cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Blinded, Randomized, Split-Face Pilot Study of Bruising and Pain With Hyaluronic Acid for Correction of Perioral Lines Using No Lidocaine, Lidocaine Alone, and Lidocaine and Epinephrine

Background Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are sometimes mixed with lidocaine to mitigate pain. Whether the addition of epinephrine to lidocaine provides greater benefits in bruising and pain has not been fully reported. Objectives The investigators explored the severity of bruising and pain in patients treated with the cohesive polydensified matrix HA (CPMHA) in 3 different preparations: CPMHA (Belotero Balance [BEL]), CPMHA with lidocaine (BEL-L), and CPMHA with lidocaine and epinephrine (BEL-LE). Methods In a blinded, split-face, 14-day study, 30 patients were divided into groups of 10. One group received 1.0 mL BEL in the perioral lines on 1 side and 1.0 mL of BEL-LE on the other side. A second group received 1.0 mL of BEL on 1 side and 1.0 mL of BEL-L on the other side. The third group received 1.0 mL of BEL-L on 1 side and 1.0 mL of BEL-LE on the other side. Over 3 visits, the treating investigator, the patients, and a blinded investigator rated the bruising. Results Bruising occurred in each treatment group by day 1 but resolved for half of the patients by day 7 and for all patients by day 14. Split-face comparison did not reveal a significant difference in pain and bruising scores among the 3 preparations. Conclusions No significant difference was found in bruising or pain in patients treated with BEL, BEL-L, and BEL-LE. Studies with a considerably larger sample size are warranted to determine statistically significant and clinically meaningful differences between and among the various formulations. Level of Evidence 3![Graphic][1] Therapeutic [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Effect of coregistration error on patchy target detection using high-resolution imagery

Abstract Many factors influence classification accuracy and a typical error budget includes uncertainty arising from the 1) selection of processing algorithms, 2) selection of training sites, 3) quality of orthorectification, and 4) atmospheric effects. With the development of high spatial resolution imagery, the impact of errors in geographic coregistration between imagery and field sites has become apparent – and potentially limiting – for classification applications, especially those involving patchy target detection. The goal of this study was to document and quantify the effect of coregistration error between imagery and field sites on classification accuracy. Artificial patchy targets were randomly placed over a study area covered by a QuickBird image. Classification accuracy of these targets was assessed at two levels of coregistration. Results showed that producer's accuracy of target classification increased from 37.5% to 100% between low and high levels of coregistration respectively. In addition, “Error due to Location”, a measure of how well pixels were located within respective classes, decreased to zero at high coregistration levels. This study highlights the importance of considering coregistration between imagery and field sites in the error budget, especially with studies involving high spatial resolution imagery and patchy target detection.
Visualizing multiple word similarity measures

Although many recent advances have taken place in corpus-based tools, the techniques used to guide exploration and evaluation of these systems have advanced little. Typically, the plausibility of a semantic space is explored by sampling the nearest neighbors to a target word and evaluating the neighborhood on the basis of the modeler’s intuition. Tools for visualization of these large-scale similarity spaces are nearly nonexistent. We present a new open-source tool to plot and visualize semantic spaces, thereby allowing researchers to rapidly explore patterns in visual data that describe the statistical relations between words. Words are visualized as nodes, and word similarities are shown as directed edges of varying strengths. The “Word-2-Word” visualization environment allows for easy manipulation of graph data to test word similarity measures on their own or in comparisons between multiple similarity metrics. The system contains a large library of statistical relationship models, along with an interface to teach them from various language sources. The modularity of the visualization environment allows for quick insertion of new similarity measures so as to compare new corpus-based metrics against the current state of the art. The software is available at www.indiana.edu/~semantic/word2word/.
Crystal nucleation rates in a Na2O–SiO2 glass

Abstract Nucleation of sodium metasilicate crystals in sodium silicate glass of composition 43Na2O–57SiO2 is investigated. Two-stage isothermal heating and optical microscopy techniques are utilized to determine the steady-state nucleation rates at temperatures between 390°C and 455°C. The results of this investigation are compared to the results we obtained for the temperature dependence of the nucleation rate in these glasses via a DTA technique which we presented in a previous study. It is found that the results of the two techniques are in agreement within experimental error. It is observed that the peak nucleation rate for this composition occurs near 410°C, which is about 50°C lower than that reported for nucleation in the 46Na2O–54SiO2 glass composition.
Causes, Reactions, and Consequences of Academic Probation: A Theoretical Model.

