cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward the standardization of electronic guidelines.

ions Supported Explicitly Models Patient Preferences No No No No No No No Current Trends and Future Directions The guideline community is eager to facilitate authoring of well-structured, computer-encoded guidelines that can be delivered to the point of care, and integrated into applications used by providers in the course of delivering care. While many such applications have been implemented 39 40, 41, there has been no standardized way to represent the medical knowledge upon which such applications operate. Because of this, it is difficult to share applications and knowledge bases. A number of organizations and research groups are engaged in developing approaches to computerencoded guidelines for the above purposes, but there is still little standardization to facilitate sharing or to enable adaptation to local practice settings. Nonetheless, considerable progress has been made. In March, 2000, an international workshop “Toward Sharable Guideline Representation” was held in Boston, organized by the InterMed Collaboratory, and sponsored by the US Army, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the National Library of Medicine (NLM), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The workshop included representatives from eight different countries, among whom were stakeholders from academia, government agencies, professional organizations, insurers, providers, and industry, who recognize the need for a standard sharable computer-interpretable guideline representation format. The workshop resulted in five task forces that are pursuing a sharable guideline representation standard through exploration of functional requirements of guidelines, modeling and representation, special needs of clinical trials, infrastructure and tools, and organizational framework for continuing these activities. Any one who is interested in joining these teams is welcome to do so through the www.GLIF.org website. The most important near-term goals are to move toward adoption of a common standard, and to create prototype authoring tools that can encode a set of medically sound, well-validated guidelines and then provide a mechanism for these guidelines to be linked seamlessly to the electronic health record. One can easily imagine busy clinicians using information conveniently made available at the places and points in time when that information can assist them with the work-up of patients or development of management plans. It is equally easy to understand why busy clinicians in an overworked medical system fail to utilize this same information if it is accessible in a less convenient or timely fashion. Development of shareable computerized CPGs will benefit health plans that wish to reduce costs through undesirable practice variation. Most importantly, patients will benefit from reduction in adverse events and medical errors, which will result from increased integration of decision support in clinical practice.
Beyond Gap Gazing: How Can Thinking About Education Comprehensively Help Us (Re)envision Mathematics Education?

One cannot talk about equity these days without being politically correct. In fact, in the United States, “equity” has become an empty signifier manipulated in/through discourse (Dixon-Roman, in press). For example, although many use “the achievement gap” as an important call for school accountability around needed resources and additional support for marginalized students, (e.g., Education Trust 2005), such discourse has done little more than replace “the culture of poverty” in the latest of deficit frameworks. That is, while equity issues are becoming more mainstream in the mathematics education community, theoretical framings continue to reflect equality rather than justice, static identities of teachers and students rather than multiple, fluid, or contradictory ones (Gutierrez 2002, 2007; Martin 2009) and schooling rather than education. Whenever words like “quality,” “democracy,” and “equity” are used, we must first unpack what these terms mean and then examine who benefits from the definitions employed.
The Operation of a Traveler Information Center: The Foundation for Benefits to Travelers The Case of the TravInfo Field Operational Test

This paper describes the operations of the Traveler Information Center (TIC) component of the TravInfo advanced traveler information system (ATIS) operating in the San Francisco Bay Area. It focuses on the operations of the TIC during the programs nine to twelve months of operation. Emphasis is on the operator interface and communications interface components.
Ad/dressing the nation: drag and authenticity in post-apartheid South Africa.

SUMMARY This paper examines a style of drag in South Africa that features “traditional African” clothing. In a region in which homosexuality is denigrated as a colonial, European import and “unAfrican,” the meaning of “traditional drag” is deeply inflected by the question of cultural authenticity. This dragging practice fits within a distinctly post-colonial production of tradition and its self-conscious display-in the form of attire-of a decidedly “gay” one. Traditional drag also responds to ongoing politics within and between lesbian and gay communities about racial “representivity” and “transformation.” The paper focuses on displays of traditional drag at Johannesburg's Gay and Lesbian Pride Parade but also explores the complex politics of publicity and address suggested by varying contexts in which traditional dress and drag are mobilized.
Mania: psychiatric manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome.

Background Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a prothrombotic condition characterized by recurrent vascular thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity in the presence of circulating antiphospholipid antibodies. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is a prominent feature of APS, and many neurological manifestations have been described in published reports. There are limited data on psychiatric syndromes occurring in association with APS, and there have been no previous reports of mania associated with APS. Method The authors present the case of a 31-year-old man who experienced an acute manic episode in association with APS. They review the literature on psychiatric manifestations of APS, discuss potential mechanisms of CNS pathogenesis, and consider diagnostic and treatment implications of the co-occurrence of APS and psychiatric symptoms.
Mechanisms for copper acquisition, distribution and regulation

