cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Motility Behavior in Myxococcus xanthus May Require an Extracytoplasmic-Function Sigma Factor

Using interaction trap technology, we identified a putative extracytoplasmic-function (ECF) sigma factor (RpoE1) in Myxococcus xanthus, a bacterium which has a complex life cycle that includes fruiting body formation. The first domain of the response regulator protein FrzZ, a component of the Frz signal transduction system, was used as bait. Although the RpoE1 protein displayed no interactions with control proteins presented as bait, a weak interaction with a second M. xanthus response regulator (AsgA) was observed. While the specificity of the FrzZ-RpoE1 interaction therefore remains speculative, cloning and sequencing of the region surrounding rpoE1 localized it to a position downstream of the frzZ gene. A potential promoter site for binding of an ECF sigma factor was identified upstream of rpoE1, suggesting the gene may be autoregulated. However, primer extension studies suggested that transcription of rpoE1 occurs under both vegetative and developmental conditions from a ς70-like promoter. Dot blot analysis of RNA preparations confirmed the low-level, constitutive expression of rpoE1 during both stages of the life cycle. Analysis of an insertion mutant also indicated a role for RpoE1 under both vegetative and developmental conditions, since swarming was reduced on nutrient-rich agar and developmental aggregation was effected under starvation conditions, especially at high cell densities. An insertion mutation introduced into the gene directly downstream of rpoE1 (orf5) did not result in either swarming or developmental aggregation defects, even though the gene is transcribed as part of the same operon. Therefore, we propose that this new ECF sigma factor could play a role in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in motility behavior during both stages of the complex M. xanthus life cycle.
The use of conversational laughter by an individual with dementia

While laughter has been shown to play a significant role in any social interaction; its conversational usage by a person with dementia has rarely been investigated. This paper will investigate the functional aspects of laughter during conversation in an individual with dementia. Conversation analysis is used in order to investigate laughter as a social phenomenon and to be able to investigate laughter in an empirical and authentic manner. The conversational strategies employed through laughter will be detailed and implications will be discussed.
Experience With Renal Transplantation in Children Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD/CCPD)

For children with end-stage renal disease, renal transplantation is the ultimate goal because it offers the potential of maximum rehabilitation. In order to evaluate the infectious risk of renal transplantation in patients previously maintained on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and/or continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD), we retrospectively evalauted the clinical course of 44 pediatric patients (mean age 12.0 ± 5.7 [SD] years) who received 32 cadaver and 16 live-related donor renal grafts after being maintained on peritoneal dialysis for 756 patient-months (mean 17.1 ± 11.5 months). In the posttransplant period, 25 patients (57%) required dialysis because of acute tubular necrosis or acute rejection. Peritonitis developed in five patients (11%) following transplantation; two were being dialyzed at the time. Exit-site and tunnel infections occurred in nine patients (20%). In all instances, antibiotic treatment and/or catheter removal was curative. Posttransplant ascites developed in 12 patients (27%) and was alleviated by catheter drainage. The catheters were left in situ at the time of transplantation and electively removed when stable graft function was present. The 1- and 2-year actuarial graft survival rate was 65% and 55%, respectively. One patient died in the immediate posttransplant period, which was unrelated to peritoneal dialysis. In conclusion, pediatric patients maintained on CAPD and/or CCPD can be safely transplanted. The potential infectious risks related to peritoneal dialysis can be managed with appropriate management of the catheter and prompt antibiotic therapy. The patient and graft survival rates are comparable to those with patients receiving hemodialysis prior to transplantation. There is no need to limit acess to transplantation in children undergoing CAPD and/or CCPD.
Evolutionary Algorithms for Aerofoil Design

Abstract This paper wishes lo describe Evolutionary Algorithms as an effective means for the solution of the Aerofoil Design Optimisation in Aerodynamics. Firstly the basic ideas underlying Evolutionary Algorithms arc outlined. Several versions of Evolutionary Algorithms arc briefly described, focussing on their similarities and on their differences as well. Then their application to both Direct and Inverse Aerofoil Design Problem is described, and results arc given. Finally, several possible parallel models for Evolutionary Algorithms are discussed, and the results of the application of one of them to the above problem arc presented.
Factors affecting seed germination of Eleocharis cellulosa and Rhyncospora tracyi from the northern Everglades

