cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Poisson model for anisotropic solar ramp rate correlations

Abstract Spatial correlations between ramp rates are important determinants for output variability of solar power plants, since correlations determine the amount of geographic smoothing of solar irradiance across the plant footprint. Previous works have modeled correlations empirically as a decreasing function of the distance between sites, resulting in isotropic models. Field measurements show that correlations are anisotropic – correlations are different for along-wind site pairs than for cross-wind site pairs. Here, cloud fields are modeled using a spatial Poisson process. By advecting the cloud field using a constant cloud velocity, spatial correlations for ramp rates are obtained. Spatial correlations were shown to be a function of along-wind and cross-wind distance, ramp timescale, cloud speed, cloud cover fraction, and cloud radius. The resulting anisotropic correlation model explains the anisotropic effects well at timescales less than 60 s but performs worse than existing empirical isotropic models at longer time scales.
The Validity of the Freemen's Lists: Some Norwich Evidence

that neither Prof. Hoskins nor myself had stressed the fact that freemen do not comprise the total urban labour force in the different occupations; that the ratio of freemen will vary from trade to trade; and that those with the highest proportion of journeymen or outworkers may well be more important than an analysis of the freemen's lists would suggest. He emphasized that the proportion of freemen to the total population varied from town to town, and that on the whole it tended to be smaller in provincial capitals, such as Exeter and Norwich, than elsewhere. This fact led him to suggest that the freemen's rolls of the smaller towns provide the historian with a much truer indication of the overall occupational structure than do those of their larger rivals.3 In 1973 Prof. Dobson introduced new factors into the argument when discussing the economy of late medieval York. He stressed that before the fifteenth century there was considerable under-registration of those admitted to the freedom by patrimony in the northern town, although he emphasized that such men were increasingly registered in the succeeding centuries and that subsequently they formed a consistently higher proportion of all such admissions. He pointed out that towns clearly varied in the importance they placed on the number of freemen within their ranks, and concluded by suggesting that there was some evidence that the economic factor was of prime importance in determining the number of admissions in a specific town. A sudden increase in
Structure and bonding in Li2MoO3 and Li2−xMoO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.7)

Abstract Li2MoO3 prepared by hydrogen reduction of Li2MoO4 was studied by X-ray and neutron diffraction. The results imply that the previous assignment of a β-Li2SnO3 structure to this material ( C2 c ; a = 4.97 A, b = 8.61 A, c = 10.10 A, β = 99.5°) is inappropriate. Li2MoO3 has a novel, disordered α-NaFeO2 structure ( R 3 m; a = 2.884 A, c = 14.834 A) with the molybdenum present as Mo3O13 clusters. This structural model is consistent with the diamagnetism and low electrical conductivity of Li2MoO3 and accounts for certain features of the Li2OMoO2 phase diagram. The presence of Mo3O13 clusters in Li2MoO3 was confirmed by comparison of the HeI photoelectron spectra of Li2MoO3 and Zn2Mo3O8; the latter compound is known from single-crystal X-ray diffraction to contain Mo3O13 clusters. Oxidative extraction of up to 85% of the lithium from Li2MoO3 was achieved at ambient temperature with mild oxidizing agents and electrochemically. Crystallographic studies of Li2−xMoO3 by X-ray and neutron powder diffraction show that lithium extraction is accompanied by migration of some molybedenum ions to sites in the lattice previously occupied by lithium ions. Electrochemical delithiation of Li2MoO3 is kinetically slow and not fully reversible.
Augmentation in ptotic and densely glandular breasts: prevention, treatment, and classification of double-bubble deformity.

After breast augmentation, separation of breast tissue from the implant is common, especially in patients with well-formed preoperative breasts. This problem is enhanced to a marked deformity in cases of scar contracture with firm, fixed implants. This paper addresses this problem preoperatively and therapeutically in secondary correction of double-bubble and waterfall deformity. The author classifies and explains double-bubble deformity in patients in whom the implant is below the normal crease, with glandular breast tissue superior and anterior to the implant. In waterfall deformity (a term suggested by the author), the glandular breast tissue droops over the implant and is inferior and anterior to the implant. Treatment used consists of opening the breast tissue from its posterior surface using radial incisions to accommodate the implant. This allows the two structures-the breast tissue and the implant-to blend as one unit with satisfactory results. The technique is easy to perform and teach. Complications are similar to those of regular breast augmentation. Strangely, radial incisions have not increased complications, and there have been no cases of seroma or hematoma to date.
Prevalence and Significance of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Zero Coronary Artery Calcium Score

