cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-optimal control of a self-propelled particle in a spatiotemporal flow field

ABSTRACTWe address a minimum-time problem that constitutes an extension of the classical Zermelo navigation problem in higher dimensions. In particular, we address the problem of steering a self-propelled particle to a prescribed terminal position with free terminal velocity in the presence of a spatiotemporal flow field. Furthermore, we assume that the norm of the rate of change of the particle's velocity relative to the flow is upper bounded by an explicit upper bound. To address the problem, we first employ Pontryagin's minimum principle to parameterise the set of candidate time-optimal control laws in terms of a parameter vector that belongs to a compact set. Subsequently, we develop a simple numerical algorithm for the computation of the minimum time-to-come function that is tailored to the particular parametrisation of the set of the candidate time-optimal control laws of our problem. The proposed approach bypasses the task of converting the optimal control problem to a parameter optimisation proble...
Residual Stress and Microstructural Evolution in Tantalum Oxide Coatings on Silicon Nitride

Due to its coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and phase stability up to 1360°C, tantalum oxide (Ta_2O_5) was identified and investigated as a candidate environmental barrier coating for silicon nitride-based ceramics. Ta_2O_5 coatings were plasma sprayed onto AS800, a silicon nitride ceramic from Honeywell International, and subjected to static and cyclic heat treatments up to 1200°C in air. Cross-sections from coated and uncoated substrates were polished and etched to reveal the effect of heat treatments on microstructure and grain size. As-sprayed coatings contained vertical cracks that healed after thermal exposure. Significant grain growth that was observed in the coatings led to microcracking due to the anisotropic CTE of Ta_2O_5. High-energy X-ray diffraction was used to determine the effect of heat treatment on residual stress and phases. The uncoated substrates were found to have a surface compressive layer before and after thermal cycling. Coating stresses in the as-sprayed state were found to be tensile, but became compressive after heat treatment. The microcracking and buckling that occurred in the heat-treated coatings led to stress relaxation after long heat treatments, but ultimately would be detrimental to the function of the coating as an environmental barrier by affording open pathways for volatile species to reach the underlying ceramic.
Collecting, Exhibiting, and Interpreting: Museums as Mediators and Midwives of Meaning

A commentary on Paul Mullins's article “The Banality of Everyday Consumption,” this essay engages questions concerning domestic objects that might be collected in urban settings. It discusses challenges involved in documenting the complex meanings associated with such objects, what happens when objects are incorporated into museum collections and exhibitions, and how museum visitors interpret exhibitions in relation to their own expectations, assumptions, and narratives. [collecting, exhibitions, objects, narrative, visitor reception]
Effect of testosterone replacement on the alteration of steroid metabolism in the hypothalamic-preoptic area of male hamsters treated with melatonin.

Abstract Adult male hamsters were maintained under 14 hours of light per day and randomly assigned to groups that received daily afternoon melatonin (25 μg) or vehicle injections. Animals from both groups were killed following 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment. By 12 weeks, the melatonin-treated hamsters had significant reductions in the weights of the testes and seminal vesicles, serum testosterone levels, and hypothalamic-preoptic area (HPOA) aromatase activities. Hypothalamic-preoptic area 5α-reductase activities did not differ between groups. In a second experiment, hamsters were again treated with melatonin or vehicle for 12 weeks prior to being killed. After 10 weeks of treatment, groups of melatonintreated animals received subcutaneous silastic capsules (5, 10, or 20 mm) filled with testosterone. Animals in two other groups were given blank implants or no implants at all. Two weeks later, at autopsy, reproductive organ weights, serum testosterone levels, and HPOA aromatase activities were significantly suppressed by melatonin administration. 5α-Reductase activity in the HPOA was not affected. Hamsters that had been given the 10- and 20-mm testosterone implants exhibited normal seminal vesicle weights and HPOA aromatase activities. These results suggest that melatonin-induced reduction of HPOA aromatase activity is mediated by decreased circulating levels of testosterone.
Electrical and reliability characteristics of ZrO2 deposited directly on Si for gate dielectric application

ZrO2 thin film has been studied as an alternative gate dielectric. It was deposited directly on a Si substrate by reactive sputtering. An equivalent oxide thickness of less than 11 A with a leakage current of 1.9×10−3 A/cm2 at −1.5 V relative to the flat band voltage has been obtained. Well-behaved capacitance–voltage characteristics with an interface state density of less than 1011 cm−2 eV−1 and no significant frequency dispersion have been achieved. Excellent reliability properties (e.g., low charge trapping rate, good time-dependent dielectric breakdown, low stress-induced leakage current, and high dielectric breakdown) have also been obtained.
Isoosmotic Central Blood Volume Expansion Suppresses Plasma Arginine Vasopressin in Normal Man

