cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assimilation and attachment in the context of international migration: the case of guestworkers in Germany.

Immigrants attachments to home and their assimilation into the host society have been identified as major factors influencing international return migration. This paper provides an empirical analysis of the determinants of attachment and assimilation with a special focus on the impact of duration of stay. Using survey data on guestworkers in West Germany in 1984 and 1989 the study finds that assimilation increases at a decreasing rate as the duration of stay is extended. The relationship between attachment and length of stay is less strong but shows a general trend of decreasing attachment levels as guestworkers prolong their stay in Germany. The resulting trends for return migration are characterized by an overall decline in the propensity to return as the duration of stay is extended. However the rate of decline varies by gender marital status and nationality. Overall the results allude to the importance of distinguishing between short term and long term immigrants. (EXCERPT)
Single Echo MRI

Purpose Previous nonlinear gradient research has focused on trajectories that reconstruct images with a minimum number of echoes. Here we describe sequences where the nonlinear gradients vary in time to acquire the image in a single readout. The readout is designed to be very smooth so that it can be compressed to minimal time without violating peripheral nerve stimulation limits, yielding an image from a single 4 ms echo. Theory and Methods This sequence was inspired by considering the code of each voxel, i.e. the phase accumulation that a voxel follows through the readout, an approach connected to traditional encoding theory. We present simulations for the initial sequence, a low slew rate analog, and higher resolution reconstructions. Results Extremely fast acquisitions are achievable, though as one would expect, SNR is reduced relative to the slower Cartesian sampling schemes because of the high gradient strengths. Conclusions The prospect that nonlinear gradients can acquire images in a single <10 ms echo makes this a novel and interesting approach to image encoding.
Spinal μ, δ and κ opioids alter chemical, mechanical and thermal sensitivities in amphibians

Abstract Previously we demonstrated the use of chemical (topical acetic acid), thermal (radiant heat) and mechanical (von Frey filament) stimuli as quantifiable behavioral response assays in the northern grass frog, Rana pipiens. Furthermore, response thresholds in all of these sensory modalities are significantly elevated by systemic morphine injections, which can be antagonized by naltrexone. The present study employed these three sensory assays to assess changes in chemical, mechanical and thermal sensitivities following spinal administration of μ, δ and κ opioids. Significant elevations were observed across all three sensory modalities in each subtype category and these effects were abolished by prior systemic administration of naltrexone. However, naltrexone antagonism of morphine produced hyperalgesia in both the mechanical and thermal modalities. The results support other recent work demonstrating that the spinal site for opioid analgesia is present in amphibians and that the thermal, mechanical and acetic acid assays are measures of true nociceptive activity in the amphibian.
1,1- and 1,3-Diiodo Neopentanes on Pt(111): Intermediates during Hydrocarbon Catalytic Conversion Reactions

Abstract The chemistry of 1,1- and 1,3-diiodo neopentanes, precursors to neopentylidene and 2,2-dimethyl propane-1,3-diyl intermediates, respectively, was probed on a Pt(111) single-crystal surface by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and reflection–adsorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). The sequential surface activation of the two C–I bonds in those compounds is manifested by the formation of neopentyl iodide and neopentane in TPD experiments. Dosing of the 1,3-diiodo compound at 230 K leads to the formation of the expected cyclic 2,2-dimethyl propane-1,3-diyl intermediate, with the main ring perpendicular to the surface. Activation of the 1,1-isomer, on the other hand, leads to the formation of 2,2-dimethyl propane-1-yl-3-ylidene, presumably via γ-H elimination from neopentylidene. The surface species that result from 1,1-diiodo neopentane are more reactive and dehydrogenate to a larger extent than those from the 1,3-diiodo analog, but both eventually convert to neopentylidyne. The implications of this chemistry to hydrocarbon catalytic processes such as oil reforming are discussed.
Does Television Erode Social Capital? A Reply to Putnam

During the past thirty-five years many commentators have expressed concern about declining support for the American political system, noting familiar evidence of the steady erosion in electoral turnout (Stanley and Niemi 1995, 78; Teixeira 1992), falling participation in political parties (Rosenstone and Hansen 1993), plummeting levels of political trust (Lipset and Schneider 1987), and weakening civic engagement (Putnam 1995a). Evidence for declining confidence in American government is well-established. The standard National Election Study measures show that in 1954 three-quarters of the American public trusted government in Washington to do what was right ‘just about always or most of the time’. By 1994, a quarter of the public proved as trusting. Moreover how far Americans trust each other—or social trust—has also fallen by more than a third since the early sixties (Uslaner 1995; Putnam 1995a).Not all the evidence points in the same direction, and some alternative forms of political activity may have risen over time (Verba et al. 1995, 70–71). Moreover comparative research (Klingemann and Fuchs 1995) provides no evidence for a uniform secular decline in electoral turnout and confidence in government across advanced democracies, as sometimes assumed by observers. Nevertheless it is widely believed that American democracy has been experiencing a crisis of legitimacy, with angry voters disillusioned by Washington politics as usual.
Adjustment of women and their husbands to recurrent breast cancer

