cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent formate dehydrogenase from Rhodopseudomonas palustris.

Formate dehydrogenase in extracts of the facultative phototroph, Rhodopseudomonas palustris was shown to be soluble and NAD-linked. The flavin nucleotides, FMN and FAD, stimulated the rate of NAD reduction about fourfold. Reduction of artificial electron acceptors such as DCPIP and cytochrome c was also stimulated by FMN and FAD. The pH optimum for the reduction of NAD was pH 8.0, in contrast to pH 6.8 for cytochrome c and DCPIP reduction. The apparent Kmfor formate as measured by NAD reduction was 2.6×10-4 M. Although the addition of thiosulfate or yeast extract to the formate medium increased both the growth rate and yield of Rhps. palustris, they had little effect on the activity of formate dehydrogenase.
Joint investigations of the middle Pliocene climate II: GISS GCM Northern Hemisphere results

Marine microfaunal data and terrestrial pollen records indicate that the middle Pliocene (ca. 3 Ma) climate is the most recent period in geologic history with global temperatures nearly as warm as those predicted for the coming century. We used the GISS GCM to examine the Pliocene climate by specifying sea surface temperatures and vegetation distributions derived from U.S.G.S. data sets. The simulation resulted in 1.4°C warming, annually averaged over the Northern Hemisphere. Warming was greatest at high latitudes; consequently, the equator to pole temperature gradient decreased by 11.5°C. Surface air temperature increases were greatest in winter, as decreased snow and sea ice triggered a positive albedo feedback effect. At low latitudes, temperatures were mostly unchanged except for an anomalous 3°C cooling over eastern Africa. This anomaly is supported by palynological data and, in the simulation, was a response to the weakening of the Hadley circulation, which used subtropical clouds and evapotranspiration rates to increase. Evaporation and precipitation rates decreased over the oceans and the appearance of negative P-E anomalies might implications for the Pliocene thermohaline circulation. The hydrological cycle intensified over the continents, where annual evaporation, rainfall, and soil moisture all increased. However, simulated summer drought conditions are not corroborated by terrestrial records, pointing to deficiencies in either the model, the boundary conditions, or the terrestrial data interpretations. The Pliocene SST pattern implicates increased ocean heat flux as a component force behind the middle Pliocene warmth, since levels of CO2, large enough to cause the extreme high latitude temperatures, would generate more tropical warming than is indicated by floral and faunal records. Surface energy fluxes, calculated by the GCM, indicate that an increased meridional ocean heat flux of 32% could reproduce the data-derived SST distribution, despite weakened atmospheric transports. The decreased wind stress valuessuggest that any increase of ocean heat transports would probably have resulted from a strentthening of the thermohaline circulation.
Purification and characterization of sortase, the transpeptidase that cleaves surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus at the LPXTG motif

Surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus are linked to the bacterial cell wall by sortase, an enzyme that cleaves polypeptides at the threonine of the LPXTG motif. Surface proteins can be released from staphylococci by treatment with hydroxylamine, resulting in the formation of threonine hydroxamate. Staphylococcal extracts, as well as purified sortase, catalyze the hydroxylaminolysis of peptides bearing an LPXTG motif, a reaction that can be inhibited with sulfhydryl-modifying reagents. Replacement of the single conserved cysteine at position 184 of sortase with alanine abolishes enzyme activity. Thus, sortase appears to catalyze surface-protein anchoring by means of a transpeptidation reaction that captures cleaved polypeptides as thioester enzyme intermediates.
A Tiered Strategy for Auditing in the Cloud

In this paper, we outline a tiered approach to auditing information in the cloud. The approach provides perspectives on auditable events that may include compositions of independently formed audit trails. Filtering and reasoning over the audit trails can manifest potential security vulnerabilities and performance attributes as desired by stakeholders.
The theory of broadside arrays

The general King-Sandler array theory has been examined in detail for the case of broadside arrays. Since it is not necessary to assume identical current distributions on every element in the array, a distinction is made between specified base currents and voltages. The driving-point impedances for specified base currents and voltages are presented for arrays of up to 25 elements. The effect of interaction between the element currents in the base impedances and radiation patterns is clearly shown for the broadside array. The results indicate that the major effect of unequal current distributions in the broadside array is to cause important variations in the driving-point impedances and little effect in the radiation patterns.
Hemagglutination variant of measles virus.

