cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transversality in Nonlinear Eigenvalue Problems

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the transversality in nonlinear eigenvalue problems. The use of transversality or general position arguments together with traditional techniques for studying nonlinear eigenvalue problems enables one to obtain new results on the geometric structure and multiplicity of solutions of nonlinear eigenvalue problems. The chapter explains how transversality can be used to obtain a continuum of solutions for an eigenvalue problem involving a cone preserving map. For that, odd multiplicity is not needed, but the cone preservation is used to obtain an unbounded continuum of solutions of an equation u = λ F (u) , where F is a compact map that preserves the cone of non-negative functions in an L 2 space and has a derivative at zero with a single eigenvalue λ 0 corresponding to eigenvectors in the cone. In this case, the continuum emanates from the point (λ 0 , 0) . The result is applied to a simple example involving a pair of linked differential equations.
Literacy and Technology: Integrating Technology with Small Group, Peer-led Discussions of Literature

This review examines research of computer-mediated small group discussion of literature. The goal of this review is to explore several instructional formats for integrating print-based and new literacies skills. First, the theoretical foundations for the shift from teacher-led to student led discussion are outlined. Research exploring ways in which technology has been infused into several common elements of literature discussion groups are presented next. Benefits and challenges of such integration are highlighted and suggestions for future research are presented.
“A Beest May Al His Lust Fulfille”: Naturalizing Chivalric Violence in Chaucer’s “Knight’s Tale”

From Nazi attempts at “naturalizing” the state of warfare to modern marketers’ penchant for associating products with the“purity” and“simplicity” of nature, individuals and groups have tried to link their actions, products, or ideologies with the natural world. To find a parallel in the natural world (or, at least, to convince an audience that such a parallel exists) is highly advantageous for, as Neil Evernden has argued, “Once we can say, and believe, that a thing is natural, it is beyond reproach: it is now in the realm of the absolute.”1 Evernden goes on to assert: “Attributing to any notion a connection with nature provides ‘an immediate certificate of legitimacy; its credentials need not be further scrutinized.’”2 In this “certificate of legitimacy” lies the appeal for everyone from vegetarians to carnivores, and from homophobes to gay rights activists, to find a counterpart in the animal and vegetable realms for their beliefs regarding proper human behavior.3
Substance Use, Service Provision, Access & Utilization among Foreign-Born Communities in the United States: A Mixed Methods Study

The prevalence of substance use among the foreign-born has gained increasing attention. Cumulative migration stressors – including historical trauma, violence, family separation, and poverty – pres...
Associations between genetically predicted protein levels and COVID-19 severity.

It is critical to identify potential causal targets for SARS-CoV-2, which may guide drug repurposing options. We assessed the associations between genetically predicted protein levels and COVID-19 severity. Leveraging data from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative comparing 6492 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 1 012 809 controls, we identified 18 proteins with genetically predicted levels to be associated with COVID-19 severity at a false discovery rate of <0.05, including 12 that showed an association even after Bonferroni correction. Of the 18 proteins, 6 showed positive associations and 12 showed inverse associations. In conclusion, we identified 18 candidate proteins for COVID-19 severity.
Moral injury as a unique predictor of suicidal ideation in a veteran sample with a substance use disorder

Objective Suicide among military veterans accounts for 22.2% of all suicide deaths in the United States per year, and veterans with a substance use disorder (SUD) are at an even higher risk for death by suicide. This prevalence has led to increased efforts to identify and investigate both potential risks and protective factors for veterans. This study examines relationships between depression symptomology, exposure to potentially morally injurious events, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis, and suicidal ideation, with the primary aim of examining exposure to moral injurious events as a risk factor for suicide in veterans with SUD. Method An inpatient sample of 40 veterans with an active SUD admitted for suicidal ideation was evaluated to examine differences in suicidal ideation, depression symptomology, and exposure to morally injurious events in participants with and without a PTSD diagnosis. Further, exposure to morally injurious events and depression symptomology were examined as predictors of suicidal ideation. Results Analyses revealed that exposure to morally injurious events (d = 1.72) and depression symptomology (d = 0.72) were higher in participants with a PTSD diagnosis compared to those without a diagnosis, though no significant differences emerged between the two groups on suicidality. A hierarchical regression analysis indicated that only exposure to morally injurious events significantly accounted for variance in suicidality (β = .31, p = .04, 95% confidence interval [.01, .37]). Conclusions These results suggest that although PTSD may be associated with exposure to morally injurious events and depression symptoms, exposure to morally injurious events may potentially lead to higher suicide risk among veterans above and beyond PTSD and depressive symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Prison is power: Federal correctional officers, gender, and professional identity work

