cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combining Radiotherapy with Gene Therapy (From the Bench to the Bedside): A Novel Treatment Strategy for Prostate Cancer

Combined radiotherapy and gene therapy is a novel therapeutic approach for prostate cancer. There are various potential benefits in combining ionizing radiation with gene therapy to achieve enhanced antitumor effects: A) ionizing radiation improves transfection/ transduction efficiency, transgene integration, and possibly, the "bystander effect" of gene therapy; B) gene therapy, on the other hand, may interfere with repair of radiation-induced DNA damage and increase DNA susceptibility to radiation damage in cancer cells, and C) radiotherapy and gene therapy target at different parts of the cell cycle. Preclinical data have demonstrated the enhanced antitumor effects of this combined approach in local tumor control, prolongation of survival, as well as systemic control. This combined radio-gene therapy is under study in an ongoing clinical trial in prostate cancer. Our study adds gene therapy to the standard of care therapy (radiotherapy). These treatment modalities have different toxicity profiles. The goal of this combined approach is to enhance cancer cure without an increase in treatment-related toxicity. This approach also offers a new paradigm in spatial cooperation, whereby two local therapies are combined to elicit both local and systemic effects. Early clinical results showed the safety of this approach.
Biased norms and robustness analysis for nonlinear feedback systems

Outlines an extension of a framework, previously developed by the authors, for robustness analysis of nonlinear systems. Typical cases that this extension covers are: uncertain biases, and the presence of several equilibria for the autonomous system with the forced response not being confined to the vicinity of any one of them. Stability is considered from an input-output point of view with a suitable biased norm to quantify the effect of disturbances and errors.
Toward a Stakeholder Theory of the Firm: The Saturn Partnership

This paper seeks to engage the organization theory community in contemporary debates over the role of the corporation in American society by using the case of the Saturn corporation to develop and illustrate a stakeholder theory of the firm. One normative and three positive questions are posed for a stakeholder theory: The normative question is: Why should stakeholder models be given serious consideration at this moment in history? The positive questions are: (1) Under what conditions is a stakeholder firm likely to emerge in the United States, (2) what are the critical determinants of performance in a stakeholder firm, and (3) what will determine the sustainability and diffusion of this organizational form in the American environment? The history, design features, and dynamics of the labormanagement partnership at Saturn are used to illustrate and interpret a specific case of employees as stakeholders. Saturn's original mission, governance structure, and internal processes fit the characteristics of a stakeholder firm. Employees establish themselves as influential, definitive stakeholders by using their knowledge to improve organizational performance. The local union likewise contributes to firm performance by organizing workers into a dense social network that contributes to problem solving, conflict resolution, and quality improvement. However, the legal and political environment in which the firm operates produces considerable uncertainty over the sustainability and diffusion of Saturn's features in particular, and the stakeholder organizational form in general. Additional hypotheses and research questions are proposed to continue theory building around the more general model of the stakeholder firm. Researchers are encouraged to take up the analysis of stakeholder models and thereby contribute to the contemporary and future debates over the role of the corporation in American society.
Uncommon Ground: Indivisible Territory and the Politics of Legitimacy

In Jerusalem, Ireland, Kosovo, and Kashmir, indivisible territory underlies much of international conflict. I argue whether or not territory appears indivisible depends on how actors legitimate their claims to territory during negotiations. Although actors choose their legitimations strategically, in order to gain a political advantage at the bargaining table, legitimation strategies have unintended structural consequences: by resonating with some actors and not others, legitimations either build ties between coalitions and allow each side to recognize the legitimacy of each other's claims, or else lock actors into bargaining positions where they are unable to recognize the legitimacy of their opponent's demands. When the latter happens, actors come to negotiations with incompatible claims, constructing the territory as indivisible. I apply this legitimation theory to Ulster, arguing this territory's indivisibility was not inevitable, but a product of actors' legitimation strategies as they battled for support over the issue of Ireland's right to self-rule.For comments on this article, I thank Fiona Adamson, Tim Crawford, Consuelo Cruz, Ron Hassner, Jeff Herbst, Robert Jervis, Robert Keohane, Ron Krebs, Paul MacDonald, Daniel Nexon, John Padgett, Dan Reiter, Jack Snyder, Monica Toft, two anonymous reviewers, as well as participants in a seminar at the John M. Olin Institute at Harvard University. In addition, the John M. Olin Institute, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, the Center for International Studies at Princeton University, and the Center for International Studies at the University of Southern California all provided support for this project.
SLOW PRESSOR EFFECT OF ANGIOTENSIN II IN NORMOTENSIVE RATS WITH RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS

SUMMARY 1. We have shown previously that renal artery stenosis in rats causes enhanced responsiveness to the slow pressor effect of angiotensin II (AngII) and suggested that two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) hypertension may depend, in part, on changes in responsiveness to the peptide. 2. The present experiment was performed in order to investigate whether a degree of renal artery stenosis that was insufficient to raise blood pressure was able to enhance responsiveness to the slow pressor effect of AngII. 3. Two to four weeks after placement of a 0.2 mm clip over the left renal artery (2K1C) or a sham operation, some 2K1C rats were normotensive. These rats and the sham rats then received an intravenous infusion of AngII (4 ng/min) for 10 days. 4. AngII caused the 2K1C rats to attain significantly higher mean arterial pressure than the sham rats (152 ± 7 vs 133 ± 7 mmHg) and did not result in water or electrolyte retention in the 2K1C rats. 5. These results indicate that normotensive 2K1C rats exhibit enhanced responsiveness to the slow pressor effect of AngII and that the arterial pressure response to renal ischaemia may depend on both AngII formation and responsiveness to the chronic actions of the peptide.
Finite dynamic deformations of smart structures

We study transient finite deformations of a neoHookean beam or plate with piezoelectric (PZT) patches bonded to its upper and lower surfaces. The constitutive relations for the PZTs are taken to be linear in the Green-Lagrange strain tensor but quadratic in the driving voltage. A finite element code using 8-noded brick elements has been developed and validated by comparing computed results with either analytical solutions or experimental observations. For flexural waves propagating through a cantilever beam, the sensor output is influenced a little by the presence of a defect placed symmetrically about the centroidal axis. A simple feedback control algorithm is shown to control the motion of a neoHookean plate subjected to an impulsive load.
Dose to level I and II axillary lymph nodes and lung by tangential field radiation in patients undergoing postmastectomy radiation with tissue expander reconstruction.

Background To define the dosimetric coverage of level I/II axillary volumes and the lung volume irradiated in postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) following tissue expander placement.
Secreted Proteoglycans Directly Mediate Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Interactions Critical for Proliferation

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells can be maintained in an undifferentiated state if the culture medium is first conditioned on a layer of mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder cells. Here we show that human ES cell proliferation is coordinated by MEF-secreted heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in conditioned medium (CM). These HSPG and other heparinoids can stabilize basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) in unconditioned medium at levels comparable to those observed in CM. They also directly mediate binding of FGF2 to the human ES cell surface, and their removal from CM impairs proliferation. Finally, we have developed a purification scheme for MEF-secreted HSPG in CM. Using column chromatography, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis, we have identified multiple HSPG species in CM. The results demonstrate that HSPG are key signaling cofactors in CM-based human ES cell culture.
Lysine 270 in the Third Intracellular Domain of the Oxytocin Receptor is an Important Determinant for Gαq Coupling Specificity

To identify structural elements important to specific Gq coupling in the oxytocin receptor (OTR), intracellular domains were exchanged between OTR and Gs-coupled vasopressin V2 receptors (V2Rs). Substitution of sequence from the second (2i) and third (3i) intracellular domains of V2R into comparable positions in OTR markedly reduced ligand affinity and resulted in a loss of Gq coupling. Substitution of the 2i domain of OTR into V2R decreased ligand affinity and vasopressin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity and only slightly increased phosphatidylinositide turnover. In contrast, substitution of the OTR3i domain into V2R produced a receptor chimera with high ligand affinity, decreased vasopressin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity, and markedly enhanced ligandstimulated phosphatidylinositide turnover. The Cterminal 36 amino acids, but not the N-terminal 13 amino acids, of the OTR3i domain contained the determinants critical for enhanced activation of PLC. Mutation of a single lysine in the C-terminal OTR3i sequence to the corresponding V2R residue (valine) eliminated the enhanced ability of the V2R chimera to stimulate PLC but did not affect maximal adenylyl cyclase stimulation. Furthermore, mutation of this residue (K270) in wild-type OTR completely abolished the ability of the receptor to stimulate phosphatidylinositide turnover, with only a small reduction in ligand affinity. These data demonstrate that OTR K270 is critically important in the stimulation by OTR of phosphatidylinositide turnover and that this determinant can also increase this activity in the V2R chimera. Mutation of K270 also adversely affects the ability of OTR to stimulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Therefore, this residue plays an important role in the specificity of OTR/Gq/PLC coupling. (Molecular Endocrinology 16: 814–823, 2002)
Prediction of spatial soil property information from ancillary sensor data using ordinary linear regression: Model derivations, residual assumptions and model validation tests

