cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International media framing

The relationship between Japan and South Korea has been particularly tumultuous in recent years. One of the major sources of unrest is the unresolved Dokdo ( a.k.a . Takeshima) issue. This study examines the framing of the issue by four international news agencies. It explores whether international news agencies from different countries would frame the issue differently. Results suggest that the news agencies frame the issue differently depending on the agencies’ country of origin.
Second-Generation Palladium Catalyst System for Transannular C–H Functionalization of Azabicycloalkanes

This article describes the development of a second-generation catalyst system for the transannular C–H functionalization of alicyclic amines. Pyridine- and quinoline-carboxylate ligands are shown to be highly effective for increasing the reaction rate, yield, and scope of Pd-catalyzed transannular C–H arylation reactions of azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, and piperidine derivatives. Mechanistic studies reveal that the pyridine/quinoline-carboxylates play a role in impeding both reversible and irreversible catalyst decomposition pathways. These ligands enable the first reported examples of the transannular C–H arylation of the ubiquitous tropane, 7-azanorbornane, and homotropane cores. Finally, the pyridine/quinoline-carboxylates are shown to promote both transannular C–H arylation and transannular C–H dehydrogenation on a homotropane substrate.
Synthetic aperture radar quantized grayscale reference automatic target recognition algorithm

This paper presents a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) baseline algorithm that uses a quantized grayscale matching (QGM) algorithm.10 QGM is a classifier that uses a template matching approach to identify the target, has been throughly tested as part of the MSTAR program,10 and has shown to be robust to fluctuation in the absolute amplitude. A performance study is conducted to show how translation and obscuration/shadowing affects the performance of the QGM algorithm for SAR synthetic data at multiple different resolutions. This QGM implementation along with the synthetic data generation capability allows researchers to test the susceptibility of QGM to different operating conditions and, in addition, provides a baseline algorithm for comparison.
An in vitro system for the leader-primed transcription of coronavirus mRNAs.

Abstract We have developed an in vitro transcription system which can utilize exogenous leader RNA for mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) 'leader-primed' mRNA transcription. Cytoplasmic extracts containing viral proteins and template RNA were prepared by lysolecithin permeabilization of MHV-infected cells. Synthetic leader RNA which differed in sequence from the endogenous leader RNA was added to the extracts and demonstrated to be incorporated into MHV mRNAs. Irrespective of the size of leader RNAs added, the exogenous leader RNA was joined to the endogenous mRNA at the same site, which corresponds to a UCUAA pentanucleotide repeat region. Only leader RNAs containing the pentanucleotide sequences could be utilized for transcription. Mismatches between the intergenic site and the exogenous leader sequence within the pentanucleotide repeat region were corrected in the in vitro system. This in vitro system thus established a novel mechanism of leader-primed transcription using exogenous RNA in trans, and suggests the involvement of a specific ribonuclease activity during coronavirus mRNA synthesis.
Control of Melanophores in Amphibians

In the vast literature which has accumulated during the last fifty years concerning the regulation of vertebrate melanophores, studies on the pituitary and its hormone, intermedin (MSH, MDH, chromatotrophic hormone, etc.) have dominated the field (for literature see Parker [23], Fingerman [14], Waring [26]). There are many reasons for this, one of the foremost being that it is the basic mechanism which operates in normal chromatophore regulation. In this respect it is distinct from the effects induced by various extracts, drugs, and chemicals which induce real melanophore responses, but which are difficult to interpret in terms of normal pigmentary processes.
Social Service Delivery Systems: The Impact of Technology and Organizational Structure

Changes in work and social structures are reviewed for the period from the early industrial era to the present. Work structure is hypothesized to have a significant impact upon society and the individual. The structure of the modern work setting and the rapid changes in technology have increased the stress associated with anxiety and isolation. In turn, these problems contribute to the onset of social ills. Also examined are ways to diminish the negative effects of the role conflict which results from the divergent structures present in the personal and work settings. Predictions about the future of social service delivery Include greater emphasis on group interventions and more attention to the marketing and financial functions of service agencies.
Measurements of vapor capture-and-release behavior of PDMS-based canine training aids for explosive odorants

Abstract Novel solid-phase microextraction with externally-sampled internal standard (SPME-ESIS) vapor-time measurements of two volatile compounds associated with canine detection of plastic explosives, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and cyclohexanone, are studied to characterize polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based odor capture-and-release materials for use as canine training aids. Diffusion coefficients of these 2 compounds are estimated to be in the 10−7 cm2/s range in PDMS, facilitating vapor collection and subsequent release processes. The vapor release of these compounds from PDMS under continuous and simulated use as canine training aids is evaluated. The effect of mixed vapor capture and the vapor-time behavior of an aid with two layers of different composition are also studied.
Academic Discovery of Anticancer Drugs: Historic and Future Perspectives

The identification and prosecution of meritorious anticancer drug targets and the discovery of clinical candidates represent an extraordinarily time- and resource-intensive process, and the current...
Effects of Cu(II) on the Formation and Orientation of an Arachidic Acid Langmuir-Blodgett Film.

