cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON THE ORIGIN OF THE GASES IN THE FLOAT OF BLADDER KELP

The problem of determining the presence or absence of microorganisms in the interior of the large cavity (float, or pneumatocyst) present in bladder kelp (Nereocystis) is approached in this paper from the standpoint of its bearing on the metabolism of the plant, especially with reference to the large amount of carbon monoxide present in this cavity. Internal closed cavities of varying sizes are common in plants ranging from seed plants to algae. The large cavities of pumpkins and squashes are familiar. Langdon and Gailey (I920) have tested many such cavities in seed plants and have found neither carbon monoxide nor carbon dioxide in them. Among the kelps of the sea along the Pacific Coast of North America that have gas-containing cavities that serve to buoy up portions of the plant are Nereocystis luetkeana (bladder kelp), Macrocystis pyrif era, Pelagophycus porra (elk kelp), Egregia Meniziesii (feather boa kelp), and Alaria fistullosa. Lucas (I9I2) has also listed the following marine algae that have vesicles filled with gas: Sargassum, Carpophyllum, Turbinaria, Cystophora, Cystoseira, Scaberia, Phyllospora, and Hormnosira. There seem to be four possible sources of gases contained in internal cavities of marine algae: (i) atmospheric air, (2) gases dissolved in sea water, (3) the activities of microorganisms, and (4) the metabolism of the plants themselves. Lucas (I9I2) analyzed the gases from marine algae of several genera and found only nitrogen and oxygen, with the proportion of nitrogen always greater than that in atmospheric air. He rejects atmospheric air as a source of the gases since his analyses show a higher content of nitrogen than is present in the atmosphere and because the gases must be formed in the cavity pari passu with growth; otherwise the vesicles would collapse. He also rejects the metabolism of the plant as a source of the gas because " it is hardly conceivable that any process of metabolism should yield these two gases (nitrogen and oxygen) only without any carbon compounds." He accepts the gases dissolved in the sea water as a source of the gas in the vesicles, and believes that the gas enters, dissolved in the water by osmosis. He reasons by analogy
The resurrection and collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia, 1914–1918

The resurrection and collapse of Empire in Habsburg Serbia, 1914–1918, by Jonathan E. Gumz, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2009, xii + 275 pp., £48.00, ISBN 9780521896276 In First World War ...
Radiative transfer in vegetation canopies with anisotropic scattering

Abstract The governing equation and various leaf models for photon transport in vegetation canopies that scatter anisotropically are presented. For idealized leaf-angle distributions and for simple canopy scattering models, the general transport equation and its azimuthal average are shown to reduce to standard forms encountered in radiative transfer and particle transport problems. In general, however, standard transport descriptions are not directly applicable to canopy problems. A realistic anisotropic and non-rotationally invariant scattering transfer function is examined and exact scattering models are derived. A variant of the discrete- ordinates method is then proposed for solving the canopy transport equation numerically. Finally, numerical results for a variety of agricultural canopies are compared with various theoretical and measured results.
Synergistic anti-cancer mechanisms of curcumin and paclitaxel for growth inhibition of human brain tumor stem cells and LN18 and U138MG cells

Glioblastoma, the deadliest brain tumor in humans, responds poorly to conventional chemotherapeutic agents because of existence of highly chemoresistant human brain tumor stem cells (HBTSC). An effective therapeutic strategy is urgently needed to target HBTSC as well as other glioblastoma cells. We explored synergistic efficacy of a low dose of curcumin (CCM) and a low dose of paclitaxel (PTX) in HBTSC and human glioblastoma LN18 (p53 mutant and PTEN proficient) and U138MG (p53 mutant and PTEN mutant) cells. The highest expression of the cancer stem cell markers aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) and CD133 occurred in HBTSC when compared with LN18 and U138MG cells. Combination of 20μM CCM and 10nM PTX worked synergistically and more effectively than either drug alone in decreasing viability in all cells. Combination of CCM and PTX was highly effective in inducing both morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis. Apoptosis required activation of caspase-8, cleavage of Bid to tBid, increase in Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, and mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, Smac, and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 following combination therapy appeared to promote Bax homodimerization and mitochondrial release of pro-apoptotic factors into the cytosol. Increases in activities of cysteine proteases confirmed the completion of apoptotic process. Combination therapy inhibited invasion of cells, reduced expression of survival and proliferation factors and also angiogenic factors, and prevented HBTSC, LN18, and U138MG cells from promoting network formation. Collectively, the combination of CCM and PTX worked as a promising therapy for controlling the growth of HBTSC and other glioblastoma cells.
Comparison Between Successful and Failed Sit-to-Stand Trials of a Patient After Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Zablotny CM, Nawoczenski DA, Yu B. Comparison between successful and failed sit-to-stand trials of a patient after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:1721–5. Objective To compare the peak whole-body center of mass (COM) velocities and joint angular contributions in successful and unsuccessful sit-to-stand (STS) trials in a subject with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Single-case study. Setting Motion research laboratory. Participant A 24-year-old man who was 3.5 years post-TBI. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Peak horizontal and vertical velocities of the whole-body COM and peak angular velocities of the ankle, knee, hip, and shoulder joints. Results The peak whole-body COM vertical velocity was significantly lower in the unsuccessful STS trials. Angular velocities at the hip, knee, ankle, and shoulder joints in successful trials exceeded those in unsuccessful trials ( P r 2 =.90). Knee extension angular velocities greater than 3.25 radian/s were associated with successful STS trials. Knee extension angular velocities between 2.75 and 3.25 radian/s were associated with successful rising 50% of the time; the subject had no success in rising when velocities were less than 2.75radian/s. Conclusions For this subject, sit-back failures occurred in STS attempts characterized by peak whole-body COM vertical velocities that were lower than those generated in successful rising trials. These unsuccessful rising attempts were primarily the result of the subject’s inability to generate sufficient knee extension angular velocity.
The pharmacokinetics of volatile anesthetic agent elimination: A theoretical study

