cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical Management of Persistent and Recurrent Cushing Disease

Recent evidence supports the notion that the incidence of Cushing disease is higher than previously thought. Transphenoidal surgery, in the hands of experienced neurosurgeons, is currently considered the first-line treatment of choice. However, an examination of remission and recurrence rates in long-term follow-up studies reveals that potentially up to 40% to 50% of patients could require additional treatment. If left untreated, the resultant morbidity and mortality are high. Successful clinical management of patients with Cushing disease remains a challenge. The development of new therapeutic agents has been eagerly anticipated. This article discusses the results of currently available and promising new therapeutic agents used to treat this challenging disease.
Characterizing Fuzz on Fabrics Using Image Analysis

A hardware device and software based on image analysis techniques are developed to detect and describe fuzz on fabric surfaces. Thin optical slices near the surface of fabrics are imaged with a microscope objective lens and electronic camera. Sharply focused fuzz fibers are detected within each image and described in terms of fuzz density, fuzz height, and fabric-fuzz separation. The hardware device and software techniques are evaluated by visualizing fuzz detection in individual images and by assessing the reasonableness of measured fuzz parameters for fabrics with intuitively known fuzz attributes. The instru ment's usefulness is explored by assessing the influence of the yarn interlacing pattern, mechanical abrasion, and a fuzz-reducing finish on fuzz.
Multimedia: fluff, fashion or future?

Abstract This article presents an explanation of multimedia and how one example of a multimedia tool, interactive video (IV), has been used as a training, marketing, and informational device. Also discussed are other forms of multimedia, including compact disc-interactive (CD-I), digital video-interactive (DV-I), and the benefits of using CD-ROM. Through the use of interactive multimedia programs available through either a desktop personal computer (PC) or a dedicated system, trainees and customers now have more control over the information they need when they need it. In addition, the information is enhanced by the use of full-motion video, graphics, stereo sound, and text. Contained in this article are the viewpoints of those who think interactive technology is fluff, fashion, and those who think it is the way of the future. Lastly, this article concentrates on what is new and available on the consumer market in interactive technologies for training, classroom instruction, marketing and entertainment. It is predicted that this technology will be used in the hospitality industry, as in other organizations, to improve customer service and simplify operations that are considered to be labor intensive.
Pertussis toxin inhibits the rise in the intracellular concentration of free calcium that is induced by chemotactic factors in rabbit neutrophils: Possible role of the “G proteins” in calcium mobilization

The addition of pertussis toxin to rabbit neutrophils inhibits the rise in the intracellular concentration of free calcium induced by the chemotactic factors fMet-Leu-Phe and leukotriene B4. At high concentrations of fMet-Leu-Phe, the inhibitory effect of the toxin is more on the stimulus-induced increase in membrane permeability to calcium than on calcium mobilization from internal stores. These results suggest that the “G protein” system either directly or indirectly is involved in the regulation of the stimulus-induced changes in the calcium mobilization and/or gating systems.
1043. Intravenous (I.V.) Administration of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase-Plasmid Liposome (MnSOD-PL) Complex Protects Mice from Whole Body Irradiation

Local administration of MnSOD-PL has been demonstrated to protect normal tissues from irradiation damage including: oral cavity, esophagus, lung, bladder and intestines. To determine whether systemic administration of MnSOD-PL protected the bone marrow from irradiation-induced damage, C57BL/6NHsd female mice were injected intravenously with MnSOD-PL (100 |[mu]|g plasmid DNA). Groups of the mice were irradiated 24 hours later to 9 Gy, 9.5 Gy or 9.75 Gy whole body irradiation. Following irradiation, the mice were weighed on a daily basis and watched for signs of irradiation- induced hematologic damage. Control mice irradiated to either 9.5 Gy or 9.75 Gy demonstrated a loss of body weight while mice injected with the MnSOD-PL showed no changes in body weight. Mice injected with MnSOD-PL before irradiation demonstrated protection against irradiation with stabilized body weight and increased survival compared to control irradiated mice (p=0.0402 at 9.5 Gy or p = 0.0016 at 9.75 Gy). Therefore, I.V. administration of MnSOD-PL protects mice from bone marrow toxicity of whole body irradiation.
Ageing and cancer as diseases of epigenesis

Cancer and ageing are often said to be diseases of development. During the past fifty years, the genetic components of cancer and ageing have been intensely investigated since development, itself, was seen to be an epiphenomenon of the genome. However, as we have learned more about the expression of the genome, we find that differences in expression can be as important as differences in alleles. It is easier to inactivate a gene by methylation than by mutation, and given that appropriate methylation is essential for normal development, one can immediately see that diseases would result as a consequence of inappropriate epigenetic methylation. While first proposed by Boris Vanyushin in 1973, recent studies have confirmed that inappropriate methylation not only causes diseases, and it also may be the critical factor in ageing and cancers.
Tests of a Ground‐Water Optimization Technique

