cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4121: Hyaluronan promotes Rho kinase and PI-3 kinase signaling in head and neck cancer

Objectives: Hyaluronan (HA) is a ligand for the transmembrane receptor CD44, which acts through multiple signaling pathways to influence cellular behavior. The objective of this study was to investigate whether HA and CD44 promote Rho kinase and phosphatidyl inositol-3 (PI-3) kinase mediated oncogenic signaling to alter cisplatin sensitivity and stimulate tumor cell proliferation, migration, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Design/Subjects: Laboratory investigation utilizing a HNSCC cell line, HSC-3. Interventions: Rho kinase and PI-3 kinase activity, myosin phosphatase and AKT phosphorylation, tumor cell growth, migration, and MMP secretion were measured in the presence or absence of HA, cisplatin, and inhibitors of Rho kinase and PI-3 kinase. Results: The addition of HA, but not HA plus anti-CD44 antibody, resulted in increased Rho kinase and PI-3 kinase activity. Immunoblotting studies demonstrated that HA promotes Rho kinase mediated myosin phosphatase phosphorylation and PI-3 kinase mediated AKT phosphorylation. HA was shown to promote migration and increased MMP secretion through Rho kinase mediated signaling. HA treatment promoted increased tumor proliferation and resulted in a 12-fold reduced ability of cisplatin to cause HNSCC cell death. On the other hand, the presence of Y-27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor, and LY-294002, a PI-3 kinase inhibitor, blocked HA-mediated cisplatin resistance. Conclusions: Our results suggest that HA and CD44 promote Rho kinase and PI-3 kinase mediated oncogenic signaling and cisplatin resistance. Perturbation of HA-CD44 mediated Rho kinase and PI-3 kinase signaling pathways may be a novel strategy to treat HNSCC. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4121.
From melanocytes to melanomas

Melanomas on sun-exposed skin are heterogeneous tumours, which can be subtyped on the basis of their cumulative levels of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A melanocytic neoplasm can also be staged by how far it has progressed, ranging from a benign neoplasm, such as a naevus, to a malignant neoplasm, such as a metastatic melanoma. Each subtype of melanoma can evolve through distinct evolutionary trajectories, passing through (or sometimes skipping over) various stages of transformation. This Review delineates several of the more common progression trajectories that occur in the patient setting and proposes models for tumour evolution that integrate genetic, histopathological, clinical and biological insights from the melanoma literature.
Saturable transport of gabapentin at the blood-brain barrier.

AbstractGabapentin readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and concentrates in brain tissue via an active transport process believed to be system-L. Blood-brain barrier system-L has a low Km, making it particularly susceptible to substrate saturation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the fraction of gabapentin crossing the blood-brain barrier remains constant over a broad range of doses. Using a rat model, microdialysis techniques were employed to determine if fluctuations in gabapentin concentrations in the brain extracellular fluid (ECF) coincided with proportional changes in plasma concentrations. Area under the concentration-time curve was calculated for plasma (AUCpiasma) and brain extracellular fluid (AUCEcf). The ratios of AUFECF to AUCpiasma (AUCratio) and brain extracellular fluid to midpoint plasma gabapentin concentration for each collection interval (Crat,0) were determined to provide indicators of the relative (i.e. fractional) amount of gabapentin crossing the blood-brain b...
An update on the estimate of predictability of seasonal mean atmospheric variability using North American Multi-Model Ensemble

In this analysis, an update in the estimate of predictable component in the wintertime seasonal variability of atmosphere documented by Kumar et al. (J Clim 20: 3888–3901, 2007) is provided. The updated estimate of seasonal predictability of 200-hPa height (Z200) was based on North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) forecast system. The seasonal prediction systems participating in the NMME have gone through an evolution over a 10-year period compared to models that were used in the analysis by Kumar et al. (J Clim 20: 3888–3901, 2007). The general features in the estimates of predictable signal conform with previous results—estimates of predictability remain high in the tropical latitudes and decrease towards the extratropical latitudes; and predictability in the initialized coupled seasonal forecast systems is still primarily associated with ENSO variability. As the horizontal and vertical resolution of the models used in the current analysis is generally higher, it did not have a marked influence on the estimate of the relative amplitude of predictable component. Although the analysis indicates an increase in the estimate of predictable component, however, it maybe related to the increase in ENSO related SST variance over 1982–2000 relative to 1950–2000 (over which the analysis of Kumar et al. in J Clim 20: 3888–3901, 2007 was). The focus of the analysis is wintertime variability in Z200 and its comparison with results in Kumar et al. (J Clim 20: 3888–3901, 2007), some analyses for summertime variability in Z200, and further, for sea surface temperature, 2-m temperature and precipitation are also presented.
Revisiting Tilt in Classical Curvature Elastic Theories for Membranes

