cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Body packing: a case of intestinal heroin transport.

A 50-year-old woman ingested 50 pellets of packed heroin for transport. Detained by customs agents in an international airport because of a history of drug trafficking, the patient was brought to the emergency department by law enforcement. Her medical history included a general anxiety disorder treated with diazepam. On physical examination, the patient was alert, coherent, and normotensive, with a normal respiratory rate. Findings on pupillary and abdominal examination were normal. A complete blood cell count and metabolic panel were within normal limits. A urinary toxicology examination was positive for benzodiazepines. Upright abdominal radiography revealed rectangular intracolonic masses. Abdominal computed tomography without contrast revealed numerous pellets in the ascending and transverse colon, with no obstruction or inflammation. The patient was given an electrolyte lavage solution. She showed no signs of sedation, dyspnea, peritonitis, or obstruction. Customs agents collected 49 intact pellets that each contained 12 g of heroin. Repeated imaging confirmed decontamination. On discharge, the patient was taken into federal custody. Body packing is the ingestion or insertion of packed illicit substance for transport. Imaging is essential in diagnosing body packing. Although abdominal radiography and ultrasonography are useful screening tools in airports,1 computed tomography is more effective in the assessment and management of patients.2 Body packers should undergo whole-bowel irrigation to hasten transit time. Heroin packers should receive naloxone hydrochloride if they are sedated or are experiencing respiratory depression. In cases of severe opiate toxicity, patients are at increased risk of acute lung injury, and surgical decontamination should be considered.3
Study of wall coding in a 180&#176; capped double layer LPE film

Bubble wall states have been investigated in double layer garnet films. All seven wall states which exist in ion-implanted garnet films also exist in the double layer films. In the double layer films, two of these states (1/2,2, 1) and (1,2,2) cannot be obtained by translating the bubbles but are sometimes formed during nucleation. The transition S=0\rightarrow 1 cannot occur during bubble translation but can be produced by radial motion of the bubble wall due to a bias field pulse. The collapse field of S=1 bubbles is 1 Oe higher than that of S=0 bubbles. The results of wall state coding in a device using permalloy elements are described.
Exaggerated neurobiological sensitivity to threat as a mechanism linking anxiety with increased risk for diseases of aging

Anxiety disorders increase risk for the early development of several diseases of aging. Elevated inflammation, a common risk factor across diseases of aging, may play a key role in the relationship between anxiety and physical disease. However, the neurobiological mechanisms linking anxiety with elevated inflammation remain unclear. In this review, we present a neurobiological model of the mechanisms by which anxiety promotes inflammation. Specifically we propose that exaggerated neurobiological sensitivity to threat in anxious individuals may lead to sustained threat perception, which is accompanied by prolonged activation of threat-related neural circuitry and threat-responsive biological systems including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, autonomic nervous system (ANS), and inflammatory response. Over time, this pattern of responding can promote chronic inflammation through structural and functional brain changes, altered sensitivity of immune cell receptors, dysregulation of the HPA axis and ANS, and accelerated cellular aging. Chronic inflammation, in turn, increases risk for diseases of aging. Exaggerated neurobiological sensitivity to threat may thus be a treatment target for reducing disease risk in anxious individuals.
Fabricating Consent: Three-Dimensional Objects as Rhetorical Compositions

Abstract An array of new technologies has made it much easier for non-specialists to fabricate three-dimensional products ranging from clothes to plastic prototypes. This article explores the implications of these new developments for composition and rhetoric using a heuristic derived from earlier discussions of visual and multimodal rhetoric. Analysis of these discussions suggests that at least four kinds of arguments are made for new rhetorical modes: arguments from infrastructural accessibility, from rhetorical effectiveness, from cultural status, and from (de)specialization. Applying this schema to three-dimensional fabricated rhetoric reveals that three-dimensional rhetoric is increasingly available as an option to ordinary citizens, offers distinctive rhetorical opportunities, is valued by the broader culture outside the academy, and can be usefully understood through analytical frameworks regularly used by the field of composition and rhetoric. This article concludes that when placed in the hands of ordinary rhetors, three-dimensional rhetoric is potentially transformative and offers important cultural and political opportunities. By appropriating the rhetoric of fabricated objects, we can more effectively achieve the goals of equality and social justice.
Declining Screening Mammography Rates: A Multigenerational Loss of Opportunity?

AJR:192, February 2009 cline in screening rates be propagated across gener ations, reversing the gains made over 20 years? In addition, declining mammography rates may lead to relaxation of social norms of preventive behavior, potentially increasing the indivi dual’s perception that screening mammog raphy is not an essential procedure. The impact on future health behavior can extend to lost opportunities for prevention of cervical cancer. The use of maternal screening mammography as a teachable moment, or educational opportunity, is being actively studied to improve parents’ education about use of the human papillomavirus vaccine by their daughters. If this parental education is found effective in increasing the rate of human papillomavirus vaccination, screening mammography may help reduce cervical cancer rates in the next generation, extending its value beyond the direct effect on reducing breast cancer mortality. The impact of workforce reductions is felt viscerally by providers of radiologic services. Beyond the reading room, this reduction has the potential to affect not only women currently or soon to be eligible for screening but also the next generation.
Nocturia in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome.

