cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Fatigue Analysis of Indentation Flaws Using an Exponential‐Law Crack Velocity Function

The effect of residual contact stresses on the dynamic fatigue behavior of indentation flaws was analyzed using an exponential-law crack velocity function based on stress corrosion theory. Analysis of strength data from Vickers-indented soda-lime glass specimens in water showed that the contact residual stress can be properly accounted for and that the exponential-law fatigue parameters can be straightforwardly obtained.
A Petri-net based multilevel security specification model for multimedia documents

With the growing need for multimedia data management, security requirements are becoming very crucial. Composing multimedia documents involves bringing together media objects that exist in various formats. These objects may reside in a distributed environment and belong to different security domains. We propose a time-augmented colored Petri net model for multimedia document composition that allows the specification of multilevel security. The model also allows handling of multiple security policies and hierarchical and path based protection schemes.
Constant depth circuits and the Lutz hypothesis

Resource-bounded measure theory is a study of complexity classes via an adaptation of the probabilistic method. The central hypothesis in this theory is the assertion that NP does not have measure zero in Exponential Time. This is a quantitative strengthening of NP/spl ne/P. We show that the analog in P of this hypothesis fails dramatically. In fact, we show that NTIME[n/sup 1/11/] has measure zero in P. These follow as consequences of our main theorem that the collection of languages accepted by constant-depth nearly exponential-size circuits has measure zero at polynomial time. In contrast, we show that the class AC/sup 0//sub 4/[/spl oplus/] of languages accepted by depth-4 polynomial-size circuits with AND, OR, NOT, and PARITY gates does not have measure zero at polynomial time. Our proof is based on techniques from circuit complexity theory and pseudorandom generators.
The countable chain condition

The algebraic behavior of the regular open algebra of a topological space X reflects, at least in part, the topological properties of X. One particular topological property of X, namely the possession of a countable base, has important algebraic repercussions, which we now proceed to study.
Stochastic Formation of Fibrillar and Amorphous Superoxide Dismutase Oligomers Linked to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Recent reports suggest that the nucleation and propagation of oligomeric superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) is effectively stochastic in vivo and in vitro. This perplexing kinetic variability—observed for other proteins and frequently attributed to experimental error—plagues attempts to discern how SOD1 mutations and post-translational modifications linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) affect SOD1 aggregation. This study used microplate fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering to measure rates of fibrillar and amorphous SOD1 aggregation at high iteration (ntotal = 1.2 × 103). Rates of oligomerization were intrinsically irreproducible and populated continuous probability distributions. Modifying reaction conditions to mimic random and systematic experimental error could not account for kinetic outliers in standard assays, suggesting that stochasticity is not an experimental artifact, rather an intrinsic property of SOD1 oligomerization (presumably caused by competing pathways of oligomeri...
The Need for a Tidal Flood Stage to Define Existing and Future Sea Level Hazards

The frequency of tidal flooding is considered through the use of a coastal flood stage, an elevation at which significant flooding is initiated. This paper explores the need for, and possible definitions of, such a coastal flood stage. Once adopted, the flood stage serves as a convenient reference elevation or threshold that future storm events can be compared to. A case study is carried out for Annapolis, MD, using a statistical flood stage at an elevation a few feet above mean higher high water. This is then used to evaluate the increase in flood depth and frequency associated with the occurrence of future storm events along with different future sea level rise scenarios. Introduction The term “Flood Stage” is commonly used by the National Weather Service (NWS), and by state, county, and local officials to define a river stage that is expected to initiate flood damages. The flood stage varies from location to location along a river, but has local meaning to residents and officials as way of conveying river flooding to level that begins to create a hazard. In general, the flood stage should indicate a river level that begins to flood ground elevations and cause damages to buildings and infrastructure. The NWS further defines “minor” flood stages as flood levels causing minor or nuisance flooding, as well as “major” flood stages causing serious widespread damage. The premise of this paper is that similar local flood stages should be established in all U.S. coastal communities as a way to better define coastal flood hazards. These “coastal flood stages” or “tidal flood stages” would be established relative to a fixed datum and would indicate a storm tide level (astronomical tide plus storm surge effects) that would begin to inundate critical infrastructure such as roads and buildings.
Resonant Laser Induced Breakdown for Fuel-Air Ignition

A resonant laser-induced breakdown scheme to provide precision spatial guidance and timing of fuel-air ignition is presented. This scheme could potentially provide a precision trigger leading to breakdown of a fuel-air flow within a high-voltage gap using a compact low power laser source. The laser scheme employs resonant enhanced multiphoton ionization to generate a pre-ionized path between the electrodes and thus spatially guiding the eventual spark, even when the laser path does not follow the electric field path directly. We present here experimental data that demonstrates precision laser induced breakdown on an air flow (no fuel) within a large scale high-voltage electrode system.
263 HIP FRACTURES IN MALE VETERANS WITH CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.

