cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mathematical model for the continuous culture of microorganisms utilizing inhibitory substrates

A mathematical model is presented for both batch and continuous cultures of microorganisms utilizing inhibitory substrates. The key feature of the model is the use of a inhibition function to relate substrate concentration and specific growth rate. Simulation studies show that the primary result of inhibition by substrate in a batch culture is an increase in the lag time whereas in continuous culture inhibition by substrate may result in process instability. The model should be of value in investigations of the stability of biological processes used for the treatment of certain industrial wastes such as those containing phenols, thiocyanates, nitrates, ammonia, volatile acids, etc., which are known to be inhibitory to many of the organisms metabolizing them.
Statistical resynchronization and detection of periodic transcripts

A periodic-normal mixture (PNM) model is proposed to fit the yeast cell cycle data of Cho et al. and Spellmen et al. and to resynchronize the transcription profiles of cell-cycle related genes. Subsequently a two-component beta mixture model is used to approximate the distribution of the PNM model fitting residues so as to compute the posterior probability for each gene to be cell-cycle related. Our result suggested that /spl sim/32% genes in yeast genome are likely to be periodically expressed, among which 822 genes met our stringent criterion. Of the 822 genes, 282 are absent from the list of 800 genes reported by Spellman et al., including many known important cell-cycle related functional genes. Phase matching of the 822 resynchronized expression profiles implied that the three synchronization methods might have brought cells to the same phase at the time of release.
Near-field observations and source parameters of central California earthquakes

This is a study of source characteristics of 13 earthquakes with magnitudes between 2.4 and 5.1 located near the San Andreas fault in central California. On the basis of hypocentral locations and fault-plane solutions the earthquakes separate into two source groups, one group clearly related to the throughgoing northwest-trending San Andreas fault zone and the other apparently associated with generally north-trending bifurcations such as the Calaveras fault. The basic data consist of broad-band recordings (0.03 to 10 Hz) of these earthquakes at two sites of the San Andreas Geophysical Observatory (SAGO). Epicentral distances range between 2 and 40 km, and maximum ground displacements from 4 to 4000 microns were recorded. The whole-record spectra computed from the seismograms lend themselves to source parameter studies in that they can be interpreted in terms of low-frequency level, corner frequency, and high-frequency slope. Synthetic seismograms have also been used to estimate source parameters in both the time domain and frequency domain, and the results compare favorably with those estimated directly from the spectra. The influences of tilts and nonlinear response of the seismometer were considered in the interpretation of the low frequencies. Seismic source moments estimated from the low-frequency levels of the spectra show a linear dependence on magnitude with a slope slightly greater than 1. The geology at the recording site can contribute an uncertainty factor of at least 3 to the estimated moments. Observed corner frequencies are only weakly dependent on magnitude. Interpreted in terms of source dimension, these corner frequencies imply values of 1 to 2 km for the earthquakes of this study. The corner frequencies may also be interpreted in terms of the rise time source function, yielding values in the range 0.5 to 1.0 sec. The data indicate that the earthquakes of this study are all surprisingly similar in their fundamental source parameters, with only the seismic moment showing a strong dependence on magnitude.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Psychological Interventions to Promote Treatment Adherence in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Chronic Illness

Objective This meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of recent adherence-promoting interventions for youth with chronic health conditions. Methods Peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials of adherence-promoting interventions for youth with a chronic illness published between 2007 and 2013 (n = 23) were reviewed. Intervention delivery (in-person vs. technology-based) and outcome measurement (e.g., self-report) were examined as potential moderators of treatment effects. Results Mean effect sizes were small at posttreatment (d = 0.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.08, 0.31, n = 23) and follow-up (d = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.43, n = 9). Intervention delivery and outcome measurement did not account for variation in treatment effects (p > .05). Conclusions The small treatment effects of recent adherence-promoting intervention (APIs) reflect the methodological limitations of the included studies and the need to reexamine the delivery and mechanisms of adherence-promoting interventions.
Water Soluble Cellulose Acetate: A Versatile Polymer for Film Coating