The psychosocial adjustment of women with recurrent breast cancer (N = 81) and their husbands (N = 74) were compared to determine if they report different levels of adjustment, support, symptom distress, hopelessness, and uncertainty. Women with recurrent breast cancer reported more emotional distress than their husbands, but both had a similar number of psychosocial role problems. Women and husbands differed in the amount of support and uncertainty they reported but not in the levels of symptom distress or hopelessness they perceived. Women, in contrast to their husbands, expressed more surprise that their cancer recurred and found the recurrent phase of illness more distressing than the initial diagnosis.
Some topological issues for ferromagnets and fluids

Abstract We analyze the canonical structure of a continuum model of ferromagnets and clarify known difficulties in defining a momentum density. The moments of the momentum density corresponding to volume-preserving coordinate transformations can be defined, but a nonsingular definition of the other moments requires an enlargement of the phase space which illuminates a close relation to fluid mechanics. We also discuss the nontrivial connectivity of the phase space for two and three dimensions and show how this feature can be incorporated in the quantum theory, working out the two-dimensional case in some detail.
Bhopal, Asbestos, and Love Canal . . . How They Should Affect Engineering Education

Over the past 15 years, society has come to expect that engineers, as practitioners and managers, be aware of those activities over which they have control, that could adversely affect the public's well-being. Specifically, due to incidents such as Love Canal, Times Beach, Bhopal, and Chernobyl, and the pollution of groundwater, the public now recognizes that technology which is within the control of others can, if mishandled, jeopardize the health and well-being of thousands of innocent people. This realization will undoubtedly place increasing pressures on engineers to be more aware of the potential adverse consequences of their work. This paper suggests that schools of engineering have a responsibility to prepare engineers to meet these expectations and it recommends an approach to meet this challenge.
Reoperation in Congenital Aortic Stenosis

Abstract Over a 22-year period, 81 patients underwent initial operations for critical aortic stenosis at our institution. Their ages ranged from 3 days to 20 years (mean, 7.3 ± 5.9 years). Fourteen (17%) were infants less than 1 year old. Three children died perioperatively (3.7%). We have followed the survivors and 3 children who underwent initial operations elsewhere for a mean of 9.0 ± 6.8 years (range, 2 to 23 years). To the present, 27 patients have undergone one reoperation (24 of our initial survivors) at a mean interval of 7.3 years, with 2 perioperative deaths. Ten of these patients have required a second reoperation at a mean interval of 3.7 years, with 2 deaths perioperatively. There were 3 late cardiac deaths after the initial procedure and 1 after a third operation. Actuarial reoperation-free survival is 56.7% at 10 years. While overall survival is 88.6% at 10 years, we find a significantly poorer survival among those patients with valvular stenosis compared with those with subvalvular lesions ( p = 0.03). We believe that for children with all levels of aortic stenosis, good functional results and survival can best be obtained by follow-up, recatheterization, and reoperation.
Antibiotic Resistance in Oral/Respiratory Bacteria:

In the last 20 years, changes in world technology have occurred which have allowed for the rapid transport of people, food, and goods. Unfortunately, antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been transported as well. Over the past 20 years, the rise in antibiotic-resistant gene carriage in virtually every species of bacteria, not just oral/respiratory bacteria, has been documented. In this review, the main mechanisms of resistance to the important antibiotics used for treatment of disease caused by oral/respiratory bacteria--including beta-lactams, tetracycline, and metronidazole--are discussed in detail. Mechanisms of resistance for macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, trimethoprim, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol are also discussed, along with the possible role that mercury resistance may play in the bacterial ecology.
Lessons learned from matching experimental data to low-order models of vehicle behavior

This work presents “lessons learned” from an ongoing experimental and simulation investigation of vehicle chassis dynamics. The overall goal of this work is to find low-order physics-based models that are easily fitted from experimental data, yet accurately describe vehicle chassis motion in yaw, sideslip, and roll angle. In previous work related to this effort [5], anomalies in the model were found where key tire parameters, specifically the cornering stiffnesses, exhibit different best-fit values depending on whether the vehicle is tested in swept sine frequency responses or curvilinear steadystate motion such as skid pad maneuvers. The first portion of this work summarizes these results. Next, new research is presented investigating the source of cornering stiffness discrepancies. The tire modeling errors are found to be very strongly related to vehicle roll angle, and from this insight, corrections to the simple chassis models are derived to allow inclusion of a roll dependency in the tire model. Additionally, during investigation of this advanced tire model, terrain disturbances were found to be significant. A method to remove terrain effects is proposed and demonstrated. Comparing these roll- and terrain-corrected fits to results from prior work [5], the new model gives a significantly improved fit in the frequency domain, and outstanding fit in the time domain.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Public relations executives' perceptions of disciplinary emphases important to public relations practice for the 1990s

