cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Strategies for Small Herds

Effective herd health programs are traditionally based on strategies to control disease prevalence so that farm profit is maximized. In the past veterinary services focused on improving production efficiency primarily through reproductive consultation and mastitis control programs. Veterinary nutritional consulting has only recently become an integral component of herd health programs and it is gradually becoming recognized that sound management advice in this area may have a greater impact on economic efficiency than other traditional services. A survey of ration evaluation revealed a mean potential 14% feed cost saving through ration reformulation. Nutrition is an important economic input component for the dairy herd, large or small. Feed can range from 40-60% of the value of milk production depending on herd size and on efficiency of production. Small herds, which do not enjoy the economies of scale effects on feed prices realized by large herds will tend to have higher feed cost/lb of product produced. Inefficient feeding programs will have a higher proportional effect on small farm profitability.
Assessing the ergonomic hazards for Pile Drivers

Objective The study was conducted to assess the physical/ergonomic exposures that may lead to musculoskeletal injuries of Pile Drivers. Participants Pile Drivers in the Greater Boston area. Methods A hierarchical taxonomy for pile driving work was developed with tasks and activities defined within each of seven main pile driving operations. Exposures were characterized for the pile driving work with the PATH (Posture, Activity, Tools, and Handling) method. Data on working posture were collected for three main body parts: legs, arm and trunk. Results A total of 8,301 observations were made on 29 Pile Drivers, on a total of 6 work sites. The lagging operation had the highest percentage of observations with non-neutral trunk (46.8%), and leg (41.0%) postures, as well as one of the lowest percentages for working on stable ground (9.0%) as observed during the lagging operation. The bracing operation had the lowest percentage for working on stable ground (0.3%). The slurry wall operation also had a low percentage of work on stable ground (6.0%). Compared to the awkward trunk and leg postures, the arm postures were less frequently observed as being awkward or non-neutral. Conclusion The results indicate of significant exposures that could lead to musculoskeletal injuries of the back and legs for the Pile Drivers. The unstable ground conditions seemed to be one of the main concerns for this job.
Compressibility of Ce M In 5 and Ce 2 M In 8 ( M = Rh , Ir, and Co) compounds

The lattice parameters of the tetragonal compounds $\mathrm{Ce}M{\mathrm{In}}_{5}$ and ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{2}M{\mathrm{In}}_{8}$ ($M=\mathrm{Rh}$, Ir, and Co) have been studied as a function of pressure up to $15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ using a diamond anvil cell under both hydrostatic and quasihydrostatic conditions at room temperature. The addition of $M{\mathrm{In}}_{2}$ layers to the parent $\mathrm{Ce}{\mathrm{In}}_{3}$ compound is found to stiffen the lattice as the 2-layer systems (average of bulk modulus values ${B}_{0}$ is $70.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$) have a larger ${B}_{0}$ than $\mathrm{Ce}{\mathrm{In}}_{3}$ $(67\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa})$, while the 1-layer systems are even stiffer (average of ${B}_{0}$ is $81.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$). Estimating the hybridization using parameters from tight binding calculations shows that the dominant hybridization is $fp$ in nature between the Ce and In atoms. The values of ${V}_{pf}$ at the pressure where the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ reaches a maximum is the same for all $\mathrm{Ce}M{\mathrm{In}}_{5}$ compounds. By plotting the maximum values of the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ versus $c∕a$ for the studied compounds and Pu-based superconductors, we find a universal ${T}_{c}$ versus $c∕a$ behavior when these quantities are normalized appropriately. These results are consistent with magnetically mediated superconductivity.
Central Composite Designs

Choosing a suitable experimental design is an important first step in investigations of the factors that may influence one or more response variables. Such investigations often lead to the representation of the response variable as a second-order (quadratic) surface in the predictor variables. Central composite-type designs are popular, classical, and excellent choices for this purpose. A portion of a design of this type can be performed initially to fit a first-order model. A second-order portion can then be added, if it becomes clear that the first-order fit suggests the need for supplementary information. A three-predictor variable data set is worked through to illustrate the decisions involved in these types of studies. Keywords: center points; central composite designs; experimental designs; first-order model; response surfaces; second-order model; two-level factorial designs
Nutrient Databank perspectives on energy

The Atwater system of food-specific factors continues to be used for calculating energy in the Nutrient Databank. In 1983 the US Department of Agriculture requested that the Life Sciences Research Office (LSRO) of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology reassess the system's accuracy and utility. An LSRO panel of experts reported that there was no evidence that a substantial problem exists. Advances in food technology and changes in analytical methods in the past decade, however, are causing some concern for the reporting of energy in the databank. Some perspectives on these and other issues are discussed.
Pituitary tumor apoplexy: a review.

