cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a more positive view of healthcare in Ireland

Ireland has a population of just over one million children, the highest birth rate in the European Union, significant income inequalities and an increasing non-national population. Our under five mortality figures have shown a steady decline to 3.6 per 1000 and are amongst the best in the world. Examples of high-quality healthcare results include neonatal intensive care outcomes, paediatric cancer survival rates, surgical outcomes in congenital heart disease, improved survival in cystic fibrosis and renal transplantation results. Positivity alone is not enough and I propose a 10-point plan for future healthcare for children and young people. We should first and foremost aim for health not care and prevention plays a key role. Parents and families should play an active role in decisions around their children's health and should be aware of results of treatment. Care should be delivered as close to home as possible and we should strengthen both primary and community care and provide additional support to general practitioners to manage childhood illness closer to home. We need to plan for new morbidities such as type 1 diabetes, obesity, mental health issues and inflammatory bowel disease. General paediatrics is a key enabler of better healthcare for children. We should advocate for a future system focussed on quality, reducing geographical variation and supporting local care, thereby keeping children out of hospital as much as possible.
The effect of cube-roughened walls on the response of rough-to-smooth (RTS) turbulent channel flows

Abstract Direct numerical simulations of cube-roughened rough-to-smooth channel flows are performed with the objective of studying the response of turbulence statistics in the developing flow over smooth walls. Non-equilibrium effects persist and the global recovery is slow and incomplete by the streamwise exit of the computational domains, which is at about 10 channel half heights. The estimated recovery distance in the outer regions of the flow is on the order of 50 channel half heights, but different statistics have disparate relxataion rates. The turbulence structure swiftly relaxes to a ‘near’ equilibrium very close to the wall. Within this wall layer, due to a strong mean shear, turbulence statistics and instantaneous motions resemble their fully-smooth equivalents. However, the reversion is not complete because it is interrupted by large structures that persist from the upstream roughness. As the flow encounters the step change in roughness, it expands producing strong mean-advection effects, which prevent the canonical log-law region from being established. The expansion of the mean flow also results in an adverse pressure gradient across the channel. It recovers gradually, only becoming favourable near the exit of the computational domains.
Two Markov Models and Their Application

Two different Markov models for cross-covariance and coregionalization modeling are proposed and compared in cokriging and stochastic simulation modes. The newly introduced Markov model 2 performs better in cases where the secondary data are defined on a larger support volume than the primary variable being estimated or simulated. Incorrect adoption of the more traditional Markov model 1 may result in cokriging estimated maps that are artificially too close to the secondary data map and in simulated realizations with too high nugget effect.
Thermal radiative energy exchange between a closely-spaced linear chain of spheres and its environment

Abstract In this work, we present expressions for radiative heat transfer between pairs of spheres in a linear chain and between individual spheres and their environment. The expressions are valid for coated spheres of arbitrary size, spacing, and isotropic optical properties. The spheres may be small and closely-spaced, which violates the assumptions foundational to classical radiative transfer. We validate our results against existing formulations of radiative heat transfer, namely the thermal discrete dipole and boundary element methods. Our results have important implications for the modeling and interpretation of near-field radiative heat transfer experiments between spherical bodies.
Contemporary Analysis of Calculous Nephrectomy Utilization and Outcomes in the United States.

Abstract Introduction: Calculous nephrectomy was a mainstay of treatment of complex upper tract stone disease up until the 1970s, but data on its contemporary utilization in the current era of risi...
Water and Carbon Fluxes Along an Elevational Gradient in a Sagebrush Ecosystem

Differences in water and carbon fluxes along a climate/elevation gradient within a sagebrush ecosystem are quantified, and inferences are made about climate warming using a network of eddy covariance systems. Sites are located within the Reynolds Creek Critical Zone Observatory in southwestern Idaho, USA, with elevations ranging from 1425 to 2111 m, annual precipitation ranging from 290 to 795 mm and annual temperature ranging from 9.1 to 5.4 °C. Annual gross ecosystem production (GEP) for the sites averaged (± uncertainty) 385 ± 6, 549 ± 19, 684 ± 25, and 818 ± 26 gC m−2 from lowest to highest elevation. Annual net ecosystem production indicated that the sites are carbon sinks with annual uptake typically ranging from 100 ± 10 to 200 ± 30 gC m−2. Exceptions to this are: the lowest elevation site which was carbon neutral (1 ± 16 gC m−2) during a year with a summer rainfall respiration pulse, and the highest elevation site, where carbon uptake dropped to 42 ± 20 gC m−2 during a heavy snow year. Carbon flux and evapotranspiration (ET) peaked about a month earlier at the lower elevation sites, but with limited precipitation, these sites encountered water stress for much of the growing season. Model simulations suggest that climate warming will likely have a negligible impact on annual ET and GEP at lower elevations, but rather shift ET and GEP earlier in the season and prolong the period of water stress. ET and GEP may increase with climate warming at higher elevations where precipitation is above a threshold of about 450 mm.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sepsis complicated by warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia secondary to antimicrobial therapy

