cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and mechanisms of dietary polyphenols in mitigating rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the joints, leukocyte infiltration in the synovium, and joint and bone degradation. It affects about 1% of the world’s population, mostly women and elderly, but has no medical cure. Patients are recommended to manage their conditions through lifestyle changes and medications. Mounting evidence from clinical trials, animal models, and cell culture studies suggested that dietary polyphenols have a beneficial effect on the development and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. In RA patients, phenolic compounds have been found to reduce early morning stiffness, morning pain, and after activity pain, and decrease plasma levels of inflammatory mediators. In rodents with RA, polyphenols were shown to delay the onset, alleviate the symptoms, and reduce inflammation. The major mechanisms of RA prevention and symptom alleviation were the reduction of inflammatory mediators and inhibition of specific signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory response in rheumatoid arthritis. Future research is needed to assess the bioactivity of phase-2 and microbial metabolites of polyphenols and explore how interactions between polyphenols and gut microbiome affect RA development.
Public money and private interests: United States government contract awardees’ contribution to industrial pollution production

Point source emissions generated by facilities that have been awarded government contracts raise questions regarding the relationship between the State and industrial facilities, particularly when those facilities’ emissions are disproportionately high. While providing public goods or services, many facilities also produce harmful emissions and toxic waste. We examine whether government contract awardees differ in the amount of hazardous pollution they produce when compared to their non-awardee counterparts. Using facility information from permitted industrial facilities over 12 years, we examine whether awardees produce more pollution than counterpart facilities. We theorize this difference using Louis Althusser’s structural theory of power in which he contends that the State acts above all to reproduce itself through the reinforcement of its economic base and the ruling class. As an economic determinist whose theories heavily engage ideology as a mechanism of control, Althusser’s structural approach provides a framework for understanding the apparatuses and mechanisms through which the State works to maintain power. Through a comparative analysis between proportionate contribution to industrial releases by government contract awardees and non-awardees, we find that awardees contribute to disproportionality within and across industries. In addition, linear mixed model regression methods are used to test whether the associations observed are due to contract awardee status or other variables such as facility size and ownership. We theorize that the act of awarding contracts to the lowest bidder supports the State’s goals but also results in awards being won by facilities with higher pollution production than counterpart facilities within their industrial sector.
Methemoglobinemia due to dietary nitrate

Abstract Two cases of methemoglobinemia in 6-week-old infants due to excessive nitrate consumption have been described. The cause of methemoglobinemia was shown to be inadvertent excessive nitrate consumption from the sorghum syrup used to fortify infants’ bottles. Intestinal bacterial flora convert nitrates to toxic nitrites that can induce methemoglobin formation with symptoms of acute nitrate/nitrite toxicity attributable to the degree of methemoglobinemia. Other causes and treatment of methemoglobinemia have been described.
Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form: A New Method for Assessing Pain in the Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVE The numeric rating scale (NRS), which does not capture the multidimensional experience of pain, is commonly used to measure pain in the emergency department (ED). In this study, we assess the utility and feasibility of the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF) in the ED. METHODS This was a cross-sectional, prospective, convenience sample study of adult patients presenting to the ED with chest, abdominal, or musculoskeletal pain. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we investigated the construct validity of the BPI-SF. We determined the association between NRS and BPI-SF scores. We assessed the feasibility and utility of administering the BPI-SF in the ED setting by evaluating 1) the time required to complete the BPI-SF and 2) how patients perceive the BPI-SF compared with the NRS. RESULTS One hundred participants were included for analysis. The median NRS pain level on ED arrival (interquartile range [IQR]) was 7 (5-8). The median BPI-SF score (IQR) was 57 (43-73) on a 0-110 scale. Fit indices for the two-factor structure were statistically superior when compared with the one-factor model of the BPI-SF (comparative fit index 0.90 vs 0.64). Higher pain severity score, pain interference score, and total BPI-SF score were associated with higher NRS scores (P < 0.01). The mean time needed to complete the BPI-SF (SD) was 3 minutes 47 seconds (1 minute 35 seconds). Seventy-three percent of the patients preferred the BPI-SF to the NRS for pain assessment in the ED. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the validity, feasibility, and utility of the BPI-SF in the ED setting.
Effect of Lanthanum Doping on the reactivity of unsupported CoMoS2 catalysts

Abstract In the present study, catalytic systems based on La-doping were developed to improve the activity and performance of CoMoS2 hydrodesulfurization catalysts. Lanthanum-doped at 5, 10, or 25% of the Co content in CoMoS2 hydrodesulfurization catalysts were synthesized through a solvothermal process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirmed the catalysts were triphasic consisting of Co9S8, MoS2, and La2S3. The La doped catalysts showed enhanced catalytic activity compared with CoMoS2 synthesized under the same conditions. The CoMoS2 prepared under solvothermal synthesis conditions showed a catalytic activity of 6.80 mol g-1 s-1, however, the La0.05Co0.95MoS2 doping showed a catalytic activity of 6.51 mol g -1 s-1 whereas the La0.1Co0.9MoS2 and La0.25Co0.75MoS2 samples showed catalytic activities of 10.7 mol g-1 s-1. The reaction products indicated the major reaction pathway was direct desulfurization. The La0.25Co0.75MoS2 catalyst after one reaction cycle showed a lower amount of carbon, than the undoped CoMoS2 catalyst.
Liability and Liability Shields

