cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust control system design with a proportional integral observer

A design method for a robust controller including a new type of observer called the proportional integral observer (PI observer) is proposed. The new observer differs from the conventional one by an integration path which provides additional degrees of freedom. This freedom can be used to make the observer-based controller design less sensitive to parameter variation of the system. It is shown that some of the difficulties that may arise in the exclusive pursuit of a design for the conventional observer-based controller from the point of view of system robustness are resolved in a straightforward manner using the PI observer. A systematic robustness recovery procedure is described for the PI observer-based controller design which asymptotically achieves the same loop transfer functions as the full-state feedback control implementation. A design example is included and the effectiveness of our method is illustrated by simulation results.
BREASTFEEDING AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THREE-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN '

A prospective study of 50 children in Hawaii found that the duration of breastfeeding was associated with higher cognitive scores at 3 years of age.
The influence of facet roughness on the reflectivities of etched-angled facets for superluminescent diodes and optical amplifiers

The author reports on the characterization of the roughness of angled facets of GaAs/AlGaAs superluminescent diodes (or optical amplifiers) fabricated by chemically assisted ion beam etching and its influence on reflectivities. For the first time, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to directly measure the etched-facet roughness. Those etched-angled facets with roughness exhibit reflectivity at least an order of magnitude higher than completely smooth angled facets. A model is proposed to relate the reflectivity to the roughness measured by AFM. >
Profiling Managerial Entrants To the Hospitality Industry

Does gender influence the preferred work environment of potential employ ees? In other words, what precisely is the relationship between gender and work- related attribute preferences? This investigative study looked to a sample of graduating hospitality students for possible clues. Cluster analysis revealed four distinct groupings based on work-related (WR) attribute preferences: high achiev ers, interrelaters, riskavoiders, andexpeditors. The study showed that females were more highly represented than expected in the high achieverand interrelater clusters. Males, on the other hand, were overrepresented in the risk avoider group. The findings of the study should be useful to hospitality corporations as they attempt to recruit new managers based on matching individual's needs with job and organiza tional benefits.
Deformable models with sparsity constraints for cardiac motion analysis

Deformable models integrate bottom-up information derived from image appearance cues and top-down priori knowledge of the shape. They have been widely used with success in medical image analysis. One limitation of traditional deformable models is that the information extracted from the image data may contain gross errors, which adversely affect the deformation accuracy. To alleviate this issue, we introduce a new family of deformable models that are inspired from the compressed sensing, a technique for accurate signal reconstruction by harnessing some sparseness priors. In this paper, we employ sparsity constraints to handle the outliers or gross errors, and integrate them seamlessly with deformable models. The proposed new formulation is applied to the analysis of cardiac motion using tagged magnetic resonance imaging (tMRI), where the automated tagging line tracking results are very noisy due to the poor image quality. Our new deformable models track the heart motion robustly, and the resulting strains are consistent with those calculated from manual labels.
Holograph contraction by oscillatory filtered learning for dynamic sub-pattern matching

The paper presents a scheme for reducing memory space of a holographic associative memory for content-based learning, searching and retrieval of sparse patterns. Multidimensional holographic associative memory developed on the properties of complex valued Riemann space is one of the most promising models of associative memory. It has demonstrated the unique ability to perform dynamically localizable sub-pattern matching, without requiring to learn each individual sub-patterns. The correlation space of the sparse patterns, is also sparse in information, but representationally dense. Therefore, holograph of sparse patterns (such as images) becomes extremely large. In this paper we describe a holographic memory model which can prune a holograph by several fold. The resulting holographic model also simultaneously increases the encoding, searching and decoding speed.
Some Economics of Global Climate Change: The View from the Developing Countries

If global warming actually occurs it will have widespread economic effects. These effects will be different in different countries. Some countries will experience economic losses from inundated coastlines, changed and possibly more violent weather patterns, and increased climatic variability. Others may benefit from a milder climate and increased precipitation. As is obvious, there will be no necessary relation between a particular country’s contribution to possible global warming in the form of greenhouse gas emissions (including loss of sequestered carbon, for example through forest burning) and the economic costs it bears or the economic benefits it enjoys as a result of global warming. The costs or benefits to a particular country that result, independent of its own contribution, constitute externalities (the effects of actions of other countries that those other countries do not take fully into account). These externalities occur because countries can pass on some of the costs of increased greenhouse gas emissions and cannot capture fully the benefits of prevention of those emissions.
Introduction to Flexsim

Flexsim is a powerful and easy-to-use modeling and simulation software tool that allows the user to construct a three-dimensional computer simulation model of a real-life system and run experiments on the model. Flexsim is a discrete-event simulation software tool that provides realistic graphical animation and extensive performance reports that enables the user to identify problems and evaluate alternative solutions in a short amount of time.
Creating Digital Narratives: Guideline for Early Childhood Educators.

