cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ending Public Assistance: The Transformation of US Public Assistance Policy into Labour Policy

A convincing argument can be made that US income maintenance policy would be better housed under the Secretary of Labour than with the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Begun almost 30 years ago, the transformation of public assistance policy into labour policy reached fruition with the passage of the groundbreaking Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), a bill that would dramatically transform the face of the American welfare state. Despite the inclusion of important welfare policies, the PRWORA was essentially labour policy clothed in welfare terminology. This article examines the metamorphosis of public assistance policy into labour policy and proposes alternatives to promote durable labour force attachment as well as ways to ease former recipients into the workforce through equity-based labour policies. Copyright © 2003 Cambridge University Press
A possible mode of histone synthesis.

Abstract The base composition of histone-specific messenger RNA for calf thymus has been calculated. This messenger RNA has a base composition related to that of calf thymus DNA such that the messenger RNA fraction can be regarded as complementary to only one of the two strands of every DNA molecule in the cell. Certain major assumptions are inherent in the scheme presented: (1) that DNA molecules are composed of complementary adenine-rich and thymine-rich strands; and (2) that messenger RNA molecules for histone synthesis are complementary to the thymine-rich strands of DNA whereas messengers for all other protein synthesis are complementary to the adenine-rich strands. These assumptions are discussed with respect to the finding that the calculated histone-specific messenger RNA has adenine in highest frequency. The calculated histone-specific messenger RNA is similar in base composition to that of the messenger RNA fraction previously isolated from calf thymus in a manner explicable on the basis of the scheme presented. The mode of histone synthesis during the DNA synthetic period of chromosome replication is considered as it relates to the concepts presented. Histone and DNA are major components of chromosomes. The conditions for concomitant DNA and histone synthesis in chromosome duplication are unknown. For the purpose of understanding more fully the mechanisms of chromosome duplication and gene action in higher organisms it is of interest to consider histone in relation to the twin activities of DNA: replication and directions for protein synthesis.
A Confused Child

Children presenting to the emergency department with an acutely altered mental state require a thoughtful systematic approach to accurately identify the underlying disease process. We present a case of anti– N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis that initially presented to our emergency department with acute confusion. With increasing recognition of this form of encephalitis, emergency physicians will benefit from understanding the salient neuropsychiatric features, disease progression, diagnostic options, management, and prognostic outcome of these patients.
A 7LI NMR spectral investigation of group III and IV metalates in ether solvents

Abstract The 7Li chemical shifts of Et2O, THF and DME solutions of the metalates LiBMe4, LiAlMe4, LiGaMe4, and LiTlMe4, are reported. These data are correlated with values from the literature. The observed changes in 7Li chemical shift are discussed in terms of solvation of the lithium ion and ion pair formation in solution. The 7Li chemical shift of LiSnMe3 in THF is also reported and a brief discussion of the 7Li chemical shifts of LiMPh3 (M = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) is presented.
Zero-Pressure Thermal-Radiation-Induced Dissociation of Tetraethylsilane Cation

Zero-pressure thermal-radiation-induced dissociation (ZTRID) of tetraethylsilane cation is reported. Dissociation of weakly bound gas-phase cluster ions by the blackbody background radiation field has been shown previously to proceed at an observable rate; the present results represent the first characterization of this process for a covalently bound molecular ion. Thermal-radiation-induced dissociation of the ions was studied at the low-pressure limit in a FT-ICR mass spectromer, and cleavage of the ethyl group from silicon was observed on a time scale of seconds, with the rate being strongly temperature dependent. The activation energy for the loss of one ethyl radical from tetraethylsilane cation was derived from the slope of the Arrhenius plot in the 340−400 K temperature range to be 0.43 ± 0.07 eV. The bond energy (0 K) was determined to be 0.70 ± 0.07 eV using thermal dissociation theory and 0.71 ± 0.07 eV using master-equation modeling. A bond energy of 0.78 eV was assigned at 298 K, and a heat of ...
Concomitant pilocarpine during head and neck irradiation is associated with decreased posttreatment xerostomia

