cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyaluronic acid uptake by the isolated, perfused rat liver: an index of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell function.

Previous studies indicate that sinusoidal endothelial cells bind and internalize hyaluronic acid at much greater rates than do other liver cells. Thus hepatic hyaluronic acid removal rate may be indicative of sinusoidal endothelial cell function. In these studies the uptake of hyaluronic acid (molecular weight 1.3 × 106) was measured in isolated perfused rat liver under a variety of conditions. Uptake was dependent on hyaluronic acid concentration. At all concentrations tested, the rate of hyaluronic acid uptake stabilized at a steady-state level 2 to 3 min after development of a high rate of apparent uptake. At saturating hyaluronic acid concentration (150 ng · ml−1), the steady-state uptake rate was 10.4 ± 1.0 μg · gm−1 liver wet wt · hr−1 which is as high as or higher than the rates reported for isolated rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. The half-maximal rate of uptake was attained at a hyaluronic acid concentration of 80 ng · ml−1. Hyaluronic acid uptake was inhibited by heparin (80%), a competitive ligand for the hyaluronic acid receptor on sinusoidal endothelial cells; 4β-phorbol 12β-O-myristoyl 13α-acetate (25% to 50%), a tumor promoter and activator of protein kinase C; prostaglandin F2α (24% to 52%), an eicosanoid secreted in the liver by Kupffer cells; A23187 (33% to 66%), a Ca2+ ionophore; and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (16% to 43%). Platelet activating factor did not affect hyaluronic acid uptake by the perfused liver. Hyaluronic acid uptake was increased by 50% after a 24-hr fast. Because previous studies indicate that the hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells are almost exclusively responsible for the hepatic clearance of circulating hyaluronic acid, this study suggests that measurement of hyaluronic acid uptake by the perfused liver may allow assessment of sinusoidal endothelial cell function under the conditions in which the in vivo architecture of the liver remains intact. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;17:266–272.)
Peritonitis causes diaphragm weakness in rats.

Respiratory failure is a common and often lethal complication of severe peritonitis. Because this inflammatory process develops in the abdomen, adjacent to the diaphragm, we hypothesized that peritonitis might directly compromise diaphragm function. We tested this hypothesis using male Sprague-Dawley rats. We injected oyster glycogen into the rats' peritoneum, and 16 h later the peritoneum was lavaged for leukocyte analysis and muscle samples were excised. Contractile properties of diaphragm fiber bundles were measured in vitro. We found that neutrophils and macrophages were concentrated in peritoneal lavage fluid of experimental animals (p 30 Hz; p < 0.01), depressing the overall force-frequency relationship (p < 0.001). Peritonitis had little effect on acute muscular fatigue. These data demonstrate that peritonitis weakens the diaphragm in rats and suggest that humans with peritonitis may be predisposed to respiratory muscle dysfunction.
Parallel N-ary speculative computation of simulated annealing

Simulated annealing is known to be an efficient method for combinatorial optimization problems. Its usage for realistic problem size, however, has been limited by the long execution time due to its sequential nature. This report presents a practical approach to synchronous simulated annealing for massively parallel distributed-memory multiprocessors. We use an n-ary speculative tree to execute n different iterations in parallel on n processors, called generalized speculative computation (GSC). Execution results of the 100- to 500-city traveling salesman problems on the AP1000 massively parallel multiprocessor demonstrate that the GSC approach can be an effective method for parallel simulated annealing as it gave over 20-fold speedup on 100 processors. >
Kernel Methods for Deep Learning

We introduce a new family of positive-definite kernel functions that mimic the computation in large, multilayer neural nets. These kernel functions can be used in shallow architectures, such as support vector machines (SVMs), or in deep kernel-based architectures that we call multilayer kernel machines (MKMs). We evaluate SVMs and MKMs with these kernel functions on problems designed to illustrate the advantages of deep architectures. On several problems, we obtain better results than previous, leading benchmarks from both SVMs with Gaussian kernels as well as deep belief nets.
An attempt at a new analysis of the mortality caused by smallpox and of the advantages of inoculation to prevent it