Objectives To explore the roles of pain and urgency in the nocturia of patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS). Methods In a longitudinal study of incident IC/PBS cases, we assessed the associations of the presence and severity of nocturia with the presence and severity of pain and urgency, using multivariate analyses when necessary. Additionally, we simply asked patients with IC/PBS what awakens them at night. Results The multivariate analyses revealed associations of urgency with the presence and severity of nocturia and of bladder pain with the severity of nocturia. Direct queries of patients with IC/PBS about urgency and the reasons for awakening demonstrated that bladder pain might have played a twofold role: directly in awakening a large minority of patients and possibly indirectly in the majority by generating the sensation of urgency. Conclusions These findings are consistent with urinary urgency and bladder pain each being in the causal pathway leading to nocturia in patients with IC/PBS.
The 30th anniversary of the American Board of Allergy and Immunology: Then and now ☆ ☆☆

Thirty years ago the Allergy Subspecialty Boards of the American Board of Pediatrics (ABP) and the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) merged to form the American Board of Allergy and Immunology (ABAI). The ABAI mission was to: establish qualifications and examine physician candidates for certification as specialists in allergy and immunology; serve the public, physicians, hospitals, and medical schools by providing the names of physicians certified by the Board; assist educational and professional organizations to improve the quality of care and availability of allergists to deliver such care, to establish and improve standards for the teaching of allergy and immunology, to establish standards for training programs, and to encourage development of increased opportunities for training of physicians interested in allergy and immunology. This mission statement has guided the activities of the Board ever since by providing a strong focus on the 2 major responsibilities: examining and certifying candidates in a fair objective way, and setting standards for the content and conduct of training programs.
Raman Spectra of Solid (NH 4 ) 2 CrO 4 and (ND 4 ) 2 CrO 4 Obtained by a Rotating Cell Technique

The Raman spectra of polycrystalline (NH4)2CrO4 and (ND4)2CrO4 have been obtained by a sample rotation technique where the uncompressed solid is contained in a glass cylindrical cell. The apparatus is a commerically available sample rotator for liquids, which was modified for the described solid sampling technique. The Raman spectra of (NH4)2CrO4 and (ND4)2CrO4 are discussed in relation to their uniquely monoclinic structure, in contrast to the β-K2SO4 structure found for (NH4)2SO4 and many alkali metal chromates and sulfates. The hydrogen bonding in (NH4)2CrO4 is described, and its role in determining both the structure and the Raman spectra is discussed. The data suggest a barrier to NH4+ rotation of approximately 3.70 kcal/mol, indicating that the ammonium ions are not freely rotating on the time scale of the Raman experiment (10−13 sec).
Experimental and computational study on laser heating of surface micromachined cantilevers

Microsystems are potentially exposed to laser irradiation during processing, diagnostic measurements, and, in some cases, device operation. The behavior of the components in an optical MEMS device that are irradiated by a laser needs to be optimized for reliable operation. Utilizing numerical simulations facilitates design and optimization. This paper reports on experimental and numerical investigations of the thermomechanical response of polycrystalline silicon microcantilevers that are 250 μm wide, 500 μm long, and 2.25 μm thick when heated by an 808 nm laser. At laser powers above 400 mW significant deflection is observed during the laser pulse using a white light interferometer. Permanent deformation is detected at laser powers above 650 mW in the experiments. Numerical calculations using a coupled physics finite element code, Calagio, agree qualitatively with the experimental results. Both the experimental and numerical results reveal that the initial stress state is very significant. Microcantilevers deflect in the direction of their initial deformation upon irradiation with a laser.
Growth and differentiation in Hydra. I. The effect of temperature on sexual differentiation in Hydra littoralis.