A hemagglutination variant (HAN-12) of measles virus was isolated following mutagenesis of the parental strain (CC). Cells infected with HAN-12 formed syncytia but did not adsorb monkey erythrocytes. Although HAN-12 produced normal yields of infectious virus, no hemagglutination or hemolysis activity was detected when assayed in isotonic phosphate-buffered saline. However, in hypertonic buffer the hemagglutination and hemolysis titers of HAN-12 were equivalent to that of CC. In isotonic medium, HAN-12 adsorbed to host cells as efficiently as the parental strain. Comparison of HAN-12 and CC virion-associated polypeptides by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis did not reveal any differences in migration rates of the proteins. Our results are discussed in regard to previous reports of hemagglutination variants of measles virus.
REGULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BY SYNTHETIC POLYNUCLEOTIDES : V. EFFECT ON CELL-ASSOCIATED IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTORS AND IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY

Addition of polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid in complex form (poly A:U) without antigen to a suspension of spleen cells obtained from BALB/Aj mice primed 6 wk previously with human γ-globulin (HGG) resulted in an immediate fourfold increase over background number of anti-HGG rosette-forming cells (RFC). Culture of similar cells in the presence of puromycin for 1–6 hr before poly A:U did not significantly reduce the response. Continued culture of primed spleen cells in the presence of poly A:U, resulted in a decrease of RFC to background levels within an hour followed by an increase again 6 hr later. This later increase in RFC was inhibited by addition of puromycin to the culture medium. The nonspecific stimulation by poly A:U of antibody production by primed spleen cells also was induced in vivo. Increases in splenic RFC were detectable 6 hr after intravenous injection of poly A:U alone, without antigen, into primed mice. The response peaked at 18 hr and had dissipated completely within 3 days. A second injection of poly A:U 24 hr or later after the first injection resulted in a second response, similar to the first with respect to kinetics and intensity. Rosette formation by poly A:U-stimulated cells could not be inhibited by mitotic poisons, but was inhibited by treatment of the cells with goat anti-mouse γ-globulin serum, suggesting that the antibody involved was a 7S γ-globulin. The decrease in RFC induced by culture of primed cells for 1 hr in poly A:U paralleled a decrease in secondary responsiveness of the cells to antigen. This poly A:U-induced inhibition of secondary responsiveness could be reversed by suspending the treated cells in supernatant fluids derived from poly A:U-stimulated cultures. The reversal was specific in that supernatant fluids removed from bovine serum albumin (BSA)-primed cells by poly A:U did not stimulate the response of HGG-primed cells to HGG. However supernatant fluids from BSA-primed cells caused the production of anti-HGG RFC if BSA rather than HGG was used as triggering antigen. The active factor in the supernatant fluids appeared to be a 7S γ-globulin since activity was lost after 45 min incubation of the supernatant fluids in the presence of goat anti-mouse 7S γ-globulin serum.
Synthetic spider silk: a modular fiber

Spiders make their webs and perform a wide range of tasks with up to seven different types of silk fiber. These different fibers allow a comparison of structure with function, because each silk has distinct mechanical properties and is composed of peptide modules that confer those properties. By using genetic engineering to mix the modules in specific proportions, proteins with defined strength and elasticity can be designed, which have many potential medical and engineering uses.
Mineral status comparisons in goats of Florida, with emphasis on zinc deficiency

Abstract In a survey of 11 Florida dairy goat farms, two of which had experienced seasonal dermatosis of a suspected nutritional origin, feeds and blood serum samples were analyzed for mineral concentrations and compared between farms affected by seasonal dermatosis and unaffected farms. Mineral levels of forages and concentrates were similar between farm groups while mineral concentrations fed as mineral supplements were generally higher in the affected group. No differences were seen in serum Mg and Cu levels between farm groups. Serum Ca, Fe and Se, while showing group differences, were above critical levels (McDowell, 1985). Serum P on unaffected farms, at 3.6 mg/100 ml, was below critical level and lower (P Inconsistent mineral supplementation, specifically Zn, on the affected farms would appear to have a bearing on low serum Zn concentrations. Low serum Zn plus dermatosis lesions suggest Zn deficiency.
Preparation of di- and triacylimines and their use in the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles

Abstract Reaction of aza-Wittig reagents with glyoxylates and keto malonates produces di- and tri acylimines which are moderately reactive dienophiles for Diels-Alder cycloaddition.
Technology Independent Large Signal Non Quasi-Static FET Models by Direct Construction from Automatically Characterized Device Data

This paper describes a new, general and accurate, large signal GaAs FET model for nonlinear (e.g. harmonic balance) circuit simulation, its fast and unambiguous construction (model generation) by explicit calculations applied to the raw device data, and the adaptive, automated data acquisition system used to characterize the device. The model implementation in a harmonic balance simulator, the model generation procedure, and the automated data acquisition system form an efficient, practical, commercially available package. for state-of-the-art nonlinear circuit design.
MATCHING AND MAXIMIZING WITH CONCURRENT RATIO-INTERVAL SCHEDULES