The objective of this study was to investigate the use of water soluble cellulose acetate (WSCA) as a film coating material for tablets. Aspirin (ASA) tablets were prepared by direct compression and coated with either WSCA or HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) dispersions. Coatings of 1-3%, depending on the intended application, were applied to the model drug (ASA) tablets employing a side-vented coating pan. Free films of WSCA, prepared by cast method, are crystal clear and, depending on the viscosity grade, are flexible, strong and durable. WSCA has the capability of forming free films without plasticizers and the films dry at room temperature. Glass transition temperature, Tg, was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The Tg of WSCA is significantly higher relative to HPMC. Inclusion of plasticizer lowers the Tg of WSCA and effective plasticizers were PEG 400 and glycerin. Low viscosity WSCA was more soluble in water (25-30%) relative to medium viscosity WSCA (10-15%). WSCA solutions exhibited no increase in viscosity with an increase in temperature. Samples of coated (WSCA and HPMC) tablets and uncoated ASA cores were packaged for stability studies at room and elevated temperature storage. Physical stability of ASA tablets coated with 2:1 LV: MV (low viscosity: medium viscosity) WSCA formulations was better when compared to tablets coated with HPMC. Dissolution stability of WSCA coated ASA was similar to the physical stability results. After three months at elevated temperature (35 and 45 degrees C), the WSCA coated tablets complied with USP dissolution requirements for ASA, while the HPMC coated tablets did not. There was no difference in moisture (weight) gain of ASA tablets coated with either WSCA or HPMC. The WSCA coated tablets were not sticky or tacky, while the HPMC coated tablets were tacky and stuck together.
Correlation in the human aorta of APO B fractions with tissue cholesterol and collagen content.

Abstract The amounts of buffer- and Triton-extracted apo B (LDL-protein), as well as the sum of these two fractions, were correlated with the total tissue cholesterol and hydroxyproline content (as a measure of collagen) in grossly normal intima, fatty streaks, and fibrous plaques of human aortas obtained at autopsy. Quantitative values of buffer- and Triton-extracted apo B were obtained by sequentially extracting homogenates of aortic intima with an aqueous buffer and one containing Triton X-100, and measuring the apo B content in each extract by an electroimmunoassay relative to plasma LDL or Triton-treated LDL. Significant positive correlations were obtained between the following: tissue cholesterol and both buffer-extracted and total-extracted apo B in grossly normal intima; tissue cholesterol and Triton-extracted apo B in microdissected fibrotic caps and cores of fibrous plaques, as well as in whole plaques. A positive correlation was also obtained between tissue cholesterol and total-extracted apo B in the necrotic core. A significant negative correlation was found between Triton-extracted apo B and collagen in whole plaques. The calculated mean percent of total tissue cholesterol in the different aortic regions that could be present as part of an intact LDL particle were: 100% in grossly normal intima, 16% in fatty streaks, and 11% in fibrous plaques. The positive correlation between Triton-extracted apo B and cholesterol in plaques suggests one or both of the following: the extracellular pool of cholesterol or some material increasing concurrently with cholesterol interacts with apo B or another part of the LDL particle; or the apo B containing lipoprotein is traped in the hydrophobic environment of extracellular lipid. Both possibilities would render the particle less soluble in aqueous buffers. The negative correlation between Triton-extracted apo B and tissue collagen and the lack of a significant correlation between buffer-extracted apo B and collagen content suggests that collagen is probably not responsible for apo B retention in the aortic intima.
Interdimensional correlations in individual and dyadic performance ratings

Performance rating research about individual performance may not necessarily generalize to rating performance of dyads. Using data from the 1992 Winter Olympics, this study demonstrates that observed interdimensional correlations are higher when dyads rather than individuals are being rated, particularly when raters have the opportunity to form prior general impressions of ratees. Implications of these results are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cost implications of self-management education intervention programmes in arthritis.

The purpose of this review is to examine cost implications, including cost-effectiveness analyses, cost-savings calculated from health-care utilisation and intervention delivery costs of arthritis-related self-management education (SME) interventions. Methods Literature searches, covering 1980–March 2012, using arthritis, self-management and cost-related terms, identified 487 articles; abstracts were reviewed to identify those with cost information. Results Three formal cost-effectiveness analyses emerged; results were equivocal but analyses done from the societal perspective, including out-of-pocket and other indirect costs, were more promising. Eight studies of individual, group and telephone-delivered SME calculated cost-savings based on health-care utilisation changes. These studies had variable results but the costs-savings extrapolation methods are questionable. Meta-analyses of health-care utilisation changes in two specific SME interventions demonstrated only one significant result at 6 months, which did not persist at 12 months. Eleven studies reported intervention delivery costs ranging from $35 to $740 per participant; the variability is likely due to costing methods and differences in delivery mode. Conclusions Economic analysis in arthritis-related SME is in its infancy; more robust economic evaluations are required to reach sound conclusions. The most common form of analysis used changes in health-care utilisation as a proxy for cost-savings; the results are less than compelling. However, other value metrics, including the value of SME as part of health systems' self-management support efforts, to population health (from improved self-efficacy, psychological well-being and physical activity), and to igniting patient activation, are all important to consider.
The Cultural Construction of Self and Well-Being: A Tale of Two Cities

