cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cambridge Introduction to George Orwell

Arguably the most influential political writer of the twentieth century, George Orwell remains a crucial voice for our times. Known world-wide for his two best-selling masterpieces Nineteen Eighty-Four, a gripping portrait of a dystopian future, and Animal Farm, a brilliant satire on the Russian Revolution, Orwell has been revered as an essayist, journalist and literary-political intellectual, and his works have exerted a powerful international impact on the post-World War Two era. This Introduction examines Orwell's life, work and legacy, addressing his towering achievement and his ongoing appeal. Combining important biographical detail with close analysis of his writings, the book considers the various genres in which Orwell wrote: the realistic novel, the essay, journalism and the anti-utopia. Ideally suited for readers approaching Orwell's work for the first time, the book concludes with an extended reflection on why George Orwell has enjoyed a literary afterlife unprecedented among modern authors in any language.
Characterizarion of the Regulation and Function of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae TonB-dependent Transporters: TdfG, TdfH and TdfJ

xvi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 I. Neisseria 1 II. Pathogenic Neisseria species 1 III. Meningococcal disease 2 A. Epidemiology 2 B. Infection 3 C. Treatment 4 IV. Gonococcal disease 6 A. Epidemiology 6 B. Infection 6 C. Treatment 7 V. N. gonorrhoeae virulence factors 8 A. Type IV pilus 9 B. Porin 10 C. Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) 11 D. Opacity (Opa) proteins 13 VI. Iron in the human host 14
Single-fiber EMG and clinical correlation in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome.

Objectives: We analyzed 82 single-fiber EMG (SFEMG) tests in the extensor digitorum communis muscle in 30 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) patients to study the relationship between electrodiagnostic findings and clinical severity. Methods: The repetitive nerve stimulation test was performed in the abductor digiti quinti and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles. SFEMG was performed in the extensor digitorum communis muscle using the conventional method. Results: Fiber density was normal in all patients. Jitter was abnormal in all patients at the first evaluation regardless of clinical severity. The jitter was increasingly abnormal with worsening disease severity. Mean MCD correlated well with clinical and electrophysiological severity. In 5 potential pairs in 3 patients, MCD analysis in relation to firing rate showed improvement with increasing firing rates, which is consistent with presynaptic neuromuscular transmission disorders. Conclusions: In all LEMS studies, SFEMG was abnormal on the first evaluation. The mean MCD correlated well with clinical and electrophysiological disease severity on the repetitive nerve stimulation test. Muscle Nerve 47: 664–667, 2013
Four-dimensional MRI of renal function in the developing mouse.

The major roles of filtration, metabolism, and high blood flow make the kidney highly vulnerable to drug-induced toxicity and other renal injuries. A method to follow kidney function is essential for early screening of toxicity and malformations. In this study, we acquired high spatiotemporal resolution (4D) datasets of normal mice to follow changes in kidney structure and function during development. The data were acquired with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (via keyhole imaging) and a cryogenic surface coil, allowing us to obtain a full 3D image (125-micron isotropic resolution) every 7.7 seconds over a 50-minute scan. This time course permitted demonstration of both contrast enhancement and clearance. Functional changes were measured over a 17-week course (at 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, and 17 weeks). The time dimension of the MRI dataset was processed to produce unique image contrasts for segmenting the 4 regions of the kidney: cortex (CO), outer stripe (OS) of the outer medulla (OM), inner stripe (IS) of the OM, and inner medulla (IM). Local volumes, time-to-peak (TTP) values, and decay constants (DC) were measured in each renal region. These metrics increased significantly with age, with the exception of DC values in the IS and OS. These data will serve as a foundation for studies of normal renal physiology and future studies of renal diseases that require early detection and intervention.
Echocardiography: Its Role in the Severely Ill Infant

Echocardiography is a noninvasive diagnostic tool which has the capacity to provide reliable information on cardiac anatomy and function without risk or discomfort to the patient. The quality and quantity of information obtained in any given study is highly dependent upon the skill of the examiner. The anatomic and physiologic data obtained through its use in the severely ill infant allows immediate separation of infants with serious anatomic cardiovascular defects from those with conditions simulating heart disease. In some cardiac defects the echographic findings are specific enough to allow an accurate diagnosis.
Age-related differences in the motor planning of a lower leg target matching task

While the development and execution of upper extremity motor plans have been well explored, little is known about how individuals plan and execute rapid, goal-directed motor tasks with the lower extremities. Furthermore, the amount of time needed to integrate the proper amount of visual and proprioceptive feedback before being able to accurately execute a goal-directed movement is not well understood; especially in children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to initially interrogate how the amount of motor planning time provided to a child before movement execution may influence the preparation and execution of a lower leg goal-directed movement. The results displayed that the amount of pre-movement motor planning time provided may influence the reaction time and accuracy of a goal directed leg movement. All subjects in the study had longer reaction times and less accurate movements when no pre-movement motor planning time was provided. In addition, the children had slower reaction times, slower movements, and less accurate movements than the adults for all the presented targets and motor planning times. These results highlight that children may require more time to successfully plan a goal directed movement with the lower extremity. This suggests that children may potentially have less robust internal models than adults for these types of motor skills.
Potential for high-latitude marine invasions along western North America