As the internet and internet-enabled devices have become more accessible, people around the world now have life-changing information at their fingertips, available at a speed and ease unfathomable just a generation ago. While the information age certainly has its pitfalls, the possibilities for economic and social progress are seemingly limitless. The information now available to billions can help advance human rights and democracy and educate children for a brighter future. However, it is critical that knowledge gained through the use of technology is guided and thoughtfully contextualized by well-trained teachers and caregivers. In this article, the authors explore the benefits of digital narrative creation to advance learning in early childhood classrooms.
Electric Motors for Automotive Applications

AbstractThe use of electric motors in automobiles has been steadily increasing since the mid 1900’s. The application of speed or torque controlled motors in automobiles is fueled by the need for improved fuel economy, and the demand for vehicles with more comfort and convenience. Though the advances in power and control electronics and the developments in high-energy magnets have enhanced the cost effectiveness of such systems, many more advances will be required before large scale use of such machines in automobiles is achieved. This paper discusses the trends and challenges in introducing these motors into automotive applications. The paper also discusses the potential motor technologies and the key developments that are needed for these motors to be acceptable for automotive applications
New Approaches to Molecular Imaging of Multiple Myeloma

Molecular imaging plays an important role in detection and staging of hematologic malignancies. Multiple myeloma (MM) is an age-related hematologic malignancy of clonal bone marrow plasma cells characterized by destructive bone lesions and is fatal in most patients. Traditional skeletal survey and bone scans have sensitivity limitations for osteolytic lesions manifested in MM. Progressive biomedical imaging technologies such as low-dose CT, molecularly targeted PET, MRI, and the functional-anatomic hybrid versions (PET/CT and PET/MRI) provide incremental advancements in imaging MM. Imaging with PET and MRI using molecularly targeted probes is a promising precision medicine platform that might successfully address the clinical ambiguities of myeloma spectrum diseases. The intent of this focus article is to provide a concise review of the present status and promising developments on the horizon, such as the new molecular imaging biomarkers under investigation that can either complement or potentially supersede existing standards.
Disaster prevention: lessons learned from the Titanic.

The November 1999 Institute of Medicine report on medical errors has captured the attention of the public and of lawmakers. That report provided evidence that health care institutions can be pretty hazardous: from 44,000 to 98,000 deaths per year are related to medical errors, compared with about 42,000 deaths per year for automobile accidents, about 5000 deaths per year in the workplace, and even fewer deaths per year for air travel. The USA is not alone in focusing on medical error. In May 2000, Great Britain published An Organization with a Memory, a report from the chief medical officer on learning from adverse events in the National Health Service. In 1995, Australia published The Quality in Australian Health Care Study, pointing to the fact that there are far too many preventable errors that injure patients. What do we call these medical errors? Terms such as “misadventure” and “adverse events” have been used, but I prefer “iatrogenic injury,” which is defined as an injury causing harm to a patient resulting from medical management rather than from the patient’s underlying or antecedent condition. It is important to separate an adverse event from the normal disease process, because a number of our patients have antecedent conditions that may not be compatible with life. Death is a natural part of life. One of the reasons iatrogenic injury was not well recognized in the past was that death is not an unexpected outcome of medical care, whereas it is an unexpected outcome of car or air travel. As we intensify our study of errors in medicine, we need to keep in mind that medical errors are not unique. They share many causal factors with errors in complex situations encountered with transportation, nuclear power, and the petrochemical industry. We can learn from those industries’ efforts to study error and its prevention. In addition, we need to remember that errors can provide useful information—and not just errors, but near misses as well. Heinreich developed the iceberg model of accidents and errors (1). The part of the iceberg above the water represents errors that cause major harm; below the water are no-harm events or events that cause only minor injuries, as well as near misses. After studying automobile accidents for many years, Heinreich suggested that for every event that causes major injury, there are 29 that cause minor injury and 300 no-injury accidents (2). Sometimes the only thing separating an error that causes no injury from an error that causes major harm is pure luck or the robust nature of human physiology. A near miss is defined as an
Dissociation Pressure of Aluminum Carbide Using a Rotating Knudsen Cell.

