cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positron lifetimes in five phases of BEA

Positron lifetimes have been measured as a function of temperature in 4-butyloxybenzal-4′-ethylaniline (BEA). BEA has been previously reported to have two liquidcrystalline phases (smectic and nematic) with transition temperatures as follows: solid → smectic, 40.5° C; smectic → nematic, 51.0° C; and nematic → isotropic liquid, 65.5° C. Positron life time spectra were resolved into two components, with the shorter component τ1 remaining approximately constant in all phases, and τ2 exhibiting reversible changes at all of the above transitions. In addition, an irreversible discontinuity in the τ2 lifetime was observed in the vicinity of 28° C, indicating the presence of a new phase (phase X) of BEA. The τ2 andI 2 values obtained for the various phases of BEA are: solid (1.25 nsec, 7.1%), phase X (1.97 nsec, 26.2%), smectic (2.36 nsec, 23.6%), nematic (2.72 nsec, 28.3%), and isotropic liquid (2.69 nsec, 29.8%).
Host range of murine xenotropic virus: replication in avian cells.

AN endogenous C-type virus with an unusual tropism has been isolated from New Zealand Black (NZB) and other mouse strains. Although it has the murine leukaemia virus (MLV) gs-1 antigen and reverse transcriptase, it cannot be propagated in mouse cells. It is only infectious for cells foreign to the host species and has been termed xenotropic1–3. In the course of host range studies, we have discovered that, in contrast to other mammalian C-type viruses, this murine xenotropic virus can cross class barriers and both infect and replicate efficiently in avian cells. In these studies, the NZB pseudotype murine sarcoma virus (MSV) (Table 1) was used as it provides a good marker (focus formation) for NZB virus infection and replication.
Third generation waste minimisation clubs: a case study of low cost clubs from Northamptonshire, UK

The Waste Strategy 2000 (England and Wales) acknowledged that waste minimisation clubs had a major role to play in introducing sustainable wastes management. However, a key criticism of many ‘First Generation’ demonstration clubs had been that although realizing significant savings, they had done so with substantial financial support, at times up to £1 million. Consequently, to justify this investment by achieving large savings whole business sectors, and especially smaller companies with less potential to make large savings, had been excluded. This strategy had limited the opportunity to spread the positive message of waste minimisation and resource efficiency to key areas of local communities. Given the contribution of waste minimisation to the deliverance of many aspects of sustainable development, itself a key focus of UK Environmental Legislation, this approach was short sighted. Second Generation clubs, such as the Northamptonshire Resource Efficiency Project which utilised a ‘Facilitated Self-Help’ approach had improved the cost effectiveness of clubs, but significant investment was still required. Therefore, to remedy the situation, two clubs in Northamptonshire were developed with minimal investment, relying heavily on the formation of key local partnerships. These clubs, described as ‘Third Generation’ clubs, highlighted that low cost does not mean low quality, achieving savings of over £250,000 for an investment of £13,000 each. This ranks these clubs among the most cost effective run to date and has allowed the model developed to be a major tool for the introduction of sustainable wastes management via staff training and the dissemination of waste minimisation issues into the wider business community.
The Effect of a Cholesterol-Free Brain Fraction against Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis

The feeding of a lipid-poor and virtually cholesterol-free residue of mammalian brain mitigates the hypercholesteremia and atherosclerosis ordinarily seen in cholesterol-fed chicks. The probable mechanism depends on the previously demonstrated capacity of oral cerebrosides to convert a large proportion of fecal sterols into unabsorbable coprosterol, thus rendering intestinal cholesterol, unavailable to the body economy.
System dynamics modeling applied to software outsourcing decision support

Requirements in the software market for reduced costs, reduced development cycle time, as well as shortages of software developers, have motivated software organizations to outsource product development processes or components. The primary objective of this research is to determine whether software organizations can improve their software outsourcing strategies and processes in response to these forces. This research utilizes simulation modeling to explore the dynamics of outsourcing relationships, including both positive and negative outcomes, as well as to provide potential decision support for strategic outsourcing decisions. The model's current implementation, applicability and usefulness are demonstrated with an example use case and analysis of simulation results. We also present suggestions for future research directions on software outsourcing strategies and processes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Subjective appropriation of musical form in Schumann’s Carnaval, op. 9

The aim of this article is to analyze musical form in german composer Robert Schumann’s works (8 June 1810 – 29 July 1856), particularly that of piano solo piece Carnaval, op. 9, trying to understand what is revealed by the way he uses it in relation to his personality, not only in artistic terms (taking into account the context of German Romanticism) but also on a deeper psychological level. To come to an understanding of Schumann’s use of form, this paper begins with a brief description of the evolution of musical form since Viennese Classicism, with additional references to the baroque system of ‘affects’. Form in Schumann is compared with that of other significant composers of the romantic period and various points of intersection between music and other arts are analyzed, especially literature, in certain key works of this period. Parting from these reflections, we explore the question of the expressive intention behind his handling of form in Carnaval, op. 9. The aim of the investigation of this aspect is to understand how far the innovatory use of this parameter in Schumann, reflects a unique vision of the art of music.
Sample preparation and aging effects on the dissolution rate and surface composition of diopside

