cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tamm review: Leaf Area Index (LAI) is both a determinant and a consequence of important processes in vegetation canopies

Abstract Leaf Area Index, LAI, the total surface area of leaves per unit of ground area (m2 m−2), is a collective measure of the foliar portion of vegetation canopy structure. The measure underscores the primacy of surface area in many fundamental processes of vegetation-environment interactions. Since its definition by Watson in 1947, LAI has been used to aggregate leaf level characteristics throughout the canopy to the crop or stand level, predict light regimes, assess the total quantity of above ground biomass and estimate the primary production in vegetation among other uses. This property is widely cited as a central parameter in ecosystem or earth system models of production, for schemes to parameterize vegetative surface interactions in climate models and for large-scale estimates of other surface properties. The value of LAI is sensitive to a variety of factors. At a global scale it is related to climate and plant functional type. At a local scale it is affected by weather and site factors such as fertility, stand age, management treatment, disturbance history. It is a difficult quantity to measure, principally because only part of the total is readily apparent. The indirect measurement approaches are affected by several distinct factors: viewpoint effects, occlusion of surfaces and the presence of material that is not green foliage. Much effort has been spent to estimate those hidden parts. Here I review the history of this measure and related ecosystem structure and process concepts, discuss how this structural characteristic has been connected to light distribution, material and energy exchange and used to model a variety of vegetation functions. Although the concept has been applied at the leaf, branch and whole-tree basis, I focus here on canopy and ecosystem scales, mostly in forests. The principal theses are that while LAI is a fundamental characteristic of vegetation and the result of considerable energetic investment by the plants: (1) the absolute value of the index is not always a clear driver of biomass or production, (2) the details of leaf area organization in space and within microclimate gradients is far more important than is the total amount of leaf area and (3) the total LAI can include leaf areas spanning a range of species, strategies and behaviors whose aggregate behavior is a challenge to model. I argue that (1) the value of LAI may be considered more of a consequence than a cause of canopy structural attributes and (2) the total LAI may be considered to have a range of functions, from ecosystem production to sustaining a diversity of biological strategies. Scaling of processes dependent on leaf area is a significant challenge and simple aggregation schemes can be misleading. I suggest that much of the total LAI (beyond about LAI ~ 3) may not be directly relevant for many ecosystem processes but have other important consequences. I illustrate this idea with several examples and suggest some questions related to LAI that might be profitably studied.
Facile synthesis of the fungus-derived natural products: N,N'-dipalmitoleyl urea (C16:1) and N,N'-dioleyl urea (C18:1).

Oxalyl chloride is one of the most versatile reagents used in organic synthesis. Oxalyl chloride was employed in the convenient one-pot, two-step synthesis of the fungus-derived naturally occurring...
Employing Telecom Fiber Cables as Sensing Media for Road Traffic Applications

Distributed fiber optic sensing systems (DFOS) allow deployed fiber cables to be sensing media, not only dedicated function of data transmission. The fiber cable can monitor the ambient environment over wide area for many applications. We review recent field trial results, and show how artificial intelligence (AI) can help on the application of road traffic monitoring. The results show that fiber sensing can monitor the periodic traffic changes in hourly, daily, weekly and seasonal.
Discovering Microsoft Works for the IBM Personal Computer

The wordprocessor the spreadsheet the database manager integrating works advanced topics in microsoft works.
Some New Regression Methods for Predictive and Construct Validation

Summary Results for MTMM Data--Selected Criterion Variable _________________________________________________________________________ MSEs n=35 n=70 n=140 Method ---------------------- --------------------- ---------------------- OLS .421 .387 .426 .125 .142 .164 .064 .075 .079 RIDGE .309 .309 .310 .184 .200 .170 .085 .104 .101 m=1 m=2 m=3 m=1 m=2 m=3 m=1 m=2 m=3 MR .148 .163 .174 .075 .094 .086 .052 .056 .054 MR2 . 125 .134 .141 . 066 .086 .071 .047 .049 .046 GFI .140 .131 .134 .115 .100 .071 .105 .091 .056 RR .621 .244 .149 .590 .217 .095 .590 .203 .077 PMSEs OLS .089 .091 .082 .034 .034 .036 .016 .017 .016 RIDGE .072 .077 .069 .033 .035 .034 .016 .017 .016
The Analyst as Fiduciary: A Misguided Quest for Analyst Independence?

