cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-Resolved I-Band Photometry of Calibration Spheres and NaK Droplets

Wehave developed a program to obtain photometry of Earth-orbiting satellites using the U.S. Air Force advanced electrooptical system 3.6m telescope’s Visible Imager instrument, which acquires time-series charge-coupled device images at typical rates of 0.1 to 2.1 Hz. Observations of 12 spherical satellites provide measurements of I-band albedos (i.e., reflectances) and evaluation of surface nonuniformities. Best-fit specular diffuse albedo models enable brightness predictions and a means to grade the quality of the spheres as photometric calibration reference objects. CalSphere-4A appears to be the highest quality calibrator of the 12, with the best-fitmodel reproducing 90% of the measurements to within 0:03 stellar magnitudes. This four-decade-old sphere reflects in a predominantly diffuse fashion and has a total albedo of 67% that is somewhat lower than expected for fresh white paint, effects likely due to space weathering. The aluminum Lincoln Calibration Sphere-1 shows predominantly specular reflection (albedos 59%) but with 0:3 magnitude deviations between data and model that recur every 30–90 s, likely due to one or more surface irregularities. Three other predominantly specular aluminum spheres display less frequent but larger amplitude deviations. Observations indicate that sodium/potassium droplets leaked from Soviet radar ocean reconnaissance satellite reactors are highly reflective specular spheres that can also serve as optical calibrators.
Cenozoic History of the Bering Land Bridge: The seaway between the Pacific and Arctic basins has often been a land route between Siberia and Alaska

Many facts of paleontology and biogeography (1, 2) indicate that the Old and New Worlds have sometimes been connected by a continuous land route that extended from Alaska across the present shallow floors of the Bering and Chukchi seas (Fig. 1) to Siberia. Recent geologic studies in western Alaska permit a more detailed consideration of the times at which the land bridge existed during the last 50 million years of Tertiary and Quaternary time. Some wellfounded inferences can also be drawn concerning the climate and vegetation that prevailed on the land bridge during the last (Wisconsin) glacial interval, the most recent period during which the land bridge existed (3).
Studies on limb morphogenesis. VI. Experiments with early stages of the polydactylous mutant Eudiplopodia.

Prospective limb mesoderm was transplanted to the flank of twoday host embryos in efforts to study tissue specific effects of the avian polydactylous mutant, eudiplopodia. Initially, normal limb mesoderm was placed in the flank of two-day scaleless hosts and a scaleless limb resulted, ensuring that the regenerating host ectoderm provided the epithelial covering for the graft limb. Eudiplopod limbs developed from grafts of normal mesoderm to two-day eudiplopod hosts while the reciprocal combination produced normal limbs. Similar transplants showed that eudiplopod ectoderm may respond to leg mesoderm from both quail and talpid2 embryos and does so typically by forming two ridges. Grafts of normal limb mesoderm to three-and-one-half-day eudiplopod hosts produced supernumerary limbs in the majority of cases whereas most grafts to normal hosts of similar age produced only a skin covered nodule. It is concluded that the mutant gene extends the time of ectodermal competence for ridge formation and that as a consequence of this specificity the mutant effects are seen only in eudiplopod limb ectoderm.
Discussion Panel: Database Management and Reporting Systems of Foreign-based Companies*

Panelists: Win M. Castle, MD, MFCM, MBBS, ICI Pharmaceuticals, UK; John C. C. Talbot, PhD, Glaxo Group Research Ltd, UK; Ms Lorely J. Maskell, Wellcome Research Laboratories, UK; Ms Peggy Doi, Burroughs Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Ms Cindy Engle, Burroughs Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Prospective assessment of EUS criteria for lymphadenopathy associated with rectal cancer

Background There are few data that assess the accuracy of echo characteristics for predicting lymph-node (LN) metastases in patients with rectal cancer. Objective To identify nodal echo characteristics and size predictive of malignant infiltration and to determine if any combination of standard nodal criteria has sufficient predictive value to preclude FNA. Design Prospective uncontrolled study. Setting Tertiary-referral hospital. Patients Seventy-six patients (68% men) with untreated rectal cancer; 52 had visualized LNs. Intervention EUS-guided FNA. Main Outcome Measurements Evaluation of perirectal nodal morphology accuracy that corresponds to malignant cytology and identification of echo criteria, including LN size, to have sufficient predictive value to predict malignancy. Results Forty-three of 52 patients (83%) underwent FNA of a visualized LN. Nodal hypoechogenicity and short-axis length ≥5 mm were factors independently predictive of malignancy. The number of malignant nodal echo features per node did not distinguish benign from malignant pathology, except when all 4 features were present. Only 68% of malignant LN had ≥3 echo characteristics. An optimum LN short-axis or long-axis length cutoff value of 6 mm or 9 mm were 90% and 95% specific, respectively, for the presence of malignancy by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Limitations FNA was performed in a subset of identified LNs. Conclusions Nodal echo features alone are often inadequate to establish the presence of locoregional metastatic disease by EUS. These data support the value of FNA to confirm the presence of malignancy in place of relying on imaging criteria.
Reversal of aminopterin suppression of growth of the fungus Diplodia by pyrimidines.

