cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speaking without words: Zorba's dance

Anthony Quinn 'teaching dance' on the island of Crete to the music of Mikis Theodorakis is a popular image that portrays Greeks as extremely emotional passionate and spontaneous. This paper shows the importance of dancing in Greek culture and how Greeks talk through their body by examining Kazantzakis character, Zorba, who 'has many things to say but would rather dance them'.
Heat capacities of aqueous NaBr from 306 to 603 K at 17.5 MPa

Abstract A differential flow heat-capacity calorimeter has been used to measure the heat capacity of aqueous CaCl 2 at molalities from 0.05 to 3.0 mol · kg −1 , temperatures from 306 to 603 K, and a pressure of 17.5 MPa. The results show the very large and negative apparent molar heat capacities at high temperatures and low molalities found for other strong electrolytes. Quantitative comparisons indicate that aqueous CaCl 2 is not a completely ionized electrolyte at the highest temperatures.
Tests Enhance the Transfer of Learning.

Numerous learning studies have shown that if the period of time devoted to studying information (e.g., casa-house) includes at least 1 test (casa-?), performance on a final test is improved-a finding known as the testing effect. In most of these studies, however, the final test is identical to the initial test. If the final test requires a novel demonstration of learning (i.e., transfer), prior studies suggest that a greater degree of transfer reduces the size of the testing effect. The authors tested this conjecture. In 2 experiments, 4th- or 5th-grade students learned to assign regions or cities to map locations and returned 1 day later for 2 kinds of final tests. One final test required exactly the same task seen during the learning session, and the other final test consisted of novel, more challenging questions. In both experiments, testing effects were found for both kinds of final tests, and the testing effect was no smaller, and actually slightly larger, for the final test requiring transfer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).
Mode of administration bias

Self-report questionnaires are widely used as proxy measures of clinical outcomes. The results of the questionnaires are typically tabulated into a single score and used to describe a selected construct or dimension of health (e.g. disability, function, pain).1,2 The recent increase in the popularity of self-report questionnaires has led to a concomitant increase in the validation of each instrument and the subsequent assessment of how bias can influence outcomes.3 According to Sackett and colleagues,4 bias is considered as any systematic deviation of an observation from the true clinical state. Unfortunately, bias associated with self-report questionnaires is quite common and can potentially influence the outcome of the targeted dimension of health.5 Minor variations in the structure of the questions of the self-report questionnaire (e.g. question wording and order) can lead to significant discrepancies in findings.6,7 Furthermore, variations in mode of administration (how, when, and in what manner the self-report questionnaire is provided) can also be a dramatic source of study bias.7,8 Different modes of administration include: (1) traditional paper and pencil self-administration ‘interview’ methods, handled through postal services, clinical administration, either in person of in absence of the clinician; (2) computer-assisted (electronic) self-administered ‘interview’ methods by use of a computerized interface; or (3) face-to-face verbal interviews between the patient and the clinician.9 Mode of administration bias occurs during data collection and involves intentional or unintentional alteration of information collected from the patient.8 When examining within-session effects of manual therapy interventions, mode of administration of outcomes measures is often either a written self-report assessment (such as a global rating of change score or a visual analog scale for pain) or a verbal report using a standardized outcomes measure. Studies that examine within-session or immediate effects routinely capture patient changes (either verbally or by written self-report) directly after a single intervention. How these measures are captured can lead to dramatically variable results.10 The goal of this editorial is to outline the potential forms of bias associated with mode of administration and to discuss methods to reduce the risk of inflated findings.
Neuromuscular junctions: The state of the union

Synaptic differentiation is triggered by signals from the ingrowing axon and is shaped by information exchange between the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells. The central role of agrin in this process, and the identity of the signaling component of its receptor, have now been established.
Some Dido-type inequalities

Alan Siegel is the product of the Palo Alto public school system in California. He earned his B.S. in mathematics and his Ph.D. in computer science at Stanford University. He is presently the Deputy Chairman for the Department of Computer Science at New York University. His areas of specialty include the mathematical analysis of algorithms, probabilistic analysis, and lower bounds. He is also a cofounder of a project that seeks to improve mathematics education in the U.S.
Azathioprine versus D-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis patients who have been treated unsuccessfully with gold.

Two hundred six patients were entered into a prospective controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial comparing azathioprine (AZA) 1.25–1.5 mg/kg/day with D-penicillamine (DP) 10–12 mg/kg/day. One hundred thirty-four patients completed 24 weeks of therapy. Improvement in nearly all efficacy variables was seen in both groups. Patients taking DP demonstrated a greater rise in hemoglobin concentration and greater fall in erythrocyte sedimentation rate than patients receiving AZA; these were the only efficacy variables with a significant difference between the treatment groups. Fewer withdrawals for adverse reactions occurred among the patients receiving AZA, but the difference was not significant. Patients receiving AZA were withdrawn from the drug mainly for abnormal liver function test results, nausea and gastrointestinal upset, and leukopenia. The main reasons for withdrawal of patients receiving DP were nausea, rash and pruritis, thrombo-cytopenia, dysgeusia, and proteinuria.
Substances Adsorbed on the Fat Globules in Cream and their Relation to Churning. V. Composition of the “Membrane” and Distribution of the Adsorbed Substances in Churning

