cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipocalin 13 Protein Protects against Hepatic Steatosis by Both Inhibiting Lipogenesis and Stimulating Fatty Acid β-Oxidation

Obesity is associated with hepatic steatosis, partially due to increased lipogenesis and decreased fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver; however, the underlying mechanism of abnormal lipid metabolism is not fully understood. We reported previously that obesity is associated with LCN13 (lipocalin 13) deficiency. LCN13 is a lipocalin family member involved in glucose metabolism, and LCN13 deficiency appears to contribute to hyperglycemia in obese mice. Here, we show that LCN13 is also an important regulator of lipogenesis and β-oxidation in the liver. In primary hepatocytes, recombinant LCN13 directly suppressed lipogenesis and increased fatty acid β-oxidation, whereas neutralization of endogenous LCN13 had an opposite effect. Transgenic overexpression of LCN13 protected against hepatic steatosis in mice with either dietary or genetic (ob/ob) obesity. LCN13 transgenic overexpression also improved hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. Short-term LCN13 overexpression via an adenovirus-mediated gene transfer similarly attenuated hepatic steatosis in db/db mice. LCN13 inhibited the expression of important lipogenic genes and stimulated the genes that promote β-oxidation. These results suggest that LCN13 decreases liver lipid levels by both inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis and stimulating β-oxidation. LCN13 deficiency is likely to contribute to fatty liver disease in obese mice.
Operator Algebra and the Determination of Critical Indices

The "reduction hypothesis" proposes that a product of nearby fluctuating local variables can be replaced by a linear combination of individual local variables. The linear combinations thereby produced are a kind of algebra of the reduction of products. A particular algebra is proposed for the two-dimensional Ising model. It is shown that a knowledge of which coefficients in the algebra are nonvanishing is sufficient to determine all critical indices.
Continuous culture biodegradation of simazine's chemical oxidation products

Abstract Experimental studies were conducted to assess the continuous culture biodegradation of s -triazines which originate from the chemical oxidation of simazine. Simazine is a herbicide found widely in surface and groundwaters. The four s -triazines selected for study, didealkyl atrazine (CAAT), ammeline (OAAT), ammelide (OOAT), and cyanuric acid (OOOT), originate from the ozone/UV oxidation of simazine. Decreases in continuous culture net growth rate, decreases in C: s -triazine-N feed ratio, and increases in inorganic nitrogen either through addition to the feed or by nitrogen fixation resulted in poorer s -triazine removal. For each process variable studied, the reduction in removal efficiency was s -triazine specific. In general, the greatest reductions in removal efficiency was observed for CAAT followed by OAAT, OOAT, and OOOT indicating that the s -triazine ring substituent group is an important factor in determining its effectiveness as a nitrogen source for microbial metabolism. The relationship between ring substituent and s -triazine metabolism demonstrates the beneficial role that chemical oxidation can play in subsequent s -triazine biodegradation. The application of chemical oxidation may enable the use of existing biological process infrastructure, primarily municipal POTWs where nitrogen limitations do not typically exist, for the treatment of s -triazines.
X-ray diffraction study of Gd2 (MoO4)3

Abstract X-ray diffraction data obtained at various temperatures support the idea that Gd2(MoO4)3 is orthorhombic below and tetragonal above the ferroelectric Curie temperature. An examination of the crystal structure of Gd2(MoO4)3 gives a possible explanation of what happens when a ferroelectric reversal takes place.
High quantum efficiency InAs/GaInSb/AlSb interband cascade lasers

We proposed and demonstrated a new type of quantum cascade laser based on interband transitions in InAs/GaInSb/AlSb type-II quantum wells. Contrary to the conventional heterostructure or quantum well lasers, this device takes advantage of recycling carriers from valence band back to conduction band for sequential photon emissions to achieve high quantum efficiency. So far, an external differential quantum efficiency exceeding 200% has been observed from 4- micrometers lasers under 1 microsecond(s) pulses and 0.1% duty cycle at 80 K. Under 5 - 10 microsecond(s) pulse lengths and 10% duty cycle, peak powers > 160 mW have been obtained, the corresponding internal quantum efficiency was deduced to be 220%.
CYP3A4∗1B variant allele and the risk of breast cancer

Purpose CYP3A4 is one of the many cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolic hydroxylation of 17β-estradiol, but it has the highest 2-hydroxylation activity of the P450 class III enzymes. It has been postulated that 2-hydroxylated estradiol is anticarcinogenic. We hypothesized that women with the variant allele, especially those who are active smokers have an enriched concentration of 2-hydroxylated estradiol, would be at lower risk of developing breast cancer. Methods We used a case-control design to assess the relationship between the CYP3A4∗1B allele and breast cancer risk. We identified 168 cases of invasive breast cancer and 116 controls from eight towns in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, between 1987 and 1993. We genotyped cases and controls to identify those with the CYP3A4∗1B variant allele. We collected information on exposure to tobacco smoke and other breast cancer risk factors using structured interviews. Results Women with one or more copies of the CYP3A4∗1B variant allele were at reduced risk of developing breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.2–1.1). The CYP3A4∗1B variant allele was more protective among ever-active smokers (AOR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.06–1.0) than among never-active smokers (AOR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.2–2.8). Conclusion We provide evidence to support a protective association between the CYP3A4∗1B variant allele and breast cancer risk, a finding consistent with accumulating evidence that enhanced 2-hydroxylation of 17β-estradiol protects against incident breast cancer.
The prevention and management of pressure ulcers