Hydras cultured for long periods at constant temperature (23°, 21°, 18°, 15°, 10°, or 5°C) were exposed to a new, higher or lower temperature for four weeks. It was found that at constant temperature, the percentage of hydras entering sexuality and the duration of the sexual periods decreased with decreasing temperature. There was no sexual differentiation at 5°. No hydras became sexual within four weeks after a decrease in temperature. The results of the temperature rise experiments show that, in general, the percentage of hydras entering sexuality depended on the absolute temperature change. The results indicate that this percentage also depended on the initial and final temperatures. An hypothesis is presented, accounting for sexual differentiation in terms of a temperature effect on an initiator and an inhibitor.
ON THE APPLICATION OF GATTS EQUATION TO THE DESCRIPTION OF FATIGUE CURVE

The peculiarities of the Gatts function in the description of fatigue curve have been analyzed for the welded joint of structural low-carbon steel and structural alloyed steel 30KhGSA as an example. It has been shown that the parameter (1–C) = 0.5 in the known equation of fatigue curve has limited application. Simplified methods for the calculation of Gatts equation parameters both for known and unknown physical endurance limit are presented. A method of successive approximations on the basis of test data both at two stress levels and the minimum mean-square deviation of durability logarithm and at three stress levels and mean durabilities corresponding to them is proposed for the determination of endurance limits of materials and structural elements.
Predictors of body image dissatisfaction in adult men and women

Disordered eating and body image have been widely studied in college students and children. However, few studies have examined body image dissatisfaction in adulthood. Therefore, this prevalence of body image dissatisfaction in adult men and women. One hundred and thirty-nine adults were surveyed on body dissatisfaction and possible relating factors. It was found that media influence predicted body dissatisfaction in women and that age, family pressure and self-esteem predicted body image dissatisfaction in both men and women. Because adults' views about their bodies can have an impact on those of their children, it is important that researchers continue to examine body image dissatisfaction and comparable issues within adult populations.
Indie to an Extent? Why Music Gets Added to College Radio Playlists

Surveys were distributed via e-mail to student-run college radio stations across the country to determine what influences college radio programmers to add music to their playlists. Inquiry was structured in two ways, a quantitative, aggregate data analysis, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and a case-by-case, qualitative analysis. A regression analysis provides some evidence that if promotional material was received concerning music which was new or unique then the music was more likely to be added. Through qualitative data analysis it was revealed that programmers cited the quality of the music as an influential reason to add a specific song as well as other emergent themes including, “assistance from the label” and “well reviewed music.” Overall, this study suggests that, despite student-run college radio's reputation of independence, the record industry still plays a role in college radio programming and has influence when it comes to getting music aired.
Cloning of the dopamine-1A (D1A) receptor gene expressed in porcine renal epithelial cells.

We sought to determine the molecular identify of the dopamine-1 (D1) receptor expressed in the porcine renal epithelial cell line LLC-PK1. We first isolated a partial cDNA by the reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction procedure and then used the partial cDNA to isolate positive overlapping clones from a porcine genomic DNA library. Sequence analysis of the gene revealed that the longest open-reading frame encoded a 446 amino acid protein that was 95% identical to the human D1A receptor. Expression studies in mammalian cells were also consistent with the clones encoding a D1 receptor. Northern blot hybridizations with LLC-PK1 poly (A+) RNA were strongly positive. The porcine D1A gene has two exons and a short intron in the 5′ untranslated region. The 5′ flanking region lacks a TATA and CAAT box but is high in GC content (68%) and contains multiple Sp1 binding sites. The 5′ flanking region also contains numerous other cis-acting elements for transcription factors. These results indicate that the D1A receptor is the major D1 receptor expressed in LLC-PK1 cells and further suggest that LLC-PK1 cells may be a useful model to study the regulation of renal D1A receptor gene transcription. (Hypertens Res 1995; 18 Suppl. I: S11-S17)
Comparison of arsenic(V) and arsenic(III) sorption onto iron oxide minerals: implications for arsenic mobility.

Arsenic derived from natural sources occurs in groundwater in many countries, affecting the health of millions of people. The combined effects of As(V) reduction and diagenesis of iron oxide minerals on arsenic mobility are investigated in this study by comparing As(V) and As(III) sorption onto amorphous iron oxide (HFO), goethite, and magnetite at varying solution compositions. Experimental data are modeled with a diffuse double layer surface complexation model, and the extracted model parameters are used to examine the consistency of our results with those previously reported. Sorption of As(V) onto HFO and goethite is more favorable than that of As(III) below pH 5−6, whereas, above pH 7−8, As(III) has a higher affinity for the solids. The pH at which As(V) and As(III) are equally sorbed depends on the solid-to-solution ratio and type and specific surface area of the minerals and is shifted to lower pH values in the presence of phosphate, which competes for sorption sites. The sorption data indicate tha...
Analysis of Yield-Power-Law Fluid Flow in Irregular Eccentric Annuli

Fully developed laminar axial flow of yield-power-law fluids in eccentric annuli has been investigated numerically. The annuli may be fully open or partially blocked. General nonorthogonal, boundary-fitted curvilinear coordinates have been used to accurately model the irregular annular geometry due to the presence of a flow blockage. A computer code has been developed using a second-order finite-difference scheme. An exponential model for the shear stress, valid for both yielded and unyielded regions of the flow, is used in the computation. The effects of pressure gradient, eccentricity, and blockage height on the flow rate have been studied and the results are presented. The flow rate is found to increase with increasing eccentricity for eccentric annuli without any blockage. For partially blocked eccentric annuli, the flow rate at a particular eccentricity decreases as the blockage height is increased.
Inquiry-Based Undergraduate Teaching in the Life Sciences at Large Research Universities: A Perspective on the Boyer Commission Report

