cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathosis of the tongue in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Report of two cases.

Abstract Two cases of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy in which the tongue was examined at necropsy have been presented. Histopathologic study of the lingual musculature in each case revealed the typical features of muscular dystrophy, with remarkable adipose tissue replacement accounting for the yellow and tan gross appearance of the tongue.
In silico approaches to functional analysis of proteins

Inference of protein function from sequence data by means of computational techniques is one of the essential requirements for biological investigations in the postgenomic era. While the basic principles of functional inference are derived from standard ideas in structural and evolutionary biology, their practical application is far from trivial. In this introductory article, we provide an overview of these principles and some definitions for frequently encountered concepts pertaining to the sequence analysis of proteins, such as conserved domains, domain architectures, nonglobular segments, and the trends in sequence conservation. We also discuss various extraneous sources of information that emerge from different contextual associations of proteins and their utility in function prediction. The remaining articles in this section delve into the specific aspects of the various themes introduced here. Keywords: protein evolution; conserved domains; domain architecture; protein function; contextual information; comparative genomics; phyletic profiles; protein interactions; DNA-binding proteins; functional annotation; sequence analysis; superfamily; fold; sequence conservation; sequence alignment; similarity searches; homology
Momentum, Risk, and Underreaction

Momentum profits can be explained by exposure to risks omitted from common factor models (distress risk, idiosyncratic risk, and covariance with corporate bonds) and underreaction to innovations in these risks. Momentum strategies tend to go long risky stocks with high expected returns. Consistent with risk as a partial explanation of momentum profits, long formation period momentum strategies earn higher returns and are more highly correlated with risk factors than short formation period momentum strategies. Momentum strategies also tend to go short stocks with recent increases in risk; these stocks have low expected returns because investors underreact to risk innovations.
Inclusive fitness effects can select for cancer suppression into old age

Natural selection can favour health at youth or middle age (high reproductive value) over health at old age (low reproductive value). This means, all else being equal, selection for cancer suppression should dramatically drop after reproductive age. However, in species with significant parental investment, the capacity to enhance inclusive fitness may increase the reproductive value of older individuals or even those past reproductive age. Variation in parental investment levels could therefore contribute to variation in cancer susceptibility across species. In this article, we describe a simple model and framework for the evolution of cancer suppression with varying levels of parental investment and use this model to make testable predictions about variation in cancer suppression across species. This model can be extended to show that selection for cancer suppression is stronger in species with cooperative breeding systems and intergenerational transfers. We consider three cases that can select for cancer suppression into old age: (i) extended parental care that increases the survivorship of their offspring, (ii) grandparents contributing to higher fecundity of their children and (iii) cooperative breeding where helpers forgo reproduction or even survivorship to assist parents in having higher fecundity.
Lack of age-related differences in temporal lobe volume of very healthy adults.

PURPOSE To evaluate age-related differences in temporal and supratemporal brain regions in carefully selected, very healthy men 19 to 92 years of age. METHODS MR quantification of brain regions used image segmentation into cerebrospinal fluid and brain matter based on nonlinear modeling of pixel intensity distributions. RESULTS There was a significant age-related decrease (approximately 1% per decade) of posterior frontal lobe volume, but not of temporal lobe volume. The mean volume of the right temporal lobe was significantly greater than the left, and this relation did not change with age. CONCLUSION In very healthy aging, the volume of the temporal lobes remains constant over the age range of human life.
How air transport connects the world – A new metric of air connectivity and its evolution between 1990 and 2012

Abstract To understand as to how scheduled air services link a region to other markets, we develop connectivity and hub centrality metrics. These metrics measure the quality of all scheduled air services in terms of frequency, detours, layover time and destination quality using a valuation scale being derived from observed passenger behavior. By computing yearly scores for 1990 to 2012, we analyze the geography of and trends in worldwide connectivity and hub centrality. While we observe significant growth of aggregate connectivity, the trends are heterogeneous with regard to the type of connectivity as well as time and location.
A new methodology for evaluating incident detection algorithms

Abstract We present a novel, off-line approach for evaluating incident detection algorithms. Previous evaluations have focused on determining the detection rate versus false alarm rate curve––a process which we argue is inherently fraught with difficulties. Instead, we propose a cost-benefit analysis where cost mimics the real costs of implementing the algorithm and benefit is in terms of reduction in congestion. We argue that these quantities are of more practical interest than the traditional rates. Moreover, these costs, estimated on training data, can be used both as a mechanism to fine tune a single algorithm as well as a meaningful quantity for direct comparisons between different types of incident detection algorithms. We demonstrate our approach with a detailed example.
Self-catalytic DNA Depurination Underlies Human β-Globin Gene Mutations at Codon 6 That Cause Anemias and Thalassemias

