cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcoholic lung disease.

In addition to its well-known association with lung infection (i.e., pneumonia), alcohol abuse now is recognized as an independent factor that increases by three- to four-fold the incidence of the acute respiratory distress syndrome, a severe form of acute lung injury with a mortality rate of 40 to 50 percent. This translates to tens of thousands of excess deaths in the United States each year from alcohol-mediated lung injury, which is comparable to scarring of the liver (i.e., cirrhosis) in terms of alcohol-related mortality. Experimental and clinical studies are shedding light on the basic mechanisms by which alcohol abuse predisposes some people to both acute lung injury and pneumonia. At the same time, novel therapeutic targets could be utilized in treating these uniquely vulnerable people. However, there have been no systems biological approaches to the study of the alcoholic lung to date. This is in part because the association between alcohol abuse and acute lung injury was made relatively recently and remains largely unrecognized, even by lung researchers. In parallel, efforts to study complex diseases such as acute lung injury and pneumonia using a genomics and/or proteomics approach, which involves the study of an organism’s genes and/or proteins, still are in their infancy. However, the alcoholic lung represents a clear example of environment–host interactions that should be well suited for such applications.
Linear algorithm for broadcasting in unicyclic graphs

Broadcasting is an information dissemination problem in a connected network, in which one node, called the originator, disseminates a message to all other nodes by placing a series of calls along the communication lines of the network. Once informed, the nodes aid the originator in distributing the message. Finding the minimum broadcast time of a vertex in an arbitrary graph is NP-complete. The problem is solved polynomially only for trees. It is proved that the complexity of the problem of determining the minimum broadcast time of any vertex in an arbitrary tree T = (V,E) is Θ|V|. In this paper we present an algorithm that determines the broadcast time of any originator in an arbitrary unicyclic graph G = (V,E) in O(|V|) time. This, combined with the obvious lower bound, gives a Θ(|V|) solution for the problem of broadcasting in unicyclic graphs. As a byproduct, we also find a broadcast center of the unicyclic graph (a vertex in G with the minimum broadcast time).
Bite force and feeding kinematics in the eastern North Pacific Kyphosidae.

Some fishes that feed on attached food items possess an intramandibular joint (IMJ), which is thought to increase maximum gape and facilitate contact between the tooth-bearing surface and the substrate. However, the mechanical consequences of using an IMJ to remove attached food items from the substrate are still poorly understood. We examined the most prominent eastern North Pacific kyphosid, the scraper: Girella nigricans and two other kyphosids, Medialuna californiensis and Hermosilla azurea, which occupy similar habitats. Of the three species, G. nigricans had the highest theoretical bite force per unit length. We examined the feeding mechanics of G. nigricans in two different feeding scenarios: a scraping behavior elicited on a block of brine shrimp gelatin and a picking behavior elicited on Ulva sp. We measured cranial elevation, lower jaw rotation, premaxillary protrusion, premaxillary rotation, gape maximum, and intramandibular rotation. Ulva treatments produced significantly greater cranial rotation, when compared to gelatin treatments. Gelatin treatments were associated with greater lower jaw rotation and larger gape. Premaxillary rotation and premaxillary protrusion did not differ between treatments. Intramandibular rotation occurred only when G. nigricans physically contacted the gelatin, suggesting the IMJ is a passive joint with no associated musculature. We also noted that G. nigricans do not appear to use suction to draw food into the mouth. The lack of suction and the presence of the IMJ suggest that the jaws of G. nigricans are specialized for maximizing jaw force when scraping. J. Exp. Zool. 321A: 189–197, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laparoscopic surgery in Crohn's disease. Indications and results.

Background: An effort was made to assess the feasibility, safety, and outcome of laparoscopic procedures performed in patients with Crohn’s disease.
The use of methylmethacrylate in the fixation of mandibular fractures in dogs. Experimental results.

Abstract The efficacy of self-curing acrylic resin in the fixation of fractured mandibles was studied in eight adult mongrel dogs. Roentgenograms taken after operation and after the animals had been put to death demonstrated satisfactory fracture reduction and bony healing. There was no evidence of abnormal healing or nonunion along the fracture line and no evidence of necrotic bone. No mobility could be detected across the fracture site at any time after the insertion of the acrylic resin. Although satisfactory bony healing resulted from the intraoral open reduction and fixation with self-curing acrylic resin in dogs, several factors need additional investigation before this technique can be considered for use in human beings.
Creating a Supportive Teaching Culture in the Research University Context: Strategic Partnering and Interdisciplinary Collaboration between a Teaching Center and Academic Units.

