cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basic and applied biology of the primate reproductive tract – a symposium in honor of the career of Dr Robert M Brenner: Preface

The following treatise includes review chapters from presentations of distinguished scientists at a symposium held August 16–17, 2005, in Portland, Oregon, entitled "Basic and applied biology of the primate reproductive tract: in Honor of the career of Dr Robert M Brenner". As a prelude to the 2005 annual meeting of the American Society of Primatologists, outstanding scientists from Europe and America assembled to present the current state-of-research in primate reproductive tract biology and to recognize Dr. Brenner's tremendous impact on this research field. In addition, numerous other peers and former students attended and contributed to the scientific exchange and social festivities. Generous support from the National Center for Research Resources (R13 RR018799) and the Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Division of Reproductive Sciences, made this event possible. In 2005, Bob Brenner (Figure ​(Figure1)1) retired after 41 years as a member of the scientific staff at ONPRC, completing an exemplary career investigating basic and applied aspects of reproductive tract biology in primates. He has enjoyed continual NIH grant support since 1960 – first as a fledgling assistant professor in the Biology Department at Brown University, and then in Oregon after Bob was recruited by Director, William Montagna, to build a research program at the newly created Primate Center in 1964. Bob also succeeded in making his science, particularly his electron micrographs, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization, an art form. His outstanding contributions on the oviduct and uterus grace many authors' chapters, from Bloom & Fawcett's and Weiss & Greep's textbooks in histology in the 1970s, to his own seminal reviews and chapters through the 1990s. There is little wonder why Bob's expertise and collegial nature led to numerous productive collaborations with scientists around the world (e.g., Dr. Kris Chwalisz at Schering AG, Berlin and now TAP Pharmaceuticals, Chicago; Drs. David Baird and Hilary Critchley, University of Edinburgh). Bob's leadership and training accomplishments rival his science. Dr. Brenner served as Head, Division of Reproductive Biology and Behavior for 13 years from 1983 – 1996. It's because of Bob and his associates that other scientists (including myself) chose to migrate to ONPRC and attempt to keep reproductive science in the forefront of ONPRC's mission. In addition, Dr. Brenner mentored many trainees who continue to forge academic, pharmaceutical and government careers. Figure 1 Dr Robert M Brenner. So, Bob, we applaud your extraordinary accomplishments during 40 great years at ONPRC! On behalf of your many colleagues and friends at the Center and around the world, we wish you the best and look forward to your continued activities as Scientist Emeritus.
Global and Domestic Challenges Confronting Buddhist Institutions in Japan

With the rise of globalization in the past twenty years, the positioning of religious belief and activity worldwide has become increasingly complicated due to new information technologies, immigration flows, corporate restructuring and transnational finance. This paper identifies five factors that not only characterize late modern societies but also create conditions to which religions must adapt, or ignore at their peril. Using Buddhist temples, priests, and their surrounding communities in Japan as case studies, the paper traces how social forces such as 1) a “crisis of orientation,” 2) corporate and bureaucratic restructuring, 3) consumer culture, 4) individualization within a “risk” society, and 5) experimental approaches to spirituality impact religious practice and institutions. Without a perspective that incorporates the global into the local (but still acknowledges the power of individual agency), our analysis of religious activities remains parochial and sociocentric.
Dynamics of Coupled Motion

Coupling between horizontal and vertical betatron oscillations plays an important role in beam dynamics. Since coupling is caused by linear as well as nonlinear fields, we observe the effects on beam characteristics in virtually any accelerator. In order to be able to introduce or eliminate coupling, whichever may be the case, in a controlled and predictable way, we need to understand the dynamics of coupling in more detail. In this chapter we will derive first the equations of motion for the two most general sources of coupling, the solenoid field and the field of a rotated quadrupole, solve the equations of motion and formulate modifications to beam dynamics parameters and functions of linear uncoupled motion.
Data slicing: separating the heap into independent regions

In this paper, we present a formal description of data slicing, which is a type-directed program transformation technique that separates a program's heap into several independent regions. Pointers within each region mirror the structure of pointers in the original heap; however, each field whose type is a base type (e.g., the integer type) appears in only one of these regions. In addition, we discuss several applications of data slicing. First, data slicing can be used to add extra fields to existing data structures without compromising backward compatibility; the CCured project uses data slicing to preserve library compatibility in instrumented programs at a reasonable performance cost. Data slicing can also be used to improve locality by separating “hot” and “cold” fields in an array of data structures, and it can be used to protect sensitive data by separating “public” and “private” fields. Finally, data slicing can serve as a refactoring tool, allowing the programmer to split data structures while automatically updating the code that manipulates them.
Congressional Power and State Court Jurisdiction

