cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resistance Training does not Induce Uniform Adaptations to Quadriceps Muscles

Resistance training may differentially affect morphological adaptations along the length of uni-articular and bi-articular muscles. The purpose of this study was to compare changes in muscle morphology along the length of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) in response to resistance training. Following a 2-wk preparatory phase, 15 resistance-trained men (24.0 ± 3.0 y, 90.0 ± 13.8 kg, 174.9 ± 20.7 cm) completed pre-training (PRE) assessments of muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), cross-sectional area (CSA), and echo-intensity in the RF and VL at 30, 50, and 70% of each muscle9s length; fascicle length (FL) was estimated from respective measurements of MT and PA within each muscle and region. Participants then began a high intensity, low volume (4 x 3 - 5 repetitions, 3min rest) lower-body resistance training program, and repeated all PRE-assessments after 8 weeks (2 d ? wk-1) of training (POST). Although three-way (muscle [RF, VL] x region [30, 50, 70%] x time [PRE, POST]) repeated measures analysis of variance did not reveal significant interactions for any assessment of morphology, significant simple (muscle x time) effects were observed for CSA (p = 0.002) and FL (p = 0.016). Specifically, average CSA changes favored the VL (2.96 ± 0.69 cm2, p
Forensic Accounting: An Anglo-American Comparison - Forensic Accounting in the U.S.A.

stated. The United States of America consists of 50 states, one district (Washington, D.C., the capital), and 14 territories. The predominate legal system is based on common law derived from the English common law at the Federal level. State legal systems are also based on English common law with the exception of Louisiana, which is based on the Napoleonic Civil Code. There are three branches of government at both the Federal and state levels, Each branch is independent of the others.
Does your messy office make your mind look cluttered? Office appearance and perceivers' judgments about the owner's personality

Abstract How perceivers' impressions of a researcher's personality might vary as a function of the messiness of the researcher's office was explored in the current set of experiments. Participants from the US were randomly assigned to sit in a researcher's office (A) that was either clean, neat, organized, and uncluttered or one (office B) that was somewhat messy (experiment 1) or very messy (experiments 2 & 3). They guessed the Big 5 traits of the researcher afterward. In each experiment, participants thought that the office B researcher was less conscientious than the office A researcher. In experiments 2 and 3, participants also thought that the office B researcher was less agreeable and more neurotic than the office A researcher. Discussion centers on how the degree of office messiness might matter in terms of whether perceivers view the office owner as possessing one or more negative personality traits.
Ubiquilin 2 modulates ALS/FTD-linked FUS–RNA complex dynamics and stress granule formation

The ubiquitin-like protein ubiquilin 2 (UBQLN2) has been genetically and pathologically linked to the neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but its normal cellular functions are not well understood. In a search for UBQLN2-interacting proteins, we found an enrichment of stress granule (SG) components, including ALS/FTD-linked heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein fused in sarcoma (FUS). Through the use of an optimized SG detection method, we observed UBQLN2 and its interactors at SGs. A low complexity, Sti1-like repeat region in UBQLN2 was sufficient for its localization to SGs. Functionally, UBQLN2 negatively regulated SG formation. UBQLN2 increased the dynamics of FUS–RNA interaction and promoted the fluidity of FUS–RNA complexes at a single-molecule level. This solubilizing effect corresponded to a dispersal of FUS liquid droplets in vitro and a suppression of FUS SG formation in cells. ALS-linked mutations in UBQLN2 reduced its association with FUS and impaired its function in regulating FUS–RNA complex dynamics and SG formation. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role for UBQLN2 in regulating the early stages of liquid–liquid phase separation by directly modulating the fluidity of protein–RNA complexes and the dynamics of SG formation.
CiTE antibody for AML.

In this issue of Blood , Herrmann et al 1 have developed a novel checkpoint inhibitory T-cell–engaging (CiTE) antibody for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by fusing the extracellular domain of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1 ex ) to a CD3 × CD33 bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE; see figure panels A-B). Incorporation of the PD-1 ex domain increased human T-cell activation and led to efficient cytotoxicity against CD33 + /PD-L1 + cells in vitro and in a murine xenograft model. Importantly, the PD-1 ex domain is not sufficient to redirect T cells to PD-L1 + cells lacking the CD33 target. This preferential targeting of CD33 + /PD-L1 + cells should reduce the immune-related adverse events associated with on-target/off-tumor effects of global checkpoint blockade with anti-PD1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
IDDF2019-ABS-0319 The diagnostic accuracy of papanicolau staining in brush biopsy as an alternative to tissue biopsy in patients undergoing colonoscopy for non-obstructing colonic tumors

Background The study was conducted to determine the diagnostic accuracy of papanicolau stain in detecting malignancy from brush biopsy specimens in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Methods A prospective, open-label 19-month study, covering February 2016- September 2017 of patients aged 19 years and above. Demographics and informed consent of all patients undergoing colonoscopy were taken. On colonoscopy, brush biopsies around the four sides of tumors were sampled after the tissue biopsy then smeared to slides, fixed with 95% ethyl alcohol and stained with Papanicolau method and read by 2 independent pathologists. Results 60 patients underwent colonoscopy for colonic tumors. The average age was 55.60 years old, 53.3% were females, 85% had a family history of colon cancer and 50% were smokers. A significant association of Pap stain in detecting malignancy (p=0.002) was noted with a sensitivity of 79.2% and specificity of 66.6%. Conclusions The results show good sensitivity of using Pap stain in that it is able to correctly identify 79.2% for patients who truly have colonic tumors with specificity of 66.6%. There is a significant association between Pap stain and H&E stain in detecting malignancy (p=0.002) in that a positive Pap stain is highly associated with colon cancer detection (PPV=90.5%) and only 44.4% will be truly negative for those who have no colon cancer.
Asthma and risk of glioma: a population-based case-control study.

