cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tolerance and Withdrawal Issues with Sedation

The stay in an ICU is a complex mixture of providing optimal care while keeping the patient safe. Critically ill patients are often agitated and anxious. Means of reducing the anxiety associated with the ICU stay include frequent reorientation and maintenance of patient comfort with sedation supplemented by analgesia as needed. Sedation may also help facilitate mechanical ventilation [1]. Various agents are used to provide sedation. The most common include benzodiazepines (BZDs), propofol, and the newer dexmedetomidine (DEX). Others include barbiturate agents (thiopental and pentobarbital); neuroleptics (chlorpromazine, droperidol, haloperidol); clonidine; etomidate; ketamine; and supplemental opioid analgesics for pain control. A common complication of sedation, especially in
An element free Galerkin formulation for stable crack growth in an elastic solid

Abstract The discrete formulation for stable crack growth in an elastic solid using the Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method based on the moving least-squares approximations has been established. The EFG method provides the ability to successfully model steep gradients, such as those that exist at a crack tip, through the introduction of an additional distribution of nodal points. In this formulation, the inertia force term in the momentum equation is converted into a spatial gradient term by employing the steady state conditions. A convective domain is employed to account for the analysis domain moving at the same speed as the crack front. A number of stable crack growth problems are examined and comparisons between the numerical predictions and analytical solutions are made for the near-tip fields, the crack opening profiles, as well as the global control parameters such as stress intensity factor K and energy release rate G .
Remediation of metal contaminated soil by EDTA incorporating electrochemical recovery of metal and EDTA

Removal of toxic heavy metals from a soil matrix by the addition of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is an effective means of remediation. The liquid stream containing the metal and chelating agent is amenable to further treatment by electrolysis in which the metal can be separated from the chelating agent. This provides a separated metal that can be removed for reuse or treated for final disposal by conventional technologies and a reclaimed EDTA stream that can be used again for treatment of contaminated soil. Under the diffusion controlled conditions of polarography or voltammetry, we observed reduction of cadmium, copper and lead ions and their protonated EDTA complexes (MHY−), but not of the non-protonated EDTA complexes (MY2−). Potentials applicable for metal deposition and, consequently, regeneration of the EDTA were established. To prevent electrochemical oxidation of EDTA during electrolysis we used a cell in which the anode and cathode compartments were separated by a cation exchange membrane. Tests with Pb-EDTA demonstrated that over 95 percent recovery of both EDTA and lead could be achieved by electrolysis. The lead that was deposited onto a copper electrode was a mixture of hydrolysis products and salts and the lead could be recovered by dissolution in acid. EDTA was equilibrated with soil before addition of lead. When electrolyzed, this sample released EDTA and deposited Pb to approximately the same extent as did the samples that had not been equilibrated with soil.
Physical problems with the vitrification of large biological systems.

Vitrification is an attractive potential pathway to the successful cryopreservation of mature mammalian organs, but modern cryobiological research on vitrification to date has been devoted mostly to experiments with solutions and with biological systems ranging in diameter from about 6 through about 100 μm. The present paper focuses on concerns which are particularly relevant to large biological systems, i.e., those systems ranging in size from approximately 10 ml to approximately 1.5 liters. New qualitative data are provided on the effect of sample size on the probability of nucleation and the ultimate size of the resulting ice crystals as well as on the probability of fracture at or below Tg. Nucleation, crystal growth, and fracture depend on cooling velocity and the magnitude of thermal gradients in the sample, which in turn depend on sample size, geometry, and cooling technique (environmental thermal history and thermal uniformity). Quantitative data on thermal gradients, cooling rates, and fracture temperatures are provided as a function of sample size. The main conclusions are as follows. First, cooling rate (from about 0.2 to about 2.5 °C/min) has a profound influence on the temperature-dependent processes of nucleation and crystal growth in 47–50% (ww) solutions of propylene glycol. Second, fracturing depends strongly on cooling rate and thermal uniformity and can be postponed to about 25 °C below Tg for a 482-ml sample if cooling is slow and uniform. Third, the presence of a carrier solution reduces the concentration of cryoprotectant needed for vitrification (Cv). However, the Cv of samples larger than about 10 ml is significantly higher than the Cv of smaller samples whether a carrier solution is present or not.
Enhancements in biologically effective ultraviolet radiation following volcanic eruptions

A radiative transfer model is used to estimate the changes in biologically effective radiation (UV-BE) at the earth's surface produced by the El Chichon (1982) and Mount Pinatubo (1991) eruptions. It is found that in both cases surface intensity can increase because the effect of ozone depletion outweighs the increased scattering.
Categorical or continuous speech perception: A new test