The re-establishment of native plant communities, in particular the re-creation of ridge (sawgrass dominated; Cladium jamaicense) and slough (Eleocharis spp. and Nymphaea odorata) habitat, is a significant component of Everglades restoration. Two wetland species indicative of pristine slough habitats are Eleocharis cellulosa and Rhynchospora tracyi. This study conducted controlled experiments to examine three factors affecting seed germination of native slough species: 1) seed viability and the affect of burial length, 2) soil phosphorus (P) concentrations, and 3) allelopathic properties of cattail (Typha spp.). Two soil P levels (high and low) and two seed burial durations (three and five months) were chosen to represent field conditions to which these species are exposed. Allelopathic properties were determined using extracts from cattail plants. Eleocharis germination significantly decreased in high P soil concentrations (> 500 mg/kg) compared to low P soil, independent of seed burial length as well as decreased germination between control (de-ionized water) and high concentration cattail extracts. For Rhynchospora, seed germination was significantly reduced between the three-month and five-month burial lengths regardless of nutrient levels. There were also significant reductions in seed germination upon exposure to cattail extracts as a result of allelopathic compounds. The seed germination results could be influenced by localized site aspects associated with high soil P causing increased microbial activity, which subsequently degraded seed viability. Additionally, dense cattail stands reduce light and temperature at the soil surface adversely affecting germination. Germination appears to be inhibited by a combination of factors indicative of high nutrient marsh areas. Therefore, germination and adult population re-establishment may be more successful in transition zones found between enriched and un-enriched marsh areas.
Law versus Justice: From Adversarialism to Communitarianism

John Braithwaite is probably the only sociolegal scholar writing in English who can so credibly argue that much of what is missing at the heart of our legal apparatuses is love. Like few others he has been persistently poking and prodding basic questions of law's promise and law's peril for many years now, and has done so on several continents. His wide-ranging research on corporate lawbreaking and government regulation of business (e.g., Braithwaite 1982a, 1982b, 1984, 1985, 1995a, 1998, 2002a, 2002b; Braithwaite and Braithwaite 1995; Braithwaite and Drahos 2000; Braithwaite and Geis 1982; Braithwaite and Makkai 1991; Fisse and Braithwaite 1983), and his theoretical work on crime and punishment generally (Braithwaite 1989, 1995b; Braithwaite and Pettit 1990), place Braithwaite in rarified social scientific company. This is so also because Braithwaite is an exemplar of a very rare hybrid: the clear-eyed empirical scientist who requires that facts settle theoretical arguments and the no-nonsense policy-maker with a wholly pragmatic focus on "what works."' More controversial for some readers, he grounds his work in strong philosophical commitments to republican political theory and communitarian social organization. But this should deter not in the least
HEAVY LOADS SLOW TRUCK DRIVERS AND ANTS

![Figure][1] When carrying resources from a collecting point to the nest, one would assume that animals would attempt to carry as much as possible to maximize their foraging efforts. However, among social insects that is not always the best strategy. Foragers carrying large loads might
Compassionate Love in Individuals With Alzheimer’s Disease and Their Spousal Caregivers: Associations With Caregivers’ Psychological Health

Purpose of the Study: T o examine whether compassionate love in both individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and their spousal caregivers related to less caregiving burden, more positive caregiving appraisals, and less depressive symptoms for caregivers. Design and Methods: Fif ty-eight individuals with AD and their spousal caregivers participated in interviews in which both partners reported their compassionate love for their partner, and caregivers self-reported burden, positive appraisals of caregiving, and depressive symptoms. Results: As h ypothesized, both AD individuals’ and caregivers’ compassionate love were associated with less burden and more positive appraisals of caregiving. Also, care gi vers’ compassionate love mediated the association between AD individuals’ compassionate love and caregivers’ burden as well as the association between AD individuals’ compassionate love and caregivers’ positive appraisals of caregiving. Finally, there was a marginally significant association between caregivers’ compassionate love and less caregiver depressive symptoms. Implications: R esults suggest that AD individuals’ compassionate love is related to compassionate love in caregivers, which in turn relates to reduced burden but not significantly less depressive symptoms for caregivers. Assessing caregivers’ and AD individuals’ feelings of compassionate love may be useful in identifying caregivers who are resilient and those who are at a heightened risk for caregiving burden. Also, interventions that enhance both partners’ compassionate love may benefit caregivers.
Kinetics of the reactions of isoprene-derived hydroxynitrates: gas phase epoxide formation and solution phase hydrolysis

Abstract. Isoprene, the most abundant non-methane volatile organic compound (VOC) emitted into the atmosphere, is known to undergo gas phase oxidation to form eight different hydroxynitrate isomers in "high-NOx" environments. These hydroxynitrates are known to affect the global and regional formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), as well as affect the distribution of nitrogen. In the present study, we have synthesized three of the eight possible hydroxynitrates: 4-hydroxy-3-nitroxy isoprene (4,3-HNI) and E / Z-1-hydroxy-4-nitroxy isoprene (1,4-HNI). Oxidation of the 4,3-HNI isomer by the OH radical was monitored using a flow tube chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FT-CIMS), and its OH rate constant was determined to be (3.64 ± 0.41) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The products of 4,3-HNI oxidation were monitored, and a mechanism to explain the products was developed. An isoprene epoxide (IEPOX) – a species important in SOA chemistry and thought to originate only from "low-NOx" isoprene oxidation – was found as a minor, but significant, product. Additionally, hydrolysis kinetics of the three synthesized isomers were monitored with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The bulk, neutral solution hydrolysis rate constants for 4,3-HNI and the 1,4-HNI isomers were (1.59 ± 0.03) × 10−5 s−1 and (6.76 ± 0.09) × 10−3 s−1, respectively. The hydrolysis reactions of each isomer were found to be general acid-catalyzed. The reaction pathways, product yields and atmospheric implications for both the gas phase and aerosol phase reactions are discussed.
Phosphorus Supply Alters Tuber Composition, Flower Production, and Mycorrhizal Responsiveness of Container-grown Hybrid Zantedeschia

