cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning Initiative Trends in Higher Education: A Domestic and International Overview

Higher Educational Institutions (HEI) operate in an environment of continuous change. Relationship building with domestic and international partners equals activities that meet the strategic interests of institutions, stakeholders, and overseas partners who ensure sustainable growth across borders. Domestic relations primarily focus on ways that ensure completion of studies through diversified, sustainable, and experiential curricula. Current trends suggest the need for flexibility in meeting the socioeconomic changes learners face in a globalized world. Strength exists but also establishing new partnerships across national borders will help expand the intercultural and global perspectives of students. A careful orchestration of the internal administrative functions of HEIs will address complexities for both domestic and international learning initiative trends. In particular, closer collaboration with on-campus but also local and international community partners will ensure higher levels of success.
Treatment of Acidosis: Sodium Bicarbonate and Other Drugs

Lactic acidosis, defined as a lactate level > 5 mmol/1 and a pH 7.35, is far and away the most-important acidosis during critical illness and most of this discussion of acidosis treatment will focus on treatment of lactic acidosis. Even in the face of maximal supportive therapy, lactic acidosis is associated with a mortality of 60-90% [1, 2, 3, 4], so physicians have long relied on treatments to lower the [H+], such as sodium bicarbonate. Less common than lactic acidosis, and much more amenable to conventional treatments, are ketoacidoses and respiratory acidosis, but these too occasionally prompt consideration of alkalinizing therapies. Lowering the [H+] in blood depends on manipulating the strong ion difference ([SID]), total concentration of non-volatile weak acid buffer (ATOT), or arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2), or raising the total concentration of weak bases, BTOT (normally sufficiently small that it can be ignored). Therefore, potential treatments include:
Measured Boundary Layer Transition and Rotor Hover Performance at Model Scale

An experiment involving a Mach-scaled, 11:08 f t: diameter rotor was performed in hover during the summer of 2016 at NASA Langley Research Center. The experiment investigated the hover performance as a function of the laminar to turbulent transition state of the boundary layer, including both natural and fixed transition cases. The boundary layer transition locations were measured on both the upper and lower aerodynamic surfaces simultaneously. The measurements were enabled by recent advances in infrared sensor sensitivity and stability. The infrared thermography measurement technique was enhanced by a paintable blade surface heater, as well as a new high-sensitivity long wave infrared camera. The measured transition locations showed extensive amounts, x=c>0:90, of laminar flow on the lower surface at moderate to high thrust (CT=s > 0:068) for the full blade radius. The upper surface showed large amounts, x=c > 0:50, of laminar flow at the blade tip for low thrust (CT=s < 0:045). The objective of this paper is to provide an experimental data set for comparisons to newly developed and implemented rotor boundary layer transition models in CFD and rotor design tools. The data is expected to be used as part of the AIAA Rotorcraft SimulationWorking Group
Resource Recovery from Municipal Wastes—A Review and Analysis of Existing and Emerging Technology

The vast and growing amounts of solid wastes generated daily in our cities, and the present problems and costs of proper disposal of these wastes, has created an interest in systems designed to recover resources from municipal solid wastes. Some of the resources available from mixed municipal wastes are shown in Figure 1. Resource recovery systems offer the possibility of not only solving the waste disposal problem, but also can reduce the depletion of natural resources. It is for these reasons that federal, state and local governments are interested in resource recovery from municipal wastes.
Rural Preservice Teacher Preparation Using Two-Way Interactive Television.

The impact of a two-way interactive television course for rural remote teacher preparation was evaluated using a variety of measures. Areas of primary importance reported in this paper are:▪ How di...
Causality in Hydrologic Systems

Abstract Cross correlation techniques have been used in the past to detect causal connections in hydrologic systems. However, cross correlation coefficients are weak indicators of causal dependence of time series. Often, spurious but statistically significant cross correlation coefficient values result even for series which are not causally related. In other instances, even though the series are weakly related, cross correlation coefficients indicate stronger relationships. If individual time series whose cross correlation characteristics are being analyzed are non-white, these problems become quite severe. Many hydrologic time series are highly correlated, especially for smaller time scales. Consequently better methods are needed to investigate the causal connections between autocorrelated time series such as those commonly encountered in hydrology. One of the recently proposed procedures to investigate the causal connections between pairs of variables whose time series are available is to fit valid models to these time series and to obtain residuals of these models. The cross correlation coefficients between these residuals are tested for statistical significance and for inferences about causal connections between the time series. An alternative method is to develop transfer function models of the residuals and examine these models. Obviously, the transfer function models of the residuals can be used to generate transfer function models of original time series also. The basic objective of the paper is to investigate these methods. Some of these methods have been investigated by using weekly and monthly rainfall and runoff series from small and intermediate sized watersheds in New-Zealand. The rainfall and runoff series used were strongly auto correlated especially at smaller lags and were also weakly periodic. The analysis of these data indicated that the weekly and monthly rainfall-runoff series were strongly but “instantaneously” causally connected. Implications of this finding to modeling rainfall-runoff processes have been discussed.
Real Lie Algebras and Lie Groups

