cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal Chemistry and Phase Transitions in Substituted Pollucites along the CsAlSi2O6‐CsTiSi2O6.5 Join: A Powder Synchrotron X‐ray Diffractometry Study

The crystal structures for a suite of substituted pollucites with the compositions CsTi x Al 1-x Si 2 O 6+0.5x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, have been determined from Rietveld analysis of powder synchrotron XRD data. Our results indicate that the pollucite end member (CsAlSi 2 O 6 ) has a tetragonal structure (space group I4 1 /a), whereas all other compositions are cubic (space group la3d). The increased symmetry for the titanium-substituted structures is presumably due to the incorporation of additional O 2- anions (needed for compensating the charge imbalance between Ti 4+ and Al 3+ ), which effectively holds open the expanded cubic framework. In situ cooling experiments of the substituted phase CsTi 0.1 Al 0.9 Si 2 O 6.05 reveal a displacive transformation to the tetragonal structure at ∼230 K. This transformation is tricritical in nature and is analogous to the tetragonal-to-cubic transition in pollucite on heating.
Quantum noise measurements in a continuous-wave laser-diode- pumped Nd:YAG saturated amplifier

We present measurements of the power noise due to optical amplification in a Nd:YAG free-space traveling-wave amplifier as the amplifier transitions from the linear regime into the heavily saturated regime. The quantum noise behavior is demonstrated by saturating the gain of a 100-W class zigzag slab amplifier with a high-power beam and measuring the power noise detected by a single-spatial-mode probe beam traversing the same optical path through the amplifier.
Automating embedded analysis capabilities and managing software complexity in multiphysics simulation, Part II: Application to partial differential equations

A template-based generic programming approach was presented in Part I of this series of papers [Sci. Program. 20 2012, 197--219] that separates the development effort of programming a physical model from that of computing additional quantities, such as derivatives, needed for embedded analysis algorithms. In this paper, we describe the implementation details for using the template-based generic programming approach for simulation and analysis of partial differential equations PDEs. We detail several of the hurdles that we have encountered, and some of the software infrastructure developed to overcome them. We end with a demonstration where we present shape optimization and uncertainty quantification results for a 3D PDE application.
The social media: its impact on a vascular surgery practice.

OBJECTIVES Social media has revolutionized interpersonal communication and has become a commonly used public informational resource. This study evaluates the impact of intranet informatics on a specialty practice of vascular surgery. METHODS Referral patterns for patients with chronic compartment syndrome (CCS) and popliteal entrapment syndrome (PAES) between 2008 and 2011 were analyzed. Demographics included referral source (physicians, nonphysicians), media resource, and case volume change. RESULTS Prior to 2008, referrals came from local or regional sports medicine practices (100%). Since 2008 this pattern has changed; local/regional (80%), national (15%), and international (5%). Physician referrals dropped from 97% to 70%, and nonphysician referrals increased from 3% to 30%. Both CCS procedures and PAES procedures increased as remote geographic and public referrals increased. Referral change was associated with social media searches using applications such as PubMed and Google. CONCLUSION Social media is an evolving source of medical information and patient referrals which physicians should cautiously embrace.
EXPLOSIVE EVENTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE PHOTOSPHERIC MAGNETIC FIELD

Transition region explosive events have long been suggested as direct signatures of magnetic reconnection in the solaratmosphere.Inseekingfurtherobservationalevidencetosupportthisinterpretation,westudytherelationbetween explosive events and the evolution of the solar magnetic field as seen in line-of-sight photospheric magnetograms. We findthatabout38% ofeventsshowchangesof themagneticstructureinthephotosphereatthelocationof anexplosive eventoveratimeperiodof 1hr.Wealsodiscusspotentialambiguitiesintheanalysisof high-sensitivitymagnetograms.
Endogenous Lifetime and Economic Growth

Abstract Endogenous mortality is introduced in a two-period overlapping generations model: probability of surviving from the first period to the next depends upon health capital that is augmented through public investment. High mortality societies do not grow fast since shorter lifespans discourage savings; development traps are possible. Productivity differences across nations result in persistent differences in capital-output ratios and relatively larger gaps in income and mortality. High mortality also reduces returns on education, where risks are undiversifiable. When human capital drives economic growth, countries differing in health capital do not converge to similar living standards, ‘threshold effects’ may also result.
Simulation of Film Cooling Enhancement With Mist Injection

