters of the River are a critical resource for the future water security of the co-riparians. Because of the political situation in the region, field data such as rainfall and evapotranspiration are very difficult to obtain making the use of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) very useful to study water availability in the basin. The approach used in this paper integrates recently compiled data derived from satellite imagery (evapotranspiration, rainfall, and digital elevation model) into a GIS geodatabase to measure the contribution of each riparian country to the total available water in the basin.
Global risk, domestic framing: coverage of the North Korean nuclear test by US, Chinese, and South Korean news agencies

Comparative framing analysis on coverage of the North Korean nuclear test in the US Associated Press, Chinese Xinhua, and South Korean Yonhap news agencies identified four major media packages. First, a common ‘threat’ frame dominated coverage by all news agencies, represented by reconfiguration of geopolitics and an emphasis on global cooperation in both perception and resolution of the nuclear test. Second, with each nation positioning itself differently in the world power system, the issue was notably domesticated in the news, with Associated Press connecting the nuclear test to the broader ‘War on Terror’ framework found frequently in US media, Xinhua promoting a negotiation principle in handling the issue, and Yonhap framing the test with a ‘Cold War’ perspective. In all three cases, national political interests exerted important impacts on the construction of frames. The compatibility of the seemingly opposite packages (globalizing vs. domesticating) signifies both intensification of worldwide socia...
STRUCTURED OBSERVATION OF THE DECISION‐MAKING ENVIRONMENT: A RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ASSESSMENT

Information analysts gather and interpret information regarding organizational decision making. One source of information is the physical environment of the decision maker. A system for structured observation of the environment (STROBE) was developed and was used to gather information on administrators and medical directors of regional blood service organizations in the United States and Canada. Our results suggest that the reliability of STROBE is high and validity is acceptable, suggesting that STROBE may be useful in gathering data usually obtained through interviewing or observing behavior of decision makers.
Parallel climate model (PCM) control and transient simulations

The Department of Energy (DOE) supported Parallel Climate Model (PCM) makes use of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3) and Land Surface Model (LSM) for the atmospheric and land surface components, respectively, the DOE Los Alamos National Laboratory Parallel Ocean Program (POP) for the ocean component, and the Naval Postgraduate School sea-ice model. The PCM executes on several distributed and shared memory computer systems. The coupling method is similar to that used in the NCAR Climate System Model (CSM) in that a flux coupler ties the components together, with interpolations between the different grids of the component models. Flux adjustments are not used in the PCM. The ocean component has 2/3° average horizontal grid spacing with 32 vertical levels and a free surface that allows calculation of sea level changes. Near the equator, the grid spacing is approximately 1/2° in latitude to better capture the ocean equatorial dynamics. The North Pole is rotated over northern North America thus producing resolution smaller than 2/3° in the North Atlantic where the sinking part of the world conveyor circulation largely takes place. Because this ocean model component does not have a computational point at the North Pole, the Arctic Ocean circulation systems are more realistic and similar to the observed. The elastic viscous plastic sea ice model has a grid spacing of 27 km to represent small-scale features such as ice transport through the Canadian Archipelago and the East Greenland current region. Results from a 300 year present-day coupled climate control simulation are presented, as well as for a transient 1% per year compound CO2 increase experiment which shows a global warming of 1.27 °C for a 10 year average at the doubling point of CO2 and 2.89 °C at the quadrupling point. There is a gradual warming beyond the doubling and quadrupling points with CO2 held constant. Globally averaged sea level rise at the time of CO2 doubling is approximately 7 cm and at the time of quadrupling it is 23 cm. Some of the regional sea level changes are larger and reflect the adjustments in the temperature, salinity, internal ocean dynamics, surface heat flux, and wind stress on the ocean. A 0.5% per year CO2 increase experiment also was performed showing a global warming of 1.5 °C around the time of CO2 doubling and a similar warming pattern to the 1% CO2 per year increase experiment. El Nino and La Nina events in the tropical Pacific show approximately the observed frequency distribution and amplitude, which leads to near observed levels of variability on interannual time scales.
Digital Video Presentation and Student Performance: A Task Technology Fit Perspective

