cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sympathetic cooling of trapped Cd + isotopes

We sympathetically cool a trapped ${}^{112}{\mathrm{Cd}}^{+}$ ion by directly Doppler cooling a ${}^{114}{\mathrm{Cd}}^{+}$ ion in the same trap. This is the first demonstration of optically addressing a single trapped ion being sympathetically cooled by a different species ion. Notably, the experiment uses a single laser source, and does not require strong focusing. This paves the way toward reducing decoherence in an ion trap quantum computer based on ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{+}$ isotopes.
The D-48 - Application in Mexican-American Children of a Culture Fair Test.

The D-48 is a nonverbal analogies test used as a measure of general intelligence, widely known in Europe and other parts of the world, but not the US. The results of a study with 126 MexicanAmerican and 139 Anglo-American seventh graders are presented and these show the D-48 to be reliable, free of slope or intercept bias, a valid indicator of performance on Stanford Achievement subtests and significantly correlated with both achievement and teachers' evaluations of intelligence.
Agreement Between Two Versions of a CADx System: A Simulation Study

A simulation study was conducted to investigate the agreement between original and updated versions of a computeraided diagnosis (CADx) system. Performances of two versions of a CADx system are traditionally compared using metrics derived from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. These aggregate standalone performance measures may reveal the overall improvement of the CADx system due to the update, but do not provide information about the specific change in CADx output for individual cases. To address this issue, we used the concordance measure, which compares the ordering of scores for pairs of cases between system versions (i.e., before and after the update of the system). In this preliminary study, the system update that we investigated was an enlargement of the training data set, which is often encountered in the development of a subsequent CADx system version for improving performance. We separately studied the effect of the size of the original training set, the number of features, and the distribution and separation of the two classes in the feature space on the concordance and AUC measures. When the effect of an update was compared among datasets with differences in intrinsic class separation, concordance was in general larger when the intrinsic class separation was larger. The amount of change in AUC between the original and updated CADx system did not always predict the degree of agreement between the two system versions. A large improvement in AUC could be accompanied with either a larger or smaller agreement between the original and updated systems. Quantification of the degree of agreement in standalone performance between different versions of a CADx system may serve to define a major algorithm update, and better depict the impact of that update.
Alpha1-antitrypsin in the lungs of newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome

The lungs of 20 newborn infants whose death was attributed to the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome were studied by immunofluorescence technique for the presence of alpha 1 -antitrypsin, albumin, fibrinogen, and immunoglobulin G. Alpha 1 -antitrypsin was demonstrated in the lungs of eight of the ten infants who had hyaline membranes and was absent in all ten of those who did not have hyaline membranes. Albumin, fibrinogen, and immunoglobulin G were present in all lungs which contained alpha 1 -antitrypsin; in addition these proteins were detected in the two lungs with hyaline membranes which did not stain for alpha 1 -antitrypsin and in two other lungs which did not have hyaline membrames. Alpha 1 -antitrypsin appears to be selectively localized to hyaline membranes. Nonspecific leakage of serum proteins associated with transudates in alveoli does not give positive staining with antisera to alpha 1 -antitrypsin. Glycoprotein globules containing alpha 1 -antitrypsin were absent in all of the 12 livers studied, indicating that no impairment of alpha 1 -antitrypsin secretion exists. These findings suggest that alpha 1 -antitrypsin may play a role in the formation of hyaline membranes.
Response to "Reduction of cystometric bladder capacity and bladder compliance with time in patients with end-stage renal disease"

We read with great interest the article by Chen et al in the April issue of the Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. In their study, the authors retrospectively evaluated the bladder condition of 62 adults with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) by cystoscopy and videourodynamic study. The results showed that the prevalence of bladder dysfunction is high, which is consistent with previous reports. Their findings included poor bladder compliance, reduced bladder capacity and detrusor overactivity. The abnormalities were more severe while the duration of ESRD was longer. It is expected that poor compliance of the bladder will result in further graft renal damage after kidney transplantation. In addition, the dysfunctioning bladder, which has poor compliance and reduced capacity, fails to store the urine produced by the renal graft and also impairs patients’ quality of life. Recently, Tsunoyama et al reported that their patients, who underwent kidney transplantation, experienced a dramatic improvement of bladder dysfunction, which is related to prolonged anuria or oliguria. They also evaluated the effect of solifenacin, which is one of the antimuscarinic agents, in treating patients’ voiding dysfunction. They demonstrated that
High fructose diet increases mortality in hypertensive rats compared to a complex carbohydrate or high fat diet.

