cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods to Measure Olfactory Behavior in Mice

Mice rely on the sense of olfaction to detect food sources, recognize social and mating partners, and avoid predators. Many behaviors of mice, including learning and memory, social interaction, fear, and anxiety are closely associated with their function of olfaction, and behavior tasks designed to evaluate those brain functions may use odors as cues. Accurate assessment of olfaction is not only essential for the study of olfactory system but also critical for proper interpretation of various mouse behaviors, especially learning and memory, emotionality and affect, and sociality. Here we describe a series of behavior experiments that offer multidimensional and quantitative assessments for mouse olfactory function, including olfactory habituation, discrimination, odor preference, odor detection sensitivity, and olfactory memory, with respect to both social and nonsocial odors.
Chapter 1.2 The Distribution of Paleoarchean Crust

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the various aspects of the distribution of paleoarchean crust. The oldest preserved rocks occur as small blocks tectonically incorporated within younger orogens, most commonly Neoarchean orogens. These preserved blocks are generally
Abstract T P172: Putative Blood Biomarkers for Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome

Background: The pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms of Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) are unknown. Objective of the study was to identify putative biomarker proteins for RCVS. Methods: Patients were recruited from our institution’s prospective RCVS registry. Plasma samples were collected from 6 patients with RCVS during the acute cerebral vasoconstrictive phase, 2 patients at 6-month follow-up after resolution of vasoconstriction, and 4 patients with CNS vasculitis. After appropriate processing, plasma samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on a high resolution Orbitrap-Elite FT-MS system. The quantitation was performed by searching the data with the programs Mascot and Sequest. These search results were then uploaded into the program Scaffold. Quantitation was performed by comparing normalized spectral counts (nSC) for the samples. The data was filtered based on several parameters including 2 matching peptides, a FDR of 1.0%, a protei...
Automotive low power technology for IoT society

This paper addresses automotive low power technologies in Internet of Things (IoT) societies, where the interaction among cloud information, real-time recognition and vehicle control is a key. High reliability and high performance with low power under the harsh operating conditions are strongly demanded for automotive microcontroller units (MCUs). Our developed embedded Flash (eFlash) and SRAM achieved those required performance at up to Tj=170°C mainly for the vehicle control solution. To perform the highly robust computation in car information applications, the power management involving adaptive voltage scaling and real time power saving are adopted. Moreover other low-power schemes such as multi core CPU system with the easier parallelism and the digitally assisted ADC are introduced.
Recent dust explosion experiences in the U.S. grain industry

After the explosions of December 1977 intense scrutiny was given to the occurrence of fires and explosions in grain handling and processing facilities in the United States. The conditions leading to fires and explosions in these facilities-fuel, oxidizer, ignition, mixing, and confinement-had been identified immediately following World War I. At the beginning of this decade the National Academy of Sciences investigated 14 explosion incidents, reported on the findings, and made recommendations concerning accident prevention. As the decade has progressed, however, these fires and explosions have continued with reports of investigations being available for some major incidents. The continuing critical factor in these explosions is the massive uncontrolled accumulations of fuel. In the effort to eliminate this industrial hazard, the U.S. Department of Labor has issued Draft Final Standards pertaining to safety hazards in grain-handling facilities. It is clear that it is technically feasible to eliminate fire and explosion hazards from the grain and agricultural products industry because these events do not occur as a result of unknown, unpreventable causes.
Impact of Closure of a Safety Net HIV Case Management Agency

Safety net healthcare agencies serve important roles within organizational networks, yet little research has examined the impact of their closure on other healthcare organizations. Using a case study approach, we explored the impact of the sudden closure of a prominent safety net HIV agency on other HIV service organizations and clients in a U.S. city. We conducted 23 key informant interviews and examined newspaper articles and agency publications. The agency's closure led to many clients being lost to the system, delays in care, and the loss of a caring community asset that provided unique services together (e.g., legal aid, showers, laundry, lockers for homeless people). Other organizations suffered since they had relied on the agency for case management services. Agencies should engage in transition planning and sustainability planning to ensure continuity of services. Policymakers must implement health system changes in a planned manner wherever possible.
UT Austin Villa 2011: a champion agent in the RoboCup 3D soccer simulation competition

This paper presents the architecture and key components of a simulated humanoid robot soccer team, UT Austin Villa, which was designed to compete in the RoboCup 3D simulation competition. These key components include (1) an omnidirectional walk engine and associated walk parameter optimization framework, (2) an inverse kinematics based kicking architecture, and (3) a dynamic role assignment and positioning system. UT Austin Villa won the RoboCup 2011 3D simulation competition in convincing fashion by winning all 24 games it played. During the course of the competition the team scored 136 goals while conceding none. We analyze the effect of each component in isolation and show through extensive experiments that the complete team significantly outperforms all the other teams from the competition.
Epi-detected Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Imaging of Deep Tissues in vivo

