cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on SOAP-Based Mobile Agent Techniques

SOAP is a new generation distributed computing protocol on Internet. After analyzing traditional distributed objects based mobile agent systems, this paper introduces the approach to developing mobile agent systems based on the SOAP protocol, proposes the architecture of the mobile agent system based on SOAP, and presents the implementation techniques based on.NET platform, including the migration mechanism, the communication mechanism based on SOAP, the message presentation based on XML, the interoperation support of Web services, etc. Such a system has better flexibility and expansibility, and is suitable for loosely coupled Web-based computing environments.
Handbook of heterocyclic chemistry

Heterocyclic compounds play a vital role in the metabolism of living cells. Their practical applications range from extensive clinical use to fields as diverse as agriculture, photography, biocide formulation and polymer science. Written by leading scholars and industry experts, the Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry is thoroughly updated with over 50% new content. It has been rewritten with a new expanded author team, who have carefully distilled essential information on the reactivity, structure and synthesis of heterocycles from the 2008 major reference work Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry III. To bring the work up to date the author team have also added new synthetic examples and structures, key applications and new references from 2008-2010. Contains more than 1500 clearly drawn structures and reactions. The highly systematic coverage given to the subject makes this one of the most authoritative single-volume accounts of modern heterocyclic chemistry available and should be useful reference for those teaching a heterocyclic course. -Covers the structure, reactivity and synthesis of all heterocyclic compounds as distilled from the larger 15-volume reference work -Saves researchers time when they require important information on heterocycles--speeding them to thousands of clearly drawn chemical structures and pertinent reviews by leading experts -Features 35% new material to compliment the completely revised text
Dihydro-5-azacytidine in malignant mesothelioma : A phase II trial demonstrating activity accompanied by cardiac toxicity

BACKGROUND Malignant mesothelioma is a disease that is refractory to chemotherapy. Therefore, the objective of this multi-institutional, cooperative group Phase II trial was to determine the efficacy of dihydro-5-azacytidine (DHAC), a pyrimidine analogue, in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. METHODS Forty-one patients with histologically confirmed malignant mesothelioma received 120-hour continuous infusions of DHAC (1,500 mg/m2/day every 21 days) until maximal response, intolerable toxicity, or disease progression. RESULTS One patient had a complete response, two had objective partial responses, and four had regression of evaluable disease. The overall response rate was 17%. The one complete responder remains without disease progression at 6 years. Chest pain and nausea were the most common toxicities. Supraventricular tachycardia and pericardial effusion occurred in 20% and 15% of patients, respectively. In most patients, gastrointestinal effects were manageable. There was no significant hematologic toxicity. CONCLUSIONS In malignant mesothelioma, a disease that is refractory to chemotherapy, dihydro-5-azacytidine has definite antitumor activity. Its modest hematologic toxicity profile favors its use in combination with other agents. Caution regarding cardiac arrhythmias and pericardial effusion is necessary. Cancer 1997; 79:2237-42. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
The Consequences of Caring: Exploring the Links Between Women's Job and Family Emotion Work

Sociologists of emotion have examined the ways that workers are required to manage their emotions on the job, while studies of family emotion work reveal the effort involved in providing emotional ...
ZnT-2, a mammalian protein that confers resistance to zinc by facilitating vesicular sequestration

Abstract A cDNA encoding a second zinc transporter (ZnT-2) was isolated from a rat kidney cDNA expression library by complementation of a zinc-sensitive BHK cell line. The protein predicted from the open reading frame of ZnT-2 cDNA has 359 amino acids and initiates with a CTG codon. It resembles ZnT-1 (a plasma membrane protein that stimulates zinc efflux) in overall topology in that it has six membrane-spanning domains, a histidine-rich intracellular loop and a long C-terminal tail; however, the overall amino acid identity is only 26%. Unlike ZnT-1, which is in the plasma membrane and lowers cellular zinc by stimulating zinc efflux, ZnT-2 is localized on vesicles and allows the zinc-sensitive BHK cells to accumulate zinc to levels that are much higher than non-transformed cells can tolerate. Zinc was visualized within these vesicles with zinquin, a zinc-specific fluorescent probe. The intracellular compartment that accumulates zinc is acidic as revealed by staining with acridine orange or LysoTracker. Prolonged exposure of cells expressing ZnT-2 to zinc causes an accretion of intracellular vesicles. We suggest that ZnT-2 protects these cells from zinc toxicity by facilitating zinc transport into an endosomal/lysosomal compartment.
Differentiation of the pulmonary surfactant system. Disaturated phosphatidylcholine accumulation in fetal rat lung in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract Fetal rat lung was placed in organ culture at 15 days gestation (22 days total gestation period), before biochemical and morphological development of the pulmonary surfactant system. At the fifth day of culture numerous Type II cells containing lamellar bodies were present as determined by electron micrography. Phospholipid accumulation in the cultures increased abruptly beginning at 6 days in culture. The phospholipid which accumulated between the sixth and twelfth culture days was composed of 21–27% disaturated phosphatidylcholines. Both the percent of disaturated phosphatidylcholines in the phospholipid fraction and the qualitative pattern of accumulation as a function of time were similar to observations for fetal rat lung developing in vivo. The data presented provide evidence for development of the pulmonary surfactant system in organ culture in vitro.
Retired or Homemaker:: How Older Women Define Their Roles

