cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The First Child Labor Bill and the Politics of Federalism in the Lochner Era

By examining the defeat of the first federal child labor bill in 1907, the attached article challenges the long-standing explanation for the failure of federal child labor reform in the Lochner Era as well as the reductionist understanding of the relationship between law and politics it supports. That traditional explanation, often associated with Hammer v. Dagenhart, attributes the failure of federal child labor reform to the Supreme Court’s federalism doctrines and portrays those doctrines as crude camouflage for a desire to protect business interests. This paper, in contrast, argues that the Republicans who controlled Congress did not reject the bill because they were simple shills for manufacturing interests or because they were laissez-faire ideologues. In fact, the same Republican controlled Congress that rejected the first child labor bill also passed some of the most important regulatory legislation of the Progressive Era. They rejected the bill because they feared the constitutional argument used to support it would destroy the coalition of labor and capital that was crucial to their political success, a conclusion they reached because they properly understood a surprising relationship between antitrust enforcement, liberty of contract, and commerce clause doctrine. This paper thus provides a clear example of how politicians use constitutional arguments in their constant quest for political advantage. But it also emphasizes how politicians can be constrained by the same political and legal structures that empower them.
Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia) and dealcoholized muscadine wine alleviated symptoms of colitis and protected against dysbiosis in mice exposed to dextran sulfate sodium

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of freeze-dried muscadine grapes (FMG) or dealcoholized muscadine wine (DMW) on the symptoms and gut microbiota in mice with chronic colitis. C57BL/6J mice (female, 6-weeks old) were fed a control diet, control diet supplemented with FMG (7%, w/w) or DMW (5.5%, v/w). After 28 days, chronic colitis was induced by 3% DSS in drinking water for 7 days. FMG or DMW significantly reduced weight loss and other symptoms of chronic colitis (P ≤ 0.05). FMG or DMW increased fecal content of acetic acid and butyric acid in mice exposed to DSS. DSS treatment caused drastic dysbiosis in colon which were significantly improved by FMG and DMW in diet. DMW decreased the relative abundance of Clostridium and Akkermansia but increased the abundance of Roseburia, Anaerotruncus, and Coprococcus. This study suggested that muscadine gape or wine alleviate murine colitis and their activities were associated with reduced dysbiosis in colon.
Teaching Youth to Resist Abuse: Evaluation of a Strengths-Based Child Maltreatment Curriculum for High School Students

Child maltreatment (CM) is a serious and prevalent public health problem in the United States (U.S.) yet programming to combat the issue often overlooks high school aged youth (those aged 14–17). In 2017, over 90,000 youth in the U.S. experienced CM during their high school years (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2019). This manuscript will highlight the importance of prevention programs for youth affected by child maltreatment and report the findings of a pilot study that examined the effectiveness of the Childhelp Speak Up Be Safe Prevention Education Curriculum among high school students. The purpose of the pilot study was to determine if the revised and expanded curriculum for grades 9–12 was feasible and to examine the validity of the new survey items, including the RESIST strategy questions. The pilot study utilized a two-phase non-probability convenience sample to evaluate high school student gains in knowledge of safety related resistance strategies. High school students (N = 269) attending one urban charter public high school (grades 9–12) in the Southwest who completed pre- and post-survey RESIST strategy items participated in the pilot. The results indicated that students receiving the Childhelp Speak Up Be Safe Prevention Education Curriculum increased their identification and knowledge of safety related resistance strategies.
Hydrologic assessment of blind inlet performance in a drained closed depression

Surface inlets installed in agricultural closed depressions can transport sediment- and nutrient-laden runoff directly to receiving streams or water bodies. Replacing tile risers with blind inlets has the potential to decrease these sediment and nutrient loads, but adoption of blind inlets has been met with hesitation from producers who fear that changes to the surface inlet may result in additional water ponding, crop damage, or crop loss. The objectives of this study were to assess hydrologic performance of blind inlets over time, and to determine whether blind inlets influenced the hydrology of a closed depression compared to a tile riser. Hydrograph characteristics including flow duration, time to peak flow, peak flow rate, and cumulative flow were evaluated for 549 storm events over a 12-year period (2006 to 2017) for a pair of closed depressions in northeastern Indiana. Surface water could be drained in both depressional areas with either a tile riser or blind inlet. Results showed that blind inlet infiltration rates declined approximately linearly over time (1.4 cm h−1 y−1). While changes in infiltration were largely controlled by annual tillage practices at the study sites, findings suggest that blind inlets have an effective service life of 8 to 10 years under the study conditions. Surface water management practices significantly influenced depression hydrology; however, the practices functioned differently between fields. Blind inlets did not influence the frequency of discharge, but they may increase or decrease the duration of flow and cumulative flow compared to a tile riser depending on the extent of subsurface tile drainage within the closed depression. Findings from this study underscore the inherent connections between surface and subsurface hydrologic processes in drained closed depressions and how these connections may influence both water quantity and water quality.
Besov class via heat semigroup on Dirichlet spaces III: BV functions and sub-Gaussian heat kernel estimates

