cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of microscopic damage events on static and ballistic impact strength of triaxial braid composites

The reliability of impact simulations for aircraft components made with triaxial braided carbon fiber composites is currently limited by inadequate material property data and lack of validated material models for analysis. Methods to characterize the material properties used in the analytical models from a systematically obtained set of test data are also lacking. A macroscopic finite element based analytical model to analyze the impact response of these materials has been developed. The stiffness and strength properties utilized in the material model are obtained from a set of quasi-static in-plane tension, compression and shear coupon level tests. Full-field optical strain measurement techniques are applied in the testing, and the results are used to help in characterizing the model. The unit cell of the braided composite is modeled as a series of shell elements, where each element is modeled as a laminated composite. The braided architecture can thus be approximated within the analytical model. The transient dynamic finite element code LS-DYNA is utilized to conduct the finite element simulations, and an internal LS-DYNA constitutive model is utilized in the analysis. Methods to obtain the stiffness and strength properties required by the constitutive model from the available test data are developed. Simulations of quasi-static coupon tests and impact tests of a represented braided composite are conducted. Overall, the developed method shows promise, but improvements that are needed in test and analysis methods for better predictive capability are examined.
Learning orbital dynamics of binary black hole systems from gravitational wave measurements

We introduce a gravitational waveform inversion strategy that discovers mechanical models of binary black hole (BBH) systems. We show that only a single time series of (possibly noisy) waveform data is necessary to construct the equations of motion for a BBH system. Starting with a class of universal differential equations parameterized by feed-forward neural networks, our strategy involves the construction of a space of plausible mechanical models and a physics-informed constrained optimization within that space to minimize the waveform error. We apply our method to various BBH systems including extreme and comparable mass ratio systems in eccentric and noneccentric orbits. We show that the resulting differential equations apply to time durations longer than the training interval, and relativistic effects, such as perihelion precession, radiation reaction, and orbital plunge, are automatically accounted for. The methods outlined here provide a data-driven approach to studying the dynamics of binary black hole systems.
daf-16/FOXO blocks adult cell fate in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larvae via lin-41/TRIM71

Many tissue-specific stem cells maintain the ability to produce multiple cell types during long periods of non-division, or quiescence. FOXO transcription factors promote quiescence and stem cell maintenance, but the mechanisms by which FOXO proteins promote multipotency during quiescence are still emerging. The single FOXO ortholog in C. elegans, daf-16, promotes entry into a quiescent and stress-resistant larval stage called dauer in response to adverse environmental cues. During dauer, stem and progenitor cells maintain or re-establish multipotency to allow normal development to resume after dauer. We find that during dauer, daf-16/FOXO prevents epidermal stem cells (seam cells) from prematurely adopting differentiated, adult characteristics. In particular, dauer larvae that lack daf-16 misexpress collagens that are normally adult-enriched. Using col-19p::gfp as an adult cell fate marker, we find that all major daf-16 isoforms contribute to opposing col-19p::gfp expression during dauer. By contrast, daf-16(0) larvae that undergo non-dauer development do not misexpress col-19p::gfp. Adult cell fate and the timing of col-19p::gfp expression are regulated by the heterochronic gene network, including lin-41 and lin-29. lin-41 encodes an RNA-binding protein orthologous to LIN41/TRIM71 in mammals, and lin-29 encodes a conserved zinc finger transcription factor. In non-dauer development, lin-41 opposes adult cell fate by inhibiting the translation of lin-29, which directly activates col-19 transcription and promotes adult cell fate. We find that during dauer, lin-41 blocks col-19p::gfp expression, but surprisingly, lin-29 is not required in this context. Additionally, daf-16 promotes the expression of lin-41 in dauer larvae. The col-19p::gfp misexpression phenotype observed in dauer larvae with reduced daf-16 requires the downregulation of lin-41, but does not require lin-29. Taken together, this work demonstrates a novel role for daf-16/FOXO as a heterochronic gene that promotes expression of lin-41/TRIM71 to contribute to multipotent cell fate in a quiescent stem cell model.
Microwave response of an Andreev bound state

We develop a theory for the dynamics of an Andreev bound state hosted by a weak link of finite length for which charging effects are important. We derive the linear response of both the current through the link and charge accumulated in it with respect to the phase and gate voltage biases. The resulting matrix encapsulates the spectroscopic properties of a weak link embedded in a microwave resonator. In the low-frequency limit, we obtain the response functions analytically using an effective low-energy Hamiltonian, which we derive. This Hamiltonian minimally accounts for Coulomb interaction and is suitable for a phenomenological description of a weak link having a finite length.
Enzyme-Like Hydroxylation of Aliphatic C–H Bonds From an Isolable Co-Oxo Complex

