cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxic t lymphocyte (CTL) to macrophage ratio to predict survival in stage II-III melanoma: Validation in a second cohort.

e21595Background: Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive dermatologic malignancy with stage II-III recurrence rates ranging from 27-46%. Analysis of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a promising mec...
Physicians' insurance limits and malpractice payments: Evidence from Texas closed claims, 1990-2003

Abstract Physicians’ insuring practices influence their incentives to take care when treating patients, their risk of making out‐of‐pocket payments in malpractice cases, and the adequacy of compensation available to injured patients. Yet these practices and their effects have rarely been studied. Using Texas Department of Insurance data on 9,525 paid malpractice claims against physicians that closed in 1990–2003, we provide the first systematic evidence on levels of coverage purchased by physicians with paid liability claims and how those levels affect out‐of‐pocket payments and patient compensation. We find that these physicians carried much less insurance than is conventionally believed, that their real primary limits declined steadily over time, that policy limits often act as effective caps on recovery, and that personal contributions by physicians to close claims were rare. Our findings call into question a number of common assumptions about the relationship between physicians' insuring practices and...
Screening for Suicidal Ideation with Text Messages

Suicide is a leading cause of death in the US, with suicide rates increasing annually. Passive screening of suicidal ideation is vital to provide referrals to at-risk individuals. We study to what degree smartphone-based communication, in particular, text messages, could be leveraged for passively screening for suicidal ideation. We analyze the screening ability of texts sent in different time periods prior to reported ideation, namely, texts from specific weeks only versus accumulative over several weeks. Our approach involves performing comprehensive feature engineering and identifying influential features to train machine learning models. With just the prior week of texts, we were able to predict the existence of suicidal ideation with AUC = 0.88, F1 = 0.84, accuracy = 0.81, sensitivity = 0.94, and specificity = 0.68. The most influential features include word frequencies of words in the car, clothing, affection, confusion, driving, real estate, and journalism categories. This research, demonstrating the potential of text messages to screen for suicidal ideation, will guide the development of screening technologies.
Nuclear Soluble cGAS Senses DNA Virus Infection

The cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS detects foreign DNA from pathogens or self-DNA from cellular damage and instigates type I interferon (IFN) expression. Recent studies find that cGAS also localizes in the nucleus and binds the chromatin. Despite how cGAS is inhibited in the nucleus is well elucidated, whether nuclear cGAS participates in DNA sensing is not clear. Here, we report that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection caused the release of cGAS from the chromatin into the nuclear soluble fraction. Like its cytosolic counterpart, the leaked nuclear soluble cGAS could sense viral DNA, produce cGAMP, and induce mRNA expression of type I IFN and interferon-stimulated genes. Furthermore, the nuclear cGAS limited HSV-1 infection. Taken together, our study demonstrates that HSV-1 infection releases cGAS from the chromatin tethering and, in turn, the nuclear soluble cGAS activates type I IFN production.
Assessment of correlations between risk factors and symptom presentation among defined at-risk groups following a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis

This study analyzes the specific linkages between symptoms within individual COVID patients belonging to at-risk groups. The goal was to determine how strongly linked patient symptoms are within these at-risk groups to find any associations between factors such as comorbidities and COVID symptoms. In this study, de-identified patient data from the N3C database was utilized in order to link representative immunocompromised states with specific symptoms, and non-immunocompromised state with the same, to determine if the strength of the correlation changes for these at-risk groups. Multiple autoimmune disorders resulting in immunocompromised state were analyzed, to determine if severity of immune response and inflammatory action plays a role in any potential differences. An exploratory approach using statistical methods and visualization techniques appropriate to multidimensional data sets was taken. The identified correlations may allow pattern analysis in disease presentation specific to a given population, potentially informing pattern recognition, symptom presentation, and treatment approaches in patients with immune comorbidities.
Philosophy and Meditation

To this point thresholding has been more adumbrated than articulated, more invoked than explained. This is not simply the result of our historical prematurity. It is not just that foundational reflections at the turn of the century may be slightly ahead of their time. Though we do dwell in a rapidly contracting (though nonetheless pervasive) “not yet,” and this contributes to the problem of presentation, there is another difficulty as well.
Hormonal regulation of cartilage growth and metabolism

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the hormonal regulation of cartilage growth and metabolism. The central role of cartilage in linear growth has been appreciated as the process of endochondral ossification was recognized. Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue whose primary function is to make a matrix that is resilient and resists deformation and compression. Several different types of cartilage exist in animals, and each appears to be adapted to its own specific function by the chemical composition of its matrix. The matrix compositions of the three major types of cartilage, elastic, fibrous, and hyaline are studied. Most of the studies of the effect of serum sulfation factor on cartilage metabolism in vitro have been conducted using serum containing sulfation factor activity or a partially purified fraction of serum containing such activity. It is shown that serum sulfation factor probably stimulates cartilage amino acid transport through a CAMP-dependent mechanism. It is demonstrated that serum sulfation factor increases cartilage cAMP content as well as α-aminoisobutyrate transport and that the correlation between the two effects is striking.
A System for Assisting the Visually Impaired in Localization and Grasp of Desired Objects

