cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF SELECTIVE SURFACE TROMBE WALLS WITH TRADITIONAL THERMAL MASS WALLS

ABSTRACT Trombe walls have become one of the best known passive solar heating techniques. Known for their thermal performance and interior room temperature stability, Trombe walls or thermal mass walls have achieved widespread acceptance. In order to achieve a higher solar savings fraction value particularly in climates with cold winters the use of some form of insulation to cover external glazing at night is recommended. As an alternative, selective surface coatings applied directly to the Trombe wall surface are another means to improve thermal performance but without the need to apply cumbersome night shutters. The conclusions at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories (LASL) suggest that the thermal performance of these selective surface coatings matches that of the more traditional Trombe wall with night insulation (Balcomb and colleagues, 1983). This paper reports on the results of similar testing performed over two winters at the passive Solar Research Test Facility in Omaha, Nebraska. The purpose of our studies was to validate LASL predictions (Chen and colleagues, 1983).
The value of cooperative extension for involving society in restoration and conservation

Stakeholder input for restoration and conservation efforts is critical for project success and societal buy‐in. A lack of experience or training, however, might limit the ability of managers to develop the partnerships needed for effective integration of stakeholders in project design and deployment. Cooperative extension (CE), a boundary‐spanning organization associated with U.S. land‐grant institutions, can help address this limitation because it has a long history of success with identifying, reaching out to, and connecting stakeholders in management projects. Organizations both within and external to the United States can enhance stakeholder contributions in restoration and conservation by leveraging expertise in CE. This can occur both by learning from and partnering with CE.
Gravitational-magnetic-electric field interaction

Abstract From gravitational redshift/blueshift and the law of conservation of energy, we obtained equations, Δ g = fG / μ 0 B and Δ g = f G e 0 E , for the interaction between gravitational and magnetic/electric field. The variation of gravitational acceleration Δ g is determined with the gravitational redshift parameter ƒ and the magnetic flux density B or the electric field intensity E ; G, μ 0 and e 0 are gravitational, magnetic and electric constant. The equations show that the variation of the gravitational field could be measured. And, we found that, the energy density of the magnetic field is close to that of the gravitational one. It also indicates that a strong magnetic field could make the variation of the energy of gravitational field measurable. The equations should mean that not only we have a new way to understand gravity, but also we shall can manipulate the gravitational field as we did the electromagnetic one.
Cardioplegia defibrillation of circulatory and metabolic phase ventricular fibrillation in a swine model.

Abstract Introduction We previously found potassium cardioplegia followed by rapid calcium reversal (Kplegia) can achieve defibrillation in a swine model of electrical phase of ventricular fibrillation (VF) comparable to standard care. Hypothesis Exploring 3 possible potassium dose and timing protocols, we hypothesize Kplegia may benefit resuscitation of longer duration untreated VF. Methods Three separate blinded randomized placebo-controlled trials were performed with electrically-induced VF untreated for durations of 6, 9, and 12 min in a swine model. Experimental groups received infusion of 1 or 2 boluses of intravenous (IV) potassium followed by a single calcium reversal bolus. Potassium was replaced by saline in the control groups. Outcomes included: amplitude spectrum area (AMSA) during VF, resulting rhythms, number of defibrillations, return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and hemodynamics for 1 h post ROSC. Binomial and interval data outcomes were compared with exact statistics. Serial interval data were assessed with mixed regression models. Results Twelve, 12, and 8 animals were included at 6, 9, and 12 min VF durations for a total of 32. ROSC was achieved in: 4/6 Kplegia and 3/6 control animals in the 6 min protocol, (p = 1.00), 4/6 Kplegia and 2/6 control animals in the 9 min protocol,(p = 0.57), and 0/5 Kplegia and 1/3 control animals in the 12 min protocol,(p = 0.38). Two of 8 Kplegia animals achieved ROSC with chemical defibrillation alone. Conclusions The majority of animals achieved ROSC after up to 9 min of untreated VF arrest using K plegia protocols. K plegia requires further optimization for both peripheral IV and intraosseous infusion, and to assess for superiority over standard care. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol #15127224.
Clostridium septicum aortitis: A kiss of the devil.

Background Clostridium septicum aortitis is a lethal infection. C. septicum has a strong association with an underlying malignancy, most commonly in the colon. Aim Early identification methods and management strategies of C. Septicum infection. Materials and methods We present a 64-year-old man with aortic aneurysm and C. septicum bacteremia with unknown malignancy who passed away on the fourth day of hospitalization despite emergent endovascular intervention. Computed tomography showed periaortic gas which is the hallmark of infection. Discussion This case report highlights the need of prompt surgical treatment and its different modalities along with the early use of appropriate antibiotics due to the rapid spread of infection associated with high fatality. The authors also discuss the association of C. septicum aortitis with underlying occult malignancies. Conclusion Delay in identification and treatment of C. Septicum is associated with very high mortality rates.
Counseling Psychologists and Behavioral Health: Promoting Mental and Physical Health Outcomes ψ

On the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of The Counseling Psychologist, we reflect on the many contributions that counseling psychologists have made and are poised to make in the areas of behaviora...
Comparing the short-term cost-effectiveness of epidural steroid injections and medical management alone for discogenic lumbar radiculopathy.

