cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultivating Fertile Grounds: Enhancing and Extending the Scientific Base of Social and Emotional Learning: A Commentary on “The Scientific Base Linking Social and Emotional Learning to School Success,” a chapter by Joseph E. Zins, Michelle R. Bloodworth, Roger P. Weissberg, and Herbert J. Walberg

Joseph Zins was a forerunner in empirically demonstrating the interrelationship of SEL interventions and school success. This commentary highlights his perspectives on the accumulating body of evidence for the academic gains that have been associated with various SEL interventions and aims to show how new research methodologies can further extend the scientific support as well as enhance the cultural responsiveness of SEL interventions. A partnership approach to research is advocated for addressing three important research directions: defining and measuring social and emotional competencies, co-constructing intervention programs, and achieving system-level program integration.
Cognitive Sequelae and Recovery Course after Moderate and Severe Head Injury

The quality of survival after severe and moderate head injury is highly dependent on the adequacy of cognitive recovery. The intellectual sequelae of head injury impede social and occupational reintegration more than physical disabilities do. The present study examines the course of cognitive recovery from the time of admission to 1 year after trauma. Included in the study were 68 patients with severe or moderate head injury who were 15 to 55 years old. The severity of injury was determined by the Glasgow coma scale. For this analysis, the data from tests of general intellect, language, verbal and nonverbal memory, and fine motor coordination were utilized. Standard scores (Z scores) were calculated for each test using the available normative data. Evaluation at discharge or 3 months after injury revealed I.Q. scores about 1.5 standard deviations (SD) below the mean, whereas language functioning was 4 SD, verbal memory was 5 SD, nonverbal memory was 5 SD, and fine motor coordination was 3 to 5 SD below the mean. All cognitive functions showed improvement over a 1-year period. Most of the recovery in linguistic functioning occurred during the first 6 months after trauma. This study suggests that all patients sustain significant mental sequelae after severe or moderate head injury. In spite of significant improvement during the 1st year, patients continue to have marked impairment in cognitive functions.
TORC1 Regulates Endocytosis via Npr1-Mediated Phosphoinhibition of a Ubiquitin Ligase Adaptor

The TORC1 kinase signaling complex is a key determinant of cell growth that senses nutritional status and responds by coordinating diverse cellular processes including transcription, translation, and autophagy. Here, we demonstrate that TORC1 modulates the composition of plasma membrane (PM) proteins by regulating ubiquitin-mediated endocytosis. The mechanism involves the Npr1 kinase, a negative regulator of endocytosis that is itself negatively regulated by TORC1. We show that Npr1 inhibits the activity of Art1, an arrestin-like adaptor protein that promotes endocytosis by targeting the Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase to specific PM cargoes. Npr1 antagonizes Art1-mediated endocytosis via N-terminal phosphorylation, a modification that prevents Art1 association with the PM. Thus, our study adds ubiquitin ligase targeting and control of endocytosis to the known effector mechanisms of TORC1, underscoring how TORC1 coordinates ubiquitin-mediated endocytosis with protein synthesis and autophagy in order to regulate cell growth.
Kinetic studies of electron transfer in the cyt b 5 : metHb system

The kinetics of methemoglobin reduction by cytochrome b 5 has been studied by stopped-flow and saturation transfer NMR. A forward rate constant k f = 2.44×104 M–1 s–1 and a reverse rate constant k b = 540 M–1s–1 have been observed at 10 mm, pH 6.20, 25 °C. The ratio k f/k b = k eq = 43.6 is in good agreement with the equilibrium constant calculated from the electrochemical potential between cyt b 5 and methemoglobin. A bimolecular collisional mechanism is proposed for the electron transfer from cyt b 5 to methemoglobin based on the kinetic data analysis. The dependence of the rate constants on ionic strengths supports such collisional mechanism. It is also found that the reaction rate strongly depends on the conformations of methemoglobin.
Control of antigen mass transport via capture substrate rotation: binding kinetics and implications on immunoassay speed and detection limits.

In conventional heterogeneous immunoassays, assay speed is usually limited by the rate of mass transport, i.e., diffusion of antigen to an antibody-coated surface. We previously demonstrated that assay speed can be significantly increased, without losing analytical sensitivity, by rapidly rotating the capture substrate, which decreases the thickness of the diffusion layer. In this work, we raised the rotation speed and observed that the capture of antigens deviates from the mass transport-limited assumption. To examine this issue, a general equation was derived for the rate of immuno-reaction on a rotating capture surface that takes into account both diffusion and the rate of reaction between antigen and antibody, which applies over a wide range of rotation rates. Results show that by vigorously rotating the substrate, the binding of antigens reaches a regime of intermediate binding kinetics, for which mass transport is comparable to the reaction rate. With this general solution, we are able to determine ...
Scattering effects in a furnace slab

