cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaboration within the Puget Sound Marine and Nearshore Science Network

This article presents results of a study intended to paint a broad picture and uncover general trends in collaboration within the Puget Sound marine and nearshore research community. Survey results showed that natural scientists dominate the network, representing 80% of all actors in the sample. Relational contingency analysis revealed high internal rates of collaboration among social scientists and among interdisciplinary scientists. The lowest rates of collaboration were observed between natural scientists and social scientists (p <.001). Cohesion metrics were examined within sub-networks of individuals working on a variety of topical focus areas. In general, sub-networks focused on human dimensions–related topics had higher fragmentation scores (lower cohesion) than sub-networks focused on ecological, biological, or physical processes. These less cohesive sub-networks are identified as areas of opportunity for strategic network interventions to support and foster new collaborations. Results of qualitat...
Improved alkylation and product stability in phosphotriester formation through quinone methide reactions with dialkyl phosphates.

Investigating reactions of functionalized p-quinone methides continues to advance our design of a reagent being developed for controlled, in situ modification of DNA via phosphodiester alkylation. Previously reported investigations of p-quinone methides derived from catechols allowed for trapping of isolable trialkyl phosphates for characterization and mechanistic information. However, lactone formation with these derivatives required long reaction times, resulting in an unfavorable mixture of trialkyl phosphate and hydrolysis products. To enhance the rate and efficacy of trialkyl phosphate formation and trapping, a phenol derived p-quinone methide has been designed to enforce a conformation favoring lactonization of the dialkyl phosphate alkylated intermediate. The relative rates of phosphodiester alkylation and subsequent trapping of the phosphotriester adduct have been examined by UV and 1H NMR analysis for p-quinone methide precursor 1 and the corresponding control, 1‘. The incorporation of a methyl g...
Pyrolysis of novel and safe phosphorous sources for chemical-beam epitaxy applications

It is well known that PH3 is highly toxic and safer alternatives need to be found. TBP has a favorable vapor pressure at room temperature and decomposes at a lower temperature than PH3. Results of a systematic investigation of the pyrolysis of novel phosphorous (P) precursors for chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) that are safer than phosphine are presented. In particular, three topics pertinent to CBE are presented: (1) technical details on the pyrolysis conditions and growth using several novel condensed-phase P-precursors, including tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP); (2) a custom-designed gas-source group V cracker cell; and (3) methods to reduce the cracking temperature of P-containing sources.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Phase 2 Study of Concurrent Fludarabine and Rituximab for the Treatment of Marginal Zone Lymphomas

The marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs) are a recently defined group of related diseases that probably arise from a common cell of origin, the marginal zone B cell. Data on therapy for subtypes other than gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma has been largely limited to retrospective case series. This prospective phase 2 study of fludarabine and rituximab for the treatment of marginal zone lymphomas enrolled 26 patients, 14 with nodal MZL, eight with MALT lymphomas and four with splenic MZL; 81% were receiving initial systemic therapy. Only 58% [95% confidence interval (CI) 37-77%] of patients completed the planned six cycles, due to significant haematological, infectious and allergic toxicity. Four late toxic deaths occurred due to infections [15% (95% CI 4.3-35%)], two related to delayed bone marrow aplasia and two related to myelodysplastic syndrome. Nonetheless, the overall response rate was 85% (95% CI 65-96%), with 54% complete responses. The progression-free survival at 3.1 years of follow-up is 79.5% (95% CI 63-96%). We conclude that, although concurrent fludarabine and rituximab given at this dose and schedule is a highly effective regimen in the treatment of MZLs, the significant haematological and infectious toxicity observed both during and after therapy is prohibitive in this patient population, emphasizing the need to study MZLs as a separate entity.
Simultaneous surgical treatment of coexistent coarctation of the aorta and aortic valvular stenosis.

OMBINED cardiovascular lesions pose complex theoretical and practical problems of diagnostic evaluation and surgical management. These relate to the relative importance of one lesion over another, the possible sequence of events following surgical correction and the magnitude of surgery that a given patient will tolerate at one time.L2 Our experience with combined mitral and aortic stenosis has shown that both can be corrected at one operation3 with risk no greater than for the more serious of the two lesions. However, only a few patients with combined aortic stenosis and coarctation who have undergone operation have been reported on.4 The following case is added to the literature in support of the contention that one-stage correction is feasible. This patient had severe hemodynamic manifestations of his disease with a left ventricular peak systolic pressure of 400 mm. Hg, 100 mm. higher than that in the series of patients studied by Goldberg et a1.4 His response to resection of the coarctation followed by transventricular aortic commissurotomy has been gratifying.
Gendered political socialization in four contexts: political interest and values among junior high school students in China, Japan, Mexico, and the United States

