cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Residency Training Data: What Do the Numbers Tell Us?

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) regularly collects data on accredited residency programs that are useful for purposes of comparing resident demographics, turnover rates of program directors, and trends in program numbers and accreditation status. These data show that there are relatively fewer women in radiology residencies compared with other nonsurgical residencies. Women make up only 25% of core radiology residents. Further investigation is warranted to determine why this is so, because it will likely affect the ability to recruit female radiologists into leadership positions. Considering ACGME-accredited programs, those radiology subspecialties with the highest percentages of female trainees are pediatric radiology (45%) and nuclear radiology (44%). The turnover rate of radiology program directors is high (19%) relative to other specialties (14% on average), and this is being addressed in part by a change in the radiology program requirements. Other factors associated with this high turnover rate may also need to be addressed.
The quantity theory in New England, 1703–1749: new data to analyze an old question ☆

Abstract The finding of Robert West that the classical quantity theory of money clearly holds for New England (at variance with results for the rest of Colonial America) is revisited, with care taken to guard against spurious data and spurious regression. Thus alternative measures of price and money and modern econometric techniques are employed. The quantity theory of Milton Friedman is shown to be complementary to classical quantity theory, and both theories are tested via modern time-series analysis. The West data lead to mixed results; but the new data and technique support both quantity theories.
Pulmonary dysfunction in advanced liver disease: Frequent occurrence of an abnormal diffusing capacity

Purpose Abnonnalities in pulmonary function have been reported in association with chronic liver disease of varied etiology. The aim of this study was to better define the frequency and nature of these abnormalities in patients who were being evaluated for liver transplantation. patients and methods We performed a battery of pulmonary function tests and chest radiographs in 116 consecutive patients (50 men, 66 women; aged 19 to 70 years, mean 44.6 years) with severe advanced liver disease who were hospitalized specifically for evaluation for possible orthotopic liver transplantation and were able to perform technically satisfactory tests. In 17 patients, quantitative whole-body technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin perfusion scanning was also performed for assessment of possible right-to-left shunting through intrapulmonary vascular dilatations. Results The most commonly affected test of lung function was the single-breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DL CO ), which was abnormal in 48%, 45%, and 71% of patients who never smoked, former smokers, and current smokers, respectively. Ventilatory restriction was noted in 25% of all patients, airflow obstruction (reduced ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity) in only 3%, and a widened alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in 45%. Diffusion impairment was accompanied by a restrictive defect in only 35% of the patients and by an abnormally widened alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in 60%. When diffusion impairment was accompanied by an oxygenation defect, it was also associated with a significantly increased right-to-left shunt fraction (mean 24.9%) assessed from quantitative whole-body perfusion imaging. On the other hand, isolated diffusion impairment unaccompanied by significant hypoxemia (noted in approximately a third of the patients with a reduced DL CO ) was not associated with evidence of significant intrapulmonary shunting (mean rightto-left shunt fraction 6.7%). Conclusions Most patients with advanced liver disease have one or more types of abnormality in lung function, a reduced DL CO being the single most common functional defect Mechanisms accounting for the abnormality in gas transfer may include intrapulmonary vascular dilatations, diffuse interstitial lung disease, pulmonary vaso-occlusive disease, and/or ventilation-perfusion unbalance.
JBluIce-EPICS control system for macromolecular crystallography.

The trio of macromolecular crystallography beamlines constructed by the General Medicine and Cancer Institutes Collaborative Access Team (GM/CA-CAT) in Sector 23 of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) have been in growing demand owing to their outstanding beam quality and capacity to measure data from crystals of only a few micrometres in size. To take full advantage of the state-of-the-art mechanical and optical design of these beamlines, a significant effort has been devoted to designing fast, convenient, intuitive and robust beamline controls that could easily accommodate new beamline developments. The GM/CA-CAT beamline controls are based on the power of EPICS for distributed hardware control, the rich Java graphical user interface of Eclipse RCP and the task-oriented philosophy as well as the look and feel of the successful SSRL BluIce graphical user interface for crystallography. These beamline controls feature a minimum number of software layers, the wide use of plug-ins that can be written in any language and unified motion controls that allow on-the-fly scanning and optimization of any beamline com­ponent. This paper describes the ways in which BluIce was combined with EPICS and converted into the Java-based JBluIce, discusses the solutions aimed at streamlining and speeding up operations and gives an overview of the tools that are provided by this new open-source control system for facilitating crystallo­graphic experiments, especially in the field of microcrystallo­graphy.
Uncertainty with the scaling-up of remotely sensed evapotranspiration estimation

