cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passive rotation-induced theta rhythm and orientation homeostasis response.

Rhythmic oscillatory activities at the theta frequency (3–12 Hz) have long attracted attention, as they have been implicated in diverse brain functions. There are two kinds of hippocampal theta rhythms: Type 1 is an atropine-resistant noncholinergic theta rhythm, and Type 2 is an atropine-sensitive cholinergic theta rhythm. However, it has not yet been determined whether the theta rhythm generated during passive whole-body rotation is of Type 1 or 2. To clarify this issue, we investigated passive whole-body rotation-induced theta rhythm using C57BL/6J normal and atropine-treated mice. The results demonstrated that atropine [50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)], a cholinergic antagonist, abolished the theta rhythm generated during passive whole-body rotation. Therefore, the passive whole-body rotation-induced theta rhythm is an atropine-sensitive Type 2 theta rhythm. In addition, we found that blocking cholinergic receptors using atropine resulted in the loss of the orientation homeostasis response, which is a circling behavior in the direction opposite to that of the rotating circular treadmill that is generated to maintain a constant orientation. These results suggest that atropine-sensitive Type 2 theta rhythm can be generated by a passive rotation-induced vestibular sensory signal and may be necessary for spatial orientation homeostasis response behavior. Synapse 64:409–415, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Focus and uninformativity in Yucatec Maya questions

Crosslinguistically, questions frequently make crucial use of morphosyntactic elements which also occur outside of questions. Chief among these are focus, disjunctions, and wh-words with indefinite semantics. This paper provides a compositional account of the semantics of wh-, alternative, and polar questions in Yucatec Maya (YM), which are composed primarily of these elements. Key to the account is a theory of disjunctions and indefinites (extending work by others) which recognizes the inherently inquisitive nature of these elements. While disjunctions and indefinites are inquisitive, they differ from questions since they are also truth-conditionally informative. Compositionally, then, the role of focus in YM questions is to presuppose the informative component of an indefinite wh-word or disjunction, rendering the inquisitive component the question’s only new contribution to the discourse. In addition to deriving question denotations compositionally, the account also captures a potentially surprising fact: focused disjunctions in YM can function as either questions or assertions, depending solely on the discourse context.
When T cells and macrophages do not talk: the hemophagocytic syndromes

Purpose of review Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytoses represent a rare but biologically and clinically important group of disorders. This review focuses on the clinical, pathophysiologic and genetic manifestations of these disorders along with critical aspects of timely and appropriate treatment. Recent findings Detailed laboratory investigations have led to significant advances in our understanding of the molecular and pathophysiologic features of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytoses. These studies have provided new diagnostic tools and potential new therapeutic targets for future development. Parallel to these laboratory studies have been enormous advances in the treatment and improved clinical outcomes of patients with both primary and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytoses. The eventual merging of the improved understanding of the molecular pathway with novel gene therapy approaches may prove to be the final frontier in the optimal curative treatment of these disorders. Summary Several key molecular events have been defined which lead to a final common etiologic pathway of natural killer cell dysfunction leading to the hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndromes. In part through international clinical trials, effective curative therapies for about half of patients with severe forms of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis have been developed. Although a significant advance, the fact that about 50% of patients are still not able to be cured with currently used approaches challenges physician-scientists to develop more innovative and effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Implications of incorporating air-quality co-benefits into climate change policymaking

We present an analysis of the barriers and opportunities for incorporating air quality co-benefits into climate policy assessments. It is well known that many strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions also decrease emissions of health-damaging air pollutants and precursor species, including particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide. In a survey of previous studies we found a range of estimates for the air quality co-benefits of climate change mitigation of $2- 196/tCO2 with a mean of $49/tCO2, and the highest co-benefits found in developing countries. These values, although of a similar order of magnitude to abatement cost estimates, are only rarely included in integrated assessments of climate policy. Full inclusion of these co-benefits would have pervasive implications for climate policy in areas including: optimal policy stringency, overall costs, distributional effects, robustness to discount rates, incentives for international cooperation, and the value of adaptation, forests, and climate engineering relative to mitigation. Under-valuation results in part from uncertainty in climatic damages, valuation inconsistency, and institutional barriers. Because policy debates are framed in terms of cost minimization, policy makers are unlikely to fully value air quality co-benefits unless they can be compared on an equivalent basis with the benefits of avoided climatic damages. While air quality co-benefits have been prominently portrayed as a hedge against uncertainty in the benefits of climate change abatement, this assessment finds that full inclusion of co-benefits depends on—rather than substitutes for—better valuation of climate damages.
Tests of Unitary Symmetry in Strong Interactions