Abstract This study shows that the initial dissolution rate of ground diopside powders depends on sample preparation history, in general agreement with the findings of previous studies. However, our attempts to reproduce our own dissolution rate experiments were unsuccessful. Instead, we have found that the initial dissolution rate of all diopside powders used in this study decrease with the time elapsed since the sample was ground. This aging effect, measured from samples stored in air and at room temperature, was followed over a period of several months. These results suggest that diopside surfaces created by grinding gradually relax toward a less-reactive state under these conditions. In addition, aging also affects the surface composition (measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) of the pretreated ground diopside powders. Surface reaction controlled dissolution of silicate minerals is a complicated function of variables both internal and external to the dissolving crystal. The internal variables ( e.g . dislocations, structural distortion, microcracks, surface composition, etc.) are affected by mechanical or chemical pretreatments. Various mechanisms by which pretreatments and aging may affect these variables and thereby affect initial dissolution rates and surface composition are discussed.
Tob is a negative regulator of activation that is expressed in anergic and quiescent T cells

During a search for genes that maintain T cell quiescence, we determined that Tob, a member of an anti-proliferative gene family, was highly expressed in anergic T cell clones. Tob was also expressed in unstimulated peripheral blood T lymphocytes and down-regulated during activation. Forced expression of Tob inhibited T cell proliferation and transcription of cytokines and cyclins. In contrast, suppression of Tob with an antisense oligonucleotide augmented CD3-mediated responses and abrogated the requirement of costimulation for maximal proliferation and cytokine secretion. Tob associated with Smad2 and Smad4 and enhanced Smad DNA-binding. The inhibitory effect of Tob on interleukin 2 (IL-2) transcription was not mediated by blockade of NFAT, AP-1 or NF-kappaB transactivation but by enhancement of Smad binding on the -105 negative regulatory element of the IL-2 promoter. Thus, T cell quiescence is an actively maintained phenotype that must be suppressed for T cell activation to occur.
Comparison of Copper Sulfate Concentrations to Control Ichthyophthiriasis in Fingerling Channel Catfish

ABSTRACT Fingerling channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were exposed to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis-infested fish until immature trophonts developed. The fish were transferred to individual static fiberglass tanks filled with 600 L of pond water (total alkalinity and total hardness was 220 mg/L and 101 mg/L, respectively) and were treated with 0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, or 4.4 mg/L copper sulfate (CuSO4 · 5H2O) every other day for four treatments to evaluate its effectiveness to control mortality associated with ichthyophthiriasis. Water temperature was maintained at 18 ± 1°C. Fish were observed for ten days post-treatment and mortalities were recorded. Results indicate that half of the recommended dose (1.1 mg/L CuSO4) is needed to effectively control an occurrence of ichthyophthiriasis under the conditions of this study. However, fish culturists should be aware that effective CuSO4 treatment of ichthyophthiriasis on channel catfish raised in ponds may be influenced by water chemistry characteristics and suspend...
Nonconvergence/Improper Solution Problems With the Correlated-Trait Correlated-Method Parameterization of a Multitrait–Multimethod Matrix

Estimation problems associated with the correlated-trait correlated-method (CTCM) parameterization of a multitrait–multimethod (MTMM) matrix are widely documented: the model often fails to converge; even when convergence is achieved, one or more of the parameter estimates are outside the admissible parameter space. In this study, the authors explore the potential contributions of two factors to the occurrence of nonconvergence and inadmissible solutions: (a) the minimum number of indicators per factor and (b) the deviation of the MTMM matrix from the CTCM model beyond sampling variability. Analyses of two published occupational preference data sets involving six traits and five methods and a simulation study show that the probability of obtaining problematic solutions diminishes as the minimum number of indicators per factor increases. Also, isolating factors contributing to model misfit beyond sampling variability reduces the probability of obtaining problematic solutions by one half. The implications of...
Africa and globalization: colonialism, decolonization and the postcolonial malaise

Tropical Africa has not fared well either in the contemporary world order or in the globalization literature that has accompanied it. Under such labels as ‘black hole’ ‘blank space’ and ‘the hopeless continent’, this part of the world seems hardly worthy of attention in the study of the connections and energies that define the twenty-first century.
Association of a Cystatin C Gene Variant With Cystatin C Levels, CKD, and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality

Background Carriers of the T allele of the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs13038305 tend to have lower cystatin C levels and higher cystatin C–based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR cys ). Adjusting for this genetic effect on cystatin C concentrations may improve GFR estimation, reclassify cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and strengthen risk estimates for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Study Design Observational. Setting & Population 4 population-based cohorts: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC), Cardiovascular Health (CHS), Framingham Heart (FHS), and Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) studies. Predictors We estimated the association of rs13038305 with eGFR cys and serum creatinine–based eGFR (eGFR cr ) and performed longitudinal analyses of the associations of eGFR cys with mortality and cardiovascular events following adjustment for rs13038305. Outcomes We assessed reclassification by genotype-adjusted eGFR cys across CKD categories: 2 . We compared mortality and CVD outcomes in those reclassified to a worse eGFR cys category with those unaffected. Results were combined using fixed-effect inverse-variance meta-analysis. Results In 14,645 participants, each copy of the T allele of rs13038305 (frequency, 21%) was associated with a 6.4% lower cystatin C concentration, 5.5-mL/min/1.73 m 2 higher eGFR cys , and 36% [95% CI, 29%-41%] lower odds of CKD. Associations with CVD (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.14-1.20) and mortality (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.19-1.24) per 10-mL/min/1.73 m 2 lower eGFR cys were similar with or without rs13038305 adjustment. 1,134 (7.7%) participants were reclassified to a worse CKD category following rs13038305 adjustment, and rates of CVD and mortality were higher in individuals who were reclassified. However, the overall net reclassification index was not significant for either outcome, at 0.009 (95% CI, −0.003 to 0.022) for mortality and 0.014 (95% CI, 0.0 to 0.028) for CVD. Limitations rs13038305 explains only a small proportion of cystatin C variation. Conclusions Statistical adjustment can correct a genetic bias in GFR estimates based on cystatin C in carriers of the T allele of rs13038305 and result in changes in disease classification. However, on a population level, the effects on overall reclassification of CKD status are modest.
Maglev 6-DOF Stage for Nanopositioning

This paper presents a novel magnetically levitated (maglev) stage with nanoscale positioning capability in all six degrees of freedom (DOFs). The key aspect of this device is that its single moving part has no mechanical contact with its stationary base, which leads to no mechanical friction and stiction, and no wear particle generation. We present herein the mechanical design, instrumentation, and test results of this maglev stage. Currently it shows position resolution of 4 nm, position noise of 2 nm rms, hundreds-of-micrometer translational travel range, a-few-milliradian rotational travel range, and power consumption less than a fraction of a Watt per axis. This maglev stage can be used in numerous applications such as manufacture of nanoscale structures, assembly and packaging on micro-size parts, vibration isolation for delicate instrumentation, and telepresence microsurgery.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Solutions of the Extended Lee Model with the Interaction of W ⇆ V θ

The Lee model is extended to include an additional field $W$ with the higher-order interaction $W\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}V+\ensuremath{\theta}$. By using Green's-function techniques, the $V\ensuremath{\theta}$ and $N\ensuremath{\theta}$ scattering amplitude can be obtained exactly. The model could be applied to studying the distinction between three-particle resonances and two two-particle resonances, if the former were to occur in an energy region in which $A$ and $B$ and $A$ and $C$ are simultaneously resonating. We would need to introduce a resonance ${V}^{*}$ in the $N\ensuremath{\theta}$ channel; hence, the model now contains two elementary $V$ fields, one $W$ field, one $N$ field, and the $\ensuremath{\theta}$ field. Scattering amplitudes of both $V\ensuremath{\theta}$ elastic and production processes are obtained in analytic form. It is possible to obtain on- and off-mass-shell solutions for them. Various properties of the amplitudes are discussed.
Lulu Regulates Shroom-Induced Apical Constriction during Neural Tube Closure

Apical constriction is an essential cell behavior during neural tube closure, but its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Lulu, or EPB4.1l5, is a FERM domain protein that has been implicated in apical constriction and actomyosin contractility in mouse embryos and cultured cells. Interference with the function of Lulu in Xenopus embryos by a specific antisense morpholino oligonucleotide or a carboxy-terminal fragment of Lulu impaired apical constriction during neural plate hinge formation. This effect was likely due to lack of actomyosin contractility in superficial neuroectodermal cells. By contrast, overexpression of Lulu RNA in embryonic ectoderm cells triggered ectopic apico-basal elongation and apical constriction, accompanied by the apical recruitment of F-actin. Depletion of endogenous Lulu disrupted the localization and activity of Shroom3, a PDZ-containing actin-binding protein that has also been implicated in apical constriction. Furthermore, Lulu and Shroom3 RNAs cooperated in triggering ectopic apical constriction in embryonic ectoderm. Our findings reveal that Lulu is essential for Shroom3-dependent apical constriction during vertebrate neural tube closure.
Jack: scalable accumulator-based nymble system