This paper reports the results of a confirmatory study of a Task Technology Fit TTF model. Three dimensions of fit:Task Match, Ease of Use, and Ease of Learning, are applied in the context of digital video tools use for oral presentation in a classroom environment. Students completed a digital video presentation that acted as a substitute for an in-class oral presentation. An existing survey instrument was adapted, and administered to the students to examine the impact on presentation skill and fit to task. Results confirm the adaptation of the TTF model and show significant relationships between variables. The model can be used in other task/technology combinations. Additional findings suggest that when there is a significant fit between digital video tools technology and improvement of oral presentation skills task, student performance also improves. Digital video can be a useful alternative to in-class presentation when the goal is to improve presentation skill.
Asymptotic periodicity in diffusive logistic equations with discrete delays

has been the object of intensive analysis by numerous authors [l-6] as a model of single-species population growth. It is known that time delay has a tendency to produce oscillations [2, 5, 61 in (1) which is nonoscillatory when r = 0. In an autonomous delay system modeling two competing species, time delays can even lead to chaotic behavior [4]. If the diffusion is taken into account in the growth rate as well, then time delay may cause random and blow-up effects in the parabolic logistic-delay equation [7]. Nonlinear periodic diffusion equations arise naturally in population models [S-12] where the birth and death rates, rates of diffusion, rates of interaction, and environmental carrying capacities are periodic on a seasonal scale. In this paper we study the following periodicparabolic logistic equation with instantaneous and delay effects duct, x) (3t -Au(t, x) = u(t, x>[a(t, x) m, x)u(t,x)
Institutional transformation at a large private technical university: Reporting on the accomplishments of a combined data driven top-down and bottom-up approach

The underrepresentation of women faculty in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) has been studied for several decades. Many programs have been developed with a bottom-up approach toward addressing this underrepresentation. While these bottom-up approaches are an important component in addressing the underrepresentation, the question arises as to their sufficiency for transforming an institution to address the issue. Another method considers the combined use of a bottom-up and a top-down approach in looking toward the goal of institutional transformation by removing barriers to resources that support career success and creating new interventions and resources. This paper reports on the progress of programming and activities that are underway during the first two years of an institutional transformation project (NSF ADVANCE 1209115) at a large-private technical university that incorporates this combined approach. The transformation is outlined using a multi-frame organizational analysis approach from Bolman and Deal[l], which integrates several aspects of organizational theory, including structural, human resources, political and symbolic perspectives. Data used to inform the top-down and bottom-up programming and activities is presented, as well as a discussion of milestones, accomplishments and lessons learned in the context of the overarching project goals and the framework posed by Bolman and Deal's lenses.
67Ga accumulation in pulmonary lesions associated with bleomycin toxicity.

The radionuclide, gallium-67, accumulates in a wide variety of neoplastic and inflammatory lesions. Diffuse bilateral lung localization of67Ga occurred in two cases of interstitial pneumonitis associated with bleomycin therapy. Clinical symptoms and laboratory evaluation of pulmonary status correlated with scintigraphic studies in these two patients, while discrepancies between scinti-graphic and roentgenographic findings were observed.Cancer 36:1966–1972,1975.
Sonic Millip3De with dynamic receive focusing and apodization optimization

3D ultrasound is becoming common for non-invasive medical imaging because of its accuracy, safety, and ease of use. However, the extreme computational requirements (and associated power requirements) of image formation for a large 3D system have, to date, precluded hand-held 3D-capable devices. Sonic Millip3De is a recently proposed hardware design that leverages modern computer architecture techniques, such as 3D die stacking, massive parallelism, and streaming data flow, to enable high-resolution synthetic aperture 3D ultrasound imaging in a single, low-power chip. In this paper, we enhance Sonic Millip3De with a new virtual source firing sequence and dynamic receive focusing scheme to optimize receive apertures in multiple depth focal zones. These enhancements further reduce power requirements while maintaining image quality over a large depth range. We present image quality analysis using Field II simulations of cysts in tissue at varying depths to show that our methods do not degrade CNR relative to an ideal system with no power constraints. Then, using RTL-level design for an industrial 45nm ASIC process, we demonstrate 3D synthetic aperture with 120×88 transducer array within a 15W full-system power budget (400x less than a conventional DSP solution). We project that continued semicondutor scaling will enable a sub-5W power budget in 16nm technology.
Linking Computer Vision with Off-the-Shelf Accelerometry through Kinetic Energy for Precise Localization

