cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problems in the Differential Diagnosis of Common Epithelial Carcinomas of the Ovary

In 1973 the World Health Organization (WHO) published its “blue book”, Histological Typing of Ovarian Tumours [11]. Each tumor was defined, with a description of its characteristic features, but a detailed discussion of problems in differential diagnosis was beyond the scope of the monograph. In the 8 years since its publication, a number of difficulties in the application of the classification have become evident. These difficulties require continuous exploration and discussion to ensure uniformity of diagnosis among pathologists, thus providing the most reliable pathologic basis for epidemiologic studies and comparision of the treatment results of various institutions. This article will discuss problems in the differentiation of common epithelial carcinomas from one another, as well as from several ovarian tumors within other categories.
The USGS Earthquake Notification Service (ENS): Customizable Notifications of Earthquakes around the Globe

At the beginning of 2006, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earthquake Hazards Program (EHP) introduced a new automated Earthquake Notification Service (ENS) to take the place of the National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) “Bigquake” system and the various other individual EHP e-mail list-servers for separate regions in the United States. These included northern California, southern California, and the central and eastern United States. ENS is a “one-stop shopping” system that allows Internet users to subscribe to flexible and customizable notifications for earthquakes anywhere in the world. The customization capability allows users to define the what (magnitude threshold), the when (day and night thresholds), and the where (specific regions) for their notifications. Customization is achieved by employing a per-user based request profile, allowing the notifications to be tailored for each individual's requirements. Such earthquake-parameter-specific custom delivery was not possible with simple e-mail list-servers. Now that event and user profiles are in a structured query language (SQL) database, additional flexibility is possible. At the time of this writing, ENS had more than 114,000 subscribers, with more than 200,000 separate user profiles. On a typical day, more than 188,000 messages get sent to a variety of widely distributed users for a wide range of earthquake locations and magnitudes. The purpose of this article is to describe how ENS works, highlight the features it offers, and summarize plans for future developments. ### ENS Features The ENS interface has many customizable features. The current user interface and options were developed as an iterative process over a period of one year, as feedback was received from a group of beta users. Messages were modified from long-established versions sent by the NEIC and the California Integrated Seismic Network (CISN). Specific details and user configuration options for each feature are provided on the ENS signup Web page (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/ens/), but in brief …
Lyin' eyes: ocular-motor measures of reading reveal deception.

Our goal was to evaluate an alternative to current methods for detecting deception in security screening contexts. We evaluated a new cognitive­based test of deception that measured participants’ ocular­motor responses (pupil responses and reading behaviors) while they read and responded to statements on a computerized questionnaire. In Experiment 1, participants from a university community were randomly assigned to either a “guilty” group that committed one of two mock crimes or an “innocent” group that only learned about the crime. Participants then reported for testing, where they completed the computer­administered questionnaire that addressed their possible involvement in the crimes. Experiment 2 also manipulated participants’ incentive to pass the test and difficulty of statements on the test. In both experiments, guilty participants had increased pupil responses to statements answered deceptively; however, they spent less time fixating on, reading, and re­reading those statements than statements answered truthfully. These ocular­motor measures were optimally weighted in a discrimination function that correctly classified 85% of participants as either guilty or innocent. Findings from Experiment 2 indicated that group discrimination was improved with greater incentives to pass the test and the use of statements with simple syntax. The present findings suggest that two cognitive processes are involved in deception ­­ vigilance and strategy ­­ and that these processes are reflected in different ocular­motor measures. The ocular­motor test reported here represents a new approach to detecting deception that may fill an important need in security screening
Upper and Lower Probability Inferences Pertaining to Poisson Processes

Abstract A general system of inference which leads to upper and lower posterior distributions has been proposed by Dempster (1966, 1968a, 1968b). This general theory of inference is applied to various estimation problems arising in Poisson processes. In particular, the emphasis is on the estimation of the parameter of the process and on the prediction of the number of future events, given the observed data. In this article, all upper and lower probability inferences are generated by random intervals
Simulating 2008: A Mock Presidential Election's Impact on Civic Engagement

Young adults have particularly low levels of civic engagement. Incorporating experiential learning activities as part of the political science curriculum shows promise to reverse this trend. We analyze the impact of a mock presidential election simulation on the civic engagement of college-aged students. Exit surveys of student participants and a one-year follow-up survey confirm that this experiential learning activity had a positive effect on participants' levels of political knowledge, their interest in public life, and their attitudes about government in general.
Smallpox: a disease and a weapon.