The selective hydroxylation of aliphatic C-H bonds remains a challenging but broadly useful transformation. Nature has evolved systems that excel at this reaction, exemplified by cytochrome P450 enzymes, which use an iron-oxo intermediate to activate aliphatic C-H bonds with k1 > 1400 s-1 at 4 °C. Many synthetic catalysts have been inspired by these enzymes and are similarly proposed to use transition metal-oxo intermediates. However, most examples of well-characterized transition metal-oxo species are not capable of reacting with strong, aliphatic C-H bonds, resulting in a lack of understanding of what factors facilitate this reactivity. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a new terminal CoIII-oxo complex, PhB(AdIm)3CoIIIO. Upon oxidation, a transient CoIV-oxo intermediate is generated that is capable of hydroxylating aliphatic C-H bonds with an extrapolated k1 for C-H activation >130 s-1 at 4 °C, comparable to values observed in cytochrome P450 enzymes. Experimental thermodynamic values and DFT analysis demonstrate that, although the initial C-H activation step in this reaction is endergonic, the overall reaction is driven by an extremely exergonic radical rebound step, similar to what has been proposed in cytochrome P450 enzymes. The rapid C-H hydroxylation reactivity displayed in this well-defined system provides insight into how hydroxylation is accomplished by biological systems and similarly potent synthetic oxidants.
A Chinese Model for Tax Reforms in Developing Countries

Effective taxation is essential for achieving sustained growth in third world countries as many lack adequate financial resources to provide basic public goods. Advice from international development agencies has recently shifted away from the Washington Consensus toward a model that stresses institutional building and contextualized tax policy making and implementation. Against that backdrop, this chapter reviews the tax reforms in China for the past three decades, explores their structural determinants, and attempts to draw lessons for the least developed countries seeking to strengthen their extractive capacity. The review indicates that in reforming its tax system, the Chinese government engages in constant pluralistic learning, target setting, and making incremental changes based on trial and error. The Chinese Model of tax reform, however, may not be broadly transferable as most other developing countries do not share its structural premise. Moreover, the model loses much of its glamour if examined from a comparative perspective. Nonetheless, the Chinese experience sheds light on several key questions regarding tax reforms in the least developed countries such as the role of the state, the importance of timing, and priority setting in institutional building. The Tax Components of the Consensuses The Washington Consensus, when originally conceived, enshrined three basic policy tenets: “a market economy, openness to the world, and macroeconomic discipline.” Yet over time it took on a tone of market fundamentalism and inspired policy prescriptions for developing countries that emphasize predominantly economic liberalization. The market-centered campaign, however, gradually lost its momentum. Critics of the Washington Consensus observed that countries normally underperformed after blindly adopting the liberalization policies; some even questioned the enterprise of providing development policy agenda based on international best practices as “appropriate growth policies are almost always context specific.” As the Washington Consensus lost its appeal, scholars seeking a new development model naturally looked to China, the economy of which sustained remarkable growth despite policy deviations from market fundamentalism. The term Beijing Consensus was coined to encapsulate a development approach of “groping for stones to cross the river,” and was later interpreted as stressing “the importance of second-best solutions, the need for experimentation and the diversity of possible end states.”
Pharmacology of Glutamate Transport in the CNS: Substrates and Inhibitors of ExcitatoryAmino Acid Transporters (EAATs) and the Glutamate/Cystine Exchanger System x c −

As the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS, l-glutamateparticipates not only in standard fast synaptic communication, but also contributes to higher order signalprocessing, as well as neuropathology. Given this variety of functional roles, interest has been growingas to how the extracellular concentrations of l-glutamate surroundingneurons are regulated by cellular transporter proteins. This review focuses on two prominent systems, eachof which appears capable of influencing both the signaling and pathological actions of l-glutamatewithin the CNS: the sodium-dependent excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) and the glutamate/cystineexchanger, system x c −(Sx c −). Whilethe family of EAAT subtypes limit access to glutamate receptors by rapidly and efficiently sequesteringl-glutamate in neurons and glia, Sxc −provides a route for the export of glutamate from cells into the extracellular environment. The primaryintent of this work is to provide an overview of the inhibitors and substrates that have been developedto delineate the pharmacological specificity of these transport systems, as well as be exploited as probeswith which to selectively investigate function. Particular attention is paid to the development of smallmolecule templates that mimic the structural properties of the endogenous substrates, l-glutamate,l-aspartate and l-cystine andhow strategic control of functional group position and/or the introduction of lipophilic R-groups can impactmultiple aspects of the transport process, including: subtype selectivity, inhibitory potency, and substrateactivity.
Design of small, safe and robust quadrotor swarms

