cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Injection data analysis using material balance time for CO2 storage capacity estimation in deep closed saline aquifers

Abstract Estimating the ultimate storage capacity of deep saline aquifers is important to address the formation potential to store the envisioned large volumes of CO2. Injection data (i.e. injection rate, bottomhole pressure, and cumulative injected volume of CO2) are routinely recorded during storage operations. These data contain valuable information on the subsurface (e.g. the reservoir pore volume and the formation storage capacity) that can be extracted. In this paper, we present a two-step graphical technique to infer the pore volume and the ultimate storage capacity of closed saline aquifers by analyzing the available injection data. First, the pore volume is inferred through adapting the concept of the material balance time. Material balance time is an approximate superposition time function developed to interpret production data from oil and gas wells operating at variable pressure/rate conditions during the boundary-dominated flow period. Using material balance techniques, the ultimate storage capacity is then estimated through linear extrapolation of the average pressure trend to the maximum allowable pressure the formation can withstand. The average pressure is not available in practice, but is can be obtained from the injection data. Two approaches are presented in this study to calculate the average pressure; namely the rigorous and the approximate approaches. Unlike the rigorous approach, the approximate approach does not require a prior knowledge of some reservoir properties (e.g. relative permeability, absolute permeability, formation porosity and thickness) to calculate the average pressure. To investigate its potential and reliability in analyzing CO2 injection data, the proposed technique is applied to four synthetic cases representing different well operating conditions. Results indicate that the approximate approach consistently overestimates the actual (simulated) storage capacity as compared to the rigorous approach. The agreement - between the inferred and the simulated reservoir pore volume, and between the analytical and numerical estimates of storage capacity - validates the potential application of the technique to CO2 storage in closed saline aquifers. The technique is further substantiated through application to a field data set utilized from a commercial-scale geological storage (CGS) project. Field data interpretation shows that the proposed technique can be utilized to identify the degree of hydraulic continuity and reservoir compartmentalization within a target formation by interpreting the corresponding pressure and rate responses.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Memory Disorders

In our presentations many of us acknowledge the intellectual debt we owe to Nelson, but before I begin mine, I’d like to express my gratitude to Nelson on a more personal level. Some of you may have been present at a reunion of Nelson’s students, during which Edith Kaplan described an extraordinary kindness Nelson had extended to her involving the sale of her inoperable, and as far as I can remember, unenterable automobile. I’m sure after hearing that story, most people thought no one could produce a more impressive example of Nelson’s generosity to his friends. However, imagine my plight when eight years ago, having recently left all of my friends at Stanford to join the faculty at UCSD, I found myself a lonely spinster, not getting any younger, and in possession of only one prospect: an enthusiastic but inaccessible Danish pen pal who happened to live 6000 miles away in Oxfordshire, England. After a few months of moping around in a particularly dreary mood, I confided my situation to Nelson, who I was later to find out knew all about it anyway. How he knew I can’t imagine, because as everyone knows, Nelson never indulges in idle gossip.
Behavior: A Temporal Approach to Process Modelling

This paper describes an approach to modeling processes and networks of processes that communicate exclusively through message passing. A process is defined by its set of possible behaviors, where each behavior is an abstraction of some infinite execution sequence of the process. The resulting model of processes is simple and modular and facilitates information hiding. It can describe either synchronous or asynchronous networks. It supports recursively-defined networks and can characterize liveness properties such as progress of inputs and outputs, termination and deadlock. A sound and complete temporal proof system for processes is presented. It is compositional — a specification of a network is formed naturally from specifications of its component processes. A nontrivial example, comprising a specification and correctness proof for a recursive network, is given to demonstrate the usefulness of our techniques.
Oberfläche, katalytische Wirksamkeit und Lösungswärme von Kobalt‐Magnesiumoxyd‐Mischformiatkontakten

Die Oberflachengrose von CoMgO-Mischkontakten steigt mit zunehmendem MgO-Gehalt und ist, wie bei NiMgO-Mischkontakten, durch die grose Oberflache des darin enthaltenen aktiven MgO bedingt. Die katalytische Aktivitat der CoMgO-Mischkontakte verschiedener Zusammensetzung wurde gegenuber der Hydrierung des Zimtsauremethylesters und des Benzols untersucht; Kontakte mit rund 70 At.-% Co haben die hochste Wirksamkeit. Die Losungswarmen sowohl von reinen, tragerfreien, durch reduzierende Zersetzung des Kobaltformiats bei 300–420°C erhaltenen Kobaltpulvern als auch von CoMgO-Mischkontakten aus Formiat sind unerwartet hoch. In diesen Reduktionsprodukten liegt hexagonales und kubisch-flachenzentriertes Co nebeneinander vor. Kobaltpulver aus Kobaltoxyd sind dagegen kubisch-flachenzentriert und haben normale Losungswarmen.
Abstract 13196: The Prevalence and Prediction of Significant Coronary Artery Disease in Patients Referred for Valvular Heart Surgery