Aim High-latitude regions host many fewer non-native species than temperate ones. The low invasion loads of these colder regions may change with increases in human-mediated propagule supply. We test the hypothesis that colonization by non-native species that have already invaded temperate shorelines would be precluded by environmental conditions if they were introduced to Alaska and other high-latitude regions by shipping or other vectors. Location Pacific coast of North America as well as coastal oceans world-wide. Methods Using 16 habitat descriptors in ecological niche models, we characterized the conditions throughout the native and introduced distributions of four marine species (Amphibalanus improvisus, Carcinus maenas, Littorina saxatilis and Styela clava) that have invaded multiple global regions to test the extent to which suitable conditions for these species exist in Alaska and other high-latitude regions under current and predicted future climate scenarios. Results Models projected environmental match for all four species in many areas beyond their present range limits, suggesting that Alaska and other high-latitude shorelines are currently vulnerable to invasion by non-native species that occur in lower latitudes. Main conclusions Given current and possibly increasing human-mediated species transfers and suitable environmental conditions that exist now and with projected warming, policy and management efforts are urgently needed to minimize invasion opportunities at high latitudes.
The Sociometric Status of Students with Disabilities in a Full-Inclusion School

This study examined the sociometric status of children with disabilities in a full-inclusion school that did not use eligibility labels for special education services. The study used a positive and negative peer nomination technique to interview all students. The subject population included students with a range of disabilities; the majority were students with learning disabilities. Findings indicated significant differences between how students who were currently eligible for special education services and students who were likely eligible for services were perceived by their peers when compared to a control group. Full-inclusion strategies did not eliminate negative social perceptions of students with disabilities.
Cost-effectiveness of Extended Buprenorphine-Naloxone Treatment for Opioid-Dependent Youth: Data from a Randomized Trial

The standard of treatment for opioid dependent youth remains brief detoxification followed by counseling despite documented high relapse rates.1 While methadone maintenance is accepted as one of the most effective treatments for opioid dependence, the use of opioid agonists in adolescents is limited. Reasons include availability of agonists to only those over 18 years of age; daily visits to specialized treatment programs; concerns raised by both providers and the community about starting a youth on treatment that is often long-term and with unknown long-term consequences; and reluctance to bring young patients into daily contact with older persons having extensive histories of addiction and antisocial behavior. Sublingual buprenorphine, a schedule-III, mu-opioid receptor partial-agonist, may be an effective alternative for acute management and longer-term treatment of opioid-dependent youth.2,3 Buprenorphine may be particularly attractive to young adults because of the lower risk for death from overdose and the fact that it can be prescribed by licensed physicians including primary care providers in their medical offices. Yet buprenorphine-naloxone (sold as Suboxone® in the U.S.) is expensive, which can substantially limit access. Given the cost-constrained environment, gaps in private insurance coverage (generally and specifically for buprenorphine-naloxone), and the large role of public funding for this population, understanding the cost-effectiveness of buprenorphine for adolescents and young adults is critical for addressing treatment barriers. In what follows, we present data on the costs and effects that were observed in a trial that compared a more extended course of counseling and buprenorphine-naloxone treatment to counseling and short-term detoxification. We use a common clinical effectiveness measure, opioid-free urine, but also broaden the definition of effectiveness to include the patient’s quality of life and social consequences related to addiction and its treatment.4–6 We evaluated costs and effects from the perspective of the payer of health care services (i.e. the insurer), the substance abuse outpatient treatment program (i.e., the provider), and society. The multiple perspectives provide insight into not only the economic impact on different stakeholders resulting from more extended use of buprenorphine-naloxone, but also its social benefits.
Mobile genetic elements and sexual reproduction.

Transposable elements (TE) are prominent components of most eukaryotic genomes. In addition to their possible participation in the origin of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, they may be also involve
How do black holes spin in Chern-Simons modified gravity?

No Kerr-like exact solution has yet been found in Chern-Simons modified gravity. Intrigued by this absence, we study stationary and axisymmetric metrics that could represent the exterior field of spinning black holes. For the standard choice of the background scalar, the modified field equations decouple into the Einstein equations and additional constraints. These constraints eliminate essentially all solutions except for Schwarzschild. For noncanonical choices of the background scalar, we find several exact solutions of the modified field equations, including mathematical black holes and pp-waves. We show that the ultrarelativistically boosted Kerr metric can satisfy the modified field equations, and we argue that physical spinning black holes may exist in Chern-Simons modified gravity only if the metric breaks stationarity, axisymmetry, or energy-momentum conservation.
TH‐E‐ValA‐02: Simultaneous Multi‐Pencil Fan‐Beam‐Based Intensity‐Modulated Proton Therapy.