Does local context (e.g., city of residence) matter for self and well-being? We theorized that it does because local contexts diverge in prevalent historically-derived ideas, norms, and products. Through historical analysis, studies of norms (tightness-looseness; Study 1) and cultural products (content analyses of newspaper headlines, venture capital firm websites, hospital websites; Studies 2-4), and studies assessing individuals' self and well-being (Studies 5-7), we compared Boston and San Francisco-similar cities on many metrics. We find that self and well-being are, in some important part, local. Reflecting themes of "old and established," Boston's history and cultural products emphasize tradition, status, and community, and social norms are relatively tight; accordingly feelings and selves are socially contingent. In contrast, reflecting themes of "new and free," San Francisco's history and cultural products emphasize unlimited possibility, egalitarianism, and innovation, and social norms are relatively loose; accordingly feelings and selves are relatively less contingent on others.
Vaccine Approaches for Protection Against HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/ AIDS) has reached pandemic proportions globally. Currently, there are approximately 40 million individuals infected with HIV-1. The most likely solution for this disease is a preventive vaccine that can be distributed worldwide. Despite intense efforts, the development of a vaccine against HIV has not been realized. Here, we review the challenges that have impeded progress and the approaches that are currently under consideration. Vaccination results from human trials and animal models are also discussed. Keywords: AIDS; CTL; DNA; HIV; SIV; Vaccine
The Impossible Trinity (aka The Policy Trilemma)

The policy Trilemma (the ability to accomplish only two out of three policy objectives –financial integration, exchange rate stability and monetary autonomy) continues to be a validmacroeconomic framework. The financial globalization during 1990s-2000s reduced theweighted average of exchange rate stability and monetary autonomy. An unintendedconsequence of financial globalization has been the growing exposure of developing countries tocostly capital flights and deleveraging crises. Emerging Markets responded by adding financialstabilityto the three Trilemma policy goals, coupling their growing financial integration withlarge hoarding of international reserves, as means of self-insuring their growing exposure tofinancial-turbulences.
Automatic and Strategic Representation of the Self in Major Depression: Trait and State Abnormalities

ObjectiveDysfunctional negative thoughts about the self have long been hypothesized to reflect mood-independent cognitive vulnerability for major depressive disorder. These thoughts are believed to be predominantly automatic, in that they are involuntary and hard to inhibit. However, existing empirical evidence provides limited support for this theory, instead emphasizing the role of intentional ruminative (i.e., effortful) thoughts. To help clarify this theoretical controversy and investigate biased processing of emotional self-referent information in major depression, the authors utilized event-related brain potentials, which are used to index neural engagement during specific stages of cognitive processing. MethodThe P2 and late positive event-related brain components were examined during a free recall task in patients with current (N=17) or remitted (N=18) major depression and healthy comparison subjects (N=17). Participants made judgments on whether a word described them (self-referential condition) ...
Not Just the Price of Food: Challenges of an Urban Agriculture Organization in Engaging Local Residents†

This case study of a community-supported agriculture (CSA) organization in New Orleans focuses on the lack of participation in the CSA market by the local residents despite its intentions, and how various constituencies diagnose the causes of the disengagement. Interview and ethnographic observation data indicate a general consensus on the economic constraints, but some non-resident supporters of the organization attributed the issue to lack of knowledge about the food system or the benefits of local food consumption. The residents, on the other hand, pointed to spatial and sociocultural barriers that made the market and its location less accessible to them, including the produce selection and purchase options, convenience of access to the market, and the race-related historical and spatial context of the market's location. These findings suggest that the food access concerns of the food justice movement may be more easily addressed than the food sovereignty concerns. Food as a unique resource poses an additional challenge for the movement to construct an effective food justice frame.
Pathogenesis of ovine lentiviral encephalitis: derivation of a neurovirulent strain by in vivo passage

The lentiviruses of sheep replicate almost exclusively in macrophages and cause chronic interstitial pneumonia, arthritis, and mastitis, but only rarely encephalitis. This study was undertaken to determine whether a non-neurovirulent field strain of ovine lentivirus isolated from joint fluid that replicated productively in lung and joint macrophages could be adapted to enter and replicate in the brain and cause encephalitis. The field isolate was passed seven times sequentially by intracerebral inoculation of sheep. The neuroadapted strain of virus caused severe encephalitis typical of visna in four of four sheep inoculated intracerebrally. The virus replicated to high titers in the brains of these animals and in cultured microglia. The inflammatory response in the brain was characterized by intense infiltrates of macrophages and CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Many of the perivascular macrophages demonstrated TNF-alpha expression and there was upregulation of MHC Class II antigen expression on both inflammatory cells and endothelium. Inoculation of this neuroadapted virus into the bone marrow of three animals resulted in persistent infection and cell-associated viremia, but not encephalitis. Virus was not detected in brains from these animals, indicating that the virus was not neuroinvasive. These data suggest that neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence are separate pathogenic determinants, both of which are required for the development of encephalitis during natural infection.
ISLET: an isolated, scalable, & lightweight environment for training

In this paper we present ISLET; the Isolated, Scalable, & Lightweight Environment for Training. ISLET overcomes many of the distribution, scaling and security challenges of providing mass training to students requiring an interactive GNU/Linux command-line environment. This Docker-based solution is evaluated and lessons learned from real world experience with ISLET are discussed.
Economics of Western Juniper Control in Central Oregon