This Chapter first examines the liability of businesses and medical professionals for acts and omissions involving COVID-19 mitigation, treatment, and reopening. Second, it provides an analysis of the federal and state liability shields, those that were in existence before COVID-19, those introduced more recently, and calls for more and broader shields. Claims will be brought by consumers (predominantly nursing home residents) alleging that businesses failed to protect them, patients treated at the height of the pandemic when emergency departments were overrun, and consumers who contract the virus during reopening. There are few federal liability shields applying to private actors, the most important being the PREP Act of 2005. A substantial number of states have adopted some type of liability waiver specifically related to the COVID-19 pandemic, initially providing immunity protections for health care providers and more recently protecting businesses as they reopen. Many of the health care providers shields present difficult questions of interpretation, particularly with regard to whether they are limited to emergency triage decisions, mitigation, or treatment efforts in contrast to broader acts or omissions that may have contributed to the infection outbreak, such as poor hygiene control. There is no evidence that a broad federal shield is necessary. State policymakers also should resist calls for broader shields and should provide transparent, data-driven guidance on reopening which can inform the existing and appropriate reasonable care standard. Courts should carefully scrutinize the constitutionality of shields and not show the same deference as given to prior tort reform legislation. This paper was prepared as part of Assessing Legal Responses to COVID-19, a comprehensive report published by Public Health Law Watch in partnership with the de Beaumont Foundation and the American Public Health Association.
Cerebral Blood flow responses to Hypoxia in Preterm Lambs

BACKGROUND In response to hypoxia, the fetus redistributes blood flow from the periphery to the brain by increasing blood pressure and perhaps decreasing cerebral vascular resistance. This response, which serves to maintain oxygen delivery to the fetal brain, has not been well studied shortly after birth, when a catecholamine surge …
Suitability of select media for use in a novel green wall system used to treat brewery wastewater.

Green walls are becoming increasingly popular as pleasing architectural installations and functional systems in sustainable urban building designs. However, utilization of green walls as an aqueous...
Developing an Agent-Based Model of Dual-Flush Toilet Adoption

AbstractThe spread of individual water conservation behaviors within a population can have large impacts on overall water demand. Agent-based models (ABMs) represent individual actors that update t...
Jubilee Under Textualism

Can the executive order widespread federal student loan forgiveness without additional congressional action? Most likely, a prerequisite for such a jubilee is authorization in the Higher Education Act. And in federal court the HEA is likely to be interpreted through a textualist lens. Textualist statutory interpretation strongly suggests that at least some jubilee authority exists. The Secretary of Education may “waive … or release any … claim” held by the government under certain loan programs. Textual arguments advanced by Trump administration lawyers that this clear language does not authorize jubilee are weak. Nontextual arguments advanced by others are based largely on the premise that the pro-jubilee interpretation of the HEA is fairly new. But after Bostock and McGirt, which elevated the Court’s reading of plain text over previous common understandings of legal documents, the argument from novelty should fail. It is less clear that jubilee authority extends to all federally held loans. The “waive or release” provision governs a now-defunct guaranteed loan program called FFELP, and it may not extend to the current direct loan program. However, the HEA also contains the “parity provision,” under which direct loans have the “same terms, conditions, and benefits” as FFELP loans. So is jubilee authority part of the “terms, conditions, and benefits” of FFELP, and therefore direct, loans? Here, textualism is less helpful. The Department of Education relies on the parity provision to run the direct loan program. But the Department and courts have not explained why this is appropriate. Courts may disregard this administrative precedent unless it is backed by statutory text. A textual analysis of the HEA, relying on the use of words and phrases throughout the statute, dictionary definitions, and the common legal use of key terms, suggests that jubilee authority does extend to direct loans. Among other things, the HEA describes loan cancellation and adjustment provisions as “benefits,” part of the “terms and conditions,” and part of the “terms” of federal student loans. Moreover, the possibility of enjoying jubilee is a “benefit” of direct loans under the ordinary meaning of the word, and the Secretary’s loan cancellation powers are probably “terms and conditions” of guaranteed loans in that they are written into promissory notes and are an integral part of the relevant legal environment. It is not certain that jubilee authority extends to direct loans, but a textualist examination of the issue strengthens the legal case for executive forgiveness.
TU-EF-210-04: AAPM Task Groups in Interventional Ultrasound Imaging and Therapy