Background Chronic hypertension leads to cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and premature death. Little is known about the impact of dietary macronutrient composition on hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy and mortality. We investigated the effects of consuming either a high complex carbohydrate diet, a high simple sugar diet, or a high fat diet on cardiac hypertrophy and mortality in hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rats. Methods Rats were assigned to four diets: complex carbohydrate (CC; 70% starch, 10% fat, 20% protein by energy), high fat (FAT; 20% carbohydrates, 60% fat, 20% protein), high fructose (FRU; 70% fructose, 10% fat, 20% protein), and “western” (WES; 35% fructose, 45% fat, 20% protein). Hypertension was initiated by adding 6% NaCl (+S) to the chow of half the animals within each diet (n = 10 to 13/group). Tail cuff blood pressure measurements were assessed after 5 and 11 weeks of treatment, and echocardiography were assessed after 12 weeks of treatment. Results All rats fed a high salt diet had similar levels of hypertension (CC+S 220 ±2 mm Hg, FAT+S 221 ± 3 mm Hg, FRU+S 221 ± 1 mm Hg, WES+S 226 ± 3 mm Hg). Echocardiography results show that the addition of salt to FRU resulted in increased regional wall thickness that was not observed in other dietary groups. All rats fed a low salt diet (CC, FAT, FRU, WES) and the FAT+S group survived 90 days. On the other hand, there was 90-day mortality in the WES+S group (18% mortality) and the CC+S group (30% mortality). In addition, FRU+S rats started dying after 45 days of salt feeding, and only 15% survived the full 90 days. Conclusions These results demonstrate that a high fructose diet consumed during hypertension increases mortality and left ventricular (LV) wall thickness compared to either a high fat, high starch, or a “western” diet.
Biology of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α in Development and Disease

The transcriptional response to hypoxia is primarily mediated by two hypoxia-inducible factors--HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha. While these proteins are highly homologous, increasing evidence suggests they have unique transcriptional targets and differential impact on tumor growth. Furthermore, non-transcriptional effects of the HIF-alpha subunits, including effects on the Notch and c-Myc pathways, contribute to their distinct functions. HIF-2alpha transcriptional targets include genes involved in erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and proliferation. Therefore, HIF-2alpha contributes significantly to both normal physiology as well as tumorigenesis. Here, we summarize the function of HIF-2alpha during development as well as its contribution to pathologic conditions, such as tumors and vascular disease.
Theoretical and experimental evaluation of the low m/z transmission of an electrodynamic ion funnel

The transmission of ions at low m/z can often be either necessary for an application or problematic (e.g., when large numbers of low m/z ions consume a large fraction of an ion trap’s capacity). The low m/z ion transmission limit of an electrodynamic ion funnel has been characterized using both experimental and theoretical approaches. A theoretical model is developed based on a series of infinite wire conductors that represent the ring electrodes of the ion funnel. Mathematical relationships for both low and high m/z cutoffs of the idealized two-dimensional system are derived. The low m/z cutoff is also evaluated through a series of experiments that show it is influenced by both the RF frequency and the DC electric field gradient. However, unlike multipole ion guides, there is no marked dependence of the low m/z cutoff on the RF amplitude, in agreement with theoretical results. With this new understanding, ion funnels can be designed and configured to better match the m/z range requirements for various applications.
Mineralocorticoid modulation of apical and basolateral membrane H+/OH-/HCO3- transport processes in the rabbit inner stripe of outer medullary collecting duct.

Abstract To examine the mechanism by which mineralocorticoids regulate HCO3- absorption in the rabbit inner stripe of the outer medullary collecting duct, we microfluorometrically measured intracellular pH (pHi) in in vitro perfused tubules using 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) assaying the apical and basolateral membrane H+/OH-/HCO3- transport processes in three groups of animals: those receiving chronic in vivo DOCA treatment (5 mg/kg per d x 2 wk); those with surgical adrenalectomy (ADX, [chronic x 2 wk]) on glucocorticoid replacement; and controls. Baseline pHi was not different in the three groups. Cellular volume (vol/mm) was increased 38% in DOCA tubules versus controls, but unchanged in ADX tubules versus controls. Buffer capacities (BT) were not different in the three groups. Apical membrane H+ pump activity, assayed as the Na(+)-independent pHi recovery from an acid load (NH3/NH4+ prepulse) and expressed as JH (dpHi/dt.vol/mm.BT) was increased 76% in DOCA tubules versus controls, and decreased 56% in ADX tubules versus controls. Basolateral membrane Cl-/HCO3- exchange activity assayed as the pHi response to basolateral Cl- addition was increased 73% in DOCA tubules versus controls, and decreased 44% in ADX tubules versus controls. When examined as a function of varying [Cl-], the Vmax of Cl-/HCO3- exchange activity was significantly increased in DOCA tubules (control, 72.7 +/- 15.7 pmol.mm-1.min-1 vs DOCA, 132.3 +/- 22.5 pmol.mm-1.min-1, P less than 0.02), while the K1/2 for Cl- was unchanged. Basolateral membrane Na+/H+ antiporter activity assayed as the Na(+)-dependent pHi recovery from an acid load was not changed in chronic DOCA tubules versus controls. In conclusion, the apical membrane H+ pump and basolateral membrane Cl-/HCO3- exchanger of the rabbit OMCDi are regulated in parallel without chronic alterations in pHi under the conditions of mineralocorticoid excess and deficiency. The parallel changes in these transporters accounts for the alterations in OMCDi HCO3- absorption seen under these conditions.
Transform method for the calculation of vector-coupled sums: Application to the spectral form of the vorticity equation

