cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strengthening mechanisms in whisker-reinforced aluminium composites

Silicon carbide whisker reinforced aluminium alloys were mechanically tested in the as-cast and heat treated conditions; the microstructures were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were strongly dependent upon the nature of the matrix alloying elements, the heat treatment conditions and the processing routes. Al-Cu and Al 6061 reinforced alloys were very responsive to heat treatment while Al-Mg and Al-Si reinforced alloys were not. The microstructures and mechanical properties were analysed in an attempt to determine the operative strengthening mechanisms and deformation processes. Three distinct types of matrix microstructure were observed, distinguished by the presence or absence of subgrains and/or precipitates. Using these observations, the composite properties could be quite well modelled using dislocation theories, indicating that the matrix microstructure dominates the mechanical properties.
Reaction of trichloromethyl and trichloromethylperoxyl radicals with C60. A pulse radiolysis study

Abstract Both trichloromethyl ( CCl 3 ) and trichloromethylperoxyl (CCl 3 OO ) radicals react with C 60 . The bimolecular rate constants are (2.7 ± 0.5) × 10 8 mol −1 dm 3 s −1 and 2 × 10 6 mol −1 dm 3 s −1 , respectively. The transient absorption spectra of the radical adducts are presented.
Projections from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract to prechoroidal neurons in the superior salivatory nucleus: Pathways controlling rodent choroidal blood flow

Using intrachoroidal injection of the transneuronal retrograde tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV) in rats, we previously localized preganglionic neurons in the superior salivatory nucleus (SSN) that regulate choroidal blood flow (ChBF) via projections to the pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG). In the present study, we used higher-order transneuronal retrograde labeling following intrachoroidal PRV injection to identify central neuronal cell groups involved in parasympathetic regulation of ChBF via input to the SSN. These prominently included the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), both of which are responsive to systemic BP and are involved in systemic sympathetic vasoconstriction. Conventional pathway tracing methods were then used to determine if the PVN and/or NTS project directly to the choroidal subdivision of the SSN. Following retrograde tracer injection into SSN (biotinylated dextran amine 3K or Fluorogold), labeled perikarya were found in PVN and NTS. Injection of the anterograde tracer, biotinylated dextran amine 10K (BDA10K), into PVN or NTS resulted in densely packed BDA10K+terminals in prechoroidal SSN (as defined by its enrichment in nitric oxide synthase-containing perikarya). Double-label studies showed these inputs ended directly on prechoroidal nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons of SSN. Our study thus establishes that PVN and NTS project directly to the part of SSN involved in parasympathetic vasodilatory control of the choroid via the PPG. These results suggest that control of ChBF may be linked to systemic blood pressure and central control of the systemic vasculature.
Age of Tissue in Agar-Slant Cultures and Multiplication of Virus of Herpes Simplex

Summary1. Agar slant tissue cultures as old as 17 days will permit the survival of the inoculated herpes simplex virus for at least 96 hr. 2. There appears to be a rough inverse relation between the age of the inoculated tissue culture and its virus content 96 hr later. 3. The virus may be propagated indefinitely on fresh agar slant tissue cultures; such is not the case if cultures 4 days or older are employed as the media for transfer.
Generalized multi-resolution analyses and a construction procedure for all wavelet sets in ℝ n

An abstract formulation of generalized multiresolution analyses is presented, and those GMRAs that come from multiwavelets are characterized. As an application of this abstract formulation, a constructive procedure is developed, which produces all wavelet sets in ℝn relative to an integral expansive matrix.
Long correlations and Normalized Truncated Levy Models applied to the study of Indian Market Indices in comparison with other emerging markets

Abstract This work is devoted to the study of long correlations and other statistical properties of the Indian Market Indices in comparison to other emerging market indices. We verified that the behavior of the return is compatible with a Normalized Truncated Levy Flight. We also detected long-range correlations in the absolute value of the return. Finally, we concluded that the statistical behavior of emerging markets is similar to the behavior of developed economies.
Work Setting and Burnout Among Professional Psychologists.

How does work setting relate to burnout among professional psychologists? Five hundred and seventy-one doctoral psychologists responded to a survey about professional activities, work environment, and burnout. Solo and group independent practitioners reported a greater sense of personal accomplishment than agency respondents. However, women experienced higher levels of emotional exhaustion in agency settings than in either solo or group independent practice, whereas men experienced higher exhaustion in group independent practice. Overall, greater emotional exhaustion was associated with less control over work activities, working more hours, spending more time on administrative tasks and paperwork, seeing more managed care clients and fewer direct pay clients, and having to deal with more negative client behaviors.
AMPA and metabotropic excitoxicity explain subplate neuron vulnerability.

