cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B virus viral dynamics: effects of drug dose and baseline alanine aminotransferase

1. Principles of viral dynamics The use of mathematical models to enhance our understanding of the dynamics of chronic viral infections has proven fruitful. Analyzes of viral load changes during antiviral therapy have provided critical insights into the pathogenesis of chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [1–7] and hepatitis C virus (HCV) [8–17]. These methods have lead to increased quantitative understanding of the dynamics of virus replication, viral clearance, and infected cell turnover [18], which have provided a rational framework for the design of treatment strategies. Moreover, in the case of HCV infection these methods have provided insights into the mechanisms of interferon action [10], a new means of quantifying drug effectiveness [10], and generated correlations between the outcome of treatment and viral kinetic factors [10,17,19]. 2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) viral dynamics The study of HBV using viral kinetic methods has followed approaches used in HIV and HCV [20]. Nowak et al. [21] in 1996 introduced the use of viral dynamics principles into the field of HBV. Using a standard viral dynamic model, which had been developed for HIV [2], and fitting that to data obtained from patients treated with lamivudine, they estimated that free virus was cleared from the plasma with a half-life of about 1 day, implying a total viral turnover of about 10 11 per day. They also used the rebound in plasma viral load after the end of treatment to estimate that the half-life of infected hepatocytes is variable ranging between 10 and 100 days. They were able to estimate the efficacy of the drug in blocking virion production and noticed that this was dependent on the lamivudine treatment dose. They reported that daily doses of 20, 100, 300 and 600 mg blocked 87, 97, 96 and 99% of production, respectively. However, the analysis was limited by the assay technology in place at the time. In this study, the Abbott Genostics solution hybridization assay was used, which has a lower limit of detection of 10 6
Trends in subthreshold psychiatric diagnoses for youth in community treatment.

IMPORTANCE: Patterns and trends of subthreshold DSM-IV mental health diagnoses for youth within US community treatment settings merit systematic research. OBJECTIVE: To quantify and assess temporal patterns of DSM-IV diagnoses not otherwise specified (NOS) among youth during physician office visits. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a retrospective study using psychiatric diagnostic data from the US National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (n = 16,295) from 1999 through 2010, combined in 4-year intervals. Using diagnoses from visits to physicians, we compared trends of the proportional distribution of the major psychiatric diagnoses with subthreshold criteria (coded as NOS) with proportions of diagnoses reaching full criteria. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Specific common psychiatric diagnoses NOS compared with full-criteria psychiatric diagnoses. RESULTS: Between the 1999-2002 and 2007-2010 periods, the proportion of US medical visits reporting DSM-IV NOS psychiatric diagnoses compared with the proportion reporting full psychiatric diagnostic criteria for youth aged 2 to 19 years rose prominently for major mood diagnostic subtypes. Among all visits for mood disorders, NOS visits grew proportionally 1.5-fold from 45.3% in the 1999-2002 period to 68.8% in the 2007-2010 period (P < .001). Among visits for bipolar disorder, NOS visits increased more than 18-fold, from 3.6% in the 1999-2002 period to 72.6% in the 2007-2010 period (P < .001). In addition, anxiety disorder NOS increased from 44.6% in the 1999-2002 period to 58.1% in the 2007-2010 period. Overall, NOS visits constituted 35.0% of the total psychiatric visits in 2007-2010 but represented 55.9% when attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder codes were excluded. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The expansion of subthreshold (NOS) DSM-IV diagnoses of mood disorder, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorder in youth that has occurred since 1999 in all likelihood will continue in the DSM-5 era unless administrative efforts are made to alter this practice. Unspecified diagnoses lack research reliability and potentially increase the likelihood of off-label prescribing of psychotropic medication.
Seawater alteration effects on 87Sr86Sr, K, Rb, Cs, Ba and Sr in oceanic igneous rocks

Abstract A study of low-temperature alteration effects on three samples of tholeiitic basalts dredged from the Gulf of California and a basalt sample drilled from the NE Pacific, has been described. The analysis of core-margin pairs for K, Rb, Cs, Ba and Sr contents does not always show the consistent mobility pattern reported earlier, namely, Cs > Rb > K > Ba > Sr and REE. Leaching experiments conducted on these samples show “normal” 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios as determined on the leached samples. When combined with the existing data, the 87 Sr 86 Sr ratio from the Gulf of California ranges from 0.70235 ± 5 to 0.70280 ± 6 (averaging ∼ 0.7025), implying that these rocks have been derived from a source similar to that of the “normal” ocean-ridge basalts.
Multiple interstitial ultrasound applicators for conformal heating of the prostate during thermal therapy