Abstract This article examines whether gender influences the level of political interest, the perception of politics as a male sphere, and the belief in the importance of political participation. By looking at junior high students in four countries, we explore whether culture or level of economic development produce gendered patterns of political socialization. We conclude that girls valued participation in politics at least as much as boys, but that the perception was widespread that politics was a male sphere. The most surprising finding was that gender differences in all four countries were small and subtle in most areas examined.
Response of Bird Populations to Farmland Set‐Aside Programs

Abstract: The role of agricultural landscapes in biodiversity conservation has been largely ignored despite their potential role in conserving declining species. Within agricultural landscapes, set-aside programs may offer the most promising conservation opportunities due to the large area involved in these programs. I explored the relationship between set-aside effect size—on the basis of data from field studies of birds in cropland and set-aside fields—and population changes following establishment of these fields. Species whose abundance was most strongly influenced by the establishment of set-aside lands also tended to show positive changes in population trends following broad-scale implementation of the set-aside program. This relationship was strongest for grassland obligate birds, a group of birds experiencing broad-scale population declines throughout North America. There is now increasing evidence that set-aside lands within the United States are providing population-level benefits to grassland birds. Nevertheless, there are also increasing concerns about the stability of these set-aside lands in the face of increased demand for crops and rising commodity prices. If set-aside area within the United States is allowed to decline, additional declines of birds and perhaps other taxa within agricultural landscapes seem likely.
Impact damage on annealed and on tempered flat glass

Abstract Impact damage was produced on annealed and on tempered flat glass specimens using a variety of quartz particles and steel ball bearings. Impacts with quartz particles resulted in damage which is typical for sharp indenters, although considerable scatter in the size of sites was present. Ball bearings caused Hertzian fracture. It was possible to correlate the resulting strength degradation with impact energy and damage morphology. Tempering was effective in reducing damage and loss of strength. The required fracture surface energy to produce the Hertzian defects was estimated to be only a small fraction of the available kinetic (impact) energy.
The Mediated Influence of Hostile Attributional Style on Turnover Intentions

To better understand the influence of causal perceptions on turnover intentions, this study investigates the influence of hostile attribution styles on job satisfaction, stress, and turnover intent. A theoretical model is developed in which satisfaction and stress are predicted to mediate the relationship between hostile attributions and turnover intentions. Results of hierarchical regression and path analysis partially supported the hypothesized model, suggesting that hostile attribution styles are an important predictor of job satisfaction and turnover intentions. The predicted relationship between hostile attribution style and stress was not supported.
Friends with Health Benefits: Does Individual-level Social Capital Improve Health?

We contribute to the growing literature exploring the effect of social capital (SC) on health in several ways. First, we compare three different measures of SC and find remarkable consistency in their effects on health. Second, we use a long panel and account for the time persistence of individual health. In addition, we create a continuous index of individual health and finally, we use dynamic panel data methods to control for the endogeneity of SC in a health model without the need for external instruments or exclusion restrictions. Our results confirm the strong association between SC and health and the importance of controlling for both heterogeneity and lagged health to avoid overstating the effect of SC on health.
Catalytic reduction of perchlorate by H2 gas in dilute aqueous solutions

Abstract Perchlorate ions are present in both ground and surface waters in several regions of U.S. Due to the detrimental effect of perchlorate on human health it is of current urgency to remove perchlorate from the source water. Reduction of perchlorate by hydrogen gas has undisputed advantages in cost, ease in operation, and public acceptance. In the present study, we attempted to remove perchlorate ions from dilute solutions using hydrogen gas assisted by metallic catalysts in a pressurized reactor. Results indicated that perchlorate ions could be reduced to chloride by molecular hydrogen gas. Among a total of 78 catalytic systems studied, 25 showed significant or observable perchlorate reduction. The reaction rate was dependent on the type of catalysts used. The maximum removal efficiency was about 20% in hours at an initial perchlorate concentration of 10 ppm in the presence of several commercial catalysts. However, metallic catalysts were able to achieve about 90% removal in 2 weeks at an initial perchlorate concentration of 2 ppm. The most efficient system was the Ti–TiO2 surface with a removal efficiency of higher than 90% in 3 days at an initial perchlorate concentration of only 1 ppm or 1000 ppb. Results clearly indicate the potential of perchlorate reduction by hydrogen molecules.
An advanced undergraduate course in applied computer science

The purpose of this paper is to describe a senior level course in the applied computer science curriculum at Northern Illinois University. The course, Database and Data Communications, has been taught for four semesters, and enrollment has steadily grown.The course has a number of purposes. The primary one is to acquaint students with the principles of modern database management and teleprocessing applications and to instill proficiency in the writing of application programs for at least two of the major software systems supporting such applications, IBM's Information Management System (IMS) and Customer Information Control System (CICS). A secondary purpose is to consolidate and extend knowledge and techniques learned in previous courses. Course content which fulfills this purpose includes structured programming in both assembler language and COBOL, applied data structures, and access methods not previously covered (BDAM and VSAM).
7036 Audit of time spent for endoscopy with conscious sedation- pilot study.

