cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shaping Gold Nanostar Electric Fields for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Enhancement via Silica Coating and Selective Etching

The application of gold nanostars in direct and indirect surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensing has significantly grown in the past few years, mainly because of the particles’ excellent field enhancement properties. However, experimental demonstrations correlating SERS signal enhancements to specific morphology features of the nanostars are still scarce, primarily because of the complexity of the nanostar morphology itself. Herein, we have addressed this fundamental issue by synthesizing surfactant-free gold nanostars, coating them with a uniform silica layer, and then etching the silica away selectively with NaBH4 to expose increasing amounts of the metallic surface. We have then functionalized the nanoparticles with a Raman active molecule, aminothiophenol (ATP), and compared the resulting SERS spectra with those obtained on surfactant-free stars functionalized with ATP. Through comparison of the experimental results with the electric field intensities and distributions calculated via finite...
Ventilation: External Regulation of the Environment of the Lung

This section contains descriptions of machinery and procedures related to the respiratory care of surgical patients. Positive-pressure devices and ventilators come in a variety of types, each with its own bedazzling set of knobs, gauges, alarms, and blinking lights. Drinker and Berryman’s description of ventilators is written from the viewpoint of the bioengineer. The principles they outline will help the surgeon to feel at home with any mechanical ventilator in current or future use. Gallagher and coauthors divide monitoring methods into pulmonary mechanics, gas exchange, and systemic oxygen delivery. In addition to these specific techniques, they present the practical pitfalls that are commonly encountered. The next four articles could be subtitled “Surgical Care of the Respiratory Patient.” The articles by Orringer, Gazzaniga, and Connolly form a mini-atlas of techniques and procedures. All surgeons will benefit from a review of these often neglected details. Bronchoscopy should be as routine to general and thoracic surgeons as cystoscopy is to the urologist, yet this important technique is often neglected in residency training. Ratliff leaves description of bronchoscopic techniques to existing atlases and on-site training and devotes his discussion to when, why, and how bronchoscopy should be used in respiratory care. Eric Milne is noted for his studies of chest radiography in acute lung disease. His clear descriptions and examples provide a useful bridge between dynamic physiology and the static shadows on the celluloid.
From phenotype to genotype: a structured sparse learning framework for imaging genetics studies

Sparsity is one of the intrinsic properties of real-world data, thus sparse representation based learning models have been widely used to simplify data modeling and discover predictive patterns. By enforcing properly designed structured sparsity, one can unify specific data structures with the learning model. We proposed several novel structured sparsity learning models for multi-modal data fusion, heterogeneous tasks integration, and group structured feature selection. We applied our new structured sparse learning methods to the emerging imaging genetics studies by integrating phenotypes and genotypes to discover new biomarkers which are able to characterize neurodegenerative process in the progression of Alzheimer's disease and other brain disorders. Different to traditional association studies, our new structured sparse learning models can elegantly take advantage of the useful information contained in biomarkers, cognitive measures, and disease status, where, crucially, the interrelated structures within and between both genetic/imaging data and clinical outcomes are gracefully exploited by our newly designed convex sparse regularization models. We empirically evaluate our new methods on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort to identify Alzheimer's disease (AD) risky biomarkers, where we have achieved not only clearly improved prediction performance for cognitive measurements and diagnosis status, but also a compact set of highly suggestive biomarkers relevant to AD.
Cooperative upconversion lasers

An important channel for upconversion relies on absorption of pump photons from excited states populated by pair upconversion. In previous1 pulsed-Er upconversion lasers, this cubic contribution was small, because short excitation pulses were used, restricting ions from undergoing the slow first step of upconversion by this channel during the pulse-limiting upconversion to entirely multi-atom processes. However, cw excitation can maintain populations in upconverted states by pair processes, and direct absorption from such states may be important.
Review of Osteosarcoma and Current Management

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone in children and young adults. This tumor has a very heterogeneous genetic profile and lacks any consistent unifying event that leads to the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. In this review, some of the important genetic events involved in osteosarcoma will be highlighted. Additionally, the clinical diagnosis of osteosarcoma will be discussed, as well as contemporary chemotherapeutic and surgical management of this tumor. Finally, the review will discuss some of the novel approaches to treating this disease.
Energy calibration of organic scintillation detectors by using a two-dimensional broad mapping method

A two-dimensional broad mapping method using Compton coincidences was investigated in this study for energy calibration of organic scintillation detectors. The calibration system consisted of an organic scintillation detector detecting the Compton recoil electrons and a HPGe detector measuring the Compton scatter photons in coincidence. A 2″ (length) × 2″ (diameter) NE213 and a 5″ (length) × 5″ (diameter) EJ301 liquid scintillation detectors were used to investigate the size-dependent effect of multiple scattering within the detector. The difference between measurements using collimated and uncollimated γ-ray sources were also studied. Our results show that the relationship of E H , E H/2 and E c depends on the energy resolution, which includes the factor of detector size, and incident photon energy. The methodology used in this study is capable of providing an accurate, relatively quick and reliable calibration over a broad range of electron energies for organic scintillation detectors by using uncollimated γ-ray sources.
GABP Transcription Factor Is Required for Myeloid Cell Development In Vivo .

