cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vascular Optic Neuropathies

Knowledge of the vascular supply to the optic nerve, retina, and choroid (see Chap. 1) is essential for the understanding of visual defects that are caused by segmental or focal ischemia of the optic nerve or retina. Recall that the optic nerve and the retina have different blood supplies: the retina is supplied by the branches from the central retinal artery and the optic nerve is supplied principally by the posterior ciliary/circle of Haller-Zinn circulation.
Stress and Coping: A Comparison of Self-Report Measures of Functioning in Families of Young Children with Cerebral Palsy or No Medical Diagnosis

We analyzed data from 87 mothers of children ages 15 to 44 months with cerebral palsy (CP) or no diagnosis, who completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Parenting Stress Index, Support Functions Scale, and Inventory of Social Support. Principal components analysis of the 15 subscales from the 5 measures revealed few cross-measure loadings. Mothers of children with CP (severe or mild) reported higher levels of parenting stress than did mothers of controls. However, cluster analysis of self-report measures yielded a 5-cluster solution, with no diagnostic group differences across clusters. That is, there were no overall differences in self-reported family functioning according to presence or severity of the child's disability. The results are discussed in terms of the organization of family systems and their relationship to child diagnosis. Clinical implications for assessing and working with families are noted.
Children's thinking is not just about what is in the head: understanding the organism and environment as a unified system.

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates that variations in children's thinking across different contexts arise out of the real-time interaction of the cognitive system and the available environmental structure. From this perspective, thinking does not reside only in the head. Rather, thinking is an activity that emerges out of a unified system that includes both the child and the environment. Development proceeds in a cyclical fashion with changes in the cognitive system opening up new sensitivities to environmental structure and new sensitivities to environmental structure leading to the further refinement of cognitive skills. Ultimately, a better understanding of these interactions both in the moment and over development should allow better predicting the course of cognitive development for individual children and successfully intervening when aspects of cognitive development go awry.
Gazelles and Gazillas in China and India

In the literature on firm-level data, “gazelles” refer to rapidly-growing firms, which are of interest both because of their disproportionate contribution to employment and as an indicator of entrepreneurship. This paper makes three contributions: (1) It focuses on gazelles in China and India, whereas the current literature uses OECD data; (2) It examines the relationship between gazelles and exporting; (3) It focuses on “gazillas,” very large firms which also grow rapidly, and which may be archetypal of the development of markets in a given country. Gazelles exist in all sectors in both China and India. On the margin, exporters of goods are more likely to be gazelles in both China and India, but many non-exporters are gazelles, suggesting that there are substantial opportunities in selling to the domestic market. In both countries, state-owned enterprises are less likely on average to be gazelles and foreign-owned enterprises are more likely, but there are significant counterexamples. Prominent gazillas in China include both foreign-invested enterprises (e.g. Foxconn), which are export-intensive, and state-owned enterprises (e.g. units of Sinopec), which focus on the domestic market. In India, gazillas are featured in both software and in recently reformed service sectors, such as telecom, where they have been key to the explosive diffusion of mobile phones in the last 20 years.
Dynamic network theory : how social networks influence goal pursuit

Social networks surround us. They are as diverse as a local community trying to help solve a neighborhood crime, a firm wondering how to streamline decision making, or a terrorist cell figuring out how to plan an attack without central coordination. This groundbreaking book explores social networks in formal and informal organizations, using a combination of approaches from social psychology, I/O psychology, organization/management science, social learning, and helping skills. A quantum advance over conventional social network analysis, Dynamic Network Theory examines how social networks articulate goals and generate social capital at various levels. Geared for researchers and practitioners, Dynamic Network Theory is also written for graduate students and advanced undergraduate students. Appendixes include primers on designing and analyzing dynamic network charts.
A new model for the viscosity of electrolyte solutions

A new model for the viscosity of electrolyte solutions has been developed based on the combination of liquid-state theory and absolute-rate theory. Using the McMillan−Mayer framework, the ions are ...
Relationship between total mechanical energy and oxygen consumption in the stunned myocardium

Abstract We studied the relationship between left ventricular oxygen consumption (LVVo 2 ) and total ventricular mechanical energy production as determined by calculation of the systolic pressure-volume area (P-VA) before and after 25 minutes of warm ischemia in 7 sheep. We compared the relationship between LVVo 2 and P-VA with the relationships between LVVo 2 and stroke work and between LVVo 2 and the systolic stress integral. Using the methods presented, P-VA can be measured in vivo (n = 123) in both preischemic and postischemic hearts. Ischemia increases the slopes of the relationship between LVVo 2 and P-VA and between stroke work and the systolic stress integral, and reduces the oxygen utilization efficiency of stroke work to less than 2%. Coefficients of determination for the relationship between LVVo 2 and P-VA are, in general, higher than those between LVVo 2 and either stroke work or the systolic stress integral. We conclude that systolic P-VA can be measured in vivo using recently developed methods and that it is applicable to postischemic "stunned" hearts. Because P-VA and LVVo 2 can be converted into identical energy units, calculation of P-VA permits calculation of myocardial oxygen utilization efficiency.
Systematics of Neotropical Triplectides (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae)