Results obtained from a linear programming ground-water management model are tested against those obtained using numerical and electrical analog ground-water models. The optimal distributions of pumping and head as predicted by the management model are verified. An improved optimal solution could be obtained by reformulating the management model using different constraints or a finer grid spacing.
Opportunities to empower statisticians in emerging areas

Statistics has long played an important role in impacting the practices of business and industry. As data collection strategies become more automated and first-principles scientific modeling with computer codes becomes more sophisticated, statistics has the opportunity to evolve and further contribute to the bottom line. Thinking about statistics as a set of tools to be applied piecemeal to a complex problem can be limiting. The emerging discussion about statistical engineering as proposed by Roger Hoerl and Ronald Snee in Quality Progress, 2010 provides a framework for formalizing the role of statistics in a broader set of applications. Expanding how we think about data collection through resource allocation with multiple possible data types; combining data with first principles models of underlying science and engineering phenomena; and focusing on the multiple facets of the decision-making process-all represent opportunities to expand the impact and influence of statistics. Statisticians have the opportunity to embrace these new opportunities to expand our sphere of influence and make broader contributions. Examples from collaborative efforts with subject matter experts at Los Alamos National Laboratory are presented to illustrate these emerging areas. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low ejection fraction documented during cardiac catheterization is significantly associated with long-term, all-cause mortality.

Abstract Background Decreased ejection fraction (EF) has been found to be a strong predictor of mortality. However, this association has not been studied in patients undergoing ventriculography over a long period of time. Using a large database of patients who underwent coronary angiography for clinical reasons, we evaluated any association between severity of EF impairment and 10 year mortality. Methods Retrospective angiographic data of 1,937 patients between 1993 to 1997 from the VA Long Beach Health Care System were studied. Decreased EF was defined as EF Results Total mortality was 22.9% of the cohort. Decreased EF was a strong predictor of death over a period of 10 years. (All-cause mortality occurred in 21.6 % of patients with normal EF vs. 41.7 %, OR 2.59, CI 2.06-3.26, P Conclusion Decreased EF measured during coronary angiography is a strong independent predictor of all-cause mortality over a period of 10 years.
Horizontal variability in soil fertility of deep loess hill soils at MEY research station

Abstract In order to determine the level of horizontal variability, identify its nature in terms of patterns, and propose fertilizer recommendations using coefficient of variability as a factor; eight fields were selected and divided into small units at the MEY Research Station in deep loess hill soils of Northwest Missouri. The size of each unit ranged between 37 to 744 square meters and the size of the field ranged between 0.3 to 1.8 ha. A composite soil sample was collected from each unit and analyzed for extractable P, K, Ca, Mg, organic matter (OM) content, and salt pH. The coefficient of variation of each test in each field was computed. The data indicated that the weighted mean of the coefficient of variation of the whole experimental area (6.1 hectares) for pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, and OM was 5, 43, 35, 16, 24, and 54 percent, respectively. There appeared to be some low and high points in soil test levels of each field, but the patterns were not large enough to justify variable fertilizer application or ...
Bacterial Colonization on Metal Surfaces in Animal Buildings: Implications for Microbial-induced Corrosion

The corrosion potential of steel products exposed in animal buildings caused by microorganisms was investigated by determining the presence of bacteria on metal surfaces. In an initial study, scrapings (1 g from sample surface) of several corroded metal samples collected from three different animal buildings were cultured for total aerobic, anaerobic, and sulfate-reducing bacterial counts. The data obtained revealed high counts (about 108, 106, and 104 for total aerobic, anaerobic, and sulfate-reducing bacteria, respectively) on the corroded metal surfaces in animal buildings. In addition, the presence of biofilms on different metal samples in swine and dairy buildings were revealed by scanning electron microscopy.
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein (vFLIP) K13 cooperates with Myc to promote lymphoma in mice.

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive form of lymphoma that is associated with infection by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). One of the KSHV genes expressed in PEL cells is K13, a potent activator of the NF-κB pathway. K13 transgenic mice develop lymphomas, but after a long period of latency. A possible candidate that could cooperate with K13 in the development of PEL is c-Myc, whose expression is frequently dysregulated in PEL cells. To study the cooperative interaction between K13 and c-Myc in the pathogenesis of PEL, we crossed the K13 transgenic mice to iMycEμ transgenic mice that overexpress Myc. We report that lymphomas in the K13/iMycEμ double transgenic mice developed with shorter latency and were histologically distinct from those observed in the iMycEμ mice. Lymphomas in the K13/iMycEμ mice also lacked the expression of B- and T-cell markers, thus resembling the immunophenotype of PEL. The accelerated development of lymphoma in the K13/iMycEμ mice was associated with in...
Theoretical parallels in George H. Mead and Thorstein Veblen