Abstract Objective Epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are a commonly used treatment strategy for low back pain and lumbar radiculopathy. However, their cost-effectiveness and ability to mediate long-term quality of life (QOL) improvements is debated. We sought to analyze the cost-effectiveness of lumbar epidural steroid injections (ESIs) compared to medical management alone for patients with lumbar radiculopathy and low back pain. Patients and Methods QOL outcomes were prospectively collected at 3- and 6-months following initial consultation. Metrics included the EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) questionnaire, the Pain Disability Questionnaire (PDQ), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Cost estimations were based on Medicare national payment amounts, median income, and missed workdays. A cost-utility analysis was performed based upon cost estimations and a cost-effectiveness threshold of $100,000/Quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Results One hundred forty-one patients met our inclusion/exclusion criteria; 89 received ESI and 52 were treated with medical management alone. Both cohorts showed improved EQ-5D scores at 3 months but were similar to one another: ESI (ΔEQ-5D = 0.06; p = 0.03) and medical-alone (ΔEQ-5D = 0.07; p = 0.03). No significant difference was seen between groups for total costs ($2,190 vs. $1,772; p = 0.18) or cost-utility ratios ($38,710/QALY vs. $27,313/QALY; p = 0.73). At both the 3-month and 6-month endpoints, absolute differences in cost-utility was driven by overall costs as opposed to QALY gains. Medical management alone was more cost effective at both points owing to lower expenditures, however these differences were not significant. No benefits were seen in either group on the EQ-5D or any of the patient reported outcomes at the 6-month time point. Conclusion ESIs were not cost-effective at either the 3-month or 6-month follow-up period. At 3 months, ESIs provide similar improvements in QOL outcomes relative to medical management and at similar costs. At 6 months, neither ESIs nor conservative management provide significant improvements in QOL outcomes.
An inevitable pandemic: geographic insights into the COVID-19 global health emergency

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the resulting disease, COVID-19, in China in late 2019 provides unique and sometimes overwhelming challenges to global public health and to the health and well-being...
Current-Shareholder Bias and the Limits of Shareholder Empowerment

Why do managers of widely-held firms fail to maximize firm value? The standard answer is that managers often pursue their own interests rather than shareholders’. I explain, however, that even managers completely loyal to the investors who hire and fire them -- the firm’s current shareholders will act in ways that diminish firm value. In particular, managers loyal to current shareholders will reduce value to enrich current shareholders at future shareholders’ expense. This problem, which I call “current-shareholder bias,” arises even if markets are perfectly rational, and even if all current shareholders are long-term investors. My analysis suggests that empowering current shareholders is unlikely to solve (and may exacerbate) certain corporate governance problems that have long afflicted U.S. firms, including earnings manipulation, real earnings management, and value- destroying acquisitions.
Review of “Oxford Textbook of Sleep Disorders,” edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty and Luigi Ferini-Strambi

After reading this textbook, it is clear that its purpose is to educate readers on the vast array of sleep disorders. The Editors, Sudhansu Chokroverty and Luigi Ferini-Strambi, are both professors...
From Baking a Cake to Solving the Schrodinger Equation

The primary emphasis of this study has been to explain how modifying a cake recipe by changing either the dimensions of the cake or the amount of cake batter alters the baking time. Restricting our consideration to the genoise, one of the basic cakes of classic French cuisine, we have obtained a semi-empirical formula for its baking time as a function of oven temperature, initial temperature of the cake batter, and dimensions of the unbaked cake. The formula, which is based on the Diffusion equation, has three adjustable parameters whose values are estimated from data obtained by baking genoises in cylindrical pans of various diameters. The resulting formula for the baking time exhibits the scaling behavior typical of diffusion processes, i.e. the baking time is proportional to the (characteristic length scale)^2 of the cake. It also takes account of evaporation of moisture at the top surface of the cake, which appears to be a dominant factor affecting the baking time of a cake. In solving this problem we have obtained solutions of the Diffusion equation which are interpreted naturally and straightforwardly in the context of heat transfer; however, when interpreted in the context of the Schrodinger equation, they are somewhat peculiar. The solutions describe a system whose mass assumes different values in two different regions of space. Furthermore, the solutions exhibit characteristics similar to the evanescent modes associated with light waves propagating in a wave guide. When we consider the Schrodinger equation as a non-relativistic limit of the Klein-Gordon equation so that it includes a mass term, these are no longer solutions.
Contemporary Porous Titanium Acetabular Components for Total Hip Arthroplasty After Pelvic Radiation.