An attempt was made to eliminate surface depletion effects in the vaporization of aluminum carbide (Al4C3) by carrying out measurements in a Knudsen cell rotating at an angle of 45 deg from the vertical. Results showed that the surface depletion effects encountered with this material are due to formation of layers of graphite over individual particles of aluminum carbide rather than to formation of a macroscopic layer of graphite over the sample. In order to achieve near-equilibrium pressures, vaporization experiments were carried out in which the sample was ground prior to each experiment and the amount of aluminum vaporized during each experiment minimized. Third law treatment of these data yielded ΔH° (298) of 91.6 kcal mol-1 (383.3 kJ mol-1) for the decomposition of ¼Al4C3 to form Al(g) and ¾C(C), in good agreement with data based on calorimetric studies.
An Immersed Boundary Method for Supersonic Flow

†An existing immersed boundary method for high Reynolds number flow is used to determine the viability of the method for supersonic flows involving static or moving bodies. Only slight modifications are made to the initialization procedure to account for detached shocks. Good agreement is seen between body fitted and immersed boundary solutions of the same problem, with the only discrepancies due to the lack of a turbulence model in the body fitted solver. A general three degree of freedom rigid body dynamics model is also implemented to demonstrate one application of a supersonic immersed boundary method. The model is applied to a hypothetical store separation problem. All of the presented calculations are two-dimensional, but the concept is extendable to three dimensions.
Skepticism and the Neo-Confucian Canon: Itō Jinsai’s Philosophical Critique of the Great Learning

This study examines Itō Jinsai’s 伊藤仁斎 (1627–1705) criticisms of the Great Learning (C: Daxue 大學 J: Daigaku). Three primary sources are considered: Jinsai’s Shigi sakumon 私擬策問 (Personal Essays, 1668); the Daigaku teihon 大學定本 (The Definitive Text of the Great Learning, manuscript 1685); and his essay, “Daigaku wa Kōshi no isho ni arazaru no ben” 大學非孔氏之遺書辨 (The Great Learning is not a Writing Confucius Transmitted, 1705), appended to his Gomō jigi 語孟字義. The study suggests that Jinsai’s critical inclinations grew from his acceptance of Zhu Xi’s views about the value of doubt for progress in learning. The study also suggests that Jinsai’s thinking on the Great Learning had political implications derived in many respects from Jinsai’s overall approach to philosophizing via analysis of words and their meanings.
Tradition, Adventure, and Pleasure in Santiago, Chile’s Informal Markets

Scholars argue that Chileans are increasingly individualistic, hedonistic, and status conscious consumers attracted to a growing shopping mall, department store, and big box grocery chain sector (Moulian, 1997, 1998; Torche, 1998; Tironi, 2002; Marquez, 2003; Dammert, 2004). Yet the above exchange in a Santiago, Chile neighborhood street market underscores the complex social dynamics of consumption in alternative settings missed in scholarly accounts. The extract illustrates how consumers and vendors engage in ‘relational work’ (Zelizer, 2005), which simultaneously favors their strategic goals in the market encounter and draws them into deep and wide ranging affective ties. Mrs Perez works to gain Julio’s trust in order to access credit and favorable payment arrangements while Julio maintains a friendly demeanor to retain her loyalty and patronage. In this process, Mrs Perez shares details of her family life and refers to her married status and the negotiations it implies, while both have a pleasurable exchange.
Chiropractic Identity in the United States: Wisdom, Courage, and Strength

Objective The objective of this paper was to discuss the chiropractic profession’s identity and 3 contentious issues related to identity.
Disaster recovery in the western Pacific: scale, vulnerability, and traditional exchange practices

On April 2, 2007, a 6-m tsunami struck Ghizo Island in western Solomon Islands, destroying two villages on the southern coast and killing 13 people. Despite experiencing a similar impact from the tsunami, the communities had very different recoveries. This article examines how the recovery was influenced by Melanesian practices of reciprocal exchange, known contemporarily as the wantok system. Our results show that as reciprocal exchange was practiced at larger organizational scales (e.g., community, regional, national), it generated dynamic and countervailing sources of resilience and vulnerability by biasing the aid distributed to each community. This biased aid allocation tended to favor individuals and groups more heavily integrated into the social exchange networks along which much aid flowed. Importantly, connection to or exclusion from these networks differs depending on organizational scale. This process reveals the importance of scale and cross-scale dynamics during the disaster recovery process. To mitigate the vulnerability of Pacific Island communities, it is vital that we identify sources of vulnerability and resilience as they face increasingly frequent disasters and are drawn into and become more reliant on larger-scale systems of governance for their recovery.
The Uses of Race and Religion: James Baldwin’s Pragmatist Politics in The Fire Next Time

In The Fire Next Time , James Baldwin argues that the American dream is far from being a reality in part because there is much Americans do not wish to know about themselves. Given the current political climate in the United States, this idea seems just as timely as it did in the 1960s. Baldwin’s politics and thinking about race and religion are informed by an optimistic belief in the human capacity to love and change for the better, in contrast with Ta-Nehisi Coates, the heir apparent to Baldwin’s legacy. Considering current events, it seems particularly useful to turn back to The Fire Next Time . Not only does Baldwin provide a foundation for understanding racism in the United States, but more importantly, he provides some much-needed hope and guidance for the future. Baldwin discusses democracy as an act that must be realized, in part by coming to a greater understanding of race and religion as performative acts that have political consequences for all Americans. In this article, I examine the influence of pragmatism on Baldwin’s understanding of race and religion. By encouraging readers to acknowledge race and religion as political constructs, Baldwin highlights the inseparability of theory and practice that is a hallmark of both pragmatism and the realization of a democratic society. Furthermore, I argue that Baldwin’s politics provide a more useful framework than Coates’s for this particular historical moment because of Baldwin’s emphasis on change and evolving democracy.
Cartan Geometries and Dynamics