‘I simply wish that, in a matter which so closelyconcerns the wellbeing of the human race, no deci-sion shall be made without all the knowledge whicha little analysis and calculation can provide’Daniel Bernoulli 1760.INTRODUCTIONShould the general population be vaccinatedagainst smallpox (Variola Major)? Would the bene-ﬁts of mass vaccination outweigh the risks? Howmany deaths would occur as the result of a massvaccination campaign against smallpox? Canmathematical models of smallpox vaccination beused to determine health policy? Although small-pox was declared eradicated by the World HealthOrganization in 1979, these questions have all beenrecently debated based upon the premise thatsmallpox may be used as a weapon of bioterror-ism. Hence, a series of analyses has recently beenpublished that use mathematical models to try todetermine the most effective public healthresponse in the event of such an attack [1–4]. How-ever, these same controversial public health ques-tions were debated in the 18th century whensmallpox was endemic and Reviews in Medical Vir-ology has published two classic papers describingthe natural history of smallpox in 1902 and 1913to help inform these discussions [5,6]. We nowpublish an even earlier paper.In 1760 Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782), one of thegreatest scientists of the 18th century, wrote amathematical analysis of the problem in order totry to inﬂuence public health policy by encoura-ging the universal inoculation against smallpox;his analysis was ﬁrst presented at the Royal Acad-emy of Sciences in Paris in 1760 and later pub-lished in 1766 [7]. Here, we republish anddiscuss both the historical and the current signiﬁ-cance of Bernoulli’s classic paper. A detailed dis-cussion of the mathematics of Bernoulli’s analysishas previously been presented by Dietz andHeesterbeck [8].According to Creighton [9] smallpox ﬁrstappeared in England in the 16th century. Smallpoxwas known in Western Europe in medieval times,but a particularly virulent strain emerged in theearly 17th century and gradually the case fatalityrate increased [10]. By the 18th century smallpoxwas endemic. Bernoulli calculated that approxi-mately three quarters of all living people (in the18th century) had been infected with smallpox[7]. One-tenth of all mortality at that time wasdue to smallpox, although there was considerableannual variation in smallpox mortality due to epi-demic outbreaks overlaying the endemic smallpoxmortality rate. For example, in London during theperiod 1761–1796 the annual number of deathsdue to smallpox varied from 3000 to 15000. Wheresmallpox was endemic it was almost wholly a dis-ease of childhood, with a case-fatality rate of 20%–30%; the mean age of death due to smallpox hasbeen estimated as 2.6 years [10] or 4.5 years [11].
Understanding Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Effective Patient Care.

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors represent a paradigm change in the treatment of melanoma and other advanced cancers. These agents manipulate key immune-regulating pathways to restore immune responses against tumors. The success of this approach is demonstrated by ipilimumab (Yervoy®) for the treatment of advanced melanoma, with improvement in three-year survival rates of about 20%. Newer checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway have been approved and may have higher response rates and improved tolerability. Objectives This article aims to educate nurses and increase their comfort level with these new therapies. Methods The mechanism of action of immune checkpoint inhibitors is reviewed, and insight is provided on how nurses can use this knowledge to more effectively care for patients receiving these therapies. Findings The use of immuno-oncology agents is increasing. Oncology nurses must understand the basic immune mechanism of action responsible for the novel toxicity profile characterized by immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and clinical response patterns. Managing irAEs with immune checkpoint inhibitors is not necessarily more difficult than with conventional agents, but a difference does exist. Nurses and other healthcare providers must consider the underlying cause of toxicity with immune checkpoint inhibitors when making management decisions.
It's more than just 'how women think': Explaining the nature and causes of gender gaps in political preferences

Women hold political beliefs that differ systematically from those of men, a phenomenon scholars call “gender gaps.” The collective opinions of women tend to favor social welfare policies and spending on these policies. Far from being inconsequential, empirical research indicates that these gender gaps in political preferences create gender gaps in vote choice and party identification. Yet despite the political importance of gender gaps in political preferences, scholars still have much to learn about how these gaps have changed over time and what factors may increase the size of these gaps. I use the 2008 American National Election Studies and the 2000 and 2004 National Annenberg Election Studies data to explore the origins of gender gaps in an area in which gaps have been increasing over time: social policy. I test hypotheses drawn from fields such as evolutionary biology, political science, psychology, and sociology. The results provide evidence that feminist consciousness, gender role socialization, and political knowledge play the greatest role in the formation of gender gaps on questions about social policy.
Contextual social capital: Linking the contexts of social media use to its outcomes

ABSTRACTThe established link between social media use and social capital reflects the understanding that these media are useful for establishing and maintaining relationships. Yet, social media are frequently used for other purposes, such as entertainment, information seeking, and companionship. Using a uses and gratifications approach, this study explores how contexts of social media use intersect with social capital. From data gathered in an online survey of approximately 350 social media users, multiple multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the contributions that individual contexts of social media use make on bridging, bonding, and maintained social capital. This analysis demonstrates that while everyday instrumental communication is a primary contributor to the accrual of all forms of social capital, the use of social media use to express care and concern for others and for entertainment is also important to social capital outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of consideri...
Readability of Over-the-Counter Medication Labels

