cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The association of phytoflagellate blooms in lower New York bay with hypertrophication

Abstract Large quantities of nutrients, including organic substances, in treated and untreated wastes, are discharged into the New York estuary. The possible relationship between annual phytoflagellate blooms in Lower New York Bay and the urban hypertrophication was investigated by means of tests of the utilization of a wide variety of organic C, N, and P compounds by the dominant phytoplanktonic organisms. Carbon compounds were tested at 50, 25, and 5 mg C l ; nitrogen compounds at 1.4, 0.7, and 0.14 mg N l ; and phosphorus compounds at 0.5, 0.25, and 0.1 mg P l . The results from the lowest concentration are considered of greatest environmental relevance. At the low concentrations Massartia rotundata (Lohmann) Schiller used 11, Olisthodiscus luteus Carter 14, and Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg 15 of 20 organic carbon compounds; M. rotundata used 14, O. luteus 7, and P. micans 14 of 16 organic nitrogen compounds; M. rotundata used 6, O. luteus 8, and P. micans 7 of 8 organic phosphorus compounds. These results, together with complementary data indicating utilization of organic substances during blooms, suggest a bloom-hypertrophication association.
Flight Reynolds Number Testing of the Orion Launch Abort Vehicle in the NASA Langley National Transonic Facility

A 6%-scale unpowered model of the Orion Launch Abort Vehicle (LAV) ALAS-11-rev3c configuration was tested in the NASA Langley National Transonic Facility to obtain static aerodynamic data at flight Reynolds numbers. Subsonic and transonic data were obtained for Mach numbers between 0.3 and 0.95 for angles of attack from -4 to +22 degrees and angles of sideslip from -10 to +10 degrees. Data were also obtained at various intermediate Reynolds numbers between 2.5 million and 45 million depending on Mach number in order to examine the effects of Reynolds number on the vehicle. Force and moment data were obtained using a 6-component strain gauge balance that operated both at warm temperatures (+120 . F) and cryogenic temperatures (-250 . F). Surface pressure data were obtained with electronically scanned pressure units housed in heated enclosures designed to survive cryogenic temperatures. Data obtained during the 3-week test entry were used to support development of the LAV aerodynamic database and to support computational fluid dynamics code validation. Furthermore, one of the outcomes of the test was the reduction of database uncertainty on axial force coefficient for the static unpowered LAV. This was accomplished as a result of good data repeatability throughout the test and because of decreased uncertainty on scaling wind tunnel data to flight.
Hypersonic flutter of a curved shallow panel with aerodynamic heating

The general equations describing the nonlinear fluttering oscillations of shallow, curved, heated orthotropic panels have been derived. The formulation takes into account the location of the panel on the surface of a generic hypersonic vehicle, when calculating the aerodynamic loads. It is also shown that third order piston theory produces unsteady aerodynamic loading which is in close agreement with that based upon direct solution of the Euler equations. Results, for simply supported panels, are obtained using Galerkin's method combined with direct numerical integration in time to compute stable limit cycle amplitudes. These results illustrate the sensitivity of the aeroelastic behavior to the unsteady aerodynamic assumptions, temperature, orthotropicity and flow orientation.
Poetic Justice: Engaging in Participatory Narrative Analysis to Find Solace in the “Killer Corridor”

The author engaged with adolescents at a community-based youth organization as “co-researchers” to delve deeper into the lived experiences of youth of color residing in an urban neighborhood undergoing change. Participatory narrative analysis was used to empower participants to produce texts to make sense of their lives and their home, school, and neighborhood contexts. The process of engaging youth as co-researchers and experts in issues pertaining to their own neighborhood is discussed. Nuanced analyses of poems-as-data is shown to be critical in informing the recent surge of interdisciplinary, community-engaged, place-based initiatives focused on neighborhood revitalization, violence prevention, and positive youth development.
Techniques for Histological Reconstruction of Brain Stem Recording Sites

The masseter muscle of Sprague-Dawley rats was injected with 10 mg of horseradish peroxidase. the electrical activity of the trigeminal motor nucleus was investigated 44-36 hours later using micropipettes filled with a 4.0 M NaCl-7% fast green FCF solution. A parallel series of penetrations at 200 μm intervals was made through the motor complex at known depths. the grid formed from these penetrations was reconstructed using the following techniques. Marks were made at known depths in one or more of the tracts by iontophoresing fast green from the microelectrode tip with a hyperpolarizing current of 10 μA for 10 minutes. to assure proper alignment of the tissue containing the green marks, two agar-India ink plugs were placed caudal and parallel to the recording sites. the frozen tissue was sectioned on a microtome, first through the agar plugs and then through the tissue containing the green marks. the tissue could he incubated for the peroxidase reaction product or stained for Nissl substance. These combi...
Effect of vasopressin on cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in toad urinary bladder.

