cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Higher-Order Transonic Flutter Predictions

An order-of-accuracy convergence study is presented for a methodology to predict dynamic instabilities arising from fluid–structure coupling. The methodology models the fluid with compressible Euler equations and the structure with Timoshenko beam elements. The tightly coupled equations of the two disciplines are linearized to formulate a stability eigenvalue problem, which is rewritten in a form that is well known as the V−g flutter solution method. The rate of convergence is measured in the norm defined by the relative error in instability speed for polynomial orders from 1 to 4. This is done for the divergence mode at Mach 0.7 and the flutter mode at Mach 1.1. The influence of relative order of basis functions for structural and fluid disciplines is investigated on the rate of convergence. The results show that, for most cases, the error converges at a rate of approximately h2p for a pth-order polynomial. A comparison of the computational cost shows that, in comparison with the conventional linear inte...
Continuous Dependence of Forced Oscillations for ut = ∇·γ(|∇u|)∇u

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the autonomous nonlinear parabolic equation of the continuous dependence of forced oscillations with forcing provided by t-periodic boundary data. Under appropriate conditions on γ (·), there is a unique t-periodic weak solution, which depends continuously on the data and on the function γ. The equation arises, for example, in the analysis of induced currents in a nonlinearly ferromagnetic material. The chapter focuses on solutions in a space of t-periodic functions rather than seeking periodicity among solutions.
Underwater wireless sensor network communication using electromagnetic waves at resonance frequency 2.4 GHz

A comprehensive study of electromagnetic waves underwater propagation for a wireless sensor network is introduced in this paper. A mathematical model for the path loss due to attenuation of electromagnetic waves propagates in sea and pure water is given. Reflection from the air-water and water-sand interfaces as a function of distance between sensors and water depth is also introduced. A high gain antenna is required to overcome the high value of path loss. A bow-tie antenna is very common antenna used for underwater wireless communication applications. A high gain bow-tie antenna is designed and simulated using FEKO software. The antenna performance parameters studied in this paper are return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, input impedance and gain.
Importance of positive cloud feedback for tropical Atlantic interhemispheric climate variability

Over the tropical Atlantic during boreal spring, average interhemispheric differences in sea-surface temperature (SST) coincide with a coherent pattern of interannual climate variability often referred to as the Atlantic Meridional Mode. This includes anomalous SST and sea-level pressure roughly anti-symmetric about the equator, as well as cross-equatorial near-surface winds directed toward the warmer hemisphere. Within subtropical marine boundary layer cloud regions in both hemispheres, enhanced cloudiness associated with this variability is co-located with cool SST, a strong temperature inversion, and cold horizontal surface temperature advection, while reduced cloudiness is associated with the opposite meteorological conditions. This is indicative a positive cloud feedback that reinforces the underlying SST anomalies. The simulation of this feedback varies widely among models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Models that fail to simulate this feedback substantially underestimate the amplitudes of typical tropical Atlantic interhemispheric variability in cloudiness off of the equator, SST, and atmospheric circulation. Models that correctly reproduce a positive cloud feedback generally produce higher and more realistic amplitudes of variability, but with substantial scatter. Marine boundary layer clouds therefore appear to be a key element of springtime coupled atmosphere–ocean variability over the tropical Atlantic. A markedly more successful simulation of this variability in climate models may be obtained by better representing boundary layer cloud processes.
Sport-related concussive convulsions: a systematic review.

ABSTRACTObjectives: The incidence of sport-related concussion (SRC) continues to rise. Presentations of concussed athletes vary from subtle symptoms to notable signs. Between the 4th and 5th iterations of the Concussion in Sport Group (CISG) guidelines, concussive convulsions were removed as a modifying factor, but little evidence or discussion supported this change. While considerable research exists regarding post-traumatic epilepsy in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury, convulsions following SRC are relatively understudied. There is no clear consensus on the prevalence of convulsions, seizures, or the management of these entities following SRC. The aim of this review was to assess the state of the literature, describe the management trends of concussive convulsions and post-traumatic epilepsy in the SRC population, and provide evidence and guidance for the management of these athletes.Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were adapted...
Research coordinator networks and support models among academic health centers in the CTSA consortium.