Abundant data have established coronary artery calcium score (CACS) in the algorithm of cardiovascular risk stratification, especially for those at intermediate risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Absence of CACS is associated with a very low cardiac event rate in asymptomatic individuals and no further imaging is required. Cardiac event rates in symptomatic patients are comparatively higher but still relatively low and have to be interpreted in the context of the population included. Conflicting results from angiography literature with a reported presence of obstructive CAD in up to 39% of mostly symptomatic patients with zero CACS are explained by the higher-risk patients enrolled. CACS is an excellent test for asymptomatic patients in predicting cardiac events and absence of obstructive CAD but has a limited role in symptomatic and higher-risk patients encountered by a cardiovascular specialist, particularly those referred for CT angiography and invasive coronary angiography. This is especially true for relatively young patients (<45 years of age).
Characterization of human DNA in environmental samples

Environmental samples from indoor surfaces can be confounded by dust, which is composed largely of human skin cells and has been documented to contain roughly tens of micrograms of total DNA per gram of dust. This study complements previous published work by providing estimates of the quantity of amplifiable human DNA found in environmental samples from a typical indoor environment, categorized by the intensity of human traffic and visible quantity of dust. Dust was collected by surface swabbing standard 576 cm(2) areas in eight locations, and evaluated for total DNA quantity, presence of human DNA (mitochondrial and nuclear loci using conventional PCR), quantity of human nuclear DNA using quantitative PCR, and STR analysis. The total DNA content of 36 dust samples ranged from 9 to 28 ng/cm(2), and contained 0.2-1.1 pg/cm(2) of human DNA. Overall, human DNA was detected in 97% of 36 dust samples and 61% of samples yielded allele distributions of varying degrees of complexity when subjected to STR analysis. The implications of this study are twofold. First, the presence of dust in evidence can be a significant contamination source in forensic investigations because the human DNA component is of sufficient quality and quantity to produce allele calls in STR analysis. This can be effectively managed by implementing stringent protocols for collection and analysis of potential biological samples. A second implication is the use of dust as a source of evidence for identification of inhabitants within a defined location. In the latter case, a number of additional studies would be necessary to identify relevant pretreatments for environmental dust samples and to develop the necessary deconvolution techniques to separate the composite genotypes obtained.
Recurrent Branch Retinal Infarcts in Association With Migraine

Migraine has been blamed for a variety of temporary and permanent visual complications. We describe the case of a young woman with migraine who suffered recurrent episodes of retinal infarction, one of which occurred during an attack of migraine. The infarctions resulted from occlusions of branches of the central retinal artery. Extensive laboratory and radiological investigations failed to establish a nonmigrainous etiology. In some individuals, migraine may cause or promote branch retinal vaso-occlusion and infarction.
Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in the coronary care unit

Objective To describe the clinical experience of patients with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PMVT) in a hospital setting. Methods A 2-year prospective, observational study of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic PMVT admitted to the coronary care unit of a community medical center. Electrocardiograms were reviewed for a pattern diagnostic of PMVT, and the QTc interval of the baseline ECG was determined. Etiologic factors, management, and clinical outcomes were also analyzed. Results The study included 27 patients (13 men) with a mean age of 66.6 ± 10 years. Fourteen patients had a prolonged QTc interval ≥520 ms (group A), and 10 patients had a normal QTc interval ≤440 ms (group B). Acute hypokalemia (n = 7) in the setting of underlying heart disease was the principal cause of the acquired QT syndrome; other causally related factors included severe bradycardia and the proarrhythmic effect of drugs. Acute myocardial infarction (n = 6) was the principal cause of PMVT associated with a normal QTc interval; other causal factors included right ventricular cardiomyopathy and the proarrhythmic effect of electrical cardioversion. Eight patients (group C) had brief runs of asymptomatic nonsustained PMVT, which recurred in 5 patients as symptomatic sustained PMVT despite appropriate treatment. Cardiac arrest (63%) requiring emergency defibrillation was the predominant clinical presentation irrespective of the QT interval. Four patients (15%) died, but only 2 owing to refractory PMVT/VF. Conclusion PMVT with or without QTc prolongation is a sporadic tachyarrhythmia that has frequent malignant potential for cardiac arrest. Successful management mandates emergency defibrillation for cardiac arrest and other appropriate measures for suppression of PMVT. The prognosis of PMVT is improved when the cause is correctly identified and promptly treated.
The economic value of energy-saving investments by commercial and industrial firms

Abstract Federal law and state regulation promote the installation of energy-saving equipment by commercial and industrial firms. We estimate the reduction in energy consumption that a sample of firms obtained from such installations and compare the value of these savings, both privately and socially, with the cost of the installations. With correction for self-selection bias, the investments are found to offer favorable rates of return to the firms and, for social values of energy savings exceeding 1 ckWhr, to be socially beneficial.
An oligonucleotide mapping procedure and its use in the study of tobacco mosaic virus nucleic acid.

