cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sleep Apnea in Female Patients in a Nursing Home: Increased Risk of Mortality

There has been much speculation on the risk of mortality associated with sleep apnea. We followed-up 233 elderly patients in nursing homes, 70 percent of whom had five or more respiratory disturbances per hour of sleep, to determine if sleep apnea is a predictor of mortality. Cox proportional hazards survival analyses indicated a gender effect, with women having a much better survival rate than men. In women, but not in men, there was a strong association between mortality and the RDI. In addition, patients with obstructive sleep apnea had a greater tendency to die in their sleep. These results show that respiratory disturbances in sleep are an extremely significant risk factor for mortality in elderly women who are in poor health.
Exploiting inter-gene information for microarray data integration

Microarray data integration is an important yet challenging problem. Usually, direct integration of microarrays after normalization is ineffective because of the diverse types of experiment specific variations. To address this issue, two novel integration approaches were proposed in recent microarray studies. The first study[16] presented a cancer classification technique which identifies gene pairs whose expression orders are consistent within class and different across classes. The other study[18] presented a promising gene expression analysis technique which utilizes pairwise correlations of gene expressions across different microarray datasets. Interestingly, we observe that both of the independently developed techniques rely on inter-gene information and noise filtering strategy to achieve satisfactory performance in microarray integration. Motivated by this observation, we propose in this paper a formal data model for microarray integration using inter-gene information and effective filtering, which generalizes the previous two frameworks. We also show how the proposed model can handle a broader range of problems than the previous frameworks.
Naloxone reduces fluid consumption in water-deprived and nondeprived rats

Naloxone hydrochloride, in doses of.5 to 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally, reduced water consumption by rats fluid deprived for 24 h. Administered intracerebroventricularly, 100 micrograms of naloxone produced similar effects while doses of 50 micrograms or less had no effect. Naloxone (10 mg/kg) also reduced consumption of a palatable solution (10% sucrose, weight/volume) by nondeprived rats. Morphine sulfate (.5 to 2 mg/kg) failed to increase consumption.
Studies of the formation and relase of glycerolipids by primary monolayer cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.

Abstract Primary monolayer culture of adult rat hepatocytes represents a relatively novel and potentially useful in vitro technique for studying various hepatic processes for extended periods of time. This study evaluates the potential of hepatocyte monolayers for studying hepatic glycerolipid biosynthesis. Hepatocyte monolayers synthesize glycerolipids from [1,3- 14 C]glycerol and fatty acids and release them into the culture medium. Glycerolipid synthesis and release by monolayers declines 40 to 50% during the first 24 h of culture and these lower rates are maintained for at least 72 h. Triacylglycerol formation and release is dependent upon fatty acid concentration in the incubation medium although phospholipid is not. The release of triacylglycerol is greater in the presence of unsaturated acids (16 : 1, 18 : 1 and 18 : 2) than saturated acids (16 : 0 and 18 : 0) although saturated acids produce equal or greater amounts of intracellular triacylglycerol. Phospholipid and triacylglycerol release is reduced in monolayers exposed to colchicine for 24 h but only triacylglycerol release is lowered by the presence of cycloheximide. These results suggest release of triacylglycerol-containing lipoprotein by hepatocyte monolayers. However, we were unable to detect known apolipoprotein in the culture medium by immunologie techniques. Exposure of hepatocyte monolayers to ethanol and estradiol causes alterations in glycerolipid production and release. These changes in glycerolipid formation correlate well with corresponding alterations in glycerol kinase activity measured in monolayer homogenates. These experiments demonstrate the potential usefulness of hepatocytes in monolayer to study various aspects of glycerolipid metabolism. Their longer viability, days rather than hours, is an advantage over other in vitro liver preparations (slices, homogenates, isolated hepatocytes and liver perfusion) for many types of experiments.
Nutrient limitation of hardstem bulrush (Scirpus acutus Muhl.) in a Manitoba Interlake region marsh

Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer were added to a hardstem bulrush (Scirpus acutus Muhl.) marsh in the Interlake region of south-central Manitoba to assess nutrient limitation. Neither N nor P increased biomass when applied alone, but N+P increased aboveground biomass to nearly double the control, indicating that both N and P were near limiting. Fertilization had no effect on belowground biomass. Nitrogen fertilization raised the N content of aboveground plant tissues from 0.8% to 1.3%, and P fertilization raised the P content from 0.07% to 0.23% and indicated that added fertilizer was taken up by the plants. Biomass in unfertilized control plots varied substantially between years from 690 g·m−2·y−1 in 1986 to 395 g·m−2·y−1 in 1987. A contrast between this Interlake marsh and the Delta Marsh in central Manitoba, in which emergent vegetation is N limited, provides a clear example that marshes within the same northern prairie region can differ in the limiting nutrient, and potentially in their response to anthropogenic nutrient enrichment.
A hypermatrix formulation for subspace iteration