Geospatial measurements of ancillary sensor data, such as bulk soil electrical conductivity or remotely sensed imagery data, are commonly used to characterize spatial variation in soil or crop properties. Geostatistical techniques like kriging with external drift or regression kriging are often used to calibrate geospatial sensor data to specific soil or crop properties. More traditional statistical methods such as ordinary linear regression models are also commonly used. Unfortunately, some soil scientists see these as competing and unrelated modeling approaches and are unaware of their relationship. In this article we review the connection between the ordinary linear regression model and the more comprehensive geostatistical mixed linear model and describe when and under what conditions ordinary linear regression models represent valid spatial prediction models. The formulas for the ordinary linear regression model parameter estimates and best linear unbiased predictions are derived from the geostatistical mixed linear model under two different residual error assumptions; i.e., strictly uncorrelated (SU) residuals and effectively uncorrelated (EU) residuals. The theoretically optimal (best linear unbiased) and computable (linear unbiased) predictions and variance estimates derived under the EU error assumption are examined in detail. Statistical tests for detecting spatial correlation in LR model residuals are also reviewed, in addition to three LR model validation tests derived from classical linear modeling theory. Two case studies are presented that highlight and demonstrate the various parameter estimation, response variable prediction and model validation techniques discussed in this article.
Throughput and delay in random wireless networks: 1-D mobility is just as good as 2-D

In this paper, we study the delay scaling for a mobile network with 1-D mobility restriction and show, that the delay scales as /spl Theta/(/spl radic/n/v(n)). Thus, this particular mobility restriction does not affect the throughput or the delay performance of the network.
High real-space resolution structure of materials by high-energy x-ray diffraction

Results of high-energy synchrotrons radiation experiments are presented demonstrating the advantages of the atomic Pair Distribution Function technique in determining the structure of materials with high resolution.
Review of psychotherapeutic interventions on depression in cancer patients and their impact on disease progression

AbstractDepression, ranging from mild to severe, is the most frequently found psychological symptom among individuals with cancer. Depression in cancer patients has been known to mitigate emotional distress, quality of life, adherence to medical treatment, and overall health outcomes. Specifically, depression has been associated with impaired immune response and with poorer survival in patients with cancer. Various studies have found that psychotherapeutic interventions are effective in reducing symptoms of depression, which in turn could affect disease progression and mortality. This paper provides updated information on psychotherapeutic interventions geared towards cancer patients suffering from depressive disorders, and its impact on disease progression. PubMed, Cochrane Library database, PsycINFO and PsycARTICLES databases were searched from January 1980 through August 2013 using key words: psychotherapy, treatment, oncology, cancer, psycho-oncology, psychosocial issues, psychosocial stress, depressi...
Novel experimental model of pressure overload hypertrophy in rats.

Background We studied a novel animal model of pressure overload hypertrophy in transition to heart failure following ascending aortic constriction. We sought to assess chronologic changes in hemodynamic parameters, echocardiographic signs of left ventricular (LV) remodeling, exercise tolerance, and profiles of systemic and local inflammation. Materials and methods A cohort of Sprague Dawley rats underwent aortic constriction proximal to the innominate artery and were followed by echocardiography. A group of animals were euthanized 20 wk after aortic constriction, before any detectable decline in fractional shortening (normal fractional shortening (FS) or control group; n = 6). When additional animals reached an absolute 25% decline in fractional shortening, they were randomized to be euthanized on d 0 (25% ↓ FS group; n = 5), or d 21 (>25% ↓ FS group; n = 6). Hemodynamic and echocardiographic assessment, swim testing to exhaustion, and measurement of systemic and local inflammatory markers was performed at each time interval. Results An absolute decline of 25% in FS after aortic constriction was observed between 24 and 28 wk for most animals. The transition from compensated to decompensated hypertrophy was associated with markedly decreased dP/dt max and dP/dt min , increased LV end-systolic diameter and LV end-diastolic diameter, stabilization of LV free wall diameter, decreased exercise performance and up-regulation in expression of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and atrial natriuretic peptide. All animals developed heart failure. Conclusions This study demonstrates that proximal aortic constriction in young rats represents an excellent experimental model of pressure overload hypertrophy that may be useful for testing the efficacy of novel therapies for the treatment of heart failure.
Effect of Monosodium Glutamate in Starter Rations on Feed Consumption and Performance of Early Weaned Calves

Abstract In a feed preference or acceptability trial 12 dairy calves offered a choice of a complete starter (18% crude protein and 20% ground suncured alfalfa) with 0 or 0.2% monosodium glutamate and weaned at three weeks, consumed more 0.2% glutamate starter each week and cumulatively from three to nine weeks of age than they did starter without glutamate. Differences in weekly starter consumption were significant (P In a growth trial 10 calves weaned at four weeks and fed 0.2% glutamate starter ate slightly, but not significantly (P>0.05), more feed weekly from birth to six weeks than 10 calves fed the same starter without glutamate. Slight differences in starter consumption from birth to four weeks were reflected in less weight loss the week after weaning by calves eating the glutamate ration than by those receiving the control starter. Differences in daily gain and feed efficiency from glutamate in the starter were negligible.
A computationally efficient 3D shape rejection algorithm