The human β-globin gene contains an 18-nucleotide coding strand sequence centered at codon 6 and capable of forming a stem-loop structure that can self-catalyze depurination of the 5′G residue of that codon. The resultant apurinic lesion is subject to error-prone repair, consistent with the occurrence about this codon of mutations responsible for 6 anemias and β-thalassemias and additional substitutions without clinical consequences. The 4-residue loop of this stem-loop-forming sequence shows the highest incidence of mutation across the gene. The loop and first stem base pair-forming residues appeared early in the mammalian clade. The other stem-forming segments evolved more recently among primates, thereby conferring self-depurination capacity at codon 6. These observations indicate a conserved molecular mechanism leading to β-globin variants underlying phenotypic diversity and disease.
Effects of nonlocal one-pion-exchange potential in the deuteron

The off-shell aspects of the one-pion-exchange potential (OPEP) are discussed. Relativistic Hamiltonians containing relativistic kinetic energy, relativistic OPEP with various off-shell behaviors, and Argonne ${v}_{18}$ short-range parametrization are used to study the deuteron wave functions. The OPEP off-shell behaviors depend on whether a pseudovector or pseudoscalar pion-nucleon coupling is used and are characterized by a parameter \ensuremath{\mu}. We study potentials having \ensuremath{\mu}=-1, 0, and +1 and we find that they are nearly unitarily equivalent. We also find that a nonrelativistic Hamiltonian containing local potentials and nonrelativistic kinetic energy provides a good approximation to a Hamiltonian containing a relativistic OPEP based on pseudovector pion-nucleon coupling and relativistic kinetic energy.
The Global Ethics of Latex Gloves: Reflections on Natural Resource Use in Healthcare

A quick tour through an average U.S. hospital gives pause to anyone with even a rudimentary concern for environmental issues. To a careful observer, the typical U.S. hospital presents an array of challenges to the health of ecosystems. For example, hospitals consume vast quantities of natural resources. The most obvious of these are fossil fuels, which form the basic building blocks of the industrialized medical care industry. Aside from the worry that our healthcare systems are technologically and functionally dependent upon nonrenewable, relatively scarce, and politically volatile resources, our heavy reliance on fossil fuels has important ill effects, including unfavorable health outcomes for humans. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels is the driving force behind global warming, which will likely result in increasing heat-related mortality and morbidity and may contribute to the spread and resurgence of infectious diseases around the world. Also, the combustion of coal and oil releases pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and ground-level ozone that contribute to various respiratory ailments. In addition to being energy intensive, the modern hospital uses a great deal of water, wood, paper, metals, minerals, plastics, chemicals, food, and land.
Analysis of a mathematical model for tumor therapy with a fusogenic oncolytic virus.

Abstract Oncolytic virotherapy is a tumor treatment which uses viruses to selectively target and destroy cancer cells. Fusogenic viruses, capable of causing cell-to-cell fusion upon infection of a tumor cell, have shown promise in experimental studies. Fusion causes the formation of large, multinucleated syncytia which eventually leads to cell death. We formulate a partial differential equations model with a moving boundary to describe the treatment of a spherical tumor with a fusogenic oncolytic virus. Fusion, lysis, and budding are incorporated as mechanisms of viral spread, resulting in nonlocal integral terms. A proof is presented for existence and uniqueness of global solutions to the nonlinear hyperbolic–parabolic system. Numerical simulations demonstrate convergence to spatially homogeneous solutions and exponential growth or decay of the tumor radius depending on viral burst size and rate of fusion. Long-term tumor radius is shown to decrease with increasing values of viral burst size while the effect of the rate of fusion on tumor growth is demonstrated to be nonmonotonic.
Non-Host Defense Response in a Novel Arabidopsis-Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Pathosystem

Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), is one of the most destructive diseases of citrus. Progress of breeding citrus canker-resistant varieties is modest due to limited resistant germplasm resources and lack of candidate genes for genetic manipulation. The objective of this study is to establish a novel heterologous pathosystem between Xcc and the well-established model plant Arabidopsis thaliana for defense mechanism dissection and resistance gene identification. Our results indicate that Xcc bacteria neither grow nor decline in Arabidopsis, but induce multiple defense responses including callose deposition, reactive oxygen species and salicylic aicd (SA) production, and defense gene expression, indicating that Xcc activates non-host resistance in Arabidopsis. Moreover, Xcc-induced defense gene expression is suppressed or attenuated in several well-characterized SA signaling mutants including eds1, pad4, eds5, sid2, and npr1. Interestingly, resistance to Xcc is compromised only in eds1, pad4, and eds5, but not in sid2 and npr1. However, combining sid2 and npr1 in the sid2npr1 double mutant compromises resistance to Xcc, suggesting genetic interactions likely exist between SID2 and NPR1 in the non-host resistance against Xcc in Arabidopsis. These results demonstrate that the SA signaling pathway plays a critical role in regulating non-host defense against Xcc in Arabidopsis and suggest that the SA signaling pathway genes may hold great potential for breeding citrus canker-resistant varieties through modern gene transfer technology.
SU‐FF‐T‐167: Systematic Approach for Predicting DMLC Motor Failure: A Prognostic Strategy