Anonymous blacklisting schemes enable online service providers to block future accesses from abusive users behind anonymizing networks, such as Tor, while preserving the privacy of all users, both abusive and non-abusive. Several such schemes exist in the literature, but all suffer from one of several faults: they rely on trusted parties that can collude to de-anonymize users, they scale poorly with the number of blacklisted users, or they place a very high computational load on the trusted parties.We introduce Jack, an efficient, scalable anonymous blacklisting scheme based on cryptographic accumulators. Compared to the previous efficient schemes, Jack significantly reduces the communication and computation costs required of trusted parties while also weakening the trust placed in these parties. Compared with schemes with no trusted parties, Jack enjoys constant scaling with respect to the number of blacklisted users, imposing dramatically reduced computation and communication costs for service providers. Jack is provably secure in the random oracle model, and we demonstrate its efficiency both analytically and experimentally.
Far-Infrared Spectra of Al 2 O 3 Doped with Ti, V, and Cr

The absorption spectrum of samples of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ doped with Ti, V, and Cr has been measured at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K over the frequency range 5-120 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in applied magnetic fields up to 55 kOe. In ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$:Ti, absorption lines were observed at 37.8 and 107 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$; these were due to transitions between the ground and first excited states of the ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}$ ion in a modified ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ crystalline field. The Zeeman splitting of the observed lines yielded ${g}_{0\ensuremath{\parallel}}=1.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$, ${g}_{1\ensuremath{\parallel}}=2.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$, and ${g}_{0\ensuremath{\perp}}$, ${g}_{1\ensuremath{\perp}}l0.1$ for the ground and first excited states. Similar results were observed from the isoelectronic ${\mathrm{V}}^{4+}$ ion in the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$:V sample. Zero-field absorption lines were observed at 28.1 and 53 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, with $g$ values for the ground and first excited states of ${g}_{0\ensuremath{\parallel}}={g}_{1\ensuremath{\parallel}}=1.43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ and ${g}_{0\ensuremath{\perp}}$, ${g}_{1\ensuremath{\perp}}l0.2$. The predicted energy levels of a single $d$ electron in the ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ crystalline field modified by a dynamic Jahn-Teller effect are in satisfactory agreement with these data. An absorption line observed at 8.25 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$:V was attributed to the spin-orbit splitting of the lowest electronic state of the ${\mathrm{V}}^{3+}$ ion. The Zeeman splitting of this line is in excellent agreement with the appropriate spin Hamiltonian with the parameters ${g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=1.92\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$ and ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=1.74\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$. A 15-cm length of 1% ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$:Cr showed no absorption lines for any value of magnetic field, indicating that the transitions between the ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ion-pair levels known to exist in this energy region are strongly forbidden. Samples of ruby reported to show far-infrared absorption lines were tested, and it was found that the splitting of the observed lines in a magnetic field was consistent with the assumption that they were due to ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{3+}$ as an unintentional impurity.
Neutron-capture gamma ray studies of low-lying 52V levels

Abstract Neutron-capture gamma rays from natural vanadium have been studied by means of a bent crystal spectrometer and a NaI(Tl) coincidence spectrometer. Gammas attributed to 52V have been found at 124.454±0.016, 125.083±0.015, 147.841±0.028, 294.97±0.09, 419.54±0.23, 436.49±0.23, 645.70±0.10, 794.2±0.4, 824.4±0.5 and 845.8±1.5 keV, using the bent crystal spectrometer. Energies are calibrated from the 100.107±0.001 keV 182Ta gamma. An additional gamma was found at 17.0±0.3 keV using a thin cleaved NaI(Tl) crystal with a thin window. An analysis has been made based upon the energy differences, relative intensities, coincidence measurements, and published (d, p) results. A consistent level scheme is proposed with excited states at 17.0, 22.8, 141.5, 147.8, 436.5, 793.6 and 847.0 keV. Results are considered in terms of shell model predictions.
A new scalar planewave model for high NA lithography simulations

A high NA photolithography simulator has been developed based on the angular spectrum analysis of planewaves. Spatial partial coherence is modelled using Van Cittert-Zernike theorem, which allows the extended source in a stepper to be divided into a number of point sources. Fast Fourier transform is applied to the coherent imaging by the point sources, leading to an efficient computation of the intensities in the image space. Special attention is devoted to source discretization to avoid the intensity fluctuations and improve the speed performance. The simulator can be used to calculate the aerial images of full circuit cells in a time scale proportional to NlogN. For resist profile calculations, a new approximation method has been developed for modelling photoresist bleaching during a high NA stepper exposure. The simulator has been applied to simulation-based global proximity correction and design rule generation for IC manufacturing. >
A “Hot” Topic in Dyslipidemia Management—“How to Beat a Flush”: Optimizing Niacin Tolerability to Promote Long-term Treatment Adherence and Coronary Disease Prevention