The economic and ecological benefits and control costs of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook) management on rangelands are evaluated using a discrete-time, dynamic economic model developed to depict 4 representative ranches in the John Day region of north-central Oregon. The model’s optimization criterion is to maximize the net present value of profits through decisions regarding herd size and composition, cattle sales, and the manipulation of forage production through juniper management practices. Projections are made regarding the impacts of economically optimal juniper management on wildlife populations, stream flows, and erosion levels. Results consistently showed that juniper management options resulted in larger equilibrium herd sizes and greater economic returns. Erosion levels were substantially lower in scenarios that contained juniper management options. Economically optimal juniper management decisions led to increased quail and elk populations, but generally resulted in decreased deer populations. The results indicate there are both economic and ecological benefits from controlling western juniper on Oregon rangelands.
The Weights of Sinea Diadema (FABR.) (Reduviidae, Hemiptera)

The changes in volume sustained by insects during their postembryonic life have been investigated in three ways: by calculating the amount of water displaced by submerged specimens (Yagi), by measuring the dimensions of the whole or parts of the body, and by weighing the exuviae and/or the entire organism. The scientific results obtained by these techniques have already been adequately reviewed by Abercrombie, Bodenheimer (1932, 1933), Calvert, Harries and Henderson, Hodge, Lincoln, Ludwig and Yagi.
Inputting to a Notebook Computer

Inputting to a notebook computer (NPC) can differ from inputting to a desktop style computer. NPCs are self-contained, so if no peripherals are used, the user works with the keyboard layout and style and location of pointing device provided by the manufacturer. In contrast to standard external keyboards, there are few redundancies provided on an NPC keyboard. Another important difference is keyboard location - because the monitor and keyboard of most NPCs are joined, the user must make a location choice that will potentially compromise body comfort in one or more regions. This paper focuses on some inherent restrictions to inputting on a self-contained NPC.
Aspirin use and reduced risk of fatal colon cancer

Abstract Background and Methods. Experiments in animals and two epidemiologic studies in humans suggest that aspirin and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be protective against colon cancer. We tested this hypothesis in a prospective mortality study of 662,424 adults who provided information in 1982 on the frequency and duration of their aspirin use. Death rates from colon cancer were measured through 1988. The possible influence of other risk factors for colon cancer was examined in multivariate analyses for 598 case patients and 3058 matched control subjects drawn from the cohort. Results. Death rates from colon cancer decreased with more frequent aspirin use in both men and women. The relative risk among persons who used aspirin 16 or more times per month for at least one year was 0.60 in men (95 percent confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.89) and 0.58 in women (95 percent confidence interval, 0.37 to 0.90). The risk estimates were unaffected when we excluded persons who reported at ent...
Death is Not the End: The Second Circuit Allows Posthumous Division of Pension Benefits in Yale-New Haven Hospital v. Nicholls

On June 4, 2015, in Yale-New Haven Hospital v. Nicholls, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that the Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) allows state courts to posthumously amend qualified domestic relations orders (“QDROs”) to divide the pension plan benefits of a deceased plan participant. The Second Circuit joined the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in allowing QDROs to be posthumously amended. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, in contrast, has ruled that upon a plan participant’s death, benefits cannot be reassigned through the amendment of a QDRO. This Comment argues that the Second Circuit’s interpretation of ERISA is correct. To rule otherwise would allow for externalities outside of a party’s control to have significantly negative consequences for substantive rights. Furthermore, the allowance of posthumous QDROs is most aligned with the express goals of ERISA.
Modeling attitude diffusion and agenda setting: the MAMA model

Attitude diffusion is where “attitudes” (general, relatively enduring evaluative responses to a topic) spread through a population. Attitudes play an incredibly important role in human decision-making (for instance, in health care decisions) and are a critical part of social psychology. However, existing models of diffusion do not account for key differentiating aspects of attitudes. In this work, we develop the “Multi-Agent, Multi-Attitude” (MAMA) model which incorporates several key factors of attitude diffusion: (1) multiple, interacting attitudes; (2) social influence between individuals; and (3) media influence. All three components have strong support from the social science community. Using the MAMA model, we re-visit the problem of influence maximization in a attitude diffusion setting where media influence is possible—we show that strategic manipulation of the media can lead to statistically significant decreases in diffusion of attitudes. Finally, to better understand the dynamics of the model, we use an absorbing Markov chain to characterize state transitions in the model.
Crystal structure of phenyl 2,4,5-tri-chloro-benzene-sulfonate.