Federal correctional officers (COs) face a compelling amount of professional stress and rigid professional expectations. The Bureau of Prisons (BOP), in an effort to improve employee wellness, has instituted a number of policies and programs addressing gender, sexual harassment, the treatment of inmates, and the role of the BOP in rehabilitation efforts. As a result, COs are navigating how they see themselves and their role within the BOP. Using interviews with 26 federal COs, we use the communication theory of identity (CTI) to explore how correctional workers are communicatively managing their professional identities as the BOP's policies shift. Officers described idealized professional identities in oppositional gendered terms (e.g., masculinity is privileged; femininity derided). Female‐identifying officers described being unable to meet professional ideals, and some male‐identifying officers struggled enacting their masculinity. However, COs described managing gaps between their personal and professional identities in ways that elucidated connections, rather than separation, between officers. We provide theoretical and practical implications from participant voices, including the use of CTI to better understand identity work processes in workplace contexts.
Probabilistic partition of unity networks: clustering based deep approximation.

Partition of unity networks (POU-Nets) have been shown capable of realizing algebraic convergence rates for regression and solution of PDEs, but require empirical tuning of training parameters. We enrich POU-Nets with a Gaussian noise model to obtain a probabilistic generalization amenable to gradient-based minimization of a maximum likelihood loss. The resulting architecture provides spatial representations of both noiseless and noisy data as Gaussian mixtures with closed form expressions for variance which provides an estimator of local error. The training process yields remarkably sharp partitions of input space based upon correlation of function values. This classification of training points is amenable to a hierarchical refinement strategy that significantly improves the localization of the regression, allowing for higher-order polynomial approximation to be utilized. The framework scales more favorably to large data sets as compared to Gaussian process regression and allows for spatially varying uncertainty, leveraging the expressive power of deep neural networks while bypassing expensive training associated with other probabilistic deep learning methods. Compared to standard deep neural networks, the framework demonstrates hp-convergence without the use of regularizers to tune the localization of partitions. We provide benchmarks quantifying performance in high/low-dimensions, demonstrating that convergence rates depend only on the latent dimension of data within high-dimensional space. Finally, we introduce a new open-source data set of PDE-based simulations of a semiconductor device and perform unsupervised extraction of a physically interpretable reduced-order basis.
Intranasal Ketorolac versus Intravenous Ketorolac for Treatment of Migraine Headaches in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background Intravenous ketorolac is commonly used for treating migraine headaches in children. However, the prerequisite placement of an intravenous line can be technically challenging, time-consuming, and associated with pain and distress. Intranasal ketorolac may be an effective alternative that is needle-free and easier to administer. We aimed to determine whether intranasal ketorolac is non-inferior to intravenous ketorolac for reducing pain in children with migraine headaches. Methods We conducted a randomized double-blind non-inferiority clinical trial. Children aged 8-17 years with migraine headaches, moderate to severe pain, and requiring parenteral analgesics received intranasal ketorolac (1 mg/kg) or intravenous ketorolac (0.5 mg/kg). Primary outcome was reduction in pain at 60 minutes after administration measured using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (scored 0-10). Non-inferiority margin was 2/10. Secondary outcomes included time to onset of clinically meaningful decrease in pain; ancillary emergency department outcomes (e.g. receipt of rescue medications, headache relief, headache freedom, percentage improvement); 24-hour follow-up outcomes; functional disability; and adverse events. Results Fifty-nine children were enrolled. We analyzed 27 children who received intranasal ketorolac and 29 who received intravenous ketorolac. The difference in mean pain reduction at 60 minutes between groups was 0.2 (95% CI -0.9, 1.3), with the upper limit of the 95% CI being less than the non-inferiority margin. There were no statistical differences between groups for secondary outcomes. Conclusions Intranasal ketorolac was non-inferior to intravenous ketorolac for reducing migraine headache pain in the emergency department.
Worship and Wilderness: Culture, Religion, and Law in the Management of Public Lands and Resources

Questions about land use, conservation, and preservation already so perplexing and contentious take on a new complexity and greater urgency when the land in question is understood as sacred. This is a view increasingly held, as adherents of mainstream religions come to recognize what indigenous peoples knew centuries ago that the sacred inheres in nature itself. What such a trend means and how it involves the forces of culture, religion, and constitutional law (especially First Amendment clauses concerning the free exercise of religion) are considered with a remarkable breadth and depth of understanding in this important new work. Drawing on case studies of national parks and monuments, national forests, and other public lands and resources, Lloyd Burton gives a clear and comprehensive account of how the intertwining influences of culture, religion, and law have affected the management of public lands and resources in the recent past and how they may do so in the future. In a unique and unprecedented way, his book weaves together teachings on nature and the sacred among indigenous and immigrant culture groups in the United States; the relevant constitutional history of religion and government action; and analysis of contemporary conflicts over culture, religion, and public lands management. As such, Worship and Wilderness is essential reading not only for public land managers and environmental policy makers but also for anyone interested in the growing significance of religious interests in the use of resources that constitute our national commons and our common natural heritage."
Validity of trace element cosmothermometer