Abstract Background Patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) following pelvic radiation have historically had poor survivorship free of aseptic acetabular component loosening. However, several series have reported improved results with tantalum acetabular components. The purpose of this study is to assess implant survivorship, radiographic results, and clinical outcomes of contemporary, porous titanium acetabular components in the setting of prior pelvic radiation. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 33 patients (38 hips) with prior pelvic radiation between 2006 and 2016 who underwent primary THA. The mean overall pelvic radiation dose was 6300 cGy with a mean latency period to THA of 5 years. The most common acetabular component was Pinnacle (DePuy Synthes) in 76%. Eight-seven percent of cups were fixed with screws. The mean age at primary THA was 74 years, 76% were male, and the mean body mass index was 30 kg/m2. Mean follow-up was 5 years. Results The 10-year survivorship free of revision for aseptic loosening, free of any revision, and free of any reoperation were 100%, 89%, and 89%, respectively, when accounting for death as a competing risk. There were 3 revisions; one each for taper corrosion, recurrent dislocation, and infection. Radiographically, all cups had evidence of osteointegration and none had radiographic evidence of loosening. The mean Harris Hip Score improved from 50 to 84 postoperatively (P Conclusion Contemporary porous titanium acetabular components with supplemental screws provided excellent implant fixation in patients with prior therapeutic pelvic radiation. At 10 years, 100% of these components were free of revision for aseptic loosening and 100% were radiographically well-fixed. Level of Evidence Level IV, Therapeutic.
Co-occurrence of Ostensive Communication and Generalizable Knowledge in Forager Storytelling : Cross-Cultural Evidence of Teaching in Forager Societies.

Teaching is hypothesized to be a species-typical behavior in humans that contributed to the emergence of cumulative culture. Several within-culture studies indicate that foragers depend heavily on social learning to acquire practical skills and knowledge, but it is unknown whether teaching is universal across forager populations. Teaching can be defined ethologically as the modification of behavior by an expert in the presence of a novice, such that the expert incurs a cost and the novice acquires skills/knowledge more efficiently or that it would not acquire otherwise. One behavioral modification hypothesized to be an adaptation for teaching is ostensive communication—exaggerations of prosody and gesture that signal intent to transmit generalizable knowledge and indicate the intended receiver. On this view, the use of ostensive communication in conjunction with the transmission of generalizable knowledge constitutes evidence of teaching. Oral storytelling appears to meet these criteria: Indigenous peoples regard their traditions as important sources of ecological and social knowledge, and oral storytelling is widely reported to employ paralinguistic communication. To test this hypothesis, descriptions of performed narrative in forager societies were coded for the use of 14 ostensive-communicative behaviors and the presence of generalizable knowledge. Although biased toward North America, the study sample comprised 53 forager cultures spanning five continents, 34 language families, and diverse biomes. All cultures evinced the predicted behaviors. Results suggest that foragers use storytelling as a mode of instruction, thus providing cross-cultural evidence of teaching in forager populations.
Promoting Breastfeeding at the Start: Hospital Practices and Breastfeeding Initiation and Exclusivity Among Low-income Women

Objectives To determine whether hospital breastfeeding-related practices are associated with breastfeeding initiation (BF) and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) at discharge in a low-income population.
The effect of powered ankle prostheses on muscle activity during walking.

Abstract Individuals with transtibial amputation (TTA) walk with greater muscle activity and metabolic costs than non-amputees. Powered prostheses aim to address these deficits by replicating the active function of the biological ankle. The purpose of this study was to determine if people with TTA alter muscle activity when walking with a powered prosthesis, and if this change relates to changes in metabolic costs. Ten individuals with TTA and 10 non-amputees walked on a treadmill while we measured metabolic cost and muscle activity from 16 lower limb muscles. Participants with TTA walked with their prescribed unpowered prosthesis and a commercial powered prosthesis (BiOM T2, Bedford, MA, USA), in random order. The integrated EMG across the gait cycle was greater with the powered prosthesis for the intact limb gluteus medius (p = 0.002) and residual limb vastus medialis (p = 0.013). There were several non-significant, moderate-to-strong correlations between changes in muscle activity and changes in metabolic cost between prostheses (p > 0.0504). Decreased muscle activity in the residual limb gluteus medius correlated with lower metabolic cost (r = 0.543). In contrast, lower metabolic cost was correlated with increased residual limb rectus femoris activity (r = -0.627) and increased co-contractions in the residual limb thigh muscles in terminal stance (r = -0.585) and late swing (r = -0.754). Overall, there were no consistent changes in muscle activity in response to the powered prosthesis. The correlations suggest that individuals who can effectively stabilize their residual limb during stance are more likely to benefit metabolically.
Understanding COVID-19 in Africa.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread to all 55 countries in Africa. The prevalence is highly heterogeneous, and the majority of cases are asymptomatic. Several factors are thought to explain heterogeneity of COVID-19 in Africa, including the level of containment measures, demographic aspects, climate and environmental factors, host genetics and immune factors. Here, we discuss the prevalence of COVID-19 in Africa, the status of serological studies, COVID-19 and comorbidities, as well as the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants and the status of vaccine roll-outs in Africa. In this Comment article, Sofonias Tessema and John Nkengasong provide an overview of the current state of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa and the challenges posed by the triple burden of emerging, endemic and non-communicable diseases.
A Public-Private Partnership to Locate Fields for Implementation and Monitoring of Best Management Practices to Treat Legacy Phosphorus