Abstract A two-dimensional procedure was developed employing paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography, which permitted the separation and identification of all major products obtained by digestion of tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid (TMV-RNA) with pancreatic ribonuclease. The map so obtained showed nineteen spots accounting for approximately 90 % of the optical density of the material applied. The substances in the major spots were quantitatively estimated by elution and spectrophotometry, and qualitatively identified by application of standard procedures for determining the composition of nucleotides and oligonucleotides. The homogeneities of the isolated compounds were evaluated by elution and subjection of eluates to ion-exchange and paper-chromatographic procedures.
The quantitative determination of aspirin and its degradation products in a model solution aerosol

Formulation of pressurized aerosol solutions in propellants for inhalation requires the use of high quantities of surfactants to solubilize the drug. Due to the lipophilic nature of these surfactants, analytical difficulties are created for those wishing to quantify the drug and its degradation products. In order to quantify drug and degradation products by LC it is necessary to separate surfactant and analytes prior to chromatography. To illustrate a typical situation, a method was developed for the analysis of acetylsalicyclic acid (approximately 2.5 x 10(-3) M) and its major degradation products (salicylic acid, acetylsalicylsalicylic acid and salicylsalicylic acid) solubilized in trichloromonofluoromethane (CFC-11) containing 10(-2) M sorbitan trioleate (Span 85). Surfactant extraction problems were reviewed experimentally. The presentation of all analytes and the surfactant, dissolved in hexane, to silica solid phase extraction columns, followed by elution in a polar solvent, was found to be an efficient way of separating this lipophilic surfactant from the analytes. The final assay employed propellant evaporation, reconstitution of the non-volatiles in hexane, normal phase solid phase extraction (recoveries of 100 +/- 10% were observed for all analytes), elution and dilution with mobile phase, and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (Econosphere C8 5 microns, 4.6 x 250 mm). The assay utilized a mobile phase of water, methanol, tetrahydrofuran and 1 M phosphoric acid with ultraviolet detection at 275 nm. Using external standards, linear calibration curves of peak height versus concentration were obtained for all analytes in the expected concentration ranges (r > 0.991). As it is described, the assay had a relative standard deviation of < or = 3.7% for all analytes.
Quantitative Cultures of the Cell Fraction and Supernatant of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid for the Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Pneumonitis in Lung Transplant Recipients

Results of quantitative shell vial cultures of cell and supernatant fractions of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from lung transplant recipients were compared with results of transbronchial lung biopsies. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) was present in both the cell and supernatant fractions, including 28 (80%) and 29 (83%), respectively, of 35 BAL samples with corresponding biopsies that showed evidence of CMV pneumonitis and 34 (15%) and 75 (33%), respectively, of 227 BAL samples with corresponding biopsies that did not. Cultures of unseparated BAL fluid had a similar yield to cultures of supernatant. Virus titers of cell fractions and supernatants from BAL samples with corresponding biopsies that were positive for CMV pneumonitis were higher than those from BALs with negative corresponding biopsies. Culture of the unseparated fluid is recommended for simplicity and to maximize detection of CMV. Quantitative results may help in the identification of CMV pneumonitis, but additional studies are needed before quantitative cultures can be recommended for routine use.
A strategy for incorporting ISO 9000 into an internationally oriented accounting practice

Abstract Management consulting organizations generally can plan to improve their earnings by two strategies. First, they can offer their services in a more efficient manner by using a minimum amount of resources. This is normally accomplished by employing common tools such as reengineering of the processes, continuous improvement, and target costing. Second, they can attempt to raise their market share or offer new types of services required by clients. For accounting firms, this means expanding their service horizons from traditional audit, tax, and systems consulting to more contemporary areas such as ISO 9000 and total quality management (TQM). The authors outline an approach for firms to successfully undertake the inclusion of quality audit services in their practices.
Linewidth enhancement factor reduction on the blue side of the gain peak from a quantum dot mode-locked laser

We observed above threshold linewidth enhancement factor reduction at blue side lasing wavelengths from a quantum dot mode-locked laser. The linewidth and pulse width become narrower as the lasing wavelength is tuned to blue side.
Molecular sieve characteristics of slightly activated anthracite

Abstract Attempts have been made to improve the molecular sieve properties of anthracite by devolatilization and subsequent activation to low burn-offs (B.O.) in oxygen at 427 ± 3 °C. Methane diffusion into samples reacted up to 8.0% B.O. was activated. With further increase in B.O. to 9.1%, the effect of temperature on diffusion became negligible. Surface areas of the activated samples available to carbon dioxide at 25 °C, nitrogen at −195 °C and neopentane at 0 °C have been measured. It was observed that at the B.O. where the neopentane area approaches the nitrogen area, the activation energy of methane diffusion is small. This indicates that activation of coal to small B.O. can lead to the production of molecular sieves.
Quantitative characterization of lymphocyte populations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood of normal adult Arabian horses.