One-year old tubers of two hybrid calla lily (calla) cultivars (Zantedeschia ‘Pot of Gold’ and ‘Majestic Red’) were inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Glomus intraradices, or not, and grown at three different rates of phosphorus (P) supply to asses the effects of AMF-inoculation on plant development (time of shoot emergence and flowering), flowering (number, length and rate of flowering), and tuber biomass and composition over two growing cycles (2002, 2003). Tubers and flowers of calla responded differently to AMF inoculation. Differences in mycorrhizal responsiveness between cultivars was related to differences in P requirements for flower and tuber production, and the influence of P supply on resource allocation to different reproductive strategies. Inoculation increased shoot production and promoted early flowering, particularly in 2003. Inoculated plants also produced larger tubers than non-inoculated plants, but only increased the number of flowers per plant in 2003. High P supply also increased tuber biomass, but decreased the number of flowers per plant in 2002. Plants grown at a moderate P-rate, produced the most flowers in 2003. For ‘Majestic Red’, benefits from AMF were primarily in terms of tuber yield and composition, and AMF effects on marketable flower production could potentially have negative impact on production strategies for growers. Inoculation of ‘Pot of Gold’ primarily influenced flower production and aspects of tuber quality that caused detectable enhancement of tuber yield and flowering in the second growing cycle following inoculation (2003). The results of this study show that the responses of calla to AMF are partially a function of how nutrient supply alters resource allocation to sexual and vegetative reproduction. Whether AMF-induced changes in resource allocation to flowering and tubers significantly alters commercial productivity and quality of calla depends on the crop production goals (e.g. tubers, cut flowers or potted plants).
A versatile dbase III + acquisitions program at Worcester Polytechnic Institute

AbstractMany commercially available automated acquisitions packages may be too limiting in their accounting and report functions to answer the information needs of not only processing staff but faculty and higher administrative officers. Worcester Polytechnic Institute’s Gordon Library developed a dBase III + system based on a microcomputer with hard disk capacity that, with the creation of a single record per item ordered, allows for totally flexible manipulation of data in a multifunctional data base. The system keeps track of complex accounts, analyzes recent acquisitions in light of collection development goals, aids in evaluation of vendor performance, produces many types of management reports, and gives the library control over steps in the acquisitions process, such as claims and status reports.
Removal of Antimony from Aqueous Systems

Antimony(III) is readily removed from aqueous systems by coprecipitation with ferric hydroxide and by adsorbing colloid flotation with ferric hydroxide and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Aluminum hydroxide is not effective in removing antimony. Precipitation with lime requires quite large quantities of lime in order to reduce residual Sb levels to desired levels. Precipitation of the sulfide in the presence of Fe(II) or Fe(III) may produce low residual concentrations, but runs the risk of exposure to highly toxic hydrogen sulfide.
Long-term Outcomes of Arteriovenous Thigh Grafts in Hemodialysis Patients: A Comparison with Tunneled Dialysis Catheters

Results The median duration of patient follow-up was 340 days for grafts and 91 days for catheters. The surgical technical failurerateofthighgrafts was 8.1% andwas higher inpatients withvasculardisease(hazardratio[HR], 2.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–8.04; P=0.03). Secondary and assisted primary graft survival rates at 1, 2, and 5 years were 62%, 54%, and 38% and 38%, 27%, and 17%, respectively. Infection-free graft survival rates at 1, 2, and 5 years were 79%, 73%, and 61%. Secondary survival was much worse for dialysis catheters than thigh grafts (HR, 4.44; 95% CI, 3.65–5.22; P,0.001). Likewise, infection-free survival was far worse for catheters than for thigh grafts (HR, 3.77; 95% CI, 2.80–4.82; P,0.001).
Topics in randomized numerical linear algebra