Abstract This article analyzes the writings of Mead and Veblen to show the elements which are parallel. Although there is no clear systematic convergence in Mead and Veblen, their work shows similarities worthy of note in their discussions of inter-individual action, temporal concepts of human existence, social change, motives, symbolic representations, and economics. Despite the use of different theoretical frameworks, Mead and Veblen share a common intellectual orientation and similar vision of society.
Sclerotic mandibular bone lesion

Abstract This article reports an unusual expansible radiopaque lesion of the mandible. Discussion includes differential diagnosis, biopsy procedure, and treatment.
Who Speaks? Citizen Political Voice on the Internet Commons

Abstract Using an August 2008 representative survey of Americans conducted by the Pew Internet & American Life Project, we investigate the consequences of Internet-based political activity for long-standing patterns of participatory inequality. There is little evidence of change in the extent to which political participation is stratified by socioeconomic status, even when we account for the fact that the well educated and affluent are more likely to be Internet users. However, because young adults are much more likely than their elders to be comfortable with electronic technologies and to use the Internet, the Web has ameliorated the well-known participatory deficit among those who have recently joined the electorate. Still, among Internet users, the young are not especially politically active. How these trends play out in the future depends on what happens to the current Web-savvy younger generation and the cohorts that follow as well as on the rapidly developing political capacities of the Web.
Analytical foundations of aerothermochemistry

L'etude decrite ici donne une formulation complete et generale des ecoulements d'un melange a reaction de gaz parfaits. Les resultats les plus importants sont les suivants:
Continuous-wave self-pumped phase conjugator with wide field of view.

A self-pumped phase conjugator is demonstrated that operates over a wide field of view, phase conjugates separate images without cross talk, and when pumped by one incident beam will self-oscillate with mirrors placed in all four quadrants. The phase conjugator uses a single crystal of BaTiO3.
A case of Tourette's syndrome with midbrain involvement.

Several hypotheses have attempted to incriminate a particular anatomical region responsible for the complex symptomatology of Tourette's syndrome (TS). Recently, Devinsky speculated that damage to the peri-aqueductal gray matter (PAG) and midbrain tegmentum may represent the major anatomical site of dysfunction in TS. A patient with TS in whom radiologial evidence indicated midbrain involvement may support Devinsky's hypothesis. A 7-year-old boy exhibited motor and vocal tics since the age of four. These were associated with hyperactive behavior, stereotype body movements, abnormal sexual behavior and coprolalia. At the age of five he was placed on methylphenidate for hyperactive behavior which resulted in marked exacerbation of the tics. Family history was unremarkable. Neurological examination was normal with the exception of the tics. Endocrine evaluation, including plasma cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin and TSH were normal with the exception of reduced FSH, LH and testosterone levels. Sexual matur...
FACIAL EXPRESSIVE CUES IN PERSON PERCEPTION

The effect of facial expressions on estimates of the likelihood that a person will again commit an offense for which he has been arrested was studied. Such information did not affect estimates of 34 male and 36 female undergraduates as much as did the objective information provided about the offense. The results suggest directions for research on the role of facial expressions in interpersonal judgments.
Management of Large Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Adult Patients with Alagille Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Alagille syndrome is a multi-system developmental disorder associated with paucity of interlobular bile ducts and cholestasis, rarely associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Associated syndromic co-morbidities may complicate surgical management. As such, we herein review the modern management of a large hepatocellular carcinoma in an adult patient with Alagille syndrome and review the literature of adult Alagille patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. A 29-year-old woman with a history of Alagille syndrome was referred with biopsy-proven 12 × 8 cm hepatocellular carcinoma replacing her right liver. Biopsy of the contralateral liver demonstrated findings consistent with Alagille syndrome, but no underlying cirrhosis. CT volumetrics demonstrated a future liver remnant of 40%. Extensive hematologic and cardiac work-up was performed pre-operatively, given the syndrome’s associated bleeding dyscrasias and cardiac abnormalities. The patient underwent a margin-negative right hepatectomy using the “hanging” technique through a thoracoabdominal approach. The patient developed a transient hyperbilirubinemia but no hepatic insufficiency and did well post-operatively. Since Alagille syndrome affects multiple organ systems, preoperative evaluation of cardiac, hematologic, and hepatic function should be considered. This case illustrates the peri-operative management of an Alagille patient, and highlights several key technical points that contributed to a successful resection.
Sponsorship and social science research

Ponsorship has more effect on the substantive content and methods of social science research than it does on natural science research. This stems in part from differences, actual and perceived, in the relations of the natural and social sciences to public policy and policy makers. In the social sciences, the conceptual structure of knowledge is more intimately connected to the implicit social assumptions and political preferences of the various actors in the policymaking process than is the case for the natural sciences. The researches of social scientists lead to findings which may question or support basic assumptions of various publics and politicians about human behavior or human nature. Everyone is in his own view to some extent a social science expert and is less willing to grant the objectivity.and political neutrality of social science findings than in the case of the natural sciences. Society can never be a pure "object" because decision makers are part of it. Thus, support for, and the direction of development of, the social sciences are more directly influenced by current social priorities and attitudes than is the case with the natural sciences.
Effects of a Bacterial Cell Wall Fragment on Monocyte Inflammatory Function