A prototype wearable visual aid for helping visually impaired people find desired objects in their environment is described. The system is comprised of a head-worn camera to capture the scene, an Android phone interface to specify a desired object, and an attention-biasing-enhanced object recognition algorithm to identify three most likely object candidate regions, select the best-matching one, and pass its location to an object tracking algorithm. The object is tracked as the user’s head moves, and auditory feedback is provided to help the user maintain the object in the field of view, enabling easy reach and grasp. The implementation and integration of the system leading to testing of the working prototype with visually-impaired subjects at the Braille Institute in Los Angeles (demonstration in the accompanying video) is described. Results indicate that this system has clear potential to help visually-impaired users in achieving near-real-time object localization and grasp.
This Land Is Your Land...But What About My Water? Applying an Exaction Analysis to Water Dedication Requirements for Facilities on Federal Land

Snowpack accumulating in mountain ranges each winter is the principal source of water in the western United States. Most mountain ranges are now reserved as national forests. However, many private and public facilities that collect, store, transport, and distribute water are constructed on easements granted under various federal laws during the nineteenth and the first three quarters of the twentieth century. Without these facilities, water right holders cannot divert and transport their water to its intended beneficial use.
Robotics camps, clubs, and competitions

Funded by the US National Science Foundation, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln has spent the last eight years developing and implementing a comprehensive educational robotics program for youth ages 9-14. The program was delivered in informal (out-of-school) learning environments through robotics camps, clubs, and competitions and provided robotics experiences to over 5000 youth and 400 educators. The goal of the project was to positively impact the youths' science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) knowledge and attitudes - and to foster an interest in STEM careers. Results of extensive research and evaluation showed that youth participation in the robotics activities increased their STEM content knowledge (particularly engineering and computer programming), their perceived problem solving skills and their interest in engineering careers. Youth also perceived that the robotics activities were different from those in school, reporting that the robotics camp was more interesting and involved more hands-on activities. Robotics camps, clubs and competitions foster youth STEM content knowledge.Robotics camps and competitions promote youth problem solving skills.Robotics camps are effective in promoting interest in engineering careers.Youth reported that the camp activities were more interesting than those in school.
REPUBLICS AND THEIR LOVES: REREADING CITY OF GOD 191

In City of God 19.24, Augustine rejects Cicero's definition of res publica as a society founded on justice for a new definition focused on common objects of love. Robert Markus, Oliver O'Donovan, and a host of Augustinian political theologians have depicted this move as a positive gesture toward secular society. Yet this reading fails to account for why Augustine waited so long to address Cicero's definition, first discussed in Book 2, and for the radical dualism Augustine sets forth between the two cities throughout his text. I argue, in line with Rowan Williams and John Milbank, for a minority reading of Book 19 that draws upon the narrative structure of City of God. In Books 3–5, Augustine recounts the history of the earthly city according to Rome's penchant for violence and idolatry, both a function of love for temporal goods. In Book 18, Augustine traces the history of the earthly city before Rome according to the same themes, completing a narrative argument that humanity has always been divided according to differing loves. Book 19 advances the idea that such idolatry is injustice—a failure to grant God the worship he is due. With the new definition of 19.24, Augustine retains Cicero's emphasis on the importance of virtue in civic society while characteristically shifting the terms of discussion from justice to love. While such a definition means that Rome can be called a res publica, it also prompts a negative judgment upon her history according to her objects of love. Given her violence and idolatry, Rome is no better than Assyria, Babylon, Egypt, and Greece—all subject to withering critique in Book 18. Thus, Augustine's new definition does not retract but extends the polemic of City of God.
High Damping in Piezoelectric Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites

Piezoelectric-reinforced metal matrix composites (PR-MMCs) show promise as high damping materials for structural applications. Most structural materials are valued based on their stiffness and strength; however, stiff materials have limited ability to dampen mechanical or acoustical vibrations. PR-MMCs represent a potential material system capable of exhibiting increased damping ability, as compared to the structural metal matrix alone. In addition, the piezoelectric ceramic particles may also augment the strength of the matrix, creating a multifunctional composite. In this work, the damping behavior of PR-MMCs created by the addition of barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) discontinuous reinforcement in bearing bronze (Cu- 10w% Sn) matrices has been studied. The degree of damping has been found to rely on the reinforcement volume fraction. This additional damping is thought to be attributed to twinning in the pyroelectric domains of the reinforcement. This research has been sponsored by the Army Research Office under contract no. DAAD19-01-1-0714.
Children’s docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), but not maternal DHA in pregnancy, is associated with psychometric tests scores at 5-6 years of age (124.2)