This paper presents a three-stage model of academic probation that addresses cognitive, affective (emotional), behavioral, and environmental factors. The first stage examines the precursors to probation—factors that inhibit student performance. The second stage focuses on student reactions to being placed on probation. The various strategies students use to cope with probation are then used to predict the third stage or long-term consequences of probation. The key assumption behind this model is that student causal ascriptions for probation are an important predictor of future performance and self-concept. Intervention strategies are proposed that focus on attributional retraining in addition to traditional programs. Finally, it is hoped that this model will promote heuristic research concerning at-risk students as well as those on academic probation.
Isolated Rupture of the Patellar Tendon in Athletes

The purpose of this study was to review patellar tendon ruptures in athletes treated with surgical repair. Six pa tellar tendon ruptures in five athletic patients were iden tified at our institution between 1980 and 1990. All pa tients had operative debridement and primary repair of the ruptured patellar tendon using nonabsorbable su tures passed through patellar drill holes at an average of 2.5 days after injury. Personal interview, physical ex amination, roentgenographic evaluation, and isokinetic strength testing were performed at an average of 6 years after surgery. At final followup, no patient had complaints referable to the patellar tendon repair; all were able to achieve their premorbid levels of sports at an average of 18 months after injury. No patient thought that the surgically repaired knee was unstable or activity-limiting. All patients demonstrated full range of motion and strength equal to or greater than that of the noninjured side. One patient required an arthroscopic lateral release for...
A diagnostic study of photovoltaic systems at rural health centres in Guyana

Several standalone photovoltaic systems were installed, between 1983 and 1991, to provide lighting and vaccine refrigeration at health clinics in rural areas of Guyana. This paper reports on the results of a diagnostic survey of these units. This exercise was done in 1994 and it was aimed at assessing the scope and nature of the servicing or rehabilitation works that were necessary to restore the operational levels of the photovoltaic systems.
The Effects of Guilt on Divorce Adjustment

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between guilt and adjustment after divorce. It was hypothesized divorced persons who experienced high levels of guilt will experience lower levels of post-divorce adjustment, as measured by depression, role strain, and continuing attachment after divorce. The sample consisted of 29 men and 44 women, all of whom were presently divorced and had not been married to one another. The sample was drawn from self-help organizations in the southeastern part of the United States. Data were analyzed using correlations and multiple regression. Guilt correlated with both depression and continuing attachment after divorce. Guilt was regressed against a linear combination of depression, role strain, and attachment, but only depression and attachment were significantly related to guilt.
Elasticity and dislocations in pentagonal and icosahedral quasicrystals.

Theories for elasticity and dislocation defects in two-dimensional pentagonal and three-dimensional icosahedral quasicrystals are presented.
Uncountable degree spectra

Abstract We consider a recursive model A and an additional recursive relation R on its domain, such that there are uncountably many different images of R under isomorphisms from A to some (and therefore every) recursive model B isomorphic to A . We study properties of the set of Turing degrees of all these isomorphic images of R on the domain of B .
Evolving stable behavior in a spino-neuromuscular system model

This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of genetic algorithms in training stable behavior in a model of the spino-neuromuscular system (SNMS). In particular, we test the stability of trained instances of the model with respect to unfamiliar control signals and untrained forearm weights. The results show that small changes to the input frequency and forearm weight result in small changes in velocity, demonstrating that the system can reasonably accommodate unfamiliar circumstances. This type of stability is a critical feature for virtually any type of control system.
Investigation of a waterborne epoxy for E‐glass composites

We present a continuing investigation of epoxies based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A cured with 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole in the presence of the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. Interest in this epoxy system is due partially to its potential application as a waterborne replacement for solvent-cast epoxies in E-glass-laminated printed circuit boards. The surfactant additive could potentially alter the interfacial properties and durability of composite materials. Previous studies revealed that the viscoelastic behavior of the cured epoxy is altered when it serves as the matrix in a glass-fiber-reinforced composite. The additional constraining and coupling of the E-glass fibers to the segmental motion of the epoxy matrix results in an apparent increased level of viscoelastic cooperativity. Current research has determined that the cooperativity of an epoxy/E-glass composite is also sensitive to the surface chemistry of the glass fibers. Model epoxy/E-glass composites were constructed in which the glass was pretreated with either 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane or 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane coupling agents. Dynamic mechanical analysis was then used to create master curves of the storage modulus in the frequency domain. The frequency response of the master curves and resulting cooperativity plots clearly varied with the surface pretreatment of the glass fibers. The surfactant had surprisingly little effect in the observed trends in the cooperativity of the composites. However, the changes in cooperativity due to the surface pretreatment of the glass were lessened when the samples were prepared from waterborne emulsions. Moisture-uptake experiments were also performed on epoxy samples that were filled with spherical glass beads as well as multi-ply laminated composites. No increases in the diffusion constant could be attributed to the surfactant. However, the surfactant did enhance the final equilibrium moisture-uptake levels. These equilibrium moisture-uptake levels were also sensitive to the surface pretreatment of the E-glass.
Temporal signatures of radiation belt electron precipitation induced by lightning-generated MR whistler waves: 2. Global signatures