The role of the research analyst has come under extensive scrutiny. Analyst conflicts of interest have been blamed for distorting analyst reports and recommendations, and undermining the analyst's role as an information conduit for investors and a gatekeeper of the integrity of the securities markets. The regulatory response has been a call for mandated analyst independence from conflicts of interest, particularly those relating to investment banking. This Article challenges the regulatory goal of analyst independence. The Article questions the extent to which so-called analyst business relationships are inconsistent with their client obligations and the degree to which the supposed conflicts reduce the quality of analyst information. The Article also demonstrates that the independence requirement can only be predicated on a conception of the analyst a fiduciary - a conception that is inconsistent with the nature of the research industry. More importantly, the Article argues that the costs of imposing fiduciary status on research analysts are too high. By removing viable sources of funding analyst research, mandated independence is likely to be counter-productive and to reduce market efficiency. As an alternative, the Article identifies several more limited regulatory changes that are likely to increase the value of analyst research to the market while maintaining its financial viability.
Idiopathic celiac disease. I. Mode of onset and diagnosis.

The acute phase of idiopathic celiac disease was studied in 58 patients. The criteria for selection of these cases are stated. The frequency and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in siblings and other relatives appeared to exceed expectation unless the disease is familial. In the majority of patients studied, symptoms began before the age of 6 months, in 14 at birth. Vomiting was a frequent prodromal symptom. Breast feeding for more than two months was shown to delay the onset of diarrhea. The early onset of symptoms in the present series is believed to be related to the prevalence of formula feeding from early infancy in New York City at present. Severe retardation in growth of the skull was common and occurred at an earlier age than retardation in height. This, at times, led to disproportion between measurements for total body length and head circumference. Ultimate head measurements were normal. The following laboratory procedures were performed in the patients under consideration and their results recorded: pancreatic trypsin and amylase estimation on duodenal drainage, glucose tolerance tests, fecal fat determination, total serum protein, serum carotene and vitamin A levels and vitamin A absorption test. The diagnostic usefulness of these procedures is discussed. Various diseases of infancy which may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of idiopathic celiac disease are discussed.
Co-simulation of signal and power delivery networks with causality

This paper discusses a transient simulation method that enforces causality on the simulated waveform. The method integrates the frequency responses of the signal and power distribution networks, performs delay extraction, and simulates the transient response of the integrated network. The paper demonstrates the application of the method to account for EM parasitics and cross-talk, and shows the scalability of the method for performing large sized transient simulations.
Peroxisomes from Spinach Leaves Containing Enzymes Related to Glycolate Metabolism

Abstract Microbodies, designated as peroxisomes because of their enzyme complement, have been isolated from spinach leaves. After grinding leaves in 0.5 m sucrose, the peroxisomes were removed with the broken chloroplast fraction by differential centrifugation. During sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the peroxisomes banded in about 1.9 m sucrose and were separated from mitochondria and chloroplasts. The particles, 0.5 to 1.0 µ in diameter, contained a dense granular stroma surrounded by a single membrane. The leaf peroxisomes contained glycolate oxidase, DPNH-glyoxylate reductase, and catalase. Up to 55% of the activity for these enzymes in spinach leaves have been found in the particulate fractions after the initial centrifugation. The leaf peroxisomes are probably the site of oxygen uptake during photorespiration. No catalase activity was present in chloroplasts after removal of the peroxisomes by density gradient centrifugation. P-Glycolate phosphatase, TPNH-glyoxylate reductase, d-amino acid oxidase, urate oxidase, and peroxidase were not present in leaf peroxisomes.
Synchronization and Matching in Redundant Systems

Most of the published work on massive redundancy makes one crucial assumption: the redundant modules are synchronized. There are three ways of achieving synchronization in redundant systems-independent accurate clocks, a common external reference, and mutual feedback. The use of a common external reference is currently the most widely used technique, but suffers from vulnerability to common-point failures. We introduce a novel mutual feedback technique, called "synchronization voting," that does not have this drawback. A practical application of synchronization voting is described in the appendix—a fault-tolerant crystal-controlled clock.
SeaSoar towed vehicles in rapid coastal surveys

SeaSoar towed vehicles are ideally suited for upper ocean surveys requiring large-area coverage in a short time, or multiple surveys of a small area. This paper describes modifications to standard SeaSoar vehicles required for rapid surveys of two coastal areas. These modifications include an interchangeable wire attachment system, mounting of a bottom-finding altimeter, and remounting of temperature and conductivity sensors for improved data quality.
Schamanismus und rituelles Heilen im Alten Peru

Walter Andritzky. Schamanismus und rituelles Heilen im Alten Peru (Shamanism And Ritualistic Healing In Ancient Peru) (Verlag Clemens Zerlig, Mehringdamm 51, Berlin 61), 1989,. vols., 526 pp. ISBN 88468-041-2
Bacterial Transport and Phenanthrene Biodegradation in Soil and Aquifer Sand