Federal laws that regulate state institutions give rise to what the Supreme Court has described as the oldest question of constitutional law. In recent years, the Court has confronted questions of congressional power to regulate state legislatures and executives, but has not directly confronted any question of congressional power to regulate state courts. Since the Founding, questions of congressional power to regulate state court jurisdiction of Article III cases have arisen - most notably, congressional power to assign jurisdiction of federal criminal cases to state courts. Today, significant questions of congressional power to regulate state court jurisdiction over non-Article III cases are arising for the first time in American history. This Article explains the framework within which members of the Founding generation considered questions of congressional power over state court jurisdiction. Rather than claim that there was any consensus on the answers to specific questions of congressional power, it describes the framework within which members of the Founding generation debated these questions. Specifically, they premised arguments about congressional power over state court jurisdiction upon either general law principles of jurisdiction or constitutional provisions asserted to override the general law. To the extent that historical understandings of federal power have animated much of the Court's recent federalism jurisprudence, the framework that this Article describes largely remains workable today with respect to questions of congressional power over state court jurisdiction in both Article III and non-Article III cases. The Article further provides a word of caution about eschewing such a historical analysis in favor of exclusive reliance upon the political safeguards of federalism to protect state sovereignty interests: in the case of congressional regulation of state court jurisdiction, exclusive reliance on the political safeguards is problematic both historically and functionally.
Randomized Clinical Trials in Rectal and Anal Cancer

Treatment of rectal cancer has changed dramatically over the past two decades. Radical surgery alone for resectable rectal cancer has been replaced by combined modality therapy. Interest in optimizing sphincter preservation and quality of life motivated surgeons to seek less radical surgery without compromising oncologic principles.
Mapping ground-state properties of silicon carbide molecular clusters using quantum mechanical calculations: SimCn and SimCn- (m, n ⩽ 4)

Abstract Ground-state structures, energies and vibrations for stable neutral and anion SimCn isomers (m, n ⩽ 4) were modeled using DFT and MP2 methods. Carbon-rich cluster molecules tend to form linear carbon sub-molecules or separate C2 groups as part of larger 3-dimensional structures. All silicon-rich clusters are ground-state singlet states. Linear chain clusters containing an even number of atoms are ground-state triplets. In absence of large structural differences between neutral clusters and their anions the adiabatic electron affinity (AEA) and the vertical detachment energy (VDE) are approximately equal. For clusters having two or more isomers with energies close to global minimum, the anions adopt structures similar to one of the nearly degenerate isomers. The VDE is significantly larger than AEA for clusters having an even number of carbon atoms. This difference generally increases with increasing number of silicon atoms, due to differences in bonding between the neutral molecule and its anion. Mapping cluster stability shows that adding Si or C atoms increases the binding energy of the most stable isomers for all clusters with the exception of SiC3 and Si2C3, which are locally stable. A parameterized method is presented to quickly predict the stability of other SimCn cluster structures.
The Dirichlet problem for the Kohn Laplacian on the Heisenberg group, II

For (x,y,t)∈Rn × Rn × R, denote Xj = ∂∂xj + 2yj∂∂t, yj = ∂∂yj − 2xj∂∂t and Lα=−14∑j=1nXj2 + Yj2 + ∂∂t. When α = n − 2q, La represents the action of the Kohn Laplacian □b on q-forms on the Heisenberg group. For −n < α < n, we construct a parametrix for the Dirichlet problem in smooth domains D near non-characteristic points of ∂D. A point w of ∂D is non-characteristic if one of X1,…, Xn, Y1,…, Yn is transverse to ∂D at w. This yields sharp local estimates in the Dirichlet problem in the appropriate non-isotropic Lipschitz classes. The main new tool is a “convolution calculus” of pseudo-differential operators that can be applied to the relevant layer potentials, for which the usual asymptotic composition formula is false. Characteristic points are treated in Part II.
Characterization of the gene encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase in tomato

A cDNA clone (DFR) encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase was identified from tomato hypocotyls. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons to Petunia hybrida, Antirrhinum majus and Zea mays DFR sequences confirmed that the cDNA encodes the structural DFR gene. In tomato, the DFR sequence appeared to be present as a single gene and mapped to a region on chromosome 2 near two loci affecting anthocyanin pigmentation, are and aw. DFR was expressed in both leaf and hypocotyl tissue. Sequencing data from two DFR cDNA clones indicated there are alternative polyadenylation sites on DFR.
A perspective on pancreatic stem/progenitor cells.

: The prevalence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing throughout the world along with the ensuant morbidity and early mortality because of premature microvascular and macrovascular disease. Current insulin and drug therapies control diabetes, but do not cure it. Cell-based therapies offer the possibilities of a permanent cure for diabetes. Recently, success in the transplantation of pancreatic islets in the livers of type 1 diabetics has afforded the opportunity for a potential cure. However, the severe shortage of donor islets for transplantation limits the usefulness of this therapy. One approach is to exploit the use of stem cells, either embryo-derived or adult tissue-derived, as substrates to create islet tissue suitable for transplantation. Cells isolated from embryo blastocysts and from adult pancreas, liver, and bone marrow can be expanded extensively in vitro and differentiated into islet-like clusters that produce insulin, and, in some instances, can achieve glycemic control when transplanted into streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. It is, now, also possible to envision the direct systemic administration of stem cells that would home in on and regenerate injured islets, or to administer stem cell stimulators that would enhance endogenous pancreatic stem cells to expand and differentiate into functional, insulin-producing β-cells. This perspective discusses the potential applications of cellular medicines, in the new discipline of regenerative medicine, to achieve a cure for diabetes.
Splenic artery embolization in the management of an acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura–related intracranial hemorrhage

