cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cannabinoid receptor type 1 antagonism significantly modulates basal and loud noise induced neural and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Abstract Altered regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is associated with stress-induced changes in cognitive, emotional, and physical health. Recent evidence indicates that the endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) system may modulate HPA-axis function both directly and more centrally, via regulation of limbic brain systems that control HPA-axis activity. The current study examines the contribution of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor modulation throughout the neuraxis on control and stress-induced HPA-axis activity. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were given intraperitoneal injections of either CB1 receptor antagonist (AM251, 2 mg/kg) or vehicle 30 min prior to a session of loud white noise stress (95 dBA for 30 min) or placement in a familiar sound-proof chamber. Immediately following stress and control treatments, rats were killed, the brains and pituitary glands were excised for subsequent immediate early gene ( c-fos mRNA) measurement, and trunk blood was collected for subsequent determination of corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormone levels. AM251 treatment resulted in a potentiated plasma ACTH response to loud noise stress. AM251 treatment also increased stress-induced plasma CORT levels, but that increase may be due to an increase in basal plasma CORT levels, as was evident in control rats. AM251 treatment produced three distinctive c-fos mRNA response patterns across the various brain regions examined. In cortical (prelimbic, infralimbic, somatosensory, and auditory) and some subcortical structures (basolateral amygdala and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus), AM251 treatment produced a substantial increase in c-fos mRNA that was comparable with the elevated c-fos mRNA levels present in those brain regions of both vehicle and AM251-treated stressed rats. In some other subcortical structures (bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial preoptic area) and the anterior pituitary, AM251 treatment produced a c-fos mRNA response pattern that was similar to the response pattern of ACTH hormone levels, that is, no effect on no noise control levels, but an augmentation of stress-induced levels. Conversely, in the medial geniculate and ventral posterior thalamus, AM251 treatment inhibited stress-induced c-fos mRNA induction. These data indicate that disruption of eCB signaling through CB1 receptors results in potentiated neural and endocrine responses to loud noise stress, but also substantial increases in activity in various brain regions and the adrenal gland. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stress, Emotional Behavior and the Endocannabinoid System.
STUDIES ON LIMB MORPHOGENESIS. II. EXPERIMENTS WITH THE POLYDACTYLOUS MUTANT EUDIPLOPODIA.

Abstract The development of the rear limb buds in embryos homozygous for eudiplopodia was studied. Eudiplopod embryos are unique among polydactylous forms in having their supernumerary digits located dorsally to the normal toe complement, which is always present. Histological examination of eudiplopod limbs from stages 17 to 26 indicated that a secondary apical ectodermal ridge (AER) forms in the dorsal ectoderm at stages 22 or 23. Prior to these stages (17–21) the histological picture was normal in all respects. Reciprocal recombinations between eudiplopod and normal limb bud components indicated that the genetic defect in this mutant is localized in the ectoderm. Limb buds composed of eudiplopod ectoderm and normal mesoderm developed a two-plane duplication typical of eudiplopod limbs while those constituted from eudiplopod mesoderm and normal ectoderm developed into normal limbs. These results are discussed in context of the role of the AER in normal limb development and its interaction with the mesoderm in the formation of terminal limb parts.
Effects of Long-Term Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Whole Blood Viscosity in the Rat

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of long-term tobacco smoke administration to rats on whole blood viscosity. Blood samples obtained from rats that had been administered tobacco smoke daily for a period of 10 wk and samples from normal cage control rats were placed in a cone-plate viscometer. Whole blood viscosities were measured at shear rates ranging from 23 to 230/sec. At every shear rate tested, blood viscosity from the smoke-treated animals was significantly higher than corresponding viscosities from the control rats. It is concluded that chronic tobacco smoke administration to rats increases the viscosity of whole blood, both at high shear rates where blood behaves rheologically as a Newtonian fluid and at low shear rates where blood displays non-Newtonian properties.
Photochemistry of the gaseous hydrogen peroxide-carbon monoxide system III. Calculated energetics for possible HO2CO complexes

Abstract At 298 K, HO 2 radicals formed by secondary reactions in the photochemistry of the H 2 O 2 CO system do not react with CO, whereas OH radicals formed in the primary process do. To explain the non-reactivity of HO 2 , we made Hartree-Fock calculations of the energies needed to form three probable HO 2 -CO intermediate radical complexes: I , HOOĊO; II, III . The values of ΔE for the reaction HO 2 + CO → R and ΔH f o for R obtained at 298 K are as follows: From the high-temperature rate data, we conclude that the first stage of the reaction is the formation of complex I with ΔE the same or almost the same as the activation energy for the reaction to yield products CO 2 and OH, and that every collision of the reactants with sufficient energy yields the complex.
Performance on Exit Exams by Students With Disabilities A Four-Year Analysis