GABP is an ets transcription factor that regulates genes that are required for innate immunity, including CD18 (β2 leukocyte integrin), lysozyme, and neutrophil elastase. GABP consists of two distinct and unrelated proteins. GABPα binds to DNA through its ets domain and recruits GABPβ, which contains the transactivation domain; together, they form a functional tetrameric transcription factor complex. We recently showed that GABP is required for entry into S phase of the cell cycle through its regulation of genes that are required for DNA synthesis and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (Yang, et al. Nature Cell Biol9:339, 2007). Furthermore, GABP is an essential component of a retinoic acid responsive myeloid enhanceosome (Resendes and Rosmarin Mol Cell Biol26:3060, 2006). We cloned Gabpa (the gene that encodes mouse Gabpα) from a mouse genomic BAC library and prepared a targeting vector in which the ets domain is flanked by loxP recombination sites (floxed allele). Deletion of both floxed Gabpa alleles causes an early embryonic lethal defect. In order to define the role of Gabpα in myelopoiesis, we bred floxed Gabpa mice to mice that bear the Mx1-Cre transgene, which drives expression of Cre recombinase in response to injection of the synthetic polynucleotide, poly I-C. Deletion of Gabpa dramatically reduced granulocytes and monocytes in the peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow, but myeloid cells recovered within weeks. In vitro colony forming assays indicated that myeloid cells in these mice were derived only from Gabpa replete myeloid precursors (that failed to delete both Gabpa alleles), suggesting strong pressure to retain Gabpα in vivo . We used a novel competitive bone marrow transplantation approach to determine if Gabp is required for myeloid cell development in vivo . Sub-lethally irradiated wild-type recipient mice bearing leukocyte marker CD45.1 received equal proportions of bone marrow from wild type CD45.1 donor mice and floxed-Mx1-Cre donor mice that bear CD45.2. Both the CD45.2 (floxed-Mx1-Cre) and CD45.1 (wild type) bone marrow engrafted well. Mice were then injected with pI-pC to induce Cre-mediated deletion of floxed Gabpa . The mature myeloid and T cell compartments were derived almost entirely from wild type CD45.1 cells. This indicates that the proliferation and/or differentiation of myeloid and T cell lineages requires Gabp. In contrast, B cell development was not impaired. We conclude that Gabpa disruption causes a striking loss of myeloid cells i n vivo and corroborates prior in vitro data that GABP plays a crucial role in proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells.
Infiltrative and Protein Misfolding Myocardial Diseases

Infiltrative disorders and myofibrillar diseases, corresponding histologically to extracellular amyloid fibrils and intracellular aggregates, are important causes of cardiovascular and skeletal muscle disorders. Those proteinacious deposits in cardiomyocytes and the ventricular wall are infrequent causes of “idiopathic” heart failure but their insidious onset and progression pose diagnostic challenges with poor therapeutic options. The pathogenic mechanisms are likely similar, but not identical, to age-related neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s disease, which is linked to insoluble plaques and toxic aggregates. Both arise from imbalances in proteostasis boundaries, loss of function, and gain of “toxic” function mechanisms ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/605906 ). Yet, the field of cardiovascular medicine has not met the challenge of unraveling the mechanisms that limit cell survival and trigger organ dysfunction. In this chapter, we focus on the myocardial manifestations in which protein handling abnormalities feature prominently, as reviews of similar processes in skeletal muscle have been handled elsewhere. First, we explore the basic concepts and the cellular mechanism(s) by which protein misfolding and aggregation contribute to disease pathogenesis. We conclude with an in-depth discussion of protein aggregation cardiomyopathy (e.g., desmin, αB-crystallin) and infiltrative disorders (e.g., cardiac amyloidosis) of the cardiovascular system.
Professional Medical Interpreters Influence the Quality of Acute Ischemic Stroke Care for Patients Who Speak Languages Other than English.

BackgroundThe inability to communicate effectively in a common language can jeopardize clinicians’ efforts to provide quality patient care. Professional medical interpreters (PMIs) can help provide...
In-Plane Fatigue Characterization of Core Joints in Sandwich Composite Structures