Remediation of contaminated soil by inoculated bacteria requires movement of the bacteria to the site of contamination. However, the surface-inoculated pseudomonad mineralized little of the substrate present in the bottom 0.4-cm portion of nonsterile soil or aquifer sand that had been sterilized prior to inoculation, although mineralization occurred at the bottom of nonsterile aquifer sand. Little biodegradation was evident if the bacterium and the substrate were both at the bottom part of columns of soil and aquifer sand receiving intermittent flows of water, although rapid biodegradation occurred at this site in soil if the water flow was constant. We suggest that bacteria added to the soil surface or to aquifer solids for biodegradation may not be transported sufficiently to reach organic pollutants at sites distant from channels or macropores.
Morphologic and allozymic variation between long-term grazed and non-grazed populations of the bunchgrass Schizachyrium scoparium var. frequens

Plant populations of Schizachyrium scoparium var. frequens with a history of long-term grazing by domestic herbivores were characterized by shorter and narrower leaf blades and tillers of lower weight than plants from populations with a history of no grazing. Following four biweekly defoliation events plants from the grazed populations additionally displayed lower specific leaf weights, lower amounts of biomass removed per tiller upon defoliation and a greater number of new and regrowing tillers. Production values per plant remained similar between the two populations because of a greater number of tillers per plant in the grazed population.A large amount of allozymic polymorphism was observed in both the grazed and non-grazed populations. Results of the electrophoretic analyses indicated that a minimum of 66% of the plants sampled represented separate genotypes. No distinction could be made between grazed and non-grazed populations in terms of allozymic partitioning. The morphological variation observed between these two populations may represent a shift in the relative dominance of a series of genotypes variously adapted to herbivory.
Coupled resonator optical waveguides

Properties of the recently introduced family of coupled resonator optical waveguides (CROWs) are reviewed, particularly with reference to CROWs designed as planar waveguides in two-dimensional photonic crystal slabs to enhance nonlinear interactions and develop novel all-optical information processing devices. Topics covered include: pulse propagation both in the nondispersive approximation and to all orders of dispersion, and the coupled mode theory of nonlinear optics with pulses in CROWs and its applications to second-harmonic generation and wave coupling via field-induced refractive-index gratings. We also review recent experimental progress in the fabrication and characterization of CROWs, and applications of the CROW concept to fiber gratings and microwave waveguides.
A Single-Copy IS5-Like Transposon in the Genome of a Bdelloid Rotifer

In the course of sequencing telomeric chromosomal regions of the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga, we encountered an unusual DNA transposon. Unlike other bdelloid and, more generally, eukaryotic transposable elements (TEs), it exhibits similarity to prokaryotic insertion sequences (ISs). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that this transposon, named IS5_Av, is related to the ISL2 group of the IS5 family of bacterial IS elements. Despite the apparent intactness of the single open reading frame coding for a DDE transposase and the perfect identity of its 213-bp terminal inverted repeats (TIRs), the element is present in only one copy per diploid genome. It does not exhibit any detectable levels of transcription, so that its transposase gene appears to be silent in the bdelloid host. Although horizontal transfers of TEs between kingdoms are not known to happen in nature, it appears likely that IS5_Av underwent integration into the A. vaga genome relatively recently, but was not successful in adapting to the new host and failed to increase in copy number. Alternatively, it might be the only known member of a novel eukaryotic DNA TE superfamily which is so rare that its other members, if any, have not yet been identified in eukaryotic genomes sequenced to date.
Relational Dynamics as Sources of Risk and Resilience in Adolescent Dating Violence: Introduction and Overview

This article introduces the second part of a two-part special issue featuring new directions in research on adolescent dating violence. The articles in this issue focus on the theme of relational dynamics that contribute to the quality of adolescents' dating relationships—for better or for worse. On the side of risk, empirical research demonstrates that internal working models of relationships that are colored by rejection sensitivity and insecure attachments are associated with maladaptive problem solving and intimate partner violence. On the side of protection, peer and therapeutic relationships are described that can deter at-risk adolescents from engaging in unhealthy romantic relationships. The issue concludes with commentary from one of the leading adolescent dating violence researchers in the field.
Altered Drug Sensitivity, Fitness, and Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 with pol Gene Mutations Conferring Multi-Dideoxynucleoside Resistance

Investigations were done to determine whether the replication kinetics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 were altered when the virus acquired a set or subsets of five mutations (A62V, V75I, F77L, F116Y, and Q151M) in the pol gene conferring resistance to multiple dideoxynucleosides. In the absence of drugs, the replication rate of all infectious clones generated was comparable to that of wild type HIV-1. However, in the presence of zidovudine or didanosine, the comparative order for replication was HIV-1(62/75/77/116/151) > HIV-1(77/116/151) > HIV-1(75/77/116/151) approximately HIV-1(151), whereas that for drug resistance was HIV-1(75/77/116/151) > HIV-1(62/75/77/116/151) > or = HIV-1(77/116/151) > HIV-1(151). The virologic features of these infectious mutants suggest that HIV-1 develops drug resistance through one or more mutations, which, however, sacrifice replicative capability; then it finally acquires optimal replication competence by additional mutations when the multi-dideoxynucleoside-resistant mutant emerges.
Use of dust storm observations on satellite images to identify areas vulnerable to severe wind erosion

