cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Pathology of Kidney Tumors

Renal neoplasms make up a unique spectrum of tumors with a broad array of molecular genetic alterations and light microscopic morphologic features. A tremendous amount of insight has been gained into their pathogenesis via the study of the multiple inherited renal neoplasia predisposition syndromes. However, the molecular genetic alterations in many tumors remain somewhat mysterious despite relatively well-characterized clinical and histopathologic characteristics. Key molecular genetic features in the most common renal neoplasms include frequent alterations of chromosome 3p in clear cell carcinoma, including abnormalities of the VHL gene, gains of chromosomes 7 and 17 in papillary carcinoma, multiple complex losses in chromophobe carcinoma, and a normal karyotype or loss of chromosome 1 in oncocytoma. However, alterations of a number of other genes and chromosomal loci are also seen in these tumors, suggesting that a complex and incompletely understood interaction of multiple molecular genetic factors is involved in their pathogenesis. Likewise, pathways leading to the development of the other more rare tumors discussed in this chapter are not fully known. In recent years, the application of molecular techniques has led to increased discrimination of morphologically similar entities, and new diagnostic categories have been established based on molecular genetic findings. Applications of molecular studies in selecting targeted therapy will likely also continue to expand.
Vaginal Ecology in Pregnancy

The vaginal ecology of pregnant women does not differ substantially from that of women who are not pregnant. However, studies conducted over the last decade have established that most of the organisms that infect amniotic fluid or cause chorioamnionitis are derived from the lower genital tract. In addition, recent studies have established that some organisms that are considered part of the normal vaginal microflora are associated with an increased risk of preterm or low-birth-weight delivery or both when they are present at high density in the vagina. The chapter discusses the frequency of genital microorganisms in women of different ethnic groups. Bacterial vaginosis is a condition in which high concentrations of vaginal lactobacilli are replaced by a mixed population of Gardnerella vaginalis, anaerobic gram-negative rods and cocci, and genital mycoplasmas. A number of studies have evaluated the association between genital or urinary tract colonization with group B streptococci and adverse outcomes of pregnancy. Urogenital colonization by group B streptococci has been associated with premature rupture of membranes in several studies. To date, there are no longitudinal studies demonstrating that vaginal Escherichia coli colonization earlier in pregnancy is a risk factor for preterm birth, nor are there studies demonstrating that treatment of vaginal E. coli can prevent preterm birth. There are a number of areas suitable for further research in the area of vaginal ecology and pregnancy.
Translove: Transgender Persons and Their Families

For the academician, clinician or other person interested in transgender issues, this article defines populations and identity issues. Then, it solicits the reader's empathy by linking tra...
Strategic Choice and Marketing Managers: An Examination of Business-Level Marketing Objectives:

The author examines the choice of strategic marketing thrust for business units in multiproduct firms. In a survey, 86 managers in six firms provided their perception of several product/market and ...
Recovery of Released Male Cabbage Looper Moths in Traps Equipped with Blacklight Lamps and Baited with Virgin Females

Moths of the male cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), were marked and released and then captured in traps equipped with black light lamps, unbaited or baited with virgin females, distributed over a 690-acre experimental area at Home Gardens, California. Although moths that were 3 to 4-days old when they were liberated were caught sooner than those that were 0 to 1 day old, the total catches of the 2 age groups were not significantly different. Moths were recovered as much as 10,000 feet from the release point, but the numbers of released moths captured decreased with increasing distance of the traps from the point of release. The number of days before the catch of released moths dropped to 50 and 95% of the total recovered ranged from 1.3 to 1.5 days and from 3.0 to 4.3 days, respectively. Twenty-two baited traps in the experimental area captured as high as 17% of the released male moths and baited traps were more efficient than unbaited traps. Estimates of the total male cabbage looper moth population for July, October, and November ranged from 504 to 54/acre. The data, after allowance for dispersion, indicated that more than 9070 of the estimated cabbage looper male recoveries were made within 4000 feet from the point of release.
Trapping of Mobile Pt Species by PdO Nanoparticles under Oxidizing Conditions.

Pt is an active catalyst for diesel exhaust catalysis but is known to sinter and form large particles under oxidizing conditions. Pd is added to improve the performance of the Pt catalysts. To investigate the role of Pd, we introduced metallic Pt nanoparticles via physical vapor deposition to a sample containing PdO nanoparticles. When the catalyst was aged in air, the Pt particles disappeared, and the Pt was captured by the PdO, forming bimetallic Pt–Pd nanoparticles. The formation of metallic Pt–Pd alloys under oxidizing conditions is indeed remarkable but is consistent with bulk thermodynamics. The results show that mobile Pt species are effectively trapped by PdO, representing a novel mechanism by which Ostwald ripening is slowed down. The results have implications for the development of sinter-resistant catalysts and help explain the improved performance and durability of Pt–Pd in automotive exhaust catalytic converters.
Spectroscopic Evaluation of the Nucleation and Growth for Microwave-Assisted CdSe/CdS/ZnS Quantum Dot Synthesis

