cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic coupling of regulated binding sites and cycling myosin heads in striated muscle

In an activated muscle, binding sites on the thin filament and myosin heads switch frequently between different states. Because the status of the binding sites influences the status of the heads, and vice versa, the binding sites and myosin heads are dynamically coupled. The functional consequences of this coupling were investigated using MyoSim, a new computer model of muscle. MyoSim extends existing models based on Huxley-type distribution techniques by incorporating Ca2+ activation and cooperative effects. It can also simulate arbitrary cross-bridge schemes set by the researcher. Initial calculations investigated the effects of altering the relative speeds of binding-site and cross-bridge kinetics, and of manipulating cooperative processes. Subsequent tests fitted simulated force records to experimental data recorded using permeabilized myocardial preparations. These calculations suggest that the rate of force development at maximum activation is limited by myosin cycling kinetics, whereas the rate at lower levels of activation is limited by how quickly binding sites become available. Additional tests investigated the behavior of transiently activated cells by driving simulations with experimentally recorded Ca2+ signals. The unloaded shortening profile of a twitching myocyte could be reproduced using a model with two myosin states, cooperative activation, and strain-dependent kinetics. Collectively, these results demonstrate that dynamic coupling of binding sites and myosin heads is important for contractile function.
Examining lifetime episodes of sadness, help seeking, and perceived treatment helpfulness among US Latino/as

This study investigated episodes of sadness, help seeking for episodes of sadness, and perceived treatment helpfulness among Latino/as. Specifically, we examined whether gender, ethnicity, and other socio-cultural variables predicted episodes of sadness, help seeking, and treatment helpfulness. Data were taken from the National Latino Asian American Study which included service use questions for episodes of sadness. We stratified the data by service provider and used multiple logistic regressions as analytic strategy. Latinas had higher rates of episodes of sadness than Latinos, and everyday discrimination was positively associated with sadness. Acculturation was associated with more help seeking. Puerto Ricans had the highest rates of help seeking, and Mexican–Americans the lowest. Discrimination was the strongest predictor of treatment helpfulness from any professional as individuals with discriminatory experiences found services less helpful. Interventions need to address cultural factors but more focus needs to be placed on policies that seek to eliminate inequalities.
A multivariate comparison of the intellectual performance of black and white children matched on four demographic variables

Abstract This study investigated the performance of 285 matched pairs of Black and White children from the standardization sample on the 12 subtests and 3 IQ scales of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R). The children were matched on four demographic variables found in a previous (Reynolds and Gutkin, 1979) study to be significantly related to WISC-R performance: sex, socioeconomic status as determined by the occupation of the head of household, region of residence in the U.S. and urban vs rural residence. Multivariate analysis of variance comparing performance across race on the 15 dependent variables revealed that Whites exceeded Blacks on all tasks except Digit Span—a test of rote memory. Results were also related to the evaluation of the Spearman hypothesis.
Suppression of male rhesus testicular function and sexual behavior by a gonadotropin-releasing-hormone agonist

Abstract Castrated rhesus monkeys tested in pair tests in small areas mate up to 6 yr after castration, though there is high individual variability (22,23). The generalizability of these findings to social groups in larger areas is unknown. The sexual behavior of 4 adult rhesus males tested singly with a group of 9 intact adult females was examined during short-term, counterbalanced, gonadotropin-releasing-hormone(GnRH)-agonist-induced testicular suppression and control treatment. GnRH-agonist treatment suppressed testosterone to
Heterosupramolecular Chemistry: Recognition Initiated and Inhibited Silver Nanocrystal Aggregation by Pseudorotaxane Assembly

Near size-monodisperse silver nanocrystals stabilized by chemisorption of a mixture of an alkane thiol (85%) and an alkane thiol incorporating a dibenzo-24-crown-8 moiety (15%) have been prepared. Using dynamic light scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance, it is shown that addition of bis-dibenzylammonium dication initiates aggregation of the silver nanocrystal dispersion by pseudorotaxane assembly. It is also shown that addition of excess dibenzylammonium cation or dibenzo-24-crown-8 inhibits further aggregation. This novel demonstration of controlled nanocrystal aggregation points the way toward the programmed assembly of complex nanocrystal architectures in solution.
Tidal and deltaic controls on carbonate platforms: Glen Dean Formation (Upper Mississippian) of Illinois Basin, U.S.A.

