cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium current inactivation in insulin-secreting cells is mediated by calcium influx and membrane depolarization

Inactivation of voltage-dependent calcium currents was studied in single, dissociated insulin-secreting HIT cells voltage-clamped by the whole-cell patch-clamp method at room temperature. Na and K currents were suppressed by tetrodotoxin, tetraethylammonium, ATP, 4-aminopyridine and Cs. Ca currents activated in less than 10 ms by depolarizations beyond −50 mV from a holding potential of −100 mV and were identified, as in previous studies, by their sensitivity to divalent cation blockade and permeability to Ba as a charge carrier. Sustained depolarization revealed two kinetically distinct phases of inactivation: a rapid phase inactivated approximately 50% of the current in less than 100 ms while the remaining current was inactivated over the next 10–20 s. Rapid inactivation appeared to be due to Ca2+ influx since it was slowed markedly when Ba2+ was used as the current carrier, while the degree of inactivation mercased and decreased with increasing depolarization in direct parallel with the U-shaped current-voltage relationship for inward Ca current. Slow inactivation appeared to be voltage-dependent since current could be inactivated (by ≈20%) by 10 s long depolarizations to potentials below the threshold for activating Ca current, slow time constants of inactivation were voltage-dependent and slow inactivation persisted when Ca was replaced with Ba. Ca currents with low activation thresholds (in the −50 to −30 mV range) appeared to be preferentially inactivated by the rapid Ca-dependent mechanism. Recovery of slowly inactivated Ca current was very slow and currents inactivated by larger depolarizations required longer recovery time than those elicited by smaller depolarizations. Rapid and slow inactivation mechanisms may be important in understanding the fast spiking and slow plateau depolarizations seen in pancreatic B-cells exposed to stimulatory levels of glucose.
3454 Efficacy of radiofrequency energy delivery to the lower esophageal sphincter in the treatment of gerd.

Background: The delivery of radiofrequency energy (RFe) to the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) has been shown to augment the antireflux barrier in a porcine model. We sought to examine its effects in humans with GERD. Methods: Patients with chronic heartburn requiring maintenance PPI or high-dose H2RA therapy but without a hiatal hernia, severe esophagitis or complication of GERD were recruited. The following outcomes were measured at baseline and 3 months after RFe treatment: a)GERD symptoms, utilizing a validated GERD-Activity Index, b)use of antireflux medications, c)esophageal motility, including the frequency of transient LES relaxations (TLESRs) before and after stimulation with gastric air insufflation, d)ambulatory dual-channel esophageal pH testing, e)quality of life, and f)overall patient satisfaction. Results: Thus far, ten patients have completed the 3-month period of assessment. All underwent successful outpatient RFe treatment without serious adverse event. A single patient experienced some minor bleeding during the procedure. One patient failed treatment and resumed PPI therapy after 1 month. The other 9 remain off their previous antireflux medications. A dramatic improvement in symptom scores (113.4 vs. 82.4; p=0.023) and antacid use (14.5/week vs. 2.3/week; p=0.008) was noted. Improvements were also demonstrated in quality of life and overall patient satisfaction after treatment. No significant change in any esophageal motility parameter was seen; although, a trend was noted toward a reduction in the number of TLESRs induced by gastric air distension (5.3/hr vs. 3.3/hr; p=0.086). There were no detrimental effects on peristalsis or LES residual pressure. Finally, while a decrease in all pH parameters, in both the upper and lower esophagus, was seen, none reached statistical significance. Conclusions: Radiofrequency energy delivery to the region of the lower esophageal sphincter is a promising new modality in the management of GERD. It may achieve its effect by reducing stimulated TLESRs.
Anthrax. William Smith Greenfield, M.D., F.R.C.P., Professor Superintendent, the Brown Animal Sanatory Institution (1878-81). Concerning the priority due to him for the production of the first vaccine against anthrax.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the fact that W. S. Greenfield, working at the Brown Animal Sanatory Institution in London, prepared an effective vaccine against anthrax and described his results some months before the experiment of Pasteur at Pouilly-le-fort. Partly through lack of financial support and partly due to opposition by the antivivisectionists, Greenfield was forced to confine his experiments to a small number of animals, but his results were nevertheless conclusive. He showed that by continuous subculture in a fluid medium that the anthrax bacillus progressively lost its virulence, until it was harmless even to the most susceptible animal, the mouse. The injection of suitably attenuated organisms into cattle rendered them immune to the subsequent injection of virulent anthrax bacilli. Greenfield's work has been overlooked or neglected, and he has never received the credit due him. It is only fitting that his work should be acknowledged in the centenary of the year in which it was described. The following account is composed primarily of quotations from his published papers. For additional information on Greenfield, reference may be made to the series of papers by Wilson (1979 a, b). It may be pointed out that the method of attenuating the virulence of bacilli recorded by Pasteur in relation to the bacillus of fowl cholera was, like that of anthrax vaccine, anticipated by Greenfield.
The U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facilities on the North Slope of Alaska