Abstract The effect of vasopressin on the toad urinary bladder has been shown to be mediated by cyclic AMP. It has been assumed that, as demonstrated for other systems, this involves activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. In order to test this hypothesis we investigated the effect of vasopressin on cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases in epithelial cells of toad bladders. About 80% of protein kinase activity and cyclic AMP-binding capacity was found to be in the cytosol. DEAE-cellulose chromatography showed a pattern of 15–20% type I and 80–85% type II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Cytosolic kinase was activated 3–4-fold by cyclic AMP with half-maximal activation at 5 · 10− M. Similarly, half-maximal binding of cyclic AMP occurred at 7 · 10−8 M. Incubation of toad bladders in Ringer's solution containing 0.1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, prior to homogenization assay, showed stable cyclic AMP-binding capacity and protein kinase ratio —cylic AMP/+cyclic AMP. Exposure of bladders to 10 mU/ml of vasopressin for 10 min caused intracellular activation of protein kinase and decrease in cyclic AMP-binding capacity that were maintained for at least 30 min. Incubation of bladders with increasing concentrations of vasopressin (0.5–100 mU/ml) resulted in a discrepancy between a progressive increase in cyclic AMP levels and levelling off at 10 mU/ml of vasopressin for the changes in protein kinase ratio and cyclic AMP-binding capacity. The increase in kinase ratio was due to higher activity in the absence of exogenous cyclic AMP and was fully inhibitable by a specific protein kinase inhibitor. Using Sephadex G-25-CM50 column chromatography for separation of holonzyme and free catalytic subunit we demonstrated that the activation of protein kinase in the vasopressin-treated bladders is due to intracellular dissociation of the kinase. These results show that the effect of vasopressin on the toad bladder involves of a cytosolic cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The time course and the dose-response curve of the kinase activation closely parallel vasopressin's effect on osmotic water flow.
Low-frequency noise in AlGaN/GaN MOS-HFETs

A comparative study is presented of low-frequency noise in GaN-based metal-oxide-semiconductor heterostructure field effect transistors (MOS-HFETs) and HFETs. The Hooge parameter at zero gate bias was of the order of 10-3 for both types of device. The AlGaN/GaN MOS-HFETs exhibited extremely low gate leakage current and much lower noise at both positive and negative gate biases.
Starch in fungi IV. The lipoprotein amylose-precipitating factor

Abstract The amylose precipitating factor from Neurospora is a lipoprotein of 53,800 mw. The lipid component, which is responsible for the amylose precipitating activity, is mainly polar lipid and constitutes 14.5% of the lipoprotein molecule. The binding of amylose to the amylose precipitating factor possibly results in the conversion of the amylose molecule from a random coil to an interrupted helix configuration.
Linking the Development of Ventilator-Induced Injury to Mechanical Function in the Lung

Management of ALI/ARDS involves supportive ventilation at low tidal volumes (V t) to minimize the rate at which ventilator induced lung injury (VILI) develops while the lungs heal. However, we currently have few details to guide the minimization of VILI in the ALI/ARDS patient. The goal of the present study was to determine how VILI progresses with time as a function of the manner in which the lung is ventilated in mice. We found that the progression of VILI caused by over-ventilating the lung at a positive end-expiratory pressure of zero is accompanied by progressive increases in lung stiffness as well as the rate at which the lung derecruits over time. We were able to accurately recapitulate these findings in a computational model that attributes changes in the dynamics of recruitment and derecruitment to two populations of lung units. One population closes over a time scale of minutes following a recruitment maneuver and the second closes in a matter of seconds or less, with the relative sizes of the two populations changing as VILI develops. This computational model serves as a basis from which to link the progression of VILI to changes in lung mechanical function.
A Radioactive Tracer Technique for Determining the Release of Medication from Hydrophilic Ointment Bases

Abstract This paper describes the technique, details of ex-perimentation, and the results obtained when several hydrophilic ointment bases of current in-terest were tested by a modified agar-plate method using radioactive tracer techniques.
Teacher characteristics and teacher performance

Abstract This study investigated effects of seven demographic and psychological characteristics of teachers on their performances during student teaching. Student teachers' performances were examined in relation to their ages, prior student teaching experiences, scholastic aptitudes, attitudes toward teaching, moral reasoning abilities, conceptual levels, and degrees of ego development. Results indicate that student teachers' performances were dependent in a nontrivial way on their ego development and to a much lesser degree on other characteristics.
MachSuite: Benchmarks for accelerator design and customized architectures

Recent high-level synthesis and accelerator-related architecture papers show a great disparity in workload selection. To improve standardization within the accelerator research community, we present MachSuite, a collection of 19 benchmarks for evaluating high-level synthesis tools and accelerator-centric architectures. MachSuite spans a broad application space, captures a variety of different program behaviors, and provides implementations tailored towards the needs of accelerator designers and researchers, including support for high-level synthesis. We illustrate these aspects by characterizing each benchmark along five different dimensions, highlighting trends and salient features.
Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of cloned rat astrocytoma cells treated with dibutyrul cyclic AMP in vitro