[1] We use the methodology presented in a companion paper to calculate the temporal and spatial precipitation signatures of energetic radiation-belt electrons due to pitch-angle scattering by magnetospherically reflecting (MR) whistler waves generated by lightning discharges at geomagnetic source latitudes of λs = 25°, 35°, 45°, and 55°. We show precipitated energy and number fluxes, as well as average precipitated energy as a function of time and L-shell for all four λs cases, and then extrapolate the results of the λs = 35° case in longitude to produce a time-sequence of geographic ‘hot spots’ which are affected by the MR whistler induced electron precipitation. We then discuss the total precipitation in both hemispheres due to the various λs cases. Our major findings are that the precipitation region moves to higher L-shells as a function of time, on short (0.1 sec, at the start of the event) and long (10 sec) timescales, corresponding to the first hop of the wave, and the MR portion of the whistler wave, respectively. There is also structure within the long-timescale precipitation on the order of ∼1 sec, reflecting the periodic MR of the underlying whistler wave. As λs increases, an additional precipitated flux signature which is more incoherent and discontinuous, begins to form at higher L-shells and later times, due to MR whistler wave reflections from the plasmapause. At lower L-shells, a pronounced maximum occurs in the number flux of ∼1 keV electrons at L ∼ 2–3 due to the Landau resonance. The geographic hot spot affected by the precipitation can split into two separate regions per hemisphere, and occur simultaneously in both hemispheres so that up to four distinct precipitation hot spots can occur on the Earth at any instant, driven by a single lightning discharge. We also discuss potential sources of error, and comparison to related modeling efforts, and to observations using a either satellite-borne instruments or ground-based techniques.
More planar two-center algorithms

Abstract This paper considers the planar Euclidean two-center problem: given a planar n-point set S, find two congruent circular disks of the smallest radius covering S. The main result is a deterministic algorithm with running time O(nlog2nlog2logn), improving the previous O(nlog9n) bound of Sharir and almost matching the randomized O(nlog2n) bound of Eppstein. If a point in the intersection of the two disks is given, then we can solve the problem in O(nlogn) time with high probability.
Sport-related achievement motivation and alcohol outcomes: An athlete-specific risk factor among intercollegiate athletes

Intercollegiate athletes report greater alcohol consumption and more alcohol-related problems than their non-athlete peers. Although college athletes share many of the same problems faced by non-athletes, there are some consequences that are unique to athletes. Studies have demonstrated that alcohol negatively affects athletic performance including increased dehydration, impeded muscle recovery, and increased risk for injury. Beyond risk factors for alcohol misuse that may affect college students in general, research has begun to examine risk factors that are unique to collegiate athletes. For example, research has found that off-season status, the leadership role, and athlete-specific drinking motives are associated with increased alcohol use. Given these findings, it is possible that other athlete-specific variables influence alcohol misuse. One such variable may be sport achievement orientation. The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between sport achievement orientation and alcohol outcomes. Given previous research regarding seasonal status and gender, these variables were examined as moderators. Varsity athletes (n = 263) completed the Sport Orientation Questionnaire, which assesses sport-related achievement orientation on three scales (Competitiveness, Win Orientation, and Goal Orientation). In addition, participants completed measures of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Results indicated that Competitiveness, Win Orientation, and Goal Orientation were all significantly associated with alcohol use, but not alcohol-related problems. Moreover, these relationships were moderated by seasonal status and gender. These interactions, clinical implications, and limitations are discussed.
Fibre intersections in a planar randomly oriented fibre composite

The interaction of fibers in a randomly oriented fiber composite is a key factor in determining the mechanical properties of some composites. A theoretical model is presented by means of which values of the mean and the variance of fiber intersections in a planar randomly oriented fiber composite are predicted. These predictions are compared with the mean and variance obtained from a computer simulation of the fiber intersection process.
Deriving meaningful scientific laws from abstract, “gedanken” type, axioms: five examples

A scientific law can be a faithful representation of the physical world only if its form is invariant with respect to changes in the unit or units. This is referred to as the ‘meaningfulness condition.’ This condition is powerful. If we require it, the mathematical form of a scientific or geometric law may be derivable from some abstract constraint, possibly verifiable by a thought experiment or a trivial argument. We discuss five examples of such abstract constraints in this paper: In each case, just one or a couple of meaningful mathematical representations are possible. In this paper, we derive the possible meaningful representations in five examples. These results are obtained under some general conditions, in addition to those listed in 1–5. Other meaningful representations may be possible under different additional conditions.
Logic Models: The Picture Worth Ten Thousand Words:

It's what in the 1970s we used to call a "Kodak moment"—everything you wanted to communicate conveyed in a single, memorable picture. Back in the 1970s, logic models first began to attract attention . . . and they continue to hold our attention today, providing us with the framework to plan and fund (!) powerful programs that produce powerful results. A logic model is like a carefully crafted curriculum. Everything connects. A thread runs through it that links everything, explaining what and why in no uncertain terms. Everything that comes makes sense based on what came before. In terms of program planning, you know exactly where you're going because you know precisely where you've been and what's coming up next on the horizon. It's the "yellow brick road" of quality program/intervention planning, except that it makes the road map from Kansas to Oz crystal clear to you and all whom you involve in its development and use. The "wizards" who helped us with this tool include the wonderful people at the University of Wisconsin Extension who designed and put online the self-study course "Enhancing Program Performance with Logic Models" (http://www.uwex .edu/ces/lmcourse/#stay_put); Bobby Milstein and Marshall Kreuter who quite some time ago shared with us a
Proteasomal Degradation of Retinoblastoma-Related p130 during Adipocyte Differentiation

Within 24 h of hormonally stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, there are dramatic changes in the protein levels of p130 and p107, two members of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene family. Designated the "p103:p107" switch, this alteration is characterized by a rapid and transient drop in p130 protein levels accompanied by a transient increase in both p107 mRNA and protein levels. Using protease inhibitors, the specific proteolytic pathway involved in degradation of p130 was examined. Treatment of cells with N-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal, an inhibitor that blocks proteolytic activity of type I calpain and the 26S proteasome, resulted in a complete block in the degradation of p130 protein, as well as adipocyte differentiation, suggesting that one of these pathways is involved in regulating p130 protein levels. Similar analysis with lactacystin, a specific inhibitor of the 26S proteasome, also resulted in a complete block in both differentiation and p130 degradation. Furthermore, both inhibitors blocked the increase in p107 protein levels normally observed on Day 1, suggesting that the p130:p107 switch is required for adipocyte differentiation and one of the early molecular events involved in activating the p130:p107 switch is the specific degradation of p130 by the 26S proteasome.
Accessibility Experience Lab: Discovering the Impact of Design on Disabilities

Many accessibility problems of devices and user interfaces could be avoided if the needs of people with disabilities were considered during the design process. This paper describes an accessibility experience lab module which introduces participants to both the barriers associated with disabilities and the impact that simple design changes can have on those barriers. The core of the lab is an experience session where participants are given functional limitations along with tasks at paired stations so they can compare their experiences on devices with inaccessible and accessible designs. For seven years the experience lab has been a part of the curriculum for first-year engineering students at the University of Wisconsin, and over 1700 students have completed it. In the popular lab, the students are engaged and report interest and insights into design for disabilities. Materials are available at www.trace.wisc.edu/training/explab/.
Spiritual Translucency and Pornocratic Anthropology: Waiwai and Western Interpretations of a Religious Experience

This short article attempts to work within the craft of anthropology but, ultimately, seeks to do so against its historical intent to objectify. It describes and interprets a personal experience of sacred communion. In doing so, however, it argues that the success of any such processes eventually results in an obscene offence against the very experience of religious mystery.
A method of predicting cyclic stress–strain curve from tensile properties for steels

Abstract Cyclic loading can significantly alter the monotonic deformation resistance of a material. Knowledge of the cyclic deformation behavior of a material is essential for reliable life calculations of cyclically loaded structures. As monotonic tensile properties are commonly available or easily obtainable from a simple tension test, the objective of this study was to derive a method for estimating the cyclic deformation properties of steels from common tensile properties and hardness. A variety of correlations and relationships among hardness, tensile properties, and cyclic deformation properties were developed for fifty-seven steels included in this study. Several correlations and relations from the literature among the aforementioned properties were also examined and compared to the correlations and relationships proposed in this study using a different set of data from sixty-six steels. Implications of the proposed cyclic deformation behavior estimation method on fatigue life predictions are also discussed.
Evaluation of Unpurified Cell Culture Supernatant as Template for the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with Largemouth Bass Virus

Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used to identify largemouth bass virus (LMBV) in cell culture, and this method has included extraction of the sample DNA. To simplify this procedure, we centrifuged the cell culture fluid to remove cellular debris and then used the supernatant directly in the PCR without DNA extraction. For supernatants from cell cultures inoculated with 1:100 dilutions of homogenized swim bladder or pooled spleen and trunk kidney, only 70.0% of the LMBV-positive samples (based on all available evidence) tested positive with this new PCR method. After a 1:500 dilution of these cell culture supernatants, 85% of the failed samples became PCR positive. In contrast, 97.2% of LMBV-positive samples were PCR-positive when undiluted supernatants from subcultivations (cells inoculated with supernatant from cell cultures showing cytopathic effect [CPE]) were used directly in the PCR. Unpurified cell culture fluid supernatant from blind passage samples (cells inoculated with supernat...
Invariant chain promotes egress of poorly expressed, haplotype-mismatched class II major histocompatibility complex A alpha A beta dimers from the endoplasmic reticulum/cis-Golgi compartment.

Abstract Invariant chain (Ii) is a nonpolymorphic, non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded glycoprotein that rapidly associates with newly synthesized class II MHC alpha and beta chains in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. This oligomerization of Ii, alpha, and beta and their cotransport within the cell led to speculation that Ii was an essential alpha beta transport protein. However, direct tests failed to show an absolute requirement for Ii in class II MHC molecule transport. More recently, it has become clear that different class II alpha beta chain combinations vary greatly in their efficiency of cell-surface expression, based largely on the allelic origin of the alpha and beta amino-terminal regions. Because the previous tests of Ii for a role in class II molecule expression utilized efficiently expressed alpha beta combinations, we have reexamined this question with several haplotype-mismatched murine A alpha and A beta chain combinations of various potentials for cell-surface expression. Using a transient expression assay in Ii-negative COS cells, we find that many inefficiently expressed alpha beta combinations show marked augmentation of surface expression upon cosynthesis of Ii. This effect is absent or minimal with evolutionarily coselected, haplotype-matched chains that give efficient expression alone. Biochemical studies show that at least one component of the Ii effect is an increased egress of already formed alpha beta dimers from the rough endoplasmic reticulum/cis-Golgi. We suggest that these results reflect the interaction of Ii with the peptide-binding domain of the poorly expressed class II molecules, either aiding in maintenance of a transportable conformation or competing with endoplasmic reticulum retention proteins, and thus enhancing movement to the cell surface. These results suggest a complex and variable role for trans-associated alpha and beta chains in the immune responses of MHC heterozygotes and provide a method for examining Ii interaction with class II MHC molecules independent of measurement of peptide presentation to T cells.
Adult higher education opportunities: An evaluation of sources of information

How do adults learn about higher education opportunities that are available to them? Few studies have investigated this question. The Institute for Communication Research study of the promotion of adult learning programs in the United States and the Center for Research and Development in Higher Education study of higher education opportunities for adults focused on the channels chosen by educational institutions for communicating information. This study investigates adult audiences' attentiveness and evaluation of various sources of information about opportunities for higher education. Generally, it was found that personal sources of information were evaluated more highly by adults interested in pursuing higher education than by those who were not interested. The evaluation of mass media information sources were not significantly different, however, between interested adults and not-interested adults.
Minimum absolute deviation estimation in regression analysis

Abstract The use of ordinary least squares estimators (OLS) in regression analysis is widespread. The OLS estimates are, however, very sensitive to the presence of large disturbances. As an alternative to the OLS estimator, the minimum absolute deviation estimator (MAD) is studied. The purpose of this study is, first, to determine the effect of error distributions, with progressively heavier tails starting from the normal distribution and ending with the Cauchy distribution, on the performance of the MAD estimates and the OLS estimates. This provides a framework for when to choose the MAD estimator over the OLS estimator. Second, the effect of some of the other parameters in regression analysis, namely, the unknown parameter vector, the multicollinearity between the independent variables, and the size of the sample on the relative performance of the MAD and OLS estimators is investigated. Some guidelines regarding the choice of the MAD estimator in regression analysis are provided.
Markov process modeling of groundwater contamination problems

The problem of groundwater contamination is investigated by invoking the analogy to the diffusive Markov process in the probability theory. Special emphases are placed on the following issues: (1) the amount of pollutants entering the protected zone; (2) probability distribution and statistical properties of the random time for a tracer particle to reach the protected zone; and (3) the time rate of contamination arriving at the protected zone. It is shown that these are governed by differential equations analogous to the so-called Kolmogorov backward equation, or derivable from such an equation. Application of the new theory is illustrated by simple examples.
Airborne laser communications using wavelet packet modulation and its performance enhancement by equalization