This paper describes 2 “strategic partnering” and “interdisciplinary collaboration” case studies between a Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL) and an academic unit at a mid-sized metropolitan research university in the American Midwest. These faculty development partnerships were developed to meet the unique needs of faculty members who share a discipline area, present current information on specific teaching topics in order to deepen pedagogical knowledge and skills, provide opportunities for faculty to form a collegial group, and advance unit-specific goals relative to faculty development. The work is grounded in literature about the characteristics of a supportive teaching culture, characteristics of effective interdisciplinary collaborations, challenges of preparing faculty to conduct scholarly teaching, and in literature about the role of faculty development in advancing institutional change.
Further results on differential space-time modulation

A general approach to differential modulation using multiple transmit and receive antennas was proposed independently by Hughes (see IEEE Trans. on Commun., 1999), and by Hochwald and Sweldens (see IEEE Trans. on Inform. Theory, 1999, and Proc. IEEE Wireless Networking and Communications Conf. (WCNC '99), vol.l, p.145-49, 1999). In this approach, data are differentially encoded using a special class of space-time block codes called unitary group codes. Unitary group codes are block codes with a group structure in which each code matrix is square and has equal-energy, orthogonal rows. In this paper, we show that every full-rank unitary group code is equivalent to one of two very simple block codes, called cyclic and dicyclic group codes. This reduces the set of possible optimal codes to a finite set, which can be exhaustively searched by computer. Thus, we have characterized all optimal differential space-time modulation techniques that fit within the framework of Hughes, Hochwald and Sweldens.
Controlled laboratory trials with pyrantel tartrate in cattle.

SUMMARY Controlled anthelmintic trials involving worm counts in 103 calves with experimental and natural infections of gastro-intestinal nematodes showed pyrantel tartrate at 25 mg./kg. to be highly effective against adult Ostertagia and both adult and immature stages of T. axei and Cooperia. Immature fourth and early fifth stages of Ostertagia were refractory to 33 mg./kg. but 73 per cent of late third stage larvae were removed. Experimental T. colubriformis infection (sheep strain) were removed by 25 mg./kg. to the extent of 66–71 per cent adults, 53 per cent 7-day-old worms and 74 per cent 14-day-old worms. Clinical response to treatment of natural infections in grazing animals was marked. The drug has a safety margin of approximately 8 and has proved safe under field conditions.
Health-Care Trends Influencing the Financial Management of Hospital Pharmacies

Current trends affecting health care and the response of the health-care industry to these trends are described, and recommended actions for hospital pharmacy departments are presented. The effects of societal changes, technological advances, information collection and exchange, excess physician population, cost constraints, and competition are examined. Appropriate responses include programs to lower costs, improved financial-monitoring systems, creative methods for attracting patients and donations, specialization of care, corporate formation and restructuring, emphasis on ambulatory and preventive programs, partnership with medical staff, deregulation initiatives, and standardization of hospital statistics. More aggressive management, financial expertise, and greater accountability will be expected of hospital pharmacy managers.
Diffusion of Water Vapor in Graphite/Epoxy Composites

T300/5208 graphite-fiber-reinforced epoxy laminates were exposed to 33 different combinations of temperature and relative humidity. The diffusivities and equilibrium solubility for both nonpostcured and postcured laminates were determined at 21, 43, and 63°C (70, 110, and 145°F). Non-Fickian absorption anomalies were observed at five different relative humidities and water immersion for specimens at 82°C (180°F). Moisture diffusion was examined with respect to possible ply thickness, stress, and moisture concentration effects.
Teleoperators for advanced manufacturing: Applications and human factors challenges

Advanced manufacturing systems integrate human workers with computers, automation, and robots. However, they do not often include a class of robotic device called a teleoperator. Teleoperators are human-robot systems that combine powerful human perceptual and problem-solving capabilities with the hardiness of machines. Therefore, they are more capable of interacting with dynamic environments than autonomous robots and yet insulate the human user from hazards in the work environment. The aims of this paper are to (1) introduce the reader to teleoperators and show how they might find a niche in advanced manufacturing systems and (2) discuss the human factors challenges presented by teleoperation. The paper concentrates on the existing state-of-the-art, including examples of the capabilities of existing teleoperator technology and current challenges in teleoperator human-machine interfaces. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Abstract 3795: Mitochondrial complex I modulation regulates autophagy and breast cancer progression