Gram-negative bacteria recovered from necrotic pulps of teeth with periapical lesions have been shown to promote bone resorption through the effects of their lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Recently, it was shown that microflora of root-filled teeth with persisting periapical lesions consisted mainly of single species of Gram-positive bacteria. But Gram-positive bacteria do not contain LPS and their role in the development of periapical lesions is not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a cell wall component of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, on cytokine release from monocytes. Human monocyte cultures were treated with MDP or LPS and interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in the supernatants were estimated. MDP and LPS stimulated cytokine release, but the effect of MDP was significantly less than that of LPS.
A mirror for science.

Early conceptions of the public understanding of science suffered from a narrow framing of what science means and a presumption that science is divided from its publics by walls of ignorance and indifference. Those assumptions amplified misunderstanding and led to faulty policies. It is time to reopen each element in the term “public understanding of science” to renewed reflection. This journal can advance that goal by encouraging research on actual rather than imagined public responses to science, on representations of science in the public sphere, and on interactions between science, technology and society.
Memory of Pain and Anxiety Associated with Tooth Extraction

Concerns regarding pain constitute a large component of dental anxiety, and patients with high dental anxiety are likely to have exaggerated memory and prediction of dental pain. It remains to be investigated, however, if memory of anxiety is exaggerated in a manner similar to that of pain, and if anxiety and pain assimilate in memory over time. A sample of 79 patients presenting for emergency extraction rated their anxiety and pain before, during, and two weeks after the procedure. Measures of trait dental anxiety and fear of pain also were collected. All patients exaggerated their recall of procedure pain, but only those high in trait dental anxiety exaggerated their recall of anxiety. Highly anxious patients reported more pain prior to the procedure and expected more pain; ratings of anxiety and pain for all participants assimilated over time.
What is meant by impaired configural processing in acquired prosopagnosia

Apperceptive prosopagnosia is supposedly characterised by impaired configural processing, which could refer to either perception of spatial structure or holistic mechanisms. Ten prosopagnosic patients were tested with (i) dot patterns, to determine if manipulations of complexity, size, orientation, or the regularity of global structure generated effects consistent with the holistic hypothesis; and (ii) hierarchical letters, to probe for a global ‘whole-object’ processing deficit. With dot patterns (experiment 1) patients were impaired even for simple two-dot stimuli, but did better with more complex patterns, when size or orientation varied, or with a regular global structure. In experiment 2, they demonstrated normal latency effects of global-level processing. Apperceptive prosopagnosia, including that from lesions encompassing the right fusiform gyrus, is thus associated with a ‘configural deficit’ that impairs perception of spatial structure, not just for faces but also for non-facial patterns. While i...
Evaluation of U.S. Poison Center Data for Surveillance of Foodborne Disease

Abstract Introduction: Enhancing foodborne disease (FBD) surveillance and improving the timeliness of outbreak detection have been identified as public health priorities. Consumer complaint data have become increasingly useful for FBD surveillance and the detection of outbreaks. Calls to poison centers are a potential source of consumer complaint data. A retrospective analysis of data from the National Poison Data System (NPDS) (2000–2011) was undertaken to evaluate the value of data collected through the United States poison centers for detection of large national outbreaks and recalls. Methods: Demographic and clinical data were summarized. Prevalences of FBD calls were calculated and analyzed for time trends. Significant increases in daily call prevalences were identified, and dates of the increases were compared to the announcement of 18 national outbreaks/recalls. Results: Over the 12-year period, there were 433,788 unique calls self-reporting a suspected FBD exposure in humans. Overall, daily call p...
Playing Set® to Discover Qualitative Data Analysis

This article describes the use of an experiential classroom exercise using the card game Set® to introduce concepts related to qualitative approaches to research design and analysis, particularly those based in an interpretive framework. The multiple components of the game, which centers on visual pattern recognition, parallel the “organic” complexity of ethnographic investigation and demonstrate how strong interpretations can be supported with qualitative evidence. The first author adapted the exercise, originally developed by the second author for teaching undergraduate anthropology students, for use in workshops teaching qualitative research to mid-career professionals working on health-related projects in Bolivia. In the process the first author discovered that the game was also useful in team-building in a workshop setting, providing a base of shared experience to which participants could refer as they grappled with the intellectual and emotional issues that arose while designing their own research projects and discovering the system and rigor of qualitative data analysis. An unanticipated finding was the exercise’s usefulness in demonstrating the distinction between and complementarity of inductive and deductive approaches in qualitative research. Keywords: Qualitative Research, Qualitative Data Analysis, Experiential Learning, Simulation Exercise, Teaching
Effect of read-mapping biases on detecting allele-specific expression from RNA-sequencing data