Two cloned rat astrocytoma cell lines, 36 B-10 and 40 A-2, maintained in vitro were treated with 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP. This treatment induced arborization of cellular processes and rounding-up of cell bodies in both cell lines and was associated with increased microvillous development in 40 A-2. There were no detectable concomitant changes in either (a) the quantity or organization of microtubules or 80–100 nm microfilaments, or (b) the intensity of glial fibrillary acidic protein indirect immunofluorescence staining.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ADENOVIRUSES III. REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF TYPES 1 TO 4

The strains of types 1 to 4 adenoviruses studied attained maximum combination with host cells, strain HeLa, in 5 to 6 hours. During this adsorption period approximately 75 per cent of the total virus became associated with the host cells. Following adsorption of virus to HeLa cells, these agents underwent cyclic multiplication periods similar to bacterial and other animal viruses. The latent or eclipse period of the multiplication cycle for types 1 and 2 viruses was 17 hours, whereas the types 3 and 4 agents had a latent period 14 to 15 hours in length. The rate of viral propagation during the incremental period was very similar for types 1, 2, and 4 viruses, but was slower for the type 3 agent. During the incremental period of viral propagation newly synthesized virus was not released into the fluid phase of the culture and even after 6 days of viral multiplication when marked cytopathic alterations of the infected HeLa cells had occurred, the spontaneous release was only 2 to 6 per cent of the total virus detectable.
Off track: the disappearance of tracking stocks

During the two decades following the first announcement of a tracking stock issue by General Motors in 1984, over 50 new tracking stocks were created. The value of a tracking stock is supposed to reflect the performance of a division or operation of a firm, but does not have a direct claim on the division's assets or income. The voting rights of the tracking stock are only for the parent corporation, with no direct voting rights for the tracked division. The claimed benefits of issuing tracking stock include the use of internal capital markets, additional disclosure of the firm's operations, reduction of agency costs, the ability to directly compensate divisional management on performance, and greater analyst following and liquidity. But the last new issue of a tracking stock took place in 2001. And few, if any, tracking stocks still trade. This study examines how and why tracking stocks have largely stopped being issued, and why so many have been dissolved either through exchanges of shares, or sales or spin-offs of the business units with tracking stock.
Health is wealth.

Preventing the international spread of disease is not a matter of charity from rich countries to poor. It is a global, collective enterprise from which all countries benefit.
Carbohydrate-Monophosphoryl Lipid A Conjugates Are Fully Synthetic Self-Adjuvanting Cancer Vaccines Eliciting Robust Immune Responses in the Mouse

Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are useful targets in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. However, a serious problem with them is the poor immunogenicity. To overcome the problem, a monophosphorylated derivative of Neisseria meningitidis lipid A was explored as a potential carrier molecule and built-in adjuvant for the construction of structurally defined fully synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. Some paradigm-shifting discoveries about the monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA)-TACA conjugates were that they elicited robust IgG antibody responses, indicating T cell-mediated immunity, without an external adjuvant and that an external adjuvant, e.g., Titermax Gold, actually reduced rather than promoted the immunological activity of the conjugates. The induced antibodies were proved to bind selectively to target tumor cells. MPLA was therefore demonstrated to be a powerful built-in immunostimulant and adjuvant for an all new design of fully synthetic glycoconjugate cancer vaccines.
Vibrational structure in the emission spectra of Yb3+-doped apatite crystals

Abstract We have determined the ground state energy levels of Yb 3+ in crystals with the apatite structure from the low temperature emission spectra of Yb-doped crystals of calcium, strontium and barium fluorophosphates, calcium chlorophosphate and strontium fluorovanadate. Analyses of the data reveal that the previously reported laser transition arises from an electronic level of Yb interacting with the local vibrational modes of the Yb-O bond.
MiR-150 controls B cell differentiation by targeting the transcription factor c-Myb

MiR-150 is a microRNA (miRNA) specifically expressed in mature lymphocytes, but not their progenitors. A top predicted target of miR-150 is c-Myb, a transcription factor controlling multiple steps of lymphocyte development. Combining loss- and gain-of-function gene targeting approaches for miR-150 with conditional and partial ablation of c-Myb, we show that miR-150 indeed controls c-Myb expression in vivo in a dose-dependent manner over a narrow range of miRNA and c-Myb concentrations and that this dramatically affects lymphocyte development and response. Our results identify a key transcription factor as a critical target of a stage-specifically expressed miRNA in lymphocytes and suggest that this and perhaps other miRNAs have evolved to control the expression of just a few critical target proteins in particular cellular contexts.
VARIABILITY OF BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASES DURING FEEDING IN NEWBORNS IS RELATED TO VARIATIONS IN VOLUME OF NUTRIENT INTAKE AND NOT TO THE WORK OF FEEDING.† 846