Animals exposed to standard concurrent variable-ratio variable-interval schedules could maximize overall reinforcement rate if, in responding, they showed a strong response bias toward the variable-ratio schedule. Tests with the standard schedules have failed to find such a bias and have been widely cited as evidence against maximization as an explanation of animal choice behavior. However, those experiments were confounded in that the value of leisure (behavior other than the instrumental response) partially offsets the value of reinforcement. The present experiment provides another such test using a concurrent procedure in which the confounding effects of leisure were mostly eliminated while the critical aspects of the concurrent variable-ratio variable-interval contingency were maintained: Responding in one component advanced only its ratio schedule while responding in the other component advanced both ratio schedules. The bias toward the latter component predicted by maximization theory was found.
Overall Survival after Partial Versus Radical Nephrectomy for a Small Renal Mass: Systematic Review of Observational Studies

Abstract Introduction In EORTC trial 30904 of partial versus radical nephrectomy overall survival was significantly better in the radical nephrectomy arm. However, many observational studies reported better survival after partial than radical nephrectomy. We present an updated systematic review of observational studies of overall survival after partial versus radical nephrectomy with assessment of quality of evidence. Methods The literature search was performed until December 31, 2013, and all studies reporting overall survival after partial vs radical nephrectomy were included in the initial review. Further inclusion criteria for complete review were malignant tumors 7 cm or smaller, or benign tumors of any size, and survival analysis performed with adjustment for confounding variables. Studies not meeting these criteria were excluded from full review because of selection bias in favor of patients treated with partial nephrectomy who were younger and with less advanced tumors. Results A total of 34 studies were included in the initial review and 13 were included in the full review. The 13 studies were based on the SEER database (6) or on institutional cohorts (7). In 8 of the 13 studies the estimated hazard ratios were significantly below 1, indicating better overall survival after partial nephrectomy, while in the remaining 5 studies estimated HR was not significantly different from 1. Median HR was 0.80 (interquartile range 0.57 to 0.96, absolute range 0.40 to 1.10). Conclusions In most observational studies overall survival was better after partial than after radical nephrectomy. However, because residual confounding could be present despite adjustment for measured covariates, another randomized trial of partial vs radical nephrectomy may be needed to confirm or refute the findings of EORTC 30904.
EXCITATION AND ADAPTATION IN LIMULUS VENTRAL PHOTORECEPTORS

— Currents induced by illumination can be recorded from Limulus ventral photoreceptors by a voltage-clamp technique. Several assumptions underlying the analysis of these currents are discussed and recent experiments designed to examine these assumptions are reviewed.
What Explains the Increased Utilization of Powder River Basin Coal in Electric Power Generation

This article examines possible explanations for increased utilization of Powder River Basin (PRB) coal in electric power generation that occurred over the last two decades. Did more stringent environmental policy motivate electric power plants to switch to less polluting fuels? Or, did greater use of PRB coal occur because relative price changes altered input markets in favor of this fuel. A key finding is that factors other than environmental policy such as the decline in railroad freight rates together with elastic demand by power plants were major contributors to the increased utilization of this fuel.
Small monopropellant thruster contamination measurement in a high-vacuum low-temperature facility

The contamination that results from the exhaust plume of small thrusters used for attitude control maneuvers can pose severe problems for long-life satellite systems. In order to assess this type of contamination problem, analytical and experimental techniques must be developed. Mass deposition rate measurements of a representative 0.44-N thrust hydrazine thruster were made in a space simulation chamber using five appropriately placed variable-temperature quartz crystal microbalances. The mass deposition rates within the thruster plume were measured while operating the thruster over a wide range of operating parameters, including duty cycles, catalyst bed start temperatures, propellant water variation, as well as thruster aging effects. The contamination measurements were made over a temperature range of 144 to 256 K for all duty cycles. In addition, the nominal duty cycle of 100 msec on and 10 sec off was run at a temperature of 106 K. These data will make possible better prediction of deposition rates of contaminants from thrusters used in satellite systems.
A Pascal simulation model for the analysis of queueing systems

Abstract This paper puts forward a PASCAL simulation model for the analysis of queueing systems. The model is applied to a computer facility queueing problem with and without preemption. The PASCAL program was executed on a PS2 using DOS 3.30, and TURBO PASCAL 4.0. TURBO PASCAL is popular dialect of PASCAL on personal computers. It provides several extensions to standard PASCAL that makes it easier to use. The TURBO PASCAL system includes an editor for creating and modifying programs and a compiler and loader. It also supports random access to files and has the capacity to save and retrieve files on a disk. TURBO PASCAL supports the data type string along with a number of built-in procedures and functions for manipulating strings. The simulation program is easy to understand and implement.
A data based algorithm for the generation of random vectors

