cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximum gravitational recoil.

Recent calculations of gravitational radiation recoil generated during black-hole binary mergers have reopened the possibility that a merged binary can be ejected even from the nucleus of a massive host galaxy. Here we report the first systematic study of gravitational recoil of equal-mass binaries with equal, but counteraligned, spins parallel to the orbital plane. Such an orientation of the spins is expected to maximize the recoil. We find that recoil velocity (which is perpendicular to the orbital plane) varies sinusoidally with the angle that the initial spin directions make with the initial linear momenta of each hole and scales up to a maximum of $\ensuremath{\sim}4000\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{km}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for maximally rotating holes. Our results show that the amplitude of the recoil velocity can depend sensitively on spin orientations of the black holes prior to merger.
On the Problem of Reconstructing an Unknown Topology via Locality Properties of the Wiener Filter

Determining interrelatedness structure of various entities from multiple time series data is of significant interest to many areas. Knowledge of such a structure can aid in identifying cause and effect relationships, clustering of similar entities, identification of representative elements and model reduction. The majority of existing results are based on correlation based indices which effectively assume a static relationship between the time series data and are not suitable for detecting interrelatedness when the time series are dynamically related or when the time series involve loops. In this paper, a methodology for identifying the interrelatedness structure of dynamically related time series data is presented that also allows for the presence of loops in the connectivity structure. A linear dynamic graph model is presented where it is assumed that each time series data is the sum of an independent stochastic noise source and a dynamically weighted sum of other time series data. A link is assumed to be present between two time series if the weight of a time series, which is a linear time-invariant filter, is nonzero in the formation of the other. Reconstruction of the link connectivity structure under various scenarios is considered. It is shown that when the linear dynamic graph is allowed to admit non-causal weights, then the links structure can be recovered with the possibility of identifying spurious connections. However, it is shown that the spurious links remain local, where, a spurious link is restricted to be within one hop of a true link. Furthermore, strategies for exact reconstruction of the link structure when the weights are restricted to be causal are developed. The main tools for determining the network topology are based on variations of Wiener filtering. A significant insight provided by the article is that, in the class of network models considered in the paper, the Wiener filter estimating a stochastic process based on other processes remains local in the sense that the Wiener filter utilizes only measurements local to the node being estimated.
Pharmacology and toxicology of ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone acetate in experimental animals.

For over 30 years various combinations of synthetic estrogens and progestins have been used in oral contraceptive formulations. Ethinyl estradiol (EE) and norethindrone acetate (NA) are common synthetic hormones used in oral contraceptives such as Loestrin, Brevicon, Ortho-Novum, Norlestrin, and Norinyl. In recent years these oral contraceptives have been considered for development in other therapeutic indications. Given the use of these agents for other clinical indications with different and larger target populations, an updated comprehensive review of the toxicology literature of estrogens and progestins is warranted. This review will summarize available data on the pharmacology and toxicology of estrogens and progestins with an emphasis on the specific synthetic hormones EE and NA. Ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone acetate alone or in combination, possess low acute and chronic toxicity. In some studies, EE and/or NA increased the incidence of specific tumors in susceptible strains of rodents and dogs, but not monkeys. These agents are not teratogenic when given in combination. Alone EE and NA have clastogenic properties. Overall, the animal data demonstrates that long-term exposure to EE and NA formulations pose very little health risks to humans.
Geometric Properties Characteristic of Normed Linear Space

This paper provides new characterizations of arbitrary, not necessarily rotund, normed linear spaces, using triangle median properties and weakened forms of associativity and the consistent midpoint property. Connections are explored between the methods used here and a characterization announced by ARONSZAJN in 1935.
Causes and Complications of Fulminant Hepatic Failure

Fulminant hepatic failure can be caused by a number of viral, metabolic, toxic, and vascular factors. Identification of the cause can lead to specific intervention in some conditions. Care of the p...
Positron lifetime spectroscopy characterization of thermal history effects on polycarbonate

The effect of a short-term anneal aboveTg on the free volume cavity size and concentration and on the fracture toughness of polycarbonate is examined. The positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) technique is used to measure the change in free volume concentration and cavity size during isothermal relaxation experiments at 10, 20 and 30 ° C. An activation energy of 16.5 kJ mol−1 is calculated for the relaxation of the annealed polycarbonate, compared to 12.3 kJ mol−1 for the unannealed material. The fracture toughness and brittle fracture morphology of compact tension specimens are unchanged by the anneal. The similarity in the PAL parameters and physical properties between the unannealed polycarbonate and the material annealed aboveTg suggests that the short-term anneal does not appreciably alter the structural state of glassy polycarbonate.
Acute ethanol exposure prevents PMA-mediated augmentation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function in primary cultured cerebellar granule cells

