cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating viral haplotypes in a population using k-mer counting

Viral haplotype estimation in a population is an important problem in virology. Viruses undergo a high number of mutations and recombinations during replication for their survival in host cells and exist as a population of closely related genetic variants. Due to this, estimating the number of haplotypes and their relative frequencies in the population becomes a challenging task. The usage of a sequenced reference genome has its limitations due to the high mutational rates in viruses. We propose a method for estimating viral haplotypes based only on the counts of k-mers present in the viral population without using the reference genome. We compute k-mer pairs that are related to each other by one mutation, and compute a minimal set of viral haplotypes that explain the whole population based on these k-mer pairs. We compare our method to the software ShoRAH (which uses a reference genome) on simulated dataset and obtained comparable results, even without using a reference genome.
Hospital clinical career advancement programs: comparing perceptions of nurse participants and nonparticipants.

The study reported in this article describes nurse participants and nonparticipants in hospital clinical career advancement programs (clinical ladders) and compares perceptions in relation to program intrinsic outcomes, needs, and criteria for level advancement. A stratified random sample consisted of 120 participants and 480 nonparticipants drawn from 1,769 clinical nurses employed full time at five regional general hospitals. The findings suggest that nurses' demographic characteristics do not influence program participation status and that clinical advancement programs have limited impact upon job enrichment designed to recruit and retain clinical nurses providing direct patient care. Program participants (106; 88.3 percent) differed significantly at the .05 level from nonparticipants (385; 80.2 percent) on each factor area measuring perceptions of clinical advancement programs.
Relationship between liver metastases and PD-1 blockade in melanoma.

3072Background: WhilePD-1 blockade is effective in melanoma, durable responses remain elusive. We have previously reported that liver metastasis is associated with reduced response rates and that t...
The well-being of single mothers in Japan

This chapter describes the extent to which single mothers report lower levels of well-being relative to their married counterparts. It recognizes the multifaceted nature of well-being and examines three different measures of well-being: happiness, physical health, and emotional health. The chapter addresses the limitations by using data from two rounds of new survey that includes a large oversample of single mothers. The data includes information on multiple dimensions of emotional and physical well-being including happiness, depressive symptoms, and self-rated health. The chapter contains information on many of the factors thought to contribute to lower levels of well-being among single mothers, including mothers' own socio-demographic characteristics, economic deprivation, and work-family stress. New data collected by the Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training provides a valuable opportunity to which single mothers are indeed disadvantaged relative to their married counterparts, whether degree of disadvantage depends on the dimension of well-being considered, and factors that shape the well-being of single mothers.
This Bridge Feels Like a Tightrope: For Critical Scholars Who Engage in Policy Research:

There is a widespread belief among academic researchers and academic journal editors that policy audiences prefer positivist research, despite evidence that policy makers would prefer to see resear...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and anesthesia: a case series and review of the literature.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that leads to death due to respiratory failure. This report describes the perioperative characteristics of ALS patients who underwent procedures with anesthesia at our institution. We reviewed perioperative records of ALS patients who underwent procedures with anesthesia from January 1, 2014, through December 31, 2015. Seventy-eight patients underwent 89 procedures (71 procedures with monitored anesthesia care and 18 with general anesthesia), including 45 gastrostomy tube placements and 18 bone marrow biopsies. Three patients had prolonged duration of postoperative intubation related to preexisting respiratory muscle weakness, and one patient with bilateral pneumothorax required tracheal reintubation for respiratory distress. Four patients had prolonged duration of hospitalization. Three patients were hospitalized for ALS-related complications, and one patient was hospitalized for respiratory distress when pneumoperitoneum developed after gastrostomy tube placement. Three of these patients died of complications attributable to ALS within 30 days of the procedure. Twenty-nine (32.6%) procedures required minimal sedation (e.g., bone marrow biopsy, cataract surgery) and were performed on an ambulatory basis. When caring for patients with ALS, the perioperative team must be prepared to treat potentially complex medical conditions that may not be directly related to the procedure and anesthetic management. However, minor procedures performed with minimal sedation may be safely performed on an ambulatory basis.
Does Turbulence Turn off at the Alfvén Critical Surface

The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) will eventually reach and cross the Alfven point or surface as it provides us with direct in situ measurements of the solar atmosphere. The Alfven surface is the location at which the large-scale bulk solar wind speed and the Alfven speed A are equal, and thus it separates sub-Aflvenic coronal flow from super-Alfvenic solar wind flow . The nature of turbulence at the Alfven surface is not fully understood, and the PSP measurements at the Alfven surface will be revealing. We investigate turbulence at the Alfven surface from a theoretical perspective by using the 2012 and 2017 Zank et al. turbulence transport model equations. The 2012 Zank et al. description is applicable to a large plasma beta β p 1 regime, whereas the 2017 Zank et al. model applies to a plasma beta regime of order of β p ~ 1 or 1. The distinction in the β p 1 and β p 1 or ~1 turbulence description is in a sense geometric, in that the β p 1 description yields a fully 3D description of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence whereas β p 1 or ~1 describes predominantly quasi-2D (with respect to the large-scale or mean magnetic field) turbulence and a minority slab turbulence component. Our analyses suggest that turbulence at the Alfven surface (i) turns off if the higher order plasma beta turbulence transport model equations are used and (ii) does not turn off if the lower order plasma beta, nearly incompressible turbulence transport model equations are used.
Annihilation signatures of hidden sector dark matter within early-forming microhalos