The 1998 Boyer Commission Report advocated improvement of undergraduate education at large research universities through large-scale participation of undergraduates in the universities’ research mission. At a recent conference sponsored by the Reinvention Center, which is dedicated to furthering the goals of the Boyer Commission, participants discussed progress toward these goals and recommendations for future action. A breakout group representing the life sciences concluded that independent research experience for every undergraduate may not be feasible or desirable but that transformation of lecture courses to more inquiry-based and interactive formats can effectively further the Commission’s goals.
Classification of blurred textures using multilayer neural network based on multi-valued neurons

In this paper, we consider the problem of blurred texture classification using a multilayer neural network based on multi-valued neurons (MLMVN). We use the frequency domain as a feature space. The low frequency part of the Fourier phase spectrum of a blurred image remains almost unaffected by blur. This means that phases corresponding to the lowest frequencies can be used as features for classification. MLMVN is the most suitable machine learning tool for solving the problem, since it uses phases as inputs. MLMVN is based on multi-valued neurons whose inputs and output are located on the unit circle and therefore they are determined exactly by phases. This determines a very important ability of MLMVN and MVN to treat phases properly We employ in this paper a slightly modified learning MLMVN rule and a modified learning strategy, which extends margins between classes' representatives used for the learning and the borders of classes. This approach makes it possible to classify with 100% accuracy even such heavily blurred textures where visual analysis and classification are not possible at all.
Boiling Experiment Facility for Heat Transfer Studies in Microgravity

Pool boiling in microgravity is an area of both scientific and practical interest. By conducting tests in microgravity, it is possible to assess the effect of buoyancy on the overall boiling process and assess the relative magnitude of effects with regards to other "forces" and phenomena such as Marangoni forces, liquid momentum forces, and microlayer evaporation. The Boiling eXperiment Facility is now being built for the Microgravity Science Glovebox that will use normal perfluorohexane as a test fluid to extend the range of test conditions to include longer test durations and less liquid subcooling. Two experiments, the Microheater Array Boiling Experiment and the Nucleate Pool Boiling eXperiment will use the Boiling eXperiment Facility. The objectives of these studies are to determine the differences in local boiling heat transfer mechanisms in microgravity and normal gravity from nucleate boiling, through critical heat flux and into the transition boiling regime and to examine the bubble nucleation, growth, departure and coalescence processes. Custom-designed heaters will be utilized to achieve these objectives.
The virtual tool approach to dextrous telemanipulation

We propose a behavioral construct called a "virtual tool" that allows many of the advantages of high-degree-of-freedom robotic systems to be realized without excessive computational costs or modeling requirements. The basic idea of a virtual tool is drawn from the observation that the most efficient way of performing a task is generally to use a device that is specially designed for it; this suggests that a way to use redundant degrees of freedom in a system is to use them to customize it so that it becomes, in essence, a special purpose tool for the task at hand. We call the resulting instantiation a virtual tool. Formally, this tailoring takes the form of implementing constraints on the degrees of freedom of the system through lower-level control processes. Remaining degrees of freedom appear as control parameters of the virtual tool, and can be used by higher-level processes, or by a human teleoperator, to control the system. We present experimental results showing the application of the virtual tool approach to telemanipulation using a 22 degree-of-freedom hand-arm system. Our chosen task is a fairly complex assembly task requiring the robot to pick up a small object, transport it, and insert it into a hole with matching shape. Instead of attempting to map the configuration of the teleoperator's hand-arm system to the robot using a data-glove or similar device, we provide basic parameterized grasping and manipulation primitives (or virtual tools) that can be invoked by the teleoperator as he progresses through the stages of the complex task.
STEADY STATE MULTIPLICITY BEHAVIOR OF AN ADIABATIC PLUG-FLOW REACTOR WITH NONUNIFORMLY ACTIVE CATALYST

A heterogeneous, adiabatic plug-flow reactor is studied with catalyst pellets having nonuniform distribution of catalytic activity. The activity distribution function used is a Dirac delta function. Because of the specific distribution function used, the solid phase mass and energy balances can be solved analytically, and result in a nonlinear algebraic equation which describes the interactions of the solid and fluid phases. Singularity Theory with a distinguished parameter is used to study the steady-state multiplicity characteristics of this equation, and to find all possible bifurcation diagrams relating the solid and the fluid phase concentrations. Reactions of zeroth order, m-th (m > 0) order, and bimolecular Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics are studied. Because of the large number of varieties and boundary sets, the total number of possible bifurcation diagrams is quite large. Two new variety sets are used to further divide the global parameter space into more detailed global bifurcation diagrams. Once...
Private Sector Trajectories for Women in the U.S. And Denmark: Welfare State vs. Corporate Diversity Programs