Composite sandwich structures are currently being employed in a variety of structural applications where high strength/stiffness to weight ratio is critical. Applications include space structures, bridge decks, marine, train and truck flooring, wind turbine blades etc. Core joints exist in all these composite large structures and special attention with regards to the effect of core joint on the fatigue performance of sandwich structure is of interest to composite engineers. When core joints in composite sandwich structures loaded in-plane, mismatched Poisson’s ratio between the joint and the core generates out-of-plane stresses (interlaminar) at the core joint/facesheet interface, creating a stress riser at this location that will eventually affect the fatigue life of the structure. Quantifying this effect and its consequence on the service life and reliability of the composite structures are not well developed. This experimental study characterizes the effect of different core joint designs in composite sandwich structures. Static, tension-tension and tension-compression fatigue tests with constant load amplitudes at varied frequencies were applied to describe the fatigue life prediction of composite sandwich structures with core joints. Post-Fatigue tensile tests were also performed to predict the residual strength of such structures. Nondestructive Evaluation Techniques (DIC, SEM and AE) were used to locate the stress concentrations and justify the damage mechanism. The experimental results show that the H100 and H200 scarf core joint designs have higher fatigue strength than the H100 and H200 butt core joint designs at low and high cycle fatigue regimes. The suggested scarf core joint design increased the axial stiffness of H200 sandwich panels by 21%. The traditional butt core joint design showed rapid decrease in stiffness causing an instant failure to the H100 and H200 specimens. A logical blend of experimental and analytical prediction of the service life of composite sandwich structures is carried out. This research study will benefit composite engineers and joint designers in both academia and industry to better apprehend the influence of core joints and its consequence on the functionality of sandwich structures.
Externship Field Supervision: Effective Techniques for Training Supervisors and Students

This article explores the natural dichotomy inevitably occurring in an externship field placement program and discusses some practical training techniques to minimize the negative aspects of the field placement experience for the law school, the field supervisor and the student. The dichotomy occurs where, in an off-campus field placement, the primary concern of the supervising attorney must be the work of the agency or the judicial chambers, while the concern for the education of the field extern must by nature be a secondary goal. The article synthesizes current literature in the pedagogical theories of field supervision and identifies the methods and characteristics of an effective field supervisor, as well as how effective field supervisors recognize and compensate for common barriers to effective field supervision. A primary focus of the article is the motivating and regenerative effect of GLACE, the Greater Los Angeles Consortium on Externships, which prepared and distributed jointly adopted written materials to shared field placement supervising attorneys and judicial chambers to assist in training and mentoring law students. GLACE schools also adopted joint supervision guidelines and policies for all shared field supervisors and judicial chambers, significantly raising the visibility and importance of diligent field supervision in the Los Angeles area. The article finally suggests that externship faculty train students in a specific pro-active curriculum to assist students in initiating effective field supervision independently of that provided by the field supervisor and describe the components of such training.
Bayesian and LASSO Regressions for Comparative Permeability Modeling of Sandstone Reservoirs

In this research, Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (LASSO) algorithms were adopted for the core permeability modeling as a function of well log and core measurements. More specifically, the core permeability (dependent factor) was modeled given the well log and core data (independent variables) and then predicted in non-cored intervals of a well in a sandstone formation. The BMA is a stochastic linear modeling and a Bayesian parameter selection. Among 50 linear models generated as a function of the independent variables and depicted in Occam’s window, the best model of the highest posterior probability is determined. The best model has the optimal subset parameters that most influences the response factor. The core permeability modeling was again conducted using the LASSO algorithm, which adopts a completely different way of modeling and subset selection by using the penalized least-squared equation. Both BMA and LASSO resulted in a very accurate prediction of the core permeability by achieving perfect measured and calculated permeability matching. Matches for the two algorithms were quantified by computing the adjusted R-squared and root-mean-squared prediction error. In addition, results of the BMA and LASSO were compared to the conventional multiple linear regression (LM). The LASSO algorithm led to an accurate matching similar to LM, but slightly better than BMA. Therefore, both BMA and LASSO represent integrated procedures for accurate permeability estimation similar to conventional regression analysis.
Ethical Considerations in Religious Psychotherapy: Potential Pitfalls and Unique Resources:

Religious psychotherapy which works with religious issues and utilizes spiritual resources (e.g., prayer, Scriptures, referral to religious support groups, etc.) explicitly, has become an important...
Rigorous Statistical Bounds in Uncertainty Quantification for One-Layer Turbulent Geophysical Flows

Statistical bounds controlling the total fluctuations in mean and variance about a basic steady-state solution are developed for the truncated barotropic flow over topography. Statistical ensemble prediction is an important topic in weather and climate research. Here, the evolution of an ensemble of trajectories is considered using statistical instability analysis and is compared and contrasted with the classical deterministic instability for the growth of perturbations in one pointwise trajectory. The maximum growth of the total statistics in fluctuations is derived relying on the statistical conservation principle of the pseudo-energy. The saturation bound of the statistical mean fluctuation and variance in the unstable regimes with non-positive-definite pseudo-energy is achieved by linking with a class of stable reference states and minimizing the stable statistical energy. Two cases with dependence on initial statistical uncertainty and on external forcing and dissipation are compared and unified under a consistent statistical stability framework. The flow structures and statistical stability bounds are illustrated and verified by numerical simulations among a wide range of dynamical regimes, where subtle transient statistical instability exists in general with positive short-time exponential growth in the covariance even when the pseudo-energy is positive-definite. Among the various scenarios in this paper, there exist strong forward and backward energy exchanges between different scales which are estimated by the rigorous statistical bounds.
Jane Austen: The Secret Radical / The Making of Jane Austen