The taxonomy and systematics of the Neotropical species of Triplectides Kolenati (Leptoceridae: Triplectidinae: Triplectidini) are reviewed. Illustrations and generic diagnoses are provided for adult and immature stages. Eight species are described as new: T. chilensis Holzenthal, n. sp., from Argentina and Chile; T. flintorum Holzenthal, n. sp., from Mexico, Central America, and northern South America; T. misionensis Holzenthal, n. sp., from Argentina; T. neblinus Holzenthal, n. sp., T. neotropicus Holzenthal, n. sp., and T. tepui Holzenthal, n. sp., from Venezuela; T. nevadus Holzenthal, n. sp., from Peru and Venezuela; and T. ultimus Holzenthal, n. sp., from southeastern Brazil. Triplectides ramulorurs (Muller), T. robustus Schmid, and T. multipunctatus Schmid are designated as synonyms of T. gracilis (Burmeister), T. jaffueli Navas, and T. nigripennis Mosely, respectively. Triplectides colombicus Navas is considered a nomen dubium .
Multipoint approach for aerodynamic modeling in complex flowfields

New aerodynamic functions and variables have been developed to facilitate the modeling of the nonlinear aerodynamic phenomena that pervade during spinning or other complex motions of aircraft. The new methodology is intended to compensate for the difficulty that conventional estimation models have in accounting for the effects of large spatial variations of the flowfield or large excursions away from the steady state. The functions have been deduced from aerodynamic theory and the variables are determined primarily by the translational and rotational velocity vectors and some basic aircraft geometry. In general, the variables remain smoother over the course of a spin than the velocity components from which they are partially derived and that are often used in conventional estimation models. The model makes some use of static wind-tunnel data, however, parameter estimation techniques using actual flight test data must be applied to complete the model. The model is intended for simulation and controls applications.
Mechanism of action of angiotensin-receptor blocking agents.

Angiotensin II is the most active hormone of the reninangiotensin system. In humans, two angiotensin receptors have been identified: AT1 and AT2. In adults, most of the effects of angiotensin II are mediated by the AT1 receptor; the function of the AT2 receptor is not yet well established. Angiotensin II has both systemic and local paracrine effects. Increased activity of angiotensin II and stimulation of the AT1 receptor have been linked to the development of several cardiovascular and renal diseases, including hypertension, heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and diabetic nephropathy. Over the past two decades, angiotensin-converting enzymes have been used to manage these diseases. However, the side effects and less-thanmaximum therapeutic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, particularly in the decrease of mortality associated with congestive heart failure, have led to the development of AT1-receptor blockers.
Ancient Egyptian astronomy

The early astronomy of ancient Egypt is known to us from its practical application to time measurement, in the large sense of a calendar year and in the smaller of the 24 h day. The earliest calendar year was lunar, kept in place in the natural year by the star Sirius. From this lunistellar year evolved the well-known calendar year of 365 days (three seasons of four 30-day months and 5 days added at the end). The division of the 30 day month into three 10-day ‘weeks’, combined with the observation of stars called decans rising at nightfall, eventually resulted in our 24 h day of fixed length. Constellations, except for decanal stars, and planets figured only in mythology. The zodiac was introduced into Egypt apparently in the Ptolemaic period and the decans finally became merely names for thirds of a zodiacal sign. In this latest period true astronomical texts also appear but they cannot be counted Egyptian in origin.
Biofeedback, relaxation training, and music: homeostasis for coping with stress.

This study compared the efficacy of five relaxation training procedures, four of which employed EMG auditory feedback: (1) biofeedback only (BF), (2) autogenic training phrases (ATP), (3) music (MU), (4) autogenic training phrases and music (ATP & MU), and (5) a control group, in developing self-regulation of a “cultivated low arousal state” as a countermeasure to tensed muscular reaction to stressful imagery. Twenty subjects established a pre- and posttraining frontalis region EMG biofeedback baseline measurement. Sixteen subjects were assigned at random to the 25-minute taped relaxation training procedure. After eight training sessions (4 weeks), MU and ATP & MU groups achieved highly significant differences when compared with the control group. The ATP & MU group attained the lowest postbaseline arousal level measured by the EMG. EMG as a physiological measure for transfer of training functioned well in detecting the psychophysiological affect of stressful imagery.
Coronary vasodilator reserve in ischemic myocardium of the exercising dog.

