cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of ribonuclease protection assays for the detection of beta-cardiac myosin heavy chain gene mutations.

BACKGROUNDRibonuclease (RNase) protection has been used to identify beta-cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene mutations that cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC). Since more than 10 different mutations within this gene have been demonstrated to cause FHC in unrelated individuals, the genetic diagnosis of this condition will involve screening the beta-MHC gene. The accuracy with which RNase protection identifies such mutations is critical to defining the utility of this methodology in detecting mutations that cause FHC.METHODS AND RESULTSTwelve unrelated individuals with FHC were selected for further study because their beta-MHC genes had been screened for mutations by use of RNase protection, and no mutation was found. We performed linkage analysis of the families of these 12 probands using polymorphic short tandem repeats within the beta-MHC gene to determine whether FHC was genetically linked to the MHC locus on chromosome 14. FHC was not genetically linked to the MHC locus in 11 families w...
Substrate tolerance of module 6 of the epothilone synthetase.

The epothilone synthetase is a decamodular megasynthase responsible for the biosynthesis of a class of polyketide natural products with clinically promising antitumor activity. Recently, we developed a system comprised of modules 6−9 of the epothilone synthetase for the precursor-directed biosynthesis of epothilones in Escherichia coli [Boddy, C. N., Hotta, K., Tse, M. L., Watts, R. E., and Khosla, C. (2004) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 7436−7437]. To systematically explore the biosynthetic potential of this system, we have now investigated the ability of the crucial first module in this engineered pathway, EpoD-M6, to accept, elongate, and process unnatural substrates. EpoD-M6 was expressed, purified, and demonstrated to accept both acyl-CoA and acylSNAC substrates. Of the substrates that were tested, octanoylSNAC and 3-octenoylSNAC proved to be excellent substrates in addition to the more complex natural substrate. Thus, this polyketide synthase module showed considerable tolerance, a feature that bodes well ...
CHARACTERIZATION OF IRRADIATED A533B PRESSURE VESSEL STEEL WELD

Caracterisation par microscopie ionique a emission de champ-sonde atomique de la microstructure d'une soudure dans un recipient sous pression apres irradiation par neutrons et recuit. Correlation de l'evolution microstructurale avec la fragilisation en service des recipients sous pression
LiveWell at the Library: Mayo Clinic Arizona Boosts Health and Wellness for Employees

ABSTRACT With the increased emphasis on health promotion and wellness, consumer health librarians are in a unique position to offer their services not only to their regular patrons but also to employees within their organization. Librarians can market their services to employees working collaboratively within their organizations and in their communities to offer reliable, up-to-date health care information.
Spontaneous activity as a contingency-controlled behavior within an operant context: alprazolam concentration-effect relations after subcutaneous administration in rats.

Rationale: Environmental factors affect serum drug concentration-effect relations. For example, after midazolam administration, longer pre-session delays imposed in experimental chambers produced differential concentration-effect relations compared to those of shorter delays. Objectives: To evaluate the extent to which serum concentrations determine alprazolam's effects on spontaneous activity in the presence and absence of a differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL 45-s) contingency using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis. Serum concentrations reported here were simulated from our published pharmacokinetic parameters for alprazolam. Methods: One group (n=8) was used to investigate alprazolam's effects on spontaneous activity within the DRL contingency by placing an activity platform beneath each operant chamber to monitor concurrently both spontaneous activity (large and small movements) and DRL performance (shorter-response and reinforcement rates) in 3-h sessions; a parallel group (n=7) was used without the operant context. The concentration-effect relation of the reinforcement rate was compared and contrasted with those of spontaneous activity. Results: Alprazolam decreased large and small movements within the DRL contingency, which corresponded to that of reinforcement rates under the DRL 45-s schedule. In contrast, without the DRL contingency, alprazolam's effects on small movements were short-lived (i.e., 30 min) and no effects on large movements were detected. Hence, the predicted concentration-effect relations for the reinforcement rate function described those of spontaneous activity well within the operant context, but not those without the operant context. Furthermore, the latter showed no correlation between serum alprazolam concentration and large movements; a significant, but low negative correlation for small movements was observed. Conclusions: The duration of alprazolam's action was dependent on not only dose size but also the behavioral measure examined. By imposing the DRL contingency, spontaneous activity behaves as an ideal pharmacodynamic measure (i.e., continuous, sensitive, and objective).
Sixteen years' experience with a required third-year family medicine clerkship at Jefferson Medical College.