Cooling of gas turbine hot section components such as combustor liners, combustor transition pieces, turbine vanes (nozzles) and blades (buckets) is a critical task for improving the life and reliability of hotsection components. Conventional cooling techniques using air-film cooling, impingement jet cooling, and turbulators have significantly contributed to cooling enhancements in the past. However, the increased net benefits that can be continuously harnessed by using these conventional cooling techniques seem to be incremental and are about to approach their limit. Therefore, new cooling techniques are essential for surpassing these current limits. This paper investigates the potential of film cooling enhancement by injecting mist into the coolant. The computational results show that a small amount of injection (2% of the coolant flow rate) can enhance the cooling effectiveness about 30% ~ 50%. The cooling enhancement takes place more strongly in the downstream region, where the single-phase film cooling becomes less powerful. Three different holes are used in this study including a 2-D slot, a round hole, and a fan-shaped diffusion hole. A comprehensive study is performed on the effect of flue gas temperature, blowing angle, blowing ratio, mist injection rate, and droplet size on the cooling effectiveness with 2-D cases. Analysis on droplet history (trajectory and size) is undertaken to interpret the mechanism of droplet dynamics.
Praseodymium-Induced Pinacol Formation

Abstract In an attempt to regenerate Ti(0) from TiOx for possible application in a catalytic McMurry coupling reaction, a praseodymium-based pinacol reaction was uncovered. This reaction formed the two products 2,3-diphenyl-2,3-butanediol (3) and α,β-dimethyl-α-phenyl-β-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-benzene-ethanol (6) in a 1:3 ratio.
PconsFold: improved contact predictions improve protein models.

Motivation: Recently it has been shown that the quality of protein contact prediction from evolutionary information can be improved significantly if direct and indirect information is separated. Given sufficiently large protein families, the contact predictions contain sufficient information to predict the structure of many protein families. However, since the first studies contact prediction methods have improved. Here, we ask how much the final models are improved if improved contact predictions are used. Results: In a small benchmark of 15 proteins, we show that the TMscores of top-ranked models are improved by on average 33% using PconsFold compared with the original version of EVfold. In a larger benchmark, we find that the quality is improved with 15–30% when using PconsC in comparison with earlier contact prediction methods. Further, using Rosetta instead of CNS does not significantly improve global model accuracy, but the chemistry of models generated with Rosetta is improved. Availability: PconsFold is a fully automated pipeline for ab initio protein structure prediction based on evolutionary information. PconsFold is based on PconsC contact prediction and uses the Rosetta folding protocol. Due to its modularity, the contact prediction tool can be easily exchanged. The source code of PconsFold is available on GitHub at https://www.github.com/ElofssonLab/pcons-fold under the MIT license. PconsC is available from http://c.pcons.net/. Contact: arne@bioinfo.se Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Tandem catalytic allylic amination and [2,3]-Stevens rearrangement of tertiary amines

We have developed a catalytic allylic amination involving tertiary aminoesters and allylcarbonates, which is the first example of the use of tertiary amines as intermolecular nucleophiles in metal-catalyzed allylic substitution chemistry. This process is employed in a tandem ammonium ylide generation/[2,3]-rearrangement reaction, which formally represents a palladium-catalyzed Stevens rearrangement. Low catalyst loadings and mild reaction conditions are compatible with an unprecedented substrate scope for the ammonium ylide functionality, and products are generated in high yields and diastereoselectivities. Mechanistic studies suggested the reversible formation of an ammonium intermediate.
Comparisons of polychromatic and monochromatic Ramsey theory

We compare the strength of polychromatic and monochromatic Ramsey theory in several set-theoretic domains. We show that the rainbow Ramsey theorem does not follow from ZF, nor does the rainbow Ramsey theorem imply Ramsey's theorem over ZF. Extending the classical result of Erdős and Rado we show that the axiom of choice precludes the natural infinite exponent partition relations for polychromatic Ramsey theory. We introduce rainbow Ramsey ultrafilters, a polychromatic analogue of the usual Ramsey ultrafilters. We investigate the relationship of rainbow Ramsey ultrafilters with various special classes of ultrafilters, showing for example that every rainbow Ramsey ultrafilter is nowhere dense but rainbow Ramsey ultrafilters need not be rapid. This entails comparison of the polychromatic and monochromatic Ramsey theorems as combinatorial principles on $\omega$.
Combating the Crisis: Managing Watersheds for Economic Profit and Environmental Quality Improvement

Phosphorus runoff has generated water quality degradation, spawning legislative and regularity actions in several watersheds in Northwest Arkansas. Best management practices (BMPs) can be viable alternatives in dealing with nutrient excess. The profitability of several BMPs deemed effective in addressing such concerns is examined in one Northwest Arkansas watershed.
Enantioselective synthesis of D-α-amino amides from aliphatic aldehydes

Peptides consisting of D-amino amides are highly represented among both biologically active natural products and non-natural small molecules used in therapeutic development. Chemical synthesis of D-amino amides most often involves approaches based on enzymatic resolution or fractional recrystallization of their diastereomeric amine salts, techniques that produce an equal amount of the L-amino acid. Enantioselective synthesis, however, promises selective and general access to a specific α-amino amide, and may enable efficient peptide synthesis regardless of the availability of the corresponding α-amino acid. This report describes the use of a cinchona alkaloid-catalyzed aza-Henry reaction using bromonitromethane, and the integration of its product with Umpolung Amide Synthesis. The result is a straightforward 3-step protocol beginning from aliphatic aldehydes that provides homologated peptides bearing an aliphatic side chain at the resulting D-α-amino amide.
Ligand-bridged oligomeric and supramolecular arrays of the hexanuclear rhenium selenide clusters--exploratory synthesis, structural characterization, and property investigation.