In recent years attracting and retaining female managerial talent has become a key focus for corporations. Institutional investors increasingly demand that corporations demonstrate a commitment to gender diversity while women’s groups, such as Catalyst, lobby in favor of more female managers. Governments have also labored to take greater advantage of female talents and skills, both through awareness-raising programs and through new legislation. While there has been much progress when it comes to women reaching high level positions in the private sector, women are still in the minority in top level management. However, female corporate career advancement also varies substantially across OECD countries and explaining national differences is the key focus of this research project.
Integrated circuit white space redistribution for temperature optimization

Thermal problems are important for integrated circuits with high power densities. Three-dimensional stacked-wafer integrated circuit technology reduces interconnect lengths and improves performance compared to two-dimensional integration. However, it intensifies thermal problems. One remedy is to redistribute white space during floorplanning. In this paper, we propose a two-phase algorithm to redistribute white space. In the first phase, the lateral heat flow white space redistribution problem is formulated as a minimum cycle ratio problem, in which the maximum power density is minimized. Since this phase only considers lateral heat flow, it also works for traditional two-dimensional integrated circuits. In the second phase, to consider inter-layer heat flow in three-dimensional integrated circuits, we discretize the chip into an array of tiles and use a dynamic programming algorithm to minimize the maximum stacked tile power consumption. We compared our algorithms with a previously proposed technique based on mathematical programming. Our iterative minimum cycle ratio algorithm achieves 35% more reduction in peak temperature. Our two-phase algorithm achieves 4.21 × reduction in peak temperature for three-dimensional integrated circuits compared to applying the first phase, alone.
A Vallombrosan Inscription

SOMETIME in 1927 or earlier Edward Hutton read and recorded in his work, The Valley of Arno (London; Constable, 1927), an inscription which tells of the ordeal by fire of one Peter, thereafter named the 'Fiery.' It appears possible but, without palaeographical and archaeological investigation, far from certain that the inscription was put up in the lifetime of the churchman it commemorates, namely the Blessed Petrus Igneus, who afterwards rose to be Cardinal-Bishop of Albano and played no inconspicuous part as a papal diplomat during the pontificate of Gregory VII. This inscription is not mentioned by the Bollandists in the Acta Sanctorum and so was probably unknown to them. It is interesting to speculate that, if the fortunes of the war just ended have chanced to destroy this inscription, we may be totally dependent on Hutton's record, which, as will appear, needs emendation. We are in an exactly parallel situation with a number of inscriptions from Classical Latin times. But this is speculation! Here are Mr Hutton's words from page 183: 'There upon the gates of the old abbey (sc. at Settimo near Florence) we may still read the inscription:
COMPLEXITY, INTERACTION, AND EPISTEMOLOGY: MIXTECS, ZAPOTECS, AND OLMECS IN EARLY FORMATIVE MESOAMERICA

Interaction between the Gulf Coast Olmecs and various regions of Early Formative Mesoamerica remains debated and poorly understood. In Oaxaca, models have been dominated by neoevolutionary epistemology; interaction between the Valley of Oaxaca and San Lorenzo has been characterized by emulation or peer polity models. Data from the Valley of Oaxaca, the Nochixtlan Valley, and the Gulf Coast demonstrate that San Lorenzo was at a different level of sociopolitical complexity than its contemporaries. Previous comparisons between Olmec-style pottery in the Gulf Coast and Valley of Oaxaca are found to be problematic, and have led to the impression that Oaxaca villagers produced more of this pottery than did the Olmecs. Neutron activation analysis demonstrates the Gulf Coast Olmecs exported ceramics to Mixtecs and Zapotecs in Oaxaca, while receiving few if any pots in return, suggesting that new models and theoretical perspectives must be applied to understanding the relationships between Oaxacan chiefdoms and the nascent Olmec state at San Lorenzo. An agency perspective explores what Mixtec, Zapotec, and Olmec groups may have taken from these interactions and relationships and acknowledges both local and Gulf Coast understandings of "Olmec." Such relationships may be characterized more by acquisition between regions, with San Lorenzo as a superordinate center.
Heart Transplantation: Challenges Facing the Field

