cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory

Cognition and comportment are subserved by interconnected neural networks that allow high-level computational architectures including parallel distributed processing. Cognitive problems are not resolved by a sequential and hierarchical progression toward predetermined goals but instead by a simultaneous and interactive consideration of multiple possibilities and constraints until a satisfactory fit is achieved. The resultant texture of mental activity is characterized by almost infinite richness and flexibility. According to this model, complex behavior is mapped at the level of multifocal neural systems rather than specific anatomical sites, giving rise to brain-behavior relationships that are both localized and distributed. Each network contains anatomically addressed channels for transferring information content and chemically addressed pathways for modulating behavioral tone. This approach provides a blueprint for reexploring the neurological foundations of attention, language, memory, and frontal lobe function.
Brand Congruity and Comparative Advertising: When and Why Comparative Advertisements Lead to Greater Elaboration

Two experiments are conducted to examine when and why comparative advertisements lead to elaboration. Comparative advertisements in which the sponsor brand and the comparison brand are perceived to be dissimilar lead to greater elaboration, as evidenced by differences in argument quality, than comparative advertisements in which the sponsor and comparison brands are perceived to be similar. This pattern is particularly strong for those individuals not chronically predisposed to elaborate (low need for cognition), whereas those individuals chronically predisposed to elaborate (high need for cognition) elaborate the ads regardless of comparison composition. Results are consistent with our proposed brand congruity explanation.
Capacity evaluation of multi-channel multi-hop ad hoc networks

The performance of multi-channel multi-hop ad hoc network is evaluated in the paper. The performances of multi-hop ad hoc network with single channel IEEE 802.11 MAC for different topologies are given. The scaling laws of throughputs for large scale of ad hoc networks are presented. The theoretical guaranteed throughput bound for multi-channel systems for grid topology are proposed. The results will help to choose the proper parameters for multi-hop ad hoc network evaluations.
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Silences Human Cytomegalovirus Transcription in Quiescent Infection Models

Chromatin-based regulation of herpesviral transcriptional programs is increasingly appreciated as a mechanism for modulating infection outcomes. Transcriptionally permissive euchromatin predominates during lytic infection, whereas heterochromatin domains refractory to transcription are enriched at lytic genes during latency. Reversibly silenced facultative heterochromatin domains are often enriched for histone H3 trimethylated on lysine 27 (H3K27me3), a modification catalyzed by Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). The requirement for PRC2 in suppressing the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) lytic transcriptional program during latency has not been thoroughly evaluated. Therefore, we disrupted PRC2 activity in the highly tractable THP1 and NT2D1 quiescent-infection models by treating cells with small-molecule inhibitors of PRC2 activity. Compared to control cells, disruption of PRC2 in HCMV-infected THP1 or NT2D1 cells resulted in significant increases in viral transcript levels and the detection of viral protein. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that enrichment of H3K27me3, deposited by PRC2, correlates inversely with lytic transcriptional output, suggesting that PRC2 catalytic activity at viral chromatin directly represses lytic transcription. Together, our data suggest that PRC2-mediated repression of viral transcription is a key step in the establishment and maintenance of HCMV latency.
Family-Guided Routines for Early Intervention Services:

Sarah, 20 months, and Chris, three-years old, open the door for Tammy, the early interventionist/home visitor, to let her into the house. Chris grins and says, "Hi," while Sarah greets Tammy by patting her cheeks, gaining eye contact, and smiling. Ann, Sarah's mom, baby-sits Chris during the day. Sarah and Chris are playmates. Ann joins in by welcoming Tammy into her home and suggesting they meet in the kitchen where Sarah's breakfast is ready. Tammy and Ann wait for Sarah to gesture "come on" before following her and Chris into the kitchen.
Argentine Ants Strongly Affect Some but Not All Common Insects on Baccharis halimifolia

Abstract The primary objective of this experiment was to assess the impacts of ant tending by the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, on myrmecophilous and nonmyrmecophilous herbivores of Baccharis halimifolia, through field manipulations of ant attendance levels. High and low levels of ant attendance were established for a 5-mo evaluation of the densities of ant attended aphids, aphid predators, and leaf miners, which are subject to ant-induced damage of the mines. High levels of ant attendance resulted in significantly higher densities of both aphids and their predators over the course of the 5-mo experiment. A complementary short-term (20-d) experiment revealed that (1) aphid populations in ant-attended colonies increased in size and persisted longer than those in non–ant-attended colonies, and (2) aphid predators remained more abundant on non–ant-attended aphid colonies until the colonies went locally extinct. There were no significant effects of ants on the densities of the two common leaf miners, Ama...
Direct Instruction: The Big Ideas

Publisher Summary Direct Instruction (DI) is a systematic attempt to build a technology of effective academic instruction that includes all of the school-based components necessary to produce academic growth. The general skill of speaking in complete sentences is a big idea in preschool language development programs. The next component of DI is a program that organizes the content and specifies the procedures to teach that content. An instructional program is similar to a staircase that climbs from its base in prerequisite skills to its top at the program's objectives. To teach effectively and efficiently, big ideas must be conveyed to the students clearly, simply, and directly. The details of communication depend on the learner's skills and the nature of the subject matter, but all communication is ultimately based on the use of examples. DI programs use an elaborate and detailed analysis of communication to produce instruction that is consistent with only one interpretation.
Small, abnormal B lymphoid blast populations in chronic myelogenous leukemia at diagnosis: Does this finding indicate an accelerated course?