Copper (Cu) is a redox-active metal ion essential for most aerobic organisms. Cu serves as a catalytic and structural cofactor for enzymes that function in energy generation, iron acquisition, oxygen transport, cellular metabolism, peptide hormone maturation, blood clotting, signal transduction and a host of other processes. The inability to control Cu balance is associated with genetic diseases of overload and deficiency and has recently been tied to neurodegenerative disorders and fungal virulence. The essential nature of Cu, the existence of human genetic disorders of Cu metabolism and the potential impact of Cu deposition in the environment have been driving forces for detailed investigations in microbial and eukaryotic model systems. Here we review recent advances in the identification and function of cellular and systemic molecules that drive Cu accumulation, distribution and sensing.
Systemic Metabolic Alterations Associated with Repeated Injections of a Modified Polyriboinosinic-Polyribocytidylic Acid Complex

Polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid complexed with poly-1-lysine and injected intramuscularly into rats (0.3 or 3.0 mg/kg) produced fever, altered leukocyte count, slightly depressed plasma zinc, increased amino acid uptake into liver, and increased plasma acute-phase globulins two- to threefold. It is suggested that these systemic metabolic alterations are indicative of a mild inflammatory response to this drug. The metabolic alterations may have to be taken into consideration when polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid complexed with poly-1-lysine is used in therapy.
Education and earnings in the health professions.

The Recognition Lecture is an annual honor awarded by the Association of American Veterinary Colleges (AAVMC) to an individual whose leadership and vision have made significant contributions to academic veterinary medicine and the veterinary profession. In 2012, this prestigious honor was bestowed upon Dr. Malcolm Getz, who has advanced the understanding of the economics of academic veterinary medical higher education and the private practice veterinary profession. Dr. Getz is an associate professor of economics in the department of economics at Vanderbilt University. He has been a faculty member in economics at Vanderbilt since 1973. He was Director of the Jean and Alexander Heard Library (1984–1994) and Associate Provost for Information Services and Technology (1985–1994). An accomplished writer, he has authored four monographs, two textbooks, and many essays. He earned his BA in economics from Williams College in 1967 and his PhD in economics from Yale University in 1973. In his lecture to attendees of the AAVMC Annual Meeting in March of 2012, Dr. Getz discussed the relationship between education and earnings across health professions. Dr. Getz has reviewed the economics of several different health science professions including medicine, dentistry, nursing, and physician assistants, as well as veterinary medicine. His breadth of understanding the strengths, weaknesses, and trends of these different professions provides insights into the future and subsequent modifications that will take place to sustain the benefits each profession offers to society at a reasonable cost. All health professions are facing challenges, economic and otherwise. By reviewing these challenges, the veterinary profession can avoid circumstances that are not economically viable for society to bear. Dr. Getz makes intriguing arguments for modification of educational programs, resulting in lower educational costs while still meeting the needs of society. —Bennie Osburn, DVM, PhD, DACVP, DAAVI, DAVES (hon.), Former Interim Executive Director, AAVMC; Dean Emeritus, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis
Optically characterizing vascular tissue constructs made with soluble versus homogenized collagen

The ability of optical imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) to non-destructively characterize tissue-engineered constructs has generated enormous interest recently. We are testing the hypothesis that OCT data can be used to characterize the cellularity of collagen-based vascular constructs made from 2 types of collagen scaffold matrix: soluble collagen and homogenized collagen. Smooth muscle cells were seeded in these 2 scaffold matrices at a seeding density of 1×106 cells/ml. The disk-shaped constructs were allowed to remodel and compact in the incubator for 96 hours. OCT imaging of the constructs occurred at 24 hour intervals. From the OCT data, the attenuation and reflectivity were evaluated by fitting the data to a theoretical model that relates the tissue optical properties (scattering coefficient and anisotropy factor) and imaging conditions to the OCT signal. The fitted optical properties were compared to the construct volume. Representative H&E histological sections of the constructs were used to assess cell proliferation. Our data showed that the optical properties of the solubilized constructs changed over time while those of the homogenized constructs did not, in agreement with the histology and compaction observations.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluating menopausal women with histories of thrombotic and phlebitic symptoms for HRT

Abstract We studied the use of a complete hemostatic profile for evaluating postmenopausal (PMP) women with histories of thrombosis or phlebitis who were presenting for hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Eighteen PMP women with histories of thrombotic or phlebitic symptoms who presented to our Menopausal Unit for HRT underwent complete hemostatic profiles, and decisions regarding HRT use were made based on the results and concurrent risk-factor analysis. Nine of 18 women had a hemostatic abnormality: one protein C, six protein S, one activated protein C resistance, and one anticardiolipin (ACA) antibody. None of the patients with protein C or S deficiencies subsequently received HRT. The patient with a positive ACA has used HRT with coumadin, without incident. Five of the nine patients with normal profiles have been treated with HRT without any short-term complications. A complete hemostatic evaluation thus aids in diagnosing underlying hypercoagulable states and may be useful for directing medical decisions regarding HRT for PMP women with histories of thrombosis or phlebitis.
Bone formation in vivo: comparison of osteogenesis by transplanted mouse and human marrow stromal fibroblasts.

