cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of specimen size on rock properties

Triaxial tests were conducted on 2 rock types using specimens ranging from 2 to 32 in. in diam, to determine the influence of specimen size on strength and mechanical properties. While the influence of specimen size on mechanical properties was small, the effect on strength and character of failure was pronounced. Although sufficient data to verify statistical failure hypotheses was not collected, it is hoped that additional work now in progress will help in the development of more realistic models. (12 refs.)
The Dynamics of the Formation of a Periodic Deformation in a Lyotropic Liquid Crystal

Abstract Magnetic field induced reorientation of a nematic liquid crystal can be accompanied by a transient periodic deformation pattern. The dynamics of the formation and decay of this deformation are studied in the lyotropic nematic phase of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) in water utilizing computer-assisted imaging techniques. The early time behavior is well-described by linearized nemato-hydrodynamic equations, while the long time behavior shows a rich variety of structures.
Sympathoneural and skeletal muscle contributions to plasma dopa responses in pithed rats.

Abstract Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in plasma has been thought to originate from sympathetic nerve endings and to reflect catecholamine biosynthesis, because changes in DOPA levels follow pharmacologically- or environmentally-induced manipulations that alter turnover of the sympathetic neurotransmitter, norepinephrine (NE). Skeletal muscle may be an additional, non-neural source of circulating DOPA. In the present study we examined sympathoneuronal and skeletal muscle contributions to DOPA in arterial plasma in pithed rats. Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord causes discharges of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons, with attendant release of NE into the bloodstream, and discharges of spinal motoneurons, which causes diffuse contraction of skeletal muscle. Stimulation of the spinal cord rapidly elevated arterial plasma concentrations of NE, dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), and DOPA. Pre-treatment with curare, a skeletal muscle relaxant, did not affect the NE and DHPG responses but attenuated the DOPA responses by about 50%. Administration of chlorisondamine, a ganglionic blocker, abolished NE and DHPG responses to cord stimulation, and DOPA responses were decreased by about 90%. Adrenal-demedullation did not affect the stimulation-induced DOPA responses. The results demonstrate that in pithed rats undergoing spinal cord stimulation, DOPA is released into the bloodstream. Since this response is markedly inhibited after ganglionic blockade and also attenuated after skeletal muscle paralysis, the results provide indirect evidence that DOPA formed in sympathetic neurons can be stored in a non-neuronal pool and released during skeletal muscle contraction.
Lichenoid Chronic Graft-vs-Host Disease Occurring in a Dermatomal Distribution

Background: Chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) is a late complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. While the pathogenesis of chronic GVHD is not fully understood, several observations and studies suggest that viral infections may play a role. We describe two patients who developed linear lichenoid chronic GVHD. The dermatomal distribution of their lesions suggests an association with herpes zoster virus infection. Observations: Two allogeneic bone marrow transplantation patients developed violaceous papules in a dermatomal distribution. Histologic examination of these lesions revealed dyskeratosis, vacuolar changes in the basal layer, and a mild perivascular and interstitial infiltrate, diagnostic of lichenoid chronic GVHD. Conclusions: The linear distribution of our patients' lichenoid chronic GVHD is unique and may represent an association with herpes zoster virus infection, providing further support for a role for viral infections in the pathogenesis of chronic GVHD. (Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:70-72)
Romance and Indo-European Linguistics in Italy

SUMMARYWhereas in other countries in which historical linguistics struck root in the past century it became customary, particularly after 1870, to cultivate Romance and Indo-European studies as two separate, exacting disciplines which few specialists would want to bridge, Italy - initially under the impulse of Graziadio Isaia Ascoli — went her own way, allowing, above all, her 'glottologi' and, on a minor scale, her 'filologi' to participate actively in research conducted in both domains, with Latin serving as the obvious connection. Giacomo Devoto was the last major embodiment of this dual expertise; but many other names come to mind as well.RESUMEOn sait qu'avant 1870 il n'etait pas exceptionnel en Europe qu'un seul savant cultivât les deux domaines voisins des etudes romanes et des recherches indoeuropeennes; mais ce fut seulement en Italie — a n'en pas douter, grâce a l'initiative de Graziadio Isaia Ascoli - que cette belle tradition a survecu jusqu'a nos jours. Il est peut-etre loisible de regarder feu Giacomo Devoto comme la derniere incarnation parfaite de cette double expertise; mais rien ne nous empeche de citer plusieurs autres noms du cote des 'glottologues' ainsi que, a un degre plus modeste, de celui des 'philologues' italiens.
Modeling Pulsating Combustion Due To Flow-Flame Interactions In Vortex-Stabilized Pre-mixed Flames

Abstract Large amplitude oscillations have been observed in pre-mixed combustion systems, where the flame is stabilized in the recirculation zone behind an obstacle or a sudden expansion (a dump), and have been related to coupling between the combustion dynamics and the acoustics of the system. We have constructed a model, which includes an intake duct connected to a large upstream reservoir at a fixed pressure, a compact combustor with a sudden expansion followed by a sudden contraction (a cavity), and a long exhaust duct connecting the combustor to the atmosphere, to describe a system typical of a pre-mixed dump combustor. The upstream and downstream components are modeled as ID non-reacting flow systems, while the combustor is modeled using a vortex simulation of the 2D Navier-Stokes equations with a low-Mach number, thin flame combustion model. Results indicate that the system dynamics is comprised of the combustor wake-mode, ƒD/U=O(0.l, and several other modes characteristic of the acoustics of the o...
Algorithm 888: Spherical Harmonic Transform Algorithms