The computational efficiency of subspace iteration is addressed relative to the data structures adopted for the very large and generally sparse coefficient matrices. The frequent triangulations and matrix multiplications demand that access to the terms in the coefficient matrices be unbiased. Reliance on virtual memory (paging) operating systems with no special considerations for localized data access is not adequate. Specific data structures must be designed that accommodate the needs of the numerical algorithm yet eliminate unnecessary paging. An implementation of the subspace iteration method using hypermatrix data structures is presented. Use of hypermatrices is shown to provide unbiased and localized data access. The various modifications to the conventional formulation are described and an example problem illustrates the potential benefits of the hypermatrix formulation. Possibilities for adapting hypermatrix data structures to new supercomputer architectures are discussed.
Relay strategies combined with axon regeneration: a promising approach to restore spinal cord injury

For decades, numerous investigations have only focused on axon regeneration to restore function after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), as interrupted neuronal pathways have to be reconnected for sensorimotor and autonomic recovery to occur. Experimental approaches have ranged from drug delivery and cell transplantation to genetic manipulations. Certainly, it would be an extraordinary achievement for injured axons to regenerate over long distances, to form synapses with target neurons, and to result in dramatic functional improvement. However, these efforts have been rewarded with limited success to date suggesting that axon regeneration alone may be insufficient to repair compromised functions. Upon exogenous stimulation, sensory afferent fibers and at least some brainstem-derived supraspinal axons are able to regrow across a lesion site, whereas corticospinal tract (CST) axons do not or are less responsive. Yet, even terminals of the longest regenerated sensory axons are usually far from the original target. To reestablish neuronal pathways, introduction of a new host or graft-derived neuron may therefore be necessary to relay supraspinal signal transmission to target neurons.
M1 RNA with large terminal deletions retains its catalytic activity.

Abstract Truncated transcripts of the rnpB gene from E. coli, coding for M1 RNA, the catalytic subunit of RNAase P, and fragments of M1 RNA generated by nuclease treatment have been prepared, and their ability to function catalytically in vitro has been determined. Molecules missing as many as 122 nucleotides at the 3′ terminus retain catalytic activity, although at a much lower level than M1 RNA itself, No activity is observed with an RNA that is missing 70 nucleotides at the 5′ terminus. The removal of even a small number of nucleotides from both termini eliminates all catalytic function. The preservation of one intact terminus may be essential for the tertiary and quaternary interactions required to generate the conformation of an active RNA species.
Outcomes of patients with AML and MDS who relapse or progress after reduced intensity allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation

We describe treatment, outcomes and prognostic factors for patients who relapse following transplantation with a reduced intensity conditioning regimen. Seventy consecutive patients with high-risk myeloid malignancies underwent transplant and 25 (36%) relapsed, a median of 120 days later. The median percentage of bone marrow blasts at relapse was 24, the median donor chimerism was 73% and new karyotypic abnormalities occurred in 8 out of 20 (40%) evaluable patients. Twenty-one patients (84%) received aggressive treatment for relapse, including chemotherapy (60%), second hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT; 52%) and/or donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI; 12%). Thirteen achieved a complete response (CR) and four remain in CR. Median overall survival (OS) after relapse was 6 months (95% confidence interval=2.7-9.9 months), and actuarial 1 year OS was 24%. Most deaths were due to disease progression (17/20, 85%). We did not observe an advantage for cellular therapy (DLI or second transplant) compared to chemotherapy. Salvage therapy for relapse after reduced intensity HCT is feasible, associated with low treatment-related mortality, and may result in prolonged survival in select patients. Studies exploring the optimal treatment for relapse following reduced intensity HCT are warranted.
A theory of field-induced birefringence applicable to systems of large molecules

Abstract We consider a molecule in an external constant field interacting with a linearly polarized photon. When the field is chosen to be magnetic and directed along the wave vector of the photon (longitudinal), we find that the time dependence of the state function implies a rotation of the plane of polarization of the photon characteristic of the Faraday effect. Similarly when the field is transverse, the time evolution of the state corresponds to the Kerr effect in the case of an electric, and the Cotton—Mouton effect in the case of a magnetic field. The theory is applicable to a dilute system of freely oriented molecules of any size: the long-wavelength approximation is not invoked. The general procedure for averaging over all molecular orientations is carried out explicitly in the case of the Faraday effect.
Small Class Size: A Panacea for Educational Ills?.

(1969). Small class size: A panacea for educational ills? Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 32-35.
Appraisal, coping, and emotional health of infertile couples undergoing donor artificial insemination.

