cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seismic models of detachment and faulted detachment folds

Abstract Detachment folds constitute a common structural style in fold-thrust belts and typically form in stratigraphic packages defined by relatively competent cover units underlain by ductile units. PSTM images through these structures contain artifacts resulting from lateral velocity variations between the cover sediments and the core units, steep dips, and complex fold-fault relationships, making them difficult to interpret. Understanding these artifacts and pitfalls in PSTM seismic models enables improved interpretations of PSTM data in natural structures. We conducted 2D seismic modeling for detachment folds models to study the effect of these complexities on PSTM data. Seismic “pull-ups” and “push-downs” of the strata underneath the salt or shale substrate are related to the relative velocities of the cover sediments and the core units. A specific example of an Appalachian Plateau structure demonstrates how the relative velocities can influence the seismic image. Progressive evolution of the structures to disharmonic and lift off folds results in enhanced “pull-ups” and poorer imaging of steep limb segments. For faulted detachment folds, faulted limbs and footwall zones are poorly imaged and marked by wide low-reflectivity bands, making fault interpretation difficult.
Ab Initio Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics with Hole–Hole Tamm–Dancoff Approximated Density Functional Theory

The study of photoinduced dynamics in chemical systems necessitates accurate and computationally efficient electronic structure methods, especially as the systems of interest grow larger. The linea...
Short-Term Outcomes of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Nationwide Representative Study

Background Kidney transplant is the preferred treatment for end-stage kidney disease due to a better quality of life and lower morbidity and mortality than dialysis. These patients are considered h...
The effect of four-week intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset on circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome and healthy subjects.

Abstract Background Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key neurotrophin that regulates food intake and energy hemostasis. BDNF also promotes neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotection. There are conflicting reports regarding how intermittent fasting affects circulating BDNF levels. We tested the hypothesis that 4-week intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset (4-week-IF) would decrease circulating BDNF levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome and healthy subjects. Methods We conducted pilot studies in subjects with metabolic syndrome and healthy subjects who fasted from dawn to sunset for more than 14 h for four consecutive weeks. We measured serum BDNF levels and metabolic parameters before 4-week-IF, at the end of 4th week during 4-week-IF, and one week after 4-week-IF. Results We enrolled 28 subjects, 14 with metabolic syndrome (women/men:6/8) with a mean age of 59 years and 14 healthy subjects (women/men:1/13) with a mean age of 32 years. Overall, BDNF levels decreased at the end of 4th week during 4-week-IF compared with the levels before 4-week-IF (mean paired difference = −98.5 ng/ml, P = 0.0006). When subjects with metabolic syndrome were compared with healthy subjects, subjects with metabolic syndrome had a lower mean paired reduction in BDNF levels at the end of 4th week during 4-week-IF compared with the levels before 4-week-IF (BDNF mean paired difference = −27.6 ng/ml vs. −169.5 ng/ml, P = 0.003). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation between the change in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and change in BDNF levels at the end of 4th week during 4-week-IF compared with the levels before 4-week-IF in subjects with metabolic syndrome (P = 0.040) and healthy subjects (P = 0.007). The change in weight and body mass index independently predicted the change in BDNF levels 1 week after 4-week-IF compared with the levels before 4-week-IF in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Conclusion Four-week-IF resulted in a reduction in the BDNF levels at the end of 4th week during 4-week-IF. Higher BDNF levels and a lower reduction in BDNF levels at the end of 4th week during 4-week-IF compared with the levels before 4-week-IF in subjects with metabolic syndrome than healthy subjects suggest a potential BDNF resistance similar to insulin and leptin resistance in metabolic syndrome. A positive correlation between the change in BDNF and change in tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels at the end of 4th week during 4-week-IF compared with the levels before 4-week-IF suggests that BDNF is a biomarker of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in addition to its neurotrophic and anorexigenic features.
Derivatives Again, and the Fine Art of Being Crude

Remember: a positive derivative means your function is increasing; a negative derivative means decreasing. Squeezed between these two is the fact that an “extreme point” — a maximum or a minimum — can only occur when the derivative equals zero.*
Generation of the magnetospheric electric field

The potential electric field in the magnetosphere satisfies two boundary conditions, the outer boundary being the magnetosphere/solar-wind interface (magnetopause) and the inner boundary being the magnetosphere/atmosphere interface (ionosphere). The distribution of the imposed potential between the two boundaries affects, and is affected by, the configuration and motion of plasma in the magnetosphere. The paper surveys various mechanisms that are suspected of playing a role in the establishment of the boundary conditions on the magnetospheric electric field.
Agency-based tracking of difficult-to-follow populations: runaway and homeless youth programs in St. Louis, Missouri.

