cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Botryllophilus millari, new species (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ascidicolidae), living in the compound ascidian Eudistoma caeruleum (Sluiter) from Madagascar

Abstract Botryllophilus millari is described on the basis of females living in the compound ascidian Eudistoma caeruleum (Sluiter, 1898) collected in Madagascar. The new copepod provides the diagnostic morphological characters for subgroup 2 of female morphotype A (urosome 5-segmented) of the genus, but armature formula (setae and spines) for right and left legs 1–4 is assigned to the new formula pattern III; seven congeners of subgroup 2 have formula pattern II. The new species is also characterized by the following morphological features including the unique features for legs 1–5: 1) body fusiform, segmentation of metasome indistinct; 2) first to fourth pairs of legs placed obliquely from left side toward right side; 3) right leg 1 exopod modified trapezoidal (medial margin elongated), with 6 long spines on oblique distal margin; and 4) leg 5 short stout, directed anterolaterally. The new copepod is the fourth and last species of Botryllophilus described from the Humes collection in Madagascar (1967).
Current management of chronic hepatitis B

Summary Chronic hepatitis B can be diagnosed in patients with increased aminotransferases, hepatitis B virus viraemia and necroinflammation with fibrosis on liver biopsy. Although, ideally, all patients with chronic hepatitis B should be treated, therapeutic intervention is currently recommended for cases with a relatively satisfactory likelihood of response and/or advanced disease. A realistic therapeutic approach aims to sustain hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) loss and hepatitis B e antibody (anti-HBe) seroconversion in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B and to sustain biochemical and virological remission in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. Currently, three drugs are licensed for chronic hepatitis B: interferon-alpha, lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil. In patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B, all of these drugs achieve HBeAg loss (24–33%) and anti-HBe seroconversion (12–30%) rates significantly superior to those observed in untreated placebo controls. In patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B, the sustained off-therapy response rate is 20–25% after a ≥ 12-month course of interferon-alpha and minimal (< 10%), if any, after a 12-month course of lamivudine or adefovir. Long-term lamivudine induces an initial response in 70–90% of patients, but only 30–40% of patients remain in remission after the third year due to progressively increasing viral resistance. Long-term adefovir achieves a response in approximately 70% of patients at 12 months, which is maintained at 24 months with rare (< 2%) drug resistance. Adefovir is also effective against lamivudine-resistant strains. Many other anti-viral agents, immunomodulatory approaches and combination therapies are currently being evaluated in chronic hepatitis B.
Photoinhibited superresolution lithography: overcoming chemical blur

Photoinhibited superressolution (PInSR) lithography is a two--color, one-photon scheme that promises high throughput far-field patterning t deep subwwabvelength scales. Previous work ha shown that the technique susceptible to blurring from active species diffusion, an issue which we have recently overcome with the use of a low-diffiusivity methrylate resist. Here we present out first clear demonstration of superresolution, showing feature spacing 3X better than the 0.2 NA diffraction limit.
Intestinal metabolism and absorption of carbaryl studied with a portal fistula

Abstract These data were obtained by use of a total and continuous portal vein fistula which virtually eliminated vascular redistribution of compounds absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to nondigestive tissues (i.e., liver). The method allows direct measurement of the compounds absorbed, which is especially important in metabolism studies of ingested toxic compounds. These studies demonstrated that in vivo metabolism did occur within the intestine during the process of absorption of the pesticide carbaryl (naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) and naphthol, the hydrolysis product of the pesticide. Portal absorption of naphthol from a liquid diet (46 ± 4% of dose/120 min) was slower than from Ringer medium (75 ± 1%/120 min); portal absorption accounted for 82 ± 8 and 83 ± 4%, respectively, of the 14C absorbed from the intestine. The proportion of hydrophilic 14C-metabolites (water soluble) in portal blood varied from 6 to 89% and was a function of the substrate, dose vehicle (liquid diet vs Ringer), and time of portal fluid collection. Metabolism in the small intestine before absorption was confirmed for both substrates. The principal lipophilic constituent in portal fluid was the unmetabolized substrate for both carbaryl and naphthol; the principal ampholyte metabolite was naphthyl glucuronide. Although these in vivo data are qualitatively similar to evidence from previous in vitro studies, this in vivo evidence demonstrated that the extent of metabolism (and possibly detoxication) was considerably less than would be predicted from in vitro studies and indicates that the hazard of ingestion of carbaryl and other lipophilic toxic agents may be greater than realized.
Labelling of diazepam-sensitive and -insensitive benzodiazepine receptors with [3H]tert-butyl-8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazol[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine 3-carboxylate (ZG-63)

