cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A reappraisal of intrauterine contraceptive devices.

Abstract Nineteen IUD perforations are reported from the Sloane Hospital for Women. The perforation rate for first insertions of the Birnberg bow varied with the skill of the individual physician from 1:13 to 1:338. The perforation rate for first insertions by two experienced physicians varied from 1:111 for the bow to 1:738 for the other IUD's. Of the 100 IUD perforations reported thus far in the English literature, only 13 have been attributed to the Lippes loop. Of the 7 cases of intestinal damage associated with IUD perforations, none has been caused by a loop.
Techniques for producing effective newsletters: reflections on the 1981 SIGUCC newsletter contest

This paper has two parts. The first discusses the procedure followed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in judging the 1981 SIGUCC newsletter contest. The second is a compilation of tips for producing better newsletters.
Social security, private resources, and the economic security of older Americans

Abstract Since the mid-1970s, the Social Security system has become a heated political topic, and some critics have questioned its viability. There may now be an “erosion of confidence” in the system, but it is not at all clear just how serious any problems may actually be with Social Security. It is currently the main resource for many older Americans. Because of vesting and portability problems, pensions are unlikely to be a significant resource for at least half of future retirees, and private savings are a declining resource. Because of its nearly universal coverage and the fact that it does not stand or fall on the existence of a corporate structure, Social Security will continue to be the mainstay of the economic well-being of the older population.
Superoxide Radical Anion Adduct of 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-Oxide (DMPO). 3. Effect of Mildly Acidic pH on the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Adduct Formation

The nitrone, 5,5-dimethylpyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), is a commonly used spin trap for the detection of superoxide radical anion (O2•-) using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. This work investigates the reactivity of DMPO to O2•- in mildly acidic pH (5.0−7.0). Mild acidity is characteristic of acidosis and has been observed in hypoxic systems, e.g., ischemic organs and cancer cells. Although the established pKa for O2•- is 4.8, the pKa for DMPO is unknown. The pKa of the conjugate acid of DMPO was determined to be 6.0 using potentiometric, spectrophotometric, 1H and 13C NMR, and computational methods. 1H and 13C NMR were employed to investigate the site of protonation. An alternative mechanism for the spin trapping of O2•- in mildly acidic pH was proposed, which involves protonation of the oxygen to form the N-hydroxy imino cation and subsequent addition of O2•-. The exoergicity of O2•- addition to protonated DMPO was rationalized using density functional theory (DFT) at the PCM/B3LYP/6-31+G**//B...
Interpretation of low-vision rehabilitation outcome measures.

ABSTRACTPurposeThis article presents a theoretical interpretation of patient-reported outcomes of low-vision rehabilitation (LVR) using rating scale questionnaires and uses previously published results of LVR outcome studies to illustrate theoretical points and validate assumptions.TheoryPatients’ j
Distribution of puromycin peptides in mouse entorhinal cortex.

Abstract The distribution of [ 3 H] puromycin peptides (PP) in mouse entorhinal cortex was investigated by ultrastructural autoradiography after intracerebral injections of [ 3 H] puromycin. Neuronal nuclei, postsynaptic elements, and neuronal perikarya had the highest densities of silver grains related to PP with 7.1, 6.9, and 5.5 grains/100μ 2 , respectively, while the presynaptic endings had a significantly lower grain density of 3.2 grains/100μ 2 . The grain density over the remaining cerebral cortical parenchyma was 2.7 grains/100μ 2 . Most of the radioactivity present in neuronal perikarya was related to perikaryal mitochondria. These findings are discussed in light of existing evidence that PP are responsible for the suppression of memory and for morphological and functional alteration of brain mitochondria.
Interference Mitigation in Asynchronous Slow Frequency Hopping BluetoothNetworks

In asynchronous slow frequency hopping Bluetooth networks, packet collisions diminish the total link throughput. However, interference mitigation capability can reduce packet losses due to collisions. In this paper, an interference cancelling dual decision feedback (IC-DDF) Bluetooth receiver is proposed and its performance is evaluated for slow fading indoor channels. In addition to the bit error rate (BER) performance, the system level performance is evaluated by using the packet error rate (PER). To integrate the BER performance into the PER performance, a new geometric interpretation of packet error rate is introduced that uses an ensemble average of the received carrier to interference ratio (CIR). Also, a generalized packet collision probability is derived to analyze total link throughput.
Comparison of continuous and ordered categorical psychometric scales in measuring the time course of lorazepam induced somnolence