Free Space Optics (FSO) through cloud has lately attracted substantial attention for a variety of applications[1][2]. FSO is a promising candidate for emerging broadband applications, considering that RF spectrum is already congested, rendering assignment of additional RF channels costly. Combining the attributes of a higher data rate but bursty link (FSO) with the attributes of a lower data rate but reliable link (RF) can yield attributes better than either one alone, enabling a high availability link at high data rates. This transmission configuration is typically called a hybrid RF/FSO wireless system [3][4]. Recently, there have been interests in filterbank transceivers, and both OFDM and wavelet modulation technologies can be understood as examples. In FSO, normally we are given huge optical bandwidth, but in fact, use of the huge bandwidth is limited due to both enabling technologies and the severe channel distortion. Therefore, not only in RF but also in FSO, we also need efficient use of resources. In this research, we aim at the following goals. First, wavelet packet modulation (WPM) will be applied to FSO to find the resource-efficient optimal spectral decomposition of the optical channel. Then, equalization will be applied to further enhance FSO performance.
A Constraint Dynamic Graph Approach to Identify the Secondary Structure Topology from cryoEM Density Data in Presence of Errors

The determination of the secondary structure topology is a critical step in deriving the atomic structure from the protein density map obtained from electron cryo-microscopy technique. This step often relies on the matching of two sources of information. One source comes from the secondary structures detected from the protein density map at the medium resolution, such as 5-10 A. The other source comes from the predicted secondary structures from the amino acid sequence. Due to the uncertainty in either source of information, a pool of possible secondary structure positions has to be sampled in order to include the true answer. A naive way to find the native topology is to exhaustively map the pool of possible secondary structures detected in the density map with the pool of the secondary structures predicted from the sequence and search for the topology with the lowest cost. This paper studies the question that is how to reduce the computation of the mapping when the uncertainty of the secondary structure predictions is considered. We present a method that combines the concept of dynamic graph with our previous work of using constrained shortest path to identify the topology of the secondary structures. We show a reduction of about 34.55% time as comparison to the naive way of handling the inaccuracies. To our knowledge, this is the 1st computationally effective exact algorithm to identify the optimal topology of the secondary structures when the inaccuracy of the predicted data is considered.
Effect of Nuclear Alignment on the 14-MeV Total Neutron Cross Section of Ho 165

The effect of nuclear alignment on the total cross section of the highly deformed $^{165}\mathrm{Ho}$ nucleus has been measured using 14-MeV neutrons. The aligned $^{165}\mathrm{Ho}$ target was obtained by cooling a metal single crystal to 0.33\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. A finely collimated beam of 14-MeV neutrons was produced by careful collimation of the alpha particle produced in the $^{3}\mathrm{H}(d,n)^{4}\mathrm{He}$ reaction and by detecting it in fast coincidence with its associated neutron. The measured total cross section is 5.29\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 b. The fractional change in the total cross section, for our value of nuclear alignment (${f}_{2}=0.31$), is + (3.52\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.75)%, where the positive sign indicates a larger cross section for nuclei aligned perpendicular to the incident beam than for randomly oriented nuclei. These results are in excellent agreement with the predictions of the optical model using an adiabatic coupled-channel calculation. The optical-model parameters used are in good agreement with those obtained from other measurements, and in particular the value of the deformation parameter $\ensuremath{\beta}=+0.30$ is the same as that used in our earlier work. It was also found that 14 MeV is not yet a sufficiently high energy to use the black-nucleus model to interpret our results.
Ideal AFROC and FROC Observers

Detection of multiple lesions in images is a medically important task and free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) analyses and its variants, such as alternative FROC (AFROC) analyses, are commonly used to quantify performance in such tasks. However, ideal observers that optimize FROC or AFROC performance metrics have not yet been formulated in the general case. If available, such ideal observers may turn out to be valuable for imaging system optimization and in the design of computer aided diagnosis techniques for lesion detection in medical images. In this paper, we derive ideal AFROC and FROC observers. They are ideal in that they maximize, amongst all decision strategies, the area, or any partial area, under the associated AFROC or FROC curve. Calculation of observer performance for these ideal observers is computationally quite complex. We can reduce this complexity by considering forms of these observers that use false positive reports derived from signal-absent images only. We also consider a Bayes risk analysis for the multiple-signal detection task with an appropriate definition of costs. A general decision strategy that minimizes Bayes risk is derived. With particular cost constraints, this general decision strategy reduces to the decision strategy associated with the ideal AFROC or FROC observer.
Investigation of laser fundamentals using a helium-neon laser

Using an open-frame helium-neon (He-Ne) laser and optical spectrum analyser, students performed several upper-division laboratory experiments investigating important concepts regarding laser fundamentals. Such experiments include cavity stability (mirror geometry and thermal effects), longitudinal and transverse modes, free spectral range, and mode sweeping. In this paper we discuss, in an elementary way, the experimental procedures and results obtained.
Suitability of Plastic Collection Tubes for Cyclosporine Measurements