In this lecture we indicate how to complete the last step in the process outlined at the beginning of Part II: to take our knowledge of the classification and representation theory of complex algebras and groups and deduce the corresponding statements in the real case. We do this in the first section, giving a list of the simple classical real Lie algebras and saying a few words about the corresponding groups and their (complex) representations. The existence of a compact group whose Lie algebra has as complexification a given semisimple complex Lie algebra makes it possible to give another (indeed, the original) way to prove the Weyl character formula; we sketch this in §26.2. Finally, we can ask in regard to real Lie groupsGa question analogous to one asked for the representations of fmite groups in §3.5: which of the complex representationsVofGactually come from real ones. We answer this in the most commonly encountered cases in §26.3. In this final lecture, proofs, when we attempt them, are generally only sketched and may require more than the usual fortitude from the reader.
Theoretical Perspectives on Increasing Recruitment and Retention of Underrepresented Students in the Geosciences

ABSTRACTFor decades, programs targeting the recruitment and retention of underrepresented minorities (URM) have had local success in broadening participation in the geosciences. Meanwhile, national...
Characterization of human endomyocardium using a human cardiac optical coherence tomography atlas

We present a human cardiac optical coherence tomography atlas. The atlas enables characterization of key features of the human endomyocardial anatomy, which could be used to identify substrates for guidance of intracardiac procedures.
Elite Competition and State Capacity Development: Theory and Evidence from Post-Revolutionary Mexico

International wars and interstate rivalry have been at the center of our understanding of the origin and expansion of state capacity. This article describes an alternative path to the development of state capacity rooted in domestic political conflict. Under conditions of intra-elite conflict, political rulers seize upon the temporary weakness of their rivals, expropriate their assets, and consolidate authority. Because this political consolidation increases rulers’ chances of surviving an economic elite’s challenge, it enhances their incentives to develop state capacity. These ideas are evaluated in post-revolutionary Mexico, where commodity price shocks induced by the Great Depression affected the local economic elite differentially. Negative shocks lead to increased asset expropriation and substantially higher investments in state capacity, which persist to the present.
Race and Pain: A Dual Injustice

The evidence presented in this chapter highlights the existence of a dual injustice—members of nondominant racial groups are more than likely to experience pain, while these same individuals are also more than likely to have their pain discounted by and undertreated by healthcare professionals. Evidence is presented from numerous national, racial, and ethnic contexts, and this chapter utilizes evidence that crosses historical, social, psychological, biological, and medical research. The antecedents, consequences, causes, and potential solutions to this dual injustice are examined and discussed with the recognition that the literal pain and suffering of people of color is at stake.
Measurement of Blood Flow and Venous Distensibility

Measurement of arterial and venous function can provide important insights regarding hemodynamic responses to behavioral stimuli that cannot be obtained from measurement of systemic arterial pressure alone. This chapter describes the use of Doppler flow probes for measuring flow within single arteries or veins, laser Doppler probes for measuring skin blood flow, and venous occlusion plethysmography for measuring limb blood flow. Finally, the use of venous occlusion plethysmography to assess venous distensibility is described. The goal is to provide an overview of the techniques and their relative advantages and disadvantages. References are provided for those wishing to examine techniques in further detail.
Assessing the Capability of a Manufacturing Process Using Nonparametric Bayesian Density Estimation

In this paper, we propose assessing the capability of a process using a nonparametric Bayesian framework.
Condensation with Noncondensables and in Multicomponent Mixtures

The condensation rate of a vapor can be significantly reduced if a noncondensable is present or if the vapor is one component of a multicomponent system. The reduction is caused by the noncondensables and/or more volatile components lowering the dew point of the vapor and by a mass transfer resistance to the condensing component resulting from a build up of a layer of noncondensables or more volatile components at the liquid vapor interface. The parametric trends associated with and the controlling mechanism of condensation with noncondensables and in multicomponent mixtures are reviewed, relevant research is discussed, and current design methods are considered.
The Institutional Determinants of Health Insurance: Moving Away from Labor Market, Marriage, and Family Attachments under the ACA:

For more than a century, the American welfare state required working-age adults to obtain social welfare benefits through their linkages to employers, spouses, or children. Recent changes to U.S. h...
Variation in hospital thromboprophylaxis rates for abdominal cancer surgery.