This study examined the results of students with disabilities participation in statewide exams reported by public schools in North Carolina from 2000—2001 to 2003—2004. Results included (a) students without disabilities significantly outperformed their peers with disabilities in each of four content areas (English 1, Algebra 1, Biology, and Physical Science); (b) among the four disability groups, students with learning disabilities (LD) and other health impairments (OHI) had comparable performance levels as both groups consistently outperformed peers with emotional/behavioral disorders (E/BD) or educable mental disabilities (EMD); (c) all groups showed measurable rates of improvement over the 4 years on the English 1 and Physical Science tests; and (d) students from economically advantaged school districts demonstrated significantly higher rates of success.
Decentralized sliding mode control in three-axis inertial platforms

The accuracy improvement of three-axis inertial platform stabilization systems with a dynamically tuned gyroscope sensor is addressed by methods of variable structure control. The decentralized sliding mode control strategy has been worked out and applied for the design of the stabilization system of the three-axis inertial platform. The nonlinear transformations of bases in the nonlinear interconnected subsystems have been found, based on remaining dynamics. These transformations changed the subsystems to the forms convenient for the sliding mode synthesis. The local sliding manifolds have been designed in the form of nonlinear functions and nonlinear dynamic operators to provide the desired linear decoupled output tracking (stabilization) in each axis of the inertial platform stabilization system. The system with the dynamic sliding mode controller obtained the combined features of the system with a conventional dynamic compensator (accommodation to unmatched disturbances) and a conventional sliding mode controller (insensitivity to matched disturbances). The results of the simulation of the three-axis inertial platform stabilization system with the designed conventional and the dynamic sliding mode controllers showed significant improvement of the accuracy (2-3 tunes better then in the systems with linear controllers) of the platform stabilization.
Communists and proletarians: Lenin on consciousness and spontaneity

"In what relation do the communists stand to the proletariat as a whole?" asked Marx and Engels rhetoricaUy in the Communist Manifesto. The first program of a Marxist revolutionary organization devoted considerable atten tion to this question, and much of the subsequent theoretical, political and organizational history of the Communist movement has been shaped by different approaches to it. This is particularly evident when one considers the work of Lenin, arguably the most influential political thinker and actor of the twentieth century and certainly the most influential Communist since Marx and Engels themselves. At first blush the question does not seem to apply to Lenin at aU ? partly because he answered it so clearly, partly because his answer is so well known, and partly because there exists a near-universal consensus about the meaning of his answer. Lenin defined the task of Communists as that of 'injecting' revolutionary consciousness into the proletariat from outside the class strug gle. Without the intervention of the revolutionary intelUgentsia, the proletariat ? no matter how active and militant it is ? cannot acquire the understanding necessary to lead a revolutionary poUtical struggle to victory. Drawing a sharp distinction between "the spontaneity of the masses and the consciousness of the Social-Democrats", Lenin outlined a leadership role for Communists which is properly considered to lie at the heart of his life's work. Rarely does one find such widespread agreement about the meaning of a particular position. Virtually every analysis of Lenin portrays him as distrust ful of the undirected and uncontroUed character of the "spontaneous" activity of the workers. This distrust is said to have led to the subordination of a poli tically inarticulate and unorganized mass to a self-appointed inteUectual elite operating in the workers' name through a centralized and unchaUengeable Party apparatus. Lenin's host?ity to the spontaneous self-emancipatory activity of the workers resulted in the substitution of the revolutionaries for the class as the decisive agent of political revolution and social transfor mation. His emphasis on the role of revolutionary theory consigned the working class to the role of blind instrument to be used, tutored, and betrayed
Fractional differentiation of the commutator of the Hilbert transform

Letting H denote the Hilbert transform operator, we consider the commutator (aH−Ha)f(x)=p.v.∫−∞∞a(x)−a(y)x−yf(y)dy , in the case that f belongs to Lp, 1 < p < ∞, and a belongs to the Lebesgue (Sobolev) space Lα∞, 0 < α < 1. Our principal result is an analogue for such α of a theorem of A. P. Calderon [1] corresponding essentially to the case α = 1.
Symbolic logic and the analysis of social organization

Just as the notations of arithmetic, algebra, and the calculus are mental tools invented to disentangle complex relations among quantitative variables, so the notation of symbolic logic is a mental tool for disentangling complex logical relations, such as class inclusion, conjunction, disjunction, implication, and denial. Rules governing cohabitation, “marriage” (these two not necessarily synonymous), and the various relations associated with different types of kinship are extremely complex in certain cultures. They seem even more complex to us than to the practitioners, because we do not even have words in our language to specify the vast complexities of kinship. This paper shows how symbolic logic notation can be used to make the kinship terms, relations, and rules based on these relations, concise. Even conclusions can be derived by symbolic logic which are not explicitly stated in ethnographic records. Thus the author derives the following theorem: “A Pawnee's marriage partner must be the granddaughter of the sister of ego's father's father,” and notes that the ethnographic record does not contain this rule. Whether the Pawnees indeed follow this rule is a matter of empirical verification. If they do not, we know that there is an inconsistency between rule and practice, and further questions can be raised concerning the way rules actually govern behavior. If they do, they appear as sophisticated logicians, an interesting anthropological finding.
Diffusion-Precipitin Index to Antibody Avidity