The recommended specimen for measuring cyclosporine concentrations is whole blood anticoagulated with EDTA (1). Traditionally, these specimens have been collected in glass tubes. Because of safety issues, evacuated plastic tubes are now available for blood collection. However, because it is known that cyclosporine is adsorbed by some kinds of plastics (2), there is no guarantee that cyclosporine concentrations in specimens collected in plastic tubes will remain stable. Dasgupta et al. (3) examined the effect of plastic collection tubes on 13 therapeutic drugs. One of the drugs they examined was cyclosporine. However, no cyclosporine data were exhibited in their paper, and the stability was monitored for only 24 h. We wished to undertake a more complete study. Additionally, because some of our specimens are shipped to us from remote locations, we sought to examine the stability of cyclosporine in plastic tubes for longer than 1 day. Sterile 3-mL glass and plastic evacuated …
Sociology in Moscow

Under the auspices of UNESCO, social scientists of various disciplines and countries have held small meetings these past two years to discuss, plan and present research having to do with the general problem of peaceful co-existence. At the initial meeting, held in Geneva in 1956, it was decided to organize future sessions by academic discipline - meetings of economists, comparative jurists, of political scientists and sociologists. The sociologists' meeting was held in Moscow, January 6th to 12th, 1958. The International Sociological Association organized it; the Institute of Philosophy of the Soviet Academy of Science was host.
Similarities of prostate and breast cancer: Evolution, diet, and estrogens

Environment determines the risk of both prostate and breast cancer, and this risk can vary >10-fold. In contrast, no risk exists for human seminal vesicle cancer demonstrating tissue specificity. There is also species specificity, because there is no risk for prostate cancer in any other aging mammal except the dog. A study of evolution indicates that the prostate and breast appeared at the same time 65 million years ago with the development of mammals. All male mammals have a prostate; however, the seminal vesicles are variable and are determined by the diet so that species primarily eating meat do not have seminal vesicles. The exception is the human, who has seminal vesicles and consumes meat, although this is a recent dietary change. Human lineage departed from other higher primates 8 million years ago. The closest existing primate to humans is the bonobo (pigmy chimpanzee), which does not eat meat but exists primarily on a high fruit and fresh vegetable diet. Homo sapiens evolved only about 150,000 years ago, and only in the last 10% of that time (10 to 15 thousand years ago) did humans and dogs dramatically alter their diets. This is the time when humans domesticated the dog, bred animals, grew crops, and cooked, processed, and stored meats and vegetables. All current epidemiologic evidence and suggestions for preventing prostate and breast cancer in humans indicates that we should return to the original diets under which our ancestors evolved. The recent development of the Western-type diet is associated with breast and prostate cancer throughout the world. It is believed that the exposure to and metabolism of estrogens, and the dietary intake of phytoestrogens, combined with fat intake, obesity, and burned food processing may all be related to hormonal carcinogenesis and oxidative DNA damage. An explanatory model is proposed.
Characterization of the severe asthma phenotype by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Severe Asthma Research Program

Background Severe asthma causes the majority of asthma morbidity. Understanding mechanisms that contribute to the development of severe disease is important. Objective The goal of the Severe Asthma Research Program is to identify and characterize subjects with severe asthma to understand pathophysiologic mechanisms in severe asthma. Methods We performed a comprehensive phenotypic characterization (questionnaires, atopy and pulmonary function testing, phlebotomy, exhaled nitric oxide) in subjects with severe and not severe asthma. Results A total of 438 subjects with asthma were studied (204 severe, 70 moderate, 164 mild). Severe subjects with asthma were older with longer disease duration ( P P ≤ .0001). Lung function was lower in severe asthma with marked bronchodilator reversibility ( P P = .0007), but blood eosinophils, IgE, and exhaled nitric oxide levels did not differentiate disease severity. A reduced FEV 1 , history of pneumonia, and fewer positive skin tests were risk factors for severe disease. Early disease onset (age P P = .002). Later disease onset (age ≥ 12 years) was associated with lower lung function and sinopulmonary infections ( P ≤ .02). Conclusion Severe asthma is characterized by abnormal lung function that is responsive to bronchodilators, a history of sinopulmonary infections, persistent symptoms, and increased health care utilization. Clinical implications Lung function abnormalities in severe asthma are reversible in most patients, and pneumonia is a risk factor for the development of severe disease.
Swarm applications: a potential future application for evolvable hardware

