cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Merging Auction Houses

In this paper, we study the incentives for market concentration of (online and traditional) auction houses. Would sellers and buyers be better off if two separate auction houses merged? We suppose that each auction house has a separate clientele of sellers and buyers. Sellers value their (identical) units at 0, while buyers have independent private values. Each auction house uses an ascending auction or by revenue equivalence any auction mechanism that allocates units efficiently among those buyers at that auction house. If no buyers are lost upon the merger, we find that efficiency gains increase, but that the expected sellers' revenue increases by more than the efficiency gains, leaving the buyers worse off. This result extends Bulow and Klemperer's (1996) insight that the competition of an additional bidder increases auction revenue by more than the ability to commit to an optimal auction with one less bidder; in our model, the extra competition created by having all of the bidders bid against each other after the merger more than offsets any supply effects. With an example, we show that if buyers choose whether to participate or not, it is possible upon a merger that so many buyers are lost, the sellers are actually worse off. We conclude that without transfers from sellers to buyers, the merger may or may not be profitable for sellers.
Chapter 3.3.6 Forward genetic approaches in the analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses forward genetic approaches in the analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetic approaches to nervous system development and function in model organisms excel at the identification and analysis of the relevant basic biochemical and cellular mechanisms in vivo. One of the premiere genetic model organisms is the nematode C. elegans, a small free living animal amenable to molecular and genetic techniques. Because of large behavioral repertoire, ease of cultivation in the laboratory, a relatively compact genome, and techniques which have been developed to map, characterize and clone genes, the analysis of the C. elegans nervous system using genetic and molecular techniques yields insights into fundamental mechanisms of nervous system function. In addition, examples are drawn from the analysis of mechanotransduction in both the body and the nose touch neurons two distinct but complementary systems for response to mechanical stimuli.
Improving Query Performance Using Materialized XML Views: A Learning-Based Approach

We consider the problem of improving the efficiency of query processing on an XML interface of a relational database, for predefined query workloads. The main contribution of this paper is to show that selective materialization of data as XML views reduces query-execution costs in relatively static databases. Our learning-based approach precomputes and stores (materializes) parts of the answers to the workload queries as clustered XML views. In addition, the data in the materialized XML clusters are periodically incrementally refreshed and rearranged, to respond to the changes in the query workload. Our experiments show that the approach can significantly reduce processing costs for frequent and important queries on relational databases with XML interfaces.
Business and Public Policy: Responses to Environmental and Social Protection Processes

It is increasingly common for businesses to face public policies and government regulation that demand some form of environmental or social protection. These protective public policies have grown in number, complexity, and stringency over the last few decades, not only in industrialized countries but also in the developing world. In this 2010 book, Jorge Rivera presents a theoretical framework for understanding the relationship between protective public policies and business compliance. This framework explains different levels of business compliance in terms of three different factors: the link between the stages of protective public policies and different levels of business resistance, the effect of country context, and the effect of firm-level characteristics. The second part of the book supports and elaborates on this framework by presenting empirical studies that examine two voluntary environmental programs: the US ski industry's Sustainable Slopes Program and the Certification for Sustainable Tourism in Costa Rica.
The analysis of complex motion patterns by form/cue invariant MSTd neurons.

Several groups have proposed that area MSTd of the macaque monkey has a role in processing optical flow information used in the analysis of self motion, based on its neurons’ selectivity for large-field motion patterns such as expansion, contraction, and rotation. It has also been suggested that this cortical region may be important in analyzing the complex motions of objects. More generally, MSTd could be involved in the generic function of complex motion pattern representation, with its cells responsible for integrating local motion signals sent forward from area MT into a more unified representation. If MSTd is extracting generic motion pattern signals, it would be important that the preferred tuning of MSTd neurons not depend on the particular features and cues that allow these motions to be represented. To test this idea, we examined the diversity of stimulus features and cues over which MSTd cells can extract information about motion patterns such as expansion, contraction, rotation, and spirals. The different classes of stimuli included: coherently moving random dot patterns, solid squares, outlines of squares, a square aperture moving in front of an underlying stationary pattern of random dots, a square composed entirely of flicker, and a square of nonFourier motion. When a unit was tuned with respect to motion patterns across these stimulus classes, the motion pattern producing the most vigorous response in a neuron was nearly the same for each class. Although preferred tuning was invariant, the magnitude and width of the tuning curves often varied between classes. Thus, MSTd is form/cue invariant for complex motions, making it an appropriate candidate for analysis of object motion as well as motion introduced by observer translation.
Identifying upstream factors using the community readiness model: The case of reducing alcohol use among college students