Many intracellular proteins and signaling cascades contribute to the ethanol sensitivity of native N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). One putative protein is the serine/threonine kinase, protein kinase C (PKC). The purpose of this study was to assess if PKC modulates the ethanol sensitivity of native NMDARs expressed in primary cultured cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). With the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we assessed if ethanol inhibition of NMDA-induced currents (I(NMDA)) (100 μM NMDA plus 10 μM glycine) were altered in CGCs in which the novel and classical PKC isoforms were activated by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Percent inhibition by 10, 50, or 100 mM ethanol of NMDA-induced steady-state current amplitudes (I(SS)) or peak current amplitudes (I(Pk)) of NMDARs expressed in CGCs in which PKC was activated by a 12.5 min, 100 nM PMA exposure at 37°C did not differ from currents obtained from receptors contained in control cells. However, PMA-mediated augmentation of I(Pk) in the absence of ethanol was abolished after brief applications of 10 or 1 mM ethanol coapplied with agonists, and this suppression of enhanced receptor function was observed for up to 8 min post-ethanol exposure. Because we had previously shown that PMA-mediated augmentation of I(NMDA) of NMDARs expressed in these cells is by activation of PKCα, we assessed the effect of ethanol (1, 10, 50, and 100 mM) on PKCα activity. Ethanol decreased PKCα activity by 18% for 1 mM ethanol and activity decreased with increasing ethanol concentrations with a 50% inhibition observed with 100 mM ethanol. The data suggest that ethanol disruption of PMA-mediated augmentation of I(NMDA) may be due to a decrease in PKCα activity by ethanol. However, given the incomplete blockade of PKCα activity and the low concentration of ethanol at which this phenomenon is observed, other ethanol-sensitive signaling cascades must also be involved.
Effect of Channel Orientation on Thermal Diffusion and Polymer Retention in Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation

Abstract The ThFFF retention of polymers is enhanced in certain liquid mixtures. Previous studies of thermal diffusion in such mixtures indicate that the enhancement is due to an additional solubility-based force induced by a solvent gradient in the channel. The partitioning of solvent mixtures in a temperature gradient was shown to be correlated to solvent density, just as the thermal diffusion of polymers is correlated to polymer density. This work examines the density effect more closely by looking at the effect of channel orientation on both polymer retention and the partitioning of liquids. A difference in the profiles of solvent partitioning with channel orientation indicates the presence of convection currents in an inverted ThFFF channel, yet polymer retention is independent of channel orientation in homogeneous solvents as well as solvent mixtures. The results indicate that the effect of density on polymer retention is rooted in thermal diffusion and not convection, but that either the previously...
Predictors of endoscopic treatment outcomes in the management of biliary problems after liver transplantation at a high-volume academic center.

Background Biliary tract problems are the most common complications after liver transplantation. ERCP is increasingly being used to address posttransplantation biliary problems. Objective To identify predictors of endoscopic treatment outcomes in the management of post–liver transplantation complications. Setting and Patients All adult patients who underwent liver transplantation at the University of California, San Francisco between January 1999 and December 2008 were reviewed. Design A multivariate regression analysis. Main Outcome Measurements Identification of donor and recipient factors as well as technical considerations that predicted success or failure in the endoscopic management of posttransplantation biliary complications. Results In 1062 patients who underwent liver transplantation, there were 224 biliary complications. ERCP was the primary treatment modality and was successful in the majority of patients treated. Patients with biliary complications who had take-back surgery for a nonbiliary indication during the first month after liver transplantation (odds ratio [OR], 0.32; P = .03), particularly for bleeding (OR, 0.18; P = .02), were less likely to respond to endoscopic therapy. Those who received a graft from a donor after cardiac death (OR, 0.15; P = .02) or a living donor (OR, 0.11; P P = .02). Limitations Retrospective design. Conclusions ERCP can be used to treat the majority of posttransplantation biliary problems. However, endoscopic therapy is less efficacious in the treatment of complications associated with ischemia.
Variability in long bone marrow yields of East African ungulates and its zooarchaeological implications

Abstract We document variability in the gross energetic yield and skeletal distribution of long bone marrow in 27 East African ungulates, representing eight species of bovids, equids and suids. Body size explains much of the variability in marrow wet weights among and within bovid species, but locomotor adaptations and marrow cavity structure are also important, especially in explaining the lower absolute marrow yields of suid (warthog) and equid (zebra) long bones. When expressed in terms of actual kilocalorie content, variability in the absolute yield and skeletal distribution of marrow is increased among adults by fat-depletion attendant upon nutritional stress, and among subadults by incomplete fat deposition. Long bone marrow yields of sheep and caribou (Binford, Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology , 1978; New York: Academic Press), upon which most economic analyses of zooarchaeological assemblages are based, are not representative of the variability seen in East African ungulates. Application of individual bovid Kcal models to Bunn's ( Journal of Human Evolution , 1986; 15, 673-690) data on long bone abundances at two Bed I archaeological sites from Olduvai Gorge suggests that hominids selectively broke those bones with higher energy yields from marrow. This application is also used to discuss problems in economic analyses of zooarchaeological assemblages, particularly the need to construct utility indices that are sensitive to the tremendous variability in economic anatomy, but not so specific as to go beyond the resolution of zooarchaeological data.
The effect of condoms in sexually explicit narratives on male sexual arousal

