cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical studies on the subunit structure of rabbit muscle phosphoglucose isomerase.

Abstract Rabbit muscle phosphoglucose isomerase was subjected to various dissociation methods to determine the number and the size of its subunits. Gel filtration over a 50,000-fold concentration range (0.0001 to 5 mg ml-1) showed that dissociation does not occur simply as a result of dilution. The following subunit molecular weights were measured in denaturing solvents: 64,400 and 64,000 by ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate; approximately 60,000 by equilibrium sedimentation in the presence of maleic anhydride; and 65,100 by equilibrium sedimentation in the presence of 6 m guanidine hydrochloride. These values correspond to almost exactly one-half of the molecular weight of 132,000 for the native enzyme (Pon, N. G., Schnackerz, K. D., Blackburn, M. N., Chatterjee, G. C., and Noltmann, E. A. (1970) Biochemistry 9, 1506), indicating that rabbit muscle phosphoglucose isomerase is composed of 2 subunits of identical molecular weight.
Mitogenic factor from inbred guinea pigs. I. Isolation of the factor.

Abstract Methods are described for the reproducible elicitation of mitogenic factor (MF) from antigen-sensitive lymphocytes of inbred strains of guinea pigs. The use of inbred animals minimizes complications due to histocompatibility factors. Each of several antigens tested was effective. Mitogenic factor is released in vitro as early as 6 hr after stimulation of lymphocytes by antigen. It was obtainable from serum-free cultures in which medium RPMI-1640 was used; this should facilitate isolation of MF. The addition of 5 mM l -cysteine to cultures substantially improved the yield of MF. MF was obtained from cultures of lymph node cells of highly purified small lymphocytes, which indicates that the small lymphocyte is the source of MF in the guinea pig. It was shown that MF can induce mitosis as well as blast transformation in non-immune lymph node cells. MF from a given strain of guinea pig is capable of stimulating lymphocytes of another strain.
Characterization of Bromodeoxyuridine-Induced Endogenous Guinea Pig Virus

Abstract An endogenous virus (GPV) was induced after 5-bromodeoxyuridine treatment of cultured guinea pig cells. Compared to Gross murine leukemia virus (G-MuLV) GPV has a reproducibly heterogenous density of about 1.16 to 1.18 g/ml. The virion-associated RNA is slightly larger than that in G-MuLV. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of dissociated GPV resolved five major structural proteins: I (molecular weight 70,000), II (molecular weight 36,000), III (molecular weight 24,000), IV (molecular weight 18,000), and V (molecular weight 16,000) which are similar to but distinct from G-MuLV proteins. Proteins I and II were demonstrated to be glycoproteins by incorporation of [3H]glucosamine. GPV and G-MuLV did not have any appreciable genetic homology or any common group-specific antigens when analyzed by immunodiffusion, radioimmunoassay, and indirect immunofluorescence. Morphogenesis of GPV also differed from that of a typical type C oncornavirus and proceeded via two pathways: (i) a majority of virus particles were formed in cytoplasmic vacuoles and were released after cellular disruption; and (ii) a minor population of particles were assembled in the cytoplasmic matrix and then migrated to the plasma membrane where they budded into the extracellular space. To date, GPV has been unable to initiate or maintain a productive replication in any cell line tested.
Language, Access, and Power in the Elementary Science Classroom

The Next Generation Science Standards call for the adoption of many aspects of scientific inquiry in the classroom. The ways in which classroom talk and classroom environment change as students and teachers learn to utilize inquiry approaches are underexplored. This study examines the frequency with which linguistic markers related to access and power appear in student and teacher speech in the elementary science classroom. As teachers begin to implement argument-based inquiry methods, teacher and student use of these markers changes significantly. These changes indicate that students whose teachers utilize argument-based inquiry have greater access and power in the science classroom. In this paper, the mechanisms by which teachers afford their students access and power are explored from a quantitative perspective.
Action of water-insoluble trypsin derivatives on pepsinogen.

SUMMARY The action, on pepsinogen, of water-insoluble trypsin prepared by polymerization of the enzyme with maleic acid and ethylene was compared with that of trypsin. It was established that, whereas trypsin hydrolyzes 15 peptide bonds in pepsinogen, the maximum number of bonds cleaved by water-insoluble trypsin never exceeds 10. This result is independent of the ratio of carrier to enzyme. Furthermore, the same difference is observed if reduced carboxymethylated pepsinogen is used as substrate. If the chromatographically separated fractions of the two types of digests are compared by high voltage electrophoresis and chromatography, different peptide maps are obtained. Thus it can be concluded that water-insoluble trypsin possesses a more selective specificity toward high molecular
ESTIMATION OF JUVENILE SALMON HABITAT IN PACIFIC RIM RIVERS USING MULTISCALAR REMOTE SENSING AND GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS

We conducted a regional classification and analysis of riverine floodplain physical features that represent key attributes of salmon rearing habitats. Riverine habitat classifications, including floodplain area and river channel complexity, were derived at moderate (30m) spatial resolution using multispectral Landsat imagery and global terrain data (90m) encompassing over 3400000km 2 and most North Pacific Rim (NPR) salmon rivers. Similar classifications were derived using finer scale (i.e. ≤ 2.4-m resolution) remote sensing data over a smaller set of 31 regionally representative flood plains. A suite of physical habitat metrics (e.g. channel sinuosity, nodes, floodplain width) were derived from each dataset and used to assess the congruence between similar habitat features at the different spatial scales and to evaluate the utility of moderate scale geospatial data for determining abundance of selected juvenile salmon habitats relative to fine scale remote sensing measurements. The resulting habitat metrics corresponded favorably (p 0.5, p<0.0001) of floodplain habitats defined from the finer scale analysis. These relationships were used to estimate the abundance and distribution of three critical shallow water floodplain habitats for juvenile salmon (parafluvial and orthofluvial springs, and shallow shore) across the entire NPR domain. The resulting database provides a potential tool to evaluate and prioritize salmon conservation efforts both within individual river systems and across major catchments on the basis of physical habitat distribution and abundance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An exact algorithm for a heterogeneous, multiple depot, multiple traveling salesman problem

Unmanned aerial vehicles are being used in several monitoring applications to collect data from a set of targets. These vehicles are heterogeneous in the sense that they can differ either in their motion constraints or sensing capabilities. Furthermore, not all vehicles may be able to visit a given target because vehicles may occasionally be equipped with disparate sensors due to the respective payload restrictions. This article addresses a problem where a group of heterogeneous vehicles located at distinct depots visit a set of targets. The targets are partitioned into disjoint subsets: targets to be visited by specific vehicles and targets that any of the vehicles can visit. The objective is to find an optimal tour for each vehicle starting at its respective depot such that each target is visited at least once by some vehicle, the vehicle-target constraints are satisfied and the sum of the costs of the tours for all the vehicles is minimized. We formulate the problem as a mixed-integer linear program and develop a branch-and-cut algorithm to compute an optimal solution to the problem. Computational results show that optimal solutions for problems involving 100 targets and 5 vehicles can be obtained within 300 seconds on average, further corroborating the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Simple model of Coulomb disorder and screening in graphene

We suggest a simple model of disorder in graphene assuming that there are randomly distributed positive and negative centers with equal concentration $N∕2$ in the bulk of silicon oxide substrate. We show that at zero gate voltage such disorder creates the two-dimensional concentrations ${n}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}{N}^{2∕3}$ of electrons and holes in the graphene sample. Electrons and holes reside in alternating in space puddles of the size ${R}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}{N}^{\ensuremath{-}1∕3}$. A typical puddle has only one or two carriers in qualitative agreement with the recent scanning single electron transistor experiment.
The role of psychology in the health care of ophthalmological disorders

Abstract The present paper examines the role of behavioral psychology in the health care of visual diorders. Several ophthalmological disorders are discussed in terms of current theories of etiology and current treatment strategies. Etiology and treatment are examined both from a biogenetic and an environmental viewpoint. In addition, the use of behavioral procedures in the areas of assessment, prevention, and rehabilitation is explored. It is asserted that behavioral technology can be extremely useful in the assessment, treatment, and prevention of various disorders which result in visual impairment and in the rehabilitative process of the visually impaired. The adaptation of a behavioral conceptualization concerning visual disorders may be extremely beneficial.
Evaluating highly resolved paleoclimate records in the frequency domain for multidecadal-scale climate variability

[1] Do the chronological methods used in the construction of paleoclimate records influence the results of the frequency analysis applied to them? We explore this phenomenon using the Dongge Cave speleothem record (U-series chronology with variable time steps, Δt) and the El Malpais tree-ring index (cross-dating of ring-width series). Interpolation of the Dongge Cave record to a constant Δt resulted in the suppression of periodicities (<20 years) altering the red noise model used for significance testing. Frequency analysis of temporal subsets of the El Malpais tree-ring index revealed that concentrations of variance varied with the number of ring-width series. Frequency analyses of these records identified significant periodicities, some common to both (∼25 and ∼69 years). Cross-wavelet analysis, which examines periodicities in the time domain, revealed that coherency between these records occurs intermittently. We found the chronology methods can influence the ability of frequency analysis to detect periodicities and tests for coherency.
Implications of the Golden Rule Settlement for Test Construction

The authors present the results of an application of Golden Rule procedures to items of the Scholastic Aptitude Test. Using item response theory, their analyses indicate that the Golden Rule procedures are ineffective in detecting biased items and may undermine the reliability and validity of tests.
Sequential update of ADtrees

Ingcreasingly, data-mining algorithms must deal with databases that continuously grow over time. These algorithms must avoid repeatedly scanning their databases. When database attributes are symbolic, ADtrees have already shown to be efficient structures to store sufficient statistics in main memory and to accelerate the mining process in batch environments. Here we present an efficient method to sequentially update ADtrees that is suitable for incremental environments.
MK-801 is neuroprotective but does not improve survival in severe forebrain ischemia.