Antigen, diffusing into converging edges of an antibody depot, inhibits the precipitation unless the reaction is completed before an inhibiting antigen excess is established. Since the rate of the increase of antigen concentration depends on the size of the angle, relative avidities of similar preparations of antibody may be estimated from the angle just producing observable inhibition.
Analysis and Design of LLC Resonant Converter with Integrated Transformer

LLC resonant converter has a lot of advantages over the conventional series resonant converter and parallel resonant converter; narrow frequency variation over wide load and input variation, Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) for entire load range and integration of magnetic components. This paper presents analysis and design consideration for half-bridge LLC resonant converter with integrated transformer. Using the fundamental approximation, the gain equation is obtained, where the leakage inductance in the transformer secondary side is also considered. Based on the gain equation, the practical design procedure is investigated to optimize the resonant network for a given input/ output specifications. The analysis and design procedure are verified through an experimental prototype converter.
Formation of transient non-protein calcium pores by lysophospholipids in S49 Lymphoma cells.

Palmitoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine promotes a transient calcium influx in lymphoma cells. Previously, it was observed that this influx was accompanied by a temporary increase in propidium iodide permeability that appeared linked to calcium entry. Those studies demonstrated that cobalt or nickel could block the response to lysophosphatidylcholine and raised the question of whether the calcium conductance involved specific channels. This communication describes a series of experiments to address that issue. The time dependence and structural specificity of the responses to lysophosphatidylcholine reinforced the hypothesis of a specific channel or transporter. Nevertheless, observations using patch clamp or calcium channel blockers suggested that this “channel” does not involve proteins. Alternative protein-mediated mechanisms such as indirect involvement of the sodium-calcium exchanger and the sodium-potassium ATPase were also excluded. Experiments with extracellular and intracellular calcium chelators suggested a common route of entry for calcium and propidium iodide. More directly, the ability of lysophosphatidylcholine to produce cobalt-sensitive permeability to propidium iodide was reproduced in protein-free artificial membranes. Finally, the transient nature of the calcium time course was rationalized quantitatively by the kinetics of lysophosphatidylcholine metabolism. These results suggest that physiological concentrations of lysophosphatidylcholine can directly produce membrane pores that mimic some of the properties of specific protein channels.
Blindness and Insight: Considering Ethos in Virginia Woolf's Three Guineas

This essay considers how Virginia Woolf's personal and social anti-Semitism disrupts creation of a stable ethos in her political tract, Three Guineas. The article uses De Man's concept of blindness and insight to interrogate Woolf's own ideological blindness and forwards liminality as a frame within which to understand ethos in this work.
Abstract 1947: Self-reporting dendritic nanoparticles (nanodendrons) for drug delivery targeted to the tumor microenvironment and with reduced neurotoxicity

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Proteinases, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), contribute to cancer progression and other pathologies. Selective MMP expression can be used to distinguish benign from malignant tumors and identify aggressive tumors associated with poor outcome. MMP9, a basement membrane-degrading type-IV collagenase/gelatinase, is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. In this project, we describe a new class of dendritic nanoparticles, nanodendrons (NDs), with MMP molecular recognition and targeting capabilities. These NDs can be studied as individual dendrons tuned for specific functions such as enhanced imaging or targeted drug treatments. Additionally, the NDs can be coupled to facilitate multifunctional purposes such as in NDs that can self-report drug delivery to tumors. The prototypical system presented here describes NDs that are activated by MMP9: 1) ND-PB, a near infrared imaging beacon; 2) ND-PXL, a therapeutic that delivers paclitaxel (PXL) and 3) NDPB-NDPXL, a bi-functional agent. In vivo studies in two orthotopic models of breast cancer demonstrate efficacy of these NDs to image and treat breast cancer. The proteinase-activated prodrug, NDPXL, delivers PXL to breast cancer through release of the drug in the tumor microenvironment and increases therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity (including peripheral neuropathy). The delivery of PXL using the proteolytically activated ND-PXL is effective in inhibiting tumor growth in two orthotopic models of breast cancer (PyVT-R221A and MDA-MB231). Daily treatment of MDA-MB231 tumors with 12.5 mg/kg PXL as either ND-PXL or Abraxane® (Abx), showed similar reduction in tumor growth as compared with vehicle-treated animals. Further investigation of the NDPXL in a fully immunocompetent mouse model (PyVT-R221A) with treatments given on alternate days at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg (ND-PXL or Abx) yielded similar results: an average reduction in tumor growth of 58% and 53% in ND-PXL and Abx cohorts, respectively. Peripheral nerve toxicity, a debilitating, long term side effect of Abx therapy, was assessed in both tumor and non-tumor mice through monitoring behavior indicative of peripheral nerve damage before, during and after administration of each drug. Peripheral neurotoxicity is markedly reduced in the ND-PXL-treated versus Abraxane®-treated mice as evident in a number of behavioral assessments. The development of this novel class of NDs expands upon the current capabilities of modern proteinase-based optical beacons and prodrugs and is a step forward in treatment of both primary and metastatic cancer. [Supported in part by Susan G. Komen for the Cure®] Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1947. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1947
Effect of Stabilizer on the Maximum Degree and Extent of Supersaturation and Oral Absorption of Tacrolimus Made By Ultra-Rapid Freezing