Introduction: There is little data on the time spent by the patient for endoscopy. Information on the time spent for various components may help identify areas for future improvement to contain the cost of endoscopy. Aim: To prospectively study the time spent by the patient in the endoscopy unit (before, during, and after the procedure) for conscious sedation endoscopy in an academic center. Methods & Results: Data was collected on a proforma prospectively by the endoscopy unit nurses on all the pts undergoing GI endoscopy for four weeks in August & September 1999. 165 endoscopies were done on 160 pts. Data collection was complete (100%) in 121 (73%) procedures and data of this 121 pts forms the basis for this report. Demography of the endoscopy unit: a) Endoscopy Unit: Procedure rooms for endocopy: 2 (3rd room for bronchoscopy, liver biopsy, paracentesis, and bone biopsy); Preparation & recovery beds for all the procedures: 5; b) Staff: One endoscopist supervised 2 fellows in training for the day; a nurse & a technician assisted the procedure in each room; 2 nurses staffed the preparation & recovery area; 2 secretaries ran the endoscopy office. c) Endoscopy equipment: EGD: 5 (3 adult, 1 Pediatric, 1 Therapeutic); colonoscopes: 4; ERCP scopes: 2; scope cleaning units: 2. Time study: See table Conclusions: Our findings suggest that efforts should be directed towards reducing preparation & recovery time & waiting prior to the procedure. Alternatives include unsedated endoscopy & reversal of sedation.
State-of-the-art ultrasound imaging technology.

m t e l ltrasound imaging systems have een used in medicine for over 50 ears [1]. Modern scanners have he characteristics of being inexensive, portable, safe, and real ime in nature, all of which make ltrasound one of the most widely sed medical imaging modalities. o a great degree, current ultraound scanners are based on the ame fundamental principles as the rst devices used for human imagng. Although often referred to as a ature technology, ultrasound imging continues to evolve in capaility, and there seems to be no reaon to believe that this evolution ill slow in the near future. The urpose of this article is to provide n overview of the technology and eatures commonly found in curent state-of-the-art ultrasound imging equipment. One major point of difference etween seminal ultrasound imagng equipment and modern scaners is the use of tissue harmonic maging. Although it was introuced relatively recently, it has aleady earned a role as an indispensble ultrasound imaging mode. he benefits of tissue harmonic imging were first observed in work eared toward the imaging of ultraound contrast materials. The term armonic refers to frequencies that re integral multiples of the freuency of the transmitted pulse called the fundamental frequency r first harmonic). The second haronic has a frequency of twice the undamental. Ultrasound waves ropagate through tissue in a noninear fashion. The wave velocity is lightly greater for higher pressure d
Reporting Rape in a National Sample of College Women

Abstract Background: Studies indicate that a small percentage of rapes are reported to law enforcement officials. Research also suggests that rapes perpetrated by a stranger are more likely to be reported and that rapes involving drugs and/or alcohol are less likely to be reported. College women represent a unique and understudied population with regard to reporting rape. Methods: In the current study, the authors interviewed a national sample of 2,000 college women about rape experiences in 2006. Results: Only 11.5% of college women in the sample reported their most recent/only rape experience to authorities, with only 2.7% of rapes involving drugs and/or alcohol reported. Minority status (ie, nonwhite race) was associated with lower likelihood of reporting, whereas sustaining injuries during the rape was associated with increased likelihood of reporting. Discussion: Reporting, particularly for rapes involving drugs and alcohol, is low among college women. Implications for policy are discussed.
Induction of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity in T cells after stimulation of the prostaglandin E2 or the beta-adrenergic receptors: relationship between PKA activity and inhibition of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-induced T cell proliferation.

Abstract Recently, we have shown that T cells exposed to concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (ISO) that elicit equimolar levels of cAMP accumulation do not inhibit anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-induced T cell proliferation to the same extent. This report extends these studies by investigating the induction of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in T cells stimulated with PGE2 or ISO. The kinetics of PKA activity induced by PGE2 or ISO in T cells are similar but PGE2 induces more PKA activity. When T cells were treated with concentrations of PGE2 or ISO that elicited similar PKA activities, PGE2 was found to be more immunosuppressive than ISO. T cells stimulated with PGE2 or ISO showed similar levels of increased PKA activity in both the cytosolic and the particulate fractions. Quantitation of the activity of PKA I and PKA II isozymes in T cells stimulated with PGE2 or ISO revealed that both types were activated; however, while PGE2 induced the utilization of an equal amount of both isozymes in T cells, ISO-treated cells utilized twice as much PKA I compared to PKA II. Overall, these results suggest that qualitative differences in the concentration or cAMP and PKA activity are important elements in modulatory T cell proliferative responses.
Forecasts from a State Space Multivariate Time-Series Model

