cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Segmental neogenesis of the dog esophagus utilizing a biodegradable polymer framework.

This study evaluated the ability of biodegradable implants fabricated from polymers and co-polymers of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA) to induce regeneration of surgically created defects in the dog esophagus. The study utilized 12 mongrel dogs that had a 5 cm segment of the esophagus removed. Implants were fabricated by spray casting the polymers on a spinning Teflon mandril. The defects were repaired by suturing the biodegradable implants to the proximal and distal ends of the esophagus. Ten of the dogs were sacrificed from 3 days to 8 weeks after surgery while 1 of the dogs died after 3 years and 1 dog was sacrificed 4 years after graft placement. Endoscopic and histologic examination of the grafts 3 days after placement showed minimal inflammatory response and an apparent seal between the esophagus and implant at the suture lines. Two weeks after surgery a fibrous connective tissue sheath, continuous with the proximal and distal segments of the esophagus, could be seen surrounding th...
Membrane Fusion: Grappling with SNARE and SM Proteins

The two universally required components of the intracellular membrane fusion machinery, SNARE and SM (Sec1/Munc18-like) proteins, play complementary roles in fusion. Vesicular and target membrane-localized SNARE proteins zipper up into an alpha-helical bundle that pulls the two membranes tightly together to exert the force required for fusion. SM proteins, shaped like clasps, bind to trans-SNARE complexes to direct their fusogenic action. Individual fusion reactions are executed by distinct combinations of SNARE and SM proteins to ensure specificity, and are controlled by regulators that embed the SM-SNARE fusion machinery into a physiological context. This regulation is spectacularly apparent in the exquisite speed and precision of synaptic exocytosis, where synaptotagmin (the calcium-ion sensor for fusion) cooperates with complexin (the clamp activator) to control the precisely timed release of neurotransmitters that initiates synaptic transmission and underlies brain function.
Resolution and limitations of faunal similarity indices of biogeographic data for testing predicted paleogeographic reconstructions and estimating intercontinental distances: A test case of modern and Cretaceous bivalves

Abstract Faunas in biogeographic regions have been compared with descriptive indices such as the Jaccard, Simpson, and the probabilistic Raup–Crick coefficients. The question is which approach is the best for testing paleogeographic reconstructions. Based on modern geography and the location of predicted biogeographic boundaries, such as deep ocean basins, convergence of cold and warm water currents, and land barriers, I have plotted eleven faunal realms. Biogeographic data composed of presence or absence information on 996 species of modern bivalves within these realms were compiled and analyzed with the above listed indices. Land barriers and biogeographic regions separated by 6000 km. of deep ocean or widely spaced latitudinally produced statistically significantly different faunas. Convergence of cold and warm currents did not produce significantly different faunas. This may be due to seasonal movement of the convergence zone. A natural logarithmic transformation of the Jaccard's coefficient was found to show the best correlation between the bivalve fauna data and distance between biogeographic regions within an ocean basin. This may be because the Jaccard coefficient incorporates both faunal compositional and diversity differences in its measure. The best fit of the faunal data and distance by the least squares method is given by the equation: Distance = − [ln(JC) + 0.75209] / 0.00036. When applied to a Late Cretaceous bivalve fossil dataset, the distance obtained by the above equation gave a paleolongitudinal separation for North America and Europe similar to that based on magnetic anomaly sea floor data.
Beta Androstenediol Mitigates the Damage of 1 GeV/n Fe Ion Particle Radiation to the Hematopoietic System

Abstract Space exploration is associated with exposure to 1–3 Gy solar particle radiation and galactic cosmic radiation that could increase cancer rates. Effective nontoxic countermeasures to high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation exposure are highly desirable but currently not available. The aim was to determine whether a single subcutaneous injection of androstenediol (Δ5 androsten-3β, 17β-diol [AED]) could mitigate and restore the mouse hematopoetic system from the radiation-mediated injury of 3 Gy whole-body high LET 56Fe26+ exposure. The findings show that postradiation AED treatment has an overall positive and significant beneficial effect to restore the levels of hematopoeitic elements (p<0.001). Androstenediol treatment significantly increased monocyte levels at days 4, 7, and 14 and, similarly, increased red blood cell, hemoglobin, and platelet counts. Flow cytometry analysis 14 days after radiation and AED treatment demonstrated an increase (p<0.05) in bone marrow cells counts. Ex vivo oste...
Tephra layers in the Siple Dome and Taylor Dome ice cores, Antarctica: Sources and correlations

