cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Density and loss on ignition as indicators of the fossilization of silicified wood

Measuring density of silicified wood and determining weight loss after 450°C heating provides useful data for interpreting the process of permineralization. These simple gravimetric methods do not replace X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, polarized light microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and other specialized techniques for studying fossil wood, but they can be performed rapidly, and require minimal laboratory facilities. Woods mineralized with opal have densities of 1.9–2.1 g/cm3, compared to 2.3–2.6 g/cm3 for wood mineralized with chalcedony or quartz. Weight loss after 450°C heating, commonly described as “loss on ignition” can be used to roughly estimate the % of original organic matter that remains in chalcedony or quartz-mineralized wood, using the density of extant taxa for comparison. For opalized wood, 450°C weight loss mostly represents dehydration of the hydrous silica. Data from specimens from 20 localities reveal two characteristics: 1) silicified woods typically consist either of opal or chalcedony/quartz, not an intermediate mixture of the two silica polymorphs; 2) the percentage of organic matter that remains after petrifaction is usually very small.
SP-A 3'-UTR is involved in the glucocorticoid inhibition of human SP-A gene expression

The synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone has a major inhibitory effect on human surfactant protein A1 (SP-A1) andSP-A2 gene expression that occurs at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptio...
Experimental parametric analysis of an energy harvester based on highly nonlinear solitary waves

We investigate experimentally five different designs of an energy harvester based on mechanical vibration and highly nonlinear solitary waves. The harvester consists of a metamaterial formed by gra...
Measuring total liver function on sulfur colloid SPECT/CT for improved risk stratification and outcome prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma patients

Assessment of liver function is critical in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient management. We evaluated parameters of [99mTc] sulfur colloid (SC) SPECT/CT liver uptake for association with clinical measures of liver function and outcome in HCC patients. Thirty patients with HCC and variable Child-Turcotte-Pugh scores (CTP A5-C10) underwent [99mTc]SC SPECT/CT scans for radiotherapy planning. Gross tumor volume (GTV), anatomic liver volume (ALV), and spleen were contoured on CT. SC SPECT image parameters include threshold-based functional liver volumes (FLV) relative to ALV, mean liver-to-spleen uptake ratio (L/Smean), and total liver function (TLF) ratio derived from the product of FLV and L/Smean. Optimal SC uptake thresholds were determined by ROC analysis for maximizing CTP classification accuracy. Image metrics were tested for rank correlation to composite scores and clinical liver function parameters. Image parameters of liver function were tested for association to overall survival with Cox proportional hazard regression. Optimized thresholds on SC SPECT were 58 % of maximum uptake for FLV, 38 % for L/Smean, and 58 % for TLF. TLF produced the highest CTP classification accuracy (AUC = 0.93) at threshold of 0.35 (sensitivity = 0.88, specificity = 0.86). Higher TLF was associated with lower CTP score: TLFA = 0.6 (0.4–0.8) versus TLFB = 0.2 (0.1–0.3), p 0.63). Only TLF >0.30 was independently associated with overall survival when adjusting for CTP class (HR = 0.12, 95 % CI = 0.02–0.58, p = 0.008). SC SPECT/CT liver uptake correlated with differential liver function. TLF was associated with improved overall survival and may aid in personalized oncologic management of HCC patients.
The Natural History of Alcoholism

Understanding the natural history of a condition like alcoholism is of inestimable benefit not only for predicting the outcome of the condition but also for providing major clues about the definition, the etiology, and the appropriate therapy. For example, the very question of what constitutes alcoholism is a difficult one. What are the cardinal features of alcoholism? Are there pathognomonic signs or symptoms of the disorder? Should the conceptualization of alcoholism as an entity revolve around the consumption of alcohol or its social and physiological sequelae? If consumption is a defining feature, how much intake is necessary? For how long? Are there physiological markers that differentiate the alcoholic from the nonalcoholic? A knowledge of the natural history of alcoholism that could be associated with these questions would help to indicate which of them are important to the definition and which are of little consequence.
The Scope and Limits of Mainstream Environmentalism

Before there is policy, there must be politics. Before formulating a plan of action to address a specific problem, society must first decide the nature and causes of the problem, and it must have some broad idea what a solution might entail. The various incompatible environmental narratives currently put forth can be broadly grouped into two overarching categories—mainstream and radical environmentalism. The five mainstream environmental discourses are the cornucopian/Prometheans who believe no serious environmental problems exist; the libertarian free marketeers who acknowledge scarcity but believe free capitalist markets can best allocate those resources; the reform environmentalists who think environmental issues should be handled through law and direct regulation; the environmental economists who accept “market failures” and promote structuring incentives in order to “internalize the externalities;” and, most recently, the advocates for “sustainable development” or “smart growth” supporting continued economic development but in a manner that is “sustainable.”
Inappropriate documentation of heparin allergy in the medical record because of misdiagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: frequency and consequences.

