cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A time-spectral approximate Jacobian based linearized compressible Navier-Stokes solver for high-speed boundary-layer receptivity and stability

Abstract A numerical method for conducting linear receptivity and stability investigations of high-speed wall-bounded flows based on the linearized compressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented. The current approach is directly applicable for stability investigations of arbitrarily complex geometries. The left-hand-side operator for the linear system of equations is obtained by computing numerical right-hand-side Jacobians while the right-hand-side is build from exact flux Jacobians. Utilizing the numerical right-hand-side Jacobian approach avoids lengthy, error prone derivation of the stability equations in the context of generalized curvilinear coordinates. The governing equations are solved using either time-stepping or time-spectral discretizations. Three different time-spectral approaches, i.e., direct inversion, unfactored and factored schemes, are presented and their numerical characteristics for the solution of the linearized Navier-Stokes equations for linear receptivity and stability analysis for large-scale transition problems are explored. Linear receptivity and stability calculation results are provided for different solver options. Performance comparison of the three schemes are presented for a wide range of test cases: An incompressible cross-flow for a swept flat plate boundary layer, a supersonic shock-boundary-layer interaction, hypersonic boundary layers on a flat plate and a flared cone, and, finally, for the receptivity of a hypersonic boundary layer for a right sharp cone.
The mechanical role of the cranial base in palatal shelf movement: an experimental re-examination

Straightening of a cranial base flexure observed in the midsagittal presphenoid region of mice has been postulated to play a major role in palate closure by providing the internal shelf force for palatal shelf movement. The straightening is thought to take place during the 8 h immediately preceding closure. This mechanical model assumes that straightening of the cranial base flexure is transmitted laterally to the alar regions of the sphenoid and then downward to the palatal shelves. According to this hypothesis, if the flexure did not straighten or the force generated by this form change was not transmitted to the palatal shelves, movement to the horizontal plane should not take place. Physical disruption of the area of the flexure should remove the potential for form change through force transmission. Swiss- Webster mouse fetuses which were 18 or 24 h prior to palate closure were obtained and the heads removed. Tongue and brain were then removed from each head. In the experimental specimens a midsagittal lesion, averaging 407 µm in length and 84 µm in width, extending from the nasal septum through the craniopharyngeal area was made. This lesion ablated the flexure region of the cranial base far in advance of the time straightening is thought to take place. Heads of litter-mates with intact cranial bases served as controls. Specimens with intact and ablated flexures were suspended in a submerged, circulating culture system which was continuously gassed. After 18 h of culture, palatal shelf elevation had occurred in fetuses of both ages whether or not their cranial bases were intact. Palatal shelf elevation in vitro does not require an intact cranial base.
Truncated Nonlinear Interferometry for Quantum-Enhanced Atomic Force Microscopy.

Nonlinear interferometers that replace beam splitters in Mach-Zehnder interferometers with nonlinear amplifiers for quantum-enhanced phase measurements have drawn increasing interest in recent years, but practical quantum sensors based on nonlinear interferometry remain an outstanding challenge. Here, we demonstrate the first practical application of nonlinear interferometry by measuring the displacement of an atomic force microscope microcantilever with quantum noise reduction of up to 3 dB below the standard quantum limit, corresponding to a quantum-enhanced measurement of beam displacement of $1.7\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fm}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$. Further, we minimize photon backaction noise while taking advantage of quantum noise reduction by transducing the cantilever displacement signal with a weak squeezed state while using dual homodyne detection with a higher power local oscillator. This approach may enable quantum-enhanced broadband, high-speed scanning probe microscopy.
Result of changing aging Voltage and its Consequence on Partial Discharges and Remnant Break Down Strength of Nanofilled Polypropylene

Enhancement of partial discharge resistance of PP due to the incorporation of nanofillers indicates an improvement in its reliability under high voltage operating conditions. Partial discharge measurement is a well-established technique to evaluate the condition, quality and reliability of insulation material. Certain ratios of partial discharge inception voltage were applied on each sample for a fixed aging duration and partial discharge parameters were acquired at regular intervals. It is reported that unfilled and nanofilled polypropylene behave differently under different electrical stress conditions. Partial discharge parameters such as maximum discharge magnitude, Weibull scale and shape parameters were acquired at regular time intervals and were analyzed. Profilometric depth analysis and surface study were performed with 3D Hirox Microscope on the aged samples to evaluate the amount of degradation and resistance offered to surface discharges. Breakdown strength measurement were performed to understand the effect of aging on the remnant breakdown strength in unfilled and nanofilled polypropylene.
Teaching an Introductory Organic Chemistry Class for High School Students