In this paper, we present an efficient 3D shape rejection algorithm for unlabeled 3D markers. The problem is important in domains such as rehabilitation and the performing arts. There are three key innovations in our approach-(a) a multi-resolution shape representation using Haar wavelets for unlabeled markers, (b) a multi-resolution shape metric and (c) a shape rejection algorithm that is predicated on the simple idea that we do not need to compute the entire distance to conclude that two shapes are dissimilar. We tested the approach on a real-world pose classification problem with excellent results. We achieved a classification accuracy of 98% with an order of magnitude improvement in terms of computational complexity over a baseline shape matching algorithm.
Sublethal Effects of Resin Glycosides from the Periderm of Sweetpotato Storage Roots on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Resin glycoside material extracted from the periderm tissue of storage roots from sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., was bioassayed for effects on survival, development, and fecundity of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). The resin glycoside was incorporated into an artificial diet and fed to P. xylostella larvae. First instars were placed individually into snap-top centrifuge vials containing artificial diet with one of six concentrations of resin glycoside material (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 mg/ml). Each replication consisted of 10 individuals per concentration, and the experiment was repeated 13 times. Vials were incubated at 25°C and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h in a growth chamber. After 6 d, surviving larvae were weighed and their sex determined, then returned to their vials. Later, surviving pupae were weighed and incubated at 25°C until moths emerged. Females were fed, mated with males from the laboratory colony, and allowed to lay eggs on aluminum foil strips. Lifetime fecundity (eggs/female) was measured. There were highly significant negative correlations between resin glycoside levels and survival, and between glycoside levels and larval weight after 6 d of feeding. For larvae that lived at least 6 d, there was no additional mortality that could be attributed to the resin glycoside material. However, there was a significant positive correlation between glycoside dosages and developmental time of larvae (measured as days until pupation). Lifetime fecundity also was negatively affected at sublethal doses. Resin glycosides may contribute to the resistance in sweetpotato breeding lines to soil insect pests.
Double-Well Ultracold-Fermions Computational Microscopy: Wave-Function Anatomy of Attractive-Pairing and Wigner-Molecule Entanglement and Natural Orbitals.

“Bottom-up” approaches to the many-body physics of fermions have recently demonstrated precise number and site-resolved preparations with tunability of interparticle interactions in single-well, SW, and double-well, DW, nanoscale confinements created by manipulating ultracold fermionic atoms with optical tweezers. These experiments emulate an analogue-simulator mapping onto the requisite microscopic Hamiltonian, approaching realization of Feynmans’ vision of quantum simulators that “will do exactly the same as nature”. Here we report on exact benchmark configuration–interaction computational microscopy solutions of the Hamiltonian, uncovering the spectral evolution, wave function anatomy, and entanglement properties of the interacting fermions in the entire parameter range, including crossover from an SW to a DW confinement and a controllable energy imbalance between the wells. We demonstrate attractive pairing and formation of repulsive, highly correlated, ultracold Wigner molecules, well-described in th...
It Really Was About a Well Regulated Militia

This article provides an examination of the Second Amendment of the Constitution, arguing that the provision for a “well regulated militia” was not without cause, but that it provides the key to understand the meaning of the amendment. This argument is contrary to Justice Scalia’s argument in District of Columbia v. Heller. In supporting the claim, the article reviews the context of the adoption of the Bill of Rights in order to understand the relationship between the supporters and the detractors.
Towards achieving the maximum capacity in large mobile wireless networks under delay constraints

In this paper, we study how to achieve the maximum capacity under delay constraints for large mobile wireless networks. We develop a systematic methodology for studying this problem in the asymptotic region when the number of nodes n in the network is large. We first identify a number of key parameters for a large class of scheduling schemes, and investigate the inherent tradeoffs among the capacity, the delay, and these scheduling parameters. Based on these inherent tradeoffs, we are able to compute the upper bound on the maximum per-node capacity of a large mobile wireless network under given delay constraints. Further, in the process of proving the upper bound, we are able to identify the optimal values of the key scheduling parameters. Knowing these optimal values, we can then develop scheduling schemes that achieve the upper bound up to some logarithmic factor, which suggests that our upper bound is fairly tight. We have applied this methodology to both the i.i.d. mobility model and the random way-point mobility model. In both cases, our methodology allows us to develop new scheduling schemes that can achieve larger capacity than previous proposals under the same delay constraints. In particular, for the i.i.d. mobility model, our scheme can achieve Θ(n−1/3/log3/2 n) per-node capacity with constant delay. This demonstrates that, under the i.i.d. mobility model, mobility increases the capacity even with constant delays. Our methodology can also be extended to incorporate additional scheduling constraints.
Ultrafast Kikuchi diffraction: nanoscale stress-strain dynamics of wave-guiding structures.