Abstract An important question in speech perception is whether listeners have continuous or categorical information about the acoustic signal in speech. Most traditional experimental studies have been interpreted as evidence for categorical perception. It is also argued in the present paper that more recent results taken as evidence against categorical perception are not unequivocally negative. Accordingly, further tests between continuous and categorical views of speech perception are necessary. In the present experiments, listeners were asked for continuous rather than discrete judgments in order to provide a more direct answer to this question. Subjects were asked to rate speech sounds according to where they fell on a particular speech continuum. The continua consisted of stop consonants varying in place (/bae/to/dae/) or voicing (/bae/to/pae/) or a vowel continuum varying from /i/to/I/. The distributions of rating responses of individual subjects were used to test quantitative models of categorical and continuous perception of acoustic features in speech. The results provide strong evidence against the categorical perception of speech contrasts, and contribute additional evidence for the role of continuous acoustic feature information in speech processing.
Changes in sample size and length of follow-up to maintain power in the coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) Patch Trial

The CABG Patch Trial is testing the hypothesis that prophylactic use of implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) will improve survival in high-risk coronary heart disease patients undergoing CABG surgery. The original design called for 800 patients to be randomized to ICD prophylaxis or to no therapy and followed for 2 to 6.5 years (average, 40 months) to a common termination date. Since the ICD pulse generators used in this trial lasted about 42 months, the original design required ICD replacement in many patients. At its first two meetings in 1993, the Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) formalized a plan to adjust sample size in October 1994 if the control group mortality rate was lower than expected. In June 1994, an unanticipated and unique event--a subpoena from the Office of the Inspector General (OIG)--made it impossible to replace about half of the ICD generators and threatened to shorten follow-up substantially. If follow-up had been stopped on the date originally planned, but without replacing ICDs, the average follow-up would have fallen from 40 months to about 33 months. Also, in October 1994, the control group mortality rate was found to be somewhat lower than expected. Together, the abbreviated follow-up and lower control group mortality threatened to reduce power substantially. The DSMB reviewed several options for restoring power. Because mortality rates in the first month after CABG surgery were about seven times as high as thereafter and because ICD therapy did not reduce surgical mortality (death during the first 30 days), extending the follow-up benefits power more than does increasing the sample size. However, the limit on extending follow-up was 42 months (the expected battery life of the ICD). Data from the ICD-treated group was not reviewed or considered in making the decision. After reviewing many options for restoring power, the DSMB recommended that the sample size be increased from 800 to 900 patients and that almost all patients be followed for 42 months. This recommendation extended follow-up for 2 years beyond the original termination date planned for the trial and dictated that patients close out after 42 months rather than on a common termination date.
Promise as Practice Reason

To promise someone to do something is to commit oneself to that person to do that thing, but what does that commitment consist of? Some think a promissory commitment is an obligation to do what’s promised, and that while promising practices facilitate the creation of promissory obligations, they are not essential to them. I favor the broadly Humean view in which, when it comes to promises (and so promissory obligations), practices are of the essence. I propose the Practice Reason Account of promises, according to which a promise is basically to give oneself a self-interested practice reason to do what’s promised. One achieves this feat by invoking self-enforcing independent practice rules thanks to which one’s doing what’s promised preserves one’s promissory trust(worthiness) and promising power. However, nothing in this account supports the Hume-Rawls claim that promise-keeping or promise-breaking is right just when and because it conforms to practice rules that are justified by their good- or right-making properties.
Novel Proteins Interacting with the Leucine-rich Repeat Domain of Human Flightless-I Identified by the Yeast Two-Hybrid System

The flightless-I gene encodes a member of the gelsolin-like family of actin-binding proteins linked to a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. It is required for cellularization during early embryogenesis and normal development of the indirect flight muscles in Drosophila melanogaster. Although the association between actin and the gelsolin-like domain of the human Flightless-I homologue (FLI) has been established, its biological role is unknown. The human FLI gene is mapped within the Smith-Magenis microdeletion region of chromosome 17. We report the identification of two related genes, LRRFIP1 and LRRFIP2, encoding proteins that interact with the LRR domain of human FLI using the yeast two-hybrid system. LRRFIP1 exhibits sequence identity with the TRIP RNA-binding protein and GCF-2 transcriptional repressor, which are also related to the murine FLAP-1 gene. LRRFIP2 is a novel gene that shares sequence homology with LRRFIP1 and FLAP-1. LRRFIP1 and LRRFIP2 both express alternative splice variants in heart and skeletal muscle tissue. A coiled-coil domain, conserved within each encoded protein, serves as a potential interaction motif for FLI LRR. The occurrence of multiple proteins able to interact with FLI within the same tissue suggests that they may compete for the same binding site. Sequencing and PCR-directed genomic analysis indicate that LRRFIP1 and LRRFIP2 are related genes that arose from gene duplication.
Perturbing the Structure of the 2-Norbornyl Cation through C−H···N and C−H···π Interactions

Quantum chemical studies on complexes of the 2-norbornyl cation with ammonia and benzene are described. These calculations demonstrate that the delocalized, bridged, nonclassical geometry that is usually favored for this carbocation can be perturbed significantly toward the normally less favorable classical geometry through appropriately oriented noncovalent interactions. Since such cations have been proposed as intermediates in enzyme and antibody catalyzed reactions, these results have implications for the nature of the cationic species that may be generated in the presence of electron-rich amino acid side chains of the sort that may be present in the active sites of biocatalysts.
Motivations and barriers to sharing biological samples: a case study.