specify the lag structure of the model based on the rank of an estimated Hankel correlation ma­ trix. This Hankel matrix of autocorrelations is obtained as the expectation of the outer product of the observed series with itself lagged. The usual carriers of past information, lagged ob­ servations, and moving-average errors are com­ bined in a set of state variables, which are min­ imum sufficient statistics for the past history of the series. Robustness with regard to model specification is obtained by forming these states as specific linear combinations of the observed series. Because of the way in which the states are formed, a largely nonsubjective search can be conducted over possible models while assur­ ing consistency of included coefficients even if model order is misspecified. [For a development of these attributes, see Aoki and Havenner (1989b), Havenner & Aoki (1988b, c), as well as the original Aoki reference.] The state space model consists of two matrix equations:
Islet transplantation in the twenty-first century

Isolated islet transplantation is poised for clinical application to treat insulin-dependent diabetes. Unlike exogenous insulin therapy, islet transplantation has promise for preventing and/or reversing the dismal secondary complications of diabetes. Islet transplants are arguably the most unique type of allografts, and we discuss their properties, limitations, and potential in this overview. The induction of immunologic tolerance to allow islet grafts to endure and prevail, without the hardship of chronic immunosuppressive therapy, is a major goal in this field. In this context, we discuss our successful results in preclinical models of primate allogeneic and xenogeneic islet graft tolerance.
Prostatic ductal system in rats: Tissue-specific expression and regional variation in stromal distribution of transforming growth factor-β1

BACKGROUND Regional variations in stromal-epithelial interactions, mediated through soluble growth factors, may be responsible for differences in epithelial growth and death observed between regions of the rat prostatic ductal system. Since transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) can induce prostatic epithelial cell death in vitro and in vivo, we examined the localization and production of TGF-β1 with respect to the functional regions of the rat prostatic ductal system. METHODS The distribution of TGF-β1 in the rat ventral prostate was examined by immunohistochemistry. Cell type-specific expression of TGF-β1 was determined using RT-PCR analysis of prostate epithelial and stromal cell fractions separated by Percoll gradient centrifugation. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining of normal prostate revealed regional variations in stromal TGF-β1 protein, which was most abundant in the stroma surrounding the degenerative proximal ducts. TGF-β1 staining was also tightly associated with the prostatic smooth muscle. Results of RT-PCR experiments confirmed the major source of TGF-β1 mRNA in normal rat prostate to be the stroma, with lesser expression by the epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Stromal TGF-β1 was associated with cell death in the adjacent epithelial cell compartment in the prostatic ductal system, and α-smooth muscle actin-positive stromal cells may play a negative growth-regulatory role in the rat ventral prostate through production of TGF-β1. Prostate 33:64–71, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multimodal, Multiplex Raman Spectrometer for Weak, Incoherent Sources

Raman spectroscopy in bio-materials is complicated by fluorescence and scattering. We have developed a multimodal, multiplex spectrometer that overcomes these difficulties. We are currently constructing a second generation prototype for in-vivo Raman spectroscopy of tissue.
A simple and sensitive method for monitoring drug-induced cell injury in cultured cells

A simple, sensitive method has been developed for evaluating cell injury noninvasively in monolayer cells in culture. The cell ATP pool was radiolabeled by incubating the cells with (/sup 14/C)adenine. The uptake and incorporation of (/sup 14/C)adenine was shown to proportional to the number of cells. As determined by HPLC, about 65-70% of the incorporated /sup 14/C label was in the ATP pool, 15-20% was in the ADP pool, and the rest was in the 5'-AMP pool. When prelabeled cells were exposed to toxic drugs (acetaminophen, calcium ionophore A-23187, or daunomycin) there was a marked decrease in cell ATP with a concomitant increase in leakage of labeled nucleotides, mainly 5'-AMP and 5'IMP. The authors have shown that leakage of /sup 14/C label into the medium from the prelabeled cells may be employed for quantitation of cell injury. This new measure of toxicity was shown to correlate very well with LDH leakage from the cells, which is a well accepted measure of cell injury. The leakage of 5'-(/sup 14/C)AMP also correlated very well with the reduction of cell ATP in cardiac myocytes. This method has been used for monitoring drug-induced toxicity in liver cells, cardiac myocytes, and LB cells.
Tailoring strong lensing cosmographic observations

Strong lensing time delay cosmography has excellent complementarity with other dark energy probes and will soon have abundant systems detected. We investigate two issues in the imaging and spectroscopic follow-up required to obtain the time delay distance. The first is optimization of spectroscopic resources. We develop a code to optimize the cosmological leverage under the constraint of constant spectroscopic time and find that sculpting the lens system redshift distribution can deliver a 40% improvement in dark energy figure of merit. The second is the role of systematics, correlated between different quantities of a given system or model errors common to all systems. We show how the levels of different systematics affect the cosmological parameter estimation and derive guidance for the fraction of double image vs quad image systems to follow as a function of differing systematics between them.
Successful Rehabilitation of a Young Adult With Total Hip Arthroplasty a Decade After a Girdlestone Procedure: A Case Presentation.