This paper looks at the applicability of using evolvable hardware principles to develop control strategies for swarm applications. It discusses the expected hardware capabilities for each agent in the swarm, the advantages of using evolvable algorithms to program the swarm, and some of the evolvable approaches being investigated by researchers. The paper concludes with a list of constraints that swarm applications place on the evolutionary algorithms and then analyzes which evolutionary algorithms are appropriate to derive controllers for swarms.
Nanoscale Control and Manipulation of Molecular Transport in Chemical Analysis

The ability to understand and control molecular transport is critical to numerous chemical measurement strategies, especially as they apply to mass-limited samples in nanometer-scale structures. The characteristics of nanoscale structures and devices highlighted in the examples discussed in this article include enhanced mass transport, accessing novel physical behavior, large surface-to-volume ratio, diminished background signals, and the fact that molecular characteristics can dominate the behavior of the structure. The control of nanoscale transport is physically embodied in different structures and experiments. Those structures and experiments highlighted here are featured because of their centrality (nanochannels and nanopores), their connection to more familiar macroscale phenomena (nanoelectrodes), and/or their ability to introduce control (stimulus-responsive materials) or because they represent especially interesting possibilities (stochastic sensing structures).
Developing Cultural Intelligence in Preservice Speech-Language Pathologists and Educators

Postsecondary educators preparing future clinicians and teachers have an important responsibility to develop cultural competence of their students in order to meet the increasing and ever-changing demands of today's global workforce and diverse workplace. In this article, the authors discuss key components to developing cultural intelligence. These include an awareness of multiperspective identity, an understanding of the concepts of privilege and difference, the development of one's diversity consciousness, and an understanding of and respect for the guiding principles of cultural competence that lead to an understanding of others. Application to practice is presented through multiperspective identity and role-play activities and a case study with questions for facilitating discussion.
A Prehistory of n -Categorical Physics

This paper traces the growing role of categories and n-categories in physics, starting with groups and their role in relativity, and leading up to more sophisticated concepts which manifest themselves in Feynman diagrams, spin networks, string theory, loop quantum gravity, and topological quantum field theory. Our chronology ends around 2000, with just a taste of later developments such as open-closed topological string theory, the categorification of quantum groups, Khovanov homology, and Lurie's work on the classification of topological quantum field theories.
Strategy shift affordance and strategy choice in young and older adults

When skill acquisition involves a shift in strategy (such as from rule-based to retrieval-based processing), older adults typically shift later in practice than young adults do. We observed the shift from scanning-based to memory-based processing in a noun pair learning task. Young and older adults were trained in conditions in which the relationship between memory load and scanning load was manipulated by making the strategy shift more or less beneficial. Older adults in a condition with high shift affordance shifted to memory retrieval more fully and more rapidly than did older adults in conditions with lower shift affordance. Reluctance to rely on memory retrieval was related to metacognitive reports of memory confidence. The present study indicates that age differences in skill acquisition reflect qualitative age differences in strategy choice in addition to quantitative age differences in component task processes.
Face Time in the Hotel Industry: An Exploration of What It Is and Why It Happens

Many hotel companies, and the hotel industry in general, have been cited as having a culture of face time, that is, a culture inducing its managers to spend considerable amounts of nonproductive time at work. This subject exploratory study seeks to provide greater understanding regarding this apparently common practice but understudied academic topic. This empirical study analyzes how and to what extent the culture of the hotel industry, and of specific lodging companies, relate to levels of face time. It also analyzes how differences in hotel location and size and differences in manager age and tenure affect the extent to which hotel managers report putting in nonproductive face time at work.
Antisymmetric flows on planar graphs

We prove that every oriented planar graph admits a homomorphism to the Paley tournament P271 and hence that every oriented planar graph has an antisymmetric flow number and a strong oriented chromatic number of at most 271. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 52: 200–210, 2006 Work partly done at Wesleyan University.
Does Rotary Pursuit Data Predict Mouse Task Performance? a Pilot Study

Knight & Salvendy (1992) suggested that performance of mouse task depends on precision control and arm-hand steadiness. However, the claims lacked empirical support. This pilot study collected rotary pursuit data, measured by time-on-target (TOT), to assess participants’ precision control ability. Performance of mouse task was operationalized using a Fitts’ pointing task. Stepwise multiple regression revealed target diameter (D), distance amplitude (A), and TOT contributed to the variability of movement time (MT). Despite highly significant relations, the regression coefficients were so small that they offered little practical value. However, the results indicated that precision control ability is indeed predictive of the performance of mouse task. Several recommendations were made for subsequent studies, they include (i) psychomotor ability should be assessed using multiple trials, (ii) a wider range of ID values should be tested with, (iii) a multi-directional Fitts’ paradigm should be employed, and (iv) the mouse task should be more representative of the direct manipulation paradigm.