Essentially, it is impossible to determine when smallpox first infected humans, but evidence suggests that it may have first appeared during the Neolithic Age. The mummified remains of Egyptians, specifically Pharaoh Ramses V (d. 1157BC), provide the first credible evidence of smallpox infection. By the 6th century AD smallpox was firmly rooted in Asia. The Crusades and expanding trade with Asia spread the disease into Europe. From there, the Europeans carried the disease to the NewWorld and by themid 18th century, the disease was endemic virtually everywhere in the world with the exception of Australia. The first smallpox vaccine was developed by Jenner in the late 18th century. Noticing that milkmaids who contracted cowpox (a close relative to smallpox) developed an immunity to the disease, he used the pus from cowpox lesions to create the vaccine. Approximately a century and a half later, the World Health Organization (WHO) initiated a worldwide vaccination program. The program was successful and the last reported naturally occurring case of smallpox was in 1977. WHO officially declared the disease eradicated in 1980. Currently, there are only two official repositories of the virus — one at the Centers for DiseaseControl andPrevention in Atlanta, Georgia and the other at Russian State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology in Koltsovo. Variola virus belongs to the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, and genus Orthopoxvirus, which includes vaccinia, monkeypox virus,
A Novel Active Heads-Up Display for Driver Assistance

In this paper, we introduce a novel laser-based wide-area heads-up windshield display which is capable of actively interfacing with a human as part of a driver assistance system. The dynamic active display (DAD) is a unique prototype interface that presents safety-critical visual icons to the driver in a manner that minimizes the deviation of his or her gaze direction without adding to unnecessary visual clutter. As part of an automotive safety system, the DAD presents alerts in the field of view of the driver only if necessary, which is based upon the state and pose of the driver, vehicle, and environment. This paper examines the effectiveness of DAD through a comprehensive comparative experimental evaluation of a speed compliance driver assistance system, which is implemented on a vehicular test bed. Three different types of display protocols for assisting a driver to comply with speed limits are tested on actual roadways, and these are compared with a conventional dashboard display. Given the inclination, drivers who are given an overspeed warning alert reduced the time required to slow down to the speed limit by 38% (p < 0.01) as compared with the drivers not given the alert. Additionally, certain alerts decreased distraction levels by reducing the time spent looking away from the road by 63% (p < 0.01). Ultimately, these alerts demonstrate the utility and promise of the DAD system.
Predicting response to systemic treatments: Learning from the past to plan for the future

Summary Therapeutic effects of adjuvant therapies for breast cancer have been assessed “across the board” and implemented using the principle that if a treatment is effective “on average” then it is effective “for all patients.” Exploration and improved understanding of the biological basis for predicting response to available adjuvant therapies is essential to enhance patient care. As illustration, we consider the effects of chemotherapy and tamoxifen in two International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG) trials for postmenopausal women. The level of estrogen receptor (ER) expression in the primary tumor is a powerful predictor of response to adjuvant therapy. Absence of ER identifies a chemosensitive cohort for which concurrent tamoxifen significantly blunts the large chemotherapy effect. High levels of ER expression are associated with good results using tamoxifen alone; adding chemotherapy provides little additional benefit. By contrast, adding chemotherapy to tamoxifen provides additional benefit for patients with node-positive disease and tumors expressing intermediate levels of ER. Identification of chemosensitive targets, e.g., absence of PgR, in tumors with intermediate ER expression is required to further tailor, adding chemotherapy within this otherwise endocrine-responsive cohort. Age is not a therapeutic target. Thus, the biological bases for treatment responsiveness must be defined. All findings from clinical trials and meta-analyses should be presented primarily according to steroid hormone receptor status and future studies should be designed as tailored treatment investigations.
Stereotypes about Chicanas and Chicanos Implications for Counseling

A review of the literature on stereotypes about Chicanas/os reveals that people of Mexican descent are perceived predominantly in derogatory terms, with the few positive terms primarily related to the centrality of the family for this ethnic community. This review also indicates that Chicanas/os themselves often endorse these stereotypes. However, the extant literature has not examined the counseling process in relation to consensual, social stereotypes of this ethnic group. This article serves to bridge that gap in the literature. Counselors are strongly encouraged to be cognizant of how stereotypes may affect Chicanas/os, especially in areas related to identity, risky behavior, stereotype threat, education, gender roles, and stigmatization. Counselors are encouraged to increase racial awareness as part of the mental health development of their Chicana/o clients. Counselors are particularly challenged to examine how their own conscious and unconscious stereotypes may affect the counselor-client relations...
In vitro exposure of proteins to ozone.

