cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Never forget a face: Verbalization facilitates recollection as evidenced by flexible responding to contrasting recognition memory tests

Verbal facilitation occurs when describing a face improves its subsequent recognition; but there are several theoretical explanations debated in the literature. The results of the present studies support a relatively unrestricted, parsimonious theory that verbal facilitation occurs because describing a face supports recollection of several different facets of the face-viewing experience. This recollection is then demonstrated by flexibly responding to two competing types of recognition task demands. Participants studied a list of faces and, following each face, performed a nonverbalization task (Experiment 1) or described its features or traits (Experiment 2). Two subsequent recognition tests included intact faces, new faces, and conjunctions (each of which recombined features of two studied faces). Inclusion test instructions emphasized featural information: respond “yes” to both intact and conjunction faces (both of which contained studied features), but “no” to new faces. Exclusion test instructions emphasized configural information: respond “yes” only to intact faces (which were the only test items that matched studied configurations), and “no” to both conjunctions and new faces. Both yes/no responses and confidence ratings supported our hypothesis that verbalization improved discrimination between (a) conjunctions and new faces in the inclusion test, and (b) intact faces and conjunctions in the exclusion test. Additional secondary responses about face type elucidated that verbalization at study improves the ability to recollect either featural or configural information, depending on which type of response the recognition test required. We discuss these findings about practical applications of improved face memory in real-world contexts.
Endoscopic Spinal Fusion

Spinal fusion surgery has the potential to alleviate pain, improve functional ability, and maximize overall quality of life. Recognizing not only the importance to preserve as much normal human anatomy and physiology as possible but also to take into account the overwhelming economic, social, and psychological burden that open surgery may place on both patient and society, the concept of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) was born. The goals of MIS are to achieve the same results as conventional open surgery while striving to minimize soft tissue destruction, decrease intraoperative blood loss, reduce postoperative pain and hospital length of stay, and most importantly accelerate return to preoperative functional status. Endoscopic spinal fusion represents a step in the evolution of minimally invasive spine surgery that now allows us to even perform procedures such as the transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) without general anesthesia, removing yet another possible cause of surgical morbidity. Endoscopic techniques for fusion in the lumbar spine have been developed for every approach, and techniques also exist for both cervical and thoracic applications.
Factors Impacting Management of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema (BCRL) in Hispanic/Latina Breast Cancer Survivors: A Literature Review:

Introduction:Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a treatment sequela with negative physical and psychological implications. BCRL is a lifetime concern for survivors and is currently incurabl...
Cocaine Use and White Matter Hyperintensities in Homeless and Unstably Housed Women.

Abstract Objectives Cocaine use has been linked to stroke in several studies. However, few studies have considered the influence of cocaine use on stroke mechanisms such as small vessel disease (SVD). We conducted a study to assess associations between the toxicology-confirmed use of multiple drugs, including cocaine, and a marker of SVD, white matter hyperintensities (WMH). Materials and methods We conducted a nested case-control study (n = 30) within a larger cohort study (N = 245) of homeless and unstably housed women recruited from San Francisco community venues. Participants completed six monthly study visits consisting of an interview, blood draw, vital sign assessment and baseline brain MRI. We examined associations between toxicology-confirmed use of multiple substances, including cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, alcohol and tobacco, and WMH identified on MRI. Results Mean study participant age was 53 years, 70% of participants were ethnic minority women and 86% had a history of cocaine use. Brain MRIs indicated the presence of WMH (i.e., Fazekas score>0) in 54% (18/30) of imaged participants. The odds of WMH were significantly higher in women who were toxicology-positive for cocaine (Odd Ratio=7.58, p=0.01), but not in women who were toxicology-positive for other drugs or had several other cerebrovascular risk factors. Conclusions Over half of homeless and unstably housed women showed evidence of WMH. Cocaine use is highly prevalent and a significant correlate of WMH in this population, while several traditional CVD risk factors are not. Including cocaine use in cerebrovascular risk calculators may improve stroke risk prediction in high-risk populations and warrants further investigation.
REIT Operational Efficiency: External Advisement and Management

This paper examines the operational efficiency of equity Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) with respect to external advisement and management. We employ data envelopment analysis (DEA), a non-parametric statistical procedure that tests whether decision-making units are operating on their efficient frontier, to measure the relative performance of REITs before, during, and after the 2008–2010 financial crisis. Annual observations of both advising and management status of each REIT allow us to parse efficiency by these groups in various combinations. Our evidence suggests the inefficiency of externally-advised REITs has diminished in recent years, and the structure is no longer strictly inferior. External management of property operations, however, remains less efficient than self-management. General and administrative expenses, external advisory fees and property management fees are the main sources of inefficiency over the study period. In a difference-in-difference specification we find industry-wide operational efficiency was higher in the post-crisis than the pre-crisis period, indicating efficiency gains following the crisis.
Novel potent anti-STEAP1 bispecific antibody to redirect T cells for cancer immunotherapy.