Purpose Emerging data implicate an important interrelationship between cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Data from our institution extend this finding to include a linkage between congestive heart failure (CHF) and osteoporosis and suggest that disturbances in the vitamin D/parathyroid axis, particularly in African Americans (AA), may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of both CHF and bone loss. However, little is known about the epidemiology of osteoporotic-related fractures that occur in the setting of CHF. Methods The medical records review of all male patients with a diagnosis of CHF and hip fractures hospitalized at Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, TN, between 1999 and 2005 were reviewed to determine characteristics of these fractures and subsequent treatment for osteoporosis. The protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN. Results 3,424 patients with an ICD-9 diagnosis of CHF between January 1999 and July 2005 were identified; of these 86 had an ICD-9 diagnosis of hip fracture (not pathological). Fifty patients were excluded for the following reasons: female (n = 2); hip fracture was traumatic (n = 2); no record of hip fracture (n = 9) or record of CHF (n = 4) noted in chart; insufficient information available concerning hip fracture (n = 4); cancer (n = 29). This left a study population of 36 individuals, none of whom had any condition known to affect bone metabolism. The mean age of these male veterans with hip fractures was 69 (range 47-87); 25% of these fractures occurred in AA. Nineteen percent of these veterans had at least two atraumatic fractures during the time period of this study; in 6%, this second fracture was a contralateral hip fracture. Hip fracture location was approximately equally divided between femoral neck and intertrochanteric fractures. During the time period of this study, following their hip fracture, only three patients had a DXA or QCT scan measured, and in only one patient was therapy with a bisphosphonate or teriparatide initiated. Conclusions Hip fractures in male veterans with CHF occur in both AA and Caucasians and are seriously underrecognized as a marker for osteoporosis and future fractures. Treatment to prevent future fractures in these patients needs to be adequately addressed.
Robot-assisted perception augmentation for online detection of insertion failure during cochlear implant surgery

During the past decade, robotics for cochlear implant electrode array insertion has been limited to manipulation assistance. Going beyond manipulation assistance, this paper presents the new concept of perception augmentation to detect and warn against the onset of intracochlear electrode array tip folding. This online failure detection method uses a combination of intraoperative electrode insertion force data and a predictive model of insertion force profile progression as a function of insertion depth. The predictive model uses statistical characterization of insertion force profiles during normal robotic electrode array insertions as well as the history of intra-operative insertion forces. Online detection of onset of tip folding is achieved using the predictive model as an input into a support vector machine classifier. Results show that the detection of tip folding onset can be achieved with an accuracy of 88% despite the use of intra-operative insertion force data representing incomplete insertion. This result is significant because it allows the surgeon or robot to choose a corrective action for preventing intra-cochlear complications.
The productivity costs of inefficient hiring practices: Evidence from late teacher hiring

We use matched employee–employer records from the teacher labor market to explore the effects of late teacher hiring on student achievement. Hiring teachers after the school year starts reduces student achievement by 0.042 SD in mathematics and 0.026 SD in reading. This reflects, in part, a temporary disruption effect in the first year. In mathematics, but not in reading, late-hired teachers remain persistently less effective, evidence of negative selection in the teacher labor market. Late hiring concentrates in schools that disproportionately serve disadvantaged student populations, contributing to challenges in ensuring an equitable distribution of educational resources for all students.
The Scope of Computer-Assisted Analysis and Model Simplification

This paper describes the scope of “computer-assisted analysis,” a field recently developed by the author, and its relation to model simplification. It serves as a basis for software under development.
The Cellulosome: A Supramolecular Assembly of Microbial Biomass-Degrading Enzymes

Abstract Enzymatic degradation of plant biomass is carried out by a myriad of cellulases and hemicellulases. Complete hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose is facilitated by the synergistic action between endo- and exo-β-glucanases. Although most biomass-degrading fungi produce these enzymes in the free (noncomplex) form, in Clostridium thermocellum and other bacteria, most of these enzymes form a huge protein aggregate called the cellulosome. The catalytic subunits of the cellulosome dock to its scaffold CipA through the type I cohesin-dockerin interaction; CipA contains nine type I cohesins while the catalytic subunit contains one type I dockerin. CipA further contains a cellulose-binding module (CBM), which anchors its tethered enzymes to the cellulose surface where degradation occurs. In addition, CipA contains a type II dockerin at its C-terminus. The type II dockerin docks to the type II cohesin of cell surface proteins SdbA, Orf2p, or OlpB, which consist of 1, 2, and 7 type II cohesins, respectively, facilitating a second level of complex formation and creating cell-associated cellulosomes. In addition, cell-free 7CohII consists of seven type II cohesins that each docks a CipA molecule, creating cell-free cellulosomes. Thus the type I cohesin-dockerin pair mediates the first level complex formation of the cellulosome while the type II cohesin-dockerin pair mediates the second level complex formation. The cellulosome facilitates cellulosic biomass degradation by providing enzyme–enzyme and enzyme–substrate proximities. Since there are >70 catalytic subunits containing type I dockerin, the cellulosome structure also facilitates fine-tuning its composition by gene regulation and possibly acquiring new enzymes through lateral gene transfer in the evolution process. Finally, this fascinating molecular machine designed exclusively for degrading plant biomass, serves as a window for enzymologists/biochemists to peek into the novel mechanism, through which the enzymes carry out their functions in a collaborative manner.
A Sharper Sense of Self: Probabilistic Reasoning of Program Behaviors for Anomaly Detection with Context Sensitivity