An in vitro system has been developed to expose proteins to ozone. The system is designed to deliver consistent and accurate levels of ozone over a range of concentrations (between 0.1 and ≥10 ppm) with extended exposure times (24 h or longer) in a humidified environment (100%). In the experiment presented in this article, ozone concentrations between 0.1 and 2.0 ppm were used. Ozone was generated by an electrical discharge ozonizer to ensure stability; it was continually monitored by an ultraviolet ozone analyzer and was precisely controlled by mass flow controllers, which gave reproducible results between runs. Humidity was closely regulated in the system to allow small amounts of protein solutions (50 μL or less) to be exposed without significant changes (<0.2%) in sample volume. The degree of surfactant protein-A (SP-A) oxidation by ozone was measured between runs to demonstrate the reproducibility of the system. A detailed description of the system is given, and protein oxidation detection methods an...
New Chemotherapy Strategies and Biological Agents in the Treatment of Childhood Ependymoma

Introduction With the limited role of current treatment regimens and potential associated side effects of radiation in young children with ependymoma, considerable effort is being focused on new chemotherapeutic strategies and biologic agents.
Comparative genome analysis of an avirulent and two virulent strains of avian Pasteurella multocida reveals candidate genes involved in fitness and pathogenicity

Pasteurella multocida is the etiologic agent of fowl cholera, a highly contagious and severe disease of poultry causing significant mortality and morbidity throughout the world. All types of poultry are susceptible to fowl cholera. Turkeys are most susceptible to the peracute/acute forms of the disease while chickens are most susceptible to the acute and chronic forms of the disease. The whole genome of the Pm70 strain of P. multocida was sequenced and annotated in 2001. The Pm70 strain is not virulent to chickens and turkeys. In contrast, strains X73 and P1059 are highly virulent to turkeys, chickens, and other poultry species. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of P. multocida strains X73 and P1059 and undertook a detailed comparative genome analysis with the avirulent Pm70 strain. The goal of this study was to identify candidate genes in the virulent strains that may be involved in pathogenicity of fowl cholera disease. Comparison of virulent versus avirulent avian P. multocida genomes revealed 336 unique genes among the P1059 and/or X73 genomes compared to strain Pm70. Genes of interest within this subset included those encoding an L-fucose transport and utilization system, several novel sugar transport systems, and several novel hemagglutinins including one designated PfhB4. Additionally, substantial amino acid variation was observed in many core outer membrane proteins and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis confirmed a higher dN/dS ratio within proteins localized to the outer membrane. Comparative analyses of highly virulent versus avirulent avian P. multocida identified a number of genomic differences that may shed light on the ability of highly virulent strains to cause disease in the avian host, including those that could be associated with enhanced virulence or fitness.
DIMORPHOCERATIDAE FROM THE UPPER VISEAN SHALES OF COUNTY LEITRIM, EIRE

Summary Dimorphoceras ( Metadimorphoceras ) hodsoni subgen. et sp. nov. is described from the P 1 Zone in the Visean shales of County Leitrim, Eire. Dimorphoceras ( Dimorphoceras ) kathleenae Moore and Kazakhoceras hawkinsi (Moore) are also recorded from the same zone. An early variety, var. leitrimense nov., of D. ( D. ) kathleenae is erected. Recent Russian work on the systematics of Dimorphoceratidae is discussed.
Proton transfer reaction rate constants between hydronium ion (H3O+) and volatile organic compounds

We report proton transfer reaction rate constants between the hydronium ion (H3O+) and selected atmospherically important volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The quantum chemical method was used to determine the structures of the organic species employing the density function theory-B3LYP. The ion–molecule reaction rates were determined using the average-dipole-orientation theory, along with the permanent dipole moment and polarizability of the organic species predicted from the quantum chemical calculations. The theoretical results are compared to available literature data of the permanent dipole moment, polarizability, and ion–molecule reaction rate. The newly calculated proton transfer rate constants facilitate the use of the proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) technique in applications of laboratory investigation of photochemical hydrocarbon oxidation reactions and field measurements of the abundance of VOCs.
A Correlation and Regression Analysis of Percent Canopy Closure Versus TMS Spectral Response for Selected Forest Sites in the San Juan National Forest, Colorado

This investigation tested the correlation of canopy closure with the signal response of individual Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) bands for selected forest sites in the San Juan National Forest, Colorado. Ground truth consisted of a photointerpreted determination of percent canopy closure of 0-100 percent for 32 sites. The sites selected were situated on plateaus at an elevation of approximately 3 km with slope < 10 percent. The predominant tree species were ponderosa pine and aspen. The mean TMS response per band per site was calculated from data acquired by aircraft during mid-September, 1981. A correlation analysis of TMS response versus canopy closure resulted in the following correlation coefficients for bands 1-7, respectively: -0.757, -0.663, -0.666, -0.088, -0.797, -0.597, -0.763. Two model regressions were applied to the TMS data set to create a map of predicted percent forest canopy closure for the study area. Results indicated precent predictive accuracies of 71, 74, and 57 for percent canopy closure classes of 0-25, 25-75, and 75-100, respectively.
Clinical radiographic, and histologic evaluation of maxillary bone reconstruction by using a titanium mesh and autogenous iliac graft: a case report.