Abstract Adenine, guanine, thymine, or uracil, but not cytosine or 5-methylcytosine, relieved the suppression of growth of Diplodia caused by aminopterin. There was no evidence that the pyrimidine effect on aminopterin-inhibited cells is due to a conversion of pyrimidine to purine.
WAVE-MECHANICAL MODEL FOR THE NONADIABATIC LOSS OF PARTICLES FROM MAGNETIC- MIRROR TRAPS.

A model is presented which describes the nonadiabatic loss of particles from magnetic mirror traps through a Schr\"odinger-like equation where the role of $\ensuremath{\hbar}$ is played by the "first action invariant." The process is thus found to be analogous to the "tunneling effect" in quantum mechanics. The predictions of the model for the lifetimes compare very well with the experimental results.
Effects of a Parenting Intervention on Features of Psychopathy in Children

This study examined whether Project Support, a parenting intervention shown to reduce child conduct problems, also exerts positive effects on features of psychopathy in children. Participants were 66 families (mothers and children) recruited from domestic violence shelters who participated in a randomized controlled trial evaluating Project Support. Each family included at least one child between the ages of 4 and 9 who was exhibiting clinical levels of conduct problems. Families were randomly assigned to the Project Support intervention condition or to an existing services comparison condition, and they were assessed on 6 occasions over 20 months, following their departure from the shelter. Children in families in the Project Support condition, compared with those in the comparison condition, exhibited greater reductions in features of psychopathy. Moreover, the changes in features of psychopathy remained after accounting for changes in conduct problems. Project Support’s effects on features of psychopathy were mediated by improvements in mothers’ harsh and inconsistent parenting. These findings on the effects of an intervention on features of psychopathy are the first from a randomized controlled trial. They inform the debate about whether features of psychopathy in children are responsive to intervention, and hold important implications for clinical practice.
Morphine and norepinephrine but not 5-hydroxytryptamine and γ-aminobutyric acid inhibit the potassium-stimulated release of substance P from rat spinal cord slices

We studied whether morphine, norepinephrine (NE), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibit the potassium-stimulated release of substance P (SP) from rat spinal cord slices. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were decapitated and a 2-cm segment of lumbosacral spinal cord was removed, chopped into 0.5 X 0.5 mm pieces, weighed, placed in a perfusion chamber and perfused at 37 degrees C with a modified Krebs bicarbonate buffer. Perfusate was collected, lyophilized, then assayed for SP using radioimmunoassay. Exposure of spinal cord tissue to 50 mM KCl for 8 min produced a calcium-dependent increase in the release of SP from a basal level of approximately 0.1 pg/mg tissue/min to 0.3 pg/mg tissue/min. Morphine and NE at concentrations of 10(-4) and 10(-5) M did not alter basal release but caused a significant reduction in the potassium-stimulated release of SP. Naloxone (10(-5) M) and phentolamine (10(-5) M) did not affect SP release but attenuated the effects of morphine and NE, respectively. Naloxone did not antagonize the inhibition of release produced by NE nor did phentolamine block the effect of morphine, suggesting that the actions of the agonists are independent. In contrast, 5-HT and GABA at concentrations of 10(-4) M and 10(-5) M did not significantly alter the basal or potassium-stimulated release of SP. These results demonstrate a differential regulation of SP release in the spinal cord and support the hypothesis that morphine and NE may modify nociception, in part, by inhibiting the release of SP in the spinal cord.
Metallocene-methylaluminoxane catalysts for olefin polymerizations. IV. Active site determinations and limitation of the 14CO radiolabeling technique

The initial active site concentrations, [C*]0, have been determined with CH3OT radiolabeling for the Cp2ZrCl2/MAO and CpZrCl3/MAO catalysts (Cp = η5 : cyclopentadienyl, MAO = methyl aluminoxane). Almost all the Zr are found to be catalytically active in 70°C ethylene polymerizations; [C*]0 = [Zr] and [C*]0 = 0.8[Zr] at Al/Zr ratios of 104 and 103, respectively. Lowering the temperature to 50°C and Al/Zr to 5.5 × 102 reduces [C*]0 to 0.2[Zr]. The rate constant of propagation at 70°C was calculated to be 1.6 × 103(M s)−1 for both catalysts at Al/Zr = 1.1 × 104; the values are decreased fivefold and tenfold, respectively, for the CpZrCl3 and Cp2ZrCl2 systems. The usage of 14CO to determine the propagating Zr–P species was investigated. With regard to the time of reaction of 14CO with the polymerization mixture, the initial phase is attributed to reversible CO complexation and reversible migratory insertion. The second slower phase may be due to the formation of enediolate. During the course of a batch polymerization the 14C radioactivity incorporated is small compared to the number of active sites found by CH3OT determination; it is only ca. 10% of [C*]0 at maximum rate of polymerization. Therefore, 14CO radiolabeling cannot be used to count C*.
Identification of a thiosulfate utilization gene cluster from the green phototrophic bacterium Chlorobium limicola.