Although relatively rare, intracranial hemorrhage remains the most common cause of immune thrombocytopenic purpura-related mortality [Medeiros D. Current controversies in the management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am . 1996;43:757-72]. The required decompressive treatment has the potential for substantial blood loss and must often be delayed because of resistant thrombocytopenia responsive only to splenectomy. Splenic embolization is a novel approach to this problem that can expedite definitive neurosurgical care and minimize permanent sequelae. This is the first reported case of splenic embolization in the management of a child with known immune thrombocytopenic purpura presenting with central nervous system bleeding.
A Mathematical Framework for Designing a Low-Loss, Low-Delay Internet

We survey some recent results on modeling, analysis and design of congestion control schemes for the Internet. Using tools from convex optimization and control theory, we show that congestion controllers can be viewed as distributed algorithms for achieving fair resource allocation among competing sources. We illustrate the use of simple mathematical models to analyze the behavior of currently deployed Internet congestion control protocols as well as to design new protocols for networks with large capacities, delays and general topology. These new protocols are designed to nearly eliminate loss and queueing delay in the Internet, yet achieving high utilization and any desired fairness.
An implement of RPV control system for small unmanned helicopters

This paper has presented an implementation of a RPV control system for a small unmanned helicopter. Both the hardware and the software of the UAV have been described in detail. An EKF-based GPS/INS navigation system is developed with low-cost inertial sensors and a GPS receiver. A chaos-genetic algorithm is proposed in the system identification of the helicopter. A LQG-based RPV (Remotely Piloted Vehicle) control scheme is applied in the control system. The airline flight of the control system has been verified by a hardware-in-loop simulation environment. Real flight experiment is also carried out to test the performance of the RPV control system. It can be concluded that, besides the stable control of attitude, the proposed system is also able to track the target velocity quickly and realize the RPV control of the small unmanned helicopter.
Alteration of dopamine transport in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of ovariectomized and estrogen-primed rats following N-(p-isothiocyanatophenethyl) spiperone (NIPS) treatment

Abstract The ability of N-(p-isothiocyanatophenethyl) spiperone (NIPS, 10 mg/kg, 24 h), a selective, irreversible alkylating agent of the dopamine D2 receptor, to alter properties of dopamine uptake and clearance in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of ovariectomized and estrogen-primed (estradiol benzoate, 10 μg, 48 h, 24 h) rats was examined using voltammetry. The effectiveness of NIPS was evaluated independently by measuring agonist mediated potentiation of [35S]-guanosine 5′-(γ-thiotriphosphate) ([35S]-GTPγS) binding and [3H]-dopamine uptake. A decrease in Emax for ligand potentiated [35S]-GTPγS binding and a loss of quinpirole potentiated [3H]-dopamine uptake was observed consistent with a NIPS mediated alkylation and functional down-regulation of the dopamine D2 receptor. This down-regulation was associated with an attenuation of the dose dependent uptake of dopamine in both the striatum and the accumbens. Co-administration of estrogen and NIPS resulted in a further attenuation of dopamine potentiated [35S]-GTPγS binding measured in vitro and dopamine uptake measured in vivo. Analysis of the voltammetric profile revealed that clearance and T50 times were significantly prolonged in animals treated with estrogen and NIPS compared with those treated with NIPS alone. These data are consistent with both a steroid mediated impairment in dopamine autoreceptor/dopamine transporter coupling and an independent action of estrogen at the level of the dopamine transporter.
SKIN DENSITY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON BUOYANCY IN THE MANATEE (TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS), HARBOR PORPOISE (PHOCOENA PHOCOENA), AND BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS)

This study investigated how skin contributes to buoyancy control in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Manatees are shallow divers and control their position in the water column hydrostatically. The two cetaceans are relatively deep divers that control their buoyancy hydrodynamically. Although the cetacean skin had been hypothesized to lower total body density (e.g., Dearolf et al. 2000, Nowacek et al. 2001), its buoyant force had not been calculated. The density of manatee skin, and its contribution to buoyancy, was unknown. Skin densities of 27 manatees, five harbor porpoises, and five bottlenose dolphins were measured volumetrically. Skin mass and density were used to calculate buoyant force. Harbor porpoise (952 kg/m 3 ) and bottlenose dolphin (969 kg/m 3 ) skins were less dense than seawater, and added 9 and 25 N of positive buoyant force, respectively, to total body buoyancy. By contrast, manatee skin (1,121 kg/m 3 ) contributed 56 N of negative buoyant force, which equaled 70% of the negative buoyant force of their dense, pachyosteosclerotic ribs. Calculation of buoyant forces of the skeleton, skin and lungs demonstrates that the manatee is positively buoyant at the surface and negatively buoyant at depths of less than 10 m.
Perspectives on Policy/Practice (Dis)Connection—Special Educators Turned Teacher Educators’ Points of View