Use of microwave radiation to speed up the synthesis of CdSe-based quantum dots (QDs) in aqueous media is of practical interest and is the focus of this study. However, such microwave methods usually lead to low quantum yield (QY) QDs as compared to the conventional organic-based synthesis. By coupling the microwave oven with a fluorometer via a fiber optic cable, the fluorescence spectra during the QD evolution were obtained. Using the composition Cd4:Se1:Zn4:MPA20 (MPA = 3-mercaptopropionic acid), several stages of QD growth including development of CdSe nuclei, followed sequentially by CdS and then ZnS deposition were noted. The temperature of the microwave reaction between 130 and 155 °C led to QDs with similar QYs (17–19%), with the lower temperature taking longer to reach the optimal yield. The nucleation step was carried out at temperatures varying from 0 to 100 °C followed by growth in the microwave oven. With increasing temperature of nucleation, there was a red-shift in emission maximum, varying...
Adsorption Isotherm Parameters of Atrazine and Metolachlor with Pecan Shell-based Activated Carbons

In this study, pecan shell-based activated carbons (PSACs) were examined for their effectiveness in adsorbing atrazine and metolachlor. Pecan shells were pyrolyzed under different temperatures and activated by either physical (steam, CO2), chemical (H3PO4 ), or a combination of chemical (NaHCO3, KOH) followed by physical (steam) activation. The H3PO4 activated carbon exhibited the highest yield, surface area, and bulk density. This study shows that PSACs can effectively adsorb pesticides such as atrazine and metolachlor; and PSACs can be modified to address the specific types of contaminants in the groundwater.
Lower for Longer: Neutral Rate in the U.S.

We use a semi-structural model to estimate neutral rates in the United States. Our Bayesian estimation incorporates prior information on the output gap and potential output (based on a production function approach) and accounts for unconventional monetary policies using estimates of “shadow” policy rates. Results show a significant trend decline in the neutral real rate post-1990s, driven only in part by a decline in trend growth, whereas other factors (including excess global savings and risk premia) matter. Neutral rates likely turned negative during the global financial crisis and are expected to increase only gradually looking forward.
Origami microfluidic paper-analytical-devices (omPAD) for sensing and diagnostics

Recent research activities in the area of low-cost sensing and diagnostics that are realized on cellulosic paper substrate are presented. First a three-dimensional origami paper-based analytical device (omPAD) with multiple electrochemical sensors, an integrated sample reservoir and tight integration with a custom CMOS potentiostat is presented. Second, an optical sensor array with built-in microfluidic channel for sample delivery is presented. The sensors are fabricated using a combination of wax printing and screen-printing using a solution based approach in ambient conditions without the need for expensive fabrication equipment or a cleanroom. Readout is based on using existing consumer grade electronic devices like flatbed scanner (for optical sensor) or custom designed CMOS potentiostat (for electrochemical sensors). Together the 3D paper-based analytical device with integrated sensor, microfluidics and portable readout instrumentation demonstrates a low-cost, self-contained system suitable for sensing and point-of-care diagnostics.
High-pressure studies with x-rays using diamond anvil cells

Pressure profoundly alters all states of matter. The symbiotic development of ultrahigh-pressure diamond anvil cells, to compress samples to sustainable multi-megabar pressures; and synchrotron x-ray techniques, to probe materials' properties in situ, has enabled the exploration of rich high-pressure (HP) science. In this article, we first introduce the essential concept of diamond anvil cell technology, together with recent developments and its integration with other extreme environments. We then provide an overview of the latest developments in HP synchrotron techniques, their applications, and current problems, followed by a discussion of HP scientific studies using x-rays in the key multidisciplinary fields. These HP studies include: HP x-ray emission spectroscopy, which provides information on the filled electronic states of HP samples; HP x-ray Raman spectroscopy, which probes the HP chemical bonding changes of light elements; HP electronic inelastic x-ray scattering spectroscopy, which accesses high energy electronic phenomena, including electronic band structure, Fermi surface, excitons, plasmons, and their dispersions; HP resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectroscopy, which probes shallow core excitations, multiplet structures, and spin-resolved electronic structure; HP nuclear resonant x-ray spectroscopy, which provides phonon densities of state and time-resolved Mossbauer information; HP x-ray imaging, which provides information on hierarchical structures, dynamic processes, and internal strains; HP x-ray diffraction, which determines the fundamental structures and densities of single-crystal, polycrystalline, nanocrystalline, and non-crystalline materials; and HP radial x-ray diffraction, which yields deviatoric, elastic and rheological information. Integrating these tools with hydrostatic or uniaxial pressure media, laser and resistive heating, and cryogenic cooling, has enabled investigations of the structural, vibrational, electronic, and magnetic properties of materials over a wide range of pressure-temperature conditions.
Evidence-Based Medicine: Approach and References Classification