Pressure ulcers are the visible evidence of pathological changes in the blood supply to dermal tissues. Pressure ulcers are rare, affecting only about 0.5% of the total population. The distribution is clustered into two groups, peaking once in younger, mostly neurologically impaired persons and again in older persons. The cluster in the geriatric population accounts for about 70% of all pressure ulcers.
Acute changes in social composition and agonistic behavior in male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus).

Among nonhuman primates the composition of social groups influences the interactions of group members. We assessed the effects of acute changes in social composition on behavior among 15 adult male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Subjects were observed in their basal social groups which comprised 3 adult males, 2-4 adult females, and offspring; and in two subgroups consisting of either two or three adult males. Agonism and vigilance increased in smaller groups relative to basal conditions, while subjects in two-male groups displayed more aggression than those in three-male groups. These findings suggest that, among male vervet monkeys, acute disruption of stable social groups increases aggressive behavior, and that the amount of agonism is influenced by the composition of the consequent subgroups. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The stability of L-phenylalanine mustard in bile

Abstract L-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) was incubated at 37° C in bile of bovine, canine and human origin. Recovery rate constants of L-PAM from bile were 0.1/hr for canine bile (0–3 hours); 0.18/hr for bovine bile; 0.45/hr for human bile. No significant hydrolysis of L-PAM in canine bile was noted for the period of 3 to 6 hours at 37° C. The incubation of L-PAM in sodium taurocholate solution (1000 molar excess) gave a recovery rate constant 0.15/hr at 37° C. However, the incubation of L-PAM in bilirubin solution (2.5 mg/ml H 2 O) gave a recovery rate constant of 0.52/hr at 37° C. The high concentration of the parent compound L-PAM seen in vivo in canine bile after i.v. administration may be related to its low in vitro degradation rate in canine bile.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: pathogenesis and the role of medical management

Two factors, critical for the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), are androgen production by the testes and aging. A classic study by White in 1895 showed that removal of the testes by castration resulted in rapid atrophy of the prostate in 87% of 111 men, with 58% experiencing relief of symptoms of outflow-tract obstruction [1]. Also, Cabot in 1896, demonstrated substantial improvement of obstructive symptoms following castration in 84% of 61 men with presumed BPH; approximately 45% were relieved of urinary retention [2]. It has been known for years that men with gonadotrophin deficiency and men castrated before puberty do not develop BPH [3]. Also, only two cases of BPH have been reported in men castrated before the age of 40 [4, 5]. Thus, these clinical observations strongly suggest that androgen production by the testes plays a major role in the development of BPH in man.
Growth of gold nanorods and bipyramids using CTEAB surfactant.

Gold nanorods and bipyramids have been synthesized using the seed-mediated approach in aqueous cetyltriethylammonium bromide (CTEAB) solutions in the presence of silver nitrate. Gold nanoparticle seeds that are stabilized with either CTEAB or sodium citrate have been used. The use of the CTEAB-stabilized seeds gives gold nanorods in high yield in one step with the longitudinal plasmon wavelength ranging from 750 to 1030 nm, depending on the amount of the seeds. The longitudinal plasmon wavelength can be extended to 1100 nm by the use of a two-step growth method. The growth of gold nanorods in CTEAB solutions takes 5−10 h, more than 5 times slower than that in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solutions at the same concentration of surfactants. The use of the citrate-stabilized seeds gives both gold bipyramids and a small percentage of gold nanorods. The longitudinal plasmon wavelength of the bipyramids is tunable from 700 to 1100 nm by varying the amount of the citrate-stabilized seeds. The growth of gold bi...
Resistance patterns and clinical significance of Candida colonization and infection in combat-related injured patients from iraq and afghanistan.