Implant strategies using multiple catheter-cooled interstitial ultrasound applicator were investigated for the ability to conform temperature distributions and thermal coagulation within a targeted tissue volume for either hyperthermia or high temperature thermal therapy in the prostate. Multi- element ultrasound applicators were fabricated using cylindrical piezoceramic transducers sectored to 220 degrees to provide angular directional heating, and in non-directional configurations. The applicators were designed to be inserted into standard 13 or 14 gage brachytherapy catheters integrated with water-cooling. Measurements of acoustic power output, and beam profile distributions were obtained in degassed water. Thermal lesions were formed in fresh in vitro beef muscle, and in vivo pig thigh muscle. Axial and radial temperature distributions were monitored using multi-junction thermocouple probes. Thermal lesions measuring 4 cm diameter were produced in vitro within 4 minutes of heating with 5 W applied electrical power delivered to 6 applicators with an angular spacing of 60 degrees. In vivo thermal lesions generated in pig thigh muscle using only 4 directional applicators were confined to a target volume of 3 cm diameter by 3 cm long. Temperatures measured in the center of the target volume reached 85 degrees Celsius during heating, while temperatures outside the target volume remained below 45 degrees Celsius. Results from these studies indicated the ability to control thermal coagulation within the targeted tissue while protecting surrounding tissue from thermal damage.
Prediction of Combustion Instability with Detailed Chemical Kinetics

Abstract : Combustion instability in an unstable single element rocket chamber using methane as the fuel is computationally studied. Effects of the kinetics mechanism are examined by comparing the results using a single step global mechanism and a detailed mechanism with 32 species and 177 reactions. Significant differences between the two predictions are identified including the amplitude of the unsteady pressure oscillations, and more importantly, the underlying mechanisms responsible for driving the combustion instabilities.
Heterodimer Formation between Superoxide Dismutase and Its Copper Chaperone

Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is activated in vivo by the copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS). The molecular mechanisms by which CCS recognizes and docks with SOD1 for metal ion insertion are not well understood. Two models for the oligomerization state during copper transfer have been proposed: a heterodimer comprising one monomer of CCS and one monomer of SOD1 and a dimer of dimers involving interactions between the two homodimers. We have investigated protein−protein complex formation between copper-loaded and apo yeast CCS (yCCS) and yeast SOD1 for both wild-type SOD1 (wtSOD1) and a mutant SOD1 in which copper ligand His 48 has been replaced with phenylalanine (H48F-SOD1). According to gel filtration chromatography, dynamic light scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, and chemical cross-linking experiments, yCCS and this mutant SOD1 form a complex with the correct molecular mass for a heterodimer. No higher order oligomers were detected. Heterodimer formation is facilitate...
Epiphyseal fractures of the distal tibia

Surgical Principles Anatomical restoration of the joint surfaces in all fractures with displacement. Iatrogenic damage to the growth plate must be strictly avoided in all cases with open growth plates: Screws and wires must be placed exactly in the epiphysis parallel to the growth plate. In triplane-II-fractures with an isolated posterior rim fragment an additional lag screw is placed in the metaphysis in an anteroposterior direction.
Test Methods in Spectrophotometry: Stray-Light Determination

The need for test methods and materials for evaluating the performance of spectrophotometers has been increasing as the quality of these instruments improves. All too often the improper functioning of an instrument due either to improper use or adjustment may not be apparent to the user and may give rise to misleading results far inferior to those the instrument is capable of producing. In order to determine instrument performance readily it is highly desirable to have simple, rapid methods for evaluation of such properties as resolution, linearity, and stray light. Such testing procedures are being developed in this laboratory. Methods and materials for stray-light determination in ultraviolet spectrophotometers are given here. Absorbance measurements have been made on pure liquids and aqueous salt solutions which are readily available to serve as sharp cutoff-filters for this determination in the near- and far-ultraviolet regions.
Nonprogressive low-tension glaucoma with pigmentary dispersion.

Abstract Four patients with nonprogressive glaucomatous cupping and nonprogressive visual field damage, three of whom were referred with a diagnosis of low-tension glaucoma, were found to have slit-like radial peripheral iris transillumination defects. Three of these patients had Krukenberg spindles and dense pigmentation of the trabecular meshwork. These findings are considered pathognomonic for pigmentary glaucoma Little is known of the natural course of this disease. A decrease in corneal and trabecular pigmentation with age and normalization of intraocular pressures after years of treatment have been noted. The patients described here were all much older than the average patient with pigmentary glaucoma, yet in none of them had a diagnosis of glaucoma been made at the time the damage presumably developed. In these patients the pigmentary glaucoma had probably remitted spontaneously.
Oxidation of chromium at 890°–1200°C

Abstract Cr was oxidized in 1 atm of oxygen at 980, 1090 and 1200°C for periods up to 100 hr. Surface preparation has a large effect on scaling; electropolished Cr oxidizes rapidly. Non-uniform oxide layers form exhibiting nodule growth, blistering, wrinkling and multilayered ballooning. These and other observations indicate that compressive stresses develop during film thickening. This suggests that anion as well as cation diffusion takes part in the growth process and that new oxide forms within the oxide layer. The resulting continuous plastic deformation is considered in interpreting the oxidation kinetics. Best values of the rate constants are derived from measurement of layer thickness at selected areas on the metallographic cross-section.. Moisture did not affect the rate. Cr is at least as oxidation resistant as Fe-25 Cr alloy.
Synergistic enhancement of collagenous protein synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts exposed to nifedipine and TNF-alpha in vitro

