cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of LaAlO3“100” surfaces using RHEED and REM. II: 5 × 5 surface reconstruction

Abstract For the first time, 5 × 5 surface reconstruction on annealed LaAlO 3 “100” surfaces is observed with reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and reflection electron microscopy (REM). Most of the “100” surface areas are covered by the reconstructed layer. The presence of twin boundaries and protrusion contaminants on the surface has no influence on the formation of the reconstruction. Surface steps may enhance the surface reconstruction but are not essential to initiate the reconstruction. This feature is interpreted based on the adsorption models of oxygen on surface steps.
Interlaminar connections of rat visual cortex: An ultrastructural study

Thermal lesions were made in layers I, II, and upper part of layer III of rat visual cortex. The distribution of degenerating axons and axon terminals in layers IV, V, and VI was studied using electron microscopic techniques. Following supragranular thermal lesions, the majority of degenerating axon terminals were found in layer V, with extension into the adjacent part of layer VI. Neural profiles postsynaptic to degenerating axon terminals were found in these layers in the following distribution: 81.7% on spines of small to medium size dendrites; 18.2% on dendrite shafts; and <1% on neuronal perikarya. Few degenerating terminals were found on or near apical dendrites. Degenerating terminals were identified on shafts of stellate-type dendrites found in the upper part of layer V. Degenerating axons oriented parallel to the cortical surface were found most often in deep layer IV and upper layer V. Degenerating axons were also seen in axon bundles coursing vertically through layer IV. Approximately 10% of the terminals within a grid square have undergone degeneration; no clustering of degenerating terminals was found in vertical or transverse sections through layers V and VI. We suggest that most axon terminals arising from pyramidal neurons in layers II and upper III synapse with spines and shafts of dendrite branches originating from pyramidal neurons in layer V and perhaps VI.
Interaural time vs. interaural intensity in a lateralization paradigm

In a two-interval lateralization procedure, observers judged whether a stimulus presented with an interaural intensive difference was right or left in lateral space of the same stimulus presented with only an interaural temporal difference. The stimuli were pure tones of 500 and 1,000 Hz and 1,000-Hz low-pass noise. All stimuli were presented at both 65 and 55 dB SPL. For each of several values of interaural time (ranging from 0 to 1,000 microsec across all stimuli), a function was determined which related proportion of “right” relative position judgments to the value of the interaural intensive difference. The intercepts of these functions indicated that a progressively smaller amount of interaural intensive difference was required for the two stimuli to occupy a similar lateral location as the interaural temporal difference was increased. The slopes of the function suggested that the images associated with larger values of the interaural temporal differences are less distinct and blend together more than the images associated with small values of the temporal difference. Thus, the procedure provided a means for comparing the lateral location of images produced by interaural differences of time and intensity.
Privacy preserving churn prediction

Churn prediction is an important component of customer retention to predict whether a current customer decides to take business elsewhere or voluntarily terminates service, so marketing campaigns can target at the potential churners for retention efforts. In this paper we provide a strategy to protect customers' privacy in churn prediction. First of all, we demonstrate how to use data distortion to mask a telecom customer dataset, and then apply churn prediction methods to the distorted data. Since the distorted data are so different from the original data the privacy of customer is preserved, but the prediction methods we proposed will not compromise the accuracy of churn prediction. The performance of several data distortion methods are compared and evaluated.
The circular dichroism of glucagon solutions

Abstract Circular dichroic spectra of glucagon confirm that in dilute aqueous solutions (1 mg/ml) about 10–15% α-helix is present which increases to about 35% α-helix at concentrations greater than 10 mg/ml. Even in the helix-inducing solvent chloroethanol a concentration dependence of helicity is observed.
Mesquite encroachment impact on southern New Mexico rangelands: remote sensing and geographic information systems approach

Honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) invasion can negatively impact grazing capacity, spatial livestock distribution, and forage production in Chihuahuan Desert rangelands. High spatial resolution remote sensing data can be used to develop maps of shrub encroachment for arid rangelands. The objective of this study was to map changes in honey mesquite abundance and to evaluate honey mesquite impacts on perennial grass production at the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center in south-central New Mexico using high resolution satellite imagery. The project employed QuickBird ortho-ready satellite imagery with spatial resolution of 2.4 m in multispectral bands and panchromatic resolution of 0.6 m for the study area on May 19, 2009. We used a maximum likelihood supervised classification algorithm to distinguish honey mesquite from other land cover categories. We then measured grass production (kg/ha) in May, 2009 on 10 permanent, evenly spaced key areas in each pasture. We identified 12×60 m plots from the classified map and used these to calculate honey mesquite canopy cover on the 40 transects across the study area. Areas classified as dominated by honey mesquite estimated from image analyses encompassed 143, 50, 92, and 136 hectares in pastures 1, 4, 14, and 15, respectively. Regression analyses showed that increasing levels of honey mesquite canopy cover corresponded to lower perennial grass forage production (r2 = 0.73, n = 40). Our findings indicate that classification of high-resolution satellite imagery is a very useful tool for mapping invasive shrubs and determining their influence on forage production in desert landscapes.
Hyaluronic acid and hyaluronic acid-binding proteins in brain extracellular matrix