We report in vivo molecular imaging of mouse sciatic nerve by epi-detected coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (E-CARS) microscopy with vibrational selectivity, high signal-to-background ratio, 3D spatial resolution, and real-time imaging capability. The large CARS signal from the CH2 stretch vibration allows highly sensitive and selective imaging of the myelin membrane which possesses a high lipid to protein ratio. The underlying contrast mechanism of in vivo CARS is explored by 3D imaging of fat cells that surround the nerve as well as dermal adipocytes in the mouse ear. Simultaneous E-CARS imaging of myelinated axons and second harmonic generation imaging of the surrounding collagen fibers were performed in vivo without any labeling. Finally, we show that CARS microscopy is able to distinguish between healthy myelin and disintegrated myelin induced by lysolecithin based on decrease in E-CARS intensity as well as loss of dependence on excitation polarization. Our system provides a multimodality in vivo imaging tool for studying neurodegenerative disorders.
Inheritance of groat protein percentage in Avena sativa L. × A. Fatua L. Crosses

Gene action and heritability of groat protein percentage were determined in F1, F2, and F3 generations of nine crosses between three Avena sativa L. cultivars and three A. fatua L. selections. Relationships among groat protein percentage, grain yield, and 100-seed weight also were evaluated. The three A. sativa parents were Dal (high grain yield and intermediate groat protein percentage), Goodland (low grain yield and high groat protein percentage), and Stout (high grain yield and low groat protein percentage). The three A. fatua parents were chosen for the study on the basis of vigorous plant growth and high groat protein percentage. The study was conducted at Madison, Wisconsin in 1979 and 1980.
A revised concept of landscape equilibrium: Disturbance and stability on scaled landscapes

Temporal and spatial scales of disturbance and recovery are often confounded in discussions of landscape equilibrium. We developed a broad framework for the description of landscapes that separates the spatial and temporal scales of disturbance and recovery and predicts the resultant dynamics of a landscape. Two key parameters representing time and space are used to describe potential disturbance dynamics. The temporal parameter, T, is the ratio of the disturbance interval (i.e., time between successive disturbance events) to the time required for a disturbed site to recover to a mature stage. The spatial parameter, S, is the ratio of the size of the disturbance to the size of the landscape. The use of ratios in both parameters permits the comparison of landscapes across a range of spatial and temporal scales. A simple simulation model was developed to explore the implications of various combinations of S and T. For any single simulation, disturbances of a fixed size are imposed at random locations on a gridded landscape at specified intervals. Disturbed sites recover deterministically through succession. Where disturbance interval is long relative to recovery time and a small proportion of the landscape is affected, the system is stable and exhibits low variance over time (e.g., northeastern hardwood forests). These are traditional “equilibrium” systems. Where disturbance interval is comparable to recovery interval and a large proportion of the landscape is affected, the system is stable but exhibits large variance (e.g., subalpine forests in Yellowstone Park). Where disturbance interval becomes much shorter than recovery time and a large proportion of the landscape is affected, the system may become unstable and shift into a different trajectory (e.g., arid ecosystems with altered fire regimes). This framework permits the prediction of disturbance conditions that lead to qualitatively different landscape dynamics and demonstrates the scale-dependent nature of concepts of landscape equilibrium.
Energy barriers and structural transitions of small Al clusters

Energy barriers between low-lying configurational states were calculated for several small Al clusters. Calculations were carried out considering a model potential comprising two- and three-body interactions. Parameters used in this potential energy function were evaluated from fits to high level ab initio calculations for Al clusters. Energy barriers separating low-lying configurations were found to be in varying heights. Results indicate that isomeric transformations between several low-lying high-symmetry forms of small Al clusters are quite likely and may take place at relatively low temperatures.
Loss of functional Fas ligand enhances intestinal tumorigenesis in the Min mouse model

Fas ligand (FasL/CD95L), a member of the tumor necrosis factor family, interacts with a specific receptor Fas, ultimately leading to cell death. Tumor expression of FasL has been proposed to aid in immune evasion through a "Fas counterattack" mechanism but has also been described as a proinflammatory factor. Here, we tested the role of FasL in a mouse model of spontaneous tumor development. We used the Min mouse in which multiple benign polyps develop in the intestine due to a mutation in the Apc tumor suppressor gene. Mutant mice deficient in functional FasL, termed gld/gld, were crossed to Min mice to generate tumor-prone animals lacking functional FasL. Comparison of FasL-deficient versus proficient Min mice revealed a significant increase in polyp number in the gld/gld mice. We next assessed immune cell infiltration into adenomas. There was no difference in the number of either lymphocytes or macrophages; however, the number of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils was 3-fold lower in the gld/gld specimens compared with controls. Neutrophil migration in vitro was stimulated by wild-type but not mutant FasL. In a nontumor-bearing colitis model in vivo, neutrophil recruitment to the intestine was also reduced in gld/gld mice. Although the Fas counterattack hypothesis suggests that the absence of FasL would result in increased immune-mediated tumor elimination, the opposite is true in the Min model with lack of functional FasL associated with reduced neutrophil influx and increased tumor development. Thus, the proinflammatory rather than counterattack role of tumor FasL is more relevant.
Intensive hemodialysis for cardiomyopathy associated with end-stage renal disease