One of the most significant impediments to the current goals of genomic research is the limited availability of high quality biological samples. Despite efforts to increase both the quality and quantity of samples collected, access to such samples remains limited. This may be due, at least in part, to a general reluctance of biobanking professionals, clinicians, and researchers to share biological specimens with others. Ethnographic methods were used in a biobank setting to explore professionals’ perspectives toward and practices of sharing samples. Several motivations and barriers to sharing that may influence research practice were identified. Contrary to existing literature that suggests that professionals are unlikely to share samples with one another, the participants of this study were open to and supportive of sharing samples for research. However, clear communication and effective infrastructure are needed to support the distribution of biobank materials.
Parent and adolescent perspectives about adolescent vaccine delivery: practical considerations for vaccine communication.

Abstract We surveyed parents of adolescents ( n = 430) and their adolescents ages 15–17 years ( n = 208) in 9 primary-care settings in Monroe County, NY to assess perceptions about adolescent vaccine delivery. Parents and adolescents most wanted to discuss vaccine side effects and the diseases prevented with the adolescents’ provider. Those who perceived vaccines as very safe were more accepting of adolescent vaccines. Most participants agreed with vaccinating the teen during a mild illness and with providing multiple vaccines concomitantly. Participants most preferred medical, as opposed to other settings, for receipt of adolescent vaccines. For parents and adolescents who are wary of vaccination, strategies are needed to enhance communication about risks and benefits of vaccinations.
Gynecomastia With Metoclopramide Use in Pediatric Patients

Gynecomastia and galactorrhea stemming from hyperprolactinemia have been reported in adults after the use of metoclopramide. We describe the cases of an adolescent with gynecomastia and an infant with gynecomastia and galactorrhea that were the result of metoclopramide therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Sexual behavior, HPV knowledge, and association with head and neck cancer among a high-risk group

Summary Objectives To understand knowledge of HPV, its association with head and neck cancer (HNC), and source of knowledge in a high-risk population. Materials and methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among attendees at a Drag Racing event in East St. Louis in 2013. Results Only 29.9% knew that HPV definitely increases the risk of developing HNC, 42.4% thought HPV was same as HIV, and only 25.1% received HPV information from a healthcare practitioner. Participants that thought number of sexual partners did not increase risk of developing HPV were more likely to have low knowledge scores (r = .74, p Conclusions Knowledge of HPV and its association with head and neck cancer has significant gaps in this population, with a large number of the population accessing HPV information from sources other than a healthcare provider.
Stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase synthesis in the rat thyroid

Abstract High titer antiserum to hepatic ornithine decarboxylase was prepared by employing enzyme·monospecific antibody complex as the immunizing antigen. This new antiserum preparation was successfully labeled with 125 I and was found to retain its specific immune properties. Iodinated antiserum was used to precipitate thyroid ornithine decarboxylase induced by a mixture of thyroid stimulating hormone and methyl xanthine in rat thyroids in vitro . 125 I-labeled antibody incorporation into the enzyme antibody complex after induction in vitro showed an increase which paralleled the increase in enzymatic activity and thus suggested de novo synthesis of thyroid enzyme protein.
Experimental Vibration Damping Characteristics of the Third-stage Rotor of a Three-stage Transonic Axial-flow Compressor

Rotor blade aerodynamic damping is experimentally determined in a three-stage transonic axial flow compressor having design aerodynamic performance goals of 4.5:1 pressure ratio and 65.5 lbm/sec weight flow. The combined damping associated with each mode is determined by a least squares fit of a single degree of freedom system transfer function to the nonsynchronous portion of the rotor blade strain gage output power spectra. The combined damping consists of the aerodynamic damping and the structural and mechanical damping. The aerodynamic damping varies linearly with the inlet total pressure for a given corrected speed, weight flow, and pressure ratio while the structural and mechanical damping is assumed to remain constant. The combined damping is determined at three inlet total pressure levels to obtain the aerodynamic damping. The third-stage rotor blade aerodynamic damping is presented and discussed for the design equivalent speed with the stator blades reset for maximum efficiency. The compressor overall preformance and experimental Campbell diagrams for the third-stage rotor blade row are also presented.
A different perspective on the phylogenetic relationships of the Moxostomatini (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) based on cytochrome-b and Growth Hormone intron sequences