Motivation: Next-generation sequencing has become an important tool for genome-wide quantification of DNA and RNA. However, a major technical hurdle lies in the need to map short sequence reads back to their correct locations in a reference genome. Here, we investigate the impact of SNP variation on the reliability of read-mapping in the context of detecting allele-specific expression (ASE). Results: We generated 16 million 35 bp reads from mRNA of each of two HapMap Yoruba individuals. When we mapped these reads to the human genome we found that, at heterozygous SNPs, there was a significant bias toward higher mapping rates of the allele in the reference sequence, compared with the alternative allele. Masking known SNP positions in the genome sequence eliminated the reference bias but, surprisingly, did not lead to more reliable results overall. We find that even after masking, ~5–10% of SNPs still have an inherent bias toward more effective mapping of one allele. Filtering out inherently biased SNPs removes 40% of the top signals of ASE. The remaining SNPs showing ASE are enriched in genes previously known to harbor cis-regulatory variation or known to show uniparental imprinting. Our results have implications for a variety of applications involving detection of alternate alleles from short-read sequence data. Availability: Scripts, written in Perl and R, for simulating short reads, masking SNP variation in a reference genome and analyzing the simulation output are available upon request from JFD. Raw short read data were deposited in GEO ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) under accession number GSE18156. Contact:jdegner@uchicago.edu; marioni@uchicago.edu; gilad@uchicago.edu; pritch@uchicago.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Marginal Voices in Cyberspace

This article examines the process of expressing oneself in cyberspace through the metaphor of `voice', by drawing a similarity between the process of speaking and the presentation of the self in cyberspace. The metaphor of voice allows the examination of expressions in cyberspace in a dialogic manner and demonstrates a unique voice that can be produced with the technology of cyberspace. This is a voice that is heteroglossic and hyperconnected, and in the case of the marginalized, this voice has the potential of producing a call that the dominant has a moral obligation to acknowledge. Consequently, the metaphor of voice in cyberspace problematizes the relation between the marginal and the dominant by initiating a crisis of acknowledgment on the part of the dominant. Ultimately, this approach allows for the re-examination and re-invention of the notion of cyber communities and their role in the public sphere. These issues are developed by using Indian diasporic websites as evidence to support the arguments.
A factorization approach to the analysis of asynchronous interconnected discrete-time systems with arbitrary clock ratios

This work presents a model for distributed feedback systems that operate at almost identical sampling rates. A Toeplitz model approach is used in order to capture the effect of small synchronization errors. In previous works, a similar model was used to formulate necessary and sufficient stability conditions, under the simplifying assumption that the frequency ratios of the subsystems involved have a special rational form. In this sequel this assumption is lifted, by proposing a factorization of the feedback matrix that holds for arbitrary clock frequency ratios. This factorization property constitutes the first necessary step towards the generalization of the previous stability results to the general case of arbitrary clock frequency ratios. Furthermore, this generalization may enable the derivation of simple stability and robustness criteria in the presence of time-varying uncertain synchronization errors. This work presents a model for distributed feedback systems that operate at almost identical sampling rates. A Toeplitz model approach is used in order to capture the effect of small synchronization errors. In previous works, a similar model was used to formulate necessary and sufficient stability conditions, under the simplifying assumption that the frequency ratios of the subsystems involved have a special rational form. In this sequel this assumption is lifted, by proposing a factorization of the feedback matrix that holds for arbitrary clock frequency ratios. This factorization property constitutes the first necessary step towards the generalization of the previous stability results to the general case of arbitrary clock frequency ratios. Furthermore, this generalization may enable the derivation of simple stability and robustness criteria in the presence of time-varying uncertain synchronization errors.
The Subjective-Objective Rhythm of Research

Cowling and Shattell share their thoughts on participatory inquiry within a worldview that presents reality as a co-creative process that recognizes a multiplicity of ways of knowing. They present the five dimensions of a participatory worldview as it informs the emergence of story in the research process. They conclude their column with examples from their own work, Cowling's on women survivors of child abuse, Shattell's on Latino mental health.
How Personal Evaluation Affects the Underlining and Recall of Prose Material