The classical continuum description of a fluid lipid membrane is the curvature elastic Hamiltonian due to Helfrich, in which surface geometry is the only degree of freedom. This model does not consider the deviation of a lipid's orientation away from the local membrane normal, which is another degree of freedom, called lipid tilt. Hamm and Kozlov [Eur. Phys. J. E 3, 323 (2000)] have shown how this variable emerges naturally during the dimensional reduction of a thin but still three-dimensional fluid sheet described by a functional quadratic in the permissible strains. They show that the tilt divergence acts as a locally varying spontaneous curvature, the tilt's magnitude is penalized by a quadratic term proportional to a new tilt modulus, and the Gaussian curvature gets entangled with derivatives of the tilt. We revisit and extend the Hamm-Kozlov theory and show that disentangling Gaussian curvature and tilt leads to a curvature-dependent modification of tilt modulus, which matters for strongly curved membranes. Moreover, by consistently collecting all curvature-tilt couplings, we also find that the effective tilt modulus becomes anisotropic, implying that in general the price for tilt depends on the tilt direction. If we assume that this quadratic continuum theory remains valid at a membrane edge, the corrections are large and significantly modify other observables, such as the edge tension.
Glial and stem cell expression of murine Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 in the embryonic and perinatal nervous system.

Background Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are involved in the development and function of multiple organs and organ systems, including the central nervous system (CNS). FGF signaling via FGFR1, one of the three FGFRs expressed in the CNS, stimulates proliferation of stem cells during prenatal and postnatal neurogenesis and participates in regulating cell-type ratios in many developing regions of the brain. Anomalies in FGFR1 signaling have been implicated in certain neuropsychiatric disorders. Fgfr1 expression has been shown, via in situ hybridization, to vary spatially and temporally throughout embryonic and postnatal development of the brain. However, in situ hybridization lacks sufficient resolution to identify which cell-types directly participate in FGF signaling. Furthermore, because antibodies raised against FGFR1 commonly cross-react with other members of the FGFR family, immunocytochemistry is not alone sufficient to accurately document Fgfr1 expression. Here, we elucidate the identity of Fgfr1 expressing cells in both the embryonic and perinatal mouse brain. Methods To do this, we utilized a tgFGFR1-EGFPGP338Gsat BAC line (tgFgfr1-EGFP+) obtained from the GENSAT project. The tgFgfr1-EGFP+ line expresses EGFP under the control of a Fgfr1 promoter, thereby causing cells endogenously expressing Fgfr1 to also present a positive GFP signal. Through simple immunostaining using GFP antibodies and cell-type specific antibodies, we were able to accurately determine the cell-type of Fgfr1 expressing cells. Results This technique revealed Fgfr1 expression in proliferative zones containing BLBP+ radial glial stem cells, such as the cortical and hippocampal ventricular zones, and cerebellar anlage of E14.5 mice, in addition to DCX+ neuroblasts. Furthermore, our data reveal Fgfr1 expression in proliferative zones containing BLBP+ cells of the anterior midline, hippocampus, cortex, hypothalamus, and cerebellum of P0.5 mice, in addition to the early-formed GFAP+ astrocytes of the anterior midline. Discussion Understanding when during development and where Fgfr1 is expressed is critical to improving our understanding of its function during neurodevelopment as well as in the mature CNS. This information may one day provide an avenue of discovery towards understanding the involvement of aberrant FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Imagining Conformity: Consumption and Homogeneity in the Postwar African American Suburbs

In the wake of World War II many urbanites left cities for a suburban life that has been persistently derided for its apparent social, material, and class homogeneity. This paper examines the African American experience of post–World War II suburbanization and the attractions of suburban life for African America. The paper examines two suburban projects in Indianapolis, Indiana, one a “sweat equity” housing community and the other a subdivision, both of which placed consumption at the heart of postwar citizenship. Rather than frame such consumption simply in terms of resistance to anti-Black racism, the two suburban experiences illuminate the African American imagination of visual and material “sameness” and demonstrate the challenges of archaeological studies of ethnicity and stylistic distinction.
Metaliteracy in Practice

Metaliteracy is a reframing of information literacy that “emphasizes the metacognitive dimension of learning and the active roles we play as producers of original and repurposed information” (p. xv...
A Switched Capacitor Energy Harvester Based on a Single-Cycle Criterion for MPPT to Eliminate Storage Capacitor

A single-cycle criterion maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is proposed to eliminate the need for bulky on-chip capacitors in the energy harvesting system for Internet of Everything (IoE). The conventional time-domain MPPT features ultra-low power consumption; however, it also requires a nanofarad-level capacitor for fine time resolution. The proposed maximum power monitoring does not rely on the time-domain, but on logic criterion that can be simply determined by a finite-state machine where the maximum photovoltaic (PV) power occurs at minimum conversion ratio and maximum switching frequency. Single-cycle is used as the criterion to determine the magnitude of the output power. Practical concerns, such as self-startup and self-sustaining capabilities are here addressed by proper design of the reconfigurable switched capacitor power converter. A hysteretic control not only regulates the output, but also avoids the loading condition in IoE applications. This harvester simultaneously addresses the challenges including self-startup, self-sustaining capability, and regulated output without using a storage capacitor. Compared with various PV cells, the power conversion efficiency has a peak value of 72%, which remains above 60% for a wide harvesting voltage and power range. The chip area is as small as 0.552 mm2.
Increasing chloride in rivers of the conterminous U.S. and linkages to potential corrosivity and lead action level exceedances in drinking water.

