cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Important Strategic and Tactical Manufacturing Issues in the 1990s

This paper reports the identification and ranking of major manufacturing issues that American manufacturing managers and academics must focus on and resolve in the 1990s to be competitive on a global basis. Vice-presidents of manufacturing from over 75 companies across the United States were asked in a Delphi study to rank the key strategic and tactical issues facing American manufacturing in the next three to five years. Based on three rounds of a Delphi study, quality management, manufacturing strategy, and process technology emerged as the top ranked strategic issues. The top ranked tactical issues were quality control, manufacturing planning and control systems, and work force supervision. These issues were valid across diverse industry groups, since the industrial and educational background of the respondents was shown to have no impact on the final consensus rankings and opinions reported in this paper. Factor analysis of the responses by the panel revealed that certain issues tend to be consistently viewed together, and were interpreted accordingly to provide insights into the ranking of issues. Apart from building a consensus among experts on key manufacturing issues of present and future importance, this study can also be helpful for setting future academic research and pedagogical priorities for the field of production and operations management.
Studies on the mechanism of action of salicylates. VI. Effect of topical application of retinoic acid on wound-healing retardation action of salicylic acid.

Oral administration of sodium salicylate or prednisone and topical application of salicylic acid or hydrocortisone in NIB retards healing and the inhibitory action of either one of these drugs can be reversed by local application of retinoic acid. Topical application of retinol, retinyl esters, or retinoic acid alone also promotes skin wound healing in the rat.
Biophysical characterization of vaccinia virus thymidine kinase substrate utilization.

Abstract To provide information for the development of new antiviral compounds that inhibit orthopoxviruses, further characterization of the kinetics and thermodynamics that underlie substrate utilization reactions of vaccinia virus thymidine kinase (VVTK) has been undertaken. The kinetics of 2′deoxythymidine phosphorylation by VVTK and the thermodynamics of complex formation between VVTK and the substrate 2′ deoxythymidine were determined using spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques. These studies demonstrated that kinetic parameters for 2′ deoxythymidine phosphorylation by VVTK were 25 μM and 0.2 s−1 for Km and kcat, respectively. The enthalpy change, ΔH, for the enzyme catalyzed reaction is −18.1 kcal/mol. Thermodynamic studies for the formation of the enzyme substrate complex demonstrated a binding affinity (Ka) of 4 × 104 M−1, an enthalpy change for binding (ΔH) of −17.4 kcal/mol, and a reaction stoichiometry of two molecules of substrate binding to each enzyme tetramer. Kinetic and thermodynamic data were in agreement (Ka ≈ 1/Km) and showed similarities to literature values reported for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) and human thymidine kinase 1 (hTK1) with respect to kcat but not with respect to Km. The Km value found for VVTK in this study is nearly two orders of magnitude larger than the values reported for the hTK1 and the HSV TK enzymes.
Heme crevice disorder after sixth ligand displacement in the cytochrome c-551 family

1H NMR and visible absorption spectroscopy were used to monitor sixth ligand methionine displacement reactions in four members of the ferricytochrome c-551 family from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas stutzeri substrain ZoBell, and Nitrosomonas europae. Potassium cyanide displaces the methionine ligand with very modest changes in the visible spectra, but profound changes in the NMR spectra. The initial product formed kinetically, designated complex I, changes with time and/or heating to a more thermodynamically favored product termed complex II. Spectra indicate that both I and II are actually a family of closely related conformational isomers. Low temperature NMR spectra of complex II indicate that some of the isomers are in chemical exchange on the NMR time scale. High pH also displaces the methionine ligand in a manner similar to the well-known alkaline transition of mitochondrial cytochrome c. However, the reaction occurs at higher pH values and over a narrower pH range for the c-551 family, and the transition pH range is different for the different proteins studied. The final alkaline forms also show peak widths and a number of peaks indicative of multiple conformational isomers.
Delegated voice: ritual speech, risk, and the making of marriage alliances in Anakalang

Many societies stress communicative practice in their models of the social world. In Anakalang, Sumba, the process of marriage negotiation helps constitute and display the value of social identities and relations. In this “scene of negotiation,” ritual speech performance formalizes discrete speech participant roles and separates voice from agency. The scene implicitly portrays interaction as risky, with a potential for failure to which the very forms of interaction may themselves contribute.
Structural heart disease: Its importance in association with antiarrhythmic drug therapy

The presence or absence of structural heart disease is an important factor to consider prior to initiating antiarrhythmic drug therapy with a class I or class III antiarrhythmic agent. An appropriate screen for structural heart disease and other associated proarrhythmic risk factors should include a complete history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), and echocardiogram in all patients; exercise test and Holter monitoring in many/most selected patients; and a signal-averaged ECG, chest x-ray, and invasive procedures only in selected/occasional patients. Whether and when to obtain the tests that are not indicated for all patients must be determined by each individual physician's practice strategy and philosophy, while keeping in mind the likelihood of finding an abnormality in a particular patient, the arrhythmia being treated, the nature of the drug to be used, and cost-effectiveness issues. Given the low incidence of proarrhythmia under most circumstances, screening for clinically unrecognized structural heart disease may appear difficult to justify in the current era of cost containment. However, due to the potential lethality of proarrhythmia, particularly in patients with structural heart disease, pre-drug assessment is prudent.
Intense Coherent Submillimeter Radiation in Electron Storage Rings