We show how some basic dynamical ideas can be brought to bear on the study of Cartan geometries. In our main results, we give conditions for certain types of Cartan geometries to have constant curvature. We also consider ergodic actions of `higher-rank' semisimple groups on bundles supporting (not necessarily invariant) Cartan connections and show that these are `standard locally homogeneous' actions provided that some noncompact 1-parameter subgroup `preserves' a Cartan geometry.
Use of precision methods to accelerate drug development in oncology

ABSTRACTIntroduction: To allow broader application of cancer precision medicine, consideration of how use of molecular abnormalities could enhance the drug development plan and how these findings inform drug combination therapy should begin early. This requires a framework to define molecular ‘actionability,’ and a screening plan for enrichment of clinical trials with patients thought most likely to benefit.Areas covered: Literature was reviewed to illustrate how preclinical studies, including patient derived models and genetically engineered models are used to find initial predictive biomarkers. Co-clinical trials and studies of exceptional responders can postulate which molecular variants predict response. ‘Actionable mutations (or molecular variants)’ are refined during early clinical trials, based initially on preclinical evidence, but gathering additional signals from clinical trials and exceptional responders. Use of biomarkers in early drug development to understand the drug’s interaction with the ...
Behaviorism, Behavior Analysis, and the Career of Psychology

Although behaviorism constitutes a veritable revolution in psychology, as the renunciation of animism in favor of a concern with directly observable events, it continually faces misunderstandings, both within and without the movement. Within the movement, it is confused with the technique of conditioning in various forms, while nonbehaviorists misinterpret the disapproval of animistic interpretations as a rejection of such important forms of behavior as perceiving, thinking, feeling, and so on. It is proposed that the interbehavioral version of antianimism shows the way toward a valid, comprehensive, system of scientific psychology.
Abstract 99: IL10-inhibits Fibroblast Progenitor Cell-mediated Cardiac Fibrosis in Pressure-overloaded Myocardium

Background: Activated fibroblasts (myoFBs) play critical role in cardiac fibrosis, however, their origin in diseased heart remains uncertain. Recent studies suggest the contribution of bone marrow fibroblasts progenitor cells (BM-FPC) in pressure overload (PO)-induced cardiac fibrosis. Previously we have shown that interleukin-10 suppress PO-induced cardiac fibrosis, however, its role on inhibition of BM-FPC-mediated fibrosis is not known. Thus, we hypothesized that IL-10 inhibits PO-induced homing and transition of BM-FPC to myoFBs and therefore, attenuates cardiac fibrosis. Methods and Results: Cardiac fibrosis was induced in Wild-type (WT) and IL-10-knockout (KO) mice by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). TAC-induced left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and fibrosis were further exaggerated in KO mice. Systemic recombinant IL-10 administration markedly improved LV function and inhibited PO-induced cardiac fibrosis. PO-enhanced FPC (Prominin1 + cells) mobilization and homing in IL-10 KO mice compared to WT mice. Furthermore, bone marrow transplantation (BMT) experiment was performed wherein WT marrow from GFP mice was repopulated in IL-10 KO mice. FPC mobilization was significantly reduced in BMT-IL10 KO mice compared to IL-10 KO mice after TAC. Furthermore, immunofluorescence result in BMT mice showed that subsets of myoFBs are derived from BM after TAC. To identify the molecular mechanism, wild type BM-FPC were treated with TGFβ 2 with or without IL10. IL10 treatment significantly inhibits TGFβ 2 -induced FPC to myoFBs transition. As miRNAs are key players in cardiac fibrosis, next we performed fibrosis-associated miRNA profiling using miRNA array kit. TGFβ 2 -induced miR-208, 155, 21 and 145 expression was markedly inhibited by IL-10. Conclusion: Taken together, our findings suggest that both reduced homing to heart and transition of FPC to myofibroblasts mediate anti-fibrotic effect of IL10 during PO-induced heart failure. Ongoing investigations using molecular approaches will provide a better understanding on the mechanistic and therapeutic aspects of IL10 on PO-induced cardiac fibrosis and heart failure.
Renin as a risk factor for atherogenesis: Effects of hypercholesterolemia and two-kidney-one-clip hypertension in the rabbit