In this paper, the uncertainty issues in evapotranspiration estimation using remotely sensed data are discussed. The processes governing the mass, energy, and momentum exchange across the land-atmosphere interface are nonlinear, because of the interdependence of the dominant variables and parameters. Spatial resolution of remote sensing data also has an impact on the spatial pattern of evapotranspiration captured, due to the spatial variation of the surface. In order to study the nonlinear and spatial variation problems, evapotranspiration was first estimated at 30 meter and then aggregated to coarser scales using two approaches. One is to serve as true value of evapotranspiration, while the other one is assumed the linear resulted value. Results show that factors do have a nonlinear impact on evapotranspiration, however, this impact becomes very close to linear at 120m. The impact also varies with scale, as well as on different land cover types.
Using a Different Standard: The Impact of Applicant's Expression of Spiritual Values on Rater Interest in Additional Information

To test the impact of applicant spiritual-materialistic values on the types of information raters a rater would inquire about in subsequent decisions, a network sample of raters were provided with a packet of information about a job applicant, the company to which he was applying, and the number of qualified applicants in the region. Values of the job applicant were manipulated by showing the rater one of four spiritual-materialistic cover letters in which the applicant expressed a materialistic orientation, a spiritual orientation, a combined materialist-spiritual orientation or a no-information control. Number of qualified applicants was manipulated as part of a brief set of bullet points that provided raters mock information about the company and position. Results show that depending on market conditions, the expression of spiritual values, either by itself or in combination with materialistic values, create a need for additional information about the applicant. The results are discussed in relationshi...
POPULATION VIABILITY AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WILD WATER BUFFALO Bubalus bubalis IN KOSI TAPPU WILDLIFE RESERVE, NEPAL

Abstract Population characteristics, breeding structure, and sources of mortality of wild water buffalo Bubalus bubalis were studied in Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, a small reserve located in the southeastern lowlands of Nepal, during 1987 and 1988. Comparisons with an earlier census indicated that the population was growing over a 12-year time interval. However, observations on the physical nature of the reserve and known seasonal movements of buffalo suggested that the population is not viable for several reasons. Most morality observed during the study took place over the rainy season, suggesting that flooding was the major source; half of the first-year calves disappeared during that time. Because the reserve was subject to extensive flooding during the rains, buffalo regularly left to reside in cane and sugar fields. Hence the reserve did not include the annual home range of any buffalo herds. In addition, thousands of domestic cattle and hundreds of domestic buffalo used the reserve illegally, which posed a risk of disease to wild water buffalo. Management recommendations, including a re-introduction of the species into Royal Chitwan National Park, are made in light of the analysis.
A 24-base-pair sequence 3' to the human erythropoietin gene contains a hypoxia-responsive transcriptional enhancer

Abstract Erythropoietin (Epo) synthesis increases in response to hypoxia. The hepatoma cell line Hep 3B produces low basal levels of Epo mRNA which increase markedly with hypoxia. To define the sequences necessary for this response, we linked fragments of the human Epo gene to a luciferase vector, introduced these plasmids into Hep 3B cells and assayed for luciferase activity after growth in 1% or 21% oxygen. A 621-bp Epo promoter fragment resulted in a 2.4-fold increase in luciferase activity with hypoxia. We tested several Epo gene fragments upstream of this Epo promoter fragment and found that a 613-bp Bgl II-Pvu II 3' fragment had a 10-fold increase in activity with hypoxia regardless of orientation. This fragment had a similar level of activity when linked to a simian virus 40 promoter. Portions of this fragment retained activity, including a 38-bp Apa I-Taq I fragment that had a 17-fold increase in activity with hypoxia. Deletion of nt 4-13 or 19-28 from this 38-bp fragment resulted in a loss of activity. The 24-bp upstream portion of the 38-bp fragment showed an 8-fold increase in activity with hypoxia. However, deletion of nt 19-24 or mutagenesis of nt 21 or 22 in this 24-bp fragment resulted in loss of activity. Our studies indicate that the transcriptional response of the human Epo gene to hypoxia is mediated in part by promoter sequences and to a greater degree by an enhancer element located in a 24-bp portion of the 3' flanking sequence of the gene.
Multipinch – a reversed-field pinch with a magnetic well

The Multipinch is an axisymmetric, vertically elongated toroidal pinch with a reversed toroidal field and an internal figure-eight separatrix. Unlike the circular cross-section pinch, the Multipinch configuration has a magnetic well. A magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium code for a non-circular reversed-field pinch is described and equilibrium calculations for the experimental device are presented. Experimental results concerning plasma configuration and stability are given. It was found that the up-down symmetric configuration became asymmetric when the toroidal current was increased to a level at which the toroidal field at the conducting shell wall became zero. This was found to be consistent with the minimum-energy Taylor configuration for the vertically elongated Multipinch.
Development of Long Y-123 Conductor and Solenoid Magnet by IBAD/PLD Process

We have obtained the good superconducting performance in Y-123 tapes made by Ion-Beam-Assisted Deposition (IBAD) and Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) method. In this paper, we describe recent progresses of long Y-123 conductor by IBAD/PLD process using reel to reel systems. Ic of 88 A was obtained in end to end of a 217 m long one. Furthermore, we developed the conduction cooled HTS test solenoid coil using 100 m-Y123 conductors. The results of coil operating tests are described.
Identifying Growth Opportunities Using Information Analytics: A Case Study in Five Industries