Purpose: Intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT) will improve the conformality of protonradiotherapy while preserving target homogeneity and low integral dose characteristics. IMPT is currently delivered using a single scanned pencil beam by placing Bragg peak spots at predetermined points in the patient. Very short pulse lengths and low repetition rates will characterize inexpensive compact proton beam systems of the future such as the dielectric wall accelerator. Their pulse structure is not amenable to scanning a single spot. The use of multiple intensity‐modulated pencil beams delivered in a fan beam is a simple approach to IMPT that can be used to upgrade current proton systems or with future accelerators. Methods and Materials: A fan beam is created with a pair of quadrupolemagnets aligned so that the second magnet amplifies beam divergence initiated by the first magnet. A set of multiple range‐shifters simultaneously adjusts penetration of multiple pencil beams. The actuation for the range‐shifters is done out of the plane of the fan beam. The intensity is modulated for any pencil beam by placing a thickness, greater than the range in the protons, in that portion of the fan beam. This achieves binary (on‐off) modulation as is used in x‐ray tomotherapy. Results: Calculations show that a spot delivery rate increase of 8 times can be achieved with this system which would allow larger target volumes to be practically delivered with IMPT or used with pulsed systems with low repetition rates. The system could be used to deliver spot scanning with multiple pencil beams simultaneously or used to deliverproton tomotherapy. Conclusions: An intensity‐modulated proton therapy system, based on multiple pencil beams issuing from a fan beam geometry, would decrease the delivery time for either continuous or low repetition pulse systems.
Diagnosing turbine engine bearing structures with the aid of FAM-C and FDM-A methods

The diagnostic method FDM-A [2], based on the measurement of the pulsation component frequency modulation, and the FAM-C method, making use of the alternating current frequency, were developed in the Air Force Institute of Technology. The essence of their accuracy consists in “natural” synchronisation of the sampling signal with the angular velocity of the observed kinematic links. These methods make it possible to determine the level of wear of a subsystem and its location during normal operation of the power unit. They provide opportunities for determining numerous parameters of bearings, bearing structures, and the rotor unit. Moreover, the FDM-A method makes it possible to detect resonances in particular elements and their parameters - among others, they provide opportunities for assessing the level of the mechanic quality factor of the examined structure, i.e. the time margin of structure operation until the structure reaches the state of resonance. On the other hand, the FAM-C method provides opportunities for defining numerous parameters of the phenomena connected with the rotor unit. The diagnostic system is connected to an arbitrary point of the electric network (electric junction, for instance) supplied with the direct voltage1 or the alternating voltage2 taken from the generators driven by the examined rotating system. The presented experimental material was recorded in operating investigations of the aircraft turbine engine unit, in which the role of “generators – observers” was played by: an aircraft DC generator and a threephase AC rate generator. Generators of this type are also used in rocket cutters with turbine engines, this way the conclusions presented in the article can be easily transferred to those objects. During the measurements, performed on the decks of the examined airplanes and on engine test beds, the ranges and locations of assembly and wear defects were determined. Successive stages of wear of the rolling bearings were also observed.
The Use of Diastolic Reactive Hyperemia to Evaluate the Coronary Vascular System

Abstract Instantaneous and mean coronary blood flow (MCBF) and the diastolic reactive hyperemia (DRH) response were measured at the conclusion of aorta-to-coronary vein bypass operations and in dogs under various experimental circumstances. Extended hyperemia following surgical occlusion can abolish the DRH response for several hours in the presence of a high MCBF. Critical stenosis can be overlooked by recording MCBF alone without evaluation of the DRH response. The presence of a DRH response indicates that the grafts can participate in increased myocardial oxygen supply. The wide range in clinical MCBF values found by us and other investigators can be explained by various degrees of vasodilatation or local variations, or both, in intramyocardial pressure.
A folic acid-based functionalized surface for biosensor systems.

The performance of a biosensor depends largely on its interface with the biological system. This interface imparts a biologically relevant function to the device and provides a measure of specificity towards the biological analyte of interest. This paper documents the choice of folic acid as the functional component of a cantilever sensor to recognize nasopharyngeal (KB) cancer cells. A conjugation chemistry protocol has been outlined to deploy folic acid onto a titanium-coated sensor surface using a silane linker. The presence and biological activity of the sensor was verified by means of an immmunospecific (ELISA) procedure. The overall performance of the folic acid-based cantilever sensor was measured using cancerous KB cell-binding experiments.
From consensus sequence to high-affinity ligands: acquisition of signaling protein modulators.