Heart and kidney dysfunction often coexist, and increasing evidence supports the interaction of these two organs, as demonstrated by the clinical condition known as cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). We report a pediatric patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who developed a dilated cardiomyopathy and decompensated heart failure after undergoing unilateral nephrectomy and while on maintenance peritoneal dialysis. He showed marked improvement in his cardiac function with the addition of intensive hemodialysis. We discuss the pathophysiology of cardiorenal syndrome in patients with ESRD and suggest that intensive dialysis may be an effective therapy for this condition.
Doppler tissue imaging

Summary Doppler tissue imaging is a novel means of imaging that interrogates high amplitude, low velocity echoes in the range of tissue and myocardial motion. In addition to providing a qualitative aid in edge detection and wall motion analysis, quantitative interrogation of myocardial velocities may provide insights into normal and abnormal systolic and diastolic ventricular function. The technique and applicability of Doppler tissue imaging will continue to evolve with ongoing advances in imaging hardware and software.
An unusual urethral fistula site

Abstract Two cases studies of unusual urethral fistulas, complicated by bilateral removal of the ischium have been presented.
Examining Change in Cortisol Patterns During the 10‐Week Transition to a New Child‐Care Setting

The transition to out-of-home child care brings a number of challenges for children, including complex peer interactions and extended separations from parents. Children often show a midmorning to afternoon rise in cortisol on child-care days, compared to the typical diurnal decline seen at home. Changes in cortisol were examined in a wide age range of children (N = 168; 1.2 months to 8 years, M = 3.27 years) during the 10-week transition to a new child-care setting. Structural equation modeling using latent change scores showed that children experienced an increase in the cortisol rise at child care across the 10-week transition. Furthermore, child age moderated the difference between home- and child-care cortisol patterns. Findings are placed in a developmental context, and potential implications and future directions are discussed.
The direct synthesis of 2-Oxazolines from carboxylic esters using lanthanide chloride as catalyst

Abstract Using catalytic amounts of lanthanide III (Ln = La, Sm) chlorides and amino alkoxides as reagents, an one-pot direct synthesis for 2-oxazolines, in good yield, from carboxylic esters has been developed.
Management of Acute Concussion in a Deployed Military Setting

The DoD has established clinical guidelines and policies creating a system of care for the management of battlefield concussion. Within these instructions, medical providers have standardized guidance for screening and diagnosing concussion, along with guidelines for treating common concussion symptoms. Underlying these policies is the principle that concussion is an important injury, and SMs need to be removed from combat during the acute period to ensure full recovery before return to duty. As our understanding of concussion advances, the DoD will incorporate these advances into the current system of care, ensuring that SMs have the highest level of care possible for concussions sustained on the battlefield.
Metabolic Syndromes Associated With HIV: Mitigating the Side Effects of Drug Therapy.

HIV infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are associated with a variety of metabolic disorders such as AIDS wasting syndrome, cachexia, sarcopenia, metabolic deregulation, lipodystrophy, abnormalities of serum lipids, and lactic acidosis. Adjunctive therapies (eg, diet, antilipid therapy), risk-factor modification (eg, smoking cessation, blood pressure control), aerobic exercise, and anabolic treatments can be used to mitigate the effects of HIV infection and the adverse effects of HAART, thereby improving long-term health in individuals infected with HIV.
Silence and the uncanny: Partition in the soundtrack of Khamosh Pani

This essay analyzes the soundtrack of Sabiha Sumar's Punjabi film Khamosh Pani (2003). Lauded for its trenchant critique of religious fundamentalism and its sensitive portrayal of women's experiences of social and political violence, Khamosh Pani offers a feminist intervention into the historiography of Partition and the discourse on trauma and testimony, both fields that have historically disregarded the particularities of women's lives in South Asia. This essay argues that sound and music are key to the film's critical project. Khamosh Pani articulates the dangers of censorship and the power of women's silence as a mode of protest using a range of formal devices (musical, verbal, visual, narrative, and figurative). The film also evokes the violence and trauma of Partition through its use of ‘distanciated sound.’ This Brechtian strategy produces a visceral experience of the uncanny that forcefully challenges extant accounts of time, history, and communalism in South Asia.
Police perceptions of domestic violence: the nexus of victim, perpetrator, event, self and law

Whether they are research summaries or state of affairs pieces, existing commentaries are critical of police response to domestic violence calls. Charged with leisurely response times, being reluctant to make an arrest, devaluing victims, siding with batterers, or subverting new policies, the police are depicted as part of the problem rather than as part of the solution. Interviews with working police officers and their chiefs suggest this view is at odds with police perceptions of domestic violence. This paper describes a police “voice” about domestic violence through an analysis of intensive interview responses by 21 patrol officers and six police chiefs in departments located in a rural county in New York State. The data suggest police definitions of the domestic violence situation are developed from the nexus of separate views they have of “victim”, “perpetrator”, “event”, “self”, and the “law.” These views are described and implications for policy implementation are discussed.
Effect of water solvation on the lipophilicity of isomeric pyrimidine-carboxamides.