In previous work we have shown there are substantial increases in blood pressure in newborn infants during feeding and that increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) are positively correlated with the volume of nutrient intake. In this current study we asked whether this correlation might be due to variability in the work of feeding and not necessarily volume of intake. Two groups of bottle feeding infants (39-40 weeks gestational age, 12-36 hours postnatal age) were fed using nipples that differed in the sucking effort required to obtain nutrient. For FAST nipples (n=15), the passive flow rate of water was 70±2ml/5min (mean±SE), whereas SLOW nipples (n=18) had flow rates of 43±2ml/5min. SBP was recorded (Dinamap) during regularly scheduled feedings. Three measurements were made immediately prior to feeding, and another three during the first three minutes of feeding. The difference in SBP between these two sets of measurements was the primary dependent variable. After the first three minutes of feeding, the volume of nutrient intake was recorded. Based on these data, the 33 infants were divided (above and below the median of 19ml) into two groups representing HIGH (n=16) and LOW (n=17) volume feeders. There was no significant effect of nipple type on volume of intake (FAST= 19.9±2.3 ml/3min vs SLOW= 17.1±2.9ml/3min). During feeding, the average increase in SBP for all 33 infants was 7.5±1.1mmHg(p<.001). A two-way ANOVA (nipple type × volume group) indicated there was a significant effect of volume group on the change in SBP(F(1,29)=4.52, p<.05) with HIGH volume feeders having larger increases in SBP than LOW volume feeders (HIGH=9.9±1.5 mmHg vs LOW=5.5±1.4mmHg). In contrast, there was no significant effect of nipple type nor an interaction between nipple type and volume group. These results support the conclusion that individual differences in the magnitude of SBP responses to feeding in infants is due more to spontaneous variation in volume of intake than to variability in feeding effort.
Detection and quantification of proteins using self-excited PZT-glass millimeter-sized cantilever

Abstract A composite self-excited PZT-glass cantilever (4 mm in length and 2 mm wide) was fabricated and used to measure the binding and unbinding of model proteins. A key feature of the cantilever is that its resonant frequency is dependent on its mass. The fabricated cantilever has mass change sensitivity in liquid of 7.2 × 10−11 g/Hz. Resonant frequency change was measured as protein reacted or bound with the sensing glass cantilever surface. Protein concentrations, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/mL, which resulted in nanogram mass change were successfully detected. The mass change sensitivity gave a total mass change of 54 ± 0.45 ng for the binding of anti-rabbit IgG (biotin conjugated) to rabbit IgG immobilized cantilever and the subsequent binding of captavidin. The unbinding of anti-rabbit IgG and captavidin gave a total mass change of 54 ± 1.70 ng. Fluorescence based assays showed the combined mass of both proteins in the released samples was 54 ± 2.24 ng. The binding kinetics of the model proteins is modeled as first order. The initial binding rate constant of anti-rabbit IgG to rabbit IgG was 1.36 ± 0.02 (min (mg/mL))−1. The initial binding rate constant of captavidin to biotinylated anti-rabbit IgG was (2.57 × 10−1) ± 0.003 (min (mg/mL))−1. The significance of the results we report here is that millimeter-sized PZT-actuated glass cantilevers have the sensitivity to measure in real-time protein–protein binding, and the binding rate constant.
Irving Gill: A Neglected Design Visionary

Summary It is hard to know with certainty who influenced whom in the period of architectural ferment around 1910. There is no doubt that American architects received and perused progressive journals and portfolios from Europe. However, it is unlikely that Gill was significantly influenced by Adolf Loos. There is not even a chance that they met, and it is clear that the two architects built their first experimental works at the same time. What may have been the more formative influence that threads through the ideas of both Loos and Gill is the core of the Sullivan concepts that each man was able to develop and expand so similarly in design expression but so differently in their writings. The strength and determination shown by Irving Gill in his own interpretation of pure form is surely a unique phenomenon. While around him the leading architects in California were indulging in Churrigueresque ornament, he held fast to his principles. This was a remarkable achievement when one considers his isolation from the pioneers of design in Chicago and Europe. On the evidence of his buildings and writings it is clear that he was a pioneer in his own right. Indeed, his writings may be regarded as a missing manifesto.
Mammalian vitreous humor contains networks of hyaluronan molecules: electron microscopic analysis using the hyaluronan-binding region (G1) of aggrecan and link protein.

Abstract Vitreous humor from human, bovine, and chicken eyes was analyzed by rotary shadowing to characterize further the supramolecular organization of the gel-like matrix which forms this tissue. Extensive filamentous networks, distinct from collagen fibrils, were found in both human and bovine vitreous but not in chicken vitreous. The networks consisted of branching structures of various diameters, due to variable numbers of hyaluronan molecules being laterally associated with each other and apparently giving rise to a three-dimensional lattice. These networks could be decorated in a specific and regular manner by the hyaluronan-binding region called G1 purified from bovine nasal septum cartilage. The extent of decoration of hyaluronan was dependent on the relative concentration of G1. In the presence of an excess of G1 the networks were destabilized giving rise to individual unbranched hyaluronan chains of varying length that were saturated with G1. One or more globular proteins, as yet uncharacterized, were seen interacting with the hyaluronan networks, often at branch points. These proteins may serve to stabilize the three-dimensional structure of the matrix although highly ordered networks were also observed without globular proteins. Link protein, which also binds to hyaluronan, bound to the networks in a fashion clearly distinct from G1. Neither G1 nor link protein bound directly to human or bovine vitreous collagen fibrils. However, link protein did bind extensively to the glycos-aminoglycan coat of chicken vitreous collagen fibrils described previously (D. W. Wright, and R. Mayne J. Ultrastruct. Mol. Struct. Res. 100, 224–234, 1988), while G1 did not. Digestion of the chicken vitreous collagen fibrils with Streptomyces hyaluronidase did not result in the removal of the glycosaminoglycan coat of the collagen fibrils nor did it affect the binding of G1 or link protein to the fibrils, indicating that hyaluronan is not a component of this structure. These studies demonstrate that proteins with specific binding properties can be used as probes to investigate the structure of the native vitreous humor gel from several species and suggest that this method potentially can be used for structural studies of other connective tissue matrices.
DETECTION OF INDIVIDUAL HYPOXIC CELLS IN MULTICELLULAR SPHEROIDS BY FLOW CYTOMETRY USING THE 2-NITROIMIDAZOLE, EF5, AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

