cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enabling and Optimizing Non-linear Feature Interactions in Factorized Linear Algebra

Accelerating machine learning (ML) over relational data is a key focus of the database community. While many real-world datasets are multi-table, most ML tools expect single-table inputs, forcing users to materialize joins before ML, leading to data redundancy and runtime waste. Recent works on ''factorized ML'' address such issues by pushing ML through joins. However, they have hitherto been restricted to ML models linear in the feature space, rendering them less effective when users construct non-linear feature interactions such as pairwise products to boost ML accuracy. In this work, we take a first step towards closing this gap by introducing a new abstraction to enable pairwise feature interactions in multi-table data and present an extensive framework of algebraic rewrite rules for factorized LA operators over feature interactions. Our rewrite rules carefully exploit the interplay of the redundancy caused by both joins and interactions. We prototype our framework in Python to build a tool we call MorpheusFI. An extensive empirical evaluation with both synthetic and real datasets shows that MorpheusFI yields up to 5x speedups over materialized execution for a popular second-order gradient method and even an order of magnitude speedups over a popular stochastic gradient method.
Performance Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms in Detecting Jamming Attacks on ADS-B0 Devices

Aviation communities are nowadays deploying automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) systems on aircraft to have more accurate and reliable air traffic control. This system broadcasts some of the aircraft telemetry data in the form of plaintext messages over unencrypted datalinks, which makes this system vulnerable to several cyber-attacks including jamming. To mitigate these attacks, the first step to take is to detect them. A few techniques have been proposed in the literature, but these techniques suffer from several limitations. This paper presents a comprehensive study highlighting the efficiency of machine learning based classifiers towards jamming attacks detection. Several supervised machine learning algorithms including support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, artificial neural network, and decision tree are used and their performance is compared. Features such as bit error rate, bad packet ratio, and energy statistic are utilized to train these models and to distinguish the received jamming signals from legitimate ones. The results show that the two-hidden-layer neural network with 15 neurons outperforms all the other algorithms.
Monitoring of multi-bolt connection looseness using entropy-based active sensing and genetic algorithm-based least square support vector machine

Abstract Looseness detection of bolted connections is an essential industrial issue that can reduce the maintenance and repair costs caused by joint failures; however, current loosening detection methods mainly focus on the single-bolt connection. Even though several methods, such as the vibration-based method and electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) method, have been employed to detect multi-bolt looseness, while they are easily affected by environmental issues. Therefore, the main contribution of this paper is to detect loosening of the multi-bolt connection through the PZT-enabled active sensing method, which has several merits including easy-to-implement, low cost, and good ability of anti-environment disturbance. Since the current indicator of the active sensing, namely the signal energy is insensitive to multiple damages, we developed a new damage index (DI) based on the multivariate multiscale fuzzy entropy (MMFE). Subsequently, the maximum relevance minimum redundancy (mRMR) was used to select significant features from the MMFE-based DI to construct the new datasets. After feeding the new datasets into the genetic algorithm-based least square support vector machine (GA-based LSSVM), we trained a classifier to detect loosening of the multi-bolt connection. Finally, repeated experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, which can guide future investigations on bolt looseness detection.
Interdependent Siblings: Associations between Closest and Least Close Sibling Social Support and Sibling Relationship Satisfaction

Sibling relationships are typically long-lasting, providing opportunities for critical social support throughout a lifetime. This study examined how perceptions of sibling support differ for closes...
Association between federal and California state policy violation among vape shops and neighbourhood composition in Southern California.

Introduction Past studies have documented disparities in regulation compliance among tobacco retailers with respect to ethnic diversity in neighbourhoods. This study investigated the association between compliance with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and California state rules and neighbourhood ethnic composition of a vape shop location. Methods We recruited 122 vape shops located in ‘ethnic enclave’ neighbourhoods in Southern California. Trained teams of data collectors visited each of the consented vape shops and coded items in the shops that were visible and on display. Location data for the percentages of ethnic composition for a given city were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, American FactFinder. Multilevel logistic regression models examined the relationship between the city-level neighbourhood ethnic composition and vape shop rule violation status: not displaying Ask4ID sign and offering free samples. Results Vape shops located in neighbourhoods/communities with more white residents were significantly less likely to not display Ask4ID sign (p=0.03) and less likely to offer free sampling (p=0.009), controlling for other neighbourhood ethnic characteristics. Discussion Greater enforcement for proper signage display is needed for vape shops located in racial/ethnic minority locations to ensure that minors are discouraged from purchasing e-products.
Finite Element Introduction

In this chapter we introduce the topic of finite element analysis for beam vibration. In Chap. 8 we described continuous models based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. This is a reasonable approach for a simple geometry, such as the cylindrical shaft in a small DC electric motor, but is more difficult to implement for a more complex structure, such as a gas turbine fan. In this case, finite element analysis provides a common option for vibration studies. Rather than a continuous cross-section model, the geometry is discretized into small elements. The mass and stiffness matrices for the elements are then defined and assembled to provide a numerical solution for the behavior of the entire structure. In this chapter, we focus on axial and bending vibrations of beams that are discretized into elements along their lengths. We derive the associated stiffness and mass matrices and then show how the element matrices are combined to describe the entire beam. Finally, we arrange these matrices into the corresponding differential equations of motion and solve them to obtain the eigenvalues and frequency response functions, or FRFs. While our scope is limited to simple beam geometries, it provides a foundation that can be used for more complex structures.
Invisible Autistic Infrastructure: Ethnographic Reflections on an Autistic Community.

