cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical modulation and selective recovery of Cy5 fluorescence.

Fluorescence modulation offers the opportunity to detect low concentration fluorophore signals within high background. Applicable from the single molecule to bulk levels, we demonstrate long-wavelength optical depopulation of dark states that otherwise limit Cy5 fluorescence intensity. By modulated excitation of a long wavelength Cy5 transient absorption, we dynamically modulate Cy5 emission. The frequency dependence enables specificaton of the dark state timescales enabling optical demodulation-based signal recovery from high background. These dual laser illumination schemes for high sensitivity fluorescence signal recovery easily improve signal to noise ratios by well over an order of magnitude, largely by discrimination against background. Previously limited to very specialized dyes, our utilization of long-lived dark states in Cy5 enables selective detection of this very common single molecule and bulk fluorophore. Although, in principle, the “dark state” can arise from any photoinduced process, we demonstrate that cis-trans photoisomerization, with its unique transient absorption and lifetime enables this sensitivity boosting, long-wavelength modulation to occur in Cy5. Such studies underscore the need for transient absorption studies on common fluorophores to extend the impact of fluorescence modulation for high sensitivity fluorescence imaging in a much wider array of applications.
Atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation with ligamentous disruption: a biomechanical comparison of current fusion methods.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the biomechanical effects of 4 instrumented configurations after induced atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation: transarticular screw fixation (T/A) and polyaxial C1 lateral mass and C2 pedicle screw and rod fixation (LC1 -PC2) for atlantoaxial arthrodesis with unilateral and bilateral instrumentation. METHODS: Three-dimensional intervertebral motion was tracked stereophotogrammetrically while 14 human cadaveric spine specimens underwent nonconstraining pure moment loading. Nondestructive loads were applied quasi-statistically in 0.25-Nm increments to a maximum load of 1.5 Nm during flexion-extension, right and left axial rotation, and right and left lateral bending. Hyperrotation injuries were created using torsional loads applied during left axial rotation until visible failure occurred. RESULTS: In the normal condition, the values for angular range of motion, lax zone (zone of ligamentous laxity), and stiff zone (zone of ligamentous stretching) were similar in both groups in all directions of loading, with no significant differences (P > 0.05) between groups at C0-C1 or C1-C2. Both instrumentation systems (bilateral configurations) substantially stabilized angular motion at C1-C2 (P 0.14). CONCLUSION: Both methods fixated atlantoaxial subluxation equally well. Compared with unilateral instrumentation, a bilateral configuration with the LC1-PC2 technique significantly increased stability during extension (P< 0.05). During axial rotation, bilateral T/A screws significantly increased stability compared with unilateral fixation (P< 0.02).
Library Retrieval of Infrared Spectra Based on Detailed Intensity Information

Infrared spectral searches which rely on detailed intensity information and those based on peak position information are compared using a library of 500 reference spectra. Spectra with detailed intensity information are encoded with absorbance values for 200 resolution increments spanning the range from 4000 to 200 cm−1. Three different distance metrics are evaluated for searches using intensity information, and the effects of selecting data from limited regions of the infrared spectrum are examined.
The asymptotic distribution of lattice points in hyperbolic space

Suppose x and y are two points in the upper half-plane H+, and suppose Γ is a discontinuous group of conformal automorphisms of H+ having compact fundamental domain S. Denote by NT(x, y) the number of points of the form γy (γ ϵ Γ) in the closed disc of hyperbolic radius T centered about x, and set QT(x, y) = NT(x, y) − V(T)A, where V(T) is the hyperbolic area of the disc, and A is the hyperbolic area of S. The asymptotic behavior of the quantity ⊢LxL(QT(x,y))2 is estimated in terms of small eigenvalues of the Laplacian on functions automorphic under Γ.
Time Domain Method for Parameter System Identification

In this paper a method of parameter identification for a multi-degree-of-freedom structural system in a noisy environment is presented. The method involves an iterative procedure in which initial parameter estimates are obtained by relying on a least squares kind of approximation. This estimate is used in an adaptive Kalman filter to obtain an improved estimate of the system state. The improved estimate is then utilized in the least squares approximation to produce refined estimates of the system parameters. The iteration is repeated until it converges within an acceptable margin. The parameter errors are compensated during filtering by adding pseudonoise to the system equation; the noise itensity is updated in each iteration. Results of a simulation study conducted for a two-degree-of-freedom system indicate that the method can yield, for a relatively low computational cost, reliable estimates of system parameters, even when the data record is short.
Operating characteristics of the National Cash Register company's decimal computer, the CRC 102-D

The 102-D is a general-purpose computer using a magnetic drum for its internal memory. This drum has a storage capacity of 1,024 words of nonvolatile, permanent storage, each word containing the equivalent of ten decimal digits. Any word of the internal memory can be used for storage of either instructions or data. When used for an instruction, a word is treated as 14 octal digits; when used for data in the arithmetical operations, a word is nine binary-coded decimal digits plus a 6-bit section containing a sign bit and an overflow bit.
Further measurements and reassessment of the magnetic-monopole candidate