[1] Volcanic ash, or tephra layers, are found in the Taylor Dome, Siple Dome A, and Siple Dome B ice cores. Significant shard concentrations are found at a number of depths in all three cores. Electron and ion microprobe analyses indicate that the geochemical composition of most layers is basaltic, basanitic, or trachytic, and the geochemical signatures of the layers suggest derivation from the Pleiades volcanic center, Mt. Melbourne volcano, or small mafic centers, probably in the Royal Society Range area. Presence of tephra layers suggests an episode of previously unrecognized Antarctic volcanic activity between 1776 and 1805 A.D., from at least two volcanic centers. A strong geochemical correlation (D = 3.49 and 3.97 with a value of 4 considered identical) is observed between tephra layers at depth of 79.2 m in the Taylor Dome ice core, and layers between 97.2 and 97.7 m depth in the Siple B core. This correlation, and the highly accurate depth-age scale of the Siple B core suggest that the age of this horizon in the Taylor Dome ice core presented by Steig et al. [1998a, 2000] should be revised downward, to the younger age of 675 ± 25 years before 1995. This revised chronology is consistent with vertical strain measurements presented by Hawley et al. [2003].
Formation and properties of lead fluorogermanate glasses

Glasses were formed in the PbO GeO 2 and PbF 2 GeO 2 systems. The properties of the lead fluorogermanate glasses are highly dependent on melt history, gradually approaching those of lead germanate glasses as melt time increases. The change in properties is a result of the loss of fluorine from the melt. The replacement of PbO by PbF 2 reduces the glass transformation and crystallization temperatures, while increasing the thermal expansion coefficient and electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of the lead fluorogermanate glasses appears to be controlled by the fluorine content of the glass, suggesting that these glasses are anionic conductors.
Characterization of synthetic oligonucleotides containing biologically important modified bases by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Oligonucleotides containing modified bases are commonly used for biochemical and biophysical studies to assess the impact of specific types of chemical damage on DNA structure and function. In contrast to the synthesis of oligonucleotides with normal DNA bases, oligonucleotide synthesis with modified bases often requires modified synthetic or deprotection conditions. Furthermore, several modified bases of biological interest are prone to further damage during synthesis and oligonucleotide isolation. In this article, we describe the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) to the characterization of a series of modified synthetic oligonucleotides. The potential for and limits in obtaining high mass accuracy for confirming oligonucleotide composition are discussed. Examination of the isotope cluster is also proposed as a method for confirming oligonucleotide elemental composition. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of the unpurified reaction mixture can be used to confirm synthetic sequence and to reveal potential problems during synthesis. Analysis during and after purification can yield important information on depurination and base oxidation. It can also reveal unexpected problems that can occur with nonstandard synthesis, deprotection, or purification strategies. Proper characterization of modified oligonucleotides is essential for the correct interpretation of experiments performed with these substrates, and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis provides a simple yet extensive method of characterization that can be used at multiple stages of oligonucleotide production and use.
An adjunct trait of HEL/I-Ab-specific T helper cell is sensitivity to antigen-specific immunosuppression

The present study tests whether the specific inhibition of helper T (Th) cell (and T hybridomas) by suppressor T (Ts) cells is a phenotypic trait of Th cells correlating with their acquired specificity for antigen/major histocompatibility complex or a genotypic trait not related to selection of the T cell repertoire for antigen. To do this we took advantage of the fact that H-2d parental strains of mice commonly restrict recognition of chicken egg-white lysozyme to the L3 peptide (a.a. 105-129) and H-2b parental mice to the L2 peptide (a.a. 13-105). F1 hybrids of these strains display two subsets of lysozyme-reactive T cells, one for each parental phenotype. Using (B10 X B10.D2)F1 mice reconstituted with B10.D2 bone marrow, we were able to develop genetic H-2d T cell clones that could express an atypical specificity, that is L2/I-Ab. Clones of this type, like genetic H-2b, are also sensitive to the inhibiting effects of HEL-activated Ts cells. To overcome some of the drawbacks of using heterogeneous populations of T, B and accessory cells in our assays, we constructed T hybridomas from HEL-immune, chimeric lymph node T cell blasts which respond to a unique antigen/major histocompatibility complex with production of the lymphokine interleukin 2. Our results indicate that all HEL/I-Ab-specific T cells (helper and hybridomas) are inhibited by suppression regardless of the T cell's haplotype at the H-2 locus: H-2b (B10), H-2d (D2) or H-2b,d (BDF1). Furthermore, there is a strict correlation between the antigen and I-A specificity: I-Ab-restricted T cells recognize non-L3 determinants even though some are derived from H-2d mice.
Lessons for culturally competent evaluation from the study of a multicultural initiative

Bringing together individuals from cultural backgrounds with varied values and norms for expressing conflicting ideals can elevate the tensions inherent in participatory evaluation. As the authors of this chapter found out, even the most deliberate attention to cultural issues does not guarantee a smooth ride.
Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Differences in Responding to Distinctiveness and Discrimination on Campus: Stigma and Common Group Identity

The present article examines how the salience of group membership can moderate or diffuse feelings of stigmatization for members of racial and ethnic minorities. A series of studies is presented that demonstrate that the development of a common group identity can diffuse the effects of stigmatization, improve intergroup attitudes, and enhance institutional satisfaction and commitment among college students and faculty. Strategies and interventions designed to address the effects of stigmatization, however, need to consider the different value and importance of racial and ethnic group identities for Whites and for people of color.
Effects of slow motion on deuteron relaxation time anisotropy