Niacin is the most effective lipid-modifying agent for raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, but it also causes cutaneous vasodilation with flushing. To determine the frequency of flushing in clinical trials, as well as to delineate counseling and treatment approaches to prevent or manage flushing, a MEDLINE search was conducted of English-language literature from January 1, 1985, through April 7, 2009. This search used the title keywords niacin or nicotinic acid crossed with the Medical Subject Headings adverse effects and human. Niacin flushing is a receptor-mediated, mainly prostaglandin D2–driven phenomenon, the frequency, onset, and duration of which are largely determined by the distinct pharmacological and metabolic profiles of different niacin formulations. Subjective assessments include ratings of redness, warmth, itching, and tingling. In clinical trials, most (>60%) niacin users experienced mild or moderate flushing, which tended to decrease in frequency and severity with continued niacin treatment, even with advancing doses. Approximately 5% to 20% of patients discontinued treatment because of flushing. Flushing may be minimized by taking niacin with meals (or at bedtime with a low-fat snack), avoiding exacerbating factors (alcohol or hot beverages), and taking 325 mg of aspirin 30 minutes before niacin dosing. The current review advocates an initially slow niacin dose escalation from 0.5 to 1.0 g/d during 8 weeks and then from 1.0 to 2.0 g in a single titration step (if tolerated). Through effective counseling, treatment prophylaxis with aspirin, and careful dose escalation, adherence to niacin treatment can be improved significantly. Wider implementation of these measures should enable higher proportions of patients to reach sufficient niacin doses over time to prevent cardiovascular events.
Comparison of ultracentrifugation and a precipitation method for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol quantitation in insulin-dependent diabetic patients

We compared sodium phosphotungstic acid and magnesium chloride precipitation method for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol quantitation with the ultracentrifugation method in 64 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with plasma triglyceride less than 3 mmol/1. The cholesterol content of HDL after precipitation of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was 86% ±3% of the cholesterol content of HDL (o>1.063) determined after ultracentrifugation at Q= 1.063 (1.33±0.05 mmol/1 vs 1.55±0.06 mmol/1; p<0.001). HDL cholesterol determined after precipitation closely correlated to HDL cholesterol determined after ultracentrifugation (r=0.97; p<0.001). The absolute difference between the HDL cholesterol values obtained by the two methods was correlated to HDL cholesterol (ultracentrifugation) (r=0.75; p<0.001), but it was not correlated to VLDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, HbAlc, blood glucose or serum albumin.LDL cholesterol calculated by use of Friedewald's formul...
Spurious roots in nonlinear waveguide calculations and a new format for nonlinear waveguide dispersion equations

The existence of spurious roots in the widely used nonlinear waveguide dispersion equations is demonstrated. The spurious roots exist even when the linear waveguide dispersion equations are written in terms of the sine and cosine functions. The authors compare the similarities between the linear and nonlinear dispersion equations and present a new format of the nonlinear dispersion equations that simplify the numerical calculations and avoid the appearance of spurious roots. >
Towards SET Mitigation in RF Digital PLLs: From Error Characterization to Radiation Hardening Considerations

In this work, the characteristics of single-event transient (SET) generation and propagation are analyzed in a digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) circuit, designed to achieve speeds applicable to mixed-signal RF operations. The analysis shows that the sensitivity of a DPLL system is strongly dependent on which of its modules is subjected to ionizing radiation. Computer simulations of single-event transients on the phase-frequency detector module and the voltage-controlled oscillator module indicate that their radiation responses have a negligible impact on the DPLL normal operations. More importantly, our findings identify the sensitivity of the charge pump module as the dominant contributor to the radiation vulnerability of the DPLL system. The charge pump incorporates a design element that is favorable to achieving high-speed operations, but simultaneously introduces a circuit configuration that can be easily perturbed by the impact of a heavy-ion. Hardening by design techniques that could be used to mitigate this issue are also discussed
Backcross breeding for improved resistance to common bacterial blight in pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Common bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli reduces common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) yield and quality worldwide. Genetic resistance provides effective disease control; however, a high level of resistance is difficult to attain and does not exist in pinto bean, the most important dry bean market class in North America. Our objective was to determine if a backcross breeding approach with the aid of molecular markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to CBB in a donor parent could be used to attain higher levels of resistance to CBB in pinto bean. QTL conditioning CBB resistance from the donor parent XAN 159 were introgressed into the recurrent parent Chase using classical backcross breeding and intermittent marker-assisted selection. Chase pinto bean is moderately resistant and the breeding line XAN 159 is highly resistant to Xanthomonas campestris. Marker assays confirmed the presence of independent QTL from GN no. 1 Sel 27 and XAN 159 in advanced backcross-derived pinto bean lines with improved CBB resistance. Agronomic characteristics of Chase were fully recovered in the backcross-derived lines. An important QTL for CBB resistance from XAN 159 on linkage group B6 was not introgressed because tight linkage between this QTL and the dominant V allele that causes an unacceptable black-mottled seed coat colour pattern in pinto bean could not be broken.
Time-temperature equivalence of discrete particles during thermal processing.