A diazepam-insensitive subtype of benzodiazepine receptor has been identified in the cerebella of several species, including man. t-Butyl-8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine 3-carboxylate (ZG-63) was recently described as a selective, high affinity ligand at diazepam-insensitive benzodiazepine receptors. This compound was tritiated, and its properties as a radioligand evaluated in rat brain membranes. Consistent with the high affinity and selectivity described for the non-radioactive form of this compound, saturation analyses of [3H]ZG-63 binding to cerebellar diazepam-insensitive and other, diazepam-sensitive benzodiazepine receptors revealed Kd values of 2.6 ± 0.2 nM and 10.6 ± 1.4 nM, respectively. The density (Bmax) of cerebellar diazepam-insensitive receptors labelled with [3H]ZG-63 was not significantly different from values obtained with the prototypical diazepam-insensitive receptor ligand [3H]Ro 15-4513, representing ∼30% of total cerebellar benzodiazepine receptors. [3H]ZG-63 also labelled cortical diazepam-sensitive benzodiazepine receptors, with Bmax values that were not significantly different from those obtained with [3H]flunitrazepam. Diazepam-insensitive benzodiazepine receptors in rat cerebral cortex could be detected with [3H]ZG-63, but the densities of these sites are a very minor component ($= 5%) of total benzodiazepine receptors. In the presence of GABA, [3H]ZG-63 behaved as a ‘γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) -positive’, ‘GABA-negative’, and ‘GABA-neutral’ ligand at cortical diazepam-sensitive receptors, cerebellar diazepam-sensitive receptors, and cerebellar diazepam-insensitive benzodiazepine receptors, respectively. This profile differs from the prototype diazepam-insensitive receptor ligand, [3H]Ro 15-4513. Competition studies demonstrated a very high correlation (r2 = 0.98; P < 0.002) between the potencies of a series of benzodiazepine receptor ligands to inhibit [3H]ZG-63 and [3H]Ro 15-4513 binding to cerebellar diazepam-insensitive receptors. The high affinity and selectivity of [3H]ZG-63 for diazepam-insensitive receptors (diazepam-insensitive/diazepam-sensitive ratio of ∼ 0.25) together with a GABA-shift profile which differs from Ro 15-4513 suggests that this compound may be useful in elucidating the function(s) of this benzodiazepine receptor subtype.
Spectroscopic observations of UV-laser-induced flashover across an angled insulator

Temporally resolved visible-light spectra of the emission from the plasma formed by the ultraviolet-laser-induced flashover of an angled polymeric insulator have been measured. Because the insulator and each of the electrodes are of different materials, the source of the constituents of the plasma can be identified. The temporal evolution of the flashover event can be inferred by correlating the spectroscopic evidence with postshot damage patterns found on the electrodes and with previous open-shutter photographs of the discharge. These data are consistent with previously proposed surface flashover mechanisms. >
Marketing Occupational Therapy

Marketing is emerging as an important aspect ofthe delivery ofhealth care services, including occupa­ tional therapy_ An understanding of marketing and a knowledge ofhow to apply its princzples will per­ mit therapists to keep pace with the changing health care environment. This article introduces terminology, strategies, and applications of marketing.
The Potential of Virtual Reality and Gaming to Assist Successful Aging with Disability

Using the advances in computing power, software and hardware technologies, virtual reality (VR), and gaming applications have the potential to address clinical challenges for a range of disabilities. VR-based games can potentially provide the ability to assess and augment cognitive and motor rehabilitation under a range of stimulus conditions that are not easily controllable and quantifiable in the real world. This article discusses an approach for maximizing function and participation for those aging with and into a disability by combining task-specific training with advances in VR and gaming technologies to enable positive behavioral modifications for independence in the home and community. There is potential for the use of VR and game applications for rehabilitating, maintaining, and enhancing those processes that are affected by aging with and into disability, particularly the need to attain a balance in the interplay between sensorimotor function and cognitive demands and to reap the benefits of task-specific training and regular physical activity and exercise.
pH-Sensitive hydrogels as gastrointestinal tract absorption enhancers: transport mechanisms of salmon calcitonin and other model molecules using the Caco-2 cell model.

The main interest of this work was the investigation of the transport mechanisms of salmon calcitonin through the epithelial cell monolayer in the presence and absence of pH-sensititive hydrogel nanospheres composed of poly(methacrylic acid-graftedpoly(ethylene glycol)) (PMAA-g-EG). For this purpose, a gastrointestinal cell culture model, the Caco-2 cell line, was employed. The transport of other macromolecules such as fluorescein sodium, fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran, and 14 C-mannitol were also investigated and compared. Transport experiments were conducted in the apical-tobasolateral direction at 37 and 5 °C and from the basolateral-to-apical direction at 37 °C. Results revealed that the presence of P(MAA-g-EG) nanospheres increased the transport of paracellularly transported molecules such as 14 C-mannitol and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran when compared to controls. Fluorescein sodium salt solutions were investigated as an actively transported molecule. The transport of fluorescein was affected by the concentration of PEG chains in the structure. Salmon calcitonin transport was enhanced in the presence of the nanospheres. The comparison of the transport behavior of dextran and calcitonin revealed that the main transport mechanism for salmon calcitonin through epithelial cell monolayers is predominantly paracellular.
The measurement of tissue heterodensity to guide charged particle radiotherapy

