cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water Immersion Stress Prevents Caerulein-induced Pancreatic Acinar Cell NF-κB Activation by Attenuating Caerulein-induced Intracellular Ca 2+ Changes

Prior stress ameliorates caerulein-induced pancreatitis in rats. NF-κB is a proinflammatory transcription factor activated during caerulein pancreatitis. However, the effects of prior stress on pancreatic NF-κB activation are unknown. In the current study, the effect of prior water immersion stress on caerulein and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced NF-κB activation in the pancreas was evaluated. Water immersion of rats for up to 6 h prevents supramaximal caerulein-induced pancreatic IκB-α degradation and NF-κB activation in vivo. NF-κB activity is also inhibited in vitro in pancreatic acini prepared from water-immersed animals. TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in pancreas or in pancreatic acini is unaffected by prior water immersion. Chelation of intracellular Ca2+ by 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetate/acetoxymethyl ester has similar effects to water immersion in preventing caerulein but not TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in pancreas. Both the spike response and the sustained rise in [Ca2+]i in response to supramaximal caerulein stimulation are reduced markedly in acini prepared from water-immersed animals as compared with normal animals. Our findings indicate that, in addition to Ca2+-dependent mechanisms, Ca2+-independent signaling events also may lead to NF-κB activation in pancreatic acinar cells. Water immersion stress prevents supramaximal caerulein-induced NF-κB activation in pancreas in vivo and in vitro by affecting intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis.
Software Defined Networking and applicability to access networks

This paper explores the applicability of the Software Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm to access networks. In particular, it describes Broadband and Enterprise use cases where SDN can play a role in enabling new network services.
Medication errors involving oral chemotherapy

BACKGROUND: Given the expanding use of oral chemotherapies, the authors set out to examine errors in the prescribing, dispensing, administration, and monitoring of these drugs. METHODS: Reports were collected of oral chemotherapy-associated medication errors from a medical literature and Internet search and review of reports to the Medication Errors Reporting Program and MEDMARX. The authors solicited incident reports from 14 comprehensive cancer centers, and also collected incident reports, pharmacy interventions, and prompted clinician reports from their own center. They classified the type of incident, severity, stage in the medication use process, and type of medication error. They examined the yield of the various reporting methods to identify oral chemotherapy-related medication errors. RESULTS: The authors identified 99 adverse drug events, 322 near misses, and 87 medical errors with low risk of harm. Of the 99 adverse drug events, 20 were serious or life-threatening, 52 were significant, and 25 were minor. The most common medication errors involved wrong dose (38.8%), wrong drug (13.6%), wrong number of days supplied (11.0%), and missed dose (10.0%). The majority of errors resulted in a near miss; however, 39.3% of reports involving the wrong number of days supplied resulted in adverse drug events. Incidents derived from the literature search and hospital incident reporting system included a larger percentage of adverse drug events (73.1% and 58.8%, respectively) compared with other sources. CONCLUSIONS: Ensuring oral chemotherapy safety requires improvements in the way these drugs are ordered, dispensed, administered, and monitored.
Automated diagnosis of otitis media: vocabulary and grammar

We propose a novel automated algorithm for classifying diagnostic categories of otitis media: acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, and no effusion. Acute otitis media represents a bacterial superinfection of the middle ear fluid, while otitis media with effusion represents a sterile effusion that tends to subside spontaneously. Diagnosing children with acute otitis media is difficult, often leading to overprescription of antibiotics as they are beneficial only for children with acute otitis media. This underscores the need for an accurate and automated diagnostic algorithm. To that end, we design a feature set understood by both otoscopists and engineers based on the actual visual cues used by otoscopists; we term this the otitis media vocabulary. We also design a process to combine the vocabulary terms based on the decision process used by otoscopists; we term this the otitis media grammar. The algorithm achieves 89.9% classification accuracy, outperforming both clinicians who did not receive special training and state-of the-art classifiers.
The Teaching Value of Defining Iterative Design Projects in Serving Capstone Engineering Undergraduate Education

In the past several years, the traditional fourth year “hands-on” requirement for engineering programs in the US is being satisfied by what is now called Capstone Senior Design Project (herein referred to as CSDP). The engineering CSDP program director sends a call to the local industries within the State for solicitation of project proposals that will be worked on by the interdisciplinary engineering student team. Each industrial participant will have to contribute a preset budget defined by the program to the engineering school for each submitted proposal that has been selected by the student team. Honeywell has been an avid participant in the University of Arizona CSDP program for the past several years. Rather than define a simple CSDP that can be fully completed in the first attempt, the author has sought the value of teaching iterative design to the student team by defining a multi-year CSDP scope, in that after the first year, each successive team learns from the past design and implements its own improvement to the design it inherits. This paper gives an overview of Honeywell’s CSDP titled “Measuring Heat Transfer in Annular Flow Between Co-Rotating or Counter-Rotating Cylinders”. Now in its fourth iteration, each wave of student team has been able to understand the complexity of the design, the challenge of testing for structural integrity, the controllability of implementing a balanced system of heat gain and loss to reach steady state operation, the evolution of starting with slip ring temperature measurements and ending at wireless telemetry, DOE testing to rank influencing variables, and heat transfer correlation of the data relating Nusselt versus Reynolds number. Beginning with the first year CSDP team, this paper covers the design approach selected by that team, its results, and the lessons learned as a result of failure in meeting the full requirements, which is then taken on by the next group of students the following year.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Ownership and the Nature of the Firm