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to, with increasing recognition of the importance of upstream factors in individual behavior, provide an example of how the Community Readiness Model (CRM) was used as a tool to understand the barriers within the broader environment to achieving reductions in the use of alcohol by college students and how this resulted in identifying upstream social marketing strategies. Downstream social marketing approaches have been broadly implemented on college campuses to curb alcohol use and binge drinking, with mixed results. Design/methodology/approach – Using the CRM protocol, assessments to measure the community readiness to address issues related to college alcohol use were conducted for each of 12 campuses belonging to a Midwestern state university. Six key informants at each campus were interviewed. Interviews were scored for each of six dimensions, and they were also analyzed for themes. Results were then used in a workshop to develop action plans based on social marke...
Inhibitory effects of progesterone on plasma membrane fluidity and tumorigenic potential of ovarian epithelial cancer cells

The lethality of common (surface) epithelial ovarian cancer is contingent on its metastatic capacity. Dissemination of the neoplasia throughout the abdominal cavity has been associated with secretion of proteolytic enzymes from vesicles shed by ovarian cancer cells. We report that the lipophilic steroid hormone progesterone decreases the fluid dynamics of plasma membranes of human SKOV-3 adenocarcinoma cells. The decrease in membrane fluidity was related to an inhibition in vitro of exocytotic vesicle release, cellular invasiveness into Matrigel, and colony formation in three-dimensional collagen matrix. Tumorigenesis was suppressed by progesterone in immunocompromised nude mice inoculated intraperitoneally with SKOV-3 cells. Progestins could therefore be of benefit in the prevention and(or) treatment of early-stage ovarian carcinomatosis.
The 2012 Survey of Closed-End Funds’ Literature

This survey deals with the literature on closed-end funds (CEFs) in general and theories of discounts in particular. New theories have emerged over the past 10 years that reveal CEFs to be an important and efficient organizational device. Among the topics reviewed are liquidity transformation, the effects of tax overhang, the importance of managerial fees, the provision of leverage services, the impact of the potential irrationality of small investors on discounts, and IPO issues.
Favard's inequality on average values of convex functions

Let f >= 0 be a continuous, concave function on [a, b]. Let @? = (1/(b - a)) @d"a^b f(t)dt. Favard's inequality is that, when @d = [email protected]?, [email protected]@[email protected][email protected]@[email protected]@j(u)du >= 1b - [email protected]!ab @j (@?(t)) dt for all convex functions, @j, defined on ([email protected]? - @d, [email protected]? + @d). We show there is a @d for which inequality (1) is valid for a class of nonconvex functions @j. Further, there is an optimal @d for which the reverse inequality of line (1) is true. The reverse inequality is strictly sharper (in this setting) then Jensen's inequality.
Postchemotherapy MRI overestimates residual disease compared with histopathology in responders to neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced breast cancer.

UNLABELLED: The utility of breast magnetic resonance imaging in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy is not well defined. We compared serial magnetic resonance imaging examinations with histologic posttreatment examinations in patients treated with primary chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients with locally advanced breast cancer received doxorubicin 60 mg/m(2) and docetaxel 60 mg/m(2) (with granulocyte colony stimulating factor support) every 14 days for a maximum of six cycles. Breast magnetic resonance imaging was performed at baseline and repeated every two cycles. Surgery (either local excision or mastectomy) was performed after six cycles in responding or stable patients. Residual tumor size on pathology and preoperative magnetic resonance imaging was compared; concordance was defined as a < or = 0.5-cm difference. RESULTS: To date, three of 17 enrolled subjects (17.6%) attained pathologic complete response, and three additional patients attained near pathologic complete response, with residual foci of < or = 1 mm. Of these six patients, only one was disease-free by magnetic resonance imaging. Discordance between magnetic resonance imaging findings and pathologic evaluation was found in four of six patients (66.6%) who obtained pathologic complete response or near pathologic complete response. In the three patients in whom four axillary lesions were followed with magnetic resonance imaging, discordance was found in all four lesions, with magnetic resonance imaging overestimating pathologic disease in all cases. DISCUSSION: Our findings caution that magnetic resonance imaging may frequently overestimate residual invasive carcinoma after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These results contradict previous studies suggesting that postchemotherapy magnetic resonance imaging may underestimate residual cancer. The use of magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating response to therapy in locally advanced breast cancer should be further studied.
Analysis of Thermal Stress Failure of Segmented Thick-Walled Refractory Structures