Abstract Research into why people choose not to use condoms despite a growing AIDS epidemic has tapped the attitude that the use of condoms somehow interferes with the progression of the sexual act or lessens sexual pleasure. The current study investigated the effects on male sexual arousal of condom use described in sexually explicit audiotaped narratives. The sexual arousal of 14 male university students was measured physiologically by penile plethysmography and by self-report using a within-subjects design. Subjects listened to 10 audiotaped scripts, half of which included the use of a condom and half of which did not. No significant differences in either physiological or subjective arousal data were found between conditions .
A ubiquitin-binding motif required for intramolecular monoubiquitylation, the CUE domain

Monoubiquitylation is a regulatory signal, like phosphorylation, that can alter the activity, location or structure of a protein. Monoubiquitin signals are likely to be recognized by ubiquitin-binding proteins that transmit the regulatory information conferred by monoubiquitylation. To identify monoubiquitin-binding proteins, we used a mutant ubiquitin that lacks the primary site of polyubiquitin chain formation as bait in a two-hybrid screen. The C-terminus of Vps9, a protein required in the yeast endocytic pathway, interacted specifically with monoubiquitin. The region required for monoubiquitin binding mapped to the Vps9 CUE domain, a sequence previously identified by database searches as similar to parts of the yeast Cue1 and mammalian Tollip proteins. We demonstrate that CUE domains bind directly to monoubiquitin and we have defined crucial interaction surfaces on both binding partners. The Vps9 CUE domain is required to promote monoubiquitylation of Vps9 by the Rsp5 hect domain ubiquitin ligase. Thus, we conclude that the CUE motif is an evolutionarily conserved monoubiquitin-binding domain that mediates intramolecular monoubiquitylation.
Cue-signal-response analysis of TNF-induced apoptosis by partial least squares regression of dynamic multivariate data.

Biological signaling networks process extracellular cues to control important cell decisions such as death–survival, growth–quiescence, and proliferation–differentiation. After receptor activation, intracellular signaling proteins change in abundance, modification state, and enzymatic activity. Many of the proteins in signaling networks have been identified, but it is not known how signaling molecules work together to control cell decisions. To begin to address this issue, we report the use of partial least squares regression as an analytical method to glean signal–response relationships from heterogeneous multivariate signaling data collected from HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells stimulated to undergo programmed cell death. By partial least squares modeling, we relate dynamic and quantitative measurements of 20–30 intracellular signals to cell survival after treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha (a death factor) and insulin (a survival factor). We find that partial least squares models can distingu...
Theme park employee satisfaction and customer orientation

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between front-line employee job satisfaction and customer orientation. Data for this study were collected through the use of a survey instrument completed by 146 front-line employees of a regional theme park in the southeast United States. Simple Linear Regression analysis was used to test the relationships under review. Results of this study showed that employees who are more satisfied with the relationship they enjoy with co-workers have a higher customer orientation. Significant relationships were not found between any other dimension of job satisfaction (including overall job satisfaction) and employee customer orientation. In addition, no significant relationship was found between any demographic characteristics reviewed and customer orientation. Results found in this study run contrary to previous results of studies conducted in non-recreation-related work environments. The results of this study suggest that employees of recreation-related or...
MapReduce Based Frameworks for Classifying Evolving Data Stream

Data Stream mining has some inherent challenges which are not present in traditional data mining. Stream data classification is a challenging problem because of two important properties: its infinite length and evolving nature. In our current work, we have proposed a multi-tiered ensemble based method to address these challenges of Data Stream mining. Though, it is a fast and robust method, it needs to build large number of AdaBoost ensembles for each numeric feature after receiving each new data chunk. Thus, it can face scalability issue especially when size of the data chunk is large or the number of numeric attributes is high. To address this problem, we propose two different approaches to form these large number of AdaBoost ensembles with MapReduce based parallelism. Each of these approaches help our base method to achieve significant scalability without compromising classification accuracy. We compare these approaches from different aspects of design. We also demonstrate and compare performance of the approaches on benchmark datasets in terms of execution time, speedup and scale up.
PRDX4, a member of the peroxiredoxin family, is fused to AML1 (RUNX1) in an acute myeloid leukemia patient with a t(X;21)(p22;q22)