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) provides scientific infrastructure and data archives to the international Arctic research community through a national user facility, the ARM Climate Research Facilities (ACRF), located on the North Slope of Alaska. ACRF's role is to provide infrastructure support for climate research, including Arctic research, to the global scientific community. DOE's climate research programs, with a focus on clouds and aerosols and their impact on the radiative budget, define the research scope supported by the Facility. This paper discusses the scientific infrastructure, data streams and archives, planned field campaigns, and opportunities for future collaborative research on the North Slope of Alaska.
Outcomes Review of Reconstructive Techniques Following Proctectomy

Surgery continues to be essential in the management of colorectal tumors. For patients with mid and low rectal tumors, sphincter-preserving techniques have become increasingly common and acceptable oncologic results can be achieved. In general, straight coloanal anastomoses are associated with relatively poor postoperative bowel function due to the loss of the rectal reservoir. To overcome this limitation, colonic reservoirs, such as the colonic J-pouch or transverse coloplasty have been developed. Over the last several years, a significant number of trials have been published in the surgical literature comparing these techniques. This manuscript describes the basis of the functionality outcomes following restoration of intestinal continuity after protectomy for colorectal cancer.
Silicon as a trace nutrient

Silicon performs an important role in connective tissue, especially in bone and cartilage. Silicon's primary effect in bone and cartilage appears to be on formation of the organic matrix. Bone and cartilage abnormalities are associated with a reduction in matrix components, resulting in the establishment of a requirement for silicon in collagen and glycosaminoglycan formation. Additional support for silicon's metabolic role in connective tissue is provided by the finding that silicon is a major ion of osteogenic cells, especially high in the metabolically active state of the cell. Further studies also indicate that silicon participates in the biochemistry of subcellular enzyme-containing structures. Silicon also forms important relationships with other elements. Although it is clear from the body of recent work that silicon performs a specific metabolic function, a structural role has been proposed for silicon in connective tissue. A relationship established between silicon and aging probably relates to glycosaminoglycan changes.
Local sublattice-symmetry breaking in rotationally faulted multilayer graphene

Interlayer coupling in rotationally faulted graphene multilayers breaks the local sublattice symmetry of the individual layers. We present a theory of this mechanism, which reduces to an effective Dirac model with space-dependent mass in an important limit. It thus makes a wealth of existing knowledge available for the study of rotationally faulted graphene multilayers. We demonstrate quantitative agreement between our theory and a recent experiment.
Multiple field hyperthermia combined with radiotherapy in advanced carcinoma of the breast

Extensive recurrences on the chest wall of advanced carcinoma of the breast in 20 patients were treated with multiple field patchwork hyperthermia combined with radiation therapy between 1987–1991. The objective of the study was to evaluate the feasibility, tumour response and complications of treating extensive lesions with multiple, overlapping fields of hyperthermia. All lesions were diffuse encompassing up to 2900 cm2 in area with or without multiple nodules ≤ 3 cm deep. All lesions had failed previous therapy with all but three failing previous radiotherapy. Hyperthermia consisted of 282 hyperthermia applicator fields and 357 hyperthermia treatments with external 915 MHz microwaves using commercially available applicators. Hyperthermia applicator fields were defined by the surface 50% SAR distribution of a particular applicator, and hyperthermia fields were abutted to cover the entire tumour bearing area. Radiation therapy consisted of 81 fields to a mean dose of 40 ± 1 Gy (SE), 88% of fields receive...
Experiments to Investigate Flow Regime Transition for Steam and Subcooled Water From Stratified Flow to Slug Flow in Horizontal Pipe

Steam flowing over horizontally-stratified subcooled water in a circular-cross-section pipe may result in condensation-induced water hammer (CIWH). This subject has been studied by a number of researchers and representative data are given by Bjorge and Griffith 1986 who studied the conditions that lead to CIWH. Bjorge & Griffith give a good description of the phenomena including its precursors and characteristics.© 2008 ASME
Downregulation of integrins by von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein is independent of VHL-directed hypoxia-inducible factor alpha degradation.

Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene occurs in the majority of clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). It was previously shown that VHL decreased the abundance of inte...
Stimuli Involved in the Feeding Behavior of the Hermit Crab Clibanarius Vittatus (Decapoda, Paguridea)

[Um die Bedeutung der Sinne fur den Nahrungserwerb zu klaren, wurden die quantitativen Veranderungen einiger der mit dem Nahrungserwerb in Verbindung stehenden Verhaltensweisen (Fortbewegungsgeschwindigkeit, Greifbewegungen) untersucht. Die Tatigkeiten konnten nur durch chemische Reizung von Rezeptoren der ersten Antennen ausgelost werden. Bei der Orientierung auf potentielle Nahrungsmittel spielen chemische und visuelle Reize eine Rolle., Um die Bedeutung der Sinne fur den Nahrungserwerb zu klaren, wurden die quantitativen Veranderungen einiger der mit dem Nahrungserwerb in Verbindung stehenden Verhaltensweisen (Fortbewegungsgeschwindigkeit, Greifbewegungen) untersucht. Die Tatigkeiten konnten nur durch chemische Reizung von Rezeptoren der ersten Antennen ausgelost werden. Bei der Orientierung auf potentielle Nahrungsmittel spielen chemische und visuelle Reize eine Rolle.]
State Estimation in Linear Dynamic Systems via Initial State Identification

This paper deals with the estimation of the unmeasurable states of a linear, time-invariant dynamic system by first identifying the initial state of the system. This new approach makes use of the state transition concept to predict the future behavior of the system. A state estimator which operates in series with the initial state identifier is developed. Satisfactory state estimates have been obtained even in the presence of significant noise levels. A simple example is considered to illustrate the theory discussed in the paper.
Conditional Random Surveying for Particle Deposition on a Mica Surface

In using microscopic imaging techniques, unbiased selection of sampling areas is often critical when judgment has to be used to find regions of interest. A conditional random sampling was designed to survey hematite particles on a mica surface using tapping-mode atomic force microscopy, based on three adapted-systematic-sampling methods designed to exclude subjective bias by limiting the freedom of arbitrarily selecting sampling areas. The results of these surveying methods were compared with the average particle surface density modeled by Poisson distribution. It was found that the conditional random sampling could survey particles effectively and improve the data reliability significantly. Ten population-known images from the same mica sheet were used to evaluate these methods, and an average relative error of 12% (maximum 21%) was obtained using the conditional random method with six sampling areas. It was used to investigate the effects of common organic pollutants, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes on the transport of soil colloids.
The Use of Multiple Factoring in the Parallel Solution of Algebraic Equations

A major computation that must be done in many power system problems in both planning and operations is the solution of large sets of algebraic equations, Investigations into the use of parallel processors in the transient stability problem have shown that the forward and back substitution through the L and U factors of the Y matrix are the parts of the solution that are the least efficient in the parallel mode. If parallel processing is to be successfully applied to power system problems, better ways of solving algebraic equations in parallel must be developed.
Liquid crystals 100 years later. What are the new concepts used in the design of molecular, macromolecular and supramolecular liquid crystals?

A brief discussion of selected synthetic strategies pursued in the field of molecular, macromolecular and supramolecular liquid crystals is made by reviewing some tandem historical events of the past 100 years of activity in this field. This survey will try to suggest the rational for the discovery, evolution and investigation of some of these new concepts. Also a brief and speculative forecast of the future of this field will be presented.
A Rare Finding in Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia: Philadelphia Chromosome

Patient: 48-year-old Caucasian male Chief Complaint: Gastrointestinal bleeding Medical History: Transient ischemic attack, knee surgery, daily tobacco use History of Present Illness: Patient diagnosed with pre B-cell ALL with Philadelphia chromosome. Patient underwent chemotherapy and entered remission. Patient came out of remission and did not undergo chemotherapy. Present Illness is pre-B-cell ALL with Philadelphia chromosome. Physical Exam Findings: Petechiae on lower extremities Principal Lab Findings: [Table 1][1] * Ph : Philadelphia ALL : acute lymphoblastic leukemia AML : acute myelogenous leukemia FISH : fluorescent in situ hybridization MPO : myeloperoxidase NSE : non-specific esterase TdT : terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase PAS : periodic acid schiff CD : cluster of differentiation [1]: #T1
synchroLight: three-dimensional pointing system for remote video communication

Although the image quality and transmission speed of current remote video communication systems have vastly improved in recent years, its interactions still remain detached from the physical world. This causes frustration and lowers working efficiency, especially when both sides are referencing physical objects and space. In this paper, we propose a remote pointing system named synchroLight that allows users to point at remote physical objects with synthetic light. The system extends the interaction of the existing remote pointing systems from two-dimensional surfaces to three-dimensional space. The goal of this project is to approach a seamless experience in video communication.
America COMPETES Act's effect on NASA's Education and Public Outreach Programs

Abstract NASA's Education and Public Outreach program performances have historically been poorly evaluated. The programs are fragmented and difficult to track which contributes to the difficulties faced by the United States' struggling education system. In response, the America Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education and Science Reauthorization Act of 2010 (America COMPETES) was passed in an effort to streamline federal efforts in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math education (STEM) and keep the American technical workforce competitive in the global market. America COMPETES' impact on NASA's role in STEM education made little positive changes. The Act's requirements perpetuate misguided STEM education evaluation methods. Funds appropriation marginalize NASA from meaningful K-12 education interactions. Portions of the implementation steps are counter-productive to NASA's public image.
The Relations among Talking, Liking, and Similarity between Friends

Self-concept similarity in 58 female first-year roommate pairs was examined using the spontaneous trait generation task. On the basis of the trait overlap identified by this task, friends were more similar than nonfriends. Correlational analyses demonstrated that the amount of talking between roommates was more highly related to trait overlap than was liking or reported time spent together, suggesting that conversation between friends may be a key to the development of self-concept similarity. These results were interpreted as support for a model of self-concept change in which exposure to new interpersonal constructs leads to their adoption as self-schemata. Conversation between friends is discussed as one means of exposure to new constructs.
Multiple bladder diverticula in Williams "Elfin-Facies" syndrome.