Abstract A transform method is developed for the fast calculation of vector-coupled sums appearing in the spectrally truncated vorticity equation. The method involves a kind of finite convolution theorem for expansions in surface harmonics. The method succeeds because it turns out to be much faster to transform the spectral representation to physical space, multiply the physical-space functions, and then inverse transform back to the spectral representation, than to evaluate the vector-coupled sums directly in spectral form. Direct evaluation of the sums requires order N5 operations when the spectral representation is truncated at surface harmonies of degree N, while the transform method requires about 10N3+40N2 log2N real operations per time step. Direct evaluation of the sums also requires storage of order N5, while the transform method requires storage of roughly 3N3 real words. An explanation is also given how to specialize the transform method to the “hemispheric” models of Baer and Platzman with a s...
Two-edge disjoint survivable network design problem with relays: a hybrid genetic algorithm and Lagrangian heuristic approach

This article presents a network design problem with relays considering the two-edge network connectivity. The problem arises in telecommunications and logistic networks where a constraint is imposed on the distance that a commodity can travel on a route without being processed by a relay, and the survivability of the network is critical in case of a component failure. The network design problem involves selecting two-edge disjoint paths between source and destination node pairs and determining the location of relays to minimize the network design cost. The formulated problem is solved by a hybrid approach of a genetic algorithm (GA) and a Lagrangian heuristic such that the GA searches for two-edge disjoint paths for each commodity, and the Lagrangian heuristic is used to determine relays on these paths. The performance of the proposed hybrid approach is compared to the previous approaches from the literature, with promising results.
The influence of guar gum on the movements of inulin, glucose and fluid in rat intestine during perfusion in vivo

A two-stage perfusion technique was used to study the effect of guar gum on the inulin-accessible space and the uptake of water and glucose in rat intestine. Pre-perfusion of test loops with low concentrations of guar, dispersed in saline, modified the rate of equilibration of inulin with the mucosal fluid space during a subsequent perfusion. The glucose absorption rate in such loops was reduced at a concentration of 50 mM, but not at 100 or 150 mM glucose. Fluid absorption was inhibited by pre-treatment with guar gum at all glucose concentrations tested. These results suggest that guar forms a layer closely associated with the mucosal surface which modifies the viscosity of the immediate fluid compartment, so that its resistance to diffusion is increased by means of an unstirred layer effect.
Ultrastructural localization of glycogen in erythrocytes and developing erythrocytic cells in normal human bone marrow.

The periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate (PA-TSC-SP) reaction was employed for the ultrastructural cytochemical localization of saliva-labile glycogen in the erythrocytic cells in normal human blood and bone marrow. Particulate glycogen was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of all developmental forms of erythrocytic cells from the proerythroblast through the reticulocyte; a few particles of glycogen also were present in mature erythrocytes even in the peripheral blood. Statistical evaluation of the number of glycogen particles in mid-plane cell sections at each morphological stage of development indicated a significant and stepwise decrease during cellular maturation. This change in glycogen content may reflect both cellular utilization and mitosis during the maturational sequence.
Differences in food insecurity between adults and children in Zimbabwe

Food insecurity is a serious challenge facing millions of households across Africa. Within these households, distinguishing the incidence of food insecurity between adults and children is often difficult because most surveys rely on the reports of adults. In this paper, we address this shortcoming of previous work by using a survey from over 6000 households in Zimbabwe where interviews were conducted with both an adult caregiver and a child. Using two measures of food insecurity, we find that reports of adults and children differ within households with lower reports of food insecurity among children, with children in the youngest age groups particularly being protected from food shortages. An exception to this general rule, though, is in better-off households where children are often more likely to be food insecure than adults. Findings also demonstrate the need for multiple measures to comprehensively capture the full picture of food insecurity in the household.
Cloning, Tissue Expression, and Chromosomal Localization of the Mouse IRS-3 Gene

Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins are key regulators of basic functions such as cellular growth and metabolism. They provide an interface between multiple receptors and a complex network of intracellular signaling molecules. Two members of this family (IRS-1 and IRS-2) have been identified previously. In this investigation, we analyzed a mouse expressed sequence tag clone that proved to be a new member of the IRS family. Sequence analysis of this clone and comparison with the sequences deposited in GenBank demonstrates this protein may be the murine homolog of rat IRS-3, recently purified and cloned from rat adipocytes. Accordingly, we have named our protein mouse IRS-3. The expressed sequence tag clone contains the complete coding sequence of 1485 bp, encoding a protein of 495 amino acids. Sequence alignment with the other members of the IRS family shows that this protein contains pleckstrin homology and phosphotyrosine-binding domains that are highly conserved. In addition, there is conservation of many tyrosine phosphorylation motifs responsible for interactions with downstream signaling molecules containing SH2 domains. The murine IRS-3 messenger RNA (2.4 kilobases in length) is expressed in many tissues, with highest levels in liver and lung. Mouse IRS-3 is highly expressed in the first part of the embryonic life, when IRS-1 messenger RNA is barely detectable. Unlike the genes encoding IRS-1 and IRS-2, the IRS-3 gene contains an intron (344 bp in length) in the region between the pleckstrin homology and the phosphotyrosine-binding domains. Fluorescent in situ hybridization localized the mouse IRS-3 gene on the telomeric region of chromosome 5G2. Cloning of the murine IRS-3 gene will make it possible to apply genetic approaches to elucidate the physiological role of this new member of the IRS family of proteins.
Theory of resonant tunneling in heterostructures

For a parallel-plane barrier heterostructure of any form or composition, it is shown by considering the electron quantum states as functions of complex values of the energy that the full linewidth of a resonant peak in the coherent transmission probability, 2 \ensuremath{\Delta}E, and the tunneling lifetime of the quasilevel giving rise to the resonance, \ensuremath{\tau}, are necessarily related by (2 \ensuremath{\Delta}E)\ensuremath{\tau}=\ensuremath{\Elzxh}, and the conventional wave-packet transit time is 2\ensuremath{\tau} at the resonance energy. A formula is obtained for the peak transmission probability in terms of the ratio of the two outward currents for an electron escaping from the quasilevel.
A generic test of modified gravity models which emulate dark matter

We propose a generic test for models in which gravity is modified to do away with dark matter. These models tend to have gravitons couple to a different metric than ordinary matter. A strong test of such models comes from comparing the arrival time of the gravitational wave pulse from a cosmological event such as a supernova with the arrival times of the associated pulses of neutrinos and photons. For SN 1987a we show that the gravity wave would have arrived 5.3 days after the neutrino pulse.
Comparison of labile soil organic matter fractionation techniques

Labile soil organic carbon (SOC L ), soil organic carbon with a relatively short turnover time, is an important source of energy for the belowground portion of ecosystems and is sensitive to land management changes. Many techniques exist to differentiate and quantify labile SOC, but rarely have these been directly compared. Here we compare the results of four common chemical, physical, and biological methods of empirically measuring labile SOC with soils taken from 33 restored grasslands that differ in length of time since cessation of agriculture. Among sites, microbial biomass C, add-hydrolyzable C, the amount of C respired after 12 d of a laboratory incubation, and light fraction carbon (LFC) were all positively correlated with one another, although there were large differences in the sizes of the pools estimated with each method. Add-hydrolyzable C consistently provided the largest estimate and 12-d incubations the smallest estimate of labile SOC. The quantity of labile SOC obtained by fitting respiration data from a laboratory incubation with a two-pool model with separate decay constants for each pool was also positively correlated with the three measures of labile soil C not derived from respiration data, although this technique was sensitive to whether the decay constant of the recalcitrant pool was constrained or not. All methods showed increases in labile SOC pools with increases in total soil organic carbon (SOC T ) pools, although the rate of change varied between techniques. The size of stable aggregates correlated positively with hydrolyzable C and SOC T , supporting the idea that aggregates may physically protect soil C from decomposition, although the degree to which this C is labile is unclear.
40 Gb/s uncompensated 8-channel CWDM system over 30 Km of non-zero dispersion shifted fibre

8-channel uncompensated CWDM transmission is demonstrated with 40 and 42.7 Gb/s duobinary channels over up to 30 km of NZ-DSF. We find that standard FEC does not offer increased reach for this system. (2 pages)
Tensile fracture behavior of notched fiber reinforced titanium metal matrix composite

Abstract The static fracture behavior of a titanium based metal matrix composite (MMC) with a central hole or a straight notch was investigated. The MMC used was SCS-6/Ti-β21-S with a quasi-isotropic lay-up. Different sizes of hole or notch were used which provided cut-out size to specimen width ratios from 0·1 to 0·4. Two test temperatures were used: ambient and 650°C. At both temperatures, the tested MMC showed a mild hole size effect or notch sensitivity. The failure mechanisms involved the debonding of fibers followed by failure of fibers, and then by failure of the matrix.
Bilirubin oxidase label for an enzyme-linked affinity assay with O2 as substrate in a neutral pH NACL solution.