Abstract Cerebral hypoxia–ischemia results in unique patterns of injury during development owing to selective vulnerability of specific cell populations including subplate neurons. To evaluate the contribution of glutamate excitotoxicity, we studied enriched cultures of subplate neurons in comparison with cortical neurons, deriving expression profiles for glutamate receptor subunits by microarray and immunoblot. The excitotoxic potency of specific glutamate receptors was tested with selective agonists and antagonists. After 1 week in culture, subplate neurons are more sensitive to oxygen–glucose deprivation than cortical neurons, confirming in vivo observations. Subplate and cortical neurons are equally sensitive to glutamate and insensitive to NMDA. Subplate neurons are more sensitive than cortical neurons to AMPA and express twofold less GluR2. Subplate neurons express significantly more mGluR3, a receptor proposed to be protective. Despite this increased expression, group II mGluR agonists increase subplate neuron death and antagonists lessen glutamate excitotoxicity, suggesting a novel mechanism for subplate vulnerability.
making kin: kinship theory and Zumbagua adoptions

The biological definition of family at the root of functionalist kinship theory has been rightly criticized by contemporary feminist and symbolic anthropologists, but in retreating into an antinatural position such critiques simply recapitulate the limitations of an opposition between nature and culture in which the former is prior and essential, the latter secondary and historical. From the perspective of Zumbagua, where people become parents by feeding and caring for children over extended periods of time, both schools of thought are not only inadequate to explain fully the material bases of local practice but are representative of a specific Western-bourgeois ideology that indigenous people actively oppose.
Ground-based commissioning of FLITECAM

FLITECAM is a 1-5 micron spectrometer and camera developed at UCLA for NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). On SOFIA, FLITECAM will take advantage of lower backgrounds from 3-5 microns and will provide access to spectral regions completely or partially absorbed by water vapor at even the best ground-based sites. FLITECAM employs large cryogenic optics and an ALADDIN III 1024 × 1024 InSb detector to inscribe an 8 arcminute field of view with 0.48 arcsec/pixel spatial resolution. The optical components are cooled with liquid nitrogen and a liquid helium reservoir is used to establish an operational temperature of 30 K for the InSb array. FLITECAM has two primary observing modes, imaging and spectroscopy. A pupil-viewing mode, for examination of the primary mirror surface, and a high-speed snapshot mode for occultation observations are also provided. Ground-based commissioning of the instrument using the Shane 3-meter telescope at UCO/Lick Observatory has been completed successfully. In addition to broad-band filters, the imaging mode accommodates several narrow-band filters. A data reduction pipeline processes dithered image sets in real-time during the flight. The grism spectroscopy mode employs three direct-ruled KRS-5 grisms and fixed slits of either 1" × 60" or 2 × 60" to yield resolving powers (FWHM) of R~1700 and 900 respectively. Observations are scripted using AORs (Astronomical Observation Requests) in both modes. A pilot survey of 3.3 micron emission in planetary nebulae performed with FLITECAM at UCO/Lick Observatory demonstrates the potential of the grism mode.
Photochemical formation and dissociation of molybdenum–dinitrogen complexes in krypton matricesa)

Three molybdenum–dinitrogen complexes [MoN2,Mox(N2) and Mo(N2)3] have been synthesized in Kr matrices and characterized by means of the effects of isotopic substitution on the dinitrogen stretching frequencies. The Mo–N force constants calculated from these spectra are found to be 17.21±0.02 mdyn/A for MoN2 and fr=18.72 mdyn/A and frr=0.36 mdyn/A for Mo(N2)3. The Mo complexes appear to be unique in that rapid formation during co‐deposition with N2 occurs only upon photoexcitation of the Mo 7S–7P atomic resonance transition situated at 355 nm in Kr matrices. Although minor amounts of the dinitrogen complexes are formed during deposition in the absence of radiation, their concentration is not increased by thermal annealing. Each of the complexes gives rise to its own electronic absorption spectrum. Irradiation into the electronic absorption bands of individual complexes induced selective photodissociation. Photoinduced growth and decomposition studies allowed correlations to be made between the vibrational ...
Plasma flow and neutral gas effects in the bundle divertor chamber

Abstract The bundle divertor differs from the poloidal divertor in that it has a strong magnetic mirror in the entrance to the divertor chamber. This affects the flow of plasma from the scrape-off zone into the divertor chamber and the backflow of ions from the divertor chamber into the main chamber. The magnetic hill and subsequent well causes an electrostatic potential along the field lines; this traps cold ions in the divertor chamber. Ionization of neutral gas in the divertor chamber reduces the electrostatic well; maintaining a well then implies an upper limit on the neutral gas density. In this work, the effect of ionization on the potential profile is calculated and an estimate of the allowable neutral pressure is given.
EFFECT OF SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE ON THE MULTIPLICATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES, MUMPS VIRUS, AND PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)