The title compound, C12H7Cl3O3S, was synthesized via a nucleophilic substitution reaction between phenol and 2,4,5-tri­chloro­benzene­sulfonyl chloride. The two aryl rings are oriented gauche to one another around the sulfonate S—O bond, with a C—S—O—C torsion angle of −70.68 (16)°, and the two rings are inclined to one another by 72.40 (7)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via various C—Cl⋯π inter­actions, forming ribbons propagating along [100]. Neighboring ribbons are linked by a weak C—Cl⋯π inter­action, forming layers parallel to (010).
Laboratory Evaluation and Application of Potassium Sulphate Drilling Mud

Borrowing from Sunwing Energy Company (Ltd.)'s experience of successfully using potassium sulphate drilling fluid in Block 13 in Song-fang-tun Oilfield to protect the reservoir from being damaged, we optimized the potassium sulphate mud in laboratory as this: 5% bentonite+0.4%Na_2CO_3+5.0%K_2SO_4+1000 mL DCL+200 mg/L Desco+100 mg/L Alcome+500 mg/L SAP+1000 mg/L LT+1000 mg/L KEL. The mud has a suitable viscosity, gel strengths and fluid loss if the concentration of the potassium ions in the mud is about 50 000 mg/L. The hot rolling test showed a 85% shale recovery and the percentage of static swelling of cores tested with this mud is less than 0.02. The core permeability impairment is less than 20% tested with this mud. The potassium ions in the mud are the key in protect the reservoir from being damaged.
Characteristics and Effect of Rural Information Service in Guanxu Town,Guangdong

The rural information service status was investigated by questionnaire survey in Guanxu town,Guangdong to study the characteristics of local rural information service and farmers' utilization effect.The results showed that there were five information service patterns of professional network,rural mobile communication,video-on-demand,radio and public service hotline in rural information service in Guanxu town.The utilization proportion of video-on-demand,rural mobile communication,radio,public service hotline and professional network patterns was 71.5%,61.7%,33.2%,21.8%and 18.1%in total 138investigated farmers separately.
Solving Logistic Regression with Group Cardinality Constraints for Time Series Analysis

We propose an algorithm to distinguish 3D+t images of healthy from diseased subjects by solving logistic regression based on cardinality constrained, group sparsity. This method reduces the risk of overfitting by providing an elegant solution to identifying anatomical regions most impacted by disease. It also ensures that consistent identification across the time series by grouping each image feature across time and counting the number of non-zero groupings. While popular in medical imaging, group cardinality constrained problems are generally solved by relaxing counting with summing over the groupings. We instead solve the original problem by generalizing a penalty decomposition algorithm, which alternates between minimizing a logistic regression function with a regularizer based on the Frobenius norm and enforcing sparsity. Applied to 86 cine MRIs of healthy cases and subjects with Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), our method correctly identifies regions impacted by TOF and obtains a statistically significant higher classification accuracy than logistic regression without and relaxed grouped sparsity constraint.
Classification of endometriotic implants by morphologic appearance and capacity to synthesize prostaglandin F

The severity of the symptoms of endometriosis has not always correlated well with the anatomic severity of the disease. This lack of correlation may be due to variations in the metabolic activity of the endometriotic implants present at different stages of the disease. Because prostaglandin F (PGF) has been implicated as a hormonal mediator of the clinical symptoms of endometriosis, PGF synthesis and content was measured in implants from 14 patients with mild, moderate, severe, or extensive disease. To assess whether PGF production was related to the status of implants, the authors classified implants, based on gross and histologic criteria, as petechial or reddish; intermediate or brown; or powder-burn or black. PGF production of implants from patients with mild or moderate disease was greater than that of implants from patients with severe or extensive disease (P less than 0.05), and PGF content was similar for all stages of endometriosis. Petechial implants produced twice the amount of PGF than intermediate implants (P less than 0.05), which in turn produced more PGF than powder-burn implants (P less than 0.05). Powder-burn implants did not have the in vitro capacity to produce PGF, and the amount of PGF contained in implants of all classes was similar. Therefore, endometriotic implant PGF production and possibly other biochemical activities are dependent on the physical status of the implant. The classification of implants by morphologic appearance may afford additional assistance in determining the prognosis of the disease and in the examination of the subtle effects of the disease on symptoms.
Treatment of Pre-Collapse Stages of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: a Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials

BackgroundTreatment for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) remains controversial. Current reviews include low-level evidence studies evaluating the treatment of both pre-collapse and collapse...
“Level of Aspiration”: Preference for Time Versus Response Feedback and History Effects on the Setting of Personal Performance Standards