Twenty-three children with Williams “elfin-facies” syndrome were reviewed. A striking incidence of multiple bladder diverticula was found (8 children of 14 who had voiding cystourethrograms). The diverticula were usually not identifiable on excretory urography. Children generally have a low incidence of bladder diverticula (excluding “Hutch” diverticula), especially multiple diverticula; thus one should strongly consider the diagnosis of Williams syndrome and other connective tissue diseases when multiple bladder diverticula are identified.
GATEKEEPING IN FIELD PERFORMANCE: IS GRADE INFLATION A GIVEN?

This field note presents the results of a pilot study that explored the use of a new non-numerically rated field performance tool, a vignette matching measure for MSW students. Evaluation of performance in the field has proved to be a difficult task because few if any measures, including competency-based measures, have known levels of reliability and validity. Field instructors rated a sample of 154 students. Over half of the students were rated as exceptional, which may support the long-standing notion that performance ratings are inflated. Implications for social work education and research are discussed.
Theory of the Multiple Diffraction Grating

The theory of a multiple diffraction grating is presented. It is shown that the resolving power is that of a simple grating of equivalent ruled aperture; the intensity, that of a simple grating of an equal number of ruled apertures; and the dispersion and resulting distribution of intensity with order, that of one of the elementary gratings of which it is composed. The relative intensities and the distribution of the secondary maxima arising due to the periodicity of spacing of elementary gratings are discussed. The large spectral range, the relatively high intensity and the requirement of little or no preliminary resolution are presented as advantages over interference spectroscopes of equivalent resolving power. The further advantage is presented that the time required for ruling such a grating is so reduced that gratings of two, three or more times the present effective aperture are made readily possible in the same ruling time.
The physics of tablet compression. VIII.*: Some preliminary measurements of die wall pressure during tablet compression

Abstract An apparatus was designed and constructed to measure the pressure transmitted to the die wall during tablet compression. Essentially, the apparatus consisted of a conventional die constructed with a rectangular hole perpendicular to the axial compression hole in which a third punch was inserted and the necessary mechanical linkages to allow the force appearing on this punch to be transmitted to a force‐measuring transducer. Preliminary compressions were made using sulfathiazole and sodium bicarbonate granulations. It was found that in both cases about 30 per cent of the pressure appearing on the punch appeared on the die wall. It was also found that magnesium stearate added to the granulations increased the percentage transmitted. The implications of these results are discussed.
The mechanisms of hemoglobin autoxidation. Evidence for proton-assisted nucleophilic displacement of superoxide by anions.

Abstract Human oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) in the presence of excess nucleophile (e.g., N3−, SCN−, F−, Cl−) is shown by visible and Soret spectra to form cleanly the oxidized metHb with the nucleophile as ligand. The rates, sensitive to pH and to both the concentration and the nucleophilicity of anionic nucleophile (N−), follow the rate law: rate = k[HbO2][N−][H+]. This autoxidation process thus appears to involve the nucleophilic displacement of superoxide from a protonated intermediate and can reasonably account for normal metHb formation in the erythrocyte where chloride can serve as the nucleophile. MetHb formation due to electron transfer agents (e.g. nitrite) which are normally not present can follow a different course such as direct electron transfer to bound dioxygen to form iron (III) peroxide. Abnormal amino acids or denaturation can provide increased access of nucleophile or electron transfer reactant and thus promote autoxidation.
Quartz crystal microbalance study of tungsten atomic layer deposition using WF6 and Si2H6

Abstract The atomic layer deposition (ALD) of tungsten can be accomplished using sequential exposures of WF6 and Si2H6 (disilane). In this paper, W ALD is explored using in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements as a function of the reactant exposure and deposition temperature. The QCM measurements revealed that the WF6 reaction is self-limiting. In contrast, W ALD growth rates exhibited a slow and continual increase for disilane exposures > 4 × 104 L. The W ALD growth rate was also weakly temperature-dependent with an activation energy of 1.5 ± 0.1 kcal/mol at T 275 °C. The QCM results and previous Auger results for W ALD yield the relationship between the silicon coverage deposited during the Si2H6 exposure and the tungsten coverage deposited during the WF6 exposure. The W/Si atomic ratio of ∼ 1:1 is consistent with earlier Auger investigations of the surface chemistry during W ALD at 200 °C. The QCM measurements are also consistent with silicon coverages of 1.7–2.1 monolayers after the Si2H6 exposures. These high silicon coverages are believed to result by silylene insertion from Si2H6 into surface Si–H bonds.
Program analysis using binary relations