Background/Aims The use of continuous vs ordered categorical scales in measuring PD effects in a small number of subjects has not been rigorously assessed. A Phase 1 study was conducted to assess the feasibility of measuring CNS activity using different scales. Somnolence measured using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and a 7-point ordered categorical scale (Likert) were selected as our measures of interest. Methods Lorazepam (L) 2 mg and placebo (P) were given in a double-blind, randomized, single dose, crossover study in 20 subjects. PK and PD were measured for 72 and 24 hrs post-dose, respectively. PK-PD modeling was performed using NONMEM. Results Increase in somnolence was observed post-dose with both scales with a short delay relative to PK. There was significant overlap between VAS scores corresponding to each category on Likert. VAS was described using a linear model with PK (slope= 0.70) but under-predicted high scores. There was high residual variability (76%). Logistic regression predicted well the probability of each Likert score over time including peak effect, as assessed with Monte Carlo simulations. Peak predicted probabilities of score≥ 1 to 5, were respectively 0.9, 0.55, 0.3, 0.1, 0.05 for L and 0.1, 0.05, 0, 0, 0, for P. Conclusions The fit of the PK/PD model of the Likert/logistic regression was better than VAS/linear regression because of the high variability and bias seen in the latter analysis. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P66–P66; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.145
Shaping robot behavior using principles from instrumental conditioning

Shaping by successive approximations is an important animal training technique in which behavior is gradually adjusted in response to strategically timed reinforcements. We describe a computational model of this shaping process and its implementation on a mobile robot. Innate behaviors in our model are sequences of actions and enabling conditions, and shaping is a behavior editing process realized by multiple editing mechanisms. The model replicates some fundamental phenomena associated with instrumental learning in animals, and allows an RWI B21 robot to learn several distinct tasks derived from the same innate behavior.
Coccidiosis in the turkey

Coccidiosis is a widespread disease of considerable economic importance to the turkey industry, as is evident by the fact that many millions of dollars are spent annually on its control. Despite this, in recent years little research has been conducted on the causative organisms--protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. This is unfortunate because current methods of control are not without problems. It is possible, therefore, that in the future optimal productivity in turkey production will be difficult to achieve. There has been no recent comprehensive literature review of coccidiosis in the turkey. In the present article our knowledge of the biology of the species of Eimeria that infect the turkey is critically reviewed. Other topics considered include host specificity, host resistance, acquired immunity, in vitro cultivation, pathology, pathogenicity, clinical signs, diagnosis, epidemiology, prevalence, significance, chemotherapy, drug resistance, drug toxicity, and vaccination. The review is intended to provide a baseline for future studies of this important disease.
AN ANALYSIS OF HOST AND DONOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO SPLENIC ENLARGEMENT IN CHICK EMBRYOS INOCULATED WITH ADULT CHICKEN SPLEEN CELLS.

Abstract The phenomenon of embryonic splenomegaly in the chick embryo has been investigated quantitatively to obtain information that would further elucidate the nature of the splenic response to grafted competent tissue. The effects of varying the donor cell number, host embryo age, and X-irradiation exposures of donor spleen cells and host embryos on splenic enlargement were investigated and the cellular dynamics of the splenic enlargement was analyzed. Following are listed the salient findings of the investigations: 1. 1. Within the range of embryo ages studied, a fourfold increase in donor cell number resulted in an approximate doubling of the plateau level of spleen weight. The relationship between donor cell number and splenic enlargement is suggestive of an antigen dosage effect, where either donor cells or host embryo is considered as “antigen.” 2. 2. The maximum splenic enlargement resulting from injection of the maximum permissible number of donor cells varied with the age of the recipient embryo, being minimal in 8- to 10-day-old hosts, maximal in 12- to 13-day-old hosts, and declining in older embryos. 3. 3. Irradiation of either donor spleen cells or recipient embryos prior to inoculation is equally effective in reducing splenic enlargement, and the decrease was radiation-dose dependent. 4. 4. The predominant spleen cell type present during peak splenic enlargement is the blast cell, and it increases in number at a faster rate than do other cell types during enlargement of the spleen. 5. 5. A calculation based on the number of H 3 -TdR-labeled donor spleen cells which settle in the spleen initially and proliferate indicates that the number is too small to account for the splenic enlargement. The activation of the reservoir of host proliferative cells, however, can easily account for the observed enlargement. The experimental findings reported in this paper indicate that both host embryos and grafted adult spleen cells participate in the splenic enlargement. The possibility of a host-immune response toward grafted donor spleen cells has been discussed.
Insurgent citizens: the manufacture of police records in post-Katrina New Orleans and its implications for human rights

Inquiries into allegations of human rights abuses require a reliable corpus of evidence to proceed and hold violators accountable for their actions. The following article analyzes the 2005 police shootings that occurred on New Orleans’ Danziger Bridge in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, a case that illustrates the challenges confronting investigations into human rights violations in the USA. By examining an investigative police report, two survivors’ civil complaints, and federal court filings, the article argues that the methodical nature in which several police officers in post-Katrina New Orleans conspired to document the use of deadly force against several unarmed citizens demonstrates that police records created in the context of officer-involved shootings inhibit accountability processes as much as they facilitate them. The deliberate creation of such records, the article concludes, impairs the ability of a democratic nation to ensure human rights and bring their violators to account.
Combined carcinoid tumor of the lung: A combination of carcinoid and adenocarcinoma