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an important component of neural lipids, affecting neural function throughout life. However, the dietary, genetic and other variables that impact DHA transfer to the b...
The Life Expectancy of Paperback Books in Academic Libraries

Abstract Many libraries routinely bind paperback books before adding them to their collections. Eleven years ago, Georgia State University began adding paperback books to its collection unbound. Two previous studies have considered whether or not this policy is valid and have determined that it is. The current study revisits the topic after a number of years to see if the findings still hold. Evidence still strongly suggests that libraries should not routinely bind paperback materials. This project also considers some distortions which may occur with a study covering this much time.
Late infections after allogeneic bone marrow transplantations: comparison of incidence in related and unrelated donor transplant recipients

Infectious complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We have evaluated the incidence of late infections (beyond day +50) in recipients of related (RD) and unrelated donor (URD) allogeneic BMT, factors associated with increased risks of infection, and the impact of the late infections on survival. Between 1989 and 1991, 249 patients received an RD (n = 151) or URD (n = 98) allogeneic BMT at the University of Minnesota and all late infections were investigated. Three hundred sixty-seven late infectious events developed in 162 patients between 50 days and 2 years after BMT. The incidence of any late infection was greater in URD versus RD recipients (84.7% v 68.2%, respectively; P = .009). In multivariate analysis, advanced graft- versus-host disease (GVHD) was significantly associated with late infections. The effect of GVHD was apparent only in RD recipients (relative risk [RR], 2.29; P = .003), whereas URD recipients, with or without GVHD, had more late infections compared with RD recipients without GVHD. Multivariate analysis showed that late posttransplantation infections were the dominant independent factor associated with increased nonrelapse mortality (RR, 5.5; P = .0001), resulting in improved 3-year survival for RD versus URD recipients (49.9% +/- 8% v 34.4% +/- 10%; P = .004). In this study, we observed that late infections are more frequent in URD recipients, resulting in substantially higher nonrelapse mortality. This prolonged period of increased infectious risk in URD recipients suggests the need for aggressive surveillance and therapy of late infections and perhaps prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis for all URD BMT recipients.
Narrow coverings of ω-ary product spaces

Abstract Results of Sierpinski and others have shown that certain finite-dimensional product sets can be written as unions of subsets, each of which is ‘narrow’ in a corresponding direction; that is, each line in that direction intersects the subset in a small set. For example, if the set ω × ω is partitioned into two pieces along the diagonal, then one piece meets every horizontal line in a finite set, and the other piece meets each vertical line in a finite set. Such partitions or coverings can exist only when the sets forming the product are of limited size. This paper considers such coverings for products of infinitely many sets (usually a product of ω copies of the same cardinal κ). In this case, a covering of the product by narrow sets, one for each coordinate direction, will exist no matter how large the factor sets are. But if one restricts the sets used in the covering (for instance, requiring them to be Borel in a product topology), then the existence of narrow coverings is related to a number of large cardinal properties: partition cardinals, the free subset problem, nonregular ultrafilters, and so on. One result given here is a relative consistency proof for a hypothesis used by S. Mrowka to produce a counterexample in the dimension theory of metric spaces.
Detoxification of DDT by the perfused bovine liver.

Abstract Five bovine livers were isolated and perfused with DDT [2,2-bis ( p -chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane] to study the ability of liver to detoxify chlorinated hydrocarbons. A perfusion apparatus was designed and constructed so as to minimize contact of perfusate or tissue vrith metal or plastic. Within fifteen minutes after dosing there was a measurable decrease of DDT in the perfusate and a significant increase in DDD [2,2-bis ( p -chlorophenyl) 1,1-dichloroethane]. Levels of DDE (2,2-bis ( p -chlorophenyl) 1,1-dichloroethylene] were low at the beginning and increased only slightly during the experiment. It was demonstrated that isolated perfused bovine liver was capable of dehalogenating DDT to its less toxic analog, DDD. Production of DDE was probably due to catalytic action caused by hemoglobin breakdown. At the end of each two-hour perfusion experiment the livers still had a natural appearance and probably could have been used longer had it been necessary.
Cellular immunity in breast milk: implications for postnatal transmission of HIV-1 to the infant.