Program anomaly detection models legitimate behaviors of complex software and detects deviations during execution. Behavior deviations may be caused by malicious exploits, design flaws, or operational errors. Probabilistic detection computes the likelihood of occurrences of observed call sequences. However, maintaining context sensitivity in detection incurs high modeling complexity and runtime overhead. We present a new anomaly-based detection technique that is both probabilistic and 1-level calling-context sensitive. We describe a matrix representation and clustering-based solution for model reduction, specifically reducing the number of hidden states in a special hidden Markov model whose parameters are initialized with program analysis. Our extensive experimental evaluation confirms the significantly improved detection accuracy and shows that attacker's ability to conduct code-reuse exploits is substantially limited.
Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek: The Original Cast Adventures Douglas Brode and Shea T. Brode, Editors. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.

Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek: The Original Cast Adventures Douglas Brode and Shea T. Brode, Editors. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek looks at the progenitors and influences on Roddenberry, Star Trek's creator and producer, and examines a number of 1950^ and 1960's television series, the American western genre, and other influences on various episodes of the original Star Trek series. The editors, Douglas Brode and Shea T. Brode, have a broad background in cinema and cultural studies, while the contributors bring expertise in media, politics, theater, American history and culture, physics, rhetoric, philosophy, and animation. Having just reviewed for The Journal of American Culture, Star Trek and American Television (2014), which discusses Star Trek's influence on American television in the forty-some years since its premiere, I thought it would be interesting to review a similar book that focuses on influences to the creation of Star Trek.The Introduction provides a detailed background on the "wagon train to the stars!" motto which Roddenberry originally conceived to sell his sci-fi series to NBC executives in the early 1960s. The editors illustrate how the American western genre was portrayed and was popular on American television in the late 1950s to early 1960s and how a particular sci-fi movie from 1956, Forbidden Planet, influenced Roddenberry immediately prior to his retirement from being a police officer to becoming a TV writer and producer. Four pages in the Introduction explain at least seven similarities and borrowings from Forbidden Planet that Roddenberry used and elaborated upon in his Star Trek series. These include hyperdrive, the character of "Doc" (similar to Leonard McCoy/"Bones"), the United Planets organization (similar to the United Federation of Planets), and the theme that human beings are emotional and passionate whether it is in the 1950s or in the distant future. The editors then take another four pages to discuss the similarities between a number of Twilight Tone episodes (1959-1964) and the original Star Trek series. One standout is Rod Sterling's time warp tale about a wagon train, which is eerily familiar to Roddenberry's Old West time warp where the Enterprise crew members go back in time to re-enact and become the main characters in the O.K. Corral gunfight in nineteenth-century Tombstone, Arizona. There is also a Twilight Tone episode about a mute that probably influenced Roddenberry's "The Empath" story. …
Paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM) in pediatric otolaryngology

Abstract Introduction Paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM) is a condition in which the vocal cords exhibit inappropriate inspiratory adduction, and it has been poorly studied in the pediatric population. Methods Pediatric patients diagnosed with PVCM by a pediatric otolaryngologist and doctor of speech pathology from 2008 to 2012 were reviewed. Patients in whom another cause for their respiratory disturbance was eventually identified were excluded. Patient demographics, characteristics, treatment, and outcomes were reviewed. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at our institution. Results Thirty patients met criteria for inclusion; one with chiari malformation was excluded. 17/29 (59%) were female. Body mass index (BMI) numbers ranged from 16 to 25 with a mean of 21. 9/29 (31%) competed at the highest level of a sport; only 3/29 (10%) did not participate in athletics. Average age of onset was 12.0 years; average diagnosis delay was 1.3 years. Mean follow up was 2.3 years. 24/29 (83%) were previously treated for asthma. 23/29(79%) were previously treated for reflux. 25/29(86%) completed at least one session of respiratory and laryngeal control therapy with overall average of 2.2 sessions completed. All patients who attended a second therapy session were recorded as having improvement in symptoms. Conclusions Pediatric patients with PVFM often participate in high levels of organized sports and the frequency of concurrent asthma and reflux symptoms in this population supports the theory that laryngeal hypersensitivity contributes to the pathophysiology of PVFM. These patients were not found to have any associated psychiatric diagnoses. Pediatric patients with PVFM have an excellent prognosis when treated with speech therapy and for comorbid conditions as indicated.
The changing role of fire in mediating the relationships among oaks, grasslands, mesic temperate forests, and boreal forests in the Lake States