The bicentennial of Jane Austen’s death, 2017 was a banner year for scholarly writing about and popular interest in the novelist’s life and work. Even the Bank of England commemorated the occasion,...
Stimulation of Gαq Promotes Stress Granule Formation

ABSTRACT During adverse conditions, mammalian cells regulate protein production by sequestering the translation machinery in membraneless organelles (i.e. stress granules) whose formation is carefully regulated. Here, we show a direct connection between G protein signaling and stress granule formation through phospholipase Cβ1 (PLCβ1). In cells, PLCβ1, the most prominent isoform of PLCβ in neuronal cells, localizes to both the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. Here, we show that a major population of cytosolic PLCβ1 binds to stress granule proteins, such as PABPC1, eIF5A and Ago2. PLCβ1 is activated by Gαq in response to hormones and neurotransmitters and we find that activation of Gαq shifts the cytosolic population of PLCβ1 to the plasma membrane, releasing stress granule proteins. This release is accompanied by the formation of intracellular particles containing Ago2 aggregates, an increase in the size and number of particles containing PABPC1 and Ago2, and a shift of cytosolic RNAs to larger sizes consistent with cessation of transcription. These particles are seen when the cytosolic level of PLCβ1 is lowered by siRNA, osmotic stress or Gαq stimulation by carbachol. These stresses, in addition to cold, heat, oxidative and arsenite stress produces particles that appear to have different molecular compositions. Our results fit a simple thermodynamic model in which cytosolic PLCβ1 solubilizes stress granule proteins and its movement to Gαq upon stimulation releases these particles to allow the formation of stress granules. Taken together, our studies show a link between Gαq-coupled signals and transcription through stress granule formation.
Molecular Biology of Nitrogen Fixation in Natural Populations of Marine Cyanobacteria

Our understanding of the factors that regulate nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria is limited by our knowledge of aspects of the molecular biology of natural populations. Trichodesmium, a non-heterocystous cyanobacterium which is the dominant free-living diazotroph in open ocean waters, is unusual in that it fixes nitrogen aerobically without heterocysts. Furthermore, it has been shown that Trichodesmium only fixes nitrogen during the day, when photosynthetically active. Studies have been undertaken to determine the molecular and biochemical characteristics that allow nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis to co-occur, and to understand the factors regulating the activity of nitrogenase. This paper presents an overview of the results of these studies.
Traumatic Brain Injury Overview and Practice Parameters

Few pathologic entities have as much of an impact both clinically and socioeconomically as traumatic brain injury (TBI). From mild concussions to severe brain injury, the spectrum of TBI encompasses a complex interplay of systemic and central nervous system pathology. TBI can be thought of as the most complex injury to the most complex system and represents a challenge for practitioners of all levels. Current and past research in TBI has been aimed at understanding the pathophysiology of injury and providing meaningful clinical tools to combating injury. The goal of this chapter is to provide a basic framework and understanding of the complexities facing practitioners treating TBI.
Face Recognition using Fuzzy Logic

As Facial Recognition technology is finding its way to our daily lives, we are constantly looking for technology that is quick and effective. This paper presents the use of Fuzzy Logic for the same task. Images in the database are taken in an uncontrolled environment. The degree of uncertainty that fuzzy logic presents is exploited here. Same people with different expressions are also detected, proving that with the help of the right features extracted, Fuzzy Logic can be used as a robust Facial Recognition technique.
Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Mandates: Impact On Opioid Prescribing And Related Hospital Use

Comprehensive mandates for prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) require state-licensed prescribers and dispensers both to register with and to use the programs in most clinical circumstanc...
Cases in Precision Medicine: The Role of Tumor and Germline Genetic Testing in Breast Cancer Management

Genetic testing has improved the care of women with breast cancer, informing therapeutic and preventive management decisions. As a result of increasing availability and use of genetic testing, phys...
No-Trick (Treat) Kernel Adaptive Filtering using Deterministic Features

Kernel methods form a powerful, versatile, and theoretically-grounded unifying framework to solve nonlinear problems in signal processing and machine learning. The standard approach relies on the kernel trick to perform pairwise evaluations of a kernel function, which leads to scalability issues for large datasets due to its linear and superlinear growth with respect to the training data. A popular approach to tackle this problem, known as random Fourier features (RFFs), samples from a distribution to obtain the data-independent basis of a higher finite-dimensional feature space, where its dot product approximates the kernel function. Recently, deterministic, rather than random construction has been shown to outperform RFFs, by approximating the kernel in the frequency domain using Gaussian quadrature. In this paper, we view the dot product of these explicit mappings not as an approximation, but as an equivalent positive-definite kernel that induces a new finite-dimensional reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS). This opens the door to no-trick (NT) online kernel adaptive filtering (KAF) that is scalable and robust. Random features are prone to large variances in performance, especially for smaller dimensions. Here, we focus on deterministic feature-map construction based on polynomial-exact solutions and show their superiority over random constructions. Without loss of generality, we apply this approach to classical adaptive filtering algorithms and validate the methodology to show that deterministic features are faster to generate and outperform state-of-the-art kernel methods based on random Fourier features.
Measures of Adipose Tissue Redistribution and Atherosclerotic Coronary Plaque in HIV.

