cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Markers of successful recruitment of students to family practice residency programs.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES With limited numbers of medical students choosing a primary care specialty, family practice residency programs have had to complete to fill available residency positions. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the recruiting process used by US family practice residencies and to compare recruiting strategies used by successful and unsuccessful programs. METHODS We surveyed program directors of all 361 nonmilitary, accredited, US family practice residency programs in existence for more than 2 years. The questionnaire elicited information on program descriptors, recruitment process, and fill rate in the National Resident Matching Program. RESULTS Seventy-eight percent (282) of the program directors returned usable questionnaires. Success in filling available positions through the Match was significantly associated with high quality of current housestaff and faculty and current residents' positive feelings about the program (P < .01). Program directors perceived successful programs as having an outstanding reputation and being regarded positively by other departments within the institution (P < .01). Programs in the Pacific and Mountain regions of the United States are more successful in recruitment. Programs not filling available positions through the Match spent more effort in recruiting strategies such as mailing and marketing materials (P < .01). CONCLUSION Having high-quality faculty, housestaff, and residents with good attitudes are markers of success in the Match. Less successful programs appear to try harder to attract residents.
Dynamics of Compliant Risers

Modelisation tridimensionnelle du comportement statique et dynamique d'une colonne montante souple consideree comme une barre non spherique somise a une torsion en presence d'ondes de gravite de surface monochromatiques et unidirectionnelles. Utilisation d'une methode iterative et comparaison avec la modelisation bidimensionnelle
An Active Learning Module Teaching Advanced Communication Skills to Care for Sexual Minority Youth in Clinical Medical Education

Abstract Introduction Expert recommendations state that all physicians caring for youth should be trained in providing competent and nonjudgmental care for sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth. D...
Increased Susceptibility to Infection Due to Dysfunction of Granulocytes

The vital protective role of the granulocyte in the defense against bacterial infection is well established by clinical experience. Of course the consequences of granulocytopenia are far more frequently observed in human disease than are the results of disorders of granulocyte function. Nevertheless, studies of disturbances of granulocyte function and the interaction of granulocytes with the plasma proteins and bacteria are vital subjects of clinical investigation not only because they reveal information concerning enhanced susceptibility to infection, but also because they help to unravel the complexities of granulocyte physiology.
End of Life Issues

Providing excellent surgical care for patients at the end of life can present many ethical dilemmas. In this chapter many of the most commonly encountered ethical dilemmas encountered by surgeons during to end of life care are examined, organized around a fitting ethical principle. Tools that surgeons can use to help with avoiding unduly influencing preference construction, making decisions to withdraw life support, and attempting to prognosticate outcome in complex situations with incomplete information are discussed. The theme of improved multidisciplinary communication with patients and their families runs through the practical application of beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy, justice, and fidelity in these settings. Through working to understand who our patients are, discover what they value, and mitigate gaps in medical knowledge, we can provide ethical, high-quality end of life care.
Nanopore sequencing meets epigenetics

Advanced signal processing techniques enable the genome-wide analysis of methylation in native DNA using nanopore sequencing.
Anti-CD3 antibody therapy attenuates the progression of hypertension in female mice with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder with prevalent hypertension that significantly contributes to the mortality in this patient population. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence suggests that anti-CD3 antibody therapy may attenuate the development of autoimmune diseases like SLE. However, it is unclear whether this treatment impacts the development of the prevalent hypertension associated with SLE. The present study was designed to determine whether anti-CD3 antibody treatment attenuates the progression of hypertension in female SLE mice with already established renal disease (albuminuria ≥100mg/dL). Female SLE (NZBWF1) and control (NZW) mice were administered either an antibody to CD3e, a component of the T cell receptor complex expressed on all T cells, or IgG antibody (isotype control) for up to 4 weeks (intranasal; 25μg/week). Spleen weight was lower in SLE mice treated with anti-CD3 antibody than in IgG-treated SLE mice, suggesting that immune system hyperactivity is decreased. Circulating anti-dsDNA autoantibodies were increased in SLE mice compared to controls and were blunted in the anti-CD3-treated SLE mice. The development of hypertension was attenuated in anti-CD3 treated mice with SLE independently of changes in renal injury (assessed by urinary albumin). These data suggest anti-CD3 therapy during autoimmune disease may have added clinical benefit to attenuate cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension.
Walking a Thin Line: The Netherland’s Counterterrorism Challenge