A collection of MATLAB classes for computing and using spherical harmonic transforms is presented. Methods of these classes compute differential operators on the sphere and are used to solve simple partial differential equations in a spherical geometry. The spectral synthesis and analysis algorithms using fast Fourier transforms and Legendre transforms with the associated Legendre functions are presented in detail. A set of methods associated with a spectral_field class provides spectral approximation to the differential operators ∇ c, ∇ ×, ∇, and ∇2 in spherical geometry. Laplace inversion and Helmholtz equation solvers are also methods for this class. The use of the class and methods in MATLAB is demonstrated by the solution of the barotropic vorticity equation on the sphere. A survey of alternative algorithms is given and implementations for parallel high performance computers are discussed in the context of global climate and weather models.
Paleomagnetism of the 1.1 Ga Umkondo large igneous province in southern Africa

[1] The Umkondo dolerites are present over a wide area in the Kalahari craton, southern Africa. Thirty-nine sampling sites in Botswana and South Africa yielded tightly grouped paleomagnetic directions due south with shallow inclinations and three sites of opposite polarity. The dolerites have U-Pb single-crystal baddeleyite or zircon crystallization ages of 1112 ± 0.5 to 1108 ± 0.9 Ma. These results can be combined with published data from 39 additional Umkondo sites and 33 sites in the Grunehogna Province of Antarctica after restoring East Antarctica to its position next to southern Africa. Grouping the sites geographically yields 10 site mean poles with mean at 64.0°N, 38.8°E, A95 = 3.7°. This Umkondo pole can be correlated with Keweenawan poles from Laurentia. Because both sets of poles are precisely of the same age as well as predominantly of one polarity, the relative orientation of the two cratons within the Rodinia supercontinent is fixed. This implies that the Namaqua-Natal-Maud belt which rims the southern part of the Kalahari craton, faced away from Laurentia. The Umkondo pole combined with published poles suggest that the Kalahari craton remained distinctly south of the Laurentian craton between 1.1 and 1.0 Ga, making it highly unlikely that the two cratons collided.
Hohlraum X-ray deposition in indirect-drive ICF ablator materials

Accurate measurements of shock timing and ablator x-ray burnthrough will be essential for the successful ignition of an indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsule. In previous work [1], measurements of ablator shock velocities, shock temperatures, and preheat temperatures were made using a 280nm Streaked Optical Pyrometer (SOP) [2]. The x-ray fluxes were supplied by hohlraums driven by the University of Rochester Omega Laser [3]. More recent ablator experiments at Omega have extended the previous work by using an absolutely calibrated 600-800 nm SOP [4] together with a line-imaging velocity interferometer [5] similar to the diagnostic proposed for accurate National Ignition Facility (NIF) ignition shock timing measurements [6]. Important new information has been obtained relating to ablator surface movement prior to shock breakout, ablator preheat temperature, and preheat effects on the anvil and window components of the shock timing diagnostic system.
The Implementation of Environmental Policy in China: A Comparative Perspective

Policy implementation in the People's Republic of China is analyzed according to the properties of three archetypical implementation strategies: bureaucratic-authoritative, market exchange, and exhortational campaign. The three are first discussed in terms of political support, relative costs, and other attributes. The implementation of environmental policy is then analyzed according to the effects of changes in strategy. Policy effectiveness is shown to vary considerably depending upon the form of implementation. Political factors constrain choice of strategy, but considerable latitude for variation has developed since Mao's death.
The essential rhetoric of law, literature, and liberty

Three recent books—Richard Posner's Law and Literature, Stanley Fish's Doing What Comes Naturally, and James Boyd White's Justice as Translation— struggle over the relationship of law and literature. Fish and White defend the relevance of literature to law; Posner tries to kill the nascent law and literature movement by hugging it to death. Posner's literary criticism is belles‐lettristic, concerned chiefly with how “great” a work is. Fish's is social, emphasizing the interpretative community. White attempts to make a new community, in which we come to understand one another by an effort of translation. White's vision is attractive, though it surrenders Science to non‐translation. As the sage said, even in science it is translation, and rhetoric, all the way down.
Kappa opioid-induced diuresis in female vs. male rats.