Educational policy and practice have long been disconnected. This paper explores the experiences of two former teachers turned teacher educators as they examine unintended consequences of policy reform. This paper positions No Child Left Behind’s and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act’s “Highly Qualified Teachers,” “Annual Yearly Progress,” and the issues of “evidence-based practices” alongside the authors’ personal school-based examples to demonstrate (dis)connections between policy, schools, and classrooms. The analysis provides a critique of these policies to demonstrate where teacher educators can take an active role in helping future teachers understand implications of these policies.
CD4− CD8− thymocytes from MRL-lpr/lpr mice exhibit abnormal proportions of αβ- and γδ-TCR+ cells and demonstrate defective responsiveness when activated through the TCR

Abstract MRL-lpr/lpr (lpr) mice develop profound lymphadenopathy resulting from the accumulation of CD4 − CD8 − (double-negative, DN) cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs. Earlier studies from our laboratory demonstrated an increased proportion of DN cells in the thymus of lpr mice with age. Inasmuch as the DN thymocytes constitute a heterogenous population of cells, in the present study, we investigated the TCR phenotype of DN thymocytes and their responsiveness to activation through the TCR. The DN thymocytes of young (1 month of age) lpr mice contained ~65% CD3 + cells of which ~60% were α/gb-TCR + and ~39% were γδ-TCR + as detected by using pan anti-TCR mAbs. In old (4–6 months of age) or young MRL-+/+ mice, similar proportions of CD3 + , αβ- or γδ-TCR + DN thymocytes were detected. Interestingly, however, in old (4–6 months of age) lpr mice, the CD3 + T cells increased to ~86% and the majority of these (~81%) were αβ-TCR + and only ~3% were γδ-TCR + . Also, in old lpr mice, there was a 10-fold increase in the absolute number of αβ-TCR + DN cells in the thymus, whereas, the absolute number of γδ-TCR + DN cells in the thymus did not alter significantly. Furthermore, a majority (~84%) of the old lpr DN thymocytes expressed CD45R, similar to the peripheral DN T cells. In contrast, only a small number (~ 1%) of DN thymocytes from young Ipr or MRL-+/+ mice expressed CD45R. The DN thymocytes from young Ipr or MRL-+/+ mice demonstrated strong and similar proliferative responsiveness to stimulation with PMA + calcium ionophore or PMA + IL-2, or to immobilized mAb directed against the TCRs (CD3, αβ and γδ). In contrast, the DN thymocytes and the DN peripheral T cells from old lpr mice demonstrated marked defect in responding to the above stimuli. The present study suggests that with the onset of lymphadenopathy, the DN cells in the thymus of old lpr mice are increasingly skewed toward the αβ-TCR repertoire, the majority of which express CD45R and respond poorly to mitogenic stimuli or when activated through the TCR. It is suggested that migration of such cells continuously to the periphery may result in severe lymphadenopathy seen in old MRL-lpr/lpr mice.
Price Elasticity of the Demand for Cigarettes in the United States

The retail price elasticity of demand for cigarettes is a particularly important parameter for social decisions at this time. Results from prior cigarette elasticity studies vary widely, ranging from −0.10 to −1.48. Temporal changes may explain some of this variation, but differences in research methods are more important. The quasi-experimental approach used in this article yields an elasticity estimate (−0.511) free of many of the extraneous and irrelevant systematic influences that afflict time-series and cross-section methods. In addition, the length of run of the elasticity is known and explicit. The method provides built-in protections against bias from trends in collinear variables and produces sensible estimates with reasonably small and measurable dispersion.
Spatial features of calcium-regulated gene expression

A key characteristic of an animal's nervous system is that it can respond to brief environmental stimuli with lasting changes in its structure and function. These changes are triggered by specific patterns of neuronal electrical activity and are manifested as changes in the strength and patterns of synaptic connectivity between activated neurons. The biochemical mechanisms that control these changes are unclear, but cytoplasmic rises in Ca2+ levels may play a critical role, especially in regulating neuronal gene expression for making activity-induced synaptic changes permanent. Recently, two reports have explored the spatial features by which activity-induced rises in Ca2+ levels activate transcription factors and gene expression. The reports suggest that Ca2+ influx acts both locally at the synapse and distantly within the nucleus to regulate transcription factors and gene expression. The results also show that regulatory elements within genes can respond differentially, depending on spatial differences in intracellular Ca2+ rises. These reports suggest new spatial mechanisms by which Ca(2+)-dependent gene expression could contribute to activity-dependent synaptic changes.
EGFP as your targeted 'hitman'.