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate academic course areas that agency/firm and organizational public relations employers foresee as important to the practice of public relations in the 1990s. Based upon the responses of 188 public relations executives providing data for this research, the authors offer recommendations for the development of public relations education programs meeting the needs of the marketplace in the coming decade. The findings of this study have been discussed on public relations panels at the Annual Conventions of the Central States Speech Association, the Speech Communication Association and the International Communication Association. The authors gratefully acknowledge the statistical analysis and interpretation assistance received from R. Rocco Cottone of the University of Missouri-St. Louis, the late Willard North of Central Missouri State University and from Dennis Davis of Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. This study was funded by a faculty development grant from Central Missouri State University.
Effects of Intermittent Watering on the Performance of White Leghorn Hens

Abstract Three experiments were designed and conducted to study the effects of intermittent watering on the performance of laying hens. A total of nine intermittent watering treatments were evaluated in the experiments. Providing water on an intermittent basis had no statistically significant effect on hen-housed egg production, hen-day egg production, egg weight, feed per dozen eggs, egg specific gravity or average body weight. In experiment 3, the hens receiving water ad lib. had significantly (P
Multiple and masked pools of fibronectin in murine fibroblast cell-substratum adhesion sites☆

Abstract Substrate-attached material (SAM) prepared from murine BALB/c 3T3 cells and various derivatives contains adhesion sites which pinch off from the cell surface during EGTA-mediated detachment but which remain bound to the serum-coated tissue culture substratum. SAM contains the related adhesive glycoproteins cold-insoluble globulin (CIG) (from serum in the medium) and fibronectin (synthesized by the cells) as detected by immune staining of electrophoretically separated proteins, using antibodies of defined specificity. Serum and SAM contain cross-linked multimers of serum-derived CIG (not disulfide-mediated) but not of cell-derived fibronectin; therefore, thiol-resistant cross-linking between CIG and fibronectin is not involved in adhesion of these cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy of SAM from sparse cultures reveals fibrillar pools containing cellular fibronectin, although most retraction fibers seen on EGTA-treated cells do not stain, even after treatment with non-ionic detergent. Very little specific staining can be detected in SAM prepared from dense cultures, although gel electrophoretic analysis reveals proportionately as much murine fibronectin as is found in SAM from sparse cultures. Hyaluronidase digestion of SAM has no effect on the immunofluorescent staining, while gentle trypsin digestion completely abolishes staining without removing all biochemically detectable fibronectin. We conclude that some of the fibronectin and CIG in adhesion sites is masked and unavailable for antibody binding and that multiple pools of fibronectin exist in this adhesive material.
Gas phase hydration and deprotonation of the cyclic C3H3+ cation. Solvation by acetonitrile, and comparison with the benzene radical cation.

The binding energies of the first 5 H2O molecules to c-C3H3+ were determined by equilibrium measurements. The measured binding energies of the hydrated clusters of 9−12 kcal/mol are typical of carbon-based CH+···X hydrogen bonds. The ion solvation with the more polar CH3CN molecules results in stronger bonds consistent with the increased ion−dipole interaction. Ab initio calculations show that the lowest energy isomer of the c-C3H3+(H2O)4 cluster consists of a cyclic water tetramer interacting with the c-C3H3+ ion, which suggests the presence of orientational restraint of the water molecules consistent with the observed large entropy loss. The c-C3H3+ ion is deprotonated by 3 or more H2O molecules, driven energetically by the association of the solvent molecules to form strongly hydrogen bonded (H2O)nH+ clusters. The kinetics of the associative proton transfer (APT) reaction C3H3+ + nH2O → (H2O)nH+ + C3H2• exhibits an unusually steep negative temperature coefficient of k = cT-63±4 (or activation energy of...
Resin compounds from the seed cones of three fossil conifer species from the Miocene Clarkia flora, Emerald Creek, Idaho, USA, and from related extant species

Abstract The terpenoid compositions of three conifer species from the Miocene Clarkia flora, Emerald Creek, Idaho, USA, and of related extant species were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The extracts of the seed cones of Miocene Taxodium dubium , Glyptostrobus oregonensis , and Cunninghamia chaneyi (Cupressaceae s.l.) contain several sesqui- and diterpenoids which originate from the resins. Many of the terpenoids have been degraded to their diagenetic products (geoterpenoids), but some compounds are preserved unaltered as the natural products (bioterpenoids). The fossil conifer species show characteristic diterpenoid patterns which in part match the compounds that have been found in the extant species. Fossil and extant species contain terpenoids characteristic for the Cupressaceae. Abietane type diterpenoids are the major compounds in the fossil T. dubium and the extant Taxodium distichum . G. oregonensis contains abietane and labdane derivatives as observed in the extant Glyptostrobus pensilis . Monoterpenoids and predominant diterpenoid acids and alcohols of the abietane and pimarane type characterize C. chaneyi and the extant Cunninghamia lanceolata . Based on the occurrence of unaltered bioterpenoids and their presumed degradation products in the fossil conifers, diagenetic pathways of some abietane, pimarane and ispopimarane type diterpenoids are proposed. The results show that terpenoids are valuable molecular markers for (paleo)systematics and phylogeny of conifers.
Noradrenergic role in the self-administration of ethanol

