cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A STABLE COLORIMETRIC STANDARD FOR CHLOROPHYLL DETERMINATIONS

The usual standard used in the colorimetric determination of chlorophyll is a solution resulting from the saponification of the pigment itself. Such a standard has several disadvantages, among which are that: (i) it is unstable; (2) standards prepared from time to time may differ slightly; (3) pure chlorophyll is needed for its preparation, and this is not available to many workers; and (4) those having chlorophyll preparations have no assurance that theirs is of the same purity as those of others. Owing to its ease of exact duplication and its stability the standard described here does not have these disadvantages. Those desiring to determine chlorophyll but not having the pure pigment should find it especially valuable. The method for which this standard was devised is essentially that of Willstatter and Stoll 2 for total chlorophyll. For a standard in this method pure chlorophyll is dissolved in ether, saponified with potassium hydroxid, extracted from the ether with water, and made to volume. For details of the method the original should be consulted. In searching for a colored solution to replace the standard prepared from chlorophyll itself the idea of using a dye mixture was abandoned, since many dyes are unstable or cannot be obtained in a known state of purity. It was found that a solution consisting of a mixture of copper sulphate, potassium dichromate, and ammonium hydroxid could be used. Solutions of these substances of known concentration can easily be made. The following solutions were used: i. Copper sulphate, CUSO4. 5H20, IO grams per liter. Crystals covered with the white powder of the less hydrated form should be avoided. If possible, the purity of the salt should be checked. 2. Potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7, 20 grams per liter. 3. Ammonium hydroxid, twice normal. To make the standard, measure accurately 28.5 cc. of the copper sulphate, 50 cc. of the potassium dichromate, and IO cc. of the ammonium hydroxid into a ioo cc. volumetric flask; make to volume and mix. When the solution was placed in one cup of the colorimeter and the instrument set at
Development and validation of a rapid and sensitive HPLC method for the quantification of 5-fluorocytosine and its metabolites

To study the intracellular metabolism of the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5FC), we developed a novel reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method to simultaneously detect 5FC and its four major anabolic metabolites: 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluorouridine, 5-fluorouridine-monophosphate and 5-fluoro-2'deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate. Separation of each compound was accomplished under isocratic conditions using a C(18) column and mobile phase of formic acid-water (1 : 99 v/v). The method was validated for both accuracy and reproducibility in cell culture media. Additionally, metabolites were assessed for stability at ambient temperatures and following freeze-thaw cycles. Calibration curves were linear over a range of 1-200 microg/mL. Limit of quantification for four of the five compounds was 1 microg/mL in cell culture media (RSD < 11%). This method was successfully used to monitor intracellular conversion of 5FC to its metabolic products over a 24h period.
Prevalence of advanced colorectal neoplasia in white and black patients undergoing screening colonoscopy in a safety-net hospital.

Some U.S. studies have shown that black persons are more likely than white persons to be diagnosed with colorectal cancer and to die from it. This study of average-risk adults undergoing screening ...
Saving the Truth Schema from Paradox

The paper shows how we can add a truth predicate to arithmetic (or formalized syntactic theory), and keep the usual truth schema Tr(〈A〉)↔A (understood as the conjunction of Tr(〈A〉)→A and A→Tr(〈A〉)). We also keep the full intersubstitutivity of Tr(〈A〉)) with A in all contexts, even inside of an →. Keeping these things requires a weakening of classical logic; I suggest a logic based on the strong Kleene truth tables, but with → as an additional connective, and where the effect of classical logic is preserved in the arithmetic or formal syntax itself. Section 1 is an introduction to the problem and some of the difficulties that must be faced, in particular as to the logic of the →; Section 2 gives a construction of an arithmetically standard model of a truth theory; Section 3 investigates the logical laws that result from this; and Section 4 provides some philosophical commentary.
Biomarkers of 3-Nitropropionic Acid (3-NPA)-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction as Indicators of Neuroprotection

In humans or animals, symptoms of mitochondrial energy dysfunction may be produced by mutations or inborn errors of the necessary enzymes, as well as by enzyme inhibitors or uncouplers of the oxidative phosphorylation process. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is a toxin that is sometimes produced on moldy crops (sugarcane, peanuts, etc.) in amounts sufficient to cause severe neuromuscular disorders when consumed by humans. In vitro, 3-NPA irreversibly inactivates SDH, a Complex II respiratory enzyme important for mitochondrial energy production. We have been studying biomarkers of 3-NPA exposure in the expectation that such markers may be useful in the screening process to identify neuroprotective agents against neurotoxicity produced by mitochondrial energy dysfunction. Animals were sacrificed at various times after 3-NPA exposure for histochemical visualization of SDH activity and measurement of immediate postmortem rectal temperature. 3-NPA-treated rats experienced progressive hypothermia that reached a loss of 3 degrees C or more in core body temperature by three hours after dosing. The optical density of the SDH stain in brain was reduced, following a similar time course, most prominently in the cerebellum and least sharply in the thalamus. Some rats were given injections of L-carnitine (an enhancer of fatty acid transport) either alone, or as a pretreatment prior to a dose of 3-NPA. Although L-carnitine deficiency by itself can produce mitochondrial dysfunction, pretreatment with L-carnitine was of limited efficacy at overcoming the effects of 3-NPA on either body temperature or quantitative SDH histochemistry. Body temperature and SDH histochemistry may be useful biomarkers for evaluating the efficacy of neuroprotective agents against lower doses of 3-NPA, against other pharmacological models of mitochondrial dysfunction, or even against genetic mitochondrial diseases.
Antimicrobial agents for the dermatologist. II. Macrolides, fluoroquinolones, rifamycins, tetracyclines, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and clindamycin

Abstract This article is the second of a two-part series reviewing antimicrobial agents that are used by the dermatologist. In part I we reviewed β-lactam antibiotics and related compounds. In this section we again emphasize some newer agents (macrolides, fluoroquinolones) as well as some of the more commonly employed older agents (rifamycins, tetracyclines, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and clindamycin). (J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:365-81.) Learning objective: At the conclusion of this learning activity, the participant should understand the various classes of antimicrobial agents being employed in dermatology practice. He or she should become familiar with antimicrobial activity, clinical indications, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, adverse effects, and dosing schedules of these agents.
Measurement of lifetimes in photoconductors by means of optical beating

Abstract This paper discusses a technique of measuring short lifetimes of photoexcited excess carriers in photoconductors. The method is based on a study of the frequency response of photoconductivity to the beat frequency between two coherent light waves. Experimental results in various infrared detectors show a frequency response in agreement with theoretical predictions. The lifetimes determined by this technique agree with those found by the more standard method of direct measurement of the decay time of photoconductivity. The optical beating method makes possible the measurement of lifetimes in the nanosecond range at the wide variety of wavelengths available from coherent laser sources.
Fears of Violence During Morning Travel to School

PURPOSE: Children's safety as they travel to school is a concern nationwide. We investigated how safe children felt from the risk of being assaulted during morning travel to school. METHODS: Children between 10 and 18 years old were recruited in Philadelphia and interviewed with the aid of geographic information system (GIS) mapping software about a recent trip to school, situational characteristics, and how safe they felt as they travelled based on a 10-point item (1 = very unsafe, 10 = very safe). Ordinal regression was used to estimate the probability of perceiving different levels of safety based on transportation mode, companion type, and neighborhood characteristics. RESULTS: Among 65 randomly selected subjects, routes to school ranged from 7 to 177 minutes (median = 36) and .1-15.1 street miles (median = 1.9), and included between 1-5 transportation modes (median = 2). Among students interviewed, 58.5% felt less than very safe (i.e., 8, for example, was .99 while in a car and .94 while on foot but was .86 and .87 when on a public bus or trolley. Probability was .98 while with an adult but was .72 while with another child and .71 when alone. Also, perceived safety was lower in areas of high crime and high density of off-premise alcohol outlets. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts that target situational risk factors are warranted to help children feel safe over their entire travel routes to school. Language: en
Characterization of Graf, the GTPase-activating Protein for Rho Associated with Focal Adhesion Kinase: PHOSPHORYLATION AND POSSIBLE REGULATION BY MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE *

Graf is a GTPase-activating protein for Rho that interacts with focal adhesion kinase and co-localizes with the actin cytoskeleton (Hildebrand, J. D., Taylor, J. M. and Parsons, J. T. (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 3169–3178). We examined the expression and regulation of Graf as a prelude to understanding the role of Graf in mediating signal transductionin vivo. We demonstrated that Graf is a ubiquitously expressed 95-kDa protein with high levels observed in heart and brain and cells derived from these tissues. Stimulation of PC12 cells with epidermal growth factor or nerve growth factor induced a phosphatase-reversible mobility shift upon gel electrophoresis, indicative of phosphorylation. In vitro, purified mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase catalyzed the phosphorylation of Graf on serine 510, suggesting that Graf phosphorylation may be mediated through MAP kinase signaling. In addition, the mutation of serine 510 to alanine inhibited the epidermal growth factor-induced mobility shift of mutant Graf protein in vivo, consistent with serine 510 being the site of in vivo phosphorylation. Based on these data we suggest that phosphorylation of Graf by MAP kinase or related kinases may be a mechanism by which growth factor signaling modulates Rho-mediated cytoskeletal changes in PC12 and perhaps other cells.
A physical model for predicting bidirectional reflectances over bare soil

While most previous attempts to retrieve soil surface optical property characteristics have proceeded through a fitting of empirical functions to the data, an optimization technique is presently applied to a physically-based surface reflectance model developed for the study of planetary surfaces. This inversion procedure is shown to allow the direct estimation of the single-scattering coefficient, two parameters describing the 'hot spot' phenomenon, and two parameters describing the scattering phase function. A comparison of inversion technique results with both synthetic data and actual observations shows the model to be capable of predicting the observed bidirectional reflectances as well as directional-hemispherical reflectances; it can also build the complete radiance field over the upward hemisphere.
The spatial code for odors is changed by conditioning.

Drosophila displays robust olfactory learning. In this issue of Neuron, Davis and colleagues use optical imaging to demonstrate that olfactory conditioning alters odor representations among the glomeruli of the fly antennal lobe. New synaptic activity is recruited into the representation of an odor and is localized to projection neurons (PNs).
Gated computed tomography of the heart

Since the inception of computed tomography (CT), we have been keenly interested in the possibility of imaging the myocardium in the axial dimension in vivo. Initial efforts at quantitive myocardial imaging were of necessity performed in vitro in the original EMI brain scanner (1). Combined with a study of whole blood in vitro, it became apparent that individuals with a normal hematocrit.would not show a significant difference between the density of the myocardium and blood without the use of a contrast agent. To study the myocardium in vivo would require either an ultrashort scan period (less than S0 msec (2)) or data acquisition at synchronized periods during the heart cycle (gating). With the advent of faster scan cycles in currently available commercial equipment, the initial thrust at in vivo myocardial imaging became possible. The potential advantages of myocardial imaging are numerous and include the ability to differentiate the myocardium from the blood pool which would permit volume analysis, determination of ejection fraction, study of akinesis and dyskinesis, evaluation of ischemic myocardium and, ultimately, the visualization of the lumen of coronary arteries. A noncatheter, low risk technique which could accurately portray the lumina of coronary arteries would be of inestimable public health value. The technologic considerations involved in achieving this task are, however, formidable. The history of scanning of the heart is brief but relevant. The myocardium has been imaged by CT in vivo since the advent of CT body scanning (3). Because early scanners required 60 to 180 traverses and the total scan took from 2 to 7 rain, the image of the myocardium was necessarily one that averaged during multiple cardiac contractions. The chamber wall, blood pool, fat surrounding the myocardium as well as the pericardium, septa and valves were not resolved because of systolic-diastolic motion blurring. The image was further degraded by respiratory motion (2). In addition, artifacts were created by cardiac pulsations transmitted to the high density diaphragm and subjacent structures which interface with the low density lung parenchyma. Clearly, an approach was needed wherein the subject would be apneic and the cardiac structures could be imaged in fractions of a second. Wood (4) and Ritman et al (5) were first to propose a cardiac scanning device with a multiple x-ray tube-detector array to scan the myocardium in fractions of a second. To date, such a device remains theoretically possible; however, it has not been accomplished in the laboratory. In vitro investigations of myocardial perfusion by Adams et al (6) are reported to show minute differences in attenuation coefficients of recently infarcted myocardium. In other experiments, Aifidi et al (2) and Ter-Pogossian et al (7) showed that CT angiocardiography using positive contrast agents was feasible in intact sacrlfi~:ed animals.
Heterogeneity of Ca2+ gating of skeletal muscle and cardiac ryanodine receptors.

The single-channel activity of rabbit skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (skeletal RyR) and dog cardiac RyR was studied as a function of cytosolic [Ca2+]. The studies reveal that for both skeletal and cardiac RyRs, heterogeneous populations of channels exist, rather than a uniform behavior. Skeletal muscle RyRs displayed two extremes of behavior: 1) low-activity RyRs (LA skeletal RyRs, approximately 35% of the channels) had very low open probability (Po 0.6) in the presence and absence of Mg2+ and ATP. Heart RyRs were much less sensitive (10x) to inhibition by [Ca2+] than skeletal RyRs. The differential heterogeneity of heart versus skeletal muscle RyRs may reflect the modulation required for calcium-induced calcium release versus depolarization-induced Ca2+ release.
Quantitative studies of mitoses: hippocampus of neonatal rat.

Abstract In continuation of our quantitative studies of mitoses in 15-day fetal rat brain, we have now studied mitoses in hippocampus of neonatal rat. In contrast to cortex in which neuroblast mitoses terminate prenatally, hippocampus in rodents has been known to exhibit mitoses well past birth. Our present study suggests that at birth (rat) 61% of these mitoses are situated in the medioventral tip of the germinal (ventricular and sub-ventricular) zone of lateral ventricle. However, the remaining 39% of mitoses may not be neural but represent mitoses of brain capillaries, similar to “deep mitoses” which we reported in 15-day fetuses. Like these, some of the neonatal mitoses are situated not in the germinal layer of the ventricle, but 44 ± 21 μm deeper, near Ammon's horn or dentate gyrus; also, as in these previous studies, the spindles of all deep mitoses are not parallel to ventricular or hippocampal structures but perpendicular, presumably to promote their radial expansion known for capillaries at that age. Possibilities are considered that capillary cells are produced in excess and eventually undergo natural “capillary death”, to follow natural “neuronal death”.
Preparation, reactions and physical properties of segmented 2-(perfluoroalkyl)ethanesulfinic acids and their derivatives. The role of the perfluoroalkyl group in finding new and useful compounds and in searching out new chemistry☆

Abstract 2-(Perfluoroalkyl)ethanesulfinic acids of the formula R F CH 2 CH 2 SO 2 H ( 2 , where R F = n -C 6 F 13 , or n- C 8 F 17 ) are synthesized from the thiol, R F CH 2 CH 2 SH ( 1 ). These segmented acids 2 have sharp melting point (mp) and can be recrystallized. The C6 or C8 perfluoroalkyl group confers unusual “fluophilic” properties to acids 2 and their derivatives. Water solutions of acids 2 and their Na, K, Cs and Bu 4 N salts are highly surface active and stable for several days, and are more effective in reducing surface tension at the air/water interface than sodium n -perfluorooctanesulfonate ( 10 ). Sodium salts 2 (C6, C8) are converted to K and Cs salts by methathesis in high yield. However, the amphiphilic Bu 4 N salts of 2 (C6, C8) are best prepared in a biphasic system (C6, 99.6% yield). Acids 2 are synthesized by three methods. (1) Oxidation of the C8 thiol 1 (at −35°C) by m -CPBA gives acid 2 (C8) in 73% yield and unwanted disulfide ( 3 ) in 27% yield. The bulky, strongly electronegative R F group of 1 may slow oxidation of the RSOH (intermediate) to allow disproportionation with RSH into disulfide 3 and water. (2) Hydrolysis of R F CH 2 CH 2 SO 2 SCH 2 CH 2 R F ( 4 ) with strong base gives salt 2 (C6, or C8; 92% yield). (3) Heating sulfone, R F CH 2 CH 2 SO 2 CH 2 CH 2 Y ( 8 ) with a base (M 2 CO 3 ) eliminates R F CH 2 CH 2 SO 2 M ( 2 , M = Na, K, Cs) in 95–100% yield (C6, C8). Alternatively, 8 with the sodium thiolate of 1 gives R F C n H 2 n SCH 2 CH 2 Y ( 7 , 90%) and sodium salt 2 (C6, 95%). Conjugate addition of the R F CH 2 CH 2 SO 2 − to CH 2 CHY gives sulfones 8 , and R F CH 2 CH 2 SO 2 − adds stereospecifically to cyclohexene oxide, giving the trans -adduct 13 . R F CH 2 CH 2 SO 2 H ( 2 ), with azo initiator, telomerizes acrylamide to a water-soluble, surface active product.
Intensity determination by continuous thermal cycling

Abstract The advent of cryogenic magnetometers with which remanence can be measured at high sensitivity statically permits continuous thermal demagnetization and, in principle, a continuous version of the classic stepwise method of intensity determination. In the technique we have initially tried a field is trapped in the superconducting shield of the magnetometer throughout the experiment. The sample is then thermally cycled over progressively higher temperature ranges so that the incremental acquisition of partial thermoremanence (PTRM) and loss of the natural remanence (NRM) of the sample can be compared. In control experiments we have found that bad intensity estimates arise because the presence of the field causes difficulty in reliable separation of remanent and induced moments. A better approach is to heat and cool the sample in the required fields outside of the magnetometer and to insert it into the magnetometer only for the measurement of remanence. In this way it will be possible to cycle the sample to progressively higher temperatures and measure at elevated temperatures without cooling to room temperature, but one will measure remanence directly in zero field.
The correlation of drag-reduction effects with polymer intrinsic viscosity

Abstract Drag-reduction and viscosity data for four polymer families have been analyzed and correlated. A two-constant equation has been found to successfully organize the intrinsic concentration and intrinsic viscosity data for all four families. In the absence of intrinsic viscosity—molecular weight relationships the analysis provides a meaningful index of drag-reduction efficiencies among polymer homologs and suggests the means by which various families may be effectively compared.
Substance Abuse, Neurobiology, and Ideology

The term substance abuse refers to the recreational use of a drug despite potentially harmful effects. Depending on the substance, such use produces psychic dependence, physical dependence, tolerance, or sensitization. In addition, substance abusers are subject to numerous neurologic complications, notably trauma, infection, stroke, seizures, cognitive impairment, and fetal injury. 1 In some individuals, genetic factors increase the risk of substance abuse. 2 Effective pharmacotherapy of substance abuse is available for some drugs, unavailable for most, and optimal for none. The purpose of this brief review is to acquaint clinical neurologists with recent developments in what is basically a neurobiologic problem. Whether these developments have had a favorable effect on public attitudes is another matter.
Associations of adiponectin, resistin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with insulin resistance.

Context: Adipose tissue-derived adipokines may contribute to insulin resistance. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that adipokines are associated with insulin resistance in a community-based cohort and that associations are maintained in people with and without the metabolic syndrome (high vs. low risk of diabetes). Design, Setting, and Participants: We studied a cross-sectional sample of 2356 individuals attending the seventh examination (1998–2001) of the Framingham Offspring Study. We measured levels of glucose, insulin, adiponectin, resistin, and TNFα in fasting blood samples and defined metabolic syndrome by updated National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. We used ANOVA to test associations of adipokines with insulin resistance and multivariable logistic regression models to assess joint associations of adipokines and metabolic syndrome with insulin resistance. Main Outcome Measure: Homeostasis model (HOMA-IR), with insulin resistance defined by HOMA-IR greater than the 75th percentile, was measured. Results: Age- and sex-adjusted HOMA-IR levels were inversely related to adiponectin (r = −0.40, P < 0.0001) and positively related to resistin (r = 0.13, P < 0.0001) and TNFα (r = 0.12, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of insulin resistance increased with decreasing tertiles of adiponectin (from 10.9% in the third to 42.5% in the first tertile; P < 0.0001) and increasing tertiles of resistin (from 19.3 to 30.9%; P < 0.0001) and TNFα (from 18.8 to 32.0%; P < 0.0001). Results were similar after adjustment for body mass index. These associations were present in individuals with or without the metabolic syndrome. In multivariable regression models, metabolic syndrome and adipokines individually and jointly were significantly associated with insulin resistance. Conclusion: Adverse levels of adipokines are associated with insulin resistance in individuals at low or high diabetes risk.
Synthesis of a new carbohydrate mimetics: “carbopeptoid” containing a C-1 carboxylate and C-2 amino group

Abstract Readily access to a new class of carbohydrate mimetics has been demonstrated from a d -glucosamine derivative by the synthesis of a tetrameric carbopeptoid in which the glycosidic bonds are replaced with amido linkages.
Lie theory and difference equations. II

Abstract The factorization method for systems of linear difference equations is shown to be related to the factorization method for differential equations via the Mellin transform. This connection allows one to extend Lie algebra representations in terms of difference operators to local group representations. The results yield a group-theoretic explanation and derivation of various integral identities which relate one type of special function to another.
The use of a self-administered gustatory stimulus in the elimination of a seizure disorder

Abstract A gustatory punishment technique was successfully used to eliminate psychogenic seizures in an adult male outpatient. The subject was instructed to take a small quantity of unsweetened lemon juice and swish it in his mouth for 15 sec each time he had a seizure. Results showed a marked decrease in seizure activity and seizures ceased within nine weeks. Follow-ups at 2, 3, 6 and 12 months indicated that seizures did not return, despite the fact that his anticonvulsant medication was withdrawn during this period. Informal observation by the subject's wife substantiated his reported decrease in seizures.
Vorticity, turbulence production, and turbulence induced accelerations in a rectangular jet as measured using 3-D LDA

The flow field of a rectangular jet with a 4:1 aspect ratio (50.4 x 12.7 mm) was studied at a Reynolds number of 100,000 (Mach number 0.09) using a 3-D laser Doppler anemometer system. Measurements were performed along the major and minor axis planes and at various downstream cross-sections of the jet. The mean velocity vector and entire Reynolds stress tensor were measured and presented in a previous publication. The present work presents the vorticity vector, turbulence production, and turbulence induced acceleration vector distributions which were calculated from the previously presented data.
Hints for Teaching Russian

ONLY a few years ago Russian was studied comparatively little in the United States, probably on account of the retarded civilization of the Slavic nation; perhaps also because the value of the queer-looking idiom for commerce and science was considered small, or because the East European way of thinking seemed too far removed from our culture. Since, however, the Soviets have become a first-rate world power, advancing rapidly in every field of endeavor and knowledge, many, especially scientists, are eager to learn Russian.' Also in schools and colleges the new tongue is gaining ground more and more. While it is not easy to hurdle the barrier of any foreign language, would Russian be still harder to learn for our students? Could the outlandish-
Direct coding for frequency of occurrence

Using an interference paradigm, we demonstrate that there is a place for a direct coding mechanism in a comprehensive theory of frequency coding. Ss were presented words whose frequency was judged later. Under one set of instructions, these words were coded in terms of numerical associates; under another set of instructions, the coding was governed by nonnumerical associates
Effect of the vitreous on the prognosis of full-thickness idiopathic macular hole

We studied 112 eyes with full-thickness idiopathic macular holes (mean follow-up period, 5.7 years) to ascertain the effect of the vitreous on prognosis. Eyes were divided as follows: group 1, 58 eyes with no posterior vitreous detachment; group 2, 25 eyes with no posterior vitreous detachment initially and development of complete posterior vitreous detachment during follow-up; and group 3, 29 eyes with complete posterior vitreous detachment. In group 1, the macular hole enlarged in 37 eyes (64%), and the surrounding retinal detachment enlarged in 29 (50%); visual acuity decreased in 20 eyes (34%) by two or more Snellen lines. These percentages were significantly higher than in group 3 (14%, 10%, and 10%; P = .01, P = .01, and P = .03, respectively). Eyes with a full-thickness macular hole with no posterior vitreous detachment may have a greater risk of enlargement of the macular hole and surrounding retinal detachment, and thus a worse prognosis than eyes with posterior vitreous detachment.
Precise determination of mass-dependent variations in the isotopic composition of molybdenum using MC-ICPMS.

We present an analytical approach for the precise determination of mass-dependent differences in the isotopic composition of Mo between samples and reference standards using multiple-collector magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS). Either Zr or Ru “element spikes” are employed to correct for instrumental mass bias. Differences in 95Mo/97Mo can be determined to a precision of ±0.2‰ (±2σ) using 1−10 μg of Mo. Similar precision is possible for other ratios after correction for isobaric interferences from either spike element. This approach facilitates study of mass-dependent variations in the isotopic composition of Mo in nature and in materials produced by laboratory processes. We observe fractionation of Mo isotopes of ∼1.5‰/amu during ion-exchange chromatography in the laboratory and a shift of ∼0.3‰/amu between natural MoS2 and a laboratory standard.
A Multifactor Analysis of Fungal and Bacterial Community Structure in the Root Microbiome of Mature Populus deltoides Trees

Bacterial and fungal communities associated with plant roots are central to the host health, survival and growth. However, a robust understanding of the root-microbiome and the factors that drive host associated microbial community structure have remained elusive, especially in mature perennial plants from natural settings. Here, we investigated relationships of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere and root endosphere of the riparian tree species Populus deltoides, and the influence of soil parameters, environmental properties (host phenotype and aboveground environmental settings), host plant genotype (Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers), season (Spring vs. Fall) and geographic setting (at scales from regional watersheds to local riparian zones) on microbial community structure. Each of the trees sampled displayed unique aspects to its associated community structure with high numbers of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) specific to an individual trees (bacteria >90%, fungi >60%). Over the diverse conditions surveyed only a small number of OTUs were common to all samples within rhizosphere (35 bacterial and 4 fungal) and endosphere (1 bacterial and 1 fungal) microbiomes. As expected, Proteobacteria and Ascomycota were dominant in root communities (>50%) while other higher-level phylogenetic groups (Chytridiomycota, Acidobacteria) displayed greatly reduced abundance in endosphere compared to the rhizosphere. Variance partitioning partially explained differences in microbiome composition between all sampled roots on the basis of seasonal and soil properties (4% to 23%). While most variation remains unattributed, we observed significant differences in the microbiota between watersheds (Tennessee vs. North Carolina) and seasons (Spring vs. Fall). SSR markers clearly delineated two host populations associated with the samples taken in TN vs. NC, but overall host genotypic distances did not have a significant effect on corresponding communities that could be separated from other measured effects.
The Relativism of Social Constructionism

We found ourselves intrigued by Gergen's replies to our special issue partners. Indeed, we found a not-so-subtle theme among them: the theme of relativism. We begin with Gergen's (2011/this issue) assertion that his relational “way of understanding our world” is “enormously valuable to the human condition” (p. 315). We then puzzle over what this assertion might mean, given that Gergen specifically denies that relational being can be claimed to be true or real. After disputing a practical utility or even a preferential basis for this assertion, we discuss his problematic appeal to the relativism of social constructionism.
S100B, a neurotropic protein that modulates neuronal protein phosphorylation, is upregulated during lesion-induced collateral sprouting and reactive synaptogenesis.

Using light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, we examined the expression of the Ca2+-binding protein S100B in the dentate gyrus of adult rats during lesion-induced sprouting and reactive synaptogenesis. Nine days following unilateral lesioning of the entorhinal cortex, S100B was upregulated in cells primarily in the outer part of the molecular layer of the ipsilateral dentate gyrus. When examined with electron microscopy, numerous astrocytes and synapses containing S100B were identified. These data show that during lesion-induced sprouting and reactive synaptogenesis, S100B is upregulated in astrocytes and can be found in pre- and post-synaptic compartments where it might influence neuronal protein phosphorylation.
Aspects of vertebrate immunoglobulin evolution. Constancy in light chain electrophoretic behavior

Abstract Immunoglobulin light chains were derived by chromatographic means from the parent immunoglobulins of eight vertebrate species which occupy key positions in vertebrate evolution. These light chains were subsequently subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrofocusing in a pH 3–10 gradient for comparative purposes. Data are presented on the marked similarities in electrophoretic distributions that are seen in all of the vertebrate light chains examined; the possible implications of these similarities, in concert with the comparative analyses of others, are discussed as they relate to the evolution of immunoglobulin structure.
Unusual heat stability of peanut allantoinase

Abstract Allantoinase is present in both germinated and dormant peanut seeds. The enzyme has a pH optimum at 7·5 and is remarkably heat stable. The enzyme is active at 80° and retains considerable part of its activity even at 90°.
Child's play: Repetition and death in Duras'sSavannah Bay

L'A. rapproche Savannah Bay de La Maladie de la Mort autour des theme de la repetition, de la perte, du suicide et de la mort
The feasibility of the composite insulator with fiber Bragg grating embedded in the rod

This work presents an intelligent monitoring feasibility on composite insulators. By implanting fiber Bragg grating (FBG) into the composite insulator rod, the intelligence rod structure can online monitor the operating condition of the composite insulator. The transmission matrix is used to get the relationships between the stress strain or the thermal strain and the wavelength drift of in the insulator rod, and based on the results, this work provides the feasibility analysis, the system design and field application.
Pharmacotherapy and Lifestyle Interventions for Tension-Type Headaches:

The objective of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacotherapy and lifestyle interventions for tension-type headaches. Literature was obtained through a MEDLINE (1966 to April 2008) search and a bibliographic review of published articles. Key terms searched included tension-type headaches, chronic tension-type headaches, pharmacotherapy, and lifestyle therapy. The search was further limited to the English language. Tension-type headaches are the most common and least studied primary headache disorder. These headaches are characterized by mild to moderate bilateral pain that is described as dull, aching, and bandlike. Episodic tension-type headaches may be treated with mild analgesics such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen; although treatment should be individualized, data suggest that NSAIDs may be considered first line. Chronic and frequent episodic tension-type headaches often require prophylactic therapy. Although tricyclic antidepressants are considered t...
X-ray reflectivity of ion-beam-deposited Ag/Al multilayers

Abstract Multilayer films with modulation wavelengths between 1.35 and 21.3 nm, and a total thickness of less than 1 μm were deposited using dual-ion-beam sputtering technique. X-ray reflectivity of the Ag/Al multilayers with 2, 4, 8 and 14, deposited on silicon substrates was measured using high-resolution diffractometer. From the analysis of the data, it has been shown that both the period and the refractive index can be obtained simultaneously from these measurements. In this formulation, Bragg equation corrected for the refractive index of the multilayer film is used. For short modulation wavelengths, less than 3.5 nm, an additional layer of intermetallic Ag 2 Al was formed as determined by the X-ray diffraction peaks. The average lattice parameter was reduced for shorter modulation wavelengths and approached the bulk value for wavelengths above 5.0 nm. The reduced lattice parameter for shorter wavelengths is consistent with the recent results on the nanometer-sized particles of other materials and could be explained arising due to surface energy consideration.
Ion channels: too complex for rational drug design?

The vast array of medical conditions potentially amenable to treatment by drugs that act on ion channels makes the pursuit of these investigations attractive and compelling. However, the best route to designing safe and effective agents remains uncertain. From a practical standpoint, patients (and corporate managers) want to know “will all this new technology and mechanistic insight shorten the discovery process? Will it give me an effective and safe drug before I become sicker? Will it reduce development costs by increasing the likelihood of clinical success?” Some symposium participants felt ion channels to be a poor choice for rational drug development on first principles. Channels, they correctly emphasized, are moving targets. While almost all screening assays evaluate drug binding to static channel states, therapeutic efficacy reflects dynamic drug interactions with systems that respond to voltage, time, stimulation patterns, and local environment. In addition, molecular assignment of native currents to the cloned channels used for screening has proven an elusive goal and, as a result, the relevance of assays to in vivo function is questionable, especially if cells vary the subunit composition of their channels.Other symposium participants were more upbeat; they thought our field merely too young to be the subject of rational development strategies, but one that held considerable promise. Too much basic biology is still emerging, they argued, the problems ahead have not yet been adequately defined. As evidence, they pointed to the dizzying diversity of newly recognized channel families and subtypes, modulatory accessory subunits, combinatorial possibilities for channel assembly, and secondary mediator pathways that had been presented at this symposium alone. The optimists among us simply saw the cacophony of biological, functional, and structural complexity as new opportunity for specificity in drug action. All conferees agreed, however, that the symposium had produced an amalgamation and of old and new ideas as well as a confederation of academic and industrial scientists that heralded the maturing of the endeavour.
Pathology of orbital bones. The XXXII Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture.

The orbital bones may show nearly all the pathologic changes observed in the skull and in the face. The congenital anomalies in this area are numerous and involve various forms of craniostenoses. Among the benign osseous tumors the osteoma is most frequently encountered in the orbit. Fibrous dysplasia is a tumefaction of indeterminate behavior that often involves the orbit. Osteosarcoma or other malignant neoplasms are rarely seen in this area. Eosinophilic granuloma and Hand-Schuller-Christian disease are tumor-like lesions that may involve the orbit.
Direct observation of the tetrahedral bonding in graphitized carbon black by high resolution electron microscopy

Abstract Morphology of extremely small particles of graphitized carbon which were found in amorphous carbon films prepared by vacuum deposition has been studied by high resolution electron microscopy. Morphology of single layers of the graphite-like structure that were occasionally formed inside the particles suggests that the bending of the layers should be caused by the carbon atoms having the tetrahedral bonds. Occurrence of the tetrahedral bonds in the graphitized carbon particles is discussed.
Variations on adiabatic passage in optical control of molecular processes

A number of variations on adiabatic passage for the realization of efficient and selective population transfer in both the gas and liquid phases are presented. The advantageous use of decaying quantum states and/or the influence of continuous measurements during the population transfer are stressed and an intriguing adiabatic passage scheme, which is sensitive to the relative phases of the control laser fields, is introduced.
Predictive Equations for Energy Needs for the Critically Ill

Nutrition may affect clinical outcomes in critically ill patients, and providing either more or fewer calories than the patient needs can adversely affect outcomes. Calorie need fluctuates substantially over the course of critical illness, and nutrition delivery is often influenced by: the risk of refeeding syndrome; a hypocaloric feeding regimen; lack of feeding access; intolerance of feeding; and feeding-delay for procedures. Lean body mass is the strongest determinant of resting energy expenditure, but age, sex, medications, and metabolic stress also influence the calorie requirement. Indirect calorimetry is the accepted standard for determining calorie requirement, but is unavailable or unaffordable in many centers. Moreover, indirect calorimetry is not infallible and care must be taken when interpreting the results. In the absence of calorimetry, clinicians use equations and clinical judgment to estimate calorie need. We reviewed 7 equations (American College of Chest Physicians, Harris-Benedict, Ireton-Jones 1992 and 1997, Penn State 1998 and 2003, Swinamer 1990) and their prediction accuracy. Understanding an equation's reference population and using the equation with similar patients are essential for the equation to perform similarly. Prediction accuracy among equations is rarely within 10% of the measured energy expenditure; however, in the absence of indirect calorimetry, a prediction equation is the best alternative.
Accounting for Human Resource Flexibility: Commentary on "Human Resource Systems in Kenya"

The accompanying article argues strongly for the proposition that a hotel's business strategy is related to its human resources policies. However, the conceptual framework in the article does not g...
Monte Carlo Bayesian identification using SNP profiles

Abstract The method described here enables an investigator to analyse individual culprits' dimorphic SNP profiles quickly without depending on "reference groups", and to analyse combinations of STR and SNP profiles.
Nuclear medicine and diabetic foot infections.

Up to 25% of the diabetic population is at risk for developing a pedal ulcer. These ulcers serve as a portal of entry for osteomyelitis and overlie more than 90% of diabetic pedal osteomyelitis cases. The diagnosis of osteomyelitis often is overlooked, and imaging studies are an essential part of the evaluation. The most commonly performed radionuclide tests are bone and labeled leukocyte imaging. Focal hyperperfusion, focal hyperemia, and focal bony uptake on the 3-phase bone scan comprise the usual presentation of osteomyelitis. Many conditions to which the diabetic population with foot problems is prone, however, mimic osteomyelitis, and the test is sensitive but not specific. Consequently, the bone scan often is used as a screening test or to facilitate localization of activity on labeled leukocyte images. Because of its high sensitivity and prevalence of positive results, its value as a screening test is questionable. Investigations comparing labeled leukocyte imaging alone to labeled leukocyte plus bone imaging, demonstrate only marginal improvement for the combined study. Thus, it is time to reevaluate the role of the bone scan in diabetic foot infections. Labeled leukocyte imaging is the radionuclide procedure of choice for evaluating diabetic pedal osteomyelitis. Sensitivity and specificity range between 72% and 100%, and 67% and 98%, respectively. Although intraindividual comparisons are few, the accuracy of the test is similar, whether the leukocytes are labeled with 99m Tc or 111 In. Labeled leukocytes accumulate in uninfected neuropathic joints, and marrow scintigraphy may be needed to determine whether infection is present. Alternatives to labeled leukocyte imaging include in vivo methods of labeling leukocytes, radiolabeled polyclonal IgG, and radiolabeled antibiotics. The results obtained have been variable and none of these agents is available in the United States. There are few data available on single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography. It probably will be useful in the mid and hind foot; in the distal forefoot, given the small size of the structures, its value is less certain. Data on 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and positron emission tomography/computed tomography are limited and inconclusive, and further investigation is needed.
Current management of fatigue and anemia in patients with cancer.

Abstract Objectives To describe the management of fatigue and anemia in patients with cancer. Data sources Published literature and clinical experience. Conclusion Anemia is a common cause of cancer-related fatigue. Epoetin alfa increases hemoglobin, decreases transfusion requirements, and improves energy and quality of life in patients with cancer-related anemia. Nonpharmacologic treatment options include exercise, nutrition optimization, and psychosocial interventions. Effective management of fatigue improves overall cancer treatment, quality of life, and functional status. Implications for nursing practice Fatigue and anemia are commonly undertreated complications of cancer and its treatment. Oncology nurses play a key role in identifying and managing these conditions.
cBar: a computer program to distinguish plasmid-derived from chromosome-derived sequence fragments in metagenomics data.

Summary: Huge amount of metagenomic sequence data have been produced as a result of the rapidly increasing efforts worldwide in studying microbial communities as a whole. Most, if not all, sequenced metagenomes are complex mixtures of chromosomal and plasmid sequence fragments from multiple organisms, possibly from different kingdoms. Computational methods for prediction of genomic elements such as genes are significantly different for chromosomes and plasmids, hence raising the need for separation of chromosomal from plasmid sequences in a metagenome. We present a program for classification of a metagenome set into chromosomal and plasmid sequences, based on their distinguishing pentamer frequencies. On a large training set consisting of all the sequenced prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids, the program achieves ∼92% in classification accuracy. On a large set of simulated metagenomes with sequence lengths ranging from 300 bp to 100 kbp, the program has classification accuracy from 64.45% to 88.75%. On a large independent test set, the program achieves 88.29% classification accuracy. Availability: The program has been implemented as a standalone prediction program, cBar, which is available at http://csbl.bmb.uga.edu/∼ffzhou/cBar Contact: ude.agu.bmb@nyx Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.