A 61-year-old Caucasian woman presented to the emergency room complaining of left-sided chest pain and altered mentation for 3 days. Her medical history included liver cirrhosis and coronary artery disease. On admission, she was found to have methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia. Due to a decline in mental status, a lumbar puncture was performed and cerebrospinal fluid cultures grew MRSA. She was treated initially with vancomycin. Ceftaroline was later added, due to the high burden of disease and difficulty in clearing her infection. After initiation of ceftaroline, bacteraemia cleared and mental status improved, however, she developed haemolytic anaemia. Ceftaroline was stopped and vancomycin continued. Staphylococcal meningitis is a rare occurrence, estimated at a rate of only 1%–10% of all bacterial meningitis cases. Ceftaroline seems to be a suitable option for disseminated MRSA infection, including MRSA meningitis, when the clinical response to vancomycin is inadequate. Further studies are warranted in order to establish adequate dosing while avoiding adverse effects.
Monotonicity as an effective theory of morphosyntactic variation

One of the major goals of linguistics is to delineate the possible range of variation across languages. Recent work has identified a surprising number of typological gaps in a variety domains. In morphology, this includes stem suppletion, person pronoun syncretism, case syncretism, and noun stem allomorphy. In morphosyntax, only a small number of all conceivable Person Case Constraints and Gender Case Constraints are found. While various proposals have been put forward for each individual domain, few attempts have been made to give a unified explanation of the limited typology across all domains. This paper presents a novel account that deliberately abstracts away from the usual details of grammatical description in order to provide a domain-agnostic explanation of the limits of typological variation. This is achieved by combining prominence hierarchies, e.g. for person and case, with mappings from those hierarchies to the relevant output forms. As the mappings are required to be monotonic, only a fraction of all conceivable patterns can be instantiated.
Target-wide Induction and Synapse Type-Specific Robustness of Presynaptic Homeostasis.

Summary Presynaptic homeostatic plasticity (PHP) is an evolutionarily conserved form of adaptive neuromodulation and is observed at both central and peripheral synapses. In this work, we make several fundamental advances by interrogating the synapse specificity of PHP. We define how PHP remains robust to acute versus long-term neurotransmitter receptor perturbation. We describe a general PHP property that includes global induction and synapse-specific expression mechanisms. Finally, we detail a novel synapse-specific PHP expression mechanism that enables the conversion from short- to long-term PHP expression. If our data can be extended to other systems, including the mammalian central nervous system, they suggest that PHP can be broadly induced and expressed to sustain the function of complex neural circuitry.
Exporting Forest Loss? A Cross-National Analysis of the United States Export–Import Bank Financing in Low- and Middle-Income Nations:

Dependency theory argues that due to unequal economic relationships, including exports, multinational corporations, and loans from multilateral lending institutions, high-income nations exploit the...
Life-Course Reproductive History and Cardiovascular Risk Profile in Late Mid-Life: The CARDIA Study

Background Reproductive events, that is, a preterm birth (PTB), small‐for‐gestational‐age infant (SGA), and vasomotor symptoms of menopause, are associated with subclinical atherosclerotic cardiova...
Introduction to Materials Processing for Biomaterials

Abstract The processing of materials can be critical for altering their physical properties to modulate the biological response to the material. It can also greatly expand the number of applications that the material can be used for. In this section a number of different types of modifications will be covered, including surface modification to decrease fouling and increase specific interactions with cells, as well as fabrication of textiles and more three-dimensional structures through additive manufacturing.
Dephasing of Single-Photon Orbital Angular Momentum Qudit States in Fiber: Limits to Correction via Dynamical Decoupling

The bit rate for photonic quantum-state transmission can be raised by encoding more than one bit per photon, using multiple temporal, spatial, polarization, and frequency modes and preparing a single photon in a superposition of these modes as a $q\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}u\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}d\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t$. As always, state dephasing limits the performance of such technologies. This study shows that the qudit approach cannot be ramped up to arbitrarily high quantum numbers of orbital angular momentum---but there is a path to passive linear optical elements that can mitigate the inevitable dephasing and keep fidelity high.
Disengagement from driving when using automation during a 4-week field trial