This superb review puts in perspective a relatively common problem that presents as a medical emergency and may be difficult to diagnose and to treat appropriately unless it is recognized. This condition, which the authors correctly name pituitary tumor apoplexy, occurs in a small, nonetheless, significant number of patients harboring a pituitary tumor, most often a clinically nonfunctioning macroadenoma. Because these tumors grow very slowly and manifest themselves endocrinologically in a subtle but progressive fashion, the first indication of the presence of the tumor may be a catastrophic ictal event when the tumor abruptly enlarges because of infarction of the tumor and/or hemorrhage into it. 1-6 Patients with pituitary tumor apoplexy may arrive at the emergency room with signs and symptoms that mimic subarachnoid hemorrhage, myocardial infarction, meningitis, stroke, or shock. In addition, to the results of mass effect that include loss of vision, altered consciousness, and severe headache, it is critical to recognize that many such patients will have acute adrenal insufficiency from compression or destruction of the normal pituitary gland. 2-5 The prompt administration of corticosteroids can be a life-saving maneuver, but this may not happen unless pituitary tumor apoplexy is part of the differential diagnosis. Ideally, steroids should be given before the diagnostic studies (computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] scan) that help to confirm whether the clinical diagnoses are done. In retrospect, many of the patients will have a history compatible with progressive mild
Relations Among Spouse Acceptance, Remembered Parental Acceptance in Childhood, and Psychological Adjustment Among Married Adults in India

This study explored the way in which remembered childhood experiences of maternal and paternal acceptance mediated or influenced in other ways the relation between perceived intimate-partner accept...
Early Solar System: Shock fronts in Hawaii

The most vexing question in meteoritics is on the verge of being answered — what process led to the small droplets of primordial dust that are found throughout the most primitive meteorites?
Excitatory effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, veratridine and phenyl diguanide on sensory ganglion cells of the nodose ganglion of the cat.

Abstract 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), phenyl diguanide (PDG) and veratridine, injected into the common carotid artery in doses of 5–10 μg, caused action potentials to be generated in small bundles dissected from the infranodose vagus nerve of cat. These excitatory effects persisted following transection of the supranodose vagus nerve. 5-HT and PDG also produced action potentials in fibers dissected from the supranodose vagus, before and after transection of the cervical vagus nerve; veratridine was not tested on these fibers. Not all infranodose or supranodose fibers were excited by these drugs in the doses used. Susceptibility of the fibers to 5-HT, PDG or veratridine did not appear to be related to the type of sensory modality transmitted by the fibers, as fibers subserving different modalities were excited. Pentobarbital, 1–4 mg/kg injected intravenously, depressed responses to 5-HT (responses that the reflexes produced by 5-HT, PDG and veratridine through an action on the nodose ganglion probably result from direct excitatory effects of these drugs on sensory ganglion cells.
Modeled surface air temperature response to snow depth variability

[1] Previous literature has established a relationship between snow cover and climate on large and small scales, but has focused on the influence of the presence versus absence of snow cover. A small body of literature indicates that snow depth can also influence properties of the atmosphere, through its ability to insulate the land surface. In this study, we investigate the local surface air temperature response to perturbations in snow water equivalent over the course of a single season, using the regional climate model RegCM3. Snow depth is specified as a percentage of the climatological snow water equivalent averaged over a small domain within a larger 3000 × 3000 km model domain, both centered at Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota, United States (44.87°N, 93.22°W). In response to a specified increase in snow water equivalent corresponding to a shift from shallow ( 31 cm) snow, we find a seasonally averaged reduction in surface air temperatures that is on the order of 1°C, with smaller and larger responses observed within a season. Coincident with this change, we find reduced upward sensible heat flux at the surface. Both results are consistent with those of previous studies when differences in methodology are accounted for. The response achieved here extends vertically and horizontally beyond the forcing domain, suggesting the potential for the influence of snow depth on large-scale features of climate.
Bacterial community response to changes in soil redox potential along a moisture gradient in restored wetlands

A B S T R A C T Hydrology is greatly modified during wetland restoration, especially when restoration sites were previously under agricultural management. Fluctuations in hydrology affect soil redox potential, causing a shift in microbial metabolic pathways due to changes in nutrient and oxygen availability. We hypothesize that hydrologic variability influences microbial community composition. To evaluate the relationship between hydrology and bacterial community composition, we characterized soil redox potential and local soil factors along a hydrologic gradient at two floodplain wetland restoration sites. We collected soil samples along a gradient from upland to wetland, and monitored redox potential (in situ redox probes) and bacterial community composition (DNA fingerprinting) bi-weekly (June–October 2011). In addition, we measured soil organic matter, ammonium, nitrate, temperature, and pH along the moisture gradient. During these observations, both sites shifted from reducing to more oxidizing environments, based on changes in soil redox potential. At both sites, distinct bacterial communities were observed at each location along the moisture gradient, corresponding to spatial shifts in redox conditions. Additionally, we experimentally tested if hydrologic history constrained bacterial response to contemporary soil moisture conditions by exposing field soil collected from upland (dry) to wetland (saturated) plots at one wetland site to a range of moisture levels. Where soils originated from hydrologically variable field conditions, the experimental moisture additions resulted in distinct bacterial assemblages among moisture treatments. Our results revealed that bacterial communities originating from fluctuating hydrologic conditions in the field were more diverse and capable of greater changes in community composition in response to changes in soil moisture than bacterial communities shaped by stable, less dynamic, hydrologic conditions (i.e., more permanently wet or dry conditions). As a consequence, land use changes that alter hydrologic conditions may impact soil microbial communities more when environmental conditions were historically more stable compared to fluctuating. Wetland management aimed at restoring microbial functions should consider ways in which management can be adapted to overcome biological, physical, and chemical legacies from prior land use that may constrain restoration of microbial ecosystem services.
Experimental Demonstration of Near-Infrared Negative-Index Metamaterials