Summary Protein contents ranging from 0.46–0.86 grams per 100 grams of fat, and lipide phosphorus contents ranging from 8.9–16.3 milligrams per 100 grams of fat were found in 19 samples of cream washed six times with distilled water. The protein content was relatively constant in washed creams from any given group of cows; it was lower in those from Jerseys than in those from Holsteins. The protein/phospholipide ratio varied from 1.8 to 2.4 in 15 samples of washed cream and was 2.7 in a sixteenth. Protein and phospholipide contents and ratios of washed creams appeared to be independent of variations in fat composition produced by changes in feed. The protein and lipide phosphorus contents of 10 samples of washed cream, exhibiting only minor variations in average fat globule size, were respectively 34.0-49.0 and 0.57–0.86 micrograms per 100 square centimeters of fat surface. Contents of "membrane" constituents per unit weight of fat and even per unit of fat surface were correlated significantly with the specific fat surface in 19 samples of washed cream prepared to exhibit a considerable range in average fat globule size. Butters from 11 samples of washed cream had protein/phospholipide ratios of 1.0–2.0. The corresponding buttermilks had ratios of 2.4–3.8. This verified the rather qualitative results of a preliminary investigation. Butters from washed cream retained protein at a rather constant level of 0.21–0.30 grams per 100 grams of fat irrespective of the concentration of fat or of protein in the washed creams from which they were churned. They did not retain a constant level of phospholipide. The significance of these findings in relation to a theoretical concept of orientation of protein and phospholipide in the "membrane" is discussed.
1240 PLATELET MONOAMINE OXIDASE (MAO) ACTIVITY IN REYE'S SYNDROME (RS)

In patients with RS we have shown that MAO activity was significantly reduced in liver and tyramine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and octopamine were increased in plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether generalized MAO dysfunction is a metabolic abnormality associated with RS. Platelet and liver MAO activities were evaluated by radioenzymatic technique in RS and control patients. Platelet MAO activity was significantly decreased (p<0.025) in RS patients (n=13) [3.3 ± 2.4 nmoles of [3H]4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid formed x (mg protein)−1 × hr−1] when compared to control patients without liver disease (n=8) [9.8 ± 2.5 nmoles] and in non-RS liver disease patients (n=9) [9.1 ± 2.0 nmoles]. Following recovery platelet MAO levels in RS patients were not significantly different from controls. In contrast, there were no significant differences between hepatic MAO activities in RS patients and those without liver disease or non-RS liver disease. Conclusion: 1) reduced platelet MAO activity is a specific abnormality in RS and represents generalized mitochondrial dysfunction; 2) the pattern of MAO activities in platelet and liver may differentiate RS from other hepatopathologic states; 3) the disturbance of MAO activity may be responsible for hypercatecholaminemia and neurologic dysfunction in RS patients.
Dyskinetoplastic Trypanosoma brucei Contains Functional Editing Complexes

Mitochondrial pre-mRNAs undergo posttranscriptional RNA editing as directed by small guide RNAs (gRNAs) to produce functional mRNAs in kinetoplastid protozoa. The pre-mRNAs and gRNAs are encoded in the maxicircle and minicircle components, respectively, of the kinetoplastid mitochondrial DNA (kDNA), and editing is catalyzed by a multienzyme protein complex. Trypanosoma evansi AnTat3/3, which lacks maxicircles but retains a single class of minicircles, and a dyskinetoplastic mutant of Trypanosoma brucei EATRO164, which is devoid of kDNA, were both shown to retain genes and proteins for the editing complex. The proteins are present in complexes that immunoprecipitate and sediment indistinguishably from wild-type complexes. The complexes catalyze precleaved insertion and deletion editing as well as full-round deletion editing in vitro. Thus, mutants which lack the natural substrates for RNA editing and all or most gRNAs retain editing complexes that contain the four primary catalytic activities of editing and function in editing, at least in vitro. Therefore neither pre-mRNA nor gRNA is required to form functional RNA-editing complexes.
Lenalidomide-induced myelosuppression is associated with renal dysfunction: adverse events evaluation of treatment-naïve patients undergoing front-line lenalidomide and dexamethasone therapy.