Chlorobium is an autotrophic, green phototrophic bacterium which uses reduced sulfur compounds to fix carbon dioxide in the light. The pathways for the oxidation of sulfide, sulfur, and thiosulfate have not been characterized with certainty for any species of bacteria. However, soluble cytochrome c-551 and flavocytochrome c (FCSD) have previously been implicated in the oxidation of thiosulfate and sulfide on the basis of enzyme assays in Chlorobium. We have now made a number of observations relating to the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds. (1) Western analysis shows that soluble cytochrome c-551 in Chlorobium limicola is regulated by thiosulfate, consistent with a role in the utilization of thiosulfate. (2) A membrane-bound flavocytochrome c-sulfide dehydrogenase (which is normally a soluble protein in other species) is constitutive and not regulated by sulfide as expected for an obligately autotrophic species dependent upon sulfide. (3) We have cloned the cytochrome c-551 gene from C. limicola and have found seven other genes, which are also presumably involved in sulfur metabolism and located near that for cytochrome c-551 (SoxA). These include genes for a flavocytochrome c flavoprotein homologue (SoxF2), a nucleotidase homologue (SoxB), four small proteins (including SoxX, SoxY, and SoxZ), and a thiol-disulfide interchange protein homologue (SoxW). (4) We have established that the constitutively expressed FCSD genes (soxEF1) are located elsewhere in the genome. (5) Through a database search, we have found that the eight thiosulfate utilization genes are clustered in the same order in the Chlorobium tepidum genome (www.tigr.org). Similar thiosulfate utilization gene clusters occur in at least six other bacterial species but may additionally include genes for rhodanese and sulfite dehydrogenase.
Proton excretion and cell expansion in bean leaves.

Light-induced expansion of Phaseolus vulgaris L. leaf cells is accompanied by increased cell-wall plasticity. The possibility that leaf-cell walls are loosened by excreted protons has been investigated. First, light causes acidification, detected at the leaf surface, within 5–15 min. Growth starts 10–20 min after exposure to light. Second, exogenous acid induces loosening of isolated leaf cell walls. Third, infiltration of the tissue with a neutral buffer inhibits light-induced growth. Fourth, fusicoccin stimulates growth of as well as H+ excretion by bean leaf cells, without light. These findings show that the acid-growth theory is applicable to light-induced growth of leaf cells, and indicate that light-induced proton excretion initiates cell enlargement in leaves.
ASSESSING PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS FROM PSYCHOTHERAPY INTERVIEWS.

Abstract Stresses precipitating the request for psychotherapeutic help, including the psychological conflicts involved in such stress, were assessed by judges listening to taped psychotherapy interviews with 43 outpatients. This paper reports upon the methods devised to record these judgments. Good agreement by two independent judges on the measures employed suggested that psychotherapy interviews selectively focused on limited goals can be valid sources of information about current stressors, conflicts, and modes of behavior, and increase understanding about the resolution of crises.
Bremsstrahlung radiation in an intense magnetic field and emission from pulsars.

Bremsstrahlung radiation in intense magnetic field proposed as emission mechanism from pulsars, discussing absorption coefficient
Perceived workplace conditions and first-year teachers’ morale, career choice commitment, and planned retention: a secondary analysis

Abstract The relationships between perceived workplace conditions and morale, career choice commitment, and planned retention were examined for first-year teachers in the United States. A nationally representative sample of first-year teachers (K-12) was extracted from the United States Department of Education's Schools and Staffing Surveys database for 1987–88 and 1993–94. A school culture that supports collaboration and teacher participation in decision-making was most strongly related to higher morale, stronger commitment to teaching, and intentions to remain in the profession. The discussion highlights the importance of providing supportive workplace conditions during a formalized induction year that socialize new teachers into a collaborative and participatory work-ethic that sustains commitment.
On the resonant component of the response of single degree-of-freedom systems under random loading

Abstract A simple expression for the resonant component of the response variance of a single degree-of-freedom system under wind pressure loading is derived. For slowly varying excitation spectral densities, low structural damping and relatively wide excitation frequency bands, the expression gives a good estimate of the response variance. The derivation substantiates a frequently used approximation in the analysis of single-degree-of-freedom system under wind loading.
Temp work: Music and the cultural shaping of time

This paper examines the musical organisation of time at two critical junctures in European history: the seventeenth and early twentieth centuries. In both cases, radically different ways of shaping...
Mechanisms of regulation of cell-mediated immunity: Anti-I-A alloantisera interfere with induction and expression of T-cell-mediated immunity to cell-bound antigen in vivo

Abstract The ability to modulate immunity to cell-bound antigen with anti-I-A alloantisera has been assessed. It was found that anti-I-A antiserum could inhibit the generation of T cell-dependent delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to the S1509a tumor syngeneic to A J mice and the chemical hapten, azobenzenearsonate, coupled onto the surface of syngeneic lymphoid cells. The intravenous injection of microliter amounts of anti-I-A alloantisera prevents the generation of immune T cells to either of the antigens employed. Kinetic analysis of the observed effect suggested that cellular interactions taking place at the time of antigen presentation during either immunization or challenge constituted the primary target of antiserum treatment. Finally, by using F1 hybrids, and immunizing these mice with antigen-coupled antigen-presenting cells of either parental types, it could be determined that anti-I-A antiserum was interacting primarily with cell surface structures involved in the presentation of nominal antigen to antigen-reactive cells. The general significance and potential application of these findings to therapeutic manipulations are also discussed.
Hypercalcemia in a 79-Year-Old Woman