Background: Gingival overgrowth occurs in patients receiving nifedipine. Gingival inflammation may be an etiologic factor. Methods: Gingival fibroblasts were either exposed to (i) 0–500 ng/ml TNF-alpha or 10−7 m nifedipine or (ii) 0–500 ng/ml TNF-alpha + 10−7 m nifedipine for 7 days. 3H-proline was used to quantify collagenous protein synthesis. Results: Both TNF-alpha and 10−7 m nifedipine significantly decreased cell proliferation, and 10−7 m nifedipine + 500 ng/ml TNF-alpha reversed these effects. Collagenous protein synthesis was significantly reduced by TNF-alpha and was significantly enhanced by either 10−7 m nifedipine or 5–500 ng/ml TNF-alpha + 10−7 m nifedipine. Conclusions: Our data report that nifedipine reverses the primary effects of TNF-alpha on collagenous protein synthesis. Patients with gingivitis could be susceptible to gingival overgrowth during nifedipine therapy as a result of synergistic effects of these agents on fibroblast metabolism, which occurs irrespective of reduced cell numbers.
Isolated Sphenoid Sinus Disease: An Analysis of 132 Cases

Solitary involvement of the sphenoid sinus is a relatively uncommon entity. A series of 132 patients with isolated sphenoid disease accumulated over a 22-year period is reported. A retrospective chart review was performed with special attention to the patients' presenting signs, symptoms, and radiographic findings. There were 80 patients with inflammatory disease, 38 with neoplasms, four with fibroosseous disorders, and 10 with traumatic and developmental lesions. The most common presenting symptom was headache, followed by visual changes and cranial nerve palsies. Cranial nerve abnormalities were encountered in 12% of the inflammatory cases, 60% of the benign tumors, and 57% of the malignant tumors. Radiographically, bone remodeling was associated with chronic inflammatory disease, especially mucoceles. Bone erosion was found principally with neoplastic disease, occurring rarely with mucoceles. Extension was associated with malignant tumors.
Numerical modeling of cryogenic chilldown process in terrestrial gravity and microgravity

In this paper, a numerical model is developed to predict the cryogenic chilldown process of a vertical tube for both terrestrial and microgravity conditions. The flow field is covered by four distinct regions, which are single-phase vapor region, dispersed flow region, inverted annular flow region, and single-phase liquid region. Heat transfer mechanisms are dictated by the flow patters. A two-fluid model is employed to analyze the dispersed flow region and the inverted annular film boiling region. Gravity effect on the chilldown process is also investigated. Model results indicate that film boiling heat transfer decreases with decreasing gravity level for the bottom flooding condition. The model results show a good agreement with the experimental data.
Effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol on trichomonads and Entamoeba invadens.

Abstract 1. 1. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) in substrate level concentrations (200 μM-1 mM) temporarily inhibits H 2 production by Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis as well as the accumulation of metronidazole, dependent on its reduction by the two trichomonad species and by Entamoeba invadens. 2. 2. 2,4-DNP competes for the reducing equivalents which are necessary for H 2 production or for the reduction of metronidazole, thereby inhibiting these processes. 2,4-DNP is reduced to 2-amino, 4-nitrophenol. 3. 3. 2,4-DNP in concentrations up to 800 μM has no effect on the uptake of O 2 by these organisms. 4. 4. 2,4-DNP has some toxicity for T. foetus.
Strain patterning and direct measurement of Poisson's ratio in nanoparticle monolayer sheets.

Close-packed monolayers self-assembled from ligated nanoparticles can form 10 nm thin sheets that stretch over micrometer-wide holes. Employing electron and focused ion beams, we show that one can locally tailor the strain in such sheets while they remain clamped around their perimeter, making it possible to imprint strain fields by design. Furthermore, using the nanoparticles themselves to track imposed strain gradients allows for the first direct measurement of Poisson’s ratio in these two-dimensional materials.
Anomalous magnetoresistance in charge density wave compounds: Is NbSe3 unique?

Abstract The partially gapped charge density wave (CDW) conductor NbSe 3 displays a dramatic magnetoresistance in the lower CDW state. We have made magnetoresistance measurements on the related partially gapped CDW compounds ZrTe 3 and K 3 Cu 8 S 6 . Despite structural and electronic similarities of these materials to NbSe 3 , we find non-existent or very small magnetoresistance effects. These results suggest that the anomalous magnetoresistance observed in NbSe 3 may be limited to partially gapped chain-like CDW conductors that contain a depinnable CDW.
A 10 year survey of the hay fever plants and important atmospheric allergens in the San Antonio, Texas, metropolitan area.