The influence of the copper(II) ion on the formation, morphology, and organization of an arachidic acid monolayer was investigated using Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) monolayers, Π–A isotherms, and Brewst...
HIGHER BODY MASS INDEX OF MISSISSIPPI'S WOMEN, BLACK, AND AGING ADULT CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE PATIENTS

Mississippi (MS) has the second highest adult obesity rate in the nation at 37.3%. It is unclear how this affects patients with CHD. The aim of this work is to analyze BMI in the adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) population of MS. We retrospectively analyzed electronic health data from a cohort
Global Alliance Against Tobacco Marketing: Do Increased Taxation of Tobacco Products Decrease Tobacco Consumption?

The prevailing wisdom in tobacco control literature is that adroit use of taxation policy will reduce the prevalence of tobacco use because when tobacco prices go up, consumption goes down. Empirical evidence of this axiomatic inverse relationship has been sparse. This paper analyzes the effects of increased taxation on consumption of tobacco products in 136 countries during 2009-2015. Results indicate that there is weak negative relationship between change in adult smoking prevalence and change in taxation suggesting that higher tax rates on tobacco products tend to lower adult smoking prevalence, but in a modest rather than robust sort of way.
Vinyl orthoformates and vinyl acetals II: The reactions of alkenyl orthoesters and dialkenyloxyalkyl carboxylates with carboxylic acids

Several new alkenyl orthoesters have been synthesized by dehydrohalogenation of the corresponding β-chloroalkyl orthoesters with various bases. With one equivalent of a carboxylic acid these compounds are converted into dialkenyloxyalkyl carboxylates in good yields. Dependent upon their composition, the latter products, give with another equivalent of a carboxylic acid either predominantly alkenyl esters and acylals, or alkenyl esters, carboxylic anhydrides and carbonyl derivatives. The synthetic applications have been investigated and a possible mechanism for these reactions is given.
Is There a Plenary Power Doctrine? A Tentative Apology and Prediction for Our Strange but Unexceptional Constitutional Immigration Law

The Supreme Court has held that Congress may create classifications and procedures in immigration law that would be unacceptable as applied to citizens under domestic law. Scholars agree that under the so-called plenary power doctrine Congress has discriminated in immigration policy on grounds that would be unconstitutional in other contexts. This essay acknowledges that U.S. immigration policy has been aggressively discriminatory, and remains so to some extent, and that the immigration jurisprudence as reflected by Supreme Court opinions is littered with decisions upholding discrimination on the basis of sex, race, political belief and out of wedlock birth, grounds that are generally proscribed as to domestic laws. Nevertheless, it proposes that immigration law may be less anomalous than is commonly thought. Many of the decisions upholding invidious discrimination in immigration were rendered when the Supreme Court allowed discrimination on those grounds in domestic laws, applicable to citizens. More modern decisions, though permitting discrimination on grounds which were generally prohibited, were consistent with the vestiges of distinctions allowed by the Court. (For example, laws treating out of wedlock fathers differently from out of wedlock mothers for immigration purposes could draw some support from Supreme Court cases allowing different standards for termination of parental rights for mothers and fathers). Further, Congress has preempted the best constitutional challenges by changing discriminatory laws as domestic constitutional law changed. For example, it eliminated racial bars to naturalization in 1952, two years ahead of Brown, and racial restrictions on immigration in 1965, two years ahead of Loving v. Virginia. Accordingly, there are few examples where the Supreme Court has cleanly upheld immigration discrimination on grounds which would be clearly impermissible under domestic constitutional law.There are two responses to this essay: Kevin R. Johnson, Race and Immigration Law and Enforcement: A Response to Is There A Plenary Power Doctrine?, 14 GEORGETOWN IMMIGRATION LAW JOURNAL 289 (2000) and Stephen H. Legomsky, Immigration Exceptionalism: Commentary On Is There A Plenary Power Doctrine?, 14 GEORGETOWN IMMIGRATION LAW JOURNAL 307 (2000).
Mining consumer complaints to identify unsuccessful interactions with advanced driver assistance systems

Advanced driver assistance systems, which warn drivers of danger of an impending collision or temporarily control the vehicle's speed and/or direction under limited circumstances to assist the driver, have the potential to prevent large numbers of motor vehicle crashes, injuries, and deaths. Maximizing their potential safety benefits requires drivers to use them appropriately. However, drivers might misuse these systems if they overestimate the systems' capabilities. Driver might also disuse the systems if the systems fail to meet their expectations, diminishing the systems' benefits. This study seeks to identify unsuccessful driver interactions with advanced driver assistance systems by mining the text of a database of consumer complaints about vehicle safety issues. If successful, future work will attempt classify complaints reflecting faulty mental models versus possible system errors. This information can be used by industry to improve consumer education and driver-vehicle interface design and by researchers to guide future research needs.
Quantitative Evaluation of Reliability Improvement: Case Study on a Self-healing Distribution System