Summary Data on 72 patients receiving lenalidomide/dexamethasone for multiple myeloma (MM) was used to determine the factors that are associated with lenalidomide-induced myelosuppression. Eight of 14 patients with grade ‡3 myelosuppression had baseline creatinine clearance (CrCl) £0AE67 ml/s. Kaplan‐Meier analysis by log-rank test demonstrated a significant association (P <0 AE0001) between renal insufficiency and time to myelosuppression (hazard ratio ¼ 8AE4; 95% confidence interval 2AE9‐24AE7, P ¼ 0AE0001). Therefore, CrCl is inversely associated with significant myelosuppression. Caution should be exercised when lenalidomide therapy is commenced and CrCl should be incorporated as a determinant of the initial dosing of lenalidomide in MM patients.
Using Plant Personnel Efficiently

Summary The latest and most modern equipment is not always the answer to using plant labor efficiently. Using plant labor efficiently involves proper arrangement and balance of equipment, and use of proper work methods. Work methods can be developed by plant personnel through a “do-it-yourself” campaign. An analysis should be made, using the questioning attitude, considering the possibility of combining, eliminating, or simplifying operations, or changing the sequence of operations. Unproductive work should be eliminated; time saved should be devoted to productive work. Unproductive time by the worker is often the fault of management, for not providing proper work conditions and work place. So this is your challenge—set up the job as you would have it if you were carrying out the operation.
Liquid-fueled supersonic combustion ramjets - A research perspective

A review of past and current research applicable to liquid-fueled supersonic combustion ramjets is presented and discussed. An assessment of its strengths and shortcomings is made and, finally, a list of research opportunities that merit consideration in this rapidly expanding area of airbreathing propulsion is presented. Nomenclature = area Cf = average combustor wall skin friction coefficient D = isolator duct diameter d = injector diameter ER = fuel-air equivalence ratio / = fuel-air ratio h - penetration height, enthalpy Ah = driving enthalpy (Ref. 85) M -Mach number P = static pressure q = fuel-to-freestream dynamic pressure ratio, average q = combustor wall heat flux Ree = Reynolds number based on momentum thickness Sd = length of precombustion shock structure in supersonic combustion Ss = total length of precombustion shock structure T = temperature w =fuel jet lateral spreading w =mass flow rate x = axial distance downstream of injection 6 =fuel injection angle 6m = boundary-layer momentum thickness r/c =heat release combustion efficiency f = average combustor skin friction
Reversal of Spin Polarization in Fe=GaAs (001) Driven by Resonant Surface States: First-Principles Calculations

A minority-spin resonant state at the Fe/GaAs(001) interface is predicted to reverse the spin polarization with the voltage bias of electrons transmitted across this interface. Using a Green's function approach within the local spin-density approximation, we calculate the spin-dependent current in a Fe/GaAs/Cu tunnel junction as a function of the applied bias voltage. We find a change in sign of the spin polarization of tunneling electrons with bias voltage due to the interface minority-spin resonance. This result explains recent experimental data on spin injection in Fe/GaAs contacts and on tunneling magnetoresistance in Fe/GaAs/Fe magnetic tunnel junctions.
Synthesis, isomer characterization, and anti-inflammatory properties of nitroarachidonate.

Nitrated fatty acids (nitroalkenes) have been recently detected and quantified in cell membranes and human plasma. However, nitration of arachidonate (AA), that could redirect AA-dependent cell sig...
Geometric Mean Distances for Rectangular Conductors

THE USE of geometric mean distance for calculating reactance of parallel conductors is increasing, so much so that the self geometric mean distance often is tabulated in catalogs of heavy conductors along with other characteristics, such as resistance, current capacity, and weight.
Managing local commons in developing economies: an institutional approach

Abstract Resource degradation has a profound influence on food sustainability of developing economies. The breakdown of traditional institutions enhanced this problem and needs an institutional approach. Many of the traditional policies, like regulation and taxation, have failed to deliver the required benefits. This paper uses Principal-Agency theory to develop a criterion for incentive design. Three incentive structures are developed based on contractual agreements and restructured property rights that use the criterion. Two case studies were used to discuss the new institutional arrangement. Some practical implications of the mechanisms designed include linearity of incentive rules, development of an effort-reward matrix, and gradual reinstatement of local governance.
Miniaturized Sequencing Gel System for Quick Analysis of DNA by Hydroxyl Radical Cleavage

We described a simple and quick miniaturized sequencing gel system for DNA analysis. Two major modifications were made to the previously reported miniaturized DNA sequencing gel system to achieve high-resolution hydroxyl radical cleavage analysis: including formamide in the miniaturized gel and providing uniform heating during electrophoresis. Our method enables one to reduce the cost for chemicals and to significantly reduce electrophoresis time. Furthermore, minimal gel handling simplifies the entire process. We show that the resolution of DNA fragments obtained by hydroxyl radical cleavage for the miniaturized gel is similar to that of a large conventional sequencing gel.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF IMPROVED MECHANICAL HARVESTING SYSTEMS FOR EASTERN THORNLESS BLACKBERRIES

Three blackberry production systems which combine a mechanical harvester employing a new shaking principle with open trellis designs (V-, Y-, and rotatable Y-trellises) were evaluated to determine profit potential. Given a single cultivar planting of 4.7 ha and current fresh-market prices, all three machine harvest systems are profitable. When compared to a hand-harvested I-trellis, fresh-market packouts of from 72 to 132% of total yield would be required for the machine harvesting systems to have equal profitability. The relative profitability of the I-trellis, however, is very sensitive to increases in hand-harvest cost and decreases in fresh-market price. A 20% fall in price would reduce breakeven packout for the mechanical harvester to 27 to 70%. A $0.30/kg increase in hand harvest cost would reduce breakeven packout to 29 to 73%. The machine-harvesting systems are profitable under a greater range of price and yields than the I-trellis. Machine-harvesting systems are profitable at prices as low as $0.48 to $0.67/kg, while hand-harvesting systems need prices of at least $1.42 to $1.55/kg to cover costs. Machine-harvesting systems are profitable at yields as low as 13 to 31% of expected yield for fresh market, while hand-harvesting systems need yields of 44 to 49% to breakeven. Low harvest cost indicates that machine-harvesting systems would also be profitable for processing growers. Hand-harvesting systems are not profitable under current processing prices.
Basement Beneath Atlantic Coastal Plain Between New York and Georgia: ABSTRACT