Purpose: Dynamic MLC and segmental MLC are the two competing delivery modes for IMRT plans. Each has its merits and limitations. Dynamic MLC provides a higher temporal resolution and more accurate dose delivery. However, it exerts extra stress on MLC driving motors, leading to a high motor failure rate. This stems from frequently alternated leaf acceleration and deceleration. The excessive heat generated by high instantaneous torque of the driving motors eventually leads to motor failure. This is particularly true for complicated head and neck cases, where many irregularly‐shaped critical structures are involved and steep dose gradients are required. Frequent machine down‐times create serious logistical problems and delay patient treatment. In this study, an attempt was made to decipher the DMLC motor failure pattern and design a practical prognostic strategy. Method and Materials: A new VARIAN CLINAC 21EX was installed in our center in June 2004. Each evening, a “stress‐test” DMLC file was run at gantry angles 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. This procedure was repeated after MLC reinitialization. All Dynalog files recording the leaf positions were saved for postprocessing. The “stress‐test” file was created to intentionally “exercise” the leave at high speed so that those “sick” leave could be identified. The Dynalog files were then analyzed using ARGUS IMRTsoftware. Based on our past seven months' data, a prognostic most probable motor failure threshold was established. Results: The motor failure patterns in terms of leaf position RMS errors were diverse, complicated, and disease site specific. An RMS value of 0.15 cm could be a good prognostic index for potential motor failure. However, “false positive” cases could still occur. Conclusion: The prognostic strategy presented here is practical and easy to implement. However, a large sample of failed motors is needed to further validate the established threshold.
The electron projection function: Integrated electron densities from NDO-type wave functions

Abstract The electron projection function, previously defined and applied to Gaussian-type wave functions by Streitwieser and co-workers, has been redeveloped f
Construction of fuzzy systems using least-squares method and genetic algorithm

The fuzzy basis function network which was proposed in Wang and Mendel (IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 3(5) (1992b) 807) provides a way of representing fuzzy inference systems in a simple structure similar to those of radial basis function networks. In this paper, two new algorithms based on the least-squares method and genetic algorithm are proposed for autonomous learning and construction of fuzzy basis function networks when training data are available. The proposed algorithms add a significant fuzzy basis function node at each iteration during training, based on error reduction measures. The first, a least-squares algorithm, provides a way of sequentially constructing meaningful fuzzy systems which are not possible to achieve with the orthogonal least-squares algorithm, while the second, an adaptive least-squares algorithm based on the combined least-squares and genetic algorithm, realizes hybrid structure-parameter learning without human intervention. Simulation studies are performed with numerical examples for comparison of its performance against the orthogonal least-squares algorithm, backpropagation algorithm, and conventional genetic algorithm. The adaptive least-squares algorithm is also applied to a real world problem to construct a fuzzy basis function network model for surface roughness in a grinding process using experimental data.
Numerical modeling of CdTe cell degradation

Time-dependent numerical modeling is employed in conjunction with experimental data to investigate degradation mechanisms in cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cells. Two mechanisms are tested against the data: defect generation in the junction region caused by excess charge carriers, and back barrier increase due to ion migration. Junction effects result in stable J sc with significant losses in V oc and FF, in accordance with typical data for the type of stress conditions considered here. The back barrier increase causes additional FF loss. The results suggest that neutral defect centers dissociate into positive/negative pairs near the main junction as degradation proceeds.
Application of a novel polarity method for the characterization of natural organic matter during water treatment

The changes in polarity of natural organic matter (NOM) across a pilot-scale conventional water treatment plant with pre-ozonation and biofiltration were analyzed using the polarity rapid assessment method (PRAM). PRAM is a novel method developed for the characterization of the polarity of NOM in environmental samples. Characterization was accomplished by monitoring UV absorbance (UVA) at 254 nm. Under ambient conditions, the NOM was characterized as highly anionic (>50%), with limited hydrophobic (10―25%) and hydrophilic (0―10%) domains. Results showed temporal variations in the polarity of NOM entering the pilot plant. These differences were ascribed to changes in water blend and variability in NOM characteristics. Changes in NOM chemistry were also observed as the organics passed through the treatment process. Ozonation decreased the hydrophobicity and increased the polarity of NOM , confirming results from previous research utilizing resin fractionation methods. Coagulation, flocculation and biofiltration resulted in the decrease of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic character of the chromophoric NOM. However, these polarity changes varied during the pilot plant run, suggesting a more precise evaluation of NOM through unit operations is warranted.
The Influence of Short Term Exposure to Two Different Environmental Temperatures on Electrolyte Concentrations of Fowl Semen