If the dark matter is part of a hidden sector with only very feeble couplings to the Standard Model, the lightest particle in the hidden sector will generically be long lived and could come to dominate the energy density of the Universe prior to the onset of nucleosynthesis. During this early matter-dominated era, density perturbations will grow more quickly than otherwise predicted, leading to a large abundance of sub-Earth-mass dark matter microhalos. Since the dark matter does not couple directly to the Standard Model, the minimum halo mass is much smaller than expected for weakly interacting dark matter, and the smallest halos could form during the radiation-dominated era. In this paper, we calculate the evolution of density perturbations within the context of such hidden sector models and use a series of $N$-body simulations to determine the outcome of nonlinear collapse during radiation domination. The resulting microhalos are extremely dense, which leads to very high rates of dark matter annihilation and to large indirect detection signals that resemble those ordinarily predicted for decaying dark matter. We find that the Fermi Collaboration's measurement of the high-latitude gamma-ray background rules out a wide range of parameter space within this class of models. The scenarios that are most difficult to constrain are those that feature a very long early matter-dominated era; if microhalos form prior to the decay of the unstable hidden sector matter, the destruction of these microhalos effectively heats the dark matter, suppressing the later formation of microhalos.
Cyber Physical Security Analytics for Transactive Energy Systems

With the significant increase in integration of renewable energy generation into the electric grid, market-based transactive exchanges between energy producers and prosumers will become more common. Transactive energy systems (TESs) employ economic and control mechanisms to dynamically balance the demand and supply across the electrical grid. Emerging transactive control mechanism depends on a large number of distributed edge-computing and Internet of Things (IoT) devices making autonomous/semi-autonomous decisions on energy production, and demand response. However, the electric grid cyber assets and the IoT devices are increasingly vulnerable to attack. TES will likely have similar vulnerabilities and cyber attacks especially with financial interest motives of stakeholders, which could affect the operation of the power grid. Therefore, new analytical methods are needed to continuously monitor these systems operations and detect malicious activity. In this research work, various components of transactive energy systems are modeled and simulated in detail. Various cyber attack models are developed based on threats identified in TES. A deep learning approach called deep stacked autoencoder (SAE) is utilized to detect possible anomalies in the market and physical system measurements. The proposed unsupervised technique is validated for satisfactory performance to detect anomalies and trigger a further investigation for root cause analysis using end-to-end TES testbed and use case.
Replicating and identifying large cell neuroblastoma using high-dose intra-tumoral chemotherapy and automated digital analysis

Abstract Purpose Large cell neuroblastomas (LCN) are frequently seen in recurrent, high-risk neuroblastoma but are rare in primary tumors. LCN, characterized by large nuclei with prominent nucleoli, predict a poor prognosis. We hypothesize that LCN can be created with high-dose intra-tumoral chemotherapy and identified by a digital analysis system. Methods Orthotopic mouse xenografts were created using human neuroblastoma and treated with high-dose chemotherapy delivered locally via sustained-release silk platforms, inducing tumor remission. After recurrence, LCN populations were identified on H&E sections manually. Clusters of typical LCN and non-LCN cells were divided equally into training and test sets for digital analysis. Marker-controlled watershed segmentation was used to identify nuclei and characterize their features. Logistic regression was developed to distinguish LCN from non-LCN. Results Image analysis identified 15,000 nuclei and characterized 70 nuclear features. A 19-feature model provided AUC > 0.90 and 100% accuracy when > 30% nuclei/cluster were predicted as LCN. Overall accuracy was 87%. Conclusions We recreated LCN using high-dose chemotherapy and developed an automated method for defining LCN histologically. Features in the model provide insight into LCN nuclear phenotypic changes that may be related to increased activity. This model could be adapted to identify LCN in human tumors and correlated with clinical outcomes.
Educational Data Mining: A Review and Analysis of Student’s Academic Performance