Basement is defined, for the purposes of this discussion, as the metamorphic and (or) igneous rocks below End_Page 1246------------------------------ which there is no known stratigraphic or structural break. At least 300 holes have penetrated basement beneath the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain between New York and Georgia. Approximately 90 per cent of them penetrated basement at elevations above--1,000 feet M.S.L. The 10,054-foot Esso #1 Hatteras Light well, which encountered the top of basement at--9,954 feet M.S.L., is deepest. Drill hole plus meager geophysical data support the following tentative conclusions. Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphic and igneous (including volcanic) rocks, similar to those exposed on the Piedmont to the west, constitute basement. Many of these rocks have been highly fractured and sheared. Part of the rocks accumulated in a pre-Mesozoic eugeosyncline. From at least late Mesozoic time the basement surface has played the role of a differentially warping platform. At least four periods of diastrophism are known to have occurred in this area. The regional structural (and topographical) trend is northeast-southwest. The surface of the basement may be characterized as an old age erosion surface--commonly referred to as the Fall Zone peneplain--with sporadic fault troughs, ridges, valleys, and "arches." Locally some of the rocks have been weathered to depths exceeding 150 feet. The basement surface dips generally seawardly from 15-40 feet per mile (with about 35 feet per mile typical) to approximately the--2,250-foot M.S.L. contour; seaward from this contour it steepens to about 100-125 feet per mile. Oil may occur in commercial quantities in weathered zones on or fractured zones in the basement or in sedimentary rocks that lens out against topographic highs on the basement surface. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1247------------
Membrane transport function in primary cultures of human proximal tubular cells

Abstract To further develop primary cultures of human proximal tubular (hPT) cells for study of drug disposition, we determined kinetics and protein expression of several key transporters for organic anions and cations, peptides, and neutral amino acids. p-Aminohippurate uptake exhibited similar kinetics as published values, was inhibited by cephaloridine, cimetidine, methotrexate, and urate, consistent with function of both organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) and OAT3. Transport rates by organic cation transporters (OCTs) were up to three-fold higher than those of OATs. Of the OCT substrates tested, triethanolamine exhibited the highest transport rates across the basolateral membrane (BLM). OCTN1 exhibited high-affinity, low-capacity BLM transport of l -carnitine. Glycylsarcosine transport by PepT2 was rapid and comparable to that of OCTs. Amino acid System L on the BLM exhibited comparable kinetic parameters for transport of l -leucine as the OATs. Efflux of verapamil across the brush-border membrane by P-glycoprotein was very rapid. Expression of carriers was generally maintained throughout 5 days of culture. Of the four OAT proteins studied (OAT1-4), expression of OAT1 and OAT3 was the most readily detected and exhibited interindividual variation. OCTN2 was the major OCT in hPT cells. Expression was also quantified for multidrug resistance-associated proteins 2 and 5 and P-glycoprotein. These results show that primary cultures of hPT cells express a diverse array of transporters for major classes of important drugs and are suitable for study of drug transport and disposition and assessment of potential drug–drug interactions in human kidney.
Chemotactic patterns without chemotaxis

Advances in computing have made it significantly easier to develop and implement mathematical models of ever-increasing complexity. Whereas, even a decade ago, solving a set of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations required sophisticated training and months of coding, software packages now make it possible for such models to be quickly solved. This has helped to catalyze interest in using computers to simulate every conceivable aspect of cell biology. However, all of the computing power in the world cannot be harnessed to answer the fundamental question of how to use such models to gain insight. Can we improve our understanding of a complicated process by simulating every conceivable part in exquisite detail? If not, what is the right level of detail to include? In PNAS, Cates et al. (1) revisit patterns formed by chemotactic bacteria and demonstrate how an intuitive set of effective models—in which the details of the chemotactic mechanisms are ignored—can nonetheless be used to quantitatively capture the patterns formed.
Moment and Shear Load Distribution Factors for Multigirder Bridges Subjected to Overloads

AbstractMovement of industrial freight infrequently requires special overload vehicles weighing 5 to 6 times the normal legal truck weights. The gross vehicle weight of the vehicles frequently exceeds 1800 kN whereas, the normal interstate legal limit in the United States is 356 kN. Because of the unusual configuration of the vehicles, it is difficult to analyze the effect of these loads on highway bridges by using current simplified analysis methods. This report aims to provide modified moment and shear load distribution factor equations for the vehicles to quickly determine their effects on multigirder bridges. Finite element analyses of 118 multigirder bridges and 16 load cases of overload vehicles for each multigirder bridge were performed, and the load distribution factor equations for the multigirder bridges were proposed on the basis of the analysis results. Various configurations of the vehicles, number of bridge spans, skew angles of the bridge and diaphragms were considered in developing the equ...
High-resolution coherent reflector location with multi-frequency active virtual arrays

