cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth of dense ZnO films via MOVPE on GaN(0 0 0 1) epilayers using a low/high-temperature sequence

Abstract Dense zinc oxide thin films have been achieved on GaN(0 0 0 1) epilayers via the repetition of an iterative sequence involving the growth at 480 °C of needles having a decreasing diameter as a function of height followed by the lateral growth from the sidewalls of these needles and coalescence of the growth fronts at 800 °C. Each sequence resulted in a contiguous layer having a thickness of approximately 200 nm. Diethylzinc and UHP oxygen were used as sources of zinc and atomic oxygen, respectively; UHP argon served as both the carrier and the diluent gas. The final growth surface of each densified film contained hexagonal depressions caused by growth among needles of different heights and growth pits that increased in number with an increase in film thickness. These microstructural features were manifest upon and affected the densities and magnitudes of similar features produced in subsequent layers. Triple-axis X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that the orientations of the crystallographic planes and directions within the films mimicked those of the underlying GaN substrate. Concentrations of carbon and hydrogen oscillated throughout the films due to their incorporation primarily within the lower and larger volumes of the needles during each low-temperature deposition of this microstructure.
Review essay / The precinct confessional

Peter Brooks, Troubling Confessions: Speaking Guilt in Law and Literature Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2000, x + 207 pp.
Uplift of the shores of the western Mediterranean due to Messinian desiccation and flexural isostasy

During the Messinian Stage (5.5 Myr, Miocene/Pliocene boundary) the 4.2×1023 m3 of water that now fills the Mediterranean evaporated. Evidence for this includes palaeogorges 1 km below the present Nile and Rhone valleys and evaporite deposits, sampled by cores and deep-sea drilling1,2, that are thicker than 1 km over much of the Mediterranean3. Two-dimensional flexure models, presented here, indicate that the regionally compensated crustal upwarping from removal of the seawater load would lead to a Messinian geomorphology with an uplifted Mediterranean basin and shoreline bulges along its northwestern and southeastern coasts. These shoreline bulges would cause a reversal of downhill gradient direction in areas with low original seaward slopes. Such a profile would lead to a landward reversal of drainage in rivers with low discharge.
Direct calorific heat equivalent of oxygen respiration in the egg of the flour beetle Tribolium confusum (coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Abstract 1. 1. Directly determined heats of embryogenesis were measured for Tribolium confusum eggs in a microcalorimeter fitted with air exchange, at 30°C. 2. 2. Parallel oxygen uptake measurements were made at 30°C, and combined with the heats to give the Calorific Equivalent of Oxygen Respiration quotient (the C.O.R.). 3. 3. The average C.O.R. values for the eggs in the 70 hr interval before hatch was 3.6 ± 0.2 kcal/l O 2 . This is somewhat lower than other (e.g. homoiothermic vertebrate) tissue. The C.O.R. increases to large values, in excess of 5 kcal/l O 2 after hatch. 4. 4. The specific heat production during embryogenesis was 0.43 × 10 −6 cal/sec per mg live weight.
Photodegradation of hair of different ethnicity after 1 year of exposure to natural weathering in Arizona

Natural weathering of hair in a relatively dry hot climate was carried out by exposing hair of different ethnicity to natural environmental conditions at a Q-Lab weathering station in Arizona. The appearance of hair fibers changed dramatically due to thinning and fusion of scales as well as fusion of individual hair fibers with each other (inter-fiber fusion) to form rod-like structures stuck together by solubilized, oozed out, gelled and finally hardened proteins. The hair became extremely rigid and brittle with radial cracks forming mostly smooth radial fractures and occasionally step fractures. There was also internal fusion of the cellular structure of the fiber. Hair fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-visible microspectrophotometry. UV-visible spectra showed that natural hair color (melanin) plays an important role in protecting hair proteins, mostly by a sacrificial mechanism. Indian and Chinese black hair, which are rich in melanin, resist photochemical degradation much better than hair of European origin with moderate, low or no melanin content.
Hydrodynamic and heat transfer analysis of two-phase annular flow with a new liquid film model of turbulence

Abstract A new method is presented for the analysis of hydrodynamics and heat transfer of two-phase annular flows with turbulent liquid films. Based on the experimental observation, the liquid film in two-phase annular flow is divided into a continuous layer adjacent to the channel surface and into a wavy layer close to the liquid-gas interface. In the continuous liquid layer region of the film, it is argued that the turbulence structure is similar to the structure of single phase turbulent pipe flow, and in the wavy layer region of the film, it is assumed that the eddy diffusion length is proportional to the thickness of this region. Experimental data in upflow and downflow confirmed the validity of the basic assumption of the turbulent structure in the film, and revealed the value for the wavy layer momentum diffusivity. This diffusivity is found to have a lower value than in the single phase pipe flow at the equivalent distances from the channel wall. The two-layer liquid film structure is integrated into an analysis for the prediction of hydrodynamics and heat transfer in annular two-phase flows. Analytic results are compared to the results of other analytical models and to the experimental data in upflow, downflow and horizontal flow. In all cases considered, very good comparison is achieved in both hydrodynamics and heat transfer.
Total synthesis of (±)-debromoflustramine B via [4+1] cyclization of a bis(alkylthio)carbene and an indole isocyanate