Four groups of New Zealand rabbits were used to study the effect of plasma renin activity (PRA) on atherogenesis. Control groups were fed normal rabbit chow (Group I) or chow supplemented with 0.25% cholesterol and 0.75% corn oil (Group II). The two-kidney--one-clip (2K-1C) hypertensive model was produced in 2 additional groups; Group III (normal diet) and Group IV (atherogenic diet). The latter 2 groups were subgrouped according to PRA levels. Each group was examined over a 7-month period. Group II became hyperlipidemic and developed extensive lipoidal vascular lesions. Mean arterial pressure remained normal throughout the experimental period; PRA fell below normal. Group III and Group IV rabbits developed sustained hypertension irrespective of circulating PRA. The atheromas of Group III were predominantly microscopic and fibromuscular; the extent of aortic and coronary artery involvement was independent of renin response. The most extensive and complicated atheromas were seen in the 2K-1C rabbits consuming the atherogenic diet (Group IV). The lesions were mostly lipoidal, although some were fibromuscular. These results demonstrated that cardiovascular lesions and atherogenesis were exacerbated in the 2K-1C rabbits on a high cholesterol diet; however, PRA was excluded as the cause.
Sialolith removal in the submandibular region using surgical diode laser: report of two cases and literature review

Sialolithiasis is defined as the presence of one or more calcified structures within the duct of a major or minor salivary gland. It occurs as a result of deposition of calcium salts around an accumulation of organic debris in the duct lumen. The main signs and symptoms are edema and bacterial infection with abscess formation. This study aimed to report two cases of submandibular sialolithiasis treated surgically with diode laser and conduct a review of the literature by means of a systematic search. In the two cases, the calculi were located in the distal part of the submandibular duct and could be palpated intraorally. Surgery was performed in an outpatient setting under local anesthesia. A linear incision was made in the floor of the mouth, in the region of the opening of Wharton’s duct, to expose and remove the calculi. Laser cutting was performed using a diode laser module coupled to a 400-μm optical fiber emitting at a wavelength of 980 nm (infrared), 2.5 W output power, and in continuous pulse mode. The use of diode laser is a safe and minimally invasive option for this type of procedure. Offering advantages such as enhanced coagulation properties and high-quality incision, absence of bleeding, low risk of nerve damage, and few comorbidities.
Evolution of Delivery Room Management for Meconium-Stained Infants: Recent Updates.

Background:The approach to intrapartum and postnatal management of an infant born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) in the delivery room (DR) has changed several times over the last few decades, leading to confusion and anxiety among health care providers (nurses, nurse practitioners, r
Scheduling parallel identical machines to minimize makespan:A parallel approximation algorithm

Abstract Approximation algorithms for scheduling parallel machines have been studied for decades, leading to significant progress in terms of their approximation guarantees. The algorithms that provide near optimal performance are not feasible to use in practice due to their huge execution time requirements, thus underscoring the importance of developing efficient parallel approximation algorithms with near-optimal performance guarantees that are suitable for execution on current parallel systems, such as multi-core systems. We present the design and analysis of a parallel approximation algorithm for the problem of scheduling jobs on parallel identical machines to minimize makespan. The design of the parallel approximation algorithm is based on the best existing polynomial-time approximation scheme ( PTAS ) for the problem. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first practical parallel approximation algorithm for the minimum makespan scheduling problem that maintains the approximation guarantees of the sequential PTAS and it is specifically designed for execution on shared-memory parallel machines. We implement and run the algorithm on a large multi-core system and perform an extensive experimental analysis on data generated from realistic probability distributions. The results show that our proposed parallel approximation algorithm achieves significant speedup with respect to both the sequential PTAS and the CPLEX-based solver that solves the mixed integer program formulation of the problem.
Software Architecture for Computer Vision: Beyond Pipes and Filters

Abstract : This document highlights and addresses architecture level software development issues facing researchers and practitioners in the field of Computer Vision. A new framework, or architectural style, called SAI, is introduced. It provides a formalism for the design, implementation and analysis of software systems that perform distributed parallel processing of generic data streams. Architectural patterns are illustrated with a number of demonstration projects ranging from single stream automatic real-time video processing to fully integrated distributed interactive systems mixing live video, graphics and sound. SAI is supported by an open source architectural middleware called MFSM.
Approaches for Coordinating eTextbooks, Online Programming Practice, Automated Grading, and More into One Course

We share approaches for coordinating the use of many online educational tools within a CS2 course, including an eTextbook, automated grading system, programming practice website, diagramming tool, and debugger. These work with other commonly used tools such as a response system, forum, version control system, and our learning management system. We describe a number of approaches to deal with the potential negative effects of adopting so many tools. To improve student success we scaffold tool use by staging the addition of tools and by introducing individual tools in phases, we test tool assignments before student use, and we adapt tool use based on student feedback and performance. We streamline course management by consulting mentors who have used the tools before, starting small with room to grow, and choosing tools that simplify student account and grade management across multiple tools.
Bookkeeper-Controller-CFO: The Rise of the Chief Financial and Chief Accounting Officer