Background Marrow stromal fibroblasts (MSFs) are known to contain bone precursor cells. However, the osteogenic potential of human MSFs has been poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to compare the osteogenic capacity of mouse and human MSFs after implantation in vivo. Methods After in vitro expansion, MSFs were loaded into a number of different vehicles and transplanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. Results Mouse MSFs transplanted within gelatin, polyvinyl sponges, and collagen matrices all formed a capsule of cortical-like bone surrounding a cavity with active hematopoiesis. In transplants of MSFs from transgenic mice harboring type I procollagen-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase constructs, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity was maintained for up to 14 weeks, indicating prolonged bone formation by transplanted MSFs. New bone formation by human MSFs was more dependent on both the in vitro expansion conditions and transplantation vehicles. Within gelatin, woven bone was observed sporadically and only after culture in the presence of dexamethasone and L-ascorbic acid phosphate magnesium salt n-hydrate. Consistent bone formation by human MSFs was achieved only within vehicles containing hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate ceramics (HA/TCP) in the form of blocks, powder, and HA/TCP powder-type I bovine fibrillar collagen strips, and bone was maintained for at least 19 weeks. Cells of the new bone were positive for human osteonectin showing their donor origin. HA/TCP powder, the HA/TCP powder-type I bovine fibrillar collagen strips, and HA/TCP powder held together with fibrin were easier to load and supported more extensive osteogenesis than HA/TCP blocks and thus may be more applicable for therapeutic use. Conclusions In this article, we describe the differences in the requirements for mouse and human MSFs to form bone, and report the development of a methodology for the consistent in vivo generation of extensive bone from human MSFs.
Response of a fiber Bragg grating ultrasonic sensor

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor for detection of ultrasonic waves in liquids and solid structures is investigated. The sensor contains a fiber probe with a FBG, a tunable narrowband laser source, and a photodetector. When ultrasonic waves impinge on the fiber probe, the pitch of the grating is modulated through the elasto-optic effect. The corresponding changes in reflectivity of the grating are detected by a photodetector. The sensitivity of the sensor and its frequency and directional response in the 0.5 to 3.0 MHz range are measured. Some anomalous features of the FBG ultrasound sensor response are noted. It is shown that these features result from a combination of the sensor's response to the direct ultrasonic waves propagating through the medium and the signal generated by axially guided ultrasonic waves propagating through the fiber probe.
Retention and Transport of Nutrients in a Third-Order Stream: Channel Processes

Chloride was injected as a conservative tracer with nitrate to examine nitrate retention (storage plus biotic uptake) and transport in a 327-m reach of a third-order stream draining a forested basin in northwestern California. Prior to injections, diel patterns of nutrient concentrations were measured under background conditions. Nitrate concentration of stream water increased downstream, indicating that the reach was a source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to downstream communities under background, low-flow conditions, despite uptake by photoautotrophs. At the onset of continuous solute injection over a 10-d period, timing the passage of the solute front indicated that storage dominated nitrate retention. Instantaneous concentration differences at the base of the reach at hour 24 indicated that biotic uptake accounted for 13% of the nitrate amendment while hydrologic storage constituted 29%. Corrected for groundwater dilution (11.7%), saturation of the stream's channel and hyporheic zones was not complete until 6.8 d of continuous injection. By day 3 nitrate retention was dominated by biotic processes. Biotic uptake was greatest during daylight hours indicating retention by photoautotrophs, but also occurred during darkness. After 10 d of continuous injection, mass balance calculations indicated that 29% of N (339 g) was retained from the total injected (1155 g), while the balance of injected nitrate was transported downstream. Storage of NO3-N was 117 g or 10% while biotic uptake was 222 g or 19%. Periphyton biomass on slides, chlorophyll a both on slides and on natural cobbles, and net community primary production all indicated a lag in periphyton response to nitrate amendment. Earliest indicators of a biotic response to nutrient amendment were decreases in both tissue C/N and epilithic respiration.
Magnetic storm effects in the neutral composition

Thermospheric wind circulation excited during magnetic storm shown as effective mechanism for removing atomic oxygen at high latitudes
Intermediary Metabolism of Antibiotic Resistant and Antibiotic Sensitive Staphylococci. I. Pyruvate, Glucose and Acetate.

