cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron Energy Distributions in HII Regions: kappa-Distributions Do Not Apply

Some authors have proposed that electron energy distributions in H II regions may be significantly nonthermal, and kappa-distributions have been suggested as being appropriate. Here it is demonstrated that the electron energy distribution function in H II regions is extremely close to a Maxwellian up to electron kinetic energies ~13 eV: kappa-distributions are inappropriate. The small departures from a Maxwellian have negligible effects on line ratios. When observed line ratios in H II regions deviate from models with a single electron temperature, it must arise from spatial variations in electron temperature, rather than local deviations from a Maxwellian.
Personal and clinical social support and adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy among hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients in an integrated health care system

We evaluated associations between personal and clinical social support and non-adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) in a large, Northern California breast cancer (BC) cohort from an integrated healthcare network. This study included 3382 women from the Pathways Study diagnosed from 2005 to 2013 with stages I–III hormone receptor-positive BC and who responded to the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support and Interpersonal Processes of Care surveys, approximately 2 months post-diagnosis. We used logistic regression to evaluate associations between tertiles of social support and non-initiation (< 2 consecutive prescription fills within a year after diagnosis). Among those who initiated treatment, we used proportional hazards regression to evaluate associations with discontinuation (≥ 90 day gap) and non-adherence (< 80% medical possession ratio). Of those who initiated AET (79%), approximately one-fourth either discontinued AET or were non-adherent. AET non-initiation was more likely in women with moderate (adjusted OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.96–1.46) or low (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.05–1.62) versus high personal social support (P trend = 0.02). Women with moderate (HR 1.20, 95% CI 0.99–1.45) or low (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.09–1.60) personal social support were also more likely to discontinue treatment (P trend = 0.01). Furthermore, women with moderate (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.02–1.53) or low (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.12–1.70) personal social support had higher non-adherence (P trend = 0.007). Associations with clinical social support and outcomes were similar. Notably, high clinical social support mitigated the risk of discontinuation when patients’ personal support was moderate or low (P value = 0.04). Women with low personal or clinical social support had higher AET non-adherence. Clinician teams may need to fill support gaps that compromise treatment adherence.
Development of Accounting Standards

This article reviews the evolution of standard setting for financial reporting in the United States and provides brief summaries of similar developments in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, France, Germany, and Japan. The evolution of the International Accounting Standards Committee (1973–2000) and the International Accounting Standards Board (since 2001) is also surveyed. Particular emphasis is placed on instances of self-interested lobbying of the United States standard setter, and also of the IASB, by industry, banks, and government.
A proteolytic system that compensates for loss of proteasome function

Proteolysis is essential for the execution of many cellular functions. These include removal of incorrectly folded or damaged proteins, the activation of transcription factors, the ordered degradation of proteins involved in cell cycle control, and the generation of peptides destined for presentation by class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. A multisubunit protease complex, the proteasome, accomplishes these tasks. Here we show that in mammalian cells inactivation of the proteasome by covalent inhibitors allows the outgrowth of inhibitor-resistant cells. The growth of such adapted cells is apparently maintained by the induction of other proteolytic systems that compensate for the loss of proteasomal activity.
Kenny, ‘Sister’ Elizabeth

Australian ‘Sister’ Elizabeth Kenny (1880–1952) is most remembered for the contributions she made to the rehabilitation of children with poliomyelitis and to the development of physical therapy for neurological rehabilitation in general. ‘Sister’ Kenny's approach to rehabilitation following poliomyelitis combined physical and psychological techniques. Instead of previously employed immobilization and bracing, the physical methods she employed included the labor-intensive application of moist warm wraps for muscle spasms, passive range of motion, and massage. These physical methods were effectively combined with early mobilization, coupled with strong encouragement to achieve both functional independence and a prompt return to normal activities, leavened with confident optimism for improvement. The Kenny methods were widely adopted in the US and elsewhere in the 1940s (although not in Australia). Kenny's approach represented a significant advance in the care of paralyzed patients and helped foster the growth of physical therapy and physical medicine and rehabilitation.
Food Intake and Food Preference

The biologic drive to eat results from complex neural and hormonal systems. The selection of one food over another is also complex, a process involving many factors including food availability, social and cultural norms, economic, biologic, and cognitive elements. Factors determining food preference are both learned and innate, stemming from environmental, psychosocial, biologic, and genetic influences. The environmental and psychosocial elements influencing food choice and preference include food’s perceived value, culture, religion, cost, access, and exposure to food advertisements. Many modalities have been used to quantify food intake and preference including food frequency questionnaires (FFQs), hedonic food scales, feeding studies, food records, and open-ended questionnaires. In this chapter, we will discuss environmental, psychological, social, and economic factors impacting food intake and preference as well as biologic factors shaping eating behaviors, and lastly discuss scientific methods of quantifying and qualifying food preference and intake.
Uranus, Neptun und Pluto: die Eiswelten