The major mode of heat transfer in industrial combustion furnaces is that of radiation. The effects of radiative scattering are therefore of great importance in furnace design. This study investigates the behavior of both anisotropic and isotropic scattering using a computer-simulated model of a typical combustion furnace The furnace model employed is based on the zoning method of Hottel and the Monte-Carlo statistical approach. To study scattering effects, subroutines to simulate isotropic and anisotropic scattering have been added on to the model developed in earlier work with non-scattering mediums. Anisotropic scattering distributions studied include both forward and backward skewed profiles To simplify the three-dimensional model, a three by four meter slab of a semi-infinite furnace is studied. Each stab is rectangular in shape, containing twelve cubical zones and incorporating a single burner. Model results are presented in the form of temperature contours and total surface heat fluxes for differen...
Impact of new technologies on an electrical engineering distance education classroom

Advancement in technology has seen correspondence education evolve into distance education and eLearning. A large number of universities across the United States of America have established some form of distance education and/or eLearning in an effort to offer opportunities to many people aspiring to obtain an education, but with limitations when it comes to accessing institutions of higher learning. Most states have specialized high speed networks intended specifically for use to enhance education and make it accessible to virtually anyone with an inclination to attend school. The networks serve students in programs starting with K-12 up to college and university. The specialized networks are of the integrated service digital network type carrying lecture content, participants' video and audio signals. The networks are configured for point-to-point as well as multi-point connections. This paper discusses a synchronous electrical engineering distance education classroom, the associated technologies, instructors and students' perceptions as well as the program's effectiveness. Concepts of nanotechnology in this case nano-electronics as they pertain to lecture content and technologies used to deliver lectures will be discussed as well. Ideally the synchronous distance education classroom must be indistinguishable from the local classroom allowing the students to interact with the instructor and view the notes in real-time.
Nature of the ground state in α-cerium as studied by photoemission

Abstract We have studied, through temperature-dependent resonant photoemission experiments, the changes in the 4f electronic states of the system Ce0.9Th0.1 produced by the first order γ-α valence transition. The results rule out the interpretation that the γ-α transition in cerium arises from the promotion of a 4f atomic-like state near the Fermi surface to the 5d, 6s conduction band.
On the geodynamic setting of kimberlite genesis

The emplacement of kimberlites in the North American and African continents since the early Palaeozoic appears to have occurred during periods of relatively slow motion of these continents. The distribution of kimberlites in time may reflect the global pattern of convection, which forces individual plates to move faster or slower at different times. Two-dimensional numerical experiments on a convecting layer with a moving upper boundary show two different regimes: in the first, when the upper boundary velocity is high, heat is transferred by the large-scale circulation and in the second, when the upper boundary velocity is lower, heat is predominantly transferred by thermal plumes rising from the lower boundary layer. For a reasonable mantle solidus, this second regime can give rise to partial melting beneath the moving plate, far from the plate boundaries. The transition between these modes takes place over a small range of plate velocities; for a Rayleigh number of 1,000,000 it occurs around 20 mm/yr. It is suggested that the generation of kimberlite magmas may result from thermal plumes incident on the base of a slowly moving plate.
Identification and evaluation of noninvasive blood pressure measuring techniques.

Abstract The applicability of noninvasive blood pressure devices to the rhesus monkey and beagle dog during toxicological research protocols was investigated. An extensive literature survey of this subject was undertaken. Newer developments in this field and blood pressure measurement in the two species of interest were noted. A survey of all known manufacturers of noninvasive blood pressure measurement equipment was made. From this list sample devices were selected for animal studies. An acute study was performed on both dogs and monkeys to ascertain the accuracy of the selected devices. The Physiometrics USM-105 device was found to be the most accurate for measuring systolic and diastolic pressures in both dogs and monkeys. In chronic studies, monkeys and dogs were monitored for 3 weeks. The Physiometrics device was found to be the most satisfactory. The Arteriosonde 1010 and Infrasonde devices were found to be acceptable but not as accurate. In dogs, at least 50% of the animals could be trained within 1 week to tolerate blood pressure measurement and give reasonable readings; 75% could be trained in 2 weeks. In monkeys, approximately 60% of the animals would yield reasonable blood pressure readings, and the conditioning and training periods appeared much less critical.
The effectiveness of behavior modification on hyperkinesis.

A review of all controlled studies of the effectiveness of behavior modification on hyperkinesis, published over the last 20 years, found that clinically hyperactive children are less likely to improve after behavior therapy than are moderately overactive children. Clinically hyperactive children respond to immediate, but not to delayed rewards.
Optical trapping via guided resonance modes in a Slot-Suzuki-phase photonic crystal lattice.