Laccase, a copper enzyme catalyzing the four-electron reduction of O2 to water, has been shown by others to be a useful label in enzyme-linked immunoassays, in which the substrate is ambient O2 instead of an added chemical, such as hydrogen peroxide, or a phosphate ester of a phenol. Laccase-catalyzed O2 reduction is, however, inhibited by halides, which complex the enzyme's copper ions. Replacement of laccase by bilirubin oxidase, a copper enzyme retaining its maximal activity at high chloride concentrations and at pH 7.2, allows enzyme-amplified affinity assays with O2 as the substrate in neutral-pH chloride solutions, exemplified here by the assay of DNA, the duplexes of which are unstable at low ionic strength but are stable in strong NaCl solutions.
Obesity in women from developing countries.

Objectives: The key objective was to estimate obesity (≥30 kg/m2) in women 15–49 y from developing countries. A second objective was to study how obesity varies by educational level and by residence in urban and rural areas. A third objective was to investigate how national incomes shape the relationship between obesity and eduction or residence. Design: The analyses use cross-sectional data from nationally representative surveys from developing countries carried out in the last decade. Most of the surveys were Demographic Health Surveys (DHS). Data from a survey from the USA are used for comparison. Setting:The 39 surveys used come from 38 developing countries and the USA. Subjects: A total of 147, 938 non-pregnant women 15–49 y were included in the analyses. Results: The percentage of obese women was 0.1% in South Asia, 2.5% in Sub-Saharan Africa, 9.6% in Latin America and the Caribbean, 15.4% in Central Eastern Europe/Commonwealth of Independent States (CEE/CIS), 17.2% in the Middle East and North Africa, and 20.7% in the USA. Levels of obesity in countries increased sharply until a gross national product of US$1500 per capita (1992 values) was reached and changed little thereafter. In very poor countries, such as in Sub-Saharan Africa, obesity levels were greatly concentrated among urban and higher educated women. In more developed countries, such as those in Latin America and the CEE/CIS regions, obesity levels were more equally distributed in the general population. Conclusions: Based on the analyses presented and on a review of the literature, it is concluded that obesity among women is a serious problem in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, and the CEE/CIS region. Obesity is less of a concern in Sub-Saharan Africa, China and South Asia. Obesity levels increased over time in most of the limited number of countries with data, but at varying rates. Rising national incomes in developing countries and increased ‘Westernization’ will most likely lead to increased levels of obesity in the future. Sponsorship: Financial support was provided by the Food and Nutrition Program of the Pan American Health Organization and by the World Bank. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 247–252
Performance of universal codes over infinite alphabets

It was known that universal compression of strings generated by independent and identically distributed sources over infinite alphabets entails infinite per-symbol redundancy. Alternative compression schemes, which decompose the description of such strings into a description of the symbols appearing in the string, and a description of the arrangement of the symbols form were presented. Two descriptions of the symbol arrangement were considered: shapes and patterns. Roughly speaking, shapes describe the relative magnitude of the symbols while patterns describe only the order in which they appear. The per-symbol worst-case redundancy of compressing shapes is a positive constant less than one, and the per-symbol redundancy of compressing patterns diminishes to zero as the block-length increases were proven. Some results on sequential pattern compression were also mentioned.
Characteristics of program localities

The term “locality” has been used to denote that subset of a program's segments which are referenced during a particular phase of its execution. A program's behavior can be characterized in terms of its residence in localities of various sizes and lifetimes, and the transitions between these localities. In this paper the concept of a locality is made more explicit through a formal definition of what constitutes a phase of localized reference behavior, and by a corresponding mechanism for the detection of localities in actual reference strings. This definition provides for the existence of a hierarchy of localities at any given time, and the reasonableness of the definition is supported by examples taken from actual programs. Empirical data from a sample of production Algol 60 programs is used to display distributions of locality sizes and lifetimes, and these results are discussed in terms of their implications for the modeling of program behavior and memory management in virtual memory systems.
Performance prediction of SRM drive systems under normal and fault operating conditions using GA-based ANN method

A method to predict the performance characteristics of switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive systems under normal and fault operating conditions is presented. The method uses a genetic algorithm (GA) based artificial neural networks (ANNs) approach which is applied for its interpolation capabilities for highly nonlinear systems in order to obtain a fast and accurate prediction of the performance of the SRM drive system.
Clinical Decisions Made in Primary Care Clinics Before and After Choosing Wisely

Background: The Choosing Wisely™ campaign encourages physicians to avoid low-value care. Although widely lauded, no study has examined its impact on clinical decisions made in primary care settings. Methods: We compared clinical decisions made for 5 Choosing Wisely recommendations over two 6-month time periods before and after the campaign launch and an educational intervention to promote it at 3 primary care residency clinics. Results: The rate of recommendations adherence was high (93.2%) at baseline but did significantly increase to 96.5% after the launch. These findings suggest primary care physicians respond to training and publicity in low-value care, though further research is needed. Conclusion: Given that even small decreases of physician test ordering can produce large cost savings, the Choosing Wisely project may help achieve the health care triple aim.
Effects of beverage alcohol price and tax levels on drinking: a meta-analysis of 1003 estimates from 112 studies