Legacy nutrients stored in agricultural soils are a substantial component of riverine nutrient discharge contributing to the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems. These nutrient loads can persist and delay water quality initiatives, for example, those of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement which seek to reduce phosphorus (P) loads entering the Western Lake Erie Basin. In this watershed, approximately 5% of fields have P concentrations 2.5-times greater than the maximum agronomic recommendations for corn and soybeans. Fields with these elevated-P concentrations (>100 mg P kg-1 soil) act as a source of legacy-P and discharge greater P loads. Implementing best management practices to treat runoff from these fields is desirable but finding them has been a challenge as soil test data are proprietary information creating an asymmetric information barrier. To overcome this barrier, we formed a public-private partnership that included agricultural retailers who conduct soil testing for farmers. Agricultural retailers who partnered with this project provided their soil P data and contacted farmers to gauge their interest, maintaining privacy for farmers until they expressed interest. Only 3.8% of soil samples in the provided data had elevated-P concentrations. In many cases, these elevated-P soils were confined to zones within fields, and 13% of fields had at least one elevated-P zone. We pursued these elevated-P fields as research sites for the implementation and monitoring of management practices. The agricultural retailers contacted 77 farmers with surveys, and 25 responded with interest in meeting the research team to discuss the project. Following a preliminary evaluation with the spatial data of fields operated by interested farmers, visits were arranged so that 12 research sites could be located. As indicated through the surveys, discussions with farmers, and soil data, many of the fields had accumulated elevated-P due to historic land-use (livestock, manure, or biosolid application) creating legacy sources. We conclude that public-private partnerships featuring agricultural retailers are a promising tool that may help overcome asymmetric information barriers to finding and managing agricultural fields with legacy-P that that disproportionately contribute to nutrient runoff.
Infants generalize from just (the right) four words.

Abstract Infants in the lab can generalize from 2 min of language-like input. Given that infants might fail to fully encode so much input, how many examples do they actually need? And if infants only encode a subset of their input at one time, does generalization change when that subset supports multiple generalizations? Exp. 1 asked whether 11-month-olds generalize the relation between two consonants in a word when just four input words provided non-conflicting vs. partially conflicting support for a phonological feature-based generalization. Infants learned under both conditions, although the latter appears to be more difficult. Exp. 2 asked whether infants’ robust learning reflects a bias toward feature-based generalizations. Infants failed to generalize when input provided completely conflicting support for two generalizations. Together, the data suggest that infants are able to generalize from much less input than previously observed, but generalization depends on the specific subset of the input they encounter.
Kt Minors in Large t-Connected Graphs

A graph G has a Kt minor if a graph isomorphic to Kt, the complete graph on t vertices, can be obtained from a subgraph of G by contracting edges. A long-standing conjecture of Hadwiger states that every graph with no Kt minor is (t ? 1)-colorable. Hadwiger's conjecture is known for t ≤ 6, and open for all t > 7. A deep theorem of Robertson and Seymour describes the structure of graphs with no Kt minor. The theorem is very powerful, but it is fairly complicated to state, and the condition it gives is necessary, but not sufficient, for the exclusion of a Kt minor. We prove a necessary and sufficient condition under additional restrictions on the graph G. We prove that for every integer t there exists an integer N such that every t-connected graph on at least N vertices with no Kt minor has a set of at most t ? 5 vertices whose deletion makes the graph planar. This is best possible in the sense that neither t-connectivity nor the size of the deleted set can be lowered, and for t > 7 some lower bound on the number of vertices is needed.
Children and Adolescents

Special considerations arise in treating children and adolescents with antidepressants. Empirical data on antidepressants (and other pharmacological agents) in young patients are quite limited. Psychiatrists, faced with depriving children of potentially effective medication or prescribing medications “off label,” need information on which to base treatment decisions, and efforts are underway (e.g., by the National Institutes of Health, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Food and Drug Administration) to promote research in this area. Clinically significant differences in pharmacokinetics and possibly pharmacodynamics between adults and younger patients can also complicate treatment (e.g., younger patients may need higher doses on a milligram-per-kilogram basis to achieve the same drug concentration as an adult on a usually effective adult dose). Younger patients may also be more sensitive to adverse effects of medications.
Effects of carprofen, meloxicam and deracoxib on platelet function in dogs

