cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards an Understanding of Real-time Captioning on Head-worn Displays

Automatic speech recognition has made live captioning possible on mobile devices for people with hearing difficulties. In what situations is it advantageous to display the transcription on a head worn display (HWD) versus a mobile phone? Based on iterative design efforts for an on-going user study, we demonstrate the use of HWDs versus a mobile phone for captioning while a participant’s hearing is blocked using noise-canceling headphones. In the past, to compare the efficacy of the Vuzix Blade HWD to a mobile phone, eight participants attempted a toy block assembly task guided by captioning of a live instructor’s speech. The HWD had higher mental, physical and overall workload scores than the phone, potentially due to the blurriness of the HWD’s image. Re-running the experiment with Google Glass Enterprise Edition 2 HWD (above line-of-sight) with another twelve participants resulted in higher mental, effort, frustration, and overall workload scores than the phone. While Glass has a much sharper image than the Blade, the speech recognition quality was significantly worse. However, nine of the twelve participants stated that they would prefer Glass for the task if the speech recognition was better. Current efforts replace live speech recognition with a simulation of perfect recognition and improve display quality in order to more directly compare captioning on a mobile phone, a line-of-sight HWD, and an above line-of-sight HWD.
A Commentary on the Contemporary Issues Confronting Animal Assisted and Equine Assisted Interactions

Abstract The field of human-animal interactions and, more specifically, animal-assisted interventions and equine assisted interactions (equine assisted interactions have significantly evolved over the past half century. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a brief commentary of both fields and the challenges they are presently experiencing as they move forward in their future. More specifically within this commentary, attention will be given to highlighting some of the directions taken in both fields, including clarifying their terminology as it applies to scope of practices, trends in research and practice, the need to emphasize the welfare of the animals as well as the possible directions to standardized professional competencies and the needed professional development.
Rethinking physical activity assessment in cancer survivors: a multi-component approach using NHANES data

To confirm that a multi-component physical activity index (PAI), with physical activity (PA)–related behaviors and performance measures, enhances PA assessment for adults with cancer history (“survivors”) vs. for the general population for key health variables. Data from 2011 to 2014 NHANES were analyzed (n = 9620 adults, including 866 survivors). We generated PAI scores by calculating subscales for activity-related behaviors (i.e., moderate-to-vigorous PA and TV viewing hours/sedentary time) (n/8) and performance (i.e., cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength) (n/8), then combined for an overall PAI score (n/16 points). Dependent variables (self-reported health, multimorbidity, and functional limitations) were dichotomized and tested with logistic regression to estimate associations with PAI variables. Survivors obtaining 22.5 + MET hours/week of PA were >5× more likely to report excellent health than non-exercisers (OR = 5.5, 95% CI 3.27–9.28). We observed a general decrease in likelihood of multimorbidity and functional limitations with increasing PA. Models with the combined score showed that higher PAI scores had larger positive associations with all three for all adults. Survivors with higher PAI scores were >30% more likely to report excellent self-rated health (OR = 1.3, 95% CI 1.2–1.4) and 20% less likely to report multimorbidity and functional limitations compared to survivors with lower PAI scores, considering covariates. Greater PA-related behavior and performance was beneficial for adults irrespective of cancer history. However, using a combined score elucidates unique needs and benefits for survivors vs. for general population. Using a multi-component approach to PA assessment could help in developing validated tools to plan exercise programs and interventions for survivors.
Europe's New Renaissance: New Policies and Rules for Digital Preservation and Access To European Cultural Heritage

The European Union (“EU”) has engaged in extended reform efforts of its copyright rules, including introducing new regulations and directives. The so-called “modernization of the EU copyright rules” has three articulated objectives: more cross-border access to content online, wider and easier use of copyrighted material in education, research, and by cultural heritage institutions, and improved functioning of the copyright marketplace. This Article focuses on European cultural policy and on the modernization of the copyright exceptions related to cultural heritage institutions. It emphasizes the transition from the current EU Copyright Directive, which provides specific exceptions “for the benefit of public institutions such as libraries and archives,” to the relatively more elaborate framework set out under the proposed new Digital Single Market Draft Directive currently under discussion at the EU Parliament.
Fatigue in Survivors of Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Background and Objectives To evaluate the impact of fatigue after autoimmune encephalitis, determine associations with patients9 characteristics, and identify factors that contribute to its development. Methods In a first cohort recruited via several encephalitis support organizations, self-reported questionnaires were used to evaluate fatigue, depression, and sleep quality in adults after autoimmune encephalitis. In a second cohort where more in-depth clinical characterization could be performed, adults with encephalitis from 2 tertiary hospitals were evaluated using the same questionnaires. Patients9 characteristics were retrospectively captured. Results In the first cohort (mean [SD] age; 43 [16] years, 220 [65%] female), 220 of 338 participants (65%) reported fatigue, 175 of 307 (57%) depression, and 211 of 285 (74%) poor sleep quality. In the second cohort (48 [19] years; 43 [50%] women), 42 of 69 participants (61%) reported fatigue, whereas 23 of 68 (34%) reported depression and 44 of 66 (67%) poor sleep quality, despite more than 80% having “good” modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores (0–2). Individuals with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis reported lower fatigue scores than those with other autoimmune encephalitis types. In a multivariate analysis examining factors at discharge that might predict fatigue scores, only anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis was a (negative) predictor of fatigue and remained so when potential confounders were included. Discussion The impact of fatigue after autoimmune encephalitis is prominent and not fully accounted for by depression or sleep quality, nor adequately captured by mRS scores for disability. Fatigue is pervasive across autoimmune encephalitis, although lower scores are reported in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Fatigue should be screened routinely, considered as an outcome measure in clinical trials, and further studied from a mechanistic standpoint.
Remembering we were never meant to survive…:1 Honouring Audre Lorde and the promise of Black women’s survival