Abstract We demonstrate an algorithm for generating random vectors based on a sample of observations of a multivariate random variable X. Although our goal is the generation of pseudo observations which behave as though they came from the underlying density of X, in the algorithm discussed, estimation of the underlying density is not required. Rather, the observations are combined using stochastic multipliers to generate simulated observations. Because of the local nature of the generation scheme, the algorithm requires few assumptions on the underlying density. The algorithm is intended for use in simulation studies in which a large number of nonrepeated pseudo observations are to be obtained from a relatively small set of experimental data.
A Prospective Study of Sensory Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Sensory function was prospectively examined in 201 Type 2 diabetic patients over a 2-year period. Quantitative sensory testing for vibration, cool, warm, and pressure perception at the hallux was performed at baseline, 1-month, 1-year, and 2-year visits. There were statistically significant increments of thresholds for all sensory modalities from the baseline visit to the 1-year visit (p < 0.001) and from the 1-year visit to the 2-year visit (p < 0.001). Thirty percent of 77 subjects considered to be at low risk for foot ulceration at baseline progressed to a higher risk category at the 2-year visit. There were no significant differences in mean glycosylated haemoglobin, height, sex distribution, age, or diabetes duration when patients who had a faster progression of insensitivity were compared with patients who had a slower progression. There was a high degree of autocorrelation between baseline and 2-year visits for all sensory modalities (r = 0.83 to r = 0.88, p < 0.001 for all). Also, changes in sensory thresholds from the baseline to 2-year visits for one modality tended to correlate with other modalities (r = 0.36 to r = 0.70, p < 0.001 for all). These data indicate that an appreciable proportion of Type 2 diabetic patients are at risk for a marked rate of decline of sensory function, and suggest a need for at least yearly quantitative sensory testing.
Residential segregation in American cities: a review and interpretation

Significant levels of separation between blacks and whites still exist in large American cities, and debate about the causes of that residential separation has been considerable. A balanced analysis of the factors that might explain residential segregation - economic status (affordability), social preferences, urban structure, and discrimination - suggests that no one factor can account for the patterns that have arisen in U.S. metropolitan areas. Empirical estimation of the impact of economic status suggests that 30–70 percent of racial separation is attributable to economic factors. However, economic factors do not act alone, but in association explanatory weight for present residential patterns. Survey evidence from both national and local studies shows that black households prefer neighborhoods that are half black and half white, while whites prefer neighborhoods ranging from 0 to 30 percent black. The debate about causes seems most polarized over the role of discrimination. Although comments in the literature often focus on the past use of racially restrictive covenants by state-regulated agencies and discriminatory acts by realtors and financial institutions, the documented individual cases of discrimination do not appear to be part of a massive collusion to deny housing opportunities to minorities. A review of the evidence from social science investigations demonstrates that there are multiple causes of racial residential separation in U.S. metropolitan areas.
Soil ‐ water partitioning and mass transfer kinetics of 2, 4, 6 trinitrotoluene in highly contaminated soil

Abstract The soil distribution coefficient for highly concentrated TNT soil is determined. Different amounts of TNT soil are shaked with 250 ml of distilled water, and the concentration of TNT in water is monitored throughout the experiment. At the conclusion of the experiment, the remainder of TNT in the soil is determined. The soil distribution coefficient is calculated by dividing the concentration of TNT in the soil by the concentration of TNT in the water phase. The average soil distribution coefficient is found to be 4.86 L/kg The mass transfer coefficient was determined under static conditions. This experiment involves a comprehensive study of distribution profiles for TNT in the soil and solvent phases. The experiment was conducted under a controlled temperature environment, for extensive periods of time. Samples were collected on a regular basis and were analyzed promptly. The average value of the mass transfer coefficient was determined to be 3.4×10‐3 hr‐1.
Antihypertensive therapy and cardiovascular risk. Are all antihypertensives equal

The lack of success of antihypertensive drug therapy in decreasing cardiovascular events has caused close examination of the influence of antihypertensive drugs on cardiac risk factors. Striking differences exist in the pharmacological profiles of antihypertensive drug classes and subclasses as well as in the influences of the drugs on electrolyte, lipid, and glucose metabolism. Differences also exist in the effects of the drugs on left ventricular hypertrophy. These differences in the effects of antihypertensive drugs on cardiac risk factors may assist in explaining the lack of a favorable effect on cardiovascular events in previous clinical trials. However, prospective trials are necessary to demonstrate that treatment of hypertension with drugs that have a more favorable effect on cardiac risk factors will reduce cardiac events (i.e., myocardial infarction, heart failure, and sudden death).
P09.21 Prenatal features of palpebral fissure slant and lip morphology assessed by three-dimensional ultrasound on a Down syndrome fetus

revealing a ventriculomegaly with septal agenesis and corticalassociated abnormalities suggestive of schizencephaly. Prenatalmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in one case andconﬁrmed the diagnosis of bilateral schizencephaly. Both womenrequested termination of pregnancy because of the importance ofthe cortical defect and the poor predicted prognosis. Schizencephalyis rarely diagnosed prenatally. It is a neuronal migration anomalycharacterized by gray matter lined clefts extending from the ventricleto the cortical surface leading to speciﬁc lesions, well demonstratedby imaging. The lips of the clefts can be fused or separated. In bothof our cases, one side was fused and the other side was separated.Prognosis is related to the extent of the involved cortex. Bothgenetic and acquired factors can be responsible for this pathology.Ultrasound alone can lead to the diagnosis, but MRI can help toconﬁrm the type and extension of the lesion.Supporting information can be found in the online version ofthis abstract.
A New Paradigm for Ice Core Drilling

The search for answers to questions about the changing climate has created an urgent need to discover past climate signatures archived in glaciers and ice sheets, and to understand current ice sheet behavior. Recognizing that U.S. scientific productivity in this area depends upon a mechanism for ensuring continuity and international cooperation in ice coring and drilling efforts, along with the availability of appropriate drills, drilling expertise, and innovations in drilling technology, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) has established the Ice Drilling Program Office (IDPO) and its partner, the Ice Drilling Design and Operations group (IDDO), together known as IDPO/IDDO (Figure 1).
Hypothesis of Limiting Fragmentation in High-Energy Collisions

A hypothesis of limiting fragmentation of the target and of the projectile in a high-energy lepton-hadron or hadron-hadron collision is defined. Arguments are given for the hypothesis. Comparisons with various models and concepts are made. Further speculations are made, including the absence of pionization processes in high-energy collisions and the dependence of multiplicity on the momentum transfer. Experiments are suggested.
Computation and turbulence modeling for three-dimensional boundary layers including turbomachinery rotor flows

A method is developed for predicting the behavior of three-dimensional, turbulent boundary layers occurring in internal flows, including those on turbomachinery rotor blades. These boundary layers are complex, turbulent, and subject to Coriolis and centrifugal forces. The major thrust of this paper is the development and use of an algebraic Reynolds stress model (ARSM) that captures the changes in turbulent flow structure arising from curvature, rotation, and three dimensionality. The prediction of pressure-driven secondary flow agrees well with the measured data, and all three turbulence models (k-epsilon, algebraic eddy viscosity, and ARSM) show the same level of agreement. The prediction of boundary-layer development on rotor blades shows much better agreement with measurements with the ARSM. It is essential to employ higher-order turbulence models to capture the effects of rotation, curvature, and three dimensionality on boundary layers in turbomachinery.
Scales of spatial heterogeneity of plastic marine debris in the northeast pacific ocean.

Plastic debris has been documented in many marine ecosystems, including remote coastlines, the water column, the deep sea, and subtropical gyres. The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG), colloquially called the “Great Pacific Garbage Patch,” has been an area of particular scientific and public concern. However, quantitative assessments of the extent and variability of plastic in the NPSG have been limited. Here, we quantify the distribution, abundance, and size of plastic in a subset of the eastern Pacific (approximately 20–40°N, 120–155°W) over multiple spatial scales. Samples were collected in Summer 2009 using surface and subsurface plankton net tows and quantitative visual observations, and Fall 2010 using surface net tows only. We documented widespread, though spatially variable, plastic pollution in this portion of the NPSG and adjacent waters. The overall median microplastic numerical concentration in Summer 2009 was 0.448 particles m−2 and in Fall 2010 was 0.021 particles m−2, but plastic concentrations were highly variable over the submesoscale (10 s of km). Size-frequency spectra were skewed towards small particles, with the most abundant particles having a cross-sectional area of approximately 0.01 cm2. Most microplastic was found on the sea surface, with the highest densities detected in low-wind conditions. The numerical majority of objects were small particles collected with nets, but the majority of debris surface area was found in large objects assessed visually. Our ability to detect high-plastic areas varied with methodology, as stations with substantial microplastic did not necessarily also contain large visually observable objects. A power analysis of our data suggests that high variability of surface microplastic will make future changes in abundance difficult to detect without substantial sampling effort. Our findings suggest that assessment and monitoring of oceanic plastic debris must account for high spatial variability, particularly in regards to the evaluation of initiatives designed to reduce marine debris.
Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Kristallisationsvorgänge bei der Ausscheidung von Aluminiumoxydhydraten aus Aluminatlaugen

Das Ausruhren von Aluminatlaugen nach dem Bayer-Verfahren mit Aluminiumoxydhydraten als Impfer ist ein echter Kristallisationsvorgang. Hierbei sind Al2O3-Modifikationen jeder Hydratationsstufe verwendbar. Der Ausruhreffekt, d. h. die Ausbeute an kristallisiertem Hydrargillit, wird bei den Impfsubstanzen α-Al2O3 und Bohmit von Zustand und Grose der Kristalle beeinflust, wahrend das Trihydrat keinerlei Einflus der Kristallgrose auf das Ergebnis zeigt. Last man den ausgefallten Hydrargillit mehrere Ruckfuhrungen durchlaufen, tritt ein sich rhythmisch wiederholender Wechsel in der Kristallgrose ein, dessen kritische Grosen in unseren Versuchsreihen bei 7,3 und 3, 7 μ lagen. Elektronenoptische und lichtmikroskopische Befunde unterstutzen dabei die Annahme, das es sich hier um eine Wechselwirkung zwischen innerkristallinen Kraften und solchen der Losung handelt. Eine Deutung dieses Antagonismus durch energetische Prinzipien wird versucht.
THE MEANING OF ROLE-TAKING*

Under the influence of George Herbert Mead the term “role-taking’’ has been used extensively for the past 50 years by sociologists, philosophers, psychologists and many others. However, I am of the opinion that the full meaning of the term has not been made explicit. It must be made so if we are to offer a clear definition of “significant symbol,” ‘‘language,’’ “self’ and “mind.” Mead held that only humans have minds and a language, both made possible by role-taking. Lower animals, he believed, cannot take the role of the other or have a generalized other, nor as a consequence can they have selves. Mead’s greatest insight around which his entire system of philosophy is centered may be stated as follows: a significant symbol is a special kind of gesture; it is a gesture that evokes the same response in the one who makes it as it does in the other to whom it is addressed. Under these conditions a gesture becomes a linguistic gesture which, according to Mead, is essential for the emergence of both one’s mind and one’s self. Also, for one to take the role of the other, or to be in the perspective of the other, it is necessary that one be able to use linguistic gestures or significant symbols. Mead maintained there is no evidence that lower animals use significant symbols in their native habitats, and that they have neither selves nor minds. Consequently, he believed they cannot take the role of the other and, strictly speaking, they do not have a language. The following remarks regarding the meaning of the basic insight are aimed at strengthening his conclusions. If the meaning of role-taking is clear I believe it will help us in defining language, and it will aid us in settling the dispute about whether or not chimpanzees and other animals use significant symbols in the same way humans do. If it turns out that they do, then it would follow that they have minds and selves. Apparently at present this issue is not settled. The key words in Mead’s definition of the significant symbol. are “the same response.” What can the word “same” mean in this context, and what is included in the meaning of “response”? Clearly the response by a person, X, who makes
Dynamics of volcanic plumes on Io

Ballistic and aerodynamic models are proposed to explain the dynamics of the volcanic plumes on Io. A ballistic model, which assumes that eruptive gas and solid-particle flows become completely and permanently decoupled over a small distance as compared with the maximum particle height, is shown to be unable to account for the observed shape of Plume 3. An aerodynamic model which assumes the entrainment and transportation of solid particles by the gas flow into the central portion of the top of the plume, with ballistic particle trajectories only after passage through the first part of their descent, is then developed. The model accounts for plume shape by the formation of a weak decompression shock near the edge of the plume stalk, which constrains horizontal expansion until a sufficient altitude is reached. Calculated plume dimensions are then compared with observations of Ionian Plumes 1 and 3.
Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of non-crystalline ferrihydrite nanoflakes

Abstract Synthesis and characterization of the structural and magnetic properties of a 2-line (2L) ferrihydrite (FHYD) sample based on the composition Fe:Al:Cu=100:25:5 are reported. Typical of 2L-FHYDs, this sample also yields the two broad lines in X-ray diffraction and triplet in the 1400–1700 cm −1 range in IR spectroscopy. However, in transmission electron microscopy, nanoflakes of about 5–20 nm size but without any hint of diffraction fringes characteristic of crystalline order were observed. Temperature dependence (2–380 K) of the magnetization M vs. applied field H (up to ±65 kOe) of this non-crystalline ferrihydrite is used to establish a blocking temperature T B ≃20 K, Neel temperature T N ≃365 K and a spin-glass ordering of the surface Fe 3+ spins at T S ≃6 K. These magnitudes of T B and T S are considerably smaller than those of a 5 nm undoped 2L crystalline ferrihydrite with T B =70 K and T S =30 K. The fit of the M vs. H data for several T > T B to a modified Langevin function is shown to collapse onto a universal curve yielding a temperature-independent average magnetic moment μ P =70(5) μ B per nanoflake. Analysis of these parameters obtained from the fits of M vs. H data above T B is used to show that the effective average volume of the nanoflakes is about 1/3 that of spherical 5 nm crystalline 2L-FHYD. It is argued that these lower magnitudes of μ P , T B , and T S for the nanoflakes result from their smaller effective volume determined here.
Hybrid organic-inorganic films fabricated using atomic and molecular layer deposition

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) are based on sequential, self-limiting surface reactions that produce atomic layer controlled and conformal thin film growth. ALD can deposit inorganic films and MLD can deposit films containing organics. ALD and MLD can be used together to fabricate a wide range of flexible hybrid organic-inorganic films. The tunable mechanical properties of alucone alloys grown using Al2O3 ALD and alucone MLD may be useful as flexible barrier films. The tunable electrical conductivity of zincone alloys grown using ZnO ALD and zincone MLD may be useful as flexible transparent conducting films. These hybrid organic-inorganic films could have many applications for flexible sensors and actuators.
Model Aids Planners in Predicting Rising Ground‐Water Levels in San Bernardino, Californiaa

The city of San Bernardino is in a semiarid inland valley about 60 miles (100 kilometers) east of Los Angeles. The southern part of the city is traversed by the San Jacinto fault. Adjacent to the upgradient (northeast) side of the fault is a 10 square mile (26 square kilometers) area which contains a zone in the alluvial ground-water basin that formerly was under artesian pressure and consisted of swampy lands with a history of flowing wells, springs, and ground-water discharge to Warm Creek. Since about 1945, water levels have declined more than 100 feet (30 meters), and the swampy lands have dried up and are now highly urbanized. Basin replenishment by artificial recharge of imported northern California water at the base of the San Bernardino Mountains may cause ground-water levels to rise again in the area that was formerly swampy land. If this should happen, building foundations and basements could be subjected to structural damage and flooding by renewed flowing of unplugged artesian wells. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District, is developing a two-layer digital model to aid in predicting the rate and extent of the rise in water levels. The solution to the mathematical equations used in the model was approximated numerically by the Galerkin finite-element method. The water district desires to evaluate water management alternatives, such as varying location, distribution, amounts of recharge, and pumping centers, to avoid excessive water level rises that could indicate an overfilling of the basin and could cause damage.
Do Homeowners Have Higher Future Household Income

Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) between 1984 and 2001 among only renter households in 1984, this paper looks at the relationship between length of homeownership thereafter during that period and household income in 2001. The study found that the longer the period of homeownership during the studied period, the higher future household income was by 2001. It is estimated that each year of ownership is associated with approximately 2 per cent of increase in household income and doubling the length of ownership increases household income by about 11 per cent.
In vitro human skin penetration of diethanolamine

Concerns about the safety of diethanolamine (DEA) have been raised by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). Therefore, we measured the extent of DEA absorption in human skin relevant to exposures from shampoos, hair dyes and body lotions. Radiolabeled [14C]-DEA was added to two commercial products from each class and applied to excised viable and non-viable human skin in flow-through diffusion cells. The products remained on the skin for 5, 30 and 24 h for shampoos, hair dyes and body lotions, respectively. After 24 h, most of the absorbed dose was found in skin: 2.8% for shampoos, 2.9% for hair dyes and 10.0% for body lotions. Only small amounts were absorbed into the receptor fluid: 0.08%, 0.09% and 0.9% for shampoos, hair dyes and body lotions respectively. There was no significant difference in the absorption of DEA through viable and non-viable skin or from product application doses of 1, 2 or 3 mg lotion/cm2. In 72 h daily repeat dose studies with a lotion, DEA appeared to accumulate in the skin (29.2%) with little diffusing out into the receptor fluid. Therefore, skin levels of DEA should not be included in estimates of systemic absorption used in exposure assessments.
Expanding Tregs with IVIg

In this issue of Blood, Ephrem et al demonstrate that IVIg expands CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) and enhances their function in vivo and in vitro. Their findings shed new light on the elusive mechanism of action of IVIg in ameliorating autoimmune diseases.
Is IGF-I Receptor a Target for Autoantibody Generation in Graves' Disease?

Graves' disease (GD), a prototypic example of human autoimmunity dominated by pathogenic autoantibodies, represents a complex multitissue syndrome that remains incompletely understood (1). Generation of activating antibodies directed against the TSH receptor (TSHR) accounts for thyroid glandular overactivity. Like many forms of autoimmunity, GD is associated with detectable autoantibodies directed at other antigens. It is uncertain whether the loss of immune tolerance to antigens besides TSHR plays any pathogenic role in GD. This question is particularly relevant to the manifestation of GD known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), a process in which connective tissue in the orbit undergoes remodeling (2). Early clinical observations raised suspicion that antigens shared by orbit and thyroid might underlie the peculiar anatomical distribution of this disease. An obvious suspect is TSHR because it has been detected at relatively low levels in multiple depots of fatty connective tissue (3) where it possesses biological activity. But whether TSHR or the antibodies directed against it are directly or indirectly involved in the genesis of TAO has yet to be established. Support for its involvement derives from circumstantial evidence. For example, there exists a correlation between levels of anti-TSHR antibodies and the severity/activity of TAO (4). Moreover, these antibodies may have value in predicting disease outcome (5). Such associations suggest the potential for connectivity between TSHR and the disease but fall short of proving it. Another candidate antigen emerged decades ago with the detection of thyroglobulin in the diseased orbit (6) and the recent reports that have substantiated those findings.
Fractionated exposure of high energy iron ions has a sparing effect in vivo

Abstract The radiation environment in deep space is complex and includes a broad spectrum of charged and highly energetic particle radiations. Exposure to these types of radiations may pose potential health risks in manned space missions. The detection of particle radiation-induced genomic alterations in vivo , particularly in slow or non-dividing tissues, is therefore important to provide relevant information in estimating risks. We are using a plasmid-based lacZ transgenic mouse model system to rapidly measure, in a statistically reliable way, the mutagenic potential of charged particle radiations relevant in the space environment. The lacZ transgenic mouse has been constructed so that every cell of the animal contains multiple copies of an integrated target reporter gene, allowing us to measure tissue-specific radiation-induced changes as a function of dosing regime. The nature of these mutations can also be characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). To examine the impact of dose protraction, animals were exposed to a single dose or daily fractions of 1 GeV/n iron ions. Cytotoxicity in the peripheral blood was measured by enumerating the frequency of circulating micronucleated reticulocytes (fMN-RET) in a time course from 24 h up to 1 week after completion of the radiation protocol. Brain and spleen tissues were harvested at 8 weeks after exposure and mutant frequencies (MF) in the transgene in these tissues were measured. Results from the fractionated protocol were compared to the responses obtained after the animals were exposed to the single dose treatment. We noted significantly lower levels of micronucleated reticulocytes in peripheral blood at 48 h after fractionated doses of iron ions when compared to the same total dose delivered in a single exposure demonstrating that protracted exposures of particle radiation resulted in an overall sparing effect in cytogenetic toxicity in the hematopoietic system in animals. Transgene mutation analysis revealed that fractionated delivery of iron doses was also effective in lowering the mutation yield in both brain and spleen tissues. However, this response is dose dependent. We conclude from these studies that fractioned doses of iron ions are effective in reducing the biological effectiveness in the end points used in these studies and that tissue physiology may play a role in defining the biological consequences after particle radiation exposure.
Compile/run-time support for threaded MPI execution on multiprogrammed shared memory machines

MPI is a message-passing standard widely used for developing high-performance parallel applications. Because of the restriction in the MPI computation model, conventional implementations on shared memory machines map each MPI node to an OS process, which suffers serious performance degradation in the presence of multiprogramming, especially when a space/time sharing policy is employed in OS job scheduling. In this paper, we study compile-time and run-time support for MPI by using threads and demonstrate our optimization techniques for executing a large class of MPI programs written in C. The compile-time transformation adopts thread-specific data structures to eliminate the use of global and static variables in C code. The runtime support includes an efficient point-to-point communication protocol based on a novel lock-free queue management scheme. Our experiments on an SGI Origin 2000 show that our MPI prototype called TMPI using the proposed techniques is competitive with SGI's native MPI implementation in a dedicated environment, and it has significant performance advantages with up to a 23-fold improvement in a multiprogrammed environment.
On the use of single sentence descriptions of behavior in attribution research

Previous studies employing attribution questionnaires have neglected important stimulus characteristics of single sentence descriptions of behavior. The present study investigated the effects of the consensus (high vs. low) and sentence structure (active vs. passive) of single sentence descriptions of different behaviors on causal attributions. As expected, high consensus produced less person attribution than did low consensus, and passive items produced more stimulus attribution than did active items. Implications for the epistemological status of previous questionnaire research on attributions and, in particular, previous results bearing on consensus and salience were discussed.
COASTAL AIR-CIRCULATION SYSTEM: OBSERVATIONS AND EMPIRICAL MODEL 1,, 2

Abstract Three consecutive early summer studies on the upper Texas coast have produced data that afford a much clearer view of the land and sea breeze system than was previously held. Networks of surface observations, pibal and radiosonde ascents, and aircraft flights have produced observations that are integrated to give a synthesized model of the coastal air-circulation system as a function of space and time.
Liquid chromatographic determination of hippuric acid for the evaluation of ethacrynic acid as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

A rapid, simple and interference-free method is described to evaluate the inhibitory effects of organic compounds on the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme irrespective of their acid-base properties. The assay is based on the high performance liquid chromatographic separation of the synthetic substrate hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine, the hydrolysis product hippuric acid and the test compound. Using the new method, the diuretic drug ethacrynic acid was found to act as an inhibitor for the enzyme in a non competitive mode.
Resolving the thermal challenges for silicon microring resonator devices

Silicon microring resonators have been hailed for their potential use in next-generation optical inter- connects. However, the functionality of silicon microring based devices suffer from susceptibility to thermal fluc- tuations that is often overlooked in their demonstrated results, but must be resolved for their future implemen- tation in microelectronic applications. We survey the emerging efforts that have been put forth to resolve these thermal susceptibilities and provide a comprehensive discussion of their advantages and disadvantages.