ABSTRACT This paper traces the evolution of the chief accounting and chief financial officers from minor figures in corporate governance for most of the 20th century to senior management positions ...
Understanding dynamics of groundwater flows in the Mississippi River Delta

Abstract Groundwater is a major component of the water cycle in the river-deltaic environment. However, the dynamics of groundwater flows in the river delta remains an open question owing to the complexities in the hydrologic and geological settings. This study employed a hydrogeological modeling approach to investigate groundwater dynamics in the Mississippi River Delta (MRD). A detailed groundwater model for the top 50 m of the MRD was constructed from the Head of Passes (RK 0) to Jesuits Bend (RK 108) using geotechnical borings and topobathymetric maps. Mississippi River stage and tide stage data were the key hydrologic data, which reflect hydrologic forcing (floods, storms, and hurricanes) to the groundwater system. By investigating the 2012 hydrologic year, the study presents several intriguing findings. Groundwater discharge and recharge rates to the river and surrounding bays were estimated 3 or 4 orders of magnitude smaller than Mississippi River discharge rate to the Gulf of Mexico. Nevertheless, the model showed strong surface-groundwater interactions controlled by local hydraulic gradient at the river and bay interfaces during severe hydrologic events. Specifically, during Hurricane Isaac pore water pressure was estimated 4–6 times higher than the normal condition and peak groundwater recharge was reached due to storm surges. Peak groundwater discharge sharply occurred a few days later after the hurricane passed. The study found such a dramatic change in surface-groundwater interactions was due to quick surface water receding and delayed groundwater response. As a consequence, more areas are likely exposed to harmful high pore water pressure and low factor of safety condition, which would destabilize sediments, enhance erosion, and compromise safety of coastal infrastructures such as the ring levees.
A Comprehensive Exploration into Utilizing High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Physical Education Classes

Today's physical educators are more taxed than ever before, attempting to deliver health benefits, socialization, sport and movement skills, and health education all while class sizes are expanding...
Inactivation of the multi-drug resistant pathogen Candida auris using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI).

Summary Background Candida auris, a multi-drug-resistant fungal pathogen, has become an emerging threat in healthcare settings around the world. Reliable disinfection protocols specifically designed to inactivate C. auris are essential, as many chemical disinfectants commonly used in healthcare settings have been shown to have variable efficacy at inactivating C. auris. Aim Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) was investigated as a method to inactivate clinically relevant strains of C. auris. Methods Ten C. auris and two C. albicans isolates were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) energy to determine the UV dose required to inactivate each isolate. Using a UV reactor, each isolate (106 cells/mL) was exposed to 11 UV doses ranging from 10 to 150 mJ/cm2 and then cultured to assess cell viability. Findings An exponential decay model was applied to each dose–response curve to determine inactivation rate constants for each isolate, which ranged from 0.108 to 0.176 cm2/mJ for C. auris and from 0.239 to 0.292 cm2/mJ for C. albicans. As the model of exponential decay did not accurately estimate the dose beyond 99.9% inactivation, a logistic regression model was applied to better estimate the doses required for 99.999% inactivation. Using this model, significantly greater UV energy was required to inactivate C. auris (103–192 mJ/cm2) compared with C. albicans (78–80 mJ/cm2). Conclusion UVGI is a feasible approach for inactivating C. auris, although variable susceptibility among isolates must be taken into account. This dose–response data is critical for recommending UVGI dosing strategies to be tested in healthcare settings.
IL-10 and Its Related Superfamily Members IL-19 and IL-24 Provide Parallel/Redundant Immune-Modulation in Loa loa Infection.

BACKGROUND Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been implicated as the major cytokine responsible for the modulation of parasite-specific responses in filarial infections; however, the role of other IL-10 superfamily members in filarial infection is less well studied. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from loiasis patients were stimulated with or without filarial antigen. Cytokine production was quantified using a Luminex platform and T-cell expression patterns were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS All patients produced significant levels of IL-10, IL-13, IL-5, IL-4, and IL-9 in response to filarial antigen, indicating a common infection-driven response. When comparing microfilaria (mf)-positive and mf-negative patients, there were no significant differences in spontaneous cytokine nor in parasite-driven IL-10, IL-22, or IL-28a production. In marked contrast, mf-positive individuals had significantly increased filarial antigen-driven IL-24 and IL-19 compared to mf-negative subjects. mf-positive patients also demonstrated significantly higher frequencies of T cells producing IL-19 in comparison to mf-negative patients. T-cell expression of IL-19 and IL-24 was positively regulated by IL-10 and IL-1β. IL-24 production was also regulated by IL-37. CONCLUSION These data provide an important link between IL-10 and its related family members IL-19 and IL-24 in the modulation of the immune response in human filarial infections. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00001230.
Development of an Aryl Amination Catalyst with Broad Scope Guided by Consideration of Catalyst Stability