Abstract When molecular motion occurs on multiple timescales, interpreting deuteron Zeeman relaxation times, T 1Z , yields ambiguous results. Simultaneous measurements of the orientation dependence of T 1Z and the quadrupole order relaxation time, T 1Q , are required to provide a more accurate description. Processes with microsecond correlation times necessitate analysis based on the stochastic Liouville equation. Relaxation of methyl deuterated bisphenol-A polycarbonate is considered as an illustration. Numerous Redfield models are consistent with the T 1Z data, but their failure to reproduce the observed T 1Q anisotropy is characteristic of slow motion. In complex systems where slow motion is ubiquitous, it is essential that motional studies include measurement of both T 1Z and T 1Q anisotropies.
The interaction of alkali metal cations with aromatic molecules in complexes of the type M[AlMe3X]·aromatic, M[Al2Me6X]·aromatic, and related

The crystal structures of 13 compounds of the form M[Al2Me6X]·aromatic and related have been examined in order to learn about the M+...aromatic approach. Four types of interactions have been discerned: (1) metal...aromatic, (2) metal...aromatic...metal, (3) aromatic...metal...aromatic, and (4) no metal...aromatic contact. It was found that the closest K+...C(aromatic) and Cs+...C(aromatic) separations are essentially equal after a correction for the difference in metal radii. The strength of the K+...aromatic attraction was found to be sufficient to move the K+ ion 0.3 A out of the plane of the crown ether in two complexes of dibenzo-18-crown-6.
THECAL ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE TOXIC MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE GONYAULAX CATENELLA1

SUMMARY The toxic marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax catenella Whedon & Kofoid was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy to describe the thecal morphology and to accurately define the taxonomic characters of the species. The closing platelet which lies in a U-shaped apical pore was revealed to be disassociable from a partly obscured apical platelet. Two previously unreported sulcal plates were charaterized and described. The entire complement of thecal plates numbered 33.
Steady-state pattern electroretinogram following long term unilateral administration of timolol to ocular hypertensive subjects.

To determine whether long-term reduction of intraocular pressure leads to a corresponding preservation of the pattern electroretinogram (PERG), PERGs were studied in 21 patients with ocular hypertension who had received unilateral timolol therapy for a minimum of 6 years. The mean difference in intraocular pressure (IOP) between the placebo-treated and the timolol-treated eyes (over 6 years) was 2.4 mm Hg. Steady-state PERGs (16.0 rps) were obtained simultaneously in both eyes of each patient, with four check sizes (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 degrees). Significant (p less than 0.05) steady-state PERG deficits (i.e., amplitude more than two standard deviations below the mean value of age-matched controls) were observed in 16 eyes of 12 patients (10 placebo-treated and 6 timolol-treated eyes). The mean PERG amplitude did not differ significantly between the placebo-treated and timolol-treated eyes. However, a significant correlation (r = -0.423) in the IOP differences between the placebo-treated and timolol-treated eyes and the corresponding PERG amplitude differences was noted in three of the four test conditions (i.e. 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 degrees). These results suggest that reducing IOP may preserve ganglion cell function in some patients with ocular hypertension.
Effects of Dizocilpine (MK801) on Olfactory Span in Rats

NMDA receptor antagonists interfere with learning and memory in some tasks, but not others. Some recent accounts have suggested that tasks placing demands on working memory are those most likely to be affected, and the present study tested this hypothesis. The purpose of the study was to adapt a recently developed procedure designed to test working memory capacity, the olfactory memory span task, for use in behavioral pharmacology and to then determine the effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist, dizocilpine (MK801) on performance in this task. Rats were trained in a non-match-to-sample procedure under conditions in which they had to remember an increasing number of olfactory stimuli as the session progressed. Simple olfactory discrimination trials were interspersed to provide a performance control. Effects of dizocilpine (.03, .10, .17, .3 mg/kg) were determined after stable performances were obtained. Rats were able to sustain stable performances on both the span and simple discrimination tasks with average spans of about 10 items. Accuracy declined as the number of stimuli to remember increased, and dizocilpine impaired accuracy in a dose-dependent and memory-load dependent fashion. The finding that the effects of dizocilpine interacted with the number of stimuli to remember is generally consistent with hypotheses linking NMDA receptors and working memory processes.
A Magnificent Gift: Muslim Nationalism and the Election Process in Colonial Punjab

In 1940, Muhammad ‘Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, first suggested that the Muslims of India were not simply a religious community but a nation. But it was only after the triumph of the Muslim League in winning the overwhelming majority of Muslim seats in the 1946 Indian provincial elections, particularly in the two largest Muslim-majority provinces, Bengal and Punjab, that Jinnah could argue convincingly to others that he, and the Muslim League, represented the voice of that nation. In critical ways, the elections of 1946 thus laid the foundations for the emergence of Pakistan. For a good discussion of the 1946 elections in the Punjab, see I. A. Talbot, “The 1946 Punjab Elections,” Modern Asian Studies, 14:1 (1980), 65–91. A state predicated on the existence of a Muslim nation, Pakistan occupies a position of unusual importance in the history of the Muslim world and of colonial nationalism, for it represents the first post-colonial nation created on the basis of a self-consciously Muslim nationalist program.
Comparison of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in plants from disturbed and adjacent undisturbed regions of a coastal salt marsh in Clinton, Connecticut, USA