A dual-enrollment course was designed in which the elementary concepts of organic chemistry were introduced to high school students. Students were assessed at the end of the term using an American Chemical Society (ACS) standardized exam. The same exam was given to corresponding traditional on-campus sections of the same class taught by the same professor. Intriguingly, when dual-enrollment students’ performance was compared with the performance of the traditional on-campus students studying the same content, no statistical difference was detected. Moreover, the dual-enrollment students have scored at a level significantly higher than the nationwide averages advertised by the Examinations Committee of the ACS.
Allometric relationships in the filtration rates of the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea fed two phytoplankton species

Filtration rates (FRs) of the invasive Asian clam C. fluminea of various sizes ranging from 0.5 to 4.5 g whole-body weight were experimentally assessed under controlled laboratory conditions using two phytoplankton species of different sizes and biovolumes (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) as food. Overall, the FRs ranged from 0 to 347 mL g−1 h−1 (median value: 52 mL g−1 h−1). We found no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between the two phytoplankton species used, nor did we find a significant relationship between individual FRs (mL individual−1 h−1) and wet weight (WW) or shell length (SL). However, we did find a significant negative relationship between FRs (mL g−1 h−1) and WW in clams fed on C. reinhardtii and P. subcapitata (FR = 131 WW−1.05 and FR = 203 WW−1.28, respectively), indicating that smaller (younger) individuals had a higher FR than larger (older) individuals in the tested range of particle size (i.e., 4–6 µm diameter). Such results highlight the strong influence of size/age on the filtration rate of C. fluminea and provide new insights to better understand the invasive capacity of this species.
Pyrophosphate inhibits periodontal ligament stem cell differentiation and mineralization through MAPK signaling pathways

Background and objective Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are the primary cell source for the regeneration and remodeling of periodontal ligament (PDL). It is crucial to prevent PDLSCs from mineralization when using the PDLSCs for PDL regeneration. At present, little is known about how to inhibit PDLSC mineralization. This study investigates the effects of pyrophosphate (PPi) on inhibiting PDLSC osteogenic differentiation and mineralization as well as the underlying mechanism. Materials and methods Human PDLSCs were cultured in an osteogenic differentiation medium with different PPi concentrations (0, 10, or 100 μM). The effects of PPi on osteogenic differentiation were assessed by ALP activity and the expressions of osteogenic related proteins (OPN, RUNX2, OSX, and DMP1). The mineralization formation was detected by alizarin red staining. The activation of MAPK signaling pathways (ERK1/2, JNK, and p38) was determined by western blotting and pathway blockade assays. The gene expressions of PPi's regulators (Ank, Enpp1, and Alpl) were assessed by real-time PCR. Results Both low and high concentrations (10 μM and 100 μM) of PPi inhibited the mineralization of PDLSCs. The addition of PPi (10 μM or 100 μM) decreased the ALP activity of the PDLSCs to approximately two-thirds of the control group on day 3. PPi reduced the expressions of RUNX2, OSX, and DMP1 on days 7, 14, and 21, while it increased the expression of OPN at the three time points. PPi enhanced the phosphorylation of MAPK pathways, and the application of corresponding MAPK pathway inhibitors reversed the osteogenic inhibition effects of PPi. Conclusion PPi inhibits the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of PDLSCs in vitro through activating ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways.
The Marginal Impact of a Publication on Citations, and Its Effect on Academic Pay

There are good reasons for why academicians should care about citations to scholarly articles. An important one is that members of the academy operate essentially as independent contractors, and in such cases the quality of their work must be evaluated. In the academy, such judgments are rendered about tenure, salary, and hiring for positions above the entry level. Another is that a relatively high rate of citations to a scholar’s work points toward an impressive career in academe, reflecting one’s contributions to society in that part of one’s career spent engaging in research endeavors. As such, it is essential that compensation in academe is geared toward incentivizing the production of impactful research. This study introduces a straightforward approach to calculate the marginal impact of an academic publication on total citations to a scholar’s research portfolio. This variable is then included in an earnings equation, wherein it is expected to be positively related to a scholar’s real academic pay. Using data from three separate state university systems, we find that this variable is indeed positively and significantly related to a scholar’s pay, at least in the case of research-oriented higher education institutions. More specifically, we find that an increase in this variable is associated with a 2.8 to 8.9% boost in the salaries of college and university faculty.
Large deviation principles for Langevin equations in random environment and applications

In contrast to the study of Langevin equations in a homogeneous environment in the literature, the study on Langevin equations in randomly varying environments is relatively scarce. Almost all the existing works require random environments to have a specific formulation that is independent of the systems. This paper aims at considering large deviation principles (LDPs) of Langevin equations involving a random environment that is a process taking values in a measurable space and that is allowed to interact with the systems, without specified formulation on the random environment. Examples and applications to statistical physics are provided. Our formulation of the random environment presents the main challenges and requires new approaches. Our approach stems from the intuition of the Smoluchowski–Kramers approximation. The techniques developed in this paper focus on the relation between the solutions of the second-order equations and the associated first-order equations. We obtain the desired LDPs by showing that a family of processes enjoy the exponential tightness and local LDPs with an appropriate rate function.
Dynamic logistic regression and variable selection: Forecasting and contextualizing civil unrest