The concentration of some of the electrolytes found in fowl semen changed when birds were transferred from a temperature environment of 19 degrees C to either 8 degrees or 30 degrees C. The pH of the semen obtained from males transferred to the 30 degrees C. environment significantly decreased as opposed to a significant increase in the pH of the semen obtained from males transferred to the 8 degrees C. environment. Sodium and potassium concentrations significantly increased in whole semen in both transfer groups, while magnesium increased significantly only in whole semen from males transferred to the 8 degrees C. environment. Sodium increased in seminal plasma when the males transferred from 19 degrees C. environment to the 8 degrees C. environment. The data indicate that an abrupt change to either a warmer or colder environment causes a change in electrolyte concentration of cock semen.
Hexachlorophene myelinopathy in premature infants

Examination of the brains of 69 infants revealed spongiform changes restricted to myelinated tracts of the brainstem in seven of them. This type of myelinopathy consistently develops in experimental animals after hexachlorophene intoxication. Common factors in affected infants were multiple exposures to hexachlorophene, prematurity with low birth weight, and the presence of dermal rashes or wounds.
OVSF-CDMA code assignment in wireless ad hoc networks

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) CDMA code provides a means of support of variable rate data service at low hardware cost. In contrast to the conventional orthogonal fixed-spreading-factor CDMA code, OVSF-CDMA code consists of an infinite number of codewords with variable rates but not every pair of codewords are orthogonal to each other. In an OVSF-CDMA wireless ad hoc network, a code assignment has to be conflict-free, i.e., two nodes can be assigned the same codeword or two non-orthogonal codewords if and only if neither of them is within the transmission range of the other and no other node is located in the intersection of their transmission ranges. The throughput (resp., bottleneck) of a code assignment is the sum (resp., minimum) of the rates of the assigned codewords. The max-throughput (resp., max-bottleneck) conflict-free code assignment problem seeks a conflict-free code assignment which achieves the maximum throughput (resp., bottleneck). In this paper, we present several heuristics for conflict-free code assignment in OVSF-CDMA wireless ad hoc networks. Each heuristic is proved to be either a constant-approximation for max-throughput conflict-free code assignment problem, or a constant-approximation for max-bottleneck conflict-free code assignment problem, or constant-approximations for both problems simultaneously.
The effects of cue distinctiveness on odor-based context-dependent memory.

The distinctiveness of an ambient odor was examined in relation to its success as a cue in contextdependent memory. Distinctiveness was examined in terms of both cue novelty and contextual appropriateness. Two experiments were conducted in which three different ambient odors that varied in familiarity and contextual appropriateness were manipulated at an incidental word learning encoding session and at a free recall retrieval session 48 h later. Experiment 1 revealed that when a novel ambient odor (osmanthus) was the available context cue, word recall was better than in any other condition. Further, among familiar odor cues, recall was better with a contextually inappropriate odor (peppermint) than with a contextually appropriate odor (clean fresh pine). Experiment 2 confirmed that superior word recall with osmanthus and peppermint depended on the odor cue’s being available at both encoding and retrieval, and that the relation of an odor to the situational context is a key factor for predicting its effectiveness as a retrieval cue.
Proteomics for biodeterioration of wood (Pinus taeda L.): Challenging analysis by 2-D PAGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF/MS

Abstract Proteins expressed by the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum were characterized from inoculated southern yellow pine sapwood undergoing decay, from pure cultures of the fungus and from uninoculated pinewood. Analysis was carried out by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF/MS. No proteins were detected from the clean uncontaminated wood. The inoculated wood undergoing active brown-rot decay produced 76 proteins, including the Fenton-chemistry related enzymes, alcohol oxidase, lipoxygenase, and catalase. One hundred and eleven proteins were detected from the pure culture and most were common metabolic proteins. A majority of proteins in both samples were identified as hypothetical proteins. A surprising result is that there was very little overlap between proteins found in both sets of samples, indicating a very different mechanism in action when the fungus is growing on a cellulose-based nutrient source (wood) versus glucose media. This study also highlights a current limitation of this approach, which is the limited protein and genomic sequence information annotated on the public databases. Of the 187 proteins characterized, only 36 were identified with confidence. To our knowledge, this is the first reported proteomic analysis of pinewood decayed by a brown-rot fungus and provides the initial characterization of proteins involved in this type of wood biodeterioration. Although significant limitations still exist in identifying the proteins, this limitation will diminish as functional proteins are identified and added to the databases.
Three regulatory systems control expression of glutamine synthetase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the level of transcription.

TheGLN1 gene ofSaccharomyces cerivisiae was cloned by complementation of agln1 auxotroph. AGLN1-lacZ fusion was constructed to assayGLN1 promoter activity. β-Galactosidase and glutamine synthetase expression in chromosomally integratedGLN1-lacZ fusion strains were co-regulated in response to a shift from glutamine to glutamate as the nitrogen source, purine limitation, and 3-aminotriazole-induced histidine starvation. Regulation ofGLN1 expression by each of the three pathways occurred at the transcriptional level. Increased accumulation ofGLN1 mRNA was observed within 5 min after a shift from glutamine to glutamate as the nitrogen source. After 5 min following glutamine addition to the cells growing with glutamate as nitrogen source. This indicates that theGLN1 message is unstable and has a half-life of approximately 3 min. Deletion analysis indicated that the sequences required forGLN1 expression are located within approximately 350 bp upstream from the transcriptional initiation site.
Positive-parity states in /sup 43/Ti