Abstract About 1200 vertically oriented carbonate, sandstone and shale samples were collected from twenty-three stratigraphic sections of the Glen Dean Formation in the Illinois Basin. Detailed petrographic investigation using the microfacies approach has led to the recognition of sixteen distinct carbonate microfacies. Their vertical succession and reciprocal relationships in the different sections and their correlation coefficients led to the recognition of an ideal shallowing-upward sequence in turn converted into a horizontal depositional model. The model is a shallow open-marine subtidal carbonate platform consisting of the juxtaposition of two broad banks. The following environments from offshore to onshore were recognized: lower slope, upper slope, outer bank with three sub-bank environments (foraminiferal, crinoidal, and oncolitic), inter bank, inner bank with three sub-bank environments (bryozoan, oncolitic, and oolitic), lagoon. The carbonates display a complex diagenetic sequence with several pathways which includes the following environments: stagnant and active marine phreatic, freshwater vadose, undersaturated and saturated freshwater phreatic, mixing freshwater-marine phreatic, and burial. The petrographic analysis of the siliciclastic rocks led to the recognition of five microfacies: siltstone, quartz arenite, quartz arenite with argillaceous matrix, quartz wacke and shale. A depositional model was developed which consisted of a deltaic complex periodically prograding over the eastern shelf of the Illinois Basin. Consequently, three distinct environments were juxtaposed: delta system, carbonate platform and basin. At times sands and muds cut across the carbonate platform by means of channel systems and were deposited in the basin by gravity flows. The clay mineral assemblage of the shales from the deltaic fringe consists of discrete illite, kaolinite or chlorite, and mixed layer illite/smectite. Kaolinite and chlorite display a north-south zonation due to their physical segregation in the depositional environment with kaolinite in more shoreward and chlorite in more marine environment. The illite/smectite composition ranges from 50 to 85% illite and from 15 to 50% smectite. Its mixed layered structure is short range ordered and/or random. These samples mainly reflect the effects of provenance. The clay mineral assemblage of the shales from the central part of the basin contains long range ordered illite/smectite with the composition of 90–95% illite and 5–10% smectite. These samples mainly reflect the effects of thermal diagenesis due to burial.
Introduction to Cross-Cultural Management Issue

Early in 1982, the Editor-in-Chief of JIBS decided to publish a special issue on cross-cultural management at the suggestion of Professor Nancy Adler of McGill University, following her successful organization of the symposium at her university. Professor Anant R. Negandhi was approached and agreed to be a guest editor. Papers included in this issue are the result of this endeavor.
Wood, nematodes, and the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora

Abstract Researchers have proposed that Arthrobotrys oligospora and related fungi trap soil nematodes to obtain nitrogen and thereby compete saprophytically for carbon and energy in nitrogen-poor environments, including litter and wood. The current study tested two hypotheses concerning this model. The first was that wood decomposition would be enhanced if both large numbers of nematodes (a potential nitrogen supply) and A. oligospora (a cellulolytic organism that can use that N supply) were present. The second was that A. oligospora trapping activity would increase if large numbers of nematodes were added to soil containing abundant carbon (a wood dowel or chip). Although the first hypothesis was supported by an in vitro experiment on agar (A. oligospora degraded much more wood when nematodes were present), neither hypothesis was supported by an experiment in vials containing field soil. In soil, wood decomposition was unaffected by the addition of A. oligospora or large numbers of nematodes. Whereas A. oligospora trapped virtually all nematodes added to agar cultures, it trapped few or no nematodes added to soil. Given that the fungal isolate was obtained from the same soil and that the fungus increased to large numbers (>1×103 propagules g−1 soil), the failure of A. oligospora to trap nematodes in soil is difficult to explain. Soil nitrate levels, however, were high (71 mg kg−1), and it is possible that with lower nitrate levels, trapping in soil might be stimulated by wood and nematodes.
Susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis to Six Antibiotics Determined by Standardized Antimicrobial Disc Susceptibility Testing

The susceptibility of 100 or more strains of Bacteroides fragilis to six antibiotics was determined by standardized agar dilution and disc diffusion tests. Good correlation of results of the two methods was obtained with chloramphenicol, clindamycin, lincomycin, penicillin, and vancomycin. Correlation of results with erythromycin was not as good. A great deal of overlapping of zone diameters among strains classed as susceptible, intermediate, and resistant occurred with both erythromycin and lincomycin, making interpretation of disc diffusion tests difficult. All strains tested were susceptible to chloramphenicol; 94% were susceptible to clindamycin at concentrations readily achieved with ordinary dosage, and all strains were inhibited by 6.2 μg/ml, a level which is achieved with somewhat more intensive therapy. Only 7% were shown to be susceptible to erythromycin and 13% to lincomycin under the conditions of our testing procedure. Only a small percentage of the strains were susceptible to penicillin, and none was susceptible to vancomycin.
Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Consultations on Parent Stress and Competence:

Parenting is a challenging activity and many parents report high stress and feelings of incompetence. Both of these factors (a) stress and (b) feelings of incompetence are associated with a variety...
Methods of Projecting Complete Lactation Production from Part-Lactation Yield