Scaling down the size and mass of micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) increases their agility and their ability to operate in tight formations. In addition, smaller robots are safer and, as we will show in this paper, more robust to collisions. This paper addresses the development of a pico quadrotor measuring 11 cm from tip to tip, with a mass of 25g. To increase the robustness of the robot to collisions, the vehicle is equipped with a 2 gram carbon fiber cage that protects it from impact velocities in excess of 4 m/s and also permits recovery after collisions. We present the design of the electrical, mechanical and computational elements, as well as experimental results demonstrating trajectory following with feedback from an external motion camera system, recovery from collisions with walls and other robots, and formation flight.
Synergism between hyperoxia and antibiotics for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were directly exposed on the surface of membrane filters to hyperoxic atmospheres. One of the three strains was found to be sensitive to oxygen. Colonies failed to appear during 18 hr of incubation in pure oxygen at 1 atm, but about 40% of the bacteria recovered to produce colonies upon reincubation in air. Similar killing was produced by 10 hr of oxygen exposure. No inhibition or killing was observed with two other strains. Streptomycin (1μg/ml) and kanamycin (5μg/ml) were more effective in killing the oxygen-sensitive strain in the presence of 60 to 70% oxygen than in air, but polymyxin B (5μg/ml) did not show a synergistic effect under such conditions.
On the Complexity of the Privacy Problem in Databases

This paper explores the complexity of the privacy problem. In particular the recursion theoretic properties of the privacy problem are examined. We view the privacy problem as a form of inference problem in databases. We develop a theory for the privacy problem based on deductive databases and then prove some properties of the problem. Essentially while our previous papers describe strategies and approaches to handle the privacy problem as well as designs of privacy controllers and privacy preserving data mining tools, this paper explores the foundations of the privacy problem.
A LabVIEW approach to instrumentation for the TFTR bumper limiter alignment project

A project undertaken to measure the alignment of the TFTR (Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor) bumper limiter in relation to the toroidal magnetic field axis is discussed. The process involved the measurement of the toroidal magnetic field and the positions of the tiles that make up the bumper limiter. The basis for the instrument control and data acquisition system was LabVIEW. LabVIEW is a graphical programming system for developing scientific and engineering applications on a Macintosh. With LabVIEW, users create graphical software modules called virtual instruments instead of writing conventional text-based code. To measure the magnetic field, the control system acquired data from two nuclear magnetic resonance magnetometers while the toroidal field coils were pulsed. To measure the position of the tiles on the limiter, an instrumented mechanical arm was used inside the vessel. LabVIEW's graphical programming environment provided an easy transition from engineering-design block diagram to a VI block diagram, which made for speedy development. It also provided for quick and painless online systems integration, which proved to be essential to the timely completion of the project. >
Nuclear concentration of estradiol in superfused slices of human endometrium.

Abstract Slices of human endometrial curettings were perfused with tritiated estradiol (E 2 ) in buffer at various hormonal levels (0.1 to 1,000 ng. per milliliter). About 80 per cent of the endogenous estrogens were replaced by labeled estrogens perfused for 2 to 2.5 hours when the concentration of E 2 in the medium was 10 ng. per milliliter or higher. Concentrations of labeled estrone (E 1 ) and E 2 (in counts per minute per milligram of tissue, protein, or deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA]) were measured in the homogenized tissue and also in washed nuclear pellets. Concentrations of the hormones (nanograms per milligram) were calculated from the specific activity of the perfused tracer. It was found that E 1 is more abundant than E 2 in whole tissue or unwashed nuclei but that E 1 is more easily removed from nuclei than E 2 . The amount of E 2 tightly bound to the nuclear pellet showed saturation values ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 ng. per milligram of DNA, lower in secretory than in proliferative endometria. Neither the entry nor the total intracellular concentration of E 2 showed saturability. Progesterone (P) behaved as E 1 rather than as E 2 in similar experiments. The selective nuclear retention of E 2 noted in human endometrium was not apparent in perfusions of term placenta with labeled E 2 and P.
The Rationality of Collective Suicide

Surveying the historical record, we can find examples of societies so organized that they drifted towards catastrophe with a certain inevitability, systematically avoiding steps that could have changed this course. Our own society is an example, except that in this case the catastrophe that lies ahead involves national and perhaps global suicide. It is hardly unrealistic to surmise that we may be entering the terminal phase of history.The course that we pursue is deeply rooted in our social institutions and relatively independent of the choice of individuals who happen to fill institutional roles in the political or economic system. Furthermore, the steps taken towards destruction have a certain short-term rationality within the framework of existing institutions and the kind of planning they engender. Such planning is largely a matter of short-term calculation of gain; this is entirely natural in competitive societies, where those who contemplate the longer term are unlikely to be in the competition when it arrives, and this natural framework of planning carries over to the political system that is, overwhelmingly, under the influence of those who own and manage the private society.
A Town on Fire: The Copperfield Affair of 1914

i List of Figures iv Introduction 1 Methodology & Literature Review 10 Overview 18 The Snake Frontier 20 The War Within the War 35 Wet vs. Dry 46 The Prince 67 Discussion 95 Conclusion 125 Bibliography 136
Growth and predictions of growth in the lower extremities.