The article is meant to be a discursive libationary tribute to Audre Lorde’s theorizing on Black women’s survival. An example of Taliaferro-Baszile’s critical race/feminist currere and Pinar’s curr...
Emergency department staff perceptions about the care of children with mental health conditions.

Abstract Objective The number of children with mental health (MH) conditions who present to the emergency department (ED) is increasing. This study aimed to gain insight into the lived experiences of ED staff caring for children with MH conditions and to understand perceptions of current ED resources and what is needed to optimize care. Methods This was a qualitative study informed by complexity science theory utilizing a phenomenological approach. We used purposeful sampling from urban and nonurban EDs with varying pediatric volume. Participants were pediatric emergency care coordinators and other ED staff. Semi-structured interviews were completed. The initial codebook was created using a concept driven approach. Constant comparative analysis and deductive reasoning was employed for thematic analysis. Results Thematic saturation by consensus was achieved with 24 interviews. Analysis found an overarching theme of moral distress of ED staff, compounded by frustration with barriers to care and perceptions of negative impact on care of other ED patients. Participants suggested the need for creation of patient, caregiver, ED staff, and ED leadership resources to enhance care. Conclusions ED staff perceive children with MH conditions experience significant barriers to optimal care in the ED, which causes ED provider moral distress. Additionally, other ED patients are perceived to be subsequently negatively impacted. Our findings highlight urgency for funding for more resources that are dedicated to children in the ED setting to ensure both safe, patient-centered care, and to reduce the distress described by ED staff who care for them.
Trends in prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Zhejiang Province, China, 2016-2018.

Limited population-based studies have investigated the secular trend of prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in mainland China. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GDM and time trends in Chinese female population. Based on Diabetes Surveillance System of Zhejiang Province, 97,063 diagnosed GDM cases aged 20–50 years were identified from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018. Annual prevalence, prevalence rate ratios (PRRs) and average annual percentage change with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. The age-standardized overall prevalence of GDM was reported to be 7.30% (95% CI 7.27–7.33%); 9.13% (95% CI 9.07–9.19%) in urban areas and 6.24% (95% CI 6.21–6.27%) in rural areas. Compared with 20–24 years age group, women in advanced age groups (25–50 years) were at higher risk for GDM (PRRs ranged from 1.37 to 8.95 and the 95% CIs did not include the null). Compared with rural areas, the risk for GDM was higher in urban areas (PRR: 1.69, 95% CI 1.67–1.72). The standardized annual prevalence increased from 6.02% in 2016 to 7.94% in 2018, with an average annual increase of 5.48%, and grew more rapidly in rural than urban areas (11.28% vs. 0.00%). This study suggested a significant increase in the prevalence of GDM among Chinese female population in Zhejiang province during 2016–2018, especially in women characterized by advanced age and rural areas.
Feasibility and Enjoyment of Exercise Video Games in Older Adults