A reply is made to previous criticisms of the claim that the range of accretion of ordinary chondrites can be narrowed to 500-420 K (from 560-405 K) using volatile metals as cosmothermometers. Questions concerning uncertainties in vapor pressure data, entropy of mixing, methods of analysis, uncertainties in condensation curves, metamorphic transport, alloy formation, condensation of Tl, condensation of In, and concordance with other thermometers (FeO contents of silicates) are addressed. It is concluded that the original claim is valid.
Emotional Intelligence and Creativity in New Product Development Teams

There is general recognition among practitioners and academics about the importance of emotional intelligence in improving individual and team performance. In this conceptual manuscript, we propose a model whereby a team member’s emotional intelligence (EI) is an antecedent of an individual’s creativity in new product development (NPD). This study focuses on emotional intelligence at the individual team members’ level and thus builds upon earlier work that has examined the impact of a team leader’s EI on new product outcomes. We propose that an individual’s EI positively contributes to creativity. In addition, we argue that proximity and prior work relationship enhance the relationship between EI and the creativity of team members. We submit that the effects of individual team member EI on creativity is important to study because of the role that emotions can play in team interactions and effectiveness. This implies that studies investigating how best to manage NPD teams need to include emotional intelligence in order to capture the true impact of individual team members’ on team effectiveness.
Development of the Taste System

The taste system of vertebrates is composed of an array of peripheral, multicelluar receptor organs, termed taste buds, which are innervated by branches of specific cranial nerves, which in turn convey taste information from the periphery to the central nervous system. Each of these elements develops from separate and discrete embryonic tissues, and yet must connect during embryogenesis in order that a fully functional taste system is present as the newborn begins to feed. In the past decade, researchers have made significant advances in our understanding of the molecular, cellular, and tissue-level mechanisms driving the embryonic development of several components of this system. It is now well established that the oral epithelium destined to produce taste buds is patterned quite early in embryogenesis, as well as independently of ingrowing nerve fibers. Moreover, genes required for normal taste bud patterning have been identified. The development of taste bud innervation has also received substantial attention, such that several factors are now known to regulate proper connectivity between developing taste buds and cranial nerve fibers. Importantly, implementation of molecular genetic approaches in mice has contributed significantly to our progress, as has comparison with findings in other model developmental systems, including amphibians.
Organizational Knowledge and Innovation in Business Services

This study builds a typology of organizational knowledge in business services and empirically examines the effects of knowledge on innovation performance. A conceptual framework of knowledge assets with degrees of tacitness and collectiveness as the principal axes is used to ground the empirical analysis. We find that innovation in business services is associated with both tacit and explicit collective knowledge, and with explicit individual knowledge. In contrast, relying on tacit knowledge held by individuals may hamper innovation. These empirical results shed new light on the debate concerning the strategic effects of tacitness and collectiveness of knowledge. Innovation benefits may be gained from codifying knowledge and making it appropriable at the collective level, as opposed to the individual one. Additionally, our results indicate that tacit collective knowledge is more closely associated with new service introductions while explicit collective knowledge is associated with service improvements. Thus, tacit collective knowledge may be conducive to significant departures from existing capabilities while explicit collective knowledge appears conducive to incremental improvements.
Understanding the Clayton Act of 1914: An analysis of the interest group hypothesis *

The trusts issue culminated in the passage of the Clayton Act in1914, which conventional wisdom holds was a response to theperceived ineffectiveness of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.Using ordered and multinomial logit analysis, we were able todetect economic interest variables that explain the senators'votes. The empirical findings strongly support the wealth transferhypothesis, and the regression results clearly show that senatorsresponded to interest groups. While we also found some support forthe ideological perspective, it is clear that there was much moreto the vote than the conventional story would suggest.
Not wrong, yet not quite right: Spanish ESL students' use of gerundial and infinitival complementation