Abstract Civil unrest can range from peaceful protest to violent furor, and researchers are working to monitor, forecast, and assess such events to allocate resources better. Twitter has become a real-time data source for forecasting civil unrest because millions of people use the platform as a social outlet. Daily word counts are used as model features, and predictive terms contextualize the reasons for the protest. To forecast civil unrest and infer the reasons for the protest, we consider the problem of Bayesian variable selection for the dynamic logistic regression model and propose using penalized credible regions to select parameters of the updated state vector. This method avoids the need for shrinkage priors, is scalable to high-dimensional dynamic data, and allows the importance of variables to vary in time as new information becomes available. A substantial improvement in both precision and F1-score using this approach is demonstrated through simulation. Finally, we apply the proposed model fitting and variable selection methodology to the problem of forecasting civil unrest in Latin America. Our dynamic logistic regression approach shows improved accuracy compared to the static approach currently used in event prediction and feature selection.
Power, Positionality, and the Ethic of Care in Qualitative Research

Building on the definition offered by Aspers and Corte, I argue that qualitative research is not qualitative simply because it encodes for the ability “to get closer” to the phenomenon being studied, so much as it is anchored by a methodological obligation to critically examine how and why that closeness matters. Qualitative research considers the positionality of both the researcher and the researched as core aspects of inquiry to understand how knowledge and experience are situated, co-constructed, and historically and socially located. This methodological expectation for reflexivity does not just allow for richer data, but also requires researchers to consider power within and surrounding the research process and to employ an ethic of care for their subjects and for the overall work of qualitative research.
Boys, Boyz, Bois: An Ethics of Black Masculinity in Film and Popular Media

Preface. Introduction. 1. Spooks in the Mirror: Racial Performativity and Black Cinema 2. "Stand up, boy!": Sidney Poitier, "Boy" and Filmic Black Masculinity 3. Super Bad: Jim Brown, Blaxploitation and the Coming of Boyz 4. Boyz, Boyz, Boyz: New Black Cinema and Black Masculinity 5. "Untitled": D'Angelo and the Visualization of the Black Male Body. Conclusion. Notes. Bibliography. Index.
Registration techniques for image subtraction

Image subtraction can be used to aid in detection of flaws in a manufactured product by subtracting the image of a perfect product from that of the sample under tests. For this technique to be successful, the two images must be precisely registered. Several registration techniques were applied to various images which had been subjected to translation, rotation, and distortion. It was found that a measure of the amount of translational misregistration could be determined to subpixel accuracy by measurement of binary or gray-scale centroids. Of three techniques for determining rotational misregistration, the measurement of the angle of the binary major axis was the most reliable. >
GROWTH RATE AND TOXICITY OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM.

Shands, J. W. (University of Florida, Gainesville). Growth rate and toxicity of Salmonella typhimurium . J. Bacteriol. 89: 799–802. 1965.— Salmonella typhimurium was grown at a rapid rate in enriched medium and at an extremely slow rate in a chemostat. Greater than fivefold differences in size were produced. However, there was no appreciable difference in the toxicity of equal numbers of organisms, as determined by ld 50 in BCG-infected mice. Images
The Relationship between Illicit Coca Production and Formal Economic Activity in Peru

This paper investigates the relationship between unrecorded economic activity associated with the production of illicit coca and formally recorded economic activity in Peru. It does so by attempting to construct new regional level estimates for coca production and by implementing recently developed panel time series methods that are robust to regional heterogeneity and unobserved regional inter-dependencies. The paper finds that on balance illicit coca production crowds out formal sector production at the regional level, regardless of whether unanticipated changes occur nationally or regionally. However, total output nevertheless increases, since formal sector production is crowded out less than one for one.
Epithelial Cell Loss in Remaining Intestine After Small Bowel Resection in the Rat

It is known that after small bowel resection, mucosal hyperplasia and increased cell turnover occur in the remaining intestine, particularly the ileum. At the end of their life span, epithelial cells are extruded into the bowel lumen. Comparative estimates of this cell loss may be obtained by collecting the DNA from a perfused gut segment. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent resection of 50 cm of proximal or distal small intestine or sham operation. One and six months after surgery, 50 cm of the remaining proximal or distal remnant were perfused with saline in vivo and the perfusate DNA was assayed. The DNA recovered from the perfusate of the distal remnant was at least twice as much as that from sham control segments. This was associated with comparable increases in mucosal weight, DNA, and protein concentration per centimeter of distal remnant. No significant changes were found in perfusate DNA recovered from proximal remnants. This correlated with minimal, if any, changes in mucosal weight, DNA, or protein concentration per centimeter of these remnants. Increased desquamation of epithelial cells may reflect the hyperplasia of intestinal mucosa after bowel resection. Recovery of intraluminal DNA may prove useful as an index of intestinal adaptation.
Influence of humidity on the tribological performance of unmodified soybean and sunflower oils