Background The 2008 WHO is not specific regarding subclassification of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) with less than 20% abnormal B lymphoid blasts (ABLB), and suggests patients with ABLB often show rapid progression (Swerdlow, 2008). Recent studies have shown variable outcomes when small abnormal B cell populations are seen by flow cytometry (El Rassi et al., Cancer 2015; 121:872–875; Vrotsos et al., Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2015). Methods The hematopathology database was searched (7.4-year period), and patients identified through routine clinical study, who were BCR-ABL1 positive CML and had an ABLB of less than 20%. Flow cytometric (FC) and histologic data was evaluated to determine immunophenotypic abnormalities, immunohistochemical patterns, and percentage of ABLB, hematogones, and mature B cells. Results Seven patients with CML and ABLB identified by FC studies were found, five of which also had available histologic material to review. ABLB by FC ranged from 0.006% to 3.4%, typically demonstrated an immunophenotype with increased CD10, increased CD19, and decreased CD38, without myeloid antigens, abnormalities similar to that reported previously (Vrotsos et al., Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2015). The ABLB population was found only in diagnostic samples and always with more numerous hematogones. By immunohistochemistry, three of five patients showed ≥10% TdT positive cells. All patients showed a response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, and no patients progressed to clinical lymphoid blast phase. Conclusions Immature B cells, occasionally including a small subset with an abnormal phenotype can be observed in chronic phase CML at diagnosis. We believe an approach incorporating clinical data, cytogenetic/molecular findings, and morphologic evaluation may be helpful when determining the best management of CML patients at diagnosis if small ABLB populations are identified by FC. © 2016 Clinical Cytometry Society
Closing the Green Gap: Policy and Practice in Chinese Environmental Education

In 2003 China’s Ministry of Education mandated the infusion of environmental education in all classes at all levels of China’s elementary and secondary public schooling. However, this mandate has collided with deeply entrenched structural obstacles in China’s school system and remains largely unfulfilled. In particular, a widespread preoccupation with test scores and student safety discourages teachers from devoting class time to environmental education content, and severely inhibits attempts to engage students in the type of hands-on learning specifically recommended in the Ministry of Education’s guidelines for environmental education practice. This chapter draws upon interviews with elementary school teachers and fieldwork with an environmental NGO in the city of Kunming in China’s Yunnan Province to analyze this enduring gap between policy and practice.
Examining Patterns of Participation and Meaning Making in Student Blogs: A Case Study in Higher Education.

ABSTRACTThis article reports on the use of blogs in an online course over multiple semesters and analyzes the participation and meaning making between course participants. The authors used a combination of social network analyses and discourse analysis to show the patterns of participation and the types of meaning making over two iterations of the course. The authors identified that patterns of participation were consistent with the course design and that blogs offer a viable medium to engage students authentically in Web 2.0 practices and to support meaning making and collaborative learning. Based on the data, recommendations are made for integrating social media in formal course designs.
Giant Cell Arteritis: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Management.

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic inflammatory vasculopathy mediated by pathogenic responses of a diverse array of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as vascular cells. Current therapy relies on broadly immunosuppressant glucocorticoids, which rapidly control systemic inflammation, but fail to eliminate vascular inflammation. Despite steady growth of the immunosuppressive armamentarium overall, it has been difficult to identify clinically meaningful and steroid-sparing effects of targeted biologic therapies in GCA. Here, we propose that this reflects the multiplicity of pathogenic elements that converge to induce and maintain GCA: (a) GCA is a disease of the elderly, posing additional risks when aggressively disabling immunity. (b) GCA is a chronic disease and persists as smoldering vasculitis. (c) The burden of disease is difficult to measure, complicating adjustments of immunosuppressive therapy. In the absence of objective activity markers, physicians and patients lean toward overutilization of glucocorticoids. (d) Key pathogenic drivers are T cells and macrophages, which assemble in granulomas and are highly diverse in their functional product portfolio. The diversity of vasculitogenic effector functions confounds simple therapeutic targeting. (e) Ultimate vascular complications are dependent on vessel wall cells, requiring therapeutic strategies beyond immunosuppression. Immediate goals in improving the therapeutic management of GCA should focus on optimizing glucocorticoid dosing to avoid overutilization and on adapting therapy to the needs of the immunosenescent host. Building a spectrum of possible therapeutic targets will enable carefully designed multipronged combination therapies.
HEGEMONIC ASPIRATIONS: New Middle Class Politics and India's Democracy in Comparative Perspective