There has been significant progress in the field of heart transplantation over the last 45 years. The 1-yr survival rates following heart transplantation have improved from 30% in the 1970s to almost 90% in the 2000s. However, there has been little change in long-term outcomes. This is mainly due to chronic rejection, malignancy, and the detrimental side effects of chronic immunosuppression. In addition, over the last decade, new challenges have arisen such as increasingly complicated recipients and antibody-mediated rejection. Most, if not all, of these obstacles to long-term survival could be prevented or ameliorated by the induction of transplant tolerance wherein the recipient's immune system is persuaded not to mount a damaging immune response against donor antigens, thus eliminating the need for chronic immunosuppression. However, the heart, as opposed to other allografts like kidneys, appears to be a tolerance-resistant organ. Understanding why organs like kidneys and livers are prone to tolerance induction, whereas others like hearts and lungs are tolerance-resistant, could aid in our attempts to achieve long-term, immunosuppression-free survival in human heart transplant recipients. It could also advance the field of pig-to-human xenotransplantation, which, if successful, would eliminate the organ shortage problem. Of course, there are alternative futures to the field of heart transplantation that may include the application of total mechanical support, stem cells, or bioengineered whole organs. Which modality will be the first to reach the ultimate goal of achieving unlimited, long-term, circulatory support with minimal risk to longevity or lifestyle is unknown, but significant progress in being made in each of these areas.
A Test to Verify the Biocompatibility of a Method for Plant Culture in a Microgravity Environment

We report a pioneering attempt to use the NASA Shuttle Orbiter Middeck locker facility to acquire data on plant growth in near weightlessness. The information was needed to confirm the suitability of a plant culture system to be used in an experiment scheduled for the first Spacelab mission. The test was designed to measure germination and early seedling growth in a series of soil mixtures covering a range of water contents. Empirical determination of growth dependence on moisture content was required because both in theory and from Soviet flight experience it seemed possible that the dependence function in near weightlessness could be critically different from what we had measured on Earth. Such a difference could invalidate the future test in Spacelab 1 of gravity dependence of the differential growth process, circumnutation. After two failed attempts sufficient measurements were obtained from the third Shuttle Orbiter flight test to confirm the biocompatibility of the plant culture system--viz. soil moisture content variations had the same effect in near weightlessness as at 1 g. A number of supplemental observations about middeck locker conditions in Shuttle flight are presented. These may prove helpful to would-be experimenters who will plan to take advantage of future Shuttle flight opportunities for biological research.
Modeling Terrorist Networks: The Second Decade

The original version of “Modeling Terrorist Networks” was prepared for a NATO conference in 2003.1 There have been subsequent re-publications, most notably in The Intelligencer,2 and on the London School of Economics website. In those original versions of the paper, we sought to elucidate how the techniques of nonlinear dynamical systems modeling, combined with first principles of counter-intelligence, could be brought to bear on various problems regarding the structure of terrorist networks and the appropriate methods to counter those groups. Because we worked from first principles, many of the insights presented in that original paper remain true today. However, as we began to develop our approach, we noticed almost immediately that there were several constraints on our method, some simply challenging and others just plain awkward.
Early evolution of the genetic basis for soma in the volvocaceae

To understand the hierarchy of life in evolutionary terms, we must explain why groups of one kind of individual, say cells, evolve into a new higher level individual, a multicellular organism. A fundamental step in this process is the division of labor into nonreproductive altruistic soma. The regA gene is critical for somatic differentiation in Volvox carteri, a multicellular species of volvocine algae. We report the sequence of regA-like genes and several syntenic markers from divergent species of Volvox .W e show that regA evolved early in the volvocines and predict that lineages with and without soma descended from a regA-containing ancestor. We hypothesize an alternate evolutionary history of regA than the prevailing “proto-regA” hypothesis. The variation in presence of soma may be explained by multiple lineages independently evolving soma utilizing regA or alternate genetic pathways. Our prediction that the genetic basis for soma exists in species without somatic cells raises a number of questions, most fundamentally, under what conditions would species with the genetic potential for soma, and hence greater individuality, not evolve these traits. We conclude that the evolution of individuality in the volvocine algae is more complicated and labile than previously appreciated on theoretical grounds.
Estimating Impacts of Diesel Fuel Reformulation with Vector-based Blending

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory Refinery Yield Model has been used to study the refining cost, investment, and operating impacts of specifications for reformulated diesel fuel (RFD) produced in refineries of the U.S. Midwest in summer of year 2010. The study evaluates different diesel fuel reformulation investment pathways. The study also determines whether there are refinery economic benefits for producing an emissions reduction RFD (with flexibility for individual property values) compared to a vehicle performance RFD (with inflexible recipe values for individual properties). Results show that refining costs are lower with early notice of requirements for RFD. While advanced desulfurization technologies (with low hydrogen consumption and little effect on cetane quality and aromatics content) reduce the cost of ultra low sulfur diesel fuel, these technologies contribute to the increased costs of a delayed notice investment pathway compared to an early notice investment pathway for diesel fuel reformulation. With challenging RFD specifications, there is little refining benefit from producing emissions reduction RFD compared to vehicle performance RFD. As specifications become tighter, processing becomes more difficult, blendstock choices become more limited, and refinery benefits vanish for emissions reduction relative to vehicle performance specifications. Conversely, the emissions reduction specifications show increasing refinery benefits over vehicle performance specifications as specifications are relaxed, and alternative processing routes and blendstocks become available. In sensitivity cases, the refinery model is also used to examine the impact of RFD specifications on the economics of using Canadian synthetic crude oil. There is a sizeable increase in synthetic crude demand as ultra low sulfur diesel fuel displaces low sulfur diesel fuel, but this demand increase would be reversed by requirements for diesel fuel reformulation.
Vibrational probe studies of water interactions with montmorillonite