Sodium fluoroacetate, given after virus inoculation in doses of 3 to 4 mg. per kg. in mice or 2 mg. in chick embryos, caused only a slight delay in the multiplication of the PR8 strain of influenza A virus in the mouse lung and of PR8 or the Lee strain of influenza B virus in the allantoic sac. The quantities of the compound used were sufficient to cause approximately 10 to 20 per cent mortality in mice and 100 per cent in chick embryos. The use of small virus inocula did not markedly increase the effect of sodium fluoroacetate on the multiplication of PR8 or Lee in the chick embryo and maximal titers were obtained in all cases. In contrast to the findings in the chick embryo, sodium fluoroacetate caused a definite delay in the multiplication of Lee virus in the mouse lung but did not affect the final virus titer. Sodium fluoroacetate in like amounts caused only a minimal delay in the multiplication of pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) in the mouse lung or of mumps virus in the chick embryo. With both PVM and mumps virus, maximal titers were obtained almost simultaneously in fluoroacetate and control animals. When three daily injections of the compound were given to mice infected previously with PVM, a definite diminution in the virus titer was demonstrable. However, pretreatment with three daily injections of the compound caused no alteration in the capacity of mice to support the multiplication of PVM. From the results of these experiments, it appears that the cellular metabolic processes blocked by sodium fluoroacetate are not essential for the multiplication of influenza viruses, mumps virus, or pneumonia virus of mice (PVM).
Creating Enforceable Civil Rights for Disabled Students in Higher Education: An institutional theory perspective

The Titles II and III of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, building on the Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, have been relatively effective in securing enforceable civil rights for disabled students in higher education in the United States. In contrast, the Disability Discrimination Act of 1995 and any related previous pieces of legislation have persistently excluded these students in the United Kingdom, making, by default, any discrimination against them legal. However, the Government has started the legislative rule making process to include higher education under the new legislation, based on the final report of the Select Committee on Education and Employment of House of Commons and the final report of the Disability Rights Task Force. The paper argues that close examination of these reports as well as the Government's most recent consultation paper, 'Rights for Disabled People in Education', reveals a path which is unlike the path that followed during the rulemaking process le...
Basis constants for the space of n × n matrices

Abstract We show that there is a universal constant C > 1 such that any projection from Mn, n ⩾ 3, onto a hyperplane has norm greater than or equal to C. Here Mn may be given either the trace-class or operator norm. Hence the basis constants for Mn, n ⩾ 3, are bounded from below by C > 1. On the other hand, M2 is shown to have a monotone basis.
Enzymatic Basis For The Active Transport Of Sodium In The Duct And Secretory Portion Of The Eccrine Sweat Gland

The coiled portion of the duct was separated from the secretory portion and Na+ K-ATPase was determined in each portion in Rhesus monkey palm sweat glands. An equal enzyme activity was demonstrated in both the duct and the secretory coil.
Embedding AI and Crowdsourcing in the Big Data Lake

Daniel E. O'Leary examines the notion of the Big Data Lake and contrasts it with decision support-based data warehouses. In addition, some of the risks of the emerging Lake concept that ultimately require data governance are analyzed. O'Leary investigates using different AI and crowdsourcing (human intelligence) applications in that lake in order to integrate disparate data sources, facilitate master data management and analyze data quality. Although data governance often is not seen as a technology issue, it is seen as a critical component of making the Big Data Lake "work".
Special Schools and Differentiated Curriculum: The Issues

The long history related to the purpose and development of special schools to accommodate the needs of gifted students has been fraught with celebration and concern, envy, and disappointment. The s...
Fictive Memoir and Girlhood Resistance in Margaret Atwood's Alias Grace

Margaret Atwood's novel Alias Grace takes the form of a fictive memoir, in which the protagonist, based on the historical Grace Marks, who was tried and convicted of murder at age sixteen, gives an account of her life to a doctor who could arrange her release from prison. Through the strategic interplay of silence and revelation, purposeful invocation of her girlishness, and re-evaluation of notions of guilt, innocence, and identity, Grace positions herself as an agent capable of radical social critique rather than as a victim or a passive object of rescue.
Mechanical properties of extruded high amylose starch for loose-fill packaging material

Extrudates of corn starch containing 700g/kg amylose, which may have potential as a loose-fill packaging material, were prepared using an APV Baker MPF50/25 twin-screw extruder. Their moisture sorption isotherm was established by equilibrating them over saturated salt solutions at 25°C. The salts used and their water activities (in parentheses) were: LiCl (0.11), CH 3 COOK (0.23), MgCl 2 (0.33), K 2 CO 3 (0.42), Mg(NO 3 ) staggered2 (0.53), NaNO 2 (0.63), and NaCl (0.75). Energy index (3–19.3 N·m/m 3 ), compressive strength (34–162 kPa), and spring index (58–79%) of the packaging materials were determined from their stress-strain curve using the Instron Universal Testing Machine with a data acquisition system. Both energy index and compressive strength increased with increasing water activity levels up to 0.53 and then decreased. The spring indices were not present at water activities 0.11 and 0.23, and behaved in a similar manner to compressive strength at higher water activities.
IgA-mediated clearance and tissue deposition of dinitrophenylated human serum albumin at various DNP:HSA ratios.