This article uses an analysis of the rise of India's New Middle Class (NMC) to develop a class analytics of democratic politics in India. The article locates the politics of India's democracy within the framework of comparative class analytics and integrates class analysis with the politics of caste, religion, and language. The article develops two central arguments. The first is that the dominant fraction of the middle class plays a central role in the politics of hegemony. These hegemonic politics are played out both as attempts to coordinate the interests of the dominant classes and to forge internal unity within the highly diverse fragments of the middle class. But rather than producing the classical pattern of liberal hegemony (in which the ruling bloc actively elicits the consent of subordinate classes) in India these projects have been marked by middle-class illiberalism, and most notably a distancing from lower classes. Second, we argue that the contours of the NMC can be grasped as a cla...
Particle In Cell (PIC) Algorithm Advancement for Plasma Modelling of an Ion Thruster Discharge Chamber

Particle in cell (PIC) modelling is a computational technique which functions by advancing computer particles through a spatial grid consisting of cells. This computational method is useful for simulating plasma and is able to yield detailed results such as particle number densities, particle energies, currents and electric potentials. The ability to provide such detailed results makes this computational method ideal for simulating the plasma within the discharge chamber of an ion thruster. This work focuses on the PIC algorithm and its application in a plasma simulation; however, and not on ion thruster simulation. Unfortunately, the detailed results of a PIC simulation come at a substantial cost of computational requirement. The goal of the work presented here is to develop techniques which allow the PIC algorithm to ease stability restrictions on time step size. Two techniques are investigated: solving for the electric field multiple times within one time step and using a fourth order polynomial to represent the electric field. For each of these techniques, the computational time required for a single time step increases, but the overall computational time may be reduced. In their present form, these techniques do not allow for a larger time step to be utilized. However, several suggestions are made within this paper which may allow these techniques to be successful in future work.
Molecular Epidemiology of Norovirus in Clustering of Gastroenteritis in China

Objective To analyze molecular epidemiology of norovirusin clustering of gastroenteritisin China. Methods Systematic review method was used to retrieve literatures about norovirus associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in WANFANG DATA, VIP DATA, CNKI DATA, Cbmdisc DATA and PubMed DATA. Results A total of 83 epidemics of norovirus gastroenteritis were reported in China from January 2003 to June 2012. Norovirus gastroenteritis occurred mainly in Guangdong Province, Zhejiang Province, Beijing, and Guangxi Province. It occurred in each season, but mostly during autumn and winter(in October, January, and February). Norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks occurred mostly in schools and medical and health care institutions. Waterborne and person- to- person transmissions were the main transmission routes.A high proportion of norovirus gastroenteritis transmitted by people- to- people contact was associated with GⅡ.4 strains. Conclusions Schools are the focus of clustering of norovirus gastroenteritis. Training on the knowledge about the prevention and control of norovirus gastroenteritis should be strengthened and the sensitivity and timeliness of the epidemic report should be improved.
Uniform corrosion of FeCrAl alloys in LWR coolant environments

Abstract The corrosion behavior of commercial and model FeCrAl alloys and type 310 stainless steel was examined by autoclave tests and compared to Zircaloy-4, the reference cladding materials in light water reactors. The corrosion studies were carried out in three distinct water chemistry environments found in pressurized and boiling water reactor primary coolant loop conditions for up to one year. The structure and morphology of the oxides formed on the surface of these alloys was consistent with thermodynamic predictions. Spinel-type oxides were found to be present after hydrogen water chemistry exposures, while the oxygenated water tests resulted in the formation of very thin and protective hematite-type oxides. Unlike the alloys exposed to oxygenated water tests, the alloys tested in hydrogen water chemistry conditions experienced mass loss as a function of time. This mass loss was the result of net sum of mass gain due to parabolic oxidation and mass loss due to dissolution that also exhibits parabolic kinetics. The maximum thickness loss after one year of LWR water corrosion in the absence of irradiation was ∼2 μm, which is inconsequential for a ∼300–500 μm thick cladding.
The Private Asian Bloc

As Northern elites acquired greater potential to transnationalize their establishments, Southern elites, having built the foundations for their own national establishments during the import-substitution phase of development, faced growing internal and external pressure to open their economies to the North. The pressures effectively transformed Asian national establishments into segments of a new Global Establishment.
Back to the future: Hormone replacement therapy as part of a prevention strategy for women at the onset of menopause