Data mining is a technique for extraction of valuable patterns from multiple sources. Data mining plays an important role in marketing, electronic-commerce, business intelligent, healthcare and social network analysis. Advancement in these applications, many researchers show their interest in development of data mining applications in educational context. Educational data mining is a technique defined as a scientific area making inventions within rear types of data that derived from educational surroundings. This Paper reviews different case studies based on data mining educational systems. These systems and mining methods are considered for gathering and analysis of information. Due to huge amount of data in Educational databases, it becomes very challenging to evaluate student performance. Currently in Pakistan, there is dire need to monitor and examine student’s academic progress. There are two main causes of why existing systems were not able to analyze performance of students. First, the study on present evaluation methods is still not satisfactory to analyze the appropriate methods for evaluating the progress and performance of students in institutions of Pakistan. Second is because of absence of investigations on parameters; that effects student’s success in specific courses. Thus, a comprehensive review is proposed on evaluation of student’s performance by using techniques of Data Mining methods to progress student’s achievements. The aim of paper is to improve students’ academic performance by identifying most suitable attributes by using techniques of EDM.
CHAPTER 3 – Functions

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of functions. The rectangular coordinate system consists of two perpendicular number lines: (1) a horizontal one, called the x-axis, and (2) a vertical one, called the y-axis. Each point in the coordinate plane can be located by two coordinates (x, y), each of which is a real number. The graph of an equation in two variables is a line in the plane whose points are found by constructing a table of x and y values from the equation and plotting those pairs of coordinate values. If a vertical line intersects the graph of an equation at only one point, the equation represents a function. A function can be defined as a rule that assigns exactly one y-value to each x-value. The graph of a function is the graph of y = f(x). There are various ways to describe functions other than by equations—for example, as a table of paired values. A function is increasing if f(x2) > f(x1) when x2 > x1 and decreasing if f(x2) x1. A constant function will have the same value for all allowable x. All polynomials are functions.
Prenatal Imaging to Predict Need for Urgent Perinatal Surgery in Congenital Lung Lesions.

BACKGROUND Congenital lung malformations (CLMs) have a variable natural history: some patients require urgent perinatal surgical intervention (UPSI) and others remain asymptomatic. These lesions have potential growth until 26-28 wk gestation. CLM volume ratio (CVR) has been shown to predict the risk of hydrops in CLMs. However, no criteria exist to delineate lesions requiring urgent surgical intervention in the perinatal period. Our goal was to determine prenatal diagnostic features that predict the need for UPSI in patients diagnosed with CLM. METHODS Records and imaging features of all fetuses evaluated by our fetal center between May 2015 and December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Data included demographics, fetal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, CVR, surgical treatment, and outcome. Features were analyzed for their ability to predict the need for UPSI. RESULTS Sixty-four patients were referred for CLM, with 48 patients serially followed. Nine (18.8%) patients were followed nonoperatively, 35 (72.9%) underwent resection, and four (8.3%) were lost to follow-up. Of the patients who underwent resection, 24 (68.5%) were electively resected and 11 were urgently resected. Five (14.3%) patients underwent ex utero intrapartum treatment resection, and six (17.1%) were urgently resected for symptomatic CLM. There were no cases of UPSI with final CVR <1.1. Of the patients with final CVR 1.1-1.7, 43% required urgent resection. CVR ≥1.1 has 100% sensitivity and 87.8% specificity to predict patients requiring UPSI (area under the curve of 0.98). CONCLUSIONS A final CVR ≥1.1 is highly predictive for UPSI. Patients with a final CVR ≥1.1 should be referred for delivery at centers with pediatric surgeons equipped for potential UPSI for CLM.
Advances and Opportunities in Epigenetic Chemical Biology

The study of epigenetics has greatly benefited from the development and application of various chemical biology approaches. In this review, we highlight the key targets for modulation and recent methods developed to enact such modulation. We discuss various chemical biology techniques to study DNA methylation and the post-translational modification of histones as well as their effect on gene expression. Additionally, we address the wealth of protein synthesis approaches to yield histones and nucleosomes bearing epigenetic modifications. Throughout, we highlight targets that present opportunities for the chemical biology community, as well as exciting new approaches that will provide additional insight into the roles of epigenetic marks.
Acute RNA Viral Encephalomyelitis and the Role of Antibodies in the Central Nervous System

Acute RNA viral encephalomyelitis is a serious complication of numerous virus infections. Antibodies in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) are correlated to better outcomes, and there is substantive evidence of antibody secreting cells (ASCs) entering the central nervous system (CNS) and contributing to resolution of infection. Here, we review the RNA viruses known to cause acute viral encephalomyelitis with mechanisms of control that require antibody or ASCs. We compile the cytokines, chemokines, and surface receptors associated with ASC recruitment to the CNS after infection and compare known antibody-mediated mechanisms as well as potential noncytolytic mechanisms for virus control. These non-canonical functions of antibodies may be employed in the CNS to protect precious non-renewable neurons. Understanding the immune-specialized zone of the CNS is essential for the development of effective treatments for acute encephalomyelitis caused by RNA viruses.
Secreted Factors From Proinflammatory Macrophages Promote an Osteoblast-Like Phenotype in Valvular Interstitial Cells.

