cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marketing orders and the potato industry

Basically, when appraising potato marketing orders, the main issues center around economic and administrative questions. From an economic standpoint marketing orders have not increased farm income for potato producers, even when allied with potato price support programs. The administrative problems have been complex and difficult to carry out under rapidly changing conditions of production and demand. Marketing orders were made operative on the entire industry in the six states even though not more than 15 per cent of the producers participated in the referendum. Hearing records appear to indicate that the intention of Congress was to have enactment of the order when two-thirds of the growers affected in the area approved the order.
Artificially inhomogeneous two dimensional Josephson tunnel junction arrays

Abstract We have used a laser to cut one fourth of the connections in a two dimensional array of 7200 junctions. The arrays were initially uniform and homogeneous, and the cutting was done at random so as to introduce a measured amount of inhomogeneity. We find that the homogeneous array is well characterized by any one of its junctions, and that the inhomogeneous array shows behavior much like that reported for granular films.
Multi-wave interaction theory for wind-generated surface gravity waves

Consistently employing the assumption of localness of wave-wave interactions in the wavenumber space, the Kolmogorov treatment of the energy cascade is applied to the case of wind-generated surface gravity waves. The effective number v of resonantly interacting wave harmonics is not limited to four but is found as a solution of a coupled system of equations expressing: (i) the dependence of the spectrum shape on the degree of the wave nonlinearity, and (ii) the continuity of the wave action flux through the spectrum given a continuous positive input from wind. The latter is specified in a Miles-type fashion, and a simple scaling relationship based on the concept of the turnover time is derived in place of the kinetic equation. The mathematical problem is reduced to an ordinary differential equation of first order. The exponent in the 'power law' for the spectral density of the wave potential energy and the effective number of resonantly interacting wave harmonics are found as functions of the wave frequency and of external factors of wind-wave interaction. The solution is close to the Zakharov-Filonenko spectrum at low frequencies and low wind input while approaching the Phillips spectrum at high frequencies and sufficiently high wind.
Amazon Forestry Tranformed: Integrating Knowledge for Smallholder Timber Managemet in Eastern Brazil

Recent discussions of local knowledge emphasize its dynamic nature invoking local peoples’ ability to effectively integrate traditional or local with science-based or “modern” knowledges. The smallholder timber industry of the Amazon’s estuarine floodplain provides an outstanding example of local patterns of resource management and economic activities transformed from within by smallholder farmers who participated in the industrial timber boom of the 1970s and 1980s. These farmers of eastern Amazonia have developed a vertically integrated local industry based on expertise reflecting profound locally developed knowledge of specific forests and management of ecological processes, individual observation and experimentation, as well as concepts and practices derived from temporary employment by large-scale industrial timber firms. At each stage of the smallholder forestry process—from managing natural regeneration to running small sawmills and marketing lumber—local managers apply an innovative set of practices reflecting their diverse experiences. This combination of technical, market, and ecological knowledge results in forests, timber markets, and economic patterns that do not correspond to many of the widely-held generalizations concerning either local or industrial tropical timber exploitation. This article uses data from 7 years of research in the Amazon floodplain.
Effect of Neomycin and Other Antibiotics on Serum Cholesterol Levels and on 7α-Dehydroxylation of Bile Acids by the Fecal Bacterial Flora in Man

Fresh feces from 25 patients were homogenized and incubated with labeled cholic or chenodeoxycholic acid. After 24 hours of incubation, the percent change to the 7α-dehydroxylated form was measured. In 11 patients, the oral administration of 2g of neomycin daily significantly reduced the levels of serum cholesterol (from an average of 316 mg/100 ml plasma to 237 mg/100 ml plasma) and markedly inhibited the extent of 7α-dehydroxylation of cholic acid (from 89% to 9%); in 2 patients whose serum cholesterol levels were not lowered, the degradation of cholic acid remained unchanged (control 93%, neomycin 91%). In 5 patients the administration of kanamycin reduced serum cholesterol levels (from 280 mg/100 ml plasma to 252 mg/100 ml plasma) and also inhibited 7α-dehydroxylation of cholic acid (from 92% to 21%); in 3 additional patients this drug failed to lower serum cholesterol concentrations and had no effect on bile acid degradation (control 91%, kanamycin 92%). Similar results were obtained with chloramphen...
Classification constrained dimensionality reduction

In this paper, we propose a nonlinear dimensionality reduction method aimed at extracting lower-dimensional features relevant for classification tasks. This is obtained by modifying the Laplacian approach to manifold learning through the introduction of class dependent constraints. Using synthetic data sets, we show that the proposed algorithm can greatly improve both supervised and semi-supervised learning problems.
The Ecology of Urban Violence: Its Relationship to Health Promotion Behaviors in Low-income Black and Latino Communities