Combined small cell carcinoma is an uncommon but well described diagnostic category of neuroendocrine lung tumors. The prognosis of these tumors appears to be similar to that of pure small cell carcinoma, although it is believed that the non-small cell components of these tumors are less chemo-responsive than the small cell components. We report a case of a 60-year-old male smoker with a 2-cm nodule that, on subsequent lobectomy, was a combination of carcinoid and adenocarcinoma. A lymph node metastasis to an ipsilateral hilar node was comprised of only the well differentiated adenocarcinoma component. The biologic behavior of such tumors is not well described and their place within, what may be described as, a spectrum of combined neuroendocrine tumors is discussed.
The Hermite Moment Model for Highly Skewed Response With Application to Tension Leg Platforms

A new addition to the statistical Hermite moment model of extremes is introduced for use on processes with high skewness and near-Gaussian kurtosis. The monotone limits of the existing model are expressed as ellipses in response moment space and a new methodology is introduced that combines hardening and softening models to overcome these limits. The result is that any fractile of a distribution described by its first four statistical moments can be transformed to or from the Gaussian. An example application to a tension leg platform is presented.
Soil surface shrinkage to estimate profile soil water

The surface elevation of a shrinking soil provided good estimates of the change in profile water content under alfalfa. Surface shrinkage was found to change linearly with water content as measured by neutron and gamma attenuation devices. Extracted soil cores were tested in the laboratory to obtain the linear shrinkage ratio, b. In the field, shrinkage was calculated as the average elevation change of small ceramic plates. Compaction of the soil by harvesting machinery had no adverse effect on the linearity of the shrinkage/water loss relationship, but lack of compaction resulted in nonlinear shrinkage as the soil was unconsolidated and may have exhibited sub-surface horizontal cracking. These cracks were attributed to roots which anchored the soil during shrinkage. In a second study, local values of swelling (b′) from initial measurements before and after irrigation were superior estimators of measured water loss compared to a single universal b value from independent tests.
The unique N-terminal sequence of testis angiotensin-converting enzyme is heavily O-glycosylated and unessential for activity or stability.

Abstract The testis-specific isozyme of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is identical, from residue 68 to the C terminus, to the second half or C-terminal domain of somatic ACE. However, the first 67 residues, comprising the signal peptide and a Ser-/Thr-rich 36-residue sequence that constitutes the N terminus of mature testis ACE, are unique. We have expressed a mutant human testis ACE lacking this 36-residue N-terminal sequence and find that compared to the wild-type protein the mutant is 15 kDa smaller due to the loss of >90% of all O-linked sugars, but that it retains full enzymatic activity and is stable in culture. Heavy O-glycosylation is a property of testis ACE that is not shared by the somatic enzyme and is attributable to this unique sequence.
$pi$$sup -$--$sup 4$He INELASTIC AND CAPTURE REACTIONS LEADING TO EXCITED AND MULTINEUTRON FINAL STATES.

A beam of (140\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)-MeV ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ was produced at the Berkely 184-in. cyclotron and used to study the finalstate interactions of three and four neutrons, and to look for excited levels of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particle through the reactions ${{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+^{4}\mathrm{He},\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+^{4}\mathrm{He}^{*},}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+3n,}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}d+2n,}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+4n.}$ Only one such level is found, with an excitation energy of 32 MeV and an intrinsic width smaller than our 1-MeV resolution. We find that our data on the four-neutron final state, although not inconsistent with phase space, agree more closely with the assumption that there is a $^{1}S_{0}$ final-state interaction between two of the neutrons, the other two not interacting. We find, too, that deuteron production is down by a factor of $\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{3}$ from proton production, and that the proton spectrum indicates a stronger-than-expected interaction between the three neutrons in the final state. Lower limits for the production of a tri- or tetraneutron are set.
Animation programming: an alternative approach to CS1

The current problem faced by many computing departments is that only those already self-selected into computing sign up for "CS121 Programming and Problem Solving I", or the similarly named and presented first course. An Animation Programming course using ActionScript 2.0 (as found in Flash MX 2004 or Flash 8) will provide a high quality object oriented language and will have enormous student appeal.
Stimulus factors and listening strategies in auditory memory: An experimental demonstration

Abstract Three experiments are reported in which digits spoken at different rates were recalled and monitored. In Experiment I, digits to be recalled were embedded in varying levels of noise. In Experiment II noise was presented only during the inter-digit intervals, either to the same or to the opposite ear as the digits. In Experiment III Ss monitored these sequences for a specified digit and reported its successor. Stimulus rate and signal-to-noise ratio affected perceptual processing time, as evidenced by the frequency and relative proportion of item and order errors. These stimulus factors induce listening strategies that influence the shape of the serial position curve and that persist after stimulus conditions are changed. The data are consistent with a two-stage processing model for the temporal course of speech perception and the nature of listening strategies.
Psychophysiological testing of human subjects exposed to solvent vapors.