BACKGROUND: Penetrating wounds with environmental contamination are associated with a range of infectious complications, including fungus. This is the first study to examine the epidemiology, resistance patterns, and outcomes of Candida infections and colonization in United States military patients injured in Iraq and Afghanistan. METHODS: Clinical information associated with initial unique and serial Candida isolates collected from patients (June 2009-October 2013) through the Trauma Infectious Disease Outcomes Study (TIDOS) was evaluated. Susceptibilities were performed using Sensititre YeastOne (YO-9) plates and interpreted by Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) and adjusted-European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria. RESULTS: The analysis included 127 patients with 131 unique Candida isolates, of which 102 were Candida albicans and 29 non-albicans Candida spp. Overall, 99% of patients were male with a median age of 23 and an injury severity score of 22. Injuries were primarily due to blasts (77%) and sustained among personnel serving in Afghanistan (89%). There was a median of 7 days from injury to Candida isolation, and 74 isolates were associated with infection. In the multivariate analysis, non-albicans Candida spp were associated with prior antifungal exposure, blood isolates, and wound isolates (P CONCLUSIONS: Candida isolation from patients with penetrating war injuries may identify a population at higher risk for death. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether targeted antifungals and surgical management will affect this mortality rate. Language: en
Inhibitory effects of various types of stress on gastric tone and gastric myoelectrical activity in dogs.

Objective. Stress impairs gastrointestinal motility, causing, for example, delayed gastric emptying and altered intestinal transit. However, little is known about the effect of various stress factors on gastric tone and gastric myoelectrical activity (GMA). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of various kinds of stress on gastric tone and GMA in a canine model. Material andmethods. Six dogs, implanted with a gastric cannula and one pair of gastric seromuscular electrodes, were studied. Three kinds of stress (visual, thermal, or audio stimulation) were applied in separate sessions. GMA and gastric tone were recorded for 30 min at baseline and 30 min during stress. Results. Visual stress (blinding) did not alter gastric tone or GMA; cold stress (ice water) and audio stress (loud noise) significantly inhibited gastric tone: gastric volume was increased from 107.2±13.5 ml at baseline to 135.6±23.8 ml with cold stress (p=0.041), and from 106.4±5.7 ml at baseline to 159.2±15.1 ml with audio stress (p...
Molecular chlorine generated by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system of phagocytes produces 5-chlorocytosine in bacterial RNA.

Myeloperoxidase, a heme enzyme secreted by activated phagocytes, uses H2O2 and Cl− to generate the chlorinating intermediate hypochlorous acid (HOCl). This potent cytotoxic oxidant plays a critical role in host defenses against invading pathogens. In this study, we explore the possibility that myeloperoxidase-derived HOCl might oxidize nucleic acids. When we exposed 2′-deoxycytidine to the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-Cl− system, we obtained a single major product that was identified as 5-chloro-2′-deoxycytidine using mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography, UV-visible spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy. 5-Chloro-2′-deoxycytidine production by myeloperoxidase required H2O2 and Cl−, suggesting that HOCl is an intermediate in the reaction. However, reagent HOCl failed to generate 5-chloro-2′-deoxycytidine in the absence of Cl−. Moreover, chlorination of 2′-deoxycytidine was optimal under acidic conditions in the presence of Cl−. These results implicate molecular chlorine (Cl2), which is in equilibrium with HOCl through a reaction requiring Cl− and H+, in the generation of 5-chloro-2′-deoxycytidine. Activated human neutrophils were able to generate 5-chloro-2′-deoxycytidine. Cellular chlorination was blocked by catalase and heme poisons, consistent with a myeloperoxidase-catalyzed reaction. The myeloperoxidase-H2O2-Cl− system generated similar levels of 5-chlorocytosine in RNA and DNA in vitro. In striking contrast, only cell-associated RNA acquired detectable levels of 5-chlorocytosine when intact Escherichia coli was exposed to the myeloperoxidase system. This observation suggests that oxidizing intermediates generated by myeloperoxidase selectively target intracellular RNA for chlorination. Collectively, these results indicate that Cl2 derived from HOCl generates 5-chloro-2′-deoxycytidine during the myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of 2′-deoxycytidine. Phagocytic generation of Cl2therefore may constitute one mechanism for oxidizing nucleic acids at sites of inflammation.
Facilitated diffusion of 6-deoxy-d-glucose by the oxidative yeast, Kluyveromyces lactis

The inducible glucose transport system of the yeast, Kluyveromyces lactis, was studied using the nonmetabolizeable glucose analogue, 6-deoxyglucose. The free sugar analogue is transported into glucose-grown cells via a facilitated diffusion system as determined by the nonconcentrative uptake of the sugar analogue, by the failure of energy inhibitors to reduce the rate of transport and by exchange diffusion across the membrane. Free 6-deoxyglucose is also transported into succinate-grown cells passively. Induction experiments revealed that 6-deoxyglucose serves as a gratuitous inducer for the glucose transport system in this yeast.
Induction of MicroRNA-221 by Platelet-derived Growth Factor Signaling Is Critical for Modulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Phenotype

The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling pathway is a critical regulator of animal development and homeostasis. Activation of the PDGF pathway leads to neointimal proliferative responses to artery injury; it promotes a switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC) to a less contractile phenotype by inhibiting the SMC-specific gene expression and increasing the rate of proliferation and migration. The molecular mechanism for these pleiotropic effects of PDGFs has not been fully described. Here, we identify the microRNA-221 (miR-221), a small noncoding RNA, as a modulator of the phenotypic change of vSMCs in response to PDGF signaling. We demonstrate that miR-221 is transcriptionally induced upon PDGF treatment in primary vSMCs, leading to down-regulation of the targets c-Kit and p27Kip1. Down-regulation of p27Kip1 by miR-221 is critical for PDGF-mediated induction of cell proliferation. Additionally, decreased c-Kit causes inhibition of SMC-specific contractile gene transcription by reducing the expression of Myocardin (Myocd), a potent SMC-specific nuclear coactivator. Our study demonstrates that PDGF signaling, by modulating the expression of miR-221, regulates two critical determinants of the vSMC phenotype; they are SMC gene expression and cell proliferation.
Timing of delayed perforation with the St. Jude Riata lead: a single-center experience and a review of the literature.