Abstract An efficient total synthesis of (±)-debromoflustramine B and (±)-debromoflustramide B has been achieved, through a novel [4+1] cyclization of an indole isocyanate and bis(alkylthio)carbene.
Characterization of Drusen-associated Glycoconjugates

Abstract Background: Drusen are extracellular deposits that accumulate between the basal lamina of the retinal pigment epithelium and the elastic lamina of Bruch membrane in aging human eyes. Although specific types of drusen are recognized as significant risk factors for the development of both the atrophic and exudative forms of age-related macular degeneration, few studies have focused on defining their molecular composition. As an initial step toward identifying the molecular composition of drusen, assessing the biochemical relation between hard and soft drusen, and identifying potential target molecules for detecting drusen clinically, the authors have analyzed their carbohydrate composition using lectin histochemistry. Methods: Sections of eyes from human donors containing a spectrum of hard and soft drusen were screened with a battery of 22 fluorescein-conjugated lectins. Results: A specific subset of six lectins bind drusen intensely. No significant differences in lectin binding are observed between any subclass of hard and soft drusen. Some drusen exhibit homogeneous, uniform labeling, whereas others show asymmetrical, heterogeneous distribution of glycoconjugates. Conclusion: This study shows that glycoconjugates containing specific carbohydrate residues are present in all classes of hard and soft drusen examined. The observation that hard and soft drusen are bound by the same lectins suggests that they may be related compositionally. Identification of the druse n-associated glycoconjugates shown in this investigation will facilitate studies of drusen genesis and their involvement in the pathogenesis of age-related maculopathy. They may also provide a basis for developing avenues of therapeutic intervention.
Experience with an attribute grammar-based compiler

Experience writing a production compiler based on an attribute grammar is related. The compiler is Intel Corporation's Pascal-86 compiler which runs on a microcomputer-based system. An attribute grammar was written describing semantic analysis, storage allocation and translation to intermediate code. Attribute evaluation is done in two alternating passes [J] and the program tree is kept in intermediate files on disk. Various techniques for optimizing the evaluator were tried. Their success is reported and compared with other ideas from the literature.
Electromagnetic flowmeter study of carotid and vertebral blood flow during intracranial hypertension

1. In acute intracranial hypertension produced by localised masses in the supratentorial space, carotid and vertebral flow are influenced by complex anatomical, hemodynamic and metabolic factors. The most important factors are: the site of the mass which influences different pressure gradients, the mean blood pressure and the a-v pressure difference. The height of the intracranial pressure itself seems less important. No threshold was found for a level of intracranial pressure at which cerebral blood flow decreased. There was also no threshold for a-v pressure difference. 2. The rise in blood pressure during acute intracranial hypertension seems to be dependent on pressure gradients developed between different intracranial cavities rather than due to diffuse ischemia of the medulla. It is postulated that the factor responsible for the rise in blood pressure during intracranial hypertension is distortion of the brain stem.
The use of sulfaguanidine in non-specific ulcerative colitis and other infections of the bowel

1. Sulfaguanidine, while not as readily absorbed from the intestine as other sulfonamides, is, nevertheless, absorbed to some extent. When doses of 10 to 15 grams are given daily, the blood levels may reach 10 mg. %. 2. Although reactions may occur during its administration, sulfaguanidine appears to be less toxic than other commonly used sulfonamides. 3. Sulfaguanidine, in doses of 10 to 15 grams daily, usually decreases the bacterial count of the feces markedly and transforms the flora from one predominantly coliform in type to one composed almost entirely of gram positive organisms. 4. Sulfaguanidine is of no value in the treatment of Paratyphoid B infection. It apparently has no advantage over other sulfonamides in the treatment of lymphogranuloma venereum. The long continued use of sulfaguanidine in chronic, non specific ulcerative colitis has not yielded any striking therapeutic results.
The interest group effect on citizen contact with Congress

To what extent is citizen political participation, such as electronic or personal contact with members of Congress, stimulated by membership in organized interest groups? I use data from a nationwide survey conducted by Zogby in 2007 to assess the extent to which Americans contact congressional offices, and whether membership in more activist-oriented groups, such as citizen groups, stimulates greater rates of contact than membership in professional associations or no group membership at all. I also examine whether this group ‘effect’ on participation breaks down by the method used, low-effort electronic contact (mail, email, web-based contact pages, on-line petitions) versus high-effort contact such as personal meetings with lawmakers. I find that the role played by interest groups in facilitating communication can be substantial. In the case of members from lower socio-economic backgrounds in particular, membership in a citizen group helps compensate for lack of knowledge and resources regarding how to ...
High resolution KSCN/CsSCN equilibrium gradients effectively separate a population of density labeled proteins from unlabeled proteins