It is impossible to understand counterterrorism policy in the Netherlands outside of the context of immigration politics. As the Netherlands changed in the post–World War II era from a homogeneous to a multicultural society, Holland’s government has struggled to manage tensions between ethnic groups, navigating between the two poles of self-expression and autonomy for ethnic groups, and the desire to see all groups assimilate within broader Dutch society. But beginning in 2001, influenced by key events including the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the US, the 2002 murder of right-wing Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn and the 2004 murder of filmmaker Theo van Gogh – both by homegrown Dutch terrorists – the Netherlands has adopted an antiterrorist policy focused largely on defeating the “homegrown threat” through preemptive intelligence gathering and surveillance. These new policies have been perceived by many analysts and activists – both within the Netherlands and outside – as both anti-immigrant and anti-Islamic. Dissent in the Netherlands to counterterrorist policies have focused on the ways in which current policies equate immigrants, terrorists, and crime (the so-called crimmigration axis), along with limited opposition to working closely with the US – where counterterrorist activities are seen to be more military in nature. As a result, social problems in the Netherlands have been exacerbated and according to some, the new climate which marginalizes and stigmatizes first-, second-, and third-generation non-western Dutch citizens, may actually be increasing the likelihood that these citizens will self-radicalize.
Intracranial Neuromodulation: Deep Brain Stimulation for Pain

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a form of intracranial stimulation in which electrical current can be delivered to deep nuclei. It is performed by the insertion of implanted electrodes via a burrhole to the subcortical targets, utilizing navigation. It is a reversible and adjustable procedure that falls under the category of neuromodulation; because it is less invasive than other neurosurgical procedures, it carries a low risk profile.
Emerging Treatment Models in Rheumatology: Challenges for Osteoarthritis Trials

At a time when advancing understanding of osteoarthritis (OA) has created opportunities for new treatments, development of treatments has remained considerably behind advances in other rheumatic diseases. We describe elements of trial design and measurements that have inhibited success and offer suggestions that may help break the log jam. Among the problems with trials that include pain as an outcome measure are reliance on a single, non-optimal pain outcome, overestimation of likely effects of treatments on pain, and failure to identify patient subgroups most likely to respond to specific treatments. With regard to the use of structure modification as an outcome measure, demonstrating structure modification is often highly challenging, even with the use of magnetic resonance imaging. Many OA patients have advanced disease that is unlikely to respond to treatments that prevent cartilage loss. Further, prevention of cartilage loss and reduction of pain correlate weakly at best, and in at least some patients, reduction in pain may actually increase joint damage, making it impossible to demonstrate dual treatment effects on structure and pain in such scenarios. For structure outcomes, treatment effects on pain-sensitive structures such as bone and synovium may be more achievable than preventing cartilage loss. We suggest that changes in trial design related to some of these issues may increase the chances that new exciting and effective OA treatments will become available.
Context-dependent costs and benefits of a heterospecific nesting association

The costs and benefits of interspecific interactions can vary among spatial or temporal contexts. We studied interactions between breeding shorebirds and gulls and found that the nature of interactions varied with breeding stage. Hudsonian Godwits aggregated their nests near colonies of Mew Gulls, a protector species that reduced risk of predation that godwits experienced during incubation. However, the association changed post-hatching, when Mew Gulls became important predators of young chicks and were avoided by godwits.
A simulation model of nail bed suture and nail fixation: description and preliminary evaluation.

Abstract Background Wounds of the finger nail bed represent a frequent injury, especially in children. Residents often learn nail bed repair on patients without prior training. We aimed to develop and evaluate a “low-fidelity” simulation model of nail bed repair. Methods The model consists of a false nail on a plastic finger and a hydrocolloid dressing, which is pasted on the nail bed site and cut horizontally. This model allows nail bed suture and nail fixation. The cost of each model is about $1. Thirty-three doctors evaluated this model on 10 items, rated out of five, concerning the realism, the difficulty of the procedure, and the educational value. The duration of the procedure was also noted. We evaluated the clinical effectiveness by comparing through Fisher's exact test the ratio of unsuitable events (revision surgeries, surgical site infections, and complaint letters) on two periods—3 y before and 18 mo after the implementation of this model in our institution, respectively. Results Average mark was 4.16/5. The model was considered reliable, reproducible, and realistic. All the testers recognized a big educational value. The overall duration of the procedure averaged 23 min for residents and 11 min for surgeons. We collected 17 unsuitable events out of 84 patients from the period “before” and 2 out of 54 patients from the period “after” (P = 0.005). Revision surgeries were 10/84 from the period before and 2/54 from the period after (P = 0.04). Conclusions The results of the internal and clinical evaluations are encouraging. We suggest integration of this model into the training program of residents.
Not Just for Novices: The Programmatic Impact of Practice-Based Teacher Education.