Abstract This paper looks at the institution of the ownership of firms from a theoretical and comparative standpoint. The joining of control, utilization, and alienation rights and the practical association of ownership with financing and risk-bearing roles are considered. Variations in ownership concentration, in the level of inside ownership, and in owner versus nonowner finance are explained with reference to capitalization requirements, agency costs, diversification motives, and asset specificity. The agency cost of separating ownership from work, the rationales and ownership dimensions of public and nonprofit providers, and the agency costs of public ownership are also discussed. J. Comp. Econom., June 1993, 17(2), pp. 243-263. Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912.
Robust Adaptive Control of Linear Systems Having a Polynomial Input Nonlinearity

For a class of nonlinear systems depicted by the cascade connection of a static nonlinearity and a linear dynamic system, the influence of unmeasured disturbances and unmodeled dynamics on the performance of the previously proposed control weighted suboptimal control law [3] is analyzed. A simple robust adaptation scheme is presented to implement adaptively the suboptimal control law which ensures the adaptive control system converge to a tuned set and guarantees the global stability.
Drug development and the cellular quality control system

Proteins serve in cellular roles that necessitate structural precision, a requirement overseen by the cellular quality control system (QCS). By rejecting misfolded proteins, the QCS protects against aberrant activity. Misfolding and subsequent retention by the QCS results in proteins that might maintain function but become misrouted and cause disease. Correcting the misrouting of misfolded mutant proteins often restores activity and addresses the underlying disease. Because of its small size, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor has been an excellent model for G-protein-coupled receptor trafficking and has recently enabled elucidation of both the requirements to pass the QCS and the biochemical mechanism of rescue by pharmacological chaperones; this information will now enable rational design of these therapeutic agents. Here, we summarize what is known about the relation between receptor structure and interactions with the QCS with a view toward therapeutic development based on the rescue of misfolded and, consequently, misrouted mutants with drugs.
Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing: New evidence on its development

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in children could be resolved by adenotonsillectomy (T&A). However, incomplete results are often noted post-surgery. Because of this partial resolution, long-term follow-up is needed to monitor for reoccurrence of SDB, which may be diagnosed years later through reoccurrence of complaints or in some cases, through systematic investigations. Children undergoing T&A often have small upper airways. Genetics play a role in the fetal development of the skull, the skull base, and subsequently, the size of the upper airway. In non-syndromic children, specific genetic mutations are often unrecognized early in life and affect the craniofacial growth, altering functions such as suction, mastication, swallowing, and nasal breathing. These developmental and functional changes are associated with the development of SDB. Children without genetic mutations but with impairment of the above said functions also develop SDB. When applied early in life, techniques involved in the reeducation of these functions, such as myofunctional therapy, alter the craniofacial growth and the associated SDB. This occurs as a result of the continuous interaction between cartilages, bones and muscles involved in the growth of the base of the skull and the face. Recently collected data show the impact of the early changes in craniofacial growth patterns and how these changes lead to an impairment of the developmental functions and consequent persistence of SDB. The presence of nasal disuse and mouth breathing are abnormal functions that are easily amenable to treatment. Understanding the dynamics leading to the development of SDB and recognizing factors affecting the craniofacial growth and the resulting functional impairments, allows appropriate treatment planning which may or may not include T&A. Enlargement of lymphoid tissue may actually be a consequence as opposed to a cause of these initial dysfunctions.
Selective Silicon Epitaxy for Advanced Dram Structures

In silicon microelectronics, memory cells and chips are used to develop the most advanced technology. In the future these chips will require three dimensional structures to achieve the needed density. This paper describes the use of selective silicon epitaxy to build truly three dimensional DRAM cells. The cell consists of a trench capacitor which is overgrown with single crystal silicon. A transistor and isolation are then built above the trench capacitor resulting in a cell that occupies the same area as the transistor alone. Fully functional memory cells have been built. The results show that selective silicon epitaxy is a realistic candidate for building three dimensional silicon devices.
Endometrium in PCOS: Implantation and predisposition to endocrine CA