With a view toward fractal spaces, by using a Korevaar–Schoen space approach, we introduce the class of bounded variation (BV) functions in the general framework of strongly local Dirichlet spaces with a heat kernel satisfying sub-Gaussian estimates. Under a weak Bakry–Emery curvature type condition, which is new in this setting, this BV class is identified with a heat semigroup based Besov class. As a consequence of this identification, properties of BV functions and associated BV measures are studied in detail. In particular, we prove co-area formulas, global $$L^1$$ Sobolev embeddings and isoperimetric inequalities. It is shown that for nested fractals or their direct products the BV class we define is dense in $$L^1$$ . The examples of the unbounded Vicsek set, unbounded Sierpinski gasket and unbounded Sierpinski carpet are discussed.
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass increases GABA-A receptor levels in regions of the rat brain involved in object recognition memory and perceptual acuity

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB), one of the most common and successful procedures for combatting obesity, is associated with post-surgery substance use disorder (SUD) and other addictive behaviors in a subset of patients. We investigated the effects of RYGB on GABA-A receptor levels in the rat brain to identify potential mechanisms of this behavior. The GABAergic system is affected in addiction and has been implicated in the pathology of obesity. We assigned male Sprague-Dawley rats to four groups: standard, low fat diet with sham surgery (control), ad libitum HFD with sham surgery (Sham), calorie restricted HFD with sham surgery (Sham-FR), or HFD with RYGB surgery. Surgery was performed after 8 weeks on the control or HFD diet. Rats maintained their respective diets for 9 weeks post-surgery, then were sacrificed for GABA-A receptor autoradiography using the [3H] Flunitrazepam ligand. We identified increased GABA-A binding in the perirhinal cortex of ad-libitum HFD fed rats compared to normal diet controls. RYGB surgery increased GABA-A in the ectorhinal cortex compared to normal diet controls, and increased binding in the jaw region of the primary somatosensory cortex compared to food-restricted rats that received sham surgery. Hypothalamus GABA-A was also negatively correlated with body weight in the RYGB group, where GABA signaling may play a role in obesity regulation. These results suggest that HFD and RYGB modulate GABA signaling in regions important for object recognition memory, and that increased GABA-A levels in the jaw's perceptual field cortex arise from the surgery itself, independent of caloric restriction.
A Primary Care Provider's Guide to Wheelchair Prescription for Persons With Spinal Cord Injury

The wheelchair is an essential tool for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). When the capacity and fit of a wheelchair is matched to the needs and abilities of an individual with SCI, health, function, community participation, and quality of life are maximized. Throughout an individual's life, function and health status can decline (or improve), necessitating a new wheelchair and/or seating components (eg, cushions and backrests). Additionally, a patient's current wheelchair may be identified as a factor contributing to a health concern or functional deficit, again necessitating wheelchair adjustments. Primary care physicians often manage the complex and lifelong medical needs of individuals with SCI and play a key role in wheelchair evaluation and prescription. This article provides a broad overview of indicators that a new wheelchair is needed, describes the wheelchair prescription process, identifies important team members, reviews the major wheelchair components, and provides guidance to match components to patients' needs and abilities.
Corneal Repair Models in Mice: Epithelial/Mechanical Versus Stromal/Chemical Injuries

The tissue response to injury is a complex process. The cornea is an excellent model for studying wound repair processes because of its simple anatomy, easy accessibility, and normal avascular state. Here, we describe two corneal repair models in mice: an epithelial/mechanical injury model and a stromal/chemical injury model. The two models induce different repair responses, and consequently enable the study of independent repair processes. Here, we describe how these two wound models may be used to study basic cellular and molecular mechanisms of corneal repair.
Hardware Constructions for Lightweight Cryptographic Block Cipher QARMA with Error Detection Mechanisms

The cryptographic algorithm QARMA is a family of lightweight tweakable block ciphers targeted at applications such as memory encryption and construction of keyed hash functions. This lightweight block cipher utilizes a substitution permutation network (SPN) which is inspired by block ciphers such as PRINCE, MANTIS, and MIDORI. Moreover, it uses a three-round Even-Mansour scheme instead of the FX-construction, with its central permutation being non-involutory and keyed. In this paper, we introduce error detection schemes on variations of QARMA, namely QARMA-64 and QARMA-128, which to the best of authors' knowledge, have not been presented to date. We present our derivations for the logic-gate-based implementation, following which, we present the derivations for signature-based and interleaved signature-based schemes for the LUT-based approach. The presented, new signature-based error detection schemes, including cyclic redundancy check (CRC), are provided for the compact, involutory, and optimized S-box. In addition, recomputations through encoding the operands allow the architectures to counter both transient and permanent faults. In addition, the schemes are benchmarked on field-programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware platform, where performance and implementation metrics show acceptable overheads and degradations. The proposed schemes are aimed to make the implementations of this lightweight tweakable block cipher more reliable
A Sufficient Condition for Local Optima to be Globally Optimal