Blowing dust is symptomatic of severe wind erosion and deterioration of soils in areas undergoing dessication and/or devegetation. Dust plumes on satellite images can commonly be traced to sources in marginally arable semiarid areas where protective lag gravels or vegetation have been removed and soils are dry, as demonstrated for the Portales Valley, New Mexico. Images from Landsat and manned orbiters such as Skylab and the Space Shuttle are useful for illustrating the regional relations of airborne dust plumes to source areas. Geostationary satellites such as GOES are useful in tracking the time-histories of episodic dust storms. These events sometimes go unrecognized by weather observers and are the precursors of long-term land degradation trends. In areas where soil maps and meteorological data are inadequate, satellite images provide a means for identifying problem areas where measures are needed to control or mitigate wind erosion.
Ageing-friendly communities and social inclusion in the United States of America

Synthesising the social capital and ageing-friendly communities literature, this paper describes how efforts to make communities more ageing-friendly can promote social inclusion among older adults. Making existing communities more ageing-friendly involves physical and social infrastructure changes that enable older adults to pursue lifelong activities, meet their basic needs, maintain significant relationships, participate in the community in personally and socially meaningful ways, and develop new interests and sources of fulfilment. Such efforts can enhance bonding, bridging and linking capital, and thereby promote social inclusion. The authors discuss the link between ageing-friendly communities and social inclusion, and provide examples of programmes with potential to change existing communities into ones that promote the social inclusion of older adults.
Connections between various subclasses of planar harmonic mappings involving hypergeometric functions

The main purpose of this paper is to establish connections between various subclasses of harmonic mappings in the plane by applying certain convolution operators involving hypergeometric functions. To be more precise, we investigate such connections with harmonic k-uniformly starlike and harmonic k-uniformly convex mappings in the plane.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the bladder masquerading as eosinophilic cystitis: case report and review of the literature.

A 9-year-old boy presented with gross hematuria of 2 days duration. Cystoscopic evaluation revealed an anterior bladder mass. Pathology was consistent with eosinophilic cystitis, and a steroid regimen was initiated accordingly, but no improvement ensued. Concern for alternate malignant pathology led to open resection and the ultimate diagnosis of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the bladder. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is a rare tumor of the bladder in children and to our knowledge has not previously been associated with a misleading eosinophil-rich mucosal inflammatory response.
Mission operations computing systems evolution

As part of its preparation for the operational Shuttle era, the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is currently replacing most of the mission operations computing complexes that have supported near-earth space missions since the late 1960's. Major associated systems include the Metric Data Facility (MDF) which preprocesses, stores, and forwards all near-earth satellite tracking data; the Orbit Computation System (OCS) which determines related production orbit and attitude information; the Flight Dynamics System (FDS) which formulates spacecraft attitude and orbit maneuvers; and the Command Management System (CMS) which handles mission planning, scheduling, and command generation and integration. Management issues and experiences for the resultant replacement process are driven by a wide range of possible future mission requirements, flight-critical system aspects, complex internal system interfaces, extensive existing applications software, and phasing to optimize systems evolution.
Multimodel Assessment of Regional Surface Temperature Trends: CMIP3 and CMIP5 Twentieth-Century Simulations

AbstractRegional surface temperature trends from phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) and CMIP5 twentieth-century runs are compared with observations—at spatial scales ranging from global averages to individual grid points—using simulated intrinsic climate variability from preindustrial control runs to assess whether observed trends are detectable and/or consistent with the models' historical run trends. The CMIP5 models are also used to detect anthropogenic components of the observed trends, by assessing alternative hypotheses based on scenarios driven with either anthropogenic plus natural forcings combined, or with natural forcings only. Modeled variability is assessed via inspection of control run time series, standard deviation maps, spectral analyses, and low-frequency variance consistency tests. The models are found to provide plausible representations of internal climate variability, although there is room for improvement. The influence of observational uncertainty on the t...
WHAT HAS RACE GOT TO DO WITH IT? UNRAVELING THE ROLE OF RACIOETHNICITY IN JOB SEEKERS' REACTIONS TO SITE VISITS

Racioethnic minorities have constituted a substantial portion of new labor market entrants in the past decade (Fullerton & Toossi, 2001). Yet, the recruitment literature has not attended to issues of racioethnicity, and more specifically, how racioethnic groups may differ in the factors used to determine job acceptance intentions after site visits. This article aims to rectify that omission by providing a theoretical model explaining how organizational and surrounding community attributes differentially affect the decision-making process of minority and majority group job applicants. Several individual difference moderators (i.e., racioethnic identity, social dominance orientation, other-group orientation, and perceived job opportunities) also are discussed in terms of their potential influence on job acceptance intentions. The article concludes with coverage of relevant research and practical implications of the racioethnic model of site visit reactions.
Deborah Partridge Wolfe and Education for Democracy.