Abstract The effects of MK-801 on postischemic recovery, survival and neuronal preservation in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum were studied in Mongolian gerbils. The drug was administered 30 min prior to 20 of min forebrain ischemia induced by bilateral ligation of the carotids. Neurological recovery and survival were monitored for 7 days. At the end of the monitoring period neuronal damage was analyzed in the brains of the survivors in both groups. Treatment with MK-801 did not improve either neurological recovery or end-point survival. However, significant (P
Petrogenesis of Bentonites

The formation of typical bentonites occurs in two stages. The first stage comprises the development, transportation, and deposition of the volcanic ash, which determines the geometry and structure of the bentonite rock and influences the alteration of the ash during the second stage. The second stage encompasses the alteration of volcanic glass to montmorillonite and other minerals.
Regulation of histamine H1 receptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis by histamine and phorbol esters in DDT1 MF-2 cells

Abstract The regulation of histamine-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover by histamine and phorbol esters was examined in intact DDT 1 MF-2 cells grown in suspension culture. Histamine increased the incorporation of 32 P into phosphatidylinositol (PI) in these cells, and this stimulation was inhibited by the H 1 antagonist diphenhydramine but not by the H 2 antagonist cimetidine. Pretreatment of cells with histamine or with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or other activators of protein kinase C induced a marked decrease in the subsequent stimulation by histamine. PMA, but not histamine, also decreased the ability of epinephrine to stimulate PI labelling through α 1 -adrenoceptors. Thus, histamine appears to induce homologous desensitization of histamine H 1 receptor-mediated PI turnover, whereas direct activation of protein kinase C in the absence of receptor occupancy by agonist induces nonspecific heterologous desensitization of both histamine H 1 - and α 1 -adrenoceptor-mediated responses.
ESTIMATING RUSSIFICATION OF ETHNIC IDENTITY AMONG NON-RUSSIANS IN THE USSR

Many scholars have asserted that extensive ethnic russification has occurred in Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union, but little effort has been devoted to making quantitative estimates of the extent of assimilation or of the differences among ethnic groups in tendencies to assimilate. A method of estimating ethnic reidentification in the USSR is described and evaluated. The expected number of survivors to the second census date for each age cohort of a given ethnic group is compared to the reported number of cohort members at the second census date to determine the net number who have changed their ethnic self-identification between censuses. The method establishes relative differences in the propensity to reidentify ethnically among 26 Soviet ethnic groups. Many small ethnic groups in European Russia are found to have very high estimated rates of ethnic russification; non-Russian Slavs—Ukrainians and Belorussians—are found to have fairly low estimated rates of ethnic russification. The implications of the Russian gain in population through ethnic reidentification also are assessed.
Race and Histories of Mood Disorders Modulate Experimental Pain Tolerance in Women

Abstract Thirty-two African American and 23 non-Hispanic white women were compared for experimental pain threshold and tolerance to thermal, ischemic, and cold pressor pain. Approximately half of each group had prior mood disorders (17 African Americans, 13 non-Hispanic whites), though all were free of current mood disturbance. Women with prior mood disorders were less sensitive to ischemic pain than women with no prior mood disorders ( P P P Perspective We examined the association of race and histories of mood disorders with experimental pain sensitivity in an exclusively female sample. Our findings for racial differences in pain sensitivity may have implications for greater clinical pain in African American women. Persistent disturbance in pain modulatory mechanisms in women with a history of mood disorders may also have implications for the development of subsequent mood disturbances.
The Caterer Problem

This paper develops a one-pass transportation solution that solves the Caterer Problem with a fixed number of new napkins. It provides conditions for determining when this solution can be improved by changing the number of purchased napkins. This approach leads to a simple method of solving the Caterer Problem by treating the fixed case as a parametric programming problem. The procedure is 0n2.
Geographic location of individual pixels

Abstract A major problem in processing thermal infrared digital data from very high resolution radiometers aboard NOAA Polar Orbiting Satellites is the geographic placement of digital data fields. Geographic placement is especially difficult over oceanic areas because of the lack of landmarks. Using a series of geometric constructions, an analytical approach can be developed for geographic location of individual data pixels. The errors associated with this method are generally less than 0.1° latitude and longitude.
Photodissociation of the Hydroxymethyl Radical from the 22A‘ ‘(3pz) State: H2CO and HCOH Products†

