cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model-based view planning

This paper presents a multi-phase, model-based approach to view planning for automated, high fidelity object inspection or reconstruction by means of laser scanning range sensors. We describe the critical phase, fine modeling, in detail. Quality objectives and performance measures are defined. Camera and positioning system performance is modeled statistically. A theoretical framework is presented. The method is applicable to a broad class of objects with reasonable geometry and reflectance properties. Sampling of object surface and viewpoint space is characterized, including measurement and pose errors. The technique is generalizable for common range cameras and positioning systems.
Improving the form factor of a wrist-based mobile gesture interface

We present the form factor design iteration process of the Gesture Watch, a wearable gesture interface that utilizes non-contact hand gestures to control mobile devices while non-visual feedback is provided from its tactile display. Based on limitations discovered from a previous prototype, we identified three design challenges: wearability, mobility, and tactile perception. In addressing these challenges, we focus on three main parts affecting the form factor: the sensor housing, the strap, and the motor housing.
Age-related changes in temporal processing of vestibular stimuli

Falls are one of the leading causes of disability in the elderly. Previous research has shown that falls may be related to changes in the temporal integration of multisensory stimuli. This study compared the temporal integration and processing of a vestibular and auditory stimulus in younger and older subjects. The vestibular stimulus consisted of a continuous sinusoidal rotational velocity delivered using a rotational chair and the auditory stimulus consisted of 5 ms of white noise presented dichotically through headphones (both at 0.5 Hz). Simultaneity was defined as perceiving the chair being at its furthest rightward or leftward trajectory at the same moment as the auditory stimulus was perceived in the contralateral ear. The temporal offset of the auditory stimulus was adjusted using a method of constant stimuli so that the auditory stimulus either led or lagged true simultaneity. 15 younger (ages 21–27) and 12 older (ages 63–89) healthy subjects were tested using a two alternative forced choice task to determine at what times they perceived the two stimuli as simultaneous. Younger subjects had a mean temporal binding window of 334 ± 37 ms (mean ± SEM) and a mean point of subjective simultaneity of 83 ± 15 ms. Older subjects had a mean TBW of 556 ± 36 ms and a mean point of subjective simultaneity of 158 ± 27. Both differences were significant indicating that older subjects have a wider temporal range over which they integrate vestibular and auditory stimuli than younger subjects. These findings were consistent upon retesting and were not due to differences in vestibular perception thresholds.
A note on sufficiency and conditional inference

Abstract It is well-known that in a given decision problem if T is a sufficient statistic then given any decision function there exists an equivalent decision function that depends on the sample point only through T. In this note, it is shown that the same result does not hold if conditional inference is used unless the sufficient statistic satisfies an additional condition.
Social Systems Delimitation and Allocative Mechanisms Perspectives on Budgeting for Development

Development administration literature overemphasizes a market-exchange approach to national resource allocation. Lacking a systematic analysis of extra-marker, one- way transfers, this literature leaves unaddressed both the technical failures of the market and its tendency to overexpand and impose its operational logic on the rest of society. This article argues for utilizing public budgetary transfers to delimit the market and help create work units that can be productive without having to subject their members to the impersonal, excessively functional and unidimensional modes of interaction characteristic of market relationships. The concept of substantive- synergistic budgeting is introduced as the operational tool of the suggested model.
A MYELOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE FOR AVIAN SPECIES

A post-mortem myelogram was used to diagnose a vertabral fracture in a Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). This diagnosis led the authors to believe that myelography would be useful in live birds. In a pilot study using live adult female chickens (Gallus domesticus), mammalian myelographic techniques were modified for avian anatomic differences. A thoracolumbar puncture site was used rather than the lumbar or cisternal site which is commonly used in mammals. The volume of contrast medium needed to produce a diagnostic myelogram in birds (0.8-1.2 ml/kg) was found to be approximately four times that needed in mammals. A 25 gauge spinal needle was used rather than a 23 gauge needle. Myelograms of diagnostic quality were obtained with normal subject recovery. Seizures, the most common post-myelographic complication in mammals, were not observed in any of the birds studied. Avian myelography was found to be a cost effective and humane technique with potential application to avian practice.
Autopsy Pathology (AP) in primate recipients of heterotopic xenografts (XG) functioning for >60 days

characterized in its mildest form by myocyte vacuolization and interstitial edema and its severest form by coagulative necrosis. No cellular infiltrates were observed and intramyocardial hemorrhage was rare. Vessels and capillaries were variably congested and thrombosed, but were often normal. Concentric intimal thickening resembling classic allograft vasculopathy was also observed (n 3). IHC in nine hearts showed that C5b was consistently negative, whereas there was focal to diffuse, moderately strong IgG and IgM staining of small vessel and capillary endothelium. Hearts with the least rejection tended to have weaker and more focal staining. Conclusions: XG vascular rejection in this model showed changes different from those previously described (less hemorrhage and thrombosis; more edema and coagulative necrosis). The notable preservation of myocardium in a number of recipients emphasizes the potential for successful cardiac xenotransplantation.
The role of the Ragulator complex in mediating sepsis-induced muscle atrophy