Objective: Resident valvular interstitial cells (VICs) activate to myofibroblasts during aortic valve stenosis progression, which further promotes fibrosis or even differentiate into osteoblast-lik...
Integrating a Smartphone-Based Vibration Experiment into an Engineering Course

A smartphone coupled with a low-cost physical system can be used to conduct a meaningful at-home engineering experiment that provides an environment for experiential and personalized learning. The objective of this study is to improve students’ understanding of the response of a dynamic system through integrating an at-home experiment into a lecture-only class using a smartphone as the measurement system. The paper reports on the use of the linear acceleration sensor in smartphones to conduct an at-home experiment to measure the vibration characteristics of a cantilever beam in a junior-level, systems dynamic course. All students in the class were provided with a spring steel beam and a C-shaped clamp. The students mounted their own phone at the end of the beam, and an app was used to record the acceleration of the beam for three different beam lengths. From the experimental data, the students were asked to determine the damped natural frequency of the beam and compare it to theory. The study was performed over three years with a total of 302 students. Data analysis of the short pre and post quiz conducted with the experiment showed that the at-home experiment had a positive effect on students’ understanding of key concepts. Furthermore, written and verbal comments from the students showed that the students valued the learning they got from performing this experiment.
Postoperative lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome.

Lower lumbar paraspinal muscles constitute a compartment as they are surrounded by distinct fascial and bony boundaries. Lumbar paraspinal compartment syndrome is a rare entity, often caused by intense exercise, but also can be a postoperative complication. We present a 60-year-old man with low back pain, numbness in the left lower back and radicular pain in the left lower extremity, which started after a surgery that involved prolonged positioning on the left side 7 years before, and persisted to the day of evaluation. There was an immediate transient rise in the creatine kinase after surgery. Electromyography showed a left lower lumbar–sacral plexopathy and a lumbar spine MRI revealed fatty infiltration of the lower lumbar–sacral paraspinal muscles. The emergence of radicular lower limb pain was likely due to the compression of the proximal portion of lumbar–sacral plexus during the acute stage of rhabdomyolysis.
Dual-task performance is associated with brain MRI Morphometry in individuals with mild cognitive impairment.

Background and purpose Cognitive impairment is a critical health problem in the elderly population. Research has shown that patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may develop dementia in later years. Therefore, early identification of MCI could allow for interventions to help delay the progression of this devastating disease. Our objective in this study was to detect the early presence of MCI in elderly patients via neuroimaging and dual-task performance. Methods Brain MRI scans from 21 older adult volunteers, including cognitively healthy adults (HA, n = 9, age = 68-79 years) and mild cognitively impaired (MCI, n = 12, age = 66-92 years) were analyzed using automatic segmentation techniques. Regional volume, surface area, and thickness measures were correlated with simultaneous performance of motor and cognitive tasks (dual-task) within a novel upper-extremity function (UEF) test, using multivariate analysis of variance models. Results We found significant associations of dual-task performance with volume of five cortical brain regions (P ≤ .048) and thickness of 13 regions (P ≤ .043) within the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. There was a significant interaction effect of cognitive group on dual-task score for the inferior temporal gyrus volume (P ≤ .034), and the inferior parietal lobule, inferior temporal gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus average thickness (P ≤ .037). Conclusions This study highlighted the potential of dual-tasking and MRI morphometric changes as a simple and accurate tool for early detection of cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older adults. The strong interaction effects of cognitive group on UEF dual-task score suggest higher association between atrophy of these brain structures and compromised dual-task performance among the MCI group.
Automated crack segmentation in close-range building façade inspection images using deep learning techniques

Abstract Nowadays, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are frequently used for periodic visual inspection of building envelopes to detect unsafe conditions or vulnerable damages. Inspection practitioners have to manually examine the large amounts of high-resolution images collected by UAVs to identify anomalies or damages on building facades for reporting and repairs. The computer vision and deep learning technologies have emerged as promising solutions to automate the image-based inspection process. However, for the detection of facade cracks from UAV-captured images, existing deep learning solutions may not perform well due to the complicated background noises caused by different facade components and materials. Towards that end, this paper proposed a two-step deep learning method for the automated detection of facade cracks from UAV-captured images. In the first step, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model was designed and trained on 26,177 images to classify images in a patch-level size of 128 × 128 pixels into crack or non-crack. In the second step, a U-Net neural network model was trained on 2870 image sets to segment crack pixels within those patches classified as cracks. Experimental results show a high performance of 94% and 96% precision, 94% and 95% recall, and 94% and 96% F1-scores was achieved by the CNN model and the U-Net model respectively. The experimental results proved that the two-step method can improve the reliability and efficiency of detecting and differentiating facade cracks from complicated facade noises. The proposed method can also be extended to detect other types of facade anomalies (e.g., corrosion and joint failures), thus facilitating a comprehensive assessment of facade conditions for better decision-making for the maintenance of building facades during its service life.
Cardiac Pressure-Volume Loop Analysis Using Conductance Catheters in Mice

