cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic 1/ S study of the two-dimensional Hubbard model at half-filling

The two-dimensional Hubbard model is extended by placing 2S orbitals at each lattice site and studied in a systematic 1/S expansion. The 1/S results for the magnetic susceptibility and the spectra of spin-wave excitations at half-filling are consistent with the large S calculations for the Heisenberg antiferromagnet. The 1/S corrections to the fermionic spectrum lift the degeneracy along the edge of the magnetic Brillouin zone yielding minima at (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\pi}/2,\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\pi}/2). Relation to previous papers on the subject is discussed.
Comparison of numerical and experimental methods for determination of SAR and radiation patterns of handheld wireless telephones.

Some recent developments in both the numerical and experimental methods for determination of SARs and radiation patterns of handheld wireless telephones are described, with emphasis on comparison of results using the two methods. For numerical calculations, it was possible to use the Pro-Engineer CAD Files of cellular telephones for a realistic description of the device. Also, we used the expanding grid formulation of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for finer-resolution representation of the coupled region, including the antenna, and an increasingly coarser representation of the more-distant, less-coupled region. Together with the truncation of the model of the head, this procedure led to a saving of computer memory needed for SAR calculations by a factor of over 20. Automated SAR and radiation pattern measurement systems were used to validate both the calculated 1-g SARs and radiation patterns for several telephones, including some research test samples, using a variety of antennas. Even though widely different peak 1-g SARs were obtained, ranging from 0.13 to 5.41 W/kg, agreement between the calculated and the measured data for these telephones, five each at 835 and 1900 MHz, was excellent and generally within ±20% (±1 dB). An important observation was that for a maximum radiated power of 600 mW at 800/900 MHz, which may be used for telephones using AMPS technology, the peak 1-g SARs can be higher than 1.6 W/kg unless antennas are carefully designed and placed further away from the head. Bioelectromagnetics 20:93–101, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electron-transfer Reactions in Manganese-Depleted Photosystem II

We have used flash-detection optical and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure the kinetics and yield per flash of the photooxidation of cytochrome b559 and the yield per flash of the photooxidation of the tyrosine residue YD in Mn-depleted photosystem II (PSII) membranes at room temperature. The initial charge separation forms YZ+ QA-. Following this, cytochrome b559 is oxidized on a time scale of the same order and with the same pH dependence as is observed for the decay of YZ+; under the conditions of our experiments, the decay of YZ+ is determined by the lifetime of YZ+ QA-. In order to explain this observation, we have constructed a model for electron donation in which YZ+ and P680+ are in redox equilibrium and cytochrome b559 and YD are oxidized via P680+. Using our results, together with data from earlier investigations of the kinetics of electron transfer from YZ to P680+ and charge recombination of YZ+ QA-, we have obtained the first global fit for electron donation in Mn-depleted PSII that accounts for the data over the pH range from 5 to 7.5. From these calculations, we have obtained the intrinsic rate constants of all the electron-donation reactions in Mn-depleted PSII. These rate constants allow us to calculate the free energy difference between YZ+ P680 and YZ P680+, which is found to increase by 47 +/- 4 mV/pH from pH 5 to 6 and is observed to increase more slowly per pH unit for pH greater than 6. An important conclusion of our experimental work is that the rates of photooxidation of cytochrome b559 and YD are determined by the lifetime of the oxidizing equivalent on YZ/P680. Extension of our model to oxygen-evolving PSII samples leads to the prediction that the kinetics and yields of electron donation from cytochrome b559 and YD to P680+ will depend on the S2- or S3-state lifetime.
Patterns of endoscopy in the United States: analysis of data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the National Endoscopic Database

Background Patterns of GI endoscopy are influenced by the underlying epidemiology of GI disease, as well as by policy and practice guidelines. Objective To compare practice patterns of GI endoscopy between two large national databases of the United States. Design Descriptive database analysis. Setting A 5% sample of the entire U.S. Medicare population (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, CMS data files) and endoscopic data repository of U.S. gastroenterology practices (Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative, CORI database) from 1999 to 2003. Patients The study population included 1,121,215 Medicare and 635,573 CORI patients undergoing various types of GI endoscopy. Interventions EGD, colonoscopy, and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Main Outcome Measurements Patient demographics, endoscopic diagnoses, time trends of diagnoses. Results A colonoscopy was the most common endoscopic procedure performed (CMS 53%, CORI 58%), followed by an EGD (37%, 32%), and a flexible sigmoidoscopy (10%, 10%). In the CMS data, women accounted for 59% of the EGDs, 57% of the colonoscopies, and 56% of the flexible sigmoidoscopies, and in the CORI data, the corresponding numbers were 57%, 55%, and 54%, respectively. Compared with their distribution in the U.S. census population, nonwhite patients in both databases underwent relatively more EGDs and fewer colonoscopies. The most common upper-GI diagnosis was GERD, followed by GI bleeding, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer. The most common lower-GI diagnosis was colorectal polyp. Over the period of 1999 to 2003, the rates of colorectal cancer diagnosed with colonoscopy declined. Limitations Only a limited amount of information about individual patients was retrievable from the electronic databases. Conclusions A colonoscopy is now the most common endoscopic procedure in the United States. Women undergo both upper and lower endoscopic procedures more often than men. Nonwhite patients are underrepresented in the use of colonoscopy relative to the prevalence of nonwhite persons in the U.S. population. Increased use of a colonoscopy for colon screening and surveillance has been associated with a decreased rate of cancer diagnosis.
Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the parietal eye visual system of the lizard Uta stansburiana.