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is the process of systematically reviewing, appraising, and applying the best research available to preserve the quality of patient care [1]. In short, the process is daunting, tedious, and, by definition, never-ending. We are reminded of Sisyphus’s eternal task of rolling a large boulder up an even larger hill only to watch the rock roll back down without ever reaching the summit [2]. We begin with two great advantages. First, the task is well defined—we need to only consider four (usually) small glands that reside (usually) in the human neck. Second, unlike Sisyphus, we need not carry the burden alone. While no single person possesses the ability, knowledge, time, or space to classify all present-day therapies, we may be able to accomplish a great deal if we work together.
Cyclic double struck capital Fq-linear double struck capital Fqt-codes

In Calderbank, self-orthogonal additive codes over double struck capital F4 under the traceinner product were connected to binary quantum codes; a similar connection was given in the non-binary case in Rains. In this paper, we consider a natural generalisation of additive codes to double struck capital Fq-linear double struck capital Fqt-codes. We develop the theory of these codes when they are cyclic and count them. Then, we place two different trace inner products on these codes and decide precisely when the cyclic ones are self-orthogonal under these two inner products. We examine the case t = 2 in detail giving specific bases for the self-orthogonal and self-dual cyclic codes. When t ≥ 2, we present counts for the number of self-orthogonal and self-dual cyclic codes under each of the inner products.
Solidarity and camaraderie—A psychosocial examination of contact sport athletes’ career transitions

AbstractWhen examining the difficulties contact sport athletes face in their career transitions, it is of serious value to investigate the unique role that the social experience of camaraderie and solidarity have had on the athletes during their careers. Consequently, the inability to recreate meaningful relationships after sport might play a significant role in shaping some of the difficulties—including psychological, motivational, emotional, and social struggles—that have been highlighted when considering the career transitions of this population. This paper examines the psychosocial dynamics of this loss by accessing qualitative research methods that evoke the subject experience of the athletes. When expressing accounts of their own lived-experience of this transition, participants often noted how difficult it was to recreate unique aspects of being a teammate—trust, sacrifice, resilience, fitting a specifically defined role, blunt honesty, and singular closeness—in their workplaces, life, and relation...
Novel Continuum Robots with Variable-Length Sections

Abstract In this paper, we examine the properties of tentacle-like continuum robots wherein the lengths of the bending segments can be adjusted. The ability to vary section lengths would allow continuum robots to assume a significantly wider range of configurations than in existing designs, expanding their potential range of applications. We introduce and analyze an appropriate kinematic continuum model for the case of variable section lengths. Based on this model, we present results from an interval-based analysis of the significance of variation of section lengths. The discussion is motivated and supported throughout by results from a novel hardware implementation.
Indian intelligence revealed: an examination of operations, failures and transformations

India’s intelligence agencies have a long and rich history, but there is surprisingly little that is publicly known about their histories and operations. India has a cultural tradition of using esp...
An Inservice Program for Improving Team Participation in Educational Decision-Making.

Active participation of multidisciplinary team (MDT) members in the Individual Education Program (IEP) decision-making process can assure development and implementation of appropriate ways to meet ...
Low-Survival Skeletal Elements Track Attrition, Not Carcass Transport Behavior in Quaternary Large Mammal Assemblages

Zooarchaeological analyses of carcass transport behavior require methodologies that control for the effects of density-mediated attrition on skeletal element abundances. Taphonomic observations suggest that based on differences in bone structure and density, large mammal skeletal elements can be divided into a high-survival subset of skeletal elements that more accurately reflects what was originally deposited, and a low-survival subset that does not. In this chapter we explore the applicability of this model of bone survivorship across 43 Quaternary large mammal assemblages from Africa (n = 33) and Eurasia (n = 10). We demonstrate that attrition explains a substantial degree of variation in low-survival element abundances, with nearly all low-survival elements affected. Because attrition severely overprints any potential signature of differential bone transport by humans, it follows that only the high-survival elements of large mammals are suitable for making behavioral inferences from skeletal element abundances. This supports predictions made from actualistic taphonomic observations.
Impact of political-economy variables on cost growth in military weapon system contracts

For decades, cost growth in major military weapon system programs has been problematic. The result is a multitude of studies documenting internally focused causes of Department of Defense (DoD) acquisition cost growth and a spawning of acquisition reforms that have provided little relief to the problem. The missing components of these prior analyses are the larger economic and political factors that contribute to cost growth. This study analyzes cost growth in major DoD development and procurement contracts through a holistic political-economy construct including the effect of the political party of the President and Congress, and the liberal-conservative record of the Armed Services Committees. These political-economy constructs in both development contracts and procurement contracts are found to be more robust.
Flexible Amorphous GeSn MSM Photodetectors

We demonstrate amorphous Ge0.92Sn0.08 surface illuminated metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) photodetectors on flexible substrates for visible wavelength. Photodetection at 633 nm is achieved with an I–V response up to 10–4 A for a 2 V bias voltage. Different evaporation rate effects on the amorphous GeSn MSM photodetector are examined. Bending/strain effects on device performance were studied by evaluating the current density versus voltage characteristics. Amorphous GeSn thin film deposition on polyethylene terephthalate flexible substrate and Ni/Au–GeSn–Ni/Au MSM photodetector finger pattern deposition were performed via thermal evaporation. Photocurrent and dark current densities of amorphous GeSn MSM photodetectors were obtained at 1.36 A/cm2 and 0.24 A/cm2, respectively, where the photocurrent to dark current contrast ratio was found to be equal to 5.6. We also examined the evaporation rate, strain, and bending effect.
The Utility of Universal Screening to Guide School-Based Prevention Initiatives: Comparison of Office Discipline Referrals to Standardized Emotional and Behavioral Risk Screening.