Positive-parity states of /sup 43/Ti were studied in the /sup 40/Ca(..cap alpha..,n) /sup 43/Ti reaction with alpha particles of 20-MeV energy. Using a pulsed beam the mean lifetime of the 3/2/sup +/ state at 313.0 keV was measured to be tau = 18.2 +- 0.8 ..mu..sec. This leads to a B (M2) value of 0.0334 Weisskopf units, very close to that of the corresponding 3/2/sup +/ ..-->.. 7/2/sup -/ (g.s.) transition in /sup 43/Sc. ..gamma.. decay of the levels in the mirror nucleus /sup 43/Sc suggests that positive-parity states in /sup 43/Ti, and only these, decay to the ground state predominantly via the isomeric 3/2/sup +/ state. Hence the ..gamma.. rays emitted from positive-parity states are selected by measuring a ..gamma..-ray spectrum in coincidence with the delayed 313.0-keV ..gamma.. rays. Three ..gamma.. rays of 709.4, 1040.0, and 1170.5 keV were observed which lead to /sup 43/Ti states 5/2/sup +/ (1022.4 keV), 7/2/sup +/ (1483.5 keV), and 9/2/sup +/ (2062.4 keV). As with thee corresponding states in /sup 43/Sc, these states form a quasirotational band based on the 3/2/sup +/ state. The Coulomb displacement energies E/sub C/(Ti) -E/sub C/(Sc) between these /sup 43/Ti-/sup 43/Sc states are large: about 150 keV: andmore » rather spin independent.« less
Meromyosins, the subunits of myosin

Abstract 1. 1. The isolation of the two subunits of myosin, obtained after short digestion by trypsin, is described. Based upon their molecular weight, they were termed L- and H-meromyosins (“L” stands for light, “H” for heavy). 2. 2. The meromyosins were obtained in native form. The L-meromyosin was crystallized. H-Meromyosin has the total ATPase activity and the capacity of combination with actin of the intact myosin molecule. 3. 3. The properties of the meromyosin molecules are described. 4. 4. The L-meromyosin has a molecular weight of 96,000 and is 550 A. long and 16 A. wide. The H-meromyosin has a molecular weight of 232,-000 and is 435 A. long and 29 A. wide. 5. 5. One myosin molecule consists of four L-meromyosins and two H-meromyosin molecules. It is proposed that the L-meromyosins are linked in series to a chain and the H-meromyosins are attached to them. 6. 6. It is suggested that the L-meromyosin is the contractile part of the myosin molecule. The results are discussed in relation to the structure and contraction of the myosin and muscle.
Advances in agarose gel electrophoresis of serum lipoproteins

Agarose gel electrophoresis has been extensively employed by researchers to gain a greater understanding of lipoprotein biology and its relationship to cardiovascular disease. Advances in this technique have been made in the visualization and quantitation of separated lipoproteins, in the use of agarose gel electrophoresis for detection and quantitation of apolipoproteins of the separated lipoproteins, and in the detection of lipoprotein heterogeneity. Agarose gel electrophoresis has been employed for two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of lipoproteins as well as in several different methods which probe the immunological properties of lipoproteins. Agarose gel electrophoresis has thus become an important tool in the study of serum lipoproteins in both clinical and basic science laboratories.
Acoustics of Mud Layers at the Bottom of Coastal Waters

The acoustic properties of mud as which occurs at the bottom of the ocean in coastal regions are discussed from a fundamental viewpoint. The definition of mud is taken as an unconsolidated sediment of clay and/or silt, together with material of other dimensions (such as sand), mixed with water, without connotation as to composition. It is contended that mud is distinguished from sandy sediments in that the particles in the mud, which are substantially smaller, are not in close contact with each other. Because of this, the commonly used Biot model for a porous medium is inapplicable.
A canine iliac artery occlusion model.

This report describes an occlusive canine iliac artery model for use in experimental angioplasty procedures. Lesions were induced by overdistending and breaking the internal elastic lamina of the artery and implanting a 2-cm long occlusive collagen plug. The collagen plug diameter was varied to fit the iliac artery and caused immediate bilateral iliac occlusions. Histology of the lesions at 9 and 14 days (n= 2) showed that the lumen was filled with a mixture of fresh thrombus and collagen pad material (more collagen than thrombus) with focal disruptions of the internal elastic lamina. At 36 days (n= 2) the lumen was obliterated with a mixture of organizing thrombus and collagen pad material (more organizing thrombus than collagen). At 60 (n= 4) and 80 (n=8) days the collagen pad had been completely replaced with organizing thrombus consisting of collagen fibers and hemosiderinladen macrophages with persistent focal disruptions of the internal elastic lamina. These initial data demonstrate the ability to c...
Modelling some effects of behavior on larval settlement in a turbulent boundary layer