The theoretical groundwork for a rate constant formulation of inhaled anesthetic elimination kinetics is discussed. In an effort to simulate recent experimental results a linear flow-limited five-compartment model was used comprising lung, vessel-rich tissue, muscle, nonvisceral fat, and an additional compartment, marrow-visceral fat whose functional existence recently has been experimentally demonstrated. Hypothetical but plausible parameters for the marrow-visceral fat compartment were used. The theoretically predicted values were in good agreement with experimental results suggesting that this model is appropriate for the elimination kinetics of agents that are not metabolized to any significant degree. Simple approximate expressions for the rate constants were also derived and were in reasonable agreement with experimental results. The model was also employed to clarify the effect of anesthetic duration on subsequent elimination kinetics.
The Bellevue crane disaster

Abstract This paper describes an investigation of the cause and origin of the November 16, 2006 collapse of an overhead tower crane at an office building construction site in Bellevue, WA. This accident, and several others during the same timeframe, triggered national concern regarding crane safety. The collapse was curious because the crane overturned with no load on the hook under negligible winds while the operator was in the process of shutting the crane down for the night. This paper summarizes a comprehensive investigation of the failure, and focuses on the steel framework of the crane foundation, where a large fatigue crack initiated the collapse. The foundation was an unconventional grillage of steel beams attached to an existing concrete structure that supported the crane above post-tensioned concrete parking slabs. Analysis of the crane failure embraced three phases; namely, a Global Model to calculate generalized forces and displacements, a refined local model to calculate elasto-plastic stresses at the crack initiation site, and a fatigue/fracture mechanics analysis to investigate the criteria for crack progression. A suite of metallurgical procedures, namely chemical analysis, metallography, scanning electron microscopy, hardness testing, tensile testing, and Charpy V-Notch impact testing was performed on samples from failed foundation elements. Results of these efforts confirmed origins of fatigue cracking at the cope web stiffeners in both transverse tower support beams. Allegations that faulty welding was the principal cause and origin of the critical crack(s) and resulting tower crane foundation failure were disproved. Instead, this crane accident occurred for a reason common to many construction problems - poor communication. The crane foundation designer had relied on a structural tie between the crane tower and the building core, but communication of the contractor’s decision to delay the core construction, and thereby eliminate the tie, was somehow lost.
Detection of Secretion from Single Pancreatic β-Cells Using Extracellular Fluorogenic Reactions and Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy with Zinquin, a fluorogenic Zn2+-specific indicator, was used for spatially and temporally resolved measurement of Zn2+ efflux from single pancreatic β-cells. When cells were incubated in buffer containing Zinquin, application of insulin secretagogues evoked an increase in fluorescence around the surface of the cell, indicative of detection of Zn2+ efflux from the cell. The fluorescence increases corresponded spatially and temporally with measurements of exocytosis obtained simultaneously by amperometry. When images were taken at 266-ms intervals, the detection limit for Zn2+ was ∼0.5 μM. With this image frequency, it was possible to observe bursts of fluorescence which were interpreted as fluctuations of Zn2+ level due to exocytosis. The average intensity of these fluorescence bursts corresponded to a Zn2+ concentration of ∼7 μM. Since insulin is co-stored with Zn2+ in secretory vesicles, it was concluded that the Zn2+ efflux corresponded to exocytosis of insulin/Zn2+-containing granu...
A FORTRAN-based Poisson Series Processor and its Applications in Celestial Mechanics

The present article describes the design and applications of our Poisson series subroutine package developed and maintained since 1968. The programs are written in standard FORTRAN-77 and are almost independent of the wordlength of the particular computer. The system has no restriction on the number of polynomial and angular variables and the storage allocations are completely automatic, invisible to the user.
Oxidation-reduction in the mixed (Cf, Bk)Ox system