Abstract Introduction A small body of research on the real-world use of commercially available partial driving automation suggests that drivers may struggle with or otherwise lapse in adequately monitoring the system and highway environment, and little is known about key issues such as how behavior associated with system use changes over time. The current study assessed how driver disengagement, defined as visual-manual interaction with electronics or removal of hands from the wheel, differed as drivers became more accustomed to partial automation over a 4-week trial. Methods Ten volunteers drove a Volvo S90 with adaptive cruise control (ACC), which automates speed and headway, and Pilot Assist, which combines ACC and continuous lane centering. Instrumentation captured automation use, secondary task activity, hands-on-wheel status, vehicle speed, and GPS location during all trips. Results The longer drivers used the Pilot Assist partial automation system, the more likely they were to become disengaged, with a significant increase in the odds of observing participants with both hands off the steering wheel or manipulating a cell phone relative to manual control. Results associated with use of ACC found comparable or lower levels of disengagement compared to manual driving as the study progressed. Discussion This study highlights concerns about vehicle control and the degree to which drivers remain actively in the loop when using automation. Calls for implementing more robust driver monitoring with partial automation appear warranted—particularly those that track head or eye position.
Conundrum of strongly coupled supercurrent flow in both under- and overdoped Bi-2212 round wires

${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{1}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ (Bi-2212) is the only high-temperature superconductor (HTS) available as a round wire with high critical current density ${J}_{c}$, which makes it a very compelling candidate for ultrahigh-field magnet applications. By contrast, other copper oxide HTS conductors like $R{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (where $R$ stands for rare earth) and (Bi,${\mathrm{Pb})}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ (Bi-2223) must be made in tape form to minimize the density of current blocking high-angle grain boundaries. Understanding the mechanism enabling high ${J}_{c}$ in round wire Bi-2212 is important intellectually because it breaks the paradigm that forces HTS conductors into tape geometries that reproduce their strong crystalline anisotropy. The biaxial growth texture of Bi-2212 developed during a partial melt heat treatment should favor high ${J}_{c}$, even though its $\ensuremath{\sim}{15}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ full width at half maximum (FWHM) grain-to-grain misorientation is well beyond the commonly accepted strong-coupling range of $\ensuremath{\le}{5}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ misorientation. Its ability to be strongly overdoped should be valuable too since underdoped cuprate grain boundaries are widely believed to be weakly linked. Accordingly, we here study property changes after oxygen underdoping the optimized, overdoped wire. While ${J}_{c}$ and vortex pinning diminish significantly in underdoped wires, we were not able to develop the prominent weak-link signature [a hysteretic ${J}_{c}(H)$ characteristic] evident in even the very best Bi-2223 tapes with an $\ensuremath{\sim}{15}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ FWHM uniaxial texture. We attribute the high ${J}_{c}$ and lack of weak-link signature in our Bi-2212 round wires to the high-aspect ratio, large-grain, basal-plane-faced grain morphology produced by partial-melt processing of Bi-2212. These features enable $c$-axis brick wall current flow when ab-plane transport is blocked. We conclude that the presently optimized biaxial texture of Bi-2212 intrinsically constitutes a strongly coupled current path, regardless of its oxygen doping state.
Achievement Motivation on the Sales Force: An Exploration into the Application of the Work and Family Orientation Scale to Salespersons’ Motivation

This paper presents the results of three studies investigating achievement motivation, as measured by the Work and Family Orientation Scale (WOFO), in the sales force context. The WOFO (Helmreich and Spence 1978) is a paper and pencil measure of achievement motivation that has been found to relate to measures of achievement in businesspersons. Scores on three sub-scores are of interest:"work,” “mastery,” and “competitiveness."
Chapter 10 Chemical Cycling in Washington's Coastal Zone

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biogeochemical cycling of primarily toxic and persistent compounds, such as Pu isotopes, 210 Po, 210 Pb, As, Hg, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. It describes the major improvements—such as sample collection, preparation, and analytical chemistry capabilities for the determination of trace organic compounds, stable metals, and their speciation and radionuclides in environmental samples—in studies of chemical cycling off the Washington coast. The chapter discusses various processes such as chemical inputs from rivers, advecting seawater, air–sea exchange, and hydrothermal activity as well as outputs to the major sedimentary and biological reservoirs via uptake and exchange of chemicals with water column. The chapter describes the cycling of chemicals on the open Washington coast north of the Columbia River mouth. Related research in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and in Puget Sound is compared and contrasted in the chapter.
Corporate Cultures and Fabricated Boards: Should Board Structure Be Regulated?