Human subjects responded on a computer keyboard and accumulated points according to fixed-ratio (FR) reinforcement schedules. In Experiment 1, subjects responded under a FR 500 schedule. Under baseline conditions satisfying the schedule requirement resulted in counter points and session termination. Subsequently, subjects could (a) choose to have a clock appear on the screen during the interreinforcement interval (IRI) as well as to enter a target time which they would attempt to better during that session, (b) choose to enter a target time or respond under baseline conditions, and (c) enter a target time and choose between having a clock appear throughout or at the end of experimental sessions. In Experiment 2, subjects responded under a FR 500 schedule, entered a target time each session, and could respond during the session to briefly produce either (a) clock feedback, or (b) the number of responses emitted by the subject. In Experiment 3, subjects responded under FR 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 schedule parameters, entered target times and responded for either clock or response feedback. Subjects (a) preferred responding under conditions in which target times were entered to responding under baseline conditions, (b) preferred to have the clock illuminated throughout rather than at the end of experimental sessions, (c) preferred response to clock feedback under all schedule parameters, (d) responded to having equaled or bettered a target time by lowering target time for the subsequent session, and (e) responded to having missed a target time by maintaining the same time during the subsequent session. The results were interpreted within the context of behavior analytic as opposed to more traditional personality theory.
Abstract 4913: Engineering dendritic cell-based vaccines as targeted immunotherapy against medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, and Ewing sarcoma

Medulloblastoma (MB), Neuroblastoma (NB), and Ewing Sarcoma (ES) are malignant pediatric neuroectodermal solid tumors. Current treatments are highly intensive but toxic and subsets of patients such as metastatic and/or relapsed patients have a dismal outcome (Esiashvili N et al, 2008; Leavey PJ et al, 2008; Bernstein ML et al, 2006). Targeted treatments with reduced side effects are urgently needed. Immunotherapy is a promising approach to inducing tumor control. Among various strategies of immunotherapy, dendritic cell-based vaccines have shown promising preliminary activity in the setting of minimal residual disease (Lasky JL et al, 2013; Westers TM et al, 2011; Shumway NM et al, 2009). To evaluate the feasibility of dendritic cell based vaccine in pediatric solid tumors, we incubated HLA A02+ human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with monocyte-derived autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with or without whole tumor cell lysates in interferon-a (INFa) ELISPOT assays. We demonstrated that the number of spots detected in test wells (Daoy: 141.6±3, SKPNDW: 233.3±33.5, EWS502: 157.6±22.3, TC71: 249.6±24.5) is significantly (p Citation Format: Stacey Zahler, Wen Luo, Janet Ayello, Mitchell S. Cairo. Engineering dendritic cell-based vaccines as targeted immunotherapy against medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, and Ewing sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4913.
Picolinic acids as β-exosite inhibitors of botulinum neurotoxin A light chain

In developing small-molecule inhibitors of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A light chain (BoNT/A LC), substituted picolinic acids were identified. Extensive investigation into the SAR of the picolinic acid scaffold revealed 5-(1-butyl-4-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)picolinic acid (CBIP), which possessed low micromolar activity against BoNT/A. Kinetic and docking studies demonstrated binding of CBIP to the β-exosite: a largely unexplored site on the LC that holds therapeutic relevance for botulism treatment.
O governo local na América portuguesa: um estudo de divergência cultural

(primeiro paragrafo do texto) A expansao da Europa nos seculos XV e XVI fez com que os europeus e principalmente os ingleses, holandeses, espanhois, portugueses e franceses entrassem em contato com as terras, povos e civilizacoes da Africa, Asia e das Americas. Os efeitos dos descobrimentos europeus tiveram um menor alcance na Asia, do que no caso da Africa ou das Americas, onde o escambo logo cedeu lugar a escravidao; a catequese pacifica a conversao forcada; a barganha e o comercio a extorsao e aos monopolios; e a dominacao armada a co-existencia com os intrusos europeus. Embora na Nova Franca, no Brasil nas colonias britânicas predominassem os interesses comerciais e agricolas, em contraposicao ao que ocorreu na America espanhola, onde a enfase inicial foi de carater militarista, o fato e que os resultados da colonizacao europeia foram similares em toda parte. Logo em seguida a conquista e colonizacao foram introduzidas no Novo Mundo instituicoes, cujo valor ja tinha sido comprovado em seus paises de origem.
Historical and Recent Trends in American Mobility

This chapter provides a broad historical overview of relocation trends in the United States in order to illustrate the geographic and historical nature of household mobility in America, pointing to how relocation informs, and is informed by, American culture in various times and spaces. In a contemporary context, this descriptive chapter also explores some of the reasons researchers have hypothesized for the decades-long decline in American household mobility. Drawing on aggregate data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), overall trends in household mobility are documented, with some emphasis on household mobility during the Great Recession.
Enrichment and Trafficking of BCR-ABL Oncoprotein in Exosomes Promotes the IL-3 Independent Proliferation of Bystander Cells,