A finite-element analysis was conducted of the thermal stresses in rectangularly shaped components of segmented thick-walled refractory structures with length in the direction of heat flow much larger than the height or width. Heating was assumed to occur uniformly at a linear rate over the front face defined by the smaller dimensions. Most calculations were carried out for two-dimensional conditions of plane stress, which assumes that the magnitude of stress is independent of height. A limited number of three-dimensional calculations permitted analyzing the effect of height. For moderate values of heating rates, corresponding to those possibly encountered in practice, a biaxial tensile stress was found to exist some distance behind the hot face with the maximum value of stress along the center-line parallel to the component length, in accordance with the fracture mode observed in practice. At high heating rates, however, the maximum tensile stress component was found to occur parallel to the face being heated. For conditions of plane stress under moderate heating rates, the magnitude of stress was found to be proportional to heating rate and an inverse function of the thermal diffusivity. Maximum values of stress were encountered for intermediate values of width. This latter result suggests that the incidence of thermal stress failure may be reduced by either reductions or increases in the values of width commonly used in practice. The three-dimensional calculations indicated that the magnitude of stress rises rapidly with height. This result suggests that improvements in thermal stress resistance can be obtained by reductions in the values of height from the current values in practice. By means of a fracture-mechanical analysis it is demonstrated that cracks oriented perpendicularly to the direction of heat flow formed as the result of the above stresses could be unstable and are expected to propagate across the total cross section to lead to total separation, in accordance with observations. The stress values obtained in the present study were compared with those predicted by the Kienow theory. Reasonable agreement was found for the peak stresses at the lower values of time. However, with increasing duration and the higher values of height the Kienow theory underestimates the magnitude of stress considerably.
Analysis of U.S. residential wood energy consumption: 1967–2009

The residential sector consumes about 23% of the energy derived from wood (wood energy) in the U.S. An estimated error correction model with data from 1967 to 2009 suggests that residential wood energy consumption has declined by an average 3% per year in response to technological progress, urbanization, accessibility of non-wood energy, and other factors associated with a time trend such as increasing income per capita and number of houses. But the rising price of non-wood energy has had a positive effect on the consumption and offset the downward trend effect in the last decade. Residential wood energy consumption has also been sensitive to changes in wage rate in both long-run and short-run, but the total estimated wage rate effect since 1967 is negligible. Wood energy is expected to continue to account for a small share of residential energy consumption unless public policies improve wood energy cost competitiveness relative to non-wood energy.
Are we there yet? An analysis of e‐book equivalent coverage in highly‐circulated titles at The College of New Jersey Library

Purpose – This paper seeks to determine the extent of e‐book availability and how existing e‐books might meet library needs as defined by monograph circulation.Design/methodology/approach – This study identified highly circulated print titles and searched for e‐book versions available from aggregators or publishers.Findings – The results indicate inadequate coverage levels to allow for a discontinuance of print purchasing, but offer clues as to where e‐books might have the greatest impact in this library's collection plans.Originality/value – The paper introduces a method whereby libraries may determine where e‐book collections best meets user needs.
Quantification of ten neuroactive steroids in plasma in Withdrawal Seizure-Prone and -Resistant mice during chronic ethanol withdrawal

Rationale The rapid membrane actions of neuroactive steroids, particularly via an enhancement of γ-aminobutyric acidA receptors (GABAARs), participate in the regulation of central nervous systemexcitability. Priorevidencesuggestsan inverse relationship between endogenous GABAergic neuroactive steroid levels and behavioral changes in excitability during ethanol withdrawal. Objectives Previously, we found that ethanol withdrawal significantly decreased plasma allopregnanolone (ALLO) levels, a potent GABAergic neuroactive steroid, and decreased GABAAR sensitivity to ALLO in Withdrawal Seizure-Prone (WSP) but not in Withdrawal Seizure-Resistant (WSR) mice. However, the effect of ethanol withdrawal on levels of other endogenous GABAAR-active steroids is not known. Methods After validation of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of ten neuroactive steroids, we analyzed plasma from control male WSP-1 and WSR-1 mice and during ethanol withdrawal. Results We quantified levels of nine neuroactive steroids in WSP-1 and WSR-1 plasma; levels of pregnanolone were not detectable. Basal levels of five neuroactive steroids were higher in WSR-1 versus WSP-1 mice. Ethanol withdrawal significantly suppressed five neuroactive steroids in WSP-1 and WSR-1 mice, including ALLO. Conclusions Due to lower basal levels of some GABAARactivesteroidsinWSP-1mice, awithdrawal-induceddecrease inWSP-1micemay havea greater physiologicalconsequence than a similar decrease in WSR-1 mice. Because WSP-1 mice alsoexhibit a reduction inGABAAR sensitivity to neuroactive steroids during withdrawal, it is possible that the combined decrease in neuroactive steroids and GABAAR sensitivity during ethanol withdrawal in WSP-1 mice represents a neurochemical substrate for severe ethanol withdrawal.
Children's use of scripts in inferential text processing

This study compared preschool and first‐grade children's ability to make three types of inferences: script‐based inferences derived from schematically organized event knowledge, invited inferences derived from general world knowledge, and logical inferences based on conditional reasoning. Children listened to brief stories about familiar events, recalled the stories, and answered inference questions about the stories. When recall of relevant text information was controlled, preschool children were better able to make script‐based inferences than both invited and logical inferences, whereas first‐graders were better able to draw script‐based and invited inferences than logical inferences. These results suggest that the development of children's ability to draw inferences is due, in part, to the development of the knowledge base. Preschool children's event knowledge allows them to make script‐based inferences in text comprehension before they are able to make either invited or logical inferences.
Synthesis and Electrochemistry of Nanometer-Scaled Molecular Dumbbells