Background The prognosis for metastatic Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (EFT) is still poor despite high-dose chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Immunotherapies hold promise, but cancer antigen-targeting immunotherapies have largely failed to induce effective T cell receptor-mediated antitumor response. However, T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies (T-BsAbs) have yet to be adequately explored. Methods Rehumanized STEAP1-IgG was used to build T-BsAb (named BC261) using the 2+2 IgG-[L]-scFv platform carrying the anti-CD3 huOKT3 scFv as the second specificity. Its binding epitope mapping, species cross-reactivity, tumor cell line staining, and in vitro cytotoxicity were investigated thoroughly. Its potency in driving tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was quantified using bioluminescence, correlated with in vivo antitumor response against cell line-derived or patient-derived xenografts (CDXs or PDXs) and compared with anti-STEAP1 T-BsAbs built on representative antibody platforms. Results BC261 binding epitope was mapped to its second extracellular domain of STEAP1 shared among canine and primate orthologs. BC261 induced potent cytotoxicity against panels of EFT, prostate cancer, and canine osteosarcoma cell lines despite their low antigen density. BC261 drove significantly more TILs into tumors (30-fold) and exerted superior antitumor effects compared with the other standard BsAb platforms. The antitumor efficacy of BC261 was consistent against EFT and prostate cancer CDXs and PDXs. Conclusions BC261 was highly efficient in driving T cell infiltration and tumor ablation. Either as stand-alone therapeutics or for ex vivo armed T cells, this novel anti-STEAP1 T-BsAb BC261 has therapeutic potential.
Dynamic Discrete Choice Models with Incomplete Data: Sharp Identification

In many empirical studies, the states that are relevant for economic agents to make decisions may not be included in the data to which researchers have access. This problem often arises in the context of monotone industries. In this paper, we develop the sharp identified sets of structural parameters and counterfactuals for dynamic discrete choice models when empirical data do not cover realizations of relevant states. We use simulation studies to confirm the theoretical property of the sharpness. Applying the proposed method to the annual Toyo Keizai database, we study the behaviors of Japanese firms on foreign direct investments in China without observing the future states after Chinese economy slows down.
Ozone and Acidic Inputs into Forests in Northwest USA

Forest ecosystems near urban and industrialized areas are increasingly becoming under stress as a result of atmospheric inputs (ULRICH AND PANKRATH 1983; ACID RAIN FOUNDATION 1985; LEGGE and KRUPA 1986). Forest decline has been noted in Europe in recent years, particularly in Germany (BLANK 1985). A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain it including; acidic inputs (both dry and wet — including fog), ozone, combinations of pollutants (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, heavy metals, etc.), excess ammonium, changing climate and pathogens (BLANK 1985; NIHLGARD 1985). None of these, however, has been proven to be the cause of forest decline in Europe.
The genesis of industrial America, 1870-1920

Prologue: a hothouse for economic growth 1. The marvel of men and machines 2. The lure of lovely and lucrative land 3. The defeat of distance and desolation 4. The potential of plentiful power 5. The fabrication of familiar forms 6. The burden of bargaining with behemoths 7. The collision of city and country 8. The mastery of mass markets Epilogue: the boundaries of big business.
Representing and Scheduling Satisficing Tasks

A satisficing solution to a problem is one that is “good enough” or satisfactory in a particular situation. Because of the lack of task predictability, and interdependences among tasks it is desirable to use both approximate solutions for tasks and approximate scheduling algorithms for scheduling task execution. Iterative refinement and the use of multiple methods are two approaches that achieve satisficing behavior. This paper examines these approaches including their effects on task monitoring and on sharing intermediate results among tasks. The design-to-time approach to scheduling satisficing tasks is then discussed.
How State Departments of Transportation Develop Research Work Programs: A Comparison of Three State Agencies

This article explores some issues connected with how state departments of transportation develop research programs. The focus is on alternative processes for soliciting and prioritizing problem statements. Issues examined include how to increase the strategic direction of the solicitation and prioritization process and how to facilitate diverse participation in problem-statement development. Processes used in New York, New Jersey, and Virginia are explored.
Organization, Specialization, and Desires in the Big Men's Movement: Preliminary Research in the Study of Subculture-Formation

Histories and dynamics of the big men's movement are examined, largely through the methodology of studying the publications that have shaped and contextualized the movement. Themes and subjects addressed include the history of the big men's movement, the recontextualization of masculinity as shaped by gay men since the 1970s, relationships between the big men's movement and the bear subculture, HIV/AIDS, the role of the internet and cyberspace, social class, the counter-gauge of lesbian and feminist body politics, and models of desire structuring representations of fat men within the big men's magazine media. The essay focuses largely on political organizing and mobilization within the United States.
A comprehensive analysis of magnet defect faults in permanent magnet synchronous motors