In this article, I provide an ethnographic account of an autistic-run community for adults in a North American city. By spending time with each other in loosely structured social interactions, memb...
The role of organized groups in administrative burdens of property taxation

There is a substantial body of literature regarding the effects of administrative burdens on the take-up of safety-net programs and the role of organized groups in this process. I investigate similar issues in the context of property tax assessment appeals. Disadvantaged groups spend well over the recommended 30% of their income on housing costs that include property tax, and, on top of that, assessors often overestimate lower-value properties. Appeals may provide some relief, but the process can be burdensome. Certain localities give condominium associations the right to file one joint appeal on behalf of all unit owners. I hypothesize that this rule reduces burdens for condominium units and causes them to appeal more frequently than houses, resulting in a distributive effect that depends on the local context. I present supporting evidence from two case studies in two locations: New York City, which allows joint appeals, and Allegheny County, Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh and surroundings), which does not. Thus, while administrative burdens can span diverse contexts, engaging a third party to assist potential beneficiaries consistently increases the take-up.
Use of Middleware Data to Dissect and Optimize Hematology Autoverification.

Background: Hematology analysis comprises some of the highest volume tests run in clinical laboratories. Autoverification of hematology results using computer-based rules reduces turnaround time for many specimens, while strategically targeting specimen review by technologist or pathologist. Methods: Autoverification rules had been developed over a decade at an 800-bed tertiary/quarternary care academic medical central laboratory serving both adult and pediatric populations. In the process of migrating to newer hematology instruments, we analyzed the rates of the autoverification rules/flags most commonly associated with triggering manual review. We were particularly interested in rules that on their own often led to manual review in the absence of other flags. Prior to the study, autoverification rates were 87.8% (out of 16,073 orders) for complete blood count (CBC) if ordered as a panel and 85.8% (out of 1,940 orders) for CBC components ordered individually (not as the panel). Results: Detailed analysis of rules/flags that frequently triggered indicated that the immature granulocyte (IG) flag (an instrument parameter) and rules that reflexed platelet by impedance method (PLT-I) to platelet by fluorescent method (PLT-F) represented the two biggest opportunities to increase autoverification. The IG flag threshold had previously been validated at 2%, a setting that resulted in this flag alone preventing autoverification in 6.0% of all samples. The IG flag threshold was raised to 5% after detailed chart review; this was also the instrument vendor's default recommendation for the newer hematology analyzers. Analysis also supported switching to PLT-F for all platelet analysis. Autoverification rates increased to 93.5% (out of 91,692 orders) for CBC as a panel and 89.8% (out of 11,982 orders) for individual components after changes in rules and laboratory practice. Conclusions: Detailed analysis of autoverification of hematology testing at an academic medical center clinical laboratory that had been using a set of autoverification rules for over a decade revealed opportunities to optimize the parameters. The data analysis was challenging and time-consuming, highlighting opportunities for improvement in software tools that allow for more rapid and routine evaluation of autoverification parameters.
The Role of Cannabidiol in Neurological Disorders.

None Cannabis has been used for both recreational and medicinal purposes for more than 4 millennia. Cannabis has been studied in various medical disorders including neurological disorders. There are well-known risks of long-term use of cannabis, including low motivation, lowered cognitive capabilities, and diminished IQ and brain mass. Cannabinoids are compounds in cannabis that are known to have therapeutic potential. The most abundant chemicals in cannabinoids are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol has psychotropic effects that limits its use as a pharmacotherapeutic agent. Cannabidiol is a nonpsychotropic chemical and therefore has become a compound of interest for clinical researchers to study its therapeutic potential. This article reviews the efficacy and safety of cannabidiol in various neurological disorders in humans.
Taking Roll: College Students’ Views of Their Formerly Incarcerated Classmates

For those with a criminal history, higher education can facilitate successful reentry and desistance from crime. Still, a number of obstacles discourage the pursuit of higher education by the forme...
Urban living spaces for all peoples

One of the most powerful religious narratives about completion and life after death in the New Testament is the visionary view of the New Jerusalem that descends from heaven to earth. The New Testament concludes with the vision of the Heavenly Jerusalem. In Christian tradition, it is therefore the keystone of the Sacred Scripture, the two-in-one canon of the Bible. The great symbols of life and salvation in the Scripture are collective symbols: the meal, the wedding, and here: the bride-city, which does not show a city for people but people as a city. The seer sees a new polis; he speaks about it in visionary terms but thinks of it in a very concrete way. The focus is not on escapism – escaping the world and seeking something new and better above, but, in the light of the promised eschatological completion, a new view on a human society with an urban character on this earth. This paper examines the images of the Revelation of John, their prophetic intention and esp. their relevance for the design of the contemporary human civilization, for our cities with their beauty and their aguish and pain.
Social-class indicators differentially predict engagement in prevention vs. detection behaviours.