The data on the 1975 Lexan event are reexamined in a framework that does not depend on the details of a particular track model. Instead, visual measurements of two quantities, photographic evidence, and silver-grain densities measured with an automated microscopic-image dissector are cited. It is shown that throughout the detector stack the particle had a roughly constant value of absolute Z/beta of about 109-114 based on energy deposition at radial distance less than about 0.01 micron. Its energy deposition at radial distance greater than about 20 microns was incompatible with that expected from any known cosmic ray nucleus with Z/beta in this range. A monopole is ruled out, and the three candidates compatible with the data are: (1) a slow, supermassive particle with beta about 0.4, charge about 45e, and mass above 1000-10,000 amu; (2) a fast antinucleus with Z/beta about -109 to -114 and absolute Z between 76 and 96; and (3) a very fast nucleus with Z about 110-114 and beta above about 0.99.
SWALLOWING FUNCTION FOLLOWING MULTISPECIALTY ORGAN PRESERVATION TREATMENT OF ADVANCED HEAD AND NECK-CANCER

Swallowing function was studied in twenty-two patients before, during and after multispecialty (surgical, medical, radiation oncology) organ preservation treatment of advanced pharyngeal and laryngeal carcinoma. Video-fluorographic oropharyngeal motility (OPM) studies were performed at three stages during treatment. Swallowing function was rated according to the Swallowing Performance Status Scale (SPSS). Swallowing function significantly declined after surgery compared to presurgical status but improved significantly after post-surgical concomitant chemoradiotherapy. Swallowing function without need for enteral feeding support was maintained after completion of treatment in 18 of 22 patients (82%). The findings support the need for systematic evaluation of swallowing function throughout the treatment process for patients at risk for pharyngeal dysphagia.
Reservoirs on a Great Plains Stream Affect Downstream Habitat and Fish Assemblages

ABSTRACT Reservoirs can markedly alter downstream reaches of streams and often reduce multiple, braided channels to a single channel in the Great Plains. The Laramie River downstream from Grayrocks Reservoir in southeastern Wyoming is undergoing such morphological changes. Along 10 transects measured in 1991, we saw 3–9 abandoned channels and a single channel with water. The mean incision among remaining channels with water was 1.7 m. We sampled fish assemblages from the main channel, remnant side channels, and backwaters. Species richness and diversity were greatest in backwaters and greater in the main channel than in side channels. Side-channel and main-channel fish assemblages differed substantially. Side channels contained fishes common in small streams, whereas the main channel contained fishes usually associated with larger streams.
Mapping a Brine Plume Using Surface Geophysical Methods in Conjunction with Ground Water Quality Data

Oil field brine was applied to a gravel roadbed at an instrumented study site in Newark, Ohio, to simulate the use of brine as a deicer on roads in certain areas of Ohio. Brine was applied on a weekly basis eight times during the winter of 1988 as part of the deicing simulation. Eleven wells were installed at the site prior to brine application to permit collection of ground water quality samples. Surface geophysical methods — electrical resistivity and electromagnetic conductivity — were used to map the resulting brine plume. The accuracy of the methods was evaluated by comparing geophysical and ground water quality data. The presence of brine in ground water resulted in a decrease in resistivity and an increase in conductivity. Specific conductance measured in the field was used as a general indicator of the presence of the brine plume in ground water. Chloride concentration was an indicator of brine in the ground water. Results of the surface geophysical surveys correlated best with chloride and dissolved solids concentrations, and with specific conductance in ground water. The surface geophysical methods were found to be useful for qualitative interpretations of ground water quality changes resulting from the application of brine on roads.
Quadratic functions with exponential number of local maxima

We construct a quadratic function x, with n x k variables, k >= 2, and exhibit 2^n vertices of the unit hypercube over which f takes distinct values and where each vertex is a strong local maximum of f in the continuous sense as well as in a discrete sense.
Transcriptional rates of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-3, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor genes in activated cord versus adult mononuclear cells: alteration in cytokine expression may be secondary to posttranscriptional instability.