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy characterized by oligo/anovulatiaon and elevated circulating androgens or evidence of hyperandrogenism after all known potential causes have been excluded. In addition, insulin resistance and accompanying hyperinsulinemia commonly occur in women with PCOS. There is increasing evidence that the endocrinologic and metabolic abnormalities in PCOS may have complex effects on the endometrium, contributing to the infertility and endometrial disorders observed in women with this syndrome. Androgen receptors and steroid receptor co-activators are over-expressed in the endometrium of women with PCOS. Also, biomarkers of endometrial receptivity to embryonic implantation—such as α v β 3 -integrin and glycodelin—are decreased, and epithelial expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) abnormally persists in the window of implantation in endometrium in women with PCOS. In addition to being responsive to the steroid hormones estradiol, progesterone, and androgens, the endometrium is also a target for insulin, the receptor for which is cyclically regulated in normo-ovulatory women. In vitro, insulin inhibits the normal process of endometrial stromal differentiation (decidualization). In addition, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins are regulated in and act on endometrial cellular constituents, and hyperinsulinemia down-regulates hepatic IGFBP-1, resulting in elevated free IGF-I in the circulation. Thus, elevated estrogen (without the opposing effects of progesterone in the absence of ovulation), hyperinsulinemia, elevated free IGF-I and androgens, and obesity all likely contribute to endometrial dysfunction, infertility, increased miscarriage rate, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial cancer common in women with PCOS. The potential mechanisms underlying these disorders, specifically in women with PCOS, are complex and await additional transdisciplinary research for their complete elucidation.
Bisphenol A exposure leads to specific microRNA alterations in placental cells

Exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) has been observed to alter developmental pathways and cell processes, at least in part, through epigenetic mechanisms. This study sought to investigate the effect of BPA on microRNAs (miRNAs) in human placental cells. miRNA microarray was performed following BPA treatment in three immortalized cytotrophoblast cell lines and the results validated using quantitative real-time PCR. For functional analysis, overexpression constructs were stably transfected into cells that were then assayed for changes in proliferation and response to toxicants. Microarray analysis revealed several miRNAs to be significantly altered in response to BPA treatment in two cell lines. Real-time PCR results confirmed that miR-146a was particularly strongly induced and its overexpression in cells led to slower proliferation as well as higher sensitivity to the DNA damaging agent, bleomycin. Overall, these results suggest that BPA can alter miRNA expression in placental cells, a potentially novel mode of BPA toxicity.
Large-scale numerical simulations of turbulent non-Newtonian thermal convection using method of characteristics

Abstract We have applied a method of characteristics to a large-scale computational problem of strongly time-dependent, two-dimensional, incompressible, infinite Prandtl number thermal convection for a non-Newtonian power law rheology. Bicubic splines are used for the spatial discretization for both temperature and stream function fields. A predictor-corrector type scheme with the Lagrangian formulation of the total time derivative in the energy equation allows one to model flows with advection strongly dominating over diffusion. The non-Newtonian rheological law introduces nonlinearity into the momentum equation. Therefore, iterations are necessary to obtain the solution at each time step. This aspect is responsible for the very CPU intensive nature of this problem. Extrapolation of the stream function fields from the previous time steps gives a good initial guess. Thus only a few Picard iterations are usually necessary to obtain solution of the momentum equation. We have observed the transition from mildly time-dependent to the strongly chaotic or turbulent non-Newtonian convection. The regular cellular structure of convection is broken in turbulent regime. The thermal plumes become disconnected and the interior of the convecting volume is filled with the detached blobs of hot and cold material. Non-Newtonian convection is far more chaotic than Newtonian carrying away the same amount of heat from a box. Rising non-Newtonian plumes exhibit much greater curvature in their ascent than Newtonian ones and are strongly attracted by descending currents at the top. Increasing the power-law index sharpens the chaotic behavior of the flow.
Multiple synchronous fibrovascular polyps of the hypopharynx.

Purpose of the Study: To evaluate the clinical, radiological presentation and surgical management of fibrovascular polyps of the hypopharynx. Methods: Retrospective medical analysis of a case report. We report the case of a 66-year-old man, who presented with an incarcerated left inguinal hernia, vomiting and regurgitation of a large mass into the oral cavity resulting in syncope. MRI and cine-esophagram demonstrated a large mass in the cervical esophagus. At the time of herniorrhaphy, endoscopy revealed an 11.8-cm hypopharyngeal mass that completely obstructed the oropharynx. Results: The airway was secured by tracheostomy and the lesion was subsequently removed via open pharyngotomy. Postoperatively, a second polyp was found ball-valving into the airway, and an endoscopic resection was performed prior to decannulation. Histopathology of both lesions confirmed the diagnosis of a fibrovascular polyp. Conclusion: Fibrovascular polyps are rare benign intraluminal esophageal lesions resulting in mild symptoms of dysphagia that may also cause significant morbidity such as syncope and asphyxia. This is the first report of synchronous fibrovascular polyps of the hypopharynx.
Caspase-11 Protects Against Bacteria That Escape the Vacuole