This study examines the effects of different corporate cultures on the efficacy of board independence as a corporate governance mechanism. We distinguish between two cultural types, manipulative versus non-manipulative firms, and focus on CEO dismissal events. In our empirical analysis, firms that are sued for financial misreporting are considered to have manipulative cultures and those that are not sued are considered to have non-manipulative cultures. Our findings show that the semblance of board independence in manipulative firms is unrelated to the likelihood or the promptness of CEO dismissal following the discovery of corporate wrongdoings. Banks and blockholders, on the other hand, both increase the likelihood and promptness of CEO dismissal. In underperforming non-manipulative firms, the presence of blockholders and bank borrowing has no effect on CEO turnover, but more independent boards increase the likelihood of CEO turnover. Corporate culture appears to be an important element in shaping the roles of governance mechanisms. Overall, these findings suggest that attempts to mandate effective corporate oversight by regulating the fraction of independent directors, crudely defined, on the board are unlikely to be successful in achieving their policy objectives.
Estimating trophic state proportions of a regional lake population: are larger samples always better?

During the summers of 1991–1994, the Environmental Monitoringand Assessment Program (EMAP) sampled 344 lakes throughout thenortheastern United States using a proportional stratified sampling design based on lake size. Approximately one-quarter ofthe 344 lakes were sampled each year (4 years) for totalphosphorus to determine the proportion (and associated95% confidence intervals) of the northeast lake population ≥ 1ha (11,076 ± 1,699 lakes) that was in oligotrophic,mesotrophic, eutrophic, or heupereutropic (4 classes) conditionaccording to the total phosphorus criteria of the North AmericaLake Manegement Society. Estimates for the second, third, andfourth yr were developed as cumulative of the previous yrsamples and the current yr samples for the northeast as a wholeand for each of its three ecoregions (4 regions). New confidence intervals were computed for each cumulative yrcondition estimate. This produced a total (4 years × 4classes × 4 regions) of 64 cumulative yr tropic conditionestimates. Confidence intervals for 21% of these estimates didnot shorten with increased sample size. This phenomena raisedquestions about the accuracy of estimates based on cumulativesampling procedures. We explain why and how the phenomenon comesabout with both straight random and proportional randomsampling. Further, we present an example of the effects thisphenomenon has on lake tropic state condition estimates in thenortheastern United States.
Pharmaco‐legal Considerations in the Clinical Use of Decongestants

Thanks to changes in the health care environment, pharmacists are no longer viewed as merely dispensers of pharmaceuticals. They are now required to render judgments concerning patient therapy based on legal mandates directed at accuracy, efficiency, and quality of care. Moreover, pharmacists' decisions and actions are governed by legal requirements for patient counseling, drug therapy monitoring, and drug substitution. A number of these requirements stem from the federal Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 legislation relating to Medicaid, which mandates expanded responsibilities for pharmacists. For the past decade, however, state regulations have governed risk-assessment and risk-management responsibilities with regard to physicians and pharmacists. The original antisubstitution laws, which were exceptionally restrictive, have been replaced by newer regulations clearly defining pharmacists' legal responsibilities regarding drug substitution. These regulations address patient consent, cost savings, Orange Book standards, and delayed-release dosage forms. All of them have considerable impact on the dispensing of decongestants by pharmacists.
Collaborative environment for supporting Web users

This paper describes methods for developing a Web-based collaborative environment for call center agents supporting end users by using realtime Web browser sharing techniques. The collaborative functions should be available for end users without any preparation on the client-side. On the other hand, it is important for Web site developers to separate content design and collaborative-function development. If they are not separated, content designers have to create collaboration-aware content, and existing content cannot be reused with the collaborative functions. This paper discusses three approaches for developing real-time browser sharing systems, and shows why the proxy-based approach is the best to meet the above requirements.
Interlayer tunneling mechanism for high-tc superconductivity: comparison with C axis infrared experiments.

Recent c axis-polarized infrared measurements in the high-transition temperature (high-Tc) cuprate superconductor (La,Sr)2CuO4 can be interpreted on the basis that the entire condensation energy comes from the interlayer Josephson coupling. This gives a parameter-free determination of penetration depth λ and coherence length ξ for this superconductor that are in agreement with experiment.
Mosaic monochromator applications at CHESS

A double bounce monochromator with a roughened Si(111) first crystal and a sagitally focusing roughened Si(111) second crystal was tested at a Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) bending magnet line. Flux and energy width measurements were taken and comparisons are made with measurements from a perfect Si(111) monochromator (also sagitally focused) as well as calculations for flux and energy width for a source-matched monochromator and a mosaic monochromator. For the roughened monochromator at 17 keV, the flux was greater by a factor of 7.5 while the energy spread was only increased by a factor of 2, as compared to the perfect monochromator. These measured increases are consistent with predicted values for source-matched optics. Other advantages of mosaic monochromators in addition to source- matching are discussed.
The role of adhesion in contact fatigue