This study presents a contrastive analysis of gerundial and infinitival complementation produced by Spanish and German ESL learners and English native speakers. An analysis of more than 1,100 attestations of the target constructions obtained from the International Corpus of Learner English reveals that (i) advanced learners’ construction choices are not necessarily ungrammatical, yet often non-idiomatic, and (ii) German learners are overall more attuned to native-like choices than Spanish learners. A preliminary case study suggests that Spanish ESL teaching materials may benefit from incorporating results of corpus-based analyses of authentic language such as the present one. The present study seeks to close the gap between learner language research and ESL teaching materials, and to raise awareness about the gradual nature of second language proficiency.
A Scala DSL for RETE-Based Runtime Verification

Runtime verification (RV) consists in part of checking execution traces against formalized specifications. Several systems have emerged, most of which support specification notations based on state machines, regular expressions, temporal logic, or grammars. The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has for an even longer period of time studied rule-based production systems, which at a closer look appear to be relevant for RV, although seemingly focused on slightly different application domains, such as for example business processes and expert systems. The core algorithm in many of these systems is the Rete algorithm. We have implemented a Rete-based runtime verification system, named LogFire (originally intended for offline log analysis but also applicable to online analysis), as an internal DSL in the Scala programming language, using Scala’s support for defining DSLs. This combination appears attractive from a practical point of view. Our contribution is in part conceptual in arguing that such rule-based frameworks originating from AI may be suited for RV.
The Interplay Between Parents and Peers as Socializing Influences in Children's Development

For the most part, separate research traditions have developed to study children ’ s relationships with parents and peers. The organization and format of this handbook refl ect these separate and distinct literatures. Studies of children ’ s interactions with their parents have focused on attachment security (see Chapter 17 ), parenting practices (see Chapter 18 ), and variations associated with demographic and cultural factors (see Chapters 8 and 9 ). As a quick perusal of these chapters reveals, a central issue for many researchers is identifying the effects of children ’ s experiences with their parents on a host of social and emotional outcomes including mental health, adjustment, empathy, and prosocial behaviors. Other researchers have focused on children ’ s relationships with their peers and studied areas such as peer acceptance and rejection (see Chapter 21 ), friendship (see Chapter 25 ), and peer group interaction (see Chapter 23 ) as socializing infl uences on child developmental outcomes. As a review of the four chapters in the “ Peer Group ” part of this handbook clearly illustrates, this corpus of work is also large. The purpose of the current chapter is to consider the smaller but important body of literature that examines the role of both parents and peers on child development. We consider fi ve interrelated issues: (a) the infl uence of parent – child relationships on children ’ s interactions and relationships with their peers, (b) the infl uence of peer experiences on children ’ s interactions and relationships with their parents, (c) additive or cumulative effects of parents and peers on social and cognitive outcomes, (d) interactive or synergistic effects of parents and peers on child developmental outcomes, and fi nally
CHAPTER 50 – Autoimmune Hypoparathyroidism

This chapter highlights the autoimmune aspects of hypoparathyroidism. Hypoparathyroidism occurs as a component of an autosomal recessive disorder that features hypofunction of one or more endocrine glands as well as a variety of additional problems because of autoimmune disease. Initially termed polyglandular autoimmune syndrome, type 1 or autoimmune polyendocrinopathy is often designated as autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome, type 1 (APS1). It is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by: (1) autoimmune polyendocrine deficiencies, (2) chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and (3) ectodermal dystrophies. In addition, there can be pernicious anemia, hepatitis, intestinal malabsorption, splenic atrophy, or gallstones, and a large proportion of patients develop squamous-cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa. The major features of APS1: (1) hypoparathyroidism, (2) adrenal insufficiency, and (3) chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. The pathogenesis of APS1—that is, the autoimmune destruction of endocrine tissues, is understood at a molecular level and the defective gene has been identified. Although immune dysfunction also occurs in the DiGeorge anomaly, dysembryogenesis rather than autoimmunity causes the associated hypoparathyroidism. However, there are other less well-characterized syndromes with hypoparathyroidism in which autoimmunity may be a pathogenetic factor.
Central Sleep Apnea in Kidney Disease

Sleep is an essential function of life and serves a crucial role in the promotion of health and performance. Poor sleep quality and sleep disorders have been a recurrent finding in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can contribute to hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and worsen obesity, all of which are implicated in the etiology of CKD, but CKD itself may lead to OSA. Relationships between CKD/end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and OSA have been the subject of numerous investigations, but central sleep apnea (CSA) also is highly prevalent in CKD/ESRD but remains poorly understood, underdiagnosed, and undertreated in these patients. Emerging literature has implicated CSA as another contributor to morbidity and mortality in CKD/ESRD, and several studies have suggested that CSA treatment is beneficial in improving these outcomes. Patients with CKD/ESRD co-existing with congestive heart failure are particularly prone to CSA, and studies focused on managing CSA in congestive heart failure patients have provided important information concerning how best to manage CSA in kidney disease as well. Adaptive servo-ventilation ultimately may represent the treatment of choice in these patients, although a stepped approach using a variety of therapeutic modalities is recommended.
Effectiveness and Implications of Alternative Placebo Treatments: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Osteoarthritis Trials.