Solid dispersions containing various stabilizers and tacrolimus (TAC) prepared by an Ultra-rapid Freezing (URF) process were investigated to determine the effect on their ability to form supersaturated solutions in aqueous media and on enhancing transport across biological membranes. The stabilizers included poly(vinyl alcohol; PVA), poloxamer 407 (P407), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In vivo absorption enhancement in rats was also investigated. Dissolution studies were conducted at supersaturated conditions in both acidic media for 24 h and at delayed release (enteric) conditions to simulate intestinal transit. The rank order of C/Ceqmax in the dissolution studies at acidic conditions was URF-P407 > URF-SDS > Prograf® (PRO) > URF-PVA:P407. For C/Ceqmax under enteric conditions, the order was URF-SDS > PRO > URF-PVA:P407 > URF-P407, and for the extent of supersaturation (AUC) in acidic and pH shift conditions it was URF-SDS>PRO>URF-PVA:P407>URF-P407. The pharmacokinetic data suggests URF-P407 had the greatest absorption having higher C max with a 1.5-fold increase in AUC compared to PRO. All URF compositions had a shorter T max compared to PRO. The nanostructured powders containing various stabilizing polymers formed by the URF process offer enhanced supersaturation characteristics leading to increased oral absorption of TAC.
Anomalies in the multifractal analysis of self-similar resistor networks

Each of the moments of the current distribution in self-similar networks scales with a different exponent. The Legendre transform of these exponents as a function of the order of the moment is called f(\ensuremath{\alpha}). In general f(\ensuremath{\alpha}) has a fixed convexity, has a maximum value equal to the usual fractal dimension, is continuous, is positive, and has a finite support ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{min}l\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}l{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{max}}}$. Also, it usually characterizes the asymptotic form of the current distribution. Here, explicit examples of physically acceptable exceptions to the behavior of f(\ensuremath{\alpha}) are exhibited. In the first example, the moments near the zeroth one do not converge uniformly in the large-size limit, leading to an f(\ensuremath{\alpha}) which has an apparent maximum at a finite value of \ensuremath{\alpha} while the true maximum is at ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{max}=\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$. In the second example, it is shown that f(\ensuremath{\alpha}) can take negative values in domains which are relevant for a full characterization of the current distribution. Disorder seems essential to obtain the latter behavior which for these systems compromises the interpretation of f(\ensuremath{\alpha}) as a continuous set of fractal dimensions.
Probabilistic risk assessment of dietary cadmium in the South Korean population

Global interest in the adverse health effects of cadmium (Cd) has focused on dietary exposure as the principal source of Cd exposure to the general population. Common assumptions used in deterministic Cd assessment in global or regional diets have limitations when applied to specific national cases where local variation in food composition and consumption patterns are different than for global or regional norms. Stochastic dietary Cd exposure assessment was conducted for the general South Korean population to understand better Cd dietary intake. Because rice (Oryza sativa) is commonly and highly consumed by Koreans, it was the dominant contributor to Cd in the diet, representing on average 25% of the total dietary exposure for the general population. Hazard index (HI) values were below the level of concern for the 95th percentile of the general population. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that variation in rice intake and Cd concentration had the greatest influence on the Cd risk estimate for the general population. Changes in food sources, such as the use of imported rice with higher Cd levels, would lead to increased Cd exposure in the diet, thus necessitating continued vigilance as to the status of Cd within the food supply.
Microbial Selenate Sorption and Reduction in Nutrient Limited Systems