Abstract By incorporating the effects of interfacial adhesion in the mechanics of rounded contact between two bodies, a new approach is proposed for the quantitative analysis of a wide variety of contact fatigue situations involving cyclic normal, tangential or torsional loading. In this method, conditions of “strong” and “weak” adhesion are identified by relating contact mechanics and fracture mechanics theories. Invoking the notion that for strong and weak adhesive contact, a square-root stress singularity exists at the rounded contact edge or at the stick–slip boundary, respectively, mode I, II or III stress intensity factors are obtained for normal, sliding and torsional contact loading, accordingly. A comparison of the cyclic variations in local stress intensity factors with the threshold stress intensity factor range for the onset of fatigue crack growth then provides critical conditions for crack initiation in contact fatigue. It is shown that the location of crack initiation within the contact area and the initial direction of crack growth from the contact surface into the substrate can be quantitatively determined by this approach. This method obviates the need for the assumption of an artifical length scale, i.e. the initial crack size, in the use of known fracture mechanics concepts for the analyses of complex contact fatigue situations involving rounded contact edges. Predictions of the present approach are compared with a wide variety of experimental observations.
Risks and Benefits of Prophylactic Cyclic Parenteral Nutrition in Surgical Neonates

Background: Cyclic parenteral nutrition (PN) is used for both the treatment and prevention of parenteral nutrition–associated liver disease (PNALD). Early initiation of prophylactic cyclic PN may not be well tolerated in young neonates. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that prophylactic cyclic PN initiated prior to the onset of hyperbilirubinemia is associated with younger age at initiation, lower bilirubin levels, and similar rates of adverse events compared to therapeutic cyclic PN initiated after established cholestasis in surgical neonates. Methods: A retrospective review of infants with gastrointestinal disorders requiring surgical intervention who received cyclic PN 2006-2011 was performed. Results: Of the 43 infants eligible for analysis, 23 received prophylactic and 20 received therapeutic cyclic PN. Infants in both groups were comparable in demographics, surgical diagnoses, and illness severity. At initiation of cyclic PN, infants with prophylactic cyclic PN were significantly younger in ...
Transient flow analysis of an aircraft refueling system

Transient pressures and flows in an aircraft aerial refueling system are presented for a sudden disconnect between a tanker aircraft and a receiver aircraft. Transient conditions are simulated in the tanker refueling system during and after the sudden closure of the poppet valve at the refueling nozzle of the tanker aircraft. The simulations are obtained using a transient flow analysis computer program originally developed for hydraulic systems. Transient pressure simulations are compared with pressure transients obtained experimentally during ground tests. Agreement between the simulations and experiment is obtained. Surge arrestors are shown to limit the surge pressure.
Immunological evidence that band 3 is the major glucose transporter of the human erythrocyte membrane.

Abstract We have previously reported that human erythrocyte band 3 contains 90–95% of the reconstitutable glucose transport activity of the erythrocyte membrane (Shelton, R.L. and Langdon, R.G. (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 733, 25–33). We have now found that monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to epitopes on band 3 specifically removed band 3 and more than 90% of the reconstitutable glucose transport activity from unfractionated octylglucoside extracts of erythrocyte membranes; nonimmune serum removed neither. Western blots of whole membrane extracts revealed that the polyclonal antibody to band 4.5 used to isolate cDNA clones presumed to code for the transporter (Mueckler, M., Caruso, C., Baldwin, C.A., Pancio, M., Blench, J., Morris, H.B., Allard, W.J., Lienhard, G.E. and Lodish, H.F. (1985) Science 229, 941–945) reacts strongly with six discrete bands in the 4.5 region. A monoclonal antibody to band 3 also reacts with a M r 55 000 component of band 4.5. We conclude that band 3 contains the major glucose transporter of human erythrocytes, and that the transport activity in band 4.5 might be attributable to a band 3 fragment. Band 3 is probably a multifunctional transport protein responsible for transport of glucose, anions, and water.
Attachment Disorganization: The Reunion of Attachment Theory and Psychoanalysis.

City College and The Graduate School and University Center of the City University ofNew York, New York Presbyterian Hospital—Weill Medical College of CornellUniversity, and New York UniversityThe author investigates the psychoanalytic implications of recent attachmentresearch on the disorganized attachment categoryin infants and theunresolvedfor trauma and loss adult attachment classification with which it has beenassociated. The author first reviews empirical findings on attachment disorga-nization and then explores the ways in which they are consistent with andilluminated by psychoanalytic concepts. The focus is on linkages between dis-organized attachment and Freud’s theoryof strain trauma and traumatic anxiety,Klein’s theoryof projective identification and the interplaybetween paranoid–schizoid and depressive anxieties in development, and Blatt’s theoryof psy-chological development as resulting from the interplayof anaclitic and intro-jective developmental lines. In so doing, this article contributes to the reunionbetween attachment theory and psychoanalysis.Manyof the ideas in this article have their roots in a series of dialogues that SidneyBlattand I had with attachment researchers while we were editing two issues of PsychoanalyticInquiry on the implications of recent attachment research for psychoanalysis. Much to our
Biologically self-assembled porous polymers