Consider an optimization problem with a convex cost function but a non-convex compact feasible set $\mathcal{X}$, and its relaxation with a compact and convex feasible set $\hat {\mathcal{X}} \supset \mathcal{X}$. We prove that if from any point $x \in \hat {\mathcal{X}}\backslash \mathcal{X}$ there is a path connecting x to $\mathcal{X}$ along which both the cost function and a Lyapunov-like function are improvable, then any local optimum in $\mathcal{X}$ for the original non-convex problem is a global optimum. We use this result to show that, for AC optimal power flow problems, a wellknown sufficient condition for exact relaxation also guarantees that all its local optima are globally optimal. This helps explain the widespread empirical experience that local algorithms for optimal power flow problems often work extremely well.
The new view of the property tax A reformulation

Abstract The ‘new view’ of the property tax is reformulated within the context of a model with interjurisdictional competition, endogenous local public services, individuals who are segregated into homogeneous communities according to tastes for local public services, a simple form of land use zoning, and a political or constitutional constraint on the use of head taxes by local governments. Expressions for the ‘profits tax’ and ‘excise tax’ effects of the property tax are derived. The effects of a ‘consumption distortion’ away from government services due to local reluctance to tax mobile capital are also examined.
Interplay between Prepregnancy Body Mass Index, Early Childhood Negative Temperament, and Slowness in Eating on Early Childhood Rapid Weight Gain

Background: Early childhood eating behaviors and temperament have been linked to excess weight gain in separate lines of research. However, the interplay among these variables along with maternal p...
Arsenic exposure induces a bimodal toxicity response in zebrafish.

Abstract In toxicology, standard sigmoidal concentration-response curves are used to predict effects concentrations and set chemical regulations. However, current literature also establishes the existence of complex, bimodal concentration-response curves, as is the case for arsenic toxicity. This bimodal response has been observed at the molecular level, but not characterized at the whole organism level. This study investigated the effect of arsenic (sodium arsenite) on post-gastrulated zebrafish embryos and elucidated effects of bimodal concentration-responses on different phenotypic perturbations. Six hour post fertilized (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to arsenic to 96 hpf. Hatching success, mortality, and morphometric endpoints were evaluated both in embryos with chorions and dechorionated embryos. Zebrafish embryos exhibited a bimodal response to arsenic exposure. Concentration-response curves for exposed embryos with intact chorions had an initial peak in mortality (88%) at 1.33 mM arsenic, followed by a decrease in toxicity (~20% mortality) at 1.75 mM, and subsequently peaked to 100% mortality at higher concentrations. To account for the bimodal response, two distinct concentration-response curves were generated with estimated LC10 values (and 95% CI) of 0.462 (0.415, 0.508) mM and 1.69 (1.58, 1.78) mM for the ‘low concentration’ and ‘high concentration’ peaks, respectively. Other phenotypic analyses, including embryo length, yolk and pericardial edema all produced similar concentration-response patterns. Tests with dechorionated embryos also resulted in a bimodal toxicity response but with lower LC10 values of 0.170 (0.120, 0.220) mM and 0.800 (0.60, 0842) mM, respectively. Similarities in bimodal concentration-responses between with-chorion and dechorionated embryos indicate that the observed effect was not caused by the chorion limiting arsenic availability, thus lending support to other studies such as those that hypothesized a conserved bimodal mechanism of arsenic interference with nuclear receptor activation.
Chronic Respiratory Failure in Neonates

The original publication on bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) by Northway and collaborators described a group of preterm infants who after prolonged mechanical ventilation developed chronic respiratory failure and characteristic radiographic findings (Northway et al. 1967). The lung damage was attributed primarily to the use of aggressive positive-pressure ventilation and high inspired oxygen concentrations. Today, with the widespread use of antenatal corticosteroids and the use of postnatal surfactant and less aggressive mechanical ventilation, this severe form of BPD has been replaced by a milder form that presents in the more immature infants who frequently have only mild initial respiratory disease (Charafeddine et al. 1999; Parker et al. 1992; Rojas et al. 1995). Therefore, these infants are not exposed to the very high airway pressures or oxygen concentrations, the two main factors in the pathogenesis of the original form of BPD. This milder form of the disease has been described as “New BPD.” This new presentation has created some inconsistencies and confusion in the definition and the diagnostic criteria of BPD (Bancalari et al. 2003).
The Effect of a Situated Learning Environment in a Distance Education Information Literacy Course