6535 Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality following cancer surgery. Though ASCO evidence-based guidelines recommend major cancer surgery thr...
Pulmonary artery interventions after the arterial switch operation: Unique and significant risks

Background In the modern era, results of the arterial switch operation (ASO) for transposition of the great arteries are excellent. However, because of the LeCompte maneuver, there may be a propensity for development of pulmonary artery stenosis. We encountered atypical complications of pulmonary artery stenting in patients after the ASO, including aorto-pulmonary fistula and coronary compression. Methods We performed a 10-year retrospective review of catheterizations performed in patients after ASO in our institution with a focus on adverse events. Results Diagnostic and interventional catheterizations were performed in 47 patients. In 29 patients, 37 interventional procedures performed, which included pulmonary artery angioplasty and/or stenting. In this group, there were five major adverse events (14%), including three aorto-pulmonary fistulae and one coronary artery compression among patients having stent implantation or stent redilation. In addition, there were 6/37 (16%) intended stent procedures, which were aborted because there appeared to be high-risk of significant adverse events. Conclusions This review suggests that percutaneous intervention on pulmonary artery stenosis after ASO has high-risk and should be undertaken advisedly. Prior thorough evaluation of coronary arteries is mandatory as coronary reimplantation sites may be adjacent to sites of pulmonary artery stenosis. Furthermore, if pulmonary artery stent implantation or stent redilation is contemplated, the risk of stent fracture and possible AP fistula should be recognized. Primary use of reinforced covered stents should be considered.
Deficiency in proliferative, angiogenic, and LH receptors in the follicle wall: implications of season toward the anovulatory condition

Abstract This study aimed to gain insight on the effect of different seasons of the year on the expression pattern of growth factor and hormone receptors involved in follicle development. A novel follicle wall biopsy technique was used to collect in vivo follicle wall layers (ie, granulosa, theca interna, and theca externa) and follicular fluid samples from growing dominant follicles, simultaneously and repeatedly, using the same mares during the spring anovulatory (SAN), spring ovulatory (SOV), summer (SU), and fall ovulatory (FOV) seasons. The immunofluorescent expression patterns of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Ki-67, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and LH receptor (LHR) were evaluated in each follicle wall layer, in addition to intrafollicular estradiol and nitric oxide (NO). Proliferative proteins (EGFR and Ki-67) were highly (P 0.05) among different seasons of the year. The intrafollicular estradiol concentration was higher (P
Standing wave-assisted acoustic droplet vaporization for single and dual payload release in acoustically-responsive scaffolds.

Abstract An ultrasound standing wave field (SWF) has been utilized in many biomedical applications. Here, we demonstrate how a SWF can enhance drug release using acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) in an acoustically-responsive scaffold (ARS). ARSs are composite fibrin hydrogels containing payload-carrying, monodispersed perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions and have been used to stimulate regenerative processes such as angiogenesis. Elevated amplitudes in the SWF significantly enhanced payload release from ARSs containing dextran-loaded emulsions (nominal diameter: 6 μm) compared to the -SWF condition, both at sub- and suprathreshold excitation pressures. At 2.5 MHz and 4 MPa peak rarefactional pressure, the cumulative percentage of payload released from ARSs reached 84.1 ± 5.4% and 66.1 ± 4.4% under + SWF and -SWF conditions, respectively, on day 10. A strategy for generating a SWF for an in situ ARS is also presented. For dual-payload release studies, bi-layer ARSs containing a different payload within each layer were exposed to temporally staggered ADV at 3.25 MHz (day 0) and 8.6 MHz (day 4). Sequential payload release was demonstrated using dextran payloads as well as two growth factors relevant to angiogenesis: basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB). In addition, bubble growth and fibrin degradation were characterized in the ARSs under +SWF and -SWF conditions. These results highlight the utility of a SWF for modulating single and dual payload release from an ARS and can be used in future therapeutic studies.
Analysis of environmental fluoride of the coal-burning endemic fluorosis areas in Chongqing

Objective To find out the distribution pattern of environmental fluoride in the coal-burning endemic fluorosis areas to provide scientific evidence for establishing prevention and remedial measures in Chongqing. Methods According to historical data in Chongqing In 2008, 4 endemic villages(Lingyun and Lizi Villages of Wushan County, and Taiping and Daqing Villages of Pengshui County) and 2 non-endemic villages (ShuangLou and XianLong Villages of Yongchuan County) were investigated. Dental fluorosis of children in 8 to 12 year old and residents over 16 years of age for clinical skeletal fluorosis were examined in four endemic villages. Five households from each of 6 villages were taken, where 500 g of coal, mixed clay with coal, mixed coal of soil, coal cinder, soil were sampled; 15 people were taken in each village, each household gathering 500 g of corn, rice, potatoes, vegetables, grain and vegetable, 100 g of dried pepper and 250 ml of drinking water were sampled from 15 families of each village. Household drinking water samples were collected 1, each 250 ml. For those having tea-drinking habit, each household was collected 50 g of tea and 600 ml of drinking tea, the amount of fluoride were determined. Indoor and outdoor air was collected and measured in 5 households in each village. Results The detected rate of dental fluorosis of children in endemic areas was 74.65% (736/986). The detected rate of skeletal fluorosis of adult was 7.20%(736/986). The average fluoride content of coal, mixed clay with coal, mixed coal of soil, cinder coal, soil in the endemic villages was (310.56±209.46), (360.51±224.96), (293.62±65.15), (186.59±133.66), (497.54±294.70)mg/kg. The average fluoride content in non-endemic villages was (48.68±10.62), (275.66±62.69), (152.20±34.43), (209.14±188.66),269.98±58.21)mg/kg. The fluoride content level of endemic villages was significantly higher than that of non-endemic villages(t=7.67,31.54,5.82, 5.82, all P 0.05]. The amount of drinking tea in the endemic village[(1.45±0.68)L/d] was higher than that in non-endemic village[(1.00±0.47)L/d, t=4.27, P 0.05)]. Conclusions The fluoride source of coal-burning endemic fluorosis areas are coal and mixed coal of soil in Chongqing. Fluoride enters into human bodies mainly via respiratory, not from food. Although fluoride is rich in pepper, people don't eat it, so reducing the fluoride content in indoor air is the principle measure. Drinking tea may be was one factor of endemic fluorosis, which needs to be further studied. Key words: Coal; Fluoride poisoning; Data collection
Developments in Mass Spectrometry for Glycosaminoglycan Analysis: A Review.

