cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A conditional likelihood approach for regression analysis using biomarkers measured with batch-specific error

Measurement error is common in epidemiological and biomedical studies. When biomarkers are measured in batches or groups, measurement error is potentially correlated within each batch or group. In regression analysis, most existing methods are not applicable in the presence of batch-specific measurement error in predictors. We propose a robust conditional likelihood approach to account for batch-specific error in predictors when batch effect is additive and the predominant source of error, which requires no assumptions on the distribution of measurement error. While a regression model with batch as a categorical covariable yields the same parameter estimates as the proposed conditional likelihood approach for linear regression, this result does not hold in general for all generalized linear models, in particular, logistic regression. Our simulation studies show that the conditional likelihood approach achieves better finite sample performance than the regression calibration approach or a naive approach without adjustment for measurement error. In the case of logistic regression, our proposed approach is shown to also outperform the regression approach with batch as a categorical covariate. In addition, we also examine a “hybrid” approach combining the conditional likelihood method and the regression calibration method, which is shown in simulations to achieve good performance in the presence of both batch-specific and measurement-specific error. We illustrate our method using data from a colorectal adenoma study.
Ultrastructural changes to the cochlea resulting from impulse noise.

Following impulse noise trauma to chinchillas, observation of plastic-embedded surface preparations of the organ of Corti showed no consistent relationship between cochlear hair cell loss and permanent hearing loss (Hamernik et al. 1980). In some animals there was a loss of hearing when hair cells were present. The cochleas from that experiment were examined with transmission electron microscopy to determine at the ultrastructural level if there was damage to the sensory cells that would explain the change in threshold sensitivity.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin co-stimulates Staphylococcal Enterotoxin β (SEB) cytokine production and phenotypic cell cycling in Long-Evans rats

Abstract 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental contaminant that is considered to be a potent immunotoxicant. In the present study, we examined the effect of 25 μg\kg TCDD on cytokine production and T lymphocyte phenotype, cell cycling and receptor activity in female Long–Evans rats that had been injected with 50 μg of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB). In the SEB-injected rats, TCDD increased the serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) but did not affect the serum levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The ability of spleen cells and peritoneal cells to produce cytokines in response to SEB restimulation in vitro was also evaluated. TCDD exposure significantly enhanced IL-2 production by spleen cells from SEB-primed rats after 6 h or 24 h in cultures co-stimulated with SEB in vitro. However, TCDD treatment did not alter the production of IL-1, IL-6 or TNF in these cultures. Although TCDD did not influence the production of IL-6 and TNF in peritoneal cells from SEB-primed rats with SEB restimulation in vitro, IL-1 production was significantly increased at 2 h. Both the kinetics and extent of SEB-induced IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and T-cell receptor (TCR) expression on CD4+ cells was unaffected by TCDD. TCDD did not significantly alter the percentage or the total numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations at various times after SEB injection. However, flow cytometric analysis showed that TCDD exposure increased the percentage of both CD4+ and CD8+ cells cycling in the S and G2M phase. TCDD, in the absence of SEB priming, did not affect any of the immune parameters tested. Nevertheless, collectively these results showed that TCDD can enhance the production of IL-2 and the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ cells cycling in SEB-exposed Long–Evans rats. Histopathologically, there were no observable effects of SEB on lymphoid organs while thymic atrophy and diffuse hepatocellular hypertrophy was observed in the TCDD-treated animals.
The early proofs of Sylow's theorem

The early history of Sylow's theorem is surprisingly unfamiliar. A recent bulky history of mathematics, for instance, recounts that "Having arrived at the abstract notion of a group, the mathematicians turned to proving theorems about abstract groups that were suggested by known results for concrete cases. Thus Frobenius proved Sylow's theorem for finite abstract groups."1 Now a moment's thought shows that this in itself is not much of an accomplishment : any finite group can be realized as a group of permutations (Cayley's theorem), and so Sylow's theorem for permutation groups implies the abstract result. The reader then wonders whether Frobenius somehow did not know Cayley's theorem. But a glance at the paper in question2 shows that Frobenius not only mentioned that result but had included it in one of his own earlier publications. Obviously more careful analysis is needed to grasp what FROBENIUS was actually doing. The specific purpose of this paper is precisely to analyze the various different proofs that were given for Sylow's theorem in the first fifteen years after its discovery. This is of interest in itself, since the theorem is still basic, and the major lines of argument now known all turn out to have been discovered in some form by that time. But also, by tracing this single theorem through a crucial period in the development of group theory, we will see more generally how the introduction of new ideas throws new light on the same result. Indeed, we almost have a case study in levels and use of abstraction. Some of the authors still thought of changes of variable in polynomials, others applied group-theoretic reasoning to permutation groups, and finally Frobenius himself made serious use of abstract groups. In addition to the advance, the continuity in this development will also be illuminated, since we will see techniques equivalent to the construction of coset actions and quotient groups used in proofs before these concepts were formulated explicitly.
Revisions of the Vanquished: Some Recent Studies in New Mexican and Mesoamerican Colonial History