Abstract Teaching based on situated learning theory employs techniques that enable learners to experience a concept within the circumstance in which it would most likely be useful, and is presumed to facilitate transfer of knowledge from the instructional situation to its application to environments outside the classroom. The purpose of this experimental study is to investigate the efficacy of a situated learning environment for facilitating transfer during tasks requiring the evaluation of information in an online information literacy course. Eighty-five university students enrolled in a distance education library research course were randomly assigned to a situated learning condition or a control/traditional instruction group. Students assigned to the experimental group demonstrated transfer more often. A logistic regression analysis revealed that the grouping variable was a significant predictor of transfer. These results reveal that teaching models based on the principles of situated learning have the potential to facilitate transfer to real world contexts. The implications of this study may inform curricular decisions by providing evidence-based instructional design for instructors wishing to employ situated learning in order to teach for transfer, thus improving distance education courses in general, and library instruction in particular.
Regulatory information management and compliance assistance

The REGNET Project aims to develop a formal information infrastructure for regulatory information management and compliance assistance. This demo illustrates three components of current research and development efforts. The first is a document repository containing federal and state regulations and supplemental documents. This repository includes a suite of concept hierarchies that enable users to browse documents according to the terms they contain. The second is an XML framework for representing regulations and associated metadata. The XML framework enables the augmentation of regulation text with tools and information that will help users understand and comply with the regulation. The third component is the creation of a compliance assistance system built upon the XML framework. The compliance assistance system and the document repository can serve as a backend for the development of application-specific compliance guidance systems. The prototype effort for the document repository has been focused on environmental regulations and related documents. The compliance assistance system is illustrated in the domain of used oil management. Our paper in the dg.o 2003 conference proceedings describes this research in greater detail.
Multi-aspect discrimination of underwater mine-like object objects using hidden Markov models

The problem of classification of underwater targets involves discrimination between mine-like and non-mine-like objects as well as the characterization of background clutter. To improve performance of a given classifier, usually multiple aspects will be fused together in some fashion. In this work, a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is used to make the overall decision. The HMM is a very powerful tool for using multiple observations to make a decision, as no decision is made until all the evidence is presented. In the past several years, much attention has been given in the area of automatic speech recognition to using multilayer perceptron (MLP) networks for estimating certain probabilities in the HMM framework. Several approaches are taken to this MLP/HMM idea in this paper and the results are compared. The test results presented are obtained on a wideband acoustic backscattered data set collected using four different objects with 1 degree of aspect separation for two different bottom (smooth and rough) conditions.
Bone SPECT/CT and MRI in pediatric patients with low back pain and suspected spondylolysis

263 Objectives To compare bone SPECT/CT and MRI findings in pediatric and adolescent patients with low back pain and suspected spondylolysis of the mid or lower lumbar spine. Methods 67 school age and adolescent patients had bone SPECT with very low dose CT and MRI for low back pain. Bone SPECT/CT and MRI were reviewed with special reference to pars interarticularis (pars) defects (on MRI and CT), abnormal Tc-99m-MDP uptake (on SPECT), and MRI findings. All choices of imaging modality were made by the referring physicians. Results 16 patients had lumbar pars defects on CT. 10 of 16 had abnormal clefts in the same location on MRI (5 with localized edema). Five had no clefts on MRI, but had localized edema on MRI at the site of the spondylolysis on CT, and one had abnormal orientation of the pars on MRI. 12 of the 16 patients had increased MDP uptake on SPECT at the site of the spondylolysis. Of 4 patients with spondylolysis and no abnormal uptake on SPECT, 3 had spondylolisthesis with normal SPECT and no edema on MRI. Two patients had increased pedicle uptake without spondylolysis, one had normal CT and MRI findings and the other had both sclerosis on CT and edema on MRI. Intervertebral disk abnormalities were noted in 8 patients, 5 were positive only on MRI, 2 on both CT and MRI and only one on CT. Abnormal sacroiliac joint uptake was noted in 2 patients, only one had abnormalities on CT and MRI. Conclusions In patients with lumbar spine spondylolysis by CT, a high percentage will have increased uptake on SPECT. MRI will demonstrate a visible cleft in approximately 2/3 of cases. In other patients with spondylolysis on CT, the most common MRI finding is edema in the pars. . This localized edema is not specific for spondylolysis and is usually associated with increased uptake on bone SPECT/CT imaging, representing attempted bone repair of a stress injury or fracture
Regulation of 5-HT2 receptors in rat cortex. Studies with a putative selective agonist and an antagonist.

