cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grandparents in a Parental or Near-Parental Role Sources of Stress and Coping Mechanisms

Although about 11% of grandparents are raising their grandchildren, a larger percentage provide a significant amount of care and serve in a near-parental role. Both parental and near-parental roles create stress. The stressors that these grandparents face and the strategies that they use to cope were investigated in this descriptive, exploratory study. Those high in the near-parental role used coping strategies to a greater degree than did those who considered themselves low in this role. The near-parental-role grandparents reported using problem-focused strategies and dealing with the problems causing the stress head-on with a plan of action. They rely on their faith to make something good out of the situation. The grandparents also used the emotion-focused tactic of escapism and dreamed of the situation's “just going away.” They also relied on social support and not just themselves to cope with the stress.
Retroperitoneal approach for laparoscopic nephrectomy is feasible in a child with difficult access due to severe scoliosis.

Abstract Retroperitoneal minimal access surgery has been widely described and practiced in many paediatric urology units. However, retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy performed in the presence of severe scoliosis has not been described in the literature before. We report a challenging case of a 13-year-old girl with severe scoliosis requiring a nephrectomy. The feasibility of performing a retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy in paediatric patients with severe scoliosis is discussed.
Feature-based classification of native and non-native protein-protein interactions: Comparing supervised and semi-supervised learning approaches

Structural knowledge about protein–protein interactions can provide insights to the basic processes underlying cell function. Recent progress in experimental and computational structural biology has led to a rapid growth of experimentally resolved structures and computationally determined near-native models of protein–protein interactions. However, determining whether a protein–protein interaction is physiological or it is the artifact of an experimental or computational method remains a challenging problem. In this work, we have addressed two related problems. The first problem is distinguishing between the experimentally obtained physiological and crystal-packing protein–protein interactions. The second problem is concerned with the classification of near-native and inaccurate docking models. We first defined a universal set of interface features and employed a support vector machines (SVM)-based approach to classify the interactions for both problems, with the accuracy, precision, and recall for the first problem classifier reaching 93%. To improve the classification, we next developed a semi-supervised learning approach for the second problem, using transductive SVM (TSVM). We applied both classifiers to a commonly used protein docking benchmark of 124 complexes. We found that while we reached the classification accuracies of 78.9% for the SVM classifier and 80.3% for the TSVM classifier, improving protein-docking methods by model re-ranking remains a challenging problem.
Cellular and subcellular calcium signaling in gastrointestinal epithelium

Ca2+ is a critical second messenger in virtually all cell types, including the various epithelial cell types within the digestive system. When measured in cell populations, Ca2+ signals usually appear as a single transient or prolonged elevation. In individual epithelial cells, signaling patterns often vary from cell to cell and may contain more complex features such as Ca2+ oscillations. Subcellular Ca2+ signals show a further level of complexity, such as Ca2+ waves, and may relate to the polarized structure and function of epithelial cells. The approaches to detect cytosolic Ca2+ signals, the patterns and mechanisms of Ca2+ signaling, and the role of such signals in regulating the function of polarized epithelium within the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and liver are reviewed in this report.
Self-powered microfluidic chips for multiplexed protein assays from whole blood

We report herein on a self-powered, self-contained microfluidic-based chip designed to separate plasma from whole blood, and then execute an assay of a multiplexed panel of plasma biomarker proteins. The power source is based upon a chemical reaction that is catalytically triggered by the push of a button on the chip. We demonstrate assays of a dozen blood-based protein biomarkers using this automated, self-contained device. This platform can potentially permit high throughput, accurate, multiplexed blood diagnostic measurements in remote locations and by minimally trained individuals.
4-terminal Angelov model for SOI CMOS MESFETs

This work describes an improved Angelov/Chalmers MESFET model which includes substrate bias effects. The 4-terminal model employs a new and simplified gate current extraction method based on a forward and reverse diode equation which can be independently modified. The improved model is applied to a silicon metal-semiconductor-field-effect-transistor (MESFET) that was fabricated using a 45nm SOI CMOS process and designed for RF power amplifier applications. The model fits across DC and RF parameters and also shows a good fit to a 2.5GHz load pull measurement used for verification.
Use of Recombinant Factor VIIa in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom: Survey of Army Surgeons

ABSTRACT Military physicians are using recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) in Iraq and Afghanistan to help stop life-threatening hemorrhage in trauma patients. We constructed a questionnaire and surveyed Army general surgeons deployed to Iraq and/or Afghanistan about their predeployment experience, deployment experience, and projected postdeployment practice regarding rFVIIa usage. Most surgeons had rFVIIa available during their deployment (65%). The drug was used with varying frequency and subjective therapeutic effect. A majority of surgeons (79%) were unaware of any guideline or policy governing the use of rFVIIa. Seventy percent of respondents would use the drug in their future practice. Deployed surgeons generally have positive attitudes regarding the use of rFVIIa, but greater guidance and outcome measures are needed.
Tacit Knowledge Taxonomy and Transfer: Case-Based Research