Abstract The purpose of the experiments reported here was to assemble tests sensitive enough to measure changes in psychophysiological functions in human subjects exposed to low concentrations of solvent vapors. Four concentrations of trichloro-ethylene were studied, ranging from the 1965 threshold limit value of 100 ppm upward to 500 ppm. Results showed no significant effect of 100 ppm of trichloroethylene on psychomotor performance; however, there was a progressive decline in performance with increasing trichloroethylene levels at higher concentrations. Similar experiments were performed using Freon-113 (1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane) in concentrations ranging from 1500 ppm to 4500 ppm. No significant effect of Freon-113 on psychomotor performance was seen at 1500 ppm, but slight deterioration appeared at 2500 ppm, and progressively higher concentrations resulted in an increasing decrement in performance.
Dynamic Self-Assembly in Confined Micro-Domains

We simulate dynamic self-assembly of paramagnetic beads in domains of rectangular, triangular and circular cross-section. We demonstrate that depending on the magnetic field, the number of microparticles, and the shape of microdomain, different self-assembled structures can be produced. This provides an exciting possibility for making reconfigurable multi-functional microdevices, and may also suggest new protocols for fabricating three-dimensional microsystems and nanosystems.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
In vitro efficacy and fungicidal activity of voriconazole against Aspergillus and Fusarium species.

Twenty-nineAspergillus isolates and 25Fusarium isolates underwent in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing by a broth macrodilution procedure adapted from the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines. The MIC50s of both voriconazole and amphotericin B were 0.5 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml against species ofAspergillus andFusarium, respectively, while the MIC90s of both agents were 1 and 2 μg/ml. Voriconazole was more active in vitro than amphotericin B: the geometric mean MICs of voriconazole and amphotericin B againstAspergillus spp. were 0.36 μg/ml and 0.64 μg/ml, respectively. Voriconazole also demonstrated fungicidal activity againstAspergillus spp., with 86% (24/29) of isolates exhibiting minimum lethal concentrations of ≤4 μg/ml.
Temporal Characterization of Homology-Independent Centromere Coupling in Meiotic Prophase

Background Over the past thirty years several reports of the pairing or association of non-homologous centromeres during meiotic prophase have appeared in the literature. Recently, the homology-independent pairwise association of centromeres, termed centromere coupling, was also reported in budding yeast. It seems paradoxical that centromeres would pair with non-homologous partners during a process intended to align homologous chromosomes, yet the conservation of this phenomenon across a wide range of species suggests it may play an important role in meiosis.
HTLV‐1 Infection of a Human Monocytic Cell Line and of Primary Cultures of Human Monocyte‐Derived Macrophages

This report concerns the pathogenesis of the myelopathy associated with HTLV-1 infection and here we present the results of investigating the effect of HTLV-1 on cultures of human monocytes and of monocyte-derived macrophages. The monocytic cell line U937 was successfully infected by cocultivation with lethally irradiated cells carrying HTLV-1, as well as by inoculation of concentrated cell-free virus preparations. On the basis of immunoperoxidase staining, we determined that 0.3 to 0.5% of the cell population infected by cocultivation, and 0.5 to 0.7% of that treated with the cell-free virus expressed HTLV-1 antigen. U937 cells were also transfected with HTLV-1 proviral DNA. Two days after transfection, specific staining for HTLV-1 p24 antigen was evident in 4 to 5% of the cell population. Primary cultures of monocyte-derived human mocrophages could also be infected with the concentrated cell-free virus preparations and 0.8 to 1.0% of the cells expressed the viral antigen as determined by the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase immunocytochemical proceduce. The presence of TNF s in the medium supernatant of HTLV-1-carrying cells was documented by a bioassay in which L929 cells were used. A cytotoxic effect of cell-free supernatants from virus-carrying cells could be demonstrated in the case of one CNS-derived continuous cell line. No TNF activity was detected in supernatants of U937 cells or of macrophages experimentally infected with HTLV-1.
Evaluation of factors controlling smectite transformation and fluid production in subduction zones: Application to the Nankai Trough