Abstract 1.1. A botanical survey of the hay fever plants in the metropolitan area of San Antonio, Texas, is presented. 2.2. Detailed data are given about the types, abundance, and seasonal occurrence of atmospheric pollens and fungus spores found during a 10 year period of study which was carried out from Jan. 1, 1951, through Dec. 31, 1960, in San Antonio, Texas. 3.3. Pollens are present in the air over the entire year with the Quercus virginiana (live oak) and the Carya pecan (pecan) being present in large quantities in the spring. The Amaranthus species (careless weed) and grasses, Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) and Sorghum halpense (Johnson grass), appear during most of the year but in largest quantities during the early summer. The Ambrosiae appear in the late summer and fall months. The Juniper sabinoides (mountain cedar) is a heavy pollen contributor during the winter, becoming most important particularly to those migrants who have never been exposed to this toxic pollen. Multiple fungus spores are found in the air during the entire year with spring and fall peaks, which add to the clinical symptoms caused by the pollens. 4.4. A perennial allergy problem exists in the metropolitan area of San Antonio and is evidenced by the presence of large amounts of allergens and molds in the air throughout the year. The abundance of pollen varies greatly with the prevailing winds and their direction, and the amount of rainfall.
Dissecting the molecular mechanisms of cancer through bioinformatics‐based experimental approaches

Cancer is a disease of aberrant gene expression characterized by inappropriate (temporal or quantitative) expression of positive mediators of cell proliferation in conjunction with diminished expression of negative mediators of cell growth. Alteration of the normal balance of these positive and negative mediators leads to the abnormal growth of cells and tissues that typify neoplastic disease. Development of a better understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that induce neoplastic transformation and drive the cancer phenotype is essential for continued progress towards the design of practical molecular diagnostics and effective treatment strategies. Over the past decades, molecular techniques that facilitate the assessment of gene expression, identification of gene mutations, and characterization of chromosome abnormalities (numeric and structural) have been established and applied to cancer research. However, many of these techniques are slow and labor-intensive. More recently, high-throughput technologies have emerged that generate large volumes of data related to the genetics and epigenetics of cancer (or other disorders). These advances in molecular genetic technology required the development of sophisticated bioinformatic tools to manage the large datasets generated. The combination of high-throughput molecular assays and bioinformatic-based data mining strategies has significantly impacted our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of cancer, classification of tumors, and now the management of cancer patients in the clinic. This article will review basic molecular techniques and bioinformatic-based experimental approaches used to dissect the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
An empirical evaluation of factors determining vertical integration in U.S. food manufacturing industries

Vertical integration has become an important business strategy among food manufacturers because it allows them to manage and customize their production according to consumer needs. Economic theory has shown that vertical integration may be induced by transaction costs, demand variability, market power motives, and other factors. This paper presents an index of forward vertical integration for U.S. food manufacturing industries and uses an econometric analysis to examine the factors that motivate vertical integration in these industries. Empirical results indicate the role of both transaction cost factors and potential monopoly motives. [JEL Classification: L13, Q13.] © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 21: 429–445, 2005.
A Strategic Platform Design Method for Developing Customized Families of Services

Products are often paired with additional services to satisfy customers’ needs, differentiate product offerings, and remain competitive in today’s market. This research is motivated by the need to provide guidelines and methods to support the design of such services, addressing the lack of knowledge on customized service design as well as methods for designing and evaluating services for mass customization. We extend concepts from module-based product family design to create a method for designing families of services. In particular, we introduce a strategic platform design method for developing customized families of services using game theory to model situations involving dynamic market environments. A module-based service model is proposed to facilitate customized service design and represent the relationships between functions and processes that constitute a service offering. A module selection problem for platform design is considered as a strategic module sharing problem under collaboration, and we use a coalitional game to model module sharing and decide which modules provide more benefit when in the platform based on marginal contribution of each module. To demonstrate implementation of the proposed method, we use a case study involving a family of banking services.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Dynamic effects of bang-bang control on the thermal performance of walls of various constructions

The problem of energy consumption during heating and cooling with bang-bang control based upon room air temperature is studied. An analytical model is solved using the Laplace Transform technique, yielding an exact solution to the system. TMY weather data are used from four locations during the months of August and January to assess climatological effects. Approximate models are developed to explain the time lags observed during free response, and the observed chattering rate under bang-bang control. Results indicate the presence of a thermal mass effect due to the nonlinear interaction between the thermal wave penetrating the wall and the control function, with a greater effect for walls of massive construction, and in moderate weather conditions.
Combustion performance test of a new fuel DME to adapt to a gas turbine for power generation

Recently, DME (dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3) has attracted a great deal of attention as an alternative fuel owing to its easy transportation and cleanliness. This study was conducted to verify the combustion performance and to identify potential problems when DME is fueled to a gas turbine. Combustion tests were conducted by comparing DME with methane, which is a major component of natural gas, in terms of combustion instability, NOx and CO emissions, and the outlet temperature of the combustion chamber. The results of the performance tests show that DME combustion is very clean but hard to control. The CO emission level of DME is lower than that of methane, while the NOx emission level of DME is as low as that of methane. When firing DME, the pressure fluctuation in the combustion chamber caused by combustion instability is lower than that occasioned when firing methane. From the results of the outlet temperature of combustor we have ascertained that DME combustion is more likely to flash back than methane combustion and this property should be considered when operating a gas turbine and retrofitting a burner.
Overview of advanced proton driver for neutron transmutation systems