Objectives To describe differences between wives and husbands undergoing donor artificial insemination (AID), in terms of stress level, factors contributing to the stress of AID, cognitive appraisal of AID, ways of coping, and emotional health. Design Descriptive correlational. Setting A gynecology–endocrinology clinic at a university hospital and a private infertility practice in the midwestern United States. Participants Forty wives and thirty-five husbands participating in AID. Main Outcome Measures Perceived level of stress, factors contributing to the stress of AID, appraisal of AID, revised ways of coping, and profile of mood states. Results Wives had greater stress levels, used more ways of coping, and more often appraised AID as a harm-loss, threat, or challenge. Husbands more often appraised AID as a beneficial experience. Individuals who appraised AID differently differed in emotional health and levels of stress. Conclusions Investigations into the relationships among stress levels, stressors, appraisal, coping, situational factors, and emotional health will help nurses understand how these factors affect the health of couples undergoing AID.
Numerical Analysis of Fastener Delamination/Disbond Arrest Mechanism in Aircraft Composite Structures

The effectiveness of using a fastener as a fail-safe delamination/disbond arrest mechanism in aircraft composite structures is investigated. This is accomplished by simulating the crack propagation behavior of a split-plate model with a fastener in the commercial finite element software Abaqus. In mode I, the fastener is capable of completely stopping the crack propagation; in mode II, the fastener provides resistance to propagation via three main mechanisms: 1) the fastener joint stiffness, 2) fracture mode transition, and 3) crack-face friction generated by fastener preload. The fastener hole clearance significantly reduces the effectiveness of the arrest mechanism by delaying the engagement of the fastener joint. Thisworkprovides the basis for the development of analyticalmethods for the design and optimization of crack-arrest features in composite aircraft.
Panlingual lexical translation via probabilistic inference

This paper introduces a novel approach to the task of lexical translation between languages for which no translation dictionaries are available. We build a massive translation graph, automatically constructed from over 630 machine-readable dictionaries and Wiktionaries. In this graph each node denotes a word in some language and each edge (v"i,v"j) denotes a word sense shared by v"i and v"j. Our current graph contains over 10,000,000 nodes and expresses more than 60,000,000 pairwise translations. The composition of multiple translation dictionaries leads to a transitive inference problem: if word A translates to word B which in turn translates to word C, what is the probability that C is a translation of A? The paper describes a series of probabilistic inference algorithms that solve this problem at varying precision and recall levels. All algorithms enable us to quantify our confidence in a translation derived from the graph, and thus trade precision for recall. We compile the results of our best inference algorithm to yield PanDictionary, a novel multilingual dictionary. PanDictionary contains more than four times as many translations as in the largest Wiktionary at precision 0.90 and over 200,000,000 pairwise translations in over 200,000 language pairs at precision 0.8.
On a generalized discrete self-trapping equation

Abstract A discrete self-trapping equation generalized to higher degrees of nonlinearity is analyzed. In two freedoms this system is closely related to the Feynman top. The Hamiltonian structure leads to a generalized pendulum equation for the conjugate momentum.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone analog injected into the raphe pallidus and obscurus increases gastric contractility in rats.

Abstract The present study was performed to investigate the influence of the chemical stimulation of medullary raphe nuclei by the stable TRH (thyrotropin-relsasing hormone) analog, RX 77368, on gastric contractility. Urethane-anesthetizcd rats were acutely implanted with miniature strain gauge force transducers on the corpus of the stomach for continuous recording of gastric contractility. Traces were analyzed by computer. Microinjections of vehicle or RX 77368 into the raphe pallidus or raphe obscurus were performed using pressure injection of 50 nl through glass micropipettes 30 min following basal recording of gastric contractility. RX 77368 (0.7–77 pmol) dose dependently stimulated gastric contractility when microinjected into the raphe pallidus and raphe obscurus. The stimulation of gastric contractions induced by microinjection of RX 77368 (77 pmol) into these raphc nuclei was completely blocked by vagotomy and prevented (raphe obscurus) or reduced (raphe pallidus) by atropine. RX 77368 (7.7–77 pmol) microinjected into the inferior olive, pyramidal tract, medial lemiscus was ineffective. These results demonstrate that chemical stimulation of the raphe pallidus and obscurus by RX 77368 stimulates gastric contractility through vagal and muscarinic pathways. These data suggest a role for medullary raphe nuclei in the central vagal regulation of gastric contractility.
Experimental-theoretical Landau energy level data and its use in making p-Ge laser transition assignments

