cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stark trade-offs and elegant solutions in arthropod visual systems

ABSTRACT Vision is one of the most important senses for humans and animals alike. Diverse elegant specializations have evolved among insects and other arthropods in response to specific visual challenges and ecological needs. These specializations are the subject of this Review, and they are best understood in light of the physical limitations of vision. For example, to achieve high spatial resolution, fine sampling in different directions is necessary, as demonstrated by the well-studied large eyes of dragonflies. However, it has recently been shown that a comparatively tiny robber fly (Holcocephala) has similarly high visual resolution in the frontal visual field, despite their eyes being a fraction of the size of those of dragonflies. Other visual specializations in arthropods include the ability to discern colors, which relies on parallel inputs that are tuned to spectral content. Color vision is important for detection of objects such as mates, flowers and oviposition sites, and is particularly well developed in butterflies, stomatopods and jumping spiders. Analogous to color vision, the visual systems of many arthropods are specialized for the detection of polarized light, which in addition to communication with conspecifics, can be used for orientation and navigation. For vision in low light, optical superposition compound eyes perform particularly well. Other modifications to maximize photon capture involve large lenses, stout photoreceptors and, as has been suggested for nocturnal bees, the neural pooling of information. Extreme adaptations even allow insects to see colors at very low light levels or to navigate using the Milky Way.
Examining referral patterns to neuro-ophthalmologists (S28.003)

Objective: To analyze referral patterns to neuro-ophthalmologists, characterize rates of misdiagnoses and delayed diagnoses in patients referred, and to identify characteristics of referrals likely to benefit most from neuro-ophthalmologic evaluation. Background: Neuro-ophthalmologists specialize in complex, urgent, vision- and life-threatening problems, diagnostic dilemmas, and management of complex work-ups. Access is currently limited by a relatively small number of neuro-ophthalmologists, and patients may be affected by incorrect or delayed diagnosis of these conditions. Design/Methods: Retrospective chart review of 300 new patients seen over 45 randomly-chosen days between 06/2011–06/2015 in one tertiary care neuro-ophthalmology clinic. Date range was chosen to use comprehensive paper charting. Demographics, distance traveled, time between onset and consultation, time between appointment request and consultation, providers seen before referral, unnecessary tests before referral, referral diagnoses, final diagnoses, and impact of the neuro-ophthalmologist on outcome were collected. Results: Patients traveled a median 36.5 miles (IQR: 20–85). Median time from onset was 210 days (IQR: 70–1100). Median time from referral to visit was 34 days (IQR: 7–86), with peaks at one week (urgent requests) and 3 months. 82% (247/300) were complex/very complex. 81% (242/300) were appropriate referrals. Median number of previous providers seen was 2 (IQR: 2–4; range: 0–10). 40% (119/300) were misdiagnosed; 49% (147/300) were at least partially misdiagnosed; 7% (22/300) had unknown diagnoses. Women were more likely to be at least partially misdiagnosed—57% (87/153) versus 35% (39/112) of men. Mismanagement or delay in care was present in 28% (85/300), unnecessary tests in 19% (56/300), unnecessary consultations in 22% (65/300), and imaging misinterpretation in 15% (6/300). In 59% (178/300) neuro-ophthalmologists provided a diagnosis and directed treatment, and in 21% (62/300) neuro-ophthalmologists played a major role in preserving vision/preventing life-threatening complications/avoiding harmful treatment. Conclusions: Most referrals to neuro-ophthalmologists were appropriate, but many were delayed. Misdiagnosis prior to referral was common. Neuro-ophthalmologists often prevented vision and life-threatening complications. Disclosure: Dr. Stunkel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mackay has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bruce has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with MedImmune, Bayer, Jensen Law Group. Dr. Newman has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with GenSight Biologics and Quark Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Newman has received research support from GenSight Biologics and Santhera Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Biousse has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Up to Date Neurology.
Delivery of Healthcare Resources Using Autonomous Ground Vehicle Convoy Systems: An Overview.

Utilizing military convoys in humanitarian missions allows for increased overall performance of healthcare logistical operations. In order to properly gauge performance of autonomous ground convoy systems in military humanitarian operations, a proper framework for comparative performance metrics needs to be established. Past efforts in this domain have had heavy focus on narrow and specialized areas of convoy performance such as human factors, trust metrics, or string stability analysis. This paper reviews available Army doctrine for manned convoy requirements towards healthcare missions and establishes a framework to compare performance of autonomous convoys, using metrics such as spacing error, separation distance, and string stability. After developing a framework of comparison for the convoy systems, this paper compares the performance of two autonomous convoys with unique convoy control strategies to demonstrate the application and utility of the framework.
Improved approximations for structural reliability in thermal analysis

Thermal analysis of electronic components-a critical step in assessing the reliability of a system-involves the determination of the temperature field as a function of certain design parameters which are normally subjected to error. This paper presents a general method to quantify the importance of these errors (or uncertainties) in the determination of the temperature field, and ultimately, in the assessment of the reliability of the system. An example of application, as well as the advantages of the present method, is discussed.
Automata Theory with Modern Applications