Abstract Corrosion in water-distribution systems is a costly problem and controlling corrosion is a primary focus of efforts to reduce lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) in tap water. High chloride concentrations can increase the tendency of water to cause corrosion in distribution systems. The effects of chloride are also expressed in several indices commonly used to describe the potential corrosivity of water, the chloride-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) and the Larson Ratio (LR). Elevated CSMR has been linked to the galvanic corrosion of Pb whereas LR is indicative of the corrosivity of water to iron and steel. Despite the known importance of chloride, CSMR, and LR to the potential corrosivity of water, monitoring of seasonal and interannual changes in these parameters is not common among water purveyors. We analyzed long-term trends (1992–2012) and the current status (2010–2015) of chloride, CSMR, and LR in order to investigate the short and long-term temporal variability in potential corrosivity of US streams and rivers. Among all sites in the trend analyses, chloride, CSMR, and LR increased slightly, with median changes of 0.9 mg L − 1 , 0.08, and 0.01, respectively. However, urban-dominated sites had much larger increases, 46.9 mg L − 1 , 2.50, and 0.53, respectively. Median CSMR and LR in urban streams (4.01 and 1.34, respectively) greatly exceeded thresholds found to cause corrosion in water distribution systems (0.5 and 0.3, respectively). Urbanization was strongly correlated with elevated chloride, CSMR, and LR, especially in the most snow-affected areas in the study, which are most likely to use road salt. The probability of Pb action-level exceedances (ALEs) in drinking water facilities increased along with raw surface water CSMR, indicating a statistical connection between surface water chemistry and corrosion in drinking water facilities. Optimal corrosion control will require monitoring of critical constituents reflecting the potential corrosivity in surface waters.
Control strategy for wind power integration base on energy demand respond and distributed energy storage

Wind power installed capacity has reached 169 GW by the end of 2016 in China. However, China's abandoned wind power generation has soared since 2014 and about 4.97 billion kWh was abandoned in 2016, which nearly equalled annual electricity consumption of Nanjing. The fluctuation of wind energy and coal power structure make large-scale wind power integration more difficult. Distributed energy storage has been regarded as a key technology to improve renewable energy integration. This study analyses and compares several existing kinds of distributed energy storage for improving wind power integration. Then considering a mass of cogeneration units in north China, control strategy for wind power integration is proposed to reduce the peak regulation capacity for wind power integration. Control centre reduces the heat capacity of cogeneration units and control exchanged power of distributed energy storage systems with distribution network to obtain extra schedulable generated power. The affected users accordingly use heat pumps to compensate the lack of heat production from cogeneration. As a result, the peak-valley load difference can be equivalently reduced to relieve peaking pressure for wind power integration.
Readability of Educational Materials for Patients with Cancer

The American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute both develop pamphlets and booklets to inform patients with cancer and their families about the nature and treatment of the illness. Wr...
Pursuing Controversy: Kristeva's Split Subject, Bakhtin's Many-Tongued World

This essay pursues a theory of controversy as a generative phase of public discourse, in which difference and disagreement are constitutive. It compares the work of Julia Kristeva and Mikhail Bakht...
Paraneoplastic acral vascular syndrome.

The patient presented with a painful blue great toe, abdominal pain, and unintentional weight loss.
Snakes in The Greenhouse: Does Increased Natural Gas Use Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Coal Consumption?

Abstract Since natural gas emits less carbon than does coal per unit of electricity generation, some analysts suggest natural gas will help to mitigate climate change. However, sociological research has found that the substitution of one natural resource for another often does not happen as anticipated because of political and economic factors. Here, we analyze cross-national time-series data to examine the connection between growth in emissions from natural gas consumption and changes in emissions from coal use, controlling for several structural factors. We find that CO2 emissions from natural gas sources do not displace CO2 emissions from coal. These results cast doubt on whether the growing use of natural gas is likely to help substantially reduce CO2 emissions.
Breast Implant-Associated Bilateral B-Cell Lymphoma.