RESULTS: SRT1720 significantly reduced I/R-induced serum creatinine and AST levels (Table). Renal histology demonstrated preservation of normal architecture in the treatment group compared to Vehicle. Renal ATP levels were reduced by 48% after I/R, while SRT1720 restored ATP to 77% of control (p<0.05). SRT1720 reversed a 30% loss of renal mitochondrial mass induced by I/R (p<0.001), supported by increased expression of mitochondrial biogenesis proteins: Sirtuin3, NRF-1, PGC1-alpha, and TFAM (Table). Moreover, SRT1720 decreased protein levels of iNOS and nitrotyrosine by 48% and 30%, respectively, compared to Vehicle (p<0.05) and inhibited the degradation of IkappaBalpha, thereby decreasing renal TNF-alpha expression after I/R (Table).
Response of intracranial melanoma metastases to stereotactic radiosurgery.

We analyzed our recent stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) experience to determine the radiographic response of intracranial metastatic melanomas to SRS. Twelve patients with 21 intracranial melanoma metastases treated with SRS were evaluated. Fifteen (72%) metastases were hemispheric, 3 (14%) were cerebellar, and 3 (14%) were in the basal ganglion or thalamus. All lesions were 2.5 cm or less in maximum diameter. Eleven patients also had whole brain external beam radiotherapy. Mean SRS dosage was 1,800 cGy to the 85% isodose surface and median dose was 1,800 cGy to the 80% isodose surface (range 1,100–3,100 cGy at the 80–95% isodose surface). Overall, 12 (57%) lesions showed decrease or stabilization of tumor volume (i.e., local control), while 9 (43%) showed enlargement. Division of metastases into small (≤1.0 cm diameter) and large (>1.0 cm diameter) tumors showed that the small tumors were more likely to regress than the large tumors (chi-square test; P < 0.03). Only 1 of 9 (11%) large lesions regressed as opposed to 7 of 12 (58%) small lesions regressed with SRS. We conclude that SRS is suited for small melanoma brain metastases, but lesions between 1.0 and 2.5 cm in diameter, while still generally considered appropriate for SRS, may not be as responsive to SRS at currently employed dosages. Radiat. Oncol. Invest. 5:72–80, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Why a solar probe

The earth is immersed in a hot, rarefied, energetic flow of particles and electromagnetic fields originating from the sun and engulfing the entire solar system. The solar wind controls interplanetary space and creates the heliosphere. The existence of this flow has been established for over forty years now, and abundant data has accumulated concerning its average properties, as well as intermittent energetic manifestations which often impact the earth's magnetosphere (causing geomagnetic storms and aurorae). The fundamental mystery of how the solar corona is heated and the solar wind is generated remains unsolved, however, because of the large gap in our knowledge of the inner region of the heliosphere, inside the orbit of mercury. A Solar Probe mission, with a perihelion well inside 20 Rs, by accessing the regions where energy in the coronal plasma is channeled from internal, magnetic and turbulent energy into bulk energy of the solar wind flow will solve the question of why the sun has a hot corona and produces a solar wind. Solar Probe measurements of the magnetic field structure close to the sun will also allow a more comprehensive understanding of our space environment, providing the measurements required for the understanding of processes such as solar energetic particle origin as well as galactic cosmic ray scattering by the solar magnetic field.
Results of Ventricular Septal Myectomy and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (from Nationwide Inpatient Sample [1998–2010])

Ventricular septal myomectomy (VSM) is the primary modality for left ventricular outflow tract gradient reduction in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with refractory symptoms. Comprehensive postprocedural data for VSM from a large multicenter registry are sparse. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate postprocedural mortality, complications, length of stay (LOS), and cost of hospitalization after VSM and to further appraise the multivariate predictors of these outcomes. The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried from 1998 through 2010 using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, procedure codes 37.33 for VSM and 425.1 for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The severity of co-morbidities was defined using the Charlson co-morbidity index. Hierarchical mixed-effects models were generated to identify independent multivariate predictors of in-hospital mortality, procedural complications, LOS, and cost of hospitalization. The overall mortality was 5.9%. Almost 9% (8.7%) of patients had postprocedural complete heart block requiring pacemakers. Increasing Charlson co-morbidity index was associated with a higher rate of complications and mortality (odds ratio 2.41, 95% confidence interval 1.17 to 4.98, p = 0.02). The mean cost of hospitalization was $41,715 ± $1,611, while the average LOS was 8.89 ± 0.35 days. Occurrence of any postoperative complication was associated with increased cost of hospitalization (+$33,870, p
InAs/InP Radial Nanowire Heterostructures as High Electron Mobility Devices