Energetic electron bunches in storage rings produce pulsed bursts of incoherent synchrotron radiation. It is pointed out that they should also produce a roughly comparable power output of coherent radio-frequency radiation. Thus electron storage rings, in addition to their intended purpose and their secondary use as intense sources of x rays, might additionally serve as pulsar simulators, producing a similar spectrum of coherent emission, the properties and modification of which could be studied in the laboratory. A spontaneous bunching of electrons (artificially bunched here) might be evidenced as ''superbunching.''
Smoking cessation practices in Kuwaiti general dental clinics.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the degree of involvement of general dental practitioners working in primary health care centers of the Ministry of Health (MOH) of Kuwait in tobacco cessation activities. Subjects and Methods: A survey questionnaire composed of 48 structured multiple choice questions aimed at assessing practitioner knowledge, attitudes, perceived expectations, confidence, and perceived barriers preventing them from performing these activities was distributed to 150 general dentists working in MOH dental clinics. Results: One hundred forty-five dentists responded to the survey questionnaire. Twelve (12%) surveyed practitioners always or almost always incorporated overall tobacco cessation activities into their practice. Forty-one (3%) of the respondents felt that they had excellent cessation knowledge. One (1%) felt barriers prohibited their performance of cessation activities. One hundred (76%) participants strongly agreed that there was an expectation for them to perform cessation activities in their clinics. Fourteen (10%) respondents felt very confident about their cessation counseling skills. Conclusions: Findings showed that smoking cessation practices are not performed on a routine basis in MOH dental clinics. Practitioner knowledge and confidence showed the most significant association with the performance of cessation activities.
CONFORMANCE QUALITY AND REPLACEMENT COSTS UNDER WARRANTY

In this paper, I investigate the impact of the conformance quality of a durable product on manufacturer's and user's replacement costs while the product is under warranty. I first relate conformance quality to reliability and then examine its effects on warranty costs to manufacturer and customer under both pro-rata and free-replacement warranties. In particular, I show that the reduction in customer's cost is generally contingent on more stringent quality improvement than the reduction in manufacturer's costs. I also discuss the value of inspection, and I present an application based on real data.
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY URINE EXTRACT AND OVARIAN FOLLICULAR HORMONE ON HYPERTHYROIDISM

Clinical recognition of the importance of ovarian function in thyroid disease led us to try the effect of pregnancy urine extract containing sex gland-stimulating hormone on the course of hyperthyroidism. The preparation used was Antuitrin-S, generously furnished by Dr. E. A. Sharp of Parke, Davis & Company. This corresponds to the Prolan solution of Zondek (1) and has a strong luteinization effect on the ovaries of small animals when large doses are given, but is reported to have a follicle-ripening effect in such experiments when given in high dilutions. Its chief clinical use at present is in the control of menstrual disorders (2). Geist (3) reports that he found at operation no ovarian change in 22 patients who had been treated for two weeks with anterior luteinizing hormone. Recently Mandelstamm (4) found at operation, along with other effects, cystic follicles in the ovaries of patients treated with. Prolan but no evidence of luteinization. The solution used by us contains no thyreotropic anterior p...
Unique nonlinear optical properties of SiC:Ge:Fe waveguide for device applications

A nanosecond pulsed laser deposition at room temperature was used to fabricate a waveguide of Sic:Ge:Fe . The waveguide was used as an optical sensor to detect the sound wave disturbance under water. It was observed that the HeNe laser drives the optical sensor to produce multiple diffraction rings, which are affected by the sound wave disturbance to produce unique clusters of rings with elongated shape pointing away from the source of the acoustic waves. It was observed that, the shape of the rings resonance with the waves to produce either constructive or destructive interference pattern which produce the elongated shape. The Sensor has the same results if it is driven by either HeNe laser or Ar ion laser. The optical characterization of the sensor's performance under harsh environment will be presented as well.
Sb-Te Phase-change Nanowires by Templated Electrodeposition

Phase-change memory materials (PCMMs) are semiconductors that exhibit rapid order-disorder transition under electrical or optical pulse excitation. Currently thin-film-based PCMMs play a dominant role in fabrication of non-volatile memory devices. In contrast, phase-change nanowires (PCNWs) have the potential to overcome future challenges such as high data density and low power consumption. Among the various methods to synthesize PCNWs, the vapor-liquid-solid method has been reported previously. In this paper, we report synthesis of Sb-Te PCNWs using a templated electrochemical method. Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) was used as a template for the growth of nanowires. Sb-Te PCNWs with different compositions, diameters and aspect ratios were grown inside the AAO template by electrodeposition. Composition and structure of these nanowires were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It is found that electrodeposition through nanosized channels results in materials that are quite different from those electrodeposited on unrestricted surface. The mechanism of nanowire formation inside the channels of AAO template is discussed.
Programming of CTL with heat-killed Brucella abortus and antigen allows soluble antigen alone to generate effective secondary CTL.

Abstract Optimal generation of cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses continues to be a challenge in the production of vaccines against pathogens such as HIV-1, in part because it is difficult to introduce soluble protein antigens (Ag) into the MHC class I pathway. Using heat-killed Brucella abortus (HKBA) as an adjuvant and ovalbumin (ova) protein as an Ag, we demonstrated that a high dose of Ag was required for systemic and effective CTL. In an adoptive transfer model, primary and secondary ova-specific OT-1 CD8 cell expansion by HKBA plus high dose of ova were partially CD4 T cell-dependent. Interestingly, primary stimulation with HKBA plus ova allowed effective secondary stimulation with ova alone that was equivalent to HKBA plus ova in terms of IFN-γ production from Ag-specific CD8 cells. Thus a combination of adequate Ag dose, and selection of appropriate adjuvants can meet the threshold not only for primary effective CTL responses to soluble protein Ags but for secondary CTL responses following stimulation with protein Ag alone.
Assertiveness and Effective Leadership: Is There a Tipping Point?

This article discusses assertiveness in the workplace and its relationship to organizational leadership. Leaders with low levels of assertiveness may be viewed as too passive while leaders who exhibit extremely assertive behavior can be perceived as too hostile. The author explores assertiveness and its relationship to leader success or failure. Several studies have demonstrated that employees viewed extremes in assertiveness as weaknesses in leaders rather than strengths. The relationship between assertiveness and business success was also discussed.
Chromosomal Aberrations in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes and Risk for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Chromosomal aberrations (CAs) are thought to be integrative biomarkers that reflect exposure to chromosome-damaging carcinogens and host factors. To investigate whether CAs indicate non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk, we evaluated 200 metaphase spreads each for 67 incident low-grade, untreated NHL cases and 57 controls matched on age, sex, and storage time of cryopreserved lymphocytes. Hyperdiploidy of 47 chromosomes was statistically significantly associated with increased NHL risk with odds ratios of 1.4 (97% confidence interval [CI] = 0.6-3.5) and 3.5 (95% CI = 1.1-10.9) for medium and high levels of hyperdiploidy, respectively, compared to the lowest level (P-trend = .04). Hypodiploidy of 43 and 44 chromosomes increased NHL risk 3.3-fold (95% CI = 1.2-8.7) and 2.2 (95% CI = 1.0-5.2), respectively, compared to those without the event; total hypodiploidy was only moderately associated with risk. Chromosome and chromatid breaks were not associated with NHL risk. Our data suggest for the first time that aneuploidy identified in cultured, peripheral lymphocytes may be potential indicators of NHL risk.
New insights into paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an uncommon intravascular hemolytic anemia that results from the clonal expansion of hematopoietic stem cells harboring somatic mutations in an X-linked gene, termed PIG-A. PIG-A mutations block glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis, resulting in a deficiency or absence of all GPI-anchored proteins on the cell surface. CD55 and CD59 are GPI-anchored complement regulatory proteins. Their absence on PNH red cells is responsible for the complement-mediated intravascular hemolysis. Intravascular hemolysis leads to release of free hemoglobin, which contributes to many of the clinical manifestations of PNH including fatigue, pain, esophageal spasm, erectile dysfunction and possibly thrombosis. Interestingly, rare PIG-A mutations can be found in virtually all healthy control subjects, leading to speculation that PIG-A mutations in hematopoietic stem cells are common benign events. However, negative selection of PIG-A mutant colony-forming cells with proaerolysin, a toxin that targets GPI-anchored proteins, reveals that most of these mutations are not derived from stem cells. Recently, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the terminal complement protein C5 has been shown to reduce hemolysis and greatly improve symptoms and quality of life for PNH patients.
Quinidine inhibits in vivo metabolism of amphetamine in rats: Impact upon correlation between GC/MS and immunoassay findings in rat urine

Amphetamine is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 (P450) to p-hydroxyamphetamine and phenylacetone in mammalian species. P450 metabolism is affected by genetic polymorphisms and by xenobiotic interactions in an isozyme-specific fashion. Little is known concerning the isozyme selectivity of amphetamine metabolism. Quinidine selectively inhibits the debrisoquine-specific isozyme (P450db) which displays genetic polymorphism in humans and rats. We now report the effect of quinidine on the metabolism of amphetamine to p-hydroxyamphetamine in vivo. At 0 h male Lewis rats received (po): no treatment (I), 80 mg quinidine/kg in 50% ethanol (II), or 50% ethanol (III), followed at 2 h by 15 mg d-amphetamine sulfate/kg (po). Urine specimens were collected and pooled at 0, 24, and 48 h. Amphetamine and p-hydroxyamphetamine concentrations were determined using a new GC/MS method for simultaneous quantitation. The ethanol vehicle-control (III) had no significant effect on amphetamine metabolism. Quinidine pretreatment (II) resulted in a significant decrease in the excretion of p-hydroxyamphetamine at 24 and 48 h to 7.2 and 24.1% of the vehicle-control levels, respectively, accompanied by a significant increase in amphetamine excretion between 24 and 48 h to 542% of the control. These data show that quinidine inhibits in vivo metabolism of amphetamine in rats and suggest that amphetamine metabolism may, in part, be mediated by an isozyme of P450 which displays genetic polymorphism. The inhibition of amphetamine metabolism results in an increased ratio of parent drug to metabolite concentration (metabolic ratio) in the urine, which mimics the effect of genetic polymorphisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chronic Antidiabetic Sulfonylureas In Vivo: Reversible Effects on Mouse Pancreatic β-Cells

Background Pancreatic β-cell ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are critical links between nutrient metabolism and insulin secretion. In humans, reduced or absent β-cell KATP channel activity resulting from loss-of-function KATP mutations induces insulin hypersecretion. Mice with reduced KATP channel activity also demonstrate hyperinsulinism, but mice with complete loss of KATP channels (KATP knockout mice) show an unexpected insulin undersecretory phenotype. Therefore we have proposed an “inverse U” hypothesis to explain the response to enhanced excitability, in which excessive hyperexcitability drives β-cells to insulin secretory failure without cell death. Many patients with type 2 diabetes treated with antidiabetic sulfonylureas (which inhibit KATP activity and thereby enhance insulin secretion) show long-term insulin secretory failure, which we further suggest might reflect a similar progression. Methods and Findings To test the above hypotheses, and to mechanistically investigate the consequences of prolonged hyperexcitability in vivo, we used a novel approach of implanting mice with slow-release sulfonylurea (glibenclamide) pellets, to chronically inhibit β-cell KATP channels. Glibenclamide-implanted wild-type mice became progressively and consistently diabetic, with significantly (p < 0.05) reduced insulin secretion in response to glucose. After 1 wk of treatment, these mice were as glucose intolerant as adult KATP knockout mice, and reduction of secretory capacity in freshly isolated islets from implanted animals was as significant (p < 0.05) as those from KATP knockout animals. However, secretory capacity was fully restored in islets from sulfonylurea-treated mice within hours of drug washout and in vivo within 1 mo after glibenclamide treatment was terminated. Pancreatic immunostaining showed normal islet size and α-/β-cell distribution within the islet, and TUNEL staining showed no evidence of apoptosis. Conclusions These results demonstrate that chronic glibenclamide treatment in vivo causes loss of insulin secretory capacity due to β-cell hyperexcitability, but also reveal rapid reversibility of this secretory failure, arguing against β-cell apoptosis or other cell death induced by sulfonylureas. These in vivo studies may help to explain why patients with type 2 diabetes can show long-term secondary failure to secrete insulin in response to sulfonylureas, but experience restoration of insulin secretion after a drug resting period, without permanent damage to β-cells. This finding suggests that novel treatment regimens may succeed in prolonging pharmacological therapies in susceptible individuals.
High Temperature Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Coastal Bermudagrass

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol is an encouraging technology in the face of concerns over global warming and finite energy resources. In the southeastern United States, coastal bermudagrass shows potential for use as an energy crop for ethanol production. A review of the literature has shown that research has been done on the dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of costal bermudagrass at 121oC prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. This study examined dilute acid concentrations of 0.3%(w/w) to 1.2%(w/w) at temperatures from 120C to 180C over residence times of 5 to 60 minutes in an effort to optimize the pretreatment process for sugar production. Bermudagrass was pretreated in a 1:10 mixture with dilute sulfuric acid. The pretreated solids were enzymatically hydrolyzed and the resulting reducing sugars have been quantified using a DNS assay method. Data is still being generated,, but from average total reducing sugar data that has been analyzed, the pretreatment conditions of 1.2% sulfuric acid (w/w) for 30 minutes yields optimum sugar production of 300 mg sugars / gram of un-pretreated biomass. Carbohydrate and lignin content will be measured before and after pretreatment in addition to an estimation of reducing sugars in the pretreatment filtrate in future work.
On the Interpretation of the Shortening of the G1-Phase by Overexpression of Cyclins in Mammalian Cells

Increasing the concentration of cyclins in mammalian cells leads to a shortening of the G1-phase of the division cycle. This observation has been interpreted as indicating that these cyclins act during, and are rate limiting for, passage through the G1-phase. Here it is argued that it is not possible to interpret experiments involving cyclin overexpression-induced changes in the lengths of individual cell cycle phases without considering changes in the overall cellular growth rate. A rigorous reanalysis of these experiments demonstrates that the results are consistent with the proposal that the shortening of the G1-phase is merely due to an increase in the rate of mass synthesis in all phases of the cell cycle. Increased cyclin concentrations leads to a faster rate of mass synthesis and a concomitant shortening of the G1-phase. Cyclins can also affect the length of the S- and G2-phases, which leads to the observed shortening of the G1-phase. Thus, the experiments on cyclin overexpression and their effect on G1-phase length cannot be used to support the proposal that cyclins act specifically during the G1-phase of the division cycle.
Leiomyoma-derived transforming growth factor-β impairs bone morphogenetic protein-2-mediated endometrial receptivity.

Objective To determine whether transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3 is a paracrine signal secreted by leiomyoma that inhibits bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-mediated endometrial receptivity and decidualization. Design Experimental. Setting Laboratory. Patient(s) Women with symptomatic leiomyomas. Intervention(s) Endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and leiomyoma cells were isolated from surgical specimens. Leiomyoma-conditioned media (LCM) was applied to cultured ESC. The TGF-β was blocked by two approaches: TGF-β pan-specific antibody or transfection with a mutant TGF-β receptor type II. Cells were then treated with recombinant human BMP-2 to assess BMP responsiveness. Main Outcome Measure(s) Expression of BMP receptor types 1A, 1B, 2, as well as endometrial receptivity mediators HOXA10 and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Result(s) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed elevated TGF-β levels in LCM. LCM treatment of ESC reduced expression of BMP receptor types 1B and 2 to approximately 60% of pretreatment levels. Preincubation of LCM with TGF-β neutralizing antibody or mutant TGF receptor, but not respective controls, prevented repression of BMP receptors. HOXA10 and LIF expression was repressed in recombinant human BMP-2 treated, LCM exposed ESC. Pretreatment of LCM with TGF-β antibody or transfection with mutant TGF receptor prevented HOXA10 and LIF repression. Conclusion(s) Leiomyoma-derived TGF-β was necessary and sufficient to alter endometrial BMP-2 responsiveness. Blockade of TGF-β prevents repression of BMP-2 receptors and restores BMP-2-stimulated expression of HOXA10 and LIF. Blockade of TGF signaling is a potential strategy to improve infertility and pregnancy loss associated with uterine leiomyoma.
Non-Navigational Uses and the Application of Water Law to the Basin

In humid Europe water supply was initially no problem. Indeed, the very abundance of water in some areas resulted quite early in measures for the protection of arable land. England, for example, established a uniform procedure in the reign of Henry VIII for the appointment of and discharge of duties by persons entrusted with drainage operations.1 Falling water had been used as motive power since the time of the Romans, who developed a vertical wheel on a horizontal axle.2 Water was employed in the making of cloth, paper, iron, beer, and tools, as well as in the extraction of alluvial gold, tin, and other mineral deposits.
Generic target tracking using color

In this paper, we propose a method for quantitatively analyzing the performance of tracking algorithms for generic objects (objects about which the system has no prior knowledge). The sensitivity of algorithms are measured as a function of changes in scale, rotation, clipping, and brightness. We then compare our quantitative measures with a subjective evaluation of the algorithm's performance on real-world images. We use a simple color-based matched filtering algorithm to illustrate the method.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors of the Central Nervous System

Controversial issues relating to the pathobiology and classification of central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) have plagued neuropathologists for more than 70 years. Hypotheses advanced in the mid-1920's have remained as fixed concepts in contemporary literature, largely consequent to repetitious support by a small number of neuropathologists despite a growing body of information discrediting these ideas from neuroembryologists, oncologists, neuroscien-tists and pathologists. Attention has largely focused upon PNETs arising in the cerebellum (commonly known as medul-loblastomas [MBs]), because about 80% of central nervous system (CNS) PNETs originate in this site. It has been asserted that the 20% which do not are biologically different, although most individuals agree that the histological features of PNETs that occur in different sites throughout the CNS are indistinguishable from those growing in the cerebellum. The historical aspects of this controversy are examined in the face of evidence that there is, in fact, a unique class of CNS tumors which should appropriately be regarded as primitive neuroectodermal in nature. Specifically, a number of different approaches to the problem have yielded data supporting this hypothesis. These approaches include the identification of patterns of expression among a variety of cellular antigens (demonstrated by the use of immunopathological techniques), molecular analyses of cell lines derived from these tumors, experimental production of PNETs and molecular genetic analyses. Differences of opinion among surgeons, oncologists and radiotherapists are typically resolved by conducting cooperative studies of patients with these tumors who are diagnosed and treated at multiple centers.
Role of antioxidants in the treatment of male infertility

Male infertility continues to be a clinical challenge of increasing significance. While male factors such as decreased semen quality are responsible for 25% of all infertility issues, the etiology of suboptimal semen quality is poorly understood. Many physiological, environmental, and genetic factors have been implicated, including oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), or free radicals, and although ROS are required for critical aspects of sperm function, excessive levels of ROS can negatively impact sperm quality. The origin of ROS generation, and the etiologies of increased ROS in men with suboptimal sperm quality have only recently been elucidated, offering multiple targets for potential therapy. Here, we present a critical review of the literature describing the role of oxidative stress on decreased sperm function, as well as the role of antioxidants in the treatment of male factor infertility.
Grainsize dependence of clastic yielding in unsaturated granular soils

We use a recent reformulation of the Breakage Mechanics theory explaining comminution in wet granular assemblies. By using a dataset for sands, we quantify the relationbetweenageometricdescriptoroftheassembly(i.e., the mean grainsize) and the model constants that control the suction air-entry value and the stress threshold at the onset of crushing. Such relations are used to define two contrast- ing scenarios for the coupling between degree of saturation and yielding. In the first scenario, the suction air-entry value scales inversely with the mean grainsize, while the energy input for comminution is assumed to be independent of the size of the particles. The outcome of this assumption is that changes in degree of saturation are predicted to play a more intense role in finer gradings. Conversely, if we assume that alsotheenergy input forgrainbreakage scalesinversely with the size of the particles, the effect of the degree of saturation is predicted to be stronger in coarser assemblies. In other words, the deterioration of the yielding stress due to grain-
Categorical Analytics Based On Consensus Theory

Categorical analytics is an admixture of computational methods with the express purpose of facilitating the multifaceted process of unstructured decision making. The complex subject is based on consensus theory and includes structured analytics, categories, entropy, and the combination of evidence. The methodology is applicable to a wide range of business, economic, social, political, and strategic decisions. The paper includes an election application to demonstrate the concepts.
Re-Evaluating Media Regulation in a Media Environment of Nearly Unlimited Entertainment Programming and Ample Alternative Channels of Communication

In addition to prominent constitutional theories relating to the importance of political speech, the Supreme Court on countless occasions has stated that political speech, or speech relating to the conduct of self-government, is the kind of speech with which the First Amendment is most concerned and should most protect. Under current First Amendment jurisprudence, however, not only do some constitutional doctrines fail to favor political speech, but at times political speech actually receives more disadvantageous treatment than does indecent commercial media entertainment. This Essay examines some ways in which this has occurred, along with the reasons for such disadvantageous treatment. Such an examination will involve the legacy of First Amendment doctrines born nearly a century ago and under a much different media environment than what exists today. Using the marketplace metaphor that was first articulated by Justice Holmes nine decades ago in his dissent in Abrams v. United States, this Essay argues that the Court has articulated First Amendment doctrines that end up greatly benefiting nonpolitical media entertainment - sometimes at the expense of political speech.Current First Amendment doctrines can give the illusion, by protecting the vilest and most vulgar of speech, that speech in general is overly protected, which in turn results in a backlash that can spill over to political speech.
Stability Criteria for Social Norms with Applications to the Prisoner's Dilemma

This article introduces four criteria for characterizing social norms in both cooperative and noncooperative games. The criteria are hybrids of von Neumann and Morgenstern's notion of stability and Greenberg's theory of social situations. When applied to the three-player prisoner's dilemma, these criteria illustrate that Nash and strong Nash equilibrium behavior do not rule out the possibility of unilateral defection as a social norm. We conclude with a new type of equilibrium behavior that induces coalition building and leads to social norms that rule out unilateral defection and allow for cooperation.
Mechanism of dexamethasone inhibition of chemotactic factor induced granulocyte aggregation.

The reaction of FMLP with granulocytes causes aggregation and degranulation and enhances adherence to endothelium. To evaluate whether prevention of granule extrusion could impair these granulocyte activities, granulocytes were treated with either dexamethasone or hydrocortisone prior to treatment with FMLP. Dexamethasone was added to suspensions of cytochalasin B-treated granulocytes; it markedly impaired the aggregation response of the granulocytes of FMLP. When cytochalasin-B was not used, granulocyte aggregation in response to FMLP or PMA was inhibited by dexamethasone. Although dexamethasone prevented aggregation of cells following stimulation with FMLP or PMA, it failed to prevent the aggregation of granulocytes induced by rabbit lactoferrin. Adherence of granulocytes to human endothelial monolayers was enhanced by FMLP; dexamethasone inhibited the enhancement. However, with the addition of human lactoferrin to the granulocytes exposed to dexamethasone, the cells were able to adhere as well to endothelium as the cells exposed to FMLP but free of dexamethasone. When cytochalasin- B-treated granulocytes were incubated with dexamethasone or hydrocortisone prior to the addition of FMLP, the subsequent release of lactoferrin was substantially blocked, whereas the release of the primary granule products, lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase, was attenuated but not completely blocked. Thus, corticosteroids might block chemotactic-factor-induced granulocyte aggregation by selectively preventing release of specific granule products that contribute to and sustain aggregation.
Semantic Knowledge Use in Discourse: Influence of Age.

Semantic memory is relatively stable across the lifespan (LaBarge, Edwards, & Knesevich, 1986). However, most research has been conducted at the single concept level (LaBarge et al., 1986, Spaniol et al., 2006). Few researchers have examined how semantic knowledge is used in discourse. The purpose of the study, then, was to determine the proportion of semantic knowledge and category domains used in discourse produced by younger and older participants. Cognitively healthy, younger (n = 30, aged 20–39) and older (n = 30, aged 60–89) participants told stories that were transcribed and coded for 10 domains of semantic knowledge and also living and nonliving things. Results indicated group differences for the proportion of semantic knowledge type, sound, and for the category type, living things. These findings extend previous research on semantic features into the realm of discourse and indicate the importance of studying semantic features and categories within discourse.
The Major Sterol from Cholesterol-Fed American Cockroaches

In a study concerned with fate and distribution of 4-C14-cholesterol in the male American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), it was found that nearly all of the radioactive sterol fraction, even at 20 days after administration, behaved like unchanged cholesterol when analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and reverse isotope dilution (Ishii et al. 1963). These results differ from those of Agarwal and Casida (1900), who report that the nymphs of this insect convert 4-14-cholesterol to their major natural sterol, a compound of unknown structure. This sterol differs from cholesterol in its chromatographic behavior in that it is slightly less polar. When adult American cockroaches were fed C14-cholesterol or its acetate, the major C14 sterol was again found to be eluted in a position similar to but not necessarily identical with cholesterol (Agarwal 1961).
Positive nitrogen balance after intraperitoneal administration of amino acids in 3 patients

ObjectiveTo determine whether intraperitoneal (IP) administration of amino acids improves nitrogen balance during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).DesignNitrogen balance studies of ...
Survey of pollution of vegetables and fruits in Futian District of Shenzhen City

Objective To investigate the pollution status of vegetable and fruit in Futian District of Shenzhen as well as the source of pollution and explore the possible way to control pollution. Methods Totally 688 vegetable and fruit samples were collected from market since 2011. Inductive coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy was used to determine the concentration of Pb、Cd、total As and total Hg. Gas chromatography method was used to determine 21 kinds of pesticide residues in the samples. Results The unqualified rates of Pb, Cd, total As and total Hg were 1.16%, 0.44%, 0.00% and 5.33%,respectively. The qualified rate of pesticide residues in the samples was 91.08%. Dicofol that was prohibited for use was also detected. Conclusions The vegetables and fruits were polluted and effective preventive measures including market monitoring be taken to control the pollution.
Chaos theory in medicine

Ces dernieres annees, une approche de la nature des phenomenes aleatoires est apparue dans le domaine des sciences physiques : La theorie du chaos. Son application a la medecine apporte une meilleure comprehension de certains phenomenes physiologiques ou pathologiques comme la fibrillation ventriculaire, l'epilepsie, ou la dynamique des epidemies. 1,2 La theorie du chaos bouleverse nos conceptions classiques du hasard: il peut exister un ordre cache dans le desordre apparent de certains phenomenes d'allure aleatoire. Des systemes entierement deterministes peuvent presenter des comportements complexes d'aspect aleatoire, bien que le hasard n'y ait aucune place.
Die Wertigkeit der Ultraschalldiagnostik beim stumpfen Bauch- und Thoraxtrauma

In einer prospektiven Studie wurde der Ultraschall bei 103 Patienten mit stumpfem Bauch- und Thoraxtrauma als initiales bildgebendes Verfahren eingesetzt. Auf die Peritoneallavage wurde verzichtet. 22 Patienten (21%) hatten einen pathologischen Befund. Die Sensitivitat betrug bei zwei falsch positiven Befunden 95,5%, die Spezifitat bei einem falsch negativen Befund 97,5%. 14 Organverletzungen konnten im Ultraschall direkt nachgewiesen werden, bei den ubrigen zeigte sich freie Flussigkeit im Abdomen. Milz- und Leberverletzungen standen im Vordergrund, gefolgt vom Haematothorax. Die Ultraschalluntersuchung kann beim stumpfen Bauch-und Thoraxtrauma als initiales, bildgebendes Verfahren mit hoher Aussagekraft empfohlen werden.
Biological Markers Characterizing the Development of Preneoplastic and Neoplastic Lesions in Rodent Liver

The identification of biological “markers” indicating distinctively different functions between preneoplastic and neoplastic as compared with normal cells has been a subject of intensive investigation, especially as additional technology becomes available. Although no distinct single biochemical marker is ubiquitous to the process of neoplasia or even to a single histoge- netic type of neoplasm, a variety of histogenetic types of neoplasms in the human and experimental animals exhibit an extreme degree of marker or pheno- typic heterogeneity. Particularly well studied are markers which occurred during the process of hepatocarcinogenesis in the rodent as well as in its final product, the hepatoma. Although phenotypic heterogeneity is characteristic of hepatocellular carcinomas in both the rat and mouse, some degree of predominant marker pattern(s) has become apparent. In multistage hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat a frequent but not completely ubiquitous marker is the enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. In the mouse, although such markers have not been as extensively studied as in the rat, glucose 6-phosphatase is a predominant but not exclusive histochemical marker. Many preneoplastic lesions occurring during the stage of promotion exhibit reduced levels of enzymes of oxidative xenobiotic metabolism, but this pattern is not ubiquitous. Studies on the transcription of specific genes in mouse liver as well as preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in this tissue further demonstrate the phenotypic heterogeneity characteristic of differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas. In general, current evidence supports the two theses that 1) no single biologic marker or set of markers is uniquely characteristic of the preneoplas- tical and/or neoplastic phenotype and 2) marker or phenotypic heterogeneity is by far the rule rather than the exception in hepatocarcinogenesis in the rodent and quite possibly in all histogenetic types of neoplasms in mammals.
Hail Hera, Mother of Monsters! Monstrosity as Emblem of Sexual Sovereignty