The transformation of smectite-group clay minerals to illite has garnered considerable interest as a potentially important process affecting both the mechanical and hydrologic behavior of subduction zones. Illitization can generate fluid overpressure by release of bound water, and the mineralogical change and associated cementation may increase intrinsic frictional strength while decreasing the sliding stability of faults. Released bound water also contributes to pore water freshening observed in boreholes at numerous margins. Here the authors combine data from Ocean Drilling Program drill sites along two transects at the Nankai subduction zone with numerical models of smectite transformation, to (i) quantify the distribution of smectite transformation and fluid production downdip of the trench; and (ii) evaluate its hydrologic and mechanical implications. High heat flow (ca 180 mW/m2) along the axis of the Kinan Seamount Chain (Muroto transect) initiates clay mineral transformation outboard of the trench, whereas lower heat flow (70–120 mW/m2) 100 km to the SW (Ashizuri transect) results in negligible presubduction diagenesis. As a result, considerably more bound fluid is subducted along the Ashizuri transect; simulated peak fluid sources down-dip of the trench are considerably higher than for the Muroto transect (ca 1.2–1.3 × 10−14/s vs ca 6 × 10−15/s), and are shifted ca 10 km further from the trench. More generally, sensitivity analysis illustrates that heat flow, taper angle, incoming sediment thickness, and plate convergence rate all systematically affect reaction progress and the distribution of bound water release down-dip of the trench. These shifts in the loci and volume of fluid release are important for constraining fluid flow pathways, and provide insight into the links between clay transformation and fault mechanics.
The concept of polarization in near field optics

We introduce a unique decomposition of random electromagnetic fields. Based on this decomposition, we define a physically meaningful degree of polarization which is of interest for certain problems in near field optics
Skeleton weight allometry in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates

The relation of skeleton weight to body weight with increasing size is compared for aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. Due to the buoyancy of water, the skeleton weights of aquatic vertebrates (fishes and whales) vary in nearly direct proportion (exponent 1.0) to body weight; while the skeletons of terrestrial vertebrates occupy an increasingly greater proportion of total body weight as size increases (exponent greater than i. i) due to the necessity of supporting their weight on land.
Extent of disease burden determined with magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow is predictive of survival outcome in patients with multiple myeloma

BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable cancer. Treatment often is initiated at the time patients experience a progressive increase in tumor burden. The authors of this report investigated magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow (BM-MRI) as a novel approach to quantify disease burden and validated a staging system by correlating BM-MRI with common clinical and laboratory parameters. METHODS: The extent of bone marrow involvement was evaluated by BM-MRI. Clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed in patients with active MM, and correlations between variables were assessed statistically. Bone marrow involvement by BM-MRI was defined as stage A (0%), stage B ( 50%). RESULTS: In total, 170 consecutive patients were evaluated (77 women and 93 men), including 144 patients who had active MM. The median age was 61 years (age range, 35-83 years). Advance stage disease (stage >I) based on Durie-Salmon (DS) staging or International Staging System (ISS) criteria was observed in 122 patients (84%) and 77 patients (53%), respectively. Lytic bone disease was noted in 120 patients (83%). There was a significant association between BM-MRI involvement and DS stage (P = .0006), ISS stage (P = .0001), the presence of lytic bone disease (P < .0001) and mean β-2 microglobulin levels (P < .0001). Among the patients with previously untreated MM, there was a significant association between BM-MRI stage and overall survival (OS) (univariate P = .013; multivariate P = .045). Plasmacytosis on bone marrow biopsy at diagnosis was not predictive of OS (P = .91). CONCLUSIONS: BM-MRI is a novel approach for quantifying disease burden in patients with MM. The current investigation in a large cohort of nontransplantion MM patients demonstrated that the extent of bone marrow involvement determined by BM-MRI correlates accurately with other conventional parameters of disease burden and can independently predict survival in patients with MM at the time of initial diagnosis. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Raphasatin Is a More Potent Inducer of the Detoxification Enzymes Than Its Degradation Products

Abstract: The biological activity of cruciferous vegetables is hypothesized to be due to the metabolites of a class of phytochemicals called glucosinolates. The chemical properties of these metabolites, including isothiocyanates, determine the biological activity of these compounds and thus their effects on human health. The 2 primary radish (Raphanus sativus L.) glucosinolates, glucoraphasatin, and glucoraphenin, were isolated using solid phase extraction followed by preparative HPLC purification. In an aqueous environment, 77.6% of the maximum amount of sulforaphene produced by the metabolism of glucoraphenin was present after 24 h. Under the same conditions raphasatin, the isothiocyanate metabolite of glucoraphasatin and the oxidized counterpart of sulforaphene, was highly unstable with a half-life of less than 30 min and no raphasatin was detectable after 24 h. In HepG2 cells, raphasatin-induced quinone reductase activity and the RNA expression of several phase 1 and 2 detoxification enzymes by a significantly greater amount than the degradation products of raphasatin. Raphasatin, but not its degradation products, activated the antioxidant response element (ARE) in a stably-transfected reporter cell line. Mice fed a diet consisting of 20% freeze dried radishes for 2 wk had significantly higher liver expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, 1A2, quinone reductase, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and glutathione S-transferase α2 than mice fed a nutritionally-matched control diet. Practical Application: Glucoraphasatin, the primary glucosinolate in radishes, is metabolized into an isothiocyanate (raphasatin) that has biological activity but is also unstable in an aqueous environment. Despite the instability of raphasatin, dietary exposure to radishes produced significant induction of detoxification enzymes. Understanding the chemical properties of raphasatin, both in terms of biological activity and instability, could help develop processing methods to retain the most activity from radishes, glucoraphasatin, and raphasatin.
Magnesium disorders in horses

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential macroelement that is required for cellular energy-dependent reactions involving adenosine triphosphate and for the regulation of calcium channel function. Subclinical hypomagnesemia is common in critically ill humans and animals and increases the severity of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome; worsens the systemic response to endotoxins; and can lead to ileus, cardiac arrhythmias, refractory hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia. This article discusses the clinical signs, consequences, and treatment of hypomagnesemia in horses and describes the association of Mg and endotoxemia, insulin resistance, and brain injury.
Physical factors in the progression of stenotic vascular lesions.