Introduction: Several interventions have been developed to enhance social connectedness among older adults. However, little research has demonstrated their performance in a social distancing environment. Exergames are not only beneficial to older adults' physical and cognitive health, but they also allow players to interact with each other at a distance, which can reduce loneliness and increase social connection. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate older adults' perceptions of two commercially available exergames. Methods: Twenty healthy community-dwelling older adults (M age = 73.30, SD = 5.95, range = 65–84 years, 80% women) were recruited in this pilot study between July 2019 and February 2020. They were asked to play two exergames for 10 min each on the Xbox One with Kinect console: Just Dance and Kinect Sports Rivals. After gameplay, they provided both quantitative and qualitative feedback on these games. Results: Participants reported an average rating for exergame enjoyment. Greater enjoyment was significantly related with younger age and greater extraversion but not gender. Participants were highly motivated to do well on the games but reported lower scores for likelihood of playing these games in the future. Greater likelihood of future play was associated with younger age but not gender or extraversion. “Not aerobic or strengthen enough; not enough exertion,” and “slower movements, repetition, clear purpose of doing the exercise” were some factors that would influence their decision to buy and play these games. Discussion: The preliminary results of this pilot study suggest that exergames may help address social isolation and loneliness—particularly during times of social distancing. Before applying exergames as a social isolation or loneliness intervention for older adults, study replication in larger representative studies and future work that examines important design issues related to older adults' experiences with these games is needed.
Cell cycle phase-specific analysis of cell viability using Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide after ethanol preservation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses several techniques that have been developed to quantitate cell viability utilizing the differential staining of fluorescent dyes. Propidium iodide (PI), ethidium bromide (EB), fluorescein diacetate (FDA), acridine orange (AO), erythrosin B, and diamidinophenylindole (DAPI) have been used to quantitate cell viability, and some of these have been used in flow cytometric (FCM) assays. The permeability of dying cells to PI or EB is analogous to the staining by trypan blue; PI is excluded from viable cells. FDA has also been applied to FCM analysis. A nonpolar nonfluorescent fatty acid ester, FDA accumulates intracellularly in viable cells after it is hydrolyzed by esterases, yielding free fluorescein. The free fluorescein is polar and is trapped intracellularly. Dead and dying cells remain nonfluorescent or weakly fluorescent. EB suppresses the DNA-specific green AO fluorescence and permits earlier identification of damaged cells. Using this technique, two steps were observed in the kinetics of cell death following treatment with various chemotherapeutic agents and hyperthermia.
Pesticide Residue Analysis (1999–2000): A Review

The literature of pesticide residue analysis is reviewed selectively for the period 1999-2000. Analyses of a wide range of pesticide classes and sample types, as well as some related organic pollutants, are covered. Studies of exposure and monitoring as well as pesticide degradation, persistance, leaching, mobility, and metabolism studies are included.
Promoting undergraduate research in teaching-oriented colleges and universities

Undergraduate research can be an extremely valuable experience for students, particularly those who are considering graduate school. Undergraduate research projects provide opportunities for students to demonstrate the ability to analyze and address technical problems that require insight and creativity, as well as the ability to work in a more self-directed fashion than is typical of most classes. The individualized nature of undergraduate research also makes it an excellent vehicle for accommodating diverse student interests and abilities. Because graduate schools increasingly would like to see undergraduate research on applications, it is increasingly important that students who may want to pursue graduate studies avail themselves of such opportunities.Opportunities for undergraduate research tend to arise more naturally at research-oriented schools, and students are more likely to be aware of research efforts around them in an environment where those efforts play a primary role. In contrast, although some amount of research may be required of tenure-track faculty in teaching-oriented schools, such efforts tend to take a back seat to teaching and tend to have little or no funding that could support undergraduates. Undergraduates at teaching-oriented schools therefore may find themselves at a disadvantage in preparation for applying to graduate schools.In this panel we will explore ways of promoting undergraduate research, especially in the context of teaching-oriented colleges and universities. We will discuss ideas for promoting awareness of the importance of undergraduate research, ideas for incorporating undergraduate research into a CS curriculum, opportunities for corporate sponsorship, and other aspects of the topic that may arise in discussion.
Infertility and Reproductive Function in Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Pathophysiology, Advances in Management, and Recent Outcomes

Individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia have reduced fertility. However, reproductive outcomes have improved over the years. This review provides an update on the multiple pathologic processes that contribute to reduced fertility in both sexes, from alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis to the direct effect on gonadal function by elevated circulating adrenal androgens. In addition, elevated serum progesterone concentrations may hinder ovulation and embryo implantation in women, whereas in men testicular adrenal rest tumors can be a major cause of infertility. Suppression of adrenal androgen secretion represents the first line of therapy toward spontaneous conception in both sexes.
Law and Economics as a Rhetorical Perspective in Law

This Article introduces twenty-first century law and economics as a school of contemporary legal rhetoric to test and improve general legal discourse in areas beyond the economic analysis of law. My Article is the first to examine the prescriptive implications of the rhetoric of law and economics for general legal discourse as opposed to examining the benefits and limitations of the economic analysis of law itself. This Article advances the conversation in two areas: the study and understanding of the persuasiveness of law and economics and the study and understanding of the use of economic topics of invention and arrangement and tropes of style in general legal discourse when evaluated in comparison to the other schools of classical and contemporary legal rhetoric.First, this Article presents my conception and analysis of the four rhetorical canons of law and economics:- Mathematical and scientific methods of analysis and demonstration;- The characterization of legal phenomena as incentives and costs; - The rhetorical economic concept of efficiency; and - Rational choice theory as corrected by modern behavioral social sciences, cognitive studies, and brain science.Second, I examine each of the rhetorical canons of law and economics and explain how each can be used to create meaning, inspire imagination, and improve the persuasiveness of legal discourse in every area of law. My conclusions are that the rhetorical canons of law and economics can be used to improve the persuasiveness of general legal discourse when used ethically in rhetorical situations appropriate for economic topics of invention and arrangement and tropes of style.
Arches showing UV flaring activity