Despite numerous studies which have characterized the regulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), the role of volume in governing ADH release remains incompletely defined. Most studies have examined the quantitative effects of hypovolemia on arginine vasopressin (AVP). In contrast, few have assessed the role of hypervolemia on AVP regulation. Furthermore, there are no data to date on the effect of acute isoosmotic volume expansion on plasma AVP in man. The successful characterization of the water immersion model (NI) and the demonstration that it induces an acute central volume expansion without changes in plasma composition commended its utilization in the present study. Twelve normal subjects were studied after 14 h of dehydration on two occasions: control and during 4 h of NI. Blood was obtained every 30 min for AVP. AVP was unaltered during the control period. In contrast, there was a prompt and sustained suppression of AVP throughout NI (P < 0.05 vs. control). There were no concomitant changes in plasma osmolality. Since the changes in AVP occurred consequent to central volume expansion but in the absence of concomitant changes in plasma composition, the current data support the concept that acute isoosmotic central volume expansion in man results in a suppression of plasma AVP.
Causal Attributions in Individuals With Suspected Lung Cancer: Relationships to Illness Coherence and Emotional Responses:

Causal-attribution theory focuses on the human need to understand, give meaning to, and ascribe causation to unexpected and unfortunate life events. The aim of the current study was to examine causal attributions among men and women newly diagnosed with suspected lung cancer and to determine the relationships between causal attributions, perceptions of illness coherence, and emotional responses to the illness before and following surgery. Causal attributions were measured by the 16-item Cause scale of the Illness Perception Questionnaire—Revised (IPQ-R). The 42 participants ranged in age from 37 to 83 years and had a broad educational background. Findings demonstrated that individual perceptions of cause were multifactorial, and the most commonly cited cause was personal smoking behaviors. The study suggests that although participants largely viewed themselves as at least somewhat responsible for their illness, in general, they assumed smoking behaviors were contributory in the context of several competin...
Carbonic Anhydrase-Inhibitor Binding: From Solution to the Gas Phase

In this report, we compare the kinetic stabilities of noncovalent complexes between bovine carbonic anhydrase II(BCAII, EC 4.2.1.1) and para-substituted benzenesulfonamide inhibitors in the gas phase and in solution. These BCAII-inhibitor systems are attractive model systems due to the stability of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and its well characterized structure and ligand complexes, providing a basis for inferences regarding the protein structure in the gas phase and its ligand interactions. CA is a roughly spherical Zn(II) metalloenzyme having a conical binding pocket which catalyzes the hydration of CO{sub 2} to bicarbonate. A large body of data correlate structures of sulfonamide ligands with their binding constants to CA. A set of eight inhibitors was selected for this study, covering a wide range of binding affinities and varying in the length of their tails and aromatic content. The results demonstrate that relative stabilities of BCAII-inhibitor complexes differ substantially between the gas and liquid phases and also show the dominant role of polar surface interactions in the gas phase. 12 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
Image fidelity improvement through optical proximity correction and its limits

Lack of image fidelity, such as corner rounding and line end foreshortening, can have adverse effects on semiconductor devices and circuits, and its magnitude is of interest to lithography integration into the device flow. Yet corner rounding is rarely quantified. The question arises which fraction of the problem can be corrected by optical proximity correction, and which fraction cannot be corrected because of the spatial frequency limitation of the image transfer process. Image fidelity problems typically get worse with highly coherent illumination settings that are used for alternating phase shifting masks, so it is important to investigate corner rounding in connection with such masks. Equally, it is important to understand the impact of numerical aperture on corner rounding. Because of its simple shape, a corner lends itself to simulated and experimental evaluation. We propose a metrology algorithm for corner rounding and investigate it with simulation and experiment. We study the impact of optical settings, mask parameters, and serifs on corner rounding and discuss the impact on optical proximity correction.
Healing Delayed But Generally Reliable After Bisphosphonate-associated Complete Femur Fractures Treated with IM Nails

Background Bisphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis has been associated with atypical femoral fractures. To date, there have been few reports in the literature regarding the preoperative and postoperative courses of patients who have sustained bisphosphonate-associated complete atypical femur fractures.
Effects of forskolin on growth and morphology of cultured glial and cerebrovascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells.

Abstract The present experiments were designed to evaluate the effectiveness of forskolin on cAMP production, growth and morphology on cell cultures of glia, endothelium and smooth muscle derived from brain microvessels. Forskolin significantly increased formation of cAMP and decreased incorporation of thymidine in all three cell types. The thymidine incorporation was reduced dose-dependently with maximal growth inhibition at 100 μM forskolin. A 1 hr preincubation with forskolin abolished thymidine incorporation by cells grown in fetal calf serum (FCS)-containing media over the following 24 hr. In cerebromicrovascular endothelium and smooth muscle, forskolin caused drastic and immediate changes of cell morphology and F-actin composition that were reversible. In glial cells, morphological changes were visible only after exposure to forskolin for more than 24 hr. These changes were accompanied by increased staining with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). These findings support the contention of cAMP involvement in growth regulation of these cells and indicate that forskolin might be used as a tool to induce growth arrest and possible differentiation in cell cultures from mammalian brain.
CTH01-4: Two Novel Iterative Joint Frequency-Offset and Channel Estimation Methods for OFDMA Uplink