Objective: Few systematic studies have examined the contexts in which social-class variables will predict engagement in health-relevant behaviours. The current research examined whether the impact of social-class on health behaviours depends upon how social-class is assessed and the category of health behaviour under consideration.Method: Our sample was drawn from the Health Information National Trends Survey in 2012 (N = 3959). Participants reported their income and education as well as their engagement in a variety of prevention and detection behaviours.Results: Consistent with our hypothesised framework, we found that income predicted engagement in a variety of detection behaviours above and beyond education, whereas education predicted engagement in a variety of prevention behaviours above and beyond income.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that income and education operate on health behaviours via different pathways and have implications for public health policy and intervention.
Neutrino Reactions on 4He and the r-Process

Neutrinos from a Kelvin-Helmholtz-cooling neutron star drive the winds in which the r-process of nucleosynthesis possibly occurs. The neutrinos establish the matter expansion rate, the entropy per baryon, and the neutron richness in the wind material. Some models of the nucleosynthesis in neutrino-driven winds have successfully reproduced the solar r-process isotopic patterns and yields. An effect not previously included in these models, however, is the interaction of neutrinos with the abundant 4He nuclei. Such interactions tend to inhibit the r-process by allowing the assembly of too many seed nuclei, thereby destroying the good agreement between model yields and solar system abundances. In order to restore that good agreement, it is necessary to postulate some modification or modifications to current models.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of tubulin in zinc-induced sheets. II. Consequences of removal of microtubule associated proteins.

Abstract The three-dimensional structure of zinc-induced tubulin sheets freed of microtubule associated proteins has been determined to 20 A resolution by electron microscopy and image reconstruction. The determination was carried out with porcine brain tubulin separated from microtubule associated proteins by phosphocellulose chromatography. Negatively stained samples were tilted using the goniometer stage of the electron microscope to provide images of the tubulin sheets ranging in tilt from −60 ° to +60 °. The micrographs were digitized and subjected to a cross-correlation analysis to compensate for smooth curvature of the lattice in the sheets. For each angle of tilt, an average unit cell was obtained from the cross-correlation analysis and subsequently a Fourier transform was computed for inclusion in the three-dimensional Fourier data set. The transforms of 47 tilted images plus the average of five untilted sheets were combined and an inverse Fourier transform was applied to give a threedimensional reconstruction of the microtubule associated protein-free tubulin sheets. Comparison of the protofilament structure in these sheets with the previously published protofilament structure of zinc-induced tubulin sheets containing microtubule associated proteins reveals a number of consequences of the removal of microtubule associated proteins. (1) The extensive internal contact along the protofilament observed in microtubule associated protein-containing tubulin sheets is maintained in microtubule associated protein-free tubulin sheets. (2) In projection, the protofilaments in microtubule associated protein-free tubulin sheets are 2.2 A closer together than in microtubule associated protein-tubulin sheets. (3) The deviations of adjacent protofilaments from the plane of the sheets when viewed end-on are more pronounced in the absence of microtubule associated proteins. Differences are also observed at the level of individual tubulin subunits. In particular, the distinct cleft which was found in one class of subunits in tubulin sheets with microtubule associated proteins is absent in the microtubule associated protein-free tubulin sheets. The loss of this cleft and some changes in the shape of the tubulin subunits upon removal of microtubule associated proteins suggest a possible site for the interaction of tubulin with microtubule associated proteins.
The Fourth Amendment's Exclusionary Rule as a Constitutional Right

I am a proponent of the view that the rule is constitutionally based and is an individual remedy for the violation of that person’s Fourth Amendment rights. Both sides of the exclusionary rule debate regarding whether it is a mere tool to enforce deterrence or whether it is an individual right-based remedy have weighty authority and supporters. In my view, the constitutionally-based argument is persuasive: in constitutional law, there can be no right without a remedy. Subsidiary arguments reinforce that view. Those include the absence of any rational or empirical justification for the rule if based on deterrence theory, the lack of authority of the Court to apply the rule to the states absent a constitutional basis, and the coherence of justification of exceptions to the rule’s application if constitutionally based, unlike the ad hoc deterrence rationale, which is a mere substitute for each justice’s subjective assessment as to whether to apply the sanction. In this essay, I make several additional points. First, there are no articulate proponents on the current Court who embrace Weeks’s view that the rule is constitutionally based. Also, the evolution of the basis of the rule in the states is particularly convoluted, based on the influence of Supreme Court developments over the decades. However, in reaction to the high Court’s rejection of a constitutional basis for the rule in recent decades, there have developed some spokespersons for the Weeks rationale – albeit grounding that view on independent state constitutional grounds. Finally, although we are reaching the nadir in the current United States Supreme Court regarding the justification for – and application of – the exclusionary rule, it may simply be another moment in time.
Biological Activities of Carotenoid Metabolites