Lymphomas associated with implants are predominantly of T-cell type-with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) being most reported. That said, to date, 6 cases of B-cell lymphoma associated with breast implants have been reported. All cases exhibited unilateral breast involvement. Here, the authors report a case of low-grade B-cell lymphoma occurring bilaterally in a 34-year-old woman with a history of Poly Implant Prosthese silicone implants at age 20, T-cell angioimmunoblastic lymphoma, and subsequent myeloablative double cord blood transplantation. Lymphoma cells were positive for CD20, CD5, BCL-2, CD21, CD23, IgD, IgM, with very low Ki-67 of 1%. Nevertheless, cases of ALCL associated with breast implants are rare but much more documented in the literature than B-cell lymphomas associated with breast implants, as in this patient. Identification of a relationship between breast cancer and silicone is still ongoing in the literature, with long-term clinical follow up required. More research will be necessary to fully characterize the occurrence, course, and association of this disease with breast implants in order to properly guide diagnosis and management. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5
Characterizing the Neural Coding of Symbolic Quantities

How the brain encodes abstract numerical symbols is a fundamental question in philosophy and cognitive neuroscience alike. Here we probe the nature of symbolic number representation in the brain by characterizing the neural similarity space for symbolic quantities in regions sensitive to their semantic content. In parietal and occipital regions, the similarity space of number symbols was positively predicted by the lexical frequency of numerals in parietal and occipital areas, and was unrelated to numerical ratio. These results are more consistent with a categorical, frequency-based account of symbolic quantity encoding. In contrast, the similarity space of analog quantities was positively predicted by ratio in prefrontal, parietal and occipital regions. We thus provide an explanation for why previous work has indicated that symbolic and analog quantities are distinct: number symbols operate primarily like discrete categories sensitive to input frequency, while analog quantities operate more like approximate perceptual magnitudes. In addition, we find substantial evidence for related patterns of activity across formats in prefrontal, parietal and occipital regions. Crucially however, between-format relations were not specific to individual quantities, indicating common processing as opposed to common representation. Moreover, evidence for between-format processing was strongest for quantities that could be represented as exact, discrete values in both systems (quantities in the 'subitizing' range: 1-4). In sum, converging evidence presented here indicates that symbolic quantities are coded in the brain as discrete categories sensitive to input frequency and largely independent of approximate, analog quantities.
Qualitative Synthesis: Ontological Care Please

Evidence synthesis is the concern of this column. Both quantitative and qualitative evidence synthesis are considered using the Cochrane and Joanna Briggs Institute protocols as a means of explanation. Finally, issues related to qualitative synthesis are entertained.
Immunoregulation by Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents

Considerable progress in cancer therapeutics has been achieved since the inception, in the mid 1940s, of the initial trials of antifolates, steroids, and alkylating agents, which marked the beginning of the current phase of cancer chemotherapy. Notwithstanding the demonstrated value of chemotherapy in the treatment of certain types of neoplastic disease, ways must still be identified to circumvent basic limitations before drugs can be used broadly in the effective treatment of cancer. Consequently, as discussed elsewhere (Mihich, 1978), among the main approaches in cancer chemotherapy, has been the study of the mechanisms of selective toxicity of drugs; included in these studies have been those of the interactions of drugs with host defense mechanisms. As a result of these investigations, it became apparent quite early that most anticancer drugs are potentially capable of suppressing host defense mechanisms and that in many cases this effect is a consequence of the very antiproliferative action that is the basis of the agent’s antitumor activity. In fact, despite a number of remarkably insightful experiments conducted between the mid 1950s and the mid 1960s, which indicated the unique immunomodulating potential of certain anticancer agents, the preponderance of the information obtained until the late 1970s has been restricted to their immunosuppressive properties (see Hersh, 1973; Mihich, 1975; Spreafico and Anaclerio, 1977; Bast, 1982). In light of the availability of these and other excellent reviews on the immunosuppression caused by anticancer agents (Mihich, 1979; Hersh, 1974; Bach, 1975) it is the intent of this presentation to concentrate on examples of the immunomodulating characteristics of these drugs.
Consumer acceptability of ground venison.

This article reports the evaluation of ground venison patties. It was found that mixing ground venison with ground beef or pork could make it more palatable to consumers.
On Σ-Monogenic Functions, and the Mean Value Theorem of the Differential Calculus

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the derivation of Lagrange mean value theorem of the differential calculus of real-valued functions and discusses several of its generalizations, with the purpose of drawing attention to a mean value theorem for real-valued continuous functions. It is possible to give generalizations of the Lagrange mean value theorem, which have weaker hypotheses and weaker conclusions than the theorem itself and have the property that when the stronger hypotheses happen to hold, then the conclusions of these generalizations actually imply the stronger conclusion of the Lagrange mean value theorem. One such generalization was given by Young and Young. Another generalization of the Lagrange theorem, which is discussed, includes again the theorem of the Youngs, and, at the same time, does not involve the notions of limit superior and limit inferior. The chapter discusses the last generalization of the Lagrange mean value theorem, which is, in effect, a mean value theorem for continuous functions, as the existence of a derivative is not required anywhere, includes the theorem of the Youngs as a special case.
Phonon Scattering in a Sol-Gel Glass