Background Recent studies have reported a possible increased risk of delayed perforation with the St. Jude Riata defibrillator lead. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and time of occurrence of this complication in a large number of patients who underwent implantationm at a single center. Methods We reviewed the data and clinical course on all patients who underwent implantation of the St. Jude Riata (1580/1581, 1590/1591, and the 7000/7001 ST series) right ventricular defibrillator lead at the Massachusetts General Hospital between June 2001 and October 2007. Data were compared with all Medtronic Sprint Fidelis leads implanted during the same time period. Results Of a total of 416 implanted Riata leads, follow-up data at 6 weeks and 3 months was available for 87% and 75% of patients, respectively. There were 6 cases of lead perforation (6 of 233, 2.6%) with the 1580/1581 series, no cases of lead perforation (0 of 92) with the 1590/1591 series, and 2 cases of perforation (2 of 92, 2.2%) with the 7000/7001 ST series. Interrogation the day after implantation did not reveal any abnormalities. Patients with perforation developed symptoms of chest pain or shortness of breath within 3 weeks post-implantation; interrogation revealed pacing thresholds of >5 V at 0.5 ms within the first follow-up period of 6 weeks. Conclusion All cases of perforation with the St. Jude Riata lead occurred within 6 weeks post-implantation and showed pacing thresholds >5 V at 0.5 ms. There were no cases of delayed perforation after 6 weeks in 307 patients with at least 3 months of follow-up.
Neuronal mechanisms of color categorization in areas V1, V2 and V4 of macaque monkey visual cortex

Abstract A landmark study conducted by Berlin and Kay ( Basic Color Terms , University of California Press, Berkeley, 1969, pp. 1–12) demonstrates that well-developed languages contain exactly 11 basic color terms. The basic colors (8 chromatic and 3 achromatic) are situated in specific locations of color space, suggesting a fixed relationship between specific hue and luminance. To determine the physiologic origins of the basic colors, we have studied the responses of cells in visual cortical areas V1, V2 and V4 of the behaving macaque monkey, using chromatic and achromatic stimuli of varying luminance. A total of 569 cells (291 from V1, 205 from V2, 73 from V4) were obtained, and classified as ‘B’ (bright; 43–50% of the total cells in each area), ‘D’ (dark; 6–12% of the total), and ‘ B D ’ (bright/dark; 27–28% of the total) color or non-color cells according to each cell's color/luminance preference in relation to the neutral gray background. About two thirds of ‘B’ cells in each area were color specific, whereas the proportion of color cells in ‘ B D ’ and ‘D’ categories was lower. In all three areas (V1, V2, V4), color cells with preferences for midspectral colors (such as yellow, lime and green) also preferred high luminance levels, while color cells with preferences for endspectral colors (such as red and blue) responded preferentially to luminance levels closer to background. The data provide evidence for categorical color perception within the visual system, as well as providing a physiological basis for the increased saliency of endspectral contours observed at equiluminance in psychophysical studies.
The distribution of flavonoids in chloroplasts of twenty five species of vascular plants

Abstract A survey was made of the major flavonoids in whole leaf extracts and in chloroplast preparations from twenty five species of vascular plants including Anthophyta (20), Coniferophyta (1), Ginkophyta (1), Pterophyta (2), and Arthrophyta (1). The chloroplasts variously contained derivatives of flavones, C -glycosylflavones, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones, 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins. Twenty three species contain one or more flavonoids in isolated chloroplast, usually in a pattern quite similar to that found in whole-leaf extracts but occasionally showing enrichment of one or more flavonoids in the chloroplasts. Flavonoids are apparently absent from chloroplasts of Phaseolus aureus and Morus alba although whole-leaf extracts of these species are rich in quercetin derivatives.
Evaluation of and compensation for spatial noise of LCDs in medical applications