ABSTRACT: We have previously demonstrated that protein production and mRNA expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and IL-3 are decreased in activated mononuclear cells (MNC) from human umbilical cord compared with adult peripheral blood. Reduced production of these colony-stimulating factors (CSF) during states of increased demand, as occurs during overwhelming bacterial infection, may play a role in the pathogenesis of ncutropenia and thrombocytopenia in the newborn. To determine whether the reduced mRNA expression and CSF production from activated cord MNC is secondary to the decreased transcriptional activity of the corresponding genes, we determined the transcriptional rate of GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-3, and M-CSF by nuclear run-on assays. Cord and adult MNC were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation. A total of 108 MNC from cord and adult blood were stimulated as follows: GM-CSF and G-CSF [32 nmol/L phorbol-12-myristate-6-acetate (20 μg/L) + 2 mg/L phytohemagglutinin for 6 h]; IL-3 [32 nmol/L phorbol-12-myristate-6-acctate (20 μg/L) + 0.5 μmol/L A 23187 for 6 h]; and macrophage CSF (2 μg/ L recombinant human GM-CSF for 24 h). The nuclei from unstimulated and stimulated cells were isolated and labeled with 32P-uridine triphosphate. Newly elongated 32P-labeled RNA transcripts were hybridized to slot blots of CSF DNA. To minimize cross hybridization artifacts, short fragments (0.5–1.0 kb) of cDNA were used. The transcriptional rate increase of GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-3, and macrophage CSF upon stimulation appears to be similar in both cord and adult MNC [GM-CSF: 260 ± 62% (cord) versus 270 ± 33% (adult); G-CSF: 220 ± 71 % (cord) versus 220 ± 44% (adult); IL-3: 150 ± 25% (cord) versus 160 ± 38% (adult); macrophage CSF: 130 ± 10% (cord) versus 150 ± 15% (adult), mean ± SD]. These findings indicate that cord MNC transcribe these CSF genes at the same level as adult MNC during states of increased demand (stimulation). Therefore, the decrease in CSF“ mRNA expression in activated cord versus adult MNC is probably not secondary to defects in transcriptional regulation. Alteration in posttranscriptional events, such as dysregulation of mRNA stability, could account for the difference between newborn and adult CSF expression.
The structure of an RNA dodecamer shows how tandem U–U base pairs increase the range of stable RNA structures and the diversity of recognition sites

Abstract Background Non-canonical base pairs are fundamental building blocks of RNA structures. They can adopt geometries quite different from those of canonical base pairs and are common in RNA molecules that do not transfer sequence information. Tandem U–U base pairs occur frequently, and can stabilize duplex formation despite the fact that a single U–U base pair is destabilizing. Results We determined the crystal structure of the RNA dodecamer GGCGCUUGCGUC at 2.4 a resolution. The molecule forms a duplex containing tandem U–U base pairs, which introduce an overall bend of 11–12° in the duplex resulting from conformational changes at each interface between the tandem U–U base pairs and a flanking duplex sequence. The formation of the U–U base pairs cause small changes in several backbone torsion angles; base stacking is preserved and two hydrogen bonds are formed per base pair, explaining the stability of the structure. Conclusions Tandem U–U base pairs can produce stable structures not accessible to normal A-form RNA, which may allow the formation of specific interfaces for RNA–RNA or RNA–protein recognition. These base-pairs show an unusual pattern of hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors in the major and minor grooves, which could also act as a recognition site.
A collection device for small electronically sorted samples from flow cytometers

Abstract A device (Hunziker chamber) has been fabricated which facilitates the collection and biochemical analysis of electrostatically sorted nuclei. The G 0 + G 1 and G 2 + M populations and the 2N and 4N populations of rat liver nuclei were sorted on the basis of light scatter or fluorescence by the fluorescent activated cell sorter (Becton-Dickinson). Sufficient amounts of nuclear samples were sorted and collected in the Hunziker chamber for the analysis of nuclear proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An example of the electrophoretic banding patterns of nuclear proteins from these populations is given.
Sentinel pathophysiologic conditions: An adjunct to teaching occupational and environmental disease recogniton and history taking

Primary care physicians have an increasingly important role in identifying occupational and environmental (O/E) disease. However, the basic skills in O/E history taking, diagnosis, and management have not been adequately incorporated into traditional American medical education or practice. Reasons for these educational barriers are discussed. A new approach to O/E history taking, based on a modified list of occupational sentinel health events, is described. This list will give medical students and residents a practical, directed approach to recognizing O/E conditions and evaluating exposures in formulating a differential diagnosis. Through improved detection and assessment on the part of primary care physicians, appropriate referrals to occupational health specialists can be made for further investigation and public health surveillance.
Affinity purification of phospholipase A2 on immobilized artificial membranes containing and lacking the glycerol backbone.

Abstract Immobilized artificial membranes (IAMs) are chromatography surfaces containing monolayers of phospholipid ligands. ether IAM.PC C10/C3 contains the glycerol backbone whereas δG IAM.PC C10/C3 lacks the glycerol backbone. Affinity purification of PLA 2 on these IAM surfaces demonstrated that the surface structural differences were not important for phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) binding. This suggests that the chromatographically important binding event involves the PLA 2 surface and the monolayer of polar choline headgroups on the IAM surface. After sample loading, short-chain alkylsulfonates were used as low eluotropic strength detergents to remove contaminating proteins, and PLA 2 were eluted with CH 3 CN (30%). Octyllysophosphatidylcholine (0.5%) can replace CH 3 CN to elute PLA 2 from IAM surfaces. The PLA 2 purity after IAM chromatography depends on the protein loading; analytical-scale loadings (0.8 mg protein/g IAM) resulted in a PLA 2 purity of ca. 70% based on densitometric scans of proteins in polyacrylamide gels after electrophoresis. Preparative loadings of 3.21 mg protein/g IAM resulted in 48% PLA 2 purity. Purification of PLA 2 to electrophoretic homogeneity was achieved using an IAM column followed by a strong anion-exchange column. These results suggests that IAMs may be used to develop purification methods for PLA 2 enzymes obtained from diverse biological specimens.
4-D segmentation and normalization of 3He MR images for intrasubject assessment of ventilated lung volumes