Considerable research effort has been expended in an attempt to substantiate and understand the potential roles of carotenoids in human health and disease, as described in previous Chapters in this Volume. Early studies dealt with β-carotene (3) and other provitamin A carotenoids, but more recent research efforts have focused on the potential roles in health and disease of the non-provitamin A carotenoids, such as lycopene (31) and lutein (133). Carotenoids are lipophilic and the series of conjugated double bonds in the central chain of the molecule makes them susceptible to oxidative cleavage [1], to isomerization between the trans (E) and cis (Z) forms [2], and to the formation of potentially bioactive metabolites [3]. The best known metabolite of carotenoids is vitamin A, as retinal (1), retinol (2) and retinoic acid (3). In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to identify biological properties of carotenoid metabolites other than vitamin A and related retinoids. Better understanding of the molecular details behind the actions of these carotenoid oxidative metabolites may yield insights into both physiological and pathophysiological processes in human health and disease. For provitamin A carotenoids, such as β-carotene, α-carotene (7), and β-cryptoxanthin (55), central cleavage is a major pathway leading to vitamin A and its derivatives [4,5] (see Chapter 8 and Volume 4, Chapter 16). This pathway has been substantiated by the cloning of a central cleavage enzyme, β-carotene 15,15′-oxygenase (BCO1), which can cleave carotenoids at their C(15,15′) double bond. It has been well demonstrated that retinoids, the most important oxidative products of provitamin A carotenoids, play an essential role in many critical biological processes, including vision, reproduction, metabolism, differentiation, haematopoiesis, bone development, and pattern formation during embryogenesis [6]. Open image in new window Open image in new window
Linearity analysis for automatic differentiation

Linearity analysis determines which variables depend on which other variables and whether the dependence is linear or nonlinear. One of the many applications of this analysis is determining whether a loop involves only linear loop-carried dependences and therefore the adjoint of the loop may be reversed and fused with the computation of the original function. This paper specifies the data-flow equations that compute linearity analysis. In addition, the paper describes using linearity analysis with array dependence analysis to determine whether a loop-carried dependence is linear or nonlinear.
Implementation of universal computation via small recurrent finite precision neural networks

We design and implement a small neural network, comprised of 52 fixed precision neurons - computationally equivalent to a bounded memory Universal Turing Machine; this design is an order of magnitude smaller than the smallest known universal neural nets. The network is the core of a practical universal neural computer; all neurons have fixed precision and a small set of simple weights. External memory will be used, or additional neurons dynamically recruited for more memory intensive calculations or input.
Voices of Emerging and Young Adults: In Pursuit of a Career Path

Emerging and young adults choose diverse career paths, some opting for an experimental approach, while others pursue a direct linear course. Some elect an incremental strategy, seeking the social capital or specific skills that will position them for further leaps in the future. Many express dismay at the contrast between the challenge and intensity of college preparation and the often monotonous, rote, and unappreciative workplace environments. They seek and expect meaningful work that elicits a passionate commitment, and many note a period of retrenchment and reassessment following their initial, disillusioning career choices. Still, they search for a more permanent path and reserve the possibility to change course in the future; they acknowledge the importance of flexibility and openness to change in an uncertain career marketplace.
The properties and function of γ-glutamyl hydrolase and poly-γ-glutamate

gamma-Glutamyl hydrolase is a ubiquitous enzyme that has the capacity to cleave gamma-glutamyl bonds of cellular folyl- and antifolylpoly-gamma-glutamates. This study has revealed that the enzyme is secreted by primary cultures of rat hepatocytes and by H35 hepatoma cells. It was found that more than 99% of the total enzyme from H35 cells accumulated in the medium after 48 hr incubation with the serum-free medium. The cells were shown to remain intact during the secretion period since lactate dehydrogenase, dihydrofolate reductase and lysosomal hydrolases other than gamma-glutamyl hydrolase were retained within the cell. When PteGlu5 (folylGlu4) is used as a substrate the initial product is PteGlu (folate), and there is no appearance of intermediate chain length pteroyl polyglutamates. Therefore, the secreted and cellular gamma-glutamyl hydrolase from hepatoma cells appears to be an endopeptidase. Polyclonal antibodies to the poly-gamma-glutamate substrates of the enzyme were prepared and characterized. The antibodies recognize the structural differences between alpha- and gamma-glutamyl linkages but appear equally active with PteGlu5 and its analogs such as 4-NH2-10-CH3PteGlu5 and pABAGlu5. The affinity of the antibodies is related to the gamma-glutamyl structure since L-glutamic acid, folate or p-aminobenzoic acid are inactive with the antibodies. Furthermore, poly-gamma-glutamate has lower affinity for the antibodies than the poly-gamma-glutamate derivatives of PteGlu, 4-NH2-10-CH3PteGlu or pABA.
359 NEONATAL APNEA AND MATERNAL CODEINE USE