Abstract Incorporation of nitrogen is a common medicinal chemistry tactic to reduce log D values. Neighboring group participation influences log D , so the results are isomer dependent. The log D and log P differences observed between isomeric pyrimidines 1 , 2 and 3 presumably result when the carbonyl or ether lone pairs are in close proximity to a heterocyclic nitrogen lone pair, recruiting water to bridge between the electron rich atoms. Various lipophilicity calculators did not discriminate between 1 (log D = 2.6) and 3 (log D = 1.0), but solvation energies using Poisson–Boltzmann and 3D-RISM methods rationalize the observed differences in lipophilicity among pyrimidine carboxamide isomers.
Performance study of Ke factors in simplified elastic plastic fatigue analyses with emphasis on thermal cyclic loading

Abstract As code-based fully elastic plastic code conforming fatigue analyses are still time consuming, simplified elastic plastic analysis is often applied. This procedure is known to be overly conservative for some conditions due to the applied plastification (penalty) factor K e . As a consequence, less conservative fully elastic plastic fatigue analyses based on non-linear finite element analyses (FEA) or simplified elastic plastic analysis based on more realistic K e factors have to be used for fatigue design. The demand for more realistic K e factors is covered as a requirement of practical fatigue analysis. Different code-based K e procedures are reviewed in this paper with special regard to performance under thermal cyclic loading conditions. Other approximation formulae such as those by Neuber, Seeger/Beste or Kuehnapfel are not evaluated in this context because of their applicability to mechanical loading excluding thermal cyclic loading conditions typical for power plant operation. Besides the current code-based K e corrections, the ASME Code Case N-779 (e.g. Adam’s proposal) and its modification in ASME Section VIII is considered. Comparison of elastic plastic results and results from the Rules for Nuclear Facility Components and Rules for Pressure Vessels reveals a considerable overestimation of usage factor in the case of ASME III and KTA 3201.2 for the examined examples. Usage factors according to RCC-M, Adams (ASME Code Case N-779), ASME VIII (alternative) and EN 13445-3 are essentially comparable and less conservative for these examples. The K v correction as well as the applied yield criterion (Tresca or von Mises) essentially influence the quality of the more advanced plasticity corrections (e.g. ASME Code Case N-779 and RCC-M). Hence, new proposals are based on a refined K v correction.
Algorithms for quadratic constrained matrix problems

In this paper we propose two algorithms for the quadratic constrained matrix problem-the problem of computing the best possible estimate of an unknown matrix with known bounds on individual entries, known row and column totals, and known weighted totals of subsets of individual entries. The problem has been widely studied since it frequently appears as a ''core'' problem in a variety of application areas. To date, the diagonal case of this problem has received the majority of attention from researchers; here we focus primarily on the solution of problems with any positive definite quadratic form as minimand. We also provide results of computational experiments with our two algorithms and with our implementation of an algorithm of Bachem and Korte.
A review of endosulfan, dichlorvos, diazinon, and diuron--pesticides used in Jamaica.

The global agricultural sector is the primary user of pesticides, consuming more than three billion kilograms of pesticides annually. Although pesticides are beneficial in controlling the proliferation of pests, they have been associated with adverse human and ecological impacts. Approximately 87% of the annually imported pesticides in Jamaica are applied within agricultural or household settings. However, in Jamaica, the potential impact on humans, their property, and the environment is unknown, as the fate of many of the locally applied pesticides has not been established. This review discusses four pesticides extensively applied in agricultural practices in Jamaica – endosulfan, diazinon, diuron, and dichlorvos. The information presented is essential for the development of fate and transport models of these chemicals. Consequently, health and ecological impact assessments may be conducted from the generated models.
Heterotic strings with tree level cosmological constant

Abstract We discuss heterotic (and super) string compactification with tree level cosmological constant. The question of having a small supersymmetry breaking is also addressed.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and family functioning in adolescent cancer