Abstract Protein kinases recognize and bind to specific amino acid sequences on their protein substrates. These sequences can be readily identified using combinatorial peptide libraries. Unfortunately, conventional peptide libraries are not designed to identify subtle structural factors that can dramatically enhance enzyme affinity since the “local” diversity associated with these libraries is limited to the 20 standard amino acids. A parallel synthesis strategy was developed that possesses 2 key attributes: moderate size (∼ 1000 members each), yet high structural diversity (50-fold greater than that of conventional peptide libraries). Due to their small size, these libraries can be synthesized in parallel, which allows each library member to be individually evaluated, and eliminates the requirement for subsequent structural deconvolution. Furthermore, since these libraries possess a high structural diversity focused within narrow spatial windows on the target protein, small regions of the protein can be challenged with a multitude of functionality containing structural differences that vary from subtle to gross.
User-adaptive computer graphics

Computer graphics presentations should be modified to the user's needs and on-the-spot applications. This adjustment is provided by computer graphics systems that use artificial intelligence methodogy for an automatic selection of the presenta-tion format for a data set, a format attuned to individual users. These systems can learn about general principles of graphic presentation, application constraints, users' preferences and knowledge and incorporate them into display algorithms. Adaptive Graphics Analyser, the system presented in this paper, uses machine learning techniques for discovering standards of effective visual representation of data and incorporates them into a user-adaptive graphics package. Utilizing these standards the system can generate, change and refine images interactively according to the user's requirements.
Pregnancy and birth history of newborns with trisomy 18 or 13: a pilot study.

The prognosis for infant survival in newborns diagnosed with the trisomy conditions Edward syndrome (trisomy 18) and Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) is poor [Goldstein and Nielsen, 1988; Root and Carey, 1994; Brewer et al., 2002]. Major contributing factors to early mortality include gestational age of less than 32 weeks, limited use of life support measures, apnea and other respiratory difficulties and presence of cardiac anomalies [Root and Carey, 1994; Rasmussen et al., 2003]. Other authors have [Van Dyke and Allen, 1989; Baty et al., 1994; Rasmussen et al., 2003; Carey, 2005] discussed the medical management and overall health needs of survivors. Newborns, surviving past 2 months of age, typically present ongoing medical needs in addition to day-to-day newborn caregiving requirements [Baty et al., 1994; Niedrist et al., 2006; Pont et al., 2006]. Studies published in the 1980s and early 1990s offer an examination of the strengths and needs of newborns with these trisomy syndromes [e.g., Goldstein and Nielsen, 1988; Van Dyke and Allen, 1989; Boss and Broers, 1992; Root and Carey, 1994; Nembhard et al., 2001]. Some recent researchers have reviewed birth registers from the 1980s to the mid 1990s and have found improved outcomes compared to the others [Canfield et al., 2001; Parker et al., 2003]. Further, cardiac surgery has assisted in extending the life expectancy for some infants with rare trisomy conditions [Graham et al., 2004]. Less invasive procedures and interventions are also providing avenues for improved daily management and long term care [Kosho et al., 2006; Lin et al., 2006; Niedrist et al., 2006]. It is imperative to examine the varied courses and outcomes for newborns with these conditions in more detail. Newborns with trisomy 18 (t18) or 13 face an uncertain course in the NICU and after discharge [Baty et al., 1994;Walters, 1998; Rasmussen et al., 2003; McIntosh et al., 2004; Tripp and McGregor, 2006]. In recent years, European investigators have collaborated with clinicians and cytogeneticists throughout the world in the development of international registries of individuals with rare chromosome syndrome [http://decipher.sanger.ac.uk/; www.ecaruca.net]. Additional collaborative endeavors are needed and could include parents and caregivers. The Tracking Rare Incidence Syndromes (TRIS) project can contribute to such efforts through collection of phenotypic data [Bruns, 2006]. The previously described issues highlight the need to investigate maternal pregnancy experiences, childbirth history and presenting needs. This information can also provide useful, parent-completed data for registries, open new avenues for parentprofessional advocacy and collaboration, and demonstrate the utility of such databases. This pilot study sought to examine:
Random transverse field Ising spin chains

A renormalization-group analysis of the spin-1/2 transverse field Ising model with quenched randomness is presented; it become exact asymptotically near the zero temperature ferromagnetic phase transition. The spontaneous magnetization is found to vanish with an exponent \ensuremath{\beta}=1/2(3- \ensuremath{\surd}5 ), while in the disordered phase the typical and average spin correlations are found to decay with different correlation lengths, which diverge with exponents \ensuremath{\nu}\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}=1 and \ensuremath{\nu}=2, respectively.
On coming the pub in the North West of England: accusative unaccusatives, dependent case, and preposition incorporation

Some English dialects in the North West of England allow the complements of certain motion verbs to surface with no visible preposition to, producing strings like John came the pub with me, which are ungrammatical in other dialects of English. This paper offers a detailed description of this understudied construction, showing that the Goal argument has a mixture of direct object properties and PP object properties. To explain this mixture of properties, it is proposed that the Goal argument in this construction is introduced in a PP headed by a silent preposition TO, but subsequently moves into spec-vP, the final position of direct objects, receiving accusative case there. Since some of the verbs that enter into this construction are unaccusative, this analysis reinforces a conclusion regarding accusative case already reached in the dependent case literature: assignment of accusative must be decoupled from the assignment of an external argument theta-role, contra classical formulations of Burzio’s Generalization.
Equal opportunity versus employment equity