Information analytics, wherein data and information are leveraged to improve efficiency and gain a competitive advantage, has great potential to revolutionize numerous industries. Internet-based businesses have particular potential in this arena due to the large amount of data available on consumer Internet usage. This paper explores opportunities to apply information analytics for growth in five major industries: Internet yellow pages, elderly services, advertising, Internet health sites, and Internet television. These opportunities will improve the effectiveness with which services are delivered to consumers, thereby making businesses in these industries more competitive.
‘My Life Is Like a Novel’: Embodied Geographies of Security in Southeast Turkey

Scholarship at the development-security nexus has called for greater attention to space to better understand grounded encounters with security and insecurity. Through an examination of embodied engagements with space, this paper details the way migrant women in Southeast Turkey experience security and insecurity in their day-to-day lives in regards to gendered violence. Against the backdrop of state investment in gendered development as a mechanism of conflict mitigation, the reach and mobility of women in and across new spaces in the city has grown. At the juncture between these spaces – the classroom, courtroom, and home – lie conflicting narratives about nation, community, and family that pose implications for the physical well-being of women. To this end, interviews with migrant women and development administrators and teachers suggest that (human) security be understood as embodied and relational, experienced differentially across time and space.
The Family Void: Treatment and Theoretical Aspects of the Synchronous Family Paradigm

The synchronous paradigm is a model of families whose members remain uninvolved and disconnected from each other yet somehow maintain relatively unvarying or even rigid patterns of behavior. In the synchronous paradigm, calm agreement and harmonious unity of action are valued above all. The concept of synchronous operation was first formulated by Constantine to solve certain theoretical problems growing out of the work of Kantor and Lehr. The theory has been elaborated upon through linkages established with other clinical and theoretical models of family dysfunction. Clinical experience in treating synchronous families has now contributed more detailed and practical understanding. Clinically, disabled synchronous families may present as bland, boring, or even death-like. They may have considerable difficulty accommodating to necessary developmental changes or to the demands of life crises, employing a variety of strategies to maintain the appearance of synchrony at the expense of adaptation. Their ability to ignore change and to absorb interventions can tax the abilities of even the most creative and energetic therapist. On the other hand, the quiet efficiency of the family and the social sensitivity of its members can be strong assets. Awareness of their strengths and special vulnerabilities can help the family therapist work more effectively with synchronous families.
Efficacy of Enrofloxacin for the Treatment of Salmonids with Bacterial Kidney Disease, Caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum

Abstract Efficacy of enrofloxacin (Baytril®, Bayer) was evaluated for control of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in salmonids. Minimum inhibitory concentration studies indicated efficacy at 0.25–0.5 μg/mL. In laboratory challenge studies with rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, mortality offish receiving enrofloxacin daily at a dosage of 1.25–2.5 mg/kg for 10 d was significantly lower than that of nonmedicated fish. A general trend of increased percent survival with increasing dose was also observed.
Scaling scientific applications on clusters of hybrid multicore/GPU nodes

Rapid advances in the performance and programmability of graphics accelerators have made GPU computing a compelling solution for a wide variety of application domains. However, the increased complexity as a result of architectural heterogeneity and imbalances in hardware resources poses significant programming challenges in harnessing the performance advantages of GPU accelerated parallel systems. Moreover, the speedup derived from GPU often gets offset by longer communication latencies and inefficient task scheduling. To achieve the best possible performance, a suitable parallel programming model is therefore essential.In this paper, we explore a new hybrid parallel programming model that incorporates GPU acceleration with the Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) programming paradigm. As we demonstrate, by combining Unified Parallel C (UPC) and CUDA as a case study, this hybrid model offers programmers with both enhanced programmability and powerful heterogeneous execution. Two application benchmarks, namely NAS Parallel Benchmark (NPB) FT and MG, are used to show the effectiveness of our proposed hybrid approach. Experimental results indicate that both implementations achieve significantly better performance due to optimization opportunities offered by the hybrid model, such as the funneled execution mode and fine-grained overlapping of communication and computation.
Limits—The Role of the Law in Bioethical Decision Making , by Roger B. Dworkin. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press, 1996. 205 pp.

Anyone with so much as a passing familiarity with bioethics knows how significantly and persistently (at least since mid-century) the law has insinuated itself into healthcare and the process of bioethical decisionmaking. Viewed from the insular perspective of traditional medical practice and medical ethics, it is not surprising that the “legalization” of the patient–physician relationship and clinical judgment has been characterized by some as pernicious. What is much more surprising, however, is when a book by a professor of law evinces the same jaundiced view of the role of law in this area. Nonetheless, the “limits” that Professor Dworkin considers to be inherent in the capacity of the law to resolve bioethical issues are significant, and hence in his opinion the role of the law should be severely circumscribed. This gloomy portrait of the “havoc” wreaked by law upon the landscape of medical practice, painted by a lawyer, stands in stark contrast to an earlier and much more sympathetic account offered by Columbia University historian and medical humanities professor David J. Rothman in his 1991 book Strangers at the Bedside , the informative subtitle of which is A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision Making .
Prolonged Air Leak Following Radical Upper Lobectomy: An Analysis of Incidence and Possible Risk Factors