Breastfeeding accounts for up to 40% of all infant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infections in resource-limited settings, where prolonged breastfeeding is the only available and safe infant feeding option [1, 2]. However, most breastfed infants remain uninfected even after prolonged exposure to breast milk [3–5]. The factors in breast milk that protect the majority of breastfed infants of HIV-infected mothers from infection remain largely undetermined. Breast milk contains a multitude of immune parameters, including immunoglobulins, antimicrobial substances, pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and leukocytes [6]. Moreover, breast milk not only provides passive protection, but also can directly modulate the immunological development of the infant [7, 8]. Cell-mediated immunity in breast milk has not been as extensively studied as humoral immunity, described in Chap. 10. There is, however, increasing interest in the role that lymphocytes, macrophages, and other immune cell types play, both in innate and in adaptive breast milk immunity [3].
Insulin-like receptor and insulin-like peptide are localized at neuromuscular junctions in Drosophila

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors are members of the tyrosine kinase family of receptors, and are thought to play an important role in the development and differentiation of neurons. Here we report the presence of an insulin-like peptide and an insulin receptor (dInsR) at the body wall neuromuscular junction of developing Drosophila larvae. dInsR-like immunoreactivity was found in all body wall muscles at the motor nerve branching regions, where it surrounded synaptic boutons. The identity of this immunoreactivity as a dInsR was confirmed by two additional schemes, in vivo binding of labeled insulin and immunolocalization of phosphotyrosine. Both methods produced staining patterns markedly similar to dInsR-like immunoreactivity. The presence of a dInsR in whole larvae was also shown by receptor binding assays. This receptor was more specific for insulin (> 25-fold) than for IGF II, and did not appear to bind IGF I. Among the 30 muscle fibers per hemisegment, insulin-like immunoreactivity was found only on one fiber, and was localized to a subset of morphologically distinct synaptic boutons. Staining in the CNS was limited to several cell bodies in the brain lobes and in a segmental pattern throughout most of the abdominal ganglia, as well as in varicosities along the neuropil areas of the ventral ganglion and brain lobes. Insulin-like peptide and dInsR were first detected by early larval development, well after neuromuscular transmission begins. The developmental significance of an insulin-like peptide and its receptor at the neuromuscular junction is discussed.
Anticholinergic Effects in a Depressed Parkinsonian Patient

Depression is commonly associated with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Various antidepressants can be helpful in the treatment of this type of depression. Anticholinergic medications are at times used for treating the motor symptoms of parkinsonism. While some authors have reported euphorigenic effects from anticholinergics in other groups of patients, generally, they have not been used in the treatment of depression, with or without parkinsonism. In the case presented, a depressed patient with Parkinson's disease on levodopa/carbidopa and fluoxetine was given benztropine for his motor symptoms. The result was some improvement in his motor symptoms and a wide, dose-related spectrum of other central nervous system changes ranging from delirium to mania, hypomania, and euthymia from a “baseline” of residual depression. At a very low dose (0.25 mg per day), benztropine appeared to have an augmenting antidepressant effect that rendered the patient euthymic.
Using Flavor Chemistry To Design and Synthesize Artificial Scents and Flavors

In this project for the organic chemistry laboratory, we bring together and expand upon two classic undergraduate organic chemistry experiments to create a flavor chemistry unit in which students design and develop a novel smelling product. The scents are derived from a synthetic angle, utilizing an expanded ester synthesis, and from a natural products angle by the isolation of fragrance molecules from natural materials using classic extraction techniques. Students are given an overview of flavor chemistry, and each group designs a novel product: a scented soap or candle. The project culminates in an oral presentation and a written report that is submitted in a journal style format for grading.
Relationship Between Brain Glucose Metabolism Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Electroencephalography (EEG) in Children With Continuous Spike-and-Wave Activity During Slow-Wave Sleep

We studied the relationship between brain glucose metabolism patterns and objectively measured interictal epileptiform abnormalities in six children with intractable epilepsy and continuous spike-and-wave activity during slow-wave sleep. Five of the six patients showed lateralized positron emission tomographic (PET) findings, with the hemisphere showing a relative increase in glucose metabolism concordant with the presumed origin of the generalized interictal spike activity delineated by quantitative electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis. One of these five patients achieved seizure freedom following cortical resection involving the areas of unilateral multifocal hypermetabolism, and another patient has been approved for cortical resection. The results in the present study add further support to the hypothesis that the general ized spike-waves in most cases of continuous spike-and-wave activity during slow-wave sleep are the result of secondary bilateral synchrony. Resective surgery can be effective in se...
Resection of an adult intracardiac wilms' tumor using hypothermic circulatory arrest

A 51-year-old woman underwent resection of a renal tumor with intracaval and intracardiac extension. Histologic examination demonstrated an adult Wilms' tumor. Cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest were used in a combined abdominal and thoracic procedure to remove the tumor and extension in its entirety without complication.
Angiotensin II Impairs Neurovascular Coupling in Neocortex Through NADPH Oxidase–Derived Radicals