2. The causes of hypercalcemia are numerous and before undertaking a full workup, it is recommended to make sure that hypercalcemia truly exists and is not the result of a false positive laboratory test, hemoconcentration of the blood sample, or a secondary occurrence due to an increased serum total protein and albumin concentration. Hypercalcemia can occur due to common (accounting for approximately 90% of all cases), uncommon, and rare causes [T2]. Hypercalcemia secondary to hyperparathyroidism is most often a chronic disorder in which clinical manifestations develop only after many months, if not years. Hypercalcemia can also be an early manifestation of a malignancy (ie, “hypercalcemia of malignancy”), which is the second most common cause of hypercalcemia in adults. Primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancies account for close to 90% of all cases of hypercalcemia.1 Primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly associated with a solitary adenoma affecting a single parathyroid gland; however, involvement of more than one parathyroid gland, a rare event, has been reported.2 Hereditary hyperparathyroidism is usually part of a multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome, type 1 or 2A. Hypercalcemia of Principal Laboratory Findings
Enrichment of Schwann cell cultures from neonatal rat sciatic nerve by differential adhesion

A novel method of Schwann cell purification from neonatal rat sciatic nerve has been developed using differential adhesion. After enzymatic and mechanical dissociation, the cell digest is allowed to settle on polylysine-coated glass coverslips for 30 min with intermittent shaking. After an 18-h incubation, bipolar cells comprise greater than 95% of the non-adherent population. Indirect immunofluorescence with the cell-specific markers rabbit anti-galactocerebroside and rabbit anti-bovine-P-2 basic protein antiserum confirmed light microscopic identification of these bipolar cells as Schwann cells. Rabbit anti-human fibronectin specifically labeled fibroblasts which comprised less than 5% of the cell population, but did not bind to Schwann cells. Schwann cells isolated by differential adhesion were injected into a rabbit. When absorbed with cultured rat skin fibroblasts, serum from this rabbit specifically surface labeled greater than 99% of the bipolar and round cells after 18 h and 5 days in vitro and also labeled Schwann cells in fetal rat dorsal root ganglia cultures, but not fibroblasts or neurons.
Strongly Resonant p -Wave Superfluids

We study theoretically a dilute gas of identical fermions interacting via a p-wave resonance. We show that, depending on the microscopic physics, there are two distinct regimes of p-wave resonant superfluids, which we term "weak" and "strong." Although expected naively to form a paired superfluid, a strongly resonant p-wave superfluid is in fact unstable toward the formation of a gas of fermionic trimers. We examine this instability and estimate the lifetime of the p-wave molecules due to the collisional relaxation into trimers. We discuss consequences for the experimental achievement of p-wave superfluids in both weakly and strongly resonant regimes.
Family-Based Association Studies

Over the past decade, association studies based on linkage disequilibrium have become increasingly popular for detecting genetic variations underlying complex human diseases because association-based methods have been shown to have more power than traditional linkage-based methods in theoretical and empirical studies. There are two general designs in association studies: family-based designs that use pedigrees and population-based designs that use unrelated individuals. Although population-based designs are generally more powerful than family-based designs, and the recruitment of unrelated individuals is easier than the recruitment of families, they are subject to bias in the presence of population stratification. As a compromise between linkage studies and population-based association studies, family-based association designs can have similar power with population-based designs and are robust in the presence of population stratification. Therefore, family-based association designs have received great attention recently. In this chapter, we first review methods that can analyze the simplest family-based association design with one affected offspring with its two parents, all genotyped at a bi-allelic marker locus. We then discuss its various extensions that can increase power and utilize multi-allelic markers, families with multiple siblings, families with incomplete parental genotypes, quantitative traits, and multiple tightly linked markers. The association methods using family-based designs can be broadly classified into two groups: nonparametric methods based on the allele counting and parametric methods based on the likelihood function. Although these methods result in similar test statistics for the simplest family-based association design with one affected offspring with its two parents, their extensions on more complex situations vary greatly. Further developments of statistical methods to utilize general pedigrees and to detect gene–environment interactions are also discussed. Finally, we conclude this review by listing the available software packages that can carry out the analysis of family-based association designs and illustrating some of them based on a real data set.
Strength of Protein Gels Prepared with Microbial Transglutaminase as Related to Reaction Conditions

Influence of gelling reaction conditions on the strength of several protein gels prepared with microbial transglutaminase (TGase) was investigated. A method was developed to gel proteins and measure gel breaking strength in a micro well plate. Enzyme concentration range for maximum gel breaking strength varied from 10 to 40 units/g protein. Maxima gel breaking strengths were achieved at 50°C for SPI, caseinate and gelatin and 65°C for egg yolk and egg white proteins. Optimum pH resulting in strong gels was pH 9 for SPI, caseinate, and egg yolk, and pH 6 for gelatin and egg white. Adjusting pH was promoted in egg white the formation of ɛ-(γ-glutamyl)lysine crosslinks and increased its gel breaking strength.
Relationship of race and poverty to lower extremity function and decline: findings from the Women's Health and Aging Study.