The use of therapeutic ultrasound to provide targeted therapy is an active research area that has a broad application scope. The invited talks in this session will address currently implemented strategies and protocols for both hyperthermia and ablation applications using therapeutic ultrasound. The role of both ultrasound and MRI in the monitoring and assessment of these therapies will be explored in both pre-clinical and clinical applications. Katherine Ferrara: High Intensity Focused Ultrasound, Drug Delivery, and Immunotherapy Rajiv Chopra: Translating Localized Doxorubicin Delivery to Pediatric Oncology using MRI-guided HIFU Elisa Konofagou: Real-time Ablation Monitoring and Lesion Quantification using Harmonic Motion Imaging Keyvan Farahani: AAPM Task Groups in Interventional Ultrasound Imaging and Therapy Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the role of ultrasound in localized drug delivery and the effects of immunotherapy when used in conjunction with ultrasound therapy. 2. Understand potential targeted drug delivery clinical applications including pediatric oncology. 3. Understand the technical requirements for performing targeted drug delivery. 4. Understand how radiation-force approaches can be used to both monitor and assess high intensity focused ultrasound ablation therapy. 5. Understand the role of AAPM task groups in ultrasound imaging and therapies. Chopra: Funding from Cancer Prevention and Research Initiative of Texas (CPRIT), Award R1308 Evelyn and M.R. Hudson Foundation; Research Support from Research Contract with Philips Healthcare; COI are Co-founder of FUS Instruments Inc Ferrara: Supported by NIH, UCDavis and California (CIRM and BHCE) Farahani: In-kind research support from Philips Healthcare
Extraction of frequency dependent RLCG parameters of the packaging interconnects on low-loss substrates from frequency domain measurements

A new approach to extract the frequency dependent RLGC parameters of transmission lines on low-loss substrates is proposed. The approach is based on a comparison of the frequency domain measurements on a transmission line using two different calibration techniques.
Design and analysis of a WDMA protocol for passive star-coupled lightwave networks

Based on the POPSMAC protocol proposed in Chung-Sheng Li et al. (1993), we propose an improved medium access protocol for wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) photonic networks. Using the same set of photonic devices as in POPSMAC, the proposed protocol alleviates the drawbacks of the POPSMAC protocol, e.g., invalid data transmissions following receiver collisions and possible acknowledgement packet collisions with header/data packets, while retaining many advantages of POPSMAC. As a result, the network performance in terms of the throughput and the packet delay is improved. Analytical models based on the timing diagram analysis, the continuous-time Markov chain, and the randomization technique are developed to assess the performance of the proposed protocol. The performance is evaluated in terms of channel utilization, mean packet delay, and packet delay distribution with variations in the number of nodes, the offered traffic, the size of data packets, and the network propagation delay. Numerical results show that the proposed protocol achieves better channel utilization and incurs lower packet delays than POPSMAC.
Seasonal variation and age-related changes in human semen parameters

Although semen quality has been discussed extensively with regard to age and season in the andrology literature, the results vary and firm conclusions are still outstanding. To investigate seasonal and age-related variations in human semen parameters, we analyzed data that were collected from an andrology clinic population. We performed a retrospective review of 551 semen analysis records collected from 1989 to 2000 from the Vincent Memorial Andrology Laboratory at Massachusetts General Hospital. Semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, motility, total motile sperm, and morphology significantly decreased as age increased. In addition, as age increased, the percentage of sperm with tail defects increased. Sperm concentration was significantly higher in winter (mean 157.9 million/mL) than in fall (mean 119.1 million/mL) (P <.05). The mean percentage of sperm with normal morphology was significantly higher in winter (9.2%) than in summer and spring (7.0% and 7.5%, respectively; P <.05). The mean percentage of sperm with head defects was significantly higher in fall and summer (74.0% and 72.3%, respectively) than in winter (68.6%; P <.05). Seasonal variations were found in sperm concentration and morphology, with higher sperm concentrations in winter than in fall, and a greater percentage of sperm with normal morphology in winter than in spring and summer. Sperm concentration was lowest in the fall, whereas the percentage of sperm with normal morphology was lowest in summer. Semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, motility, total motile sperm, and morphology decreased as age increased.
Bad Subject: (Non-)canonicality and NP Distribution in Existentials

In section 2 we discuss the relation between existential and non-existential con­ structions and outline an informal theory of pivots based on markedness constraints on subjects. We also present qualitative data from English, Russian and Hebrew that demonstrates systematic variation in pivot properties across languages . In sec­ tion 3, we present quantitative data from a cross-linguistic corpus study, which demonstrates that the distribution of pivots in various languages corresponds to the expectations arising from our theory. Section 4 contains discussion of two phe­ nomena in Russian, the genitive of negation and the optionality of the copula jest ' in present tense locatives and possessives. We show that neither of them involves a distribution like that standardly expected for definiteness effects, but that on our classification the first involves a clear definiteness effect, while the second shows a weaker effect.
A Review Of: “The Values Divide: American Politics and Culture in Transition”