Abstract In treatment planning for charged particle radiotherapy it is necessary to obtain a three-dimensional map of the effective density and, to a lesser extent, the effective atomic number of tissues which may be traversed. The density resolution necessary to predict charged particle dose distributions is of the order of 10% in a (2 mm) 3 pixel—with systematic errors held at the 1% level. (For tumor and normal tissue identification, of course, better density resolution is needed.) The spatial resolution depends on: (a) the clinical situation; (b) multiple scattering processes which differ significantly for different charged particles; (c) the nature and extent of motion; and (d) the need for tumor and normal tissue localization. A spatial resolution of 1–2 mm appears well suited to proton therapy. A factor of 2.5 poorer resolution would be acceptable for determining π-meson dose distributions. For heavy ions, better resolution would be necessary unless steps are taken to introduce angular smearing into treatment beams. Conventional CAT scanners are ideally suited to this problem and will be essential for centers involved in charged partide radiotherapy.
Shape- and size-dependent patterns in self-oscillating polymer gels

Polymeric hydrogels that exhibit autonomous, coupled chemical and mechanical oscillations are a unique example of synthetic, active soft matter. Here, we explore the effects of gel aspect ratio and absolute dimensions on pattern formation in hydrogels undergoing the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. We synthesize and analyze N-isopropylacrylamide gels containing covalently bound BZ catalyst and polyacrylamide-silica gel composites containing physically associated BZ catalyst. Through both experiments and computational simulations, we demonstrate that the oscillating chemical patterns within BZ gels can be altered by changing the shape and size of the gel, and that these patterns evolve over long timescales. In our simulations, we utilize an improved Oregonator model, which explicitly accounts for the total concentration of the catalyst grafted onto the polymer network. We find that the three-dimensional simulations of the BZ gels successfully reproduce patterns, oscillation periodicity, and catalyst concentration-dependence observed in experiments. Together, these findings validate our theoretical and computational approaches for modeling chemomechanical coupling in active, chemo-responsive gels, and enable future studies that exploit the shape- and size-confinement effects of self-oscillating reactions.
A NOVEL ENHANCER, THE PRO-B ENHANCER, REGULATES ID1 GENE EXPRESSION IN PROGENITOR B CELLS

The helix-loop-helix (HLH) Id proteins have been reported to function as inhibitors of various differentiation programs. The HLH motif mediates dimer formation between Id and the basic HLH transcription factors. Since Id proteins lack the basic region responsible for DNA binding, the heterodimers cannot bind to DNA. Id proteins have also been found to be involved in early B-cell differentiation. They are expressed at high levels in progenitor B cells (pro-B cells), and the expression is diminished in pre-B cells and mature B cells. This expression pattern correlates inversely with basic HLH protein activity and immunoglobulin enhancer function in B-cell development. Regulation of Id expression may play an important role in transcriptional control of immunoglobulin genes and therefore in B-cell differentiation. We have characterized the regulatory elements of the Id1 gene. Using stable transfectants, transient transfection, and mobility shift assays, we have identified an 8-bp element designated PBE (pro-B enhancer) downstream of the Id1 gene that is responsible for a pro-B-cell-specific enhancer activity. A pro-B-cell-specific protein complex was found to bind to the 8-bp PBE element. Substitution mutagenesis at this binding site showed that it is indeed of functional importance in regulating the pro-B-cell-specific expression of the Id1 gene.
The Roots of the Early Vocabulary in Infants' Learning From Speech

Psychologists have known for over 20 years that infants begin learning their language's speech sound categories during the first 12 months of life. This fact has dominated researchers' thinking about how language acquisition begins, although the relevance of this learning to the child's progress in language acquisition has never been clear. Recently, views of the role of infancy in language acquisition have begun to change, with a new focus on the development of the vocabulary. Infants' learning of speech sound categories, and infants' abilities to extract regularities in the speech stream, allow learning of the auditory forms of many words. These word forms then become the foundation of the early vocabulary, support children's learning of the language's phonological system, and contribute to the discovery of grammar.
Teaching Analysis of Structures Using a Small‐Scale Structural Behavior Laboratory

In this paper development of the equipment and experiments for teaching behavior of structures to undergraduate Civil Engineering students is presented. A description of the laboratory and equipment used is presented, followed by a description of the experiments that are presently conducted. All experiments are done using small-scale models that can prefabricated and assembled easily by the students. The role this laboratory can play in enhancing undergraduate and graduate curricula is also discussed.
Enabling Technology for Safe Human Space Missions