We examined the parietal eye visual system of the iguanid lizard Uta stansburiana for the presence of substance P-like immunoreactivity by use of both immunofluorescence and peroxidase-antiperoxidase techniques. In the parietal eye no substance P-containing somata were found; however, its plexiform layer contained small (ca. 1 μm diam) immunoreactive fibers. These fibers apparently originate outside the parietal eye. Immunoreactive fibers also were found in the parietal nerve, the dorsal sac, and the leptomeninx of the pineal gland. No labeled somata were observed in any of these regions in either normal or colchicine treated animals. Previously we demonstrated that a system of centrifugal fibers to the parietal eye originates from neurons in the dorsal sac (Engbretson et al. 1981). The apparent absence of substance P-containing neurons in the dorsal sac suggests that the substance P-containing fibers in the parietal eye are not the previously observed centrifugal fibers. The source of the substance P-containing fibers in the parietal eye is unknown. The pars dorsolateralis of the left medial habenular nucleus receives a dense substance P-positive projection. No such projection was seen in the right habenula. Simultaneous visualization of the terminals of ganglion cells of the parietal eye (labeled with orthograde intraaxonally transported horseradish peroxidase) and substance P-like immunofluorescence showed that the locus of habenular immunoreactivity is distinct from the projection field of the parietal eye. Thus the substance P-positive terminals in the habenula do not originate in the parietal eye. Transection of the parietal nerve confirmed this conclusion.
Group cognitive-behavior therapy for patients failing to respond to pharmacotherapy for panic disorder: a clinical case series.

Abstract The last decade has brought exciting advances to the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia, and a variety of cognitive-behavioral and pharmacologic treatment strategies offer clear benefit to patients. Nonetheless, treatment nonresponse continues to be a chronic problem, and additional strategies are needed to aid patients who do not respond fully to initial interventions. In the present study, we use `services' research to document the clinical response of pharmacotherapy nonresponders to a standard program of brief, group cognitive-behavioral therapy. Patients responded well, regardless of whether they had received a full, adequate trial of pharmacotherapy. In addition to its application as an initial treatment for panic disorder, routine application of cognitive-behavioral therapy in pharmacologic treatment algorithms is encouraged, with attention to referral of pharmacotherapy nonresponders to cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Paravaginal defect repair in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence and cystocele.

Abstract Objectives. To assess the functional and anatomic results of the paravaginal defect repair (PVdR) in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) due to bladder neck hypermobility (BNH) and cystocele. Methods. Fifty-two consecutive patients with a mean age of 61 years underwent PVdR for the treatment of SUI associated with BNH and varying degrees of vaginal prolapse. Twenty-five patients underwent PVdR alone (group 1), and 27 underwent PVdR in association with a rectus muscle sling (group 2) for the treatment of intrinsic sphincter deficiency. All patients had SUI and lateral defect cystocele (paravaginal defect). Associated vaginal and pelvic floor defects included rectocele in 34, vault prolapse in 24, and enterocele in 18; these defects were repaired simultaneously and had an equal distribution among the two groups. Results. At a mean follow-up of 17 months, the cure rate (defined as no pads and no leakage) was 79% (group 1, 72%; group 2, 85%). When expanded to include substantially improved (1 pad/day or less), the success rate was 88% (group 1, 84%; group 2, 93%). Recurrent vaginal prolapse occurred in 8 patients, 6 of whom had PVdR alone. For those patients with failure, time to recurrence of incontinence was 15 and 23 months in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusions. PVdR restores the normal lateral attachment of the pubocervical fascia to the arcus tendineous fascia pelvis of the pelvic sidewall and provides anatomic repair of lateral defect cystoceles. In women with anatomic SUI, PVdR restores continence by alleviating BNH and should be used in conjunction with a sling procedure in those with intrinsic sphincter deficiency.
Direct observation of the products produced by the O-atom reactions with ethylene and propylene studied in high-intensity molecular beams