Angiotensin II (Ang II) exerts detrimental effects on cerebral circulation, the mechanisms of which have not been elucidated. In particular, Ang II impairs the increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) produced by neural activity, a critical mechanism that matches substrate delivery with energy demands in brain. We investigated whether Ang II exerts its deleterious actions by activating Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptors on cerebral blood vessels and producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) through NADPH oxidase. Somatosensory cortex CBF was monitored in anesthetized mice by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Ang II (0.25 μg/kg per minute IV) attenuated the CBF increase produced by mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae. The effect was blocked by the AT1 antagonist losartan and by ROS scavenger superoxide dismutase or tiron and was not observed in mice lacking the gp91phox subunit of NADPH oxidase or in wild-type mice treated with the NADPH oxidase peptide inhibitor gp91ds-tat. Ang II increased ROS production in cerebral mi...
It's Your Own Fault: How Post-Strike Hollywood Continues to Punish Writers for Striking

Until November 2007, the Writers Guild of America (WGA, the union that represents film, television, and radio writers in collective bargaining) and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Pro...
Cell biology: aneuploidy and cancer.

Aneuploidy is the condition in which a cell has extra or missing chromosomes, and is often associated with tumours. But whether it is a cause or a consequence of cancer remains a vexed question.
MULE DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS) AND ELK (CERVUS ELAPHUS) AS EXPERIMENTAL DEFINITIVE HOSTS FOR FASCIOLOIDES MAGNA

In August 1992, six mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) fawns and four elk (Cervus elaphus) calves (n = 2) or yearlings (n = 2) each were inoculated orally with 50, 250, or 2,000 metacercariae of the liver fluke Fascioloides magna to evaluate their potential to serve as definitive hosts. Animals were maintained for up to 403 days. Three mule deer each inoculated with 50 metacercariae survived the infection and shed eggs in feces; thus mule deer can function as definitive hosts for F. magna. The other three mule deer inoculated with 50 (n = 1) or 250 (n = 2) metacercariae died from fluke infection on days 91, 150, and 162 days postinoculation, respectively, and only immature F. magna were recovered. One elk calf inoculated with 2,000 metacercariae died from fluke infection 44 days after inoculation. The remaining three elk, each inoculated with 250 metacercariae, survived infection, and two of the three shed eggs in feces. The third elk contained only one immature F. magna at necropsy. The prepatent p...
Infrared Laser-Based Aqueous Droplet Manipulation and Biomimetic Droplet Bilayers

Lipid bilayers are formed when pairs of lipid-coated aqueous droplets in a mineral oil matrix are brought into contact via laser-induced thermal motion of the matrix. We characterize these bilayers for biomimetic platforms.
SOLUBILITY, DISPERSION AND CARBON ADSORPTION OF A CHROMIUM HYDROXYAZO COMPLEX IN A TONER

In recent years organic salts such as chromium azo dyes have been used as additive to impart desired surface (tribo) charging properties of electrophotographic toners. 1-4 In this study we have prepared solid blends consisting of a chromium hydroxyazoaryl complex salt (T-37 dye), Cr[-0C10H6-NN-C6H3 (Cl)O-]2 [NH4], in a styrene-hutyl methacrylate copolymer containing carbon black powder. We characterized the blends to determine the bulk and interface concentrations of the salt, and relate it to the contact charge. The salt has limited solubility in the copolymer and in organic solvents. It dissolves up to I .7 pmoles/g at a slow rate in the viscous polymer melt at 190 °C. Solid blends with the chromium complex salt in excess of this amount also contain undissolved aggregates of various sizes depending on the preparation conditions. The chromium complex salt also adsorbs on the surface of carbon black up to a monolayer coverage. The carbon efficiently extracts the salt out of THF, and extracts it slowly out of the viscous polymer melt. The toners (10 pm size powder) develop a negative charge on contact. The charge scales with the amount of chromium complex salt in the blend and further varies depending on the proportion of the salt which is soluhilized, exists as undissoled aggregates or is adsorbed on carbon. The chromium complex salt which is adsorbed on carbon is deactivated for charging by the carbon surface.
The Influence of Chrome in the Oxidation Process of Steels in Flowing LBE

The role of the alloying element has been analyzed during the oxidation process of stainless steels in the flowing lead bismuth eutectic (LBE) environment. The growth of the protective oxide film of steels has been studied at a mesoscopic scale. The influence of chrome has been studied using the developed stochastic cellular automaton mesoscopic oxidation model, considering the formation of the chrome oxide and magnetite. During the oxidation process, the scale removal effect has been taken into account as well.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Relationship Between Spirituality, Health Beliefs, and Health Behaviors in College Students