In general, vegetable oils exhibit superior lubrication properties but lack the thermal stability of petroleum base stocks. However, vegetable oils could make an ideal candidate as a base stock for lubrication applications involving high humidity levels, such as marine and offshore applications. This study focuses on the friction and wear rate of unmodified soybean and sunflower oils in comparison with an unformulated mineral oil at various levels of relative humidity, ranging from 10% to 98% RH. It was observed that the vegetable oils retain their friction and wear reducing capabilities much better than the mineral oil at high humidity levels. This was attributed to their inherent ability to react with the metallic contacting surfaces and form multilayers of soap films. Furthermore, the soybean oil provided a superior level of wear resistance when compared with the sunflower oil at extremely high levels of relative humidity due to its lower viscosity and differences in chemical compositions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lateral distribution of hot-carrier-induced oxide charge and interface traps in MOSFET's

A new technique to measure the lateral distribution of both interface traps and trapped oxide charge near the drain junction in MOSFET's is presented. This technique derives from the charge pumping method, is easy to implement, and allows ready separation of the interface-trap and oxide charge components. Measurement results on n-MOSFET's after hot-carrier stressing are presented. Results are also correlated with device output characteristics. >
Limits to etch resistance for 193-nm single-layer resists

An important aspect of single-layer resist use at 193-nm is the inherently poor etch resistance of the polymers currently under evaluation for use. In order to provide the information necessary for resist process selection at 193 nm, we have projected the ultimate etch resistance possible in 193-nm transparent polymers based on a model we have developed. First, a data base of etch rates was assembled for various alicyclic methacrylates. This data base has been used to develop an empirical structure-property relationship for predicting polymer etch rates relative to novolac-based resist. This relationship takes the functional form normalized rate equals -3.80r3 plus 6.71r2 minus 4.42r plus 2.10, where r is the mass fraction of polymer existing as cyclic carbon. From this analysis, it appears as though methacrylate resists equal in etch resistance to deep UV resists will be possible. Early generations of methacrylate-based 193-nm resists were also evaluated in actual IC process steps, and those results are presented with a brief discussion of how new plasma etch chemistries may be able to further enhance resist etch selectivity.
Carrier multiplication in semiconductor nanocrystals: theoretical screening of candidate materials based on band-structure effects.

Direct carrier multiplication (DCM) occurs when a highly excited electron−hole pair decays by transferring its excess energy to the electrons rather than to the lattice, possibly exciting additional electron−hole pairs. Atomistic electronic structure calculations have shown that DCM can be induced by electron−hole Coulomb interactions, in an impact-ionization-like process whose rate is proportional to the density of biexciton states ρXX. Here we introduce a DCM “figure of merit” R2(E) which is proportional to the ratio between the biexciton density of states ρXX and the single-exciton density of states ρX, restricted to single-exciton and biexciton states that are coupled by Coulomb interactions. Using R2(E), we consider GaAs, InAs, InP, GaSb, InSb, CdSe, Ge, Si, and PbSe nanocrystals of different sizes. Although DCM can be affected by both quantum-confinement effects (reflecting the underly electronic structure of the confined dot-interior states) and surface effects, here we are interested to isolate th...
Development and comparative study of induction machine based dynamic P, Q load models

In this paper we develop a P, Q load model from a third-order induction motor model. This load model is expressed in terms of meaningful bus qualities: voltage magnitude, angle, frequency, active and reactive powers. From this general model, all induction machine based dynamic P, Q load models may be derived. We also address issues associated with the implementation of implicitly defined load models. >
A neural model of the interaction of tectal columns in prey-catching behavior

Building on a simple model of a tectal column as the unit of processing in the amphibian tectum, we conduct a computer analysis of the interaction of a linear array of such columns. The model suggests that the inhibitory and excitatory activity in the tectum may have three functions: 1) spatiotemporal facilitation of column activity to a moving stimulus; 2) preference for the head of the stimulus, probably to avoid possible defensive reactions of the prey; and 3) modulating the state of excitation of the column once it has produced a response. The model also shows that the spatio-temporal effects of excitation and inhibition increases the acuity of the animal to the direction of the prey, through processes similar to lateral inhibition.
Enzymatic properties and regulation of the native isozymes of retinal membrane guanylyl cyclase (RetGC) from mouse photoreceptors