In this paper we propose the integration of computer vision with accelerometry in order to provide a precise localization solution. In terms of accelerometry, our approach makes use of a single off-the-shelf accelerometer on the waist to precisely obtain the velocity of the user. This allows us to calculate the kinetic energy of the person being tracked, and link the accelerometry data with the computer vision part of the system, where we employ segmentation of local regions of motion in the motion history image to estimate movement, and we leverage the number of pixels within the movement silhouettes as a metric accounting for the kinetic energy and the distance to the camera for the person being tracked. The fusion of the data from both technologies with a Kalman filter delivers an accuracy in the localization solution of up to 0.5 meters.
Impact of Chromosome 4p- Syndrome on Communication and Expressive Language Skills: A Preliminary Investigation

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to examine the impact of Chromosome 4p- syndrome on the communication and expressive language phenotype of a large cross-cultural population of childre...
Photoelastic modulated ellipsometry on magnetooptic multilayer films.

A method is described to obtain the permittivity tensor of a magnetooptic layer in a multilayer film by phase modulated ellipsometry. It is shown that the phase difference caused by oblique incidence reflection can be separated from the phase difference caused by the magnetooptic effect by selecting the angle of the analyzer, i.e., a Wollaston prism and a dual detector. A numeric method is described to extract the optical constants from the measured quantities.
A Cognitive Model for Aggregating People's Rankings

We develop a cognitive modeling approach, motivated by classic theories of knowledge representation and judgment from psychology, for combining people's rankings of items. The model makes simple assumptions about how individual differences in knowledge lead to observed ranking data in behavioral tasks. We implement the cognitive model as a Bayesian graphical model, and use computational sampling to infer an aggregate ranking and measures of the individual expertise. Applications of the model to 23 data sets, dealing with general knowledge and prediction tasks, show that the model performs well in producing an aggregate ranking that is often close to the ground truth and, as in the “wisdom of the crowd” effect, usually performs better than most of individuals. We also present some evidence that the model outperforms the traditional statistical Borda count method, and that the model is able to infer people's relative expertise surprisingly well without knowing the ground truth. We discuss the advantages of the cognitive modeling approach to combining ranking data, and in wisdom of the crowd research generally, as well as highlighting a number of potential directions for future model development.
Experimental Study of the Aging and Self‐Healing of the Glass/Ceramic Sealant Used in SOFCs

High operating temperatures of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) require that the sealant must function at a high temperature between 600°C and 900°C and in the oxidizing and reducing environments of fuel and air. This paper describes tests to investigate the temporal evolution of the volume fraction of ceramic phases, the evolution of micro-damage, and the self-healing behavior of the glass–ceramic sealant used in SOFCs. It was found that after the initial sintering process, further crystallization of the glass–ceramic sealant does not stop, but slows down and reduces the residual glass content while boosting the ceramic crystalline content. Under a long-term operating environment, distinct fibrous and needle-like crystals in the amorphous phase disappeared, and smeared/diffused phase boundaries between the glass phase and ceramic phase were observed. Meanwhile, the micro-damage was induced by the cooling down process from the operating temperature to room temperature, which can potentially degrade the mechanical properties of the glass/ceramic sealant. The glass/ceramic sealant exhibited self-healing upon reheating to the SOFC operating temperature, which can restore the mechanical performance of the glass/ceramic sealant.
Development of a Sleeve Gastrectomy Weight Loss Model in Obese Zucker Rats