Study objectives To examine the incidence and clinical significance of prolonged air leak (PAL) in patients undergoing radical upper lobectomy and to determine potential risk factors for PAL in this group of patients. Design Retrospective review of a prospective database. Setting Experience of one thoracic surgeon at a tertiary care cancer center. Patients One hundred consecutive patients undergoing right upper lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection for non-small cell lung cancer over an 11-year period. Measurements PAL was defined as an air leak lasting >7 days. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative clinical data were collected and analyzed to determine the factors associated with PAL. Results PAL was the most prevalent postoperative complication, comprising 25.5% of all complications seen, and lasting an average of 12.1 ±5.3 days. In 21 of the 26 patients with PAL, this complication was the only morbidity identified. There was no statistically significant difference in patient age, gender, preoperative FEV 1 and diffusion of carbon monoxide, exposure to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, status of pulmonary fissures, or pathologic stage between the PAL group vs the remaining 74 patients without this complication. A significantly greater proportion of patients with PAL had FEV 1 /FVC ratio ≤50% (6/26 vs 5/74; p=0.02). Patients with PAL had significantly longer median length of hospital stay (11 vs 7 days; p=0.0001). Moreover, PAL was the single most common reason for an extended length of hospitalization (21/58, 36% of all causes). Conclusion PAL is an alarmingly common postoperative complication and is the most frequent cause of an extended length of hospital stay in patients undergoing radical upper lobectomy. Severe obstructive pulmonary disease predisposes patients to the development of this complication.
Non-singular acyclic matrices

Let A be an n by n real symmetric matrix, and let α be a non-empty subset of {1, …, n}. The principal submatrix of A obtained by removing rows and columns indexed by α is denoted by A(α). If the nullity of A(α) is |α| more than that of A, then α is called a P-set of A, and the indices in α are called P-vertices of A. This article concerns P-vertices and P-sets of non-singular acyclic matrices A when the graph T of A is a path or a star. It was shown in [C.R. Johnson and B.D. Sutton, Hermitian matrices, eigenvalue multiplicities, and eigenvector components, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 26 (2004), pp. 390–399] that each singular acyclic matrix of order n has at most n − 2 P-vertices. In this article we show that this does not hold for non-singular acyclic matrices by constructing non-singular acyclic matrices, whose graphs are T, having n − 1 (or n) P-vertices (these matrices also achieve the maximum size of a P-set over non-singular acyclic matrices whose graphs are T). In addition, it is shown that if n is ...
An MBoC Favorite: Ca2+ entry through store-operated channels in mouse sperm is initiated by egg ZP3 and drives the acrosome reaction

To fertilize eggs, mammalian sperm must first undergo a form of cellular exocytosis called the acrosome reaction. In 1983, my laboratory reported that nanomolar concentrations of ZP3, one of three zona pellucida glycoproteins from mouse eggs, induced mouse sperm to undergo the acrosome reaction in vitro. Seven years later, this article from Florman’s laboratory (O’Toole et al., 2000) revealed that when ZP3 binds to sperm heads, it generates a sustained influx of Ca2+ through store depletion–activated channels that function to refill internal Ca2+ stores and triggers the acrosome reaction. In the presence of egg ZP3, Ca2+ levels in sperm increased nearly 2.5-fold, from ∼159 to ∼396 nm. This article provided a comprehensive model for the ionic events responsible for ZP3-induced signal transduction in sperm during mammalian fertilization.
The heritability of metabolic profiles in newborn twins

Identifying genetic and metabolic biomarkers in neonates has the potential to improve diagnosis and treatment of common complex neonatal diseases, and potentially lead to risk assessment and preventative measures for common adulthood illnesses such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. There is a wealth of information on using fatty acid, amino acid and organic acid metabolite profiles to identify rare inherited congenital diseases through newborn screening, but little is known about these metabolic profiles in the context of the ‘healthy' newborn. Recent studies have implicated many of the amino acid and fatty acid metabolites utilized in newborn screening in common complex adult diseases such as cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and obesity. To determine the heritability of metabolic profiles in newborns, we examined 381 twin pairs obtained from the Iowa Neonatal Metabolic Screening Program. Heritability was estimated using multilevel mixed-effects linear regression adjusting for gestational age, gender, weight and age at time of sample collection. The highest heritability was for short-chain acylcarnitines, specifically C4 (h2=0.66, P=2 × 10−16), C4-DC (h2=0.83, P<10−16) and C5 (h2=0.61, P=1 × 10−9). Thyroid stimulating hormone (h2=0.58, P=2 × 10−5) and immunoreactive trypsinogen (h2=0.52, P=3 × 10−9) also have a strong genetic component. This is direct evidence for a strong genetic contribution to the metabolic profile at birth and that newborn screening data can be utilized for studying the genetic regulation of many clinically relevant metabolites.
Success of mental health referral among pregnant and postpartum women with psychiatric distress