Radial core/shell nanowires (NWs) represent an important class of one-dimensional (1D) systems with substantial potential for exploring fundamental materials electronic and photonic properties. Here, we report the rational design and synthesis of InAs/InP core/shell NW heterostructures with quantum-confined, high-mobility electron carriers. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed single-crystal InAs cores with epitaxial InP shells 2−3 nm in thickness, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis further confirmed the composition of the designed heterostructure. Room-temperature electrical measurements on InAs/InP NW field-effect transistors (NWFETs) showed significant improvement in the on-current and transconductance compared to InAs NWFETs fabricated in parallel, with a room-temperature electron mobility, 11 500 cm2/Vs, substantially higher than other synthesized 1D nanostructures. In addition, NWFET devices configured with integral high dielectric constant gate oxide and top-gate structu...
Long-term evaluation of composite sequential bypass for limb-threatening ischemia.

Abstract When sufficient vein for a completely autogenous femorotibial artery bypass is not available, composite sequential grafting by using vein combined with polytetrafluoroethylene material is a surgical option. This study reviews what is currently the largest collection of these grafts and focuses on technical aspects and long-term patency characteristics. During a 7-year period 67 composite sequential bypasses were used to manage rest pain (38), ulcer (18), or gangrene (11) in 62 patients (mean age, 66 years). Fifty-two percent were men, and 51% had diabetes. This method was used as a primary reconstruction in 30, a second bypass in 16, and in 21 it was used after multiple other failed bypasses. Femoral to above-knee popliteal (44) and below-knee popliteal (23) 6 mm polytetrafluoroethylene grafts were placed. Then extensions of greater saphenous (57) or lesser saphenous (10) vein were anastomosed to the anterior tibial (19), posterior tibial (26), or peroneal (22) arteries. Fifty-three percent were maintained on long-term warfarin (Coumadin) anticoagulation, and 33% were maintained on aspirin. No deaths occurred in the perioperative period. Bypass patency was ascertained by a Doppler pressure and waveform analysis, with mean follow-up of patency or to the time of graft failure of 33 months (1 to 91 months). Three-year patient survival was 72%. Cumulative life-table primary patency of 72% (1-year), 64% (2-year), and 48% (3-year) was calculated. Two grafts are functioning 7 years after placement. Limb salvage was 84% at 2 years and 70% at 4 years. At the time of failure, five grafts retained a patent venous bypass segment, which allowed prompt reconstruction of the proximal portion. In a comparison of grafts with early failure and those with long-term patency, the SVS/ISCVS runoff score, vein diameter, tibial artery diameter, and coagulation status were similar. However, patients with the popliteal anastomosis above the knee had 2-year patency of 72% compared with 46% for those with below-knee anastomoses. This technique, when possible, appears preferable to an all prosthetic tibial bypass. (J Vasc Surg 1992;15:761–70.)
The History of Interventional Nephrology

Visionary nephrologists in the early 1960s invented the dialysis machine, constructed arteriovenous shunts and fistulas, and designed vascular and peritoneal catheters to provide their patients with long-term dialysis. As the number of dialysis patients grew, the construction and care of vascular access was abandoned by nephrologists to surgeons and radiologists. There was a decline in the number of fistulas and an increase in grafts in the United States. Vascular access was not the first priority for the nonnephrologists, and this set the stage for the emergence of diagnostic and interventional nephrologists. These self-taught nephrologists trained others, resulting in a critical mass of subspecialists who founded the Society of Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology. This review traces the origin of this exciting field from its pioneers to the society as it exists today. The future of this society depends on academic nephrology fellowship programs fostering training and research in this field.
Upstream regulatory role for XIAP in receptor-mediated apoptosis.

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is an endogenous inhibitor of cell death that functions by suppressing caspases 3, 7, and 9. Here we describe the establishment of Jurkat-derived cell lines stably overexpressing either full-length XIAP or a truncation mutant of XIAP that can only inhibit caspase 9. Characterization of these cell lines revealed that following CD95 activation full-length XIAP supported both short- and long-term survival as well as proliferative capacity, in contrast to the truncation mutant but similar to Bcl-xL. Full-length XIAP was also able to inhibit CD95-mediated caspase 3 processing and activation, the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO, and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, whereas the XIAP truncation mutant failed to prevent any of these cell death events. Finally, suppression of XIAP levels by RNA interference sensitized Bcl-xL-overexpressing cells to death receptor-induced apoptosis. These data demonstrate for the first time that full-length XIAP inhibits caspase activation required for mitochondrial amplification of death receptor signals and that, by acting upstream of mitochondrial activation, XIAP supports the long-term proliferative capacity of cells following CD95 stimulation.
Pharmaceutical Step-Therapy Interventions: A Critical Review of the Literature