In this work, we develop a methodology and tool to quantitatively evaluate the reliability of a self-healing system that considers practical distribution system features such as the distributed energy resources, microgrids, and service restoration strategies. Also, this paper addresses various practical issues when being applied to an actual Duke Energy distribution system, including the design of feasible and practical service restoration strategies that are used to identify the customer interruptions after a fault, and the incorporation of the utility's historical reliability indices that are used to calibrate the failure rate and repair time of distribution system components such as overhead lines and underground cables. This case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The Unit-Weighted Mean - Because Size Matters

The unit-weighted mean is of frequent interest to applied researchers in a wide range of fields. Despite this interest, there is a lack of easily accessible theoretical statistical literature that shows its statistical properties. This paper provides the asymptotic distribution of the unit-weighted mean and a formula to calculate asymptotically valid standard errors. I show that numerically identical results can be obtained using a novel regression approach.
Male procurement of breeding site is valued over male size by monogamous female convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciata)

In many monogamous species, sexual selection often occurs through female mate choice, which is usually based on male characteristics such as size. However, the presence of a breeding site also might be equally or more valued than male size for substrate brooders. This study investigated the importance of a large mate versus the presence of a breeding site in the monogamous convict cichlid (Amatitlania siquia). If breeding sites are more valued than male size, then we predict that females will choose the male with breeding site regardless of his size. To test our hypothesis, males were confined to separate compartments with only one male receiving a breeding site, but females swam freely. In the experimental groups, one male was larger than the other, but both males were equal in size for the control group. Females significantly preferred small males with a breeding site more often than large males without a breeding site; thus, the presence of a breeding site seems to be more valued than male size by female convict cichlids.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Bone Health and Outcomes in the United States.

Osteoporosis is a bone disease classified by deterioration of bone microarchitecture and decreased bone strength, thereby increasing subsequent risk of fracture. In the United States, approximately 54 million adults aged 50 years and older have osteoporosis or are at risk due to low bone mass. Osteoporosis has long been viewed as a chronic health condition affecting primarily non-Hispanic white (NHW) women; however, emerging evidence indicates racial and ethnic disparities in bone outcomes and osteoporosis management. The primary objective of this review is to describe disparities in bone mineral density (BMD), prevalence of osteoporosis and fracture, as well as in screening and treatment of osteoporosis among non-Hispanic black (NHB), Hispanic, and Asian adults compared with NHW adults living on the US mainland. The following areas were reviewed: BMD, osteoporosis prevalence, fracture prevalence and incidence, postfracture outcomes, DXA screening, and osteoporosis treatments. Although there are limited studies on bone and fracture outcomes within Asian and Hispanic populations, findings suggest that there are differences in bone outcomes across NHW, NHB, Asian, and Hispanic populations. Further, NHB, Asian, and Hispanic populations may experience suboptimal osteoporosis management and postfracture care, although additional population-based studies are needed. There is also evidence that variation in BMD and osteoporosis exists within major racial and ethnic groups, highlighting the need for research in individual groups by origin or background. Although there is a clear need to prioritize future quantitative and qualitative research in these populations, initial strategies for addressing bone health disparities are discussed. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Other Topics of Study Using the Cell State Space Concept

In addition to the various cell mapping topics discussed in the last ten chapters, several others have also been studied recently. These latter ones are mostly still in the exploratory stage of their development. This chapter briefly discusses some of them and also cites the references in which more detailed discussions may be found.
Architecture Description Languages

Publisher Summary Architecture description languages (ADL) enable design automation of embedded processors. The ADL specification is used to generate various executable models, including simulator, compiler, and hardware implementation. The generated models enable various design automation tasks, including exploration, simulation, compilation, synthesis, test generation, and validation. This chapter reviews the existing ADLs in terms of their capabilities in capturing a variety of embedded processors available currently. Existing ADLs can be classified based on two aspects: content and objective. The content-oriented classification is based on the nature of the information an ADL can capture, whereas the objective-oriented classification is based on the purpose of an ADL. Existing ADLs can be classified into various content-based categories, such as structural, behavioral, and mixed ADLs. Similarly, contemporary ADLs can be classified into various objective-oriented categories, such as simulation oriented, synthesis oriented, test oriented, compilation oriented, and validation oriented.
The effects of arginine starvation on macromolecular synthesis in infection with type 2 adenovirus. I. Synthesis and utilization of structural proteins.