Cardiac pressure-volume loop analysis is the "gold-standard" in the assessment of load-dependent and load-independent measures of ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Measures of ventricular contractility and compliance are obtained through examination of cardiac response to changes in afterload and preload. These techniques were originally developed nearly three decades ago to measure cardiac function in large mammals and humans. The application of these analyses to small mammals, such as mice, has been accomplished through the optimization of microsurgical techniques and creation of conductance catheters. Conductance catheters allow for estimation of the blood pool by exploiting the relationship between electrical conductance and volume. When properly performed, these techniques allow for testing of cardiac function in genetic mutant mouse models or in drug treatment studies. The accuracy and precision of these studies are dependent on careful attention to the calibration of instruments, systematic conduct of hemodynamic measurements and data analyses. We will review the methods of conducting pressure-volume loop experiments using a conductance catheter in mice.
Dramatic Improvement in Sexual Function Induced by Intranasal Oxytocin

Introduction A variety of sources indicate that oxytocin has beneficial effects on several components of sexuality. This is a case report on a male who had significant, broad‐spectrum improvements in sexual function during a course of intranasal oxytocin treatment for social anxiety.
Software and Hardware Techniques for Accurate, Self-Validating Arithmetic

The need for accurate and reliable numerical applications has led to the development of several software tools and hardware designs for accurate, self-validating arithmetic. Software tools include variable-precision software packages, interval arithmetic libraries, scientific programming languages, computer algebra systems, and numerical problem solving environments. Hardware designs include coprocessors that support the directed rounding modes and exact dot products, variable-precision integer and floating point processors, and coprocessors for variable-precision interval arithmetic. In this survey, we examine various software and hardware techniques for accurate, self-validating arithmetic and discuss their strengths and limitations. We also discuss numerical applications that employ these tools to produce accurate and reliable results.
Pathogen Reduction in Unpasteurized Apple Cider: Adding Cranberry Juice To Enhance the Lethality of Warm Hold and Freeze-Thaw Steps

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations require processors of apple cider sold wholesale to use processing steps that ensure a 5-log reduction in numbers of the pertinent pathogen, generally considered to be Escherichia coli O157: H7. Current widely used validated pathogen-reduction steps are thermal pasteurization and UV light treatment. These techniques may be unaffordable or undesirable for some processors. This study investigated the cran-cider process, which is the addition of cranberry juice at a 15% (vol/vol) level, followed by warm hold (45°C for 2 h) and freeze-thaw steps (−20°C for 24 h, 5°C for 24 h). When enumeration procedures did not include injury repair, the cran-cider process achieved a ≥5-log reduction in numbers of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella serovars, and Listeria monocytogenes. However, an injury-repair step was included in the pathogen enumeration procedure in confirmatory trials, and the resulting E. coli O157:H7 reductions of 3.5 to 4.2 log did not meet the FDA requirem...
Occupational Cervico-Brachial Disorders among Dentists Psychosocial work Environment, Personal Harmony and Life-Satisfaction

The aim of the investigation was to compare dentists with and without occupational cervico-brachial disorders with regard to some psychosocial variables (work environment, personal harmony and life-satisfaction) and professional position. The investigation is based on a questionnaire sent to 143 randomly selected official dentists in Malmohus District and the Municipality of Malmo. Of these, 96 dentists had symptoms while 47 had not. Dentists with symptoms showed less satisfaction with their work environment than dentists without. Those with symptoms experienced their work load as being more unsatisfactory, were more burdened by anxiety, had poorer psychosomatic health and less confidence in the future than dentists without symptoms. These differences were significant between the groups. It was found that specialists, both with and without cervico-brachial symptoms, were more satisfied with their psychosocial work environment than general practitioners, especially regarding their personal control over their work and the stimulation of their work. The specialists also had more self-confidence and experienced less anxiety than general practitioners and head dentists.
Binding and neutralization of endotoxin by Limulus antilipopolysaccharide factor.

In order to examine the ability of Limulus antilipopolysaccharide factor (LALF) to bind lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we purified LALF to homogeneity from Limulus amoebocyte lysate and coupled it covalently to agarose beads. LALF-coupled beads captured more tritiated LPS from rough and smooth strains of gram-negative bacteria than did control human serum albumin-coupled beads. Unlabeled homologous and heterologous LPS competed for the binding of 3H-LPS to LALF-coupled beads. LALF bound LPS in a dose-dependent manner as assessed by the precipitation of LPS-LALF complexes with 50% saturated ammonium sulfate. We also studied the ability of LALF to neutralize LPS. LPS preincubated with LALF was less mitogenic for murine splenocytes, was less pyrogenic in the rabbit fever assay, was less lethal in mice which had been sensitized to LPS with actinomycin D, and induced less fever, neutropenia, and pulmonary hypertension when infused into sheep. Our findings extend prior studies which suggested that LALF binds to and neutralizes LPS from multiple strains of gram-negative bacteria. Images
The H Subunit (Vma13p) of the Yeast V-ATPase Inhibits the ATPase Activity of Cytosolic V1 Complexes