Objective People with HIV (PWH) who are well treated on antiretroviral therapy remain at increased risk for body composition changes, including increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and reduced subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), as well as increased cardiovascular disease (CVD). The relationship between adipose compartments and coronary disease is not well understood among PWH. Methods A total of 148 PWH and 68 uninfected individuals without CVD were well phenotyped for VAT and SAT via single-section abdominal computed tomography (CT) at L4. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score was assessed by noncontrast cardiac CT and coronary plaque composition by coronary CT angiography. Results Increased VAT was significantly related to increased presence of plaque (OR, 1.55 per 100 cm2 ; P = 0.008) and CAC > 0 (OR, 1.56 per 100 cm2 ; P = 0.006) in the HIV group. In contrast, increased SAT was related to reduced presence of plaque (OR, 0.79 per 100 cm2 ; P = 0.057) and reduced CAC > 0 (OR, 0.69 per 100 cm2 , P = 0.007) among PWH. The VAT to SAT ratio showed a strong relationship to overall presence of calcified plaque (OR, 3.30; P = 0.03) and CAC > 0 (OR, 3.57; P Conclusions Fat redistribution phenotyping by simultaneous quantification of VAT and SAT as independent measures could help identify those PWH at higher risk for CVD.
Infected macrophages engage alveolar epithelium to metabolically reprogram myeloid cells and promote antibacterial inflammation

Alveolar macrophages are the primary immune cells that first detect lung infection. However, only one macrophage patrols every three alveoli. How this limited number of macrophages provides protection is unclear, as numerous pathogens block cell-intrinsic immune responses. The intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila inhibits host translation, thereby impairing the ability of infected macrophages to produce critical cytokines. Nevertheless, infected macrophages induce an IL-1-dependent inflammatory response by recruited myeloid cells that controls infection. Here, we show that collaboration with the alveolar epithelium is critical, in that IL-1 instructs the alveolar epithelium to produce GM-CSF. Intriguingly, GM-CSF drives maximal cytokine production in bystander myeloid cells by enhancing PRR-induced glycolysis. Our findings reveal that alveolar macrophages engage alveolar epithelial signals to metabolically reprogram myeloid cells and amplify antibacterial inflammation.
Challenges in Managing Acute Myocardial Infarction Associated With Infective Endocarditis: A Case Report:

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a rare but recognized and potentially serious complication of infective endocarditis (IE). This case describes the challenges surrounding the management of AMI in the setting of septic coronary embolism, brain, spleen, and kidney infarcts due to septic emboli from native mitral valve IE.
Entangling Plato: A Guide through the Political Theory Archive:

Political theorists have increasingly sought to place Plato in active dialogue with democracy ancient and modern by examining what S. Sara Monoson calls “Plato’s democratic entanglements.” More pre...
Abstract 16857: Acute Pericarditis With Concomitant Stemi Associated With Delayed Presentation in the Setting of SARS-COV-2 Pandemic

Background: The classic ST-segment elevations seen in a STEMI can similarly be found during an episode of acute pericarditis, making the two entities difficult to distinguish. The incidence of post...
My Approach to Sudden Death Risk Evaluation in Athletes, Who Should Play and Who Can Return to Play?

Although the absolute risk of sudden death in the athlete is low, pre-articipation evaluation is an important opportunity to assess risk as well as establish a working relationship with the patient. In this chapter, we review the basis for our approach to pre-participation evaluation of an athlete. To date, no randomized study has compared the additive benefit of the screening ECG; however, the false positive rate is now in an acceptably low range. Different imaging modalities and/or exercise stress testing may provide important adjunctive information. Thoughtful assessment of the athlete should account for exercise-induced adaptation and shared decision-making in challenging cases. Future research continues on distinguishing between the physiologic and pathologic changes in the athlete’s heart. No matter what screening program is in place, a well-thought-out and well-rehearsed emergency action plan is paramount.
Effects of partial versus complete lesions of the amygdala on cross-modal associations in cynomolgus monkeys