In this study we exolore the role definitions that older women choose for themselves and the sociodemographic factors and activities that differentiate women who choose different labels. Of 864 black and white women from a 1986 national survey, 197 defmed themselves as both retired and homemaker; 363 called themselves homemakers only and 304 retired only. Marital status, having a retired spouse, hours of housework, education, and having been employed after age 51 significantly differentiated the groups. Retired homemakers were similar to homemakers on the first three factors and similar to the retired on the remaining two. The forced classification of these in-between women into only one role may explain contradictory results in past comparisons of retired women and homemakers.
Using MODIS land-use/land-cover data and hydrological modeling for estimating nutrient concentrations

This paper presents results on nutrient concentrations estimations in the Upper Tombigbee watershed (northern Mississippi-Alabama region, USA). It details the hydrological model development and its use for providing stream flow, runoff, and nutrient concentrations (total phosphorus, TP, and total nitrogen, TN) for subsequent biological studies. Geographical locations of data collection on fish and mussel were used to perform a watershed delineation of the area of study. The delineated catchment was enriched with land use information from USGS GIRAS (1986) and NASA MODIS MOD12Q1 (2001-2004) datasets. An increase of 34% in agricultural lands is shown to have occurred from 1986 to 2003. The Hydrological Program Fortran (HSPF) was used for estimating stream flow and run-off rates for two hydrological models (one per each land use dataset). Export coefficients representative for the regions were used for estimating TN and TP concentrations. It is shown that only maximum concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus have increased from 1986 to 2003. The percent increase ranges from 5 to 16% when comparing a sub-set of sub-basins, and 34% to 37% when taking into account all sub-basins. This seems to be consistent with the increase in agricultural areas in the same time period.
Physiological Factors in the Regulation of Alkaline Phosphatase Synthesis in Escherichia coli

Alkaline phosphatase is induced in excess phosphate media by starvation either for pyrimidines or for guanine. Induction is observed both during starvation, after a lag period, and following a period of starvation. Induction is not caused by a lowering of the internal orthophosphate pool, but is linked to alterations in the levels of the nucleotide pools. Experiments with purine-requiring mutants suggest that phosphatase is induced in wild-type strains by an adenine nucleotide. Mutations in the phoR gene can produce differential responses to the different starvation regimes.
Calcium Determination in Biologic Material

A method has been described for the determination of calcium in plasma, urine, and tissue and feces. Calcium is precipitated as the oxalate salt and the oxalate is determined by cerate oxidimetry.
Covalent Bonding and the Trans Influence in Lanthanide Compounds

A pair of mer-octahedral lanthanide chalcogenolate coordination complexes [(THF)3Ln(EC6F5)3 (Ln = Er, E = Se; Ln = Yb, E = S)] have been isolated and structurally characterized. Both compounds show geometry-dependent bond lengths, with the Ln−E bonds trans to the neutral donor tetrahydrofuran (THF) significantly shorter than the Ln−E bonds that are trans to negatively charged EC6F5 ligands. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the structural trans influence evidenced by the differences in these bond lengths results from a covalent Ln−E interaction involving ligand p and Ln 5d orbitals.
Lunar and Martian Meteorite Delivery Services

Launch mechanisms for lunar and martian meteorites have been investigated, by integrating physical modeling constraints, geochemical cosmic-ray exposure (CRE) constraints, and petrologic constraints. The potential source region for lunar meteorites is remarkably small compared to the final crater volume. CRE constraints indicate that most launches start at depths of less than or equal to 3.2 m, and cratering theory implies derivation of suitably accelerated objects from a subvolume with diameter only about 0.3 x the final crater diameter. The shallow depth provenance is probably related to shock-wave interference, enhanced by the lunar regolith's extremely low compressional wave velocity. CRE constraints alone imply that four to five separate launch events are represented among the eight well-studied lunar meteorites. Most of the lunar meteorites are regolith breccias, which tend to show only limited compositional diversity within any kilometer-scale region of the Moon. Several others are polymict breccias, which also show relatively subdued compositional diversity, compared to igneous rocks. The observed diversity among these samples in terms of abundances of mare basalt and KREEP, and in Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratio, implies that among eight well-studied lunar meteorites only two potential source craters pairings are plausible: between Asuka-881757 + Y-793169 (most probable) and between Y-793274 + EET875721. Altogether, these eight lunar meteorites apparently represent at least six separate source craters, including three in the past 10(exp 5) years and five in the past 10(exp 6) years. CRE constraints imply that SNC meteorites are launched from systematically greater than lunar meteorites. SNCs are also systematically bigger, and all nine well-studied SNCs are uncommonly young (by martian standards) mafic igneous rocks. Comparison between Viking and Apollo results reveals that rocks the size of common meteorites are remarkably scarce in the martian regolith, probably due to pervasive weathering. A plausible explanation for these trends is that most old, small, and shallow rocks on Mars have been weakened by a two-stage process of brecciation followed by pervasive weathering, to the point where they seldom survive the stresses of spallation off the planet. The scarcity of source-crater pairing among the lunar meteorites implies that these objects can be launched from craters much smaller than previously estimated and tends to support the suggestion of Rabinowitz (1993) that present-day cratering rates for the Earth-Moon region may be higher than previously estimated.
TOF-SIMS and XPS characterization of diamond-like carbon films after tests in inert and oxidizing environments