The AML1 gene (also known as RUNX1) at 21q22 codes for core binding factor (CBF) α, which forms a heterodimer with CBF β that acts as a transcriptional activating factor. CBF is a critical regulator in the generation and differentiation of definitive hematopoietic stem cells and is frequently disrupted in leukemia through chromosome translocations. We cloned a novel AML1 partner gene, PRDX4, in an X;21 translocation in a 74-year-old male patient diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia–M2. Chromosome analysis detected a t(X;21)(p22;q22) as the sole abnormality in bone marrow samples. The involvement of AML1 was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization studies. Using 3′ RACE-PCR, we cloned a fusion between exon 5 of AML1 and exon 2 of PRDX4. RT-PCR confirmed the fusion and detected another fusion between exon 6 of AML1 and exon 2 of PRDX4, indicating alternative splicing of exon 6 of AML1 in the fusion transcripts. PRDX4 is one of six peroxiredoxin-family genes that are highly conserved in eukaryotes and prokaryotes and are ubiquitously expressed. Peroxiredoxin genes exhibit thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase activity and have been implicated in a number of other cellular functions such as cell proliferation and differentiation. PRDX4 plays a regulatory role in the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB and is significantly down-regulated in acute promyelocytic leukemia. This is the first example of antioxidant enzyme involvement in a chromosome translocation in leukemia. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thymus derived (T) lymphocyte subsets restore the immune responsiveness of Peyer's patch lymphocytes from mice fed a diet reduced in protein

Abstract The principal immunoglobulin (Ig) that inhibits absorption of intact dietary protein and microbial colonization of the small intestine is secretory IgA produced by lamina propria plasma cells terminally differentiated from B lymphocytes of the Peyer's patches (PP). To determine the effect of reduced dietary protein upon the ability of PP lymphocytes to differentiate into IgA-secreting plasma cells, weanling female BDF mice were fed either a 20% casein (20C) or a 4% casein (4C) diet for 5 to 6 weeks. Mice were then orally primed with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) four times during a 2-week period to initiate differentiation of PP lymphocytes to anti-SRBC IgA production. Both the PP and splenic lymphocytes of primed mice were incubated with SRBC in vitro to evaluate the capacity to terminally differentiate to anti-SRBC IgA- and IgM-secreting plasma cells upon antigenic stimulation. The in vitro IgA and IgM anti-SRBC immune response of PP lymphocytes from mice fed 4C was significantly lower than the immune response of PP from 20C-fed mice. In contrast, splenic IgM and IgA in vitro immune responses to SRBC of orally primed 4C-fed mice were higher than the response of 20C-fed mice. Addition of Lyt1 + T lymphocytes from SRBC-primed donor mice or Interleukin 2 (IL2) to the in vitro PP lymphocyte cultures partially restored the anti-SRBC IgA and IgM immune responses of mice fed 4C. These results strongly suggest that mice fed a diet low in protein possess a PP T-lymphocyte populations that is unable to support a local IgA or IgM immune response, while at the same time possessing a splenic lymphocyte population that has increased capability to mount a systemic IgA and IgM immune response.
Effects of cocaine on sensory motor function in baboons.

Abstract The effects of cocaine on auditory and visual threshold functions and reaction times were studied in baboons. Single IM injections of cocaine HCl (0.001–1.0 mg/kg) were administered once or twice weekly and were followed immediately by psychophysical tests designed to assess cocaine's effects on sensory thresholds and reaction times. Consistent reductions in reaction times were observed in the cocaine dose range of 0.032–0.32 mg/kg. Reaction times were decreased by 5–8% at the more effective cocaine doses. Concurrently measured auditory and visual threshold sensitivities showed no systematic changes at any of the cocaine doses studied.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging sequential-finger movement activation differentiating good and poor writers

Good and poor fifth-grade writers differed, after controlling for multiple comparisons, in 42 brain regions on group maps and then individual brain analyses for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) contrast between tapping adjacent fingers sequentially and same finger repeatedly. Of these, 11 regions were correlated with both handwriting and spelling (transcription). Gender differences on the fMRI contrast, with girls more activated, occurred only in left superior parietal, which was correlated with handwriting and spelling. Significance of serial organization of fingers for handwriting and spelling is discussed.
Evoked potential monitoring identifies possible neurological injury during positioning for craniotomy.

Somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring is commonly used to detect changes in nerve conduction and prevent impending nerve injury. We present a case series of two patients who had SSEP monitoring for their surgical craniotomy procedure, and who, upon positioning supine with their head tilte
Remote Dianions II. Synthesis of Sulcatole