Background Placebo controls are essential in evaluating the effectiveness of medical treatments. Although it is unclear whether different placebo interventions for osteoarthritis vary in efficacy, systematic differences would substantially affect interpretation of the results of placebo-controlled trials. Objective To evaluate the effects of alternative placebo types on pain outcomes in knee osteoarthritis. Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Database from inception through 1 June 2015 and unpublished data. Study selection 149 randomized trials of adults with knee osteoarthritis that reported pain outcomes and compared widely used pharmaceuticals against oral, intra-articular, topical, and oral plus topical placebos. Data extraction Study data were independently double-extracted; study quality was assessed by using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Data synthesis Placebo effects that were evaluated by using a network meta-analysis with 4 separate placebo nodes (differential model) showed that intra-articular placebo (effect size, 0.29 [95% credible interval, 0.09 to 0.49]) and topical placebo (effect size, 0.20 [credible interval, 0.02 to 0.38]) had significantly greater effect sizes than did oral placebo. This differential model showed marked differences in the relative efficacies and hierarchy of the active treatments compared with a network model that considered all placebos equivalent. In the model accounting for differential effects, intra-articular and topical therapies were superior to oral treatments in reducing pain. When these differential effects were ignored, oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were superior. Limitations Few studies compared different placebos directly. The study could not decisively conclude whether disease severity and co-interventions systematically differed between trials evaluating different placebos. Conclusion All placebos are not equal, and some can trigger clinically relevant responses. Differential placebo effects can substantially alter estimates of the relative efficacies of active treatments, an important consideration for the design of clinical trials and interpretation of their results. Primary funding source Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
incorporating quliaqtuavut (our stories): Bering Strait Voices in Recent Exhibitions

The rise of cultural diplomacy within Alaska Native communities has led to a renegotiation of heritage displays within mainstream museums. This article critically examines the incorporation of Bering Strait voices within two recent exhibits: Gifts from the Ancestors: Ancient Ivories of Bering Strait and Living Our Cultures, Sharing Our Heritage: The First Peoples of Alaska. Cross-cultural collaborations of exhibit planning and implementation are assessed through the review of museum records and commentary by Alaska Native and museum advisors. The processes of including Native voices and knowledge systems are analyzed in relation to exhibit spaces, websites, catalogues, and educational programming. With mixed efficacy, the exhibits push toward a new museology in which conventional exhibit practices are deconstructed and replaced according to indigenous, intellectual self-determination. [Alaska Native, museums, exhibits, collaboration, indigenous knowledge]
Rewash Bronchoalveolar Lavage

A significant limitation of standard bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) technique is the inability to measure or calculate epithelial lining fluid (ELF) volume and, therefore, in vivo concentrations of substances in the ELF. We evaluated a new rewash BAL procedure with the radiolabeled tracer technetium pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) that theoretically should be immune to even exaggerated fluid shifts during BAL. To test this theory, we measured ELF volume in control sheep using isosmotic (280 mosm/L) hypoosmotic (140 mosm/L) and hyperosmotic (570 mosm/L) BAL solutions to induce exaggerated fluid shifts during the lavage procedure. The mean ELF volume of the lavaged lung segment was not significantly different for the three solutions (isosmotic, 1.7 +/- 0.8 ml; hypoosmotic, 1.1 +/- 1.2 ml; hyperosmotic, 2.1 +/- 1.6 ml). The slope of the 99mTcO4- disappearance curve, however, was significantly steeper for the hyperosmotic solution (-0.40 +/- 0.04%/min) compared with the other solutions (isosmotic, -0.14 +/- .01%/min; hypoosmotic, -0.12 +/- 0.07%/min). Calculation of ELF volume using sodium as an endogenous tracer gave consistently smaller values with each of the mannitol solutions (isosmotic, 0.21 +/- 0.30 ml; hypoosmotic, 0.02 +/- 0.03 ml; hyperosmotic, 0.18 +/- 0.18 ml). The failure of sodium to provide accurate estimates of the ELF volume may be due to complicated sodium movement in the lung and errors in our assumption of the initial concentration of sodium in the ELF fluid. We conclude that the rewash BAL technique with 99mTcO4- gives values of ELF volume that are not significantly affected by even exaggeration of the fluid flux that invariably accompanies BAL.
Wave pockets and analysis of lifetime measurements of compound nuclei