BACKGROUND: Adoption of step therapy (ST) is quickly outpacing the market's understanding of its clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes. The broad scope of previous reviews of drug management programs has prohibited an in-depth discussion of the ST literature specifically. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a critical review of ST program evaluations, discuss their policy implications, and provide recommendations for future research. METHODS: PubMed was searched for relevant English-language articles, and references of relevant articles were examined. The ST policy under evaluation had to require use of a first-line agent prior to coverage of a second-line agent. RESULTS: Fourteen evaluations of ST programs have been published, 7 in commercial populations and 7 in Medicaid. Twelve of the studies empirically examined claims data; 1 was a model; and 1 was limited to patient surveys. Five therapy classes, including antidepressants, antihypertensives, antipsychotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and...
Conflicts of interest in emergency medicine.

The medical community first took notice of the current conflict of interest enigma in the 1980s. 1,2 Since then, numerous studies, editorials, and policy statements have attempted to elucidate the magnitude and diverse nature of these conflicts involving physicians, physician researchers, and their affiliated institutions. 2,14,24,25,39,40,43,47,52,78 Although conflicts of interest in medicine are ubiquitous, much confusion remains over how to comprehend and address these problems appropriately, because conflicts may merely represent a set of conditions, and not necessarily an explicit behavior. 83 This seemingly subtle difference is of immense importance when considering that the public expects physicians to act justly, professionally, and in society's best interest. Therefore, even the mere appearance of a conflict of interest can undermine the credibility of physicians, and therefore propagate public mistrust. 22,77 The purpose of this article is to further enhance the understanding of conflicts of interest as they apply to emergency physicians, using three distinct paradigms: the industry, clinical practice, and academic models. This is not intended as a comprehensive review but should serve as a resource for emergency physicians when confronting day-to-day ethical conflicts.
Characterization of PDLC holographic gratings

Summary form only given. In this paper we present the results of an experimental study of the diffractive properties of electrically switched holographic gratings fabricated using polymer-dispersed liquid crystal mixtures. These composite gratings can be used to fabricate high contrast, electrically switchable, diffractive elements for the visible and near infrared region of the spectrum for optical switching and beam steering applications. In this study we have found that the diffractive properties can be controlled using different PDLC mixtures. In fact by changing the PDLC mixture the diffractive properties of the gratings can be changed from highly anisotropic to highly isotropic.
Parental Emotion Coaching and Dismissing in Family Interaction

We observed the positive emotion socialization practice of parental emotion coaching (EC) and the negative socialization practice of emotion dismissing (ED) during a family interaction task and examined their effects on children’s emotion regulation and behavior problems in middle childhood. Participants were 87 sociodemographically diverse families (children aged 8–11 years; 46 girls). Outcome measures included mother, father and teacher reports of emotion regulation and behavior problems. ED was a risk factor, contributing to poorer emotion regulation and more behavioral problems. EC did not offer direct benefits for children’s emotional and behavioral outcomes, but interacted with ED such that it protected children from the detrimental effects of ED. This protective effect was found for parents’ coaching of negative but not positive emotions. Findings suggested that in family emotion conversation, EC and ED interact in complex ways as risk and protective dimensions of family process.
What is a monophasic action potential

See article by Kondo et al. [6] (pages 635–644) in this issue . One approach to developing better pharmacologic therapy for arrhythmias is to define the electrophysiologic mechanism for clinical rhythm disturbances. However, this approach is problematic, because extracellular electrograms do not provide precise information regarding the dispersion of repolarization or after-depolarizations. Floating microelectrodes have limitations in an experimental laboratory and are not widely applicable clinically. Thus, the ability to record monophasic action potentials (MAPs) using contact catheter electrodes in both experimental and clinical situations has raised the hope that cellular properties that are important in arrhythmogenesis can be identified reliably [1,2]. Indeed, several studies have suggested that the mechanism of clinical arrhythmias, such as right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia, can be determined based on monophasic action potential recordings [3,4]. However, there have been some basic questions regarding the mechanism of generation of MAPs that have not been resolved, and this has hampered the ability to fully interpret MAP recordings. The initial description of MAP was based on an in vivo contact electrode catheter, in which a recording is made between a distal tip that inactivates myocardium due to pressure and an indifferent electrode located several milliliters … *Tel.: +1 312 926 0630; fax: +1 312 926 0607. Email address: a-kadish{at}northwestern.edu
Tri-gate bulk MOSFET design for improved robustness to random dopant fluctuations

Atomistic 3D device simulations of 20nm-gate-length planar vs. tri-gate bulk MOSFETs with identical nominal retrograde-well and source/drain doping profiles show that the tri-gate structure is more robust to random dopant fluctuation (RDF) effects, i.e. threshold voltage (VTH) lowering and variation. VTH lowering is verified to be due primarily to channel/well RDF. For the tri-gate bulk MOSFET, VTH adjustment via tuning of the doping depth provides for reduced variability, as compared with tuning of the channel/well dose.
Language Skills and Earnings: Evidence from Childhood Immigrants.