Tacit organizational knowledge is intangible, implicit, and profoundly attached to people (Spender, 2003). While highly complex, it is also a driving force of organizational performance, and its transfer crucial in capitalizing on existing resources (Cross & Baird, 2000). Spender (1998) suggested that tacit knowledge may represent an alternative system of organizational knowledge, and this author investigated this notion. This research is built upon empirical evidence from six knowledge transfer case studies so as to examine tacit knowledge and provide insight into what makes it tacit. Nine distinct, however not mutually exclusive types of tacit knowledge were identified through this research: Skill, Cause-effect, Cognitive, Composite, Cultural, Unlearning, Taboo, Human, and Emotional. Each type can be discerned with its unique set of elements that is essentially responsible for it being tacit, or subjective. In addition, the relationship between the problematic nature of knowledge and its transferability is explored. Various knowledge transfer channels are examined for their richness. Results indicated that no transfer channel was rich independently of the knowledge it transfers, and that all effective channels involved an active ‘pull’ of the knowledge by its recipient.
Antibody immunotherapy targeting the self-tumor antigen nucleolin (VAC5P.1129)

Nucleolin is a multifunctional protein found in the nucleus of all cells, and it’s a self-tumor antigen. It is overexpressed on the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the two most common forms of leukemia acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The cell surface expression of nucleolin on CLL and AML cells, compared with its nuclear profile in normal cells, makes nucleolin an attractive self-antigenic target for antibody immunotherapy. Accordingly, we have utilized our patented platform technology (US Patent 8,715,743) to generate a panel of fully human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAbs) that target nucleolin (NCL) and potently induce AML cell death, while having no effect on normal blood cells (PCT/US2010/057046). Preliminary data indicated that AML cells were killed independently of complement or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxic mechanisms, possibly by interfering with nucleolin’s cellular function. This might have significant therapeutic implications, since the HuMAbs may retain activity in immunocompromised leukemia patients. We hypothesize that the anti-NCL HuMAbs have both immune mediated and immune independent antitumor activity, eliciting nucleolin specific killing through both complement and cell mediated cytotoxic mechanisms, and through interfering with the integral cellular function of nucleolin. Thus, autoreactive antibodies targeting this self-tumor antigen might be important in the treatment of leukemia.
(E)-5-Chloro-3-(2,6-dichloro-benzyl-idene)-indolin-2-one.

There are two independent mol­ecules of the title compound, C15H8Cl3NO, in the asymmetric unit. Both form inversion dimers via pairs of hydrazide–carbonyl N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
The Evolution of Water Pollution Control in the United States - State, Local, and Federal Efforts, 1789-1972: Part I

This is the first article in a two-part series that explores the trends and developments that eventually led Congress to enact one of the most complex and significant pieces of legislation in history, the Clean Water Act. It examines the way in which water pollution evolved from a relatively simple local issue in the early years of the Republic into a complex state and regional problem by 1920. The article then examines the development of state regulation from 1869 to 1972 - an account that covers the evolution of state agencies and regulatory innovations such as water quality standards and uniform effluent limitations. The new regulatory devices, however, failed to fulfill their promise. Faced with powerful, concentrated opposition from industry and many municipalities, the states were reluctant to apply them comprehensively and were generally unwilling to take vigorous enforcement action, preferring instead informal cooperation and voluntary compliance. By the 1960s, the public's tolerance for this kind of incremental and largely ineffective approach was wearing thin. The second article, which was published at 22 Stanford Environmental Law Journal 215 (2003), explores the story of federal action between 1879 and 1972 and concludes with an extensive look at the legislative history of the 1972 Clean Water Act.
Pete Seeger in His Own Words by Pete Seeger

Pete Seeger, at the age of 93, limits his performances to occasional festivals, but that is not how it has always been. He sang at union halls in the 1930s, at Barack Obama's inauguration celebrati...
Modified multivisceral transplantation with spleen-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis "gardner's syndrome"