Introduction Research coordinators (RCs) are vital to the clinical research enterprise, ensuring research is conducted ethically, results are scientifically sound and human research subjects are protected. Given the absence of a prior systematic inquiry, we sought to understand the ways in which Clinical & Translational Science Award-funded academic health centers support RCs. Methods Our survey asked questions about existing coordinator networks and where none existed, collected data on the characterization of resources and services provided to support RCs (outside of salary). Results Findings show 4 mechanisms support RCs: identification of the workforce, professionalization of the position, dissemination of information, and offering of services. Conclusion An academic health center that wishes to deliver research training and services to their RC workforce will need identification and communication structures in place before supportive activities can be effectively implemented.
Glaucoma Filtration Surgery and Antimetabolites

Two studies compared the success of filtration surgery in high-risk eyes using postoperative 5-FU and mitomycin-C, and found that IOPs are lower, and fewer postoperative glaucoma medications are required for control in eyes treated with mitomycin. A similar number of complications occurred in both groups except for a higher incidence of corneal toxicity in the 5-FU treated eyes. Mitomycin-C offers the additional convenience of a single intraoperative application. 5-FU also may be used as an intraoperative application, but no studies have been published regarding its comparable efficacy or safety compared with mitomycin-C. 5-FU has the advantage of being able to use it at any time in the early postoperative course when bleb inflammation arises. 5-FU has known complications, while mitomycin-C, although it appears relatively safe, has been used in fewer patients so far. The advantage of greater surgical success, with lower intraocular pressures, puts antimetabolites into the armamentarium of every surgeon who performs glaucoma procedures.
Properties of Radiation Useful for Studying the Structure of Materials

We have seen in Chap. 2 that a diffraction pattern can occur when the wavelength of radiation incident on a periodic array is the same order of magnitude as the period. As we now know from diffraction studies, these spacings are of the order of 1 A (10−10 m) for atoms in solids, thus we wish to study the properties of radiation in this wavelength range. We shall confine our attention to the most commonly used radiations: x-rays, neutrons, and electrons.
A General Investigation into the Mortality and Multiplication of the Human Species

Euler’s virtually unknown article, published by the Belgian Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres in 1760, anticipates important parts of modern stable population theory for a one-sex population closed to migration. Its ideas have been published many times during the subsequent two centuries by writers who independently rediscovered them.
Transfer learning for automatic cancer tissue detection using multispectral photoacoustic imaging

Pathology diagnosis is usually done by a human pathologist observing tissue stained glass slide under a microscope. In the case of multi-specimen study to locate cancer region, such as in thyroidectomy, significant labor-intensive processing is required at high cost. Multispectral photoacoustic (MPA) specimen imaging, has proven successful in differentiating photoacoustic (PA) signal characteristics between a histopathology defined cancer region and normal tissue. A more pragmatic research question to ask is, can MPA imaging data predict, whether a sectioned tissue slice has cancer region(s)? We propose to use inception-resnet-v2 convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on the thyroid MPA data to evaluate this potential by transfer learning. The proposed algorithm first extracts features from the thyroid MPA image data using CNN and then detects cancer using the softmax function, the last layer of the network. The AUCs (area under curve) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of cancer, benign nodule and normal are 0.73, 0.81, and 0.88 respectively with a limited number of the MPA dataset.
Is It Recording?—Racial Bias, Police Accountability, and the Body-Worn Camera Activation Policies of the Ten Largest Metropolitan Police Departments in the USA

In recent years, there has been a growing belief that the pressing problem of racial bias in policing might be ameliorated by a technical fix—namely, police body-worn cameras. Accordingly, body-worn cameras have been introduced in police departments across the country, giving rise to a variety of different internal guidelines and policies. This Note surveys the body-worn camera policies of the ten largest metropolitan police departments in the United States in order to assess their relative effectiveness at combatting racial bias. Particular attention is paid to “activation” requirements, which specify the sorts of events police officers are required to record on their cameras. The survey shows that, at present, many body-worn camera policies are not appropriately calibrated to successfully reduce racial bias in policing. In particular, this Note suggests that many current body-worn camera policies do not adequately target two different strains of racial bias: implicit racial bias and deliberate racial profiling. This Note concludes by offering a draft activation policy for potential adoption by police departments to better use body-worn cameras to reduce racially biased police practices.
Large Bayesian vector autoregressive forecasting for regions: A comparison of methods based on alternative disturbance structures

Bayesian vector autoregressions that allow for non-Gaussian, heteroscedastic and time-dependent disturbance structures for models involving a large number of variables have been recently introduced in the literature. A comparison of forecasting accuracy is carried out using regional time series for models based on the conventional assumption of homoscedastic Gaussian disturbances versus models that allow for non-Gaussian, heteroscedastic and time-dependent disturbance structures. The comparison was based on 12-month-ahead forecast for the 48 lower US states over two three-year time periods, 2012–2014 and 2015–2017. The non-Gaussian models were found to provide large improvements in both forecast accuracy and forecast precision for almost all states. In addition, we explored a (non-spatial) ridge-type (Minnesota) prior distribution for the parameters versus a spatial prior distribution that utilizes information on growth rates from neighboring regions. This comparison resulted in smaller improvements in forecast accuracy and precision than those associated with relaxing the assumption of homoscedastic Gaussian disturbances.
Geometric and Electronic Structural Contributions to Fe/O 2 Reactivity