Abstract κ Opioid agonists may produce dissimilar discriminative and analgesic effects in female vs. male subjects. The present study was conducted to determine whether a prototypic physiological effect of κ agonists—diuresis—also differs between the sexes. When data were not corrected for individual differences in body weight, the κ agonists U69,593 (0.03–3.0 mg/kg), U50,488 (0.3–10 mg/kg), (−)-bremazocine (0.001–0.1 mg/kg) and (−)-pentazocine (1–10 mg/kg), as well as a nonopioid diuretic, furosemide (1–10 mg/kg) produced significantly greater diuresis in normally hydrated, age-matched males than females; however, there was no sex difference in the diuretic effect of butorphanol (0.3–3.0 mg/kg), or in the antidiuretic effect of the μ agonist morphine (1.0–5.6 mg/kg, in water-loaded rats). In contrast, when data were corrected for individual difference in body weight, U69,593, U50,488, (−)-bremazocine, (−)-pentazocine, and furosemide produced nearly equivalent diuresis/kg in females and males, whereas butorphanol produced slightly greater diuresis/kg, and morphine produced significantly less antidiuresis/kg, in females than males. U69,593-induced diuresis was highly similar in males and females of similar body weight (i.e., different ages). U69,593 effects were dose-dependently antagonized by the κ antagonist nor-binaltorphimine in both sexes, indicating a common, κ receptor-mediated mechanism of action. (−)-Bremazocine was slightly more potent in suppressing vasopressin in 24-h water-deprived males than females. These results suggest that the greater diuretic effects of κ receptor-selective opioid agonists in male rats are primarily due to males' larger body size (greater body water) relative to age-matched females, but may also be attributed to slightly greater vasopressin suppression in males.
Algebraic Solution for Joint Localization and Synchronization of Multiple Sensor Nodes in the Presence of Beacon Uncertainties

This paper addresses the problem of joint localization and synchronization of multiple sensor nodes simultaneously using the time stamp information from message exchanges between the sensor nodes and beacons and among the sensor nodes. Through parameter transformation and multi-stage processing, two computationally efficient algebraic solutions are developed for this challenging non-linear estimation problem. One is without message exchanges among the sensor nodes and the other is with the exchanges. Theoretical analysis shows that the performance of the proposed solutions is able to reach the CRLB accuracy for the sensor node positions, as well as the clock parameters over the mild error region. Simulation results support very well the theoretical performance of the proposed solutions.
Records of the early metazoans

The Dawn of Animal Life: A Biohistorical Study. By Martin F. Glaessner. Cambridge University Press: 1984. Pp. 244. £25, $49.50.
Kinetic processes and zone diffusion in chromatography

Abstract Equations have been obtained which give the effective diffusion coefficient or plate height due to kinetic processes. It is assumed that the departure from equilibrium is only slight corresponding to the situation usually found in chromatography. The theory is applied to sorption on heterogeneous media, consecutive reactions, the chromatography of large molecules, and the occurrence of chemical change simultaneous with chromatography. The extension of the theory to diffusion-controlled processes and nonlinear kinetics is discussed. The applicability to other differential migration methods is noted.
Human performance and strategy in a two-variable optimization task

A two-variable optimization was used as a laboratory simulation of an industrial process control task. Human performance, measured by the number of steps needed to reach the optimum, was compared with performance of a non-linear optimization over a range of information quality conditions, obtained both by altering the precision and reliability of feedback information. Strategy was measured by observing step size and direction, and also by a post experimental questionnaire. Human performance was superior to algorithm performance, especially with degraded feedback information. Human observed and reported strategies were highly correlated. The subject's strategy could be modelled as a two-stage optimization where elimination of unlikely areas was followed by construction of a mental map of the region around the optimum.
Multivariate components of covariance model in unbalanced case

In this paper we are interested in the determination of the rank of the random effect covariance matrix in an unbalanced components of covariance model, and obtain some strongly consistent estimates of the rank based on eigenstructure methods.
Significant heterogeneity in the monomer fraction of Glycera dibranchiata hemoglobins. Detection, partial isolation and characterization of several protein components

Abstract 1. 1. Detection of extensive heterogeneity in the monomer fraction of Glycera dibranchiata hemoglobins by nuclear magnetic resonance, ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing with ampholine containing gels is presented. 2. 2. Several constituent, heme containing, protein fractions are isolated, and their apparent isoelectric points are determined on ampholine containing polyacrylamide gels. 3. 3. The implication of the high degree of heterogeneity for previous studies is discussed.
On the evidence for linguistic abilities in signing apes.

F. Patterson (Brain and Language, 5, 56–71) described signing behavior by a gorilla, Koko, which she interpreted as evidence for linguistic abilities in apes. We evaluate her claim with respect to her evidence, additional evidence from other ape language studies, and studies of the sign language of the deaf. We conclude that her report does not include the appropriate data or analyses and that her conclusions are unjustified. Ape signing shows little resemblance to either the speech of hearing children or the signing of deaf children. Some nonlinguistic interpretations of this behavior and methodological issues are considered.
Effects of random phase distortion and nonlinear optical processes on laser beam uniformity and spatial incoherence (ISI)