Objective: This study evaluated information on over-the-counter (OTC) medication labels. Brand-name OTC products were examined to determine compliance with the Label Readability Guidelines recommended by the Nonprescription Drug Manufacturers Association (NOMA). Additionally, the use of pictures on OTC medication labels was assessed. The effect of pictures on other aspects of label design that may affect comprehension was also evaluated. Design: We evaluated 100 OTC medication labels (20 analgesics and 80 cold/cough products). Assessment of label content was based on certain aspects of label design, such as package size, font size of written information, format of information on warnings and indications, use of pictures, and use of advertising claims on product labels. Results: Many products evaluated did not meet NOMA guidelines. Even when font size of product name increased with increase in package size, font size on warnings and indications remained constant at 6 points. Lack of boldface (63%), use of all uppercase font (30%), use of hyphenation (49%), lack of paragraph breaks (19%), and the small font size of 6 points or less (98%) could reduce readability. Packages containing pictures were significantly larger than packages without pictures. Several packages (30%) contained pictures in the indications section. Many products contained advertising claims that were classified as "green" or "quality" (41%) and "free" (38%). Additionally, 43 different advertising claims were identified; some of these may be difficult for patients to interpret. Conclusions: The findings may help FDA develop specific regulations to improve label readability. Pharmacists who recommend OTC products to consumers should be aware of these issues and evaluate requests by consumers regarding OTC drugs accordingly. Acknowledgments : This research was partially supported by the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, and by a grant from the Graduate Students Research Committee, Idaho State University.
Intermittent Light and Light Intensity Effects on Broilers in Light-Proof Pens

Abstract Five experiments were conducted in light-proof pens to compare various intermittent lighting programs with continuous light and with two light intensities on broilers. In general, growth was satisfactory only if the lights-off period did not exceed 2 hours and the lights-on period apgroached that of the lights-off period in length. A program with a repeating cycle of lights-on for 1 hour followed by lights-off for 2 hours, when initiated at one day of age, gave equal growth to continuous light; feed conversion from the intermittent program was superior in all 3 trials; however, the difference was significant in only 1 trial. Performance with continuous light of 2–3 lux intensity was as good as with 6–15 lux intensity. The best overall performance in two trials was obtained with 2–3 lux of light on continuously, plus 6–15 lux cycling on 1 hour and off 2 hours. Males and females did not differ in their response to any of the lighting programs, as measured by 8-week body weight. Mortality was not affected by any lighting program.
Mechanical optimization of superconducting cavities in continuous wave operation

Several planned accelerator facilities call for hundreds of elliptical cavities operating cw with low effective beam loading, and therefore require cavities that have been mechanically optimized to operate at high ${Q}_{L}$ by minimizing $df/dp$, the sensitivity to microphonics detuning from fluctuations in helium pressure. Without such an optimization, the facilities would suffer either power costs driven up by millions of dollars or an extremely high per-cavity trip rate. ANSYS simulations used to predict $df/dp$ are presented as well as a model that illustrates factors that contribute to this parameter in elliptical cavities. For the Cornell Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) main linac cavity, $df/dp$ is found to range from 2.5 to $17.4\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}/\mathrm{mbar}$, depending on the radius of the stiffening rings, with minimal $df/dp$ for very small or very large radii. For the Cornell ERL injector cavity, simulations predict a $df/dp$ of $124\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}/\mathrm{mbar}$, which fits well within the range of measurements performed with the injector cryomodule. Several methods for reducing $df/dp$ are proposed, including decreasing the diameter of the tuner bellows and increasing the stiffness of the enddishes and the tuner. Using measurements from a Tesla Test Facility cavity as the baseline, if both of these measures were implemented and the stiffening rings were optimized, simulations indicate that $df/dp$ would be reduced from $\ensuremath{\sim}30\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}/\mathrm{mbar}$ to just $2.9\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Hz}/\mathrm{mbar}$, and the power required to maintain the accelerating field would be reduced by an order of magnitude. Finally, other consequences of optimizing the stiffening ring radius are investigated. It is found that stiffening rings larger than 70% of the iris-equator distance make the cavity impossible to tune. Small rings, on the other hand, leave the cavity susceptible to plastic deformation during handling and have lower frequency mechanical resonances, which is undesirable for active compensation of microphonics. Additional simulations of Lorentz force detuning are discussed, and the results are compared to measurements on the ERL injector cavities.
MR imaging of the fetal cerebellar vermis: Biometric predictors of adverse neurologic outcome.

Purpose To provide normal biometry of the cerebellar vermis using fetal MR and determine threshold values associated with abnormal neurologic outcome. Materials and Methods Cerebellar vermis biometry was applied in prospective, cross-sectional evaluation of fetal brains. Vermis length and inferior vermian distance were obtained in mid-sagittal planes using T2-weighted, single-shot sequences with 1.5 Tesla MR. Measurements were compared with reference nomograms from a retrospective review of fetal brains with normal intracranial anatomy. Observed and predicted measurements of the cerebellar vermis were recorded. Neurologic outcome was classified as normal or abnormal. Unpaired t-tests and discriminate analysis were applied to the two measurements and differences between the observed and predicted values. Results The reference group included 64 fetuses of 13 to 38 weeks gestation. Both vermis length and inferior vermian distance increased linearly with time (r = 0.92, P < 0.001; r = 0.32, P = 0.01). The prospective group included 64 additional fetuses with documented normal (39/64, 61%) and abnormal (25/64, 39%) outcomes. Significant differences were seen in vermis length, inferior vermian distance, and correlation with predicted values based on neurologic outcome (P < 0.001). Vermis length discrepancy ≥ 4 mm or inferior vermian distance ≥ 4 mm were associated with abnormal neurologic outcome. Conclusion MR measurements of a short, raised vermis characterized by a vermis length discrepancy ≥ 4 mm or an inferior vermian distance ≥ 4 mm is associated with abnormal neurologic, syndromic, and developmental outcomes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1284–1292.
Study of Impact on the Stress of Spline Axis when Selecting Material of Electric Submersible Pump Set