SummaryEvidence is presented that while whole cell preparations of antibiotic resistant staphylococci did not oxidize pyruvate, lysed cell preparations did. Magnesium ions and Mg++ plus cocarboxylase, but not cocarboxylase alone, stimulated pyruvate oxidation by lysed cells, but had no effect on the activity of whole cells. Activity of isolated cell free extracts, cell surface components, and chelating ability of tetracycline are being studied.
PEGylated liposomal Gemcitabine: insights into a potential breast cancer therapeutic

Nanoencapsulation of chemotherapeutics is an established method to target breast tumors and has been shown to enhance the efficacy of therapy in various animal models. During the past two decades, the nucleoside analog Gemcitabine has been under investigation to treat both recalcitrant and localized breast cancer, often in combination with other chemotherapeutics. In this study, we investigated the chemotherapeutic efficacy of a novel Gemcitabine-encapsulated liposome previously formulated by our group, GemPo, on both sensitive (4T1) and recalcitrant (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cell lines. Gemcitabine free drug and liposomal Gemcitabine were compared both in vitro and in vivo using breast cancer models. We demonstrated that GemPo differently hindered the growth, survival and migration of breast cancer cells, according to their drug sensitivities. Specifically, whereas GemPo was a more potent cytotoxic and apoptotic agent in sensitive breast cancer cells, it more potently inhibited cell migration in the resistant cell line. However, GemPo still acted as a more potent inhibitor of migration, in comparison with free Gemcitabine, irrespective of cell sensitivity. Administration of GemPo in a 4T1-bearing mouse model inhibited tumor growth while increasing mice survival, as compared with free Gemcitabine and a vehicle control. Interestingly, the inclusion of a mitotic inhibitor, Paclitaxel, synergized only with free Gemcitabine in this model, yet was as effective as GemPo alone. However, inclusion of Paclitaxel with GemPo significantly improved mouse survival. Our study is the first to demonstrate the pleiotropic effects of Gemcitabine and Gemcitabine-loaded nanoparticles in breast cancer, and opens the door for a novel treatment for breast cancer patients.
Visual analysis in single case experimental design studies: Brief review and guidelines

Visual analysis of graphic displays of data is a cornerstone of studies using a single case experimental design (SCED). Data are graphed for each participant during a study with trend, level, and stability of data assessed within and between conditions. Reliable interpretations of effects of an intervention are dependent on researchers' understanding and use of systematic procedures. The purpose of this paper is to provide readers with a rationale for visual analysis of data when using a SCED, a step-by-step guide for conducting a visual analysis of graphed data, as well as to highlight considerations for persons interested in using visual analysis to evaluate an intervention, especially the importance of collecting reliability data for dependent measures and fidelity of implementation of study procedures.
The Communicative Value of Conversational Hand Gesture

Abstract Three experiments investigated the extent to which spontaneous gestural accompaniments to a spoken message enhance the message′s communicative effectiveness. All three employed a modified referential communication task in which subjects (speakers) were videotaped as they described a stimulus to a partner, who then tried to select it from a set of similar stimuli. Half of the dyads communicated face-to-face; the remainder were in different rooms and communicated over an intercom. The videotaped descriptions were presented to the new subjects (listeners), who tried to select the stimulus described. Half of these listeners both saw and heard the videotape; the remainder only heard the soundtrack. The three experiments differed in the type of stimulus the speakers described: abstract graphic designs, novel synthesized sounds, or samples of tea. Communication accuracy (i.e., the rate at which listeners selected the correct stimulus) was better than chance in all three experiments, but in none was accuracy enhanced by allowing the listener to see the speaker′s gestures. The results bring into question the assumption that the communication of semantic information is a primary function of conversational hand gestures.
3-acetyloleanolic acid from Phytolacca americana seeds

Abstract 3-Acetyloleanolic acid has been obtained from the seeds of Phytolacca americana L. It has not been detected in other parts of the plant. Oleanolic acid has been detected in the roots.
Dancers Exult at the Awakening

. This article explores the art form of dance as a metaphor for the teaching of theology. Employing the work of Maria Harris, the author contends that there are seven elements of dance than can serve as metaphors for teachers of theology: preparation, rhythm, movement, expectancy, response, embodiment, and performance. Each dance element is described in detail, and the correlations between specific elements of dance and how one might teach theology are presented as possible methodological steps for teaching.
Heat-induced saliva secretion and thermoregulation in female rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions.

Abstract A previous study demonstrated that ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions reduce basal saliva secretion in rats. This study examined the salivary response of female VMH rats to temperature. VMH rats displayed lower saliva secretion than control rats at ambient temperatures of 22°C, 31°C, 36°C, and 41°C. Control rats significantly increased saliva secretion when exposed to 36°C whereas VMH rats did not increase saliva secretion until an ambient temperature of 41°C. VMH rats had lower body temperatures than controls. Core body temperature of VMH rats at an ambient temperature of 41°C, 36°C, and 31°C was equal to that of controls at an ambient temperature of 36°C, 31°C and 22°C, respectively. When equated for body temperature, saliva secretion of VMH and control rats was not significantly different at high core body temperature. VMH rats salivated less than controls at lower core body temperatures.
Distraction and Sex Role as Determinants of Compliance with a Request for Help