Background Obesity promotes the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The most effective weight loss treatment is bariatric surgery, but results greatly vary depending on the procedure. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has recently emerged as a reduced risk weight loss procedure for super obese patients. However, the mechanism of weight loss from SG and its effects on obesity-induced complications are yet to be determined. Our goal was to develop an experimental model of SG in genetically obese rats. Materials and Methods Male obese Zucker rats (400–500 g, leptin-insensitive) were anesthetized with isoflurane. After a midline laparotomy, the stomach was clamped, the greater curvature was excised, and a triple suture line was used to close the gastric remnant. Sham rats underwent laparotomy only. Metabolic parameters were followed for 14 d after surgery. Results Caloric intake and body weight decreased in SG rats over 14 d by 98 ± 10 kcal/d and 74 ± 14 g, respectively. Blood total cholesterol levels were lower in rats that lost weight. Furthermore, blood glucose levels were lower in rats that lost weight. Active ghrelin levels were unchanged in SG rats 14 d after surgery. Conclusions These results show that SG promotes weight loss in obese Zucker rats. Furthermore, SG-induced weight loss is accompanied by improved plasma cholesterol and glucose profile. However, SG does not promote a prolonged decrease in ghrelin levels. These results suggest that SG is an effective weight loss procedure in leptin insensitivity to improve the lipid profile and decrease insulin resistance and these effects might be independent of changes in ghrelin levels.
A line interfaced inverter with active control of the output current waveform

A line interfaced inverter for photovoltaic systems is presented. This inverter employs a high frequency dc-chopper for shaping the output current, providing unity power factor operation and minimizing the size of the output filter. The isolation of the solar array from the utility is accomplished with a high frequency transformer, eliminating the need for large, 60 Hz magnetics. The dynamics of the power circuit are analyzed to determine proper compensation of the output current control loop. This analysis shows that a minor loop is required to stabilize the power circuit and that system response varies during the 60 Hz cycle. A Parity Simulation of the power circuit/control system is performed to verify this analysis. The results of this simulation are presented and compared to waveforms from a test inverter. The special considerations required for properly loading a photovoltaic array with a line interfaced inverter are discussed.
Optimizing the migration of virtual computers

This paper shows how to quickly move the state of a running computer across a network, including the state in its disks, memory, CPU registers, and I/O devices. We call this state a capsule. Capsule state is hardware state, so it includes the entire operating system as well as applications and running processes.We have chosen to move x86 computer states because x86 computers are common, cheap, run the software we use, and have tools for migration. Unfortunately, x86 capsules can be large, containing hundreds of megabytes of memory and gigabytes of disk data. We have developed techniques to reduce the amount of data sent over the network: copy-on-write disks track just the updates to capsule disks, "ballooning" zeros unused memory, demand paging fetches only needed blocks, and hashing avoids sending blocks that already exist at the remote end. We demonstrate these optimizations in a prototype system that uses VMware GSX Server virtual, machine monitor to create and run x86 capsules. The system targets networks as slow as 384 kbps.Our experimental results suggest that efficient capsule migration can improve user mobility and system management. Software updates or installations on a set of machines can be accomplished simply by distributing a capsule with the new changes. Assuming the presence of a prior capsule, the amount of traffic incurred is commensurate with the size of the update or installation package itself. Capsule migration makes it possible for machines to start running an application within 20 minutes on a 384 kbps link, without having to first install the application or even the underlying operating system. Furthermore, users' capsules can be migrated during a commute between home and work in even less time.
Etiological musculo-skeletal factor in focal dystonia in a musician's hand: A case study of the right hand of a guitarist

A case study is presented in which a focal hand dystonia seems to have developed in the right hand of a classical guitarist as a result of a neuromuscular peripheral defect caused by trauma. The trauma was a near total perforation of the first web space by a splinter. Healing was uneventful without apparent functional complications. Two years later the patient noticed difficulties in extending the index in playing, for which he received various unsuccessful treatments during seven years. However, we found more severe dystonic symptoms (cocontractions) in the thumb than in the index during playing, which correlated with an undiagnosed insufficiency in the flexor pollicis brevis (FPB). This defect allowed proposing a biomechanical analysis of compensations for diminished thumb control in playing, which would explain the dysfunction in the index in playing as overcompensation for the thumb problem. If this analysis is correct, the etiology of the case can be traced back to underlying multiarticular control problems in the thumb caused by an insufficient FPB. This defect was considered irrepairable. It was concluded that even with knowledge of the underlying cause, a potentially successful treatment of the dystonia might not exist in this case. The case would demonstrate that task-specific hand dystonias can arise as overcompensations for (peripheral) neuro-musculoskeletal defects. The case is illustrated by videos of playing and functional thumb tests.
Martensite modulus dilemma in monoclinic NiTi-theory and experiments