Objectives. This study explored agency-based tracking methods for one of the most difficult-to-follow populations: runaway and homeless youth. Methods. A total of 118 program discharges from three federally funded agencies serving runaway/homeless youth in St. Louis, Missouri were tracked for a follow-up study of this population. Agency staff attempted to locate and interview program participants three months post-discharge using a protocol that systematically varied times and location of contact attempts. Separate analyses were conducted to compare the group of subjects whose locations were ascertained with those who were not, and who were successfully interviewed with those who were not. Variables related to the tracking protocol and individual descriptive and service use variables were examined in these analyses. Results. Sixty-nine percent of the sample was successfully located and fifty-nine percent interviewed. Significant findings included: fewer contact attempts over fewer days were made for individuals successfully interviewed, individuals tracked through Division of Family Services were less likely to be both located and interviewed, and individuals successfully located were significantly younger. Conclusions. This report provides encouraging evidence that even relatively unsophisticated protocols for tracking agency clients developed in collaboration with community agencies can—with consistent implementation—yield follow-up samples that are acceptably representative of program participants.
Proteolytic processing and particle maturation

Proteolytic processing of the structural and enzymatic proteins of viruses is a common phenomenon (Krausslich and Wimmer 1988; Dougherty and Semler 1993). Well-studied examples include picornaviruses (such as poliovirus), alphaviruses (such as Sindbis virus), adenoviruses, plant viruses (such as potyviruses), and bacteriophage (such as T4). Cleavages of viral polypeptides have diverse functions, but they can be viewed most simply as serving to drive a reaction in one direction, since hydrolysis of the peptide bond in most situations is irreversible. In particular, cleavages often play roles in virion morphogenesis; in the most extreme cases complete degradation of a “scaffolding protein” is needed for the final infectious virus particle to be formed from an immature particle. In retroviruses all three major virion proteins, Gag, Pol, and Env, are proteolytically processed. For Gag and Pol it is the virus-encoded protease (PR) that accomplishes these cleavages, while for Env it is a host-encoded protease found in the Golgi apparatus. However, in some viruses the very C-terminus of Env also is processed by PR. In this chapter only PR-mediated processing is discussed, with a focus on the regulation of processing and the consequences of processing. Related topics such as PR structure, mechanism of catalysis, action of protease inhibitors, comparative aspects of retroviral proteases, and specificity of cleavage are treated perfunctorily. Many aspects of proteolytic processing in retroviruses have been reviewed elsewhere (Krausslich and Wimmer 1988; Skalka 1989; Fitzgerald and Springer 1991; Wills and Craven 1991; Debouck 1992; Wlodawer and Erickson 1993; Katz and Skalka 1994; Ringe 1994; Tomasselli and Heindrikson 1994).
Policy research for improved organizational performance: A case from the World Bank

Abstract An organization attempting to improve its performance may seek new ideas and information from internal staff or outside consultants. As has often been noted, however, organizations sometimes fail to implement policy research that they commission. The present paper discusses this phenomenon, with an analysis of the World Bank's research on social benefit-cost analysis. The paper considers why an organization might support and disseminate analysis that it does not implement, and focuses attention on inefficiencies due to market failure in the supply and demand for policy research.
THE PHARMACOLOGY AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF VARIOUS OXYTOCIC DRUGS.

OXYTO~IC AGENTS are frequently used in modern obsetrical practice, both for the induction and stimulation of labor, as well as for the initiation or completion of abortion and treatment of postpartum uterine atony. Despite the frequent use of these agents, many obstetricians are unaware of some of the physiologic and pharmacologic actions, side effects, and the biologic significances of these agents. The purpose of this review is to familiarize readers with some aspects of the biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and clinical applications of these drugs. Although attention will be directed predominantly to oxytocin, a neurohypophyseal hormone, some aspects of the pharmacology of other oxytocic drugs will also be discussed. References will be limited to review articles except where this is impossible or where the original paper is of exceptional interest and importance.
Real Solutions to Equations from Geometry

Understanding, finding, or even deciding on the existence of real solutions to a system of equations is a difficult problem with many applications outside of mathematics. While it is hopeless to expect much in general, we know a surprising amount about these questions for systems which possess additional structure often coming from geometry. This book focuses on equations from toric varieties and Grassmannians. Not only is much known about these, but such equations are common in applications. There are three main themes: upper bounds on the number of real solutions, lower bounds on the number of real solutions, and geometric problems that can have all solutions be real. The book begins with an overview, giving background on real solutions to univariate polynomials and the geometry of sparse polynomial systems. The first half of the book concludes with fewnomial upper bounds and with lower bounds to sparse polynomial systems. The second half of the book begins by sampling some geometric problems for which all solutions can be real, before devoting the last five chapters to the Shapiro Conjecture, in which the relevant polynomial systems have only real solutions.
Characterizing the peak in the cosmic microwave background angular power spectrum

