cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive, Developmental and Social Aspects of Responsiveness To Novel Objects in a Family Group of Marmosets (Sag Uinus Fuscicollis)

A breeding pair of S. fuscicollis and their young (total N=6 in the first experiment and 8 in the other three experiments) were housed in a relatively large and heavily vegetated greenhouse and tested on their reactions to novel, innocuous inanimate objects. Some supplementary data were obtained on another such group of four individuals. The animals seemed to know the nature and relative positions of objects in their home environment ; i.e. to be capable of "cognitive mapping". Thus, for example, they detected a single novel object among up to 30 simultaneously presented test objects; they discriminated changes in an object's location and orientation; they responded more to changes in two or more parameters than to changes in only one parameter; and they showed apparent object constancy. These discriminations could be made at almost any randomly-designated location in the greenhouse, and with inter-trial intervals of 23 hours or more. Many aspects of the animals' behavior, including the order in which the various individuals approached a given object, the amount of time they remained at the object, and the likelihood (and order) of their responding to it again on subsequent trials, were highly predictable from their ages. There was, however, no "true" single linear correlation value between age and responsiveness. With appropriate sampling of one's subjects, objects and stages of group habituation, one could in fact find any correlation one chooses, from + 1.00 to -1.00; and age-response functions (and changes therein) were orderly functions of other variables.
Evidence for a Morin type intramolecular cyclization of an alkene with a phenylsulfenic acid group in neutral aqueous solution

Sulfenic acids (RSOH) are among the most common sulfur-centered reactive intermediates generated in biological systems. Given the biological occurrence of sulfenic acids, it is important to explore the reactivity of these intermediates under physiological conditions. The Morin rearrangement is a synthetic process developed for the conversion of penicillin derivatives into cephalosporins that proceeds via nucleophilic attack of an alkene on a sulfenic acid intermediate. In its classic form, the Morin reaction involves initial elimination of a sulfenic acid from a cyclic sulfoxide, followed by intramolecular cyclization of the resulting alkene and sulfenic acid groups to generate an episulfonium ion intermediate that undergoes further reaction to yield ring-expanded products. On the basis of the existing literature, it is difficult to assess whether the reaction between an alkene and a sulfenic group can occur under mild conditions because the conditions required to generate the sulfenic acid from the sulfoxide precursor in the Morin reaction typically involve high temperatures and strong acid. In the work described here, beta-sulfinylketone precursors were used to generate a "Morin type" sulfenic acid intermediate under mild conditions. This approach made it possible to demonstrate that the intramolecular cyclization of an alkene with a phenylsulfenic acid to generate an episulfonium ion intermediate can occur in neutral aqueous solution at room temperature.
Nelson Mandela: A Biography – By Peter Limb

Biographies of South Africa's iconic first black president, Nelson Mandela [1994–1999], include Fatima Meer's and Anthony Sampson's “authorized” ones and several versions of an autobiography. Peter...
Scenario-Based Design for Amorphous Systems

Designing amorphous systems is difficult. Not only does the design team have to deal with various building blocks, such as hardware, software, service, infrastructure, and policy, but there are communication challenges among team members with different domain-expertise. This research begins with the observation that, at the onset of an amorphous system-oriented project, design teams struggle because they are limited to knowledge of less than 4 W’s of the 6 W’s (Where, What, Who, When, Why, How) rather than detailed functional or structural specifications. The proposed scenario-based approaches enable design teams to effectively deal with ambiguity and to communicate their ideas among the team as well as with customers and managers through a common language. The framework is based on conventional dfX (Design for X), but new methods such as the Scenario Graph, the Scenario Menu, and Dynamic-Customer Value Chain Analysis (D-CVCA) help design teams through the exploration stage of a new system development. The integrated framework guides the design teams in visualizing scenarios, making decisions, and building a sound business model for an amorphous system.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Cortical Evoked Potentials Preceding Voluntary Saccadic Eye Movements

An antecedent potential (AP) and a positive spike (SP) potential that precede saccades have been described in normal human subjects using evoked potential techniques. These responses can be recorded over parietal cortex (P3, P4) with linked ear reference. The AP-SP was examined in two patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and in two patients with congenital ocular motor apraxia. The response was grossly abnormal in both PSP patients and in one of the congenital ocular motor apraxia patients. This indicates that pre-saccadic cortical activity may be altered in these patients. Thus, these potentials may be of diagnostic value in the evaluation of supra-nuclear disorders of ocular motility.
Outcomes of Tricuspid Valve Repair and Replacement: A Propensity Analysis