This paper presents a method called relational constraint for finding binary relations among the variables and constants of a program. The method constructs a table of binary relations and treats the program as a collection of constraints on tuples of relations in the table. An experimental optimizer called Thinner uses this method to analyze programs of size n in O(n2) time.
Intersubjectivity of Dasein in Heidegger’s Being and Time : How Authenticity is a Return to Community

This essay discusses an alternative interpretation of the term “Dasein” as Heidegger uses it in Being and Time and, in particular, the possibility that Dasein is meant to contain an inherent form of intersubjectivity to which we must “return” in order to achieve authenticity. In doing so, I build on the work of John Haugeland and his interpretation of Dasein as a mass term, while exploring the implications such an interpretation has on Heidegger’s conception of “authenticity”. Ultimately, this paper aims to take seriously Heidegger’s claim to be moving past the isolated Cartesian subject and towards a view of authentic human existence that is cognizant of the way our identities are always formed within a pre-existing community. In addition, since many interpretations of Heidegger have argued that “the Anyone” (Das Man) is representative of all possible forms of community, I consider how this alternative understanding of Dasein as intersubjective can shed new light on critical remarks Heidegger makes about “the Anyone”. Thus, I argue that by reinterpreting Dasein as community, we can find more coherence between Heidegger’s otherwise conflicting conceptions of authenticity and “the Anyone”.
Students' thoughts and feelings about music therapy practicum supervision

This phenomenological research study investigated how students feel about the process of being supervised. Five music therapy students kept logs of their thoughts and feelings for a four-week period of their practicum experience, including the period of time in which they were supervised by a music therapist from the university. They were asked to include responses to the clinical experience itself, to their supervision by both the on-site supervisor and the university supervisor, and to the practicum class itself, but the request of what they should include in the logs was kept fairly general so as not to restrict what they wrote about. Phenomenological methods were used to analyze the responses. Students' responses were categorized into the following themes: What is Helpful, What is Not Helpful, Written Feedback, Feelings About and During the Observation, Personal Insights, and Logistical Issues. The themes are presented with examples from the students' logs to illustrate them. They are discussed and im...
Hydrogen peroxide is the major oxidant product of xanthine oxidase

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a critical source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in inflammatory disease. Focus, however, has centered almost exclusively on XO-derived superoxide (O(2)(*-)), whereas direct H(2)O(2) production from XO has been less well investigated. Therefore, we examined the relative quantities of O(2)(*-) and H(2)O(2) produced by XO under a range (1-21%) of O(2) tensions. At O(2) concentrations between 10 and 21%, H(2)O(2) accounted for approximately 75% of ROS production. As O(2) concentrations were lowered, there was a concentration-dependent increase in H(2)O(2) formation, accounting for 90% of ROS production at 1% O(2). Alterations in pH between 5.5 and 7.4 did not affect the relative proportions of H(2)O(2) and O(2)(*-) formation. Immobilization of XO, by binding to heparin-Sepharose, further enhanced relative H(2)O(2) production by approximately 30%, under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, XO bound to glycosaminoglycans on the apical surface of bovine aortic endothelial cells demonstrated a similar ROS production profile. These data establish H(2)O(2) as the dominant (70-95%) reactive product produced by XO under clinically relevant conditions and emphasize the importance of H(2)O(2) as a critical factor when examining the contributory roles of XO-catalyzed ROS in inflammatory processes as well as cellular signaling.
Evaluation and Repair of Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking in Alloy 600/182 Control Rod Drive Mechanism Nozzles

In February 2001, a routine visual inspection of the reactor vessel head of Oconee Nuclear Station Unit 3 identified boric acid crystals at nine of sixty-nine locations where control rod drive mechanism housings (CRDM nozzles) penetrate the head. The boric acid deposits resulted from primary coolant leaking from cracks in the nozzle attachment weld and from through-thickness cracks in the nozzle wall. A general overview of the inspection and repair process is presented and results of the metallurgical analysis are discussed in more detail. The analysis confirmed that primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) is the mechanism of failure of both the Alloy 182 weld filler material and the alloy 600 wrought base material.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
From Source to Sink: Mechanistic Reasoning Using the Electron-Pushing Formalism