This paper examines the contributions of Deborah Partridge Wolfe, a previously overlooked female African-American educator, to social education. Throughout her career, Wolfe consistently drew atten...
Regulation of lamellar body acidic glycerophospholipid biosynthesis in fetal rabbit lung in organ culture.

Abstract To study the regulation of lamellar body acidic glycerophospholipid biosynthesis, fetal rabbit lung tissue obtained on day 23 of gestation was maintained in vitro. Tissues were cultured in serum-free medium with and without the addition of cortisol, thyroxine or a combination of both hormones. The addition of cortisol plus thyroxine to the medium resulted in the formation of lamellar bodies containing increased amounts of phosphatidylglycerol and decreased amounts of phosphatidylinositol. The addition of myo -inositol to culture medium containing cortisol plus thyroxine suppressed the incorporation of [ 14 C]glycerol into both phosphatidylglycerol and bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate and enhanced the incorporation of [ 14 C]glycerol into phosphatidylinositol. The effect of myo -inositol on the radioactive labeling of these lamellar body acidic glycerophospholipids was rapid, and was half-maximal at wyo -inositol concentrations of approximately 0.10 mM.
A BiCMOS 50 MHz input bandwidth, 1-to-16 channelizer optimized for low power analog signal classification

A base-band channelizer, fabricated in a 0.18um BiCMOS process, capable of separating an input 50 MHz bandwidth signal into 16 output 3.125 MHz bandwidth signals intended for multi-channel independent component analysis (ICA) for signal classification is presented. The channelizer operates in a purely analog fashion to interface with an analog ICA system to optimize energy efficiency. Each channel within the 50 MHz bandwidth is up/down converted using active mixers and is low-pass filtered. Harmonic rejection mixers and clock predistortion techniques are employed in order to eliminate clock harmonic folding. A two-stage, quarter-band separation architecture is employed to split the 50 MHz baseband signal into 16 consecutive channels simultaneously. The measured input signal HD3 and LO 3rd-order harmonic mixing is below −40 dBc. The measured power consumption is 71.5mW from a 2.5V power supply.
Effects of Secretin on the Normal and Pathological β-Cell*

Secretin is a gastrointestinal hormone that stimulates insulin secretion and enhances the insulin response to glucose. The mechanism by which secretin acts on the β-cell has not been extensively studied. The plasma insulin responses to secretin (2 U/kg), expressed as the percent increase relative to basal plasma insulin concentrations, were similar in normal (n = 23) and obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance (n = 12), but were decreased in obese subjects with abnormal glucose tolerance (n = 11). The insulin response to secretin was directly proportional to the basal insulin concentration in these three groups. The effects of secretin on β-cell function was not altered by propranolol (n = 6), atropine (n = 8), or surgical vagotomy (n = 10). Patients with single islet cell tumors secreting insulin (n = 18) had no plasma insulin response to secretin, whereas patients with noninsulin-secreting pancreatic tumors (gastrinomas; n = 6) and patients in whom single insulinomas had been removed (n = 7) respon...
Semiconductor-Metal Nanoparticle Molecules: Hybrid Excitons and the Nonlinear Fano Effect

Modern nanotechnology opens the possibility of combining nanocrystals of various materials with very different characteristics in one superstructure. Here we study theoretically the optical properties of hybrid molecules composed of semiconductor and metal nanoparticles. Excitons and plasmons in such a hybrid molecule become strongly coupled and demonstrate novel properties. At low incident light intensity, the exciton peak in the absorption spectrum is broadened and shifted due to incoherent and coherent interactions between metal and semiconductor nanoparticles. At high light intensity, the absorption spectrum demonstrates a surprising, strongly asymmetric shape. This shape originates from the coherent internanoparticle Coulomb interaction and can be viewed as a nonlinear Fano effect which is quite different from the usual linear Fano resonance.
Vaccine Safety Datalink Project: A New Tool for Improving Vaccine Safety Monitoring in the United States

Objective. To fill the large “gaps and limitations” in current scientific knowledge of rare vaccine adverse events identified in recent reviews of the Institute of Medicine. Methods. Computerized information on immunization, medical outcomes, and potential confounders on more than 500 000 children 0 to 6 years of age is linked annually at several health maintenance organizations to create a large cohort for multiple epidemiologic studies of vaccine safety. Results. Analysis of 3 years of follow-up data shows that 549 488 doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) and 310 618 doses of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines have been administered to children in the study cohort. Analyses for associations between vaccines and 34 medical outcomes are underway. Screening of automated data shows that seizures are associated with receipt of DTP on the same day (relative risk [RR], 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 4.0) and 8 to 14 days after receipt of MMR (RR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.1 to 4.2). The diversity of vaccination exposures in this large cohort permits us to show that an apparent association of seizures 8 to 14 days after Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (RR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.1) was attributable to confounding by simultaneous MMR vaccination; the association disappears with appropriate adjustment (RR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.7 to 1.4). Conclusion. Preliminary design, data collection, and analytic capability of the Vaccine Safety Datalink project has been validated by replication of previous known associations between seizures and DTP and MMR vaccines. The diversity in vaccine administration schedules permits potential disentangling of effects of simultaneous and combined vaccinations. The project provides a model of public health-managed care collaborations in addition to an excellent infrastructure for safety and other studies of vaccines.
Spatially periodic suspensions of convex particles in linear shear flows. I. Description and kinematics