Abstract This work describes oxidation-reduction behavior of Cf in two different compositions of the solid solution (Cf, Bk)Ox. Lattice parameter measurements taken at high temperature and controlled oxygen activity show that in relatively dilute solid solution (25% Cf), the complete 3+ – 4+ field in crossed between 200 and 600°C. When Cf is the dominant cation (64%), the formation of M7O12 apparently controls oxidation state changes as in the pure oxide, limiting the Cf state to Cf3.3+ in ∼105 Pa O2.
A fast, energy efficient, field programmable threshold-logic array

Threshold-logic gates have long been known to result in more compact and faster circuits when compared to conventional AND/OR logic equivalents [1], However, threshold logic based design has not entered the mainstream design technology (neither custom ASIC nor FPGA) due to the lack of efficient and reliable gate implementations and the necessary infrastructure for automated synthesis and physical design. This paper is a step toward addressing this gap. We present the architecture of a novel programmable logic array, referred to as Field Programmable Threshold-Logic Array (FPTLA), in which the basic cells are differential mode threshold-logic gates (DTGs). Each individual DTG cell is a clock edge-triggered circuit that computes a threshold-logic function. A DTG can be programmed to implement different threshold logic functions by routing appropriate signals to their inputs. This reduces the number of SRAMs inside the logic blocks by about 60% compared to conventional CLBs, without adding any significant overhead in the routing infrastructure. Since a DTG is essentially a multi-input, edge-triggered flipflop that computes a threshold function, a network of DTGs forms a nano-pipelined circuit. The advantages of such a network are demonstrated on a set of deeply pipelined datapath circuits implemented on FPTLAs and conventional FPGAs using the well established FPGA design framework VTR (Verilog To Routing) and VPR (Versatile Place and Route) [2]. The results indicate that an FPTLA can achieve up to 2X improvement in delay for nearly the same energy and logic area compared to the conventional LUT based FPGA. Although differential mode circuits can potentially be more sensitive to process variations, FPTLAs can be made robust to such variations without sacrificing their improved energy efficiency and performance over FPGAs.
An approach to regulating machine sharing in reconfigurable back-end semiconductor manufacturing

By complying with the operational philosophy of virtual production lines, a back-end semiconductor manufacturing system can be controlled and managed with better reconfigurability. However, due to the absence of a fully-integrated information system and the gaining popularity of distributed computing, machine reconfiguration decisions are made by machine controllers on the shop floor where heterarchical control architecture is typically used. This research investigates how non-cooperative game theory could be applied for facilitating the decision process reconfiguration decision-making at the machine controller level as machines are competed by multiple jobs streams. This paper presents how material flow traffic can be better regulated in a reconfigurable manufacturing environment. A study using an industrial pilot system is discussed to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach, in which heuristics are used to determine the game specification.
Empirical and theoretical fusion barriers for1H and4He: Connections to evaporation from hot nuclei

Fusion excitation functions for1H and4He have been compared to a one-dimensional, barrier-penetration model. In contrast to fusion for heavier nuclei this simple model is completely adequate, except for the statically deformed targed233U. Empirical barrier heights are obtained and compared to those from two theoretical nuclear potentials. These empirical barriers (from cold reactants) are used as input for calculating evaporation spectra that arise from hot nuclear emitters. The excess of observed low-energy1H and4He emission signals information content concerning distortions of the hot nuclei.
Semantics-based information brokering

The rapid advances in computer and communication technologies, and their merger, is leading to a global information market place. It will consist of federations of very large number of information systems that will cooperate to varying extents to support the users' information needs. We discuss an approach to information brokering in the above environment. We discuss two of its tasks: information resource discovery, which identifies relevant information sources for a given query, and query processing, which involves the generation of appropriate mapping from relevant but structurally heterogeneous objects. Query processing consists of information focusing and information correlation.Our approach is based on: semantic proximity, which represents semantic similarities based on the context of comparison, and schema correspondences which are used to represent structural mappings and are associated with the context. The context of comparison of the two objects is the primary vehicle to represent the semantics for determining semantic proximity. Specifically, we use a partial context representation to capture the semantics in terms of the assumptions in the intended use of the objects and the intended meaning of the user query. Information focusing is supported by subsequent context comparison. The same mechanism can be used to support information resource discovery. Context comparison leads to changes in schema correspondences that are used to support information correlation.
Subject-oriented composition rules

Subject-oriented programming supports composition of object-oriented programs or program fragments called subjects. This paper presents an approach to the composition rules used to specify composition details. Rules can be generic, allowing different subrules to be "plugged into" higher-level rules, and they include a means of specifying exceptions to general rules. We give definitions of a number of useful, generic rules, including merge and override, as a first step towards a generally-useful composition rule library. We also outline an object-oriented framework for implementing rules, which we are currently building as part of our support for subject-oriented programming in C++.
Unit costs, legal shocks, and unionization in construction

