cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negative energy seen by accelerated observers

The sampled negative energy density seen by inertial observers, in arbitrary quantum states is limited by quantum inequalities, which take the form of an inverse relation between the magnitude and duration of the negative energy. The quantum inequalities severely limit the utilization of negative energy to produce gross macroscopic effects, such as violations of the second law of thermodynamics. The restrictions on the sampled energy density along the worldlines of accelerated observers are much weaker than for inertial observers. Here we will illustrate this with several explicit examples. We consider the worldline of a particle undergoing sinusoidal motion in space in the presence of a single mode squeezed vacuum state of the electromagnetic field. We show that it is possible for the integrated energy density along such a worldline to become arbitrarily negative at a constant average rate. Thus the averaged weak energy condition is violated in these examples. This can be the case even when the particle moves at nonrelativistic speeds. We use the Raychaudhuri equation to show that there can be net defocusing of a congruence of these accelerated worldlines. This defocusing is an operational signature of the negative integrated energy density. These results in no way invalidate nor undermine either the validity or utility of the quantum inequalities for inertial observers. In particular, they do not change previous constraints on the production of macroscopic effects with negative energy, e.g., the maintenance of traversable wormholes.
Social Determinants of Attitudes towards Women’s Premarital Sexuality among Female Turkish University Students

This paper explores the effects of demographic and attitudinal variables on attitudes toward women’s premarital sexuality in a sample of 277 undergraduate female students at Istanbul University, Turkey. The results of the research demonstrated that sexual attitudes best predicted the dependent variable in regression analysis. Once the variable sexual attitudes was excluded from the equation, mother’s education and personal religiosity were the best predictors of attitudes toward women’s premarital sexuality.
Treatment of a prolonged migrainous aura with intravenous furosemide.

The migraine aura consists of reversible symptoms of focal cortical or brainstem dysfunction that develop gradually over more than 4 minutes and last less than 60 minutes. An aura that lasts longer than 60 minutes is defined as a prolonged aura.1 Cortical spreading depression (CSD) was first identified by Leao in animals in 1944.2 CSD is believed to cause migraine auras in humans, but this has not been proved. We present two patients with spells of prolonged aura that were treated and apparently aborted with IV furosemide. Furosemide was chosen because IV furosemide has inhibited the generation of CSD in animals.3 A 34-year-old woman with a 15-year history of episodic migraine with prolonged aura presented with a 1-week history of a continuous, severe migraine headache associated with a persistent right-sided visual field loss that started 30 minutes before the onset of her headache. She complained that her right visual field was grayed or blacked out. Her aura history included prolonged visual auras that involved loss of vision in her outer visual field …
Wolf equations for two-photon light.

The spatiotemporal two-photon probability amplitude that describes light in a two-photon entangled state obeys equations identical to the Wolf equations, which are satisfied by the mutual coherence function for light in any quantum state. Both functions therefore propagate similarly through optical systems. A generalized van Cittert--Zernike theorem explains the predicted enhancement in resolution for entangled-photon microscopy and quantum lithography. The Wolf equations provide a particularly powerful analytical tool for studying three-dimensional imaging and lithography since they describe propagation in continuous inhomogeneous media.
The Reception of Greek Science in Gregory of Nyssa's De hominis opificio

One of the most significant philosophical questions that Gregory of Nyssa grappled with in his anthropological treatise, De hominis opificio , was how intelligible mind, the image of God that the human person contained, might possibly exist in the physically-circumscribed limits of the corporeal body. Gregory addressed this question by engaging in a medical controversy that was current in his day: where in the body was the reasoning faculty located? Against those who placed this faculty in the brain, Gregory argued that certain mental states and afflictions were due to physical conditions suffered by the body and, therefore, had nothing to do with the reasoning faculty being confined to the brain. I conclude that Gregory's selective use of the anatomical investigations of Galen and the Greek medical writers helped him construct a unified theory of the human person in which the intelligible activity of mind both interacted freely with the physical body and depended upon the body functioning naturally for the complete expression of its divine rationality.
An Esophageal Cannula Force-Feeding Technique

Abstract A technique was developed to force-feed birds in order to conduct experiments regarding feed intake mechanisms. The technique can be used with various experimental objectives. The esophageal cannulation described enables the force-feeding of birds isolated inside a closed chamber. Also, a procedure is described for preparing diets which allows as much as 68 g. of diet to be force-fed in one feeding.
Trait approach motivation moderates the aftereffects of self-control

Numerous experiments have found that exercising self-control reduces success on subsequent, seemingly unrelated self-control tasks. Such evidence lends support to a strength model that posits a limited and depletable resource underlying all manner of self-control. Recent theory and evidence suggest that exercising self-control may also increase approach-motivated impulse strength. The two studies reported here tested two implications of this increased approach motivation hypothesis. First, aftereffects of self-control should be evident even in responses that require little or no self-control. Second, participants higher in trait approach motivation should be particularly susceptible to such aftereffects. In support, exercising self-control led to increased optimism (Study 1) and broadened attention (Study 2), but only among individuals higher in trait approach motivation. These findings suggest that approach motivation is an important key to understanding the aftereffects of exercising self-control.
Oral progestagens and experimental pulmonary emphysema