Aspiration lesions of the amygdala plus subjacent cortex were found earlier to produce a severe impairment in cross-modal (tactual-to-visual) recognition (Murray & Mishkin, 1985). To determine whether more selective lesions would also produce this effect, we trained 8 naive cynomolgus monkeys on a tactual-visual version of delayed nonmatching-to-sample and then injected ibotenic acid bilaterally into either the basolateral (n = 4) or centromedial (n = 4) subdivisions of the amygdala. Neither of the excitotoxic lesions affected performance. In a second experiment, we aspirated the amygdala plus subjacent cortex in similarly trained monkeys. The performance of these animals fell significantly and remained substantially below preoperative levels despite extensive postoperative retraining. The findings suggest that the severe deficit in cross-modal recognition following the aspiration lesion is attributable to complete amygdala damage, damage to the subjacent cortex, or the two in combination.
Single B-cell deconvolution of peanut-specific antibody responses in allergic patients

Background The frequencies, cellular phenotypes, epitope specificity, and clonal diversity of allergen-specific B cells in patients with food allergy are not fully understood but are of major pathogenic and therapeutic significance. Objective We sought to characterize peanut allergen–specific B-cell populations and the sequences and binding activities of their antibodies before and during immunotherapy. Methods B cells binding fluorescently labeled Ara h 1 or Ara h 2 were phenotyped and isolated by means of flow cytometric sorting from 18 patients at baseline and 13 patients during therapy. Fifty-seven mAbs derived from allergen-binding single B cells were evaluated by using ELISA, Western blotting, and peptide epitope mapping. Deep sequencing of the B-cell repertoires identified additional members of the allergen-specific B-cell clones. Results Median allergen-binding B-cell frequencies were 0.0097% (Ara h 1) or 0.029% (Ara h 2) of B cells in baseline blood from allergic patients and approximately 3-fold higher during immunotherapy. Five of 57 allergen-specific cells belonged to clones containing IgE-expressing members. Almost all allergen-specific antibodies were mutated, and binding to both conformational and linear allergen epitopes was detected. Increasing somatic mutation of IgG 4 members of a clone was seen in immunotherapy, whereas IgE mutation levels in the clone did not increase. Conclusion Most peanut allergen–binding B cells isolated by means of antigen-specific flow sorting express mutated and isotype-switched antibodies. Immunotherapy increases their frequency in the blood, and even narrowly defined allergen epitopes are recognized by numerous distinct B-cell clones in a patient. The results also suggest that oral immunotherapy can stimulate somatic mutation of allergen-specific IgG 4 .
Culture models of human mammary epithelial cell transformation.

Human pre-malignant breast diseases, particularly ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)3 already display several of the aberrant phenotypes found in primary breast cancers, including chromosomal abnormalities, telomerase activity, inactivation of the p53 gene, and overexpression of some oncogenes. Efforts to model early breast carcinogenesis in human cell cultures have largely involved studies of in vitro transformation of normal finite lifespan human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) to immortality and malignancy. We present a model of HMEC immortal transformation consistent with the known in vivo data. This model includes a recently described, presumably epigenetic process, termed conversion, which occurs in cells that have overcome stringent replicative senescence and are thus able to maintain proliferation with critically short telomeres. The conversion process involves reactivation of telomerase activity, and acquisition of good uniform growth in the absence and presence of TGFβ. We propose that overcoming the proliferative constraints set by senescence, and undergoing conversion, represent key rate-limiting steps in human breast carcinogenesis, and occur during early stage breast cancer progression.
Problems on Mapping Class Groups And Related Topics

I. Cohomological, combinatorial and algebraic structure: Four questions about mapping class groups by M. Bestvina Some problems on mapping class groups and moduli space by B. Farb Finiteness and Torelli spaces by R. Hain Fifteen problems about the mapping class groups by N. V. Ivanov Problems on homomorphisms of mapping class groups by M. Korkmaz The mapping class group and homotopy theory by I. Madsen Probing mapping class groups using arcs by R. C. Penner Relations in the mapping class group by B. Wajnryb II. Connections with 3-manifolds, symplectic geometry and algebraic geometry: Mapping class group factorizations and symplectic 4-manifolds: Some open problems by D. Auroux The topology of 3-manifolds, Heegaard distances and the mapping class group of a 2-manifold by J. S. Birman Lefschetz pencils and mapping class groups by S. K. Donaldson Open problems in Grothendieck-Teichmuller theory by P. Lochak and L. Schneps III. Geometry and dynamical aspects: Mapping class group dynamics on surface group representations by W. M. Goldman Geometric properties of the mapping class group by U. Hamenstadt Problems on billiards, flat surfaces and translation surfaces by P. Hubert, H. Masur, T. Schmidt, and A. Zorich Problems in the geometry of surface group extensions by L. Mosher Surface subgroups of mapping class groups by A. W. Reid Weil-Petersson perspectives by S. A. Wolpert IV. Braid groups, Out$(F_n)$ and other related groups: Braid groups and Iwahori-Hecke algebras by S. Bigelow Automorphism groups of free groups, surface groups and free abelian groups by M. R. Bridson and K. Vogtmann Problems: Braid groups, homotopy, cohomology, and representations by F. R. Cohen Cohomological structure of the mapping class group and beyond by S. Morita From braid groups to mapping class groups by L. Paris.
Does Employee Treatment and Workforce Diversity Impact Corporate Innovative Efficiency