Abstract Abstract 3751 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) accounts for 15% of all adult leukemias worldwide and is characterized by the BCR-ABL t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation. Experimental overexpression of BCR-ABL also provides evidence for oncoprotein-mediated induction of instability phenotypes and rescue from apoptosis in non-leukemic cells. Recent work with Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (CLL) reveals the circulation of cell membrane-derived vesicles in the serum of patients and suggests in vitro signaling effects in the CLL microenvironment. Such lipid-enclosed vesicles, termed exosomes (30–100nm), are released by normal and malignant cell types and have been shown to traffic RNA and proteins between cells, presumably contributing to disease progression. These studies prompted us to evaluate a potential role for vesicles in transferring BCR-ABL oncoprotein to bystander cells and test the hypothesis that oncoprotein transfer may contribute to signaling in the leukemic microenvironment. K562 cells, a BCR-ABL-positive human CML cell line, have been shown to constitutively release membrane-derived vesicles and serve as a model for understanding their biogenesis. Using electron microscopy, we have confirmed exosome release from K562 cells, with >90% of vesicles ranging from 30–100nm in size (n=291). Comparison of cell of origin and exosome content confirmed the previously reported differential global protein profiles and showed colocalization of the exosomal marker CD63 with BCR-ABL by immunofluorescent imaging. Further, quantitative reverse transcription PCR indicated a 35-fold enrichment of BCR-ABL transcript in exosomes compared to the K562 cytosol. Because BCR-ABL is known to rescue certain cytokine-starved cell types from apoptosis, we next tested whether K562 cells could transfer BCR-ABL-enriched exosomes to bystander cells and subsequently foster their proliferation. To demonstrate trafficking of the BCR-ABL-enriched exosomes to bystander cells, a 0.4uM Boyden transwell chamber was used to coculture K562 and recipient cells while preventing direct cell-to-cell contact. Through semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR we have successfully shown transfer of BCR-ABL transcript to two murine-derived cell lines, BaF3 (pro-B) and OP9 (stromal) cells, resembling cell types present in the leukemic microenvironment. Furthermore, transwell coculture with exosome-producing K562 cells promoted the canonical survival of BaF3 cells following IL-3-deprivation. This is consistent with previous studies where BCR-ABL overexpression rescues IL-3-deprived BaF3 cells from cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Our work demonstrates the potential of exosome trafficking in affecting the phenotype of bystander cells in the CML microenvironment. Additionally, exosome enrichment encourages further research toward utilizing BCR-ABL-enriched vesicles as a minimally invasive serum biomarker for disease progression. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
ROMANTIC LIBERALISM IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL, c. 1825–1850

This article examines Spanish and Portuguese liberal political thought in the period after the independence of Latin America (c. 1825–50). It argues that while Iberian liberalism undoubtedly reflected broader European and transatlantic debates and intellectual trends, it was distinguished by its robust engagement with literary romanticism. The article proceeds to describe and make a case for ‘romantic liberalism’ through the examination of texts by six politically engaged writers: Spanish statesman, poet and dramatist Francisco Martinez de la Rosa (1787–1862); Portuguese statesman, poet, novelist, and dramatist Joao Baptista da Silva Leitao de Almeida Garrett (1799–1854); Spanish poet and statesman Angel de Saavedra (1791–1865), Duque de Rivas; Spanish parliamentarian and literary critic Antonio Alcala Galiano; Spanish poet, journalist, and parliamentarian Jose de Espronceda (1808–42); and Portuguese historian, novelist, and journalist Alexandre Herculano (1810–77).
Dietary Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Protects Mice from Colitis Associated Colon Cancer.

We have previously reported alleviation of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis signs in phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC)-treated mice. Here we investigated chemoprotective activities of PEITC in mice with Azoxymethane-DSS induced colitis associated colon carcinogenesis. We also examined the molecular mediators associated with the PEITC effects using relevant cell lines. A 0.12% PEITC-enriched mouse-diet reduced mucosal and submucosal inflammation as well as glandular atypia by 12% and the frequency of adenocarcinoma by 17% with a concomitant improvement in overall disease activity indices compared to the diseased control group. Lipopolysaccharide-induced in vitro up-regulation of key mediators of inflammation, immune response, apoptosis, and cell proliferation were attenuated by 10 μM PEITC. Three of these mediators showed concentration-dependent reduction in respective mRNAs. Furthermore, PEITC inhibited Nuclear factor kappa B1 (NFκB1) proteins in a concentration-dependent manner. The NFκB1 mRNA expression inversely correlated (r = −0.940, p = 0.013) with tri-methylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 near its promoter region in a time-dependent manner. These results indicate that PEITC may slow down the development of colon carcinogenesis in an inflammatory intestinal setting which is potentially associated with epigenetic modulation of NFκB1 signaling.
MicroRNA signature of central nervous system‐infiltrating dendritic cells in an animal model of multiple sclerosis