Abstract Although arginine deprivation inhibits the production of infectious type 2 adenovirus in KB cells, all the major structural proteins can be detected in acrylamide gel electropherograms of infected cell material, including those peptides known to be rich in arginine. However, these viral proteins synthesized during arginine deprivation are largely unused in the assembly of infectious virions which occurs after arginine is restored. With the use of a DNA inhibitor (FdUrd) and appropriate periods of arginine starvation, it can be shown that the arginine-dependent function does not occur prior to DNA synthesis. The effects of restoring arginine at intervals late in the latent period indicate that the essential function can take place within 3–4 hr prior to the appearance of mature virions, i.e., during late protein synthesis.
Order in the Court: The Influence of Firm Status and Reputation on the Outcomes of Employment Discrimination Suits

The literature on reputation suggests contradictory patterns in how audiences respond to corporate misconduct. On the one hand, a high reputation is thought to buffer a firm because it predisposes audiences to give reputable firms the benefit of the doubt. On the other hand, audiences might judge firms with positive reputations more harshly when they violate expectations. Our study attempts to reconcile this contradiction and provide a theoretical explanation for the conditions that underlie reputation's differential effects on audience evaluations. We argue that the manner in which a firm’s reputation influences audiences’ judgments of controversial actions depends on whether the organization’s guilt is ambiguous or established. When there is ambiguity about the charges made against the organization, audiences are inclined to give the benefit of the doubt to an organization with a positive reputation because they are motivated to assess its actions in a manner congruent with their positive expectations. But when an organization's blameworthiness is firmly established, audience members are more likely to punish a reputable organization with harsher sanctions, leading to the “halo tax.” We test our hypotheses using a novel database of over 500 jury verdicts in employment discrimination cases brought against a sample of public companies from 1998-2008.
Population genomics of resource exploitation: insights from gene expression profiles of two Daphnia ecotypes fed alternate resources

Consumer–resource interactions are a central issue in evolutionary and community ecology because they play important roles in selection and population regulation. Most consumers encounter resource variation at multiple scales, and respond through phenotypic plasticity in the short term or evolutionary divergence in the long term. The key traits for these responses may influence resource acquisition, assimilation, and/or allocation. To identify relevant candidate genes, we experimentally assayed genome-wide gene expression in pond and lake Daphnia ecotypes exposed to alternate resource environments. One was a simple, high-quality laboratory diet, Ankistrodesmus falcatus. The other was the complex natural seston from a large lake. In temporary ponds, Daphnia generally experience high-quality, abundant resources, whereas lakes provide low-quality, seasonally shifting resources that are chronically limiting. For both ecotypes, we used replicate clones drawn from a number of separate populations. Fourteen genes were differentially regulated with respect to resources, including genes involved in gut processes, resource allocation, and activities with no obvious connection to resource exploitation. Three genes were differentially regulated in both ecotypes; the others may play a role in ecological divergence. Genes clearly linked to gut processes include two peritrophic matrix proteins, a Niemann–Pick type C2 gene, and a chymotrypsin. A pancreatic lipase, an epoxide hydrolase, a neuroparsin, and an UDP-dependent glucuronyltransferase are potentially involved in resource allocation through effects on energy processing and storage or hormone pathways. We performed quantitative rt-PCR for eight genes in independent samples of three clones of each of the two ecotypes. Though these largely confirmed observed differential regulation, some genes’ expression was highly variable among clones. Our results demonstrate the value of matching the level of biological replication in genome-wide assays to the question, as it gave us insight into ecotype-level responses at ecological and evolutionary scales despite substantial variation within ecotypes.
On the Sun's limb brightening in the visible

It is shown that in practice the method by Julius (1906) is incapable to determine the limb intensity drop. The brief intensity reversal near the extreme limb as derived from cinematography of flash spectra can be explained by diffraction.
Notes on hatchery spawning methods for bigmouth sleeper Gobiomorus dormitor

The bigmouth sleeper Gobiomorus dormitor, a popular sport fish within its native range, offers a management alternative to exotic species currently managed for recreational fishing. Hatchery production and stocking are needed to create reservoir sport fisheries because this species usually requires access to marine environments for recruitment. Bigmouth sleepers have not been spawned previously in a hatchery, and hence we used natural, artificial and semi-natural spawning techniques. No egg deposition or propagation resulted from natural pond spawning. Artificial spawning techniques using Ovaprim® and Chorulon® injections followed by hand stripping were more successful. Semi-natural (hormone injections plus volitional spawning) spawning trials using Ovaprim® and Chorulon® displayed the greatest potential, and three consecutive evening injections (1.0 mL kg⁻¹) of Chorulon® appeared most conducive. High-fecundity spawning was achieved by injecting bigmouth sleeper pairs and allowing volitional spawning in aquaria with spawning cavities. Initial success in 2007-2008 was isolated to wild-caught fish, but captive broodstock were spawned using these techniques in 2009. Eggs hatched in <20 h at 23-24 °C. The resulting larvae, 1.0-1.5 mm in length, displayed large yolk sacs, unpigmented eyes and no apparent mouth. These hatchery propagation efforts suggest that hormone-induced semi-natural spawning has the greatest potential for bigmouth sleeper propagation.
The focus of the 1906 California earthquake