The United States is a country in which religion and spirituality play a significant role in people’s lives. The relationship between religion, spirituality and health has long been investigated. However, most of these studies have focused only on patient populations and the elderly. The present study examines whether the same pattern of relations reported earlier is seen in a sample of healthy, college students using measures of both spirituality and religion. Health beliefs and behaviors were also examined. The results show that individuals with higher spirituality scores are more active and hold difference health beliefs than those who scored in the low spirituality group. However, some contradictions from previous research were reported in this sample. The study suggests religion may have some different pattern of relations in the overall health and health behaviors of younger, healthier populations.
Characterization of organic aerosol in Big Bend National Park, Texas

The Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational (BRAVO) Study was conducted in Big Bend National Park, Texas, July through October 1999. Daily PM2.5 organic aerosol samples were collected on pre-fired quartz fiber filters. Daily concentrations were too low for detailed organic analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and were grouped based on their air mass trajectories. A total of 12 composites, each containing 3–10 daily samples, were analyzed. Alkane carbon preference indices suggest primary biogenic emissions were small contributors to primary PM2.5 organic matter (OM) during the first 3 months, while in October air masses advecting from the north and south were more strongly influenced by biogenic sources. A series of trace organic compounds previously shown to serve as particle phase tracers for various carbonaceous aerosol source types were examined. Molecular tracer species were generally at or below detection limits, except for the wood smoke tracer levoglucosan in one composite, so maximum possible source influences were calculated using the detection limit as an upper bound to the tracer concentration. Wood smoke was found not to contribute significantly to PM2.5 OM, with contributions for most samples at <1% of the total organic particulate matter. Vehicular exhaust also appeared to make only minor contributions, with maximum possible influences calculated to be 1–4% of PM2.5 OM. Several factors indicate that secondary organic aerosol formation was important throughout the study, and may have significantly altered the molecular composition of the aerosol during transport.
High-Energy Deep-Inelastic Electron-Nucleon Scattering in a Renormalizable Theory

We have studied high-energy deep-inelastic electron-nucleon scattering in a neutral pseudoscalar-meson theory by summing an infinite set of diagrams. The diagrams analyzed are straight ladder unitary diagrams, with pions as the rungs. Explicit lower-order calculations indicate that this set of diagrams gives the leading $\mathrm{ln} |{q}^{2}|$ contribution, where ${q}^{2}$ is the momentum transfer squared, provided that nucleon-antinucleon pair creations and nucleon vertex corrections are ignored. The main results are: (1) The final hadrons fall naturally into two jets; (2) the Bjorken scaling law breaks down; (3) the number of pions increases as $\mathrm{ln} |{q}^{2}|$; and (4) a longitudinal impact-parameter space is realized. Some possible experimental consequences are deduced.
Stress and strain in blue-collar and white-collar management staff

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated the relationship of work stress to indices of job strain, as well as underscoring the importance of moderating variables. In the present study of a mining organization it was hypothesized that personnel associated with actual mining operations would demonstrate stress-strain relationships different from those associated with administrative and staff work. Measures of stress and strain were obtained from management staff of blue-collar and white-collar groups to assess the moderating influence of collar color. Results strongly support collar color as a moderator variable. In particular, the two groups differ significantly with respect to how role conflict, job security, quantitative work load, variation in work load, and utilization of skills impact various strains. The effect of job function on stress and strain and possible practical implications of these results are discussed.
Comets and life

Some of the chemical species which have been detected in comets include H2O, HCN, CH3CN, CO, CO2, NH3, CS, C2 and C3. All of these have also been detected in the interstellar medium, indicating a probable relationship between interstellar dust and gas clouds and comets. Laboratory experiments carried out with different mixtures of these molecules give rise to the formation of the biochemical compounds which are necessary for life, such as amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, monosaccharides, etc. However, in spite of suggestions to the contrary, the presence of life in comets is unlikely. On the other hand, the capture of cometary matter by the primitive earth is considered essential for the development of life on this planet. The amount of cometary carbon-containing matter captured by the earth, as calcualted by different authors, is several times larger than the total amount of organic matter present in the biosphere (10 to the 18th g). The major classes of reactions which were probably involved in the formation of key biochemical compounds are discussed. The tentative conclusions are that: (1) comets played a predominant role in the emergence of life on earth, and (2) they are the cosmic connection with extraterrestrial life.
Plasma luteinizing hormone during the breeding cycle of the female ring dove

Abstract Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in serial blood samples of female ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) were measured by radioimmunoassay method. Our findings indicate the following pattern of LH levels: LH increases during early courtship which reaches a peak (5.43 ± 0.79 ng/ml) during the nesting period. LH declines following egg-laying (3.77 ± 0.33 ng/ml) and again after hatching (2.23 ± 0.28 ng/ml). It remains high in females which laid infertile eggs initially and subsequently showed a further laying. The results are compared with published data on plasma estrogens and progesterone in the dove's breeding cycle.
Pleural Involvement in Cryptococcosis