Oxide glasses can be produced by a sol-gel process involving the heat treatment of gels made by hydrolysis and gelation of metal alkoxides. The glasses thus obtained are virtually indistinguishable from those produced by conventional melt techniques [1]. Prior to final heating, however, the gels differ noticeably from the conventional glasses. For example, the gels are porous and, consequently, have densities and sound velocities that are reduced relative to the final product. A comparison of the low-temperature thermal properties of a sol-gel product (prior to compaction) and those of the final product is of interest because of the potential to provide information about the gel-to-glass conversion, as well as the nature of glasses in general.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as a characterization method for metal-organic interactions

Abstract Conventional Raman spectroscopy has long been a popular technique for measuring the vibrational energy levels of molecules. The technique is based on the inelastic scattering that occurs when an incident photon interacts with a molecule. Over the past two decades, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has emerged as an important analytical technique for the characterization of metal-organic interactions and interfaces. This chapter describes the history and theory of SERS and details recent developments in its use toward gaining a fundamental understanding of metal/molecule interactions. We also briefly summarize several examples of practical applications of SERS, including the detection of explosives and small bioanalytes, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and proteins. Finally, we review the progress that has been made toward the incorporation of SERS into optoelectronic devices, especially in the area of active and passive control of SERS signals, including the modulation of SERS polarization and intensity and the implementation of electrochemical SERS.
Characterizing Schizophrenia Genetic Risk Variants In Cognition And Brain Structure In The Genus Consortium Collection

Abstract The Genetics of Endophenotypes of Neurofunction to Understand Schizophrenia (GENUS) Consortium aims to understand the genetic mechanisms of impaired brain function underlying schizophrenia. The consortium is examining the influence of genetic variation on cognitive functions and brain structural measures that are abnormal in schizophrenia using a collection of 4,125 patients, 3,644 controls, and 327 familial high-risk participants from 16 international sites. Data from each site were transferred to a central site for data harmonization and analyses. Genetic risk variants identified by previous well-powered schizophrenia GWAS, including individual SNPs, gene sets, and polygenic risk, were tested for association with cognitive functions and global/regional brain volumes that are altered in patients. Analysis of 108 SNPs from the schizophrenia PGC2 GWAS mega-analysis identified significant associations in all GENUS participants between several SNPs and general cognitive ability (Spearman’s ‘g’), visuospatial ability, and verbal learning/memory (FWE corrected p
Michigan Local Government Officials Report Complex Mix of Improvement and Decline in Fiscal Health, but with Overall Trend Moving Slowly Upward

This report presents Michigan local government leaders’ assessments of their jurisdictions’ fiscal conditions and the actions they plan to take in the coming year given their financial situations. The findings are based on responses from nine statewide survey waves of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS) conducted annually each spring from 2009 through 2017.
Phase Delay Analysis of Current Sampling in Inverter-Fed Induction Machines

For an inverter-fed induction machine, the stator currents are often sampled at the crest or trough of the carrier wave in the inverter. Existing research reveals that this way of current sampling has aliasing that can cause a small delay in the current phase angle. In this paper, the phase delay is proven to considerably degrade the accuracy of inverter active power calculation during no-load tests, making it impossible to tune the machine core-loss parameter with its driving inverter. The time-domain analytical form of this phase delay is derived under space-vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) and verified by simulations and experimental tests. The proposed analytical method is further used to evaluate two existing solutions to aliasing. One of the solutions is slightly modified for practical use and proven to be effective for improving the accuracy of inverter active power calculation.
From the Earth: Spirituality, Medicine Vessels, and Consecrated Bowls as Responses to Slavery in the South Carolina Lowcountry

People enslaved on the rice plantations of the South Carolina Lowcountry struggled to create community and to protect the health and well-being of themselves and their families. Archaeological comp...
Isolated CNS leukaemic relapse in acute myeloid leukaemia

A 61-year-old woman with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) without maturation (M1) with trisomy 13 who achieved complete remission after her initial diagnosis with cytarabine and idarubicin. Two years later, she relapsed and underwent successful haematopoietic stem cell transplantation afterwards, and
Shifting Baselines: Repeat bleaching drives coral physiotypes through environmental legacy and cellular memory