Abstract Porous materials play an important role in today's society. For a wide variety of industrial markets including filtration, aeration, sorbents, structural materials and sensors, porous materials are essential components. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel techniques that can produce improved porosity in materials at lower production costs. The use of biologically active agents during material processing can influence the structures of materials on the micro- or nano-level and could provide many potential improvements over existing porous materials processing techniques. In this paper, we report on the use of a novel technique to produce controlled porosity in polymer materials, by incorporating a biologically active agent. The biological agent chosen for demonstration of the process was a single cell fungus (a common example of which is yeast), but extension to other types of biological agents is evident from the results. Also, potential application of this technique to other materials system, including powdered metals, ceramics, and solution-derived materials (such as sol–gel systems) is discussed.
A multi-objective model for warranty estimation

Abstract Almost all consumer products are associated with a certain warranty time as stipulated by the manufacturer. Such a statement of warranty provides the buyer with an assurance on the performance of the product in the stated period. On the other hand, manufacturers use warranties for promotional and protectional purposes. The paper develops a methodology to aid the manufacturer in selecting the price and warranty time of its products. The model considers the case where the products are assumed to be complements of each other. A multi-objective model is formulated where it is assumed that the decision maker is able to prioritize his goals. Some of these goals may be conflicting to each other. The goals considered include the achievement of a specified market share for each product, limitation on the total warranty cost as a given proportion of total sales, limitation of the warranty reserve for a given product as a proportion of the total warranty reserve for all products, and attainment of a minimum level of warranty reserve for a given product as a proportion of the total warranty reserve costs. A goal programming approach is used and the effects of the chosen parameters on the optimal solution, as well as goal achievements, are discussed.
Ecdysteroid titers in mated and unmated Drosophila melanogaster females.

Radioimmunoassay was used to determine ecdysteroid titers in mated or unmated Drosophila melanogaster females. Whole-body ecdysteroid titers increase after mating and this response is more pronounced after 12–24 hours than it is immediately after mating. In one experiment, females were mated to transgenic males deficient in accessory gland proteins to test whether these peptides mediate the observed increase in female whole-body ecdysteroid titers. Females mated to such transgenic males do not show a pronounced increase in whole-body ecdysteroid titers. The effect of mating on female hemolymph ecdysteroid titers was also investigated. Hemolymph ecdysteroid titers decrease after mating. The ecdysteroid titer change in the hemolymph may result from yolk protein uptake of ecdysteroids into developing vitellogenic oocytes as a consequence of male accessory gland protein stimulation of female oocyte maturation and yolk protein synthesis following mating.
Weibull accelerated life tests when there are competing causes of failure

Accelerated life testing of a product under more severe than normal conditions is commonly used to reduce test time and costs. Data collected at such accelerated conditions are used to obtain estimates of the parameters of a stress translation function. This function is then used to make inference about the product's life under normal operating conditions. We consider the problem of accelerated life tests when the product of interest is a p component series system. Each of the components is assumed to have an independent Weibull time to failure distribution with different shape parameters and different scale parameters which are increasing functions stress. A general model i s used for the scale parameter includes the standard engineering models as special This model also has an appealing biological interpretation
Stochastic dependencies in parallel and serial models: effects on systems factorial interactions

Abstract This paper examines the behavior of stochastically dependent serial and parallel processing models in the setting of a 2 x 2 factorial experiment. Interactions found in factorial experiments can provide insight into the underlying mental architecture operating in a given psychological task. Recent theoretical results classify mental networks according to the types of factorial interaction they predict when selectivity of the factors is assumed. When one allows this selectivity to break down through a stochastic dependence between processes, the characteristic patterns associated with distinct architectures are disturbed. We investigate the relationships among: (a) parallel and serial architectures, (b) positive, negative, and zero dependencies, and (c) types of mean reaction time factorial interaction. In particular, we show that in some cases, observable symptoms of a stochastic dependence arise. One of these, which we term a single factor reversal of mean processing times, arises as a result of a negative dependence under certain circumstances. Another characteristic of dependent systems that may contribute to their identifiability is that the interactions can be subadditive for some levels of the factors and superadditive at other levels. This change in contrast is not possible for independent serial and parallel models with selective influence.
Solving Subsynchronous Whirl in the High-Pressure Hydrogen Turbomachinery of the SSME