The occurrence of apnea in term and near term neonates is usually associated with a definitive organic etiology. We have recently studied 4 infants (x GA=37 wks, range 35-40 wks; x BW= 2660g, range 1980-3140g) with significant apnea and increased periodic breathing. All infants had been born by cesarean section (apgars 8/9) following uncomplicated perinatal courses and were well until 4-6 days of age when apnea developed. Complete bacteriologic, hematologic, metabolic, and cardiac evaluations were normal. Cardiorespirograms were abnormal showing multiple episodes of short apnea (5–10 sec x=25.5, range 15–39; 10-15 secs x=23, range 10-35) and increased periodic breathing (x=16.3%, range 1-35%). One episode of prolonged apnea (>20 secs) and multiple bradycardias were seen in one patient. All mothers had been breast feeding and receiving codeine 60 mg every 4–6 hours for analgesia. Breast feeding was held for 24 hours and the codeine discontinued. Codeine was not detected in the serum of one infant. Apnea resolved within 24–48 hours and the infants were discharged. Repeat cardiorespirograms within 7-10 days were normal. Experience in these 4 infants suggest: 1)Although only trace amounts of codeine are reported to enter breast milk, it may be sufficient to affect newborn respiratory control. 2)The metabolism of codeine in the newborn is uncertain. It may take 4–5 days for sufficient drug to accumulate and influence respiratory control. 3)Caution should be used with codeine administration in breast feeding mothers.
Who can say no to illicit drug use? Response to a new study

With each new call to a "War on Drug Abuse," common themes serve to reduce the problem to its lowest common denominator. The projection of "blame" and the trivialization of research findings by the popular press and some political figures can contribute to an attitude that minimizes the complexity of the problem. The heterogeneous characteristics of persons who use illicit drugs and/or develop drug-use patterns that fit DSM-III -R criteria for one or another substance dependence disorder are generally not understood by policymakers. Within the research community the multivariate nature of the problem contributes to a seemingly cacophonous scientific literature. Each discipline can appear to be claiming a higher order of explanation of the cause of the problem and/or its solution. See also p 109. Correlational relationships between social and/or psychological characteristics and drug-use patterns have sometimes resulted in imperfect interpretations about cause-and-effect relationships. 1 We sometimes forget that social
Limiting exit location distributions in the stochastic exit problem

Consider a two-dimensional continuous-time dynamical system, with an attracting fixed point S. If the deterministic dynamics are perturbed by white noise (random perturbations) of strength $\epsilon$, the system state will eventually leave the domain of attraction $\Omega$ of S. We analyze the case when, as $\epsilon\to0$, the exit location on the boundary $\partial\Omega$ is increasingly concentrated near a saddle point H of the deterministic dynamics. We show using formal methods that the asymptotic form of the exit location distribution on $\partial\Omega$ is generically non-Gaussian and asymmetric, and classify the possible limiting distributions. A key role is played by a parameter $\mu$, equal to the ratio $|\lambda_s(H)|/\lambda_u(H)$ of the stable and unstable eigenvalues of the linearized deterministic flow at H. If $\mu < 1$, then the exit location distribution is generically asymptotic as $\epsilon\to0$ to a Weibull distribution with shape parameter $2/\mu$, on the ${\cal O}(\epsilon^{\mu/2})$ ...
Texas Treasury Notes and the Mexican-American War: Market Responses to Diplomatic and Battlefield Events

Studies have demonstrated the impact of battlefield outcomes on financial markets in the case of the US Civil War and other existential struggles. But many wars (such as Vietnam and Iraq) have been wars of choice. In these wars, military victories have not necessarily led to peace. Investigation of the market impact of battlefield and diplomatic events in the context of a war of choice offers the opportunity to distinguish the market's interest in peace as distinct from victory; and, the usefulness of identifying events from the study of history as an adjunct to the empirical identification of break-points.
Ion channels and drug transporters as targets for anthelmintics.

Infections with parasitic helminthes, such as schistosomes and soil-transmitted nematodes, are hugely prevalent and are responsible for a major portion of the global health and economic burdens associated with neglected tropical diseases. In addition, many of these parasites infect livestock and plants used in agriculture, resulting in further impoverishment. Treatment and control of these pathogens relies on anthelmintic drugs, which are few in number, and against which drug resistance can rapidly develop. The neuromuscular system of the parasite, and in particular, the ion channels and associated receptors underlying excitation and signaling, have proven to be outstanding targets for anthelmintics. This review surveys the different ion channels found in helminths, focusing on their unique characteristics and pharmacological sensitivities. It also briefly reviews the literature on helminth multidrug efflux that may modulate parasite susceptibility to anthelmintics and may prove useful targets for new or repurposed agents that can enhance parasite drug susceptibility and perhaps overcome drug resistance.
Adrenal venous sampling for primary hyperaldosteronism in patients with concurrent chronic kidney disease.