Recent developments in liquid crystal display(LCD) technology suggest that this technology will replace the cathode ray tube (CRT) as the most popular softcopy display technology in the medical arena. However, LCDs are far from ideal for medical imaging. One of the principal problems they possess is spatial noise contamination, which requires accurate characterization and appropriate compensation before LCDimages can be effectively utilized for reliable diagnosis. This paper presents some work we have conducted recently on characterization of spatial noise of high resolution LCDs. The primary purpose of this work is to explore the properties of spatial noise and propose a method to reduce it. A high quality CCDcamera was used for physical evaluation. Spatial noise properties were analyzed and estimated from the cameraimages via signal modeling and processing. A noise compensation algorithm based on error diffusion was developed to process images before they were displayed. Results shown in this paper suggest that LCDspatial noise can be effectively reduced via appropriate processing.
Semiconductor physics and channeling

Abstract Despite early predictions, channeling effect measurements have not yet been applied to a broad range of problems in semiconductor physics. The sensitivity of the present techniques to dopant atoms and lattice disorder is not high enough to be of general interest and the interpretation of experimental data is often uncertain. One clear area of application is in the field of heavily doped or highly disordered semiconductors; ion implantation is the classic example in this category. Other examples include diffusion, alloying, epitaxial layers, heterojunctions, and compensation effects.
Computer Teaching Exercises in Fisheries Science

Abstract Computer implemented learning exercises can be a valuable tool for teaching fisheries management and theory. Such exercises allow decision making and the testing of decisions on a simulated natural resource. Results of decisions are immediately available for students' consideration.
Troponin‐T as a serum marker for myocardial infarction

We report here our experience with serum troponin T(TnT), measured with the sandwich immunoassay introduced by Boehringer Mannheim as a marker for myocardial infarction. We assayed TnT in serial serum samples from 30 patients with time courses of serum CK, CK-MB, AST, and LD that we consider typical of acute myocardial infarction (MI). In every patient but one, TnT rose in parallel with both CK-MB and AST, but remained elevated significantly longer. The ratios of the elevations of the different markers varied from patient to patient with marked variation in the ratio of TnT to CK-MB. There appeared to be a significant association between the magnitude of that ratio with the level of ALT. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 11:125–128, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Business and Politics in Japan

1. Introduction 2. Political 3. National 4. Local 5. Inside 6. Connected 7. Managed 8. International 9. Divided
Simultaneous and delayed matching to sample in gesture users and speakers with mental retardation

Sixty-eight participants with severe mental retardation participated in a study of representational matching to sample. Participants were asked to match objects to identical objects, line drawings, miniature objects (icons), pantomimes, and spoken names. Participants who were successful in these matching tasks also experienced delayed matching tasks. Participants differed in their expressive communication and comparisons were made between symbolic (speaking) individuals, distal gesture users, and contact gesture users. Contact gesture users were significantly worse on identical matching to sample tasks than other participants. Mean scores on matching objects to line drawings were significantly better than mean scores on other matching tasks. In delayed matching, however, scores for matching objects to spoken names were significantly better than other tasks. The implications of these results for learning to use an augmentative communication device are discussed.
Incorporating different search models into one document retrieval system

Many effective search strategies derived from different models are available for document retrieval systems. However, it does not appear that there is a single most effective strategy. Instead, different strategies perform optimally under different conditions. This paper outlines the design of an adaptive document retrieval system that chooses the best search strategy for a particular situation and user. In order to be able to support a variety of search strategies, a general network representation of the documents and terms in the database is proposed. This network representation leads to efficient methods of generating and using document and term classifications.One of the most desirable features of an adaptive system would be the ability to learn from experience. A method of incorporating this learning ability into the system is described. The adaptive control strategy for choosing search strategies enables the system to base its actions on a number of factors, including a model of the current user.Finally, some ideas for a flexible interface for casual users are suggested. Part of this interface is the heuristic search, which is used when searches based on formal models have failed. The heuristic search provides a browsing capability for the user.
Laser surgery: an approach to the pediatric patient

Abstract Revolutionary advances in laser research and technology have led to expanded dermatologic laser applications. With the wide range of lasers now available, a large spectrum of skin conditions in the pediatric population can be successfully treated or, in some cases, completely eradicated. Laser treatment of the pediatric population poses a unique challenge for the clinician on a variety of levels. Physically, the composition of many vascular and pigmented lesions changes as children age making them more resistant to laser therapy. Thus, in many cases, treating lesions at an early age has resulted in clearing in fewer sessions and with decreased complications. Mechanically, lasers and laser settings used for the treatment of adult lesions may have to be adjusted for the smaller vessels and the unpredictable nature of scarring with children's skin. For vascular lesions, the pulsed dye laser is considered the laser of choice for its efficacy and low-risk profile, whereas the Q-switched, pigment-specific lasers are ideal for most childhood pigmented lesions, allowing for single pigment cell destruction. Other conditions such as acne and acne scars, psoriasis, keloids, warts and hypertrichosis that traditionally have been treated with a variety of modalities are now being managed safely with laser surgery. Other issues specific to the pediatric population include the determination of suitable anesthesia, the provision of size-appropriate safety equipment, and the assessment and management of patient and parent anxiety. The use of lasers specifically designed for structural differences in pediatric lesions and the recognition of emotional issues surrounding a young patient during laser surgery are critical components of successful treatment. Learning objective: At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the mechanism of laser technology, current trends in the use of lasers for skin lesions in the pediatric population, and the issues specific to treating a patient with laser surgery.
Computing Stark units for totally real cubic fields