Values have been presented in tabular and graphic form for the amounts of growth observed in the femur and tibia as related to specific chronological and skeletal ages. These figures were derived from serial orthoroentgenographic measurements of normal lower extremities in fifty girls and fifty boys whose growth had been recorded at annual intervals over the last eight years preceding epiphyseal fusion. Certain reference data were also provided on the stature, the lengths of the femora and tibiae, and the skeletal age assessments of these 100 children at each age. A revised growth chart was described which may be used as a guide in estimating the effects of epiphyseal arrest at the distal end of the femur and proximal end of the tibia. Certain factors which may influence the amount of correction of discrepancy obtained through epiphyseal arrest were discussed in some detail; these included the factors producing the discrepancy and its rate of increase, the child's maturity relative to his age in years, his pattern of growth, and his relative size for age.
Authenticity Types for Cryptographic Protocols

Cryptographic protocols are essential for the security of many critical networking applications, such as authenticating various financial transactions. Moreover, many new consumer-to-business and business-to-business protocols are being proposed and need cryptographic protection. It is famously hard to specify and verify such protocols, even if we assume that the underlying cryptographic algorithms cannot be cryptanalysed.
Climate change and plant pathosystems - future disease prevention starts here.

○ To better understand evolution we have studied aggressiveness of the anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, collected from Stylosanthes scabra pastures between 1978 and 2000 and by inoculating two isolates onto two cultivars over 25 sequential infection cycles at ambient (350 ppm) and twice-ambient atmospheric CO 2 in controlled environments. ○ Regression analysis of the field population showed that aggressiveness increased towards a resistant cultivar, but not towards a susceptible cultivar, that is no longer grown commercially. ○ Here we report for the first time that aggressiveness increased on both cultivars after a few initial infection cycles at twice-ambient CO 2 as isolates adapted to combat enhanced host resistance, while at ambient CO 2 this increased steadily for most cycles as both cultivars selected for increased aggressiveness. Genetic fingerprint and karyotype of isolates changed for some CO 2 -cultivar combinations, but these were not related to changed aggressiveness. ○ At 700 ppm fecundity increased for both isolates, and this increased population size, in combination with a conducive microclimate for anthracnose from an enlarged plant canopy under elevated CO 2 , could accelerate pathogen evolution.
Optimization of speech processor fitting strategies for chinese-speaking cochlear implantees

Objectives: To compare speech recognition performance in Chinese-speaking cochlear implant patients with a speech processor program selected by the clinical audiologist in Taiwan and with a new speech processor program based on the Washington University clinical procedure developed by Skinner et al. Study Design: Six adult Chinese-speaking patients implanted with the Nucleus cochlear implant system participated in this study. Methods: A fitting procedure developed in 1995 by Skinner et al. at Washington University School of Medicine was used to create a new speech processor program to optimize each patient's hearing in everyday life. Speech tests (vowels, consonants, tones, and words), sound-field thresholds, and a self-report questionnaire were used to evaluate each patient's performance with his or her previous speech processor program and a new one. Results: Four of the six patients had significant changes from the previous to the new speech processor program. These changes were associated with improvement in score on at least one speech test, more sensitive sound field thresholds, and reported improvement in some everyday listening situations on the questionnaire. Conclusions: These results suggest that use of this procedure with adult cochlear implantees may improve benefit in everyday life. Analysis of the speech test stimuli and patients' responses provides a basis for modification or creation of new Mandarin Chinese speech tests for preoperative and postoperative evaluation of adult cochlear implant patients.
Exact Sample Conditioned MSE Performance of the Bayesian MMSE Estimator for Classification Error—Part I: Representation

In recent years, biomedicine has been faced with difficult high-throughput small-sample classification problems. In such settings, classifier error estimation becomes a critical issue because training and testing must be done on the same data. A recently proposed error estimator places the problem in a signal estimation framework in the presence of uncertainty, permitting a rigorous solution optimal in a minimum-mean-square error sense. The uncertainty in this model is relative to the parameters of the feature-label distributions, resulting in a Bayesian approach to error estimation. Closed form solutions are available for two important problems: discrete classification with Dirichlet priors and linear classification of Gaussian distributions with normal-inverse-Wishart priors. In this work, Part I of a two-part study, we introduce the theoretical mean-square-error (MSE) conditioned on the observed sample of any estimate of the classifier error, including the Bayesian error estimator, for both Bayesian models. Thus, Bayesian error estimation has a unique advantage in that its mathematical framework naturally gives rise to a practical expected measure of performance given an observed sample. In Part II of the study we examine consistency of the error estimator, demonstrate various MSE properties, and apply the conditional MSE to censored sampling.
Clusterin protects renal tubular epithelial cells from gentamicin-mediated cytotoxicity.