Metal-based negative refractive-index materials have been extensively studied in the microwave region. However, negative-index metamaterials have not been realized at near-IR or visible frequencies due to difficulties of fabrication and to the generally poor optical properties of metals at these wavelengths. In this Letter, we report the first fabrication and experimental verification of a transversely structured metal-dielectricmetal multilayer exhibiting a negative refractive index around 2 mu m. Both the amplitude and the phase of the transmission and reflection were measured experimentally, and are in good agreement with a rigorous coupled wave analysis.
Liquid chromatographic determination of caffeine in biologic fluids

A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for the determination of caffeine in various biologic fluids and coffee. A reversed-phase column and UV detection at 254 nm were used to obtain a sensitivity of 0.1 microgram/ml caffeine in serum and saliva using a sample volume of 0.1 ml. Caffeine metabolites and commonly ingested xanthines do not interfere with the assay. The within-day coefficients of variation were 9.8 and 9.9% at plasma caffeine concentrations of 2 and 10 micrograms/ml, respectively. The day-to-day coefficients of variation were 6.8 and 6.6% at plasma caffeine concentrations of 2 and 10 micrograms/ml, respectively. Serum and saliva caffeine concentrations were determined following a single oral dose of coffee and an intravenous infusion of caffeine in one subject. Computer estimates of caffeine pharmacokinetic parameters in one subject are in excellent agreement with previously published values.
Factors associated with phyllodes tumor of the breast after core needle biopsy identifies fibroepithelial neoplasm

Abstract Background Phyllodes tumors represent less than 1% of all breast neoplasms and can mimic fibroadenoma on core needle biopsy (CNB). The treatment of fibroepithelial (FE) neoplasms identified on CNB is controversial. We sought to identify factors that were associated with phyllodes tumors after CNB suggested FE neoplasm. Materials and methods A retrospective database was queried for all patients diagnosed with FE neoplasm on CNB at Ben Taub General Hospital over a 10-y period. One hundred twenty-three patients were identified and demographic, clinical, and outcome data were analyzed. Results Of the 123 patients, 46 (37%) were found to have fibroadenomatous features and 59 (48%) were found to have FE features. All went on to have surgical excision. Forty (38%) contained phyllodes tumors, and 65 (62%) found no phyllodes tumor on final pathology. There were significant differences in the median size of the masses (4 cm versus 2.4 cm P P P Conclusions Women commonly present to clinics for evaluation of palpable breast masses. Based on the results of CNB, clinical decisions can be made to help direct treatment. If CNB identifies phyllodes tumor, surgical excision remains the standard of care; however, patients with suspicious FE neoplasms represent a treatment dilemma as many will prove to be benign. Preoperative size and the density of the mass on imaging and ethnicity were associated with phyllodes tumors on final pathology.
Data flow anomaly detection of recursive procedures

Let P be a program and v be a variable of P; let G p be the flowgraph of P; and, let p 1, be a node in G P that corresponds to a point in P where a variable v of P is defined. A dataflow anomaly is a sequence of actions on v that is suspected to be erroneous. In particular, a dd anomaly occurs iff there exists another node p 2 in G P at which v is defined and there exists an execution parth from p 1 to p 2 in which v is not referenced. A du anomaly occurs iff the variable v is not referened along any path from p 1 to the end of the program; and, finally a ur anomaly occurs iff the variable v is referenced before it is defined. Data flow anomaly detection is a techinique that identifies these anomalies. Despite the fact that the presence of such anomalies does not necessarily constitute errors, their identification is of primary importance in the debugging process, whereas their absence enhances software quality. Recently, two attempts have been made to solve the static interprocedural data flow anomaly pr...
Redirection of cutaneous sensation from the hand to the chest skin of human amputees with targeted reinnervation