Abstract The phenylisopropylamine derivative 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodo-phenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) has been suggested recently as a selective serotonin 2 (5-HT 2 ) receptor agonist. Because of the potential importance of such a tool for investigations of 5-HT 2 receptor regulation, receptor binding studies were performed in rats after acute and chronic treatment with DOI, the selective 5-HT 2 antagonist ketanserin, or vehicle. Single injections of 5 or 10 mg/kg DOI reduced the B max of cortical sites labeled with [ 3 H]1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromo-phenyl)-2-aminopropane and [ 3 H]ketanserin (9–32 or 32–46%, respectively). Chronic daily treatment with DOI (3–9 mg/kg) further down-regulated 5-HT 2 sites in cortex identified with either [ 3 H]ketanserin (−60%) or with [ 3 H]DOB (−75%), without altering K d values or affecting 5-HT 1 sites. In vitro addition to the [ 3 H]ketanserin or [ 3 H]DOB binding assay of 10 nM to 1 μM DOI resulted in competitive inhibition, suggesting that down-regulation found in vivo was not secondary to residual drug. Chronic treatment with ketanserin (10 mg/kg) also down-regulated both [ 3 H]ketanserin (−38%) and [ 3 H]DOB (−58%) sites in cortex without changes in 5-HT 1 sites. In naive cortex, competition experiments revealed a K i (nM) for (±)-DOI of 1.7 ± 0.02 at sites labeled by [ 3 H]DOB, and a K H and K L of 4.8 ± 1.5 and 53 ± 2 nM at sites labeled by [ 3 H]ketanserin. These data indicate that in chronic treatment, DOI, like ketanserin, is highly selective for 5-HT 2 vs 5-HT 1 sites at behaviorally useful doses. However, a representative putative 5-HT 2 selective agonist and antagonist have similar effects on 5-HT 2 receptors labeled by agonist or antagonist radioligands.
Gambian usufruct tenure: help or hindrance to agricultural production?

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess whether Gambian usufruct tenure constrains agricultural production, and to suggest how such constraints might be ameliorated. Cultivators obtain essentially permanent use rights to cropland by clearing It from the bush. The cultivator receives the benefit from the use of any new technology or conservation effort. Gambian tenure permits ready reallocation of land by assignment and loan among able cultivators. There is no landless class and no onerous rents. There would be little to gain from a reform of cropland tenure, and there are good reasons to preserve many features of the existing system. Grazing tenure presents a different situation; access to the open commons will have to be limited before effective range management and significant livestock improvements can occur.
On Simultaneous Choice of Dynamic Control and Measurement Strategies for Stochastic Systems

Consideration of stochastic optimal control problems in which the measurement equation contains a control variable. Conditions under which it is possible to separately optimize the dynamic and measurement controls are studied, with particular emphasis on showing (by counterexample) that certain results already available for the linear-Gaussian-quadratic case do not extend to more general problems. Conditions under which the extension is possible are discussed.
SONOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF GALLBLADDER VOLUME IN NORMAL CATS

We quantified gallbladder volume in 30 clinically healthy, fasted, cats, using an ellipsoid formula. All cats had a complete blood count and serum chemistry profile performed. Fasting times before sonography ranged from 12 to 16 h. The median gallbladder volume was 2.42 ml, with a range of 0.84-4.50 ml. The mean gallbladder volume was 2.41 ml. This reference range will assist clinicians when evaluating cats with hepatobiliary disease or suspected extrahepatic biliary obstruction.
Upregulation of pirin expression by chronic cigarette smoking is associated with bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis

Cigarette smoke disrupts the protective barrier established by the airway epithelium through direct damage to the epithelial cells, leading to cell death. Since the morphology of the airway epithelium of smokers does not typically demonstrate necrosis, the most likely mechanism for epithelial cell death in response to cigarette smoke is apoptosis. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke directly up-regulates expression of apoptotic genes, which could play a role in airway epithelial apoptosis. Microarray analysis of airway epithelium obtained by bronchoscopy on matched cohorts of 13 phenotypically normal smokers and 9 non-smokers was used to identify specific genes modulated by smoking that were associated with apoptosis. Among the up-regulated apoptotic genes was pirin (3.1-fold, p < 0.002), an iron-binding nuclear protein and transcription cofactor. In vitro studies using human bronchial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and an adenovirus vector encoding the pirin cDNA (AdPirin) were performed to test the direct effect of cigarette smoke on pirin expression and the effect of pirin expression on apoptosis. Quantitative TaqMan RT-PCR confirmed a 2-fold increase in pirin expression in the airway epithelium of smokers compared to non-smokers (p < 0.02). CSE applied to primary human bronchial epithelial cell cultures demonstrated that pirin mRNA levels increase in a time-and concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.03, all conditions compared to controls). Overexpression of pirin, using the vector AdPirin, in human bronchial epithelial cells was associated with an increase in the number of apoptotic cells assessed by both TUNEL assay (5-fold, p < 0.01) and ELISA for cytoplasmic nucleosomes (19.3-fold, p < 0.01) compared to control adenovirus vector. These observations suggest that up-regulation of pirin may represent one mechanism by which cigarette smoke induces apoptosis in the airway epithelium, an observation that has implications for the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced diseases.
Alzheimer Disease: Genetic and Environmental Influences