Condition monitoring of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) is the process which identifies and averts any serious fault and is of critical importance for reliability and robustness of the system. In this study, broken/crack magnet fault in PMSMs and the consequence effects of such failure on stator back-emf and current wave forms are investigated. For this purpose, a three phase, 8-pole permanent magnet surface mounted (PMSM) motor is modeled using 2-D Finite Element (FE) analysis. Three types of cracks with the same area and different directions are created on one rotor magnet to investigate the effect of the direction of the cracks on the fault signatures. Fast fourier transform (FFT) is used to analyze the stator current and back-emf signatures. Both faulty and healthy motors are simulated at different speed and load to scrutinize the effect of these two parameters on the fault signatures. To verify the analysis results, an experimental setup is used to support the results.
Comparison of Atmospheric Conditions for Culture of Clinical Specimens of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

We cultured 55 clinical specimens of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the following atmospheric conditions: (i) 10% carbon dioxide in a CO(2) incubator; (ii) a candle extinction jar; (iii) an air convection incubator; and (iv) an anaerobic jar without added CO(2). The number and size of colonies growing on modified Thayer-Martin medium were evaluated after incubation of cultures for 24 and 48 h at 36 C. After 24 h, the specimens from the candle extinction jar had the greatest number and size of colonies, but after 48 h growth was approximately equal for specimens from the candle jar and the CO(2) incubator. Only 19 of 55 specimens grew in the air convention incubator. None of 55 clinical specimens or of 10 laboratory strains grew anaerobically. Development of colonial morphology for colony types 1, 2, 3, and 4 was studied at 24 h on a base medium that contained no hemoglobin. The relative numbers of the four colony types in specimens were comparable after 24 h of incubation in any of the three atmospheric conditions under which growth occurred, but the different types were distinguished most readily when grown in the candle extinction jar.
Chapter 13 Localization and Function of the 2Fe‐2S Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Protein mitoNEET

MitoNEET is an integral protein of the outer mitochondrial membrane and is the flagship of a small family of proteins whose hallmark is the presence of a CDGSH domain. Initially annotated as a zinc finger, the CDGSH domain actually binds a redox-active 2Fe-2S cluster, giving mitoNEET the distinction of being the first 2Fe-2S protein identified in the outer membrane of mitochondria. This chapter describes methods for isolating mitochondrial membrane fractions that are enriched in mitoNEET, generating constructs for the expression of recombinant mitoNEET protein and analyzing the 2Fe-2S cluster of mitoNEET in vitro.
The Liberal Arts, the Campus, and the Biosphere

D ebates about the content and purposes of education are mostly conducted among committees of the learned conditioned to such fare. Allan Bloom changed all of that in 1987 by writing a best seller on the subject (Bloom 1987). Professor Bloom, as far as I can tell, believes that questions about the content of education (i.e., curriculum) were settled some time ago — perhaps once and for all with Plato, but certainly no later than Nietzsche. Subsequent elaborations, revisions, and refnements have worked great mischief with the high culture he purports to defend. Bloom ’s discontent focuses on American youth. He finds them empty, intellectually slack, and morally ignorant. The “ soil ” of their souls is “ unfriendly ” to the higher learning. And he thinks no more highly of their music and sexual relationships.
DUALITY-BREAKING EFFECTS IN A MODEL FOR MESON--BARYON SCATTERING.

Duality-violating effects are examined in the context of an exchange-degenerate multiple-scattering model incorporating strong EXD for poles,SU3 at the vertices ands-u crossing. Ten parameters. includingd/f ratios, are used to simultaneously fit cross-sections for K−p→π−Σ+, π+p→K+Σ+,\(K^ - p \to \bar K^0 n\), K+n→K0p, π−p→π0n and π−p→ηn. The qualitatively different energy dependences of the HCEX and CEX line-reversed cross-section differences arise naturally from the fact that the model requires equal absorption in CEX line-reversed reactions and unequal absorption in the HCEX reactions. The cross-section fits are excellent for the HCEX and reasonable for the CEX reactions; polarizations are correct in sign. Thed/f ratios obtained are close to the quark-modelSU6 values. The model is compared with other multireaction fits and their differences and relative successes are discussed.
Hope thinking and past trauma mediate the relationships of body mass index with perceived mental health treatment need and mental health treatment use.