I develop an econometric model to examine three potential causes of the decline of unionization in the construction industry in the 1970s and 1980s: increased cost relative to the open shop, reduced coverage by prevailing wage laws, and expanded double-breasting in response to NLRB decisions. The results show that relative cost was the decisive factor in the 1970s, whereas double-breasting was the most plausible explanation in the 1980s.
Editor-in-Chief Message

The IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology has been the premier venue for publications in the area of video technology, such as video compression, hardware, and systems, since its inception in 1991. Over the past decade, the scope of CSVT has expanded and it is now the premier journal in all areas related to video technology and video systems, including video analysis and processing. In the next few years, the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology will continue to serve as the main venue for publication related to video technology and video systems and further expand its scope. In particular, CSVT will cover all aspects of visual information relating to video or that have the potential to impact future developments in the field of video technology and video systems. An important change in CSVT policy is that we will no longer limit conference publication prior to submission of a paper to CSVT exclusively to ISCAS. Going forward, papers that have been published in any conference or workshop proceedings may be submitted for consideration to CSVT. If you have published preliminary results of your work in any imaging-related conference (e.g., ICIP, VCIP, ICME, CVPR, ICCV, ICPR, ACM Multimedia, ICC, GLOBECOM, and ISCAS) and would like to expose your work in visual information to the premier publication in video technology and video systems, I encourage you to consider submitting your work to the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology.
Autoinduction of voriconazole metabolism in a child with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

Inter- and intra-patient variability in voriconazole pharmacokinetics has been described in children as the result of age-specific differences in hepatic metabolism, saturable nonlinear pharmacokinetics, CYP450 2C19 polymorphisms, decreased bioavailability compared with adults, and drug-drug interactions. We introduce dose-dependent autoinduction of metabolism as another cause for altered voriconazole pharmacokinetics in children and summarize previously published literature on this phenomenon. A 10-year-old girl with severe aplastic anemia developed invasive pulmonary aspergillosis after high-dose cyclophosphamide therapy and required high doses of voriconazole for longer than 2 months. She initially achieved a therapeutic trough of 1.4 μg/ml on voriconazole 11 mg/kg/dose orally every 12 hours but required dose escalations to 9.3 mg/kg/dose orally every 8 hours to maintain a trough above 1 μg/ml. Because there were no changes in concomitant medications, route of administration, adherence, or oral intake, we conclude that the only plausible explanation for the precipitous drop in voriconazole troughs was autoinduction of metabolism, a phenomenon previously reported in adults receiving higher than usual doses or prolonged courses (longer than 2 months). These data highlight the need for continued therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole after initial therapeutic troughs are achieved because autoinduction of metabolism can lead to significant declines in subsequent voriconazole troughs, potentially leading to treatment failure.
Thiamine Whole Blood Pharmacokinetics in Rats Using Both a Specific 35S-Thiamine Liquid Scintillation Assay and the Thiochrome Fluorescence Assay

The study of factors altering the CNS and GI absorption of thiamine in rats required the development of a specific assay for thiamine from 100-microliter samples of blood and plasma and small quantities of tissue. The specific thiochrome fluorescence assay for thiamine was modified to handle microsamples and to use S-thiamine. This sensitive and specific radioassay using S-thiamine gave pharmacokinetic parameters for 4-mg/kg iv doses of thiamine in rats equivalent to those using the less sensitive thiochrome fluorescence assay. The new assay, because of its lower limit of detection, allowed the study of the time profile of thiamine after a 1-mg/kg iv dose in rats. Such a time profile could not have been followed using the standard thiochrome fluorescence assay.
Chlorazol fast pink B and trypan blue tests for virus and other proteinaceous inclusions.

A 1% solution of chlorazol fast pink B in 0.9% NaCl can be used like trypan blue to detect virus inclusions and proteinaceous entities in peelings from leaves or thin sections taken from living plant tissue. Like trypan blue, a solution of the pink dye causes somatic nuclei to swell and thus facilitates observation of their structure. The two dyes combine into a beautiful differential bicolored stain. Mix 5 ml of 0.5% trypan blue stock solution with 35 ml of 1% chlorazol pink B in 0.9% NaCl. Stain fresh tissue 1-2 minutes. The combination stain is superior to either dye alone for differentiating virus entities.
The phase behaviour and gelation of a rod-like polymer in solution and implications for microcellular foam morphology

Abstract The phase separation and gelation of the rod-like macromolecule, poly(γ-benzyl- l -glutamate), were studied in an effort to understand the mechanism by which microcellular materials are made via thermally induced phase separation processes. Previous workers have studied similarly prepared materials from molecules which exist as random coils in solution. The microcellular materials were formed by lowering the solution temperature until phase separation and solvent freezing occurred. The solvent was removed by vacuum sublimation. An emphasis was placed on dilute isotropic solutions (
Decay-accelerating factor expression may provide immunoprotection against antibody-mediated cardiac allograft rejection.