Transition metal clusters, by virtue of their well-defined structures and unique properties, present themselves as an attractive class of structural and functional building blocks for molecular and...
ASE/SCA Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Intraoperative Multiplane Transesophageal Echocardiography Examination: Recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Council for Intraoperative Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force for Certification in Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography

Since the introduction of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to the operating room in the early 1980s,1-4 its effectiveness as a clinical monitor to assist in the hemodynamic management of patients during general anesthesia and its reliability to make intraoperative diagnoses during cardiac operations has been well established.5-26 In recognition of the increasing clinical applications and use of intraoperative TEE, the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) established the Council for Intraoperative Echocardiography in 1993 to address issues related to the use of echocardiography in the operating room. In June 1997, the Council board decided to create a set of guidelines for performing a comprehensive TEE examination composed of a set of anatomically directed cross-sectional views. The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force for Certification in Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography has endorsed these guidelines and standards of nomenclature for the various anatomically directed cross-sectional views of the comprehensive TEE examination. This document, therefore, is the collective result of an effort that represents the consensus view of both anesthesiologists and cardiologists who have extensive experience in intraoperative echocardiography. The writing group has several goals in mind in creating these guidelines. The first is to facilitate training in intraoperative TEE by providing a framework in which to develop the necessary knowledge and skills. The guidelines may also enhance quality improvement by providing a means to assess the technical quality and completeness of individual studies. More consistent acquisition and description of intraoperative echocardiographic data will facilitate communication between centers and provide a basis for multicenter investigations. In recognition of the increasing availability and advantages of digital image storage, the guidelines define a set of cross-sectional views and nomenclature that constitute a comprehensive intraoperative TEE examination that could be stored in a digital format. These guidelines will encourage industry to develop echocardiography systems that allow quick and easy acquisition, labeling, and storage of images in the operating room, as well as a simple mechanism for side-by-side comparison of views made at different times. ASE/SCA Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Intraoperative Multiplane Transesophageal Echocardiography Examination: Recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Council for Intraoperative Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force for Certification in Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography
Does the Boltzmann principle need a dynamical correction

In an attempt to derive thermodynamics from classical mechanics, an approximate expression for the equilibrium temperature of a finite system has been derived (M. Bianucci, R. Mannella, B. J. West and P. Grigolini, Phys. Rev. E 51: 3002 (1995)) which differs from the one that follows from the Boltzmann principle S = klnΩ(E) via the thermodynamic relation 1/T=∂S / ∂E by additional terms of “dynamical” character, which are argued to correct and generalize the Boltzmann principle for small systems (here Ω(E) is the area of the constant-energy surface). In the present work, the underlying definition of temperature in the Fokker–Planck formalism of Bianucci et al., is investigated and shown to coincide with an approximate form of the equipartition temperature. Its exact form, however, is strictly related to the “volume” entropy S = k ln Ф(E) via the thermodynamic relation above for systems of any number of degrees of freedom (Ф(E) is the phase space volume enclosed by the constant-energy surface). This observation explains and clarifies the numerical results of Bianucci et al., and shows that a dynamical correction for either the temperature or the entropy is unnecessary, at least within the class of systems considered by those authors. Explicit analytical and numerical results for a particle coupled to a small chain (N~10) of quartic oscillators are also provided to further illustrate these facts.
POLITICAL FINANCE IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

▪ Abstract This article reviews efforts to study the impact of money in politics in democracies outside of the United States. In recent years, democracies around the world have begun to publish increasing amounts of data on candidate and party finance. Although much of this information is partial, and some of it is even deliberately misleading, it has nevertheless opened up many new opportunities for researchers to systematically examine the role of money in politics. The development of theories about the origins and impact of political finance regimes and regulations has not kept pace with the newly emerging data. As a result, the field offers increasing scope for researchers to make policy-relevant contributions. Much of the recent research in this area asks how much, and in what ways, the amounts and sources of funding matter. Do either or both of these influence elections or other political outcomes? This article begins by reviewing attempts to answer these questions, then considers some of the promis...
Mispricing and the cross-section of stock returns

This paper employs the Campbell-Shiller (Rev Financ Stud 1:195–228, 1988) VAR model to derive a model-based mispricing measure that captures investor overreaction to growth. Using this mispricing measure, we find that stocks with low levels of mispricing outperform otherwise similar stocks. The long–short mispricing strategy generates statistically and economically significant returns over the sample period of July 1981 to June 2006. Moreover, this mispricing strategy outperforms the contrarian strategy using various accounting-fundamental-to-price ratios. Our results cast doubt on the risk story in explaining the abnormal returns of the mispricing strategy. Rather, our evidence suggests that asset prices reflect both covariance risk and mispricing.
Relative and Absolute Stereochemistry of the Didemnaketals, Metabolites of a Palauan Ascidian, Didemnum sp.