Abstract Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood were obtained from each of 17 adult Arabian mares and absolute numbers and relative lymphocyte proportions were determined for total T lymphocytes, using CD2 as a marker, CD4 + T lymphocytes, CD8 + T lymphocytes, CD5 + lymphocytes, and sIgM + B lymphocytes. The marked variation in BALF cell recovery resulted in wide variation in absolute values for each lymphocyte subset. The relative proportions of gated BALF lymphocytes were much less variable and provided a basis for comparison of lymphocyte subsets between the BALF and peripheral blood in normal horses. The total lymphocyte population was comprised predominantly of T cells in both BALF (83 ± 11% CD2 + lymphocytes) and peripheral blood (70 ± 8% CD2 + lymphocytes). There was a significantly greater percentage of total T lymphocytes and a significantly lower percentage of B lymphocytes in BALF as compared with peripheral blood collected at the same time. The increase in total T lymphocytes in BALF reflected a significantly higher percentage of CD8 + T lymphocytes in BALF (39 ± 7%) as compared with peripheral blood (18 ± 5%). The mean percentages of CD4 + T lymphocytes (58 ± 13% in BALF; 62 ± 8% in peripheral blood) and CD5 + lymphocytes (78 ± 11% in BALF; 71 ± 7% in peripheral blood), a population composed primarily of T lymphocytes but also including a subset of sIgM + B lymphocytes, were not significantly different between the two compartments. These normal values in Arabian mares provide a basis for detection of disease associated changes in the lymphocyte populations and for determination of effects of age and breed on lymphocyte subpopulations in the BALF and peripheral blood.
Leydig cell function in men with disorders of spermatogenesis.

ABSTRACT Leydig cell function has been studied in patients with disorders of the seminiferous tubule; germinal cell aplasia, Klinefelter's syndrome, and severe germinal cell arrest. Testosterone,1 estradiol, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, and Δ5-androstenediol were measured before and after four days of hCG administration. Of the patient groups studied, only in Klinefelter's syndrome did Leydig cell function differ from normal. In Klinefelter's syndrome, there was a generally decreased steroid biosynthetic capacity of the Leydig cell, but no abnormal accumulation of steroid biosynthetic intermediates was detected. Plasma estradiol concentrations were normal suggesting that estradiol secretion remains normal in Klinefelter's syndrome. hCG produced an approximate doubling of the plasma concentrations of testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and estradiol in all subjects. The response of progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone and Δ5-androstenediol were more variable, in keeping wi...
Setting Dietary Reference Intakes with the use of bioavailability data: calcium

The determination of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for calcium, especially in children, has relied in significant part on the evaluation of the relation between calcium intake and calcium absorption and retention. At present, most of these studies are conducted with the use of dual-tracer stable isotope, although mass balance or other isotope methods are still used occasionally. Studies carried out to evaluate DRI values need to be conducted under the most controlled conditions possible. However, the achievement of such conditions can be difficult, especially in studies in small children, because strict, long-term dietary monitoring and sample collections are not well tolerated. Other dietary factors, which include vitamin D status and the presence of enhancers and inhibitors of calcium absorption, may have to be considered. However, for most healthy populations who do not have very low calcium intakes or serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, other dietary factors will not be major determinants of the net calcium absorption or retention that will be used for the establishment of DRI values. Ultimately, DRI values must be chosen based on an attempt to achieve some targeted value for calcium absorption/retention or to maximize, within constraints, the overall calcium absorbed and retained. In children, it is important to use data obtained at the age and pubertal status being evaluated rather than to interpolate from data performed in other age groups.
A QFT design methodology for feedback systems under input saturation

Presents a design methodology for robust stability and robust performance for a large class of plants subject to an input saturation nonlinearity. Based on Horowitz's 3-DOF linear design method (1983), a more general form for the additional loop transmission around the saturating element is proposed to design the 3rd DOF H(s), for Type n stable plants, n/spl ges/1. Robust stability is established with the circle criterion and the describing function technique, and robust performance is improved by imposing non-overshooting conditions. All stability and performance requirements are then transformed into frequency domain design bounds which are easily obtained using QFT design techniques.
The Road Ahead to Continuous 24-Hour Intraocular Pressure Monitoring in Glaucoma

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only treatable risk factor for glaucoma. Yet, current glaucoma management usually relies on single IOP measurements during clinic hours despite the fact that IOP is a dynamic parameter with individual rhythms. Single IOP measurements underpin all major clinical guidelines on treatment of glaucoma. Other potentially informative parameters, such as IOP fluctuations and peak IOP, have been neglected, and effects of IOP-lowering interventions on such measures are largely unknown. The search for continuous 24-hour IOP monitoring started over 50 years ago, but only recent technological advances have provided clinician-researchers with devices for continuous IOP monitoring. Herein, we discuss innovative approaches with permanent and temporary devices for 24-hour IOP monitoring, such as a contact lens sensor. Despite being in their infancy, these devices may soon enable clinicians to use 24-hour IOP data to improve glaucoma management and reduce the glaucoma-related burden of disease.
Chronic Inhalation of Short Asbestos: Lung Fiber Burdens and Histopathology for Monkeys Maintained for 11.5 Years after Exposure