Background: The guidelines recommend preoperative diagnostic coronary angiography (DCA) prior to valvular heart surgery (VHS) in men ≥35 years, premenopausal women with CAD risk factors ≥35 years, and postmenopausal women. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for significant CAD in patients, without a prior history, undergoing DCA as a part of a preoperative evaluation for VHS. To create a risk prediction model to identify very-low risk patients. Methods: Patients undergoing DCA between 2/1/2004 and 10/1/2013 as a part of a preoperative evaluation for VHS were included. Significant CAD was defined as either ≥50% stenosis on DCA or the use of bypass grafting at the time of VHS. Multivariate analyses were used to determine risk factors for CAD. Patients were randomly split into derivation and validation cohorts. A nomogram was created to predict the risk of significant CAD, and the performance was assessed using a ROC curve. Results: We identified 5,360 patients (age 63±14 years, male 57%, diabetic 16%, hypertension 50%, hyperlipidemia 39%), of which 1,035 (19.3%) were found to have significant CAD. In multivariate analysis, age, gender, diabetes, renal dysfunction, hyperlipidemia and a family history of CAD were related to the presence of CAD (p Conclusions: In patients undergoing DCA prior to VHS, the prevalence of significant CAD is associated with demographics and traditional risk-factors, but not the specific dysfunctional valve. This data suggests there is a group with sufficiently low risk of significant CAD to merit non-invasive testing instead of DCA. The risk prediction nomogram created in this study can be used to identify patients with a very-low risk of significant CAD.
Iterative message passing techniques for rapid code acquisition

Iterative message passing algorithms (MPAs) have found application in a wide range of data detection problems because they can provide near optimal performance and significant complexity reduction. In this paper, we demonstrate that they can be used to efficiently solve the pseudo random code acquisition problem as well. To do this, we represent good pseudo-noise (PN) patterns using sparse graphical models, and then apply the standard iterative message passing algorithm over this graph to approximate maximum likelihood synchronization. Simulation results show that this algorithm achieves better performance than traditional serial search code acquisition in the sense that it works at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and is much faster. Compared to full parallel search, this approach typically provides significant complexity reduction.
Music Teacher Performance Evaluation: A Call for More Inclusive Models.

Traditional methods for the evaluation of teachers appear to have limited applicability for the majority of elementary and secondary school educators engaged in the field of fine and performing arts, due primarily to the specialized nature of their respective teaching disciplines. Educational administrators charged with the responsibility for evaluating personnel confront an additional challenge when compelled to apply general models that are not suited to the highly complex world of performing arts instruction. In order for educators to make informed evaluation decisions, comprehensive information about the contributions of arts personnel may need to be reconsidered. New evaluation models emerging in the closing years of the twentieth century may hold the key for a more inclusive view of teaching performance in the arts. This article explores the use of traditional evaluation in the context of music education and addresses the future need for more reliable approaches to music teacher evaluation.
The design of a workflow-centric, context-aware framework to support heterogeneous computing environments in collaboration

Networked based distributed collaboration has become pervasive and makes today’s enterprises much more productive than ever before. The automation of the collaborative processes can be driven and managed by workflow rules. In addition, during recent years, ubiquitous computing and universal network connectivity have imposed another imperative requirement on collaboration systems. That is, remote participants with heterogeneous and dynamic connection and process capabilities should be able to join seamlessly in the collaboration at any time. Intelligent, context-aware, and workflow-centric collaboration is an essential prerequisite to fulfill that requirement. In this paper, we describe a generic framework, dubbed as EkSarva, which is capable of embedding workflow rules and context-awareness intelligence into collaborative sessions leading to increased opportunities for process automation
All Mixed Strategy Equilibria are Monotone Pure Strategy Equilibria in Asymmetric First-Price Auctions

Every mixed strategy equilibrium is outcome equivalent to a monotone pure strategy equilibrium in asymmetric first-price auctions in which n bidders have affiliated, one-dimensional, atomless types and interdependent values.
Fragmentation of small molecules following soft x-ray excitation

The adsorption of a soft X-ray photon, exciting a core electron in a free molecule, leads to a chain of events the final result of which is the fragmentation of the molecule. In low Z elements the core hole decays preferentially via a two electron Auger transition, which depletes the molecule of electrons out of the bonding valence structure such that it becomes unstable and falls apart into ionic and neutral fragments. Here these processes will be discussed step by step taking CO as example.
A Digital Orrery

We have designed and built the Orrery, a special computer for high-speed high-precision orbital mechanics computations. On the problems the Orrery was designed to solve, it achieves approximately 10 Mflops in about 1 ft3 of space while consuming 150 W of power. The specialized parallel architecture of the Orrery, which is well matched to orbital mechanics problems, is the key to obtaining such high performance. In this paper we discuss the design, construction, and programming of the Orrery.
A Trichodorus (Triplonchida: Trichodoridae) Nematode from Thrips (Thysanoptera: Panchaetothripinae).