Abstract This review covers recent developments in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis via mass spectrometry (MS). GAGs participate in a variety of biological functions, including cellular communication, wound healing, and anticoagulation, and are important targets for structural characterization. GAGs exhibit a diverse range of structural features due to the variety of O- and N-sulfation modifications and uronic acid C-5 epimerization that can occur, making their analysis a challenging target. Mass spectrometry approaches to the structure assignment of GAGs have been widely investigated, and new methodologies remain the subject of development. Advances in sample preparation, tandem MS techniques (MS/MS), online separations, and automated analysis software have advanced the field of GAG analysis. These recent developments have led to remarkable improvements in the precision and time efficiency for the structural characterization of GAGs.
Cleavage state of γENaC in mouse and rat kidneys

We have identified the major aldosterone-dependent cleaved form of the γENaC subunit in the kidney as a twice-cleaved peptide. This form appears to be identical in size with a subunit cleaved in vi...
STUDY OF MICROSEGREGATION IN Al-Cu-Zn TERNARY ALLOYS BY EXPERIMENT AND SCHEIL MODEL

The solidification path and microsegregation during primary solidification of Al--Cu- Zn alloy were investigated comparably by CALPHAD coupled with Schei1 model, simple Scheil equation and experiment. It was indicated by the CALPHAD that the solute content at the end point of primary solidification changes synchronistically with the start point, solute content in dendritic arm and the partition coefficient increase with the solid fraction. Simple Scheil equation was shown to be able to calculate the eutectic amount on the base of partition coefficient calculated by thermodynamics, its prediction for the different solutes is self--consistent and agreeable with the CALPHAD. The eutectic amount and SDAS was measured in DC experiment and compared to model value, it was shown that the experimental data are in agreement with the model prediction.
Identifying the spatial footprint of pollen distributions using the Geoforensic Interdiction (GOFIND) model

Abstract Geoforensics leverages various spatial analytical, biological, ecological, and geological techniques to improve criminal investigations, including efforts to thwart terrorism, evaluate humanitarian crises or identify the origin of fraudulent goods. In addition to investigating what took place, geoforensic efforts often focus on determining where and when the event occurred. Forensic palynology is a promising subfield of geoforensics that uses pollen to link persons or objects to particular places and times. This promise is driven by pollen's strong utility as a biomarker. It is ubiquitous, durable and demonstrates a relatively predictable distribution in time and space. As a result, pollen often provides important clues for determining the provenance of hard-to-trace items, such as computers, fraudulent goods, digging tools, clothing, and undetonated explosives during geoforensic investigations. One major limitation that has reduced the implementation of forensic palynology is the lack of computational tools that relate pollen species to geographic locations. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a robust geocomputational framework that uses pollen sample composition to identify the relative likelihood of potential origin locations for improving geoforensic efforts. Using USDA CropScape data for the state of Texas, our results suggest that this framework allowed for multiple potential origin sites to be identified simultaneously, with solution properties that were better than a random process and offer a possible alternative to the single site joint probability approaches commonly used in the field of forensic palynology.
The Space-Time Recorder

T DROP TESTING of landing gear shock absorber strut, wheel, and tire combinations is now practiced in two somewhat overlapping categories. The first of these is the check of the design of the hydraulic elements of the strut together with an investigation of the mutual period of the strut-wheel-tire combination. The second is the proof test specified by the purchaser or desired by the manufacturer. Obviously, the only line of demarcation, a vague one at best, is that between the capacity of the hydraulic elements of the strut to absorb and dissipate the energy of the drop and the capacity of the entire assembly to withstand the load imposed by the drop. The interlocking of the two categories is apparent when one considers that the structural design of the whole assembly is vitally dependent on the energy absorption characteristics of hydraulic element. Inasmuch as the problem is more one of design and redesign of the hydraulic element than it is of simple proof test, it is apparent that the following data are desirable for the calculation of load and energy diagrams: (1) the sprung and unsprung masses, (2) the velocities of both sprung and unsprung masses from the time of contact onward through the first rebound, (3) the acceleration of both sprung and unsprung masses from the time of contact onward through the first rebound, and (4) subsequent oscillation of both masses. The character of the data desired indicates clearly that some sort of space-time recorder is required, inasmuch as this would be the only device from whose record might be calculated both instantaneous velocities for energy calculations and instantaneous accelerations for load calculations. A number of such instruments have been built. The first of these was designed by DePort, a Materiel Division engineer, and used by him in 1928. An identical instrument was purchased by Bendix in 1929. In this instrument the vertical motion of the sprung and unsprung masses is transmitted through hard wires over pulleys to spring-loaded drums fitted with stylussensitized paper in such a way that fall or rise of either mass causes rotation or counterrotation of its particular drum. The time element is imposed by a whisker head rotating at synchronous speed (1,800 r.p.m.) in the plane of two diametric elements of the drum. The whisker head supports seven whiskers or styli arranged radially at intervals of 45 deg. The omission of the
Search for the universal ancestors