One of the key requirements for direct-drive laser fusion is a laser whose focal profile is sufficiently smooth and controllable to produce highly symmetric implosions. To achieve this, the NIKE laser will implement the echelon-free ISI technique, in which the desired focal profile is formed at the output of a spatially and temporally incoherent oscillator, then imaged through the laser amplifiers onto the target. Because the amplifiers are located in the quasi far- field of the oscillator, their large scalelength gain and phase nonuniformities will have little effect on the image as long as the light remains highly incoherent. However, small scalelength phase aberrations and nonlinear optical processes must be minimized to maintain good control over the image. After a brief description of the NIKE system, this paper reports on numerical simulations and measurements of profile distortion due to random amplitude and phase nonuniformities, nonlinear refraction, and self-seeded stimulated rotational Raman scattering, and describes the steps being taken to control these effects.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Measurement and modeling of the transpiration of a temperate red maple container nursery

This study was designed to estimate transpiration in a container nursery under both irrigated and water stressed conditions using a biologically based canopy model. The model, MAESTRA, was parameterized with a suite of physiological measurements and an explicit response function for soil moisture deficit was incorporated. The model was validated against transpiration measurements monitored by the stem heat balance method in both irrigated and non-irrigated plots. Distinct disconnects between estimated and measured values were found at high soil moisture deficits. The data justify the incorporation of a soil moisture component to simulate transpiration of plants with root zones in limited soil volumes. The agreement between measured and modelled canopy transpiration separated at a soil moisture deficit of 0.85 or greater, however, estimates of daily transpiration simulated by the model were in agreement with sap-flow measurements when water was not limiting. The data indicate that cuticular conductance at soil moisture deficits ≤0.85 may explain the separation in model estimates and actual plant water loss. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Inhibition of Tissue Factor–Mediated Coagulation Markedly Attenuates Stenosis After Balloon-Induced Arterial Injury in Minipigs

Background Exposure and upregulation of tissue factor in the wall of balloon-injured arteries may result in prolonged activation of coagulation contributing to restenosis. This study was designed to determine whether brief or more prolonged inhibition of tissue factor–mediated coagulation with tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) attenuates neointimal formation and luminal stenosis after balloon-induced arterial injury. Methods and Results The carotid artery of minipigs fed an atherogenic diet was injured by repetitive balloon hyperinflations, a procedure that rapidly yields complex, plaque-like neointimal lesions and high-grade luminal stenosis. Recombinant TFPI (rTFPI) was administered intravenously beginning 15 minutes before balloon injury as either a high dose (0.5 mg/kg bolus and 100 μg·kg−1·min−1) for 3 hours (n=7) or 24 hours (n=6) or as a low dose (0.5 mg/kg and 25 μg·kg−1·min−1) for 24 hours (n=6). Control animals received intravenous heparin (100 U·kg−1·h−1) for 3 hours (n=6) or 24 hours (n=7...
Effect of time of admission on compliance with deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis in a tertiary medical intensive care unit.

Summary. Objective: We sought to evaluate deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis compliance according to time of admission in a medical intensive care unit (MICU). Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study at a closed tertiary MICU. We classified patients into three groups (week days, weekends, and week nights), according to time of admission. An unweighted risk factor score (RFS) was calculated from 20 known risk factors. We defined DVT prophylaxis compliance as any type of prophylaxis (mechanical or pharmacologic) for RFS ≤ 3 or both types of prophylaxis for RFS > 3. Non-compliance was defined as no prophylaxis or single-type prophylaxis for RFS > 3. Results: We analyzed 105 admissions. Eighty (76.19%) patients received compliant DVT prophylaxis, and 25 (23.81%) patients received non-compliant regimens of whom 11 (10.48%) were not on any prophylaxis. DVT prophylaxis compliance was not different across the three admission groups. The non-compliant DVT prophylaxis group had a higher RFS (3.48 ± 2.1 vs. 2.25 ± 1.5; P = 0.011), a trend towards fewer female patients (40% vs. 60%; P = 0.079), and a higher percentage of admissions by interns at the first postgraduate year (PGY) level (28% vs. 5.4%; P = 0.01). Logistic regression revealed that only RFS and PGY level were independent predictors for compliance (P = 0.015 and 0.005 respectively). Time of admission was not a significant factor. Conclusions: Time of admission did not influence DVT prophylaxis compliance. Compliance improved with higher PGY level and lower RFS. A higher level of knowledge probably explains the association with PGY level; however, we cannot explain the inverse relationship between RFS and compliance.
Paradigm for Classical African Orature: Instrument for a Scientific Revolution?

African-American sermon and protest rhetoric conforms with continental African standards for oratory because much of the cultural integrity from Africa has been retained in spite of some 400 years of Euro-American cultural imposition. Rhetorical standards emanate from ancient African traditions, such that the form, content, and dynamics of African-American oratory can be validly analyzed only within the parameters of African cultural ideals. Thus, it is culturally correct to use the term African orature generically in referring to oratory typically found within indigenous rhetorical traditions on the African continent and in the diaspora. African orature can be characterized as classical based upon four factors drawn from the African world experience. The first factor is historical, in that the African oratorical format, style, and dynamics can be traced back to the time of Egyptian antiquity (Budge, 1973, pp. 44-78). Second, African orature conforms to particular African cultural expectations, so that it is standard and authoritative; in other words, it is traditional (Abarry, 1990). Third, the orature of African people is an art form that can be analyzed in accordance with an approved and recognized set of traditional standards (Budge, 1973). Fourth, with the submission of this study, African orature is now codified arranged in a relevant, articulated system that is congruent with the actual phenomena. African orature is culturally idiosyncratic and does not conform to the Western style of speech-making. The underlying under-
Atrial Fibrillation: What You Know, What You Think You Know, and What We Need to Know