Abstract Preparatory to a subsequent dynamical study in Part II, aimed at calculating the rheological properties of geometrically-ordered models of concentrated suspensions, a purely kinematical study is here presented of the motion of a mobile spatially periodic array of identical convex particles, typically spheres, participating in a macroscopically homogeneous linear shear flow to which the suspension as a whole is subjected. The geometrical configuration of such particle-lattice suspensions is shown to evolve temporally in a manner dependent upon the initial lattice configuration and the specific bulk shearing motion to which the suspension is subjected. Under certain circumstances the particle-lattice system is found to reproduce itself periodically in time—or, less stringently—“almost” periodically. Precise circumstances under which this occurs are exhaustively delineated for the entire class of two-dimensional isochoric spatially homogeneous shearing motions, parametrized by a scalar λ expressing the relative amounts of shear and vorticity present in the flow. This investigation is performed for both two- and three-dimensional lattices. (Eventual time averaging of the local, instantaneous, dynamical, interstitial fluid properties of these almost self-reproducing systems in Part II furnishes the rheological properties of the suspension.) Using concepts borrowed from Minkowski's geometry of numbers, calculations are outlined for establishing the maximum volume fraction of suspended particles that is kinematically possible for each shearing motion. This is observed to be always less than would obtain in a comparable static system.
Evidence-based treatment: why, what, where, and how.

The authors suggest that research findings alone may not be sufficient to determine whether treatment interventions are appropriate for transfer from research to practice and that, instead, their feasibility of delivery at a program site should also be taken into consideration. There is, as yet, minimal indication that any provision has been made for ensuring feasibility. It is unclear that any allowance is to be made for costs, the availability of staff necessary to implement the intervention in question, or the policy and procedures governing program functioning in encouraging or directing the adoption of new initiatives. And yet, research evidence—as important as it is—cannot be the sole criterion of an intervention’s value. Feasibility of service delivery is critical to the acceptance and ultimate implementation of any new initiative. Interventions nurtured in the comparative luxury of research environments may not transfer easily to the more modest circumstances of typical treatment programming. Also, feasibility of service delivery is not an area of research expertise. Miller et al. are correct in suggesting that, as the application of evidence-based practice progresses from request to demand, clinical input will be required to augment the contribution of research in ensuring the selection of programs that are not only evidence-based but also capable of reasonably widespread adoption.
HCIT contrast performance sensitivity studies: simulation versus experiment

Using NASA’s High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, we have experimentally investigated the sensitivity of dark hole contrast in a Lyot coronagraph for the following factors: 1) Lateral and longitudinal translation of an occulting mask; 2) An opaque spot on the occulting mask; 3) Sizes of the controlled dark hole area. Also, we compared the measured results with simulations obtained using both MACOS (Modeling and Analysis for Controlled Optical Systems) and PROPER optical analysis programs with full three-dimensional near-field diffraction analysis to model HCIT’s optical train and coronagraph.
RNA metabolism of fertilized Ascaris lumbricoides eggs during uterine development

1. 1. During their passage through the uterus fertilized Ascaris eggs do not cleave, but have an active RNA metabolism. The total RNA/egg also increases substantially. 2. 2. In the newly fertilized egg there is a massive synthesis of rRNA and possibly a smaller synthesis of DNA-like RNA, almost all of which is localized in the nuclear sub-cellular fraction. Evidence is presented to show that the male genome is exclusively responsible for this synthesis. As the egg passes through the uterus the rate of rRNA synthesis decreases, and in eggs taken from the distal uterus only DNA-like RNA seems to be synthesized. 3. 3. The results were based on labelling of RNA with 3H-uridine or phosphoric acid-32P, base composition analysis of total and newly synthesized RNA, sedimentation analysis, and determination of protein-synthesizing capability. Adenine-guanine ratios were especially useful in the identification of newly synthesized RNA. 4. 4. Aspects of Ascaris development such as the high rate of oocyte production and yolk formation, shell formation and the long delay before cleavage of the fertilized egg, and chromosome diminution during cleavage are discussed in relation to the RNA metabolism.
Thermal expansion anisotropy in hot-pressed SiC-whisker-reinforced alumina composites

The measured linear thermal expansion coefficients α of hot-pressed SiC-whisker-reinforced aluminas decrease as the SiC whisker content is increased from 1 to 60 vol.%. However, owing to the preferred orientation of the whiskers, the α value for each SiC whisker content is greater in the direction parallel compared with the direction perpendicular, to the hot-pressing axis. The observed behavior is generally consistent with that predicted by a model based on the effects of internal thermal mechanical mismatch strains in composites with oriented reinforcements.
Toxicity of some synthetic pteridines in rats.