Oral and subcutaneous dimethisterone progesterone and megestrol acetate prevented the bronchoconstrictive effects of nicotine cigarette smoke and lobeline in anesthetized male rats made experimentally emphysemic by tracheal ligation and intratracheal injection of phytohemagglutinin. Physiologic endpoints were pulmonary resistance tidal volume and functional residual capacity. Compared with 10.66 for sham operated controls rats with tracheal ligation had significantly increased functional residual capacity of 18.56 ml/kg. Progesterone 10 mg/kg dimethisterone 10 mg/kg and megestrol acetate .2 mg/kg in .5% methocel vehicle sc 3 times weekly for 4 weeks prevented this increase in functional residual capacity. Dimethisterone 50 mg/kg and megestrol acetate 1 mg/kg orally on the same schedule similarly prevented emphysema. Dimethisterone sc significantly lowered the increase in pulmonary resistance due to 5-10 puffs of cigarette smoke .1 mg/kg nicotine iv or 2 mg/kg lobeline iv. Megestrol acetate sc decreased bronchoconstriction due to nicotine only.
Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs

All antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have the potential for adverse effects on cognition and behavior. Most of the major AEDs, administered in therapeutic doses, cause little or no cognitive or behavioral impairment in group studies. However, individual variability is considerable, and some patients do not tolerate low serum levels, whereas others tolerate high levels without subjective or objective effects. In the past, carbamazepine (CBZ) and valproate (VPA) have been reported to have the fewest adverse cognitive and behavioral effects in children and adults. However, several recent, well-controlled studies have not found significant differences between the effects of phenytoin (PHT) and those of CBZ or VPA. Greater adverse effects have been found for phenobarbital (PB). However, we must use environmentally relevant measures of cognitive and behavioral functioning to measure effects on daily functioning. Future studies must define cognitive and behavioral toxicity in subpopulations (e.g., post-traumatic epilepsy, mental retardation, depression) and with the new AEDs.
Physical Health and Suicide in Late Life: An Evaluative Review

A review of the empirical literature shows that physical illness increases risk for suicide late in life. Conditions that confer risk include cancer, some neurological disorders (including seizure and possibly cognitive impairment, but not Parkinson's disease or stroke), chronic pulmonary disorder, incontinence, renal failure, hearing or vision impairment, insomnia, and congestive heart failure. Nonetheless, most physically ill older adults do not die by suicide. The extent to which risks are explained by depression, disability, and pain remains to be evaluated. Depression outweighs physical illness as a risk factor for suicide in late life. Clinicians should routinely assess for depression as well as suicide risk in physically ill older adults.
The parallel complexity of approximation algorithms for the maximum acyclic subgraph problem

Several classes of sequential algorithms to approximate themaximum acyclic subgraph problem are examined. The equivalentfeedback arc set problem isNP-complete and there are only a few classes of graphs for which it is known to be inP. Thus, approximation algorithms are very important for this problem. Our goal is to determine how effectively the various sequential algorithms parallelize. Of the sequential algorithms we study, natural decision problems based on several of them are provedP-complete. Parallel implementations usingO(log ¦V¦) time and ¦E¦ processors on an EREW PRAM exist for the other algorithms. Interestingly, the parallelizable algorithms appear very similar to some of theinherently sequential algorithms. Thus, for approximating the maximum acyclic subgraph problem small algorithmic changes drastically alter parallel complexity, unlessNC equalsP.
Intraoperative ultrasound in detecting hepatic metastases.

As a new screening procedure, intraoperative ultrasonography using high-resolution real-time instruments was used routinely in 84 colorectal cancer operations to scan the entire liver for liver metastases. In 10 operations (11.9%), intraoperative ultrasonography identified 14 previously unrecognized metastatic tumors, all of which were less than 2 cm in size and were nonpalpable. The sensitivity of this technique in detecting metastatic liver lesions (97.8%) was significantly superior (p < 0.01) to that of preoperative ultrasound (41.3%), computed tomography (47.8%), and surgical exploration (58.7%), while the specificity of each test was comparable (approximately 90%). High-resolution intraoperative ultrasonography is safe, simple to perform and more accurate than preoperative imaging and surgical exploratory methods. Therefore its use is encouraged during colorectal cancer surgery for screening of liver metastases.
Computer analysis of consecutive photochemical reactions