Nanoscale molecular dumbbells were prepared by joining dendrons to the ends of rigid rod oligoimides.
Manganese scavenging and oxidation at hydrothermal vents and in vent plumes

Abstract Hydrothermal vents provide a major source of dissolved Mn(II) to the oceans, where concentrations range from 5 mM within the 350°C hot smokers to just above ambient seawater concentration in far field vent plumes. The Mn(II)-rich environments within warm vents and vent plumes provide a suitable habitat for Mn(II) oxidizing bacteria. In order to compare rates of scavenging and oxidation of Mn(II) proximally within vent fields (
“The ESL Kids are Over there”: Opportunities for Social Interactions between Immigrant Latino and White High School Students

This ethnographic study was conducted at a high school on California's central coast during the 2000 to 2001 school year. The study focused on the social interactions between immigrant Latinos and their White peers and identified factors contributing to boundaries that existed between the two groups. During interviews, students were given a map of the school and asked to identify the different student groups on campus. Findings indicate that immigrant Latino students were virtually invisible to the White students at the school.
A preliminary study of the factors related to trauma in childhood sexual abuse

This study examined levels of depression, anxiety, and self worth in a sample of 75 sexually abused girls. The subjects had higher levels of anxiety and depression and lower levels of self worth than normal samples. Although multivariate analysis failed to find a relationship between abuse-specific variables and outcome when the variables were examined alone, significant interactions emerged. The interaction between the identity of the perpetrator and force was significantly related to levels of depression and self worth. Force was related to a less serious impact when the father was a perpetrator and more serious with a non-father perpetrator. The interaction of the perpetrator and whether the child was removed from the home was related to anxiety. When abused by a perpetrator who was not a father figure, those removed from the home had higher levels of anxiety. Trends in the data and significance of the research to intervention are discussed.
Leadership Orientations of Russian Working Adults: Do Age, Gender, Education, and Government Work Experience Make a Difference?

Working people often have different notions and attitudes toward leadership based on cultural background and context as well as various demographic traits. This study examines the leadership orientations of 519 Russian working adults based on age, gender, education, and government work experience. It appears that they are more relationship-oriented than task-oriented. Task-oriented leadership is the preferred style in government sector. Age and gender appear to be significant factors in determining the difference of task-oriented traits as older Russian people tend to be more task-oriented than younger Russian people and Russian males are more task-oriented than Russian females. Education appears to make a difference in the relationship but not in the task scores. In this paper, Russian history, culture and leadership, as well as the behavioral approach to leadership are presented along with practical implications and suggestions for managers, practitioners and future studies.
Neuropharmacological and related aspects of animal aggression

Abstract 1. 1. Various models of animal aggression are described and the differences between human and animal aggression are stressed. Various forms of aggression as they relate to a number of mice strains and genera are described in an attempt to link a specific “psychological” mouse profile with aggression. Several forms of aggression including those exhibited in in a pseudonatural habitat, maternal defense of the pups, isolation and footshock induced aggression were investigated. These various forms of aggression were studied jointly with mouse behaviors such as exploratory, learning, locomotor and curiosity-dependent activities, as well as activities relatable to what can be defined as emotional behavior such as stress-induced activities and alcohol preference. A “flexible” profile characterized by high motor, exploratory and related activities and good learning capacity was correlated with various types of aggression including shock-induced and social aggression. An “emotional” syndrome was described as connoting poor learning capacity, interference with pertormance of “socially useful” activities in a pseudonatural habitat and tendency to alcohol preference; this syndrome was not associated with social or isolate aggression. The “flexibility” syndrome characterized particularly the CF-1 and C57BL 6J strains of mus Musculus, while the emotional syndrome characterized wild and less inbred mice types. 2. 2. A review of the neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of aggression is presented in a comparative manner revealing a “multitransmitter” control of aggression. The rodent types described differ greatly with respect to brain levels of acetylcholine, choline acetylase, acetylcholinesterase, catecholamines and indoleamines and GABA. 3. 3. The effects of drugs presumably acting via neurotransmitter mechanisms are discussed in an attempt to clarify the cholinergic and adrenergic control of various forms of aggression. The most consistent data suggest that the cholinergic system exerts profound influence on several forms of aggression, but discordant results are adduced as well.
Differences in English- and Spanish-language Health News: A Comparison of Newspapers in Two Cities