SummaryFive 4-amino-pteridine compounds were studied for toxicity in rats. The 2-thiol-substituted pteridines were not found to be toxic in the doses used. The 2,4-diami-no- 6,7 -dihydroxy-pteridine and 2,4-diamino-pteridine interfered with the growth rate. The latter compound caused crystalline deposits in the renal tubules, and the extent of the deposits correlated well with the body weight effect. No histological effects were noted in the liver and bone marrow,‡ and none of the compounds altered the blood picture.
818 SIGNIFICANCE OF ELEVATED B2 MICROGLOBULIN (B2m) IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) OF CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LEUKEMIA (AL)

Recent reports have indicated that elevated CSF levels of B2m in AL patients may precede the cytologic diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. This prompted us to reevaluate the CSF B2m levels obtained on 42 AL patients at CHM during the years 1974-1975. All but 3 had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 36 ALL children were receiving CNS prophylaxis consisting of intrathecal (IT) Methotrexate (MTX) and fractional radiation to the CNS (IMFRA) given at 10 wks. intervals. CSF was obtained at the time of administration of IT MTX either for prophylaxis or for overt CNS relapse. The level of B2m in the CNS prophylaxis group (36) varied from 0.4 to 3.65 mg/I (x 1.55 mg ± .79). 4 had elevated levels of B2m (>3 mg/l,x +2SD) at a time when CSF was free of leukemic cells. Three eventually developed CNS leukemia 2 mos., 8 mos., and 4 yrs. later. The CSF B2m level at the time of overt CNS relapse in 6 AL children varied from 0.93 - 5 mg/1 (x 3.18 ± 1.78). This differed significantly (p: 3 mg/1 in 5/6. These data confirm the prior observations of others that CSF B2m levels are elevated during CNS relapse. Thus elevated levels may indicate impending relapse. Prophylactic IT MTX in itself does not appear to significantly alter the normal CSF B2m levels.
Adoptive immunotherapy of murine CML: navigating between Scylla and Charybdis

Comment on Krause and Van Etten, page [4236][1] Separating graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) from the graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect is central to the success of adoptive immunotherapy. In this issue, Krause and Van Etten describe how a murine model of CML can be used to test strategies to
On Soliton Equations of Exceptional Type

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to present an explicit formula for the general hierarchy of soliton equations constructed by Kac-Wakimoto from the basic representation of an arbitrary affine Kac-Moody algebra. The results turn out that the differential operators of the corresponding Hirota bilinear equations can be written explicitly in terms of skew Schur functions for both principal and homogeneous hierarchies. The principal hierarchy includes the classical KP and KdV equations. The homogeneous hierarchy turns out to be related to the classical non-linear Schrodinger equation for type A(1)1 and to the classical 2-dimensional Toda lattice equation for type A(1)2.
Relations between Words and Maps of the Interval

Words on two letters may be used to label the inverse graph of the graph of the n-th iterate of the parabolic map of the interval, as well as general unimodal maps. What is interesting about this correspondence is the manner in which abstract properties of words imply, or control, corresponding properties of the functions constituting the inverse graph. We illustrate this by examples and give general theorems on the words that label the inverse graphs that undergo tangent and period-doubling bifurcations.
In defense of Pierre Louis who pioneered the epidemiological approach to good medicine

Pierre Louis, in his 1836 publication, "Researches on the effects of bloodletting in some inflammatory diseases," concluded that there were "narrow limits to the utility" of bloodletting for the treatment of pneumonia. Louis's conclusions were based on an observed excess mortality of patients bled rapidly post disease onset compared with patients bled later on. Doctors had used bloodletting for at least 2,000 years for a wide variety of purposes. Louis's approach was a first-step toward what we would call today an evidence-based medicine. A book denouncing "Bad Medicine" throughout history suggests that Louis inappropriately analyzed his data, overestimated the alleged benefits of venesection on the evolution of pneumonia and therefore contributed to promote this dangerous treatment. I show in this article that these criticisms are inaccurate. In particular, Louis was aware of the potential confounding effect of age and interpreted his data accordingly. Accusing Louis of "bad medicine" misses the historical importance of his struggle to improve clinical medicine using population thinking and group comparison.
Theology in business ethics: Appealing to the religious imagination