Abstract Purpose. The purpose of this review is to identify and examine relationships between exposure to violence and health promotion behaviors in low-income black and Latino groups. Design. Based on computer surveys of the psychologic, public health, medical, and sociologic literature, approximately 90 previous studies of the impact of exposure to violence on psychologic functioning, perceptions of health and well-being, and health decisions and behavior were identified. This article reviews those studies that examine the relationships between experiences of violence and subsequent feelings of alienation, powerlessness, and hopelessness, and perceptions of health and well-being and studies that examine relationships between alienation, hopelessness, and powerlessness and health promotion behaviors. Studies of health promotion behavior that did not examine or address the impact of exposure to violence are not reviewed in this article. Results. Violence affects low-income communities directly by contribu...
High-performance FIR filter design based on sharing multiplication

Finite impulse response (FIR) filtering can be expressed as multiplications of vectors by scalars. We present high-speed designs for FIR filters based on a computation sharing multiplier which specifically targets computation re-use in vector-scalar products. The performance of the proposed implementation is compared with implementations based on carry-save and Wallace tree multipliers in 0.35-/spl mu/m technology. We show that sharing multiplier scheme improves speed by approximately 52 and 33% with respect to the FIR filter implementations based on the carry-save multiplier and Wallace tree multiplier, respectively. In addition, sharing multiplier scheme has a relatively small power delay product than other multiplier schemes. Using voltage scaling, power consumption of the FIR filter based on computation sharing multiplier can be reduced to 41% of the FIR filter based on the Wallace tree multiplier for the same frequency of operation.
The influence of management on the cost of fire protection

An important and unresolved issue central to the study of government performance is how the actions of managers and the nature of organizations affect the cost of public services. This paper presents an empirical analysis of fire departments that estimates the influence of managerial choices on per capita spending within a simultaneous public production system. It does so by refining a theoretical cost model from the field of public management to include fundamental dimensions of government organizations and administration. Two-stage least squares regression analysis is then employed to examine the fire protection case. The results of the analysis substantiate the intuition that managerial practices and decisions influence the cost of a public service. They show that the cost of fire protection depends significantly on the outcomes of a department's fire prevention and suppression activities, some key aspects of a department's management practices, the configuration of its workforce and equipment, its legal structure, and factors in its external environment. © 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Extracardiac pressure and ventricular haemodynamics.

To investigate the relative influence of pericardial and intrathoracic pressures on left and right ventricular diastolic and systolic pressures two experimental groups were studied: group 1 – 10 open chest dogs with a controlled pericardial effusion; and group 2 – five closed chest dogs with a controlled pneumothorax at constant transpulmonary pressure and lung volume. In both groups right and left ventricular diastolic pressures were linear functions of external pressure with respective slopes of 0.71 and 0.39 for group 1 and 0.80 and 0.78 for group 2. The left ventricular slope of 0.39 indicates that left ventricular volume decreased more with increments in pericardial pressure since a slope of approximately 1.00 would be expected if the filling volume was invariant. Accordingly, the fall in left ventricular systolic pressure that occurred in both groups was two to three times greater in group 1. Right ventricular systolic pressure fell in group 1 whereas it increased in group 2. It is concluded that there are no major differences between the influence of either type of external pressure on right ventricular filling. In contrast, the left ventricle, and in particular the filling pressure gradient between the pulmonary circulation and the left ventricle, is more sensitive to pericardial pressure.
Assessment of bone remodelling in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective. To identify predictors of bone remodelling in children and young adults with SLE. Methods. Ninety subjects with SLE aged 8–22 years underwent yearly measurements of height, bone age, bone turnover markers, serum Type I IFNs, SLEDAI and BMD. Predictors of bone turnover were examined using serum osteocalcin as a marker of bone formation and both serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and urine N-telopeptide (NTx) as markers of bone resorption. Results. Subjects demonstrated short stature, high BMI and bone age delay. A spine BMD Z-score of less than −2.0 was seen in 16.1% of subject visits. Serum osteocalcin was negatively correlated with glucocorticoid dose (Spearman rank correlation coefficient R = −0.34, P < 0.0001) but was not associated with SLEDAI after adjustment for confounders. Serum TRAP was negatively associated with SLEDAI, even after controlling for confounders (P = 0.04). Similar results were obtained for urine NTx. There was a negative association between TRAP and serum IFN-β (P = 0.03). Conclusions. In this population of children and young adults with moderate lupus disease activity, glucocorticoid dose was a negative predictor of bone formation, whereas lupus disease activity was not. Interestingly, lupus disease activity was a negative predictor of bone resorption, suggesting that lupus disease activity is not the primary factor contributing to the bone deficits of childhood-onset SLE. The potential protective role of IFN-β and the effects of SLE treatment on bone loss require further study.
Can Boundedly Rational Agents Make Optimal Decisions? A Natural Experiment. 1

The television game show The Price Is Right is used as a laboratory to test consistency of suboptimal behavior in an environment with substantial economic incentives. On the show, contestants compete sequentially in two closely related games. We document that contestants who use transparently suboptimal strategies in the objectively easier game use the optimal strategy almost all of the time in the game that is much more difficult to solve. Further, there is no consistency in the mistakes that are made in the two games. One cannot predict, conditional on play in one game, whether play in the other game will be optimal. The results have implications for the consistency of behaviorally based economic theory that relies on evidence derived in a laboratory setting.
Crusted scabies in a patient with chronic graft-versus-host disease.