Safety is of utmost importance to space missions. One of the prime concerns in human exploration and development of space is protecting astronauts, habitat and electronics against the hazards of deep space radiation. Enabling technologies for radiation protection and cost reduction are vital for deep space exploration. At the NASA Langley Research Center, we have developed an enabling technology for optimized shield design over multisegmented missions involving multiple work and living areas in the transport and duty phase of space missions. The total shield mass over all pieces of equipment and habitats is optimized subject to career dose and dose rate constraints. Reliability methods have been used to account for two most commonly identified uncertainties in radiation shield design due to lack of full information about the shielding properties of materials used and the understanding of the biological response of the astronaut to the radiation leaking through the materials into the living space. The Lunar/gateway and Mars missions are discussed. This study will provide a vital tool for deep space missions and in evaluating Gateway designs in their usage context, and a guide to the effectiveness of multifunctional materials in preparation to more detailed geometry studies in progress.
The Effects of First Year Medical Students' Gender and Career Interest on Educational Gains from Longitudinal Cases

There is little research to date regarding the effectiveness of longitudinal case-based assignments in the education of first year medical students. Such assignments were recently added to the curriculum of the Anatomy and Pathology courses at Mayo Medical School in order to increase students’ understanding of the clinical relevance of information they learned in didactics. This study was designed to assess whether certain subpopulations of students achieved greater benefit from the use of these assignments. Longitudinal cases that focused on clinical aspects of disease (patient presentation, assessment, differential diagnosis, treatment options, and psychosocial issues) were assigned weekly during Anatomy and Pathology. Following these courses, students were surveyed regarding perceived benefit of the assignments in helping them to understand the didactic information they were learning from a clinical perspective. Survey responses and student assignment grades were analyzed based on groupings by career interest and gender. Survey response differences were striking when grouped by general career interests. Students undecided about their future career interests perceived significantly less benefit from the longitudinal assignments than their peers who were interested in a particular field of medicine in terms of gathering clinical information, developing diagnoses and treatment plans, integrating didactic information with clinical knowledge, and overall value of the assignments. Students with no specific career interest also had significantly lower assignment grades than those who had a specific field of interest. Survey responses did not differ significantly across gender. Comparison of students’ grades when grouped by gender demonstrated a trend toward significance, with females outperforming males on these assignments. In summary, students with no specified career preference perceived markedly less benefit and performed poorer on longitudinal case-based assignments than students with a specified career interest, while gender differences displayed no significant associations.
Mycobacterioses Other Than Tuberculosis and Leprosy

Nomenclature for mycobacterial diseases other than tuberculosis and leprosy has not been entirely satisfactory and has varied considerably. The etiological organisms have been called anonymous, atypical, nontuberculous, opportunistic, and unclassified; the diseases they cause have been given names such as mycobacteriosis, pseudotuberculosis, and tuberculosis caused by a specified organism. To borrow a phrase from the review by Wolinsky,(44) “None of the proposed names is without criticism, but the most appropriate and least offensive, in my opinion, is nontuberculous mycobacteriosis.”
Solution structure of the DNA binding domain from Dead ringer, a sequence-specific AT-rich interaction domain (ARID).

The Dead ringer protein from Drosophila melanogaster is a transcriptional regulatory protein required for early embryonic development. It is the founding member of a large family of DNA binding proteins that interact with DNA through a highly conserved domain called the AT‐rich interaction domain (ARID). The solution structure of the Dead ringer ARID (residues Gly262–Gly398) was determined using NMR spectroscopy. The ARID forms a unique globular structure consisting of eight α‐helices and a short two‐stranded anti‐parallel β‐sheet. Amino acid sequence homology indicates that ARID DNA binding proteins are partitioned into three structural classes: (i) minimal ARID proteins that consist of a core domain formed by six α‐helices; (ii) ARID proteins that supplement the core domain with an N‐terminal α‐helix; and (iii) extended‐ARID proteins, which contain the core domain and additional α‐helices at their N‐ and C‐termini. Studies of the Dead ringer–DNA complex suggest that the major groove of DNA is recognized by a helix–turn–helix (HTH) motif and the adjacent minor grooves are contacted by a β‐hairpin and C‐terminal α‐helix. Primary homology suggests that all ARID‐containing proteins contact DNA through the HTH and hairpin structures, but only extended‐ARID proteins supplement this binding surface with a terminal helix.
STUDIES ON A-AVITAMINOSIS IN CHICKENS : I. LESIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT AND THEIR RELATION TO SOME INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

When fowls are placed on a diet lacking in vitamin A lesions appear in the upper alimentary tract which are confined largely to the mucous glands and their ducts. Histologically it is shown that the original epithelium becomes replaced by a stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium and that secondary infections are relatively common. The ducts of the glands may be blocked leading to distention with secretions and necrotic materials. These lesions macroscopically resemble very closely certain stages of fowl-pox and the two conditions can be separated only by histological examination. It is pointed out that these lesions produced by a lack of vitamin A may enable bacteria and other viruses to enter the body.
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND EVALUATION OF TWO TRAP TYPES FOR MONITORING GRAPE ROOT BORER VITACEA POLISTIFORMIS (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE) IN FLORIDA VINEYARDS