At hrips insectCaliothrips sp. (Thysanoptera: Panchaetothripinae) from persimmon fruit (Ebenaceae: Diospyros sp.) from an unknown origin, possibly Asia, was intercepted in a passenger bag in November 2012 at the Peace Arch Border Crossing from Canada to Blaine, WA, by a USDA-APHIS-PPQ port inspector. Nematodes were attached to the abdomen of the female insect and sent to us in saline. Seven nematodes (five females, two males) were measured and these and others were processed for permanent slides. An adult female and a female juvenile were prepared for PCR. Morphologically these nematodes belonged to the Trichodorus sparsus group, and the 28S rDNA D2-D3 sequence showed greatest similarity to Trichodorus paragiennensis (94%) and T. giennensis (93%), with greatest morphological similarity to the latter species. Among other morphological differences, the innermost uterus width is wider than in related species. Trichodorus spp. are normally found in soil, so this is the first population seen in the atypical habitat of an insect. Morphological and molecular characteristics of Trichodorus sp. are presented, but a putative new species name is not currently advisable because of relatively poor condition of specimens. Ecological associations are also discussed.
Interdigital capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers for sensing and pumping in microfluidic applications

Interdigital capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUTs) have been designed, fabricated and tested for sensing and pumping in fluidic environments. The interdigital cMUT allows one to generate unidirectional Scholte interface waves and other guided modes in microfluidic channels or to perform traditional pulse-echo measurements by changing the phase of the input signals. The transducers are surface micromachined on a silicon substrate using a CMOS compatible fabrication process which mainly uses PECVD with a maximum temperature of 300/spl deg/C. Experiments on the interdigital cMUTs show that a 5 finger pair device has 10.5 dB of directionality in generating Scholte waves at the design frequency of 10 MHz. With this configuration, interdigital cMUTs can be used as compact ultrasonic sensors. The transducers are also used for bidirectional pumping with power levels as low as 1 mW.
Springtime for Freedom of Religion or Belief: Will Newly Democratic Arab States Guarantee International Human Rights Norms or Perpetuate Their Violation?

The Arab Spring has generated unprecedented and seismic political and social upheaval across the Arab world. The reasons for the outbreak of widespread and vociferous public protest are myriad, but generally understood as including long-simmering resentment of government corruption and repression, underwhelming economic development, chronic unemployment and poor respect for human rights, including the treatment of individuals and groups affiliated with political manifestations of Islam. Despite the initial drama surrounding the street rallies, two years on, the pace of change has grown fitful and uncertain.The purpose of this chapter is to consider one narrow aspect of the Arab Spring. Namely, what does this historic moment augur for securing the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion or belief? Further to this question, how — if at all — have the emerging post-Arab Spring governments differentiated themselves from their predecessors on issues including non-discrimination, equality, freedom of expression and the rights of religious minorities — including Muslims dissenting from state-sanctioned Islam, non-Muslims, new religious movements (NRMs), and nonbelievers? And finally, what role, if any, should the larger international community play in advocating or facilitating the adoption of new constitutional and legislative safeguards designed to uphold international human rights norms?In the end, this chapter argues that the revolutions hold the promise of correcting years of discriminatory and unequal treatment. However, such an outcome remains contingent upon overcoming a dangerous historical paradox that often finds formerly persecuted groups morphing into the role of persecutor. The direction emerging regimes tip will be determined by a combination of internal and external factors.
A Molecular Phylogeny of Black-Tyrants (Tyrannidae: Knipolegus) Reveals Strong Geographic Patterns and Homoplasy in Plumage and Display Behavior

ABSTRACT. We present the first molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for Knipolegus (black-tyrants), a widespread genus of South American tyrant-flycatchers, based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Bayesian and maximum-likelihood analyses support three clades within Knipolegus, one confined to northern South America, one confined to southeast Brazil, and one confined to the Southern Cone and southern Andes. Within each clade, two or more species are broadly sympatric or parapatric, overlapping in general distribution but differing in habitat specialization. Maximum-likelihood ancestral state reconstructions using an equal-rate stochastic model support a single origin of austral migration in the southern group. Contrasting with these strong geographic patterns, ancestral state reconstructions of plumage and display evolution were more complex, with multiple inferred character-state changes. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest a sexually dimorphic ancestor of Knipolegus, and sexually similar pluma...
E. Donnall Thomas (1920–2012)