The high-pressure turbomachinery for the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) has the highest power-to-weight ratio known. Subsynchronous shaft whirl of the high-pressure fuel turbopump (77,000 hp, 760 Ib) limited operation of the SSME for some months in early 1976. The means by which this problem was successfully attacked is presented herein. The principal forcing functions of the phenomena were adjudged to be turbine crosscoupling and interstage seal effects in combination with low-system stiffness and damping. The whirl inception speed and the first-shaft critical speed were increased by stiffening the shaft and bearing supports. System damping and stiffness were additionally augmented by utilizing the interstage seals as axial flow hydrodynamic bearings. The instability threshold speed is now greater than the operating speed at rated engine thrust.
Carry on, England: Tom Raworth's "West Wind," Intuition, and Neo-Avant-Garde Poetics

hile studying at Essex University, Tom Raworth published several volumes of experimental verse, among them The Big Green Day (1968), Lion Lion (1970), and Moving (1971). His poetry of these years, Peter Middleton asserts, represents "the purest product of sixties culture that appeared in Britain" (14). It features a "good-natured and articulate incomprehensibility" redolent of the era's counterculture, which sincerely if naively tended to presume that "a revolution capable of overthrowing the capitalist state was imminent" (14-15).1 Times change, as do authors. After completing his M.A., Raworth lived abroad until 1977. He returned to England to take the position of visiting poet-in-residence at King's College, Cambridge. In his absence, United Kingdom politics had taken a turn toward the dire. James Callaghan's Labour government was engaged in a slow, painful process of self-destruction. A bitter series of strikes and disputes in late 1978-the infamous "Winter of Discontent"-was followed by a vote of no confidence in March 1979. In May, in the
The relationships of attachment style and social maladjustment to death ideation in depressed women with a history of childhood sexual abuse

Objective—Women who experience both depression and a history of childhood sexual abuse are at substantially greater risk for suicide compared to those who experience depression alone. Though psychiatric diagnoses, such as Major Depression and Borderline Personality Disorder, are often considered in the assessment and management of suicide risk, understanding how enduring characteristics interact with contextual factors to result in suicide-related thoughts and behaviors may be more useful for identifying specific targets for intervention. Design—The current study used cross-sectional survey methodology to examine the interaction of attachment orientation and acute social maladjustment as risk factors for death ideation in a sample of women with Major Depression and histories of childhood sexual abuse. Results—Social maladjustment was associated with greater likelihood of endorsing death ideation. Avoidant and anxious attachment orientations moderated the social maladjustment and death ideation associations in some domains. Specifically, work-related social maladjustment was associated with greater odds of death ideation for those with higher levels of attachment avoidance. Parent-role related maladjustment was associated with greater odds of death ideation for those with lower levels of attachment anxiety. Conclusions—Findings demonstrate strong associations between death ideation and acute social maladjustment, and suggest that death ideation may be specific to certain domains of adjustment for anxious and avoidant attachment styles. Implications for the conceptualization and treatment of patients who report death ideation are discussed.
A student-initiated and student-facilitated international health elective for preclinical medical students

Introduction: Global health education is becoming more important for developing well-rounded physicians and may encourage students toward a career in primary care. Many medical schools, however, lack adequate and structured opportunities for students beginning the curriculum. Methods: Second-year medical students initiated, designed, and facilitated a passfail international health elective, providing a curricular framework for preclinical medical students wishing to gain exposure to the clinical and cultural practices of a developing country. Results: All course participants (N=30) completed a post-travel questionnaire within one week of sharing their experiences. Screening reflection essays for common themes that fulfill university core competencies yielded specific global health learning outcomes, including analysis of health care determinants. Conclusion: Medical students successfully implemented a sustainable global health curriculum for preclinical student peers. Financial constraints, language, and organizational burdens limit student participation. In future, long-term studies should analyze career impact and benefits to the host country. Keywords: international health; preclinical students; medical education; student-initiated (Published: 15 February 2010) Citation: Medical Education Online 2010, 15: 4896 - DOI: 10.3402/meo.v15i0.4896
Comparing perceived public stigma and personal stigma of mental health treatment seeking in a young adult sample

Perceived public stigma regarding seeking mental health treatment can be a barrier to accessing services for young adults. While factors associating with personal stigma regarding how one would view and treat others have been identified, the discrepancies between perceived and personal stigma have received less research attention. We designed the current study to expand on previous research and examine the discrepancies between perceived public stigma and personal stigma among a sample of 386 primarily White and Asian college students. Participants completed surveys of mental health symptoms, treatment experience and attitudes, perceived public, and personal stigma. Overall, participants generally reported greater perceived public stigma than personal stigma; an effect that was particularly evident for women and those with mental health symptoms. The majority of participants disagreed with items assessing personal stigma. Negative attitudes toward treatment and anxiety symptoms associated with perceived public stigma, while male gender, Asian ethnicity, and negative attitudes toward treatment associated with personal stigma. Findings have implications for interventions and marketing programs to help change perceptions about mental health stigma to encourage utilization of services for those young people who could benefit from care.
Fatty Acid Levels in Apple Leaves of Different Age as Affected by Temperature