Correct assessment of the NiTi martensite moduli and its significance are the subject of this paper. Current experiments and published experimental data reveal the considerable difference between the macroscopic elastic moduli for twinned martensite and detwinned martensite (single crystal state). Although this difference is significant, it is not explained adequately, and often neglected in modeling. In this study, based on the atomistic simulations, we establish Voigt and Reuss bounds and Hill’s estimate for macroscopic moduli for both the internally twinned states and single crystal (detwinned) states. The predicted elastic moduli in the twinned state compare favorably to the experimental thermally induced martensite (with internal twin arrangement) moduli. The single crystal moduli predictions conform to the experimental moduli for deformed martensite or stress-induced martensite in tension and compression showing asymmetry. We draw attention to the need for correct interpretation of the elastic moduli for understanding a wide range of phenomena in shape memory alloys, such as the transformation stress–strain response, the fatigue behavior, the stored elastic energy, the stress hysteresis and others.
Nearest-neighbor distances in diffusion-controlled reactions modelled by a single mobile trap

We consider a system consisting of an infinite number of identical particles on a latttce initially uniformly distributed, which diffuse in the presence of a single mobile trap and ask for the time-dependent behavior of the distance of the trap from the nearest particle. This quantity is a measure of the tendency of the system to self-segregate. We show, by a simulation incorporating the exact enumeration method, that in one dtmension the expected distance (L(t)) scales as (L(t))~ t ~ as t--.~0, where the exponent a depends only on the ratio of the diffusion constants. A heuristic expression for a ts suggested, analogous to a rigorous exponent found by ben-Avraham for a similar but not identical problem. The flux into the trap is found to vary as t-t~: independent of the dtffusion constants
Evaluation of Autogenous Engineered Septal Cartilage Grafts in Rabbits- A Minimally Invasive Preclinical Model.

Objectives. (1) Evaluate safety of autogenous engineered septal neocartilage grafts and (2) compare properties of implanted grafts versus controls. Study Design. Prospective, basic science. Setting. Research laboratory. Methods. Constructs were fabricated from septal cartilage and then cultured in vitro or implanted on the nasal dorsum as autogenous grafts for 30 or 60 days. Rabbits were monitored for local and systemic complications. Histological, biochemical, and biomechanical properties of constructs were evaluated. Results. No serious complications were observed. Implanted constructs contained more DNA ( <path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5 t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z"> <path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z"> ) and less sGAG perDNA ( <path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8 l-26 -65h-233z"> ) when compared with in vitro controls. Confined compressive aggregate moduli were also higher in implanted constructs ( ) and increased with longer in vivo incubation time ( ). Implanted constructs displayed resorption rates of 20–45 percent. Calcium deposition in implanted constructs was observe. Conclusion. Autogenous engineered septal cartilage grafts were well tolerated. As seen in experiments with athymic mice, implanted constructs accumulated more DNA and less sGAG when compared with in vitro controls. Confined compressive aggregate moduli were higher in implanted constructs. Implanted constructs displayed resorption rates similar to previously published studies using autogenous implants of native cartilage.
Expression profiling for bladder cancer: strategies to uncover prognostic factors

Despite being a common cancer worldwide, management of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder currently relies primarily on clinical staging and histopathologic parameters. Assaying alterations in molecular pathways can contribute valuable information that can accurately predict outcome and chemotherapeutic response in individual patients with bladder cancer. Medium- to high-throughput gene-expression profiling technologies are now allowing multiplexed assessment of alterations responsible for the genesis and progression of bladder tumors. These investigations employ global or pathway-based approaches to define molecular signatures that can predict prognosis independent of traditional clinical performance metrics. Prognostic panels generated using these strategies can also elucidate the biology of tumor progression and identify potential therapeutic targets.
Mesenteric infarction due to iatrogenic polycythemia