Abstract Objective To determine effects of anti-inflammatory doses of COX-2 selective NSAIDs carprofen, meloxicam, and deracoxib on platelet function in dogs and urine 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2. Study design Randomized, blocked, crossover design with a 14-day washout period. Animals Healthy intact female Walker Hounds aged 1–6 years and weighing 20.5–24.2 kg. Methods Dogs were given NSAIDs for 7 days at recommended doses: carprofen (2.2 mg kg−1, PO, every 12 hours), carprofen (4.4 mg kg−1, PO, every 24 hours), meloxicam (0.2 mg kg−1, PO, on the 1st day then 0.1 mg kg−1, PO, every 24 hours), and deracoxib (2 mg kg−1, PO, every 24 hours). Collagen/epinephrine and collagen/ADP PFA-100 cartridges were used to evaluate platelet function before and during and every other day after administration of each drug. Urine 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 was also measured before and during administration of each drug. Results All NSAIDs significantly prolonged PFA-100 closure times when measured with collagen/epinephrine cartridges, but not with collagen/ADP cartridges. The average duration from drug cessation until return of closure times (collagen/epinephrine cartridges) to baseline values was 11.6, 10.6, 11 and 10.6 days for carprofen (2.2 mg kg−1 every 12 hours), carprofen (4.4 mg kg−1 every 24 hours), meloxicam and deracoxib, respectively. Conclusions and clinical relevance Oral administration of some COX-2 selective NSAIDs causes detectable alterations in platelet function in dogs. As in humans, PFA-100 collagen/ADP cartridges do not reliably detect COX-mediated platelet dysfunction in dogs. Individual assessment of platelet function is advised when administering these drugs prior to surgery, particularly in the presence of other risk factors for bleeding.
Current Methods for Coulomb Few-Body Problems

Abstract This contribution examines current approaches to Coulomb few-body problems mainly from a methodological perspective, in contrast to recent reviews which have focused on the results obtained for benchmark problems. The methods under discussion here employ wavefunctions which explicitly involve all the interparticle coordinates and use functional forms appropriate to ‘nonadiabatic’ systems in which all the particles are of comparable mass. The use of such wavefunctions for states of arbitrary angular symmetry is reviewed, and the kinetic-energy operator, written in the interparticle coordinates, is presented in a convenient form. Evaluation of the resultant angular matrix elements is discussed in detail. For exponentially correlated wavefunctions, problems of integral evaluation are surveyed, the relatively new analytical procedures are summarized, and relations among matrix elements are presented. The current status of Gaussian-orbital and Hylleraas methods is also reviewed.
"Visual" Cortex Responds to Spoken Language in Blind Children.

Plasticity in the visual cortex of blind individuals provides a rare window into the mechanisms of cortical specialization. In the absence of visual input, occipital (“visual”) brain regions respond to sound and spoken language. Here, we examined the time course and developmental mechanism of this plasticity in blind children. Nineteen blind and 40 sighted children and adolescents (4–17 years old) listened to stories and two auditory control conditions (unfamiliar foreign speech, and music). We find that “visual” cortices of young blind (but not sighted) children respond to sound. Responses to nonlanguage sounds increased between the ages of 4 and 17. By contrast, occipital responses to spoken language were maximal by age 4 and were not related to Braille learning. These findings suggest that occipital plasticity for spoken language is independent of plasticity for Braille and for sound. We conclude that in the absence of visual input, spoken language colonizes the visual system during brain development. Our findings suggest that early in life, human cortex has a remarkably broad computational capacity. The same cortical tissue can take on visual perception and language functions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Studies of plasticity provide key insights into how experience shapes the human brain. The “visual” cortex of adults who are blind from birth responds to touch, sound, and spoken language. To date, all existing studies have been conducted with adults, so little is known about the developmental trajectory of plasticity. We used fMRI to study the emergence of “visual” cortex responses to sound and spoken language in blind children and adolescents. We find that “visual” cortex responses to sound increase between 4 and 17 years of age. By contrast, responses to spoken language are present by 4 years of age and are not related to Braille-learning. These findings suggest that, early in development, human cortex can take on a strikingly wide range of functions.
Mass communication and the problem of standardization of space and time in the public sphere

The social construction of space and time in the public sphere is embedded in the processes of mass communication. The mass media's general preoccupation with "news" orients it narrowly in space and time, constructing a compelling need to broaden human perspectives. Media accounts are increasingly built around the narrow ideas of "proximity" and "timeliness" and exploit the prevailing sense of a collapsing cultural center, but must be reconciled with emerging ecological and systems thinking. Beneath the veneer of commonsense and naturalized ideas about space and time are hidden terrains of ambiguity and contradiction. This article draws on insights of social theorist Niklas Luhmann in discussing the linkage of mass communication to the three spheres of knowledge-temporal, material and symbolic-and explores the role of communication in the standardization of space and time in the media discourse.
Synthesis of membrane glycoproteins in rat small-intestinal villus cells. Redistribution of l-[1,5,6-3H]-fucose-labelled membrane glycoproteins among Golgi, lateral basal and microvillus membranes in vivo