An explanation of the progression of stenotic lesions was sought in animal experiments. After surgical decrease of the lumen of arteries, progressive ingrowth of fibrous connective tissue led to the development of stenosis with changes in the artery that resembled those of coarctation. These changes are explained by the action of local blood pressures. Phenomena such as progressive stenosis, valvulogenesis, patterns of lipid infiltration, medial hypertrophy, thinning, and cystic change are discussed in terms of the concepts derived from these studies.
Equal employment opportunity and female employment in police agencies

Abstract One of the most significant developments in public personnel administration in the past decade has been imposition of the equal employment opportunity mandate. Of special importance to the traditionally male police profession is the requirement that all aspects of public service be open to women. This article discusses the application of equal employment opportunity law to women in policing. It outlines the two major theories of discrimination and then illustrates forms of discrimination against women in law enforcement agencies which have received judicial attention.
Pullback atherectomy (PAC) for the treatment of complex bifurcation coronary artery disease

We report initial successful results using a novel retrograde cutting (pullback) atherectomy catheter (PAC) to treat complex bifurcation coronary artery disease, in 2 patients. In one case a bifurcation lesion involving the left anterior descending and a large diagonal branch was treated without the need for two-wire or kissing-balloon technique. In the second case a high-grade eccentric lesion of the right coronary artery at the site of a right ventricular marginal branch was treated successfully. This report describes the first clinical application of pullback atherectomy in human coronary circulation, and suggests that this device may play a useful role in the treatment of complex bifurcation coronary artery disease. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Management of Otitis Media and the New Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Guideline

In these times of increasing dominance of managed care and diminishing autonomy for practitioners of medicine, any government pronouncement can be viewed as yet another of many annoyances. For otolaryngologists who yearn for the days when there were not so many intermediaries involved in patient care, the newly issued Clinical Practice Guideline, Otitis Media with Effusion in Young Children 1 (see reference 2 for highlights) may seem more of an ominous threat than anything remotely beneficial. However, given the inexorable changes that are occurring, the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) otitis media guideline is probably going to be more helpful than harmful.
Chromosome mapping of human cell surface molecules: Monoclonal anti-human lymphocyte antibodies 4F2, A3D8, and A1G3 define antigens controlled by different regions of chromosome 11

Monoclonal antibodies 4F2, A3D8, and A1G3, directed against cell surface antigens present on subsets of human cells, were used to identify the human chromosome regions that code for the antigenic determinants. Human fibroblasts expressed all three antigens, and no cross-reactivity with Chinese hamster or mouse cells was found. Fourteen rodent x human somatic cell hybrids, derived from six different human donors and from two different Chinese hamster and one mouse cell line, were studied simultaneously for human chromosome content and for antibody binding as detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Concordancy with binding of all three antibodies was observed only for human chromosome 11. All other chromosomes were excluded by three or more discordant hybrid clones. Data from six hybrids containing three different regions of chromosome 11 indicate that it is the long arm of chromosome 11 which is both necessary and sufficient for expression of the human antigen defined by 4F2 while the antigen(s) defined by A3D8 and A1G3 map to short arm.
Direct identification of early synthetic dyes: FT-Raman study of the illustrated broadside prints of José Gaudalupe Posada (1852–1913)

Fourier Transform (FT)-Raman spectroscopy was used for the non-invasive, direct identification of colorants used to dye historical printed papers, overcoming obstacles such as low concentration of the dye, faded colors and fluorescence interference of the aged paper substrate.
Two characteristic properties of the generalized negative binomial distribution

Infinite divisibility condition and a relation between the mean and variance are used to characterize the generalized negative binomial distribution.
Defect generation in gate oxides during the polysilicon doping and activation process

Abstract Doped polysilicon films have become a very important part of semiconductor technology. Defect generation in the polysilicon doping/activation process, as shown in this report, can severely reduce gate oxide quality. Whether the doping process is by ion implantation, in-situ dopant deposition with polysilicon, or, spin-on dopant diffusion into polysilicon, capacitor yields with thin gate oxide are increasingly degraded by increasing dopant concentration, increasing activation temperature and increasing activation time. In highly doped polysilicon gate processing for submicron CMOS, defect densities in the gate oxide are shown to be near 10 cm -2 , after BF + 2 or As + self aligned, source/drain implant and activation. After a low dose implant and activation however, such as used in a silicided polygate process, the defect density is only 0.002 cm -2 . These phenomena can have a large effect on megabit memory yields.
Microstructural aspects of fatigue in Ni-base superalloys

Nickel-base superalloys are primarily used as components in jet engines and land-based turbines. While compositionally complex, they are microstructurally simple, consisting of small (501000nm diam...
Social hierarchies: size and growth modification in clownfish.