Abstract Race- and poverty-related disparities in physical function are well documented, though little is known about effects of race and poverty on functional decline and the progression of disability. We examined cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between race, poverty and lower extremity function using data from moderately to severely disabled women in the U.S. Women's Health and Aging Study. Severity of lower extremity functional limitation was determined from scaled responses of reported difficulty walking ¼ mile, walking across a room, climbing stairs, and stooping, crouching or kneeling. Usual walking speed assessed over 4 m was our objective measure of function. Of the 996 women who described themselves as black or white, 284 (29%) were black and 367 (37%) were living at or below 100% of the federal poverty level. Independent of demographic and health-related factors, among white women, the poor exhibited consistently worse lower extremity function than the non-poor; this association, however, was not observed in black women. Among the non-poor, black women had slower walking speeds, and reported more limitation in lower extremity function than their non-poor white counterparts, even after adjusting for demographic variables and health-related characteristics. After 3 years, accounting for baseline function, demographic and health-related factors, race and poverty status were unrelated to functional decline. Thus, while race and poverty status were associated with functional deficits in old age, they do not appear to impact the rate of functional decline or progression of disability over 3 years.
Chronic anabolic-androgenic steroid treatment affects brain gabaa receptor-gated chloride ion transport

Previous research in this laboratory has shown that chronic treatment of adult male rats with an anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) produced anxiolytic behavior and increased the functional response of cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) receptors. The experiments reported here were aimed at further characterizing the effect of chronic AAS exposure on cerebral cortical GABA(A) receptors. Adult male rats were injected with dianabol (1,4-androstadien-17alpha-methyl-17beta-ol-3-one; 10 mg/kg/day, SC) for 4 weeks. A significant decrease in ventral prostate gland weight was found after 2 weeks of dianabol, and returned to control levels 3 and 10 days after steroid discontinuation. Testicular weights decreased throughout the treatment period but reached statistical significance only during the withdrawal period. Serum 3alpha-androstanediol level was marginally increased afer 2 weeks of dianabol injection, and was significantly decreased at 3 and 10 days after withdrawal. GABA-stimulated 36chloride (Cl-) influx in cortical synaptoneurosomes was increased in animals treated with dianabol for 2 and 4 weeks, and remained elevated 3 days after dianabol withdrawal, returning to control levels at withdrawal day 10. The increase in receptor efficacy was associated with a transient increase in receptor sensitivity (inverse of EC50), apparent after 2 weeks of AAS treatment and at withdrawal day 3. In a follow-up experiment, metabolites of dianabol were tested for the in vitro efficacy in potentiating GABA-stimulated Cl- transport. Only 3alpha-androstanedial and androsterone were found to have potent stimulatory effects. The 3beta-reduced metabolites were inactive, as were metabolites that contained a methyl group at the 17alpha position. These results point to significant facilitative effects of dianabol treatment on brain GABA(A) receptors via the metabolic formation of neuroactive steroids.
Use of Sulphopropyl-Sephadex chromatography and disc gel electrophoresis for the fractionation and identification of elapid venoms.

Abstract The cation exchange resin Sulphopropyl (SP)-Sephadex has been used for the preparative isolation of both neurotoxins and cytotoxins from various Elapid venoms. The chromatographic system described affords high resolution of venom components upon elution with simple linear salt gradients. Cytotoxins from the venom of Naja naja naja (India) and neurotoxins from Naja naja atra (Formosa), Naja naja siamensis and Bungarus multicinctus have been isolated in high yield as pure, physiologically-active materials. The resin has also been applied, together with two different discontinuous gel electrophoresis systems, to the characterization of venoms from ten Asian Naja naja subspecies. All of the venoms studied could be identified by their disc gel acidic and basic protein patterns alone, or by a combination of their SP-Sephadex protein elution profiles and the disc gel patterns of their acidic proteins. These studies indicate that the systems reported could be used not only for the identification of specific venoms but could also serve as a basis for a classification system for snake venoms.
When to commit in a serial supply chain with forecast updating

Negotiations between an end product manufacturer and a parts supplier often revolve around two main issues: the supplier's price and the length of time the manufacturer is contractually held to its order quantity, commonly termed the “commitment time frame.” Because actual demand is unknown, the specification of the commitment time frame determines how the demand risk is shared among the members of the supply chain. Casual observation indicates that most manufacturers prefer to delay commitments as long as possible while suppliers prefer early commitments. In this paper, we investigate whether these goals are always in the firm's best interest. In particular, we find that the manufacturer may sometimes be better off with a contract that requires an early commitment to its order quantity, before the supplier commits resources and the supplier may sometimes be better off with a delayed commitment. We also find that the preferred commitment time frame depends upon which member of the supply chain has the power to set their exchange price. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2003
Soft magnetic properties of nanocrystalline amorphous HITPERM films and multilayers