ABSTRACTThis article describes how a secondary teacher education program at a midsized university made the turn toward a practice-based program in teacher education. The authors argue that efforts to recenter the program around practices have not only improved opportunities for novice teachers, but also have provided teacher educators a programmatic framework for making substantive progress toward three attributes of quality teacher education: increased collaboration between teacher educators, greater coherence between courses and experiences, and improved legitimacy of university-based teacher education. The authors detail specific components of this program reform and explain how such efforts have resulted in valuable gains across each attribute. The authors also explain how they implemented these programmatic changes largely within existing course and field-experience structures, and without substantive new infusions of personnel or funding.
Real-Time Amplifier Load-Impedance Optimization for Adaptive Radar Transmitters Using a Nonlinear Tunable Varactor Matching Network

Future radar transmitters will need to be able to quickly reconfigure their radio-frequency circuitry to change operating frequency and spectral output while maintaining high power-added efficiency (PAE). In this paper, fast tuning of a tunable-varactor matching network is demonstrated to optimize the PAE while meeting requirements on the adjacent-channel power ratio. The tunable varactor network, a first-level prototype of a tunable radar amplifier matching network, incurs nonlinear performance, providing possible challenges to measurement accuracy. To address the issue of nonlinearities while maintaining ability to quickly reconfigure, the tunable-varactor network is characterized at different input power levels to allow useful performance in its nonlinear regime. The power-dependent characterization is used in an algorithm for optimization of an amplifier's PAE, by looking up the matching network characterization performed at the power estimated to be output by the amplifier. Measurement results show that this characterization enhances the consistency of the optimized PAE. Using the tunable varactor network reduces the optimization time to one-fourth of the time required when using the algorithm with a traditional mechanical load-pull tuner.
Tracer-based System Dynamic Modeling for Designing a Subsurface Upflow Wetland for Nutrient Removal

Abstract In this study, a new-generation subsurface upflow wetland (SUW) system packed with a unique sorption media was introduced for nutrient removal in a domestic wastewater treatment process. To explore the interface between hydraulic and environmental performance, a tracer study was carried out in concert with a transport model to collectively provide hydraulic retention time (7.1 days) and compelling evidence of pollutant fate and transport processes. Research findings indicate that our pollution-control media demonstrates smooth nutrient removal efficiencies across different sampling port locations given the appropriate size distribution conversant with the anticipated hydraulic patterns and layered structure among the sorption media components. The sizable capacity for nutrient removal in this bioprocess confirms that the SUW is a promising substitute or an extension of traditional onsite wastewater treatment systems. Constructed wetlands have been popular in ecological engineering regime; yet modeling the physical, chemical, and biological processes within these wetlands with respect to the knowledge gained in a tracer study has been a long-standing challenge in past decades. The second part of this chapter highlights an advancement of modeling the SUW system with a layer-structured compartmental simulation model. This is the first wetland model of its kind in the world to address the complexity between plant nutrient uptake and sorption media. Such a system dynamics model using STELLA® as a means for a graphical formulation was applied to illustrate the essential mechanism of the nitrification and denitrification processes within a sorption media-based SUW system, which can be recognized as one of the major passive onsite wastewater treatment technologies in this decade.
Rice Improvement Through Tissue Culture in the USSR

Rice in the USSR is cultivated in the temperate climate area. The world germplasm bank of rice mainly consists of entries of tropical origin, and under the conditions found in the USSR most of them not only do not mature, but often even do not produce panicles.
Truth and Interest: On Habermas’s Postscript to Nietzsche’s Theory of Knowledge

For anyone familiar with Jurgen Habermas’s views on Nietzsche only through the scathing, global critique of Nietzsche’s irrationalism and its consequences in the Philosophical Discourse of Modernity,1 the reading of Nietzsche on offer in Habermas’s earlier “Postscript”2 to Nietzsche’s theory of knowledge will come as a surprise. While certainly no less critical of Nietzsche’s rejection of epistemology in favor of perspectivalism, Habermas’s reading of the second Untimely Meditation and the essay “On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense” exhibits an intense interest in, and indeed a proximity to his subject that is virtually absent in the later work: in 1968, Habermas clearly recognizes something important at stake in one moment of the inner development of Nietzsche’s post-epistemological thinking, rather than merely the philosophical-political consequences of Nietzsche’ s thought taken as a totality.
Low-Power, Electrochemically Tunable Graphene Synapses for Neuromorphic Computing.