Summary Greater body mass is associated with a greater risk of mental health conditions and more frequent mental health treatment use. However, factors that might influence perceived mental health treatment need and mental health treatment use among those of greater weight, including hope thinking, trauma history and perceived mental health treatment stigma, are not well understood. Objective The objective of this study was to determine if hope thinking, trauma history and/or perceived mental health treatment stigma mediate the relationships of body mass index [BMI] with perceived mental health treatment need and mental health treatment use. Method Primary care clinic patients in the Midwest United States (N = 196; BMI range = 18.5 to 47.0, mean = 29.26 ± 6.61, median = 27.90) were recruited to complete a battery of self-report measures that assessed perceived mental health treatment need, mental health treatment use, hope thinking (Trait Hope Scale), trauma history (a single-item traumatic event history screen from the posttraumatic stress disorder module of the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition), and perceived mental health treatment stigma (Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help). Results Reduced hope thinking and a greater incidence of past trauma accounted for greater perceived mental health treatment need and greater mental health treatment use among those of greater BMI. BMI was not related to perceived unmet mental health treatment need. Conclusion Increased perceived mental health treatment need and mental health treatment use among those of greater BMI may be explained by lower hope thinking and a greater incidence of trauma in this population. Heavier patients may benefit from interventions designed to augment hope and address traumatic histories.
Surgical Management of Multiple Coronary Artery Aneurysms

We describe the surgical management of three distinct coronary artery aneurysms in conjunction with coronary artery bypass grafting. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12105 (J Card Surg 2013;28:383–385)
Effect of exogenously added manganese chloride on the operational stability of the chloroplast-ferredoxin-hydrogenase system

Abstract Saturating illumination of the chloroplast-ferredoxin-hydrogenase (CFH) system in the presence of exogenously added manganese chloride stimulated the simultaneous photoproduction rates of hydrogen and oxygen. A novel effect of this salt on the CFH system was to increase the operational stability of the oxygen evolving activity of chloroplasts, which resulted in prolonging the rate of hydrogen evolution. Preincubation of the chloroplast membranes with manganese chloride in the dark for 1.5 h was necessary to achieve maximum stimulation. The technique of repetitive, single turnover flashes of light determined that the number of active photosynthetic units in chloroplasts was increased by manganese chloride. Electron micrographs of chloroplast membranes incubated with manganese and other divalent cation chlorides indicated regions of stacking not noticeable if the chloroplasts were incubated in water alone. Stacking of chloroplast membranes may be important for the maintenance of stability of photosystem II.
Full-aperture interferometric test of convex secondary mirrors using holographic test plates

Convex secondary mirrors are notoriously difficult to fabricate because of the tremendous cost and difficulty of making accurate measurements of the optical surfaces. The new 6.5- and 8-m-class telescopes require secondary mirrors that are larger, more aspheric, and more accurately figured than those for existing telescopes. The challenge of measuring these giant optics has spurred the development of a new measurement technique using holographic test plates. This test uses a full-aperture test plate with a computer-generated hologram fabricated onto the spherical reference surface. When supported a few millimeters from the secondary and properly illuminated with laser light, an interference pattern is formed that shows the secondary surface errors. The hologram consists of annular rings of metal drawn onto the curved test plate surface using a custom-built writing machine. The accuracy of the surface measurement using this technique is expected to be 35 nm P-V and 6 nm rms for a 1.65-m secondary mirror for the MMT. Considerably higher accuracy is expected for less aspheric surfaces.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Validation of a Telephone Questionnaire for Parkinson's Disease

Abstract As part of a genetic study, we investigated the accuracy of a telephone questionnaire to diagnose or screen for Parkinson’s disease (PD). We studied 20 PD patients randomly selected among all incident cases in Olmsted County, Minnesota, for the period 1970 through 1988. Each patient was matched by age and sex to a subject free of PD or parkinsonism residing in the same county. In addition, we studied 20 patients with PD referred to our institution from outside of Olmsted County between 1991 and 1993. Medical record documentation of disease status for both affected and unaffected subjects served as the standard for comparison. A trained interviewer kept unaware of disease status administered nine symptom questions via telephone to all study subjects (or their proxy). Seventeen PD cases from Olmsted County, all 20 referral cases, and 16 unaffected subjects participated in the interview (total = 37 with PD and 16 unaffected subjects); 36 interviews (24 PD) were with a proxy and 17 (13 PD) were direct. Questions regarding “poor balance,” “trouble buttoning,” and “trouble arising” had the highest sensitivity; questions regarding “shaking,” “feet stuck to the floor,” “softer voice,” and “smaller writing” had the highest specificity. A combination of any four symptoms yielded the best balance between sensitivity (89%) and specificity (88%). Although the questionnaire appears to be useful both as a screening and as a diagnostic tool, it failed to reach complete accuracy, and it should be used in the context of a more complex case-finding strategy.
The future of behavioral sleep medicine: a report on consensus votes at the Ponte Vedra Behavioral Sleep Medicine Consensus Conference, March 27-29, 2009.