Aims We conducted a systematic review of studies examining relationships between measures of beverage alcohol tax or price levels and alcohol sales or self-reported drinking. A total of 112 studies of alcohol tax or price effects were found, containing1003 estimates of the tax/price–consumption relationship. Design Studies included analyses of alternative outcome measures, varying subgroups of the population, several statistical models, and using different units of analysis. Multiple estimates were coded from each study, along with numerous study characteristics. Using reported estimates, standard errors, t-ratios, sample sizes and other statistics, we calculated the partial correlation for the relationship between alcohol price or tax and sales or drinking measures for each major model or subgroup reported within each study. Random-effects models were used to combine studies for inverse variance weighted overall estimates of the magnitude and significance of the relationship between alcohol tax/price and drinking. Findings Simple means of reported elasticities are -0.46 for beer, -0.69 for wine and -0.80 for spirits. Meta-analytical results document the highly significant relationships (P < 0.001) between alcohol tax or price measures and indices of sales or consumption of alcohol (aggregate-levelr =- 0.17 for beer, -0.30 for wine, -0.29 for spirits and -0.44 for total alcohol). Price/tax also affects heavy drinking significantly (mean reported elasticity =- 0.28, individual-level r =- 0.01, P < 0.01), but the magnitude of effect is smaller than effects on overall drinking. Conclusions A large literature establishes that beverage alcohol prices and taxes are related inversely to drinking. Effects are large compared to other prevention policies and programs. Public policies that raise prices of alcohol are an effective means to reduce
Charged Porous Polymers using a Solid C ? O Cross‐Coupling Reaction

We report a green, fast, efficient mechanochemical strategy for charged porous polymers (CPPs). A cationic CPP with basic anions and an anionic CPP with Li+ cations were fabricated by solid grinding under solvent- free conditions. Compared with solution-based synthesis, mechanochemical grinding can shorten the reaction time from dozens of hours to several minutes (60– 90 min) to form polymers possessing a high molecular mass and low polydispersity. During the construction of CPPs, a Pd-catalyzed solid polycondensation based on unactivated organic linkers was introduced. In particular, CPPs with basic phenolic or proline anions showed good activity and stability in SO2 capture, and Li+-functionalized CPPs can be post-modified to CPPs with other metal ions by ion exchange, highlighting the tailorable feature of ionic-modified CPPs.
Independent Effects of Paternal Involvement and Maternal Mental Illness on Child Outcomes

Previous research suggests that serious maternal mental illness is associated with adverse youth outcomes. However, this research is of limited ability to inform appropriate social work and social policy responses for at least two reasons. First, it is based on samples that are not racially or ethnically diverse and that do not target low‐income families; second, it does not examine whether differences in the level of father involvement or the severity of maternal mental illness matter. This study involves a low‐income, racially and ethnically diverse sample of mothers with a serious mental illness and their 11–18‐year‐old children and examines parent effects on youths. Fathers were in contact but mostly were not live‐in parents. Structural equation modeling yields three key results: better maternal functioning and more paternal involvement predict better academic outcomes; less paternal involvement and more maternal health problems predict higher youth‐reported affiliative skills; and more paternal invol...
Mineral availability from barley low phytic acid grains in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets

Phosphorus storage within plant seeds occurs mainly as phytic acid, which has profound implications on the use of seeds as food material. Phytic acid phosphorus is unavailable to non-ruminants, leaches ionic minerals during digestion, and is excreted at elevated levels as a waste product. This presents a problem in nonruminant livestock production including current efforts to develop renewable grain and legume products for use in fish feeds. The development of lines of several cereal grain species that have reduced seed phytic acid concentration provides a novel approach to dietary and environmental problems associated with seed phytic acid. Utilizing four isogenic strains of barley (one normal for seed phytic acid, and three low phytic acid lines that produce seeds with approximately 50, 70 and 95% reductions in phytic acid) the apparent digestibility of nutrients in formulated diets containing these barleys at a level of 30% was measured using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Also examined was the apparent availability of several minerals including phytate phosphorus and total phosphorus. Results from these studies corresponded well with the results of other animal studies that evaluated low phytic acid cereal grains. With increasing reductions in seed phytic acid, seed available phosphorus increased and faecal phosphorus was reduced by up to 50%. Calcium availability increased, copper and sulphur decreased, and the other tested minerals demonstrated either increased or decreased availability in a manner uncorrelated to grain phytic acid concentration.
Expression of the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (c-fms proto-oncogene product) in the human uterus and placenta.