Recent applications to biomolecular science and DNA computing have created a new audience for automata theory and formal languages. This is the only introductory book to cover such applications. It begins with a clear and readily understood exposition of the fundamentals that assumes only a background in discrete mathematics. The first five chapters give a gentle but rigorous coverage of basic ideas as well as topics not found in other texts at this level, including codes, retracts and semiretracts. Chapter 6 introduces combinatorics on words and uses it to describe a visually inspired approach to languages. The final chapter explains recently-developed language theory coming from developments in bioscience and DNA computing. With over 350 exercises (for which solutions are available), many examples and illustrations, this text will make an ideal contemporary introduction for students; others, new to the field, will welcome it for self-learning.
Carrots and Sticks to Create a Better Patent System

It is widely recognized that the Patent Office grants overly broad patents since it has deficient knowledge of the relevant prior art, especially in high technology areas with significant non-patent prior art. This paper presents five strategies to: (a) increase the quantity and quality of information obtained by the Patent Office from the patentee and her competitors; and (b) to create disincentives for patentees to engage in opportunistic behavior by capitalizing on the information asymmetry between patentees and the Patent Office. The first and second strategies propose changes to our current prior art information disclosure rules based on insights from the economic theory of incomplete contracts. The first strategy proposes that we give patentees the option of presenting an expanded information disclosure statement (IDS) to the Patent Office disclosing all relevant prior art, including an analysis of how the claims, as filed, relate to this disclosed prior art. If the patentee chooses to exercise this option, the issued patent will be granted a specific presumption of validity with respect to the disclosed prior art. In the alternative, if the patentee does not choose the expanded IDS option outlined above, then the second strategy proposes that we eliminate the presumption of validity for any patent that issues under the current disclosure rules. As an optimal alternative, the first and second strategies can be adopted together. As another alternative, the second strategy can be adopted by itself. Based on insights from cognitive dissonance and from empirical data regarding oppositions in Germany and Japan, the third strategy proposes that we institute a pre-grant, third party, patent opposition system based on a publication date that is set at 90 days from the issuance of the first Office Action. This proposal creates a mechanism for third parties to participate in the patent examination process prior to its issuance. Addressing issues in software patents, the fourth strategy proposes that we mandate the use of representational languages in the specification of computer software patents in order to satisfy disclosure requirements and to explicate the metes and bounds of the claimed patent right for software inventions. The fifth strategy proposes that we create a one-way, pro-defendant fee shifting system if patents are invalidated or revoked in a litigation or opposition proceeding based on certain categories of prior art that are reasonably likely to be discovered by a diligent patentee. This proposal attempts to increase the costs borne by the patentee of engaging in opportunistic enforcement of bad patents. If these strategies were implemented in concert, we would put in place incentives and mechanisms to create a better informed Patent Office that is more likely to grant patent rights commensurate with innovation and not impoverish the public domain.
The preparation of dopaminergic agonist [5,8-3H] (+/-)2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene at high specific activity

The rigid dopamine analogue (+/-) 6,7-ADTN was originally synthesized to probe the geometrical constraints of the dopamine receptor family and [3H] (+/-) 6,7-ADTN was required for receptor binding assay. The radioligands was prepared by means of catalytic tritium dehalogenation of a suitable dibromo precursor and characterized by HPLC and tritium NMR. It has proven very useful as a tool to study dopaminergic receptors.
The use of a BIM-based framework to support safe facility management processes

Abstract Maintenance personnel in the field of facility management (FM) are at constant risk of electrical shock, falls, crushing, cuts and bruises, and as a result, have a much higher rate of injury and illness than the national average. Case study analysis confirms that many recorded accidents could have been avoided had the victim followed appropriate hazard mitigation steps to safely execute a FM task. Currently, safety information is conveyed through training seminars, documents, and meetings. This information, although comprehensive, often remains fragmented among multiple resources. Research has shown that the more time and effort an individual must spend obtaining information, the less likely they are to retrieve the information and obey the stated warnings, directly relating to injuries and fatalities. This research attempts to mitigate these issues by describing current market trends, available technologies, and limitations. The paper presents a BIM-based framework to support safe maintenance and repair practices during the facility management phase, through safety attribute identification/classification, data processing and rule-based decision making, and a user interface. By developing a BIM-based framework for FM safety, an underutilized/under-researched usage of BIM is being explored.
Surface characteristics of machined Inconel-718 nickel-base superalloy using natural and controlled contact length tools