We present a method to improve high-resolution imaging of coherent point reflectors with transmit/receive arrays. The data obtained from the array can be rearranged into a virtual data matrix to resolve additional reflectors. The problem with using a virtual array is that it may not necessarily be able to resolve coherent reflectors due to a rank deficiency in the source correlation matrix.We use the idea of array interpolation to allow for more coherent reflectors to be resolved than conventional techniques by averaging over multiple frequencies. Averaging over multiple frequencies allows for an effective full-rank source correlation matrix.
Prediction of geometries and interaction energies of complexes formed by small molecules using semiempirical and ab initio methods

Abstract The accuracy of the semiempirical quantum mechanics methods (AM1 and PM3), and the ab initio methods (6-31G ∗∗ and MP2/6-31G ∗∗ ) in predicting intermolecular geometries and interaction energies have been evaluated by detailed studies of 17 bimolecular complexes formed by small molecules. Comparisons between calculated and experimental geometries for 12 complexes are presented. It was found that AM1 gave reasonably good predictions of the geometries of complexes such as CH 4 · CH 4 , which have very weak interactions, but it is not as good as other methods in predicting intermolecular geometry for complexes where hydrogen bonding interactions play an important role. This is consistent with its inability to reproduce the charge transfer in the formation of hydrogen bonds in these complexes. PM3 is able to predict intermolecular geometries for most complexes, including those with hydrogen bonding; its major flaw is its tendency to overestimate the strength of the interactions between hydrogen atoms. Care should be taken therefore in using PM3 to study complicated molecular systems with multiple hydrogen atom interactions and the method's weakness in handling complexes in which electrostatic forces are important should also be noted. Among ab initio methods, both the 6-31G ∗∗ and the MP2/6-31G ∗∗ were found to outperform AM1 and PM3 in prediction of intermolecular geometry. Both of these ab initio methods showed excellent consistency in geometry prediction for most of the complexes studied, although MP2/6-31G ∗∗ is better than 6-31G ∗∗ . It is noted that the MP2/6-31G ∗∗ did not produce the correct geometry for the CO 2 · HF complex. For 12 complexes for which experimental geometry data are available, AM1, PM3, 6-31G ∗∗ , and MP2/6-31G ∗∗ successfully predicted the geometry in 10, 12, 12, and 11 cases, respectively. The average errors given by AM1 in the predicted intermolecular distances were 0.264, 0.272, 0.091, and 0.061 A, respectively. In comparison to the ab initio methods, AM1 and PM3 commonly underestimated the molecular interaction energy in such complexes by ~ 1–2 kcal mol −1 .
Getting to Know You: Mothers’ Experiences of Kangaroo Care

Objective To reveal mothers' experiences of providing kangaroo care for their preterm newborns while still in the hospital. Design Transcendental phenomenology was used to analyze the experiences of mothers providing kangaroo care for their preterm newborns. Tape recorded, semistructured interviews were conducted 1 to 4 weeks postpartum. Mothers were asked one grand tour question, "What was it like for you to provide kangaroo care for your preterm infant while in the hospital?" This study was the qualitative component of a randomized clinical trial. Participants Ten women who provided kangaroo care for their preterm newborns, 32-36 completed weeks, weighing 1500-3000 grams, with APGAR scores 6 or greater at 1 minute, 7 or greater at 5 minutes. Results Four dominant themes emerged. The themes were reduced to one essential structure of knowing. The two essential elements of the structure of knowing were mothers kept from knowing their preterm newborn and mothers getting to know their preterm newborn. Conclusions Kangaroo care facilitates bonding and enhances maternal-infant acquaintance, even in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) environment. Mothers found that kangaroo care calmed them and their newborns.
A Cross‐National Study of Nuclear Attitudes, Normative Support, and Activist Behavior: Additive and Interactive Effects1

We tested the cross-national similarity of additive and interactive variants of the Contingent Consistency Hypothesis in regard to antinuclear activist behavior. We predicted that attitudinally consistent behavior is influenced (a) more by specific than general attitudes, (b) by facilitation between normative support and personal attitudes in an interactive manner, and (c) by a fundamental or basic social-psychological process that can be demonstrated in people from different countries and cultures. These three hypotheses were tested for general (pacifist) attitudes, specific (antinuclear) attitudes, normative support, and antinuclear political activism in samples of college students from the U. S., England, and Sweden. In each sample, specific attitudes were strong, unique predictors of activist behavior (more so than general attitudes), while normative support had no additive influence on this behavior beyond that explained by attitudes for U. S. and British students. Interaction effects were found for both pacifist and nuclear attitudes in conjunction with normative support among the U. S. students, but only for pacifist attitudes in the British sample and only with antinuclear attitudes in the Swedish sample. In contrast with other studies where interaction effects were hypothesized for behaviors that were deviant or typically initiated by others, the present interactions were obtained for lawful behaviors that are often begun and/ or performed alone. With some notable variations, these results were confirmed in each sample, partially validating the cross-national generality of the interactive attitude-behavior model for activist behavior.
A review on highly ordered, vertically oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays: Fabrication, material properties, and solar energy applications