Essentials Misdiagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) may be associated with adverse outcomes. We conducted a study of patients with a heparin allergy in the chart due to misdiagnosis of HIT. 42% of patients with a heparin allergy due to suspected HIT were clearly HIT-negative. 68% were unnecessarily treated with an alternative anticoagulant, 66% of whom had major bleeding. SummaryBackground It is recommended that heparin be added to the allergy list of patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Misdiagnosis of HIT could lead to inappropriate documentation of a heparin allergy and adverse outcomes. Objectives To determine the frequency and consequences of inappropriate documentation of a heparin allergy because of misdiagnosis of HIT. Methods We conducted a cohort study of patients with an inappropriate heparin allergy listed in the electronic medical record (EMR) because of misdiagnosis of HIT. We searched the EMR for patients with a new heparin allergy. Patients were eligible if the reason for allergy listing was suspected acute HIT and laboratory testing for HIT was performed within 60 days. Subjects were defined as ‘HIT-negative’ if they had a 4Ts score of ≤ 3 or negative laboratory test results. Results Of 239 subjects with a new heparin allergy documented because of concern regarding HIT, 100 (42%) met the prespecified definition of HIT-negative. Sixty-eight (68%) HIT-negative subjects unnecessarily received an alternative parenteral anticoagulant for a median duration of 10.5 days. Among these 68 patients, 45 (66%) met criteria for major bleeding. Sixty-eight (68%) of the 100 HIT-negative subjects had an inappropriate allergy to heparin documented that persisted in the EMR for > 3 years beyond the index hospitalization. Conclusions Inappropriate listing of heparin as an allergy in the EMR because of misdiagnosis of HIT is common, is associated with substantial rates of unnecessary alternative anticoagulant use and major bleeding, and tends to persist beyond the index admission.
McADOO, Harriette Pipes, FAMILY ETHNICITY: STRENGTH IN DIVERSITY

McADOO, Harriette Pipes, FAMILY ETHNICITY STRENGTH IN DIVERSITY Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc., 1999,400 pp., $29.95 softcover. Family Ethnicity is an anthology of articles about ethnic families in the United States. Unlike many books on ethnic families this volume solely concentrates on families of color. The editor, Harriette Pipes McAdoo argues that professionals will be far more effective in working with family issues of people of color if they have accurate information about their clients and their families. McAdoo points out that it is through the experiences of growing up within the confines of the family that we first begin to get a sense of who we are, what we are, and what direction our lives will take. Our ethnicity cannot be separated from our families. Our families developed different cultures, different races, different ways of viewing the world, and different rituals as they faced the mysteries and uncertainties of life. The book begins with an article that addresses issues such as: regional variations, size and compositions, marital patterns, socioeconomic characteristics among Hispanic, African American, Asian American and Native American families. The book ends with a couple of articles that focus on social practice with people of color. The role of the social worker is discussed in an article about Native American children. The article, "And How Are the Children," is a potpourri of the experiences of diverse children and their special needs. Rather than providing a general overview of each ethnic family the articles tend to focus on specific aspects of ethnic families. One of the three articles on Native Americans addresses the history, present day issues and challenges facing Native Americans. Gender is addressed through exploring the experience of firstborn American Indian daughters in case studies in another article. Cultural survival and intermarriage are the focus of the article on Urban American Indian families. There is an article about Native Hawaiian Americans. Today Hawaii exemplifies a "salad bowl" with the presence of various ethnic groups. However, there are unique customs and a history of the first Native Hawaiians that is described in the article. Educational and, economic changes that affected Native Hawaiian children are discussed. There are articles on Mexican American and Cuban families. Parenting styles are discussed among Mexican Americans in one article. While in another article the importance of "dichos" in the transmission of cultural values and beliefs is described. …
Filariasis Orchitis-Differential for Acute Scrotum Pathology.

Abstract Granulomatous Orchitis secondary to lymphatic filiarisis is a rare diagnosis within the United States. We report a case of a 22yo Male from Sri Lanka, with a new onset scrotal swelling and palpable right testicular mass. Ultrasound identified a 1 cm right testicular mass with signs of tunica albuginea invasion. A right inguinal radical orchiectomy was performed and pathology showed Filarial orchitis. This report describes the detailed history, physical exam, and diagnostic workup and treatment options for a rare entity for acute scrotal pathology.
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) in the elderly: initial treatment strategy and overall survival