Caspases are either apoptotic or inflammatory. Among inflammatory caspases, caspase-1 and -11 trigger pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death. Whereas both can be detrimental in inflammatory disease, only caspase-1 has an established protective role during infection. Here, we report that caspase-11 is required for innate immunity to cytosolic, but not vacuolar, bacteria. Although Salmonella typhimurium and Legionella pneumophila normally reside in the vacuole, specific mutants (sifA and sdhA, respectively) aberrantly enter the cytosol. These mutants triggered caspase-11, which enhanced clearance of S. typhimurium sifA in vivo. This response did not require NLRP3, NLRC4, or ASC inflammasome pathways. Burkholderia species that naturally invade the cytosol also triggered caspase-11, which protected mice from lethal challenge with B. thailandensis and B. pseudomallei. Thus, caspase-11 is critical for surviving exposure to ubiquitous environmental pathogens.
Evaluating chemical extraction techniques for the determination of uranium oxidation state in reduced aquifer sediments.

Extraction techniques utilizing high pH and (bi)carbonate concentrations were evaluated for their efficacy in determining the oxidation state of uranium (U) in reduced sediments collected from Rifle, CO. Differences in dissolved concentrations between oxic and anoxic extractions have been proposed as a means to quantify the U(VI) and U(IV) content of sediments. An additional step was added to anoxic extractions using a strong anion exchange resin to separate dissolved U(IV) and U(VI). X-ray spectroscopy showed that U(IV) in the sediments was present as polymerized precipitates similar to uraninite and/or less ordered U(IV), referred to as non-uraninite U(IV) species associated with biomass (NUSAB). Extractions of sediment containing both uraninite and NUSAB displayed higher dissolved uranium concentrations under oxic than anoxic conditions while extractions of sediment dominated by NUSAB resulted in identical dissolved U concentrations. Dissolved U(IV) was rapidly oxidized under anoxic conditions in all e...
Fission gas swelling of refractory nuclear fuels

Abstract The external diametral swelling rates of uranium oxides, nitrides and carbides at temperatures of up to 1900°C are presented. Under similar conditions, the swelling rates are seen to increase from approximately 0.2 percent per 1020 fissions per cm3 at 1200°C to 10–30 percent per 1020 fissions per cm3 at 1900°C. This exponential or Arrhenius relationship of swelling rates to temperature is consistent with a diffusional creep model of swelling of fuels by fission gas pressures at these temperatures. Arguments are presented which show that diffusional creep processes are required in the formation of even the smallest of gas bubbles. Mechanisms are suggested by which gas bubble growth by diffusional creep can continue to form bubbles of larger sizes without invoking difficult bubble migration processes. The kinetic nature of high-temperature fission gas swelling requires the existence of a rate process dependent upon fuel properties. It is apparent that the most probable rate-controlling processes are the coupled processes of diffusion of gas atoms to clusters and of diffusion of vacancies, primarily Schottky vacancies, to both atoms and clusters. The driving force for vacancy flow to the sites of gas atoms is initially the lattice strain energy of the individual gas atoms and subsequently the “pressure” of gas atoms in “clusters” or “bubbles”. This dynamic driving force is reduced by the passive, temperature-independent force called “surface tension”, but the former is always in excess to provide kinetic action toward the equilibrium described by “surface tension”.
Channel detecting jamming attacks on symmetric blind rendezvous algorithms for cognitive radio networks

Recently, blind rendezvous algorithms have been proposed for cognitive radio networks due to the limitations of centralized servers or common control channels. However, these algorithms are vulnerable to our Channel Detecting Jamming Attacks (CDJAs) where a jammer computes and jams their channel hopping sequences by utilizing the properties of each rendezvous scheme. We have demonstrated that CDJAs, with capabilities similar to normal users, can significantly reduce rendezvous success rates for the Modular Clock and Jump Stay symmetric blind rendezvous algorithms [11], [12]. Here, we extend our CDJAs to the Generated Orthogonal Sequence (GOS) [15] algorithms. Our CDJAs, with one/two listening channels, quickly determine the channel hopping sequence for the GOS algorithm. Corresponding simulation results show the rendezvous success rates of GOS and other efficient blind rendezvous algorithm dramatically decrease under CDJAs. We compare these results to the Random rendezvous algorithm and show Random vastly outperforms five efficient blind algorithms under CDJAs and in other measures as well. Our CDJA is a major security concern for the state-of-the-art symmetric blind rendezvous algorithms for cognitive radio networks.
Characterization of transport in microfluidic gradient generators

We present a two-dimensional model that describes the concentration profile of a class of previously reported microfluidic devices which are of particular interest in cellular taxis research. The devices generate stable concentration gradients by mixing and dividing two or more external inputs into a large number of discrete streams. This study focuses specifically on modeling the confluence of the discrete streams in a long chamber. We derive a closed-form solution for gradient generators with any arbitrary number of sampling streams. By relating the physical dimensions to the Peclet number, we create a model independent of flow rate and therefore dependent only on the specific nature of the boundary condition provided by the upstream network. As a result, the modeling method we propose may help evaluate the effectiveness of competing gradient generation schemes. Finally, our analytical work introduces a framework for developing simple design rules of interest to experimentalists working with these devices.
Initial Response of Understory Vegetation to Three Alternative Thinning Treatments