Abstract Four methods of extending lactations-in-progress were compared: ratio, multiple regression, modified regression, and regression of the remainder of the lactation on the last test. Multiple regression estimates and regression estimates on the last test were about equally precise. Modified regression was intermediate while errors of ratio estimates were largest. Present use of ratio extension factors results in excessively large errors in projecting short-length lactation to a 305-day basis.
Perfect Conserved Linkage Across the Entire Mouse Chromosome 10 Region Homologous to Human Chromosome 21

The distal end of human Chromosome (HSA) 21 from PDXK to the telomere shows perfect conserved linkage with mouse Chromosome (MMU) 10. This region is bounded on the proximal side by a segment of homology to HSA22q11.2, and on the distal side by a region of homology with HSA19p13.1. A high-resolution PAC-based physical map is described that spans 2.8 Mb, including the entire 2.1 Mb from Pdxk to Prmt2 corresponding to HSA21. Thirty-four expressed sequences are mapped, three of which were not mapped previously in any species and nine more that are mapped in mouse for the first time. These genes confirm and extend the conserved linkage between MMU10 and HSA21. The ordered PACs and dense STS map provide a clone resource for biological experiments, for rapid and accurate mapping, and for genomic sequencing. The new genes identified here may be involved in Down syndrome (DS) or in several genetic diseases that map to this conserved region of HSA21.
Value locality and load value prediction

Since the introduction of virtual memory demand-paging and cache memories, computer systems have been exploiting spatial and temporal locality to reduce the average latency of a memory reference. In this paper, we introduce the notion of value locality, a third facet of locality that is frequently present in real-world programs, and describe how to effectively capture and exploit it in order to perform load value prediction. Temporal and spatial locality are attributes of storage locations, and describe the future likelihood of references to those locations or their close neighbors. In a similar vein, value locality describes the likelihood of the recurrence of a previously-seen value within a storage location. Modern processors already exploit value locality in a very restricted sense through the use of control speculation (i.e. branch prediction), which seeks to predict the future value of a single condition bit based on previously-seen values. Our work extends this to predict entire 32- and 64-bit register values based on previously-seen values. We find that, just as condition bits are fairly predictable on a per-static-branch basis, full register values being loaded from memory are frequently predictable as well. Furthermore, we show that simple microarchitectural enhancements to two modern microprocessor implementations (based on the PowerPC 620 and Alpha 21164) that enable load value prediction can effectively exploit value locality to collapse true dependencies, reduce average memory latency and bandwidth requirements, and provide measurable performance gains.
Biodynamic modeling, system identification, and variability of multi-finger movements

A forward dynamic model of human multi-fingered hand movement is proposed. The model represents digits 2–5 in manipulative acts as a 12-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) system, driven by torque actuators at individual joints and controlled using a parsimonious proportional–derivative (PD) scheme. The control parameters as feedback gains along with an auxiliary parameter to modulate the joint torque magnitudes and cross-coupling can be empirically identified in an iterative procedure minimizing the discrepancy between the model-prediction and measurement. The procedure is guided and computationally accelerated by pre-knowledge of relations between the parameters and kinematic responses. An empirical test based on real grasping movement data showed that the model simulated the multi-finger movements with varied inter-joint temporal coordination accurately: the grand mean of the root-mean-square-errors (RMSE) across trials performed by 28 subjects was 3.251. Analyses of the model parameters yielded new insights into intra- and interperson variability in multi-finger movement performance, and distinguished the less variable motor control strategy from much more variable anthropometric and physiological factors. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Rotavirus Vaccines in Routine Use

Vaccines are now available to combat rotavirus, the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children worldwide. We review clinical trial data for available rotavirus vaccines and summarize postlicensure data on effectiveness, impact, and safety from countries routinely using these vaccines in national programs. In these countries, rotavirus vaccines have reduced all-cause diarrhea and rotavirus hospitalizations by 17%-55% and 49%-92%, respectively, and all-cause diarrhea deaths by 22%-50% in some settings. Indirect protection of children who are age-ineligible for rotavirus vaccine has also been observed in some high and upper middle income countries. Experience with routine use of rotavirus vaccines in lower middle income countries has been limited to date, but vaccine introductions in such countries have been increasing in recent years. The risk-benefit analysis of rotavirus vaccines is extremely favorable but other strategies to improve the effectiveness of the vaccine, particularly in lower middle income settings, should be considered.
A plant flavonoid fisetin induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells by inhibition of COX2 and Wnt/EGFR/NF-κB-signaling pathways