Clusterin is a heterodimeric secreted glycoprotein that is upregulated after acute renal injury. In aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity, clusterin is induced in the tubular epithelium and increased level...
Reaching and Teaching Abused Children.

(1993). Reaching and Teaching Abused Children. Childhood Education: Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 15-19.
Characterization of a phospholipase Dα cDNA from tomato fruit.

Phospholipase D (PLD) initiates phospholipid (PL) catabolism in plant cells and is also involved in signal transduction and retailoring of membrane PL. Total PL declines and phosphatidic acid increases in pericarp tissue during tomato fruit ripening, suggesting that increased PLD activity alters membrane structure. To assess the role of PLD in tomato ripening, we have begun a molecular genetic approach. Using a castor bean PLDα cDNA as a probe, a PLDα cDNA (LEPLD2) was isolated from our tomato fruit library. It has an open reading frame of 2421 nucleotides, encoding a polypeptide of 807 amino acids with a molecular mass of 92 kDa. The deduced LEPLD2 PLDα shares > 75% sequence identity with PLDαs from castor bean, tobacco and tomato. LEPLD2 transcript, detected by RNA gel-blot analysis, was very low in roots, low in stems, moderate in leaves, high in flowers, and increased in fruit during development and ripening. Expression of LEPLD2 in Escherichia coli yielded active enzyme, and a FLAG-PLDα fusion protein produced by transformed E. coli migrated close to the calculated 94 kDa on SDS/PAGE.
Synthesis of furanonaphthoquinones with hydroxyamino side chains.

Several furanonaphthoquinones have shown useful activity in a yeast assay for DNA-damaging agents and cytotoxicity in mammalian cell culture assays. These results, together with the planar aromatic character of the furanonaphthoquinones, suggested that they might be acting as DNA intercalators. In an attempt to improve this activity, various analogues containing a hydroxyamino side chain have been synthesized. The analogues were prepared by standard methods, but some unexpected reactions were observed nonetheless. Thus, 8-formyl-5-methoxy-4,9-dihydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (24) showed an unusual reactivity toward reductive amination, with the reaction proceeding further to give one of two different cyclized products, depending on the amination reagent used. Bioassay results indicated that only simple furanonaphthoquines showed activity in a yeast assay for DNA-damaging agents; compounds with a substituted hydroxyamino side chain were uniformly inactive in this assay. Most of the compounds with a sub...
Distinguishing Features of Mechanical and Human Problem-Solving

Abstract Over the years, research in mathematical problem-solving has examined expert/novice problem-solving performance on various types of problems and subjects. In particular, DeFranco examined two groups of Ph.D. mathematicians as they solved four mathematics problems and found that although all were content experts , only one group were problem-solving experts . Based on this study, this article posits the notion that one distinguishing feature between experts and novices is that experts tend to look for special features of a problem and use algorithms only as a “fail-safe” system while novices act like “machines” relying on algorithms to solve the problems. Why? The article explores the idea that novice problem solvers learned to solve problems the way they learned proof, that is, in a formal, abstract and mechanizable way. Beliefs about proof and the culture in which it is practiced help frame a mathematician's view of the discipline and ultimately impacts classroom practice. The authors believe that current classroom instruction tends to create a culture that fosters algorithmic proficiency and a “machine-like” approach to the learning of mathematics and problem-solving. Further, they argue that mathematicians need to be aware of the distinction between knowing a proof is true and explaining why it is true. When these distinctions are appreciated and practiced during classroom instruction, then and only then will students begin to acquire the mathematical knowledge to become better problem solvers.
When Do We Think About Detection? Structural Opportunity and Taxpaying Behavior

Past studies have generally found that perceptions of the likelihood of formal and informal sanctions have lower explanatory power of noncompliance with laws than do internalized norms. Using data from two telephone surveys, we examined a situational characteristic, structural opportunity, that may prod individuals to think about the likelihood of detection from the Internal Revenue Service for underreporting income. Structural opportunity is the degree to which an individual's economic or social situation provides ways to avoid detection. Individuals with high structural opportunity perceived a lower likelihood of IRS detection and indicated that they were less likely to feel guilty if they engaged in tax cheating. Our data also suggested that some individuals with high structural opportunity may be in social networks which condone tax cheating. As expected, structural opportunity provided a condition under which individuals took into consideration the perceived likelihood of formal and informal detection in formulating intentions to engage in tax cheating. Our findings suggest that an examination of the interaction between situational and individual characteristics will provide a more complete understanding of decisions to engage in illegal behavior. Implications for deterrence theory are discussed.
Applied developmental psychology