Background The purpose of this study was to compare operative mortality and long-term outcome of patients undergoing tricuspid valve replacement versus tricuspid valve repair. Methods From February 1986 to July 2006, 315 patients underwent tricuspid valve surgery including 93 replacements (72 biologic, 21 mechanical) and 222 repairs. To control for selection bias and varying comorbidities, a matched cohort of patients undergoing repair versus replacement was selected using propensity score analysis (68 patients in each group). Results In the propensity-matched cohorts, operative mortality was similar for tricuspid valve replacement (13% ± 4%) and repair (18% ± 5%; p = 0.64). Intensive care unit length of stay was similar between cohorts (replacement, 4 days; repair, 3 days; p = 0.45), but the replacements had a significantly longer hospital lengths of stay (9 days versus 6 days; p = 0.01). In the replacement cohort, survival was 85% at 1 year, 79% at 5 years, and 49% at 10 years. In the repair cohort, survival rates were similar with 80% at 1 year, 72% at 5 years, and 66% at 10 years ( p = 0.66 versus replacement). Conclusions Surgical treatment of tricuspid valve disease, regardless of the operative approach, is associated with significant early and late mortality. However, there is no difference favoring tricuspid valve repair over replacement. Thus, we should not hesitate to consider tricuspid valve replacement for patients in whom we believe there is a reasonable chance for recurrence of regurgitation after repair.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Secretion is a Predictor and Indicator of Early Progenitor Status in Adult Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

Bone marrow–derived stromal cells (BMSCs) are defined by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into at least three mesenchymal cell types (bone, adipose, and cartilage). The inability to is...
Early school entry for the gifted: New evidence and concerns

The author suggests that research indicates that there is a disadvantage to early entry, and/or an advantage to later school entry. Implications for parents and administrators are discussed.
The Effect of Centering Pregnancy versus Traditional Prenatal Care Models on Improved Adolescent Health Behaviors in the Perinatal Period.

Abstract Study Objective To determine if the CenteringPregnancy model of prenatal care improves maternal health behaviors in adolescent pregnancy. Design We conducted a retrospective chart review comparing 150 pregnant adolescents who received prenatal care between 2008 to 2012 with CenteringPregnancy to those receiving care in traditional prenatal care models with either multiprovider or single-provider visits. Outcome measures included weight gain during pregnancy, compliance to prenatal care appointments, infant feeding method, postpartum follow up and contraceptive use postpartum. A χ 2 analysis was used to compare outcomes between the 3 groups at a 2-tailed α of .05. Results Fifty individuals were evaluated in each group. Adolescents in the CenteringPregnancy group were more likely to comply with prenatal and postpartum visits and to meet the 2009 Institute of Medicine gestational weight guidelines for weight gain in pregnancy than were adolescents in either multiprovider (62.0% vs 38.0%, P = .02) or single-provider (62.0% vs 38.0%, P = .02) groups. The CenteringPregnancy group was also more likely to solely breastfeed compared with adolescents in the multiprovider group (40.0% vs 20.0%, P = .03) and include breastfeeding in addition to bottle-feeding compared with both multiprovider (32.0% vs 14.0%, P = .03) and single-provider (32.0% vs 12.0%, P = .03) patient groups. Additionally, the CenteringPregnancy group had increased uptake of long-acting reversible contraception and were less likely to suffer from postpartum depression. Conclusions CenteringPregnancy Prenatal Care program aids in compliance to prenatal visits, appropriate weight gain, increased uptake of highly effective contraception, and breastfeeding among adolescent mothers.
Activating δPKC antagonizes the protective effect of ERK1/2 inhibition against stroke in rats

Two pathways that have been shown to mediate cerebral ischemic damage are the MEK/ERK cascade and the pro-apoptotic δPKC pathway. We investigated the relationship between these pathways in a rat model of focal ischemia by observing and modifying the activation state of each pathway. The ERK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, injected at ischemia onset, attenuated the increase in phosphorylated ERK1/2 (P-ERK1/2) after reperfusion. The δPKC inhibitor, δV1-1, delivered at reperfusion, did not significantly change P-ERK1/2 levels. In contrast, the δPKC activator, ψδRACK, injected at reperfusion, reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation measured 4 h after reperfusion. Additionally, U0126 pretreatment at ischemia onset reduced infarct size compared with vehicle, but U0126 injected at the onset of reperfusion had no protection. Finally, combination of U0126 injection at ischemia onset plus δV1-1 injection at reperfusion further reduced infarct size, while combination of U0126 delivered at ischemia onset with ψδRACK injected at reperfusion increased infarct size compared with U0126 alone. In conclusion, we find that inhibiting both the MEK/ERK and the δPKC pathways offers greater protection than either alone, indicating they likely act independently.
Lithologic Associations and Sandstone Provinces: ABSTRACT