The photodissociation of the hydroxymethyl radical in excited vibrational levels of the Rydberg 3pz state is investigated by the core-sampling time-of-flight method and infrared-ultraviolet (IR+UV) double resonance ionization spectroscopy. Translational energy distributions of dissociation products of CH2OD (3pz; υ) are measured for selected vibrational levels. CH2OD → D + CH2O (I) and CH2OD → H + CHOD (II) are identified as major dissociation channels. Secondary dissociation from internally excited H2CO and HCOD photofragments is observed when their internal energy exceeds the threshold for H/D formation. Mechanisms for secondary H/D production include direct dissociation and dissociation following HCOD ↔ HDCO isomerization. Several new overtone and combination bands of the 22A‘ ‘(3pz) ← 12A‘ ‘ transition of CH2OH are accessed by IR+UV double resonance spectroscopy. Initial vibrational excitation of ground-state CH2OH enhances the Franck−Condon factors for subsequent electronic transitions to the 3pz sta...
The effect of misonidazole on the cytotoxicity and repair of potentially lethal damage from alkylating agents in vitro

Abstract Chinese hamster HA-1 cells in the stationary phase of growth were used to study the chemosensitizing effect of misonidazole (MISO) on alkylating agents. Experiments were carried out in monolayer, at 37°C, under aerobic conditions. Results were analyzed using a survival assay and by measurement of the interactions with DNA as determined by the alkaline elution technique. Post-incubation of HA-1 cells in nutritionally-“spent” media for 24 hours following a 1 hour exposure to the alkylating agents melphalan (L-PAM), cyclophosphamide (CYC) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) showed that these cells are capable of repairing potentially lethal damage (PLD). If MISO (5 mM) was present during the exposure to these drugs, it enhanced the toxicity seen at both 0 and 24 hours after treatment with L-PAM and CYC, but did not inhibit the repair occurring during the 24 hour drug-free (and MISO free) post-treatment interval. On the other hand, MISO had no effect on the toxicity from MMS. If MISO was present during the post-incubation period it had very little additional effect on the toxicity due to L-PAM, but significantly enhanced the cell killing by MMS. Preliminary data from alkaline elution studies showed that L-PAM caused DNA-crosslinks while MMS gave rise to single strand breaks. No repair of L-PAM induced DNA damage was observed, while virtually all DNA damage produced by MMS was repaired within 24 hours. The presence of MISO during the 1 hour exposure to either alkylating agent did not change the elution profiles.
The path to ubiquitous and low-cost organic electronic appliances on plastic

Organic electronics are beginning to make significant inroads into the commercial world, and if the field continues to progress at its current, rapid pace, electronics based on organic thin-film materials will soon become a mainstay of our technological existence. Already products based on active thin-film organic devices are in the market place, most notably the displays of several mobile electronic appliances. Yet the future holds even greater promise for this technology, with an entirely new generation of ultralow-cost, lightweight and even flexible electronic devices in the offing, which will perform functions traditionally accomplished using much more expensive components based on conventional semiconductor materials such as silicon.
Importance of Endogenous Thyrocalcitonin for Protection Against Hypercalcemia in the Rat

Removal of the thyroid gland postprandially from rats did not result in a rise in serum calcium even when endogenous parathyroid activity had been stimulated by extended periods of dietary calcium deficiency. However, removal of the thyroid gland, either immediately or 3 hr after injection of a dose of parathyroid hormone (PTH) not hypercalcemic in intact rats, resulted in a marked rise in serum calcium. A postulated transitory rise in serum calcium in intact rats following PTH injection that might serve as a signal to the thyroid gland to increase thyrocalcitonin release was not detected. The results suggested that if this signal occurred it must have been between 30 and 60 min after injection of PTH. The results also suggest that a very small rise in serum calcium may be sufficient to stimulate increased release of thyrocalcitonin even at blood calcium concentrations slightly below normal. Additional studies showed that, just as the hypercalcemic potency of injected PTH is increased by thyroidectomy, th...
Prognostic Value of Combined Response Markers Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Persons: Possible Aid in the Decision to Change Zidovudine Monotherapy

To clarify useful clinical parameters for determining the need for changes in antiretroviral regimens, 586 persons who were seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and who had intermediate-stage HIV disease underwent follow-up semiannually for a median of 3.1 years after zidovudine monotherapy was instituted. The strongest predictors of time to the development of AIDS and of survival were an increased CD4 lymphocyte count (> 50/microL), a decreased neopterin level (> 2.4 nmol/L), and no increase in the number of symptoms after 7-12 months of zidovudine therapy. Men who had the best quartile CD4 lymphocyte and neopterin responses and who also had no increase in the number of symptoms were 23 times less likely to die (reflecting a 96% increase in survival) than were men who had the worst responses in these variable categories. After 7-12 months of zidovudine therapy, 5-year survival rates were 63% for men with good responses in all three variable categories, 47%-49% for those with good CD4 lymphocyte responses and good responses in one other variable category, 31% for those with only a good CD4 lymphocyte response, and 0 for those with poor responses in all three variable categories.
Infrared sensing of sea surface temperature from space