Using patents and citations per R&D dollar as measures of innovation efficiency, we find that corporate policies that result in better treatment of employees and a more pro-diversity culture, specifically treatment of women and minorities, enhance future innovative efficiency, even after controlling for endogeneity. Such positive effect is stronger in more innovative firms, more financially constrained firms, more undervalued firms, firms where employees are more valuable, firms in industries with longer employee tenure and firms with stronger governance. Better employee treatment and diversity policies also increase firm value via this positive effect on innovation efficiency. We suggest a channel through which employee treatment may enhance firm value.
From Welfare to Workfare: The Unintended Consequences of Liberal Reform, 1945–1965, by J. Mittelstadt

In Welfare to Workfare: The Unintended Consequences of Liberal Reform, 1945–1965, Jennifer Mittelstadt takes a critical and historical look at welfare's evolution in this country. She begins with t...
High-pressure investigation of Hg0.91Mn0.09Te

Energy dispersive x-ray-diffraction measurements have been performed at 298 K under hydrostatic pressures to 12.0 GPa for the purpose of studying the phase stability of HgMnTe. The B3-to-B9 (zinc-blende--to--cinnabar) transition takes place at 2.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 GPa. In contrast to HgTe and HgCdTe, which both pass from the B9 to the A5 phase (\ensuremath{\beta}-Sn) via the B1 structure (rock salt), HgMnTe transforms directly from the B9 to the A5 phase. The effect of alloying HgTe with Mn is similar to that of alloying with Zn insofar as the stability of the B1 phase is concerned, whereas the stability of the B3 phase is comparable with that of ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{0.8}$${\mathrm{Cd}}_{0.2}$Te.
Transfer of Learning: Connecting Concepts during Problem Solving.

A concern of many educators and managers is students’ ability to transfer concepts and procedures learned in school to the work environment. According to the Committee on Science (2007) the high school experience does not provide enough authentic problem-solving and project-based activities for students to be prepared mentally for the types of problems they will have to solve in the real world, or at their place of employment. When children are taught a skill, such as solving a mathematical problem, they often fail to recognize that their new skill can be used to solve a similar problem outside of school (Bereiter, 1984). In other cases, students who are skilled with certain tasks outside of school often have difficulty transferring concepts learned from these experiences (Lave, 1988; Johnson, 1997; Johnson, Dixon, Daugherty, & Lowanto, 2011) to the solving of well-structured problems in schools, such as those often found on mathematics and science tests. These findings demonstrate the inability of students to recognize the transferability of concepts learned from solving well- structured problems in the classroom to ill-structured problems faced outside of the classroom and also the transferability of concepts learned from solving ill-structured problems, similar to those encountered in the real world, to the solving of well-structured problems encountered in the classroom.
Early-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus keratitis and late-onset infectious keratitis in astigmatic keratotomy incision following femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery

A 79-year-old woman had uneventful femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery including paired laser astigmatic keratotomies (AKs) in the right eye. Three weeks postoperatively, a corneal infiltrate developed in the superotemporal AK incision. Cultures grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . The infection was treated with topical fortified vancomycin and tobramycin; full resolution required several months of therapy. Five months after cataract surgery, the patient presented with a second stromal infiltrate, also in the superotemporal AK incision. Despite negative cultures, the infiltrate resolved quickly on a short course of broad-spectrum fortified antibiotics. At 6 months, the corrected distance visual acuity was 20/30. This case demonstrates that infectious keratitis can occur following uneventful femtosecond laser–assisted AK performed concurrently with cataract surgery. We reviewed the literature on infectious keratitis following refractive keratotomy and femtosecond laser–assisted procedures. Several recommendations to prevent these infections are proposed. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Fiber composite bar for reinforced concrete construction

Behavior of concrete beams reinforced with Glass-Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic (GFRP) bars was experimentally investigated. Two types of reinforcements were considered; longitudinal or flexural reinforcement and transverse or shear reinforcement. For each of the two types of reinforcements, three concrete beams were tested to failure. The behavior of each beam was characterized by its load-deflection response to failure. The study was mainly focused on experimentally determining the feasibility of GFRP bars as reinforcement for concrete structures. The results indicated that the plastic bars performed reasonably well in the beams tested.
Older and Newer Media: Patterns of Use and Effects on Adolescents' Health and Well-Being.