Atrial fibrillation (AF) has fascinated physicians for over a century, even before the invention of the electrocardiogram. However, it was not until the last few decades that a very intense investigation of it has been undertaken, including research into AF’s epidemiology, pathophysiology, management and outcomes. Unfortunately, all too many clinicians now think that they “understand” AF, especially how best to treat patients who have it.So, let’s examine what is known. It is clear that AF increases with age and mostly occurs in those over 65 years old. It is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, especially in certain subgroups, eg, heart failure. Appropriate anticoagulation can reduce stroke risk. Men seem to be more prone to AF than women, although the reason for this is not known. Tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy can result with prolonged rapid ventricular rates during AF, but it is not clear just how fast the rate must be and for how long for this to occur. AF can recur quickly (IRAF) or soon (ERAF) after cardioversion, but other than some general concepts it is often difficult to predict in whom this will occur.Well, what do many think they know? As with most disorders having multiple treatment options, “expert opinion” tends to develop on at least two sides of the issues, and AF is no exception. Examples are: rate vs rhythm; level of anticoagulation in CHADS 1 patients; need for sinus rhythm in heart failure; drugs vs ablation; PVI vs multiple other lesions in AF; and even whether triggers or substrate or more important in various forms of AF. Regardless of the often evangelical stands of each side, the truth is there are no “one size fits all” answers to any of these issues.Now we need to focus on what we need to know to be able to prevent and appropriately treat patients with AF. The most important question about AF lacks an answer-why does it occur in a specific person at a particular point in time. Sure, hypertension is a frequent fellow traveler with AF, but most patients with hypertension do not get AF and patients with AF who have the same BP each day may only get an episode once or twice a year. We need to pour more research money and time into uncovering the mechanism of AF in humans. Likewise, it is important to gain more knowledge on the need for sinus rhythm, and the best approach to maintain it, in a variety of patient subgroups. Stroke is devastating, but so is a major intracranial bleed, and our rather simplistic approach to who needs anticoagulation requires far more refinement.Thus, in my opinion we have reached the top of the mountain, but only to view the rest of the mountain range ahead of us.
MBE p-type Hg1-xCdxTe grown on the (110) orientation

Reported here for the first time is the successful MBE growth of Hg1-xCdxTe (0.16 < x < 0.41) on the nonpolar (110) face of CdTe substrates. (110) HgCdTe epilayers always show p-type conductivity at 77 K with high hole concentration (1016-1019 cm-3) and good structural quality, as determined by double-crystal X-ray rocking curve (100–180 arc sec). We also report that during the MBE growth process, the rate of Hg vacancy formation on the (110) orientation is greater than on the more conventional (111)B and (100) orientations. The unique material properties of (110) HgCdTe may find application in the fabrication of photovoltaic detectors, light emitting diodes, and multiple quantum wells for nonlinear optics applications.
On the application of zener diodes to expanded scale instruments

With the advent of closer regulation of industrial electric circuits comes the need for high-accuracy limited-range measurement about a mean value, representative of normal circuit conditions. This applies with particular force to voltage and frequency measurement, and there are many instances in which it is equally true in the measurement of current and power.
Hydrolysis of Tin(II) Neo-pentoxide: Syntheses, Characterization, and X-ray Structures of [Sn(ONep)2]∞, Sn5(μ3-O)2(μ-ONep)6, and Sn6(μ3-O)4(μ-ONep)4 Where ONep = OCH2CMe3

The reaction of [Sn(NMe(2))(2)](2) (1) with 4 equiv of HOCH(2)CMe(3) (HONep) leads to the isolation of [Sn(ONep)(2)](infinity) (2). Each Sn atom is four coordinated with mu-ONep ligands bridging the metal centers; however, if the free electrons of the Sn(II) metal center are considered, each Sn center adopts a distorted trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) geometry. Through (119)Sn NMR experiments, the polymeric compound 2 was found to be disrupted into smaller oligomers in solution. Titration of 2 with H(2)O led to the identification of two unique hydrolysis products characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as Sn(5)(mu(3)-O)(2)(mu-ONep)(6) (3) and Sn(6)(mu(3)-O)(4)(mu-ONep)(4) (4). Compound 3 consists of an asymmetrical molecule that has five Sn atoms arranged in a square-based pyramidal geometry linked by four basal mu-ONep ligands, two facial mu(3)-O, and two facial mu-ONep ligands. Compound 4 was solved in a novel octahedral arrangement of six Sn cations with an asymmetric arrangement of mu(3)-O and mu-ONep ligands that yields two square base pyramidal and four pyramidal coordinated Sn cations. These compounds were further identified by multinuclear ((1)H, (13)C, (17)O, and (119)Sn) solid-state MAS and high resolution, solution NMR experiments. Because of the complexity of the compounds and the accessibility of the various nuclei, 2D NMR experiments were also undertaken to elucidate the solution behavior of these compounds. On the basis of these studies, it was determined that while the central core of the solid-state structures of 3 and 4 is retained, dynamic ligand exchange leads to more symmetrical molecules in solution. Novel products 3 and 4 lend structural insight into the stepwise hydrolysis of Sn(II) alkoxides.
The Process of Policy Innovation: Prison Sitings in Rural North Carolina