In the late 1980s, several observational studies and meta-analyses suggested that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was beneficial for prevention of osteoporosis, coronary heart disease, dementia and decreased all-cause mortality. In 1992, the American College of Physicians recommended HRT for prevention of coronary disease. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, several randomized trials in older women suggested coronary harm and that the risks, including breast cancer, outweighed any benefit. HRT stopped being prescribed at that time, even for women who had severe symptoms of menopause. Subsequently, reanalyzes of the randomized trial data, using age stratification, as well as newer studies, and meta-analyses have been consistent in showing that younger women, 50-59 years or within 10 years of menopause, have decreased coronary disease and all-cause mortality; and did not have the perceived risks including breast cancer. These newer findings are consistent with the older observational data. It has also been reported that many women who abruptly stopped HRT had more risks, including more osteoporotic fractures. The current data confirm a "timing" hypothesis for benefits and risks of HRT, showing that younger have many benefits and few risks, particularly if therapy is predominantly focused on the estrogen component. We discuss these findings and put into perspective the potential risks of treatment, and suggest that we may have come full circle regarding the use of HRT. In so doing we propose that HRT should be considered as part of a general prevention strategy for women at the onset of menopause.
Factors Affecting the Use of Print and Electronic Books: A Use Study and Discussion

This article outlines a study assessing and comparing the rate of use of nonreference print and electronic book collections acquired during the same time period at one academic library. Rate of use was examined for both collections by discipline and method of acquisition. The author found that 74 percent of print titles acquired in 2008–2009 had been used within their first six years in the collection, and that 27 percent of print books acquired between 2008 and 2014 had been used between July 2013 and November 2014. By contrast, only 12 percent of the e-books acquired between 2008 and 2014 were used during the same 17-month period. The author examines how different print and electronic collection development models might affect monograph use in academic libraries within the context of previously published research.
How Social Network Size and Quality Affect End-of-Life Surrogate Preferences

Objective Older adults typically choose their next-of-kin to serve as surrogate on their behalf should they become decisionally incapacitated at the end of life. However, some older adults do not choose their closest relative, even if they are married or parents. We compared the social networks of these latter persons to their peers who prefer a next-of-kin surrogate, anticipating differences in relationship quality and network size. Methods We used multinomial logistic regressions to investigate the quality and size of the social networks of 1,245 persons whose next of kin was a spouse and 723 persons whose next-of-kin was an adult child, and who participated in the 2005 National Social Life, Health and Aging Project. Results Twenty percent of those whose next-of-kin was a spouse and 32% of those whose next-of-kin was an adult child either bypassed that person in favor of a different surrogate, or preferred no surrogate at all. Low-quality next-of-kin relationships pushed older adults away from next-of-kin, and a greater number of high-quality relationships outside the immediate family pulled older adults toward a surrogate who was not next-of-kin. Discussion We discuss what is distinctive about the social networks of each group, and the implications for end-of-life support.
Purification Of The Mammalian NgBR/hCIT cis-Prenyltransferase Complex: IdentificationOf A Conserved Carboxyterminal RxG Motif Crucial For Enzymatic Activity

cis -Prenyltransferases ( cis PTs) constitute a large family of enzymes conserved during evolution and present in all domains of life. In eukaryotes and archaea, cis PT is the first enzyme committed to the synthesis of dolichyl-phosphate (DolP). DolP is obligate lipid carrier in protein glycosylation reactions in mammalian cells. The homodimeric bacterial enzyme, undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS) generates 11 isoprene units and has been structurally and mechanistically characterized in great detail. Recently our group discovered that unlike UPPS, mammalian cis PT is a heteromer consisting of NgBR (NUS1) and hCIT (DHDDS) subunits and this composition has been confirmed in plants and fungal cis PTs. Here, we establish the first purification system for heteromeric cis PT and show that both NgBR and hCIT subunits function in catalysis and substrate binding. Finally, we identified a critical RxG sequence in the C-terminal tail of NgBR that is conserved and essential for enzyme activity across phyla.
The Scalar Case

Now we begin a study of the scalar equation $$\text{u}_\text{t} = \text{u}_{\text{xx}} + \text{f}(\text{u}).$$ (4.1)
Development of a tool to measure the number of foods and beverages consumed by children using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) FFQ data.