A method is developped to determine time-temperature equivalencies within discrete particles during thermal processing. Encapsulated calibration material materials were examined for establishing the equivalent point for a canning process where results were in good agreement with thermal evaluation using Ecklund thermocouple data. Process characteristics for continuous flow, as Reynolds number, Nusselt number, residence time distribution within heat exchangers and holding tubes, and size and shape of particles are considered for expanding the use of the methodology.
INTERFERENCE BETWEEN POLIOMYELITIS VIRUSES IN TISSUE CULTURE

The inhibition of multiplication of one poliomyelitis virus by a poliomyelitis virus of another immunologic type has been established by using tissue cultures of monkey testes. The degree of interference varied from none, to partial, to complete, depending upon the time between inoculation of the interfering and the challenge viruses, and the amount of each virus inoculated. Reciprocal interference was demonstrated between Types 1, 2, and 3 poliomyelitis viruses. Under conditions which resulted in complete suppression of the growth of one poliomyelitis virus by another, interference by poliomyelitis virus with the multiplication of four antigenically distinct "orphan" viruses and of three antigenically related strains of Coxsackie virus could not be demonstrated. Poliomyelitis virus rendered non-infective by formalin or by irradiation with high energy electrons or with ultraviolet light, or treated so that only traces of residual active virus remained, failed to interfere with the propagation of active homologous virus.
What's the Best Organelle in the Cell—Using Debates to Cover Content in an Engaging Way

One of the best methods I have found for covering content in an engaging manner is to hold an informal debate. Having students argue why a particular organelle is the best one in the cell is an amusing activity that covers a lot of factual information about cell structure and function. In this activity, students are also allowed to “bash” other students' assigned organelles, as long as their arguments are factual and not personal. Since the debate takes place before any instruction, it forces students to work together to find information and formulate a persuasive argument.
Rapid Glucose Disappearance in Infants with Infection

Altered carbohydrate metabolism has been reported during episodes of neo natal infection. To document that there is more rapid glucose disappearance during infection, intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) and serial plasma growth hormone and insulin levels were determined in eight full-term neonates during the first three days of an acute episode of infection and during convalescence, 5 to 15 days later. Eight healthy infants were each studied once using the same study protocol.Glucose disappearance rates, measured as Kt of glucose, were increased (p < 0.01) during both the acute septic period (3.7 ± 0.3% disappearance/min; mean ± S.E.M.) and convalescent period (2.5 ± 0.2%/min) when compared with values in control infants (1.3 ± 0.3%/min). Gram-negative, gram-positive, and viral infections were all associated with rapid glucose disposal. The ab normality in carbohydrate homeostasis persisted for at least 5 to 15 days after treatment was begun. Baseline and stimulated (20-minutes post bolus glucose ...
Homeostatic Regulation of Blood Neutrophil Counts

Blood neutrophil counts are determined by the differentiation and proliferation of precursor cells, the release of mature neutrophils from the bone marrow, margination, trafficking and transmigration through the endothelial lining, neutrophil apoptosis, and uptake by phagocytes. This brief review summarizes the regulation of blood neutrophil counts, which is in part controlled by G-CSF, IL-17, and IL-23. Neutrophils are retained in the bone marrow through interaction of CXCL12 with its receptor CXCR4. The relevance of this mechanism is illustrated by rare diseases in which disrupting the desensitization of CXCR4 results in failure to release mature neutrophils from bone marrow. Although blood neutrophil numbers in inbred mouse strains and individual human subjects are tightly controlled, their large variation among outbred populations suggests genetic factors. One example is benign ethnic neutropenia, which is found in some African Americans. Reduced and elevated neutrophil counts, even within the normal range, are associated with excess all-cause mortality.
Wing Missiles Stabilization Based on Sliding Mode Control

The problem of developing of the accuracy of the platform stabilization with "passengers" placed on the wing missiles is considered. The special approach to the stabilization problem solution based on sliding modes has been developed. The problem of high precision stabilization of the platform with sensor based on dynamically tuned gyroscope has been solved.
A stable procedure to calculate the transient scattering by conducting surfaces of arbitrary shape

A solution procedure to obtain the transient scattering by arbitrarily shaped conducting objects directly in the time-domain using the marching-on-in-time method is presented. The late-time oscillations are eliminated by a simple stabilization procedure which involves a negligible amount of extra computation. Numerical results for surface current density and far-scattered fields are given for various structures and compared with other methods. >
Oil Is Not a Curse: Ownership Structure and Institutions in Soviet Successor States . By Pauline Jones Luong and Erika Weinthal. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 444p. $95.00 cloth, $31.00 paper.