We address joint estimation of frequency offsets and channel responses in OFDMA uplink. A cyclically equal-spaced, equal-energy interleaved pilot preamble is proposed by which two iterative estimators are developed. In the first estimator, we develop a modified SAGE (space alternating generalized expectation-maximization) method by incorporating multiuser interference cancellation in both time and frequency domains into the SAGE method. The proposed modified SAGE method yields a faster convergence rate, a better estimation performance, and a lower complexity than the existing conventional SAGE method. In the second method, we propose a very low complexity ad-hoc method to replace the high complexity frequency offset estimator of the first method. The proposed ad-hoc method is developed based on the time-domain characteristics of the pilot preamble and the frequency-domain power concentration property of OFDMA systems. It achieves almost the same estimation performance as the first proposed method but requires significantly lower complexity. Both proposed methods are not only better in estimation performance, convergence rate, and complexity, but also more robust to the number of active uplink users than the existing method while requiring only one OFDM training symbol and no restriction of the data subcarrier assignment scheme.
Effect of the inhibitors of ion movements, verapamil and tetraethylammonium, on fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro

Better than 75% fertilization of C57BL/6 mouse eggs with C57BL/6 sperm is obtained in vitro in a modified Kreb's-Ringer-bicarbonate medium containing 8 mM HEPES. No fertilization of obtained when Ca2+ is omitted from this medium. The drug verapamil, which interferes with Ca2+ channels and blocks the acrosome reaction [Schackmann et al, 1978] and fertilization in the sea urchin, also blocks fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro when included in complete medium at a concentration of 80 μg/ml. Tetraethylammonium, which inhibits delayed axonal potassium currents and prevents the acrosome reaction in sea urchin sperm, also completely inhibits fertilization of mouse eggs in vitro at a concentration of 5 mM. Tetramethylammonium, which does not inhibit potassium movements at the same concentration reduces fertilization by about 50%. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that ion movements are necessary for activation of the sperm and/or egg in mouse fertilization.
Effects of ischemia and reperfusion on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in isolated rat hearts

Abstract The effects of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion on pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity were studied in isolated rat hearts. PDH remained largely (80%) in the active form during 10 min of whole heart ischemia in hearts receiving 11 m m glucose as substrate. With reperfusion, PDH was converted to the inactive form (45% by 2 min) and then returned slowly to control levels. Addition of pyruvate (10 m m ) to the glucose containing perfusate during reperfusion prevent the reperfusion inactivation of PDH (96% active). The maintenance of a high percent of PDH in the active form during ischemia occurred in spite of high mitochondrial ratios of NADH NAD and acetyl CoA CoA and was related to a very low mitochondrial ATP ADP ratio. The low ATP and high ADP would restrict PDH kinase phosphorylation and inactivation of PDH during ischemia. Reperfusion resulted in a rapid increase in mitochondrial ATP ADP ratio and the increased availability of ATP as substrate for the kinase coupled with continued high levels of NADH and acetyl CoA which stimulate kinase activity may have accounted for the early inactivation of PDH with reperfusion. Addition of pyruvate to the perfusate probably inhibited the PDH kinase and prevent the reperfusion inactivation of PDH.
Induction of mitogen-inducible nuclear orphan receptor by interleukin 1 in human synovial and gingival fibroblasts.

High levels of interleukin 1 (IL-1) found in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis act on the local fibroblasts, resulting in an altered phenotype characterized by hyperplasia and the production of inflammatory mediators and destructive enzymes. The goal of this study was to identify genes induced as an early response to IL-1 in synovial and gingival fibroblasts which might play a regulatory role in the cascade of events leading to their activation. Using the technique of mRNA differential display, we have identified the mitogen-inducible nuclear orphan receptor (MINOR) as a gene up-regulated by IL-1 in human synovial and gingival fibroblasts. The rapid induction of both mRNA and DNA binding activity suggests that MINOR may play an important early role in regulating the response of fibroblasts to inflammation.
Double-blind comparison of intravaginal prostaglandin E2 gel and “chip” for preinduction cervical ripening

Abstract The intravaginal application of prostaglandin E 2 for preinduction cervical ripening has proved to be advantageous in the management of patients with an unfavorable cervix. The purpose of this double-blind randomized investigation was to compare the efficacy and safety of two methods of prostaglandin E 2 delivery. Patients who were to have preinduction cervical ripening because of an unfavorable cervix (Bishop score ≤ 4) were randomly assigned to be given a single dose of prostaglandin E 2 as either 2.5 mg of gel or a 3.0 mg "chip" intravaginally in a placebo-controlled manner. Sixty-nine patients received the active prostaglandin E 2 , 34 in the gel group and 35 in the "chip" group. The groups were similar in maternal age, race, parity, gestational age, and initial Bishop score. Both forms of prostaglandin E 2 were easy to administer and helpful in priming an unfavorable cervix. The need for, duration of, and maximum dose of oxytocin were similar in both groups. Cesarean delivery because of failed induction occurred in 5 of 35 (14.3%) patients receiving a "chip" and 4 of 34 (11.8%) receiving the gel. However, patients receiving a "chip" experienced a 20% (7/35) incidence of hyperstimulation, compared with 2.9% (1 /36) in those receiving the gel ( p
Black–White Differences in Tipping: The Moderating Effects of Socioeconomic Status