Overexpression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and uncontrolled wingless and Int (Wnt)-signaling pathway have long been suggested to play crucial roles in colorectal cancer. Studies show that selective COX2 inhibitors possess great potential as chemopreventive agents for colon cancer. Recent studies suggest that targeting COX2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) may provide better therapeutic strategy than inhibiting either single target and that this may alleviate the problem of COX2 inhibitor-associated side effects. Therefore, there have been intensive efforts to develop novel dietary substances that target COX2 and EGFR activation. Fisetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid commonly found in various vegetables and fruits. We found that the treatment of COX2-overexpressing HT29 human colon cancer cells with fisetin (30–120 μM) resulted in induction of apoptosis, downregulation of COX2 protein expression without affecting COX1 and inhibited the secretion of prostaglandin E2. Treatment of cells with fisetin also inhibited Wnt-signaling activity through downregulation of β-catenin and T cell factor 4 and decreased the expression of target genes such as cyclin D1 and matrix metalloproteinase 7. Fisetin treatment of cells also inhibited the activation of EGFR and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Finally, the formation of colonies in soft agar was suppressed by fisetin treatment. Taken together, we provide evidence that the plant flavonoid fisetin can induce apoptosis and suppress the growth of colon cancer cells by inhibition of COX2- and Wnt/EGFR/NF-κB-signaling pathways. We suggest that fisetin could be a useful agent for prevention and treatment of colon cancer.
Toward an interpersonal life-stress model of depression: the developmental context of stress generation.

The validity of a developmentally based life-stress model of depression was evaluated in 88 clinic-referred youngsters. The model focused on (a) the role of child‐environment transactions, (b) the specificity of stress‐psychopathology relations, and (c) the consideration of both episodic and chronic stress. Semistructured diagnostic and life-stress interviews were administered to youngsters and their parents. As predicted, in the total sample child depression was associated with interpersonal episodic and chronic stress, whereas externalizing disorder was associated with noninterpersonal episodic and chronic stress. However, the pattern of results differed somewhat in boys and girls. Youngsters with comorbid depression and externalizing disorder tended to experience the highest stress levels. Support was obtained for a stress-generation model of depression, wherein children precipitate stressful events and circumstances. In fact, stress that was in part dependent on children’s contribution distinguished best among diagnostic groups, whereas independent stress had little discriminative power. Results suggest that life-stress research may benefit from the application of transactional models of developmental psychopathology, which consider how children participate in the construction of stressful environments.
Virginiamycin Effects on Controlling Necrotic Enteritis Infection in Chickens

Abstract Duplicate trials were conducted with male broiler chickens to evaluate virginiamycin as treatment against experimentally induced necrotic enteritis infection. Each trial consisted of seven treatments, each replicated four times, with 10 birds per replicate. Two treatments were fed control ration (noninfected control and infected control) and the five remaining treatments were fed virginiamycin at 5, 10, 15, 20, or 40 g/ton. Birds were orally dosed with 10 ml of Clostridium perfringens culture at 14 days of age. At 5 weeks of age, surviving birds were killed and necropsied to obtain lesion scores. Birds fed virginiamycin had significantly less mortality and lower intestinal lesion scores than nonmedicated birds when experimentally infected with necrotic enteritis.
Immunological dissection of the plant-microbe interface in pea nodules.

The development of the nitrogen-fixing legume root nodule involves many forms of cell-to-cell contacts and interactions in the pathway of differentiation. Contacts between one plant cell surface and another lead to the differentiation of a variety of different cell types from the same nodule meristem. Contacts between plant and rhizobial cell surfaces guide rhizobia through the infection thread structures that penetrate plant cells. Finally, contact between the bacterial cell surface and the plant cell plasma membrane lead to endocytosis of bacteria and their development within the cytoplasm into endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteroids enclosed by a plant-derived peribacteroid membrane.
Vulnerability and Place: Flat Land and Uneven Risk in New Orleans

Vulnerability to extreme events is shaped by both physical and social factors, and Hurricane Katrina brutally exposed that fact in New Orleans. Historically, low-income Irish and Italian populations suffered when floods washed over the Crescent City. Modifications in the structural defenses to floods and shifting demographics since 1950 altered the geography of vulnerability. In recent years, both blacks and whites have occupied below-sea-level sites, exposing both to flood risks, although the racial composition of the city has undergone a near reversal. Additionally, low-income residents, found disproportionately within the African American population, suffered dual vulnerability. Not only did many live in low-lying areas but evacuation plans relied on private automobiles that left many poor residents to endure the impact of the hurricane-induced flooding.
Akt finds its new path to regulate cell cycle through modulating Skp2 activity and its destruction by APC/Cdh1