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a complex, progressive neurodegenerative disease. Prevalence of AD is expected to grow substantially, although predictions may shift given future treatment interventions or higher levels of engagement in lifestyle delaying factors that may reduce risk. Several mutations have been characterised and susceptibility genes implicated as playing a role in the disorder. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele remains the best-established susceptibility gene for late-onset AD. Although a substantial proportion of the liability for AD may be accounted for by genetic factors, heterogeneity or differences in aetiology are important to consider. Environmental factors probably play a significant role, such as education, head injury and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use, as well as obesity, diabetes, physical activity and cognitively engaging leisure activities. The extent to which susceptibility genes interact with environmental factors may provide further clues to aetiology. Lastly, a developmental longitudinal perspective on the salience of particular risk and protective factors across the life course may illuminate etiologies and potential points of intervention. Key Concepts: The prevalence of Alzheimer disease (AD) will continue to rise globally, quadrupling by 2050. The aetiology of AD is multifactorial. Early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) is caused by rare mutations in three genes: APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2. Late-onset AD is complex whereby the genetic contribution to the liability for AD may be as high as 79%. The APOE ɛ4 allele increases the risk for late-onset Alzheimer disease. Genome-wide gene association studies (GWAS) were instrumental in identifying new susceptibility genes for late-onset AD beyond the APOE and SORL1 candidates, including: ABCA7, BIN1, CD33, CD2AP, CLU, CR1, EPHA1, MS4A4E/MS4A6A and PICALM. Risk and protective factors appear to play a role in AD risk, such as education, head injury, physical activity, cognitively engaging leisure activities and NSAIDs use. Keywords: Dementia; neurodegenerative disease; susceptibility genes; environmental risk; gene–environment interaction; Alzheimer's disease (AD) aetiology
Recidivism and Paternal Engagement

Many scholars have written about the law’s responsibility to facilitate visitation between incarcerated mothers and their children, but few legal scholars have focused on the importance of parental ties between incarcerated fathers and children. The social science literature suggests that children who share close relationships with their nonresident fathers are less likely to engage in delinquent acts and other anti-social behavior. The literature also suggests that incarcerated fathers who share close relationships with their children are less likely to return to criminal activity after their release. Relying on this literature, this Essay argues that society has an interest in facilitating nurturing relationships between incarcerated fathers and their children and suggests ways the law can help incarcerated fathers become effective and nurturing parents.
Aero-Optical Resolution Robustness in Turbulent Separated Shear Layers at Large Reynolds Numbers

The effects of spatial imaging resolution on a computed aero-optical interaction parameter are examined using experimental images of the refractive-index field in turbulent compressible separated shear layers. Spatial coarse-graining of refractive-index-field images are conducted at various resolutions and the resulting aero-optical aberrations are evaluated. Evidence is presented for robustness of the aero-optical interactions to resolution reduction, indicating that the large scales are dominant relative to the small scales. The extent to which the large scales dominate the small scales is quantified in terms of a measure of the aero-optical contributions as a function of the resolution scale. Implications of the observed resolution-scale robustness are suggested for aero-optical investigations and applications in terms of the practical benefits that result from the significant reduction in the amount of refractive-index-field information required.
Comparison of Fenoterol, Isoproterenol, and Isoetharine with Phenylephrine Aerosol in Asthma

The bronchodilator effect of fenoterol hydrobromide (0.5, 1.25, and 2.5 mg) was compared with either isoproterenol (2.8 mg) or isoetharine (5 mg) with phenylephrine (1.25 mg) in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. When delivered by an intermittent positive-pressure breathing device to 24 nonsmoking young adult asthmatic subjects, fenoterol produced significant improvement in forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1), in maximum midexpiratory flow (FEF25-75%), and in forced expiratory flow at 25 per cent of vital capacity (FEF25%) for 6 to 8 hours, whereas isoproterenol and isoetharine with phenylephrine produced improvement for 1 and 2 hours, respectively. The lowest dosage of fenoterol was as effective as the highest but had fewer adverse effects.
Estimation of Odds Ratios from Matched Case‐Control Studies with Incomplete Data

Matched case-control studies often include pairs with incomplete exposure information. This work presents and compares two estimators for the odds ratio that can be used when the exposures of some of the cases and controls are missing. A simulation study shows that the estimator that uses the marginal exposure frequencies is usually more efficient than the estimator based on discordant pairs.
Respiratory patterns during sleep and temperament ratings in normal infants

V I C T I M S OF S U D D E N I N F A N T D E A T H S Y N D R O M E have been rated by their parents to have been less intense and less active than their siblings in a retrospective study utilizing the original Infant Temperament Questionnaire developed by Carey and McDevitt. l In a prospective study of 15 infants with symptomatic sleep apnea utilizing pneumograms and the revised ITQ, 2 low ratings for intensity, activity, and threshold correlated with increased sleep apnea or increased frequency of periodic breathing? Low threshold ratings describe infants who are less sensitive to external stimulation; these infants have fewer night awakenings than do infants who are more stimulus sensitive. 4 Impaired behavioral awakenings or protective arousals from sleep in response to hypercarbia and hypoxia have been reported in infants with symptomatic sleep apnea? ,6 Thus, among symptomatic infants, it appears that the temperament features of intensity, activity, and threshold are associated with respiratory dysrhythmias or arousal deficits during sleep, but data are lacking in normal infants. Our prospective study was performed to explore the relationships between respiratory patterns during sleep and temperament ratings in normal infants.
Relationship between gut microbiota and development of T cell associated disease