Imeraction of water with montmorillonite exchanged with Na +, K +, Co 2+, and Cu 2+ cations as a function of water content was examined using an FTIR/gravimetric cell designed to collect spectro- scopic and sorption data simultaneously. Correlation of water desorption isotherms with infrared spectra of the clay-water complex showed that the position of the HOH bending band of water decreased as a function of water content. The largest decreases in frequency were observed for Cu 2+ and Co 2 +; smaller decreases were found for Na + and K + . In addition, the molar absorptivity of sorbed water increased upon decreasing the water content. The decrease in frequency and the concomitant increase in molar absorptivity were attributed to polarization effects on the sorbed water molecules by exchangeable cations. The in- terference fringes of a self supporting clay film permitted d-spacings to be determined optically and, therefore, changes in frequency, molar absorptivity, and water sorption behavior to be related directly to changes in interlayer spacing. The d-spacings obtained from the interference fringes were consistently larger by approximately 0.5 ~ than those determined using powder XRD.
Assessing Similarity of Geographic Processes and Events

The increased availability of spatiotemporal data collected from satellite imagery and other remote sensors provides opportunities for enhanced analysis of geographic phenomena. Much of the new data includes regular snapshots of the environment. Comparison of these snapshots can provide information about changes to the phenomena of interest. However, conventional GIS data models and analytical tools lack capabilities to adequately handle massive multidimensional data. One of the fundamental tools necessary to meet such challenges is query support to retrieve and summarize data according to dynamic geographic phenomena, such as geographic events and processes, of interest. Such query support depends upon abilities to assess spatiotemporal similarity so that data representing geographic events that exhibit the spatiotemporal characteristics of interest can be identified in a GIS database. To this end, this paper introduces a method to assess similarity of geographic events and processes (such as storms) based on their spatiotemporal characteristics (such as distribution of precipitation). We developed six indices to capture static and dynamic characteristics of geographic events and applied the Dynamic Time Warping method to temporal sequences of the six indices to examine the similarity among these events. With a case study, we demonstrated the proposed indices and method capable of comparing spatiotemporal characteristics of events as recorded in a GIS database and categorizing spatiotemporal data into groups of events according to their behavior in space and time.
Application of independent component analysis (ICA) in multichannel spectral estimation of hippocampal EEG

Presents the result of employing independent component analysis (ICA) in multichannel spectral estimation of hippocampal EEG from subfields at CA1 and the dentate gyrus during REM sleep. A fast ICA algorithm was employed to remove possible cross-talk in hippocampal EEG recording from CA1 and the dentate gyrus. Multichannel spectral analysis was then performed to examine the effects of ICA.. It was observed in power spectra that significant energy was removed from all frequency bands due to ICA. However, it was also noted that energy components in the /spl theta/ frequency band are highly coherent between CA1 and the dentate gyrus with or without ICA processing. These findings inspire immediate questions regarding the actual mechanisms that lead to significant coherence in /spl theta/ band between CA1 and the dentate gyrus. The preliminary result shows that ICA can be utilized to assist the underlying research to better address the /spl theta/ correlation between these two hippocampal formations.
Microstructural effects in capacitive composition measurements

Capacitance-based sensors offer practical advantages for binary composition measurements in various manufacturing processes. The implications of the microstructure of binary mixtures in capacitive composition measurements are explored. Specifically, it is shown that microstructural assumptions can be used to derive measurement uncertainty bounds when inferring composition from measured capacitances. Worst-case bounds are obtained from the well-known series/parallel bounds on the total capacitance of a binary mixture, while tighter bounds are obtained from results of Hashin and Shtrikman for isotropic mixtures. >
The PES Pareto method: uncovering the strata of position error signals in disk drives

Describes a method of breaking down the position error signal (PES) of a magnetic disk drive to its contributing components. Once these components are identified, they can be ranked in terms of their overall effect on PES and thus the most critical ones can be worked on first. This method is based on three things: an understanding of how Bode's integral theorem ties into noise measurements, a measurement methodology that allows for the isolation of individual noise sources, and a system model that allows these sources to be recombined to form the drive's position error signal. We have found this method to be dramatically useful in identifying the key contributors to PES noise.
Diagnosis of ovarian cancer based on mass spectra of blood samples