Amputees cannot feel what they touch with their artificial hands, which severely limits usefulness of those hands. We have developed a technique that transfers remaining arm nerves to residual chest muscles after an amputation. This technique allows some sensory nerves from the amputated limb to reinnervate overlying chest skin. When this reinnervated skin is touched, the amputees perceive that they are being touched on their missing limb. We found that touch thresholds of the reinnervated chest skin fall within near-normal ranges, indicating the regeneration of large-fiber afferents. The perceptual identity of the limb and chest was maintained separately even though they shared a common skin surface. A cutaneous expression of proprioception also occurred in one reinnervated individual. Experiments with peltier temperature probes and surface electrical stimulation of the reinnervated skin indicate the regeneration of small diameter temperature and pain afferents. The perception of an amputated limb arising from stimulation of reinnervated chest skin may allow useful sensory feedback from prosthetic devices and provides insight into the mechanisms of neural plasticity and peripheral regeneration in humans.
Discrete element simulations of gravitational volcanic deformation: 1. Deformation structures and geometries

[1] We have carried out two-dimensional particle dynamics simulations of granular piles subject to frictional Coulomb failure criteria to gain a first-order understanding of different modes of gravitational deformation within volcanoes. Under uniform basal and internal strength conditions, granular piles grow self-similarly, developing distinctive stratigraphies, morphologies, and structures. Piles constructed upon cohesive substrates exhibit particle avalanching, forming outward dipping strata and angle of repose slopes. Systematic decreases in basal strength lead to progressively deeper and steeper internal detachment faults and slip along a basal decollement; landslide forms grade from shallow slumps to deep-seated landslide and, finally, to axial subsidence and outward flank displacements, or volcanic spreading. Surface slopes decrease and develop concave up morphologies with decreasing decollement strength; depositional layers tilt progressively inward. Spatial variations in basal strength cause lateral transitions in pile structure, stratigraphy, and morphology. This approximation of volcanoes as Coulomb granular piles reproduces the richness of deformational structures and surface morphologies in many volcanic settings. The gentle slopes of Hawaiian volcanoes and Olympus Mons on Mars suggest weak basal decollements that enable volcanic spreading. High-angle normal faults, favored above weak decollements, are interpreted in both settings and may explain catastrophic sector collapse in Hawaii and broad aureole deposits surrounding Olympus Mons. In contrast, steeper slopes and shallow detachment faults predominate in the Canary Islands, thought to lack a weak decollement, favoring smaller, more frequent slope failures than predicted for Hawaii. The numerical results provide a useful predictive tool for interpreting dynamic behavior and associated geologic hazards of active volcanoes.
3D Super-resolution Imaging of Microtubules with a Double Helix Point Spread Function Microscope

Double Helix PSF Imaging of PtK1 cells reveals 3D intracellular structure beyond the diffraction limit. The 3D super-resolution microscope is built around a photon-efficient PSF design and phase mask matched to an optimal estimation algorithm.
Altered cell growth and morphology in a BHK-21 cell mutant that lacks a receptor for Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus

Abstract The receptor for Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) remains unknown. In vitro, BHK-21 cells are permissive to infection by TMEV. Selecting mutants of BHK-21 cells produced a cell line (BHKR − ) resistant to infection by TMEV. Viral persistence was ruled out by immunofluorescent staining for viral antigens. BHKR − cells were nonpermissive to infection even at high multiplicities of infection. In contrast, cells were able to support one round of virus replication when transfected with infectious TMEV RNA. Binding studies indicated that TMEV was unable to attach to these cells. These data are consistent with the BHKR − cells lacking a receptor for TMEV. Interestingly, BHKR − cells were larger in size and had a significant lag in growth after subculture versus BHK-21 cells. This suggests that the TMEV receptor on BHK-21 cells could play an important role in cell growth and morphology under physiologic conditions. BHKR − cells should facilitate the search for TMEV receptors.
Open staple diverticulectomy for a large recurrent Zenker's diverticulum: still a valid procedure.

Objectives We demonstrate indications for external mechanical stapler diverticulectomy in the modern era of endoscopic treatment. We review treatment of a large diverticulum and discuss considerations that should be made in deciding on the type of surgical treatment. Methods The index case was in a 75-year-old man who had undergone open cricopharyngeal myotomy with diverticulopexy 35 years earlier. He presented with 25 years of recurrent symptoms. A swallow study showed a 6.5 x 5.0-cm diverticulum. The diverticulum was deemed too large for standard endoscopic myotomy, so diverticulectomy was performed with a stapler. Results The patient was discharged on postoperative day 3 without complications. A swallow study on postoperative day 5 demonstrated no diverticulum or extravasation of barium. The patient resumed a normal diet with resolution of dysphagia. Two additional patients with large Zenker's diverticula that were managed similarly are also discussed. Conclusions Although endoscopic laser cricopharyngeal myotomy and stapler diverticulostomy have become standard treatments for Zenker's diverticulum, this case of a large recurrent diverticulum illustrates a situation in which older techniques may be preferred. Use of the mechanical stapler allowed for a shorter surgery time than traditional suture techniques, and the potential for an earlier return to a normal diet.
Small signal stability analysis for thyristor converters on weak power systems