Background. Liver-sparing "modified" multivisceral transplantation (MMVTx) has recently been more used for patients with diffuse gastrointestinal disorders and preserved hepatic functions. Evisceration techniques with preservation of native spleen were also introduced to reduce risk of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. This study focuses on the indications of MMVTx for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and the technical feasibility of performing spleen-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (SPPD). Methods. Between 1993 and 2009, 10 FAP patients required MMVTx. Nine were adults and one was a child, with a female:male ratio of 1:1. Results. Short gut with duodenal adenomatosis and extensive desmoid tumors with pancreaticoduodenal involvement dictated need for MMVTx. SPPD was technically feasible in four recipients, and conventional evisceration including splenectomy was performed in remaining six recipients. With an overall cumulative survival of 90% at 1 year and 77% at 10 years, all SPPD recipients were alive with no single example of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, graft-versus-host disease, or chronic rejection. However, SPPD was associated with an increase (P>0.3) in total ischemia time, operative time, and packed red blood cells requirement but with shorter (P=0.6) length of hospital stay. With a mean follow-up of 50±45 months (range 18-128 months), none of the 10 recipients experienced intraabdominal desmoid tumor recurrence or developed de novo visceral allograft neoplasm. Conclusion. MMVTx is a valuable therapeutic option for FAP patients who are in need for visceral transplantation with pathologic involvement of the pancreaticoduodenal complex. SPPD is technically feasible, and efforts should always be made to preserve native spleen because of the reported herein therapeutic advantages. Keywords: Modified multivisceral transplantation, Intestinal transplant, Familial adenomatous polyposis, Gardner's syndrome, Desmoid tumors.
Combined STM and TPD Study of Rh(111) Under Conditions of High Oxygen Coverage

Oxygen chemisorption on rhodium surfaces gives rise to several surface structures depending on the total oxygen coverage. In this study, Rh(111) was exposed to O2 or O + O2, and the oxygen surface structures formed at coverages greater than or equal to 0.5 ML were imaged using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The STM images showed that the (2 × 1)-O adlayer domains are predominant on the Rh(111) surface. Exposure of Rh(111) to O atoms yielded O coverages greater than 0.5 ML; (1 × 1)-O domains were observed to form along terrace step edges, and their areal density increased with exposure. However, (2 × 1)-O adlayers were still present on the surface. The STM images reveal that the surface coverage was appreciably less than the total amount of oxygen, suggesting that O uptake resulted in significant absorption into the selvedge, even at modest surface O coverages and temperatures. We compare these observations to previous surface scattering experiments and calculations and demonstrate that our findings ...
The hitchhiker's guide to DNS cache poisoning

DNS cache poisoning is a serious threat to today’s Internet. We develop a formal model of the semantics of DNS caches, including the bailiwick rule and trust-level logic, and use it to systematically investigate different types of cache poisoning and to generate templates for attack payloads. We explain the impact of the attacks on DNS resolvers such as BIND, MaraDNS, and Unbound and their implications for several defenses against DNS cache poisoning.
Curative effect observation on oseltamivir efficacy in the treatment of severe influenza A(H1N1)

Objective To observe the curative effect of oseltamivir in the treatment of severe influenza A(H1N1).Methods Forty cases of severe influenza A(H1N1) patients were treated with oseltamivir,and flu-like symptoms such as fever,cough,runny nose and pulmonary rales were observed before treatment and after one day,three days.According to clinical manifestation of children,the efficacy was assessed on the basis of four levels-markedly effective,effective,progressive,and invalid.Results In 40 cases,12 cases(accounted for 30.0%) were markedly effective,23 cases(accounted for 57.5%) were effective,3 cases(accounted for 7.5%) were progress and 2 cases(accounted for 5.0%) were invalid.The total effective rate was 87.5%.Conclusion Oseltamivir has a good effect in influenza A(H1N1) with good compliance,and no significant adverse reactions is observed.Oseltamivir should be timely given in anti-viral therapy of influenza A(H1N1) treatment.
Prevalence of Syphilis Among Female Sex Workers in Sichuan,2009-2011

Objective To investigate the epidemic status of syphilis among female sex workers( FSW) in Sichuan from 2009 to 2011,and to provide scientific reference for formulating preventive and control measures. Methods Two-stage stratified sampling method was adopted to conduct a cross-sectional study participated by 4266 FSW in 16 project districts / counties in Sichuan from 2009 to 2011. Data were collected using face-to-face questionnaire survey and serum specimens were collected for syphilis test. Results The annual infection rate of syphilis was successively 1. 4%( 20 /1462),6. 8%( 120 /1756) and 9. 1%( 95 /1048),the difference was statistically significant( χ2= 79. 54, P 0. 05). Syphilis prevalence of FSW who work at low-end places was 1. 05%,9. 18% and 12. 16%; the rate of syphilis among FSW with debut age above 35 was respectively 3. 03%,19. 77 and 26. 97%. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the influencing factors of syphilis included longer work hours( OR = 1. 287,95% CI = 1. 112-1. 489),cannot insisting on using condoms in the last month( OR = 1. 321,95% CI = 1. 014-1. 721), receiving more intervention services( OR =0. 856,95% CI = 0. 734-0. 988). Conclusion The epidemiology of syphilis among FSW in Sichuan is rising form 2009 to 2011,which deserves more efforts of effective prevention.
Effects of distribution system on the outbound spectrum of TWACS