The EORTC trial which solidified the role of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) plus temozolomide (TMZ) in the management of GBM excluded patients over age 70. Randomized studies of elderly patients showed that hypofractionated EBRT (HFRT) alone or TMZ alone was at least equivalent to conventionally fractionated EBRT (CFRT) alone. We sought to investigate the practice patterns and survival in elderly patients with GBM. We identified patients age 65–90 in the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) with histologically confirmed GBM from 1998 to 2012 and known chemotherapy and radiotherapy status. We analyzed factors predicting treatment with EBRT alone vs. EBRT plus concurrent single-agent chemotherapy (CRT) using multivariable logistic regression. Similarly, within the EBRT alone cohort we compared CFRT (54–65 Gy at 1.7–2.1 Gy/fraction) to HFRT (34–60 Gy at 2.5-5 Gy/fraction). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model (MVA) with propensity score adjustment was used to compare survival. A total of 38,862 patients were included. Initial treatments for 1998 versus 2012 were: EBRT alone = 50 versus 10%; CRT = 6 versus 50%; chemo alone = 1.6% (70% single-agent) versus 3.2% (94% single-agent). Among EBRT alone patients, use of HFRT (compared to CFRT) increased from 13 to 41%. Numerous factors predictive for utilization of CRT over EBRT alone and for HFRT over CFRT were identified. Median survival and 1-year overall survival were higher in the CRT versus EBRT alone group at 8.6 months vs. 5.1 months and 36.0 versus 15.7% (p < 0.0005 by log-rank, multivariable HR 0.65 [95% CI = 0.61–0.68, p < 0.0005], multivariable HR with propensity adjustment 0.66 [95% CI = 0.63–0.70, p < 0.0005]). For elderly GBM patients in the United States, CRT is the most common initial treatment and appears to offer a survival advantage over EBRT alone. Adoption of hypofractionation has increased over time but continues to be low.
Vortex pinning and irreversibility fields in FeS1- xSex (x = 0, 0.06)

We report strong vortex pinning and large irreversibility fields in single crystals of tetragonal FeS1–xSex (x = 0, 0.06). Vortex dynamics is characterized by crossover in field dependence of the depinning energy U0, indicative of single flux surface pinning to the region of collective flux pinning on point-like defects. The close proximity of the irreversibility lines to the upper critical field (Hc2) is consistent with strong pinning in FeS and FeS0.94Se0.06, pointing that new materials with building-blocks of FeS4 tetrahedra are likely to host high critical currents.
Modulated Model Predictive Control of Modular Multilevel Converters in VSC-HVDC Systems

This paper proposes a new modulated model predictive control method for the control of modular multilevel converters (MMCs) in voltage source converter-high voltage dc systems. The proposed method retains the advantages of the conventional finite control set-model predictive control methods by programing the nonlinear properties of the MMC into the design calculations while minimizing the ac line and circulating current ripples and steady-state error by generating modulated switching signals with a fixed switching frequency. In this paper, first, the predictive modeling of the MMC is provided. Next, the proposed control method is described. Then, the application of the proposed method to an MMC system is detailed. Finally, experimental results from an MMC system connected to a three-phase grid are provided to validate the theoretical outcomes.
The Role of Mental Accounting in Household Spending and Investing Decisions

This chapter reviews recent advances in the literature on mental accounting - the process by which people group expenses into categories, assign funds to these categories, determine budgets, and perform elements of cost-benefit analyses. We focus in particular on mental accounting within the context of consumer financial decision-making and highlight some of the notable work in this growing area that examines how mental accounting influences budgeting, spending, and investment decisions. The chapter concludes by suggesting several promising avenues for future work.
Effect of pH on adsorption of anionic surfactants on limestone: Experimental study and surface complexation modeling

Abstract We investigate surfactant adsorption on a model carbonate rock over a wide range of pH and surfactant-to-solid ratios, by both an experimental and a theoretical approach, to obtain a quantitative understanding of how mineral constituents affect the adsorption equilibrium and dynamics. A combination of bulk mineralogy, elemental composition analysis, dissolution behavior, and water ionic composition data were used to characterize the samples’ surface heterogeneity. The adsorption of anionic surfactants is 2.4 mg/m2 at pH of ∼8 and decreases approximately linearly with pH values above 9. To constrain and compare the relative adsorption affinity and the likely modes of attachment on mineral constituents as pH changes, we performed surface complexation calculations using a two-surface multisite diffuse layer model. We propose the formation of two surface species on both the major (i.e., calcite) and trace (i.e., the oxide-like sites on the edges of clay platelets) minerals: a monodentate inner-sphere complex and a weak or hydrogen bonding complex. Our modeling results suggest that charge-regulated inner-sphere complexation is the dominant adsorption mechanism on the calcite and oxide-like sites at low pH values regardless of the surface loading. We found weak or hydrogen bond adsorption to be significant on the calcite surface, and this became the dominant adsorption mode at pH ∼10. While the adsorption on calcite increases with surface loading, adsorption on the oxide-like sites remains independent of surface loading. These results suggest that surfactant adsorption can be comparable on the abundant low-surface-area calcite and trace high-surface-area oxide-like sites.
Incentive design for ad-sponsored content: Results from a randomized trial