In der Nacht des 13. Marz im Jahre 1781 entdeckte der Musiker und Amateurastronom William Herschel den Planeten Uranus. Allerdings hielt er seinen neuen Himmelskorper zunachst irrtumlich fur einen Kometen. Bei einer Himmelsdurchmusterung mit einem selbstgebauten 15cm-Reflektor sties er plotzlich auf einen ungewohnlichen, schwachen „Stern“. Als er das Objekt bei einer starkeren Vergroserung anschaute, hatte er den Eindruck, als konne er dessen Oberflache sehen, wahrend die umgebenden Sterne punktformig blieben.
Distinguishing brackish lacustrine from brackish marine deposits in the stratigraphic record: A case study from the late Miocene and early Pliocene Bouse Formation, Arizona and California, USA

Abstract Brackish marine and brackish continental environments are fundamentally different from a compositional perspective. Brackish water is often defined as having salinity lower than that of standard seawater but higher than that of freshwater, but less regard is given to the origin of the salts involved. The simple dilution of standard seawater by freshwater in a coastal or estuarine setting constitutes a brackish environment, but so do lakes where continental fresh water is impounded and becomes more saline through a variety of solute evolution pathways. The range of potential compositions of brackish lake water is diverse and includes water with “seawater-like” compositions. Isolated brackish lake environments located hundreds of kilometers inland can evolve towards sodium chloride-dominated, low alkalinity environments that mimic the composition of brackish seawater environments. These types of lakes can harbor a variety of continentally invasive but typically marine organisms, including but not limited to algae, foraminifers, mollusks, diatoms, and crustaceans. Distinguishing brackish marine from brackish lake environments in the geologic record can be difficult. In this paper, the enigmatic late Miocene and early Pliocene southern Bouse Formation of southern Arizona and California, USA, considered by many to represent a marine transgression along the lower Colorado River corridor, is discussed within a broad framework that incorporates hydrochemical, biogeographical, and species niche concepts. A brackish lake interpretation provides a powerful platform that can comprehensively account for the enigmatic mixed marine and continental fossil assemblage and possible tidal rhythmites that feature prominently in the southern Bouse Formation controversy. A review of the broader regional (paleo)environmental context for the southern Bouse supports a sodium chloride-dominated, low alkalinity, mildly brackish (10-5 ppt) Colorado River-fed lake depositional environment that was populated by an intriguing but predictable array of euryhaline, opportunistic, and continentally invasive marginal marine organisms.
Case control study to identify the prevalence of menstrual and pregnancy complications in women with mucopolysaccharidosis

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) are a group of inherited lysosomal storage disorders which are caused due to deficiencies in enzymes leading to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. There is extensive literature available on the systemic impact of MPS. However, there is a deficit in the number of publications about the prevalence of gynecological problems in women with MPS. In this study, we aim to identify if there is a difference in the menstrual patterns, gynecological problems, and pregnancy complications in women with MPS in comparison to the control population. The study is designed as a case control study in which the cases are women diagnosed with MPS over the age of 12 who have begun menstruating, and the controls are women over the age of 12 without a diagnosis of MPS. Women who underwent a hematopoietic stem cell transplant were excluded from the study as the drugs used for this procedure could influence menstruation and fertility. The study was conducted in the form of a 34-question survey. The survey is divided into questions regarding demographics, menstruation and pregnancy outcomes. The menstrual questionnaire was scored, and chi square analysis was performed to analyze the differences between the case and control group. Data regarding pregnancy complications, age at menarche and use of enzyme replacement therapy were portrayed using descriptive statistics. The results of the study will be presented at the conference. Through this study we shed light on the menstrual and pregnancy complications found in women with MPS. We hope that this study will be the first step towards identifying any effect MPS disease may have on the reproductive system.
Conclusion: A Progressive Vision

Globally and nationally, health outcomes for rural populations appear dismal. Inequalities in health widened, geographically, for decades, as race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status remained the spotlight for literary attention. The convergence of theory and interventions to address these matters failed to identify the magnitude of geographical differences in health. Income provisions, cultural sensitivity and behavior modifications materialized as solutions to the race, ethnic and income juxtaposition. However, upon further analysis, these same factors augmented geographical health disparities.
Dynamic Brittle Fragmentation: Probing the Byproducts of Hypervelocity Impact in Space☆