In this study, batch sorption experiments and X-ray adsorption spectroscopy (XAS) were utilized to investigate selenate sorption onto Shewanella putrefaciens 200R. Selenate sorption was studied as a function of pH (ranging from 3 to 7), ionic strength (ranging from 0.1 to 0.001 M), and initial selenate concentration (ranging from 10 to 5000 M) in the absence of external electron donors. The results show that the extent of selenate sorption is strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength, with maximum sorption occurring at low pH (pH = 3) and low ionic strength (0.001 M NaCl) conditions. The strong dependence of Se sorption with ionic strength suggests the formation of outer-sphere complexes with the cell wall functional groups. Langmuir isotherm plots yielded log K{sub ads} values from 2.74 to 3.02. Desorption experiments demonstrated that the binding of selenate onto S. putrefaciens was not completely reversible. XANES analysis of the cells after sorption experiments revealed the presence of elemental selenium, indicating that S. putrefaciens has a capacity to reduce Se(VI) to Se(0) in the absence of external electron donors. We conclude that Se sorption onto S. putrefaciens cell walls is the result of the combination of outer-sphere complexation and cell surface reduction. Thismore » sorption process leads to a complex reservoir of bound Se which is not entirely reversible.« less
Evaluation of a Novel Scaffold Material for Tendon Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineering offers an attractive alternative to direct repair or reconstruction of soft tissue injuries. Tissue engineered constructs containing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded in commercially available type I collagen sponges (P1076, Kensey Nash Corporation, Exton, PA) are currently being used within our laboratory to repair tendon injuries in rabbit models [1]. When introduced into the wound site, mechanically stimulated stem cell-collagen sponge constructs exhibit 50% greater maximum force and stiffness at 12 weeks compared to values for static controls [1]. However, these constructs often lack the maximum force sufficient to resist the peak in vivo forces acting on the repair site [2, 3]. Insufficient repair biomechanics can be attributed to the poor initial mechanical resistance provided by the collagen sponges to replace the function of the lost tendon before its degradation and replacement with new extracellular matrix. This current study seeks to identify a biologically-derived scaffold with improved mechanical integrity that could be used in stem cell-based tissue engineered constructs for tendon repair.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Phosphorylases I and II of Maize Endosperm

Two phosphorylases have been found in the endosperm of Zea mays. Phosphorylase I is found through all stages of endosperm development and seed germination investigated. The other enzyme, phosphorylase II appears only at the stage of rapid starch biosynthesis and is not found during germination. At 22 days after pollination, the activity of phosphorylase II is 10 times that of phosphorylase I. These 2 phosphorylases are separable by column chromatography and behave differently in several respects.Phosphorylase I cannot utilize maltose as a primer while phosphorylase II does so readily. Furthermore, phosphorylase II can synthesize an amylose-like polymer from a "primer free" system after a lag phase.Phosphorylase II is inhibited severely at pH 5.8 by ATP, GTP, ADP, and GDP, and less drastically by UTP, CTP, UDP and CDP. Phosphorylase I is somewhat inhibited by purine nucleotides but not by pyrimidine nucleotides. In all cases, the inhibition is pH-dependent. Phosphorylase I is inhibited competitively by ATP while phosphorylase II is inhibited non-competitively.Phosphorylase II is markedly stimulated by 10 mm Mg(2+) and by 2 mm ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid while phosphorylase I is relatively little affected.
Failure Analysis of a Natural Gas Pipeline Rupture

From aviation accidents to pipeline explosions, the National Transportation Safety Board is often called to determine probable cause and make safety recommendations, as they did in the aftermath of the 2010 San Bruno pipeline explosion.
The surprising effectiveness of the Migdal-Kadanoff renormalization scheme

Abstract Alternatives to the simple Migdal-Kadanoff renormalization-group method are investigated using variational techniques. Although the free energy is improved (increased), the critical properties are found to be surprisingly poor.
Factors of surgical outcome in tumoural epilepsy.

Objectives. The purposes of the study were the assessment of the role of surgery in the suppression of epilepsy due to low-grade primitive cerebral tumours and the search for factors relevant to the surgical outcome. Patients and Methods. Forty-eight patients with epilepsy due to low-grade supratentorial cerebral tumours were considered. They presented drug-resistant daily to monthly seizures since for least one year (mean 7 yrs). Twenty-four patients underwent a combined tumour and epileptogenic zone resection (“epilepsy surgery”) and 24 tumour resection alone (“lesionectomy”). The surgical outcome was evaluated two years after surgery. Several variables related to the characteristics of the epilepsy, the tumour and surgery, were considered for a possible association with the outcome. Statistical analyses were performed. Results. Seizure freedom, including aura, was obtained in 35 patients (72.9%). Mild permanent complications occurred in 6 cases. Seizure suppression was significantly associated with complete tumour resection (post-surgical CT or MRI) and relatively low presurgical seizure frequency; it was also related, though not significantly, to small tumour size and histological grade I. The surgical outcome was only slightly better following “epilepsy surgery” than “lesionectomy”. However: i) the extent of tumour resection was not relevant regarding the “epilepsy surgery” outcome, while significantly influencing the outcome after “lesionectomy”; ii) the presurgical frequency of seizures and, to a less extent, the tumour size, had a higher influence on the outcome after “lesionectomy”. Conclusion. Long-lasting and drug-resistant epilepsy due to cerebral tumours can be suppressed surgically in the majority of cases. The extent of tumour resection and the frequency of the seizures are the most relevant prognostic factors. Both “epilepsy surgery” and “lesionectomy” can provide good results. However, the two approaches should not be regarded as interchangeable: a choice of the approach based on the characteristics of seizures and of the tumour appears relevant to improve the surgical prognosis.
Hydantoin ring glucuronidation: Characterization of a new metabolite of 5,5‐diphenylhydantoin in man and the rat