We build up three-dimensional non-linear contact finite element analysis model of the spline axis and the spline set of the electric pump machine and get the stress distribution of the spline axis and the spline set when the axis of electric pump retorts.The maximum stress occurs in the root of linking side of spline and the transition section.According to the calculation and contrast analysis of different material and same material of spline set,the maximum stress of the different material declines by 20.04% that the same material does,and the root stress concentration coefficient declines by 13.72%.This provides theoretical basis and analysis method.
Fault Measurement Analysis and Retrieving Energy Calculation at Grid-Integration Gate of a Power Plant in Jiangsu

The paper introduces the fault conditions happened at the grid-integration gate of a power plant in Jiangsu Province.And it analyzes the effect of the fault on the electric energy measurement as well as the power generation amount to network.The retrieving energy is also calculated in this paper.
Analysis of Growth Drags to Land and Water Resources in Urbanization——A Case Study of Xi'an City

Based on the conceptual model of growth drag and some relevant researches,a growth drag model to water and land resources in the development of urbanization is introduced.By taking Xi'an City as an example,the decline of levels due to restrictions of land and water resources is calculated and analyzed using the revised growth drag model and econometric theory.Results show that because of the constraints of water resources,urbanization rate may decline by 0.010875% annually.Because of the constraints of land resources,urbanization rate may decline by 0.004696% annually.Total growth drag is about 0.015571% and the role of water resources is greater.This is mainly due to the growth of land resources in Xi'an City,the intensive use of land and water resources,and a decline in capital elasticity.In view of the trend of change about the use of resources over time,however,the damping data fo Xi'an City may become greater in the future.
Competitive Binding in Mixed Surfactant Systems for Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Separation

The separation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by chirality is of great interest to enable the next generation of optical and optoelectronic devices. Many separation schemes employ the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), with or without a bile salt surfactant such as sodium cholate (SC). In this study, we observe and explain the effect of these mixed surfactant systems on the hydrogel-based selective adsorption separation method. We find that sodium cholate outcompetes SDS more effectively on smaller diameter tubes and quantify this difference as the sodium cholate concentration is increased and (6,5) separation is diminished. These changes in separation efficiency with surfactant composition are understood using a theoretical model developed previously and predict that surfactant mixtures alter the charge per unit length of specific (n,m) SWNTs, altering the separation. This understanding of the chiral dependence of the surfactant binding will not only enable a greater understanding of sur...
Clinical Trial of the Protein Farnesylation Inhibitors Lonafarnib, Pravastatin, and Zoledronic Acid in Children With Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome

Background:Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is an extremely rare, fatal, segmental premature aging syndrome caused by a mutation in LMNA yielding the farnesylated aberrant protein progerin. Wit...
[The blood-brain barrier and neurodegenerative lysosomal storage diseases]

Enzyme replacement therapy has been a very effective treatment for several lysosomal storage diseases. However, correcting central nervous system (CNS) storage has been challenging due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which hampers the entry of circulating lysosomal enzymes into the brain. In our previous studies, we discovered that luminally expressed cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) receptor is a universal transporter for lysosomal enzymes that contain M6P moieties on the enzyme molecule. This receptor-mediated transport of lysosomal enzymes showed developmental down-regulation that resulted in a failure of delivery of lysosomal enzymes across the BBB in the adult brain. Conceptually, if one can re-induce M6P receptor-mediated transport of lysosomal enzymes in adult BBB, this could provide a novel brain targeting approach for treating abnormal storage in the CNS, regardless of the age of subjects. We found that systemic adrenergic stimuli restored functional transport of β-glucuronidase across the adult BBB. The concept of manipulating BBB transport activity by endogenous characteristics has also been demonstrated by another group who showed effective treatment in a Pompe disease model animal in vivo. It is intriguing that lysosomal enzymes utilize multiple mechanisms for their transport across the BBB. This review explores pharmacological manipulations for the delivery of lysosomal enzymes into the CNS, and the mechanisms of their transport across the BBB, based on existing evidence from studies of β-glucuronidase, sulfamidase, acid α-glucosidase, and arylsulfatase A.
Resveratrol Induces Cell Cycle Arrest in the OCI-LY18 B-Cell Lymphoma.