BACKGROUNDPrevious work has reported that coronary vasodilator reserve may persist in myocardium rendered ischemic by hypoperfusion. This study investigated the presence and extent of residual coronary vasomotor tone in myocardial regions made acutely ischemic by a flow-limiting coronary stenosis during exercise.METHODS AND RESULTSStudies were done in chronically instrumented dogs undergoing treadmill exercise in the presence of a coronary stenosis that decreased distal left circumflex coronary artery perfusion pressure to approximately 40 mm Hg. Measurements of myocardial blood flow were made with radioactive microspheres during exercise (6.5 km/hr, 6% grade) before and during intracoronary infusion of the potent coronary vasodilator adenosine (40 micrograms/kg/min). Distal coronary perfusion pressure was held equal before and during intracoronary adenosine infusion (43 +/- 5 versus 42 +/- 5 mm Hg) by adjusting the hydraulic coronary occluder. During exercise in the presence of a coronary stenosis, myoca...
A protective role of murine langerin⁺ cells in immune responses to cutaneous vaccination with microneedle patches

Cutaneous vaccination with microneedle patches offers several advantages over more frequently used approaches for vaccine delivery, including improved protective immunity. However, the involvement of specific APC subsets and their contribution to the induction of immunity following cutaneous vaccine delivery is not well understood. A better understanding of the functions of individual APC subsets in the skin will allow us to target specific skin cell populations in order to further enhance vaccine efficacy. Here we use a Langerin-EGFP-DTR knock-in mouse model to determine the contribution of langerin(+) subsets of skin APCs in the induction of adaptive immune responses following cutaneous microneedle delivery of influenza vaccine. Depletion of langerin(+) cells prior to vaccination resulted in substantial impairment of both Th1 and Th2 responses, and decreased post-challenge survival rates, in mice vaccinated cutaneously but not in those vaccinated via the intramuscular route or in non-depleted control mice. Our results indicate that langerin(+) cells contribute significantly to the induction of protective immune responses following cutaneous vaccination with a subunit influenza vaccine.
Atomic geometry of Si(111) 7×7 by dynamical low-energy electron diffraction

Abstract A complete determination of individual atomic coordinates for the Si(111) 7×7 surface has been carried out by dynamical low-energy electron diffraction. The dimer-adatom-stacking fault (DAS) model, after large vertical and lateral relaxations, was found to produce calculated spectra in remarkably good agreement with the data. Atoms in the faulted half of the unit cell are raised from those of the unfaulted half. Adatoms at corner sites are higher than those at center sites.
Honeywell militarized color liquid crystal displays for the F-16

A fully militarized color multifunction display for the F-16 has been completed and is in the first months of production. This high performance display is a tightly integrated ensemble of optical, electronic, mechanical, and thermal designs, Many of the elements are critically interdependent, requiring fine-tuning to achieve the exceptional performance required by the F-16 environment. With no cooling air available on the F-16, the thermal requirements, both specified and implicit, dominated the design process. The high luminance requirements, in combination with a high resolution display, concentrated a great deal of heat in the display module. As a result, thermal efficiency and management were paramount. Temperature stability and performance of the liquid crystal material itself, stability of the polarizers, optical and electronic efficiency and heat extraction design required intense scrutiny.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Immunoreactivity to antinucleoside antibodies in X-irradiated HeLa cells

Abstract Synchronized HeLa cells were stained with antibodies to purine and pyrimidine nucleosides by immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase techniques. These antibodies react only with denatured or single-stranded regions of DNA. Nuclear attachment of antibody was seen only during the period of DNA synthesis as determined by 3 H-thymidine incorporation. Positive nuclear immunoreactivity was seen in approx. 15% of cells obtained by mitotic selection at a time corresponding to the G 1 phase. After exposure to ionizing radiation, 80% of the G 1 cells were reactive. Induction of immunoreactivity was dose dependent over the range of 100 to 1 000 rads. Treatment of irradiated G 1 cells with deoxyribonuclease completely eliminated the positive nuclear reaction. Exposure to ribonuclease had no effect. Incubation of the G 1 cells for 90 min at 37 or 0–4 °C after the administration of 1 000 rads resulted in a prompt decrease of immunoreactivity to control levels. However, in the presence of 0.04 μg/ml actinomycin D, positive nuclear staining remained at high levels. No such effect could be observed as a result of exposure to cytosine arabinoside or hydroxyurea. It is concluded that X-irradiation of G 1 HeLa cells produces single-stranded regions in nuclear DNA that can be detected by anti-pyrimidine and anti-purine antibodies.
Dynamical rearrangements of the (2×1)O adlayer during CO oxidation on Cu (1 1 0)

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to visualize dynamical rearrangements of the (2×1)O adlayer on Cu(1 1 0) during reaction with CO. Taking an initially fully oxygen covered surface at 350 K, the reaction starts at terrace edges, where vacant sites for CO adsorption exist. The reaction then proceeds almost uniformly perpendicular to these terrace edges leaving the bare surface behind. In contrast, starting with an initially fully oxygen covered surface at 470 K, the reaction results in the formation of fingerlike structures at the terrace edges. In subsequent images these fingers of bare surface area extend deep into the original adlayer along the [0 0 1] direction, i.e. along the Cu–O–Cu-chains, while the reaction along the [1 1 0] direction, i.e. perpendicular to the chains, appears to proceed uniformly exhibiting a comparatively straight adlayer boundary all the time. The observations are discussed taking into account the complex adsorbate–adsorbate interactions of the Cu–O compounds and the high mobility of these species at 470 K.
Association of newly synthesized major fl coat protein with infected host cell inner membrane