Abstract The reactions of O-atoms with ethylene and propylene were studied in high-intensity crossed molecular beams. Products were detected and identified using photoionization mass spectrometry. The major and minor products observed are reported together with products which are apparently absent. These data are used to identify the major, minor, and absent reactive channels for these two systems.
Calibration of broadband active acoustic systems using a single standard spherical target

A new method is developed in which a single standard target is used to calibrate the system response of broadband monostatic active acoustic systems. Spheres have commonly been used to calibrate narrowband systems. A major challenge involves the resonances of the scattering by the sphere. For narrowband systems, the sphere is designed so that the acoustic frequency is between the resonances. However, this cannot be done for broadband systems as the frequencies will span multiple resonances. Our method completely eliminates the source of the resonances through pulse-compression processing of the signal. Through this processing, the echo from the front interface of the sphere is isolated from other echoes which cause the resonances. The echo from the front interface is generally weakly dependent upon frequency, making it ideal for calibrating a broadband system. The method is a generalization of what was proposed by Dragonette et al. (J. Acoustic. Soc. Am. 69,1186-1189 (1981)). The advances in this new method involve incorporation of signal processing to better isolate the echo, as well as a more accurate treatment of the scattering physics. As a result, the approach is applicable over a wide range of conditions.
Foreign Language Interpreters in the Courtroom: The Case for Linguistic and Cultural Proficiency

long played a pivotal role as linguistic and cultural intermediaries. In modern times, due to rapid advances in technology as well as to increases in international trade, travel, and migration, frequency of contact between peoples of various cultural backgrounds and languages has increased enormously. As the need for multilingual and multicultural interchange grows, so will the need for translators and interpreters. In the United States, growing numbers of agencies and organizations are experiencing impediments to communication in their interaction with members of the rapidly increasing non-English-speaking immigrant population (38: p. 1; 16: p. 6). Non-English-speakers, or those with limited proficiency, are at an obvious disadvantage in crucial situations, perhaps most notably within the judicial system, where qualified interpreters are critically necessary to protect the constitutional rights of these individuals (11: p. 2). Because the role of the foreign language translator and interpreter in the judicial system is not widely understood, even in the foreign language profession, this article explores that role and highlights the interrelationship of language and culture in court interpreting. The steps to formal certification are also poorly understood; they, too, are discussed. Differences between cultures and languages may lead to grave, indeed tragic, misunderstanding;1 it is therefore imperative that those persons who serve as linguistic intermediaries be not only proficient in their working languages, but also cognizant of how linguistic forms are culturally dependent for effective communication. Thus, while language is the prime factor in linguistic interchange across cultures, accurate communication is based on other important components as well. In fact, bilingualism,2 or fluency in two languages, is only the starting point in interpreter training.3 The objective of the court interpreter is to convey precisely, accurately, and completely in the target language the information contained in the source language. Consequently, factors such as dialect, educational level, register, geographic variation, specialized or technical terms, and style will influence the interpreter's choice of expression. Moreover, in the legal setting, interpreters must be aware of the different legal systems of the countries where the source and target languages are spoken (24: p. 5). To appreciate fully the diverse and complex tasks interpreters face, one must understand the current legal status of interpreting in federal and state courts in the United States, the need for interpreters in the light of available demographic data, and the different modes of interpretation used in courts.
Auditory evoked magnetic fields: a replication, with comments on the magneticP50 analog

Auditory evoked magnetic fields (AEFs) and EEG auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were recorded from left and right auditory cortical regions of 12 normal adult subjects. The magnetic sensor was a figure-eight SQUID gradiometer with a 4 cm baseline oriented so as to be maximally sensitive to a current dipole oriented normal to the Sylvian fissure. Stimuli were 100 ms long 1 kHz tone pips with a modal interstimulus interval of 700 ms delivered at sound pressure levels of 40, 60, 80 and 100 dB. AEF amplitude was found to be related to stimulus intensity in a quadratic fashion, AEP amplitude in a linear fashion. AEFs were of larger amplitude in response to contralateral as compared to ipsilateral stimulation. AEPs did not exhibit such a relationship. In a second experiment right-hemisphere AEFs and AEPs in response to contralateral ear tone stimulation in these 12 subjects were combined with similar previous data from 24 subjects, providing a total of 36 subjects, to examine the comparability of the AEPP50 wave form and the AEFP50 analog. The latency of theP50 was found to decrease as a function of increasing stimulus intensity for both AEFs and AEPs, and theP50 latency was consistently shorter in magnetic compared to potential recordings.
Responses of newborn pig pial arteries to sympathetic nervous stimulation and exogenous norepinephrine.