Vingt etudes sur le Mexique et le Guatemala. Reunies a la memoire de Nicole Percheron. Edited by ALAN BRETON, JEAN‐PIERRE BERTHE and SYLVIE LECOIN. Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 1991. Pp. 381. Literacy, Education, and Society in New Mexico 1693–1821. By BERNARDO P. GALLEGOS. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992. Pp. viii, 119. Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philology. By JAMES LOCKHART. Stanford: Stanford Universty Press, 1991. Pp. xiii, 304. The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries. By JAMES LOCKHART. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992. Pp. xv, 650. Disease and Death in Early Colonial Mexico: Simulating Amerindian Depopulation. By THOMAS M. WHITMORE. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1992. Pp. xvi, 261.
Forgiveness and Reconciliation in the Workplace: A Multi-Level Perspective and Research Agenda

Forgiveness and reconciliation have been shown to be beneficial alternatives to revenge as responses to an interpersonal offense in the workplace. Prior research on these topics, however, is often narrow in scope, focusing on only the victim. Moreover, existing research is often unclear about the relationship between forgiveness and reconciliation. In response, this article proposes a conceptual framework of forgiveness, reconciliation, and their respective antecedents which is both multi-level and interdisciplinary. This framework is used to review the nascent management-related research on forgiveness and reconciliation, and to augment this research from other fields, especially social psychology. Future research directions and managerial implications are proposed based on the multi-level model and research from other fields.
Classification of Lagrangian surfaces of constant curvature in complex hyperbolic plane

Abstract From Riemannian geometric point of view, one of the most fundamental problems in the study of Lagrangian submanifolds is the classification of Lagrangian immersions of real space forms in complex space forms. In earlier papers [B.Y. Chen, Maslovian Lagrangian surfaces of constant curvature in complex projective or complex hyperbolic planes, Math. Nachr.; B.Y. Chen, Classification of Lagrangian surfaces of constant curvature in complex projective planes, J. Geom. Phys. 55 (2005) 399–439], the author classified Lagrangian surfaces of constant curvature in complex projective plane and in complex Euclidean plane. The purpose of this article is thus to provide sixty-one families of Lagrangian surfaces of constant curvature in C H 2 towards the complete classification of Lagrangian surfaces of constant curvature in C H 2 . As an immediate by-product, many new examples of Lagrangian surfaces of constant curvature in C H 2 are discovered.
Effect of the interface roughness on turbulent convective heat transfer in a composite porous/fluid duct

We investigate the effect of roughness of the porous/fluid interface on turbulent convective heat transfer in a composite duct whose central potion is occupied by a clear (of solid obstacles) fluid and whose peripheral part is occupied by a fluid-saturated porous medium. If particles or fibers that constitute the porous medium are relatively large, the roughness of porous/fluid interface cannot be neglected, even if the interface is machined as a relatively flat surface. The modeling is based on the assumption that although the flow in the clear fluid region is turbulent, the flow in the porous region remains laminar. Matching turbulent and laminar solutions at the porous/fluid interface for the case when the interface is rough is analyzed in detail
Simultaneous determination of effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate by the “single shot” method

After a single injection with the mixture of125I-hippuran and169YB-EDTA complex, each blood sample was collected from the patients at the 7th and 17th-minute for the ERPF determination and at the 3rd and 4th hour the determination of GFR. By using the device GAMMA-NK-108 (Budapest) set to the photopeak of125I radiation, from 12 to 16 per cent of the radiation of169Yb had been recorded. That required a correction of the recorded counts for125I-hippuran. As in the photopeak of169Yb the influence of125I was eliminated, corrections in the determination of GFR were not required.
Quality improvement and accreditation readiness in state public health agencies.