Abstract The current clinical report describes the use of titanium mesh for maxillary alveolar ridge augmentation. Autogenous bone graft was harvested from the iliac crest and was loaded on a titan...
A Novel Solution of the Yang-Mills Field Equations

We derive a new explicit solution of the Euclidean Yang-Mills field equations, Our solution becomes an instanton when some parameters vanish. Otherwise, it is singular on infinitely many shells that cluster at a point. We suggest an interpretation, and comment on the generality of this type of singular behavior,
Stigma, Discrimination, and Employment Outcomes among Persons with Mental Health Disabilities

In major cultures around the world mental disorders are common and associated with substantial levels of disability. According to projections of the World Health Organization, depression-related disorders will be the single leading cause of global disease burden by the year 2020 (Murray and Lopez 1996 ). The 12-month prevalence of serious mental disorders in the U.S. is 6.5%, with higher rates among women than men (Kessler et al. 2008 ). Persons with mental disorders comprise the largest single diagnostic category of persons receiving SSDI or SSI (McAlpine and Warner 2002 ), and tend to be among the most severely disabled recipients (Estroff et al. 1997 ).
Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Corticosteroid Injections

There have been many recently published articles reporting improved accuracy of corticosteroid injection with the use of ultrasound-guidance compared to the conventional method of palpation-guided injections. It has been postulated that this improved accuracy would result in improved clinical outcomes. However, studies have been mixed in regards to whether ultrasound-guidance improves efficacy of corticosteroid injections. There is a significant need for high-quality research to be performed to adequately answer this question. This review summarizes the currently published studies comparing the efficacy of ultrasound- and palpation-guided corticosteroid injections.
Immunoglobulin G: Potentiation of Tobramycin and Azlocillin in the Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sepsis in Neutropenic Mice and Neutralization of Exotoxin A in Vivo

Mice with cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenia were challenged with four immunotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by contamination of a small dorsal surface wound. The infections were lethal; 100% of control animals (n = 80) treated only with albumin died. Administration of an immunoglobulin G intravenous preparation (IGIV) and/or therapy with tobramycin or azlocillin was begun 16 hr after challenge. Mortality among mice (n = 120) treated only with an antibiotic was 75.0%, while that among mice (n = 80) treated only with IGIV was 78.8%. Combination therapy with IGIV and an antibiotic (n = 120) resulted in mortality of 38.3%. The protection afforded by IGIV may have resulted in part from neutralization of exotoxin A, as mice treated with IGIV before challenge with exotoxin A were subject to lower mortality and had lower levels of serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferases than controls.
Laboratory techniques for evaluating hempa and other chemosterilants against the mexican fruit fly.

The preliminary evaluation of chemosterilants for the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), is essentially a 2-phase program consisting of (1) preliminary screening and (2) advanced testing to evaluate their effect on sexual aggressiveness, longevity, and the doses needed to induce sterility when the chemosterilant is administered in food and water. A brief description is given of the methods and techniques used in each of these phases to test hempa.
Dynamic optoelectric trapping and deposition of multiwalled carbon nanotubes.

In the path toward the realization of carbon nanotube (CNT)-driven electronics and sensors, the ability to precisely position CNTs at well-defined locations remains a significant roadblock. Highly complex CNT-based bottom–up structures can be synthesized if there is a method to accurately trap and place these nanotubes. In this study, we demonstrate that the rapid electrokinetic patterning (REP) technique can accomplish these tasks. By using laser-induced alternating current (AC) electrothermal flow and particle–electrode forces, REP can collect and maneuver a wide range of vertically aligned multiwalled CNTs (from a single nanotube to over 100 nanotubes) on an electrode surface. In addition, these trapped nanotubes can be electrophoretically deposited at any desired location onto the electrode surface. Apart from active control of the position of these deposited nanotubes, the number of CNTs in a REP trap can also be dynamically tuned by changing the AC frequency or by adjusting the concentration of the dispersed nanotubes. On the basis of a calculation of the stiffness of the REP trap, we found an upper limit of the manipulation speed, beyond which CNTs fall out of the REP trap. This peak manipulation speed is found to be dependent on the electrothermal flow velocity, which can be varied by changing the strength of the AC electric field. A technique for precisely positioning nanostructures could enable intricate electronic devices. Carbon nanotubes are hollow cylinders of carbon atoms with excellent electrical properties. However, they are difficult to manipulate due to their ultrasmall size. Steve Wereley from Purdue University in the United States and his colleagues used a laser beam and an electric field to align carbon nanotubes on the surface of an electrode. The team’s technique—known as rapid electrokinetic patterning—works by trapping and translating nanotubes that are suspended in water between two electrodes. Laser light is used to heat a small volume of the liquid, which changes its permittivity and electrical conductivity. When combined with an electric field between the electrodes, this generates vortices that can trap single or multiple nanotubes. The nanotubes can then be dynamically positioned by moving the laser beam.
The Functional Anatomy of the Copulatory Apparatus of Male Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)