Tumor cells express altered metabolic activities often linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Such mitochondrial defects can inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, change the cellular redox state (NAD+/NADH), increase production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cause DNA damage that further supports tumorigenesis and a metastatic phenotype. Our study identified mitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) as a modulator of tumorigenesis and metastatic progression in breast cancer. We used NDI1, the NADH dehydrogenase from yeast, to augment complex I activity in metastatic human breast cancer cells. The NDI1 protein is known to integrate into the inner mitochondrial membrane of mammalian cells, function as NADH dehydrogenase, pass electrons into the respiratory chain, and thereby fully augment intrinsic complex I activity. Thus, NDI1 identifies critical involvement of complex I NADH dehydrogenase activity in cellular functions that are altered upon its expression. We investigated a panel of aggressive human breast cancer cell lines, including MDA-MB 231, and found that augmentation of NADH dehydrogenase activity through NDI1 resulted in an enhanced NAD+/NADH ratio and inhibition of ROS production. Most importantly, NDI1 expression inhibited metastasis and tumor growth in the mammary fad pad of immune deficient mice, seen by non-invasive imaging and histology. The same effects were achieved by treatment with NAD precursors, demonstrating that normalization of the NAD+/NADH ratio is critical for inhibition of breast cancer progression. We found that the underlying mechanism is based on activation of PTEN, inhibition of the AKT/mTOR survival pathway, and stimulation of autophagy. Autophagy is responsible for NDI1-mediated inhibition of breast cancer progression, as knock-down of ATG5 reversed the anti-metastatic effect of NDI1. Our results demonstrate that tumorigenesis and metastasis in breast cancer are critically influenced by mitochondrial complex I activity. We show that augmentation of tumor cell complex I function can interfere with tumor formation and breast cancer spreading through modulating the NAD+/NADH ratio. Thus, normalization of complex I function appears as a promising new target for prevention and treatment of breast progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3795. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3795
An Enhanced 8086-Based CAMAC Crate Controller

An enhanced CAMAC crate controller (ECC) has been developed for data handling for Fermilab experiment E-704. The module also is currently used in an experiment to make a precise measurement of the weak vector coupling constant. The ECC incorporates hardware to do block transfers (DMA) of CAMAC modules within the crate at several times effective CAMAC rates, or it may be programmed to do individual CAMAC transfers. If desired, data may be rippled out an ECL port to fast ECL devices, or may be written in RAM for processing within the controller itself. The EEC is implemented with the CAMAC Request/Grant protocol for use with an A-2 crate controller, allowing the ECC to be used either as an auxiliary controller or crate controller. Trigger logic in the controller allows the device to respond to any of three triggers by initiating a DMA, or dedicated crates may be daisychained, one crate providing a trigger to the next at the conclusion of each DMA. The device is built as much as possible in High Performance CMOS logic using surface mount techniques, on two 8-layer printed circuit cards.
Episodic hypothermia with hyperhidrosis in a pregnant woman.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Episodic hypothermia with hyperhidrosis is a disorder of thermoregulation, believed to be secondary to a hypothalamic dysfunction, which affects the body’s thermoregulatory centers. During this rare condition, the body may sweat profusely in an attempt to maintain a lowered body temperature set point. The exact cause of episodic hypothermia with hyperhidrosis is not known. CASE: A multigravida at 35 weeks’ gestation presented with symptoms consistent with hypothermia, although she was diaphoretic. Her basal body temperature was 91.2F, with a lowered blood pressure and heart rate. The fetal heart rate was 130 beats per minute and reassuring. Assisted rewarming occurred over a period of 3 hours, after which her temperature stabilized at 97.9F. The remainder of the pregnancy was uneventful, and the patient delivered a term infant with no apparent adverse effects from this episode. CONCLUSION: Episodic hypothermia with hyperhidrosis should be considered as a potential cause of hypothermia during pregnancy.
Case study: comorbidity among Tourette's syndrome, autistic disorder, and bipolar disorder.

ABSTRACT Objective Several studies report a greater than expected concurrence for Tourette's syndrome (TS) with autistic disorder (AD). TS and bipolar disorder (BD) also may co-occur at a greater than expected rate. The authors assess whether there is a greater than expected concurrence for TS+AD+BD. Method Four patients who had at some time in their lives diagnoses of TS, AD, and BD were identified. Three of these had concurrent TS+AD+BD. Diagnoses were made according to DSM-III-R criteria. Each of these patients was living in North Dakota and was in the authors' care at the time of this study. Results The point prevalence (risk) for concurrent TS+AD+BD in North Dakota is not less than 4.6 × 10−6. The developmental sequence of syndromes in these four patients was AD, then TS and then BD. Data from the authors' previously published, population-based prevalence studies indicate that TS+AD+BD co-occur at a greater than chance expectation. Conclusions Common etiological factors may be involved in the greater than chance concurrence of TS+AD+BD.
The Nano-Physiology of Mineralized Tissues

The nanostructures of bone and partially mineralized tissues determine the toughness (Buehler, 2007) and stiffness (Genin et al., submitted) of these tissues. In the attachment of tendon to bone, tissue compositions and possibly nanostructures vary spatially in concert with microscopic and macroscopic variations in tissue shape, presumably to improve load transfer from tendon to bone (Thomopoulos et al., 2006). We hypothesize that undesirable stress concentrations resulting from a failure to recreate the details of this spatial grading following surgical healing may underlie the low levels of success of surgeries to repair tendon-to-bone attachments such as the rotator cuff (Galatz, 2001). Therefore, a detailed understanding of the gradients in composition and structure of the natural tendon-to-bone attachment as well as an understanding of the mechanisms of their development are critical for our efforts to synthesize surgical grafts that augment tendon-to-bone healing. As a first step towards understanding the nanometer-scale details of the tendon-to-bone attachment, we studied the nanostructure of bone using steric modeling and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM).© 2009 ASME
Clinical Research in Acute Fatal Illness Lessons From Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Clinical research to evaluate the effectiveness of life support systems in acute fatal illness has unique problems of logistics, ethics, and consent. There have been 10 prospective comparative trials of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in acute fatal respiratory failure, utilizing different study designs. The trial designs were prospective controlled randomized, prospective adaptive randomized, sequential, and matched pairs. The trials were reviewed with regard to logistics, ethics, consent, statistical methods, economics, and impact. The matched pairs method is the best study design for evaluation of life support systems in acute fatal illness.
New Approaches To Phase Microscopy