Dinitrophenylated human serum albumin (DNP-HSA) with various DNP:HSA ratios was prepared by direct conjugation with dinitrobenzene sulfate or with a caproic acid spacer group (DNP-cap-HSA) using DNP-ϵ-amino-caproic acid N-hydroxy-succinimide ester. The substitution ratio and chemical linkage (presence of a spacer group) were shown to affect the degree of murine anti-DNP antibody binding to antigen, and hence the tissue deposition and efficiency of hepatobiliary transport. DNP-HSA (4.5:1), which poorly binds to IgA anti-DNP antibody, is inefficiently transported into mouse bile. In contrast, 9:1 DNP-cap-HSA readily forms complexes and is more effectively cleared by the hepatobiliary route. The IgA-mediated increase in liver deposition of DNP-cap-HSA (9:1) was found to be associated with an increase in antigen uptake by hepatocytes. In contrast, large complexes formed between DNP-HSA (49:1) and IgA anti-DNP antibody are taken up by nonparenchymal cells of the liver and thus are inefficiently transported into bile. These results suggest that the IgA-mediated uptake by phagocytic cells or hepatocytes of haptenated protein strongly depends on the degree of haptenation.
Fast wavelet-based magnetic resonance imaging

A novel fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique is proposed. The technique is based on a proper design of the excitation profile. In particular, the excitation profile is chosen to be highly regular along its boundaries. It is shown that the free induction decay (FID) signals that result from such excitations decay much faster than those produced by traditional MRI approaches as long as the underlying magnetization and a number of its derivatives are continuous. The proposed technique exploits this fact together with an exact model of the slow decaying components of the FID signal (those produced by discontinuities in the magnetization or its derivatives) to produce fast high quality reconstructions of the underlying magnetization. Experimental results obtained with a 4 Tesla whole body scanner are included to demonstrate the viability of this approach.
Dynamic Structural Changes Are Observed upon Collagen and Metal Ion Binding to the Integrin α1 I Domain

We have applied hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, in conjunction with differential scanning calorimetry and protein stability analysis, to examine solution dynamics of the integrin α1 I domain induced by the binding of divalent cations, full-length type IV collagen, or a function-blocking monoclonal antibody. These studies revealed features of integrin activation and α1I-ligand complexes that were not detected by static crystallographic data. Mg2+ and Mn2+ stabilized α1I but differed in their effects on exchange rates in the αC helix. Ca2+ impacted α1I conformational dynamics without altering its gross thermal stability. Interaction with collagen affected the exchange rates in just one of three metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS) loops, suggesting that MIDAS loop 2 plays a primary role in mediating ligand binding. Collagen also induced changes consistent with increased unfolding in both the αC and allosteric C-terminal helices of α1I. The antibody AQC2, which binds to α1I in a ligand-mimetic manner, also reduced exchange in MIDAS loop 2 and increased exchange in αC, but it did not impact the C-terminal region. This is the first study to directly demonstrate the conformational changes induced upon binding of an integrin I domain to a full-length collagen ligand, and it demonstrates the utility of the deuterium exchange mass spectrometry method to study the solution dynamics of integrin/ligand and integrin/metal ion interactions. Based on the ligand and metal ion binding data, we propose a model for collagen-binding integrin activation that explains the differing abilities of Mg2+, Mn2+, and Ca2+ to activate I domain-containing integrins.
Natural history of claudication: long-term serial follow-up study of 1244 claudicants.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to delineate the natural history of claudication and determine risk factors for ischemic rest pain (IRP) and ischemic ulceration (IU) among patients with claudication. Methods: We prospectively collected data on 1244 men with claudication during a 15-year period, including demographics, clinical risk factors, and ankle-brachial index (ABI). We followed these patients serially with ABIs, self-reported walking distance (WalkDist), and monitoring for IRP and IU. We used Kaplan-Meier and proportional hazards modeling to find independent predictors of IRP and IU. Results: Mean follow-up was 45 months; statistically valid follow-up could be carried out for as long as 12 years. ABI declined an average of 0.014 per year. WalkDist declined at an average rate of 9.2 yards per year. The cumulative 10-year risks of development of IU and IRP were 23% and 30%, respectively. In multivariate analysis using several clinical risk factors, we found that only DM (relative risk [RR], 1.8) and ABI (RR, 2.2 for 0.1 decrease in ABI) predicted the development of IRP. Similarly, only DM (RR, 3.0) and ABI (RR, 1.9 for 0.1 decrease in ABI) were significant predictors of IU. Conclusion: This large serial study of claudication is, to our knowledge, the longest of its kind. We documented an average rate of ABI decline of 0.014 per year and a decline in WalkDist of 9.2 yards per year. Two clinical factors, ABI and DM, were found to be associated with the development of IRP and IU. Our findings may be useful in predicting the clinical course of claudication. (J Vasc Surg 2001;34:962-70.)
Possible formation mechanisms for surface defects observed in heteroepitaxially grown 3C-SiC