While two classes of non-heme iron enzymes use ferric centers to activate singlet organic substrates for the spin forbidden reaction with 3O2, most classes use high spin ferrous sites to activate dioxygen. These FeII active sites do not exhibit intense absorption bands and have an integer spin ground state thus are mostly EPR inactive. We have developed new spectroscopic methodologies that provide geometric and electronic structural insight into the ferrous centers and their interactions with cosubstrates for dioxygen activation and into the nature of the intermediates generated in these reactions. First, we present our variable-temperature variable-field magnetic circular dichroism (VTVH MCD) methodology to experimentally define the geometric and electronic structure of the high spin ferrous active site. Then, we focus on using Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy (NRVS, performed at SPring-8) to define geometric structure and VTVH MCD to define the electronic structure of the FeIII-OOH and FeIV=O intermediates generated in O2 activation and the spin state dependence of their frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) in controlling reactivity. Experimentally validated reaction coordinates are derived for the anticancer drug bleomycin in its cleavage of DNA and for an alpha- ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase in its selective halogenation over the thermodynamically favored hydroxylation of substrate.
Measurement of Viscoelastic Material Model Parameters Using Fractional Derivative Group Shear Wave Speeds in Simulation and Phantom Data

While ultrasound shear wave elastography originally focused on tissue stiffness under the assumption of elasticity, recent work has investigated the higher order, viscoelastic properties of the tissue. This article presents a method to use group shear wave speeds (gSWSs) at a series of derivative orders to characterize viscoelastic materials. This method uses a least squares fitting algorithm to match the experimental data to the calculated gSWS data, using an assumed material model and excitation geometry matched to the experimental imaging configuration. Building on a previous study that used particle displacement, velocity, and acceleration signals, this study extends the analysis to a continuous range of fractional derivative orders between 0 and 2. The method can be applied to any material model. Herein, material characterization was performed for three different two-parameter models and three different three-parameter models. This group speed-based method was applied to both shear wave simulations with ultrasonic tracking and experimental acquisitions in viscoelastic phantoms [similar to the Phase II Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (QIBA) phantoms]. In both the cases, the group speed method produced more repeatable characterization overall than fitting the phase velocity results from the peak of the 2-D Fourier transform. Results suggest that the linear attenuation model is a better fit than the Voigt model for the viscoelastic QIBA phantoms.
Enhancing the College Algebra Advising Process Through a Dynamic Interpretation and Application of the ACT Sub-Scores

The standard placement model using the ACT mathematics sub-score to place students in college algebra suffers from a low specificity, 31%. This causes a large number of students to be placed in remedial coursework despite many of them having the skills necessary to succeed in the college-level course. Students have a considerable probability of success in college algebra when English proficiency is demonstrated, contrary to the predictions of the standard placement model. A holistic view of general college readiness in the context of the mathematics and English sub-scores provides a secondary placement mechanism for these students and gives college administrators a potential tool in their efforts to better place students. By further reducing erroneous failing predictions, administrators can develop policy for the use of ever-decreasing government funding sources and dedicate remediation resources to students demonstrating the clearest needs in this area.
Biomedical Applications of Additive Manufacturing

Abstract Additive manufacturing, broadly known as 3D printing, is a class of manufacturing processes in which a 3D construct is built through sequential layer fabrication. This rapid prototyping methodology is transforming how medical devices are designed, developed, and manufactured by enabling low-volume and on-demand production without dedicated equipment or tooling. In brief, computer-aided design software is used to generate a 3D model that is then exported into a file format that describes the volume or surface mesh in 3D space. Another program, generally known as a “slicer,” is then used to translate the 3D data into individual layers to be printed using a multiaxis positioning system through a variety of processes, including extrusion deposition, solidification, polymerization, sintering, or binding. A subset of additive manufacturing includes living cells during the printing process and has been termed bioprinting. Specifically, bioprinting enables robotic deposition of cells and materials into custom shapes and patterns to replicate anatomical complexity associated with tissues and organs. Bioprinting has been adopted for tissue engineering with the goal of developing highly customized cell-laden scaffolds to enable healthy human tissue to be regrown from a patient’s own stem cells. This chapter provides an overview of common 3D printing modalities and design considerations for bioprinting. Current applications of 3D printing technologies in different facets of the medical field are highlighted to demonstrate the current and future impact of additive manufacturing in healthcare.
Controllable solute-diffusion gel-growth of BCHT: an effective approach towards large functional material single crystal synthesis