This is a case presentation of a female patient who underwent a Girdlestone arthroplasty at age 10 years and a total hip arthroplasty at age 21. Despite early postoperative rehabilitation, the patient experienced increasing pain, progressive gait deviations, and functional limitations during the year after surgery. This course of care was initiated 1 year after surgery and focused on motor retraining to address pain and gait deviations. This case demonstrates that positive outcomes can be achieved after longstanding musculoskeletal dysfunction is corrected, but that prolonged rehabilitation may be necessary to produce changes in movement patterns at both the local (joint and muscle) and central (cortical) levels. Correction of both the structural problem and the learned movement patterns is necessary for a successful outcome.
Gaussian-Apodized Apertures And Small-Angle Scatter Measurement

Gaussian-apodized apertures are investigated for the purpose of reducing the diffraction background of a small-angle scatterometer. The farfield irradiance distributions of weakly truncated and untruncated Gaussian beams are compared. The envelope of diffraction ringing is shown to decrease proportionately with the level of truncation in the pupil. Spherical aberration and defocus are shown to have little effect on the higher-order diffraction rings of Gaussian-apodized apertures. A method is presented for determining the scattered irradiance level for a given bidirectional reflectance distribution function in relation to the peak irradiance of the point spread function. An example is provided that demonstrates that the small-angle diffraction background can be reduced by orders of magnitude as compared with a scatterometer with an unapodized pupil. Analysis of the point spread function is provided from 0 to 16 arcmin for an exit pupil diameter of 25.4 mm and A = 0.6328 Am. The numerical methods utilized to obtain these results are discussed.
When are zero modes necessary

Abstract In this paper we develop a way to count zero momentum modes in front-form quantization and apply it to several such approaches: canonical light-cone quantization; Dirac light-cone quantization; reduced phase space quantization; and Penrose quantization. We also examine which of these light-cone methods are consistent with the Atiyah-Singer index theorem.
Stratigraphy and correlation of the glacial deposits on the Montana Plains

Till units representing at least three pre-Illinoian continental glaciations, at least one Illinoian glaciation, and a late Wisconsin glaciation have been identified on the Montana Plains. Early Wisconsin or middle Wisconsin till units have not been identified. The southernmost limit of late Wisconsin glaciation is in Montana, more than 170 km south of the Lethbridge moraine in Alberta, Canada (Figs 1 and 2). An interpretation that the Lethbridge moraine is the limit of late Wisconsin glaciation (Stalker, 1977, 1980, 1983b; Stalker and Harrison, 1977; Rutter, 1980, 1981; Jackson, 1983) is incompatible with stratigraphic and morphologic evidence from Montana.
The importance of monotherapy in pregnancy

The great majority of women with epilepsy who become pregnant have normal pregnancies and healthy infants. However, in utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can put infants of women with epilepsy at increased risk for a variety of abnormalities, including intrauterine growth retardation, minor anomalies, major congenital malformations, microcephaly, and cognitive dysfunction. Various combinations of these findings can occur in an individual infant and are referred to as the fetal anticonvulsant syndrome (FAS). The most common major malformations are cleft lip/palate, heart defects, neural tube defects, and urogenital defects. Although AEDs have teratogenic risks, withdrawal of all AEDs before pregnancy is not a realistic option for many women with epilepsy. The results of several studies indicate that AED monotherapy reduces the risk for development of FAS compared with polytherapy exposure in utero. Current treatment guidelines advise use of AED monotherapy when possible and folate supplementation beginning before and continuing throughout pregnancy. Prenatal screening for major malformations should be offered. Careful planning and management of any pregnancy in women with epilepsy is essential to increase the likelihood of a healthy outcome for mother and infant.
Spermatogenesis and Testicular Development of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae)

Quantitative data on the cellular components and size of the testis at various developmental stages of the European corn borer are presented. Percentages of the testicular components in 6 developmental stages of germ cells arc given, including spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, elongating and mature sperm. Testis size increased rapidly during larval and early pupal life, becoming reduced thereafter coincident with the migration of sperm into the efferent duct.
Assessment: what's in it for me?

Purpose – Accreditation and other types of reports will continue to be required by libraries and other entities in higher education. However, the traditional means and methods of assessment for these reports can be limiting. The measures can be used as opportunities to think more creatively and broadly about what is being done and offered. This paper aims to addresses these issues.Design/methodology/approach – The paper considers recent articles about transformation and new ways of thinking.Findings – The paper recommends using traditional means of assessment in new ways and encouraging librarians to think outside the box and traditional boundaries of what the author has offered.Originality/value – Considering various kinds of assessment and re‐thinking traditional means of assessment will be valuable for librarians and libraries.
Motivational deficit in depressed cancer patients.