Seven of 37 patients with cryptococcosis examined at autopsy had anatomic evidence of pleural cryptococcal infection and effusion. An immediately subpleural nodule which had extended to involve the pleura was identified in six cases. These observations suggest that pleural in volvement with effusion is more common than generally appreciated. Pleural infection may be an indication of reduced host resistance, since it appears to result from spread from a subpleural nodule, the presumed primary site of pulmonary cryptococcal infection.
Social comparison and smoking cessation: The role of the “typical smoker”

Abstract Adult smokers who were members of smoking cessation support groups were asked to report on the seriousness of their smoking problem, their perceptions of the “typical smoker”, and their social comparison preferences (e.g., what type of person they would like to have in their group). These perceptions were assessed at three times during the clinic and then at a follow-up. Results indicated that subjects' perceptions of the typical smoker prototype became increasingly negative (a form of “active” downward comparison) and less similar to themselves over the course of the groups. In addition, subjects with more serious smoking problems showed a preference for having others with worse smoking problems as group members (i.e., a form of “passive” downward comparison). As subjects improved, however, their preference for downward comparison targets decreased. The results suggest that psychological distancing from the prototype associated with certain problematic behaviors (a) involves active downward comparison with the prototype, and (b) is engaged in by people trying to stop the behavior.
Identification and replication of loci involved in camptothecin-induced cytotoxicity using CEPH pedigrees.

To date, the Centre d'Etude Polymorphism Humain (CEPH) cell line model has only been used as a pharmacogenomic tool to evaluate which genes are responsible for the disparity in response to a single drug. The purpose of this study was demonstrate the model's ability to establish a specific pattern of quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to a shared mechanism for multiple structurally related drugs, the camptothecins, which are Topoisomerase 1 inhibitors. A simultaneous screen of six camptothecin analogues for in vitro sensitivity in the CEPH cell lines resulted in cytotoxicity profiles and orders of potency which were in agreement with the literature. For all camptothecins studied, heritability estimates for cytotoxic response averaged 23.1±2.6%. Nonparametric linkage analysis was used to identify a relationship between genetic markers and response to the camptothecins. Ten QTLs on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 11, 12, 16 and 20 were identified as shared by all six camptothecin analogues. In a separate validation experiment, nine of the ten QTLs were replicated at the significant and suggestive levels using three additional camptothecin analogues. To further refine this list of QTLs, another validation study was undertaken and seven of the nine QTLs were independently replicated for all nine camptothecin analogues. This is the first study using the CEPH cell lines that demonstrates that a specific pattern of QTLs could be established for a class of drugs which share a mechanism of action. Moreover, it is the first study to report replication of linkage results for drug-induced cytotoxicity using this model. The QTLs, which have been identified as shared by all camptothecins and replicated across multiple datasets, are of considerable interest; they harbor genes related to the shared mechanism of action for the camptothecins, which are responsible for variation in response.
Chronic Communicable Diseases and Risk Management in the Schools

This paper provides information about four chronic communicable diseases. Both legal and professional considerations are discussed. Guidelines for speech-language pathologists and audiologists, par...
Grounds for Design: The Improvement of School and College Grounds

A number of national initiatives have encouraged the development of school and college grounds as an improved resource for recreational and educational purposes. This report outlines art and design activities which have been taking place at St Andrew's College, promoting interaction with the immediate environment and encouraging the use and improvement of existing resources by students, staff and visitors. It also provides examples of work carried out in partnership with artists, architects and industry and how this has assisted liaison with schools in the process of change through the development of their grounds. It concludes that our future lies in encouraging a greater concern for and a deeper understanding of nature through design education, therefore, it is essential that young children have stimulating outdoor environments in which to grow and learn
Development of a NIST standard reference material containing thirty volatile organic compounds at 5 nmol/mol in nitrogen.

Primary gravimetric gas cylinder standards containing 30 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in nitrogen were prepared using a procedure previously developed to prepare gas mixture cylinder standards of VOCs at the 5 nmol/mol level. This set of primary standards was intercompared to existing gas cylinder standards, containing as many as 19 of the 30 volatile organics present in these new primaries, using gas chromatography with a hydrogen flame ionization detector coupled with cryogenic preconcentration. The linear regression analysis showed excellent agreement among the standards for each compound. Similar mixtures containing many of these compounds in treated aluminum gas cylinders have been evaluated over time and have shown stability for as much as 10 years. The development of these 30-component primary standards led to the preparation and certification of a reissue of Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1804 at the nominal amount-of-substance fraction of 5 nmol/mol for each analyte. A lot of 20 cylinders...
Injection locking of pulsed avalanche diode oscillators