Summary The extent to which distraction and message wording affected compliance to a request for help was studied among 83 college students. Males and females requested assistance using either sex-role appropriate or sex-role inappropriate message wording. Background distraction was low or high. As expected, a significant Sex of Requester × Message Wording × Level of Distraction interaction [F(1,67) = 4.57, p < .05] indicated that distraction increased willingness to help when the message wording was sex-role inappropriate, but decreased helping when the message was sex-role appropriate. These findings suggest that distraction can either enhance or inhibit an altruistic request depending upon the target's subvocal response to the message.
A structurally based stress-stretch relationship for tendon and ligament

We propose a mechanical model for tendon or ligament stress-stretch behavior that includes both microstructural and tissue level aspects of the structural hierarchy in its formulation. At the microstructural scale, a constitutive law for collagen fibers is derived based on a strain-energy formulation. The three-dimensional orientation and deformation of the collagen fibrils that aggregate to form fibers are taken into consideration. Fibril orientation is represented by a probability distribution function that is axisymmetric with respect to the fiber. Fiber deformation is assumed to be incompressible and axisymmetric. The matrix is assumed to contribute to stress only through a constant hydrostatic pressure term. At the tissue level, an average stress versus stretch relation is computed by assuming a statistical distribution for fiber straightening during tissue loading. Fiber straightening stretch is assumed to be distributed according to a Weibull probability distribution function. The resulting comprehensive stress-stretch law includes seven parameters, which represent structural and microstructural organization, fibril elasticity, as well as a failure criterion. The failure criterion is stretch based. It is applied at the fibril level for disorganized tissues but can be applied more simply at a fiber level for well-organized tissues with effectively parallel fibrils. The influence of these seven parameters on tissue stress-stretch response is discussed and a simplified form of the model is shown to characterize the nonlinear experimentally determined response of healing medial collateral ligaments. In addition, microstructural fibril organizational data (Frank et al., 1991, 1992) are used to demonstrate how fibril organization affects material stiffness according to the formulation. A simplified form, assuming a linearly elastic fiber stress versus stretch relationship, is shown to be useful for quantifying experimentally determined nonlinear toe-in and failure behavior of tendons and ligaments. We believe this ligament and tendon stress-stretch law can be useful in the elucidation of the complex relationships between collagen structure, fibril elasticity, and mechanical response.
On the Gradient Descent Localization of Radioactive Sources

We consider the robust localization of radioactive sources by using their gamma-ray count at the smallest number of sensors needed to theoretically localize. We formulate a class of non-convex cost functions and consider their gradient descent optimization. We show that in N-dimensions, if there are exactly N + 1 sensors and the source lies in their open convex hull, then this convex hull is devoid of false stationary points. Thus we augment gradient descent with random projections into the convex hull, when an estimate leaves it. We argue that convergence in probability to the correct source location, will occur. Simulations demonstrate the efficacy of this algorithm.
Rigid-rod derived amorphous polydiacetylenes

During our investigations of diacetylene monomers that exhibit thermotropic liquid-crystal phase behaviour, it was discovered that spontaneous and rapid thermal polymerization of the isotropic monomer melt takes place with some of the compounds examined. In the diacetylene monomer series containing symmetrically disubstituted 4-oxybenzylidene-4′-n-octylaniline (OBOA) side-groups attached to a butadiyne core via a polymethylene spacer, monomer liquid crystallinity is seen in the lower members of the series yet facile polymerization in the isotropic monomer melt is observed only in the lowest member of the series. This compound, 1OBOA, is believed to be rod-like in structure. It is this microstructural architecture that is believed to be responsible for imparting this unique combination of polymerization and polymer properties. Traditional molecularly flexible diacetylene monomers and the more flexible homologues in the nOBOA series do not show such facile melt-phase reactivity and do not allow the synthesis of purely amorphous conjugated polymer films.
Research on unions: Some subjects in need of scholars

Research in industrial relations, as in other disciplines, frequently is narrow in scope and follows well-trodden paths. Although this approach has produced valuable insights into some areas, it has contributed to a lack of research in areas that are increasingly important. Accordingly, after a brief review of industrial relations research over the past decade, we suggest a number of overlooked or largely neglected topics that offer considerable research potential.
Salmonella typhimurium, Hydrophobic Antibiotics, and the Intestinal Colonization of Broiler Chicks

Abstract In vitro, Salmonella typhimurium is resistant to concentrations of hydrophobic antibiotics (novobiocin, rifampicin, spectinomycin, trimethoprim) which inhibit other bacteria. Some of these antibiotics are used in poultry production. Membrane-disorganizing agents, both metal chelators and polycations, decreased the concentration of trimethoprim that inhibited the growth of S. typhimurium in vitro. Administration of novobiocin, rifampicin, and spectinomycin to the drinking water of young chicks significantly increased cecal colonization of an experimental strain of S. typhimurium. However, trimethoprim significantly reduced number of S. typhimurium in the ceca, even though this organism was resistant to trimethoprim in vitro.
Find-to-Forecast Process: An Automated Methodology for Situation Assessment