Background Polycythemia vera is defined as a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by increased red blood cell count. There have been no reports on mesenteric thrombosis resulting from iatrogenic polycythemia. Methods We present a patient with a history of non-small cell lung cancer undergoing maintenance oral chemotherapy on tarceva and adjunctive use of procrit. The patient presented to our emergency department with an acute abdomen and was found to have ischemic bowel from unmonitored procrit, which lead to hyperviscosity of blood and mesenteric infarction. Results The patient remained intubated with ventilator support. He refused a tracheostomy. He continued on feeding through the J port of the nasojejunal tube. His white cell count, and hematocrit and creatinine levels remained normal. Procrit use and chemotherapy were not restarted. He was transferred to a subacute nursing facility for further treatment. Conclusions Procrit and other erythropoiesis stimulating drugs can cause significant morbidity and mortality with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, gastrointestinal bleeding, thromboembolism and stroke. This case report suggests that without closely monitoring hematocrit levels, epoetin may also be associated with an increased risk of mesenteric infarction.
Intrinsic expression of host genes and intronic miRNAs in prostate carcinoma cells

Recent data show aberrant and altered expression of regulatory noncoding micro (mi) RNAs in prostate cancer (PCa). A large number of miRNAs are encoded in organized intronic clusters within many protein coding genes. While expression profiling studies of miRNAs are common place, little is known about the host gene and their resident miRNAs coordinated expression in PCa cells. Furthermore, whether expression of a subset of miRNAs is distinct in androgen-responsive and androgen-independent cells is not clear. Here we have examined the expression of mature miRNAs of miR 17–92, miR 106b-25 and miR 23b-24 clusters along with their host genes C13orf25, MCM7 and AMPO respectively in PCa cell lines. The expression profiling of miRNAs and host genes was performed in androgen-sensitive MDA PCa 2b and LNCaP as well as in androgen-refractory PC-3 and DU 145 cell culture models of PCa. No significant correlation between the miRNA expression and the intrinsic hormone-responsive property of PCa cells was observed. Androgen-sensitive MDA PCa 2b cells exhibited the highest level of expression of most miRNAs studied in this report. We found significant expression variations between host genes and their resident miRNAs. The expressions of C13orf25 and miR 17–92 cluster as well as MCM7 and miR 106b-25 cluster did not reveal statistically significant correlation, thus suggesting that host genes and resident miRNAs may be expressed independent of each other. Our results suggest that miRNA expression profiles may not predict intrinsic hormone-sensitive environment of PCa cells. More importantly, our data indicate the possibility of additional novel mechanisms for intronic miRNA processing in PCa cells.
Reconciling Estimates of the Speed of Adjustment of Leverage Ratios

A number of prominent papers in the literature have estimated the average speed of adjustment (SOA) of firms’ leverage ratios with estimators not designed for applications in which the dependent variable is a ratio. These statistics indicate mean reversion, which the papers mistakenly interpreted as deliberate readjustment. We propose a non-parametric way to model leverage ratios under the null hypothesis of random corporate behavior — a placebo process — and embed it with the common alternative of reverting to a target. We show that the empirical estimates previously documented were not only too low, but map into two estimates of the underlying parameter — one with a positive but very slow speed of readjustment, and one with a small negative speed of readjustment (as suggested in Baker and Wurgler (2002) and Dittmar and Thakor (2007)). The best inference to be drawn from the same estimators reported in the literature is the latter, i.e., the true SOA is mildly negative. The average manager does not seem to move back towards a target ratio.
Region-Specific Regulation of Cytochrome P450 Aromatase Messenger Ribonucleic Acid by Androgen in Brains of Male Rhesus Monkeys

Abstract We demonstrated previously that testosterone regulates aromatase activity in the anterior/dorsolateral hypothalamus of male rhesus macaques. To determine the level of the androgen effect, we developed a ribonuclease protection assay to study the effects of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on aromatase (P450AROM) mRNA in selected brain areas. Adult male rhesus monkeys were treated with testosterone or DHT. Steroids in serum were quantified by RIA. Fourteen brain regions were analyzed for P450AROM mRNA. Significant elevations of its message over controls (P < 0.05) were found in the medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus of both androgen treatment groups and the medial basal hypothalamus of the testosterone-treated males. Other brain areas were not affected by androgen treatment. We conclude that testosterone and DHT regulate P450AROM mRNA in brain regions that mediate reproductive behaviors and gonadotropin release. The P450AROM mRNA of other brain areas is not androgen dependent. Bra...
Enhanced Active Steering System for Collision Avoidance Maneuvers

Design of an advanced controller for active steering systems in evasive maneuvers of vehicles is investigated. Dynamics of the vehicle is modeled with an extended bicycle model using a nonlinear tire model. The developed model is validated with simulation results from commercial vehicle dynamics simulation software. Two control methods were implemented and studied with the desired trajectory path as an input. Both controllers gave very good results comparing to the ones achieved from PID controller. Deviations of the LQR were in the range of only 1 mm, even for the tough maneuvers. The pole placement controller resulted in deviations in the range of micrometers. Both controllers handled disturbances very well.
Complete molecular remission during biologic response modifier therapy for Sézary syndrome is associated with enhanced helper T type 1 cytokine production and natural killer cell activity.