This paper introduces the effects of the main equipments and loads in distribution network on TWACS(Twoway Power Frequency Automatic Communication System),including the factors of the capacity of transformer,the length and cross-section area of the cable and the load coefficient.It discusses the relationship between the cut-off frequency and capacity of distribution transformer,the length and cross-section area of the cable as well as the load coefficient.The cut-off frequency and the spectrum are mainly decided by the cross-section area of the cable and capacity of distribution.The common curve of the cut-off frequency for the outbound signal is given in the paper.
Abstract B191: Preclinical assessment of targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway in combination with other signal transduction pathway inhibitors

Inhibitors targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine protein kinase B (AKT) pathway have been developed and have shown efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth both in preclinical models and in the clinic. The effectiveness of PI3K/AKT inhibitors, however, is attenuated by the activation of alternative signaling pathways. Conversely, the PI3K/AKT pathway is considered to be a resistance mechanism for other therapeutic or cytotoxic agents. Therefore, understanding these mechanisms may help to inform the most optimal combinations for advancement into clinical studies. Here, we explored the potential of targeting the JAK/STAT or PIM signaling pathways in combination with a novel, potent and selective AKT inhibitor, INCB047775. Consistent with published data, pharmacological inhibition of AKT by INCB047775 caused the upregulation of PIM kinases. The combined therapies of PIM inhibition and AKT inhibition exhibited significant synergistic anti-tumor effects. Combination of PIM inhibition with AKT inhibition resulted in synergistic induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Similarly, the combination of JAK tyrosine kinase inhibition with INCB047775 exerted synergistic inhibition of the proliferation of multiple myeloma cell lines. Similar data were observed with an inhibitor of PI3Kδ in combination with both PIM and JAK inhibition, demonstrating significant crosstalk between the PI3K/AKT pathway and other critical signaling pathways. These data provide the rationale for combinatorial therapies with inhibitors targeting JAK or PIM kinases with PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors in the clinic. Citation Format: Sang Hyun Lee, Holly Koblish, Xiangdong Liu, Haifen Ye, Jun Li, Xuesong Liu, Melody Diamond, Yue Zhang, Leslie Hall, Valerie Dostalik, Margaret Favata, Elham Behshad, Richard Wynn, Yun-long Li, Andrew Combs, Chu-Bio Xue, Wenqing Yao, Gregory Hollis, Reid Huber, Peggy Scherle. Preclinical assessment of targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway in combination with other signal transduction pathway inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr B191.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ru Cubic Nanocages with a Face-Centered Cubic Structure by Templating with Pd Nanocubes

Nanocages have received considerable attention in recent years for catalytic applications owing to their high utilization efficiency of atoms and well-defined facets. Here we report, for the first time, the synthesis of Ru cubic nanocages with ultrathin walls, in which the atoms are crystallized in a face-centered cubic (fcc) rather than hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. The key to the success of this synthesis is to ensure layer-by-layer deposition of Ru atoms on the surface of Pd cubic seeds by controlling the reaction temperature and the injection rate of a Ru(III) precursor. By selectively etching away the Pd from the Pd@Ru core-shell nanocubes, we obtain Ru nanocages with an average wall thickness of 1.1 nm or about six atomic layers. Most importantly, the Ru nanocages adopt an fcc crystal structure rather than the hcp structure observed in bulk Ru. The synthesis has been successfully applied to Pd cubic seeds with different edge lengths in the range of 6-18 nm, with smaller seeds being more favorable for the formation of Ru shells with a flat, smooth surface due to shorter distance for the surface diffusion of the Ru adatoms. Self-consistent density functional theory calculations indicate that these unique fcc-structured Ru nanocages might possess promising catalytic properties for ammonia synthesis compared to hcp Ru(0001), on the basis of strengthened binding of atomic N and substantially reduced activation energies for N2 dissociation, which is the rate-determining step for ammonia synthesis on hcp Ru catalysts.
El movimiento estudiantil chileno: contexto y demandas

El ano 2011 se desarrollo un movimiento estudiantil que paralizo las actividades academicas mientras no se resolvieran algunos temas pendientes relativos a la educacion chilena, a saber: el financiamiento, el lucro, la calidad de la oferta, la equidad en el acceso y el rol del estado. El articulo analiza estos cinco temas centrales, considerando especialmente el ambito de la educacion superior o terciaria, que es donde se concentraron las demandas; para presentar los alcances de las propuestas levantadas por el movimiento estudiantil, aportando para ello datos y cifras que describen con precision la realidad universitaria chilena y la necesidad de revisar algunos aspectos de su funcionamiento.
Yayik Butter Profiles from Different Species of Mammals’ Milk

Yayik butter is one of the traditional dairy products of Turkey. The type of milk used in the manufacture of Yayik butter is one of the most important parameters determining the characteristics of the end product. The present study investigated the effects of different milk species (cow, sheep, goat) on some properties of Yayik butters made from yogurts produced using milks of these species. While the sheep Yayik butter had the highest value of lactic acid, the goat Yayik butter had a significantly higher peroxide value than those of cow and sheep Yayik butters, indicating weaker oxidative stability. The accumulation of free fatty acids was highest in goat Yayik butter. On the first day of storage, the use of different milk species did not have any effect on sensory properties of Yayik butters, but some flavor defects in goat Yayik butter were perceived on day 30.
Does one day of drinking matter? 21st birthday drinking predicts subsequent drinking and consequences.