Hyaluronic acid (HA) plays the main structural role in the formation of brain extracellular matrix (ECM). The extracellular space appears empty by electron microscopy because HA is readily dissolved during the preparation of tissues for ultrastructural studies. The HA-binding proteins so far identified in brain ECM are versican, aggrecan and the glial HA-binding protein. Versican is a large fibroblast proteoglycan preferentially expressed in embryonic cartilage at the time of mesenchymal condensation. Glial HA-binding protein (GHAP) is probably a proteolytic product of versican corresponding to its HA-binding amino-terminal domain. It is mainly a white-matter protein, suggesting that the proteinase responsible for its cleavage from versican is normally activated in this location. Versican is found in both white matter and gray matter, where it forms pericellular coats around large neurons. Aggrecan, the aggregating proteoglycan of mature cartilage, co-localizes with versican in this location. In white matter, the localization of GHAP and versican is identical to that of the glial fibrillary acid protein, suggesting that both proteins are produced by astrocytes. An important difference between GHAP and versican is that GHAP but not versican is released from the tissues by hyaluronidase digestion, which suggests that versican is anchored to the cell membranes lining the extracellular space. GHAP was localized at the ultrastructural level in the granule cell layer of rat cerebellum, the only region of gray matter that is positive for GHAP in this species. Rats were perfused with aqueous fixatives containing cetylpyridinium chloride or tannic acid to prevent the solubilization of HA. GHAP is found throughout the extracellular space, the synaptic clefts being a notable exception. GHAP appears late in development, and the same is true for versican, the characteristic perineuronal coats first becoming apparent in the third postnatal week. It is suggested that a marked change occurs in the structure of brain ECM when HA-binding proteins first appear, and that the change is similar to that observed in prechondrogenic mesenchyme, i.e., reduction of the extracellular space and cell aggregation.
Trademark Law and Litigation in China

Confronted with scathing international criticism and mounting pressure, China has intensified its efforts over the years to improve its trademark protection regime. So where does China stand right now in terms of trademark protection? This article aims to answer this question by adopting a comparative framework based on international trademark treaties and U.S. trademark law. It examines the major provisions of the Chinese trademark law and reports a qualitative content analysis of court decisions on foreign trademark cases in Shanghai to investigate how the Chinese court interprets and enforces the law.
Evidence for mutualism between a plant growing in a phosphate-limited desert environment and a mineral phosphate solubilizing (MPS) rhizobacterium

Alkaline desert soils are high in insoluble calcium phosphates but deficient in soluble orthophosphate (Pi) essential for plant growth. In this extreme environment, one adaptive strategy could involve specific associations between plant roots and mineral phosphate solubilizing (MPS) bacteria. The most efficient MPS phenotype in Gram-negative bacteria results from extracellular oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid via the quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase. A unique bacterial population isolated from the roots of Helianthus annus jaegeri growing at the edge of an alkaline dry lake in the Mojave Desert showed no MPS activity and no gluconic acid production. Addition of a concentrated solution containing material washed from the roots to these bacteria in culture resulted in production of high levels of gluconic acid. This effect was mimicked by addition of the essential glucose dehydrogenase redox cofactor 2,7,9-tricarboxyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3]-quinoline-4,5-dione (PQQ) but the bioactive component was not PQQ. DNA hybridization data confirmed that this soil bacterium carried a gene with homology to the Escherichia coli quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase. These data suggest that expression of the direct oxidation pathway in this bacterium may be regulated by signaling between the bacteria and the plant root. The resultant acidification of the rhizosphere may play a role in nutrient availability and/or other ecophysiological parameters essential for the survival of this desert plant.
Structural changes in tubulin sheets upon removal of microtubule-associated proteins.

Zinc-induced tubulin sheets without microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) were assembled from tubulin purified by phosphocellulose chromatography. Large, open sheets were obtained in five-minute incubations at pH 5·7. Electron micrographs of negatively stained sheets showed a protofilament arrangement similar to that observed for zinc-induced sheets with MAPs but with altered lattice parameters. The spacings measured from optical diffraction patterns demonstrated that the protofilaments were 2·2 A closer together in the sheets without MAPs. Each MAP-free sheet was also divided roughly in half by a discontinuity which was parallel to the protofilaments and the relationship between the two domains was deduced from computed transforms. Two-dimensional image processing was carried out by conventional Fourier techniques and by correlation analysis. The correlation analysis improved the reconstructions in this application, with the resolution limited by the inherent properties of the negative stain method to about 14 A. A prominent feature of the computed reconstructions was an alternation of light and dark protofilaments due to differential staining, as revealed by a study of folded sheets. Neighboring protofilaments are related by a 2-fold screw axis, as they are in zinc-induced sheets with MAPs, but the symmetry is masked by the differential staining. The major effect of MAP removal on the structure of the sheets is that the bilobed structure of alternate tubulin subunits is no longer observed. This observation and the closer spacing of protofilaments is consistent with the postulate that some of the MAP molecules lie in the groove between protofilaments and bind to several tubulin dimers.
Evaluation of milk replacers containing a soy protein concentrate and high whey.