“It's the economy stupid,” a phrase credited to Democratic political operative James Carville, is a maxim that had shaped political strategy in the United States even before the 1992 presidential e...
Automated design of a 3D printed waveguide surface coupler

We have implemented an automated optimization algorithm which generates de-novo EM structures under specified design objectives. We demonstrated a particular design of a surface coupling antenna which is capable of launching energy efficiently into the main mode of a plastic waveguide. A 3D printer was used to print the designed system to verify our results. The maximum available power gain of the system was measured as 0.128, implying that the coupler achieves an efficiency of at least 36% at the designed center frequency of 9.6GHz. The actual coupler efficiency is believed to be much higher because the polymer used is very lossy in this frequency range.
On Earthquake Predictability Measurement: Information Score and Error Diagram

We discuss two methods for measuring the effectiveness of earthquake prediction algorithms: The information score based on the likelihood ratio and error diagrams. For both of these methods, closed form expressions are obtained for the renewal process based on the gamma and lognormal distributions. The error diagram is more informative than the likelihood ratio and uniquely specifies the information score. We derive an expression connecting the information score and error diagrams. We then obtain the estimate of the region bounds in the error diagram for any value of the information score. We discuss how these preliminary results can be extended for more realistic models of earthquake occurrence.
Biochemical variants of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLO or RSH) syndrome is characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, mental retardation, and defective growth; it results from an inherited defect in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Patients have elevated plasma concentrations of 7-dehydrocholesterol, the immediate biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol and most also have low circulating levels of cholesterol. To understand better the biochemical basis of clinical variability, we evaluated cholesterol biosynthesis in lymphoblasts from 3 unrelated SLOS patients with distinct phenotypes. One patient has “type I SLOS”, the second has the more severe “type II SLOS” and the third is classified as atypical and had been postulated to have a defect in sterol transport. The lymphoblasts of each patient show normal subcellular localization of cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol by gradient fractionation. Biochemical differences in the ability of the lymphoblasts to convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol are described and correspond to the severity of disease (type II > type I > atypical). Recently, the gene responsible for most SLOS cases (DHCR7) was mapped to chromosome 11 and mutations in DHCR7 were found in each of these patients. The biochemical differences described here likely result from the different mutations observed in DHCR7. Am. J. Med. Genet. 85:517–523, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Production and decay of spinning black holes at colliders and tests of black hole dynamics

We analyze the angular momentum distribution of black holes produced in high energy collisions in space-times with extra spatial dimensions. We show that the black hole spin significantly affects the energy and angular spectra of Hawking radiation. Our results show the experimental sensitivity to the angular momentum distribution and provide tests of black hole production dynamics.
Inversion of singular integrals with multiplicative Cauchy kernel and infinite integration domain

We consider the simplest singular integral equations of the first kind with multiplicative Cauchy kernel and with integration either over the three-dimensional domain (0,+∞) × (0,+∞) × (0,+∞) or over the entire three-dimensional Euclidean space. For these equations, we construct general solutions in the Holder class and find statements of uniquely solvable problems.
Characteristics and outcomes of strabismus surgery after orbital decompression for thyroid eye disease

Purpose: To compare characteristics and outcomes of strabismus surgery in patients who have undergone orbital decompression for thyroid eye disease with those who have not. Subjects and methods: A chart review of all patients with thyroid eye disease requiring strabismus surgery in one physician’s practice. Results: There were 36 patients in the decompression group (DG) and 14 patients in the no-decompression group (NDG). There was a significantly greater amount of preoperative esotropia in the DG (P = 0.02). There was an increased incidence of A-pattern in the DG (P = 0.09). There was a slightly higher number of operated muscles in the DG (P = 0.005). A good or excellent outcome was achieved in 93% of the NDG and in 94% of the DG (P = 0.83). Discussion: Previous studies suggest that patients requiring orbital decompression have a more complex thyroid eye disease and a lower success rate after strabismus surgery. Our findings suggest that this is not necessarily the case, and the difference in surgical success rates between the studies may in part be due to orbital decompression technique or indication. Conclusion: In this series, using a fixed suture technique, outcomes of strabismus surgery in patients with thyroid eye disease who underwent orbital decompression are similar to those who did not.
A Pilot Study of Ketamine versus Midazolam/Fentanyl Sedation in Children Undergoing GI Endoscopy