The bacteriophage fl major coat protein becomes associated with the host cell inner membrane very shortly after it is synthesized. Pulse-chase experiments suggest that the virus is never stably associated with the host cell outer membrane; we propose that it passes directly from the inner membrane to the growth medium.
ASSESSMENT OF SCHOOL READINESS IN SICKLE CELL CHILDREN

Patients with sickle cell disease express a myriad of clinical signs and symptoms to varying degrees which affect their lifestyle and academic performance. Certain psycho-educational and psycho-social factors have been shown to influence the academic achievement of sickle cell patients, but no one has investigated the potential effects of pre-school development. We examined 5 children with sickle cell disease ages 4-6 and 5 age, sex and race matched controls for school readiness using the PEER (Pediatric Examination of Educational Readiness). The PEER assesses a child's performance in such areas of developmental attainment as visual input, verbal output, etc. The child's selective attention, adaptive behavior and processing efficiency were also measured. The sickle cell group scored significantly lower than their normal counterparts (p<0.025, t-test for paired variates) particularly in the areas of visual motor integration, motor sequential tasks, selective attention and processing efficiency. Four of the children with sickle cell disease were also tested with a standardized psychometric test (McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities). There was a good correlation (r=0.8) between the PEER scores and the perceptual/performance component of the McCarthy Scales. Magnetic resonance imaging studies performed on 3 of the children with sickle cell disease for the detection of cerebral vascular accidents revealed no infarctions. These preliminary studies show that sickle cell children are developmentally less ready to enter school and this may contribute to their future academic underachievement.
Retinal Vessel Diameter and the Incidence of Coronary Artery Disease in Type 1 Diabetes

Purpose To examine the relationship between retinal vessel diameter and coronary artery disease (CAD) incidence in type 1 diabetes (T1D) using data from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) Study. Design Prospective cohort study of childhood-onset T1D. Methods Data are from 448 participants who had retinal photographs taken at baseline examination (May 1986 to November 1988) and no history of laser photocoagulation. Computer-assisted grading was used to measure retinal arteriolar and venular caliber. CAD incidence (CAD death, myocardial infarction, revascularization/stenosis ≥50%, ischemic electrocardiogram, or physician-diagnosed angina) was ascertained over a median follow-up time of 18 years (range, 2 months to 20.5 years). Results Mean baseline arteriolar and venular caliber were 180.0 μm (standard deviation [SD], 15.2 μm) and 273.3 μm (SD, 28.0 μm), respectively; 80 (17.9%) CAD events occurred during follow-up. After covariate adjustment for T1D duration, gender, hypertension, serum lipids, and smoking status, smaller arteriolar caliber was significantly associated with CAD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.42; P = .03), but larger venular caliber was not. A vessel diameter-gender interaction term was significant for arteriolar caliber ( P = .006). Stratified by gender, smaller arteriolar caliber was significantly associated with the incidence of CAD in women (HR, 1.92; P = .004), but not men. Venular caliber was not associated with CAD in either gender. Conclusion Smaller arteriolar caliber may indicate an increased risk of CAD in women, but not men, with T1D. Additional studies are needed to further examine the role of microvascular disease in the pathogenesis of CAD in women with T1D.
Are Prejudice and Discrimination Learned? A Comment on Stodolska

Monika Stodolska has assembled and merged several allied theoretical perspectives from psychology and social psychology with the intent to better understand, and perhaps prevent, discrimination tha...
Validation of the chronic disease score-infectious disease (CDS-ID) for the prediction of hospital-associated clostridium difficile infection (CDI) within a retrospective cohort

Aggregate comorbidity scores are useful for summarizing risk and confounder control in studies of hospital-associated infections. The Chronic Disease Score – Infectious Diseases (CDS-ID) was developed for this purpose, but it has not been validated for use in studies of Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI). The aim of this study was to assess the discrimination, calibration and potential for confounder control of CDS-ID compared to age alone or individual comorbid conditions. Secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort study of adult inpatients with 2 or more days of antibiotic exposure at a tertiary care facility during 2005. Logistic regression models were used to predict the development of CDI up to 60 days post-discharge. Model discrimination and calibration were assessed using the c-statistic and Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) tests, respectively. C-statistics were compared using chi-square tests. CDI developed in 185 out of 7,792 patients. The CDS-ID was a better standalone predictor of CDI than age (c-statistic 0.653 vs 0.609, P=0.04). The best discrimination was observed when CDS-ID and age were both used to predict CDI (c-statistic 0.680). All models had acceptable calibration (P>0.05). The CDS-ID is a valid tool for summarizing risk of CDI associated with comorbid conditions.
Solving for Relative Pose with a Partially Known Rotation is a Quadratic Eigenvalue Problem