Abstract Error sources in infrared remote sensing of sea surface temperature are discussed, e.g., imperfect transmittance models, uncertain or unknown atmospheric pressure-temperature-humidity vertical profiles, temperature discontinuities at the air-sea interface, temperature differences between surface and bulk water, and neglect of surface emissivity and reflectance. Some of these are analyzed using a simplified version of the transmittance function of Prabhakara et al. (1974). The rms error in conventional sea surface temperature retrievals, in which computers are used to integrate the equation of radiative transfer over many atmospheric layers, has thus far been reduced to about ±1 K (Maul, 1980). This error is for optimum conditions, and seems irreducible. Unless the accuracy can be improved it seems impractical to spend so much effort on lengthy computer retrievals. Prabhakara et al. (1974) have devised a much simpler retrieval method using three infrared bands, which yields an rms error of ±1.1 K. A very simple method yielding ±1.0 K with two infrared bands is described here.
E-Prescribing And The Medicare Modernization Act Of 2003

Provisions of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (MMA) of 2003 are intended to foster electronic prescribing by requiring standards for interoperability and by permitting third parties to offset implementation costs. Although physicians have been slow to embrace e-prescribing, adoption may increase in 2006, when a new tide of pharmacy messages will arrive from patients entering multi-tier drug coverage under Medicare. However, the e-prescribing systems selected may lack the advanced features needed to improve patient safety and chronic disease control. To optimize the return on Medicare drug spending, the government should consider additional incentives to spur the uptake of more advanced systems.
Cognitive style, cortical stimulation, and the conversion hypothesis

What does it mean to have a “verbal cognitive style?” We adopt the view that a cognitive style represents a cognitive strategy, and we posit the conversion hypothesis – the notion that individuals with a proclivity for the verbal cognitive style tend to code nonverbal information into the verbal domain. Here we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to disrupt this hypothesized verbal conversion strategy. Following our previous research implicating left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) in the verbal cognitive style, we used an fMRI paradigm to localize left SMG activity for each subject, then these functional peaks became rTMS targets. Left SMG stimulation impaired performance during a task requiring conversion from pictures to verbal labels. The magnitude of this effect was predicted by individuals’ level of verbal cognitive style, supporting the hypothesized role of left SMG in the verbal labeling strategy, and more generally supporting the conversion hypothesis for cognitive styles.
Characterization of 1,2,3,4-tetrabromocyclohexane isomers by GC-matrix isolation FTIR-MS

Isomers of 1,2,3,4-tetrabromocyclohexane have been synthesized and characterized in an effort to identify methodologies capable of detecting and identifying nanogram levels of unknown individual degradation products and residues of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in environmental and biological matrices. Analysis of the reaction mixture by GC-matrix isolation FTIR-MS indicates the presence of four epimeric products, all of which are identified on the basis of comparison of their vibrational (FTIR) spectra with simulated vibrational spectra derived by molecular modelling techniques. The results demonstrate that GC-matrix isolation FTIR-MS can be used to definitively identify individual BFRs and/or their degradation products present at trace levels in environmental or biological matrices, even in cases where individual analytes may not be isolatable in sufficient quantities for conventional analysis.
Numerical and experimental demonstration of shear stress measurement at thick steel plates using acoustoelasticity

The purpose of this article is to numerically quantify the stress state of complex loaded thick steel plates using the fundamental theory of acoustoelasticity, which is the relationship with stress and ultrasonic velocity in the nonlinear regime. The normal and shear stresses of a thick plate can be measured using a phased array placement of ultrasonic sensors and Rayleigh ultrasonic waves. Three measurement angles (i.e., 0 45 and 90 degrees) are selected since three measurements are needed to solve the stress tensor in an isotropic plate. The ultrasonic data is influenced significantly by the frequency of the Rayleigh waves as well as the thickness of the plate being examined; consequently the overall experimental process is influenced by the measurement parameters. In this study, a numerical demonstration is implemented to extract the nonlinearity coefficients using a 3D structural geometry and Murnaghan material model capable of examining the effects of various plate thicknesses and ultrasonic frequencies on the shear stress measurement. The purpose is that as the thickness becomes smaller, the shear stress becomes negligible at the angled measurement. For thicker cross section, shear stress becomes influential if the depth of penetration of Rayleigh wave is greater than the half of the thickness. The correlation between the depth of penetration and shear stress is then obtained. The numerical results are compared with 1 MHz ultrasonic frequency and a 3/8 inch thick steel plate loaded uniaxially while the measurement direction is angled to have the presence of shear stress in the measurement direction.
Induced second-class currents from isospin and chiral-symmetry breaking

Isospin and chiral-symmetry breaking due to an epsilon/sub 3/u/sub 3/ Hamiltonian are studied in connection with induced second-class vector currents. In the case of neutron ..beta.. decay it is found that the induced second-class coefficient is an order of magnitude larger than expected on naive grounds. Predictions for induced effects in ..sigma../sup -/ ..-->.. ..lambda.. ..beta.. decay, tau ..-->.. delta..nu../sub tau/, and ..pi.. ..-->.. e..nu gamma.. are also presented.
Cuvier and Brongniart, William Smith, and the Reconstruction of Geohistory