[structure: see text] The absolute stereochemistry of the heptaprenoids didemnaketals B (2) and C (3), isolated from a Palauan ascidian, was determined using a combination of degradation and derivatization experiments, chiral shift methods, and comparison of fragments to known compounds.
A Generalization of Routh's Triangle Theorem

We prove a generalization of the well known Routh's triangle theorem. As a consequence, we get a unification of the theorems of Ceva and Menelaus. A connection to Feynman's triangle is also given.
The Baring Crisis and the Great Latin American Meltdown of the 1890s

The Baring Crisis is the nineteenth century's most famous sovereign debt crisis. Using a database of more than 15,000 observations, we assess its effect on emerging market borrowers and find empirical evidence of a regional crisis but not a global crisis. During the crisis, Latin American yield spreads increased by more than 200 basis points relative to the rest of the world, even after controlling for macroeconomic, trade, political-institutional factors, and other country-specific effects. Our evidence suggests that European investors may have sold off or reduced their holdings of Latin American securities in the wake of the Baring Crisis.
Federalism and Interpretation

We offer a theoretical approach to federalism by defining a theoretical approach as a general account of the subject. It is general in that it applies in any political situation, at any time in history when political entities that are recognizable as nations existed. It is an account in being a systematic examination of the subject that is connected to the overall structure of analysis in one or more academic disciplines, in this case law and political science. Following this approach, we reach the conclusion that federalism must be understood as a matter of political identity. People's individual commitments in the political realm, their sense of who they are and where they belong, will determine the descriptive reality and the prescriptive necessity of federal arrangements.
A Behavioral Model of Turnout

The so-called “paradox of voting” is a major anomaly for rational choice theories of elections. If voting is costly and citizens are rational, then in large electrorates the expected turnout would be small, for if many people voted the chance of anyone being pivotal would be too small to make the act worthwhile. Yet many people do vote, even in large national elections. To address this puzzle we construct a model of adaptive rationality: Citizens learn by simple trial and error, repeating satisfactory actions and avoiding unsatisfactory ones. (Their aspiration levels, which code current payoffs as satisfactory or unsatisfactory, are also endogenous, themselves adjusting to experience.) Our main result is that agents who adapt in this manner turn out in substantial numbers even in large electorates and even if voting is costly for everyone.Standard conceptions of rational behavior do not explain why anyone bothers to vote in a mass election…. [Turnout is] the paradox that ate rational choice theory.Fiorina (1990, 334)We would like to thank Stephen Ansolabehere, Sorin Antohi, Glenn Ellison, Dedre Gentner, Sunil Kumar, David Laitin, Tze Lai, Arthur Lupia, Elijah Millgram, Lincoln Moses, Scott Page, Tom Palfrey, John Patty, Paul Pfleiderer, Adam Simon, Joel Sobel, Carole Uhlaner, three anonymous referees, and the participants in the Political Economics seminar at the GSB, the Stanford–CalTech workshop, the UNC American Politics Research Group, the UCLA conference on Cognition, Emotion, and Rational Choice, panels at the Annual Meetings of the MPSA and the APSA, the Agent 2000 Workshop, the Seventh Annual Wallis Conference, the CMU–Pitt Colloquium Series, and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences seminar series for their helpful comments. This paper was written while Ting was at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and he thanks UNC's Department of Political Science for its support. It was revised while Bendor was a Fellow at the CASBS, and he is grateful for the Center's financial and intellectual support.
Graphical models for bandit problems

We introduce a rich class of graphical models for multi-armed bandit problems that permit both the state or context space and the action space to be very large, yet succinctly specify the payoffs for any context-action pair. Our main result is an algorithm for such models whose regret is bounded by the number of parameters and whose running time depends only on the treewidth of the graph substructure induced by the action space.
Special purpose register array for real-time image processing

An ASIC which implements a special purpose register array for real-time application has been presented. This chip, referred to as MUCAM, performs parallel searches and multiple updates of up to 256 8-bit data within 52 ns. MUCAM has been developed for image component labeling, and merge operation in a connected component analyzer. It has been fabricated using 0.9 mu m CMOS technology. >
Tangles, generalized Reidemeister moves, and three-dimensional mirror symmetry