Objective There were 3 specific objectives of this study. The first objective was to examine the progress of state/territorial health assessment, health improvement planning, performance management, and quality improvement (QI) activities at state/territorial health agencies and compare findings to the 2007 findings when available. A second objective was to examine respondent interest and readiness for national voluntary accreditation. A final objective was to explore organizational factors (eg, leadership and capacity) that may influence QI or accreditation readiness. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting State and Territorial Public Health Agencies. Participants Survey respondents were organizational leaders at State and Territorial Public Health Agencies. Results Sixty-seven percent of respondents reported having a formal performance management process in place. Approximately 77% of respondents reported a QI process in place. Seventy-three percent of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that they would seek accreditation and 36% agreed or strongly agreed that they would seek accreditation in the first 2 years of the program. In terms of accreditation prerequisites, a strategic plan was most frequently developed, followed by a state/territorial health assessment and health improvement plan, respectively. Conclusions Advancements in the practice and applied research of QI in state public health agencies are necessary steps for improving performance. In particular, strengthening the measurement of the QI construct is essential for meaningfully assessing current practice patterns and informing future programming and policy decisions. Continued QI training and technical assistance to agency staff and leadership is also critical. Accreditation may be the pivotal factor to strengthen both QI practice and research. Respondent interest in seeking accreditation may indicate the perceived value of accreditation to the agency.
THE EFFECT OF TRYPSIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN, RIBONUCLEASE, AND DESOXYRIBONUCLEASE ON ACTIVE, INACTIVE, AND REVERSIBLY INACTIVATED MEGATHERIUM PHAGE

The effect of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and desoxyribonuclease on active, reversibly inactivated, and heat-inactivated B. megatherium phage, and on living and dead B. megatherium and B. coli has been determined. The results are summarized in Table I.
Reproductive Performance of Broad Breasted White Turkeys in Relation to Dietary Phosphorus

Abstract A strain of Broad Breasted White turkey hens in cages were fed diets containing supplemental phosphorus at the level of 0.1 or 0.4 percent (0.45 or 0.75 percent total) for a 16 week period. No statistically significant differences were found in regard to egg production, fertility or hatch of fertile eggs as a result of feeding diets containing 0.45 or 0.75 percent (total) phosphorus.
Island growth kinetics during vapor deposition of Cu onto the Zn-terminated ZnO(0001) surface

Abstract During the vapor deposition of Cu onto the Zn-terminated ZnO(0001) surface, it has previously been observed that at room temperature and below, the Cu grows first as two-dimensional islands up to a certain critical coverage (θ1,cr) near 0.3 monolayers. As the Cu coverage increases above θ1,cr, these islands thicken into three-dimensional particles but the clean ZnO spaces between the Cu particles fill only very slowly. This occurs due to a kinetic limitation, since the islands thermodynamically prefer to be thicker and larger. Here, the dependencies of the critical coverage upon the substrate temperature and Cu vapor flux are measured. No significant change in critical coverage is seen when the flux is varied by ∼30-fold, but it decreases weakly with temperature. These trends are discussed within a kinetic model which incorporates the various Cu adatom migration and island nucleation steps.
Creep behavior of low-density uranium carbide-base alloys

Compression creep tests have been performed on 75% dense specimens of UC1.01, UC1.01 + 4 wt % W, and U0.9Zr0.01 +4 wt % W, and on 85% dense specimens of the latter two compositions. Tests were conducted at 1400 and 1550°C in a vacuum of 6.65 × 10−4 N/m2 (5 × 10−6 torr). All data could be fit by an expression of the form: ϵ = Aσn exp -QcRT where ϵ is the creep rate, A is a constant, σ is the applied stress, n is the stress exponent, Qc is the creep activation energy, and T is the absolute temperature. Values for the stress exponent were in the range 1.3 < n < 2.3 while Qc varied from 23.1 to 79.6 kcal/mol.
Photoinduced antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling in Fe/(Fe-Si) superlattices.

We report photoinduced antiferromagnetic (AF) interlayer coupling in sputtered Fe/(Fe-Si) superlattices. The superlattices are intrinsically AF coupled at room temperature and become increasingly ferromagnetically coupled when cooled below 100 K, but the AF coupling is restored at low temperature by exposure to visible light of sufficient intensity ([gt]10 mW/mm[sup 2]). These effects are due to charge carriers in the Fe-Si spacer layer which, when thermally or optically generated, are capable of communicating spin information between the Fe layers.
Simulating communication I/O bottleneck in the partition of VLSI array processors