ABSTRACTHistorically, oak forests and woodlands intergraded with southern boreal forest, temperate mesic forest, and grassland biomes, forming complex fire-mediated relationships in the Great Lakes region of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, USA. Variability in fire recurrence intervals allowed oaks to mix with grasses or with mesic forest species in areas with high (2–10 yr) or moderate (several decades) fire frequencies, respectively. In the southern boreal forest, oak colonization was limited by cold climate. In recent decades former savannas have been largely converted to agricultural fields and the fate of oak remnants is controlled by human fire use. In mesic temperate forests, fire exclusion, wetter climate, and deer browsing have led to mesophication and increasing maple dominance. With ongoing warming, however, mesophication could reverse due to increased drought and fire frequency, and earthworm invasion, which enhances the understory environment for oak seedlings. Oaks are also likely to inva...
Predictors of compliance in colposcopy clinic follow-up among the uninsured

e20511 Background: Despite successful screening programs for cervical cancer, ethnic disparities persist. The no-show rate for follow-up appointments after HPV-related abnormal pap smears approxima...
Xialiao, North China Basin

Stratigraphic, structural, and geochemical attributes of the Xialiao sub-basin reveal the driver for North China basin rifting. A cross section of the Xialiao basin derived from offshore seismic reflection data displays a classic continental rift configuration that consists of three megasequences. The pre-rift basement is composed of a crystalline basement overlain by Paleozoic carbonate and Mesozoic terrestrial and volcanic strata. The Paleogene syn-rift megasequence is composed of a succession of terrestrial terrestrial and deltaic strata; the post-rift strata are dominated by fluvial and shallow lacustrine/marine deposits. Alkaline basalt of typical continental basalt composition occurs voluminously within the initial rift sequence. Rift-related strata are offset by high-angle strike-slip and normal faults, which are responsible for accommodating differential basement subsidence and 6-8% extension. This observed value is far less than indicated by subsidence analysis (30%), crustal thinning (56%), thermal subsidence (25%-100%), and heat flow (>400%), under the assumption that the basin was formed solely due to lithospheric stretching.High heat flow (2.36 HFU), and substantial thermal/initial subsidence (ca. 3+/6+ km) and crustal thinning (50%) of the North China basin are probably the consequences of extension-related asthenospheric upwelling along the major depressions. The upwelling may have been triggered or caused by the lithospheric extension. This scenario is consistent with the three-armed geometry of the NCB, consisting of Xialiao basin, and Bozhong, and Jiyang depressions. The distribution of upwelling is directly associated with pre-rift lithospheric heterogeneity: Huanghua and Jizhong depressions occur along pre-existing zones of collisional orogeny and rifting, respectively. The Tan-Lu strike-slip fault has been active before, during, and after basin rifting. Instead of causing basin formation as previously suggested by some authors, the Tan-Lu fault played an important role in basin formation by significantly weakening the lithosphere. The Xialiao basin and east Bozhong depression are localized along the fault zone, where subsidence of the North China basin reached a maximum.
Individual versus group female-specific cognitive behavior therapy for alcohol use disorder.

Abstract Objectives To test group-based Female-Specific Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (G-FS-CBT) for women with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) against an individual Female-Specific Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (I-FS-CBT). This aims of this paper are to describe G-FS-CBT development, content, feasibility, acceptability, group process, engagement in treatment, and within- and post-treatment outcomes. Methods Women with AUD (n = 155) were randomly assigned to 12 manual-guided sessions of G-FS-CBT or I-FS-CBT; 138 women attended at least one treatment session. Results Women in G-FS-CBT attended fewer sessions (M = 7.6) than women in I-FS-CBT (M = 9.7; p Conclusions Findings support the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a group format for female-specific CBT for AUD, a new 12-session, single gender, community friendly, group therapy with programming specifically for women. Similar, positive outcomes for individual and group treatment formats were found for drinking, mood, coping skills, self-confidence, interpersonal functioning, and self-care.
Smart plug-in electric vehicle charging to reduce electric load variation at a parking place

Electricity demand having less variation at different times in a day avoids any detrimental effect on power electronic equipments, reduces electricity cost, and simplifies the electric energy demand prediction from the smart grid. This paper delineates an intelligent aggregator architecture to automate Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) charging in large parking places to reduce dynamic load variation. We present a set of novel rectangle placement based algorithms to schedule the PEV charging based on their arrival, departure time at parking place and their charging requirement. The proposed algorithms also determine the voltage level at which PEVs should be charged to improve demand side electric load profile. The presented algorithms meet the charging requirement of every PEV, reduce load variation, and increase load factor at the parking place. Simulation results interpret that the proposed method provides significant improvement regarding load variation and load factor. Notably, the methodology performs better than the traditional First come, First serve (FCFS) based PEV charging at a parking lot.
Feminist Identity, Attitudes Toward Feminist Prototypes, and Willingness to Intervene in Everyday Sexist Events:

Many women eschew the feminist label despite believing in gender equality. In order to effectively promote feminist change, it is important to understand the factors involved in feminist attitudes,...
A Collection of Nice Algorithms

We develop an algorithm for drawing a straight line on a raster. The algorithm is known as Bresenham’s algorithm.
Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathies (CIPNs): A Biobehavioral Approach

Pain is a prevalent symptom in patients with cancer. Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathies (CIPNs), as a type of cancer related pain, are an increasingly common neuropathic pain syndrome. In this paper, we offer a biobehavioral approach to understanding the development and perhaps the maintenance of CIPNs. First, CIPNs are defined. This is followed by a description of the epidemiology, symptoms, and barriers associated with CIPNs. Following important research from the fields of pain, behavior and psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), we suggest that injury to peripheral nerves after chemotherapeutic treatments initiates immune to brain communication, which further modulates the biological mechanisms through which life experiences and behavior reinforce and likely perpetuate the experience of CIPN.
The physiology of insect families: A door to the study of social evolution

Abstract Many current issues in evolutionary biology focus on social behaviour. These include the re-purposing of neuroendocrine systems and cell signalling during the asocial to social transition, the behavioural and evolutionary dynamics of interacting genomes, the resolution of intralocus conflict, nongenetic inheritance and buffering of environmental stress. Representative examples of parent and offspring physiology are discussed, with emphasis on social interaction. This proximate background is used to address current controversies in the study of social evolution. This review will suggest how insect families, which range from simple to highly eusocial, are amenable subjects for combining behavioural, physiological and molecular study to advance our understanding of the evolutionary process.
Francisella tularensis enters a double membraned compartment following cell-cell transfer

Previously, we found that phagocytic cells ingest bacteria directly from the cytosol of infected cells without killing the initially infected cell (Steele et al., 2016). Here, we explored the events immediately following bacterial transfer. Francisella tularensis bacteria acquired from infected cells were found within double-membrane vesicles partially composed from the donor cell plasma membrane. As with phagosomal escape, the F. tularensis Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) was required for vacuole escape. We constructed a T6SS inducible strain and established conditions where this strain is trapped in vacuoles of cells infected through bacterial transfer. Using this strain we identified bacterial transfer events in the lungs of infected mice, demonstrating that this process occurs in infected animals. These data and electron microscopy analysis of the transfer event revealed that macrophages acquire cytoplasm and membrane components of other cells through a process that is distinct from, but related to phagocytosis.
Changes in NDVI and human population in protected areas on the Tibetan Plateau

Understanding the Tibetan Plateau’s role in environmental change has gained increasing scientific attention in light of warming and changes in land management. We examine changes in greenness over ...
Differential Ability of the Notch Ligands Jagged2, Delta1, and Delta4 To Accelerate Development of Human CD34+ Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells (HPCs) into Killer Inhibitory Receptor (KIR)-Negative NK Cells with Cytotoxic Activity.

The evolutionarily conserved Notch receptors play important roles in cell fate decisions. Ligation of Notch-1 causes differentiation of T/NK cell precursors from HPCs and is critical for development of T cells in the thymic microenvironment. Five known Notch ligands exist in mammals (Delta1, Delta3, Delta4, Jagged1, and Jagged2), and Delta4 in particular has a greater capacity to support T cell development than Delta1. Notch ligation through Delta1 has also been shown to potentiate CD56+ NK cell differentiation from human HPCs in the presence of IL-15, although the phenotype and functionality of these cells has not been extensively described. We compared the ability of the 5 mammalian Notch ligands to induce the development of functional NK cells from human CD34+ HPCs derived from umbilical cord blood (CB). CD34+ cells isolated from CB were cultured in RPMI + 10% FBS on a murine stromal cell line, OP-9, expressing one of the five mammalian Notch receptors (Jagged1, Jagged2, Delta1, Delta3, or Delta4) or OP-9 cells transfected with vector alone, in the presence of IL-7, Flt3 ligand (FL), and IL-15. After three weeks of culture, development of CD56+CD3− cells was greatly accelerated by the ligands Jagged2 (53.4 +/− 5.5% CD56+CD3− cells), Delta-1 (38.6 +/− 5.7%), and Delta-4 (65.0 +/− 3.9%) versus culture in the absence of ligand (17.6 +/−10.3%, p =
On almost certain convergence of double series of random elements and the rate of convergence of tail series

For a double array {Vm,n, m≥1, n≥1} of random elements taking values in a real separable Banach space, we provide sufficient conditions for the double series ∑i=1m∑j=1nVi,j to converge almost certa...
#Vape: Measuring E-Cigarette Influence on Instagram With Deep Learning and Text Analysis