The UVSP data obtained in the previous maximum activity cycle show the frequent appearance of flaring events in the UV. In many cases these flaring events are characterized by at least two footpoints which show compact impulsive non-simultaneous brightenings and a fainter but clearly observed arch developes between the footpoints. These arches and footpoints are observed in line corresponding to different temperatures, as Lyman alpha, N V, and C IV, and when observed above the limb display large Doppler shifts at some stages. The size of the arches can be larger than 20 arcsec.
Considerations for migrating aging military transport aircraft to two person cockpits

Combat delivery transports originally designed in the 1950s, such as the C-130 Hercules (H model and older), were designed to require a four-position cockpit. This consisted of a captain (pilot), first officer (copilot), a navigator and a flight engineer. Newly designed commercial airliners and military transport aircraft are inherently designed for operation by a two-person flight deck crew. This reduction to a captain and first officer is made possible through recent advances in digital avionics integration. These advances provide increased automation, simpler crew interfaces, and improved situational awareness through data and sensor fusion. Military operators with restricted budgets are looking to extend the life of aircraft that are already in inventory. Interest has been shown in the possible redesign of legacy four-person cockpits to reduce the crew to a captain and first officer. The intent of this paper is to explore the possibility of retrofitting legacy military aircraft to allow migration to a two-person flight deck.
Atomic-Absorption Characteristics of Rhenium:

Rhenium can be determined by atomic absorption in a fuel-rich acetylene–oxygen flame, using either de or ac electronics. Use of an organic solvent increases the sensitivity. Proper burner placement in the optical path is critical. Using three burners in a single-pass optical system, with optimum conditions, 1–2 ppm rhenium is readily detectable.
Significance, interpretation, and quantification of uncertainty in prognostics and remaining useful life prediction

Abstract This paper analyzes the significance, interpretation, and quantification of uncertainty in prognostics, with an emphasis on predicting the remaining useful life of engineering systems and components. Prognostics deals with predicting the future behavior of engineering systems, and is affected by various sources of uncertainty. In order to facilitate meaningful prognostics-based decision-making, it is important to analyze how these sources of uncertainty affect prognostics, and thereby, compute the overall uncertainty in the remaining useful life prediction. This paper investigates the classical (frequentist) and subjective (Bayesian) interpretations of uncertainty and their implications on prognostics, and argues that the Bayesian interpretation of uncertainty is more suitable for condition-based prognostics and health monitoring. It is also demonstrated that uncertainty quantification in remaining useful life prediction needs to be approached as an uncertainty propagation problem. Several uncertainty propagation methods are discussed in this context, and the practical challenges involved in such uncertainty quantification are outlined.
Vasodilator and inotropic agents in treatment of chronic cardiac failure: Clinical experience and response in exercise performance☆

Abstract The sensations of breathlessness and fatigue limit the capacity of patients with chronic congestive cardiac failure (CHF) to participate in physical activities. As a result, patients with CHF gauge quality of life in terms of symptom-free activities they can undertake. Physicians attempt to alleviate these limiting symptoms and increase the exercise capacity of patients with CHF by therapeutic interventions. In recent years a variety of systemic vasodilators and inotropic agents have been introduced to aid digitalis and diuretics in improving cardiac performance in patients with CHF. Although the pumping function of the heart is enhanced at rest, it remains to be determined whether exercise tolerance is also improved. In this paper we review our clinical experience with a number of systemic vasodilators and positive inotropic agents, focusing particular attention on their influence on exercise performance in patients with CHF. This experience includes (1) 28-week double-blind study of hydraiazine vs placebo in 19 patients with CHF, (2) 52-week double-blind crossover study of trimazosin (alpha 1 blockade) vs placebo in 27 patients with CHF of varying severity, and (3) open study of amrinone (positive inotropic agent) in 12 patients with CHF.
Triboluminescence for distributed damage assessment in cement-based materials

Triboluminescent materials are promising in the field of structural health monitoring for real-time crack detection and related damage assessment. This study presents a simple, but novel, image pro...
Constructing a single open cell in a cylindrical algebraic decomposition