p-n diodes were fabricated from 3C-SiC films heteroepitaxially grown atop on-axis, Si-face (0001) 4H-SiC mesa substrate arrays [P. G. Neudeck et al., Mater. Sci. Forum 433-436, 213 (2003); 527-529, 1335 (2006)]. Images taken by electroluminescence-based optical emission microscopy (ELOEM) and electron channelling contrast imaging (ECCI) revealed immobile linear features aligned along (110) directions; defects were expected on these particular devices, as the 3C films were grown on stepped 4H mesas. To explain the formation of these defects, we have used a procedure by which surface energies are calculated for terraces on a stepped 4H, Si-face surface to investigate their comparative stability; subsequently, we use energetic calculations to confirm the formation - and determine the orientation - of 3C nuclei on the more stable 4H terraces and to evaluate the nature of the coalescence of nuclei from neighbouring terraces.
The transfer of research information within and by multicultural teams

Abstract This paper reports findings of a study that sought better understanding of communications and other interactions within research teams composed of individuals from a variety of cultures. The study, focusing on economically developing countries, addressed the questions: (1) What kinds of processes do multicultural team researchers use to develop, exchange, and disseminate data and information, and (2) which factors affect the quality and outcome of such processes? Key concepts are introduced and assumptions regarding information flows and technology transfer are examined. Research in technology transfer and the diffusion of innovation within multicultural settings is reviewed briefly, as are the settings of multicultural research and recent trends in the operation of multicultural teams. Research methods for the study were descriptive and exploratory, employing a survey and in-person interviews. Preliminary analysis of data identified five major themes, characterizing the external environment of the respondents' projects, which may form an organizational framework for future research: sociopolitical climate, cultural climate, development-related trends within countries, information climate, and behavior patterns and attitudes. The study addressed facilitators of research and dissemination, barriers and their effects, and team research approaches considered by participants to be most likely to succeed in the future.
Links Between Disc Brake Squeal and Pad In-Plane Motion

This paper is focused on links between disc brake squeal and in-plane vibration of pads. A special experimental setup is developed in order to determine correlation between squeal acoustical signals and longitudinal accelerations of both pads. A strong coherence between spectral properties of squeal and pad vibrations is found and quantified. In particular, the dominant frequency of the acoustical and mechanical responses appears to be same. Essentially unharmonic temporal mode shapes of the pad vibrations are detected. Such mode shapes reveal the information about multiple frequency friction forces applied to the disc and pads with a possibility of resonance with their coupled elastic modes. Experimental time history records also show a significant out-of-phase component in the pad motions, which is associated with a bending moment applied to the disc. Major experimental observations admit theoretical interpretation based on a two degrees of freedom model. Theoretical conclusions and experimental results are found to be in a good agreement.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
First Report of Verticillium Wilt on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in Washington Caused by Verticillium tricorpus.

Symptoms of Verticillium wilt were observed on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) harvested from high tunnel and open field experimental plots in annual, consecutive spring plantings in western Washington from 2010 to 2012. Leaves had v-shaped, chlorotic lesions, and yellow or brown vascular tissue was noted in the crowns. Total disease incidence increased from 0.2% in 2010 to 1.9% in 2011 and to 14.4% in 2012. Verticillium spp. obtained from infected crown tissues and cultured on half-strength potato dextrose agar medium produced yellow pigment, black microsclerotia, white mycelia, tan chlamydospores, and uniseptate conidia averaging 10.6 × 3.7 μm. Isolates were identified tentatively as Verticillium tricorpus I. (3). Three isolates, Vt.Ls.2010, Vt.Ls.2011-1, and Vt.Ls.2011-2, were evaluated for pathogenicity on 4-week-old ‘Coastal Star’ seedlings in two greenhouse trials. In Trial I, four replicates of two duplicate plants per each isolate, and in Trial II, five replicates of one plant per each isolate were in...
Los significados de “aprendizaje ubicuo”

In an era when people can carry the Internet in their pocket, teaching and learning must be reconsidered. The increased use of handheld and portable devices, along with pervasive wireless networking, means that structured learning opportunities are becoming an “any time, anywhere” enterprise. We talk about this shift in terms of ubiquity: the traditional divide between formal and informal contexts of learning is breaking down. Technological as well as social, cultural, and institutional changes mean that learning is a continuous possibility. The essay concludes with some brief observations about the implications of these changes for the professional training and development of teachers.
A study of some factors influencing the stability of pharmaceutical emulsions. I. The effect of two-stage high pressure homogenization.