The biogenesis of plasmalemma glycoproteins of rat small-intestinal villus cells was studied by following the incorporation of l-[1,5,6-3H]fucose, given intraperitoneally with and without chase, into Golgi, lateral basal and microvillus membranes. Each membrane fraction showed distinct kinetics of incorporation of labelled fucose and was differently affected by the chase, which produced a much greater decrease in incorporation of label into Golgi and microvillus than into lateral basal membranes. The kinetic data suggest a redistribution of newly synthesized glycoproteins from the site of fucosylation, the Golgi complex, directly into both lateral basal and microvillus membranes. The observed biphasic pattern of label incorporation into the microvillus membrane fraction may be evidence for a second indirect route of incorporation. The selective effect of the chase suggests the presence of two different pools of radioactive fucose in the Golgi complex that differ in (1) their accessibility to dilution with non-radioactive fucose, and (2) their utilization for the biosynthesis of membrane glycoproteins subsequently destined for either the microvillus or the lateral basal parts of the plasmalemma. The radioactively labelled glycoproteins of the different membrane fractions were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-slab-gel electrophoresis and identified by fluorography. The patterns of labelled glycoproteins in Golgi and lateral basal membranes were identical at all times. At least 14 bands could be identified shortly after radioactive-fucose injection. Most seemed to disappear at later times, although one of them, which was never observed in microvillus membranes, increased in relative intensity. All but two of the labelled glycoproteins present in the microvillus membrane corresponded to those observed in Golgi and lateral basal membranes shortly after fucose injection. The patterns of labelled glycoproteins in all membrane fractions were little affected by the chase. These data support a flow concept for the insertion of most surface-membrane glycoproteins of the intestinal villus cells.
Zeta-Tubulin Is a Member of a Conserved Tubulin Module and Is a Component of the Centriolar Basal Foot in Multiciliated Cells

Summary There are six members of the tubulin superfamily in eukaryotes [1]. Alpha- and beta-tubulin form a heterodimer that polymerizes to form microtubules, and gamma-tubulin nucleates microtubules as a component of the gamma-tubulin ring complex. Alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tubulin are conserved in all eukaryotes. In contrast, delta- and epsilon-tubulin are conserved in many, but not all, eukaryotes and are associated with centrioles, although their molecular function is unclear [2–7]. Zeta-tubulin is the sixth and final member of the tubulin superfamily and is largely uncharacterized. We find that zeta-, epsilon-, and delta-tubulin form an evolutionarily co-conserved module, the ZED module, that has been lost at several junctions in eukaryotic evolution and that zeta- and delta-tubulin are evolutionarily interchangeable. Humans lack zeta-tubulin but have delta-tubulin. In Xenopus multiciliated cells, zeta-tubulin is a component of the basal foot, a centriolar appendage that connects centrioles to the apical cytoskeleton, and co-localizes there with epsilon-tubulin. Depletion of zeta-tubulin results in disorganization of centriole distribution and polarity in multiciliated cells. In contrast with multiciliated cells, zeta-tubulin in cycling cells does not localize to centrioles and is associated with the TRiC/CCT cytoplasmic chaperone complex. We conclude that zeta-tubulin facilitates interactions between the centrioles and the apical cytoskeleton as a component of the basal foot in differentiated cells and propose that the ZED tubulins are important for centriole functionalization and orientation of centrioles with respect to cellular polarity axes.
Pain and Mortality Risk in a Cohort of HIV-Infected Persons with Alcohol Use Disorders

Pain has been associated with increased risk for mortality in some studies. We analyzed data from a cohort study [HIV-longitudinal interrelationships of viruses and ethanol (HIV-LIVE)] of HIV-infected persons with alcohol use disorders enrolled 2001-2003 to explore whether reporting moderate or greater pain interference was associated with mortality. The main independent variable was pain that at least moderately interfered with work based on a single question from the SF-12. Primary analyses dichotomized at "moderately" or above. Cox proportional hazards models assessed the association between pain interference and death adjusting for demographics, substance use, CD4 count, HIV viral load and co-morbidities. Although significant in unadjusted models (HR = 1.58 (95 % CI 1.03-2.41; p value = 0.04)), after adjusting for confounders, ≥moderate pain interference was not associated with an increased risk of death [aHR = 1.30 (95 % CI 0.81-2.11, p value = 0.28)]. Among HIV-infected persons with alcohol use disorders, we did not detect a statistically significant independent association between pain interference and risk of death after adjustment for potential confounders.
Strategies to create and sustain a diverse faculty and student body at the Boston University School of Dental Medicine.