On March 27 through 29, 2009 a consensus conference was held to address a series of issues and propositions related to clinical practice, research, and education in behavioral sleep medicine (BSM). The conference, held in in Ponte Vedra, Florida, included presentations given by key opinion leaders regarding the past and future of BSM, discussion panels and work groups, and anonymous voting on a slate of propositions. There was broad consensus that certification in sleep medicine (i.e., American Board of Sleep Medicine or American Board of Medical Specialties) does not confer automatic expertise in BSM; clinicians without certification in BSM (CBSM) should not be able to supervise BSM cases to fulfill CBSM eligibility requirements; psychologists should pursue independent board certification in BSM by the American Board of Professional Psychology; no program should receive an American Academy of Sleep Medicine “Academic Program of Distinction” designation, unless they have a CBSM professional on staff; slee...
What differentiates declarative and procedural memories: reply to Cohen, Poldrack, and Eichenbaum (1997)

CPE claim that procedural and declarative representations differ on two important dimensions: flexibility and compositionality. I have proposed that the apparent flexibility of a memory depends entirely on the transfer conditions. Any retest is, in some sense, a test of flexibility, because something has changed since the original encoding episodic. I have argued that if one changes something that does not provide support to memory performance, the memory will appear flexible, and resistant to changes in the environment. If one changes the very thing that the representation codes, the memory will appear inflexible and easily disrupted by changes in the environment. This principle is equally true for procedural and declarative memory. CPE contend that procedural representations lack compositionality. An ideal test of this claim would examine the representation of a task that is widely agreed to be procedural (e.g. that has been demonstrated to be learned normally by amnesic patients, and in the absence of awareness by neurologically intact subjects). Such experiments appear not to have been conducted, and the fact is that many tasks that are widely agreed to be procedural probably are not compositional. They appear to be, as CPE contend, biases in a processing system; it is hard to imagine how repetition priming could be compositional. Nevertheless, this is not true of all procedural memories. There is a good deal of evidence that motor behaviour is organised hierarchically and has compositionality. There is every reason to think that most if not all motor behaviour is procedural; motor behaviour might be driven by goals that are declarative, but the low-level operations that actually manipulate effectors are closed to consciousness, do not depend on the medial temporal lobe or diencephalon, and would therefore be classified as procedural. CPE framed their theory of differences between procedural and declarative memory systems as an account of the deficit in amnesic patients. They therefore predict that the learning of amnesic patients should not show flexibility or compositionality. There is already at least one study showing learning in amnesic patients that is as flexible as that of control participants (Knowlton & Squire, 1996). There are not, to my knowledge, data on whether the motor skill learning of amnesic patients shows compositionality, but one might expect that it would, given that it does in neurologically intact participants, and given that motor skill learning appears unimpaired in amnesic patients. Thus, the conception of declarative and procedural memory provided by CPE may not provide a complete account of amnesic performance. The anatomic distinction between procedural and declarative memory systems appears quite strong, and there is therefore reason to believe that there are accompanying computational differences. There does not, however, appear to be sufficient evidence to support those differences proposed by CPE.
Long range spin-polarization in the Kondo effect

Abstract It is demonstrated that the anomalous spin flip scattering (recently discovered by Kondo) of conduction electrons antiferromagnetically coupled to impurity spins does not materially affect the Ruderman-Kittel interaction between two such impurities at a mutual distance r such that ( rmfermi-vector ) −1 r fermi-vector ) −1 ϵ f kT .
Spectral decomposition method for controlled damped string reduction of control time

We consider the zero-controllability problem for the distributed parameter system governed by the damped wave equation where with boundary conditions The function f(t) is the control. This problem was studied in our recent (joint) work using the spectral decomposition method. The approach was based on our recent results on the spectral analysis of the nonselfadjoint dynamics generator of the above system. It was shown that the system is controllable in time To equals twice the time it takes for a wave to travel between the ends of the interval [0, a]. In this work, we investigate the conditions of the initial data, under which the control time can be reduced. We describe a class of initial data for which the Control time is Towhere k is a positive integer. Based on this result, we show that the same effect can be achieved by changing the structure of the control (replacing by the sum without any restrictions on the class of initial data.
Fourier transform-based method for pattern matching: affine invariance and beyond

Several pattern-matching techniques have focused on affine invariant pattern matching, mainly because rotation, scale, translation, and shear are common image transformations. In some situations, other transformations may be modeled as a small deformation on top of an affine transformation. This work presents an algorithm which aims at improving existing Fourier Transform (FT)-based pattern matching techniques in such a situation. The pattern is first decomposed into non-overlapping concentric circular rings, which are centered in middle of the pattern. Then, the FT of each ring is computed. Essentially, adding the individual complex-valued FTs provides the overall FT of the pattern. Past techniques used the overall FT to identify the parameters of the affine transformation between two patterns. In this work, it is assumed that the rings may be rotated with respect to each other, thus, parameters of transformations beyond the affine ones can be computed. The proposed method determines this variable angle of rotation starting from the FT of the outermost ring and moving inwards to the FT of the innermost ring. The variable angle of rotation provides information about the directional properties of a pattern. Two methods are investigated, namely a dynamic programming algorithm and a greedy algorithm, in order to determine the variable angle of rotation. The intuition behind this approach is that since the rings are not necessarily aligned in the same manner for different patterns, their ring FTs may also be rotated with respect to each other. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Image masking using polygon fills and morphological transformations