Brain-inspired neuromorphic computing has the potential to revolutionize the current computing paradigm with its massive parallelism and potentially low power consumption. However, the existing approaches of using digital complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor devices (with "0" and "1" states) to emulate gradual/analog behaviors in the neural network are energy intensive and unsustainable; furthermore, emerging memristor devices still face challenges such as nonlinearities and large write noise. Here, an electrochemical graphene synapse, where the electrical conductance of graphene is reversibly modulated by the concentration of Li ions between the layers of graphene is presented. This fundamentally different mechanism allows to achieve a good energy efficiency ( 250 nonvolatile states), good endurance, and retention performances, and a linear and symmetric resistance response. Essential neuronal functions such as excitatory and inhibitory synapses, long-term potentiation and depression, and spike timing dependent plasticity with good repeatability are demonstrated. The scaling study suggests that this simple, two-dimensional synapse is scalable in terms of switching energy and speed.
A complex scalar form of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations

It is demonstrated that in Fourier domain the Navier–Stokes equations for an incompressible fluid can be reduced to a single complex scalar equation. An advantage of this equation is that any solut...
Frankenstein: Annotated for Scientists, Engineers, and Creators of All Kinds / The New Annotated Frankenstein

The two hundredth anniversary of the publication of Mary Shelley’s best-known novel has been celebrated with conferences, conference panels, seminars, and other activities around the world—at the t...
Using HIV Risk Prediction Tools to Identify Candidates for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: Perspectives from Patients and Primary Care Providers

Abstract Clinical guidelines for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) include risk prediction tools to identify appropriate candidates. We conducted a qualitative interview study to explore the pote...
Augustine and Natural Law: Negotiating the Saeculum with Markus, Milbank, and Mathewes

ABSTRACTContemporary Augustinian political theology has encompassed numerous interpretations of Augustine's understanding of the two cities, but a common feature of many is a denial of the presence...
Life‐history constraints on maximum population growth for loggerhead turtles in the northwest Atlantic

Conservation planning for protected species often relies on estimates of life-history parameters. A commonly used parameter is the instantaneous maximum population growth rate (rmax) that can be used to limit removals and design recovery targets. Estimation of rmax can be challenging because of limited availability of species- and population-specific data and life-history information. We applied a method proposed by Neil and Lebreton, originally developed for birds, to loggerhead turtles. The method uses age-at-first-reproduction and adult survival to estimate rmax. We used a variety of datasets and matrix population models to confirm an allometric assumption required by the method, and to generate estimates of age-at-first-reproduction and adult survival. A meta-analysis was applied to parameters from reported growth curves, which were then combined with the size distribution of neophyte nesters to derive estimates of age-at-first-reproduction. Adult survival rates were obtained from an existing matrix population model. Monte Carlo simulation was then used to combine the estimates of the allometric coefficients, age-at-first-reproduction, and adult survival to obtain a probability distribution of approximate rmax values. Estimated annual maximum population growth rates averaged 0.024, with a mode of 0.017 and a 95% highest density interval of 0.006-0.047. These estimates were similar to values reported by others using different methods and captured the variability in positive, annual change estimates across nesting beach sites for the northwest Atlantic loggerhead population. The use of life-history parameters has a long history in wildlife and fisheries management and conservation planning. Our estimates of rmax, while having some biases and uncertainty, encompassed values presently used in recovery planning for loggerhead turtles and offer additional information for the management of endangered and threatened species.
Chapter Eight Discerning the Spirit in Creation: Orthodox Christianity and Environmental Science

Contrary to those who argue that Christianity has itself generated our environmental problems, due to its emphasis on transcendence, it is argued that it is rather the modern abandonment of the ancient Christian tradition, as best preserved in Eastern Orthodox thought and practice, that underlies our environmental woes. For example, the traditional concept of “creation” (as lyrically expressed in the Psalms) corresponds much more closely to our lived experience of heaven and earth than do the concepts of “environment” and even “nature” itself. In the Orthodox East, we find a tradition of understanding our surrounding world that (1) is cosmically oriented, (2) sees the truth of anthropocentrism in human service to creation, (3) has preserved a higher or contemplative understanding of creation, whose language is common to poets and (at their best) environmental writers alike, (4) approaches the natural environment with a deeply sacramental awareness, (5) avoids the reductionism endemic to a scientific worldview, (6) through its distinction between the divine essence and the divine energies, is able to affirm the presence of God in creation without risking pantheism, and (7) most importantly of all, emphasizes a triadic relation between Creator, creation, and humanity, i.e. affirms that we only understand the truth of nature when we experience it in relation to God.
Editorial: What's in a Name? The Importance of Adolescent Personality Pathology for Adaptive Psychosocial Function.