Since the introduction of Morrison and Boyd’s textbook in organic chemistry over 50 years ago, reaction mechanisms and mechanistic reasoning using the electron-pushing formalism (EPF) have become a mainstay of organic chemistry courses. In recent years there have even been several papers in this Journal and others detailing research on how students attend to various aspects of this formalism. However, there are no explicit articulations of a definition or framework in the chemical or science education research literature on mechanistic reasoning using EPF. Although practicing chemists intuitively know what constitutes mechanistic reasoning, this paper presents results of a nationwide study of organic chemistry faculty regarding their understanding and use of this technique. Although a consensus definition did not emerge from this research, there were several common features to them. These features suggest an activity that has a back-of-the-envelope quality meant to generate possible pathways based on esta...
Impact of interpersonal problem-solving training on preschoolers' social competency☆

Abstract In order to test Shure and Spivack's theoretical position that a child's ability to verbally generate solutions to interpersonal problems and think about their consequences is directly related to the child's behavioral adjustment, preschoolers were tested on verbal problem-solving skills and their classroom behavior was rated by their teachers. Further, their behavior was observed by independent observers. No significant relationship between problem-solving skills and behavior was found. Following assessment, 54 of these children completed an 11-week training program, designed by Shure and Spivack, to improve their ability to think through and verbally generate solutions to interpersonal problems and to examine the possibility of mediation of such training to behavioral improvement. Preschoolers' ability to verbally generate alternative solutions to problems significantly increased due to training, however, this increase did not have an ameliorative effect on behavioral adjustment.
Optimal synthesis of adjustable mechanisms generating multi-phase approximate paths

An optimal synthesis method is developed for multi-phase continuous path generation of adjustable planar four-bar linkages. The non-adjustable driving dyad is first determined optimally using full rotation requirements. With coupler angles at all design points calculated, the driven dyad is found by another optimization based on the link length structural error. This method uses less design variables and results in compact error functions. A numerical example demonstrates its effectiveness.
Review of dark matter experiments

Abstract The non-luminous matter constituting probably more than 90% of the mass of the universe cannot be any particle in the Standard Model of particle physics. Non-accelerator experiments, particularly those using Ge and Si detectors, and accelerator experiments at SLC and LEP, have eliminated as dark matter wide classes of candidate particles, spanning 12 orders of magnitude in mass and 20 orders of magnitude in cross section. Examples are weak isodoublet neutrinos ≳ 30 eV/c2, sneutrinos, technibaryons, microcharged shadow matter, and Cosmions, which could be both dark matter and solve the solar neutrino problem. Isodoublet neutrinos of all masses are eliminated if the 17-keV neutrino exists. A remaining candidate, the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP), can be searched for with cryogenic detectors having potentially two orders of magnitude greater sensitivity than ionization detectors, as both ionization and phonons can be measured. The nuclear recoi signal produces mainly phonons, whereas the main background (electrons from Compton scattering and beta decay) produces mainly ionization. Enriched 73Ge (spin 9 2 ) will be used to look for the LSP.
Corruption and Federalism: (When) Do Federal Criminal Prosecutions Improve Non-Federal Democracy?

Are federal prosecutions of non-federal officials for corruption likely to improve non-federal government? This essay suggests that such prosecutions can undermine the distinctive style of democracy at the state and local level, an effect that can be harmful to democracy in America overall. This conclusion rests on a larger argument about the different nature of federal and non-federal democracy in the United States. To insure that each official maintains impartial loyalty to values defined by a single, popularly accountable policymaker, the federal system of bureaucratic populism strictly separates the officials’ public and private interests, through various devices such as civil service protection for executive officials, Article III life tenure, and fixed salary for federal judges, specialized training for federal officers, and conflict-of-interest rules that bar federal officers from acting when their judgment could be compromised by private interests. By contrast, participatory populism rejects this separation of the public and private spheres, instead mixing professional and lay decision-making by using thousands of part-time, under-paid executive and legislative officers who are expected to have substantial private interests in the communities that they represent. The essay argues that each style of democracy has mutually exclusive advantages and disadvantages. However, enforcement of federal anticorruption law against non-federal democracies can undermine their system of mingled private and public interests, reducing the degree to which such governments can provide laypersons with opportunities for political activity. As an illustration of the overextension of federal criminal law, I examine the First Circuit’s interpretation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1346, the federal mail fraud statute in United States v. Sawyer. Sawyer comes dangerously close to declaring that any undisclosed state or local officer’s conflict of interest constitutes a violation of § 1346 when it involves the U.S. mails. I argue that this view of § 1346 is an error. Participatory populism requires that private and public tasks be closely mingled in ways that bureaucratic populism forbids. Undoubtedly, this mixture of public and private creates a risk that public office will be used for private gain. However, it also avoids some of the bureaucratic sclerosis and lack of lay participation that can be endemic to the more centralized federal tradition. In conclusion, I suggest that federal prosecutors ought to content themselves with using § 1346 to enforce already-existing state criminal conflict-of-interest rules, for the sake of preserving a place in our federal regime for participatory populism.
Renal perfusion during thoracoabdominal aortic operations: cold crystalloid is superior to normothermic blood.