Background. Ketamine sedation has been found superior by physician report to traditional sedation regimens for pediatric endoscopy. Goal. To objectively compare sedation with ketamine versus midazolam/fentanyl for children undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy. Study. Patients received one of two regimens and were independently monitored using a standardized rating scale. Results. There were 2 episodes of laryngospasm during ketamine sedation. Univariate analyses showed patients sedated with ketamine (n = 17) moved more (median 25% of procedure time versus 8%, P = .03) and required similar low levels of restraint (0.83% versus 0.25%, P = .4) as patients sedated with midazolam/fentanyl (n = 20). Age-adjusted analyses suggested that patients sedated with ketamine were comparably more quiet (P = .002). Conclusions. A pilot trial of ketamine at our institution was associated with episodes of laryngospasm. In addition, children sedated with ketamine moved and required restraint similarly to patients sedated with midazolam/fentanyl. Physician perceptions may be affected by the fact that children who received ketamine were less likely to vocalize distress.
Forecast of Natural Aquifer Discharge Using a Data‐Driven, Statistical Approach

In the Western United States, demand for water is often out of balance with limited water supplies. This has led to extensive water rights conflict and litigation. A tool that can reliably forecast natural aquifer discharge months ahead of peak water demand could help water practitioners and managers by providing advanced knowledge of potential water-right mitigation requirements. The timing and magnitude of natural aquifer discharge from the Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer (ESPA) in southern Idaho is accurately forecast 4 months ahead of the peak water demand, which occurs annually in July. An ARIMA time-series model with exogenous predictors (ARIMAX model) was used to develop the forecast. The ARIMAX model fit to a set of training data was assessed using Akaike's information criterion to select the optimal model that forecasts aquifer discharge, given the previous year's discharge and values of the predictor variables. Model performance was assessed by application of the model to a validation subset of data. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency for model predictions made on the validation set was 0.57. The predictor variables used in our forecast represent the major recharge and discharge components of the ESPA water budget, including variables that reflect overall water supply and important aspects of water administration and management. Coefficients of variation on the regression coefficients for streamflow and irrigation diversions were all much less than 0.5, indicating that these variables are strong predictors. The model with the highest AIC weight included streamflow, two irrigation diversion variables, and storage.
A fully-digital beat-frequency based ADC achieving 39dB SNDR for a 1.6mV pp input signal

A fully-digital VCO-based ADC featuring a novel beat frequency detection scheme is demonstrated in 65nm LP CMOS. The proposed beat frequency based ADC is unique compared to previous VCO-based ADCs in that it is highly effective in measuring extremely small changes (e.g., 0.01%) in the VCO frequency within a short sampling time (e.g., 100 VCO periods). Direct amplifier-less A-to-D conversion of a 1.6mVpp differential input signal with 39dB SNDR and 6.2 ENOB was experimentally verified.
Effects of a low-calorie, low-salt diet and treadmill exercise on atherosclerotic risk factors in obese African-American women.

C disease risk factors encompass a multitude of conditions; however, certain factors are clearly related to the risk of heart disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and stroke, each of which affects millions of Americans each year. Obesity, an independent, modifiable major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, is a complex multifactorial chronic condition. An estimated 97 million adults in the USA are overweight or obese: body mass index (BMI) 25 kg/m. Overweight and obesity are especially evident in some minority groups and in those with lower income and less education. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1998, the prevalence is highest in non-Hispanic black women (66%). Clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of behavior modification in reducing body weight, blood pressure, serum lipids, and blood glucose level. However, few studies or clinical trials conducted thus far have focused on blacks. There is a need for comprehensive programs targeting African-American women that can have lasting impact on cardiovascular risk factors. This study, conducted at the Howard University General Clinical Research Center (the study center), recruited subjects from the community to demonstrate the feasibility of achieving the intended goal.
The Sexual Mechanism of the Reef Bass Pseudogramma bermudensis and its Implications in the Classification of the Pseudogrammidae (Pisces: Perciformes)

The reef bass, Pseudogramma bermudensis, is an hermaphroditic percoid in which the testicular tissue is confined to a median lobe in the mid-dorsal wall of the oviduct. Development of an invagination of the ventral oviducal wall is correlated with the presence of maturing ova. These unique features indicate that Pseudogramma has had a separate evolutionary history and is not closely related to either the hermaphroditic Serranidae or the Grammistidae.
Classical statistical mechanics of identical particles and quantum effects

The identification of the phase space ofN classical identical particles with the equivalence class of points is of crucial importance for statistical mechanics. We show that the refined phase space leads to the correct statistical mechanics for an ideal gas; moreover, Gibbs's paradox is resolved and the Third Law of Thermodynamics is recovered. The presence of both induced and stimulated transitions is shown as a consequence of the identity of the particles. Other results are the ‘quantum’ contribution to the second virial coefficient and the Bose-Einstein condensation. Photon bunching and Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect are also seen to follow from the classical model. The only element of quantum theory involved is the notion of phase cells necessary to make the entropy dimensionless. Assuming the existence of the light quantum or the phonon hypothesis we could derive the Planck distribution law for blackbody radiation or the Debye formula for specific heats respectively.
The pathologic manifestations of Hodgkin's disease.