Abstract In this study, we used time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy techniques to ascertain the chemical nature of the sliding surfaces and wear debris particles of acetylene-grown diamond-like carbon (DLC) films after tests in dry nitrogen and oxygen. Between these two gasses, nitrogen is relatively inert and hence is not expected to enter into significant tribochemical reactions with sliding DLC surfaces, but oxygen is highly reactive toward carbon and hydrogen (which make up these DLC films) and hence may trigger some tribochemical reactions. The tribological tests were performed in a ball-on-disk tribometer at room temperature (22 °C) and under a 5 N load. The sliding velocity and distance were 0.25 m/s and 500 m, respectively. Disk material was made of AISI M2 steel, while balls were made of 9.5-mm-diameter AISI 440C steel. They were both coated with DLC, hence the sliding occurred between DLC coated surfaces of the balls and the disks. The friction coefficient of DLC against itself in dry nitrogen was rather high- and un-steady (i.e., fluctuating between 0.1 and 0.6) and the wear life was very short (i.e., less than 100 m). Raman spectroscopy of wear debris particles generated during tests in dry nitrogen suggested that some graphitization had taken place, but the XPS and TOF-SIMS of the sliding surfaces did not reveal much tribochemical interactions on their sliding surfaces. The friction coefficient of DLC against itself in dry oxygen was much lower (i.e., 0.06–0.12). The Raman spectroscopy of wear debris particles also suggested some graphitization after tests in dry oxygen. TOF-SIMS and XPS revealed high levels of oxidation for these debris particles suggesting that tribo-oxidation was perhaps a major mechanism controlling the friction and wear behavior of DLC in oxygen. Based on the combined results of Raman, TOF-SIMS and XPS, we concluded that the chemical nature of test environments plays a major role in the friction and wear of acetylene-grown DLC films. Much lower friction and wear of these films in dry oxygen is most likely due to graphitization as well as tribo-oxidation of their sliding surfaces.
Effects of carbon surface area on performance of lithium sulfur battery cathodes

Abstract The effect of carbon surface area on capacity is investigated in cathodes for lithium sulfur batteries. Carbon additives help overcome the low electrical conductivity of sulfur. Cathodes were prepared at 30 wt% sulfur on different activated carbons having unloaded BET surface areas of 1200–3200 m2/g. Sulfur utilization ranged from 33% to 83% of the theoretical capacity (1672 mAh/g) with a strong correlation to the accessible pore volumes having pore widths between 1 and 5 nm. Additionally, cathodes prepared at 12.5–68 wt% on an activated carbon having unloaded BET surface area of 3200 m2/g showed excessive sulfur loading provided little additional capacity.
Stereospecificity of premature human infant lingual lipase

The lingual lipase in gastric aspirates from premature infants was found to be partially stereospecific forsn-3 esters of synthetic enantiometric triacylglycerols containing 18∶1 and 16∶0. Thesn-3 ester was hydrolyzed about 4 times faster than the acid at thesn-1 position with no difference in rates between 18∶1 and 16∶0. Thesn-2 was also hydrolyzed to some extent.
Comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl levels across studies of human neurodevelopment.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent pollutants that are ubiquitous in the food chain, and detectable amounts are in the blood of almost every person in most populations that have been examined. Extensive evidence from animal studies shows that PCBs are neurotoxins, even at low doses. Interpretation of human data regarding low-level, early-life PCB exposure and subsequent neurodevelopment is problematic because levels of exposure were not similarly quantified across studies. We expressed the exposure levels from 10 studies of PCB and neurodevelopment in a uniform manner using a combination of data from original investigators, laboratory reanalyses, calculations based on published data, and expert opinion. The mainstay of our comparison was the median level of PCB 153 in maternal pregnancy serum. The median concentration of PCB 153 in the 10 studies ranged from 30 to 450 ng/g serum lipid, and the median of the 10 medians was 110 ng/g. We found that (a)) the distribution of PCB 153 exposure in most studies overlapped substantially, (b)) exposure levels in the Faroe Islands study were about 3-4-fold higher than in most other studies, and (c)) the exposure levels in the two recent U.S. studies were about one-third of those in the four earlier U.S. studies or recent Dutch, German, and northern Quebec studies. Our results will facilitate a direct comparison of the findings on PCBs and neurodevelopment when they are published for all 10 studies.
Scaling of constitutive parameters of friction for fractal surfaces