In an earlier report, presented the results of an 18-month inhalation exposure of rats and monkeys to short chrysotile asbestos. The mean chamber exposure level was 1.0 mg/m3with an average of 0.79 fibers/ml > 5 μ m in length. Gross and histopathological examination of exposed and control rats indicated no treatment-related lesions. Asbestos bodies adjacent to the terminal bronchioles, but no fibrosis, were found in lung biopsy tissue taken from the exposed monkeys at 10 months post-exposure. Fifteen monkeys (9 exposed and 6 controls) from this study were maintained for 11.5 years following exposure. Lung fiber burdens were determined by transmission electron microscopy. The mean lung burden (± standard deviation) for 59 samples from exposed monkeys was 63 ± 30× 106 fibers/g dry lung (range, 18–139 × 106). The geometric mean fiber length was 3.5 μ m with 35% of the fibers being > 5 μ m in length. These data indicate some chrysotile fibers are durable in vivo for a significant period of time. Lungs were ex...
Individual Differences in the Cognitive Processes of Reading I. Word Decoding

The importance of word decoding in accounting for individual differences in reading comprehension is discussed. Research on individual differences in the cognitive processes that mediate word decoding is reviewed. It is concluded that a large proportion of the variance in word decoding ability is accounted for by phonological processes, and that little variance is explained by differences in visual processes. Possible causal relationships and developmental changes also are discussed.
An automatic sleep analyzer

Abstract A small, portable, special-purpose device is described which accomplishes automatic on-line evaluation and graphing of a subject's sleep status. The instrument performs EEG analysis as an amplitude-weighted, dominant-frequency meter to define stages awake through stage 4 sleep and also considers EOG information to permit detection of the REM state.
Global product stereotypes and heuristic processing: The impact of ambient task complexity

This study examines consumer information processing heuristics in the context of ambient task complexity. Individual consumers are often called upon to make evaluations of product and advertising stimuli while ambient events not directly related to the purchase at hand may enter the evaluative process and influence the way evaluations are made. Subjects facing a more complex task due to ambient events were found to evaluate the target stimulus in a way that was more consistent with category-based rather than piecemeal processing. Additionally, the findings provide considerable evidence for stereotype-driven evaluations and processing of attribute information. The theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of Diurnal Variation in Plasma Corticosterone Levels on Adrenocortical Response to Stress.

SummaryAdult female rats were subjected to 3-minute ether or immobilization stress during the trough (08:30) or peak (16:30) of the circadian rhythm in adrenocortical function. Two samples of perip...
A vector space approach to the road coloring problem

Let G be a strongly connected, aperiodic, two-out digraph with adjacency matrix A. Suppose A = R + B are coloring matrices: that is, matrices that represent the functions induced by an edge-coloring of G. We introduce a matrix Δ = 1/2 (R − B) and investigate its properties. A number of useful conditions involving Δ which either are equivalent to or imply a solution to the road coloring problem are derived.
Phase-Sensitive Detection for Lossy Ring and Cavity-based Sensors

Phase-sensitive detection and maximum-phase design provide optimum sensitivity for sensors employing infinite impulse response filters. Practical tradeoffs in the modulation frequency are discussed, and the maximum-phase condition is shown to be advantageous over critically-coupled designs.
A 300 °C, 110-dB Sigma-Delta Modulator with Programmable Gain in Bulk CMOS

A bulk CMOS, switched-capacitor 2nd-order sigma-delta modulator with pre-amplification uses correlated double sampling, constant-gm biasing, and a modulator architecture with coefficients adjusted to improve temperature stability. The stand-alone sigma-delta modulator has a peak SNR and SNDR ges 94 dB and 87 dB, respectively, for temperature from 25 degC to 300 degC with an oversampling ratio of 256. Including the preamplifier, the modulator dynamic range is ges 110 dB at temperatures up to 300 degC
Vanadium Requirements and Uptake Kinetics in the Dinitrogen-Fixing Bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii

Vanadium is a cofactor in the alternative V-nitrogenase that is expressed by some N(2)-fixing bacteria when Mo is not available. We investigated the V requirements, the kinetics of V uptake, and the production of catechol compounds across a range of concentrations of vanadium in diazotrophic cultures of the soil bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii. In strain CA11.70, a mutant that expresses only the V-nitrogenase, V concentrations in the medium between 10(-8) and 10(-6) M sustain maximum growth rates; they are limiting below this range and toxic above. A. vinelandii excretes in its growth medium micromolar concentrations of the catechol siderophores azotochelin and protochelin, which bind the vanadate oxoanion. The production of catechols increases when V concentrations become toxic. Short-term uptake experiments with the radioactive isotope (49)V show that bacteria take up the V-catechol complexes through a regulated transport system(s), which shuts down at high V concentrations. The modulation of the excretion of catechols and of the uptake of the V-catechol complexes allows A. vinelandii to precisely manage its V homeostasis over a range of V concentrations, from limiting to toxic.
Dominance and prestige as differential predictors of aggression and testosterone levels in men