E-cigarette use is increasing dramatically among adolescents as social media marketing portrays “vaping” products as healthier alternatives to conventional cigarettes. In September 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched an anti-vaping campaign, in U.S. high schools, on social media and other platforms, emphasizing “The Real Cost” of e-cigarettes. Using a novel deep learning approach, we assessed changes in vaping-related content on Instagram from 2017 to 2019 and drew an inference about the initial impact of the FDA’s Real Cost campaign on Instagram. We collected 245,894 Instagram posts that used vaping-related hashtags (e.g., #vape, #ejuice) in four samples from 2017 to 2019. We compared the “like” count from these posts before and after the FDA campaign. We used deep learning image classification to analyze 49,655 Instagram image posts, separating images of men, women and vaping devices. We also conducted text analysis and topic modeling to detect the common words and themes in the posted captions. Since September 2018, the FDA-sponsored hashtag #TheRealCost has been used about 50 times per month on Instagram, whereas vaping-related hashtags we tracked were used up to 10,000 times more often. Comparing the pre-intervention (2017, 2018) and post-intervention (2019) samples of vaping-related Instagram posts, we found a three-fold increase in the median “like” count (10 vs. 28) and a six-fold increase in the proportion of posts with more than 100 likes (2% vs. 15%). Over 70% of Instagram vaping images featured e-juices and devices, with a growing number of images depicting a “pod,” the type of discrete vaping device that delivers high concentration of nicotine and is favored by novice e-cigarette users. In addition, the Instagram analytics data shared by the vaping influencers we interviewed showed underage Instagram users among their followers.
A contextual model of care for persons with dementia

Abstract Dementia is an age-associated condition with an increasing prevalence worldwide. The etiology and treatment of the affective and behavioral changes that often develop over the course of neurodegenerative diseases have historically been conceptualized within a medical model, with a corresponding reliance on medications to improve cognition or decrease affect or behaviors that are viewed as pathological or “noncognitive psychiatric symptoms”. In contrast, within a functional analytic model, these affective and behavioral changes associated with dementia are understood as both adaptive and preventable given an understanding of the individual’s physiological status, learning history, and the current contextual stimuli that are reliably associated with the behavior. Functional analysis informs the design and implementation of non-pharmacological interventions to prevent excess disability, promote adaptive functioning, and support the quality of life of persons living with dementia.
Mixed-heritage individuals’ encounters with raciolinguistic ideologies

Mixed-heritage individuals (MHIs) are known to face high levels of social exclusion. Here, we investigate how raciolinguistic ideologies related to one’s heritage language abilities add to these ex...
A Very Tangled Web: Public and Private Redux

This article reports on a recent Indiana Court of Appeals ruling involving the elected mayor’s ineligibility for office because of his previous employment with a local nonprofit. The case raises significant issues of federalism and provides evidence that the line separating public, private, and nonprofit is increasingly indecipherable. As the facts point out, sector blurring vis a vis contracting can have unintended consequences. The article explores the merits and drawbacks of public-private contracting, as well as the challenges in distinguishing among organization types and in managing contracting relationships. The conclusion suggests that management decisions on when and how to contract must more fully take into account a full range of financial, ethical, and constitutional implications.
Convergent patterns of gene expression and protein evolution associated with adaptation to desert environments in rodents

Desert specialization has arisen multiple times across rodents and is often associated with a suite of convergent phenotypes, including modification of the kidneys to mitigate water loss. However, the extent to which phenotypic convergence in desert rodents is mirrored at the molecular level is unknown. Here, we sequenced kidney mRNA and assembled transcriptomes for three pairs of rodent species to search for convergence in gene expression and amino acid sequence associated with adaptation to deserts. We conducted phylogenetically-independent comparisons between a desert specialist and a non-desert relative in three families representing [~]70 million years of evolution. Overall, patterns of gene expression faithfully recapitulated the phylogeny of these six taxa. However, we found that 8.6% of all genes showed convergent patterns of expression evolution between desert and non-desert taxa, a proportion that is much higher than expected by chance. In addition to these convergent changes, we observed many species-pair specific changes in gene expression indicating that different instances of adaptation to deserts include a combination of unique and shared changes. Patterns of protein evolution revealed a small number of genes showing evidence of positive selection, the majority of which did not show convergent changes in gene expression. Overall, our results suggest convergent changes in gene regulation play a primary role in the complex trait of desert adaptation in rodents.
The Tone Range/Telemetry Interferometer Tracking System for Support of Sounding Rocket Payloads

Combined range rate and telemetric interferometer system for radar tracking of scientific sounding rockets
The EDGE of learning: Clemson university Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management immersion semester.