During the "great flowering" of geology around 1800, the rapidly increasing use of fossils was important not only in stratigraphical correlation but also for providing "archives of nature": they enabled the history of the earth to be reconstructed in detail as a sequence of contingent events. Here I analyse the classic work of Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart on the Paris basin, and the contemporary work of William Smith in England, in relation to their fusion of certain research practices that had earlier been distinct. I argue that the French work, while significantly influenced by Smith, was decisively important in its own right as an exemplar of a newly empirical practice of geohistorical reconstruction.
MY APPROACH to the patient with pulmonary embolism

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially lifethreatening condition that kills thousands of patients every year. If untreated, the estimated mortality rate of “all-comers” with a PE is approximately 30%. However, with prompt diagnosis and early institution of appropriate therapy, the expected percent mortality can be reduced to single digits. Because acute PE can occur in all “shapes and sizes,” the treatment approach should be predicated on the perceived severity of the PE and risk of death. Patients with acute PE can range from being asymptomatic to having a wide variety of symptoms without hemodynamic instability to being hemodynamically unstable and in cardiogenic shock. My approach to the patient with an acute PE thus always begins with a determination of whether the patient is clinically unstable.
Big bang nucleosynthesis constraints on new physics

Abstract Primordial Nucleosynthesis provides a probe of the physics of the early Universe when the temperature and particle densities are high. The Cosmic Nuclear Reactor may, thereby, lead to constraints on new physics which may be inaccessible to current accelerators. Current Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) bounds to the existence and/or properties of new particles are reviewed and used to constrain physics “beyond the standard model.”
A Note on Beneficial Changes in Random Variables

This paper is an extension of Jack Meyer's paper titled “Beneficial Changes in Random Variables Under Multiple Sources of Risk and Their Comparative Statics” published in the June 1992 issue of this journal. The extension consists of showing which of the sufficient conditions in Meyer's Theorems 1 and 3 are also necessary, and which are not. In addition, conditions are provided which are necessary and sufficient for general beneficial changes to imply a decrease in the demand for insurance.
Solutions out of context: Examining the transfer of business concepts to nonprofit organizations

Small nonprofit organizations face a dilemma when applying management theories and techniques developed for large, private businesses. Research evidence suggests both benefits and problems associated with application of these techniques. To avoid potential problems, nonprofit managers commonly limit the selection and transfer of business techniques to those that solve specific problems or appear consistent with nonprofit orientations. One consequence is that business solutions often create unintended negative outcomes that are due to contextual differences between the two types of organizations. One possible solution to this dilemma is adoption of bundles, or configurations, of practices that introduce important contextual checks and balances along with the specific tools and techniques. We explore this option through a critical, participatory ethnographic analysis of a small nonprofit service organization.
Identification of a promoter for transcription of the heavy strand of human mtDNA: In vitro transcription and deletion mutagenesis

Abstract Plasmids containing the origin region of human mtDNA are specifically transcribed by the partially purified homologous mtRNA polymerase in vitro. Transcription of both the light and heavy strands initiates at the same sites previously identified as in vivo transcription start sites. The sequences responsible for initiation of heavy strand transcription are investigated in detail, since this transcript includes the rRNA cistrons and the majority of tRNA genes and potential mRNAs. Deletion mutagenesis is employed to delimit the sequences responsible for heavy strand transcription to a region of less than 35 by surrounding the transcription start site. This region contains a repetitive sequence, AAACCCC, and shows homology to other regions of the human mtDNA that have been implicated as transcription initiation sites or that show unusual homology to other mammalian mtDNA genomes.
2. Advances in cryoablation

Clinically-based cryoablation, grounded on well-recognized scientific principles along with the use of multiprobe devices and advanced imaging techniques, has experienced a rebirth in physician-managed destruction of diverse cancers. Cryoablative techniques have beneficially evolved over the past forty years with the development of successive generations of devices including cryoneedles, cryoballoons, intraoperative ultrasound and an expanded knowledge of the mechanisms by which cancer cells are challenged by low temperatures. A key discovery in 1998 identified the putative role of gene regulated cell death (apoptosis) in the management of the freeze zone. We now recognize three modes of cell death following a freezing insult: ice-dependent cell rupture in the tumor core, necrosis (primary and secondary) throughout the tumor and apoptosis. The AUA 2008 Best Practice Policy Statement on Cryosurgery for the Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer recognizes that “prostate cancer cells experiencing multiple molecular-targeted stressors (cytotoxic agents) succumb more readily to low temperature exposure and that with the adoption of appropriately paired combinations, even freezing at −1 °C can be totally lethal.” This presentation will focus on the evolution of recent developments supportive of the use of combinatorial cryoablative strategies that may raise the ablative temperature to near −1 °C. Data will demonstrate the existence of an “apoptotic continuum” whereby the more severe cryogenic stress activates the extrinsic (membrane mediated) apoptotic pathway while less severe freezing activates the intrinsic (mitochondrial mediated) path. Ultimately, it is our aim to decipher the events and signaling pathways that are specifically involved in triggering these diverse cryo-induced mechanisms of cell death. Once known, cryosurgical procedures might be modified such that rapid-onset and delayed programmed cell death pathways would be selectively and preferentially induced in an effort to improve the overall efficacy of cryoablation. Early evidence suggesting that select cryo-sensitizers offer the potential to improve freeze sensitivity will be presented.
Impairment of T-helper function by a Plasmodium berghei-derived immunosuppressive factor.