Skp2 over-expression has been observed in many human cancers. However, the mechanisms underlying elevated Skp2 expression have remained elusive. We recently reported that Akt1, but not Akt2, directly controls Skp2 stability by interfering with its association with APC/Cdh1. As a result, Skp2 degradation is protected in cancer cells with elevated Akt activity. This finding expands our knowledge of how specific kinase cascades influence proteolysis governed by APC/Cdh1 complexes. However, it awaits further investigation to elucidate whether the PI3K/Akt circuit affects other APC/Cdh1 substrates. Our results further strengthen the argument that different Akt isoforms might have distinct, even opposing functions in the regulation of cell growth or migration. In addition, we noticed that Ser72 is localized in a putative Nuclear Localization Sequence (NLS), and that phosphorylation of Ser72 disrupts the NLS and thus promotes Skp2 cytoplasmic translocation. This finding links elevated Akt activity with the observed cytoplasmic Skp2 staining in aggressive breast and prostate cancer patients. Furthermore, it provides the rationale for the development of specific Akt1 inhibitors as efficient anti-cancer therapeutic agents.
Acid-base balance and ion transfers in the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) during hypercapnia : A role for ammonia excretion

The effect of hypercapnia on the acid-base balance and acid-equivalent transfers has been measured in the dogfish Squalus acanthias. Previous reports on Squalus are not in agreement as to the role played by compensatory acid-base transfers between the animal and the water during hypercapnia. Cannulated animals were maintained in a closed circuit, seawater recirculation system. Plasma pH, Cco2 (from which Pco2 and [HCO3−] were calculated), and transfers of NH4+ and HCO3−-equivalent ions between the fish and the water, were measured during 24 hours of hypercapnic exposure (Pco2: 8–10 torr) and a subsequent 8–24 hour normocapnic recovery period. Respiratory acidosis resulted in a plasma pH depression, which was then almost completely compensated (within ˜ 0.1 pH unit) over 24 hours by a ˜ 20 mM increase in plasma [HCO3 ]. In contrast to previous studies on elasmobranch acid-base regulation, hypercapnia induced a rapid 3 × increase in not only HCO3−-equivalent uptake but also branchial ammonia (NH4+) excretion. These transfers combined for a net Δ H+ loss to the water of 5.5 mmol kg−1. During the normocapnic period, net Δ H+ was reversed to −6.9 mmol kg−1, nearly completely due to HCO3-efflux. Several lines of evidence point to the contribution of gill Na+/NH4+ exchange to the total ammonia excreted during hypercapnia, whereas NH3 diffusion predominates during the recovery period. Likewise, Cl−/HCO3− or Cl−/OH− exchange may enhance the uptake of HCO3− during hypercapnia.
Learning improved linear transforms for speech recognition

This paper explores a novel large margin approach to learning a linear transform for dimensionality reduction in speech recognition. The method assumes a trained Gaussian mixture model for each class to be discriminated and trains a dimensionality-reducing linear transform with respect to the fixed model, optimizing a hinge loss on the difference between the distance to the nearest in- and out-of-class Gaussians using stochastic gradient descent. Results are presented showing that the learnt transform improves state classification for individual frames and reduces word error rate compared to Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) in a large vocabulary speech recognition problem even after discriminative training.
Extraterrestrial Magnetic Fields: Achievements and Opportunities

The major scientific achievements associated with the measurement of magnetic fields in space over the past decade and a half are reviewed. Aspects of space technology relevant to magnetic-field observations are discussed, including the different types of magnetometers used and how they operate, problems arising from spacecraft-generated magnetic fields and the appropriate countermeasures that have been developed and on-board processing of magnetometer data. The scientific discussion is restricted to only the major achievements; however, all the major topics are covered, specifically: the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field, the Earth's magnetic field in space, the interaction of the solar wind with the planets, planetary magnetic fields, and the permanent magnetic fields of the Moon. A brief description is also included of future missions now scheduled for launch which should contribute significantly to the understanding of extraterrestrial magnetic fields. A fairly complete bibliography is included which lists original contributions as well as more recent publications and review articles.
Indoor Air: the first 10 years.

Abstract This paper recounts the first 10 years of the Indoor Air journal from the perspective of the founding editor. It represents personal recollections of the journal’s founding and initial publication. It describes some of the amazing changes that have occurred since the decade of the 1990s when it was first published. Practical Implications It is useful to reflect back periodically to earlier times when the Indoor Air journal was just beginning to understand the conditions that led to its founding. Wise people have contributed much to create this outstanding journal. Their contributions should not be forgotten.
Accuracy of Computed Tomography in the Prediction of Extracapsular Spread of Lymph Node Metastases in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