The nonphototoxic nature of GFP makes it an excellent imaging probe but a poor tool for techniques that rely on generation of toxic radicals such as chromophore-assisted light inactivation (CALI). Multiphoton excitation helps overcome these limitations.
Cray cascade: a scalable HPC system based on a Dragonfly network

Higher global bandwidth requirement for many applications and lower network cost have motivated the use of the Dragonfly network topology for high performance computing systems. In this paper we present the architecture of the Cray Cascade system, a distributed memory system based on the Dragonfly [1] network topology. We describe the structure of the system, its Dragonfly network and the routing algorithms. We describe a set of advanced features supporting both mainstream high performance computing applications and emerging global address space programing models. We present a combination of performance results from prototype systems and simulation data for large systems. We demonstrate the value of the Dragonfly topology and the benefits obtained through extensive use of adaptive routing.
Antiferromagnetic Structure of α-Manganese and a Magnetic Structure Study of β-Manganese

Neutron diffraction data have been obtained at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 298\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for both $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Mn and $\ensuremath{\beta}$-Mn. The pattern of moment alignment in the antiferromagnetic state of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Mn is deduced. Dependent on interatomic distance, both parallel and antiparallel spin couplings are present. Also, for one kind of atom no moment alignment occurs. The magnitudes of the individual moments appear to exceed considerably one Bohr magneton. No coherent magnetic scattering is detectable for $\ensuremath{\beta}$-Mn at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The effect of atomic separation and of atomic arrangement on magnetic structure is discussed.
More pain; less gain

Pain is arguably the most completely understood of all sensations at the molecular and neural circuit level ( 1 – 3 ). Noxious stimuli elicit a variety of rapid tissue-protective responses. Pain also has an unpleasant affective-motivational dimension that, when persistent, can dominate behavior. When chronic, pain produces fatigue and mood changes that diminish many of life's pleasures. In contrast to our detailed understanding of acute pain, we know much less about how persistent pain alters behaviors at the molecular and neural circuit levels. On page 535 of this issue, Schwartz et al. ( 4 ) advance our understanding of how persistent noxious stimuli affect reward-seeking behavior.
Conversations With Economists: New Classical Economists and Opponents Speak Out on the Current Controversy in Macroeconomics

A collection of interviews with 11 of the nation's leading economic theorists providing an introduction to current issues in economic theory and to the ways in which economists think.
Translumbar embolization of type 2 endoleaks after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms.

ENDOVASCULAR repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms is a rapidly proliferating technique. Unlike conventional “open” aneurysm repairs, patients may develop immediate or delayed “endoleaks” requiring remediation either by catheter-based or surgical intervention. Endoleaks are classified into one of four categories (1,2). A leak at an attachment site (proximal, middle, or distal) is classified as type 1. In collateral endoleaks (type 2), blood travels from a branch vessel in the nonstented portion of the aorta or iliac arteries. Blood flow then takes a circuitous route, emptying into the aneurysm sac via retrograde flow through a lumbar artery, inferior mesenteric artery, or other vessel originating from the aneurysm. This type of leak is the most common and is unrelated to the type or configuration of stent-graft used. Endoleaks that are a result of a defect in, or failure of, the graft material are defined as type 3, whereas those resulting from stent-graft wall porosity are called type 4. Most controversial is the fate of branch vessel (type 2) endoleaks, usually arising from inferior mesenteric artery or lumbar artery retrograde flow into the excluded abdominal aortic aneurysm sac. While some of these leaks have been demonstrated to thrombose with the passage of time, distressing reports of continued abdominal aortic aneurysm enlargement from untreated branch endoleaks are accumulating (3–5). One of the barriers to catheterbased remediation of type 2 endoleaks has been access to the offending vessel supplying the excluded abdominal aortic aneurysm sac. Access to the inferior mesenteric artery can be gained by catheterization of the superior mesenteric artery and selecting the inferior mesenteric artery through collaterals. This approach is tedious, time-consuming, and not always successful, particularly if there is an incomplete arc connecting the SMA-IMA axis (6– 10). Patent lumbar arteries are even less easily accessed. Translumbar access to the abdominal aorta was first introduced more than 70 years ago (11,12). Modifications made this technique of clinical value in the 1960s (13). Even though the long history and safety of this procedure is well documented, at the present time, translumbar angiography is usually reserved for patients with poor peripheral vascular access. The purpose of our investigation was to access the feasibility of direct aneurysm sac puncture and endoleak embolization via a translumbar approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Dose-response relationship, kinetics of formation, and persistence of S-[2-(N7-guanyl)-ethyl]glutathione-DNA adduct in livers of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) exposed in vivo to ethylene dichloride.