Responses of Newborn Pig Pial Arteries to Sympathetic Nervous Stimulation and Exogenous Norepinephrine
The Rhetorical Template

Abstract This paper seeks to expand the conversation about templates in the context of Web 2.0. While templates in Web 2.0 constrain writing options, this does not mean that they divorce form and content. By grounding templates in scholarship on the rhetorical situation and using genre theory as a lens, I argue that writers can still use the prefabricated designs of Web 2.0 templates in creative and unexpected ways. Drawing on examples from my personal web activity and an assignment in my composition class, I call for developing innovative writing practices for templates in Web 2.0.
Quantitative acoustic characterization of a new surfactant-based ultrasound contrast agent.

Abstract The acoustic properties of a new ultrasound contrast agent, ST68, have been investigated. ST68 is a sonicated mixture of nonionic surfactants (Span-type and Tween-type) consisting of stabilized microbubbles with a mean diameter of 3.8 μm and a concentration of 7.1 × 10 8 bubbles/mL. A pulsatile flow system was used to acquire data in vitro . The acoustic properties of ST68, as a function of time, frequency and dose, were calculated. Enhancement changed nonlinearly with contrast agent dose; maximum was 13.1 dB ± 1.0 dB for a dose of 0.30 μL/mL of suspending medium. Attenuation reached approximately 11 dB/cm for dosages above 0.27 μL/mL and for frequencies between 2.5 and 6.0 MHz. In vivo , IV injections of ST68 were given to 4 rabbits (doses from 0.01 to 0.23 mL/kg). A clear increase in flow signal intensity was observed for 1 to 2 min. An in vivo dose-response curve was calculated from audio Doppler signals obtained with a 10-MHz cuff transducer placed around the distal aorta. Maximum enhancement was 18.3 dB ± 3.13 dB for a 0.13 mL/kg dose. Moreover, ST68 appears to follow a simple relationship between in vivo enhancement and dose. In conclusion, ST68 is capable of producing marked vascular enhancement. Its acoustic properties have been characterized in vitro and in vivo .
Unexpected and selective formation of an (e,e,e,e)-tetrakis-[60]fullerene derivative via electrolytic retro-cyclopropanation of a D2h-hexakis-[60]fullerene adduct

An (e,e,e,e)-tetrakis-adduct of C60fullerene with two pyridylpyrrolidino addends (trans-1 position relative to each other) and two (ethoxycarbonyl)methano addends (trans-1 position relative to each to other) compound 4, was obtained selectively by controlled potential electrolysis of the D2h-hexakis-adduct 3.
Critical skills for the early childhood educator

Brief Description: An inceasing number of students in early childhood education are questioning and reflecting upon their professional training and academic background and the actual reality of their professional role as educators. Early childhood personnel still struggle and search after many deliberate and comprehensive efforts to conceptualize a framework of skills areas that reflect the complexity of their role (Getz, 1980; Caldwell, 1984). What are skill areas that early educators of young children need to begin developing in their field experience? What areas of professional growth are critical in working with young children, parents, auxiliary personnel, speech and physical therapists? Forty early childhood educators in preschool education settings were interviewed and administered a questionnaire on what skills were critical for a pre‐service teacher in early childhood education. A variety of skill areas were identified as extremely important, and the range of skills involved typified the complexi...
Analysis of strain at selected bone sites of a cantilevered implant-supported prosthesis☆

Cantilever length of the superstructure of an implant-supported prosthesis can be affected by the location, number, and dimensions of the implants, arch form, opposing dentition, and functionally generated forces. In this study, the effects of cantilever length on load distribution to implants was analyzed. A fresh bovine rib was used to create a clinical simulation in which three implants were used to support an implant prosthesis. The implants were connected by means of a cantilevered superstructure. Six linear strain gauges were placed in strategic locations where it has been reported that stress is concentrated. The model was loaded with an Instron machine and the load was applied at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mm along the cantilever length. Each loading test was repeated five times, and loads of 10 and 20 pounds were applied. Dynamic registration of the strain was recorded at each gauge. Significant differences in the magnitude of strain between the six strain gauge locations were recorded with the 10 and 20 lb loads and at all cantilevered lengths. The results revealed that the greatest maximum strain occurred at the strain gauge positioned on cortical bone over the apex of the most distal implant under both loading conditions.
Increased urinary excretion of m-octopamine in neuroblastoma

The urine of three patients with neuroblastoma was found to have a 3 to 5-fold elevation of m-octopamine concentration. The concentration of m-synephrine was normal in two cases and slightly elevated in the third. These findings were attributed to an increased formation of m-octopamine by this tumor.
Forced Rayleigh Scattering

A sensitive Rayleigh-scattering technique has been developed which combines the advantages of stimulated and classical scattering. Forward Rayleigh scattering (3-mrad angular separation) in NaF was observed between 300 and 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The scattered intensity varies by more than 4 orders of magnitude within this temperature interval. Quantitative agreement with theoretical values based on the Landau-Placzek theory is found for $Tg80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. Scattering rates considerably larger than expected are found for lower temperatures.
Characterization of the native and denatured herceptin by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and quartz crystal microbalance using a high-affinity single chain fragment variable recombinant antibody.