A peak has been unambiguously detected in the cosmic microwave background angular spectrum. Here we characterize its properties with fits to phenomenological models. We find that the TOCO and BOOM / NA data determine the peak location to be in the range 175 – 243 and 151 – 259, respectively (at 95% confidence) and determine the peak amplitude to be between 70 and 90 mK. The peak shape is consistent with inflation-inspired flat, cold dark matter plus cosmological constant models of structure formation with adiabatic, nearly scale invariant initial conditions. It is inconsistent with open models and presents a great challenge to defect models. PACS numbers: 98.70.Vc, 98.80.Cq
Wheezing, sleeping, and worrying: The hidden risks of asthma and obesity in school-age children†

The present study investigated the co-occurrence of asthma and obesity in a sample of 193 children (mean age = 7.76 years). Specifically, this study was interested in delineating the associated comorbidities of internalizing symptoms and sleep disruptions among younger (younger than 7 years) and older elementary age children with asthma who were also overweight. Information about child internalizing symptoms (among other areas of functioning) was collected from teacher ratings of child behavior. Data regarding nighttime waking, morning symptoms, and school days missed were obtained from parent reports. Findings suggest that older elementary age children with asthma who are overweight are more likely to experience internalizing symptoms and more nighttime waking than their average weight peers. Implications include the important role of teachers in identifying these children who might be at increased risk for internalizing symptoms and the consequences of such symptoms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiple mucosal neuromas, pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and marfanoid body build with muscle wasting. Syndrome of hyperplasia and neoplasia of neural crest derivatives--an unitarian concept.

The autosomal dominantly inherited syndrome of multiple mucosal neuromas, pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and marfanoid body build with muscle wasting is conceived as one of hyperplasia and/or neoplasia of neural crest derivatives. The authors hypothesize that the syndrome may arise when a repressor gene for APUD (amine precursor utilization and decarboxylation) cells is defective.
Electrophysiological responses from the peripheral olfactory system of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata

1. Electrophysiological responses were obtained from the peripheral olfactory system of the American eel,Anguilla rostrata, using three different recording methods: averaged multiunit activity from the olfactory mucosa (MNR), averaged multiunit activity from bundles of olfactory nerve axons (NTR), and the underwater electro-olfactogram (EOG). 2. For each of the three techniques, response magnitude increased exponentially with logarithmic increase in stimulus concentration, denoting a power function (Figs. 2, 3). 3. Thresholds forl-glutamine, determined from NTR, MNR, and EOG recordings, were 10−9.6±0.3mol/l, 10−8.0±0.2mol/l and 10−7.8±0.2 mol/l, respectively. The difference between the NTR and the EOG and MNR thresholds was significant while the difference between EOG and MNR thresholds was not (Table 2). 4. Gamma, the reciprocal of the power function exponent, which is the number of log steps of concentration necessary to produce a tenfold increase in response magnitude, was 10.3±0.4 for the NTR, 6.5±0.4 for the MNR, and 5.3±0.2 for the EOG. The difference between the NTR gamma and the EOG and MNR gammas was significant while the difference between the EOG and MNR gammas was not (Table 2). 5. There was a significant correlation between the relative stimulus effectiveness for 11 amino acids determined with each of the three methods (Fig. 4). 6. An amino acid with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, a linear side chain, and an unsubstituted hydrogen and amino group in the alpha position was generally a highly effective olfactory stimulus. 7. Esterification of the primary carboxyl group ofl-alanine did not result in a loss of stimulatory effectiveness, indicating that a charged carboxyl group may not be necessary for maximal stimulation.
The Formation of Alveoli in Rat Lung during the Third and Fourth Postnatal Weeks: Effect of Hyperoxia, Dexamethasone, and Deferoxamine

ABSTRACT: Terminal gas-exchange units in the lung of many species are, at birth, relatively large structures termed saccules. Saccules septate postnatally forming smaller units that constitute the final alveoli. In the rat, septation occurs intensively during the first 2 postnatal wk after which it has been considered to stop. Treatment with dexamethasone or exposure to hyperoxia during the first 2 postnatal wk markedly inhibits septation as evidenced by the formation of fewer and bigger alveoli than in normally developed rats. Deferoxamine, an iron chelator, has been reported to protect the lung from the effects of exposure to hyperoxia in early postnatal life. In this study, we investigated the effects of these treatments during the 3rd and 4th postnatal wk, that is, after the early period of rapid alveolarization. Our results show that treatment with dexamethasone no longer had any inhibitory effect on alveoli formation; that exposure to hyperoxia continued to inhibit the formation of new alveoli, resulting in bigger and less numerous alveoli; that treatment of animals exposed to hyperoxia with deferoxamine still protected their lungs against hyperoxic inhibition; and that elastin fiber length density in the lung was significantly reduced in hyperoxic-exposed animals. These results suggest that septation continues beyond the 2nd postnatal wk and does not stop abruptly at age 14 d in air-breathing rats and that hyperoxic inhibition of alveolarization during the 3rd and 4th postnatal wk is due to the inhibition of septation of existing or newly generated gas-exchange units during that period of lung development.
Neurotoxicity of Radiosurgery.