Research on the effect of language skills on earnings is complicated by the endogeneity of language skills. This study exploits the phenomenon that younger children learn languages more easily than older children to construct an instrumental variable for language proficiency. We find a significant positive effect of English proficiency on wages among adults who immigrated to the United States as children. Much of this effect appears to be mediated through education. Differences between non-English-speaking origin countries and English-speaking ones that might make immigrants from the latter a poor control group for nonlanguage age-at-arrival effects do not appear to drive these findings.
Demographic and Genetic Evaluation of an American Marten Reintroduction: A Comment on Swanson et al

Molecular genetic techniques have been widely used to evaluate management actions, including the success of species reintroductions. However, conclusions drawn from genetic characterizations must be interpreted in the context of the sampling design and degree of uncertainty underlying genetic parameter estimation and assumptions of analyses performed. For example, failure to correctly identify and sample appropriate groups of individuals for comparative analyses will bias estimates of summary measures of genetic diversity, intersample variance in gene frequency, and derivations of effective population size or degree of reduction or bottlenecks in numerical abundance. We critically evaluate the foundational assumptions underlying the sampling design and analytical methods employed by Swanson and colleagues. Inaccuracies in reporting the founding population history of American marten (Martes americana) in Michigan and high levels of uncertainty underlying estimates of effective population size, bottleneck history, and demographic sustainability suggest that the authors' genetic data are misrepresented.
Multiple agent coordination for stochastic target interception using MILP

In this paper we present an approach to solving a stochastic multi-target interception problem. In the multi-target interception problem, a team of mobile sensors is tasked with intercepting a set of potential targets to reduce appropriately assigned damage cost. Our principal contribution is to express a stochastic version of the problem with a generalized cost as a mixed-integer linear program so that optimal sensor motion can be computed efficiently. Indeed, our optimization program for the stochastic problem has similar computational costs as the optimization program for the corresponding deterministic problem. Our solution presumes that the system can be approximated by linear dynamics and Gaussian noise, with Gaussian localization uncertainty.
Can failure succeed? Using racial subgroup rules to analyze the effect of school accountability failure on student performance

Abstract Many school accountability programs are built on the premise that the sanctions attached to failure will produce higher future student achievement. Furthermore, such programs often include subgroup achievement rules that attempt to hold schools accountable for the performance of all demographic classes of students. This paper looks at two issues: the degree to which such rules increase the likelihood of school failure, and the effect of failure to meet a performance standard on subsequent student achievement. Using data from California's state accountability program, I find that subgroup rules lead to otherwise similar schools having different probabilities of failure. I also find that subgroup induced failure leads to lower future student achievement under both the state's system and its’ implementation of No Child Left Behind. This implies that small demographic differences play a large role in how schools are judged and how they perform under current accountability systems.
Identification and quantification of hydride phases in Zircaloy-4 cladding using synchrotron X-ray diffraction

Zirconium hydrides precipitate in fuel cladding alloys as a result of hydrogen uptake from the high-temperature corrosion environment of light water reactors. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction was performed at room temperature on stress-relieved Zircaloy-4 cladding with two distributions of hydrides – (1) uniformly distributed hydrides across the entire cladding wall and (2) hydride rim next to the outer surface. The d-hydride phase was found to be the predominant hydride phase to precipitate for hydrogen contents up to 1250 weight parts per million (wt ppm). At a higher content, about 3000 wt ppm, although dhydride is still the majority phase, a significant amount of c-hydride is also observed. At even higher hydrogen contents, in excess of approximately 6000 wt ppm, such as can occur in a highly dense hydride layer, peaks associated with the e-hydride phase are also observed in the diffraction pattern. The volume fraction of hydrides was estimated as a function of hydrogen content using the integrated intensities of select diffraction peaks corresponding to the a-Zr matrix and the hydride phases. These estimated values agree well with calculated values from the independently measured concentrations. The results of this study indicate that hydride precipitation in Zircaloy-4 is a complex process of evolving hydride phases with increasing local hydrogen content.
Doppler Lidar Observations of a Downslope Windstorm