We propose a novel formulation of minimal case solutions for determining the relative pose of perspective and generalized cameras given a partially known rotation, namely, a known axis of rotation. An axis of rotation may be easily obtained by detecting vertical vanishing points with computer vision techniques, or with the aid of sensor measurements from a smart phone. Given a known axis of rotation, our algorithms solve for the angle of rotation around the known axis along with the unknown translation. We formulate these relative pose problems as Quadratic Eigen value Problems which are very simple to construct. We run several experiments on synthetic and real data to compare our methods to the current state-of-the-art algorithms. Our methods provide several advantages over alternatives methods, including efficiency and accuracy, particularly in the presence of image and sensor noise as is often the case for mobile devices.
PILOTED SIMULATOR STUDIES PERTAINING TO THE LOW-SPEED LONGITUDINAL HANDLING QUALITIES OF A SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT AIRPLANE

Piloted simulator studies of low-speed longitudinal handling qualities of supersonic transport aircraft
Effects of a Calcium Receptor Activator on the Cellular Response to Calcium in Human Keratinocytes

Changes in the concentration of extracellular calcium affect the balance between proliferation and differentiation in epidermal keratinocytes. Undifferentiated keratinocytes respond to the acute increase in the concentration of extracellular calcium with an increase of intracellular calcium concentration and inositol trisphosphate production, and, subsequently, the expression of differentiation related genes. Our previous studies demonstrated the presence of a calcium-sensing receptor in human keratinocytes, which is identical to the parathyroid calcium-sensing receptor. In this study we showed that the calcimimetic compound NPS R-467, a selective calcium-sensing receptor activator, augmented the calcium-elicited inositol trisphosphate response of cloned human keratinocyte calcium-sensing receptor expressed in human embryonic kidney cells 293. In order to define the role of the calcium-sensing receptor in calcium induced epidermal differentiation, we investigated the ability of NPS R-467 to raise intracellular Ca2+ and stimulate differentiation in normal human foreskin keratinocytes. In the presence of 0.03 mM Ca2+, NPS R-467 increased the intracellular calcium concentration response in a concentration-dependent fashion. Undifferentiated normal human foreskin keratinocyte cells responded to increased extracellular calcium concentration with increased intracellular calcium concentration. NPS R-467 potentiated this response by increasing the maximal response. Its stereoisomer, NPS S-467, was not active in raising intracellular calcium concentration. Increasing extracellular calcium concentration from 0.03 to 1.2 mM stimulated the promoter activity of the differentiation marker gene, involucrin. NPS R-467 potentiated the calcium-stimulated increase in involucrin promoter activity unlike NPS S-467 or vehicle. Northern analysis of the normal human foreskin keratinocyte cells treated with NPS R-467 demonstrated potentiation of the calcium-stimulated increases in involucrin and transglutaminase mRNA levels. These results support the hypothesis that the calcium-sensing receptor expressed in keratinocytes mediates at least part of the intracellular calcium response to extracellular calcium and calcium-induced differentiation.
Urban History, Urban Anthropology, and the Study of Migrants in Cities

The "city as context" offers a useful way to talk about connections (actual and potential) between urban history and urban anthropology in the study of immigrants. Several varying characteristics of cities, as they influence the insertion and incorporation of immigrants are explored. These include the historical depth of immigration in particular cities, the presence or absence of residentially-segregated immigrant receiving areas, the nature of the immigrant labor market (including enclave economies), and a dominant set of values (an urban ethos) shaping economic and institutional life in a given city. [City as context, immigration, ethnic enclaves, urban ethos]
Defensive marketing’s use of post‐purchase telecommunications to create competitive advantages: a strategic analysis

Considers the impact of defensive marketing on a firm’s competitive ability in the marketplace. Examines telecommunications as an important means through which many companies are creating several competitive advantages for themselves through a defensive marketing strategy. Defines defensive marketing in the context of its counterpart, offensive marketing. Discusses several competitive advantages resulting from defensive marketing and its use of telecommunications and provides case examples to support each identified competitive advantage. Examines several issues of concern which marketing managers should consider before undertaking a defensive marketing strategy using telecommunications technology. Highlights the importance of opening communication lines with the customer, using customer‐friendly technology to facilitate customer‐business communication, and the need for a balanced marketing strategy combining both defensive and offensive marketing strategies as major implications resulting from the discussion.
Creating Confident and Competent Readers: Transactional Strategies Instruction.