A method for computing provably accurate values of partial zeta functions is used to numerically confirm the rank one abelian Stark Conjecture for some totally real cubic fields of discriminant less than 50000. The results of these computations are used to provide explicit Hilbert class fields and some ray class fields for the cubic extensions.
Behavior in early adolescence and risk of human papillomavirus infection as a young adult: results from a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE. The goal of this study was to determine the utility of a risk factor-based approach to human papillomavirus catch-up vaccination. METHODS. Data from waves I and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were examined to determine the association between adolescent characteristics and future human papillomavirus infection. Analysis was restricted to 3181 female subjects who were >12 years of age when risk factors were assessed in wave I (1994–1995) and who underwent human papillomavirus testing as young adults in wave III (2001–2002). The main outcome of interest was a positive test result for ≥1 of 4 human papillomavirus types (human papillomavirus-6, -11, -16, or -18) targeted by the human papillomavirus vaccine currently available in the United States. Separate analyses were performed for sexually active and virginal adolescents. Poststratification sampling weights were used to generate nationally representative estimates. RESULTS. Although nearly one half (43%) of the female adolescents were sexually active in wave I, adolescent sexual activity status was not associated with future detection of vaccine-specific human papillomavirus infection. Furthermore, for both virginal and sexually active adolescents, none of the assessed risk factors was associated with increased odds of future vaccine-specific human papillomavirus infection in multivariate models. Similar results were obtained when all high-risk human papillomavirus types were assessed as the outcome measure. CONCLUSIONS. Behavioral risk factors assessed during adolescence are inadequate predictors of future infection with vaccine-type human papillomavirus. A risk factor-based approach to human papillomavirus catch-up vaccination is unlikely to be an effective implementation strategy.
Existential faith and biblical philosophy

In this article, I present a case for a kind of existential theology which would be philosophical and metaphysical, though not broadly Platonic and classical, and biblical though not illogical. What I present will be an attempt to clarify and justify what I call “existential hayatological theism”. In so doing I will draw on insights from what Edmond La B Cherbonnier and Claude Tresmontant designated as “biblical philosophy” and “biblical metaphysics” as well as from the neo-classical philosophies of Charles Hartshorne and Alfred North Whitehead, especially that of Whitehead.
A survey of the appropriateness of instructional language materials used with deaf students

A questionnaire survey was conducted of the instructional language materials used by educators in programs for deaf and hard of hearing students. The results indicated that over half (51%) of the materials used are not developed specifically for use with deaf students. The majority of the respondents (67%) cited problems finding age- and interest-appropriate materials. Dissatisfaction with current language materials was one reason many educators (60%) made their own materials. Their comments emphasized the need to develop language materials and assessment tools specifically for deaf and hard of hearing students.
Size-resolved aqueous-phase atmospheric chemistry in a three-dimensional chemical transport model

[1] Three-dimensional chemical transport models typically include a bulk description of aqueous-phase atmospheric chemistry. Previously, this bulk description has been shown to be often inadequate in predicting sulfate production. The pH of the bulk mixture does not adequately describe the pH of the typically heterogeneous droplet population found in clouds and fogs. This often leads to an inability of bulk models to predict sulfate production when pH-dependent production pathways are important. A more accurate size-resolved aqueous-phase chemistry model, however, has long been considered infeasible for incorporation in a three-dimensional chemical transport model because of high computational costs. Here we investigate the feasibility of adding a computationally efficient size-resolved aqueous-phase chemistry module (Variable Size Resolution Model (VSRM)) to a three-dimensional model (the latest version of the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (PMCAMx)). The VSRM treats mass transfer between the gas phase and the different droplet populations and executes bulk or two-section size-resolved chemistry calculations in each step on the basis of the chemical environment of each computational cell. A fall air pollution episode in California's South Coast Air Basin is simulated, and model predictions are compared to observations. In an environment where clouds or fogs are present, the model without aqueous-phase chemistry severely underpredicts secondary sulfate formation. In cases where there is a high potential for sulfate production and widely varying composition across the droplet spectrum (over the ocean and near the coast), there is a significant increase in sulfate production over bulk predictions with the activation of a size-resolved aqueous-phase chemistry module. Unfortunately, measurements were only available at inland sites, where the difference between bulk and size-resolved sulfate predictions was small. The effects of other uncertainties on sulfate production are also examined. For limited computational costs (5% overhead), the VSRM can be included in a three-dimensional chemical transport model.
Endogenous technical advance and the stochastic trend in output: A neoclassical approach