Abstract The stability of oil-in-water emulsions prepared from four oils has been investigated. Emulsions were stabilized with nonionic emulsifiers and with acacia. The effect of homogenization pressure vas studied by passing all emulsions through a Manton- Gaulin homogenizer. Stability characteristics were evaluated by means of a size frequency method of analysis. Results indicate that specific interfacial area increases at a constant rate with increased homogenization pressure. Deterioration characteristics of the emulsions studied were found to be dependent primarily on the type of emulsifier used and, to a lesser extent, on the oil constituting the internal phase. Stability and homogeneity increased with homogenization pressure. Viscosity was not influenced.
Issuer Surplus and the Partial Adjustment of IPO Prices toPublic Information

This study develops and tests a theoretical rationale for the well-documented fact that IPO prices are revised only partially in response to waiting-period market returns. Rational issuers maximize the expected surplus from going public by weighing the probability of deal success against offer proceeds conditional on success. A rise in market valuations during the waiting period increases surplus, causing the issuer to seek a higher success probability. This is achieved by only partially revising the offer price. In addition to explaining other stylized facts; including unconditional underpricing and hot issues markets, several predictions of the model are born out in new empirical tests. For example, the predicted relation between withdrawal probability and waiting-period market returns leads to a sample truncation bias in empirical analyses of IPO pricing. When that bias is taken into account, the often-cited asymmetric response of offer prices to up versus down market returns disappears.
Young patients with focal seizures may have the primary motor area for the hand in the postcentral gyrus

Summary Objective We determined whether the primary motor hand area was most frequently located in the precentral gyrus in young patients with intractable focal seizures. Methods Sixty-five patients with focal seizures aged between 5 months and 20 years who underwent a two-stage epilepsy surgery using chronic subdural-EEG monitoring were studied. Pairs of subdural electrodes were electrically stimulated, and the brain region with contralateral hand movement induced by the lowest-intense stimulus was defined as the primary motor hand area. Results Contralateral hand movement was induced without afterdischarges in 50 children but not in the remaining 15 children. The unpaired t -test revealed that failure to induce contralateral hand motor movement was associated with younger age of subjects. Among the 50 patients with a positive motor response, the primary motor hand area was confined to the precentral gyrus in 9 patients, confined to the postcentral gyrus in 24, and located in both the pre- and post-central gyri in the remaining 17. The McNemar's test revealed that the observed frequency of 24 patients showing the primary motor hand area confined to the postcentral gyrus was larger than chance frequency. Logistic regression analysis failed to demonstrate that the observation of the primary motor hand area confined to the postcentral gyrus was associated with the age, the presence of dysplastic lesion or the seizure onset involving the frontal lobe. Conclusion Our study failed to support the traditionally-accepted notion that the primary motor hand area is most frequently located in the precentral gyrus but rather demonstrated that a substantial proportion of young patients had the primary motor hand area in the postcentral gyrus.
Aging and Fracture of Human Cortical Bone and Tooth Dentin

Mineralized tissues, such as bone and tooth dentin, serve as structural materials in the human body and, as such, have evolved to resist fracture. In assessing their quantitative fracture resistance or toughness, it is important to distinguish between intrinsic toughening mechanisms, which function ahead of the crack tip, such as plasticity in metals, and extrinsic mechanisms, which function primarily behind the tip, such as crack bridging in ceramics. Bone and dentin derive their resistance to fracture principally from extrinsic toughening mechanisms, which have their origins in the hierarchical microstructure of these mineralized tissues. Experimentally, quantification of these toughening mechanisms requires a crack-growth resistance approach, which can be achieved by measuring the crack-driving force (e.g., the stress intensity) as a function of crack extension (“R-curve approach”). Here this methodology is used to study the effect of aging on the fracture properties of human cortical bone and human dentin in order to discern the microstructural origins of toughness in these materials.
Outpatient treatment of acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy after 24 weeks.

Abstract Objective: To compare outpatient to inpatient management of acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy beyond 24 weeks’ gestation. Methods: Ninety-two gravidas past 24 weeks’ gestation, randomized to outpatient or inpatient therapy, received two 1-g doses of intramuscular ceftriaxone at 24-hour intervals while hospitalized, then were discharged and reevaluated within 48–72 hours or remained hospitalized until afebrile for 48 hours. Subjects received oral cephalexin after initial treatment. Urine cultures were done on admission and 5–14 days after therapy. Surveillance continued until delivery. We anticipated that 15% of outpatients and 0.01% of inpatients would require changes in antibiotic therapy. Results: Twenty-one percent of women evaluated were excluded. Thirteen of 46 (28%) outpatients’ hospitalization exceeded 24 hours. Six outpatients (13.0%) and one inpatient did not respond to initial therapy and were treatment failures (relative risk [RR] 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00, 3.31). Within 2 weeks of initial therapy, seven of 81 (8.6%) subjects had positive urine cultures, four outpatients versus three inpatients ( P > .999). Eleven of 84 (13.1%) deliveries for which birth data were available occurred preterm (six of 41 outpatients versus five of 43 inpatients) (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.61, 2.11). Conclusion: There were no significant differences in clinical responses or birth outcomes of inpatients or outpatients treated for acute pyelonephritis after 24 weeks’ gestation if they completed their assigned protocols. Thirty percent of outpatients were unable to, and most women with acute pyelonephritis in the third trimester were not candidates for outpatient therapy.
LITHIUM IN CAPELLA AND CONVECTIVE MIXING IN F AND G GIANTS