Three-dimensional $ \mathcal{N} $ = 2 superconformal field theories are constructed by compactifying M5-branes on three-manifolds. In the infrared the branes recombine, and the physics is captured by a single M5-brane on a branched cover of the original ultraviolet geometry. The branch locus is a tangle, a one-dimensional knotted submanifold of the ultraviolet geometry. A choice of branch sheet for this cover yields a Lagrangian for the theory, and varying the branch sheet provides dual descriptions. Massless matter arises from vanishing size M2-branes and appears as singularities of the tangle where branch lines collide. Massive deformations of the field theory correspond to resolutions of singularities resulting in distinct smooth manifolds connected by geometric transitions. A generalization of Reidemeister moves for singular tangles captures mirror symmetries of the underlying theory yielding a geometric framework where dualities are manifest.
Collusion and Price Rigidity

We consider an inÞnitely repeated Bertrand game, in which prices are publicly observed and each Þrm receives a privately observed, i.i.d. cost shock in each period. We focus on symmetric perfect public equilibria (SPPE), wherein any “punishments” are borne equally by all Þrms. We identify a tradeoff that is associated with collusive pricing schemes in which the price to be charged by each Þrm is strictly increasing in its cost level: such “fully sorting” schemes offer efficiency beneÞts, as they ensure that the lowest-cost Þrm makes the current sale, but they also imply an informational cost (distorted pricing and/or equilibrium-path price wars), since a higher-cost Þrm must be deterred from mimicking a lower-cost Þrm by charging a lower price. A rigid-pricing scheme, where a Þrm’s collusive price is independent of its current cost position, sacriÞces efficiency beneÞts but also diminishes the informational cost. For a wide range of settings, the optimal symmetric collusive scheme requires (i). the absence of equilibrium-path price wars and (ii). a rigid price. If Þrms are sufficiently impatient, however, the rigid-pricing scheme cannot be enforced, and the collusive price of lower-cost Þrms may be distorted downward, in order to diminish the incentive to cheat. When the model is modiÞed to include i.i.d. public demand shocks, the downward pricing distortion that accompanies a Þrm’s lower-cost realization may occur only when current demand is high.
The efficiency of greedy routing in hypercubes and butterflies

We analyze the following problem. Each node of the d-dimensional hypercube independently generates packets according to a Poisson process with rate /spl lambda/. Each of the packets is to be sent to a randomly chosen destination; each of the nodes at Hamming distance k from a packet's origin is assigned an a priori probability p/sup k/(1-p)/sup d-k/. Packets are routed under a simple greedy scheme: each of them is forced to cross the hypercube dimensions required in increasing index-order, with possible queueing at the hypercube nodes. Assuming unit packet length and no other communications taking place, we show that this scheme is stable (in steady-state) if /spl rho/ >
Electron-Beam-Addressed Microchannel Spatial Light Modulator

A vacuum-demountable prototype electron-beam-addressed spatial light modulator that consists essentially of an electron gun, a microchannel plate, and an electro-optic crystal is being investigated. This paper discusses the underlying principles of operation of the device, which include the interaction of an electron beam with a microchannel plate and the addressing of an electro-optic crystal with a flux of nonmonoenergetic electrons.
Relic Abundances and the Boltzmann Equation

I discuss the validity of the quantum Boltzmann equation for the calculation of WIMP relic densities.
Loss of structurally stable regulation implies loss of stability

We refer to systems violating the conditions for structurally stable regulation as critical. At least one of the following must fail at a critical system: asymptotic rejection of the exogenous system, stabilization of the closed-loop system, or structural stability. This has not been explicitly addressed. We show that any structurally stable regulator is necessarily destabilizing when applied to a critical system, that destabilization is linked to structural stability, and we characterize the resulting unstable poles.
Phenotypic mixing and hiding may contribute to memory in viral quasispecies

In a number of recent experiments with food-and-mouth disease virus, a deleterious mutant, RED, was found to avoid extinction and remain in the population for long periods of time. Since RED characterizes the past evolutionary history of the population, this observation was called quasispecies memory. While the quasispecies theory predicts the existence of these memory genomes, there is a disagreement between the expected and observed mutant frequency values. Therefore, the origin of quasispecies memory is not fully understood. We propose and analyze a simple model of complementation between the wild type virus and a mutant that has an impaired ability of cell entry, the likely cause of fitness differences between wild type and RED mutants. The mutant will go extinct unless it is recreated from the wild type through mutations. However, under phenotypic mixing-and-hiding as a mechanism of complementation, the time to extinction in the absence of mutations increases with increasing multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.). If the RED mutant is constantly recreated by mutations, then its frequency at equilibrium under selection-mutation balance also increases with increasing m.o.i. At high m.o.i., a large fraction of mutant genomes are encapsidated with wild-type protein, which enables them to infect cells as efficiently as the wild type virions, and thus increases their fitness to the wild-type level. Moreover, even at low m.o.i. the equilibrium frequency of the mutant is higher than predicted by the standard quasispecies model, because a fraction of mutant virions generated from wild-type parents will also be encapsidated by wild-type protein. Our model predicts that phenotypic hiding will strongly influence the population dynamics of viruses, particularly at high m.o.i., and will also have important effects on the mutation-selection balance at low m.o.i. The delay in mutant extinction and increase in mutant frequencies at equilibrium may, at least in part, explain memory in quasispecies populations.
Fermilab Capacitor Tree