By its nature, the study of the origins of life is multidisciplinary, requiring contributions from astronomers, biologists, chemists, geologists, physicists, and many others. Partial answers are provided to many questions about organic chemical evolution and the origin of life. It is observed that the gaps in our knowledge concerning the steps from the nonliving to the living are numerous. Among these gaps are: (1) a solar system formation with its accumulation of raw materials; (2) the synthesis of the life forming monomers, such as the amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids; (3) the condensation of these monomers into useful polymers, such as proteins and nucleic acids; (4) the sequestering of these materials into droplets of proteinoid or membrane-like structures; and (5) the development of a chemical memory (the genetic code) to pass on to the progeny the information acquired.
A β-1,3-Glucan-Binding Protein From Manduca sexta

Insects have pattern recognition molecules [1] which can recognize nonself molecules such as β-1,3-glucan, lipopolysaccharide, and peptidoglycan on the surface of invading pathogens. Upon binding to the foreign invaders, pattern recognition proteins further trigger defense pathways such as the prophenoloxidase pathway in insects. Insects thus can defend themselves efficiently against pathogens even though they lack the immunoglobulin system present in mammals.
Plasticity of Developmental Timing as the Underlying Cause of High Speciation Rates in Ammonoids

Rapid diversification of clades within a restricted geographic area is fairly common, and has been well studied as a model of adaptive radiation. The monophyletic clades produced by this type of event have been called “species flocks.” An investigation of the Cenomanian radiation of acanthoceratid ammonites in the North American Western Interior Seaway reveals that this clade shows all the characteristics of a species flock: the acanthoceratid genera are speciose and diversified rapidly, and many of the species are geographically restricted within the Western Interior, possibly due to environmental barriers. A cladistic analysis shows many true polytomies, a high autapomorphy to synapomor- phy ratio, and much parallelism, all reflecting rapid diversification from a single ancestral lineage. These ammonites also show pronounced plasticity of developmental timing. Most differences in morphology among taxa are due to small changes in developmental timing, and an unusually high number of progenic dwarf spinoff taxa occur in this clade, indicating that larger-scale changes in ontogenetic timing are also common. It seems, then, that the developmental program of this ammonite clade was exceedingly labile during its radiation. This plasticity may have allowed the clade to radiate so rapidly and profusely. As developmental plasticity may be a characteristic of ammonoids as a whole, this internal factor, rather than sensitivity to external environmental conditions, may be the root cause of high speciation rates in ammonoids.
Network-aware distributed algorithms: challenges and opportunities in wireless networks

Wireless networks differ from typical wired networks in several significant ways.Wireless channel is a broadcast medium, resulting in interference between simultaneous transmissions on the wireless channel. Wireless channel conditions vary over time and space, making it necessary to adapt to the time-varying conditions. The wireless signals can propagate along different paths from a transmitter to a receiver, resulting in channel fading.
4-alkyl-o-quinone/2-hydroxy-p-quinone methide isomerase from the larval hemolymph of Sarcophaga bullata. I. Purification and characterization of enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

Abstract An enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of certain 4-alkyl-o-benzoquinones to 2-hydroxy-p-quinone methides has been purified to apparent homogeneity from the hemolymph of Sarcophaga bullata by employing conventional protein purification techniques. The purified enzyme migrated with an approximate molecular weight of 98,000 on gel filtration chromatography. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it migrated as a single band with a molecular weight of 46,000, indicating that it is made up of two identical subunits. It exhibited a pH optimum of 6.0 and readily converted chemically synthesized as well as enzymatically generated quinones derived from N-acetyldopamine, N-beta-alanyldopamine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol to highly unstable 2-hydroxy-p-quinone methides. The quinone methides thus formed were rapidly and nonenzymatically hydrated to form side chain hydroxylated o-diphenols as the stable product. In support of this proposition, when the enzyme reaction with N-acetyldopamine quinone was conducted in the presence of 10% methanol, racemic beta-methoxy-N-acetyldopamine was recovered as an additional product. The quinones of N-acetylnorepinephrine, N-beta-alanylnorepinephrine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol were also attacked by the isomerase, resulting in the formation of N-acetylarterenone, N-beta-alanylarterenone and 2-hydroxy-3',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone, respectively as the stable products. The isomerase converted the dihydrocaffeiyl methyl amide quinone to its quinone methide analog which rapidly tautomerized to yield caffeiyl methyl amide. The importance of quinone isomerase in insect immunity and sclerotization of insect cuticle is discussed.
The Data Network Disaster Recovery Plan: : Considerations and Concerns