The location of the 1906 California earthquake is reexamined using both the P and S recordings at teleseismic distances and the local observations. Analysis of the observed travel times using modern empirical tables rules out a focus of the principal shock south of the Santa Cruz Mountains or north of Point Arena. By inter-comparison with the measurements from the 1957 San Francisco earthquake, it is demonstrated that the lines of evidence are slightly more favorable to a principal focus near that of the 1957 California shock (37°40′N, 122°29′W) with t = 13h12m21s than to Reid's focus near Olema, although the latter is not precluded. There is no evidence from the travel times against the hypothesis that the first rupture was associated with the San Andreas fault and occurred within the crust. The analysis confirms that the rupture was of the (perhaps unusual) bilateral type. Calculations which confirm the contentious magnitude of 8 1 4 are set down.
[Risk of bacteremia associated with intravascular devices stratified by birth weight in born of a public hospital of high complexity: follow-up to seven years]

Introduccion: La bacteriemia asociada al uso de dispositivos intravasculares constituye la infeccion nosocomial mas frecuente en las unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatal, asociandose a mayores costos y letalidad. Objetivo: Conocer el riesgo de bacteriemias relacionadas al uso de dispositivos intravasculares en recien nacidos hospitalizados, de acuerdo a su peso de nacimiento. Material y Metodos: Vigilancia epidemiologica de baeteriemia en neonatos con cateteres vasculares para asociarlos con los tipos de cateteres y el peso de nacimiento, durante el periodo 2005 a 2011, utilizando el sistema de vigilancia vigente en el pais. Resultados: Se registraron las bacteriemias asociadas a dispositivos vasculares en neonatos considerando peso de nacimiento entre menos a 1.000 g a mas de 2.500 g entre los anos 2005 y 2011. Se vigilaron 4.704 pacientes con 25.130 dias de uso de cateter y se detectaron 70 bacteriemias. La mayor utilizacion de la via venosa fue por cateteres venosos perifericos. Las tasas de bacteriemias fueron de 0,9 por mil dias cateter en venoso periferico, 3,0 en cateter central por via percutanea y 9,6 en cateter umbilical (CU). El riesgo de bacteriemia fue de 6,4% en los neonatos de peso 2.500 g. Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa fue el agente mas frecuentemente aislado. Conclusiones: El riesgo de desarrollar bacteriemia se asocio a menor peso de nacimiento y a la utilizacion de CU en forma, independiente del peso.
Transportable automated ammonia sensor based on a pulsed thermoelectrically cooled quantum-cascade distributed feedback laser

A compact ammonia sensor based on a 10-m single-frequency, thermoelectrically cooled, pulsed quantum-cascade laser with an embedded distributed feedback structure has been developed. To measure NH3 concentrations, we scanned the laser over two absorption lines of its fundamental 2 band. A sensitivity of better than 0.3 parts per million was achieved with just a 1-m optical path length. The sensor is computer controlled and automated to monitor NH3 concentrations continuously for extended periods of time and to store data in the computer memory. © 2002 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 140.5960, 280.3420, 300.6320.
Molecular umbrella-assisted transport of glutathione across a phospholipid membrane.

A di-walled molecular umbrella (1a) has been synthesized by acylation of the terminal amino groups of spermidine with cholic acid, followed by condensation with bis{3-O-[N-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one]yl}-5,5‘-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoate (BDTNB), and displacement with glutathione (γ-Glu-Cys-Gly, GSH). Replacement of the sterol hydroxyls with sulfate groups, prior to displacement with GSH, afforded a hexasulfate analogue 1b. Both conjugates have been found to enter large unilamellar vesicles (200 nm diameter, extrusion) of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), and to react with entrapped GSH to form oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Evidence for vesicular entry has come from the formation of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) within the interior of the vesicle, the appearance of the thiol form of the umbrella (USH), and the absence of release of GSH into the external aqueous phase. Results that have been obtained from monolayer experiments, together with the fact that the heavily sulfated conjugate is...
Concessionaire’s Financial Capability in Developing Build-Operate-Transfer Type Infrastructure Projects

The concessionaire of a build-operate-transfer (BOT) type infrastructure project undertakes many responsibilities, and consequently, assumes a broad scope of risks and potential financial consequences. In addition, appropriate financial engineering skills are required in nonrecourse or limited-recourse financing, which is usually used in BOT-type projects. Therefore, strong financial capability of the concessionaire is an important prerequisite to the successful development of a BOT-type project. A common set of 35 financial criteria has been identified through a systematic research approach, and their relative significances determined based on worldwide expert opinions solicited by a structured questionnaire survey. Statistical analyses of the responses to the survey conclude that (1) the public, private, and academic sectors consider financial criteria rather similarly in the evaluation of the concessionaire’s financial capability, and there is no significant statistical difference in the rating of the ...
Spectrophotormetric Determination of Quinolinium Acid Esters with 2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine

AbstractCarbonyl compound. react with 2, 4-dinitrophtnylhydrazin. to form the corresponding hydrsiones. These hydrazones in the prrsence of lN NaOH give a reddish brown color which can be utilized for colorimatric analysis. This method is used for the spectrophoto-metric determination of quinolinium-6-carboxy-l-metliyl- iodide. Furthermota 2. 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is utilized to kinetic measurements of the rate of hydrolysie of the quinolinium acid esters.
Science and Fascism: The Case of Enrico Fermi

Abstract This article describes the work and fate of Enrico Fermi's group (the ‘Via Panisperna Boys’) under the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini. It examines the fundamental research the group did and its significance and demonstrates how scientists cannot work under conditions innimical to freedom such as those that existed under the Fascist regime.
Death following elective tracheostomy decannulation in chronic neonatal lung disease

Widespread air leak as a fatal complication of elective tracheostomy decannulation in a child aged 20 months with chronic neonatal lung disease (CNLD) is reported. We discuss likely mechanisms for the development of air leak following tracheostomy tube removal in young children with obstructive airways disease and suggest that this procedure be performed in an intensive care or high dependency unit.
Procedural perceptions and support for the U.S. Supreme Court

This paper examines public support toward the U.S. Supreme Court. Although previous scholars have rightly focused on policy outcomes in explaining public attitudes toward the Court, outcome-based theories are unable to explain why support for the Court remains high despite public disagreement with Court decisions. Some scholars argue the low visibility of the Court shields it from public scrutiny. The exposure explanation, however, is inconsistent with the empirical finding that to know the Court is to love it. This paper reconciles these differences by showing how media coverage of the Court can influence procedural perceptions and subsequent support for the Court. Expanding on recent studies examining media coverage of the Court and perceptions of fairness, this study examines how procedural perceptions mediate support for the Court. An experimental design shows that the media's portrayal of procedural information as either fair or unfair influences public evaluations of procedural fairness and subsequently support for the Court as an institution and the individual justices serving on the Court's bench.
Pattern Information Processing System Project

Dr Devey describes how government, industry and the universities are cooperating in a large computing project.
Sedation and Analgesia in the Cardiac Electrophysiology Laboratory: A National Survey of Electrophysiologists Investigating the Who, How, and Why?

Objective To investigate sedation and anesthesia trends and practice patterns for procedures in the cardiac electrophysiology laboratory (EPL). Design A survey distributed by e-mail. Setting US teaching hospitals with a training program in cardiac electrophysiology. Participants Cardiologists involved in procedures in the electrophysiology laboratory of academic electrophysiology programs. Interventions A survey was e-mailed to the selected programs. The survey questions included the use of anesthesia professional (MD/CRNA) and nonanesthesia professional (RN) services, medications administered, commonly performed airway interventions, satisfaction with anesthesia services, and reasons that anesthesia professionals are not used when RNs administer sedation. Measurements and Main Results Of the 95 academic electrophysiology programs surveyed, there were 38 responses (40%). The majority (71%) of respondents used a combined model of care with both anesthesia professional care and nonanesthesia professional (RN) sedation, although there were EPLs that had exclusively anesthesia professional (n = 6) and exclusively nonanesthesia professional coverage (n = 5); 26.3% of respondents answered that care by an anesthesia professional was warranted most (>50%) of the time regardless of their current care model. The main reasons cited for having RN-administered sedation were the lack of availability of anesthesia professionals, difficulty with scheduling, and increased operating room suite turnover times. Programs using exclusively RN sedation (13%) reported all levels of anesthesia including general anesthesia (patient unarousable to repeated deep stimulation). Conclusions This survey suggested that sedation for EPL procedures was sometimes allowed to progress to deep sedation and general anesthesia and that selection of anesthesia provider frequently was made based on availability, operating room efficiency, and economic reasons before patient safety issues. The implications of the survey must be explored further in a larger-scale sample population before more definitive statements can be made, but results suggested that sedation in the EPL is an area that would benefit from updated guidelines specific to the current practice as well as attention from the anesthesia community to address the deficiency in provision of anesthesia care.
Healing Pattern of Collagen-Impregnated and Preclotted Vascular Grafts in Dogs

To eliminate the need for preclotting dacron fabric vascular grafts, collagen- impregnated microvel double velour vascular grafts were used. Twelve mongrel dogs were implanted in the thoracic aorta with collagen-impregnated pros theses, in the form of a loop, 28 to 38 cm long and 8 mm in diameter. Four identical prostheses were preclotted and served as controls. The prostheses were harvested from two to 216 days postoperatively and the healing pattern was determined by histology and scanning electron micrograph methods. At the time of implantation, none of the collagen-impregnated prostheses bled through the wall and all remained patent. The authors established that the collagen- impregnated prostheses healed markedly faster, as documented by the signifi cantly larger area covered by neoendothelial cells and the significantly greater incidence of vasa vasorum along the grafts implanted for a period ranging from eighty-one to ninety-nine days. The study documents the close association be tween the rate of ...
Modeling the inter-electrode capacitances of Si CoolMOS transistors for circuit simulation of high efficiency power systems