An underutilized, but highly advantageous, method of growing functional single crystals, the gel-growth technique, is reported here. This method enables precise control of solute-diffusion, allows crystals to be grown at ambient temperatures and facilitates a lower concentration of material defects. Furthermore, the gel-growth method creates preferable stable growth conditions where the effects of gravity are well-balanced by buoyancy effects making it analogous to growing crystals under microgravity conditions. Thus, the gel-growth method is a promising technique for engineering hard-to-synthesize and function-by-design single crystals. In this study, large (cm), nonlinear optical crystals of bismuth chloride hydrate thiourea (BCHT), were successfully grown as a model material system using the double-diffusion gel-growth method. BCHT is one of the four phases of the bismuth thiourea chloride (BTC) compound. BTC is an emerging nonlinear optical material which posesses non-centrosymmetric structure, a high second-harmonic-generation (SHG) relative efficiency, and unique nonlinear optical (NLO) properties which find utility in lasers and optical systems. Its promising physical properties may also lend it to ionizing radiation detection. Systematic atmosphere-dependent and temperature-dependent in situ X-ray diffraction scans were performed to study the phase change of the BCHT crystals, revealing a step-by-step dehydration process towards the anhydrous β-BTC phase when exposed to air. The dehydration phase transformation from BCHT to β-BTC was also observed when the temperature of the sample was raised above 80 °C. The elemental and structural properties of the stable anhydrous β-BTC phase were further investigated using time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) techniques. TOF-SIMS revealed that the BCHT phase could still be present near the surface of the sample even when the bulk of the material had transitioned to β-BTC, and that no Si inclusions form from the gel matrix. The micro-CT results demonstrate that, after the BCHT dehydrates to β-BTC, a homogeneous sample volume with an abundant, complex network of low-density defects is present. These defects may be sub-grain boundaries, micro-cracks or voids formed when the sample dehydrated as part of its transition from BCHT to β-BTC.
A practical method for estimating specific refractive index increments for flexible non-electrolyte polymers and copolymers in pure and mixed solvents using the Gladstone-Dale and Lorentz-Lorenz equations in conjunction with molar refraction structural constants, and solvent physical property databases

Abstract Equations for calculating the specific refractive index increment, ∂n/∂c, for polymer/solvent systems have been developed starting with either the Gladstone-Dale equation or the Lorentz-Lorenz equation for the refractive index of a dielectric medium. The resulting equations can be used to estimate ∂n/∂c as a function of polymer concentration, temperature, solvent composition, and, for copolymers, monomer composition. Simplifying assumptions have been made to generalize these equations and make them more usable: 1) molar refractions are treated as constants, 2) the density of the polymer solution, in the limit of low polymer concentration, can be approximated via the additivity of volumes approach; the densities of polymer-free solvents and solvent mixtures are not necessarily subject to this approximation, 3) the mass density of solvents and solvent mixtures can be estimated by any one of several models developed specifically for this purpose; we will consider the Rackett equation, the COSTALD equation, and the standard assumption of mass and volume additivity, and 4) the mass density of a copolymer can be obtained from a weight fraction average of the mass densities of the homopolymers from which it is comprised. Comparisons to experimental data show that (∂n/∂c)GD and (∂n/∂c)LL both yield average absolute deviations of approximately 0.009 ml/gm.
Geographic Variation In Medicare Per Capita Spending Narrowed From 2007 To 2017.

We examined the trends in geographic variation in Medicare per capita spending and growth from 2007 to 2017 and found that the variation narrowed during this period. The difference in Medicare pric...
Supporting School Readiness Through Librarian-Child Interactions in Public Library Storytimes: An Analysis of Assessment Scores and Influential Factors

A recent trend in public libraries′ children’s services emphasizes the role of promoting school readiness. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the school readiness efforts present in storytime programs, this study observed and scored 68 public library preschool storytime sessions presented by 35 storytime providers across three states using the CLASS (Classroom Assessment Scoring System) measure. The CLASS evaluates adult-child interactions in learning environments within three domains related to positive outcomes in children’s school readiness: emotional support, classroom organization, and instructional support. Additionally, the study examined whether differences among CLASS scores were influenced by the population density of the library community, the storytime provider’s degree status and educational level, the provider’s prior teaching experience, the provider’s years of experience in children’s services, and the number of children participating in the storytime session. Results revealed that storytime providers score well in the CLASS’s emotional support and classroom organization dimensions but have room for improvement in the content-focused instructional support domain. Of the factors examined, only years of experience in children’s services was found to influence a provider’s CLASS score. These findings suggest that professional development programs should focus on preparing librarians to teach and model school readiness skills during storytime.
Re-Examining Gasperini: Damages Assessments and Standards of Review