A limited number of clastic lithologic associations End_Page 656------------------------------ support the widely accepted view that tectonism and source-rock type exert the dominant control on sandstone composition. Because various kinds of tectonic provinces exist, corresponding sandstone provinces such as cratonic-sandstone provinces, fault-block basin sandstone provinces, and others also exist. However, within these provinces anomalous sandstone compositions occur (e.g., quartz arenite in a fault-block basin), because other processes such as recycling, transportation, deposition, and diagenesis obliterate or mask the effects of tectonism. Although it normally is possible to recognize the anomalies, it is difficult to determine which processes have caused the anomaly and is almost impossible to measure the individual effect of each. Thus attempts to reconstruct the paleogeog aphy of sandstone provinces and to compare and contrast the significance of sandstone provinces in various tectonic settings are hampered. Compositional norms for recent sand derived from a variety of source rocks, in a variety of tectonic settings, and deposited in a variety of environments are needed before the process variables that have influenced the compositions of ancient sands can be identified and measured. New and improved studies of the relative destructibility of mineral types and rock fragments also are required before reliable semi-quantitative provenance interpretation within a sandstone province is possible. End_of_Article - Last_Page 657------------
Performance evaluation of wavelength band switching in multifiber all-optical networks

Wavelength band switching (WBS) has only recently attracted attention from the optical networking industry for its practical importance in reducing the control complexity and cost of optical cross-connects (OXCs). However, WBS-related problems of theoretical interest have not been addressed thoroughly by the research community, and many issues are still wide open. In particular, WBS is different from wavelength routing, and thus techniques developed for wavelength-routed networks (including e.g., those for traffic grooming) cannot be directly applied to effectively address WBS-related problems. In this paper, we first propose a new multigranular OXC (MG-OXC) architecture for WBS, which is more flexible than any existing WBS node architectures. We also adopt the most powerful waveband assignment strategy, and develop an efficient heuristic algorithm called Balanced Path routing with Heavy-Traffic first (BPHT). To verify its near-optimality, we also develop an integer linear programming (ILP) model. Both the ILP and the BPHT algorithms can handle the case with multiple fibers per link and hence are more general than our previous single-fiber solutions X. Cao et al. (2002). We conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the benefits of WBS through detailed analysis and simulations. We show that the proposed heuristic BPHT can perform much better than a heuristic which applies the optimal routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) method. We also show that WBS using BPHT is even more beneficial in multifiber networks than in single-fiber networks in terms of reducing the port count. Our analytical and simulation results also provide valuable insights into the effect of wavelength band granularity, as well as the trade-offs between the wavelength-hop and the port count required in WBS networks.
Management of blunt tracheal trauma in children: a case series and review of the literature

Blunt tracheal trauma seldom develops in children because of their anatomy and the mobility of the cartilage. It has the potential to be overlooked, either because of the severity of concomitant injuries or because of the unfamiliarity of paediatricians with this type of injury. However, tracheal injury might be lethal due to airway compromise. Early bronchoscopy may be necessary to anticipate complications and prevent permanent dysfunction. We present a retrospective, double-institution case series over a 5-year period, describing five children, aged 3 to 14 years, with tracheal injury after blunt cervical trauma. All patients showed emphysema with pneumomediastinum. After explorative bronchoscopy, all patients were successfully treated with antibiotics and/or supportive ventilation. In summary, minimal lesions due to blunt tracheal trauma could be treated conservatively in children. Since the external signs of tracheal injury are not indicative of the extent of the trauma, a high index of suspicion is warranted in these patients.
On the concept of optimal polarizations in problems of radiowave propagation

E.M. Kennaugh's optimal polarization concept (1954) for the monostatic reciprocal case is applied to the coherent case, emphasizing the transformation of the scattering matrix from one polarization basis to another, with the unitary transformation matrix formalism in terms of the polarization ratio. Six optimal polarization states are determined and plotted on the Poincare sphere in the form of a polarization fork with one handle and five prongs. For effective representation of the polarization states, the three-dimensional co/cross-power and phase plots are introduced. A general target case is considered, demonstrating the applicability of this concept to radar target classification, imaging, and identification. >
The system logic and usage recorder

A fundamental problem in monitoring the performance of a system with a hardware device is too much data. Inside the System/360 Model 40, for example, seventeen address bits and sixteen data bits may be processed every 2.5 microseconds; this rate is equivalent in bulk to about three novels per second but not generally equivalent in interest or information. The design objective for any hardware monitor, therefore, is to reduce the data it sees as soon as possible.
Atlas based segmentation by diffeomorphic deformation

In this paper, we present a new framework for multiple objects segmentation based on deformable template. In medical applications, a reference atlas is often available which shows the topology of different structures and their relative positions. We propose to evolve the atlas image under diffeomorphic deformations to match the structures in the image to be segmented. The topologies and relative positions between different objects are maintained during the deformation. Finding the optimal mapping is formulated as a variational problem over a vector field. A gradient descent based multi-resolution algorithm is detailed, to reduce both ambiguities and computation load. This is illustrated by numerical experiments on various synthetic and real images. We expect this method be a useful tool for analysis medical images and other images which have similar properties.
Stability of solids and Disperse Systems