Abstract Improvements in computational and analytical modelling of large-scale impact and catastrophic disruption events will come from a better understanding of the failure processes that are active during high strain-rate events. In this study we investigate the dynamic compressive failure and fragmentation of basalt, paying particular attention to the role each constituent mineral phase has in these processes. Our results indicate the existence of two fragmentation mechanisms: I. a mechanism that creates small fragments that is associated with the spacing of critically activated defects. These fragments are primarily comprised of pyroxene (which has the lowest fracture toughness in this material). II. a mechanism related to larger fragments that is associated with the structural failure of the sample. These fragments are primarily polyphase and polygrain in composition. In the second part of the paper, we investigate the strength of fragmented basalt material for different initial fragment size distributions: 1. between 10 and 100 microns, 2. between 200 and 800 microns, and 3. between 300 and 1,800 microns. The porosity of each of the three samples was maintained between 30 and 35%. Understanding the composition of the fragments beforehand allows us to better interpret our experimental results, which indicate that the strengths of the fragmented material increased with decreasing fragment sizes, from 4 to 25 MPa, and then to 175 MPa. An increase in strength with smaller fragment sizes is expected because of the associated increase in frictional dissipation, and decrease in the relative contribution of compaction and fracturing mechanisms. However, we do note that fragments less than 100 microns fail as a result of the activation of a different critical defect type than in the bulk material and for fragments larger than 100 microns, where olivine grains are the key contributors to fracture. Altogether, these results highlight the influence of the composition and defect population of planetary materials on the associated length scales that arise from dynamic failure and fragmentation.
Between Drought and Disparity: American Indian Farmers, Resource Bureaucracy, and Climate Vulnerability in the Southern Plains

Based on research conducted with American Indian farmers and ranchers in southwestern Oklahoma, this paper interrogates how agricultural resource bureaucracies differentially constrain or enable resilience to climate variability. We demon­strate that while extreme weather events have been a persistent impediment to agriculture in the region, for American Indian farmers and ranchers, such efforts have been equally impeded by a his­tory of negative interaction with opaque and fre­quently indifferent systems of overlapping, yet dis­junctive, bureaucracy. Thus we are concerned with precisely how structural vulnerability and climate vulnerability are reproduced in tandem and how such structural constraints have circumscribed nas­cent food sovereignty efforts. Drawing on our research into how farmers in southwest Oklahoma understand the interaction between the impacts—potential and/or experienced—of climate change and different relationships to agriculture and nature, we demonstrate how demoralization and social defeat emerge from the failures of local resource bureaucracies. Those agencies have, ironi­cally, contributed to the vulnerability of the very population they have been established to serve. What we will show is that, caught between the opacity and bureaucratic posturing of two federal resource agencies, many American Indian land­owners simply give up. See the press release for this article.
PLENARY 2-HOME AND COMMUNITY BASED INTERVENTIONS FOR DEMENTIA CARE: THE CHALLENGE OF BRINGING EVIDENCE TO PRACTICE

Abstract Families are in the forefront of providing care to persons living with dementia throughout the disease trajectory. Nevertheless, they typically do not receive disease education nor support and most are told that there is “nothing that can be done.” However, there are evidence based approaches tested in randomized trials that can help families manage the clinical symptoms of dementia including functional dependence, dementia-related behavioral and psychological symptoms and caregiver distress. Described are a number of proven home and community based programs that have been shown to support quality of life. Also discussed are the challenges of translating this research evidence into clinical settings. The main message of this talk is that there are evidence-based approaches that can be used now yet we have significant challenges bringing the evidence to practice. We must change the “no cure - nothing can be done” message that families receive to the provision of evidence-based strategies that support families at each disease stage. Implications for this research-practice gap for workforce preparation, policy and reimbursement are highlighted.
6 – Plasmonic photodetectors

This chapter summarizes the optical and electrical properties of plasmonic photodetectors in the spectral range of UV to the near infrared. Different types of plasmonic photodetectors are described with fundamental operation principles, relative advantages, applications and challenges. The chapter also reviews the state of the art for the plasmonic photodetectors and provides an outlook for the future.
NERDSS: A Nonequilibrium Simulator for Multibody Self-Assembly at the Cellular Scale.

Abstract Currently, a significant barrier to building predictive models of cellular self-assembly processes is that molecular models cannot capture minutes-long dynamics that couple distinct components with active processes, whereas reaction-diffusion models cannot capture structures of molecular assembly. Here, we introduce the nonequilibrium reaction-diffusion self-assembly simulator (NERDSS), which addresses this spatiotemporal resolution gap. NERDSS integrates efficient reaction-diffusion algorithms into generalized software that operates on user-defined molecules through diffusion, binding and orientation, unbinding, chemical transformations, and spatial localization. By connecting the fast processes of binding with the slow timescales of large-scale assembly, NERDSS integrates molecular resolution with reversible formation of ordered, multisubunit complexes. NERDSS encodes models using rule-based formatting languages to facilitate model portability, usability, and reproducibility. Applying NERDSS to steps in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, we design multicomponent systems that can form lattices in solution or on the membrane, and we predict how stochastic but localized dephosphorylation of membrane lipids can drive lattice disassembly. The NERDSS simulations reveal the spatial constraints on lattice growth and the role of membrane localization and cooperativity in nucleating assembly. By modeling viral lattice assembly and recapitulating oscillations in protein expression levels for a circadian clock model, we illustrate the adaptability of NERDSS. NERDSS simulates user-defined assembly models that were previously inaccessible to existing software tools, with broad applications to predicting self-assembly in vivo and designing high-yield assemblies in vitro.
[Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in water by stable isotope dilution through automatic solid-phase extraction membrane coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry].