Abstract Applied developmental psychology is emerging as a new subspecialty in psychology. The perspective provided in this paper is grounded in the premise that it is primarily a research discipline of scholars and researchers who will carry out their activities in a university setting. The students of the described program have found academic or research institute positions. Most of these have been in an academic department of psychology. Some have been in medical schools or research institutes with university affiliations. I believe there is a further market, for example in hospital or school settings, where a research and evaluation program or center is maintained. However, applied developmentalists, as such, should not be expected to be in the business of primary care delivery. This paper is based on the experience of establishing an applied developmental program that is described briefly below. In addition, the content is influenced by a consulting role in establishing a program at another university and from the small conference on Training in Applied Developmental Psychology held at the Mailman Center in 1980.
Antimutagenic effects in humans

The application of antimutagenicity studies to human somatic mutation is discussed, with emphasis on the potential for future studies. Five assay-gene combinations are now available for measuring human somatic mutation in lymphocytes and erythrocytes. Results with these combinations have defined the human background levels, and show clear responses of mutant frequency to a variety of mutagens. The testing of antimutagenic effects on background frequencies is feasible, but has not yet been done. The major uncertainty in such studies is the unknown age of mutant cells in the background, since only the newly forming mutants are potentially susceptible to most antimutagenic treatments. Intervention studies in the face of active mutagenicity and the use of other genotoxicity endpoints, such as chromosome aberrations, micronuclei and DNA adducts, are considered briefly.
Studies on total synthesis of cylindrospermopsin: new constructions of uracils from α,β-unsaturated esters

Abstract Two different routes have been developed to prepare uracils related to that found in the marine hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin starting from α,β-unsaturated esters.
Orthotopic renal transplantation in a patient with a massive pelvic arteriovenous malformation.

Heterotopic renal transplantation is commonly performed with a high success rate. Because of the shortage of organ donors, a variety of surgical techniques exist to use organs that may have otherwise been discarded. Furthermore, a greater number of high risk patients are undergoing renal transplantation, necessitating modification of the routine heterotopic procedure.1 CASE REPORT A 32-year-old man presented for renal transplant assessment with renal insufficiency and well controlled hypertension. At 20 years old he was diagnosed with IgA nephropathy following an episode of gross hematuria and significant hypertension. Before transplantation computerized tomography revealed multiple hemangiomas throughout the right retroperitoneal space and pelvis, causing displacement of the inferior vena cava and right kidney, and compressing the bladder to the left pelvic wall (fig. 1). Malignancy was ruled out. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral intermuscular, intramuscular and subcutaneous malformations in the abdomen, pelvis and groin of arterial, venous and lymphangiomatous origin (fig. 2). Cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography revealed a severely compressed bladder but a normal left ureter. Angiography demonstrated splenic and renal arteries suitable for orthotopic transplantation. Multiple areas of arteriovenous malformations were encountered intraoperatively along the flank, involving the abdominal wall and retroperitoneum. Extensive adhesions made mobilization of the recipient pathological kidney difficult. The renal vein and artery were occluded proximally, and nephrectomy was completed. The renal artery was deemed adequate for orthotopic transplantation intraoperatively. End-to-end renal artery and renal vein anastomoses were performed using 5-zero polypropylene sutures. On completion of the anastomoses (40 minutes) the kidney immediately had good color and turgor. A Hynes-Anderson pyeloplasty was completed over a 7Fr stent using running 4-zero polyglactin sutures. After insertion of a Jackson-Pratt drain, bleeding occurred from intercostal vessels and multiple retropubic hemangiomas. Blood loss was 3,000 cc, and urine output was immediate and excellent. Postoperative course was complicated by incisional bleeding which was successfully managed with packing. At the time of hospital discharge creatinine was stable at 1.6 mg./dl. (normal 0.6 to 1.3). At 1-year followup creatinine was 1.3 mg./dl., and the patient was otherwise well with no episodes of rejection. Followup ultrasound demonstrated no evidence of hydronephrosis. DISCUSSION
Capillary electrochromatographic separation of bovine milk proteins using a G-quartet DNA stationary phase

DNA oligonucleotides that form G-quartet structures were used as stationary phase reagents for separation of bovine milk proteins, including alpha-casein, beta-casein, kappa-casein, alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin. Both artificial protein mixtures and a skim milk sample were analyzed. The separations were performed using open-tubular capillary electrochromatography, in which the oligonucleotides were covalently attached to the inner surface of a fused-silica capillary. Better resolution was achieved using the G-quartet-coated capillaries than was achieved using either a bare capillary or a capillary coated with an oligonucleotide that does not form a G-quartet structure. A 4-plane G-quartet-forming stationary phase was able to resolve three peaks for alpha-casein and to detect thermal denaturation of the proteins in the milk sample. The results suggest that G-quartet stationary phases could be used to separate very similar protein structures, such as those arising from genetic variations or post-translational modifications.
A Developmentally Anchored Conceptual Model of Drug Use Tested Among Adult Boot Camp Inmates