A critical component of any school-based prevention program is early identification of student risk as reported by Lane et al. (Remedial and Special Education 32:39–54, 2011). While screening for academic risk has grown in the last decade, screening for behavioral risk has remained stagnant. Few schools systematically screen for behavioral and emotional risk, and those that do rely on subjective referral systems that have been linked to disproportionality in special education and exclusionary discipline practices. An alternative to these subjective referral systems is universal screening for behavioral and emotional risk. Despite evidence that this standardized screening measure is both valid and reliable, few schools have adopted universal screening tools for behavioral and emotional risk. One potential reason for the lagging use of screening for behavioral and emotional risk is lack of information regarding the utility of these measures. This study compares the predicative validity of a universal screening tool for behavioral and emotional risk, and the predictive validity of the more traditionally used office discipline referrals. Results indicate that the universal screening measure, the Behavioral and Emotional Screening System Teacher Form (BESS TF), is a more reliable predictor of student GPA (t(132) = 5.062, p < .001) and absences (t(132) = 2.370, p < .02) than office discipline referrals (ODRs), while both ODRs and the BESS TF reliably predict student suspension rates. The ability of the BESS TF to identify students experiencing behavioral and emotional risk that impacts both their academic and behavioral functioning at school makes it a more useful measure than ODRs alone.
In situ process monitoring in selective laser sintering using optical coherence tomography

Selective laser sintering (SLS) is an efficient process in additive manufacturing that enables rapid part production from computer-based designs. However, SLS is limited by its notable lack of in-situ process monitoring when compared to other manufacturing processes. We report the incorporation of optical coherence tomography into an SLS system in detail and demonstrate access to surface and sub-surface features. Video frame rate cross-sectional imaging reveals areas of sintering uniformity and areas of excessive heat error with high temporal resolution. We propose a set of image processing techniques for SLS process monitoring with OCT and report the limitations and obstacles for further OCT integration with SLS systems.
Emergence of evolutionary stable communities through eco-evolutionary tunneling

Ecological and evolutionary dynamics of communities are inexorably intertwined. The ecological state determines the fate of newly arising mutants, and mutations that increase in frequency can reshape the ecological dynamics. Evolutionary game theory and its extensions within adaptive dynamics (AD) have been the mathematical frameworks for understanding this interplay, leading to notions such as Evolutionary Stable States (ESS) in which no mutations are favored, and evolutionary branching points near which the population diversifies. A central assumption behind these theoretical treatments has been that mutations are rare so that the ecological dynamics has time to equilibrate after every mutation. A fundamental question is whether qualitatively new phenomena can arise when mutations are frequent. Here we describe an adaptive diversification process that robustly leads to complex ESS, despite the fact that such communities are unreachable through a step-by-step evolutionary process. Rather, the system as a whole tunnels between collective states over a short time scale. The tunneling rate is a sharply increasing function of the rate with which mutations arise in the population. This makes the emergence of ESS communities virtually impossible in small populations, but generic in large ones. Moreover, communities emerging through this process can spatially spread as single replication units that outcompete other communities. Overall, this work provides a qualitatively new mechanism for adaptive diversification and shows that complex structures can generically evolve even when no step-by-step evolutionary path exists.
Traumatic meningeal injury and repair mechanisms

Myeloid cells exhibit different inflammatory phenotypes after brain injury, yet the relative mechanistic roles for these diverse cell types in post-traumatic tissue damage and repair remain controversial.
Nicotinic Signaling in Development

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) appear early in development, reaching their highest relative levels in early postnatal life. They are expressed on nearly every neuron in the central nervous system (CNS) and in many nonneuronal cell-types as well. Cholinergic neurons not only appear early on, but also project to many brain regions at this time. These events largely precede the bulk of glutamatergic synapse formation and the maturation of GABAergic transmission. As a result cholinergic nicotinic signaling is temporally and spatially positioned to have a substantial impact on maturation of the nervous system and the formation of neural nets. This chapter will review recent findings indicating that endogenous nicotinic input is required for normal maturation of the nervous system and that excessive or altered nicotinic signaling at early times can produce significant aberrations in the synaptic pathways that form. First we summarize the nAChR subtypes, their appearance and distribution during development, and discuss the positioning and abundance of cholinergic neurons and their projections to potential synaptic targets. Next we consider the kinds of nicotinic signaling found early in development, including spontaneous waves extending across large regions, and discuss the organizational impact this is likely to have. We then address the role that nicotinic signaling has in driving the conversion of GABAergic signaling from the excitatory mode found in early postnatal life to the inhibitory mode characteristic of the adult. Lastly we review recent results demonstrating that endogenous nicotinic signaling is required during early postnatal life to achieve normal numbers of glutamatergic synapses in the adult and shape the neural networks that form. Disruption of these events is likely to have long-lasting consequences, perhaps accounting for many of the behavioral deficits found in adults after early disruption or abuse of nicotinic cholinergic signaling.
Low-Temperature Specific Heat of UBe13