Complex structural dynamics at the nanoscale requires sufficiently small probes to be visualized. In conventional imaging using electron microscopy, the dimension of the probe is large enough to cause averaging over the structures present. However, by converging ultrafast electron bunches, it is possible to select a single nanoscale structure and study the dynamics, either in the image or using electron diffraction. Moreover, the span of incident wave vectors in a convergent beam enables sensitivity levels and information contents beyond those of parallel-beam illumination with a single wave vector Bragg diffraction. Here, we report the observation of propagating strain waves using ultrafast Kikuchi diffraction from nanoscale volumes within a wedge-shaped silicon single crystal. It is found that the heterogeneity of the strain in the lateral direction is only 100 nm. The transient elastic wave gives rise to a coherent oscillation with a period of 30 ps and with an envelope that has a width of 140 ps. The ...
Analysis of Subfertility Associated with Homozygosity of the Rose Comb Allele in the Male Domestic Fowl

Sperm metabolism and duration of fertility were compared between roosters homozygous (RR) and heterozygous (Rr) for the rose comb allele. In the absence or presence of Ca+2, a motility agonist, the metabolic rate of spermatozoa from RR males was 76 to 77% of that of spermatozoa from Rr males. In the presence of caffeine, the metabolic rate of spermatozoa from RR males was increased significantly (P < .05) to 86% of that of spermatozoa from Rr males. Although intramagnal insemination of ejaculated spermatozoa reduced the disparity in duration of fertility between RR and Rr males, the duration of fertility of RR males was still less than that of Rr males. No difference in duration of fertility was observed following intramagnal insemination of testicular spermatozoa. Subfertility associated with RR males seems to stem from an aberrant activation or regulation of spermatozoal metabolism and not a reduction in absolute metabolic capacity per se.
Highly correlated electronic structure calculations of the He-C3 van der Waals complex and collision-induced rotational transitions of C3.

An accurate 2D ab initio potential energy surface of the He–C3 collisional system is calculated using the supermolecular coupled-cluster method with up to perturbative quadruple excitations, CCSDT(Q). This interaction potential is then incorporated in full close-coupling calculations of rotational excitation/de-excitation cross sections in He + C3 collisions for rotational levels j = 0, 2, ..., 10 and collision energies up to 1000 cm–1. Corresponding rate coefficients are reported for temperature between 1 and 100 K. Results are found to be in excellent agreement with available theoretical data that were restricted to the temperature range of 5–15 K. Implications of the computed rate coefficients to astrophysical models of C3 and carbon clusters in interstellar and circumstellar environments are discussed.
Interfacial Micromechanics and Load Transfer of Off-Aligned Nanocomposites

A micromechanics load transfer model is presented to examine how the alignment of nano-inclusions within a nanocomposite affects overall energy storage and dissipation capacities. The model is based on principles from an extended Cox model for discontinuous fiber reinforcement and generalized shear lag analysis for off-aligned discontinuous fibers. The model accounts for interfacial shear stress variations along the azimuthal direction of the inclusion surface that are a result of nonzero alignment angles with respect to the applied loading. In order to isolate the effects of azimuthal interfacial shear stress variation, a comparison with an analytical model that employs an interfacial shear magnitude approach is performed. The results demonstrate that the nano-inclusion alignment angle can substantially affect interfacial damping and nanocomposite stiffness and that azimuthal variation of the interfacial shear is a critical feature of nanocomposite mechanics.
Kinetic and mössbauer study of the COH2 reaction over FeTiO2 reduced at various temperatures

Abstract The CO H 2 reaction over Fe TiO 2 has been studied by Mossbauer spectroscopy and kinetic measurements after the catalyst was reduced at 558, 723, and 773 K. The particle size estimated from the uptake of H2 by the desorption method is comparable to that from X-ray line broadening. Mossbauer parameters show that the bulk phase of fresh catalyst is essentially identical to metallic iron. Mossbauer spectroscopy indicates that carbide formation is suppressed during the CO H 2 reaction for the catalyst reduced at 723 and 773 K. The reaction activity for the catalyst reduced at 558 K is an order of magnitude higher than that of the 773 K-reduced catalyst. The nature of the surface species formed during the CO H 2 reaction is quite different from those found for the Fe SiO 2 and Fe Al 2 O 3 systems. The changes in the activation energy and selectivity for the catalysts reduced at various temperatures are appreciable. The experimental results are discussed in terms of a localized charge transfer from the metal to the support during the course of high-temperature reduction. The requirement for this localized charge transfer is the presence of TiOx species on top of the metal surface.
Erosion of inflatable penile prosthesis reservoir into bladder and bowel.