We have developed a new dialkylbiaryl monophosphine ligand, GPhos, that supports a palladium catalyst capable of promoting carbon–nitrogen cross-coupling reactions between a variety of primary amin...
Perceptual Learning of Appendicitis Diagnosis in Radiological Images

A sizeable body of work has demonstrated that participants have the capacity to show substantial increases in performance on perceptual tasks given appropriate practice. This has resulted in significant interest in the use of such perceptual learning techniques to positively impact performance in real-world domains where the extraction of perceptual information in the service of guiding decisions is at a premium. Radiological training is one clear example of such a domain. Here we examine a number of basic science questions related to the use of perceptual learning techniques in the context of a radiology-inspired task. On each trial of this task, participants were presented with a single axial slice from a CT image of the abdomen. They were then asked to indicate whether or not the image was consistent with appendicitis. We first demonstrate that, although the task differs in many ways from standard radiological practice, it nonetheless makes use of expert knowledge, as trained radiologists who underwent the task showed high (near ceiling) levels of performance. Then, in a series of four studies we show that (1) performance on this task does improve significantly over a reasonably short period of training (on the scale of a few hours); (2) the learning transfers to previously unseen images and to untrained image orientations; (3) purely correct/incorrect feedback produces weak learning compared to more informative feedback where the spatial position of the appendix is indicated in each image; and (4) there was little benefit seen from purposefully structuring the learning experience by starting with easier images and then moving on to more difficulty images (as compared to simply presenting all images in a random order). The implications for these various findings with respect to the use of perceptual learning techniques as part of radiological training are then discussed.
An Approximation Algorithm for Optimal Subarchitecture Extraction.

We consider the problem of finding the set of architectural parameters for a chosen deep neural network which is optimal under three metrics: parameter size, inference speed, and error rate. In this paper we state the problem formally, and present an approximation algorithm that, for a large subset of instances behaves like an FPTAS with an approximation error of $\rho \leq |{1- \epsilon}|$, and that runs in $O(|{\Xi}| + |{W^*_T}|(1 + |{\Theta}||{B}||{\Xi}|/({\epsilon\, s^{3/2})}))$ steps, where $\epsilon$ and $s$ are input parameters; $|{B}|$ is the batch size; $|{W^*_T}|$ denotes the cardinality of the largest weight set assignment; and $|{\Xi}|$ and $|{\Theta}|$ are the cardinalities of the candidate architecture and hyperparameter spaces, respectively.
Interprofessional education on opioid use and pain identifies team-based learning needs.

Abstract Background An interprofessional education (IPE) activity was designed for health professional students in pharmacy, medicine, nursing, social work, and addiction studies. The goals were to practice team-based collaboration for patients who are prescribed opioids for chronic pain and to evaluate student responses to the activity. Interprofessional education activity Student teams were guided through an unfolding patient case that included evaluating the patient's history, screening tool results, morphine equivalent dose, prescription monitoring program report, and videos of a patient-provider interaction. The two-hour, in-person IPE activity culminated in creation of a patient-centered treatment plan. Surveys were administered to compare pre- and post-course opioid knowledge and post-course IPE attitudes among the healthcare professions. Discussion Pharmacy students' baseline opioid knowledge scores were similar to nursing students, significantly lower than medical students, and significantly higher than social work students. Pharmacy students reported significantly higher gains in opioid knowledge than medical students. Nursing and social work students showed significantly higher levels of agreement that the course enhanced attitudes toward interprofessional collaboration compared to medicine and pharmacy students. Students most frequently noted working with other professions as the most valuable aspect of the IPE activity. Implications Training gaps can be met using novel IPE activities specific to chronic pain and opioid use. Depending on profession, students demonstrated varied baseline knowledge regarding opioid use for chronic pain. Comparing knowledge gains and attitudes on IPE collaboration among professions can detect areas for program refinement to address each professions' unique needs.
Microhabitats associated with solar energy development alter demography of two desert annuals