Abstract This study of 601 participants in the only boot camp for adults in Arkansas is designed to test two theoretical models of drug use based on a developmental perspective. This appears to be the first theoretical study of persons in a boot camp, and both hypothesized models, one for younger offenders and one for older inmates, are composed of elements of social control and social learning theories. The hypothesized developmental differences, for the most part, are supported. Attachment to mother and physical abuse are related to peer association with persons who engage in deviance, and these associations have a positive reciprocal relationship to drug use. Drug use among younger offenders has positive relationships to selling drugs and carrying a gun. For older offenders, religiosity and secular beliefs are the influences on peer association, and these associations have a positive reciprocal relationship to feelings of alienation. Drug use among older persons is influenced by feelings of alienation,...
Differences between adiposity indicators for predicting all-cause mortality in a representative sample of United States non-elderly adults.

Background Adiposity predicts health outcomes, but this relationship could depend on population characteristics and adiposity indicator employed. In a representative sample of 11,437 US adults (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994, ages 18–64) we estimated associations with all-cause mortality for body mass index (BMI) and four abdominal adiposity indicators (waist circumference [WC], waist-to-height ratio [WHtR], waist-to-hip ratio [WHR], and waist-to-thigh ratio [WTR]). In a fasting subsample we considered the lipid accumulation product (LAP; [WC enlargement*triglycerides]).
Super permeable nano-channel membranes defined with laser interferometric lithography

We report the design, fabrication, and testing of super permeable nano-channel membranes, characterized by the absolute control in the pore size at the nano-scale dimensions, large surface area, very high permeability, mechanical stability and durability. The membranes were fabricated using a unique nanotechnology process that combines laser interferometric lithography to define nano-channels (pores) and micro-machining to produce free-standing amorphous silicon membranes, allowing rapid and cost-effective mass production. The suspended membranes were defined as 50 nm thick a-Si, characterized by a very high porosity of approximately 20%, achieved by definition of large arrays of nano-channels. The dimensions of each individual nano-channel was 65 nm wide, 250 nm long. The measured apparent permeability was 0.14 ± 0.05 cm/min for each individual 70 μm × 70 μm membrane, representing one of the highest permeability values ever reported for this scale.
Neutrino mass and mixing implied by underground deficit of low energy muon-neutrino events

Abstract Recent observations of a deficit of cosmic ray muon-neutrino interactions in underground detectors suggest that the muon neutrinos may have oscillated to another state. We examine possible neutrino mass and mixing patterns, and their implications for vacuum and matter effects on solar neutrinos, on neutrinos passing through the earth, and on terrastrial neutrino beams. By invoking the see-saw mechanism of neutrino mass generation, we draw inferences on closure of the universe with neutrino masses, on the number of generations, on t-quark and fourth generation masses, and on the Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking scale. Testable predictions are suggested.
Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase attenuates hepatic fibrosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice

Liver fibrosis is a pathological condition in which chronic inflammation and changes to the extracellular matrix lead to alterations in hepatic tissue architecture and functional degradation of the liver. Inhibitors of the enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) reduce fibrosis in the heart, pancreas and kidney in several disease models. In this study, we assess the effect of sEH inhibition on the development of fibrosis in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mouse model by monitoring changes in the inflammatory response, matrix remolding and endoplasmic reticulum stress. The sEH inhibitor 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU) was administered in drinking water. Collagen deposition in the liver was increased five-fold in the CCl4-treated group, and this was returned to control levels by TPPU treatment. Hepatic expression of Col1a2 and 3a1 mRNA was increased over fifteen-fold in the CCl4-treated group relative to the Control group, and this increase was reduced by 50% by TPPU treatment. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress observed in the livers of CCl4-treated animals was attenuated by TPPU treatment. In order to support the hypothesis that TPPU is acting to reduce the hepatic fibrosis and ER stress through its action as a sEH inhibitor we used a second sEH inhibitor, trans-4-{4-[3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-ureido]-cyclohexyloxy}-benzoic acid (t-TUCB), and sEH null mice. Taken together, these data indicate that the sEH may play an important role in the development of hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4, presumably by reducing endogenous fatty acid epoxide chemical mediators acting to reduce ER stress.
Attitudes toward Individual Responsibility and Political Reform in the Former Soviet Union

Based upon a survey of the USSR in December 1989, Finifter and Mickiewicz (1992) found that respondents with higher education were less inclined than those with lower education to support individual, versus state, responsibility, and that supporters of individual responsibility were slightly less likely than those favoring state responsibility to support political change. A recent critique challenged this analysis, arguing that higher education is always associated with support for individual responsibility and that preference for individual responsibility is always positively associated with support for political reform, and reported findings to that effect. This analysis resolves these discrepant findings and clarifies why they occurred. A replication using data from 40 societies demonstrates that the relationship between education and locus of responsibility is not universal; indeed, it appears in only a few countries. Moreover, large differences in sampling and measurement procedures and extraordinary changes over time in the real world contributed to the differences between our findings and those of our critics.
Cultural Misperceptions and Goals for Samoan Children’s Education in Hawai’i: Voices from School, Home, and Community