Radiosurgery is a technique to deliver (in most cases) a single fraction of ionizing radiation, usually in the range of 10 to 25 Gy, to a precisely localized intracranial volume of pathological tissue. The radiobiological principles that govern the practice of single-fraction radiosurgery differ from those of conventional fractionated external beam radiation therapy. Rather, the results are primarily a consequence of either vascular effects or antiproliferative effects. The neurotoxicity of radiosurgery can be described according to its time course (immediate, acute, or chronic) and severity (mild, moderate, severe, life-threatening, or fatal) based on existing definitions established by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Current indications for radiosurgery include arteriovenous malformations, acoustic neuromas, brain metastases, high-grade and other gliomas, meningiomas, and pituitary adenomas. The efficacy of radiosurgery and the time course and severity of radiosurgical neurotoxicity are dependent both on the nature of the lesion being treated and the normal tissue milieu which the lesion resides. This article describes the spectrum of neurotoxicity reported in the medical literature pertaining to the current variety of space-occupying lesions, benign tumors, and malignant neoplasms for which radiosurgery currently is being used.
The diagonal-traverse homology search algorithm for locating similarities between two sequences

Abstract We present a fast computer algorithm for finding homology between two DNA sequences. It generates a two-dimensional display in which a diagonal string of dots represents a stretch of homology between the two sequences. Our algorithm performs the search very rapidly, and has no internal data storage requirement except for the sequences themselves. These characteristics make it particularly well suited for execution on microcomputers. Without slowing execution, the matching criterion can be that a specified fraction of contiguous bases must be identical. Even with gapped sequences, we have found large search windows to be surprisingly good for detecting poor homologies with nearly complete background suppression. A diagonal search pattern is used that reports the finds in a compact and logically ordered form. A simple and rapid plotting algorithm for unsophisticated printers is also reported.
Carbon-13 chemical shifts of simple enols: Detection of transient intermediates by carbon-13 CIDNP

Abstract The carbon-13 chemical shifts of alkyl-substituted enols are reported. These species were detected by carbon-13 CIDNP signals arising from the hydroxyl-substituted olefinic carbon. The a-hydroxyl substitution effect is discussed in terms of charge density variation and hydroxyl conformation.
Effect of finite boundaries on the Stokes resistance of an arbitrary particle. Part 3. Translation and rotation

A general theory is given for the effect of solid walls on a translating and rotating particle in the limiting case of zero Reynolds number. Both the force and couple on the body are found as an expansion in terms of a parameter k = a/d, assumed small, where a is a characteristic particle size and d a characteristic distance of the particle from walls. It is shown how such expansions may be used in specific examples. The theory is then extended to include the general motion of a small particle in an arbitrary Stokes flow field in which solid or other boundaries are present. Finally the motion of two small bodies of arbitrary shape in an arbitrary Stokes flow field is considered.
Mass media and adolescent minority consumers: An experiment in effectiveness

The authors review the research regarding minorities and media preference and usage contending that there are inconclusive and conflicting findings and that there is a dearth of information regarding media preferences within minority populations. The authors present the results of an experiment designed to test effective media within minority groups rather than focusing on minority versus majority groups. Additionally the study focuses on adolescent rather than adult consumers. The dependent criterion measure was ad effectiveness indicated by recall/recognition, believeability and attitude influence scores. The independent measures were newspaper, radio and television advertisements. The experiment included individual groups of white, black and brown students and a racially mixed control group. The study finds that there are significant differences in the effectiveness of one medium over another with adolescent black and brown minority groups. The study has implications for retailers who are traditionally attempting to reach minority consumers through the use of newspapers which may not be the most effective medium with which to reach those particular segments.
Extremely high myoglobin plasma concentrations producing hook effect in a critically ill patient.

Abstract Background A 21-year old female suffered a cardiac arrest after a one week history of viral illness later shown to be caused by influenza B. The patient required extended cardiopulmonary resuscitation and had further complications including compartment syndrome. Methods Plasma myoglobin concentration was measured using the Roche Diagnostics electrochemiluminescent myoglobin assay. Results The myoglobin concentration was 205,590 μg/l in an undiluted specimen, consistent with severe rhabdomyolysis. Subsequent myoglobin concentrations measured two days later showed dramatic decreases to approximately 1000 μg/l, raising suspicion of a hook effect. Dilution and re-analysis of the specimens revealed that the actual myoglobin concentrations were > 395,000 μg/l, with one specimen possessing an estimated myoglobin concentration of > 600,000 μg/l. Interestingly, three specimens from this patient did not show evidence of hook effect, with undiluted specimens producing myoglobin concentrations as high as 284,000 μg/l. Retrospective analysis of myoglobin results over an 8-year period did not reveal other cases with suspicion of hook effect. The case patient had the highest myoglobin concentrations out of 7301 specimens. Conclusions This case illustrates that while the Roche myoglobin assay has a very wide dynamic range, hook effect can occur with extremely high concentrations of plasma myoglobin.
Oral prophylaxis against poison ivy dermatitis with Aqua Ivy Tablets: I. A controlled experiment and preliminary clinical report