Although 3He MRI permits compelling visualization of the pulmonary air spaces, quantitation of absolute ventilation is difficult due to confounds such as field inhomogeneity and relative intensity differences between image acquisition; the latter complicating longitudinal investigations of ventilation variation with respiratory alterations. To address these potential difficulties, we present a 4-D segmentation and normalization approach for intra-subject quantitative analysis of lung hyperpolarized 3He MRI. After normalization, which combines bias correction and relative intensity scaling between longitudinal data, partitioning of the lung volume time series is performed by iterating between modeling of the combined intensity histogram as a Gaussian mixture model and modulating the spatial heterogeneity tissue class assignments through Markov random field modeling. Evaluation of the algorithm was retrospectively applied to a cohort of 10 asthmatics between 19-25 years old in which spirometry and 3He MR ventilation images were acquired both before and after respiratory exacerbation by a bronchoconstricting agent (methacholine). Acquisition was repeated under the same conditions from 7 to 467 days (mean ± standard deviation: 185 ± 37.2) later. Several techniques were evaluated for matching intensities between the pre and post-methacholine images with the 95th percentile value histogram matching demonstrating superior correlations with spirometry measures. Subsequent analysis evaluated segmentation parameters for assessing ventilation change in this cohort. Current findings also support previous research that areas of poor ventilation in response to bronchoconstriction are relatively consistent over time.
Role of the yeast Gin4p protein kinase in septin assembly and the relationship between septin assembly and septin function.

To identify septin-interacting proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we screened for mutations that are synthetically lethal with a cdc12 septin mutation. One of the genes identified was GIN4, which encodes a protein kinase related to Hsl1p/Nik1p and Ycl024Wp in S. cerevisiae and to Nim1p/Cdr1p and Cdr2p in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The Gin4p kinase domain displayed a two-hybrid interaction with the COOH-terminal portion of the Cdc3p septin, and Gin4p colocalized with the septins at the mother–bud neck. This localization depended on the septins and on the COOH-terminal (nonkinase) region of Gin4p, and overproduction of this COOH-terminal region led to a loss of septin organization and associated morphogenetic defects. We detected no effect of deleting YCL024W, either alone or in combination with deletion of GIN4. Deletion of GIN4 was not lethal but led to a striking reorganization of the septins accompanied by morphogenetic abnormalities and a defect in cell separation; however, remarkably, cytokinesis appeared to occur efficiently. Two other proteins that localize to the neck in a septin-dependent manner showed similar reorganizations and also appeared to remain largely functional. The septin organization observed in gin4Δ vegetative cells resembles that seen normally in cells responding to mating pheromone, and no Gin4p was detected in association with the septins in such cells. The organization of the septins observed in gin4Δ cells and in cells responding to pheromone appears to support some aspects of the model for septin organization suggested previously by Field et al. (Field, C.M., O. Al-Awar, J. Rosenblatt, M.L. Wong, B. Alberts, and T.J. Mitchison. 1996. J. Cell Biol. 133:605–616).
Experimental Approach for Assessing the Outcome Accuracy of Antibody Microarray Experiments

An experimental strategy for quality control of antibody microarray analyses is proposed. The method utilizes proteins that are prepared for regular antibody microarray experiments. There is no need to use exogenous positive or negative reference markers and no need to determine the absolute concentration of each individual protein in the sample. Validation experiments support the basic principle of the proposed approach. This method can be a useful tool for assessing the outcome accuracy of microarray experiments.
THERMODYNAMIC CONSTRAINTS IN REACTOR DESIGN

The main emphasis of physicochemical hydrodynamics has been the study of the interaction between transfer processes and chemical kinetics. This interaction is also the main concern of chemical reaction engineering. Another area is described that is very useful in reaction engineering and the development of catalysts; namely, the way in which thermodynamic constraints direct the development of catalysts and the design of chemical reactors. This is especially important today, since thermal efficiency has become much more important in the process industries, due to the recent changes in the cost of natural gas and oil. The constraints that determine thermal efficiency in a chemical process are examined. It will be shown that the constraints that limit efficiency are not inherent thermodynamic constraints but are, rather, the results of the limitations of available catalysts and available technology. A framework in which to evaluate these limitations and the chances of improving them will be presented.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression in pediatric bipolar disorder: effects of treatment and clinical response.