Twenty three adolescents with a history of cancer, 27 physically abused adolescents, and 23 healthy, nonabused adolescents were administered structured posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) interviews and self-report questionnaires regarding family functioning. Thirty five percent of adolescent cancer subjects met criteria for lifetime PTSD as compared to only 7% of the abused adolescents: 17% of the cancer subjects and 11% of the abuse subjects met criteria for current PTSD. Adolescents with cancer viewed their mothers and fathers as significantly more caring and more protective than the comparison and abused adolescents. Cancer subjects who met criteria for lifetime PTSD saw their families as significantly more chaotic than those who did not have PTSD. Eighty three percent of cancer subjects who had lifetime PTSD also had mothers who had PTSD.
Sound Body, Sound Mind—The Impact of the Mental Health Parity Act of 2008

On October 3, 2008, in response to bank and lending house failures and the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression, President Bush signed into law the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, more commonly known as the “bailout bill.” As funds 1 from the financial relief program created by the bailout bill, the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP), are spent to slowly reverse the economic recession, another positive effect of the bailout bill has already taken hold in an area having nothing to do with financial markets—health insurance coverage for Americans suffering from mental illness. This is because, buried within the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, is the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Act of 2008 (the “2008 Act”)—legislation that requires parity in insurance coverage for physical and mental illness.
Computers, anxiety, and gender: an analysis of reactions to the Y2K computer problem

The current study investigated computer attitudes, anxiety, behavior, and gender in the context of a computer-related uncertain event with potentially far-reaching implications, the Y2K computer problem. Internet-based data collection resulted in a sample of 1500 participants who completed questionnaires on a research website. Path analyses showed that Y2K anxiety and preparations were significantly predicted by a number of variables, including computer anxiety and negative attitudes toward computers, trait anxiety, and gender. Trait anxiety significantly predicted computer anxiety and negative attitudes toward computers. Gender significantly predicted Y2K anxiety, trait anxiety, and computer anxiety, but indirect effects of gender on Y2K anxiety as mediated by the other variables were not significant, suggesting that women's higher levels of trait and computer anxiety did not explain their greater Y2K anxiety. The path model with the best overall fit included computer anxiety predicting negative attitudes computers rather than vice versa. Implications for interventions aimed at reducing situation-specific computer anxiety are discussed, including the importance of targeting anxiety directly, not just negative thoughts about computers.
Noninvasive radionuclide procedures for diagnosis and management of myocardial ischemia.

Three noninvasive radionuclide techniques are of value in diagnosis and management of patients with myocardial ischemia.201Thallium is an analogue of potassium that is distributed in myocardial tissue in proportion to regional blood flow following intravenous administration. Studies obtained using this agent during rest and exercise identify regions of myocardial fibrosis and ischemia and provide a functional assessment of regional blood flow. Improvement in the distribution of regional myocardial perfusion has been documented following coronary artery bypass grafting, and the procedure may have practical importance in the postoperative assessment of patients.99mTechnetium pyrophosphate is a radiopharmaceutical that localizes in acutely infarcted myocardial tissue and is of particular benefit in the diagnosis of postoperative myocardial infarction. Documentation of acute myocardial infarction by this method is indicated in patients in whom the diagnosis cannot be confirmed by electrocardiograms or other clinical modalities. Radionuclide angiocardiography is a third radionuclide technique that holds great promise in the management of patients with myocardial ischemia. A single bolus injection of tracer with rapid recording of precordial counts using a computerized gamma camera provides measurement of individual chamber transit times and mean volumes, cardiac output, and ventricular volumes and ejection fraction. The study provides serial measurements of cardiac function and permits evaluation of the cardiac response to acute exercise stress. Patients with myocardial ischemia acutely dilate the left ventricle in response to increased cardiac work load, and the magnitude of dilatation appears to be related to the magnitude of ischemia. Successful myocardial revascularization reverses the abnormal response to exercise, and greatly improved left ventricular function can be documented during exercise following coronary artery bypass grafting.
Oxidation by tyrosinase of compounds containing tyrosyl groups as studied by absorption spectroscopy.

Abstract Kinetic absorption spectroscopy at both room temperature and at 77° K. has been applied to the study of the action of tyrosinase on tyrosie and on compounds containing tyrosyl groups. Evidence is obtained that the oxidation of all susceptible substrates proceeds through the 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl-alanine group (dopa) as an intermediate. Only in the case of tyrosine is there formed a typical hallochrome intermediate and, as the end product, a black, insoluble melanin pigment. The enzymatic of tyrosine is retarded by cystine and glycerol, but not by norleucine. Serum albumin is found to be completely refractory to tyrosinase and insulin is only slightly oxidized, while denatured pepsin is strongly affected. Partial hydrolysates of pepsin and insulin are profoundly oxidized by tyrosinase. The oxidation by tyrosinase of proteins and protein partial hydrolysates is characterized by an over-all increase in optical density, by a pronounced decrease in the ratio of maximum to minimum absorption and by the development of a shoulder in the 325 mμ region. Differences, in the oxidation of tyrosine and of proteins by tyrosinase are ascribed to the fact that some tyrosyl groups in proteins are refractory because they do not have free phenolic hydroxyl groups. Other differences are related to the fact that in proteins both the tyrosyl amino and carboxyl groups are usually combined in peptide bonds. Studies of the action of tyrosinase on certain synthetic derivatives of tyrosine are consistent with this interpretation. These derivatives included p-methoxytyrosine, which is refractory to tyrosinase, and tyrosine ethyl ester, N-formyl tyrosine, N-formyl tyrosine ethyl ester and glycyl-l-tyrosine which were readily oxidized. In the case of derivatives in which carboxyl or amino, or both, groups were combined, the action of tyrosinase was parallel in most respects to its action on proteins and protein partial hydrolysates.
Use of manganin-constantan thermocouples in thermometry units designed for copper-constantan thermocouples.