E. Donnall Thomas, M.D., Emeritus Director of the Clinical Research Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Emeritus Professor of Medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle, was once called a humble humanitarian. That was when he already had received the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1990—but this is only one side of the man who had been a dedicated researcher all his life. He is considered the driving force behind the successful development of transplantation of blood-forming cells, making this treatment modality clinically feasible and widely applicable. The number of patients with life-threatening diseases who have undergone transplantation of hematopoietic grafts containing blood stem cells and progenitor cells has now exceeded 1 million.
Reduced-bandwidth and low-complexity multichannel wiener filter for binaural hearing aids

Binaural hearing aids use a wireless link to exchange the signals received at each side, allowing the implementation of sophisticated noise-reduction strategies. Although different noise-reduction strategies have been reported for binaural hearing aids, those based on Multichannel Wiener filter (MWF) have been identified to provide the best SNR improvement and output sound quality. The real-time implementation of these MWF techniques involves different challenges such as reduction of computational complexity, processing delay, and transmission bandwidth, among others. The MWF methods have been generally derived in the FFT domain. This paper explores a different approach, where the FFT is replaced by an auditory representation. For this representation, two strategies are analyzed: IIR filter-banks and wavelet packets (WP). The WP representation is shown to provide reduction of the computational complexity, processing delay, and transmission bandwidth, without degrading the performance of SNR improvement and sound quality.
Experimental measurements of field effects on dielectronic recombination cross sections and Rydberg product-state distributions

Experimental details are presented for the measurement of the effects of extrinsic electric fields on cross sections and Rydberg product-state distributions for dielectronic recombination of ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}$ with electrons. A new type of Rydberg state detector is described. Experimental results for dielectronic recombination in the presence of fields are presented for three field values, and these results are compared with theoretical calculations.
Freshwater and marine virioplankton: a brief overview of commonalities and differences

Summary 1. Viruses are a pervasive component of microbial food webs in both marine and freshwater systems. The abundance of viruses in individual aquatic systems appears to be independent of salinity but related to the biomass of primary and secondary producers as well as seasonal effects. Burst size, virus production rate and the percentage of microbial cells carrying a viral burden also appear to be more closely correlated to trophic status than to salinity. 2. In marine environments, the roles of planktonic viruses as regulators of carbon and nutrient cycling as well as microbial community structure have been a focus of numerous studies, yet the roles of freshwater virioplankton remain much less studied. Nevertheless, a survey of published freshwater studies demonstrates that virioplankton recycle important quantities of growth-limiting nutrients from hosts via generation of dead particulate and dissolved organic matter during cell lysis, and suggests that both the chemical speciation and concentration of these organic compounds and nutrients may have important influences on the microbial community. 3. Parallel observations on the spatial patterns and dynamics of microbial mortality due to viruses or grazing are more advanced in freshwaters than in marine environments. However, the constraints that determine whether virus- or grazer-mediated mortality dominates are not yet understood in either environment. 4. Application of molecular approaches has facilitated the examination of the diversity and ecological dynamics of specific viral populations and entire communities. The depth of detail achieved in marine environments towards characterizing these populations and communities is just beginning to be matched in freshwater systems. The few available data suggest that viruses targeting-related hosts in freshwater and marine systems may be genetically distinct. 5. Although the role of viruses in aquatic systems is complex and remains insufficiently studied, our survey of the literature indicates that, despite some differences, many of the controls on virioplankton activity and diversity are similar in marine and freshwater environments.
On the apparent permeability of regular arrays of nonuniform fibers

Numerical calculations for fluid flow across arrays of fibers of equal as well as of varying size have been carried out for conditions of creeping flow as well as for conditions of flow with substantial inertia. Based on numerical results for pressure drop and flow rate we compute the apparent hydraulic permeability of many such arrays. These apparent permeabilities are compared to the predictions of a generalized explicit model proposed by Knupp and Lage [J. Fluid Mech. 299, 97 (1995)]. A good agreement is observed, indicating that the above-mentioned explicit model holds for regular fibrous media composed of fibers of varying size.
Volatile compounds generated in serine-monosaccharide model systems.