This thesis studies three classes of randomized numerical linear algebra algorithms, namely: (i) randomized matrix sparsification algorithms, (ii) low-rank approximation algorithms that use randomized unitary transformations, and (iii) low-rank approximation algorithms for positive-semidefinite (PSD) matrices. Randomized matrix sparsification algorithms set randomly chosen entries of the input matrix to zero. When the approximant is substituted for the original matrix in computations, its sparsity allows one to employ faster sparsity-exploiting algorithms. This thesis contributes bounds on the approximation error of nonuniform randomized sparsification schemes, measured in the spectral norm and two NP-hard norms that are of interest in computational graph theory and subset selection applications. Low-rank approximations based on randomized unitary transformations have several desirable properties: they have low communication costs, are amenable to parallel implementation, and exploit the existence of fast transform algorithms. This thesis investigates the tradeoff between the accuracy and cost of generating such approximations. State-of-the-art spectral and Frobenius-norm error bounds are provided. The last class of algorithms considered are SPSD "sketching" algorithms. Such sketches can be computed faster than approximations based on projecting onto mixtures of the columns of the matrix. The performance of several such sketching schemes is empirically evaluated using a suite of canonical matrices drawn from machine learning and data analysis applications, and a framework is developed for establishing theoretical error bounds. In addition to studying these algorithms, this thesis extends the matrix Laplace transform framework to derive Chernoff and Bernstein inequalities that apply to all the eigenvalues of certain classes of random matrices. These inequalities are used to investigate the behavior of the singular values of a matrix under random sampling, and to derive convergence rates for each individual eigenvalue of a sample covariance matrix.
Post-Traumatic Hyperexcitability Is Not Caused by Impaired Buffering of Extracellular Potassium

Impaired extracellular potassium buffering has been proposed as one of the major mechanisms underlying the increased risk for temporal lobe epilepsy after brain injury (D9Ambrosio et al., 1999). The present study systematically tested this hypothesis by measuring the resting [K + ] o and recovery of the stimulation-evoked [K + ] o increases in the dentate gyrus after experimental head trauma, using a combination of whole-cell recordings and ion-selective microelectrode recordings in rat hippocampal slices. Despite the presence of hyperexcitability, the resting [K + ] o was not increased after injury. The faster rate of increase and larger amplitude of the orthodromically evoked [K + ] o elevation after head trauma occurred in association with a greater population spike with shorter response latency. Contrary to the assumption in previous studies that the evoked activity in control and injured neuronal circuits is the same during antidromic activation, stimulation of granule cell axons in glutamate receptor antagonists evoked a greater [K + ] o increase and a larger population spike. Although perforant path stimulation resulted in a larger [K + ] o elevation after injury, the rate of clearance of the [K + ] o transients evoked either by neuronal activity or by external application of potassium was not compromised. The [K + ] o increase evoked by activation of the presynaptic afferents in isolation was not increased. In addition, the postsynaptic neuronal depolarization and firing evoked by exogenous potassium application was decreased after trauma. These results show that the regulation of [K + ] o is not impaired after injury and indicate that the larger [K + ] o increase evoked by neuronal activity is a consequence, rather than the primary mechanism underlying post-traumatic hyperexcitability.
Expression and distribution of Toll‐like receptors in the brain during murine neurocysticercosis

In a mouse model of neurocysticercosis, the expression and distribution of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) was investigated by using both gene array analyses and in situ immunofluorescence microscopy (IF). In the normal uninfected brain, mRNA of all the TLRs are constitutively expressed albeit TLR5, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 to a lesser extent. In these animals, however, expression of TLR1, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9 proteins was not detected. In contrast, parasite infection increased both gene and protein level expression of all the TLRs several fold except TLR5 where only the mRNA was upregulated. Importantly, TLRs were differentially distributed among various central nervous system (CNS) cell types and infiltrating leukocytes. TLR2 was almost exclusively localized to nervous tissue cells, particularly astrocytes, while TLR1 and TLR9 proteins were essentially limited to infiltrating leukocytes. All other TLRs tested were detected in both CNS and immune cell types. Interestingly, ependymal cells and neurofilaments of the cerebellar white matter of infected mice exhibited a substantial upregulation of TLR7 and TLR8 proteins respectively. These data provide a comprehensive analysis of TLR expression in the normal and parasite infected brain and suggest a role for TLRs in the interplay of immune cells and CNS cells during infection.
Glutamate Receptor Dynamics in Dendritic Microdomains

Among diverse factors regulating excitatory synaptic transmission, the abundance of postsynaptic glutamate receptors figures prominently in molecular memory and learning-related synaptic plasticity. To allow for both long-term maintenance of synaptic transmission and acute changes in synaptic strength, the relative rates of glutamate receptor insertion and removal must be tightly regulated. Interactions with scaffolding proteins control the targeting and signaling properties of glutamate receptors within the postsynaptic membrane. In addition, extrasynaptic receptor populations control the equilibrium of receptor exchange at synapses and activate distinct signaling pathways involved in plasticity. Here, we review recent findings that have shaped our current understanding of receptor mobility between synaptic and extrasynaptic compartments at glutamatergic synapses, focusing on AMPA and NMDA receptors. We also examine the cooperative relationship between intracellular trafficking and surface diffusion of glutamate receptors that underlies the expression of learning-related synaptic plasticity.
Redox and functional analysis of the Rieske ferredoxin component of the toluene 4-monooxygenase.