Abstract 1.1. A controlled, double-blind study and a clinical study were performed in an effort to evaluate the use of Aqua Ivy Tablets as a means of providing oral prophylaxis against poison ivy dermatitis. 2.2. In the controlled study, the following pertinent results were obtained: 2.1.(a) Allowing a six-week incubation period for the formation of immunity, Aqua Ivy Tablets provided full protection for 94 per cent of the subjects who took the drug, so that only 6 per cent showed any form of poison ivy dermatitis. This is statistically a highly significant difference from the 21 per cent incidence of the dermatitis in the control group (12p = 0.018). 2.2.(b) Aqua Ivy Tablets protected 81 per cent of the men with prior history of poison ivy dermatitis, so that only 19 per cent of these men showed the dermatitis. This compares well with the 47 per cent incidence of poison ivy dermatitis in the "sensitive" men in the placebo group (12p = 0.094). 2.3.(c) There was only one man in the entire Aqua Ivy Tablet group who had more than a mild case of poison ivy dermatitis (1.5 per cent). 3.3. In the clinical study, after six weeks of tablet ingestion, 88 per cent of "sensitive" subjects had no dermatitis at all and 95 per cent of "sensitive" subjects had good results (that is, they had only minimal poison ivy dermatitis). In the entire group of 112 men, 95 per cent had complete immunity after six weeks and 98 per cent had good results. 4.4. No significant side effects appeared in the controlled study. In the clinical study, three "sensitive" subjects (2.5 per cent) reported a minimal and transient dermatitis in the web of the fingers which did not require therapy or necessitate interruption of tablet ingestion. 5.5. The over-all findings tend to show that Aqua Ivy Tablets provide a safe and effective means of oral prophylaxis against poison ivy dermatitis.
OXA-181-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae establishing in Singapore

Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae are becoming a major public health concern globally, however, relatively little is known about the molecular and clinical epidemiology of these organisms in many parts of the world. As part of a laboratory surveillance programme, 96 carbapenem non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae isolates from clinical samples from patients in seven hospitals were referred for investigation for carbapenemases. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to screen for a collection of genes encoding carbapenemases, 33 of 96 (34.5%) isolates were confirmed as carbapenemase producers. NDM-1 producers were the most prevalent at 64% (21/33) whilst OXA-181 was the second most common carbapenemase constituting 24.5% (8/33) of the carbapenemase producing isolates. Seven of these eight OXA-181 positive isolates underwent further characterisation with screening for other transmissible antimicrobial resistance determinants using PCR. Clonal relatedness was explored using Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Plasmid characterisation was performed including restriction analysis and transfer by conjugation or transformation. In addition to the OXA-181 gene, all contained other transmissible resistance determinants including extended spectrum β-lactamases, oxacillinases or 16S rRNA methylase genes, but none contained metallo-β-lactamases or serine carbapenemases. All isolates had a multidrug resistant phenotype with two isolates being resistant to every antibiotic tested including colistin. Multilocus sequence typing confirmed five isolates belonged to ST17 and two to ST14, with those belonging to the same sequence type having identical PFGE profiles. The OXA-181 gene was typically carried on large plasmids which were mostly non-conjugative. OXA-181 carbapenemase appears to be an important and probably under-recognised cause of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Singapore. Further coordinated research into clinical and molecular epidemiology of carbapenemases is urgently required in Singapore and throughout Asia.
Amount of Food as a Factor in Activity Conditioning

The study investigated the relationship between the magnitude of classically conditioned activity and the amount of food used as the unconditioned stimulus. Groups of 6 male rats were given 13 days of training in which either 5/6, 2/6, or 0/6 of the daily food supply was paired with a flashing light. The remainder of S's food was presented an hour later. After training, activity in response to the light was assessed. The results indicated that magnitude of conditioned activity varied positively with amount of food. Analysis of variance for a randomized block design showed the difference among groups to be significant (p < .01, two-sided). The results were interpreted as supporting classical conditioning interpretations of positive reinforcement.
Antidumping and Production-Line Exit: The Case of the US Steel Industry

We present and examine a novel data set that contains production line information inside US steel plants. We exploit this highly disaggregated data to perform the first study of entry and exit behavior at the level of the production line within individual plants. Our empirical analysis reveals a number of interesting results. First, smaller production lines are more likely to shut down, as are lines that are owned by larger firms. Younger production lines and lines that have undergone modernization are more likely to survive. Our results indicate that lines that are operated by integrated producers are more likely to exit. We find no evidence, however, that antidumping decreases the likelihood of exit, despite the steel industry’s frequent use of antidumping protection.
The determinants of success of R&D projects: evidence from American–Israeli research alliances