This study investigates the effectiveness of financial incentives (hereafter, simply incentives) in increasing viewership and social sharing of advertisements. Incentives can, in principle, help advertisers reach a larger audience, but there are two aspects of their application that have yet to receive much attention: (a) How large of an incentive will be needed to engage users with advertisements in the real world? (b) How does the design of a system that offers incentives in exchange for advertising exposure impact said incentives' effectiveness? To this end, we develop a mobile application that offers a user advertiser-subsidized access to data (and thus content) in exchange for exposing herself or her social network to advertisements. We conduct a randomized experiment in which users were offered a monetary incentive in exchange for engaging with an advertisement, watching or sharing the advertisement with their social network on Twitter. Our work speaks to two open questions in the networking and marketing literature: how can we design effective “Sponsored data plans” and how can we convert individuals into agents of social sharing in “Paid advertising.” Our initial results from the experiment show that users do respond to incentives, but they do so in a heterogeneous fashion, conditional on a variety of factors, including advertisement characteristics, incentive amount, and the type of engagement (i.e., watch vs. share).
NEW HYDROBORATING AGENTS

Abstract Hydroboration with diborane or borane generating reagents is a fast reaction leading to organoboranes, R3B, in essentially quantitative yields. Yet it suffers from certain disadvantages. Many of these difficulties can be overcome by use of substituted boranes with but one or two active B-H bonds. Among the reagents explored are dicyclohexylborane, disiamylborane, diisopinocampheylborane, catecholborane, dichloroboraneetherate, dichloroborane-methyl sulfide, dibromoborane-methyl sulfide, thexylchloroborane-methyl sulfide, thexylborane, isopinocampheylborane, monochloroborane etherate, monochioroborane-methyl sulfide, and monobromo-borane-methyl sulfide. These studies have revealed remarkable differences in selectivities. For example, it is now possible to hydroborate RCequivCR in the presence of RCequivCH, or vice versa. Similarly, it is possible to hydroborate RCHequalsCH2 in the presence of R(CH3)CequalsCH2, or vice versa. Indeed, one of the reagents reveals selectivities of cis alkenes over trans of Sub 100. These differences can often be utilized to advantage in complex syntheses.
The Rich Legacy of Half a Century of the Wiener Index

During the years 1947-1948 Harry Wiener published a series of five papers that introduced into chemistry two novel graph-theoretical invariants. These invariants were specifically designed to characterize alkane molecules and he termed them the polarity number and the path number. The latter number is nowadays more commonly referred to as the Wiener topological index. Our focus here will be primarily on this index and its remarkable historical development over the past half century. We first outline its origins and then discuss its extensive applications and elaboration down to the present time with especial focus on the first thirty years. Our chapter serves to document the fact that Wiener's seminal work has spawned much creative research activity within the broad domain of chemistry. The Wiener index was the first of the current plethora of topological indices that now number in the hundreds. The prolific production of such indices over the years can be ascribed to the fecundity of Wiener's ideas in the stimulation of new scientific endeavors. In this chapter it is our intention not only to chronicle but also to celebrate the rich legacy of Wiener's pioneering contributions to chemistry.
Related Combinatorial Results

In this chapter we present some results relating smoothness and the factoring of the Poincare polynomial of a Schubert variety. We also present results on counting the number of smooth Schubert varieties for G = SL(n).
Systems for Challenged Network Environments

Developing regions face significant challenges in network access, making even simple network tasks unpleasant and rich media prohibitively difficult to access. Even as cellular network coverage is approaching a near-universal reach, good network connectivity remains scarce and expensive in many emerging markets. The underlying theme in this dissertation is designing network systems that better accommodate users in emerging markets. To do so, this dissertation begins with a nuanced analysis of content access behavior for web users in developing regions. This analysis finds the personalization of content access—and the fragmentation that results from it—to be significant factors in undermining many existing web acceleration mechanisms. The dissertation explores content access behavior from logs collected at shared internet access sites, as well as user activity information obtained from a commercial social networking service with over a hundred million members worldwide. Based on these observations, the dissertation then discusses two systems designed for improving end-user experience in accessing and using content in constrained networks. First, it deals with the challenge of distributing private content in these networks. By leveraging the wide availability of cellular telephones, the dissertation describes a system for personal content distribution based on user access behavior. The system enables users to request future data accesses, and it schedules content transfers according to current and expected capacity. Second, the dissertation looks at routing bulk data in challenged networks, and describes an experimentation platform for building systems for challenged networks. This platform enables researchers to quickly prototype systems for challenged networks, and iteratively evaluate these systems using mobility and network emulation. The dissertation describes a few data routing systems that were built atop this experimentation platform. Finally, the dissertation discusses the marketplace and service discovery considerations that are important in making these systems viable for developing-region use. In particular, it presents an extensible, auction-based market platform that relies on widely available communication tools for conveniently discovering and trading digital services and goods in developing regions. Collectively, this dissertation brings together several projects that aim to understand and improve end-user experience in challenged networks endemic to developing regions.
Light, Less-Filling, It's Blue-Ribbon!