The phase controlled thyristor converter supplied from a weak power system is modeled in the time domain. A state variable formulation is used for the discrete nonlinear model. Local linerization is performed about an equilibrium state to obtain a small signal steady state model for such a thyristor converter system. The stability constraints for the digital controller parameters are also obtained for a fast closed loop control. As an illustration, the small signal steady state stability analysis is shown for a six-pulse controlled thyristor dc drive having a fast control loop, weak bus, current harmonic fileter, power factor correcting capacitor and transformer leakage reactance.
Observations of inertia-gravity wave motions in the stratosphere over Jicamarca, Peru

We present results obtained with the MST radar at Jicamarca, Peru over 10 days in January, 1993. During this campaign, inertia-gravity waves with observed periods of ∼36 hours were seen in the stratosphere (19–30 km). The radar was operated with a high (400-m) range resolution allowing accurate determination of wave propagation characteristics. The large variation of wave amplitude (∼2–10 ms−1) with height and time suggests a superposition of several wave motions. As consistent with upward energy propagation, the phase fronts descended with time, and a vertical wavelength of ∼5 km was inferred from the rate of this phase descent. Orbital ellipses imply largely zonal propagation with an intrinsic period of roughly 30 hours, somewhat less than the observed period. The shorter intrinsic period suggests eastward wave propagation, in opposition to the predominantly westward mean motion.
Passive Recruitment in the Russian Urban Labor Market

About half of the hires made in the Russian city of Samara in 1998 were accomplished without an employer's outreach effort to fill the position. Such passive recruitment is supported primarily by hiring managers’ personal ties and the networks of the firm's current and previous employees. The positive effect of a job's attractiveness on the likelihood of passive recruitment is dampened by an increase in the stringency of the job's technical and social requirements. Thus, if necessary, employers actively search for candidates who meet the job requirements, and therefore the cost of search is the primary factor behind passive recruitment.
Comparative levels of excessive daytime sleepiness in common medical disorders.

Introduction Sleep restriction and sleep disorders are common causes of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Medical disorders (MD) can also cause EDS, but previous studies have used non-standardized measures, selected samples, or have examined EDS in singular disorders. This study describes the relative degree of EDS associated with medical disorders to provide comparative data across a range of common medical conditions in a large unselected community-based sample.
IS Strategy and IS Contribution: CEO and CIO Perspectives

This research compares views of CEOs and CIOs in the same organization about the contribution of IS to their organization and about the IS strategy that produced the contribution. The executives agree about the extent of IS contribution, but disagree about how IS strategy produces it. CEOs view analysis and proactiveness strategies as the two top keys to doing so, whereas CIOs see innovativeness and aggressiveness strategies as the two top keys.
Effects of Dislocations on Mobilities in Semiconductors

The scattering of electrons or holes in semiconductors by the dilation of the lattice around rigid, randomly-arranged edge-type dislocations is treated by the method of the deformation potential. The contribution of this scattering to the electrical resistance is determined from the Boltzmann transport equation by the method of Mackenzie and Sondheimer, except for the use of Maxwell-Boltzmann, rather than Fermi-Dirac statistics. The temperature dependence of the reciprocal of the mobility $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is given by $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\mu}}={\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{l}{T}^{\frac{3}{2}}+{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{i}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}+{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ where the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$'s are temperature-independent quantities referring to scattering from the lattice, impurity atoms, and dislocations, respectively. A discussion is given of the relative magnitudes of these three terms, and of the possibility of obtaining experimental information concerning dislocations in semiconductors by electrical measurements.
Depth-color image registration for 3D surface texture construction using kinect camera system

Today some camera systems provide various opportunities to the scientists in computer vision since they capture color and depth images of a scene simultaneously. This paper presents a new 3D model construction and surface texture mapping technique for real object images captured by Microsoft (MS) Kinect camera system. Our ultimate goal is to construct textured 3D model of the real objects. To achieve this goal, we perform depth-color image registration based on “Scale Invariant Feature Transform” (SIFT) and “Speeded-Up Robust Features” (SURF) features, Hough transform, and least squares optimization. After the registration, using the depth image, non-textured 3D model is created and finally color image is mapped on top of the 3D model of the object based on Delaunay triangulation. In the experiment section, three objects having different sizes and shapes are examined. Their textured 3D models are constructed without significant problems.
Stream-Based Computing and Future Television

This paper explains the concept of stream-based processing and describes why it is a good match to video data. Stream-based computing combined with automatic resource allocation can make the parallelization of the computation automatic at run-time, permitting scalable computing (the same software runs on differently configured systems) and multitasking. Within this framework, the implementation of streams on several hardware architectures is discussed, as well as various ways to apply the lessons learned to future programmable hardware for digital video processing.
Reanalysis of conversion efficiencies for larval Fundulus heteroclitus