There has been considerable interest in recent years in devising methods that can provide direct, accurate, and real time microscopic measurements of phase objects, even when the path difference variations are large. Various approaches have used direct coherent imaging, modification of phase contrast microscopy, scanning interferometry, and holographic methods. These various approaches are reviewed and examples discussed.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A new model for springback prediction in which the Bauschinger effect is considered

Springback prediction is an important issue for the sheet metal forming industry. Most sheet metal elements undergo a complicated cyclical deformation history during the forming process. For an accurate prediction of springback, the Bauschinger effect must be considered to determine accurately the internal stress distribution within the sheet metal after deformation. Based on the foundations for isotropic hardening and kinematic hardening, Mroz multiple surface model, plane strain assumptions, and experimental observations, a new incremental method and hardening model is proposed in this paper. This new model compares well with the experimental results for aluminum sheet metal undergoing multiple-bending processes. As is well known, aluminum is one of the most difficult sheet metals to simulate. The new hardening model proposed in this paper is not only a generic model for springback prediction but also a hardening model for sheet metal forming process simulation.
Nowlin receives 2006 AGU Ocean Sciences Award

Worth D. Nowlin Jr. received the Ocean Sciences Award, which was presented to him on 22 February at the 2006 Ocean Sciences meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, for outstanding and long-standing service to the ocean sciences
Split-brains and singular personhood

In this paper it is argued that the experimental data on commissurotomy patients provide no grounds for denying the singular personhood of commissurotomy patients. This is because, contrary to most philosophical accounts, there is no “unity of consciousness” discriminating condition for singular personhood that is violated in the case of commissurotomy patients, and because no contradictions arise when singular personhood is ascribed to commissurotomy patients.
Local Mode Broadening by Impurity-Impurity Interactions†

Concentration and temperature dependences of the bandwidth of the Raman and infrared active local mode for H− in BaF2 have been determined. The bandwidth is observed experimentally to vary as the square root of the impurity concentration, and as T1.5 at high temperatures. This concentration dependence is in qualitative accord with the theoretical predictions of Dawber and Elliott. Die Konzentrations- und Temperaturabhangigkeit der Linienbreite der Raman und infrarotaktiven, lokalen Mode wird fur H− in BaF2 bestimmt. Experimentell wird festgestellt, das die Linienbreite sich mit der Quadratwurzel der Defektkonzentration andert und bei hohen Temperaturen proportional T1.5 ist. Die Konzentrationsabhangigkeit befindet sich in qualitativer Ubereinstimmung mit der Theorie von Dawber und Elliott.
Aerosol penetration through filtering facepieces and respirator cartridges.

Air-purifying respirators must be certified following the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) filter test criteria (30 CFR 11). The criteria specify a range for the mean particle size and the measure of spread permissible for the test aerosol. The authors' experiments have shown that aerosol penetration as a function of particle size differs considerably among certified respirators of the same type. Filtering facepieces (disposable respirators) and cartridges of the dust-mist, dust-mist-fume, and high-efficiency particulate air type were tested. The respirators were sealed to mannequins in a test chamber. The aerosol concentrations inside and outside the respirator were measured by an aerodynamic particle sizer and a laser aerosol spectrometer over a particle size range of 0.1 to 15 µm. Five flow rates ranging from 5 to 100 L/min were used to study flow dependency. The aerosol penetration through the filters is presented as a function of particle size. Aerosol penetration and pre...
Suppression of primary immunization by carrageenan - a macrophage toxic agent.