Herceptin/Trastuzumab is a humanized IgG1κ light chain antibody used to treat some forms of breast cancer. A phage-displayed recombinant antibody library was used to obtain a single chain fragment variable (scFv, designated 2B4) to a linear synthetic peptide representing Herceptin’s heavy chain CDR3. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and piezoimmunosensor/quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) assays were used to characterize 2B4-binding activity to both native and heat denatured Herceptin. The 2B4 scFv specifically bound to heat denatured Herceptin in a concentration dependent manner over a wide (35–220.5 nM) dynamic range. Herceptin denatures and forms significant amounts of aggregates when heated. UV–vis characterization confirms that Herceptin forms aggregates as the temperature used to heat Herceptin increases. QCM affinity assay shows that binding stoichiometry between 2B4 scFv and Herceptin follows a 1:2 relationship proving that 2B4 scFv binds strongly to the dimers of heat denatured Hercepti...
Perturbative gauge theories

We study the quantization of gauge theories by giving a central role to the Becchi-Rouet-Stora (BRS) symmetry. We analyze as far as possible the case of a general gauge theory. Algebraic as well as geometrical properties of the BRS symmetry are discussed. The problem of anomalies, renormalizability, gauge independence and unitarity in Yang-Mills theories is carefully examined.
Letter Regarding Article by Weintraub et al, “Cost-Effectiveness of Eplerenone Compared With Placebo in Patients With Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Heart Failure”

To the Editor: An economic analysis of a treatment contributes greatly to decisions about its use in individuals and large populations. However, the analysis performed on the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival (EPHESUS) trial1 would be more relevant if eplerenone had been compared with spironolactone …
Meteorological Influences on Blood pH and Cholesterol

ConclusionsDay by day determinations made in a large series of normal persons and in patients reveal a distinct rhythm of increasing and decreasing pH as well as of cholesterol. Meteorological associations indicate that each cyclonic cycle is associated with a relative increase in hydrogen-ion concentration and an increase in cholesterol.
Primary adenocarcinoma of the anus treated with combined modality therapy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the local control and survival of patients with adenocarcinoma of the anus who received combined modality therapy as a component of their treatment. METHODS: Thirteen patients with primary anal adenocarcinoma (T1: 1, T2: 4, T3: 3, T4: 5; and N0: 9, N1: 2, N2: 2) were treated between 1989 and 2001 in the Department of Radiation Oncology at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Three general treatment approaches were used that were based on physician and patient preference as well as tumor stage. These included preoperative combined modality therapy followed by abdominoperineal resection (n = 5), with four of the five receiving postoperative chemotherapy; local excision followed by postoperative radiation alone or combined modality therapy (n = 5); and abdominoperineal resection followed by postoperative combined modality therapy (n = 3). Two patients received brachytherapy. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 19 months, the median survival was 26 months, the local failure rate was 37 percent, and the two-year actuarial survival was 62 percent. In the subset of eight patients treated with abdominoperineal resection and preoperative or postoperative radiation or combined modality therapy, local control was 63 percent, and three of eight are without evidence of disease. Of the five patients who underwent a local excision followed by postoperative radiation or combined modality therapy, the local control rate was 60 percent, with one of the local failures salvaged by abdominoperineal resection and one of five patients without evidence of disease. CONCLUSION: Although the experience is limited, our data suggest that the combination of abdominoperineal resection and combined modality therapy is a reasonable approach for this rare tumor.
The spatial and temporal characteristics of perceiving 3-D structure from motion

In four experiments, a scalar judgment of perceived depth was used to examine the spatial and temporal characteristics of the perceptual buildup of three-dimensional (3-D) structure from optical motion as a function of the depth in the simulated object, the speed of motion, the number of elements defining the object, the smoothness of the optic flow field, and the type of motion. In most of the experiments, the objects were polar projections of simulated half-ellipsoids under-going a curvilinear translation about the screen center. It was found that the buildup of 3-D structure was: (1) jointly dependent on the speed at which an object moved and on the range through which the object moved; (2) more rapid for deep simulated objects than for shallow objects; (3) unaffected by the number of points defining the object, including the maximum apparent depth within each simulated object-depth condition; (4) not disrupted by nonsmooth optic flow fields; and (5) more rapid for rotating objects than for curvilinearly translating objects.
Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT): A critical review.