Abstract Without assuming that the time duration of wave pockets is much shorter than the lifetime of the nuclei, the non-decaying probability of compound nuclei as a function of the time is calculated.
After dramatic landing, Mars Curiosity rover will soon search for signs of habitability

It was a beautiful day to begin a search for evidence of habitability on another planet. With an earlier nearby dust storm having dissipated, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) spacecraft, carrying the Curiosity rover (also known as the MSL rover), completed a complex, daring, and perfectly executed descent through the Martian atmosphere to the planet's surface on 5 August. During the final 7-minute descent period, with a time delay in receiving signals on Earth, the spacecraft's computer executed risky maneuvers, including guided entry and parachute deployment. Twenty meters above the surface, the instrument-laden, 899-kilogram Mars Curiosity rover was lowered flawlessly on nylon tethers from an innovative “sky crane” on the descent stage rocket.
Results of radiotherapy and surgery for glottic carcinoma

Cancer of the larynx accounts for 2% of malignancies diagnosed in the United States. It is a predominantly male disease: the estimated incidence for 1983 was 9100 in men and 1800 in women, with an estimated death rate of 3100 in men and 600 in women (5, 50). About 60% of the patients are older than 50 with a median age of 60 (52). Smoking is strongly associated with laryngeal cancer with increased risks up to 25 times found for war-veterans smoking more than 40 cigarettes daily compared with non-smokers (5, 27). Laryngeal cancer originates in the glottic (55%), supraglottic (40%) and subglottic regions (5%). Patients with glottic carcinomas are curable both by radiotherapy and by surgery. The good prognosis can be attributed to:
Massively parallel MRI detector arrays.

Abstract Originally proposed as a method to increase sensitivity by extending the locally high-sensitivity of small surface coil elements to larger areas via reception, the term parallel imaging now includes the use of array coils to perform image encoding. This methodology has impacted clinical imaging to the point where many examinations are performed with an array comprising multiple smaller surface coil elements as the detector of the MR signal. This article reviews the theoretical and experimental basis for the trend towards higher channel counts relying on insights gained from modeling and experimental studies as well as the theoretical analysis of the so-called “ultimate” SNR and g-factor. We also review the methods for optimally combining array data and changes in RF methodology needed to construct massively parallel MRI detector arrays and show some examples of state-of-the-art for highly accelerated imaging with the resulting highly parallel arrays.
Regression-adjusted estimates for regenerative simulations, with graphics

Abstract : The independent block structure of regenerative processes and the known convergence rates of the means of ratio estimators are exploited to produce bias-free regression-adjusted estimates (rare's) for regenerative simulations. Direct assessments of the variances of the estimates are obtained, as well as indications--both formal and graphical--of their normality or non-normality. (Author)
General behavior and shear center location of prismatic anisotropic beams via power series

Abstract The behavior of a tip-loaded anisotropic cantilever beam with an arbitrary cross-section is studied using Saint-Venant's semi-inverse method along with a power series solution for the local in-plane and out-of-plane deformation warping functions. The power series coefficients are determined by solving a set of variationally derived linear algebraic equations. Using the resulting three-dimensional displacement solutions, the shear deformation associated with applied tip loads is investigated as well as the shear center location. Two different definitions of the shear center are presented for anisotropic beams by extending existing approaches developed for isotropic sections. Both of the extended definitions reveal the linear dependency of the shear center location on beam length. Numerical results are presented for three different cross-sections (ellipse, triangle, NACA-0012 airfoil) and two different materials (Al 6061-T6, off-angle high strength graphite/epoxy fibers).
Impaired antibody synthesis in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection

In vitro synthesis of the anti-HBc, anti-HBs and polyclonal IgG and IgM classes of antibodies were determined from supernatants of peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells cultured in the presence of pokeweed mitogen. Thirty-seven patients with chronic hepatitis B and 10 healthy control subjects whose sera were positive for anti-HBs formed the study group. Twenty-four of 37 patients showed histologic evidence of chronic active hepatitis B while the remaining 13 patients had chronic persistent hepatitis B. Lymphocytes from chronic persistent hepatitis B, chronic active hepatitis B and healthy controls secreted similar levels of IgM. However, IgG synthesis was markedly impaired (p less than 0.002) in the chronic persistent hepatitis B group as compared with healthy controls or chronic active hepatitis B patients. In vitro anti-HBc production and serum anti-HBc titers correlated directly with hepatocellular inflammation and inversely with serum hepatitis B virus DNA. Anti-HBc synthesis was significantly higher in chronic active hepatitis B patients who exhibited a more pronounced hepatocellular damage when compared to chronic persistent hepatitis B patients who had little or no liver cell injury.
Biochemical and genetic characterization of a competence pheromone from B. subtilis