Abstract In the recent endogenous growth literature, the trend in output is stochastic, while investment in scientific knowledge is treated as analogous to a capital stock. This paper models both research and development (R&D) and disembodied technical advance using neo-classical equations, which specify the equilibrium stocks as a function of prices and output. The elasticity of R&D in the production function, estimated using factor shares, is time-varying and increasing. Returns to scale are increasing in all factors. The most important aspect of the model is that the equilibrium rate of technical advance is not cyclically invariant, but co-moves with output at business cycle frequencies. This allows the production function to behave as a stochastic trend. Growth accounting demonstrates that long-term variations in the rate of productivity growth have been associated mainly with low-frequency fluctuations in the rate of disembodied technical advance, with secondary effects from the stocks of R&D and physical capital. During the high productivity period 1948–1972, technical advance contributed 1.48 percentage points per year to output, with 0.98 accounted for by R&D. The productivity slowdown of the mid-1970s was accounted by a gradual decline in the effect of R&D, and a more abrupt collapse in disembodied technology. The subsequent productivity revival was associated with two accelerations in disembodied technical advance, the first beginning in the early 1980s, and the second in the mid-1990s. The production function is simulated in a small econometric model. Model simulations find that exogenous shocks to the inflation rate generate significant variations in growth by inducing fluctuations in disembodied technology.
Inducible preprotachykinin mRNA expression in mucosal lymphoid organs following oral immunization with Salmonella

Using a sensitive and specific reverse transcribed-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), it was possible to quantify relative increases in preprotachykinin (PPT) mRNA expression in vivo following oral administration of Salmonella. Despite the presence of constitutive levels of PPT mRNA expression in the Peyer's patches, expression of this mRNA increased within 20 h following oral administration of Salmonella. Increases in PPT mRNA expression were also detected in both the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens following Salmonella administration despite the lack of constitutive PPT mRNA expression in these lymphoid organs. Furthermore, mononuclear leukocytes contributed to this increased expression of PPT mRNA, suggesting that the initial immune response against Salmonella occurs in the presence of increased tachykinin expression.
The effect of perceived and assessed knowledge of climate change on public policy concerns: An empirical comparison

Abstract Knowledge is essential for evaluating risk and mitigating its influence through policy. The Knowledge Deficit Model (KDM) suggests that experts have knowledge that the public does not and that this knowledge deficit makes it difficult for the public to evaluate risk properly. Recent studies of KDM have been unable to find evidence of this expectation. We believe these examinations may have incorrectly measured knowledge. There are two approaches to measuring the public's knowledge on an issue: (1) subjective perceptions of one's knowledge and (2) objective assessment of one's knowledge. Scientific knowledge, defined as one's assessed understanding of an issue, is very different from one's subjective, perceived knowledge. We examine individual risk perceptions of climate change to determine the extent to which measurement errors of knowledge may have affected previous studies of KDM. Our findings suggest that subjective measures of knowledge are poorly capturing scientific knowledge. Our findings also suggest that using scientific measures of knowledge produces results that support KDM.
Thermodynamic models for water–protein sorption hysteresis

Sorption isotherms of water by proteins show hysteresis that appears to be due to interactions at the molecular level. Four thermodynamically consistent models for this irreversible process are presented. Hysteresis could be the result of slow, incomplete conformational changes occurring upon addition and removal of water. Conformational hysteresis would occur if a number of different conformations, each corresponding to a local free energy minimum, could be present at each pressure of water vapor. Hysteresis might result from an incomplete process of intermolecular phase annealing. Finally, hysteresis might be due to incomplete phase change if two different protein phases are present. Experimental tests for these models are presented. Further study should lead to more insight into the effects of the presence of water on protein conformation and dynamics.
Electrophoretic variation between class II molecules expressed on HLA-DRw8 homozygous typing cells reveals multiple distinct haplotypes.

Two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitated HLA-DR antigens from eight homozygous typing cells (HTC) expressing the HLA-DRw8 specificity revealed a clustering of polymorphic β chain patterns into distinct electrophoretic variants. The variant patterns correlate with three discrete HLA-D clusters that are defined in the mixed leukocyte culture reaction (MLR) using DRw8-positive HTC. These HLA-D clusters have been provisionally designated Dw“8.1”, detected primarily in Caucasoids, Dw“8.2”, detected primarily in American Indians, and Dw“8.3”, detected predominantly in Orientals. All three HLA-Dw“8.1” cell lines express a single DR-locus product as defined by immunoprecipitation with a DR-specific monoclonal antibody, P4.1. This DR β chain is identical among the Dw“8.1” cell lines and different from the DR β chains of the Dw“8.2” and Dw“8.3” cell lines. Two separate Dw“8.2” HTC express a shared DR β chain that is slightly more basic than the 8.1 DR molecule; interestingly, one of these lines also expresses an additional DR-like β chain not found in the other cells. Thus, the two lines defining the Dw“8.2” cluster share one distinct class 11 molecule, but differ in another and therefore are not biochemically HLA-identical. Cells from the Dw“8.3” cluster are likewise distinct from all other Dw8 clusters. One additional DRw8-positive HTC has been analyzed and found to be distinct from the Dw“8.1”, “8.2” and “8.3” clusters by both MLR and 2D gels. lmmunoprecipitates using monoclonal antibody 1B5 [anti-DR and anti-DQ(DS)] identify additional polymorphic class II variants among the cell lines tested. These data indicate that HLA-DRw8 is a public serologic specificity present on class II molecules expressed on multiple distinct haplotypes. These haplotypes differ from each other in expression of polymorphic class II molecules encoded by at least two HLA loci. They also differ in HLA-D, even though they all type as HLA-DRw8 homozygous. In Dw“8.2”, variation in expressed β chains is not reflected in variation in HLA-D, indicating that MLR, as well as serologic typing, does not detect the full degree of allelic polymorphism within HLA.
In vivo angiogenesis by platelet-derived wound-healing formula in injured spinal cord.