AbstractThe stability of solids and semisolid dosage forms is characterized by either being a stability of the drug per se, in which case one of the phases of Prout-Tompkins equation holds (leading to either pseudo-first or pseudo-zero order reactions) or by being an interaction. For interactions with water in small amounts, or with trace reactants, an equilibrium is reached. When larger amounts of water are present, then Leeson-Mattocks kinetics hold, and a pseudo-zero order reaction applies.
Subcellular partitioning of MRP RNA assessed by ultrastructural and biochemical analysis

A small RNA encoded within the nucleus is an essential subunit of a RNA processing endonuclease (RNase MRP) hypothesized to generate primers for mitochondrial DNA replication from the heavy strand origin of replication. Controversy has arisen, however, concerning the authenticity of an intramitochondrial pool of MRP RNA, and has called into question the existence of pathways for nucleo-mitochondrial transport of nucleic acids in animal cells. In an effort to resolve this controversy, we combined ultrastructural in situ hybridization and biochemical techniques to assess the subcellular partitioning of MRP RNA. Cryosections of mouse cardiomyocytes were hybridized with biotin-labeled RNA probes complementary to different regions of MRP RNA and varying in length from 115 to 230 nucleotides, followed by immunogold labeling. In addition, we transfected mouse C2C12 myogenic cells with constructs bearing mutated forms of the mouse MRP RNA gene and compared the relative abundance of the resulting transcripts to that of control RNAs within whole cell and mitochondrial fractions. In the former analysis we observed preferential localization of MRP RNA to nucleoli and mitochondria in comparison to the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. In the latter series of studies we observed that wild-type MRP RNA partitions to the mitochondrial fraction by comparison to other RNA transcripts that are localized to the extramitochondrial cytoplasmic space (28S rRNA) or to the nucleoplasm (U1 snRNA). Deletions within 5' or 3' regions of the MRP RNA gene produced transcripts that remain competent for mitochondrial targeting. In contrast, deletion of the midportion of the coding region (nt 118 to 175) of the MRP RNA gene resulted in transcripts that fail to partition to the mitochondrial fraction. We conclude that an authentic intramitochondrial pool of MRP RNA is present in these actively respiring cells, and that specific structural determinants within the MRP RNA molecule permit it to be partitioned to mitochondria.
Ecological correlates of serological status for Bayou virus in Oryzomys palustris (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae)

Home range size and habitat use of seropositive Oryzomys palustris, primary host for the Bayou strain of hantavirus, were compared to that of seronegative individuals from March 2002 - August 2003 in a longitudinal field population study. There were signifi- cant macrohabitat associations with serological status, but selection for most microhabitat variables did not differ between seropositive and seronegative animals. Seropositive adult males moved farther (had larger home ranges) than did seronegatives and were larger in terms of mass and testes size. These patterns may reflect the influence of infection on rodent ecology in terms of dominance and access to preferred habitats.
The Selection of Prior Distributions by Formal Rules

Abstract Subjectivism has become the dominant philosophical foundation for Bayesian inference. Yet in practice, most Bayesian analyses are performed with so-called “noninformative” priors, that is, priors constructed by some formal rule. We review the plethora of techniques for constructing such priors and discuss some of the practical and philosophical issues that arise when they are used. We give special emphasis to Jeffreys's rules and discuss the evolution of his viewpoint about the interpretation of priors, away from unique representation of ignorance toward the notion that they should be chosen by convention. We conclude that the problems raised by the research on priors chosen by formal rules are serious and may not be dismissed lightly: When sample sizes are small (relative to the number of parameters being estimated), it is dangerous to put faith in any “default” solution; but when asymptotics take over, Jeffreys's rules and their variants remain reasonable choices. We also provide an annotated b...
Labor Market Institutions and Global Strategic Adaptation: Evidence from Lincoln Electric

Although one of the central questions in the global strategy field is how multinational firms successfully navigate multiple and often conflicting institutional environments, we know relatively little about the effect of conflicting labor market institutions on multinational firms' strategic choice and operating performance. With its decision to invest in manufacturing operations in nearly every one of the world's largest welding markets, Lincoln Electric offers us a quasi-experiment. We leverage a unique data set covering 1996--2006 that combines data on each host country's labor market institutions with data on each subsidiary's strategic choices and historical operating performance. We find that Lincoln Electric performed significantly better in countries with labor laws and regulations supporting manufacturers' interests and in countries that allowed the free use of both piecework and a discretionary bonus. Furthermore, we find that in countries with labor market institutions unfriendly to manufacturers, Lincoln Electric was still able to overcome most (although not all) of the institutional distance by what we term flexible intermediate adaptation.
Cultural sustainability through architectural preservation: A case study of Frank Lloyd Wright's Florida Southern College