V-ATPases are composed of a peripheral complex containing the ATP-binding sites, the V(1) sector, attached to a membrane complex containing the proton pore, the V(o) sector. In vivo, free, inactive V(1) and V(o) sectors exist in dynamic equilibrium with fully assembled, active V(1) V(o) complexes, and this equilibrium can be perturbed by changes in carbon source. Free V(1) complexes were isolated from the cytosol of wild-type yeast cells and mutant strains lacking V(o) subunit c (Vma3p) or V(1) subunit H (Vma13p). V(1) complexes from wild-type or vma3Delta mutant cells were very similar, and contained all previously identified yeast V(1) subunits except subunit C (Vma5p). These V(1) complexes hydrolyzed CaATP but not MgATP, and CaATP hydrolysis rapidly decelerated with time. V(1) complexes from vma13Delta cells contained all V(1) subunits except C and H, and had markedly different catalytic properties. The initial rate of CaATP hydrolysis was maintained for much longer. The complexes also hydrolyzed MgATP, but showed a rapid deceleration in hydrolysis. These results indicate that the H subunit plays an important role in silencing unproductive ATP hydrolysis by cytosolic V(1) complexes, but suggest that other mechanisms, such as product inhibition, may also play a role in silencing in vivo.
Sequencing intractable DNA to close microbial genomes.

Advancement in high throughput DNA sequencing technologies has supported a rapid proliferation of microbial genome sequencing projects, providing the genetic blueprint for in-depth studies. Oftentimes, difficult to sequence regions in microbial genomes are ruled “intractable” resulting in a growing number of genomes with sequence gaps deposited in databases. A procedure was developed to sequence such problematic regions in the “non-contiguous finished” Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ND132 genome (6 intractable gaps) and the Desulfovibrio africanus genome (1 intractable gap). The polynucleotides surrounding each gap formed GC rich secondary structures making the regions refractory to amplification and sequencing. Strand-displacing DNA polymerases used in concert with a novel ramped PCR extension cycle supported amplification and closure of all gap regions in both genomes. The developed procedures support accurate gene annotation, and provide a step-wise method that reduces the effort required for genome finishing.
Relationship between eight physiological variables and severity of stuttering

Abstract The results of this study illustrated the primacy of individual differences in the relationship between physiological responses before speech and stuttering severity.
Alaska Native adolescent views on cervical cancer, the human papillomavirus (HPV), genital warts and the quadrivalent HPV vaccine.

Objectives. To understand the knowledge levels, attitudes and perceptions of Alaska Native adolescentgirls about cervical cancer, HPV, genital warts and the HPV vaccine.Study design. A qualitative study.Methods. Seventy-nine in-depth interviews were conducted with adolescent females aged 11 through18 years in 4 communities in Alaska. The convenience sample was recruited through word of mouth,posters and flyers distributed in community schools, medical clinics and stores.Results. Many of those surveyed didn’t know the purpose of a vaccine and were not familiar with basicknowledge about HPV, genital warts and cervical cancer. After learning about cervical cancer and HPV,most teens felt that someone their age had an average likelihood of contracting the diseases and thathaving the disease would be quite bad. Most teens said they were interested in vaccination. When askedif they would get a vaccine, older teens most commonly cited concerns about side effects or doubtsabout vaccine efficacy, while younger teens were afraid the shot would hurt. Most teens stated that theypreferred to learn about health topics such as these through television programming, followed by theInternet, brochures and posters.Conclusions. The findings provide valuable information on how to inform adolescents about the vaccineand alleviate their concerns. The design of an educational campaign should vary depending on the ageof the adolescents. For younger teens, distribution of information should be at school using a brochureor curriculum, while for older teens a web page may be more appropriate. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2011; 70(3):245–253) Keywords: Alaska Natives, adolescents, cervical cancer, genital warts, HPV, quadrivalent HPV vaccine
Dermatoglyphic studies of the 47, XYY male

The dermatoglyphics of 61 47, XYY patients and 166 46, XY controls were compared. The data on 50 47, XYY and 50 46, XY individuals were used to formulate an index score for any unknown having a 47, XYY karyotype. One hundred and sixteen 46, XY individuals were tested on this index and only 65 were correctly diagnosed as 46, XY males. Two 47, XYY individuals were tested and were correctly diagnosed. This result indicates that discrimination of 47, XYY from 46, XY individuals is not possible using the dermal patterns examined here. The data of this survey confirm the variability of dermal findings in 47.XYY individuals reported by others. The data do not agree, however, with reports of significant differences between 47.XYY and 46, XY individuals in the total finger ridge count, the palmar a-b ridge width and count, and the distal sole hypothenar area. These results indicate that the extra Y chromosome does not significantly affect the dermal patterns of 47, XYY patients.
Nonlinear and nonlocal continuum model of transformation precursors in martensites