Carrageenan, a sulfated polygalactose toxic for macrophages, was used in this study to examine the role of peritoneal macrophages in the primary immune response. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of carrageenan led to complete suppression of anti-SRBC antibody formation only when antigen was injected i.p. Intravenous (i.v.) injections of antigen resulted in a normal immune response, suggesting that immunization was suppressed bytoxicity of carrageenan for peritoneal macrophages. Suppression of anti-SRBC antibody was also seen in animals treated by i.v. injections of carrageenan. Our results provide in vivo evidence that macrophages are required for a primary immune response.
Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer by Mixed Convection From a Buried Pipe With Leakage

Numerical solutions are presented for combined heat and mass transfer by mixed convection induced from a buried pipe with leakage. Two locations of leakage are considered in the present study: one is on top of the pipe and the other is at the bottom of the pipe. The governing equations formulated in the body-fitted coordinates are solved via the finite difference method. A parametric study has been performed to investigate the effects of Rayleigh number, Peclet number, Lewis number, and buoyancy ratio N on the heat and mass transfer results. It is found that both the Nusselt number and Sherwood number increase for the aiding flows (N > 0) and decrease for the opposing flows (N < 0). For aiding flows, Sherwood number increases with the Lewis number but Nusselt number decreases with the Lewis number.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Ξ0 beta decays at KTeV

The KTeV beam line and detector at the Fermilaab Tevatron took data in 1996, 1997 and 1999. Its data taking program is now completed. The experiment 799 at Fermilab was the rare decay run of the KTeV apparatus. Besides collecting a large number of neutral kaon decays, the apparatus was used to trigger for rare decays of neutral hyperons. We present a review of the hyperon decay measurements performed by KTeV up to now including results with the 1999 data set. A selection of the latest rare kaon decay results is then given with highlights on those based on the complete data set.
Gravitational lensing effects in a time-variable cosmological ‘constant’ cosmology

A scalar field phi with a potential V(phi) varies as phi exp -alpha(alpha is greater than 0) has an energy density, behaving like that of a time-variable cosmological 'constant', that redshifts less rapidly than the energy densities of radiation and matter, and so might contribute significantly to the present energy density. We compute, in this spatially flat cosmology, the gravitational lensing optical depth, and the expected lens redshift distribution for fixed source redshift. We find, for the values of alpha of about 4 and baryonic density parameter Omega of about 0.2 consistent with the classical cosmological tests, that the optical depth is significantly smaller than that in a constant-Lambda model with the same Omega. We also find that the redshift of the maximum of the lens distribution falls between that in the constant-Lambda model and that in the Einstein-de Sitter model.
Two-dimensional spectral representation of periodic, cyclostationary, and more general random processes

Some confusion frequently arises between random processes that are periodic, those that exhibit cyclostationarity, and others. A simple formulation is presented that makes the distinction clear in terms of two-dimensional spectra of these processes.
An externally forced barotropic circulation model for the New York Bight

Abstract The sea level and the barotropic, frictional circulation response for the New York Bight are used to demonstrate the effects of external sea-level forcing, bathymetry, and variable friction. The governing equation is the steady, integrated vorticity equation and is computed by finite differencing over a curvilinear grid conforming to the 10- and 100-m isobaths and extending for 250 km alongshore. The boundary conditions are based on the hypothesis that the dynamics of the shelf are driven by the external sea-level gradient and the coastal no-flux condition; and consequently the conditions at the lateral boundaries are dependent thereon. Therefore, the external sea-level slope must be independently specified, and the lateral boundary conditions must be dependently generated. The diabathic component of the external sea slope forces the calm wind circulation by its effect on the transport through the upstream boundary; and the parabathic component has also an important modifying effect by forcing a shelf convergent transport. The parabathic sea slope at the coast is independent of its offshore value, being instead a direct product of the coastal boundary condition. The bottom friction is expressed as related to the sea level through a bottom length parameter and a veer angle, both of which are taken to increase shoreward. An additional bottom stress component, related to the surface stress, is determined for bottom depths less than the Ekman depth. Such bottom stress variability produces significant alterations in the nearshore flow field, over the constant bottom stress formulation, by reducing it and causing it to veer downgradient and downwind in the nearshore. The model is forced by different wind directions and the results are discussed. The circulations generally conform to the observed mean flow patterns, but with several smaller-scale features. The strong bathymetric feature of the Hudson Shelf Valley causes a polarized up- and downvalley flow for winds with an eastward or westward component, respectively. Under mean westerly winds, there is a divergence in the shelf valley flow at about the 60-m isobath. The Apex gyre existing off the western tip of Long Island becomes more extensive for winds changing from northeast to southwest. Mean flow reversals (to the northeast) occur off both Long Island and New Jersey for wind directions changing counterclockwise from northwest to southeast and from west to east, respectively. Southeastward transport over the outer New Jersey shelf tends to be enhanced by wind and external sea-level conditions; and the transport over the New Jersey midshelf, particularly in the lee of the shelf valley, tends to be weak and variable also under these mean conditions.
Narcolepsy is complicated by high medical and psychiatric comorbidities: a comparison with the general population