To commence this essay, REBT theory will be introduced then discussed along the Ethical guidelines governing the Psychology profession. This essay will try to address whether or not the REBT theory proposed by Ellis (1955) can stand alone in therapeutic sessions or whether the theory has to be used in collaboration with ethics in order to provide clients with the best service. It is crucial to assess the extent to which the theory can stand alone and still provide the best service to its consumers so that if it proves not to be a dependable theory on its own, then implementations can be made in light of ethics for the purpose of strengthening the theory and making it more applicable in the therapeutic sessions. To start off a description of REBT theory and practice shall be illustrated. It should be noted that REBT is a form of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), and that all the CBT approaches share similar themes, Corey (2009); Frank (2009). It should be noted that REBT was invented by Ellis (1955); after noting the lack of efficiency in psychoanalytic theory, Ellis (2002). This will then be followed by a comprehensive critical evaluation of REBT theory. Key words : rational, behaviour. Therapy, emotive, cognitive
Synthesis and reactivity of tricarbonyl(1-methoxycarbonyl-5-phenylpentadienyl)iron(1+) cation ☆

Abstract Tricarbonyl(1-methoxycarbonyl-5-phenylpentadienyl)iron(1+) hexafluorophosphate (7) was prepared in two steps from tricarbonyl(methyl 6-oxo-2,4-hexadienoate)iron. While addition of carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles to 7 generally occurs at the phenyl-substituted dienyl carbon to afford (2,4-dienoate)iron products, the addition of phthalimide proceeded at C2 to afford a (pentenediyl)iron product (18). Complex 18 was structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis.
Prescription for Practice: Pharmacists on Moral Conscience Clauses

Federal regulations (45 CFR 88) from the Bush Administration protect health care providers who refuse to provide care due to moral objections. These federal rules expand the previous Church Amendment. Previously, states had varied policies regarding pharmacists ranging from requiring filling, to requiring transfer, to permitting refusal. This survey of the pharmacists of one state asked about agreement and belief with conscience clauses. Nevada requires pharmacists to fill all legal and safe prescriptions. Among 668 responses from licensed Nevada pharmacists, 47.9% believed they should not be required to fill all valid prescriptions. While 43.4% think they would refuse a prescription if allowed, 76.9% believe a prescription transfer should be required. Twenty-eight percent knew of cases of refusals despite state regulations requiring filling prescriptions. Only 1 respondent in a remote rural area said he would refuse to fill on moral grounds.
Cytokine/Chemokine responses in activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood, bone marrow, and axillary lymph nodes during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection.

Understanding the cytokine/chemokine networks in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during the acute phase of infection is crucial to design therapies for the control of early human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication. Here, we measured early changes in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM), and axillary lymph node (ALN) tissue of rhesus macaques infected with SIVMAC251. At 21 days after infection, all tissues showed a statistically significant loss of CD4+ T cells along with immune activation of CD8+ T cells in PB and ALN tissue. Twenty-eight different cytokines/chemokines were quantified in either anti-CD3/28 antibody- or staphylococcal enterotoxin B-stimulated single-positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. PB CD4+ T cells produced predominantly interleukin-2 (IL-2), whereas CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets in tissues produced β-chemokines both before and 21 days after SIV infection. Tissues generally exhibited massive upregulation of many cytokines/chemokines following infection, possibly in an attempt to mitigate the loss of CD4+ T cells. There was no evidence of a T-helper 1 (TH1)-to-TH2 shift in CD4+ T cells or a T-cytotoxic 1 (TC1)-to-TC2 cytokine shift in CD8+ T cells in PB, BM, and ALN T-cell subsets during the acute phase of SIV infection. Despite the upregulation of several important effector cytokines/chemokines (IL-2, IL-12, IL-17, gamma interferon, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, upregulation of β-chemokines (CCL2 and CCL22), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-basic), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and migration inhibition factor (MIF) may provide a poor prognosis either by inducing increased virus replication or by other unknown mechanisms. Therefore, drugs targeting β-chemokines (CCL2 and CCL22), FGF-basic, HGF, or MIF might be important for developing effective vaccines and therapeutics against HIV. IMPORTANCE Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection results in early depletion of CD4+ T cells and dysregulation of protective immune responses. Therefore, understanding the cytokine/chemokine networks in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in different tissues during the acute phase of infection is crucial to the design of therapies for the control of early viral replication. Here, we measured early changes in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM), and axillary lymph node (ALN) tissue of rhesus macaques infected with SIVMAC251. There was no evidence of a T-helper 1 (TH1)-to-TH2 shift in CD4+ T cells or a T-cytotoxic 1 (TC1)-to-TC2 cytokine shift in CD8+ T cells in PB, BM, and ALN T-cell subsets during the acute phase of SIV infection. Despite the upregulation of several important effector cytokines/chemokines by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, upregulation of β-chemokines, fibroblast growth factor-basic, hepatocyte growth factor, and migration inhibition factor may provide a poor prognosis.
An analysis of the epitope knowledge related to Mycobacteria.