Formation of DNA adducts by reactive chemicals or their metabolites are often a precursor of mutagenesis and other adverse effects. Studies in juvenile channel catfish (Ictaluruspunctatus) were conducted to determine the dose–response, kinetics of formation, and persistence of S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl]glutathione hepatic–DNA adducts following a 4-h in vivo aqueous exposure to ethylene dichloride (EDC) at several dose levels. S-[2-(N7-guanyl)ethyl] glutathione adducts were detectable in liver tissue after 2 h of exposure and were still detectable three weeks after a single pulse exposure (detection limit = ∼10 fmol, ∼1 DNA adduct in 107 bases). Pretreatment of catfish with the glutathione-depleting agent diethylmaleate significantly reduced the level of tissue glutathione levels and, as a result, DNA adducts were not detected in pretreated fish. Catfish may serve as a useful sentinel species for detecting DNA-reactive chemicals in aquatic systems. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1537–1544. © 2010 SETAC
Variations in Fe3+/∑Fe of Mariana Arc Basalts and Mantle Wedge fO2

Arc basalts are more oxidized than mid-ocean ridge basalts, but it is unclear whether this difference is due to differentiation processes in the Earth’s crust or to a fundamental difference in the oxygen fugacity of their mantle sources. Distinguishing between these two hypotheses is important for understanding redox-sensitive processes related to arc magmatism, and thus more broadly how Earth materials cycle globally. We present major, volatile, and trace element concentrations in combination with Fe^(3+)/∑Fe ratios determined in olivine-hosted glass inclusions and submarine glasses from five Mariana arc volcanoes and two regions of the Mariana Trough. For single eruptions, Fe^(3+)/∑Fe ratios vary along liquid lines of descent that are either slightly oxidizing (olivine + clinopyroxene + plagioclase fractionation, CO_2 ± H_2O degassing) or reducing (olivine + clinopyroxene + plagioclase ± magnetite fractionation, CO_2 + H_2O + S degassing). Mariana samples are consistent with a global relationship between calc-alkaline affinity and both magmatic H_2O and magmatic oxygen fugacity, where wetter, higher oxygen fugacity magmas display greater affinity for calc-alkaline differentiation. We find, however, that low-pressure differentiation cannot explain the majority of variations observed in Fe^(3+)/∑Fe ratios for Mariana arc basalts, requiring primary differences in magmatic oxygen fugacity. Calculated oxygen fugacities of primary mantle melts at the pressures and temperatures of melt segregation are significantly oxidized relative to mid-ocean ridge basalts (∼QFM, where QFM is quartz–fayalite–magnetite buffer), ranging from QFM + 1·0 to QFM + 1·6 for Mariana arc basalts, whereas back-arc related samples record primary oxygen fugacities that range from QFM + 0·1 to QFM + 0·5. This Mariana arc sample suite includes a diversity of subduction influences, from lesser influence of a homogeneous H_2O-rich component in the back-arc, to sediment melt- and fluid-dominated influences along the arc. Primary melt oxygen fugacity does not correlate significantly with sediment melt contributions (e.g. Th/La), nor can it be attributed to previous melt extraction in the back-arc. Primary melt oxygen fugacity correlates strongly with indices of slab fluids (e.g. Ba/La) from the Mariana Trough through the Mariana arc, increasing by 1·5 orders of magnitude as Ba/La increases by a factor of 10 relative to mid-ocean ridge basalts. These results suggest that contributions from the slab to the mantle wedge may be responsible for the elevated oxygen fugacity recorded by Mariana arc basalts and that slab fluids are potentially very oxidized.
Exploring the utility of entitlement in understanding sexual aggression

Abstract Purpose Sexual aggression on college campuses has received a great deal of research attention. Little criminological theory, however, has systematically linked individual-level risk factors for sexual aggression with broader societal factors like patriarchy. DeKeseredy and Schwartz (1993) proposed that societal patriarchy is translated into individual attitudes of male sexual proprietariness and entitlement, which provide motivation and justifications for sexual violence. Methods This study explored the concept of entitlement through various measures and demonstrated the utility of the concept by linking it with other theoretically-relevant variables, including self-control, sexual partners, use of pornography, adversarial sexual beliefs, and rape myth adherence. Results Entitlement was significantly correlated with theoretically-relevant variables in the expected directions. Additionally, entitlement was able to distinguish sexually aggressive and nonaggressive men. Multivariate models provided support for the theoretical assertion that entitlement fosters rape-supportive attitudes and behaviors, which in turn was related to sexual aggression. Conclusions Entitlement is an important concept in understanding sexual aggression, and the causal relationships implied by theory should be explored further in future research. Implications and directions for future research and theory are discussed.
On the scope of some formulas defining additive connectives in fuzzy logics

In (Fuzzy Sets and Systems 149 (2005) 297) Wang et al. defined a new fuzzy logic called NMG. They also introduced new formulas to define the additive connectives from multiplicative conjunction, residuated implication and bottom in NMG. However, they did not study the scope of these formulas in the general framework of fuzzy logics. This is the aim of this paper. Therefore, we add the definability formulas to known fuzzy logics as new axioms, following the method used in (Beyond Two: Theory and Applications of Multiple-Valued Logic, 2003, 251.), and we obtain some families of logics presented in a simpler language. Finally, we discuss the standard completeness of these new logics.
The acquired pellicle: variability and subject-dependence of specific proteins.