Abstract We review the fabrication, properties, and solar energy applications of highly ordered TiO 2 nanotube arrays made by anodic oxidation of titanium in fluoride-based electrolytes. The material architecture has proven to be of great interest for use in water photoelectrolysis, photocatalysis, heterojunction solar cells, and gas sensing. We examine the ability to fabricate nanotube arrays of different shape (cylindrical, tapered), pore size, length, and wall thickness by varying anodization parameters including electrolyte concentration, pH, voltage, and bath temperature, with fabrication and crystallization variables discussed in reference to a nanotube array growth model. We review efforts to lower the band gap of the titania nanotubes by anionic doping. Measured optical properties are compared with computational electromagnetic simulations obtained using finite difference time domain (FDTD). The article concludes by examining various practical applications of the remarkable material architecture, including its use for water photoelectrolysis, and in heterojucntion dye-sensitized solar cells.
A laboratory study of columnar baroclinic vortices in a continuously stratified fluid

Abstract By spin-up or spin-down, columnar vortices are generated in rotating continuously stratified fluids. The vortices are relatively isolated and retain their identity for O ( 1 0 2 ) revolution times. For the majority of the vortices, the horizontal structure is that of the isolated Gaussian vortex, and the ratio of the vortex radius to the first internal deformation radius a 1 = N H / π f is approximately constant, where N is the buoyancy frequency of the stratification, H the fluid depth and f the Coriolis parameter. The vertical density profile shows that these vortices are composed of the barotropic, the first baroclinic and the second baroclinic modes. Linear stability analysis shows that the observed vortices approximately satisfy the stability condition.
The Declining Credit Quality of U.S. Corporate Debt: Myth or Reality?

In recent years, the number of downgrades in corporate bond ratings has exceeded the number of upgrades, leading some to conclude that the credit quality of U.S. corporate debt has declined. However, an alternative explanation of this apparent decline in credit quality is that the rating agencies are now using more stringent standards in assigning ratings. An ordered probit analysis of a panel of firms from 1978 through 1995 suggests that rating standards have indeed become more stringent, implying that at least part of the downward trend in ratings is the result of changing standards. BOND RATINGS PLAY A KEY ROLE in corporate financing and investment decisions. A corporation that can issue higher rated bonds usually receives better terms than one that can issue only lower rated bonds. By law or policy, some investors can purchase only bonds with an investment-grade rating, a restriction which in some asset pricing models would affect the relative prices of financial assets. Numerous articles in the popular press have presumed that the credit quality of the debt of U.S. corporations has been declining over the last couple of decades. The comprehensive study by Lucas and Lonski (1992) of Moody's rating changes of corporate debt is consistent with this presumption. To cite their statistics, in 1970 Moody's downgraded 21 issues and upgraded 23 issues, but over the following years the number of bonds downgraded began to exceed by substantial margins the number of bonds upgraded, and by 1990 Moody's downgraded 301 issues and upgraded only 61. Their study includes both investment and noninvestment grade bonds, but internal data from Donaldson Lufkin & Jenrette confirm that this trend also applies to investment grade bonds alone. In a somewhat different context, Grundy (1997) documents similar trends in the ratings of preferred shares over the 1965 to 1990 period. As the credit quality of a firm's corporate debt decreases, that firm will face a greater probability of financial distress, which at the extreme translates into bankruptcy. There is some debate as to the effect of financial dis
Sox10-MCS5 enhancer dynamically tracks human oligodendrocyte progenitor fate.

Abstract In this study, we sought to establish a novel method to prospectively and dynamically identify live human oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and oligodendrocyte lineage cells from brain dissociates and pluripotent stem cell culture. We selected a highly conserved enhancer element of the Sox10 gene, known as MCS5, which directs reporter expression to oligodendrocyte lineage cells in mouse and zebrafish. We demonstrate that lentiviral Sox10-MCS5 induced expression of GFP at high levels in a subpopulation of human CD140a/PDGFαR-sorted OPCs as well as their immature oligodendrocyte progeny. Furthermore, we show that almost all Sox10-MCS5:GFPhigh cells expressed OPC antigen CD140a and human OPCs expressing SOX10, OLIG2, and PDGFRA mRNAs could be prospectively identified using GFP based fluorescence activated cells sorting alone. Additionally, we established a human induced pluripotent cell (iPSC) line transduced with the Sox10-MCS5:GFP reporter using a Rex-Neo cassette. Similar to human primary cells, GFP expression was restricted to embryoid bodies containing both oligodendrocyte progenitor and oligodendrocyte cells and co-localized with NG2 and O4-positive cells respectively. As such, we have developed a novel reporter system that can track oligodendrocyte commitment in human cells, establishing a valuable tool to improve our understanding and efficiency of human oligodendrocyte derivation.
The disposition of benzoylecgonine in maternal and fetal rats.