Jefferson Medical College has developed a program to successfully meet the goal of teaching ambulatory care to all medical students, by providing each of its 223 third-year students with a required six-week clerkship in family medicine. The structured clerkship takes place at one of seven residency-based family practice centers, is supplemented by a formal curriculum, and is based on the active clinical involvement of caring for patients under full-time family medicine faculty supervision. This clerkship has been in existence for 16 years, and has added over 400,000 student-patient encounters to the clinical education of over 3,500 students. Student evaluations of the clerkship have rated it the highest of the six required core clerkships at Jefferson. In addition, over 16% of Jefferson graduates have entered family medicine residency training programs, a rate higher than that of any other school in the northeastern United States, and significantly higher than the average for all U.S. medical schools (12%). Jefferson's experience suggests that ambulatory care can be taught as a core component of the clinical education of all medical students. To be successful, however, strong institutional support, a structured curriculum, an adequate number of patients, a dedicated faculty, a sufficient number of training sites, an appropriate evaluation process, and significant financial support are all necessary.
The Impact of a Middle School Program to Reduce Aggression, Victimization, and Sexual Violence

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of the Second Step: Student Success Through Prevention (SS-SSTP) Middle School Program on reducing youth violence including peer aggression, peer victimization, homophobic name calling, and sexual violence perpetration and victimization among middle school sixth-grade students. Methods: The study design was a nested cohort (sixth graders) longitudinal study. We randomly assigned 18 matched pairs of 36 middle schools to the SS-SSTP or control condition. Teachers implemented 15 weekly lessons of the sixth-grade curriculum that focused on social emotional learning skills, including empathy, communication, bully prevention, and problem-solving skills. All sixth graders (n ¼ 3,616) in intervention and control conditions completed self-report measures assessing verbal/relational bullying, physical aggression, homophobic name calling, and sexual violence victimization and perpetration before and after the implementation of the sixth-grade curriculum. Results: Multilevel analyses revealed significant intervention effects with regard to physical aggression. The adjusted odds ratio indicated that the intervention effect was substantial; individuals in intervention schools were 42% less likely to self-report physical aggression than students in control schools. We found no significant intervention effects for verbal/relational bully perpetration, peer victimization, homophobic teasing, and sexual violence. Conclusions: Within a 1-year period, we noted significant reductions in self-reported physical aggression in the intervention schools. Results suggest that SS-SSTP holds promise as an efficacious prevention program to reduce physical aggression in adolescent youth.
Hypertension in Blacks

The excess of hypertension among blacks has been recognized since early in this century and explains a substantial portion of the black health disadvantage. In a cohort study begun in the 1970s, hypertension accounted for 20% of all-cause mortality among blacks, compared to 10% among whites. National data on trends in hypertension (140/90 mm Hg or treatment) prevalence from 1960 to 1990 suggest a decline from 44% to 32%, although differences in survey technique likely account for this pattern. During this period the prevalence ratio of black:white remained constant at 1.5, suggesting that secular trends in causal factors, if any, effected both groups equally. Recent data demonstrate a gradient in risk across the African diaspora, with standardized prevalences of 14% in West Africa and 26% in the Caribbean, compared to 33% in the US. This pattern parallels the gradient in known risk factors, with obesity alone accounting for a third of the excess in the US compared to Africa. Why the black excess of hypertension in the US? Despite widespread speculation, unique characteristics of hypertension among blacks have yet to be established. Consistent evidence demonstrates a similar impact of the known risk factors in all population groups. Epidemiologic evidence likewise suggests that a similar risk of complications exists with blood pressure elevation among blacks and whites, level for level. Although the genetic epidemiology of hypertension is still in its infancy, no clear cross-population differences are yet apparent. Pathophysiologic traits that are known to be part of the causal etiologic pathway have not been shown to vary across groups. Unique features of this condition among blacks are likely to be restricted to the different mixes and intensities of risk factors. In the absence of evidence to support the hypothesis, it is perhaps surprising that credence continues to be given to the notion of black exceptionalism. Am J
Career and Family Choices in the Presence of Uncertainty

It is well known that women’s career outcomes are tied to fertility decisions and that occasionally educated women who had planned to stay in the labor market after childbirth exit the market. We examine women’s career, fertility, and educational choices in an environment of uncertainty regarding the possibility of achieving both a high-powered career and a family. In a simple framework, we show that although women may prefer to have both a prestigious career and a family they may choose a less prestigious job or no family due to the uncertainty involved in being able to achieve both a career and family. In an overlapping generations model, we examine how women’s beliefs about the probability of a career separation due to family obligations are formulated and show that a simple belief updating structure exists in which future generation’s beliefs may converge and certainly do not diverge from the true probability of a career separation. Lastly, we examine the impact of grandparent child care networks on career and family choices in both a static and overlapping generations model.
Localization of steady currents in the lens

Steady currents around the rat lens were measured with a vibrating probe. Inward currents were found at the anterior pole and to a lesser degree at the posterior pole. Outward currents were localized at the equator. These currents were inhibited and even reversed by high concentrations of potassium. Ouabain blocked currents after 24 hrs but not after 6 hrs of exposure. The composition of the medium was not critical. For example, currents were observed in NaCl and in MgSO4 solutions.
Effects of Temperature on Antibody Production by Chicken Immunocytes