Objective The method for analyzing of 20 polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) in water by stable isotope internal standard-automatic solid-phase extraction membrane(auto SPEM) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS) was established, and applied to the analysis of trace PCBs in water samples. Methods The sample backgrounds of bottled mineral water production in Fuzhou(groundwater), inland water in Fuzhou university city(surface water), tap water(pipe tip water) and stream water in Xiyuan Gong(water source of life) were analyzed by GC-MS. Surrogate solution(SS)internal standards including ~(13)C_(12 )PCBs stable isotope was used for quantification. The method was confirmed by calculating recovery rate(RR) and relative standard deviation(RSD) of spiked water samples(20, 40 and 80 ng/L, n=7). And recovery rates of SS were used to evaluate the effect of the pretreatment. And the method was used to determine PCBs of a total of 17 cross-sectiona river water in minjiang river tributaries upstream to the downstream estuary. Results The method detection limits(MDL) were 1. 9-6. 6 ng/L, and RRs were 70. 9%-127%, and RSDs were 0. 5%-13%. The RRs of SS were 40%-90%. Positive sample was not detected. Conclusion The method of auto SPEM is less solvent, more automatic than traditional manual SPE. And the method is more accurate and reliable by stable isotope internal standard coupled to GC-MS. Therefore, it is useful for the trace PCBs determination of waters.
Updates in Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell (CAR-T) Therapy for Lymphoma and Leukemia from the Annual Meeting of American Society of Hematology 2019.

Abstract Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has revolutionized the field of hematologic malignancies and are potentially curative in patients with previously limited options. This review highlights key abstracts focusing on clinical studies in CAR-T therapy in leukemia and lymphoma presented at the 61 st annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology (December 2019, Orlando, FL). Selected studies discuss data on novel CAR-T constructs aimed at enhancing efficacy and durability of responses, improving toxicity mitigation strategies, challenging clinical scenarios in routine clinical practice for standard of care CAR-T therapy (role of bridging therapy, CNS involvement, and quality of life studies), and new technologies aiming to decrease production time to minimize delay in definitive therapy, all within the rapidly-evolving cellular immunotherapy landscape.
Evaluation of Surgical Risk in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Patient

SUMMARY The complete preoperative evaluation of the oral and maxillofacial surgery patient must include an assessment of surgical risk. We must identify factors that place an individual at greater risk than the normal, healthy patient population and then try to maximize the patient's condition in the perioperative period. The predictive value for most risk factors is not known, and the benefits of correction or improvement of those factors are also unknown. We must rely on our experience, intuition, and knowledge of the physiologic stresses of the planned procedure to make some estimation of the patient's probability of surviving our intervention without complication. The natural history of the disease and the therapeutic benefit of the intervention must be weighed against our estimation of risk. All decisions in the care of the surgical patient must be based on this risk-to-benefit ratio. In the following articles, the evaluation of the patient is discussed from both systemic and global perspectives. The cumulative goal of this work is the optimal perioperative care of the oral and maxillofacial surgery patient.
White preservice music educators’ perceptions of teaching predominantly Black student populations in city schools

The purpose of this research was to explore how five White preservice teachers described working with predominantly Black student populations in city school music classrooms. Participants with prio...
Compensatory reserve detects subclinical shock with more expeditious prediction for need of life-saving interventions compared to systolic blood pressure and blood lactate.

INTRODUCTION: We conducted a prospective observational study on 205 trauma patients at a level I trauma facility to test the hypothesis that a compensatory reserve measurement (CRM) would identify higher risk for progression to shock and/or need a life-saving interventions (LSIs) earlier than systolic blood pressure (SBP) and blood lactate (LAC). METHODS: A composite outcome metric included blood transfusion, procedural LSI, and mortality. Discrete measures assessed as abnormal (ab) were SBP 2.0. A graded categorization of shock was defined as: no shock (normal [n] SBP [n-SBP], n-CRM, n-LAC); sub-clinical shock (ab-CRM, n-SBP, n-LAC); occult shock (n-SBP, ab-CRM, ab-LAC); or overt shock (ab-SBP, ab-CRM, ab-LAC). RESULTS: Three patients displayed overt shock, 53 displayed sub-clinical shock, and 149 displayed no shock. After incorporating lactate into the analysis, 86 patients demonstrated no shock, 25 were classified as sub-clinical shock, 91 were classified as occult shock, and 3 were characterized as overt shock. Each shock subcategory revealed a graded increase requiring LSI and transfusion. Initial CRM was associated with progression to shock (odds ratio = 0.97; p < .001) at an earlier time than SBP or LAC. CONCLUSIONS: Initial CRM uncovers a clinically relevant subset of patients who are not detected by SBP and LAC. Our results suggest CRM could be used to more expeditiously identify injured patients likely to deteriorate to shock, with requirements for blood transfusion or procedural LSI.
Parametrization of the Relative Amplitude of Geomagnetic and Askaryan Radio Emission from Cosmic-Ray Air Showers using CORSIKA/CoREAS Simulations (ICRC2021)