Global climate change is altering coral reef ecosystems. Notably, marine heat waves are producing widespread coral bleaching events with increased frequency, with projections for annual bleaching events on many reefs by mid-century. The response of corals to elevated seawater temperatures is, however, influenced by a combination of environmental legacies, the biology of the host, and the resident symbiont community, each of which have the capacity to modulate resistance and resilience to environmental stress. It is critical, therefore, to evaluate the potential for shifting physiological and molecular baselines driven by these factors in back-to-back in situ bleaching (and recovery) events given the potential for mortality of corals in response to episodic bleaching episodes and increased ocean warming. Here, we use the regional bleaching events of 2014 and 2015 in the Hawaiian Islands and subsequent recovery periods to test the hypothesis that coral multivariate responses (physiotypes) differed in back-to-back bleaching events, modulated by both environmental histories and symbiotic partnerships (Symbiodiniaceaea). Bleaching severity was greater in the first-bleaching event, and concomitantly, environmental history effects were more pronounced. Melanin, an immune cytotoxic response, provided an initial defense during the first-bleaching event and primed antioxidant activity, which peaked in the second-bleaching event. While magnitude of bleaching differed, immune response patterns were shared among corals harboring heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant Symbiodiniaceae. This supports a pattern of increased constitutive immunity in corals during repeat bleaching events, demonstrated by greater specialized enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase) and attenuated melanin synthesis. This study demonstrates bleaching events trigger cumulative and interactive physiotypes driven by environmental legacy and cellular memory. Quantifying baseline and altered coral physiotypes (multivariate phenotype) will be critical to understanding and forecasting the effects of increased bleaching frequency on coral biology and ecology in the Anthropocene.
Abstract 272: Dose Optimization of Early High-Dose Valproic Acid for Neuroprotection After Cardiac Arrest

Introduction: High-dose valproic acid (VPA) has been shown to improve the survival and neurologic outcomes in preclinical brain injury models including asphyxial cardiac arrest (CA) in rats. Howeve...
Experimental Validation of Approximate Dynamic Programming Based optimization and Convergence on Microgrid Applications

Stochastic optimization can better model uncertainties in power system problems. However, when state space and action space become large, many existing approaches become computationally expensive and even infeasible to solve the problem. Approximate dynamic programming (ADP) attracts researchers’ attention as a powerful tool for solving power system optimization problems with reduced computational cost. In this paper, in light of the existing literature, we investigate how the ADP approach with post-decision value function approximation converges to the nearly optimal solution with improved computational speed and experimentally validate the performance of the approach for a microgrid energy optimization problem. The approximation error versus the number of iteration is studied for convergence analysis of the post-decision ADP. A flowchart is provided to illustrate the proposed ADP algorithm for a microgrid energy optimization problem. The performance of ADP and dynamic programming (DP) is compared in terms of optimization error and computational time. It has found that the post-decision ADP approach can achieve competitive optimality with improved computational speed compared to the traditional DP.
Epidemiology and trends in survival of systemic sclerosis in Olmsted County (1980–2018): A population-based study:

Background/Purpose:To update the epidemiology of systemic sclerosis and evaluate the performance of the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism 2013 versus 1980 American...
Investing In Human Capital: Achieving Organizational Competitiveness Through Gamification

To achieve success for companies starting in gamification, the first design point is to motivate players to achieve their goals – and those goals should overlap with the business goals. – Brian Burke (2013). Human capital is the key to organizational competitiveness. Human resource management is concerned with the management of people within organizations. The field is primarily concerned with the selection, training and development and leadership of human resources. Human Resource Management is a science because experimental and field studies are conducted to explore how best to utilize human resources as a competitive advantage. In his book, Competitive Advantage Through People, Jeffrey Pfeiffer (1994) explains that organizations can gain a competitive advantage through their employees by ensuring that they use the best talent management strategies to identify, promote and sustain top talent within the organization. Pfeiffer argues that organizations have become complacent about the impact of employees on organizational effectiveness and that organizations need to be aware that one of the biggest assets they have is through the people who work for them; this leverage of people provides organizations with a competitive advantage. Human Resources professionals act as consultants to organizations to help them create effective systems that leverage this talent. For example, an HR consultant can provide organizations with strategic performance appraisal systems that allow organizations to provide feedback to all employees and to also identify top employees in order to reward them through compensation and promotion.
Putting the First Amendment in Play: Name, Image, and Likeness Policies and Athlete Freedom of Speech