Landau energy levels are determined from cyclotron resonance absorption data and compared to theoretical calculations. Energy level diagrams are presented to graphically display the nonequal energy level spacings and identify absorption transitions. This information is then used to make transition assignments responsible for the p-Ge laser signals seen by V. N. Shastin et al. and C. Kremser et al. This work suggests that the p-Ge laser yields signals via the following transitions: (a) the expected cyclotron transitions for Δn=1, (b) harmonic cyclotron transitions for Δn=2, 3, (c) light-to-heavy hole transitions and (d) light hole to acceptor level transitions. The material of this paper should be of aid in the study of the pumping-oscillation cycle of the p-Ge laser.
Copy testing methods and measures favored by top ad agency and advertising executives

Many changes in advertising copy testing methods have developed in the last decade. A survey of advertising agency and advertising executives was conducted to learn the relative popularity of these methods and to draw comparisons with an earlier survey done in the mid-1960's by the American Association of Advertising Agencies. The survey also inquired into the factors upon which these preferences have developed, as well as the relative influence of advertising agency personnel in the selection of testing methods, compared to their clients. Some evidence was found that preference for certain testing methods by advertising executives is a function of the product category in which they operate.
A computational basis for the presence of sub-cultures in cultural algoithms

Cultural Algorithms are computational models of social evolution based upon principle of Cultural Evolution. A Cultural Algorithm consists of a Belief Space consisting of a network of active and passive knowledge sources and a Population Space of agents. The agents are connected via a social fabric over which information used in agent problem solving as passed. The knowledge sources in the Belief Space compete with each other in order to influence the decision making of agents in the Population Space. Likewise, the problem solving experiences of agents in the Population Space are sent back to the Belief Space and used to update the knowledge sources there. It is a dual inheritance system in which both the Population and Belief spaces evolve in parallel. In this paper we investigate why sub-cultures can emerge in the Population Space in response to the complexity of the problems presented to a Cultural System. This system is compared with other evolutionary approaches relative to a variety of benchmark problem of varying complexity. We show that the presence of sub-cultures can provide computational advantages in problem landscape that are generated by multiple independent processes. These advantages can increase problem solving efficiency along with the ability to dampen the impact of increase in problem complexity.
Random linear packet coding for high speed acoustic communication: An experimental analysis

This work focuses on random linear packet coding as an efficient method for reliable high-speed underwater communications over acoustic links with long delay. The transmitter sends coded packets with a pre-determined redundancy over a simplex link with no feedback. The receiver checks each received packet, discarding packets with errors, until the necessary degrees of freedom for successful decoding have been achieved. Each coded packet is modulated using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) for transmission over an acoustic channel. Differentially coherent detection is employed at the receiver for symbol detection. We focus on an experimental analysis using an in-air testbed and verifying the results with signals transmitted during an experiment conducted off the coast of Kauai, HI, in July 2011.
Limitations of attentional orienting. Effects of abrupt visual onsets and offsets on naming two objects in a patient with simultanagnosia.

It has been proposed that the underlying deficit for some simultanagnosics is the inability to bilaterally orient attention in space due to parietal damage. In five experiments, we examine the performance of a patient with simultanagnosia secondary to bilateral occipito-parietal lesions, IC, in naming pairs of line-drawings. With simultaneous presentation and disappearance of objects (Experiment 1), IC typically named a single object. IC’s performance dramatically improved when the two drawings alternated every 500 ms (Experiment 2). This improvement was not due to the abrupt onset of the second drawing “capturing attention”, as indicated by the results of Experiment 3. Experiments 4 and 5 demonstrated that the crucial factor in improving IC’s performance with simultaneous presentation of visual objects was the offset of one of the two stimuli. We propose that IC’s impairment in naming two objects is attributable to the inability to “unlock” attention from the first object detected to other objects in the array. Visual offset of the first object disengages attention from the first object, allowing it to be allocated to the second object. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PENTAMETHYLDISILANE AND 1,1,2,2-TETRAMETHYLDISILANE, AND THEIR ADDITION TO OLEFINS

Abstract The compounds pentamethyldisilane and 1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane have been prepared and characterized. Pentamethyldisilane adds to 1-octene and methylcylohexene in the presence of peroxides or ultraviolet light in the normal way to give high yields of alkylpentamethyldisilanes. 1,1,2,2-Tetramethyldisilane also adds to 1-octene in the presence of peroxides to give the normal 1:1 addition product and a mixture of telomers. Chloroplatinic acid-catalyzed reaction of pentamethyldisilane with olefins resulted in much cleavage of the SiSi bond and yielded only traces of the expected addition product.
Are You Cold Yet? Have the Hot Family Value Wars Ended in Colder Families?

has some but not all of a claim on their partner's earning power, or obviously part of the management that made the high earner free to create an empire. Finally, the book looks at interracial dating as one glimpse into the future: What will the American family eventually look like? The provocative and implied answer is very different, obviating old expectations, traditional racial categories, and reconfiguring love across historic and cultural boundaries. Like this topic, the book as a whole serves up interesting topics to discuss in class, and keeps students mindful of both history and gender as they reflect on the organic, changing nature of families and family systems. The authors remind me again, that even though we are sociologists, we do a disservice to our students if we do not include psychological, historical, and cultural materials in our analysis of major institutions. Yalom and Carstensen have done a very nice job of pulling together a diverse and intriguing set of readings that prick the sociological imagination and create an intellectual climate that will keep both professor and student interested in the complexities of family life then, now, and in the near and distant future.
Professionalization of School Superintendents: A Sociocultural Study of an Elite Program.