Abstract Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound with well-documented anti-tumor properties. Despite reports of its efficacy in chronic B lymphocytic leukemia, little is known regarding the antiproliferative and/or proapoptotic effects of resveratrol in other B-cell malignancies. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has recently been subdivided into three major categories or subtypes, each with apparently distinct etiologies, gene expression profiles, and responses to conventional chemotherapy. These three DLBCLs comprise germinal center B cell (GC), activated B cell (ABC), and primary mediastinal DLBCL. Herein, we report that treatment of the OCI-LY18 B-cell lymphoma with resveratrol induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose-dependant manner. Preliminary analyses suggest that OCI-LY18 exhibits a surface immunophenotype indicative of a GC DLBCL. The molecular mechanisms underlying cell cycle arrest by resveratrol were also investigated. We report herein that resveratrol induced the expression of p27 concomitant with inhibition of cdk2 and a decreased phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb). Resveratrol also induced the up-regulation of p53. In addition, resveratrol treatment resulted in the phosphorylation of p53 on Ser15/37, modifications that corresponded to the upregulation of p53. These data suggest that resveratrol induces growth arrest in OCI-LY18 via a mechanism that involves upregulation of p27 and p53. These results suggest that resveratrol might be beneficial as a novel treatment of GC DLBCL.
Primer design for PCR and sequencing in high-throughput analysis of SNPs.

To achieve high-throughput analysis of allele frequencies in human SNPs, we have developed automated methods for designing PCR and DNA sequencing primers. We found we could run the PCR assays at qu...
Pregnancy and parental leave among obstetrics and gynecology residents: results of a nationwide survey of program directors.

Background The health and economic benefits of paid parental leave have been well-documented. In 2016, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists released a policy statement about recommended parental leave for trainees; however, data on adoption of said guidelines are nonexistent, and published data on parental leave policies in obstetrics-gynecology are outdated. The objective of our study was to understand existing parental leave policies in obstetrics-gynecology training programs and to evaluate program director opinions on these policies and on parenting in residency. Objective A Web-based survey regarding parental leave policies and coverage practices was sent to all program directors of accredited US obstetrics-gynecology residency programs. Study Design Cross-sectional Web-based survey. Results Sixty-five percent (163/250) of program directors completed the survey. Most program directors (71%) were either not aware of or not familiar with the recommendations of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 2016 policy statement on parental leave. Nearly all responding programs (98%) had arranged parental leave for ≥1 residents in the past 5 years. Formal leave policies for childbearing and nonchildbearing parents exist at 83% and 55% of programs, respectively. Program directors reported that, on average, programs offer shorter parental leaves than program directors think trainees should receive. Coverage for residents on leave is most often provided by co-residents (98.7%), usually without compensation or schedule rearrangement to reduce work hours at another time (45.4%). Most program directors (82.8%) believed that becoming a parent negatively affected resident performance, and approximately one-half of the program directors believed that having a child in residency decreased well-being (50.9%), although 19.0% believed that it increased resident well-being. Qualitative responses were mixed and highlighted the complex challenges and competing priorities related to parental leave. Conclusion Most residency programs are not aligned with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommendations on paid parental leave in residency. Complex issues regarding conflicting policies, burden to covering co-residents, and impaired training were raised.
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Pack Cementation Processes

Pack cementation processes have received widespread application in the deposition of coatings to improve the surface oxidation and corrosion resistance of heat resistant alloys at elevated temperatures. This paper is a review of the basic thermodynamics and kinetics of such processes, with emphasis on those of interest for coating gas turbine components.
Coal-Fired Power Plant Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Bromide Discharges to U.S. Watersheds and Their Contributions to Drinking Water Sources

Wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater discharges from coal-fired power plants may increase bromide concentrations at downstream drinking water intakes, leading to increased formation of toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Despite this, bromide was not regulated in FGD wastewater in the 2015 Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category (ELGs). Case-by-case management was recommended instead, depending on downstream drinking water effects. The present work seeks to identify U.S. regions where power plant discharges could affect drinking water. Bromide loads were evaluated for all coal-fired power plants operating wet FGD, and flow paths were used to identify downstream surface water sources. A population-concentration metric was used to evaluate the effect of wet FGD on downstream drinking water and the vulnerability of drinking water to upstream discharges. On a hydrologic region level, results indicate the Ohio, South Atlantic Gulf, ...
Hypervelocity Measurements of Mid-Wave Infrared CO_2 Radiation Impinging on Blunt Bodies

We present measurements of blunt body mid-wave infrared CO_2 radiation obtained in the Hypervelocity Expansion Tube at velocities between 3.1 and 3.4 km/s and freestream densities between 8 and 15 g/m^3 as well as shock tube measurements at velocities between 1 and 2 km/s and freestream densities between 70 and 1900 g/m^3. Point measurements of radiation collected using fiber optics embedded at the 0 and 16 degree angle of attack stagnation point of a scaled Mars Science Laboratory heat shield geometry are made. Spectrally resolved results over wavelengths of 4000-5300 nm are directly compared to numerical simulations using the NASA Langley LAURA CFD and HARA radiation codes.
Use of a Gelatin‐based Consolidant to Preserve Thermally‐Altered Skeletal Remains,