Cosmic rays are messengers from highly energetic events in the Universe. These rare ultra-high-energy particles can be detected efficiently and in an affordable way using large arrays of radio antennas. Linearly polarized geomagnetic emission is the dominant emission mechanism produced when charged particles in air showers get deflected in the Earth's magnetic field. The sub-dominant Askaryan emission is radially polarized and produced due to the time-varying negative-charge excess in the shower front. The relative amplitude of these two emission components depends on various air shower parameters, such as the arrival direction and the depth of the shower maximum. We studied these dependencies using CoREAS simulations of the radio emission from air showers at the South Pole using a star-shaped antenna layout. On the one hand, the parametrization of the Askaryan-to-geomagnetic ratio can be used as input for a more accurate reconstruction of the shower energy. On the other hand, if measured precisely enough, this ratio may provide a new method to reconstruct the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum.
Deep learning evaluation of biomarkers from echocardiogram videos.

Abstract Background Laboratory testing is routinely used to assay blood biomarkers to provide information on physiologic state beyond what clinicians can evaluate from interpreting medical imaging. We hypothesized that deep learning interpretation of echocardiogram videos can provide additional value in understanding disease states and can evaluate common biomarkers results. Methods We developed EchoNet-Labs, a video-based deep learning algorithm to detect evidence of anemia, elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), troponin I, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), as well as values of ten additional lab tests directly from echocardiograms. We included patients (n = 39,460) aged 18 years or older with one or more apical-4-chamber echocardiogram videos (n = 70,066) from Stanford Healthcare for training and internal testing of EchoNet-Lab's performance in estimating the most proximal biomarker result. Without fine-tuning, the performance of EchoNet-Labs was further evaluated on an additional external test dataset (n = 1,301) from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve for the internal and external test datasets. Findings On the held-out test set of Stanford patients not previously seen during model training, EchoNet-Labs achieved an AUC of 0.80 (0.79-0.81) in detecting anemia (low hemoglobin), 0.86 (0.85-0.88) in detecting elevated BNP, 0.75 (0.73-0.78) in detecting elevated troponin I, and 0.74 (0.72-0.76) in detecting elevated BUN. On the external test dataset from Cedars-Sinai, EchoNet-Labs achieved an AUC of 0.80 (0.77-0.82) in detecting anemia, of 0.82 (0.79-0.84) in detecting elevated BNP, of 0.75 (0.72-0.78) in detecting elevated troponin I, and of 0.69 (0.66-0.71) in detecting elevated BUN. We further demonstrate the utility of the model in detecting abnormalities in 10 additional lab tests. We investigate the features necessary for EchoNet-Labs to make successful detection and identify potential mechanisms for each biomarker using well-known and novel explainability techniques. Interpretation These results show that deep learning applied to diagnostic imaging can provide additional clinical value and identify phenotypic information beyond current imaging interpretation methods. Funding J.W.H. and B.H. are supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. D.O. is supported by NIH K99 HL157421-01. J.Y.Z. is supported by NSF CAREER 1942926, NIH R21 MD012867-01, NIH P30AG059307 and by a Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub Fellowship.
Computational study of the gas-phase reactions of sulfuric acid with OH(2ΠJ), O(3PJ), Cl(2PJ) and O(1D2) radicals

Abstract Rate coefficients for reactions of H2SO4 with OH, O(3P) and Cl radicals over 160–298 K were estimated computationally. We propose kOH = 8.5 × 10-14 exp(-50 K/T), kO = 1.1 × 10-12 exp(-5012 K/T) and kCl = 3.1 × 10-9 exp(-3314 K/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1. One product of the H-atom abstraction reactions, and likely from reaction of H2SO4 with O(1D) too, is the HOSO3 radical which may also be formed via OH + SO3 addition, with k0 = 7.3 × 10-30 (T/298 K)-2.64 cm6 molecule-2 s-1 and k∞ = 4.7 × 10-10 (T/298 K)0.167 cm3 molecule-1 s-1.
Learning to Teach with New Technology