. By indirect immunofluorescence, 13 different proteins were studied in 2-hour, acquired pellicles collected from four subjects over a 5-day period. The 300 specimens were coded, and the intensity of fluorescence specific for each protein was scored by two independent observers. Statistical analyses indicated that the mean score values differed significantly when a comparison was made between individual proteins or between subject-donors of the pellicles. Also, the scores for each protein were highly dependent on the subject. Despite daily fluctuations, the pellicles from each subject presented a characteristic protein profile. Frequently, high fluorescence scores were noted for proteins of generally low salivary concentration, e.g., IgM and IgG. The third component of complement was discovered in several pellicles and, by subsequent testing, in whole saliva but not in parotid fluid. Its presence in pellicles of an edentulous subject suggests that this protein may be transferred across the oral epithelium.
Quantitative Sampling of Fish Populations with a Mobile Rising Net

Abstract A modified pop net (i.e., an inflatable lift net), used to estimate fish population size, was evaluated in a small northern Colorado lake having a stocked population of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss of known initial size. At the conclusion of pop-net sampling, the lake was treated with rotenone to estimate final fish population size and the instantaneous daily mortality rate. This rate was used to determine the expected fish population size for each day of sampling. A target value for the population estimates based on pop-net samples was defined as the mean of the expected daily population sizes. Seven estimators were used to predict total fish population size from pop-net sampling; 95% confidence intervals for all ratio estimators included the target value. A volume-based stratified ratio estimator best predicted the fish population size in the study lake.
Ionic Composition of Cisternal CSF in Acute Respiratory Acidosis: Lack of Effect of Large Dose Bumetanide

Sodium/chloride cotransport carrier is known to be involved in transepithelial fluid absorption and secretion in various tissues. Recent studies indicate that Na,K,2Cl cotransport carrier also exists in the choroid plexus cells and inhibition of the carrier alters ionic composition of the choroidal tissue. In this study, we report the effects of large dose intravenous bumetanide, a potent inhibitor of Na,K,2Cl carrier, on cisternal CSF ionic composition in acute respiratory acidosis in pentobarbital-anesthetized mechanically ventilated dogs. Renal pedicles were ligated to prevent bumetanide-induced diuresis. The experimental group (Group II, n = 7) received 50 mg/kg of bumetanide intravenously and Group I (the control group, n = 7) received the vehicle. Analysis of serum and choroidal plexus tissue revealed bumetanide concentration of approximately 10(-5) mol/L in Group II. During 5 h of acute respiratory acidosis in both groups, the mean PaCO2 increased approximately 25 mm Hg, with comparable changes in CSF PCO2. In both groups, CSF [HCO3-] and [H+] increased approximately 3 mEq/L and 20 nEq/L, respectively. Furthermore, changes in CSF [Na+], [K+], [Ca2+], [Mg2+], [Cl-], and [Na(+)-Cl-] were also similar and were not significantly different from each other. These data show that bumetanide, at the dose that inhibits NaCl cotransport carrier, does not significantly affect ionic composition of cisternal CSF.
The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy versus whole abdominopelvic radiation on the survival of patients with advanced stage uterine papillary serous carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives. To compare the outcomes of stage III and IV uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy (PC) versus whole abdominopelvic irradiation (WAPI) after optimal cytoreductive surgery. Methods. Surgically staged patients with advanced stage UPSC diagnosed between 1981 and 2002 were identified from tumor registry databases at four hospitals. Survival analyses and predictors of outcome were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier methods. Results. Of the 40 patients with advanced UPSC (median age: 64.5), 84% were Caucasian, 8% were African American, and 8% were Asian. The majority of patients (85%) presented with vaginal bleeding. Twenty-seven had stage III and 13 had stage IV disease. All patients were optimally debulked; 21 patients received adjuvant PC while 19 underwent WAPI. The median follow-up was 27 months (range: 5–209). The 3-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) for the patients with stage III disease were 49% and 37% compared to 37% and 31% in those with stage IV disease ( P = 0.23 for OS; P = 0.41 for PFS). Women who received PC had a 3-year OS and PFS of 43% and 31% compared to 45% and 41% in those receiving WAPI, respectively ( P = 0.40 for OS; P = 0.84 for PFS). Conclusion. Platinum-based chemotherapy or whole abdominopelvic irradiation resulted in similar survival in this series of women with optimally cytoreduced UPSC. Given the overall poor prognosis of these patients, new treatment modalities are warranted.
From Ethnic Affinity to Alienation in the Global Ecumene: The Encounter between the Japanese and Japanese-Brazilian Return Migrants

The return migration of the Japanese-Brazilians from Brazil “back” to Japan is the most recent chapter in an interesting migration legacy that started with emigration from Japan at the beginning of...
Jon Elster's Securities against Misrule: Juries, Assemblies, Elections: A Review Essay

The standard economic approach to designing institutions for collective decision making recognizes individuals’ strategically rational motivations for misrepresentation and asks how best, given an objective function, to design a set of incentives and constraints to internalize or negate such motivations. Securities Against Misrule offers, in the author’s phrase, an “essay in persuasion” to the effect that such an approach is fundamentally misguided. Instead, Elster argues for a behavioral approach centered on designing institutions for good decision making, rather than good outcomes, by individuals whose actions are chronically subject to emotional, self-interested, and prejudicial distortions. ( JEL D02, D71, D72, D82)
Pediatric Inpatient Humanitarian Care in Combat: Iraq and Afghanistan 2002 to 2012