The influence of personal evaluation from the experimenter on the underlin- ing and recall of prose material was investigated for college undergraduates (N = 135). Subjects who received positive personal evaluation performed better on the underlining task and on the recall of nonunderlined material than subjects who received negative personal evaluatoion. Subjects who received no personal evalua- tion also performed better on the underlining task than subjects who received negative personal evaluation. Implications for education are presented. In a reinforcement model of attraction (Byrne & Cldre, 1970) stimuli that deter- mine attraction have reinforcing properties and hence can alter the probability of responses associated with them. This principle holds whether the attraction is deter- mined by attitude similarity-dissimilarity (Golightly & Byrne, 1964), photographs of liked or disliked persons (Lott & Lott, 1969), inducing liking or disliking for the ex- perimenter (Sapolsky, I960), or peer grouping according to inter-member liking or disliking (Lott & Lott, 1966). In the present experiment the attraction determining stimulus used was personal evaluation which has three times the impact of attitude similarity-dissimilarity (Byrne & Rhamey, 1965). The principle also applies to many different kinds of tasks, to figure discrimina- tion (Golightly & Byrne, 1964), verbal discrimination (Sapolsky, 1960), rote learning of a foreign vocabulary (Lott & Lott, 1966), and intellectual tasks (Krivonos, Friedrich & Byrne, 1976). In the present experiment the task required subjects to underline one sentence per paragraph in a prose passage consisting of seven paragraphs. The sentences in the prose passage "Evolution of the Brain," were calibrated for "Structural Importance" according to the Johnson (1970, 1973) pro- cedure. Johnson had subjects eliminate one half of the sentences in a prose passage retaining only the most important. A count of the number of times a sentence was re- tained as essential to the passage gave the structural importance score for that sentence, thus providing a measure of the quality of the sentence relative to the en- tire passage. Performance on underlining was judged by the level of the structural importance of the material underlined since the natural inclination of readers is to underline high rather than low structural importance material (Rickards & August, 1975).
Emerging Technology and Spectrum Policy Reform

Emerging technology, coupled with effective policy reform, could lead to tremendous gains in spectral efficiency. This would alleviate the spectrum scarcity that many nations have experienced. To be effective, reform in spectrum policy must fit the realistic capabilities of emerging technology, as well as applicable economic theory. This paper discusses three general approaches to reform. The first approach is increased reliance on market-based mechanisms, possibly leading to a spectrum property system. The second approach is the expanded use of commons, or blocks of spectrum that are available to all devices for sharing. It is argued that both approaches have significant merit that regulators should exploit. However, each of these approaches is ineffective when taken to its extreme, where one must make unfounded assumptions about technology. The third approach discussed in this paper is sharing between a primary spectrum user that is licensed, and one or more secondary users, where secondary users may not cause harmful interference to the primary spectrum user. Many people underestimate the potential importance of this third approach in today’s debates over spectrum policy reform. Emerging technology such as cognitive radio, location technology, and secure micropayment schemes will make a variety of primary-secondary sharing schemes ranging from real-time secondary markets to unlicensed opportunistic access more practical. Each of these schemes could be highly beneficial for a different set of applications and circumstances.
Transmetalation of tetranuclear copper complexes with tin transmetalators. Molecular structure of cis-dichloro-bis(trans-S-methyl isopropylidenehydrazinecarbodithioato)tin(IV) and consideration of transmetalation mechanisms

Tin complexes Sn(NS)2Cl2(D) and Sn(NS)4(E) (NS is monoanionic S-methyl isopropylidenehydrazinecarbodithioate) are very good transmetalators of tetranuclear copper(I) target [NCuCl]4 (I: N is N,N-diethylnicotinamide). An X-ray crystallographic study shows that D is cis-dichloro-bis(trans-S-methyl isopropylidenehydrazinecarbodithioato)tin(IV). Evidence that I reacts with 1 or 2 mol of D via strong precursors D·I and D2·I that contain NS ligands bridging tin to copper is used to discuss the transmetalation sequence. The tin-containing transmetalation products include the remarkable air-stable copper(I)-tin(IV) complex N3Cu2Sn(NS)2Cl4 obtained from the reaction of I with equimolar E.
Design of experiments: experimental design for simulation

This tutorial introduces some of the ideas, issues, challenges, solutions, and opportunities in deciding how to experiment with a simulation model to learn about its behavior. Careful planning, or designing, of simulation experiments is generally a great help, saving time and effort by providing efficient ways to estimate the effects of changes in the model's inputs on its outputs. Traditional experimental-design methods are discussed in the context of simulation experiments, as are the broader questions pertaining to planning computer-simulation experiments.
A deterministic risk analysis and measurement model for assessing availability and integrity in command and control systems

Military command and control (C2) systems are increasingly challenged by a host of modern problems, namely, internal vulnerabilities and external threats. Several approaches have been suggested in the literature to measure availability and integrity in C2 systems. Despite the importance of developing and maintaining self-protecting and self-healing processes, the simultaneous consideration of availability and integrity has received little attention in the literature. We propose a deterministic quantitative risk analysis and measurement (Q-RAM) framework for C2 systems which is focused on the failure risk induced by internal vulnerabilities and external threats present in the C2 systems. The proposed system allows risk managers to get a comprehensive snapshot of the system availability and integrity, assess the failure risks with the assistance of a multi-factor risk metric, and manage those risks by searching for the best combination of countermeasures, allowing the user to determine the preferred tradeoff between the system's availability and integrity costs.
The Impact of Parental Support and Perception of School on Hispanic Youth’s Substance Use

With structural equation modeling, the National Survey on Drug Use and Health data were used to examine “parental support” and “perception of school” and their relation to Hispanic youth’s substance use (alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana).
Chlorella virus SC-1A encodes at least five functional and one nonfunctional DNA methyltransferases