Abstract Sixteen vineyards from 4 grape-growing regions across Florida were evaluated for seasonal distribution and presence of grape root borer (GRB), Vitacea polistiformis Harris (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), during 2003 and 2004. Vineyards consisted of both muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) and bunch grapes (Euvitis spp.). Grape root borer males were caught in all vineyards with Universal Moth Traps baited with female GRB pheromones, with higher captures in the northern and southern counties. Grape root borers began emerging in late Jun and early Jul in the Panhandle and southern regions. Emergence occurred in late Jul in the north-central region and in mid-Aug in the central region. Weekly trap catches indicated that peak GRB flights occurred during mid-to late Aug for the Panhandle region. In the north-central, central, and southern regions, peak flights occurred in the second and third week of Sep, coinciding with the period of grape harvest for muscadine grapes. The emergence period ceased with the ...
The Connection between Trends of Mean Temperature and Circulation at the Surface: Part III. Spring and Autumn

Abstract The sign of the weighted temperature change over two periods (1950–64, 1942–72) for 15°–80°N was determined by the change in the polar region in spring and autumn, as it was in winter but not in summer. Each of the four seasons shows a different distribution of zonally averaged temperature changes.
Operant Contingencies: Responses and Their Consequences

(2006). Operant Contingencies: Responses and Their Consequences. European Journal of Behavior Analysis: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 99-102.
Texas' community health workforce: from state health promotion policy to community-level practice.

BACKGROUND Imagine yourself in Texas as a newly arrived immigrant who does not speak English. What would you do if your child became ill? How would you find a doctor? When you find one, will the doctor speak your native language or understand your culture? In a state of approximately 22 million people, many Texas residents, marginalized by poverty and cultural traditions, find themselves in this situation. To help them, some communities across Texas offer the services of promotores, or community health workers, who provide health education and assist with navigating the health care system. CONTEXT In 1999, Texas became the first state in the nation to recognize these workers and their contributions to keeping Texans healthy. This paper examines a state health promotion policy that culminated in a training and certification program for promotores and the impact of this program on the lay health education workforce in Texas. METHODS In 1999, the Texas legislature established the 15-member Promotor(a) Program Development Committee to study issues involved in developing a statewide training and certification program. During its 2-year term, the committee met all six of its objectives toward establishing and maintaining a promotor(a) certification program. CONSEQUENCES By the end of December 2005, it is estimated that there will be more than 700 certified promotores in Texas. State certification brings community health workers into the public health mainstream as never before. INTERPRETATION Promotores, a community health safety net and a natural extension of the health and human services agencies, improve health at the neighborhood level. Certification brings renewed commitment to serving others and a distinction to those who have been the unsung heroes of public health for decades.
Finite Element Study of the Cutting Mechanics of the Three Dimensional Rock Turning Process

The unceasing improvements of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters have pushed the limits of tool life and cutting efficiency in the oil and gas drilling industry. However, the still limited understanding of the cutting mechanics involved in rock cutting/drilling processes leads to unsatisfactory performance in the drilling of hard/abrasive rock formations. The Finite Element Method (FEM) holds the promise to advance the in-depth understanding of the interactions between rock and cutters. This paper presents a finite element (FE) model of three-dimensional face turning of rock representing one of the most frequent testing methods in the PDC cutter industry. The pressure-dependent Drucker-Prager plastic model with a plastic damage law was utilized to describe the elastic-plastic failure behavior of rock. A newly developed face turning testbed was introduced and utilized to provide experimental results for the calibration and validation of the formulated FE model. Force responses were compared between simulations and experiments. The relationship between process parameters and force responses and the mechanics of the process were discussed and a close correlation between numerical and experimental results was shown.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Regional vascular resistance vs. conductance: which index for baroreflex responses?

When large changes in baseline blood flow occur in regional vascular beds (i.e., in skeletal muscle between rest and dynamic exercise or in skin between normothermia and hyperthermia) opposite conclusions are often drawn regarding the magnitude of a given vasomotor response (such as baroreflex vasoconstriction during hypotension) using regional resistance versus conductance. This report analyzes the relationship between changes in regional resistance or conductance and the contribution of the responses in the maintenance of blood pressure. The main supposition is that the appropriate index of baroreflex responses should reflect the importance of the response in the maintenance of blood pressure. Through differential analysis of the relationship between changes in resistance and conductance on arterial pressure, it can be seen that in terms of resistance, the effect of a given change in resistance on arterial pressure is greatly dependent on the baseline level of resistance. For conductance, while a modest baseline effect exists when cardiac output changes markedly, at a constant cardiac output, the same change in regional conductance always causes the same change in arterial pressure regardless of the initial value of conductance. Conclusions drawn are that while neither resistance nor conductance is a perfect index of vasomotor responses, changes in conductance far better reflect the importance of the response in pressure regulation than do changes in regional resistance.
Murine thymomas induced by fractionated-X-irradiation have specific T-cell receptor rearrangements and characteristics associated with day-15 to -16 fetal thymocytes.