Abstract Three milk replacers compared contained per cent of dried whey, dried skimmilk, a soy protein concentrate (Promosoy, Central Soya Co.), and lard oil, respectively, as follows: A-76.6, 0, 12.2, 10; B-67.9, 14.9, 6.0, 10; and C-59.2, 29.6, 0, 10. The three replacers were equal in supplemental vitamins, minerals, antibiotic, and contained approximately 18.5% protein. They were fed to calves for 35 days. Average gains (kg) and fecal scores, scale of 0 (normal) to 3 (fluid), of calves on Replacers A, B, C were: 13.0, 17.8, 16.2 and 0.69, 0.60, 0.97. Blood serum protein, hemoglobin, and packed cell volumes of these groups were similar.
Microcontroller-based real-time alveolar breath sampling system

In spite of its potential as a non-invasive, high throughput evaluation method for diagnosis of various metabolic conditions and diseases, breath analysis still remains underutilized and underdeveloped. This is largely attributed to the poor correlation between the identified biomarker compounds and the associated pathology, lack of adequate instruments capable of collecting a standardized breath sample and limitations in detecting and interpreting breath analysis data. This paper presents a microcontroller-based, real-time breath sampling system capable of selectively sampling over multiple breath cycles, only the deep alveolar air that is known to contain Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) of clinical/diagnostic interest and diverting dead space air away from the VOCs detecting instrumentation. By addressing the limitation associated with producing a repeatable standardized breath sample in the existing breath sampling devices, this work seeks to resolve one of the fundamental requirements necessary for implementing a Point-of-Care (POC) diagnostic breath analyzer.
Molecular Links Between Light and Auxin Signaling Pathways

Light influences plant development and may act in part by modifying responses to the hormone auxin. Physiological studies have suggested correlations between light conditions and regulation of auxin transport. Genetic and biochemical studies are beginning to indicate specific proteins that may link light perception with auxin responses. Mutations in several genes encoding transcription factors affect both light and auxin responses, as do mutations that affect protein turnover. Therefore, light and auxin may control turnover of transcription factors. Biochemical and gene expression studies are needed to reveal more precisely how auxin and light signals interact.
The Student, the Teacher, and Nonverbal Communication

(1976). The Student, the Teacher, and Nonverbal Communication. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 51, No. 5, pp. 212-214.
Protein-Nanocrystal Conjugates Support a Single Filament Polymerization Model in R1 Plasmid Segregation

To ensure inheritance by daughter cells, many low-copy number bacterial plasmids, including the R1 drug-resistance plasmid, encode their own DNA segregation systems. The par operon of plasmid R1 directs construction of a simple spindle structure that converts free energy of polymerization of an actin-like protein, ParM, into work required to move sister plasmids to opposite poles of rod-shaped cells. The structures of individual components have been solved, but little is known about the ultrastructure of the R1 spindle. To determine the number of ParM filaments in a minimal R1 spindle, we used DNA-gold nanocrystal conjugates as mimics of the R1 plasmid. We found that each end of a single polar ParM filament binds to a single ParR/parC-gold complex, consistent with the idea that ParM filaments bind in the hollow core of the ParR/parC ring complex. Our results further suggest that multifilament spindles observed in vivo are associated with clusters of plasmids segregating as a unit.
The wnbd: A stochastic model approach for relating explanatory variables to consumer purchase dynamics

Abstract A tractable stochastic model approach, based on logit brand choice and purchase incidence components, is proposed to describe the distribution of brand purchases as a function of explanatory variables. The resulting composite aggregate model, a Weighted Negative Binomial Distribution ( wnbd ), is applied to an actual case situation and its results are found to compare favorably with those of a more complex model from a previously published study.
The timing of administration of antenatal corticosteroids in women with indicated preterm birth

Objective We sought to determine the timing of administration of antenatal corticosteroids (AS) for indicated preterm births and to identify which indications are associated with the most optimal timing of administration. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort of patients who received AS in anticipation of indicated preterm birth from 2009 through 2012 at Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY. Medical records of patients who received AS, as identified through the hospital pharmacy database, were reviewed. Patients were included if they had a singleton or twin gestation and they received AS for maternal or fetal indications. Women were excluded if they received AS for spontaneous preterm labor or preterm rupture of membranes. Maternal demographic and obstetrical characteristics were compared between those who received AS ≤7 days vs >7 days from delivery using parametric and nonparametric tests with relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. P Results In all, 193 patients were included in this study. Median latency from AS administration to delivery was 9 days (range, 0–83); 93 patients (48%) received AS within 7 days of delivery. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with regards to baseline maternal characteristics. Those delivering within 7 days of AS administration were more likely to have maternal vs fetal indications (84% vs 16%). Conclusion Only 48% of patients with an indication for preterm birth received AS within 7 days of its administration. AS appear to be more optimally timed in the presence of maternal rather than fetal indications.
Optically Pumped Free-Electron Laser with Electrostatic Reacceleration