The challenges and opportunities inherent in creating and sustaining a diverse student body and a diverse faculty, staff, and administration are discussed in the context of the experience of the Boston University School of Dental Medicine. The role of the school9s evolution as a learning organization is highlighted as an essential contributing factor to success in minority recruitment and retention efforts.
Production of a D-glycero-D-manno-heptosyltransferase mutant of Mannheimia haemolytica displaying a veterinary pathogen specific conserved LPS structure; development and functionality of antibodies to this LPS structure

Abstract Previous structural studies of the lipopolysaccharides from the veterinary pathogens Mannheimia haemolytica (Mh), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (Ap) and Pasteurella multocida (Pm) had identified a conserved inner core oligosaccharide structure that was present in all strains investigated. In order to examine the potential of this inner core structure as a vaccine, a mutagenesis strategy was adopted to interrupt a d -glycero- d -manno-heptosyltransferase gene (losB) of Mh. This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for the addition of a d -glycero- d -manno-heptose residue, the first residue beyond the conserved inner core, and its inactivation exposed the conserved inner core structure as a terminal unit on the mutant LPS molecule. Subsequent analyses confirmed the targeted structure of the mutant LPS had been obtained, and complementation with losB in trans confirmed that the losB gene encodes an α-1, 6- d -glycero- d -manno-heptosyltransferase. Monoclonal antibodies raised in mice to this LPS structure were found to recognise LPS and whole-cells of the truncated mutant and wild-type Mh. The antibodies were bactericidal against a wild-type Mh strain and were able to passively protect mice in a model of Mh disease. This illustrates that it is possible to raise functional antibodies against the conserved inner core LPS structure.
Silver doping of polycarbonate films for surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Abstract A silver-doped polycarbonate film has been prepared by a chemical reduction method. Its performance as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active substrate has been tested using p -nitrobenzoic acid, sodium benzoate, methyl red, benzoic acid, and p -aminobenzoic acid. The surface enhancement factor for the doped film has been estimated from the experimental data of sodium benzoate to be 1 × 10 5 . Its surface enhancement activity can last for at least two weeks. Another advantage is its simple preparation process.
Cellular metachromasia in Pompe's disease and Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher disease

Two additional diseases, Pompe's disease and Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, have been shown to demonstrate cellular metachromasia. In addition, our studies of metachromasia in fibroblasts from skin biopsies taken from patients with a variety of other disorders are described and our impression of the limited usefulness of metachromasia is discussed.
Midline developmental "weakness" as a consequence of determinative field properties.

The human midline is particularly vulnerable to dysmorphogenesis. This property can be derived theoretically from models of developmental fields that rely on positional information for the control of the process of determination. The topological properties of the midline as an early plane of symmetry imply positional informational weaknesses that should decrease developmental stability in this area for 2 reasons: 1) the unique location on a cusp between 2 mirror image fields is a “null” position for differentiation, and 2) this location between 2 equal positional values eliminates a lateral gradient that aids in regaining information after disruptions. Under this model, midline malformations would be expected to be primarily determinative defects, with an especial, proclivity for patterning and tissue abnormalities. Evidence is presented in support of this hypothesis, which makes midline properties consequences of developmental field properties, even though, technically speaking, the midline would not itself be a field.
Delineation of the space of 2-point correlations in a composite material system

The complete set of 2-point correlations for a composite material system with a large number of local states (e.g. polycrystalline metals) forms a vast and unwieldy data set containing a large amount of redundant information. The interrelations in these correlations have been well characterized for composite material systems with two local states, but only a small number have been delineated for the composite systems with many local states. This paper presents an analysis of interrelations between the complete set of 2-point correlations for composite material systems through their spectral representations via discrete Fourier transforms. These interrelations are used to delineate a compact and convex space that bounds the set of all physically realizable 2-point correlations called the 2-point correlations hull. The representation of any given microstructure in this hull, and the techniques to produce a representative volume element are also explored in this paper.
Thermal island destabilization and the Greenwald limit

Magnetic reconnection is ubiquitous in the magnetosphere, the solar corona, and in toroidal fusion research discharges. In a fusion device, a magnetic island saturates at a width which produces a minimum in the magnetic energy of the configuration. At saturation, the modified current density profile, a function of the flux in the island, is essentially flat, the growth rate proportional to the difference in the current at the O-point and the X-point. Further modification of the current density profile in the island interior causes a change in the island stability and additional growth or contraction of the saturated island. Because field lines in an island are isolated from the outside plasma, an island can heat or cool preferentially depending on the balance of Ohmic heating and radiation loss in the interior, changing the resistivity and hence the current in the island. A simple model of island destabilization due to radiation cooling of the island is constructed, and the effect of modification of the current within an island is calculated. An additional destabilization effect is described, and it is shown that a small imbalance of heating can lead to exponential growth of the island. A destabilized magnetic island near the plasma edge can lead to plasma loss, and because the radiation is proportional to plasma density and charge, this effect can cause an impurity dependent density limit.
Imaging of Urinary System Trauma.