The Fermilab Capacitor Tree is a capacitor bank used in series with the feeders carrying 3-phase, 13.8 kV power to the main ring power supply system. Its function is to reduce the voltage droop of the power supplies at high currents, by acting in series resonance with the leakage inductances of the system. This paper describes the electrical system and our operational experience since May, 1976.
NOVEL PREPARATION OF POLYFLUOROALKYL SECONDARY AND TERTIARY AMINES

Abstract Primary and secondary amines condense with benzotriazole and a polyfluoroaldehyde to give products which are reduced by sodium borohydride to give the corresponding secondary and tertiary amines containing polyfluoroalkyl groups.
Hilbert Transform and Its Engineering Applications

The Hilbert transform is useful in calculating instantaneous attributes of a time series, especially the envelope amplitude and instantaneous frequency. The instantaneous envelope is the amplitude of the complex Hilbert transform; the instantaneous frequency is the time rate of change of the instantaneous phase angle. These properties can be applied to identify dynamic characteristics of a linear as well as a nonlinear system. However, the conventional discrete Hilbert transform, which is based on fast Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform, has shown the lack of accuracy for time-derivative calculations. In this paper, we first introduce the Hilbert transform and its applications to the nonlinear system parameter identification. Then we address the practical issues in applying the Hilbert transform to engineering applications. To increase the accuracy of the envelope detection, we propose a Hilbert transform technique based on local-maxima interpolation. Analyses and simulations are carried out to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed technique. Finally, we employ the proposed local-maxima-interpolation technique in identifying the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of industrial examples.
Time-Energy Optimal Control of Articulated Systems With Geometric Path Constraints

The motions of articulated systems along specified paths are optimized to minimize a time-energy cost function. The optimization problem is formulated in a reduced two-dimensional state space and solved using the Pontryagin maximum principle. The optimal control is shown to be smooth, as opposed to the typically discontinuous time optimal control. The numerical solution is obtained with a gradient search that iterates over the initial value of one co-state. Optimal trajectories are demonstrated numerically for a two-link planar manipulator and experimentally for the UCLA Direct Drive Arm. The smoother time-energy optimal trajectory is shown to result in smaller tracking errors than the time optimal trajectory.
Novel route to the synthesis of 4-quinolyl isothiocyanates

4-Quinolyl isothiocyanates were synthesized in a regiospecific fashion from the corresponding 4-chloroquinolines and silver thiocyanate in refluxing toluene. The products were isolated in quantitative yield and high purity (>95%) by simple filtration and concentration. Reactivity and mechanism of the reaction are discussed. The new approach would provide a new mean which had been lacking for the synthesis of functionalized 4-quinolinyl isothiocyanate.
Bayesian feature selection with strongly regularizing priors maps to the ising model

Identifying small subsets of features that are relevant for prediction and classification tasks is a central problem in machine learning and statistics. The feature selection task is especially important, and computationally difficult, for modern data sets where the number of features can be comparable to or even exceed the number of samples. Here, we show that feature selection with Bayesian inference takes a universal form and reduces to calculating the magnetizations of an Ising model under some mild conditions. Our results exploit the observation that the evidence takes a universal form for strongly regularizing priors-priors that have a large effect on the posterior probability even in the infinite data limit. We derive explicit expressions for feature selection for generalized linear models, a large class of statistical techniques that includes linear and logistic regression. We illustrate the power of our approach by analyzing feature selection in a logistic regression-based classifier trained to distinguish between the letters B and D in the notMNIST data set.
Flight-test results of an integrated wideband-only airport pseudolite for the category II/III local area augmentation system

The results of a flight test are presented that successfully demonstrate the integration of a wideband-only airport pseudolite (WBAPL) into a prototype local area augmentation system (LAAS). An analysis of the error performance exhibited by the prototype LAAS, with and without the inclusion of the WBAPL in the system, is presented. The inclusion of the WBAPL is shown to not only increase the availability of the system, but also to improve its error performance. The improvement in performance is seen to be most pronounced when a reduced GPS SV set is available, a state that would otherwise result in the unavailability of LAAS. This is the first demonstration of simultaneous increase in availability and accuracy from the inclusion or a WBAPL into a prototype LAAS.
A New Class of Organocatalysts: Sulfenate Anions

Sulfenate anions are known to act as highly reactive species in the organic arena. Now they premiere as organocatalysts. Proof of concept is offered by the sulfoxide/sulfenate-catalyzed (1–10 mol %) coupling of benzyl halides in the presence of base to generate trans-stilbenes in good to excellent yields (up to 99 %). Mechanistic studies support the intermediacy of sulfenate anions, and the deprotonated sulfoxide was determined to be the resting state of the catalyst.
Shape selection in non-Euclidean plates