In an effort to draw support for his agenda of revenue sharing and salary limits, Major League Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig commissioned a "Blue Ribbon Panel" consisting of Richard Levin, Paul Volcker, George Will, and George Mitchell to make recommendations on reforming the national pastime. This commentary reviews and critiques the report. It concludes that the creation of the panel and its focus on competitive balance was a constructive step. In particular, the commentary praises the Report for focusing discussion on ways to ensure that all clubs have a regularly recurring reasonable possibility of postseason play. However, in several important respects, the commentary explains why the Report is unsatisfying. Its reasoning lacks the rigor and comprehensiveness one might have expected from such an expert Panel. The report establishes payroll disparity as a proxy for competitive imbalance but fails to provide a detailed analysis of causality in light of a history of competitive balance despite disparity. Its recommendation that weak teams be encouraged to increase payrolls, while wealthy teams be punished for maintaining high payrolls, harms the Panel's credibility as disinterested observers and creates the appearance of bias in favor of owners. Building on the Report, this Commentary suggests five concrete and plausibly acceptable proposals to improve competitive balance. Permitting cash sales of players subject to the Commissioner's oversight, establishing a mandatory minimum payroll at a level likely to permit clubs to viably contend for postseason play, imposing payroll maxima only on dominant teams, changing the Rule 5 "minor league draft" to limit the players on top teams that can be protected, and establishing procedures to reform or rid the industry of inept management, are all designed to give observers of the game the same "hope" for the future of our National Pastime that each fan perhaps will have, if these proposals are implemented, each springtime.
After Conceptual Analysis: The Rise of Practice Theory

General jurisprudence is the study of the most general features of law. The tradition of analytic jurisprudence – one that spans from Hobbes to Coleman – has exhibited a sustained focus on identifying the constitutive features of law. For some time, this question has been framed as the search for the essential or necessary features of the concept of ‘law’. But a look at the tradition reveals that this is only one of a number of ways of looking at law from a similar vantage point. That vantage point or perspective focuses on the structure of law. For a variety of reasons, this focus is changing and a new question is emerging.
Monopole mining method for high-throughput screening for Weyl semimetals

Although topological invariants have been introduced to classify the appearance of protected electronic states at surfaces of insulators, there are no corresponding indices for Weyl semimetals whose nodal points may appear randomly in the bulk Brillouin zone (BZ). Here we use a well-known result that every Weyl point acts as a Dirac monopole and generates integer Berry flux to search for the monopoles on rectangular BZ grids that are commonly employed in self-consistent electronic structure calculations. The method resembles data mining technology of computer science and was demonstrated on locating the Weyl points in known Weyl semimetals. It was subsequently used in high-throughput screening of several hundreds of compounds and predicting a dozen materials hosting nodal Weyl points and/or lines.
Strip Searching Students: The Supreme Court's Latest Failure to Articulate a “Sufficiently Clear” Statement of Fourth Amendment Law

With the safety and security of educational institutions, as well as the dignity and psychological wellbeing of students at stake, school officials need a clear and effective standard that defines when they can conduct student strip searches without the fear of liability. As the case law prior to Redding failed to provide meaningful direction on determining the constitutionality of strip searches of school students, the Redding case was highly anticipated as the vehicle through which the Supreme Court would provide a “sufficiently clear” statement of Fourth Amendment law governing intrusions by school officials beneath the clothing of students.This article assesses Redding's effectiveness as a vehicle to determine the constitutionality of student strip searches, and tests its analytical utility by rethinking three representative lower court strip search cases under Redding. The discussion will establish that Redding fails to deliver the sufficiently clear guidance promised by the Court. By propounding two inconsistent versions of tests for analyzing the constitutionality of strip searches, the Court has only created more confusion. As a solution, this article proposes a simplified Redding standard that finds strip searches constitutional if the officials conducting the search are motivated by legitimate educational concerns. It also urges educational policymakers to adopt provisions that narrowly regulate, if not eliminate altogether, strip searches in the schools.
Research on Optimal Configuration of Hybrid Energy Storage Capacity Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Renewable energy sources such as wind power and solar energy have strong volatility and intermittence, while hybrid energy storage plays an important role in power balance of microgrid and smooth power fluctuation of renewable energy. Aiming at the microgrid island operation mode including wind power, photovoltaic and typical load, a hybrid energy storage capacity optimization configuration method is proposed. A multi-objective optimization mathematical model with the lowest annual average cost and minimum fluctuation of renewable energy power is proposed, which is based on the charge and discharge power and state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage medium. A power correction strategy based on fuzzy control is designed for the case that the remaining capacity of the energy storage medium can be too low or too high. Finally, the MATLAB programming is used to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Identification of metastatic cell nucleus in human prostate cancer by electron microscopy.