A motivational theory of depression states that depression consists of low expectations and low values for rewards. This theory accurately describes one class of depression, the affective disorders. The present study tested its accuracy for another class of depression, adjustment disorder with depressed mood. This class of depression is precipitated by environmental stresses, such as chronic illness. The focus was therefore on people (N = 48) who were experiencing terminal cancer and nonterminal cancer. Results supported each prediction generated by the motivational theory. The cancer patients exhibited low expectations and low values; hence, they were un-motivated and depressed. Implications are that some of the symptoms exhibited by cancer patients may be manifestations of negative beliefs rather than physical impairments.
Design of an expert system for monitoring drug treatment in a psychiatric hospital

The development of a prototype system and the incorporation of a language/action model to facilitate human/computer interaction in the development of an expert system that would operate in real time and be used directly by clinicians treating psychiatric patients is described. The prototype system was implemented initially in Prolog and run on a SUN 3/50 workstation. This system was able to monitor the drug treatment of patients with any of three diagnoses: bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and major depression. The prototype was tested on subsets of patient-related data representing approximately 1200 patient-days of actual patient, laboratory, and pharmacy records, which were downloaded from the hospital's database. It was found that 100% of the clinical events of potential concern were properly identified. The language/action perspective has important implications for clinicians as end-users and the problem of acceptability of expert systems in the clinical setting. >
The logical status of risk – to burnish or to dull

Presented here is an elaboration of the fundamental features of the meaning of risk. It distinguishes between analytic approaches grounded in realism and postmodern (including constructionist) epistemologies and the presuppositions of each. It argues that attempts to fuse the ontology of risk with epistemological considerations into a common definition is both internally contradictory and a weak foundation for a theoretically justified definition of risk. In place of a fused definition of risk, it re‐affirms a definition risk as a state of the world, independent of percipient actors.
Viscoelastic response of floating ice plates under distributed or concentrated loads

AbstractThis paper deals with the elastic and viscoelastic deflections and stresses of non-homogeneous rectangular or infinite floating ice plates subjected to central distributed lateral loads, where the loading region is of rectangular shape, or concentrated loads. The analysis takes into account the variation of Young's modulus of ice in the thickness direction. The Rayleigh—Ritz procedure is used to obtain the elastic solution for the deflections and bending moments, while the viscoelastic solution is obtained from the elastic response using the correspondence principle. Closed form Bessel-type elastic and viscoelastic solutions are obtained for infinite floating ice plates. Comparisons are made between the time-dependent response of infinite and finite square floating ice plates.
CD28 negative T cells: is their loss our gain?

CD28 is a primary costimulation molecule for T cell activation. However, during the course of activation some T cells lose this molecule and assume a CD28-independent existence. These CD28− T cells are generally antigen-experienced and highly differentiated. CD28− T cells are functionally heterogeneous. Their characteristics vary largely on the context in which they are found and range from having enhanced cytotoxic abilities to promoting immune regulation. Thus, CD28 loss appears to be more of a marker for advanced differentiation regardless of the cytotoxic or regulatory function being conducted by the T cell. CD28− T cells are now being recognized as playing significant roles in several human diseases. Various functional CD28− populations have been characterized in inflammatory conditions, infections and cancers. Of note, the recent introduction of costimulation blockade-based therapies, particularly those that inhibit CD28–B7 interactions, has made CD28 loss particularly relevant for solid organ transplantation. Certain CD28− T cell populations seem to promote allograft tolerance whereas others contribute to alloreactivity and costimulation blockade resistant rejection. Elucidating the interplay between these populations and characterizing the determinants of their ultimate function may have relevance for clinical risk stratification and personal determination of optimal posttransplant immune management.
Contribution of 20-HETE to Vasodilator Actions of Nitric Oxide in the Cerebral Microcirculation