We describe a 20-year-old man with chronic graft-versus-host disease and progressive cutaneous changes. His skin became more lichenified despite therapy with azathioprine, prednisone, and cyclosporine. Although it was initially thought that lichenoid graft-versushost disease had developed, it was subsequently discovered that the patient had crusted (Norwegian) scabies.
Engendering Hate Crime Policy: Gender, the "Dilemma of Difference," and the Creation of Legal Subjects

Nearly six years after two women were bound and gagged and had their throats slit while camping and hiking in Shenandoah National Park, U.S. Attorney General John D. Ashcroft held a historic nationally televised press conferenceon April 11, 2002 to announce that the U.S. Justice Department invoked the federal hate crimes statute for the first time to charge the alleged murderer with hate crime. In announcing the indictment, Ashcroft spoke at length about his meeting with the parents of the victims and about the lives and characters of the young women: two Midwesterners who migrated to New England, met and became lovers, and shared the love of science and the outdoors. Justifying the invocation of federal hate crime law, which carries with it enhanced penalties, Ashcroft said, “Criminal acts of hate run counter to what is best in America, our belief in equality and freedom. The Department of Justice will aggressively investigate, prosecute, and punish criminal acts of violence and vigilantism motivated by hate and intolerance.”1 Moreover, he said, “We will pursue, prosecute, and punish those who attack law-abiding Americans out of hatred for who they are,” and “Hatred is the enemy of justice, regardless of its source.”2
Basis-set optimization for first-principles simulation of liquid water

We describe simulation results for the structure and dynamics of liquid water using the SIESTA electronic structure approach. We find that the structure of water depends strongly on the particular basis set used. Applying a systematic approach to varying the basis set, we find that the basis set that results in good agreement with experimental binding energies for isolated water dimers also provides a reasonable description of the radial distribution functions of liquid water. We show that the structure of liquid water varies in a systematic fashion with the choice of basis set. Comparable to many other first-principles studies of liquid water using gradient-corrected density functionals, the liquid is somewhat overstructured. The possibility of further improvements through a better choice of the basis set is discussed. While improvements are likely, application to large-scale systems will require use of a computational algorithm whose computational cost scales linearly with system size. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Two-tone optical heterodyne spectroscopy with diode lasers: theory of line shapes and experimental results

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the line shapes and signal-to-noise ratios obtained in two-tone optical heterodyne spectroscopy with tunable lead-salt diode lasers. The theory is described in terms of the frequency-modulation (FM) index β, the amplitude-modulation (AM) index M, their relative phase shift ψ, and the ratio of modulation frequency to the absorption-line half-width ν¯m. Synthetic spectra are presented for both Gaussian and Lorentzian line shapes and show considerable structural variation with the theoretical parameters. Experimental two-tone optical heterodyne spectra were obtained by modulating a specially modified lead-salt diode laser in the radio-frequency region. The experimental spectra obtained from NH3 absorption lines confirm the theoretical results.
Mapping initiation sites for simian virus 40 DNA synthesis events in vitro.

Abstract Primer RNA-DNA, a small (approximately 30-nucleotide) RNA-DNA hybrid molecule, was identified in recent studies of simian virus 40 DNA synthesis in vitro. The available evidence indicates that primer RNA-DNA is the product of the polymerase alpha-primase complex. Primer RNA-DNA is formed exclusively on lagging-strand DNA templates; it is synthesized initially in the vicinity of the simian virus 40 origin and at later times at sites progressively distal to the origin. To further characterize initiation events, template sequences encoding the 5' ends of both primer RNA and primer DNA, formed during a 5-s pulse, have been determined. Analyses of these sequences demonstrate the existence of an initiation signal for lagging-strand synthesis. At any given position, the initiation signal is located within those template sequences encoding primer RNA, situated proximal to the nucleotide encoding the 5' end of the RNA primer. In most instances, the sequence 5'-TTN-3' (where N encodes the nucleotide at the 5' end of the primer) is a feature of the initiation signal. Initiation signals are present, on average, once every 19 nucleotides. These results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of Okazaki fragment formation and possible links between prokaryotic and eukaryotic initiation events.
From Arbor Day to the Environmental Sabbath: Nature, Liturgy, and American Protestantism