Polygon-fill operations and morphological transformations are effective computational tools for the land-masking and coastline-correction preprocessing operations often applied to AVHRR data prior to oceanographic applications. These masking operations, in conjunction with cloud-screening techniques, can be used on such other oceanographically significant remote-sensing data as those of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner, GOES, and Landsat. The sensitivity of the methods to regional variations in atmospheric conditions and land-ocean temperature gradients is assessed for tropical, midlatitude, and high latitude regions.
The validation of a multiprocessor simulator

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a multiprocessor simulator written in the language SimCal. We use the simulator to test our scheme to partition a sequential program for parallel execution on a shared memory, asynchronous multiprocessor. The results of the simulations indicate that our partitioning scheme can provide significant speed-up by executing the program in parallel. We then execute the partitioned program on an actual multiprocessor and find a high degree of correlation between the simulations and the actual executions. This correlation serves to validate our simulator. We then use the multiprocessor simulator to hypothetically extended the actual multiprocessor and we show that adding more processors will not provide significant improvement in the parallel executions unless the communication structure is also improved to contain more parallelism.
INFANTS' GREETING PATTERNS TO STRANGERS

Naive observers coded facial behaviors (eye direction, eye openness, and mouth) of 40 infants from videotapes of the infant's face and upper torso as the infants watched the approach of a stranger. Patterns of facial movement show that the infants are interested, their eyes remain forward, are slightly wide or normal and the mouth is relaxed. This pattern occurs significantly more often than any other. Indications of fear (mouth contracted or corners down, gaze aversion, eyes very wide) and joy (eyes a bit wide, mouth corners up, looking ahead) were blended with interest, but did not occur in isolation. No age differences were found in this analysis. Sex differences were found in patterns of eye openness. The results were contrasted with previous findings of infant “fear” and were compared to adult reactions in similar stranger approach situations.
Equilibrium, disequilibrium, and nonequilibrium landforms in the landscape

Abstract Landscapes are composed of a diversity of landforms that may be characterized as equilibrium, disequilibrium or nonequilibrium. Equilibrium is a constant relation between input and output or form, toward which a landform tends or around which it fluctuates in time. Because of recent environmental changes and long relaxation times, however, many landforms are not adjusted to present inputs. Disequilibrium landforms are those that tend toward equilibrium but have not had sufficient time to reach such a condition. Some landforms, called nonequilibrium, do not tend toward equilibrium even with relatively long periods of environmental stability, but rather undergo frequent and large change in form. Nonequilibrium may be caused by high-magnitude thresholds that cause low-frequency weather events to dominate form, positive feedbacks, and/or nonlinearities that result in deterministic chaos. Landscapes contain mixtures of equilibrium, disequilibrium and nonequilibrium landforms, and these types of landforms interact in geomorphic systems such as sediment cascades. The three types of behavior may coexist in the same landscape, and the outputs of such mixed geomorphic systems reflect the combined effects of equilibrium, disequilibrium, and nonequilibrium subsystems. This classification provides a framework for analysis and modeling of complex landscapes.
Self association of secretin in aqueous solution.

Viscosity measurements of aqueous solutions of porcine secretin indicate self association of molecules of the hormone.
Sen's theorem and externalities

When the outcome space X is a product set, the Paretian-liberal conflict depends on a special cycle of externalities. Even if the society is countably infinite, the inconsistency vanishes if the individuals can be numbered so that person i does not care about the actions of any h<i, although we assume that the liberal constraint is binding only on finite coalitions.
The cell biology of Listeria monocytogenes infection the intersection of bacterial pathogenesis and cell-mediated immunity

Listeria monocytogenes has emerged as a remarkably tractable pathogen to dissect basic aspects of cell biology, intracellular pathogenesis, and innate and acquired immunity. In order to maintain its intracellular lifestyle, L. monocytogenes has evolved a number of mechanisms to exploit host processes to grow and spread cell to cell without damaging the host cell. The pore-forming protein listeriolysin O mediates escape from host vacuoles and utilizes multiple fail-safe mechanisms to avoid causing toxicity to infected cells. Once in the cytosol, the L. monocytogenes ActA protein recruits host cell Arp2/3 complexes and enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein family members to mediate efficient actin-based motility, thereby propelling the bacteria into neighboring cells. Alteration in any of these processes dramatically reduces the ability of the bacteria to establish a productive infection in vivo.
Hybrid field-circuit simulation based on the extended time-domain finite element method

This paper presents a hybrid field-circuit solver based on the hybridization of the time-domain finite element method and a SPICE-like lumped circuit simulation. Advanced features of the proposed hybrid solver include incorporation of multiport lumped networks, application of the tree-cotree splitting technique, and introduction of a flexible time-marching scheme.
The relationship between perceived stress and morbidity among adult inner-city asthmatics.