This paper presents an algorithm that, roughly speaking, constructs a single open cell from a cylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD). The algorithm takes as input a point and a set of polynomials, and computes a description of an open cylindrical cell containing the point in which the input polynomials have constant non-zero sign, provided the point is sufficiently generic. The paper reports on a few example computations carried out by a test implementation of the algorithm, which demonstrate the functioning of the algorithm and illustrate the sense in which it is more efficient than following the usual "open CAD" approach. Interest in the problem of computing a single cell from a CAD is motivated by a 2012 paper of Jovanovic and de Moura that require solving this problem repeatedly as a key step in NLSAT system. However, the example computations raise the possibility that repeated application of the new method may in fact be more efficient than the usual open CAD approach, both in time and space, for a broad range of problems.
Eddy-zonal flow interactions and the persistence of the zonal index

Abstract An idealized atmospheric general circulation model is used to investigate the factors controlling the time scale of intraseasonal (10–100 day) variability of the extratropical atmosphere. Persistence on these time scales is found in patterns of variability that characterize meridional vacillations of the extratropical jet. Depending on the degree of asymmetry in the model forcing, patterns take on similar properties to the zonal index, annular modes, and North Atlantic Oscillation. It is found that the time scale of jet meandering is distinct from the obvious internal model time scales, suggesting that interaction between synoptic eddies and the large-scale flow establish a separate, intraseasonal time scale. A mechanism is presented by which eddy heat and momentum transport couple to retard motion of the jet, slowing its meridional variation and thereby extending the persistence of zonal index and annular mode anomalies. The feedback is strong and quite sensitive to model parameters when the mod...
Modeling Antibody-Enhanced Dengue Virus Infection and Disease in Mice: Protection or Pathogenesis?

While antibodies play an important protective role during dengue virus infection, they have also been linked to more severe clinical outcomes. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Zellweger and colleagues (Zellweger et al., 2010) describe the development of a murine model of antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection that provides a formal link between immune enhancement and severe disease.
Nuclear Forces from Chiral Effective Field Theory: Achievements and Challenges

In the past decade, there has been substantial progress in the derivation of nuclear forces from chiral effective field theory. Accurate two-nucleon forces have been constructed at next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N3LO) and applied (together with three-nucleon forces at NNLO) to nuclear few- and many-body systems—with a good deal of success. This may suggest that the 80-year old nuclear force problem has finally been cracked. Not so! Some pretty basic issues are still unresolved. In this talk, I focus on the two most pressing ones, namely, the proper renormalization of the two-nucleon potential and subleading many-body forces.
Identification of a natural desferrioxamine siderophore produced by a marine bacterium

Desferrioxamine B (DFOB, a terrestrial bacterial siderophore) has been used in experiments on waters from iron-replete areas of the oceans to manipulate the levels of iron available to the biota. Addition of DFOB complexes the available iron (111) and has been suggested to render this complexed iron unavailable to marine microorganisms. We have identified a marine bacterium belonging to the genus Vibrio that produces the siderophore desferrioxamine G. Desferrioxamine G, another known terrestrial siderophore, is very similar in structure to DFOB, differing only by the substitution of a terminal methyl group by a propionic acid moiety. These results could affect the interpretation of DFOB iron-removal experiments and further suggest that addition of DFOB might not impose iron stress uniformly across the biological community.
Short-term and long-term time course studies of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) microrhizome development in vitro

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) plantlets were cultured in MS (Murashige and Skoog Physiol Plant 15:473–497, 1962) liquid medium with 6% sucrose. Microrhizome development was observed in the presence of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) (0, 5 and 16 μM) and benzyladenine (BA) (0, 0.32 and 1 μM). Leaf, root, rhizome growth, and sugar use were measured weekly for 6 weeks in small vessels (180 ml) and four times in 23 weeks in larger vessels (2.5 l). MeJa reduced leaf, root, and rhizome biomass. BA had a positive effect on biomass accumulation. Microrhizome mass increased at a linear rate during 6 weeks of culture while roots and leaves accumulated biomass at an exponential rate. Sugar use correlated nearly directly to whole plant dry weight (DW) in the short and long-term experiments. Microrhizomes became a larger fraction of whole plant DW as plantlets aged. After 6 weeks, about 1.8 g of microrhizome DW per liter of media had been produced (in both time courses), and after 23 weeks, about 26 g of microrhizome DW per liter of media had been produced. Secondary rhizomes were first observed at 14 weeks, and most plants had them by 23 weeks. A method for rhizome production in a long-term culture system was described. The linear relationship between DW and sugar use will be useful in the eventual development of a model for sugar use to biomass to secondary metabolite production.
Causes of compression and extension behind trenches