AbstractThis article describes the process of design and implementation of a non-traditional delivery of the core introduction to the Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management (PRTM) coursework wit...
A Review of “Bodies of Evidence: The Practice of Queer Oral History”: Boyd, Nan Alamilla, and Horacio N. Roque Ramirez, eds. New York: Oxford University Press 294 pp., $35.00, ISBN 978-0-19-974273-8 Publication Date: February 2012

Each of the fourteen chapters of Bodies of Evidence includes an excerpt from an oral history interview and an interpretive essay on that interview by the oral historian who conducted it. An introdu...
Minimizing the differential delay for virtually concatenated Ethernet over SONET systems

We consider the problem of minimizing the differential delay in a virtually concatenated Ethernet over SONET (EoS) system by suitable path selection. The link capacity adjustment scheme (LCAS) enables network service providers to dynamically add STS-n channels to or drop them from a virtually concatenated group (VCG). A new STS-n channel can be added to the VCG provided that the differential delay between the new STS-n channel and the existing STS-n channels in the VCG is within a certain bound that reflects the available memory buffer supported by the EoS system. We model the problem of finding such a STS-n channel as a constrained path selection problem where the cost of the required (feasible) path is constrained not only by an upper bound but also by a lower bound. We propose two algorithms to find such a path. Algorithm I uses the well-known k-shortest-path algorithm. Algorithm II is based on a modified link metric that linearly combines the original link weight (the link delay) and the inverse of that weight. The theoretical properties of such a metric are studied and used to develop a highly efficient heuristic for path selection. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of both algorithms in terms of the miss rate and the execution time (average computational complexity)
Effects of long-term oral administration of isosorbide dinitrate on the antianginal response to nitroglycerin. Absence of nitrate cross-tolerance and self-tolerance shown by exercise testing.

Abstract Controversy exists regarding the ability of sustained-release orally administered nitrates to induce cross-tolerance to sublingual doses of nitroglycerin. Therefore this study compared the effects of isosorbide dinitrate and placebo on nitroglycerin-induced improvement in exercise testing in 28 patients with coronary artery disease. Maximal exercise tests were performed in all patients before and 10 minutes after sublingual administration of 0.6 mg of nitroglycerin both before and after 1 month of administration of either placebo or isosorbide. During the control period, nitroglycerin produced improvement in mean duration of exercise (placebo from 302 to 390 seconds and isosorbide from 302 to 391 seconds; both P P 3 and isosorbide from 19.2 to 20.2 × 10 3 ; both P P P P 3 ; P
Nucleotides: Uncommon, Modified and Synthetic

Many types of modified nucleotides exist naturally or are the products of laboratory syntheses. Keywords: nucleic acids; DNA; RNA; oligonucleotides
Evaluation of serum and liver toxicokinetics for furan and liver DNA adduct formation in male Fischer 344 rats

Furan is a food processing contaminant found in many common cooked foods that induces liver toxicity and liver cancer in animal models treated with sufficient doses. The metabolism of furan occurs primarily in the liver where CYP 2E1 produces a highly reactive bis-electrophile, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA). BDA reacts with nucleophilic groups in amino acids and DNA in vitro to form covalent adducts. Evidence for BDA-nucleoside adduct formation in vivo is limited but important for assessing the carcinogenic hazard of dietary furan. This study used controlled dosing with furan in Fischer 344 rats to measure serum and liver toxicokinetics and the possible formation of BDA-nucleoside adducts in vivo. After gavage exposure, furan concentrations in the liver were consistently higher than those in whole blood (∼6-fold), which is consistent with portal vein delivery of a lipophilic compound into the liver. Formation of BDA-2'-deoxycytidine in furan-treated rat liver DNA was not observed using LC/MS/MS after single doses as high as 9.2 mg/kg bw or repeated dosing for up to 360 days above a consistent background level (1-2 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides). This absence of BDA-nucleoside adduct formation is consistent with the general lack of evidence for genotoxicity of furan in vivo.
Linking remote sensing and various site factors for predicting the spatial distribution of eastern hemlock occurrence and relative basal area in Maine, USA

Abstract Introduced invasive pests are perhaps the most important and persistent catalyst for changes in forest composition. Infestation and outbreak of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae; HWA) along the eastern coast of the USA, has led to widespread loss of hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.), and a shift in tree species composition toward hardwood stands. Developing an understanding of the geographic distribution of individual species can inform conservation practices that seek to maintain functional capabilities of ecosystems. Modeling is necessary for understanding changes in forest composition, and subsequent changes in biodiversity, and one that can be implemented at the species level. By integrating the use of remote sensing, modeling, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) coupled with expert knowledge in forest ecology and disturbance, we can advance the methodologies currently available in the literature on predictive modeling. This paper describes an approach to modeling the spatial distribution of the less common but foundational tree species eastern hemlock throughout the state of Maine (∼84,000 km2) at a high resolution. There are currently no published accuracy assessments on predictive models for high resolution continuous distribution of eastern hemlock relative basal area that span the geographic extent covered by our model, which is at the northern limit of the species’ range. A two stage mapping approach was used where presence/absence was predicted with an overall accuracy of 85% and the continuous distribution (percent basal area) was predicted with an accuracy of 84%. Overall, these findings are quite good despite high variability in the training dataset and the general minor component that eastern hemlock represents in the primary forest types in Maine. Eastern hemlock occurs along the southern half of the state stretching the east-west span with little to no occurrence in the northern regions. Several environmental and site characteristics, particularly average yearly maximum and minimum temperatures, were found to be positively correlated with hemlock occurrence. Eastern hemlock dominated stands appeared predominantly in the southwest corner of the state where HWA monitoring efforts can be focused. Given the importance of climate variables in predicting eastern hemlock, forecasts of future range shifts should be possible using data generated from climate scenarios.
Measurements of magnetic moments in 150Sm.