Abstract A computer program was written to analyze consecutive photochemical reactions of the type If the experimental values for the concentrations of A, B and C versus time are known, then the program can calculate he quantum yields of the partial reactions. Conversely, if the quantum yields of the partial reactions are known, then the program will calculate the concentrations of A, B and C after a given irradiation time. The program will also calculate the time required to obtain the maximum amount of B. To test the computational validity of the program the photosubstitution of W(CO) 6 by pyridine was studied: W(CO) 6 → W(CO) 5 py → cis -W(CO) 4 (py) 2 . The concentrations of the tungsten carbonyl species were monitored by IR spectroscopy and compared with the calculated concentrations; good agreement was obtained. Applications of the program to synthetic and mechanistic studies are discussed.
Survey measures for evaluation of cognitive assistants

A survey designed to measure subject perception of benefit, ease of use, usefulness, collaboration, disorientation, flow, and assistance was used to evaluate two releases of an integrated machine learning cognitive assistance system. The design and validity of this evaluation survey is discussed in the context of an information overload experiment.
Near-Surface Current Measurements Using a Ship-Deployed “Horizontal” ADCP

Abstract An experiment was performed to measure the near-surface current by aiming horizontally two of the beams from an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) deployed at 0.6-m depth from an anchored (but rolling) ship. The results compare favorably with independent current measurements made at 2-m depth but appear to resolve as well a vertical current shear associated with the shallow wind-drift layer. The approach, therefore, has potential for investigating the current profile in the upper meter or two of the water column.
Thoracoscopic-Assisted Lobectomy: Preliminary Experience and Results

A preliminary report is made on the use of videothoracoscopy to achieve pulmonary lobectomy in 16 patients, including 12 with centrally located pulmonary metastases and 4 with benign lesions (3 bronchiectases and 1 endobronchial hamartoma). Videothoracoscopy was performed on eight right-lower lobes, one middle lobe, two right-upper lobes, four left-lower lobes, and one left-upper lobe with a thoracoscope and conventional thoracic instruments. All patients received standard pulmonary lobe resection with lymph node clearance similar to that achieved with open thoracotomy. The mean operative time was 3 h (range, 2.5 to 4 h). Average blood loss was 100 mL and mean length of hospital stay was 6 days (range, 4 to 8 days). A combination of videothoracoscopy with use of conventional instruments resulted in similar performance but less chest wall interruption than in conventional pulmonary lobectomy. Videothoracoscopy showed safer and faster lung resection, which subsequently minimized the perioperative morbidity. Pain intensity was lessened, functional recovery was quicker, and hospital stays were shorter in the patients we reviewed.
Free Energy Changes During Kinesin's Force-Generating Substep

We have previously suggested that Kinesin-1 generates force by transient folding between the N-terminal cover strand and the C-terminal neck linker domains into a beta-sheet, the so-called cover-neck bundle (CNB). Once formed, the CNB has a conformational bias sufficient to move the neck linker forward. Replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to elucidate the energetics of CNB formation with and without load. Without load, the CNB state is weakly favorable compared to non-CNB states by 0.85 kcal/mol at 300 K, which is in agreement with a previous experimental value based on electron paramagnetic resonance, 0.72 kcal/mol (Rice et al, Biophys. J. 84:1844 (2003)), although the identity of the states involved is not certain. In non-CNB states the mobile neck linker points mostly forward in the ATP-like conformation of the motor head, so there is relatively little conformational difference with the CNB-state. By contrast, when a 10-pN rearward load is applied at the end of the beta9 part of the neck linker, a new local energy minimum appears for a rearward-pointing state. Compared to the CNB state, the free energy of the rearward-pointing state is higher by 2.96 kcal/mol at 300 K. This indicates that the CNB readily forms under applied load and thus is able to move the neck linker forward. The significance of these results for the mechanism by which kinesin-1 walks on microtubules will be discussed.
Arts-Based Leadership: Theatrical Tributes.

As an independent educator, Eve Nussbaum Soumerai has developed numerous theatrical tributes to inspirational historical figures (Anne Frank, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Dalai Lama, for example). By participating in these productions, young people learn about the lives of these figures and share these stories with large numbers of their peers. Soumerai uses the process of developing and performing these plays as a form of youth leadership education.
A further study on the composition of American tung oil with special reference to the linoleic acid content

The complete separation of elaeostearic acid from linoleic acid by the irradiation and crystallization of tung oil fatty acids was found difficult if not impossible. The application of several cold alkaline permanganate oxidation procedures to samples of tung oil fatty acids indicated the presence of less than one per cent of linoleic acid in tung oil. A study of the reaction of maleic anhydride with alpha elaeostearic, beta elaeostearic acid, and with the alpha elaeostearic acid glyceride present in tung oil showed that this reagent does not react with them quantitatively but only to 86.6 per cent of the theoretical amount. It was found that the elaeostearic acid content of a tung oil can be calculated by dividing its diene value by 78.4, the determined diene value of pure alpha elaeostearic acid. In this way it was calculated that two samples of American tung oil contained 85.5 and 89.4 per cent of elaeostearic acid. It was found that alpha elaeostearic acid and the mixed fatty acids from tung oil when exposed to the air quickly underwent a change to form an extremely sticky material whose use as an adhesive for insecticides will probably soon be determined.
Behavioral relaxation training for tremor disorders in older adults