Abstract We report here that specific T-cell receptor rearrangements were observed in fractionated-X-irradiation-induced murine leukemias. Consistent gamma-chain rearrangements, limited beta-chain rearrangements, and no detectable alpha-chain rearrangements were observed. Gene expression studies revealed that, in comparison with normal thymus tissue, expression of alpha T-cell receptor genes was lower in the thymomas, beta expression was much higher but approximately equal to that of normal thymocytes, and gamma expression was significantly increased. After coupling these data with those from analyses using reagents against other surface markers, such as Lyt-2, L3T4, H-2, IL-2R and MEL-14, we concluded that the target T cells for fractionated-X-irradiation-induced transformation resemble fetal thymocytes from days 15 and 16 of gestation.
Is the End-of-Range Loops Kinetics Affected by Surface Proximity or Ion Beam Recoils Distribution?

We studied formation and annihilation of dislocation loops formed beyond the amorphous/crystalline interface after indium and boron dual implantation and subsequent annealing in the 800–1 100°C temperature range. The residual damage for low (40 keV) and high (200 keV) energy In implants were compared. The depth of the amorphous region in the sample implanted with the higher energy ions was reduced by using anodic oxidation and etching, to equate it with that of the sample implanted by lower energy ions. This enabled the study of the effect of surface proximity on residual disorder upon annealing. The damage was strongly dependent on the energy of In ions. No end-of-range damage was observed for the low energy implant. High energy implantation resulted in end-of-range dislocation loops, stable below 1050°C. The loops kinetics was neither affected by their proximity to the surface, nor by In precipitation. Monte-Carlo full cascade simulation has been used to estimate the depth distribution of interstitials and vacancies produced by In implant.
Protective action of certain compounds against dietary hepatic damage in the rat.

SummaryBoth thioglycollic and glycollie acids afford a degree of protection against hepatic cell necrosis clue to dietary deficiency in rats. These compounds are not lipotropic. The above studies indicate that in certain dietary deficiencies in rats leading to hepatic fatty infiltration and parenchymal necrosis, the factors responsible for both these changes are not necessarily identical.
Behavior of methane flame in the channel type meso-combustors

Due to the abundant nature of hydrocarbon fuels, combustion of methane is very promising in the field of micro-combustion. In the current research, the channel type mesocombustors made of copper have been chosen to investigate the flame dynamics and the stability of a methane flame in different operating and geometric conditions. The combustors that have been investigated are as follows: a 20-mm 3-inlet, a 40-mm 3-inlet, and a 40-mm 5-inlet. Hydrogen-assisted methane flames and methane flames with pure oxygen are presented in the current research. It has been found that the methane flame cannot sustain with air as an oxidizer in the meso-combustor for a non-premixed mixture. The combustion of hydrogenassisted methane combustion can be achieved for a very narrow range of mass flow rates and a very narrow range of overall equivalence ratios. For a hydrogen-assisted flame the stability of the 20-mm combustor is the lowest among all the combustors. The premixed methane-airhydrogen with air as the oxidizer was found to be more stable than the other combustors. The 40-mm 3-inlet combustor was found to have improved stability compared to the 20-mm 3-inlet combustor. The ratio of hydrogen to methane is the key factor that controls the stability in this case of hydrogen-assisted methane combustion. The higher the ratio is, the higher the stability is for a given mass flow rate. The flame stability increases significantly when instead of air, O2 is used as the oxidizer and the flame is highly stable for both 40-mm 5-inlet and 40 mm 3-inlet combustors for a wide range of equivalence ratios. The flames have been found to survive for both extreme lean and rich mixtures for a given mass flow rate for CH4-O2 combustion.
When Contractual Rights are Better than Constitutional Rights: Addressing Puerto Rico's Debt Crisis Through Constitutional Amendment