After hearing the material presented in the previous talks, one can question the further need for tests of unitary symmetry in strong interactions since it is now clear that unitary symmetry is good enough to play an essential role in any description of strong interactions. However, it is also clear that unitary symmetry is still bad enough to be interesting—in contrast to isospin, which is so good that it cannot teach us anything more about strong interactions. We know that any dynamical theory describing strong interactions must be invariant under isospin transformations. There is nothing further that can be learned about strong interactions from isospin. On the other hand, we know that a dynamical theory correctly describing strong interactions should be invariant under SU3 transformations only to some approximation. The remarkable regularities observed in the breaking of unitary symmetry (e.g. the mass formula) tell us more about strong interactions than their transformation properties under a particular group. Although these regularities apparently result only from the assumption of certain transformation properties for the symmetry breaking part of the strong interaction, an additional dynamical assumption is required, namely that the symmetry breaking can be treated by first order perturbation theory. It is a test of the detailed dynamics of the system, not merely of the symmetry, to show how such large symmetry breaking effects can be described by what is apparently only first order perturbation theory.
Additional Evidence on the Effect of Class Attendance on Academic Performance

Professors often claim that students who attend their classes regularly receive better grades and learn more than those who do not. Romer (Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, 1993), Launius (College Student Journal 31, 1997), Van Blerkom (Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied 126, 1992), and Park and Kerr (Journal of Economic Education 21, 1999) find evidence in support of this hypothesis. However, many studies on class attendance conducted by economists focus on the principles of economics courses in which students are drawn from a narrow range of majors like accounting, business, and economics. In contrast, this study analyzes how class attendance affects academic performance in the introductory economics course that all students at Shepherd University must complete. The students enrolled in this course represent a very diverse group with various academic skills and interests and a broad range of majors including the arts, humanities, sciences, and applied fields like nursing. Using a uniquely diverse sample of students from a one-semester introductory economics course, we show that attendance has a very large and statistically significant effect on academic performance even after factoring out the motivation component.We test the hypothesis that class attendance has a positive effect on academic performance. The model to be estimated can be expressed as a general production function that relates output in terms of academic performance to three key inputs such as ability, attendance, and motivation. All three independent variables are hypothesized to be Atl Econ J (2008) 36:493–494 DOI 10.1007/s11293-008-9142-x
Poly-[(3-hydroxypropyl)oxirane] and poly[(4-hydroxybutyl)oxirane]: new hydrophilic polyether elastomers

Preparations of poly[(3-hydroxypropyl)oxirane] and poly[(4-hydroxybutyl)oxirane] are described. Three routes to poly[(3-hydroxypropyl)oxirane] are discussed, each of which involves the methanolysis of a polymeric ester. (3-Acetoxypropyl)oxirane, [3-(m-chlorobenzoyloxy)propyl]oxirane, and (3-chloropropyl)oxirane were polymerized using the AIEt_3/H_2O/AcAc initiator system. Poly[(3-acetoxypropyl)oxirane] and poly{[3-(m-chlorobenzoyloxy)propyl]oxirane} were converted directly to poly[(3-hydroxypropyl)oxirane] by methanolysis, the former under either acidic or basic conditions only. Poly[(3-chloropropyl)oxirane] was first converted to poly[(3-benzoyloxypropyl)oxirane] by treatment with tetrabutylammonium benzoate; subsequent basic methanolysis then afforded poly[(3-hydroxypropyl)oxirane]. Poly[(3-hydroxypropyl)oxirane] is a colorless elastomer which can be cast into tough, clear films from water or methanol. Poly[(4-hydroxybutyl)oxirane] was prepared from poly[(4-chlorobutyl)oxirane] by benzoyloxylation and subsequent methanolysis. Poly[(4-hydroxybutyl)oxirane] is insoluble in water, but is hydrophilic and can be cast into tough films from methanol or dimethylsulfoxide.
Interdependence and Coordination in Organizations: A Role-System Analysis

The relations between interdependence and coordination in organizations are investigated. Results from a study of 127 work units in 33 organizations indicate that as the level of interdependence in...
Lifestyle patterns associated with diet, physical activity, body mass index and amount of recent weight loss in a sample of successful weight losers.