Abstract Background Individuals affected with narcolepsy represent a vulnerable segment of the population. However, we only have a partial understanding of this vulnerability. Our study aims to examine psychiatric disorders and medical conditions associated with narcolepsy. Methods A total of 320 narcoleptic participants were interviewed regarding sleeping habits, health, medication consumption, medical conditions (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th edition), sleep disorders (International Classification of Sleep Disorders, second edition [ICSD-2]) and mental disorders (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision [DSM-IV-TR]) using Sleep-EVAL. A general population comparison sample ( N =1464) matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) and interviewed with the same instrument was used to estimate odds ratios (OR). Results Five diseases were more frequently observed among narcoleptic participants, including hypercholesterolemia (OR, 1.51), diseases of the digestive system (OR, 3.27), heart diseases (OR, 2.07), upper respiratory tract diseases (OR, 2.52), and hypertension (OR, 1.32). Most frequent psychiatric disorders among the narcolepsy group were major depressive disorder (MDD) (OR, 2.67) and social anxiety disorder (OR, 2.43), both affecting nearly 20% of narcoleptic individuals. However, most mood and anxiety disorders were more prevalent among the narcoleptic group. Alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence was comparable between groups. Conclusions Narcolepsy is associated with a high comorbidity of both medical conditions and psychiatric disorders that need to be addressed when developing a treatment plan.
Archaeoglobus fulgidus CopB Is a Thermophilic Cu2+-ATPase FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF ITS HISTIDINE-RICH N-TERMINAL METAL BINDING DOMAIN

P1B-type ATPases transport heavy metal ions across cellular membranes. Archaeoglobus fulgidus CopB is a member of this subfamily. We have cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli, and functionally characterized this enzyme. CopB and its homologs are distinguished by a metal binding sequence Cys-Pro-His in their sixth transmembrane segment (H6) and a His-rich N-terminal metal binding domain (His-N-MBD). CopB is a thermophilic protein active at 75 degrees C and high ionic strength. It is activated by Cu2+ with high apparent affinity (K1/2 = 0.28 microm) and partially by Cu+ and Ag+ (22 and 55%, respectively). The higher turnover was associated with a faster phosphorylation rate in the presence of Cu2+. A truncated CopB lacking the first 54 amino acids was constructed to characterize the His-N-MBD. This enzyme showed reduced ATPase activity (50% of wild type) but no changes in metal selectivity, ATP dependence, or phosphorylation levels. However, a slower rate of dephosphorylation of the E2P(Cu2+) form was observed for truncated CopB. The data suggest that the presence of the His residue in the putative transmembrane metal binding site of CopB determines a selectivity for this enzyme that is different for that observed in Cu+/Ag+-ATPases carrying a Cys-Pro-Cys sequence. The His-NMBD appears to have a regulatory role affecting the metal transport rate by controlling the metal release/dephosphorylation rates.
The effectiveness of midazolam as a single pharmacologic agent to facilitate endotracheal intubation by paramedics

Objective. Endotracheal intubation (ETI) remains the “gold standard” for securing a patient's airway. In recent years, the use of pharmacologic agents to assist paramedics achieve successful intubation of problematic airways has become more common. This study was done to determine the efficacy of intravenous midazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine, as a drug to facilitate intubation in patients resistant to conventional ETI. Methods. This retrospective observational study reviewed the 22-month experience of a suburban municipal EMS system after midazolam was introduced as an agent to be used for systemic sedation to facilitate ETI. All calls where midazolam was used were reviewed on a monthly basis by investigators via retrospective review of the prehospital care reports. Results. During the study period 13,212 emergency responses occurred, resulting in 154 ETIs by paramedics. Midazolam was used to facilitate 20 (13%) of these ETIs. “Clenched teeth and failed conventional intubation were the most commonl...
Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of BAY 59-7939--an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor--after multiple dosing in healthy male subjects.

There is a clinical need for safe new oral anticoagulants. The safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of BAY 59-7939—a novel, oral, direct Factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor—were investigated in this single-center, placebo-controlled, single-blind, parallel-group, multiple-dose escalation study. Healthy male subjects (aged 20–45 years, body mass index 18.6–31.4 kg/m2) received oral BAY 59-7939 (n=8 per dose regimen) or placebo (n=4 per dose regimen) on days 0 and 3–7. Dosing regimens were 5 mg once, twice (bid), or three times daily, and 10 mg, 20 mg, or 30 mg bid. There were no clinically relevant changes in bleeding time or other safety variables across all doses and regimens. There was no dose-related increase in the frequency or severity of adverse events with BAY 59-7939. Maximum inhibition of FXa activity occurred after approximately 3 h, and inhibition was maintained for at least 12 h for all doses. Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and HepTest were prolonged to a similar extent to inhibition of FXa activity for all doses. Dose-proportional pharmacokinetics ( $${\text{AUC}}_{{\tau {\text{, norm}}}}$$ and Cmax,norm) were observed at steady state (day 7). Maximum plasma concentrations were achieved after 3–4 h. The terminal half-life of BAY 59-7939 was 5.7–9.2 h at steady state. There was no relevant accumulation at any dose. BAY 59-7939 was safe and well tolerated across the wide dose range studied, with predictable, dose-proportional pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and no relevant accumulation beyond steady state. These results support further investigation of BAY 59-7939 in phase II clinical trials.
Innovation in wildland shrub establishment