We have purified and characterized a modified peptide pheromone that accumulates in culture medium as B. subtilis grows to high density. This pheromone is required for the development of genetic competence. When added to cells at low density, the pheromone induces the premature development of competence. The peptide moiety of the pheromone matches nine of the last ten amino acids predicted from a 55 codon open reading frame, comX. comX and comQ, the gene immediately upstream of comX, are required for production of the pheromone. Response to the pheromone requires the comP-comA two-component regulatory system and the oligopeptide permease encoded by spo0K. Spo0K could transport the pheromone into the cell, or function as a receptor, binding the pheromone and sending a transmembrane signal, leading to activation of the ComA transcription factor and induction of competence development.
Pharmacogenomics in colorectal cancer.

Abstract The goal in administering chemotherapeutics is to develop the ability to predict the outcome of therapy in terms of response and toxicity. Technology has been developed to allow tumor profiling with the measurement of protein expression and gene expression levels of markers and even genetic polymorphisms that may predict response to particular chemotherapeutics. The chemotherapeutics for which particular markers have been shown to predict outcome include the fluoropyrimidines and platinums. The next step is to develop clinical trials that will prospectively assess the benefits of profiling a patient’s particular tumor, which should translate into an improvement in response and toxicity.
Just the Facets

Classification schemes are needed to catalog the growing numbers of images. Facets are an important technique from library science that can help to more effectively represent visual concepts.
Multiple extremal eigenpairs by the power method

We report the production and benchmarking of several refinements of the power method that enable the computation of multiple extremal eigenpairs of very large matrices. In these refinements we used an observation by Booth that has made possible the calculation of up to the 10th eigenpair for simple test problems simulating the transport of neutrons in the steady state of a nuclear reactor. Here, we summarize our techniques and efforts to-date on determining mainly just the two largest or two smallest eigenpairs. To illustrate the effectiveness of the techniques, we determined the two extremal eigenpairs of a cyclic matrix, the transfer matrix of the two-dimensional Ising model, and the Hamiltonian matrix of the one-dimensional Hubbard model.
EDTA alkaline elution characteristics and measurement of DNA damage in unlabeled DNA using Hoechst 33258 fluorescence.

Hoechst 33258 fluorescence of single stranded DNA has been used to perform alkaline elution with unlabeled DNA. The high background fluorescence of “standard” elution solutions has prompted others to use EDTA but the elution characteristics of DNA in EDTA-containing solutions and the comparability of results with those using “standard” tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide solutions have not previously been examined. We report here the elution characteristics of DNA in EDTA and the relevant parameters for the successful use of EDTA as an elution solution. An increase in elution pH to 12.4 is required but elution solutions of higher pH cause alkaline hydrolysis of undamaged DNA. Drug-treated DNA from which DNA-protein crosslinks have been removed can be completely removed from the filters at the end of the elution by a Pronase filter digestion. The simplest and most efficient removal of DNA-protein crosslinks is through the inclusion of proteinase-K in an SDS containing lysis solution. EDTA elution can measure interstrand crosslinks and single strand breaks as easily as is performed using radiolabeled DNA under “standard” elution conditions and requires only 1.5–2 × 106 cells per elution filter. DNA-protein crosslinking measurements were unsatisfactory, however, since even the Pronase digestion failed to completely remove protein-crosslinked DNA from the elution filters. Portions of this work were presented at the 77th Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, May 1986.
Effect of heat treatment on the properties of Metglas foils, and laminated magnetoelectric composites made thereof

Abstract Annealing of magnetostrictive Metglas foils, subsequently incorporated into laminated Metglas/Pb(Zr, Ti)O 3 magnetoelectric (ME) composites, is shown to result in improved magnetic properties, as well as ME coefficients. Annealing of the foils at 350 °C resulted in partial crystallization, without oxidation or magnetic cluster formation that would reduce the magnetization. Laminate composites made with these annealed Metglas foils had improved ME coefficients.
Anticholinergic Blockade of Centrally Induced Thirst

In Table 1 of the report, "Anticholinergic blockade of centrally induced thirst" by R. A. Levitt and A. E. Fisher (28 Oct., p. 520), SN SN (contralateral) 0.8
¿Son los códigos éticos un instrumento para proteger al stakeholder consumidor? Un estudio de los sectores financiero, energético y de telefonía españoles