Objectives Literature suggests an inconsistent, but largely inverse, association between asthma and risk of glioma, which is primarily due to methodological inconsistency in sampling frame and ascertainment of asthma. The objective of the study was to clarify the association between asthma and risk of glioma by minimising methodological biases (eg, recall and detection bias). Design A population-based case–control study. Setting General population in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA. Participants All eligible biopsy-proven incident glioma cases (1995–2014) and two sets of controls among residents matched to age and sex (first set: community controls without glioma; second set: MRI-negative controls from the same community). Methods The predetermined asthma criteria via medical record review were applied to ascertain asthma status of cases and controls. History of asthma prior to index date was compared between glioma cases and their matched controls using conditional logistic regression models. Propensity score for asthma status was adjusted for multivariate analysis. Results We enrolled 135 glioma cases (median age at index date: 53 years) and 270 controls. Of the cases, 21 had a history of asthma (16%), compared with 36 of MRI controls (27%) (OR (95% CI) 0.48 (0.26 to 0.91), p=0.03). With MRI controls, an inverse association between asthma and risk of glioma persisted after adjusting for the propensity score for asthma status, but did not reach statistical significance probably due to the lack of statistical power (OR (95% CI) 0.48 (0.21 to 1.09); p=0.08). Based on comparison of characteristics of controls and cases, community controls seem to be more susceptible to a detection bias. Conclusions While differential detection might account for the association between asthma and risk of glioma, asthma may potentially pose a protective effect on risk of glioma. Our study results need to be replicated by a larger study.
15-Lipoxygenase-1 biosynthesis of 7S,14S-diHDHA implicates 15-lipoxygenase-2 in biosynthesis of resolvin D5

The two oxylipins 7S,14S-dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (diHDHA) and 7S,17S-diHDHA [resolvin D5 (RvD5)] have been found in macrophages and infectious inflammatory exudates and are believed to function as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). Their biosynthesis is thought to proceed through sequential oxidations of DHA by lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes, specifically, by human 5-LOX (h5-LOX) first to 7(S)-hydroxy-4Z,8E,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-DHA (7S-HDHA), followed by human platelet 12-LOX (h12-LOX) to form 7(S),14(S)-dihydroxy-4Z,8E,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-DHA (7S,14S-diHDHA) or human reticulocyte 15-LOX-1 (h15-LOX-1) to form RvD5. In this work, we determined that oxidation of 7(S)-hydroperoxy-4Z,8E,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-DHA to 7S,14S-diHDHA is performed with similar kinetics by either h12-LOX or h15-LOX-1. The oxidation at C14 of DHA by h12-LOX was expected, but the noncanonical reaction of h15-LOX-1 to make over 80% 7S,14S-diHDHA was larger than expected. Results of computer modeling suggested that the alcohol on C7 of 7S-HDHA hydrogen bonds with the backbone carbonyl of Ile399, forcing the hydrogen abstraction from C12 to oxygenate on C14 but not C17. This result raised questions regarding the synthesis of RvD5. Strikingly, we found that h15-LOX-2 oxygenates 7S-HDHA almost exclusively at C17, forming RvD5 with faster kinetics than does h15-LOX-1. The presence of h15-LOX-2 in neutrophils and macrophages suggests that it may have a greater role in biosynthesizing SPMs than previously thought. We also determined that the reactions of h5-LOX with 14(S)-hydroperoxy-4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-DHA and 17(S)-hydroperoxy-4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-DHA are kinetically slow compared with DHA, suggesting that these reactions may be minor biosynthetic routes in vivo. Additionally, we show that 7S,14S-diHDHA and RvD5 have anti-aggregation properties with platelets at low micromolar potencies, which could directly regulate clot resolution.
Mitigating negative spillover effects in a product-harm crisis: strategies for market leaders versus market challengers

Prior research indicates that a brand’s product-harm crisis can lower consumer evaluations of competing brands within the same industry, which are known as negative spillover effects. Competing brands should proactively respond to the crisis to dissociate from the crisis-stricken brand. In the current research, two experiments were conducted to examine the relative efficacy of crisis response strategies (bolstering vs. differentiation vs. no response) in mitigating negative spillover effects on competing brands with different market positions (market leader vs. market challenger). The context of these experiments is a product-harm crisis in which a brand’s product is recalled due to food-borne illness. The moderated mediation analyses reveal that the bolstering strategy leads to similar positive indirect effects on brand attitude and purchase intention through message evaluations regardless of whether market leaders or challengers employ the strategy. In contrast, the differentiation strategy yields a more positive indirect effect on brand attitudes and purchase intentions through message evaluations when a market challenger employs the strategy rather than a leader.
An Evaluation Method for Commutation Failure Caused by Waveform Distortion