Abstract Computed tomography (CT) imaging of the kidney, ureter, and bladder permit accurate and prompt diagnosis or exclusion of traumatic injuries, without the need to move the patient to the fluoroscopy suite. Real-time review of imaging permits selective delayed imaging, reducing time on the scanner and radiation dose for patients who do not require delays. Modifying imaging parameters to obtain thicker slices and noisier images permits detection of contrast extravasation from the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, while reducing radiation dose on the delayed or cystographic imaging. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grading system is discussed, along with challenges and limitations.
Radial Salt Transport in Corn Roots

Primary roots of solution-grown, 5-day-old or 6-day-old seedlings of corn ( Zea mays L.) 10 to 14 cm in length were used to study radial salt transport. Measurements were made of the volume of root pressure exudation, salt concentration of the exudate, and rate of salt movement into the xylem exudate. The 32 P uptake, O 2 consumption, and dehydrogenase activity of the root cortex and stele also were studied. These roots produced copious root pressure exudate containing 4 to 10 times the concentration of 32 P in the external solution. Freshly separated stele from 5-day-old roots accumulated 32 P as rapidly as the cortex from which it was separated and the stele of intact roots also accumulated 32 P. Separated stele has a higher oxygen uptake than cortex. It also shows strong dehydrogenase activity with the tetrazolium test. The high oxygen consumption, 32 P uptake and strong dehydrogenase activity indicate that the cells of the stele probably play a direct role in salt transport. These data raise doubts concerning theories of radial salt transport into the xylem based on the assumption that the stele is unable to accumulate salt vigorously.
α1-Noradrenegic receptor antagonism disrupts female songbird responses to male song

Abstract Female songbirds respond behaviorally to differences in male song structure. Past data suggest a complex role for norepinephrine in female responses to song. Here, we examined the effects of central infusions of the α 1 -noradrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin on female European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ) responses to nest boxes broadcasting male song. Prazosin disrupted female preferential responses to male starling song over the less biologically relevant purple martin ( Progne subis ) song. Prazosin decreased female responses to male starling song in a linear dose–response fashion; whereas, it affected responses to purple martin song in a U-shaped dose–response fashion. Results suggest that the role of norepinephrine in female responses to male song differs depending upon drug dose and the biological relevance of the song stimulus.
Spin-flop in a one-dimensional antiferromagnet

Abstract An experimental study of the temperature and field dependent susceptibility of a chromium phosphinate polymer reveals a spin-flopped-like state at high field and low temperature, but above the three-dimensional ordering transition. A calculation based on the classical Heisenberg chain including anisotropy and applied field, and employing the transfer integral technique, is presented. The experimental data are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
An anisotropic elastic-plastic constitutive model for single and polycrystalline metals. I-theoretical developments

An anisotropic elastic-plastic constitutive model for single and polycrystalline metals is proposed. The anisotropic hardening of single crystals, at first, is discussed with the viewpoint of yield surface and a new formulation of it is proposed. Then, a model for the anisotropic hardening of polycrystals is suggested by increasing the number of slip systems and incorporating the interaction of all slip systems. The interaction of grains through grain boundaries is shown to be similar to, and incorporated into, the interaction of slip systems in grains. The numerical predictions and their comparisons with experiments will follow in Part II of this paper.
A comparative study of diversity in evolutionary algorithms

For many evolutionary algorithms a key obstacle to finding the global optima is insufficient solution diversity, causing the algorithm to become mired in a local optima. Solution diversity can be influenced by algorithm parameters including population size, mutation operator and diversity preservation techniques. This study examines the combined effect of population size, mutation value and the geography imposed by the combinatorial graphs on a set of five standard evolutionary algorithm problems. A trade off can be seen between the initial diversity of the population size, introduction of new diversity from mutation, and the preservation of diversity from combinatorial graph. With an appropriate fusion of these three factors a level of diversity can be achieved to decrease the time to find the global optima.
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces: Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Model SN1 Dissociation Reaction at the Water/Carbon Tetrachloride Interface

The ionic dissociation step of the nucleophilic substitution reaction t-BuCl → t-Bu+ + Cl- is studied at the water/carbon tetrachloride interface using molecular dynamics computer simulations. The empirical valence bond approach is used to couple two diabatic states, covalent and ionic, in the electronically adiabatic limit. The umbrella sampling technique is used to calculate the potential of mean force along the reaction coordinate (defined as the t-Bu to Cl distance) at several interface regions of varying distances from the Gibbs dividing surface. We find a significant increase of the ionic dissociation barrier height and of the reaction free energy at the interface relative to bulk water. This is shown to be due to the reduced polarity of the interface which causes a destabilization of the pure ionic state. However, deformation to the neat interface structure in the form of water protrusions into the organic phase may provide partial stabilization of the ionic species. The importance of these structu...