Research suggests that the interaction between biological susceptibility and environmental risk is complex and that further study of behavioral typologies related to obesity and associated behaviors is important to further elucidate the nature of obesity risk and how to approach it for intervention. The current investigation aims to identify phenotypical lifestyle patterns that might begin to unify our understanding of obesity and obesity related behaviors. Individuals who had recently lost substantial weight of their own initiative completed measures of intentional weight control behaviors and lifestyle behaviors associated with eating. These behaviors were factor analyzed and the resulting factors were examined in relation to BMI, recent weight loss, diet, and physical activity. Four meaningful lifestyle and weight control behavioral factors were identified— regularity of meals, TV related viewing and eating, intentional strategies for weight control, and eating away from home. Greater meal regularity was associated with greater recent weight loss and greater fruit and vegetable intake. Greater TV related viewing and eating was associated with greater BMI and greater fat and sugar intake. More eating away from home was related to greater fat and sugar intake, lower fruit and vegetable intake, and less physical activity. Greater use of weight control strategies was most consistently related to better weight, diet, and physical activity outcomes. Compared to the individual behavior variables, the identified lifestyle patterns appeared to be more reliably related to diet, physical activity, and weight (both BMI and recent weight loss). These findings add to the growing body of literature identifying behavioral patterns related to obesity and the overall weight control strategy of eating less and exercising more. In future research it will be important to replicate these behavioral factors (over time and in other samples) and to examine how changes in these factors relate to weight loss and weight maintenance over time.
Using Willie's acid-base box for blood gas analysis.

Many years ago, I was asked to evaluate a method developed by Dr. William T. Lipscomb for teaching blood gas analysis of acid-base status. Dr. Lipscomb was a Professor in the Department of Physiology of the University of Nebraska College of Medicine during my graduate student days and served as a
Reliability for manufacturing on 45nm logic technology with high-k + metal gate transistors and Pb-free packaging

This paper addresses several key aspects of integrated reliability for the Intel 45nm logic technology with high-K metal gate (HK+MG) transistors and Pb-free packaging. Significant changes in process architecture and materials were introduced and careful integration and manufacturing innovations were needed to meet historical expectations for transistor, defect, and package reliability. Furthermore the stability of intrinsic and defect reliability performance needed to be demonstrated. Highly accelerated TDDB and bias temperature instability (BTI) tests were implemented to enable very high sampling rates, establishing stable transistor reliability in high manufacturing volumes. Integrated product defect reliability results are presented showing that the historical correlation to yield defect density for stable manufacturing processes is maintained on this generation into an even lower fail rate regime. Similarly, volume package reliability monitor data are shown validating thermo-mechanical stability of the 1st level Pb-free package interconnect.
The seasonal cycle in the lower troposphere over West Africa from sounding observations

In situ sounding observations from selected sites in West and Central Africa were used to document the seasonal cycle in the lower troposphere associated with the annual migration of precipitation. The main purpose of this exercise is to provide a description of the seasonal cycle free of the errors and biases of numerical models, which can be substantial in this region. Many features in the circulation typically associated with the West African Monsoon (WAM) exist through almost the entire seasonal cycle in the region. The low-level easterly jet, known as the African Easterly Jet during the monsoon season, remains prominent and closely related to the rain band in other phases of the seasonal cycle, even when the rain band is located near the equator. The surface southerly monsoon onshore flow penetrates through the rain band in the entire season cycle. The depth of the southerly surface monsoon flow undergoes a seasonal variation, and is greatest during the peak season of the monsoon. A unique feature is a low-level (∼700 hPa) northerly flow penetrating through the rain band in various phases of the seasonal cycle. Risking possible biases of land-bound sounding data, these observations are synthesized into a schematic describing the salient features in the low-level circulation associated with the rain band in different phases of the seasonal cycle. This synthesized circulation pattern in West Africa is in contrast to the traditional conceptual circulation pattern associated with the marine ITCZ and other monsoon systems. The results from this study call for more research attention to the low-level meridional circulation for a full understanding of the dynamics of the WAM. This study also advocates the study of the WAM to be conducted in a broad context of the seasonal cycle in the region and in comparison to the marine ITCZ. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Self-Repairing SRAM Using On-Chip Detection and Compensation

In nanometer scale static-RAM (SRAM) arrays, systematic inter-die and random within-die variations in process parameters can cause significant parametric failures, severely degrading parametric yield. In this paper, we investigate the interaction between the inter-die and intra-die V t variations on SRAM read and write failures. To improve the robustness of the SRAM cell, we propose a closed-loop compensation scheme using on-chip monitors that directly sense the global read stability and writability of the cell. Simulations based on 45-nm partially depleted silicon-on-insulator technology demonstrate the viability and the effectiveness of the scheme in SRAM yield enhancement.
The Effects of Spirituality on Well-Being of People With Lung Cancer