Two studies found that higher socioeconomic status reduced differences between black and white patrons in stiffing and flat tipping, but increased black–white differences in the amount tipped by those who did tip. The finding that movement up the socioeconomic ladder increases black–white differences in tip size suggests that efforts to address the problems posed by those differences in tipping should not be confined to lower-class establishments and neighborhoods. Managers and executives of restaurants and restaurant chains catering to black customers of all socioeconomic levels are encouraged to reduce racial discrimination in service delivery and to address the other problems stemming from black–white differences in tipping by (1) hiring both black and white mystery shoppers to monitor the service provided to black guests; (2) increasing blacks’ awareness and internalization of tipping norms through community education, as well as information provided in the restaurant; or (3) replacing voluntary tippi...
Is Ventricular Assist Device an Effective Tool To Support Children with a Failing Cardiac Graft

Purpose Ventricular assist device (VAD) support in heart transplant recipients is challenging especially because these patients are immunocompromised. Total artificial heart (TAH) is an attractive alternative to VAD for adult patients since it alleviates the need for immunosuppression. Unlike for adults, TAH is not currently available for children due to size limitations. The aim of this study is to determine if VAD support, currently the only realistic option, plays a role in the treatment of cardiac graft failure in the pediatric population. Methods and Materials A retrospective analysis was performed of all pediatric heart transplant (Tx) recipients who required VAD support at Texas Children’s Hospital for cardiac graft dysfunction. We identified 16 VAD runs in 15 patients; 9 with short-term extracorporeal VAD and 7 with long-term VAD. The type of device was chosen based on the etiology of heart failure; short-term VAD for acute process (e.g. acute rejection) and long-term VAD for chronic process (e.g. transplant coronary artery disease). Median age and weight at VAD placement were 11y (1–18y) and 43kg (9–94kg). Median time from Tx to VAD support was 1.1y (0d–2.7y) for short-term VADs and 3.6y (10m–11y) for long-term VADs. Results Short-term VAD support was successfully weaned off following cardiac recovery in 8 (89%), with support duration of 5d (2-7d). One patient was bridged to long-term VAD. In contrast, successful outcome was achieved only in 2 (29%) patients with long-term VAD support, both of whom were bridged to re-transplant with support duration of 28 and 83 days. The remaining 5 (71%) died on long-term VAD. None of the 2 patients who required resuscitation with ECMO prior to long-term VAD survived. Of note, 3 of the 5 mortalities were related to fungus infection. Conclusions Short-term VAD support is an effective therapy for acute graft failure. Long-term VAD support, however, has a limited role for chronic graft failure. The search for alternative treatment strategies for children with chronically failing grafts is warranted.
Effects of Combustor Acoustics on Fuel Spray Dynamics

An experimental liquid fuel LDI combustor, developed to study thermoacoustic instability processes and to test active combustion control systems, was found to demonstrate three distinct stability regimes, with system characteristics not reported in earlier literature. These observations led to a series of further investigations, both in reactive and non-reactive conditions, to gain an insight into effects of combustor acoustics on fuel spray dynamics. This paper presents only the non-reacting flow results, from both experimental and modeling investigations. The experimental setup and construction details of an isothermal acoustic rig are presented. Phase-locked PDA measurements of droplet velocities and diameters from a simplex atomizer spray were acquired, with and without combustor swirl co-airflow, under varying acoustic forcing conditions and spray feed pressures. Measurements made at four locations in the spray are related, in the paper, to these variations in mean and unsteady inputs. The dynamic behavior of the spray is then presented in terms of frequency response characteristics related to acoustic fields imposed on the spray. Finally, results from non-reacting spray modeling, predicting droplet trajectories, are reported. The modeling was done using the deterministic separated flow approach. These trajectories are compared to the reported experimental results to support preliminary explanations for the unique experimental observations of the swirl-stabilized kerosene flame in a single can combustor geometry.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The introduction and use of the pavise in the Hundred Years War

AbstractWhen the Genoese had all been brought together and put in order, and after they had begun to approach their enemy, they started to shout as loud as they could to frighten the English. But the English remained quiet and did not move. Thus the Genoese shouted again and moved a bit closer, but the English still remained silent and did not move. The Genoese again shouted, very loud and very clear, and shortly thereafter they raised their crossbows and began to shoot. The English archers, when they saw this formation, took one step forward and let their arrows fly in such large numbers that they fell on the Genoese so evenly that it seemed like snow. The Genoese, who had not earlier faced such archers as those of the English, when they saw that the arrows had pierced their arms, heads, and faces, became so confused that they cut their bowstrings and threw away their crossbows. Then they turned and fled.
Prenatal maternal blood pressure response to stress predicts birth weight and gestational age: A preliminary study