The authors explored whether differences exist in the volume of health news coverage in English- and Spanish-language newspapers in the United States, as well as differences in the main topics discussed and the way the issue was framed. A sample of 239 news articles was selected from English- and Spanish-language newspapers in Miami, Florida and Los Angeles, California. Analysis revealed that English-language newspapers contained a greater volume of health news information and significant t-test results indicated a greater frequency of biomedical and financial–economic frames than Spanish-language newspapers contained. Los Angeles and Miami comparisons also yielded significant differences. Specifically, community–political–environmental and biomedical frames were used more frequently in Los Angeles than in Miami. Author ethnicity was not found to affect health news coverage, but this may be more indicative of the difficulties in measuring ethnicity and the questionable validity of this variable. These fin...
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BITE SIZE OF DIPHOSPHINE LIGANDS AND TETRAHEDRAL DISTORTIONS OF SQUARE-PLANAR NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES : STABILIZATION OF NICKEL( I) AND PALLADIUM(I) COMPLEXES USING DIPHOSPHINE LIGANDS WITH LARGE BITES

Nickel and palladium complexes of the type (M(L{sub 2}){sub 2})(BF{sub 4}){sub 2} and (M(L{sub 2})(L{sub 2}{prime}))(BF{sub 4}){sub 2} (where L{sub 2} and L{sub 2}{prime} are diphosphine ligands) have been synthesized. The lowest energy electronic absorption band for the nickel complexes decreases in energy as the bite size of the diphosphine ligand increases. Similarly, the half-wave potentials for the Ni(II/I) and Pd(II/O) couples become more positive as the bite size increases. Structural studies of (Ni(dppm){sub 2})(BF{sub 4}){sub 2} (where dppm is bis(diphenylphosphino)methane) and (Ni-(dppb){sub 2})(PF{sub 6}){sub 2} (where dppb is 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene) show that increasing the bite size of the diphosphine ligands results in larger tetrahedral distortions. The crystal structure of (Ni(Dppm){sub 2})(BF{sub 4}){sub 2}(C{sub 50}H{sub 44}B{sub 2}F{sub 8}NiP{sub 4}) and (Ni(Dppb){sub 2})(PF{sub 6}){sub 2}(C{sub 74}H{sub 64}F{sub 12}NiP{sub 6}) were measured and are reported herein. Calculations made using the extended Huckel theory indicate that the observed distortions may have an electronic as well as a steric component. The calculations also allow rationalization of the electronic absorption spectra, electrochemical data, and the stability of the Ni(I) and Pd(I) complexes (Ni(dppp){sub 2})(BF{sub 4}) (where dppp is 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) and (Pd(dppx){sub 2})(BF{sub 4}) (where dppx is {alpha},{alpha}{prime}-bis(diphenylphosphino)-o-xylene). Complexes containing the ligand dppm have a marked tendencymore » to become five-coordinate, as indicated by the structural determination of (Ni(dppm){sub 2}(CH{sub 3}CN))(PF{sub 6}){sub 2}. The crystal structure for the latter complex is reported.« less
Leptin activates STAT and ERK2 pathways and induces gastric cancer cell proliferation

Although leptin is known to induce proliferative response in gastric cancer cells, the mechanism(s) underlying this action remains poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that leptin-induced gastric cancer cell proliferation involves activation of STAT and ERK2 signaling pathways. Leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation is independent of ERK2 activation. Leptin increases SHP2 phosphorylation and enhances binding of Grb2 to SHP2. Inhibition of SHP2 expression with siRNA but not SHP2 phosphatase activity abolished leptin-induced ERK2 activation. While JAK inhibition with AG490 significantly reduced leptin-induced ERK2, STAT3 phosphorylation, and cell proliferation, SHP2 inhibition only partially reduced cancer cell proliferation. Immunostaining of gastric cancer tissues displayed local overexpression of leptin and its receptor indicating that leptin might be produced and act locally in a paracrine or autocrine manner. These findings indicate that leptin promotes cancer growth by activating multiple signaling pathways and therefore blocking its action at the receptor level could be a rational therapeutic strategy.
Modeling daily realized futures volatility with singular spectrum analysis

Abstract Using singular spectrum analysis (SSA), we model the realized volatility and logarithmic standard deviations of two important futures return series. The realized volatility and logarithmic standard deviations are constructed following the methodology of Andersen et al. [J. Am. Stat. Ass. 96 (2001) 42–55] using intra-day transaction data. We find that SSA decomposes the volatility series quite well and effectively captures both the market trend (accounting for about 34–38% of the total variance in the series) and, more importantly, a number of underlying market periodicities. Reliable identification of any periodicities is extremely important for options pricing and risk management and we believe that SSA can be a useful addition to the financial practitioners’ toolbox.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR A FIRST-ORDER MAGNETIC TRANSITION IN THIN SUPERCONDUCTING ALUMINUM FILMS.