Toluene 4-monooxygenase catalyzes the NADH- and O2-dependent hydroxylation of toluene to form p-cresol. The four-protein complex consists of a diiron hydroxylase, an oxidoreductase, a catalytic effector protein, and a Rieske-type ferredoxin (T4moC). Phylogenetic analysis suggests that T4moC is part of a clade specialized for reaction with diiron hydroxylases, possibly reflected in the conservation of W69, whose indole side chain makes close contacts with a bridging sulfide. In order to further investigate the possible origins of this specialization, T4moC, mutated variants of T4moC, and three other purified ferredoxins (the Thermus Rieske protein, the Burkeholderia cepacia Rieske-type biphenyl dioxygenase ferredoxin BphF, and the Ralstonia pickettii PK01 toluene monooxygenase TbuB, the Rieske-type ferredoxin from another diiron monooxygenase complex) were studied by redox potential measurements and their ability to complement the catalytic function of the reconstituted toluene 4-monooxygenase complex. A s...
The Tarnished Star: Restoring Texaco’s Damaged Public Image

When a secret tape of an executive meeting surfaced, Texaco was accused of racism. A memorable sound bite referred to African Americans as “black jelly beans” who were “glued to the bottom of the j...
Metaphor and Cognition

Over the past half century metaphor has moved from being a peripheral topic in the philosophy of art to the status of a major philosophical, linguistic, psychological, and scientific issue in the theory of cognition. For over 2,000 years prior to this dramatic change of status, metaphor was regarded as nothing more than a figure of speech serving various rhetorical purposes, but not an essential part of human thought. In sharp contrast, contemporary empirical research on language and cognition affords metaphor pride of place at the center of abstract conceptualization and reasoning. This new view appears to require a serious reconsideration of some of the grounding assumptions of mainstream philosophy of mind and language.
Establishment and characterization of feeder cell-dependent bovine fetal liver cell lines

The establishment and initial characterization of bovine fetal liver cell lines are described. Bovine fetal hepatocytes were cultured from the liver of a 34-d bovine fetus by physical disruption of the liver tissue. Released liver cells and clumps of cells were plated on STO (SIMS mouse strain, thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant) feeder layers and were cultured in a medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. After 2-3 wk, primary colonies of hepatocytes were observed by phase-contrast microscopic observation. Individual hepatocyte colonies were colony-cloned into independent bovine fetal liver (BFL) cell lines. Two cell lines, BFL-6 and BFL-9, grew the best of several isolates, and they were further characterized for growth potential and for hepatocyte morphology and function. The two cell lines were found to grow markedly better in the presence of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta inhibitor, SB431542 (1 μM). Their continuous culture also depended on a particular medium height-for T12.5 flasks, 3 ml total medium produced optimum growth. Higher or lower amounts of medium caused less cell growth or cessation of growth. The cell lines were propagated for over a year at split ratios of 1:2 or 1:3 at each passage until reaching senescence at approximately 30 passages. The cells were laterally polarized with well-developed canalicular spaces occurring between adjacent BFL cells. Treatment of the cultures with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-stimulating chemicals or peptides (e.g., forskolin or glucagon) caused physical expansion of the canaliculi between the cells within 15 min. The cells secreted a spectrum of serum proteins, were positive for the expression of several hepatocyte-specific genes, and converted ammonia to urea, although at a relatively low rate. The culture system provides an in vitro model of fetal bovine hepatocytes and is the first demonstration of the continuous culture of normal bovine hepatocytes as cell lines.
A COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF THE WAIS SIMILARITIES TASK

Analyse cognitive du sous-test «Similitudes» de la WAIS en fonction du nombre d'attributs, d'un score d'abstraction et de mesures des chevauchements a partir des reponses de 33 etudiants des deux sexes
Motion to File Brief Amicus Curiae (with Brief in Support & Amicus Brief) Filed in Yale University v. Konowaloff, 09-466 [United Stated District Court (Connecticut)], of the University of North Dakota Center for Human Rights and Genocide Studies, Michael Berenbaum, Christian Defrancia, Edward M. Gaffney, Jr., Gregory S. Gordon, Michael J. Kelly, Jordan J. Paust, Pammela A. Saunders, Krista Sigler, Ronald G. Suny, and Fritz Wienschenk

The brief was filed in a case failed by Yale University to preempt demands for restitution of The Night Cafe by Van Gogh by Pierre Konowaloff, whose family's property was confiscated by Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution on Lenin's orders in 1918. The Russian Revolution and rise to power of Josef Stalin resulted in the deaths of over 20 million people. Cold War politics and subsequent diplomacy never allowed for resolution of the vast majority of claims to confiscated property. The museum received the painting as a bequest in 1961. The deeply researched amicus brief counsels the court to analyze the legal defenses of the Act of State doctrine and New York time-bar principles in light of true historical context, rather than knee-jerk, broad assumptions about historical events.
Simplified Physical Model to Determine Leader Inception for Positive Discharge in Long Air Gaps

In order to calculate the inception time of discharge leader in large air gap accurately, based on the thermodynamic mechanism for stream-leader transition, we proposed a simplified physical model to determine the leader inception for positive discharge. Due to taking the chocking effect of corona's space charge into account, this model decreases the electric field strength of electrode tip and hinders the initiation of leader. Then we established an experiment platform of large-gap discharges, on which we carried out discharge experiments with 3 m rod-to-plane gap, and the experiment results validated the proposed model. At last, we used the model to simulate the leader inception process of positive discharge. The results show that when calculating the gas temperature in stream during stream-leader transition, we should not neglect the relaxation process of vibration energy; moreover, first corona space charge has a strong chocking effect on leader initiation, so it mainly determines the inception time of leader.
402 ORAL HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE WALLA WALLA FARM LABOR CAMP.