Abstract Purpose: To retrospectively compare subjective postirradiation xerostomia scores of patients who received concomitant oral pilocarpine during radiotherapy for head and neck cancer and 3 months thereafter with those of similar cohorts who did not receive pilocarpine. Methods and Materials: Subjective serostomia was assessed using a visual analog scale xerostomia questionnaire that measured oral dryness, oral comfort, difficulty with sleep, speech, and eating. The concomitant pilocarpine group had both paratid glands in the initial field treated to at least 45 Gy and received 5 mg pilocarpine hydrochloride four times per day (q.i.d.) beginning on the first day of radiotherapy and continuing for 3 months after completion of radiation. The control cohort had also received at least 45 Gy to both parotid glands and had not received pilocarpine at the time of evaluation. Scores on the visual analog scale were averaged and compared using the Student's t -test. Results: Seventeen patients who received concomitant pilocarpine during head and neck irradiation and 18 patients who had not been treated with pilocarpine were available for follow-up. The mean intervals between completion of radiation and evaluation of xerostomia were 17 months and 16 months, respectively. Only one of the pilocarpine-treated patients was still taking pilocarpine at the time of evaluation. For each of the individual components of xerostomia scored on the visual analog scale, as well as the composite of all components, the group that had received oral pilocarpine during radiation had significantly less xerostomia ( p Conclusions: The use of 5 mg oral pilocarpine q.i.d. during radiotherapy for head and neck cancer and 3 months thereafter was associated with significantly less subjective xerostomia than that reported by a similar cohort of patients who had not received pilocarpine. The continued use of pilocarpine does not appear to be necessary to maintain this benefit in most patients.
Molecular targets in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: is there hope on the horizon?

AbstractNon–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a growing concern worldwide, and its incidence continues to increase in developing countries. It has a strong association with smoking. Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in most industrialized countries and in the United States. In the last 10 years, there have been significant advancements in the understanding of molecular oncogenes and how they play a role in driving lung cancer to both grow and metastasize. Understanding this rapidly expanding field has the potential to extend life, and it is an important field for all providers to conceptualize if they are treating patients with lung cancer. Currently, > 50% of all NSCLC is linked to 1 of several known genetic driver mutations. Using online databases, expert opinion, and practice-changing trials, we review the current standards of molecular testing of NSCLC and the expanding evidence of oncogenic drivers in nonsquamous NSCLC.
Comparison of extraction techniques for spray dried dispersion tablet formulations.

Abstract Non-traditional sample preparation/extraction techniques that utilized the Caliper Life Sciences Tablet Processing Workstation II (TPW II), Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE), and Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) were evaluated for the extraction of Compound A from a 50 mgA, 15% Spray Dried Dispersion (SDD) immediate released (IR) tablet formulation. The TPW II consistently provided complete recoveries with very short preparation/extraction times (∼30 min). MAE also provided complete recovery of the API from the tablet formulation, but required approximately twice the extraction time, while ASE provided the lowest recovery of the three non-traditional techniques. The sample preparation/extraction efficiencies of the three non-traditional techniques were compared to that of the 5.5 h long manual method.
Reducing the incidence of short estrous cycles in beef cows with norgestomet

Abstract Twenty-nine anestrous cows suckling calves 27 to 67 days old were allotted to 3 treatment groups according to calving date. Calves were weaned from all cows; 9 cows received no further treatment, while 10 were implanted with 6 mg of norgestomet 9 days before calves were weaned and 10 were implanted when calves were weaned. All implants were removed after 9 days. Twenty-two cows exhibited estrus within 10 days after treatment, and all exhibited estrus within 25 days. In the cows exhibiting estrus in 10 days, norgestomet reduced the incidence of 8 to 12-day cycles from 83.3 percent in the control group to 30 percent when implanted before weaning and to zero when implanted at weaning. Conception rates at first service were increased from zero for cows which were not implanted to 33.3 and 80 percent for those implanted before and at weaning, respectively. These data demonstrate that the presence of a progestogen before the first postpartum estrus increases conception rates and reduces the percentage of previously anestrous cows exhibiting short estrous cycles after their calves are weaned.
Soluble metals in coal gasification residues

The By-Product Utilization Team at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) of the US Department of Energy has conducted column leaching tests to characterize the release of various cations from coal utilization by-products (CUB). The release of metals from the nine samples of residues generated in three coal integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) installations was determined. Cations tended to be more soluble than from PC fly ash samples. Except for Hg, total cation solubility was due to the relatively high concentration in a few leachate samples. For several IGCC by-product samples generated from a mixture of coal and pet coke, the amount of As, Ni, and Zn extracted from the IGCC residues exceeded primary or secondary drinking water standards in the early leachate samples.
Factors modulating preferences of female house mice for males differing in t-complex genotype: role of t-complex genotype, genetic background, and estrous condition of females

The present study investigates factors mediating odor and social preferences in female house mice (Muc domesticus) based on the t-complex geontype of males. Previous studies in this laboratory showed that females prefer the odors of wild-type (+/+) males over those that carry lethal genes (+/t). The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that regulate these preferences. The variables examined include t-complex genotype, genetic background, estrous condition of test females (+/+ or +/t), and genotype of the test female's parents. Results indicate that female preferences for +/+ males are dependent upon the t-complex genotype and estrous condition of test females. Only +/t females in estrus showed preferences for +/+ males. Estrous cycle condition effects were seen in both wild (+/+w5) and inbred (129 +/tw5)females. Homozygous females (+/+) and diestrous females of both geno-types did not demonstrate preferences for either +/+ or +/t males.
Diabetic-like serum glucose levels in chromium deficient rats.