Importance At many institutions, computed tomography with iodinated intravenous contrast medium is the preferred imaging modality for staging of the neck in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. However, few studies have specifically assessed the diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography for determining the presence or absence of extracapsular spread (ECS). Objective To determine the accuracy of modern, contrast-enhanced, multidetector computed tomography in the diagnosis of ECS of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective observational study at an academic tertiary referral center among 100 consecutive patients between May 1, 2007, and February 1, 2012, who underwent a lateral cervical neck dissection for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with neck metastases of at least 1 cm in diameter on pathologic assessment. Exclusion criteria included malignant neoplasms other than squamous cell carcinoma, a delay in surgery longer than 6 weeks from the time of staging computed tomography, and prior treatment of the neck or recurrent disease or a second primary. Main Outcomes and Measures Each patient was independently assigned a subjective score for the presence of ECS by 2 Certificate of Added Qualification–certified neuroradiologists according to a 5-point scale. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated, and sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for each observer. Results The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for observers 1 and 2 are 0.678 (95% CI, 0.578-0.768) and 0.621 (95% CI, 0.518-0.716), respectively. For observer 1, the positive and negative predictive values for the detection of ECS were 84% (95% CI, 68%-93%) and 49% (95% CI, 36%-62%), respectively. For observer 2, the positive and negative predictive values for the detection of ECS were 71% (95% CI, 57%-82%) and 48% (95% CI, 32%-64%), respectively. Conclusions and Relevance Computed tomography cannot be used to reliably determine the presence of pathologic ECS. Radiologic findings suggestive of ECS should not be relied on for treatment planning in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
Symbiotic zooxanthellae enhance boring and growth rates of the tropical sponge Anthosigmella varians forma varians

Several species of boring sponges harbor symbiotic zooxanthellae, and it is believed that the symbiont enhances boring activity of host sponges. This hypothesis was tested using manipulative field experiments to assess the effect of intracellular zooxanthella populations on boring rates of the tropical sponge Anthosigmella varians forma varians. Portions of sponge were attached to 60 calcium carbonate blocks of known weight. Three sets of 10 blocks were grown at high light levels and three sets of 10 blocks were grown at low light levels for 105 d in the Florida Keys, Florida, USA. Boring rates, growth rates (lateral growth and within-substratum tissue penetration), and zooxanthella populations were measured at the end of the experiment. Absolute rates of boring and growth of A. varians forma varians were significantly greater when zooxanthella densities were higher. Boring rate and tissue penetration related to final surface area of sponge attachment was also enhanced when zooxanthella densities were higher, suggesting that the symbiont plays a physiological role in the decalcification process. This is in contrast to the role that zooxanthellae play in coral hosts. Based on the results of this study, it appears that the presence of zooxanthellar symbionts has important ecological and life-history consequences for host sponges. Ability to laterally overgrow competitors will be correlated with the size and activity of zooxanthella populations. In addition, the fitness of host sponges will be enhanced by algal symbionts, since greater penetration within substrata will result in an increase in production of tissue that can be converted into storage, feeding and reproductive functions.
International technology sales-a viable strategy to maximize the returns on business assets

A major objective of many US companies in the coming decade is to become more globally focused. While many are still only thinking about how best to export products from a US manufacturing base, a few have ventured to sell technology to maximize the return of their total assets. Technology sales, guidelines to use in deciding whether to sell certain technology, and how to effectively conduct a technology sale are discussed. >
Et Tu Schellenberg? Thoughts on the Dagger of American Appraisal Theory

Luciana Duranti's article, "The Concept of Appraisal and Archival Theory" challenges the very foundations of American appraisal practice. Duranti believes that through several fundamental errors American archivists have embraced a unique body of appraisal thought that "betray[s] archival accountability." This article examines Duranti's arguments and finds them unpersuasive. The article accepts the idea that there is a discontinuity with European appraisal theory; however, American appraisal practice reflects faithfully the American records and cultural environment. Operating within its own cultural context, American appraisal is as valid and legitimate as traditions emanating from other cultures and other times.
A one centimorgan deletion unit on chromosome Xq12 is commonly lost in borderline and invasive epithelial ovarian tumors

We have used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of tandem repeats to study the pattern of allelic loss on chromosome X11.2-q12 in borderline and invasive epithelial ovarian tumors. Using eight microsatellite markers spanning Xq11.2-q12, 41 borderline and 65 invasive ovarian tumors, together with their corresponding normal tissues, were analysed. The highest percentage of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was observed at the DXS1194 locus in borderline tumors (four of 16 informative cases, 25%) and at the androgen receptor (AR) locus in invasive epithelial ovarian tumors (18 of 47 informative cases, 38%). X chromosome activation studies performed in cases with LOH at the AR locus showed that the allelic loss at the AR locus is not confined to the inactive allele. A one centimorgan region including the AR locus and flanked by the primers DXS1161 and PGK1P1 was identified as the smallest common loss region in both borderline and invasive epithelial ovarian tumors.
Posting about politics: Media as resources for political expression on Facebook

ABSTRACTThis paper explores political expression on Facebook during the 2012 presidential debates. We investigate how individuals and organizations appropriated media resources to craft responses to the debates, and what this reveals about sources of influence in political communication on social media. In particular, we compare the stream of posts that spread widely during the debates—content that “went viral”—with more mundane practices of personal expression to show differences between the viral content that caught the attention of news media coverage about the debates and the posting practices of individuals using their Facebook as a site for individual expression.
Solution-based stoichiometric control over charge transport in nanocrystalline CdSe devices.