We have measured the critical magnetic field ${H}_{c}$ of aluminum films, 50-220 \AA{} thick, at temperatures between 0.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and the transition temperature. For the thinnest films a qualitative change in the form of the transition for $\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}l0.5$ indicates the presence of the first-order phase transition predicted for paramagnetically limited superconductors. The results also seem to demonstrate the existence of fluctuation broadening at higher temperatures.
The quantitative histochemical distribution of beta-glucuronidase in the adrenal of various species and the influence of stress conditions, hormonal treatments and hypophysectomy.

AS A continuation of an earlier study by Wattenberg and Glick (1953) on L the quantitative histological distribution of β-glucuronidase in the cow adrenal, the present investigation deals with the distribution of the enzyme in the adrenal of the Macacus rhesus and M. cynomolgus monkey, the rabbit, guinea pig, and rat. Peculiar species differences have been found. Effects were studied of exposure of monkeys to combined hyperthermia and hypoxia, and of injections of ACTH, cortisone or desoxycorticosterone on adrenal β-glucuronidase activity. Observations were also made on the enzyme in the adrenals of monkeys with pulmonary lesions. Effects of hypophysectomy in the rat were likewise determined. EXPERIMENTAL Animals The M. rhesus and M. cynomolgus monkeys used were those which had been em ployed for the study of the distribution of ascorbic acid in the adrenal (Bahn and Glick 1954). They were housed, fed, treated and killed as described previously. Albino rabbits of both sexes were used, having body weights ...
Precursors to Policy Innovation: How Tennessee Entered Race to the Top

This article examines the education policy environment in Tennessee that preceded a comprehensive reform bill enacted to enhance the state's Race to the Top application. Through interviews with key policymakers in Tennessee, I describe how recent reform efforts undertaken at the state level positioned Tennessee as a strong contender for the Race to the Top funding. My analysis is framed by Mazzoni's (1991) conceptualization of precursors to policy innovation, and my findings reframe this theory to include an additional stimulus for major change. In doing so, I renew attention to education policymaking initiated at the state level and offer an expanded explanation for the political context that precipitates innovation.
Ultrasonography screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

This systematic review summarizes evidence about the benefits and harms of ultrasonography screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) in asymptomatic primary care patients. A one-time invitati...
Perhydrolase-nanotube-paint sporicidal composites stabilized by intramolecular crosslinking

Abstract We have developed a strategy to preserve the activity and operational stability of a large multi-subunit enzyme immobilized onto carbon nanotubes and incorporated into latex paint. Our strategy involved the intramolecular crosslinking of perhydrolase S54V (AcT, a homo-octamer) and the subsequent immobilization of the crosslinked AcT onto single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). We employed aldehyde dextran – a bulky polymeric aldehyde obtained by oxidation of dextran with sodium metaperiodate – as a crosslinking reagent. The activity of AcT crosslinked with aldehyde dextran and covalently attached to SWNTs (AcT-dex-SWNTs) was ∼40% of that of native AcT and more than two-fold higher than that of enzyme immobilized directly, i.e., without crosslinking. This relatively high retention of AcT activity was consistent with the nearly complete retention of the enzyme's secondary structure upon attachment to the nanoscale support. Further incorporation of the AcT-dex-SWNTs conjugates into a latex-based paint led to active composites that were used to decontaminate Bacillus spores.
Differential regulation of telomere and centromere cohesion by the Scc3 homologues SA1 and SA2, respectively, in human cells

Replicated sister chromatids are held together until mitosis by cohesin, a conserved multisubunit complex comprised of Smc1, Smc3, Scc1, and Scc3, which in vertebrate cells exists as two closely related homologues (SA1 and SA2). Here, we show that cohesinSA1 and cohesinSA2 are differentially required for telomere and centromere cohesion, respectively. Cells deficient in SA1 are unable to establish or maintain cohesion between sister telomeres after DNA replication in S phase. The same phenotype is observed upon depletion of the telomeric protein TIN2. In contrast, in SA2-depleted cells telomere cohesion is normal, but centromere cohesion is prematurely lost. We demonstrate that loss of telomere cohesion has dramatic consequences on chromosome morphology and function. In the absence of sister telomere cohesion, cells are unable to repair chromatid breaks and suffer sister telomere loss. Our studies elucidate the functional distinction between the Scc3 homologues in human cells and further reveal an essential role for sister telomere cohesion in genomic integrity.
A Membrane Effect of Basic Polymers dependent on Molecular Size

Albumin penetration into animal cells is stimulated by basic polyamino acids and DEAE-dextran, and increases with the size of the polymers. This dependence on size suggests that multiple attachment of a macromolecule to the membrane is necessary for biological function.
Do Research Literatures Give Correct Answers

The rationale for insisting on properly designed studies is to ensure the construction of research literatures that are not influenced by biases of any sort. Once a literature is established, howev...
Historical perspective on prostate brachytherapy.