Abstract Rats exhibiting dietary deficiency of chromium had higher than normal fasting levels of serum glucose, depending upon the degree of deficiency. More severe deficiency in young rats resulting in delayed growth was usually accompanied by glycosuria. A syndrome simulating the disturbed glucose metabolism in adult diabetes mellitus, as manifest by elevated fasting serum glucose levels and glycosuria, can be produced in rats by dietary chromium deficiency.
The role of nitrogen oxides in oxidant production as predicted by the regional acid deposition model (RADM)

Regional oxidant distributions produced under various atmospheric conditions and emission scenarios are investigated using the Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM). RADM is a complex, evolving three-dimensional Eulerian model that describes the chemistry, transport and deposition of tropospheric trace species including SO2, sulfate, NO x and volatile organic compounds as well as O3, other major oxidants and acids. The model calculates the short-term temporal evolution of atmospheric trace gas concentrations and their deposition on the regional scale. This study is focused on oxidant production in the eastern United States and southeastern Canada. The influence of atmospheric conditions is explored by comparing three characteristic winter, summer and spring/fall cases. Base-case 1985 emissions of SO x , NO x , volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NH3 and CO are specified using the comprehensive pollutant emissions inventory developed as part of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). The perturbed case, which represents projected anthropogenic emission changes for 2010, indicates changes in daily total 80 km grid average NO x emissions ranging from increases of 75% to decreases of 45% and VOC emission changes ranging from increases of 65% to decreases of 20%. The largest NO x emission changes occur in the northeast, and the largest VOC changes occur in the Gulf Coast area. Ground level grid average midday O3 concentrations for the 1985 emission cases are highest (on the order of 70 to 100 ppb) in the New York City and Houston metropolitan areas for the summer and spring cases; the summer case also indicates relatively high grid average O3 concentrations of greater than 80 ppb in the southeast. Winter case values are much lower than summer O3 values throughout the region, with highs of 40 to 50 ppb occurring in the southeast and the Great Lakes area. Changes in NO x and other emissions under the complex 2010 emissions scenario for the summer case result in maximum O3 concentration reductions of 10% in the Houston area and increases in O3 of a few percent in some rural areas of the southeast. This study underscores the need for more comprehensive assessment of the complex relationships among regional emission changes, oxidant production and atmospheric conditions.
An Overview of Pharmacokinetics

Knowledge of important pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug, such as its half-life in plasma and its distribution and body clearance, is helpful in understanding the time course of the plasma concentration of a drug as a function of dosage. Appropriate doses of drugs with a slow rate of elimination, such as cefonicid, may be administered less frequently than other drugs. Where substantial elimination occurs by renal excretion of unchanged drug, e.g., for all of the cephalosporins except cefoperazone and cefotaxime, modification of dosage is necessary when renal insufficiency is present. Such dosage modification can be estimated by noting proportional changes from normal in the glomerular filtration rate (estimated or measured creatinine clearance). Dosage modifications include changes in the amount of drug given, the interval between doses, or both.
Reliability-based sensitivity analysis of vehicle components with non-normal distribution parameters

Techniques from the perturbation method, fourth moment method, reliability-based design theory, and sensitivity analysis approach are employed to present a practical and efficient method for testing the reliability sensitivity of vehicle components with non-normal distribution parameters. With the condition that the first four moments of original random variables are known, the reliability sensitivity theory and cases are researched using the presented numerical method. The variation regularities of reliability sensitivity are obtained and the effects of design parameters on reliability of the vehicle components are studied. The sophisticated formulation provided in this paper is easily amenable to computational procedures. The respective program can be used to obtain the reliability sensitivity of vehicle components with non-normal distribution parameters accurately and quickly. The results obtained are perfect and the solutions compared very well with those from Monte Carlo simulation. The method presents a theoretic basis for the reliability design of the vehicle components.
Novel Method of Calculating Absolute Bioavailability in Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics

Current methods of evaluating the bioavailability of drugs with nonlinear disposition kinetics are based on specific pharmacokinetic models in contrast to the more rational model independent (structureless) area under the curve (AUC) and deconvolution methods used in linear pharmacokinetics. A novel method of evaluating bioavailability is presented which applies to any nonlinear type of drug elimination, but is limited to drugs with a distribution phase which is short relative to the elimination phase. The method applies to drugs with autonomic disposition characterized by a rate of decline in the systemic drug level in the absence of drug input which depends only on the drug level, i.e., dC/dt = –q(C), where q can be any function dependent only on C and constant kinetic parameters. It is shown that the disposition function q(C) can be evaluated in an empirical fashion from elimination-phase data and that this function can be used to calculate the absolute bioavailability of autonomic, nonlinear drugs. Some preliminary results are presented to demonstrate the procedures involved in applying the method.
Superlinear Schrödinger operators