By appealing to the religious imagination Theology can make a distinctive contribution to business ethics. In the first part of the essay I examine what is entailed by appealing to the imagination to reason in ethics: through converging arguments the imagination enables us rationally to interpret reality and to infer obligations. In the following sections I consider the relevance of the religious imagination for business ethics. In the second part I explain the imagination's use of religious metaphor to establish its theological distinctiveness in ethical inquiry. Then in the final part I illustrate Theology's contribution to business ethics by studying the imagination's use of religious metaphor with regard to profit and to third world debt.
Inhibition of GSK3 attenuates dopamine D1 receptor agonist-induced hyperactivity in mice

Abstract Recent evidence suggests a critical role for the intracellular signaling protein glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) in hyperactivity associated with dopaminergic transmission. Here, we investigated whether activation of GSK3 is necessary for the expression of behaviors specifically produced by dopamine D1 receptor activation. To assess the role of GSK3 in dopamine D1 receptor-induced hyperactivity, mice were pretreated with the selective GSK3 inhibitor SB 216763 (0.25–7.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or its vehicle prior to administration of the dopamine D1 receptor full-agonist SKF-82958 (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline control. Inhibition of GSK3 via SB 216763 dose-dependently reduced ambulatory and stereotypic activity produced by SKF-82958. These data implicate a role for GSK3 in the behavioral manifestations associated with dopamine D1 receptor activation.
A review and analysis on influence of temperature and concentration of nanofluids on thermophysical properties, heat transfer and pumping power

The Prandtl number, Reynolds number and Nusselt number are functions of thermophysical properties of nanofluids and these numbers strongly influence the convective heat transfer coefficient. The pressure loss and the required pumping power for a given amount of heat transfer depend on the Reynolds number of flow. The thermophysical properties vary with temperature and volumetric concentration of nanofluids. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis has been performed to evaluate the effects on the performance of nanofluids due to variations of density, specific heat, thermal conductivity and viscosity, which are functions of nanoparticle volume concentration and temperature. Two metallic oxides, aluminum oxide (Al2O3), copper oxide (CuO) and one nonmetallic oxide silicon dioxide (SiO2), dispersed in an ethylene glycol and water mixture (60:40 by weight) as the base fluid have been studied.
Mind the Gap: Charting the Distance between Christian and Secular Bioethics

The gap between Christian and secular bioethics appears to be widening, and inevitably so. In this essay, I identify four areas in which the differences between Christian and secular bioethics are significant, and in light of which secular bioethics, by its inability to attend to key concerns of Christian thought, will inevitably continue to marginalize the latter. How Christian bioethicists should view this marginalization will be the subject of the final section of this paper.
The Compounding Period and Payment Completion Table as a guide for learning multiple step time line problems

Most finance education professionals teach time value of money concepts regularly. While most of the advances in time value teaching focus on using a financial calculator to solve problems, little research focuses on new instructive techniques. This paper presents a fresh technique for teaching multiple-part time value of money problems. The Compounding Period and Payment Completion Table is presented as a complementary teaching aid to time line and financial calculator instruction.
Noise, air pollutants and traffic: Continuous measurement and correlation at a high-traffic location in New York City

Abstract Background Epidemiological studies have linked both noise and air pollution to common adverse health outcomes such as increased blood pressure and myocardial infarction. In urban settings, noise and air pollution share important sources, notably traffic, and several recent studies have shown spatial correlations between noise and air pollution. The temporal association between these exposures, however, has yet to be thoroughly investigated despite the importance of time series studies in air pollution epidemiology and the potential that correlations between these exposures could at least partly confound statistical associations identified in these studies. Methods: An aethelometer, for continuous elemental carbon measurement, was co-located with a continuous noise monitor near a major urban highway in New York City for six days in August 2009. Hourly elemental carbon measurements and hourly data on overall noise levels and low, medium and high frequency noise levels were collected. Hourly average concentrations of fine particles and nitrogen oxides, wind speed and direction and car, truck and bus traffic were obtained from nearby regulatory monitors. Overall temporal patterns, as well as day–night and weekday–weekend patterns, were characterized and compared for all variables. Results Noise levels were correlated with car, truck, and bus traffic and with air pollutants. We observed strong day–night and weekday–weekend variation in noise and air pollutants and correlations between pollutants varied by noise frequency. Medium and high frequency noise were generally more strongly correlated with traffic and traffic-related pollutants than low frequency noise and the correlation with medium and high frequency noise was generally stronger at night. Correlations with nighttime high frequency noise were particularly high for car traffic (Spearman rho =0.84), nitric oxide (0.73) and nitrogen dioxide (0.83). Wind speed and direction mediated relationships between pollutants and noise. Conclusions Noise levels are temporally correlated with traffic and combustion pollutants and correlations are modified by the time of day, noise frequency and wind. Our results underscore the potential importance of assessing temporal variation in co-exposures to noise and air pollution in studies of the health effects of these urban pollutants.