We gauge the relative impact of economics, demographics, and politics on the decisions of 79 rural North Carolina counties whether to site a prison in the period 1970–2000. The results of this model demonstrate that, contrary to the expectation that counties site prisons in response to economic distress, the demographic characteristics of each county affect the relative likelihood of a prison siting more than its economics does. The influential demographic predictors are those inextricably bound up with development options—the education levels of its citizens—and those that limit its ability to pursue controversial projects—its not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) constituencies—rather than those that measure its racial diversity. Therefore, prison siting is neither a simple story of economic determinism nor one of environmental racism. We use a proportional hazards regression to model this innovation adoption in response to the challenge to select methods that take the potential time dependence of adoptions into account. A duration model is also particularly suitable for cases such as this one for which the innovation adoption is better understood as a process than as an event.
Synthesis and Reactions of Novel Boron-Phosphorus Compounds

Treatment of RBX2 with two equivalents of LiPHR', has resulted in the isolation and characterization of boron-phosphorus analogues of borazine as illustrated.
On measuring the third dimension of cultured endothelial cells in shear flow

The stress in the endothelial cells induced by blood flow depends on the waviness of the blood-endothelium interface and the slopes at the junctions of neighboring cells in the direction of flow. The height and slope in the third dimension of the living endothelial cells cannot be measured by ordinary optical and electron microscopy. Here we show that interference microscopy meets the challenge. We measured the geometry of cultured confluent human vascular endothelial cells in a flow, and we found that in a normal section parallel to the flow, the absolute values of the surface slopes at the cell junctions were 0.70 +/- 0.02 (SE) and 0.80 +/- 0.02 (SE) at the leading and trailing edges of the cells, respectively, in a culture medium of osmolarity 310 mosM with a shear stress of approximately 1 N/m2. A reversal of the flow direction led to a reversal of the slope pattern. An increase in medium osmolarity above 310 mosM induced an initial decrease in the slopes followed by a return to normal, whereas a decrease in the osmolarity had a reversed effect. These results, in light of our previous theoretical analyses, show that tensile stress exists in the endothelial cell membrane, and that the mechanism of tension accumulation is a reality. The accumulation is not 100% because the membranes are not smooth at the cell junctions.
Reduced Symptoms of Anaphylaxis in Chickens by ACTH or Heat

Abstract Exogenous ACTH, when administered intramuscularly in four equal doses of 2 I.U./100 gm. of body weight at 24, 23, 22, and 21 hours prior to challenge with BSA, reduced the severity of anaphylaxis in BSA sensitized juvenile chickens. Additionally, a single heat exposure (45° C.) of 30 minutes at 24 hours prior to challenge consistently reduced the severity of anaphylaxis. Single heating exposures at 24 hours prior to sensitization or at 48 hours prior to challenge did not influence the anaphylactic response. In one of two experiments single heat exposures at one hour prior to challenge reduced the severity of anaphylaxis. The levels of anti-BSA antibody which existed immediately prior to challenge were not affected by the heat treatments. These data demonstrate clearly that exogenous ACTH and a single, non-lethal heating episode, when applied 24 hours prior to the induction of anaphylaxis, reduced the severity of the symptoms associated with this particular hypersensitive reaction in the domestic chicken.
Identification of native actin filaments in chick lens fiber cells

Abstract Native actin filaments were identified in chick lens fiber cells by decoration with the HMM S-1 fraction of chicken skeletal muscle. These filaments are morphologically distinct from the beaded filaments and intermediate filaments.
Inhibition of Membrane-Bound Methane Monooxygenase and Ammonia Monooxygenase by Diphenyliodonium: Implications for Electron Transfer

Diphenyliodonium (DPI) is known to irreversibly inactivate flavoproteins. We have found that DPI inhibits both membrane-bound methane monooxygenase (pMMO) from Methylococcus capsulatus and ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) of Nitrosomonas europaea. The effect of DPI on NADH-dependent pMMO activity in vitro is ascribed to inactivation of NDH-2, a flavoprotein which we proposed catalyzes reduction of the quinone pool by NADH. DPI is a potent inhibitor of type 2 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (NDH-2), with 50% inhibition occurring at ≈5 μM. Inhibition of NDH-2 is irreversible and requires NADH. Inhibition of NADH-dependent pMMO activity by DPI in vitro is concomitant with inhibition of NDH-2, consistent with our proposal that NDH-2 mediates reduction of pMMO. Unexpectedly, DPI also inhibits pMMO activity driven by exogenous hydroquinols, but with ≈100 μM DPI required to achieve 50% inhibition. Similar concentrations of DPI are required to inhibit formate-, formaldehyde-, and hydroquinol-driven pMMO activities in whole cells. The pMMO activity in DPI-treated cells greatly exceeds the activity of NDH-2 or pMMO in membranes isolated from those cells, suggesting that electron transfer from formate to pMMO in vivo can occur independent of NADH and NDH-2. AMO activity, which is known to be independent of NADH, is affected by DPI in a manner analogous to pMMO in vivo: ≈100 μM is required for 50% inhibition regardless of the nature of the reducing agent. DPI does not affect hydroxylamine oxidoreductase activity and does not require AMO turnover to exert its inhibitory effect. Implications of these data for the electron transfer pathway from the quinone pool to pMMO and AMO are discussed.
Library instruction and information literacy 2012