Mice injected with an immunosuppressive factor (ISF) extracted from Plasmodium berghei-infected rat erythrocytes have a reduced antibody response to unrelated antigens. T-cells from ISF-treated mice failed to provide adequate help to naive, syngeneic B-cells in the primary IgM response in vitro to sheep red blood cells and to dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The same T-cells, however, were able to cooperate with memory B-cells in the secondary IgG response. No other cellular deficit was delected in ISF-treated mice; B-cells and macrophages behaved normally, and there was no detectable excess of suppressor cells. The T-cell impairment was not reflected in decreased production of interleukin 2, but was also shown by the diminished delayed type hyperaensitivity reaction to sheep red blood cells of ISF-treated mice.
A primer on upscaling tools for porous media

Over the last few decades a number of powerful approaches have been developed to intelligently reduce the number of degrees of freedom in very complex heterogeneous environs, e.g. mathematical homogenization, mixture and hybrid mixture theory, spatial averaging, moment methods, central limit or Martingale methods, stochastic-convective approaches, various other Eulerian and Lagrangian perturbation schemes, projection operators, renormalization group techniques, variational approaches, space transformational methods, continuous time random walks, and etc. In this article we briefly review many of these approaches as applied to specific examples in the hydrologic sciences.
Early 16mm colour by a career amateur

Beginning with his public lectures and books on amateur photography in the 1890s, Alexander Black (1859–1940) combined personal photography of his family and technical experimentation with various printing, projection, and colour processes. He made a career out of simultaneously showcasing the sensational aspects of these new technologies and assuaging concerns that they might harm American moral character. This essay identifies an approach to 'colour craft' across all aspects of Black's work and in the institutions his work helped to foster. As art director and then Sunday editor for the lavishly illustrated New York World in the first decade of the twentieth century, Black remained at the center of debates about the potential harm caused by the proliferation of colour and illustration in American popular culture. Films subsequently made by Black are significant for the history of amateur colour cinema because in them he experimented with applied, additive, and subtractive colour processes with the same thoroughness as his more famous media experiments.
New die-to-database inspection algorithm for inspection of 90-nm node reticles

ABSTRACT The implementation of low k 1 193nm lithography for 90nm node IC production brings new challenges to reticle inspection systems. The inspection tools have to deal with new attenuating films, smaller and more complex features, and more aggressive OPC. In addition, low k 1 lithography causes the mask error factor (MEEF) to increase, magnifying CD errors. This, in turn, makes reticle defect detection specifications more aggressive. Achieving high sensitivity, low false defect count, for a full plate inspection is a big challenge. Those three (high sensitivity, low false defect count, full plate inspection) are the three legs that must support real die-to-database inspection. In order to demonstrate inspection success, all three must be achieved. Without any of them, there is no die-to-database inspection solution. The capabilities described in this paper (the XPE die-to-database algorithm working with the KLA-Tencor TeraStar TM SLF87 system) were developed precisely because no tool in the industry was capable of meeting all of these requirements. The industry was in urgent need of a die-to-database system that is capable of inspecting reticles for the 90nm node at high sensitivity, with a low false defect count for a full plate inspection. XPE, the new die-to-database inspection algorithm for the TeraStar SLF87 (XPE-87), has been developed for the inspection of 193nm lithography reticles to be used for the 90nm node and beyond. XPE-87 uses new and improved methods for database rendering, defect detection and image contrast adjustment. The algorithm can accommodate the reticle characteristics, inspecting plates with complex features and advanced Sub-Resolution Assist Features (SRAFs) at high sensitivity and low false defect count. Thanks to enhancements to system hardware and light calibration routines, the algorithm is very effective at inspecting 90nm node ArF half-tone reticles. XPE-87 has been characterized with 193nm and 248nm EPSM versions of Spica, a new programmed defect test reticle. In the presence of complex OPC, results show a substantial improvement in sensitivity compared to previous die-to-database inspection algorithms. The new algorithm has also been used to inspect a variety of 193nmEPSM, 248 EPSM and chrome on glass production reticles. The results show significant improvement for the inspection of 90nm node half-tone reticles including plates with SRAFs. Simulations were performed to verify the XPE-87 potential for defect detection. Evaluating changes in signal profile due to the presence of defects, a comparison was performed between the aerial profile of the XPE-87 at UV inspection aerial image and the wafer print aerial image at 193nm. The results, show a larger signal for defects in small lines. Keywords: Reticle, Mask, Inspection, ArF, SRAF, OPC, CD, Defect, Aerial, Database
Determinants of Administrators' Salaries in Public Schools: Differences for Men and Women.