Commercial ultrasound hyperthermia systems typically include thermometry units designed for copper-constantan thermocouples. Replacing these copper-constantan thermocouples with manganin-constantan thermocouples is advantageous in reducing the measurement error caused by the conduction of heat along the copper wire, but their performance in these thermometry units is uncertain. The accuracy of manganin-constantan thermocouples in the Labthermics LT-100, Clini-Therm TS1200/TM100, and Physitemp TM-12 thermometry units was investigated using a temperature controlled circulating water bath monitored by a mercury thermometer having a calibration traceable to NIST. The results demonstrate that an accuracy of ±0.2°C can be achieved with manganin-constantan thermocouples over the range 35–55°C without hardware modification provided specific calibration procedures are followed. With the Labthermics LT-100, a double point calibration should be carried out at 35 and 55°C. With the Clini-Therm TS1200/TM100, a self-ca...
Theory of the contribution of the electron-phonon interaction to the anisotropic electronic lifetime and transport properties of zine

Using pseudopotential theory for the phonons, electrons, and electron-phonon interaction of zine, we have calculated several electronic properties of this metal. Among these are the electron lifetime at three positions on the Fermi surface, the anisotropic electrical resistivity, the anisotropic thermal conductivity, and the ultrasonic attenuation, all due to the electron-phonon interaction, and all as a function of temperature. For the electrical resistivity, two solutions of the Boltzmann equation were obtained, one consisting of a single spherical harmonic, and the other made up of six spherical harmonics. The single spherical harmonic is not adequate at low temperatures.
CENTRIFUGAL PRECIPITATION CHROMATOGRAPHY: NOVEL FRACTIONATION METHOD FOR BIOPOLYMERS, BASED ON THEIR SOLUBILITY

ABSTRACT A recently developed chromatographic system called centrifugal precipitation chromatography is reviewed. The system internally generates a concentration gradient of precipitant, such as ammonium sulfate for protein separation, through a long separation channel under a centrifugal force field. Chromatographic elution is performed by gradually lowering the concentration of the precipitant in the gradient, so that the samples are subjected to a repetitive process of dissolution and precipitation along the channel, until they are finally eluted from the column according to their solubility. The separation column consists of a pair of disks equipped with mutually mirror-imaged spiral grooves. A dialysis membrane is sandwiched between these disks to form two identical channels partitioned by the membrane. The disk assembly is mounted on a seal-less continuous flow centrifuge. When a concentrated ammonium sulfate solution is eluted through one channel and water through the other channel in an opposite d...
962 NUTRITION-INFECTION INTERACTIONS IN THE COMPROMISED HOST

Malnutrition and infection are two of the major factors affecting morbidity and mortality in children throughout the world. To evaluate the interrelation between these two conditions, we assessed the immune status of 17 children with clinical and laboratory evidence of major bacterial, viral or parasitic infections and varying manifestations of malnutrition. Using standard anthropometric measurements (Bull. WHO 46:547, 1972), the average height for age was below the 50th percentile, and the weight for height below the 25th percentile. Quantitative immunoglobulins, diptheria and tetanus antibody titers, and C3 levels were normal to elevated in most cases. NBT dye reduction was at least 90% of controls. In contrast, PMN chemotaxis was markedly depressed in 11 of 17 patients when compared to controls. Skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity (DH) were positive to PPD-S (1), SKSD (6), and C. albicans (1). Thus, both PMN chemotactic responsiveness and DH skin tests were depressed in these children, indicating that malnutrition has a much greater effect on the cellular portion of the inflammatory mechanism. Our findings are in contrast to previous studies in which normal children with active infection have been shown to have markedly enhanced PMN chemotaxis and metabolism (JCI 53:996, 1974; JID 141:14, 1980). This suggests that the host's nutritional status plays a more important role in modulating the cellular portion of the acute inflammatory response than the mere presence of infection.
The evaluation of heavy metals (Chromium, nickel, and cobalt) in the aqueous sediment surrounding a coal burning generating plant