The ability to identify, process, and comprehend the essential elements of information associated with a given operational environment can be used to reason about how the actors within the environment can best respond. This is often referred to as "situation assessment," the end state of which is "situation awareness," which can be simply defined as "knowing what is going on around you." Taken together, these are important fields of study concerned with perception of the environment critical to decision-makers in many complex, dynamic domains, including aviation, military command and control, and emergency management. The primary goal of our research is to identify some of the main technical challenges associated with automated situation assessment, in general, and to propose an information processing methodology that meets those challenges, which we call Find-to-Forecast (F2F). The F2F framework supports accessing heterogeneous information (structured and unstructured), which is normalized into a standard RDF representation. Next, the F2F framework identifies mission-relevant information elements, filtering out irrelevant (or low priority) information, fusing the remaining relevant information. The next steps in the F2F process involve focusing operator attention on essential elements of mission information, and reasoning over fused, relevant information to forecast potential courses of action based on the evolving situation, changing data, and uncertain knowledge. This paper provides an overview of the overall F2F methodology, to provide context, followed by a more detailed consideration of the "focus" algorithm, which uses contextual semantics to evaluate the value of new information relative to an operator's situational understanding during evolving events.
Lost and Found: The Fall of Grace in SONNY’S BLUES

Suffering, misunderstanding, and brotherly division are some of the most potent themes of James Baldwin's short story “Sonny's Blues.” Set in 1950s Harlem against a backdrop of racial inequality an...
A General Theory for Equivalent Barotropic Thin Jets

Abstract The so-called thin-jet approximation, in which variations along the jet axis are assumed gradual in comparison with variations normal to the axis, allows the calculations of along- and cross-axis structures to be decoupled. The result is a nonlinear equation, with one lesser spatial dimension, governing the meandering of the jet. Here a new such “path equation” is constructed in the context of a one-layer, reduced-gravity model. The formalism retains two distinct physical processes: a vortex-induction mechanism, originating from the jet curvature, that causes meanders to travel downstream (i.e., usually eastward), and the planetary (beta) effect, induced by meridional displacements, that gives the meanders the allure of Rossby waves and generates a westward (i.e., usually upstream) propagation. After a brief comparison with previous path equations, analytical solutions of the new equation are explored, including solitons and other exact nonlinear wave forms. The presentation concludes with numeri...
Review of impact and solidification of molten thermal spray droplets

The unique properties of coatings created by thermal spray deposition depend on the rapid solidification of individual splats created by impinging molten droplets. However, the impact process has been little studied because of the difficulty of measuring or numerically simulating the process, which occurs very quickly over a small area. Other scientific fields have investigated the impact of liquid droplets on solid surfaces. This paper reviews these studies, along with those conducted specifically on the thermal spray process. Modelers have almost universally ignored droplet solidification during impact; however, some experimental evidence suggests that the solidification process plays a significant role in splat formation. Splashing of impacting liquid droplets, another topic that has been largely ignored, affects deposition efficiency, porosity, and bond strength, and may also affect the amount of oxides incorporated in the coating. The scaling of data from impacting millimeter-size droplets traveling at low velocities to thermal spray conditions is questioned.
Model-based redesign: indexing causal mechanisms and qualitative relations

Very rarely do physical devices function as intended by their designers the first time they are implemented. Usually, there are two ways in which the behavior of a device may deviate from the intended one: the device may not exhibit a desired behavior or it may result in an undesirable behavior. We describe a model-based method for solving the latter task. This method involves diagnosis and repair of the failed device and verification of the modified device. It uses compiled structure-behavior-function (SBF) models of how the device works. In an SBF model, the behaviors and the structural elements of a device act as indices into causal mechanisms that explain how the structure of the device produces its behaviors. The causal mechanisms in turn serve as indices into qualitative relations between device variables. The KRITIK2 system uses this indexing scheme to access relevant causal mechanisms and qualitative relations, and uses this knowledge for solving the diagnosis, repair, and verification subtasks of redesign. KRITIK2 shows that this model-based method is sufficient for parametric redesign even for devices in which a single cause results in multiple effects and a single structural element plays a role in multiple causal behaviors.
Polyhedral oligometallasilsesquioxanes as models for silica‐supported catalysts

Incompletely-condensed silsesquioxanes offer excellent potential as ligands in homogeneous models for silica-supported catalysts. This paper focuses on the chemistry of Cr and V-containing silsesquioxanes, which are proposed as models for silica-supported chromates and vanadates. It has been shown that the reactivities of these transition-metal-containing silsesquioxanes can be very different than that observed for stoichiometrically similar alkoxide or siloxide complexes. In particular, two new catalysts for the polymerization of olefins have been prepared by reacting structurally well-defined Cr and V-containing Si/O frameworks with trialkylaluminum reagents. Mechanistic studies on the vanadium system implicate high-valent V(V) complexes as the active catalytic species.
Co-ordinate control of centrosomal separation and DNA synthesis by growth regulators.