A novel photonic crystal lattice is proposed for trapping a two-dimensional array of particles. The lattice is created by introducing a rectangular slot in each unit cell of the Suzuki-Phase lattice to enhance the light confinement of guided resonance modes. Large quality factors on the order of 105 are predicted in the lattice. A significant decrease of the optical power required for optical trapping can be achieved compared to our previous design.
On the number of faces in higher-dimensional Voronoi diagrams

We give exact upper bounds for the number of i-dimensional faces of Euclidean furthest point Voronoi diagrams of n points in Rd.
Power and sample size determination for noninferiority trials using an exact method.

Noninferiority studies are frequently conducted to justify the development of new drugs and vaccines that have been shown to offer better safety profiles, easier administration, or lower cost while maintaining similar efficacy as compared to the standard treatment. Recently, exact methods have been developed to address the concern that existing asymptotic methods for analyzing and planning noninferiority may fail because of small sample size or because of skewed or sparse data structure. In this paper, we explore the use of exact methods in determining sample size and power for noninferiority studies that focus on the difference of two proportions. The methodology for sample size and power calculations is developed based on an exact unconditional test of noninferiority. We illustrate this exact method using a clinical trial example in childhood nephroblastoma and briefly discuss the optimal sample-size allocation strategy. This exact unconditional method performs very well in various scenarios and compare...
Hepatocyte growth factor and omega-3–enriched feeds have a synergistic effect on mucosal mass in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract Background Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) decreases intestinal inflammation and cytokine levels in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Luminal omega-3 (OM-3) is anti-angiogenic, reduces inflammation, and may decrease symptoms in patients with Crohn's disease. This study evaluates the synergism of HGF and OM-3. Methods Twenty adult female transgenic HLA-B27 rats were divided into 4 groups: group 1: regular feeds, IV saline; group 2: OM-3–enriched feeds, IV saline; group 3: regular feeds, IV HGF (150 µg/kg per day); and group 4: OM-3–enriched feeds, IV HGF(150 µg/kg per day). Rats were killed at 14 days after pump placement. Small and large bowel mucosa was harvested, and DNA and protein were extracted and quantified. Statistical analysis was done by analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey's HSD test. Results Content of protein and DNA in the ileum were significantly increased by supplementation of HGF ( P P P = .02, P = 0.3, respectively). Combined, they had a synergistic effect greater than either supplement alone ( P = .0001, P = .002, respectively). In the colon, HGF and OM-3 did not significantly increase protein or DNA content individually or together. Conclusions This is the first demonstration of the synergistic effect of a growth factor (HGF) and a dietary supplement (OM-3) in an immunologic model of IBD.
Optimal homotopy analysis and control of error for solutions to the non-local Whitham equation

The Whitham equation is a non-local model for nonlinear dispersive water waves. Since this equation is both nonlinear and non-local, exact or analytical solutions are rare except for in a few special cases. As such, an analytical method which results in minimal error is highly desirable for general forms of the Whitham equation. We obtain approximate analytical solutions to the non-local Whitham equation for general initial data by way of the optimal homotopy analysis method, through the use of a partial differential auxiliary linear operator. A method to control the residual error of these approximate solutions, through the use of the embedded convergence control parameter, is discussed in the context of optimal homotopy analysis. We obtain residual error minimizing solutions, using relatively few terms in the solution series, in the case of several different kernels and associated initial data. Interestingly, we find that for a specific class of initial data, there exists an exact solution given by the first term in the homotopy expansion. A specific example of initial data which satisfies the condition producing an exact solution is included. These results demonstrate the applicability of optimal homotopy analysis to equations which are simultaneously nonlinear and non-local.
The dark side of cosmology: Dark matter and dark energy

A simple model with only six parameters (the age of the universe, the density of atoms, the density of matter, the amplitude of the initial fluctuations, the scale dependence of this amplitude, and the epoch of first star formation) fits all of our cosmological data . Although simple, this standard model is strange. The model implies that most of the matter in our Galaxy is in the form of “dark matter,” a new type of particle not yet detected in the laboratory, and most of the energy in the universe is in the form of “dark energy,” energy associated with empty space. Both dark matter and dark energy require extensions to our current understanding of particle physics or point toward a breakdown of general relativity on cosmological scales.
Purification of deoxycytidine kinases from two P815 murine neoplasms and their separation from deoxyguanosine kinase.

Abstract Deoxycytidine kinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of deoxycytidine and 1-β d -arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) at the 5′-position, has been extracted and extensively purified from a murine neoplasm P815, either sensitive (P815) or resistant (P815/ Ara-C) to 1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine. Gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography were used to accomplish the purification. The purified enzyme exhibited a single band upon disc electrophoresis. During the extraction procedure an enzyme catalyzing the phosphorylation of deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine was successfully separated for the first time from deoxycytidine kinase. The K m values and turnover numbers with deoxycytidine as phosphate acceptor for the kinase from P815 cells sensitive to 1-β- d arabinofuranosylcytosine and that from P815 cells resistant to the drug are 9.3 μ m , 4.7 × 10 6 /min and 15.4 μ m , 8.0 × 10 4 /min, respectively.
Investigation of antibody-mediated rejection in composite tissue allotransplantation in a rat limb transplant model.