A pulsed avalanche transit-time diode oscillator has been phase locked to a low-level CW signal. The phase locking reduces the incidental FM on the phase to a negligible amount, and pulse-to-pulse coherence is achieved.
The Voyager mission Photopolarimeter Experiment

The Voyager Photopolarimeter Experiment is designed to determine the physical properties of particulate matter in the atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, and the Rings of Saturn by measuring the intensity and linear polarization of scattered sunlight at eight wavelengths in the 2350–7500 A region of the spectrum. The experiment will also provide information on the texture and probable composition of the surfaces of the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn and the properties of the sodium cloud around Io. During the planetary encounters a search for optical evidence of electrical discharges (lightning) and auroral activity will also be conducted.
Coarctation of the aorta: Review of 234 patients and clarification of management problems

Abstract Two hundred thirty-four patients with coarctation of the aorta who were managed between 1948 and 1978 were reviewed. Their ages ranged from 1 day to 72 years. Only 6 percent of the patients who had surgical correction between ages 1 and 5 years had residual hypertension. In contrast, 21 percent of those operated on before age 1 year (all with residual or recurrent coarctation), 30 percent of those operated on between ages 6 and 18 years, 47 percent of those operated on between ages 19 and 40 years and 50 percent of patients over 40 age years at the time of operation had residual postoperative hypertension. These data suggest that the optimal time for elective surgical correction of coarctation is between the ages of 1 and 5 years. Preoperative congestive heart failure was present in 67 percent of patients under age 1 year, in 67 percent of those over age 40 years and in only 4 percent of those aged 1 to 40 years. Eight of the 29 infants with preoperative heart failure had residual postoperative failure related in most to associated congenital cardiac anomalies. Six of the 16 patients with preoperative heart failure who were over age 40 years at correction had residual failure, although even in these patients heart failure was improved. Bacterial endocarditis, cerebral vascular accident, myocardial infarction and aortic dissection were present in 2, 6, 3 and 2 percent of patients, respectively; these complications occurred more frequently with advancing age and occurred in 13 patients who had had prior coarctation repair. Additional congenital heart lesions were present in 34 percent of the patients. Of those under age 1 year, 67 percent had a clinically significant patent ductus arteriosus with or without ventricular septal defect or aortic stenosis. After age 1 year, 27 percent of the patients had associated cardiac lesions, and no patient had a clinically significant patent ductus or ventricular septal defect. Aortic stenosis or insufficiency was present in 33 patients. When identified during infancy, aortic stenosis was often clinically significant. Thereafter, only eight patients had clinically significant aortic valve disease at the time of this review, and only two of these patients were younger than age 40 years.
Sex differences in motor behavior in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

Sex differences in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been reported in humans and rodent models, with a higher incidence in men and increased severity in male rodents. The current study examined sex differences and the effects of gonadal steroid hormones in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned mouse model of PD. Male (n=51) and female (n=50) mice were gonadectomized and received physiologic replacement with testosterone or estrogen (Experiment 1), or no hormones (Experiment 2). Two weeks later, mice received either MPTP (10 mg/kg per day for 5 days) or saline. Higher doses killed female mice. Mice were tested one week after MPTP for motor performance using rotarod, pole and gait tests. In hormone-treated mice, males significantly outperformed females in all three tests (p 0.05) but significantly reduced ORP in females (975.9+/-110.3 vs. saline females, p<0.05). Our results show that small, chronic doses of MPTP produce subtle, sexually-dimorphic impairments in motor performance, but without a loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra. In gonadectomized mice, this sex difference is reversed.
Content Analysis of Social Studies Textbooks: A Review of Ten Years of Research

Many researchers have criticized social studies textbooks for being biased, superficial, or poorly written, yet little attention has been paid to the quality of the textbook studies. This article presents the findings of a review of social studies content analysis research over the last 10 years. Studies reported in Theory and Research in Social Education, The Social Studies, and Social Education (N = 25) were evaluated on the basis of their sampling, methodology, findings, and recommendations. The results of this review reveal that many of the problems noted in other types of social studies research are evident in content analysis research as well. The discussion focuses on recommendations for researchers to improve the quality of content analysis studies and to collaborate with other educators and organizations in promoting textbook reform and creative social studies teaching.
Surface Displacements and Stress Field Generated by a Semi-Ellipsoidal Surface Inclusion

This paper presents calculations of the displacement and stress fields generated by semi-ellipsoidal surface inclusions containing uniform transformation strains or eigenstrains. The inclusion is assumed to have the same elastic constants as the rest of the material. This is a reasonable assumption for modeling transformed zones in transformation toughened ceramics and localized plasticity in individual surface grains in alloys. Analytical results are obtained for special cases and numerical results for general cases