Abstract Three factors have hampered attempts to find the causes of compression and extension within overriding plates of subduction zones: 1. (1) adjacent subduction zones are often similar in many subduction parameters, 2. (2) proposed causal variables are themselves correlated, and 3. (3) physical models are limited by uncertainties in physical quantities and complexity of the subduction process. Nevertheless, modern subduction zones provide a rich source of observations that help to distinguish among models. We consider ten variables or combinations of variables which may control strain regime behind trenches: convergence rate (Vc), slab age (As), shallow slab dip (Ds), absolute motion (Voa), asthenospheric flow, slab pull force, As + Vc, As + Voa, Vc + Ds + Voa, and Vc + Ds + As. Ten observations are used to test these models. A key prerequisite to these tests is the semiquantitative classification of the strain regime of each modern subduction zone into one of seven strain classes, from active back-arc spreading (class 1) through active folding and foreland thrusting (class 7). Statistical analysis indicates that the modern variance in strain classes is not adequately accounted for by any single or dual-variable model, but the combination of Vc, Ds, and either AsorVoa can account for 77% of this variance (R = 0.88). Rapid changes in strain class both with time and along a subduction zone are similarly more consistent with the 3-variable models. The role of Vc is also supported by maximum compression orientations parallel to Vc; the role of Ds is also supported by the tendency for oceanic overriding plates to be more extensional than continental overriding plates. Two factors suggest that the Vc + Ds + As model is more likely than Vc + Ds+ Voa: 1. (1) the dominance of one or more of the variables Vc, As, andDs in other subduction relations (slab length, earthquake moment, trench relative depth, deep dip, and arc-trench gap), and 2. (2) the correlation between strain class and maximum earthquake moment (which is affected by Vc and As). However, no confident discrimination between the two 3-variable models is yet possible.
Ion Mixing Processes

We consider ion mixing in the low temperature regime, where it is insensitive to temperature. Mixing of most thin markers is Gaussian, independent of irradiation flux, and varies linearly with fluence. However, the mixing in some media varies widely between markers of similar mass and appears to correlate with thermal diffusion constants. In bilayer systems, the profile of long-range mixing is exponential, and the number of mixed atoms scales linearly with fluence. This can be modeled successfully with simple collisional theory. Short range mixing scales with the square root of the fluence, but again shows strong correlations with known bulk chemical properties. We conclude that chemical driving forces and low energy transport mechanisms such as interstitial migration play major roles in ion mixing, even at low temperatures.
Trigemino-autonomic connections in the muskrat: the neural substrate for the diving response.

Stimulation of the anterior ethmoidal nerve of the muskrat produces a cardiorespiratory depression similar to the diving response. This includes an apnea, a parasympathetic bradycardia, and a selective increase in sympathetic vascular tone. However, the brainstem circuitry that links the afferent stimulus to the efferent autonomic responses is unknown. We used the anterograde transneuronal transport of the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), strain 129, after its injection into the anterior ethmoidal nerve to determine the primary, secondary, and tertiary brainstem relays responsible for this cardiorespiratory response. In an effort to check the validity of this relatively untested tracer, we also injected the medullary dorsal horn with biotinylated dextran amine to determine the secondary trigemino-autonomic projections. Approximately 1 microl (6x10(6) PFU) of the HSV-1 virus was injected directly into the anterior ethmoidal nerve of muskrats. After 2-6 days, their trigeminal ganglions, spinal cords and brainstems were cut and immunohistologically processed for HSV-1. Initially (2 days), HSV-1 was observed only in the trigeminal ganglion. After approximately 3 days, HSV-1 was observed first in many brainstem areas optimally labeled between 4 and 4.5 days. In these cases, the ventrolateral superficial medullary dorsal horn, the ventral paratrigeminal nucleus and the interface between the interpolar and caudal subnuclei were labeled ipsilaterally. The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), especially its ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and commissural subnuclei were labeled as well as the caudal, intermediate and rostral ventrolateral medulla. Within the pons, the superior salivatory nucleus, the A5 area, the ventrolateral part of the parabrachial nucleus and the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus were labeled. Only after a survival of 4 days or more, the locus coeruleus, the nucleus raphe magnus, the nucleus paragigantocellularis, pars alpha, and the pontine raphe nucleus were labeled. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine were made into the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) in a location similar to that labeled after the viral injections. Fine fibers and terminals were labeled in the same brainstem areas labeled after injections of HSV-1 into the anterior ethmoidal nerve. This study outlines the potential brainstem circuit for the diving response, the most powerful autonomic reflex known. It also confirms the efficacy for using HSV-1, strain 129, as an anterograde transneuronal transport method.
Intestinal absorption of zinc: sodium-metal-ligand interactions.