Objective There has been ample research on college student risks and consequences related to 21st Birthday Drinking. To date, no studies we are aware of have examined how 21st birthday drinking impacts subsequent drinking and related consequences. This study evaluates the effect of a single night of drinking on peak drinking, heavy drinking, and negative consequences over 12 months following the event. Furthermore, we examine if typical drinking behavior prior to 21st birthday moderates the relationship between the event drinking and subsequent use.
Temporal magnification with picosecond resolution at the single-photon level

We use temporal magnification via four-wave-mixing Bragg Scattering to resolve a 2.2 ps separation between two pulses each with a mean number of 0.05 photons. Our approach offers the potential for sub-200-fs resolution photon counting.
Discharge Interventions and Modifiable Risk Factors for Preventing Hospital Readmissions in Children with Medical Complexity.

Background Concerns about the costs and quality of hospital care have led to increased interest in hospital readmissions in children. Children with medical complexity account for high proportions of inpatient utilization and have a higher risk of hospital readmission. Objective To identify studies of discharge interventions to prevent hospital readmissions in children with medical complexity. Methods We conducted a search to identify studies of discharge interventions. Included studies 1) described an intervention or modifiable risk factor around the time of hospital discharge 2) included pediatric patients with chronic illness and/or medical complexity and 3) reported subsequent hospital utilization. Results We identified ten studies testing the following interventions: multi-faceted discharge bundle (including medication review, discharge education, and follow-up appointments) (s=1), post-discharge follow-up clinic visits (s=3), post-discharge phone calls (s=2), intensive follow-up interventions for very low birth weight infants (s=2), and education interventions in children hospitalized with asthma (s=2). Four studies reported reductions in readmissions. The discharge bundle correlated with an 11.1% decrease in 30-day readmission (9.9% vs. 8.8%, pl0.05). All three studies of post discharge follow-up clinic visits reported a decrease in 30-day readmission risk among children with follow-up scheduled within 30 days, though one study also reported that medically complex children with follow- up within three days had increased readmission risk. Conclusion Evidence supporting discharge interventions for children with medical complexity is limited. Multi-faceted discharge interventions and post-discharge clinic visits may be effective.
Depressao em pacientes com fobia social

A fobia social (tambem conhecida como transtorno de ansiedade social) e um dos transtornos mentais mais prevalentes na populacao geral. A depressao maior e frequentemente uma complicacao na fobia social (generalizada e circunscrita). Os autores neste estudo examinaram retrospectivamente o curso longitudinal da depressao maior em 63 pacientes com diagnostico de fobia social, atraves da Entrevista Clinica Estruturada para o DSM-IV (versao clinica). Trinta e cinco porcento dos pacientes apresentaram historia de pelo menos um episodio depressivo maior. Nesta amostra os pacientes com fobia social generalizada e pacientes com fobia social circunscrita apresentaram porcentagens semelhantes de depressao maior (37% e 30%, respectivamente). Os pacientes com maior incapacitacao em seu funcionamento pessoal devido a fobia social, apresentaram mais transtornos depressivos. As implicacoes clinicas destes achados sao discutidas dentro do contexto atual do desenvolvimento de sintomas depressivos em pacientes com transtornos de ansiedade. Tambem, as implicacoes para o tratamento psicologico (intervencoes cognitivo-comportamentais) e farmacologico sao brevemente discutidas em pacientes com fobia social e depressao maior concomitante.
miR-206 is required for changes in cell adhesion that drive muscle cell morphogenesis in Xenopus laevis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved small non-coding RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in multicellular organisms. Within the set of muscle-specific miRNAs, miR-206 expression is largely restricted to skeletal muscle and is found exclusively within the bony fish lineage. Although many studies have implicated miR-206 in muscle maintenance and disease, its role in skeletal muscle development remains largely unknown. Here, we examine the role of miR-206 during Xenopus laevis somitogenesis. In Xenopus laevis, miR-206 expression coincides with the onset of somitogenesis. We show that both knockdown and over-expression of miR-206 result in abnormal somite formation affecting muscle cell rotation, attachment, and elongation. In particular, our data suggests that miR-206 regulates changes in cell adhesion that affect the ability of newly formed somites to adhere to the notochord as well as to the intersomitic boundaries. Additionally, we show that β-dystroglycan and F-actin expression levels are significantly reduced, suggesting that knockdown of miR-206 levels affects cellular mechanics necessary for cell shape changes and attachments that are required for proper muscle formation.
Cerulli, Enrico (1898–1988)