The specific heats (C) of the heavy-fermion superconductors, CeCu2Si2, UPt3 and UBe13, show significant sample-to-sample variations in both the normal and superconducting states (Cn and Cs, respectively). For some samples, Cs/T ≠ 0 at T=O. This has been interpreted as evidence for gapless superconductivity [1–3], and, in the case of UPt3, as evidence of a gap over part of the Fermi surface [4], but could also indicate simply that some of the material remains normal. Measurements of C are reported here for four polycrystalline samples of UBe13 of differing quality, gauged by transition temperature (Tc) and width (δTC). There is a strong correlation of Cs/T at T=0 with Tc and δTC. The data also give some information on extrapolation of Cn to T=O.
Psychotherapeutische Interventionen bei Patienten und Familienangehörigen

Psychotherapie kann sehr hilfreich sein. Sie kann aber auch eine Verschwendung von Zeit, Energie und Geld bedeuten oder negative Foigen haben (Mohr 1995). Ahnlich wie in einer meiner fruheren Publikationen vertrete ich hier die Auffassung, dass Psychotherapie fur einige hirngeschadigte Patienten ein wichtiger Bestandteil der neuropsychologischen Rehabilitation ist (Prigatano et al. 1986). Ich mochte im Folgenden darstellen, wann und warum Psychotherapie fur hirngeschadigte Patienten hilfreich ist. Wir werden dazu auf die wesentlichen Grundlagen psychotherapeutischer Interventionen und dabei besonders auf das Problem des Normalitatsverlusts nach einer Hirnschadigung eingehen.
In Praise of Limestone

Marble Cliff Quarry is invisible.* The title of this essay is borrowed from the topographical poem by W.H. Auden of the same name. Auden’s poem likens human inconstancy to a porous limestone landsc...
Epitaxial GaP Layers Grown on Si Substrates using Migration Enhanced and Molecular Beam Epitaxy

This study compares the microstructure of epitaxial GaP/Si heterostructures grown using the migration-enhanced epitaxy (MEE) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) techniques. High-resolution X-ray diffraction and cross-section transmission electron microscopy for thin (~50 nm) GaP layers grown by MEE indicated greatly improved crystallinity and much reduced defect density for off-cut Si wafers compared with precisely oriented Si wafers. Observations of MBE-grown GaP/Si samples grown with thicknesses ranging from ~35 nm to 2 microns revealed very low defect densities for thin layers but substantial threading defects and high Stacking Fault density predominated in the thicker, almost fully relaxed structures.
Interprofessional provider educational needs and preferences regarding the provision of sexual and reproductive health care in cystic fibrosis

Abstract Background Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is an important disease-specific concern for adolescent and young adult (AYA) women that is not consistently addressed in cystic fibrosis (CF) centers. This study identifies educational needs and preferences of interprofessional CF providers regarding SRH in AYA women with CF. Methods Interprofessional CF providers participated in an anonymous survey regarding general and CF-specific SRH knowledge and skills, factors for optimizing SRH care, and preferred approaches for SRH training. We calculated descriptive statistics for all respondents and stratified by provider type. Results A total of 523 providers completed the survey (39% physicians/advanced practice providers, 19% nurses, 20% social workers, and 22% other disciplines). Half reported comfort responding to female AYA SRH concerns; however, only one-third were comfortable asking appropriate questions and confident taking a sexual history. Only 29% were comfortable with their current CF-specific SRH knowledge. Respondents' preferred SRH topics for further training included: pregnancy/parenthood planning, sexual functioning, urinary incontinence, intimate partner violence, and taking a sexual history. Nearly two-thirds felt having connection to women's health specialists familiar with CF would facilitate SRH care. Approximately one-third desired SRH educational materials for providers to view at point-of-care or through online case-based learning; Conclusion Many interprofessional CF providers lack comfort and skills in addressing SRH with AYA women with CF. Provider training needs and approaches identified in this study can be used to develop tailored educational interventions to improve comprehensive CF care.
Structural and functional characteristics of rhenium clusters derived from redox chemistry of the triangular [ReIII3(mu-Cl)3] core unit.