The persistence of proteins in a number of biological systems has been analyzed by density labeling techniques; however, the utility of this approach has been severely hampered by poor resolution between density-labeled and unlabeled proteins on equilibrium gradients. A high resolution equilibrium salt gradient composed of KSCN/CsSCN has been developed to effectively separate density-labeled proteins (13C-15N-2H-substituted) from unlabeled proteins. The resolution of this system is approximately twofold greater than that previously achieved with cesium formate/guanidine hydrochloride equilibrium gradients which have been used in many recent protein density labeling studies. In order to examine the extent of cross-contamination between density-labeled and unlabeled proteins in a KSCN/CsSCN gradient system, density-labeled chick epidermal proteins were mixed with unlabeled Drosophila larval proteins and then separated on these equilibrium gradients. From individual gradient fractions proteins were recovered and fractionated on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel, demonstrating the virtually complete separation between the two populations. The general utility of this system for protein stability studies is also demonstrated.
Preliminary field demonstration of a fiber optic trichloroethylene sensor

We have developed a differential-absorption fiber-optic sensor for use in groundwater and vadose zone monitoring of certain volatile organochiorides. The principle of detection is a quantitative irreversible chemical reaction that forms visible light-absorbing products. The sensor has been evaluated against gas chromatographic (GC) standard measurements and has demonstrated accuracy and sensitivity sufficient for the environmental monitoring of trace levels of trichioroethylene (TCE) and chloroform. This sensor is currently under evaluation in monitoring well and vadose zone applications. In this paper we describe the principles of the existing single measurement sensor technology and show preliminary field test results.
SEVERE VACCINE-ASSOCIATED RASH FOLLOWING VARICELLA VACCINE (VARIVAX) IN AN ADOLESCENT WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS(PSC). 978

SEVERE VACCINE-ASSOCIATED RASH FOLLOWING VARICELLA VACCINE (VARIVAX) IN AN ADOLESCENT WITH PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS(PSC). 978
Polymer—surfactant interactions and the association behavior of hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose

Abstract The association behavior of hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose (HMHEC) and its interactions with two different types of surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and dodecyloxyheptaethoxyethyl alcohol (C 12 EO 8 ) in dilute solutions have been studied using fluorescence spectroscopy, surface tension and viscometric techniques. Unmodified hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) of the same molecular weight and degree of substitution as the HMHEC has also been examined for the purpose of comparison. Fluorescence data show that the hydrophobic groups of the HMHEC associate to form clusters above a critical polymer concentration of 500 ppm. Also, the presence of hydrophobic groups on the polymer enhances the interactions between the polymer and nonionic surfactants. Surface tension results support this observation. The viscosity results suggest that the interactions between the surfactant and the polymer affect both interpolymer—polymer association as well as chain expansion. Chain expansion due to changes in the polymer structure of the HMHEC is similar to that observed in a mixed solvent system. The increased polymer—polymer association in the case of HMHEC-SDS was found to cause phase separation. Such association was effectively prevented above the critical micellar concentration (c.m.c.) of SDS by the polymer bound micelles.
The dielectric relaxation spectra of water, ice and aqueous solutions, and their interpretation. II. Tentative interpretation of the relaxation spectrum of water in the time and frequency domain

For pt.I see ibid., vol.23, no.5, Oct. 1988, p.801-16. A qualitative discussion on the relaxation spectrum of water in the time and frequency domains is presented. According to the picture that emerges, quantum jumps, induced by thermal phonon excitation in the near infrared, disconnect water dipoles sufficiently from their surroundings to allow reorientation of these dipoles and a subsequent reorganization of their near-surroundings. In an applied electric field, these jumps can be measured as polarization spike signals in the time domain. The statistical correlation time between the consecutive jumps of the same water molecule determines the relaxation time tau in the frequency domain. With increasing temperature, the statistical average of the required activation energy moves from the intramolecular into the intermolecular region, and the effect deuterium substitution on vibration frequency and tau consequently falls from the mass ratio square root D/H toward square root D/sub 2/O/H/sub 2/O. >
Comment on ‘‘Critical frontier of the antiferromagnetic Ising model in a magnetic field: The honeycomb lattice’’

Commentaire sur l'application de la transformation de dualite de Wu, Wu et Blote pour l'obtention d'une expression en forme close pour la frontiere critique d'un modele d'Ising antiferromagnetique dans un champ magnetique
Surface Photochemistry: 10. Monolayer Dissociation Of Methyl Halides On Pt(111)