The model Maillard reactions of serine−ribose (S−R) and serine−glucose (S−G) were studied. The reactions were conducted in a pH 8 aqueous solution at 160 °C for 2 h. Three times more volatiles were generated in the S−R system than in the S−G system, and in total, 37 compounds were identified in the two reaction systems. Some novel pyrazines were formed in both reaction solutions. In the serine−ribose system, the identified pyrazines were 2-(2-furfuryl)pyrazine, 2-(2-furfuryl)-5(and 6)-methylpyrazine, and 2-(2-furfuryl)-3,5-dimethylpyrazine. In the serine−glucose system, 2-[5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfuryl]-3,5-dimethylpyrazine was the only identified bicyclic pyrazine compound. To confirm the formation of these pyrazine compounds, they were prepared in a model reaction involving acetol, ammonium acetate, and corresponding aldehydes. In such model reaction systems, we also prepared 2-(2-thienylmethyl)-3,5(and 3,6)-dimethylpyrazine and 2-(2-pyrrylmethyl)-3,5(and 3,6)-dimethylpyrazine. Mass spectra of some compo...
Low and ambient temperature XAFS study of U(VI) in solids and aqueous solution

Abstract To evaluate the ability of XAFS spectroscopy to elucidate the structural environment of U(VI) at the solid-water interface, we have carried out an in-depth analysis of XAFS data from U(VI) solid and solution model compounds. Using the ab initio XAFS code FEFF 6, we have calculated phase-shift(Φ) and amplitude (A) functions for fitting low (10 K) and ambient temperature data. FEFF 6 does a good job of reproducing experimental data, and is particularly valuable for providing Φ and A functions for backscattering atoms whose spectral contributions are difficult to isolate from experimental data due to overlap of Fourier transform (FT) features. In solid-phase model compounds at ambient temperature, we are able to fit single-scattering (SS) contributions from neighbors out to 5.2 A. Multiple-scattering (MS) was assessed and found not to be significant above k = 3 A −1 . The use of shell-dependent disorder parameters (σ2) is essential and values have been constrained.
Neurologic complications of Merkel cell carcinoma

We describe a 61-year-old man with a multiple neurologic complication of Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare skin cancer. An enhancing brain mass, and cytologically proven leptomeningeal disease produced a succession of symptoms including seizures, bilateral radiculopathies, myoclonus, a cauda equina syndrome and altered mental status. Aggressive treatment prolonged his survival marginally.
A multivariate analysis of anatomic success of retinal detachments treated with scleral buckling

One hundred and twenty-three preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were evaluated to assess their effect on anatomic success of scleral buckling for retinal detachment. The relative importance of each variable was tested in a logistic regression equation. This equation identified ten significant variables for predicting the outcome of retinal detachment surgery. The significant variables were: preoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (adjusted odds ratio, AOR, 13.60), previous buckle by G.F. Hilton (AOR = 8.03), total detachment (AOR = 5.72), preoperative vitreous hemorrhage (AOR = 3.08), tension less than 10 mm Hg (AOR = 2.40), hemorrhagic complications (AOR = 2.62), previous buckles by others (AOR = 2.10), injection into the vitreous at surgery with either saline or balanced salt solution (AOR = 2.32) or air/sulfahexafluoride (AOR = 7.06), and preoperative vision less than 0.3 (20/60 or worse) (AOR = 2.14). The number of cryopexy applications was specifically tested in the equation, but while significant in a univariate analysis, it was not found to be significant in the multivariate analysis.
Comparing Scheffé-Type to Constant-Width Confidence Bounds in Regression

Abstract Conditions are given for when the Scheffe-type bound has smaller average width than the constant-width bound when coverage probabilities are equal, for bounding a multilinear regression function with intercept over one of the ellipsoidal regions of Halperin and Gurian (1968). The conditions depend on the size of the region relative to the design, and they are shown to hold for the special case of an orthogonal design, when the regressors are restricted to the boundary of the region.
Cell-permeable MR contrast agents with increased intracellular retention.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique used in both clinical and experimental settings to produce high-resolution images of opaque organisms without ionizing radiation. Currently, MR imaging is augmented by contrast agents, and the vast majority these small molecule Gd(III) chelates are confined to the extracellular regions. As a result, contrast agents are confined to vascular regions reducing their ability to provide information about cell physiology or molecular pathology. We have shown that polypeptides of arginine have the capacity to transport Gd(III) contrast agents across cell membranes. However, this transport is not unidirectional, and once inside the cell, the arginine-modified contrast agents efflux rapidly, decreasing the intracellular Gd(III) concentration and corresponding MR image intensity. By exploiting the inherent disulfide reducing environment of cells, thiol compounds, Gd(III)-DOTA-SS-Arg8 and Gd(III)-DTPA-SS-Arg8, are cleaved from their cell-penetrating peptide transduction...
Preparation and characterization of the platinum metal phosphides RuP2 and IrP2

Abstract Single crystals of iridium and ruthenium diphosphide have been grown from a tin flux. Both compounds are diamagnetic semiconductors exhibiting extrinsic electrical conductivity from ∼77 to ∼300°K. Optical measurements indicate absorption edges of 1.1(1) and 0.8(1) eV for IrP2 and RuP2, respectively.
Studies related to the metabolism of anabolic steroids in the horse: the identification of some 16-oxygenated metabolites of testosterone and a study of the phase II metabolism