Fluid drilling has the potential to improve establishment of direct seeded shrubs. This paper briefly reviews some fluid drilling equipment and reports two studies addressing the problems of shrub fluid drilling. Study one demonstrates the potential for fluid drilling in establishing shrubs which require cold-moist treatment to break dormancy. This study also provides evidence of water soluable substances which inhibit the dormancy breaking process in some species. The existence of these inhibitors is postulated. The second study found that land imprinting significantly improved seedling establishment of fluid drilled surface germinating seeds such as those ofEurotia. Fluid drilling is a means to increase our control and manipulation of the seed and its environment, while retaining the capability for extensive low cost dispersal.
Flex-fuel vehicle adoption and dynamics of ethanol prices: lessons from Brazil

Abstract Focusing on dynamics of the relative prices of substitute fuels, namely ethanol and gasoline, this study quantifies the impact of the increase in shares of flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) in the vehicle fleet on the domestic ethanol prices in Brazil. A modified partial adjustment model is employed. Estimation results provide strong support for our research hypotheses: (i) when consumers can choose between the fuels the relative ethanol and gasoline prices converge to a long-run equilibrium level, which is determined by the fuel economy, and (ii) price dynamics are largely determined by market supply and demand factors including the price of sugar, ethanol exports, and composition of vehicle fleet. Furthermore, the impacts of demand factors such as ethanol exports are strengthened by the increasing proportion of FFVs in the vehicle fleet.
Dose effects in gene environment interaction: An enzyme kinetics based approach

Summary There have been many observations of different forms of the effect of dose in toxicological and pharmacological research into gene environment interactions. In one form, the effect of genetic variation is seen to be more potent at lower doses, while in the other, the genetic variant has a stronger effect at higher doses of exposure. The application of principles of classical enzyme kinetics to this problem has led to a hypothesis that for any gain of function polymorphism, a low exposure gene (LEG) or low dose effect will always be observed, while for any loss of function polymorphism, the high exposure gene (HEG) effect will always be seen. Furthermore the dose effect is found to be independent of any effects on V max , but is related to effects on K m of the gene product. The hypothesis is derived from the Michaelis–Menten equation, and if supported by experimental evidence, could lead to important implications for drug dosage and toxicological risk analysis in the context of individual differences in genetic profiles.
A Comparison of the 1976 and 1978 Norms for the WRAT.

A comparison of normative data for the 1976 and 1978 editions of the WRAT showed that standard scores are quite closely comparable, except for those on Spelling II, but that grade ratings are not at all comparable at the upper ends of the distributions. In test-retest situations, the same set of norms should be used to evaluate performance on both administrations.
Quantitative determination of C6:0-C18:3 serum nonesterified fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography.

A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of nonesterified fatty acids (C6:0-C18:3) is described which does not require derivatization and allows separation and quantitation of all fatty acid species in a single analysis. Quantitation of the serum of normal, overnight-fasted children showed that palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids are the predominant nonesterified fatty acids, and about one-half of the nonesterified fatty acids are unsaturated. The level of the toal serum nonesterified fatty acids quantitated by this method is about two-thirds of the total level as determined by colorimetric analysis of identical serum samples. The possible reasons for the discrepancy between the two methods in the quantitation of the total nonesterified fatty acids of serum are discussed.
Contemporary Issues in the Measurement of Partner Violence

The construction of this special issue, focusing on measurement of intimate partner violence (IPV), was designed to raise questions and to point out potential limitations by which social scientists have approached measuring IPV. Research on IPV, consisting mostly of United States’ samples, is critiqued with the goal of expanding our conceptions of this phenomenon and energizing future research focused on measurement of IPV. This special issue contains a historical perspective of the measurement of IPV, addresses technical concerns of reliability and validity as they apply to IPV, considers unique aspects of assessment based on gender or same-sex relationships, contains a novel approach proposing assessment of interactional observation units, and proposes methodologies for assessment with different cultures. All contributors provide recommendations for improving the assessment of IPV.
Streptomyces flavogriseus cellulase: Evaluation under various hydrolysis conditions.

Streptomyces flavogriseus CMCase and Avicelase were very stable at 30°C but not at 40°C or higher. β-Glucosidase was less stable at all temperatures tested. Stabilities were similar at pH values between 5.5 and 7, the optimal range for enzyme activity. Cellulose solubilizing activity was reduced by 40% at a cellobiose concentration of 150mM but glucose inhibited activity by only 10% at this concentration. β-Glucosidase was inhibited by 40% at a glucose concentration of 10mM (ten times the substrate concentration). Relatively dilute S. flavogriseus cellulase extensively hydrolysed acid-swollen cellulose at concentrations as high as 10%. More highly crystalline forms of cellulose were more resistant to attack.
The Little Program That Could: Saving Emergency Medical Services for Children