Purpose/objectives To examine the effects of spirituality on the sense of well-being of people with lung cancer. Design Descriptive, correlational study. Setting Urban and rural oncology and radiation centers. Sample 60 adults ranging from 33-83 years of age. Most participants had non-small cell lung cancer and were female, Caucasian, and older than 50. Methods Participants completed a questionnaire composed of six survey instruments: Life Attitude Profile-Revised, Adapted Prayer Scale, Index of Well-Being, Symptom Distress Scale, a background information sheet, and a cancer characteristics questionnaire. Correlations among study concepts were examined, and multiple regression analysis was used to determine the effects of spirituality. Main research variables Meaning in life, prayer activities and experiences, symptom distress, and psychological well-being. Findings Higher meaning in life scores were associated with higher psychological well-being and lower symptom distress scores. Higher prayer scores were associated with higher psychological well-being scores. Regression analysis indicated that meaning in life mediated the relationship between functional status and physical responses to lung cancer and explained 9% of the variance in symptom distress. Prayer mediated the relationship between current physical health and psychological responses and explained 10% of the variance in psychological well-being. Conclusions Aspects of spirituality, meaning in life, and prayer have positive effects on psychological and physical responses in this group of people with lung cancer. Implications for nursing This research provides knowledge about spirituality and sense of well-being to guide the care of people with lung cancer.
Cellular sorting with femtoliter fluid displacement for integrated flow cytometry systems

An acousto-optical microfluidic flow cytometer featuring femtoliter fluid-displacement was demonstrated with cellular sorting efficiencies at upwards of 99% at 5 kHz frequency actuation. Simulation and validation was performed using Reynolds stress model for turbulent particle flows.
Diode-laser array modes : discrete and continuous models and their stability

A new class of mode profiles appropriate to large one-dimensional evanescently coupled laser diode arrays can be conveniently approximated by solutions to a Riccatti equation derived from a continuous model of the discrete array. Solutions of the latter model are shown to agree with the continuous solutions in the large-N limit. The continuous model has the advantage that new types of discrete array modes can readily be identified. Stability analyses of the discrete array modes as a function of increasing N confirm that these laser systems are intrinsically unstable in the free-running mode.
Differential Kinetics and Molecular Recognition Mechanisms Involved in Early Versus Late Growth Phase Staphylococcus aureus Cell Binding to Platelet Layers under Physiological Shear Conditions

Background. Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to platelets via microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) is a critical first step in vascular infection. The molecular mechanisms governing adhesion are influenced by the repertoire of MSCRAMMs expressed on the bacterial surface and the fluid mechanical shear rates present in the vasculature. We compared the predominant adhesion mechanisms between early and late growth phase S. aureus under physiological shear conditions. Methods. A parallel-plate flow chamber was used to quantify the adhesion of early and late growth phase S. aureus to immobilized platelet layers as a function of wall shear rate. Specifically, we evaluated the influence of clumping factor (Clf) A, ClfB, serine-aspartate repeats, fibronectin-binding proteins (Fnbps), and protein A in supporting S. aureus adhesion to platelets. The ability of the plasma proteins fibrinogen and fibronectin to act as bridging molecules was also investigated. Results. Our results demonstrate a markedly elevated binding efficiency for late growth phase staphylococci to immobilized platelets, compared with that of the early growth phase cells in the high shear regime. During the late growth phase, fibrinogen in concert with von Willebrand factor (vWF) potentiates S. aureus-platelet binding via shear-dependent mechanisms. By contrast, fibrinogen, but not vWF, supports the adhesion of early growth phase S. aureus at the high wall shear rates. During the early growth phase, ClfA is identified as the dominant staphylococcal adhesion receptor, with Fnbps playing a supporting role. Conclusion. The results presented here demonstrate a differential mechanism and binding efficiency for the adhesion of early versus late growth phase S. aureus to immobilized platelets.
Subprime Mortgage Delinquency and Default Rates by Metropolitan Area: An Analysis by Origination Vintages and Projections for 2007

Subprime mortgage default rates have led to a crisis in the residential mortgage markets unprecedented since the Great Depression. Information reported on these defaults has demonstrated that they vary by location and region. To properly understand the causes of such high rates of mortgage defaults, we undertook this study. It reports on a cross-section analysis of default rates of residential, subprime and Alt-A mortgages aggregated to the metropolitan areas (MSA) level. The hypotheses tested here represent the effects of loan and borrower level characteristics and MSA economic factors, such as MSA employment growth, unemployment rate, household income and housing price changes and their volatility on the level of default rates on subprime mortgages. We test these by origination vintage for 2005 and 2006 and project default rates by MSA into 2007 using 2006 vintage estimated parameters. We find that loan and borrower level characteristics such as loan-to-value ratio weighted by original loan balances, the weighted proportion of loans that have no documentation or the borrowers’ weighted FICO score and MSA economic factors of housing price changes and employment growth are highly statistically significant and economically important in explaining MSA subpirme residential mortgage default rates over the 359 MSAs for 2005 and 2006 vintages. The data used are from Loan Performance data base for 6 million subprime loans separated into 2005 and 2006 vintages, the OFHEO (now FHFA) Housing Price Index and household employment Dept. of Labor. Projections of housing price changes and employment growth for each MSA were used based on a linear extrapolation of the past 9 months of 2006 and the first 3 months of 2007. The main finding is that the projected default rates for all of 2007 are larger than those of 2005 and 2006 on average.
INITIAL ASSESSMENTS OF NOTCH DUCTILITY BEHAVIOR OF A533 PRESSURE VESSEL STEEL WITH NEUTRON IRRADIATION.