A linear accelerator for the driver of a mu-mu collider can easily be based on operating characteristics of the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) linac, or can incorporate many of the advances that have been realized from the Accelerator Driven Transmutation Technologies (ADTT) studies, from the Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) developments, and from the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) developments.
Z-MAC: a hybrid MAC for wireless sensor networks

This paper presents the design, implementation and performance evaluation of a hybrid MAC protocol, called Z-MAC, for wireless sensor networks that combines the strengths of TDMA and CSMA while offsetting their weaknesses. Like CSMA, Z-MAC achieves high channel utilization and low-latency under low contention and like TDMA, achieves high channel utilization under high contention and reduces collision among two-hop neighbors at a low cost. A distinctive feature of Z-MAC is that its performance is robust to synchronization errors, slot assignment failures and time-varying channel conditions; in the worst case, its performance always falls back to that of CSMA. Z-MAC is implemented in TinyOS.
Sources of Bias in Job Evaluation: A Review and Critique of Research

This article reviews existing evidence of sex bias in job evaluation judgments and analyzes research methods that have been used to study the issue. There are three potential sources of bias in job evaluation: (1) direct bias—jobs held predominantly by females are judgmentally underevaluated relative to predominantly male jobs with the same content; (2) indirect bias—job evaluation judgments are influenced by knowledge of potentially discriminatory current wages; and (3) sex-of-rater bias. Results of the empirical studies reviewed provide little or no evidence of either direct bias or sex-of-rater bias. However, consistent support was found for indirect bias in job evaluation: Jobs perceived as high paying are typically assigned higher job evaluation points (or higher pay rates) than those perceived as low paying. Methodological issues in the study of job evaluation are also discussed, particularly the dilemma of attempting to manipulate pay level and job sex in realistic ways (for high external validity) that are also effective and believable to subjects (for high internal validity).
Cues to obsessive-compulsive symptoms: Relationships with other patient characteristics

The waxing and waning of symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggests that environmental cues may impact on exacerbations of this disorder. Eighty-one Ss with OCD completed the Cues Checklist (CCL; Mackenzie, Ristvedt, Christenson, Lebow & Mitchell, 1992), a 339-item checklist of rationally-derived cues and circumstances that might be expected to elicit or worsen symptoms. Principal components analysis revealed four components: household order and organization, contamination and cleaning, negative affect, and prevention of harm and checking. Total number of cues endorsed and component scores were correlated with other characteristics of the disorder, and with the presence of other Axis I and II disorders. Patterns of cue endorsement related to standard measures of obsessive-compulsive content but not to symptom severity. Early-onset Ss endorsed a greater number of cues. History of depression, anxiety disorders and Axis II pathology related most strongly to scores on the negative affect component. The values and limitations of this approach are discussed.
The Effects of Extended-Wear Hydrophilic Contact Lenses on the Human Corneal Epithelium

We used wide-field color specular microscopy of the human corneal surface to study the morphologic changes that occur under extended-wear contact lenses. There was a shift in the frequency distribution of surface cells by size to larger cells, suggesting a prolonged residence time on the ocular surface. Other abnormalities included retained desiccated mucin, coarse mucus plaques, and palisading of cells.
An axiom system for deontic logic

IN A recent article, G. H. von Wright has sketched out-in a very brief and therefore necessarily incomplete fashion-the basis of a new approach to deontic logic, the logical theory of the ethical concepts of permission, disallowal, obligation, and (moral) commitment.1 The present paper takes its departure from von Wright's brief indications and endeavors to build a more systematic structure upon the foundations laid down by him.
Variational Multistate-Ket Derivation of the Heisenberg Spin Hamiltonian

A new variational derivation scheme for the Heisenberg exchange Hamiltonian is presented. A many-body variational Ansatz for the multistate ket appearing in the derivation is described and is applied to a simple model problem containing the qualitatively important different types of exchange contributions. Advantages of the present derivation over others are briefly indicated.
TGF-β-induced repression of CBFA1 by Smad3 decreases cbfa1 and osteocalcin expression and inhibits osteoblast differentiation