Abstract A numerical model of a two-stage free electron laser (FEL) was developed that considers optical pumping and time-dependent electrostatic acceleration in the laser interaction region. Analytical solutions were obtained in weak- and strong-signal limits that provide confidence in the predictions of the numerical model. The validated model predicts encouraging FEL performance when a high-current electrostatic accelerator is used as the electron source for the two-stage concept. Although the model neglects diffraction, refractive guiding, three-dimensional and collective effects, their inclusion would not be expected to change the general conclusions reached in the present study.
903-8 Mitogenic Effect of Thromboxane A2and Its Synergistic Interaction with Serotonin on Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation is Reversed by Ridogrel

Background Thromboxane A 2 (TxA 2 ) and serotonin (5HT) released from aggregating platelets are known mitogens for vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). Recently we reported that TxA 2 and 5HT act synergistically in inducing proliferation of SMC and may contribute to the development of restenosis following vascular injury. Purpose In this study, we examined whether ridogrel (a TxA 2 synthase inhibitor/receptor antagonist) can inhibit the TxA 2 induced SMC proliferation both in the presence and absence of 5HT. Methods Canine aortic primary SMC were preincubated with either 30 μg/ml of Ridogrel in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or equal volume of PBS, as control, for 2 hrs in serum free medium. Increasing concentrations of U46619 (a TxA 2 mimetic) with or without 5HT were then added and 3 H-thymidine incorporated into DNA of the SMC was measured. Results Control (PBS) 5HT Concentration(μM) Rido9rel 30 μg/ml 5HT Concentration(μM) 0 5 50 0 5 50 TxA 2 0 nM 100 236 ± 37 222 ± 5 68 ± 4 306 ± 3 212 ± 13 TxA 2 7.5 nM 100 ± 1 394 ± 20 1131 ± 97 84 ± 8 294 ± 27 * 249 ± 6 * TxA 2 75 nmM 173 ± 29 541 ± 69 1369 ± 146 74 ± 117 * 283 ± 24 * 279 ± 17 * TxA 2 750 nM 282 ± 8 795 ± 22 1569 ± 103 76 ± 27 * 285 ± 28 * 274 ± 21 * Values are % of control: Control = 100% = 9023 ± 621 cpm/10 6 cells. n = 3 * p l 0.001 compared to corresponding PBS treated controls The data show that unlike the PBS treated controls, ridogrel reversed both the mitogenic effect of TxA 2 on SMC as well as its synergistic interaction with 5HT in inducing cellular proliferation. Conclusion The data indicate the specificity of the interaction of TxA 2 with 5HT in inducing SMC proliferation. This suggests a potential role forthe combined use of TxA 2 synthase inhibitor/receptor antagonist and 5HT receptor antagonist for inhibiting SMC proliferation at sites of vascular injury.
Mechanical ventilation, diaphragm weakness and weaning: A rehabilitation perspective

Most patients are easily liberated from mechanical ventilation (MV) following resolution of respiratory failure and a successful trial of spontaneous breathing, but about 25% of patients experience difficult weaning. MV use leads to cellular changes and weakness, which has been linked to weaning difficulties and has been labeled ventilator induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD). Aggravating factors in human studies with prolonged weaning include malnutrition, chronic electrolyte abnormalities, hyperglycemia, excessive resistive and elastic loads, corticosteroids, muscle relaxant exposure, sepsis and compromised cardiac function. Numerous animal studies have investigated the effects of MV on diaphragm function. Virtually all these studies have concluded that MV use rapidly leads to VIDD and have identified cellular and molecular mechanisms of VIDD. Molecular and functional studies on the effects of MV on the human diaphragm have largely confirmed the animal results and identified potential treatment strategies. Only recently potential VIDD treatments have been tested in humans, including pharmacologic interventions and diaphragm "training". A limited number of human studies have found that specific diaphragm training can increase respiratory muscle strength in FTW patients and facilitate weaning, but larger, multicenter trials are needed.
Recurrent neural networks for solving systems of complex-valued linear equations

Recurrent neural networks are presented for solving systems of linear equations involving complex-valued coefficients. The recurrent neural networks are shown to be able to generate unknown solutions of complex-valued linear equations. The configurations of the recurrent neural networks are described. An example is also discussed.
Galectin-3: differential accumulation of distinct mRNAs in serum-stimulated mouse 3T3 fibroblasts.