ON two spectrograms of α Aurigae taken on August 25 and 26, 1964 (U.T.), we have found that the lithium line at λ6707.8 is much stronger in the F8 star than in the G5 component. Henceforth we will refer to the two components as Capella F and Capella G. One of tho spectra is shown in Fig. 1, where lines of both components have been identified. A density tracing is shown in Fig. 2. In this communication we will first present evidence to show that our identification is correct and will derive rough abundances of lithium in the two stars. We will then discuss the implications of this difference with reference to stellar structure and evolution.
Experimental investigation of transition to laminar mixing of a homogeneous viscous liquid in a tilted-rotating tank

Abstract A tilted and partially filled rotating tank is investigated experimentally at O(1) Reynolds and small ( ⪡ 1 ) capillary numbers, to study the mixing of a viscous homogeneous fluid. Of particular interest is the transition from a previously studied low Reynolds number flow regime [Ward, T., Metchik, A., 2007. Viscous fluid mixing in a titled tank by periodic shear. Chemical Engineering Science 62, 6274–6284], that exhibited two large vortices, to the laminar flow regime which results in additional vortex generation. In the laminar Reynolds number limit O(1) the two primary vortices generated by the liquid rotation axis can interact with the bottom wall, generating two secondary counter-rotating vortices, via a cascade that is qualitatively similar to the well known Moffatt [1964. Viscous and resistive eddies near a sharp corner. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 18, 1–18] vortices in Stokes flow. While the secondary vortices aid in transporting material from the walls to the bulk, they also intensify in magnitude with increasing rotation rate leading to finite sized unmixed regions via the appearance of KAM-like surfaces [Alvarez-Hernandez, M.M., Shinbrot, T., Zalc, J., Muzzio, F.J., 2002. Practical chaotic mixing. Chemical Engineering Science 57, 3749–3753]. This suggests that there may be an optimal tilt angle, for a given speed, with which to achieve the maximum mixed cross sectional area within a minimum amount of elapsed time. Experiments are performed using a 90% glycerol, 10% water mixture at two volume portions with angles ranging between 25 ∘ and 65 ∘ measured from the horizontal. Laser fluorescence is used to illuminate the vortices via experimental Poincare mapping [Fountain, G.O., Khakhar, D.V., Ottino, J.M., 1998. Visualization of three dimensional chaos. Science 281, 683–686], and the resulting images are analyzed to determine the mixed cross sectional area versus elapsed time.
The cost benefits of providing community-based correctional services: An evaluation of a statewide parole program in California

Abstract This was a cost-benefit study of a statewide program involving multiple community-based services for parolees in California. Program effectiveness was assessed by comparing program costs to incarceration costs avoided due to decreases in recidivism. During the first year following parole release, program participants on average stayed out of prison longer than the comparison population. Participants who completed any of the community-based services stayed out of prison substantially longer. The reductions in re-incarceration yielded a net saving of $21 million in incarceration costs over the study period, after the costs of the program and parole supervision were subtracted, or a 47 percent net return on each program dollar invested. This study did not include potential cost savings to other parties in the justice system. These findings suggest future investments in community-based correctional services might produce substantial financial benefits. A fuller apprehension of the potential benefits would benefit from continuing evaluations, including studies employing a true experimental design.
The Novel Asymmetric Synthesis of β-Functionalized Phenylalanine Derivatives

As part of a continuing effort in our laboratory to obtain either backbone and/or side chain conformationally constrained, novel amino acids, we have designed and synthesized new types of β-functionalized amino acids, namely β-substituted cysteines, β-substituted serines and β-substituted tryptophanes. β-Substituted cysteines when introduced into the peptide chain can not only constrain backbone conformation through the formation of a disulfide bridge, but also preserve the respective side chains, which is important for the molecular recognition [1]. β-Substituted cysteines and β-substituted serines are also building blocks for so-called “rigid dipeptide β-turn mimetics” [2]. β-Phenylsubstituted tryptophans are chimeric amino acids contaning two bulky side chain groups, a indole and a phenyl group. The interaction between these two bulky side chain groups can produce strong constraints simultaneously for both χ 1 and χ2 side chain torsional angles [3].
In-situ study of crystallization and recovery of partly amorphous NiTi☆

Etude par microscopie electronique analytique de l'evolution microstructurale, apres recuit entre 200 et 350 o C dans des echantillons irradies par des ions Ni. Determination de la temperature de cristallisation, du role de l'interface amorphe/cristal dans le phenomene de cristallisation, et de la restauration de la matrice cristalline endommagee
Use of contraceptive methods among women with endometrial hyperplasia: a systematic review.