Abstract : Exploratory assessments were made of the Charpy-V notch ductility characteristics of heavy section A533-B and A533-C steel plate and submerged arc weldments following neutron irradiation at 550F. The experimental evaluations were performed largely with commercial production materials and included comparisons of materials in both Class 1 and Class 2 strength ranges. Postirradiation notch ductility properties of one 5-3/4-in. A533-B Class 1 electroslag weldment were also developed. Assessments made of relative irradiation performance were assisted by a compilation of recent information on the response of the ASTM reference A302-B steel plate. Major research findings include the observation of significant variability in radiation embrittlement sensitivity of A533-B and A533-C steel wherein the sensitivity level of plate and weld metal in some cases exceeded that of the ASTM reference plate. High radiation embrittlement sensitivity was noted for both submerged arc weld deposits examined; however, the data suggest that the performance of the weld-heat-affected zone parallels that of the parent plate. High embrittlement sensitivity was also noted for the electroslag weld deposit, in contrast to markedly low sensitivity of the weldment parent plate. The notch ductility behavior of A533 plate and weld metal under 550F irradiation was not found to be measurably influenced by either the strength class (Class 1 or 2) or by the particular grade of steel (Grade B or C). Similarly, there were no marked variations in irradiation response through the thickness of plate or weld metals, or between RW (longitudinal) versus WR (Transverse) orientations in cross-rolled plate. (Author)
Using Population-Based Survey Data to Monitor the Health of Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs and Disabilities

Population-based surveys serve as a key source of information about a range of health issues. Children and youth with special health care needs (CSHCN) or disabilities have been less visible in these efforts. However, a number of large-scale surveys over the years have captured health data that include and identify children, adolescents, and young adults with disabilities and/or special health care needs (SHCN). Such surveys provide a valuable window on the tremendous diversity of health conditions that may impact individuals from early development through adolescence and adulthood, as well as the many factors that can facilitate or hinder positive health and well-being.
Performance of the Vesta parallel file system

Vesta is an experimental parallel file system implemented on the IBM SPI. Its main features are support for parallel access from multiple application processes to file, and the ability to partition and re-partition the file data among these processes. This paper reports on a set of experiments designed to evaluate Vesta's performance. This includes basic single-node performance, and performance using parallel access with different file partitioning schemes. Results are that bandwidth scales with the number of I/O nodes accessed, and that orthogonal partitioning schemes achieve essentially the same performance. In many cases performance equals the disk hardware limit. This is often attributed to prefetching and write-behind in the I/O nodes. >
Consumption indicators of alcohol dependence

This Data Note evaluates various dichotomous measures of alcohol consumption as screeners for past-year alcohol dependence. The analysis is based on data from 22,102 current drinkers interviewed in the 1988 US National Health Interview Survey. The consumption indicators include measures of average daily intake, frequency of heavy drinking, usual quantity and frequency of drinking and various combinations of these measures. The measures based on frequency of heavy drinking are the most strongly correlated with dependence, but none of the consumption indicators have the sensitivity or specificity of screeners based on alcohol-related problems. Most of the consumption items considered in this analysis screen for dependence more successfully among men than among women.
Can pretreatment computed tomography predict local control in T3 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx treated with definitive radiotherapy

Purpose: To determine if pretreatment computed tomography (CT) can predict local control in T3 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx treated with definitive radiotherapy (RT). Methods and Materials: Forty-two patients with previously untreated T3 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx were treated for cure with RT alone; all had a minimum 2-year follow-up. Tumor volumes and extent were determined by consensus of two head and neck radiologists on pretreatment CT studies. A tumor score was calculated and assigned to each primary lesion depending on the extent of laryngeal spread. Sclerosis of any laryngeal cartilage was recorded. The specific CT parameters assessed were correlated with local control. Results: Tumor volume was a significant predictor of local control. For tumors measuring < 3.5 cm 3 ,local control was achieved in 22 of 26 patients (85%), whereas for tumors ≥ 3.5 cm3, local control was achieved in 4 of 16 patients (25%) (p = 0.0002). Sensitivity and specificity using this cutpoint were 85% and 75%, respectively. Tumor score as a measure of anatomic extent was also found to be a significant predictor of local control. The local control rate for tumors assigned a low tumor score (< 5) was 78% (21 of 27) compared to 33% (5 of 15) for tumors assigned a high tumor score (6, 7, or 8) (p = 0.008). A significant decrease in the local control rate was observed for cancers involving the paraglottic space at the false vocal cord level (14 of 16 [88%] vs. 12/26 [46%]) (p = 0.010), cancers involving the face of the arytenoid (15 of 18 [83%] vs. 11 of 24 [46%]) (p = 0.024), and tumors involving the interarytenoid region (25 of 36 [69%] vs. 1 of 6 [17%]; p = 0.020). There were 12 patients with sclerosis of both the ipsilateral arytenoid and the adjacent cricoid cartilage. These patients showed a significant decrease in local control (4 of 12 [33%]). Conclusion: Pretreatment CT can stratify patients with T3 glottic carcinoma into groups more or less likely to be locally controlled with definitive RT. The local control rate for these tumors can be improved using a CT-based tumor profile; the ideal CT profile for a radiocurable T3 glottic larynx carcinoma is volume < 3.5 cm 3 and no or single laryngeal cartilage sclerosis.
Convection with Rotation in a Neutral Ocean: A Study of Open-Ocean Deep Convection