The male copulatory apparatus of Culex pipiens L. is basically similar to that of Aedes aegypti (L.). The sclerites of both appear to be sheets of cuticle grouped in 3 functional units. The genital pore is situated deep within the aedeagus, and the latter must be rotated, to expose the pore. The ventral arm of the aedeagus, which is much larger in C. p. quinquefasciatus Say than in C. p. pipiens , projects during eversion in such a manner as to suggest that it may interfere with heterologous matings. It is suggested that contact of the modified claspers of the male with the postgenital plate of the female may serve as a stimulus to eversion of the aedeagus in C. pipiens .
Minimizing Eigenvalues for Inhomogeneous Rods and Plates

Optimizing eigenvalues of biharmonic equations appears in the frequency control based on density distribution of composite rods and thin plates with clamped or simply supported boundary conditions. In this paper, we use a rearrangement algorithm to find the optimal density distribution which minimizes a specific eigenvalue. We answer the open question regarding optimal density configurations to minimize k-th eigenvalue for clamped rods and analytically show that the optimal configurations are distinct for clamped rods and simply supported rods. Many numerical simulations in both one and two dimensions demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed approach.
Structure and mechanism of cytosolic quinone reductases.

Introduction Quinones are ubiquitous dietary compounds. Reduction of quinones by one-electron reduction systems (cytochrome P450 reductases) results in the formation of reactive semiquinones that can be re-oxidized to quinones by molecular oxygen with the formation of superoxide radical (02-*). Superoxide can lead to the formation of other reactive oxygen species, including the highly mutagenic and carcinogenic hydroxyl radical. In addition, the presence of quinones and their one-electron reduction products can result in the depletion of reduced thiol species. Cytosolic quinone reductase (QR) 1 provides a pathway that obviates all these deleterious reactions. Reduction of quinones via the obligatory two-electron reduction carried out by QR results in the formation of hydroquinones that can be glucuronidated and readily excreted. QR1 [NAD(P)H : (quinone acceptor) oxidoreductase; EC 1.6.99.21 is a widely distributed, predominantly cytosolic, FAD-containing flavoprotein that promotes the obligatory two-electron reduction of many quinones and quinoneimines. (The enzyme has also been referred to as menadione reductase, DT-diaphorase and vitamin-K reductase). It uses NADH or NADPH as reductants with equal facility and is potently inhibited by dicoumarol and similar anticoagulants. Furthermore, QR activity is elevated in many animal tissues and cell lines by addition of xenobiotics. The discovery, purification, molecular characteristics, induction and other properties of this enzyme have been presented previously [ 1,2]. The purification and properties of another mammalian cytosolic FAD-dependent flavoprotein was described in the early 1960's by Liao et al. [3]. This enzyme was able to catalyse the oxidation of reduced N-ribosyland N-alkylnicotinamides by menadione and other quinones. Recently, the determination of the sequence indicated that this enzyme is highly homologous with QR1 [4,5], leading to the conclusion that it is
Sex-Specific Effects of Arsenic Exposure on the Trajectory and Function of the Gut Microbiome

The gut microbiome is deeply involved in numerous aspects of human health; however, it can be readily perturbed by environmental toxicants, such as arsenic. Meanwhile, the interaction among host, gut microbiome, and xenobiotics is a very complex dynamic process. Previously, we have demonstrated that gut microbiome phenotypes driven by host genetics and bacterial infection affect the responses to arsenic exposure. The role of host sex in shaping the gut microbiome raises the question whether sex plays a role in exposure-induced microbiome responses. To examine this, we used 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenomics sequencing to analyze the changes of the gut microbiome and its associated functional metagenome in both female and male C57/BL6 mice. Our results clearly demonstrated that arsenic exposure perturbed the trajectory and function of the gut microbiome in a sex-specific manner.
Marketing and the Myth of Corporate Social Responsibility

This paper questions the concept of an institutionalized corporate conscience, suggests that business responsibility can only be personal, and recommends an ethical framework for the marketing executive in corporate life.
Nutzung der Bewegungserkennung, textabhängigen und textunabhängigen Authentifizierung zur Re-Authentifizierung

Mit dem Re-Authentifizierungssystem wird die Moglichkeit vorgestellt, kontinuierlich eine Identitatsuberprufung durchzufuhren, wodurch durchgehend eine Erkennung der Person erfolgt. Dazu mussen neben der textabhangigen Authentifizierung eine textunabhangige Authentifizierung sowie eine Bewegungserkennung erfolgen, um kontinuierlich eine Aussage uber die Person treffen zu konnen.
Peixes, constelações e Jurupari: a pequena enciclopédia amazônica de Stradelli