Abstract The aqueous sediments of several lakes around Houston's first coal‐fired electrical plant have been analyzed for trace quantities (1–100 ppm) of chromium, nickel, and cobalt by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Variations of trace metal concentrations with respect to depth suggest a recent contribution to the aqueous sediment only where there is an increase in the top three centimeters of sediment. This study reveals that such additions of these metals to the aqueous sediment appear to have been minimal. Additionally, it is shown that iron and manganese influence the distribution of trace metals within the aqueous sediment. It 1s believed, however; that the low levels detected are due, primarily, to the plant having been operational for only one to two years during the course of this work. Nevertheless, this effort establishes invaluable baseline data for determining any future anthropogenic conditions due to either this coal‐fired electrical plant or other industrialization of southwest Houston.
Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of microcalcification in an animal model of breast cancer.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives. At present, there is no animal model of breast cancer that forms reproducible microcalcification. The aim of this study was to develop a straightforward, reproducible model system that could be used to develop multimodality contrast agents for the identification of breast cancer microcalcification. Methods. The R3230 mammary adenocarcinoma cell line was implanted in the mammary fat pad of female Fischer 344 rats (two rats with two implanted tumors and two rats with a single implanted tumor). After growth to 1–2 cm in diameter, tumors were implanted with 100 μm hydroxyapatite crystals (positive control) or calcium oxalate crystals (negative control). Twenty-four hours after crystal implantation, rats were injected intravenously with a previously described near-infrared fluorescent bisphosphonate derivative known as Pam78, and the tumors were imaged using a reflectance optical imaging system. Results. Tumors implanted with hydroxyapatite displayed bright, focal, near-infrared fluorescence in the area of crystal implantation. Control tumors, grown in the same animal and implanted with calcium oxalate, did not display any near-infrared fluorescence, even along the needle track used for crystal implantation. Conclusions. A simple and rapid animal model of focal calcification in breast cancer tumors has been developed and validated. The model used Pam78, a near-infrared fluorescent contrast agent specific for hydroxyapatite. The potential usefulness of the model for developing similar contrast agents for magnetic resonance and other imaging modalities is discussed.
Electrochemical reduction of CO2 with clathrate hydrate electrolytes and copper foam electrodes

Abstract We report on the first use of clathrate hydrates as electrolyte additive in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. Clathrate hydrates allow the enrichment of significantly larger volumes of gas than liquids can usually dissolve. Electrolyte solutions containing 10% mass THF with and without CO 2 containing clathrate hydrates were investigated with a copper-foam working electrode. Our results show that at − 1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl the Faradaic efficiency for the production of CO and further reduced carbonaceous products was 80% with clathrates vs 20% with non-clathrate electrolytes of identical chemical composition at nearly equal temperature.
The solidification of magnesium-rich alloys containing Al, Ca, and Sr

The thermodynamic description of the Mg-Al-Ca-Sr quaternary system in the magnesium-rich region was developed on the basis of the authors’ previous work on the key constituent ternaries, such as Mg-Al-Ca and Mg-Al-Sr systems. Using this description coupled with the Scheil model, the calculated solidification paths of several Mg-Al-Sr ternary alloys and Mg-Al-Ca-Sr quaternary alloys are in good accordance with experimental results from directional solidification as well as published results from cast alloys. These results validate the reliability of the present thermodynamic description of the Mg-Al-Ca-Sr quaternary system in the magnesium-rich region. More importantly, the predicative nature of the calculation either using only thermodynamic data or coupled with the kinetic model makes it possible to exploit new alloy compositions where experimental investigation has not been attempted.
Significance of interactions of low molecular weight crystallin fragments in lens aging and cataract formation.

Analysis of aged and cataract lenses shows the presence of increased amounts of crystallin fragments in the high molecular weight aggregates of water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions. However, the significance of accumulation and interaction of low molecular weight crystallin fragments in aging and cataract development is not clearly understood. In this study, 23 low molecular mass (<3.5-kDa) peptides in the urea-soluble fractions of young, aged, and aged cataract human lenses were identified by mass spectroscopy. Two peptides, αB-(1–18) (MDIAIHHPWIRRPFFPFH) and βA3/A1-(59–74) (SD(N)AYHIERLMSFRPIC), present in aged and cataract lens but not young lens, and a third peptide, γS-(167–178) (SPAVQSFRRIVE) present in all three lens groups were synthesized to study the effects of interaction of these peptides with intact α-, β-, and γ-crystallins and alcohol dehydrogenase, a protein used in aggregation studies. Interaction of αB-(1–18) and βA3/A1-(59–74) peptides increased the scattering of light by β- and γ-crystallin and alcohol dehydrogenase. The ability of α-crystallin subunits to function as molecular chaperones was significantly reduced by interaction with αB-(1–18) and βA3/A1-(59–74) peptides, whereas γS peptide had no effect on chaperone-like activity of α-crystallin. The βA3/A1-(59–74 peptide caused a 5.64-fold increase in αB-crystallin oligomeric mass and partial precipitation. Replacing hydrophobic residues in αB-(1–18) and βA3/A1-(59–74) peptides abolished their ability to induce crystallin aggregation and light scattering. Our study suggests that interaction of crystallin-derived peptides with intact crystallins could be a key event in age-related protein aggregation in lens and cataractogenesis.
Pyrite activation in amyl xanthate flotation with nitrogen