This study describes the expression pattern in the human uteroplacental unit of c-fmsj the proto-oncogene that encodes the receptor for colony-stimulating factor-i. Quantitative mRNA analysis showed that c-fins mRNA expression in placental tissues was lowest in first trimester samples and highest at the end of pregnancy. Expression of c-fins mRNA was also high in first trimester endometrium and term chorion. Although c-fins mRNA was approximately 3.7 kb in size on northern blots of all placental, endometrial, and chorion preparations, trophoblast-specific transcription of c-fins exon 1 was confirmed by primerdirected amplification of reverse-transcribed total RNA. lmmunohistochemistry using both polyclonal and monoclonal anti-c-fins protein antibodies showed that c-fins protein was expressed over the entire trophoblastic area during the first trimester but became progressively restricted to the villous syncytiotrophoblast as pregnancy advanced. Of particular interest was the high level of c-fins protein expression in the intermediate trophoblasts of the villous sprouts during first trimester. The synthesis of c-fins protein was also detected in glandular epithelial cells and decidual cells of first trimester endometrium and in the extravillous trophoblastic layer of the chorion.
Functions of eIF3 downstream of 48S assembly impact AUG recognition and GCN4 translational control.

The binding of eIF2–GTP–tRNAiMet ternary complex (TC) to 40S subunits is impaired in yeast prt1-1 (eIF3b) mutant extracts, but evidence is lacking that TC recruitment is a critical function of eIF3 in vivo. If TC binding was rate-limiting in prt1-1 cells, overexpressing TC should suppress the temperature-sensitive phenotype and GCN4 translation should be strongly derepressed in this mutant, but neither was observed. Rather, GCN4 translation is noninducible in prt1-1 cells, and genetic analysis indicates defective ribosomal scanning between the upstream open reading frames that mediate translational control. prt1-1 cells also show reduced utilization of a near-cognate start codon, implicating eIF3 in AUG selection. Using in vivo cross-linking, we observed accumulation of TC and mRNA/eIF4G on 40S subunits and a 48S ‘halfmer' in prt1-1 cells. Genetic evidence suggests that 40S–60S subunit joining is not rate-limiting in the prt1-1 mutant. Thus, eIF3b functions between 48S assembly and subunit joining to influence AUG recognition and reinitiation on GCN4 mRNA. Other mutations that disrupt eIF2–eIF3 contacts in the multifactor complex (MFC) diminished 40S-bound TC, indicating that MFC formation enhances 43S assembly in vivo.
Digital Computer Control and Testing of Compressor Stations

The benefits of digital computer control have been discussed in relation to chemical, petroleum, and many other industrial processes at great length on numerous occasions. When discussing the benefits and principles of computer control, the gas transmission pipeline reciprocating compressor station can also be considered a processing unit which, in a very complex manner using expensive machinery, converts raw feed (natural gas fuel) into product (energy in the natural gas in the form of increased pressure). This is particularly true since the introduction of the latest generation of reciprocating compressors with their new innovations.
Enfoldment and Infinity: An Islamic Genealogy of New Media Art, by Laura U. Marks

Enfoldment and Infinity: An Islamic Genealogy of New Media Art, by Laura U. Marks, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2010, 392 pp, Hardcover, US $37.95, ISBN 978-0-262-01421-2 Who would think that digital ...
Best merge region growing with integrated probabilistic classification for hyperspectral imagery

A new method for spectral-spatial classification of hyperspectral images is proposed. The method is based on the integration of probabilistic classification within the hierarchical best merge region growing algorithm. For this purpose, preliminary probabilistic support vector machines classification is performed. Then, hierarchical step-wise optimization algorithm is applied, by iteratively merging regions with the smallest Dissimilarity Criterion (DC). The main novelty of this method consists in defining a DC between regions as a function of region statistical and geometrical features along with classification probabilities. Experimental results are presented on a 200-band AVIRIS image of the Northwestern Indiana's vegetation area and compared with those obtained by recently proposed spectral-spatial classification techniques. The proposed method improves classification accuracies when compared to other classification approaches.
Winter decomposition of transgenic cotton residue in conventional-till and no-till systems

Current research suggests that genetic modification of commercial crops may lead to indirect effects on ecosystem function (i.e. decomposition and nutrient cycling processes). We investigated residue decomposition of cotton that was genetically modified to express an endotoxin insecticide isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and/or glyphosate tolerance (Roundup Ready®). Decomposition of the genetically modified residue was compared within agricultural systems under conventional-tillage (CT) or no-tillage (NT) management. We tested for variation in decomposition dynamics under the two tillage regimes because there are intrinsic differences in environmental and biotic conditions between them, and that both management methods are employed in cotton production. We hypothesized that decomposition dynamics would be affected by the presence or absence of the Bt endotoxin and that the degree of variation would be more distinct between tillage regimes. Decomposition dynamics were determined by change in mass remaining and nutrient content (C and N) of cotton litter material contained in mesh litterbags collected over a 20-week period from December to May. Rate of decomposition and change in nutrient content of decomposing litter within either tillage regime was not significantly different between the two cotton types examined. Percent mass remaining, total N and total C decreased over time and were significantly different between tillage regimes only. Over the 20-week experiment, mass loss with subsurface decomposition in the CT reached 55% but surface decomposition in the NT reached only 25%. We observed that cotton genetically modified to express Bt endotoxin and glyphosate tolerance decomposed similarly to cotton modified for glyphosate tolerance only.
Out of the Land of Oz: the importance of tackling wicked environmental problems without taming them