Thermally altered skeletal remains can be very fragile and fragmented and are typically further fragmented or even destroyed when handled; recovery of such remains from a scene can therefore be extremely challenging. There are few recommendations and no generally accepted practices for preserving burned bone for recovery and transport. Here, we test whether the application of a gelatin-based consolidant at the scene can preserve thermally altered bone in the condition and relative anatomical position in which it was discovered. A solution of Knox brand gelatin and water was applied to burned pig mandibles using a spray bottle. Qualitative and quantitative analysis indicates that the application of the consolidant significantly decreased fragmentation as compared to untreated controls (p<0.05), with most of the treated mandibles remaining completely intact after recovery and transport to a secondary location. In addition to the effectiveness for preservation, the method is also easy to apply, inexpensive, and reversible.
Pregnant with possibility: The importance of visual data in (re)presenting queer women’s experiences of reproduction:

In this article, I discuss a queer method for uniting visual sociology, digital sociology, and constructivist grounded theory to conduct innovative research into how lesbian couples experience the ...
Epo receptor marks the spot

In this issue of Blood, Li et al1 show that erythropoietin receptor (Epor) expression marks the central macrophage of the erythroblastic island (EBI). Treatment with Epo increases the number of EBIs as well as the number of erythroblasts surrounding the central macrophage.
Gather-Narrow-Extract: A Framework for Studying Local Policy Variation Using Web-Scraping and Natural Language Processing

AbstractEducation researchers have traditionally faced severe data limitations in studying local policy variation; administrative data sets capture only a fraction of districts’ policy decisions, a...
Cricket Responses to Sexual Signals are Influenced More by Adult than Juvenile Experiences

Behavioral plasticity can occur on multiple timescales, from traits fixed during development to traits that remain plastic throughout an individual’s lifetime. Because mate choice is a key factor in determining selection on male ornaments, understanding the timescale of plasticity in female choice behavior is critical to understanding how this plasticity influences selection. Experience of sexual signals during both the juvenile and adult stages often shapes mating behavior, but the relative importance of experience during each stage is unclear. Does mate preference become fixed during development or does it remain plastic throughout adulthood? We manipulated the perceived social environment of female Pacific field crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus) by exposing them to either song or silence during the juvenile and adult stages. Exposure to song during the adult stage significantly decreased measures of responsiveness to calling song, while experience of calling songs during the juvenile stage resulted in a suggestive but non-significant reduction in measures of responsiveness. Mate choice behaviors of adult female crickets are therefore predicted to track changes in their environments’ fluctuating demographics, and this plasticity may have important evolutionary implications.
Warning: Notifications About Crime on Campus May Have Unwanted Effects

The 1990 Jeanne Clery Act mandates that U.S. colleges and universities issue reports about certain crimes and notifications about immediate threats. While the intent of these policies is to increase safety, researchers have raised concerns about the effectiveness of mobile notifications, the lack of context and detail in these short messages, and the variety in recipients’ interpretations. In this mixed-methods study, we are interested in the relationship between respondents’ worry about crime and their perceptions of and reactions to notifications about crime incidents on campus. We use a media studies approach, employing quantitative and qualitative survey questions as well as in-depth interviews with three campus officials to understand the production and reception of notification messages about crime. We find that some respondents seem inattentive to notifications, whereas others appear to overreact, which suggests that the Clery Act might actually decrease safety on college campuses.
Analysis and Comparison of the Radiated Electromagnetic Interference Generated by Power Converters With Si MOSFET s and GaN HEMTs

In this article, the effects of the parameters of GaN HEMTs and Si mosfet s and the load conditions on the radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) are analyzed based on the compositions of the equivalent noise voltage sources. These compositions include the rising and falling edges of the switching voltages, the zero-voltage-switching voltage drops and the parasitic ringing. The radiated EMI from two identical dual-active bridge converters with GaN HEMTs and Si mosfet s is investigated and compared. Experiments were conducted to validate the analysis.
Enabling Low-Overhead Communication in Multi-threaded OpenSHMEM Applications using Contexts

As the number of shared-memory cores per node in modern High Performance Computing (HPC) machines continues to grow, hybrid programming models like MPI+threads are be- coming a preferred choice for scientific applications. While being able to utilize computation resources efficiently, threads in hybrid applications often compete with each other for communication resources, resulting in a negative impact on performance. The OpenSHMEM distributed programming model provides com- munication context objects that can be used to provide threads with isolated access to the network, thus reducing contention. In this work, we discuss a design for OpenSHMEM contexts and an implementation of the context construct to support hybrid multi-threaded applications and evaluate the performance of the implementation. In all our micro-benchmarks, threads show nearly identical communication performance compared to single-threaded OpenSHMEM processes. By using contexts in hybrid benchmarks, we have achieved up to 43.1% performance improvement for 3D halo exchange, 339% improvement for all- to-all communication, and 35.4% improvement for inter-node load balancing.
A Monte Carlo Comparison Study of the Power of the Analysis of Covariance, Simple Difference, and Residual Change Scores in Testing Two-Wave Data