A quantitative analysis and simulation of the physical decomposition of VLSI array processors in terms of an I/O bandwidth problem is presented. Such an I/O problem has been a major issue in communications among parallel processors. The simulation is done by relating the number of partitioned processing elements (PEs) and points per chip to an I/O bottlenecking index. This I/O bottlenecking index, BI, provides an indication of the occurrence of an I/O bottleneck of operands during chipwise partitioning of an array structure. By examining BI and the number of pinouts allowed per modularized array or chip, one can evaluate the tradeoff of various physical partitions to the tessellated arrays of PEs versus the I/O pin limitation. >
Delayed Cord Clamping in Very Preterm Infants Reduces the Incidence of Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Late-Onset Sepsis: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE. This study compared the effects of immediate (ICC) and delayed (DCC) cord clamping on very low birth weight (VLBW) infants on 2 primary variables: bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and suspected necrotizing enterocolitis (SNEC). Other outcome variables were late-onset sepsis (LOS) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). STUDY DESIGN. This was a randomized, controlled unmasked trial in which women in labor with singleton fetuses RESULTS. Seventy-two mother/infant pairs were randomized. Infants in the ICC and DCC groups weighed 1151 and 1175 g, and mean gestational ages were 28.2 and 28.3 weeks, respectively. Analyses revealed no difference in maternal and infant demographic, clinical, and safety variables. There were no differences in the incidence of our primary outcomes (BPD and suspected NEC). However, significant differences were found between the ICC and DCC groups in the rates of IVH and LOS. Two of the 23 male infants in the DCC group had IVH versus 8 of the 19 in the ICC group. No cases of sepsis occurred in the 23 boys in the DCC group, whereas 6 of the 19 boys in the ICC group had confirmed sepsis. There was a trend toward higher initial hematocrit in the infants in the DCC group. CONCLUSIONS. Delayed cord clamping seems to protect VLBW infants from IVH and LOS, especially for male infants.
Multimodal biomedical image retrieval using hierarchical classification and modality fusion

Images are frequently used in articles to convey essential information in context with correlated text. How- ever, searching images in a task-specific way poses signifi- cant challenges. To minimize limitations of low-level feature representationsincontent-basedimageretrieval(CBIR),and to complement text-based search, we propose a multi-modal image search approach that exploits hierarchical organiza- tion of modalities and employs both intra and inter-modality fusion techniques. For the CBIR search, several visual fea- tures were extracted to represent the images. Modality- specificinformationwasusedforsimilarityfusionandselec- tion of a relevant image subset. Intra-modality fusion of retrieval results was performed by searching images for spe- cific informational elements. Our methods use text extracted from relevant components in a document to create struc- tured representations as "enriched citations" for the text- based search approach. Finally, the multi-modal search con- sists of a weighted linear combination of similarity scores of independent output results from textual and visual search approaches (inter modality). Search results were evaluated using a standard ImageCLEFmed 2012 evaluation dataset of 300,000 images with associated annotations. We achieved a meanaverageprecision(MAP)scoreof0.2533,whichissta- tisticallysignificant,andbetterinperformance(7%improve- ment) over comparable results in ImageCLEFmed 2012.
Enhanced expression of Nrf2 in mice attenuates the fatty liver produced by a methionine- and choline-deficient diet.

Oxidative stress has been proposed as an important promoter of the progression of fatty liver diseases. The current study investigates the potential functions of the Nrf2–Keap1 signaling pathway, an important hepatic oxidative stress sensor, in a rodent fatty liver model. Mice with no (Nrf2-null), normal (wild type, WT), and enhanced (Keap1 knockdown, K1-kd) expression of Nrf2 were fed a methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet or a control diet for 5 days. Compared to WT mice, the MCD diet-caused hepatosteatosis was more severe in the Nrf2-null mice and less in the K1-kd mice. The Nrf2-null mice had lower hepatic glutathione and exhibited more lipid peroxidation, whereas the K1-kd mice had the highest amount of glutathione in the liver and developed the least lipid peroxidation among the three genotypes fed the MCD diet. The Nrf2 signaling pathway was activated by the MCD diet, and the Nrf2-targeted cytoprotective genes Nqo1 and Gstα1/2 were induced in WT and even more in K1-kd mice. In addition, Nrf2-null mice on both control and MCD diets exhibited altered expression profiles of fatty acid metabolism genes, indicating Nrf2 may influence lipid metabolism in liver. For example, mRNA levels of long chain fatty acid translocase CD36 and the endocrine hormone Fgf21 were higher in livers of Nrf2-null mice and lower in the K1-kd mice than WT mice fed the MCD diet. Taken together, these observations indicate that Nrf2 could decelerate the onset of fatty livers caused by the MCD diet by increasing hepatic antioxidant and detoxification capabilities.
Homocysteine-induced macrophage inflammatory protein-2 production by glomerular mesangial cells is mediated by PI3 kinase and p38 MAPK.

Background Homocysteine (Hcy) and inflammatory cytokines have been linked to adverse outcomes in persons with cardiovascular and kidney diseases and recent reports suggest that cytokine-mediated inflammatory infiltrates may be an important contributor to the pathogenesis the aforementioned diseases. Although some reports suggest that Hcy directly influences inflammatory cytokine production, this proposition has not been supported by data from other studies. The objective of the current study was to a) utilize an in vitro cellular model to identify cytokines that may be affected by Hcy and b) examine the role of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidyl inositol 3- (PI3) Kinase in Hcy modulated cytokine production.
Fidelity of quantum teleportation based on spatially and temporally resolved spontaneous emission

We analyze a quantum teleportation protocol based on spatially and temporally resolved direct photodetection of the collective emission from a pair of atoms, one of which is entangled with a single mode of an optical cavity. We focus on the performance of the protocol as characterized by the fidelity of the teleported state and the success probability. We find that the fidelity approaches unity as the spacing of the atoms becomes much smaller than the emission wavelength with a success probability of 0.25. The fidelity remains above the classical limit of 2/3 for all atomic spacings with the ultimate limit of performance coming from the spatial resolution of the photodetection.
Climate change: hot questions of temperature bias.