1. Isomers of 3,17-dihydroxyandrostan-16-one, 3,16-dihydroxyandrostan-17-one and androstane-3,16,17-triol have been identified as urinary metabolites of testosterone in the horse. 2. Following XAD-2 extraction of urine samples, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography was used to separate the extract into conjugate groups. Metabolites obtained after hydrolysis of the conjugates have been investigated by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 3. Testosterone, 3,17-dihydroxyandrostan-16-one and 3,16-dihydroxyandrostan-17-one were found only in the sulphate fraction. 5 alpha-Androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol, and two isomeric androstane triols were present mainly in this fraction and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 alpha-diol was a minor component. In the glucuronide fraction 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 alpha-diol was the major metabolite present and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol and the two isomeric triols were minor components.
The Radiologic Assessment of Trigeminal Neuropathy

The clinical and radiologic records of 76 patients with trigeminal neuropathy and an abnormal imaging study (CT and/or MR) were analyzed retrospectively. The trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) was divided into proximal (brainstem, preganglionic, gasserian ganglion, and cavernous sinus) and distal (extracranial V1, V2, and V3) segments. Lesions were organized according to segments and correlated with the type and distribution of clinical symptoms or signs. The purpose of the study was to (1) determine the efficacy of clinical localization of cranial nerve V lesions, (2) compare CT and MR for cranial nerve V imaging, (3) develop an MR protocol for effective cranial nerve V imaging, and (4) construct a differential diagnosis by anatomic segment for lesions of cranial nerve V. Clinical localization was found to be extremely inaccurate. CT was not as sensitive as MR for lesions involving the basal cisterns and skull base and will not detect the most common brainstem lesions (small infarcts and multiple sclerosis plaques). The MR protocol developed does not rely heavily on clinical localization. On the basis of lesions found in this series, a differential diagnosis by segment was developed. Patients with cranial nerve V symptoms should undergo MR imaging according to the protocol provided in this article. CT is not as effective as MR in imaging some cranial nerve V segments. Clinical localization is inaccurate.
Nucleic Acid Metabolism During Cytokinin Induced Cellular Differentiation

Edstrom9s microphoresis technique has been employed to determine the quantitative alterations in nucleic acid content and base composition of individual cells associated with the initiation of bud primordia in Funaria hygrometrica. The filamentous protonema of this moss initiates bud cells which through repeated divisions form the leafy gametophores. The cytokinin, 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin), was used to induce the differentiation of bud cells from protonematal cells. The total RNA content of kinetin-induced bud cells (22.0 μμg/cell) was nearly 15 times that of protonematal cells (1.6 μμg/cell). The same dramatic increase in total RNA was apparent in bud cells which developed spontaneously in older cultures. As would be predicted, the adenine (A) to guanine (G) ratio for DNA from bud and protonematal cells was identical (0.7). The A:G ratio for RNA from bud cells (1.0) was much lower than that from protonematal cells (1.7). Thus, kinetin-induced differentiation in this system involves a dramatic increase in total RNA, the base composition of which approaches that of DNA. The base composition (A:G ratio) of DNA remains constant.
A synthetic reaction network: chemical amplification using nonequilibrium autocatalytic reactions coupled in time.

This article reports a functional chemical reaction network synthesized in a microfluidic device. This chemical network performs chemical 5000-fold amplification and shows a threshold response. It operates in a feedforward manner in two stages: the output of the first stage becomes the input of the second stage. Each stage of amplification is performed by a reaction autocatalytic in Co^(2+). The microfluidic network is used to maintain the two chemical reactions away from equilibrium and control the interactions between them in time. Time control is achieved as described previously (Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 768) by compartmentalizing the reaction mixture inside plugs which are aqueous droplets carried through a microchannel by an immiscible fluorinated fluid. Autocatalytic reaction displayed sensitivity to mixing; more rapid mixing corresponded to slower reaction rates. Synthetic chemical reaction networks may help understand the function of biochemical reaction networks, the goal of systems biology. They may also find practical applications. For example, the system described here may be used to detect visually, in a simple format, picoliter volumes of nanomolar concentrations of Co^(2+), an environmental pollutant.
Police decision making: an examination of conflicting theories

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare two conflicting theoretical frameworks that predict or explain police decision making. Klinger's ecological theory proposes that an increased level of serious crimes in an area decreases the likelihood an officer will deal with order‐maintenance issues, while Fagan and Davies suggest an increase in low‐level disorder will increase order maintenance behavior of police officers.Design/methodology/approach – Using a vignette research design, the authors examines factors that may contribute to police officers’ decision to make a traffic stop in four jurisdictions with varying levels of serious crime. Ordered logistic regression with robust standard errors was used in the analysis.Findings – Analysis of the findings demonstrates that officers who work in higher crime areas are less likely to stop a vehicle, as described in the vignettes. Additional predictors of police decision to stop include vehicles driven by teenaged drivers and drivers who were speeding in...
Motor Cortex Stimulation