Roots of salt marsh plant speciesSpartina alterniflora, S. patens, Distichlis spicata, and others were examined for the presence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Samples were taken from introduced planted material in a salt marsh restoration project and from native material in adjacent marsh areas along the Indian River, Clinton, Connecticut, USA. After ten years the replanted area still has sites devoid of vegetation. The salt marsh plants introduced there were devoid of VAM fungi, while high marsh species from the adjacent undisturbed region showed consistent infection, leading the authors to suggest that VAM fungal infection of planting stocks may be a factor in the success of marsh restoration.
Cost Analysis of FDG PET for Managing Patients with Ovarian Cancer.

Abstract Monte Carlo simulation analysis was used to compare the cost of managing recurrent ovarian cancer patients with and without the use of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning. Assumptions in the management pathway were: (1) a positive PET scan led to either laparoscopy or laparotomy, followed by chemotherapy (true positive PET) or follow-up (false positive PET); (2) a negative PET scan resulted in continued follow-up (true negative PET) or laparotomy (false negative PET); and, (3) a laparotomy led to chemotherapy or follow-up. In this simulation, sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET for recurrent ovarian cancer varied from 72–91% (mean 83%) and 69–95% (mean 85%), respectively, as defined by the ROC curve. Using a prevalence rate of 30% for recurrent ovarian cancer, the mean PET false negative rate was 5%. Thus, when using PET to manage the diagnostic evaluation, the number of unnecessary laparotomies was reduced from 70% to 5%, with 35% of patients undergoing laparoscopy for recurrent disease instead of laparotomy. If laparotomy is used in place of laparoscopy, unnecessary surgery can be avoided in 30% of patients. Costs for procedures were based both on hospital charges, and Medicare reimbursement rates. Cost savings per patient ranged from $1,941 to $11,766, assuming that follow-up evaluation was similar for both groups. Estimated cost savings were due to the need for fewer surgical procedures when using PET in the diagnostic evaluation, the reimbursement rate scheme employed, and whether laparotomy or laparoscopy was used in the management algorithm for PET positive patients. In conclusion, FDG PET can reduce unnecessary invasive staging procedures and save health care costs when used appropriately in the management of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer.
China's Energy Strategy: Economic Structure, Technological Choices, and Energy Consumption

Introduction Energy in China's Economy, 1981 and 1987 Accounting for Energy Use Changes: A Structural Decomposition Analysis Energy Effects of Final-Demand Shifts Energy Effects of Production-Technology Changes Energy Conservation in Action: A Case Study of the Iron and Steel Industry Summary and Conclusion Appendices Bibliography Index
Electrically induced liquid infiltration for the synthesis of carbon/carbon–silicon carbide composite

Abstract The electrically induced liquid infiltration (EILI) method for the synthesis of carbon/carbon–silicon carbide (C/C–SiC) materials was developed. The method involves Joule preheating of a porous carbon/carbon preform surrounded by silicon media, followed by silicon infiltration into the pore structure, and its reaction with carbon to form pore-free C/C–SiC composite. This technique is characterized by high heating rates (10 2 –10 3 K/s) and short processing times (5–20 s), which distinguish it from conventional approaches. The influence of maximum treatment temperature, as well as preheating rate on the depth of infiltration, reaction kinetics, and the material microstructure was investigated. C/C–SiC composite with a compressive strength which was twice that of the initial C/C material was synthesized.
β-Protein Kinase C and Hypertrophic Signaling in Human Heart Failure

In this issue of Circulation , Bowling et al1 present important data on protein kinase C (PKC) in human heart failure. PKC is a candidate rate-limiting molecular switch in what has come to be known as “hypertrophic signaling,” the molecular mechanisms whereby surface and nuclear receptors and their intracellular transducers convert mechanical and soluble growth stimuli into the end product of a bigger cardiac myocyte. Cardiac myocyte hypertrophy is an essential chronic adaptation but is believed to become maladaptive in the so-called “transition from hypertrophy to failure.” Thus, hypertrophic signaling has become a research area of intense interest, with the hope that targeting specific signaling molecules by drugs or even gene therapy might be useful in heart failure. This editorial summarizes the present study in the context of recent data on PKC, particularly the β-isoform of PKC, and considers some unresolved issues and future directions. Recent editorials in this journal have presented variations on the general theme of hypertrophic signaling.2 3 4 Bowling et al1 studied PKC proteins, mRNAs, and activity in a dozen explanted hearts with end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy, both ischemic and idiopathic, and a similar number of nonfailing control hearts. Using left ventricular free wall samples from failing hearts, they showed by immunoblot that 2 Ca2+-sensitive PKC isoform proteins, α and β (both the β1 and β2 forms), are substantially elevated, by 40% to 70%, in particulate or “membrane” fractions. Furthermore, the α- and β-PKC proteins are increased in cardiac myocytes by immunostaining in tissue sections, and β1- and β2-PKC mRNAs are also higher in failing myocytes by in situ hybridization. Selectivity in upregulation is suggested by unchanged levels of a Ca2+-insensitive PKC isoform, e-PKC. Finally, PKC enzyme activity in failing membranes in vitro is …
Moral versus Social‐conventional Reasoning: a narrative and cultural critique