In the past two decades considerable theological energy has been expended in the construction of various ecological theologies and spiritualities. Process theologians, ecofeminists, and theologians of creation, earth, nature, ecology, and land have been elucidating religious perspectives that they hope will help transform human attitudes toward nature and the environment. These writers have sought to reorient Christianity away from anthropocentric views that claim human dominion over nature, premillennial expectations that embrace the destruction of this world, soteriological preoccupations that focus on individual salvation, and otherworldly assumptions that foster alienation from the earth and nature. Some sanguine observers have seen this recent ferment as the greening of American theology or even the greening of the American churches. At the same time, intellectual historians have paid increasing attention to the history of Western ideas about nature and have debated at length the impact of Christianity's theological heritage on the environmental crisis. Specifically, a number of historians have constructed a genealogy of American conservationist and preservationist thought by tracing out a line that includes, among others, George Catlin, Henry David Thoreau, George Perkins Marsh, John Muir, Aldo Leopold, and Rachel Carson.
Coordinated and Compartmentalized Neuromodulation Shapes Sensory Processing in Drosophila

Summary Learned and adaptive behaviors rely on neural circuits that flexibly couple the same sensory input to alternative output pathways. Here, we show that the Drosophila mushroom body functions like a switchboard in which neuromodulation reroutes the same odor signal to different behavioral circuits, depending on the state and experience of the fly. Using functional synaptic imaging and electrophysiology, we reveal that dopaminergic inputs to the mushroom body modulate synaptic transmission with exquisite spatial specificity, allowing individual neurons to differentially convey olfactory signals to each of their postsynaptic targets. Moreover, we show that the dopaminergic neurons function as an interconnected network, encoding information about both an animal's external context and internal state to coordinate synaptic plasticity throughout the mushroom body. Our data suggest a general circuit mechanism for behavioral flexibility in which neuromodulatory networks act with synaptic precision to transform a single sensory input into different patterns of output activity. PaperClip
Surface and Bulk Photoconductivity of Cd1−xMnxTe

Double beam photoconductivity experiments are reported for the system Cd1−xMnxTe. The technique allows a separation of surface and bulk contributions, respectively. Bulk effects dominate for manganese rich material and reveal a sharp peak at the band gap energy while surface conductivity reveals a step function type spectral behavior. The growth of a native oxide on the surface causes an increase in the surface recombination velocity and a change from surface to bulk conduction. An oxide related trap state was discovered that is located at approximately 400 meV above the valence band edge.
Global Network Accountability: Is the World Wide Web the Answer?

In 2000 Anne-Marie Slaughter published a short article entitled Virtual Visibility, Secretive Global Technocrats Become Accountable on the World Wide Web. Within the paper Slaughter proscribes a solution to the issues of accountability and transparency created by networks. She asserts that the answers can be found in the Internet and that websites provide the best antidote to [a] lack of accountability and provide for instant transparency. The Internet is an extremely powerful technology; the speed at which information now travels and propagates throughout the globe, provides a forum in which new organizations can thrive, unlike any other point in history. It is easy to assume that because the technical capabilities exist, that the Internet and one of its uses - the World Wide Web - can solve many of the problems it helped create. As Handy writes, in relation to the virtual organization, [i]t is easy to be seduced by the technological possibilities of the virtual organization, but the managerial and personal implications may cause us to rethink what we mean by an organization. Similarly a rethinking is required as to just what a network is and how accountability can be achieved. Though websites are used for a variety of purposes, for instance, as aids or tools to put an organization on display, there are many logistical variables which must be considered when creating a global website. Likewise, there are many variables and definitions associated with the various types of networks that exist and just what accountability means. The basic definition of accountability holds that actors within a network have obligations, and that they must perform those obligations in a manner consistent with accepted standards of behavior or receive sanctions from their superiors or those they represent. This paper will attempt to address Ann-Marie Slaughter's article and spur conversation as to the nature of networks and the need to understand accountability within networks, while at the same time describing the limits of the Internet and websites. The intent is to show that although websites can provide transparency in terms of presenting an organization to the public, they are not the best antidote to curing issues of accountability within global networks.
The Role of Idiotype in T-Cell Regulatory Events

In his original proposal of an immunoregulatory network of lymphocytes, Jerne proposed that the naive immune system is in a negatively regulated state.(1) Before the introduction of antigen, a lymphocyte specific for a certain antigenic determinant (epitope) is held in check by another lymphocyte’s anti-idiotypic receptor. In this network all antibodies represent anti-idiotypes. The appearance of antigen perturbs this homeostatic down-regulation and an immune response is generated. As a consequence of the immune response to the individual epitopes, the amount of antigen is reduced below a threshold level whereupon the systems returns to homeostasis. In recent years, the mechanism by which the immune response is regulated has been investigated. Antigen-specific(2) and nonspecific(3) T-suppressor (Ts) cells play a critical role in this regulation. Further, idiotype-anti-idiotype interactions may be important in both Ts—target cell and Ts—Ts interactions. However, rather than existing in a down-regulated state before the appearance of an antigen, the immune system can be thought of as a complex set of dynamically activated and regulated cellular elements. Antigen stimulates an immune response (postive) and then initiates immunoregulatory (negative) events, instead of simply perturbing homeostatic regulation. Differential antigen presentation to T-helper (Th) and Ts cells by specific antigen-presenting cells (APCs) may shift this delicate balance from immunity to immune regulation. It appears that presentation of antigen by an I-A+ I-J− APC activates Th(4) cells, while an I-J+ I-A− APC activates Ts cells.(5) Moreover, differential expression of I-A- or I-J- encoded molecules on APCs might mediate these processes. On the other hand, T-cell idiotypes may serve as cell interaction molecules in immunoregulatory events subsequent to Ts activation.(6)
Quality of positive root bounds