Motor cortex stimulation represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of the options available for treatment of both motor and somatosensory syndromes including central and neuropathic pain, weakness after stroke, Parkinson's disease, and tinnitus. Extensive clinical information over the past 15 years is now available on the beneficial effects on intractable central and neuropathic pain, especially facial pain. More recently, there is preclinical and clinical evidence of its benefit in treating Parkinson's disease. Clinical applications of epidural cortical stimulation in conjunction with rehabilitation to enhance recovery from motor weakness after stroke now exist. There is potential benefit suggested in the treatment of intractable tinnitus with implanted cortical electrodes. Noninvasive transcranial magnetic stimulation may also be useful to screen patients for treatment by electrode implantation in these entities. This article reviews the current status of applications of cortical stimulation in each of these areas.
Using system differences to orchestrate change: a systems-guides intervention model

Successful community-based interventions require that change agents give attention to the complexities of interwoven systems, described in the literature as complicated or complex, purposeful or purposive. The author further notes the separate standards, norms, principles and/or goals (here-named systems-guides) of systems. This paper describes the author's experience as a consultant to a multi-system collaboration where observed tensions among participants resulted in the author's implementation of a three-step systems-guides model, which can increase change agents' effectiveness with systems. The steps comprise: detection (of systems, systems-guides, and discrepancies between them; here through observation); documentation (of discrepancies; here through small group discussions); dissemination (to systems participants; here to the collaboration). Two small but fundamental systems changes emerged from systems participants, not from the change agent/author who facilitated systems members' recognition of discrepancies. A major limitation in the implementation of this systems-guides model centers on the critical necessity of the close relationship change agents must have with the involved systems.
Nonaphasic language disturbances after closed head injury

Abstract Language disturbances after traumatic brain injury can be classified as aphasic or nonaphasic in nature. Disturbances in brain function which substantially influences symbolic modes of information processing and thereby compromise basic speaking, reading, and writing skills are typically referred to as dysphasic disorders. There are, however, other language disturbances which do not specifically influence these symbolic modes of processing, but do influence the communication process. These disorders, when they are not classically aphasic, are typically referred to as nonaphasic language disturbances. Young adult traumatic brain injured patients frequently show a substantial improvement in aphasic symptomotology, but nonaphasic language disturbances may persist for several years post injury. Moreover, these disturbances can greatly affect social adaptation. Disorders of overtalkativeness or verbal expansiveness, tangentiality in the expression of thoughts and free speech, and the use of peculiar phraseology are three such difficulties. This paper describes these phenomena in closed head injury patients. Both group data and individual case material are presented to describe these phenomena as they have emerged in the context of an intensive neuropsychologically oriented rehabilitation program for these individuals. Also, a discussion of a form of cognitive group therapy aimed at dealing with these problems is presented. The importance of these disturbances for overall social adjustment is illustrated and emphasized.
POLARIZATION EXPERIMENTS AND FEW NUCLEON SYSTEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses polarization experiments and few nucleon systems. There has been a long and intimate connection between polarization experiments and nucleon systems. The two reasons for this are—first, earlier polarization experiments could be done only with poor energy and angular resolution so that the results were of interest only for systems whose energy and angle dependence were slowly varying, that is, in few nucleon systems; second, polarization effects have been found to be large in many cases involving few nucleon systems, and the study of various reactions and scatterings from the point of view of their development as useful polarizers or analyzers has been common. Three trends are discernible in the experimental situation. First, the quantity of available data of the analyzing power type is increasing rapidly. Measurements are being made at closely spaced energies and over wide angular ranges. Second, much higher precision on analyzing powers is being sought. There is great interest in the development of calibration standards for the measurement of beam polarizations. Third, the much more difficult polarization transfer and spin-correlation experiments are beginning to be done.
Stages of change and fluid intake in dialysis patients

Nutrition professionals constantly strive to improve adherence to dietary recommendations in hemodialysis patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 12-week intervention based on stages of change to decrease fluid gain in dialysis patients. Readiness to change, knowledge of appropriate weight gain, and mean weight gains were obtained from patients in five intervention (n=216) and five control (n=100) dialysis units. Intervention had more participants in the maintenance and precontemplation stages at the end of the intervention (P=0.001) compared to the control group. Knowledge scores significantly increased in the intervention group (P<0.001) during the course of the intervention. However, fluid gains did not decrease in either group. Although this intervention did not produce behavior change, the results can aid other educators in planning intervention programs for renal failure and other chronic diseases.
Vibrational analyses of 2,4-dichloropentane and 2,4,6-trichloroheptane