The conversion efficiency (gross growth efficiency) of larval Fundulus heteroclitus fed newly hatched Artemia sp. nauplii was recently reported as the lowest observed (0.69 to 1.11%) for a fish. A recalculation of the efficiencies, based on data from Radtke and Dean, showed that the original determinations were in error by two orders of magnitude. The recalculated values (69.0 to 114.4%), however, are impossibly large and probably result from measurement error in the determination of the weight of a single prey individual (nauplius). Using a nauplius weight estimate from the literature, the conversion efficiencies were again recalculated. The new efficiencies (25 to 41%) agree with those reported for other fish species. The values are still higher than those reported elsewhere for adult F. heteroclitus, but this is consistent with the generalization that conversion efficiency decreases with age.
An analysis of fraud on the Internet

This paper examines the issue of fraud on the Internet and discusses three areas with significant potential for misleading and fraudulent practices, namely: securities sales and trading; electronic commerce; and the rapid growth of Internet companies. The first section of the paper discusses securities fraud on the Internet. Activities that violate US securities laws are being conducted through the Internet, and the US Securities and Exchange Commission has been taking steps to suppress these activities. The second section of the paper discusses fraud in electronic commerce. The rapid growth of electronic commerce, and the corresponding desire on the part of consumers to feel secure when engaging in electronic commerce, has prompted various organizations to develop mechanisms to reduce concerns about fraudulent misuse of information. It is questionable, however, whether these mechanisms can actually reduce fraud in electronic commerce. The third section of the paper discusses the potential for fraud arising from the rapid growth of Internet companies, often with little economic substance and lacking traditional management and internal controls. The paper examines the three areas of potential Internet fraud mentioned above and suggest ways in which these abuses may be combated.
Polarizability of Rydberg atoms and the dominant long-range interactions

The dominant long-range interaction of an alkali-metal atom with charged particles at low energies is given for large separation R by the dispersive potential $W\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}{/R}^{4}$ in terms of the dipole polarizability ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}.$ For atoms prepared initially in Rydberg states of quantum numbers (n, l), the potential assumes a more complicated form due to the complete or near degeneracy of the n manifold. Contributions to the polarizability are treated in two parts, (a) one for the nondegenerate states and (b) the other for the degenerate or near degenerate cases. It is shown that ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{d}^{(b)}$ for case (b) is in general R dependent, and in the limit of complete degeneracy, diverges as ${R}^{2}.$ That is, for a small energy gap \ensuremath{\Delta} between a pair of nearly degenerate states which are dipole coupled, the dispersion potential ${W}^{(b)}\ensuremath{\simeq}{D/R}^{2}$ for $Rl{R}_{x}$ and ${W}^{(b)}\ensuremath{\simeq}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}^{(b)}{/R}^{4}$ for $Rg{R}_{x},$ where D is the dipole moment, ${R}_{x}=[2|D/\ensuremath{\Delta}|{]}^{1/2},$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}^{(b)}\ensuremath{\simeq}{D}^{2}/\ensuremath{\Delta}.$ They may also compete with a ${1/R}^{3}$ potential for Rydberg atoms with $lg0.$ The total ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}$ can be very large in magnitude for small \ensuremath{\Delta} and even assume negative values, but the corresponding ${R}_{x}$ also increases as \ensuremath{\Delta} decreases. The validity region in R of the ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ behavior of the potential recedes to larger R as the polarizability grows. A general formula for ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{d}$ is given, taking into account the effects of fine-structure splitting, the Lamb shift, and quantum defects.
A critical evaluation of burn sheetings

Abstract The clinical performance of burn sheetings was judged by in vitro and in vivo standard clinical and experimental tests. The sheetings included in this comprehensive evaluation were ordinary cotton sheeting and two specially designed burn sheetings, Microdon ∗ and Ultra Care. † On the basis of this examination, the Microdon dressing is recommended for use in the care of the burn victim.
Does Culture Moderate the Relationship Between Sexual Orientation and Gender-Related Personality Traits?