Abstract Until 1997, a basic premise of Israeli R&D support programs had been the principle of neutrality—all eligible projects were funded. With a binding budget constraint, the government had to select the projects it funded and thus to depart from neutrality. An optimal departure would favor those projects that have less of a chance to succeed without support. In this paper, I examine the performance of government supported collaborative research projects. I find that size and organizational form affect the probability of technical success and duration to commercialization in a way that suggests departing from neutrality by preferring less established firms.
Transverse momentum distribution of lepton-pairs in Drell-Yan process in an asymptotically free scalar field theory☆

Abstract The transverse momentum dependence of the parton distribution function and the Drell-Yan cross section is studied in detail in the asymptotically free scalar field theory in six dimensions. In the context of the renormalization group approach of Collins, particular attention is devoted to the transition between the small qT formula (due to multe-quanta effects) and the large qT formula (due to single hard-quantum emission). The calculation represents a case study of the application of the renormalization group method and provides a guide to the corresponding study in QCD.
Introduction to minitrack: information technology in health care settings in countries with developing economies (CDEs)

Healthcare delivery systems around the world are facing a crisis precipitated by ever-escalating costs due to the epidemiologic transition, increasing costs of pharmaceuticals and medical technology, and an aging demographic. Perhaps the world’s best opportunity to meet these challenges can be found by adopting and implementing health management information systems (HMIS) to increase accessibility, improve productivity and, finally, last but not least, to provide better quality health care. Until recently the “developing world” could not afford to implement complex information technology in its health sector due to the high costs of computerization and the generally low capacity which was found in many/most CDEs. Both of these factors are rapidly changing. Information technology, with few exceptions, continues to enjoy an ever-decreasing price point and a deflationary cycle. Increases in some software costs are offset by huge decreases in hardware costs. This makes HMIS projects more affordable with each passing day. Likewise the educational institutions in many CDEs continue to stress computer science and related disciplines, graduating some of the world’s best experts in the field. India, for example, has become a powerhouse, and many other countries are rapidly following its example Finally, those organizations which provide funding for infrastructure projects, such as the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, USAid and others, are increasingly funding such projects throughout, at the request of their clients. This year is the second year that HICSS has hosted this mini-track. Three papers are presented this year. The firsts looks at adoption of IT in healthcare settings in China. The authors apply Structuration Theory to conceptualize the concept of information culture, which is then used to analyze relationships between information culture and the development of e-health in China. The second paper presents analysis of and recommendations from information systems used for drug prevention, control, and treatment in Chile. Evaluations of the systems are discusses, as well as recommendations for IT support of cooperative, international efforts to combat the drug problem. The final paper presents an evaluation of a virtual microscopy system and discusses potential applications of the technology in countries with developing economies. Regardless of your host environment, whether you are from Hawai‘i, the USA mainland, the developed Asian countries or elsewhere, we can all learn from their experiences.
The Use of Ground-Based Doppler Radars to Measure Gradients, Fluxes and Structure Parameters in Elevated Layers

Abstract The use of ground-based clear-air Doppler radars to observe the structure of elevated atmospheric layers and associated flux quantities is described. Case studies in which radar and balloon data were available are analyzed. Doppler second-moment (velocity variance) data are used to calculate turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate ϵ. Velocity variance, refractive index structure parameter and wind shear are used to estimate the refractive index gradient across elevated weather-frontal interfaces. A case is analyzed in which both acoustic-sounder and radar-sounder data are available, so profiles of structure parameter of both temperature and humidity can be deduced and used to calculate the fluxes of heat and moisture within the frontal interface. The fluxes deduced from radar data are compared with corresponding in situ measurements made by aircraft in other geographical regions. The relationship between the turbulent Prandtl number and the Richardson number emerges as very important to the gen...
Successful treatment of Sodium PolyStyrene Sulfonate bezoars with serial water-soluble contrast enemas.

Successful Treatment of Sodium PolyStyrene Sulfonate Bezoars With Serial Water-Soluble Contrast Enemas
Making a rough place “plane”: why heaping of vertically shaken sand must stop at low pressure

The heaping of a granular material subject to vertical vibration vanishes abruptly as the pressure of the surrounding gas, P, is lowered below a critial value ∼10 Torr, depending on particle diameter etc. We show that the vanishing of the heap is consistent with two different effects. One of these is the onset of a Knudsen regime where the mean free path of a gas molecule becomes comparable to or larger than the typical distance to a grain. The usual Darcian gas flow models fail in this regime, and a Knudsen replacement predicts a vanishing of gas effects as P → 0. The other is that at low enough pressures, there is not enough gas to sustain flow under the usual linearized flow scenario. A detailed description of this regime is beyond the present analysis.
Review article – Learning by Doing in Markets, Firms and Countries