Abstract We suggest in this paper that attempts to segregate social‐conventional reasoning from the moral domain may represent an artifactual division, one that ignores major philosophic and psychological traditions and cultural constructs regarding the moral self. We address such issues as the individual, social, and relational dimensions of morality; the cultural context of moral development and behavior; and whether morality is solely a matter of justice, harm and welfare considerations, or concerned as well with culturally variable definitions of the good self and the good society, with role obligations, and with caring and affective aspects of human experience. We conclude with a call for continuing narrative and anthropological approaches to the study of moral development in order to reach a fuller understanding of the multiple facets of moral life.
A guide to Chaucer's language

A Guide to Chaucer's Language by David Burnley Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983. $22.50
Repertoire size, auditory templates, and selective vocal learning in songbirds

Abstract When vocal variability, here measured by song repertoire size, increases in songbirds, it may become increasingly difficult to encode genetically all the information which is required to ensure the learning of only conspecific songs. Marsh wrens ( Cistothorus palustris ) have sizeable song repertoires, and while no vocal mimicry is evident in the field, males will readily learn heterospecific songs in the laboratory. These data, together with data from the literature, support the proposed relationship between increased repertoire sizes and reduced specificity of the innate auditory template which guides vocal learning.
AMGET, an R-Based Postprocessing Tool for ADAPT 5

ADAPT 5 is a powerful modeling software for population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic systems analysis, but provides limited built-in functionality for creating pre- and post-analysis diagnostic plots. ADAPT 5 Model Evaluation Graphical Toolkit (AMGET), an external package written in the open source R programming language, was developed specifically to support efficient postprocessing of ADAPT 5 runs, as well as NONMEM and S-ADAPT runs. Using interactive navigational menus, users of AMGET are able to rapidly create informative diagnostic plots enriched by the display of numerical and graphical elements with a high degree of customization using a simple settings spreadsheet. This article describes each feature of the AMGET package and illustrates how it allows users to utilize the powerful numerical routines of the ADAPT 5 package in a more efficient manner through the use of a simulated dataset and a simple pharmacokinetic model optimized using the maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) algorithm of ADAPT 5.CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2013) 2, e61; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.36; published online 31 July 2013.
Role of Medial Cortical Networks for Anticipatory Processing in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Recurrent anticipation of ominous events is central to obsessions, the core symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), yet the neural basis of intrinsic anticipatory processing in OCD is unknown. We studied nonmedicated adults with OCD and case matched healthy controls in a visual-spatial working memory task with distractor. Magnetoencephalography was used to examine the medial cortex activity during anticipation of to-be-inhibited distractors and to-be-facilitated retrieval stimuli. In OCD anticipatory activation to distractors was abnormally reduced within the posterior cingulate and fusiform gyrus compared to prominent activation in controls. Conversely, OCD subjects displayed significantly increased activation to retrieval stimuli within the anterior cingulate and supplementary motor cortex. This previously unreported discordant pattern of medial anticipatory activation in OCD was accompanied by normal performance accuracy. While increased anterior cortex activation in OCD is commonly viewed as failure of inhibition, the current pattern of data implicates the operation of an anterior compensatory mechanism amending the posterior medial self-regulatory networks disrupted in OCD.
Specific Reading Disability and Other Specific Disabilities

The Journal invites its readers to comment on the formulas presented by the authors.—C.C.E.
Corporate governance and agency conflicts

ABSTRACT I investigate whether corporate governance is associated with the level of agency conflicts in firms. I employ exploratory principal components analysis on 22 individual governance variables to obtain seven factors that represent the different dimensions of governance for a firm. I measure the level of agency conflicts in firms based on seven proxies for agency conflicts used in the literature. I find that firms with greater agency conflicts have better governance mechanisms in place, particularly those related to the board, audit committee, and auditor. I also find that the composition and functioning of the board, the independence of the auditor, and the equity-based compensation of directors are significantly associated with firm performance, but primarily for firms with high agency conflicts. Overall, the results support the theory that the existence and role of various governance mechanisms in a firm are a function of the level of agency conflicts in the firm. Copyright (c), University of Chicago on behalf of the Institute of Professional Accounting, 2008.
Micromagnetic calculation of erasure fields in perpendicular recording