Abstract Sulcatole is prepared in four steps from acetone utilizing the dianion of 4-phenylsulfonyl-butanoic acid.
The effects of propionate on sodium transport by the toad bladder. Evidence for a metabolic mode of action.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of moderate concentrations (up to 20 mM) of propionate and related compounds on active sodium transport and metabolism in the freshly-isolated toad bladder have been studied. 2. 2. Depending upon the concentration employed, propionate when aded simultaneously to the serosal and mucosal bathing media of isolated bladders at pH 6.4 may either stimulate or inhibit sodium transport as measured by the short-circuit current (s.c.c.)∗. The characteristic response to addition of 6–20 mM propionate in freshly-isolated bladders is a striking inhibition of the s.c.c. 3. 3. Malonate intereferes with both the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of propionate on the s.c.c. Propionate blocks the effects of malonate on the s.c.c. succinate can mimic the dual effects of propionate under certain conditions. 4. 4. Although 6 mM propionate inhibits the s.c.c., it has no net effect on CO2 production and actually increases oxygen consumption. 5. 5. Malonate reduces 14CO2 production from 14C-labelled propionate. Propionate prvents inhibition of oxygen consumption by malonate. 6. 6. Propionate reduces the rate of conversion of 14C-labelled pyruvate and acetate to 14CO2. 7. 7. It is concluded that both the stimulatory and the inhibitory effects of propionate may be consequences of the metabolism of propionate via succinate and that both depend, at least in part, on mechanisms affecting the supply of energy to the sodium pump in the epithelial cells; suggested mechanisms to account for the observed inhibition of sodium transport include changes in the concentration of CoA or its esters, reduction in the rate of oxidation of NAD-linked substrates, reversal of electron transport through Site I, and stimulation of gluconeogenesis.
Time-Dependent Physiological Regulation of the Ovine Placental Glut-3 Glucose Transporter Protein

Time-Dependent Physiological Regulation of the Ovine Placental Glut-3 Glucose Transporter Protein
High-resolution tephrochronology of the Wilson Creek Formation (Mono Lake, California) and Laschamp event using 238U-230Th SIMS dating of accessory mineral rims

Abstract Sediments of the Wilson Creek Formation surrounding Mono Lake preserve a high-resolution archive of glacial and pluvial responses along the eastern Sierra Nevada due to late Pleistocene climate change. An absolute chronology for the Wilson Creek stratigraphy is critical for correlating the paleoclimate record to other archives in the western U.S. and the North Atlantic region. However, multiple attempts to date the Wilson Creek stratigraphy using carbonates and tephras yield discordant results due to open-system effects and radiocarbon reservoir uncertainties as well as abundant xenocrysts. New ion microprobe 238U-230Th dating of the final increments of crystallization recorded by allanite and zircon autocrysts from juvenile pyroclasts yield ages that effectively date eruption of key tephra beds and delimit the timing of basal Wilson Creek sedimentation to the interval between 26.8±2.1 and 61.7±1.9 ka. Tephra (Ash 15) erupted during the geomagnetic excursion originally designated the Mono Lake excursion yields an age of 40.8±1.9 ka, indicating that the event is instead the Laschamp excursion. The new ages support a depositional chronology from magnetostratigraphy that indicates quasi-synchronous glacial and hydrologic responses in the Sierra Nevada and Mono Basin to regional climate change, with intervals of lake filling and glacial-snowpack melting that are in phase with peaks in spring insolation.
Autobiography, Mediated Action, and the Development of Moral Identity

This paper explores a sociocultural approach to the development of moral identity, by considering the recently published autobiography of Ingo Hasselbach. Hasselbach, the founder (in 1991) of the National Alternative neo-Nazi party in East Germany, writes about his childhood and youth, how and why he embraced the neo-Nazi perspective, and how and why he ultimately repudiated the movement that he had helped to create. The analysis of Hasselbach’s story employs a “mediated action” approach to identity formation (Penuel & Wertsch, 1995; Wertsch, 1998). Such an approach entails taking human action as the starting point for the study of identity development, and understanding that mediated action, rather than an inner sense of identity, continuity, or sameness, provides the primary unit of analysis. In bringing a sociocultural perspective to bear on Hasselbach’s autobiographical narrative, this paper thus highlights the connections that emerge in his autobiography between his changing/developing sense of moral identity and his moral actions and interactions in the world. In so doing, it explores and explicates the relationship between Hasselbach’s moral identity and the sociocultural context in which it develops.
The lethal (2) giant larva (l(2)gl), a recessive oncogene, is required during embryonic and post-embryonic development in Drosophila

Recessive oncogenes have genetic functions important for the regulation of tissue growth and differentiation. Defining the role of these genes in normal developmental and physiological processes is important to the development of the accurate models of the normal regulation of growth and differentiation. We report here a genetic analysis of the requirement for the lethal (2) giant larva function during development. The results demonstrate that the lethal (2) giant larva function is required during embryonic and post-embryonic development to maintain the normal developmental capacity.
Network-based IP packet loss importance model for H.264 SD videos

We conduct an objective experiment in which Video Quality Metric (VQM) scores are computed on compressed video GOPs following fixed-sized IP packet loss, and then construct a network-based model to predict these VQM scores. The model is created for H.264 SDTV videos using a no-reference method, meaning that we only use the information from the bitstream but have no access to the original video. The model can be computed at the packet level and requires no frame-level reconstruction.
Chromatographic determination of tetramethrin on woolen cloth and in aqueous treatment formulations

A method is described for the analysis of tetramethrin aqueous formulation and residues of tetramethrin on woolen cloth. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and partitioned with benzene. Interferences were removed by liquid column chromatography with acid alumina and eluted with 10% ethyl acetate-hexane. Analysis was by gas chromatography with a 10% UCW98 (methylsilicone) column. Detection was made with the flame ionization detector to avoid the repeated dilutions necessary with use of the electron capture detector.
Cholestasis in immature newborn infants: Is parenteral alimentation responsible?