Abstract Purpose : The purpose of this work was to evaluate EF5, a 2-nitroimidazole compound, and anti-EF5 antibodies as a method to quantify radiobologically hypoxic cells. Methods and Materials : Multicellular spheroids of EMT6 mammary sarcoma cells were used as a model to identify hypoxic cells that were resistant to radiation damage. This was accomplished by incubating the spheroids with the 2-nitroimidazole (EF5), which forms hypoxia-dependent adducts with cellular macromolecules that are detercted by fluorescent monoclonal antibodies. Results : Cells from spheroids grown for 2 days in sealed flasks had an increased surviving fraction following radiation as compared to fully reoxygenated spheroids, indicating the presence of radiobiological hypoxia. Treatment of the spheroids with EF5 and subsequent immunohistochemical staining of cryosections with an anti-EF5 fluorochrome conjugated monoclonal antibody allowed for the idenficiation of EF5-adduct containing cells. Spheroids grown under hypoxic conditions in the presence of EF5 showed limited staining of the peripheral cell layers, intense staining of the interior, and an absence of staining within the necrotic center. In contrast, there was minimal staining in reoxygenated spheroids and no staining in control spheroids incubated in the absence of EF5. Flow cytometric analysis of single cells dissociated from spheroids allowed for the calculation of the percentage of stained cells. sa well as the intensity of staining. A comparison of the intensity of staining of EF5 treated hypoxic spheroids with the intensity of staining of single cells incubated with EF5 under controlled concentrations was used to estimate the oxygen concentration range within spheroids. Selective dissociation of spheroids provided a direct demonstration that the cells containing the highest level of EF5 binding were also the cells with increased radiation resistance. Conclusion : This technique provides an excellent means of detecting and quantifying hypoxia, which should be directly applicable in tumors.
Zero-obscuration three-mirror astronomical telescope

A ground-based three-mirror zero-obscuration astronomical telescope is conceived, designed, and analyzed initially for use as a spectrographic camera covering near UV to near IR (320 - 900 nm) wavelength region in a fiber-fed instrument operating at McDonald Observatory of the University of Texas at Austin. The design is a modified configuration of UV-imager developed for auroral imaging by the POLAR spacecraft of the International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) Program. This paper presents the design and performance issues in the context of the additional system constraints and mechanical limitations imposed. Tolerance analysis in light of cost-effective fabrication and assembly is also presented.
Effects of Diet, Aerobic Exercise, or Both on Non-HDL-C in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Purpose. To use the meta-analytic approach to examine the effects of diet (D), aerobic exercise (E), or both (DE) on non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in adults. Methods. Randomized controlled trials in adults &#x2265;18 years of age were included. A mixed-effect model was used to combine effect size (ES) results within each subgroup and to compare subgroups (). Heterogeneity was examined using the and statistics, and 95&#x25; confidence intervals (CI) were also calculated. Statistical significance was set at , while a trend for statistical significance was set between , and &#x2264;0.10. Results. A statistically significant exercise minus control group decrease in non-HDL-C was found for DE (7 ESs, 389 participants, &#x2009;mg/dL, 95&#x25; to &#x2212;0.6, , , , &#x25;), a trend for the D group (7 ESs, 402 participants, &#x2009;mg/dL, 95&#x25; to 1.6, , , , &#x25;), and no change for the E group (7 ESs, 387 participants, &#x2009;mg/dL, 95&#x25; to 13.1, , , , &#x25;). Overall, no statistically significant between-group differences were found (, ). Conclusions. Diet combined with aerobic exercise may reduce non-HDL-C among adults in some settings.
Diaphragm structure and function in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris).