Two adult men, aged 86 and 63, with essential tremor and Parkinson's-disease-related tremor, respectively, were provided Behavioral Relaxation Training in reclined and upright seated positions. Multiple measures were recorded, including the Behavioral Relaxation Scale (BRS), clinical and self-rated tremor severity, informant ratings, ratings of disability in activities of daily living (ADL), and forearm EMG. Results showed increased relaxation skills on the BRS, with reductions in EMG, tremor ratings, and some ADL disabilities. Upright BRS scores did not change during reclined training, but improved rapidly during upright training. The second man was found to suffer from dyskinesia when he relaxed during baseline, which declined markedly during training. A two-week follow-up indicated that most improvements were maintained by both men. Statistical analyses of data for each man showed significant changes. These results suggest that relaxation may be useful in the treatment of idiopathic and pathologic tremor disorders in older adults.
Analysis of the shallow groundwater flow system near Connetqout Brook, Long Island, New York

Abstract Streamflow on Long Island is derived principally from shallow groundwater that flows above the deeper regional flow system. The movement of shallow groundwater was studied during 1975–1982 at Connetquot Brook — an undisturbed stream in Connetquot River State Park – in south-central Long Island. The investigation encompassed: (1) field studies of streamflow, groundwater levels, and age of water as indicated by tritium concentrations, and (2) numerical simulation of the shallow flow system to evaluate the hydraulic factors that influence groundwater flow near and beneath the stream. Analysis of water-level data indicates that groundwater flow is essentially horizontal throughout the drainage basin except near and beneath the stream, where it moves upward diagonally and discharges into the streambank at three sites were 1–2 ft higher than stream stage in the and in wells driven into the streambank at three sites were 1–2 ft higher than stream stage in the first 5 ft of penetration. Increases in head, which were detected to depths of 30 ft beneath the streambed, indicate upward movement of water above that depth. Water samples from selected wells were analyzed for tritium concentration to determine the relative age of water to locate the bottom boundary of the shallow flow system. Tritium concentrations indicate that the lower boundary is from 45 to 100 ft below the water table. A two-dimensional cross-sectional flow model of the shallow flow system indicated that: (1) stream width and streambed hydraulic conductivity influence heads mostly within about 50 ft of the stream; (2) the thickness of the shallow flow system influences heads more distant from the stream but has a negligible effect near the stream; and (3) the quantity of water entering the system as recharge from precipitation influences the heads throughout the area. Field measurements of hydraulic head indicate the shallow flow system to extend to about 30 ft below the stream channel. Results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that the thickness of the shallow system has a negligible effect on head distribution beneath the stream.
Multivariate data visualization via outdoor scenes

Visualization of multivariate data presents a challenge due to the sheer dimensionality and density of information. When presenting the data symbolically, this high information dimensionality and density makes it difficult to develop a symbology capable of displaying it in a single presentation. One approach to multivariate visualization involves creating symbols with higher dimensionality. Higher dimensional symbols can be problematic, since they typically require significant human attentive processing to interpret, offsetting their greater informational capacity. Although attempts have been made to develop higher-dimensional symbols that are processed in a preattentive fashion, success has proven elusive. Recent cognitive research indicates that outdoor scenes are processed in a preattentive manner. We evaluate outdoor scenes as a candidate for developing an effective higher-dimensional symbology by generating proof-of-concept images and comparing them to related methods.
THE WAR ON MODERNITY OF R. HAYYIM ELAZAR SHAPIRA OF MUNKACZ

The rapid spread of the Zionist movement across central and eastern Europe in the first decades of this century spawned a broad spectrum of responses from Orthodox Jews, ranging from the enthusiastic embrace of the Rabbinic leaders of the Mizrachi movement1 to unequivocal condemnation by dozens of communal Rabbis, Roshei Yeshiva and hasidic Rebbes.2 Some of the harshest Jewish criticisms of Zionism came from the ultra-conservative hasidic leaders of Transylvania and Carpathian Ruthenia.3 Among the many Rabbis from those regions who protested the expansion of the Zionist movement into their communities, by far the most vehement and extreme hostility was voiced by the ultra-conservative hasidic Rabbi of Munkacz, Hayyim Elazar Shapira (1872-1937).4 Shapira's opposition to the Zionist enterprise was not only more militant than that of any other Rabbi of his day; it was by far the most consistent, and finally became a veritable obsession, particularly in the last decade of his life. His virulent denunciations, often in the form of curses, of what he considered to be the demonic triad of this era"Zionists, Mizrachists and Agudath Israel colonists"-permeated almost all of his writings.5 His attacks on these perceived heretics became especially fierce in the aftermath of Shapira's brief visit to Palestine in 1930.6 Hardly a sermon, homily or letter issued by him from that year until his death in 1937-regardless of their original contextwas free of Shapira's uniquely violent and extensive anti-Zionist tirades.
Proactive, Early Screening to Detect Behaviorally At-Risk Students: Issues, Approaches, Emerging Innovations, and Professional Practices.