Abstract We tested our hypothesis that pregnancy alters the pharmacokinetic profile of benzoylecgonine, and that this metabolite accumulates in the fetus longer than in the mother. Chronically catheterized near-term pregnant and nonpregnant female Sprague–Dawley rats received an intravenous infusion of benzoylecgonine over a period of 30 min. Adult or fetal blood and tissue samples were obtained either at the end of the infusion or 6 h postinfusion for analysis of benzoylecgonine and other cocaine metabolite concentrations via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Pregnancy altered benzoylecgonine pharmacokinetics. At the end of the infusion, benzoylecgonine concentration in the fetal plasma was markedly lower than in the maternal plasma with a fetal/maternal ratio of 0.14±0.01. A significantly lower concentration of benzoylecgonine was found in both maternal and fetal brain at 0 h postinfusion, with tissue/plasma concentration ratios of 0.04 and 0.24, respectively, suggesting that benzoylecgonine does not readily penetrate into the brain. At 6 h, the fetal concentration of benzoylecgonine was significantly higher than in the corresponding maternal blood and tissues. Ecgonine methyl ester, a metabolite of benzoylecgonine was found in the maternal liver, but not in the fetus. In addition, the amniotic fluid concentration of benzoylecgonine became significantly higher in the 6-h postinfusion samples as compared to the end of infusion value, suggesting that repeated intrauterine exposure to cocaine may cause an accumulation of benzoylecgonine in the fetus.
The indigogenic reaction for histochemical demonstration of alkaline and acid phosphatase.

Le principe indigogenique a la detection histochimique des phosphates alcalins et acides a ete applique. Ces substrates ont l'avantage de permettre une localisation precise de l'enzyme, sans ou avec minime diffusion. C'est aussi une methode simple et directe pour la mise en evidence de ces enzymes sans passer par une reaction couplee. Un bisindigo tres insoluble a lieu apparait aux points d'activite enzymatique. Le 5-bromo-4-chlorocompose donne un indigo bleu-vert tandis que le 5-bromo-6-chloro-compose donne un indigo magenta.
Diverging elastic waves in thin tapered plates

We studied diverging elastic waves in thin, truncated, tapered plates loaded in the plane of the plates with sine-squared strain pulses. A one-dimensional plane stress model was developed to predict the strain pulses that propagate away from the loaded edges into the linearly increasing plate cross-sections. We conducted experiments with 6.35-mm-thick, 6061-T651 aluminum plates and measured strain-time responses at two locations away from the loaded edges along the plate centerlines. Strain measurements from plates with 6- and 12-degree half-apex angles were compared with predictions from the one-dimensional model.
Regulation of G protein-mediated adenylyl cyclase in striatum and cortex of opiate-dependent and opiate withdrawing mice

Previous research has demonstrated that acute and chronic opiate treatment alters receptor- and postreceptor-mediated adenylyl cyclase activity. This study examined the regulation of G protein- and forskolin-mediated adenylyl cyclase activity in mouse striatum and cortex after short- and long-term opiate exposure. To directly measure adenylyl cyclase enzymatic activity, assays were done in the presence of catalytic site activator forskolin. To measure G protein-mediated adenylyl cyclase activity, assays were performed in the presence of non-hydrolyzable guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) analogue, 5'-guanylyl-imidodiphosphate. Short-term in vitro morphine exposure produced reductions in forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in striatal and cortical tissues. Long-term morphine treatment in mice was performed via morphine- or placebo-pellet implantation for 72 h; this treatment has been shown to produce opiate dependence and withdrawal. In both opiate-dependent and opiate withdrawing mice (1 h post-naloxone induction), there were significant increases in G protein-mediated adenylyl cyclase activity in the striatum (vs. controls). In opiate-dependent mice, there was an decrease in G protein-mediated adenylyl cyclase activity in cortex. In opiate-dependent mice, there were no changes in forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase in the striatum or cortex. Increases in striatal G protein-mediated adenylyl cyclase could represent a compensatory adaptation that opposes the persistent inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by chronic opiate treatment contributing to the expression of opiate dependence and withdrawal.
Three-dimensional image processing, recognition, and security

We present several methods for optoelectronic processing of 2- and 3-D images based in digital holography. 2D objects are optically encrypted by using on-axis digital holography. The digital hologram is obtained with phase-shifting interferometry. The encryption of the hologram is performed by using random phase codes. As conventional holograms, digital holograms contain information about shape, location and orientation of 3-D objects. This allows us to apply 3-D pattern recognition techniques with high discrimination. We also measure 3-D orientation changes using the information contained in digital holograms. Experimental results are presented.
Longitudinal brain magnetic resonance imaging study of the alcohol-preferring rat. Part II: effects of voluntary chronic alcohol consumption.