An impressive surge in research supporting a shift to a dimensional organization of psychopathology has occurred over the last two decades. This has culminated in recent calls for the abolishment of the categorical diagnostic system in favor of a quantitative classification system for psychopathology.1 The use of diagnostic constructs such as borderline personality disorder (BPD), and perhaps even the concept of personality pathology itself, may disappear from such nosological systems and be redefined in terms of internalizing-externalizing-psychoticism spectra. Indeed, the original International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11) proposal eliminated the traditional 10 personality disorders and introduced a definition of personality disorder based on severity rather than type.2 It may therefore be argued that the study conducted by Wertz et al.,3 which focuses on borderline personality disorder, is out of step with current trends in psychiatric nosology. Moreover, Wertz and colleagues focus on adolescents-a developmental period often characterized as inappropriate for the diagnosis and treatment of personality disorder. On the contrary, this editorial will argue that Wertz et al.3 make a timely and important contribution by highlighting the importance of adolescent personality pathology for prospective psychosocial function.
Exploring Design Constructs In Sound Design With A Focus On Perceived Affordance

While design theories in visual displays have been well developed and further refined, relatively little research has been conducted on design theories and models in auditory displays. The existing...
Artificial Intelligence and Surgical Decision-making

Importance Surgeons make complex, high-stakes decisions under time constraints and uncertainty, with significant effect on patient outcomes. This review describes the weaknesses of traditional clinical decision-support systems and proposes that artificial intelligence should be used to augment surgical decision-making. Observations Surgical decision-making is dominated by hypothetical-deductive reasoning, individual judgment, and heuristics. These factors can lead to bias, error, and preventable harm. Traditional predictive analytics and clinical decision-support systems are intended to augment surgical decision-making, but their clinical utility is compromised by time-consuming manual data management and suboptimal accuracy. These challenges can be overcome by automated artificial intelligence models fed by livestreaming electronic health record data with mobile device outputs. This approach would require data standardization, advances in model interpretability, careful implementation and monitoring, attention to ethical challenges involving algorithm bias and accountability for errors, and preservation of bedside assessment and human intuition in the decision-making process. Conclusions and Relevance Integration of artificial intelligence with surgical decision-making has the potential to transform care by augmenting the decision to operate, informed consent process, identification and mitigation of modifiable risk factors, decisions regarding postoperative management, and shared decisions regarding resource use.
A multi-objective optimization approach to balancing economic efficiency and equity in accessibility to multi-use paths

Improving public health through active transpiration investments has increasingly become a new research focus in transportation planning. This study is to propose a multi-objective optimization modeling framework, through an optimal allocation of active transportation investments, to maximize the total accessibility while minimizing the total differences in accessibility over a city. Accessibility to multi-use paths is calculated for Fresno, California that measures the total length of multi-use paths a resident could reach with a 30-min cycling ride. Then, a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model is used to capture the local relationships between accessibility outcome and previous transportation investments. The marginal-effect analysis for the GWR results indicates economically efficient, inefficient, and indifferent locations for further investments. This study is one of the few to incorporate such a GWR model into a multi-objective optimization modeling framework to improve accessibility to multi-use paths and address inequality issues in transportation. Solving the multi-objective optimization model provides decision-makers a new insight into the making of an economically efficient and socially equal active transportation plan to improve public health.
The Significance of Race: Overcoming Obstacles in the Adoption of Ban the Box Laws

Using mixed-methods guided by social movements and racial threat literatures, we examine advocacy and passage of “Ban-the-Box” policies removing criminal history inquiries from employment applicati...
NusG, an Ancient Yet Rapidly Evolving Transcription Factor

Timely and accurate RNA synthesis depends on accessory proteins that instruct RNA polymerase (RNAP) where and when to start and stop transcription. Among thousands of transcription factors, NusG/Spt5 stand out as the only universally conserved family of regulators. These proteins interact with RNAP to promote uninterrupted RNA synthesis and with diverse cellular partners to couple transcription to RNA processing, modification or translation, or to trigger premature termination of aberrant transcription. NusG homologs are present in all cells that utilize bacterial-type RNAP, from endosymbionts to plants, underscoring their ancient and essential function. Yet, in stark contrast to other core RNAP components, NusG family is actively evolving: horizontal gene transfer and sub-functionalization drive emergence of NusG paralogs, such as bacterial LoaP, RfaH, and UpxY. These specialized regulators activate a few (or just one) operons required for expression of antibiotics, capsules, secretion systems, toxins, and other niche-specific macromolecules. Despite their common origin and binding site on the RNAP, NusG homologs differ in their target selection, interacting partners and effects on RNA synthesis. Even among housekeeping NusGs from diverse bacteria, some factors promote pause-free transcription while others slow the RNAP down. Here, we discuss structure, function, and evolution of NusG proteins, focusing on unique mechanisms that determine their effects on gene expression and enable bacterial adaptation to diverse ecological niches.
Benefit From the Internet of Things Right Now by Accessing Dark Data