Purpose of Study Many Walla Walla Farm Labor Camp residents are not following through with daily fluoride treatment and regular dental visits for their children. Knowledge about basic oral health is lacking in the community. As part of a community medicine project, teaching materials were developed in Spanish and distributed to the community to address this problem. Methods A MEDLINE search identified variables contributing to poor oral health in Hispanic and farm labor populations. Local oral health experts and farm workers were interviewed. A curriculum was designed that addressed common misperceptions among farm labor residents. Topics included “The Relationship between Sugar and Caries,” “The Value of Baby Teeth,” “How Fluoride Works,” and “Preventing Baby Bottle Tooth Decay.” Teaching tools were developed to address these topics, including the “Azucar Board,” a display of popular beverages and their corresponding sugar content. Results Teaching tools were presented in Spanish to migrant Head Start parents and teachers, as well as youth ages 5-17, through the Children9s Home Society. Questions and comments from participants at the meetings indicated that curricular themes were on target. Response to the presentations was enthusiastic, with commitments from the Head Start educators to use the materials again. Teaching tools were donated to Walla Walla Public Health Department for future use. Conclusion Farm labor residents were receptive to culturally appropriate educational material about oral health. Further research will be necessary to track retention and any correlation with future investment in children9s oral health.
Molecular epidemiological analysis of mumps virus in Jiangsu in 2011

Objective:To isolate mumps virus(Mumps Virus,MuV) from the throat swab of Jiangsu province in 2011,and analyze their genetic characteristics.Methods: Throat swab specimens were collected from patients with mumps in Jiangsu in 2011 for virus isolation.The isolated strains were identified by PCR and conducted sequence analysis.Sequence of MuV reference strains with various genotypes were downloaded from genebank to construct polygenetic tree and study the molecular epidemiology characteristics of MuV in Jiangsu.Results: Comparison of nucleotide and amino acid homology and construction of polygenetic tree showed that MuV isolates in Jiangsu belonged to genotype F,but sequence difference existed among strains.In addition,the genetic distance analysis of MuV isolates in Jiangsu province in 2011 showed MuV strain sequence homology and phylogenetic tree analysis were consistent.Conclusion: Genotype F was the main genotype of mumps virus in Jiangsu in 2011,caused by more than one chain of transmission of genotype F.And sequence differences between MuV strains indicated that a certain degree of variation happened in the prevelence of MuV in Jiangsu province.
MANAGEMENT OF ADVANCED AND EXTRAGONADAL GERM-CELL TUMORS

SUMMARY The management of patients with advanced and extragonadal germ-cell tumors is similar in many respects to that of the group with minimal or moderate disease. Initial chemotherapy consisting of a cisplatin-based regimen followed by surgical removal of residual disease or teratoma is utilized. The principal reason for failure of therapy is the presence of bulky disease not responding completely to chemotherapy. Unresectable residual teratoma after chemotherapy may also be responsible for therapeutic failure in this patient group. Additionally, the presence of non-germ-cell elements that are chemoresistant may be a third reason for failure.29 Despite previous reports and these recognized problems, recent studies indicate that this group of patients can be rendered disease free in more than 65% to 70% of instances. Therefore, these patients should be considered potentially curable, and aggressive multimodality therapy employed. Clinical trials of newer agents such as ifosfamide and procedures such as autologous bone marrow transplantation after intensive chemotherapy are under way to define their roles in patients with advanced disease.
Lymphatic Follicles and Immunologic Cell Reaction in Human Jejunal Mucosa Obtained by Peroral Biopsy in Infectious Hepatitis