Abstract A constitutive model to study frictional behaviour of rock joints has been constructed. Rock joints are treated as two rough surfaces in contact under normal and shear loads. The state of asperity contacts evolve from partially to fully sliding as shear load increases. The model shows that this critical slip distance D I is the distance at which the majority of contacts have changed from partially sliding to fully sliding. We argue that D I is equivalent to D C , the critical slip distance for seismic instability, and here explore their scaling with models of fractal surfaces. The synthetic spectrum method has been used to generate fractal surfaces on different scales. D I has been calculated for these synthetic fractal surfaces with the contact model. It is found that D I is mainly controlled by the uncorrelated part of surface topography. The relationship between D I and the critical correlation length of the surface is a power law. If D I for natural faults is in the range of 1 mm to several cm, then the calculations show that the surfaces have correlation lengths of 10s to 100s of meters.
Examining the right temporal lobe's role in nonverbal memory

Tests of facial recognition and spatial learning were administered to presurgical patients with unilateral temporal lobe EEG foci. Right temporal lobe patients obtained lower facial recognition scores than left temporal lobe patients. The groups performed equally on the spatial learning test. A factor analysis revealed two independent factors: a general visuospatial factor and a more specific facial identification factor. The findings provide support for the existence of two dissociable visual processing systems. Memory impairments associated with right temporal lobe dysfunction may be characterized as an impairment in a ventral visual processing system responsible for facial memory and pattern recognition.
Laser induced dissociation of N2F4

Abstract A pulsed CO2 laser has been used to drive the dissociation of N2F4 by depositing energy directly in the vibrational degrees of freedom. It is observed that dissociation proceeds at an initial rate that far exceeds the measured thermal rate.
Temperature dependence of molecular motions in bulk polystyrene

Time-resolved optical spectroscopy is used to investigate the reorientation of three rigid probes and one labeled chain in bulk polystyrene. Orientational correlation times for these probes and labels are found to be in the range of 10−8–10−10 s at temperatures of 180–300°C. Consistent with previous studies, the attachment of a chromophore into the chain backbone slows its dynamics by about an order of magnitude. The temperature dependences of the correlation times are similar to the temperature dependence of the viscosity. When combined with probe reorientation times near and below Tg, these results indicate that probe reorientation tracks the temperature dependence of the viscosity quite well over twelve decades in time. In contrast, literature results for the translational diffusion of similarly sized probes indicates a substantially weaker temperature dependence near Tg. Thus it appears that a fundamental change in the mechanism of probe motion occurs near Tg. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Acute toxicity of nitrofurazone to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and goldfish, Carassius auratus.

Nitrofurazone (5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone) is a nitrofuran, a group of organic compounds which have inhibitory activity against many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and against some protozoan parasites. Although not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for use with food fish, nitrofurazone has been found effective in fish against external and internal infections by various species of Aeromonas, Pseudomonas and myxobacteria and can be administered either as a food additive or as a bath treatment. Attempts to control the microsporidian parasite Pleistophora ovariae in golden shiners, Notemigonus crysoleucas, with nitrofurazone met with equivocal results. The following experiment was performed to determine acute toxicity, including lesions, of nitrofurazone to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and goldfish, carassius auratus, fingerlings. Toxicity of nitrofurazone to channel catfish was determined with low dissolved oxygen concentrations (2 mg/L) to simulate conditions frequently encountered in channel catfish culture. Information abut toxic levels of drugs and the lesions occurring in exposed fish is important to determine the safety of treatment levels and the effects of toxic concentrations.
Thoracic compartment syndrome secondary to a thoracic procedure: A case report

Prolonged open sternotomy is a well-known phenomenon in the pediatric and adult cardiac surgery literature. It is usually an adjuvant in the treatment of a severely compromised heart. We present a case of thoracic compartment syndrome that developed postoperatively from a noncardiac thoracic procedure. Management, diagnosis, and literature review are presented.
Alcohol expectancies and intoxicated aggression

A review of the literature on the effects alcohol-aggression expectancies on intoxicated aggression is presented. Three specific questions about the relationship of alcohol expectancies to intoxicated aggression are examined; 1) do individuals believe alcohol causes people to become aggressive?, 2) is intoxication a mitigating circumstance in blame and responsibility attributions for harmful behavior?, and 3) does possession of an alcohol-aggression expectancy play a causal role in the enactment of intoxicated aggression? It is concluded that people do hold the expectancy that drinking causes aggressive behavior; however, they tend to hold this belief more strongly about other people than they do about themselves. In addition, given the inconclusive evidence that intoxication leads to the mitigation of blame for bad behavior, it is difficult to accept the deviance-disavowal hypothesis as an explanation for intoxicated aggression. Finally, it is concluded that possession of an alcohol expectancy for aggression can play a causal role in intoxicated aggression, but only under specific conditions in which the pharmacological effects of alcohol orient one toward cues in the environment that facilitate an aggressive response.
Curvature of the Wind Profile in the Troposphere Versus Regions of CAT and Non-CAT in the Stratosphere