Abstract The intensity and scale of the geostrophically adjusted end state of the convective overturning of a homogeneous rotating ocean of depth H at a latitude where the Coriolis parameter is f, induced by surface buoyancy loss of magnitude B0, are studied by numerical experiment. The experiments are related to observations and laboratory studies of open-ocean deep convection. A numerical model based on the nonhydrostatic Boussinesq equations is used. The grid spacing of the model is small enough that gross aspects of convective plumes themselves can be resolved, yet the domain of integration is sufficiently large to permit study of the influence of plumes on the large scale and geostrophic adjustment of the convected water. Numerical simulations suggest that cooling at the sea surface is offset by buoyancy drawn from depth through the agency of convective plumes. These plumes efficiently mix the water column to generate a dense chimney of fluid, which subsequently breaks up through the mechanism of bar...
Foreign listings, US equity markets, and the impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

This paper examines the effects of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) by studying both foreign firms’ decisions to list in the US and local market stock price reactions to US listing announcements. We have three main findings: First, we estimate that if SOX was a complete surprise to the market, US equity values would increase between six and eleven percent. Second, small firms do not react differently to SOX than large firms. Third, minority investors place greater value on the increased manager accountability imposed by SOX than on the costs associated with the increased accountability. In summary, we find no evidence that SOX impose substantial costs on US listed firms.
Lidar Detection of the Ten Tallest Trees in the Tennessee Portion of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Abstract This paper describes a method for predicting the locations and heights of the ten tallest trees in the Tennessee portion of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Iterative computation tools were utilized to process the data along with the lidarderived bare earth digital elevation models and digital surface models to create canopy height models for the Tennessee portion of the park. A height threshold of 51.8 meters was chosen as the minimum value for a tree of extraordinary height. Ten potential sites containing tall trees were identified using this methodology, and seven of the top ten ranking trees’ heights were field measured using accepted forestry methodology. The trees detected using these methods are potentially the tallest trees ever measured on the East Coast of the United States. These methods show that unique tall trees can be successfully detected in a large, heterogeneous forest area using lidar data.
Iron: Current Landscape and Efforts to Address a Complex Issue in a Complex World.

N utritional iron deficiency is the leading nutrient deficiency worldwide affecting more than 1 billion people, predominantly women, infants, and young children. The consequences of iron deficiency are significant for shortand longterm health, economic growth, and development. The question of how to best identify those at risk, as well as how to monitor the success of interventions in patients and populations, is complicated by a number of factors that include a complex biology and homeostatic controls that can compromise the safety and efficacy of interventions to address this global scourge. The complexity of this situation is exemplified by the reciprocal relationships between iron and the inflammatory response under a variety of developmental and health conditions. Not only does iron play an integral role in the function of the immune system and key elements of the inflammatory response, the converse is also true. This complex interrelationship is graphically manifested in the area of iron assessment as the performance and interpretation of the most common biomarkers used for iron assessment are affected by the presence of inflammation. Inflammation can be acute (because of infection) or chronic (because of obesity or a myriad of noncommunicable diseases). In effect, the inflammatory response causes the body to mobilize iron out of the peripheral circulation and reduces its ability to absorb iron from the diet. This physiological response then causes changes in the concentrations of biomarkers that reflect changes in iron physiology rather than changes in nutrition. Thus, one might interpret such results as reflecting a nutritional “deficiency” that is in fact a response to an infection and inflammation rather than a decrease in iron consumption. The dilemma this presents is that if someone actually is not nutritionally deficient and receives iron, it may not be safe. The details of this challenge, clinically and programmatically, are the focus of a series of activities that will be summarized.
Five-year Study of Patients with Lactating Adenoma and Review of the Literature