Abstract We have tested the effects of various mitogens and growth inhibitors on centrosomal separation (CS) in serum-deprived HeLa, gerbil fibroma (GF) and A431 cells. All of the agents which were mitogenic in a given cell type also stimulated CS. No agent was found which stimulated CS but failed to stimulate DNA synthesis. Inhibitors of DNA synthesis, including somatostatin, hydrocortisone, 8-bromo-cAMP, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in A431 cells, also inhibited CS in response to mitogens. In GF cells (blocked at the G1/S interface with hydroxyurea) centrosomal re-association and the decay in commitment to DNA synthesis upon serum withdrawal occurred with a similar t 1 2 (8.8 h). These results demonstrate that CS and DNA synthesis are co-ordinately regulated by a variety of stimulators and inhibitors of cell proliferation. Separation of the centrosomes, or an underlying event with which it is tightly coupled, may represent the point of cellular commitment to enter S phase.
A Review of Ductal Stenting in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Bridge to Transplantation and Hybrid Stage I Palliation

There is increasing interest in applying ductal stenting technology to high-risk patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). In this review, we present the complete history and a comprehensive up-to-date analysis of all available data on the use of ductal stenting as part of various hybrid strategies for the combined medical and surgical management of HLHS.
Genetic analysis of partial resistance to Rhizoctonia solani in the soybean cultivar ‘Savoy’

Rhizoctonia root rot, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, is a soilborne disease that can cause yield loss in soybean (Glycine max). The soybean cultivar 'Savoy' has partial resistance to R. solani. 'Savoy' was crossed to 'Jack', a cultivar that is susceptible to R. solani. Progeny from this cross was evaluated in the greenhouse for reaction to R. solani. Reaction and segregation of the F2 and F3 generations to R. solani indicated that resistance behaves as a quantitative trait. Heritability estimates indicate that selection for resistance to R. solani in soybean based on F2:3 family means would be more efficient than selecting on a single F2 plant basis.
Fracture of SnBi/Ni(P) interfaces

Fracture resistance of the interface between electroless Ni(P) and the eutectic SnBi solder alloy was examined in the as-reflowed and aged conditions, to investigate the potential role of Ni in inhibiting interfacial segregation of Bi in SnBi–Cu interconnect. In the as-reflowed condition, the fracture resistance of the SnBi/Ni(P) interface was about the same as that of the SnBi/Cu interface. Upon aging at 120 °C for 7 days the fracture resistance of the SnBi/Ni(P) interface was much higher than that of the SnBi/Cu interface. Such a difference was shown to result from the difference in fracture mechanism as the crack remained along the solder–intermetallic interface in the aged SnBi–Ni interconnect but propagated along the intermetallic–substrate interface in the aged SnBi–Cu interconnect. While fracture of the intermetallic–substrate interface in SnBi–Cu interconnect was due to Bi segregation onto that interface, no Bi was detected at the intermetallic-substrate interface in SnBi–Ni interconnects, implying that Ni(P) was effective in inhibiting the interfacial segregation of Bi.
Interaction between colloids in solutions containing dissolved polymer

Abstract The effective interaction between colloids in solutions containing dissolved polymer is investigated using integral equations. The colloidal particles are modeled as hard spheres, the polymer molecules are modeled as freely jointed hard chains, and the solvent is treated as a continuum that doesn't interact with either the colloidal particles or the polymer molecules. The model therefore concentrates on excluded volume effects in these systems. It is found that at low polymer volume fractions, the effective intermolecular potential (or potential of mean force) between the colloidal particles is attractive, thus facilitating a phase separation or precipitation of the colloids. As the polymer volume fraction is increased, the strength of this attraction increases; but a repulsive interaction appears at larger separations, which resembles the double-layer repulsion between charged colloidal particles in an aqueous solution. The effects of varying polymer chain length, colloid particle size, and polymer volume fraction on the effective potential are also studied.
Piecewise linear finite element methods are not localized

Recent results of Schatz show that standard Galerkin finite element methods employing piecewise polynomial elements of degree two and higher to approximate solutions to elliptic boundary value problems are localized in the sense that the global dependence of pointwise errors is of higher order than the overall order of the error. These results do not indicate that such localization occurs when piecewise linear elements are used. We show via simple one-dimensional examples that Schatz's estimates are sharp in that localization indeed does not occur when piecewise linear elements are used.
Understanding the response of the ionosphere-magnetosphere system to sudden solar wind density increases