The murineGalectin-3 gene spans ∼12 kb of DNA and contains six exons, with the translation initiation codon located in exon II. On the basis of restriction mapping and sequence analysis of the DNA upstream of exon II, primer extension assays, rapid amplification of cDNA ends, and ribonuclease protection assays were designed and carried out to determine the initiation site of transcription and the sequence of exon I. The results revealed at least two transcription initiation sites (α and δ), each of which appears to be specifically associated with the use of alternative donor splice sites, resulting in distinct mRNA species. Type I message initiates at transcription start site δ, uses splice donor site No. 2, retaining a 27 bp sequence, whereas type II message initiates at transcription start site α, uses splice donor site No. 1, resulting in the loss of the 27 bp sequence. Primer extension assays carried out with mRNA isolated from 3T3 fibroblasts at various times after serum stimulation indicate that while the type II message varies in level only a little over the first 20 h, there is dramatic accumulation of the type I message, which peaks at 16 h post mitogen addition.
On the control of complex dynamic systems

A method is described for the limited control of the dynamics of systems which generally have several dynamic attractors. associated either with maps or first order ordinary differential equations (ODE) in Rn. The control is based on the existence of ‘convergent’ regions, CC(k = 1,2,…), in the phase space of such systems, where there is ‘local convergence’ of all nearby orbits. The character of the control involves the ‘entrainment’ and subsequent possible ‘migration’ of the experimental system from one attractor to another. Entrainment means that limt > → ∞ |x(t) − g(t)| = 0, where x(t) ϵ Rn is the system's controlled dynamics, and the goal-dynamics, g(t) ϵGk, has any topological form but is limited dynamically and to regions of phase space, Gk, contained in some Ck, Gk ⊂ Ck. The control process is initiated only when the system enters a ‘basin of entrainment’, BEk ⊃ Gk, associated with the goal-region Gk. Aside from this ‘macroscopic’ initial-state information about the system, no further feedback of dynamic information concerning the response of the system is required. The experimental reliability of the control requires that the regions, BEk, be convex regions in the phase space, which can apparently be assured if Gk ⊂ Ck. Simple illustrations of these concepts are given, using a general linear and a piecewise-linear ODE in Rn. In addition to these entrainment-goals, ‘migration-goal’ dynamics is introduced, which intersects two convergent regions G ∩ Cj ≠ ⊘, G ∩ Cj ≠ ⊘ (i ≠ j), and permits transferring the dynamics of a system from one attractor to another, or from one convergent region to another. In the present study these concepts are illustrated with various one-dimensional maps involving one or more attractors and convergent regions. Several theorems concerning entrainment are derived for very general, continuous one-dimensional maps. Sufficient conditions are also established which ensure ‘near-entrainment’ for a system, when the dynamic model of the system is not exactly known. The applications of these concepts to higher dimensional maps and flows will be presented in subsequent studies.
Current Status of Metal–Organic Framework Membranes for Gas Separations: Promises and Challenges

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are hybrid organic–inorganic nanoporous materials that exhibit regular crystalline lattices with relatively well-defined pore structures. Chemical functionalization of the organic linkers in the structures of MOFs affords facile control over pore size and chemical/physical properties, making MOFs attractive for a variety of industrial applications including membrane-based gas separations. A wealth of reports exists discussing the synthesis and applications of MOFs; however, relatively few reports exist discussing MOF membranes. This disparity owes to challenges associated with fabricating films of MOF materials, including poor substrate–film interactions, moisture sensitivity, and thermal/mechanical instability. Since even nanometer-scale cracks and defects can affect the performance of a membrane for gas separation, these challenges are particularly acute for the fabrication of MOF membranes. Here, we review recent progress on MOF membranes with an emphasis on their fabric...
CHROMATIC NUMBERS OF SUBGRAPHS

Given an arbitrary graph, wh~t can we say about the setl of all chromatic numbers of its subgraphs ? In particular, for e~rdinals m ~ n, does every graph of chromatic number m have a subgraph of chromatic number n? For n ~ ~t 0 the affirmative answer follows from the theorem of DE BI~UIJ~ and ERD6S [1], SO the simplest nontrivial question is whether every graph of chromatic number ~2 has a subgraph of chromatic number Nr I have no positive results; the purpose of this note is only to state the probleml in the form of 2 dubious conjectures, and to prove that the stronger conjecture implies a weak form of the GCH. If % is a set, [S] 2 = {X c~ S " [X l = 2}. We regard a graph as a system G = (V, E) consisting of a set V of vertices and a set E ~c [ V] ~ of edges. A coloring of G is a function f defined on V such thatf(x) :~f(y) whenever {x, y} # E. G is m-colorable if there is a coloring f such that If(V) l ~ m. The chromatic number of G, ehr(G), is the least m such that G is m-eolorable. A graph G" ---- (V', E') is a vertex subgraph of G if V' ~ V and E' = E N [V'~]; an edge subgraph if V' ~ V and E' c E. ConJEcturE 1. For m ~ n, every graph of chromatic number m has a vertex subgraph of chromatic number n.
Health Care Expenditure Among People With Disabilities: Potential Role of Workplace Health Promotion and Implications for Rehabilitation Counseling

Workplace health-promotion programs have the potential to reduce health care expenditures, especially among people with disabilities. Utilizing nationally representative survey data, the authors pr...
X-Strahlen oder Röntgenstrahlen?