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a selected bibliography of recent resources on library instruction and information literacy. Design/methodology/approach – Introduces and annotates periodical articles, monographs, and audiovisual material examining library instruction and information literacy. Findings – Provides information about each source, discusses the characteristics of current scholarship, and describes sources that contain unique scholarly contributions and quality reproductions. Originality/value – The information may be used by librarians and interested parties as a quick reference to literature on library instruction and information literacy.
Morphine-like effects of clonidine on the EEG, slow wave sleep and behavior in the dog.

Abstract EEG, behavioral and autonomic effects of morphine and clonidine were compared in the unrestrained beagle dog placed in a dimly-lit, sound-attenuated chamber equipped with video monitors. Intravenous (i.v.) morphine (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg) and clonidine (11, 33 and 100 μg/kg) caused parallel dose-related increases in NREM sleep with clonidine being 43 times more potent than morphine. Other similar effects were: an initial transient EEG-behavioral dissociation, increases in spectral power (8–16 Hz); decreases in temperature and heart and respiratory rates; emesis, miosis and salivation. Intraventricular (i.v.t.) morphine (33, 100 and 300 μg) and clonidine (10 and 30 μg) caused qualitatively similar EEG, sleep and behavioral effects. Naloxone (30 μg/kg i.v.) prevented EEG synchrony and behavioral effects of i.v. morphine (1 mg/kg) but not those of i.v. clonidine (100 μg/kg). Yohimbine pretreatment (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) was more effective in antagonizing clonidine than morphine. These results suggest that morphine and clonidine induce similar EEG, behavioral and autonomic effects through actions upon different receptors on the same or parallel neural pathways. The results further emphasize the importance of an α 2 -adrenergic-opiod interaction to regulate sleep in the dog.
The association between reported childhood sexual abuse and breastfeeding initiation

This study examined the association between self-identified childhood sexual abuse and breastfeeding initiation. A nationally representative sample of 2017 parents with children younger than 3 years was surveyed by telephone about child-rearing needs. Respondents were asked to report childhood sexual abuse and breastfeeding practices. Responses of 1220 biological mothers were analyzed. A possible association between self-reported childhood sexual abuse and breastfeeding initiation was investigated through multivariate logistic regression. Seven percent of the respondents reported experiencing childhood sexual abuse. Women who reported childhood sexual abuse were more than twice (adjusted odds ratio = 2.58; 95% confidence interval = 1.14, 5.85; P = .02) as likely to initiate breastfeeding compared with women who did not report childhood sexual abuse. Parenting attitudes and behaviors were compared to consider whether greater concern with parenting is an explanation for this association. In this nationally representative sample, self-identified childhood sexual abuse is associated with an increased likelihood of breastfeeding initiation.
Cellulose Based Adsorbent Materials for the Dehydration of Ethanol Using Thermal Swing Adsorption

In this study, a thermal swing adsorption (TSA) column was used to evaluate the effectiveness of three ligno-cellulose based adsorbents on the removal of water from ethanol/water mixtures of 90, 95, and 97 wt% ethanol. The three adsorbents studied were bleached wood pulp, oak sawdust, and kenaf core. A glass adsorption column with an inside diameter of 2.54 cm was used to generate breakthrough curves to determine the effectiveness of the adsorbents and to allow comparability with starch based adsorbents that are currently used within the ethanol industry. Experimental results indicate that water is preferentially adsorbed allowing for complete dehydration of ethanol. Also, an evaluation has been made of the mass transport properties for the diffusion of water molecules into the porous matrices of the adsorbents as well as the length and velocity of the mass transfer zone.
Periodic sedimentation in a Stokesian fluid.

We study the sedimentation of two identical but nonspherical particles sedimenting in a Stokesian fluid. Experiments and numerical simulations reveal periodic orbits wherein the bodies mutually ind ...
Extraction of source images in Au + Au and d + Au collisions at RHIC

The PHENIX Collaboration has performed a systematic study of two-pion correlations in Au+Au and d+Au collisions at RHIC ( s = 200 AGeV ) . The correlations have been analyzed using the Imaging technique of Brown and Danielewicz to extract the two-pion source functions as a function of m T and centrality. The source images are characterised by a short-range Gaussian-like core and a long-range exponential-like tail with a characteristic radius about 3 times that of the Gaussian core. The m T and centrality dependence of the source parameters indicate that the two structures are intricately related.
Operationalizing Linguistic Gratuity: From Principle to Practice