The author has performed fully micromagnetic dynamic modeling of systems consisting of a perpendicular writer and a soft underlayer. The writer was approximately 9500 nm tall and 8000 nm wide, with two return poles each 1300 nm thick located 1600 nm from the yoke or top pole. The yoke thickness was 300 nm, and the top pole was 200 nm thick with a width of the pole tip of 160 nm. Dual three-turn coils were used to energize the writer with a current of 30 mA (0-to-peak). The writer was located 20 nm above a 120 nm thick soft underlayer. The entire system was modeled at a resolution of 20 nm everywhere with a time resolution of about 2.5 ps.
Infant Predictors of Inhibited and Uninhibited Profiles

Previous research on subjects showing the two temperamental profiles called inhibited and uninhibited to unfamiliar events suggests that the two groups differ in threshold of reactivity to novelty. Hence, variation among infants in behavioral reactivity to unfamiliar events might predict later display of the two profiles. In a longitudinal study of 94 four-month-old infants, those who displayed the combination of high motor activity and frequent crying to stimulation were more fearful to unfamiliar events at nine and 14 months than infants who displayed both low motor activity and infrequent crying. This result implies that the processes that mediate early reactivity to stimulation may also influence a later preparedness to avoid or to approach unfamiliarity.
PERFORMANCE LIMITATIONS OF Si CMOS AND ALTERNATIVES FOR NANOELECTRONICS

It is believed that below the 65-nm node although the conventional bulk CMOS can be scaled, however, without appreciable performance gains. To continue the scaling of Si CMOS in the sub-65nm regime, innovative device structures and new materials have to be created in order to continue the historic progress in information processing and transmission. Examples of novel device structures being investigated are double gate or surround gate MOS and examples of novel materials are high mobility channel materials like strained Si and Ge, high-k gate dielectrics and metal gate electrodes. Continuous scaling of VLSI circuits can pose significant problems for interconnects. We show that resistance of interconnect wires in light of scaling induced increase in electron surface scattering, fractional cross section area occupied by the high resistivity barrier and realistic interconnect operation temperature will lead to a significant rise in the effective resistivity of Cu. As a result both power and delay of these interconnects is likely to rise significantly in the future. In the light of various metal interconnect limitations, alternate solutions need to be pursued. We focus on two such solutions, optical interconnects and three-dimensional (3-D) ICs with multiple active Si layers. Heterogeneous integration of the new structures and materials on Si may take us to sub-20 nm regime, but will require new fabrication technology solutions that are generally compatible with current and forecasted installed Si manufacturing.
A decision-support tool for the take-back of plastics from end-of-life electronics

This paper introduces the take-back planning advisor, a decision-support tool for the environmental and economic planning of take-back systems for plastic components from end-of-life electronics. The take-back planning advisor is based on a comprehensive unit process modeling approach that characterizes the energy consumption, energy-related air emissions, solid waste generation, material state transformation, and processing costs of the discrete process steps in a take-back system design space. The systems modeling approach quantifies the linkage between product design attributes and the environmental and economic behavior of unit processes and therefore adds critical "scenario playing" capabilities to plastics take-back system planning efforts. Potential applications of the decision-support tool in recycling process planning, "design for take-back" and policy analysis are discussed.
Role of MRI in screening women at high risk for breast cancer

Breast cancer is diagnosed in over one million women worldwide every year. Until breast cancer can be prevented, early detection offers the best chance for cure. Mammographic screening is an effective method for early detection in average-risk women. However, the sensitivity of mammography is decreased in women at high risk for breast cancer. Because of its high sensitivity, multiple investigators have studied the potential role of MRI in screening women at high risk. In the past few years, results from eight major clinical trials exploring breast MRI as a screening tool have been published. Combined, the studies included 4271 patients and found 144 breast cancers detected by MRI, for an overall cancer yield of 3%. The sensitivity of MRI ranged from 71% to 100% across the studies. Although its reported specificity was variable, the call-back rates and risk of benign biopsies were within acceptable limits. In general, patients who underwent breast MRI screening had a 10% risk of being called back, and a 5% risk of having a benign biopsy. This work reviews the literature and current practices and recommendations for MRI as a screening tool for high-risk women. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Individual-tree diameter growth and mortality models for bottomland mixed-species hardwood stands in the lower Mississippi alluvial valley

Individual-tree diameter growth and mortality models were developed for the bottomland mixed-species hardwood stands in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV). Data came from 5-year remeasurements of continuous forest inventory plots. Six species groups were created according to diameter structure, tree growth, mortality, recruitment and light demand of species. A 5-year basal area increment model and logistic mortality model were calibrated for species groups. Potential predictor variables at tree-level and stand-level were selected based on the available data and their biological significance to tree growth and mortality. The resulting models possess desirable statistical properties and model behaviors, and can be used to update short-term inventory.
Virtual reality: its usefulness for ergonomic analysis

This paper presents the results of an effort to compare results of an experiment performed in both a virtual and a real environment. The research question addressed is if virtual reality is a suitable tool for performing ergonomic analysis. The subjects performed a palletizing task in the virtual environment and then performed the same task in the real environment. The results showed that VR can be compared to a similar experimental task in the real environment if it involves measuring only range of movements and no velocities or accelerations. This paper presents these results using a lumbar motion monitor and proposes areas for future improvement and research.
Impact of reinduction regimens for relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults.