Rontgen bezeichnete in seiner ersten Mitteilung die von ihm neuentdeckte Erscheinung mit dem Ausdruck „Strahlen“, und zwar wegen ihres ihm unbekannten Charakters und zur Unterscheidung von anderen Strahlen mit dem Namen „X-Strahlen“. Nach seinem zuvor schon besprochenen Vortrage am 23. Januar 1896 schlug der Anatom von Kolliker vor, die neuen Strahlen mit dem Namen „Rontgensche Strahlen“ zu bezeichnen. Dieser Vorschlag fand Widerhall in der ganzen Welt. Vier Tage spater schon wurde er unter Beifall vor den Mitgliedern der Pariser Akademie der Wissenschaften in der Sitzung vom 27. Januar 1896 wiederholt4.
AIDS: context of care.

M AJOR URBAN AREAS on the East and West Coasts have been grievously affected by acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Indeed, the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is so prevalent in the United States that major hospitals or health facilities in every state have already admitted their first AIDS patient. ’ More than 100,000 individuals have been diagnosed with AIDS between 1981 and 1989, and over 57% have died from this disease.2 The US Public Health Service projects a cumulative total of 365,000 AIDS cases by the year 1992.3 The epidemic proportions of HIV infection and the catastrophic nature of AIDS pose a major challenge to nursing care systems. Nurses have been providing care to this population for many years, yet that care is varied across the country and often determined by many factors external to the basic physiologic needs of the patient. The context of care, ie, the regional differences in AIDS and HIV infection distribution across the nation and the programmatic differences in the health systems providing care, influences nursing activities and nursing implications.
Miniaturized-Element Frequency Selective Surfaces for Millimeter-Wave to Terahertz Applications

This paper presents a single-face, membrane-supported, miniaturized-element frequency selective surface (MEFSS) for image rejection of a J-band upconvertor mixer. In this design, a new miniaturized-element patch-wire MEFSS configuration is proposed to select the upper-side band (USB) response of a wave radiated from an upconvertor. The proposed MEFSS produces a single pole and an adjacent transmission zero to suppress the lower sideband. It is shown that the frequency response of this MEFSS can be predicted by an equivalent circuit model and that the location of pole and zero can be tuned independently with physical parameters. MEFSS elements are supported and protected by a 10 μm thick low-loss polymer membrane which allows flexible handling and minimizes substrate losses. Thickness of the metallic traces is increased to reduce the conductor loss. A salient feature of this design is low sensitivity of its frequency response to the angle of incidence and the absence of a harmonic response. This feature allows placement of the spatial filter in close proximity to radiating elements with spherical wavefronts. The membrane-supported MEFSS is fabricated using a microfabrication method with tolerances that allow such filter implementations up to terahertz frequencies. Performance of the fabricated device is experimentally verified using a free-space measurement setup. Experimental results show that the transmission response has 0.6 dB insertion loss in the passband (221-223 GHz) and more than 25 dB rejection out-of-band (206-208 GHz) which is in good agreement with full-wave simulation and its circuit model prediction.
The Role of Violated Caregiver Preferences in Psychological Well-Being When Older Mothers Need Assistance

Purpose: Theory and research suggest that congruence between individuals’ preferences for future care and the patterns of care received will affect well-being. In this article, we explore whether older mothers’ psychological well-being was affected by the children they preferred as future caregivers and provide assistance at a later point when the mothers experience illness or injury. Design and Methods: In this article, we use a combination of quantitative and qualitative data collected from 234 older mothers at two points 7 years apart, beginning when the mothers were 65–75 years of age. Results: Multivariate analyses demonstrated that mothers who received assistance from children whom the mothers did not identify as their preferred future caregivers reported higher depressive symptoms at the second wave; receiving care from children identified as preferred caregivers did not affect well-being. Qualitative data suggested that these patterns occurred because the “alternate” caregivers did not possess the socioemotional attributes of preferred children. Implications: These findings contribute to a growing body of research demonstrating the consequences of violated preferences, particularly when individuals are in need of support in later life.
Reducing data cache energy consumption via cached load/store queue