This paper explores the approach to cultural sustainability through architectural preservation. It analyses Frank Lloyd Wright's design of the Florida Southern College campus in Lakeland, Florida in the United States as a case study. This campus contains the largest unified collection of Wright's architecture. Between the 1930s and the 1950s, he designed the master plan as well as 10 individual buildings for this project. These buildings compose the core of the campus, which is located on a hillside facing a lake to the south. The campus serves as a critical exemplar for demonstrating the cohesive interaction between humanity, buildings, and landscapes that is lacking in typical modernism. In addition, this campus demonstrates influences from various Eastern thoughts on Frank Lloyd Wright's design. The preservation of this campus is not only related to the cultural and historical identity of this college, but also acts as a lived site for visitors to reflect on the fundamental meaning of human existence. ...
Scaling analysis of schottky barriers at metal-embedded semiconducting carbon nanotube interfaces

We present an atomistic self-consistent tight-binding study of the electronic and transport properties of metal-semiconducting carbon nanotube interfaces as a function of the nanotube channel length when the end of the nanotube wire is buried inside the electrodes. We show that the lineup of the nanotube band structure relative to the metal Fermi level depends strongly on the metal work function but weakly on the details of the interface. We analyze the length-dependent transport characteristics, which predicts a transition from tunneling to thermally activated transport with increasing nanotube channel length.
Bayesian statistics, factor analysis, and PET images I. Mathematical background

The problem of image reconstruction in positron emission tomography (PET) is examined, although the approach is quite general and may have other applications. The approach is based on the maximum-likelihood method L.A. Shepp and Y. Vardi (1982), with their assumption that the number of image pixels is greater than the number of data points. In this situation a (nonunique) solution can be written down directly, although it is not guaranteed to be positive definite. The arbitrariness in this solution can be precisely characterized by a geometric argument. A unique solution can be obtained only by introducing prior information. It is suggested that factor analysis is an efficient way to do this. In the simplest application of the method, the solution is written as the sum of two parts, r/sub alpha /+t/sub alpha /, where r/sub alpha / is determined solely by the data and T/sub alpha / is determined by r/sub alpha / and the prior information. >
Do vehicle recalls reduce the number of accidents? The case of the U.S. car market

The number of automobile recalls in the U.S. has increased sharply in the last two decades, and the numbers of units involved are often counted in the millions. In 2010 alone, over 20 million vehicles were recalled in the United States, and the massive recalls of full model lines by Toyota have brought this issue to the front pages around the country and the world. However, there is no quantitative evidence of the effect of recalls on safety. Without that evidence, the government and insurance companies have been reluctant to request and use more detailed recall information to increase correction rates, and regulators have not studied the possible link between the growing number of recalls and the risk of life for consumers. In this paper we empirically quantify the effect of vehicle recalls on safety using repeated cross-sections on accidents of individual drivers and aggregate vehicle recall data to construct synthetic panel data on individual drivers of a particular vehicle model. We estimate the effect of recalls on the number of accidents and find that a 10 percent increase in the recall rate of a particular model reduces the accidents of that model by between 0.78 percent and 1.6 percent when using the full sample of accidents in our data. We also find that recalls classified as "hazardous" are more effective in reducing accidents, and the recall effect is especially strong when we restrict attention to accidents that lead to personal injuries and only include vehicles more likely to be at fault for the accident, but much less so for accidents that only lead to property damage. We also find that vehicle models with recalls with higher correction rates have on average fewer accidents in the years following a recall, which indicates the importance of the role of drivers' behavior regarding recalls on safety. Our findings suggest that policymakers should consider, for example, policies to allow insurance companies to take into account recall correction behavior when pricing auto insurance, which could be made possible through regulatory changes by the U.S. government, and should revisit the complex trade-offs between pre- and post-market regulation in this important industry. Language: en
The tasks of amacrine cells

Their unique patterns of size, numbers, and stratification indicate that amacrine cells have diverse functions. These are mostly unknown, as studies using imaging and electrophysiological methods have only recently begun. However, some of the events that occur within the amacrine cell population—and some important unresolved puzzles—can be stated purely from structural reasoning.
Solution of fractional order optimal control problems using SVD-based rational approximations

This paper introduces a new direction to approximately solving fractional order optimal control problems (FOCPs). A general methodology is described that can potentially solve any type of FOCPs (linear/nonlinear, time-invariant/time-variant, SISO/MIMO, state/input constrained, free terminal conditions etc.). The method uses a rational approximation of the fractional derivative operator obtained from the singular value decomposition of the Hankel data matrix of the impulse response. The FOCP is then reformulated to be solved by RIOTS_95, a general-purpose optimal control problem (OCP) solver in the form of a MATLAB toolbox. Illustrative examples from the literature are reproduced to demonstrate the effectiveness of the propose methodology and a free final time OCP is also demonstrated.
Pay Factors Based on Observed Field-Performance Data