Abstract Objective Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is a major public health concern; however, little is known about the cellular and genetic factors that are involved in the pathophysiology of this illness. The observed structural abnormality in the brains of patients with mood disorders has been related to abnormal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) function, suggesting an important role for BDNF in these disorders. Method We determined the gene expression of BDNF in lymphocytes obtained from 26 PBD subjects during a drug-free baseline period and during the eighth week of treatment ( n = 19) and from 21 medication-free normal control subjects. We also determined the protein levels of BDNF in platelets of patients with PBD and normal control subjects. Subjects were diagnosed according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria using the Washington University at St. Louis Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Results The mRNA levels of BDNF in lymphocytes of PBD subjects were significantly decreased compared with those of normal control subjects and were significantly higher in 19 subjects after 8 weeks of treatment than the pretreatment drug-free baseline levels and similar to those of normal controls. Similarly, protein levels of BDNF were decreased in platelets of patients with PBD. Conclusions These studies suggest that BDNF levels may be a potential biomarker for PBD. BDNF levels may also serve as a potential treatment predictor and prognostic indicator in PBD. J. Am. Acad Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 2008; 47(9): 1077–1085.
Police Roles, Discretion and Danger

Police discretion is one of the most pivotal areas in law enforcement. Corrigan (1977) found that the danger perceived by a police officer was related to his use of his authority. In order to explore this further, 192 male state police recruits in training (M,,, = 24.2 yr., SD = 3.3) were asked to respond in a Likerr-type format to two items: (i) I see my job as a police officer as primarily to enforce the laws that the community passes, and (ii) I see my job as a police officer as primarily to provide help for citizens in my community who need help. The recruits agreed more strongly with the second item (for example, only 16% agreed strongly with the enforcement item as compared to 47% agreeing strongly with the helping item). Of the recruits 92% agreed (to some degree) with both items. Scores on the two role items were slightly correlated (r = 0.24, df = 190, one-tailed $ = 0.001). Age was not significantly correlated with either score (r = -0.02 for enforcement and r = -0.01 for helping citizens). Subjects were also asked a number of questions on the role of discretion, expectations of danger and their perception of the police officers' power. The four questions on expectation of danger were combined to form a simple summative scale. Similarly, five of the items on discretion were chosen as indicating attitudes in favor of the use of the discretion by policemen, and these were combined to form a simple summative scale. Scores on these two scales were correlated with responses to the cwo role items. The strength of agreement with the item concerned with enforcing the laws was not correlated either with expectation of danger (r = -0.05) or attitudes toward discretion (r = 0.03). Strength of agreement with the item concerned with helping citizens was cotrelated with expectations of danger (r = - 0.21, $ = 0.002) but not with attitudes toward discretion (r = 0.05). The more strongly a recruit felt that his primary role was helping citizens the more he expected his job to be dangerous.
Lactation rounds: a system to improve hospital productivity.

Currently, there are no national guidelines on appropriate staffing for hospital lactation, and a central goal in today’s health care climate is to provide optimal patient care while making the best use of available resources. This article describes a successful effort to improve patient care, lactation productivity, and employee satisfaction through a system of lactation rounds at Oklahoma University Medical Center (OUMC). Outcomes included more accurate data collection and distribution of resources for patient care, increased lactation service productivity, and increased employee satisfaction.
Voices and instruments: soloists and ensembles in the 15th century

Doubt still clouds the understanding of some important aspects of 15th-century performance practice. A great deal of information about ensemble practices of that time has been established through the work of scholars in various fields, with most of the more recent research being based on iconographical and literary sources, and on the very few musical ones that specifically refer to performance. But there is one body of archival documents containing a large quantity of untapped information that can be brought to bear on the subject: financial records from German cities, especially those that detail payments to 'visiting' players. From a pragmatic point of view the voice may be considered a bas instrument, to be combined freely with lute, viol or organ. The cities and courts of Germany proved lavish patrons. The music they supported was of astonishing quantity as well as quality, and their patronage was a significant element in stimulating change in instrumental practices.
Heat Treating of a Lamellar Eutectic Alloy (γ / γ′ + δ)

Eutectic superalloys are being developed at several laboratories for application as aircraft gas turbine airfoils. One such alloy γ / γ′ + δ was subjected to several heat treatments to determine if its mechanical properties could be improved. It was found that by partially dissolving the γ′ at 1210 C and then aging at 900 C, the tensile strength can be increased about 12 percent at temperatures up to 900 C. At 1040 C, no change in tensile strength was observed. Times to rupture were measured between 760 and 1040 C and were essentially the same or greater than for as-grown material. Tensile and rupture ductility of the alloy were reduced by heat treatment.Copyright © 1976 by ASME
Changes in inhibition during differential eyeblink conditioning with increased training