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a secreted factor present at high levels in bone, inhibits osteoblast differentiation in culture; yet, the mechanism of this inhibition remains unclear. We studied the effects of TGF-β and its effectors, the Smads, on the expression and function of the osteoblast transcription factor CBFA1. TGF-β inhibited the expression of the cbfa1 and osteocalcin genes, whose expression is controlled by CBFA1 in osteoblast-like cell lines. This inhibition was mediated by Smad3, which interacts physically with CBFA1 and represses its transcriptional activity at the CBFA1-binding OSE2 promoter sequence. The repression of CBFA1 function by Smad3 contrasts with previous observations that Smads function as transcription activators. This repression occurred in mesenchymal but not epithelial cells, and depended on the promoter sequence. Smad3-mediated repression of CBFA1 provides a central regulatory mechanism for the inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by TGF-β, since it inhibits both cbfa1 transcription and transcriptional activation of osteoblast differentiation genes by CBFA1. Altering Smad3 signaling influenced osteoblast differentiation in the presence or absence of TGF-β, implicating Smad3/TGF-β-mediated repression in autocrine regulation of osteoblast differentiation.
A Comparison of Neurotransmitter-Specific and Neuropeptide-Specific Neuronal Cell Types Present in the Dorsal Cortex in Turtles with Those Present in the Isocortex in Mammals: Implications for the Evolution of Isocortex; pp. 53–72

Although it seems highly likely that mammalian isocortex evolved from a structure resembling reptilian telencephalic cortex, it has been uncertain if this occurred by the laminar differentiation of th
Silent Unilateral Pulmonary Venous Obstruction: Occurrence after Surgical Correction of Transposition of the Great Arteries

An 11-year-old girl was found to have completely obstructed left pulmonary veins eight years following corrective surgery for transposition of the great arteries. The patient was acyanotic and asymptomatic. Retrograde flow of arterial bood from the affected left lung accounted for an angiographic appearance that mimicked occlusion of the left pulmonary artery and resulted from a failure of systemic venous development. Pulmonary venous anatomy could only be demonstrated by pulmonary arterial wedge angiographic studies. This experience emphasizes that complete unilateral pulmonary venous obstruction may occur in an asymptomatic patient and underlines the importance of investigating pulmonary venous anatomy in any patient with gross inequality of the distribution of pulmonary bood flow.
What should we say to extraterrestrial intelligence?: An analysis of responses to “Earth Speaks”

Abstract If scientists engaged in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) detect a signal from an extraterrestrial civilization, one of the most pressing issues facing humankind will be “Should we reply, and if so, what should we say?” Building on an infrastructure that the SETI Institute used to gather over 50,000 messages from around the world to send onboard the Kepler mission, Earth Speaks invites people to submit online their text messages, pictures, and sounds, as they ponder what they would want to say to an extraterrestrial civilization. Participants for the study have been recruited from 68 nations, from all walks of life. By tracking demographic variables for each person submitting a message, we have identified commonalities and differences in message content that are related to such factors as age and gender. Similarly, by tracking the date on which messages were submitted and the location from which the message was sent, we have also identified the way in which message content is related to time and geographic location. Furthermore, when we compare previous themes derived from textual messages to our current categorical analysis of submitted images, we find our textual themes to be concurrently validated. In doing so, we find the Earth Speaks Website not only allows for the construction of interstellar messages, but also functions as a projective psychological assessment of species-level human identity. We next proceed to demonstrate the generative power of our method by showing how we can synthesize artificial messages from the Earth Speaks messages. We then discuss how these artificially generated messages can be tailored to represent both commonality and diversity in human thought as it is revealed through our data. We end by discussing our method's utility for cross-disciplinary research in the social sciences and humanities.
Androgen and estrogen sulfotransferases of the rat liver: physiological function, molecular cloning, and in vitro expression

Cloning of the androgen and estrogen sulfotransferases has allowed studies on their spatiotemporal regulation and physiological function. These two enzymes appear to be involved in regulating target cell sensitivity for the androgenic and estrogenic steroids. Recombinant androgen sulfotransferase produced in insect Sf9 cells through a baculoviral expression vector is capable of transferring the sulfate from PAPS (phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate) to 3 alpha, 3 beta, 17 alpha, and 17 beta hydroxyl groups of a number of steroid substrates indicating a broad range of substrate specificity.
Autotheory: An Autoethnographic Reading of Foucault

In this article, the author plays with the dialectical relationship between theory and autobiography. Interrupting her theoretical interpretation of Foucault’s understanding of the body and subject...
Looking Black or looking back? Using phenotype and ancestry to make racial categorizations

Abstract When it comes to the racial categorization of biracial individuals, do people look at phenotypicality (i.e., a race consistent appearance) for clues, or do they look back at racial ancestry? We manipulated racial ancestry and racial phenotypicality (using morphed photos) to investigate their influence on race categorizations. Results indicated that while ancestry and phenotypicality information both influenced deliberate racial categorization, phenotypicality had a substantially larger effect. We also investigated how these factors influenced perceptions of warmth and competence, and racial discrimination. We found that Black–White biracials with low Black phenotypicality were perceived as warmer and more competent than biracial targets with moderate and high Black phenotypicality. Moreover, given identical instances of racially discriminatory treatment, low Black racial phenotypicality targets were significantly less likely to be perceived as victims of racial discrimination. Our findings shed light on how ancestry and phenotype influence perceptions of race and real world social judgments such as perceptions of discrimination. Previous studies have shown that low minority ancestry biracials are presumed to have experienced less discrimination; our findings indicate that racial cues impact perceptions of discrimination even in incidences of known racial discrimination.
Hopping conduction and the continuous-time random-walk model