Abstract We find nontrivial and ground state solutions for the nonlinear Schrodinger equation under conditions weaker than those previously assumed.
Efforts afoot to double NSF funding

Legislation to increase funding for the National Science Foundation (NSF) by 15% for each fiscal year, from 2003 through 2005, was approved by a U.S. House of Representatives Science subcommittee on 8 May. Resolution (HR) 4664, the “Investing in America's Future Act,” would increase agency funding from $4.78 billion for fiscal year 2002 to $7.29 billion for fiscal year 2005.
Patellar tendonitis and patellar dislocations

Common sports injuries, such as patellar tendonitis and patellar dislocation, can be treated either surgically or with rehabilitation and physical therapy. Most patients with patellar tendonitis will respond well to conservative measures; however, some recalcitrant cases will require surgical intervention. To date, the literature is not able objectively to identify the patients best suited to surgery. Likewise, in the case of patellar dislocations, it is still unclear which patients respond best to conservative therapy and which respond best to surgical treatment, although evidence continues to accumulate. A practical approach to this problem can be deduced from the available evidence, but more well-designed clinical trials are needed for the establishment of definitive treatment protocols.
Non-inductive current generation in NSTX using coaxial helicity injection

Coaxial helicity injection (CHI) on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) has produced 240 kA of toroidal current without the use of the central solenoid. Values of the current multiplication ratio (CHI produced toroidal current/injector current) up to 10 were obtained, in agreement with predictions. The discharges, which lasted for up to 200 ms, limited only by the programmed waveform, are more than an order of magnitude longer in duration than any CHI discharges previously produced in a spheromak or a spherical torus.
The flow of solid polymers under high pressure

The deformation and flow properties of solid polymers under uniaxial tensile and compressive loading have been determined for a variety of both crystalline and amorphous polymers at hydrostatic pressures to about 7 , kb. For some polymers, like polytetrafluoroethylene, cold drawing is inhibited by increasing pressure, and scanning electron micrographs show that local plastic deformation is greatly reduced. However, the true flow stress and the true fracture stress both increase with pressure, as does, also, the elastic modulus. The increase is greatest in the low-pressure range below 2 kb. This behavior is attributed to the pressure-induced shifting of a lowtemperatureβ′-transition. The influence of polymer composition and of the initial elastic constants on the pressure dependence of the elastic modulus and the yield stress is discussed. The observed behavior can be analyzed in terms of finite strain effects and a pressure-dependent yield criterion. It is shown that some amorphous polymers undergo a pressure-induced brittle-ductile transition, and these findings are used to explore the hydrostatic extrusion of polyimide and polysulfone at room temperature.
The provision of scholarly journals by libraries via electronic technologies: an economic analysis

Abstract A theoretical framework is developed for analyzing the implications of distributing scholarly journals via electronic technologies. Consumer demand for access to journals by personal subscription and various forms of library usage is derived from a single demand function, with the differences between access channels represented by constant costs and proportional costs. Libraries are modeled as shared good clubs, and four different club funding mechanisms are defined and shown to affect the services a rational club will provide. The framework is used to analyze the implications of making on-demand electronic distribution of copies of individual journal articles, referred to as electronic request service, available to libraries at the same price per article as traditional inter-library loan. Two interesting results are that (1) a dilemma of new technology, a form of the prisoners' dilemma, may occur where library communities benefit from the new technology only if they collaborate, and (2) when a publisher is able to impose royalties on the new service, his profit maximizing strategy may be to charge a royalty which precludes the new service.
Control of transition state spectra: a variational algorithm

Abstract We propose to control the characteristics of transition state spectra by designing the initial state of a photochemical reaction. The method proceeds by introducing parameters into the (nonstationary) initial state wave function. The parameters are determined variationally to optimize a desired feature of the spectrum. One important application of this procedure is to reduce the unstructured background in a photoabsorption spectrum. In the resulting spectra, the contrast ratio of the resonance peaks to the background is dramatically increased, allowing a spectral quantization procedure to be used to assign the peaks. The algorithm can also be used to resolve overlapping peaks and to enhance specific progressions. As a theoretical tool, the variational algorithm can be viewed as a method to analyze the resonance structure of a given potential surface. We speculate that control of spectra can also be achieved in the laboratory, and suggest one possible scheme to do so.
Cortical dynamics of visual persistence and temporal integration