Abstract The low potential hydrophobic state of pyrite in amyl xanthate (PAX) flotation with nitrogen is of particular interest with regard to the N 2 TEC flotation technology currently being used for the recovery of auriferous pyrite at Newmont’s Lone Tree Plant in Nevada. Initially, the N 2 TEC system had been found to operate satisfactorily, but cyanide in the flotation mill water appeared to be responsible for a loss in pyrite recovery. This supposition was confirmed with laboratory experiments, and a program was initiated to study flotation chemistry variables by electrochemically controlled contact angle measurements. Experimental results show that activation of pyrite in such cyanide solutions can be achieved more effectively with lead than with copper. Subsequently, based on these fundamental studies, significant improvement at the Lone Tree Plant was achieved by lead activation, in which case the recovery increased to expected levels. The effect of activator is particularly significant not only with respect to pyrite depression by residual cyanide, but also with respect to collector (PAX) consumption and the initial state of the pyrite surface. Experimental results show the importance of the pyrite surface state and the rather interesting features of the activation process.
Radiocadmium exchange with seawater by Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae)

Mummichogs, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) accumulated Cd 115m (NO3)2 from synthetic seawater solutions during a period of 25 days, but the rate of whole body accumulation decreased with increasing concentrations of stable Cd2+ in the medium. Viscera were the major repository of Cd 115m during uptake, especially gastrointestinal tract and to a lesser extent liver. Loss in whole body radioactivity over a post-treatment interval of 180 days in cadmium-free seawater was about 90%, with gallbladder and especially liver most influential in the excretion processes; this pattern was unchanged by the level of stable Cd2+ present in the medium during uptake. The significance of this and other observations in terms of field monitoring of cadmium utilizing teleosts as indicators is discussed.
Mi2β Shows Chromatin Enzyme Specificity by Erasing a DNase I-hypersensitive Site Established by ACF

ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling enzymes are linked to changes in gene expression; however, it is not clear how the multiple remodeling enzymes found in eukaryotes differ in function and work together. In this report, we demonstrate that the ATP-dependent remodeling enzymes ACF and Mi2β can direct consecutive, opposing chromatin-remodeling events, when recruited to chromatin by different transcription factors. In a cell-free system based on the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancer, we show that TFE3 induces a DNase I-hypersensitive site in an ATP-dependent reaction that requires ACF following transcription factor binding to chromatin. In a second step, PU.1 directs Mi2β to erase an established DNase I-hypersensitive site, in an ATP-dependent reaction subsequent to PU.1 binding to chromatin, whereas ACF will not support erasure. Erasure occurred without displacing the transcription factor that initiated the site. Other tested enzymes were unable to erase the DNase I-hypersensitive site. Establishing and erasing the DNase I-hypersensitive site required transcriptional activation domains from TFE3 and PU.1, respectively. Together, these results provide important new mechanistic insight into the combinatorial control of chromatin structure.
Representational momentum in scenes: learning spatial layout.

In four experiments, we examined whether watching a scene from the perspective of a camera rotating across it allowed participants to recognize or identify the scene’s spatial layout. Completing a representational momentum (RM) task, participants viewed a smoothly animated display and then indicated whether test probes were in the same position as they were in the final view of the animation. We found RM anticipations for the camera’s movement across the scene, with larger distortions resulting from camera rotations that brought objects into the viewing frame compared with camera rotations that took objects out of the viewing frame. However, the RM task alone did not lead to successful recognition of the scene’s map or identification of spatial relations between objects. Watching a scene from a rotating camera’s perspective and making position judgments is not sufficient for learning spatial layout.
The erosion of the unusual susceptibility defense: The case of the disadvantaged consumer

Marketing practitioners and academics have exhibited an increased concern for the problems of disadvantaged consumers in recent years. During the same time period, the product liability field has become increasingly volatile. In this article the overlap between these two seemingly independent trends is presented via hypothetical case examples. A decision process to guide marketers who potentially deal with disadvantaged market segments is outlined and discussed. The implications of these developments are also described in detail.
Progress in the development of combustion kinetics databases for liquid fuels

This paper describes the present situation regarding chemical kinetic databases for the simulation of the combustion of liquid fuels. Past work in the area is summarized. Much is known about the reactions of the smaller fragments from combustion processes. In order to describe real liquid fuels there is the need for an understanding of how the larger organic fuels are broken down to these fragments. The type of reactions that need to be considered are described and the breakdown of heptane is used as an example.