Abstract Background Despite the widely accepted implication of antidonor antibodies and complement in solid organ transplantation, their role in reconstructive allotransplantation is not clear. The aim of this study was to analyze the humoral immune response using a rat orthotopic limb transplantation model. Methods We used the Brown Norway to Lewis rat orthotopic hind-limb transplant model: Group 1, isografts; group 2, allografts with daily continuous cyclosporine treatment to prevent acute rejection; and group 3, allografts undergoing multiple episodes of acute rejection. Samples were taken at 30, 60, and 90 days. Serum was analyzed by FACS for antidonor antibodies. Tissue deposition of antibodies and complement was investigated by immunofluorescence. Results By day 90, animals in group 3 had undergone 19 (±3.2) acute rejection episodes. There was no difference in the occurrence of serum antidonor antibodies between the three groups at any time point. However, at 90 days, anti–third-party antibodies were significantly greater among group 3. There was no difference in antibody or complement deposition in muscles between the 3 groups. Conclusion Despite the increased antibody against a third party after multiple rejection episodes in this animal model, there was no clear evidence of an antibody-mediated alloresponse in limb transplantation.
Structural influence of the cabin floor on sound transmission into aircraft - Analytical investigations

The structural influence of the cabin floor on the transmission of low-frequency propeller noise into aircraft interiors has been examined using a simplified analytical model. The response amplitudes and distributions of shell displacement and internal acoustic pressure are examined for various frequencies and floor configurations. In general, at lower frequencies, the floor exerts little structural influence on the transmission of acoustic energy to the interior. However, as the frequency nears half the cylinder ring frequency, the floor can be seen to alter significantly the internal pressure distributions and response.
Increased stray gas abundance in a subset of drinking water wells near Marcellus shale gas extraction

Abstract Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing are transforming energy production, but their potential environmental effects remain controversial. We analyzed 141 drinking water wells across the Appalachian Plateaus physiographic province of northeastern Pennsylvania, examining natural gas concentrations and isotopic signatures with proximity to shale gas wells. Methane was detected in 82% of drinking water samples, with average concentrations six times higher for homes <1 km from natural gas wells (P = 0.0006). Ethane was 23 times higher in homes <1 km from gas wells (P = 0.0013); propane was detected in 10 water wells, all within approximately 1 km distance (P = 0.01). Of three factors previously proposed to influence gas concentrations in shallow groundwater (distances to gas wells, valley bottoms, and the Appalachian Structural Front, a proxy for tectonic deformation), distance to gas wells was highly significant for methane concentrations (P = 0.007; multiple regression), whereas distances to valley bottoms and the Appalachian Structural Front were not significant (P = 0.27 and P = 0.11, respectively). Distance to gas wells was also the most significant factor for Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses (P < 0.01). For ethane concentrations, distance to gas wells was the only statistically significant factor (P < 0.005). Isotopic signatures (δ13C-CH4, δ13C-C2H6, and δ2H-CH4), hydrocarbon ratios (methane to ethane and propane), and the ratio of the noble gas 4He to CH4 in groundwater were characteristic of a thermally postmature Marcellus-like source in some cases. Overall, our data suggest that some homeowners living <1 km from gas wells have drinking water contaminated with stray gases.
Some Generalized Scattering Relationships in Transhorizon Propagation

An analysis is made of the consequences to be derived from some fairly broad assumptions as to the nature of turbulent scattering and its effect on waves propagated through the troposphere. The intent is to provide a means for testing the general applicability of this model as an explanation for transhorizon propagation. General relationships for the variation of received power with distance are derived for various scatter-angle dependencies, and for various beamwidth configurations. These relationships are then extended to cover the phenomenon of aperture-medium coupling loss. The results are applied toward distingushing those experiments which are definitive from those which are not.
Allelic variation of reporter gene activation by the HRAS1 minisatellite.

Abstract We have recently shown that constitutively expressed members of the rel /NF-κB family of transcription factors bind the HRAS1 minisatellite, VTR HRAS1 . We now report that, like other NF-κB binding sites, VTR HRAS1 displays pleiotropic transcriptional regulatory activity that is promoter- and cell-type-specific. Both enhancement and suppression are restricted to the human bladder carcinoma cell line EJ, in which we have previously defined a unique form of NF-κB p50. We also observe allelic variation in functional activity: the rare a2.1 allele, one member of a class of HRAS1 alleles overrepresented in the genomes of cancer patients, possesses twofold greater enhancer activity than the low-risk alleles, a0.1, a1, and a2. Finally, VTR HRAS1 enhancer activity is upregulated by the adenovirus E1A 13S gene product, demonstrating the potential of the minisatellite for influencing gene expression through several distinct interactions with the transcriptional apparatus.
Serious postoperative infections following resection of common solid tumors: outcomes, costs, and impact of hospital surgical volume