MousephotoreceptorfunctionandsurvivalcriticallydependonCa 2þ -regulatedretinal membrane guanylyl cyclase (RetGC), comprised of two isozymes, RetGC1 and RetGC2. We characterizedthecontent,catalyticconstants,andregulationofnativeRetGC1andRetGC2isozymes using mice lacking guanylyl cyclase activating proteins GCAP1 and GCAP2 and deficient for either GUCY2F or GUCY2E genes, respectively. We found that the characteristics of both native RetGC isozymes were considerably different from other reported estimates made for mammalian RetGCs: thecontentofRetGC1permouserodoutersegments(ROS)wasatleast3-foldlower,themolarratio (RetGC2:RetGC1) 6-fold higher, and the catalytic constants of both GCAP-activated isozymes between 12- and 19-fold higher than previously measured in bovine ROS. The native RetGC isozymes had different basal activity and were accelerated 5� 28-fold at physiological concentrations of GCAPs. RetGC2 alone was capable of contributing as much as 135� 165 μM cGMP s � 1 or almost 23� 28% to the maximal cGMP synthesis rate in mouse ROS. At the maximal level of activation by GCAP, this isozyme alone could provide a significantly high rate of cGMP synthesis compared to what is expected for normal recovery of a mouse rod, and this can help explain some of the unresolved paradoxes of rod physiology. GCAP-activated native RetGC1 and RetGC2 were less sensitive to inhibition by Ca 2þ in the presence of GCAP1 (EC50Ca ∼132� 139 nM) than GCAP2 (EC50Ca ∼50� 59 nM), thus arguing that Ca 2þ sensor properties of GCAP in a functional RetGC/ GCAP complex are defined not by a particular target isozyme but the intrinsic properties of GCAPs themselves.
One sure way to break the cycle

My name is Phil Nudelman, and I am a quitter. Now, normally I would not brag about being a quitter, but in this case I am really proud of that fact. Over 25 years ago, I was driving in my car, with a Parliament cigarette in hand, and my youngest son in the back seat. He was five years old at the time, and he just blurted out, “Daddy, I want you to quit smoking!” I was a bit astonished, because no one had ever asked me to quit before. I thought, “Why not?” So I put my cigarette out and threw the pack into the trash bag, and I have not had a cigarette since. It has been a pleasure for me to be a member of the rank of smoking quitters. It is also a pleasure for me to be included at the starting point of a major initiative sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The foundation’s foresight and generosity will allow managed care organisations to do what they can do so very well—integrate preventive techniques, in this case tobacco intervention, into the basic health care of their populations. I want to add my gratitude to the foundation for the opportunities and the hope they are giving to the people served by managed care. I also want to acknowledge the contributions of the other major sponsors to the cause of decreasing tobacco use in managed care—the American Association of Health Plans, The HMO Group, the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR), and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. As healthcare officials and administrators, we have an obligation to do all we can to free our communities of tobacco use. I am proud that we are together today to forge our commitment to action. …
Effects of elymoclavine on wheel turning activity in mice

Five groups of mice received 0, 10, 30, 90, or 270 μg/kg body weight of elymoclavine, a drug chemically similar to LSD. Over 5 consecutive days, smaller dosage levels either enhanced or produced little change in wheel-running activity, while higher dosages produced a decrement.
Visual forms of iteration that preserve single assignment

Many visual languages follow the principle of single assignment, particularly those based on declarative programming paradigms. However, the notion of single assignment seems at odds with most forms of iteration. In this paper, we survey a variety of approaches to this problem, and then present the approach used in the visual language Forms/2.
The DELPHI Barrel Electromagnetic Calorimeter Flash ADC Based Digitizer

We describe the design and performance of an 8-bit Flash ADC based readout system developed for use on the cathode pads of the DELPHI High Density Projection Chamber (HPC). A dynamic range of 800:1 is obtained at input frequencies of 15 MHz using a bilinear voltage divider reference chain. Performance characteristics of the digitizing circuits for a CAMAC version of this readout system are presented. The design of a FASTBUS version is presented.
The effect of angulation in abdominal aortic aneurysms: fluid–structure interaction simulations of idealized geometries

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) represents a degenerative disease process of the abdominal aorta that results in dilation and permanent remodeling of the arterial wall. A fluid structure interaction (FSI) parametric study was conducted to evaluate the progression of aneurysmal disease and its possible implications on risk of rupture. Two parametric studies were conducted using (i) the iliac bifurcation angle and (ii) the AAA neck angulation. Idealized streamlined AAA geometries were employed. The simulations were carried out using both isotropic and anisotropic wall material models. The parameters were based on CT scans measurements obtained from a population of patients. The results indicate that the peak wall stresses increased with increasing iliac and neck inlet angles. Wall shear stress (WSS) and fluid pressure were analyzed and correlated with the wall stresses for both sets of studies. An adaptation response of a temporary reduction of the peak wall stresses seem to correlate to a certain extent with increasing iliac angles. For the neck angulation studies it appears that a breakdown from symmetric vortices at the AAA inlet into a single larger vortex significantly increases the wall stress. Our parametric FSI study demonstrates the adaptation response during aneurysmal disease progression and its possible effects on the AAA risk of rupture. This dependence on geometric parameters of the AAA can be used as an additional diagnostic tool to help clinicians reach informed decisions in establishing whether a risky surgical intervention is warranted.
Measuring Neutrino Masses Using Radio-Frequency Techniques