Commutation failure is a key issue that affects the safe operation of HVDC transmission systems. Scholars at home and abroad have conducted research on the mechanism, evaluation indicators, and control strategies of commutation failure. However, most of the researches are aimed at the working conditions of commutation failure caused by a short-circuit fault on the AC side. There are few studies on the commutation failure caused by the harmonic injection on the AC side and the distortion of the AC bus voltage waveform. This paper clarifies the mechanism of commutation failure caused by waveform distortion, and proposes an index of harmonic commutation margin. On this basis, an evaluation method for commutation failure caused by waveform distortion is proposed. By predicting the commutation voltage-time area and optimization methods to assess whether the current voltage conditions have the risk of commutation failure. Finally, an electromagnetic transient simulation model is established on PSCAD/EMTDC, and the evaluation method in this chapter is verified by simulating the working conditions of the inverter side bus voltage waveform distortion. The results show its effectiveness in evaluating the commutation failure. The research provides a theoretical basis to the implementation of the control function and has broad engineering application prospects.
Development of Bivalent Ligands Targeting the Putative CCR5-MOR Heterodimer

DEVELOPMENT OF BIVALENT LIGANDS TARGETING THE PUTATIVE CCR5-MOR HETERODIMER By Thomas John Raborg, B.S. Cellular Biology A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2014 Major Director: Yan Zhang Associate Professor, Department of Medicinal Chemistry Chemokine receptor CCR5 and the mu opioid receptor (MOR) undergo receptor dimerization in the membranes of neuronal cells. CCR5 is a co-receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus's (HIV) entry into host cells and is therefore a potential target of small molecule antagonists for therapeutic purposes. Activation of MOR is believed to both increase CCR5 expression levels and increase HIV viral entry into neuronal cells by dimerizing with CCR5. It is therefore of interest to develop chemical probes that target the CCR5-MOR interaction. A bivalent ligand containing both CCR5 and MOR pharmacophores was previously designed and synthesized to study the CCR-MOR heterodimer and its relavence to NeuroAIDS. In this work, two more bivalent ligands with structural modifications in spacer length were designed and synthesized along with a number of control compounds. The structure-activity relationships of these compounds were studied in radio-ligand binding assays and cell-based functional assays. Furthermore, the original bivalent ligand and the two new ligands were subjected to conformational analysis. In conclusion, bivalent ligands were synthesized to target the putative CCR5-MOR heterodimer, and these molecules were subjected to in vitro and in silico studies. The two new bivalent molecules bound to the MOR with an activity similar to that of naltrexone, an MOR antagonist, while they bound to CCR5 with lower affinity compared to maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist, indicating that further structural modification to the CCR5 portion of the bivalent ligand is necessary. Also, further work is underway to verify that the two novel bivalent compounds can indeed recognize to the CCR5-MOR heterodimer with reasonable potency.
Polymer Progress-Worldwide

This report contains a few observations made on recent polymer progress in various countries.
A Review of Commentary on Legal Psychiatry

Although the dust cover promises “a collection of relevant data on twenty-four psychiatric conditions, a discussion of what a physician sees when such a condition is present, and an examination of how some courts have seen the same problem,” nothing of the sort lies within. Instead, we are presented with the author's rambling and often tangential thoughts about a whole host of psychiatric (and some not psychiatric) conditions.
Biogeography and Phylogeography

This chapter focuses on ecological determinants of present-day distributions of amphibians and reptiles. It discusses how the history of the Earth's continents has affected amphibian and reptile distributions. Finally, it shows several phylogeography studies to show how the combined use of well-supported phylogenetic hypotheses and geological-fossil data is rapidly improving the understanding of the history of patterns of distribution and diversification in amphibians and reptiles. Most studies of island biogeography reveal a close association between the number of species and island size, if everything else is equal. Distance of islands from mainland habitats also affects number of species. Island biogeography has much wider application because habitats distributed across the Earth are patchy, and each patch can effectively be considered an island. The theory of island biogeography can be applied to ecological questions, particularly in landscape ecology and conservation biology. Ecological biogeography emphasizes the overall structure of communities across space and has resulted in descriptions of biomes, biogeographic realms, and other ecologically based categories. Historical biogeography focuses on the relationships and origins of taxa, emphasizing the phylogenetic affinities of the species and how those tie in with the history of distributional patterns. In addition to the historical approaches to the study of distributions, present-day animal and plant distributions can be described on the basis of overall structure of plant communities relative to climate.
Comparative absorbed doses in periapical radiography: II. Panorex