The CoolMOS™+ transistor is a power MOSFET type device that utilizes a “super-junction” embedded within its drift region in order to improve the trade-off between on-resistance and breakdown voltage. The super-junction results in unique inter-electrode capacitance characteristics that require an advanced modeling approach to accurately represent switching performance. This paper describes a new compact circuit simulator model for the CoolMOS™ transistor and demonstrates the model performance using the Saber† simulator for a 650 V, 60 A device. The model is suitable for implementation in the Saber simulator that accurately describes all three inter-electrode capacitances (i.e., gate-drain, gate-source, and drain-source capacitances) for the full operating range of the device. The model is derived using the actual charge distribution within the device rather than assuming a lumped charge or one-dimensional charge distribution. Simulation results show excellent agreement with measurement results in contrast to previous modeling approaches used for this device. The compact model developed in this work is going to be utilized in the design of a high efficiency soft-switching inverter for electric vehicle motor drives and a high efficiency bidirectional DC-DC converter at zero-voltage switching (ZVS) operation.
Design Research: What We Learn When We Engage in Design

Educational researchers are increasingly using design as a means of advancing their understanding. Historically design in educational research has served as a way to implement theories for testing. The emerging design research paradigm treats design as a strategy for developing and refining theories. In this article, I discuss the lessons that can be learned from design. Starting from a model that characterizes designs in terms of problem analyses, design solutions, and design processes, I describe 3 types of theories that can be developed through design research: domain theories, design frameworks, and design methodologies. I present examples from a design research program investigating software supports for reflective inquiry. I argue for design research as form of educational research because (a) design offers opportunities to learn unique lessons, (b) design research yields practical lessons that can be directly applied, and (c) design research engages researchers in the direct improvement of educatio...
Stress-induced plasticity of GABAergic inhibition.

GABAergic neurotransmission is highly plastic, undergoing dynamic alterations in response to changes in the environment, such as following both acute and chronic stress. Stress-induced plasticity of GABAergic inhibition is thought to contribute to changes in neuronal excitability associated with stress, which is particularly relevant for stress-related disorders and seizure susceptibility. Here we review the literature demonstrating several mechanisms altering GABAergic inhibition associated with stress, including brain region-specific alterations in GABAA receptor (GABAAR) subunit expression, changes in chloride homeostasis, and plasticity at GABAergic synapses. Alterations in the expression of specific GABAAR subunits have been documented in multiple brain regions associated with acute or chronic stress. In addition, recent work demonstrates stress-induced alterations in GABAergic inhibition resulting from plasticity in intracellular chloride levels. Acute and chronic stress-induced dephosphorylation and downregulation of the K+/Cl- co-transporter, KCC2, has been implicated in compromising GABAergic control of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons necessary for mounting the physiological response to stress. Acute stress also unmasks the capacity for both long-term potentiation and long-term depression, in distinct temporal windows, at GABAergic synapses on parvocellular neuroendocrine cells (PNCs) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. This review highlights the complexity in the plasticity of GABAergic neurotransmission associated with stress and the relationship to neuronal excitability, including alterations in GABAAR expression, synaptic plasticity at GABAergic synapses, and changes in chloride homeostasis.
A novel excited-state intramolecular proton transfer molecule, 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline

Abstract The occurrence of the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) for 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline is reported. The tautomer emission was observed with a maximum at 609 nm and a yield of ≈ 2.0 × 10 −2 in methylcyclohexane at room temperature. The ESIPT reaction is free from solvent perturbation. The extreme photostability and unusually large Stokes shifted emission make this a potential candidate for application in radiation-hard scintillators.
GL ( m ,2) acting on R ( r,m )/ R ( r −1, m )

Abstract Let R ( r , m ) be the r th order Reed-Muller code of length 2 m , and let R ( r , m )/ R ( r − 1, m ) be the set of all cosets of R ( r − 1, m ) in R ( r , m ). The general linear group GL ( m ,2) acts on R ( r , m )/ R ( r − 1, m ). We compute the numbers of the GL ( m ,2)-orbits of R ( r , m )/ R ( r − 1, m ) for 6 ⩽ m ⩽ 11. This is done through a formula for the size of the centralizer of a matrix in GL ( m ,2) and the observation that any A ∈ GL ( m ,2) acts on R ( r , m )/ R ( r − 1, m ) as a linear isomorphism whose matrix with respect to the basis { Π i ∈ S X i + R ( r − 1, m ) : S ⊂ {1, …, m }, | S | = r } of R ( r , m )/ R ( r − 1, m ) is the r th compound of A . We then classify R (3, 6)/ R (2, 6) and R (3, 7)/ R (2, 7). The implication of these classifications concerning the covering properties of R (2,6) and R (2,7) is also given.
Improving mechanical properties of nextel 610TM- reinforced AI- 224 alloy through θ phase precipitation at the fiber/matrix interface: kinetics of the precipitation process