Background: Lactating adenoma is a benign breast mass related to physiological changes during pregnancy and increased estrogen level. Fibroadenoma and breast cancer should be considered in the differential diagnosis of this lesion. The purpose of this study was to report cases of lactating adenoma in Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC) and review the relevant literature. Methods: All patients with histological diagnosis of lactating adenoma between April 2010 and December 2015 were selected. Patients’ data were extracted from their medical records and follow-up of the patients were done through in-person examination or rarely by telephone call. Results: A total of 22 patients with pathological diagnosis of lactating adenoma were enrolled. The mean age of patients was 27±4.6 years. Fourteen patients were in breast-feeding period and eight were pregnant at the time of diagnosis. The chief complaint was breast mass in 16 patients and pain 6 patients. The mean size of masses was 4.1 cm (1.8-8 cm). For 13 patients, core needle biopsy (CNB) and for 6 patients open biopsy were performed and for the other 3 patients vacuum-assisted biopsy were done. In 5 patients, excisional biopsy was done in the follow-up period that one of them proved to be medullary carcinoma and other cases were benign. Conclusions: Lactating adenoma commonly presents as a palpable mass during the breastfeeding period or the third trimester of pregnancy. The most common ultrasonographic appearance is a hypoechoic mass with regular borders. It usually regresses after cessation of breastfeeding, however in patients with mass enlargement during the follow-up, period pathologic evaluation of the lesion through core needle biopsy should be performed to rule out coexistent carcinoma.
Intra- and Interspecific Variability of Echolocation Pulse Acoustics in the African Megadermatid Bats

The yellow-winged bat, Lavia frons, and the heart-nosed bat, Cardioderma cor, are sympatric species of the family Megadermatidae resident to East Africa. Cardioderma cor roost in groups and disperse to individual foraging areas at night, whereas L. frons roost in male-female pairs in Acacia trees within a foraging territory. Nightly foraging areas overlap across species, and thus interspecific differences in echolocation may reflect niche differences crucial for coexistence. Here we compare differences in echolocation from hand-released C. cor and L. frons, and L. frons individuals recorded during fly-bys. Furthermore, megadermatids display a host of social behaviors, including territoriality and singing, and thus intraspecific differences in echolocation may be important for facilitating behavior in this family but has not yet been assessed. We report the patterns of variability of echolocation by sex, body size, and individual of C. cor. We measured 354 pulses from 17 C. cor individuals and 35 pulses fr...
Impact of Electronic Medical Record Use on the Patient–Doctor Relationship and Communication: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND While Electronic Medical Record (EMR) use has increased dramatically, the EMR’s impact on the patient–doctor relationship remains unclear. This systematic literature review sought to understand the impact of EMR use on patient–doctor relationships and communication.
The Port Huron Statement: Sources and Legacies of the New Left's Founding Manifesto

While not directly focused on the history of American Communism, readers of this journal may find this collection most useful, especially because of the attempt by Students for a Democratic Society...
Managing Leviathan: The Intergovernmental Management Agenda for 1980

At a recent conference co-sponsored by OMB in Washington, D.C., one local official from North Bend, Oregon, characterized the 1960s as the "era of confrontation," the 1970s as the "era of frustration," and the dawning 1980s as the "era of reassessment."' Though that speaker was referring to broad societal trends and governmental activity, her characterizations could just as well be applied to changing views of federalism and intergovernmental relations. As the 1970s came to a close, new appraisals, or reassessments, of the current "state of the art" in intergovernmental management were proliferating, with a wide variety of descriptions, prescriptions, and caveats about American federalism's present status and future prospects. The picture that emerges from most of these commentaries is one of inadequate coordination of national government programs, widespread lack of cooperation on the part of many actors in the intergovernmental system, and the emergence of the national government as "leviathan." The leviathan image, by itself, is neither new nor altogether surprising; what is notable in all this is the extent to which such an image is coming to be shared.2 These critiques, among other factors, have spurred efforts at reforming current practices in intergovernmental relations, some of which may well come to fruition in 1980. The purpose of this article is to briefly examine three of those current efforts and what they might
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome associated with urinary tract hemangiomas

AbstractGenitourinary hemangiomas in 2 children with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome are reported. The presence of cutaneous hemangiomas should alert urologists to the possiblity of urinary tract hemangiomas in patients with gross hematuria. Transurethral manipulation of bladder hemangiomas should be avoided because of the danger of excessive hemorrhage, the treatment of choice being partial cystectomy.
Transcriptional regulation of ALV bursal lymphomagenesis.