Using colloidal CdSe nanowire (NW) field-effect transistors (FETs), we demonstrated the dependence of carrier transport on surface stoichiometry by chemically manipulating the atomic composition of the NW surface. A mild, room-temperature, wet-chemical process was devised to introduce cadmium, selenium, or sulfur adatoms at the surface of the NWs in completed devices. Changes in surface composition were tested for by energy dispersive spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and through the use of the vibrational reporter thiocyanate. We found that treatment with cadmium acetate enhances electron currents, while treatment with sodium selenide or sodium sulfide suppressed them. The efficacy of doping CdSe NWs through subsequent thermal diffusion of indium was highly dependent on the surface composition. While selenium-enriched CdSe NW FETs were characterized by little to no electron currents, when combined with indium, they yielded semimetallic devices. Sulfur-enriched, indi...
Research and comparison of the safety and effectiveness of air filter bacteria and air bacteria purification technology

Objective: Safety and effectiveness compared to air filtration technology and air sterilization technology,provide scientific evidence for construction of PIVAS.Methods: Consulting relevant standards and literature,discussing the current specification through the analysis of air filtration and sterilization technology application in the clean room,two kinds of technology were compared.Results: Air filtration technology has three big problems: the construction of high input,high energy consumption,equipment operation in large space.Through the air sterilization technology in clean areas of application can be seen,the technique can be used in the clean room and can save space and save operation cost.Conclusion: Through the air sterilization technology applications in clean areas visible,air sterilization technology can be used for pharmacy intravenous admixture services,which will be the trend of using purification technology.
Circulatory and Respiratory Changes during Unilateral and Bilateral Cranial Nerve IX and X Block in Two Asthmatics

1. The respiratory and circulatory effects of bilateral block of the IXth and Xth cranial nerves (IX and X) with local anaesthetic were studied in two subjects with obstructive airways disease (asthma). 2. In one subject bilateral block of IX and X decreased alveolar ventilation as evidenced by a rise in P a,co 2 and a fall in P a,o 2 . There was no apparent ventilatory change in the other subject. The lung volumes (ERV and FRC) were unaffected by the block; however, the forced vital capacity and 1 s forced expired volume were slightly improved in both subjects. 3. During bilateral IX and X block neither subject showed a ventilatory response after 3 min of breathing 8·7% O 2 in 91·3% N 2 . In one subject during a left-sided IX and X block, there was a normal hypoxic-ventilatory increase, whereas during a right-sided IX and X block the hypoxic-ventilatory response was slightly less than normal. 4. Unilateral IX and X block in both subjects produced tachycardia and hypertension which was approximately one half the increased heart rate and blood pressure that followed bilateral IX and X blockade. 5. Unlike the control responses, breathing 8·7% O 2 in 91·3% N 2 during bilateral IX and X block produced no change in heart rate and there was a continuous fall in the systemic blood pressure. The pulmonary arterial pressure, however, increased in response to hypoxia in the same manner as before the block.
A Standard Stock of Honeybees

SummaryA system of mating used in establishing a standard stock of honeybees from 16 lines is outlined. Alternative modifications using 24 lines suggest possible methods of more efficiency in measuring the mathematical consequences of this system and in reducing the loss of heterozygosity. Some results are given, and the possible use of these systems to establish improved breeds of bees is suggested.
Lattice of Shell-Model Atoms

In this section the equations of equilibrium are derived for a monatomic, one-dimensional lattice of the Cochran type [13] based on the Dick-Overhauser [12] shell-model of the atom: a core, comprising the nucleus and inner electrons, surrounded by a shell of outer electrons. The polarization is proportional to the relative displacement of the core and shell of the atom. In addition to this intra-atomic interaction, account is taken of interatomic interactions between core and core, core and shell and shell and shell of nearest neighbor atoms. It is shown that the equations of the lattice have, as their continuum limit, the equations of the augmented theory, including the contribution of the polarization gradient to the stored energy, rather than the classical theory of elastic dielectrics. The additional effects associated with the new constants b11 and d11 stem primarily from the shell-shell interaction. This interaction is known to be important in the matching of lattice dispersion relations to neutron diffraction dispersion data at short wave lengths [14,15].
Why Not Jail?: White Collar Crime Today

Thus criminal justice tells us where the moral boundaries are, where the line lies between good and bad. It patrols those boundary lines, day and night, rain or shine. It shows the rules directly, dramatically, visually through asserting and enforcing them. (There are lessons from non-enforcement, too: from situations where the boundaries are indistinct, or the patrol corrupt or asleep; and society is quick to learn these lessons, too.) Lawrence M. Friedman, Crime and Punishment in American History White Collar Neglect American law provides federal and state prosecutors with powerful authority to charge individuals and corporations with crimes and to win, but they rarely pursue such cases. This paradox is especially poignant with respect to criminality that kills or injures workers or consumers, or that causes irretrievable damage to natural resources. Prosecutors have largely turned a blind eye to such violations, depending instead on a broken regulatory system to deter illegal behavior. To be sure, some of the criminal statutes that apply to health and safety offenses treat them lightly: purveyors of tainted food or grossly negligent employers face misdemeanor charges providing for prison terms of a year or less. Rather than working to develop cases that overcome these weaknesses by, for example, charging multiple violations that add up to significant jail time, prosecutors have largely abandoned those fields. One conundrum running throughout the field of neglected criminal enforcement is whether to charge corporations or their employees. The decision is admittedly complex, but forgoing enforcement altogether should not be a third and favored option. As a matter of principle, corporations should be subject to prosecution when the violations were endemic to the corporate structure, as opposed to the brainchild of isolated, rogue employees. Individuals can and should be charged alongside their corporate employers, providing a different kind of deterrent to future malfeasance.
Soluble Monomeric Von Willebrand Factor A1A2A3 (R1450E) Mutant Fragment Enhances Shear-Induced Platelet Aggregation and Platelet Adhesion to Fibrin(ogen) Via αIIbβ3 Under High Shear Stress.

Abstract 4025 Poster Board III-961 Recently, we described that the gain of function mutation R1450E in the A1 domain of von Willebrand factor (VWF) eliminates the formation of catch bond with glycoprotein (GP)Ibα, prolonging the bond lifetimes at low forces. Because those studies were performed with the mutant immobilized on a plastic surface, we further characterize the effect of this mutant on platelet function in solution and under shear stress. Both wild type (WT) and mutant A1A2A3 proteins were expressed in HEK293 cells and purified to homogeneity. The monomeric state of A1A2A3 proteins were assessed by gel filtration chromatography and neither of the proteins had formed dimers or any higher order aggregates. The recombinant A1A2A3 mutant bound spontaneously to GPIbα without the modulator ristocetin with a half-maximal binding observed at 65 ± 8 nM. This apparent dissociation constant was comparable to that of WT (50 ± 10 nM) in the presence of ristocetin. The mutant failed to induce spontaneous platelet aggregation under stirring conditions, and blocked 100% ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination (RIPA) at concentration of 250 nM. At the same concentration, the mutant increased shear-induced platelet aggregation (SIPA) at 500s -1 and 5000s -1 shear rates, reaching 42% and 66%, respectively, while SIPA did not exceed 18% in the presence of WT. The anti-αIIbβ3 antibody 7E3 blocked the effect of the mutant on SIPA. Blood was then incubated with the mutant (250 nM) and perfused over a surface coated with fibrin(ogen) at different shear rates. Blood containing WT resulted in -1 . At shear rate of 2500s -1 , surface coverage was 20% for the mutant and 0% for WT fragment. EDTA and antibodies 6D1 (GPIbα) and 10E5 (αIIbβ3) effectively blocked mutant-mediated platelet adhesion and thrombus formation under high shear rates. The addition of ristocetin (0.5 mg/ml) to whole blood prior perfusion reproduced the effect of the mutant. Here, we describe an A1A2A3 mutant that bound spontaneously to GPIbα but affected differently RIPA and SIPA. These results suggest that hydrodynamic forces directly act on the GPIbα-mutant A1A2A3 complex, regulating signaling. In addition, platelet activation induced by the binding of soluble mutant A1A2A3 or plasma VWF results in αIIbβ3-mediated platelet adhesion to fibrin(ogen) under high shear rates. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Accounting: A Very Short Introduction by Christopher Nobes

Accounting: A Very Short Introduction is one of more than 300 volumes in Oxford University's series of Very Short Introductions. This series was started in 1995 with the goal of providing the reade...
Ibn al-Nafis and the discovery of the pulmonary circulation

Ibn al-Nafis was an Arab physician, scientist, and philosopher who was born in 1213 in Damascus and died in1288 in Cairo. He studied medicine in Damascus and moved to Egypt to practice medicine where he became the chief physician in the Mansouri Bimaristan. Ibn al-Nafis wrote in a wide array of fields, including physiology, medicine, ophthalmology, embryology, psychology, philosophy, law, and theology. He is famous for providing the first description of the pulmonary circulation. He was the first person to challenge the long-held theory of the Galen (129-207 AD) School that blood could pass from the right to the left side of the heart through small pores in the interventricular septum. He believed that all the blood that reached the left ventricle passed through the lungs. The work of al-Nafis on the pulmonary circulation predates the much later work of William Harvey (1578 –1657).