Objective There is currently no standard, objective definition of selective eating. This is partially because normative values for the number of different foods eaten by US children have not been established. The present study objectives were to: (i) perform exploratory analysis on the number of different foods, beverages, and total foods and beverages consumed by US children aged 2-18 years over a year's time, and the types of foods consumed by those in the lowest 2·5th percentile; and (ii) determine whether those values differ according to demographic variables and weight status. Design Secondary analysis of cross-sectional FFQ data. Differences in number of foods, beverages, and total foods and beverages were analysed using one-way ANOVA. Setting National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 2003-2006. Subjects Non-institutionalized US children aged 2-18 years. Results The mean number of different foods and beverages consumed across the sample was 83·2. There were no significant differences by gender, BMI, race or food security categories. There was a difference in beverage consumption by age category, with children aged 12-18 years consuming a significantly higher number of different beverages compared with each of the other two age categories (i.e. 2-5 years and 6-11 years). Conclusions Normative values for the number of foods and drinks reported as consumed by children over the past 12 months may be a useful measure for researchers. Future research validating this measure is needed before cut-off values can be used to develop a definition of selective eating.
Injury risk functions based on population-based finite element model responses: Application to femurs under dynamic three-point bending.

Objective: The goal of this study was to explore a framework for developing injury risk functions (IRFs) in a bottom-up approach based on responses of parametrically variable finite element (FE) mo...
A seasonal study of a passive abandoned coalmine drainage remediation system reveals three distinct zones of contaminant levels and microbial communities.

A passive remediation system that treats coalmine drainage was sampled to determine the impact seasonal changes had on water quality and microbial diversity. Every quarter for 1 year, water-soil slurries were collected at the influent of the 5 settling ponds and the wetlands, and the effluent of the system. The concentration of 12 metals and sulfate, as well as sequences from the V4 region of the bacterial 16S rrn genes were determined. The water quality analysis revealed high levels of iron and sulfate, and measurable levels of Al, Ba, Cu, Pb, Mn, Sr, and Zn. Iron increased 25-fold in the summer and spikes in metal concentrations were observed during several seasons in pond 3 and the wetlands. These spikes cannot be explained by abiotic chemical reactions in the neutral pH found in the pond. Based on contaminant levels and microbial community composition, our results indicate that there were 3 unique environments in the system (ponds 1 and 2; pond 3; pond 4 through the end) and that changes in contaminant levels and bacterial composition in these environments correlated with seasonal variation. Iron and sulfate are the most prevalent contaminants in the system. An examination of sequences from known iron- and sulfur-cycling bacteria demonstrated that there were more iron-reducing (IRB) bacterial sequences than iron-oxidizing (IOB) (137,912 IRB vs. 98,138 IOB), the two groups of bacteria were found mainly in the fall and winter samples, and were prevalent in different ponds. There were more sulfur/sulfide-oxidizing (SOB) bacterial sequences than sulfur/sulfate-reducing (SRB) bacterial sequences (72,978 SOB vs 30,504 SRB), they were found mainly in the fall and winter samples, and the sequences were mixed in ponds 4, 5 and the wetlands effluent. Iron is remediated in this system but sulfate is not.
Three-Dimensional Adaptive Eulerian-Lagrangian Finite Element Method for Advection-Dispersion

Abstract The adaptive Eulerian-Lagrangian finite element method of Neuman' is improved and extended to three-dimensional domains. Accurate results are obtained for the entire range of Peclet numbers from very small to infinity and Courant numbers at least up to 15. Difficulties resolved include oscillations, numerical smearing, the clipping of peaks. and grid orientation effects.
Health Economics of Botulinum Toxin Application

It may be a surprise to many that with over 3 billion dollars in annual sales of antimuscarinic drugs globally, fewer than 30% of patients remain on antimuscarinic therapy 1 year after initiating therapy for overactive bladder (OAB). Suboptimal efficacy and anticholinergic side effects challenge adherence to antimuscarinic drugs (Haab and Castro-Diaz 2005).
Stimmt die Chemie? Oder etwas im Kopf nicht?

Michael Gruebler schickte mir eine hellsichtige E-Mail zusammen mit einem Artikel uber Planarien aus der Schweizer Weltwoche (Ausgabe 8, 2003). Er meinte, der Bericht wurde die seismographischen Thesen aus meinem Buch Omnisophie in moglicherweise warmeres Licht rucken.
Confessions of an ambivalent country expert: Queer refugeeism in the UK and the political economy of (im)mobility in and out of Trinidad and Tobago:

This paper considers queer refugeeism from Trinidad and Tobago to the UK in relation to the political economy of (im)mobility in and out of the Caribbean. Gay rights have been embraced by liberal d...
The Use of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids to Study Extracellular Matrix Development during Neural Degeneration

The mechanism that causes the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathologies, including amyloid plaque, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuron death, is not well understood due to the lack of robust study models for human brain. Three-dimensional organoid systems based on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have shown a promising potential to model neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. These systems, in combination with engineering tools, allow in vitro generation of brain-like tissues that recapitulate complex cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Brain ECMs play important roles in neural differentiation, proliferation, neuronal network, and AD progression. In this contribution related to brain ECMs, recent advances in modeling AD pathology and progression based on hPSC-derived neural cells, tissues, and brain organoids were reviewed and summarized. In addition, the roles of ECMs in neural differentiation of hPSCs and the influences of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, and hyaluronic acid on the progression of neurodegeneration were discussed. The advantages that use stem cell-based organoids to study neural degeneration and to investigate the effects of ECM development on the disease progression were highlighted. The contents of this article are significant for understanding cell-matrix interactions in stem cell microenvironment for treating neural degeneration.
Radiation damage at the coherent anatase TiO2/SrTiO3 interface under Ne ion irradiation