The interplay between the immune response and the gut microbiota is complex. Although it is well-established that the gut microbiota is essential for the proper development of the immune system, recent evidence indicates that the cells of the immune system also influence the composition of the gut microbiota. This interaction can have important consequences for the development of inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune diseases and allergy, and the specific mechanisms by which the gut commensals drive the development of different types of immune responses are beginning to be understood. Furthermore, sex hormones are now thought to play a novel role in this complex relationship, and collaborate with both the gut microbiota and immune system to influence the development of autoimmune disease. In this review, we will focus on recent studies that have transformed our understanding of the importance of the gut microbiota in inflammatory responses.
Skew t distribution and its moments

Abstract A random variable X is said to have the skew-t distribution if its pdf is f(x) = 2g(x)g(λx), where g(?) and G(?), respectively, denote the pdf and the cdf of the Student’s t distribution with degrees of freedom v. The moments of this distribution appear not to have been studied in detail. In this paper’ we derive general expressions for the nth moment of X by considering the cases v odd and v even separately. These expressions turn out to involve sums of the Gauss hypergeometric function. We also provide closed form expressions for the moments of X for the particular v = 2, …, 10.
Flow cytometric measurement of cell cycle kinetics in rat Walker-256 carcinoma following in vivo and in vitro pulse labelling with bromodeoxyuridine

Flow cytometric measurements of total DNA content, cell cycle distribution, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) uptake were made in rat Walker-256 carcinoma cells. After both in vivo and in vitro pulse labelling with BrdUrd, Walker-256 tumor cells were stained with propidium iodide (PI) to estimate the total DNA content and a monoclonal antibody against BrdUrd to estimate the relative amount of cells in S phase. BrdUrd-labelled single cell suspensions were harvested at different time intervals to determine the movement of these cells within the cell cycle. To increase BrdUrd uptake, fluorodeoxyuridine (FDU), a thymidine antagonist, was also applied in vivo and in vitro. The results indicated exponential growth characteristics for this tumor between days 5 and 8 after implantation. Tumor doubling times, derived from changes in tumor volume in vivo and from the increase in cell number in vitro were similar. The mean time for DNA synthesis was estimated from the relative movement of BrdUrd-labelled cells towards G2. The percent of cells labelled with BrdUrd and the DNA synthesis time were similar regardless of the mode of BrdUrd administration. This study demonstrates that BrdUrd labelling of rat Walker-256 carcinoma cells in vitro yields kinetic estimates of tumor proliferation during exponential growth similar to those with the administration of BrdUrd in the intact tumor-bearing rat.
Delayed neuronal recovery and neuronal death in rat hippocampus following severe cerebral ischemia: possible relationship to abnormalities in neuronal processes.

Mechanisms involved in the postischemic delay in neuronal recovery or death in rat hippocampus were evaluated by light and electron microscopy at 3, 15, 30, and 120 min and 24, 36, 48, and 72 h following severe cerebral ischemia that was produced by permanent occlusion of the vertebral arteries and 30-min occlusion of the common carotid arteries. During the early postischemic period, neurons in the Ca1 and Ca3 regions both showed transient mitochondrial swelling followed by the disaggregation of polyribosomes, decrease in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), loss of Golgi apparatus (GA) cisterns, and decrease in GA vesicles. Recovery of these organelles in Ca3 neurons was first noted between 24 and 36 h and was accompanied by a marked proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Many Ca1 neurons initially recovered between 24 and 36 h, but subsequent cell death at 48–72 h was often preceded by peripheral chromatolysis, constriction and shrinkage of the proximal dendrites, and cytoplasmic dilatation ...
Effects of dietary fat saturation and triglyceride and cholesterol load on lipid absorption in the rat

Lipid absorption was studied in non-fasting thoracic lymph duct-cannulated rats receiving continuous intraduodenal infusions of oils varying in triglyceride fatty acid saturation (P/S = 4.6 or 0.2), triglyceride load (66 or 165 mumoles/h) and cholesterol load (0 and 3.5 mumoles/h at the low oil infusion rate, and 0 and 11 mumoles/h at the high infusion rate). Triglyceride absorption averaged 95% for rats receiving the low and high infusion rates of the polyunsaturated oil (groups defined as 10P and 25P, respectively), and 77% for those receiving the saturated oil (10S and 25S). Estimated average relative lymph lipoprotein size was significantly larger during infusion of the high vs. low triglyceride load, and of the P vs. S oil (25P greater than 25S greater than 10P greater than 10S). Lymph cholesterol flux during infusion of oil only averaged 3.2 mumoles/h for all groups and was not significantly influenced by dietary fat saturation or triglyceride load. The initial rapid rise in lymph cholesterol after addition of cholesterol (mass + tracer) to the oils was due primarily to endogenous cholesterol. Thus, absorption of dietary cholesterol resulted in an initial displacement of endogenous cholesterol into the lymph. However, in samples collected 18--24 h after addition of cholesterol to the oil, 87--107% of the increased lymph cholesterol flux was exogenous (labeled). This increased flux was not significantly influenced by fat saturation of the infused oil and averaged 5.6 mumoles/h for rats in the low oil/lower cholesterol infusion groups, and 9.5 mumoles/h for those in the higher infusion groups. The percent esterified cholesterol in lymph of rats in the low oil infusion groups was significantly higher in the S vs. P animals during both infusion of oil only and of oil + cholesterol. The observed effects of fat saturation on lymph triglyceride flux, cholesterol esterification and lipoprotein size may have important consequences for subsequent metabolism of absorptive lipoproteins, and for their ultimate effects on plasma lipid levels.
Subcellular distribution of [3H]serotonin binding sites in blastula, gastrula, prism and pluteus sea urchin embryos