Surface photochemistry: 10. Monolayer dissociation ofmethyl halides on Pt(111)J. M. WhiteDepartment of Chemistry, University of TexasAustin, Texas 78712ABSTRACTContinuous UV (X > 250 nm) irradiation of monolayer methylhalides adsorbed on Pt(111) leads to carbon -halogen bond cleavage.Contrary to what is found for gas phase and liquid phase photolysis,adsorbed methyl iodide is significantly more difficult to dissociatethan methyl bromide. In coadsorption experiments, methyl bromide canbe photolyzed without dissociating methyl chloride. Evidence forthese processes is provided by post- irradiation analysis of productsretained on the surface using vibrational, photoelectron, and thermaldesorption spectroscopies.1. INTRODUCTIONIt is well known that fluorescence of electronically excitedmolecules is very strongly quenched near metal surfaces and thatthere is a strong dependence of the quenching probability on thedistance of the molecule from the surface.' Since fluorescenceoccurs on a nanosecond time scale, it is clear that the time scalefor quenching is significantly shorter. Electronic excitation inmany small gas phase molecules is followed by bond cleavage, whichoccurs on a significantly shorter time scale. As a way ofexperimentally setting a more restrictive upper bound on the timescale for quenching at metal surfaces, we are led to the following
Novel Form of Fibronectin from Zebrafish Mediates Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Infection

The presence of a novel form of zebrafish fibronectin (FN2) on the cell surface increased the cell's susceptibility to infection by infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Unlike other fibronectins, FN2 possesses a truncated structure and accumulates on the cell surface instead of in the extracellular matrix. Fish embryo cells expressing recombinant FN2 were more susceptible to IHNV infection, with a greater percentage of cells exhibiting cytopathic effect (CPE) compared to nontransfected control cells. Incubation of nontransfected cells with soluble recombinant FN2 increased IHNV infection, as measured by plaque assay. The number of plaques increased in correlation with the amount of protein added and the length of time that cells were incubated with the protein. Incubation of IHNV with soluble FN2 before addition to cells also increased infection. FN2 immobilized on the culture surface inhibited IHNV infection. The results indicate that FN2 present on the cell surface is able to mediate IHNV attachment and cell entry.
Relative antihypertensive and glomeruloprotective efficacies of enalapril and candesartan cilexetil in the remnant kidney model

The present studies were performed to investigate whether the differences described between the two modalities for interruption of the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system (RAAS), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) and angiotensin AT1receptor antagonists (AIIA) result in differences in renoprotective efficacy in the rat remnant kidney model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with an initial body weight of 225‐300 g, underwent 5/6 renal ablation and had radiotransmitters installed for radiotelemetric blood pressure (BP) measurements, owing to the known limitations of periodic tail-cuff BP measurements to adequately reflect ambient BP profiles. After renal ablation surgery, the rats received no treatment (n=10); enalapril (n=11) or candesartan (n=9) after the first week, both administered initially at a dose of 50 mg/l of drinking water (~10 mg/kg). However, the dose of candesartan had to be reduced to 10‐25 mg/l in 4/9 rats to avoid excessive hypotension. Both enalapril and candesartan produced significant reductions in average systolic BP during the subsequent approximately six weeks of observations as compared with untreated rats (187±4 mmHg, p<0.001), but candesartan was significantly more effective at these relative doses (121±3 vs. 133±4 mmHg, p<0.05). At approximately seven weeks, serum creatinine and proteinuria were measured before sacrifice for morphologic assessment of percentage glomerulosclerosis (GS). Despite the described differences between ACE-I and AIIA after acute administration, the percentage GS was reduced similarly by enalapril (down to 6.8±2.8%) and candesartan (down to 2.9±1.5%) as compared with untreated rats (37.2±4.3%). Moreover, GS in individual animals paralleled the BP reductions achieved. Proteinuria was reduced in parallel to the decrease in % GS. These data indicate that, at least in the 5/6 renal ablation model, RAAS blockade by either ACE-I or AIIA provides protection by BPdependent rather than BP-independent mechanisms. This may reflect the primarily hypertensive pathogenesis of GS in this model, and the fact that hypertension is also very angiotensin II-dependent in this model. Thus, these data suggest that models other than the 5/6 ablation model may be more appropriate to demonstrate the BP-independent protective effects of RAAS blockade.
One-Step Nanoscale Assembly of Complex Structures via Harnessing of an Elastic Instability

We report on a simple yet robust method to produce orientationally modulated two-dimensional patterns with sub-100 nm features over cm 2 regions via a solvent-induced swelling instability of an elastomeric film with micrometer-scale perforations. The dramatic reduction of feature size (∼10 times) is achieved in a single step, and the process is reversible and repeatable without the requirement of delicate surface preparation or chemistry. By suspending ferrous and other functional nanoparticles in the solvent, we have faithfully printed the emergent patterns onto flat and curved substrates. We model this elastic instability in terms of elastically interacting “dislocation dipoles” and find complete agreement between the theoretical ground-state and the observed pattern. Our understanding allows us to manipulate the structural details of the membrane to tailor the elastic distortions and generate a variety of nanostructures.
The Distribution of Chromospheric Emission Strengths Among Red Dwarfs