We describe a new technique by which the energy spectrum of low energy electrons can be extracted. The technique relies on the detection and measurement of coherent radiation created from the cyclotron motion of charged particles, such as electrons, in strong magnetic fields. The technique proposed relies on the principle that the frequency of cyclotron radiation emitted by the particle depends inversely on its Lorentz boost. Detection and measurement of the coherent radiation emitted is tantamount to measuring the kinetic energy of the electron. As the technique inherently involves the measurement of a frequency in a non-destructive manner, it can, in principle, achieve a high degree of precision and accuracy; estimated to be better than 1 part in 106 for electrons with kinetic energies between 5 and 50 keV. One immediate application of this technique is in the measurement of the endpoint spectrum from tritium beta decay, which is directly sensitive to the absolute mass scale of neutrinos.
Role of re-resection in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Restaging, or second transurethral resection (TUR), is essential to successful management of high-risk, non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Here we review the relevant literature documenting the role of restaging TUR. Cohort and randomized studies show that restaging TUR detects more tumors than initial TUR, improves clinical staging, and reduces the frequency of early tumor recurrences. Our conclusions show thatrestaging TUR improves the outcomes of high-risk, non–muscle-invasive bladder neoplasms.
Conformational Changes in Polymers with Interactive Side Chains

Abstract It is privilege and a pleasure for me to present a lecture in this symposium honoring the awarding of an Honorary Doctor of Science Degree to Professor Carl S. Marvel of the University of Arizona, by the Polytechnic Institute of New York. It was my privilege to work under the direction of Professor Marvel for my PhD degree, and then for two additional years as a research associate or postdoctoral fellow.
Reply to Spain

David Spain voices a number of objections to the criticisms I have raised concerning his treatment of the Freud-Westermarck incesttheory debate. It appears I have not managed to convince him of the error of his ways. His response makes it clear that he is confused on issues largely definitional and strategic. My comments will be aimed at trying to sort out some of these difficulties in the hope that the issues become clearer, for him as well as for the impartial reader. Spain first claims that part of my confusion is due to our different definitions of ontogenetic and "proximal [sic]," and in order to show that he is correct in his use of the terms, he cites the definition Daly and Wilson use in their text, Sex, Evolution, and Behavior. Unfortunately, and this is probably the source of the confusion, he only partially quotes them. The definition that Daly and Wilson give of proximate mechanisms is as follows:
Interaction Effects on the Zeeman Splitting of Collective Modes in Superfluid He 3 - B

Exact calculations of the $B$-phase collective-mode frequencies in a magnetic field are presented, and they provide new information about the effective mass, the pairing interaction, and the Landau parameters. The calculation of the Zeeman splitting for the 2+ mode (real squashing mode) is consistent with the zero-field frequency and agrees quantitatively with the measurements of Avenel et al., for a range of values of ${m}^{*}$ which includes some, but not all, of the differing experimental results for this important parameter.
THISS voter-switch analysis

THISS is a hybrid combination of majority voting (originated by Von Neumann) and classical standby redundancy. The acronym THISS stands for ‘t.m.r./hybrid/single/single’, where t.m.r. is an abbreviation of triple modular redundancy, or 2-out-of-3 majority voting of three parallel channels or convertors. The last two letter of THISS describe the terminal old age of the THISS system, which employs each of two surviving single channels, instead of the ‘2-out-of-3’ majority voting used in the system's youth.Exact formulas for system reliability and unreliability are given, as well as good approximations for short missions and long missions. Both the effect of the redundancy itself and the effect of imperfect coverage can be described by formulas given for the mission-time-improvement factor.Any approach to the architecture of ultrareliable systems is very sensitive to uncoverage, or the discrepancy between the actual value of coverage and the ideal of unity. For the THISS system the simple formulas given for unreliability clearly indicate the quantitative effect of uncoverage and its importance.
A clinical comparison of pneumatic compression devices: The basis for selection