Aim: Metastatic prostate cancer is responsible for a large proportion of deaths worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify metastatic cells and determine if stromal invasion by cancer cells d...
The Longitudinal Influence of Caregiver Dispositional Mindful Attention on Mindful Parenting, Parenting Practices, and Youth Psychopathology

Although much research examining youth psychopathology from an ecological family systems theoretical framework has highlighted negative or pathological parental characteristics, it is important to identify and explore beneficial parent characteristics, such as mindful attention and awareness, that may be related to youth mental health. Dispositional mindfulness has been related, in cross-sectional research, to higher levels of mindful parenting, which impacts positive and negative parenting and, in turn, offspring internalizing and externalizing symptoms. The current study expands this work by examining associations among caregiver dispositional mindful attention, mindful parenting, parenting behaviors, and youth psychopathology in a short-term longitudinal model and by testing potential moderators. A sample of 564 parents (60% mothers) of children between the ages of 3 and 17 reported on their dispositional mindful attention, mindful parenting, positive and negative parenting practices, and their youth’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms at 4 time points over a 12-month period. The structural equation model indicated that higher levels of baseline caregiver dispositional mindful attention were related to higher levels of mindful parenting at 4 months. Higher levels of mindful parenting were associated with higher levels of positive parenting and lower levels of negative parenting practices at 8 months. Finally, lower levels of negative parenting practices were related to lower levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms at 12 months. Moderator analyses suggested that all prospective associations in the model were equivalent for mothers and fathers, boys and girls, and children and adolescents. Findings shed light on the importance of considering caregiver dispositional mindful attention as it relates to parenting behaviors and youth mental health.
Implication of building inventory accuracy on physical and socio-economic resilience metrics for informed decision-making in natural hazards

The data and information available at the community-scale are directly linked to the ability to make a resilience-informed decision in natural hazards. This paper develops a systematic approach to ...
Cryo-EM structure of an elusive pre-transport intermediate of the multidrug transporter BmrCD reveals modes of asymmetric drug binding

Abstract Vectorial substrate efflux by ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which play a major role in multidrug resistance, entails the ATP-powered interconversion of the transporter between stable intermediates. Despite recent progress in structure elucidation of ABC transporters, a number of such intermediates have yet to be visualized and mechanistically interpreted. Here, we combine single particle cryo-EM, Double Electron Electron Resonance (DEER) spectroscopy with Molecular Dynamics simulations to profile and mechanistically frame the conformation of a hitherto unobserved intermediate in the context of BmrCD, a heterodimeric multidrug ABC exporter from Bacillus subtilis. In our cryo-EM structure, BmrCD adopts an inward facing architecture bound to both ATP and the substrate Hoechst-33342 and is capped by an extracellular domain which undergoes ATP-dependent conformational changes. A striking feature of the structure is a symmetric arrangement of the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) in the presence of ATP whereas binding of Hoechst at two distinct sites in an acidic pocket stabilizes an asymmetric arrangement of the transmembrane domain architecture (TMD). Mutation of residues coordinating Hoechst in the structure abrogates the cooperative stimulation of ATP hydrolysis. In conjunction with previous studies, our findings suggest a mechanistic role for symmetry mismatch between NBDs and TMDs in the conformational cycle of ABC transporters. Moreover, the resolved structures of bimodally-bound drugs are of notable importance for future rational design and optimization of molecules for targeted transport inhibition of ABC transporters. One Sentence Summary Cryo-EM and EPR analysis reveal cooperative substrate binding in BrmCD in an architecture primed for transport.
A Mechanism for the Fuse Pre-Arcing Period [includes discussion]

The equation of heat conduction for a cylindrical fuse wire is considered, and approximate solutions are given for the case of a simple cartridge fuse to show the variation of the temperature distribution along the element for different fusing currents and different cartridge dimensions. The melting period is examined analytically, and it is shown how, above a certain current density, the element begins melting from the surface inwards instead of from the inside outwards. This mechanism depends on a variation of the melting temperature over the cross section caused by the "pinch" pressure. If the inside melts first, breakup is due to the internal pressure produced and is irregular; if the surface melts first, the breakup depends on the parameters of the molten metal. A general theory, from Lord Rayleigh, for the breakup of a liquid cylinder under surface forces is applied to the latter case, and criteria of size are established for the parameters so that the element will break up in a regular fashion to form a definite number of globules, and so that the element will break up irregularly at infrequent intervals.
Down-to-Earth Justice

“Less is more.” This slogan, reminiscent of Earth Days and the ecology movement, contains the essence of two popular positions that support the simplification of law in the United States. One position is that decreasing resources and environmental crisis mandate simplification. If we can no longer count on an ever-expanding supply of those resources that made advanced industrial society possible, then our complex institutions will become increasingly inappropriate. Terms like appropriate technology and intermediate technology describe proposed adjustments at the economic level (Schumacher, 1975). By implication, all of our institutions, including law, require adjustment to a shrinking scale of operations.
An Overview of International Human Rights Law

This essay, the introductory chapter to a widely-used practice-oriented guide to international human rights law, discusses: (1) the nature of the international human rights movement and international human rights law; (2) the history of the emergence of the concept of international human rights and of the development of international rights law; (3) the content of international human rights law; (4) who is bound by international human rights law; (5) how international human rights law can be enforced; and (6) the problems and prospects for human rights law, including a list of efforts that might usefully be taken to increase respect for human rights for people throughout the world.
Rasagiline in Parkinson's disease.