Enrico Cerulli (1898–1988) was a diplomat, anthropologist, and linguist who specialized in the languages, history, and cultures of Ethiopia, Somalia, and Eritrea. He wrote many grammatical sketches of the languages of these areas and ethnographies of their peoples, including oral histories. He also wrote on the role of Islam in Africa.
Social Structure and Social Praxis in Interorganizational Policy Analysis

We propose here a dialectical approach to interorganizationa1 policy analysis. The approach is distinguished by the intention to locate interorganizational policy networks within totalities (or total social formations) and to construct a basis for an emancipatory praxis attacking the social structures which shape and limit policy.
Health Care Costs and Cost-effectiveness in Laryngotracheal Stenosis

ObjectiveLaryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) is resource-intensive disease. The cost-effectiveness of LTS treatments has not been adequately explored. We aimed to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis c...
A General Approach to the Synthesis of Enantiopure 19-nor-Vitamin D3 and Its C-2 Phosphate Analogues Prepared from Cyclohexadienyl Sulfone.

Enantiopure 19-nor-vitamin D3 (III) is prepared via alkylation of dianion of sulfone (I) with allyl chloride (II) followed by 1,2-eliminative desulfonylation with concomitant silyl ether deprotection as key steps.
Perceptions of Water-related Environmental Concerns in Northwest Ohio One Year after a Lake Erie Harmful Algal Bloom

Water is essential to human life around the world, but there are numerous threats to its quality both internationally and nationally. The purpose of this secondary data analysis was to examine public perceptions of water-related environmental concerns in northwest Ohio. In fall 2015, nine focus groups on environmental health conditions were conducted with Lucas County, Ohio residents. Each 90-min focus group was videotaped and professionally transcribed to maximize data capture and facilitate data analysis. Colaizzi’s (1978) method of content analysis was applied to make sense of the participants’ environmental concerns related to water. The majority of the 93 participants were white females between the ages of 40 and 59. A do-not-drink advisory related to a harmful algal bloom in the summer of 2014 and the possibility of a future bloom were still prominent in residents’ minds that affected their perceptions and behaviors 1 year later. The emergent themes included: (1) avoiding the use of tap water due to concerns about water quality, (2) mourning the loss of a precious resource and their childhood recreational activities, (3) believing there are financial impacts associated with water problems, (4) distrusting the actions and decisions of persons in authority, (5) wanting to stop fighting about who is to blame and determine the problem’s real cause, and (6) desiring actions and planning by authorities to prevent future problems. Understanding public perceptions of water-related environmental concerns can inform practitioners worldwide on successful approaches to restoring trust, educating about and communicating risk, and planning for future issues.
Leader-Follower Controls in Systems with Two Controllers

The classical control theory deals with dynamical systems that are controlled by one controller designed to ensure maximum performance of the system over a specific interval of time. More recently, there has been considerable interest in systems that are controlled by more than one controller. In this paper, we consider control systems that are controlled by two independent controllers whose roles and objectives in terms of the performance of the system are generally different. More specifically, we consider systems where one controller has an advantage over the other in that it has the capability of designing and implementing its control first, before the other controller. With such control hierarchy this controller is designated as leader and the other as follower. To take advantage of its primary role, the leader control is designed by anticipating and taking into consideration the follower’s control. The follower becomes the sole controller in the system after the leader’s control has been implemented. In this paper, we describe such systems and derive in detail the controls of both, the leader and follower. We consider an economic control system that models the behavior of two firms in a dynamic market where one firm is more powerful than the other and as a result assumes the role of a market leader. We derive the general conditions that govern the existence of the leader and follower’s control functions. We then treat in detail the case where the system dynamics are linear and productions costs are quadratic. Finally, we illustrate the results with a numerical example.
Resilient Distribution Networks Considering Mobile Marine Microgrids: A Synergistic Network Approach

This paper proposes a resilient and secure configuration for coastal distribution grids by integrating the security constraint unit commitment (SCUC) and mobile marine microgrids (MMMGs). In the proposed configuration, MMMGs can be connected to the coastal distribution grids in both normal and post-disaster operations. It is assumed that both MMMGs and SCUC networks include both dispatchable (e.g., gas turbines and diesel generators) and nondispatchable generators (e.g., photovoltaics and wind turbines). The proposed problem consists of realistic formulations that seek to minimize the total MMMGs and SCUC operation costs, while maximizing distribution grid resiliency. A heuristic technique, known as the collective decision optimization algorithm, is employed to address the complexity and nonlinearity of the formulated problem. Moreover, the unscented transform technique is adopted to model the uncertainties associated with renewable energy sources output and load demand. To show the effectiveness and merits of the proposed configuration, the IEEE 69-bus distribution network is selected and tested for both normal and post-disaster operations.
A deep learning-based algorithm for detection of cortical arousal during sleep.