Background: Tracking the dynamic course of human alcoholism brain pathology can be accomplished only through naturalistic study and without opportunity for experimental manipulation. Development of an animal model of alcohol-induced brain damage, in which animals consume large amounts of alcohol following cycles of alcohol access and deprivation and are examined regularly with neuroimaging methods, would enable hypothesis testing focused on the degree, nature, and factors resulting in alcohol-induced brain damage and the prospects for recovery or relapse. Methods: We report the results of longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the effects of free-choice chronic alcohol intake on the brains of 2 cohorts of selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) rats. In the companion paper, we described the MRI acquisition and analysis methods, delineation of brain regions, and growth patterns in total brain and selective structures of the control rats in the present study. Both cohorts were studied as adults for about 1 year and consumed high doses of alcohol for most of the study duration. The paradigm involved a 3-bottle choice with 0, 15 (or 20%), and 30% (or 40%) alcohol available in several different exposure schemes: continuous exposure, cycles of 2 weeks on followed by 2 weeks off alcohol, and binge drinking in the dark. Results: Brain structures of the adult P rats in both the alcohol-exposed and the water control conditions showed significant growth, which was attenuated in a few measures in the alcohol-exposed groups. The region with the greatest demonstrable effect was the corpus callosum, measured on midsagittal images. Conclusion: The P rats showed an age–alcohol interaction different from humans, in that normal growth in selective brain regions that continues in adult rats was retarded.
The effects of extended bedtimes on sleep duration and food desire in overweight young adults: a home-based intervention.

Abstract Introduction: Sleep curtailment is an endemic behavior in modern society. Well-controlled laboratory studies have shown that sleep loss in young adults is associated with increased desire for high-calorie food and obesity risk. However, the relevance of these laboratory findings to real life is uncertain. We conducted a 3 week, within-participant, intervention study to assess the effects of extended bedtimes on sleep duration and food desire under real life conditions in individuals who are at risk for obesity. Methods: Ten overweight young adults reporting average habitual sleep duration of less than 6.5 h were studied in the home environment. Habitual bedtimes for 1-week (baseline) were followed by bedtimes extended to 8.5 h for 2-weeks (intervention). Participants were unaware of the intervention until after the baseline period. Participants received individualized behavioral counseling on sleep hygiene on the first day of the intervention period. Sleep duration was recorded by wrist actigraphy throughout the study. Participants rated their sleepiness, vigor and desire for various foods using visual analog scales at the end of baseline and intervention periods. Results: On average, participants obtained 1.6 h more sleep with extended bedtimes (5.6 vs 7.1; P
Utility of a Ruthenium Metathesis Catalyst for the Preparation of End-Functionalized Polybutadiene

The polymerization of cyclooctadiene (COD) in the presence of an allylic difunctionalized chain transfer agent (1) by a ruthenium metathesis catalyst (Ru) was accomplished. Deprotection of the resulting acetate end-functionalized polybutadiene was performed, leading to commercially important 1,4-hydroxytelechelic polybutadiene (HTPBD) with number average functionalities close to 2.0. The polymerizations were performed at high monomer concentrations or in the absence of solvent, and the robust nature of Ru allowed the use of high monomer to catalyst ratios (∼0.01 mol % Ru relative to total olefin). Investigation of the metathesis of olefin alcohols with Ru showed that side reactions may complicate the use of these compounds as chain transfer agents in metathesis polymerizations. The kinetics of this Ru-catalyzed ring-opening metathesis polymerization with added chain transfer agent was also investigated.
Dietary adaptation of taurine transport by rat renal epithelium.

Abstract Taurine, a β-amino acid, was used as a marker to study the effect of dietary amino acid manipulation on β-amino acid transport by rat renal epithelium. Adult (57–58 day old) rats were maintained on high-taurine; normal-taurine, normal-methionine; and low taurine, low-methionine diets. Urinary excretion and fractional excretion of taurine rose with the high-taurine diet and diminished with the low-taurine diet. Uptake of taurine was then studied using suspensions of isolated cortical tubule segments. When compared to normals, uptake was lower in the high-taurine group and greater in animals on the low-taurine diet. Evaluation of uptake kinetics shows an increase in maximum velocity (Vmax) with low-taurine diet, with no change in “apparent” Km. This suggests that the adaptation to dietary amino acid manipulation occurs through an alteration in the number of uptake sites, with no change in the affinity of the uptake system for the amino acid.
Increases in spontaneous activity following intermittent imipramine administration.

During this experiment subjects received 20 mg/kg of imipramine every third day until they had received a total of four injections. There was a decrease in spontaneous activity shortly after drug administration, but the drugged rats had activity levels which were significantly higher than those of subjects in a control group one day after injection.
Target Specificity in a Self-Report Measure of Assertion

Summary College students' (N = 50) scores on the College Self-Expression Scale and on a number of derived target-specific subscales were compared to their behavior within an unobtrusive situational test of assertive behavior with a stranger. The results indicated that the self-report of males was target specific (i. e., their claimed level of assertion vis-a-vis a stranger was related to their subsequent behavior), while their claims regarding assertion with other targets were not. None of the self-report measures for females was significantly related to subsequent behavior.