We have examined phylogenetic relationships of suckers of tribe Moxostomatini (Cypriniformes, Catostomidae) using cytochrome-b and Growth Hormone gene intron sequences. Phylogenies were significantly different from recent estimates of relationships based primarily on morphology (Smith, 1992) and cytochrome-b sequences (Harris et al., 2002). Overall, there was little support for many basal nodes in the phylogeny, however it was clear that Scartomyzon and Moxostoma were not monophyletic, despite morphological evidence provided Robins and Raney (1956, 1957), Jenkins (1970), and Smith (1992). Growth Hormone sequences provided good support for a monophyletic Western Scartomyzon lineage and thus suggested a single ancestral invasion of Scartomyzon-like fishes into drainages of Texas and Mexico. Phylogenetic relationships of Western Scartomyzon are structured geographically and do not conform well to current taxonomy.
The chromosome 7q region association with rheumatoid arthritis in females in a British population is not replicated in a North American case-control series.

Objective The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs11761231 on chromosome 7q has been reported to be sexually dimorphic marker for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility in a British population. We sought to replicate this finding and to better characterize susceptibility alleles in the region in a North American population. Methods DNA from 2 North American collections of RA patients and controls (1,605 cases and 2,640 controls) was genotyped for rs11761231 and 16 additional chromosome 7q tag SNPs using Sequenom iPlex assays. Association tests were performed for each collection and also separately, contrasting male cases with male controls and female cases with female controls. Principal components analysis (EigenStrat) was used to determine association with RA before and after adjusting for population stratification in the subset of the samples for which there were whole-genome SNP data (772 cases and 1,213 controls). Results We failed to replicate an association of the 7q region with RA. Initially, rs11761231 showed evidence for association with RA in the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium (NARAC) collection (P = 0.0073), and rs11765576 showed association with RA in both the NARAC (P = 0.038) and RA replication (P = 0.0013) collections. These markers also exhibited sex differentiation. However, in the whole-genome subset, neither SNP showed significant association with RA after correction for population stratification. Conclusion While 2 SNPs on chromosome 7q appeared to be associated with RA in a North American cohort, the significance of this finding did not withstand correction for population substructure. Our results emphasize the need to carefully account for population structure to avoid false-positive disease associations.
Optimum imaging method for optical data processors

Several two-lens systems are considered for imaging an input record with specified magnification and focal lengths. Under certain conditions the total length of each setup from input record to image can be minimized (absolute). Alternately, limiting values of minimum length configurations are determined in the neighborhood of the open endpoints of a range of operation.
Particle Growth by Condensation in a System with Limited Vapor

ABSTRACT Condensational growth of monodisperse aerosols in a system with limited vapor is studied. The equations for particle size and vapor concentration variation due to condensation are derived for the free molecular and continuum regimes, respectively. The corresponding condensation characteristic times for both size regimes are also developed. The particle size increase and vapor concentration decrease in a system with a limited vapor source are examined for varying surface vapor concentration and particle loading. The differences in the characteristic time expression derived in this work and those developed previously for constant particle size and unlimited vapor source are discussed. The expression of the condensation characteristic time developed is used to study the effect of sample aerosol concentration on the operation of the condensation particle counter, and compared to the characteristic times of other mechanisms such as nucleation, coagulation, and chemical reaction. The characteristic tim...
The role of cell membrane in the antiviral effect of interferon

The mechanism of interferon action in human fibroblasts has been studied by use of both antisera to human fibroblast interferon and the antisera to the surface of human fibroblast cell. The anti-interferon serum completely neutralized the antiviral effect of human fibroblast interferon. Interferon antiserum prevented the intracellular antiviral state from developing when added to the medium of the cells in which interferon synthesis had already been induced by poly (I · C). This suggests that development of the antiviral state involves interferon interaction with the external part of the producing cell. Treatment with the serum directed against the surface of human fibroblast cells failed to inhibit the antiviral activity of human interferon in these cells. In addition, the effect of gangliosides on the antiviral activity of human interferon was studied and it was found that human interferon binds to gangliosides and that this interaction leads to inactivation of the antiviral effect of interferon. Pretreatment of human fibroblasts with gangliosides had no effect on the sensitivity of these cells to exogenous interferon.
Hydrogen in metals and other materials: a comprehensive reference to books, bibliographies, workshops and conferences

Abstract A resource comprised of references to books, bibliographies, workshops, conferences, symposia and their proceedings is presented as a guide primarily to the metal hydride literature but also extends to other materials. The references are arranged chronologically and cataloged in an author⧸editor index. Also included is a special section of conference schedules. Where possible, each reference is identified by specifying the Library of Congress catalog card number, the International Standard Book⧸Serial number, the Chemical Abstracts number and the Online Computer Library Center, Inc. identification number. © 1999 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Characterization of in vivo absorption features of chlorophyte, phaeophyte and rhodophyte algal species