Following their unanimous defeat at the Supreme Court in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) v. Alston and facing an impending start date for various state laws that would force action on athletes’ ability to profit off of their name, image, and likeness (NIL), the NCAA recently made the decision to simply allow states and member colleges and universities to promulgate NIL restrictions on their own. But while such a delegation helps the NCAA stave off relevant antitrust action against them, placing regulatory authority over college athlete endorsement and sponsorship deals in the hands of government actors like state legislators, governors, and public educational institutions brings constitutional analysis in play in a way that has not been seen in sports due to the wholly private natures of sports leagues and the NCAA. Along these lines, this Article applies First Amendment jurisprudence to three recurring NIL restrictions imposed by states and schools: restrictions on athlete deals that conflict with institutional endorsement deals, restrictions on athlete deals with vice industries like gambling and alcohol, and broad restrictions on deals that conflict with undefined “institutional values.” To do so, we apply several First Amendment doctrinal frameworks—those concerning commercial speech, student speech, public employee speech, and the overbreadth doctrine—to provide a range of different means by which courts may interpret how the rights of college athletes are affected by NIL policies. In the end, we find that the nature of these restrictions as overbroad prior restraints of free speech creates significant doubt as to the constitutionality of many of these restrictions under the First Amendment. We conclude that such restrictions in no uncertain form “present a ‘realistic danger’ [that these actors] could significantly compromise recognized First Amendment protections,” including the advanced protections for political speech.
Rationale for non-surgical temporomandibular joint management

This chapter reviews the rationale for the nonsurgical management of internal derangements and osteoarthrosis. Evidence for the natural course of these disorders is presented with implications for treatment. Emphasis is placed on patient education, physical therapy, medication, and occlusal appliance therapy.
Reliability and Validity of Cutaneous Sarcoidosis Outcome Instruments Among Dermatologists, Pulmonologists, and Rheumatologists.

Importance Dermatologists, pulmonologists, and rheumatologists study and treat patients with sarcoidosis with cutaneous manifestations. The validity of cutaneous sarcoidosis outcome instruments for use across medical specialties remains unknown. Objective To assess the reliability and validity of cutaneous sarcoidosis outcome instruments for use by dermatologists and nondermatologists treating sarcoidosis. Design, Setting, and Participants We performed a cross-sectional study evaluating the use of the Cutaneous Sarcoidosis Activity and Morphology Instrument (CSAMI) and Sarcoidosis Activity and Severity Index (SASI) to assess cutaneous sarcoidosis disease severity and the Physician’s Global Assessment (PGA) as a reference instrument. Four dermatologists, 3 pulmonologists, and 4 rheumatologists evaluated facial cutaneous sarcoidosis in 13 patients treated at a cutaneous sarcoidosis clinic in a 1-day study on October 24, 2014; data analysis was performed from November through December 2014. Main Outcomes and Measures Interrater and intrarater reliability and convergent validity, with correlation with quality-of-life measures as the secondary outcome. Results All instruments demonstrated excellent intrarater reliability. Interrater reliability (reported as intraclass correlation coefficient [95% CI]) was good for the CSAMI Activity scale (0.69 [0.51-0.87]) and PGA (0.66 [0.47-0.85]), weak for the CSAMI Damage scale (0.26 [0.11-0.52]), and excellent for the modified Facial SASI (0.78 [0.63-0.91]). The CSAMI Activity scale and modified Facial SASI showed moderate correlations (95% CI) with the PGA (0.67 [0.57-0.75] and 0.57 [0.45-0.66], respectively). The CSAMI Activity scale but not the modified Facial SASI showed significant correlations (95% CI) with quality-of-life instruments, such as the Dermatology Life Quality Index (Spearman rank correlation, 0.70 [0.25-0.90]) and the Skin Stigma raw score of the Sarcoidosis Assessment Tool (Pearson product moment correlation, 0.56 [0.01-0.85]). Conclusions and Relevance The CSAMI and SASI were reliable and valid in assessing cutaneous sarcoidosis among our diverse group of specialists. The CSAMI Activity score also correlated with quality-of-life measures and suggested construct validity. These results lend credibility to expand the use of the CSAMI and SASI by dermatologists and nondermatologists in assessing cutaneous sarcoidosis disease activity.
A randomized controlled trial of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with IgA nephropathy [ISRCTN62574616]

Background IgAN is the most common type of glomerulonephritis in the world. Between 15 and 40 percent of adults and children diagnosed with IgAN eventually progress to ESRD. Despite the need for effective treatment strategies, very few RCTs for IgAN have been performed. The most effective therapies for IgAN appear to be corticosteroids, ACEi, and FOS that contain a high concentration of omega 3 fatty acids. While ACEi and FOS are generally well tolerated with minimal side effects, the use of high dose steroids over a long course of therapy is often associated with significant morbidity.
Microfabrication techniques for trapped ion quantum information processing