Abstract Objective This study measured rates of and determined factors associated with mental health service use among a cohort of 465 pregnant and postpartum women receiving care from publicly funded obstetric clinics. Methods Women underwent a diagnostic evaluation, were provided with at least one mental health referral and were encouraged to seek treatment; follow-up with provision of additional referrals occurred at 1, 3 and 6 months after the initial assessment. Logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between clinical and psychosocial factors and self-reported mental health service use. Results Of the referred women, 38.1% attended at least one mental health visit, while only 6% remained in treatment during the entire 6-month follow-up interval. Postpartum women were more likely than pregnant women to attend a mental health treatment visit [odds ratio (OR)=4.17]. Being born in the United States (OR=2.06), being exposed to interpersonal violence (OR=2.52) and being unemployed (OR=2.69) were associated with attending at least one mental health-care visit. Women who received a behavioral health referral to the same site as their prenatal or postpartum care were more likely than those referred offsite to attend a mental health treatment visit (OR=3.23). Conclusions Despite active follow-up, rates of accessing and particularly continuing in mental health treatment were low. More work is needed to support the integration of specialty behavioral health services in primary care settings accessed by perinatal women.
Application of oil-film interferometry skin-friction measurement to large wind tunnels

The oil-film interferometry skin-friction technique is described and applied to flows in some of the NASA Ames large wind tunnel facilities. Various schemes for applying the technique are discussed. Results are shown for tests in several wind tunnels that illustrate the oil film's ability to measure a variety of flow features such as shock waves, separation, and three-dimensional flow.
Aluminized propellants and a method defining low-altitude exhaust plumes

A semiempirical method defining the low-altitude plume properties of temperature, pressure, and velocity is updated to explicitly include the aluminum content of the propellant. The analytical results are compared to centerline total temperature distribution data for nine rocket motors, liquid and solid propellants, with an aluminum content ranging from 0 to 22%, and over three orders of magnitudes of thrust level. For two highly aluminized rockets, the paper results and the SPF-l(KW) results are compared to axial and radial total temperature data and pitot pressure data.
CLAST-LADEN MELT-ROCK FRAGMENT IN THE ADAMS COUNTY, COLORADO, H5 CHONDRITE

The Adams County, Colorado, H5 chondrite contains a lithic fragment, 1 cm in size, that is texturally and mineralogically quite different from the chondritic host. It is composed of: a groundmass of fine-grained euhedral to subhedral olivine (3–15 μm) and interstitial glass enclosing larger olivine and pyroxene grains (0.15-0.5 mm; about 15 vol %); an assemblage of enstatite grains (subfragment within) and an assemblage of olivine plus orthopyroxene (a second subfragment); and about 11 vol % grains of mixed troilite and nickel-iron metal. Analyses yielded these results: (i) olivine grains of the fragment groundmass have a compositional range (Fa12–45) and most grains contain substantial CaO and Cr2O3 (∼ 0.20 and 0.30 avg. wt%, respectively); interstitial glass has ∼ 55 wt% SiO2; (ii) larger olivine grains of the fragment are similarly high in CaO and Cr2O3 and also have a wide FeO/MgO range; one unusual pyroxene is an Mg-rich pigeonite; (iii) the metal is martensite in composition (11–14 wt% Ni); and (iv) major and trace element analyses by INAA indicate an H-group bulk composition for the entire 1 cm lithic fragment. On the basis of its texture and bulk and mineral compositions, the fragment is interpreted to represent unequilibrated H-group material that was partly melted by impact. The Ca- and Cr-enriched groundmass olivine and interstitial glass resulted from rapid crystallization of the chondritic melt. The Ca- and Cr-enriched larger silicate grains, including the enstatite sub-fragment and the pigeonite grain, are residual, unmelted clasts from the target material (this is supported by the presence of similar material in actual H3 chondrites). Further impact brecciation of the clast-laden melt material, and resultant impact-splashing accounts for the presence of the fragment in the H-group Adams County host and documents the coexistence of unequilibrated and equilibrated H-group material as surface regolith on one parent body.
A motor cortex circuit for motor planning and movement

Activity in motor cortex predicts specific movements seconds before they occur, but how this preparatory activity relates to upcoming movements is obscure. We dissected the conversion of preparatory activity to movement within a structured motor cortex circuit. An anterior lateral region of the mouse cortex (a possible homologue of premotor cortex in primates) contains equal proportions of intermingled neurons predicting ipsi- or contralateral movements, yet unilateral inactivation of this cortical region during movement planning disrupts contralateral movements. Using cell-type-specific electrophysiology, cellular imaging and optogenetic perturbation, we show that layer 5 neurons projecting within the cortex have unbiased laterality. Activity with a contralateral population bias arises specifically in layer 5 neurons projecting to the brainstem, and only late during movement planning. These results reveal the transformation of distributed preparatory activity into movement commands within hierarchically organized cortical circuits.
Application of Participatory Rural Appraisal in Alaska