Struggling with complex environmental decision making often makes us feel that only the wizard in the movie, “The Wizard of Oz” (Fleming in Wizard of Oz, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, California, 1939) can produce agreeable solutions. However, this need not be the case if we distinguish between the technical information used in decision making versus the process of decision making. Making environmental decisions is a wicked problem, meaning that values are imposed, whether or not we explicitly acknowledge or understand what those values are. Classic wicked problems are those such as how to choose among potential ozone control policies, climate change policies or developing a sustainability plan. In contrast, tame problems are those where there is a knowable truth. Classic tame problems are those such as estimating the ground level ozone level given source emissions and meteorology within a chosen spatial and temporal scale such as that stipulated by assessing compliance with the federal ozone standard. Lack of understanding that environmental decision making utilizes tame problem information while remaining a wicked problem is a barrier to finding policy solutions. Hence, we challenge environmental professionals to rethink their processes of decision making with the tame/wicked insight offered here.
Psychiatric consultation with the ambivalent cancer surgery candidate

Abstract The psychiatric consultant to a surgical oncology service confronts a variety of complex clinical situations. Two case histories illustrate how to assess a patient's ambivalence regarding proposed radical surgery. The procedures–pelvic exenteration and colostomy in one patient and radium implantation and palliative lung surgery in the other–were potentially life-prolonging or curative. The authors recommend that the psychiatric consultant assume a neutral stance while exploring the patient's coping mechanisms, defenses, primary conflicts, ego functioning, and approach to decision making. The patient should also be informed about the usual sequelae.
A logic for the exclusion basis system

In 2003, Morales and coauthors published the broadcast/multicast-oriented exclusion basis system (EBS) that imposes low server and communication loads to securely broadcast new keys to the other participants after an individual participant leaves. This paper provides a method for dealing with multiple participants leaving simultaneously. In doing so it develops a general approach to encrypting messages to restrict them to a subset of participants defined by the keys they know as described by a logical expression. Difficulties presented by and countermeasures to collusion by EBS participants are discussed.
Know Thy Audience: Helping Students Engage a Threshold Concept Using Audience-Based Pedagogy.

Students are experts at sizing up instructors, but many do not extend this analysis to non-instructor audiences, which can reduce their effectiveness in new communication situations. Audience, therefore, is a crucial threshold concept not only in Rhetoric and Composition, but in any discipline that values communication skills. How can instructors help students develop a deeper understanding of audience in the disciplines and begin to cross the threshold? In this article, I describe how a group of Professional Writing and Rhetoric students engaged the audience threshold through a semester-long, client-based project. Drawing on data collected via reflections and portfolios, written deliverables, client feedback, and instructor notes, analysis shows the students were initially overconfident in their ability to assess audiences, worked through valid emotional responses to substantive client feedback, and learned to negotiate the dynamics of multiple audiences more carefully over the course of the semester.
An Assessment of Dr. William L. Campfield’s Contributions to Diversifying Accounting Education and Practice

In 1951, William L. Campfield became the first African American CPA/Ph.D. Through a practitioner-in-residence program for government executives he helped create, he was able to spend nearly half his fifty year career in practice and the other in academe. He served as VP of the American Accounting Association, on faculty of over 20 universities, and authored over 100 articles. In 1986, he retired from Florida International University as a full professor and died shortly thereafter. As of 2005, he remains the 21st (and top African American) most prolific publisher in The Accounting Review. The primary purpose of this manuscript is not only to highlight his achievements, but also to perpetuate his legacy. This manuscript complements extant literature on the contributions of African Americans to the accounting profession by describing Dr. Campfield’s life and contributions to accounting research and practice.
Light olefins from renewable resources: Selective catalytic dehydration of bioethanol to propylene over zeolite and transition metal oxide catalysts

Abstract Propylene is an important constituent of many products that we rely upon in our daily life. This essential raw material is currently produced from fossil-derived feedstocks such as oil and natural gas. However, conversion of bioethanol to propylene represents an interesting opportunity for the utilization of renewable feedstocks such as bioethanol as one of the main biomass-derived products via dehydration process. The catalytic production of propylene from bioethanol has gained significant attention recently as a renewable alternative to conventional technologies. This review will discuss the state-of-the-art on the use of catalytic materials, such as zeolites and transition metals, in catalytic conversion of bioethanol to propylene and related reactions. The corresponding mechanisms are reviewed with emphasis on the possibilities provided by these materials to develop alternative processes for selective production of propylene and other olefins from bioethanol. Important aspects such as catalyst texture and architecture, the impact of promoters and co-feeding water on ethanol to propylene reaction and fundamental understanding of reaction mechanisms involved in ethanol dehydration reaction are discussed accordingly.