Abstract Involvement of noradrenergic and/or dopaminergic processes of the brain in self-administration behavior toward ethanol was assessed in rats allowed to lever-press for 25 mg/kg intragastric doses on a CRF schedule. Initial access to infusions of saline for establishing an operant baseline was followed by one 10-hr session on acquisition contingencies for ethanol and then one extinction session on saline. Prior to a reacquisition session, rats were treated with either (a) saline, (b) alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMT; 225 mg/kg), (c) 1-phenyl-3(2-thiazolyl)-2-thiourea (U-14,624; 600 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg), or (d) haloperidol (3.5 mg/kg). Only the saline- pretreated control group and the haloperidol-treated rats reacquired lever-press behavior. Groups treated in like fashion, but pressing for a sweet milk reinforcer, all showed reacquisition. Thus, the effects of AMT and U-14,624 are attributed to an interference with the reinforcing effects of ethanolinfusions. Brain levels of norepinephrine were depeleted by both compounds, dopamine was depleted only by AMT, and serotonin was elevated by 600 mg/kg of U-14,624 but unaffected by 300 mg/kg. These results suggest that a cerebral noradrenergic system plays an important role in the reinforcing effect of ethanol without an involvement of dopaminergic systems
Physically motivated invariant formulation for transversely isotropic hyperelasticity

This article discusses an invariant formulation for transversely isotropic hyperelasticity. The work is motivated by the interest of modeling materials such as tendon tissues which may exhibit drastically different characteristics in tensile, shear and volumetric responses. A multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient that factors out the dilation and the fiber stretch is proposed. Transversely isotropic strain invariants are constructed on the basis of the multiplicative factors. Within the framework of hyperelasticity theory, these strain invariants generate decoupled stress components in the hydrostatic pressure, the fiber tension and shear terms. An example model is suggested and is assessed against some known features of transversely isotropic solids with strong fibers.
New strategies for characterizing ancient proteins using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract Structural characterization of ancient proteins is confounded by the small quantity of material remaining in fossils, difficulties in purification, and the inability to obtain sequence information by classical Edman degradation. We present a microbore reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (rpHPLC) method for partial purification of small quantities (picomoles) of the bone protein osteocalcin (OC) and subsequent characterization of this material by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The presence of OC in the modern and ancient samples was suggested by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). The SDS-PAGE of material isolated from 800 yr BP and 10,000 yr BP bones demonstrates a band consistent with the molecular weight of OC and the RIA indicated OC in concentrations of 0.2 to 450ng/mg of bone for samples between 800 and 53,000 yr BP. In modern samples, we demonstrate the use of MALDI-MS to confirm the molecular weight of intact OC and to sequence OC via peptide mass mapping and a novel derivatization approach with post-source decay analysis. MALDI-MS data for three ancient samples with RIA-confirmed osteocalcin (800 yr BP, 10,000 yr BP and 53,000 yr BP) indicate peaks with a molecular mass within the range of modern OC.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the role of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis, staging, treatment, and follow-up.

Abstract Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct entity from pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa). Nasopharyngeal carcinoma has a unique histological appearance; has different inciting factors to SCCa; and has unique familial, genetic, and geographic predispositions. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma also has a different pathological behavior to pharyngeal SCCa, with a tendency for clival invasion, intracranial spread, and early systemic metastasis. In keeping with this distinct pathological behavior, NPC has particular imaging manifestations and staging criteria that differ significantly from pharyngeal SCCa. These features are typically much better evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging than with computed tomography. This article presents the current clinical and epidemiological background of NPC with specific reference to the role of magnetic resonance imaging in all stages of patient management, from diagnosis and staging of NPC to the role of the radiologist in treatment planning and follow-up imaging evaluation.
A novel nuclear spin–lattice relaxation filter for separating the free and absorbed water in a matrix of titanate nanotubes

Abstract In complex systems nuclear spin–lattice relaxation (NSLR) often deviates from single-exponential. The existing methods require elaborate analyses to extract the relaxation time ( T 1 ). This Letter introduces a novel approach using a standard inversion-recovery pulse segment as a filter for different components and a composite pulse to measure only the decay of the selected component. In a sample of titanate nanotubes embedded in deuterated water, this approach was used to conclusively differentiate between double-exponential and stretched-exponential NSLR. T 1 was determined individually for D 2 O inside nanotubes and outside. It suggested that water fully occupies the inside of nanotubes.
Recent discoveries in pharmacokinetics of drugs of abuse