The intensive studies of Hodgkin's disease during the past decade have yielded important information and an improved basis for understanding of the disease process, but its basic nature remains a subject of controversy. The process is regarded generally as a malignant neoplasm in the USA, although it is acknowledged that its remarkably variable clinical and morphologic features justify a unique position in the scheme of neoplasia. My associates and I have questioned the malignant neoplastic nature of the disease from its inception and proposed that the process may represent the attempted induction of malignant neoplasia. According to our hypothesis the diverse inflammatory components are expressions of the attempted host's response; and the Sternberg cells, or the Reed-Sternberg cells as they are known in the USA, are the altered dysplastic, or if pleomorphic as in the sarcomatous phase, the induced malignant neoplastic cells. Using this approach in a study of 377 cases of the United States Army from World War II in a 15--18 year follow up study, we proposed six new histologic types [13, 14, 15] that were subsequently condensed into the four types at the Rye Conference [16]. Evidence of a significant relationship between histologie types, clinical stages of Peters and surival were found. A new histologic type, nodular sclerosis, emerged as an important prognostic type associated with a high incidence of mediastinal involvement and prolonged survival in clinical stage I. Subsequently, in a study of 176 cases intensively evaluated clinically at Stanford University Medical Center [12], we provided support for these observations along with the demonstration of a relationship of histologic types to age and sex. A number of reports have now appeared in the literature in the past few years confirming these observations [1-3, 5, 6, 8--11, 19]. The intensive staging studies to determine the extent of disease, including laparotomies, have provided important information related to the spread of disease and raised questions regarding the minimal evidence required for the establishment of involvement of lymph node, spleen, liver and bone marrow involvement [18]. In this presentation our original work and the study of the Stanford University cases, and the importance of laparotomy studies will be briefly reviewed and their possible implications in terms of the basic process in the spread of the disease will be considered. The problems encountered, using the new classification also will be analyzed.
Applying fractional flow theory to solvent flooding and chase fluids

Abstract The classification of and much of the understanding behind miscible flooding is based on fractional flow theory. The purpose of this paper is to extend such understanding to the displacement of oil by a miscible solvent in the presence of an immiscible aqueous phase. We pay special attention to the effects of simultaneous water-solvent injection and of the behavior of chase fluids following a solvent-water slug. Besides the general enhancement of understanding, practical results of this work are: (1) graphical procedures which are valid for arbitrary water-solvent ratios and arbitrary initial conditions; (2) development of the notion of an optimum water-solvent ratio (Caudle and Dye's definition is valid only for secondary floods); (3) a procedure for sizing solvent slugs; (4) procedures for selecting the best chase fluid; and (5) the concept of and methods to compute a water-solvent ratio in the chase fluid which minimizes solvent usage. Our results must be interpreted within the limits of the fractional flow assumptions. Nevertheless, the insight provided by the fractional flow solutions yields a strong base for interpreting the behavior of complex solvent floods.
Culturing of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Three-dimensional Aggregates Induces Functional Expression of CXCR4 That Regulates Adhesion to Endothelial Cells

Culture-expanded human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are increasingly used in a variety of preclinical and clinical studies. However, these cells have a low rate of engraftment to bone marrow or damaged tissues. Several laboratories have shown that during isolation and subculturing mesenchymal stem cells quickly lose the expression of CXCR4, the key receptor responsible for lymphocytes and hematopoietic stem cell homing. Here we show that culturing of hMSCs as three-dimensional aggregates (hMSC spheroids) restores CXCR4 functional expression. Expression of CXCR4 inversely correlates with the secretion of SDF-1 by hMSCs. Cells from hMSC spheroids up-regulate expression of CD49b, the α2 integrin subunit, and suppress the expression of CD49d, the α4 integrin subunit. Transfer of cells from the spheroids back to a monolayer suppresses the expression of CXCR4 and CD49b and restores the expression of CD49d. Treatment of cells from the spheroids with SDF-1 leads to CXCR4 internalization and activation of ERK-1,2. Adhesion of hMSCs to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was investigated. SDF-1, AMD-3100, or exposure of HUVECs to hypoxia did not affect adhesion of hMSCs from a monolayer to HUVECs. Adhesion of cells from hMSC spheroids to HUVECs was stimulated by SDF-1, AMD-3100, or by exposure of HUVECs to hypoxia. Stimulatory effects of hypoxia and addition of SDF-1 or AMD-3100 were not additive. Overall, our data indicate that the expression of CXCR4 by hMSCs regulates hMSC adhesion to endothelial cells.
Weights and Measurements of Parts and Organs of Turkeys