Despite the plentiful diversity of macroalgae in coastal environments, few studies have examined the in vivo absorption features of common marine macrophytes. Here we report on results of a survey of 12 central California common intertidal and subtidal taxa, representing Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta carried out in the summer of 1988. Computer-assisted analyses were used to obtain fourth-derivative spectra from in vivo absorption spectra determined at room temperature to obtain spectral diagnostics for the different algal divisions and to provide a means to determine whether spectral features could be used to identify stress responses among these plants. Among the Chlorophyta, characteristic maxima for chlorophylls a and b were resolved in all species examined, and a spectral component attributable to siphonaxanthin-like carotenoid(s) was observed in two Ulva species and the coenocytic alga Derbesia marina. Representatives of the Phaeophyta were characterized by similar maxima for chlorophyll a and c, and for fucoxanthin. Among the Rhodophyta, maxima for chlorophyll a, as well as B- and R-type phycoerythrin were resolved. Differences in in vivo absorption features were detected for two tidal populations of Porphyra perforata and Mastocarpus papillatus. High-tidal thalli absorb less green light in regions characterized by phycoerythrin, but have enhanced carotenoid absorption compared with lowtidal thalli. Resolution of spectra by fourth-derivative analysis revealed significant differences in phycoerythrin and carotenoid contents. The spectral changes observed appear to reflect environmental and possibly populational characteristics of these algae. The spectral analyses described here provide robust, non-invasive means to characterize subtle responses of macroalgae to environment in ways not possible previously. Additional merits of these fourth-derivative analyses for use in environmental studies are discussed.
Transport phenomena and polymer morphology

The presence of the crystals in the semicrystalline polymer reduces the mass fraction, determines the space distribution and modifies the transport properties of the amorphous component which is responsible for practically all the sorption, diffusion, and permeability. The conventional determination of the diffusion coefficient from the sorption or diffusion transient is strongly affected by the geometry of the sample. The spin echo method of the nuclear magnetic resonance in a pulsed magnetic field gradient measures the diffusion directly and hence reflects the anisotropy of the orientation of the amorphous component without any distortion by the shape of the sample. The anisotropy of a single amorphous layer of a thickness of less than 10 nm, however, cannot be detected by this method which measures the molecule displacement over about 300 nm. A very rough estimate of the transport properties of the volume element can be based on the fractional free volume of the polymer. This is particularly helpful in the description of the effects in elastically and plastically deformed material. The elastic tensional strain increases while the plastic strain as a rule decreases the free volume. In the latter case the amorphous component, at least at room temperature, permanently deviates from the thermodynamic equilibrium. A substantial part of this deviation can be removed by annealing. If the annealing of the fibrous material is performed with fixed ends which prevents shrinking the sample upon standing at room temperature tends to return, at least partially, to the transport properties before annealing. The sorption is proportional to the mass fraction of the amorphous component, the permeability to the square of it. The diffusion reflects the anisotropy of the morphology and of its influence on the transport properties of the amorphous component. In the fiber structure the amorphous layers parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis differ substantially. In spite of the close connection between the morphology and the transport properties one must not forget that this connection is one-sided. A model of the structure with the proper transport parameters of the amorphous component has to yield the observed sorption and diffusion data. But these data are not sufficient for constructing unambiguously the structural model.
Intracoronary radiation therapy for restenosis prevention: Status of the clinical trials

Abstract Background. Vascular brachytherapy is an evolving field for the prevention of restenosis. The rationale for such therapy is that radiation prevents neointimal proliferation and vessel constriction following vascular injury. In recent years, numerous animal experiments have demonstrated that low doses of radiation when applied following intracoronary intervention reduces proliferation and alters the restenosis rate. This novel approach introduced specific vascular radiation biology and radiation physics aspects, new devices, and platforms to deliver the radiation intraluminally. Methods. A variety of beta or gamma isotopes for use in vascular brachytherapy has been suggested. These isotopes need to be delivered intracoronarily to provide the therapeutic dose to the target cell via a safe and user-friendly platform. Two platforms of delivery are available and in practice: catheter-based systems and radioactive stenting. However, these novel applications have to be proven in the clinical arena. Results. We have been conducting clinical trials with intracoronary brachytherapy since 1994 and are gathering information regarding the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of this technology. Currently we are in the midst of an intensive clinical investigation using various devices, isotopes doses, and techniques. This report summarizes all the clinical work that has been conducted so far and is currently under investigation in this field. Conclusions. Without having the results of the majority of the trials described in this paper, it is difficult at this stage to draw firm conclusions regarding the future of this technology. However, the information presented will serve as a tool for the reader to judge the direction of vascular brachytherapy for prevention of restenosis.
The role of CD40 in the regulation of humoral and cell-mediated immunity