An intrinsic mechanism for explaining the origin of the transformation precursors observed above the transition in the parent phase of many materials undergoing a martensitic transformation is proposed. It is based on a nonlinear and nonlocal elastic continuum model for the elastic displacement field describing the parent-product deformation for the two-dimensional analog of a cubic-tetragonal transformation. By minimizing the Landau-Ginzburg free energy functional for the total elastic (strain plus strain gradient) energy a static, possibly stable, continuous, periodically modulated {110}/〈110〉 strain pattern is obtained which corresponds to alternating layers of more and of less transformed material, consistent with experimental observations. This pattern is stabilized by the balance between nonlinear and nonlocal elastic effects. Numerical application to In1-x XT x , alloys gives the minimum period of the modulation in the order of nanometers, in agreement with experimental observations.
High bilateral funiculo-orchiectomy: secondary to avulsion injury.

Abstract A case of high bilateral funiculo-orchiectomy secondary to avulsion injury is reported and the literature reviewed.
Low Frequency Vibrations of Molecular Crystals. XIII. CH3AsCl2, CH3AsBr2, CH3Asl2, and CD3Asl2

The ir spectra from 4000 to 33 cm−1 have been recorded of CH3AsCl2, CH3AsBr2, CH3AsI2, and CD3AsI2. The Raman spectra of each of these compounds have been recorded and depolarization values measured for CH3AsCl2 and CH3AsBr2. The observed spectra have been successfully interpreted on the basis of a pyramidal skeletal structure of Cs symmetry. The observed values for the Teller-Redlich product rule for the assignments of the normal modes of the CH3AsI2 and CD3AsI2 molecules are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical values for both symmetry species. The As–CH3 torsional mode was tentatively assigned in the ir spectrum of solid CH3AsBr2 at 134 cm−1 and the torsional barrier calculated to be 461±30 cm−1 (1.32±0.08 kcal/mole). The low frequency bending modes of solid CH3AsI2 and CD3AsI2 have been found to show correlation field splitting and have been successfully explained in terms of the four molecules per unit cell with a space group of C2h6.
Erratum to: Videoconferencing in Math and Science Preservice Elementary Teachers' Field Placements

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake.The authors of the article: Videoconferencing in Math and Science Preservice Elementary Teachers’ Field Placements are: Irene ...
Wetting, multilayer adsorption, and interface phase transitions

When two fluid phases coexist near their mutual critical point, one fluid phase forms a layer which intrudes between the other fluid phase and any third phase that happens to be present. As the two fluid phases are taken away from their critical point, a phase transition often occurs such that the intruding layer vanishes. Recent evidence is presented that the transition from the complete wetting (intruding layer) configuration to the incomplete wetting (three-phase contact) configuration is a first-order phase transition. The thickness of the intruding layers has been measured for diverse systems. These data are not fully understood. The intruding layers are extreme examples of multilayer adsorption. Certain theories predict that a 'prewetting' transition from high adsorption to low adsorption is associated with the transition from complete wetting to incomplete wetting. Present search for this transition is inconclusive.
Magnetism of R2Fe14B-based systems☆

Abstract A review is presented of recent work carried out in the authors' laboratory on alloys based on R 2 Fe 14 B, in which R ≡ Pr, Nd, Dy, Er, Y or Th. These studies have involved substitutions on the rare earth, the iron and the boron sublattices. Many unusual effects have been observed. As one example, the replacement of iron by silicon leads to a rise in Curie temperature. As another, the presence of cobalt in the Nd 2 Fe 14− x Co x B system results not only in a shift in the low temperature spin reorientation (cone to axis) but also triggers, for x ⩾ 10, an appearance of a second spin reorientation (axis to plane) at high temperature. In the Pr 2 Fe 14− x Co x B system, for x ⩾ 9.5, a high temperature spin reorientation (axis to plane) was also discovered. Variation of the spin reorientation temperature was determined for different rare earth systems in which iron was substituted by cobalt, ruthenium, gallium and silicon respectively. The dependence of the spin reorientation temperature in Er 2− x R x Fe 14 B (R ≡ Y, Ce, Pr, Gd and Th) on R content was determined. In the Er 2− x Th x Fe 14 B system two spin reorientations are observed in the 0.75 ⩽ x ⩽ 1.25 composition range. Replacement of boron by carbon in dysprosium- and erbium-based compounds leads to a drop in magnetization, Curie temperature and magnetic anisotropy.
The interaction of muscle glycogen phosphorylase b with glycogen.