Three experiments examined inhibitory learning in rats, using Pavlovian and differential inhibitory eyeblink conditioning procedures. Experiment 1 was designed to compare summation and retardation effects following Pavlovian conditioned inhibition (A+/XA-) or differential inhibition (A+/X-) training using auditory and visual conditioned stimuli (CSs). After ten 100-trial sessions of training, both Pavlovian conditioned inhibition and differential inhibition produced a retardation effect. However, a summation effect was obtained only for rats given Pavlovian conditioned inhibition training. Experiment 2 showed that increasing differential inhibition training to twenty 100-trial sessions produced summation and retardation effects. In Experiment 3, rats were trained with either ten or twenty 100-trial sessions of intramodal inhibitory training with two tone CSs (2 kHz vs. 8 kHz). Summation and retardation effects were obtained after only 20 sessions of differential conditioning. The findings indicate that extensive training is needed to establish conditioned inhibition with intermodal or intramodal differential conditioning.
Optimal distribution-inventory planning of industrial gases : II. MINLP models and algorithms for stochastic cases

In this article, we consider inventory-distribution planning under uncertainty for industrial gas supply chains by extending the continuous approximation solution strategy proposed in part I of this work. A stochastic inventory approach is proposed and incorporated into a multiperiod two-stage stochastic mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model to handle uncertainty in demand and loss or addition of customers. This nonconvex MINLP formulation takes into account customer synergies and simultaneously predicts the optimal sizes of customers’ storage tanks, the safety stock levels, and the estimated delivery cost for replenishments. To globally optimize this stochastic MINLP problem with modest computational time, we develop a tailored branch-and-refine algorithm based on successive piecewise-linear approximation. The solution from the stochastic MINLP is fed into a detailed routing model with a shorter planning horizon to determine the optimal deliveries, replenishments, and inventories. A clusterin...
Cretaceous, marine inundations of the San Marcos Platform, Texas

Abstract During most of the Cretaceous the San Marcos Platform, central Texas, was a low-lying, subaerial terrain. After the Middle Albian it was a low-lying, carbonate terrain, similar to modern Florida, receiving little sediment and yielding little sediment. The Platform was inundated eight times (late early Aptian into middle Aptian, late late Aptian to middle late Albian, earliest Cenomanian, late early Cenomanian, late Cenomanian, earliest Campanian, early middle Campanian, middle(?) Maastrichtian) during the Cretaceous, the last of which is based only on indirect evidence. There are some anomalies. During the latter part of the long normal, magnetostratigraphic interval (34) of the Cretaceous, the San Marco Platform was almost entirely subaerial. Many of the inundations agree neither with the Vail cycles nor with the Kauffman cycles. The conclusion is that transgressions onto the San Marcos Platform are probably associated with sediment-loading of the Gulf Coast Basin.
A cross layer protocol with hybrid multi channel MC-CDMA/OFDMA

Existing Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) networks solutions based on IEEE 802.11 have be known to perform badly in the presence of noise and interference. These networks therefore have problems with the scalability of crowded networks, with the result being highly variable delays rendering them unsuitable to delay sensitive applications such as voice and video. Here, interference causes significant unfairness and loss of throughput. This paper presents a novel protocol that solves many of the problemes of 802.11 by using a combined OFDMA and MC-CDMA PHY layer to create a highly robust and 802.11 type system. We describe how the MAC protocol should interact in a novel way with this PHY for maximized channel utilization, how code should be assigned without a centralized entity and how code collisions should be avoided. Extensive simulations is performed that show that our protocol outperforms 802.11, and achieves improved throughput, lowered delay with significant fairness improvement.
Is an out‐of‐role act credible to biased observers and does it affect the credibility of neutral acts? 1

As a rule, out-of-role behavior is thought to have greater credibility than ln-roIe behavior in the sense that the former IS more informative about real behefs than the latter Thus even the simple-heart, seeking a reliable gmde to another's true feehngs and being aware of the social obligations under which this person labors, will discount behavior consistent with these obhgations and pay special attention to behavior inconsistent with the same The theoretical explanation is straightforward (Heider, 1958, Jones & Davis, 1965, Kelley, 1967) In order to evaluate the credibihty of an action the observer first must decide whether the action is internally determined ("he said X because he beheves X is true") or extemally determined ("he said X IS true because his position obhges him to say X is true") When both classes of determinants provide a reasonable explanation for the action (in-role behavior) each is given less weight than when only one offers a reasonable accountmg (out-of-role behavior) Thus, if the act is m hne with one's role obligations then both extemal and intemal causation are plausible, if, however, the act IS out of line, only the latter is plausible It follows then that out-of-role behavior is more credible than m-role behavior because the former is more likely than the latter to be attnbuted solely to intemal causes From a different theoretical stance Skinner and others make a similar distinction between tacts or behavior under the control of discriminative
A model for sedimentation in inhomogeneous media. I. Dynamic density gradients from sedimenting co-solutes

Macromolecular sedimentation in inhomogeneous media is of great practical importance. Dynamic density gradients have a long tradition in analytical ultracentrifugation, and are frequently used in preparative ultracentrifugation. In this paper, a new theoretical model for sedimentation in inhomogeneous media is presented, based on finite element solutions of the Lamm equation with spatial and temporal variation of the local solvent density and viscosity. It is applied to macromolecular sedimentation in the presence of a dynamic density gradient formed by the sedimentation of a co-solute at high concentration. It is implemented in the software SEDFIT for the analysis of experimental macromolecular concentration distributions. The model agrees well with the measured sedimentation profiles of a protein in a dynamic cesium chloride gradient, and may provide a measure for the effects of hydration or preferential solvation parameters. General features of protein sedimentation in dynamic density gradients are described.
Long bones from the senescence accelerated mouse SAMP6 have increased size but reduced whole-bone strength and resistance to fracture.