Unlike infections related to chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, postoperative infections occurring in patients with solid malignancy remain largely understudied. Our aim is to evaluate the outcomes and the volume–outcomes relationship associated with postoperative infections following resection of common solid tumors. We used Texas Discharge Data to study patients undergoing resection of cancer of the lung, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, colon, or rectum from 01/2002 to 11/2006. From their billing records, we identified ICD-9 codes indicating a diagnosis of serious postoperative infection (SPI), i.e., bacteremia/sepsis, pneumonia, and wound infection, occurring during surgical admission or leading to readmission within 30 days of surgery. Using regression-based techniques, we estimated the impact of SPI on mortality, resource utilization, and costs, as well as the relationship between hospital volume and SPI, after adjusting for confounders and data clustering. SPI occurred following 9.4 % of the 37,582 eligible tumor resections and was independently associated with nearly 12-fold increased odds of in-hospital mortality [95 % confidence interval (95 % CI), 7.2–19.5, P < 0.001]. Patients with SPI required six additional hospital days (95 % CI, 5.9–6.2) at an incremental cost of $16,991 (95 % CI, $16,495–$17,497). Patients who underwent resection at high-volume hospitals had a 16 % decreased odds of developing SPI than those at low-volume hospitals (P = 0.03). Due to the substantial burden associated with SPI following common solid tumor resections, hospitals must identify more effective prophylactic measures to avert these potentially preventable infections. Additional volume–outcomes research is needed to identify infection prevention processes that can be transferred from high- to lower-volume providers.
Analytical and Experimental Modal Characteristics of Cylindrical Shells

Cylindrical Shells are widely used in many structural designs, such as offshore structures, liquid storage tanks, submarine hulls, and airplane hulls. Most of these structures are required to operate in a dynamic environment. The acoustic signature of submarines is very critical in such high performance structure. Submarines are not only required to sustain very high dynamic loadings at all time, but also being able maneuver and perform their functions under sea without being detected by sonar systems. Reduction of sound radiation is most efficiently achieved at the design stage, and the acoustic signatures may be determined by considering operational scenarios, and modal characteristics. The acoustic signature of submarines is generally of two categories; broadband which has a continuous spectrum; and a tonal noise which has discrete frequencies. Therefore, investigating the dynamic characteristics of cylindrical shells is very critical first step in developing a strategy for modal vibration control for specific operating conditions. Unlike those of beam structure, the lowest natural frequency does not necessarily correspond to the lowest wave index. In fact, the natural frequencies do not fall in ascending order of the wave index in cylindrical shells. Mode shapes associated with each natural frequency are combination of Radial, Longitudinal, and Circumferential modes. In this paper, a scaled model of submarine hull segment under shear diaphragm boundary conditions is analyzed analytically and numerically. Then experimental modal analysis of the scaled model utilizing a fixed response approach was performed to obtain the modal characteristics of the cylindrical shell between 0 and 800 Hz. The cylinder was excited at predetermined points with an impact hammer, while the response was measured using an accelerometer at specified fixed point. Designing a boundary condition that simulate a shear diaphragm is very challenging task by itself. A total of ten natural frequencies were found within that range with their corresponding mode shapes. The experimental data were correlated with those results obtained analytically and numerically using the finite element methods using MSC.NASTRAN software. The results were found to be in excellent agreement.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Spirit of IET Biometrics

The article provides an introduction to the new journal called IET Biometrics. IET Biometrics will take a comprehensive, empirically-based, multi-disciplinary look at the major forms of automated personal identification (API) in the context of how the technologies are being and should be used: to ensure individual security and privacy. The approach of the journal will be very clearly technical, considering algorithm, sensor and human factors advancements, but will be broad enough to consider the privacy, cultural, political and legal implications of these technologies.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Stm1p facilitates ribosome preservation during quiescence

Once cells exhaust nutrients from their environment, they enter an alternative resting state known as quiescence, whereby proliferation ceases and essential nutrients are obtained through internal stores and through the catabolism of existing macromolecules and organelles. One example of this is ribophagy, the degradation of ribosomes through the process of autophagy. However, some ribosomes need to be preserved for an anticipated recovery from nutrient deprivation. We found that the ribosome-associated protein Stm1p greatly increases the quantity of 80S ribosomes present in quiescent yeast cells and that these ribosomes facilitate increased protein synthesis rates once nutrients are restored. These findings suggest that Stm1p can act as a ribosome preservation factor under conditions of nutrient deprivation and restoration.
Antiinflammatory cAMP signaling and cell migration genes co-opted by the anthrax bacillus

Bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent of anthrax, avoids immune surveillance and commandeers host macrophages as a vehicle for lymphatic spreading. Here, we show that B. anthracis edema toxin (ET), via its adenylyl cyclase activity, dramatically increases the motility of infected macrophages and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. The transcription factor CREB and the syndecan-1 gene, a CREB target, play crucial roles in ET-induced macrophage migration. These molecular and cellular responses occur in macrophages engaged in antiinflammatory G protein-coupled receptor activation, thus illustrating a common signaling circuitry controlling resolution of inflammation and host cell hijacking by B. anthracis.
Comparison of the Fermi surfaces of isostructural organic conducting salts (BEDT-TTF)2MHg(SCN)4 and (BEDT-TSF)2MHg(SCN)4 (M = NH4 and K)

Abstract The electronic structures of the (BEDT-TTF) 2 MHg(SCN) 4 and (BEDT-TSF) 2 MHg(SCN) 4 (M = K, NH 4 ) salts were calculated using the extended Huckel tight binding method. These salts have a Fermi surface (FS) consisting of an elliptical pocket centered at Z and a pair of lines straddling along X -M. The features of these two-dimensional FS pockets and one-dimensional FS pieces were characterized. The differences in the FS shapes of the BEDT-TTF and BEDT-TSF salts and their implications concerning the magnetoresistance properties were discussed.
Use of DaSSF in a scalable multiprocessor wireless simulation architecture

The problem of efficient load distribution and scaling of large-scale wireless communication system simulation on multiprocessor architectures (both shared memory and cluster arrangements) is considered. A flexible architecture based upon DaSSF, the Dartmouth Scalable Simulation Framework discrete event engine, is presented and evaluated. The architecture is designed to deal with the computationally intensive aspects of radio communication simulation in a distributed environment. Results are presented that show how the architecture scales on a shared memory multiprocessor SGI Origin with increasing problem size and available processors.
The Study of LGBT Politics and Its Contributions to Political Science.

Although the study of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) politics appears to be widely accepted within political science, a recent survey of political scientists reported some skepticism about its legitimacy and scholarly worth (Novkov and Barclay 2010). This article examines potential concerns about LGBT studies and draws attention to the field's scholarly importance. The first part briefly addresses three objections to the study of LGBT politics that echo criticisms of the study and practice of identity politics. I argue that these objections do not withstand scrutiny, and that the case for studying the intersection of politics and sexuality within the discipline of political science is compelling. Sexuality and gender are fundamental aspects of human societies that reflect power relations and increasingly have become the object of public policy. The second part of the article examines the burgeoning literature on the politics of sexual orientation and identity. Beyond its intrinsic importance, LGBT politics contributes to a broader understanding of politics, power, social movements, public opinion, policymaking institutions, urban politics, and the relationship between science and public policy. Though not exhaustive, this review addresses many of the principal empirical and theoretical works in this area.
Stable isotope laser spectrometer for exploration of Mars.

On Earth, measurements of the ratios of stable carbon isotopes have providet much information about geological and biological processes. For example, fractionation of carbon occur in biotic processes and the retention of a distinctive 2-4% contrast in C-13/C-12 between organic carbon and carbonates in rocks as old as 3.8 billion years constitutes some of the firmest evidence for the antiquity of life on the Earth. We have developed a prototype tunable diode laser spectrometer which demonstrates the feasibility of making accurate in situ isotopic ratio measurements on Mars. This miniaturized instrument, with an optical path length of 10 cm should be capable of making accurate C-13/C-12 and N-15/N-14 measurements. Gas samples for measurement are to be produced by pyrolysis using soil samples as small as 50 mg. Measurements of C-13/C-12, O-18/O-16 and N-15/N-14 have been made to a precision of better than 0.1%, and various other isotopes are feasible. This laser technique, which relies on the extremely narrow emission linewidth of tunable diode lasers (less than 0.001/ cm),has favorable features in comparison to mass spectrometry, the standard method of accurate isotopic ratio measurement. The miniature instrument could be ready to deploy c 2003 or other Mars lander missions.
Age-Related Effects on Speech Fluency

This article provides a brief review of age-related changes in speech production before discussing fluency changes that have been found in aging, nonstuttering speakers. Most studies agree that old and young adults evidence similar frequencies of disfluency. The disfluencies of a 105-year-old woman were compared to the means of several geriatric groups whose average ages were more than 20 years younger. Overall frequencies and types were similar. Thus, aging speakers' fluency does not appear to be more susceptible to breakdowns than that of younger speakers, although there is some evidence that elderly speakers become much more disfluent than younger speakers under stressful conditions.
Recent evidence concerning the structure and composition of the Earth's mantle