Earlier studies of Nextel 610 (seeded sol-gel-derived AI2O3 multifilament tow developed by 3M) rein-forced Al-224.2 composite panels manufactured by pressure infiltration casting revealed interface delamination as a result of precipitation of the equilibrium θ precipitate and preferential growth at fiber/matrix interface sites. As a result, strengths as high as 91% of rule of mixtures (ROM) were observed. 75 % ROM strengths were observed after extended heating at 350 °C and hencein situ coarsening of the interface θ precipitates. Transverse specimens displaying this still acceptable tensile strength exhibited values of 490 MPa (approaching that of wrought 2xxx alloys). This combination of high axial and transverse strengths from material in the same condition represents a significant improvement in this class of materials. This process is termed “discontinuously coated interfaces” (DCITM). In the present study, the kinetics of the coarsening process were measured at 350 and 400 °C using a new algorithm for the quantitative metallography determinations of the particle distribution at the interface. The interfacial θ coarsening kinetics follows a classical t1/4 rate law. However, the particle size distribution is contrary to the theoretical predictions. Axial flexure tests on materials subjected to heat treatments at 350 and 400 °C producing close particle sizes result in similar flexure strengths. Thus, it has been demonstrated that the precipitate size and hence distribution at the interface is the most important factor controlling the mechanical properties of the composite.
Effect of Breastfeeding Peer Counseling on Initiation and Duration of Breastfeeding among Adolescent Mothers

Abstract A breastfeeding initiation rate of 75% is a goal established by Healthy People 2000. Adolescent mothers are among the least likely to breastfeed their infants, thereby reducing their chance of meeting this goal. Peer counseling is an effective way to correct misinformation and to encourage breastfeeding among adolescent mothers. This study tested the hypothesis that peer counseling increases the rate at which breastfeeding is initiated and maintained to 6 weeks postpartum among adolescent mothers. Fifty-eight pregnant adolescents were recruited from the Teen Mother and Child Program (TMCP) to participate in a prospective randomized intervention trial. Informed consent was obtained from all teens who were considering breastfeeding. Women were randomly assigned to either a peer counselor intervention group (n=29) or control group (n=29). Peer counselors (n=6) ranging in age from 17 to 24 were trained through the WIC Program. Intervention group participants met individually with peer counselors during a prenatal clinic visit and received education and support for breastfeeding. They were contacted by telephone at least weekly after the birth of their baby. Breastfeeding was initiated by 100% and 96% of the intervention and control participants respectively, and maintained to 6 weeks postpartum by 54% and 40% of intervention and control group participants, respectively. Overall, TMCP initiation rates of 86% were reported. Compared to TMCP data collected between 1991-1996 which reported a 70% initiation rate, these results suggest a 16% increase in overall initiation rate. Exclusive breastfeeding was practiced by 75% and 42% of intervention and control participants, (p
Returns to emptied cache sites by Clark's nutcrackers, Nucifraga columbiana : a puzzle revisited

Abstract Abstract. The cache recovery behaviour of Clark's nutcrackers was investigated with a new, more refined technique in which nutcrackers were presented with small clusters of test holes to search during recovery sessions. The first experiment evaluated the usefulness of the cluster technique. The birds performed extremely well, making many fewer errors than would be expected by chance and avoiding clusters that did not contain cache sites. The second experiment employed the cluster technique to investigate the tendency of nutcrackers to revisit old cache sites emptied earlier in recovery. During the first half of recovery testing, the birds were tested with three cluster types: (1) good clusters: cache sites with seeds in them; (2) plundered clusters: cache sites from which the experimenters had removed the seeds; and (3) bad clusters: with no cache sites. The birds performed accurately in both the good and plundered clusters, but avoided bad clusters. During the second half of recovery testing, the birds were presented with good, bad and old clusters. Old clusters included both good clusters that had been visited and emptied, and plundered clusters that had been visited during the first half of testing. The birds were less likely to enter old clusters, and their behaviour was less well-directed towards cache sites in old than in good clusters. These results demonstrate that nutcrackers can discriminate good sites from emptied ones, probably by either 'tagging' the location by remembering it or by forgetting it.
How Can Intra Correlation Be Exploited Better

This paper studies how to better exploit intra correlation in image/intra-frame coding. Unlike the previous assumption, where the correlation between samples is determined only by their distance, image is considered to present local orientation property. The correlation between samples is determined by not only the distance but also the link orientation. Thus, a directional Filtering Transform (dFT) is proposed in this paper to exploit local orientation correlation among samples. It consists of directional filtering and optional transform. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the theoretical coding gain of the proposed directional filtering in terms of signal power spectral density (PSD). Both numerical results and actual compression results of the intra-frame coding in H.264 demonstrate the advantages of the proposed dFT with decoding complexity increased slightly.