Resumen Existe un acuerdo generalizado de que la institucionalizacion y la comunicacion de un codigo etico es el primer paso para la mejora del comportamiento etico de una organizacion en relacion con sus diferentes stakeholders. En este trabajo se presenta, sobre la base cualitativa de un analisis de contenido, un estudio comparado sobre la visibilidad y el contenido de los codigos eticos, atendiendo los valores relacionados con el stakeholder consumidor, grupo social de gran relevancia por tratarse del destinatario final sobre el que pivota la funcion social de la empresa. El ambito de estudio corresponde a 3 sectores economicos espanoles: financiero, energetico y telefonico o digital. El estudio pone de manifiesto, entre otros aspectos, la existencia de diferencias inter e intrasectoriales en cuanto a contenido y visibilidad de los codigos, la generalidad de los principios declarados en relacion con el stakeholder consumidor y una cierta influencia de la legislacion en el contenido de los codigos.
The Sociological Foundations of Consumer Behavior: Their Implications for Economic Efficiency

Abstract. Neoclassical economic theory asserts that when the assumptions of perfect competition apply to a market economy, the allocation of inputs and/or outputs is such that by additional inputs or outputs no individual's welfare can be improved without diminishing some other individual's. That is, it is considered Pareto Efficient. When imperfect markets exist, however, externalities—influences from outside the economic process—in production and exchange, and indivisibilities—benefits or costs which cannot be allocated to or assessed against the individuals who enjoy or occasion them—appear and the market ceases to be an efficiently operated one. It is argued here that a fourth category of factors exists which may interfere with economic efficiency and that these factors are sociological in nature, factors arising from such considerations as class, status, role and power.
Macro-level drivers of multidimensional poverty in sub-Saharan Africa: Explaining change in the Human Poverty Index

Poverty is increasingly recognised as a multidimensional phenomenon in the development literature, encompassing not only income, but also a range of factors related to broadening an individual’s freedoms to live a life of their own choosing. Poverty so understood suggests that alternative approaches to poverty measurement reflecting this multidimensionality may point towards alternative policies for poverty alleviation. The imperative to reinforce pro-poor policy development in sub-Saharan Africa with evaluation findings that reflect improvements in well-being, rather than solely improvements in national economies, has become self-evident as, despite decades of market-led development policies, much of the subcontinent remains mired in deprivation. As recognised by the 2014 African Evaluation Association’s biannual conference, fresh thinking and new evaluation metrics are required in order to create policies that more effectively increase well-being. This article explores the factors that may account for changes in one metric of multidimensional poverty in developing countries, the United Nation Development Program’s Human Poverty Index (HPI), and will be primarily concerned with measuring the effects on the HPI of policies and activities that relate to, or are explicitly meant to encourage, economic growth, increased literacy and improved health. The study focuses on the outcomes of a panel data set, created for the purpose of this study, of HPI scores for a set of 47 sub-Saharan countries, between 1990 and 2010, and a range of indicators that the development literature and theory suggest should have an effect on income poverty, asking, what is the relationship between these indicators and multidimensional poverty? A parallel set of models has been developed to measure the response of household consumption expenditure to changes in economic growth and human capabilities indicators. All models are estimated using fixed effects estimators and cluster robust standard errors in Stata 12. Consistent with the development literature, household expenditure appears to be significantly and positively related to changes in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. However, when the HPI is regressed on GDP per capita, no statistically significant relationshipis observed, even when controlling for a range of other indicators, calling into question the relationship between economic growth and well-being in much of sub-Saharan Africa. This finding suggests that development policies that focus primarily on economic growth as a means to addressing multidimensional deprivation may be misplaced.
Recovery rate as a determinant of the amnesic-like effect of hypothermia.

Abstract Two experiments were performed to determine the role of depth and duration of hypothermia in hypothermia-produced impairment of the rat's retention of a one-trial passive avoidance task. The first experiment varied depth of hypothermia and held duration constant by varying recovery rate. The results indicated a graded impairment of memory for animals cooled in 5–15°C water. No difference in memory impairment obtained in animals cooled in 0°C and 5°C water. These results suggest that depth of and/or rate of recovery from hypothermia play a significant role in hypothermia-produced amnesia. The second experiment varied duration of hypothermia, holding depth constant. The results indicated that rate of recovery was a prime determinant of hypothermia produced forgetting. Animals whose body temperatures were kept below normal for an extended period of time displayed little or no amnesic-like behavior, whereas animals whose body temperatures were returned to normal at a relatively rapid rate showed extensive forgetting. These results were attributed to retrieval failure rather than to a disruption of memory consolidation.