AbstractWe report 2 cases of a rare complication associated with the inflatable penile prosthesis, that is erosion of the reservoir into the sigmoid colon and bladder.
In-pore exchange and diffusion of carbonate solvent mixtures in nanoporous carbon

Abstract High resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) 1 H NMR spectroscopy has been used to resolve different surface and in-pore solvent environments of ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) mixtures absorbed within nanoporous carbon (NPC). Two dimensional (2D) 1 H HRMAS NMR exchange measurements revealed that the inhomogeneous broadened in-pore resonances have pore-to-pore exchange rates on the millisecond timescale. Pulsed-field gradient (PFG) NMR diffusometry revealed the in-pore self-diffusion constants for both EC and DMC were reduced by up to a factor of five with respect to the diffusion in the non-absorbed solvent mixtures.
What’s Wrong with (How We Think About) Torture?

In the immediate wake of 9/11 there was a rash of debates — both public and private — about the justification of using torture to prevent further terrorist attacks. The form of these debates was always consequentialist, balancing the possible benefits of what could be discovered through torturing a captured terrorist against the possible harms inflicted upon the terrorist being tortured. In other words, the question of justifica tion almost always came down to whether a torture victim’s suffering — even if the victim was a terrorist — could be outweighed by the number of lives saved by the information this suffering produced. One of the most discussed arguments in favor of justifying torture in this manner is the “ticking bomb case,” which, as discussed in the previous chapter, Alan Dershowitz helped to make famous and Jeff McMahan found to be just as useful for discussion as actual cases of torture. If, as the case goes, thousands of innocent lives can be saved only through torturing a captured terrorist who otherwise refuses to disclose the location of a hidden bomb set to go off imminently, then we must be justified in the use of torture. Almost as if in response to any possible doubt about the relevance to reality of this hypothetical scenario, the television show 24 turned this scenario into a perpetual plot point over the course of seven seasons as protagonist Jack Bauer “encounter[ed] a ticking time bomb an average of 12 times every season,” which — because each season was meant to represent 24 hours in real-time — means that “Bauer encounter[ed] someone who need[ed] torturing 12 times per day.”1
Working Hypotheses for A Post-Revolutionary Society

My argument has been that the logic of justice can come into being only as material or practical forms and procedures, only as a rhetoric of justice. In addition to formulating rationalist procedures, a la Habermas, for deriving the principles of a just society, we must also rework the modes and procedures of social life and the cultural forms and languages we use to name and construct it. A rational society may be as much dependent on the reshaping of family power relations so that domination and violence are neutralized and so that those relations create rational agents capable of reasoning without neurosis as it is on valid ideas.
Dextroamphetamine and Pramipexole Combination for Treatment-Resistant Unipolar Depression.

Targeting dopamine is critical in the management of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This case report highlights the potential role of the combination of dextroamphetamine and pramipexole in the management of treatment-resistant unipolar depression. Using dopaminergic medications in the management of TRD may lead to better outcomes.
Self-assembly of F16ZnPc thin films and F16ZnPc-ZnPc heterostructures on deactivated Si surfaces studied by scanning tunneling microscopy

Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we show that hexadecafluorinated zinc phthalocyanine (F16ZnPc) molecules form two morphologically different self-assembled structures that both display point-on-line coincident epitaxial registration with the deactivated Si(111)-B 3×3 surface. The packing motif in these structures suggests that fluorination of conjugated organic molecules can lead to stronger molecule-substrate interaction, π-π intermolecular interaction, and side-to-side intermolecular repulsion. The delicate balance and interplay between these interactions determine the self-assembly behavior of fluorinated molecules. Furthermore, we demonstrate the formation of vertically and laterally stacked F16ZnPc-ZnPc heterojunctions, allowing for future spectroscopy investigation of molecular electronic structures and charge transfer behavior at organic-organic hetero-interfaces.
Gendered Adherence: Correctional Officers and Therapeutic Reform in a Reentry Facility:

How do correctional officers (COs) adhere to changing workplace philosophy and practices during interactions with inmates? This study explores COs’ perceptions and interactions during organizationa...
Software for Industrial Computer Control - A Review

Abstract The paper reviews recent trends in system and application software for industrial computer control, such as the standardization of real-time extensions to FORTRAN, the emergence of real-time BASIC as a simple measurement and control language and the distribution of process control functions among multi-computers in a network.
Three stress‐responsive NAC transcription factors from Populus euphratica differentially regulate salt and drought tolerance in transgenic plants