Abstract Chlorella virus SC-1A encodes at least six DNA methyltransferases (MTases): four N6-methyldeoxyadenine (m6A) MTases, M- CviSI (TGCmA), M· CviSII CmATG), M· CviSIII (TCGmA) and MmCviSIV (GmATC), one 5-methyldeoxycytosine (m5C) MTase, M· CviSV (∼RCmCG), and one nonfunctional m5C MTase, M· CviSVI, which is homologous to the MTase M· CviJI [RGmC(T/C/G)] produced by another chlorella virus IL-3A. Genes encoding three of the SC-1A m6A MTases (M·CviSI, M· CviSII, and M· CviSIII) and the nonfunctional m5C MTase were cloned and sequenced. Neither M· CviSI nor M· CviSIII genes hybridized to genes for their respective isomethylomers, M· CviRI and M· CviBIII, from other chlorella viruses. However, the M· CviSII gene hybridized strongly to its M· CviAII isomethylomer gene from virus PBCV-1. Like the prototype chlorella virus PBCV-1, the SC-1A genome contains inverted terminal repeats, one of which is adjacent to the nonfunctional m5C MTase. The three cloned m6A MTase genes are distributed throughout the approx. 345 kb SC-1A genome.
MECHANISMS OF IMPULSIVE CHOICE: I. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INTERVAL TIMING AND REWARD PROCESSING

Changes in reward magnitude or value have been reported to produce effects on timing behavior, which have been attributed to changes in the speed of an internal pacemaker in some instances and to attentional factors in other cases. The present experiments therefore aimed to clarify the effects of reward magnitude on timing processes. In Experiment 1, rats were trained to discriminate a short (2 s) vs. a long (8 s) signal followed by testing with intermediate durations. Then, the reward on short or long trials was increased from 1 to 4 pellets in separate groups. Experiment 2 measured the effect of different reward magnitudes associated with the short vs. long signals throughout training. Finally, Experiment 3 controlled for satiety effects during the reward magnitude manipulation phase. A general flattening of the psychophysical function was evident in all three experiments, suggesting that unequal reward magnitudes may disrupt attention to duration.
An Assessment of Conscious Content as Related to Introversion-Extraversion

A sample of eighteen introverts and eighteen extraverts was identified from a group of 107 undergraduates administered the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. The contents of these subjects' consciousness were then assessed using a paging device which cued them at random intervals on an average of twenty times a day for two days. Subjects recorded the contents of their thoughts, activity, time of day, sensory modality and time orientation (past, present, future). When analyzed at the level of individual words in terms of personality type and sex, the data showed that introverts were more likely to make reference to words denoting processing (e.g., consciousness, awareness, wondering, etc.), while extraverts were more likely to make reference to time and objects. Generally, subjects differed more in their reports of consciousness as a function of introversion-extraversion than sex.
The ATP-Mg2+ binding site and cytoplasmic domain interactions of Na+,K+-ATPase investigated with Fe2+-catalyzed oxidative cleavage and molecular modeling.

This work utilizes Fe 2+ -catalyzed cleavages and molecular modeling to obtain insight into conformations of cytoplasmic domains and ATP-Mg 2+ binding sites of Na + ,K + -ATPase. In E1 conformations the ATP-Fe 2+ complex mediates specific cleavages at 712VNDS (P domain) and near 440VAGDA (N domain). In E2(K), ATP-Fe 2+ mediates cleavages near 212TGES (A domain), near 440VAGDA, and between residues 460-490 (N domain). Cleavages at high ATP-Fe 2+ concentrations do not support suggestions for two ATP sites. A new reagent, fluorescein-DTPA, has been synthesized. The fluorescein-DTPA-Fe 2+ complex mediates cleavages similar to those mediated by ATP-Fe 2+ . The data suggest the existence of N to P domain interactions in E1Na, with bound ATP-Fe 2+ or fluorescein- DPTA-Fe 2+ ,A -N, and A-P interactions in E2(K), and provide testable constraints for model building. Molecular models based on the Ca 2+ -ATPase structure are consistent with the predictions. Specifically, high-affinity ATP-Mg 2+ binding in E1 is explained with the N domain tilted ca. 80° toward the P domain, by comparison with well-separated N and P domains in the Ca-ATPase crystal structure. With ATP- Mg 2+ docked, bound Mg 2+ is close to both D710 (in 710DGVNDS) and D443 (in 440VAGDASE). D710 is known to be crucial for Mg 2+ binding. The cleavage and modeling data imply that D443 could also be a candidate for Mg 2+ binding. Comparison of E1‚ATP,Mg 2+ and E2 models suggests an explanation of the high or low ATP affinities, respectively. We propose a scheme of ATP-Mg 2+ and Mg 2+ binding and N, P, and A domain interactions in the different conformations of the catalytic cycle.
Overview on HTLV-1 p12, p8, p30, p13: accomplices in persistent infection and viral pathogenesis