A new metabolite of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin has been found in human urine and in rat bile. This new metabolite arises by direct glucuronidation of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (i.e. no prior aryl hydroxylation occurs) and is characterized as the N-3 glucuronide. This structure assignment is based on (a) study of mass spectra of permethyl, perdeuteriomethyl, N-methyl-per-O-deuteriomethyl and deuteriomethyl ester permethyl derivatives and (b) comparison of the reactions of the new glucuronide metabolite and 5,5-diphenyl-3-methylhydantoin with diazomethane. Prominent ions at m/e 322 and 378 in the mass spectrum of the permethylated derivative of the glucuronide metabolite arise via retro Diels-Alder reactions of the glycone ring.
A correction for a paper by J. Smoller and A. Wasserman

Abstract In [ J. Differential Equations 39 (1981), 269–290], J. Smoller and A. Wasserman presented some rich ideas and results on the bifurcation of steady-state solutions of a reaction-diffusion equation in one space variable. However, the proof of their Theorem 2.1 is incorrect (the case a > 0), and to correct it, we find one additional hypothesis is necessary.
Correcting misconceptions in a case of frigidity: A transcript

Abstract A 35-year-old woman had a history of increasing irritability and liability to attacks of depression related to a complete inability to have coital orgasms. It was apparent that these general symptoms had been engendered in her to a great extent by the misinformation that she was sexually somehow biologically incapable—an impression that was reinforced by the failure of a 10-year period of psychoanalysis to produce any change. She had also come to believe that her husband was disinterested in her. This transcript shows the initiation of efforts to remove her idea of ineradicable “sickness” and then, in a joint interview with the husband, an attempt to re-communicate the existence of basic mutual affection.
Elkind on egocentrism

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to respond to D. Elkind's (1985, Developmental Review , 5 , 218–226) reply to D. Lapsley and M. Murphy's (1985, Developmental Review , 5 , 201–217) critique of the adolescent egocentrism theory. After a reprise of the issues in contention, we address the problem of theoretical consistency and self-other differentiation in Dr. Elkind's (1967, Child Development , 38, 1025–1034) theory. The role of formal operations in the Lapsley and Murphy (1985) account of the imaginary audience and personal fable is revised, and the empirical support for Elkind's theory is reviewed. We conclude that there are good conceptual and empirical grounds for doubting the major assumptions of the adolescent egocentrism theory, and that the Lapsley and Murphy (1985) framework has promise in suggesting theoretical integration with other approaches to the self.
Aspiration of nortriptyline

Unintentional aspiration of medication capsules is a rare event. A case report of a neurologically impaired 23-year-old woman who aspirated a 50-mg nortriptyline capsule is presented. This resulted in progressive respiratory distress necessitating ventilatory support. Bronchoscopy showed severe airway inflammation and edema.
Civic Associations in Transitional Local Government Structures in South Africa

This paper examines the participation of civic associations in transitional local government structures in three South African cities. It concludes that as legitimate political structures evolve through a democratization process, those social movements that strive to influence policy-making discover they must access those structures through political party allies or become political parties themselves. Such associations abandon their social movement status and grow less autonomous than when they formed protest movements to mobilize disenfranchised citizens. This paper suggests that civics found their autonomous influence eroding as two imperatives, one external and the other internal, affected them. The methods the civic movement used to demand reforms of the apartheid government became less effective and less attractive to civic supporters. Their internal imperative to seek engagement in the political system forced the civics to respond to this new environment by sacrificing their autonomy.
Least squares shadowing sensitivity analysis of a modified Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation

Abstract Computational methods for sensitivity analysis are invaluable tools for scientists and engineers investigating a wide range of physical phenomena. However, many of these methods fail when applied to chaotic systems, such as the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky (K–S) equation, which models a number of different chaotic systems found in nature. The following paper discusses the application of a new sensitivity analysis method developed by the authors to a modified K–S equation. We find that least squares shadowing sensitivity analysis computes accurate gradients for solutions corresponding to a wide range of system parameters.
A Renewed Vision for Higher Education in Public Health

We are transforming the educational strategy at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health guided by 5 principles: (1) development of T-shaped competencies (breadth across fields, depth in primary fields), (2) flexible and modular design accommodating different needs through the lifecycle, (3) greater experiential learning, (4) 3 levels of education (informative, formative, and transformative learning), and (5) integrated instructional design (online, in person, and in the field).We aim to create an arc of education resulting in continuous learning. We seek to bridge the research versus education dichotomy and create research–teaching congruence, adapting the values of peer review and quality assessment that we routinely accept for grant and article review to education.
Alongshore currents and mesoscale variability near the shelf edge off northwestern Australia