The clinical outlook for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has Improved with the use of intensive chemotherapy. Complete remissions (CR) are achieved in 80% of adults but the majority relapse on maintenance chemotherapy and a few exhibit primary resistance to induction therapy. This report compares the various salvage treatments and provides guidance in selecting a regimen with the optimum clinical outcome. Regimens using high-dose ara-C (HDAC) in combination with mltoxantrone, amsacrine, or idarublcin are superior to HDAC alone or with L-asparaginase. The sequential administration of methotrexate and L-asparaginase Is equally effective. The duration of second CR is short for all chemotherapeutic regimens. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Remembering words not presented in lists: Can we avoid creating false memories?

Can subjects avoid creating false memories as outlined in Roediger and McDermott’s (1995) false recognition paradigm if they are forewarned about this memory illusion? We presented subjects with semantically related word lists, followed by a recognition test. The test was composed of studied words, semantically related nonstudied words (critical lures), and unrelated nonstudied words. One group of subjects was uninformed about the false recognition effect, a second group was urged to minimize all false alarms, and a third group was forewarned about falsely recognizing critical lures. Compared with the uninformed and cautious subjects, the forewarned subjects reduced their false alarm rate for critical lures, and they made remember and know judgments equally often for recognized studied words and critical lures. But forewarning did not eliminate the false recognition effect, as these subjects and those in the other groups made numerous false recognitions in this task.
Evaluation of Mitral Insufficiency in Dogs by Electronic Analog Simulation of Radioisotope Dilution Data

Left atrial and left ventricular volumes, regurgitant flows and systolic efficiencies have been calculated for dogs with and without mitral valve insufficiency, using a technic of electric analog simulation of radioisotope dilution data. Amounts of blood between the valve of the pulmonary artery and the left atrium were calculated by use of mean transit time and flow, and compared to those of the analog. It is concluded that the analog technic is practical and will be more useful when data is available on flow patterns in the pulmonary bed.
Hierarchical architecture for a multi-rover system

To enhance robustness and to expand planetary exploration, a multi-rover system is suggested. To support such a system a hierarchical architecture is proposed. That architecture provides for heterogeneous rovers to share tasks, communicate with one another and to respond to unforeseen events.
2DCOS and I. Three decades of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy

Abstract Historical and personal accounts of the development of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) in the last 30 years are presented. 2DCOS originally started as a data sorting technique developed specifically for dynamic IR linear dichroism (DIRLD) spectra of polymers observed under a small amplitude sinusoidal strain. The concept was later generalized to provide a surprisingly versatile analytical tool to study many different types of samples under the influence of not only dynamic but also various static perturbations. Introduction of the efficient computational method based on discrete Hilbert transform and availability of software, as well as the comprehensive textbook in the field, have made the widespread and continuously growing use of 2DCOS technique possible. Evolution of the technique to incorporate new and variant forms of 2DCOS is also noted.
First-principles study of compensation mechanisms in negatively charged LaGaO 3 /MgAl 2 O 4 interfaces

© 2013 by American Physical Society, Physical Review B. The final publication is available at http://prb.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v87/i24/e245117
Assessment of Creative Thinking across Cultures Using the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT): Translation and Validity Issues.

As part of a project to translate and administer the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) to Turkish elementary and secondary students, 35 professionals were trained in a full-day workshop to learn to score the verbal TTCT. All trainees scored the same 4 sets of TTCT verbal criterion tests for fluency, flexibility, and originality by filling out specially designed forms to allow item analysis of each of the criterion responses. This analysis outlines a protocol to monitor the responses of scorers at the item level, not a level of analysis that is normally performed on the TTCT. The results of item level analyses for fluency and flexibility data from the 35 trainees reveal new information about translation, training, and scoring. Based on these results, this article makes the case for item-level analysis for cross-cultural applications to prevent artificially congruent scores that will not predict accuracy in future scoring.
End chain and side chain interactions in the ordered aggregation of modified collagen macromolecules

Sonic irradiation of acid-soluble collagen (tropocollagen) markedly affects the aggregation properties of these macromolecules. Relatively brief irradiation prevents the formation of nativetype (~ 700 A axial period) fibrils. However, ordered aggregates of the segment long-spacing ( SLS) type, in which the macromolecules are all “pointing” in the same direction and are in register with respect to their ends, are still formed on addition of ATP; these have lengths and band patterns indistinguishable from those obtained from unirradiated preparations. Dimeric and polymeric SLS-type structures are commonly found. Detailed analysis of the band patterns of these forms led to the suggestion that one or more peptide chains may extend beyond the triple helix body of the tropocollagen macromolecule at each end and that polymerization, either of the normal type or of the abnormal types observed in irradiated collagen, involves the orderly inter-action of these end chains possibly by a coiling of the chains about each other.
Increasing Treatment with Metered Dose Inhaler to Improve Efficiency of Care for Children with Mild-Moderate Asthma in the Emergency Department