Abstract A one-dimensional model of larval concentration and settlement flux in a turbulent boundary layer was used to consider how some aspects of larval behavior in the plankton or on the bottom might affect settlement rates. The focus was on behavioral modifications of two terms in the model—the vertical (fall) velocity ( w f ), a composite measure of swimming and gravitational sinking, and the probability of settlement per unit time ( p ) for larvae interacting with the bottom. Depth-independent changes in vertical speed can increase the settlement rate by up to an order of magnitude. Such changes might be produced by negative phototactic responses that induce passive sinking of larvae throughout the water column during daylight, by photonegative swimming responses that may occur in relatively shallow or clear water (where swimming responses are fairly uniform throughout the water column), or by photonegative swimming responses that are of similar magnitude over a broad range of light intensities. In addition to increasing the long-term average settlement rate, negative phototactic responses should increase temporal variability in settlement at time scales of ≦24 h, as long as larvae are responding to changes in light intensity at depth. This prediction, coupled with results from Gross et al . [(1992) Journal of Marine Research , 50 , 611–642], suggests that for larvae that respond to light there may be two sources of substantial (order-of-magnitude) temporal variability in settlement that operate at time scales of 24 h or less— diel periodicity in light intensity and semi-diurnal or diurnal tidal periodicity in boundary shear stress and turbulence intensity. The additional effect of phase shift between tidal and light cycles introduces substantially less variability to the average (>24 h) settlement rate than do individual effects of the two forcings. Behavioral responses that produce a depth dependence in vertical speed can affect the settlement rate only if w f varies roughly by a factor of 2 or more very close to the bottom (i.e. within a few percent of total boundary layer thickness for tidal boundary layers). Phototactic or barokinetic responses of larvae are not likely to produce depth gradients in vertical speed strong enough to affect settlement rates. However, such gradients might be produced by a recent contact with a potential settlement site, by effects of velocity gradients near the bottom on larval orientation, or by larval responses to chemical cues associated with the bottom. Behavioral responses to fluid forces exerted on larvae on the bottom can alter the settlement rate by an order of magnitude or more. However, the settlement rate is predicted to be most sensitive to effects of weak, rather than strong, flow on the settlement probability. Thus, understanding larval responses to weak flows may be especially important to predicting settlement rates.
Colonoscopy in complicated diverticular disease.

Colonoscopy proved to be of significant value in the evaluation of 40 patients with extensive diverticular disease by averting operative intervention in some, by comfirming or clarifying radiologic suspicions in many and by discovering unsuspected lesions occasionally. Although no endoscopic complications were encountered in this series, it is generally recognized that the acutely or chronically inflamed bowel requires special caution in endoscopic manipulation.
Abstract 4268: Breast cancer stem cells play a role in trastuzumab resistance in mouse xenograph models

One of the most significant advances in breast cancer therapeutics has been the development of HER2 targeted therapies for treatment of HER2 overexpressing breast cancer. The use of HER2 inhibitors such as trastuzumab have improved patient outcome in both the adjuvant and advanced setting. However, one-third of HER2-positive tumors do not respond to HER2 targeted agents and resistance may develop in patients with chronic exposure. Nearly 50% of patients who respond to HER2 targeted agents relapse within a year. The mechanism of resistance to HER2 targeted agents is not entirely clear. However, increasing evidence indicates that this resistance may be associated with loss of PTEN (phosphotase and tensin homolog), the gain of function of somatic mutations of PI3KA or truncation of the extracellular domain of HER2. We have recently demonstrated that trastuzumab reduces the cancer stem cell (CSC) population in trastuzumab sensitive but not trastuzumab resistant cell lines. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance we engineered MCF7 cells to overexpress HER2, knockdown PTEN or both. HER2 overexpression or PTEN knockdown increased the proportion of CSC9s as assessed by the Aldefluor assay and tumor initiation in NOD/SCID mice. Cell lines with both HER2 overexpression and PTEN knockdown contained a significantly higher proportion of Aldefluor positive (3.2 %) compared to either alteration alone (1.7%, 1.9% respectively and 0.5 % in parental cells). In addition, cells with both PTEN deletion and HER2 overexpression showed several fold increase in their invasive properties in vitro as compared cells with either alteration alone. Furthermore, cells with the combined alterations but not those with either alone were highly metastatic in NOD/SCID mice consistent with the demonstrated role of CSC9s in mediating tumor metastasis. Trastuzumab treatment significantly reduced the Aldefluor positive population in HER2 overexpressing cells. In contrasts trastuzumab had no effect on the Aldefluor positive population in cells with both HER2 overexpression and PTEN knockdown. These studies suggest that PTEN deletion renders Her 2 overexpressing MCF7 breast cancers resistant to trastuzumab by regulating the CSC population. Strategies aimed at blocking downstream signaling through PI3K or Akt inhibition may effectively target this important cell population in trastuzumab resistant tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4268.
Educational Testing Abroad and Lessons for the United States