Do cultural factors moderate the relationship between sexual orientation and gender-related personality traits? To answer this question, the authors assessed gender-related traits in 90 gay men, 82...
Temporal Variation in the Estrogenicity of a Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent and Its Biological Significance

Daily variation in the estrogenic activity of effluent released by a modern sewage treatment plant (STP) was measured and its effects on the physiology, behavior, and reproductive success of male fish were evaluated. As measured by an estrogen receptor binding assay, the daily estrogenic activity of this effluent was both high and extremely variable (42 ± 25.4 [mean ± SD] ng 17β-estradiol (E2) equivalents/L; n = 18). Liver VTG mRNA expression in male fathead minnows (FHM) covaried with the binding assay estimates, suggesting that these fluctuations are biologically relevant. Tests which exposed male FHMs to either fluctuating levels of E2, a constant concentration of E2 (time-weighted to reflect average concentrations), or control (no E2) demonstrated that while the estrogenic activity of this effluent was detrimental to male spawning success, the fact that its concentration varied in a daily manner was without additional influence. The variability of the effluent’s estrogenicity suggests that studies con...
Analysis of sieving data in reference to powder size distribution

The procedure conventionally employed to interpret experimentally determined sieving data was examined. It was demonstrated that the conventional procedure is inherently flawed in several aspects. Along with several implicit, hard-to-be-justified assumptions associated with it, the conventional graphical representation procedure also failed to address the reliability of the results. To resolve these problems, a new procedure was formulated. Application of the formulated procedure to several sets of sample sieving data reveals that it is capable of extracting the total weight of powders from experimental data, of determining the nature of the size distribution, of establishing the characteristic parameters, and simultaneously, of determining the reliability of the results.
Predicting the accuracy of facial affect recognition: the interaction of child maltreatment and intellectual functioning.

Previous research demonstrates that both child maltreatment and intellectual performance contribute uniquely to the accurate identification of facial affect by children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to extend this research by examining whether child maltreatment affects the accuracy of facial recognition differently at varying levels of intellectual functioning. A sample of maltreated (n = 50) and nonmaltreated (n = 56) adolescent females, 14 to 19 years of age, was recruited to participate in this study. Participants completed demographic and study-related questionnaires and interviews to control for potential psychological and psychiatric confounds such as symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, negative affect, and difficulties in emotion regulation. Participants also completed an experimental paradigm that recorded responses to facial affect displays starting in a neutral expression and changing into a full expression of one of six emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, or surprise. Hierarchical multiple regression assessed the incremental advantage of evaluating the interaction between child maltreatment and intellectual functioning. Results indicated that the interaction term accounted for a significant amount of additional variance in the accurate identification of facial affect after controlling for relevant covariates and main effects. Specifically, maltreated females with lower levels of intellectual functioning were least accurate in identifying facial affect displays, whereas those with higher levels of intellectual functioning performed as well as nonmaltreated females. These results suggest that maltreatment and intellectual functioning interact to predict the recognition of facial affect, with potential long-term consequences for the interpersonal functioning of maltreated females.
Microplasticity and fracture in a Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn alloy

Abstract The stress-strain response of Ti-15-3 has been studied under monotonic loading. Strong evidence of microplasticity is observed at stresses corresponding to ~ 30% of the bulk yield stress. Microplasticity in Ti-15-3 with a model β structure occurs initially via grain boundary sliding and slip band formation/intersection. Subsequent bulk deformation occurs via stress-induced α-phase precipitation. Microplasticity in Ti-15-3 with a model Widmanstatten α+β microstructure occurs by bulk or grain boundary flow mechanisms that are not well understood at present. Final fracture in the model β and Widmanstatten α+β structures occurs by classical ductile fracture mechanisms. Further experimental and analytical work is needed to assess the relative contributions from bond stretching and microplasticity in the so-called elastic regime.
Asymptotic behaviors of heat transfer in porous passages with axial conduction

As reported in the literature, a sufficiently small Peclet number requires the inclusion of axial conduction within a fluid flowing in a duct. In fluid saturated porous ducts, this phenomenon greatly increases the heat transfer rate within the thermal entrance region. Axial conduction effects near the thermal entrance regions in parallel-plate ducts and in circular ducts are emphasized in this study. Having metallic foams as porous materials can cause the effective thermal conductivity to increase and this decreases the Peclet number. Here, a simple solution is being used for determination wall heat flux near the thermal entrance location and the result leads to a relatively simple correlation for determination of the bulk temperature.
Trade-off study and computer simulation for assessing spacecraft pointing accuracy and stability capabilities

A case study, written in a tutorial manner, is presented where a comprehensive computer simulation is developed to determine the driving factors contributing to spacecraft pointing accuracy and stability. Models for major system components are described. Among them are spacecraft bus, attitude controller, reaction wheel assembly, star-tracker unit, inertial reference unit, and gyro drift estimators (Kalman filter). The predicted spacecraft performance is analyzed for a variety of input commands and system disturbances. The primary deterministic inputs are the desired attitude angles and rate set points. The stochastic inputs include random torque disturbances acting on the spacecraft, random gyro bias noise, gyro random walk, and star-tracker noise. These inputs are varied over a wide range to determine their effects on pointing accuracy and stability. The results are presented in the form of trade-off curves designed to facilitate the proper selection of subsystems so that overall spacecraft pointing accuracy and stability requirements are met.
Attractiveness and Rivalry in Women’s Friendships with Women