The early detection of cancer is crucial for successful treatment, and medical researchers have investigated a number of early-diagnosis techniques. Recently, they have discovered that some cancers affect the concentration of certain molecules in the blood, which allows early diagnosis by analyzing the blood mass spectrum. Researchers have developed several techniques for the analysis of the mass-spectrum curve, and used them for the detection of prostate, ovarian, breast, bladder, pancreatic, kidney, liver, and colon cancers. We have continued this work and applied data mining to the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. We have identified the most informative points of the mass-spectrum curve, and then used decision trees, support vector machines, and neural networks to determine the differences between the curves of cancer patients and healthy people.
Effect of Acute Volume Loading on Heart Rate in the Conscious Dog

The effect on heart rate of rapid elevation of ventricular filling pressure by intravenous infusion of isotonic solution was studied in 31 conscious dogs with autonomic innervation intact and during vagal, beta-receptor, or combined vagal and beta-receptor blockade. When parasympathetic innervation was intact, heart rate always rose during infusion and there was a consistent relationship between mean left atrial pressure and heart rate described by f = fm - (fm - fl) e-kp where f is the heart rate at any left atrial pressure, p, fm the maximum heart rate, fl the initial heart rate, and k a rate constant. Sympathetic blockade reduced the magnitude of the response and parasympathetic blockade prevented the response. It is concluded that a steady rise in filling pressure during intravenous infusion in a normally innervated, conscious dog invariably results in a tachycardia, which is due to either reflex inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system or direct mechanical stimulation of the sinoatrial node.
Contemporary bladder cancer: Variant histology may be a significant driver of disease

Abstract Objectives To evaluate pathologic and survival outcomes among patients with variant histology (VH) urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Methods A retrospective review of an institutional database was performed to identify all patients who underwent radical cystectomy with curative intent for urothelial carcinoma between 2008 and June 2013. VH was assigned by genitourinary pathologists. Descriptive statistics comparing clinicopathologic outcomes were performed using the Pearson chi-square test and analysis of variance. Survival was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier methodology and the Cox proportional hazards regression. Results In total, 624 patients were identified. Overall, 26% ( n = 162) had VH, with the most common being squamous differentiation ( n = 68), micropapillary variant (MPV, n = 28), plasmacytoid variant (PCV, n = 25), and sarcomatoid variant ( n = 15); 64% of MPV and 72% of PCV had positive lymph nodes. Compared with 8% of patients with a non VH, 44% of those with VH were categorized as pT4 ( P P = 0.004; odds ratio = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.33–4.42; P = 0.004, respectively). There was no difference in risk of mortality associated with squamous differentiation or sarcomatoid variant ( P >0.05 each). Conclusions MPV and PCV are associated with increased risk of mortality. Improved recognition of VH will enable larger cohorts of study and better prognostic understanding of the significance of specific VH involvement.
Demonstrations in Attitude Change and Persuasive Communication.

17 statements representing 17 positions favored (positive) by 119 students at a midwestern university were located. To demonstrate that Ss with extreme positions are resistant to change, communications opposing the two most positive statements were presented to 40 university students. To demonstrate that moderately held positions are likely to change in the same direction, communications supporting the two least positive statements were presented to 40 other students. The replication was performed by presenting Ss with a two-sided communication concerning a statement which was a priori in between most and least positive. Although some exceptions were noted, the replication and demonstrations were successful.
Library Influence on Museum Information Work

LIBRARY TRENDS, Vol. 62, No. 3, 2014 (“Essays in Honor of W. Boyd Rayward: Part 2,” edited by Alistair Black and Charles van den Heuvel), pp. 596–612. © 2014 The Board of Trustees, University of Illinois Abstract Contemporary literature on the divergence of libraries, archives, and museums over the course of the twentieth century credits the rise of distinct professional practices required to handle different physical forms. This paper explores the extent that librarianship influenced museum information practices in a predigital era. Instead of divergence, I find examples where museums adapted library methods to fit their needs instead of developing their own set of professional practices. Because museum professionalization placed an emphasis on discipline-based university training, information work in museums has been incorporated into nonuniversity technical education and on-the-job training programs. That this divergence of information work from academic preparation has fallen along gender lines requires additional attention.
TBO/LBO: An Effective Teaching And Learning System

This article describes a teaching/learning style that incorporates teamwork and participative management, taken from the well-grounded system Management by Objectives (MBO), while assuring that the skills important to future career opportunities are included in the course objectives. The article begins with a description of the elements of the TBO/LBO process, followed by an identification of the main objectives, teaching learning strategies, and assessment methods. Next, the article discusses the lessons learned using TBO/LBO and assesses the effectiveness of TBO/LBO by reviewing the literature regarding Management By Objectives (MBO). The literature review revealed overwhelming support for the effectiveness of MBO. Finally, suggestions for future research are discussed.