The results of calculations of the short-time and infinite-time hopping conductivity of model disordered systems are used as the basis of a critical examination of the single-site approximation scheme (SSA) that has been employed extensively to study time-dependent transport phenomena in disordered insulators. The Scher and Montroll theory of dispersive transport, which has been used successfully to interpret transient photoconductivity experiments, invokes this approximation scheme to identify the hopping problem with a continuous-time random walk on an ordered lattice. Present results indicate that, while the SSA yields exact results in the short-time limit, it underestimates, sometimes seriously, the long-time or dc conductivity. In particular, the decay as a function of time of the mean drift velocity of photoexcited carriers hopping through a narrow band of localized states is considered here. Lower bounds are placed on the drift velocity which are often far larger than the smallest velocity predicted by the SSA. The implications of this failure of the SSA for the interpretation of experiment are also discussed.
Permanency and placement planning for older youth with disabilities in out-of-home placement

Abstract Despite their overrepresentation in the child welfare system (Crosse, Kaye, & Ratnofsky, 1992; Sullivan & Knutson, 2000), little is known about the permanency and placement experiences of young people with disabilities in out-of-home placement. Using state administrative data, this study examined the experience of older youth with disabilities in foster care, focusing on placement stability, permanency planning, and placement outcomes. Findings include that older youth with disabilities were more likely to experience longer time in out-of-home placement, and higher rates of placement instability than their peers without disabilities. Additionally, analysis found that only 60% of the youth in the sample had a concurrent plan on file, and that youth with disabilities have different placement plans than their peers without disabilities. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.
The single base pair substitution responsible for the Syn phenotype of herpes simplex virus type 1, strain MP.

Abstract Nucleotide sequences were determined for portions of the genomes of the syncytial (Syn) mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1, strain MP, and the related wild-type strain mP. Comparisons of the nucleotide sequences showed only 1 bp difference between the DNAs of strains MP and mP in the region to which the Syn mutation of MP had previously been mapped. This base pair substitution in MP (at map coordinate 0.737) eliminates a Thal restriction endonuclease recognition site that is present in mP DNA. Analyses of MP × mP recombinant viruses showed that presence of the Tha I site correlates with the Syn + phenotype and absence of the Thal site correlates with the Syn phenotype as predicted. We conclude that the base pair substitution at map coordinate 0.737 is responsible for the Syn phenotype of MP. This mutation could alter translation in four of the six reading frames, causing amino acid substitutions. From only one of these reading frames is a product likely to be expressed. The 338-amino acid polypeptide that could be expressed has features characteristic of membrane-associated proteins, including hydrophobic domains, potential sites for the attachment of N-linked carbohydrate, and a potential cleavable signal sequence.
Testing risklove in an experimental racetrack

Abstract This paper tests the Asch-Quandt Betting Hypothesis, which accounts for the ubiquitous underbetting-overbetting (favourite-longshot) phenomenon found at most racetracks, by postulating that horserace wagering is a consumption activity. An experimental racetrack was designed with only off-track betting permissible, thereby eliminating much or all of the ‘consumption’ involved, but the basic anomaly remained, and in a somewhat stronger form. It is hypothesized that the observed betting behaviour of our subjects is consistent with prospect theory and its two-outcome equivalent, rank-dependent expected utility theory.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2α Binds to Cobalt in Vitro

Abstract The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activates the expression of genes that contain a hypoxia response element (HRE). The alpha subunit of the HIF transcription factors is degraded by proteasome pathways during normoxia, but stabilized under hypoxic conditions. It has previously been established that cobalt causes accumulation of HIF-2α and HIF-1α. However, little is known about the mechanism by which cobalt mimics hypoxia and stabilizes these transcription factors. We show here that cobalt binds directly to HIF-2α in vitro with a high affinity and in an oxygen-dependent manner. We found that HIF-2α, which had been stabilized with a proteasome inhibitor, could bind to cobalt, whereas hypoxia-stabilized HIF-2α could not. Mutations within the oxygen-dependent degradation domain of HIF-2α prevented cobalt binding and led to accumulation of HIF-2α during normoxia. This suggests that transition metal such as iron may play a role in regulation of HIF-2α in vivo.
Pyrolysis and Combustion of Cellulose Part IV: Thermochemistry of Cotton Cellulose Treated with Selected Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants 1

A series of cotton fabrics treated with model flame retardants has been studied by static oxygen bomb calorimetry. The amount of heat evolved when these fabrics were burned in the open atmosphere h...
Immunologic similarities between selected autoimmune diseases and peanut allergy: possible new therapeutic approaches.