Abstract Immunocytes from immunized allogeneic donors and mouse erythrocytes an antigen were injected intravenously into 14-day host embryos which were then incubated at different temperatures for varying lengths of time depending on the experiment. Antibody formation in the in vivo system was limited to a temperature range of about 31° to 41°C. and prolonged exposure to 27°C. or lower was generally lethal to host embryos. Compared to the 38°C. controls, the antibody responses at 41° and 34° were much alike in rate of antibody synthesis and in peak titers although some acceleration or delay were evident at the higher and lower temperatures respectively. A three-day exposure to 31°C. and two days at still lower temperatures reduced the hemagglutinin response considerably. The reduction in the immune response varied directly with the depression of temperature and duration of exposure. Greater immunosuppression resulted when the same cold treatment was applied early in the antibody response than when applied later.
Aberrant Hippocampal Activity Underlies the Dopamine Dysregulation in an Animal Model of Schizophrenia

Evidence supports a dysregulation of subcortical dopamine (DA) system function as a common etiology of psychosis; however, the factors responsible for this aberrant DA system responsivity have not been delineated. Here, we demonstrate in an animal model of schizophrenia that a pathologically enhanced drive from the ventral hippocampus (vHipp) can result in aberrant dopamine neuron signaling. Adult rats in which development was disrupted by prenatal methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) administration display a significantly greater number of spontaneously firing ventral tegmental DA neurons. This appears to be a consequence of excessive hippocampal activity because, in MAM-treated rats, vHipp inactivation completely reversed the elevated DA neuron population activity and also normalized the augmented amphetamine-induced locomotor behavior. These data provide a direct link between hippocampal dysfunction and the hyper-responsivity of the DA system that is believed to underlie the augmented response to amphetamine in animal models and psychosis in schizophrenia patients.
Business School Prestige - Research Versus Teaching

We examined the relationships between the research originating at business schools, students' satisfaction with the schools, and the published ratings of the school's prestige. Research was positively correlated to prestige (where prestige was based on the perceptions of academics, firms, and student candidates). The satisfaction of recent graduates was not related to a school's prestige (based on the perceptions of academics and business firms). Research productivity of schools was not associated with lower satisfaction among their recent graduates. We conclude that schools should emphasize research instead of teaching if they desire high prestige.
Mucous sheet formation on poritid corals: an evaluation of coral mucus as a nutrient source on reefs

The production, release, and subsequent consumption of coral mucus on reefs has been portrayed as a potential pathway for the transfer of coral and zooxanthellae production to other reef organisms. However, reported mucus production rates and analyses of nutritional value vary widely. Poritid corals provide a test system to measure mucus production because they produce mucous sheets which can be collected quantitatively. Fluid mucus and mucous sheets were collected fromPorites astreoides, P. furcata, P. divaricata during 1986 and 1987 on reefs in the San Blas Islands, Panama, La Parguera, Puerto Rico and the Florida Keys, USA. Mucus samples were collected from Indo-pacific poritids (P. australiensis, P. lutea, P. lobata, andP. murrayensis) on the Great Barrier Reef during 1985. Biochemical analyses of the fluid mucous secretions, and the derivative mucous sheet, indicate that the mucus is primarily a carbohydrateprotein complex.Porites fluid mucus had a mean caloric content of 4.7 cal mg−1 ash-free dry weight (AFDW), while mucous sheets contained 3.5 cal mg−1 AFDW. Sixty-eight percent of the mucous sheet was ash, while fluid mucus was 22% ash. The high ash and low organic contents suggest that mucous sheets have a low nutritional value. C:N ratios varied (range 6.9 to 13.7 for fluid mucus, and 4.8 to 5.9 for mucous sheets), but were similar to typical C:N ratios for marine organisms. Bacterial numbers and chlorophyll a concentrations were higher on mucous sheets than in the surrounding water. Although bacteria aggregate on mucous sheets, bacteria accounted for less than 0.1% of the carbon and nitrogen content of the mucous sheet. Lower C:N ratios in aged mucus, i.e. mucous sheets versus fluid mucus, were attributed to a loss of carbon rather than an increase in nitrogen. Mucous sheet production accounts for a small proportion (< 2% gross photosynthesis) of published values for coral production. In the San Blas Islands, Panama,P. astreoides produced mucous sheets at a rate of 1.5 g C m−2 y−1 and 0.3 g N m−2 y−1.P. astreoides andP. furcata produced mucous sheets with a lunar periodicity and may provide approximately monthly pulses of carbon and nitrogen to the reef food-web. However, the low annual production rates suggest that mucous sheets make a small contribution to overall energy flow on coral reefs.
Constraints on magma chamber geometry at Sierra Negra Volcano, Galápagos Islands, based on InSAR observations

Abstract We investigate the problem of estimating magma chamber geometry using InSAR observations of Sierra Negra Volcano, Galapagos. Ascending and descending interferograms are combined to determine vertical and one horizontal component of displacement. The ratio of maximum horizontal to vertical displacement suggests a sill-like source. Spherical or stock-like bodies are inconsistent with the data. We estimate the geometry of the sill assuming a horizontal, uniformly pressurized crack with unknown periphery and depth. The sill is discretized into small elements that are either open and are subjected to the pressure boundary condition or remain closed. We find the best-fitting sill to be located beneath Sierra Negra's inner caldera at a depth of about 2 km. Using boundary element calculations we show that any magma chamber with a flat top coincident with the sill model fits the data equally well. The data are insensitive to the sides and bottom of the magma chamber.
High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of salicylic acid, salicyluric acid, and gentisic acid in biological matrixes

An assay is reported for salicylic acid and two of its metabolites, salicyluric acid and gentisic acid, in mouse and rat blood, urine, and feces and rat embryos. The procedure involves aqueous dilution of the biological sample, addition of methanol–1% acetic acid (in water) (40:60), centrifugation, and injection of the supernate onto a commercial high-pressure liquid chromatographic column. Detection is via a variable-wavelength UV detector set at 296 nm. Quick and easy sample preparation, good accuracy and precision, and sufficient sensitivity make analysis of large numbers of samples feasible.
Democracy, Legitimacy and the Rule of Law: Linkages

Democracy, legitimacy and the rule of law are the three essential components of good governance, which, however, results only when all three independent variables are brought together in tandem. None of these elements, by itself, assures good governance. Free and fair elections do not necessarily protect against corruption of the legislative process. Democratic rule by the majority does not invariably protect minorities from oppression. Judicial supremacy has the potential for promoting elitist autocracy as well as for the protection of basic liberties. The three elements' potential for promoting good governance is maximized when all three are deployed concurrently. Concurrent deployment, however, creates its own problems. When a society seeks to combine the benefits of democracy, legitimacy and the rule of law, these elements may be brought together in severe tension, as voters, legislators and judges vie for supremacy. Thus, good governance requires not only that all three elements be deployed concurrently, but that they be balanced. Increasingly, governance is expressed not only through national but also through international forums. As international law and institutions join their national counterparts in governance -- even at some cost to traditional Westphalian notions of state sovereignty -- it becomes important that they, too, be made accountable to emerging global standards of democracy, legitimacy and the rule of law, and that these operate in equilibrium.
Tumor growth prediction with hyperelastic biomechanical model, physiological data fusion, and nonlinear optimization.

Tumor growth prediction is usually achieved by physiological modeling and model personalization from clinical measurements. Although image-based frameworks have been proposed with promising results, different issues such as infinitesimal strain assumption, complicated optimization procedures, and lack of functional information, may limit the prediction performance. Therefore, we propose a framework which comprises a hyperelastic biomechanical model for better physiological plausibility, gradient-free nonlinear optimization for more flexible choices of models and objective functions, and physiological data fusion of structural and functional images for better subject-specificity. Experiments were performed on synthetic and clinical data to verify parameter estimation capability and prediction performance of the framework. Comparisons of using different biomechanical models and objective functions were also performed. From the experimental results on eight patient data sets, the recall, precision, and relative volume difference (RVD) between predicted and measured tumor volumes are 84.85±6.15%, 87.08±7.83%, and 13.81±6.64% respectively.
An Examination of Three Spatial Disease Clustering Methodologies

Patterns of disease in space are often analysed to determine whether a relationship exists between a disease outcome and environmental exposures. This report examines the performance of three cluster analytical methods when applied to a single data set. These methods, designed to assess the purely spatial variation of events, have been examined to assess their ability to detect clustering in an area where disease rates have previously been shown to be significantly elevated. The ability of these methods to detect spatial clustering was also examined using simulation techniques. All three methods were found to be poor at detecting spatially localized disease rates which were approximately three time the expected rate, as measured by the relative risk.
Evaluating Political Signals: The Nature of Bureaucratic Response in Minority Preference Purchasing

The bureaucratic response literature has focused on the quantity and timing of agency out- puts in response to political signals. This focus on quantity rather than more qualitative mea- sures such as the content and character of response has made it difficult to fully understand the causes and conditions under which response occurs in relation to a given signal. In the context of minority preference purchasing policy in the State of Florida, this study examines the relationship between political signals and the content and character of bureaucratic response—what is referred to here as the nature of bureaucratic response. A theory is developed and supported through interview and archival data to suggest that bureaucratic actors evaluate signals and policymaker intentions in determining if and how to respond. The article also provides one of the first in-depth examinations of the inner workings of minority preference purchasing.
Comparison of several lizard Leishmania species and strains in terms of kinetoplast minicircle and maxicircle DNA sequences, nuclear chromosomes, and membrane lipids.

Abstract Eight strains of a lizard Leishmania species, L. tarentolae , were compared with four other saurian species [ L. hoogstrali, L. adleri, L. agamae and Leishmania sp. LizS], with L. major from man and with Trypanosoma platydactyli , a putative lizard trypanosome, in terms of kinetoplast DNA minicircle and maxicircle sequences and in terms of nuclear chromosome patterns on orthogonal gel electrophoresis. The L. tarentolae strains fell into two major groups, one (group A) consisting of the L. tarentolae strains, UC, Krassner and Trager, derived from an Algerian gecko isolate and the other (group B) consisting of five L. tarentolae LEM strains isolated from geckos in southern France. T. platydactyli TPCL2, which was postulated by Wallbanks et al. [1] to represent the lizard form of a French L. tarentolae strain, was closely related to the UC strain and not to the LEM strains, in all respects analyzed. Leishmania sp. LizS from a Mongolian gecko and L. hoogstrali from a Sudanese gecko showed some sequence similarities to the L. tarentolae strains, but the leishmanias said to be L. adleri from a Kenyan lacertid and L. agamae from an Israeli agamid showed no minicircle sequence similarities with lizard Leishmania and in fact were probably the same species. The maxicircle divergent region was larger in the group B strains than in the group A strains, but there were sequences in common with both groups, and not with L. hoogstrali and L. major . Four strains of L. tarentolae , the four other supposed saurian Leishmania species, three mammalian leishmanias, T. platydactyli and four other trypanosomes, T. cyclops (Malaysian macaque), T. conorrhini (Hawaiian reduviid bug), T. cruzi (man) and T. lewisi (feral rat) were analyzed for their contents of sterols and phosphoglyceride fatty acyl groups. T. platydactyli TPCL2 contained a sterol (5-dehydroepisterol), a phosphatidylcholine fatty acyl group (α-linolenic acid) and a phosphatidylethanolamine fatty acyl group (dihydrosterculic acid) characteristic of members of the genus Leishmania and not the genus Trypanosoma . The proportions of those lipids in the free sterol and phosphoglyceride fractions of T. platydactyli TPCL2 most closely resembled those seen in the Leishmania strains from Algerian, French, Mongolian and Sudanese geckos.
Moderate Reynolds Number Mixing in a T-Channel

An experimental investigation of water flow in a T-shaped channel with rectangular cross section (20 × 20 mm inlet ID and 20 × 40 mm outlet ID) has been conducted for a Reynolds number Re range of 56 to 422, based on inlet diameter. Dynamical conditions and the T-channel geometry of the current study are applicable to the microscale. This study supports a large body of numerical work, and resolution and the interrogation region are extended beyond previous experimental studies. Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) are used to characterize flow behaviors over the broad range of Re where realistic T-channels operate. Scalar structures previously unresolved in the literature are presented. Special attention is paid to the unsteady flow regimes that develop at moderate Re, which significantly impact mixing but are not yet well characterized or understood. An unsteady symmetric topology, which develops at higher Re and negatively impacts mixing, is presented, and mechanisms behind the wide range of mixing qualities predicted for this regime are explained. An optimal Re operating range is identified based on multiple experimental trials.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Garbage collection for strongly-typed languages using run-time type reconstruction

Garbage collectors perform two functions: live-object detection and dead-object reclamation. In this paper, we present a new technique for live-object detection based on run-time type reconstruction for a strongly typed, polymorphic language. This scheme uses compile-time type information together with the run-time tree of activation frames to determine the exact type of every object participating in the computation. These reconstructed types are then used to identify and traverse the live heap objects during garbage collection.We describe an implementation of our scheme for the Id parallel programming language compiled for the *T multiprocessor architecture. We present simulation studies that compare the performance of type-reconstructing garbage collection with conservative garbage collection and compiler-directed storage reclamation.
Tetrakis(diethylamino)phosphonium bromide hemihydrate.

The structure of the title compound, C16H40N4P+·Br−·0.5H2O or [P{N(C2H5)2}4]Br·0.5H2O, at 130 K has Z′ = 4 and is ionic, with Br not bonded to P. The P atoms are tetrahedral, with P—N distances in the range 1.628 (2)–1.6400 (19) A. The N atoms are approximately planar. The water mol­ecules form cyclic hydrogen-bonded [(H2O)2Br2]2− units about inversion centers, with O⋯Br distances in the range 3.425 (2)–3.611 (3) A.
An optical tracker for an orbiting tethered system

In orbital tethered satellite systems, the sensors used in control maneuvers provide very little information about the response of the tether at its attachment point. In order to study deployment, sensors to track the tether need to be developed. A review of the design of a sensor which tracks the motion of the tether near its attachment point is presented. Both optical and electronic instrumentation designs are discussed, along with hardware implementation and design considerations used in the construction of the real-time tether tracker. Initial results with a laboratory prototype are also presented. >
Quail abundance, hunter effort, and harvest of two texas quail species: implications for hunting management

Managing exploited species characterized by declining abundance, such as northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus and scaled quail Callipepla squamata, presents challenges for regulatory agencies and wildlife managers. Our objective was to determine the influence of quail abundance and quail hunter effort on annual bobwhite and scaled quail harvest in Texas, USA. We formulated competing models accounting for quail harvest at both statewide and regional scales using hunter survey and quail abundance data collected by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (1978–2012) and evaluated them using multiple linear regression and model selection (AICc). Statewide bobwhite and scaled quail harvest was best predicted by models that included quail abundance, quail hunter-days or total quail hunters, respectively (R2 = 0.969 and 0.915, respectively). Our most plausible models also predicted regional quail harvest reasonably well (R2 ≥ 0.67), but in some regions diverged from statewide models, with hunter effort alone be...
Economic Cost of China's Urbanization Lag

China lags behind the world standard in urbanization, even during its rapid economic growth period under reform. This urbanization lag implies a tremendous cost in employment and growth, approximately a loss of 75 million job opportunities and a loss of 10% of in GDP. Urgent attention and effective policies are needed to accelerate urbanization.
Effect of Receptor Occupancy on Folate Receptor Internalization

The folate receptor (FR) is a GPI anchored cell surface glycoprotein that functions to facilitate folic acid uptake and mediate signal transduction. With the introduction of multiple folate-targeted drugs into the clinic, the question has arisen regarding how frequently a patient can be dosed with a FR-targeted drug or antibody and whether dosing frequency exerts any impact on the availability of FR for subsequent rounds of FR-mediated drug uptake. Although the rate of FR recycling has been examined in murine tumor models, little or no information exists on the impact of FR occupancy on its rate of endocytosis. The present study quantitates the number of cell surface FR-α and FR-β following exposure to saturating concentrations of a variety of folate-linked molecules and anti-FR antibodies, including the unmodified vitamin, folate-linked drug mimetics, multifolate derivatized nanoparticles, and monoclonal antibodies to FR. We report here that FR occupancy has no impact on the rate of FR internalization. W...
Design of a High Capacity Inter-Regional Transmission Overlay for the U.S.

Interconnection wide electric transmission system has been envisioned to facilitate the growth of renewable energy, enhance reliability, improve system operating efficiency, and reduce emissions. In this paper, we propose an explicit planning approach for transmission design at the national level. It has been applied to the U.S. system to design transmission overlays for multiple future generation scenarios. Associated simulation results suggest that a national transmission overlay provides economic, environmental, and system performance benefits.
γ -ray cascade decays from ψ ′ ( 3684 ) to ψ ( 3095 )

The consequences of the existence of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray cascade decay, ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(3684)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}+X$ and $X\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}+\ensuremath{\psi}(3095)$, are examined. The kinematics of the resulting $2\ensuremath{\gamma}$ mass spectrum together with the observed dynamics of the neutral missing mass in ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(3684)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}(3095)+\mathrm{neutrals}$ are shown to be of such a form that a stringent upper limit can be placed on the sum of all such transitions.
Robust Information Fusion for Spacecraft Formations

A communication-enabled formation system estimate fusion algorithm is developed that is shown to be robust to delays in the communication subsystem. Information is propagated asynchronously throughout the formation over possibly time delayed channels. The delays are accounted for via an approximation that is valid for systems with low process noise such as those in deep space. The architecture is robust to communication delays and dropouts and is flexible to allow for the tuning of the network to balance information latency and communication resources at the system level.
Surface reactions of ethanol over UO2(100) thin film

The study of the reactions of oxygenates on well-defined oxide surfaces is important for the fundamental understanding of heterogeneous chemical pathways that are influenced by atomic geometry, electronic structure, and chemical composition. In this work, an ordered uranium oxide thin film surface terminated in the (100) orientation is prepared on a LaAlO3 substrate and studied for its reactivity with a C-2 oxygenate, ethanol (CH3CH2OH). With the use of synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we have probed the adsorption and desorption processes observed in the valence band, C 1s, O 1s, and U 4f to investigate the bonding mode, surface composition, electronic structure, and probable chemical changes to the stoichiometric-UO2(100) [smooth-UO2(100)] and Ar+-sputtered UO2(100) [rough-UO2(100)] surfaces. Unlike UO2(111) single crystal and UO2 thin film, Ar-ion-sputtering of this UO2(100) did not result in noticeable reduction of U cations. Upon ethanol adsorption (saturation occurred at 0.5 ML), ...
Brief Talk on the Problem and Countermeasure in Protracting Object's Free-body Diagram