This article outlines key features of participatory appraisal methods and reports on a reconnaissance of their application to Alaska village sanitation issues. Characteristics of participatory research applicable to research on village sanitation project planning include collaborative versus extractive information gathering, emphasis on strong initial contacts that promote mutual learning and respect between villagers and outsiders, and flexibility in choice of methodology. The findings of this study suggest that participatory research approaches can yield useful information about and for communities, and can help develop related research questions on, for example, the history of human organization and cultural traditions that can contribute to designing sanitation projects. This information can be obtained through a mutually acceptable research design, which is significant in light of the moratorium on outside-initiated research sought by leading Native groups. Facilitating community capacity to generate...
Enantioselective synthesis of the nagilactone ring system via vinylsilane-mediated polyene cyclization

Abstract The functionalized tricyclic nagilactone precursor 19 was synthesized by a route featuring a vinylsilane terminated/1,3-dioxane acetal initiated bicyclization. Relative and absolute stereochemical control were achieved via the optically active pentenolide template 14 .
Comparison of the Chandler-Gibson and the Baer, Kouri, Levin, and Tobocman many-body scattering formalisms

The Chandler-Gibson N-body scattering formalism is shown to be related to the one of Baer, Kouri, Levin, and Tobocman in that both are the result of selecting a set of Lippmann-Schwinger equations to serve as a set of simultaneous coupled integral equations for all the elements in a row or column of the transition operator matrix. The Baer, Kouri, Levin, and Tobocman choice has the advantage that the equations decouple on iteration to give a set of uncoupled connected kernel equations whereas the Chandler-Gibson choice has the advantage of coupling the partitions in a symmetrical manner. This might cause the Chandler-Gibson formalism to be less sensitive than the Baer, Kouri, Levin, and Tobocman formalism to truncations on the spectrum of allowed intermediate virtual states. The Chandler-Gibson formalism is shown to be consistent with unitarity provided the coupling scheme includes all open channels. An alternative method for introducing projectors into the Chandler-Gibson formalism is suggested as a method for generating connected kernel equations. The Chandler-Gibson wave function equations are derived and compared to the coupled reaction channels equations. Finally, we show that like the Baer, Kouri, Levin, and Tobocman equations, the Chandler-Gibson equations decouple and, in fact, reduce to a singlemore » wave operator equation of particularly simple form.« less
Projection Pursuit Regression

Abstract A new method for nonparametric multiple regression is presented. The procedure models the regression surface as a sum of general smooth functions of linear combinations of the predictor variables in an iterative manner. It is more general than standard stepwise and stagewise regression procedures, does not require the definition of a metric in the predictor space, and lends itself to graphical interpretation.
GEIS: A new approach for the integration, interactive analysis and interpretation of geoscience data

The evolution of computer usage—from batch processing to single—purpose systems to networked hardware and software systems—and the wealth of relevant data presently available in digital form (plus the unparalleled amount to accrue from planned studies) warrant the design of an information system specifically tailored to the geosciences.
Metabolomics in the study of kidney diseases

Metabolomics--the nontargeted measurement of all metabolites produced by the body--is beginning to show promise in both biomarker discovery and, in the form of pharmacometabolomics, in aiding the choice of therapy for patients with specific diseases. In its two basic forms (pattern recognition and metabolite identification), this developing field has been used to discover potential biomarkers in several renal diseases, including acute kidney injury (attributable to a variety of causes), autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and kidney cancer. NMR and gas chromatography or liquid chromatography, together with mass spectrometry, are generally used to separate and identify metabolites. Many hurdles need to be overcome in this field, such as achieving consistency in collection of biofluid samples, controlling for batch effects during the analysis and applying the most appropriate statistical analysis to extract the maximum amount of biological information from the data obtained. Pathway and network analyses have both been applied to metabolomic analysis, which vastly extends its clinical relevance and effects. In addition, pharmacometabolomics analyses, in which a metabolomic signature can be associated with a given therapeutic effect, are beginning to appear in the literature, which will lead to personalized therapies. Thus, metabolomics holds promise for early diagnosis, increased choice of therapy and the identification of new metabolic pathways that could potentially be targeted in kidney disease.
Graphics software for BASIC

This article was prompted by the article written by Jon Meads in the Fall 1973 SIGGRAPH report. (1) A graphics package has been developed for use on Digital Equipment Corporation's GT40 and GT44 series of minicomputer-based graphics systems. Within the limitations of the machines, a package of graphics software was written to allow almost complete control of the display processor by a programmer using the language BASIC.
Anomalous Minima in Cen X-3

Report of an observation made with a rocket-borne argon-methane proportional counter, which was equipped with a 'Mylar' window and was sensitive to X rays in the range from 0.2 to 10 keV. During a scan of the galactic plane, the detector passed directly over the location of Cen X-3 at a roll rate of 1 deg per second. An extended minimum of X-ray flux was observed. It is concluded that the anomalous effect is intrinsic to the source.
Arches: an infrastructure for PSE development