The dynamic and reciprocal communication between T helper (Th) cells and B cells appears to rely on the provision of multiple signals. The first is antigen specific and is mediated by the interaction between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and antigen bound to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The subsequent signals are provided by the binding of accessory molecules such as CD28 and CD40 to their respective ligands. Here, Fiona Durie and colleagues discuss the co-stimulatory role of the interaction between CD40 on B cells and CD40 ligand (CD40L, gp39) on T cells, and review evidence that suggests blocking this interaction may induce T-cell tolerance.
Defects formed during quenching in Al-4 pct Cu

Thin foils of Al-4 pct Cu alloys were examined by transmission electron microscopy in the as-quenched and the aged states in an attempt to clarify the mechanism of the prolonged low-temperature aging phenomenon in these alloys known as the slow reaction. The asquenched microstructure is found to consist of bands of vacancy clusters or small dislocation loops with helical dislocations sometimes associated with them. It is postulated that these defects are formed by the interaction of vacancy agglomerates and dislocations during the quench. The contrast images associated with the defects are found to vary in radius from approximately 15 to 85 Â, and in density roughly from 1 to 5 x 1015/cm3. These results are consistent with the calculations of Okamoto and Kimura, who showed that the slow reaction could best be explained as being caused by supersaturated vacancies in equilibrium with the surface tension of defects of this size. As the slow reaction proceeds, these vacancies are annihilated at permanent sinks, and this disturbance of equilibrium causes the defects to emit vacancies and, hence, shrink and disappear completely in the aged state.
Investigations of the proximity effect for pollutants in the indoor environment.

More than a dozen indoor air quality studies have reported a large discrepancy between concentrations measured by stationary indoor monitors (SIMs) and personal exposure monitors (PEMs). One possible cause of this discrepancy is a source proximity effect, in which pollutant sources close to the respondent cause elevated and highly variable exposures. This paper describes three sets of experiments in a home using real-time measurements to characterize and quantify the proximity effect relative to a fixed distant location analogous to a SIM. In the first set of experiments, using sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a continuously emitting tracer pollutant from a point source, measurements of pollutant concentrations were made at different distances from the source under different air exchange rates and source strengths. A second set of experiments used a continuous point source of carbon monoxide (CO) tracer pollutant and an array of high time resolution monitors to collect simultaneous concentration readings at different locations in the room. A third set of experiments measured particle count density and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations emitted from a continuous particle point source (an incense stick) using two particle counters and two PAH monitors, and included human activity periods both before and during the source emission period. Results from the SF6 and CO experiments show that while the source is emitting, a source proximity effect can be seen in the increases in the mean and median and in the variability of concentrations closest to the source, even at a distance of 2.0 m from the source under certain settings of air exchange rate and source strength. CO concentrations at locations near the source were found to be higher and more variable than the predictions of the mass balance model. For particles emitted from the incense source, a source proximity effect was evident for the fine particle sizes (0.3 to 2.5 µm) and particle-bound PAH up to at least 1.0 m from the source. Analysis of spatial and temporal patterns in the data for the three tracer pollutants reveal marked transient elevations of concentrations as seen by the monitor, referred to as “microplumes,” particularly at locations close to the source. Mixing patterns in the room show complex patterns and directional effects, as evidenced by the variable intensity of the microplume activity at different locations. By characterizing the spatial and temporal variability of pollutant concentrations in the home, the proximity effect can be quantified, leading to improved indoor monitoring designs and models of human exposure to air pollutants.
A Hydrodynamic Model of the Circulation within the South Arm of the Great Salt Lake

AbstractThe effects of surface heat flux and wind forcing on the temporal and spatial variations in flow patterns within the south arm of the Great Salt Lake are investigated numerically using the three-dimensional Estuary, Lake and Coastal Ocean Model (ELCOM) code. Results indicate that wind forcing over an isothermal lake results in nearly steady near-surface flow patterns directed to the right of the wind direction. Forcing through surface heat flux without wind stresses results in the formation of multiple, unsteady gyres. The sense of rotation of these gyres is generally cyclonic during the summer months. These cyclonic gyres are not observed when forcing due to both wind and surface heat fluxes are enforced simultaneously, even with the inclusion of atmospheric instability effects.
Novel GABAergic Circuits Mediating Excitation/Inhibition of Cajal-Retzius Cells in the Developing Hippocampus