High-performance processors use a large set--associative L1 data cache with multiple ports. As clock speeds and size increase such a cache consumes a significant percentage of the total processor energy. This paper proposes a method of saving energy by reducing the number of data cache accesses. It does so by modifying the Load/Store Queue design to allow "caching" of previously accessed data values on both loads and stores after the corresponding memory access instruction has been committed. It is shown that a 32-entry modified LSQ design allows an average of 38.5% of the loads in the SpecINT95 benchmarks and 18.9% in the SpecFP95 benchmarks to get their data from the LSQ. The reduction in the number of L1 cache accesses results in up to a 40% reduction in the L1 data cache energy consumption and in an up to a 16% improvement in the energy--delay product while requiring almost no additional hardware or complex control logic.
An Empirical Study of the Effect of Knowledge Management Processes at Individual, Group, and Organizational Levels

To enhance our understanding of knowledge management, this paper focuses on a specific question: How do knowledge management processes influence perceived knowledge management effectiveness? Prior literature is used to develop the research model, including hypotheses about the effects of four knowledge management processes (internalization, externalization, socialization, and combination) on perceived individual-level, group-level, and organizational-level knowledge management effectiveness. The study was conducted at the John F. Kennedy Space Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration using a survey of 159 individuals and two rounds of personal interviews. Structural equation modeling was performed to test measurement and structural models using the survey data. The emergent model suggests that internalization and externalization impact perceived effectiveness of individual-level knowledge management. Socialization and combination influence perceived effectiveness of knowledge management at group and organizational levels, respectively. The results also support the expected upward impact in perceived effectiveness of knowledge management, from individual to group level, as well as from group level to organizational level. The study's limitations and implications for practice and future research are described.
Cyprus An Evolutionary Approach to Conflict Resolution

This article presents an evolutionary cooperative approach to conflict resolution that would lower the fears and raise the hopes of parties in conflict by proceeding incrementally in phases that wo...
XII. The Combination of Aspherical-Atom Least-Squares Refinements with Fourier Methods in the Study of Electron Distributions

Since electron density fitting in real and reciprocal space are equivalent, the convergence of aspherical-atom least-squares refinements may be judged from Fourier density maps. Residual densities, least-squares model densities and X–N or X–X difference densities are defined and used in the analysis. A further criterion is provided by comparison of atomic parameters from multipolar refinements with neutron or X-ray high-order results. Derived molecular properties such as dipole moments can be obtained from the least-squares results and compared with quantities from direct-space integration. Expressions for both methods of integration are presented.
Optimality and Some of Its Discontents: Successes and Shortcomings of Existing Models for Binary Decisions

We review how leaky competing accumulators (LCAs) can be used to model decision making in two-alternative, forced-choice tasks, and we show how they reduce to drift diffusion (DD) processes in special cases. As continuum limits of the sequential probability ratio test, DD processes are optimal in producing decisions of specified accuracy in the shortest possible time. Furthermore, the DD model can be used to derive a speed–accuracy trade-off that optimizes reward rate for a restricted class of two alternative forced-choice decision tasks. We review findings that compare human performance with this benchmark, and we reveal both approximations to and deviations from optimality. We then discuss three potential sources of deviations from optimality at the psychological level—avoidance of errors, poor time estimation, and minimization of the cost of control—and review recent theoretical and empirical findings that address these possibilities. We also discuss the role of cognitive control in changing environments and in modulating exploitation and exploration. Finally, we consider physiological factors in which nonlinear dynamics may also contribute to deviations from optimality.
Availability of Experimental Therapy Outside Oncology Randomized Clinical Trials in the United States

Purpose Investigational cancer therapies may be available outside trials as “off-protocol therapy” (OPRx), with implications for patient safety, trial accrual, and access to care. We conducted a literature-based analysis of recent randomized trials to evaluate the potential scope and impact of OPRx in the United States. Methods A MEDLINE search identified all English-language phase III medical oncology randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published over a 2-year period ending April 17, 2008. Determination of OPRx availability was based on US Food and Drug Administration approval for any indication. We limited assessment of accrual to studies with US sites. Data from articles were extracted independently by two investigators. Results Among 172 eligible RCTs, the majority (108; 63%) evaluated drugs that were available OPRx in the United States at trial initiation, while an additional 19 (11%) evaluated interventions that became available during the trial. Among trials with US sites, time to accrual was slower ...
Site Amplification and Attenuation via Downhole Array Seismogram Inversion: A Comparative Study of the 2003 Miyagi-Oki Aftershock Sequence