Professionalization is discussed as resocialization, an acquisition of a new identity. This means not only discontinuity with the past but an unlearning of its cherished sentiments: the trainee must first realize the moral irrelevance—nay, absurdity—of his old occupational self as a precondition for identification with his new occupation. Status reduction leading to status enhancement, development of a somber uniform for the group, redefinition and relabelling of oneself in relation to others, adoption of a new ideology, and contact situations that serve as rites of passage to build up the trainee's confidence and competence are examined as components of this resocialization process.
Measuring Duopoly Power in the British Electricity Spot Market

This article presents an empirical study of market power in the British electricity industry. Estimates of price-cost markups are derived using direct measures of marginal cost and several approaches that do not rely on cost data. Since two suppliers facing inelastic demand dominate the industry, most oligopoly models predict prices substantially above marginal costs. All estimates indicate that prices, while higher than marginal costs, are not nearly as high as most theoretical models predict. Regulatory constraints, the threat of entry, and financial contracts between the suppliers and their customers are considered as possible explanations for the observed price levels.
Multiple somatosensory areas in the anterior parietal cortex of the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyii).

Multiunit electrophysiological recording techniques were used to explore the somatosensory cortex of the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyii). Cortex rostral and caudal to the primary somatosensory area (SI) contained neurons that responded to stimulation of deep receptors and to muscle and joint manipulation. The region of cortex rostral to SI was termed the rostral field (R) because of possible homologies with a similar field described in other mammals. Cortex caudal to SI had neurons that responded to stimulation of deep receptors and has been termed the parietal medial area (PM), as in previous investigations in squirrels. Like SI, both R and PM contained a complete or almost complete representation of the body surface, although the receptive field size for clusters of neurons in these regions was somewhat larger than those for clusters of neurons in SI. Electrophysiological recording results were correlated with histologically processed tissue that had been sectioned tangentially. Although SI was clearly identified as a myelin-dense region, both R and PM stained much less densely for myelin. Our results indicate that as in a number of other mammals including monotremes, marsupials, carnivores, and primates, the anterior parietal cortex of the California ground squirrel contains multiple representations of the sensory epithelium. This work, as well as a growing body of studies of somatosensory cortex organization in a variety of mammals, indicates that anterior parietal fields other than SI existed early in mammalian evolution, and were present in the common ancestor of all
An objective fingerprint quality-grading system

The grading of fingerprint quality by fingerprint examiners as currently practised is a subjective process. Therefore, an objective system was devised to remove the subjectivity. The devised grading system is quantitative and uses three separate, easily available, software packages to ultimately identify the portions of a fingerprint that correspond to low-, medium-, and high-quality definitive minutiae as defined on the Universal Latent Workstation of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation.
CONSOLIDATION AND RECONSOLIDATION OF CONTEXTUAL FEAR MEMORY REQUIRES MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN-DEPENDENT TRANSLATION IN THE DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is important for regulating protein translation. The present study characterized the role of mTOR-dependent translation in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) during the consolidation and reconsolidation of contextual fear memory. We first showed that fear conditioning resulted in increased phosphorylation of p70s6 kinase (p70s6K) in the DH and that infusion of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (RAP) into the DH immediately after training disrupted formation of long-term contextual fear memory. Additionally we showed that p70s6K was activated after retrieval of a previously stored fear memory, and inhibition of mTOR by DH infusion of RAP blocked the reconsolidation of contextual fear memory. Together these results demonstrate that within the DH translational control through the mTOR pathway is important for consolidation as well as the stability of fear memory after retrieval.
A system for safe flash-heat pasteurization of human breast milk