The survey of Vaughan and Preston (1980, hereafter VP) of Ca II emission among solar neighborhood stars has shown the distribution of chromospheric emission (CE) of these stars. For stars bluer than (B-V)= 1.50, it is possible to transform VP’s equivalent width S into a relative flux by use of Middelkoop’s (1982) formulae. This enables construction of a chromospheric color-magnitude diagram (illustrated in Soderblom 1982), which shows the same general features as VP’s log S vs. (B-V) plot, except that the CE (as a fraction of the stellar luminosity) declines with mass due to the decline of the ZAMS rotational velocity with mass (Soderblom 1983).
Plane-strain compression of aluminum crystals

Abstract A plane-strain compression test was used to investigate the work-hardening of aluminum crystals deforming by multiple slip. Shear stress-strain curves were constructed from the compression data with an analysis of Bishop and Hill. The curves fall in a narrow band, indicating that, under conditions of multiple slip, the basic shear stress for slip depends primarily on the amount of prior slip, and that the combination of active slip systems is of much less importance. This observation supports a basic assumption in several theories of polycrystalline flow. Lattice rotation during plane-strain compression are reported and compared with similar observations during rolling.
Detection of Thin Intergranular Cobalt Layers in WC‐Co Composites by Lattice Imaging

Much discussion has taken place concerning the contiguity of the carbide phase in sintered WC-Co composites. In the present study, the lattice fringe imaging technique was used to demonstrate that WC grains which appear macroscopically contiguous are sometimes truly so at the atomic level. In other instances, they are separated by films of cobalt ~1 nm thick.
Flow assignment in a self-organizing video stream that auto morphs itself while in transit via a quasi-active network

In this paper we present an algorithm for flow assignment in active nomadic computation. We present the algorithm with a novel active application - a cognizant video streaming mechanism which is capable of negotiating local network state based rate and let the video propagate over an extreme network with highly asymmetric link and node capacities. As a platform the stream uses the computing power of a quasi-active network. As a result the passing video stream appears as a self-organizing stream, which automatically senses the network asymmetry and adapts itself as the packets diffuse via the active subnet.
Adopting MOOCs on Campus: A Collaborative Effort to Test MOOCs on Campuses of the University System of Maryland

To address the paucity of data on the use of MOOCs in “traditional” postsecondary institutions, Ithaka S+R and the University System of Maryland studied the feasibility of repurposing MOOCs for use in hybrid, credit-bearing courses. In this paper we will describe the design of a large-scale study undertaken to examine the use of MOOCs in fourteen campus-based courses, followed by two types of findings: First, we will share quantitative outcomes from students in hybrid sections, comparing students who took MOOCs with those who were taught in a traditional face-to-face manner; second, we will share qualitative findings on the opportunities and challenges presented by the use of MOOCs on campus. Finally, we will reflect on what would need to occur in order for these models to see widespread adoption in the future.
Capacitive Coupling of Atomic Systems to Mesoscopic Conductors

We describe a technique that enables a strong, coherent coupling between isolated neutral atoms and mesoscopic conductors. The coupling is achieved by exciting atoms trapped above the surface of a superconducting transmission line into Rydberg states with large electric dipole moments that induce voltage fluctuations in the transmission line. Using a mechanism analogous to cavity quantum electrodynamics, an atomic state can be transferred to a long-lived mode of the fluctuating voltage, atoms separated by millimeters can be entangled, or the quantum state of a solid-state device can be mapped onto atomic or photonic states.
Latin America: The New Neoliberalism and Popular Mobilization

The December 1989 uprising in Venezuela's capital city of Caracas – known as the caracazo – against the free-market reforms of then president Carlos A. Perez marked the beginnings of a two-decade w...
Decomposing Composition: Service-Oriented Software Engineers

This article deals with software development life cycles to support development in service-centric software systems. The explosion of information technology (including service-oriented architecture) and its underlying capabilities has led to the evolution of software development life cycles over the past three decades. Software engineers are continuously exploring approaches to software and system development that are domain, application, and technology independent. Early approaches included waterfall life cycles that promote creating concrete requirements before any significant design or development occurs.
Confined fluids – variations on a mean spherical theme

The mean spherical model of a classical fluid in thermal equilibrium is taken as prototype for fluids defined by their distribution of point density. An external potential Boltzmann factor applied to a reference, so defined, then produces the effect of the field on the reference. In this paper, the reference distribution is required only to reproduce the singlet and pair densities of the unperturbed fluid under study. For this purpose, the distribution can be borrowed from any many-body system, classical or quantum. Major attention is paid to elementary quantum models sufficiently parametrized to, in principle, match the desired mean singlet and pair densities. Included are independent Fermion models, independent Boson models, and those with a suitably defined intermediate statistics, whose use however involves an assertion whose range of validity is not known. An example of this mixed strategy is presented.
Attitudes Toward Marital Violence An Examination of Four Asian Communities

This article examines wife abuse attitudes among a sample of 507 Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Cambodian adults living in the United States. The findings show that 24% to 36% of the sample agreed that violence is justified in certain situations such as a wife's sexual infidelity, her nagging, or her refusal to cook or clean. Southeast Asian respondents were more supportive of attitudes supporting male privilege and of the use of violence in specific situations in comparison with the East Asian respondents. Korean respondents were unique in their relatively weak endorsements of violence in contrast to the remaining three groups studied.
Water channels in cell membranes.