In this paper, we describe Arches, an object-oriented framework for building domain-specific PSEs. The framework was designed to support a wide range of problem domains and to be extendable in a way that allows it to target very different high-performance computing models. To demonstrate this flexibility we describe two PSEs that have been developed from the same framework yet solve different problems and target very different computing platforms. The Coven PSE supports parallel applications that need the large-scale parallelism that is found in cost-effective Beowulf clusters. In contrast, the RCADE PSE targets reconfigurable computing (FPGA-based) platforms with fine-grain parallelism. RCADE was designed to aid NASA Earth scientists interested in studying satellite instrument data and who are unlikely to be schooled in low-level hardware design.
Moral and metaphysical reflections on multiple personality disorder.

There is already much controversy over whether or not multiple personality disorder exists. Among the many concerns about this disease classification which I will not consider directly are the general objections to Freudian psychoanalysis and the specific objections to the entire so-called recovered memory movement. Frederick Crews, for example, has led a backlash against the latter by attacking the former as a pseudo-science, without a shred of evidence. Hence in his view, the recovered memory technique, used throughout the diagnosis and treatment of multiple personality disorder, is responsible for incredible tales, produced in an atmosphere of suggestion, and resulting in the ruin of many lives (1995).
Caveolin-1 Deficiency Induces Spontaneous Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Murine Pulmonary Endothelial Cells in Vitro

It was previously demonstrated that transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) in murine lung endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro. Owing to the important role of caveolin-1 (CAV1) in TGF-β receptor internalization and TGF-β signaling, the participation of CAV1 in the induction of EndoMT in murine lung ECs was investigated. Pulmonary ECs were isolated from wild-type and Cav1 knockout mice using immunomagnetic methods with sequential anti-CD31 and anti-CD102 antibody selection followed by in vitro culture and treatment with TGF-β1. EndoMT was assessed by semiquantitative RT-PCR for Acta2, Col1a1, Snai1, and Snai2; by immunofluorescence for α-smooth muscle actin; and by Western blot analysis for α-smooth muscle actin, SNAIL1, SNAIL2, and the α2 chain of type I collagen. The same studies were performed in Cav1−/− pulmonary ECs after restoration of functional CAV1 domains using a cell-permeable CAV1 scaffolding domain peptide. Pulmonary ECs from Cav1 knockout mice displayed high levels of spontaneous Acta2, Col1A, Snai1, and Snai2 expression, which increased after TGF-β treatment. Spontaneous and TGF-β1–stimulated EndoMT were abrogated by the restoration of functional CAV1 domains using a cell-permeable peptide. The findings suggest that CAV1 regulation of EndoMT may play a role in the development of fibroproliferative vasculopathies.
The Ettingshausen-Nernst coefficient and transport properties of alumel from 200 to 473 K

Abstract The adiabatic Ettingshausen-Nernst coefficient, Qa, and the Righi-Leduc coefficient, Ra, have been measured on Alumel and Nickel. The results show that Qa of Alumel increases with temperature and has a precipitous drop near its ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition temperature (Tc =425.6 K). The experimental Qa relates well with temperature measurements errors experienced using Chromel-P vs Alumel thermocouples in crossed thermal and magnetic fields.
The endocrine society meeting: Topics in insulin sensitivity and hypertension

Lectures at the Endocrine Society’s 85th Annual Meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19–22 June 2003, showed the fascinating interplay of basic science and clinical medicine needed to appreciate our advancing knowledge of diabetes. A series of new intracellular signaling pathways related to insulin action are being identified. John C. Lawrence (Charlottesville, VA) discussed the mTOR pathway. The immunosuppressant rapamycin inhibits cell growth by interfering with the function of a kinase, termed mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR is defined by high affinity binding to rapamycin, regulating various steps in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, particularly the protein kinases eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and the 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70s6k), which is involved in protein synthesis. mTOR is present in adipocytes and induced during adipogenesis. mTOR is regulated by an amino acid nutrient-sensing pathway that is particularly stimulated by branched chain amino acids such as leucine and growth factors such as insulin via protein kinase B (PKB), with a potential feedback loop whereby mTOR increases serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and -2. Both insulin and PKB increase the phosphorylation of mTOR via another protein, mTOR kinase. 4E-BP1 is another protein with multiple phosphorylation sites affected by insulin; in particular, there are three threonine sites that are all affected by rapamycin. Lawrence concluded that mTOR, in combination with a series of other proteins, one with the intriguing name Raptor because of an effect of rapamycin that causes it to dissociate from the complex, binds and phosphorylates substrates such as 4E-BP1. Gustav E Lienhard (Hanover, NH) addressed the question of the signal transduction pathway from the insulin receptor leading to GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane, mediating glucose transport. Insulin activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase, leading in turn to activation of a serine kinase originally identified as a proto-oncogene …
Development of in situ, at-wavelength metrology for soft X-ray nano-focusing