Abstract Epitaxial anatase TiO 2 films with thickness of around 300 nm were deposited on SrTiO 3 and irradiated with 250 keV Ne ions at room temperature. X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the microstructural changes under irradiation. Two primary features are observed in the irradiated material: a damaged layer with a high density of nano-sized defects including dislocation loops was observed in the TiO 2 film and, near the TiO 2 / SrTiO 3 interface, a defect denuded zone formed on the TiO 2 side while an amorphous layer formed on the SrTiO 3 side. Atomistic calculations attribute the formation of both the defect-denuded zone and the interfacial amorphous layer not to the interaction between the irradiation induced defects and the TiO 2 / SrTiO 3 hetero-interface but rather differences in chemical potential and mobilities for defects in each of the two phases.
Effects of bacterial endotoxin on regulation of the heart, a sensory-CNS-motor nerve circuit and neuromuscular junctions: Crustacean model.

Eatable crustaceans are susceptible to bacterial septicemia from injury or a compromised immune defense, which can possibly have detrimental effects in mammals that consume them. Since many crustaceans (i.e., crabs, lobsters and crayfish) are used for animal food and human consumption, it is of interest to understand the effects potential bacterial infections can have on their health as well as ours, including effects on cardiovascular and neuromuscular activities. The Red Swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) was used as a model crustacean to investigate the effect of direct exposure to isolated endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the associated peptidoglycans from gram-negative bacteria (Serratia marcescens). S. marcescens is a common strain identified to cause septicemia in mammals and is prevalently found in nature. LPS injection into the hemolymph of crayfish revealed acute changes in heart rate and effects on survival. Direct LPS exposure on an in situ sensory-CNS-motor circuit produces a decrease in recruiting of the motor nerve at 500 μg/ml but has no significant effect at 100 μg/ml. At the isolated neuromuscular junction, the direct action of the LPS endotoxin (500 μg/ml) enhances evoked synaptic transmission, while not altering facilitation. Also, the amplitude and the frequency of spontaneous vesicle fusion events was not altered by LPS exposure. However, the resting membrane potential of the muscle transiently hyperpolarizes. These direct actions on tissues appear to be independent of innate immune responses and suggest the LPS targets on these tissues have a role in excitability of cellular function. {242 words}.
Cross-Examination of Ultrafast Structural, Interfacial, and Carrier Dynamics of Supported Monolayer MoS2.

In this Letter, the ultrafast structural, interfacial, and carrier dynamics of monolayer MoS2 supported on sapphire are cross-examined by the combination of ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) and...
Who owns educational products developed with federal funds? Intellectual property rights in preK-12 education

Although law and regulation governing the distribution of intellectual property rights has significant implications for the cost, quality, and adaptability of educational products and services, Pre...
An agenda for improving basic health care in China

世界各地的通(全)科医生服务具有多种传统.当然,它也在中国人民的医疗保健中发挥了重要作用. 随着全科医学专业的成长,其骨干医生能做什么或应该做些什么的问题呈现出来.在中国大陆,对全科医疗的范围没有一个清晰的定义,因此,大学和社区举办的培训项目都没有一套立足于能力培养的课程.实际上,甚至连同行们在提及该专业的名称时也会发生混乱,全科医疗、全科医学还是家庭医学?确定名称和确定这些医生的工作内容,对于这个学科的未来至关重要.在中国卫生部和教育部,对全科医生培训问题的讨论越来越多,于是2005年10月在北京举办了一次国际家庭医学会议.
Low total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein are independent predictors of poor outcomes following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A preliminary report.

Abstract Introduction Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is devastating, with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) significantly contributing to the high morbidity and mortality rates. Cholesterol has been studied as a measure of nutritional status in other neurological pathologies, but reports examining cholesterol’s effects on aSAH outcomes are sparse. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of low total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) on mortality and DCI following aSAH. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study at a quaternary academic medical center between June 2014 and July 2018. All patients had aSAH confirmed by digital subtraction angiography and had TC measured on admission. Primary outcomes were mortality and DCI. Secondary outcome was radiographic vasospasm. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed. Results There were 75 aSAH patients, with an average age of 58.7 ± 1.7 (range: 14–89) and Hunt & Hess score of 2.8 ± 0.1, included for analysis. Those with a low TC Conclusions Low TC and HDL are independent predictors of increased mortality and DCI, respectively, following aSAH. Low TC and HDL may be markers of poor overall health, in addition to having some pathophysiological effect on cerebral vasculature. These results may have practical implications for the improvement of aSAH prognostication and management.
Interstellar and Intergalactic Medium