Relative electrical conductivity (RC) values and Tally acid levels were measured on apple leaves of different ages exposed to 0 and 20°C. RC values were measured at—3°C and high RC values indicate frost-sensitive tissue. A prolonged period at 0°C gave an increased RC value of the leaves, which indicates damage. At 20°C the RC values were lower in older leaves than in young leaves. The fatty acids level as well as the degree of saturation were different at different ages of the leaves. Young leaves showed a higher fatty acid level in plants held at 20°C than in plants at 0°C. The older leaves maintained the same level after 12 days at 20°C as after 3 days at 20°C. The fatty acid level decreased at 0°C. The linolenic acid level followed the same trend as total fatty acids, indicating that synthesis and degradation of linolenic acid can occur in the same plant depending on the age of the leaf and on the temperature. Cold resistance and linolenic acid levels were correlated in both old and young leaves at 20°C and in older leaves at 0°C. There was no correlation between cold resistance and levels of linotenic acid levels in young leaves at 0°C. Two hiosynthetic pathways for linolenic acid synthesis are discussed.
Verification and behavior abstraction towards a tractable verification technique for large distributed systems

Abstract In this article, we present a method for coping with the complexity of verification of industrial sized distributed systems' specifications. To formally verify a specification of a distributed system, one usually constructs the complete state-space for the specification and then checks if the behavior represented by the state-space has the properties one wants it to have. Such an approach is usually limited to rather small specifications because we are confronted with what is known as the state-space explosion problem. That means that, because of interleavings, for medium or even small-sized specifications, the corresponding state-space becomes so large that usual verification techniques become intractable. Because it is often not necessary to have present all information about the distributed system, we can calculate abstractions of the behavior of a distributed system whose state-space representation is much smaller than the state-space that represents the complete behavior. Methods exist for computing the abstracted state-space directly from the specification without having to compute the state-space for the complete behavior. We will show in this article how properties verified for an abstracted behavior can be retranslated into corresponding properties of the complete behavior. Especially for liveness properties with respect to the behavior, this is a nontrivial problem. But we will show that restrictions exist that are easily satisfied by specifications of practical interest that allow the retranslation of such liveness properties from the abstracted to the complete behavior.
Sensitivity analysis of blast loading parameters and their trends as uncertainty increases

Abstract A sensitivity analysis of blast loading parameters is performed to determine which of the parameters’ uncertainties have the greatest effect on the maximum deflection of a clamped aluminum plate subjected to a blast load. A numerical simulation using the Monte Carlo method is used to obtain the ensemble averages of the probabilistic runs, with random variables given uniform distributions. The first loading model has an instantaneous rise with an exponential decay, represented by the modified Friedlander equation. The second loading model has a linear rise with an exponential decay. Both of these models are simulated with three different scaled blast loads, giving a total of six different cases. In addition, the deflection trends due to increases in loading uncertainties are quantified. Probability density functions for the maximum deflections are estimated. The probabilistic results and trends are also explained using deterministic methods. It is concluded that response is most sensitive to loading duration time.
Application of RNA interference to study stem cell function: Current status and future perspectives

RNA interference is a mechanism displayed by most eukaryotic cells to rid themselves of foreign double-stranded RNA molecules. In the six years since the initial report, RNA interference has now been demonstrated to function in mammalian cells to alter gene expression, and has been used as a means for genetic discovery as well as a possible strategy for genetic correction. An equally popular topic over the past six years has been the proposal to utilize embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells as cell-based therapies for human diseases. The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of how RNA interference suppresses gene expression and to examine some published RNA interference approaches that have resulted in changes in stem cell function and suggest the possible clinical relevance of this work.
The effects of electric field on InGaAs quantum well i-region placement in InAlGaAs solar cells

InGaAs quantum well / InAlGaAs barrier solar cells were grown and tested in order to evaluate their solar cell performance. These samples were grown with five layers of QWs at varying depths in the intrinsic region of the n-i-p devices. An external quantum efficiency measurement was used to determine the sub-bandgap spectral responsivity, and showed efficient absorption and collection beyond the bulk material bandedge, from 1280 to 1580 nm. Simulations were performed to evaluate electric field strength as a function of depth and a resonant excitation short-circuit current density measurement was then used to characterize the samples with varied quantum well depths. The electric field acting on carriers, photoexcited into the quantum wells, impacts on the probability of those carriers contributing to the measured short-circuit current. We observe the simulated dependence of carrier collection on electric field in these devices, with a 29% increase in relative carrier collection efficiency between the sample experiencing the highest versus the lowest electric field.