In this paper, we study the quality of positive root bounds. A positive root bound of a polynomial is an upper bound on the largest positive root. Higher quality means that the relative over-estimation (the ratio of the bound and the largest positive root) is smaller. We report three findings.(1)Most known positive root bounds can be arbitrarily bad; that is, the relative over-estimation can approach infinity, even when the degree and the coefficient size are fixed.(2)When the number of sign variations is the same as the number of positive roots, the relative over-estimation of a positive root bound due to Hong ( B H ) is at most linear in the degree, no matter what the coefficient size is.(3)When the number of sign variations is one, the relative over-estimation of B H is at most constant, in particular 4, no matter what the degree and the coefficient size are.
The Lost Boyz: A Dark Side of Graffiti by Rollins, J.

The Lost Boyz: A Dark Side of Graffiti by Justin Rollins is the unflinching memoir of a young man from an abusive London home who copes with his circumstances by joining a violent graffiti gang. Th...
Evaluation of a Satisfactory Operation for Ulcer

ConclusionsThe extensive gastric resection (operations III and IVA) offer the best protection against the development of jejunal ulcer. No jejunal ulcer developed and all dogs survived the injection period.Gastrojejunostomy, the small gastric resection and the Schmilinsky operation offer no protection. All animals developed jejunal ulcer with employment of the histamine-bees-wax technique.The small gastric resection and the antral exclusion operations would suggest that the Edkins′ “gastrin” hypothesis is invalid.
Influence of mileage accumulation on the particle mass and number emissions of two gasoline direct injection vehicles.

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) is a new engine technology intended to improve fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions as required by recently enacted legislative and environmental regulations. The development of this technology must also ensure that these vehicles meet new LEV III and Tier 3 emissions standards as they phase in between 2017 and 2021. The aim of the present paper is to examine, at least for a small set, how the PM emissions from GDI vehicles change over their lifetime. The paper reports particle mass and number emissions of two GDI vehicles as a function of mileage up to 150K miles. These vehicles exhibit PM emissions that are near or below the upcoming 3 mg/mi FTP and 10 mg/mi US06 mass standards with little, if any, deterioration over 150K miles. Particle number emissions roughly follow the previously observed 2 × 1012 particles/mg correlation between solid particle number and PM mass. They remained between the interim and final EU stage 6 solid particle count standard for gasoline ve...
Reaction of a germylene, stannylene, or plumbylene with trimethylaluminum and trimethylgallium: insertion into Al-C or ga-C bonds, a reversible metal-carbon insertion equilibrium, and a new route to diplumbenes.

The reaction of the tetrylenes Ge(ArMe6)2, Sn(ArMe6)2, and Pb(ArMe6)2 [ArMe6 = C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-(CH3)3)2] with the group 13 metal alkyls trimethylaluminum and trimethylgallium afforded (ArMe6)2Ge(Me)AlMe2 (1), (ArMe6)2Ge(Me)GaMe2 (2), and (ArMe6)2Sn(Me)GaMe2 (3) in good yields via insertion reaction routes. In contrast, the reaction of AlMe3 with Sn(ArMe6)2 afforded the [1.1.1]propellane analogue Sn2{Sn(Me)ArMe6}3 (5) in low yield, and the reaction of AlMe3 or GaMe3 with Pb(ArMe6)2 resulted in the formation of the diplumbene {Pb(Me)ArMe6}2 (6) and AlArMe6Me2 (7) or GaArMe6Me2 (8) via metathesis. The reaction of Sn(ArMe6)2 with gallium trialkyls was found to be reversible under ambient conditions and analyzed through the reaction of Sn(ArMe6)2 with GaEt3 to form (ArMe6)2Sn(Et)GaEt2 (4), which displayed a dissociation constant Kdiss and ΔGdiss of 8.09(6) × 10–3 and 11.8(9) kJ mol–1 at 296 °C. The new compounds were characterized by X-ray crystallography, NMR (1H, 13C, 119Sn, and 207Pb), IR, and UV–vis s...
Study on Electric Power Equipment Condition-based Maintenance System and Its Application