Abstract This article provides a review of current practices and tools used in the proactive screening of behaviorally at-risk students within the context of schooling. While there are many obstacles to the early detection of vulnerable students, some recent developments have helped make educators more receptive to early identification and prevention approaches. In addition to describing current best practices, this article reviews promising innovations in screening and early identification that the authors believe are worth considering and whose structural characteristics, required accommodations, and critical features may make them more acceptable to educational users. Implications for the training of school psychologists in the screening and early identification of high-risk students are reviewed and recommendations offered for future research.
On the resolvent condition in the Kreiss matrix theorem

The Kreiss Matrix Theorem asserts the uniform equivalence over all N x N matrices of power boundedness and a certain resolvent estimate. It is shown that the ratio of the constants in these two conditions grows linearly with N, and the optimal proportionality factor is obtained up to a factor of 2. Analogous results are also given for the related problem involving matrix exponentials. The proofs make use of a lemma that may be of independent interest, which bounds the arch length of the image of a circle in the complex plane under a rational function.
Hippocampal ‘zipper’ slice studies reveal a necessary role for calcineurin in the increased activity of L-type Ca2+ channels with aging

Previous studies have shown that inhibition of the Ca2+-/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin (CN) blocks L-type voltage sensitive Ca2+ channel (L-VSCC) activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. However, it is not known whether CN contributes to the increase in hippocampal L-VSCC activity that occurs with aging in at least some mammalian species. It is also unclear whether CN's necessary role in VSCC activity is simply permissive or is directly enhancing. To resolve these questions, we used partially dissociated hippocampal “zipper” slices to conduct cell-attached patch recording and RT-PCR on largely intact single neurons from young-adult, mid-aged, and aged rats. Further, we tested for direct CN enhancement of L-VSCCs using virally mediated infection of cultured neurons with an activated form of CN. Similar to previous work, L-VSCC activity was elevated in CA1 neurons of mid-aged and aged rats relative to young adults. The CN inhibitor, FK-506 (5 μM) completely blocked the aging-related increase in VSCC activity, reducing the activity level in aged rat neurons to that in younger rat neurons. However, aging was not associated with an increase in neuronal CN mRNA expression, nor was CN expression correlated with VSCC activity. Delivery of activated CN to primary hippocampal cultures induced an increase in neuronal L-VSCC activity but did not elevate L-VSCC protein levels. Together, the results provide the first evidence that CN activity, but not increased expression, plays a selective and necessary role in the aging-related increase in available L-VSCCs, possibly by direct activation. Thus, these studies point to altered CN function as a novel and potentially key factor in aging-dependent neuronal Ca2+ dysregulation.
Formal training in women's issues in psychiatry: a survey of psychiatry residency training directors.

The authors describe the availability of formal residency training opportunities in women’s issues in psychiatry and explore the potential relationships between the availability of training and characteristics of residency programs. The authors surveyed psychiatry residency training directors to identify program characteristics and training opportunities. Certain didactic subjects were available in greater than 80% of residencies. Clinical training opportunities were less available and often not required. Selected didactic training in gender issues is commonly available in a majority of residencies. Nevertheless, general clinical instruction and didactic instruction in several important topics are less available.
Lunar synchronization of the monthly reproductive rhythm in the sea urchin Centrostephanus coronatus Verrill

Abstract The monthly reproductive rhythm in the diadematid sea urchin Centrostephanus coronatus Verrill at Santa Catalina Island, California, was studied in the summer of 1973 and the results are compared with data for the summer of 1969. In the summer of 1973 the more extreme spring tides coincided with the new moon, while in the summer of 1969 the more extreme spring tides coincided with the full moon. The reproductive rhythm in both years was closely synchronized with lunar phases and not with the monthly tidal cycles; spawning occurred near the third lunar quarter in both years. These observations suggest that this monthly reproductive rhythm is synchronized by monthly changes in moonlight, and not by monthly tidal changes.
Clinical relevance of the interaction of theophylline with diltiazem or nifedipine.