Alem de ser um valioso testemunho da importância do nheengatu na historia da cultura brasileira, o Vocabulario Portugues Nheengatu - Nheengatu Portugues de Ermano Stradelli pode ser lido e consultado como uma enciclopedia da cultura amazonica, isto e, como uma fonte ainda atual de informacoes sobre a complexidade da vida na grande floresta. Tal complexidade e aparente na abundância de verbetes dedicados a pesca e a caca, por exemplo, mas tambem nos comentarios – as vezes um tanto pessoais – de Stradelli sobre as culturas indigenas, e sobretudo nas descricoes mais aprofundados de certos fenomenos, como e o caso do jurupari. A partir da comparacao dos verbetes que tratam das tradicoes do jurupari no Vocabulario com as “lendas” incluidas no apendice, e com a Lenda do Jurupari publicada tres decadas antes pelo mesmo Stradelli, pode-se compreender melhor os significados sociais e astronomicos desse fenomeno.
Theory and Analysis of XAFS

Owing to its element specific and short-range nature, core-level X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is now widely used to elucidate the local structural, vibrational, and other physical properties of complex, aperiodic materials. In this Chapter we review the current theory of XAS including both extended (EXAFS) and near-edge (XANES) properties together with modern analysis methods.
Third-Year Medical Students’ Perceptions and Use of Electronic Diagnostic Reasoning Tools

Medical students’ clinical education is commonly supported by deliberate or voluntary use of electronic diagnostic reasoning tools (EDRTs). Patterns of EDRT usage during formative clinical training may have a lasting influence on their practice of medicine, signaling the need for a more robust understanding of EDRT integration in clinical education. In this study, the authors investigated culminating third-year medical students’ perceptions and use of EDRTs in multiple clinical settings and patient types, over a year of core clerkship rotations. One hundred and forty-seven third-year medical students volunteered to participate in a survey on EDRT usage by patient age group, type of illness, and clinical setting. Perceptions of EDRTs in benefitting students’ clinical education experience, reducing diagnostic errors, and improving diagnostic reasoning capability were recorded. All 147 participants reported using EDRTs, largely via desktop computers (98%) and smartphones (38.6%). Institutionally subscribed tools, UpToDate and Epocrates, dominated student preferences. Although students used EDRTs across all patients, illnesses, and clinical settings, they used them most on inpatient services and least in psychiatry and surgery. Most students found EDRTs very helpful for generating differential diagnoses and confirming a final diagnosis, but only 36.3% found them very helpful in reducing errors. Overall, third-year medical students view diagnostic reasoning tools favorably and use them extensively. Institutions can influence students’ use of EDRTs by providing focused and early training, easy access through availability of hardware and consistent internet connectivity, and carefully selected subscription to those online tools that offer the most frequently updated and highest quality educational information.
Non-invasive scrotal thermometry.

A key factor in testis temperature investigation is thermometry. The insertion of thermocouples and thermistors into the substance of the testis or into the scrotum goes back to the 1920’s. As this is invasive, large scale studies are difficult owing to refusal on the part of volunteers and even patients to participate. Thermistors are also not ideal for reasons which affect the accuracy of readings: e.g., use of anaesthesia (Waites, 1970), evaporation of liquid applied to the scrotum (skin preparation) (Zorgniotti et al., 1980), and temperature may vary with depth of placement since we know that temperature is higher at the mediastinum testis than peripherally.
Zinc deficiency: An unexpected trigger for autophagy

Cells respond to deprivation of certain nutrients such as glucose or nitrogen by inducing autophagy, reclaiming pieces of proteins for use in critical functions. A recent study shows that, in yeast, zinc depletion acts in a similar fashion. Depletion of this essential nutrient induces non-selective autophagy by inhibiting TORC1, leading to release and recycling of zinc from degraded proteins.
Abstract 5629: Modeling cyclophosphamide induced ovarian toxicity in a novel translational canine model