This study compares initial understory vegetation response among three thinning treatments and a control in 30- to 50-year-old even-aged Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco (Douglas-fir) stands. It was conducted on four sites on the western slope of the central Oregon Cascades. Treatments included a control (no thinning), a light thinning, and two treatments designed to encourage development of understory vegetation: a light thinning with gap creation and a heavy thinning. Vegetation response was measured during the first post-treatment growing season and 5–7 years later. At a treatment-scale, vegetation structure and composition differed between thinned and unthinned stands but varied little among thinning treatments. Thinnings resulted in initial declines of bryophytes, tall shrubs, and low shrubs followed by subsequent recovery and growth. Herbs displayed little initial response, but a release of early-seral species was evident in thinned stands by 5–7 years posttreatment. The addition of gaps result...
CHALLENGES IN RESEARCHING CORPORATE RESTRUCTURING

This article reviews research on corporate restructuring by examining representative studies of acquisitions, divestitures and management buyouts. Theoretical arguments used in prior research on these aspects of restructuring are presented and the empirical evidence is reviewed. Three challenges in researching corporate restructuring are identified: trading off theoretical abstraction for institutional detail, defining strategically meaningful research questions, and the pursuit of partial models versus development of a comprehensive theory of restructuring. the conclusion is that theoretical and methodological pluralism are essential for advancement of research on this topic. the article concludes with a call for more research involving institutional detail and linking modes of restructuring to performance.
Lateral Hypothalamic Stimulation in Satiated Rats: The Rewarding Effects of Self-Induced Drinking

It is well known that thirsty rats will press a lever for water. The purpose of the present experiment was to demonstrate that, when water is freely available, nonthirsty rats will press a lever for thirst. Three satiated rats, bearing permanently implanted electrodes, were trained to press a lever which caused stimulation to be applied to an area of the lateral hypothalamus which induces thirst. The animals were tested with and without water available. Two of the rats pressed the lever to induce thirst only when water was available. Thus, thirst-inducing stimulation was not rewarding by itself, but only in combination with drinking.
Injection locking experiment at the UCSB FEL

Abstract The free electron laser at the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB FEL) is driven by an electrostatic accelerator with an electron beam recovery system. Because of the pulse to pulse terminal voltage fluctuations and the stochastic nature of the laser startup process the lasing frequency varies randomly by about 0.1%. To eliminate this effect, an experiment is carried out where power from an external coherent source is injected into the laser cavity and is expected to lock the laser to a fixed frequency. Several sources such as continuous and pulsed molecular far-infrared (FIR) lasers as well as backward-wave oscillators are considered on the basis of power, bandwidth and tunability. In all cases the power/bandwidth is many times higher than the FEL spontaneous emission. Preliminary results, using a pulsed FIR laser driven by a TEA CO 2 laser show an early startup of the FEL pulse increase in magnitude and achievement of saturation dictated by the characteristic spectral sweep of the UCSB FEL gain curve.
Does probability weighting matter in probability elicitation

Abstract One of the most widely used methods for probability encoding in decision analysis uses binary comparisons (choices) between two lotteries: one that depends on the values of the random variable of interest and another that is contingent on an external reference chance device (typically a probability wheel). This note investigates the degree to which differences in probability weighting functions between the two types of events could affect the practice of subjective probability encoding. We develop a general methodology to investigate this question and illustrate it with two popular probability weighting functions over the range of parameters reported in the literature. We use this methodology to (a) alert decision analysts and researchers to the possibility of reversals, (b) identify the circumstances under which overt preferences for one lottery over the other are not affected by the weighting function, (c) document the magnitude of the differences between choices based on probabilities and their corresponding weighting functions, and (d) offer practical recommendations for probability elicitation.
Computational Modeling of the Combustion and Gasification Zones in a Downdraft Gasifier

Computational modeling was completed on a simplified downdraft gasifier being installed at the University of Iowa Oakdale Power Plant. The model was created in Gambit and simulated in ANSYS Fluent. The process modeled was non-premixed combustion on biomass fuel with a fixed-bed. The Fluent coal model was modified based on (off-site) proximate and ultimate analyses of the biomass. Varying packing densities, oxidizer inlet velocities and fuel types were simulated and the impact on the combustion zone was assessed. It was found that packing densities around 0.5 with oxidizer inlet velocities less than 5m/s were ideal for modeling wood gasification and produced a temperature distribution that was the most analogous to previous experimental measurements. The resulting reaction field was mainly a large rich fuel combustion (RFC) zone where gasification and pyrolysis could occur. The different fuels were found to have similar temperature and mean mixture fraction patterns, although the maximum temperatures attained were very different (1080K for seed corn versus 678K for wood), with the wood showing a greater area of RFC for gasification and pyrolysis. The temperature contour corresponded to the mixture fraction figure perfectly and well explained the stable asymmetric combustion in a downdraft gasifier.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Hemoglobin penetration in the wall of the rabbit basilar artery after subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracisternal hemoglobin injection.