An unseen measurement bias has been identified in global records of sea surface temperature. The discrepancy will need correction, but will not affect conclusions about an overall warming trend.
Technical note: Effects of adding shade and fans to a feedbunk sprinkler system for preparturient cows on health and performance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of adding shades and fans to a feedbunk-mounted sprinkler system on preparturient Holstein cows during summer heat stress. Outcome variables included postpartum milk production, changes in body condition score, changes in serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and incidence of postparturient disorders. Four hundred and seventy-five prepartum multiparous cows, 250 to 257 d pregnant, were randomly allocated to 2 study pens. Treatments consisted of sprinklers over the feed bunk (n = 236); and sprinklers, fans, and shades over the feed bunk (n = 239). Data were used from cows spending a minimum of 14 d in their assigned pen. After parturition, all cows were housed and managed under identical conditions. Data recorders in each pen recorded environmental temperature and humidity every 30 min. Body condition scores were taken at study enrollment, parturition, and 60 d in lactation. Following parturition, the presence of retained placenta, metritis, milk fever, and displaced abomasum were recorded for the length of the study. Milk production was measured using twice-monthly Dairy Herd Improvement Association tests for the first 60 d in lactation. Blood was sampled twice weekly in 98 cows and analyzed for serum NEFA during the last 3 wk before parturition. Cows spent approximately 28 d in their respective treatments. Average daily environmental temperature (± SD) in the sprinkler only treatment was 26.4 ± 7.2 vs. 25.1 ± 8.6°C in the shade, fans, and sprinkler treatment during the length of the trial. There was no difference in body condition score changes, incidence of postparturient disorders, or serum NEFA concentrations. There was a significant difference in total 60-d milk production, and an economic benefit over the preexisting cooling system.
Processing throughput estimation for radar intercept receivers

Analytical expressions for the computational requirements of broad classes of radar pulse deinterleaving algorithms are developed. The analysis applies to block collection systems and is principally intended for systems with insufficient monopulse resolution to uniquely sort emitters on monopulse parameters alone. The analysis begins with triplet sequence search approaches and is confirmed by simulation. It is also shown that this approach generalizes to more complex deinterleaving schemes, including M-tuple search and time of arrival (TOA) difference histogramming. All cases exhibit the same basic functional form of quadratic dependence on the number of emitters, linear dependence on the collection time, and complex dependence on the pulse deletion (or dropping) probability.
The EOS from simulations on BlueGene L Supercomputer at LLNL and NYBlue

We present results for the QCD Equation of State (EoS) obtained using simulations of lattice QCD at zero chemical potential. Our high statistics results compare improved asqtad and p4fat3 staggered quarks on lattices with a temporal extent Nτ = 6 and 8 and light quark masses approximately one fifth and one tenth the strange quark mass. We find th at the two actions give consistent results and estimate that the trace anomaly (e 3p)=T 4 obtained on Nτ = 8 lattices represents the continuum value to better than 20% uncertainty over the temperature range 140 700 MeV. The precision in the estimates of energy density and pressure ar e better, therefore, we conclude that lattice estimates of the energy density and pressure should be used in the phenomenological analysis of RHIC and LHC data. We also find a consistent picture of t he crossover temperature from all observables studied, with the best estimated range to be 185 195 MeV. These calculations are being carried out on the IBM BlueGene/L supercomputer at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and at the New York Center for Computational Science (NYBlue).
Troops to Teachers as School Administrators: A National Study of Principal Quality

The United States has a scarcity of capable principals ready to successfully lead schools in an era of outcome-based accountability. This is especially true in high-poverty, high-minority schools. Policy makers welcome opening the principal pipeline to untraditional leaders. Research finds that teachers who have entered education through Troops to Teachers funding make a measurable impact on student learning and tend to work in high-poverty schools. This study suggests that they also may be highly effective principals.
Health beliefs and practices of kenyan primary school students.

A study of 224 primary school students in Kenya was conducted to determine if health belief model variables predicted their health behavior, specifically, using safe drinking water. One health belief model construct, belief in benefits, was associated with the behavior (p = .05). Living in an urban environment (p = .01), and proximity to a tap (p = .004) were also significant predictors of safe water use. Implications for further research and health education programs are discussed.
Amino acid control over deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli infected with T-even bacteriophage.