The detailed investigation of mantle structure from the dispersion of surface waves is a young but vigorous field of study. Observations have been accumulating rapidly in the past few years because of the wide-spread installation of long-period instruments. Modern methods of data analysis used in conjunction with high-speed digital computers have made it possible to determine dispersion with greater precision and over a broader spectrum than has previously been possible. Observations now extend out to the fundamental periods of free oscillations of the whole earth. Interpretation has lagged behind observation because of the difficulties inherent in the problem of dispersion over realistic models of a spherical earth. This problem is now well in hand and dispersion appropriate to the standard earth models suggested by earlier body waves studies has been calculated. Even with digital computers, however, the computations are so formidable that until recently only the most tentative efforts have been made to modify the standard earth structures to give a more satisfactory fit to the data. A review as recent as the one by Bolt in the preceding volume of this series was, of necessity, limited to a discussion of the various standard earth models with no attempt made to use the full power of surface waves as an independent technique. Recent developments have made detailed surface wave interpretations possible and new information, rather than generalized verification of old information, should be rapidly forthcoming. Project Mohole and the International Upper Mantle Project have focused the attention of many earth scientists on the upper mantle. Because of this renewed emphasis present information and speculation on the properties of the mantle based on a variety of sources is summarized and re-examined in some detail. This provides the guide-lines for potentially fruitful further research and points out the nature of some of the discrepancies and limitations in our present knowledge that may be resolved by the surface wave method.
Alterations in T cell antigen specificity and class II restriction during the course of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Abstract In order to assess T cell antigen specificities and class II restriction requirements during the course of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CREAE), (SJL × PL)F1 mice were used as a model. EAE can be passively transferred in these mice by F1 T cells incubated with Ia-positive antigen-presenting cells (APC) from either parent SJL (H-2 s ) or PL (H-2 u ) and MBP fragments 89–169 or 1–37, respectively. T cells purified from F1 mice immunized with MBP fragment 1–37 were positively selected for I-A u -supported proliferation by culture in the presence of irradiated Ia u -positive PL spleen cells as APC. I-A s -supported proliferation and proliferation to residues 89–169 were not detected following selection. Adoptive transfer of this T cell line induced CREAE in naive recipient F1 mice and 2 weeks after the second attack of EAE recipient proliferative responses were measured. Recipient T cells proliferated to both fragment 1–37 and fragment 89–169. Moreover, proliferation was supported by I-A s -positive as well as I-A u -positive macrophages. Theise findings demonstrate that T cells with novel epitope specifities and class II restriction requirements can be generated during the course of CREAE and suggest the possibility that such cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of this chronic autoimmune illness.
Nicotine self-administration diminishes stress-induced norepinephrine secretion but augments adrenergic-responsiveness in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and enhances adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone release.

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 1327–1337. Abstract Chronic nicotine self-administration augments the thalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to stress. Altered neuropeptide expression within corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contributes to this enhanced HPA response to stress. Herein, we determined the role of norepinephrine, a primary regulator of CRF neurons, in the responses to footshock during nicotine self-administration. On day 12–15 of self-administration, microdialysis showed nicotine reduced PVN norepinephrine release by footshock (< 50% of saline). Yet, the reduction in footshock-induced adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone secretion because of intra-PVN prazosin (α1 adrenergic antagonist) was significantly greater in rats self-administering nicotine (2-fold) than saline. Additionally, PVN phenylephrine (α1 agonist) stimulated adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone release to a similar extent in unstressed rats self-administering nicotine or saline. Nicotine self-administration also decreased footshock-induced c-Fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract-A2/C2 catecholaminergic neurons that project to the PVN. Therefore, footshock-induced nucleus of the solitary tract activation and PVN norepinephrine input are both attenuated by nicotine self-administration, yet PVN CRF neurons are more responsive to α1 stimulation, but only during stress. This plasticity in noradrenergic regulation of PVN CRF neurons provides a new mechanism contributing to the HPA sensitization to stress by nicotine self-administration and smoking.
The role of γ-carboxyclutamic acid (Gla) in blood clotting proteins: A theoretical study of Mg—malonate complexes

Abstract Several additional Mg2+/n(malonate)2− complexes are studied by STO-3G ab initio calculations. The lowest energy form to date involves two planar malonates in which all four carboxylates participate in a symmetric binding to the central magnesium. Only proteins with Gla (γ-carboxyglutamic acid) residues would be able to attain these structures.
Games with secure equilibria

In 2-player nonzero-sum games, Nash equilibria capture the options for rational behavior if each player attempts to maximize her payoff. In contrast to classical game theory, we consider lexicographic objectives: first, each player tries to maximize her own payoff, and then, the player tries to minimize the opponent's payoff. Such objectives arise naturally in the verification of systems with multiple components. There, instead of proving that each component satisfies its specification no matter how the other components behave, it often suffices to prove that each component satisfies its specification provided that the other components satisfy their specifications. We say that a Nash equilibrium is secure if it is an equilibrium with respect to the lexicographic objectives of both players. We prove that in graph games with Borel objectives, which include the games that arise in verification, there may be several Nash equilibria, but there is always a unique maximal payoff profile of secure equilibria. We show how this equilibrium can be computed in the case of /spl omega/-regular objectives, and we characterize the memory requirements of strategies that achieve the equilibrium.
Nonrelativistic composite elementary particles and the conformal Galilei group