Abstract The relationship between self-esteem and aggression has yielded mixed results and generated much recent debate in the social psychology literature. Based on an evolutionary-psychological theory of self-esteem, Kirkpatrick et al. [Kirkpatrick, L. A., Waugh, C. E., Valencia, A., Webster, G., 2002. The functional domain-specificity of self-esteem and the differential prediction of aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 825, 756–767] showed that multiple, functionally distinct self-esteem mechanisms predict aggression differentially: e.g., "self-perceived superiority" is positively related, and "social inclusion" inversely related, to behavioral aggression. The present study extends this research by further differentiating two distinct forms of "superiority," dominance and prestige [Henrich, J., Gil-White, F. J. 2001. The evolution of prestige: Freely conferred deference as a mechanism for enhancing the benefits of cultural transmission. Evolution and Human Behavior 22, 165–196], in the prediction of aggression in men and women and testosterone levels (measured in saliva samples) in men. Dominance was positively related, but prestige was either unrelated or inversely related, to self-report aggression measures. Dominance was unrelated but prestige inversely related to testosterone levels in men, perhaps suggesting a method of testosterone inhibition in individuals attaining prestige-based superiority. In addition to contributing to the growing literature on the aggression–self-esteem link, the results provide validation for the prestige–dominance distinction and support, but also suggest an important refinement to, a theory of self-esteem as a collection of functionally distinct adaptations.
Discovery of Genetic Markers for Brain Tumors by Comparative Genomic Hybridization

The use of DNA microarrays for surveys of cancer genome has grown exponentially in the last few years. So far, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) has been the most powerful tool for studies of DNA copy number. Array CGH, together with other genome-wide profiling techniques such as expression and methylation profiling, along with follow-up biological studies, has yielded important insights ranging from simple DNA copy number information in a tumor to novel oncogene and tumor suppressor gene discoveries. This chapter traces, from a strategic and scientific perspective, aCGH’s role in the discovery of genetic markers for brain tumors.
JATIS seeks suggestions for special section topics

This PDF file contains the editorial “JATIS seeks suggestions for special section topics” for JATIS Vol. 1 Issue 03
Energy cost determination using a portable accelerometer.

The purpose of this study was to determine the physical activity of physical therapists during clinical practice. Nineteen physical therapists from three clinical facilities wore portable accelerometers on their waist belts or chest pockets for the duration of their work shifts. The subjects repeated the experiment on the second day. The accelerometer readings (in arbitrary units) were converted to oxygen consumption Vo2 and energy expenditure (kcal) values using previously derived regression equations. The PTs worked an average of 7.9 hours during each shift. The total energy expended during the work shift ranged from 933.6 to 1,689.6 kcal. A correlation coefficient of .91 was found between the accelerometer readings (count·hr−1) recorded on day 1 and day 2 of the study. The analysis of variance revealed that the PTs in the three clinical facilities were not significantly different in age, height, and work-shift duration, but were significantly different ( p < .05) in weight, mean accelerometer readings, and estimated Vo2 (L·min−1). When the Vo2 was expressed in mL·kg−1·min−1, no significant difference was found between the PTs in the three clinical facilities. The implications and limitations of the findings are discussed.
Measuring Agglomeration: Which estimator should we use?

There has been tremendous growth in the development of statistical methods to quantify the spatial concentration of industrial activity. With these methodological advancements has come increased complexity in the construction of a ’better’ measure of agglomeration. The research presented here tests the power and size properties of commonly used agglomeration indices through a series of simulations. Results provide evidence that a simple Gini coecient has greater power in detecting statistical significant agglomeration for an industry and that the commonly used Ellison and Glaeser (1997) and Duranton and Overman (2005) indices may have incorrect size properties when industries concentrate in rural areas or when a study area is polycentric. Results highlight that continuous measures of agglomeration have greater statistical power and are not subject to bias from data aggregation. Conclusions suggest that applied researchers have limited gains and may even be worse o when incorporating complex agglomeration indices beyond a simple Gini coecient.
Double Lumen Esophagus Hue To Reflux Esophagitis With Fibrous Septum Formation

The unique endoscopic finding of a double lumen esophagus due to the development of a fibrous septum within an area of peptic reflux esophagitis is presented. The pathogenesis of this septum was felt to represent adherence to granulation tissue from opposing esophageal walls. This abnormality was easily managed by esophageal bouginage.
Benign Soft Tissue Tumors

Lipomas are the most common benign neoplasm and usually arise in subcutaneous tissue. The trunk and proximal limbs are the most frequent sites. Although deep-seated benign lipomas do occur in the mediastinum or retroperitoneum, seemingly mature fatty neoplasms in the retroperitoneum should be considered well-differentiated (WD) liposarcoma. Most lipomas are solitary, soft, and painless and grow slowly; 2–3 % of patients have multiple lesions that are occasionally seen in a familial pattern.
The CYP1A1 Genotype May Alter the Association of Meat Consumption Patterns and Preparation with the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Men and Women