Abstract It has long been recognized that monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors have a role in the management of Parkinson's disease (PD). The MAO‐B inhibitor rasagiline has neuroprotective effects in animal models, mediated partly by its antiapoptotic activity. Rasagiline has been shown to be effective as monotherapy for early PD and as an adjunct to dopaminergic therapy. Clinical trials have also shown putative disease-modifying effects, though rasagiline's potential to alter the long-term course of PD remains controversial. Given the demonstrated benefits of rasagiline, along with its safety and tolerability profile, it has an important role to play in PD therapy.
Multiple pathways to learning and achievement: The role of goal orientation in fostering adaptive motivation, affect, and cognition

Publisher Summary There are a number of different models of goal orientation that have been advanced by different achievement motivation researchers. This chapter discusses the role of mastery and performance goals in relation to general achievement outcomes, such as learning and performance. It begins with a description of the development of a general model of achievement goals that distinguishes between approach and avoidance forms of mastery goals and performance goals. Following this, the chapter discusses how these different types of goals may give rise to different ways of approaching, engaging, and reacting to achievement tasks. In particular, it describes how different goals may be differentially related to motivational, affective, cognitive, and behavioral mediators of learning and achievement. These differential relations among goals and the various mediators represent multiple pathways or trajectories that individuals can follow, with concomitant differences in learning and achievement. Behavioral processes involve the traditional motivational outcomes, such as effort exerted during the task, persistence at the task, and choice of the task.
Animal Medical Biotechnology, Policy, Would Transgenic Animals Solve the Organ Shortage Problem?

Introduction Rationale for Xenotransplantation Selection of Animal Sources for Xenotransplantation The Hurdles to Xenotransplantation Immune Responses to Xenotransplantation Hyperacute Rejection Acute Vascular Rejection Physiological Hurdles to Xenotransplantation Zoonosis A Scenario for the Clinical Application of Xenotransplantation Ethical Issues in Xenotransplantation Animal Welfare Clinical Experimentation Ethics of Society Keywords: animal biotechnology
Immunodeficiency, Primary: Affecting the Innate Immune System

The innate immune system is the body's first line of defence against potentially infectious microorganisms. There are a number of primary (inherited) disorders that can affect the different components of the system and leave the body susceptible to infection. Keywords: natural killer cells; complement; phagocytes; innate immunity; immunodeficiency
Not So Great Expectations: Why Application Markets Haven't Failed Security

Application markets have rapidly become a widely popular mechanism for expanding the features and utility of mobile devices such as cell phones. The cottage industries that sprung up around these markets serve millions of Patrick McDaniel and William Enck Pennsylvania State University applications daily to a ready user audience. Markets entice developers by placing low economic and technical barriers to entry, thereby fostering fast-paced innovation. They streamline purchase and installation to serve even the most casual users with ease. Simply put, markets make producing and consuming applications easy. Markets also present obvious security concerns-users are trained to download applications with impunity from a huge number of developers about which they know little. Moreover, these applications often request nearly unfettered access to the data and device interfaces (for example, texting, voice-dialing, or GPS location), which seems to invite malicious applications and questionable functionality. Not surprisingly, such fears have been substantiated. A recent discovery of numerous applications sharing GPS locations and other personal information with online advertisers is just one example of dubious features found in market applications. The public reaction to these stories is often the same: users and pundits decry markets for their failure to properly vet the applications or developers. This underscores the widely held expectation that security is the market's responsibility.
Planetary science: Volatility in Martian magmas.

The geochemistry of the Martian surface has largely been determined by the eruption of magmas to form basaltic rocks. A new line of argument has chlorine as an influential agent in that process.
Activation of Penile Proadipogenic Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor with an Estrogen: Interaction with Estrogen Receptor Alpha during Postnatal Development