Abstract The characteristics of zinc small intestinal absorption were investigated with the purpose of clarifying the role of sodium and the possible interaction among certain amino acids, oligopeptides, and zinc with electrolyte and water absorption. A perfusion procedure was used in anesthetized rats. Physiological concentrations of zinc with no ligands, or with twice the zinc levels of either Trp, His, Pro, or a protein hydrolysate (PrH) were pumped through jejunal or ileal segments. PrH was also used at a 10:1 ratio to zinc. The osmotic solutes were either sodium chloride, glycerol, or NMG at isotonic concentrations. In the absence of LMW ligands, zinc transport appeared to occur only by diffusion, except in the ileum and in the presence of glycerol, where at low zinc concentrations a low affinity mediated transport component could be identified ( K t = 0.67 m m ; V max = 1,160 pmole/min·cm. Glycerol generally elicited a greater overall zinc absorption rate as well as an enhanced net water uptake than when sodium chloride was the osmotic agent when either Trp, His, or Pro was present. The data indicate that sodium is not a requirement for zinc transport. In the presence of LMW ligands, which may also be from endogenous origin, bulk flow may be a major contributor of zinc translocation across the mammalian small intestinal muscosa.
Association between socioeconomic status and obesity in 59,556 women

Abstract A study of 59,556 weight-conscious women in the United States who participated and supported this study is reported. A leader-directed confidential questionnaire was administered to small groups of TOPS Club women in 1969 and 1970, and obtained height, education, weight, age, family income, and husband's education. An inverse relationship between socioeconomic status (income) and obesity was found. The most important finding in the study was that the degree of obesity of the women was inversely related to their husband's education level, but not correlated with their own education level. The strength of the inverse relationship between income (or husband's education) and obesity was much less than that of a study conducted 20 yr ago. This suggests “melting pot” factors in our society which have reduced social class differences with regard to eating behavior and body image goals.
Thermal tolerance of Talaromyces flavus ascospores as affected by growth medium and temperature, age and sugar content in the inactivation medium

Investigations were conducted to determine the influence of growth media, temperature of incubation, age of culture and sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) in an apple juice heating medium on thermal tolerance characteristics of Talaromyces flavus ascospores. Of eight culture media tested, carbohydrate-rich formulae supported highest levels of ascospore production. Heat-resistant ascospores developed most rapidly on oatmeal agar, and in all instances increased tolerance to heat was correlated with age of cultures up to 30 d of incubation; little change in heat tolerance was noted as cultures aged from 30 to 58 d. Heat resistance was less when T. flavus was grown at 21 °C compared to 25 and 30°. Protection against thermal inactivation was increased when ascospores were heated in apple juice supplemented with sugars at concentrations sufficient to reduce the aw to 0.96 (60% sucrose, 34.5 % glucose and fructose). This protective effect was not influenced by the type of sugar.
Progress in the Lewis Research Center Altitude Wind Tunnel (AWT) Modeling Program

The rehabilitation of the Altitude Wind Tunnel (AWT) at the NASA Lewis Research Center is under study with the goal of providing a modern subsonic wind tunnel for conducting propulsion system/airframe integration, isolated propulsion system, propulsion acoustics and adverse weather tests. Because of the increased Mach number capability (from Mach 0.6 to 0.9 plus) and the incorporation of acoustic and adverse weather capabilities into an existing tunnel, the AWT rehabilitation represents a significant technical challenge. In order to reduce the risk associated with such an undertaking, and extensive AWT modeling program is being conducted to guide and verify the tunnel design. Significant findings and progress in this modeling program are the subject of this paper.
Parametric studies of emission from a plasma gun source for atomic spectroscopy

Abstract A detailed parametric study of the effects of electrical discharge parameters on the spatially and temporally resolved emission from the expelled plume of a plasma gun atomic emission source was performed. Expulsion properties were found to depend on the d I /d t of the discharge current. Low-inductance discharges produced plasmas with propagation velocities (about 1.2 km s −1 ) which were independent of discharge energy and probably controlled by the properties of the support gas in the discharge chamber. Added-inductance discharges produced plumes with significantly lower propagation velocities and less efficient atomization and expulsion of analyte. Continuum background emission was attributable to two processes, depending upon the spatial location in the plasma: decaying background from the rapidly cooling expelled plasma (lower regions) and collision of the initially-expelled plasma with some of the continuously-expelled plasma gun vapor (upper regions). The line-to-background ratio is optimized when using the highest-energy, low-inductance discharges coupled with integration of emission only from the upper regions of the plume (>10 mm) after the first emission pulse (> 75 μ s).
Stochastic Wave Radiation by the Gulf Stream

Abstract A linear, small amplitude model of Rossby waves forced by idealized meanders is presented in order to ascertain whether or not the observed low frequency motions near the Gulf Stream are capable of being so generated. Two crucial ingredients are shown to be necessary; the meandering activity must vary in the downstream direction and the meanders must have a transient behavior. Cast as a stochastic average over a large number of meanders the predicted amplitudes of the kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses are similar to those observed. Implications for the forcing of a mean flow are discussed.
Arterial blood gas tensions during exercise in neonatal lambs.