ABSTRACT Brachytherapy—radiation delivered close to or within a tumor—had its origins at the beginning of this century. Its use in prostate cancer was delayed first by the view that this was a relatively radioresistant cancer and then by clinical experience showing high failure and morbidity rates. More recently, technological innovations such as ultrasonography and computer-based treatment planning have made prostate brachytherapy a reasonable treatment option for many patients.
Molecular genetic dissection of myosin heavy chain function.

Article synthese relatif a la chaine peptidique lourde de la myosine; interet porte a la relation structure activite
The control of undesired behavior by self-imposed contingencies

Three cases of self-control therapy are reported, with a discussion of a booklet designed to be used by clients in therapy approaches that stress self-imposed contingencies. The problems reported include eyelash plucking, between meal eating and recurrent theft. The criteria for success were reduction in frequency of the undesirable behavior and a positive self-report. Follow up data were available for two of the clients and in both cases verified the initial positive results.
Laue zones : a clarification of nomenclature

Abstract In an electron diffraction pattern divided into Laue zones, the first ring of reflections outside the zero-order Laue zone is called the first-order Laue zone. This applies even when the value of N = hu + kv + lw for the zone is greater than one.
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from Power Plants: Their Effect on Air Quality

A modeling study of atmospheric diffusion indicates that emission from power plants contributed only a modest percentage of the yearly average concentration of sulfur dioxide at ground level in the most polluted areas of Cook County, Illinois, during 1968.
Depression and anxiety symptoms are related to increased 24-hour urinary norepinephrine excretion among healthy middle-aged women.

Abstract Objective Depression is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality in a variety of populations, and anxiety has also been associated with risk of mortality among cardiac patients. Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system may be involved in this risk. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between levels of self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety and 24-hour urinary catecholamine excretion. Method Ninety-one women aged 47–55 years were evaluated. Depression symptoms were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and state anxiety was assessed with the state anxiety portion (SAI) of the Spielberger State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Twenty-four hour urine collections were assayed for epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE) and cortisol (CORT). EPI, NE and CORT were indexed by body surface area to control for individual differences in body size. Results Higher levels of depression symptoms were associated with increased 24-hour NE excretion (r=.27, P=.009), with depressed women (n=17, BDI scores ≥10) exhibiting an approximately 25% higher rate of urinary NE excretion than women with BDI scores Conclusions The current findings that higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms are related to increased 24-hour urinary NE and CORT excretion among women suggests that depression and anxiety may be associated with increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, and are consistent with the possibility that SNS activity may play a role in the increased mortality associated with depression in community-dwelling older adults.
A Multiplatform-Merged (MPM) SST Analysis

Abstract Previous observational studies indicated that local sea surface temperatures (SSTs) near the west coast of the United States, in the Gulf of California, and in the Gulf of Mexico have strong impacts on the North American monsoon (NAM) system. Simulations of the NAM by numerical models are also found to be sensitive to the specification of SSTs. Accordingly, a reliable SST dataset is essential for improving the understanding, simulation, and prediction of the NAM system. In this study, a new fine-resolution SST analysis is constructed by merging in situ observations from ships and buoys with retrievals from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites (NOAA-16 and NOAA-17), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR). Called the multiplatform-merged (MPM) SST analysis, this new product of 3-hourly SST is defined on a 0.25° × 0.25° latitude...
SLC26 Cl-/HCO3- exchangers in the kidney: roles in health and disease

Solute-linked carrier 26 (SLC26) isoforms constitute a conserved family of anion transporters with 10 distinct members. Except for SLC26A5 (prestin), all can operate as multifunctional anion exchangers, with three members (SLC26A7, SLC26A9, and SLC26A11) also capable of functioning as chloride channels. Several SLC26 isoforms can specifically mediate Cl - /HCO 3 - exchange. These include SLC26A3, A4, A6, A7, A9, and A11, which are expressed in the kidney except for SLC26A3 (DRA), which is predominantly expressed in the intestine. SLC26 Cl - /HCO 3 - exchanger isoforms display unique nephron segment distribution patterns with distinct subcellular localization in the kidney tubules. Together with studies in pathophysiologic states and the examination of genetically engineered mouse models, the evolving picture points to important roles for the SLC26 family in health and disease states. This review summarizes recent advances in the characterization of the SLC26 Cl - /HCO 3 - exchangers in the kidney with emphasis on their essential role in diverse physiological processes, including chloride homeostasis, oxalate excretion and kidney stone formation, vascular volume and blood pressure regulation, and acid–base balance.
Development of Online Suites of Social Science-Based Resources for Health Researchers and Practitioners