First, know your network, its key points, the geographic nature of the business and how disaster can happen. Second, understand where the network bottlenecks are positioned. Several options are presented to reduce bottlenecks such as: permanent alternative paths, coterminous circuits, packet switching networks. Third, evaluate equipment redundancy, people redundancy, outsourcing, and multiple carriers. A network is considered “a disaster waiting to happen” which management must support via a DRP.
Driving competence: it's not a matter of age

The paper reviews a laboratory study that determined that there is no empirical evidence that the subtle age-related changes in visual or cognitive skills affect the ability of older persons to operate a motor vehicle safely. Some of the potential risk factors evaluated relative to driver safety include: age, impaired visual and other cognitive abilities, physical impairments, medical conditions, and medication. One potential way to minimize accident risk in a substantial number of older drivers is to assure that the option of cataract surgery is seriously considered for those who have cataracts and want to continue an active driving lifestyle.
A 2 (N2) neuraminidase of the X-7 influenza virus recombinant: determination of molecular size and subunit composition of the active unit.

Abstract Neuraminidase activity of influenza virus was directly seen on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels with the aid of the synthetic substrate, methoxyphenol neuraminic acid. Neuraminidase (NA) appeared as a high-molecular-weight fraction with a size in the range of 220,000 to 250,000 daltons. Isolation of this fraction from the X-7 strain of influenza virus, dissociation with sodium dodecyl sulfate, and reduction showed the presence of two polypeptides of 66,000 (NA1) and 58,000 (NA2) molecular weights in equimolar concentration. We postulate that the minimum active unit for the viral A2 neuraminidase is a tetramer composed of two NA1 and two NA2 subunits.
Cloning of a Thermomonospora fusca xylanase gene and its expression in Escherichia coli and Streptomyces lividans.

Abstract Thermomonospora fusca chromosomal DNA was partially digested with EcoRI to obtain 4- to 14-kilobase fragments, which were used to construct a library of recombinant phage by ligation with EcoRI arms of lambda gtWES. lambda B. A recombinant phage coding for xylanase activity which contained a 14-kilobase insert was identified. The xylanase gene was localized to a 2.1-kilobase SalI fragment of the EcoRI insert by subcloning onto pBR322 and derivatives of pBR322 that can also replicate in Streptomyces lividans. The xylanase activity produced by S. lividans transformants was 10- to 20-fold higher than that produced by Escherichia coli transformants but only one-fourth the level produced by induced T. fusca. A 30-kilodalton peptide with activity against both Remazol brilliant blue xylan and xylan was produced in S. lividans transformants that carried the 2.1-kilobase SalI fragment of T. fusca DNA and was not produced by control transformants. T. fusca cultures were found to contain a xylanase of a similar size that was induced by growth on xylan or Solka Floc. Antiserum directed against supernatant proteins isolated from a Solka Floc-grown T. fusca culture inhibited the xylanase activity of S. lividans transformants. The cloned T. fusca xylanase gene was expressed at about the same level in S. lividans grown in minimal medium containing either glucose, cellobiose, or xylan. The xylanase bound to and hydrolyzed insoluble xylan. The cloned xylanase appeared to be the same as the major protein in xylan-induced T. fusca culture supernatants, which also contained at least three additional minor proteins with xylanase activity and having apparent molecular masses of 43, 23, and 20 kilodaltons.
Regulating the Production of Knowledge: Research Risk-Benefit Analysis and the Heterogeneity Problem

Scholars and lawmakers expend much effort determining optimal incentives to innovate, but almost entirely neglect the regulation of knowledge-producing activities themselves. This Article critically examines that regulatory framework, adopted by more than one dozen federal agencies in the U.S. and many other countries, which governs the vast majority of those knowledge-producing activities that have the greatest potential to affect human welfare: research involving human beings, or “human subjects research” (HSR). It focuses on the primary actors in the regulation of HSR — licensing committees called Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) which, before each study may proceed, must find that its risks to participants are “reasonable in relation to” its expected benefits for both participants and society. It argues for a particular interpretation of this risk-benefit standard and, drawing on scholarship in psychology, economics, neuroscience and other fields, argues that participant heterogeneity prevents IRBs from carrying out their regulatory duty. Instead, the regulatory system implicitly responds to the heterogeneity problem with risk aversion that is costly not only to researchers and society but, critically, to would-be research participants. The Article concludes by laying out the policy options that remain in the wake of the heterogeneity problem’s intractability: continuing the legal fiction of risk-benefit analysis, honestly embracing the heterogeneity problem and its costs, or jettisoning IRB risk-benefit analysis. A companion Article develops the possibility of the third option.
Structural studies of a branchiopod crustacean (Lepidurus bilobatus) extracellular hemoglobin. Evidence for oxygen-binding domains.