Quantum-mechanical principles can be used to process information. In one approach, linear arrays of trapped, laser cooled ion qubits (two-level quantum systems) are confined in segmented multi-zone electrode structures. Strong Coulomb coupling between ions is the basis for quantum gates mediated by phonon exchange. Applications of Quantum Information Processing (QIP) include solution of problems believed to be intractable on classical computers. The ion trap approach to QIP requires trapping and control of numerous ions in electrode structures with many trapping zones. In support of trapped ion QIP, I investigated microfabrication of structures to trap, transport and couple large numbers of ions. Using 24Mg + I demonstrated loading and transport between zones in microtraps made of boron doped silicon. This thesis describes the fundamentals of ion trapping, the characteristics of silicon-based traps amenable to QIP work and apparatus to trap ions and characterize traps. Microfabrication instructions appropriate for nonexperts are included. A key characteristic of ion traps is the rate at which ion motional modes heat. In my traps upper bounds on heating were determined; however, heating due to externally injected noise could not be completely ruled out. Noise on the RF potential responsible for providing confinement was identified as one source of injected noise. Using the microfabrication technology developed for ion traps, I made a cantilevered micromechanical oscillator and with coworkers demonstrated a method to reduce the kinetic energy of its lowest order mechanical mode via its capacitive coupling to a driven RF resonant circuit. Cooling results from a RF capacitive force, which is phase shifted relative to the cantilever motion. The technique was demonstrated by cooling a 7 kHz fundamental mode from room temperature to 45 K. Ground state cooling of the mechanical modes of motion of harmonically trapped ions is routine; equivalent cooling of a macroscopic harmonic oscillator has not yet been demonstrated. Extension of this method to devices with higher motional frequencies in a cryogenic system, could enable ground state cooling and may prove simpler than related optical experiments. I also discuss an implementation of the semiclassical quantum Fourier transform (QFT) using three beryllium ion qubits. The QFT is a crucial step in a number of quantum algorithms including Shor's algorithm, a quantum approach to integer factorization which is exponentially faster than the fastest known classical factoring algorithm. This demonstration incorporated the key elements of a scalable ion-trap architecture for QIP.
"Boilerplate": An Introduction

This short essay introduces the themes that are developed in twelve articles that were delivered recently in a symposium on "Boilerplate: Foundations of Market Contracts" at the University of Michigan Law School.
A Spatiotemporal Compactness Pattern Analysis of Congressional Districts to Assess Partisan Gerrymandering: A Case Study with California and North Carolina

Compactness of a congressional district is a traditional principle in adjudicating gerrymandering claims in political redistricting. During the last decade, many states have used compactness as an important criterion to constrain the presence of gerrymandering in the redistricting process. In this study, we conducted an array of spatiotemporal analyses aiming to evaluate the changes in compactness between the 112th and 113th Congressional districting plans in California and North Carolina, two states that have been well known for their heavy gerrymandering for years. We employed classic shape-based compactness measures, moment-of-inertia-based measures, and measures of partisan bias to assess the districting plans from multiple angles, including irregularity of district boundaries, spatial dispersion, population-weighted shape dispersion, and partisan symmetry. This new and combined use of spatial measures evidenced remarkable increases on the average compactness scores for California's Congress, suggesti...
Temporal Lobe Seizures

Focal temporal lobe seizures often cause loss of consciousness. Whereas ­abnormal function of the temporal lobe is expected to cause memory loss, it is unclear why it should impair consciousness. Recent advances in neuroimaging, behavioral, and electrophysiological techniques spanning both human patients and animal models have revealed new and exciting insights into this old ­question. Impaired consciousness in temporal epilepsy (TLE) is correlated with large-amplitude slow electroencephalogram (EEG) activity and decreased metabolic activity in the frontal and parietal association cortices, similar to other states of impaired consciousness such as sleep, coma, and deep anesthesia. According to the “network inhibition hypothesis,” supported by imaging and electrophysiological data, cortical dysfunction during temporal lobe seizures results from inhibition of subcortical arousal structures which are required for maintaining the cortex in an alert and awake state. Advances in our understanding of impaired consciousness in epilepsy will hopefully pave the way toward novel treatments to prevent this profoundly debilitating side effect of seizures.
Complementary and alternative therapies among very long-term breast cancer survivors.

Breast cancer patients may have different complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) usage rates and may turn to CAM for different reasons than healthy adults. CAM has mostly been studied in recently diagnosed women; no studies have included survivors 10 years post-diagnosis. We examined very long-term breast cancer survivors to determine whether CAM users had dissimilar patterns of association with survivorship factors. Interviews of 374 breast cancer case patients from a population-based case–control breast cancer study of young women from Los Angeles County, California, during the 1980s occurred at follow-up; 371 patients with complete information were included. CAM represented 28 herbal remedies. Quality-of-life originated from the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 questionnaire (SF-36). Higher rates of CAM (59%) usage occurred compared to nationwide estimates. CAM users resembled non-users on follow-up age, exercise, original disease, treatment, smoking, body-mass index, alcohol, and fear of recurrence. CAM users had a higher prevalence of medical co-morbidities (P = 0.0005), and scored significantly lower on the SF-36 emotional well-being subscale than non-CAM users (P = 0.01). CAM users and non-users did not differ on the SF-36 physical sub-scale. Very long-term breast cancer survivors who use CAM may have poorer emotional functioning and more medical problems than non-users.