Even as companies become aware of the powerful benefits Internet-of-Things (IoT) data can bring to their organization, the investment costs of deploying new sensors in the field keep IoT initiatives as distant goals for many firms. At the same time, firms are swimming in substantial amounts of “dark data” that are created by operational technology, transactional systems, and other “things” already deployed by the company. An estimated 90% of this data is currently dark, because most of these “things” were not designed to record data in ways that facilitate aggregation with information from other sources. Using relatively low-cost strategies, companies can begin accessing and exploiting this data gold mine today.
Characterizing polymer structure with small-angle neutron scattering: A Tutorial

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a powerful technique that has been widely used to study polymer materials. In particular, it can provide information on the size, shape, and structure of polymers as well as associated thermodynamic quantities. However, to properly design SANS experiments and correctly interpret the results, it is necessary to understand the unique advantages inherent to neutron scattering measurements of soft materials and the underlying principles of the technique. In addition, it may be necessary to construct new scattering models. In this Tutorial, we provide an overview of SANS and a guide to interpreting SANS measurements of polymers that is aimed at new and prospective users—focusing on standard plots, models, and simple methods by which new models can be quickly constructed.
EPA methane emission controls, Obama vs Trump vs Biden: what needs to be fixed and what should be left alone

On 13 August 2020, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency promulgated its final rule amending the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for the Oil and Natural Gas Sector. Both adherents and detractors of President Donald J. Trump saw the new rule as contributing to the President’s deregulatory agenda, taking an important step toward American dominance in fossil fuels (desirable or not), and winning yet another battle in the war on the environmental protection legacy of President Barack Obama. This simple story line is compelling, but when the details are examined, it is found that the changes were in some ways more important, and in other ways less important than advertised by supporters and opponents. Moreover, some of the changes have damaged positions Trump championed, while others have the potential to substantially improve the environmental performance of the oil and gas industry. Most importantly, some major sources of methane emissions have been inadequately dealt with across both administrations. Therefore the Biden administration EPA, in re-examining NSPS, should take care to discard the mistakes made by the Trump administration, retain the improvements, and move forward on a number of new fronts. Topics explored include redundancy of methane and volatile organic compound leak detection, regulation of older and low production facilities, abandoned wells, pneumatic controllers, oil storage tanks, routine flaring, malfunctioning and unlit flares, gathering pipelines, and EPA certification of new methane emission detection technology.
Analysis of flow resistance in the pulmonary arterial circulation: implications for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

A theoretical model of the pulmonary vasculature is used to predict the effects of vasoconstriction over specified ranges of vessel diameters on pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). The model shows...
GABAergic microcircuitry of fear memory encoding.

Abstract The paradigm of fear conditioning is largely responsible for our current understanding of how memories are encoded at the cellular level. Its most fundamental underlying mechanism is considered to be plasticity of synaptic connections between excitatory projection neurons (PNs). However, recent studies suggest that while PNs execute critical memory functions, their activity at key stages of learning and recall is extensively orchestrated by a diverse array of GABAergic interneurons (INs). Here we review the contributions of genetically-defined INs to processing of threat-related stimuli in fear conditioning, with a particular focus on how synaptic interactions within interconnected networks of INs modulates PN activity through both inhibition and disinhibition. Furthermore, we discuss accumulating evidence that GABAergic microcircuits are an important locus for synaptic plasticity during fear learning and therefore a viable substrate for long-term memory. These findings suggest that further investigation of INs could unlock unique conceptual insights into the organization and function of fear memory networks.
Survey of Oncology Providers' Attitudes and Practices in Evaluating Sexual Health in Cancer Care.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Many cancer patients are confronted with a variety of problems in sexual health function due to disease or treatment. Being a component of a patient's quality of life, many oncologists feel sexual health is an important topic of discussion, but only a minority of physicians actually address the patient's sexual health. Our goal was to assess the attitudes and practices among oncologists and their Advanced Practice Providers (APPs) towards sexual health. MATERIALS/METHODS We administered a 19-item survey via email to 286 program directors for Radiation Oncology, Medical Oncology, Hematology Oncology and Surgical Oncology residency and fellowship programs with instructions to distribute among faculty and residents as well as to members of local oncologic organizations. 16 APPs and 70 Oncologists completed the survey. Statistical analysis was completed using Chi Square test via a statistical software. RESULTS 82% of the providers believe that a discussion of sexual health issues is a part of their job, but only 17.4% discuss sexual dysfunction problems often or always. 33.7% of the providers report they discuss the possible effects of the illness on sexual functioning often or always. 38.4% of the providers report they discuss the possible effects of treatment on sexual functioning often or always. Of the cohort, 51.8% to 68.2% had received training in female sexual disorders of reduced libido, orgasm, vaginal lubrication and pain (percentage varied among disorder). Additionally, 48.2% to 62.8% of the providers had received training in male sexual disorders of reduced libido, testosterone deficiency, erection, ejaculation and orgasm (percentage varied among disorder). The data shows providers older than 40, with > 10 years of practice, and who work in private practice ask patients about their sexual health more often. Lastly, 62% never or rarely give their patients a referral to sexual health professionals to discuss sexual issues. CONCLUSION Many providers identify that they have a role or obligation to talk about sexual health, but the practice of discussing sexual health needs and concerns remains infrequent.
Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Hepatitis B in Adults: Focus on Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate

Treatment for hepatitis B (HBV), a global disease affecting over 400 million persons, has changed over the past 15 years. Many of the current treatments are oral therapies which suppress HBV viral load and improve liver-related outcomes. However, differences exist in the currently available therapies both in terms of potency and resistance. The newest HBV nucleotide to be approved for the treatment of hepatitis B is tenofovir disoproxil fumarate that when phosphorylated to its active form leads to DNA chain termination. Tenofovir is active against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and was approved for its treatment in 2001. It is also active against HBV and was approved for its treatment in 2008. Tenofovir has emerged as an effective and potent therapy against lamivudine resistant strains as well as wild type HBV. Tenofovir resistance to HBV is rare. Long-term use of tenofovir has been associated with renal and bone marrow toxicity in some HIV-infected patients. To date, this is the only oral therapy which is both potent and does not lead to viral resistance in both treatment naive and experienced patients. Further studies in HBV mono-infected persons are needed to evaluate long-term impact of tenofovir use.
Processes of Heavy and Transition Metal Sorption by Soil Minerals

Progress in understanding the nature of ion bonding at mineral surfaces in soils has necessitated the use of modern spectroscopy to complement less direct information such as sorption data and surface charge measurements. This review describes the basic mechanisms of metal ion sorption and desorption as they are deduced from physical and chemical measurements of the adsorbate-adsorbent interaction. Emphasis is placed upon the transition and heavy metals, which are potential pollutants in soils and soil leachates.
OpenMP-MCA: Leveraging Multiprocessor Embedded Systems Using Industry Standards

Multicore embedded systems are rapidly emerging. Hardware designers are packing more and more features into their design. Introducing heterogeneity in these systems, i.e. Adding cores of varying types does provide opportunities to solve problems in different aspects. However, this presents several challenges to embedded system programmers since software is still not mature enough to efficiently exploit the capabilities of the emerging hardware rich with cores of varying types. Programmers still rely on understanding and using low-level hardware-specific API. This approach is not only very time-consuming but also tedious and error-prone. Moreover, the solutions developed are very closely tied to a particular hardware raising significant concerns with software portability. What we need is an industry standard that will enable better programming practices for both current and future embedded systems. To that end, in our project, we have explored the possibility of using existing standards such as OpenMP that provides portable high-level programming constructs along with another industry-driven standard for multicore systems, MCA. For our work, we have considered the GNU compiler since it is the compiler that mostly used in the embedded system domain facilitating open source development. We target a platform consisting of twelve Power PC e6500 64-bit dual-threaded cores. We create a portable software solution by studying the GNU Open MP runtime library and extending it to incorporate MCA libraries. The solution abstracts the low-level details of the target platform and the results show that the additional MCA layer does not incur any overhead. The results are competitive when compared with a proprietary toolchain.
Study of 1.4-μ, 1.9-μ, and 6.3-μ Water Vapor Bands at High Altitudes*

On March 13, 1959, the infrared solar spectrum from 1 to 10 μ was recorded at altitudes up to 90 000 ft by means of a balloon-borne spectrometer flown in conjunction with a biaxial pointing control. The amount of water vapor present at these altitudes was also measured by means of a frost-point hygrometer.Infrared absorptions depend not only on the amount of absorbing material traversed by the radiation but also on its pressure environment. Various methods have been advanced for predicting the absorption that would be suffered by radiation traversing a slant path in the atmosphere. Carpenter et al. have shown that the absorption should be equivalent to that suffered by radiation traversing a constant pressure path through an amount of absorbing gas given by ue=∫h1h2α(h)αsρ(h)dhKinetic theory predicts that if temperature effects are neglected α=(P/Ps)αs. Thus, ue=∫h1h2P(h)Psρ(h)dh,which is equivalent to that predicted by Curtis. The laboratory studies of Howard et al. indicate that for constant pressure paths ue=∫0x(PPs)kρ(x)dx,where k varies from band to band. This suggests that α=(P/Ps)kαs and that ue should be calculated from ue=∫h1h2(P(h)Ps)kρ(h)dh.The absorptions were calculated for the 1.4-μ, 1.9-μ, and 6.3-μ bands using both expressions, the hygrometer data, and the laboratory data of Howard et al. Comparison of the calculated and observed absorptions indicates that the expression ue=∫h1h2(P(h)Ps)kρ(h)dhgives better agreement with the observed values.
A rotational transform for reducing large circuits preserving a regional centroid