Abstract The extracellular hemoglobin of the notostracan branchiopod Lepidurus bilobatus has an apparent molecular weight of 680 000 and may exist in a dissociation-association equilibrium dependent on pH and ligand state. The pigment contains one heme per 18 000 g protein. However, attempts to dissociate the hemoglobin by harsh denaturing conditions results in a 33–34 000 molecular weight polypeptide chain as well as traces of some 62–64 000 molecular weight material. Limited proteolysis of this hemoglobin with subtilisin produces 14 800 and 16 500 dalton heme-containing polypeptides (domains) which bind oxygen reversibly. These domains, isolated by column chromatography, have a heme content similar to the intact pigment. It is proposed that the intact 34 000 dalton subunit of Lepidurus hemoglobin consists of two linearly linked oxygen binding domains. Oxygen binding properties of the intact hemoglobin show a low oxygen affinity with a slight Bohr effect. In contrast, the isolated domains display a relatively high oxygen affinity and lack a Bohr effect between pH 7.0 and 8.0. It is apparent that the intact 34 000 dalton polypeptide is necessary for the expression of the heterotropic interactions of the native pigment.
Elimination of laboratory ozone leads to a dramatic improvement in the reproducibility of microarray gene expression measurements.

Environmental ozone can rapidly degrade cyanine 5 (Cy5), a fluorescent dye commonly used in microarray gene expression studies. Cyanine 3 (Cy3) is much less affected by atmospheric ozone. Degradation of the Cy5 signal relative to the Cy3 signal in 2-color microarrays will adversely reduce the Cy5/Cy3 ratio resulting in unreliable microarray data. Ozone in central Arkansas typically ranges between ~22 ppb to ~46 ppb and can be as high as 60–100 ppb depending upon season, meteorological conditions, and time of day. These levels of ozone are common in many areas of the country during the summer. A carbon filter was installed in the laboratory air handling system to reduce ozone levels in the microarray laboratory. In addition, the airflow was balanced to prevent non-filtered air from entering the laboratory. These modifications reduced the ozone within the microarray laboratory to ~2–4 ppb. Data presented here document reductions in Cy5 signal on both in-house produced microarrays and commercial microarrays as a result of exposure to unfiltered air. Comparisons of identically hybridized microarrays exposed to either carbon-filtered or unfiltered air demonstrated the protective effect of carbon-filtration on microarray data as indicated by Cy5 and Cy3 intensities. LOWESS normalization of the data was not able to completely overcome the effect of ozone-induced reduction of Cy5 signal. Experiments were also conducted to examine the effects of high humidity on microarray quality. Modest, but significant, increases in Cy5 and Cy3 signal intensities were observed after 2 or 4 hours at 98–99% humidity compared to 42% humidity. Simple installation of carbon filters in the laboratory air handling system resulted in low and consistent ozone levels. This allowed the accurate determination of gene expression by microarray using Cy5 and Cy3 fluorescent dyes.
The Problem of the Mantle-Crust Mix: Lateral Inhomogeneity in the Uppermost Part of the Earth's Mantle

Publisher Summary The material with compressional wave velocities of 7.4 to 7.7 km/sec, existing beneath many active tectonic belts, is postulated to be a mixture of mantle- and crustal-type rocks. The belts with such velocities include mid-ocean ridges, island arcs, and rift valleys. The uplift and lateral extension, as well as the high heat flow and volcanism generally characteristic of the active belts, indicate expansion and an upwelling of convection currents in the mantle, thus giving lateral inhomogeneities in the uppermost mantle. The mantle-crust mix is postulated to comprise a mixture of eclogite and basalt in the phase-transformation zone, which may be of considerable thickness. This chapter discusses some of the evidence to date for the possible lateral inhomogeneity of the Earth's uppermost mantle and gives possible explanations of this inhomogeneity. The topic is speculative and much more data is needed before firm conclusions can be reached. It is hoped, however, that this chapter may stimulate more thought and discussion—and, above all, the gathering of more experimental data —on the subject.
Intrinsic circular polarization in centrosymmetric stacks of transition-metal dichalcogenide compounds.