This concise textbook, the first volume in the Ohio State Astrophysics Series, covers all aspects of the interstellar and intergalactic medium for graduate students and advanced undergraduates. This series aims to impart the essential knowledge on a topic that every astrophysics graduate student should know, without going into encyclopedic depth. This text includes a full discussion of the circumgalactic medium, which bridges the space between the interstellar and intergalactic gas, and the hot intracluster gas that fills clusters of galaxies. Its breadth of coverage is innovative, as most current textbooks treat the interstellar medium in isolation. The authors emphasise an order-of-magnitude understanding of the physical processes that heat and cool the low-density gas in the universe, as well as the processes of ionization, recombination, and molecule formation. Problems at the end of each chapter are supplemented by online projects, data sets and other resources.
Latent structure of health literacy and its association with health-related management and decision-making in HIV.

Determine the latent structure of health literacy in persons living with HIV (PLWH) and its association with health management and decision-making. Method: Participants included 220 PLWH and 123 se...
The Right to Express Milk

Breastfeeding in public has become more accepted, but milk expression—defined as removing milk from the breasts manually or using a breast pump—continues to be seen as a distasteful bodily function analogous to urination or sex, which should be confined to the private sphere. Few states explicitly exempt milk expression from their indecent exposure and obscenity laws. Yet, far from being a marginal activity, milk expression is often a necessary component of successful lactation. It allows parents with disabilities that challenge feeding at the breast to produce milk. It is instrumental in feeding babies who are unable to suckle at the breast or those who are temporarily separated from their parents, whether because the parents are ill, must report to work, have shared custody, or need to participate in political, social, and other aspects of life. In other words, milk expression is vital for human milk feeding in numerous circumstances and necessary for lactating parents to enjoy equal citizenship on par with non-lactating people. Legal scholarship is growing in the field of lactation law, but work that specifically focuses on milk expression and its legal implications beyond the workplace—from the regulation of breast pumps as medical devices to the question of whether public milk expression should be protected—is missing. This Article contributes to the literature by arguing that milk expression should be recognized as part of a reproductive justice-based right to breastfeed through a combination of civil rights, FDA law, insurance law, health law, tax law, and work law. Parents need paid parental leave, paid lactation breaks, and access to affordable, high-quality, and culturally competent healthcare and lactation counseling and technology. In addition, they should have the right to express milk in every space where they have the right to be present.
Breastfeeding: How is it related to food insecurity and other factors among low-income mothers?

A cross-sectional study was conducted to (1) examine breastfeeding initiation and continuation rates, and; (2) investigate association between food insecurity and breastfeeding status, among low-income mothers. Mothers of infants two-months or younger were recruited from a local pediatric clinic serving primarily low-income families. Upon giving consent, mothers were interviewed in-person or over the phone in either English or Spanish. Of the total 92 mothers interviewed, 90% initiated breastfeeding, but only 24% were doing exclusive breastfeeding at 2 months of infant's age. After controlling for socio-demographics, it was found that food-insecure mothers were less likely to continue with breastfeeding (β = -1.51, p = .024). Future research is warranted to understand pathways through which food insecurity affects breastfeeding and how this disparity can be prevented to ensure a safe and secure start for infants worldwide.
Grammatical Verb Errors: Differences Between English Learners With and Without Diagnosed Language-Based Learning Disabilities.

Purpose: This study examines the written language samples of fifth grade English learner (EL) students with and without diagnosed language-based learning disabilities (LLDs) in an effort to explore...
Effects of fetal striatal transplants on motor asymmetry in ibotenic acid model of Huntington's disease

Recently, we proposed the elevated body swing test (EBST) as a drug-free behavioral parameter of motor asymmetry in animals with unilateral striatal lesions. We demonstrated that rats, receiving unilateral excitotoxic lesions in the striatum, exhibit a biased swing behavior (ipsilateral to the lesion) which is stable up to 56 days postlesion. To further extend the efficacy of the EBST in the present study, we monitored the recovery of the biased swing behavior following fetal striatal transplants in animals unilaterally lesioned with ibotenic acid in the striatum. At 2 months postlesion, Sprague-Dawley male rats that displayed 70% or greater biased swing behavior were transplanted with either cell suspension of rat fetal striatal lateral eminence (16-day-old gestational age) or hibernation medium. EBST was conducted as early as 7 days posttransplant and once a week thereafter. Animals transplanted with the fetal tissue showed a normalization of the asymmetrical swing behavior (at least 50% to each side) throughout the posttransplant period. Conversely, animals that were transplanted solely with medium continued to display a biased swing behavior. Thus, the EBST is a sensitive behavioral test in characterizing recovery of motor function in striatal lesioned animals that have received fetal striatal transplants.
Spatial Receptive Field Properties of Primary Auditory Cortical Neurons

