cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entity Linking via Joint Encoding of Types, Descriptions, and Context

For accurate entity linking, we need to capture various information aspects of an entity, such as its description in a KB, contexts in which it is mentioned, and structured knowledge. Additionally, a linking system should work on texts from different domains without requiring domain-specific training data or hand-engineered features. In this work we present a neural, modular entity linking system that learns a unified dense representation for each entity using multiple sources of information, such as its description, contexts around its mentions, and its fine-grained types. We show that the resulting entity linking system is effective at combining these sources, and performs competitively, sometimes out-performing current state-of-the-art systems across datasets, without requiring any domain-specific training data or hand-engineered features. We also show that our model can effectively “embed” entities that are new to the KB, and is able to link its mentions accurately.
SiC-based automotive traction drives, opportunities and challenges

In this paper, key aspects of silicon-carbide (SiC)-based automotive traction drives are reviewed. Firstly, the required supporting factors to achieve optimal operating conditions and best performance are described. Major component sizing methodologies and constraints are included. Expectations on gate threshold voltage, trans-conductance, and transient oscillation are discussed. Tolerance against extreme operating conditions like avalanche breakdown, short-circuit conditions are answered. Requirements on gate oxide and body diode reliability / durability for automotive applications are examined. Finally, acceptable SiC costs for automotive applications are discussed.
Interpolation across surface discontinuities in structure from motion Asad Satdpour

Interpolation across orientation discontinuities in simulated three-dimensional (3-D). surfaces was studied in three experiments with the use of structure-from-motion (SFM). displays. The displays depicted dots on two slanted planes with a region devoid of dots (a gap). between them. If extended through the gap at constant slope, the planes would meet at a dihedral edge. Subjects were required to place an SFM probe dot, located within the gap, on the perceived surface. Probe dot placements indicated that subjects perceived a smooth surface connecting the planes rather than a surface with a discontinuity. Probe dot placements varied with slope of the planes, density of the dots, and gap size, but not with orientation (horizontal or vertical). of the dihedral edge or of the axis of rotation. Smoothing was consistent with models of 2-D interpolation proposed by Ullman (1976). and Kellman and Shipley (1991). and with a model of 3-D interpolation proposed by Grimson (1981).
Linear Algebra. By P. G. Kumpel and J. A. Thorpe:Linear Algebra: An Introductory Approach. By Charles W. Curtis:Linear Algebra with Applications (Second Edition). By Jeanne Agnew and Robert C. Knapp: Linear Algebra, second edition. By Larry Smith: Applications of Linear Algebra, third edition. By Chris Rorres and Howard Anton

(1986). Linear Algebra. By P. G. Kumpel and J. A. Thorpe:Linear Algebra: An Introductory Approach. By Charles W. Curtis:Linear Algebra with Applications (Second Edition). By Jeanne Agnew and Robert C. Knapp: Linear Algebra, second edition. By Larry Smith: Applications of Linear Algebra, third edition. By Chris Rorres and Howard Anton. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 93, No. 9, pp. 746-750.
Fearful Inhibition, Inhibitory Control, and Maternal Negative Behaviors During Toddlerhood Predict Internalizing Problems at Age 6

Many, but not all, young children with high levels of fearful inhibition will develop internalizing problems. Individual studies have examined either child regulatory or environmental factors that might influence the level of risk. We focused on the interaction of regulation and environment by assessing how early fearful inhibition at age 2, along with inhibitory control and maternal negative behaviors at age 3, interactively predicted internalizing problems at age 6. A total of 218 children (105 boys, 113 girls) and their mothers participated in the study. Results indicated a three-way interaction among fearful inhibition, inhibitory control, and maternal negative behaviors. The correlation between fearful inhibition and internalizing was significant only when children had low inhibitory control and experienced high levels of maternal negative behaviors. Either having high inhibitory control or experiencing low maternal negative behaviors buffered against the adverse effect caused by the absence of the other. These findings highlight the importance of considering associations among both within-child factors and environmental factors in studying children's socioemotional outcomes.
Thiopurines are negatively associated with anthropometric parameters in pediatric Crohn's disease.