Abstract AVAILABLE information concerning the quantitative anatomy of the turkey is very meager. In 1923, Jull and Maw reported on the percentage of edible material in young roasting turkeys. In five dressed birds averaging 10.4 pounds each they found 66.53 percent of edible material consisting of flesh, skin, and giblets. The other 33.47 percent consisted of head, feet, viscera, and bones of the body. Fat chicken capons examined were found to have 67.46 percent of edible material, fat roasting chickens 63.07 percent, fat geese 65.07 percent, and fat ducks 60.17 percent. In 1926, Latimer and Rosenbaum, reporting on the gross dissection of 12 fat turkey hens ranging in age from 24 to 33 weeks, found that the percentage weights of the viscera of the turkey closely resembled those of the chicken except that the turkey had heavier musculature which amounted to 58.5 percent of the net body weight (live weight less . . .
Tech Writing, Meet "Tomb Raider": Video and Computer Games in the Technical Communication Classroom

This article examines the common genre of the usability study in technical communication courses and proposes the incorporation of computer and video games to ensure a rhetorical focus to this genre. As games are both entertaining and educational, their use in the technical communication classroom provides a new perspective on multimodal literacies that is appropriate to meet the needs of twenty-first-century learners. This article both describes a theoretical rationale for the inclusion of video and computer games in the classroom and also offers suggestions for their practical pedagogical incorporation.
Using effort-reward imbalance theory to understand high rates of depression and anxiety among clergy.

The clergy occupation is unique in its combination of role strains and higher calling, putting clergy mental health at risk. We surveyed all United Methodist clergy in North Carolina, and 95 % (n = 1,726) responded, with 38% responding via phone interview. We compared clergy phone interview depression rates, assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), to those of in-person interviews in a representative United States sample that also used the PHQ-9. The clergy depression prevalence was 8.7 %, significantly higher than the 5.5 % rate of the national sample. We used logistic regression to explain depression, and also anxiety, assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. As hypothesized by effort-reward imbalance theory, several extrinsic demands (job stress, life unpredictability) and intrinsic demands (guilt about not doing enough work, doubting one’s call to ministry) significantly predicted depression and anxiety, as did rewards such as ministry satisfaction and lack of financial stress. The high rate of clergy depression signals the need for preventive policies and programs for clergy. The extrinsic and intrinsic demands and rewards suggest specific actions to improve clergy mental health.
Alternative epithelial markers in sarcomatoid carcinomas of the head and neck, lung, and bladder—p63, MOC-31, and TTF-1

Sarcomatoid carcinomas are rare malignancies which represent poorly differentiated epithelial tumors that may be difficult to recognize as such. While some cases may have obvious epithelial areas, the sarcomatoid areas are poorly distinguishable from true sarcoma at the light microscopic level and, by immunohistochemistry, often show only limited staining for traditional epithelial markers such as cytokeratin or epithelial membrane antigen. This can be particularly problematic for diagnosis on small biopsy specimens. We sought to assess the diagnostic utility of several immunohistochemical markers of epithelial differentiation including p63, MOC-31, and thyroid transcription factor-1 on sarcomatoid carcinomas of the head and neck (19 cases; 'spindle cell carcinomas'), lung (19 cases), and urinary bladder (11 cases). These results were compared to immunohistochemistry for the traditional epithelial markers pan-cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen. Staining for p63 showed the greatest diagnostic utility, positive in 63, 50, and 36% of head and neck, lung, and urinary bladder sarcomatoid carcinomas, respectively. p63 stains were positive in many cases where immunohistochemistry was negative for both pan-cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen. All three alternative markers were quite specific for epithelial differentiation, each staining less than 10% of the control group of 73 various primary and metastatic sarcomas, melanomas, and benign spindle cell lesions. In conclusion, immunostaining beyond traditional pan-cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen may have diagnostic utility in this context.
Signal-averaged electrocardiograms in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter.

Abstract The signal-averaged QRS complex that is prolonged because of low amplitude late potentials predicts ventricular tachycardia. This study investigated if signal-averaged low amplitude atrial potentials predict atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF). Low amplitude potentials were considered to be high-frequency, high amplitude P (HiFP) duration recorded between 50 and 250 Hz at 1.0 mm/μV amplitude minus unfiltered P (UnFP) duration at 0.1 mm/μV. In nine normals, HiFP averaged 115.6 msec ± 9.8 SD. HiFP were wider in 26 control patients (133.5 msec ± 15.7, p
Insectivore to frugivore: ontogenetic changes in gut morphology and digestive enzyme activity in the characid fish Brycon guatemalensis from Costa Rican rain forest streams

Brycon guatemalensis, a Neotropical characid fish, consumes an entirely terrestrial diet, shifting from eating insects as juveniles to fruits and leaves as adults. Juvenile and larger-sized fish collected in the Rio Puerto Viejo at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica were studied to test the hypotheses that, with ontogeny, (1) relative gut length increases, (2) pyloric caeca arrangement and number remain unchanged and (3) pepsin, trypsin and lipase activities decrease, while α-amylase activity increases. These hypotheses were mainly supported in that larger fish had longer guts, unchanged pyloric caeca arrangement but fewer caeca, and, at both environmental and standard temperatures for the enzyme assays, lower pepsin and trypsin activities but higher α-amylase activities than the juveniles. Only lipase, among the digestive enzymes, exhibited the unexpected outcome of either not differing significantly in activity (per g of tissue) between juveniles and larger fish or being significantly higher (per mg of protein) in larger fish. The overall results support the view that B. guatemalensis is specialized morphologically and biochemically to function first as a carnivore and then as a herbivore during its life history.
A petrographic and geochemical model for the origin of calcite cap rock at Damon Mound salt dome, Texas, U.S.A.