Abstract Purpose: The five pneumatic compression devices (PCDs) that are marketed provide mechanical protection from deep venous thrombosis (DVT). They differ with respect to patterns of compression and the length of the sleeve. Evidence linking differences to clinical outcomes is lacking. Our purpose was twofold: to evaluate each of the marketed PCDs with respect to effectiveness, compliance, and patient and nursing satisfaction and to determine whether there is a clinical basis for the selection of one device over another. Methods: Each of the marketed devices was used exclusively for a 4-week period. Patients participated in an evaluation including venous duplex ultrasound scan, DVT risk assessment, and device evaluation. Vascular laboratory records were used to document DVT. Compliance was measured by meters installed on all pumps. A ranking matrix was stratified by compression pattern: rapid graduated sequential compression, graduated compression, and intermittent compression, and each device was rated by patients and nurses. Results: The PCDs were used in 1350 cases with a DVT rate of 3.5% ranging from 2% to 9.8% depending on the method of compression. Patients with DVT were older (58 vs 54 years), had better compliance (67% vs 50%), and had more compression days (11 vs 7.2). When thigh-length sleeves were used, a greater proportion of DVT occurred in the proximal segments (71%) as compared with the number of proximal DVT when the calf-length devices were used (52%; P =.21). Devices W, X, and Y had comparable rates of DVT, which were lower than those for V and Z. Compression device Y, with calf and thigh sleeves, achieved the best overall ranking largely because of high scores for patient and nurse satisfaction. Conclusion: Our data appear at odds with commonly held beliefs. We were unable to show a difference in DVT incidence based on the length of the device or the method of compression. Randomized studies are needed to confirm our findings and evaluate hypotheses derived from this study. (J Vasc Surg 2001;34:459-64.)
Finding the parabolic curves in a scene using multiple light sources

In this paper we present an algorithm for locating the parabolic curves in a scene using multiple light sources. The core of the algorithm is a detailed analysis of the critical points of image intensity and a robust critical point detector. The gradient of image intensity is characterized in terms of the Weingarten map and the critical points are classified by this characterization. They are detected and evaluated by means of the rotation index of the gradient vector field. Three computer simulations on synthetic data illustrate the algorithm.
Object oriented representation of design decisions

Abstract During the course of a design project numerous design decisions are made, usually with little attention paid to documenting them or keeping track of them. Systematic documentation and representation of design decisions can not only be invaluable in learning from past design experiences, but can also be good tools in teaching architectural design. By using abstraction and analogy to analyze a design precedent, a problem/sub-problem hierarchy can be built where similarities and differences between the precedent problem and the target problem, goals, constraints and solutions are identified for each level of the hierarchy. Each one of these can be represented as objects in an object oriented programming environment, allowing the construction of a hierarchic structure. This model was incorporated into a computer assisted learning system called `DesignRep' which was created by using Toolbook® (Asymetrix) object oriented development environment.
Synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of cis-1,4-diaminocyclohexanetetrachloroplatinum(IV): A new antitumor agent

Abstract cis-1,4-Diaminocyclohexanetetrachloroplatinum(IV), a new antitumor agent, has been synthesized, where cis-1,4-diaminocyclohexane (cis-i,4-DACH) is a novel carrier ligand. The structure of this complex has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction method. The crystal parameters are as follows: space group P 1 . (triclinic), a=6.880(2), b=8.177(3), c=11.784(4) A, Z=2. The platinum has a slightly distorted octahedral coordination with two adjacent corners being occupied by the two amino nitrogens of cis-1,4-DACH, and the remaining two equatorial and two axial positions are bound to four chloride ions. The cis-1,4-DACH is in a twist-boat conformation, which is necessitated by binding to platinum. It forms a seven-membered chelating ring with platinum, leading to considerable strain in bidentate DACH binding. This strain is evidenced by the large 125.7° C-N-Pt angle. The N-Pt-N angle is expanded to 98.4° owing to geometric constraints of the cis-1,4-DACH geometry.
Photoactivity of ternary lead-group IVB oxides for hydrogen and oxygen evolution

The relative photocatalytic activity of a series of lead-IVB group oxides (PbCrO4, PbMoO4, and PbWO4) was studied for hydrogen evolution from aqueous methanol solution and for oxygen evolution from aqueous silver nitrate solution. Among the compounds, only PbMoO4 and platinized PbMoO4 powders acted as photocatalysts for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions from aqueous solutions, with an activity for oxygen evolution on PbMoO4 comparable to that observed on TiO2.
Optimum Burning Program for Horizontal Flight

The problem of determining the optimum burning program for a jet-propelled missile in horizontal flight, which is required to attain either the maximum total range or the maximum velocity at a given range, is formulated as a problem in variational calculus. The result is found to give only a partial solution. On the basis of this result a complete solution is postulated and justified, and the whole compared with the results of a constant burning-rate program to show the advantages of the optimum burning program. Consideration is given to the questions of optimum size and configuration and optimum flight altitude.
Photoelectric Tristimulus Colorimetry with Three Filters