Background: Tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a leading cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality, and is responsible for more than 2 million deaths a year. Reports about extremely drug resistant (XDR) strains have further heightened the sense of urgency for the development of novel strategies to prevent and treat TB. Detailed knowledge of the epitopes recognized by immune responses can aid in vaccine and diagnostics development, and provides important tools for basic research. The analysis of epitope data corresponding to M. tuberculosis can also identify gaps in our knowledge, and suggest potential areas for further research and discovery. The Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) is compiled mainly from literature sources, and describes a broad array of source organisms, including M. tuberculosis and other Mycobacterial species. Description: A comprehensive analysis of IEDB data regarding the genus Mycobacteria was performed. The distribution of antibody/B cell and T cell epitopes was analyzed in terms of their associated recognition cell type effector function and chemical properties. The various species, strains and proteins which the epitope were derived, were also examined. Additional variables considered were the host in which the epitopes were defined, the specific TB disease state associated with epitope recognition, and the HLA associated with disease susceptibility and endemic regions were also scrutinized. Finally, based on these results, standardized reference datasets of mycobacterial epitopes were generated. Conclusion: All current TB-related epitope data was cataloged for the first time from the published literature. The resulting inventory of more than a thousand different epitopes should prove a useful tool for the broad scientific community. Knowledge gaps specific to TB epitope data were also identified. In summary, few non-peptidic or post-translationally modified epitopes have been defined. Most importantly epitopes have apparently been defined from only 7% of all ORFs, and the top 30 most frequently studied protein antigens contain 65% of the epitopes, leaving the majority of M. tuberculosis genome unexplored. A lack of information related to the specific strains from which epitopes are derived is also evident. Finally, the generation of reference lists of mycobacterial epitopes should also facilitate future vaccine and diagnostic research.
Cost savings analysis of intrawound vancomycin powder in posterior spinal surgery

Abstract Background context Recent studies have shown that prophylactic use of intrawound vancomycin in posterior instrumented spine surgery substantially decreases the incidence of wound infections requiring repeat surgery. Significant cost savings are thought to be associated with the use of vancomycin in this setting. Purpose To elucidate cost savings associated with the use of intrawound vancomycin in posterior spinal surgeries using a budget-impact model. Study design Retrospective cohort study. Patient sample Data from a cohort of 303 patients who underwent spinal surgery (instrumented and noninstrumented) over 2 years were analyzed; 96 of these patients received prophylactic intrawound vancomycin powder in addition to normal intravenous (IV) antibiotic prophylaxis, and 207 received just routine IV antibiotic prophylaxis. Patients requiring repeat surgical procedures for infection were identified, and the costs of these additional procedures were elucidated. Outcome measure Cost associated with the additional procedure to remediate infection in the absence of vancomycin prophylaxis. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the cost of return procedures for treatment of surgical site infection (SSI). The total reimbursement received by the health care facility was used to model the costs associated with repeat surgery, and this cost was compared with the cost of a single local application of vancomycin costing about $12. Results Of the 96 patients in the treatment group, the return-to-surgery rate for SSI was 0. In the group without vancomycin, seven patients required a total of 14 procedures. The mean cost per episode of surgery, based on the reimbursement, the health care facility received was $40,992 (range, $14,459–$114,763). A total of $573,897 was spent on 3% of the 207-patient cohort that did not receive intrawound vancomycin, whereas a total of $1,152 ($12×96 patients) was spent on the cohort treated with vancomycin. Conclusions This study shows a reduction in SSIs requiring a return-to-surgery—with large cost savings—with use of intrawound vancomycin powder. In our study population, the cost savings totaled more than half a million dollars.
Capacitive fringing field sensors in printed circuit board technology

Capacitive fringing field sensors utilizing interdigitated electrode structures have been utilized in many applications. Printed circuit board technology is useful for realizing this type of sensor architecture by fabricating the interdigitated electrode structures in the patterned Cu foil. Furthermore, the solder mask coating is useful for insulating the electrodes to prevent shorting in the presence of water. Using this approach, prototype sensors were designed, simulated, fabricated and successfully evaluated. Applications include water detection and quantity measurement, and soil moisture content measurement.
Simulation of interferometric SAR response to deciduous and coniferous forest stands