A discussion of the theoretical importance of the curvature of the wind profile to the amplitude of mountain waves is presented. Mechanisms favorable for clear air turbulence (CAT) are discussed in relation to such wave motions. It is shown that CAT encountered by the XB-70 aircraft in the stratosphere during expected mountain-wave conditions is related to the vertical gradient of curvature of the wind profile in the troposphere. Results indicate that 89% of the turbulent regions in the stratosphere occurred in expected mountain-wave areas and that 79% were located where the vertical gradient of curvature was positive in the 10-30,000 ft layer below. For the nonturbulent regions, 74% were outside expected mountain-wave areas and 98% of these occurred where the vertical gradient of curvature was negative. All the nonturbulent regions within expected mountain-wave areas occurred where the vertical gradient of curvature was negative.
‘Grasp of Practice’ as a Reasoning Resource for Inquiry and Nature of Science Understanding

This article articulates how a ‘grasp of practice’ serves as a reasoning resource for inquiry and citizenship abilities associated with nature of science (NOS) understanding. Theoretically, this resource is elaborated through an overlapping concern with ‘practice’ in two literatures, science studies and psychology of learning, bringing attention to two key roles in scientific practice, Critiquers and Constructors of claims. Empirically, this resource is made plausible by the results of an expert-novice study and a classroom study. In the expert-novice study, reactions of scientists and laypeople to science-related claims in the popular media were contrasted, underlining the appropriate ways scientists tend to Critique such claims. In the classroom study, sixth-grade students engaged in a 2-week ramp experiment, experiencing first hand the roles of Critiquers and Constructors of claims, and were subsequently assessed with a novel experimental task. Performances suggest that students had attained a grasp of practice, going well beyond mere execution of methods or procedures. These results challenge a common assumption that declarative knowledge best characterizes learning targets for supporting inquiry and NOS understanding.
Acute Occlusion of a Bileaflet Mechanical Mitral Valve Prosthesis Resulting from External Cardiac Compression

A 45-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic mitral disease underwent valve replacement. After surgery, the patient became hemodynamically unstable. A transesophageal echocardiogram showed an underfilled left ventricle with a clot impinging on the lateral aspect of the left ventricle and a malfunctioning mitral valve prosthesis. After evacuation of the clot in the operating room, the mitral valve prosthesis began functioning normally. The prosthesis malfunction resulted from external cardiac compression. This dynamic device malfunction was replicated when the surgeon compressed the lateral aspect of the heart. To our knowledge, this dynamic form of leaflet dysfunction from external compression has not been described. This case highlights the importance of closely evaluating prosthetic valve function in the setting of hemodynamic deterioration.
Evolution of the flow field associated with a streamwise diffusing vortex

The evolution of a shear flow with an imbedded streamwise vortex is considered. An idealized model for the vortical structure is used; the vortex is assumed to be of infinite extent in the stream direction, and to be a potential vortex (vortex filament) turned on at time zero, and subsequently allowed to diffuse under the action of viscosity. The ambient flow is taken to be, initially, a linear shear profile; the flow then evolves under the joint action of viscosity and convection induced by the vortex. Boundaries are assumed to be infinitely removed from the vortex core. A similarity variable is found which reduces the equation for the induced streamwise velocity perturbation to an ordinary differential equation, which is easily solved numerically. The vortex Reynolds number, circulation/viscosity, is found to be of prime importance. Calculated velocity profiles are presented.
The organogenesis of murine striated muscle: a cytoarchitectural study.

The ultrastructure and the three-dimensional cytoarchitecture of the developing murine extensor digitorum longus muscle has been studied in spaced, serial, transverse and longitudinal ultrathin sections of the muscles of 12-, 14-, 16-, and 18-day in utero, newborn, and 5-day-old 129 ReJ mice. Despite the fact that in vivo myogenesis is asynchronous (i.e., during most of the fetal period, multiple stages of myogenesis can be seen in a single developing muscle mass), a distinct temporal pattern of development can be seen across the entire width and length of the developing muscle. At 12 days in utero, the developing extensor digitorum longus muscle consists of primary myotubes surrounded by a pleomorphic population of mononucleated cells devoid of myofilaments. At this stage, blood vessels and nerves are found peripheral to but not within the developing muscle mass. A delay of 2 days occurs between the time of formation of the primary and secondary myotubes. Clusters (consisting of one primary myotube and secondary myotubes), axon bundles, capillaries, and primitive motor endplates are found in the muscle by 16 days in utero. Evidence is presented consistent with the hypothesis that cluster formation and cluster dispersal occur simultaneously in the developing muscle, beginning as early as 16-days in utero. By 18 days in utero, many of the primary myotubes of the cluster and the independent myotubes (i.e., single myotubes enclosed in their own basal lamina) have begun to acquire the polygonal shape, fascicular arrangement, and ultrastructure characteristic of more mature myofibers. At birth, clusters are infrequently encountered, and intramuscular axons have begun to undergo myelination. At this time, the only undifferentiated, mononucleated cells present in the muscle are myosatellite cells. The first week postnatal was characterized by further maturation of the myofibers.
Variation Simulations for Digital Panel Assembly