For those scholars who have bemoaned the “commodity determinism” that has characterized much of the resource curse literature, there has been, in recent years, a new crop of studies that has sought to deepen and broaden the scope of inquiry and to highlight variations in features, processes, and outcomes in mineral-rich states. These studies have done so in two ways: first, by demonstrating, via careful empirical work, that despite the supposed uniformity, mineral-rich states in fact exhibit a variety of policy environments, institutional arrangements, and experiences; and second, by tracing the pathways whereby certain variables, and combinations of variables—related to such things as institutional beginnings, leadership decisions, and competing cleavage structures—contribute to particular outcomes, as opposed to merely identifying outcomes.
Neuronal Mechanisms of Visual Attention

Advances on several fronts have refined our understanding of the neuronal mechanisms of attention. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding visual attention through single-neuron recordings made in behaving subjects. Simultaneous recordings from populations of individual cells have shown that attention is associated with changes in the correlated firing of neurons that can enhance the quality of sensory representations. Other work has shown that sensory normalization mechanisms are important for explaining many aspects of how visual representations change with attention, and these mechanisms must be taken into account when evaluating attention-related neuronal modulations. Studies comparing different brain structures suggest that attention is composed of several cognitive processes, which might be controlled by different brain regions. Collectively, these and other recent findings provide a clearer picture of how representations in the visual system change when attention shifts from one tar...
Testing of data paths in VLSI arrays

An important issue in VLSI array design is how to test switches and data links in an array. In the paper, the authors present a ‘divide-and-conquer’ technique for testing data paths in VLSI arrays. The data paths including registers, switches and data links are tested in parallel by applying test patterns from the outside. The fault-free paths identified divide the array into smaller subarrays with fault-free boundaries so that testing can be done recursively. Fault masking due to switch failures is examined. A sufficient condition to avoid fault masking is obtained.
On the Deflections of bow Girders of Non-Circular Shapes

Solutions given in explicit form in cases in which central line of curved beam is cycloid, catenary or parabola and external forces are uniformly distributed along whole length of beam; curves of deflections, angles of twist, bending and twisting moments presented for certain cases and compared with corresponding values for circular bow girder.
Distribution of preferred ice crystal orientation determined from seismic anisotropy: Evidence from Jakobshavn Isbræ and the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling facility, Greenland

ABSTRACTPreferred crystal orientation fabrics (COFs) within an ice sheet or glacier are typically found from ice cores. We conducted experiments at the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) facility ice core location, where COF data were available at Jakobshavn Isbrae west Greenland, to test if COF can be determined seismically. We used observations of anisotropic seismic wave propagation on multioffset gathers and englacial imaging from a 2D reflection profile. Anisotropy analysis of the NEEM data yielded mean c-axes distributed over a conical region of 30° to 32° from vertical. No internal ice seismic reflectors were imaged. Direct COF measurements collected in the ice core agreed with the seismic observations. At Jakobshavn Isbrae, we used a multioffset gather and a 2D reflection profile, but we lacked ice core data. Englacial reflectors allowed the determination of ice column interval properties. Anisotropy analysis found that the upper 1640 m of the ice column consisted of cold (≈−10°C) and mostly...
The Dawn of a New Age

Of recent, there has been increasing recognition by treasury groups who have lobbied for the development of a national based payment system. This addresses the significance and evolution of payment systems in select jurisdictions.
Safety and effectiveness of percutaneous cholecystostomy in critically ill children who are immune compromised

Acalculous cholecystitis is known to develop in critically ill patients without cystic duct obstruction. In the past, treatment for acalculous cholecystitis has been cholecystectomy; however, many children who are critically ill are Percutaneous cholecystostomy is likely the procedure of choice in this subgroup of patients. To assess the safety and effectiveness of percutaneous cholecystostomy in critically ill and immune-compromised children with acalculous cholecystitis. Retrospective review of immune-compromised and critically ill children who underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy between 2006 and 2013. Diagnostic imaging performed included ultrasound, CT and hepatobiliary scintigraphy. Every percutaneous cholecystostomy was performed using imaging guidance. Ten critically ill and immune-compromised children with acalculous cholecystitis underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy. Seven boys and 3 girls, ranging in age from 10 months to 15 years 8 months, were treated. Six of the immune-compromised children had received a bone marrow transplant for leukemia (5 children) or severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) (1 child), and ranged from 18 to 307 days post bone marrow transplant at the time of their percutaneous cholecystostomy. Of the remaining four immune-compromised children with acalculous cholecystitis who underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy, two had leukemia, one had SCID and lymphoma, and the fourth was undergoing treatment for undifferentiated germ cell tumor. The 10 percutaneous gallbladder drains were placed using a transhepatic approach, except one unintentional transperitoneal approach. There were no complications. Three gallbladder drains were removed in Interventional Radiology. Those three patients had a return to normal gallbladder function and didn’t require cholecystectomy. Two drains were removed during cholecystectomy and another as an outpatient. Four patients died in the hospital due to multiorgan system failure, with indwelling gallbladder drains. Percutaneous cholecystostomy is a safe procedure in immune-compromised and critically ill children with acalculous cholecystitis. Percutaneous cholecystostomy may obviate the need for future cholecystectomy.
Tumor microenvironment and nanodrug delivery