The ability of hemoglobin (Hb) to penetrate the basilar arterial wallin vivo after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage was examined using immunohistochemistry. The distribution of anti-Hb antibodies in rabbit basilar artery was studied following the injection of autologous blood in the cisterna magna. Vessels removed two or four days after subarachnoid hemorrhage exhibited varying degrees of vasospasm, and exhibited Hb immuno-fluorescence throughout the vessel wall. Hemoglobin immunofluorescence was most conspicuous in the adventitia but was also seen in the smooth muscle and endothelial cell layers in 7 of 10 animals. The degree of vasoconstriction correlated with the total amount of Hb-fluorescence present in the vessel wall. When Hb solution alone was injected into the subarachnoid space, vasoconstriction was evident but penetration into the vascular layers was not as extensive as that observed after injection of autologous blood.
Development of pheromone lure for monitoring field populations ofEoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

Formulations of Mexican rice borer (MRB) pheromone components were more effective in capturing males in fields of sugarcane when dispensed from rubber septa than when evaporated from four other substrates. Concentrations of 0.63–10.0 mg of total pheromone per lure were effective over a 112-day period when formulated in rubber septa in a ratio of 8∶1∶1.3 of (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-13-octadecenal, respectively. Component ratios of 4∶1∶1.3 and 8∶1∶1.3 were equally effective in capturing male MRB, but efficacy decreased with higher relative concentrations of (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate.
A COMPARISON OF CO-SLEEPING TO OTHER SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS) RISK FACTORS IN PHILADELPHIA 1151

A COMPARISON OF CO-SLEEPING TO OTHER SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS) RISK FACTORS IN PHILADELPHIA 1151
Models of temporal processing and language development

Abstract Many dyslexics have problems with high-level phonological processing, as well as with rapidly changing non-linguistic sounds. The former, tested by tasks such as rhyming, phoneme deletion, phoneme counting, etc., are linguistic, require conscious awareness, and cannot be readily modeled in animals, except as general cognitive abilities. The latter involves making judgments about rapidly changing tones, and can be tested in the bench laboratory. We have developed two animal models in which to study the latter deficit. These models originate from the observation that dyslexic brains show focal areas of abnormal cell migration. Newborn rats with cortical freezing injury to the frontal, parietal, occipital, or temporal lobes develop a focal neuronal migration abnormality similar to that in the dyslexic brain. Among the effects of the injury we see changes in neuronal populations in the thalamus, which in turn are associated with deficits in processing rapidly changing tones. A separate group of animals – mouse mutants that develop spontaneous focal neuronal migration anomalies and autoimmunity – also show deficits in rapid sound processing. These deficits can be demonstrated by operant conditioning, oddball and gap detection paradigms, and evoked potentials. There are gender differences in the responses. Whereas a focal anomaly can be induced in female rats that looks identical to that of the male, females do not exhibit changes in the thalamus nor temporal processing deficits. On the other hand, when pregnant rats are exposed to testosterone during pregnancy, females with microgyria belonging to these litters show the expected thalamic changes. Animals with cortical anomalies also have problems of a more cognitive type tested on maze and avoidance paradigms, which implicate cortical dysfunction directly. In sum, cortical malformations acquired during fetal and early post-natal development in rodents lead to a useful model for the study of developmental learning disorders in humans.
Measures of preferred direction for environmental and ecological circular data

Circular or angular variables indicating direction or cyclical time can be of great interest to scientists studying ecology, biology or environmental issues. A common problem of interest in circular data is estimating a preferred direction and its corresponding distribution. This problem is complicated by the so-called “wrap-around effect” on the circle, which exists because there is no natural minimum or maximum. The usual statistics employed for linear data are inappropriate for directional data, as they do not account for its circular nature. Three choices for summarizing the preferred direction (the sample circular mean, sample circular median and a circular analog of the Hodges–Lehmann estimator) are discussed, with examples from environmental and ecological applications. Similar to the linear data case, the relative emphases of different methods sometimes yield different measures of preferred direction in the presence of outliers or lack of symmetry in the original data.
Studies in cerebral ischemia.

Abstract Total cerebral ischemia often injures or alters the microcirculation. This injury is highly variable within microregions, often resulting in different patterns of reperfusion within 100 μm. There is a growing consensus that the microcirculation injury is a consequence of ischemic brain injury rather than an essential pathogenetic step to it. Ischemia includes anoxia, hypoglycemia, and accumulation of hydrogen ions. Each of these may independently injure the brain. There is some evidence that ischemic injury in hyperglycemic animals is made more severe by the greater production of lactic acid. In addition to these primary components, there is impairment of autoregulation.
Circuit characterisation of waveguide-mounted Gunn-effect oscillators

A lumped equivalent circuit is proposed to characterise the load impedance presented to a Gunn device mounted in a waveguide cavity. Using analytical expressions for the elements of the circuit, theoretical predictions for the properties of Gunn oscillators with and without a coupling iris are made, and are compared with experiments.
The Frank-Kamenetskii approximation

Etude des cinetiques chimiques de reactions non-isothermes, et ou la constante de vitesse est liee a la temperature
Generalized Nonparametric Mixed-Effect Models: Computation and Smoothing Parameter Selection

Generalized linear mixed-effect models are widely used for the analysis of correlated non-Gaussian data such as those found in longitudinal studies. In this article, we consider extensions with nonparametric fixed effects and parametric random effects. The estimation is through the penalized likelihood method, and our focus is on the efficient computation and the effective smoothing parameter selection. To assist efficient computation, the joint likelihood of the observations and the latent variables of the random effects is used instead of the marginal likelihood of the observations. For the selection of smoothing parameters and correlation parameters, direct cross-validation techniques are employed; the effectiveness of cross-validation with respect to a few loss functions are evaluated through simulation studies. Real data examples are presented to illustrate potential applications of the methodology. Open-source R code is demonstrated in the Appendix.
Exshall: A Turkel-Zwas explicit large time-step FORTRAN program for solving the shallow-water equations in spherical coordinates

Abstract A FORTRAN computer program is presented and documented applying the Turkel–Zwas explicit large time-step scheme to a hemispheric barotropic model with constraint restoration of integral invariants of the shallow-water equations. We then proceed to detail the algorithms embodied in the code EXSHALL in this paper, particularly algorithms related to the efficiency and stability of T–Z scheme and the quadratic constraint restoration method which is based on a variational approach. In particular we provide details about the high-latitude filtering, Shapiro filtering, and Robert filtering algorithms used in the code. We explain in detail the various subroutines in the EXSHALL code with emphasis on algorithms implemented in the code and present the flowcharts of some major subroutines. Finally, we provide a visual example illustrating a 4-day run using real initial data, along with a sample printout and graphic isoline contours of the height field and velocity fields.
Virtual reality for assembly methods prototyping: a review

Assembly planning and evaluation is an important component of the product design process in which details about how parts of a new product will be put together are formalized. A well designed assembly process should take into account various factors such as optimum assembly time and sequence, tooling and fixture requirements, ergonomics, operator safety, and accessibility, among others. Existing computer-based tools to support virtual assembly either concentrate solely on representation of the geometry of parts and fixtures and evaluation of clearances and tolerances or use simulated human mannequins to approximate human interaction in the assembly process. Virtual reality technology has the potential to support integration of natural human motions into the computer aided assembly planning environment (Ritchie et al. in Proc I MECH E Part B J Eng 213(5):461–474, 1999). This would allow evaluations of an assembler’s ability to manipulate and assemble parts and result in reduced time and cost for product design. This paper provides a review of the research in virtual assembly and categorizes the different approaches. Finally, critical requirements and directions for future research are presented.
Cumulative effect of annual additions of undecomposed leaves and compost on the yield of eggplant and tomatoes

For three years, undecomposed leaves were applied on a sandy terrace soil (Windsor, CT) and a loamy upland soil (Mt. Carmel, CT) in spring or fall. Yields of eggplant and tomatoes from these plots were compared to yields from plots amended with fully mature leaf compost and unamended controls. All plots received equal amounts of fertilizer. Eggplant responded consistently in all years at both sites with the greatest yields from plots amended with compost and the smallest yields from plots amended with leaves in the fall. With tomatoes, the amended plots (leaves or compost) had greater yields than the control plots all three years at Mt. Carmel. At Windsor, however, the leaf-amended plots had reduced yields in 1993 compared to the controls following similar yields in 1992. The reduction in eggplant yields from plots amended with leaves in the fall appear unrelated to nitrogen immobilization as nitrogen concentrations were greater or similar to the unamended control plots throughout the growing seasons. The...
Note on Edgeworth’s Taxation Phenomenon and Professor Garver’s Additional Condition on Demand Functions

In a recent paper1 I derived for demand functions for n commodities conditions which, I concluded, assure the satisfaction of all further conditions which may reasonably be applied to all sets of demand functions. Letting p1, p2, … p n , and q1, q2, …, q n be respectively the prices and quantities, the conditions are: $$\frac{{\partial {p_i}}}{{\partial {q_j}}} = \frac{{\partial {p_j}}}{{\partial {q_i}}} 0,\frac{{\partial \left( {{p_i},{p_j}{p_k}} \right)}}{{\partial \left( {{q_i},{q_j},{q_k}} \right)}} < 0, \ldots$$ These are equivalent to $$\frac{{\partial {q_i}}}{{\partial {p_j}}} = \frac{{\partial {q_j}}}{{\partial {p_i}}},\frac{{\partial {q_i}}}{{\partial {p_i}}} 0,\frac{{\partial \left( {{q_i},{q_j},{q_k}} \right)}}{{\partial \left( {{p_i},{p_j},{p_k}} \right)}} < 0, \ldots ,$$ and were known, at least in part, by Edgeworth. Similar conditions in which the inequality signs are all > apply for supply functions.
Society for Pediatric Research Presidential Address 2001: Pediatric Research in the Era of Genomics