Amorphous precursors to HITPERM (Fe, Co)-Zr-B-Cu (a-HITPERM) films and a-HITPERM/SiO/sub 2/ multilayer films have been deposited on glass or Si substrates by a rf sputtering system with a target of composition (Fe/sub 0.7/Co/sub 0.3/)/sub 88/Zr/sub 7/B/sub 4/Cu/sub 1/. It was found that the a-HITPERM single layer film with a thickness of 100 mm possessed good soft magnetic properties with a saturation magnetization of 4/spl pi/M/sub s//spl ges/14 kG and a coercivity of H/sub c//spl sim/0.9 Oe at room temperature. Hc increases from 0.9 Oe to 25 Oe when the him thickness increases from 100 to 150 nm. To obtain excellent soft magnetic properties at larger thicknesses, a-HITPERM/SiO/sub 2/ multilayer films have been synthesized. In these, H/sub c/ drops from 25 Oe (single layer) to 0.25 Oe (multilayers) with the same total a-HITPERM thickness. The intervening SiO/sub 2/ layers play an important role in reducing the coercivity. Experimental results show the optimum thickness for SiO/sub 2/ was 2-4 nm. M-H loops for the multilayers films exhibit pronounced two step magnetization reversal processes for temperatures between 5 and 25 K. This behavior can be attributed to magneto-static coupling between a-HITPERM layers and sequential switching of the layers. The coupling exhibits itself in a blocked phenomenon with wide (stepped) hysteresis curves for T 25 K. The effects of magneto-static coupling on the magnetic properties of a-HITPERM/SiO/sub 2/ films will be discussed.
Analysis and algorithms for a regularized cauchy problem arising from a non-linear elliptic PDE for seismic velocity estimation

In the present work we derive and study a non-linear elliptic PDE coming from the problem of estimation of sound speed inside the Earth. The physical setting of the PDE allows us to pose only a Cauchy problem, and hence is ill-posed. However, we are still able to solve it numerically on a long enough time interval to be of practical use. We used two approaches. The first approach is a finite difference time-marching numerical scheme inspired by the Lax-Friedrichs method. The key features of this scheme is the Lax-Friedrichs averaging and the wide stencil in space. The second approach is a spectral Chebyshev method with truncated series. We show that our schemes work because of (i) the special input corresponding to a positive finite seismic velocity, (ii) special initial conditions corresponding to the image rays, (iii) the fact that our finite-difference scheme contains small error terms which damp the high harmonics; truncation of the Chebyshev series, and (iv) the need to compute the solution only for a short interval of time. We test our numerical schemes on a collection of analytic examples and demonstrate a dramatic improvement in accuracy in the estimation of the sound speed inside the Earth in comparison with the conventional Dix inversion. Our test on the Marmousi example confirms the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
LivePulse: tapping social media for sentiments in real-time

The rise of Twitter, blogs, review sites and social sites has motivated people to express their opinions publicly and more frequently than ever before. This has fueled the emerging field known as sentiment analysis whose goal is to translate the vagaries of human emotion into hard data. LivePulse is a tool that taps into the growing business interest in what is being said online with the particular characteristic of doing so in real-time. LivePulse integrates novel algorithms for sentiment analysis and a configurable dashboard with different kinds of dynamic charts that change as new data is ingested. It also provides support to drill down and visually explore the sentiment scores to understand how they were computed and what are the emotions expressed about a given aspect or topic. Our tool has been researched and prototyped at HP Labs in close interaction with internal and external customers whose valuable feedback has been crucial for improving the tool. This paper presents an overview of LivePulse's architecture and functionality, and illustrates how it would be demoed.
Studying Oil, Islam, and Women as if Political Institutions Mattered

By asserting that oil, not Islam, hurts gender equality, Michael Ross (2008) has made an important contribution to the debate on whether Islam bodes ill for women (Fish 2002; Inglehart and Norris 2003; Spierings, Smits, and Verloo 2009). Ross suggests that oil production decreases the number of female workers in countries with occupational segregation. The more women are left out of the formal economy, the fewer opportunities and resources they have for becoming influential political constituencies. According to Ross, “[t]his leaves oil-producing states with atypically strong patriarchal cultures and political institutions” (p. 107). Employing the same set of countries and data used in Ross (2008), I show that the institution of gender quotas, which is omitted from his statistical analyses, offsets the effects of oil rents on women's political representation. Gender quotas increase women's representation in Muslim majority and non-Muslim majority countries and in countries that are oil rich and oil poor. That “petroleum perpetuates patriarchy” (p. 120) is a tendency, not destiny.
Ballistic MOSFETs, the ultra scaled transistors

As the MOSFET dimensions are reduced further in the sub 50nm regime; ballistic transport would become a very important factor in governing the current characteristics. The maximum current a MOSFET can physically carry and the fastest it can operate is governed by the ballistic transport of the carriers in the channel. Therefore, we should fully understand this phenomenon, by the use of physical models, device simulations and if possible actual fabrication of devices. Also, the present gap between the results predicted by analytical models and rigorous simulations has to be bridged. To realize a device with 100% ballistic transport, efforts have to be directed to address the issues that impede the ballistic transport, like reducing the channel scattering, improving the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface and use of double gate structures.
High-aspect-ratio bulk micromachining of titanium