This report is a response to the suggestion, first raised in The Journal in 1971, that intravenous alimentation may be responsible for intrahepatic cholestasis in premature infants. Nine of 15 premature infants (30 weeks' gestation or less, birth weight up to 1,250 gm) who survived at least five days and were autopsied were found to have cholestasis. The most severe hepatic pathology was found in the infants whose nutrition was poorest and whose livers were smallest. Both groups had a variety of other clinical problems, especially respiratory distress, intracranial hemorrhage, and infection; it was the first of these that prevented oral feeding in most instances. No correlation was found between treatment with intravenous FreAmine and/or Intralipid and the presence of cholestasis. None of the affected patients, however, could sustain oral or nasogastric feedings during the first seventeen days of life, whereas all surviving patients without cholestasis were able to feed orally within eight days. Fasting later in the course had no effect. Therefore, early fasting, rather than parenteral supplementation, may contribute to impaired hepatobiliary function in the small premature infant.
Suppression through acoustics

This paper reviews research conducted by our laboratory exploring the possible use of acoustical stimuli as a tool for influencing behavior. Over the course of several programs, different types of acoustic stimuli have been evaluated for their effectiveness in disrupting targeting, balance, and high-order cognitive processes in both humans and animals. Escape responses are of particular use in this regard. An escape response serves not only as an objective measure of aversion, but as a potential substitute for ongoing behavior. We have also assessed whether the level of performance changes if the individual does not perform an escape response. In general these studies have both suggested certain types of sounds are more aversive or distracting than others. Although the laboratory development of additional stimuli needs to continue, we are taking the next step by testing some of the more effective stimuli in more applied experimental scenarios including those involving group dynamics.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interactions of thrombin and antithrombin III with artificial surfaces

Abstract Thrombin adsorption onto Cuprophane surfaces was shown to be not saturable at thrombin concentrations of up to 1 mg/ml and to give adsorption isotherms distinct from those for four other proteins: albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulin G, and antithrombin III. Kinetic analyses suggested two types of binding sites with thrombin-Cuprophane apparent dissociation constants (K d ) of 300 nM and 7190 nM respectively. Data from the competitive adsorption of thrombin on Cuprophane in the presence of albumin and immunoglobulin G at both low and high thrombin concentrations and the absence of such types of adsorption of thrombin on PVC support the concept of the presence of these two types of binding sites on Cuprophane. On the other hand, thrombin-poly(vinyl chloride) interaction resulted in a Langmuir type adsorption. Immunoglobulin G shows higher affinity for poly(vinyl chloride) (K d = 35 nM) than do the other four proteins (K d =300–900 nM). A hypothesis that multiple types of binding sites that are specific for certain plasma proteins may exist on various artificial surfaces is proposed.
A note on biotopology of reproduction

In a recent paper (Bull. Math. Biophysics, 20, 245, 1958), Robert Rosen applied topological considerations to the study of an organism as a whole. Those considerations have no direct relation to the principle of biotopological mapping. They rather represent a topological model of an organism, especially a model of the repair mechanisms which organisms possess for lost or impaired parts. In this note it is shown that the model introduced by Rosen may possibly be derived from the principle of biotopological mapping plus a proper definition of the primordial. Such a derivation may also provide a clue to a proper biotopological approach to the problem of multiplication of organisms.
TRANSFORMING KNOWLEDGE TO SKILL: EVALUATING THE CONSULTATION COMPETENCE OF NOVICE SCHOOL-BASED CONSULTANTS

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the consultation competence of novice consultants using computer simulation. Computer simulation was used to closely approximate the school environment in which school consultants work and to directly observe all consultants' actions and decisions during the
Factors Affecting the Evolution of Oncology Nursing Care

Oncology nursing has evolved in response to population growth and changing demographics, changing regulatory requirements, decreasing lengths of inpatient hospital stays, and ongoing advances in cancer treatment, information, and biotechnology. Changes in societal perceptions of cancer and increased access to information have enabled patients to seek out knowledgeable and skilled oncology nurses. Nurses also play an ever-increasing role in rehabilitation as patients live longer with the effects of cancer and treatment. Significant outcomes achieved through nursing research include increased access to care and patient education; improved patient satisfaction, cost-effectiveness of health care, and treatment adherence; fewer hospital admissions; decreased lengths of stay; lower readmission rates; fewer emergency room visits; and lower healthcare costs. Oncology nurse researchers also have studied the economic burden of cancer treatment, limited employment options, and survivorship issues. The progress in professional oncology nursing parallels the progress in surgical, radiologic, biologic, medical, and genetic approaches to cancer treatment. The role and practice of the oncology nurse will continue to evolve in the coming decades as population demographics and healthcare systems change and new scientific and technologic discoveries are integrated into cancer care.
Optical reflectance and fluorescence for detecting nitrogen needs in Zea mays L