Background The purpose of this study was to define the scope of combat- and noncombat-related inpatient pediatric humanitarian care provided from 2002 to 2012 by the United States (US) Military in Iraq and Afghanistan. Study Design A review of the Patient Administration Systems and Biostatistics Activity (PASBA) database for all admissions from 2002 to 2012 by US military hospitals in Afghanistan and Iraq for children 14 years of age and younger provided data to analyze the use of medical care. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Standardization Agreement (STANAG) injury codes provided injury cause and the ICD-codes provided diagnosis. In-hospital mortality, blood usage, number of invasive procedures, and hospital stay were analyzed by country and injury category. Results There were 6,273 admissions that met inclusion criteria. In Afghanistan, there were more than twice as many pediatric noncombat-related admissions (2,197) as pediatric combat-related admissions (1,095). In Iraq, the difference was minimal (1,391 noncombat vs 1,590 combat). The most common cause of noncombat-related admission in both countries was injury: primarily motor vehicle related and burns, which varied significantly by age. Older patients (older than 8 years in Afghanistan and older than 4 years in Iraq) were more likely combat victims. Mortality was highest for combat trauma in Iraq (11%) and noncombat trauma in Afghanistan (8%). The in-hospital mortality in both countries was 5% for admissions unrelated to trauma. Resource use was highest for combat trauma in both countries. Conclusions Noncombat-related medical care was the primary reason for pediatric humanitarian admissions to United States military combat hospitals in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2002 to 2012. Combat-related injuries have a higher mortality than noncombat injuries or other admissions.
Statistical review of the henhouse experiments: the effects of a pulsed magnetic field on chick embryos.

This paper analyzes data from a study conducted by the United States Office of Naval Research on the effects of pulsed magnetic fields on chick embryos. The experiment involved incubation of eggs under carefully controlled conditions in six different laboratories. The original analysis included inappropriate statistical methodology for analyzing the experimental results. Since the conclusions from this study rest so heavily on the results of statistical analyses, choosing the proper methodology is imperative. The major aim of this paper then is to introduce more appropriate analytic tools and illustrate their use in the present context. Qualitatively our results agree with those of the original analysis; our findings about interactions between effects, however, makes interpretation of these effects more subtle. We apply linear logistic modeling to counts of damaged embryos, using as covariates factors corresponding to exposure, laboratory, incubator, run, and measurements of background radiation. This facilitates estimation of the size of the effects. The effects of laboratory, incubator, and run are explored both as fixed and random effects. We find statistically significant exposure and laboratory effects, in accordance with the original study. However, we also find that the inter-laboratory variation in exposure effect is at least as large as the exposure effect itself. The presence of such effects fundamentally alters the interpretation of the fitted model, as is graphically presented. 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of particle size and flow rate optimization for chromatography using one-monomer molecularly imprinted polymers versus traditional non-covalent molecularly imprinted polymers

Abstract The dependence of enantio-selective chromatographic performance on particle size, as measured by separation factor, was investigated for one-monomer molecularly imprinted polymers (OMNiMIPs) compared to traditionally formed EGDMA/MAA molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Five particle size ranges were compared (
Effectiveness of a training program to increase the capacity of health care providers to provide HIV/AIDS care and treatment in Swaziland

Implementation of HIV care and treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa is a complex undertaking that requires training of health care providers (HCPs). Many sub-Saharan African countries have introduced training programs to build human resources for health. Evaluation of the ongoing trainings is warranted so that programs can be improved. The purpose of this study was to evaluate Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative's (BIPAI) HCP training program in Swaziland. The specific aims were: (1) to assess coverage and delivery of the training program; and (2) to determine the impact of the training program on HCPs' knowledge about HIV and pediatric practices, attitudes toward HIV/AIDS patients, and self-efficacy to provide antiretroviral therapy (ART). The evaluation was a multimethod design with two types of data collection and analysis: (1) one-group pretest-posttest survey with 101 HCPs; and (2) semi-structured in-depth interviews with seven trainers from Baylor College of Medicine and 16 local HCPs in Swaziland. Quantitative data were analyzed using Stata Statistical Software version 8.2 for descriptive and multivariate analysis while factor analysis was done using Statistical Program for Social Sciences version 14. The transcribed interviews were analyzed using a didactic approach. Process evaluation showed that the training had good coverage, was delivered as intended, and improved as the work progressed. The training program led to a significant increase (p=0.0000) in HCPs' knowledge about HIV/AIDS, ART, and relevant clinical pediatrics practices between pretest (mean 68.7% SD 13.7) and post training (mean 84.0% SD 12.0). The training program also increased trainees' self-efficacy to provide ART and their attitudes toward AIDS patients (p=0.0000 and 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, BIPAI training program in Swaziland had good coverage of all health care facilities and HCPs in Swaziland. The training was effective in imparting knowledge and skills to HCPs and in their attitudes toward HIV/AIDS patients.