Background Not all patients with complement deposition of the heart have developed hemodynamic instability at the time of diagnosis, suggesting that immunoprotective mechanisms reside within grafts. We hypothesized that decay-accelerating factor (DAF) could provide a first-line defense against complement injury, thus explaining the discrepancy in hemodynamics. Thus, we examined the role of DAF in the clinical presentation of antibody-mediated cardiac allograft rejection. Methods Endomyocardial biopsies from C4d + /C3d + patients were immunoflourescently stained for DAF, and its expression was compared in patients who did ( n = 5) and did not ( n = 4) exhibit allograft dysfunction. Results Endomyocardial biopsies of patients without allograft dysfunction displayed intense staining of endothelial bound DAF expression at the time of antibody-mediated cardiac allograft rejection. Conversely, biopsies of patients with allograft dysfunction showed no evidence of DAF at that time. Conclusions Expression of DAF on cardiac allografts may provide an immunoprotective mechanism against the deleterious effects of complement deposition in patients with antibody-mediated cardiac allograft rejection.
Stress, displacement, and expansive cracking around a single spherical aggregate under different expansive conditions

There seems to have been some confusion in recent years regarding the stress and displacements induced in a concrete material when either the matrix, the aggregate, or a shell around the aggregate is expansive. The case of a single spherical aggregate, surrounded by a single shell of arbitrary thickness, all of which are embedded in a matrix, can be solved exactly for any combination of elastic moduli and expansive strains. Solutions of this problem under various choices of parameters are used to illustrate the features of stress, displacement, and expansive cracking that are possible. These solutions can then be used to help better understand the features seen under the microscope in concretes that have been damaged by different expansive forces.
749-1 Redefining Normal Sinus Heart Rate

When and how the traditional limits of the normal heart rate range (NHR), 60–100 bpm, were selected is unclear. The purpose of this study is to redefine the NHR and the definitions for sinus bradycardia and tachycardia. Methods We investigated the data of 536 consecutive, fully healthy, non cardiac subjects (447 males, 89 females, aged 22–81 yrs) who attended a health screening program and treadmill exercise testing. The lowest resting heart rate was recorded during ECG records, holter monitoring, baseline exercise data and physical examination. Results The mean (± SD) resting heart rate for males is 64.1 ± 10.1, for females it is 69.5 ± 10.1 (p l 0.004). and for total group it is 65.0 ± 10.3 bpm. Mean heart rate by quinquennium is within the narrow range of 65–73 bpm. The mean heart rate, depending on age group, is 63–65 bpm for males and 65–73 bpm for females. Linear regression of HR against age in total group yields: HR = 68.6–(0.074 x age), r = -0.067, and mean ± 95% confidence interval: 65.0 ± 20.2 (44.8,85.2). standard error = 10.3; In males, HR = 67.7–(0.074 × age). r = -0.067, mean ± 95% confidence interval: 64.1 ± 19.8 144.3,83.9). standard error = 10.1; In females, HR = 73.3–(0.079 × age). r = -0.076, and mean ± 95% confidence interval: 69.5 ± 20.0 (49.5,89.5). and standard error = 10.1. There is no statistically significant relationship of HR and age. Conclusion Normal sinus heart rate range should be defined for males between 44 and 84 bpm and between 50 and 90 bpm for females. In clinical practice, these thresholds should be l 45 and g 85 bpm for males as well as l 50 and g 90 bpm for females to improve the sensitivity of sinus tachycardia and specificity of sinus bradycardia identification.
On the synthesis of glutamine before and after fertilization of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.

Abstract Unfertilized eggs of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, have a much lower capacity for glutamine synthesis than do fertilized eggs. This difference is not caused by an alteration of glutamine synthetase activity attendant upon fertilization. Neither the specific activity of glutamine synthetase nor its pattern of activation by divalent metal ions is affected by fertilization. The enzyme from both fertilized and unfertilized eggs is activated by α-ketoglutarate and inhibited by ultimate end products of glutamine metabolism. This type of regulation is similar to that seen with many other eucaryotic glutamine synthetases. Unfertilized eggs take up less glutamic acid than do fertilized eggs when the amino acid is presented at high concentrations (12.5 mM), whereas there is no difference in glutamic acid uptake at low concentrations (5 μM). Under conditions where glutamate uptake is identical, unfertilized eggs are dependent upon exogenous ammonia for glutamine synthesis in vivo; fertilized eggs are able to synthesize glutamine in the absence of added ammonia. Thus, our data suggest that the increased capacity for glutamine synthesis after fertilization is related to an increased availability of the substrate, ammonia.
Coverage dependence of enhanced adsorbate Raman scattering