In a temporal integration experiment, subjects must integrate two visual stimuli, presented at separate times, to perform an identification task. Many researchers have assumed that the persistence of the leading stimulus determines the ability to integrate the leading and trailing stimuli. However, recent studies of temporal integration have challenged that hypothesis by demonstrating that several theories of persistence are incompatible with data on temporal integration. This paper shows that an account of visual persistence given by a neural network model of preattentive vision, called the boundary contour system, explains data on temporal integration. Computer simulations of the model explain why temporal integration becomes more difficult when the display elements are separated by longer interstimulus intervals or are of longer duration or of higher luminance, or are spatially closer together. The model suggests that different mechanisms underlie the inverse duration effects for leading and for trailing elements. The model further predicts interactions of spatial separation, duration, and luminance of the trailing display.
American Indians and the United States Patent and Trademark Office: The Native American Tribal Insignia Database

Abstract The tribal insignia of American Indians offer a distinctive view into the history of these people. Recently, as the result of federal legislation, some of these materials have been brought together, for tribes that are either federally or State recognized entities, as part of the database collection maintained by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). This article focuses on the history and use of such images; the policy response by the USPTO to the charge by the Trademark Law Treaty Implementation Act (1998) to examine the USPTO's specific responsibility to protect such official insignia; and the Office's resulting digital product.
Jugular foramen peripheral nerve sheath tumors.

Though jugular foramen nerve sheath tumors are uncommon, they involve a critical area of the skull base. Therefore, a precise classification system is needed to accurately define the extent of these tumors and reflect their surgical management. A series of seven cases is reviewed incorporating such a classification system to illustrate the management of these lesions using the in-fratemporal fossa type A approach.
Autonomic neuropathy may be associated with delayed orocaecal transit time in patients with cirrhosis

Abstract Orocaecal transit (OCT) time is delayed in patients with cirrhosis, but the reasons for this remain unclear. We hypothesized that autonomic neuropathy (AN) may explain the delay in OCT. Methods: We determined OCT and autonomic function tests (AFT) in 48 patients (Child A—15, B—27, C—6) with cirrhosis of various aetiologies. AFT were categorized as normal, borderline, or abnormal. OCT was measured using the lactulose hydrogen (H 2 ) breath test. OCT was defined as the time from baseline when there was a rise in H 2 levels of > 20 ppm over baseline or > 10 ppm over baseline sustained over 2 consecutive time points. Results: Based on OCT, patients were separated into those with delayed OCT (> 90 min, group I) and normal OCT (≤ 90 min, group II). Mean OCT time of patients in group I was 169.7 ± 49.7 min vs. 84.4 ± 12.1 min in group II. Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with and without AN, and those with normal and delayed OCT were similar. Presence of mild encephalopathy did not have an effect on OCT. AN was seen more frequently in group I than group II [16/32 (50%) vs. 3/16 (19%), p = 0.03]. Logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of AN was the only independent variable associated with delayed OCT (OR 7.3, CI 1.3–39.4, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Our study showed that the presence of AN was associated with delayed OCT in patients with cirrhosis.
Image classification in natural scenes: Are a few selective spectral channels sufficient?

A tenet of object classification is that accuracy improves with an increasing number (and variety) of spectral channels available to the classifier. Hyperspectral images provide hundreds of narrowband measurements over a wide spectral range, and offer superior classification performance over color images. However, hyperspectral data is highly redundant. In this paper we suggest that only 6 measurements are needed to obtain classification results comparable to those realized using hyperspectral data. We present classification results for a natural scene using three imaging modalities: 1) using three broadband color filters (RGB) and three narrowband samples, 2) using six narrowband samples, and 3) using six commonly available optical filters. If these results hold for larger datasets of natural images, recently proposed multispectral image sensors [1, 2] can be used to offer material classification results equal to that of hyperspectral data.
Pseudoaneurysm of a saphenous vein graft after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: differential diagnosis of a right atrial mass.

PSEUDOANEURYSM formation of a saphenous vein graft (SVG) is a rare complication after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The usual presentation is that of an extracardiac mass that can be easily detected on routine chest radiographs, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Most of the reported cases in the literature have been diagnosed with angiography; however, a preoperative diagnosis has not always been made. In view of the high morbidity and mortality associated with acute rupture or embolization of the pseudoaneurysm, an accurate preoperative diagnosis is crucial to avoid perioperative complications. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a reliable imaging technique for diagnosis of cardiac masses and aneurysmal lesions of the heart and great vessels.1,2 In earlier reports, TEE was a valuable tool in the diagnosis of SVG pseudoaneurysms.3,4 A patient is described with a giant pseudoaneurysm of a SVG, which was misdiagnosed as a right intra-atrial mass.
White matter integrity and lack of insight in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder

Objective Poor insight into illness is commonly associated with schizophrenia and has implications for the clinical outcome of the disease. A better understanding of the neurobiology of these insight deficits may help the development of new treatments targeting insight. Despite the importance of this issue, the neural correlates of insight deficits in schizophrenia remain poorly understood.
Effects of impression management on performance ratings: A longitudinal study.