The senescence accelerated mouse strain P6 (SAMP6) has emerged as a useful model of senile osteoporosis because it has many features of the disease, including low trabecular bone formation and low areal bone density. We further characterized the SAMP6 model of senile osteoporosis by comparing morphological, mechanical, and densitometric properties of femurs and tibias from SAMP6 mice to those of the control strain (SAMR1) at 4 months and 12 months of age. SAMP6 long bones had increased periosteal width and endosteal area (p 0.05) compared with control. Despite their increased moments of inertia, long bones from SAMP6 mice were relatively weak and brittle. Ultimate bending moment was reduced by 25%, and both postyield displacement and energy-to-fracture were reduced by 60% compared with SAMR1 controls (p < 0.001). Average cortical ash fraction was increased slightly from 0.74 in SAMR1 to 0.76 in SAMP6 bones (p < 0.05), indicating that increased mineralization may have contributed to the brittleness of SAMP6 bones. The relative differences we observed--increased endosteal and periosteal dimensions, reduced bending strength, increased brittleness, and increased mineralization--are analogous to changes that occur in the aging human skeleton. Moreover, these features were consistently observed in young (4-month) and old (12-month) animals. These findings extend the previous descriptions of the SAMP6 mouse and identify key mechanical features that further validate its relevance as a unique and functionally relevant model of senile osteoporosis.
Chromium redistribution in ion-implanted GaAs☆

Abstract In this paper we attempt to find systematic differences between the annealing conditions for ion implanted GaAs where Cr is observed to redistribute and the conditions where it does not. For samples where Cr redistribution was observed, we also separate electrical from chemical and/or strain interactions. The results indicate that electrical interactions are at least a limiting factor and in most cases a dominant factor in Cr redistribution. For this reason it appears that Cr redistribution in ion implanted samples can be minimized or eliminated by annealing at temperatures such that the background free carrier concentration screens out any internal electric fields.
Metabolism by Rats of 2-Dodecylcyclobutanone, a Radiolytic Compound Present in Irradiated Beef

Alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs) are suspected cancer promoters and clastogens, which have raised concerns about the safety of irradiated foods. Currently there are few data on the metabolism of 2-ACBs, which makes it very important to study this aspect of 2-ACBs to evaluate their safety. The objectives of this experiment were to quantify 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB; formed from palmitic acid) in the feces and adipose tissue of rats and to check for metabolites of 2-DCB in the urine. Six female Sprague−Dawley rats were administered 2-DCB (5 mg/day) in corn oil for 5 days via gavage. Six control rats did not receive 2-DCB. Feces and urine were collected daily, whereas adipose tissue was collected upon euthanasia. Hexane extracts of feces and adipose tissue were analyzed by gas chromatography−mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Urine with and without added β-glucuronidase was monitored for glucuronide complexes by hexane extraction and GC-MS. The total amount of 2-DCB recovered in feces was 1.78 ± 0.63 mg at the end o...
The unimolecular dissociation of 2-butenenitrile: measurements of the CN elimination channel using FM Doppler spectroscopy

Abstract The Doppler profiles of the nascent CN (X 2 Σ + ) fragments from the photodissociation of 2-butenenitrile, CH 3 CHCHCN, at 193 nm have been measured using transient frequency-modulation absorption spectroscopy. State-dependent translational energy distributions were determined for selected CN states and can be modeled assuming a statistical partitioning of the available energy. The translational energy distributions suggest that the allyl radical rather than the 1-propenyl isomer is formed. No significant fragment v · j correlation was observed for any of the CN states measured. The results are consistent with dissociation on the ground electronic state without an exit barrier. Ab initio calculations employing MP2 gradient geometry optimizations and QCISD(T) single point energy calculations were performed for the relevant product species and transition states associated with isomerization and CN elimination. The calculations indicate that H-atom migration occurs prior to dissociation. The elimination of CN is a minor channel with a quantum yield of 0.01±0.01 at 193 nm.
Analytical transport theory applications in optical oceanography

Abstract Classical transport theory methods recently have been used to solve optical oceanography forward and inverse problems. A summary is given of the application of the singular eigenfunction method to obtain models for the spatial shape of apparent optical properties (AOPs) in well-mixed waters when the radiance is in the near-asymptotic regime. At asymptotic depths the AOPs depend, in a complicated way, only on the absorption and scattering characteristics of the water. With the equations given here the asymptotic AOPs (i.e., inherent optical properties) can be used in an iterative manner to determine the absorption and scattering coefficients for well-mixed waters.
Are nomograms needed in the management of bladder cancer