This paper calls for the abolition of employment equity, which is Canada’s equivalent of affirmative action for females. It argues that equal opportunity and meritocrary are necessary and sufficient for social justice, and that preferential treatment only engenders and protracts injustice. To illustrate its claims, the paper presents a case study treating the Canadian Philosophical Association’s notorious 1991 Report by the Committee to Study Hiring Policies Affecting Women. Some debilitating effects of Canada’s radical politicization of sexuality on the general culture are also mentioned.
Immunohistologic findings and results of treatment with cyclosporine in ligneous conjunctivitis.

Using immunohistochemical techniques, we studied ligneous conjunctival lesions from two patients. A significant immune reaction was detected that was characterized by activated T lymphocytes and focal accumulation of plasma cells and B lymphocytes. Immunofluorescent studies demonstrated that IgG was a prominent component of the amorphous hyaline material seen in these lesions. After previous treatment methods had failed, both patients were treated with ex-cisional biopsy and topical cyclosporine. Patient 1 had a dramatic response, with complete resolution of the lesions. Patient 2 had a significant improvement resulting in small, slow-growing recurrences instead of the rapid and extensive recurrences that occurred before treatment with cyclosporine.
Commonsense computing (episode 6): logic is harder than pie

Since logical statements naturally occur in programming and other computing work, educators may hope that all beginning computing students can employ basic logical thinking even if they are not familiar with the formalized mathematical notation. However, Herman and others found that even after being taught logic, students can still fail to correctly apply the logic of NAND and if-and-only-if. This paper reports on an experiment based on Herman's study of IFF and NAND using their "Apple pie recipe." We asked introductory students (before formal logic training) to indicate which of a set of pre-defined pies are "valid" based on the rules of the recipe. We found through online surveys, and confirmed through revised in-class surveys and interviews, that beginning students struggle to correctly interpret if-and-only-if, as reported by Herman. Additionally we confirmed that students are most likely to interpret if-and-only-if as if-then and provide new evidence that students can correctly interpret an English rewording of the form "either use both or use neither". However, in contrast to Herman's findings, we find that 90% of introductory students have a correct understanding of NAND.
Biomass Collapse in Amazonian Forest Fragments

Rain forest fragments in central Amazonia were found to experience a dramatic loss of above-ground tree biomass that is not offset by recruitment of new trees. These losses were largest within 100 meters of fragment edges, where tree mortality is sharply increased by microclimatic changes and elevated wind turbulence. Permanent study plots within 100 meters of edges lost up to 36 percent of their biomass in the first 10 to 17 years after fragmentation. Lianas (climbing woody vines) increased near edges but usually compensated for only a small fraction of the biomass lost as a result of increased tree mortality.
EZH2 Protein Expression as a Prognostic Marker for Tumor Progression and Brain Metastasis in Patients With Lung Adenocarcinoma

Conclusions: In this retrospective study of patients with advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma treated with pemetrexed-based chemotherapy in an Irish Oncology Unit, tumor expression of TTF-1 was associated with improved survival. Further prospective study of TTF-1 expression as a predictive biomarker to individualize chemotherapy decisions is warranted. Author Disclosure: M. Doherty: A. Employee; Beaumont Hospital. I. Travel Expenses; Lilly, Roche. E. O’Connor: A. Employee; Beaumont Hospital. D. Hannon: A. Employee; Beaumont Hospital. A. O’Reilly: A. Employee; Beaumont Hospital. L. Grogan: A. Employee; Beaumont Hospital. B. Hennessy: A. Employee; Beaumont Hospital. O. Breathnach: A. Employee; Beaumont Hospital. P. Morris: A. Employee; Beaumont Hospital.
d-Transposition of the Great Arteries and Atresia of the Mitral and Pulmonary Valves: Association with a Normal Anatomic Left Ventricle

The clinical, angiographic, and pathologic features are presented for a case of d-transposition of the great arteries with atresia of the mitral and pulmonary valves and two well-developed ventricles. The morphologic left ventricle appeared to be functioning as a systemic ventricular aneurysm, and this may have led to the patient's death. A possible explanation for this anomaly is given.
Gels as size selective extraction solvents

We have successfully used cross-linked, partially-hydrolyzed, polyacrylamide gels to concentrate solutions of high molecular weight solutes. The gels are sizeselective, concentrating solutes whose diameter exceeds 3 nm. They can be easily regenerated by means of pH-induced changes in gel swelling; this regeneration is consistent with that inferred from existing theories of gel swelling. The resulting separation process is a good alternative to ultrafiltration.
A Distribution-Free Rank Test for Ordered Alternatives in Randomized Complete Block Designs