Avian leukosis virus (ALV) induces bursal lymphoma in chickens after rare integration of proviral long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences next to the c-myc proto-oncogene. Labile LTR-binding proteins are essential for c-myc hyperexpression, since LTR-enhanced transcription, as well as the activity of the LTR-binding proteins, is specifically decreased following protein synthesis inhibition. This ability is restricted to hematopoetic cells of ALV-susceptible chicken strains, suggesting that the labile proteins play an important role in susceptibility to lymphomagenesis
Transcatheter Embolization Of Hypogastric Branch Arteries in the Management of Intractable Bladder Hemorrhage

Abstract Transcatheter embolization with inert material was found to be an effective modality to control hemorrhage from the bladder and other pelvic organs. Hemorrhage in the 14 patients studied was attributable to a variety of traumatic, neoplastic and congenital conditions. Superselective catheter techniques permit selective engagement of branch vessels, such as the superior vesical artery, and, therefore, limit embolization to the supply area of 1 branch. In patients with multiple demonstrable bleeding points supplied from different branch vessels embolization is best done by releasing the infarct particles in midstream of the appropriate division of the hypogastric artery and relying on the siphoning effect of the bleeding lesion to channel particles into the appropriate branches. To facilitate superselective engagement of branch vessels an approach via the axillary artery or the contralateral femoral artery is favored. Fluoroscopic monitoring and fractional embolization with decreasing volumes of embolic material for the second and subsequent embolization attempts are imperative to limit embolization to the desired region and preclude inadvertent regurgitation of embolic material into the main vessels with attendant embolization of distant capillary beds. An excellent collateral network in the bladder muscularis assures an acceptable capillary flow to any segment in which the principle vascular supply has been embolized and, thus, prevents tissue necrosis. However, the reduced pressure gradient in the embolized system allows adequate clot formation at bleeding points. In general, transcatheter embolization should be done only after bleeding points have been identified (extravasation of contrast medium on the diagnostic arteriogram). However, in cases with hemorrhage from the bladder owing to carcinoma of the bladder or to direct extension of other pelvic neoplasms, specific bleeding points may not be identifiable. Embolization of the entire vascular supply of the vesical component of such neoplasms is, nonetheless, most effective in control of this type of hemorrhage and usually can be accomplished by midstream injection of absorbable gelatin sponge into the anterior division of the hypogastric artery. The propensity of arteriovenous malformations to refill and reform via collaterals may necessitate repeat embolization for permanent obliteration.
Quantification and Prognosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Comparison of Echocardiographic and Catheterization Indices

Stroke work index (SWI), obtained by right heart catheterization as the product of stroke index (SI), and the difference of mean arterial blood pressure (BP) and mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAW) SWI=SI(BPxPAW)1.36 has been demonstrated to accurately reflect the extent and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction. Echocardiography provides an atraumatic technique by which many parameters of cardiac function may be assessed. Therefore we attempted to utilize echocardiography to construct an index of ventricular performance of quantitative and prognostic value. Echocardiography and right heart catheterization were performed simultaneously in 38 patients within 36 hours (average 12 hours) of acute myocardial infarction. The patient population consisted of 31 males and 7 females with a mean age of 60. Echoes were performed in a standard fashion with a commercially available ultrasonoscope while right heart catheterization was performed using a Swan-Ganz catheter. 10 patients suffered pump failure and death following infarction and were classified as non-survivors (NS) while 28 patients survived (S) the infarction. Clinical data, including chest x-ray and physical examination could not distinguish NS from S. SWI, determined by catheterization was markedly reduced in NS 10.5 as compared with survivors 33.3 (p<.001).
A novel method to synthesize bulk super saturated solid solutions Ge1-xSnx (x≤5.0%)

Abstract Sn substituted Ge1-xSnx type phases can have a variety of optoelectronic and energy applications as the band gap in these materials is tunable by varying x. Super saturated solid solutions Ge1-xSnx (x ≤ 5.0%) have been synthesized by ball milling the elements Ca, Ge and Sn together for a period of 6 h. Extended ball milling beyond 6 h has only a marginal effect on the incorporation of Sn in Ge. By treating the ball milled product in concentrated HCl and subsequently washing in distilled water, the impurity phases CaSn and Sn can be washed away. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 500 °C for 5 min at a pressure of 350 MPa has yielded discs of 70% theoretical density. However, the amount of Sn incorporated in the spark plasma sintered discs have been reduced to 2.5 at.%. Resistivity and Seebeck coefficient measurements show the semiconducting nature of these samples and the capability of p- and n-type doping with Ga and P, respectively.
Pancreatic cancer in 2017: Rebooting pancreatic cancer knowledge and treatment options

High stromal cellularity in pancreatic cancer is an important factor for ineffective treatment and molecular studies. In 2017, major advancements were made in transcriptional characterization, treatment delivery and clinical regimes, raising hope for a breakthrough against this deadly disease.
Angiotensin II acutely attenuates range of arterial baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity.

Acutely increasing peripheral angiotensin II (ANG II) reduces the maximum renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) observed at low mean arterial blood pressures (MAPs). We postulated that this obser...