AbstractThe fundamental purpose of any construction specification is to ensure the expected long-term performance of the final product. A construction project that fails to meet the required quality level should always result in reduced payment to the contractor in order to recover the future costs that the highway agency will incur for additional maintenance. However, a superior-quality project must be rewarded based on actual savings to the agency that correspond with the improvement in performance due to higher construction quality. Performance-related specification (PRS) incorporates the economic implications associated with superior or inferior pavement construction practices. In general, earlier PRS development studies were based on performance data collected from either pilot pavement construction projects or models built based on experimental pavement sections. This study primarily focuses on constructing a pay adjustment framework utilizing field performance data and actual quality control measur...
Epstein–Barr Virus: Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Related Cancer

Epstein–Barr virus, one of the most ubiquitous viruses on earth, with a worldwide seroprevalence rate of about 90 %, has devised a clever strategy to assure its survival and lifelong persistence in the human host. In the vast majority of infected hosts, EBV remains in a nearly silent latent state that remains asymptomatic throughout life. In contrast, in the immunodeficient host, EBV infection can lead to severe disease ranging from organ failure to cancer. Infrequently, EBV-associated cancers also develop sporadically in patients with no apparent immunodeficiency. Some EBV-associated cancers are found in geographically distinct regions. Endemic Burkitt lymphoma occurs in subequatorial Africa and New Guinea in areas plagued by holoendemic falciparum malaria. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma most often occurs in Southeast Asians and native North Americans, with exposure to potentially tumor-promoting substance in food and the environment. Many EBV-related T/NK tumors occur most commonly in East Asia. The increased risk of EBV-related disease in these populations is likely multifactorial, including both genetic and environmental factors.
Improving Pulse Rate Measurements during Random Motion Using a Wearable Multichannel Reflectance Photoplethysmograph

Photoplethysmographic (PPG) waveforms are used to acquire pulse rate (PR) measurements from pulsatile arterial blood volume. PPG waveforms are highly susceptible to motion artifacts (MA), limiting the implementation of PR measurements in mobile physiological monitoring devices. Previous studies have shown that multichannel photoplethysmograms can successfully acquire diverse signal information during simple, repetitive motion, leading to differences in motion tolerance across channels. In this paper, we investigate the performance of a custom-built multichannel forehead-mounted photoplethysmographic sensor under a variety of intense motion artifacts. We introduce an advanced multichannel template-matching algorithm that chooses the channel with the least motion artifact to calculate PR for each time instant. We show that for a wide variety of random motion, channels respond differently to motion artifacts, and the multichannel estimate outperforms single-channel estimates in terms of motion tolerance, signal quality, and PR errors. We have acquired 31 data sets consisting of PPG waveforms corrupted by random motion and show that the accuracy of PR measurements achieved was increased by up to 2.7 bpm when the multichannel-switching algorithm was compared to individual channels. The percentage of PR measurements with error ≤ 5 bpm during motion increased by 18.9% when the multichannel switching algorithm was compared to the mean PR from all channels. Moreover, our algorithm enables automatic selection of the best signal fidelity channel at each time point among the multichannel PPG data.
Compact Micro Resonators with Etched Beam Splitters and Total Internal Reflection Mirrors

We propose etched beam splitters as input/output couplers for micro-resonators and analyze feasibility of this idea using numerical simulation. We investigate characteristics of compact add/drop filters using etched beam splitters and total internal reflection mirrors.
Generic Clustering Approach to Track-to-Track Correlation for Multisensor-Multitarget Environments

Simultaneously tracking multiple targets is a problem of interest for both civilian and military applications. The problem becomes increasingly difficult when the number of sensors ≥ 3, as the S-D assignment algorithm for track-to-track correlation has been shown to be NP-Hard. In small scenarios, solutions can be achieved in relatively fast times. However, as the number of sensors and targets increase, standard approaches fail to scale for real-time execution. This paper shows that near-optimal results can be achieved in real-time by decomposing the problem space by fuzzy c-means clustering, then exploiting the partition matrix to assist in cluster element modifications. Furthermore, the paper explores the correct number of clusters to utilize when the true number of targets in the environment is unknown.
Urinary excretion of aureomycin.