Reproductive failure following chemotherapy and/or ionizing radiation is a major adverse event, for which there are no established preventive measures. In previous studies, our laboratory has documented that the selective estrogen receptor modulator, tamoxifen (TAM) is effective in both prevention and reversal of ovarian toxicity from cyclophosphamide (CTX) in rodent models. To validate the effectiveness of this approach in a more relevant model system, we have developed a canine ovarian explant tissue model system. Dogs present with many cancers spontaneously and their pathology and treatment approaches mirror those of the human cancers. Thus, canine cancers and their treatments are excellent translational models for human diseases. Furthermore, dogs share the same environment as humans and have longer life spans than rodents. Our laboratory has recently established a dog ovarian explant tissue model system using fresh ovaries collected at the time of ovariohysterectomy. In the current study, we hypothesized that ovarian toxicity induced by CTX will be reduced by co-administration of TAM. Using this system, freshly prepared ovarian cortical tissue sections are cultured in the presence of TAM and CTX. Ovarian tissue viability is assessed by primordial and primary follicle morphometry, where the number of primordial, primary and apoptotic follicles were counted in 9 sections of 1 mm 3 of ovarian cortical tissue from each dog, using CTX (at 0, 1 and 10µM) concentrations combined with TAM (0 and10µM). The number and percentage of each follicle was assessed. In addition, granulosa cells proliferation is assessed using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. Further, we show that, as in women, anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) can be used as an indicator of follicle reserves in the dog, thereby establishing their use as an in-vivo monitoring system to test ovarian viability in future clinical studies. This study is intended to underpin a subsequent canine clinical trial testing TAM as a countermeasure against infertility from cancer treatment in dogs. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Puja Basu, Rebecca Egbert, Evan Pasternak, Brian Petroff, Nucharin Songsasen. Modeling cyclophosphamide induced ovarian toxicity in a novel translational canine model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5629. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5629
Condillac’s Epistemolinguistic Question

It is arguable, but it makes good sense nonetheless, to say that Etienne Bonnot de Condillac [1715–1780] was the first thinker to give systematic consideration to “the psycholinguistic question,” as that term is characteristically understood today. Perhaps “epistemolinguistic question” would be the more accurate designation. The question entailed is that of the influence or relationship between language (in particular or in general) and an individual’s mental development. It is a significantly different issue from that posed by so many students of universal or rational grammar in the previous century: the relationship between language, “fully grammatical,” and mind, “fully rational”—a formulation of the problem which focused the genesis neither of language nor of rationality. Nor is Condillac’s epistemolinguistic question entirely the same as the problem of the origin of language per se, one of the most popular topics of late eighteenth-and early nineteenth-century speculation. Again, it is different from the examination of logos as both reason and speech among the Stoics and earlier Greek philosophers. The epistemolinguistic issue was, to be sure, adumbrated in context by sundry empiricist philosophers: Hobbes and Locke, for example, assigned an appropriate place to language in the sequence of mental faculties and operations.
About Heinz Mean Inequalities

We present some inequalities related to Heinz means. Among them, we will provide an inequality involving Heinz means and Heron means, which is reverse to the one found by Bhatia.
β2-Adrenergic Receptor Activation Suppresses the Rat Phenethylamine Hallucinogen-Induced Head Twitch Response: Hallucinogen-Induced Excitatory Post-synaptic Potentials as a Potential Substrate.

5-Hydroxytryptamine2A (5-HT2A) receptors are enriched in layers I and Va of the rat prefrontal cortex and neocortex and their activation increases the frequency of glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic potentials/currents (EPSP/Cs) onto layer V pyramidal cells. A number of other G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are also enriched in cortical layers I and Va and either induce (1-adrenergic and orexin2) or suppress (metabotropic glutamate2 [mGlu2], adenosine A1, -opioid) both 5-HT-induced EPSCs and head twitches or head shakes induced by the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI). Another neurotransmitter receptor also localized to apparent thalamocortical afferents to layers I and Va of the rat prefrontal cortex and neocortex is the 2-adrenergic receptor. Therefore, we conducted preliminary electrophysiological experiments with rat brain slices examining the effects of epinephrine on electrically-evoked EPSPs following bath application of DOI (3 M). Epinephrine (0.3-10 M) suppressed the late EPSPs produced by electrical stimulation and DOI. The selective 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI-118,551 (300 nM) resulted in a rightward shift of the epinephrine concentration-response relationship. We also tested the selective 2-adrenergic receptor agonist clenbuterol and the antagonist ICI-118,551 on DOI-induced head twitches. Clenbuterol (0.3-3 mg/kg, i.p.) suppressed DOI(1.25 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced head twitches. This clenbuterol effect appeared to be at least partially reversed by the selective 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI-118,553 (0.01-1 mg/kg, i.p.), with significant reversal at doses of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg. Thus, 2-adrenergic receptor activation reverses the effects of phenethylamine hallucinogens in the rat prefrontal cortex. While Gi/Go-coupled GPCRs have previously been shown to suppress both the electrophysiological and behavioral effects of 5-HT2A receptor activation in the mPFC, the present work appears to extend this suppressant action to a Gs-coupled GPCR. Furthermore, the modulation of 5-HT2A receptor activation induced glutamate release onto mPFC layer V pyramidal neurons apical dendrites by a range GPCRs in rat brain slices appears to results in behaviorally salient effects of relevance when screening for novel CNS therapeutic drugs.
Analytical Properties for Degenerate Equations