Abstract Background The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the evidence for the safety of contraceptive use among women with endometrial hyperplasia. Study Design We searched the PubMed database for peer-reviewed articles published in any language from database inception through February 2009 concerning the safety of using any contraceptive method among women diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia. We excluded case reports but included all other study designs. The quality of each individual piece of evidence was assessed using the United States Preventive Services Task Force grading system. Results We identified nine articles that met the criteria for review. Each study examined levonorgestrel intrauterine devices (LNG-IUDs); no studies were identified that examined other contraceptive methods. Overall, these studies suggest that LNG-IUD use is not associated with adverse health events among women diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia. Disease regression with LNG-IUD use was observed in all women in seven studies, in 90% of women in one study, and in 67% of women in one study. Limitations of the studies include small sample sizes and lack of a comparison group or nonrandomized assignment to LNG-IUD. Conclusions There is fair quality evidence indicating that use of the LNG-IUD is safe for women with endometrial hyperplasia and may have therapeutic benefits.
Optical recordings of ventricular excitability of frog heart by an extracellular stimulating point electrode.

To enhance understanding of the excitability of cardiac muscle during rest, an optical technique using the fluorescent voltage sensitive dye di-4-ANEPPS was used. Unlike conventional electrical recordings, optical recordings are free from electrical artifacts and, therefore, allow the observation of the transmembrane potential not only following the stimulation pulse, but also during the pulse itself. Transmembrane potentials (Vm) were recorded optically from frog ventricular epicardium in calcium containing Ringer's solution directly under an extracellular stimulating point electrode. Anodal and cathodal S1 stimuli were applied at rest. As observed by previous investigators, the post-pulse excitatory responses for cathodal pulses, compared with anodal pulses were greater. Changes in transmembrane potential (delta Vm) during the pulse were as expected for a passive cable only for low intensity pulses ( 6-8 x CTE), an "irregular" response in Vm was observed--a reversal of the hyperpolarization during an anodal stimulus pulse and a reversal of the depolarization during a cathodal stimulus pulse. To elucidate further the biophysical basis for this behavior, delta Vm was mapped around the stimulating electrode. During stimulation, regions could be observed having a response with opposite polarity to that under the electrode (i.e., depolarization for an anodal pulse and hyperpolarization for a cathodal pulse). Removal of the bath solution or the addition of channel blockers did not eliminate the occurrence of these regions. These regions appear to be the basis for the irregular behavior of delta Vm directly under the electrode as well as for anodal excitation.
Source of income effects for demand decisions and taxable consumption

The relationship between sources of income and demand decisions by the household is examined here with an eye toward the ramifications on consumption tax bases. Income sources may be important when households attach psychic and transaction costs to individual purchases or when sources are assigned via a mental accounting process. In either case, general and specific sales tax bases may be affected by changes in income composition. Empirical results indicate two important findings. First, tax exemptions can introduce significant income source effects for a general consumption tax base. Second, the importance of differential tax rates for gasoline and food-at-home strongly depends on the mix of labour, capital, retirement and non-retirement transfer pay.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE HORMONES OF HUMAN PITUITARIES11

THANKS TO THE COURTESY and cooperation of the Pathology Department of the II Medical School of our university2 we have been in a position to study the J.L. hormonal contents of over one hundred human hypophyses which were pre-served during autopsies performed within 24 hours after death. There exists a con-siderable literature reporting hormonal tests made with a small number of glands which were implanted whole or cut in pieces. A few investigators also prepared and injected extracts. Both methods are apt to give incomplete and irregular results due to imperfect resorption, accidental fractionation and loss or augmentation of gonadc tropic activity. In our work on the comparative physiology of the pituitary of all vertebrate classes (1) the adoption of a standard technic which would permit comparison of pituitary substances of dissimilar types and collected at different times was an mv portant prerequisite.
Exit Returns and Venture Capital Investment Opportunities

This study is the first to empirically construct exit returns - the return accruing to venture capitalists (VCs) from investments in portfolio companies - for a large sample of U.S. venture-backed companies. Exit returns are used (1) to document the size and trends in returns for specific investments that exit via an M&A or IPO during 1985-2008, and (2) to develop an "Exit-to-Failure Ratio" (EXF) to assess the strength of VCs’ investment opportunities in an industry. EXF measures the coverage exits provide to make up for failures that pose high reputational and financial risk to VCs. Outside of the Dotcom period, new investments initiated under higher EXF levels result in significantly higher future returns. Higher values of EXF also increase VCs’ risk appetite and their willingness to fund early stage companies. Our results show sharply diminished returns to VC investments over the sample period, which has resulted in a significant downward trend in VCs’ inclination to fund early stage companies. The finding raises concerns about the industry’s role in funding young, innovative companies if the trend persists.