The present study investigates structural and functional aspects of the redox chemistry of rhenium(III) chloride [Re3Cl9] (1) in aqueous and organic solvents, with emphasis on the dioxygen-activating capabilities of reduced rhenium clusters bearing the Re3(8+) core. Dissolution of 1 in HCl (6 M) generates [Re3(mu-Cl)3Cl9]3- (2a), which can be isolated as the tetraphenylphosphonium salt (2b). Anaerobic one-electron reduction of 1 by Hg in HCl (6-12 M) produces [(C6H5)4P]2[Re3(mu-Cl)3Cl7(H2O)2].H2O (3), the structure of which features a planar [Re3(mu-Cl)3Cl3] framework (Re3(8+) core), involving two water ligands that occupy out-of-plane positions in a trans arrangement. Compound 3 dissociates in the presence of CO, yielding [(C6H5)4P]2[ReIII2Cl8] (4) and an unidentified red carbonyl species. In situ oxidation (O2) of the reduced Re3(8+)-containing cluster in HCl (6 M) produces quantitatively 2a, whereas oxidation of 3 in organic media results in the formation of [(C6H5)4P]4[(Re3(mu-Cl)3Cl7(mu-OH))2].2CH2Cl2 (5). The structure of 5 reveals that two oxygen ligands (hydroxo units) bridge asymmetrically two Re3(9+) triangular clusters. The origin of these hydroxo units derives from the aquo ligands, rather than O2, as shown by 18O2 labeling studies. The hydroxo bridges of 5 can be replaced by chlorides upon treatment with Me3SiCl to afford the analogous [(C6H5)4P]4[(Re3(mu-Cl)3Cl7(mu-Cl))2].10CH2Cl2 (6). The reaction of 5 with Hg in HCl (6 M)/tetrahydrofuran regenerates compound 3. Complexes 1-3 exhibit nitrile hydratase type activity, inducing hydrolysis of CH3CN to acetamide. The reaction of 3 with CH3CN yields [(C6H5)4P]2[Re3(mu-Cl)3Cl6.5(CH3CN)1.5(CH3C(O)NH)0.5] (7), the structure of which is composed of [Re3(mu-Cl)3Cl7(CH3CN)2]2- (7a) and [Re3(mu-Cl)3Cl6(CH3CN)(CH3C(O)NH)]2- (7b) (Re3(8+) cores) as a disordered mixture (1:1). Oxidation of 7 with O2 in CH3CN affords [(C6H5)4P]2[Re3(mu-Cl)3Cl7(CH3C(O)NH)].CH3CN (8) and small amounts of [(C6H5)4P][ReO4] (9). Compound 8 is also independently isolated from the reaction of 2b with wet CH3CN, or by dissolving 5 in CH3CN. In MeOH, 5 dissociates to afford [(C6H5)4P]2[Re3(mu-Cl)3Cl8(MeOH)].MeOH (10).
Basic Math Skills and Performance in an Introductory Statistics Course

We identify the student characteristics most associated with success in an introductory business statistics class, placing special focus on the relationship between student math skills and course performance, as measured by student grade in the course. To determine which math skills are important for student success, we examine (1) whether the student has taken calculus or business calculus, (2) whether the student has been required to take remedial mathematics, (3) the student's score on a test of very basic mathematical concepts, (4) student scores on the mathematics portion of the ACT exam, and (5) science/reasoning portion of the ACT exam. The score on the science portion of the ACT exam and the math-quiz score are significantly related to performance in an introductory statistics course, as are student GPA and gender. This result is robust across course formats and instructors. These results have implications for curriculum development, course content, and course prerequisites.
The Status of Psychotherapy Integration

The science and profession of psychotherapy has had a relatively brief but stormy history. The organized practice of individual psychotherapy, with all of its associated theories and controversies, is essentially only about 100 years old. During that time any number of psychotherapy systems, traditions, or sectarian schools have flourished. Like political or religious entities, these schools typically have scoffed at the ideas and methods of each other. Psychotherapists have always been interested in, and have attempted to utilize, new developments in the natural and social sciences, philosophy, theology, the arts, and literature. However, for the most part, they have refused to learn from each other if their ideologies and allegiances are different.
What can we do to help young cancer survivors minimize financial hardship in the United States

In 2019, more than 744,000 children and young adults up to age 39 years are living with a history of cancer in the United States[1]. The top 5 common cancers diagnosed in children include leukemia,...
Highlights of the annual scientific meeting of the Society of Skeletal Radiology (SSR) 2019, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA

Peer-reviewed abstracts presented at the 2019 Society of Skeletal Radiology (SSR) Annual Meeting were reviewed following oral presentation. Topics felt to be of potential interest to musculoskeletal (MSK) investigators and practicing clinicians are highlighted in this compilation and analysis of the meeting. New concepts regarding MSK imaging and intervention, MSK protocols and techniques, and quality improvement are included. ePoster highlights are also presented.
Surface Constraints on the Depth of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Southern Ocean versus North Atlantic

AbstractPaleoclimate proxy evidence suggests that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) was about 1000 m shallower at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) compared to the present. Yet it...
Risk Assessment and the Effects of Refuge Availability on the Defensive Behaviors of the Southern Unstriped Scorpion (Vaejovis carolinianus).