Thiopurines are negatively associated with anthropometric parameters in pediatric Crohn’s disease
Computer support of guided generative learning

My study explores two aspects of a generative learning environment designed to support problem based instruction in a middle school science classroom. The first relates to sequencing problem solving activities relative to formal instruction of the concepts embedded in problems. The second aspect of the study features a computer environment designed to help students maintain their own inquiry process. Current learning theory stresses the need to encourage students to take an active role in their own learning. Through the guidance of the teacher, students work together to generate an understanding of the formal concepts of science. However, does starting instruction with a problem solving activity provide a context students can use to comprehend lessons containing formally presented scientific concepts? Or, do students require a certain level of prior knowledge before they engage in complex problem solving? Further, how much support do students need to sustain their own inquiry?
LA CLASE MÁGICA: IMAGINING OPTIMAL POSSIBILITIES IN A BILINGUAL COMMUNITY OF LEARNERS

LA CLASE MAGICA: IMAGINING OPTIMAL POSSIBILITIES IN A BILINGUAL COMMUNITY OF LEARNERS. Olga A. Vasquez . Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2003. Pp. vii + 237. $27.50 paper. In this volume, Vasquez accounts the detailed development of an after-school project specifically designed to assist and prepare Mexican-American students to acquire the “social and cultural capital (knowledge of know how to )” necessary to understand the workings of the dominant culture, which are directly related to the culture of higher education and education in general. To succeed or pursue higher education, the minority individual must have enough social and cultural capital. One purpose of the volume is to assist and provide the disadvantaged individual with this social and cultural capital. Another purpose is to promote intellectual and cognitive development as well as self-esteem among Mexican-Americans living in a predominantly Mexican community. For this reason, participants in this program are free to express themselves in Spanish or English or to mix both languages without any feelings of inferiority; that is, la clase magica attempts to control for such notions that there is a dominant language and the idea that the teacher teaches and the student listens and learns. In this classroom, teaching and learning is a collaborative effort among equals. It also shows how information technology could be used to assist and educate not only younger individuals but also adults (e.g., undergraduates, graduate students, parents) willing to participate and collaborate in the process of discovery and symbiotic learning.
Development of a Patient-Centered Pelvic Floor Complication Scale.

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate patient responses on a survey of knowledge, perceptions, concerns, and fears about complications related to pelvic reconstructive surgery (PRS). This is the first step to create a simplified, patient-centered Pelvic Floor Complication Scale that evaluates complications from both the patient and surgeon perspective. METHODS Subjects for this prospective study included women older than 18 years planning surgery within 12 weeks or who had undergone PRS more than 6 months ago. Patients were asked open-ended questions about postoperative complications as well as to rank the severity of potential PRS complications (as mild, moderate, severe). Using thematic analysis, responses were coded and analyzed using Dedoose (Version 8.0.35). RESULTS Thirty-three women (16 preop, 17 postop) participated in telephone interviews (n = 26) and focus groups (n = 7). There were no differences in age, race, education, marital status, and previous surgery. Specific complications such as a single urinary tract infection, short-term constipation (<2 weeks), persistent constipation (present preop), bladder injury not requiring repair or catheterization, vascular injury without sequelae, and extra office visits were considered minor. New recurrent urinary tract infections, new persistent constipation, worsening postop constipation (present preop), blood transfusion, readmission, and reoperation were considered severe complications.The most common themes included the following: fears of surgical failure, anesthesia, mesh erosion, discharge with a catheter, and pain. Patients were overall very trusting of their female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery surgeons and potential risks did not impact surgical decisions. CONCLUSIONS Our research findings provide significant insight into patient perceptions of complications related to PRS that will aid in future development of a patient-centered Pelvic Floor Complication Scale.
Linking picture with text: tagging flood relevant tweets for rapid flood inundation mapping

Abstract. Recent years have seen the growth of popularity in social media, especially in social media based disaster studies. During a flood event, volunteers may contribute useful information regarding the extent and the severity of a flood in a real-time manner, largely facilitating the process of rapid inundation mapping. However, considering that ontopic (flood related) social media only comprises a small amount in the entire social media space, a robust extraction method is in great need. Taking Twitter as targeted social media platform, this study presents a visual-textual approach to automatic tagging flood related tweets in order to achieve real-time flood mapping. Two convolutional neural networks are adopted to process pictures and text separately. Their outputs are further combined and fed to a visual-textual fused classifier. The result suggests that additional visual information from pictures leads to better classification accuracy and the extracted tweets, representing timely documentation of flood event, can greatly benefit a variety of flood mitigation approaches.
Positron Emission Tomography in Pediatric Neurodegenerative Disorders