Abstract The doses of x-radiation absorbed during extraoral panoramic radiography were monitored with calcium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters at seven internal cadaver sites: in the pituitary gland, under the eyelid, in a maxillary central alveolus, in the vestibule at the first maxillary molar, in the parotid gland, in the submaxillary gland, and at the first cervical vertebra; and the exposure dose at seven external sites for adults, children, and cadaver at cornea, philtrum, skin over the first maxillary molar, over the parotid gland, over the thyroid gland, over the first cervical vertebrae, and lap above apron. Exposures were performed with an S. S. White Panorex operated at various kilovolts peak, 10 Ma., and a 22-second cycle. Sixty clinic patient and twenty cadaver sets of dosimeters were exposed. The responses acquired by dosimeters during these surveys indicated that skin entrance exposures ranged from 218 to 485 mr, while the skin exit values dropped to a range of 1.5 to 22 mr, demonstrating more than 90 per cent absorption of incident radiation. Corroboration with results reported by other investigators was inconclusive because of variations in machine factors, dosimetry devices, and anatomic site monitored.
Twin Vector Machines for Online Learning on a Budget.

This paper proposes Twin Vector Machine (TVM), a constant space and sublinear time Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm for online learning. TVM achieves its favorable scaling by maintaining only a fixed number of examples, called the twin vectors, and their associated information in memory during training. In addition, TVM guarantees that Kuhn-Tucker conditions are satisfied on all twin vectors at any time. To maximize the accuracy of TVM, twin vectors are adjusted during the training phase to approximate the data distribution near the decision boundary. Given a new training example, TVM is updated in three steps. First, the new example is added as a new twin vector if it is near the decision boundary. If this happens, two twin vectors are selected and merged into a single twin vector to maintain the budget. Finally, TVM is updated by incremental and decremental learning to account for the change. Several methods for twin vector merging were proposed and experimentally evaluated. TVMs were thoroughly tested on 12 large data sets. In most cases, the accuracy of low-budget TVMs was comparable to the state of the art resource-unconstrained SVMs. Additionally, the TVM accuracy was substantially larger than that of SVM trained on a random sample of the same size. Even larger difference in accuracy was observed when comparing to Forgetron, a popular kernel perceptron algorithm on a budget. The results illustrate that highly accurate online SVMs could be trained from large data streams using devices with severely limited memory budgets.
Coca paste: chemical analysis and smoking experiments.

Several samples of Colombian and a sample of Peruvian coca paste were subjected to chemical analysis to ascertain the complexity of these products. A neutral and acid fraction and a basic fraction were analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The basic fraction was also analyzed as its trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative. Several gasoline residue components were identified in the neutral fraction. In addition to cocaine (greater than 60% in all cases), other alkaloids were identified. Lead and manganese analyses were carried out on these samples. While all the samples contained no lead (less than 45 ppm), most of the Colombian samples contained significant amounts of manganese (greater than 5%). Preliminary smoking experiments with a Colombian coca paste sample indicated that it behaves more like free cocaine than like a cocaine sulfate salt. Language: en
Emotional and Conversational Nonverbal Signals

In this paper I revise and expand formulations which distinguished among a number of different types of body movements and facial expressions (Ekman and Friesen 1969). Some of the terminology and most of the conceptual distinctions have been preserved, but refinements and expansions have benefited from empirical findings and theoretical developments. The crucial issue remains to distinguish among quite different activities, which are shown in facial and/or bodily movement, but which have quite different functions, origins and coding.
A Sensitive Radioassay for Sulfhydryl Groups with Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide

Abstract A sensitive, specific, convenient radioassay for sulfhydryl groups with tetraethylthiuram disulfide that is uniformly labeled with radioactive sulfur is described. Interaction between reagent and thiol results in the formation of stoichiometric amounts of 35S-diethyldithiocarbamate anion; the latter compound decomposes to labeled carbon disulfide at pH 4.0. The 35S-carbon disulfide is allowed to diffuse from the reaction medium to alkaline piperidine, and its radioactivity, which is proportional to the sulfhydryl content of the sample, is evaluated. The sulfhydryl contents of five "native" and denatured proteins were determined; the results agreed with reported values. This nonspectrophotometric method has proved applicable for assay of the thiol content of as little as 10 µg of various proteins.
Long‐range transport of ozone from the Los Angeles Basin: A case study

[1] Airborne lidar measurements of ozone above the Los Angeles Basin on 17 July 2009 show orographic lifting of ozone from the surface to the free troposphere by the San Gabriel Mountains. Mixing ratios in excess of 100 parts-per-billion-by-volume (ppbv) were measured ∼4 km above mean sea level (ASL). These observations are in excellent agreement with published model studies, confirming that topographic venting by the so called “mountain chimney effect” is a potentially important pathway for removal of pollutants from the Los Angeles Basin. The lofting of ozone and other pollutants into the free troposphere also greatly increases the potential for long-range transport from the Basin, and trajectory calculations suggest that some of this ozone may have been transported ∼1000 km to eastern Utah and western Colorado.
Development of a brachytherapy audit checklist tool.