Controlled human dosing studies with drugs of abuse have revealed the importance of the chosen route of administration on the delivery of drugs to the bloodstream and to their site of action. Recently, the intranasal and smoked routes have become favored by some populations for the administration of illicit drugs. Research studies with experienced heroin and cocaine users indicated that an intranasally administered drug generally provided lower blood concentrations of drug and a slower onset of action compared to the intravenous route; however, intranasal doses are easily manipulated by the user and adequate bioavailability and desired drug effects can be achieved. In addition, the trauma of needle use is avoided and disease exposure is reduced by this route. For marijuana, the smoked route of administration has always been the preferred route. In recent studies with smoked marijuana, it was revealed that single puffs of marijuana smoke produced detectable blood concentrations of tetrahydrocannabinol, the active ingredient of marijuana. Continued smoking produced rapid increases in blood concentrations with peak concentrations and effects occurring before or near the end of smoking, demonstrating the rapidity and efficacy of the smoking route for marijuana. The smoked route has also become popular with cocaine and heroin users. This route provided equivalent peak blood concentrations and time of onset of drug effects as the intravenous route. In addition, arterial boli drug concentrations reaching the brain are likely to be higher following the smoked route compared to the intravenous route. Overall, these studies demonstrated that the smoked and intranasal routes are highly efficacious for the delivery of illicit drugs and produce a similar profile of drug action to the intravenous route of administration.
Ising model in a quenched random field: Critical exponents in three dimensions from high-temperature series.

A formalism is given whereby high-temperature series for the random-field Ising model on a $d$-dimensional hypercubic lattice is obtained by a partitioning of the vertices of the pure-Ising-series diagrams. For a bimodal distribution of quenched random fields we determine the series for the susceptibility to seventh order. Order by order the disorder is treated exactly. $Dlog$ Pad\'e analyses give a susceptibility exponent $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ in $d=3$ which crosses over from 1.24 in the pure limit to 1.40 as disorder increases.
Pigmented adrenocortical carcinoma: case report and review.

Darkly pigmented adrenocortical neoplasms are rare tumors that are often referred to as “black adenomas,” indicative of both their pigmented nature and their invariably benign clinical behavior in previously reported cases. We herein describe an exceptional case of a malignant pigmented adrenocortical neoplasm, with late recurrence and metastasis. At age 53, this female patient was diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome and underwent a laparoscopic right adrenalectomy, revealing a 3 cm well-circumscribed, darkly pigmented adrenocortical tumor. The tumor exhibited several atypical histologic features and was diagnosed as an atypical pigmented adrenal cortical neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential. Eight years later, the patient developed clinical and biochemical evidence of recurrent Cushing's syndrome, and imaging studies revealed the presence of several masses in the right retroperitoneum. At subsequent exploratory laparotomy, three separate tumor nodules exhibiting varying degrees of pigmentation and ranging from 2.2 to 3.3 cm maximum dimension were excised. Histologically, the tumor nodules were consistent with local recurrence/metastasis of the patient's previously excised pigmented adrenocortical neoplasm.
Polarized proton inelastic scattering from 40Ca and 48Ca at 500 MeV

Abstract Differential cross sections and analyzing powers for inelastic scattering of 500 MeV polarized protons to several low-lying states in 40Ca and 48Ca are presented. Phenomenological optical potentials (including density squared terms) have been determined and the data have been analyzed to obtain mass deformation parameters. It is expected that these data will be useful in further testing the recently developed relativistic impulse approximation formalisms and in studying the need for medium modification of the interaction.
Photoacoustic spectra of MoS 2

The photoacoustic spectra of powdered MoS2 prepared by particle-size reduction and dilution have been determined and compared with the optical transmittance spectra of single crystals and thin-film deposits. MoS2 was chosen as a typical representative of the layer-structured transition metal dichalcogenides, for which optical properties are important in explaining their unusual structural and transport properties. Reasonably well-resolved photoacoustic spectra were obtained by a layering technique using KCl as a diluent. Analysis of the experiments indicated that the spectral resolution was obtained not by reduction in photoacoustic signal saturation but by the enhancement of diffuse reflectance.
On locking-free shear deformable beam finite elements

Abstract This is an elementary exposition of beam finite element models. An overview of existing and new displacement finite element models of the Euler-Bernoulli and shear deformation beam theories is presented. A locking-free finite element model using the form of the exact solution of the Timoshenko beam theory is developed. The element contains the Euler-Bernoulli beam element as a special case, and yields exact nodal values for the generalized displacements for constant material and geometric properties of beams. The procedure is extended to develop a locking-free finite element model of the simplified third-order theory of beams. The element contains the Euler-Bernoulli and the locking-free Timoshenko beam finite elements as special cases. The element stiffness matrix of the unified beam bending element is 4 × 4 and yet has the superconvergence character. The advantage of this element is that it can be used to obtain exact nodal displacements and forces (from the equilibrium equations of the element) in a frame structural analysis using one finite element per a structural member. This cannot be achieved with the traditional equal interpolation, reduced integration element because the element exhibits shear locking for thin members unless two or more elements per a structural member are used.
Low-temperature oxidation of coal. 3. Modelling spontaneous combustion in coal stockpiles

In the first two papers of this series, a reaction-diffusion model for low-temperature oxidation of coal was developed and used to extract kinetic rate parameters for a Wyoming subbituminous coal. In this paper, this model is incorporated in a two-dimensional model for spontaneous combustion of open coal stockpiles where the influence of moisture migration can be neglected. Wind-driven forced convection is found to be the dominant mechanism for flow of air within the open stockpile. The model calculations are in excellent qualitative agreement with observations reported from large-scale tests. The roles of bed porosity, side slope, wind velocity, coal reactivity and bed particle size are examined in detail. A correlation is also developed for long-term safe storage of coal in open stockpiles.
Room temperature hardness of gadolinia-doped ceria as a function of porosity