Recent process developments have permitted the highly anisotropic bulk micromachining1 of titanium microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). By using the metal anisotropic reactive ion etching with oxidation (MARIO) process, arbitrarily high-aspect-ratio structures with straight sidewalls and micrometre-scale features have been bulk micromachined into titanium substrates of various thicknesses, ranging from 0.5-mm sheet down to 10-μm free-standing titanium foils. Bulk micromachined structures are generally free of residual stresses and are preferred when large, rigid, flat and/or high-force actuators are desired2. However, so far there has been a limited ability to select materials on the basis of specific application in bulk micromachining, primarily because of the predominance of MEMS processes dedicated to single-crystal silicon, such as silicon deep reactive ion etching3. The MARIO process permits the creation of bulk titanium MEMS, which offers potential for the use of a set of material properties beyond those provided by traditional semiconductor-based MEMS. Consequently, the MARIO process enables the fabrication of novel devices that capitalize on these assets to yield enhanced functionalities that would not be possible with traditional micromechanical material systems.
Aproximaciones a la problemática criolla novohispana: el ego y los otros en Alboroto y motín de los indios de México de Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora (1645-1700)

Resumen es: Alboroto y motin de los indios de Mexico de Carlos de Ssiguenza y Gongora (1645-1700), en tanto que texto representativo del imaginario criollo de la ciu...
Not so fast flux networks for concealing scam servers

This work investigates the use of Fast Flux Service Networks as an element of the host infrastructure for illegal scam transaction servers referenced in spam email. The goal of the research is to better understand the dynamics, distinguishing features, and potential vulnerabilities of these networks in order to blacklist, block, or otherwise mitigate their effectiveness. This approach consists of active DNS and HTTP interrogation techniques for feature extraction. Results show that these proxy networks are both prevalent and discernible from legitimate high availability web sites. Monitoring of their DNS behavior over time reveals patterns and anomalies that may be exploitable.
On ℎ-cobordisms of spherical space forms

Given a manifold M of dimension at least 4 whose universal covering is homeomorphic to a sphere, the main result states that a compact manifold W is isomorphic to a cylinder M x [0, 1] if and only if W is homotopy equivalent to this cylinder and the boundary is isomorphic to two copies of M; this holds in the smooth, PL and topological categories. The result yields a classification of smooth, finite group actions on homotopy spheres (in dimensions > 5) with exactly two singular points. In the topology of manifolds it is often important to recognize when a manifold W with boundary is isomorphic to a cylinder M x [0,1]. The s-cobordism theorem gives the standard principle for recognizing products, but in some situations it is useful to have other criteria involving the boundary components of W. In a series of papers [U1]-[U3] F. Ushitaki has studied this question for equivariant h-cobordisms between two free linear G-spheres S(V), S(V') of dimension 2n 1 > 5 and has proved that such h-cobordisms are equivariantly isomorphic to products S(V) x I under assumptions of an algebraic nature (e.g., the vanishing of SK1(Z[G])). To be more specific, the following is the main result. Theorem (Ushitaki). Let G be a finite group, and X a free G-homotopy sphere of dimension 2n 1 > 5. Then the following are equivalent. (1) Every smooth G-h-cobordism W between X and itself must be G-diffeomorphic to X x I. (2) The homomorphism a: H2n (Z2; Wh(G)trivial) -t L2(G) in the Rothenberg exact sequence is a monomorphism. Here one takes the standard conjugation involution on the Whitehead group Wh(G) corresponding to the trivial homomorphism G -> Z2. Let G be a finite group which can act freely (topologically, piecewise linearly or smoothly) on a homotopy sphere En. We shall call the manifold Sn/G = Mn a fake spherical space form (cf. [KS4]). In this note we elaborate on the techniques and results of our paper [KS3] and obtain the following: Theorem. Let CAT denote one of the topological, piecewise linear, or smooth categories, let G $ {1} be a finite group, and let Mn be a CAT manifold that is a fake Received by the editors June 23, 1997 and, in revised form, September 2, 1997. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 57R80, 57S25. The first author was partially supported by NSF Grant DMS 91-01575 and by a COR grant from Tulane University. The second author was partially supported by NSF grant DMS 91-02711. (1999 American Mathematical Society
Effect of various pretreatments on the hypothermic activity of repin in naive rats.