The brain of a listener must compute the direction of a sound source that originates in free space by using the acoustic features present in the pressure waves that reach each eardrum. Because the two ears are physically separated, sound arriving from a source in space may exhibit interaural time (ITD) and intensity (IID) differences. The magnitude of these localization cues depends on the incident angle of the sound and its frequency composition.
Magnetized Target Fusion: An Overview

The magnetized target fusion (MTF) concept is explained, and the underlying principles are discussed. The necessity of creating a target plasma and the advantage of decoupling its creation from the...
Pride and Hume's Sensible Knave

It follows, that these two particulars are to be consider'd as equivalent, with regard to our mental qualities, virtue and the power of producing love or pride, vice and the power of producing humility or hatred. In every case, therefore, we must judge of the one by the other. (T 575)
The role of analytical techniques in the diagnosis of asbestos-associated disease

There is increasing concern over the adverse health effects resulting from asbestos exposure. The mineralogy of asbestos and the pathology of asbestos-associated diseases is briefly reviewed. Techniques for tissue sampling, histopathological diagnostic criteria and the role of light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD)--in the identification and quantitation of asbestos bodies and fibers in the lung tissue samples--are discussed. The value of a systematic quantitative approach is emphasized in order to differentiate the dose relationships and disease patterns.
Overview of the Remedial Action Priority System (RAPS)

All environmental regulations are intended to minimize the risks to man and his environment resulting from a regulated activity. Because lower risk levels are generally accompanied by higher environmental control costs, optimum management is achieved by balancing risks and costs. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) currently employs the Hazard Ranking System (HRS) to preliminarily assess inactive hazardous waste disposal sites for potential placement on the National Priorities List. Recently, modifications to HRS have been proposed to more realistically assess the risks posed by radioactive waste constituents. These modifications significantly increase the applicability of the HRS to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) hazardous waste disposal sites.
The intracisternal A-particle upstream element interacts with transcription factor YY1 to activate transcription: pleiotropic effects of YY1 on distinct DNA promoter elements.

Murine intracisternal A-particle long terminal repeats contain an intracisternal A-particle upstream enhancer (IUE) element that binds to a 65-kDa IUE binding protein (IUEB) present in both undifferentiated F9 embryonal carcinoma cells and differentiated parietal endoderm-like PYS-2 cells. This IUE element confers a CpG methylation-sensitive IUEB binding and enhancer activity. Using gel retardation, methylation interference, CpG methylation sensitivity binding, and cotransfection assays, we have now identified the 65-kDa IUEB as YY1 (also called NF-E1, delta, or UCRBP), a zinc finger protein related to the Kruppel family. YY1 binds to a number of similar but distinct DNA motifs, and cotransfection assays indicate that these motifs have different enhancer potentials in PYS-2 cells. The relative strengths of these elements are as follows: IUE > kappa E3' from the human immunoglobulin kappa light-chain 3' enhancer > upstream conserved region from the Moloney murine leukemia virus promoter. Results of DNA binding assays suggest that the differences in enhancer potentials are due to the different binding affinities of YY1 to the various motifs and the binding of two other transcription factors to the IUE sequence.
Ratings Failure: The Need for A Consumer Protection Agenda in Rating Agency Regulation

As the credit crisis unfolds, rating agencies have been properly identified as playing a central role in causing the crisis and misleading investors. What has been forgotten in this acrimonious environment is that in their quest to increase the market for their services, rating agencies also took positions that were particularly bad for many homeowners. This article first reviews the explosive growth of the subprime mortgage market. It then discusses the ways in which the leading rating agencies, Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch, acted as government-approved gatekeepers to the financial markets and contributed to the rapid expansion of the subprime market. These three entities profited from the growth of that market and suppressed efforts by states to crack down on the predatory lending practices that had become endemic to it. The article concludes that ongoing efforts to reform the regulation of the rating agencies fail to address their systemic bias against the public interest. As their regulators seek to tighten oversight of these important players in the financial markets, it is important to ensure that future regulation provides additional protection for consumers as well.
Building Bilingual-Bicultural Learning Communities: Experiences of Latino Teacher Candidates.

This study explored the perspectives of 27 Latino teacher candidates regarding the impact of a teacher-education program that promoted bilingualism, dialogue, cultural relevance, and cultural integrity. Data were collected through a questionnaire and a focus group interview. Findings reveal that a bilingual—bicultural learning community supported both personal and professional development of participants and enabled them to expand the realm of possibility in schooling practices that can promote success for linguistic minority children.