Study objectives The frequency of cortical arousals is an indicator of sleep quality. Additionally, cortical arousals are used to identify hypopneic events. However, it is inconvenient to record electroencephalogram (EEG) data during home sleep testing. Fortunately, most cortical arousal events are associated with autonomic nervous system activity that could be observed on an electrocardiography (ECG) signal. ECG data have lower noise and are easier to record at home than EEG. In this study, we developed a deep learning-based cortical arousal detection algorithm that uses a single-lead ECG to detect arousal during sleep. Methods This study included 1,547 polysomnography records that met study inclusion criteria and were selected from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis database. We developed an end-to-end deep learning model consisting of convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks which: (1) accepted varying length physiological data; (2) directly extracted features from the raw ECG signal; (3) captured long-range dependencies in the physiological data; and (4) produced arousal probability in 1-s resolution. Results We evaluated the model on a test set (n = 311). The model achieved a gross area under precision-recall curve score of 0.62 and a gross area under receiver operating characteristic curve score of 0.93. Conclusion This study demonstrated the end-to-end deep learning approach with a single-lead ECG has the potential to be used to accurately detect arousals in home sleep tests.
Maximum Parsimony Inference of Phylogenetic Networks in the Presence of Polyploid Complexes

Phylogenetic networks provide a powerful framework for modeling and analyzing reticulate evolutionary histories. While polyploidy has been shown to be prevalent not only in plants but also in other groups of eukaryotic species, most work done thus far on phylogenetic network inference assumes diploid hybridization. These inference methods have been applied, with varying degrees of success, to data sets with polyploid species, even though polyploidy violates the mathematical assumptions underlying these methods. Statistical methods were developed recently for handling specific types of polyploids and so were parsimony methods that could handle polyploidy more generally yet while excluding processes such as incomplete lineage sorting. In this paper, we introduce a new method for inferring most parsimonious phylogenetic networks on data that include polyploid species. Taking gene trees as input, the method seeks a phylogenetic network that minimizes deep coalescences while accounting for polyploidy. The method could also infer trees, thus potentially distinguishing between auto- and allo-polyploidy. We demonstrate the performance of the method on both simulated and biological data. The inference method as well as a method for evaluating given phylogenetic networks are implemented and publicly available in the PhyloNet software package.
Students’ Perspectives on Social Studies Teachers’ Views on Immigration and Nationalism

This mixed-methods study examines students’ perspectives on their high school social studies teachers’ views and pedagogy surrounding the issues of immigration, nationalism, and patriotism within the classroom. The article is based within the framework of critical pedagogy, particularly critical nationalism. The sample (N=58) comes from students enrolled in an introductory education course at a university in the American Southeast. The quantitative data revealed students believed their teachers tended towards more inclusive views towards immigration overall, but they were more exclusive towards undocumented immigration. They also tended to have high levels of patriotism and more moderate levels of nationalism. The qualitative data revealed a lack of discussion on immigration, which related to a larger fear of discussing contemporary issues of controversy within the classroom. This study has strong relevance for both educators and teachers educators in critically and thoroughly examining issues such as nationalism and immigration particularly in more conservative settings like the American Southeast where these topics are often given little more than a cursory overview.
Data Balanced Bagging Ensemble of Convolutional- LSTM Neural Networks for Time Series Data Classification with an Imbalanced Dataset

A system was developed using a bagging (bootstrap-aggregating) ensemble of neural networks to classify time-series data with class imbalanced datasets. The proposed system uses a Data Balanced Bagging Ensemble (DBBE) of Convolutional-LSTM (CLSTM) Neural Networks (DBBE- CLSTM) to classify accelerometer and EEG datasets. The base neural network (CLSTM) that is used in the DBBE-CLSTM contains three convolutional layers with a batch normalization layer following each convolutional layer, one max-pooling layer, one LSTM layer, and one sigmoid classification layer. A bagging ensemble was created which used the CLSTM paired with the proposed data balancing technique as the ensemble's base learner. The proposed bagging ensemble achieves a validation set average accuracy of 90.42% and a validation set recall of 93.23% on an accelerometer dataset. Ultimately, the proposed DBBE- CLSTM achieves the best overall performance of the models developed in this paper when evaluating both accuracy and recall, with the DBBE-CLSTM achieving greater than 90% for both metrics. As a secondary verification of the proposed DBBE- CLSTM, we evaluated the model on the UCI Epileptic Seizure Detection dataset and show that the model achieved high performance across all evaluated metrics. The DBBE-CLSTM achieved an average validation set accuracy of 99.23%, and average validation set f1-score of 0.9809 on UCI Seizure dataset.
GhostBuster: understanding and overcoming the pitfalls of transient execution vulnerability checkers