Repin is a sesquiterpene lactone found in Centaurea solstitialis, a plant responsible for Parkinson-like disease in horses. Repin, on intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, produces a dose-dependent and highly significant hypothermia in naive rats. The hypothermia is long-lasting with a peak 3 h after the injection and a return to normal temperature after more than 8 h. The effects of atropine sulfate, atropine methylbromide, propranolol, metergoline, ketanserin, diphenhydramine and apomorphine pretreatment on repin-induced hypothermia were investigated. None of the pretreatments directly antagonized repin's hypothermic effect. However, partial but significant reversals of hypothermia by atropine sulfate, metergoline, ketanserin, diphenhydramine and apomorphine were observed 2-4 h after the repin injection. These late-onset effects are probably due to secondary physiological mechanisms. On the other hand, propranolol, at 20 mg/kg i.p., clearly accentuated both the early-onset (30-90 min) and late-onset (2-4 h) hypothermic effects of repin.
Facilitating Family Resilience in Clinical Practice

In this chapter I outline the basics of my clinical approach, which I refer to as a story about stories. According to my story, which is characterized by an ethical/respectful stance toward clients, the limits of what we can know are acknowledged; we recognize that there is no one right way that all people and families should be; pathologizing is avoided and the focus is on solutions rather than problems; shared expertise is emphasized; and the therapist is sensitive to language, conversations, and what is or is not privileged in those conversations, for example, power issues. Along with these aspects goes the requirement that the therapist stay abreast of new informations, new stories that will aid in the therapeutic process relative to both the clients’ goals and the facilitation of resilience. Indeed, my story continues to evolve and change as I continue to learn and grow.
Mosquitocidal properties of IgG targeting the glutamate-gated chloride channel in three mosquito disease vectors (Diptera: Culicidae).

The glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) is a highly sensitive insecticide target of the avermectin class of insecticides. As an alternative to using chemical insecticides to kill mosquitoes, we tested the effects of purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) targeting the extracellular domain of GluCl from Anopheles gambiae (AgGluCl) on the survivorship of three key mosquito disease vectors: Anopheles gambiae s.s., Aedes aegypti and Culex tarsalis . When administered through a single blood meal, anti-AgGluCl IgG reduced the survivorship of A . gambiae in a dose-dependent manner (LC50: 2.82 mg ml−1, range 2.68–2.96 mg ml−1) but not A. aegypti or C. tarsalis . We previously demonstrated that AgGluCl is only located in tissues of the head and thorax of A. gambiae . To verify that AgGluCl IgG is affecting target antigens found outside the midgut, we injected it directly into the hemocoel via intrathoracic injection. A single, physiologically relevant concentration of anti-AgGluCl IgG injected into the hemocoel equally reduced mosquito survivorship of all three species. To test whether anti-AgGluCl IgG was entering the hemocoel of each of these mosquitoes, we fed mosquitoes a blood meal containing anti-AgGluCl IgG and subsequently extracted their hemolymph. We only detected IgG in the hemolymph of A. gambiae , suggesting that resistance of A. aegypti and C. tarsalis to anti-AgGluCl IgG found in blood meals is due to deficient IgG translocation across the midgut. We predicted that anti-AgGluCl IgG's mode of action is by antagonizing GluCl activity. To test this hypothesis, we fed A. gambiae blood meals containing anti-AgGluCl IgG and the GluCl agonist ivermectin (IVM). Anti-AgGluCl IgG attenuated the mosquitocidal effects of IVM, suggesting that anti-AgGluCl IgG antagonizes IVM-induced activation of GluCl. Lastly, we stained adult, female A. aegypti and C. tarsalis for GluCl expression. Neuronal GluCl expression in these mosquitoes was similar to previously reported A. gambiae GluCl expression; however, we also discovered GluCl staining on the basolateral surface of their midgut epithelial cells, suggesting important physiological differences in Culicine and Anopheline mosquitoes.
SOBRALIA QUINATA, A NEW SPECIES IN SECTION GLOBOSAE

Hay varios especimenes de una Sobralia de la Seccion Globosae colectados en Costa Rica, pero no se han podido identificar con certeza por la mala conservacion de las flores. Ahora la floracion de una p l a n t a e n e l J a r d i n B o t a n i c o L a n k e s t e r p e r m i t e l a d e s c r i p c i o n d e l a p l a n t a c o m o u n a n u e v a e s p e c i e , S. quinata.
Hypoxia primes human normal prostate epithelial cells and cancer cell lines for the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation.

// Ravichandran Panchanathan 1, 2 , Hongzhu Liu 1, 2 , Divaker Choubey 1, 2 1 Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA 2 Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA Correspondence to: Divaker Choubey, email: Divaker.choubey@uc.edu Keywords: hypoxia, prostate, inflammasome, inflammation, cancer Received: December 15, 2015 Accepted: March 28, 2016 Published: April 5, 2016 ABSTRACT The molecular mechanisms by which hypoxia contributes to prostatic chronic inflammation (PCI) remain largely unknown. Because hypoxia stimulates the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, which “primes” cells for inflammasome activation by inducing the expression of NLRP3 or AIM2 receptor and pro-IL-1β, we investigated whether hypoxia could activate the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome in human normal prostate epithelial cells (PrECs) and cancer cell lines. Here we report that hypoxia (1% O 2 ) treatment of PrECs, prostate cell lines, and a macrophage cell line (THP-1) increased the levels of NLRP3, AIM2, and pro-IL-1β. Further, hypoxia in cells potentiated activation of the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activity. Notably, hypoxia “primed” cells for NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation through stimulation of the NF-κB activity. Our observations support the idea that hypoxia in human prostatic tumors contributes to PCI, in part, by priming cells for the activation of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome.