cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jet Impingement Boiling

Publisher Summary Impinging liquid jets have found usage in many industrial applications, in both submerged (liquid-into-liquid) and free-surface (liquid-into-gas) arrangements. Because of the attractiveness of jet impingement cooling for high-heat-flux applications, numerous studies have been performed for both single- and two-phase conditions. This statement is particularly true for jet impingement boiling, that is distinguished by its ability to dissipate heat fluxes at the high end of the cooling spectrum. This chapter addresses liquid jets with continuous cross sections, thereby excluding spray and droplet impingement studies. Throughout this chapter, jet configurations are delineated into five categories of free-surface jets, plunging jets, submerged jets, confined jets, and wall jets. This chapter attempts to provide a comprehensive review and analysis of the current knowledge base on nucleate boiling heat transfer and on the critical (maximum) heat flux in impinging jet systems. This chapter addresses jet impingement literature pertinent to the transition and film boiling regime.
Deployment of a towed, flyable fish for the Video Plankton Recorder

We have developed a towed, flyable fish for the Video Plankton Recorder that can fly vertically, horizontally, and hold a constant depth. The Video Plankton Recorder (VPR) has been developed to sample plankton taxa distributions over a broad range of scales. This new fish, or instrument platform, is part of a project to develop a second-generation towed VPR. Associated upgrades to camera and image processing will be discussed elsewhere. The previous towed VPR was mounted on a depressor fin and was winched up and down from a tow-ship and could automatically determine plankton taxa underway. The needs of the new VPR are that the fish to be towable at a ship speed of 5 m/s with the fish flying at 200 m depth, fly rapidly between different depths to allow denser horizontal sampling, have a horizontal optical path, fly out of the ship's wake into undisturbed water, and have minimal disturbance of the water in the optically sampled volume by the cable, bridle, or two-fish. The new tow-fish system has been towed at up to 6 m/s and has sample from the surface down to 200 m depth. The fish has three servos controlling three fins to control pitch, yaw, and roll. The yaw control is needed to fly the fish horizontally out of the tow-ship's wake when the fish is near the surface. At a 5 m/s design tow speed, dynamic roll control is needed because the restoring moment, from a separation of the center of buoyancy and center of gravity, is swamped by hydrodynamic moment, from the separation of the center of buoyancy and center of gravity, is swamped by hydrodynamic moments. For the fish to be stable at a constant shallow depth, the tow bridle does not make the system stable in roll as it can when the fish is pulling downwards. The challenges of the control system are to control the fast response to roll and pitch in the presence of disturbances from cable strumming and surface waves. The fish has a PC-104 format computer controller sampling an inertial measurement unit consisting of three-axis rate gyros and three-axis accelerometers. The fish system has a PC on the surface in the two-ship to display and record engineering data and to communicate supervisory instructions to the PC-104 computer in the fish. The new fish uses a smaller 8.18 mm (0.322 inch) diameter cable allowing the use of a smaller, lighter winch and has been towed from a 14 metre boat.
Application of Gender Difference and Topic Preference to Promote Students' Motivation for Online EFL Learning.

The focus of this paper is to apply the analysis of gender difference and topic preference to enhance and motivate online EFL learning shown by Taiwanese students enrolled in Freshman English Aural Training courses for English majors in a university in central Taiwan. Online learning for EFL students has been a worldwide trend. Hundreds of websites are accessible for EFL students to learn English linguistically and culturally. Many websites are free for users to learn autonomously; however, in order for EFL students to learn English effectively, it is essential for EFL teachers to create a pedagogical design to increase students’ motivation to learn. Gender difference has been a controversial issue. Scientists have found that the brain structure of men and women are different (Rogers, 1999, Sax, 2005). While this is true, the influence of culture on EFL students’ preference for different topics to learn online cannot be underestimated. This paper will present the preferences shown by both male and female Aural Training students’ choices toward Voice of America (http://www.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/) online listening articles in the following topics: Science, Technology, Education, Entertainment and Economy. The analysis of the data shows that gender difference in choosing topics online for EFL learning is applicable to EFL pedagogical design and thus suggests that EFL teachers take these two factors in consideration when planning materials for the male and female students in their EFL classes.
Particulate matter fluxes into the benthic boundary layer at a long time-series station in the abyssal NE Pacific: composition and fluxes

Abstract Sediment traps were deployed to collect contiguous 10-day samples of sedimenting particulate matter at 600 and 50 meters above bottom (mab) at an abyssal station off of the central California coast (Sta. M, 4100-m depth) over a 6-yr time period. Interannual variations were manifested in fluxes at both depths with high fluxes in 1991, 1993, and 1994. Low particulate matter fluxes observed in 1992 may have resulted from a well-documented El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, but the mechanisms responsible for the low fluxes observed in 1995 and 1996 were not resolved. Particulate fluxes were impacted by upwelling with a lag time of ∼50 days between the Bakun upwelling index and the arrival of particulate matter to the 600-mab trap. Allowing time between the upwelling of nutrients and the flux of material from the photic zone, we estimate a sinking rate of ∼100 m day-1. There was generally a peak in particulate fluxes in the summer with a secondary peak in the fall. Decreased concentrations (mg gdwt-1 of total particulates) of organic carbon, CaCO3, and particulate nitrogen in the summer were attributed to dilution effects from siliceous plankton. Particulate fluxes were higher at 50 mab (4050 m depth) than at 600 mab (3500-m depth), suggesting an input of laterally advected material at 50 mab, possibly from the Monterey Canyon northeast of Sta. M. The variability of particulate and component fluxes during this 6-yr period illustrates the importance of long time-series studies for interpreting organic matter input and its importance to deep-sea communities.
Left atrial enlargement increases the risk of major adverse cardiac events independent of coronary vasodilator capacity

Purpose Longstanding uncontrolled atherogenic risk factors may contribute to left atrial (LA) hypertension, LA enlargement (LAE) and coronary vascular dysfunction. Together they may better identify risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that chronic LA hypertension as assessed by LAE modifies the relationship between coronary vascular function and MACE.
Portal hypertension and gastric mucosal injury in rats: Effects of alcohol

Abstract The present study was performed primarily in order to determine whether gastric mucosa of rats with ported hypertension has different functional and histologic features when compared with controls, and second to quantitate and compare morphologic and functional changes after exposure to topical ethanol. Portal hypertension was produced by staged portal venous occlusion, and in these animals portal pressure was 32 ± 2 cm saline compared with 18 ± 2 cm in sham-operated controls (p + backdiffusion (loss of 138 ± 10 vs. 57 ± 16 μEq H + /h), lower potential difference (8 ± 1 mV lower than controls), and extensive submucosal edema (submucosal thickness 325 ± 25 vs. 138 ± 18 μm). After 3 h of exposure to 2 ml intragastric absolute ethanol, the area of macroscopic hemorrhagic mucosal injury was significantly greater in portal hypertensive rats than in controls (34.0 ± 8.7% vs. 7.6 ± 2.1%), confirmed histologically by the greater number of deep hemorrhagic necrotic lesions and extent of mucosal length involved. Furthermore, after ethanol, portal hypertensive rats compared with controls had significantly increased gastric volume (14.4 ± 1.5 vs. 8.3 ± 0.6 ml), Na + (86.6 ± 8.0 vs. 64.6 ± 8.0, mEq/L), pH (7.1 ± 0.3 vs. 4.3 ± 0.4), H + backdiffusion (loss of 309 ± 41 vs. 207 ± 33 μEq H + /h), and protein and blood loss (100% increases over controls). These results indicate that gastric mucosa of portal hypertensive rats has distinctive functional and histologic abnormalities that can explain its increased susceptibility to erosive injury after ethanol. This study quantitatively confirms in an animal model the clinical observations that portal hypertension may predispose to severe gastric mucosal injury.
A Test of Ideal Free Distribution Predictions Using Targeted Survey and Excavation on California’s Northern Channel Islands

Using targeted survey, excavation, and radiocarbon dating, we assess the extent to which human settlement patterns on California’s northern Channel Islands fit predictions arising from the ideal free distribution (IFD): (1) people first established and expanded permanent settlements in the regions ranked high for environmental resource suitability; (2) as population grew, they settled in progressively lower ranked habitats; and (3) changes in the archaeological record associated with high population levels such as increases in faunal diversity and evenness in high-ranked habitats are coincident with the expansion to other areas. On Santa Rosa Island, the early permanent settlements were located in both high- and middle-ranked locations, with the most extensive settlement at the highest ranked locations and only isolated sites elsewhere. Settlement at a low-ranked habitat was confined to the late Holocene (after 3600 cal BP). Drought influenced the relative rank of different locations, which is an example of climate adding a temporal dimension to the model that episodically stimulated population movement and habitat abandonment. Because the IFD includes a wide range of cultural and environmental variables, it has the potential to be a central model for guiding archaeological analysis and targeted field research.
Cities, states, and trust networks: chapter 1 of Cities and States in World History

An introduction to a vast but uncompleted survey of world history, this article argues that the study of the changing relationships among cities, states and trust networks can help us understand key elements of the emergence of our modern world. Beginning in ancient Uruk in modern-day Iraq, roughly five thousand years ago, the essay defines each of its central categories: city, state and trust network. It poses four questions to be pursued throughout the rest of the study. What determines the degree of segregation or integration of cities and states? What determines the relative dominance of cities and states? What determines the extent of separation or integration between cities or states, on one side, and trust networks on the other? What difference do these variable configurations make to the quality of ordinary people’s lives?
Physically-based network modeling of multiphase flow in intermediate-wet porous media

Abstract A capillary equilibrium-based network model is used to compute oil recovery and Amott wettability indices in intermediate-wet porous media. The pattern of wettability at the pore level is a generalization of the work of Kovscek et al. [Kovscek, A.R., Wong, H., Radke, C.J., 1993. A pore-level scenario for the development of mixed wettability in oil reservoirs, AICHE J., 39 (6) 1072–1085]. The model allows a single pore to contain both oil-wet and water-wet regions, with oil/water contact angles anywhere in the range 0–180°. We investigate models with varying contact angles, and where different fractions of the pore space are oil-wet. We show that oil recovery shows a complex, non-monotonic dependence with both contact angle and oil-wet fraction, and we explain the results in terms of competing displacement mechanisms at the pore scale. Strongly oil-wet media allow stable oil layers to form in the crevices of the pore space. These layers maintain the connectivity of the oil phase and allow low residual saturations to be achieved, but only by production well after breakthrough.
Properties of Tropospheric Scattered Fields

Tropospheric scatter tests were performed in the Southern California region in conjunction with extensive meteorological measurements. The turbulent spectra were found to be, in the region of interest, proportional to k-5/3. In general, the scattered signals were found to agree with the turbulent single scattering model predicted by such a dielectric spectrum. Horizontal beamswinging experiments gave a dependence on the scattering angle of ?-14/3. A stronger ? dependence was observed for vertical beamswinging and is explained by a height dependence of the turbulent fluctuation spectra rather than anisotropy. This explanation is further supported by agreement with Booker and deBettencourt aperture-to-medium coupling loss. A ?-1/3 wavelength dependence was observed under standard atmospheric conditions. In the presence of weak turbulent layers a ?0.9 dependence in the lower frequency region was observed and is explained in terms of a frequency dependent layer reflection phenomena. The spectra of the envelope of the scattered signal are also given. They are generally Gaussian in shape with the width dependent upon the range, frequency and scattering angle. Other details of their fine structure are also discussed.
Chain Transfer of Telogens with Styrene in Bulk and Emulsion Systems

Abstract The chair, transfer constants for selected telogens were determined with styrene in both bulk and emulsion polymerization systems. Since the locus of chain transfer. like polymerization, is primarily in the micelles or polymer particles, the chain transfer constants of water-insoluble telogens were similar in both systems. However, these values were different for water-soluble telogens and the difference was greatest for the most soluble telogens. The ratio of the chain transfer constants in bulk and emulsion systems is apparently related to the solubility parameters of telogens in a homologous series.
Rhetoric versus reality ☆ ☆☆: a reexamination of access to U.S. government information during the presidency of Ronald Reagan

Abstract This article examines information policies implemented during the administration of President Ronald Reagan. Of special interest is an analysis of OMB Circular A-130 and the assumptions that underlay its mandates. In addition, a rhetorical analysis of articles from the period is undertaken to examine the assumptions authors used in their defense of or arguments against U.S. federal information policy of the time. Finally, an analysis of the budget of the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP), the number of items distributed to depository libraries, and the sales of the Government Printing Office (GPO) is made to determine changes as a result of the implemented policies.
Preventing and Controlling Influenza with Available Interventions

With influenza activity surging, critical illness and deaths have been reported in young and middle-aged U.S. adults. The predominant virus has been the strain that caused the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Despite challenges, there's much we can do to reduce the impact of influenza.
Management of patients with multiple myeloma: emphasizing the role of high-dose therapy.

Abstract Treatment for multiple myeloma should not be given until the patient is symptomatic or at risk for the occurrence of complications of the disease. If the patient is younger than 70 years, the physician should seriously consider an autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant. Most physicians initially administer vincristine/doxorubicin/dexamethasone (VAD) for 3 to 4 months and then collect the stem cells before exposure to alkylating agents. Following stem cell collection, one may proceed with high-dose chemotherapy and then infusion of the stem cells, or one can administer alkylating agents until a plateau is reached and delay transplantation until progressive disease occurs. There is no difference in overall survival between early and late transplantation, but the former avoids the cost and inconvenience of alkylating agent therapy. Double or tandem autologous stem cell transplants may produce better results, but the evidence is not strong. Almost all patients have a relapse after an autologous stem cell transplant, so efforts are being made to prolong the response with α2-interferon or dendritic cell therapy. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is feasible for only 5%–10% of patients, but the mortality is high and it is curative in only a small fraction of patients. Treatment with melphalan and prednisone results in an objective response in 50%–60% of patients. Combinations of alkylating agents produce a higher response rate, but there is no survival benefit. Thalidomide produces an objective response in about one third of patients with refractory disease. It currently is being studied in conjunction with dexamethasone for conventional initial therapy.
The relationship between psychological variables and specific complications of pregnancy, labor, and delivery.

Abstract Questionnaire data pertaining to psychological and health variables were obtained from private obstetrical patients. Groups of women with specific perinatal complications were compared with a no-complication control group on five psychological variables after variance due to the three health variables was partialled out statistically. Differences between the groups were obtained for seven of the fifteen complications: Uterine Intertia, Prolonged First Stage of Labor, Prolonged Second State of Labor, Rotation of the Infant's Head, Indicated Low Forceps, Infant Apgar Scale under 5, Infant Apgar Score 5–7.
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia expressing discordant myeloid-associated antigens in simultaneous specimens from bone marrow and peripheral blood

The case of a 73-year-old man with B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL) and rapid clinical demise is reported. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping results of specimens obtained from the patient demonstrated a monoclonal CD5 positive B-cell population with myeloid-associated marker expression, which was discordant: CD15 and CDllb were expressed in bone marrow leukemic cells, whereas peripheral blood leukemic cells showed virtually no expression of these markers. Discordant immunophenotyping results between bone marrow and peripheral blood cells have been reported recently. Additionally, investigators have associated expression of CD13 and CD11b by chronic B-cell lymphoid leukemias with a more aggressive clinical course and shorter survival. Expression of these myeloid-associated antigens by B-cell prolymphocytes in PLL has not been widely reported. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a karyotype of 46,XY/?44,XYdel(1q),del (3p), whereas molecular genetic studies demonstrated immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in both heavy and light chain regions. Cytochemical staining for PAS (periodic acid-Schiff), nonspecific esterase and methyl-green-pyronin was positive in leukemic cells. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Alcohol withdrawal reactions in mouse strains selectively bred for long or short sleep times

Abstract Two lines of mice that differ in their sensitivity to acute hypnotic effects of ethanol were tested for alcohol withdrawal reactions after a standard 3-day exposure to ethanol. The “long-sleep” strain showed a much milder withdrawal reaction than did the “short-sleep” strain. The two strains did not differ in sensitivity to convulsions elicited by pentylenetetrazol. Sleep times and withdrawal reactions did not correlate in individual mice of the genetically heterogeneous stock from which the two lines were derived.
Processing Natural and Reconstituted Silk Solutions Under Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Conditions

Abstract : A variety of natural silk secretions (from spiders, silkworms and aquatic insect larvae), and also reconstituted silk solutions, are able to form a nematic liquid crystalline phase. The anisotropic structures that self- assemble in this phase are formed from the isotropic phase by aggregation of molecules, rather than by individual molecules undergoing a conformational change to a rod-like form. This enables the molecules to retain their solubility in water while, simultaneously, the viscosity of the solution is reduced. The liquid crystalline phase is stable under a wide range of equilibrium conditions, but its ability to form is sensitive to the rate at which the initially isotropic solution is allowed to dry. The kinetics of phase transitions exhibited by solutions of silk proteins must be taken into account if solutions of silk fibroin are to be successfully processed in vitro
RATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF ASSISTED VENTILATION

Total ventilation (VIT) of artifically ventilated infants equals mechanical ventilation (VIM) plus infant ventilation (VIB) or VIT=VIM+VIB. Since ventilation is the product of tidal volume (VT) and frequency (f) then VTTxfT=(VTMxfM)+(VTBxfB). To evaluate any change in ventilatory support it is necessary to measure all the factors in the above equation. We examined the effects of reduced PEEP on the mean values and trends in these factors with continuous measurements of ventilation during alternate 30 min. periods of PEEP at 6cm H20, or 2cm H2O. Ventilator rate, FiO2 and peak pressure (PIP) were constant. Ten studies were performed on 6 infants weighing 740 to 1000g. All breaths were analyzed, X=4020 breaths/hour/infant. At PEEP 2cm H2O VTM increased immediately due to a 4cm H2O increase in ΔP, then progressively decreased in all patients over time (x decrease =15%). Thus at PEEP=2 VIB is less efficient (smaller VTB & increased fB) & contributes less to VIT. Optimal management of infants on assisted ventilation is not possible without continuous measurements of the above ventilatory parameters.
Biofouling and cleaning effectiveness of surface nanostructured reverse osmosis membranes

Abstract The biofouling propensity and cleaning effectiveness were evaluated for a new generation of polyamide thin-film composite (PA-TFC) membranes that are surface nano-structured (SNS) with terminally anchored hydrophilic polymer chains. The SNS-PA-TFC membranes were formed via surface graft polymerization onto the surface of polyamide base membranes previously activated via surface treatment with atmospheric pressure plasma. Poly(methacrylic acid) (PMMA) and polyacrylamide (PAAm) SNS-PA-TFC membranes were synthesized and evaluated with respect to their biofouling resistance using secondary wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment (MWT) plant. Biofouling resistance and cleaning effectiveness were quantified via flux decline measurements in addition to imaging of the biofouled membranes before and after DI water and chemical (Na 2 ·EDTA) cleaning. Increased biofouling resistance was highest for the PMAA-SNS-PA-TFC membrane being a factor of 4.2 greater than for the commercial membrane of about the same salt rejection used in the MWT plant. Moreover, permeability recovery for the PMAA-SNS-PA-TFC membrane was higher by factors of up to ~1.2 relative to the reference commercial membrane upon cleaning with DI water and more aggressive chemical cleaning at high pressure. The present evaluation of the SNS-PA-TFC membranes suggests that biofouling resistance and cleaning effectiveness of RO membranes can be enhanced via hydrophilic brush layers.
Abundance distributions and dissociations of sputtered aluminum, gallium, and indium cluster ions

Abstract Cluster ions of aluminum, gallium, and indium are produced by the sputtering of pure metal targets. The cluster ion abundance distributions are found to parallel those reported for sputtered Al cluster ions. Investigations of the unimolecular dissociation behavior indicate similar patterns of stability among the cluster ions of these three elements. Anomalous stability is observed for those species having electronic structures that correspond to the closing of electronic shells predicted by the spherical jellium model. Unimolecular dissociation product branching data indicate relative ionization energy trends.
Evaluation of Solids, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Excretion Models for Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Monitoring or accurately predicting manure quantities and nutrient concentrations is important for dairy farms facing strict environmental regulations. The objectives of this project were to determine the daily out-flow of manure nutrients from a free-stall barn using mass balance and to compare results with published excretion models. The project was conducted at the free-stall facility housing the lactating cow herd of the Virginia Tech Dairy Center in 2005. The herd consisted of 142 (±8.9) Holstein and Jersey cows with a mean body weight of 568 (±6.2) kg and average milk yield of 29.8 (±1.7) kg/d with 3.18% (±0.07) true protein and 3.81% (±0.13) milk fat on 18 sampling days. The intakes of dry matter (DM), N, and P were estimated from the formulated ration. Daily consumption averaged 21.7 (±0.27) kg of DM with 17.7% (±0.26) crude protein and 0.46% (±0.03) P. Approximately 110 (± 27.9) kg/d of sawdust was used as bedding; its contribution to manure flow was subtracted. The alleys in the free-stall barn were flushed every 6 h with recycled wastewater, and the slurry was collected. On 18 sampling days the volumes and constituents of the flushwater and the flushed manure were determined for a 6-h flush cycle and extrapolated to daily values. Net daily flow of solids and nutrients in manure were calculated as the differences between masses in flushed slurry and flushwater. Nitrogen and P excretion were also calculated from dietary inputs and milk output. The flow was compared with the American Society of Agricultural Engineers’ (ASAE) standards. Each cow produced 5.80 kg/d of total solids (remainder after drying at 105°C). The ASAE standard predicted DM (remainder after drying at 60°C) excretion of 8.02 to 8.53 kg/d per cow. Recovery of P amounted to 74.8 g/d per cow. Overall, 102% of intake P was recovered; 75.1% in the manure outflow and 26.9% in milk. About 285 g/d and 148 g/d of N per cow were recaptured in manure and milk, respectively; 182 g/d was presumably volatilized. All models of N excretion appeared to underestimate N excretion. Volatilization rate of N amounted to 18.1%/h for the 6-h flush interval. Measured outflow of manure-P from the facility was similar to excretion predictions. Presentation of excreted solids as both total solids and DM is warranted. We conclude that using excretion prediction equations is useful for predicting excretion and outflow of P in a lactating cow facility, but N excretion predictions exhibited bias and have to be used prudently for predicting N outflow and N volatilization.
Paraplegia following intrathecal methotrexate.

A child with lymphosarcoma and acute leukemia developed permanent flaccid paralysis and sensory loss below the sixth thoracic cord level following an injection of intrathecal methotrexate. She did not have leukemic meningitis and had not recently received neurotoxic drugs. Eleven other cases of paraplegia following intrathecal methotrexate have been reported. These patients either had concomitant leukemic meningitis or metastatic tumor, or had received intrathecal methotrexate or other neurotoxic agents previously. The etiology of neurotoxicity after intrathecal methotrexate is unknown but may be related to high drug concentration in stagnant cerebrospinal fluid. Neurotoxicity has been reported after injections of other agents into the cerebrospinal fluid. The occurrence of significant neurotoxicity following intrathecal injections emphasizes the need for extreme caution with the instillation of any intrathecal medication and for search for less toxic forms of central nervous system therapy.
Is the Polyelectrolyte Extraordinary Phase a Cluster-Forming Glass?

The polyelectrolyte extraordinary diffusion regime encountered in low-salt polyelectrolyte solutions is proposed to be a material example of the cluster-forming glasses simulated by Johnson et al. Features common to both types of system include (i) cluster formation, (ii) slow/glassy dynamics in which clusters participate while individual molecules move relatively freely, and (iii) a peak in the static structure factor at nonzero scattering vector that scales with the interaction strength. The neutral polymer slow mode also seen with light scattering spectroscopy has quite different properties and corresponds to a different class of glassy dynamics.
Derivatives of the yeast mitochondrial ribosomal protein MrpS28 replace ribosomal protein S15 as functional components of the Escherichia coli ribosome

Abstract The mitochondrial ribosomal protein MrpS28 is considerably larger than its eubacterial homolog, Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S15 (Eco S15). Relative to a region of homology that spans the entire length of the bacterial protein, mature MrpS28 is extended by 117 and 48 amino acids at its amino and carboxyl termini, respectively. Both the amino-terminal and S15-like domains of MrpS28 are essential for function in yeast mitochondria. Here, we show that these same two domains function in E. coli. The S15-like domain of MrpS28 alone complements a cold sensitive mutation in E. coli strain KR121 that gives rise to reduced levels of Eco S15. However, complementation by the S15-like domain of MrpS28 is inefficient when compared with Eco S15. Surprisingly, the amino-terminal domain of MrpS28, which is apparently a unique component of the mitochondrial ribosome and is unable by itself to complement the cold-sensitive phenotype, enhances the ability of the S15-like domain to support growth of KR121 cells at, nonpermissive temperatures. Together, these data suggest that the amino terminal domain contributes to the fundamental properties of MrpS28 involved in the assembly and function of both mitochondrial and E. coli ribosomes.
National narratives in the opening and closing ceremonies of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games.

By focusing on the cases of the Athens 2004 Olympic ceremonies, this article interrogates insular representations of the nation that are commonly nurtured by Olympic narratives. In particular, the ...
Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 co-localize and interact on nociceptors

Several lines of evidence indicate group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have systemic anti-hyperalgesic effects. We hypothesized this could occur through modulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors on nociceptors. To address this question we performed anatomical studies to determine if group III mGluRs were expressed on cutaneous axons and if they co-localized with TRPV1. Immunostaining at the electron microscopic level demonstrated that 22% of unmyelinated axons labeled for mGluR8. Immunostaining at the light microscopic level in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) demonstrated that 80% and 28% of neurons labeled for mGluR8 or TRPV1, respectively. Of those neurons labeled for mGluR8, 25% labeled for TRPV1; of those labeled for TRPV1, 71% labeled for mGluR8. In behavior studies intraplantar injection of the group III mGluR agonist, L-(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP-4: 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 μM) had no effect on paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to heat in naive rats but administration of 10 μM L-AP-4 prior to 0.05% capsaicin (CAP), significantly attenuated CAP-induced lifting/licking and reduced flinching behavior. The L-AP-4 effect was specific since administration of a group III antagonist α-methyl-3-methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine (UBP1112) (100μM) blocked the L-AP-4 effect on CAP, resulting in behaviors similar to CAP alone. Intraplantar injection of UBP1112 alone did not result in nociceptive behaviors, indicating group III mGluRs are not tonically active. Finally, the anti-hyperalgesic effect of group III in this paradigm was local and not systemic since intraplantar administration of L-AP-4 in one hind paw did not attenuate nociceptive behaviors following CAP injection in the contralateral hind paw. Adenyl cyclase/cyclic AMP/PKA may be the second messenger pathway linking these two receptor families because intraplantar injection of forskolin (FSK, 10 μM) reduced PWL to heat and L-AP-4 reversed this FSK effect. Taken together, these results suggest group III mGluRs can negatively modulate TRPV1 through inhibition of adenyl cyclase and downstream intracellular activity, blocking TRPV1-induced activation of nociceptors.
Other Possible Strategies for Dealing with Eating Disorders

Techniques for changing surface behaviors involved in maintaining eating disorders are presented and discussed.
Decision support for systems security investment

Information security managers with fixed budgets must invest in security measures to mitigate increasingly severe threats whilst maintaining the alignment of their systems with their organization's business objectives. The state of the art lacks a systematic methodology to support security investment decision-making. We describe a methodology that integrates methods from multi-attribute utility evaluation and mathematical systems modelling. We illustrate our approach using a collaborative case study with the security managers of a large organization divesting itself of its IT support services. The case study was validated against the experience and observations of the security managers and delivered, according to their judgement, useful results. Specifically, by integrating a mathematical model of system behaviour with an account of the utility of available security investment strategies, the case study has enabled them to understand better the trade-offs between the security performance and the operational consequences of their choices.
Selection of the Measures of Exposure for Epidemiology Studies

Abstract The ability to define dose-response relationships in occupational epidemiology depends critically upon the measure(s) of exposure used. If statistical measures are employed, then the lognormal distribution provides a convenient mechanism for categorizing exposure within and between individuals. Preliminary analysis of exposure data obtained from 31 groups of workers in 9 industrial processes indicates that both components of exposure variability can be large. Thus, significant misclassification can arise either from systematic differences in exposure between individuals within a given job category (e.g., measuring the wrong people) or from changes in exposure which occur over time (e.g., measuring the wrong days). Regarding the relative merits of the mean versus the “peak” exposure, a toxicokinetic model indicates that cumulative exposure (the mean exposure times the duration) should be a valid predictor of damage as long as the rates of elimination and repair are first order. Even when the relat...
Merging Educational Finance Reform and Desegregation Goals

Educational finance reforms and desegregation have both sought to address inequities in educational opportunities for minorities and low income families. The recent methods of addressing desegregation issues have tended to focus on attaining racial balance rather than educational quality, however. This paper explores how desegregation goals can be merged with educational finance reform to more systematically address educational quality in schools serving low income and minority populations. By moving toward centralized control over school financing, the inequity of school outcomes that are based on unequal school resources can be reduced. In addition, state determined expenditures when combined with desegregation monies, would meet the original intention of desegregation funds by clearly providing add-on monies for additional services for minority children, while at the same time, creating a better monitoring mechanism.
1-800-OVERLAYS: using overlay networks to improve VoIP quality

The cost savings and novel features associated with Voice over IP (VoIP) are driving its adoption by service providers. Such a transition however can successfully happen only if the quality and reliability offered is comparable to the existing PSTN. Unfortunately, the Internet's best effort service model provides no inherent quality of service guarantees. Because low latency and jitter is the key requirement for supporting high quality interactive conversations, VoIP applications use UDP to transfer data, thereby subjecting themselves to performance degradations caused by packet loss and network failures.In this paper we describe two algorithms to improve the performance of such VoIP applications. These mechanisms are used for localized packet loss recovery and rapid rerouting in the event of network failures. The algorithms are deployed on the routers of an application-level overlay network and require no changes to the underlying infrastructure. Initial experimental results indicate that these two approaches can be composed to yield voice quality on par with the PSTN.
Magnetic and crystallographic structure of Th6Mn23Dx

Abstract Th6Mn23D16 and Th6Mn23D30 were studied by neutron diffraction Rietveld refinement methods. At low temperatures (below 78 K) Th6Mn23D16 undergoes a crystallographic change from f.c.c. (Fm3m) to primitive tetragonal (P4/mmm). This compound has no long-range magnetic ordering down to temperatures of 4 K. Deuterium is found only in the f3 (tetrahedral) and i (trigonal) sites; the octahedral a site is empty. Th6Mn23D30 retains f.c.c. symmetry even at 4 K but exhibits ferromagnetism with a Curie temperature of 329 K. All moments are coupled parallel except those on the b site, which has one manganese moment and is coupled antiparallel to the other 22 manganese moments in the d, f1 and f2 sites. The manganese magnetic moments are much smaller than those in Y6Mn23.
One-Machine Sequencing to Minimize Certain Functions of Job Tardiness

This paper first considers the problem of sequencing n jobs on one machine to minimize total tardiness. It proves theorems that establish the relative order in which pairs of jobs are processed in an optimal schedule; frequently they permit the jobs to be completely ordered, thus solving the problem without any searching. In particular, corollaries establish more general conditions than are currently recognized under which sequencing in order of nondecreasing processing times and sequencing in order of nondecreasing due dates are optimal. In general, even large problems may be at least partially ordered to the point that very few schedules remain to be searched. These results are then partly extended to the more general criterion of minimizing a sum of identical, convex, nondecreasing functions of job tardiness, and an efficient algorithm is proposed.
Of crazy‐ants and Curetinae: are Curetis butterflies tended by ants?

The lar\ae or thc lycaenid subfamily Curetinae have never been reported to be associated with ants. Observations on Cureti3 regulu Evans from Brunei are presented which show that this species may be tended by ants both as larvae and adults. The observations are discussed in relation to a rccent review on lycaenid/ant associations. IL is suggested that the Curetinae will be found to be associated with ants when more species have been reared, on evidence of the larval tentacle organs and apparent ‘pore cupolas’, both of which are ant adaptations. More studies are needed on (hrurptz~ biology and larval morphology to resolve the relationships of this enigmatic genus within the Lycaenidae.
TOWARD A CONSUMER DEMAND-DRIVEN INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM POLICY: FINDINGS FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

As part of a 3-year research initiative, Claremont Graduate University Research Institute researchers developed a survey to assess public attitudes toward intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) as both a consumer choice and a public policy issue. The substantive focus included advanced traveler information systems (ATISs) and vehicle safety products (safety devices). Specific survey goals included (a) a description of travel behavior and traffic information use, (b) gauging of attitudes toward ATISs and safety devices, and (c) an exploration of attitudes toward ITS-related public policies. The questionnaire was administered via a computeraided telephone interview to a sample of randomly selected Southern California residents during the fall of 1997. Results from analysis of the 610 responses suggest that although many travelers currently obtain traffic information, most do not seem to use this information in any proactive sense to avoid congestion. Once congestion is encountered, participants in genera...
Reference genome-independent assessment of mutation density using restriction enzyme-phased sequencing

Background: The availability of low cost sequencing has spurred its application to discovery and typing of variation, including variation induced by mutagenesis. Mutation discovery is challenging as it requires a substantial amount of sequencing and analysis to detect very rare changes and distinguish them from noise. Also challenging are the cases when the organism of interest has not been sequenced or is highly divergent from the reference. Results: We describe the development of a simple method for reduced representation sequencing. Input DNA was digested with a single restriction enzyme and ligated to Y adapters modified to contain a sequence barcode and to provide a compatible overhang for ligation. We demonstrated the efficiency of this method at SNP discovery using rice and arabidopsis. To test its suitability for the discovery of very rare SNP, one control and three mutagenized rice individuals (1, 5 and 10 mM sodium azide) were used to prepare genomic libraries for Illumina sequencers by ligating barcoded adapters to NlaIII restriction sites. For genome-dependent discovery 15-30 million of 80 base reads per individual were aligned to the reference sequence achieving individual sequencing coverage from 7 to 15×. We identified high-confidence base changes by comparing sequences across individuals and identified instances consistent with mutations, i.e. changes that were found in a single treated individual and were solely GC to AT transitions. For genome-independent discovery 70-mers were extracted from the sequence of the control individual and single-copy sequence was identified by comparing the 70-mers across samples to evaluate copy number and variation. This de novo “genome” was used to align the reads and identify mutations as above. Covering approximately 1/5 of the 380 Mb genome of rice we detected mutation densities ranging from 0.6 to 4 per Mb of diploid DNA depending on the mutagenic treatment. Conclusions: The combination of a simple and cost-effective library construction method, with Illumina sequencing, and the use of a bioinformatic pipeline allows practical SNP discovery regardless of whether a genomic reference is available.
Filters and mathematical systems

A filter in a set is any device which passes or does not pass each element in a set. The action of a filter is the dichotomy (A,B) of the base set where A is the set of elements passed or accepted and B is the complement of A. This innocent appearing definition which I first stated in 1967 is both general and suggestive of many applications. In particular, I chose the definition by direct abstraction from the filters of chemistry, electronics, cigarettes, and air conditioning. If I should not have differentiated between the filter as a device and its action, then the concept would be reduced to the algebra of sets. In the next section I will give a number of examples of filters and a short summary of a rudimentary theory. Thereafter I proceed to discussions of an assortment of generalizations I have made in which filters as such will appear mainly to indicate that they are ubiquitous. I will however, concentrate on the concepts which I know to be of importance in general systems theories. My approach has not followed the lines of making mathematical models of systems but to study mathematics as a system. While I have many years of work staked on the utility of such an approach, I do not pretend to have demonstrated to the satisfaction of many that applications are indeed possible. The semantics of mathematics, while more circumscribed than that of languages is not to be trivially described even if we choose to ignore its dynamic aspects. Even such a seemingly simple distinction as the one between abstraction and generalization have been confused partially because of the reluctance to admit that a generalization embraces the specific concept generalized. For example all groups are semigroups (by a poor choice of terminology) and thus semigroups are a generalization of groups, not an abstraction. On the other hand semigroups may be defined by abstracting certain conditions required of groups and in this sense they are the result of an abstraction process.
Focal nodular hyperplasia in children: an institutional experience with review of the literature

Abstract Background Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is uncommonly diagnosed in pediatric patients and may be difficult to distinguish from a malignancy. We present a review of all children with a tissue diagnosis of FNH at our institution, describe the diagnostic modalities, and provide recommendations for diagnosis and follow-up based on our experience and review of the literature. Methods A retrospective review of children Results Twelve patients were identified with a tissue diagnosis of FNH. Two patients required surgical resection of their lesion owing to concern for malignancy. Ten patients were managed expectantly with imaging surveillance after biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of FNH. All patients who underwent MRI had very typical findings including hypointensity on T1 weighted sequences, hyperintensity on T2, and homogenous uptake of contrast on the arterial phase. On follow-up all patients had either a stable lesion or reduction in size. Conclusions Focal nodular hyperplasia presents typically in children with liver disease, have undergone chemotherapy, and adolescent females. Young children, particularly
Evaluation of trajectory modeling in different dynamic regions using normalized cumulative Lagrangian separation

[1] The Lagrangian separation distance between the endpoints of simulated and observed drifter trajectories is often used to assess the performance of numerical particle trajectory models. However, the separation distance fails to indicate relative model performance in weak and strong current regions, such as a continental shelf and its adjacent deep ocean. A new skill score is proposed based on the cumulative Lagrangian separation distances normalized by the associated cumulative trajectory lengths. This skill score is used to evaluate surface trajectories implied by Global HYCOM hindcast surface currents as gauged against actual satellite-tracked drifter trajectories in the eastern Gulf of Mexico during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. It is found that the new skill score correctly indicates the relative performance of the Global HYCOM in modeling the strong currents of the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current and the Gulf Stream and the weaker currents of the West Florida Shelf. In contrast, the Lagrangian separation distance alone gives a misleading result. The proposed dimensionless skill score is particularly useful when the number of drifter trajectories is limited and neither a conventional Eulerian-based velocity nor a Lagrangian-based probability density function may be estimated.