Although water moves through the lipid domain of all biological membranes, there is strong evidence that facilitated or channel-mediated water transport exists in a number of cell plasma membranes and intracellular vesicles (l0, 37). The kidney proximal tubule contains water transporters in the cell apical and basolateral plasma membranes to facilitate rapid transcellular movement of water in response to small osmotic gradients. In the kidney collecting tubule and amphibian urinary bladder, transcellular water permeability is regulated by the vasopressin-induced movement of intracellular vesicles con­ taining functional transporters between an intracellular compartment and the plasma apical membrane (6, 14, 15,37). The regulation of water permeability in these tissues is essential for control of plasma volume and osmolality. The red blood cell has long been known to contain specialized water transporters (26, 32, 33); however, their physiological role is not clear. Although the evidence is less complete, specialized water transporting pathways have been proposed to exist in other cell types (11). Based on data in the kidney, red blood cell, and the artificial pore-forming agents gramicidin and amphotericin B, several characteristics have been associated with facilitated water transporters (10, 37). The osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) is high, generally greater than 0.01 cm/s. The ratio of osmotic-to-diffusional water permeability (P tiP d) is greater than unity,
The effects of averaging on the enhancement factor for absorption of light by carbon particles in microdroplets of water

The efiects of averaging of the enhancement factor for absorption of light by carbon particles inside water microdroplets are investigated numerically. A uniform distribution of carbon inclusions inside the water droplets is assumed. We perform the averaging over the size parameter of the droplet x=2…R=‚ (R - radius of the droplet, ‚ - the incident wavelength) with difierent resolution in x.
The Scarecrow and the Tin Man: The Vicissitudes of Human Sympathy and Caring

Why do some victims elicit outpourings of sympathy from those who are unaffected, while others do not? The authors propose a theoretical framework for making sense of the vicissitudes of sympathy based on the interaction between two qualitatively different mental processes. One, which the authors term “sympathy,” is caring but immature and irrational. The other process, which the authors term “deliberation,” is rational but uncaring. After proposing a framework for how these two factors interact, the authors first discuss a variety of factors that affect the strength of sympathy, including whether one is in the same state as the victim, one’s past and vicarious experiences, proximity, similarity, vividness, and newness. Next, the authors discuss factors that affect the relative influence of deliberation. The framework helps to integrate a wide range of disparate experimental findings and provides a possible resolution to parallel debates taking place in psychology and economics over the nature of altruism.
A Three‐Pronged Approach for Overcoming Design Fixation

Earthquakes, lightning, and history-changing ideas are classic examples of powerful, unpredictable forces of nature. These sorts of phenomena have been difficult to explain and predict, an often frustrating fact as humans try to understand and control the significant influences in our lives. Historically, such phenomena have been attributed to supernatural sources, such as the Muses or various deities. And yet, as scientific inquiry continues to focus on such problems, we begin to make progress, albeit incremental, in comprehending such unpredictable occurrences. Earthquakes and lightning serve as analogies for the phenomenon referred to as insight. As such, these analogies may help us better understand where ideas come from; in each case, the rare, and potentially powerful phenomenon occurs unexpectedly, yet, as we learn more, it becomes better understood. Lightning is an electrical phenomenon, caused by particles colliding, and building up large electrical fields in the clouds. Earthquakes occur at the edges of tectonic plates, as the Earth releases its heat. Thus, we may begin to understand what causes insight, even though we cannot as yet predict specific occurrences of new insights. Analogies may not provide fully developed solutions to problems, but they can help us restructure our thinking about certain problems. Problem restructuring is especially appropriate when fixation obstructs problem solving. In this paper, we will explain a few of the fundamentals about human insight experiences, particularly in relation to what have been termed incubation effects. Putting a fixated problem aside can be helpful, and new ideas encountered during fixation can sometimes trigger new insights, particularly if useful analogies help resolve fixation. How does one overcome the counterproductive effects of fixation? We suggest a three-pronged approach to this problem: 1. Forgetting fixation, 2. Redefining
Real-time magnetic resonance imaging–guided transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Abstract Objectives To demonstrate the feasibility of Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (rtMRI) guided transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with an active guidewire and an MRI compatible valve delivery catheter system in a swine model. Methods The CoreValve system was minimally modified to be MRI-compatible by replacing the stainless steel components with fluoroplastic resin and high-density polyethylene components. Eight swine weighing 60-90 kg underwent rtMRI-guided TAVR with an active guidewire through a left subclavian approach. Results Two imaging planes (long-axis view and short-axis view) were used simultaneously for real-time imaging during implantation. Successful deployment was performed without rapid ventricular pacing or cardiopulmonary bypass. Postdeployment images were acquired to evaluate the final valve position in addition to valvular and cardiac function. Conclusions Our results show that the CoreValve can be easily and effectively deployed through a left subclavian approach using rtMRI guidance, a minimally modified valve delivery catheter system, and an active guidewire. This method allows superior visualization before deployment, thereby allowing placement of the valve with pinpoint accuracy. rtMRI has the added benefit of the ability to perform immediate postprocedural functional assessment, while eliminating the morbidity associated with radiation exposure, rapid ventricular pacing, contrast media renal toxicity, and a more invasive procedure. Use of a commercially available device brings this rtMRI-guided approach closer to clinical reality.
Differential distribution of glycoconjugates in human reproductive tract