AbstractThis study describes a professional development program designed to help K–12 teachers effectively integrate technology into their classrooms. It also investigates the impact of this program on teacher learning, taking into consideration school contextual factors. The findings of the study indicate that the program was effective in helping teachers improve their technological skills and become aware of new pedagogical strategies made possible with the use of technology. As a direct result, two of the teachers who participated in the program began implementation of key program activities shortly thereafter. Critical contextual factors that affected the efficacy and degree of technology implementation within the school environment included administrative support, student needs, collaboration with other teachers, and technological resources. Findings of this study help draw guidelines for future design of professional development related to the use of technology in K–12 classrooms.
Internationally Adopted Children: The Dutch Longitudinal Adoption Study

ABSTRACT The main aims of this study were to compare the prevalence and the developmental course of problem behaviors in a large sample of 1,538 internationally adopted children with the prevalence and developmental course of nonadopted children across adolescence. The higher levels of problem behaviors in adopted versus nonadopted children as reported by their parents, were confirmed by the results based on the children's self-reports of problem behaviors. The higher levels of problem behaviors in the adopted versus the nonadopted sample even increased across the 3-year study interval from ages 11-14 years to ages 14-17 years. It was concluded that despite the much higher levels of problems in adopted versus nonadopted children, the majority of adopted children seem to function quite well as adolescents.
Airborne aerothermal measurement of C n 2 in the tropopause

As a segment of a broader program to assess optical properties of the atmosphere in the vicinity of the tropopause, the refractive index structure constant was measured by an airborne anemometry method. This paper discusses details of the anemometer, its implementation as well as some results. The anemometry method emphasizes turbulence with horizonal scales lying between 6 meters and 60 meters. A subsequent overflight, to be reported elsewhere, of the 50 MHz radar at White Sands Missile Range indicates that the horizontally derived structure constants, Cn2, are comparable to the vertically derived structure constants obtained from radar. For some flights Cn2 appears to be log-normal at least in the asymptotic sense, i.e. only for small deviations from the mean. Large deviations are clearly sub log-normal and occur less frequently than would be the case were the structure constant a true log-normal variable. On other flights inhomogeneity was encountered in the sense of an exit form one air mass and entry into a second. This condition resulted in a bimodality of the statistics. On the whole, however, the entire data set collected in pat over the far east and in part of the western US also appears to be well approximated by an overall log-normal distribution in spite of the obvious inhomogeneity of the atmospheric masses encountered in the collection.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Phasor measurement based voltage sensitivities for contingency analysis

This paper presents a new approach to voltage estimation for N−1 contingency analysis. The voltage magnitude after a single line or generator outage is estimated using a voltage sensitivity matrix. The sensitivity matrix is derived using phasor measurements during normal operation. This technique is compared to the traditional voltage sensitivity calculation using the Jacobian of the system, which is based on the admittance matrix. Both methods are tested on the IEEE 118 bus system and the errors are measured by comparing each set of results with the actual post-contingency voltage. The test results show that the phasor measurement-based method provides a more accurate approximation.
Is International Law Really “Law”?⋆

This chapter describes an International law is enforced by the process as reciprocal-entitlement violation. It shows reciprocal-entitlement violation is a mechanism akin to the old "just war" notion that underlies a realistic enforcement mechanism or international law. Under the McDougal-type argument, international communication itself is "law" irrespective of its being couched in legal terms. Taken together, both of these positions may convince the reader that international law is really law. Some early writers on the law of nations attempted to meet the enforcement objection head-on, by asserting that rules of international law are indeed enforced by the mechanism of war. There is a danger in relying on the enforcement of international law by allowing a retaliatory deprivation of the offending nation's entitlement. International law is a very realistic component of the picture that political scientists try to draw of how nations behave.
Desulfurization Reactions Induced by Transition Metal Surfaces

Catalytic desulfurization reactions are of extreme industrial importance due to the need for upgrading fossil fuel feedstocks with a high sulfur content. Sulfur must be removed from fuel because SO x combustion products contribute to acid rain and sulfur renders “catalytic converters” in automobile engines ineffective. Fundamental studies of desulfurization reactions induced on single-crystal metal surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum conditions are the focus of this chapter. There have been many excellent studies of desulfurization reactions under well-defined conditions which we use here to establish several general features of this class of surface reactions. While we have attempted to include all of these studies, some fine work has most certainly been overlooked and we apologize in advance for our oversight.
Cerebral function in iron deficiency: a review

Studies in many parts of the world have shown that children with iron deficiency and anaemia show minor defects of cerebral function such as poor attentiveness, poor coordination and slightly impaired scores on developmental assessment. The patients improve rapidly after treatment with iron--too quickly for their anaemia to have been corrected. Such changes have not been detected in children with anaemia from other causes, nor in patients with iron deficiency too slight to cause anaemia. The possibility that these changes are due in some way to some other aspect of malnutrition has not been excluded. Fortunately they are minimal, easily reversible and potentially preventable.
A biometric database with rotating head videos and hand-drawn face sketches