Abstract Background: Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a clonally derived, skin-invasive malignancy of CD4 + T lymphocytes with the phenotype of mature helper T cells. Advancing stages of CTCL are associated with depressed cell-mediated immunity, increased production of T helper type 2 cytokines and decreased levels of T helper type 1 cytokines. Objective: Our purpose was to evaluate the cytokine secretion pattern and cell-mediated cytotoxicity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with Sezary syndrome in relation to the presence of the malignant clone. Methods: Serial polymerase chain reaction for the T-cell receptor-β or T-cell receptor-γ gene rearrangement was used to determine the presence of the malignant clone. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine the levels of interleukin 4 and interferon gamma produced by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the patients with Sezary syndrome. Results: We demonstrate 3 cases of Sezary syndrome with typically suppressed cell-mediated cytotoxicity, elevated production of interleukin 4, and depressed production of interferon gamma by their peripheral blood mononuclear cells before institution of therapy with biologic response modifier therapy. In all 3 cases after clinical and molecular remission, we observed striking immunologic changes, including an increase in levels of natural killer cell activity and interferon gamma production and decreased production of interleukin 4. Conclusions: The observation that the cytokine secretion pattern by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 3 patients with Sezary syndrome normalized with the disappearance of the malignant clone from the peripheral blood suggests that the malignant T cells account for the aberrant cytokine production. Moreover, the aberrant cytokine production may be the cause for suppression of cell-mediated immunity seen in advancing stages of CTCL. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:208-16.)
Sequential tests and estimators after overrunning based on maximum‐likelihood ordering

SUMMARY Often in sequential trials some additional data become available after a stopping boundary has been reached. A method for incorporating such information from overrunning is developed, based on a maximum-likelihood ordering of the sample space after overrunning. This yields a p-value for the primary test and a median-unbiased estimator and confidence intervals for the parameter under test. The context is that of observing a Brownian motion with drift, with either linear stopping boundaries in continuous time or discrete-time group-sequential boundaries. The methods apply to many clinical trials and are exemplified with data from a survival-analysis-based sequential clinical trial.
Dieulafoy's disease.

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding has been defined as bleeding from a source that cannot be readily determined by conventional investigations, such as barium studies and endoscopic investigation. In some series, it can account for up to 5% of all hemorrhages, and the source is often elusive because the culprit lesions are anatomically inaccessible, small, or subtle. Among the causes of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, Dieulafoy’s lesions are one of the more treacherous and life threatening, because bleeding is often massive and recurrent. Initially described by Gallard in 1884, this cause of bleeding was more accurately characterized later by the French surgeon Georges Dieulafoy in 1896 as the “exulceratio simplex” and subsequently carried his name after he reported three fatal gastric hemorrhages in asymptomatic young men. This abnormality has also been referred to as Dieulafoy’s ulcer, Dieulafoy’s disease, gastric aneurysm, gastric arteriosclerosis, submucosal arterial malformation, cirsoid aneurysm, caliber persistent artery, and solitary exulceratio simplex. It has been described as unrecognized rather than rare, yet its reported incidence as a source of upper gastrointestinal bleeding ranges from 0.3% to 6.7%. Dieulafoy’s disease is found in 1% to 2% of patients undergoing operations for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Unless the proper diagnosis is made, this entity can be associated with a high mortality despite the availability of multiple therapeutic modalities.
The performance impact of BGP security

The border gateway protocol possesses security vulnerabilities, because speakers can lie. Proposed security protocols can address the vulnerabilities, but can significantly increase the performance overheads, which prevent their real-world deployment. Public key cryptography can address these vulnerabilities. We report our research into analyzing recently proposed security protocols and building simulation frameworks to evaluate their costs, and designing and validating techniques to reduce them.