With deep reform of electric power enterprises,it is imperative to replace periodic maintenance by condition maintenance.Thereby,this paper designs one intelligentized electric power equipment condition-based maintenance system by combining advantages of expert system and comprehensive analysis technologies of various fault diagnosis algorithms.This system composes of several modules including data management module,condition evaluation module,risk evaluation module,fault diagnosis module,monitoring alarm module and suggestion to decision-making module.Each module is independent but connected with another one.It introduces main problems in developing the system and analyzes related solutions.At last,it proposes to use expert system knowledge base and inference engine to proceed overall estimation for condition evaluation and points out how to use comprehensive analysis technology for scientific fault diagnosis is the challenge in development of this system.
Pedagogical Strategies for Challenging Students’ World Views

World views are people’s theories on how the world operates and on how they feel other people should function within their visualized realities. World views are based on the endorsement of cultural norms, family values and traditions, religious beliefs, economic circumstances, education, political opinions, and the like. In teaching for social justice, educators might find students’ world views to range from being egalitarian, where democratic values might influence empathetic behavior and understanding, to being prejudiced, where feelings of intolerance might be presented in an insensitive manner. Therefore, educators must be mindful of students’ diverse world views, so as to challenge their socialized realities in a constructive manner. In this chapter, a framework for social justice teaching in institutions of higher education will be presented, not only for faculty who are vested in celebrating diversity, but for educators who are curious about supporting a vision of inclusion, equity, and justice in their classrooms.
Diet, cholesterol and coronary heart disease. A perspective.

After pioneering, scattered observations in the context of the so-called geographical pathology, collected during the first part of this century, a systematic approach into the search of causality of the association between diet and coronary heart disease has characterized the past 50 years. The possible link of eating habits leading to a diet high in calories, total fat, saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, to coronary events, through the mediation of serum cholesterol, represents the classic diet-heart theory. This theory is supported by results from ecological analyses, prospective studies, animal experiments, clinical observations, controlled trials, biochemical and nutritional studies. This traditional view of the problem has partly changed recently and a number of other dietary components in the possibly causal chain have emerged, with effects not necessarily involving serum cholesterol and lipids. The role of other nutrients in the atherosclerotic process and of precipitating factors (e.g. vitamins, anti-oxidants, fibre, sub-categories of fatty acids, phytosterols, flavonoids, etc.) has been identified but is not always fully understood. At the same time other blood lipids, other blood components and other pathways have been identified between diet and coronary outcomes. New challenges are open for future research since the association of diet with coronary disease is not as simple and linear as supposed. The main issues are the need to explain a number of still unknown mechanisms, to determine which "natural diet" carries the minimum coronary risk and whether "new" foods produced by modern technology are really needed to contrast this epidemic.
Developmental Disabilities and Metabolic Disorders

Neurodevelopmental disabilities are a group of disorders that result from injury to the developing nervous system causing functional impairment. Multiple diagnoses are the rule because brain dysfunctions in childhood are the results of etiologies that have wide-ranging effects. The functional limitations may result directly from a primary injury, from secondary effects related to that injury, or from arrested brain development. While the functional limitations have been the historical focus of these disorders, new advances in genetics and neuroscience offer the potential for amelioration, cure, or both.
The Dynamics of a Genetic Counseling Peer Supervision Group

Supervision is a practice that is utilized by a variety of practitioners to hone their counseling skills. Genetic counselors have embraced the supervision process, and some seek out supervision in a group setting with peers. Researchers have described the structure and content of genetic counseling peer supervision groups, and provided evidence for the benefits of seeking peer supervision. This study aimed to describe the interpersonal aspects of one genetic counseling peer supervision group, including personality traits and group dynamics, and how those factors influenced our experiences within the group. We also describe how the process of evaluating these factors impacted us individually and collectively. There was consensus that the group was a safe and trusting one, which was united by similar goals and mutual respect. Members reported gaining insights about how their own personality functioned within the group milieu, and also how the group setting impacted them. Based on our experiences, we recommend that other peer supervision groups consider similar self-evaluations on a periodic basis, both to enhance group functioning and to allow for increased self-awareness and professional growth.
A Graph Clustering Algorithm for Citation Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel network clustering algorithm, called CPSCAN for detecting the communities of citation network based on the temporal feature. Firstly, with combining temporal interval and citation path, a structural similarity model and a clustering algorithm is proposed. Then we propose a new modularity for measuring the quality of clustering on citation network. In empirical evaluation, we compare our method with existing methods on real world datasets. The experimental results demonstrates our algorithm has better performance on citation network than others methods.
Inducible Regulation of the Human Brain Natriuretic Peptide Promoter in Transgenic Mice