Stress-responsive NAM, Arabidopsis transcription activation factor 1/2 (ATAF1/2) and CUC2 (SNAC) genes are being used to alter stress tolerance in Arabidopsis or grasses through genetic engineering. However, limited reports are available about the functional characteristics of SNAC in trees. In this study, three putative NAC proteins were identified from Populus euphratica. PeNAC034 and PeNAC045 were classified into the ATAF subgroup and PeNAC036 into the ANAC072 subgroup. These three SNAC transcription factors were localized in the nucleus and contained the transcription activation domain in their C-terminal. Under drought and salt stresses, PeNAC036 was strongly induced in the whole plant, but PeNAC034 was significantly suppressed in the roots and stems, and PeNAC045 was inhibited in the roots. PeNAC036 overexpression in Arabidopsis wild-type (WT) (OEPeNAC036) and PeNAC036 complementation in mutant anac072 (anac072/PeNAC036) lines increased tolerance to salt and drought, whereas PeNAC034 overexpression in WT (OEPeNAC034) and PeNAC034 complementation in mutant ataf1 (ataf1/PeNAC034) lines enhanced salt and drought sensitivity. After drought and salt treatments, the expression levels of COR47, RD29B, ERD11, RD22 and DREB2A were upregulated in OEPeNAC036 and anac072/PeNAC036 lines, but were downregulated in OEPeNAC034 and ataf1/PeNAC034 plants. Compared with WT and Vector lines, PeNAC045 overexpression in poplar WT (OEPeNAC045) led to a significant decrease in the net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate under salinity and drought conditions. These results suggest that P. euphratica can adapt to the environment of high salinity and drought, which may be related to the differential expression patterns of SNAC genes.
Nowcasting: Identifying German Cyclical Turning Points

Historically, forecasters have failed to predict cyclical turning points and the forecasting record in this regard has not improved. This suggests that we should focus on what should be an easier task, recognizing recessions as they occur. We present a new approach that will enable us to determine in real-time when there is a significant deviation from an economy’s dynamic growth path. This approach uses a CUSUM-like methodology and requires us to construct an index,that we call the Economic News Index, from real-time data that shows how the economy is functioning. We apply this approach to German data to nowcast the recessions that began in 2008 and 2012.
Bladder function in patients with lipomyelomeningocele.

AbstractWe evaluated preoperative and postoperative bladder function in 31 consecutive patients who underwent definitive operative correction of lipomyelomeningocele. Of 12 patients less than 1.5 years old at operation, bladder function was normal preoperatively and postoperatively in 5 (42%) and normalized postoperatively in 4 (33%). In 5 patients (42%) abnormal urodynamic findings were the only sign of neurological abnormality. Of the 19 patients older than 1.5 years at operation bladder function was normal preoperatively and postoperatively in only 4 (21%), and normalized postoperatively in none. We conclude that the majority of patients with lipomyelomeningocele have bladder dysfunction, and that in some cases this dysfunction can be prevented and/or reversed by early neurosurgical intervention. Urodynamic assessment is helpful as part of the neurological evaluation and in directing patient care. (J. Urol, 143: 984–986, 1990)
The Use of Neutral Waters by Belligerents

During the past century great progress has been made in international law along two lines: (1) in the extension of the practice of international arbitration, and (2) in the development of a clearer conception of the rights and duties of neutrals. Both movements tend toward peace, the one in avoiding war by the judicial determination of the matter in dispute, and the other in limiting the area of warlike operations after war has actually been declared and in restricting hostilities to the original parties to the dispute. The Hague Peace Conference of 1899 marked the formal adoption by the nations of the earth of the principle of arbitration of certain classes of disputes, but this conference felt that its work was incomplete so long as there was such wide divergence of opinion as to the rights and duties of neutrals. Before adjournment, therefore, a resolution, was passed expressing the hope that this subject might be taken under consideration by a second conference in the near future. In President Roosevelt's proposal for a second conference, issued by Secretary Hay, October 21, 1904, this is one of the three subjects suggested for consideration, and special attention is called to one aspect of it, namely, “the treatment due to refugee belligerent ships in neutral ports.” This aspect of the subject derives special importance from the events of the Russo-Japanese War, and it is to this aspect of the subject that this discussion will be directed.
General Radiologic Considerations

An in-depth discussion of radiologic techniques for the evaluation of the mediastinum is beyond the scope of this book, which has as its main objective the development of radiologic correlations with mediastinal anatomy and pathology. A brief discussion is included for the sake of completeness. For a more thorough review of this topic the reader is referred to the works of Berne et al. [9], Felson [29], and Fraser and Pare [31].
Extended laminectomy for spinal stenosis in achondroplasia.

Achondroplasia is the most common chondrodysplasia, an autosomal dominant condition with an incidence of 17–29 per million (1). The basic defect is in endochondral bone formation, the cause of which is unknown (2). The abnormal bone growth leads to the typical skeletal features of rhizomelic limb shortening, frontal bossing, lumbar lordosis and narrowing of the spinal canal. Neurological complications have been attributed to the skeletal abnormalities since the early 1900’s, when the narrowed lumbar canal was recognized as a cause of paraplegia (3). In 1925, Donath and Vogl (4) provided the first detailed description of the structural changes in the vertebral column resulting in neurological complications. Their autopsy studies revealed a decrease in size of the thoracic spinal canal in achondroplasts due to shortened vertebral bodies and pedicles. Later studies have demonstrated a reduction in size of the entire spinal canal (5), with caudal tapering (6) and stenosis of nerve root canals (7). The spinal cord and cauda equina are normal in size (6,8). In addition, the intervertebral discs are congenitally hyperplastic and tend to bulge laterally and posteriorly (6).
Biological Consequences of Polymeric Materials: Silicones, PMMA, UHMWPE