Porous gadolina-doped ceria (Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95, GDC10) is commonly used as a functional electrode support in solid oxide fuel cells, gas sensors, and gas separators. In addition, dense GDC10 is commonly used as a solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte and a gas separation membrane. Although, porosity affects a wide range of electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of solids, this study focuses on (i) the Vickers indentation hardness, H, as a function of volume fraction porosity, P, ranging from 0.08 to 0.60 and (ii) the load dependence of H for Vickers indentation loads of 0.98–9.8 N. For the 13 GDC10 included in this study, the decrease in H with increasing P is approximated by the empirical relationship H = H 0 exp(−b H P), where H 0 = 5.844 GPa and b H = 6.68. In addition, the H values were roughly independent of the applied load.
Rupture of the left ventricular free wall during acute myocardial infarction without hemopericardium.

Abstract Rupture of the left ventricular free wall is a major complication of acute myocardial infarction, and it usually leads to hemopericardium with tamponade. During the last 16 years, 138 patients with left ventricular free wall rupture during acute myocardial infarction have been studied at necropsy in this laboratory 1,2 :131 (95%) had associated hemopericardium with probable or definite tamponade and 7 (5%) had no blood in the pericardial sac. This report describes certain clinical and morphologic findings in these 7 patients without hemopericardium.
The heterogeneity of soluble estrogen receptors from rat uteri and their modification by temperature, imidazole compounds and estradiol

Abstract The nature of the soluble receptor-estrogen complexes and the changes that they undergo during the binding of estradiol have been investigated. Soluble receptors from mature rat uteri exist in multiple forms some of which require the presence of imidazole compounds or ribonuclease in order to bind the hormone in vitro . Raising the temperature to 23 or 37° during the binding process activates another fraction of the receptors. Pretreatment of the soluble extract of uteri at 37° sensitizes the native 9-S receptors so that they dissociate to 4-S units upon binding the hormone at 0°. In contrast to the 4-S unit obtained in the salt dissociation of the native 9-S receptor, this 4-S form does not reassociate or form hybrids with fresh receptor units when centrifuged through a low-salt gradient. A relationship of this 4-S unit to the 5-S receptor in the nucleus is discussed with respect to a possible biological action of the receptor.
Display of complete life cycle of human papillomavirus type 16 in cultured placental trophoblasts

Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is threefold more prevalent in spontaneous abortion specimens compared to elective abortions, preferentially targeting the placental trophoblasts in these specimens. Here, by using infectious center and Southern blot analysis, we demonstrate that the transfected HPV-16 genome de novo replicates in 3A trophoblasts in culture. Peak DNA replication occurred 9–24 days posttransfection, showing classic DNA forms I, II, and III and an 8-kb monomer band upon Dpn I/ Bam HI digestion. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of mRNA expression revealed that E6 and E2 were significantly expressed by day 9, coinciding with HPV-16 DNA replication. However, significant L1 expression was delayed until day 18. L1 protein expression on day 18, but not day 9, was also confirmed by Western blot analysis. The production of HPV-16 virions was demonstrated by three techniques: the appearance of HPV-16 infectious units coinciding with L1 expression, the neutralization of these infectious units with known neutralizing anti-HPV-16 antibodies, and the appearance of spliced E1 ∧ E4 and E6 ∧ E7 transcripts (RT-PCR) in normal keratinocyte rafts infected with these trophoblast-produced HPV-16 infectious units. These data suggest that HPV-16 is carrying out its complete life cycle in trophoblasts. Previously, HPVs were known to productively replicate only in differentiating keratinocytes of skin. These findings expand HPV biology, support the hypothesis of a possible link between HPV and some spontaneous abortions, and present a new technology for studying HPV.
Separation of radiocarbon from radiometals in biological samples.

Abstract Methods and procedures are described and discussed for both wet and dry oxidation of relatively large biological samples, including bone. These methods utilize a simple and inexpensive apparatus that eliminates the transfer of aliquots and permits the separation of radiocarbon from radiometals.
Cultural determinants of jealousy

I disagree with the practice of defining romantic jealousy in terms of other emotions, on the grounds that it is circular and redundant. Moreover, it appears implausible to me that the variety of private motives for protecting a relationship against an interloper can be accounted for by a unitary source of motivation, such as an emotion of romantic jealousy. I propose that the words romantic jealousy, instead of identifying an emotion of jealousy, refer to the situation characterized by the potential, or actual, loss of a loved one, or a mate, to a real or imagined rival. Reactions in such a situation, whatever they may be, are labeled as jealousy. On the basis of the assumption that individuals create culture to satisfy personal goals and are, in turn, affected by their cultural creations, I identify particular cultural factors as increasing the likelihood that an individual will be threatened by a jealousy event. The individual makes use of culturally sanctioned coping strategies for dealing with the threat. These concepts are discussed in the context of appraisal processes.
Gamma ray measurements during deuterium and 3He discharges on TFTR