Abstract This paper analyzes the determinants of the salaries of educators who became principals or vice-principals in public schools after 1971–1972 and focuses on differences for men and women. The results for this recent cohort of administrators indicate that education, experience and district environmental variables are significant determinants of salaries, and that there are no significant differences between men and women in the determination of salaries. This finding stands in sharp contrast to previous studies, and is in part due to the decomposition of total experience into teaching and various administrative components.
Growth Inhibition and Induction of Apoptosis by Fenretinide in Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines

Background : Lung cancer is the major cause of cancer-related death in the United States, with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) constituting approximately 20% of all cases of lung cancer. Numerous epidemiologic and molecular studies have suggested that alterations in retinoid-signaling pathways play a role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Fenretinide [N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide ; HPR] is a synthetic retinoid with minimal toxicity and favorable pharmacokinetics during long-term administration to patients in clinical trials. Purpose : The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of HPR on the growth of SCLC cells in vitro. Methods : Seven SCLC cell lines (NCI-H69, NCI-H82, NCI-H146, NCI-H209, NCI-H345, NCI-H446, and NO.H510A) were exposed continuously to a broad range of concentrations of HPR or all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), and cell viability was determined on day 3 and day 7 by the trypan blue dye exclusion assay. The growth of these cells was compared with that of control vehicle-treated cells to determine survival fraction and the dose resulting in a 50% inhibition of growth when compared with growth of control cells (IC 50 ). The induction of apoptosis was evaluated by fluorescent microscopy, DNA content analysis, and a terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-based assay that labels 3'-hydroxyl ends of DNA fragments (TUNEL assay) combined with flow cytometric analysis. Results : HPR inhibited growth of a panel of SCLC cell lines at IC 50 values that ranged from 0.1 to 3.0 μM (concentrations that are clinically achievable). In all cell lines tested, HPR was a more potent growth inhibitor than RA. By use of fluorescent microscopy, HPR was found to induce morphologic changes consistent with apoptosis in NCI-H82 SCLC cells, including cellular shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation. Flow cytometric analysis revealed decreased DNA content, and TUNEL assay showed increased digoxigenin-uridine triphosphate incorporation in HPR-treated NCI-H82 SCLC cells ; these findings are consistent with the induction of apoptosis. Conclusions : HPR inhibited the in vitro growth of SCLC cells. In NCI-H82 cells, HPR inhibited growth via the induction of apoptosis.
A characterization of threshold matroids

We show that for a matroid M=(E, F), where E={1, 2, ..., n}, there exist nonnegative reals a"1, a"2, ..., a"n and b such that F={[email protected]?E: @S"i"@e"Sa"i=
Infrared Spectroscopy at Sub-Ambient Temperatures: III. Molecules and Molecular Fragments within Matrices

The practical and theoretical aspects of infrared spectroscopy of molecules and molecular fragments within matrices at low temperatures are discussed in detail. The following subjects are included in this discussion: the materials used for matrices, the history of the matrix-isolation method of preparation of matrices, unique features of the MIM, problems of the MIM, applications of the MIM, and mathematical models. This paper also discusses pressure and liquid-induced infrared spectra at low temperatures.
Foucault on the Care of the Self as an Ethical Project and a Spiritual Goal

In this paper, I examine Foucault’s ideas concerning the care of the self. What exactly is this ideal that Foucault describes in his last two books? Do these books represent a break or a continuation with the earlier writings on knowledge and power? Most important, I consider whether the care of the self could ever be a significant ethical ideal given some of the objections that have been raised against Foucault’s position. I also look at the care of the self as the focus of Foucault’s own views on spiritual life. I argue that Foucault’s later work offers the basis for a secular or non-theistic spirituality which is especially relevant today.
Reconstruction of the interosseous membrane of the forearm in cadavers

The biomechanical function of the interosseous membrane of the forearm was examined in 12 fresh cadaver forearms. The strain in the central band of the interosseous membrane was found to be greatest in full pronation and was significantly increased with excision of the radial head. The proximal/distal location of the lunate fossa of the radius with respect to the ulna was measured and was found to be most distal in supination and most proximal in pronation, in both the intact specimen and after excision of the radial head. Serial sectioning of the interosseous membrane and the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) demon-strated that both the central band and the TFCC are important to the axial stability of the forearm. Reconstruction of the central band, using a graft based upon the flexor carpi radialis, was performed in all 12 specimens after the interosseous membrane and the TFCC were sectioned. It was successful in preventing complete migration of the radius to the capitellum, but it was not capable of completely restoring the longitudinal stability of the forearm. Central band reconstruction as described here has not been performed in the clinical setting and is not advocated for clinical application at this time.