Transient execution vulnerabilities require system administrators to evaluate whether their systems are vulnerable and whether available mitigations are enabled. They are aided in this task by multiple community-developed tools, transient execution vulnerability checkers. Yet, no analysis of these tools exists, in particular with respect to their shortcomings and whether they might mislead administrators into a false sense of security. In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive analysis of these tools and underpinning methodologies. We run the tools on a large set of combinations of Intel/AMD architectures and Linux kernel versions and report on their efficacy and shortcomings. We also run these tools on 17 of the most prominent cloud providers, report the collected results and present the current status on the preparedness of the IT hosting industry against this class of attacks. Finally, we present a new tool called GhostBuster, that combines methodologies and results gathered by existing tools to provide a more accurate view a system’s stance against transient execution attacks for a given use case.
Comparison of Microbiota Analytic Techniques

Objectives Increasingly, there are many bioinformatic and statistical programs available to analyze microbiota data. We aimed to compare different analytic techniques.
An Iterative Approach to Improving Solution Quality for AC Optimal Power Flow Problems.

The existence of multiple solutions to AC optimal power flow (ACOPF) problems has been noted for decades. Existing solvers are generally successful in finding local solutions, which satisfy first and second order optimality conditions, but may not be globally optimal. In this paper, we propose a simple iterative approach to improve the quality of solutions to ACOPF problems. First, we call an existing solver for the ACOPF problem. From the solution and the associated dual variables, we form a partial Lagrangian. Then we optimize this partial Lagrangian and use its solution as a warm start to call the solver again for the ACOPF problem. By repeating this process, we can iteratively improve the solution quality, moving from local solutions to global ones. We show the effectiveness of our algorithm on standard IEEE networks. The simulation results show that our algorithm can escape from local solutions to achieve global optimums within a few iterations.
Faculty Motivation: A Gateway to Transforming Engineering Education

Background Transformative change in higher education requires a continuous interplay between educational research and educational practice. In considering how to engage researchers and practitioners in “cycles of educational practice and research” (Jamieson & Lohmann, 2009), we focus on individuals and what motivates them to create and sustain innovations within the engineering education system. Purpose Through this study, we seek to better understand why faculty do or do not engage in the research–practice cycle. Specifically, we employ expectancy value theory and examine the success and value beliefs motivating individuals' choices. Design/Method We used mixed methods assessment data from two engineering education conferences that focused on promoting transformational change. Data included observational notes, open-ended written responses submitted after conference sessions, open-ended survey questions, and quantitative survey questions. For data analysis. we used descriptive statistics and open coding techniques. Results We identified expectancy of success and cost value and utility value as important to participants. Notably, the same motivation constructs generally matter for research, practice, and research-informed practice, although practice-informed research was nearly absent from the data. Participants cited strategies that are currently working to improve only some of the success and value categories. Conclusions Expectancy value theory provides a useful framework for understanding faculty choices in the research–practice cycles required for change and innovation in engineering education. Our findings indicate that in addition to improving individuals' competence with critical research and teaching practices, our field should also support collective efficacy and value beliefs.
Prevention of Immunologic Stress Contributes to the Growth-Permitting Ability of Dietary Antibiotics in Chicks

The growth-permitting ability of antibiotics fed to broiler chicks was studied as it relates to the state of activation of the immune system. In Experiment 1, chicks were fed two levels of antibiotics (0 or 100 mg streptomycin + 100 mg penicillin/kg diet) and were raised either in an environment with poor sanitation to create a chronic immune stress or in a clean environment. Chicks raised in the unsanitary environment and not fed antibiotics had significantly lower (P < 0.05) rates of weight gain and efficiencies of feed utilization, and higher levels of plasma interleukin-1, compared with chicks raised in the clean environment or chicks raised in the unsanitary environment and fed antibiotics. Adding antibiotics to the diet of birds in the clean environment did not affect any variable. In Experiment 2, chicks were raised in a conventional environment and fed two levels of an antibiotic (0 or 100 mg tetracycline/kg diet). After a 15-d feeding period, half of the chicks were injected with Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide to create an acute immunologic stress. Feeding antibiotic resulted in improved weight gain, feed consumption and efficiency of feed utilization. Lipopolysaccharide-injected birds developed heavier livers, spleens and intestines relative to body weights and higher rectal temperatures and hepatic metallothionein concentrations, presumably due to an immunologic stress. Omitting antibiotic from the diet resulted in similar changes. These results indicate that feeding antibiotics may permit growth by preventing immunologic stress and associated metabolic changes brought about by monokines including interleukin-1.
Child neglect in Army families: a public health perspective

ABSTRACTMilitary families include 2.9 million people, with approximately 40% of all service members having at least one child. Rates of child neglect in this population have increased in recent years, but little is known about the characteristics of the neglect. To better identify targets for intervention, it is necessary that we refine our understanding of child neglect in the military. In this review, we examine definitions of child neglect and the specific definitions used by the U.S. Army. We identify domains of neglect and caregiver behaviors and affiliated. We suggest that this approach can inform prevention efforts within the Institute of Medicine’s framework for preventive interventions. Understanding risk and protective factors in the military family are important to interventions for child neglect in military families.