Gamma ray count rates and energy spectra have been measured in TFTR deuterium plasmas during ohmic heating and during injection of deuterium neutral beams for total neutron source strengths up to 6 x 10/sup 15/ neutrons per second. The gamma ray measurements for the deuterium plasmas are in general agreement with predictions obtained using simplified transport models. The 16.6 MeV fusion gamma ray from the direct capture reaction D(/sup 3/He,..gamma..)/sup 5/Li was observed during deuterium neutral beam injection into /sup 3/He plasmas for beam powers up to 7 MW. The measured yield of the 16.6 MeV gamma ray is consistent with the predicted yield. The observation of this capture gamma ray establishes the spectroscopy of the fusion gamma rays from the D-/sup 3/He reactions as a viable diagnostic of total fusion reaction rates and benchmarks the modeling for extension of the technique to D-T plasmas. 21 refs., 12 figs.
Atrazine and nutrients in precipitation : Results from the Lake Michigan mass balance study

Atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic air pollutants contributes to degradation of water quality in the Great Lakes and other water bodies and is indicative of atmospheric pollution. In this paper, we discuss deposition of three air pollutants: atrazine; total phosphorus; and nitrogen (total Kjeldahl nitrogen and nitrate) to Lake Michigan. Throughout 18 months in 1994-1995, over 600 atmospheric samples (gas, particulate, and precipitation combined) were collected and analyzed for persistent organic pollutants and nutrients. Here the measurements and modeled deposition estimates are presented for atrazine, phosphorus, and nitrogen. Results indicate that concentrations of atrazine in precipitation have remained constant over 5 years (0.10-0.40 μg L -1 ), consistent with the nearly constant sales rate of the herbicide over that time period. Actual loading of atrazine to the lake was less in 1994-1995 (1.04 × 103 kg y -1 ) than in 1990-1991 (2.6 × 10 3 kg yr -1 ). This difference in loading is due to lower overall precipitation in 1994-1995. Phosphorus concentrations in precipitation, on the other hand, have decreased from an average of 57 μg as P L -1 in 1976 to an average of 6.36 μg as P L -1 for 1994-1995. Nitrate deposition has decreased by a small, but not statistically significant, amount since the late 1970s.
Anti-cytokine therapies in response to systemic infection

In the past 5 y, the 28 d mortality in patients with sepsis syndrome has decreased somewhat but still ranges from 30% to 40%; mortality in those patients with septic shock and multiple organ failure is higher. This high mortality is observed despite intensive care units that deliver hemodynamic, metabolic, ventilatory, and renal support. Clearly some patients survive the ordeal but it remains frustrating not being able to stop the downhill course leading to multiple organ failure and death in these patients. New therapies have been sought and tested, including those preventing the biologic activity of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Based on animal studies, anti-TNF and IL-1 therapy has been used to "rescue" the patient who continues to deteriorate in the face of considerable support efforts. Unfortunately, these anticytokine therapies have not dramatically reduced 28 d mortality in double-blind, placebo-controlled trials involving nearly 10000 patients, although there is a consistent but statistically nonsignificant decrease in mortality associated with anticytokine therapies. On the other hand, the same anti-TNF and IL-1-based therapies have made a dramatic improvement in the local inflammation and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. It appears that systemic inflammation of sepsis requires more than anticytokine monotherapy to significantly reduce mortality.
A mixture model approach to indexing rater agreement

Raters are an important potential source of measurement error when assigning targets to categories. Therefore, psychologists have devoted considerable attention to quantifying the extent to which ratings agree with each other. Two main approaches to analysing rater agreement data can be distinguished. While the first approach focuses on the development of summary statistics that index rater agreement, the second models the association pattern among the observers' ratings. With the modelling approach three groups of models can be distinguished: latent class models, simple quasi-symmetric agreement models, and mixture models. This paper discusses a class of mixture models that is defined by its characteristic of having a quasi-symmetric log-linear representation. This class of models has two interesting properties. First, the simple quasi-symmetric agreement models can be shown to be members of this class. Therefore, the results of a rater agreement analysis based on a simple quasi-symmetric agreement model may be interpreted in the mixture model framework. Second, since the mixture models readily provide a familiar measure of rater reliability, it is possible to obtain a model-based estimate of rater reliability from the simple quasi-symmetric agreement models. The suggested class of mixture models will be illustrated using data from a persuasive communication study in which three raters classified respondents on the basis of their elicited cognitive responses.
Fractal dimension analysis of factor X activation in the presence of tissue factor-factor viia complex in a continuous flow reactor