What are key features of schooling and testing in some major industrialized countries? What lessons can we learn u from other countries? How important is the issue of confidence in the teachers who will be called on to judge student performance?
FACULTY (MIS) DEVELOPMENT IN OHIO 2‐YEAR COLLEGES

To discover the organizational components that nurture good teaching at 2‐year colleges, the author undertook a comprehensive survey of faculty development programs at Ohio 2‐year colleges. A review of the literature uncovered several variables that need to be considered when assessing the state of faculty development in higher education institutions. The most important of these appears to be institutional support, that is, a climate that fosters and encourages faculty development. To assess these elements, a 65‐item, four‐part survey was constructed. Unfortunately, the results force the researcher to draw the conclusion that Ohio 2‐year colleges are not doing a better job of emphasizing or supporting teaching.
Biotechnological opportunities with the β-ketoadipate pathway

The β-ketoadipate pathway (β-KAP) is an enzyme-mediated aryl-ring degradation sequence employed by a wide selection of soil bacteria and fungi to reconcile the conversion of many hazardous aromatic pollutants into benign metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), lipogenesis, and other anabolic processes. Recently determined catabolic sequences that incorporate the β-KAP allow thorough mineralization of toxic priority pollutants including hazardous nitrophenols, organophosphates, and polychlorinated arenes and hydrocarbons. Novel investigations have applied the β-KAP via oleaginous microorganisms to convert aromatic lignocellulosic waste into bio-oils that are suitable for biodiesel applications. These newly elucidated catabolic pathways and applications, reviewed here, provide exciting and unparalleled biotechnological opportunities for the future.
A causal functional explanation of maintaining a dependent elder in the community

A causal functional structure demonstrates how a perpetual process, like caregiving, maintains itself. The caregiver functional learning model was used to identify factors influencing caregivers when maintaining dependent elders in the community. These factors include seriousness of illness, power, burden, care quality, self-assurance, an understanding of the elder's needs, and time spent in caregiving. This five-stage theoretical model was tested using a sample of 70 caregivers. Findings supported two of the theoretical relationships: seriousness of illness (β = .60) with burden (R2 = 0.35), and self-assurance (β = .36) with time (R2 = 0.18). Three new relationships were added with the empirical model: power (β = .48) with burden (R2 = 0.52), seriousness of illness (β = .36) with self-assurance (R2 = 0.11), and burden (β = .33) with time (R2 = 0.24). A causal functional structure can be used to explain how the phenomenon of caregiving maintains itself. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 20: 515–526, 1997
Lewis electronic structures as the large-dimension limit for H2+ and H2 molecules

Abstract In the large-dimension limit, a scaling transformation reduces electronic structure to a classical form in which the wavefunctions shrink to delta functions. The fixed geometrical configuration of the electrons attained in this limit can be calculated exactly for any atom or molecule and thus offers a rigorous way to assign Lewis electron-dot structures. Here we extend methods previously used for atoms to treat the large- D limit for H 2 + and H 2 . As the internuclear distance R is varied, the effective potentials governing the electronic energy change form, exhibiting local minima that correspond to different Lewis structures for each valence configuration. The united atom (R→0) and separated atom (R→∞) limits are both correct, and the electronic energy at the global minimum of the effective potential for D →∞ varies smoothly between these limits. However, when the nuclear repulsion is added, the net interaction is repulsive. This indicates that terms of higher order in 1/ D are solely responsible for chemical bonding. A modified scaling transformation can bring some of these contributions into the large- D limit.
HLA allele selection for designing peptide vaccines

A central problem in developing vaccines against rapidly evolving viruses such as HIV and Influenza is the mutability of their antigens. In principle, the problem can be mitigated by using peptides from conserved portions of viral proteins. However, because cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which such vaccines would stimulate, recognize pathogenic peptides only in association with class I products of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), and because human leukocyte antigen genes (HLA; the human MHC) are highly polymorphic, a peptide vaccine would have to bind a number of different HLA products. A natural question then, which is pertinent to the safety of the vaccine is, which HLA molecules should be targeted to achieve a prespecified coverage (say 90%) of a population. Taking account of disequilibrium between linked HLA loci, we identify 3-6 class I HLA alleles, depending on ethnic group, which cover about 90% of the population. While this leaves large numbers of individuals uncovered, a high level of herd immunity, and hence eradication of the virus, can be achieved through such a vaccine.
Altered tissue polyamine levels due to ornithine-α-ketoglutarate in traumatized growing rats