The human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is etiologically linked to adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. While the role of Tax and Rex in viral replication and pathogenesis has been extensively studied, recent evidence suggests that additional viral proteins are essential for the virus life cycle in vivo. In this review, we will summarize possible molecular mechanisms evoked in the literature to explain how p12, p8, p30, and p13 facilitate persistent viral infection of the host. We will explore several stratagems used by HTLV-1 accessory genes to escape immune surveillance, to establish latency, and to deregulate cell cycle and apoptosis to participate in virus-mediated cellular transformation.
Review of Creating a New Kind of University: Institutionalizing Community-University Engagement by Stephen L. Percy, Nancy L. Zimpher and Mary Jane Brukardt (Eds)

Review(s) of: Creating a new kind of university: Institutionalizing community-university engagement, by Stephen l. Percy, Nancy l. Zimpher and Mary Jane Brukardt (eds). Anker publishing company, Bolton, MA, 2006, pp 288.
ELECTRICAL LUBRICATION OF STIFF-MUD DIES*

The history of the lubrication of dies and of electro-lubrication is presented, and plant and laboratory tests are given in detail. The electrolytes used, potassium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and ferric sulfate, are discussed. Electrical lubrication of dies is recommended with certain precautions cited in its adaptation.
Assault history and follow-up contact of women survivors of recent sexual assault

The purpose of this comparative descriptive study is to describe and examine differences in assault characteristics and the issues surrounding follow-up contact of women survivors of a recent sexual assault. This study identified assault characteristics: half of the assaults were by strangers; approximately one-third of the assaults occurred in the victim's home; 29% of the victims were abducted; weapons and physical force were used in over half of the cases; 63% were vaginal assaults; and 86% involved penile penetration. Three months after the assault and the initial examination, only 23% (n = 18) of the study participants could be contacted by telephone for follow-up. The study's findings provide not only data regarding the characteristics of sexual assault, but also the difficulties in contacting adult female survivors for follow-up services. Recommendations outline the importance of thorough, individualized examinations and the need for improved, timely, follow-up services for sexual assault victims.
A new well-posed nonlinear nonlocal diffusion

Abstract A new nonlinear diffusion is proposed and analyzed. It is characterized by a nonlocal dependence in the diffusivity which manifests itself through the presence of a fractional power of the Laplacian. The equation is related to the well-known and ill-posed Perona–Malik equation of image processing. It shares with the latter some of its most cherished features while being well-posed. Local and global well-posedness results are presented along with numerical experiments which illustrate its interesting dynamical behavior mainly due to the presence of a class of metastable non-trivial equilibria.
A cephalometric study of the Class II correction effects of the Eureka Spring.

The effect of the Eureka Spring (ES) appliance was investigated on 37 consecutively treated, noncompliant patients with bilateral Class II malocclusions. Lateral cephalographs were taken at the start of orthodontic treatment (T1), at insertion of the ES (T2), and at removal of the ES (T3). The average treatment interval between T2 and T3 was four months. The Class II correction occurred almost entirely by dentoalveolar movement and was almost equally distributed between the maxillary and mandibular dentitions. The rate of molar correction was 0.7 mm/mo. There was no change in anterior face height, mandibular plane angle, palatal plane angle, or gonial angle with treatment. There was a 28 change in the occlusal plane resulting from intrusion of the maxillary molar and the mandibular incisor. Based on the results in this sample, the ES appliance was very effective in correcting Class II malocclusions in non- compliant patients without increasing the vertical dimension. ( Angle Orthod 2002;72:203-210.)
Splanchnic and Renal Blood Flow

To my knowledge there have been no studies on splanchnic or renal blood flow on voluntarily diving reptiles or birds. Therefore, this chapter concerns mammals in which information is the result of only two studies. Before dealing with these reports, a few comments on the basic aspects of renal and visceral blood flow follow.
Decision Making and Problem Solving

A reasoning life strategy involves making judgments or decisions by deciphering information and sources. We develop a decision-making style, a characteristic way of choosing between alternatives. Cost–benefit analysis is a reasoning strategy weighing benefits and deficits (negative outcomes). Diminishing marginal utility refers to a leveling off, a point where more effort would be needed to produce a decidedly worthwhile benefit. Problems involve uncertainty and risk. Four steps in the problem-solving process are recognition, analysis, action, and evaluation. Differences in adaptive and innovative individuals to problem solving are discussed.
Training moderately and severely mentally retarded adults to improve reaction and movement times.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the degree to which mentally retarded adults can be trained to improve their reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT). A discrete aiming task that had both RT and MT components was utilized in Experiment 1. Only MT improved significantly across the 15 training days, and this performance level was maintained after 5 months without practice. In Experiment 2 the extent to which RT can be trained in the absence of the spatial-temporal constraints of the aiming response was examined. Reaction time decreased significantly for both the training and training-plus-feedback groups over a 10-day training period. The findings demonstrate the role of response complexity in response-initiation processes for retarded adult workers. Language: en