Abstract This study of the vibrational spectra of 2,4-dichloropentane and 2,4,6-trichloroheptane uses normal coordinate calculations as a probe for the presence of different molecular conformers. The calculations use a complete valence force field for secondary chlorides which was developed by fitting the observed vibrational frequencies of model compounds. Observed and calculated frequencies agree well. The results of these calculations on dl and meso 2,4-dichloropentane and on isotactic 2,4,6-trichloroheptane indicate the presence of conformers other than those which are accepted as sterically preferred.
Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression

Hippocampal volumes of subjects with a history of major depressive episodes but currently in remission and with no known medical comorbidity were compared to matched normal controls by using volumetric magnetic resonance images. Subjects with a history of major depression had significantly smaller left and right hippocampal volumes with no differences in total cerebral volumes. The degree of hippocampal volume reduction correlated with total duration of major depression. In addition, large (diameter > or = 4.5 mm)-hippocampal low signal foci (LSF) were found within the hippocampus, and their number also correlated with the total number of days depressed. These results suggest that depression is associated with hippocampal atrophy, perhaps due to a progressive process mediated by glucocorticoid neurotoxicity.
Quantized multi-rank beamforming for MIMO systems

We consider the sum-rate maximization via linear precoding in downlink MIMO systems with quantized feedback. We address the precoding codebook design based on the capacity measure by introducing a new distance metric. We propose a codebook structure and its associated design algorithm that allows for significant reduction in the memory requirement and computational complexity. We then provide a system design approach comprising of a multi-rank beamforming (MRBF) scheme, an efficient CQI-based precoder selection algorithm, reduced feedback strategies and novel channel quality indicator (CQI) combining. Our simulation results show that the proposed MRBF scheme can approach the precoding upper bounds with relatively small feedback bits. Moreover, with the same number of bits, the proposed scheme simultaneously achieves higher throughput and lower computational complexity in comparison to the other existing precoding schemes.
The Mechanism of Mucus Clearance in Cough

An instability resembling an avalanche is proposed as the mechanism by which mucus is expelled from the respiratory tract during cough. The cough event was simulated in a model airway. In these experiments, air was forced through a channel whose walls were lined with a non-Newtonian material rheologically similar to tracheal mucus. Frames from high-speed cine photographs showed an unstable event which began as an undulation of the free surface and progressed to a catastrophic clearance of the channel. Measurements of the longitudinal pressure gradient support the hypothesis that the clearance event is initiated when the total stress applied to the mucus analog exceeds its finite yield stress. A continuum model predicts that yielding occurs within the bottom layers of the mucus analog. Calculations based upon estimates of tracheal geometry and air flow show that the clearance event studied here would be expected to occur during a cough but not during normal breathing. Experiments also show that a lubricant introduced between the channel walls and the mucus blanket can reduce the air flow rate required to precipitate the clearance.
Newer biological agents in rheumatoid arthritis: impact on health-related quality of life and productivity

Health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is significantly impaired as a result of pain, deficits in physical function and fatigue associated with this disease. Decrements in HR-QOL are also associated with an increased probability of no longer working, absence from work due to RA-associated sickness, and reduced productivity while at work or in the home, all of which have consequences for the patient as well as society. HR-QOL and productivity are thus important components in the assessment of outcomes in RA, and assessment of HR-QOL is now recommended in clinical trials that assess the efficacy of new treatments for RA. Measures to assess HR-QOL include the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36), EuroQol (EQ-5D) and the Health Utilities Index - Mark 3 (HUI3); these measures not only provide an indication of the clinical (i.e. statistical) efficacy of a treatment, but also provide information on whether this efficacy is truly 'meaningful' from a patient's perspective. These measures have been utilized in clinical trials of biological agents in patients with RA, including tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol and golimumab), the co-stimulatory inhibitor molecule abatacept, the B-cell depletion agent rituximab and the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab, and have demonstrated that these agents can significantly improve HR-QOL. Assessment of work productivity in patients with RA and the impact of treatment is a practical way to measure disability from RA from individual and societal perspectives. As RA affects women three times more frequently than men, there is also a critical need for productivity assessment within the home as well as participation in family/social/leisure activities. Data from recent trials of biological agents demonstrate that these agents can reverse disease-related decrements in productivity and limitations in participation in family, social and leisure activities in patients with active RA. However, despite this recognition, several challenges in the assessment of productivity remain, including standardization of instruments. Development of additional instruments to assess HR-QOL and productivity that are easier to use in daily practice may further improve our ability to monitor the effectiveness of therapies.