The burgeoning of the Internet has enormous potential for bringing scientific research into the hands of both health practitioners and health researchers to enhance their job performance. In this article, the authors give two examples of how carefully developed and organized online resources can leverage the engaging multimedia formats, ubiquitous access, and low cost of the Internet to address this goal. The article describes two newonline suites of social and behavioral science-based resources designed for those in the HIV/AIDS and teen pregnancy prevention fields: HIV Research and Practice Resources and Teen Pregnancy Research and Practice Resources. Each online suite includes research data, survey instruments, prevention resources, and evaluation-related publications and tools that can enhance prevention research and practice. The article ends by peering into the future at how the field of health-related prevention and research might be further advanced using the Internet.
Mechanics of change: Social movements, transnational coalitions, and the transformation processes in Eastern Europe

This comparative analysis of the democratization processes in Eastern Europe assesses the role that independent social movements played in the transitions from authoritarian rule. It emphasizes factors which have not received their due weight in other work on East European regime change. Focusing on Hungary, East Germany, and Romania as three distinct types of transformation, the article establishes a comparative framework in which the two independent variables are the role of social movements active within the different states, and the role of the coalitions which they formed across state boundaries, and across the East‐West divide, in the years leading up to 1989. It argues that the capacity of social movements to form successful transnational coalitions was a determining factor in the outcomes of the 1989 revolutions. Since this factor relates to the completeness and degree of violence of the regime transitions, the role of these non‐state actors cannot be epiphenomenal, and has to be considered alongs...
Analyses of outcomes of one-stage operation for treatment of late-diagnosed developmental dislocation of the hip: 864 hips followed for 3.2 to 8.9 years

The one-stage procedure for treatment of older developmental dislocation of the hip (DDH) is used widely. However, the best age group for this operation is still unknown. The aims of our study were to evaluate middle-term outcomes of one-stage surgical treatment of a large number of patients with late-diagnosed DDH, and to explore the best age group for treatment. We retrospectively reviewed 652 patients with a total of 864 hip joints with DDH, all aged >18 months. All the hip joints were treated with one-stage procedures including open reduction, pelvic osteotomy, and femoral shortening. The patients were divided into three groups according to age at surgery: Group I: 1.5–2.5 years; Group II: 2.5–8 years; and Group III: >8 years. The latest clinical and radiographic outcomes, complications and avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head were evaluated and compared among the three groups. The mean age at surgery was 5.8 years (range: 1.5–13.2 years). The average time of follow-up was 6.2 years (range: 3.2–8.9 years). A total of 79.4% of good or excellent outcomes were obtained for clinical functional evaluation according to the McKay classification. For radiographic outcomes, 732 hips (84.7%) were classified as good or excellent according to the Severin classification. A total of 27.4% of all hips had a poor outcome according to the Kalamchi and MacEwen classification for AVN. The poorest outcomes were observed for clinical, radiographic and AVN results in Group III (p 0.05). A significantly higher incidence of redislocation and residual acetabular dysplasia was observed in Tonnis grade II and III hip dislocation (p < 0.001). One-stage treatment of late-diagnosed DDH had a good outcome in young and middle group. Younger patients achieved better results than older patients. However, the best age group was 2.5–8 years. Tonnis grade II and III DDH is a risk factor for redislocation and residual acetabular dysplasia after the one-stage operation.
On the response of non-dissipative solids

Abstract In this paper we develop a description for the mechanical response of non-dissipative solids. Unlike the classical approach, a relative deformation gradient tensor is introduced and, based on the second law of thermodynamics, the Cauchy stress is derived from a potential function for the relative deformation tensor and the preferred directions associated with the material symmetry possessed by a non-dissipative solid. The requirement of Galilean invariance and the symmetry of the Cauchy stress are then employed to restrict the form of the potential, with the help of invariance theory. Finally, the implications of the formulation are explored by considering special cases of symmetry such as isotropy, transverse isotropy and orthotropy. The difference between the present approach and the standard treatment of elasticity are discussed.
Self-alignment of patterned wafers using capillary forces at a water-air interface

Precision alignment of features that are defined on separate substrates is an important step in fabricating a wide range of micrometer-scale sensors and actuators. In this paper, we describe the use of capillary forces resulting from menisci formed at a water‐air interface within lithographically defined patterns to automatically align features on two flat substrates with submicrometer accuracy. Capillary forces have been shown to be extremely powerful at the sub-millimeter scale. For example, the 30 year-old solder bump technology takes advantage of simple surface energy effects. [1] Solder is used to wet metal terminals on a chip before bringing this chip into contact with its complement. Self-alignment has been reported with this technique as the solder minimizes its surface area. Whitesides and coworkers have made extensive use of the “capillary bond” in their discussion of selfassembly of millimeter scale objects. [2] In a series of their experiments, polydimethylsiloxane objects were made to assemble into predetermined patterns at a liquid‐liquid interface by modifying their wall chemistries to generate attractive or repulsive menisci. This application of surface free energy showed that the minimization of the curvature of the menisci