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The objective was to test the prospective association between prenatal maternal circulatory responses to a standardized psychologic challenge and birth outcome. STUDY DESIGN: We examined the relationship between blood pressure responses to a cognitive arithmetic stressor and birth outcome in 40 healthy primigravid women. Pregnant women between 18 and 37 years old were recruited from the University of Kentucky Prenatal Service Clinic for participation. All women performed an interactive arithmetic task while maternal heart rate and blood pressures were determined. Subsequent birth outcome parameters of birth weight and gestational age were obtained for prospective analyses. RESULTS: Results indicated that maternal systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rates were significantly increased during the arithmetic task (p ≤ 0.01). Regression analyses suggested that women with larger diastolic blood pressure responses during stress had infants with lower birth weights (p
Applications of Magnetic Suspension Technology to Large Scale Facilities: Progress, Problems and Promises

This paper will briefly review previous work in wind tunnel Magnetic Suspension and Balance Systems (MSBS) and will examine the handful of systems around the world currently known to be in operational condition or undergoing recommissioning. Technical developments emerging from research programs at NASA and elsewhere will be reviewed briefly, where there is potential impact on large-scale MSBSS. The likely aerodynamic applications for large MSBSs will be addressed, since these applications should properly drive system designs. A recently proposed application to ultra-high Reynolds number testing will then be addressed in some detail. Finally, some opinions on the technical feasibility and usefulness of a large MSBS will be given.
Low symptomatic premature stent occlusion of multiple plastic stents for benign biliary strictures: comparing standard and prolonged stent change intervals.

Background Benign biliary strictures are typically managed endoscopically whereby an increasing size or number of plastic stents is placed at ERCP. Stents are often changed every 3 to 4 months based on the known median patency of a single biliary stent, but patency data for multiple biliary stents are lacking. Objective To assess the incidence of occlusion-free survival of multiple plastic biliary stents and the rate of premature occlusion if left in longer than 6 months. Design Retrospective. Setting Tertiary-care medical center (Charleston, SC). Patients Consecutive patients who received multiple plastic stents for benign nonhilar biliary strictures from 1994 to 2008 were identified. Interventions Exchange of multiple plastic biliary stents within 6 months (group 1) or 6 months or longer (group 2) after placement. Main Outcome Measurements Symptomatic stent occlusion. Results Seventy-nine patients with nonhilar extrahepatic benign biliary stricture underwent 125 ERCPs with multiple plastic biliary stents. Stents were scheduled for removal/exchange within 6 months in 52 patients (86 ERCPs) compared with after 6 months in 22 patients (26 ERCPs). The median interval between multiple stent placement and removal/exchange was 90 days for group 1 and 242 days for group 2. Premature stent occlusion occurred in 4 of 52 (7.7%) patients in group 1 versus 1 of 22 (4.5%) in group 2, with significantly longer occlusion-free survival in group 2 (log-rank P Limitations Retrospective study at a single tertiary referral center. Conclusion Multiple plastic biliary stents for benign nonhilar strictures were associated with a low rate of premature symptomatic stent occlusion at more than 6 months and a longer occlusion-free survival.
On formalism and pictorial organization

This essay is constructed around two very broad distinctions within Formalism. The two distinctions are independent of one another, and therefore they give us a cross-classification. They give us four kinds of Formalism. The first distinction, which I shall explain now, is between Normative Formalism and Analytic Formalism. The second distinction, which I shall introduce later on, is between Manifest Formalism and Latent Formalism. The terms that I use to express this latter distinction, "manifest" versus "latent," I borrow from Freud, but no psychoanalytic overtones cling to the distinction itself. One advantage of introducing this second distinction is that it allows us to bring together, and to think simultaneously about, two strands of pictorial theory that are often held apart.
ST-Segment Elevations Secondary to Electrical Cardioversion

A 56-year-old woman with primary pulmonary hypertension presented with increasing shortness of breath and palpitations. ECG showed right bundle-branch block and slow atrial flutter with 2:1 AV block (Figure 1). In view of the patient’s hypotension …
Revisiting the 0,1 assignment problem

Abstract The Hungarian method is able to transform an assignment problem into many equivalent matrices, in general. We characterize these matrices for the 0,1 assignment problem. Examples and an application to the 0,1 traveling salesman problem are provided.
Counterexamples to two conjectures about distance sequences

Abstract It is shown that, contrary to a pair of well-known conjectures, there exist finite and infinite examples of: (1) vertex-transitive graphs whose distance sequences are not unimodal, and (2) graphs with primitive automorphism group whose distance sequences are not logarithmically convex. In particular, a family of finite graphs is presented whose automorphism groups are primitive and whose distance sequences are not unimodal.
Evolution and properties of Aedes albopictus cell cultures persistently infected with sindbis virus