The concept that the lymphoid tissue of the gastrointestinal tract is primarily involved in the immune defense mechanism has been repeatedly maintained by several investigators [1, 2]. Activation of intestinal lymphocytes to large pyroninophilic cells has been observed in cases where the lymphocytes, after crossing the basement membrane, have penetrated between or into the cells of the covering epithelium of intestinal villi [3, 4, 5, 6]. Such lymphatic transformation has been interpreted as an immunological reaction, but the most overwhelming evidence of the immunological function of the intestinal lymphoid tissue was provided by studies of Good and co-workers [7, 8, 9, 10], showing that the Peyer’s-patch-type of intestinal lymphoid tissue represents the mammalian counterpart of the bursa Fabricii in birds. On the other hand, it has been shown that the plasma cells of the intestinal mucosa constitute the major source of gamma-A immunoglobulins [11] and that gamma-A and gamma-M immunoglobulins are significantly increased in infectious hepatitis [12], which has been considered a generalized disease [13, 14]. Because the jejunal mucosa in infectious hepatitis occasionally shows a partial villous atrophy and frequently shows a marked cellular infiltration within the tunica propria [15], we undertook the present investigation. This study was performed to ascertain whether the intestinal infiltration contains immunologically activated cells, to determine the quantity of these cells, and to investigate the behavior of the lymphatic follicles and germinal centers of the duodenojejunal mucosa during the course of infectious hepatitis. These findings could be related to recent concepts of the immunological function of the lymphoid tissue in gastrointestinal tract.
Hyperdiffusive Dynamics in Newtonian Nanoparticle Fluids

Hyperdiffusive relaxations in soft glassy materials are typically associated with out-of-equilibrium states, and nonequilibrium physics and aging are often invoked in explaining their origins. Here, we report on hyperdiffusive motion in model soft materials comprised of single-component polymer-tethered nanoparticles, which exhibit a readily accessible Newtonian flow regime. In these materials, polymer-mediated interactions lead to strong nanoparticle correlations, hyperdiffusive relaxations, and unusual variations of properties with temperature. We propose that hyperdiffusive relaxations in such materials can arise naturally from nonequilibrium or non-Brownian volume fluctuations forced by equilibrium thermal rearrangements of the particle pair orientations corresponding to equilibrated shear modes.
Comparison of HfO x -based resistive memory devices with crystalline and amorphous active layers

Previous investigators have demonstrated metal/HfOx/Cu devices with stable, long-term read/write endurance, low switching energy, and high on/off ratios[1,2]. To the best of the authors' knowledge there has been no published research that compares the resistive switching properties of crystalline and amorphous HfO x . The HfO x for this work was deposited on top of an electroplated copper thin film by physical vapor deposition using two different O 2 partial pressures. Analyses by X-ray diffraction (XRD) show the two films differ structurally. Figure 1 (left) shows the XRD data for sample A. Peaks characteristic of crystalline HfO x and the underlying Cu substrate are evident. Figure 1 (right) shows only peaks associated with the Cu substrate, indicating the HfO x film in sample B is amorphous. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiles indicate varying stochimetry of HfO x in sample A and a consistent sub-stochimetric oxide in sample B(not shown). Ni/HfO x /Cu devices were fabricated from both 50 nm thick amorphous and crystalline HfO x films. Devices from A and B exhibited consistent bipolar resistive switching. Both crystalline and amorphous devices exhibited average electroforming voltages of x devices. Figure 3 shows that the on-state resistance decreases with the set current density for both 40 μm and 100 μm top electrode sizes for sample B. With higher set current densities, the on-state resistance is expected to decrease when a metallic filament is the physical on-state conduction mechanism[3]. By comparison, our preliminary data for sample A suggests the on-state resistance is independent of the current density (not shown). Peliminary endurance data (Figure 4) shows that the number of cycles before failure scales as a function of top electrode size, proprtionally for sample B and inversly for sample A. In summary, the structure of the HfO x plays a role in determing the forming voltage, on-state resistance, and the device endurance.
Rash Decisions: An Approach to Dangerous Rashes Based on Morphology.

Abstract Background Rash is a common complaint in the emergency department. Many causes of rash are benign; however, some patients may have a life-threatening diagnosis. Objective This review will present an algorithmic approach to rashes, focusing on life-threatening causes of rash in each category. Discussion Rash is common, with a wide range of etiologies. The differential is broad, consisting of many conditions that are self-resolving. However, several conditions associated with rash are life threatening. Several keys can be utilized to rapidly diagnose and manage these deadly rashes. Thorough history and physical examination, followed by consideration of red flags, are essential. This review focuses on four broad categories based on visual and tactile characteristic patterns of rashes: petechial/purpuric, erythematous, maculopapular, and vesiculobullous. Rashes in each morphologic group will be further categorized based on clinical features such as the presence or absence of fever and distribution of skin lesions. Conclusions Rashes can be divided into petechial/purpuric, erythematous, maculopapular, and vesiculobullous. After this differentiation, the presence of fever and systemic signs of illness should be assessed. Through the breakdown of rashes into these classes, emergency providers can ensure deadly conditions are considered.
The Constitutional Limits of Private Surveillance