Relative to many other mammals, little is known about the functional morphology of the four extant species of the order Sirenia. In this study, 166 Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) carcasses fresh enough to collect detailed anatomical information were examined to describe the gross anatomy of the diaphragm. Our results show that the Florida manatee's diaphragm differs from those of other mammals in that it: lies in a dorsal plane, rather than in the more typical transverse plane; is located dorsal to the heart and does not attach to the sternum; and attaches medially at the "I"-shaped central tendon to bony projections extending ventrally from the vertebral bodies, forming two distinct hemidiaphragms. The manatee's transverse septum is a separate structure that lies at a right angle to the diaphragm and separates the heart from the liver and other viscera. The extreme muscularity of the diaphragm and the ability of manatees to adjust their position in the water column with minimal external movement suggest that diaphragmatic contractions may change the volume of each pleural cavity to affect buoyancy, roll, and pitch. We also hypothesize that such contractions, in concert with contractions of powerful abdominal muscles, may compress gas in the massive large intestine, and thereby also contribute to buoyancy control.
Relationship Science in the 21st Century

Relationship science, as a young developing science, needs to develop a detailed empirical base. Various trends outside of the field are likely to influence the field. We are probably going to see more biological concepts and explanation, as well as more research on relationships for people in retirement and in service-oriented employment. Relationship research will continue to employ quantitative and qualitative methods. Among the quantitative methods to be increasingly used are network analysis, event history analysis and multilevel models.
A miniaturized, ultra-wideband, circularly polarized spiral antenna

A low-profile and compact, ground-plane backed spiral antenna with an ultra-wideband circularly-polarized response is presented. This antenna system is a multilayer structure composed of a center-fed modified Archimedean spiral antenna that includes a novel loading structure, a ring shaped absorber, a feeding network, and a 180° power splitter. The loading structure possesses both inductive and capacitive characteristics, which increase the equivalent electrical length of the antenna while maintaining its maximum dimensions. Using this structure, a compact spiral antenna with a diameter of 0.20λ min is obtained (λ min is the wavelength at the lowest frequency of operation of the antenna). This antenna is integrated into the multilayer structure along with a feeding network. An optimized ring shape absorber is used to reduce the ground effects on the performance of the antenna. The peak gain of the antenna with the feeding network is 3.94 dBic. The 3-dB axial ratio (CP) bandwidth is 155%. The VSWR min × 0.20λ min × 0.08λ min . The design and simulation results of the antenna are presented and discussed in this paper.
Detection of group A Streptococcus in tonsils from pediatric patients reveals high rate of asymptomatic streptococcal carriage.

Background Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes acute tonsillopharyngitis in children, and approximately 20% of this population are chronic carriers of GAS. Antibacterial therapy has previously been shown to be insufficient at clearing GAS carriage. Bacterial biofilms are a surface-attached bacterial community that is encased in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. Biofilms have been shown to provide a protective niche against the immune response and antibiotic treatments, and are often associated with recurrent or chronic bacterial infections. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that GAS is present within tonsil tissue at the time of tonsillectomy.
Interclavicular air sac pressures and vocalization in mallard ducks Anas platyrhynchos.

Abstract 1. Interclavicular air sac pressures were measured in intact, unrestrained mallard ducks. All vocalizations were accompanied by increases in positive pressure in the interclavicular air sac. 2. Opening the sac to the atmosphere reduces the intensity of calling in adults and ducklings. Reducing interclavicular air sac pressures increases the harmonic complexity of the calls and the effect is most pronounced in adult females and ducklings. These results are discussed in terms of normal maturational events during call development in ducklings. 3. In adult males, the effect of reducing interclavicular air sac pressures is minimal. There were no significant changes in the harmonic structure of the call. These differences are related to differences in syringeal structure between adult males and females.
A Non-inactivating High-voltage-activated Two-Pore Na+ Channel that Supports Ultra-long Action Potentials and Membrane Bistability

Action potentials (APs) are fundamental cellular electrical signals. The genesis of short APs lasting milliseconds is well understood. Ultra-long APs (ulAPs) lasting seconds to minutes also occur in eukaryotic organisms, but their biological functions and mechanisms of generation are largely unknown. Here, we identify TPC3, a previously uncharacterized member of the two-pore channel protein family, as a new voltage-gated Na(+) channel (NaV) that generates ulAPs, and that establishes membrane potential bistability. Unlike the rapidly inactivating NaVs that generate short APs in neurons, TPC3 has a high activation threshold, activates slowly and does not inactivate-three properties that help generate long-lasting APs and guard the membrane against unintended perturbation. In amphibian oocytes, TPC3 forms a channel similar to channels induced by depolarization and sperm entry into eggs. TPC3 homologues are present in plants and animals, and they may be important for cellular processes and behaviours associated with prolonged membrane depolarization.
The Fanconi anemia pathway: Repairing the link between DNA damage and squamous cell carcinoma