By a classical result, solutions of analytic elliptic PDEs, like the Laplace equation, are analytic. In many instances, the properties that come from being analytic are more important than analyticity itself. Many important equations are degenerate elliptic and solutions have much lower regularity. Still, one may hope that solutions share properties of analytic functions. These properties are closely connected to important open problems. In this survey, we will explain why solutions of an important degenerate elliptic equation have analytic properties even though the solutions are not even C3.
Why Is the Cell So Complex

It is useful to compare the complexity of the living cell with that of the atom. If the complexity of a physical system is expressed in terms of the algorithmic information content (defined as the number of words or bits needed to describe a system; see Sect. 4.3) and if we assume that the algorithmic information content of a system is approximately proportional to its volume, the complexity of the average cell would be about 1015 times that of the hydrogen atom (see Table 10.3). Think of the number of the articles (and the words or symbols in them) that have been published describing the essential features of the hydrogen atom, which can be easily in the hundreds. Then the number of the papers that would be needed to describe the essential features of the living cell could well reach 1017, a number equivalent to about a million papers written per person now living on this planet! This is probably why there are so many biological papers published every week in Science, prompting nonbiological scientists (such as one of my professors in chemistry at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, in the mid-1960s) to complain in effect that there are too many biological articles in Science. The situation is far worse now than it was a half century ago. As will become evident below, one simple answer to the title suggested by the Law of Requisite Variety (Sect. 5.3) is that the internal structure of the cell has to be complex in order to survive the environment that is at least as complex.
Using SCALE6/MAVRIC to Determine the Dose Rate Distribution in the IRIS Power Plant Control Room and Preliminary Estimate Throughout the Reactor Building

IRIS is an advanced, smaller-power pressurized water reactor, with aggressive dose reduction objectives. Because of its integral configuration, IRIS has a thick downcomer region that significantly ...
A Processes Lens on a Beginning Teacher’s Personal and Classroom Mathematics

This study examines the relationship between mathematical knowledge—evidenced by a teacher’s engagement in mathematical processes and actions on the products of those processes—displayed by a beginning secondary mathematics teacher (Fiona) in her personal mathematical problem solving and in her classroom instruction. This process and action approach involved analysis of Fiona’s use of four mathematical process/product pairs (representing/representation, justifying/justification, generalizing/generalization, and defining/definition). Two themes arose in the analysis of interview and classroom observation data: (a) Despite demonstrating the ability to do so, Fiona did not regularly engage in processes in her personal mathematics or classroom mathematics, and (b) Fiona focused on selected features of a product or mathematical object rather than attending to a sufficient set of relevant features. These themes suggest a treatment of mathematics as not entirely connected that limited both Fiona’s own problem solving and her students’ mathematical opportunities.
Photosynthetic Characteristics of Several High-CO2-Requiring Mutants of Chlamydomonas

Photosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (2137 mt+) cells grown under air condition (low CO2 cells) have a very high affinity for COp, and have little or no CO2-sensitive O2 inhibition of photosynthesis (1,2,3). These characteristics, which have also been reported in low CO2 cells of several other algae (4, 5,6), is thought to be caused mainly by the CO2-concentrating mechanism. This mechanism apparently raised the CO2/O2 concentration ratio at the site of RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase, although the details of the CO2-concentrating mechanism are still unclear. Several mutants of C. reinhardtii have been isolated which apparently require elevated CO2 concentrations for photoautotrophic growth. Two such mutants have previously been described, a carbonic anhydrase deficient mutant (ca-1–12–1C) (2), and an inorganic carbon transport deficient mutant (pmp-1-l6–5K) (3). These two mutants indicate that these two components, at least, are essential to supply sufficient CO2 to the site of RuBP carboxylase during photosynthesis under low CO2 conditions.
Evaluation of MD5Hash Kernel on OpenCL FPGA Platform

Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a promising choice as a heterogeneous computing component for energy-aware high-performance computing applications. The emerging high-level synthesis (HLS) tools such as Intel OpenCL SDK provide a streamlined design flow to facilitate the use of FPGAs. In this paper, we are focused on the evaluation of the MD5 hashing kernel in the scalable heterogeneous computing (SHOC) bench suite. We explain the kernel and then evaluate the resource usage, performance, and performance per watt of the kernel implementations on the FPGA. The experimental results show that the optimized implementation using kernel duplication can achieve a factor of 6.1 X speedup over the naive code on the Nallatech 385A FPGA card that features an Arria 10 FPGA chip. For the performance per watt, we achieve 43 million hashes per watt on an Intel Arria 10 GX1150 FPGA, which is 39.7X, 15.6X, and 1.07X improvement over a dual-socket Intel Xeon E5-2687W processor, an Intel Xeon Phi Knights Landing 7210 processor, and an Nvidia K80 GPU, respectively.