Abstract Purpose To assess the risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) and to evaluate the technical success of adrenal venous sampling (AVS) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Materials and Methods AVS was performed in 25 patients with primary hyperaldosteronism and concurrent CKD to distinguish between unilateral and bilateral adrenal disease. One of the 25 patients underwent repeat AVS, for a total of 26 samplings. All patients received a hydration protocol before and after the procedure. Acute kidney injury (AKI) (increase in creatinine of 0.5 mg/dL or>25% above baseline) and diagnostic yield were determined. Results CKD was stage III in 20 patients (80%), stage IV in 4 patients (16%), and stage V in 1 patient (4%). Median contrast volume was 25 mL (range, 10–250 mL). Of 26 studies, 25 (96%) were diagnostic; the one nondiagnostic AVS was repeated with success. Despite their elevated risks, only 2 of 25 patients (8%) developed AKI, and neither patient required treatment. Conclusions AVS can be performed safely with a high degree of technical success and low risk of CIN in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism and concurrent advanced CKD.
Tying the loop tighter around quantum systems

In recent years, great strides have been made in controlling quantum phenomena through the use of tailored laser pulses. This paper discusses several issues that lie ahead, drawing on the ability to perform massive numbers of closed-loop laser control experiments. Particular attention is given to the robustness of these experiments, the capability of deducing control mechanisms and the introduction of special closed-loop control techniques to reveal Hamiltonian information. All these prospects point towards an increasing ability to control and understand quantum systems through close-loop laboratory techniques.
Metalloprotein analysis by capillary isoelectric focusing

Capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) was used to analyze three metalloproteins: conalbumin, transferrin and metallothionein (MT). Two different ampholyte mixtures were employed that generated linear pH gradients of 3-10 and 5-8. Several different proteins and one peptide with known isoelectric points (pIs) were used to establish linear relationships between peak migration time and pI. These standards were also used as internal markers to estimate peak pI values of the metalloproteins subjected to cIEF. Conalbumin (iron-free) subjected to cIEF with a pH gradient of 3-10 yielded a single major component (pI 7.17). When the protein was saturated with iron (2 Fe3+/mol protein), a shift to lower pI was observed with a major peak (pI 6.24) and a lesser peak (pI 6.09). Mixing iron-free with iron-saturated conalbumin or adding iron to iron-free conalbumin prior to cIEF produced an additional peak (pI 6.68) that was presumed to be conalbumin containing a single iron atom (monoferric form). Human transferrin subjected to cIEF with a pH range of 3-10 gave a similar separation pattern to conalbumin with four major peaks at pI values of 6.25 (apotransferrin), 5.96 (monoferric form), 5.48 and 5.34 (diferric forms). Additional resolution of the molecular forms of both conalbumin and transferrin was achieved using a narrower pH gradient (5-8). Rabbit liver MT subjected to cIEF with a pH gradient of 3-10 gave a complex separation pattern with two prominent peaks (pI values of 3.73 and 3.56) that were presumed to be the fully metal-saturated MT-1 and MT-2 isoforms. When individual MT isoforms (MT-1 and MT-2) were separately subjected to cIEF with a pH gradient of 3-10, heterogeneous peaks with higher pI values (4.12-4.74) were observed. In contrast, horse kidney MT gave a single predominant peak with a pI of 4.09. MT samples could be separated using a pH gradient of 5-8 despite the fact that their apparent pI values were below the limits of the pH gradient established. In general, the heterogeneity observed for conalbumin, transferrin and MT proteins subjected to cIEF reflects the presence or absence of bound metal. Thus, cIEF represents a potentially useful analytical method which can provide information concerning the metal-binding characteristics of these and perhaps other metalloproteins.
Trapping of random walks on the line

Several features of the trapping of random walks on a one-dimensional lattice are analyzed. The results of this investigation are as follows: (1) The correction term to the known asymptotic form for the survival probability ton steps is O((λ2n)−1/3), where λ=−ln(1−c), andc is the trap concentration. (2) The short time form for the survival probability is found to be exp[−a(c)n1/2], wherea(c) is given in Eq. (21). (3) The mean-square displacement of a surviving random walker is found to go liken2/3for largen. (4) When the distribution of trap-free regions is changed so that very large regions are much rarer than for ideally random trap placement the asymptotic survival probability changes its dependence onn. One such model is studied.
Development of a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and a normal ejection fraction

The progression from concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy to heart failure has not been well defined. Of 159 predominantly hypertensive African-American patients with LV hypertrophy and a normal ejection fraction (EF), 28 (18%) developed a reduced EF after a median follow-up of approximately 4 years. Risk factors for this outcome included a history of coronary artery disease, pulmonary edema seen on a chest x-ray, or a subsequent myocardial infarction.
REACTION TIME AND SPEED OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT BY NORMAL AND PSYCHOTIC SUBJECTS.