Innate immune cells are integral to the pathogenesis of several diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), including multiple sclerosis (MS). Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells that are critical regulators of adaptive immune responses, particularly in autoimmune diseases such as MS. The regulation of DC function in both the periphery and CNS compartment has not been fully elucidated. One limitation to studying the role of CD11c+ DCs in the CNS is that microglia can upregulate CD11c during inflammation, making it challenging to distinguish bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from microglia. Selective expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been shown to distinguish populations of innate cells and regulate their function within the CNS during neuro-inflammation. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model of MS, we characterized the expression of miRNAs in CD11c+ cells using a non-biased murine array. Several miRNAs, including miR-31, were enriched in CD11c+ cells within the CNS during EAE, but not LysM+ microglia. Moreover, to distinguish CD11c+ DCs from microglia that upregulate CD11c, we generated bone marrow chimeras and found that miR-31 expression was specific to BMDCs. Interestingly, miR-31-binding sites were enriched in mRNAs downregulated in BMDCs that migrated into the CNS, and a subset was confirmed to be regulated by miR-31. Finally, miR-31 was elevated in DCs migrating through an in vitro blood-brain barrier. Our findings suggest miRNAs, including miR-31, may regulate entry of DCs into the CNS during EAE, and could potentially represent therapeutic targets for CNS autoimmune diseases such as MS.
A fault investigation and optimization with constant frequency electrical angle start method of LCI

Load-commutated inverter (LCI) are the key starting device of wound-field synchronous motor. By detecting the rotor position and inputting a variable frequent current to the stator windings, the LCI can drive the motor from standstill to a given speed. Thus, rotor position detecting method comes to be the key techniques, but at the ultra-low speed period, the motor's terminal voltage is too low to accurately sampling and is vulnerable to the interference, which brings risks to the variable frequency driving. In this paper, through analyzing the principles of LCI and a running fault problem, a constant frequency electrical angle control methods is introduced to solve the difficulty of detecting the rotor position in the low speed period. A 300MW synchronous machine driven with a 19MW LCI are experimented in MATLAB and RTDS systems, the results show that the proposed control strategy can realize soft-start of the wound-field synchronous motor without detecting rotor's position.
Imaging Diagnosis of the Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma

Optic nerve sheath meningiomas classically are seen in middle-aged or elderly females and present as slowly progressing axial proptosis and gradual loss of vision. In addition to the appropriate clinical presentation, the diagnosis of optic nerve sheath tumors falls heavily on the imaging findings, especially given the complexity of their location and the considerable morbidities that may be associated with biopsy. Cross-sectional imaging is an essential diagnostic tool and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in particular, with the increasing clinical availability of 3-Tesla magnets, remains the modality of choice for the imaging diagnosis of optic nerve pathology. Computed tomography (CT), however, is not without its advantages and can often reveal characteristic findings to help make the diagnosis. Thus, knowledge of the MR and CT imaging characteristics of optic nerve sheath meningiomas, in conjunction with a suitable clinical context, is essential to accurate diagnosis and differentiation from other similar appearing lesions.
The Forms of International Law

For those who are not familiar with international law, just what it is or how it operates is often a puzzle. Some will doubt whether there even is such a thing, or, as it is often put, whether international law really is law. To answer this question, one must consider the forms that international law takes and how it functions. This analysis begins with a consideration of how law works in general and then proceeds to examine international law to consider how it resembles and how it differs from the law most people - lawyers and non-lawyers alike - are familiar with. Much international law remains customary. Even when a norm of customary international law has been determined with some certainty, the customary form of enforcement - claim and counterclaim among states - does not provide a neutral enforcement mechanism. The mechanism favors those with power and resources. Without a neutral enforcement mechanism, there is always the suspicion that national interest overrides any real commitment to law. And without a neutral enforcement mechanism, international law ultimately has nothing better to offer for punishing violations than the law of the vendetta. The institutional limitations of international law - including both custom and treaties - have always been most clear during periods of major crisis. International law is not an illusion, but it is a primitive system with definite limits on its effectiveness. As a result, while international law by itself cannot solve the world’s problem, international law is an essential element of any solution. What is necessary to make international law more effective is a fully developed institutional framework, particularly for any serious or enduring crisis, although that framework might not come into being until after the crisis emerges. To get beyond the limitations of current international law, states must combine the sophisticated insights of international lawyers with the practical structures of political actors through institutions for managing or resolving conflicts before they escalates to injurious levels.
Patterns of utilization of imaging and tumor markers (TM) among metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients (pts).

e18224Background: The optimal strategies for utilization of imaging and TM, and how to integrate both among MBC pts are unclear. Methods: In aretrospective cohort study of pts with de novo MBC trea...
What is the clinical utility of next generation sequencing (NGS) in advanced urologic malignancies

285Background: Widespread availability of NGS and an expanding repertoire of targeted therapies has garnered significant enthusiasm for the concept of NGS directed therapy. FoundationOne (Foundatio...
Camping Motivation in Communication Skills for Speech Impaired Children

(1961). Camping Motivation in Communication Skills for Speech Impaired Children. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 26-27.