Abstract We investigate isometric immersions of disks with constant negative curvature into R 3 , and the minimizers for the bending energy, i.e. the L 2 norm of the principal curvatures over the class of W 2 , 2 isometric immersions. We show the existence of smooth immersions of arbitrarily large geodesic balls in H 2 into R 3 . In elucidating the connection between these immersions and the non-existence/singularity results of Hilbert and Amsler, we obtain a lower bound for the L ∞ norm of the principal curvatures for such smooth isometric immersions. We also construct piecewise smooth isometric immersions that have a periodic profile, are globally W 2 , 2 , and numerically have lower bending energy than their smooth counterparts. The number of periods in these configurations is set by the condition that the principal curvatures of the surface remain finite and grow approximately exponentially with the radius of the disk. We discuss the implications of our results on recent experiments on the mechanics of non-Euclidean plates.
Identification and Control of Limit Cycle Oscillations in Aeroelastic Systems

Nonlinearities in the aeroelastic system induce pathologies such as the observed store-induced limit cycle oscillations found with certain high-performance aircraft configurations. Many prior studies, including efforts by these authors, focus on the nonlinear behavior of the uncontrolled, nonlinear aeroelastic system. These studies are briefly reviewed. More importantly, there is limited study for the active control of these nonlinear aeroelastic systems. Although a linear controller may stabilize the nonlinear system under some circumstances, empirical evidence suggests that these control methods -will prove unreliable in strongly nonlinear regimes and that stability is not guaranteed. Herein, the authors describe the development of control strategies appropriate for these nonlinear systems. A nonlinear controller, and the resulting closed-loop stability, based on a partial feedback linearization are discussed. The approach depends upon the exact cancellation of the nonlinearity and, as a co_nsequence, the authors introduce an adaptive method in which guarantees of stability are evident. The authors present experimental results obtained using the adaptive controller.
ETHICS, NUCLEAR TERRORISM, AND COUNTER-TERRORIST NUCLEAR REPRISALS – A RESPONSE TO JOHN MARK MATTOX'S ‘NUCLEAR TERRORISM: THE OTHER EXTREME OF IRREGULAR WARFARE’

Abstract This paper critically examines John Mark Mattox's view of the nature of the moral appropriateness of particular response options. By so doing, I aim to engage the wider readership in a debate, which I hope leads to greater clarity and precision of thinking on these topics. After summarizing Mattox's view, I argue first that in order for Mattox's ultimate conclusion to hold in moral terms, he must abandon the argument on the permissibility of nuclear reprisal to re-establish nuclear deterrence and instead anchor this response solely on the moral grounds of retributive justice. Secondly, I argue that the morally superior and politically efficacious counter-nuclear terrorist response is to hunt down the nuclear terrorists and hold them accountable for war crimes in the International Criminal Court. This response is consistent with just war theoretic principles, and it also affirms the moral virtues of honor, dignity, and humane treatment in contexts where they are needed the most – the holocausts of...
Understanding Deutsch's probability in a deterministic multiverse

Difficulties over probability have often been considered fatal to the Everett interpretation of quantum mechanics. Here I argue that the Everettian can have everything she needs from `probability' without recourse to indeterminism, ignorance, primitive identity over time or subjective uncertainty: all she needs is a particular *rationality principle*. The decision-theoretic approach recently developed by Deutsch and Wallace claims to provide just such a principle. But, according to Wallace, decision theory is itself applicable only if the correct attitude to a future Everettian measurement outcome is subjective uncertainty. I argue that subjective uncertainty is not to be had, but I offer an alternative interpretation that enables the Everettian to live without uncertainty: we can justify Everettian decision theory on the basis that an Everettian should *care about* all her future branches. The probabilities appearing in the decision-theoretic representation theorem can then be interpreted as the degrees to which the rational agent cares about each future branch. This reinterpretation, however, reduces the intuitive plausibility of one of the Deutsch-Wallace axioms (Measurement Neutrality).
Decrypting the warped black strings

We propose a map for extracting the holographic meaning of the metric for a class of warped AdS3 black strings in type IIB supergravity. Our choice of holographic data is based upon a general prescription due to Papadimitriou. With this choice, we find a holographic stress tensor that is both symmetric and conserved, at least when restricted to a particular sector of the theory. Using the holographic stress tensor, we compute the energy and momentum per unit length of the black strings, as well as the conformal anomaly, and we show that the results agree with those previously obtained via covariant methods.
Mapping Nested Loop Algorithms Into Multi-Dimensional Systolic Arrays

Consideration is given to transforming depth p-nested for loop algorithms into q-dimensional systolic VLSI arrays where 1 >
Unitary Solutions to the Yang–Baxter Equation in Dimension Four

In this paper, we determine all unitary solutions to the Yang–Baxter equation in dimension four. Quantum computation motivates this study. This set of solutions will assist in clarifying the relationship between quantum entanglement and topological entanglement. We present a variety of facts about the Yang–Baxter equation for the reader unfamiliar with the equation. PACS: 02.10.Yn; 02.10.Kn; 03.65.Ud; 03.67.Hk
Widespread Adoption of Organic Agriculture in the US: Are Market-Driven Policies Enough?