The past decade has witnessed a significant progress in biometric technologies, to a large degree, due to the availability of a wide variety of public databases that enable benchmark performance evaluations. In this paper, we describe a new database that includes: (i) Rotating head videos of 259 subjects; (ii) 250 hand-drawn face sketches of 50 subjects. Rotating head videos were acquired under both normal indoor lighting and shadow conditions. Each video captured four expressions: neutral, smile, surprise, and anger. For each subject, video frames of ten pose angles were manually labeled using reference images and empirical rules, to facilitate the investigation of multi-frame fusion. The database can also be used to study 3D face recognition by reconstructing a 3D face model from videos. In addition, this is the only currently available database that has a large number of face sketches drawn by multiple artists. The face sketches are valuable resource for many researches, such as forensic analysis of eyewitness recollection, impact assessment of face degradation on recognition rate, as well as comparative evaluation of sketch recognitions by humans and algorithms.
Aptitude-treatment interaction effects on explicit rule learning: A latent growth curve analysis:

Finding the match between individuals and educational treatments is the aim of both educators and the aptitude-treatment interaction research paradigm. Using the latent growth curve analysis, the present study investigates the interaction between the type of explicit instructional approaches (deductive vs. explicit-inductive) and the level of foreign language aptitude (high vs. low) in the learning of explicit grammar rules. The results indicate that on the whole the two equally explicit instructional approaches did not differentially affect learning performance. However, when the level of language aptitude, measured by grammatical sensitivity, associative memory, and memory for text (with the last variable being the best measure), was taken into account, low-aptitude learners performed significantly better with the deductive instruction, in the sentence-correction tests. The interaction effects of equally explicit instructional approaches suggest the need for considering aptitude-treatment interaction to...
Isolated Ventricular Septal Defect of the Persistent Common Atrioventricular Canal Type

Among 60 necropsy specimens of isolated ventricular septal defects and more than 300 cases of ventricular septal defect observed at operation, 15 cases demonstrating unusual anatomic positions of the defect were found. The ventricular defect differed from the ordinary ventricular septal defect in that it usually occupied the position of the ventricular component of the defect in persistent common atrioventricular canal. For this reason it was named ventricular septal defect of the persistent common atrioventricular canal type. Deformities of one or both atrioventricular valves were common (nine of 15 cases). No atrial septal defects of the ostium primum type were present. Anatomic studies of the conduction tissue revealed that this tissue skirted the posterior and inferior aspects of the ventricular septal defect and that, as in persistent common atrioventricular canal, the course taken by the conduction tissue was unusually long, as a result of the peculiar posteroinferior position of the lower edge of t...
Predicting hunting participation in response to chronic wasting disease in four states.

This article examines how factors related and unrelated to chronic wasting disease (CWD) influenced hunters to stop hunting deer. Data were obtained from a survey of resident and nonresident deer h...
The effector to memory transition of CD4 T cells

The small number of antigen-specific memory CD4 T cells surviving long-term after antigen or pathogen challenge are often characterized by a surprising degree of phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. We here propose that the immune system has evolved to express this diversity in memory T-cell populations, in order to provide flexibility in recall responses, via a rapid transition from heterogeneous effector cells into correspondingly heterogeneous memory cells. Little attention has been paid to another important transition-from resting memory cell to re-activated effector. We would suggest that superior functional attributes of secondary effectors arising from memory CD4 T cells, as compared to primary effectors arising from naive precursors, play an important and underappreciated role in protective secondary immune responses.
Mode-coupling model of Mott gap collapse in the cuprates: Natural phase boundary for quantum critical points

A simple antiferromagnetic approach to the Mott transition was recently shown to provide a satisfactory explanation for the Mott gap collapse with doping observed in photoemission experiments on electron-doped cuprates. Here this approach is extended in a number of ways. RPA, mode coupling (via self-consistent renormalization), and (to a limited extent) self-consistent Born approximation calculations are compared to assess the roles of hot-spot fluctuations and interaction with spin waves. When fluctuations are included, the calculation satisfies the Mermin-Wagner theorem, and the mean-field gap and transition temperature are replaced by pseudogap and onset temperature. The model is in excellent agreement with experiments on the doping dependence of both photoemission dispersion and magnetic properties. The magnetic phase terminates in a quantum critical point (QCP), with a natural phase boundary for this QCP arising from hot-spot physics. Since the resulting T=0 antiferromagnetic transition is controlled by a generalized Stoner factor, an ansatz is made of dividing the Stoner factor up into a material-dependent part, the bare susceptibility and a correlation-dependent part, the Hubbard U, which depends only weakly on doping. From the material dependent part of the interaction, it is possible to explain the striking differences between electron- and hole-doping, despite an approximate symmetry in the doping of the QCP. The slower divergence of the magnetic correlation length in hole doped cuprates may be an indication of more Mott-like physics.
The Ixodes scapularis salivary protein, salp15, prevents the association of HIV-1 gp120 and CD4.