Past research suggests that young women perceive their same-sex friends as both facilitating the pursuit of desirable mates and competing for access to desirable mates. We propose that similar levels of physical attractiveness between young adult female friends might be one explanation for the opposing forces in their friendships. Forty-six female friendship pairs completed questionnaires about themselves, their friend, and their friendship; in addition, each woman’s picture was rated by a set of nine naive judges. Friends were similar in both self-rated and other-rated level of attractiveness. Within-pair analyses revealed that women agreed on which friend was more attractive, and the less attractive members of each friendship pair (by pair consensus as well as outside judges’ ratings) perceived more mating rivalry in their friendship than did the more attractive members of each friendship pair. We offer directions for research on women’s friendships over the lifespan.
Guidelines for using variable selection techniques in data envelopment analysis

Abstract Model misspecification has significant impacts on data envelopment analysis (DEA) efficiency estimates. This paper discusses the four most widely-used approaches to guide variable specification in DEA. We analyze efficiency contribution measure (ECM), principal component analysis (PCA-DEA), a regression-based test, and bootstrapping for variable selection via Monte Carlo simulations to determine each approach’s advantages and disadvantages. For a three input, one output production process, we find that: PCA-DEA performs well with highly correlated inputs (greater than 0.8) and even for small data sets (less than 300 observations); both the regression and ECM approaches perform well under low correlation (less than 0.2) and relatively larger data sets (at least 300 observations); and bootstrapping performs relatively poorly. Bootstrapping requires hours of computational time whereas the three other methods require minutes. Based on the results, we offer guidelines for effectively choosing among the four selection methods.
Genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and transcriptional variants of the murine Pactolus gene.

The Pactolus gene encodes a cell surface protein similar to that of the β integrin subunit family. The murine Pactolus gene is comprised of 16 exons that encompass 24 kb of the genome. The genomic organization of the Pactolus gene is very similar to that described for the human β2 integrin gene (and deduced for murine β2 integrin), including a separate exon containing only 5′ untranslated sequences. The Pactolus gene was mapped to a terminal region of murine Chromosome (Chr) 16, distinct from the previously mapped site of the β2 integrin gene on murine Chr 10. The Pactolus gene encodes three distinct transcripts via alternative splicing. The Pactolus A transcript encodes the full-length protein including transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, while the Pactolus B transcript truncates translation before reaching these membrane-anchoring sequences. A newly discovered form, Pactolus C, is found in neonatal samples (along with Pactolus A) and would also encode a prematurely terminated protein. This form is derived from an alternative splicing event that skips part of exon 11, deletes exon 12, and uses an alternative acceptor site upstream of exon 13. The formation of the Pactolus B and C forms is thus governed by a complex alternative splicing mechanism that is affected by the developmental status of the animal.
Mechanism of base hydrolysis of some rhodium(III) complexes

Abstract The base catalysis of the reactions of cis-[Rh(en)2NO2Cl]+ and of trans-[Rh(en)2NH2CH2Cl]+ with NO− 2 and with N3− in dimethylsulfoxide solution is reported. The same complexes were allowed to react with NO2− and N3− in the presence of OH− in aqueous solution and the ratio of the acido and hydroxo products were determined. The ratio of products depends on the reagent anion but is independent of the OH− concentration and of the leaving group. The results are explained on the basis of an SNlCB mechanism.
A continuum thermodynamic analysis of cohesive zone models

A global thermodynamic analysis of the running crack problem is presented. The crack is modeled as an evolving partially cohesive interface endowed with a thermodynamic structure distinct from that of the surrounding body. Constitutive relationships for the cohesive part of the crack surface are formulated in a general way that allows one to account for various dissipative mechanisms and to recover most of the cohesive zone models available from the literature. Particular attention is focused on some of the fundamental and necessary requirements for formulating cohesive zone models. The relationship between such requirements and the interface evolution is discussed and analysed.
An analysis of induction motor field oriented or vector control

The main object of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the fast transient response capability of the field oriented or vector controlled variable frequency induction motor. Another torque control previously reported in the literature, called the field acceleration method, is shown to have similar transient torque response. These fast response torque controls, used with bipolar transients and GTO inverters, are expected to be applied in a great many variable frequency induction motor drives in the future.
Innovation Among Haitian Healers: The Adoption of Oral Rehydration Therapy

While some attention has been given to official programs for incorporating traditional healers into health care delivery, few studies have addressed the independent adoption of modern medical techniques by folk practitioners. This paper presents findings from a study of knowledge and use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for childhood diarrhea among four categories of Haitian healers (midwives, herbalists, shamans, and injectionists). Drawing upon survey and ethnographic data, the analysis shows how differential adoption of ORT in the folk and popular health sectors, and by type of healer, reflects the influence of gender and occupational roles. The observed patterns of innovation among the Haitian healers are discussed in terms of general principles of cultural borrowing within pluralistic health systems.