Sex change is not the only way these fish achieve dominance — they grow into the role. Conflicts of interest are part and parcel of living in a social group, although these can reduce the fitness of individual members. Here I show that clownfish (Amphiprion percula) adjust their size and growth rate according to their position in the group hierarchy, maintaining a well-defined size difference with respect to individuals above them in social rank. This strategy to prevent conflict is a surprising departure from the more usual ploy used by many animals of modifying their behaviour within the group1,2.
Shifts in perceived size as a function of contrast and temporal modulation.

Abstract It has been suggested that perceived size depends upon the distribution of responses among a localixed population of different size-tuned mechanisms. If so, then manipulations which alter this distribution should also affect perceived size. We therefore studied the effects of luminance contrast and mode of temporal presentation on size perception. Both manipulations produce significant shifts in perceived size. The results suggest that at least two factors contribute to the size percept. For small and intermediate size patterns, perceived size depends primarily on the local distribution of size-tuned mechanism responses, whereas for wide patterns, the spatial distribution of mechanism responses plays a major role.
A general architecture in support of interactive, multimedia, location-based mobile applications

The widespread use of cellular telephones and the availability of user-location information are facilitating the development of new personalized, location-based applications. However, as of today, most of these applications are unidirectional and text-based where the user subscribes and the system sends a text message when appropriate. This article describes a modular and general architecture that supports the development of interactive, multimedia, location-based applications, providing an extra level of service to the users. The flexibility of the architecture is demonstrated by presenting the wireless safety security system (Wi-Via) and other potential applications
Bus Automata For Intelligent Robots And Computer Vision

Bus automata (BA's) are arrays of automata, each controlling a module of a global interconnection network, an automaton and its module constituting a cell. Connecting modules permits cells to become effectively nearest neighbors even when widely separated. This facilitates parallelism in computation far in excess of that allowed by the "bucket-brigade" communication bottleneck of traditional cellular automata (CA's). Distributed information storage via local automaton states permits complex parallel data processing for rapid pattern recognition, language parsing and other distributed computation at systolic array rates. Global BA architecture can be entirely changed in the time to make one cell state transition. The BA is thus a neural model (cells correspond to neurons) with network plasticity attractive for brain models. Planar (chip) BA's admitting optical input (phototransistors) become powerful retinal models. The distributed input pattern is optically fed directly to distributed local memory, ready for distributed processing, both "retinally" and cooperatively with other BA chips ("brain"). This composite BA can compute control signals for output organs, and sensory inputs other than visual can be utilized similarly. In the BA retina is essentially brain, as in mammals (retina and brain are embryologically the same). The BA can also model opto-motor response (frogs, insects) or sonar response (dolphins, bats), and is proposed as the model of choice for the brains of future intelligent robots and for computer eyes with local parallel image processing capability. Multidimensional formal languages are introduced, corresponding to BA's and patterns the way generative grammars correspond to sequential machines, and applied to fractals and their recognition by BA's.
Scanning properties of faceted reflectarrays

Scanning properties of fully planar reflectarrays and piecewise planar parabolic reflectarrays (PPP) have been investigated. A few beamwidths of scan may be produced by lateral displacement of the feed for reflectarrays designed for a centered feed except for the case of tilted PPP reflectarrays. The excessive scan loss incurred in the tilted PPP reflectarray is studied in this paper. PPP reflectarrays employed in space based radar interferometric systems to produce nadir looking dual-polarized dual-beams may be designed using rectangular patches without requiring beam scan.
The role of dislocations and surface morphology in calcite dissolution