[1] Shelf break conditions and alongshore flow off northwestern Australia are studied during the strongly evaporative conditions of austral winter 2003. Present results, along with those of previous authors, confirm that a poleward, fresh Leeuwin current core is normally found near the shelf break. Salinity increases alongshore toward the southwest. Although there is no obvious shelf break front, there is a persistent offshore upward tilting of isopycnals in the depth range of 100–150 m. Repeated mesoscale surveys were made at the shelf edge during 8 days when the shelf break flow was equatorward. Waters offshore of the shelf break contain a rich baroclinic ageostrophic eddy field, with typically 10 km length scales, and the eddy patterns in the upper 60 m are uncorrelated with those below 90 m. The two depth horizons yield energy transfers from mean to eddy potential energy and appear to represent distinct finite amplitude instabilities on upper ocean and 180 m mean velocity cores, respectively. A linear stability model supports the existence of the two vertically separated instability types.
Oxidant stress enhances protein binding to an AP-1 like site in the 5′ flanking sequence of murine ICAM-1 ♦ 1622

Oxidant stress enhances protein binding to an AP-1 like site in the 5′ flanking sequence of murine ICAM-1 ♦ 1622
Absence of nonspecific anamnestic stimulation of antistreptolysin in pneumococcus pneumonia.

Abstract 1.1. Antistreptolysin determinations were made from 104 patients with pneumonias. Elevated levels were found in 32 (30.7 per cent) of these patients. 2.2. In 30 of these patients pneumococci were isolated. An elevated antistreptolysin level was found in 9 (30.0 per cent). 3.3. In the remaining group of 74 patients with pneumonias of nonpneumococcal etiology, 23 (31.0 per cent) were found to have an increased antistreptolysin titer. 4.4. The uniform percentages of elevated antistreptolysin levels found in the pneumococcal and nonpneumococcal groups of pneumonias indicate that pneumococcal infections do not cause a significant anamnestic stimulation to antistreptolysin production.
Lowering six degrees of Kevin Bacon by genetic algorithm

Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon refers to a game where you try to link any actor to Kevin Bacon by the fewest movies. Every actor has a Bacon number. If an actor appears in the same movie as Kevin Bacon his Bacon number is 1. This paper creates a new movie with a cast that lowers the weighted average for Kevin Bacon, which could be useful for increasing the connectivity of a network.
Peripheral neuropathy in multiple myeloma patients receiving lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (RVD) therapy

To the editor: Jakubowiak et al recently published promising results from a phase 1/2 study evaluating the second-generation proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (CRd) for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.[1][1] Encouragingly, only 23
Diversity Storage: Implications for tropical conservation and restoration

Abstract The future of tropical biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes will be conservation and restoration of processes of seed dispersal by birds and mammals. Here the Diversity Storage Hypothesis posits that immense biological diversity resides within skewed species-abundance distributions of tropical trees, and further predicts that many species will adjust to increases of 1.5–3.0 °C anticipated from climate change by 2100. Common and widespread tropical trees (>100,000,000 individuals) may shift ranges but are unlikely to face extinction. Many rare species (e.g.
Evaluation of the equivalence ratio-temperature region of diesel soot precursor formation using a two-stage Lagrangian model

AbstractThe two-stage Lagrangian (TSL) reacting-jet model of Broadwell and Lutz is applied to n-heptane fuel jets to understand soot formation at diesel engine operating conditions. The model employs a diffusion-flame reactor and homogeneous core reactor with jet entrainment rates determined by empirical correlations. Detailed chemical kinetics, consisting of 696 species and 3224 reactions, are used for predictions of n-heptane oxidation and soot precursor formation up to seven-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Boundary conditions are based on realistic diesel operating conditions, mixing rates, and flame lift-off lengths. TSL soot precursor simulations are compared with closed-reactor (Senkin) predictions over a range of temperatures and equivalence ratios. Results show that the equivalence ratio-temperature region of soot precursor formation varies from the closed-reactor predictions and depends upon parameters such as ambient oxygen concentration, injection pressure, nozzle orifice size, and flame...
High-speed cameras at Los Alamos

In 1943, there was no camera with the microsecond resolution needed for research in Atomic Bomb development. We had the Mitchell camera (100 fps), the Fastax (10 000), the Marley (100 000), the drum streak (moving slit image) 10-5 s resolution, and electro-optical shutters for 10-6 s. Julian Mack invented a rotating-mirror camera for 10-7 s, which was in use by 1944. Small rotating mirror changes secured a resolution of 10-8 s. Photography of oscilloscope traces soon recorded 10-6 resolution, which was later improved to 10-8 s. Mack also invented two time resolving spectrographs for studying the radiation of the first atomic explosion. Much later, he made a large aperture spectrograph for shock wave spectra. An image dissecting drum camera running at 107 frames per second (fps) was used for studying high velocity jets. Brixner invented a simple streak camera which gave 10-8 s resolution. Using a moving film camera, an interferometer pressure gauge was developed for measuring shock-front pressures up to 100 000 psi. An existing Bowen 76-lens frame camera was speeded up by our turbine driven mirror to make 1 500 000 fps. Several streak cameras were made with writing arms from 4 1/2 to 40 in. and apertures from f/2.5 to f/20. We made framing cameras with top speeds of 50 000, 1 000 000, 3 500 000, and 14 000 000 fps.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Prostate and bladder cancer screening