Food allergies are an important medical problem in Westernized countries. Allergy to peanuts is a dramatic example of a food allergy that tends to be particularly severe and long-lived. This article examines food allergy—specifically peanut allergy—from the perspective that tolerance to foods is a normal state, just as tolerance to self-proteins is a normal state. From this vantage point, loss of tolerance to foods in food-allergic individuals can be viewed as parallel to the loss of tolerance to self-proteins in those with autoimmune diseases. Although our knowledge base is far from satisfactory, there are important similarities in the immunologic abnormalities that are characteristic of both peanut allergy and several autoimmune diseases. Delineation of these similarities may open the door to new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of severe food allergies.
Receptor-associated protein (RAP) has two high-affinity binding sites for the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP): consequences for the chaperone functions of RAP

RAP (receptor-associated protein) is a three domain 38 kDa ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-resident protein that is a chaperone for the LRP (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein). Whereas RAP is known to compete for binding of all known LRP ligands, neither the location, the number of binding sites on LRP, nor the domains of RAP involved in binding is known with certainty. We have systematically examined the binding of each of the three RAP domains (D1, D2 and D3) to tandem and triple CRs (complement-like repeats) that span the principal ligand-binding region, cluster II, of LRP. We found that D3 binds with low nanomolar affinity to all (CR)2 species examined. Addition of a third CR domain increases the affinity for D3 slightly. A pH change from 7.4 to 5.5 gave only a 6-fold increase in Kd for D3 at 37 °C, whereas temperature change from 22 °C to 37 °C has a similar small effect on affinity, raising questions about the recently proposed D3-destabilization mechanism of RAP release from LRP. Surprisingly, and in contrast to literature suggestions, D1 and D2 also bind to most (CR)2 and (CR)3 constructs with nanomolar affinity. Although this suggested that there might be three high-affinity binding sites in RAP for LRP, studies with intact RAP showed that only two binding sites are available in the intact chaperone. These findings suggest a new model for RAP to function as a folding chaperone and also for the involvement of YWTD domains in RAP release from LRP in the Golgi.
Fas-signaling and effects on receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction in human breast epithelial cells.

Abstract Fas-mediated cell death was examined in MCF-10AT preneoplastic human breast epithelial cells. Treatment with anti-Fas for 48 h induced apoptosis with cells exhibiting typical apoptotic features including loss of cell contact, condensation of chromatin, and increased staining of the nuclear membrane. DNA fragmentation occurred in response to anti-Fas treatment. Anti-Fas treatment resulted in decreased p53 protein levels, while bcl-2 and bax protein levels remained unaffected. Cells treated with anti-Fas also exhibited increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the c-met growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that Fas associated with c-erbB2 and c-met in untreated cells. Treatment with anti-Fas, however, significantly decreased Fas-c-erbB2 and Fas-c-met association. Anti-Fas treatment of these cells caused a significant decrease in p120-GAP levels, ERK-1 levels, and phosphorylation, as well as Grb2-Sos1 and MEK-1-ERK-1 association. These results show that Fas-signaling exerted a suppressive effect on p53 levels and on downstream effectors of receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction, thereby ensuring cell death.
A computer applications course: 1970-1979

In Volume 2, No. 2 of this Bulletin (December 1970), I described the course I was conducting in Computer Applications for the Social Sciences. Now, over eight years later, I am still teaching that course. It is interesting to look at the changes in content and organization.
Experimental exercise-induced ischemia: drug therapy can eliminate regional dysfunction and oxygen supply-demand imbalance.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that moderately severe exercise-induced regional myocardial ischemia can be prevented by combined pharmacologic intervention. Eight chronically instrumented dogs were studied using an ameroid constrictor to produce critical stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery. The dogs were studied during steady state treadmill exercise that induced regional myocardial dysfunction (reduced systolic wall thickening; sonomicrometers) and ischemia (reduced subendocardial blood flow; microspheres). During a control exercise run, wall thickening in the ischemic posterior wall decreased from 21.4 to 13.3% whereas subendocardial blood flow failed to increase normally (36% of that in the normal zone). In the control anterior wall, both wall thickening and subendocardial blood flow increased significantly during the control run. Wall thickness-left ventricular pressure loop areas were calculated as an index of regional work; this index increased abruptly with the onset of exercise in both regions but became significantly depressed in the ischemic region during the steady state exercise. Therapy with a combination of atenolol (0.3 mg/kg body weight orally), diltiazem (0.3 mg/kg intravenously) and isosorbide dinitrate (2.0 mg/kg orally) effectively prevented regional myocardial ischemia and regional dysfunction. After drug therapy, wall thickening in the posterior wall increased from 17.3% at rest to 18.8% during exercise, and the regional transmural blood flow pattern was markedly improved. The initial overshoot of the regional work index during exercise was blunted by the drug therapy, and at steady state no differences between the ischemic and control regions were detected. Thus, combined drug therapy can eliminate exerciseinduced regional myocardial ischemic dysfunction and appears to normalize the oxygen supply-demand imbalance.