Based on the proceedings of a conference organised by the National Bureau of Economic Research, Chicago, 1999. The Editors demonstrate, through contributions from business historians and economists, that “advanced research” has superceded the neo‐classical theory of the firm.
What is spurious correlation? a reply to Díaz and Osuna

Studies by the author showed that strong cross-sectional correlations between industry-level values and prices are spurious. Diaz and Osuna (2005-6) challenged this finding, arguing that the correlation results are fatally indeterminate, and that the author's procedure for eliminating spurious correlation destroys the value-price correlation because of its differential effect on the variables' standard deviations. Replying to these claims, this note argues that the charge of indeterminacy stems from Diaz and Osuna's misunderstanding of the concept of spurious correlation, and that the author's procedure causes the value-price correlation to vanish because the correlation is spurious.
The Influence of Electric Fields on Hippocampal Neural Progenitor Cells

The differentiation and proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) depend on various in vivo environmental factors or cues, which may include an endogenous electrical field (EF), as observed during nervous system development and repair. In this study, we investigate the morphologic, phenotypic, and mitotic alterations of adult hippocampal NPCs that occur when exposed to two EFs of estimated endogenous strengths. NPCs treated with a 437 mV/mm direct current (DC) EF aligned perpendicularly to the EF vector and had a greater tendency to differentiate into neurons, but not into oligodendrocytes or astrocytes, compared to controls. Furthermore, NPC process growth was promoted perpendicularly and inhibited anodally in the 437 mV/mm DC EF. Yet fewer cells were observed in the DC EF, which in part was due to a decrease in cell viability. The other EF applied was a 46 mV/mm alternating current (AC) EF. However, the 46 mV/mm AC EF showed no major differences in alignment or differentiation, compared to control conditions. For both EF treatments, the percent of mitotic cells during the last 14 h of the experiment were statistically similar to controls. Reported here, to our knowledge, is the first evidence of adult NPC differentiation affected in an EF in vitro. Further investigation and application of EFs on stem cells is warranted to elucidate the utility of EFs to control phenotypic behavior. With progress, the use of EFs may be engineered to control differentiation and target the growth of transplanted cells in a stem cell-based therapy to treat nervous system disorders.
Epidural spinal cord compression as the initial finding in childhood acute leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma

1. Tanaka Y, Hatano S, Nishi Y, Usui T: Nutritional copper deficiency in a Japanese infant on formula. J PEDIATR 52:255, 1980. 2. Ashkenazi A, Levin S, Djaldetti M, et al: The syndrome of neonatal copper deficiency. Pediatrics 52:525, 1973. 3. Karpel JT, Peden VH: Copper deficiency in long-term parenteral nutrition. J PEDIAT R 80:32, 1972. 4. Heller RM, Kirchner SG, O'Neill JA Jr, et al: Skeletal changes of copper deficiency in infants receiving prolonged total parenteral nutrition. J PEDIATR 92:947, 1978. 5. Williams DM: Copper deficiency in humans. Semin Hematol 20:118, 1983. 6. Shaw JCL: Trace elements in the fetus and young infant, lI. Copper, manganese, selenium, and chromium. Am J Dis Child 134:74, 1980. 7. Dunlop WM, James GW, Hume DM: Anemia and neutropenia caused by copper deficiency. Ann Intern Med 80:470, 1974. 8. Grunebaum M, Horodniceanu C, Steinherz R: Radiographic manifestations of bone changes in copper deficiency. Pediatr Radiol 9:101, 1980. 9. Naveh Y, Hazani A, Berant M: Copper deficiency with cow's milk diet. Pediatrics 68:397, 1981. 10. Walravens PA: Nutritional importance of copper and zinc in neonates and infants. Clin Chem 26:185, 1980. 11. Barness LA: Nutritional requirements of the full-term neonate. In Suskind RM, editors: Textbook of pediatric nutrition. New York, 1981, Raven Press, p 21. 12. Fransson GB, Lonnerdal B: Distribution of trace elements and minerals in human and cow's milk. Pediatr Res 17:912, 1983. 13. Delves HT: Dietary sources of copper. In Biological roles of copper. CIBA Foundation Symposium 79 (new series). Amsterdam, 1980, Excerpta Medica, p 6.
Supply chain integration with third-party logistics providers

Abstract This study used the support of extant theory to propose that there are significant differences in the postures of firms that include logistics providers in their supply chain management efforts versus those that do not. Further, we identified four supply chain management constructs as being important factors in predicting firm performance, and then compared their levels of perceived importance of these factors across the two groups of firms. Our analysis supports the premise that information integration, 3PL selection criteria, performance evaluation, and relationship building are positively correlated with firm performance. Also, our results show that firms that include 3PLs in their supply chain management efforts emphasize certain supply chain management constructs to a higher extent compared to firms that exclude 3PLs in their supply chain management efforts. The results of this study can be used in a Pareto sense of focusing on a few vital factors that can enhance firm performance.
The 1997 IDEA Amendments: Implications for School Principals.