Nitrogen (N) status in field grown corn (Zea mays L.) was assessed using spectral techniques. Passive airborne hyperspectral reflectance remote sensing, passive leaf level reflectance, and both passive and active leaf level fluorescence sensing methods were tested. Reflectance of leaves could track total Cha levels in the red dip of the spectrum and auxiliary plant pigments of Chb and carotenoids in the yellow/orange/red edge reflectance. Based on leaf level reflectance behavior, a modified chlorophyll absorption reflectance index (MCARI) method was tested with narrow bands from the Airborne Imaging Spectroradiometer for Applications. MCARI indices could detect variations in N levels across field plots. At the leaf level, ratios of fluorescence emissions in the blue, green, red and far-red wavelengths sensed responses that were associated with the plant pigments, and were indicative of energy transfer in the photosynthetic process. Fluorescence emissions of leaves could distinguish N stressed corn from those with optimally applied N. Reflectance and fluorescence methods are sensitive in detecting corn N needs and may be especially powerful in monitoring crop conditions if both types of information can be combined.
Tumor-Associated a2 Vacuolar ATPase Acts As a Key Mediator of Cancer-Related Inflammation by Inducing Pro-Tumorigenic Properties in Monocytes

Cancer-related inflammation profoundly affects tumor progression. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are known regulators of that inflammation, but the factors that initiate cancer-related inflammation are poorly understood. Tumor invasiveness and poor clinical outcome are linked to increased expression of cell surface-associated vacuolar adenosine triphosphatases. The a2 isoform vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase is found on the surface on many solid tumors, and we have identified a peptide cleaved from a2 isoform vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase called a2NTD. a2NTD has properties necessary to induce monocytes into a pro-oncogenic TAM phenotype. The peptide upregulated both pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. These included IL-1β and IL-10, which are important in promoting inflammation and immune escape by tumor cells. The secretion of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β was dependent on ATP, K + efflux, and reactive oxygen species, all mediators that activate the inflammasome. These findings describe a mechanism by which tumor cells affect the maturation of TAMs via a nontraditional cytokine-like signal, the a2NTD peptide.
Direct and Specific Binding of the UL16 Tegument Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus to the Cytoplasmic Tail of Glycoprotein E

The UL16 tegument protein of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is conserved throughout all of the herpesvirus families. Previous studies have shown that the binding of HSV to heparan sulfate molecules on the host cell triggers the release of UL16 from the capsid, but the mechanism by which the signal is sent from the virion surface into the tegument is unknown. Here, we report that a glutathione S-transferase chimera bearing the cytoplasmic tail of viral glycoprotein E (gE) is capable of binding to UL16 in lysates of eukaryotic cells or purified from bacteria. Moreover, mass spectrometry studies of native-UL16 complexes purified from infected cells also revealed the presence of gE. Proof that UL16-gE can interact within cells required the fortuitous discovery of a mutant possessing only the first 155 residues of UL16. Confocal microscopy of cotransfected cells revealed that this mutant colocalized with gE in the cytoplasm, whereas it was found throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus when expressed alone. In contrast, the full-length UL16 molecule was very poorly capable of finding gE. Moreover, membrane flotation assays showed that UL16(1-155) was able to float to the top of sucrose step gradients when coexpressed with gE, whereas full-length UL16 was not. Thus, the discovery of the UL16(1-155) mutant confirmed the specific in vitro interaction with gE and provides evidence that a binding domain at the N terminus of UL16 may be controlled by a regulatory domain within the C terminus. These findings suggest the possibility that the UL16-gE interaction may play roles in the tegument signaling mechanism, virus budding, and the gE-mediated mechanism of cell-to-cell spread.
Tumor Immunity in Small-Cell Lung Cancer