Abstract We have measured the dissolution rate for undeformed (ρ ~ 10 3 dislocations · cm −2 ) calcite to be 3.1 × 10 −10 mol · cm −2 · s −1 in free-drift rotating disk experiments at 1160 rpm, 25°C and pH 8.6 in 0.7 M KCl solution far from equilibrium. The rate increased by a factor of ~2.3 for a strained sample (ρ = 6 × 10 8 · cm −2 ) . Dissolution rates of calcite far from equilibrium were observed to depend on surface preparation and surface morphology resulting from defects outcropping at the crystal surface, but large rate increases due to surface roughness were not observed. The high dissolution rate for mechanically polished surfaces is attributed to enhanced dissolution at cracks and dislocation loops produced in the grinding process. The initial dissolution rate for cleaved surfaces depends on the surface morphology, but reaches a reproducible steady state value when a constant bimodal size distribution of intersecting pits with time-independent wall slope (θ ~ 3°) is achieved (t > 3 h) . Steady state is also characterized by a constant ratio of sloped to relatively flat surface. The two populations of etch pits consist of abundant, short-lived, small etch pits (attributed to nucleation at impurity or point defect clusters) and long-lived, larger point-bottomed pits (attributed to dislocations). Consistent with this interpretation, significant dissolution at an abundance of nondislocation nucleation sites in undeformed calcite explains the relatively small increase in dissolution rate for strained samples. Simulation of bulk crystal dissolution based on etch pit growth rates is in reasonable agreement with observed dissolution rates and surface morphology and indicates that discontinuous dissolution at dislocations is necessary to explain the observed steady state surface morphology. Activation energies for pit deepening and widening were measured between 5 and 50°C as 27 ± 5 and 37 ± 3 kJ · mol −1 , respectively. These values are lower than the measured activation energy for bulk dissolution (59 ± 12 kJ · mol −1 ) .
Recovering from intrusions in distributed systems with DARE

Dare is a system that recovers system integrity after intrusions that spread between machines in a distributed system. Dare extends the rollback-and-reexecute recovery model of Retro [14] to distributed system recovery by solving the following challenges: tracking dependencies across machines, repairing network connections, minimizing distributed repair, and dealing with long-running daemon processes. This paper describes an early prototype of Dare, presents some preliminary results, and discusses open problems.
Assistive devices in the rehabilitation on patients with electrical burns--three case reports

Limb amputation is a devastating sequela in patients with high-voltage electrical injuries, which may result in permanent disability. It is vital for rehabilitation professionals to assist patients with amputations to maximize their residual function. This can be done using a myriad of therapeutic adaptation methods such as orthotics, prosthetics, and assistive devices so that an optimal performance in daily activities can be achieved. This article describes how 3 patients, after electrical trauma with various levels of amputation, benefited from customized assistive devices, which are simple but effective. Patients' functioning in self-care, home, and work activities was improved. This, in turn, led to an enhanced quality of life. In addition, guidelines for fabrication of assistive devices are formulated.
The Wilson era : essays in honor of Arthur S. Link

Part 1 The making of a historian: "The Formative Years", B.Tindall "The Maturing of a Scholar", Richard W.Leopold. Part 2 New perspectives on the progressive years: "The Social Context of Southern Progressivism, 1880-1930", William A.Link "Cinema and Class Conflict - Labour, Capital, the State and American Silent Film", Steven J.Ross "The Limits of Voluntarism - Farmers, County Agents and the Conservation Movement", William H.Harbaugh. Part 3 The struggle over the League of Nations: "Public Culture and Public Opinion - The League of Nations Controversy in New Jersey and North Carolina", Ralph B.Levering "Fools Errand or Finest Hour?" - Woodrow Wilson's Speaking Tour in September 1919", John Milton Cooper Jr. Part 4 Woodrow Wilson reassessed: "'A Gospel of Order' - Woodrow Wilson's Religion and Politics", John M.Mulder "Kennan Versus Wilson", Thomas J.Knock.
Acts of discrimination: Evidence from the 1989 housing discrimination study

This paper demonstrates the persistence of racial and ethnic discrimination in housing using evidence from the 1989 HUD-sponsored Housing Discrimination Study (HDS). The evidence comes from fair housing audits, a survey technique in which a black person and a white person (or an Hispanic and an Anglo) who are identically qualified for housing, successively visit a sales or rental agent. Discrimination is defined as systematically less favorable treatment of minority auditors. This paper focuses on the number of acts of discrimination in several types of agent behavior, including providing information about available units, offering assistance in finding a mortgage, or offering special rental incentives. On average, black and Hispanic house buyers encounter one act of discrimination each time they inquire about housing. The comparable figures for black and Hispanic apartment seekers are 0.83 acts and 0.53 acts, respectively. Multivariate analysis supports both the hypothesis that agents discriminate because of their own personal prejudice and the hypothesis that they discriminate because of the prejudice of their actual and potential Anglo customers.
Geometric harmonics: A novel tool for multiscale out-of-sample extension of empirical functions

Abstract We describe a simple scheme, based on the Nystrom method, for extending empirical functions f defined on a set X to a larger set X ¯ . The extension process that we describe involves the construction of a specific family of functions that we term geometric harmonics. These functions constitute a generalization of the prolate spheroidal wave functions of Slepian in the sense that they are optimally concentrated on X. We study the case when X is a submanifold of R n in greater detail. In this situation, any empirical function f on X can be characterized by its decomposition over the intrinsic Fourier modes, i.e., the eigenfunctions of the Laplace–Beltrami operator, and we show that this intrinsic frequency spectrum determines the largest domain of extension of f to the entire space R n . Our analysis relates the complexity of the function on the training set to the scale of extension off this set. This approach allows us to present a novel multiscale extension scheme for empirical functions.