Abstract Replicate cultures of Aedes albopictus cells were infected with Sindbis virus and then maintained for long periods of time by weekly subculture. During the first week the viral titers ranged between 10 8 and 10 9 PFU/ml, but then gradually fell and within a few weeks stabilized at about 10 5 to 10 8 PFU/ml. Such cultures were followed for the appearance of temperature-sensitive (ts) virus, small-plaque virus, and for the appearance within the cells of small (12–15 S) double-stranded viral RNA (dsRNA). Cloning experiments carried out 6 months or more after the initial infection showed that persistently infected cultures gave rise to both virus-yielding and nonyielding clones. Similar results were obtained when virus-positive clones were recloned. Prolonged treatment of persistently infected cultures with anti-Sindbis virus serum resulted in curing of the virus infection. Cured cultures behaved in every way tested as normal uninfected A. albopictus cells. The ability to cure with anti-viral serum suggests that in this system extracellular virus is needed to perpetuate the long-term infection. After persistently infected cultures were subcultured, viral RNA synthesis and viral yields were maximal during the first 3–4 days. Thereafter, although the cell number continued to increase for several days, viral RNA synthesis and viral yields both decreased sharply. This result strongly suggests that A. albopictus cells have efficient means for the regulation of viral biosynthesis. Although the resistance of persistently infected cultures to superinfection could be accounted for by interfering temperature-sensitive nondefective virus, the presence in these cells of 12 S dsRNA suggests that defective viral genomes are also present.
Carbon-supported spherical palladium nanoparticles as potential recyclable catalysts for the Suzuki reaction

Abstract Carbon-supported PVP–Pd nanoparticles prepared by adsorption of colloidal PVP–Pd nanoparticles onto activated carbon are used as catalysts for the Suzuki reaction between phenylboronic acid and iodobenzene to form biphenyl. These carbon-supported nanoparticles result in a lower biphenyl yield during the first cycle than the colloidal Pd nanoparticles that we studied previously. The carbon-supported Pd nanoparticles retain 69% of its activity upon recycling (second cycle), which is almost double the recycling potential observed in colloidal Pd nanoparticles (37% retention of activity). In addition, the carbon-supported Pd nanoparticles retain 73 ± 3 % of their catalytic activity during the second through fifth cycles of the Suzuki reaction, while the catalytic activity of the colloidal Pd nanoparticles greatly decreases during that time frame. The carbon support that the palladium nanoparticles are adsorbed onto helps to preserve its catalytic activity for longer time periods. The effect of catalysis and recycling on the nanoparticle size is also investigated. The average size of the carbon-supported palladium nanoparticles is 1.9 ± 0.1 nm initially, 2.6 ± 0.1 nm after the first cycle, and 3.1 ± 0.1 nm after the second cycle. The continued growth of the supported nanoparticles suggests that the carbon support protects the palladium nanoparticles during the harsh Suzuki reaction and prevents aggregation and precipitation unlike the colloidal palladium nanoparticles. In addition, a narrow size distribution during the growth process (Ostwald ripening) is observed for the carbon-supported nanoparticles. This could be due to the adsorption method for preparing carbon-supported Pd nanoparticles because excess unaggregated palladium atoms will not be adsorbed onto the carbon support.
Similarity and the false recognition of prototypes

Posner (1969) has reported studies using a continuous recognition task paradigm which he interprets as providing evidence that cognitive prototypes are extracted from sets of viewed patterns. An attempt to replicate and extend Posner’s findings was only partly successful and drew attention to possible alternative explanations for the large number of “false alarms” elicited by certain patterns. The similarity of a pattern to immediately preceding exemplars appears to play a crucial role in eliciting false alarms. Until studies are available which explicitly control for similarity, the interpretation of continuous recognition task results must remain uncertain.
A Jacobian criterion for separability

Contents . 1. Introduction and Notation ; 2. A Jacobian Criterion for Separability ; 3. A Jacobian Criterion for Extension of Derivations ; 4. Explicit Formulas for the Separability Idempotent ; 4.1. 1-variable, 1-relation case and a theorem of Euler, 4.2. 1-variable, ¦ I ¦-relation case, 4.3. Symmetric expansions and n -algebras, 4.4. n -variable, n -relation case where the base ring contains the rational number field, 4.5. n -variable, ¦ I ¦-relation case where the base ring contains the rational number field, 4.6. n -variable, n -relation case where 2 is a unit, the relations are quadratic and the Jacobian determinant is in the base ring; 5. Applications to the Jacobian Problem ; 5.1. Brief history, 5.2. Interpretations of the Jacobian condition, 5.3. Consequences of flatness, 5.4. Equivalent conditions under separability, 5.5. Pseudo-inverse polynomials, 5.6. Counter-examples, 5.7. Quadratic case.
Acute thioridazine stimulates mesolimbic but not nigrostriatal dopamine release: demonstration by in vivo electrochemistry.