A rotational transform is described that has been developed to reduce a large linear electrical system into an equivalent system of reduced size. The transform is a power-invariant transform not unlike n-port reduction. However, where n-port reduction will eliminate nodes (or loops) entirely from a circuit, this reduction instead will replace these nodes (loops) with a single equivalent node (loop). The significance of the transform is found in the usefulness of the equivalent node. The voltage magnitude and angle are open to free choice, and this choice can be judiciously made to preserve desired properties of the reduced regions of the circuit. >
A novel heterogeneous algorithm to simulate multiphase flow in porous media on multicore CPU–GPU systems

Abstract Multiphase flow implementations of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) are widely applied to the study of porous medium systems. In this work, we construct a new variant of the popular “color” LBM for two-phase flow in which a three-dimensional, 19-velocity (D3Q19) lattice is used to compute the momentum transport solution while a three-dimensional, seven velocity (D3Q7) lattice is used to compute the mass transport solution. Based on this formulation, we implement a novel heterogeneous GPU-accelerated algorithm in which the mass transport solution is computed by multiple shared memory CPU cores programmed using OpenMP while a concurrent solution of the momentum transport is performed using a GPU. The heterogeneous solution is demonstrated to provide speedup of 2.6 × as compared to multi-core CPU solution and 1.8 × compared to GPU solution due to concurrent utilization of both CPU and GPU bandwidths. Furthermore, we verify that the proposed formulation provides an accurate physical representation of multiphase flow processes and demonstrate that the approach can be applied to perform heterogeneous simulations of two-phase flow in porous media using a typical GPU-accelerated workstation.
Intrathecal FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) induces excessive grooming behavior in mice.

Abstract The molluscan neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH 2 (FMRFamide) was administered intrathecally (i.t.) to mice and their behavior was monitored for 30 min. FMRFamide induced a dramatic and dose-related (5–12 μg) increase in grooming-related activities compared to saline-treated controls. The grooming behavior produced by 8 μg FMRFamide was not blocked by simultaneous i.t. administration of 10 μg of the following antagonists: atropine, phentolamine, methysergide, naloxone or spantide; peripheral administration of naloxone (3.5 mg/kg, s.c.) also failed to antagonize FMRFamide grooming. These data constitute the first report that FMRFamide produces behavioral changes in mammals.
Cone action spectra: Evidence from the goldfish electroretinogram

Abstract Computer averaging methods were used to record the electroretinogram of goldfish. When the retina was in a chromatically-neutral state of adaptation, the main features of the photopic flicker-response were: (1) Over a wide range, the relation between response amplitude and stimulus radiance was a power function with an exponent of about 0.5. (2) When the criterion response was reduced from 50 to 8 μV, there was a shift in the peak of the photopic action spectrum from about 565 to 580 nm and a reduction in sensitivity in the blue-green region of the spectrum. (3) The wave-form of the response was slightly modified by the wavelength of the stimulus. When the retina was exposed to spectral adapting lights, the following results were obtained: (1) The adaptive effect of steady background lights on the response evoked by 640 nm flicker stimulation was found to have an action spectrum which was similar to the difference spectrum of the red-sensitive cones. (2) When test stimuli were superimposed on a 640 nm background, the action spectrum peaked at about 450 nm, being in close agreement with the difference spectrum of the blue-sensitive cones for wavelengths shorter than 525 nm. (3) The waveform of the response was greatly modified by using blue test stimuli on red adapting fields. Evidence is presented which shows that this effect is color-specific. It is therefore concluded that the photopic electroretinogram has components which have distinctly different waveforms and different action spectra.
On the sufficiency of the velocity field for perception of heading

All models of self-motion from optical flow assume the instantaneous velocity field as input. We tested this assumption for human observers using random-dot displays that simulated translational and circular paths of movement by manipulating the lifetime and displacement of individual dots. For translational movement, observers were equally accurate in judging direction of heading from a "velocity field" with a two-frame dot life and a "direction field" in which the magnitudes of displacement were randomized while the radial pattern of directions was preserved, but at chance with a "speed field" in which the directions were randomized, preserving only magnitude. Accuracy declined with increasing noise in vector directions, but remained below 2.6° with a 90° noise envelope. Thus, the visual system uses the radial morphology of vector directions to determine translational heading and can tolerate large amounts of noise in this pattern. For circular movement, observers were equally accurate with a 2-frame "velocity field", 3-frame "acceleration" displays, and 2-frame and 3-frame "direction fields", consistent with the use of the pattern of vector directions to locate the center of rotation. The results indicate that successive independent velocity fields are sufficient for perception of translational and circular heading.