Selection should favor individuals that acquire, process, and act on relevant environmental signals to avoid predation. Studies have found that scorpions control their use of venom: both when it is released and the total volume expelled. However, this research has not included how a scorpion’s awareness of environmental features influences these decisions. The current study tested 18 Vaejovis carolinianus scorpions (nine females and nine males) by placing them in circular arenas supplied with varying numbers (zero, two, or four) of square refuges and by tracking their movements overnight. The following morning, defensive behaviors were elicited by prodding scorpions on the chelae, prosoma, and metasoma once per second over 90 s. We recorded stings, venom use, chelae pinches, and flee duration. We found strong evidence that, across all behaviors measured, V. carolinianus perceived prods to the prosoma as more threatening than prods to the other locations. We found that stinging was a common behavior and became more dominant as the threat persisted. Though tenuous, we found evidence that scorpions’ defensive behaviors changed based on the number of refuges and that these differences may be sex specific. Our findings suggest that V. carolinianus can assess risk and features of the local environment and, therefore, alter their defensive strategies accordingly.
Attitudes toward anticoagulation for postoperative atrial fibrillation: A nationwide survey of VA providers.

Introduction Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common complication after cardiac surgery. Though often felt to be self-limited, this complication has been associated with increases in both short and long-term stroke and mortality. Several studies have also shown a high rate of AF recurrence. Optimal treatment strategy is not yet defined, and the role of anticoagulation (AC) is unclear. Our objective was to determine provider attitudes toward management of this common complication. Methods A survey consisting of 15 multiple choice questions was distributed to providers at Veterans Healthcare Administration hospitals nationwide. Results The majority of respondents were cardiologists. Practices varied drastically with respect to AC use for patients with POAF who were discharged in normal sinus rhythm. Less variability existed for patients discharged in AF. There was no clear consensus regarding other factors to consider when deciding on AC therapy, including length of episode, or risk factors for stroke such as CHA2 DS2 -VASc score. There was also no consensus on duration of therapy or need for post discharge cardiac monitoring. Conclusion Our data indicate a wide variability in the management of POAF. This reflects conflicting recommendations in the guidelines, as well as a paucity of prospective treatment trials in this field. Nevertheless, a growing evidence base suggests that this complication carries potentially serious long-term morbidity and mortality, and better evidence for its management is needed.
Applying Machine Learning to Crowd-sourced Data from Earthquake Detective.

Dynamically triggered earthquakes and tremor generate weak seismic signals whose detection, identification, and authentication call for a laborious analysis. Citizen science project Earthquake Dete...
Elastic modulus formulation of cementitious materials incorporating carbon nanotubes: Probabilistic approach

Abstract Carbon nanotube (CNT) is one of the most promising nanomaterials to increase the elastic modulus of cementitious composites. However, CNT characteristics, dispersion procedure, and matrix composition/hydration are critical and correlated with a high degree of uncertainty in achieving a desirable performance. This paper proposes a mechanics-based model to predict the elastic modulus of CNT reinforced cementitious materials based on the Halpin-Tsai equation. The current study employs a probabilistic approach to consider the influences of multiple experimental variables and various sources of uncertainty associated with them. To this end, first, a Bayesian methodology is adopted to perform the model validation, evaluation, and selection procedures using extensive literature test data. Then, the optimum ranges of variables are found to maximize the chance of achieving a certain target modulus (herein, 50% more than control) using a reliability analysis. The proposed model suggests that the highest elastic modulus is achieved when using CNT aspect ratio ranges from 400 to 800 and concentration between 0.08 and 0.18 c-wt%. Also, the experimentally observed elastic modulus and the proposed probabilistic model exhibit a similar trend. For example, the importance of hydration age increases as CNT concentration increases.Finally, the proposed model can be used to reliably predict the elastic modulus, guiding future researchers to design more efficiently.
Clinical, radiographic, and intraoperative risk factors for retinal detachment after open globe injury

Retinal detachment (RD) is a vision-threatening complication of open globe injuries (OGI). This study sought to assess clinical, radiographic, and intraoperative risk factors for RD after OGI. A secondary goal was to test the retinal detachment after open globe injury (RD-OGI) score. Records of patients undergoing OGI repair at a single trauma center over 3 years were reviewed using a retrospective case series design. Eyes that were enucleated or lost to follow up within 30 days of OGI without evidence of RD were excluded. Potential risk factors for RD development were assessed by logistic regression or chi-square tests were appropriate and were entered into a multivariate logistic regression if significant on univariate analysis. Risk of RD for each eye was categorized by its RD-OGI score. Seventy-three eyes (72 patients) were included. In univariate analysis, afferent pupillary defect, worse visual acuity, posterior injury, vitreous hemorrhage, and posterior segment volume loss (PSVL) on CT were strong predictors of RD. In multivariate analysis, only PSVL on CT (adjusted OR 10.8, P = 0.025) maintained a statistically significant association with RD risk. At 1 year, 5% of low-risk eyes, 20% of moderate-risk eyes, and 67% of high-risk eyes developed RD. These rates were not significantly different from the RD-OGI derivation or validation cohorts (P = 0.90 and P = 0.67, respectively). PSVL on CT increases the risk of RD after OGI. The RD-OGI Score was a good prognostic tool for assessing RD risk after OGI in this population.
Ensemble machine learning predicts displacement of cantilevered fibers impacted by falling drops