The results of previously published studies indicate that calcium channel blockers are capable of competitively inhibiting cytochrome P-450 activity in hepatic microsomes, the pathway of theophylline metabolism. In addition, case reports have suggested that theophylline serum concentrations change when a calcium channel blocker has been added to or deleted from a stable theophylline regimen. To determine the clinical relevance of this potential interaction in patients with chronic asthma, we measured a peak steady-state theophylline serum concentration in 21 subjects while receiving theophylline alone (400 to 1,500 mg/day), and again, at least seven days later, after the addition of continuous therapy with maximally tolerated doses of either diltiazem (n = 18) or nifedipine (n = 16). The diltiazem dose was increased in 120 mg/day increments, as tolerated, to a maximum of 240 to 480 mg/day, while the nifedipine dose was increased in increments of 40 mg/day, to a maximum dose of 80 to 160 mg/day. The mean±SEM theophylline serum concentrations were 13.6 ±1.4 μg/ml before and 14.0 ± 1.2 μg/ml during concurrent diltiazem therapy, and 12.6±1.0 μg/ml before and 12.2±1.1 μg/ml during nifedipine (p>0.05). With this sample size there is a 5 percent chance that we missed a 20 percent change in serum concentration (type II error). Thus, maximum tolerated doses of diltiazem or nifedipine do not impair the metabolism of theophylline to a clinically relevant degree and adjustment of theophylline dosage is not required after the addition or discontinuation of diltiazem or nifedipine. In addition, these data suggest that currently available in vitro techniques for evaluating drug interactions in the hepatocyte do not predict the clinical relevance of such an interaction in patients who might require both drugs for different therapeutic indications. (Chest 1989; 95:309-13)
Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase activity in mouse brain.

To examine in vivo effectiveness of antisense oligonucleotides against tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) mRNA, adult male swiss-NIH mice were implanted with in-dwelling cannula into the 4th ventricle and after recovery infused with either antisense oligonucleotide to TPH, scrambled control oligo or saline vehicle for four consecutive days. An additional group of animals bearing cannula were injected a single time i.p. with the TPH inhibitor para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA; 300 mg/kg). All animals were sacrificed on the afternoon of the 4th day of treatment. TPH activity was measured by enzymatic assay and HPLC quantification of end-product synthesis. There was a significant decrease (> 50%) in TPH activity in both the PCPA-treated and antisense-oligo infused animals compared to either scrambled-oligo or saline-infused subjects (ANOVA; P < 0.05). There was no difference between saline and scrambled oligo-infusion. In a separate group of animals treated in the same way, behavioral tests were conducted on the afternoon of the 4th day. Two tests of anxiety, the hole-board apparatus and the elevated plus-maze, indicated some significant effects of PCPA treatment and/or antisense oligo-infusion but confounding effects due to alterations in locomotion could not be ruled out. However, tests on a rotorod apparatus indicated that antisense oligo-infused animals retained good balance and coordination in that their performance significantly improved on the second test, as did that of scrambled-oligo infused animals. In contrast, PCPA-treated animals did not improve, suggesting that locomotor performance had been impaired. These data support the notion that antisense oligo blockade may offer advantages over pharmacological manipulations of enzyme activity.
Combination therapy using IL-2 and anti-CD25 results in augmented natural killer cell-mediated antitumor responses.

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-2 has been extensively examined to promote clinical T and natural killer (NK) cell responses. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to regulate many aspects of the immune system, including NK cell–mediated responses. We have demonstrated that in vivo administration of IL-2 led to activation and expansion of both NK cells and immunosuppressive Tregs. Therefore, we attempted to augment NK cell antitumor effects by concurrently depleting Tregs using anti-CD25. Increased NK cell activation by IL-2 was found to be correlated with an increase in classical, short-term NK cell in vitro killing assays regardless of the depletion of Tregs. But when splenocytes of the treated mice were used in long-term tumor outgrowth experiments, we observed that prior depletion of Tregs from IL-2 administration led to improved antitumor effects compared with either treatment alone. Importantly, these in vitro data are correlated with subsequent in vivo survival of leukemia-bearing mice, in which co-treatment of IL-2 with anti-CD25 led to significantly improved survival compared with mice treated with either IL-2 alone or with Treg depletion. Prior depletion of NK1.1+ cells, but not of CD8+ cells, completely abrogated all antitumor effects mediated by IL-2 and anti-CD25 combination therapy. These findings demonstrate that superior NK cell–mediated antileukemic effects can be achieved with IL-2 administration and concurrent depletion of CD25+ cells.
Ray-specialized acceleration structures for ray tracing

The key to efficient ray tracing is the use of effective acceleration data structures. Traditionally, acceleration structures have been constructed under the assumption that rays approach from any direction with equal probability. However, we observe that for any particular frame the system has significant knowledge about the rays, especially eye rays and hard/soft shadow rays. In this paper we demonstrate that by using this information in conjunction with an appropriate acceleration structure - a set of one or more perspective grids - that ray tracing performance can be significantly improved over prior approaches. This acceleration structure can easily be rebuilt per frame, and provides significantly improved performance for rays originating at or near particular points such as the eye point and the light source(s), without sacrificing the ability to trace arbitrary rays. We demonstrate true real-time frame rates on a game-like scene rendered on an eight-core desktop PC at 1920times1200 resolution for primary visibility, and hard shadows, along with lower frame rates for Monte Carlo soft shadows. In particular, we demonstrate the fastest hard shadow ray-tracing results that we are aware of. We argue that the perspective grid acceleration structure provides insight into why the Z buffer algorithm is faster than traditional ray tracing and shows there is a useful continuum of visibility algorithms between the two traditional approaches.
The Intercity Bus Tour Market: A Comparison Between Inquirers and Purchasers:

This study reports the results of an effort to gather information for a bus firm located in the southwest United States about individuals who actually purchased bus tours offered by the firm (patrons), as well as about individuals who had merely inquired about the firm's tour program (non-patrons). The study indicates that distinct differences do exist between patrons and non-patrons. These differences are most evident in terms of some travel habits and preferences, somepsychographic and demographic characteristics, automobile ownership characteristics, and the sources of information used in vacation planning.
A baby with eczema and an abnormal sweat test

Electrophysiological studies were normal. The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis was rejected. It took 10 days before the results of these procedures became available. The anxiety experienced by the parents during this period was enormous. The initial message that their baby had cystic fibrosis had had serious impact on their families as well. There were two early pregnancies in the parents’ siblings, and understandably both couples requested prenatal diagnosis.
When the Product is Complex, Does the Advertisement's Conclusion Matter?

This study was made for two purposes. The first was to replicate the study of Sawyer and Howard (1991), which found that the effects of persuasion in open-ended advertisements were greater than those of closed-ended advertisements when the audience was involved in processing the ads. The second was to examine a potential boundary condition of these findings based on complexity of the product featured in the advertisement and the audience's ability to process the information. An experiment using 211 student subjects replicated the results of Sawyer and Howard when the same low-complexity product was featured in the target advertisement. However, the results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and logistic regression (LOGIT) analyses on four measures of persuasion (attitude toward the brand, effort, purchase intention, and choice) showed that the effects Sawyer and Howard found for their relatively simple product (razor) did not hold for a complex product (CD player) except for purchase intention. Further examination of the role of the subject's ability to process the complex product advertisement showed little difference from the over-all group in the complex product condition.
Psychosocial Factors and Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment among Older Adults

This study examined diabetes awareness, diagnosis, and social support among Mexican Americans, African Americans, other Hispanic people, and white people living in the United States. Using a national sample of people age 60 and older, three groups were formed based on serum glucose level and diagnosis of diabetes: those who were unaware that their serum glucose level was greater than 115 mg/dl (no diagnosis), those with a diabetes diagnosis, and those with normal glucose (no diagnosis). Mexican Americans were the most likely to have a diagnosis, had the highest mean glucose levels, and, together with white people, were most likely to be classified as unaware. Mexican Americans and other Hispanic people had the lowest levels of social support and affiliation on four out of five measures.
The Christian Right in the Republican Party: The Case of Pat Robertson's Supporters

Using the results of an extensive mail survey of donors to Republican presidential candidate and party committees, we compare contributors to Pat Robertson's campaign with donors to right-wing and mainstream Republican committees. While measures of salience, ideology, religiosity, demography and partisanship show Robertson supporters to be distinctive in expected ways, they are remarkably similar to other kinds of Republicans in many other respects. These findings suggest that the Christian Right will be eventually assimilated into the Republican party.
A high power two-dimensional coupled-oscillator array at X-band

The design and construction of a high power X-band quasi-optical power combining array is described. This array extends our previous work to two dimensions using a coupled network of GaAs power MESFET oscillators. Preliminary measurements suggest that a 6/spl times/6 array produces a total power in excess of 30 Watts, with an effective radiated power (ERP) of greater than 2 kW. >
Sensitivity of vegetation indices to atmospheric aerosols: Continental-scale observations in Northern Asia

Abstract Satellite observations play an important role in characterization of the interannual variation of vegetation. Here, we report anomalies of two vegetation indices for Northern Asia (40°N–75°N, and 45°E–179°E), using images from the SPOT-4 VEGETATION (VGT) sensor over the period of April 1, 1998 to November 20, 2001. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), which are correlated to a number of vegetation properties (e.g., net primary production, leaf area index), were compared. The results show that there is a large disagreement between NDVI and EVI anomalies in 1998 and 1999 for Northern Asia. The NDVI anomaly in 1998 was largely affected by atmospheric contamination, predominantly aerosols from extensive forest fires in that year. The EVI anomaly in 1998 was less sensitive to residual atmospheric contamination, as it is designed to be, and thus EVI is a useful alternative vegetation index for the large-scale study of vegetation. The EVI anomaly also suggests that potential vegetation productivity in Northern Asia was highest in 1998 but declined substantially in 2001, consistent with precipitation data from 1998–2001.
Attribute Fusion in a Latent Process Model for Time Series of Graphs