Abstract A distribution-free rank test for detecting ordered alternatives in randomized complete block designs and repeated measures designs is proposed for four or fewer treatments. The null hypothesis distribution of the statistic is well-known and readily available to the user. The article establishes the asymptotic normality of an appropriately standardized form of the statistic and the consistency of the test. Asymptotic relative efficiency comparisons are made with Jonckheere's test, Page's L, Hollander's test, and a normal theory competitor. The authors illustrate the good intermediate sample size characteristics of the test via a Monte Carlo study.
GLAST: GeV Astronomy in a Multiwavelength Context

The GLAST Large Area Telescope (LAT), successor to Energetic Gamma-ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Observatory, will play an important role in multiwavelength studies during the second half of this decade. Operating at energies between 20 MeV and greater than 300 GeV with sensitivity 30 or more times greater than that of EGRET, the Large Area Telescope (LAT) will offer good spatial and time resolution over a large (less than 2 sr) field of view. The LAT will bring insight to the whole range of high-energy gamma-ray phenomena, including bursts, active galactic nuclei, pulsars, supernova remnants, diffuse emission and unidentified sources. In essentially all cases, the maximum scientific return will come from coordinated (although not necessarily simultaneous) multiwavelength observations. Particularly with its planned scanning mode of operation, GLAST will have full sky coverage on relatively short time scales. The LAT team looks forward to cooperating with observers at other wavelengths.
Acoustic characteristics of alarm calls associated with predation risk in chickadees

Note sur les caracteristiques du cri d'alarme de la mesange a tete noire du Mexique Parus sclateri en presence d'un predateur. Analyse de la frequence et de la duree des cris enregistres lors du passage d'oiseaux presumes predateurs: autours (Accipiter spp.), buses (Buteo spp.) et meme un geai de Steller (Cyanocitta stelleri)
IDEOLOGICAL POSITION AS A VARIABLE IN THE AUTHORING OF DISSENTING OPINIONS ON THE WARREN AND BURGER COURTS

Investigation of dissenting opinions on the Warren and Burger courts in which all the justices in dissent joined the same dissenting opinion reveals that the justice in the extreme ideological position tends to write the dissenting opinion, but in the maximum losing coalitions the marginal justice (i.e., the justice ideologically closest to the majority) is equally likely to do so. These findings suggest that small group theory better explains dissenting opinion behavior than the theory of cognitive dissonance.
Pineal acetylserotonin methyltransferase activity in the teleost fishes, Hesperoleucus symmetricus and Salmo gairdneri, with evidence for lack of effect of constant light and darkness.

Abstract 1. 1. Evidence is presented for the presence of acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT) activity in pineal organs of western roach ( Hesperoleucus symmetricus ) and comparisons are made with the activity of this enzyme in pineals of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ). 2. 2. Although the enzyme activity in the trout pineal is 2–3 times greater than that in the pineal of the roach, ASMT levels in these species compare nearly with those known for some reptilian and avian pineals. 3. 3. In both species the enzyme activity was found to be independent of constant light and constant darkness. These observations are discussed in comparison with results from other vertebrates.
Homodyne phase-shift-keying systems: past challenges and future opportunities

Homodyne phase-shift-keying systems can achieve the best sensitivity and the longest transmission distance. This paper reviews past research efforts and examines future possibilities in this field.
Enhanced secretion of interferon-γ by bovine γδ T cells induced by coculture with Mycobacterium bovis-infected dendritic cells: evidence for reciprocal activating signals

Evidence suggests that gammadelta T cells form part of the innate immune response to Mycobacterium bovis infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) are capable of secreting high levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) following infection with mycobacteria and can induce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion by natural killer and gammadelta T cells We investigated the innate interactions occurring between WC1(+)gammadelta T cells and M. bovis-infected DCs. Following coculture with M. bovis-infected DCs, secretion of IFN-gamma and expression of CD25 and major histocompatibility complex class II on WC1(+)gammadelta T cells were significantly enhanced. Reciprocal enhancement of IL-12 secretion by the DCs was also observed and this interaction was found to be contact dependent. We hypothesize that there is an early, transient signal between the WC1(+)gammadelta T cells and the DCs, which promotes the synthesis of biologically active IL-12, and which is dependent upon cell-cell contact. Reciprocal signals including IL-12 are then delivered to WC1(+)gammadelta cells, which leads to the enhanced secretion of IFN-gamma, and the up-regulation of activation markers and antigen presentation molecules by the WC1(+)gammadelta T cells. These interactions are likely to form a critical part of the T helper type 1-conditioning response of DCs to M. bovis.
Immune responses in the bicolor damselfish, Pomacentrus partitus, and their potential role in the development of neurogenic tumours