Research lauds the benefits of parent involvement in the schools, yet many schools and communities have not achieved desired levels of involvement. Underlying expectations and methods soliciting parent involvement may be rooted in cultural misperceptions. This study, based on Epstein’s (1987) Overlapping Spheres of Influence model, explored the ways and extent that community members, school staff, and Samoan families interact Marianna F. Valdez is a Ph.D. Candidate in Community and Cultural Psychology. She completed her M.A. degree at the University of Hawaii and B.A. degree at Tulane University. Her research interests involve the development, implementation, and evaluation of culturally appropriate community programs, especially related to the public school setting. She is most interested in understanding and representing emic perspectives to drive action research, informed by culturalist approaches and mixed methods. Peter W. Dowrick is Professor of Disability Studies and affiliate graduate faculty in Psychology at the University of Hawaii. He completed his Ph.D. at the University of Auckland, ATCL at Trinity College London, M.Sc. at the University of Auckland, and B.Sc. at the Victoria University of Wellington. He has wide experience working with people marginalized by culture, disability, mental health, and other considerations. His consultation on prevention and intervention extends to 31 states and 21 countries. His overarching contribution has been in the concepts of feedforward and creating futures, applied in situations of personal safety, serious mental illness, social behavior, sports and recreation, daily living, literacy, academic skills, health, housing, management, and jobs, among others.
An initial comparison of CFD with experiment for a geometrically simplified STOVL model

The transition flight performance of a representative Short Take-Off or Vertical Landing (STOVL) model is investigated using side-by-side experimental and numerical simulations. The model consists of a 60 deg cropped delta wing planform; a simple fuselage shape blended to the wing; and tandem, circular, high-pressure-air lift jets that exit perpendicular to the flat lower surface. The configuration was chosen to minimize the geometric modeling complexity while retaining the important flow physics of the lift-jet/aerodynamic surface interaction. Three-dimensional, turbulent Navier-Stokes computations are made using a multiple, overset grid scheme. Results are presented and compared with the measured forces and pressures for the model at a freestream Mach number of 0.14 and a 10 deg angle-of-attack without lift jets operating. Computed surface flow patterns and particle traces show that the simulation predicts primary and secondary wing leading edge vortices for these conditions.
Blood flow measurements with magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping

Abstract Magnetic resonance (MR) phase velocity mapping (PVM) is a non-invasive technique that can measure the flow velocity in any spatial direction in an imaging slice. This technique has wide application in the clinical field in quantifying blood flow, as well as in non-biomedical areas. This review describes the value and/or potential of MR PVM as a diagnostic/monitoring technique in heart valve regurgitation and in the total cavo-pulmonary connection. A single slice placed in the aortic root can accurately quantify the aortic regurgitant volume. A multi-slice control volume method has high potential for the quantification of the mitral regurgitant volume. In the total cavo-pulmonary connection, MR PVM with its unique clinical ability to measure all three directions of blood velocity provides the ability to visualize the two- or even three-directional blood flow patterns. It also promises a non-invasive quantification of the mechanical energy losses of blood as it flows through the connection. New rapid acquisition sequences show accuracy in quantifying flow and will greatly contribute to the increase of the number of applications of MR PVM.
In vitro conservation of endangered plants in Hawaii

Abstract In vitro conservation is the application of plant tissue culture protocols for the mass-propagation of species that are in imminent danger of extinction. The challenges are immense and it is a race against time to develop a strategy for success. At the National Tropical Botanical Garden in Hawaii, plant tissue culture technologies, initially developed for rapid propagation and breeding of crop plants, are being used to recover genetic diversity and to ensure the survival of some unique Hawaiian species. This study focuses on two species, Cyanea kuhihewa and Kanaloa kahoolawensis. In both these species TDZ (1,2,3-thidiazol-5-yl urea) was effective for induction of new growth. The long-term preservation of endangered plant species in cryostorage or as living germplasm collections is providing plantlets for new scientific investigations and source materials for restoration plantings.
Complying with Joint Commission Nursing Standards: Practical Documentation Tools

The need for accurate and complete documentation of nursing care has grown as hospitals seek to comply with the new requirements of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. As of January 1991, the Joint Commission implemented standards for nursing services that include documentation of the planning and delivery of nursing care. While the new JCAHO standards do not call for a separate nursing care plan, they nevertheless involve enough changes to require modification of most currently used documentation forms. This article describes the methods used to design new forms at the Carl T. Hayden Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Phoenix, AZ. The newly developed forms are reviewed and compared with the Joint Commission's new standards and scoring guidelines.