We present ongoing development of a low-cost system to improve the flash-heat pasteurization process for human breast milk currently utilized in resource-constrained developing regions. Flash-heat was designed for low-resource environments, is simple to use and requires minimal infrastructure. It is currently used at a small-scale to provide safe breast milk to vulnerable infants with special needs. Safety concerns have limited the adoption of this method for use in human milk banks. The system presented in this paper improves the safety and procedural compliance of the flash-heat process by continuously monitoring the temperature of milk as it is being pasteurized, providing feedback to the user performing the procedure and bringing-in remotely-located quality assurance personnel into the process-approval loop. In partnership with PATH, a Seattle-based NGO, the system will be piloted at a human milk bank in South Africa later this year. The longer-term vision of the project is that the improved monitoring, feedback and reporting capabilities will help scale-up the adoption of cost-effective flash-heat pasteurization for establishing human milk banks in developing countries.We present results from in-lab experiments that have helped us assess the feedback capabilities of our system and have validated the need for having a temperature monitoring and feedback system to enhance the safety of the flash-heat process.
A crossed parabigemino-lateral geniculate projection in rats blinded at birth

Anatomical techniques are used to demonstrate a projection from the parabigeminal nucleus (PBG) to the contralateral dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in adult pigmented rats which had been bilaterally enucleated at birth. No similar pathway is detected in normal animals. Ultrastructural examination of degeneration in dLGN of blinded rats after contralateral PBG lesion reveals a similarity of the PBG terminals to “replacement terminals” seen in dLGN of anophthalmic or neonatally enucleated mice (Cullen and Kaiserman-Abramof 1976)
Costs to host defence and the persistence of parasitic cuckoos.

Raising genetically unrelated young is maladaptive, yet brood parasitism is widespread in birds. In several systems, hosts can evolve near-perfect defences against the parasite (discrimination and rejection of unlike eggs), making it difficult to understand how the parasite continues to exist. This study demonstrates costs to host defences (e.g. rejection of one's own eggs) such that once the parasite goes extinct on a particular host species, defence mechanisms are selectively disadvantageous. The consequent loss of host defences, and potential for re-exploitation of the host by the parasite, can explain the continued persistence of avian brood parasites. The results provide one general explanation for coexistence of parasites and their hosts.
Identification and regulation of novel PPAR-γ splice variants in human THP-1 macrophages

We have previously identified four novel isoforms of PPAR-gamma transcripts in monkey macrophages (J. Zhou, K.M. Wilson, J.D. Medh, Genetic analysis of four novel peroxisome proliferator receptor-gamma splice variants in monkey macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 293 (2002) 274-283). The purpose of this study was to ascertain that these isoforms are also present in humans. Specific primers were designed to amplify individual isoform transcripts. The presence of PPAR-gamma4, PPAR-gamma5, and PPAR-gamma7 transcripts in human THP-1 macrophages was confirmed by RT-PCR and sequencing. A transcript corresponding to PPAR-gamma6 was not detected. The presence of novel full-length transcripts and protein was also ascertained by Northern and Western blot analysis. Treatment of THP-1 cells with 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) resulted in more than 20% induction in the expression of PPAR-gamma5 and PPAR-gamma7 transcripts by both Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR. Another PPAR-gamma ligand, troglitazone, induced expression of only PPAR-gamma5. Both ligands inhibited the expression of PPAR-gamma1 and PPAR-gamma2. Additionally, 15d-PGJ2 and troglitazone increased the level of apolipoprotein E transcript by 60% but decreased lipoprotein lipase expression by 15% in THP-1 cells. The differential regulation of PPAR-gamma transcripts suggests that each transcript isoform may contribute to macrophage function.
A thermal-tectonic model for high-pressure rocks in the Basal Gneiss Complex of western Norway

Abstract The Basal Gneiss Complex (BGC) of western Norway is a segment of continental crust that was subjected to eclogite facies metamorphism during the Caledonian Orogeny and then was overprinted by amphibolite facies conditions. Numerical methods have been used to construct a model for thermal evolution of the BGC. The calculated temperature-depth-time ( Tzt ) paths for the BGC are in good agreement with the sequence of mineral assemblages that occur in metamorphosed mafic and ultramafic rocks. However, the thermal model indicates that retrograde zoning of minerals in the garnet-bearing assemblages of eclogite and ultramafite may have developed metastably at pressures below 10 kbar. Numerical modeling of iron diffusion in garnet grains adjacent to olivine inclusions was used to calculate zoning profiles based upon the thermal model. The calculated zoning profiles have shorter decay distances than the observed zoning profiles, which may be due to uncertainties in the diffusion coefficients. Also, discrepancies occur between the Tzt paths and specific PT values calculated for eclogite and garnet ultramafite due either to the preservation of pre-Caledonian mineral assemblages or to utilization of geobarometers and thermometers which are based on different elements in different phases (such as A1 in orthopyroxene and FeMg in olivine and garnet).
Exploring the Social Impact of Being a Typical Peer Model for Included Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