This article presents a practical plan for improving reading comprehension and reader self-efficacy through transactional strategies instruction. Three phases of instruction are described and specific instructional strategies are provided. Suggestions for implementation and for evaluation of instruction effectiveness are also discussed. The information is applicable for teachers of learners in Grades 4 through12 and for resource teachers or clinicians working with learners having comprehension difficulties.
Which Fractal Parameter Contributes Most to Adhesion

Surfaces can be characterized by three fractal parameters: root-mean-square (RMS) roughness, roughness exponent and lateral correlation length. Little work has been done on correlating these parameters with adhesion. In this study, we simulated the adhesion between an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and sample surfaces with varying fractal parameters. And experimentally, we performed adhesion measurements on polycrystalline silicon sidewalls of varying topography using AFM. Both the simulations and the experimental data support the conclusion that surface roughness is a significant predictor of adhesion, with the adhesion dropping by more than an order of magnitude for a roughness change from 1 to 10 nm. For the roughness exponent, the simulations reveal a 20% decrease in adhesion as the roughness exponent varies from 0 to 1. The scatter in the experimental data was large since the range of the roughness exponent varied only from 0.85 to 0.99. For the lateral correlation length, the experiment showed a ...
Geometric and electronic structure of commensurate 4Ar/Ag(111)-(7×7)R19.1° by density functional theory

We report the optimization of a $4\mathrm{Ar}∕\mathrm{Ag}(111)\text{\ensuremath{-}}(\sqrt{7}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{7})R19.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ monolayer using first-principles density functional theory. The adsorption energies resulting from our ground-state minimizations are similar for all three anchor sites. A commensurate adsorbate cell is comprised of four argon atoms which settle into three different configurations. We refer to these sites as top, threefold hcp hollow, and threefold fcc hollow sites. Each of these structures has one Ar atom located at one of the base sites of the Ag(111) surface. The remaining three Ar atoms are found near the bridge sites of the silver surface. In both of the hollow site structures, the bridge locations are measurably off of the exact geometric bridge positions while maintaining the $\sqrt{7}R19.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ unit cell. Our results show that both the hcp and fcc hollow sites have slightly lower adsorption energies than the top site, by only 1.5 and $4.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$, respectively (per cell of four Ar atoms). The vertical harmonic vibration frequencies were computed for the top, hcp, and fcc hollow sites. They measured 5.22, 5.01, and $5.21\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$, respectively. We studied the possible cause for this high-order commensurate monolayer. We have concluded that neither steric repulsion nor hybridization of the electrons of the Ar atoms is the reason for the commensurability in our model. We propose that the causal mechanism is the Novaco-McTague [Phys. Rev. Lett. 38, 1286 (1977)] theory for orientational epitaxy.
Ammoniation of kenaf tops prior to dehydration.

The leafy tops of kenaf plants grown as a paper pulp crop were analysed to assess their potential value as a feedstuff. Procedures were investigated for incorporating ammonia nitrogen into the material to enhance its nutritive value. Nitrogen thus fixed was stable during subsequent hot-air drying of the product.
Dynein inner arm heavy chain identification in cAMP‐activated flagella using class‐specific polyclonal antibodies

While studying cAMP-dependent dynein alpha-heavy chain phosphorylation, we found previously [Stephens and Prior, 1992: J. Cell Sci. 103:999-1012] that high salt extraction of sperm flagella from the mussel Mytilus edulis or the clam Spisula solidissima removed most visible dynein arms, accompanied by an amount of Mg+2-ATPase that correlated with the mass of dynein alpha- and beta-heavy chains removed. However, although almost devoid of ATPase activity, such extracted axonemes retained one third of the heavy chain mass as two sets of electrophoretically-distinct, vanadate-cleavable, non-phosphorylated proteins. To explore the nature of these dynein-like proteins, antibodies to the alpha- and beta-heavy chains were blot affinity-purified from a rabbit antiserum raised against gradient-purified Spisula 18-20S flagellar outer arm dynein. Although able to recognize common epitopes of the opposite chain type, neither the alpha- nor the beta-heavy chain antibody recognized the tightly-bound proteins in either species, proving that they are immunologically distinct. While the beta-antibody recognized its heavy chain homolog in gill cilia, the alpha-antibody did not, demonstrating immunological distinction between flagellar and ciliary dynein alpha-heavy chains. Immunization of a mouse with nitrocellulose strips containing one of the two tightly-bound Spisula flagellar proteins produced an antiserum that cross-reacted with each tightly-bound protein in both species and also recognized alpha- and beta-heavy chains. The anti-molluscan serum cross-reacted strongly with sea urchin sperm flagellar dynein B-, C-, and D-bands, considered to be inner arm components, but not with sea urchin outer arm alpha- or beta-heavy chains. These data indicate that the electrophoretically and immunologically distinct, tightly-bound proteins of molluscan flagella are inner arm dynein heavy chains.
The association of preprocedural anxiety and the success of procedural sedation in children