Abstract Ixodes scapularis salivary protein, Salp15, inhibits CD4+ T cell activation by binding to the most-extracellular domains of the CD4 molecule, potentially overlapping with the gp120-binding region. We now show that Salp15 inhibits the interaction of gp120 and CD4. Furthermore, Salp15 prevents syncytia formation between HL2/3 (a stable HeLa cell line expressing the envelope protein) and CD4-expressing cells. Salp15 prevented gp120–CD4 interaction at least partially through its direct interaction with the envelope glycoprotein. A phage display library screen provided the interacting residues in the C1 domain of gp120. These results provide a potential basis to define exposed gp120 epitopes for the generation of neutralizing vaccines.
Mood reactivity to marital conflict: The influence of marital dissatisfaction and depression

In a sample of married couples, approximately half of which included a wife with major depression, we evaluated whether mood reactivity (i.e., pre- to post-interaction changes in mood) to marital conflict resolution interactions was associated with marital dissatisfaction, depression, or both. In support of the marital discord model of depression, results indicated that greater marital dissatisfaction was associated with greater increases in depressed mood for both wives and husbands; depressed wives also reported greater increases in depressed mood than nondepressed wives. In comparison, husbands of depressed wives did not differ in their mood reactivity from husbands of nondepressed wives, which failed to support Coyne's (1976b) interpersonal theory of depression. Results suggest that the mood-reactivity paradigm may provide an important framework for evaluating partners' experiences of changes in moods following intimate interactions.
Recombinant DNA formation in a cell-free system from Xenopus laevis eggs.

Abstract A cell-free system is described which formed very high levels of recombinant DNA structures in 4 hr at 26°C. It consisted of a single fraction of a high speed supernatant prepared from an extract of unfertilized eggs of the frog Xenopus laevis. This fraction eluted at 0.16−0.18 M Tris homogenization buffer from a DEAE-cellulose column. When two partially homologous supercoiled DNA molecules of different contour lengths were incubated simultaneously in this system, high levels of heterologous figure eight DNA structures were formed and observed by electron microscopy. Subsequent cleavage of the newly formed figure eight structures with Bam HI and Eco RI restriction endonucleases gave rise to "α structures" and "χ structures." The observed figure eight structures presumably represent the recombination intermediate predicted by the Holliday model for genetic recombination.
Intestinal perfusion monitoring using photoplethysmography

In abdominal trauma patients, monitoring intestinal perfusion and oxygen consumption is essential during the resuscitation period. Photoplethysmography is an optical technique potentially capable of monitoring these changes in real time to provide the medical staff with a timely and quantitative measure of the adequacy of resuscitation. The challenges for using optical techniques in monitoring hemodynamics in intestinal tissue are discussed, and the solutions to these challenges are presented using a combination of Monte Carlo modeling and theoretical analysis of light propagation in tissue. In particular, it is shown that by using visible wavelengths (i.e., 470 and 525 nm), the perfusion signal is enhanced and the background contribution is decreased compared with using traditional near-infrared wavelengths leading to an order of magnitude enhancement in the signal-to-background ratio. It was further shown that, using the visible wavelengths, similar sensitivity to oxygenation changes could be obtained (over 50% compared with that of near-infrared wavelengths). This is mainly due to the increased contrast between tissue and blood in that spectral region and the confinement of the photons to the thickness of the small intestine. Moreover, the modeling results show that the source to detector separation should be limited to roughly 6 mm while using traditional near-infrared light, with a few centimeters source to detector separation leads to poor signal-to-background ratio. Finally, a visible wavelength system is tested in an in vivo porcine study, and the possibility of monitoring intestinal perfusion changes is showed.
Quantitative meteor spectroscopy: Elemental abundances

Abstract Procedures are outlined to derive from a meteor spectrum the elemental abundances of its meteoroid, with particular application to observations obtained by an unintensified cooled-CCD slit-less spectrograph. Results are given for two Leonid meteors observed during the 2001 encounter of Earth with dust ejected by comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle in 1767. The spectra contain air plasma lines of N and O, and meteoric metal atom lines of Fe, Mg, Na, Ca, Si, Mn, Al, and Cr. Excitation conditions are investigated from the relative line intensity of Fe and N+ lines. The elemental abundances, normalized to solar system abundances, show a striking correlation with condensation temperature, defined as the temperature at which 50% of elements in a cooling gas mixture with chondritic abundance have condensed into a solid phase. Iron is depleted by a factor of 3, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum by a factor of 8. I conclude that rapid evaporation keeps the mineral surface temperature at ∼1150 K. Much of the refractory elements in these fast 71.6 km/s Leonid meteoroids are deposited in the form of solid meteoric debris rich in Mg, Ca, and Al.