The experience of the federal Emergency Medical Services for Children program over the past 30 years illustrates many of the challenges facing those who advocate for programs that serve special populations or targeted purposes. Even programs that are well run and successful may find themselves targeted for budget cuts or elimination if they do not have committed champions, a readily identifiable constituency, and a range of resources at their disposal. The long campaign to preserve the Emergency Medical Services for Children program has yielded valuable lessons for advocates working at any level of government.
Hepatitis C in State Correctional Facilities

Abstract Background : No previous studies have examined the extent to which correctional facilities in the United States screen for and treat hepatitis C (HCV) infection. Methods : Medical directors of state correctional facilities responded to a survey assessing the degree to which prisons screen for and treat hepatitis C. To estimate numbers of inmates eligible for interferon treatment and to examine costs associated with HCV management, we constructed a feasibility model that incorporated screening criteria used in California and Rhode Island. Results : Thirty-six states and Washington, DC, responded, resulting in a survey response rate of 73%, representing 77% of all inmates in state facilities nationwide. Colorado alone reported routine screening. Only California reported conducting a systematic sero-prevalence study, which found that 39.4% of male inmates were hepatitis C antibody positive in 1994. Seventy-three percent of the respondents sometimes consider treating with interferon. Four states follow a standard protocol. The feasibility model suggests that treating suitably screened inmates is a reasonable expenditure for correctional systems. Conclusion : Prison may be an appropriate setting for treatment of hepatitis C. If accompanying substance abuse issues are addressed, instituting HCV treatment for certain eligible incarcerated individuals may be a worthy target for public health dollars.
Analytic form for a nonlocal kinetic energy functional with a density-dependent kernel for orbital-free density functional theory under periodic and Dirichlet boundary conditions

We derive an analytic form of the Wang-Govind-Carter (WGC) [Wang et al., Phys. Rev. B 60, 16350 (1999)] kinetic energy density functional (KEDF) with the density-dependent response kernel. A real-space aperiodic implementation of the WGC KEDF is then described and used in linear scaling orbital-free density functional theory (OF-DFT) calculations.
Effects of pore-level reaction on dispersion in porous media

The Darcy-level consequences of the transport of reactive tracers is analyzed by detailed pore-level modeling, based on a network model. Moments of the residence-time distribution of the conservative process (reversible reactions) are useful for investigation of the spreading of tracers, even when complete evaluation of the residence-time distribution is not available. We carry out simulations to show how reaction terms have to be included in the convection-dispersion equation to correctly predict the Darcy-level effects of reversible reactions at the pore-level. In the case of spatially homogeneous rate constants, the value of the dispersion coefficient corresponds to that of a nonreactive tracer. Spatial heterogeneities of the rate constants give rise to a dispersion coefficient that depends on the strength of the disorder in the reaction rates and the dispersion coefficient depends nonlinearly on the mean flow velocity. The effects of reaction can be summarized in terms of two dimensionless groups, the Damkohler number Da and the variance of the rate constant distribution. For Da⪢1, a macroscopic convection-dispersion-reaction equation offers a valid description of transport, even for spatially heterogeneous distributions of rate constants. The limit Da → 0 represents a breakdown of the macroscopic equation, though the relative error in the low-order moments of the residence-time distribution is less than 20% for 0.1 <Da < 1. A binary distribution of the rate constant at its percolation threshold yields the maximum value of the dispersion coefficient. Plots of the Darcy-level Peclet number, ULD∥, with respect to the length of the system, L, reaches an asymptotic value at a length much larger than the typical pore length. This indicates the presence of a correlation length much larger than the pore length.
Tubulin from cultured tobacco cells: isolation and identification based on similarities to brain tubulin.

The microtubule protein, tubulin, was isolated from most other proteins of cell suspension cultures of Nicotiana tabacum L. by its copolymerization with cow-brain tubulin. Cow-brain tubulin was added to the soluble protein fraction of extract from 35S-labeled tobacco cells and subjected to two cycles of temperature-dependent assembly-disassembly (copolymerization). When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) about 70% of the radioactivity in the twice copolymerized protein was found in a prominent doublet migrating close to the doublet of brain tubulin. When analyzed by two-dimensional isoelectric-focusing-SDS-PAGE the radioactive doublet behaved like the doublet of brain tubulin. Limited proteolysis of the individual polypeptides of the coublets showed that, while the peptide maps of the leading radioactive band and of the β-subunit of brain tubulin were virtually indistinguishable, the maps of the trailing radioactive band and of the α-subunit of brain tubulin, though similar, were not identical. Most of the copolymerized 35S-labeled protein also behaved like brain tubulin during gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. It is concluded that the doublet of radioactive polypeptides isolated by copolymerization with brain tubulin are tobacco tubulin polypeptides that have, in their native as well as denatured forms, properties very similar to, but not identical with, cow brain tubulin. Apparently, tubulin has been highly conserved during evolution.