Abstract Starvation for a required amino acid of normal or RCstrEscherichia coli infected with T-even phages arrests further synthesis of phage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This amino acid control over phage DNA synthesis does not occur in RCrelE. coli mutants. Heat inactivation of a temperature-sensitive aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthetase similarly causes an arrest of phage DNA synthesis in infected cells of RCstr phenotype but not in cells of RCrel phenotype. Inhibition of phage DNA synthesis in amino acid-starved RCstr host cells can be reversed by addition of chloramphenicol to the culture. Thus, the general features of amino acid control over T-even phage DNA synthesis are entirely analogous to those known for amino acid control over net RNA synthesis of uninfected bacteria. This analogy shows that the bacterial rel locus controls a wider range of macromolecular syntheses than had been previously thought.
Reflectivity degradation of grazing-incident EUV mirrors by EUV exposure and carbon contamination

Reflectivity degradation of grazing-incident extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mirror samples by EUV exposure was investigated in a commercial XTS 13-35 EUV source. The roughness of EUV exposed samples increases with an increase in exposure time due to the erosion of sample surface by ions and neutrals, or deposition of contaminant such as carbon on the sample surface. While energetic debris certainly affects mirror reflectivity, the loss in reflectivity observed in EUV exposed samples surpassed that which would be attributable simply to induced surface roughness through sputtering. Surface analysis of the EUV mirror sample surface after exposure confirmed that carbon contamination was present. Experimentally measured reflectivity of EUV mirrors showed degradation after EUV exposure due to the carbon contamination present in the investigated system. The measured reflectivity data were fitted by changing the carbon film thickness using a bi-layer mirror model in the CXRO simulator. The experimentally measured values of reflectivity are in good agreement with the simulation results. The contamination rate was found to be dependent on the carbon contamination thickness. The contamination rate is fast (7x10^-^5nm/shot) in the beginning of contamination growth whereas it gets slower (2x10^-^5nm/shot) as carbon builds up on the Ru mirror surface. An analytical model taking the sputtering by ions into account was developed to understand the variation of carbon contaminant deposition rate with exposure time. In our model, the fast contamination rate in the beginning of carbon buildup is explained by the interplay of photo electron emission and the varying sputtering yield of the growing carbon layer on the EUV mirror.
Teaching Matters: How State and Local Policymakers Can Improve the Quality of Teachers and Teaching

A growing body of evidence confirms what common sense has suggested all along: The quality of teaching in the public schools matters for how well students learn. An important corollary is that poor children, minority children, and children from nonEnglish-speaking homes are even more dependent on the quality of their teachers than are more affluent, English-speaking, White children. Pressures to improve teacher quality stem mainly from state efforts to hold local schools accountable for student achievement and from the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act. Policymakers want to know how to train, license, recruit, select, deploy, assign, develop, evaluate, retain, and compensate teachers to produce a well-qualified teacher in every classroom and especially in the classrooms that need them the most--those in urban, high-poverty, high-minority, low-performing schools (Ferguson, 1991; Sanders & Rivers, 1996; Sanders & Horn, 1998; Darling-Hammond, 2000). State policy counts as a salient force in shaping teacher quality, with influence in domains including teacherlicensing standards, teacher-education policies, compensation and evaluation, induction, professional development, and data policy and systems. These were key issues addressed by the National Commission on Teaching and America's Future (NCTAF, 1997) and the Teaching Commission (2004). This issue of CPRE Policy Briefs summarizes the findings on issues related to teacher quality in the chapter authored by Thomas B. Corcoran in the book, The State of Education Policy Research (Cohen, Fuhrman, & Mosher, Eds., in press). This report also draws on discussions that took place during a Summer, 2006, policy briefing on teacher labor-market issues held in Chicago and sponsored by the Spencer Foundation. Disciplines Educational Methods | Education Policy | International and Comparative Education | Teacher Education and Professional Development Comments View on the CPRE website. This policy brief is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cpre_policybriefs/36
Rpm2p: separate domains promote tRNA and Rpm1r maturation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria.