We tested a model proposing that subordinates' impression management behavior influences performance ratings through supervisors' liking of and perceived similarity to subordinates. We measured imp...
Therapies for bleomycin induced lung fibrosis through regulation of TGF‐β1 induced collagen gene expression

This review describes normal and abnormal wound healing, the latter characterized by excessive fibrosis and scarring, which for lung can result in morbidity and sometimes mortality. The cells, the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and the growth factors regulating the synthesis, degradation, and deposition of the ECM proteins will be discussed. Therapeutics with particular emphasis given to gene therapies and their effects on specific signaling pathways are described. Bleomycin (BM), a potent antineoplastic antibiotic increases TGF-beta1 transcription, TGF-beta1 gene expression, and TGF-beta protein. Like TGF-beta1, BM acts through the same distal promoter cis-element of the COL1A1 gene causing increased COL1 synthesis and lung fibrosis. Lung fibroblasts exist as subpopulations with one subset predominantly responding to fibrogenic stimuli which could be a specific cell therapeutic target for the onset and development of pulmonary fibrosis.
Are livestock a troublesome commodity

Abstract Rather than making a uniform case for understanding the neoliberalization of ranching and pastoralism, the articles in this volume show how everyday practices are made through historically and geographically specific struggles over the characteristics of production, exchange and rule, in which livestock play a particularly important role. Collectively, I believe the articles in this volume highlight the significant relationship between cattle and capitalism, and make a compelling argument that to understand the material implications of neoliberalism we need to pay more attention to livestock as an important and rapidly changing medium of livelihood production and accumulation strategy around the world.
Letting the bald patches show

Ozone Depletion: Health and Environmental Consequences. Edited by Robin Russell Jones and Tom Wigley.Wiley: 1989. Pp.280. £35, $72.
Expanding Access to Testicular Tissue Cryopreservation: An Analysis by Analogy

Researchers are developing a fertility preservation technique—testicular tissue cryopreservation (TTCP)—for prepubescent boys who may become infertile as a result of their cancer treatment. Although this technique is still in development, some researchers are calling for its widespread use. They argue that if boys do not bank their tissue now, they will be unable to benefit from any therapies that might be developed in the future. There are, however, risks involved with increasing access to an investigational procedure. This article examines four methods of expanding access to TTCP: (1) expansion of institutional review board (IRB)-approved research trials; (2) offering TTCP as an innovative procedure in hospitals; (3) offering TTCP as a standard practice in hospitals; and (4) commercialization of TTCP. The ethical and practical implications of each are evaluated through a comparison with umbilical cord blood banking (UCBB), a technology that has achieved widespread use based on similar claims of future b...
A revised mechanism for the alkaline phosphatase reaction involving three metal ions.

Here, X-ray crystallography has been used to investigate the proposed double in-line displacement mechanism of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase in which two of the three active-site metal ions have a direct role in catalysis. Two new X-ray crystal structures of the wild-type enzyme in the absence and presence of inorganic phosphate have been refined at 1.75 A to final working R-factors of 15.4% and 16.4%, respectively. In the refinement of both structures, residues in the active sites were treated anisotropically. The ellipsoids resulting from the partial anisotropic refinement show a clear route for the binding and release of substrate/product. In addition, a direct comparison of the refined structures with and without phosphate reveal a strong correlation between the occupancy of the third metal-binding site and the conformation of the Ser102 nucleophile. These findings clarify two important and unresolved aspects of the previously proposed catalytic mechanism, how Ser102 is activated for nucleophilic attack and why a magnesium ion in the third metal site is required for catalysis. Analysis of these results suggest that three metal-ion assisted catalysis is a more accurate description of the mechanism of the alkaline phosphatase reaction. A revised mechanism for the catalytic reaction of alkaline phosphatase is proposed on the basis of the two new X-ray crystal structures reported.
Geometric Aspects of Force Controllability for a Swimming Model

We study controllability properties (swimming capabilities) of a mathematical model of an abstract object which “swims” in the 2-D Stokes fluid. Our goal is to investigate how the geometric shape of this object affects the forces acting upon it. Such problems are of interest in biology and engineering applications dealing with propulsion systems in fluids.
Social discomfort in preadolescence: predictors of discrepancies between preadolescents and their parents and teachers