Misogyny and the oppression of women are not only manifest in visible symptoms like income disparity and the prevalence of rape; these outcomes are kept alive through the symbolic manipulation of h...
Acute and Chronic Right Ventricular Failure

Right ventricular failure is the subject of renewed attention as the importance of RV function in a variety of disease states has been recognized. The RV is highly compliant, and is able to accommodate a wide range of preload conditions. Yet, it is afterload-sensitive, and normal physiology is dependent on its association with the low resistance of the pulmonary vasculature. Changes in the pulmonary vascular resistance, either acutely or over time, provoke a series of adaptations that are designed to maintain a normal cardiac output, but ultimately lead to decompensation and RV failure. Through ventricular interdependence, RV failure may impair left ventricular diastolic and systolic function, further reducing cardiac performance. Both echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging can provide detailed information about RV structure, with MRI providing better assessment of ventricular volumes and RV function. Right heart catheterization is often necessary for definitive diagnosis of the etiology of RV failure and for determining the best therapeutic options. The treatment of RV failure is highly dependent on the underlying etiology, which should be corrected if possible. Targeted medical therapy is particularly useful in cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension, and is under investigation for broader use in other causes of pulmonary hypertension.
Considerations for the successful decannulation of the pediatric patient: A single surgeon's experience.

Abstract Objective To characterize the steps and interventions necessary for successful decannulation of the chronic pediatric tracheostomy patient. Methods This retrospective review analyzed one surgeon's (DJK) pediatric tracheostomy decannulation methods and results at a tertiary academic medical center over a thirteen-year period, from October 2002 through November 2015. It also examined which tests and procedures were conducted on patients prior to their successful decannulation. Results Over the period of study, 46 patients met inclusion criteria for analysis and underwent decannulation after being followed in the clinic or the hospital. One of these patients had to have the tracheostomy tube replaced. In nearly all cases, these patients underwent a systematic progression from tolerance of daytime tracheostomy capping to a capped sleep study, and endoscopic airway evaluation. In recent years, a subset of patients also underwent sleep endoscopy. In nearly all cases, patients spent a single night in the hospital in a non-acute bed at the time of decannulation. Ninety-eight percent (n = 45) of patients were successfully and safely decannulated after having met the milestones that we employ at our institution. Conclusions This study serves as a safe, efficient, and resource-prudent protocol for otolaryngologists to follow when considering tracheostomy decannulation in the pediatric population. Sleep endoscopy can play a helpful role in guiding decannulation decisions. Since it is impossible to employ a single rigid protocol of testing prior to decannulating all patients, clinical judgment must always be exercised in individual circumstances.
From Profane Space to the Sacred Place or Center in Désert by Le Clézio

In Desert,1 Le Clezio distinguishes between a geographical space, mea- surable expansion, and place, a center or nombril of life and existence. The distinction of space and place is the basis of relations between the world and man; space can be defined in rational terms for greater intellectual security; place expresses the union or fusion of man and world. Space can be conceived by man-made laws and by a rational demonstration of structures and principles, governed by rigorous definitions. Man’s place in Desert, however, expresses the rhythmic vitality of man and nature, appearing and disappearing in the immense, nameless ocean of infinity, the desert: Ils etaient les homes et les femmes du sable, du vent, de la lumiere, de la nuit. Ils etaient apparus, comme dans un reve, en haut d’une dune, comme s’ils etaient nes du ciel sans nuages, et qu’ils avaient dans leurs members la durete de l’espace (p.9)chrw... Tournes vers Ils s’en allaient, comme dans un reve, ils disparaissaient (p. 439)
Prevention of Prostate Cancer Morbidity and Mortality: Primary Prevention and Early Detection.

More than any other cancer, prostate cancer screening with the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests increases the risk a man will have to face a diagnosis of prostate cancer. The best evidence from screening trials suggests a small but finite benefit from prostate cancer screening in terms of prostate cancer–specific mortality, about 1 fewer prostate cancer death per 1000 men screened over 10 years. The more serious harms of prostate cancer screening, such as erectile dysfunction and incontinence, result from cancer treatment with surgery or radiation, particularly for men whose PSA-detected cancers were never destined to cause morbidity or mortality.