Abstract During January and February 1987, the NOAA/WPL pulsed Doppler lidar was deployed in the foothills west of Boulder, Colorado, to study orographically induced flows over the Continental Divide. On 29 January 1987, the lidar, with its unique spatial and temporal data-gathering capabilities, documented a downslope windstorm affecting the Boulder area and the rest of the Front Range. The lidar recorded in detail 1) a low-level leeside wind maximum, 2) propagating wind gusts exhibiting two distinct periodicities, and 3) the eastern edge of a mountain wave feature where a jumplike flow reversal occurred. Such structures have not previously been observed with comparable detail by conventional in situ and remote sensing instruments. The observed phenomena were similar to results obtained from mountain-wave numerical models. The most notable of the structural similarities was between the observed and modeled wind gusts.
Vaporization of Ion-Implanted GaAs

The initial loss of arsenic and gallium by vaporization has been studied between room temperature and 720C for the (\((\bar l\bar l\bar l)\)) surface for unimplanted and ion-implanted GaAs. Room temperature implantations of 200 keV Sb as well as one implant of 175 keV Xe were made spanning the fluence range 2 × 1012 to 3 × 1015/cm2. The relative lattice disorder for the implants covered a range from the formation of an amorphous layer down to ≈ 6% of that level at the lowest fluence as determined by ion channeling and backscattering. The vacuum vaporization rate as a function of sample temperature and time was determined from As2, As and Ga signals using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. After implantation the total release of arsenic between room temperature and 500C was found to be enhanced by as much as a factor of with significant release occurring in the vicinity of 300C. Above 600C the rate of vaporization of GaAs is reduced by ion implantation and the initial activation energy of vaporization for arsenic is decreased by approximately 50% The results are discussed in relation to previous GaAs vaporization studies at higher temperatures for undoped and heavily doped samples and our results support the previous interpretation that the mechanism which constitutes the rate-limiting step in the vaporization of GaAs is the formation and diffusion of defects to the surface.
Executive Compensation: A Firm Life Cycle Analysis

This study uses the firm life cycle framework to extend our understanding of firm contracting practices. First, based on the theory of firm characteristics and the nature of firm transactions in each life cycle stage, we document significant differences in both the level and mix of executive compensation across firm life cycle stages. We next use economic predictions of the sensitivity and precision (signal-to-noise ratio) of accounting and market measures of performance across life cycle stages to examine variation in the weighting of underlying performance measures used in compensation contracting. Consistent with theory, we find that compensation is most sensitive to accounting measures in the mature stage when these measures are stable and informative of manager effort. Alternatively, forward-looking measures of performance are most heavily weighted in the early and late stages of a firm’s life cycle when historical accounting performance measures are less timely and relevant. Additionally, we allow the relation between economic determinants and total compensation to vary by life cycle stage and find that stage-specific compensation models more fully predict total compensation (i.e., larger adjusted R-squared, smaller residuals). Finally, we expand traditional excess compensation and rent extraction models to allow for life cycle variation and find our inferences on rent extraction change significantly. Overall, our results suggest that across life cycle stages, firms operate in different contracting environments that lead to differences in the executive compensation contract design. Our results suggest care should be taken in evaluating compensation on a broad cross-section of firms in different life cycle stages.
A Remote Injection and Fraction Collection Apparatus for Preparative Chromatography

A remote injection and fraction collection apparatus for handling explosive or hazardous samples during separation on a Beckman Megachrom Preparative Gas Chromatograph is described. The apparatus could be used with very little modification for other commercially designed preparative gas chromatography units.
Tobacco smoke induces epithelial barrier dysfunction via receptor EphA2 signaling

Erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma (Eph) receptors are the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that mediate various cellular and developmental processes. The degrees of expression of these key molecules control the cell-cell interactions. Although the role of Eph receptors and their ligand Ephrins is well studied in developmental processes, their function in tobacco smoke (TS)-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction is unknown. We hypothesized that TS may induce permeability in bronchial airway epithelial cell (BAEpC) monolayer by modulating receptor EphA2 expression, actin cytoskeleton, adherens junction, and focal adhesion proteins. Here we report that in BAEpCs, acute TS exposure significantly upregulated EphA2 and EphrinA1 expression, disrupted the actin filaments, decreased E-cadherin expression, and increased protein permeability, whereas the focal adhesion protein paxillin was unaffected. Silencing the receptor EphA2 expression with silencing interference RNA (siRNA) significantly attenuated TS-induced hyperpermeability in BAEpCs. In addition, when BAEpC monolayer was transfected with EphA2-expressing plasmid and treated with recombinant EphrinA1, the transepithelial electrical resistance decreased significantly. Furthermore, TS downregulated E-cadherin expression and induced hyperpermeability across BAEpC monolayer in a Erk1/Erk2, p38, and JNK MAPK-dependent manner. TS induced hyperpermeability in BAEpC monolayer by targeting cell-cell adhesions, and interestingly cell-matrix adhesions were unaffected. The present data suggest that TS causes significant damage to the BAEpCs via induction of EphA2 and downregulation of E-cadherin. Induction of EphA2 in the BAEpCs exposed to TS may be an important signaling event in the pathogenesis of TS-induced epithelial injury.
Portals of Entry of Poliomyelitis Virus in the Chimpanzee.