Although there is a well-established tradition of social engagement in sociolinguistics, there is little explicit discussion of the rationale, methods, and procedures for implementing the principle of linguistic gratuity. What approaches to the dissemination of sociolinguistic information must be adopted with communities and with the general public when language diversity is interpreted in terms of a prescriptive, correctionist model? What venues, activities, and products are the most effective in dialect awareness programs? And how does linguist– community collaboration work on a practical level? We consider theoretical, methodological, and practical issues in sociolinguistic engagement and dialect awareness outreach programs based on a range of experience in a variety of local and general public venues. The approach is based on the principle that the public is inherently curious about language differences and that this intrigue can be transformed into informal and formal public education. It is further premised on evidence that language differences can be linked to legitimate historical and cultural legacies, and that positively framed presentations of language differences in sociocultural and sociohistorical contexts can effectively counter dominant, seemingly unassailable ideologies in non-confrontational ways. A variety of venues are considered in collaborative engagement, including video documentaries, oral history CDs, museum exhibits, formal curricular programs, and popular trade books on language differences. Challenges in operationalizing linguistic gratuity include working with the community; balancing community linguistic expertise and community perspectives; design and audience, and practical logistical issues.
Oxidation of Ni3(dpa)4Cl2 and Cu3(dpa)4Cl2: Nickel−Nickel Bonding Interaction, but No Copper−Copper Bonds

Of the known trinuclear dipyridylamido complexes of the first-row transition metals, M3(dpa)4Cl2 (dpa is the anion of di(2-pyridyl)amine, M = Cr, Co, Ni, Cu), the one-electron-oxidation products of only Cr3(dpa)4Cl2 and Co3(dpa)4Cl2 have been isolated previously. Here we report one-electron-oxidation products of Ni3(dpa)4Cl2 (1) and Cu3(dpa)4Cl2 (3): Ni3(dpa)4(PF6)3 (2) and [Cu3(dpa)4Cl2]SbCl6 (4). While there are no Ni−Ni bonds in 1, the Ni−Ni distances in 2 are 0.15 A shorter than those in 1, very suggestive of metal−metal bonding interactions. In contrast, the oxidation of 3 to 4 is accompanied by a lengthening of the Cu−Cu distances, as expected for an increase in electrostatic charge between positively charged nonbonded metal ions, which is further evidence against Cu−Cu bonding in either 3 or 4. A qualitative model of the electronic structures of all [M3(dpa)4Cl2]n+ (n = 0, 1) compounds is presented and discussed.
Generation and testing of random fields and the conditional simulation of reservoirs

Three methods have been reported by which random fields can be generated to represent permeability fields for use in reservoir simulation. Because these fields would be the basis of the simulations, it is essential that the procedure of their generation, and the qualifications of the methods themselves, should be investigated closely. There seem to have been no attempts reported to identify the general characteristics needed by which to qualify a particular method for this use. The methods that are considered to generate random fields in this study are: the Fast Fourier Transform Method (FFTM) developed by Gutjahr; the Source Point Method (SPM) introduced by Heller; and the Turning Bands Method (TBM) which was originated by Matheron and further developed by Montoglou and Wilson. A structural analysis, that takes spatial correlations into consideration, has been performed on these three methods. For most reservoirs, permeability has been reported to be distributed log-normally. In this work, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed on each of the three methods. It was noted that a normality test alone is not a sufficient criterion by which to select a particular method for the generation of a random field. To this must be coupled a structural analysis,more » so that spatial correlations can be considered. Geostatistical techniques, kriging, and conditioned simulation are used on the generated fields. These techniques take into account the actual measured data taken from laboratory or field tests. 10 refs., 14 figs., 1 tab.« less
Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy of the Electrode/Electrolyte Solution Interface: Optical Considerations:

Calculations based on the classical Fresnel equations have been carried out to investigate the effect of various experimental parameters on infrared spectra obtained for molecules adsorbed at the electrode/solution interface. The effects considered include the nature of window material, the variation in the angle of incidence, the incident beam diameter, the instrument focus, and the presence of an absorbing bulk electrolyte solution. It is shown that, under certain circumstances, the resultant spectra are enhanced with respect to those obtained in the absence of an IR window and bulk adsorbing phase. The significance of the present results with respect to practical experiments is discussed.
The Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Parabolic Pipes

The properties of parabolic pipes for the transmission of electromagnetic waves are here analyzed. Formulae are given for the field configurations, critical frequencies, and attenuation constants. The results resemble those obtained by Chu for the elliptical pipe.
Axisymmetric Plane Stress States of an Annulus Subject to Displacive Shear Transformation

We study the equilibrium stress field in an annulus composed of a material that admits stress-induced displacive phase transformation that preserves volume. A standard example is the austenite to martensite transformation in shape memory alloys. Attention is restricted to isothermal and axisymmetric load increase. The constitutive model follows a standard J 2 formulation appropriate for small strains and incorporates a single internal variable (the martensite phase fraction). A plane-stress boundary value problem is analyzed so as to determine the partitioning of the annulus into regions of (pure) austenite, (pure) martensite, and austenite/martensite mixture. Structure maps are presented, giving concise descriptions of the phase partitioning as the loads increase.