This study examined the social impact of being a typical peer model as part of a social skills intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Participants were drawn from a randomized-controlled-treatment trial that examined the effects of targeted interventions on the social networks of 60 elementary-aged children with ASD. Results demonstrated that typical peer models had higher social network centrality, received friendships, friendship quality, and less loneliness than non-peer models. Peer models were also more likely to be connected with children with ASD than non-peer models at baseline and exit. These results suggest that typical peers can be socially connected to children with ASD, as well as other classmates, and maintain a strong and positive role within the classroom.
Dynamic behavior of chemical reactivity indices in density functional theory: A Bohn-Oppenheimer quantum molecular dynamics study

Dynamic behaviors of chemical concepts in density functional theory such as frontier orbitals (HOMO/LUMO), chemical potential, hardness, and electrophilicity index have been investigated in this work in the context of Bohn-Oppenheimer quantum molecular dynamics in association with molecular conformation changes. Exemplary molecular systems like CH 5 + , Cl− (H2O)30 and Ca2+ (H2O)15 are studied at 300 K in the gas phase, demonstrating that HOMO is more dynamic than LUMO, chemical potential and hardness often fluctuate concurrently. It is argued that DFT concepts and indices may serve as a good framework to understand molecular conformation changes as well as other dynamic phenomena.
Book Reviewer Introduction: Gracemary Smulewitz

Gracemary Smulewitz is the Head of Distributed Technical Services at Rutgers University Libraries. She earned a bachelor of arts in romance languages from the University of Tennessee and a master o...
Obsessional beliefs and the implicit and explicit morality of intrusive thoughts

Cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggest that misinterpreting intrusive thoughts exacerbates obsessional thinking. To evaluate this hypothesis, healthy participants (N=91) were prompted to recollect their unwanted thoughts, and then beliefs about the immorality of these thoughts were manipulated. Next, participants completed implicit and explicit measures of self-evaluation and appraisals of unwanted thoughts. Results from structural regression analyses indicated that explicit responses to unwanted thoughts, such as evaluations of the significance of intrusive thoughts and state self-esteem, were predicted by pre-existing obsessional beliefs, but not by the morality instruction manipulation. In contrast, implicit responses, such as appraisals of unwanted thoughts as relatively important and evaluations of the self as relatively immoral and dangerous, were predicted by the interaction between specific obsessional beliefs (e.g., intolerance of uncertainty) and the morality instruction...
Studies on Papua New Guinea Chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) V. A New Species of Trombigastia from New Britain Bats

The chigger Trombigastia novabritainia is described as new from specimens taken from an unidentified bat collected in New Britain.
Simulation of a cellulose fiber in ionic liquid suggests a synergistic approach to dissolution

Ionic liquids dissolve cellulose in a more efficient and environmentally acceptable way than conventional methods in aqueous solution. An understanding of how ionic liquids act on cellulose is essential for improving pretreatment conditions and thus detailed knowledge of the interactions between the cations, anions and cellulose is necessary. Here, to explore ionic liquid effects, we perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of a cellulose microfibril in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and analyze site–site interactions and cation orientations at the solute–solvent interface. The results indicate that Cl− anions predominantly interact with cellulose surface hydroxyl groups but with differences between chains of neighboring cellulose layers, referred to as center and origin chains; Cl− binds to C3-hydroxyls on the origin chains but to C2- and C6-hydroxyls on the center chains, thus resulting in a distinct pattern along glucan chains of the hydrophilic fiber surfaces. In particular, Cl− binding disrupts intrachain O3H–O5 hydrogen bonds on the origin chains but not those on the center chains. In contrast, Bmim+ cations stack preferentially on the hydrophobic cellulose surface, governed by non-polar interactions with cellulose. Complementary to the polar interactions between Cl− and cellulose, the stacking interaction between solvent cation rings and cellulose pyranose rings can compensate the interaction between stacked cellulose layers, thus stabilizing detached cellulose chains. Moreover, a frequently occurring intercalation of Bmim+ on the hydrophilic surface is observed, which by separating cellulose layers can also potentially facilitate the initiation of fiber disintegration. The results provide a molecular description why ionic liquids are ideal cellulose solvents, the concerted action of anions and cations on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces being key to the efficient dissolution of the amphiphilic carbohydrate.
The generation and regeneration of single hairpin vortices

The generation and growth of single hairpin vortices created by controlled surface fluid injection were examined experimentally within a laminar boundary layer over a range of Reynolds numbers. Flow visualization, using both dye and hydrogen bubbles, was employed in conjunction with hot-film anemometry to investigate the growth characteristics and evolution of these single hairpin vortices. Hydrogen-bubble visualization results reveal that the passage of a hairpin vortex can give rise to a low-speed streak pattern adjacent to the surface, and a turbulent pocket-like pattern farther removed from the surface. When the displacement and injection Reynolds numbers exceed critical levels, regeneration processes occur, which result in the development of new hairpin-like vortices by both (i) lateral deformation of the vortex lines comprising the initial hairpin vortex and (ii) a process of vortex-surface interaction, which causes the ejection of surface fluid and subsequent hairpin formation by viscous-inviscid interactions. The combination of these processes results in both lateral and streamwise growth of the initial hairpin-vortex structure, yielding a symmetric turbulent-spot type of behaviour.
A Feminist Approach to Family Therapy