Abstract In vivo angiogenesis was investigated using platelet-derived wound-healing formula (PDWHF) in the injured cat spinal cord. Twentytwo gauge teflon sheaths, which had been coated with PDWHF-Hydron or only with Hydron, were inserted into the spinal cords of cats and the injured cats were maintained for 3 weeks. Selection of PDWHF-Hydron or Hydron was double blinded. The PDWHF-Hydron group showed notable neovascularization as well as dilation around the injury site, and this was statistically significant when compared to the control group. PDWHF seems to play a role in the healing processes of spinal cord injury and may have important interactions with other growth factors and in particular neurogenic growth factor.
An Analog Comparator as a Pseudo-Light Pen for Computer Displays

An Analog Comparator Interrupt Device signals the computer central processor whenever the computer display unit deflection voltages cause the CRT beam to fall within a small square surrounding a previously specified display coordinate. This provides the display with the sensing capability of a light pen that is necessary if a RAND tablet or other position input device is to be used to point at display picture elements in graphics applications. The X and Y deflection voltages corresponding to the cursor or pointer are stored and then compared with subsequent X and Y input voltages. An interrupt output is produced when a match occurs within certain limits. Operational amplifiers and field-effect transistor switches are connected in a simple feedback loop to provide storage and comparison. A diode net and threshold detector produce the output signal. This unit is now being used with the Lincoln Laboratory TX-2 computer curve-drawing display unit.
Nursing home consumer complaints and their potential role in assessing quality of care.

Background State survey agencies collect and investigate consumer complaints for care in nursing homes and other health care settings. Complaint investigations play a key role in quality assurance, because they can respond to concerns of consumers and families. Objective This study uses 5 years of nursing home complaints data from Massachusetts (1998-2002) to investigate whether complaints might be used to assess nursing home quality of care. Research design The investigator matches facility-level complaints data with On-Line Survey Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) data and Minimum Data Set Quality Indicator (MDS QI) data to evaluate the association between consumer complaints, facility and resident characteristics, and other nursing home quality measures. Results Consumer complaints varied across facility characteristics in ways consistent with the nursing home quality literature. Complaints were consistently and significantly associated with survey deficiencies, the presence of a serious survey deficiency, and nurse aide staffing. Complaints were not significantly associated with nurse staffing, and associations with 6 MDS QIs were mixed. The number of complaints was significantly predictive of survey deficiencies identified at the subsequent inspection. Conclusion Nursing home consumer complaints provide a supplemental tool with which to differentiate nursing homes on quality. Despite limitations, complaints data have potential strengths when used in combination with other quality measures. The potential of using consumer complaints to assess nursing home quality of care should be evaluated in states beyond Massachusetts. Evaluating consumer complaints also might be a productive area of inquiry for other health care settings such as hospitals and home health agencies.
Substance use and sexual behavior among homosexual men at risk for HIV infection: Psychosocial moderators

Abstract Sexual practices continue to be the major mode of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission within the homosexual population. Failure to use condoms consistently during anal intercourse has been directly associated with use of alcohol and other substances. We identify psychosocial cofactors that are not only related to sexual practices, but are also associated with an increased likelihood that substance users will engage in high-risk sex. Subjects were 525 men enrolled at the Pittsburgh site of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study in 1989. Alcohol use and popper use were each significantly associated with high-risk sexual practices (i.e., unprotected anal intercourse with multiple partners), even after a broad array of psychosocial characteristics were controlled. In addition, younger men, and those with greater family support and a higher sense of mastery, were more likely to engage in risky behavior. Not only did such “main effects” emerge, but the substance use-sexual practice relationship ...
Measures for Predictors of Innovation Adoption

Building on a narrative synthesis of adoption theories by Wisdom et al. (2013), this review identifies 118 measures associated with the 27 adoption predictors in the synthesis. The distribution of measures is uneven across the predictors and predictors vary in modifiability. Multiple dimensions and definitions of predictors further complicate measurement efforts. For state policymakers and researchers, more effective and integrated measurement can advance the adoption of complex innovations such as evidence-based practices.