Political and economic initiatives intended to increase energy production while reducing carbon emissions are driving demand for solar energy. Consequently, desert regions are now targeted for development of large-scale photovoltaic solar energy facilities. Where vegetation communities are left intact or restored within facilities, ground-mounted infrastructure may have negative impacts on desert-adapted plants because it creates novel rainfall runoff and shade conditions. We used experimental solar arrays in the Mojave Desert to test how these altered conditions affect population dynamics for a closely related pair of native annual plants: rare Eriophyllum mohavense and common E. wallacei. We estimated aboveground demographic rates (seedling emergence, survivorship, and fecundity) over 7 yr and used seed bank survival rates from a concurrent study to build matrix models of population growth in three experimental microhabitats. In drier years, shade tended to reduce survival of the common species, but increase survival of the rare species. In a wet year, runoff from panels tended to increase seed output for both species. Population growth projections from microhabitat-specific matrix models showed stronger effects of microhabitat under wetter conditions, and relatively little effect under dry conditions (lack of rainfall was an overwhelming constraint). Performance patterns across microhabitats in the wettest year differed between rare and common species. Projected growth of E. mohavense was substantially reduced in shade, mediated by negative effects on aboveground demographic rates. Hence, the rare species were more susceptible to negative effects of panel infrastructure in wet years that are critical to seed bank replenishment. Our results suggest that altered shade and water runoff regimes associated with energy infrastructure will have differential effects on demographic transitions across annual species and drive population-level processes that determine local abundance, resilience, and persistence.
Direct ionization of DNA in solution.

Most of the energy absorbed in the cell nucleus from a radiation field goes into the aqueous medium that surrounds macromolecules, like DNA, which are critical to the normal function of cells. This part of the energy deposition produces numerous reactive species that can diffuse to DNA sequences and induce chemical changes. The average diffusion distance of the free radicals that mediate this indirect mode of DNA damage is only a few nanometers because the cellular medium contains a high concentration of molecules that rapidly scavenge the radiation-induced species. Under these conditions, direct interaction of the radiation field with DNA can not be neglected as a potential mode of damage induction. Two aspects of the direct effect will be discussed in this paper: (1) screening of the interaction between DNA and charged particles by the dielectric response of the aqueous medium and (2) the impact-parameter dependence of these interactions.
It's Not You, It's Me: Assessing an Emerging Relationship between Law and Social Science Essay

This essay isolates and assesses an overlooked consideration on an emerging and significant issue in employment discrimination law. The emerging issue: When should employers be held liable for established widespread differential treatment within their organizations? The overlooked consideration: the relationship between law and social science. Although the essay focuses closely on a specific doctrinal issue in employment discrimination law, it also sets broad theoretical groundwork for thinking about the implications of the various relationships that might emerge between law and social science in a variety of legal realms.
pH-Related Changes in the Absorption of Dipyridamole in the Elderly

The bioavailability of dipyridamole, a poorly soluble weak base, was evaluated in 11 healthy, older subjects (> or = 65 years), 6 with a low fasting gastric pH (control) and 5 with a fasting gastric pH > 5 (achlorhydric), in a randomized, crossover design. Subjects received 50 mg dipyridamole as a single oral dose both with and without pretreatment with 40 mg famotidine (control subjects) or 1360 mg glutamic acid HCl (achlorhydric subjects). Gastric pH was monitored by Heidelberg radiotelemetric capsule. Gastric emptying of 99mTc-radiolabeled orange juice was measured. Gastric pH appeared to be a primary determinant in dipyridamole absorption in the elderly. Elevated gastric pH resulted in compromised dipyridamole absorption compared to low-gastric pH conditions in all cases. The administration of glutamic acid hydrochloride to achlorhydric subjects prior to the dose of dipyridamole corrected for the decreased Cmax and AUC(0-36) exhibited in achlorhydric subjects without pretreatment. Tmax and ka were slower in achlorhydrics, although pretreatment with glutamic acid HCl tended to normalize these parameters. Based on these results, it would be beneficial for achlorhydrics to take glutamic acid hydrochloride prior to taking dipyridamole and other medications which need a low gastric pH for complete absorption. The administration of 40 mg famotidine was successful in elevating the gastric pH to > 5 in all subjects and maintained it at > 5 for at least 3 hr in all subjects tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Free Trade in Patented Goods: International Exhaustion for Patents

Modern international trade law seeks to increase global welfare by lowering barriers to trade and encouraging international competition. This “free trade” approach, while originally applied to reduce tariffs on trade, has been extended to challenge non-tariff barriers, with modern trade agreements targeting telecommunication regulations, industrial and product safety standards, and intellectual property rules. Patent law, however, remains inconsistent with free-trade principles by allowing patent holders to subdivide the world market along national borders and to forbid trade in patented goods from one nation to another. This Article demonstrates that the doctrines thwarting free trade in patented goods are protectionist remnants of long-abandoned pre-Industrial Age economic theories, and the modern arguments for restricting international trade in patented goods — most notably, the possible desirability of permitting price discrimination — provide an insufficient justification for restricting trade across national frontiers. The Article concludes that modern patent law doctrine should be modified to permit free international trade in patented goods and that, if price discrimination or other goals are thought desirable, better alternatives are available to achieve those goals.