Abstract An anomalous coverage dependence of the Raman scattering from pyridine molecules adsorbed on Ag is observed and explained in terms of the depolarizing influence of neighboring adsorbates. Raman spectra and thermal desorption data suggest that the pyridine molecule is weakly bound in at least two configurations on a polycrystalline Ag surface.
Anterior cruciate ligament- specialized post-operative return-to-sports (ACL-SPORTS) training: a randomized control trial

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is standard practice for athletes that wish to return to high-level activities; however functional outcomes after ACLR are poor. Quadriceps strength weakness, abnormal movement patterns and below normal knee function is reported in the months and years after ACLR. Second ACL injuries are common with even worse outcomes than primary ACLR. Modifiable limb-to-limb asymmetries have been identified in individuals who re-injure after primary ACLR, suggesting a neuromuscular training program is needed to improve post-operative outcomes. Pre-operative perturbation training, a neuromuscular training program, has been successful at improving limb symmetry prior to surgery, though benefits are not lasting after surgery. Implementing perturbation training after surgery may be successful in addressing post-operative deficits that contribute to poor functional outcomes and second ACL injury risk.
Dilation-Invariant Wavelet Estimation

A wavelet method is proposed that reduces function estimation error and provides smooth reconstructions, while still estimating jumps in the function well. It is based on analyzing multiple dilated versions of the sampled function. In simulation studies, the estimator exhibits low mean squared errors without sacrificing smoothness or jump detection ability when compared to other wavelet methods.
Grants on the run.

![Figure][1] EPSCoR states CREDIT: ADAPTED FROM ([1][2]) The Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) was designed to help U.S. states with limited facilities improve their research infrastructure in order to make them more competitive for nationwide grants, such as the R01. Twenty-seven states and territories (including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands) have been designated EPSCoR states ([1][2]). In a recent Letter (“Declines in NIH R01 research grant funding,” 10 October 2008, p. [189][3]), H. G. Mandel and E. S. Vesell presented the current funding statistics for R01 grants. These findings and other changes in policy ([2][4]) demonstrate the difficulty in getting R01 grants funded in the current climate. The existing funding situation encourages investigators from EPSCoR states to take their R01 grants and leave for better institutions because better institutions have the resources to obtain new R01 grants and renew R01 grants. How can institutions in EPSCoR states retain their scientists with R01 grants under these difficult conditions? It may be necessary to offer extremely competitive financial packages to scientists from elsewhere with R01s or to change the promotion and tenure policies. Perhaps scientists who have R01s could receive early promotion and tenure, or the tenure clock could be extended to give scientists more time to obtain an R01. 1. 1.[↵][5] EPSCoR Foundation, “What Is EPSCoR?” ([www.epscorfoundation.org/WhatIsEPSCoR.htm][6]). 2. 2.[↵][7] NIH, “New NIH Policy on Resubmission (Amended) Applications” ( ). [1]: pending:yes [2]: #ref-1 [3]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.322.5899.189a [4]: #ref-2 [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [6]: http://www.epscorfoundation.org/WhatIsEPSCoR.htm [7]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2. in text"
On the Neurobiology of Truth

The concept of truth arises from puzzling over distinctions between the real and the apparent, while the origin of these distinctions lies in the neurobiology of mammalian cerebral lateralization, that is, in the evolution of brains that can address the world both indicatively and subjunctively; brains that represent the world both categorically and hypothetically. After some 2,500 years of thinking about it, the Western philosophical tradition has come up with three major theories of truth: correspondence, coherence, and pragmatist. Traditional philosophy has nevertheless failed to arbitrate much among these views; certainly no clear winner has emerged. I argue, however, that contemporary neuroscience provides adequate theoretical grounds for a unified theory of truth. More specifically, I contend that the correspondence, the coherence, and the pragmatic utility of symbols are each biological features of our neurophysiological information processing systems—that is to say, our brains. On my view, the traditional trifurcation of philosophical accounts of the predicate, “is true”, stems from a trifurcation of focus on the information latent in sensory, motor, and somatosensory cortices of the human brain.
Anticipatory attitude change: A direct test of the self-esteem hypothesis

Abstract Interpretation of anticipatory (i.e., precommunication) shifts in belief in terms of self-esteem has assumed that such shifts are defensive maneuvers used by the individual to protect his self-esteem. Previous studies have not included self-esteem as an experimental variable and thus have not directly implicated its role in the anticipatory change process. Two experiments were conducted to test directly the self-esteem assumption, varying both manipulated and measured self-esteem levels. Results suggest that while any emphasis on self-esteem successfully elicits anticipatory change, neither manipulated nor measured esteem levels in themselves show a direct relationship with amount of change. The results of the second experiment suggest that discrepancy between measured and manipulated esteem levels is critical in inducing greater movement towards a high as opposed to low status source. Modifications in the self-esteem model to encompass these results are suggested.
Degradation modeling for real-time estimation of residual lifetimes in dynamic environments