Abstract 1. The presence and intracellular location of serotonin binding sites in embryos of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata , were investigated by the binding of radiolabelled serotonin to late blastulae, gastrulae, prism larvae, early pluteus larvae, and advanced pluteus larvae subcellular fractions. 2. Although [ 3 H]serotonin binding activity was demonstrated in some cell fractions from each developmental stage examined, the subcellular distribution of binding sites was stage-specific. 3. In the older plutei, serotonin binding sites were tentatively determined to be located on cell surface membranes. 4. In younger embryos the localization of serotonin binding sites to other cell organelles is suggested. 5. [ 3 H]serotonin bound to nuclei of late blastula, gastrula, and prism embryos, while no binding to nuclear fractions of early and more advanced plutei was detected. 6. Results of binding studies support developmental stage-specific regulatory roles of serotonin during sea urchin embryogenesis.
Source of lipolytic enzymes in the abomasum of the calf.

Abstract An investigation was conducted to ascertain whether gastric lipase has a primary role in the hydrolysis of milk fat in the abomasum of the calf. The treatments of rumen-fistulated calves were: (a) fresh whole milk given orally from a nipple-feeder; (b) fresh whole milk passed through a tube directly into the abomasum; (c) same as (b) except that the calf was sham-fed immediately before abomasal feeding; and (d) same as (b) except that sham-fed milk from another calf was given in lieu of fresh milk. Abomasal contents withdrawn at various intervals after feeding were analyzed for total free fatty acids. The level of free fatty acids was high only in those treatments involving the passage of milk through the oral cavity, the site of pregastric esterase secretion. This observation indicated that gastric lipase, if present at all, contributed little to the abomasal hydrolysis of fat. Electrophoretic analyses of both abomasal and intestinal digesta collected after the oral feeding of milk revealed a pattern of esterases similar to that reported previously for pregastric esterase. These observations substantiate the belief that pregastric esterase is primarily responsible for the digestion of milk fat in the abomasum.
On the velocity dependence of the erosion of ductile metals by solid particles at low angles of incidence

Abstract An earlier analytical study of the erosion of ductile metals by rigid abrasive grains was based on the volume removed when a grain cut into the surface. Among other things, this predicted a dependence of volume removal on particle velocity of the form volume ≈ (velocity) n where n = 2. However, subsequent experimental work has shown that n is greater than 2. Several alternative mechanisms of material removal have been proposed to explain this effect. In this paper, the original analysis is re-examined. By making a more realistic assumption about the location of the forces during particle-surface interaction, values of the exponent n are predicted which are in the range observed experimentally.
Binary collision cascade calculation of sputtering from Cu-Ni alloys by 90 keV Cu and Ni ions

Abstract Total and elemental sputtering yields, and angular and energy distributions of sputtered atoms, are calculated as a function of surface composition for the cases of 90 keV Cu and Ni ions, respectively, normally incident on Cu-Ni binary alloy targets using the binary collision cascade code MARLOWE. The results are compared with experiment.
Simulations of deformation and recrystallization of single crystals of aluminium containing hard particles

The deformation of a single crystal of aluminium in the Goss orientation {011}100 containing a coarse particle of silicon was modelled by using a finite-element (FE) code based on the crystal plasticity approach. The simulations clearly captured the heterogeneous deformation of the aluminium matrix, resulting in a region of high deformation in the vicinity of the hard particle, surrounded by a region where the amount of deformation was significantly lower. The evolution of the corresponding deformation substructure during annealing was simulated using a Monte Carlo technique. The simulations clearly demonstrated the discontinuous evolution of the subgrains in the deformation zone to form recrystallization nuclei around the hard particle, and the subsequent growth of these nuclei to consume the matrix region around the particle. For plane strain compression up to ezz = -0.4 that was used in this study, the deformation texture components near the particle consisted of rotations up to 20° from the initial Goss orientation about the transverse direction. Recrystallization simulations captured the formation and growth of nuclei from the deformation heterogeneities existing near the hard particle and predicted a significant strengthening of the orientations present in the particle deformation zone. The simulation results are shown to capture many of the experimentally observed features of deformation and recrystallization textures in aluminium single crystals containing coarse particles of silicon.