Constitutional rights are commonly considered the most fundamental, most protective of rights. Yet, in the context of public debt, there is a critical difference between constitutional provisions and contractual promises: who wields the power to amend. It generally takes mutual consent for parties to amend a contract, but the Constitution of Puerto Rico can be amended by the people of Puerto Rico by referendum, without creditors’ consent. Creditors understand that local law is subject to change. Creditors who do not want to assume that risk negotiate for explicit contractual protections and insist that another jurisdiction’s law govern the debt. For instance, Puerto Rico’s latest bonds, issued in 2014, are protected by explicit priority and remedy provisions in the language of the contract and are governed by New York law (hereinafter “NY law bonds”). The NY law bonds account for only about $3.5 billion of Puerto Rico’s $17 billion in general obligation (“GO”) debt. Accordingly, if Puerto Rico amended its Constitution it could reprioritize public spending over the significant majority of its general obligation bonds, those governed by Puerto Rican law (“PR bonds”). Puerto Rico can wield this power to encourage PR bond creditors to restructure. Right now, Puerto Rico’s pleas to restructure are more likely to fall on deaf ears since creditors can sue for payment from tax revenues. Reasonable investors may understand that a healthy, sustainable Puerto Rico will enhance their likelihood of sustainable payments in the future, but possible holdouts create real fears that those who restructure will bear the brunt of the crisis without fellow creditors carrying their fair share. Indeed, a creditor lawsuit could jeopardize a sustainable recovery even if reasonable creditors agree to haircuts. A constitutional amendment could check the extraordinary priority of creditors to pave the way for a productive refinancing.This paper will briefly examine the danger that holdouts pose to the refinancing process. It will then explain how the vulnerabilities of the PR law bonds’ enforcement mechanisms can be used to encourage restructuring. Finally, it will answer possible critiques of the plan and address potential legal challenges.
Abstract A81: Immune-cancer interactions in tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes: Novel prognostic indicators for breast cancer

It is becoming clear that immune cells play many important but sometimes conflicting roles in cancer., and iImmune profile changes at sites of immune–cancer interactions, such as the tumor microenvironment and tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs), may represent a sensitive predictor of local and distant tumor metastasis. However, standard pathologic analysis of tumor sections has remained at the visual assessment of one marker per serial section level; it would be extremely useful to be able to visualize the distributions of multiple phenotyped immune and other cells in-situ in solid tumors to dissect the complex interplay between immune/stromal cells and cancer cells within tumors, tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs), and blood. We generate immune profiles that include complete immunophenotyping and identification of cellular spatial relationships within and between the tumor microenvironment and TDLNs from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lymph node and tumor specimens from cancer patients using a combination of multiplexed IHC/IF, multispectral imaging, and automated image analysis which delivers quantitative per-cell measures of each marker. These per-cell intensities are then translated into a phenotype for each cell. We have found that immune cell populations as well as their spatial distributions and clustering patterns have strong correlation with clinical outcome. Citation Format: James Mansfield, Peter Lee. Immune-cancer interactions in tumors and tumor-draining lymph nodes: Novel prognostic indicators for breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy: A New Chapter; December 1-4, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2015;3(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A81.
Elevated levels of nonfasting triglycerides were associated with increased risk for death, MI, and ischemic heart disease

Source Citation Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA. 2007;298...
Reduced Resting Metabolic Rate in Adults with Hemiparetic Chronic Stroke.

Objective: Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the component of energy expenditure that explains the largest proportion of total daily energy requirements. Since RMR is determined largely by fat-free mass and a low RMR predicts weight gain in healthy adults, identifying the role of muscle atrophy following stroke on RMR may help identify ways to mitigate the development of obesity post-stroke. Methods: Thirty-nine stroke survivors with chronic hemiparesis (mean ± SEM: age: 61 ± 1 years, latency from stroke 107 ± 40 months, BMI 31 ± 3 kg/m2) underwent DXA scans for measurement of body composition, including total, paretic, and non-paretic leg lean mass and fasted, 30-min indirect calorimetry for measurement of RMR. Result: Predicted RMR was calculated by the Mifflin-St Jeor equation, which considers weight, height, and age for both men and women. RMR was 14% lower than predicted (1438 ± 45 vs. 1669 ± 38 kcals/24 hrs; P<0.01). Total (r=0.73, P<0.01), paretic (r=0.72, P<0.01) and non-paretic (r=0.67, P<0.01) leg lean mass predicted RMR. Conclusion: These data indicate that muscle atrophy post stroke may lead to a reduced RMR. This substantiates the need to attenuate the loss of lean mass after a stroke to prevent declines in RMR and possible weight gain common post-stroke.
Screening of a macroion by multivalent ions: a new boundary condition for the Poisson–Boltzmann equation and charge inversion

Abstract Screening of a macroion by multivalent counterions is considered. It is shown that ions form strongly correlated liquid at the macroion surface. Cohesive energy of this liquid leads to strong additional attraction of counterions to the surface. Away from the surface this attraction is taken into account by a new boundary condition for the Poisson–Boltzmann equation. This equation is solved with the new boundary condition for a charged flat surface and a long cylinder. For a cylinder Onsager–Manning theory looses its universality so that apparent charge of the cylinder is smaller than their theory predicts and depends on its bare charge. It can also vanish or change sign.
Resistance to PI3K Pathway Inhibition