Cajal-Retzius cells are a class of neurons believed to play critical roles during cortical development. However, their network computational functions remain poorly understood. Although work in the neocortex and hippocampus has shown that Cajal-Retzius cells receive predominantly, if not exclusively, spontaneous GABAA receptor-mediated input, the cellular sources originating these events remain unclear. However, a precise definition of the presynaptic GABAergic interneurons contacting Cajal-Retzius cells is important to understand the microcircuits and network patterns controlling their activation. Here, we have taken advantage of electrophysiological and anatomical techniques applied to mouse hippocampal slices in vitro to directly address this question. Our paired recording experiments indicate that Cajal-Retzius cells receive small-amplitude, kinetically slow synaptic input from stratum lacunosum-moleculare interneurons, anatomically identified as neurogliaform cells. In addition, a convergence of optogenetic, electrophysiological, and pharmacological experiments shows that Cajal-Retzius cells receive GABAergic input from oriens lacunosum-moleculare cells and that this input has different physiological properties (i.e., larger amplitude and faster kinetics) from the one provided by neurogliaform cells. Last, we show that GABAergic evoked synaptic input onto Cajal-Retzius cells may either increase their excitability and trigger action potentials or inhibit spontaneous firing by depolarization block. We propose that the specific type of response depends on both the membrane potential of Cajal-Retzius cells and the kinetics of the received GABAergic input. In conclusion, we have unraveled a novel hippocampal microcircuit with complex GABAergic synaptic signaling, which we suggest may play a role in the refinement of the hippocampal network and connections during development.
Isolation and characterization of epidermal ribosomes.

The conditions required for isolation of ribosomal particles from guinea-pig epidermis and hair-root cells have been studied. Density-gradient patterns of the ribosomes following isolation from either tissue under a wide variety of conditions are essentially the same. Monomeric ribosomes are the predominant species isolable although polymeric ribosomes and subunits can be identified. The density-gradient pattern is not related to runoff during preparation. Detergent extraction is required for maximal recovery of particles from epidermis or wax-epilated hair roots. Ribosomes can be obtained in relatively high yield from latex-epilated hair roots even without detergent. The yield of ribosomes from both epidermis and hair roots is greatest in buffers with potassium concentrations between 100 and 250 mM. Yield is decreased in buffers with magnesium concentrations above 5 mM. Activity in an in vitro amino acid-incorporating system is unaffected by potassium concentration and is highest at magnesium concentration of 3 mM. Activity of epidermal ribosomes is inhibited by the wax-epilation method while hair root-cell ribosomes are equally active following preparation with either latex or wax. The isolated ribosomal particles are unstable at 4°C.
An overview of surface specializations in the digenetic trematodes

The outer covering of digenetic trematodes undergoes a number of changes in the course of the life cycle in adaptation to parasitism and to the host-seeking requirements of the various stages. Using Schistosoma tnansoni as a model, I review morphological, physiological, and cytochemical features of the coverings of miracidia, sporocysts, cercariae, and adults. Such features should be used with caution in evaluating phylogenetic relationships of any flatworms since the environment is itself a powerful determinant.
Molecular Modeling of Geometries, Charge Distributions, and Binding Energies of Small, Druglike Molecules Containing Nitrogen Heterocycles and Exocyclic Amino Groups in the Gas Phase and in Aqueous Solution

We have tested a variety of approximate methods for modeling 30 systems containing mixtures of nitrogen heterocycles and exocyclic amines, each of which is studied with up to 31 methods in one or two phases (gaseous and aqueous). Fifteen of the systems are protonated, and fifteen are not. We consider a data set consisting of geometric parameters, partial atomic charges, and water binding energies for the methotrexate fragments 2-(aminomethyl)pyrazine and 2,4-diaminopyrimidine, as well as their cationic forms 1H-2-(aminomethyl)pyrazine and 1H-2,4-diaminopyrimidine. We first evaluated the suitability of several density functionals with the 6−31+G(d,p) basis set to serve as a benchmark by comparing calculated molecular geometries to results obtained from coupled-cluster [CCSD/6−31+G(d,p)] wave function theory (WFT). We found that the M05-2X density functional can be used to obtain reliable geometries for our data set. To accurately model partial charges in our molecules, we elected to use the well-validated ...
Localization of miniature mobile robots using constant curvature dynamic contours

Presents a method for localizing miniature mobile robots (Scouts) using dynamic contours. An observer robot with a camera follows the miniature robot as it moves and jumps in the workspace. Dynamic contours are very effective in tracking the fast accelerations and decelerations of the Scout robot. We show initial experimental results with particular emphasis on the task of monitoring a Scout during jumps.
The Reliability and Convergence of the Delphi Technique

(1978). The Reliability and Convergence of the Delphi Technique. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 98, No. 2, pp. 307-308.
Design and evaluation of iMesh: an infrastructure-mode wireless mesh network

We have designed and evaluated iMesh, an infrastructure-mode 802.11-based mesh network. IEEE 802.11 access points double as routers making the network architecture completely transparent to mobile clients, who view the network as a conventional wireless LAN. Layer-2 handoffs between access points trigger routing activities inside the network, which can be thought of as layer-3 handoffs. We describe the design rationale and a testbed implementation of iMesh. We present results related to the handoff performance. The results demonstrate excellent handoff performance, the overall latency varying between 50-100 ms, depending on different layer-2 techniques, even when a five-hop long route update is needed. Various performance measurements also demonstrate the clear superiority of a flat routing scheme relative to a more traditional, Mobile IP-like scheme to handle layer-3 handoff.
Passive microwave freeze/thaw classification for wet tundra regions