Exposure to the estrogen receptor alpha (ER𝛼) ligand diethylstilbesterol (DES) between neonatal days 2 to 12 induces penile adipogenesis and adult infertility in rats. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vivo interaction between DES-activated ER𝛼 and the proadipogenic transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR𝛾). Transcripts for PPARs 𝛼, 𝛽, and 𝛾 and 𝛾1a splice variant were detected in Sprague-Dawley normal rat penis with PPAR𝛾 predominating. In addition, PPAR𝛾1b and PPAR𝛾2 were newly induced by DES. The PPAR𝛾 transcripts were significantly upregulated with DES and reduced by antiestrogen ICI 182, 780. At the cellular level, PPAR𝛾 protein was detected in urethral transitional epithelium and stromal, endothelial, neuronal, and smooth muscular cells. Treatment with DES activated ER𝛼 and induced adipocyte differentiation in corpus cavernosum penis. Those adipocytes exhibited strong nuclear PPAR𝛾 expression. These results suggest a biological overlap between PPAR𝛾 and ER𝛼 and highlight a mechanism for endocrine disruption.
Evaluation of fluorochromes for imaging bacteria in soil

Abstract The distribution of inoculated Escherichia coli cells and indigenous bacteria in a silt loam soil and a sandy soil was studied using fluorescence microscopy techniques. Ethidium bromide stained inoculated cells against the soil and resin background. Satisfactory results were also obtained with epifluorescence microscopy of samples stained with calcofluor white M2R (CFW) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Indigenous soil bacteria were visualized in soil thin sections, after staining with ethidium bromide, using fluorescence microscopy. The density of these bacteria was estimated to be 107–108 cells/cm3. Inoculated E. coli cells, stained with one of the green fluorochromes (fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl)aminofluorescein, or eosin Y), could be clearly distinguished in sandy soil thin sections. Confocal laser scanning microscopy with 3D image reconstruction was also successfully applied to characterize distribution of E. coli introduced to soil. The fate of introduced bacteria and the location of indigenous bacteria in soil can be confirmed using the microscopic techniques described in this paper.
Association of accelerated idioventricular rhythm and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia in acute myocardial infarction.

Although previous studies have suggested that accelerated idioventricular rhythm rarely coexists with paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, this relation has not been systematically evaluated in acute myocardial infarction. To examine this relation, the frequency and characteristics of the two arrhythmias were analyzed by performing 24 hour Holter monitoring during the initial 24 hours of acute myocardial infarction in 52 successive patients. Twenty-four of these patients had documented accelerated idioventricular rhythm; 28 patients did not. Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia occurred in 83 percent of patients with accelerated idioventricular rhythm but in only 18 percent of patients without this arrhythmia (P < 0.001). The results remained at the same level of significance whether paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia was defined by rates greater than 100, 120 or 140 beats/min. These findings suggest that accelerated idioventricular rhythm complicating acute myocardial infarction is not always benign and is frequently associated with more serious forms of ventricular arrhythmia.
GTP Cyclohydrolase I Inhibition by the Prototypic Inhibitor 2,4-Diamino-6-Hydroxypyrimidine MECHANISMS AND UNANTICIPATED ROLE OF GTP CYCLOHYDROLASE I FEEDBACK REGULATORY PROTEIN

2,4-Diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP) is considered to be a selective and direct-acting inhibitor of GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway for synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Accordingly, DAHP has been widely employed to distinguish whether de novo BH4 synthesis is required in a given biological system. Although it has been assumed that DAHP inhibits GTPCH by direct competition with substrate GTP, this has never been formally demonstrated. In view of apparent structural homology between DAHP and BH4, we questioned whether DAHP may mimic BH4 in its inhibition of GTPCH by an indirect mechanism, involving interaction with a recently cloned 9.5-kDa protein termed GTPCH Feedback Regulatory Protein (GFRP). We show by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction that GFRP mRNA is constitutively expressed in rat aortic smooth muscle cells and further induced by treatment with immunostimulants. Moreover, functional GFRP is expressed and immunostimulant-induced BH4 accumulates in sufficient quantity to trigger feedback inhibition of GTPCH. Studies with DAHP reveal that GFRP is also essential to achieve potent inhibition of GTPCH. Indeed, DAHP inhibits GTPCH by dual mechanisms. At a relatively low concentration, DAHP emulates BH4 and engages the GFRP-dependent feedback inhibitory system; at higher concentrations, DAHP competes directly for binding with GTP substrate. This knowledge predicts that DAHP would preferably target GTPCH in tissues with abundant GFRP.
Polynomial approach for morphological operations on 2-D and 3-D images

Using polynomials in 3 variables to represent 3-D objects, we have developed surface determination, shape decomposition and template matching algorithms. It is shown that all the morphological operations on images can be done using the polynomial approach.
Strategies for Structural Genomics Target Selection

We have developed a protein sequence analysis pipeline that ranks proteins as targets for high throughput structure determination. The ranking is designed to maximize both the biological and informational impact of new 3D protein structures solved through the structural genomics initiative. The analysis system accepts proteins from multiple genomes as input, builds sequence families based on remote homology, identifies families with one or more solved structures, and ranks the remaining families according to criteria designed to maximize structure determination efficacy, increase the likelihood of a novel fold, and maximize the number of new protein structure models that can be built from a solved structure.