Background. Psychological stress has been linked in some studies to asthma prevalence and outcomes in children. The authors sought to evaluate the relationship between perceived stress and morbidity among inner-city adults with asthma. Methods. The authors interviewed a prospective cohort of 326 moderate-to-severe asthmatics receiving care at two large, urban, hospital-based general medicine clinics in New York City and New Jersey. Psychological stress was assessed at baseline using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), a validated 4-item instrument. Outcomes included the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ), the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ), and the Medication Adherence Reporting Scale (MARS) measured at baseline, 1, 3, and 12 months of enrollment. Results. Higher perceived stress was significantly correlated with worse asthma control (ACQ scores; r = .30 to .37, p < .0001), poor quality of life (AQLQ scores; r = −.49 to − .35, p < .0001), and decreased medication adherence (MARS scores; r = −.2...
Electrophysiological responses by Trypodendron lineatum (Ol.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) from western Canada and Germany to lineatin and isomers of alpha‐pinene1

The electrophysiological response by western Canadian Trypodendron lineatum to the isomers of alpha-pinene is presented. A comparison to previously collected electroantennogram (EAG) data from German beetles is made. Zusammenfassung Elektrophysiologische Reaktionen von Trypodendron lineatum (Col., Scolytidae) aus West-Kanada und Deutschland gegenuber Lineatin und Isomeren von α-Pinen Es wird uber die elektrophysiologische Reaktion von Trypodendron lineatum aus West-Kanada gegenuber Isomeren von apha;-Pinen berichtet und diese Untersuchungsergebnisse werden mit den schon fruher an Kafern deutscher Herkunft gemessenen Elektroantennogramm-Daten verglichen.
Locating Thin Lines and Roof Edges by Custom-Built Moments

The method of custom-built moments allows location of step edges in an image in parametric form, as an equation ax + by = c, using a customizable mask of almost any desired shape, or moment functions adapted to calculation in a particular basis. We adapt this method to the problem of locating both thin lines and roof edges in parametric form.
World Order and World Futures

International relations seems to be growing. The scope of international practice is widening as the number of nation states increases, as nongovernmental actors become more important, and as new issue areas like money, energy, food, and population join the traditional diplo-military concerns of high politics. The range of international analysis is also extending, partly to keep up with the expansion of international practice, and partly to meet a growing perception of crisis in international society. International relations also appears to be shrinking. Relations between states are taking place on a planet which is, both figuratively and literally, getting smaller. More international relations take place more often and more quickly, as our physical resources seem to melt away before our eyes. New approaches to international relations are simultaneously parts of the expansion and attempts to deal with the problems of contrac-
Context and Contextualized Language Practice in Foreign Language Teaching.

ing has contained much information on and support for language "practice," especially in exercises that have been contextualized (Benevento; Bragger: 7; Omaggio: 48). The purpose of this article is to examine this technique as it appears in college-level French language textbooks published in the United States and as it fits into classroom instruction using a communicative approach and to suggest improvements. I
ACETALDEHYDE FROM CARBON MONOXIDE AND CHLOROMETHANE

ABSTRACT Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) is the major oxygenated product of the thermal reaction of carbon monoxide and chloromethane under reaction conditions, i.e., between 600 °C and 700 °C, and between 0.1 MPa and 1 MPa. The reaction conditions have a significant effect on the formation of the products.
Spin relaxation in the phosphorescent triplet state of several pyridyl carbonyl compounds

Abstract Spin relaxation is observed in benzophenone, isomers of benzoylpyridines and dipyridyl ketones. Models are used to describe optically detected echo shapes observed by transient techniques in the phosphorescent triplet state. Framed after the density matrix approach, the echo shapes were found to adequately fit the analytical expressions. Hahn spin echo, Carr-Purcell multiple echo, and rotary echo pulse sequences were used to study the nuclear contribution to the electron spin dephasing and the proximity effect of the nitrogen nuclei to the localized triplet excitation in the carbonyl portion of the molecule.
Spin‐echo MRI using π/2 and π hyperbolic secant pulses