This paper presents methodologies and results of variation simulations for digital panel assembly, using GM proprietary software called EAVS. EAVS provides two alternative algorithms for variation simulation of digital panel assembly, i.e., Taylor Series Expansion (TSE) based and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) based. In this paper, algorithms of the two methods are reviewed, and pros and cons are studied. Several case studies are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the two methods. Based on the case studies, the EAVS variation simulation guidelines will be established ensuring analysis accuracy at reasonable computational time.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The other Alfred Binet.

Alfred Binet is famous as the author of the IQ test that bears his name. He is almost unkown, however, as the investigator who generated numerous fascinating investigations into developmental, experimental, educational, and social psychology. This «other» Binet generated tasks, findings, and interpretations that foreshadowed current work on children's understanding of number conservation, validity of children's eyewitness testimony, the constructive nature of memory, effects of group pressure on conformity, and individual differences in cognitive styles. This article reviews Binet's major contributions, considers why the fame of his intelligence scale was so lasting and why that of his other contributions was so fleeting, and discusses implications of his contributions for current efforts to formulate unified theories of cognition and cognitive development
Design considerations for segmented-in-series fuel cells

Abstract This paper describes calculations of the electrical losses in patterned series-connected solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), i.e. the “segmented-in-series” configuration. Losses due to cell resistances, electrode ohmic resistances, interconnect resistance, and shunting by a weakly-conductive support material were considered. For any given set of cell dimensions and characteristics, power density was maximized at an optimal cell length – the power decreased at larger cell lengths due to electrode lateral resistance loss and decreased at smaller cell lengths due to a decreasing fraction of cell active area. For cell lengths well above the optimal value, electrolyte current was often confined to the portion of the cell nearest to where the less conductive electrode (i.e. the cathode) connected to the interconnect. Assuming dimensions expected for screen printing, i.e. ≈20 μm thick electrodes and lateral print accuracy of ≈100 μm, and area specific resistance values typical of SOFCs, optimal cell lengths typically ranged from 1 to 3 mm. Shunting currents increased with decreasing cell lengths, but were found to have little effect on power density assuming partially-stabilized zirconia supports and temperatures ≤ 800 °C.
Oscillatory spreading explanation of anomalously old uplifted crust near oceanic transforms

Rocks significantly older than their theoretically predicted age have been recovered in the vicinity of some Atlantic Transform Zones. Rocks of Palaeocene (55–58 Myr) and possibly even of Cretaceous age are found near the Vema Transform, on tectonically uplifted crust which should not be older than 30 Myr. We present here a model which might explain the presence of uplifted, anomalously old crust near the Vema Transform Zone (TZ). The proposed model involves axial rift propagation and reorientation and migration of the transform as a result of a change in the regional stress field. During transform migration a crustal wedge, formerly part of the African plate, is transferred to the South American plate. The ensuing oscillatory spreading can explain the anomalous age of the uplifted crustal block. Compression resulting from rift propagation and transform migration provides a mechanism for crustal uplift.
Standardization of prostate brachytherapy treatment plans.

Abstract Purpose: Whereas custom-designed plans are the norm for prostate brachytherapy, the relationship between linear prostate dimensions and volume calls into question the routine need for customized treatment planning. With the goal of streamlining the treatment-planning process, we have compared the treatment margins (TMs) achieved with one standard plan applied to patients with a wide range of prostate volumes. Methods and Materials: Preimplant transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) images of 50 unselected University of Washington patients with T1–T2 cancer and a prostate volume between 20 cc and 50 cc were studied. Patients were arbitrarily grouped into categories of 20–30 cc, 30–40 cc, and 40–50 cc. A standard 19-needle plan was devised for patients in the 30- to 40-cc range, using an arbitrary minimum margin of 5 mm around the gross tumor volume (GTV), making use of inverse planning technology to achieve 100% coverage of the target volume with accentuation of dose at the periphery and sparing of the central region. The idealized plan was applied to each patient’s TRUS study. The distances (TMs) between the prostatic edge (GTV) and treated volume (TV) were determined perpendicular to the prostatic margin. Results: Averaged over the entire patient group, the ratio of thickness to width was 1.4, whereas the ratio of length to width was 1.3. These values were fairly constant over the range of volumes, emphasizing that the prostate retains its general shape as volume increases. The idealized standard plan was overlaid on the ultrasound images of the 17 patients in the 30- to 40-cc group and the V100, the percentage of target volume receiving 100% or more of the prescription dose, was 98% or greater for 15 of the 17 patients. The lateral and posterior TMs fell within a narrow range, most being within 2 mm of the idealized 5-mm TM. To estimate whether a 10-cc volume-interval stratification was reasonable, the standard plan generated from the 30- to 40-cc prostate model was applied to 5 patients each from the 20- to 30-cc group and the 40- to 50-cc group. Using the standard plan designed for the 30- to 40-cc group, the TMs were closer to 10 mm than to 5 mm for the smaller volume glands and too small for the larger volume ones, assuming an ideal margin of 5 mm. Conclusion: The application of standardized plans to prostate brachytherapy is feasible. Stratifying the volume in 10-cc intervals appears to be adequate, suggesting that the majority of cases appropriate for treatment with brachytherapy might be treated with three standard plans. While the authors believe that the use of a limited number of standard treatment plans is feasible, practical, and medically acceptable, it should be emphasized that the use of a standard plan should always be previewed by computer-aided application to the particular patient’s planning images.
Role of metabolism in monocrotaline-induced immunotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice

Abstract Monocrotaline (MCT) is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid which has been shown to induce immunotoxicity in mice. We hypothesized that metabolic activation of MCT by mixed-function oxygenases (MFO) to dehydromonocrotaline (MCTP) is a prerequisite for its immunotoxicity, as has been shown for other toxic effects of MCT. To test this hypothesis, we compared the in vitro immunotoxic potency of MCT and MCTP to suppress the in vitro antibody response to SRBC and the blastogenic response to B and T cell mitogens. In addition, the effects of in vivo modulation of MFO activities on the immunotoxicity of MCT was examined using phenobarbital (PB) to increase and chloramphenicol (CP) to decrease MCTP production. Results showed that in vitro exposure of splenic lymphocytes to MCT or MCTP produced significant suppression of the antibody and blastogenic responses. MCTP was 200–400-fold more potent than MCT. No metabolism of MCT by splenic cells was detectable, suggesting that unmetabolized MCT is capable of inducing immunotoxicity. In vivo studies showed that, while treatment of mice with PB or CP produced significantly increased and decreased MCTP production by liver microsomes, neither PB or CP treatment significantly altered the immunotoxic potency of MCT. Thus, while the MCTP metabolite is directly immunotoxic in vitro and much more potent than MCT, a role for the MCTP metabolite in MCT immunotoxicity in vivo could not be demonstrated.
Phylogenetic Conservatism of Extinctions in Marine Bivalves

Evolutionary histories of species and lineages can influence their vulnerabilities to extinction, but the importance of this effect remains poorly explored for extinctions in the geologic past. When analyzed using a standardized taxonomy within a phylogenetic framework, extinction rates of marine bivalves estimated from the fossil record for the last ~200 million years show conservatism at multiple levels of evolutionary divergence, both within individual families and among related families. The strength of such phylogenetic clustering varies over time and is influenced by earlier extinction history, especially by the demise of volatile taxa in the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Analyses of the evolutionary roles of ancient extinctions and predictive models of vulnerability of taxa to future natural and anthropogenic stressors should take phylogenetic relationships and extinction history into account.
Automated selection of BI-RADS lesion descriptors for reporting calcifications in mammograms

We are developing an automated computer technique to describe calcifications in mammograms according to the BI-RADS lexicon. We evaluated this technique by its agreement with radiologists' description of the same lesions. Three expert mammographers reviewed our database of 90 cases of digitized mammograms containing clustered microcalcifications and described the calcifications according to BI-RADS. In our study, the radiologists used only 4 of the 5 calcification distribution descriptors and 5 of the 14 calcification morphology descriptors contained in BI-RADS. Our computer technique was therefore designed specifically for these 4 calcification distribution descriptors and 5 calcification morphology descriptors. For calcification distribution, 4 linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifiers were developed using 5 computer-extracted features to produce scores of how well each descriptor describes a cluster. Similarly, for calcification morphology, 5 LDAs were designed using 10 computer-extracted features. We trained the LDAs using only the BI-RADS data reported by the first radiologist and compared the computer output to the descriptor data reported by all 3 radiologists (for the first radiologist, the leave-one-out method was used). The computer output consisted of the best calcification distribution descriptor and the best 2 calcification morphology descriptors. The results of the comparison with the data from each radiologist, respectively, were: for calcification distribution, percent agreement, 74%, 66%, and 73%, kappa value, 0.44, 0.36, and 0.46; for calcification morphology, percent agreement, 83%, 77%, and 57%, kappa value, 0.78, 0.70, and 0.44. These results indicate that the proposed computer technique can select BI-RADS descriptors in good agreement with radiologists.
Computation of Sectional Loads from Surface Triangulation and Flow Data

Traditionally, span-wise load distribution on a wing or the axial load distribution on a rocket is computed using approximations that utilize a combination of theory and empirical observations. The present effort describes a method with which sectional loads can be efficiently computed along an arbitrary direction from a computational fluid dynamics simulation. Efficient algorithms are presented so that a database of hundreds of solutions can be processed and plots that a designer can use can be generated within minutes. Software to compute the sectional loads is discussed. A user interface is provided to makes it easier to enter inputs and generate plots. The resulting software is scriptable for processing a database containing hundreds of solutions. As a byproduct of the method, cuts are produced and can be extracted to plot additional flow information along a cut, such as the pressure coefficient as a function of the chord distance.
An Eye for an Eye, A Tooth for a Tooth: A Cross-Cultural Study of Feuding'