The age of data-driven law enforcement is upon us. As a consequence, government officials now rely heavily on private surveillance technology to forecast threats, drive investigation, and mobilize enforcement. On the whole, this development is welcome; the use of privately-collected data promises to refine policing and counterterrorism efforts. But it also has major implications for constitutional privacy. For the Fourth Amendment to safeguard privacy into the future, its approach to state action must change. Instead of turning, as it has historically, on the extent of government influence over private surveillance activity, the Fourth Amendment’s coverage should depend on whether private surveillance activity effects an extension, in practice, of law enforcement’s infrastructural capacity. In addition to its normative benefits, the “infrastructural” approach also resolves certain mysteries within existing law and brings the Fourth Amendment into greater alignment with broader patterns of state action jurisprudence. Most importantly, focusing on infrastructure underscores the connection — unappreciated to date — between (1) law enforcement’s compulsory seizure of privately-held data, enabled by the so-called “third-party doctrine,” and (2) informal data-sharing between law enforcement and the private sector. The third-party doctrine is teed up for reform this term in Carpenter v. United States. But no such progress is on the horizon for informal data-sharing. Doctrinally, the issues have been compartmentalized, even though, at an infrastructural level, they represent two sides of the same coin. Both are mechanisms by which law enforcement officials capitalize on private surveillance technology in lieu of performing surveillance directly — and both thus facilitate bulk, warrant-less data collection by the state. As such, a full solution to the shortcomings of the third-party doctrine demands parallel attention to the shortcomings of the Fourth Amendment’s antiquated state action rules, and vice versa. Solving one problem in isolation from the other risks a partial victory — or even a Pyrrhic one, to the extent that reform of the third-party doctrine could encourage even more informal data-sharing between the government and the private sector. Against this backdrop, the infrastructural approach offers an integrated path forward, and one that will only become more urgent, over time, as data-driven law enforcement practices intensify.
A Critique of Ruth Carter Stapleton'S Ministry of “Inner Healing”:

An examination of the major components of Ruth Carter Stapleton's system of “inner healing” reveals that childhood experiences contribute greatly to her understanding of the origins of emotional im...
A Note on the Limit of f(x)/f'(x)

(1961). A Note on the Limit of f(x)/f'(x) Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 268-268.
Data on the Design of Truss Structures by Teams of Engineering Students

Abstract This experiment was conducted in order to compare different approaches that human teams use to solve design problems that change dynamically during solving. Specifically, study participants were given the task of designing a truss structure (similar to a bridge spanning a chasm) in teams of three. At two points during design, the problem statement was changed unexpectedly, requiring participants to adapt. Two conditions were given different initial problem representations. During the study, every participant had access to a computer interface that allowed them to construct, test, and share solutions. The interface also made it possible to collect a step-by-step log of the actions made by participants during the study. This article contains data collected from 48 participants (16 teams). This data has been used previously in behavioral analyses, sequence-based analysis, and development of computational models.
A novel multi-mode fiber optic accelerometer: an intelligent sensor

This paper presents an architectural design of a novel intelligent accelerometer sensor, constructed from a multi- mode fiber optic cable, and studied its performances. Experimental proofs are provided to demonstrate that as a multi-mode fiber deforms, variation in the shape and structure of speckle patterns will provide deterministic information for measuring the deformation parameters. We used a deep learning approach to analyze the shape of speckle patterns. A multilayer feed-forward convolutional neural network (CNN) has been used to utilize and classify images of speckle pattern into distinct pre-known classes of acceleration vectors. A pendulum setup is used for collecting repeatable and predictable sample data. The presented intelligent sensor is compared with a Micro Electromechanical Machine System (MEMS) accelerometer performances. Estimation of magnitude and direction of the acceleration vector in one plane of motion is achieved with high accuracy (over 97%), when the CNN was trained for 150 epochs. The results confirm that this novel accelerometer sensor performs as well as a MEMS accelerometer. With proper manufacturing, this novel fiber accelerometer has the potential to overcome the limitations associated with conventional accelerometer sensors, normally due to their physical characteristic, accuracies or performances. The potential sensor resulting from this research is expected to be simple, compact, and economically feasible. Moreover, the sensing approach can easily be generalized to measure other physical phenomenal including vibration and displacement.
Transgenic Cereals: Avena sativa (oat)

Genetic engineering of allohexaploid oat (Avena sativa L.) has been substantially improved over the past five years. This chapter documents recent progress made in the molecular improvement of oat. New tissue culture systems have been developed that reduce the labor and time required to produce transgenic plants. These allow a broad range of genotypes, including varieties currently in production, to be genetically engineered. Selectable markers have been identified that reduce the potential for ecological risk upon outcrossing of transgenic plants with wild oat. Some problems with transgene expression are observed which must be resolved before the extant genetic engineering systems become fully useful for oat improvement. Examples of applications of genetic engineering to oat improvement are presented.
Dislocation Patterns Leading to the Initiation of Ductile Fracture in Pure Metals and Alloys

Ductile fracture starts with the initiation of voids which will grow in size until fracture will be completed by coalescence. After the void sheet has developed in the necked area of a tensile specimen, the load is supported by the ligaments which exhibit high strength on account of their work-hardened state. The fracture of ligaments in turn can involve the above sequence of void initiation-growth-coales- cense. Experimental evidence from silver, iron and beryllium single crystals is presented to show that fracture initiation in ligaments takes place at boundaries and that the interface free energy must be considered the important factor for decohesion in pure metals and alloys.