2Organic food production faces rapidly growing consumer demand in the U.S. and other industrialized countries, along with a worldwide regulatory framework and rapidly developing support infrastructure, making it a premier technology in the efforts of many public and private organizations that advocate more sustainable farming practices. The use of organic farming systems for crop production in the U.S. has grown rapidly during the last decade, but is still under 0.5 percent of total U.S. farmland—substantially less than in many countries in Europe and elsewhere. Within the U.S., conversion to organic farming systems has been more extensive in particular commodity sectors and regions. In California, for example, about two percent of the state’s crop acreage is managed under organic farming systems, and over 15 percent of the dairies in some New England states are organic. The objectives of this paper are to examine commodity-sector adoption rates and trends for organic farming systems in the U.S., and determine the impact of evolving markets and public support on adoption. First we will describe the current adoption and trends for the US and the world for organic production. Next we will examine current research on consumer attitudes towards organic products. We will then look at relevant issues raised from the results of research trials comparing the risks and input requirements of organic versus conventional agriculture. In most cases organic producers rely on price premiums to offset the increased risks and production costs. We will discuss market policies that directly and indirectly affect the profitability of organic production. We will then look at current farm policies in the context of adoption of organic production. Finally, we will discuss organic production in the context of the next farm bill.
Mood and mode: does how we travel affect how we feel?

How do emotions like happiness, pain, stress, sadness and fatigue vary during travel and by travel mode? Understanding the relationship between how we travel and how we feel offers insight into ways of improving existing transportation services, prioritizing investments and theorizing and modeling the costs and benefits of travel. Drawing on the American Time Use Survey’s well-being module, which surveyed over 13,000 respondents about mood during randomly selected activities, we address these questions using pooled ordinary least squares and fixed-effects panel regression. Controlling for demographics and other individual-specific attributes, we find that, contrary to the common perception that travel is an onerous, derived demand, mood is generally no worse during travel than on average. However, compared to other influences, travel has only a small total impact on how we feel. The estimated relationship between mood and mode tends to be weak and often not statistically significant. Nevertheless, we find that bicyclists have the most positive affect. Next happiest are car passengers, and then car drivers, though when controlling for the pleasure typically derived from interacting with others drivers are at least as happy as passengers. Bus and train riders experience the most negative emotions, though a small part of this can be attributed to the fact that transit is disproportionately used for the unloved work trip. Our findings suggest that bicycle use may have benefits beyond the typically cited health and transportation ones, and that improving transit riders’ emotional experience may be as important as improving traditional service features such as headways and travel speeds. Our findings are ambiguous as to whether the joy of driving will limit the appeal of autonomous vehicles.
A note on a question of R. Pol concerning light maps

Abstract Let f :X→Y be an onto map between compact spaces such that all point-inverses of f are zero-dimensional. Let A be the set of all functions u :X→I=[0,1] such that u[f ← (y)] is zero-dimensional for all y∈Y . Do almost all maps u :X→I , in the sense of Baire category, belong to A ? Torunczyk proved that the answer is yes if Y is countable-dimensional. We extend this result to the case when Y has property C .
ULF wave electromagnetic energy flux into the ionosphere: Joule heating implications

Ultralow-frequency (ULF) waves—in particular, Alfven waves–transfer energy into the Earth's ionosphere via Joule heating, but it is unclear how much they contribute to global and local heating rates relative to other energy sources. In this study we use Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellite data to investigate the spatial, frequency, and geomagnetic activity dependence of the ULF wave Poynting vector (electromagnetic energy flux) mapped to the ionosphere. We use these measurements to estimate Joule heating rates, covering latitudes at or below the nominal auroral oval and below the open/closed field line boundary. We find ULF wave Joule heating rates (integrated over 3–30 mHz frequency band) typically range from 0.001 to 1 mW/m2. We compare these rates to empirical models of Joule heating associated with large-scale, static (on ULF wave timescales) current systems, finding that ULF waves nominally contribute little to the global, integrated Joule heating rate. However, there are extreme cases with ULF wave Joule heating rates of ≥10 mW/m2—in these cases, which are more likely to occur when Kp ≥ 3, ULF waves make significant contributions to the global Joule heating rate. We also find ULF waves routinely make significant contributions to local Joule heating rates near the noon and midnight local time sectors, where static current systems nominally contribute less to Joule heating; the most important contributions come from lower frequency (<7 mHz) waves.