SummaryTypical poliomyelitis has been produced in 4 chimpanzees by the intranasal, intragastric, and oral inoculation of untreated human stools. In 2 instances the olfactory portal was ruled out by section of both olfactory tracts.
Processing "the" in the Parafovea: Are Articles Skipped Automatically?.

One of the words that readers of English skip most often is the definite article the . Most accounts of reading assume that in order for a reader to skip a word, it must have received some lexical processing. The definite article is skipped so regularly, however, that the oculomotor system might have learned to skip the letter string t-h-e automatically. We tested whether skipping of articles in English is sensitive to context information or whether it is truly automatic in the sense that any occurrence of the letter string the will trigger a skip. This was done using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) to provide readers with false parafoveal previews of the article the . All experimental sentences contained a short target verb, the preview of which could be correct (that is, identical to the actual subsequent word in the sentence, e.g. ace ), a nonword ( tda ), or an infelicitous article preview ( the ). Our results indicated that readers tended to skip the infelicitous the previews frequently, suggesting that, in many cases, they seem to be unable to detect the syntactic anomaly in the preview and base their skipping decision solely on the orthographic properties of the article. However, there was some evidence that readers sometimes detected the anomaly, as they also showed increased skipping of the pre- target word in the the preview condition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
Disentangling Embedded Ties: How Liking and Trust Influence Partner Selection

Individuals prefer economic partners with whom they have a pre- existing social relation, especially when faced with uncertainty and risk. Selecting counterparts one trusts provides a means of miti...
Pharmacist administration of intravenous medications in a pediatric service.

The establishment and operation of a pediatric intravenous medication administration program is described. A program was developed in which a team of pharmacists rotate between assignments in a pharmacy satellite providing unit dose distribution for 87 pediatric beds and an intravenous medication administration program serving a 15-bed pediatric isolation unit. Staffing patterns, pharmacy responsibilities, and a six-week training program for pharmacists are described. The i.v. medication administration program has been well received by nurses and physicians, and pediatric pharmacy personnel view themselves as functioning, productive members of the health care team. Audits indicate the pharmacy-controlled i.v. medication administration program has favorably affected patient care.
Prevalence and impact of HIV-1 protease codon 33 mutations and polymorphisms in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients.

BackgroundHIV-1 protease gene mutations at codon 33 have been associated with resistance to some but not all protease inhibitors (PIs). Little is known about the difference in prevalence of codon 3...
Synthesis of HbA and HbF in erythroid colonies cultured from human fetal liver and umbilical cord blood

Abstract Erythroid colonies were grown in vitro in 0.1-ml plasma clots from 12 to 17 wk human fetal liver tissue obtained from prostaglandin-induced abortuses, and from full-term umbilical cord bloods. Synthesis of α, β, and γ globin chains in the colonies was measured after varying periods of culture and after short-term incubation of the tissue source from which the colonies were derived. In suspensions of fetal liver cells, the s/γ synthesis ratio averaged 0.12 (range 0.10–0.15). In the erythroid colonies grown from the liver tissue, the average s/γ ratio after 5–14 days of culture was 0.16 (range 0.09–0.24). In cord blood suspensions, the average s/γ ratio was 0.60 (range 0.39–0.74), and in the erythroid colonies, after 9–14 days of culture, it was 0.74 (range 0.42–1.17). A tendency towards an increased ratio was noted in the later clot cultures from both sources. The relative synthesis of β and γ globin in erythroid colonies grown in plasma clots from these “fetal” sources reflected the period of human development from which the colony progenitors were obtained. It would therefore seem that the proportion of HbA and HbF synthesized by developing human erythropoietic tissues is already determined by the stage of erythroid maturation of the precursor cells that function as in vitro colony formers.
Upper Urinary Tract Filling Defects: Flexible Ureteroscopic Diagnosis

AbstractThere were 62 patients referred to our institution for evaluation of upper urinary tract filling defects. These patients had undergone any of several diagnostic evaluations, including computerized tomography, B-mode ultrasound scanning and urinary cytology studies with or without upper tract brush biopsy. In all cases a conclusive diagnosis could not be formulated.With the use of flexible ureteropyeloscopy complete evaluations of the upper tract lesions were performed. The upper tract endoscopic procedure provided the diagnosis in all patients, as well as allowed for therapeutic intervention in 19. There was no significant morbidity associated with any procedure.We advocate the continued development of flexible ureteropyeloscopic instrumentation and procedures. We suggest the inclusion of ureteropyeloscopy with tissue sampling of neoplasms in the evaluation of all upper urinary tract lesions, except when diagnostic ultrasound correlates the characteristics and position of the lesion as calculous d...
The user-friendly library guide