We hypothesized that the risk of colorectal cancer associated with meat preparation methods producing heterocyclic amines or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is modified by the CYP1A1 genotype alone or in combination with the GSTM1 genotype or the NAT2 imputed phenotype. A total of 952 rectal cancer cases and 1205 controls (between September 1997 and February 2002) and 1346 colon cancer cases and 1544 controls (between October 1991 and September 1994) from Utah and Northern California were recruited from a population-based case-control study. Detailed interviews ascertained lifestyle, medical history, and diet and we extracted DNA from whole blood. Risk of colorectal cancer decreased among men with the CYP1A1 *2 any variant genotype and the lowest intake of poultry and men and women with high use of white meat drippings. Risk increased among men with the CYP1A1 *1 (no variant) allele and high white meat mutagen index, but decreased among those with the CYP1A1 *2 genotype. Risk increased with a high white meat mutagen index among women with the CYP1A1 *2 genotype and the GSTM1 present genotype. Risk of colorectal cancer decreased with the CYP1A1 *2 genotype, the NAT2 slow phenotype, and the use of white meat or its drippings. The association of risk for colorectal cancer and selected red and white meat mutagen indices and the use of white meat drippings, or fried white meat variables was more evident within select combinations of the CYP1A1 genotype and either the GSTM1 genotype or NAT2 than with the CYP1A1 alone. Genetic susceptibility may modify the associations of some meat or meat preparation factors with the risk of colorectal cancer.
The Progressive Consumption Tax Revisited

In his recent book, Professor Edward McCaffery proposes to replace the income tax with a progressive consumption tax. By exempting savings and investment from the income tax base, while subjecting spending to a progressive rate tax, McCaffery's proposal appears to be the perfect compromise. This Review examines three previous attempts to introduce a progressive consumption tax - in 1921, 1942, and 1995 - and discusses why they failed to satisfy both sales tax and progressive income tax proponents. The problem was that each previous attempt was considered an illusory compromise. Consumption tax supporters were offended by the progressive rate structure while income tax supporters did not want to adopt what they perceived to be a move from an ability to pay base to a necessity to consume base. The Review concludes by analyzing the extent to which McCaffery's proposal suffers from the same problems as its predecessors.
The task of time in retirement.

Retirees' encounter with time has long interested social scientists, especially the negotiation of such an open-ended status. Pursuing theoretical suggestions that daily activities anchor a narrative of self-identity, this project examined the coherence of retirees' representations of their time use. Information is drawn from interviews with 30 retirees in the Midwestern United States of America who were invited to discuss their daily lives and activities. The retirees valued time sovereignty and accounted for their time use by describing schedules of activities in some detail. Daily time was not presented as improvised but rather as structured into routines. Recurring behaviours flowed from situations and structures in which people were implicated, such as body care and living with others. Even in replies to a specific question about the preceding day, people slipped into language about what they typically do. Retirees' ready narratives about routines were also accounts of who they are not. Our findings suggest, first, that daily routines are instrumental for retirees in economising thought and behaviour. Second, the assertion of a routine is an assurance that one's life is ordered and proceeds with purpose, thus solving the task of time. Third, routines can be a means to signal conformity with ideals of active ageing.
Quality and Access: Bureaucratic Autonomy and the Role of Storylines at the National Endowment for the Arts

This study uses discourse analysis to examine the role of storylines in an agency’s exercise of bureaucratic autonomy wherein agencies are able to pursue their policy goals independent, and sometimes in defiance, of political superiors. Most theories of bureaucratic autonomy typically fall into two categories: those based on task-specificity and those based on the agency’s ability to build a reputation for effectiveness. The author contends that examining the storylines surrounding an agency’s creation and purpose provides for a richer application and integration of existing theories. This study focuses on the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) as an exploratory case study and chronicles the storylines associated with its increasing autonomy from 1965 to 1980 and the subsequent challenges to that autonomy in the culture wars of the 1990s. It suggests that storylines associated with the role of the arts in defining and maintaining American identity in a Cold War context were powerful tools for building ...
Notes on Methods of Rearing Sarcophaginæ (Diptera), and the Biology of Sarcophaga Latisterna Park

The literature of North American economic and medical entomology contains hundreds of references to the Sarcophaginae, one of the subfamilies of the Sarcophagidae. An investigation of these, in the cases where they deal with the immature stages, and in which the adult has not been reared, reveals that each is usually recorded as “Sarcophaga sp.” There are but few cases, although the economic importance of the group is universally recognized, where notes on the larva have been preserved when the adult was reared. The writer has several times encountered larvae of this subfamily while rearing parasites of Scarabaeidae, but has been unable to identify the species, except in those cases in which the reared Sarcophaga was a male. As a result of this difficulty, the present study was undertaken to secure an understanding of the habits and of the distinctive larval characters of the Sarcophaginae or “flesh-flies.” In this paper a few notes on the methods used in rearing Sarcophaginae and on the biology of Sarcophaga latistera will be given. The latter is the only species, among those of this subfamily which were reared by the writer, of which the larva has not been recorded and described either by Mr. C. T. Greene or by Prof. F. M. Root.
Ecology of myxomycetes of a winter-cold desert in western Kazakhstan