It is shown that a recently suggested conformal generalization of the Galilei group provides a suitable framework for the algebraic description of nonrelativistic composite elementary particles with interacting (unspecified) constitutents. The formal properties of the new group are clarified and its irreducible unitary representations are found. A maximal set of quantum numbers for the particles is obtained. The energy of the composite particle is quantized and a discrete spectrum emerges. All generators in the Lie algebra are shown to have a simple direct physical interpretation.
Surface Layer Heat Balance in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean on Interannual Time Scales: Influence of Local versus Remote Wind Forcing*

Abstract The authors use a new and novel heat balance formalism for the upper 50 m of the Nino-3 region (5°N–5°S, 90°–150°W) to investigate the oceanographic processes underlying interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The focus is on a better understanding of the relationship between local and remote atmospheric forcing in generating SST anomalies associated with El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The heat balance analysis indicates that heat advection across 50-m depth and across 150°W are the important oceanic mechanisms responsible for temperature variations with the former being dominant. On the other hand, net surface heat flux adjusted for penetrative radiation damps SST. Jointly, these processes can explain most of interannual variations in temperature tendency averaged over the Nino-3 region. Decomposition of vertical advection across the bottom indicates that the mean seasonal advection of anomalous temperature (the so-called thermocline f...
A 249Mpixel/s HEVC video-decoder chip for Quad Full HD applications

The latest video coding standard High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) [1] provides 50% improvement in coding efficiency compared to H.264/AVC, to meet the rising demand for video streaming, better video quality and higher resolutions. The coding gain is achieved using more complex tools such as larger and variable-size coding units (CU) in a hierarchical structure, larger transforms and longer interpolation filters. This paper presents an integrated circuit which supports Quad Full HD (QFHD, 3840×2160) video decoding for the HEVC draft standard. It addresses new design challenges for HEVC (“H.265”) with three primary contributions: 1) a system pipelining scheme which adapts to the variable-size largest coding unit (LCU) and provides a two-stage sub-pipeline for memory optimization; 2) unified processing engines to address the hierarchical coding structure and many prediction and transform block sizes in area-efficient ways; 3) a motion compensation (MC) cache which reduces DRAM bandwidth for the LCU and meets the high throughput requirements which are due to the long filters.
Training Techniques and Tools: Evidence from the Foodservice Industry

The purpose of this study is to investigate current issues with regard to the usage of training techniques, tools, and technology in the foodservice industry. In addition to this, the study seeks to gain an understanding of strengths and weaknesses associated with current training techniques, tools, program implementations, and solutions to training problems. Also investigated were recommendations for improved training by those who are involved in or directly conduct training as a profession. Specifically, this study examines issues related to diversity in the workforce by surveying trainers, training directors, human resource directors, and vice presidents in the foodservice industry. The study’s results suggest that current training programs continue to be traditional in format and lack the diversity needed to improve the quality of communication and overall effectiveness.
How Conceptual Frameworks Influence Discovery and Depictions of Emotions in Clinical Relationships.

Although emotions are often seen as key to maintaining rapport between speech–language pathologists and their clients, they are often neglected in the research and clinical literature. This neglect, it is argued here, comes in part from the inadequacies of prevailing conceptual frameworks used to govern practices. I aim to show how six such frameworks have served to blind clinicians to the positive and central role emotions play in therapeutic interactions. I will then turn to another set of frameworks that do emphasize emotions in clinical interactions. I draw from this second set of frameworks to devise criteria for what a reframed view of emotion needs to be able to depict within the context of rapport. My aim is to capture better and reveal the positive role of different emotions in clinical interactions. My hope is that a new construal of emotional interaction will keep us, as clinicians, from having to play a kind of hide-and-seek game where we are forced to look around, behind, or under our prevailing conceptual frameworks to see how emotions infuse our interactions and serve to create what we have called rapport.
Hybrid methodology to model random dopant fluctuations in low doped FinFETs

A hybrid approach to model the effect of random dopant fluctuations in low doped FinFETs is proposed. Existing Monte Carlo and atomistic approaches are found to be inadequate to capture device variability correctly when applied independently. Instead a hybrid methodology which uses an atomistic approach in low doped regions and Monte Carlo everywhere else is developed. The hybrid approach is shown to capture the threshold voltage variability adequately. Comparison with analytical results for planar MOSFETs shows an excellent agreement and establishes the validity of the approach. The results suggest that accurate modeling of low doped regions is essential to be able to estimate variability correctly.