The present study investigated whether salient preadolescent behaviors and experiences predicted parents’ and teachers’ underestimation of preadolescents’ shyness. Participants included a community sample of 129 fifth and sixth graders, along with one parent and teacher per preadolescent. Preadolescents, parents, and teachers provided reports about preadolescents’ shyness, and parents and teachers rated preadolescents’ prosocial and aggressive behaviors, peer victimization experiences, and academic performance. Results indicated that parent- and teacher-reported prosocial behavior, teacher-reported aggressive behavior, and parent-reported peer victimization were associated with lower parent and teacher reports of preadolescent shyness, relative to preadolescent reports, controlling for demographic variables and parent stress. Additionally, higher parent-reported academic performance was associated with lower teacher reports of preadolescent shyness, compared to preadolescent reports. These findings suggest that preadolescents with higher levels of relatively conspicuous behaviors and experiences feel more shyness than their parents and teachers report.
Dominance in monkeys: Sex differences

Eight female rhesus monkeys were paired under laboratory conditions for the purpose of dominance determinations. Data from a previous identical study with males were compared with the data obtained here. Males showed a significantly higher incidence of vocalization, fighting and avoidance. Dominance in males seems to depend primarily on the aggressive initiative of the dominant animal. In females, dominance appears to be determined primarily by the initiative of the subdominant animal in avoiding the dominant one.
Corrigendum to “Hypothesis driven single nucleotide polymorphism search (HyDn-SNP-S)” [DNA Repair 12 (September (9)) (2013) 733–740]

For the melanoma, breast and lung cancer studies, the same atabases were used to identify the SNPs in the genes of interst and perform the statistical analysis. In the case of the prostate ancer study, the SNP database that was used to mine the NPs was phs000306.v2.p1, by using the publicly available SNP ata. That is, a different SNP data set (phs000306.v2.p1) was used o obtain the SNPs than the database used for the subsequent tatistical analysis (phs000207.v1.p1). This does not change any f our results, in fact it reinforces our method. This is because he list of SNPs associated with prostate cancer was obtained rom a different study than the one that was analysed for ignificance. However, the fact that 11 of the SNPs obtained rom phs000306.v2.p1 was determined to be statistically signifcantly associated with prostate cancer (see main text) when nalysing the phs000207.v1.p1 database provides validation for our ethod. The acknowledgement section should include the following tatement:
Lifetime ratios for Ar I 4p levels.

Abstract Relative transition probabilities of 13 transitions between the 3p54s and 3p54p configurations in Ar I have been measured in emission with a wall-stabilized arc. These data have been combined to yield relative lifetimes which are compared with recent direct lifetime measurements. An important consideration in our experiment was to minimize effects of radiation imprisonment since this effect may have played an important role in lifetime measurements by other methods. Our results agree well with most previously published lifetime data and emission measurements.
Non-Production of Granulocytopenia with an Amidopyrine Compound in Some Acute Infections

SummaryCibalgine (Ciba) does not diminish the number of leucocytes in the circulating blood of normal rabbits when given in large dosages for 17 consecutive days. The pronounced leucocy-tosis which occurs in rabbits with sniffles or a certain gastrointestinal infection is not depressed by the above mentioned amidopyrine barbiturate compound administered from 17 to 30 days. Rabbits thyroidectomized 6 weeks previously and receiving cibalgine develop a leucocytosis in response to the infections comparable to that which occurs in rabbits with thyroids intact.
Child Mortality Among Twins in Less Developed Countries

Although twins constitute only about 2.4 per cent of total births in less developed countries, they account for about 12 per cent of neonatal deaths and about nine per cent of infant deaths. Twin mortality in less developed countries has almost never been analysed systematically. We examine survival among twins as contrasted with that among singleton births by using 2692 twin observations pooled from 26 standardized Demographic and Health Surveys. Weakened by gestational and other biological complications, twins seem to be more vulnerable to detrimental demographic and household socio-economic influences than singletons. Twinning tends to amplify, or at least retain, whatever group differences exist among singleton births.
Comparative Responses of Speckled Dace and Cutthroat Trout to Air-Supersaturated Water

Abstract Speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus) are more tolerant of air-supersaturated water than adult or juvenile cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki). Speckled dace were tested in concentrations from 110 to 142% saturation and had a 96-hour median lethal concentration (LC50) of 140%, a 7-day LC50 of 137%, and 2-week LC50's of 129 and 131% saturation. The estimated mean threshold concentration, based on time to 50% death (TM50), was 123% saturation. The speckled dace also exhibited consistent external signs of gas bubble disease. Cutthroat trout were tested from 111 to 130% saturation and had 96-hour LC50's of 119 and 120% (adults) and 119 and 119% (juveniles) saturation. Estimated mean threshold concentrations (from TM50 values) were 117% (adults) and 114% (juveniles) saturation. Signs of gas bubble disease exhibited by the cutthroat trout were similar to those seen with other salmonids examined in earlier studies.
Endocytic control of ion channel density as a target for cardiovascular disease