This article presents a methodology for modeling degradation signals from components functioning under dynamically evolving environment conditions. In situ sensor signals related to the degradation process are utilized as well as the environment conditions, to predict and update, in real-time, the distribution of a component’s residual lifetime. The model assumes that the time-dependent rate at which a component’s degradation signal increases (or decreases) is affected by the severity of the current environmental or operational conditions. These conditions are assumed to evolve as a continuous-time Markov chain. Unique to the proposed model is the union of historical data with real-time, sensor-based data to update the signal parameters, environment parameters, and the residual lifetime distribution of the component within a Bayesian framework.
Multiplex Detection of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma Species Pathogens in Peripheral Blood by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction

Tick-borne infections are responsible for many emerging diseases in humans and several vertebrates. These include human infections with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Ehrlichia ewingii. Because single or co-infections can result from tick bites, the availability of a rapid, multiplex molecular test will be valuable for timely diagnosis and treatment. Here, we describe a multiplex molecular test that can detect single or co-infections with up to five Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species. The test protocol includes the magnetic capture-based purification of 16S ribosomal RNA, its enrichment, and specific-pathogen(s) detection by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. We also report a unique cloning strategy to develop positive controls in the absence of a pathogen's genomic DNA. The test was assessed by examining blood samples from dogs suspected to be positive for ehrlichiosis. The dog was chosen as the model system because it is susceptible to acquire infections with up to five pathogens of the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. The test identified single infections in the canine host with E. chaffeensis, E. canis, E. ewingii, A. phagocytophilum, and A. platys and co-infection with E. canis and A. platys. The multipathogen detection and novel positive control development procedures described here will be valuable in monitoring infections in people, other vertebrates, and ticks.
Influence of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization on the mineral concentrations of medicago sativa L. II. Diurnal and day to day fluctuations 1

Abstract An established stand of alfalfa was fertilized with different combinations of N, P and K. The rate used per nutrient was constant for all combinations. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fertilizer application, diurnal change and period to period fluctuation on the mineral composition of alfalfa. Two experiments were conducted at different stages of morphological maturity. Experiment one (E‐1) was initiated when regrowth after an initial hay harvest was in the late‐vegetative to early‐bud stage. The second experiment (E‐2) was initiated when regrowth from E‐1 was approximately 20 cm tall. Phosphorus application significantly increased the P concentrations in alfalfa, but decreased the Cu levels in both experiments. Potassium applications significantly decreased the levels of Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Mo and Co. Levels of all minerals analyzed in E‐1 were significantly different from period to period while only seven of the sixteen were significantly changed in E‐2. Period to period diffe...
Ethics in Violence Against Women Research: The Sensitive, the Dangerous, and the Overlooked

Traditional disciplinary guidelines are inadequate to address some of the ethical dilemmas that emerge when conducting research on violence against women and girls. This article is organized according to the ethical principles of respect for persons, privacy and confidentiality, justice, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. In the article, I describe dilemmas involved in cross-cultural research, research on children, informed consent, voluntariness, coercion, deception, safety, mandated reporting, and dissemination. In the article, I include examples from qualitative and quantitative studies in many nations. I also offer suggestions for researchers and institutional review boards.
Fatigue-life prediction of SiC aluminum composite using a Weibull model

Abstract The feasibility of the acoustic emission technique in predicting the residual fatigue life of 6061-T6 aluminum matrix composite reinforced with 15 vol.% SiC particulates (SiCp) is presented. Fatigue damages corresponding to 40, 60 and 80% of total fatigue life were induced at a cyclic stress amplitude. The specimens with and without fatigue damage were subjected to tensile tests. The acoustic emission activities were monitored during tensile tests. The number of cumulative AE events increased exponentially with the increase in strain during tensile tests. This exponential increase occurred when the material was in the plastic regime and was attributed mainly to SiC particulate/matrix interface decohesion. Cumulative events during post fatigue tensile tests reduced with a decrease in the residual fatigue life. Based on the high cycle fatigue damage accumulation model, a Weibull probability distribution model is developed to explain the post fatigue AE activity of specimens during tensile tests. Using the model, the residual fatigue life can be predicted by testing the specimen in tension and monitoring the AE events. In high cycle fatigue, it was observed that the residual tensile strengths of the material did not change significantly with prior cyclic loading damages since the high cycle fatigue life was dominated by the crack initiation phase.
Surfactant-mediated protein hydrophobic-interaction chromatography

Abstract Three proteins have been subjected to hydrophobic-interaction chromatography in the presence of submicellar concentrations of the surfactant (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate (CHAPS). At several concentrations of CHAPS below the critical micelle concentration, CHAPS increased the retention of lysozyme and pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, but decreased that of ribonuclease A. The dependence of retention on CHAPS concentration was substantially different for the three proteins, i.e., the surfactant showed selectivity in its interactions with the proteins. In the solvents that were used for chromatography the surface tension decreases monotonically with increasing CHAPS concentration. Since different proteins may either be eluted or retained by the addition of CHAPS, our findings are inconsistent with the idea that retention is a simple function of surface tension. It also appears unlikely that the selectivity we have observed can be accounted for by a formulation of retention as a function of surface tension. As an alternative interpretation, we present a scheme of multiple equilibria and their kinetic components as a basis for formulating the dependence of retention on surfactant concentration.
The stable carbon isotope ratio of some components of an eelgrass, Zostera marina, bed.