In May, 2001, the United States Supreme Court issued its opinion in Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.1 While the Court's decision in Cooper was undoubtedly correct insofar as its holding goes, the case created a collateral issue for federal courts sitting in diversity under both the Erie Doctrine,2 and under the Court's prior precedent as announced in Gasperini v. Center for Humanities, Inc.3 In Cooper, the Court held that an appellate court reviewing a punitive damages award for Constitutional excessiveness should apply a de novo standard because a punitive damage award is not a finding of fact, and, therefore, reviewing the award de novo does not invade the province of the jury.4 Conversely, the Gasperini Court held that the proper standard of review was abuse of discretion.5 Admittedly, the award in Gasperini was compensatory, not punitive, and principled distinctions can be made between the two types of awards, particularly in light of the Cooper Court's rationale for application of the de novo standard, i.e., that a punitive damage award was not a fact.6 However, the case poses a problem that goes far beyond a court's having to apply two standards of review, and may rise to constitutional proportions.
Anger and Atonement in Mughal India: An alternative account of Akbar's 1578 hunt

Anger as an emotion is seldom attributed to Akbar (r. 1556–1605), the most admired of the Mughal emperors. Yet, on one notable day in 1578, he allegedly got so enraged that he almost lost his mind, according to Dalpat Vilas, an obscure chronicle composed in the vernacular. While the aftermath of Akbar's anger was reported in several Persian histories emanating from court circles, the royal rage itself was not. Why and how Dalpat Vilas ascribed anger, not only to the emperor but also to the local king, Raja Ray Singh of Bikaner, is the central issue addressed here. What little we know about the history of anger in precolonial India indicates it was an emotion that kings were advised to avoid, in both Sanskrit and Persian literature. But, from the more subaltern vantage point of Dalpat Vilas, written for a young Rajput warrior in a local dialect, rulers did act angrily and not always justly. This case illustrates the historiographic value of Indic-language texts sponsored by local subordinates of the Mughals, which can provide alternative perspectives on the empire. It also suggests the existence of multiple emotional communities in Mughal India, in which the significance of anger differed.
Loss of branches due to winter storms could favor deciduousness in oaks.

PREMISE Ecologists have an incomplete understanding of the factors that select for deciduous, evergreen, and marcescent leaf habits. Evergreens have more opportunities for photosynthesis but may experience costs when abiotic conditions are unfavorable such as during ice and windstorms. METHODS We documented branch loss for species of oaks (Quercus spp.) in a common garden in California during an unusual windstorm. RESULTS Branches of marcescent trees were more likely to break during the storm, and this pattern had a negligible phylogenetic signature. Branches of evergreen and marcescent species were mostly alive before breaking, which likely accrued a fitness cost, while those of deciduous species were mostly already dead. One explanation for the overrepresentation of broken branches from marcescent species is that their petioles are inflexible and have greater wind loading compared to the flexible petioles of evergreen leaves and the leafless condition of deciduous branches. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that branch loss during unusual winter storms may be an important cost of a marcescent leaf habit.
'No One Asked for an Ethnography.' Reflections on Community-based Anthropology in Coast Salish Country

A question posed by a student after a guest lecture about a community-based environmental anthropology field school provoked reflection on community needs in Coast Salish Country. The student expressed an interest in an ethnographic account of field work that had been responsive to community requests. The challenge is that in over two decades of consultations and collaborations no one from Coast Salish communities had asked for an ethnography. Representatives from United Indians of All Tribes Foundation, Tulalip, Stillaguamish, Snoqualmie, Samish, Duwamish, and Snohomish Tribes expressed different needs. They asked community college partners to remember where they came from, support Native American students, develop relations with other than human people, help create culturally relevant jobs, “feed the sea,” assist in bringing salmon back, witness, sing, dance, and ultimately to “pass the mic.”
The power within: The experimental manipulation of power interacts with trait BDD symptoms to predict interoceptive accuracy.

Abstract Background and objectives This study tested whether relatively low levels of interoceptive accuracy (IAcc) are associated with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) symptoms. Additionally, given research indicating that power attunes individuals to their internal states, we sought to determine if state interoceptive accuracy could be improved through an experimental manipulation of power.. Method Undergraduate women (N = 101) completed a baseline measure of interoceptive accuracy and then were randomized to a power or control condition. Participants were primed with power or a neutral control topic and then completed a post-manipulation measure of state IAcc. Trait BDD symptoms were assessed with a self-report measure. Results Controlling for baseline IAcc, within the control condition, there was a significant inverse relationship between trait BDD symptoms and interoceptive accuracy. Continuing to control for baseline IAcc, within the power condition, there was not a significant relationship between trait BDD symptoms and IAcc, suggesting that power may have attenuated this relationship. At high levels of BDD symptomology, there was also a significant simple effect of experimental condition, such that participants in the power (vs. control) condition had better interoceptive accuracy. These results provide initial evidence that power may positively impact interoceptive accuracy among those with high levels of BDD symptoms.. Limitations This cross-sectional study utilized a demographically homogenous sample of women that reflected a broad range of symptoms; thus, although there were a number of participants reporting elevated BDD symptoms, these findings might not generalize to other populations or clinical samples. Conclusions This study provides the first direct test of the relationship between trait BDD symptoms and IAcc, and provides preliminary evidence that among those with severe BDD symptoms, power may help connect individuals with their internal states. Future research testing the mechanisms linking BDD symptoms with IAcc, as well as how individuals can better connect with their internal experiences is needed..
Role of external ventriculostomy in the management of fever after hemispherectomy