This study compares the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), difference score, and residual change score methods in testing the group effect for pretest–posttest data in terms of statistical power and Type I error rates using a Monte Carlo simulation. Previous research has mathematically shown the effect of stability of individual scores from pretest to posttest, reliability, and nonrandomization (i.e., pretest imbalance) on the performance of the ANCOVA, difference score, and residual change score methods. However, related power issues have not been adequately addressed. The authors examined the impact of stability of measurement over time, reliability of covariate and criterion, nonrandomization, sample size, and treatment effect size on statistical power of the three methods. Across conditions, ANCOVA and residual change score methods had similar power rates. When reliability was less than perfect, ANCOVA had more power than the difference score method when there was an increase from pretest to posttest and a positive baseline imbalance (i.e., treatment group had higher pretest scores than the control group), or when there was a decrease from pretest to posttest and a negative baseline imbalance, and vice versa. In case of perfect reliability, the statistical power of ANCOVA did not differ from the difference score method. For the difference score method, when reliability was low, there was no effect of stability on power, whereas when reliability was high or perfect, power increased as stability increased for medium and large effect sizes. Difference scores may be preferred over ANCOVA under certain circumstances.
22.1 THz Prism: One-Shot Simultaneous Multi-Node Angular Localization Using Spectrum-to-Space Mapping with 360-to-400GHz Broadband Transceiver and Dual-Port Integrated Leaky-Wave Antennas

The spectrum above 100GHz is expected to spawn a generation of ultra-high-speed wireless links and intelligent sensing and imaging applications. They are meant to be supported through a heterogeneous and dynamically reconfigurable wireless network fabric in 5G and beyond. Such wireless communication and sensing applications require rapid localization and direction finding of mobile nodes [1]. This functionality is paramount for communications-on-the-move applications, wireless link discovery, and rapid beam alignment/tracking at mm-wave and THz frequencies [2]–[9]. The current protocols for direction finding and beam alignment in 5G mm-wave systems are based on iterative algorithms that are often non-scalable, time-consuming, and computationally expensive, posing serious challenges for low-latency applications. Thus there is a need to process such direction-finding methods at the ‘edge nodes’, to enable secure scalable networks with very low latencies [10]. In this article, we present a spectrum-to-space mapping principle, where localization information can be processed at the edge ‘sensor node’ through the spectrum sensing. The conceptual idea is presented in Fig. 22.1.1, which shows an access point (transmitter/receiver) that acts as a THz prism casting different spectral portions of a broadband THz signal across space. If the mapping is unique, multiple edge nodes can simultaneously localize themselves in a single-shot fashion through localized spectrum sensing, avoiding the use of the slow iterative process and bi-directional communication. In this paper, we present a scalable 360-to-400GHz transceiver architecture in 65nm CMOS with frequency-dependent beam synthesis using two dual-port integrated frequency-dispersive leaky-wave antennas. The two antennas when excited/sensed across the two opposite end-ports, cover a 1D spatial angle $across \pm 40^{\circ}$, and enable 2D localization with two such ICs covering both orthogonal basis vectors with a frequency-offset radiation (Fig. 22.1.1). Exploiting the cross-correlation of the spectrum-to-space mapping (Fig. 22.1.1), the system achieves 2D localization accuracy of $\sigma_{\varphi},= 1.9$ ° and $\sigma_{theta}= 1.95^{\circ}$ for a measurement resolution bandwidth (RBW) of 20Hz.
Best Practices to Verify Ongoing Placement of NG or OG Tube After Initial X-ray Confirmation

Background Many patients in intensive care units (ICU) require nasogastric (NG) or orogastric (OG) tubes. These patients often require a combination of sedatives that can alter level of consciousness and impair cough or gag reflexes. Such factors can lead to NG/OG tube displacement. Using a misplaced tube can lead to aspiration, lung injury, infection, and even death. Aims To standardize ongoing verification of NG tube placement practices in our 34-bed Medical-Surgical ICU. Methods The Johns Hopkins Nursing Model was utilized to guide this project. A literature review and critical appraisal were performed to establish NG/OG tube best practices. Best practices were implemented and assessed (via a survey and charting audits). Results Fifteen publications were identified and appraised as Level 4 and 5 sources. Best evidence supported that at the time of radiographic confirmation of the tube site, it should be marked with inedible ink or adhesive tape where it exits the nares; tube location should be checked at 4-hour intervals; and placement/patency should be checked in patients who complain of pain, vomiting, or coughing. Following the practice change, N = 40 nurses indicated improvement in verification of NG/OG tube knowledge, "OK to use" order was verified for 89% of patients, and 63% of tubes were marked with tape at the exit site. Linking action to evidence Adherence to current, evidence-based strategies for NG/OG tube verification promotes patient safety. Monitoring practice changes is critical to determine whether a best practice is sustained. Electronic health records must be current to guide and support evidence-based nursing practice.
Genome-wide CpG density and DNA methylation analysis method (MeDIP, RRBS, and WGBS) comparisons.

Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis is one of the most common epigenetic processes analysed for genome characterization and differential DNA methylation assessment. Previous genome-wide analysis has suggested an important variable in DNA methylation methods involves CpG density. The current study was designed to investigate the CpG density in a variety of different species genomes and correlate this to various DNA methylation analysis data sets. The majority of all genomes had >90% of the genome in the low density 1-3 CpG/100 bp category, while 5 CpG/100 bp category. Similar observations with human, rat, bird, and fish genomes were observed. The methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) procedure uses the anti-5-methylcytosine antibody immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing (MeDIP-Seq). The MeDIP procedure is biased to lower CpG density of 95% of the genome. The reduced representation bisulphite (RRBS) protocol generally identifies DMRs in higher CpG density regions of ≥3 CpG/100 bp which corresponds to approximately 20% of the genome. The whole-genome bisulphite (WGBS) analyses resulted in higher CpG densities, often greater than 10 CpG/100bp. WGBS generally identifies ≥2 CpG/100bp, which corresponds to approximately 50% of the genome. Limitations and potential optimization approaches for each method are discussed. None of the procedures can provide complete genome-wide assessment of the genome, but MeDIP-Seq provides coverage of the highest percentage. Observations demonstrate that CpG density is a critical variable in DNA methylation analysis, and different molecular techniques focus on distinct genomic regions.
DEEP LEARNING TISSUE ANALYSIS DIAGNOSES AND PREDICTS TREATMENT RESPONSE IN EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS

BackgroundEosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory condition diagnosed by [≥]15 eosinophils (Eos) per high-power field (HPF). There is no gold standard for clinical remission and Eo-associated metrics are poorly correlated with symptoms. Deep learning can be used to explore the relationships of tissue features with clinical response. ObjectivesTo determine if deep learning can elucidate tissue patterns in EoE that predict treatments or symptoms at remission. MethodsWe created two deep learning models using esophageal biopsies from histologically normal and EoE patients: one to identify Eos in esophageal biopsies and a second to broadly classify esophageal tissue as EoE vs. normal. We used these models to analyze biopsies at diagnosis and first remission timepoint, as defined by <15 Eos/HPF, in a subset of 19 treatment-naive patients. Differences in deep learning metrics between patient groups were assessed using Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests. ResultsAll initial patients were symptomatic at diagnosis and a majority were still suffering from dysphagia at remission. The Eo identification model had a low mean (SD) error of -0.3 (11.5) Eos/HPF. Higher peak and average Eo counts at diagnosis were associated with higher likelihood of being on a food-elimination diet at remission than steroids or proton-pump inhibitor (p<0.05). The EoE classification model had an F1-score of 0.97 for distinguishing normal tissue from EoE. There was a significant decrease from diagnosis in the percentage of EoE-classified tissue among asymptomatic remission patients (p<0.05). ConclusionsDeep learning may have utility in diagnosing EoE and predicting future treatment response at diagnosis and resolution of symptoms at follow-up. Clinical Implications or Key Messages (for mechanistic article)We developed two deep learning approaches for tissue analysis in eosinophilic esophagitis, which may improve histologic assessment of patients at diagnosis and predict treatment response and symptoms at remission. Capsule summaryTwo deep learning approaches for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): (1) Quantification of eosinophils throughout an entire biopsy, which predicted treatment at remission (2) Classifying esophageal tissue as EoE or normal, which predicted symptoms at remission.
Beyond Language and Academics: Investigating Teachers’ Preparation to Promote the Social-Emotional Well-Being of Emergent Bilingual Learners:

In recent years, institutions have responded to changing school populations by preparing teachers for the growing number of emergent bilingual learners (EBLs). But this preparation largely focuses ...
Wind Speed Measurement from Bistatically Scattered GPS Signals

Instrumentation and retrieval algorithms are described which use the forward, or bistatically scattered range-coded signals from the Global Positioning System (GPS) radio navigation system for the measurement of sea surface roughness. This roughness is known to be related directly to the surface wind speed. Experiments were conducted from aircraft along the TOPEX ground track, and over experimental surface truth buoys. These flights used a receiver capable of recording the cross correlation power in the reflected signal. The shape of this power distribution was then compared against analytical models derived from geometric optics. Two techniques for matching these functions were studied. The first recognized the most significant information content in the reflected signal is contained in the trailing edge slope of the waveform. The second attempted to match the complete shape of the waveform by approximating it as a series expansion and obtaining the nonlinear least squares estimate. Discussion is also presented on anomalies in the receiver operation and their identification and correction.