Living and dead Zostera marina blades, plankton samples, sediments, and several animal components of an eelgrass bed near Beaufort, N.C. were collected and analyzed for 13C/12C ratios (δ 13C). The δ 13C values of producer and consumer organisms were compared in order to examine the possible origins of organic matter present in the consumers. Living and dead eelgrass blades displayed similar δ13C values,-12.2 and-10.6 per mil ‰ respectively, while the epiphytic community growing on the grass blades had a mean isotope ratio of-16.0‰. Animal components analyzed represented five major feeding-mode categories: invertebrates living on grass blades an presumably feeding on the epibiota (-15.1‰), deposit feeding invertebrates (-15.0‰), predatory and omnivorous invertebrates (-16.7‰), suspension and surface feeding invertebrates (-18.3‰) and omnivorous fish (-16.8‰).
Urethane anesthesia produces selective damage in the piriform cortex of the developing brain

Abstract The potential induction of neuronal death by neuroactive drugs at specific stages of embryonic or postnatal development is a serious concern in treating brain disease. Recent evidence indicates that NMDA antagonists, GABA agonists, ethanol and some anesthetics can all produce massive neuronal cell loss at critical times during development. We show here that the anesthetic urethane, once used clinically, produces a selective lesion of the piriform cortex, a region not previously implicated in such toxicity, in the developing brain. Young rats were injected with urethane at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of age and brain damage was measured 1–4 days later. We found that urethane produces a large lesion in subfields of the piriform cortex and that the damage is most severe in 2 week-old animals. These data, together with other recent reports, show that there are multiple neuronal death-inducing pathways in the developing nervous system. It will be important to determine if anesthestics used in pregnant women and young children may have similar effects.
Phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro of the arginine‐ornithine periplasmic transport protein of Escherichia coli

The arginine-ornithine periplasmic binding protein, an essential component of the arginine-ornithine transport system of Escherichia coli, was isolated in a phosphorylated form and in a non-phosphorylated form from the periplasmic fluid, after incubation of intact cells with (32P)orthophosphate under conditions similar to those used for arginine transport studies. The binding protein could also be labeled with 32Pi by incubation in vitro of the periplasmic fluid with [gamma-32P]ATP, or by incubation in vitro of the purified binding protein with radioactive ATP, Mg2+ and a phosphokinase enzyme released by osmotic-shock treatment. The two forms of the protein were separated by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. By several different criteria, which included binding studies, analyses of the amino acid composition of the two forms of the protein, analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and testing for other components of the periplasmic space with affinities for inorganic phosphate, it was concluded that the 32P-labeled protein corresponds to a phosphorylated form of the arginine-ornithine-binding protein. The phosphorylation reaction required Mg2+ and a phosphokinase from the periplasmic fluid. The dissociation constant of the phosphorylated protein for arginine was 5.0 microM (dissociation constant of the unmodified protein equals 0.1 microM), suggesting that the chemically modified protein is the active form of the molecule which releases the ligand for its translocation through the cytoplasmic membrane. The pH-stability profile of the phosphoprotein has a 'U'-shape characteristic of acyl phosphates. Reaction of the phosphorylated binding protein with hydroxylamine at pH 5.4, also released Pi from the phosphoprotein. These properties suggest that the phosphoryl group of the phosphoprotein is linked covalently to a carboxyl function of the protein. This information indicates that ATP is a direct energy donor for the active transport of arginine and ornithine in E. coli, and a step of phosphorylation of the arginine-ornithine-binding protein appears to be involved in the utilization of the phosphate bond energy by the arginine-ornithine transport system.
Digital signal processor-based real-time optical Doppler tomography system

We present a real-time data-processing and display unit based on a custom-designed digital signal processor (DSP) module for imaging tissue structure and Doppler blood flow. The DSP module is incorporated into a conventional optical coherence tomography system. We also demonstrate the flexibility of embedding advanced Doppler processing algorithms in the DSP module. Two advanced velocity estimation algorithms previously introduced by us are incorporated in this DSP module. Experiments on Intralipid flow demonstrate that a pulsatile flow of several hundred pulses per minute can be faithfully captured in M-scan mode by this DSP system. In vivo imaging of a rat's abdominal blood flow is also presented.