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited recessive disease caused by mutations in one of fifteen genes known to encode FA pathway components. In response to DNA damage, nuclear FA proteins associate into high molecular weight complexes through a cascade of post-translational modifications and physical interactions, followed by the repair of damaged DNA. Hematopoietic cells are particularly sensitive to the loss of these interactions, and bone marrow failure occurs almost universally in FA patients. FA as a disease is further characterized by cancer susceptibility, which highlights the importance of the FA pathway in tumor suppression, and will be the focus of this review. Acute myeloid leukemia is the most common cancer type, often subsequent to bone marrow failure. However, FA patients are also at an extreme risk of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck and gynecological tract, with an even greater incidence in those individuals who have received a bone marrow transplant and recovered from hematopoietic disease. FA tumor suppression in hematopoietic versus epithelial compartments could be mechanistically similar or distinct. Definition of compartment specific FA activities is now critical to assess the effects of today's bone marrow failure treatments on tomorrow's solid tumor development. It is our hope that current therapies can then be optimized to decrease the risk of malignant transformation in both hematopoietic and epithelial cells. Here we review our current understanding of the mechanisms of action of the Fanconi anemia pathway as it contributes to stress responses, DNA repair and squamous cell carcinoma susceptibility.
Hypothermia-induced retrograde amnesia: Role of body temperature in memory retrieval

The relationship of body temperature to the onset, and the subsequent alleviation, of hypothermia-induced retrograde amnesia (RA) was investigated. In Experiment 1, the retention of a passive avoidance task and the body temperature at the time of testing were assessed at intervals of 4, 8, 12, and 16 h after training/amnesic treatment. While retention was evident for up to 12 h posthypothermia treatment, it was clear that body temperature did not index magnitude of RA. A second experiment examined the alleviation of hypothermia-induced RA as a function of body temperature and retention interval. Memory recovery was facilitated at both 1- and 7-day intervals when testing occurred at 29°-31°C but not at 33°–35°C. The possibility of different mechanisms underlying retention after hypothermia and retrieval after recooling was suggested. An alternative explanation in terms of contextual cues and cue utilization was also discussed.
Effect of alkyl chain length on sphingosine kinase 2 selectivity.

Abstract The conversion of sphingosine to sphingosine-1-phosphate is catalyzed by sphingosine kinase (SphK), which has been implicated in disease states such as cancer and fibrosis. Because SphK exists as two different isoforms, SphK1 and SphK2, understanding the physiological function of each isoenzyme is important. Of the two isoenzymes, SphK2 is significantly less understood, which is evident by the lack of selective small molecule inhibitors. Building on our initial work that focused on the structure–activity relationship study on an FTY720-derived cylohexylamine scaffold, we report that varying the alkyl chain length on the hydrophobic tail can impart selectivity toward SphK2 over SphK1.
Equilibrium traits of durable commodity money

Abstract A dynamic model of utility-maximizing agents explains why scarce, durable commodities are typically monetary. The model provides quantitative criteria for distinguishing between monetary and non-monetary durables, and is also used to analyze symmetallic equilibria. The model is then extended to analyze commodity-backed paper money. It is demonstrated that the backing generates trust in the paper money in the dynamic-consistency sense. The model predicts regular devaluations as an equilibrium phenomenon, but finds such behavior to be efficient. Finally, the results are integrated to make a technical point about dynamic models of pure fiat money.
The Separation of Fat in Evaporated Milk

Summary A study of the distribution of fat in cans of evaporated milk during storage showed that high pressures of homogenization, two-stage homogenization, and high viscosity were effective in retarding separation.
Evaluation of cutaneous angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

Background Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) accounts for 18% of peripheral T-cell lymphomas worldwide. Skin involvement occurs in up to 50% of patients but poses a diagnostic dilemma because of the limited number of reported cases and subsequent lack of established diagnostic criteria. Objective The purpose of this review is to examine common clinical, histologic, and molecular findings in cases of AITL with the hope of improving the diagnostic accuracy of this challenging condition. Methods We present a case of AITL and conducted a review of the literature. Results The common clinical and histologic features in cases of AITL are nonspecific. However, newer immunohistochemical stains and gene rearrangement studies appear very promising at improving diagnostic capabilities. Limitations There was a paucity of reported cases of AITL in the literature, and this review is retrospective. Conclusion AITL presents with nonspecific clinical and histologic findings, but immunohistochemical stains and gene rearrangements can help establish the diagnosis.
Does late-life physical activity or exercise prevent or minimize disablement?: A critical review of the scientific evidence

Physical activity and exercise are widely purported to enhance health and minimize or prevent functional loss and disability. Yet, do the benefits of late-life physical activity or exercise extend beyond disease and impairment-level factors? Does late-life physical activity minimize or prevent functional limitations and disability? To address these questions, a best-evidence framework was used to examine the effects of late-life physical activity on disablement outcomes. This review shows that exercise-particularly walking-increases muscle strength and aerobic capacity and reduces functional limitations. It is less clear, however, whether physical activity or exercise prevents or minimizes physical disability. Furthermore, this review shows a discrepancy between prospective and experimental studies: several well-conducted prospective studies show a beneficial effect of physical activity on minimizing disability, whereas the majority of experimental studies that have examined disability as an outcome do not show improvements in disability. Three research priorities are identified that would advance the science in this field: (1). development of a clear conceptual and theoretical framework of late-life physical activity and assessment; (2). use of a disablement outcomes framework to examine the outcomes of late-life physical activity; and (3). development of a mechanism of action explaining the relationship between physical activity and exercise and disablement outcomes.
Brahms Rhapsodizing: The Alto Rhapsody and Its Expressive Double