Society for Pediatric Research Presidential Address 2001: Pediatric Research in the Era of Genomics
Dissipation of Energy and Angular Momentum by Emission of Neutrons and Gamma Rays

We examine quantitatively some of the consequences of the statistical theory of nuclear de-excitation for neutron and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emission from highly excited nuclei. Special attention is given to the dissipation of angular momentum. To a first approximation, the nuclear "thermal energy" is removed first, initially by neutron and then by dipole $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray emission. The "rotational energy" is dissipated afterwards as a cascade of lowenergy $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays which may be composed of a high proportion of quadrupole radiation. The meager experimental data available are consistent with the theoretical expectations, but do not as yet permit a crucial test. Further possible experiments are pointed out. The role of the lowest-energy excited state at every angular momentum (yrast levels) is taken into account explicitly. The importance of using correct level densities at energies near the yrast levels, where the conventional level-density formulas may be very inaccurate, is stressed.
Presynaptically Silent Synapses Studied with Light Microscopy

Synaptic plasticity likely underlies the nervous system's ability to learn and remember and may also represent an adaptability that prevents otherwise damaging insults from becoming neurotoxic. We have been studying a form of presynaptic plasticity that is interesting in part because it is expressed as a digital switching on and off of a presynaptic terminal s ability to release vesicles containing the neurotransmitter glutamate. Here we demonstrate a protocol for visualizing the activity status of presynaptic terminals in dissociated cell cultures prepared from the rodent hippocampus. The method relies on detecting active synapses using staining with a fixable form of the styryl dye FM1-43, commonly used to label synaptic vesicles. This staining profile is compared with immunostaining of the same terminals with an antibody directed against the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT-1), a stain designed to label all glutamate synapses regardless of activation status. We find that depolarizing stimuli induce presynaptic silencing. The population of synapses that is silent under baseline conditions can be activated by prolonged electrical silencing or by activation of cAMP signaling pathways.
A New Strain of Streptomyces Causing Common Scab in Potato.

ABSTRACT Common scab is a serious disease of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and other root and tuber crops, affecting the quality and market value of these crops. The disease is caused by gram-positive soil bacteria in the genus Streptomyces. A new common scab-causing streptomycete was isolated from scabby potatoes originating in southeastern Idaho. Research has supported a model of horizontal transfer of pathogenicity determinants among streptomycetes, and the new strain has hallmarks of the recently characterized Streptomyces pathogenicity island (PAI); it has genes encoding the synthetase for the pathogenicity determinant thaxtomin and for a second pathogenicity factor, tomatinase, although it lacks a third gene characteristic of the Streptomyces PAI, the nec1 gene. The new strain has a unique 16s rDNA gene sequence closely related to those of other pathogenic Streptomyces species. This 16s rDNA sequence was also found in isolates lacking a PAI, suggesting that the new pathogenic strain arose by horizont...
SHP-2 phosphatase is required for hematopoietic cell transformation by Bcr-Abl.

SHP-2 phosphatase forms a stable protein complex with and is heavily tyrosine-phosphorylated by the oncogenic tyrosine kinase Bcr-Abl. However, the role of SHP-2 in Bcr-Abl–mediated leukemogenesis is unclear. In the present report, we provide evidence that SHP-2 is required for hematopoietic cell transformation by Bcr-Abl. In vitro biological effects of Bcr-Abl transduction were diminished in SHP-2Δ/Δ hematopoietic cells, and the leukemic potential of Bcr-Abl–transduced SHP-2Δ/Δ cells in recipient animals was compromised. Further analyses showed that Bcr-Abl protein (p210) was degraded, and its oncogenic signaling was greatly decreased in SHP-2Δ/Δ cells. Treatment with proteasome inhibitors or reintroduction of SHP-2 restored p210 level in Bcr-Abl–transduced SHP-2Δ/Δ cells. Subsequent investigation revealed that SHP-2 interacted with heat shock protein 90, an important chaperone protein protecting p210 from proteasome-mediated degradation. The role of SHP-2 in the stability of p210 is independent of its catalytic activity. Blockade of SHP-2 expression in p210-expressing cells by antisense or small-interfering RNA approaches decreased p210 level, causing cell death. Inhibition of SHP-2 enzymatic activity by overexpression of catalytically inactive SHP-2 mutant did not destabilize p210 but enhanced serum starvation-induced apoptosis, suggesting that SHP-2 also plays an important role in downstream signaling of p210 kinase. These studies identified a novel function of SHP-2 and suggest that SHP-2 might be a useful target for controlling Bcr-Abl–positive leukemias.