Summary The timed responses of normal and schizophrenic subjects have been observed in a context permitting independent measurement of lift reaction time, jump reaction time, and speed of traverse over the same distances used for jump reaction time, cued either by signals provided by the experimenter or by the subject himself. Significant differences were found between the performance of normal and psychotic subject groups on all four measures: time to initiate response, time to initiate and to complete a thrust response, and time of traverse over the same distances—both to cues given by the experimenter or at the subject's own volition. Noticeably increased variation (interindividual and intraindividual) was also found to characterize all measures of response.
Expression of galactose-1-P-uridyltransferase in Chinese hamster × human galactosemia somatic cell hybrids

Lymphocytes from a patient with classic galactosemia (GALT deficiency) were hybridized with a Chinese hamster cell line. Electrophoretic evaluation of GALT in 31 independently derived interspecific hybrid clones failed to demonstrate expression of the human GALT gene even when human chromosome 9 was present. Possible mechanisms for this lack of expression are presented.
Electorial regimes and the proscription of anti‐democratic parties

Elections are central to the theory and practice of constitutional democracy. A decision to exclude particular groups from the political process represents a fundamental choice about the nature and character of legitimate political conflict. Whether in the form of a constitutional ban, as in the case of Article 21 of the Federal Republic of Germany's Basic Law, or in statutory form, as in the US Internal Security Act of 1950, the exclusion of anti‐democratic parties constrains the universe of what a people may will and determines who is entitled to participate in the political sphere. Assessing how such proscriptions affect the level and likelihood of political violence requires strict, systematic scrutiny. It leads us to ask a series of questions about which factors motivate exclusion, on what rational grounds such restrictions may be justified, and if and under what conditions the democratic experiment is advanced by such bans. Moreover, the exclusion of anti‐democratic parties in transitional states, w...
Effects of velocity ratio on bluffbody flow dynamics

Introduction Axisymmetric bluffbodies are used to enhance mixing and stabilize combustion between two streams. They are frequently utilized in utility combustors and propulsion systems since they exhibit the desirable property of promoting mixing at the expense of small pressure loss. Nonreacting and reacting bluffbody flows have been a subject of extensive experimental investigation, include flows in liquids and gases, unconfined and confined flows, and largeand small-scale facilities". Experimental observations indicate that nonreacting and reacting bluffbody flows are unsteady and, in most cases, can be characterized by large-scale, periodic oscillations.
Observed use of automatic seat belts in 1987 cars.

Usage of the automatic belt systems supplied by six large-volume automobile manufacturers to meet the federal requirements for automatic restraints were observed in suburban Washington, D.C., Chicago, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia. The different belt systems studied were: Ford and Toyota (motorized, nondetachable automatic shoulder belt), Nissan (motorized, detachable shoulder belt), VW and Chrysler (nonmotorized, detachable shoulder belt), and GM (nonmotorized detachable lap and shoulder belt). Use of automatic belts was significantly greater than manual belt use in otherwise comparable late-model cars for all manufacturers except Chrysler; in Chrysler cars, automatic belt use was significantly lower than manual belt use. The automatic shoulder belts provided by Ford, Nissan, Toyota, and VW increased use rates to about 90%. Because use rates were lower in Ford cars with manual belts, their increase was greater. GM cars had the smallest increase in use rates; however, lap belt use was highest in GM cars. The other manufacturers supply knee bolsters to supplement shoulder belt protection; all--except VW--also provide manual lap belts, which were used by about half of those who used the automatic shoulder belt. The results indicate that some manufacturers have been more successful than others in providing automatic belt systems that result in high use that, in turn, will mean fewer deaths and injuries in those cars.
Triadin regulates cardiac muscle couplon structure and microdomain Ca2+ signalling: a path towards ventricular arrhythmias

Since the discovery of triadin >20 years ago as one of the major proteins located in the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum, the field has come a long way in understanding the pivotal role of triadin in orchestrating sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-release and hence excitation–contraction (EC) coupling. Building on the information gathered from earlier lipid bilayer and myocyte overexpression studies, the gene-targeted ablation of Trdn demonstrated triadin's indispensable role for maintaining the structural integrity of the couplon. More recently, the discovery of inherited and acquired diseases displaying altered expression and function of triadin has further emphasized the role of triadin in health and disease. Novel therapeutic approaches could be aimed at correcting the loss of triadin in diseased hearts, and thereby correcting the sub-cellular EC coupling defect. This review summarizes current concepts of the impact of triadin on cardiac EC coupling with a focus towards triadin's role for ventricular arrhythmia.
Soil transport on a moraine foreslope