Ion channels encoded by the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) give rise to the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr), the perturbation of which causes ventricular arrhythmias associated with inherited and acquired long QT syndrome. Electrolyte imbalances, such as reduced serum K+ levels (hypokalemia), also trigger these potentially fatal arrhythmias. In this issue of the JCI, Guo et al. report that physiological levels of serum K+ are required to maintain normal HERG surface density in HEK 293 cells and IKr in rabbit cardiomyocytes. They found that hypokalemia evoked HERG channel ubiquitination, enhanced internalization via endocytosis, and ultimately degradation at the lysosome, thus identifying unbridled turnover as a mechanism of hypokalemia-induced arrhythmia. But too little channel turnover can also cause disease, as suggested by Kruse et al. in a study also in this issue. The authors identified mutations in TRPM4--a nonselective cation channel--in a large family with progressive familial heart block type I and showed that these mutations prevented channel internalization (see the related articles beginning on pages 2745 and 2737, respectively).
Cheek Cell Membrane Fluidity Measured by Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching and Steady-State Fluorescence Anisotropy

Membrane fluidity of human cheek cells was determined using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and steady-state fluorescence anisotropy. The FRAP data showed that the lateral diffusion coefficient (D) and mobile fraction (%R) of lipid in the plasma membrane of control cells were 2.01×10−9 cm2/ sec and 54.25%, respectively. Trypsin treatment increased D and %R to 6.4×10−9 cm2/sec and 72.15%. In contrast, the anisotropy (r) for control cells was 0.270 which remained unchanged by trypsin treatment. The results show that diffusion of lipids in the plane of the membrane is restricted by trypsin-sensitive barriers.
Protein modelling using computer graphics

Abstract This paper has aimed to give the reader an overview of the use of computer graphics in protein modelling. The increase in use of these facilities has shown that these techniques are being found to be of value in protein research. The past five years has seen a growth in the number of papers on graphics representations and techniques. However, the modelling facilities have not yet sufficiently developed to the point where protein modelling is accepted with total confidence. One area has not been addressed in this review. The use of computer graphics in the analysis of proteins by X-ray crystallography, was responsible for the development of many realtime techniques. This review has ignored the crystallography application as it is well understood and has been comprehensively covered in the literature.
Preservation of Trehalose-Loaded Red Blood Cells by Lyophilization

A method for freeze-drying red blood cells (RBCs) while maintaining high viability has important implications in blood transfusion and clinical medicine. RBCs loaded with the disaccharide trehalose can be freeze-dried in a formulation of hydroxyethyl starch, human serum albumin, and trehalose to residual water contents between 2% and 4%. Rehydration of the freeze-dried erythrocytes resulted in about 55% survival, based on the percent hemolysis. The surviving cells can synthesize ATP and 2,3-DPG, have preserved morphology, and have low levels of methemoglobin. Biochemical analyses showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in freezedried RBCs are very similar to those of fresh RBCs. Secondary structure of hemoglobin was similar to that of fresh hemoglobin. Trehalose loading is required to achieve the stabilization of hemoglobin. These data provide an important step towards a stable erythrocyte product, which can prove invaluable for transfusion and clinical applications.
Generalizing a hybrid synthetic promoter approach in Yarrowia lipolytica.

Both varied and strong promoters are essential for metabolic and pathway engineering applications in any host organism. To enable this capacity, here we demonstrate a generalizable method for the de novo construction of strong, synthetic hybrid promoter libraries. Specifically, we demonstrate how promoter truncation and fragment dissection analysis can be utilized to identify both novel upstream activating sequences (UAS) and core promoters—the two components required to generate hybrid promoters. As a base case, the native TEF promoter in Yarrowia lipolytica was examined to identify putative UAS elements that serve as modular synthetic transcriptional activators. Resulting synthetic promoters containing a core promoter region activated by between one and twelve tandem repeats of the newly isolated, 230 nucleotide UASTEF#2 element showed promoter strengths 3- to 4.5-fold times the native TEF promoter. Further analysis through transcription factor binding site abrogation revealed the GCR1p binding site to be necessary for complete UASTEF#2 function. These various promoters were tested for function in a variety of carbon sources. Finally, by combining disparate UAS elements (in this case, UASTEF and UAS1B), we developed a high-strength promoter with for Y. lipolytica with an expression level of nearly sevenfold higher than that of the strong, constitutive TEF promoter. Thus, the general strategy described here enables the efficient, de novo construction of synthetic promoters to both increase native expression capacity and to produce libraries for tunable gene expression.