The magnetic moments of the 4[sub 1][sup +] and 6[sub 1][sup +] states in [sup 150]Sm relative to that of the 2[sub 1][sup +] state have been measured by the transient field technique. The resulting [ital g]-factor ratios are [ital g](4[sub 1][sup +])/[ital g](2[sub 1][sup +])=1.60(12) and [ital g](6[sub 1][sup +])/[ital g](2[sub 1][sup +])=1.14(34). The [ital g](4[sub 1][sup +])/[ital g](2[sub 1][sup +]) ratio is larger than expected for a collective band. To confirm this result a variety of measurements were conducted with both [sup 32]S and [sup 58]Ni beams at energies ranging from 80 to 230 MeV incident on targets with both iron and gadolinium ferromagnetic layers.
THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF GENES CONTRIBUTING TO QUANTITATIVE VARIATION BETWEEN AND WITHIN POPULATIONS

A procedure is outlined for estimating the minimum number of freely segregating genetic factors, nE, contributing to the difference in a quantitative character between two populations that have diverged by artificial or natural selection. If certain simple criteria are satisfied approximately on an appropriate scale of measurement, nE can be estimated by comparing the phenotypic means and variances in the two parental populations and in their F1 and F2 hybrids (and backcrosses). This generalizes the method of Wright to genetically heterogeneous (or wild) parental populations, as well as inbred lines. Standard errors of the estimates are derived for large samples. The minimum number of genes involved in producing a large difference between populations in a quantitative trait is typically estimated to be about 5 or 10, with occasional values up to 20. This strongly supports the neo-Darwinian theory that large evolutionary changes usually occur by the accumulation of multiple genetic factors with relatively small effects.
Fractional Charge and Magnetic Monopoles

Last spring, when word began to circulate that Bias Cabrera had detected something interesting, many of us recognized the opportunity to make an ironic remark (see, for example, Refs. 1–3): Two experiments, both performed at Stanford, had obtained results which were flatly contradictory. Cabrera4 had observed a candidate magnetic monopole carrying the Dirac magnetic charge gD = 1/2e. Fairbank and collaborators5 had observed fractional electric charge q = e/3 on matter. Together, these two observations violate a very general consistency condition derived many years ago by Dirac.6
Integral tau methods for stiff stochastic chemical systems

Tau leaping methods enable efficient simulation of discrete stochastic chemical systems. Stiff stochastic systems are particularly challenging since implicit methods, which are good for stiffness, result in noninteger states. The occurrence of negative states is also a common problem in tau leaping. In this paper, we introduce the implicit Minkowski–Weyl tau (IMW-τ) methods. Two updating schemes of the IMW-τ methods are presented: implicit Minkowski–Weyl sequential (IMW-S) and implicit Minkowski–Weyl parallel (IMW-P). The main desirable feature of these methods is that they are designed for stiff stochastic systems with molecular copy numbers ranging from small to large and that they produce integer states without rounding. This is accomplished by the use of a split step where the first part is implicit and computes the mean update while the second part is explicit and generates a random update with the mean computed in the first part. We illustrate the IMW-S and IMW-P methods by some numerical examples, and compare them with existing tau methods. For most cases, the IMW-S and IMW-P methods perform favorably.
Tracheobronchial cast production and use in an undergraduate human anatomy course

Silastic E RTV silicone was used to produce tracheobronchial cast for use in an undergraduate human anatomy course. Following air-drying, the trachea and lungs were injected with E RTV silicone and allowed to cure for 24 hr. The parenchyma was then removed from the tracheobronchial cast by maceration and boiling and then whitened in a 10% solution of hydrogen peroxide. The result was an anatomical replica that illustrates the branching pattern of the tracheobronchial tree and looks very similar to human even though canine lungs were used. In addition, this cast is very flexible and durable enough to stand up to repeated student handling. Anat Sci Ed 1:23–26, 2008. © 2007 American Association of Anatomists.
Detection of mines by electric measurements

In a homogeneous region $\Omega $ of earth with conductivity 1 a mine is possibly buried, occupying a region D and having conductivity $ \ne 1$; D is unknown, but meas $( D )\geqq c > 0$. We let electric current enter $\Omega $ at some point of $\partial \Omega $ and exit it at another point of $\partial \Omega $, and we measure the resulting potential at some open portion of $\partial \Omega $. It is proved that if the error in the measurements is small enough, then one can assert whether or not a mine D is in fact buried in $\Omega $. Some results on the location of D are also given.