Abstract Calcite cap rock at Damon Mound, Texas, consists of five calcite generations recognizable through standard petrography and cathodoluminescence. Stage-IA calcite formed by dissolution of anhydrite followed by calcite precipitation and was partly replaced by stage-IB calcite. Stage II formed above stage-IA and -IB substrates either filling open voids or cementing breccia fragments. Stage-IIIA and -IIIB calcites fill late fractures that crosscut all previously formed generations. Microprobe analysis indicates that each calcite generation is geochemically distinct. Sr/Mg ratios indicate that calcite precipitated from variable proportions of formation water, meteoric water, and/or seawater. Wide variation in calcite fluid-inclusion compositions (1.0–9.4 eq.wt.% NaCl) indicates mixing of high-salinity water and low-salinity meteoric water. The single-phase nature of most fluid inclusions and the homogenization temperatures indicate that calcite precipitated at temperatures of Calcite δ 13 C-values range from −31.1 to −14.4‰ (PDB), generally decrease with depth, and are most similar to crude-oil δ 13 C-values. Calcite δ 18 O-values range from −7.6 to −4.8‰ (PDB), generally increase with depth, and are compatible with derivation from local meteoric water or formation water at high temperature. Late-stage calcite can be either isotopically heavier or lighter than adjacent early-stage calcite with regard to both carbon and oxygen, and because isotopic values vary with depth, it appears that fluid mixing is the mechanism most responsible for isotopic variations. Although δ 13 C- and δ 18 O-values of stage-I calcite are similar to adjacent stage-II and -III calcite, 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios of adjacent calcite pairs are generally different, indicating that each formed from different fluids or a fluid whose 87 Sr 86 Sr composition varied through time due to mixing. Isotopic modeling indicates that calcite cap rock formed from either of two fluid mixtures: (1) formation water and meteoric water between 40° and 80°C, the source of light carbon being either thermogenic CH 4 or liquid hydrocarbons; or (2) formation water, meteoric water and seawater between 50° and 70°C with thermogenic CH 4 being the light carbon source. Sr was contributed by both anhydrite and fluid. Overall, it appears that calcite cap rock formed from top to base from mixtures of formation water, containing isotopically light carbon and heavy oxygen, and seawater and/or meteoric water, containing isotopically heavy carbon and light oxygen. During this progression the contributions of formation water increased at the expense of seawater and/or meteoric water. The correlation between δ 18 O and δ 13 C probably indicates that separate fluid pulses had different carbon abundances and/or slightly different δ 13 C-values.
“It's Not Easy Being Green”: Environmental Advocacy and Policymaking in Chile

This article analyzes the collective action frames used by members of Chilean nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) while engaging in policy advocacy. The focus is a large-scale dam project along the Bio Bio River that generated controversy for more than a decade due to its impact on the environment and indigenous communities. It is argued that the environmental advocates’ reliance on certain frames hindered their ability to influence policymaking. They framed the neoliberal model as “pathologically” growth centered, unjust, and destructive. Additionally, advocates were besieged by counter frames portraying them as foes of modernization. Though compelling, the groups’ frames set them on a collision course with the policymaking establishment. In contrast, members of groups advocating for children used more effective discursive strategies and achieved a greater presence in policy debates. These arguments are supported with qualitative data collected primarily through interviews with NGO members, textual anal...
USING AGE RATIOS TO INFER SURVIVAL AND DESPOTIC BREEDING DISPERSAL IN HYBRIDIZING WARBLERS

I use age ratios of males (1) to examine latitudinal and longitudinal variation in survival in Hermit and Townsend's Warblers, both Neotropical migrants, (2) to show that the estimates for male survival are significantly lower for Townsend's Warblers than for Hermit Warblers, and (3) to show that despotic territorial behavior forces yearling males into high-elevation habitats for their first potential breeding season. When breeding dispersal is high, as is the case in these warblers, recapture methods will always underestimate survival because permanent emigration cannot be distinguished from mortality, even after accounting for detection probabilities of less than 1. Reliable survival estimates are important to life history analyses and conservation planning; thus, range-wide measures of the proportion of adults may be the best approach to estimating survival for birds with high breeding dispersal. Similarly, landscape-level consequences of despotic territorial behavior have been difficult to explore except by examining age ratios across geography.