SummaryAfter a single oral dose of 0.5 or 0.75 g of aureomycin given to fasting normal subjects antibiotic activity was recovered in the urine for more than 33 to 55 hours. The antibiotic was excreted in high concentrations between 2 and 16 hours and the largest rate of excretion occurred between 2 and 8 hours. The findings suggest that the optimum intervals between oral doses of aureomycin should be about 8 hours.
The Systematics and Biology of the Genus Bathydema Uhler (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

The systematic position and phylogeny of the genus Bathydema are discussed in detail. The genus is placed in the tribe Antillocorini. The relationship to the Lethaeini is analyzed; new apomorphic characters are introduced. Caeneusia Strand is raised from synonymy. Species of Bathydema are segregated into 3 groups; the biology and zoogeography are discussed. Species of the genus appear to feed only on Pilea spp. A key to species is included. Bathydema maculosa, darlingtoni, jamaicensis (Jamaica); hispaniola (Hispaniola) and cubana (Cuba) are described as new. Redescriptions are given of socia Uhler, sericea (Lethierry) and obscura (Barber). The latter is moved from Antillocoris to Bathydema . Descriptions are given of the nymphs of socia and jamaicensis. B. sericea is reported from Dominica, W.I., for the first time. Illustrations of dorsal views and anatomical details are given.
A Laplace Transform Boundary Element Method for Axisymmetric Diffusion Problems

This paper presents a Boundary Element algorithm for solving axisymmetric diffusion equation in the Laplace transform domain. The free-space Green function of the governing equation is not available in closed form. The problem is resolved by using a combination of methods, including series expansion, interpolation from numeric tables, and direct numerical integration. The solution in the time domain is found by an approximate Laplace inversion.
Application of Cash Flow Method on Economic Evaluation of Oil and Gas Reserves

： Economic evaluation of oil and gas reserves which is a important process of modern petroleum corporation management is synthetical analysis on the cost of oil and gas exploration exploitation． This paper mainly introduced the model estimating of parameters calculating of index of cash flow method and carried through oil reserves economic evaluation of the Putaohua oil bear layer of Puxi area drew the conclusion of good economical benefit little risk of Putaohua oil bear layer of Puxi area exploitation．
Limitations of Two- way Referral Management from the Prospective of Project Management

The current Two- way Referral system was assessed from the prospective of project management.The major limitations identified included an incomplete organizational structure,the lack of complimentary and supporting regulations,and the absence of effective supervision and inspection.We propose to introduce some of the target management concepts and technologies(e.g.,matrix organization structure,work breakdown structure,organization breakdown structure,project control,and information management) into the Two- way Referral management.We believe that the introduction of these new components would make the current problematic Two- way Referral management more scientific and more efficient.
Characteristics of Individuals at Risk for Spinocerebellar Ataxia

Investigators at University Hospital of Bonn and 13 other centers in Germany, France, and Italy conducted a prospective, longitudinal observational study (2008-2011) of offspring or siblings of patients with spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA)-1, 2, 3, and 6.
Infrared analysis of milk : effect of homogenizer and optical filter selection on apparent homogenization efficiency and repeatability

The apparent homogenization efficiency (AHE) and repeatability of one instrument was measured with 5 instrument homogenizers that differ in true homogenization efficiency (THE) to determine if instrument characteristics change when different fat A and B optical filters are used in the same machine. Inefficient homogenizers demonstrated both poor repeatability and poor AHE with both sets of fat B filters. One set of fat A filters produced infrared readings that were influenced less by differences in homogenization efficiencies than the other set. The most inefficient homogenizer demonstrated poor repeatability and failed AHE evaluation with both pairs of fat B filters and one pair of fat A filters. Differences in the transmission characteristics of the 2 sets of fat A filters influenced results of AHE evaluation for the most inefficient homogenizers. However, a very efficient homogenizer passed evaluation of AHE and demonstrated good repeatability on both unhomogenized and homogenized milks regardless of differences in the spectral characteristics of filters. A second objective was to determine if AHE test values are correlated with true differences in milk fat globule (MFG) size distribution. A good correlation was found between AHE and THE data for a group of homogenizers for one reference milk. A weakness of the AHE test is that the MFG size distribution of the externally homogenized reference milk may vary from one evaluation to another, resulting in an inconsistent reference point for AHE values. The preferred method of evaluating homogenization efficiency of infrared milk analyzers is analysis of the MFG size distribution resulting from instrument homogenization of unhomogenized milk.
Studies on an Hepatic Membrane Receptor Specific for the Binding and Catabolism of Serum Glycoproteins