Rpm2p is a protein subunit of yeast mitochondrial RNase P and is also required for the maturation of Rpm1r, the mitochondrially-encoded RNA subunit of the enzyme. Previous work demonstrated that an insertional disruption of RPM2, which produces the C-terminally truncated protein Rpm2-ΔCp, supports growth on glucose but cells lose some or all of their mitochondrial genome and become petite. These petites, even if they retain the RPM1 locus, lose their ability to process the 5′-ends of mitochondrial tRNA. We report here that if strains containing the truncated RPM2 allele are created and maintained on respiratory carbon sources they have wild-type mitochondrial genomes, and a significant portion of tRNA transcripts are processed. In contrast, precursor Rpm1r transcripts accumulate and mature Rpm1r is not made. These data show that one function of the deleted C-terminal region is in the maturation of Rpm1r, and that this region and mature Rpm1r are not absolutely required for RNase P activity. Finally, we demonstrate that full activity can be restored if the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of Rpm2p are supplied in trans.
The Medical Home: Locus of Physician Formation

Family medicine is currently undergoing a transformation and, amid such change, the medical home has emerged as the new polestar. This article examines the medical home through the lens of philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre and offers a perspective, informed by Hubert Dreyfus and Peter Senge, about medical homes as practical sites of formation for family physicians. The intellectual past of family medicine points to contextually sensitive patient care as a practice that is particular to the discipline, with the virtue of "placing patients within contexts over time" as a commonly held virtue. Dreyfus provides a model of knowledge and skill acquisition that is relevant to the training of family physicians in practical wisdom. In this model, there is a continuum from novice to more advanced stages of professional formation that is aided by rules that not only must be learned, but must be applied in greater contextually informed situations. Senge's emphasis on learning organizations-organizations where people are continually learning how to learn together-presents a framework for evaluating the extent to which future medical homes facilitate or retard the formation of family physicians.
Annual variation and synodic modulation of the sporadic meteoroid flux to the Moon

The Lunar Dust Experiment on board NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer discovered a permanently present, asymmetric dust cloud engulfing the Moon, sustained by meteoroid bombardment. It is most dense at 5–8 lunar local time, with a peak density canted sunward. Here we present analysis on the variation of the cloud density during January to April 2014. We find the lunar dust cloud in the Moon's equatorial plane to be dominantly produced by impacts from three known sporadic meteoroid sources: apex, helion, and antihelion, listed in order of their contribution to ejecta production. The cloud density is also modulated by the Moon's orbital motion about the Earth, peaking during its waning gibbous phase. These results are complementary to ground-based measurements and indicate the Moon can be used as a very sensitive large area dust detector to characterize the meteoroid environment at 1 AU.
MAISE: A Flexible, Configurable, Extensible Open Source Package for Mass AI System Evaluation

The past few years have seen an increasing interest in using Amazon's Mechanical Turk for purposes of collecting data and performing annotation tasks. One such task is the mass evaluation of system output in a variety of tasks. In this paper, we present MAISE, a package that allows researchers to evaluate the output of their AI system(s) using human judgments collected via Amazon's Mechanical Turk, greatly streamlining the process. MAISE is open source, easy to run, and platform-independent. The core of MAISE's codebase was used for the manual evaluation of WMT10, and the completed package is being used again in the current evaluation for WMT11. In this paper, we describe the main features, functionality, and usage of MAISE, which is now available for download and use.
Assessing Methods for Generalizing Experimental Impact Estimates to Target Populations

Randomized experiments are considered the gold standard for causal inference, as they can provide unbiased estimates of treatment effects for the experimental participants. However, researchers and policymakers are often interested in using a specific experiment to inform decisions about other target populations. In education research, increasing attention is being paid to the potential lack of generalizability of randomized experiments, as the experimental participants may be unrepresentative of the target population of interest. This paper examines whether generalization may be assisted by statistical methods that adjust for observed differences between the experimental participants and members of a target population. The methods examined include approaches that reweight the experimental data so that participants more closely resemble the target population and methods that utilize models of the outcome. Two simulation studies and one empirical analysis investigate and compare the methods' performance. One simulation uses purely simulated data while the other utilizes data from an evaluation of a school-based dropout prevention program. Our simulations suggest that machine learning methods outperform regression-based methods when the required structural (ignorability) assumptions are satisfied. When these assumptions are violated, all of the methods examined perform poorly. Our empirical analysis uses data from a multi-site experiment to assess how well results from a given site predict impacts in other sites. Using a variety of extrapolation methods, predicted effects for each site are compared to actual benchmarks. Flexible modeling approaches perform best, although linear regression is not far behind. Taken together, these results suggest that flexible modeling techniques can aid generalization while underscoring the fact that even state-of-the-art statistical techniques still rely on strong assumptions.
Assessing geriatric vulnerability for post emergency department adverse outcomes: challenges abound while progress is slow.