At the Advanced Light Source (ALS), we are developing broadly applicable, high-accuracy, in situ, at-wavelength wavefront slope measurement techniques for Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirror nano-focusing. We describe here details of the metrology beamline endstation, the at-wavelength tests, and an original alignment method that have already allowed us to precisely set a bendable KB mirror to achieve a FWHM focused spot size of ~;;120 nm, at 1-nm soft x-ray wavelength.
Determination of Crash Surrogates Using Tire Skid Marks

The objective of this research was to seek valid surrogates for crashes, so that more reliable decisions and proactive measures could be made to improve traffic safety. Inspired by the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA’s) Road Safety Audit program, this paper focused on tire skid marks. A case study was conducted on tire skid marks collected from selected freeway and arterial segments in the Reno-Sparks area in northern Nevada, USA. Parameters were identified to provide a possible guideline for skid mark classifications. Furthermore, linear regression was applied to determine whether skid mark frequency was a suitable predictor of crashes. The regression analyses indicated that there was a relatively strong linear correlation between skid marks and crashes on freeway segments but a weaker correlation on arterials. The frequency of tire skid marks on freeway was found to be statistically significant (at a confidence level of 95%) in being a predictor for crashes.
Comparative cation dependency of sugar transport by crustacean hepatopancreas and intestine.

Glucose is transported in crustacean hepatopancreas and intestine by Na + -dependent co-transport, while Na + -dependent D-fructose influx has only been described for the hepatopancreas. It is still unclear if the two sugars are independently transported by two distinct cation-dependent co-transporter carrier systems. In this study, lobster (Homarus americanus) hepatopancreas brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were used to characterize, in detail, the cation-dependency of both D-[ 3 H]-glucose and D-[ 3 H]-fructose influxes, while in vitro perfused intestines were employed to determine the nature of cation-dependent sugar transport across this organ. Over the sodium concentration range of 0–100 mM, both [ 3 H]-glucose and [ 3 H]-fructose influxes (0.1 mM; 1 min uptakes) by hepatopancreatic BBMV were hyperbolic functions of [Na + ]. [ 3 H]glucose and [ 3 H]-fructose influxes by hepatopancreatic BBMV over a potassium concentration range of 15–100 mM were hyperbolic functions of [K + ]. Both sugars displayed significant (p,0.01) Na + /K + -dependent and cation-independent uptake processes. Transepithelial 25 m M[ 3 H]-glucose and [ 3 H]-fructose fluxes across lobster intestine over luminal sodium and potassium concentration ranges of 0–50 mM and 5–100 mM, respectively, were hyperbolic functions of luminal [Na + ] and [K + ]. As with hepatopancreatic sugar transport, transepithelial intestinal sugar transport exhibited both significant (p,0.01) Na + /K + -dependent and cation-independent processes. Results suggest that both Dglucose and D-fructose are transported by a single SGLTtype carrier in each organ with sodium being the ‘‘preferred’’, high affinity, cation for both sugars in the hepatopancreas, and potassium being the ‘‘preferred’’, high affinity, cation for both sugars in the intestine.
Employment activity of baccalaureate and diploma nurses

In this study, the general hypothesis tested was that differences in rate of employment activity between baccalaureate and diploma nurses are due to effects of extraneous and intervening variables and not to intrinsic differences in the educational process. Mailed questionnaires from 1,475 nurses registered in the State of Indiana provided data on two measures of employment activity, as well as four control variables: marital status, spouse's income, presence of young children at home, and disillusionment with career. Among recent graduates, there was a negative association between possession of the baccalaureate degree and current employment status (gamma = -.359, p < .05). It was expected that holding constant the four control variables would reduce this association to or near zero. The opposite was generally the case, however; controlling for marriage, children, and disillusionment actually increased the association between type of education and employment status. Differences in employment activity between the two types of graduates therefore can not be accounted for by "traditional" variables used in the study of female labor-force participation.
General purpose data compression ICs

Three commercially available data compression ASICs are compared: the Hewlett-Packard MYSTIC, the Infochip IC-1053, and the Stac 9703. All three are suitable for lossless compression of general data including text, object code, databases, etc. All use a form of Ziv-Lempel adaptive coding and can be integrated into a standard microprocessor system. Compression performances are compared and found to be similar, in the general vicinity of 2 to 1. >
Generating At-Speed array fail maps with low-speed ATE

A circuit has been developed to accurately generate embedded memory fail maps utilizing At-Speed test clocks generated from low-speed automated test equipment (ATE). The circuit provides a simple interface to communicate between the BIST and ATE for fail data collection. The BIST engine utilizes on-chip clock frequency multiplication to exercise the memory At-Speed. The described implementation reduces test time devoted to creating detailed fail maps in manufacturing by providing the ability to run the part At-Speed, and providing a means to collect fail map data in one test pass on a logic tester.