Frequency-modulated (FM) pulses have practical advantages for spin-echo experiments, such as the ability to produce a broadband π rotation, with an inhomogeneous RF field. However, such use leads to a non-linear phase of the transverse magnetization, which is why FM pulses like the hyperbolic secant (HS) pulse are not commonly used for multi-slice spin-echo MRI. Here, a general theory and methods are described for conventional spin-echo imaging using a π HS pulse for refocusing. Phase profiles produced by the HS pulse are analytically described. The analysis is extended to yield the specific relationships between pulse parameters and gradients which must be satisfied to compensate the non-linear phase variation produced with a spin-echo sequence composed of π/2 and π HS pulses (the π/2 HS — π HS sequence). The latter offers advantages for multi-slice spin-echo MRI, including excellent slice-selection and partial compensation for RF inhomogeneity. Furthermore, it can be implemented with a shorter echo-time and lower power deposition than a previously described method using a pair of π HS pulses.
Reappraisal of the Posterior Percutaneous Technique of Left Heart Catheterization

In 207 consecutive patients complications associated with posterior percutaneous cardiac catheterization are described. The posterior percutaneous, transseptal and anterior percutaneous methods of catheterization of the left heart chambers and their reported frequencies of complications are compared. Perforations of the heart or great vessels resulted in 52 percent of all mortality and were most prevalent (1.98 percent) with the anterior percutaneous method. Embolism although small in overall frequency accounted for 25 percent of all the mortality. Pulmonary complications although frequent (2.49 percent) with the posterior percutaneous approach resulted in almost no mortality and practically never required major surgical intervention. There is slightly more morbidity with the posterior approach to a large extent caused by pulmonary complications which appear to have become less frequent with TV image intensification. The anterior percutaneous method has the highest mortality from perforation of the heart and allows for the least amount of time within the left ventricular cavity to study hemodynamic events. There is an approximate 3 percent rate of failure to enter the left atrium and left ventricle via the transseptal and the anterior percutaneous routes, respectively. It is concluded that the posterior approach is technically the simplest and the transseptal the most complex method. We find the posterior percutaneous approach a useful alternative to transseptal catheterization of the left atrium and a relatively safe and easy method for physicians in training to learn.
The economics of flexible integrated circuit manufacturing technology

An economic frameword for evaluting flexible integrated circuit manufacturing technologies is developed as an alternative to the capacity races that appear to have played a major role in the decline of the U.S. IC industry. Economic advantages of flexible IC manufacturing technologies (such as cluster tools and multiprocessors) may include reductions in units costs at low output volumes, inexpensive increases in the diversity of IC products manufactured, and acceleration of the speed of new product introduction. The consequences of these developments for semiconductor equipment producers, IC manufacturers, and electronic system producers are examined.
Opposite thermosensor in fruitfly and mouse

Several members of the TRP (for transient receptor potential) family of ion channels act as physiological temperature sensors in mammals1,2,3,4,5,6, but it is not known whether the invertebrate TRP subfamilies that are found in the fruitfly Drosophila and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans can be directly activated by temperature. Here we show that the Drosophila orthologue of ANKTM1, which is a cold-activated ion channel in mammals, responds to a warming rather than a cooling stimulus. The thermosensing function of these channels is therefore evolutionarily conserved, and they show a surprising flexibility in their response to different temperature ranges.
Effect of hydrogen passivation on luminescence-center-mediated Er excitation in Si-rich SiO 2 with and without Si nanocrystals

The influence of hydrogen passivation on luminescence-center-mediated excitation of ${\text{Er}}^{3+}$ in Er-doped Si-rich ${\text{SiO}}_{2}$ films with significantly different microstructures is studied. Photoluminescence measurements are presented for samples containing no detectable silicon nanocrystals (annealed at $600\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C}$) and for samples containing silicon nanocrystals (annealed at $1100\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C}$) as a function of hydrogen passivation temperature. Passivation is found to have little effect on the ${\text{Er}}^{3+}$ photoluminescence intensity at 1535 nm in the samples that do not contain nanocrystals. In contrast, a pronounced increase in the ${\text{Er}}^{3+}$ photoluminescence intensity is observed in the samples containing Si nanocrystals, which is accompanied by a similar increase in the nanocrystal photoluminescence intensity and a gradual increase in the Si nanocrystal emission lifetime. This observation is attributed to two interrelated effects, namely, (a) an increase in the density of fully passivated optically active nanocrystals due to the passivation-induced removal of silicon dangling bonds and (b) a concurrent reduction in nonradiative ${\text{Er}}^{3+}$ relaxation from levels above the ${^{4}I}_{13/2}$ level due to a direct interaction of excited ${\text{Er}}^{3+}$ ions with silicon dangling bonds. In addition, the observed counterintuitive gradual increase in the nanocrystal photoluminescence decay time upon passivation is successfully explained taking into account a passivation-induced change in the concentration of optically active nanocrystals with different sizes and the inhomogeneous nature of the nanocrystal-related emission band. It is shown that the combination of luminescence-center-mediated ${\text{Er}}^{3+}$ excitation and silicon-dangling-bond-induced ${\text{Er}}^{3+}$ de-excitation can explain at least 14 experimental observations reported by independent authors.