Object Fever is a common occurrence after cerebral hemispherectomy in children and prolongs the hospital stay. The authors determined whether an external ventriculostomy might reduce the incidence of fever following a hemispherectomy. Methods The postoperative courses of 27 patients who had undergone cerebral hemispherectomy for intractable seizures were retrospectively analyzed. Results Thirteen children underwent an external ventriculostomy, and only 1 had an elevated axillary body temperature of ≥ 39°C during the postoperative period. Among 14 patients who did not undergo an external ventriculostomy, 7 had a posthemispherectomy fever of ≥ 39°C. Patients who underwent an external ventriculostomy had a lower risk of postoperative fever compared with those who did not undergo the procedure (8 vs 50%, respectively; p = 0.03, Fisher exact test). None of the patients had an infection accounting for the cause of the fever. The hospital stay for patients who had undergone postoperative external ventriculostomy...
Extended Cooperative Task Space for manipulation tasks of humanoid robots

A humanoid robot can be viewed as a constrained dynamic system with constraints imposed by manipulation tasks, locomotion tasks, and the environment. This paper focuses on dealing with constraints in the upper-body of humanoid robots for manipulation tasks that involve coordinated motion of two arms. Inspired by research on human bimanual actions in the biomechanics area, we have developed the Extended-Cooperative-Task-Space (ECTS) representation that efficiently describes various coordinated motion tasks performed by a humanoid robot. Furthermore, we present a general whole-body control framework as an optimal controller based on Gauss's principle of least constraint. We show that all the constraints imposed on a humanoid system can be handled in a unified manner. The proposed framework is verified by numerical simulations on a Hubo II+ humanoid robot model.
Resist the list

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to provide insights into issues encountered in maintaining library technologies and electronic collections in changing times and on a limited budget with limited personnel. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses real world observations and experiences, data collected from an informal survey, insights gleaned from the professional literature and anecdotal evidence to provide commentary on the questionable methods many libraries employ in providing access to electronic resources. Findings – Libraries spend large sums of money and significant percentages of overall budgets on electronic resources, yet many fail to take the extra step to provide access to the content in these disparate resources via a web scale discovery search service. What is worse is that a large number of libraries still employ the flawed “Databases A-Z” list as a primary means of providing access. Originality/value – This paper is a light-hearted piece on one librarian’s observations regarding...
The cell laser

The first demonstration of a cell laser in 2011 opened new avenues for generating coherent light from living matters. Here we show progress in this new class of light sources and demonstrate their applications for sensing.
The Prototype Validation Exercise (PROVE) for EOS land and atmosphere products

Three Earth Observing System (EOS) instrument teams (MODLAND, MISR and ASTER) joined forces in May, 1997 to conduct an 11-day field validation campaign in a desert grassland near Las Cruces, New Mexico. The exercise was held at the USDA-Agricultural Research Service's (ARS) Jornada Experimental Range, an expansive and relatively flat plain hosting a mixture of short grasses and shrubs. Most macroscopic land variables affecting the radiation environment, and the radiation environment itself, were measured. Moreover, a large variety of aircraft data (e.g., AVIRIS and LIDAR) and satellite data (AVHRR, Landsat TM, SPOT, POLDER, GOES) were acquired. The authors describe the site, the experiment, and some initial results from PROVE. The latter will be published in a forthcoming special issue of Remote Sensing of Environment. The data from PROVE are available to the public and may be ideal for some scaling and remote sensing studies.
The Modern Woman as Global Exemplar, Part I: Biographies of Women Worthies

The literary genre of “Biographies of Women Worthies” exists across the globe, historically and analytically important. This essay examines the potential this genre of writing holds for scholars of world and transnational history, particularly those who wish to incorporate gender and cultural studies into their work. I focus on the late 19th-/early 20th-century global process of cooptation and incorporation of foreign moral exemplars into local compendia of eminent women and suggest avenues for cross-area research to expand the field of World History.
Oregonator generalization as a minimal model of quorum sensing in Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction with catalyst confinement in large populations of particles