An intriguing and potentially very important clinical question in human tumor immunity is addressed by Monstad et al [1] in the current issue of JCO. These authors explore the immune responses in a series of patients with small-cell lung cancer and correlate these correlations to clinical prognosis. To put this in perspective, some background is required. In the 1950s, Burnet [2] and Thomas [3] put forward a new idea, based on the recently discovered phenomenon of cellular immunity: if this branch of the immune system can recognize and kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens, it might also be able to do the same to cancer cells. The idea has not been readily testable in humans, because effective tumor immune responses would lead to suppression of cancer and, therefore, such patients would not be identifiable in the general population. A rare group of human neurologic diseases has provided an unexpected means to attempt to test Burnet’s and Thomas’s ideas regarding the existence of naturally occurring tumor immunity [4-6]. These disorders, known as paraneoplastic neurologic disorders, are believed to tie elements of often clinically occult tumor immune responses together with a severe clinical neurological disorder that brings patients to the attention of the physician-scientist. Systemic malignancies, not involving the nervous system, are believed to trigger the neurological disorders indirectly. That is, a number of tumor types have been found to express antigens normally expressed in neurons of the CNS. Presumably because of the immune privileged nature of such neurons (and their antigens) [7], the immune system is able to generate powerful reactions to the antigen expressed in the systemic tumor; this is associated in the majority of cases with at least partially effective tumor immune responses. A secondary set of events, poorly understood, are then believed to lead to compromise of the blood-brain barrier and immunologic privilege in the brain [8], leading the tumor immune response to spill over into an autoimmune attack in the brain. This rapidly leads patients to clinical attention, and hence the ability, working backward, to study the otherwise occult tumor immune response. Not all paraneoplastic neurologic disorders involve the CNS. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is a disorder in which patients develop an unusual sort of muscle weakness, in which there is typically a temporary surge in muscle power during the first of a series of contractions. This disorder is associated with clinically occult small-cell lung cancer, and an immunologic link between the cancer and the neurologic disorder has been established by the finding
The making of ka-knowledge: Digital aurality

Abstract This article asks that rhetoric and composition add to its concerns with visuality an interest in the role aurality plays in digital composing. Working initially with observations Walter Ong and Marshall McLuhan made in the early 1960s regarding a new physics of sounding out, this article explores how hip-hop updates both theorists’ concerns with the contemporary notion of droppin’ science. Because droppin’ science suggests the displacement of knowledge production with ka-knowledge, new understandings of sounding out are needed in order to understand how ka-knowledge functions. The article works to map out and develop a theory of digital-based aurality called ka-knowledge.
Asymptotic Behavior of Solutions of Linear Systems

In this chapter, we explain the behavior of solutions of a homogeneous linear system \(\frac{{d\vec{y}}}{{dt}} = A\left( t \right)\vec{y}{\text{ }}as{\text{ }}t \to + \infty\) in the case when the coefficient matrix A(t) has a limit \({{A}_{0}}{\text{ as }}t \to + \infty\). The purpose is to show how much information we can glean from the limit matrix \(A\left( t \right) \). We are interested in the exponential growth of solutions and the asymptotic behavior of solutions. In order to measure the exponential growth of a function, we use Liapounoff’s type numbers which was originally introduced by A. Liapounoff in [Lia]. Liapounoff’s type numbers are explained in §VII-1. Also, we explain Liapounoff’s type numbers of solutions of a homogeneous linear system in §VII-2. (Liapounoff’s type numbers are also found in L. Cesan [Ce, pp. 50-55].) In §VII-3, assuming that \(\mathop{{\lim }}\limits_{{t \to + \infty }} A\left( t \right) = {{A}_{0}}\), we calculate Liapounoff’s type numbers of solutions in terms of the eigenvalues of A0(cf. [Huk3], [Har2, Chapter X], and [Si9]). In §VII-4, we explain how to derive the asymptotic behavior of solutions by diagonalizing the given system. A theorem of M. Hukuhara and N. Nagumo gives the original motivation (cf. Theorem VII-4–1). The main result is Theorem of N. Levinson (cf. Theorem VII-4-2). (Generalizations and refinements of Theorem of Levinson are found, for example, in [Bell], [Be12], [CK], [Copl], [Dev], [DK], [El], [E2], [Gi], [GHS], [HarLl], [HarL2], [HarL3], [HW1], [HW2], [HX1], [HX2], and [HX3].)
Cross-layer QoS support for multimedia delivery over wireless internet

Delivering multimedia over wireless Internet is a very challenging task. Multimedia delivery inherently has strict quality-of-service (QoS) requirement on bandwidth, delay, and delay jitter. However, the current Internet can only support best-effort service, which imposes varying network conditions during multimedia delivery. The advent of wireless networks further exacerbates the variance of network conditions and brings greater challenges for multimedia delivery. To improve perceived media quality by end users over wireless Internet, QoS supports can be addressed in different layers, including application layer, transport layer, link layer, and so forth. This paper presents a framework, which provides QoS support, for multimedia delivery over wireless Internet, across different layers. To provide efficient QoS support for different types of media over the best-effort networks, we first propose a cross-layer architecture, which combines the application-level, transport-layer, as well as link-layer controls, and then review recent advances in each individual component. Specifically, dynamic estimation of varying channel and network, adaptive and energy-efficient application and link-level error control, efficient congestion control, header compression, adaptive automatic repeat request (ARQ) and priority-based scheduling, as well as QoS-adaptive proxy caching technologies are explicitly reviewed in this paper.