Abstract Background . Renal failure remains a common complication of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to compare two methods of selective renal perfusion—cold crystalloid perfusion versus normothermic blood perfusion— and determine which technique provides the best kidney protection during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Methods . Thirty randomized patients undergoing Crawford extent II thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair with left heart bypass had renal artery perfusion with either 4°C Ringer's lactate solution (14 patients) or normothermic blood from the bypass circuit (16 patients). Acute renal dysfunction was defined as an elevation in serum creatinine level exceeding 50% of baseline within 10 postoperative days. Results . One death occurred in each group. One patient in the blood perfusion group experienced renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Ten patients (63%) in the blood perfusion group and 3 patients (21%) in the cold crystalloid perfusion group experienced acute renal dysfunction ( p = 0.03). Multivariable analysis confirmed that the use of cold crystalloid perfusion was independently protective against acute renal dysfunction ( p = 0.02; odds ratio, 0.133). Conclusions . When using left heart bypass during repair of extensive thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms, selective cold crystalloid perfusion offers superior renal protection when compared with conventional normothermic blood perfusion.
Designing a new foundation for design

The book in which Fernando Flores and I introduced our version of the language-action perspective had an ambitious and provocative subtitle: Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design [8]. This special section of Communications offers the opportunity to apply the hindsight of nearly two decades to the implicit claim in that phrase, asking how the perspective has been successful as a foundation and promises to be so in the future.
In patients taking fluticasone propionate/salmeterol 100/50μg Diskus® for asthma, the addition of fluticasone propionate nasal spray 200μg QD to treat concomitant allergic rhinitis has a safety profile comparable to the addition of montelukast 10mg QD or placebo

Abstract Rationale When a patient has coexistent asthma and allergic rhinitis, optimal management of the individual diseases should be the treatment goal. However, there are limited data comparing the safety of concurrent treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and either an intranasal corticosteroid or a nonsteroidal rhinitis controller. Methods This 4-week study included a comparison of the safety profiles of fluticasone propionate nasal spray (FPNS), montelukast (MON) and placebo when added to fluticasone propionate/salmeterol 100/50μg BID (FSC) in 863 patients (≥15 years) with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis and persistent asthma. Safety assessments included adverse event monitoring and 24-hour urinary cortisol measurement at baseline and endpoint. Results Both FPNS+FSC and MON+FSC were well tolerated. The overall incidence of all adverse events for FPNS+FSC and MON+FSC was similar to placebo+FSC. There were no differences in the incidence or type of drug related adverse events across the three treatment groups. Importantly, urinary cortisol excretion during treatment with FPNS+FSC was similar to that observed with MON+FSC and Placebo+FSC. Conclusions In patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis taking FSC, concurrent treatment with FPNS is as safe as treatment with MON or placebo and does not lead to an increased risk for HPA axis suppression. These data suggest there is no safety advantage in using a nonsteroidal rhinitis controller versus an intranasal corticosteroid concurrently with an inhaled corticosteroid.
Temperature changes in lipid and protein structure measured by fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry in intact pollen grains

Abstract Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to monitor structural changes in lipids and proteins in four species of pollen grains at different temperatures. Spectral data were used to determine membrane phase transition temperature (Tm) in pollen at two hydration levels. Imbibition was conducted at temperatures above and below the determined Tm values to correlate damage to the presence of gel phase. For three species of pollen, hydration overcame imbibitional damage at low temperature. However, dry pecan pollen, which had a high lipid content, was injured during imbibition at temperatures above and below the Tm. Changes in protein structure were not related to imbibitional damage. FTIR spectroscopy is a useful tool in examining biochemical properties of intact pollen grains and has potential for evaluating cryopreservation protocols.
Integrated Virtual Instrumentation and Wireless Monitoring for Infrastructure Diagnostics

This article presents the research, development, and field testing of a computer-controlled integrated instrumentation and monitoring system for rapid-response infrastructure testing and evaluation. The system eliminates both stand-alone laboratory benchtop equipment sets and cable-based, hard-wired, on-site networking for individual sensors. A software-based virtual instrumentation program package is developed to replace conventional data acquisition and monitoring equipment and control all system components through a user-friendly graphical user interface. In addition, a multiple-channel wireless site network throughout the structure is developed to substitute cable networking and integrated in the modular system. Concept and design characterizations, validation testing, and practical field use for experimental live-load bridge test monitoring are also presented. The tests verify the computercontrolled operation of the system integrating virtual instrumentation with multiple-channel wireless site network. The results are compared with conventional instrumentation system and found to be consistent.
Care of the Well Newborn