The development of a new concept for the role of the carbohydrate moiety in regulating the serum survival time of plasma glyco-proteins has been described in a recent review (3). Briefly, treatment with neuraminidase to remove sialic acid from circulating glycoproteins, followed by oxidation with galactose oxidase and reduction with KB3H4, introduced a tritum atom into carbon-6 of the terminal galactose residues (11). Upon injection of the resulting radioactive asialoglycoprotein into rabbits, the serum was promptly cleared of radioactivity and the intact macromolecule was recovered from the liver within 15 minutes after injection (10). The rapidity of removal was dependent upon the integrity of the exposed galactose; enzymatic oxidation by galactose oxidase or removal by hydrolysis with 3-galactosidase diminished the rate of hepatic uptake and resulted in an increased serum survival time approaching that of the fully sialylated control (10). More specifically, replacement of the deficient sialic acid residues, by incubation of the asialoglycoprotein with sialyltransferase in the presence of CMP-sialic acid, restored the original serum survival time (6). From the foregoing study, it became clear that hydrolysis of only a small fraction of the total sialic acid residues was sufficient for the liver to recognize and remove the entire protein (17) which was subsequently shown to be catabolized in the hepatic lysosomes (4). The generality of this phenomenon was demonstrated by the injection into rats of the asialo derivatives of a number of plasma proteins such as orosomucoid, fetuin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and α2 -macroglo-bulin. In each case, the desialylated material disappeared rapidly from the circulation and accumulated in the liver (9). Competitive inhibition of hepatic uptake.was shown by the simultaneous injection of tracer amounts of [64 Cu] asialoceruloplasmin and substantive amounts of the above listed desialylated proteins or the glycopeptides derived from them.Uptake was not blocked by either the fully sialylated proteins or their corresponding glycopeptides (9).
Exploring participant motivations and expectations in a researcher-stakeholder engagement process: Willamette Water 2100

Abstract Many barriers impede managers and policy makers from incorporating the “best available science” into decision making and problem solving. Researcher-stakeholder engagement in research is one way to help overcome such cultural, institutional, and practical barriers. In the Willamette Water 2100 project (WW2100), scientists and stakeholders studied biophysical and socioeconomic drivers of future water scarcity in the Willamette Basin to identify ways to anticipate and respond to it. This study explores the participation, motivations, and expectations of research team members and stakeholders in the WW2100 researcher-stakeholder engagement process. Twenty-six semi-structured interviews of key participants and 137 completed online questionnaires illuminate their perceptions of the engagement process. Qualitative and quantitative analyses demonstrate that participants are motivated to attend for social (ex. knowing other participants), knowledge (ex. interest in the topic), and utility (ex. useful management tool) reasons. Nonparametric statistical analyses show that research team members and stakeholders had similar expectations for the roles participants would play but different expectations for the process and resulting model. For instance, all participants expected research team members to interpret model outputs and stakeholders to provide a “boots on the ground” perspective but only researchers expected the process to provide career experience. In most cases, role, model, and process expectations were fulfilled though not always to the degree expected. Understanding the transdisciplinary research process can lead to better collaboration and more effective problem-solving.
Role of the Glycoprotein (GP)IbαaIb Cytoplasmic Domain in Regulating the Von Willebrand Factor-Binding Functions of the Platelet GPIb-IX-V Complex.

Abstract SCI-39 The platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex mediates the initial attachment of platelets to regions of blood vessel damage by binding von Willebrand factor (VWF) exposed in the matrix at the site of injury. This interaction is especially important in the arterial system and microvasculature, given that it is the preferred platelet adhesive event at high shear stress. The interaction is positively and negatively regulated in several ways, including through exposure of the GPIb-binding site on VWF by shear stress or collagen binding, cleavage of VWF by the metalloprotease ADAMTS13, and in the platelet by the targeting of the GPIb-IX-V complex to lipid rafts, cytoskeletal attachments, and binding of the adaptor protein 14-3-3. Association with 14-3-3 has complex roles in regulating accessibility of GPIbα (the ligand-binding subunit of the complex), as several binding sites have been identified within the cytoplasmic domains for this adaptor molecule, and these are regulated by phosphorylation. To address the role of GPIbα phosphorylation in regulating platelet adhesion to VWF, we mutated 5 cytoplasmic Ser and Thr residues that were predicted by bioinformatics programs to be targets for serine/threonine kinases (Thr547, Ser566, Ser587, Ser590, Ser609) and expressed the mutants either as an isolated cytoplasmic domain or in intact GP Ibα as part of a GP Ib-IX complex expressed in CHO cells. We tested whether the following kinases could phosphorylate a recombinant GP Iba cytoplasmic tail: protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and Akt. All but Akt phosphorylated the region. We then tested polypeptides with various combinations of mutations to these residues for phosphorylation by PKA, and found that this kinase phosphorylated each of the residues except Ser590. We also examined the effect of the mutations on 14-3-3z association and on cell attachment and rolling on VWF. The findings from these studies were complex, with the results of 14-3-3 association suggesting a hierarchy of 14-3-3 binding. This binding did not correlate with the effect of the mutations on attachment on VWF or the rolling velocity profiles. Nevertheless, mutants could be clustered in terms of these effects, the aggregate of the data suggesting a very complex pattern of GPIb-IX-V regulation by the GP Ibα cytoplasmic tail, which will have to be taken into account when considering the association of GP Ibα with 14-3-3 as an antithrombotic target. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.