The circular polarization (CP) that the photoluminescence inherits from the excitation source in $n$ monolayers of transition-metal dichalcogenides ${(M{X}_{2})}_{n}$ has been previously explained as a special feature of odd values of $n$, where the inversion symmetry is absent. This ``valley polarization'' effect results from the fact that, in the absence of inversion symmetry, charge carriers in different band valleys could be selectively excited by different circular polarized light. Although several experiments observed CP in centrosymmetric $M{X}_{2}$ systems, e.g., for bilayer $M{X}_{2}$, they were dismissed as being due to some extrinsic sample irregularities. Here we show that also for $n=\text{even}$, where inversion symmetry is present and valley polarization physics is strictly absent, such intrinsic selectivity in CP is to be expected on the basis of fundamental spin-orbit physics. First-principles calculations of CP predict significant polarization for $n=2$ bilayers: from 69% in ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ to 93% in ${\mathrm{WS}}_{2}$. This realization could broaden the range of materials to be considered as CP sources.
Molecular forensics: applications, implications and limitations

Genotyping with DNA probes can theoretically identify each person on earth. Naturally occurring variations in the nucleotide sequence of DNA (DNA sequence polymorphisms) result in genetic differences between people. The Southern blot technique can reveal characteristic DNA banding patterns at a specific genetic locus. The polymorphic DNA banding patterns at several genetic loci can be combined to help construct individual DNA "fingerprints". Such fingerprints can resolve identity in criminal and paternity cases. The appropriate technology is being used in North American law enforcement agency laboratories. Although some technical drawbacks still exist, DNA genotyping with the Southern blot technique and even newer methods will likely become the standard for individual identification. An understanding of the principles underlying DNA genotyping is required before informed decisions can be made regarding its potential widespread application.
Methane partial oxidation using FeOx@La0.8Sr0.2FeO3−δ core–shell catalyst – transient pulse studies

The chemical looping reforming (CLR) process, which utilizes a transition metal oxide based redox catalyst to partially oxidize methane to syngas, represents a potentially efficient approach for methane valorization. The CLR process inherently avoids costly cryogenic air separation by replacing gaseous oxygen with regenerable ionic oxygen (O2−) from the catalyst lattice. Our recent studies show that an Fe2O3@La0.8Sr0.2FeO3−δ core–shell redox catalyst is effective for CLR, as it combines the selectivity of an LSF shell with the oxygen capacity of an iron oxide core. The reaction between methane and the catalyst is also found to be highly dynamic, resulting from changes in lattice oxygen availability and surface properties. In this study, a transient pulse injection approach is used to investigate the mechanisms of methane partial oxidation over the Fe2O3@LSF redox catalyst. As confirmed by isotope exchange, the catalyst undergoes transitions between reaction “regions” with markedly different mechanisms. While oxygen evolution maintains a modified Mars–van Krevelen mechanism throughout the reaction with O2− conduction being the rate limiting step, the mechanism of methane conversion changes from an Eley–Rideal type in the first reaction region to a Langmuir–Hinshelwood-like mechanism in the third region. Availability of surface oxygen controls the reduction scheme of the catalyst and the underlying reaction mechanism.
Robust detection of structural changes in nonlinear stochastic systems

The synthesis of a sequential structural-change-detection algorithm is presented with the emphasis on minimizing the priori information required. Such an algorithm is expected to be fairly robust with respect to a variety of probabilistic change models. The design is based on the class of conditionally linear signal generators that readily accommodate various feedback-control and parameter-estimation schemes. The proposed algorithm is optimal with respect to a wide class of sequential detection algorithms. >
EFFECTS OF LIGHT AND GLYCEROL ON THE ORGANIZATION OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS IN THE FACULTATIVE HETEROTROPH PYRENOMONAS SALINA (CRYPTOPHYCEAE)1

The marine cryptophyte Pyrenomonas salina Santore is capable of autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. We studied the physiological and ultrastructural changes that accompany the shift between these nutritional modes. The addition of glycerol to batch cultures of P. salina, grown at an irradiance limiting for photoautotrophic growth, increased its growth rate and induced specific biochemical and structural changes in its photosynthetic system. Results from extracted pigment analyses, thin-section electron microscopy, and freeze-fracture electron microscopy indicated that glycerol addition reduced the cell phycoerythrin content, phycoerythrin to chlorophyll a ratio, degree of thylakoid packing, number of thylakoids · cell−1, and PSII particle size. These properties were reduced to a similar extent in cells grown photoautotrophically under an irradiance saturating for growth. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that enhancement of heterotrophic potential occurs at the expense of light-harvesting ability in glycerol-grown P. salina.
Exercise Training Normalizes Sympathetic Outflow by Central Antioxidant Mechanisms in Rabbits With Pacing-Induced Chronic Heart Failure

Background— In a recent study, we demonstrated that an increase in oxidative stress in the rostral ventrolateral medulla plays a critical role in the sympathoexcitation observed in chronic heart failure (CHF). Growing evidence indicates that exercise training evokes an antioxidative effect in CHF. In the present study, we therefore hypothesized that long-term exercise exerts its beneficial effect on autonomic activity in CHF via central antioxidative mechanisms. Methods and Results— Experiments were performed on New Zealand White rabbits. All rabbits were instrumented to measure mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity and to test baroreflex sensitivity. Exercise training significantly decreased baseline renal sympathetic nerve activity (65.8±5.2% to 41.3±3.9% of Max [where “Max” is the maximum renal sympathetic nerve activity induced by a 50-mL puff of smoke directed to the external nares of the rabbit], P<0.05) and increased the maximal gain of the baroreflex curves for h...