BLOOD revenge or feuding has occupied a prominent place in anthropological theory since the days of the evolutionists. Scholars interested in ethnological jurisprudence, such as Richard Cherry (1890), argued that law had evolved through a series of stages: feuding without compensation was followed by a stage in which blood money could be paid in lieu of retaliation; eventually a stage was reached in which tribal assemblies intervened to decide disputes. Such an approach has contained within it the hypothesis that the higher the level of political complexity in a society, the less frequently feuding is found. More recently, anthropologists, such as Hoebel (1954), have taken what is essentially a functional approach: what factors produce feuding and in what manner does a vengence system regulate behavior? Using this approach, two Dutch anthropologists, van Velzen and van Wetering (1960) have found support for the hypothesis that societies with fraternal interest groups are more likely to have feuding than societies without fraternal interest groups. Another hypothesis which can be used to explain the presence or absence of feuding derives from the approach that inter-societal relations influence the internal structure of a society. In particular, societies that frequently engage in war have more internal cohesion, and hence a lower likelihood of feuding, than societies which have peaceful external relations. This paper reports a cross-cultural study of feuding in which the above three hypotheses were tested using a sample of 50 societies drawn from the Human Relations Area Files. METHODOLOGY
Fatigue in industry. Understanding fatigue in modern life.

Abstract Since fatigue in its many forms can result from a variety of causes acting singly or in combination, it is difficult to give clear-cut rules or principles for its control or prevention. Each case must be evaluated according to its own peculiar characteristics. For the individual suffering from chronic fatigue, the most logical first step would be an examination by a physician to determine whether or not any organic basis for the condition exists. Where it does not, attention must be directed towards finding the most likely cause, and making the necessary changes in one's life and schedule of living. A few recommendations of general applicability would include: adequate sleep; the establishment of a daily work-rest cycle acceptable to the individual; the elimination of conditions resulting in excessive stress, anxiety, or boredom; the institution of a definite, adhered-to schedule of physical exorcise or sports; the possible use of stimulants or medications. For the organizational control of fatig...
Administration of medications via the intramuscular route: An integrative review of the literature and research-based protocol for the procedure

Administering injections is an activity inherent to nursing practice. A critical review of nursing fundamentals texts found that the "proper" procedure was often non-research based and reflected myths, traditions, and out-of-date recommendations regarding the technique. This article is an integrative review of the extensive research conducted by a variety of researchers in health-related disciplines during the last seven decades. The pertinent research is reviewed and critiqued and serves as the basis for a clinical practice protocol. This research-based procedure ensures efficient and effective nursing care related to intramuscular injections.
Making a Spectacle of Ourselves: The Unpolitical Ending of Thomas Mann's Mario und der Zauberer

Was “Mario und der Zauberer” betrifft, so sehe ich es nicht gern, wenn man diese Erzahlung als eine politische Satire betrachtet. Man weist ihr damit eine Sphare an, in der sie allenfalls mit einem kleinen Teil ihres Wesens beheimatet ist. Ich will nicht leugnen, das kleine politische Glanzlichter und Anspielungen aktueller Art darin angebracht sind, aber das Politische ist ein weiter Begriff, der ohne scharfe Grenze ins Problem und Gebiet des Ethischen ubergeht, und ich mochte die Bedeutung der kleinen Geschichte, vom Kunstlerischen abgesehen, doch lieber im Ethischen als im Politischen sehen. (Briefe 315)
Expression of the mitochondrial creatine kinase genes

Mitochondrial Creatine Kinase (MtCK) is responsible for the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine, and exists in mammals as two isoenzymes encoded by separate genes. In rats and humans, sarcomere-specific MtCK (sMtCK) is expressed only in skeletal and heart muscle, and has 87% nucleotide identity across the 1257 bp coding region. The ubiquitous isoenzyme of MtCK (uMtCK) is expressed in many tissues with highest levels in brain, gut, and kidney, and has 92% nucleotide identity between the 1254 bp coding regions of rat and human. Both genes are highly regulated developmentally in a tissue-specific manner. There is virtually no expression of sMtCK mRNA prior to birth. Unlike cytosolic muscle CK (MCK) and brain CK (BCK), there is no developmental isoenzyme switch between the MtCKs. Cell culture models representing the tissue-specific expression of either sMtCK or uMtCK are available, but there are no adequate developmental models to examine their regulation. Several animal models are available to examine the coordinate regulation of the CK gene family and include 1) Cardiac Stress by coarctation (sMtCK, BCK, and MCK), 2) Uterus and placenta during pregnancy (uMtCK and BCK), and 3) Diabetes and mitochondrial myopathy (sMtCK, BCK, and MCK). We report the details of these findings, and discuss the coordinate regulation of the genes necessary for high-energy transduction.