Principals should facilitate, at the school level, collaborative planning and problem-solving discussions between general and special educa tors, other specialists, students, and family members to respond to the needs of an increasingly diverse student population. The law serves as a backdrop against which such planning can occur.
Joint Rare Variant Association Test of the Average and Individual Effects for Sequencing Studies

For many complex traits, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) only explain a small percentage of heritability. Next generation sequencing technology makes it possible to explore unexplained heritability by identifying rare variants (RVs). Existing tests designed for RVs look for optimal strategies to combine information across multiple variants. Many of the tests have good power when the true underlying associations are either in the same direction or in opposite directions. We propose three tests for examining the association between a phenotype and RVs, where two of them jointly consider the common association across RVs and the individual deviations from the common effect. On one hand, similar to some of the best existing methods, the individual deviations are modeled as random effects to borrow information across multiple RVs. On the other hand, unlike the existing methods which pool individual effects towards zero, we pool them towards a possibly non-zero common effect by adding a pooled variant into the model. The common effect and the individual effects are jointly tested. We show through extensive simulations that at least one of the three tests proposed here is the most powerful or very close to being the most powerful in various settings of true models. This is appealing in practice because the direction and size of the true effects of the associated RVs are unknown. Researchers can apply the developed tests to improve power under a wide range of true models.
THE CASE FOR RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF ZEBRA MUSSELS IN LAKE ERIE: VISUALIZATION OF INFORMATION FROM AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER 1993

Recent concern about the effects of Zebra mussels has centred on potential loss of fish production and potential loss of fish edibility. The mussels are thought to cause these effects by diversion of energy flow and alteration of contaminant processing. Because management options are limited to controls on nutrients and fish harvest/stocking, it is important to determine the extent and degree of Zebra Mussel effects. Some effects of the mussels are obvious in sheltered shallow areas but the effects on the whole ecosystem are not known. A series of research surveys done in 1993 is reported in this paper. The effects of the mussels seem to result in a loss of about 25 % of the standing algal biomass in some areas. Although an attempt was made to visit many areas of the lake, more extensive work is needed to find whole ecosystem effects. The difficulty in delineating the effects of the mussels is caused by the coincidental achievement of nutrient loading goals. Because the distribution of zebra mussels is uneven their effects may be found through extensive spatial surveys.
Institute Training Abroad for Leadership in Foreign Languages: A Preliminary Survey of Results

our school programs we must have FL leaders equal to the challenges of the 1970's. We are training too few such people. Our leaders must no longer "just happen" into their jobs, or remain in them just through seniority or inertia, or both. They must be motivated to take or create positions of leadership, instructed in what the leadership function involves, and trained in the skills (techniques) of understanding and guiding the individual and group behavior of their colleagues. I participated in three consecutive summer institutes in France for American secondary-school personnel, 1967 to 1969. In two of them, the University of Massachusetts language and culture Institutes at Arcachon in 1967 (National Defense Education Act) and 1969 (Education Professions Development Act), I was responsible for an experimental leadership-training program. In the third, the University of Oregon 1968 NDEA Institute at Tours, I was staff member for methods.
Self-Weighing Frequency Is Associated with Weight Gain Prevention over 2 Years Among Working Adults

Background Little is known about the association between self-weighing frequency and weight gain prevention, particularly in worksite populations.
Strategies for formulating and solving two-stage problems for process design under uncertainty

Abstract This paper describes a systematic procedure for formulating process design under uncertainty as two-stage problems and proposes a computational scheme for solving such problems. This formulation procedure introduces extra variables and constraints arising from capacity requirements and fixed computational order and generates all possible allocations of variables and constraints. The proposed computational scheme combines experimental design with gradient-based NLP algorithms. With the Han-Powell algorithm adapted for this purpose, this scheme proves to be more efficient than the method by Malik and Hughes[1].
Percutaneous endoscopic management of urothelial tumors of the renal pelvis

Although nephroureterectomy remains the reference standard for the treatment of transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis, advances in technology and techniques have made percutaneous management of select lesions feasible. We report our technique of staged percutaneous resection of a large renal pelvic transitional cell cancer.
Sequencing bimaxillary surgery: mandible first.

Bimaxillary surgery is often indicated to correct a wide range of maxillomandibular malrelationships. The traditional method of performing bimaxillary surgery has always been to reposition the maxilla first, stabilize it, and then reposition the mandible. However, rigid internal fixation has allowed a change in this classical sequencing 1-3 whereby the mandible is first repositioned and stabilized, followed by repositioning the maxilla. Either of the surgical sequences can produce similar outcomes when properly planned and executed in the vast majority of bimaxillary cases. The sequence will therefore largely be at the whim of the surgeon. However, we believe there are some cases that are more appropriately and accurately performed in a sequence whereby the mandible is first repositioned and stabilized. The purpose of this article is to discuss such cases.