P187 Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), a cardiac hormone, is rapidly elevated in the infarcted heart, and plasma BNP levels reflect the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. Our previous work indicated that the proximal promoter of the hBNP gene was active when injected into adult rat hearts. To study tissue-specific and inducible regulation of the hBNP gene in vivo, we generated transgenic mice containing the hBNP promoter (-408 to +100) coupled to a luciferase reporter gene. Cardiac function was measured by 2D echocardiography and transgene expression was measured by luciferase assay and tissue section immunostaining. Luciferase activity was measured in the heart, brain, kidney, liver, lung and skeletal muscle of 4 lines of mice. High levels of luciferase activity were only detected in the heart, with ventricular expression higher than atrial expression (LV=RV>RA>>LA). Immunostaining with a luciferase antibody showed staining in myocytes (line 203). There were no differences in the blood pressure, heart rate, heart size and function of transgenic mice compared with controls (line 203). To test whether the transgene responded to a pathophysiological stimulus, mice had coronary artery ligation to produce infarction. Luciferase activity was measured after 48 hr and 1, 3 and 4 weeks. Luciferase activity driven by the hBNP promoter was 4 to 41-fold higher in the infarcted left ventricle vs sham-operated animals (lines 203, 83 and 86) at 48hr, 3.1-fold higher at 1 week (line 203), and 2.5-fold at 3 and 4 weeks (line 203). There was a clear increase in heart weight to body weight ratio and a decrease in cardiac output and ejection fraction 4 weeks post-infarction. Endogenous BNP mRNA was increased in infarcted hearts from a separate group of non-transgenic mice at 48 hr. We concluded that: 1) the hBNP promoter is preferentially expressed in the heart; 2) 408hBNPLuc transgenic mice have normal blood pressure and cardiac function; and 3) the hBNP promoter is stimulated by ischemic injury following infarction, as is the endogenous mouse BNP gene. These data suggest that we have a valid model for the study of both basal and inducible regulation of the hBNP gene in vivo.
Regulatory Mechanisms of Metamorphic Neuronal Remodeling Revealed Through a Genome-Wide Modifier Screen in Drosophila melanogaster

During development, neuronal remodeling shapes neuronal connections to establish fully mature and functional nervous systems. Our previous studies have shown that the RNA-binding factor alan shepard (shep) is an important regulator of neuronal remodeling during metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster, and loss of shep leads to smaller soma size and fewer neurites in a stage-dependent manner. To shed light on the mechanisms by which shep regulates neuronal remodeling, we conducted a genetic modifier screen for suppressors of shep-dependent wing expansion defects and cellular morphological defects in a set of peptidergic neurons, the bursicon neurons, that promote posteclosion wing expansion. Out of 702 screened deficiencies that covered 86% of euchromatic genes, we isolated 24 deficiencies as candidate suppressors, and 12 of them at least partially suppressed morphological defects in shep mutant bursicon neurons. With RNA interference and mutant alleles of individual genes, we identified Daughters against dpp (Dad) and Olig family (Oli) as shep suppressor genes, and both of them restored the adult cellular morphology of shep-depleted bursicon neurons. Dad encodes an inhibitory Smad protein that inhibits bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, raising the possibility that shep interacted with BMP signaling through antagonism of Dad By manipulating expression of the BMP receptor tkv, we found that activated BMP signaling was sufficient to rescue loss-of-shep phenotypes. These findings reveal mechanisms of shep regulation during neuronal development, and they highlight a novel genetic shep interaction with the BMP signaling pathway that controls morphogenesis in mature, terminally differentiated neurons during metamorphosis.
Fisher’s Nonlinear Diffusion Equation and Selection-Migration Models

A large number of studies have been made of the statics and dynamics of gene frequencies in a population subject to selection pressures and whose individuals may migrate geographically. In the case of deterministic models with space and time continuous, and selection restricted to a single locus with two alleles, the problem may sometimes be reduced to a single nonlinear diffusion equation. Such a reduction is advantageous, as it permits many qualitative properties of the frequency distribution to be obtained without a great deal of difficulty. This is especially true in the investigation of dines when the geographic variation in the selection characteristics is of a simple nature. It should also be brought out that the relevance of nonlinear diffusion equations in population genetics has provided part of the motivation behind the considerable mathematical work which has been devoted to these equations in recent years. This chapter is concerned with the justification for the use of single diffusion equations in modeling selection- migration phenomena. We begin with an overview of arguments which have been used in the past to model the problem by a single equation. We shall then approach the problem from the point of view of the previous chapter, considering selection to occur at a single gene locus and writing the corresponding reaction-diffusion equations for the three genotypes (which will be our “species”). Asymptotic methods, operating under explicit assumptions, will be used to reduce the three equations to a single one. Throughout the chapter we restrict attention, for simplicity, to populations in a one-dimensional habitat.
Debemos leer a Simone de Beauvoir