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is frequently activated in human cancer and aberrant activation promotes transformation. Major efforts are currently being aimed at pharmacologically targeting the pathway for cancer therapy. Early results have yielded more limited success than has been seen for other selective inhibitors of mutant oncoprotein drivers. In this chapter, we review the biological reasons that may account for such intrinsic and acquired resistance to PI3K-targeted therapy. Mechanisms of resistance commonly seen in models include: (1) relief of negative feedback regulatory programs resulting in induction of upstream pathway signaling, which counteracts drug action and attenuates efficacy and (2) coincident activation of alternate growth signaling pathways. The understanding of how tumors with oncogenic PI3K pathway activation circumvent pharmacologic inhibition suggests that combination therapy will be necessary in many contexts in order to see durable responses. Indeed, more recent clinical efforts testing PI3K-directed therapy have been designed under the assumption that up front combination therapy will be necessary for efficacy. These clinical trials are increasingly employing state-of-the-art correlative analyses including next generation sequencing to determine predictors of sensitivity. Clinical data paired with these correlative analyses will be indispensible in determining the optimal agents, combinations, and genotypes to treat.
Recent Progress on the Global Well-Posedness of the KPI Equation

In this chapter I survey the well-posedness theory for the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KPI) equation, culminating with the recent proof (joint with A. Ionescu and D. Tataru) of the global well-posedness of the KPI equation in two space dimensions, with data in the natural energy space.
Integrating Support for Collaboration in a Computer Science Intelligent Tutoring System

Calls for widespread Computer Science CS education have been issued from the White House down and have been met with increased enrollment in CS undergraduate programs. Yet, these programs often suffer from high attrition rates. One successful approach to addressing the problem of low retention has been a focus on group work and collaboration. This paper details the design of a collaborative ITS CIT for foundational CS concepts including basic data structures and algorithms. We investigate the benefit of collaboration to student learning while using the CIT. We compare learning gains of our prior work in a non-collaborative system versus two methods of supporting collaboration in the collaborative-ITS. In our study of 60 students, we found significant learning gains for students using both versions. We also discovered notable differences related to student perception of tutor helpfulness which we will investigate in subsequent work.
Apodemus agrarius (Striped field mouse)

These karyotypes are the gifts of Dr. B. Kral, Brno, Czechoslovakia and come from bone marrow preparations of animals treated with Colcemid in vivo. The animals were collected in 1967 near Jesenik, Northern Moravia, CSR. This Northern group differs in the number of metacentrics from Southern animals. Measurements are provided by Kral
Effectiveness of Somatosensory-Based Interventions for Children With Autism: A Systematic Review

Date Presented 4/8/2016A systematic review showed that massage protocols produce outcomes of improved sleep, behavior regulation, and sensory responsiveness for children with autism spectrum disorder. Other somatosensory-based interventions such as brushing protocol or weighted vests do not yet have
Leaderless Byzantine Paxos

This two-page note describes a simple idea that I had in 2005. I have found the Castro-Liskov algorithm and other “Byzantine Paxos” algorithms unsatisfactory because they use a leader and, for progress, they require detecting and removing a malicious leader. My idea was to eliminate the leader by using a synchronous Byzantine agreement algorithm to implement a virtual leader. The note is too short to discuss the practical details, but they seem to be straightforward.
Metal-Organic Framework Derived CoNi@CNTs Embedded Carbon Nanocages for Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Abstract The commercialization of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been severely hindered by high cost and scarcity of Pt as counter electrode (CE). Up to date, the design of low-cost Pt-free CE materials with an ideal combination of high electrical conductivity, excellent catalytic activity and satisfactory long-term electrochemical stability still poses challenges to researchers. In this work, we have developed novel CoNi alloy@carbon nanotubes embedded carbon nanocages (CoNi@CNTs-C) as the CE of DSSCs for the first time, by applying Co/Ni bimetallic metal organic framework (MOF) as the template. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSCs can be maximized by simply optimizing the ratio of Ni 2+/ Co 2+ precursor ratio during the synthesis. As a result, the DSSC based on CoNi@CNTs-C-200 CE with a Co/Ni atomic ratio of 9:1 exhibits a remarkable PCE of 9.04%, showing a ∼15% enhancement compared to that of Pt CE (7.88%). Notably, the CoNi@CNTs-C-200 CE also demonstrates excellent long-term electrochemical stability over 300 cyclic voltammetry cycles, which is much superior to that of conventional Pt CE. Thus, the CoNi@CNTs-C demonstrates a great potential as a low-cost, stable and efficient CE material for next-generation DSSCs.
Quality Control in Procedural Studies

Quality control in trials regarding procedures is critically important and poses unique challenges to the trialist. There are inherent variances in performance of procedures among institutions and individuals that must be controlled, accounted for, and reported. Clinical trials are often proposed for new procedures where practitioners may have limited experience. Issues such as randomization and blinding pose unique problems. This chapter will address many of the unique study design and quality control issues associated with procedural trials.