Several climate change scenarios have predicted that the greatest changes would occur at high latitudes. In the Arctic, long-term changes in temperature would be reflected, for example, in the growth or retreat of permafrost regions and in the response of the vegetation. Tundra-covered areas are a major terrestrial reservoir of carbon and changes in temperature and moisture will affect the storage and release of carbon by the tundra. The most important annual hydrological events for tundra regions are the thaw in the spring and freeze-up in the fall. These regions are often cloud-covered for extended periods, especially during these key times of the year. A remote freeze/thaw classification technique based on microwave satellite measurements has the potential for providing more consistent observations compared with one based on visible observations. The authors begin by developing a classification technique from ground-based data (i.e., no intervening atmosphere) collected during the authors' Radiobrightness Energy Balance Experiment 3 (REBEX 3) on the North Slope of Alaska from September, 1994 until September, 1995. Radiobrightness measurements were made at 19.35, 37.0, and 85.5 GHz using a tower-mounted Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) simulator. Co-located surface energy balance measurements included: thermal IR surface brightness, solar and net radiation, soil and snowpack temperatures, soil heat flux, sensible heat, latent heat, soil moisture, and other related meteorological variables. REBEX 3 was conducted in conjunction with other interdisciplinary experiments under the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) program of the U.S. National Science Foundation. Using the spectral gradient, changes in the spectral gradient on a diurnal time scale, polarization effects, and absolute radiobrightnesses, a technique for classifying tundra as snow-free frozen, snow-free thawed, or snowcovered is described. Supporting measurements of subsurface temperature and moisture are used to understand the physical basis for the differing radiobrightness signatures.
Are the Siriono Raw or Cooked

In this paper Siriono myth and ritual are interpreted with a model of Siriono social structure. Whereas other students of the Siriono have noted their lack of sociability and have even suggested that their culture is incoherent, the present approach suggests that social exchange among the Siriono is a total social fact, but one that focuses on a peculiar relationship between men and women within a kinship idiom of parallel descent and matrilateral cross-cousin marriage.
Subclavian steal despite ipsilateral vertebral occlusion

Abstract In the classic subclavian steal syndrome, vertebrobasilar insufficiency is caused by reverse flow in the vertebral artery ipsilateral to a subclavian stenosis or occlusion. We present two patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency and ipsilateral vertebral and subclavian occlusive disease. The postulated mechanism of vertebrobasilar insufficiency is reverse flow in collateral neck vessels. In both patients, symptoms were relieved by carotid subclavian bypass. Thus, vertebral occlusion ipsilateral to a subclavian stenosis does not preclude subclavian steal syndrome. (J VASC SURG 1985;2:913-6.)
Exact composite shift operator matrices for two dimensional Ising lattices

Des matrices d'operateurs de deplacement composites, exactes (SOM) sont construites pour des reseaux d'Ising M×N plans. Dans la limite telle que N→∞, la valeur propre primaire de SOM determine la fonction de partition grand canonique pour des systemes de particules indiscernables, simples, en interaction entre plus proches voisins. Par une modification appropriee, le SOM pour un reseau plan M×N (ayant deux sommets libres) peut etre transforme en un SOM pour un reseau cylindrique (n'ayant pas de sommets libres) de meme taille
Martingale Approach to Stochastic Control with Discretionary Stopping

We develop a martingale approach for continuous-time stochastic control with discretionary stopping. The relevant Dynamic Programming Equation and Maximum Principle are presented. Necessary and sufficient conditions are provided for the optimality of a control strategy; these are analogues of the "equalization" and "thriftiness" conditions introduced by Dubins and Savage (1976) in a related, discrete-time context. The existence of a thrifty control strategy is established.
FURTHER STUDIES OF 21-DEOXYHYDROCORTISONE-4-C14 IN MAN*

ABSTRACT In a study of the metabolism of 21-deoxyhydrocortisone-4-C14 in a normal subject and a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia it was found that there was no marked difference in the metabolism of the “abnormal” hormone in these 2 subjects. The principal metabolite of 21-deoxyhydrocortisone was 11-ketopregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol, which comprised 44 to 51 per cent of the total steroid radioactivity. Pregnane-3α, 11β,17α,20α-tetrol and 3α,17α-dihydroxypregnane-11,20-dione each accounted for about 10 per cent of the total radioactivity. Another 8 per cent of the metabolites consisted of pregnanc-3α, 11β,17α, 20β-tetrol, 11-ketopregnane-3α,17α,20β-triol and 20-ketopregnane-3α,11α,17α-triol. Cleavage of the side chain to form 11-oxygenated 17-ketosteroids was only a minor transformation of 21-deoxyhydrocortisone. This result is interpreted to mean that the large amounts of 11-oxygenated C19 steroid metabolites usually present in the urine of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia are derived p...