Evidence from clinical trials suggests that using a metered dose inhaler with spacer device (MDI) to treat acute asthma in the Emergency Department (ED) increases value of care by reducing length of stay (LOS) and improving resource use. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of a change in a clinical treatment pathway recommending use of MDI to treat mild-moderate asthma in a pediatric ED. A baseline review focused on …
JustRunIt: experiment-based management of virtualized data centers

Managing data centers is a challenging endeavor. State-of-the-art management systems often rely on analytical modeling to assess the performance, availability, and/or energy implications of potential management decisions or system configurations. In this paper, we argue that actual experiments are cheaper, simpler, and more accurate than models for many management tasks. To support this claim, we built an infrastructure for experimentbased management of virtualized data centers, called JustRunIt. The infrastructure creates a sandboxed environment in which experiments can be run--on a very small number of machines--using real workloads and real system state, but without affecting the on-line system. Automated management systems or the system administrator herself can leverage our infrastructure to perform management tasks on the on-line system. To evaluate the infrastructure, we apply it to two common tasks: server consolidation/expansion and evaluating hardware upgrades. Our evaluation demonstrates that JustRunIt can produce results realistically and transparently, and be nicely combined with automated management systems.
A Primal–Dual Smooth Perceptron–von Neumann Algorithm

We propose an elementary algorithm for solving a system of linear inequalities A T y>0 or its alternative Ax=0,x≥0,x≠0. Our algorithm is a smooth version of the perceptron and von Neumann algorithms. Our algorithm retains the simplicity of these algorithms but has a significantly improved convergence rate. Our approach also extends to more general conic systems provided a suitable smoothing oracle is available.
Comparative Study of Asphalt Pavement Responses under FWD and Moving Vehicular Loading

AbstractThis study aimed to compare pavement responses caused by impulsive dynamic loading and moving vehicular loading using mechanistic pavement analysis. Finite-element (FE) models were developed to simulate falling weight deflectometer (FWD) loading with axisymmetric FE models and to simulate moving vehicular loading with three-dimensional (3D) FE models. Two flexible pavement structures with different asphalt layer thicknesses and temperature profiles were considered in the analysis. The FE models simulated dynamic impulse loading during FWD testing and moving tire loading patterns with 3D tire-pavement contact stresses. It was found that the pulse durations of compressive stresses in the asphalt layer were significantly affected by speed and pavement depth in what can be described as an exponential relationship. However, pulse duration was found to be pavement-dependent, and the quantitative relationship between pulse duration and speed and depth could only be developed for each individual pavement ...
Abstract 75: Electronic Integrated Monitoring of Medical Emergency Team Calls to a Step Down Unit

Purpose: Early discharge from intensive care units (ICU) to lower acuity monitoring units (step-down units or SDU) is increasing to improve care throughput. However, the ability of minimally invasive monitoring via electronic integrated monitoring systems (IMS) in SDUs to identify cardiopulmonary deterioration in order to activate Medical Emergency Team (MET) response is unknown. We evaluated the ability of an IMS index value to detect clinically significant events which might trigger activation of the MET earlier than called. Methods: Patients were monitored on a 24 bed trauma SDU according to prevailing policy and bedside decision making. An IMS (BioSignTM) was inserted into the monitoring system and IMS data were collected in a blinded fashion for 8 weeks from all patients. The IMS uses 4 parameters (heart rate [HR], respiratory rate [RR], blood pressure [BP], peripheral oxygen saturation [SpO2]) to develop a single neural networked signal known as the BioSign Index (BSI). Data were analyzed for patient deterioration according to both BSI trigger value and local MET criteria (DeVita, Qual Safety Health Care 2004). Results: Data from 333 patient admissions were evaluated reflecting 18,692 hours of continuous monitoring. SpO2 monitoring data were absent in 38.5% of monitored hours, despite being mandatory. Most patients were stable throughout their SDU stay. MET activation occurred on 10 occasions (4 respiratory cause [2 SpO2, 2 SpO2+RR], 2 cardiac (BP), 1 mixed respiratory + cardiac, and 3 other (1 chest pain, 2 acute mental status change). All 7 MET events of respiratory and/or cardiac cause were detected by BSI in advance (mean advanced detection time prior to MET activation was 6.33 hours). Cardiopulmonary deterioration was generally characterized by progressive increases in BSI over time, not step increases. Conclusion : In this population, cardiopulmonary deterioration requiring MET activation was uncommon but always preceded by IMS index elevations which would have alerted the nursing staff in advance. Continuous monitoring of physiological variables may be augmented by integrating information from multiple parameters to create a new variable. The new index parameter may detect patient deterioration earlier than single parameter monitoring.