Este rticulo, titulado «?Should We Read Simone de Beauvoir?», aparecio en: The Legacy of Simone de Beauvoir. (Emily Grosholz, Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).Traduccion: Gabriela Castellanos LlanosCentro de Estudios de Genero, Mujer y SociedadUniversidad del Valle
Generalization Tests Along a Light Intensity Dimension Following Three S-R-Reinforcement Contingencies

27 rats (9 per group) were tested for stimulus generalization along a light intensity dimension following three types of training. The gradient was (a) flat following nondifferential training in the presence of a light; (b) an increasing function of light intensity following reinforcement in the presence of light and nonreinforcement in darkness; and (c) a decreasing function of light intensity following equivalent reinforcement (and nonreinforcement) in the presence of light and of darkness.
Fine-scale turbulent bursts in stable atmospheric boundary layer in complex terrain

Turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is usually measured using sonic anemometers (sonics), but coarse spatial ( cm) and temporal ( Hz) resolutions of sonics preclude direct measurement of fine-scale parameters such as the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate . Instead, is estimated using techniques based on Kolmogorov theory. Fine-scale measurements of ABL turbulence down to Kolmogorov scale were made with a sonic and hot-film anemometer dyad (a ‘combo’ probe) during the field campaigns of the Mountain Terrain Atmospheric Modeling and Observations (MATERHORN) programme. The hot-film probe was located on a gimbal within the sonic probe volume, and was automated to rotate in the horizontal plane to align with the mean flow measured by sonic. This procedure not only helped satisfy the requirement of hot-film alignment with the mean flow, but also allowed in situ calibration of hot-film probes. This paper analyses a period of nocturnal flow that was similar to a stratified parallel shear flow. The combo-probe measurements showed an interesting phenomenon – the occurrence of strong bursts, characterized by short-term increase of velocity fluctuations and simultaneous increase of TKE dissipation rate by orders of magnitude. These bursts were indicative of unusual turbulence activity at finer ( –0.4 m) scales that are not captured by sonics since the smallest scales resolved by the latter are greater than 0.6 m. With bursting present, the spectra exhibited bumps at scales intermediate to inertial and dissipation subranges, resembling a bottleneck phenomenon. Its manifestation, although unequivocally related to bursts, may not convincingly fit into the framework of previous bottleneck-effect theories that allude to either viscous effects or buoyancy effects modifying the local energy cascade via non-local effects. The origins of burst are yet to be identified. Stratified ABL with bursts exhibits non-Kolmogorov behaviour, and hence should be modelled with caution.
Quadrotor Autonomous Approaching and Landing on a Vessel Deck

Autonomous landing of a quadrotor UAV on a vessel deck is challenging due to the special sea environment. In this paper, we present an on-board monocular vision based solution that provides a quadrotor with the capability to autonomously track and land on a vessel deck platform with simulated high sea state conditions. The whole landing process includes two stages: approaching from a long range and landing after hovering above the landing platform. Only on-board sensors are used in both stages, without external information input. We use Parrot AR.Drone as the experimental quadrotor platform, and a self-designed vessel deck emulator is constructed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed vessel deck landing solution. Experimental results demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the developed landing algorithms.
Criticality in international higher education research: a critical discourse analysis of higher education journals

The purpose of this study is to critically and systematically examine current discourse within scholarship on the internationalization of higher education. Our study engages critical discourse analysis to review articles from four top-tier higher education academic journals published between 2000 and 2016. Findings across journals/articles demonstrate the absence of a clear definition of the concept of internationalization, a strong Western focus, and often inexplicit recommendations for practical application of research findings. Through critical discourse analysis, we explore the orientation of higher education research towards equity and inclusivity and challenge the perception of international higher education research and its distribution through academic journals as value-neutral. By continuing to recognize, articulate, and critique biases in research development and dissemination, higher education researchers and discourse may become more accountable and continue to develop a more critical lens for promoting globally inclusive scholarship. This study contributes to the ways in which discourse both shapes and is shaped by knowledge production in the higher education landscape, and future directions for this field.
High-Order Momentum: Improving Latency and Convergence for Wireless Network Optimization

In recent years, the rapid growth of mobile data demands has introduced many stringent requirements on latency and convergence performance in wireless network optimization. To address these challenges, several momentum-based algorithms have been proposed to improve the classical queue-length-based algorithmic framework (QLA). By combining queue-length updates and one-slot weight changes (known as the first-order momentum), it has been shown that these algorithms dramatically improve delay and convergence compared to QLA, while maintaining the same throughput-optimality and low-complexity. These exciting attempts have sparked a lot of conjectures about whether it is useful to further exploit high-order momentum information to improve delay and convergence speed. In this paper, we show that the answer is yes. Specifically, we first propose a new weight updating scheme that enables the incorporation of high-order momentum. We then prove the throughput-optimality and queue-stability of the proposed high-order momentum-based approach and characterize its delay and convergence performances. Through these analytical results, we finally show that delay and convergence would continue to improve as more high-order momentum information is utilized.