All cells contain significant amounts of polyamines (PA), and their concentrations are highly regulated. Metabolic activity within a tissue may be reflected in the amount of intracellular PA. Since trauma involves accelerated death and regeneration of tissues, the related levels of PA in extracellular and intracellular fluids may reflect altered protein metabolism. Trauma induces an increased excretion of urinary PA, and the tissues responsible for this whole-body activity are not known. During posttraumatic nutritional management, supplementation with ornithine-alpha-ketoglutarate (OKG) seems to improve nitrogen economy. The present study evaluates the significance of muscle, liver, and intestine PA responses in traumatized (bilateral femur fractures) rats to the feeding of an isonitrogenous liquid diet supplemented with or without OKG. Uninjured control rats were pair-fed with respective traumatized rats. After 2 days of starvation and 4 days of feeding, the traumatized and control rats were killed and the tissues were excised and analyzed. Starvation decreases and refeeding increases urinary PA excretion. Trauma-induced PA response is predominantly seen in muscle tissues, and this may be responsible for parallel increases in PA excretion. Liver PA responses show a varying tendency confirming the increased protein synthetic activity due to trauma. Intestine has the highest intracellular PA levels, and there is a general smaller (statistically insignificant) increase in all the individual PA contents due to trauma. OKG supplementation augments tissue and urine PA responses in control rats; however, in trauma rats muscle PA levels show very little change, although nitrogen retention is significantly better (88% to 77%). Mechanistic studies are needed to evaluate the significances of the time-dependent, injury-induced, individual intracellular PA levels.
Hamiltonian decompositions of strong products

It is shown that if both G1 and G2 are Hamiltonian decomposable, then so is their strong product. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Graph Theory 29: 45–55, 1998
Calculations of the Absorption Spectrum of Chromone

We have performed a theoretical investigation of the optical properties of the molecule chromone, using multireference perturbation theory (CASPT2) and time-dependent density functional theory (DFT) methods. The structure of the molecule was optimized at the DFT level and at the level of complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF). In addition to vertical excitation energies, we have computed the lowest adiabatic 1A‘ transition energy, as well as transition probabilities for all singlet transitions to low-lying states. Using this data, we can assign the four observed ultraviolet absorption peaks of chromone. Finally, we address the question of the aromaticity of the heterocyclic ring in chromone, an issue which has recently received some attention.
Evaluation of segmental left ventricular wall motion by equilibrium gated radionuclide ventriculography

The ability of equilibrium gated radionuclide ventriculography to detect segmental left ventricular (LV) wall motion abnormalities was determined in 26 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Multiple gated studies obtained in 30 degrees right anterior oblique and 45 degrees left anterior oblique projections, played back in a movie format, were compared to the corresponding LV ventriculograms. The LV wall in the two projections was divided into eight segments. Each segment was graded as normal, hypokinetic, akinetic, dyskinetic, or indeterminate. Thirteen percent of the segments in the gated images were indeterminate; 24 out of 27 of these were proximal or distal inferior wall segments. There was exact agreement in 86% of the remaining segments. The sensitivity of the radionuclide technique for detecting normal versus any abnormal wall motion was 71%, with a specificity of 99%. Equilibrium gated ventriculography is an excellent noninvasive technique for evaluating segmental LV wall motion. It is least reliable in assessing the proximal inferior wall and interventricular septum.
Implementation of social program innovations in public sector organizations: A test of the modified RD and D model

Describes a study which provided information concerning the viability of the `modified' Research, Development, and Dissemination as a vehicle for the dissemination of social innovations. Modifications of the classical RD and D model which were introduced by the National Diffusion Network (NDN) of the federal Department of Education and the Exemplary Projects Program of the federal Department of Justice included the utilization of practitioner-developed programs, site visits, on-going technical assistance, and linkage agents. A study of three NDN and four Exemplary Projects was designed to measure the extent of innovation implementation (fidelity) at 129 adopting sites. The innovations were diverse in content and implementing context, with field sites including schools, courts, prisons, police departments, and social service agencies. A major thrust of the research was the refining of a methodology for measuring innovation implementation. This involved identifying innovation components and scaling each component in terms of ideal, acceptable, and unacceptable variations. Results of the research showed that mean fidelity scores for each innovation all fell within the acceptable range, thus providing support for the modified RD and D model. However, significant differences among innovations indicated the necessity of further research to explicate mediating variables.
A microprocessor-controlled CCD star tracker

The STELLAR (Star Tracker for Economical Long Life Attitude Reference) utilizes an image sensing Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) operating under microprocessor control. This approach results in a new type of high-accuracy star tracker which can be adapted to a wide variety of different space flight applications through software changes only. The STELLAR determines two-axis star positions by computing the element and the interelement interpolated centroid positions of the star images. As many as 10 stars may be tracked simultaneously, providing significantly increased stability and accuracy. A detailed description of the STELLAR is presented along with measurements of system performance obtained from an operating breadboard model.
C-H.O interactions in diethyl 5,5',6,6'-tetramethylbiphenyl-2, 2'-dicarboxylate at 193 K

The title compound, C22H26O4, crystallized in the centrosymmetric space group P\overline 1 with one mol­ecule as the asymmetric unit. Three leading intermolecular C—H⋯O interactions have H⋯O distances of 2.71, 2.73 (2) and 2.71 (2) A and C—H⋯O angles of 167, 137.0 (15) and 163.1 (12)°. These interactions form ring and chain patterns. The bi­phenyl twist angle is 79.95 (6)°.