The term, photoelectric colorimetry, is commonly employed to designate both photoelectric tristimulus colorimetry, used to evaluate the appearance of materials, and abridged spectrophotometry, often used to assist in chemical analyses. This paper is devoted to the first type of measurement. For a photoelectric tristimulus colorimeter, it is desired to find three or more source-filter photo-cell combinations of such spectral character that they duplicate the standard I.C.I. observer for colorimetry. With an instrument having these combinations, tristimulus values would be obtained by direct measurement. Although no one has duplicated the I.C.I. observer perfectly, several investigators have obtained source-filter photo-cell combinations suitable for the measurement of color differences between spectrally similar samples. To measure color differences as small as those which the trained inspectors of paint, textile, plastic, paper, and ceramic products can see, an instrument must have high precision. If the needed precision is available, a photoelectric tristimulus colorimeter may be used to measure: (1) I.C.I. colorimetric values, x, y, and Y, relative to those of a spectrally similar, calibrated standard; (2) relative values of α and β, components of the chromaticity departure from neutral in a new uniform-chromaticness-scale mixture diagram for representing surface colors; (3) amounts of color difference between pairs of spectrally similar samples; (4) amounts of color change accompanying fading; and (5) whiteness of white and near-white surfaces. In giving examples of the measurement of some of these different properties and in describing the errors of color measurement to which the tristimulus method is subject, reference is made to operations with the author’s recently developed multipurpose photoelectric reflectometer.
Relations of plasma TG and HDL-C concentrations to body composition and plasma insulin levels are altered in men with small LDL particles.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subclass pattern B is characterized by a predominance of small, dense LDL particles (LDL peak particle size 255 A, LDL pattern A). Men with LDL pattern B also had higher TG (1.76 +/- 0.60 versus 1.03 +/- 0.41 mmol/L, P < .0001) and lower HDL cholesterol (0.83 +/- 0.13 versus 1.06 +/- 0.29 mmol/L, P < .0001) and percent HDL2 subspecies (by gradient gel electrophoresis) (31 +/- 4 versus 43 +/- 6, P < .0001) levels than men with LDL pattern A, but the total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels did not differ between groups. Fasting glucose and insulin levels also did not differ between groups, but plasma glucose and insulin levels measured at 90 and 120 minutes during an oral glucose tolerance test were significantly higher in men with LDL pattern B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Homelessness: A sociological research agenda

The purpose of this article is to identify an appropriate research framework for testing different theories of homelessness. This purpose is justified in terms of the value of theoretical research for understanding the broader social implications of the phenomenon. The article is divided into three parts. First, a definition of homelessness is proposed that is well suited to theoretically oriented research. The definition focuses on identifying homelessness as a state rather than demarcating persons who may be homeless at any given time. Second, research on the homeless conducted since 1980 is reviewed, and it is noted that much of this research is descriptive in aim and cross‐sectional in design. Third, it is argued that longitudinally designed research is better suited for causal investigation of homelessness because of the likelihood that duration of the homeless spell is an important feature of the problem. Two methods for conducting longitudinal research are examined, and existing examples of these t...
Protocol-Level Service Composition Mismatches: A Petri Net Siphon Based Solution

Protocol-level mismatch is one of the most important problems in service composition. The state-of-the-art method to deal with protocol mismatch is to generate adaptors to check deadlock-freeness based on a reachability graph. When this property is violated, the generation process will repeat itself until no deadlock state is found; however, the main drawback of this method is that it does not take into account the future deadlock state and requires many interactions with a developer. In this regard, it suffers from low efficiency. In this paper, the authors model multiple web service interaction with a Petri net called Composition net C-net. The protocol-level mismatch problem is transformed into the empty siphon problem of a C-net. The authors take future deadlock states into consideration through this model, while finding the optimal solution that involves fewest interactions with a developer. The proposed method is proved to achieve higher efficiency for resolving protocol-level mismatch issues than traditional ones.
An evaluation of the soxtec system for oil determination in soybeans

The Soxtec System and the AOCS method were compared for oil determination in soybeans, and no significant difference was found between the two methods. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and standard deviation for individual samples were higher for the Soxtec, but this was attributable to the regrinding step used. The study suggests that the Soxtec System is faster and just as accurate as the AOCS method.
Variability in the Hormonally Estimated Fertile Phase of the Menstrual Cycle

The purpose of this study was to determine the variability in length of the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle with 140 participants who produced 1,060 cycles with an electronic hormonal fertility monitor. The length of the fertile phase, as defined by the first day with a threshold level of urinary E3G and ending with a second day above a threshold of LH, varied from 7 days, with the most frequent length being 3 days.
Disposal of carbon dioxide in aquifers in the U.S.

Deep saline aquifers were investigated as potential disposal sites for CO2. The capacity of deep aquifers for CO2 disposal in the U.S. is highly uncertain. A rough estimate, derived from global estimates, is 5–500 Gt of CO2. Saline aquifers underlie the regions in the U.S. where most utility power plants are situated. Therefore, approximately 65 percent of CO2 from power plants could possibly be injected directly into deep saline aquifers below these plants, without the need for long pipelines.