Bicolor damselfish on southern Florida reefs are commonly affected by a disease consisting of Schwann cell tumours. Several features of this disease, termed damselfish neurofibromatosis (DNF), indicate that the immune system of these fish may play an important role in the expression and rate of progression of the tumours. The majority of fish in the advanced stages of DNF showed abnormal, presumably degenerative, histological changes in both the spleen and kidney, suggesting that a general, non-specific suppression of immune responses might be occurring. This hypothesis was supported by results of mitogen-induced proliferation and mixed leucocyte responses in fish with DNF which indicated a near total failure of several functions of the immune system involving the pronephros and the spleen. A sparse infiltrate of granulocytes and monocyte/macrophages was seen in these tumours.
Body-wave waveform constraints on the source parameters of the Yangjiang, China, earthquake of July 25, 1969: A devastating earthquake in a stable continental region

On July 25, 1969, anM s 5.9 earthquake shook the Kwangtung Province near Yangjiang, China. Casualties and extensive damage were reported in the epicentral area. The Yangjiang earthquake occurred within the passive margin located along China's southeast coast. This stable continental setting is seismically one of the most quiet regions of China; historic records indicate this earthquake to have been the first devastating one in the area. A remarkable feature of this earthquake sequence is that its foreshocks and aftershocks are relatively small in terms of number and magnitude despite the relatively large main shock. Waveforms of long-and short-period teleseismicP and long-period teleseismicSH waves have been modeled to estimate the source parameters for this earthquake. The focal mechanism determined is predominately strike-slip with a small normal component (strike=263°, dip=79°, rake=194°) and is in good agreement with observations in the epicentral area regarding dislocation direction of fissures, distribution of aftershocks, and isoseismals. The average seismic moment is 5.15×1024 dyne-cm and the focal depth is estimated to be 9 km. The earthquake is characterized by a rather short source-time function and a high stress drop of approximately 380 bars. The observed pattern of the foreshock-main shock-aftershock sequence is interpreted in terms of the large stress drop associated with the main shock and the material properties at and near the source. TheP-axis orientation lies roughly NW-SE and is consistent with the maximum compressive stress observed along the coast of southeast China. This stress orientation is consistent with the NW subducting Philippine Sea plate and the SE ward push from central China due to the convergence between Indian and Eurasian subcontinents.
Women's Employment Issues: Discussion

The results of the papers in this symposium have policy implications for the design of research and extension programs aimed at increasing agricultural productivity and incomes on farms which employ women, are comanaged by women, or are managed solely by women. Let us first examine the results of Jones' paper, which show that not all households in the third world can be treated as homogenous, unified decision-making units whose internal relationships can be taken as given either in research or extension projects. Indeed, the behavioral assumption that the household is a husband-wife team maximizing a jointly held utility function to attain shared goals obscures and ignores both the conflicts and the complex complementarities that occur within and divide the household, at least in the short run (Guyer, Haugerud). Instead, farming households in many societies of the third world (and certain subcultures of the U.S.) should be characterized as farm firms with overlapping but semiautonomous production and consumption units within the firm. The units are semiautonomous because they are managed by the several wives or married sons who are associated with the household via labor-, food-, and/or incomepooling arrangements. Each wife and married son is responsible for cultivation of a "private" field and has the right to what the field produces. The units are overlapping because the wives and married sons also provide labor to cooperatively worked fields managed by the household head (McMillan). The extent to which household labor is allocated to the collective fields instead of the private fields, and the choice of food versus cash crops grown on each type of field has usually been determined by traditional rules and rights, e.g., the Massa husband's right to any of his wives' cash income not needed for food. With the introduction of an exogenous change, however, in the form of a rural development project introducing a new or recently irrigated cash crop, or a new land resettlement scheme (McMillan), or he sedentarization of a previously nomadic population, these traditional rules or rights are suddenly questionl' 1 and subject to negotiation. Conflicts often develop between household members determined to take advantage of the ne w, enlarged set of economic resources, be they the expanded surplus value from a new cash crop, access to new lands of
Fast Path Planning In Unstructured, Dynamic, 3-D Worlds

Issues dealing with fast motion planning in unstructured, dynamic 3-D worlds are discussed, and a fast path planning system under development at NBS is described. It is argued that an octree representation of the obstacles in the world leads to fast path planning algorithms. The system we are developing performs the path search in an octree space, and uses a hybrid search technique that combines hypothesize and test, hill climbing, A*, and multiresolution grid search.
GaN Nanowire Arrays for High-Output Nanogenerators

Three-fold symmetrically distributed GaN nanowire (NW) arrays have been epitaxially grown on GaN/sapphire substrates. The GaN NW possesses a triangular cross section enclosed by (0001), (2112), and (2112) planes, and the angle between the GaN NW and the substrate surface is ∼62°. The GaN NW arrays produce negative output voltage pulses when scanned by a conductive atomic force microscope in contact mode. The average of piezoelectric output voltage was about −20 mV, while 5−10% of the NWs had piezoelectric output voltages exceeding −(0.15−0.35) V. The GaN NW arrays are highly stable and highly tolerate to moisture in the atmosphere. The GaN NW arrays demonstrate an outstanding potential to be utilized for piezoelectric energy generation with a performance probably better than that of ZnO NWs.
Printing Wide Spreadsheets