Abstract Interaction of muscle glycogen phosphorylase b (EC 2.4.1.1) with glycogen was studied by sedimentation, stopped-flow and temperature-jump methods. The equilibrium enzyme concentration was determined by sedimentation in an analytical ultracentrifuge equipped with absorption optics and a photoelectric scanning system. The maximum adsorption capacity of pig liver glycogen is 3.64 μmol dimeric glycogen phosphorylase b per g glycogen, which corresponds to 20 dimeric enzyme molecules per average glycogen molecule of M r 5.5 · 10 6 . Microscopic dissociation constants were determined for the enzyme-glycogen complex within the temperature range from 12.7 to 30.0°C. Enzyme-glycogen complexing is accompanied by increasing light scattering and its increment depends linearly on the concentration of the binding sites on a glycogen particle that are occupied by the enzyme. Complex formation and relaxation kinetics are in accordance with the proposed bimolecular reaction scheme. The monomolecular dissociation rate constant of the complex increases as the temperature increases from 12.7 to 30.0°C, whereas the bimolecular rate constant changes sligtly and is about 10 8 M −1 · s −1 . These data point to the possibility of diffusional control of the complex formation.
An asymptotic two-layer model for supersonic turbulent boundary layers

An asymptotic analysis of the compressible turbulent boundary-layer equations is carried out for large Reynolds numbers and mainstream Mach numbers of O(1). A self-consistent two-layer asymptotic structure is described wherein the time-mean velocity and total enthalpy are logarithmic within the overlap zone but in terms of the Howarth-Dorodnitsyn variable ; the proposed structure leads to a compressible law of the wall for high-speed turbulent flows with surface heat transfer. Simple outer-region algebraic turbulence models are formulated to reflect the effects of compressibility. To test the proposed asymptotic structure and turbulence models, a set of self-similar outer-region profiles for velocity and total enthalpy is obtained for constant-pressure flow and for constant wall temperature ; these are combined with wall-layer profiles to form a set of composite profiles valid across the entire boundary layer. A direct comparison with experimental data shows good agreement over a wide range of conditions for flows with and without surface heat transfer.
The Last Great Senate: Courage and Statesmanship in Times of Crisis. By Ira Shapiro. (New York, NY: PublicAffairs, 2012. Pp. xxi, 475. $34.99.)

The Great Senate of the title lasted from 1963 until 1980, drawing its greatness from the willingness of its members to find workable solutions to the nation's problems through bipartisan compromis...
Carbon isotope thermometry in marbles of the Adirondack Mountains, New York

Carbon isotope thermometry has been applied to coexisting calcite and graphite in marbles from throughout the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Eighty-nine calcite-graphite pairs from the amphibolite grade NW Adirondacks change systematically in temperature north-westwards from 680 to 640 to 670° C over a 30-km distance, reflecting transitions from amphibolite facies towards granulite facies to the north-west and to the south-east. Temperature contours based on calcite-graphite thermometry in the NW Adirondacks parallel mineral isograds, with the orthopyroxene isograd falling above 675° C, and indicate that regional metamorphic temperatures were up to 75° C higher than temperatures inferred from isotherms based on cation and solvus thermometry (Bohlen et al. 1985). Fifty-five calcite-graphite pairs from granulite grade marbles of the Central Adirondacks give regional metamorphic temperatures of 670–780° C, in general agreement with cation and solvus thermometry. Data for amphibolite and granulite grade marbles show a 12%oo range in δ13Ccal and δ13Cgr. A strong correlation between carbon isotopic composition and the abundance of graphite (Cgr/Crock) indicates that the large spread in isotopic compositions results largely from exchange between calcite and graphite during closed system metamorphism. The trends seen in δ13C vs. Cgr/Crock and δ13Ccal vs. δ13Cgr could not have been preserved if significant amounts of CO2-rich fluid had pervasively infiltrated the Adirondacks at any time. The close fit between natural data and calculated trends of δ13C vs. Cgr/Crock indicates a biogenic origin for Adirondack graphites, even though low δ13C values are not preserved in marble. Delamination of 17 graphite flakes perpendicular to the c-axis reveals isotopic zonation, with higher δ13C cores. These isotopic gradients are consistent with new graphite growth or recrystallization during a period of decreasing temperature, and could not have been produced by exchange with calcite on cooling due to the sluggish rate of diffusion in graphite. Samples located >2km from anorthosite show a decrease of 0.5-0.8%oo in the outer 100 μ of the grains, while samples at distances over 8 km show smaller core-to-rim decreases of c.0.2%oo. Correlation between the degree of zonation and distance to anorthosite suggests that the isotopic profiles reflect partial overprinting of higher temperature contact metamorphism by later granulite facies metamorphism. Core graphite compositions indicate contact metamorphic temperatures were 860–890° C within 1 km of the Marcy anorthosite massif. If samples with a significant contact metamorphic effect (Δ(cal-gr) <3.2%oo) are not included, then the remaining 38 granulite facies samples define the relation Δ13C(cal-gr) = 3.56 ± 106T-2 (K).