Abstract Purpose To investigate the association between a child's preprocedural state anxiety and the success of sedation. Methods A consecutive sample of children aged 2 through17 years requiring sedation for a procedure was enrolled. Pain, preprocedural anxiety (range, 0-9), and success of sedation (10 = most successful) were measured. Results Fifty-nine patients were enrolled. The median age was 7 years. The median anxiety score was 1.0 (interquartile ratio, 0-3). Pain and anxiety were weakly correlated ( r = .21, P > .10). The mean sedation score was 7.8 (±2.2). Preprocedural anxiety and successful sedation were inversely correlated ( r = −0.31, P = .002). Sedation was successful in 81% of children with anxiety scores below the median and 52% with anxiety scores above the median ( P = .02). Children with low anxiety were 3.8 times more likely to be successfully sedated (95% confidence interval, 1.19-12.14). Conclusion Our data suggest that preprocedural state anxiety is associated with the success of sedation in children.
Effects of pseudo-phosphorylated rat cardiac troponin T are differently modulated by α- and β-myosin heavy chain isoforms

Interplay between the protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of troponin T (TnT)- and myosin heavy chain (MHC)-mediated effects on thin filaments takes on a new significance because: (1) there is significant interaction between the TnT- and MHC-mediated effects on cardiac thin filaments; (2) although the phosphorylation of TnT by PKC isoforms is common to both human and rodent hearts, human hearts predominantly express β-MHC while rodent hearts predominantly express α-MHC. Therefore, we tested how α- and β-MHC isoforms differently affected the functional effects of phosphorylated TnT. Contractile measurements were made on cardiac muscle fibers from normal rats (α-MHC) and propylthiouracil-treated rats (β-MHC), reconstituted with the recombinant phosphomimetic-TnT (T204E; threonine 204 replaced by glutamate). Ca2+ -activated maximal tension decreased differently in α-MHC + T204E (~68%) and β-MHC + T204E (~35%). However, myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity decreased similarly in α-MHC + T204E and β-MHC + T204E, demonstrating that a decrease in Ca2+ sensitivity alone cannot explain the greater attenuation of tension in α-MHC + T204E. Interestingly, dynamic contractile parameters (rates of tension redevelopment, crossbridge (XB) recruitment dynamics, XB distortion dynamics, and XB detachment kinetics) decreased only in α-MHC + T204E. Thus, the transition of thin filaments from the blocked- to closed-state was attenuated in α-MHC + T204E and β-MHC + T204E, but the closed- to open-state transition was attenuated only in α-MHC + T204E. Our study demonstrates that the effects of phosphorylated TnT and MHC isoforms interact to bring about different functional states of cardiac thin filaments.
Biased tax price or grant expenditure elasticities

Abstract Minor differences in logarithmic government expenditure function specifications lead to wide swings in elasticity estimates. The median voter model is use to identify the biases as well as the appropriate adjustments to bring the elasticities into conformity across model specifications.
Chronic retinal detachment with secondary retinal macrocyst and peripheral neovascularization.

Purpose: To report the association of a retinal macrocyst with peripheral retinal neovascularization that occurred secondary to a chronic, subclinical rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and to illustrate the utility of wide-field fundus photography. Methods: Case Report Results: A 37 year-old male was diagnosed with chronic retinal detachment on routine eye examination. Further evaluation revealed intraretinal hemorrhages and a retinal macrocyst. Diagnosis was confirmed with wide-field fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. Surgery was recommended to repair the retinal detachment, to allow spontaneous resolution of the macrocyst. Conclusion: Chronic, subclinical retinal detachments may rarely be associated with retinal macrocysts and retinal neovascularization. This altered retinal morphology can be delineated on wide-field fundus imaging, which aids in diagnosis and management.
Innovation and the Technology of Conflict During the Napoleonic Revolution in Military Affairs

This essay is intended as a modest response to Prof. Hirshleifer's call for research in the “macrotechnology” of conflict. It specifically considers innovations undertaken by the Prussian and British Armies in response to the problems posed by the Napoleonic Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) and the resulting ascendancy of the French Army. For various reasons, the Prussians chose an “emulating” response to the French; the British chose “offsetting.” The discussion following considers the Napoleonic innovations and the two responses, both of which proved effective. As a result, there is support for the view that military innovation is, to a significant extent, a military choice made from a menu of military measures within the context of military-political competition.
Collineations of projective planes of order 9

Abstract Let P be a projective plane of order 9 other than one of the four known ones. Then the order of the full collineation group of P is 3 a · 5 b , where a is a nonnegative integer and b = 0 or 1.
Sensitivity of multiattribute decision models to alternative specifications of weighting parameters

Abstract The issue of attribute weighting in multiattribute decision models is examined. Results are presented which show that the outputs produced by linear multiattribute models are extremely robust with respect to alternative specifications of the weighting parameters unless the number of attributes included in the models is small, the average correlation among the attributes is low, and the dispersion of the weights is large relative to their mean. Implications of these results are discussed for three different types of weighting schemes-regression weighting, equal weighting, and subjective weighting—which are used in multiattribute decision modeling.
Can left prefrontal rTMS be used as a maintenance treatment for bipolar depression