Squeezing many columns of data into the physical limitations of the normal 8½″ × 11″ or 8½″ × 14″ piece of paper has been a problem for as long as I have been dealing with numbers. My staff and I have spent countless hours trying to get just one more column of numbers into that limited space. The concept of rounding is probably as grounded in this problem as it is in the necessity for precision.
Building a robotic link between muscle dynamics and hydrodynamics

SUMMARY This study used a novel feedback approach to control a robotic foot using force and length signals transmitted from an isolated Xenopus laevis frog muscle. The foot9s environment (inertial versus hydrodynamic), gearing (outlever/inlever) and size were changed to alter the muscle9s load. Upon nerve stimulation (250 Hz, 80 ms train duration), variation in loading generated a range of muscle stress (19.8±5.3 to 66.0±22.5 kPa), work (1.89±0.67 to 6.87±2.96 J kg –1 muscle) and power (12.4±7.5 to 64.8±28.3 W kg –1 muscle; mean ± s.d., N =6 frogs). Inertial versus hydrodynamic loading dramatically shifted contractile dynamics. With the foot in water, the muscle generated ∼30% higher force, yet shortened slower, producing lower power than inertial loading. Power increased in air from 22.6±5.8 to 63.6±27.2 W kg –1 muscle in response to doubling the gear ratio, but did not increase in water. Surprisingly, altering foot size diminished muscle performance in water, causing power to drop significantly from 41.6±11.1 to 25.1±8.0 W kg –1 muscle as foot area was doubled. Thus, morphological modifications influenced muscle dynamics independently of neural control; however, changes in loading environment and gearing affected contractile output more strongly than changes in foot size. Confirming recent theory, these findings demonstrate how muscle contractile output can be modulated solely by altering the mechanical environment.
Catalytic supercritical water oxidation of pyridine : Kinetics and mass transfer

Catalytic supercritical water oxidation (CSCWO) is a technology that has been developed to treat aqueous waste streams. The addition of Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst increased the reaction rates and complete conversion of pyridine was obtained at temperatures as low as 370°C, The main products from this reaction were carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and nitrate ion. The presence of mass transfer limitations was investigated. Experimental results indicate the absence of external mass transfer limitations, whereas the reaction was limited by the diffusion of the reactants in the pores of the catalyst. The intrinsic rate of reaction, assuming power-law kinetics, was obtained. The diffusion coefficient of pyridine in a mixture of supercritical water and air was estimated, to allow the estimation of effectiveness factor and the Thiele modulus. The effectiveness factor decreased from 0.96 to 0.2 as the particle size was increased from 0.09 to 0.7 mm.
Authors’ reply to Gupta

In response to Gupta’s letter,1 as we note in the discussion section in our paper,2 information on postoperative delirium is unfortunately not well captured in our …
Using a decision model to optimize european corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) egg-mass sampling

Egg-mass dispersion patterns of second-generation European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), were determined for 60 cornfields sampled in Shawnee County, Kans., during 1982 and 1983. Among those fields, egg masses appeared to be randomly dispersed in 53 fields. Sample number curves were developed for five-plant samples of egg masses at four precision levels, and number of samples required to adequately sample a cornfield at 8 and 32% completion of oviposition was determined. Results indicated that sampling entire corn plants was logistically and economically unfeasible; use of partial plant samples was evaluated using economic analysis techniques. Using an ECB decision model, cost of increased predictive error was determined for corrected, reduced leaf counts. Total cost associated with egg-mass sampling was determined by summing predictive (decision) error cost and sampling cost. Optimal number of leaves to sample under three economic conditions was determined by locating the number of leaves that resulted in minimum total cost.
Effects of reservoir management on abundance, condition, parasitism and reproductive traits of downstream mussels

The large-scale impoundment of rivers has led to global declines in freshwater mussel populations. It is important to understand the mechanisms underlying these declines to initiate an effective recovery strategy. We examined population traits of three Quadrula species (Quadrula pustulosa, Q. cylindrica and Q. quadrula) at three locations that were exposed to two different reservoir management regimes: releases that mimicked natural flow patterns and releases that were higher and colder in summer months than the natural system. We found lower mussel density, higher hermaphroditism and parasitism rates, and reduced body condition downstream of the dam with unnatural flow regimes. Sex ratios varied on a species and site basis. We found more Quadrula cylindrica females than males averaged across all three sampling sites while Q. pustulosa was male biased across all sites and at site 1. We observed approximately equal sex ratios in Quadrula quadrula. Population disturbances downstream of the more naturally-regulated dam were not as severe. Our data indicate that dam operation can have effects on a variety of mussel life history characteristics that may ultimately reduce population viability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.