Protracting object's free-body diagram is a course of analysising object's force from other object in fact.It is a crucial step in solving mechanics problem learning to draw object's free-body diagram.This paper analysis causation and afford coutermeasures aiming at the problem.
Academic Faculty Practices: Issues for Viability in Competitive Managed Care Markets

This study compares the perspectives of eighteen managed care executives and twenty-four faculty practice executives on critical policy issues related to the managed care marketplace. Market sites studied in 1994 included four major metropolitan areas: Minneapolis-St. Paul, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and Atlanta. These markets were selected as being representative of communities with descending degrees of managed care involvement, but with significant market activity. Study participants from both managed care systems and faculty practices examined five policy issues: (1) the importance of including academic medical centers in current and future health care plans for marketing purposes; (2) the provision of clinical services that are unique to the academic medical center, that is, unavailable elsewhere in the community; (3) the degree of financial supplement that employers might pay for including an academic medical center; (4) future restructuring of organizations to sustain the educational mission of academic faculty within a viable delivery system; (5) satisfaction of managed care providers with graduates of academic medical centers, as measured by the clinical skills of graduate physicians. The study findings showed little support among managed care plans for paying supplements to include faculty practices in a health care network. Most study participants from managed care systems and academic faculty practices identified limited competencies that are unique to academic centers. Moreover, managed care organizations were only willing to undertake limited restructuring at best to include faculty practices within their networks. General concern about the preparation of resident physicians (especially those in primary care disciplines) for practice within contemporary managed care organizations existed among managed care informants. The results of the study indicate that as traditional funding sources for medical education are reduced, schools require greater integration with managed care plans to enable academic medical centers and their faculties to continue promoting clinical enterprise.
A Dialogue About Socratic Teaching

With educator Elizabeth Steinglass, Professor Davis analyzes Socratic method teaching as a form of experiential learning.
Completeness of the Reduced Form

The reduction algebra defined in the previous chapter can be thought of as taking in a stream of characters and spitting out a transformed stream of characters. It is important to establish that this algebra can successfully reduce the input stream to a reduced normal form that cannot be further reduced by the algebra (irreducibility property). It is also useful to establish that if the reduction algebra can take two different paths in reducing the input stream, both paths lead to the same final reduced form (completeness property). Intuitively, our reduction algebra seems to have both of the above properties since all reduction functions except SA-REDUCE output a process statement on which only SA-REDUCE can be applied. Once SA-REDUCE is applied, there are no further reductions. The following sections prove the above properties formally through an embedding of the reduction algebra in the automated proof checker PVS. The following sections presents a brief introduction to PVS and the embedding of the algebra in PVS.
The Evolution of the NPC

RWB and Institutional Change The current version of the NPC is a “representation within bounds” parliament. Deputies convey citizen grievances but shy away from sensitive political issues, and the government in turn displays partial responsiveness to their concerns. Deputies are socialized into this behavioral pattern and are punished or rewarded depending on the quality of their representative behavior. They also enjoy substantial rents for their services. The analysis in this book is focused on a single snapshot in time, the 11th NPC (2008–12) under the Hu-Wen administration. This decision was made largely on the basis of data availability, but it leaves open the question of how the CCP regime arrived at this equilibrium. How has representation in the NPC changed over time? How long has the representation within bounds system been in place, and what precisely spurred its creation? And importantly, can we expect it to continue in the future? The purpose of this chapter is to explore and explain the historical evolution of the National People's Congress. I will use the ideas from the formal theory in Chapter 2 to aid in the presentation and interpretation of the history. This approach has been referred to as an “analytic narrative” or a “theory guided narrative” (Bates et al. 2000; Buthe 2002; Levi 2002; Capoccia and Kelemen 2007), and it can be helpful in assessing the plausibility of a particular framework and identifying relevant actors and trends (Buthe 2002). In line with rational-choice institutionalism, I ascribe to the view that institutions can be manipulated to meet the ends of different political actors (Shepsle 2006; Pepinsky 2014). I will also draw on concepts developed by proponents of historical institutionalism, particularly the idea that institutional development is often the result of rapid change followed by institutional reproduction (Thelen 1999; Capoccia and Kelemen 2007). Recall from the model in Chapter 2 that for the Autocrat, the ideal level of representation is a function of the probability of a revolution being successful, π . At extremely low values of π , the Citizen cannot credibly threaten the regime, and there is no need for policy responsiveness. The Autocrat can get away with minimal representation and prefers the Stable Nonresponsive equilibrium E 2 . 1.
HIV and its relationship to insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities

Antiretroviral therapy has revolutionized the care of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by reducing morbidity and mortality from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–related conditions. Despite longer life expectancy, however, HIV-infected individuals continue to have a higher risk of death compared with the general population. This has been attributed to the increasing incidence of noncommunicable diseases, in particular, atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. This is driven, in part, by the emergence of metabolic disorders, particularly dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and lipodystrophy, in those on antiretroviral therapy. The pathogenesis of these metabolic derangements is complex and multifactorial, and could be a consequence of an interplay between traditional age-related risk factors, HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy effects, and the inflammatory state and immune activation in this population. Understanding the contributions of each of these factors could not just impact the current management of these individuals and help mitigate the risk for premature cardiovascular disease, but also shape the future direction of research in HIV.
The Role of Metastasio's Libretti in the Eighteenth Century: Opera as Propaganda

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv I. METASTASIOS LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. INFLUENCES ON METASTASIOS LITERARY PHILOSOPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 The Arcadian Academy . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Cartesian Rationalism . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Aristotle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Seventeenth-century French theater . . . . . . . 14 Morality and the Catholic Church . . . . . . . . 15 Apostolo Zeno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 La clemenza di Tito as Representation of the Synthesis of these Influences . . . . 17 III. LA CLEMENZA DI TITO AS VEILED POLITICAL PROPAGANDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Analysis of the Drama as Propaganda . . . . . . 31 IV. CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Silver Film Surface Modification by Ion Bombardment Decreases Surface Plasmon Resonance Absorption.

Silver thin films covered with dielectric films serving as protective coatings are desired for telescope mirrors, but durable coatings have proved elusive. As part of an effort to develop long-lived protected-silver mirrors, silver thin films were deposited by electron beam evaporation using a physical vapor deposition system at the University of California Observatories Astronomical Coatings Lab. The silver films were later covered with a stack of dielectric films utilizing silicon nitride and titanium dioxide deposited by ion-assisted electron beam evaporation to fabricate protected mirrors. In-situ argon ion bombardment was introduced after silver deposition and prior to the deposition of dielectric films to assess its effects on the performance of the mirrors. We found that ion bombardment of the silver influenced surface morphology and reflectivity, and these effects correlated with time between silver deposition and ion bombardment. The overall reflectivity at wavelengths in the range of 350–800 nm ...
On the Character of Quantum Law: Complementarity, Entanglement, and Information

This article considers the relationships between the character of physical law in quantum theory and Bohr’s concept of complementarity, under the assumption of the unrepresentable and possibly inconceivable nature of quantum objects and processes, an assumption that may be seen as the most radical departure from realism currently available. Complementarity, the article argues, is a reflection of the fact that, as against classical physics or relativity, the behavior of quantum objects of the same type, say, all electrons, is not governed by the same physical law in all contexts, specifically in complementary contexts. On the other hand, the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics offers correct probabilistic or statistical predictions (no other predictions are possible on experimental grounds) in all contexts, here, again, under the assumption that quantum objects themselves and their behavior are beyond representation or even conception. Bohr, in this connection, spoke of “an entirely new situation as regards the description of physical phenomena that, the notion of complementarity aims at characterizing.” The article also considers the relationships among complementarity, entanglement, and quantum information, by basing these relationships on this understanding of complementarity.
Confronting the present: Migration in Sidney Mintz's journal for The People of Puerto Rico

Sidney Mintz's field journal for The People of Puerto Rico, published in 1956, is a valuable source for historical anthropological work. Until now, however, it has remained a hidden treasure for the anthropology of migration. By the late 1940s and 1950s, migration was central to the lives of Puerto Rican sugarcane workers and their families, and Mintz recorded important details of it. His journal shows how people maneuvered within fields of power that were full of opportunities and constraints for people seeking to make a living by migrating. Thanks to Mintz, anthropologists can learn about working-class Puerto Ricans’ experiences, lives, and discussions about migration in the late 1940s. Mintz's legacy in its many forms will continue offering anthropologists an opportunity to confront the present. [Sidney Mintz, migration, farmworkers, field notes, political economy, historical anthropology, Puerto Rico] El diario de campo de Sidney Mintz para The People of Puerto Rico, publicado en 1956, es una fuente valiosa para el trabajo antropologico historico. Sin embargo, ha permanecido como un tesoro escondido para la antropologia de la migracion hasta el presente. En los finales de los anos cuarenta y durante los anos cincuenta, la migracion fue central en la vida de los trabajadores puertorriquenos de la cana de azucar y sus familias, y Mintz anoto detalles importantes de la misma. Su diario muestra como la gente maniobro dentro de campos de poder que estaban llenos de oportunidades y obstaculos para los que buscaban ganarse la vida migrando. Gracias a Mintz, los antropologos pueden aprender acerca de las experiencias, vidas y debates que tuvieron los trabajadores puertorriquenos entorno a la migracion de finales de los anos cuarenta. El legado de Mintz en sus multiples formas continuara ofreciendo a los antropologos la oportunidad de confrontar el presente. [Sidney Mintz, migracion, trabajadores agricolas, notas de campo, economia politica, antropologia historica, Puerto Rico]