We consider the case of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) oscillating reaction where the metal catalyst is confined in a discrete phase of cation-exchange resin particles. We show that modelling of the sudden transitions from the steady state to fully synchronized oscillations, which were previously described only in terms of quorum sensing, does not necessarily require fine-graining of the models into individual particles. As a minimal representation of the system, we propose a generalized version of the Oregonator with only one additional parameter φ that corresponds to the total volume fraction of the catalytic phase in the system. We show that the kinetic consequences of catalyst confinement can be interpreted through φ acting as the second variable stoichiometric factor in the Oregonator mechanism that decreases the order of autocatalysis and simultaneously weakens the negative feedback. Based on the proposed model, an analysis of the so-called quorum sensing is provided in terms of the standard concepts of Hopf bifurcation. The model reproduces correctly that (1) oscillations are only exhibited above a certain critical threshold of φ; (2) as φ decreases, so do the amplitudes of oscillations; whereas (3) the periods of oscillations are almost independent of φ. The model thus appears to be a reasonable minimal representation of uniform states in the BZ reaction with catalyst confinement, and therefore might be a convenient starting point for further refinements representing more complicated transitions in this system.
Severe Hemoptysis Associated with Pulmonary Aspergilloma: Percutaneous Intracavitary Treatment

Surgical therapy for massive hemoptysis associated with pulmonary aspergilloma carries a high morbidity and mortality in patients with limited pulmonary reserve. Bronchial artery embolization has proven ineffective in treating and in preventing recurrent episodes of hemoptysis in this group of patients. Over a four-and-one-half year period, we have successfully treated six episodes of acute hemoptysis in four patients using a percutaneously placed catheter and intracavitary instillation of amphotericin B, N-acetylcysteine, and aminocaproic acid. Advantages of this method of treatment for patients with severely compromised pulmonary reserve include: (1) no further loss of lung function; (2) ease and rapidity of catheter insertion; (3) prompt response to treatment; (4) relatively short hospitalization; and (5) ability to repeat the procedure in the same or another cavity if necessary. (Chest 1988; 94:1225-31)
Design and performance of blanket heat shields for neonates.

BACKGROUND Several designs of plastic blanket heat shields are in use. This study was done to compare different designs for their efficiency in reducing heat loss. METHODS Four heat shield designs were tested by sequentially covering each of 14 infants (wt. 640-2,030 g) cared for under radiant warmers. The power consumption of the radiant warmers was measured as a surrogate for heat loss. All designs were tested for a total of 20 min on all infants. Results were calculated as percent change in power consumption from shield to shield. The most efficient design was further modified and evaluated in another group of 14 infants (wt. 700-1,180 g). RESULTS The relative reductions in power consumption were: no shield (control) -0%, a plastic foil over the side rails: -17%, a single layer close to the infant but excluding the head: -34%, the same as double layer -37% and the most efficient one, a single layer covering the whole infant -42%. A modification of this design, tested in the second group of infants, reduced power consumption by 13% (95% CI -5.9/-19.7), (p less than 0.004) when compared to the single layer covering the whole infant. It was tucked under the connecting tubes to the ventilator. It also reduced the risk for displacement and allowed for the endotracheal tube to be suctioned without removing the blanket. CONCLUSION Modifications of the design of heat shield blankets for infants resulted in significant increases in efficiency.
Changes in sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase activities with age in the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster

Abstract Sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic reticular ATPase activities have been studied in normal hamsters and in those with hereditary cardiomyopathy. These animals were studied at 30, 60, 120 and 200 days of age. Sarcoplasmic reticular ATPase activity in the normal hamster declined by 50% between 30 and 60 days of age, but in cardiomyopathic animals this fall was not seen until after 60 days of age. The final levels reached were identical in control and experimental animals. Sarcolemmal ATPase activity was constant at all ages studied in control animals, but was increased 2-fold between 60 and 120 days of age in cardiomyopathic animals and remained elevated at 200 days of age. This divergence in ATPase activity was interpreted as a functional dilution of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiomyopathic hearts. This could be responsible for an imbalance of excitation and coupling, thus resulting in alterations in myocardial contractility.
Sons of Ulster: masculinities in the contemporary Northern Irish novel

Caroline Magennis, New York, Peter Lang, 2010, 192 pp., £35.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-3034301107 Caroline Magennis's Sons of Ulster: Masculinities in the Contemporary Northern Irish Novel, another i...
Theory of source-induced noise in optical networks