Abstract At the onset of exercise, adult animals increase ventilation to match or exceed the metabolic requirement. This error-free regulation of arterial blood gas tensions may be attributable to ‘adaptive feed-forward control’—respiratory control based on experience gained in infancy. This hypothesis predicts that neonates exhibit hypercapnia at the onset of exercise. To test this prediction, seven lambs were exercised on a treadmill at 0.8 m/sec at the ages of 2–5 days, and again at 9–12 days. Arterial blood samples were drawn pre-exercise and at 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 7 and 10 min of exercise. Seven adult sheep were similarly tested for comparison. The lambs had significantly higher arterial CO2 tensions (PaCO2) and lower arterial O2 tensions (PaO2) than adult sheep both at rest and during exercise. Nonetheless, the lambs maintained PaCO2 at or below the resting level throughout exercise. PaO2 rose significantly during exercise in the sheep and lambs. The results do not support the hypothesis since hypercapnia was not observed in the exercising neonatal lambs.
Characterization of a Thermomonospora curvata endoglucanase expressed in Escherichia coli

Abstract A Thermomonospora curvata endoglucanase gene was subcloned into Escherichia coli-Bacillus subtilis shuttle vector pLP1202. E. coli strain DH1 harboring the recombinant cellulase plasmid pTC15 produced an endoglucanase with pH and temperature optima of 8.0–8.5 and 70°C, respectively. This cellulase was produced during exponential growth with >80% secretion (∼60% in periplasmic space and ∼25% in culture fluid). The activity of the enzyme was inhibited by antiserum produced against crude T. curvata extracellular proteins. Expression of endoglucanase was not detected in B. subtilis transformants harboring plasmids containing a functional T. curvata endoglucanase gene.
Distribution of fibroblast growth factor in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons and Schwann cells. I. Localization during maturation in vitro.

The distribution of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor in co-cultures of dorsal root ganglion neurons and Schwann cells was examined as a function of time in culture. After two daysin vitro, the cytoplasm of the neuronal cell bodies demonstrated both acidic and basic FGF immunoreactivity, whereas the cytoplasm of the neuntes was not immunoreactive. Schwann cells, in contrast, exhibited both acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. After two days in culture, immunoreactivity was not detected on the plasma membrane surface of either the neurons or the Schwann cells. By 10 daysin vitro, fibroblast growth factor immunoreactivity was observed in the cytoplasm of the most proximal portion of some, but not all, neuntes but was unchanged in Schwann cells. At 20 daysin vitro, immunoreactivity was still restricted to the intracellular compartment of both Schwann cells and neurons. Acidic fibroblast growth factor was primarily localized to the cytoplasm of Schwann cells, neuron cell bodies and along the entire length of the neurites. In contrast, basic fibroblast growth factor was predominantly localized to the nuclei of Schwann cells and small to medium size neurons. In many cases, the nucleolar region demonstrated the most intense basic fibroblast growth factor. The cytoplasm of the neurites was also immunoreactive for basic fibroblast growth factor. At 30 daysin vitro the intracellular distribution of fibroblast growth factor immunoreactivity was similar to that observed at 20 days. However, both acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor were detected on the surface of the neurites. In contast, no fibroblast growth factor immunoreactivity was detected at the Schwann cell surface at any time point examined. The distribution of fibroblast growth factor in Schwann cells cultured by themselves was similar to that of Schwann cells co-cultured with neurons after 20 daysin vitro. Both Schwann cells and dorsal root ganglia exhibited increased fibroblast growth factor immunoreactivity with increased time in culture and an increased expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in the nucleus. Of particular interest was the appearance of fibroblast growth factor on the surface of neurites after 30 daysin vitro where it could function to modulate neuron-glial cell interactions.
The antimalarial drug atovaquone binds to saposin B with comparable affinity to coenzyme Q10

Atovaquone is a front-line antimalarial drug that functions by competitively inhibiting binding of coenzyme Q10 to the cytochrome bc1 complex. Atovaquone is administered orally, but has low solubility and is poorly absorbed with high variability in bioavailability. In vivo binding of human serum albumin has been cited as the major transporter of atovaquone in plasma. The research presented herein demonstrates that saposin B, a known binder/transporter of coenzyme Q10, also binds to atovaquone in a 1 : 1 ratio and with comparably high affinity at pH 5.5.
Are Pressure-Volume Relations at End-Systole a Reflection of Left Ventricular Myocardial Contractility?

The pressure-volume relation at end-systole is reportedly altered by changes in contractility. To explore the potential of this ratio in man 185 subjects including 23 normals (Group I) were studied...