Abstract In vivo electrochemical techniques were employed to demonstrate that haloperidol and (+)-butaclamol increased the release of dopamine (DA) in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, whereas thioridazine stimulated DA release only in the accumbens. The stimulatory effect of thioridazine was reversed by γ-butyrolactone. Given that γ-butyrolactone inhibits DA neuronal activity, these data indicate that the regional selectivity of thioridazine on DA release is due to its ability to preferentially stimulate DA cell firing in the ventral tegmental (A10) area and suggest that its antipsychotic properties depend on its actions in the mesolimbic DA system.
Comparative Validity of Two Wais—R Short Forms with Vocational Rehabilitation Clients:

Summary.-Scores from two (Vocabulary, Block Design) and four (Arithmetic, Vocabulary, Block Design, and Picture Arrangement) subtest short forms of the WAIS-R were compared with the Full Scale IQs for vocational rehabilitation clients. 305 mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed. and physically handicapped subjects. Some large differences berween mean IQs, some low correlations between IQs once corrected for spuriousness. and high misclassificarion rates suggest caution in using the short-form IQs. Use of the Full Scale IQ for screening vocational rehabilitation clients is recommended. Short-forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) have been developed for a variety of samples: the WAIS-R standardization sample (Gutkin, Reynolds, & Galvin, 1984; Reynolds, Willson, dr Clark, 19S3), an older clinical sample (Ryan, Georgemiller, & McKinney, 1984), brain-impaired patients (Roth, Hughes, Monkowski & Crosson, 1984), psychiatric inpatients and outpatients (Cella, 1984; Dinning & Icraft, 1983; Ryan & Rosenberg, 1983; Ryan, Larsen, & Prifitera, 1983; Ryan, 1983), mentally retarded (Haynes, 1985), and delinquents ( Haynes, 1983). The most popular versions are a two-subtest short-form (Vocabulary, Block Design) and a foursubcest short-form (Arithmetic, Vocabulary, Block Design, and Picrure Arrangement) (Ryan, Larsen, & Prifitera, 1983; Silverstein, 1982). However, while WAIS-R short forms have been developed for ocher atypical groups, no studies using vocational rehabilitation clients have been reported. Since vocational rehabilitation agencies commonly use the WAIS-R as a screening measure for clients referred for services, the validation of an appropriate shortform would assist them in screening large numbers of clients. With the development of any new short-form, appropriate validation is required. Most validation studies examining the utility of WAIS-R short forms have employed three criteria identified by Resnick and Entin (1971; Haynes, 1985; Silverstein, 1985). These are (a) mean differences berween short-form IQs and Full Scale IQs should be small and statistically nonsignificant, (b) correlations between short-form IQs and Full Scale IQs should be high and significanr, and (c) classification results using the short form
Stanford picosecond FEL center

The Stanford Picosecond FEL Center will provide intense picosecond optical pulses at wavelengths tunable from 1.5 micrometers to 15 micrometers . The ability to deliver picosecond pulses at wavelengths throughout the vibrational IR makes the Center's superconducting linac-driven FEL a powerful tool for studies of ultra-fast phenomena in molecular systems. In addition, the planned installation of a synchronized picosecond visible laser system will permit a variety of two-color experiments. Special efforts are being made to increase the cost-effectiveness of the FEL facility through the development of standardized optical setups.
Towards a micro-mechanics based understanding of ultrasonic higher harmonic generation

The need for micro-mechanics based understanding leading to meso-scale models for understanding relation between microstructure and ultrasonic higher harmonic generation is emphasized. Three important aspects of material behavior, namely tension-compression asymmetry, shear-normal coupling and deformation induced anisotropy that are relevant to ultrasonic higher harmonic generation are identified. Of these, the role of tension-compression asymmetry in micro-scale material behavior on ultrasonic higher harmonic generation is investigated in detail. It is found that the tension-compression asymmetry is directly related to ultrasonic even harmonic generation and an energy based measure is defined to quantify the asymmetry. Using this energy based measure, a homogenization based approach is employed to quantify the acoustic nonlinearity in material with micro-voids and the findings are discussed.
Glucose transporters: what's in a name?

It often happens in the biological sciences that two or more laboratories exploit an idea or concept whose time has come, and then publish their observations virtually simultaneously. Such is certainly the case for documenting the existence of a unique glucose transporter isoform that represents the major transporter species in the insulin-responsive target tissues, muscle and fat. In the span of 11 weeks (March-May 1989), five independent reports appeared describing the cDNA cloning of the glucose transporter from the fat and/or muscle of rodents and humans (1–5). These studies underscore the current evolution of our understanding of glucose transporters in general, and the regulation of transporter function by insulin, in particular. The study of the glucose transporter gene family has become a hot topic with a burst of publications from numerous labs recently appearing in the literature. Since three of the facilitative glucose transporters each have at least one clear and important physiological role (...
Energetics and concentration of defects in Gd2Ti2O7 and Gd2Zr2O7 pyrochlore at high pressure

Abstract Using first-principles calculations and complementary experiments, the defect formation energies and defect concentrations were calculated as a function of pressure. The results show that at high pressure, the defect formation energies decrease with pressure for both systems. In Gd 2 Ti 2 O 7 , the dominant defect type is cation anti-site defect, the local structure around a defect is highly distorted, and the energetically favorable defect–defect interactions at shorter distance suggest the possibility of defect clustering. In Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 , anion Frenkel-pair defects are favored at all pressures and the dominant defect type involving a cation is a coupled defect of a cation anti-site and an anion Frenkel-pair defect. There are only minor distortions around the defects, and the defect–defect interactions are weak, which suggests almost-ideal non-interacting defect formation. Comparison of experimentally observed defect concentrations and those based on the calculated defect formation energies suggests that the defects formed at high pressure are better estimated with a concentrated limit approximation, while those formed at ambient pressure can be evaluated at a dilute limit approximation.
Generic Prejudice and the Presumption of Guilt in Sex Abuse Trials

In 25 Canadian criminal trials involving charges of sexual abuse, 849 prospective jurors were asked under oath whether they could hear the evidence, follow the judge's instructions on the Jaw, and decide the case with a fair and impartial mind. Knowing only the nature of the charges against the accused, on average 36% of the jurors stated that they could not be impartial Some jurors explained that they themselves had been victims of abuse, others expressed fears for children, while others stated simply that they could not set aside a presumption of guilt. These findings from real trials are consistent with a body of social science literature about attitudes toward sexual abuse and sexual assault charges. The article distinguishes between prejudices arising from specific pretrial publicity and generic prejudices that cause prejudgments of the case of any defendant perceived as belonging to a general class of defendants who likely are guilty of the crime(s) charged.
Irradiation Compared with Chlorination for Elimination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Internalized in Lettuce Leaves: Influence of Lettuce Variety

Pathogenic bacteria internalized in leaf tissues are not effectively removed by surface treatments. Irradiation has been shown to inactivate leaf-internalized bacteria, but many aspects of targeting these protected pathogens remain unknown. Bacterial cells of a cocktail mixture of 3 isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were drawn into the leaves of iceberg, Boston, green leaf, and red leaf lettuce using vacuum perfusion. The inoculated leaves were treated with a 3-min wash with sodium hypochlorite solution (0, 300, or 600 ppm) or various doses of ionizing radiation (0.25 to 1.5 kGy). Leaves were stomached to recover the internalized cells and survivors enumerated. Washes with 0 ppm (water), 300 ppm, and 600 ppm chlorine solutions each gave reductions of less than 1 log. These reductions were statistically significant only in the case of green leaf lettuce. In contrast, irradiation effectively reduced E. coli O157:H7 on all varieties examined, with all doses tested being significantly reduced from the untreated control. The specific variety influenced the efficacy of irradiation. The greatest reduction obtained was 5 logs on iceberg lettuce treated with 1.5 kGy. The D(10) values (the dose necessary to achieve a 1 log reduction) were significantly (P < 0.05) different among the varieties of lettuce tested, and ranged from 0.30 kGy (iceberg) to 0.45 kGy (Boston). These values were observed to be notably higher than previous irradiation D(10) values for E. coli O157:H7 surface inoculated onto these 4 lettuce varieties. This study has shown that irradiation is able to effectively reduce viable E. coli O157:H7 cells internalized in lettuce, and that the variety of lettuce influences the specific response.
Carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder: dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging with clinical and pathologic correlation.

OBJECTIVE. This article describes the MR imaging features of carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder with clinical presentation and pathologic correlation in three adults.CONCLUSION. Carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder is a rare and aggressive tumor that has a clinical presentation similar to that of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging features are discussed.
Personalizing extent of breast cancer surgery according to molecular subtypes

The molecular subtype of breast cancer is the major determinant of the type of systemic therapy, but less attention has been paid to the impact of subtype on local therapy outcomes. Presenting features of breast cancer vary with hormone receptor status, with triple negative cancers being significantly less likely than hormone receptor positive cancers to have nodal metastases, and HER2 overexpressing cancers being more likely to be multifocal or multicentric and to have an extensive intraductal component. The risk of local recurrence varies with subtype as well, with triple negative cancers having the highest risk of local recurrence after both breast-conserving therapy and mastectomy, indicating that bigger surgery does not overcome bad biology.
The Relations of Dispositional Regulation and Emotionality to Elders' Empathy-Related Responding and Affect While Volunteering

Researchers recently have proposed that various empathy-related reactions are differentially related to individual differences in emotional intensity and regulation. This idea was tested with a sample of elderly hospital volunteers. As predicted, dispositional sympathy was associated with high levels of both dispositional regulation and negative emotional intensity. Personal distress was linked with low regulation and high negative emotional intensity, and cognitive perspective taking was associated with high regulation. Perspective taking moderated the relation of emotional intensity to sympathy and personal distress. In addition, elders' negative affect when volunteering at a hospital was correlated with low regulation and high levels of regulation and dispositional sympathy. The results demonstrate the findings pertaining to vicarious emotional responding are generalizable to nonstudent populations engaged in planned, sustained helping behavior.
Holographic local-oscillator beam multiplexing for array heterodyne detection

Linear holographic gratings have been developed that can be used for amplitude and phase matching of local oscillator (LO) and signal wave fronts in heterodyne detection with infrared imaging arrays. With these holographic gratings the system’s signal-to-noise ratio and resolution can be maximized, and the LO power dissipation on the focal plane can be minimized. A holographic surface relief pattern multiplexes the LO beam when a single LO laser beam illuminates it. Each beam of this multiplexed set then has the same amplitude shape as and is collinear with each element of the signal wave front illuminating the array.