PURPOSE: To develop a brachytherapy audit checklist that could be used to prepare for Nuclear Regulatory Commission or agreement state inspections, to aid in readiness for a practice accredi- tation visit, or to be used as an annual internal audit tool. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Six board-certified medical physicists and one radiation oncol- ogist conducted a thorough review of brachytherapy-related literature and practice guidelines pub- lished by professional organizations and federal regulations. The team members worked at two facilities that are part of a large, academic health care center. Checklist items were given a score based on their judged importance. Four clinical sites performed an audit of their program using the checklist. The sites were asked to score each item based on a defined severity scale for their noncompliance, and final audit scores were tallied by summing the products of importance score and severity score for each item. RESULTS: The final audit checklist, which is available online, contains 83 items. The audit scores from the beta sites ranged from 17 to 71 (out of 690) and identified a total of 7e16 noncompliance items. The total time to conduct the audit ranged from 1.5 to 5 hours. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive audit checklist was developed which can be implemented by any facility that wishes to perform a program audit in support of their own brachytherapy program. The checklist is designed to allow users to identify areas of noncompliance and to prioritize how these items are addressed to minimize deviations from nationally-recognized standards. 2015
Hierarchy of sun, beach slope, and landmarks as cues for Y-axis orientation of the supratidal amphipod Talorchestia longicornis (Say)

The semi-terrestrial amphipod Talorchestia longicornis (Say) undergoes Y-axis orientation and has a hierarchy among orientation cues. A previous study found that they used sun compass orientation and moved in the onshore direction of the home beach in both air and water. The present study determined whether this species could also use local landmarks and beach slope as orientation cues. They oriented upslope in simulated darkness in the laboratory on both dry and wet sand with threshold slopes of 2° and 4°, respectively. When tested outside in an arena in air on wet sand, they were disoriented when sun, slope, and landmarks were absent as cues. If presented with single cues, they moved upslope, toward landmarks and in the up-beach direction of the home beach during sun compass orientation. Using paired cues, sun was dominant over slope and landmarks, while slope was dominant over landmarks. In the presence of all three cues, amphipods displayed sun compass orientation in all test combinations except when ...
Bayesian modeling of the dependence in longitudinal data via partial autocorrelations and marginal variances

Many parameters and positive-definiteness are two major obstacles in estimating and modeling a correlation matrix for longitudinal data. In addition, when longitudinal data is incomplete, incorrectly modeling the correlation matrix often results in bias in estimating mean regression parameters. In this paper, we introduce a flexible and parsimonious class of regression models for a covariance matrix parameterized using marginal variances and partial autocorrelations. The partial autocorrelations can freely vary in the interval (-1,1) while maintaining positive definiteness of the correlation matrix so the regression parameters in these models will have no constraints. We propose a class of priors for the regression coefficients and examine the importance of correctly modeling the correlation structure on estimation of longitudinal (mean) trajectories and the performance of the DIC in choosing the correct correlation model via simulations. The regression approach is illustrated on data from a longitudinal clinical trial.
Characteristics of secondary cytotoxic T-cell responses in mice infected with influenza A viruses.

Abstract The cytotoxic T-cell response in mice infected with type A influenza viruses is dominated by a highly cross-reactive component. Previous experiments showed that after primary immunization the cytotoxic T-cell response apparently consists of a small but significant portion which is specific for the immunizing virus, and a larger component which is highly cross-reactive among all A strain viruses. The present study concentrates on the specificity of the T-cell response after secondary stimulation, using various combinations of type A virus strains. The underlying rationale was to determine whether there was any discernable pattern in the T-cell response which parallels the serologically defined antigenic pattern of influenza. That a virus strain-specific set of precursors does exist was evident in the primary response and even more so upon secondary challenge with the homologous virus (using an adoptive transfer protocol). However, upon secondary challenge with a heterologous influenza virus, this specific component was not evident no matter how closely related serologically the two challenge viruses were. No obvious relationships could be found between serologically defined antigenic patterns and the capacity to stimulate a secondary T-cell response specific for a particular type A influenza virus.
Gender differences in endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with the AneuRx stent graft

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate gender differences in the selection, procedure, and outcome of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). Patients: Between October 1996 and January 2001, 378 patients were evaluated for EVAR and 189 patients underwent EVAR with the Medtronic AneuRx stent graft at a single center. Results: Women constituted 17% of patients considered for EVAR. Their eligibility rate (49%) did not differ significantly from that of men (57%), and they constituted 14% of patients who underwent EVAR (26/189). Women who underwent EVAR were older (77.9 ± 6.3 years versus 73.1 ± 8.1 years; P P P P P P P P P Conclusion: Eligibility rates of women for EVAR are similar to those of men. Women are at an increased risk for access-related complications during EVAR, but outcome is equivalent to that of men. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:882-6.)
Making Money Saving Lives: Social Marketing Spurs the Private Sector Overseas

Social marketing programs that market and distribute subsidized contraceptives in developing countries do not make money, nor are they intended to. Indeed, attempts to make them profitable have generally undermined the effectiveness of such programs, particularly in very poor countries (Harvey, 1999, pp. 213-225).The purpose of such programs is to make contraceptives available to even the lowest-income people in developing country markets and, as such, subsidization of overall project activities will always be required. Indeed, contraceptive services, along with health services in general, are subsidized for low-income people in industrialized countries, leading one expert to suggest that it is “patently absurd” to withdraw contraceptive subsidies “for people who struggle to survive on a dollar a day” (The Lancet Eds., 1990, p. 659).However, there are numerous parties involved in contraceptive social marketing (CSM) projects in the countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin American that do make money from thei...
Quaternary volcanoes of the lake Rudolf Region: 1. The basanite-tephrite series of the Korath range

The Korath Range, a Quaternary volcanic range, is situated in southern Ethiopia, and is one of a number of volcanic centers in this portion of the East African Rift Valley. It has produced basanite and tephrite lavas with phenocrysts of titanaugite, olivine (in the basanites) and Ti-poor kaersutite (in the tephrites). Plagioclase is restricted to the groundmass and is zoned normally- from bytownite to sodic labradorite.Nepheline, leucite and phlogopite occur as groundmass phases, and titanomagnetite is the only iron-titanium oxide phase present. The average tephrite may be produced from the average basanite by the separation of olivine, pyroxene and kaersutite, but no combination of phenocry-st phases can account for the variation in composition within each of the basanite and tephrite groups; the requisite phase rich in alumina is absent. Consideration of the synthetic system NaAlSiO 4 -KAlSiO 4 -Mg 2 SiO 4 -SiO 2 -H 2 O leads to the suspicion that alkali feldspar and forsterite are unlikely to coexist commonly with phlogopite in natural feldspathoidal liquids.
Prevalence of ALDH7A1 mutations in 18 North American pyridoxine-dependent seizure (PDS) patients

Purpose: Pyridoxine-dependent seizure (PDS) is a rare disorder characterized by seizures that are resistant to common anticonvulsants, and that are ultimately controlled by daily pharmacologic doses of pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Mutations of the antiquitin gene (ALDH7A1) are now recognized as the molecular basis of cases of neonatal-onset PDS. Methods: Bidirectional DNA sequence analysis of ALDH7A1 was undertaken along with plasma pipecolic acid (PA) measurements to determine the prevalence of ALDH7A1 mutations in a cohort of 18 North American patients with PDS. Results: In patients with neonatal-onset PDS, compound heterozygous or homozygous ALDH7A1 mutations were detected in 10 of 12 cases, and a single mutation was found in the remaining 2. In later-onset cases, mutations in ALDH7A1 were detected in three of six cases. In two patients with infantile spasms responsive to pyridoxine treatment and with good clinical outcomes, no mutations were found and PA levels were normal. In total, 13 novel mutations were identified. Discussion: Our study advances previous findings that defects of ALDH7A1 are almost always the cause of neonatal-onset PDS and that defects in this gene are also responsible for some but not all later-onset cases. Later-onset cases of infantile spasms with good outcomes lacked evidence for antiquitin dysfunction, suggesting that this phenotype is less compelling for PDS.
Technology development for the Next-Generation Space Telescope: an overview

NASA has embarked on the development of the NGST. The NGST is envisioned to be a large aperture deployable IR telescope with sensitivity 1000 times greater than any currently existing or planned IR telescope. The scientific goals of NGST include imaging the earliest galaxies and proto- galaxies which formed following the 'big bang'. Several studies have concluded that the mission is feasible within the proposed cost if a well-planned, aggressive technology development effort is implemented early in the development phase. This paper present an overview of the technology program NASA is pursuing to provide the necessary technology to enable an exciting, affordable NGST mission to launch early in the next century.
An Inquiry into the Spontaneous Transfer of Problem-Solving Skill

Problem solving, by definition, involves achieving new understanding in unfamiliar contexts, and is critical to all aspects of life, especially in the educational and scientific arenas. Students learn from many experiences to develop a repertoire of abilities, including the use of logic, which enable them to spontaneously transfer their problem-solving skill to unfamiliar situations. The purpose of this study is to explore the minimum conditions necessary to facilitate the spontaneous transfer of problem solving skill in an unfamiliar context. One hundred and seventy-five subjects were presented with logically identical problems based on the Wason selection task, which differed only in the degree to which a familiar schema could be invoked to help solve the problem. In the pretest stage, only 10.5% of subjects could solve the selection problem in an unfamiliar context, whereas 57.3% could solve it in one that was familiar. The effect of three interventions, prior exposure to a familiar scenario, repeat opportunities on like problems, and process-oriented feedback, on selection task performance in an unfamiliar context was assessed in a posttest stage. Overall, none of the interventions were effective, indicating that the minimum threshold for spontaneous transfer may be above the level of intervention included in this study. Schema theory, implications for instruction, and directions for future research are discussed.
Effect of a serotonin 1-A agonist on food intake of Osborne-Mendel and S5B/P1 rats.

Abstract The effect on food intake of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a serotonin 1-A agonist, has been evaluated in two strains of rats that differ in their sensitivity to becoming obese while eating a high-fat diet. Male Osborne–Mendel (OM) and S5B/Pl rats were tested at 8 weeks and 16 weeks of age. Both strains were adapted to choose between two diets—a 56% fat energy diet, and a 10% fat energy diet—which were equicaloric for protein (24% energy). Daily food intake was measured for 2 weeks before injection of 8-OH-DPAT. The younger OM rats had no diet preference, while the older OM rats preferred the high-fat diet. The younger S5B/P1 rats preferred the low-fat diet, while the older S5B/P1 rats had no diet preference. Satiated rats were injected subcutaneously with 8-OH-DPAT at doses of 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg or vehicle. During the light phase, subcutaneous 8-OH-DPAT increased the intake of the high-fat diet in the 16-week-old OM rats but not the 8-week-old OM rats. 8-OH-DPAT had no effect on the low-fat diet intake in either age OM rat. The 8-week-old S5B/P1 rats showed a significant decrease in intake of the high-fat diet in response to 8-OH-DPAT, whereas an increase in the intake of the low-fat diet was observed in the older S5B/P1 rats. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that increased fat preference in Osborne–Mendel rats may result in part from altered serotonin activity of 5-HT1A receptors.
On Combining Estimates of Relative Risk Using the Negative Binomial Mode

The negative binomial distribution (N.B.) was previously proposed (BENNETT, 1981) in the estimation of and tests of significance for the relative risk (ψ) in prospective studies in epidemiology. This paper discusses the application of the N.B. model in combining estimates of ψ from a series of prospective studies and in statistical tests of the equality of these estimates.
The regulation of the rate of ATP hydrolysis by H-meromyosin.

Abstract The effect of N -ethylmaleimide on the ATPase activity and ADP binding of tryptic H-meromyosin was studied at 6 and 23 °C temperatures. The affinity constant of H-meromyosin for ADP with Mg as activator was increased by small concentrations of N -ethylmaleimide (2.25 moles per mole of enzyme) at both temperatures, accompanied by activation of ATP hydrolysis at 25 °C and inhibition at 6 °C. With higher N -ethylmaleimide concentrations, the ATPase activity was inhibited at both temperatures, without comparable inhibition of ADP binding. Rapid kinetic analysis of the rate of development of difference spectrum after the addition of ATP or ADP to H-meromyosin indicates, that blocking of the S 1 and S 2 SH groups of H-meromyosin decreases both the formation ( k 1 ) and the dissociation ( k 2 ) rate constants of H-meromyosin substrate complex. At 6 °C, in the presence of Mg, the value of k 2 for ADP is similar to the turnover number of ATP hydrolysis, suggesting that dissociation of ADP from the active site may be the rate-limiting step of ATP hydrolysis. At 23 °C, the turnover number of Mg-moderated ATP hydrolysis is much smaller than k 2 , indicating that the rate limitation shifted so another, so far unidentified, step.
Gelatinization Characteristics of Starch from du, wx, ae, and ae wx Endosperm of Sweet Corn Inbred la5125†

Starch gelatinization in excess water was studied by differential scanning calorimetry for the mutants dull (du), waxy (wx), and amylose extender (ae), and the double mutant amylose-extender, waxy (ae wx) from the Ia5125 sweet corn inbred background. Onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tmax), and enthalpy (ΔH) were determined. For du and wx starches Tmax was within 1°C of the value for the normal starch (Tmax = 69.4°C). For starches from ae and ae wx mutants, Tmax was 7–8°C higher than the normal starch. The highest enthalpies were observed for wx (3.26 cal/g) and ae wx (3.39 cal/g) starches; ae (2.93 cal/g) and normal (2.52 cal/g) starches were intermediate, and du (2.32 cal/g) starch had the lowest enthalpy. The endotherm of the ae starch was completed at just above 100°C, in distinction to reports for ae mutants from dent lines. Although the ae wx endotherm occurred at a higher temperature than the wx, the endotherm was sharpened relative to the ae endotherm, and was complete at 90°C. Die Verkleisterungsmerkmale der Starke aus dem du-, wx-, ae- und ae wx-Endosperm der Susmais-Inzuchtlinie la5125. Mittels Differential-Raster-Calorimetrie wurde bei Wasseruberschus die Starkeverkleisterung bei den Mutanten stumpf (du), wachsig (wx) und Amyloseextender (ae) sowie bei den Doppelmutanten Amyloseextender wachsig (ae wx) der Ia5125-Susmais-Inzuchtlinie untersucht. Die Anfangstemperatur (To), die Peak-Temperatur (Tmax) und die Enthalpie (ΔH) wurden bestimmt. Bei den du- und ae wx-Starken lag Tmax innerhalb von 1°C bei dem Wert fur die normale Starke (Tmax = 69,4°C). Bei den Starken der ae- und ae wx-Mutanten war Tmax 7–8°C hoher als bei der normalen Starke. Die hochsten Enthalpien wurden bei wx- (3.26 cal/g) und ae wx- (3.39 cal/g) Starken beobachtet. ae- (2,93 cal/g) und normale Starke (2,52 cal/g) lagen in der Mitte, wahrend du- (2,32 cal/g) Starke die niedrigste Enthalpie aufwies. Im Unterschied zu Berichten uber ae-Mutanten aus Zahnmais-Linien wurde die Endotherme der ae-Starke eben uber 100°C vervollstandigt. Obwohl die ae wx-Endotherme bei hoherer Temperatur als die von wx auftrat, war die Endotherme scharfer ausgepragt im Vergleich zu der ae-Endotherme und war bei 90°C vollstandig.
Characterization of protease production by a type-III group-BStreptococcus

A type-III group-B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) isolated from a case of late-onset sepsis was examined for protease production. In broth culture, extracellular proteolytic enzymes were not detected until the late exponential phase of growth with maximal protease production occurring during the stationary phase. Three distinct protease pools were isolated from the supernatant fluids of stationary-phase cultures, employing a combination of ion-exchange chromatography and gel-filtration chromatography. One population of proteases (containing two protease pools separable by gel filtration chromatography) eluted from a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column at a sodium chloride gradient concentration of 0.15M while a second population eluted from the same material at a sodium chloride concentration of 0.35M. These protease pools varied in molecular weights from approximately 25,000 daltons to 160,000 daltons as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. All three protease preparations had pH optima of 8.0–9.0, and all were active against gelatin, human serum albumin, and casein, but were not active against elastin or collagen. In addition, all three protease preparations completely inactivated purified type-III group-B streptococal neuraminidase. The role of these proteases in the disease process caused by the type-III group-B streptococci must remain speculative at this time.
A new class of finite element variational multiscale turbulence models for incompressible magnetohydrodynamics

New large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence models for incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) derived from the variational multiscale (VMS) formulation for finite element simulations are introduced. The new models include the variational multiscale formulation, a residual-based eddy viscosity model, and a mixed model that combines both of these component models. Each model contains terms that are proportional to the residual of the incompressible MHD equations and is therefore numerically consistent. Moreover, each model is also dynamic, in that its effect vanishes when this residual is small. The new models are tested on the decaying MHD Taylor Green vortex at low and high Reynolds numbers. The evaluation of the models is based on comparisons with available data from direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the time evolution of energies as well as energy spectra at various discrete times. A numerical study, on a sequence of meshes, is presented that demonstrates that the large eddy simulation approaches the DNS solution for these quantities with spatial mesh refinement.
Determining temperature and time dependent Poisson’s ratio of asphalt concrete using indirect tension test

Abstract Poisson’s ratio (ν) of Asphalt Concrete (AC) is a fundamental input parameter to any numerical analysis based on elastic and viscoelastic constitutive properties. To this date, temperature- and time-dependent ν-value has been determined by either a static or a relaxation test at a single temperature in diametrical mode. This study, for the first time, performs relaxation tests at different temperatures in diametrical mode. In addition, cyclic load testing is conducted at different temperatures and loading frequencies to determine the temperature- and frequency-dependent ν-value of AC. Relaxation test results show that the ν-value of AC increases with testing time and temperature. Dynamic load test results show that ν-value of AC decreases with loading frequency; however, increases with temperature. To this end, measured ν-value of AC is compared with the ν-value predicted using model available in the new AASHTOWare Pavement Mechanistic-Empirical (ME) Design software. The measured ν-value matches with the predicted ν-value by the AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design software especially for AC that possesses high dynamic modulus.
The direct measurement of nitric oxide concentration in the upper atmosphere by a rocket‐borne chemiluminescent detector

Direct measurements of the nitric oxide concentration between 42 km and 60 km have been made with a rocket-borne chemiluminescent detector. The first flight of this instrument was primarily a demonstration of feasibility; some instrument parameters were not measured but, instead, calculated assuming a standard atmosphere (USSA 1962) and a known vehicle velocity profile. The rocket was fired from Wallops Island, Virginia on 8 April, 1975 at 1405 LT. Our results are: Altitude (km) Mixing Ratio NO Density (number/cc) 42 (4.2 ± 2.3)× 10−9 (2.6 ± 1.4)× 10845 (3.6 ± 2.0)× 10−9 (1.5 ± 0.9)× 10850 (2.2 ± 1.4)× 10−9 (4.6 ± 2.9)× 10755 (2.5 ± 1.6)× 10−9 (3.1 ± 1.9)× 10760 (5.2 ± 2.9)× 10−9 (3.4 ± 1.9)× 107 Corrections to the data have been made to account for an ozone-generated background emission that set a lower limit of detectability of about lppb. Since the background emission was not measured during the flight but, instead, simulated in the laboratory, we regard these results as being upper limits on the NO concentration that prevailed at that particular time and location.
Differentiation of α-Amino-Acids and Amines by Non-Enzymatic Transamination on Paper Chromatograms

Crumpler and Dent1 devised a method based on the immobility of the copper complexes of the amino-acids in some solvent systems to differentiate α-amino-acids from other amines on paper. The behaviour of β-amino-acids is ambiguous, since they also form stable copper complexes, but occasionally yield visible mobile spots with ninhydrin1. α-Amino-acids2,3 but not β-alanine4 or most other amines undergo transamination with pyridoxal in aqueous solutions. Since the pyridoxamine formed gives a characteristic deep orange colour with ninhydrin it appeared that adaptation of the reaction to paper might provide a convenient means of differentiating α-amino-acids from β-amino-acids and other amines.