Bladder cancer has a remarkably variable natural history. Noninvasive, low-grade (TaLG) lesions have a propensity to recur but pose little threat to the patient's longevity. Non-muscle-invasive, high-grade (Ta-TIS-T1HG) lesions can be effectively treated with intravesical BCG, but a subset may progress to muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. Muscle-invasive cancers (T2-T3) are uniformly lethal if inadequately treated, and subsets of patients benefit from perioperative chemotherapy and some may be adequately treated with bladder preservation strategies. The ability to accurately predict this variable natural history is essential to optimize treatment. At each stage of disease, the prognosis is often influenced by multiple parameters (e.g., tumor grade and stage, age, comorbidity) and treatments (e.g., radical cystectomy vs. BCG), and different endpoints are relevant based on the stage of disease (recurrence for TaLG, progression for Ta-TIS-T1HG, survival for T2-T4a). Historically, prediction of these endpoints for decision-making has been accomplished with physician judgment and/or basic decision aids such as risk classification systems. However, such methods of risk estimation are unable to fully account for the complex tumor biology and behavior of bladder cancer, potentially leading to inaccurate predictions and inappropriate treatment assignment. Nomograms are capable of incorporating multiple variables and generating accurate risk estimates tailored to the individual patient which may greatly facilitate patient counseling and treatment selection. Although their use has become more widespread, bladder cancer nomograms remain a relatively nascent field of study, and further development of novel nomograms that can account for all clinical stages of bladder cancer is needed.
Effects of partial and continuous reinforcement on acquisition and extinction of the skin conductance response

Four groups of human subjects received the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) paired with the conditioned stimulus (CS) either 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of the time. Four other groups were matched to the paired groups in terms of the number of UCSs, except that they were presented along with the CS in an unpaired random order. Through 20 acquisition trials, the only groups to demonstrate classical conditioning of the skin conductance response (SCR) were the 75% and 100% groups. There were no significant differences in trials to criterion during extinction between the various groups, and therefore no evidence for the partial reinforcement effect (PRE). The results were discussed in terms of the relationship between magnitude of the conditioned response (CR) during acquisition and resistance to extinction. The present study also provided one more example of the discrepant results between somatic and autonomic responses.
Exploring the role of the partner in couples’ sexual recovery after surgery for prostate cancer

Background Prostate cancer survivors’ post-surgery sexual problems are well documented and long lasting. Partners’ distress in this context leads to psychological morbidity which is poorly understood. Given the prevalence of prostate cancer diagnoses in older men, partners’ distress represents a public health concern. This study elucidates an important aspect of partners’ distress which has hitherto been undocumented. It can lead to further research and health-care provisions that will support couples in prostate cancer survivorship towards improved mental health and health outcomes.
Contribution of Planting Date Trends to Increased Maize Yields in the Central United States

Early planting of maize (Zea mays L.) allows for longer-season hybrids to be used in cool temperate regions. Given that a multidecadal trend toward earlier planting has been occurring across the Corn Belt, it was hypothesized that this shift has supported a portion of recent yield increases. The objectives were to quantify relationships among state level monthly climate variables, maize yields, and planting dates, and to investigate whether multidecadal trends of earlier planting contributed to rising yields during 1979 to 2005 in 12 central U.S. states. Year-to-year changes (i.e., first differences) of predictor variables (monthly mean temperature and precipitation and planting date) and yields were calculated, and multiple linear regression was used to estimate the effect of planting date trends on maize yield increases. In six of the 12 states, a significant relationship (P < 0.05) existed between first differences of planting dates and yields. Multiple linear regression suggested that the management change has potentially contributed between 19 and 53% of the state level yield increases in Nebraska, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Yield increases between 0.06 and 0.14 Mg ha -1 were attributed to each additional day of earlier planting, which likely reflects a gradual adoption of longer-season hybrids. Thus, if these earlier planting trends were to suddenly abate, a falloff in annual yield increases may follow in several Corn Belt states. Maize production in northern U.S. states appears to have benefited more significantly from earlier planting due to a shorter growing season in contrast to more southern locations.
Infections Intensify Neurogenic Plasma Extravasation in the Airway Mucosa

Stimulation of sensory nerves in the airway mucosa of the rat evokes the release of inflammatory peptides such as substance P, which can increase microvascular permeability, resulting in a phenomenon known as neurogenic plasma extravasation. The change in vascular permeability is mediated by NK-1 receptors and is caused by the formation of gaps between endothelial cells of postcapillary venules and small collecting venules, which are the same vessels as are affected by inflammatory mediators such as histamine and bradykinin. Respiratory tract infections caused by Sendai virus or Mycoplasma pulmonis can intensify neurogenic plasma extravasation in the airway mucosa, as indicated by the amount of microvascular leakage evoked by substance P or capsaicin. M. pulmonis infections can produce a 30-fold increase in the magnitude of neurogenic plasma extravasation, which is evident 4 wk after infection and may be permanent. A proliferation of venules in the airway mucosa and heightened sensitivity of these vessels...