The past decade's research on the use and effects of older (television, music, movies, magazines) and newer media (the Internet, cell phones, social networking) on adolescents' health and well‐being is reviewed. A portrait of patterns of use of the media is provided and then the predictors and effects of those patterns on adolescents' mental health is discussed. Research on the effects of exposure to specific kinds of content on adolescents' aggressive behavior, gender roles, sexual relationships, body image disturbances, obesity, and substance use also are reviewed. Finally, media literacy as a promising strategy for enhancing adolescents' use of the media in the future is considered.
Strategies for successful technological development

The challenges stemming from globalization coupled with more rapid, fundamental technological development compels firms to develop more effective ways to manage. The corporate landscape will change as some firms successfully traverse turbulent periods of industry evolution while others do not. Firms may increase their chances of success by developing a portfolio of alliances in technology development, emphasizing organizational learning, and altering traditional views of strategy and control.
Psychological Distress Negatively Affects Self-assessment of Shoulder Function in Patients With Rotator Cuff Tears

Background In many areas of orthopaedics, patients with greater levels of psychological distress report inferior self-assessments of pain and function. This effect can lead to lower-than-expected baseline scores on common patient-reported outcome scales, even those not traditionally considered to have a psychological component.
Helical crack-front instability in mixed-mode fracture

Evolution of fractures in materials can vary substantially depending on what conditions the material is in. In particular, if only tension loading is applied, the crack generally moves in a plane and the fracture surface is smooth. On the other hand, the addition of a shear stress orthogonal to this plane of crack propagation generates an instability that results in three-dimensional helical crack propagation, atomically rough surfaces and a characteristic fracture pattern that resembles the shape of a series of lances. Antonio Pons and Alain Karma explore the causes of this instability, performing extensive numerical simulations, to understand and predict this behaviour, which is important in a number of engineering and geological materials. They uncover a new law that governs crack propagation in space for materials subject to general stress conditions, as well as a delicate balance of forces acting to stabilize or destabilize the crack motion. The addition of shear orthogonal to the tension-loading plane of crack propagation generates an instability that results in three-dimensional helical crack propagation, atomically rough surfaces and a fracture pattern resembling a series of lance shapes. Here numerical simulations reveal a new law that governs crack propagation in space for materials subject to general stress conditions. Planar crack propagation under pure tension loading (mode I) is generally stable. However, it becomes universally unstable with the superposition of a shear stress parallel to the crack front (mode III). Under this mixed-mode (I + III) loading configuration, an initially flat parent crack segments into an array of daughter cracks that rotate towards a direction of maximum tensile stress1. This segmentation produces stepped fracture surfaces with characteristic ‘lance-shaped’ markings observed in a wide range of engineering2,3,4,5,6,7 and geological materials1,8. The origin of this instability remains poorly understood and a theory with which to predict the surface roughness scale is lacking. Here we perform large-scale simulations of mixed-mode I + III brittle fracture using a continuum phase-field method9,10,11 that describes the complete three-dimensional crack-front evolution. The simulations reveal that planar crack propagation is linearly unstable against helical deformations of the crack front, which evolve nonlinearly into a segmented array of finger-shaped daughter cracks. Furthermore, during their evolution, facets gradually coarsen owing to the growth competition of daughter cracks in striking analogy with the coarsening of finger patterns observed in nonequilibrium growth phenomena12,13,14. We show that the dynamically preferred unstable wavelength is governed by the balance of the destabilizing effect of far-field stresses and the stabilizing effect of cohesive forces on the process zone scale, and we derive a theoretical estimate for this scale using a new propagation law for curved cracks in three dimensions. The rotation angles of coarsened facets are also compared to theoretical predictions and available experimental data.
H-Bonding Maintains the Active Site of Type 1 Copper Proteins: Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Asn38 in Poplar Plastocyanin†

Type I Cu proteins maintain a trigonal N2S coordination group (with weak axial ligation) in both oxidation states of the Cu2+/+ ion, thereby reducing the reorganization energy for electron transfer. Requirements for maintaining this coordination group were investigated in poplar plastocyanin (Pcy) by mutation of a conserved element of the type 1 architecture, an asparagine residue (Asn38) adjacent to one of the ligating histidines. The side chain of this asparagine forms an active site clasp via two H-bonds with the residue (Ser85) adjacent to the ligating cysteine (Cys84). In addition, the main chain NH of Asn38 donates an H-bond to the thiolate ligand. We have investigated the importance of these interactions by mutating Asn38 to Gln, Thr, and Leu. The mutant proteins are capable of folding and binding Cu2+, but the blue color fades; the rate of fading increases in the order Gln < Thr < Leu. The color is not restored by ferricyanide, showing that the protein is modified irreversibly, probably by oxidati...
Estimating the Change Point of the Process Fraction Non-conforming with a Monotonic Change Disturbance in SPC

Knowing when a process has changed would simplify the search for and identification of the special cause. In this paper, we propose a maximum-likelihood estimator for the change point of the process fraction non-conforming without requiring knowledge of the exact change type a priori. Instead, we assume the type of change present belongs to a family of monotonic changes. We compare the proposed change-point estimator to the maximum-likelihood estimator for the process change point derived under a simple step change assumption. We do this for a number of monotonic change types and following a signal from a binomial cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart. We conclude that it is better to use the proposed change point estimator when the type of change present is only known to be monotonic. The results show that the proposed estimator provides process engineers with an accurate and useful estimate of the time of the process change regardless of the type of monotonic change that may be present. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.