Tumor microenvironment (TME) of a mature solid tumor is made of three components: tumor cell clusters or nests, stroma and immune cells. Most of the microvessels are located in the stroma, which is made of extracellular matrix and tumor associated fibroblasts (TAF). Circulating nanoparticles (NP) extravasating through the leaky microvessels first encounter the stroma and are taken up by TAF. SomeNPwill also penetrate through the stroma and reach tumor nests, depending on the particle size. In a stroma rich bladder cancer model, TAF are themajor cells taken up small LPC NP which contain ~80% cisplatin. Genome damaged TAF secrete Wnt16 which in a paracrine manner activates tumor cells for drug resistance and for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. It also induces neighboring naive fibroblast to become drug resistance and the endothelial cells to undergo angiogenesis. After repeated LPC administration, the bladder tumor becomes highlyWnt16 positive and highly drug resistant. Tumor rapidly regrows soon after LPC dosing is completed. Delivery of Wnt16 siRNA by LPH NP to the tumor can down-regulate Wnt16, inhibit the development of tumor drug resistance and enhance tumor growth inhibition by LPC. In advancedmurine B16F10melanoma, tumor does not contain a lot of stroma, and is relatively resistant to a nano-vaccine. LPH delivery of TGFβ siRNA, PLGA NP delivery of CDDO-Me (an anti-inflammatory) or Sunitinib (a broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor), or PEGylated curcumin micelles, can all downregulate the Th2 type cytokines, inhibit Treg cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells and enhance tumor infiltrating CD8+ T-cells in the treated tumor. These immune modulators significantly enhance the tumor growth inhibition by a nano vaccine designed to boost the CTL response against the melanoma. Thus, we conclude that both siRNA and small molecule inhibitors can be delivered to modulate TME to facilitate either chemo or immune therapy, or both. Work supported by NIH grants CA149363, CA151652, CA149387 and DK100664.
Ecological influences on the local movement dynamics of the blackspotted topminnow, Fundulus olivaceus

Movement of individuals throughout a landscape is fundamental to a wide array of ecological processes; however, the interacting spatiotemporal effects of environmental influences on movement remain poorly understood. Using a series of mesocosm trials, we examined relationships between local abiotic and biotic variables and movement patterns of the blackspotted topminnow, Fundulus olivaceus, using passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. In one series of trials, we assessed the influence of local population factors (density, sex ratio) and phenotypic variables (growth, condition) on movement rates across seasons (spawning, nonspawning). Movement was strongly influenced by different factors seasonally, and movement rates were approximately 7.5 times higher in the spawning season compared to nonspawning periods. Males moved more than females and movement was greater in low-density treatments; however, these patterns persisted only during the spawning period. In a second series of trials, we examined abiotic (habitat complexity) and biotic (predator; Micropterus punctulatus) influences on the movement dynamics and habitat usage of F. olivaceus. Predators were found to suppress movement; however, this response was ameliorated by the presence of habitat structure. Movement rates of F. olivaceus were negatively related to predator movement and individuals showed a higher propensity to group in the presence of the predator. The predator induced shifts in habitat usage, as individuals utilized the shallower habitat at a greater frequency and for longer durations compared to trials without a predator. Taken together, our results suggest local environmental variables may strongly influence spatiotemporal movement behaviors of F. olivaceus.
Moral Outpouring: Shock and Generosity in the Aftermath of the BP Oil Spill

The 2010 BP oil spill is the largest human-caused disaster in U.S. history. Using nationally representative panel data measured before, during, and after the spill I find that rather than giving time and money to actual relief efforts, Americans responded primarily through dramatic increases in time and money given for environmental causes. This expands current understandings about how and why Americans respond to large-scale catastrophe. I argue that this phenomenon can be made sense of theoretically by focusing on the cultural context of “moral shock” precipitated by historic environmental harm and corporate negligence, both of which were amplified in the wake of the spill by national media. This heightened emotional climate interacted with Americans' empathetic identities, practices and habits, politics, and culture to produce different pathways to philanthropic engagement. Consistent with this argument, the results show that all four of these factors mattered for predicting generous behavior in this case, but did so at different points in time. I close by outlining the substantive and theoretical implications of my argument.