1. Lisa Stellwagen, MD* 2. Eyla Boies, MD† 1. *Associate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology; Director of the Well Baby Unit, University of California, San Diego, Medical Center, San Diego, Calif 2. †Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, Division of General Academic Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, Medical Center, San Diego, Calif After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the purpose of the prenatal visit. 2. Recognize the significance of common abnormalities found on prenatal ultrasonography. 3. Discuss the importance of growth and maturity assessment as well as the careful examination of the newborn. 4. Delineate prevention strategies for hepatitis B, syphilis, and group B streptococcal infections. 5. Explain the basics of car seat safety and sudden infant death syndrome prevention in the newborn unit. 6. List the basic tenets of providing breastfeeding support for the breastfeeding mother and infant. 7. Explain appropriate outpatient follow-up for the healthy newborn. Recent advances in obstetrics and pediatrics have brought about numerous changes in the care of the healthy newborn and have led to a re-evaluation of old routines, a commitment to helping mothers breastfeed their infants exclusively, and improvements in infant medical care and safety. In this article, we review the care of the newborn, including issues of antenatal testing, the prenatal visit, delivery, care on the postpartum/newborn unit, discharge from the hospital, and the first outpatient visit, emphasizing contemporary practices. The most important focus of the prenatal visit is to begin a positive relationship with the parents. In addition, data can be recorded about pertinent medical and psychosocial history and potential high-risk situations, and basic education of the family regarding their newborn can begin. The clinician needs to address the following:
Hierarchical analysis of species distributions and abundance across environmental gradients

Abiotic and biotic processes operate at multiple spatial and temporal scales to shape many ecological processes, including species distributions and demography. Current debate about the relative roles of niche-based and stochastic processes in shaping species distributions and community composition reflects, in part, the challenge of understanding how these processes interact across scales. Traditional statistical models that ignore autocorrelation and spatial hierarchies can result in misidentification of important ecological covariates. Here, we demonstrate the utility of a hierarchical modeling framework for testing hypotheses about the importance of abiotic factors at different spatial scales and local spatial autocorrelation for shaping species distributions and abundances. For the two orchid species studied, understory light availability and soil moisture helped to explain patterns of presence and abundance at a microsite scale (<4 m2), while soil organic content was important at a population scale (<400 m2). The inclusion of spatial autocorrelation is shown to alter the magnitude and certainty of estimated relationships between abundance and abiotic variables, and we suggest that such analysis be used more often to explore the relationships between species life histories and distributions. The hierarchical modeling framework is shown to have great potential for elucidating ecological relationships involving abiotic and biotic processes simultaneously at multiple scales.
On the electron affinity of Au3

The EA of Au3 is estimated to be 3.93 eV. The calculations also show that the feature in the photodetachment spectrum at about 2 eV electron binding energy is due to a two-photon process involving fragmentation of Au3(-) to Au and Au2(-) and subsequent photodetachment of Au2(-). Au3 is found to have a 2B2 ground state that is only slightly distorted from an equilateral triangle.
The effect of non‐linear curvature strains on the buckling of laminated plates and shells

A versatile geometrically non-linear curved shell finite element formulation includes exact Green's strain displacement for the inplane strains and linear strain displacement for the transverse shear strains. Additional coupling results for membrane-bending and membrane-transverse shear due to non-linear curvature strain-displacement relations. Additional non-linear terms that are a function of the shell's radius of curvature are also present. The approach is applied to the bifurcation buckling of axially compressed flat plates and transversely pressure-loaded cylindrical shell panels. The method gives a more flexible result for the plates compared to von Karman non-linearity. Additionally, larger buckling pressures are found for shell panels. The effects of transverse shear flexibility are evident.
Multidimensional X-Space Magnetic Particle Imaging

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a promising new medical imaging tracer modality with potential applications in human angiography, cancer imaging, in vivo cell tracking, and inflammation imaging. Here we demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally that multidimensional MPI is a linear shift-invariant imaging system with an analytic point spread function. We also introduce a fast image reconstruction method that obtains the intrinsic MPI image with high signal-to-noise ratio via a simple gridding operation in x-space. We also demonstrate a method to reconstruct large field-of-view (FOV) images using partial FOV scanning, despite the loss of first harmonic image information due to direct feedthrough contamination. We conclude with the first experimental test of multidimensional x-space MPI.
Electrons in Finite-Sized Water Cavities: Hydration Dynamics Observed in Real Time

We directly observed the hydration dynamics of an excess electron in the finite-sized water clusters of (H_2O)^-_n with n = 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35. We initiated the solvent motion by exciting the hydrated electron in the cluster. By resolving the binding energy of the excess electron in real time with femtosecond resolution, we captured the ultrafast dynamics of the electron in the presolvated (“wet”) and hydrated states and obtained, as a function of cluster size, the subsequent relaxation times. The solvation time (300 femtoseconds) after the internal conversion [140 femtoseconds for (H_2O)^-_35] was similar to that of bulk water, indicating the dominant role of the local water structure in the dynamics of hydration. In contrast, the relaxation in other nuclear coordinates was on a much longer time scale (2 to 10 picoseconds) and depended critically on cluster size.