One might well ask what family therapy has to do with feminist therapy. Have not the family and the institutions that support it been the primary cause of maintaining women in their stereotyped sex roles? As feminists can readily point out, “The family has been the principal arena for the exploitation of women, and however deeply rooted in social structure that exploitation may be, it is through family structure that it makes its daily presence felt.”10 Chase’s question, “What does feminism demand of therapy?”10 is the question I would like to examine in the form, “What does feminism demand of family therapy?”
A critical review of assessment strategies to measure the behavioral activation model of depression

Behavioral activation (BA) treatments for depression are based on a model of psychopathology indicating that losses of, reductions in, or chronically low levels of positive reinforcement produce behavioral and emotional changes in depression. The corresponding mechanism theory is that using BA techniques to increase activation will lead to a subsequent increase in positive reinforcement, which will decrease depressive symptoms. We attempt to review BA literature relevant to its psychopathology and mechanism models, paying particular attention to attempts to measure activation as conceptualized within BA treatments and attempts to measure reinforcement. Suggestions on ways in which to improve these measurements in order to better evaluate the psychopathology and mechanism models are provided.
Treatment of a patient with watermelon stomach using transendoscopic laser photocoagulation

The most recently described primary gastric vascular lesion is the so-called watermelon stomach, a distinctly uncommon lesion. This term was used by Jabbari et aU to characterize the appearance of a particular array of gastric vessels that may be the cause of recurrent gastric hemorrhage requiring antrectomy. We present the first instance in which bleeding was arrested and the condition successfully managed solely by transendoscopic Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation.
A clustering approach for identification of enriched domains from histone modification ChIP-Seq data

Motivation: Chromatin states are the key to gene regulation and cell identity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is increasingly being used to map epigenetic states across genomes of diverse species. Chromatin modification profiles are frequently noisy and diffuse, spanning regions ranging from several nucleosomes to large domains of multiple genes. Much of the early work on the identification of ChIP-enriched regions for ChIP-Seq data has focused on identifying localized regions, such as transcription factor binding sites. Bioinformatic tools to identify diffuse domains of ChIP-enriched regions have been lacking. Results: Based on the biological observation that histone modifications tend to cluster to form domains, we present a method that identifies spatial clusters of signals unlikely to appear by chance. This method pools together enrichment information from neighboring nucleosomes to increase sensitivity and specificity. By using genomic-scale analysis, as well as the examination of loci with validated epigenetic states, we demonstrate that this method outperforms existing methods in the identification of ChIP-enriched signals for histone modification profiles. We demonstrate the application of this unbiased method in important issues in ChIP-Seq data analysis, such as data normalization for quantitative comparison of levels of epigenetic modifications across cell types and growth conditions. Availability: http://home.gwu.edu/~wpeng/Software.htm Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
How Does “Culture” Become “Capital”? Cultural and Institutional Struggles over “Character and Personality” at Harvard

Although the concept of cultural capital has been widely adopted in sociological studies of culture, education, and stratification, few studies have addressed the processes through which specific instantiations of cultural capital become important in particular institutional locations. This article, based on an analysis of primary documents relating to changes in admissions policies at Harvard College between 1945 and 1965, addresses the question of how nonacademic factors came to have such a significant role in undergraduate admissions at elite American universities. It argues that in relatively autonomous fields such as higher education in the mid–twentieth century United States, cultural capital is shaped not only by the relations of cultural qualities and economic classes but also through specific intra- and extra-institutional struggles within the field in question.
Intervention Planning using Adaptive Behavior Instruments

Adaptive behavior is defined as those interactions of an individual with the environment that are functionally effective in that environment. Using this definition it is shown that adaptive behavior instruments that are environmentally relevant can be used effectively in intervention planning. Five characteristics desirable in such instruments are listed. Selected instruments are reviewed, including the Adaptive Behavior Scale, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Scales of Independent Behavior, and The Pyramid Scales. A systems approach to assessing adaptive behavior is described, and it is argued that the multiple functions of adaptive behavior assessment require a set of carefully interrelated assessment procedures. No single instrument is sufficient. An example of such a system is presented and it is shown how using it can lead to the production of long-range, annual, monthly, and short-term goals, as well as to the identification of immediate instructional objectives.