The characteristics of a phospholipid surface are of major importance in the activation of factor X in the presence of tissue factor-factor VIIa (TF-VIIa) complex. A possible tool which provides a measure of the surface corrugation and roughness is the fractal dimension analysis. This paper uses the fractal characterization of a phospholipid surface to develop a model for analyzing surface based enzymatic reaction data. The modeling indicates that the fractal dimension (D) of a phospholipid surface is a function of the wall shear rate. The results also indicate that the fractal dimension of the phospholipid surface decreases from approximately 2.9 to 1.4 as the wall shear rate increases from 50 to 1600 sec−1. At the same time the factor Xa production increases from 1.9 to 5.8 pmoles/ (min. cm−2).
Sensitivity of Intravenous and Oral Alfentanil and Pupillary Miosis as Minimally Invasive and Noninvasive Probes for Hepatic and First‐Pass CYP3A Activity

This investigation determined the ability of alfentanil miosis and single-point concentrations to detect various degrees of CYP3A inhibition. Results were compared with those for midazolam, an alternative CYP3A probe. Twelve volunteers were studied in a randomized 4-way crossover, targeting 12%, 25%, and 50% inhibition of hepatic CYP3A. They received 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg oral fluconazole, followed 1 hour later by 1 mg intravenous midazolam and then 15 microg/kg intravenous alfentanil 1 hour later. The next day, they received fluconazole, followed by 3 mg oral midazolam and 40 microg/kg oral alfentanil. Dark-adapted pupil diameters were measured coincident with blood sampling. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) ratios (fluconazole/control) after 100, 200, and 400 mg fluconazole were (geometric mean) 1.3*, 1.4*, and 2.0* for intravenous midazolam and 1.2*, 1.6*, and 2.2* for intravenous alfentanil (*significantly different from control), indicating 16% to 21%, 31% to 36%, and 43% to 53% inhibition of hepatic CYP3A. Single-point concentration ratios were 1.5*, 1.8*, and 2.4* for intravenous midazolam (at 5 hours) and 1.2*, 1.6*, and 2.2* for intravenous alfentanil (at 4 hours). Pupil miosis AUC ratios were 0.9, 1.0, and 1.2*. After oral dosing, plasma AUC ratios were 2.3*, 3.6*, and 5.3* for midazolam and 1.8*, 2.9*, and 4.9* for alfentanil; plasma single-point ratios were 2.4*, 4.5*, and 6.9* for midazolam and 1.8*, 2.9*, and 4.9* for alfentanil, and alfentanil miosis ratios were 1.1, 1.9*, and 2.7*. Plasma concentration AUC ratios of alfentanil and midazolam were equivalent for detecting hepatic and first-pass CYP3A inhibition. Single-point concentrations were an acceptable surrogate for formal AUC determinations and as sensitive as AUCs for detecting CYP3A inhibition. Alfentanil miosis could detect 50% to 70% inhibition of CYP3A activity, but was less sensitive than plasma AUCs. Further refinements are needed to increase the sensitivity of alfentanil miosis for detecting small CYP3A changes.
Separation of transport lifetimes in SrTi O 3 -based two-dimensional electron liquids

Deviations from Landau Fermi-liquid behavior are ubiquitous features of the normal state of unconventional superconductors. Despite several decades of investigation, the underlying mechanisms of these properties are still not completely understood. In this work, we show that two-dimensional electron liquids at $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}/R\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ $(R=\mathrm{Gd}$ or Sm) interfaces reveal strikingly similar physics. Analysis of Hall and resistivity data shows a clear separation of transport and Hall scattering rates, also known as ``two-lifetime'' behavior. This framework gives a remarkably simple and general description of the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient. Distinct transport lifetimes accurately describe the transport phenomena irrespective of the nature of incipient magnetic ordering, the degree of disorder, confinement, or the emergence of non\char21{}Fermi-liquid behavior. The Hall scattering rate diverges at a critical quantum well thickness, coinciding with a quantum phase transition. Collectively, these results introduce constraints on the existing microscopic theories of lifetime separation and point to the need for unified understanding.
The seesaw in winter temperatures between Greenland and Northern Europe. Part III: Teleconnections with lower Latitudes

Abstract Tropical teleconnections to the seesaw in winter mean temperatures between Greenland and northern Europe are described in terms of the trade winds, African precipitation, sea surface temperatures and Gulf Stream intensity as indicated by changes in relative sea levels. There is a statistically significant correlation between the strength of the northeast and southeast trades in the Atlantic during seesaw winters, but not in other winters. Latitudinal differences in the position of the ITCZ over Africa, as defined by the belt of heaviest precipitation, are seen between the two modes of the seesaw but not in other circulation types. Relative sea levels on either side of the Gulf Stream show that geostrophic velocity of the surface current is out of phase with the strength of the trades in the North Atlantic Ocean during seesaw winters, which presumably indicates that in this region steric effects on the current prevail over the influence of the wind. Small-magnitude pressure anomaly patterns of the...
Jimmy Carter: The rhetoric of private and civic piety

Jimmy Carter disclosed details of his spiritual beliefs and employed religious‐political rhetoric in the 1976 election campaign. His religiosity communicated trustworthiness, served as a source of identification with evangelicals, and generated media attention. Moreover, Carter's religious political discourse reaffirmed Americans’ civic piety and faith in America.