Conseils de conception, de redaction et de presentation des guides du lecteur dans les bibliotheques pour les rendre attrayants et utiles aux nouveaux venus
Unethical Behavior, Dis(trust), and Debt Contracting: Evidence from Backdated Option Grants

We study the impact of unethical behavior on debt contracting. We find that, after the revelation of option backdating, borrowers pay higher interest rates on loans, by about 19 basis points. This increase in the cost of debt is greater for loans originating from lenders with no prior relationship with the borrower, for geographically distant lenders, and for opaque borrowers. Our results suggest that the revelation of unethical behavior leads to an increase in perceived information risk. On the other side, we do not find any impact on the cost of public debt and find that, after the revelation, backdating borrowers increase their reliance on public, rather than private, debt.
How to Think About and Teach Income Tax When Interest Rates are Zero

In this article, I discuss how near-zero interest rates — which virtually eliminate the time value of money — should change our thinking about the importance of particular tax doctrines, as well as our targets for tax reform. Doctrines that determine timing of income, such as capitalization vs. deduction of expenses, matter much less than they used to. Similarly, the theoretical benefits of a consumption tax become irrelevant when interest rates are zero. The time and energy spent on these topics should be reduced accordingly. Doctrines that deal with income shifting between different income tax rates, by contrast, assume greater importance.
Non-invasive estimation of blood glucose a feasibility study

The present work demonstrates the feasibility of estimating blood glucose level using a microstrip antenna strapped on a patient's arm. Some promising success has been shown by the RIT ETA Lab research group that an antenna's resonant frequency can track, in real time, changes in glucose concentration. However, these changes in antenna response are unique to an individual. An equivalent circuit model has been developed to represent the input impedance with changing glucose levels. From a first set of measurements of input impedance in real time on a patient, the circuit elements are determined by curve fitting, in terms of the change in glucose level and incorporated into the expression for input impedance of the equivalent circuit The glucose level is estimated iteratively from subsequent measurements of the input impedance on the same patient The estimates, represented in the Clarke's Error Grid, compare well with the measurements made by a traditional blood glucose meter.
Validity of the Born approximation for beyond Gaussian weak lensing observables

Accurate forward modeling of weak lensing (WL) observables from cosmological parameters is necessary for upcoming galaxy surveys. Because WL probes structures in the non-linear regime, analytical forward modeling is very challenging, if not impossible. Numerical simulations of WL features rely on ray-tracing through the outputs of $N$-body simulations, which requires knowledge of the gravitational potential and accurate solvers for light ray trajectories. A less accurate procedure, based on the Born approximation, only requires knowledge of the density field, and can be implemented more efficiently and at a lower computational cost. In this work, we use simulations to show that deviations of the Born-approximated convergence power spectrum, skewness and kurtosis from their fully ray--traced counterparts are consistent with the smallest non-trivial $O(\Phi^3)$ post-Born corrections (so-called geodesic and lens-lens terms). Our results imply a cancellation among the larger $O(\Phi^4)$ (and higher order) terms, consistent with previous analytic work. We also find that cosmological parameter bias induced by the Born approximated power spectrum is negligible even for an LSST-like survey, once galaxy shape noise is considered. When considering higher order statistics such as the $\kappa$ skewness and kurtosis, however, we find significant bias of up to 2.5$\sigma$. Using the LensTools software suite, we show that the Born approximation saves a factor of 4 in computing time with respect to the full ray-tracing in reconstructing the convergence.
Cues to Cervical Cancer Screening Among U.S. Hispanic Women.

Introduction:Hispanic women’s cervical cancer rates are disproportionately high. Cues to cervical cancer screening (Cues to Action) are strategies to activate the decision-making process to get scr...
An Investigation into the Relationship between Intel-ligence Quotient (IQ) and Debugging Ability of Component Based Systems (CBS)

In recent years there has been a great upsurge in the field of cognitive science too. Also the traditional software complexi-ty measures focuses only on addressing the complexity of the proce-dural oriented and object oriented software development. Thus envi-sioning new areas like Component Based System would lead to better utilization of resources and make the end user‟s task. An experiment has been conducted to study the relation between Intelligent Quotient (IQ) and program debugging in Component Based systems on the assumption that programmers are not consistent in their debugging capabilities. In our experimental setting, the debugging test in Com-ponent based programming language features and the IQ test based on Binet-Simon scale were conducted and the results were correlated. From the results, we observe that there is a positive correlation be-tween the IQ value and debugging ability of the students. Thus there is evidence that similar cognitive skills are used for debugging and IQ Test.
Abstract 14958: Role of Gata4 in Reduction of Fibrosis After Myocardial Infarction

Background: A variety of cardio-differentiating transcription factors, including Gata4, Mef2c andTbx5 (GMT) have been shown to reprogram cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocyte-like cells (i...