Background and Purpose —The present study examined the contributions of a rise in cGMP versus a fall in 20-HETE levels to the vasodilator response to nitric oxide (NO) in the cerebral circulation of the rat. Methods —Intact rat middle cerebral and basilar arteries were bathed in physiological saline solution containing indomethacin (5 μmol/L) and baicalein (0.5 μmol/L) and pressurized at 90 mm Hg. Relaxations to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were studied before and after addition of \[1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3- a ]quinoxalin-1-one\] (ODQ, a guanylyl cyclase blocker), 8 R ,9 S ,11 S -(−)-9-methoxy-carbamyl-8-methyl-2,3,9,10-tetrahydro-8,11-epoxy-1H,8H,11H-2,7 b ,11 a -trizadibenzo-( a , g )-cycloocta-( c , d , e )-trinden-1-one (KT5823, a protein kinase G blocker), and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). Cerebral blood flow was measured by using a laser Doppler flow probe over a thin cranial window in anesthetized rats, and the effects of intracerebroventricular infusion of 1-hexamine,6-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino) N -methyl (MAHMA nonoate) and dibromododecenyl methylsulfimide (DDMS) were determined. Results —SNP-induced dilation of serotonin-preconstricted (0.2 μmol/L) middle cerebral arteries (10−7 to 10−3 mol/L) was attenuated in arteries treated with ODQ (10 μmol/L) or KT5823 (1 μmol/L) by 52% and 27%, respectively. Preventing the NO-induced fall in intracellular 20-HETE, by adding 20-HETE (100 nmol/L) to the bath, reduced the dilation to SNP by 62%. Simultaneous administration of ODQ and 20-HETE markedly attenuated the SNP-induced dilation by 90%. In basilar arteries, ODQ (10 μmol/L) alone completely blocked the response to SNP. Infusion of MAHMA nonoate (10 nmol/min ICV) in anesthetized rats increased cerebral blood flow by 52% before and 8% after blockade of the endogenous production of 20-HETE with DDMS (50 pmol/min). Conclusions —These results suggest that NO dilates cerebral arteries through both cGMP-dependent and cGMP-independent pathways and that inhibition of 20-HETE formation contributes to the cerebral vasodilator response to NO both in vitro and in vivo.
Dislocation Damping in Rutile Single Crystals

Rutile (TiO2) crystals exhibited amplitude dependent internal friction behavior characteristic of that associated with dislocation damping. The generation of excess nonstoichiometric defects decreased damping, particularly for the (1|01) [1|01|] extended dislocation system. An increase in test temperature decreased damping, suggesting that ionized defects may interact more strongly with dislocations than the defects characteristic of lower temperatures.
PARM : power aware reconfigurable middleware

In distributed environments, generic middleware services (e.g. caching, location management etc.) are widely used to satisfy application needs in a cost-effective manner. Such middleware services consume system resources such as storage, computation and communication and can be sources of significant power overheads when executed on low-power devices. We present a distributed middleware framework (PARM), that is inherently power-aware and reconfigures itself to adapt to diminishing power levels of low-power devices. In this paper, we i) determine whether a reconfigurable component-based middleware framework can be utilized to achieve energy gains in low-power devices, while preserving the semantics of the middleware services, ii) present and evaluate a graph theoretic approach for dynamically determining middleware component reconfigurations and ascertaining the optimal frequency at which the restructuring should occur, for maximal energy gains at the device. We use extensive profiling to chart the energy usage patterns of middleware components and applications, and use the profiled data to drive our reconfiguration decisions. Our simulation results demonstrate that our framework is able to save 5% to 35% of energy depending on the nature and class of applications and middleware components used.
Optimizing binary feature vector similarity measure using genetic algorithm and handwritten character recognition

Classifying an unknown input is a fundamental problemin pattern recognition. A common method is to define a distancemetric between patterns and find the most similar patternin the reference set. When patterns are in binary featurevector form, there have been two approaches to improvethe performance over the equal-weighted Hamming distancemetric. One is to give different weights to different featuresusing an optimization technique, and the other is to use asimilarity measure that gives full credit to features present inboth patterns and the less credit to those absent from bothpatterns. Both approaches have been reported to performbetter than the naive Hamming distance approach. In thispaper, we propose to combine these two approaches using agenetic algorithm to optimize weights. Experimental resultsshow that this method is superior to conventional measuresin an OCR application.
Software engineering - coming of age or reaching top far?

Some say there is an emerging consensus among us about what a good software development process is, and for that reason we are on the brink of being able to declare ourselves a mature field. In this presentation, I will critically examine the claims and assumptions behind that notion. I will try to show that the emerging consensus is an illusion caused by systematically excluding different ideas. What we need to do is better define and acknowledge the various sub-communities of software engineering, identify the major competing paradigms of software engineering, and find ways to constructively engage each other in real discussion and exchanges of experience. I will offer an example of at least one forum that is doing just that.
Optimizing Schedules for Maritime Humanitarian Cooperative Engagements from a United States Navy Sea Base

This paper introduces Global Fleet Station Mission Planner (GFSMP), an optimization tool to aid in mission planning and the scheduling of humanitarian assistance missions for the US Navy. GFSMP helps fleet staffs to examine how one naval ship, which was deployed for an extended period (e.g., six months), with embarked teams can best provide humanitarian assistance. We illustrate the application of GFSMP using notional data from the fall 2007 Gulf of Guinea African Partnership Station demonstration, which the Commander, US Naval Forces Europe--Commander, Sixth Fleet developed, and by its use in the Trident Warrior 2009 exercise, which the Commander of the US Second Fleet conducted. In contrast to manual planning GFSMP's solutions significantly improve total mission value achieved and reduce costs. Equally important, GFSMP quickly provides decision makers with courses of action, including partial rescheduling of existing plans, in response to exigent changes. “Do good with what thou hast, or it will do thee no good.” William Penn, American colonial leader (1644--1718)
The launching of surface waves by a parallel plate waveguide