Numerous studies have examined the acute antidepressant effects of prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). However, there is little information on whether TMS can be used as a maintenance treatment to maintain normal mood once subjects have responded. We describe seven adults with bipolar depression who responded acutely to TMS and were then treated with TMS weekly for up to 1 year. TMS was carried out over the left prefrontal cortex at 110% motor threshold, 5 Hz for 8 s for 40 trains. Three subjects completed 1 full year of weekly TMS with an average Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression of 13 (sd = 5.9) over the year. These data suggest but do not prove that TMS might eventually be used as an adjunctive maintenance treatment for at least some patients with bipolar depression. Much work remains.
G protein β interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor and suppresses its transcriptional activity in the nucleus

Extracellular stimuli that activate cell surface receptors modulate glucocorticoid actions via as yet unclear mechanisms. Here, we report that the guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)–coupled receptor-activated WD-repeat Gβ interacts with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), comigrates with it into the nucleus and suppresses GR-induced transactivation of the glucocorticoid-responsive genes. Association of Gγ with Gβ is necessary for this action of Gβ. Both endogenous and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)–fused Gβ2 and Gγ2 proteins were detected in the nucleus at baseline, whereas a fraction of EGFP-Gβ2 and DsRed2-GR comigrated to the nucleus or the plasma membrane, depending on the exposure of cells to dexamethasone or somatostatin, respectively. Gβ2 was associated with GR/glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in vivo and suppressed activation function-2–directed transcriptional activity of the GR. We conclude that the Gβγ complex interacts with the GR and suppresses its transcriptional activity by associating with the transcriptional complex formed on GR-responsive promoters.
Heisenberg characters, unitriangular groups, and Fibonacci numbers

Let U"n(F"q) denote the group of unipotent nxn upper triangular matrices over a finite field with q elements. We show that the Heisenberg characters of U"n"+"1(F"q) are indexed by lattice paths from the origin to the line x+y=n using the steps (1,0), (1,1), (0,1), (0,2), which are labeled in a certain way by nonzero elements of F"q. In particular, we prove for n>=1 that the number of Heisenberg characters of U"n"+"1(F"q) is a polynomial in q-1 with nonnegative integer coefficients and degree n, whose leading coefficient is the nth Fibonacci number. Similarly, we find that the number of Heisenberg supercharacters of U"n(F"q) is a polynomial in q-1 whose coefficients are Delannoy numbers and whose values give a q-analogue for the Pell numbers. By counting the fixed points of the action of a certain group of linear characters, we prove that the numbers of supercharacters, irreducible supercharacters, Heisenberg supercharacters, and Heisenberg characters of the subgroup of U"n(F"q) consisting of matrices whose superdiagonal entries sum to zero are likewise all polynomials in q-1 with nonnegative integer coefficients.
A microtiter assay for factor XIII using fibrinogen and biotinylcadaverine as substrates.

Efforts to develop an improved assay for plasma and tissue transglutaminase have led us to a convenient, sensitive microtiter plate assay for coagulation factor XIII using human fibrinogen as an immobilized substrate. Factor XIII was activated in the presence of calcium, thrombin, and immobilized fibrinogen and then assayed by adding biotinylcadaverine. The reaction was terminated by adding EDTA and the level of incorporated biotin was measured with streptavidin-β-galactosidase. In this assay, the analytical range for human platelet factor XIII was 0.01-100 ng and 1-100 ng for guinea pig liver transglutaminase. Fibrinogen-coated plates gave more than 100-fold increase in sensitivity compared with N,N-dimethylcasein-coated microtiter plates. The intraassay coefficient of variation was less than 5% (n = 12) and interassay less than 6% (n = 4). The sensitivity of this assay reduced the volumes of plasma samples required and consequently eliminated the need to remove fibrinogen from such test samples. As expected, factor XIII activity could be inhibited by putrescine and antibodies against factor XIII as well as by a monoclonal antibody that bound to the carboxyl terminus of human fibrin γ-chains. The assay provided a sensitive, simple, and rapid method for measuring factor XIII.
TESLA: Taylor expanded solar analog forecasting

With the increasing penetration of renewable energy resources within the Smart Grid, solar forecasting has become an important problem for hour-ahead and day-ahead planning. Within this work, we analyze the Analog Forecast method family, which uses past observations to improve the forecast product. We first show that the frequently used euclidean distance metric has drawbacks and leads to poor performance relatively. In this paper, we introduce a new method, TESLA forecasting, which is very fast and light, and we show through case studies that we can beat the persistence method, a state of the art comparison method, by up-to 50% in terms of root mean square error to give an accurate forecasting result. An extension is also provided to improve the forecast accuracy by decreasing the forecast horizon.
Observations on Hematocrit and Body Form of Hatchery‐reared Lake Trout

Abstract Hematocrit and condition factor data were collected from lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) over a period of 6 to 9 years at the Pendills Creek-Hiawatha Forest National Fish Hatchery. Both condition factor and hematocrit values increased with increasing length. Below about 10°C condition factor was positively related to water temperature and hematocrit values were inversely related to water temperature. Hematocrit values did not deviate from norms during two epizootic outbreaks.