The moist chamber culture technique was used to study the ecology of myxomycetes from a win- ter-cold desert of the Mangyschlak Peninsula (west- ern Kazakhstan). A rather species-poor community of 27 myxomycete taxa, two protostelids and some un- differentiated myxobacteria was found. The rank- abundance plot is described best by a log series or a geometric model. The species that developed formed a successional sequence that correlated well with morphological features of the fructifications. Using canonical correspondence analysis, environmental parameters recorded within substrate sampling were related to species abundances. Substratum type and pH accounted for most of the variance in species dis- tribution. Using five environmental parameters and development time as resource states, niche breadths were calculated for the 18 most common species in the study. Bark-inhabiting species were found to be more specialized than those inhabiting litter. Mem-
Reactions ( Li 7 , Li 7 ), ( Li 7 , Li 6 ), and ( Li 7 , He 6 ) on the deformed target Mg 24 at E Li 7 = 34 MeV

Angular distributions for the single nucleon transfer reactions $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$($^{7}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$)$^{25}\mathrm{Mg}$ and $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$($^{7}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{6}\mathrm{He}$)$^{25}\mathrm{Al}$ have been measured to study the effects of target deformation on heavy-ion transfer reactions at ${E}_{^{7}\mathrm{Li}}=34$ MeV. Elastic and inelastic scattering angular distributions have also been measured for $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ + $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$ at the same energy. Optical model fits to the elastic scattering data were good in the diffraction region, but they overestimated the cross section at forward angles. Coupled channels calculations, which coupled the ground and first excited states of $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$ with $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ in its ground state, yielded deformation lengths that are in agreement with those obtained from light-ion scattering measurements. The single nucleon transfer data were compared to exact finite range distorted wave Born approximation calculations. While the extracted spectroscopic factors are in reasonable agreement with those obtained from light-ion works, the calculations are out of phase with the data. Parameter variations by as much as 20% did not resolve this problem. The cross sections for transitions to the $j$-forbidden ${\frac{7}{2}}^{+}$ (1.61 MeV) states in $^{25}\mathrm{Al}$ and $^{25}\mathrm{Mg}$ were smaller relative to the allowed transitions than observed in corresponding light-ion single nucleon transfer reactions.
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II gene expression in the human frontal and temporal lobe in schizophrenia.

There is decreased activity of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia. GCP II hydrolzses N-acetyl-α L-aspartyl-L-glutamate (NAAG), a peptide in the mammalian brain that binds to the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor, both of which have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We examined the expression of GCP II mRNA in the DLPFC, entorhinal cortex (ERC), and hippocampus in postmortem samples from patients with schizophrenia and normal controls using in situ hybridization followed by silver grain detection. GCP II mRNA was detected in glial cells. Glial-rich regions, specifically the DLPFC and ERC white matter and the molecular and polymorphic layers in the hippocampus, express high levels of GCP II mRNA. Given the earlier finding of decreased GCP II activity in brains of subjects with schizophrenia, we expected to find lower GCP II mRNA levels in schizophrenia. Contrary to this expectation, we found a significantly higher expression of GCP II mRNA in one of the brain areas examined, the hippocampal CA3 polymorphic region. This may reflect a compensatory increase to correct for the decreased activity of GCP II activity. Our findings support the notion that the hydrolysis of NAAG is disrupted in schizophrenia and that specific anatomical regions may show discrete abnormalities in GCP II synthesis.
IN VITRO CYTOTOXICITY IN DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY AND IMMUNOLOGIC TOLERANCE.

SummaryPicryl chloride was found to exert a lethal effect in vitro on leukocytes, principally lymphocytes, from guinea pigs exhibiting delayed-type skin reactivity to this hapten in the absence of antibody and complement. This reaction was found to be immunologically specific. PC1 caused no discernible effect on leukocytes from guinea pigs rendered specifically tolerant to this substance.
Efficient probabilistic methods for real-time fatigue damage prognosis

A general probabilistic fatigue crack growth prediction methodology for accurate and efficient damage prognosis is proposed in this paper. This methodology consists two major parts. First, the realistic random loading is transformed to an equivalent constant amplitude loading process based on a recently developed mechanism model. This transformation avoids the cycle-by-cycle calculation of fatigue crack growth under variable amplitude loading. Following this, an inverse first-order reliability method (IFORM) is used to evaluate the fatigue crack growth at an arbitrary reliability level. Inverse FORM method does not require a large number of function evaluations compared to the direct Monte Carlo simulation. Computational cost is significantly reduced and the proposed method is very suitable for real-time damage prognosis. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the proposed method. Various experimental data under variable amplitude loading are collected and model predictions are compared with experimental data for model validation.