An ageing population is straining reliable and timely access to emergency department (ED) care for all patients worldwide.1–6 Compared with younger populations, older adults have lengthier ED evaluations are more frequently admitted, and if discharged, return to the ED more often but still leave the ED dissatisfied with the care delivered.7–9 In response to an ageing demographic, Emergency Medicine and Geriatric organisations in the UK and USA released evidence-based and consensus-based guidelines to optimise the care and outcomes for this population.10 ,11 Over the past decade, professional organisations,10 ,12 residency educators13 and quality improvement experts have advocated that geriatric risk stratification instruments be widely employed in adult EDs worldwide, while researchers simultaneously supported development of more accurate instruments.14 One immediately palpable challenge for clinicians (physicians, mid-level providers, nurses) and policy-makers is to identify accurately the most vulnerable older adults, real time in the busy ED and have them receive more intensive, geriatric-focused ED care.15 ,16 One recommendation from the US guidelines highlighted the need for risk-stratification of older adults using instruments like the Identification of Seniors at Risk (ISAR) tool.12 ,17 In the ED environment, an ideal geriatric ‘vulnerability’ screening instrument would be precise and reliable for a broad spectrum of presenting illnesses and injuries, including illnesses and injuries of variable severity managed across heterogeneous healthcare settings, and for patients with differing levels of socioeconomic and health literacy states.18 The original ISAR was developed …
An Examination of U.S. restaurant firms' internationalization in a risk context

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v DEDICATION vii TABLE OF CONTENTS viii LIST OF TABLES xi CHAPTER
Activated Carbon and Biochar Reduce Mercury Methylation Potentials in Aquatic Sediments

Much of the toxic methylmercury (MeHg) that biomagnifies in the aquatic food chain and accumulates in fish and seafood is believed to originate from microbial methylation of inorganic Hg(+2) in anoxic sediments. We examined the effect amending wetland sediments with activated carbon and biochar on Hg methylation potentials using microcosms and Hg stable isotope tracers. The inorganic (200)Hg(+2) spike was methylated at ~0.37 %/day in the untreated sediment, but that rate decreased to <0.08 %/day for the amended sediments, with 80 % and 88 % reductions in methylation rates for activated carbon and biochar amendments, respectively. Demethylation rates were relatively unchanged. Our key finding is that amending contaminated sediment with activated carbon and biochar decreases bioavailable Hg, and thus may also decrease Hg transfer into food webs. However, further research is needed to evaluate exactly how the sorbents impact Hg methylation rates and for related field studies.
Muscles consisting of a single motor unit after poliomyelitis.

SummaryIt was found that in some patients with chronic poliomyelitis very weak muscles can be found which seem to consist of one remaining motor unit. A study of their properties has been made by recording the action potentials through skin leads.
Development of immature Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Saltville, Virginia, at constant laboratory temperatures.

Immature stages of Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett) from southwestern Va. were reared in natural substrate using constant photoperiod (14:10 [L:D]) and temperatures (20, 23, 27, 30, and 35°C). Developmental threshold temperatures (°C) and thermal constants were 7.5°C and 495.4 degree-days (DD) for larvae and 11.7°C and 31.0 DD for pupae. Egg development was too variable for calculation of meaningful threshold values. Developmental threshold values (<1.3°C) were similar to values previously published for New York populations of C. variipennis. The overall rate of development in the larval stage was significantly slower for Virginia midge populations than for New York populations. The data suggested that nutritional stress affected duration of larval development. In general, adult midges reared at lower temperatures were larger than those reared at higher temperatures. At a given temperature, females were significantly larger than males, but we observed no significant differences in larval or pupal duration between males and females.
Occipital sinus pericranii superseding both jugular veins: description of two rare pediatric cases.

Background and importance The extracranial venous drainage of the brain is provided mainly by the jugular veins with the variable participation of extrajugular pathways. Clinical presentation Two cases of occipital sinus pericranii (SP) were observed. A 6-year-old girl presented with a progressively enlarging occipital lump; she was otherwise asymptomatic. An 8-year-old boy presented with mild nuchal headache. In the former case, neuroimaging examinations confirmed the diagnosis of SP; in the latter, SP was noticed on magnetic resonance imaging because it was neglected at physical examination. In both subjects, the radiological examination also showed bilateral occlusion of the jugular veins with ventricular dilation and herniation of cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum. Conclusion Exceptionally, SP was noticed to represent the main venous drainage of the underlying brain, thereby compensating for the intracranial hypertension due to venous engorgement. Preservation of SP was advised, and any surgical or endovascular treatment was contraindicated.
Application of Detailed Chemical Kinetics to Combustion Instability Modeling

Abstract : A comparison of a single step global reaction and the detailed GRI-Mech 1.2 for combustion instability modeling in a methane-fueled longitudinal-mode rocket combustor was performed. A single element shear-coaxial injector was operated under two different conditions corresponding to marginally stable and unstable operation in order to evaluate the performance of the chemical kinetics mechanisms on combustion stability. Results show improved prediction in the frequencies and amplitudes with the detailed kinetics but the underlying source of the instability phenomena remains the same. In contrast to previous two-dimensional results, these three-dimensional results demonstrate that the present non-premixed injector configuration is primarily mixing-controlled and that the global chemical kinetics are sufficient to capture the stability characteristics.