Abstract The surface characteristics of machined Inconel-718 nickel-base superalloy were investigated using natural and controlled contact length tools, at various cutting speeds, and under both dry and lubricated conditions. Surface damage in the form of cavities and holes, fractured areas, and long and short straight grooves parallel to the direction of cutting was produced when machining was carried out at low cutting speeds and with tools having natural or controlled contact length, and at high cutting speeds with tools having natural contact lengths. The intensity of surface damage and total area affected decreased as the cutting speed was increased. The quality of the machined surface was drastically improved at high cutting speeds, when tools having controlled contact lengths were used. The application of lubricants was less effective for improving the surface quality. The results were interpreted in terms of the mechanics of chip formation, the interaction between the tool-nose region and freshly machined surface, and the tool forces resulting from the machining process.
Interaction of phonons with the electron-hole liquid☆

Abstract Three new experiments are described which quantify the interaction of high-frequency phonons with the electron-hole liquid. Drift measurements in Si have determined the mobility of electron-hole droplets (EHD) and shown a temperature dependence of the electron-phonon scattering rate which is characteristic of a degenerate Fermi fluid. The drift velocity of EHD strongly saturates at near-sonic velocities, suggesting a Cherenkov-like phonon emission. Phonon spectroscopy in the 150–500 GHz range has determined the dynamic deformation potential and demonmstrated the predicted 2k F -cutoff in the absorption of phonons by EHD in Ge. Time-resolved luminescence imaging has revealed an interesting phonon-wind-induced anisotropy in a cloud of electron-hole droplets which is produced by intense pulsed-laser excitation of Ge.
Determination of elastomeric foam parameters for simulations of complex loading

Background: Finite element (FE) analysis has shown promise for the evaluation of elastomeric foam personal protection devices. Although appropriate representation of foam materials is necessary in order to obtain realistic simulation results, material definitions used in the literature vary widely and often fail to account for the multi-mode loading experienced by these devices. This study aims to provide a library of elastomeric foam material parameters that can be used in FE simulations of complex loading scenarios. Method of Approach: Twelve foam materials used in footwear were tested in uni-axial compression, simple shear and volumetric compression. For each material, parameters for a common compressible hyperelastic material model used in FE analysis were determined using: (a) compression; (b) compression and shear data; and (c) data from all three tests. Results: Material parameters and Drucker stability limits for the best fits are provided with their associated errors. The material model was able ...
Oxidation-reduction behaviour of La-doped SrTiO3

Thermogravimetric measurements as a function of oxygen activity were performed in the temperature range of 1200 to 1400° C on a series of lanthanum SrTiO3 compounds. A model which assumes the absorption of excess oxygen in the structure which compensates the donors by formation of cationic defects is postulated. Comparison of this model with the experimental results show reasonable agreement.
Introduction and propagation of screw-dislocation-like defects in an amorphous Lennard-Jones solid

Abstract Screw dislocations have been introduced into a parallelepiped amorphous Lennard-Jones solid both quasiintrinsically and extrinsically using a computer molecular-statics technique. It was found that under a certain boundary condition, the greater the Burger's strength of the introduced dislocation, the more stable and more compact the state of the amorphous solid after relaxation. On applying shear strains at a given rate, both the intrinsic and the extrinsic screw dislocations propagate through the amorphous solid. The calculated onset shear stress for moving dislocations is about 4–6% of the shear modulus of the amorphous solid.
Decomposition of Racial Differences in Sentencing: Application of an Econometric Technique to Cocaine Possession Cases

This article applies an econometric decomposition technique to analysis of racial group differences in incarceration and sentencing of cocaine possession offenders. The standard 2-stage modeling approach is used to analyze the incarceration decision first and then, for offenders who are incarcerated, the length of the sentence. About a third of the difference in incarceration rates between Blacks and others can be attributed to the endowments, or characteristics, of the offenders’ cases. This means that it is not possible to reject the hypothesis that there is racial bias in incarceration decisions. In contrast, for those who are incarcerated, the differences in sentence length across racial groups are attributed entirely to endowments.
In vitro activity of RP 74501-RP 74502, a novel streptogramin antimicrobial mixture, against clinical isolates of Legionella species.