Screening is the process by which asymptomatic people are tested to determine whether they are likely to have a particular disease. Those who are deemed likely by the screening test are evaluated further to determine whether they actually have the disease. Those diagnosed are usually treated for the screened disease. The goal, of course, is to detect and treat the disease earlier than if it were detected only after symptoms had occurred. The screening process is considered successful if these individuals not only are diagnosed earlier (ie, at earlier stages), but also have decreased cause-specific morbidity and mortality rates. For a screening program to be of value, candidate diseases must meet certain criteria (Table 1). The disease must be a serious health concern. It must be relatively common and occur in a population that can be defined by easily ascertainable demographic and risk factors. There must be some apparent benefit (primarily for outcome, but also for diseaseand treatment-related morbidity) for early treatment compared with later treatment. Additionally, the disease must have a preclinical phase of “reasonable” duration (eg, many months to years) during which the disease is detectable but undiagnosed because it has not yet caused symptoms. The interval between when the disease is detected in screened individuals and when it would have been detected if the diagnosis were delayed until symptoms provoked an evaluation is the “lead time.” Because screening detects the condition before it would normally be diagnosed, time-interval survival data will favor the outcome of a screened population compared with an historic control unscreened population simply because of the lead time in diagnosis that screening has created, even if screened and unscreened patients eventually die at the same age from the disease. This is called “lead time bias.” Length bias sampling is the tendency for screening tests to detect more slowly growing cancers because they are in the asymptomatic population longer than more rapidly growing ones, which quickly become symptomatic and no longer need screening to become detected. Length time bias can also give an impression of increasing survival in people with screening-detected cancers. These biases are important arguments against accepting the shift to earlier stages as proof that screening improves disease outcome (Fig. 1).
Histone H2B C-Terminal Helix Mediates trans-Histone H3K4 Methylation Independent of H2B Ubiquitination

The trans-histone regulatory cross talk between H2BK123 ubiquitination (H2Bub1) and H3K4 and H3K79 methylation is not fully understood. In this study, we report that the residues arginine 119 and threonine 122 in the H2B C-terminal helix are important for transcription and cell growth and play a direct role in controlling H2Bub1 and H3K4 methylation. These residues modulate H2Bub1 levels by controlling the chromatin binding and activities of the deubiquitinases. Furthermore, we find an uncoupling of the H2Bub1-mediated coregulation of both H3K4 and -K79 methylation, as these H2B C-terminal helix residues are part of a distinct surface that affects only Set1-COMPASS (complex proteins associated with Set1)-mediated H3K4 methylation without affecting the functions of Dot1. Importantly, we also find that these residues interact with Spp1 and control the chromatin association, integrity, and overall stability of Set1-COMPASS independent of H2Bub1. Therefore, we have uncovered a novel role for the H2B C-terminal helix in the trans-histone cross talk as a binding surface for Set1-COMPASS. We provide further insight into the trans-histone cross talk and propose that H2Bub1 stabilizes the nucleosome by preventing H2A-H2B eviction and, thereby, retains the "docking site" for Set1-COMPASS on chromatin to maintain its stable chromatin association, complex stability, and processive methylation.
Ray‐theoretical seismic traveltime inversion: modifications for a two‐dimensional radially parametrized Earth

Summary Lithospheric-scale controlled-source seismic experiments are most often evaluated by modelling schemes that assume a flat Earth. The practice of modelling the Earth as flat to analyse such data continues because of the simplicity of the parametrization and the relative insignificance of the systematic error introduced by the approximation in many seismic surveys. Significant systematic errors introduced in larger-scale experiments can be compensated for by the application of the Earth-flattening transform; however, this compensation is not accurate when significant lateral velocity contrasts are present. To remedy this, a widely used ray-theoretical traveltime inversion routine has been modified such that rays are traced through a cylindrical coordinate system rather than a Cartesian coordinate system. Synthetic examples are presented to emphasize: (1) the nature of the systematic error present in a model if the Earth's curvature is ignored and (2) the systematic errors that remain if only the 1-D Earth-flattening transform is used to compensate for the Earth's curvature. The enhanced routine presented here improves 2-D interpretations without the need to apply approximations from the Earth-flattening transformation. Seismic refraction surveys greater than ∼350 km in length should use this new method.
Specifically tritiated arene oxides

Convenient methods have been developed for the preparation of specifically tritiated arene oxides. K-Region arene oxides of phenanthene, benzo[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene were prepared from triatiated cis dihydrodiols via the methoxydioxolane route and the non-K-region arene oxides, benzo[a]pyrene 7,8- and 9,10-oxide, were prepared via triated halphydrin esters.