Abstract In this study, we consider a simple system of water drops impacting cantilevered, circular fibers with velocity 1 . 0 – 2 . 4 m∕s . The dynamics of the system are complicated because the motion of the drop and deflecting fiber at impact are highly coupled and the outcome is influenced by several continuous variables. The unpredictable dynamics of the system call for the use of computational tools that can reveal relationships between variables and make predictions about the physical outcomes for parameter values for which there is no experimental data. This study considers three fibers of contrasting properties, with hydrophilic and hydrophobic wetting conditions, exposed to a range of falling drop diameters and velocities. We predict maximal fiber deflection due to the impacting drop using an ensemble machine learning algorithm combining three base algorithms: a random forest regressor, a gradient boosting regressor, and a multi-layer perceptron. We train and test our algorithm with experimental datasets comprising 405 total trials using three different fibers and five input variables per fiber. The approach allows the determination of relative dominance of the input features in the prediction, reveals shortcomings of traditional scaling approaches for momentum transfer, and shows that drop momentum plays only a minor role in fiber deflection. Finally, our approach provides another example for the application of machine learning to characterize complex and coupled systems in fluid mechanics.
Breaking News: Drafting Client Alerts to Prepare for Practice

Drafting engaging client alerts is a newsworthy addition to the first-year legal writing curriculum. While client alerts fulfill an important marketing function for employers, they can be used for pedagogical purposes as well. Besides reinforcing many of the lessons students learn in “traditional legal writing,” client alerts can provide useful examples of ethics and professionalism by showing how careful lawyers assess the impact of a new law and advise clients.
Ethanol consumption subsequent to physical dependence.

A number of elegant techniques have been developed to induce pharmacological dependence on alcohol in animals. However, our understanding of the behavioral aspects of alcohol ingestion or self-administration is still quite limited. It is only quite recently that the relationship between physical dependence and subsequent alcohol intake has been investigated. Unfortunately, the few findings obtained by different investigators appear to be quite contradictory. An early study by Freund (1969) concluded that mice do not change their preference for ethanol subsequent to physical dependence. A study by Myers, Stoltman and Martin (1972) dealt with the effects of ethanol dependence induced artificially in the Rhesus monkey on the subsequent preference for alcohol. Their findings show that each monkey rejected the ethanol solution offered even at low concentrations, in spite of the fact that symptoms of physical dependence on alcohol were quite manifest. In a more recent experiment, Deutsch and Koopmans (1973) demonstrated a large and lasting enhancement of alcohol consumption over control levels after direct infusion of 10% alcohol into the stomach of rats for six days.
Support for 'Bit' Data Type in the Ophidia Framework

This report introduces the support offered by the Ophidia framework to handle data represented as bit arrays. It extends the description of MySQL plugins reported in a previous paper. Some examples of SQL query using to the proposed user defined functions for MySQL are presented and some interesting use cases related to these functions are also discussed.
Deoxycytidine Kinase III. KINETICS AND ALLOSTERIC REGULATION OF THE CALF THYMUS ENZYME

Abstract The kinetic behavior of calf thymus deoxycytidine kinase was studied over a 100-fold variation in deoxycytidine concentration, and several abrupt transitions were observed in slopes of double reciprocal plots, suggesting negative homotropic cooperativity in the binding of this substrate. This is in apparent contrast to the simpler kinetics seen when an alternate substrate, deoxyguanosine, or the substrate analogue, 1-β-d-arabinofuranozylcytosine, was used in place of deoxycytidine. Convex reciprocal plots were also obtained with variable ATP-Mg2- or with an alternative phosphate donor, dTTP-Mg2-, although the latter yielded more marked negative curvature and lower Vmax values. Inhibition by end product, dCTP, was complex, particularly when deoxycytidine was varied over a wide range of concentrations, but below the first transition concentration dCTP plotted as a noncompetitive inhibitor. With variable ATP-Mg2-, dCTP gave the appearance of noncompetitive inhibition at low ATP-Mg2-, but shifted to apparent competitive inhibition against high phosphate donor concentrations. End product inhibition is overcome by dTTP at low deoxycytidine concentrations, but with increased nucleoside concentrations dTTP replaces the dCTP effect with its own highly complex pattern of inhibition. Like dTTP, UDP also stimulates at low nucleoside concentrations and becomes inhibitory as the deoxycytidine concentration is elevated. However, this inhibition can be reversed by dTTP, provided that the ATP-Mg2- concentration is limiting.
Reality Therapy/Choice Theory Today: An Interview with Dr. Robert E. Wubbolding

This article offers highlights from an interview with Dr. Robert E. Wubbolding, Director of the Center for Reality Therapy in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. The article will focus on current applications for using reality therapy and choice theory. In particular, this interview addressed assumptions underlying reality therapy and choice theory, key concepts essential to theory and practice, the most important goals of reality therapy, major strengths from a diversity perspective, and a vision for the future of reality therapy.
Gravitational radiation in Robertson-Walker backgrounds

The radiative perturbations studied by Chang and Janis in the Newman-Penrose formalism are shown to be a proper subset of those treated in the approach pioneered by Lifshitz. A scheme is developed for treating the full set of purely radiative perturbations in Robertson-Walker backgrounds within the Newman-Penrose formalism. A description of the radiation is given in terms of the electric and magnetic parts of the Weyl tensor, and the governing wave equations are found.