Weak-motion geotechnical array recordings at 38 stations of the Japanese strong-motion network KiK-Net from the 2003 M_w 7:0 Miyagi-Oki aftershock sequence are used here to quantify the amplification and attenuation effects of near-surface formations to incident seismic motion. Initially, a seismic waveform optimization algorithm is implemented for the evaluation of high-resolution, low-strain velocity (V_s), attenuation (Q_s), and density (ρ) profiles at the sites of interest. Based on the inversion results, V_s versus Q_s correlations are developed, and scattering versus intrinsic attenuation effects are accounted for in their physical interpretation. Surface-to-downhole traditional spectral ratios (SSR), cross-spectral ratios (c-SSR), and horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) site-response estimates are next evaluated and compared, while their effectiveness is assessed as a function of the site conditions classified on the basis of the weighted average Vs of the upper 30 m (V_(s30)) of the formations. Single and reference-station site-response estimates are successively compared to surface-to-rock outcrop amplification spectra and are evaluated by deconvolution of the downhole records based on the inversion results; comparison of the observed SSR and estimated surface-to-rock outcrop amplification spectra illustrates the effects of destructive interference of downgoing waves at the downhole instrument level as a function of the site class. Site amplification factors are successively computed in reference to the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) B–C boundary site conditions (V_(s30) = 760 m/sec), and results are compared to published values developed on the basis of strong-motion data and site-response analyses. Finally, weak-motion SSR estimates are compared to the mainshock spectra, and conclusions are drawn for the implications of soil nonlinearity in the near surface. Results presented in this article suggest that currently employed site classification criteria need to be reevaluated to ensure intraclass consistency in the assessment of amplification potentials and nonlinearity susceptibility of near-surficial soil formations.
Solid State NMR Studies of Lead(II) Thiourea Materials

Solid-state 13C and 207Pb NMR have been used to characterize a series of lead(II) ion complexes containing thiourea – widely used in materials science – as the organic complexing molecule. NMR data for the complexes have been measured and discussed with respect to the reported structures for the complexes.
Explaining the Soaring Ethiopian Real Estate and Property Prices

Admittedly, in all countries of the world, Ethiopia included, the reasons behind rising property prices could be many. In the Ethiopian case, these factors include, among others, demand for and supply of real (estate) assets, rising population and urbanization, the existence of a large number of tenants working for donor communities (NGOs) and multinational institutions, huge influx of money that the diaspora community sends back home (remittances) that largely is poured onto the housing and real estate markets. This article, however, focuses on government policy-driven (infrastructure and service sector-focused) and the corruption fueled aspect of the fast-rising real estate and related property prices. This brief analysis paints the picture why Ethiopia is still an empire-like landed aristocracy (the government apparatchik being replaced by a new oligarchy) but dangerously wrapped with criminality and pyramidal schemes.
Current Status of Immunologic Pregnancy Tests

Immunologic pregnancy tests which utilize indirect agglutination for detecting human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) are now in standard clinical use and the present state of technologic development clearly indicates that the immunologic pregnancy test is most suitable for family planning physicians and clinics. Nevertheless accuracy depends upon proper storage and adherence to the manufacturers instructions. Moreover the concentration of HCG in the urine or plasma is related to the duration and normality of the pregnancy and has a major effect on the accuracy of any test. One must also take into account "false-positive" readings (ie tests read as positive when pregnancy does not exist) and "false-negative" readings (ie tests read as negative when pregnancy does exist). For example even at a time when HCG levels usually reach their maximum there is a 5%-10% false-negative rate associated with the tests. Few studies have evaluated the accuracy of different pregnancy tests in comparative trials. In addition to giving information about the mechanism of immunoassays and evaluating their accuracy this paper also summarizes information about the mechanism of biologic and radioassay pregnancy tests. The sensitivity of these tests as well as their advantages and limitations are also presented and evaluated.
A practical approach to reducing cardiovascular risk factors.

Abstract Despite overwhelming evidence supporting the benefits of cardiovascular protective therapies and risk reduction in patients with or at risk for coronary heart disease, these strategies remain underutilized in clinical practice. Preventive cardiology guidelines from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and others focus on primary and secondary prevention with the use of medications, risk factor control measures, and lifestyle modification. Still, a "treatment gap" remains between the guidelines and their actualization. A systematic approach including both inpatient and outpatient measures is necessary. This article discusses the current guidelines and addresses ways to increase implementation of evidence-based, guideline-recommended treatment by healthcare providers caring for at-risk patients.
Distinct Contexts of High Stakes Discourse and Language Teaching

High stakes discourse (HSD) is defined as any linguistic exchange where shared understanding is essential to the life, health, and/or valued property of at least one of the interlocutors, or of other human beings. Exchanges between air traffic controllers and pilots, doctors and patients, and consumers and pharmacists are HSD contexts. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate theoretically and empirically that in general, HSD demands high-level general and specific language proficiency. The commonly claimed distinctness of language for general purposes (LGP) as contrasted with language for specific purposes (LSP) evaporates in HSD. Real-life contexts are discussed in light of research and current theory. Second language users must perform at the level of well-informed native speakers in HSD contexts. The grounded logic of true narrative representations (TNR-theory) shows why access to target language forms mapped onto authentic event sequences in films, dramas, and/or real-life contexts are essential to instill the proficiency needed in HSD.
Evidence of a common antigenic specificity on heavy chains from human IgG, IgM and IgA.

SummaryEvidence is presented for a common antigenic specificity on the Fd region of human IgG, IgA, and IgM. The relationship of this finding to the evolution of immunoglobulin classes is briefly discussed.