Agarandbroth microdilution MICsofRP74501-RP 74502, amixture ofstreptogramin antimicrobial agents thatinhibited 90% of22Legionella strains tested, were 0.64and0.08,ug/ml, respectively; respective erythromycin values were 1.0and0.12,ug/ml. RP 74501-RP 74502at1,ug/ml was more active thanthesame erythromycin concentration ina macrophage systemforbothL.pneumophila strains studied butata lower concentration (0.25 ,ug/ml) was muchless active thanerythromycin. drugcomposed ofapproximately 30% RP 74501(P1component) and70%RP 74502(P2compo- nent), andisgivenorally. Thecombination actssynergisti- cally against mostgram-positive cocciandsome gram- negative bacilli (13). We tested theeffect on Legionella species ofRP74501-RP 74502byusing avariety ofsuscep- tibility testing methodsdesigned todetermine whetherthe drugisactive against intracellular andextracellular legionel- lae. Alllegionellae studied were clinical isolates. Thesestrains were identical tothoseusedinprior studies andincluded 2 strains eachofL.dumoffii, L.longbeachae, andL.micda- dei; 1strain ofL.bozemanii; and15strains ofL.pneumo- phila (3,4).Staphylococcus aureusATCC29213 was usedas a control organism forsusceptibility testing. Legionellae were grown on locally madebuffered charcoal yeastextract mediumsupplemented with0.1%a-ketoglutarate (BCYEa) (5). Incubation ofallmediawas doneat35°Cinhumidified air. Standard powdersofRP 74501-RP 74502anderythro- mycinwere obtained fromRhone-Poulenc Rorer, Vitry-sur- Seine, France, andAbbottLaboratories, NorthChicago, Ill., respectively. Agardilution susceptibility testing was performed asde- scribed previously (7). Briefly, antimicrobial-agent-contain- ingBCYEa agarplates were inoculated with=105 CFU of bacteria. Thecontrol S.aureus strain was inoculated on antimicrobial-agent-containing Mueller-Hinton agarplates, as wellas BCYEa plates, todetermine whether BCYEa mediuminhibited antimicrobial agentactivity. Theplates were incubated foreither 24(S.aureus) or48h(legionellae), atwhichtimeMICswere determined; thepresenceofmore thanone colony was considered evidence oflackofantibi- otic inhibition. Brothmicrodilution susceptibility testing was performed byusingbuffered yeastextractbrothsupple- mentedwith0.1%a-ketoglutarate (BYEa)(legionellae) or Mueller-Hinton broth (S.aureus), with afinal volumeof200 ,ul andafinal bacterial concentration ofS x 105CFU/ml(5). Otherwise, thebrothmicrodilution methodwas performed exactly asdescribed previously for amacrobroth method(7).
Compact modeling and SPICE-based simulation for electrothermal analysis of multilevel ULSI interconnects

This paper presents both compact analytical models and fast SPICE based 3-D electro-thermal simulation methodology to characterize thermal effects due to Joule heating in high performance Cu/low-k interconnects under steady-state and transient stress conditions. The results demonstrate excellent agreement with experimental data and those using Finite Element (FE) thermal simulations (ANSYS). The effect of vias, as additional heat sinking paths to alleviate the temp erature rise in the metal wires, is included in our analysis to provide more accurate and realistic thermal diagnosis. It shows that the effectiveness of vias in reducing the temperature rise in interconnects is highly dependent on the via separation and the dielectric materials used. The analytical model is then applied to estimate the temperature distribution in multi-level interconnects. In addition, we discuss the possibility that, under the impact of thermal effects, the performance improvement expected from the use of low-k dielectric materials may be degraded. Furthermore, thermal coupling between wires is evaluated and found to be significant. Finally, the impact of metal wire aspect ratio on interconnect thermal characteristics is discussed.
Pushbroom-Frame Imagery Co-Registration

More and more littoral surveys are conducted with aerial platform sensor suites that include a hyperspectral pushbroom sensor and a frame camera. However, in some cases, data from auxiliary sensors may contain errors or are not available. For many research groups, a high-accuracy registration of the multi-sensor data relative to each other is essential, while absolute geo-location of each individual measurement is not. A co-registration procedure was developed for pseudo ortho-rectification of the hyperspectral imagery and to remove spatial distortions caused by the aircraft's trajectory during the survey based on a flat-earth assumption. This image-processing approach utilizes the aerial frame imagery as a reference. Each hyperspectral scan line is co-registered into the frame imagery coordinate system. The performance of the procedure was evaluated using hyperspectral imagery collected over northern New Hampshire and southern Maine. The evaluation results showed that the procedure is robust enough to ps...
Converging Stepped Spillways: Simplified Momentum Analysis Approach

AbstractRoller compacted concrete (RCC) stepped spillways are growing in popularity for providing overtopping protection for aging watershed dams with inadequate auxiliary spillway capacity and for the construction of new dams. Site conditions, such as limited right-of-way, topography, and geological formations, often dictate that these spillways converge. Convergence increases the flow depth near the training walls and alters the stilling basin design requirements as compared with traditional straight spillways. A simplified control volume momentum analysis is presented for predicting the minimum vertical training wall height necessary to prevent wall overtopping in converging stepped spillways. An expression is developed to predict vertical training wall height as a function of centerline flow depth, centerline velocity, chute slope, and convergence angle. A three-dimensional 3(H):1(V) sloping stepped spillway model with an ogee crest and convergence ranging from 0–70° was constructed to verify this rel...
INDICATORS OF MATERIALISM IN CHILDREN'S FREE SPEECH: AGE AND GENDER COMPARISONS

Many leading authorities contend that “materialism,” the disposition to own and consume products, is a basic core value of the contemporary culture of the United States. Little is known, however, regarding the manner in which children's interest in consumer products changes with age. This article examines this and related issues, citing empirical evidence of age‐ and gender‐based patterns with respect to materialism as evidenced by reference to consumer products in children's conversations with peers.
A method for selective cloning of eukaryotic DNA fragments in Escherichia coli by repeated transformation.

A procedure is described for the selective cloning in E. coli of restriction endonuclease-generated fragments of eukaryotic DNA linked to a bacterial plasmid replicon. The cloning method involves the initial use of tranformation to amplify an unfractionated heterogeneous population of ligated DNA molecules, and the subsequent purification of plasmid chimeras by repeated cycles of transformation and gradient centrifugation. The procedure has enabled the identification and purification of a rare 6.8x106 dalton EcoRI-generated fragment of X. laevis rDNA that is present in about 0.5% of the rDNA tandem repeat units.
A comparison of randomized intervention analysis and two‐factor analysis of variance for analysis of angler effort in a floodplain river fishery

Probability values were compared among randomized intervention analysis (RIA) and untransformed and loge-transformed two-factor analyses of variance (anova) to test effects of fish stocking and a public relations programme on angler effort. The data set consisted of a time series of angler vehicle counts at single control and impact locations in a before–after-control-impact (BACI) experimental design. A randomized complete block anova indicated that probability values from RIA and the untransformed and loge-transformed two-factor anova did not differ significantly (P = 0.345), and that they did not result in different conclusions concerning angler effort. Randomized intervention analysis is superior to two-factor anova in not having to conform with assumptions of parametric statistics, and it tests for temporal autocorrelation. Two-factor anova is superior to RIA in providing statistical inferences about possible differences in main effects, i.e. control and impact locations and pre- and post-treatment periods, if the interaction term is non-significant. To achieve the most comprehensive analysis, it is recommended that both RIA and two-factor anova (whether untransformed or transformed) be performed during field experiments of angler effort when using a BACI design at single control and treatment locations.
Abstract A95: Genetic variability in energy metabolism and pancreatic cancer risk: A population-based case-control study in Minnesota

A95 Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in developed countries. Although the etiology of pancreatic cancer remains elusive, based on epidemiologic studies, obesity and type-2 diabetes appear to increase risk of this fatal disease. Therefore, it is possible that polymorphisms in genes involved in energy metabolism modulate pancreatic cancer risk. We investigated this hypothesis using a case-control study conducted during 1994-1998 in Minnesota. Cases (n=189), aged 20 years or older, were ascertained from all hospitals in the metropolitan area of the Twin Cities and the Mayo Clinic; from the later, only cases residing in the Upper Midwest of the US were recruited. Controls (n=486) were randomly selected from the general population and frequency matched to cases by age (within 5 years) and sex. Polymorphisms in four genes were genotyped: leptin (LEP, -2548G>A, rs7799039), leptin receptor (LEPR, Gln223Arg, rs1137101), and neuropeptide Y (NPY, Leu7Pro, rs16139) (regulating energy intake), and β2-adrenoceptor (ADRB2, Gly16Arg, rs1042713) (regulating energy expenditure). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. After adjustment for age, sex, race, education, cigarette smoking, and alcohol use, a statistically significantly reduced risk of pancreatic cancer was observed in subjects who were heterozygous or homozygous for the NPY7Pro allele as compared with those who were homozygous for the NPY7Leu allele) [OR (95%CI): 0.39 (0.15-0.89)]. The variant allele (16Arg) of ADRB2 was associated with a borderline significantly increased risk [OR (95%CI): 1.47 (0.99-2.21)]. No appreciable effects were detected for the LEP and LEPR sequence variants examined. The genetic associations described above were not markedly modified by physical activity or dietary intake of energy, fat, or fiber. This study offers novel data suggesting that genetic variability in the regulation of energy intake and expenditure influences pancreatic cancer risk. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A95.
Noradrenergic innervation to the VMN or MPN is not necessary for lordosis.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine the importance of noradrenergic neurons terminating in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) and medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) of the hypothalamus for lordosis behavior in ovariectomized, estrogen/progesterone-treated female rats. Seven days following bilateral injections of the noradrenergic neurotoxin 5-amino-2,4-dihydroxy-α-methylphenylethylamine (5-ADMP) into the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNAB), norepinephrine (NE) concentrations (ng/mg protein) were reduced to 30–35% of control in the VMN and MPN. 5-ADMP-induced lesions of the VNAB also reduced lordosis quotients in these animals, and this effect was reversed by intracerebral ventricular administration of the α 1 -adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine. These results indicate that neurotoxin-induced disruption of noradrenergic neurons in the VNAB is associated with a deficit in sexual receptivity in female rats. To determine if the reduction in sexual receptivity following 5-ADMP-induced lesions of the VNAB resulted from loss of noradrenergic neuronal projections specifically to the VMN or MPN, lordosis quotients were determined in ovariectomized, estrogen/progesterone-treated rats in which noradrenergic terminals in these hypothalamic nuclei were selectively lesioned. Injection of 5-ADMP directly into either the VMN or MPN reduced NE concentrations to 17% of control in these hypothalamic nuclei, but failed to alter lordosis. Furthermore, injection of phenylephrine into either the VMN or MPN of VNAB-lesioned rats failed to reinstate lordosis to the levels comparable to sham-lesioned controls. Taken together, these results indicate that noradrenergic neurons terminating in either the VMN or MPN are not essential for gonadal steroid induction of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized female rats.
Humoral indices of stress in rats

Abstract Rats, bearing chronic venous cannulas, were subjected to 30 sec of constant current grid shock at 1 of 6 intensities (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 mA), after being allowed to acclimate to the test chamber overnight. Blood, sampled before and after shock, was assayed for epinephrine, norepinephrine and corticosterone. Peak levels of both catecholamines increased in a stepwise fashion (i.e., monotonically) with increasing magnitude of stress, as reflected by current intensity of foot shock. Plasma corticosterone did not increase monotonically but instead showed similar increases in the 5 groups of rats that actually received shock. These data support earlier work which indicate that plasma corticosterone is not a sensitive index of stress; this is probably the case because of the relatively narrow range of responsiveness of the adrenal cortex to ACTH. In contrast, both plasma catecholamines appear to satisfy some of the requisites for a sensitive visceral index of stress.
A phase unwrapping method for large-motion phase data in MR elastography

We have developed a one-dimensional route-finding phase unwrapping method to handle Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) phase data from very large induced motion. The method is able to unwrap data where the adjacent phase differences are within range [-2π, 2π) as opposed to the [-π, π) requirement for most phase unwrapping methods. With more unwrapping paths, the range of phase difference can be easily expanded to [-2Nπ, 2Nπ) (N = 1,2,3,...). The possible unwrapping path when using different numbers of relative phase offsets can be found by Monte Carlo simulation. Two phantom studies were performed to test the new unwrapping method. One study compared the new method with the classical Itoh's one-dimensional method and the other study combined the new method with twodimensional phase unwrapping method and unwraped three-dimensional MRE phase data with a sequential threedimensional unwrapping approach. The results from using different phase unwrapping methods were then compared and analyzed.
Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the gallbladder or prostate: Two case reports

Although metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not uncommon, dissemination to the gallbladder or prostate is very rare. We present 1 case of RCC with synchronous metastasis to the gallbladder and 1 case of RCC with metachronous metastasis to the prostate. These cases illustrate the propensity of RCC for unpredictable presentation and unusual sites of metastases. The first case also illustrates the benefit of adjuvant nephrectomy with excision of a solitary metastasis. Patterns of RCC metastases and flow cytometric analysis of RCC are discussed.
A new level set model for multimaterial flows

We propose a new level set model for representing multimaterial flows in multiple space dimensions. Instead of associating a level set function with a specific fluid material, the function is associated with a pair of materials and the interface that separates them. A voting algorithm collects sign information from all level set functions and determines material designation. To represent a general M-material configuration, M(M-1)/2 level set functions need to be accounted for; problems of practical interest use far fewer functions, as not all pairs of materials share an interface, and level-set functions that coincide are grouped together. Under this model, regions of potential material ambiguity, i.e. overlaps or vacuum, are markedly reduced in size: in 2D, ambiguous regions are points, as opposed to lines in material-based level set models; in 3D, they are lines as opposed to surfaces. The model produces excellent results without the need for reinitialization, thereby avoiding additional computational costs and preventing excessive numerical diffusion.
Bilayer to non-bilayer transition in mixtures of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine: Implications for membrane properties

Abstract The structural phases in various mixtures of soybean phosphatidylethanolamine and egg phosphatidylcholine were studied by X-ray diffraction, freeze fracture electron microscopy, and 31P NMR. An intermediate state between bilayer and hexagonal structures was found at a composition of 10–25 mol% of phosphatidylcholine. The intermediate state consists of closely packed multilayers, together with arrays of lipidic intramembranous particles. The arrays of lipidic intramembranous particles, possibly membrane invaginations, give rise to an anisotropic 31P NMR spectrum commonly accredited to a hexagonal structure. A phase diagram of this mixed system is proposed. The compositional range at which the intermediate state exists coincides with the range of maximal mitochondrial ATPase activity when these lipids are used in reconstitution experiments.
Descartes, Heidegger, Gibson, and God: Toward an Eclectic Ontology of Presence

With regard to “presence” and “reality,” the philosophical perspectives of Heidegger and Gibson are commonly seen to be in opposition to those of Descartes. This paper questions the validity of these differences and suggests a framework that would seem to accommodate both perspectives, namely that of engineering estimation theory. In this same regard---and in view of our interest in virtual reality---an ultimate challenge is posed as an exercise: how to treat the “presence” and “reality” of God.
Self-pumped contra-directional two-beam coupling in a photorefractive material using beam propagation simulation

By using split-step beam propagation method, self-pumped contra-directional two-beam coupling is simulated in a photorefractive medium for arbitrary shaped beams. The simulation shows a positive influence of the photovoltaic effect on the two-beam coupling efficiency, in agreement with published experimental observations.
The molecular arrangement of the conserved subunits of DNA.

To investigate the possibility that isotopieally hybrid DNA molecules may consist of paired linear subunits in “end-to-end” rather than “side-to-side” association, sonic fragments of hybrid 13C,15N Escherichia coli DNA were examined in the CsCl density gradient. Sonic fragments fully labeled with 13C and 15N were not detected and an “end-to-end” model for the arrangement of the subunits was ruled out.
Studies in the assessment of folding quality for protein modeling and structure prediction.

A diagnostic for assessing the quality of a fold has been developed to which further criteria can be progressively added. The goal is to create a measure that can follow the status of a protein structure in a simulation or modeling process, when the answer (the experimental structure) is not known in advance, rather than simply reject deliberate misfolds. This places greater emphasis on the need to study, and calibrate against, marginal cases, i.e., unusual native structures, incomplete structures, partially erroneous X-ray structures, good models, poor models, and the effect of cofactors. The first three terms introduced in the diagnostic are appropriate core-forming properties or noncore properties of residues in relation to tertiary structure, appropriate neighboring structure density for each residue in relation to tertiary structure, and secondary structure consistency. While the method emerges as a useful simulation analysis tool, we find a need for further fine-tuning to diminish sensitivity to minor conformational changes that retain essential features of the fold, balanced against the need to obtain a more sensitive response when a conformational change involves less physically meaningful interatomic interactions. This dual utility is difficult to obtain: the investigation highlights some of the issues. Initial attempts to obtain it have led to terms in the diagnostic that are admittedly complex: simplifications must also be explored.
Compressive coherence sensing

The 4-D cross spectral density function is recovered using 2-D rotational shear interferometer measurements and a matrix completion algorithm for low rank matrices. Imaging of point sources through turbulence is demonstrated.
A three-dimensional Lagrangian hurricane eyewall computation

The computation of a hurricane eyewall is necessary to determine mixing between the eyewall and the neighbouring eye and environment regions. We define a Lagrangian eyewall region by computing the Lagrangian structures of hyperbolic stability that distinguish the eyewall from surrounding regions. The methods used guarantee the stability and continuity of the eyewall for time-dependent velocity fields. As an added benefit of our methods, fast convergence gives the opportunity to utilize the methods in real-time simulations. The exact location of Lagrangian coherent structures is accomplished through a ridge-extraction algorithm, which is efficient for locating the ridges found in this model. A complete construction of three-dimensional coherent structures is accomplished by overlaying horizontally continuous ridge curves onz levels. Copyright c
Thin dead-layer avalanche photodiodes enable low-energy ion measurements

Abstract As an alternative method for detecting low-energy ions, we describe the performance of a thin dead-layer avalanche photodiode (APD, Hamamatsu spl 6815), which provides high-resolution, proportional, and reliable efficiency with low mass and power even at room temperature. The pulse height distribution of the APD signal shows a significant peak for energies above 2.5 keV for protons and 3.4 keV for helium ions, with a noise level of ∼ 300 electrons (1.1 keV in silicon diode detectors). The response linearity is excellent for light ions, including protons and helium ions, with some non-linearity for heavier ions. The energy resolutions are 15% for 58 keV protons, 16% for 56 keV helium ions, 43% for 55 keV nitrogen ions and 46% for 55 keV argon ions. We also measured the thickness of a dead layer by analyzing the energy defect of 57 keV protons with different angles from the device surface, revealing a dead layer as thin as 340 A. Considering the whole active-layer thickness of approximately 150 μ m , the maximum detectable energy was calculated to be ∼ 4 MeV / n for protons and helium ions.
An Equivalent Disc for Calculating the Terminal Velocities of Plate-Like Ice Crystals

Abstract Measurements of terminal velocities of metal models of plate-like ice crystals in a tank containing various concentrations of glycerol in water suggest that the terminal velocities of a given model can be predicted from that of a disc made of the same material having the same mass and thickness. The terminal velocities of the models are less than that of the corresponding disc by a factor determined by the shape of the model. This factor is a maximum at 25% for the star-shaped model. These results are independent of the material of the disc or liquid and cover a Reynolds number range of at least 0.5 to 200; they are therefore applicable to plate-like ice crystals falling in air.
Energetics of SecA dimerization.

Abstract Transport of many proteins to extracytoplasmic locations occurs via the general secretion (Sec) pathway. In Escherichia coli, this pathway is composed of the SecYEG protein-conducting channel and the SecA ATPase. SecA plays a central role in binding the signal peptide region of preproteins, directing preproteins to membrane-bound SecYEG and promoting translocation coupled with ATP hydrolysis. Although it is well established that SecA is crucial for preprotein transport and thus cell viability, its oligomeric state during different stages of transport remains ill defined. We have characterized the energetics of SecA dimerization as a function of salt concentration and temperature and defined the linkage of SecA dimerization and signal peptide binding using analytical ultracentrifugation. The use of a new fluorescence detector permitted an analysis of SecA dimerization down to concentrations as low as 50 nM. The dimer dissociation constants are strongly dependent on salt. Linkage analysis indicates that SecA dimerization is coupled to the release of about five ions, demonstrating that electrostatic interactions play an important role in stabilizing the SecA dimer interface. Binding of signal peptide reduces SecA dimerization affinity, such that Kd increases about 9-fold from 0.28 μM in the absence of peptide to 2.68 μM in the presence of peptide. The weakening of the SecA dimer that accompanies signal peptide binding may poise the SecA dimer to dissociate upon binding to SecYEG.
Plutonium and uranium isotopic analysis in the x-ray region with CdTe detector

We demonstrated the wide-range isotopic analysis of plutonium with a portable Peltier cooled CdTe detector in late 2000. These were the first results of this kind for a non-cryogenic detector. The energies used in those early analyses were in the range 125-414 keV. We have since extended the analysis into the X-ray region where the gamma rays are many times more intense than in the higher energy region. We describe the plutonium and uranium analysis of CdTe spectra in the X-ray region.
Chaos in orbits due to disk crossings.

: We study orbits of halo stars in simple models of galaxies with disks and halos to see if the cumulative effects of the sudden changes in acceleration that occur at disk crossings can induce chaos. We find that they can, although not in all orbits and not in all potentials. Most of the orbits that become chaotic stay relatively close to the disk and range widely in the radial direction. Heavier disks and increased halo flattening both enhance the extent of the chaos. A limited range of experiments with a three-component model of the Milky Way with an added central bulge finds that many chaotic disk-crossing orbits can be expected in the central regions, and that prolateness of the halo is much more effective than oblateness in generating chaos.
Parental correlates of unintentional burn injuries in infancy and early childhood

The main purpose of this paper is to review parental factors associated with unintentional burns in early childhood. The problem and characteristics of early childhood burns are discussed. Child injury prevention strategies and models are presented. Parental correlates of pediatric injuries in general and specific to burns are reviewed. In conclusion, the authors recommend greater examination of parental variables potentially amenable to treatment, such as psychological functioning, and improved methodology including the use of prospective analyses, multiple methods and informants, and comparison groups. These efforts should enable greater understanding of parental factors related and causal to early childhood burns and, in turn, guide prevention initiatives.
A rapid isotope dilution procedure for estimating the relative proportion of mitochondrial DNA in yeast.

Abstract A method is described for estimating rapidly the relative proportion of total DNA that is of mitochondrial origin in small quantities of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae . This procedure involves the mechanical disruption of cells followed by the addition of small amounts of radioactively labeled yeast nuclear and mitochondrial DNA to the lysate. Both labeled and unlabeled DNAs are then co-extracted from the mixture and separated into nuclear and mitochondrial DNA components by poly( l -lysine) Kieselguhr column chromatography. The resulting specific radioactivities of each species of DNA, when compared to the amount of labeled DNA initially added, are related to the relative proportion of unlabeled nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in the original cell sample. The isotope dilution procedure reported here is shown to be both reproducible and to reflect the true relative concentrations of each species of DNA in this yeast.
Tumor-specific expression of alternatively spliced estrogen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid variants in human pituitary adenomas

The well documented mitogenic and hormone regulatory effects of estrogen (E2) on pituitary cells are mediated via its nuclear receptor (ER), a cellular homolog of v-erbA oncogene. ER isoforms generated by alternative exon splicing, termed ER variants delta 2ER to delta 7ER, have been identified in breast cancer and have been postulated to have important pathogenetic and clinical implications in tumorigenesis and/or development of hormone resistance. Because pituitary tumors, particularly prolactinomas, are known to be E2-dependent, we investigated alternatively spliced ER variant messenger ribonucleic acid expression in 40 human pituitary tumors of various phenotypes and normal pituitary tissues, using reverse transcription-PCR and Southern blot analyses. Nine of 11 prolactinomas readily expressed multiple ER variants (delta 2ER, delta 4ER, 5ER, and delta 7ER), whereas 6 of 11 tumors showed faint expression of delta 3ER. Four of 7 glycoprotein hormone-producing tumors that synthesized FSH beta expressed delta 2ER, delta 5ER, and delta 7ER. In 9 GH- and 10 ACTH-secreting tumors examined, the expression of normal and variant ER was restricted to tumors that also exhibited scattered PRL immunoreactivity. Variant and normal ER were not found in three null cell tumors (oncocytomas) that showed negative immunoreactivity for all pituitary hormones or their subunits. In contrast, only delta 4ER and delta 7ER were uniformly detected in normal pituitaries. delta 6ER was not detected in any normal or neoplastic pituitary specimen studied. We conclude that multiple alternatively spliced ER variants are coexpressed with normal ER in a tumor phenotype-specific manner. In addition, ER variants delta 2ER and delta 5ER were found to be tumor specific. Future functional studies will be required to determine whether coexpression of multiple ER variants along with normal ER confers a pathophysiological role in pituitary hormone regulation and/or tumor cell proliferation.