Objectives To study the distribution of glycoconjugates in the epithelia of various regions of the human female reproductive tract and to examine whether lectins can be used as specific probes to define cell populations in the human female reproductive tract. Design Nineteen fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled lectins, which recognize different oligosaccharide structures, were applied to frozen sections of human fallopian tubes (distal and proximal segments) and endometrium. The differential binding patterns of the lectins to the epithelia were evaluated under fluorescent microscopy. Results Four of 19 FITC-labeled lectins tested demonstrated distinct binding patterns along the reproductive tract. Arachis hypogaea (PNA) and Ricincus communis II selectively reacted with epithelial cells of endometrium and distal, but not proximal tube. In addition, PNA distinguished ciliated from secretory cells of the distal tube. Maclura pomifera binding followed a gradient of decreasing intensity from distal to proximal tube and was negative in the endometrium. Dolichos biflorus reacted exclusively with proximal tubal epithelium. Conclusions Analysis of the FITC-lectin binding pattern and the sugar specificities indicate that the distribution of galactosyl residues varies among different regions of the reproductive tract, whereas glucosyl, mannosyl and fucosyl residues are more evenly distributed. The differential expression of glycoconjugates may be involved in the distinct biological function of each region in female reproductive tract.
Ultrahigh-density sub-10 nm nanowire array formation via surface-controlled phase separation.

We present simple, self-assembled, and robust fabrication of ultrahigh density cobalt nanowire arrays. The binary Co–Al and Co–Si systems phase-separate during physical vapor deposition, resulting in Co nanowire arrays with average diameter as small as 4.9 nm and nanowire density on the order of 1016/m2. The nanowire diameters were controlled by moderating the surface diffusivity, which affected the lateral diffusion lengths. High resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that the Co nanowires formed in the face-centered cubic structure. Elemental mapping showed that in both systems the nanowires consisted of Co with undetectable Al or Si and that the matrix consisted of Al with no distinguishable Co in the Co–Al system and a mixture of Si and Co in the Co–Si system. Magnetic measurements clearly indicate anisotropic behavior consistent with shape anisotropy. The dynamics of nanowire growth, simulated using an Ising model, is consistent with the experimental phase and geometry of the nanowires.
Optimal Design and Operation of Static Energy Polygeneration Systems

The optimal design and operation of static polygeneration systems using coal and biomass to coproduce power, liquid fuels and chemicals is studied under different economic and policy scenarios. A mathematical model including material and energy balances, capital cost estimations, and economic analyses is proposed. Optimal product portfolios are obtained under different product price scenarios. The influence of different carbon tax policies on the optimal production strategy, such as the implementation of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) or biomass usage, is also discussed.
Oxidative Stress in Youth and Adolescents With Elevated Body Mass Index Exposed to Secondhand Smoke

INTRODUCTION Our objective was to investigate the relationships between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and oxidative stress in a group of youth and adolescents with elevated body mass index. METHODS Participants in this cross sectional study were healthy nonsmoking youth and adolescents ages 9 to 18 years old. Three-quarters of the participants were either overweight or obese. SHS exposure was determined by survey and hair nicotine level. Markers of oxidation were total antioxidant capacity and protein malondialdehyde adducts (MDA). RESULTS Ninety subjects were studied; adequate hair samples were available for 86. The mean hair nicotine level was 0.75ng/mg, the median was 0.58ng/mg and the range was 0.09-2.88ng/mg. There was a significant relationship between MDA and the three survey questions regarding smoke exposure ([mother smokes, r = 0.29, P = .006], [smoker lives in the home, r = 0.31, P = .004], and [number of smokers in the home, r = 0.36, P = .002]). There was a significant positive relationship between log-hair nicotine and MDA (Pearson r = 0.233, P = .031), which remained significant after controlling for age, sex, race, and method of insurance. No relationship was found between log-hair nicotine and total antioxidant capacity. However, there was a significant relationship between number of smokers in the home (r = 0.24, P = .042) and total antioxidant capacity. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated a significant positive relationship hair nicotine level and MDA in a group of youth with a high proportion of overweight/obese subjects. IMPLICATIONS We have shown a significant relationship between objectively measured SHS exposure and one marker of oxidative stress in a sample of youth and adolescents with a high proportion of overweight/obese subjects, and who were nonsmokers with relatively low tobacco exposure. This finding remains significant after controlling for age, sex, race, and type of medical insurance. Since the cardiovascular effects of SHS exposure are related to oxidative stress, this finding adds to our knowledge that the sequence of deleterious effects of tobacco exposure on the cardiovascular system begins long before clinical disease is evident.
Cholinergic Mesopontine Signals Govern Locomotion and Reward through Dissociable Midbrain Pathways