This article presents two new hypotheses about Brahms9s Alto Rhapsody, op. 53 (1869), a work Brahms referred to as his “bridal song.” Consulting a range of nineteenth-century sources, I explore the implications of rhapsody as a genre for this composition and argue that they include the classical convention of rhapsody as a poetic cento, or Stoppelgedicht. Centos, poems made up of quotations from earlier works, were often written for important events such as weddings; examples include the Cento nuptialis, which was discussed, among others, by August Wilhelm Ambros in his Geschichte der Musik (1864). Brahms9s musical sources include Wagner9s Tristan und Isolde and several works based on Goethe9s Faust, including, especially, Liszt9s Faust–Symphonie. My second hypothesis is that Brahms likely composed his Schicksalslied, op. 54, as a companion piece to the Alto Rhapsody. The two pieces respond to each other through several shared musical and textual correspondences. They deal in paired ways with the division between mortal suffering and otherworldly grace, and they embrace conventions and characters from antiquity. Invoking a concept proposed by Lawrence Kramer, I interpret these works as “expressive doubles” of each other. My investigation suggests that Brahms probably began work on the Rhapsody at least a year earlier than previously thought.
Ion-exchanged glass waveguides: a review

Passive glass waveguides made by ion-exchange technique are potential candidates for integrated optics (IO) applications. The authors review the advantages in the technology as applied to fabrication of useful single-mode structures. Progress in process, fabrication, modeling, and waveguide performance using different monovalent cation systems and glass compositions is described with emphasis on fiber-compatible single-mode structures prepared from molten baths. It is shown how a systematic study allows a correlation between the process parameters and the waveguide characteristics so desirable in assuring reproducible characteristics of the devices. >
Effect of mercury on NADH and the protective role of oxalacetate.

Because of the many biochemical roles of heavy metals experiments were done to examine the nature of the interaction between NADH and mercuric chloride. The comparative effects of HgCl/sub 2/ and methylmercury chloride on beef heart lactate dehydrogenase were studied spectrophotometrically following the oxidation of NADH by pyruvate. When 0.003 x 10/sup -6/ M MM was present in the 3 ml reaction mixture LDH activity was not inhibited. When the mixture contained 0.03 or 0.3 x 10/sup -6/ M MM, the enzyme activity was inhibited 11.7 and 41.7 percent compared to the control. When 0.0003 x 10/sup -6/ HGCl/sub 2/ was added to the reaction mixture in place of MM there was no inhibition of LDH activity. The enzyme was completely inhibited by 0.15 x 10/sup -6/ M HgCl/sub 2/. The addition of 0.2 x 10/sup -6/ M HgCl/sub 2/ to Na-phosphate buffer containing 0.2 x 10/sup -6/ M NAD had no effect on the normal NAD spectra. When the NADH-HgCl/sub 2/ reaction mixture was incubated 2 min prior to the addition of LDH enzyme, it was noted that the absorbance at 340 nm decreased rapidly due to interaction between NADH and HgCl/sub 2/. Various levels of other intermediate metabolitesmore » such as L-malate, succinate, tartarate and oxaloacetate or pyruvate were added to the NADH-HgCl/sub 2/ complex in the reaction mixture. Only OAA restored, in part, the absorbance at 340 nm. The data revealed that HgCl/sub 2/ inhibited LDH more than did MM, probably due to the monofunctional nature of MM, which forms one ligand (R-Hg-L), whereas HgCl/sub 2/ is bifunctional and can react with two ligands (L-Hg-L). The results indicate that OAA protects NADH by reaction with Hg/sup 2 +/. (MU)« less
Unitary representations and modular actions

We call a measure-preserving action of a countable discrete group on a standard probability space tempered if the associated Koopman representation restricted to the orthogonal complement to the constant functions is weakly contained in the regular representation. Extending a result of Hjorth, we show that every tempered action is antimodular, i.e., in a precise sense “orthogonal” to any Borel action of a countable group by automorphisms on a countable rooted tree. We also study tempered actions of countable groups by automorphisms on compact metrizable groups, where it turns out that this notion has several ergodic theoretic reformulations and fits naturally in a hierarchy of strong ergodicity properties strictly between ergodicity and strong mixing.
Phorbol ester receptors: autoradiographic identification in the developing rat

Autoradiography with 3H-labeled phorbol dibutyrate was used for the light microscopic detection of phorbol ester receptors in rat fetuses. In 15- and 18-day fetuses, as well as in adult rats, receptors were found to be concentrated in the central nervous system. The localization of receptors in the ventral marginal zone of the fetal neural tube, the lens of the eye, and other sites suggests a role for phorbol ester receptors in cellular process extension and cell-cell interaction.
Evaluation of Corrosive Degradation in Coated Steel Using Alternating Current Impedance Spectroscopy

Abstract Alternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy was applied to measure the degradation of steel coatings previously exposed to corrosive solutions such as tap water and 3% sodium chloride ...