Hypothesis testing on time series of attributed graphs has applications in diverse areas, e.g., social network analysis (wherein vertices represent individual actors or organizations), connectome inference (wherein vertices are neurons or brain regions) and text processing (wherein vertices represent authors or documents). We consider the problem of anomaly/change point detection given the latent process model for time series of graphs with categorical attributes on the edges presented in [N. H. Lee and C. E. Priebe, “A latent process model for time series of attributed random graphs,” Statist. Inference Stoch. Process., vol. 14, pp. 231–253, 2011]. Various attributed graph invariants are considered, and their power for detection as a function of a linear fusion parameter is presented. Our main result is that inferential performance in mathematically tractable first-order and second-order approximation models does provide guidance for methodological choices applicable to the exact (realistic but intractable) model. Furthermore, to the extent that the exact model is realistic, we may tentatively conclude that approximation model investigations have some bearing on real data applications.
State Equivalences for Rectangular Hybrid Automata

Three natural equivalence relations on the infinite state space of a hybrid automaton are language equivalence, simulation equivalence, and bisimulation equivalence. When one of these equivalence relations has a finite quotient, certain model checking and controller synthesis problems are decidable. When bounds on the number of equivalence classes are obtained, bounds on the running times of model checking and synthesis algorithms follow as corollaries. We characterize the time-abstract versions of these equivalence relations on the state spaces of rectangular hybrid automata (RHA), in which each continuous variable is a clock with bounded drift. These automata are useful for modeling communications protocols with drifting local clocks, and for the conservative approximation of more complex hybrid systems. Of our two main results, one has positive implications for automatic verification, and the other has negative implications. On the positive side, we find that the (finite) language equivalence quotient for RHA is coarser than was previously known by a multiplicative exponential factor. On the negative side, we show that simulation equivalence for RHA is equality (which obviously has an infinite quotient). Our main positive result is established by analyzing a subclass of timed automata, called one-sided timed automata (OSA), for which the language equivalence quotient is coarser than for the class all of timed automata. An exact characterization of language equivalence for OSA requires a distinction between synchronous and asynchronous definitions of (bi)simulation: if time actions are silent, then the induced quotient for OSA is coarser than if time actions are visible.
Distributed virtual reality for everyone-a framework for networked VR on the Internet

The success of VRML-the Virtual Reality Modeling Language-which has established itself as the standard for 3D data on the Internet, shows that virtual reality is no longer limited to research labs but will become a part of everybody's life. Although VRML has just made its first steps from a static scene description language to an interactive VR specification, the realization of distributed virtual reality for everyone will only be the next step. We introduce a network architecture to support multiuser virtual environments on the Internet. The key issues of our approach as realized in our current prototype are scalability and interactivity. For that reason we consider a world wide distribution, large numbers of participants and the composition of very large virtual worlds.
The Role of the Plantar First Metatarsal First Cuneiform Ligament in Weightbearing on the First Metatarsal

Twelve below the knee amputation specimens were examined while a dorsally directed force was applied to the first metatarsal. Seven specimens were tested with serial removal of soft tissues, followed by cutting the plantar first metatarsocuneiform ligament. Five specimens had only the plantar first metatarsocuneiform ligament cut, leaving the other structures intact. In both groups, dorsal displacement of the distal first metatarsal was noted to be more than 5 mm after sectioning of the ligament, with no marked change noted during removal of other soft tissues. This study demonstrates that the plantar first metatarsocuneiform ligament is the major component in the stabilization of the first metatarsal during weightbearing.
EMBEDDED CONTRASTS IN RACE, MUNICIPAL FRAGMENTATION, AND PLANNING: DIVERGENT OUTCOMES IN THE DETROIT AND GREATER TORONTO–HAMILTON REGIONS 1990–2000

ABSTRACT: Since the early 1980s, scholars have debated whether or not the converging forces of globalization have disembedded city-regions from their national contexts. This study explored this question through a comparison of post-1990 growth trends in the Detroit and Greater Toronto Area–Hamilton regions (GTAH), two urban areas within the same natural region and closely linked by industrial production flows, yet politically situated within two separate Federalist states. Guided by Nested City Theory, it reveals how their dissimilar contexts for race, local autonomy, and multilocal planning have helped foster divergent spatial patterns in the two regions. In particular, provincial controls governing municipal fragmentation, Ontario's Planning Act, and subregional/microregional planning have been key embedded structures helping to limit population decline and disinvestment in GTAH core cities. In the process, this article shows how urban trajectories have remained nested within multilevel spatial and institutional configurations. Its findings also call for greater consideration of nested state/provincial factors in cross-national comparisons of cities within Federal states. Finally, its conclusion offers a starting point toward a more nuanced specific version of Nested Theory to be called the Contextualized Model of Urban–Regional Development.