[1] The different responses of the magnetosphere to sudden solar wind density enhancements are investigated. The majority of the responses are observed to have two phases: the first is due to an inductive E field propagating through the system, while the second is due to a vortex formation in the magnetosphere. However, during some events, the system displays a single-phase response. In order to understand the controlling parameters in the system response, statistical analyses of several solar wind external characteristics as well as the internal index Dst are conducted. Results of these analyses show that none of those characteristics seem to be associated with the way the geospace system responds to the abrupt solar wind density increase. Owing to the lack of statistics in the analysis, simulations investigating the effect of the solar wind Alfven Mach number on the magnetospheric response have been conducted. The simulation results indicate that the two-phase response is always present but that a low solar wind Mach number causes an indistinct two-phase response, which is difficult to identify as having two phases. Compression signals following the sudden compression at the magnetopause are carried by a fast mode wave in the magnetosphere, which propagates toward the Earth and is reflected back toward the magnetopause by the plasmapause or ionosphere. The wave is subsequently reflected back again, leading to a secondary Earthward propagation. These multiple bounces of the fast mode wave result in two groups of the two-phase responses in the ionosphere, although the second group is extremely difficult to identify in ionospheric data.
Looking Backward To See Ahead: Implications for Research, Policy, and Practice.

This chapter summarizes the unique characteristics of the higher education landscape and provides an overview of concerns and considerations of common interest to institutional researchers at colleges and universities serving diverse populations.
Isolation of Plasmid DNA rescued from single colonies ofAgrobacterium tumefaciens by means of rolling circle amplification

We report a simple method to isolate plasmids from single colonies ofAgrobacterium tumefaciens by means of rolling circle amplification. The amplified DNA can be digested by restriction enzymes for plasmid verification and transformed intoEscherichia coli for plasmid rescue. Compared with conventional procedures, this method eliminates liquid culturing ofAgrobacterium cells and subsequent DNA isolation and enables large-scale plasmid analyses.
Rheological characterization of ricotta cheeses by imperfect squeezing flow viscometry

Samples of three commercial ricotta cheeses made from whole milk, part skim milk and fat free, were compressed in a 140 mm diameter shallow Teflon container with a wide Teflon plate, of 64 or 100 mm in diameter, to induce imperfect lubricated squeezing flow. The log force versus log specimen height relationship had a linear region from which the region of a dominant squeezing flow regime could be clearly identified. Its slope was on the order of -1.0 to -0. 8 in the whole milk ricotta, -1. 6 to -0. 9 in the part skim milk and -1. 7 to -1.2 in the fat free cheese. The apparent stresses at two selected heights (I and 2 mm) and at two given times after relaxation (60 and 120 s) were sensitive measures of consistency and could be used to distinguish between the ricottas of the three types. The coefficient of variation of these measures was 10% or less, while the differences between the ricottas or the different brands were 20 to 100%. The apparent stresses, before and after relaxation, had a modest dependence on the upper plate diameter, but the latter had no effect on their sensitivity as measures of consistency. Doubling the compression rate, from 0. I to 0.2 mm. s -1 , had a relatively small effect on the magnitude of the apparent stresses, probably a consequence of the high yield stress.
On the determination of laminate and lamina shear response by tension tests

Abstract The use of laminate tension tests to determine the lamina shear stress-strain response is well documented for [±45] ns and [45] n laminates. The general applicability of this method for finding effective laminate shear modulus and average laminate shear stress-strain response for any symmetric orthotropic laminate is shown in this paper. For the special case of a symmetric bidirectional laminate consisting of any number of 0° and 90° plies, the laminate shear properties are identical to the lamina shear properties, and the test may then be used for the determination of lamina shear stress-strain response.
In Salmonella enterica, the Gcn5-Related Acetyltransferase MddA (Formerly YncA) Acetylates Methionine Sulfoximine and Methionine Sulfone, Blocking Their Toxic Effects

Protein and small-molecule acylation reactions are widespread in nature. Many of the enzymes catalyzing acylation reactions belong to the Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT; PF00583) family, named after the yeast Gcn5 protein. The genome of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 encodes 26 GNATs, 11 of which have no known physiological role. Here, we provide in vivo and in vitro evidence for the role of the MddA (methionine derivative detoxifier; formerly YncA) GNAT in the detoxification of oxidized forms of methionine, including methionine sulfoximine (MSX) and methionine sulfone (MSO). MSX and MSO inhibited the growth of an S. enterica ΔmddA strain unless glutamine or methionine was present in the medium. We used an in vitro spectrophotometric assay and mass spectrometry to show that MddA acetylated MSX and MSO. An mddA+ strain displayed biphasic growth kinetics in the presence of MSX and glutamine. Deletion of two amino acid transporters (GlnHPQ and MetNIQ) in a ΔmddA strain restored growth in the presence of MSX. Notably, MSO was transported by GlnHPQ but not by MetNIQ. In summary, MddA is the mechanism used by S. enterica to respond to oxidized forms of methionine, which MddA detoxifies by acetyl coenzyme A-dependent acetylation.