cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utility of a novel quantitative handheld microstream capnometer during transport of critically ill children.

Abstract Objective Critically ill children often require endotracheal intubation before and during interhospital transport. Accurate placement and maintenance of the endotracheal tube (ETT) is crucial. The new Pediatric Advanced Life Support guidelines require confirmation of proper ETT position immediately after intubation and during transport by capnography or end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETco 2 ) detection in all children with a perfusing rhythm. Currently, there are no practical alternatives for monitoring ETco 2 during pediatric transport. Therefore, we evaluated NPB-75, a quantitative handheld microstream capnometer, during transport of children to our urban children's hospital. Methods Consecutive intubated patients who were transported by ground ambulance or rotorcraft were prospectively enrolled into the study. Physical examination, colorimetric CO 2 detector, pulse oximetry, and, in most cases, chest radiograph confirmed the initial ETT position. The capnometer was then attached, and ETco 2 readings were obtained before and during transport by nurses or respiratory therapists who also completed a brief questionnaire regarding the monitor immediately after every transport. A numerical light-emitting diode display and graphic liquid crystal display waveform confirmed the presence of ETco 2 . An audiovisual alarm alerted the transport personnel when CO 2 was not detected. Results Fifty patients comprised the study group, ages birth to 15.3 years (median, 4 months) and weighing 1.63 to 70 kg (median, 5.25 kg). Nineteen patients were transported by ground ambulance and 31 by rotorcraft. The capnometer confirmed ETT position during transport in all patients. The audiovisual alarm of the capnometer immediately detected a ventilator disconnection from the ETT during one air transport. The size of the device was evaluated as "just right" in 37 of 50 transports, "easy to secure" in 46 of 50, and "useful" in all 50 transports. There were no false-negative readings, occlusion, or kinking of tubing during transport. NPB-75 was specifically useful for setting optimal ventilatory support in 2 patients with raised intracranial pressure who required controlled ventilation. Furthermore, it confirmed adequate ventilation when the ventilator falsely detected a low respiratory rate in a newborn with a congenital heart disease for whom pulse oximetry was unreliable. The ETco 2 waveform detected air trapping in 2 ventilated asthmatic patients. Conclusions This lightweight microstream capnometer with a 4-hour battery life and audiovisual alarms functioned well in the prehospital setting. It provided both quantitative and graphic real-time detection of ETco 2 in intubated patients, which was of critical importance for the optimal management of patients during transport.
Anthropogenic stressors and changes in the Clear Lake ecosystem as recorded in sediment cores.

Sediment cores were collected to investigate multiple stresses on Clear Lake, California, USA, through the period of European occupation to the present day. Earlier workers suggested the hypothesis that the use of mechanized earthmoving equipment, starting in the 1920s and 1930s, was responsible for erosion, mercury (Hg) contamination, and habitat loss stresses. Cores (?2.5 m in depth) were collected in 1996 and 2000 from each of the three arms of the lake. Carbon-14 dating suggests that these cores represent as much as 3000 years of the lake's history, beginning long before European settlement. Total mercury (TotHg) and methylmercury (MeHg), dry matter, water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and the stable isotopes 13C and 15N were measured at 5-cm intervals. Nearly all parameters show major changes at depths of 58-135 cm, beginning at ca. 1927 (dated with 210Pb). Accepting this date for concomitant major changes in seven cores yields an estimated 8.6 mm/yr average sedimentation rate after 1927. Pre-1927 sedimentation rates were ?1 mm/yr. Total mercury and MeHg, dry matter, phosphorus, and 15N increase significantly, whereas nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, and water content decrease significantly above the 1927 horizon. Both TotHg and MeHg show extremely large increases (roughly 10-fold) above the 1927 horizon. A peak in inorganic deposition rate and minimum values for percentage of water is present at depths corresponding to ca. 1970. Interestingly, the first 75 years of European settlement in the Clear Lake basin (including the most productive years of the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine) appeared to have had undetectable effects on lake cores. Changes since 1927 were dramatic. The large increase in Hg beginning about 1927 corresponds to the use of heavy equipment to exploit the ore deposit at the mine using open-pit methods. Increases in sediment deposition from increased earthmoving in the basin and sulfate loading from the mine are the most likely explanations for the dramatic changes seen in the post-1927 sections of the cores.
Distinct Replication Requirements for the Two Vibrio cholerae Chromosomes

Studies of prokaryotic chromosome replication have focused almost exclusively on organisms with one chromosome. We defined and characterized the origins of replication of the two Vibrio cholerae chromosomes, oriCI(vc) and oriCII(vc). OriCII(vc) differs from the origin assigned by bioinformatic analysis and is unrelated to oriCI(vc). OriCII(vc)-based replication requires an internal 12 base pair repeat and two hypothetical genes that flank oriCII(vc). One of these genes is conserved among diverse genera of the family Vibrionaceae and encodes an origin binding protein. The other gene codes for an RNA and not a protein. OriCII(vc)- but not oriCI(vc)-based replication is negatively regulated by a DNA sequence adjacent to oriCII(vc). There is an unprecedented requirement for DNA adenine methyltransferase in both oriCI(vc)- and oriCII(vc)-based replication. Our studies of replication in V. cholerae indicate that microorganisms having multiple chromosomes may utilize unique mechanisms for the control of replication.
Noise from two-dimensional vortices

The fluctuating flow in an idealized model of a turbulent shear layer composed of many discrete vortices is analyzed. Computer solutions reveal irregular motions which are similar in many respects to observed flows in turbulent three-dimensional layers. The model is further simplified to a pair of equal co-rotating vortices and the noise generation is analyzed in terms of equivalent quadrupole oscillations. Results of the analysis in a uniform medium are consistent with Lighthill's results. New results are obtained for the effects of mean velocity gradients, compressibility, temperature inhomogenities, and gradients of the mean Mach number.
Optically measured diffusion constants of oxygen vacancies in MgO

We report the estimation of diffusion constants for oxygen vacancies in MgO based on optical absorption spectra. MgO single crystals were annealed in a reducing atmosphere (H2 + Ar) to create oxygen vacancies and the samples were annealed in an oxidizing atmosphere (O2 + Ar) to annihilate them. Fe3+ impurities in the MgO samples were utilized to monitor the degree of reduction or oxidation of the samples during the annealing cycle. An activation energy of 3.08 eV for the diffusion of oxygen vacancies (F-centres) in MgO was obtained, based on the absorption measurements of Fe3+ band.
“World Traveler” Addicts in Asia: II. Comparison with “Stay at Home” Addicts

Demographic and clinical characteristics of “world traveler” addicts in Asia have been described in a previous paper. In order to understand more about this group, the 56 American and European addicts seen in Laos were compared to 100 American addicts from Minneapolis matched for age, sex, and year of admission to treatment. “World traveler” addicts tended to be older, better educated, and more apt to be single than this sample of “stay at home” addicts. In comparison to the latter, “travelers” began using narcotic drugs at an older age, became addicted more rapidly, and sought treatment earlier. They were also exposed to more inexpensive, readily available narcotic drugs than the “at home” addicts. These data suggest that exposure to inexpensive, readily available narcotic drugs can result in addiction among a group of people who had previously been refractory to narcotic addiction in their own culture. Loneliness and sociocultural isolation appeared to accelerate the rate at which the average “traveler”...
A model of cellulase and amylase additives in silage.

Abstract A mathematical model is developed to study the effect of cellulase and amylase additives on the rate and extent of silage fermentation and on the changes in fiber concentrations over long storage periods. Based on published results, equations are derived for the effects of temperature, pH, water activity, and substrate and end-product concentrations on the activity and stability of Trichoderma cellulases and Bacillus subtilis amylases. Apparent activity rates in silage are obtained by fitting the model's predictions to the results of published enzyme-additive silage experiments, and are estimated to be .01 to .00001 times those determined in laboratory assays, possibly as a result of the structure of the substrates, diffusion limitations of enzymes and products, and the presence of proteases. The model predicts that cellulase addition levels of 5000 g/t silage are required to influence substantially the fermentation process; however, at 100 g/t silage, a significant fraction of the cellulose may be hydrolyzed over long storage periods. Amylase addition at 100 g/t silage is predicted to affect final silage pH in cases where the level of indigenous water-soluble carbohydrates is low enough to limit the extent of fermentation. Cellulases, amylases, and inoculants combined into a single additive are predicted to have a complementary effect on silage preservation and quality.
Sample introduction in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography using sequential density gradient focussing and solvent venting

A technique was developed for large volume sample introduction in capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. A 20-cm length of 200-μm i.d. capillary tubing was used as precolumn. The precolumn temperature could be easily controlled by passing an electrical current through an electrically conductive paint coated on its outer surface. During injection, the sample solvent was vented from the precolumn with CO2 (gas) at 32 atm, while the precolumn was kept at room temperature. Solutes were transferred onto the head of the analytical column as a narrow band by density gradient focussing, which was established with (a) a temperature gradient along the precolumn, (b) a rapid expansion of CO2 from supercritical fluid to gas, and (c) a temperature difference between the precolumn and the analytical column. This injection approach minimized solute mass discrimination and could be easily performed.
Methylene urea as a slow-release nitrogen source for processing tomatoes

The potential for improved fertilizer N use efficiency was tested using a slow release N fertilizer, methylene urea (MU), on processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in a 2-year field study in the Sacramento Valley, California. Fertilizer N use efficiency of urea and a (50:50, w:w) mixture of urea and MU (uMU) was determined in direct-seeded and transplanted tomato plots with winter cover crop (CC) or winter fallow (F) using 15N labeled fertilizers. Residual MU-N was estimated from tomato N uptake in the 15N microplots, and from residual 15N uptake of wheat grown after two tomato crops. No significant differences were found in the quantity and quality of tomato yields among fertilizer and management treatments during the first year. Total yields in transplanted FuMU plots were significantly lower in the second test year, suggesting slow mineralization of MU-N in the F treatment. On average, about 40% of added fertilizer N was taken up in both fertilizer treatments, and the recovery of 15N in plant biomass and soil was 75–96 and 50–74% in seeded and transplanted blocks, respectively. In the laboratory, mineralization of MU started faster in soils with past MU use, but the enhanced mineralization did not affect the plant N uptake in the field. MU is potentially an environmentally attractive fertilizer, but without an immediate increase in yield and N use efficiency compared to conventional fertilizers, its use on row crops may not be economically feasible unless the positive environmental factors like decreased leaching of N are considered.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the cytoplasmic domain of human erythrocyte band 3.

A cytoplasmic domain of the human erythrocyte membrane protein band 3 (Mr = 42,500), residues 1–379, expressed in and purified from E. coli, has been crystallized by the method of vapor diffusion in sitting drops with subsequent streak-seeding at room temperature. Initial crystals were grown from solutions containing 65–68% saturated ammonium sulfate at pH 4.9 and 2 mg/ml protein. Subsequent streak-seeding into solutions of 50–53% ammonium sulfate at pH 4.9 and 7 mg/ml protein produced single crystals suitable fur X-ray analysis, which contained pure protein as revealed by gel electrophoresis. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space group C2 with cell dimensions of a = 178.8 A, b = 90.5 A, c = 122.1 A, and β = 131.3° and diffract at least to 2.7 A resolution (at 100 K). A self-rotation function shows the presence of approximate 222 local symmetry. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Frequency discrimination of brief tonal steps as a function of frequency in the lesser bulldog bat.

In a two-alternative, forced-choice task lesser bulldog bats were trained to distinguish between a pure tone pulse and a pulse composed of a series of brief tonal steps oscillating between two different frequencies. The tone-step pulse gradually approximates the pure tone pulse as the frequency difference between the steps becomes progressively smaller. Frequency difference limens for the brief tonal frequency steps were determined for a broad range of ultrasonic frequencies. The variation in tone-step difference limens with frequency appears to be correlated to the frequency structure of the bat's short-constant-frequency/frequency-modulated echolocation sound. There was a marked decline in the value of the relative frequency difference limens (Weber ratio) over a fairly narrow range of frequencies above the constant frequency and a sharp increase in threshold above this range. The relative thresholds for frequency discrimination were small and uniform over the frequency range of the frequency-modulated sweep and increased for frequencies below the frequency- modulated sweep. Thus, the most accurate frequency-discrimination abilities occur over a narrow frequency range around the frequency of the constant-frequency component of returning echoes. Frequency discrimination over the range of frequencies of the frequency-modulated component is relatively good.
Effect of beta-blocker therapy on mortality rates and future myocardial infarction rates in patients with coronary artery disease but no history of myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure.

Beta-blocker therapy has been shown to benefit patients who have coronary artery disease and present with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and/or congestive heart failure (HF). However, whether β-blocker therapy provides a similar benefit in patients who have coronary artery disease but not AMI or HF is unknown. A population of 4,304 patients who did not have HF but did have angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease (≥1 stenosis of ≥70%) without AMI at hospital presentation was evaluated. Baseline demographics, cardiac risk factors, clinical presentation, therapeutic procedures, and discharge medications were recorded. Patients were followed for a mean of 3.0 ± 1.9 years (range 1 month to 6.9 years) for outcomes of all-cause death or AMI. Patients' average age was 65 ± 11 years and 77% were men. Overall, 10% died and 5% had a nonfatal AMI. Discharge β-blocker prescription was associated with an increased event-free AMI survival rate for all-cause death (no β blocker 88.3%, β blocker 94.5%, p
Hemangioendothelioma of the Neuraxis: An Ultrastructural Study

Hemangioendotheliomas are vascular tumors that rarely involve the neuraxis. However, when they do, they must be differentiated from the other neoplastic vascular lesions that more commonly involve the central nervous system (CNS). We describe the ultrastructural features of three hemangioendotheliomas of the neuraxis. These lesions are characterized by the proliferation of endothelial cells around vascular lumina and of pericytes outside of the endothelial basal lamina. These features differ from those of other vascular tumors of the CNS. Based on these observations, we consider hemangioendothelioma to be a distinct entity among the neoplasms of vascular origin in the CNS.
Aharonov-Bohm effect as a scattering event

The Aharonov-Bohm effect is reconsidered as a scattering event of an electron by a magnetic field confined in an infinite solenoid of finite radius both in the situation where the solenoid is penetrable as well as impenetrable. We next discuss the validity of the Born approximation for the partial-wave scattering amplitudes and explain why for the cylindrically symmetric $(m=0)$ partial wave the first Born approximation fails in the long-wavelength limit or as the radius of the solenoid shrinks to zero.
Late-onset retinal detachment associated with regressed retinopathy of prematurity.

Abstract Purpose: To study the characteristics of late-onset retinal detachments in patients with regressed retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and the condition of their fellow eyes. Methods: We carried out a retrospective review of 29 patients (38 eyes) who had been treated at two institutions, one in the US and the other in Japan, between 1986 and 1997. The age at the time of treatment ranged from 6 to 51 years (mean = 23.1). Five of the 38 eyes with tractional detachment were treated with either open-sky vitrectomy, closed vitrectomy, or scleral buckling; 27 of the 38 eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment underwent scleral buckling or closed vitrectomy or both. The remaining 6 of the 38 eyes had subclinical rhegmatogenous detachment and were treated with photocoagulation or cryopexy, or followed without treatment. The most characteristic retinal breaks were multiple holes with a prevalence of equator and posterior types. Results: Overall, anatomical reattachment was accomplished in 27/32 eyes (84%) that underwent surgery. Two thirds of the patients who underwent vitrectomy either initially or at a later time had poor postoperative visual acuity. More than half of the fellow eyes had retinal detachment and others had various characteristic fundus changes of regressed ROP. Conclusions: Long-term, probably life-long follow-up of high-risk patients is necessary so that diagnosis and treatment can be instituted at an early stage of retinal detachment.
Efficiency of light-frequency conversion in an atomic ensemble

The efficiency of frequency up and down conversion of light in an atomic ensemble, with a diamond level configuration, is analyzed theoretically. The conditions of pump field intensities and detunings required to maximize the conversion as a function of optical thickness of the ensemble are determined. The influence of the probe pulse duration on the conversion efficiency is investigated by numeric solution of the Maxwell-Bloch equations.
Enhanced Particle Capture through Aluminum Hydroxide Addition to Pores in Sand Media

In this study, precipitation of AlðOHÞ3ðamÞ was used to modify a sand filter medium by fluidized-bed pretreatment. A mixture of alum, sodium hydroxide, and tap water was applied to the filter bed in the last stage of the backwash cycle. The placement of AlðOHÞ3ðamÞ in the filter pores was evaluated for both alum-treated raw water (contact filtration) and untreated raw water. The filter pretreated with AlðOHÞ3ðamÞ achieved better than 99.98% removal of an untreated clay suspension, with a filter effluent turbidity below the detection limit of 0.01 NTU. AlðOHÞ3ðamÞ-pretreated filters that were challenged with clay and humic acid achieved ≥ 99:8% turbidity removal efficiency for 14 h of operation in the contact filtration mode. Pretreatment with AlðOHÞ3ðamÞ also enhanced turbidity removal efficiency (up to 99.8%) when the filter was challenged with clay and humic acid, even when the raw water was not coagulated. The aluminum concentration in the filter effluent of an AlðOHÞ3ðamÞ-pretreated filter was below the EPA secondary drinking water maximum contaminant level (200 μg= Lf or aluminum) when the raw water pH was between 6 and 7; the pretreated filter had the best performance at pH 6. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE .1943-7870.0000370. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Filters; Fluidized bed technology; Filtration; Particles; Water treatment. Author keywords: Rapid sand filter; Fluidized-bed pretreatment; AlðOHÞ3ðamÞ; Contact filtration.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF BETA POLLEN. I. CYTOPLASMIC CONSTITUENTS

A B S T R A C T Cytoplasmic structure of developing pollen grains of Beta vulgaris L. was studied with the electron microscope. The following stages were investigated: tetrads, early microspores, vacuolate microspores, and binucleate pollen grains. Two unique cytoplasmic features were encounteredthe reticulum complex and cytoplasmic microtubules-both of which were present from the last meiotic stage to the binucleate pollen-grain stage. The reticulum complex is connected to the nuclear membrane and juxtaposed to the plasma membrane and may function in synthesis or movement of materials through the pollen cytoplasm. PAST ULTRASTRUCTURAL studies of pollen have dealt largely with wall formation, germination, and mature pollen. Bal and De (1961) documented cytoplasmic changes in developing pollen of
On the point-to-point connection problem

Abstract A Dijkstra-like algorithm for solving the point-to-point connection problem on a finite directed network is presented. For this problem we find a subset of arcs with minimal total length connecting a fixed number of source-destination pairs. The problem has many variations for different applications. We focus on a case where two source-destination pairs are prematched and show that the time complexity of the algorithm is O ( n 4 ).
Enhancing Self-Awareness Through Creative Experiential-Learning Play-Based Activities

This column is designed to underscore relationally-based creative teaching practices used by counselor educators in the classroom. Our intention is to provide examples of novel, innovative ways for counselor educators and students to deepen their learning while colloborating toward a spirit of connection and cooperation. If you have implemented a creative teaching method, or if you have adapted an existing method that you would like to share with readers, please follow submission guidelines in the author information packet available at http://www.creativecounselor.org/Journal.html.Self-awareness is a critical component of developing counselors-in-training, as greater self-awareness increases empathy, congruence, and understanding of the client experience (Rogers, 1957). Creative activities used within counseling courses, such as a play therapy course, provide a medium for increasing students’ self-awareness (Bar-On, 2007; Lennie, 2007; Luke & Kiweewa, 2010). The purpose of this article is to provide examp...
Age change in the adult human scapula

Abstract This paper illustrates how the generalized age changes of the scapula reported by Graves, 1921 , Graves, 1922 , Graves, 1939 are not universally applicable across sex or ancestral groups, and should therefore be reexamined. Previous work on the human scapula has shown this bone to be a dynamic skeletal element, which changes morphologically and metrically with advancing age. The research presented in this paper demonstrates how age related changes of the scapula vary according to sex and ancestral group and elucidates the unique pattern of change observed in scapulae of four different sex/ancestry groups. Twenty-three measurements were collected from a total of 804 individuals (169 Black females, 194 Black males, 139 White females, and 302 White males) ranging in age from 19 to 93 years from the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection, a 19th–20th century American population. The results of this study suggest Graves's dual processes of ossification and atrophy are oversimplified and not universally applicable to all sex and/or ancestry groups. Only one age related change, an increase in border thickness, is shared between all four groups included in this study. However, no two sex/ancestry groups have thickness increases identical in either degree, or location. Therefore, as this study demonstrates, it is inappropriate to assume that, without careful examination of the population by sex and group specific categories, any single pattern of scapula morphology change is applicable to all individuals as they age.
Tempol protection of spinal cord mitochondria from peroxynitrite-induced oxidative damage

Peroxynitrite (PN)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the secondary injury process after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). This study investigated the detrimental effects of the PN donor SIN-1 (3-morpholinosydnonimine) on isolated healthy spinal cord mitochondria and the protective effects of tempol, a catalytic scavenger of PN-derived radicals. A 5 min exposure of the mitochondria to SIN-1 caused a dose-dependent decrease in the respiratory control ratio (RCR) that was accompanied by significant increases in complex I-driven states II and IV respiration rates and decreases in states III and V. These impairments occurred together with an increase in mitochondrial protein 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), but not in lipid peroxidation (LP)-related 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Tempol significantly antagonized the respiratory effects of SIN-1 in parallel with an attenuation of 3-NT levels. These results show that the exogenous PN donor, SIN-1, rapidly causes mitochondrial oxidative damage and complex I dysfunction identical to traumatic spinal cord mitochondrial impairment and that this is mainly due to tyrosine nitration. Consistent with that, the protection of mitochondrial respiratory function by tempol is associated with a decrease in 3-NT levels in mitochondrial proteins also similar to the previously reported antioxidant actions of tempol in traumatically-injured spinal cord mitochondria.
Effects of Typeface Characteristics on Visual Field Asymmetries for Letter Identification in Children and Adults

Abstract The current study compared the effects of three typeface characteristics (scriptlikeness, or resemblance to cursive writing; confusability, or likelihood of confusing one letter with another; and difficulty, as indexed by naming latency) on letter identification in a divided visual fields test. It also asked whether and how these effects change with subject age. Subjects were 48 right-handed 9- and 14-year-old boys and undergraduate men-16 in each age group. They orally identified single letters in eight different typefaces presented tachistoscopically to the left or right visual hemifield. The difference between hemifields in threshold presentation time was the dependent measure. For all ages, the direction and degree of the visual field advantage changed with typeface complexity (a composite index of the three characteristics), with the simplest typeface yielding a right visual field/left hemisphere advantage, and with two of the most complex typefaces yielding a left visual field/right hemisphere advantage. There were age differences, though, in the relative contribution of the individual characteristics to this effect. For undergraduates, the strongest predictor of right hemisphere participation was scriptlikeness, whereas for 9- and 14-year-olds it was typeface difficulty.
RelativisticB-splineR-matrix method for electron collisions with atoms and ions: Application to low-energy electron scattering from Cs

The $B$-spline $R$-matrix method with nonorthogonal orbital sets is extended to a fully relativistic version based on the solution of the many-electron Dirac equation. The $B$-spline basis is used to generate both the target description and the $R$-matrix basis functions in the inner region. Using $B$-splines of different orders for the large and small components prevents the appearance of pseudostates in the spectrum of the Dirac equation. Using term-dependent and thus nonorthogonal sets of one-electron functions enables us to generate accurate and flexible representations of the target states and the scattering function. Our method is based upon the all-electron Dirac-Coulomb Hamiltonian and thus may be employed for any complex atom or ion, without the use of phenomenological core potentials. As a first test of the method, we consider elastic electron scattering from Cs atoms in their ground state. Close agreement with experiment is obtained for the total and the angle differential cross sections at various energies between 1 eV to 7 eV, as well as for several spin asymmetry parameters. The results represent a substantial improvement over those obtained in previous Breit-Pauli and Dirac $R$-matrix calculations.
High pressure study of the 37K phase transition of α-U single crystal by an AC calorimetric technique

Abstract The 37K phase transition of α-U single crystal was observed by a calorimetric technique to be suppressed by the application of hydrostatic compression. The rate of decrease of the transition temperature T 2 with pressure P is dT 2 / dP = -(3.6±0.2) K / kbar . Our results qualitatively support the phase diagram of α-U single crystal proposed by Smith.
Setting Agendas and Designing Alternatives: Policymaking and the Strategic Role of Meetings1

This paper investigates the role of strategic forums—such as special commissions, task forces, roundtables, working groups, summits—in the policy process. Reviewing prominent theories about policymaking, the author suggests ways in which strategic forums might fit within these frameworks as an analytically distinct policy lever. The paper examines existing literature on such forums, and identifies characteristics of “meetings that matter”—those gatherings that appear to have achieved some policy traction in a given domain. Finally, the paper investigates a particular field, cultural policy, to evaluate the extent to which meetings are serving policy purposes. The author concludes that meetings can serve an important role in the policy process by framing public problems and highlighting policy alternatives; creating and sustaining policy communities; fostering policy transfer and knowledge uptake; and developing networks among policy entrepreneurs. Nonetheless, with regard to cultural policy, the author argues that, compared to other policy domains, strategic policy-focused convenings are not a regular part of the arts and culture landscape and remain underused policy tools.
A New Approach to Victim Services: The Common Justice Demonstration Project

Common Justice, based in Brooklyn, New York, brings together those most immediately affected by a crime—the victim, the perpetrator, and family and community members with a stake in the outcome—for a face-to-face dialogue to determine an appropriate response to the harm caused. After an extensive review, project planners concluded that no nationally viable, victim-centered model addressed the needs arising from serious violence or equitably facilitated the recovery of underserved crime victims, particularly young men of color. Common Justice hopes to contribute a model that will significantly improve the field9s capacity to rectify a long-lasting and harmful inequity in the criminal justice system, as well as increase the likelihood that a greater portion of those harmed by crime will be met with a response that advances their sense of justice and feeling of safety in the aftermath of what they endured.
Multispectral infrared image classification using filters derived from independent component analysis

Spectral-spatial independent component analysis (ICA) basis functions of visible color images are similar to some processing elements in the human visual systems in that they resemble Gabor filters and show color opponencies. In this research we studied combined spectral-spatial ICA basis functions of multispectral mid wave infrared (MWIR) images. These ICA spectral-spatial basis functions were then used as filters to extract features from multispectral MWIR images for classification. The images were captured in the 3.0–5.0 µm, 3.7–4.2 µm, and 4.0–4.5 µm bands using a multispectral MWIR camera. In the proposed algorithm, phase relationships between the basis functions indicate how the extracted features from the different spectral band images can be combined. We used classification performance to compare features obtained by filtering using multispectral ICA basis functions, multispectral principal component analysis basis functions, and Gabor filters.
Results of primary and adjuvant CT-based 3-dimensional radiotherapy for malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses

Abstract Purpose: This study reports our clinical experience supporting the normal tissue-sparing capability of 3-dimensional (3-D) treatment planning when applied to advanced neoplasms of the paranasal sinuses. Methods and Materials: Between 1986 and 1992, computed tomography (CT)-based 3-D radiotherapy was used to treat 39 patients with advanced stage malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses as all or part of initial treatment. Fifteen unresectable patients were treated with primary radiotherapy to a median prescribed total dose of 68.4 Gy. Twenty-four patients were treated with postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy for close margins ( Results: For the unresectable patients who were treated with radiotherapy alone, the local control rate at 3 years is 32%. The actuarial overall survivals at 3 and 4 years are 32%. For the patients who received postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy, none of the five patients irradiated for close surgical margins recurred locally. Three of the 14 with microscopic residual (21%) recurred locally at 26, 63, and 74 months from the start of irradiation. Four of the five with gross residual (80%) recurred locally with a median time to recurrence of 2 years. The local control rates at 3 and 5 years for the adjuvant group are 75% and 65%, respectively. The actuarial overall survival at 3 and 5 years are 65% and 60%, respectively. None of the first sites of local disease progression were judged to have occurred outside the high-dose region. There was one case of mild osteoradionecrosis successfully treated with conservative treatment, one case of limited optic neuropathy and one case of possible radiation-induced cataract. There was no blindness related to irradiation. Conclusion: This study indicates that computed tomography-based 3-D radiotherapy can preserve critical structures unaffected by tumor invasion and achieve the generally expected local control rates when it is used as all or part of initial treatment for extensive malignant tumors of the paranasal sinus. The presence of gross disease was a major adverse prognostic factor in this study. Additional therapeutic maneuvers are essential to improve the local control and survival rate in patients with advanced paranasal sinus carcinomas.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from a resonant waveguide mode

Resonance in a metal-insulator-metal waveguide mode is shown to lead to significant field enhancement and hence surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The results from the propagating waveguide model are consistent with experimental and numerical results.
Measurement of multiply substituted isotopologues ('clumped isotopes') of CO2 using a 5 kV compact isotope ratio mass spectrometer: performance, reference frame, and carbonate paleothermometry.

RATIONALE The burgeoning field of 'clumped isotope' paleothermometry, which has broad applications in geosciences, depends almost entirely on measurements made on two types of mass spectrometer with the same ion source design. Demonstration that these measurements can be carried out on a retrofitted mass spectrometer with a different type of ion source is important to the growing community of geoscientists considering employing this technique. METHODS We summarize the sample preparation techniques, mass spectrometry, and data processing involved in establishing an absolute reference frame for the measurement of Δ47 in CO2 from carbonate minerals using a prototype 5 kV mass spectrometer. The prototype differs from previously marketed mass spectrometers only in the presence of six extra Faraday cups designed specifically to measure ion beams of masses 44-49. We employ pressure baseline corrections on the small mass 47 signal. RESULTS The system was fully capable of establishing absolute reference frames for clumped isotope carbonate paleothermometry, despite alternative use of the system for other types of measurements (carbonate δ(18)O and δ(13)C values, water δ(18)O and δ(2)H values via equilibration, and δ(13) C and δ(15)N values of sedimentary organic material) in different reference frames. Repeated measurements of CO2 from carbonate standards yielded external precisions comparable with those from other laboratories and adequate for paleothermometry to a precision of near or below ±5 °C. The accuracy was demonstrated by reasonable temperatures being obtained for different types of repeatedly measured carbonates. Measurements of the pressure baseline with every sample increased analysis times by 20 min, but decreased the stabilization time of the reference frame by days to weeks, while improving precision. CONCLUSIONS Simple modifications to existing instrumentation will allow more laboratories to perform clumped isotope measurements. The prototype mass spectrometer used herein provides precision comparable with all published data. We show that, where negatively charged species are associated with large ion beams, making pressure baseline corrections with every measurement is increasingly important no matter what instrument is used.
The gravity and shape of the Moon

This review discusses the current knowledge of the gravity and geometry of the moon, and their implications as to lunar structure. Measurements pertaining to the gravity field are, first and foremost, Doppler tracking of spacecraft that have orbited the moon, but also the laser ranging from the earth to the moon and the gravity meters and accelerometers landed with the Apollo spacecraft. Measurements pertaining to the geometry include (1) those related to the shape: the metric photography and laser altimeters on Apollo 15, 16, and 17; the electromagnetic sounder on Apollo 17; the landmark tracking from earlier Apollo orbiters; and occupations, plus (2) measurements related to the orientation: the laser ranging and interferometry from the earth. The review does not cover determinations of topography from photography taken for geologic or landing reconnaissance purposes. The discussion of tectonic implications is limited to inferences of a quantitative nature. The emphasis is on work since 1970; see Kaula [1969, 1971] for reviews of earlier work.
Predictive utility of pre-partum temperature changes in the mare

Summary Rectal temperature was recorded from 22 mares at 0700, 1500 and 2300 h daily for seven days pre-partum and one day post partum. A circadian variation in rectal temperature was present with the lowest temperature recorded at 0700 h. Because of this, the mares were divided into three groups based on time of parturition; those foaling between 0700 and 1500 h (n=2); between 1500 and 2300 h (n=13); and between 2300 and 0700 h (n=7). On the day prior to delivery (Day −1) the circadian pattern was absent because the nocturnal increase did not occur. A significant decrease in temperature was recorded prior to parturition in the group foaling between 1500 and 2300 h. A distinct decrease in temperature occurred in the majority of mares in the other two groups but this was not statistically significant. After parturition, rectal temperature increased to supranormal levels before returning to normal.
Differential effects of atypical and typical antipsychotic drugs on N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate‐ and electrically evoked responses in the pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex

In the present study, we have demonstrated that atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs, e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine) and atypical APD candidates (e.g., M100907 and Y-931) share a common property in facilitating responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the forceps minor and by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), but not (±)-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA), in pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The concentrations of these drugs to exert their action are in a clinically relevant range. Although haloperidol has shown a considerably smaller potentiation of NMDA-evoked current at 50 and 100 nM, it consistently depressed the AMPA-induced current. Chlorpromazine and loxapine failed to modulate significantly NMDA- or AMPA-induced current in the pyramidal cells. Moreover, haloperidol and loxapine demonstrated depression of excitatory postsynaptic currents, whereas chlorpromazine did not show any effect. These findings combined indicate that atypical, but not typical, APDs augment glutamatergic neurotransmission in pyramidal cells of the mPFC. We propose that the beneficial effect of atypical APDs in cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms in schizophrenia is due to their ability to enhance glutamatergic neurotransmission in the PFC and functionally related limbic structures. Our results further suggest the possible use of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the mPFC as a model for screening and studying the action of potential atypical APDs. Synapse 48:66–79, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Versatile Text for the Introductory Computational Physics Course

Computational Physics, 2nd ed., by N. Giordano and H. Nakanishi, Benjamin Cummings 2005, ISBN: 978-0131469907, 560 pages.
4d core hole formation in silver and its role in Ag− secondary ion formation/survival

Abstract The low energy mono-atomic secondary ion intensities of Ag − over the transient regions from Ag under 1–5 keV Cs + primary ion impact are compared. These energies are used since they appear to be above and below the collisional excitation threshold for 4d core hole formation. The lack of any work function dependence in both suggests that (a) Ag − forms via resonance charge transfer of electrons from the broad 5s–5p band to Ag atoms bearing 4d core holes (Auger is disregarded for energetic reasons), and that (b) the route via which 4d core holes are formed, whether it be via collective oscillations or collisional excitation, is of minimal importance. The similarity in X-ray induced plasmon loss features from clean and Cs implanted Ag confers with these results.
Nonmuscle Myosin Light-Chain Kinase Deficiency Attenuates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice via Reduced Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction and Monocyte Migration

Background—Endothelial dysfunction and monocyte migration are key events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Nonmuscle myosin light-chain kinase (nmMLCK), the predominant MLCK isoform in endothelial cells, has been shown to contribute to vascular inflammation by altering endothelial barrier function. However, its impact on atherogenesis remains unknown. Methods and Results—We investigated the role of nmMLCK in the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E–deficient (apoE−/−) mice fed an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. Histopathological examination demonstrated that nmMLCK deficiency (apoE−/−nmmlck−/−) reduced the size of aortic lesions by 53%, lipid contents by 44%, and macrophage deposition by 40%. Western blotting and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed the expression of nmMLCK in aortic endothelial cells and peripheral blood monocytes. Measurements of transendothelial electric resistance indicated that nmMLCK deficiency attenuated endothelial barrier dysfunction...
The Effects of Terrorism on Trade: A Factor Supply Approach

This article reconsiders the effects of terrorism on trade. The conventional wisdom is that trade with a nation affected by terrorism involves higher risks. The consequent rise in the transaction costs is akin to a rise in transportation costs, which tend to reduce trade. Based on such an argument, Nitsch and Schumacher (2004) and Blomberg and Hess (2006) find evidence that terrorism indeed tends to depress a nation’s trade. However, terrorism not only affects transaction costs for a trading nation, but also can deplete a nation’s supply of scarce productive factors. This depletion may result from terrorist groups drawing the nation’s radicalized elements into terrorism activities or terrorist groups directing attacks on the nation’s people or productive capital. Negative impacts on the economy may also stem from foreign investors being dissuaded from investing because of potential terrorist activities. The literature in this area has already documented these effects, 1 but there has been no analysis of how these factor supply effects may influence the pattern of trade. This is an important gap because once factor supply effects are considered, the predictions of how terrorism may affect trade may be reversed. 2 When terrorism affects a nation’s factor supplies, its production possibility frontier will shift and The conventional view of terrorism is that it raises risks and, as a result, reduces trade. The authors use a factor supply approach to show that this hypothesis is not necessarily correct. They use a twogood, two-factor, small open economy model to show that terrorism can either reduce or raise trade depending on critical factors, such as the impact of terrorism on the intensive factor of the export or the import sector. They then extend the analysis to models with several goods and factors and identi fy conditions under which trade may rise or fall with a greater incidence of terrorism. Finally, they pro vide an analysis of the effects of terrorism on trade in the presence of an optimal counterterrorism policy. The authors find that a nation’s adjustment of its counterterrorism level in response to a greater terrorist threat may moderate the impact of terrorism on trade. (JEL F11, F52, H56) Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review , Third Quarter 2014, 96 (2), pp. 229-41.
Network image coding for multicast

We consider a new problem in network image coding for multicast. In a multihop mesh network, structured as a directed graph, all nodes decode and display reconstructions of the image (at possibly different qualities). Each node may also perform transcoding before transmitting data downstream in the network. The problem is the design of the coding and transcoding schemes to deliver the best image quality over the network. For a network with diamond topology, we show that multiple description coding combined with Wyner-Ziv transcoding is often superior to other methods. We argue further that the benefits are magnified for larger networks containing one or more diamond subnets. Our image coding experiments demonstrate that multiple description coding with Wyner-Ziv transcoding outperforms single description coding or multiple description coding with conventional transcoding, for both a diamond network and a two-hop mesh network with four branches.