A coherent scattering model for tree canopies is employed in order to characterize the sensitivity of an interferometric SAR (INSAR) response to the physical parameters of forest stands. Combining the recently developed coherent scattering model for tree canopies and the INSAR /spl Delta/k-radar equivalence algorithm, for the first time accurate statistics of the scattering phase center location of forest stands are obtained numerically. The scattering model is based on a Monte Carlo simulation of scattering from fractal generated tree structures, and therefore is capable of preserving the absolute phase of the backscatter. The model can also account for coherent effects and the inhomogeneous extinction. The location of the scattering phase center and the correlation coefficient are computed using the /spl Delta/k-radar equivalence, simply by simulating the backscatter response at two slightly different frequencies. The model is successfully validated using the measured data acquired by JPL TOPSAR over a selected pine stand in Raco, Michigan.
Searching a multicellular model to tame tumor-induced angiogenesis

Computational modeling has the potential to bridge the knowledge gap between the identification of cellular mechanisms altered in cancer and understanding development of the disease. A multicellular Glazier-Granier-Hogeweg (GGH)-based model that considers biologically realistic parameters of endothelial cells and the extracellular matrix was developed and used to explore how tumors induce angiogenesis. The effect on angiogenesis of modifying these parameters singly and in combination was examined in a massively parallel search to discover novel therapeutic approaches. A two phase search process was employed: First random restart hill climbing identified potentially valuable points within the search space, then multi-dimensional parameter sweeps were performed over the nearby region to further refine solution quality. Examples of combination therapies to block nutrient delivery to the tumor that were discovered in the search are presented. Multicellular modeling to identify potential cancer chemotherapies is a promising approach to reveal new targets for cancer drug development and testing.
Sarcospan-Deficient Mice Maintain Normal Muscle Function

Sarcospan is an integral membrane component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) found at the sarcolemma of striated and smooth muscle. The DGC plays important roles in muscle function and viability as evidenced by defects in components of the DGC, which cause muscular dystrophy. Sarcospan is unique among the components of the complex in that it contains four transmembrane domains with intracellular N- and C-terminal domains and is a member of the tetraspan superfamily of proteins. Sarcospan is tightly linked to the sarcoglycans, and together these proteins form a subcomplex within the DGC. Stable expression of sarcospan at the sarcolemma is dependent upon expression of the sarcoglycans. Here we describe the generation and analysis of mice carrying a null mutation in the Sspn gene. Surprisingly, the Sspn-deficient muscle maintains expression of other components of the DGC at the sarcolemma, and no gross histological abnormalities of muscle from the mice are observed. The Sspn-deficient muscle maintains sarcolemmal integrity as determined by serum creatine kinase and Evans blue uptake assays, and the Sspn-deficient muscle maintains normal force and power generation capabilities. These data suggest either that sarcospan is not required for normal DGC function or that the Sspn-deficient muscle is compensating for the absence of sarcospan, perhaps by utilizing another protein to carry out its function.
Storage Class Extensibility in the Brown Object Storage System

New applications such as CAD, hypermedia, and programming environments stress existing database technology to the limit. Object-oriented databases (OODBs) were developed to meet the demands of these new domains. All OODBs use some distinct service that provides stable storage for objects or pages, referred to as object servers and page servers respectively. OODBs support new application domains with extensible type systems that allow new abstractions to be added easily. This causes problems whenever an OODB attempts to model a domain for which specialized secondary storage structures exist. Incorporating a new storage structure into an existing database implementation is a formidable task. Concurrency control, recovery and other modules would need to be changed in order to accommodate the new storage structure. It would be desirable to have an extensible object store that could accommodate new interfaces without causing major disruption to the existing system. The Brown Object Storage System BOSS achieves extensibility by providing well defined interfaces to the designers of specialized storage structures. Through these interfaces the designer augments the structure with correct concurrent operation, fault tolerance and client-server distribution. BOSS aims to minimally constrain storage structure designers. To this end, BOSS is constructed from loosely coupled entities that cooperate asynchronously through well defined interfaces that communicate by message passing.
The Hundred Thousand Fools of God: Musical Travels in Central Asia (and Queens, New York)

The Hundred Thousand Fools of God: Musical Travels in Central Asia (and Queens, New York). Theodore Levin With. 74 minute music CD. 1996. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. $35.00 (cloth)
Exploring the Adult Life of Men and Women With Fragile X Syndrome: Results From a National Survey

Using data from a national family survey, the authors describe the adult lives (i.e., residence, employment, level of assistance needed with everyday life, friendships, and leisure activities) of 328 adults with the full mutation of the FMR1 gene and identify characteristics related to independence in these domains. Level of functional skills was the strongest predictor of independence in adult life for men, whereas ability to interact appropriately was the strongest predictor for women. Co-occurring mental health conditions influenced independence in adult life for men and women, in particular, autism spectrum disorders for men and affect problems for women. Services for adults with fragile X syndrome should not only target functional skills but interpersonal skills and co-occurring mental health conditions.