The excitation of the lowest TM surface wave in grounded dielectric slab by a terminated parallel plate waveguide is discussed. The ground plane is the continuation of the lower plate of the waveguide and the infinite dielectric slab is partially filling the waveguide. The thickness of the slab, the height of the parallel plate waveguide, and the frequency are such that only the lowest slow wave can propagate in the partially filled waveguide and the grounded dielectric slab. The Fourier transform of the field scattered by the termination of the upper plate of the waveguide is found by means of the Wiener-Hopf technique and the far fields obtained by the method of steepest descents. The percentage of power reflected back into the waveguide, of power transmitted to the surface wave in the slab, and of power radiated into the open space are plotted vs the thickness of the slab for different heights of the waveguide and \epsilon=2.49 . This method of excitation is found to be very efficient. If the dimensions of the waveguide and the slab remain within a considerably wide range, the efficiency obtained for a given frequency is very close to the optimum. Therefore, the adjustments for maximum efficiency are not critical.
Optimal and suboptimal decisions in perceptual problem-solving tasks.

Certain perceptual problem-solving tasks can be formulated as multistage decision-making problems. The dynamic programming approach can then be used to find the optimal decisions. When constraints are imposed on the problem-solver's ability to scan his environment and to process information, simple algorithms for solving the problem can be constructed. The algorithms yield suboptimal solutions that may adequately describe the problem-solver's behavior. Elithorn's perceptual maze test is reanalyzed and the results of an illustrative experiment are presented and discussed.
Rose-colored beer goggles: The relation between experiencing alcohol consequences and perceived likelihood and valence

Although experiencing alcohol-related consequences has some influence on future drinking, this effect may be stronger based on the degree to which the consequence is viewed as positive versus negative, either by the individual or pre-defined by researchers. This study explored the relationship between experiencing positive and negative alcohol-related consequences and college students’ perceptions of how likely those consequences were to occur in the future (i.e. likelihood), and their view of how positive or negative experiencing those consequences would be if they did experience them as a result of drinking (i.e. valence). Data were collected from 491 college students (mean age = 19.26; 56.4% female; 55.0% Caucasian; 33.2% Asian/Pacific Islander) through a computerized survey. Results indicated that experiencing more positive consequences in the past year was associated with viewing those consequences as both more likely to occur and more positive, while experiencing more negative consequences was associated with viewing them as less negative and no more likely to occur, except for those who had experienced the highest levels of negative consequences. These findings suggest that finding ways to reduce both perceptions as well as consequences themselves may be effective intervention tools.
Unsteady flows of a class of novel generalizations of the Navier-Stokes fluid

In this short paper we study the counterpart, within the context of a general class of fluids, of two famous unsteady flows originally studied by Stokes, within the context of Navier-Stokes fluid, namely Stokes' first and second problems. The class of fluids considered, stress power-law fluids, are capable of stress thinning or stress thickening and can describe phenomena that the classical power-law fluids are incapable of modeling. Within the context of the problems considered, we are able to find solutions wherein stress boundary layers develop.
Cultivation gives context to the microbial ecologist

The posed debate asks whether cultivation has a place in contemporary environmental microbial ecology. Approximately two decades ago, cultivation-independent methods experienced an advance (Olsen et al. , 1986) concurrent with the establishment in the literature of the following sentence: ‘It is well known that 99.9% of all organisms are unculturable’ (Rothschild, 2006). While technical advancements have been made in sequence-based and cultivation-based microbial ecology, the ‘uncultivability’ of environmental microorganisms has stood as a beacon to the molecular community of the futility of cultivation. The same phenomenon has served as a welcome challenge to others, leading to the development of novel cultivation approaches and technologies. It appears now that microbial cultivation is an emerging frontier in environmental microbiology, in part because it provides information about communities that cannot be obtained directly from sequencing efforts alone (Ellis et al. , 2003). As the barriers to cultivation are reduced, the complications of undertaking microbial ecology in its absence are becoming more apparent. Sequence collection efforts may appear, at first glance, far superior to cultivation because they bypass the discrepancy between the number of microbial cells present in a sample and the number of colonies produced in vitro (Schloss & Handelsman, 2005). The promise of genomes without cultivation has made metagenomics a popular cultivation-independent approach to microbial community assessment (Handelsman, 2004; DeLong, 2005). Isolation and sequencing of microbial DNA from mixed communities en masse, rather than focusing on select phylogenetic markers, potentially provides access to the full complement of microbial genes and the opportunity to reassemble genomes without the requirement of environmental isolates (Handelsman et al. , 1998). However, closing genomes from these efforts proves exceedingly difficult, apparently owing to genomic micro-heterogeneity (Tringe & Rubin, 2005), compounded by species diversity within samples (Venter et al. , 2004). Even with closure, typically 40% or …