The mesopontine tegmentum, including the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (PPN and LDT), provides major cholinergic inputs to midbrain and regulates locomotion and reward. To delineate the underlying projection-specific circuit mechanisms, we employed optogenetics to control mesopontine cholinergic neurons at somata and at divergent projections within distinct midbrain areas. Bidirectional manipulation of PPN cholinergic cell bodies exerted opposing effects on locomotor behavior and reinforcement learning. These motor and reward effects were separable via limiting photostimulation to PPN cholinergic terminals in the ventral substantia nigra pars compacta (vSNc) or to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), respectively. LDT cholinergic neurons also form connections with vSNc and VTA neurons; however, although photo-excitation of LDT cholinergic terminals in the VTA caused positive reinforcement, LDT-to-vSNc modulation did not alter locomotion or reward. Therefore, the selective targeting of projection-specific mesopontine cholinergic pathways may offer increased benefit in treating movement and addiction disorders.
Exploring Non-touchscreen Gestures for Smartwatches

Although smartwatches are gaining popularity among mainstream consumers, the input space is limited due to their small form factor. The goal of this work is to explore how to design non-touchscreen gestures to extend the input space of smartwatches. We conducted an elicitation study eliciting gestures for 31 smartwatch tasks. From this study, we demonstrate that a consensus exists among the participants on the mapping of gesture to command and use this consensus to specify a user-defined gesture set. Using gestures collected during our study, we define a taxonomy describing the mapping and physical characteristics of the gestures. Lastly, we provide insights to inform the design of non-touchscreen gestures for smartwatch interaction.
Transvaginal Scanning in the Management of Placenta Praevia

Abstract The use of transabdominal ultrasound (TAS) for the diagnosis of placenta praevia is well established. However, several technical limitations of the technique result in both false positive and false negative diagnoses. Transvaginal sonography (TVS) allows for accurate and repeatable visualization of the internal cervical os. With expertise, the distance from the cervical os to the placental edge may be measured safely. On this basis, reclassification of placenta praevia is proposed which allows the safest route of delivery to be reliably predicted.
Experimental results of quasi-static testing for calibration and validation of composite progressive damage analysis methods:

The Air Force Research Laboratory directed a research program to evaluate nine different composite progressive damage analysis methods under both quasi-static and fatigue loading. This paper describes the coupon tests that were performed at the Air Force Research Laboratory for calibration and validation of the methods under quasi-static conditions. The basic elastic and failure properties of unidirectional IM7/977-3 graphite/epoxy were first determined in order to properly calibrate the models. Validation tests were then performed on unnotched and open-hole coupons with three different laminate stacking sequences under both tension and compression loading conditions. This paper summarizes these experimental results and provides X-ray computed tomography images at subcritical load levels.
Molecular Aspects of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Maize

Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is one of the most frequently observed genetic mutations in higher plants. Documented in at least 140 species, cms plants are characterized by their inability to produce viable pollen while having little or no affect on female fertility. Cms mutants are distinguished from other male-sterile phenotypes by their non-Mendelian mode of Inheritance; the trait is transmitted uniparentally through the female parent. This unique pattern of Inheritance has enabled the cms trait to be of great utility to plant breeders and the commercial seed industry by abrogating the need for mechanical or hand emasculation in the production of hybrid seed.
Dynamic extension of network for collecting data from multiple ground nodes

Often times there is a need to do remote monitoring. The remote sites may be located far away; thus, traditional connectivity, such as fiber, is not possible. This paper proposes to use unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to provide connectivity to ground sensor clusters on a suburban industrial area. Very small, commercial scale UAVs can be used to monitor a bunch of ground sensor nodes without the dependency of a physical connection to the remote sites. This technique can be used to create modular sensor grids with very low cost. The proposed research is to define the best ad-hoc network parameters for supporting the maximum number of programmable logic controllers (PLC) from a reasonable altitude using very small size, commercial UAVs. As a result, using IEE 802.11 with Dynamic MANET on Demand (DYMO) routing protocol can support five PLC clusters, which have 10 nodes each, from a 100-meters altitude with less than 350-milliseconds delay.
Seeing Through Performance Feedback in Organizations

Providing work related feedback to employees is a beneficial component contributing to the growth of the organization. Constructive feedback has been shown to have a variety of positive effects on the productivity and satisfaction of employees. Organizations can use feedback to provide role clarity and to encourage positive behaviors. Over the years the strategies used to implement feedback in organizations has evolved. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role that feedback has in organizations, provide a psycho-sociological analysis, and finally look towards the current strategies used by organizations to provide feedback to employees.