The three most commonly used polymeric materials in orthopedic-surgical applications are polymethylmethacrylate, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, and silicone rubber. These three materials have radically different bulk properties, and somewhat different surface properties. Nevertheless, all three polymers may be found in particulate form is association with inflammation, osteolysis, and joint loosening. The bulk and surface property contributions of these polymers to the elicitation of inflammation are explored using silicone as a model. It suggested that the relatively hydrophobic polymer surfaces adsorb biological macromolecules from surrounding milieu, denature those adsorbed molecules, and initiate an inflammatory reaction that results in inadvertent (innocent bystander) damage to the implant/bone interface.
COMPI: Concolic Testing for MPI Applications

MPI is widely used as the bedrock of HPC applications, but there are no effective systematic software testing techniques for MPI programs. In this paper we develop COMPI, the first practical concolic testing tool for MPI applications. COMPI tackles two major challenges. First, it provides an automated testing tool for MPI programs – it performs concolic execution on a single process and records branch coverage across all. Infusing MPI semantics such as MPI rank and MPI_COMM_WORLD into COMPI enables it to automatically direct testing with various processes' executions as well as automatically determine the total number of processes used in the testing. Second, COMPI employs three techniques to effectively control the cost of testing as too high a cost may prevent its adoption. By capping input values, COMPI is made practical as too large an input can make the testing extremely slow and sometimes even fail as memory needed could exceed the computing platform's memory limit. With two-way instrumentation, we reduce the unnecessary memory and I/O overhead of COMPI and the target program. With constraint set reduction, COMPI keeps significantly fewer constraints by removing redundant ones in the presence of loops so as to avoid redundant tests against these branches. Our evaluation of COMPI uncovered four new bugs in a complex application and achieved 69-86% branch coverage which far exceeds the 1.8-38% coverage achieved via random testing.
Talking about Antisemitism in France Before and After Charlie Hebdo and Hyper Cacher

This article explores tensions in French Jewish discourses about antisemitism in the post-2000 period. Drawing on commentary from French Jewish intellectuals, national Jewish organizations, and the French Jewish press from the mid-2000s until after the Charlie Hebdo and Hyper Cacher attacks, I note a complex relationship between change and continuity in discursive characterizations of French antisemitism. While empirical manifestations of antisemitism were notably transformed by the Toulouse attacks of 2012, much French Jewish discourse insisted on continuity from the early 2000s onward. At the same time, Jewish narrative practices shifted rather dramatically. In a political context where Israel was often depicted as part of a history of violent settler colonialism, early 2000s Jewish discourse divorced French antisemitism from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and (post)colonial racism in France. After 2012, some Jewish commentators linked Israel to French antisemitism by likening terrorism in Israel with Islamic antisemitism in France. These disjunctures between narratives and empirical violence suggest that the “structures of feeling” behind Jewish reactions to contemporary antisemitism cannot be reduced to empirical questions about safety and security. Social scientists thus need to move beyond an empirical analysis of antisemitism itself and attend to the cultural and affective work Jewish discourses about antisemitism do in any particular moment.
Getting There: Barriers and Facilitators to Transportation Access in Underserved Communities

Advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) offer new opportunities for addressing transportation needs; however, past research suggests that opportunities are not equally shared by millions of low-income Americans. We draw from four empirical studies and two case studies to contribute descriptions of the 11 everyday transportation models currently used by residents of low-income and underserved communities to enhance their access to health-enhancing resources. These models fell into personal, private, public, and interpersonal categories. We contribute insights regarding the following barriers and facilitators associated with these models: (1) affordability; (2) individual capabilities; (3) interpersonal trust, care and/or reciprocity; (4) trust in technology; (5) service availability/eligibility; (6) spatial and temporal matches; (7) match between transportation mode and physical needs; (8) service reliability and quality; and (9) infrastructure access. To address these barriers and build on these facilitators, we contribute six supportive policy and design principles. Operationalizing these principles, we propose four new ICT-enhanced models: (1) smart jitneys; (2) generalized, favor-based models; (3) expanded resource pooling; and (4) transportation clubs. The focus of these models on socio-technical integration with current capabilities and resources holds promise for enhancing access to jobs, food, and health care for residents of low-income communities.
The Baseball Whisperer: A Small-Town Coach Who Shaped Big League Dreams

Review of: The Baseball Whisperer: A Small-Town Coach Who Shaped Big League Dreams, by Michael Tackett