Random fluctuations in the phase and the amplitude of a source field induce random fluctuations in the field intensity at the network output, which in turn give rise to electrical noise in the detector current. The characteristics of this source-induced noise depend on the properties of the source and on the network transfer function. In the present study we consider a stationary optical source with a finite coherence time coupled to an arbitrary, linear, time-independent network. General expressions for the power-spectral density of the source-induced noise are derived in terms of the network transfer function and the second- and the fourth-order correlation functions of the source field in the frequency domain. The incoherent limit and the case of a source that has two uncorrelated polarization modes are considered in detail, and a simple method for the estimation of the source-induced noise is suggested.
The TEV I Beam Position Monitor System

The TeV I Beam Position Monitor System is described. This system is designed to provide accurate orbit information during both the commissioning and operational phases of the Fermilab Antiproton Source. The system is required to provide position information with submillimeter resolution for both single turn orbit measurements with beam intensities in the range 1×109 to 1×1011, and multiple turn (closed orbit) measurements with beam intensities in the range 1×107 to 5×1011. The system has already been used during commissioning of the Debuncher to measure the first turn through the ring, the horizontal and vertical betatron tunes, the closed orbit, the dispersion, aperture, and chromaticity. During normal antiproton operation the system will be used to monitor beam position throughout the accumulation process.
Statistical Treatment of Damage Factors for Semiconductor Devices

By fitting a lognormal distribution to the data of Messenger and Steele a statistical analysis derives a formula for the survival probability, with 90 percent confidence, of a silicon transistor exposed to the neutron flux ? as: Ps(?)=Fn[ln(C.T.F.-1)+ln(fTmin/smin/?)+16.38/0.493] where Fn is the standard normal cumulative distribution function, C.T.F. is the circuit tolerance factor, fTmin is the minimum gain band width product specified by the manufacturer and smin is the minimum current gain specified by the manufacturer. The present analysis is similar to the previous one except that the analysis here accounts for the fact that a lognormal distribution does not exactly fit the data. The formula shown above differs from the one presented in reference 2 in that their denominator of 0.444 has been replaced by 0.493. The new denominator can increase previously estimated failure probabilities by a factor of 2.5. The method shown here is generally applicable to cases where distributions other than the lognormal ones are fitted to a set data.
Very extended minima in the A=180 mass region

Abstract A search for very extended nuclear shapes in the A=180 mass region has been carried out in a three dimensional deformation space, using the cranked Strutinsky procedure. Many such minima have been found and their properties are described in detail.
Heterodox economists in the economics profession

Based on answers received to an open-ended questionnaire, this study investigates the intellectual and career environment of heterodox economists who work within primarily orthodox economics departments. Ongoing informal discussions have indicated that many heterodox economists perceive themselves as facing a unique set of constraints in the workplace. The object of this study is to begin to document those constraints more formally. The importance of this project rests with the bearing these constraints have on the maintenance of intellectual diversity within the economics profession. Findings are reported in the first part of the paper and discussed in the second. To summarize the findings, many respondents identified difficulties in finding employment when they explicitly identified themselves as heterodox. Many reported that heterodox journals are discounted in importance relative to orthodox journals which, in turn, causes problems in tenure and promotion decisions. Respondents felt pressure to teach the orthodox approach, subordinating their own heterodox approaches. Committee work, especially the hiring committee, was seen as essential for the survival of the heterodox economists. A feeling of isolation was common and morale was negatively impacted. These experiences were overwhelmingly attributed to the failure of orthodox economists to respect or understand heterodox approaches.
Repeated restraint stress impairs auditory attention and GABAergic synaptic efficacy in the rat auditory cortex

Abstract Chronic stress induces dendritic atrophy in the rat primary auditory cortex (A1), a key brain area for auditory attention. The aim of this study was to determine whether repeated restraint stress affects auditory attention and synaptic transmission in A1. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were trained in a two-alternative choice task (2-ACT), a behavioral paradigm to study auditory attention in rats. Trained animals that reached a performance over 80% of correct trials in the 2-ACT were randomly assigned to control and restraint stress experimental groups. To analyze the effects of restraint stress on the auditory attention, trained rats of both groups were subjected to 50 2-ACT trials one day before and one day after of the stress period. A difference score was determined by subtracting the number of correct trials after from those before the stress protocol. Another set of rats was used to study the synaptic transmission in A1. Restraint stress decreased the number of correct trials by 28% compared to the performance of control animals (p
Sex roles and depression among working spouses in the rural south

Two explanations for sex differences in psychiatric impairment (depressive symptomatology) are tested on a rural sample of white respondents drawn from Middle Tennessee. Gove's notions of role strain and role overload and Radloff's ideas concerning learned helplessness are placed in the context of traditional rural values undergoing change. The results reveal that there are no overall sex differences in depressive symptom scores among these respondents except when considering employment and marital status; married working females are more depressed than their male counterparts. Multiple Classification Analyses indicate that helplessness is the most efficacious explanation of sex differences. The implications of these findings for future research on depressive symptoms are discussed.