Abstract Recent work has demonstrated that glacial moraine erosion and soil mixing occur at rates high enough to influence chemical weathering processes and the determination of depositional ages. In this study, we complement previous moraine crest studies by investigating a 1.8-m-deep soil profile from the foreslope of a terminal, Bull Lake-age moraine (~ 140 ky) in the Wind River Mountains (Wyoming, USA). Techniques applied include measurement of the grain size distribution, major element concentrations, and cosmogenic 10 Be concentrations in quartz. Results suggest a 30-cm-thick moving soil layer overriding a previously eroded, mixed soil layer. Mass balance calculation based on the cosmogenic nuclide concentration in the different soil layers of the slope profile as well as a previously investigated crest profile suggests that one-third of the 30-cm-thick layer is coming from the crest area and two-thirds of the material from the eroding moraine slope. Foreslope denudation rates are 0.015 to 0.018 mm y − 1 based on the 10 Be concentration of the lowermost samples and assuming a depositional age of 140 ky. The 10 Be concentration of the foreslope surface sample suggests a denudation rate of 0.020 mm y − 1 for the sediment source area. Analysis of major elements in a limited number of surface samples reveals that the immobile element Ti is enriched downslope, whereas more mobile elements are generally depleted downslope. The internal structure of a moraine foreslope is complex, and care must be taken in calculating moraine age and denudation rate with depth profiles.
Real Time Measurement of Head Acceleration During Youth Soccer Play

The collection of on-field, head impact data in soccer has been a challenge for researchers. Given the lack of headgear, the ability to instrument players, similar to what has been done in other sports [1, 2], is not possible. [3–5]. Laboratory recreations using reflective targets, EMG electrodes, and an instrumented bite plate have provided some insight into heading impact events [3, 5]. However, all of this instrumentation changes the ability of the player to move freely and, therefore, alters the dynamic of the impact. By developing a wireless acceleration measurement system which does not inhibit movement and provides no head protection, the linear and angular head accelerations can be measured during actual soccer play.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Outcomes with the selective use of enteric exocrine drainage in pancreas transplantation.

Abstract Background Bladder drainage of the exocrine secretions of pancreas transplants has been the standard of practice as it affords the ability to monitor for rejection and is thought to be associated with decreased morbidity. Recently, there has been renewed interest in avoiding the urinary tract complications and metabolic derangements that accompany bladder drainage by draining pancreatic exocrine secretions into the jejunum (enteric drainage). We sought to determine whether enteric drainage of pancreas transplants is safe and offers advantages without compromise in graft function or longevity. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all pancreas transplants performed at the University of Washington between 2000 and 2003. Selection of the exocrine drainage method was based on the length of cold ischemia time and whether the pancreas was transplanted alone or in combination with a kidney. Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests were used for statistical comparisons in complications or rejections between the groups. Results Thirty-four pancreas transplants were performed with exocrine drainage into the bladder used in 17 and enteric drainage in 17. The complication rate was 53% in the bladder-drained group and 41% (P = .49) in the enteric-drained group. The incidence of pancreas rejection was 24% in the bladder-drained versus 29% in the enteric-drained patients (P = .50). One graft failed, which was in the bladder cohort. Conclusions We found comparable rejection and complication rates between groups. We conclude that enteric drainage is safe when used selectively, and entails no increased risks compared with bladder drainage.
Time of Oviposition as Affected by Neuromimetic Drugs

Abstract THE study of the innervation of the reproductive tract of the hen has received comparatively little attention. Mauger (1941) traced the beginnings of a rather complex autonomic nerve supply to the ovary and oviduct but did not differentiate sympathetic from parasympathetic fibers. Morash and Gibbs (1929), through the use of balloons in the uterus or strings connected to the detached posterior end of the oviduct in situ, showed that acetylcholine and histamine contracted the uterus, whereas adrenalin relaxed it. In vitro studies by McKenney et al. (1932) on the excised oviduct of the laying hen confirmed Morash and Gibb’s findings and added additional details. Epinephrine caused prolonged relaxation of the uterus (30 minutes) but also gave maximum contractions of the infundibulum and magnum of short duration. All segments contracted with acetylcholine and histamine. Atropine would inhibit the action of acetylcholine but had no appreciable effect alone. The chicken uterus was . . .
Orthopaedic triage during natural disasters and mass casualties: do scoring systems matter?

Mass casualty events, either natural disasters or man-made, are associated with extremities injuries. The treating surgeon often faces a challenging decision: can the affected extremity be saved or amputated? The following article will present the author’s view on the subject of triage and the use of scoring systems in the decision-making process whether to salvage or amputate an affected extremity. The author will analyse the existing scoring systems and emphasise significance of the regional factors: geographical, cultural and level of health care, as factors playing roles in this process.