Application of molecular neuroimaging using positron emission tomographic techniques to assess pediatric neurodegenerative disorders has been limited, unlike in adults where positron emission tomography has contributed to clinical diagnosis, monitoring of neurodegenerative disease progression, and assessment of novel therapeutic approaches. Yet, there is a huge unexplored potential of molecular imaging to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders in children and provide radiological biomarkers that can be applied clinically. The obstacles in performing PET scans on children include sedation, radiation exposure, and access but, as will be illustrated, these barriers can be easily overcome. This review summarizes findings from PET studies that have been performed over the past three decades on children with various neurodegenerative disorders, including the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, juvenile Huntington disease, Wilson disease, Niemann-Pick disease type C, Dravet syndrome, dystonia, mitochondrial disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, lysosomal storage diseases, dysmyelinating disorders, Rett syndrome, neurotransmitter disorders, glucose transporter Glut 1 deficiency, and Lesch-Nyhan disease. Because positron emission tomographic scans have often been clinically useful and have contributed to the management of these disorders, we suggest that the time has come for glucose metabolism positron emission tomographic scans to be reimbursed by insurance carriers for children with neurodegenerative disorders, and not restricted only to epilepsy surgery evaluation.
Respiratory health, allergies, and the farm environment: design, methods and enrollment in the observational Wisconsin Infant Study Cohort (WISC): a research proposal

Epidemiologic and cross-sectional studies suggest that early life farming and animal exposures are associated with major health benefits, influencing immune development and modifying the subsequent risk of allergic diseases, including asthma. The Wisconsin Infant Study Cohort (WISC) study was established in central Wisconsin to test the hypothesis that early life animal farm exposures are associated with distinct innate immune cell maturation trajectories, decreased allergen sensitization and reduced respiratory viral illness burden during the first 2 years of life. Beginning in 2013, a total of 240 families have been enrolled, 16,522 biospecimens have been collected, and 4098 questionnaires have been administered and entered into a secure database. Study endpoints include nasal respiratory virus identification and respiratory illness burden score, allergic sensitization, expression of allergic disease, and anti-viral immune response maturation and profiles. The WISC study prospective design, broad biospecimen collections, and unique US rural community will provide insights into the role of environmental exposures on early life immune maturation profiles associated with protection from allergic sensitization and significant respiratory viral disease burden. The WISC study findings will ultimately inform development of new strategies to promote resistance to severe respiratory viral illnesses and design primary prevention approaches for allergic diseases for all infants.
Simulation Study on Parameters of Steam Turbine Regulation System Based on Power System Stability Calculation

The improper parameter setting of steam turbine regulation system will cause the power fluctuation in the primary frequency regulation which influences power system stability operation. Considering that the model in general software of power system stability calculation cannot be changed or added,the steam turbine regulation system is difficult to be modeled and simulated if parameters are not set properly or the model is different from the model of the software. Based on simulation analysis and test study,control parameters of the regulation system are changed and optimized to make the real model of the regulation system accord with the model of the software,which satisfies requirements of the power system stability calculation and the generator accessing power grid technology,and at the same time improves the stability and rapidity of the primary frequency regulation.
Student perspectives on using evidence and occupation-based practice on level II fieldwork

Date Presented 04/04/19 This study will share findings about OT student experiences using what they know about evidence and occupation-based practice during Level II fieldwork. Information about barriers to and supports for students to be successful applying what they know will be presented. Implications for OT practice and education will also be discussed. Primary Author and Speaker: Leslie Jackson Additional Authors and Speakers: Kaylen Bye, Daniel Drumm, Mireya Elizondo, Jasmine Murphy
Combining haplo-identical and cord blood stem cell grafts - might the whole be greater than the sum of its parts?

Access to HLA-matched unrelated donors (MUD) has long been a barrier to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In more recent years however, the development and optimization of alternate d...
Spirituality/religion and obsessive–compulsive-related disorders

Abstract Spirituality and religion (S/R) commonly emerge as themes in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), including intrusive thoughts about sin, blasphemous images, and excessive fears of punishment from God. To relieve the distress associated with these thoughts, individuals with OCD may pray, seek reassurance from clergy members, or engage in inappropriate confession behaviors in a manner that exceeds, and in some cases contravenes, their religious or cultural norms. Research does not suggest that S/R causes or even predicts greater levels of OCD on the whole, rather when religious individuals develop OCD their symptoms tend to take on religious themes. However, research also suggests that the presence of religious obsessions and compulsions predicts poorer outcomes in OCD treatment. This may be explained by limited knowledge among clinicians about religious symptom presentations, as well as difficulty differentiating symptoms from normative religious practices. Accordingly, this chapter reviews the scientific literature on S/R and OCD, and presents a cognitive-behavioral framework for understanding S/R in the context of OCD assessment and treatment.
Disparities in Racial and Ethnic Representation in Stem Cell Clinical Trials

ClinicalTrials.gov (CTG) provides integrated access to structured records of thousands of randomized clinical trials (RCT). CTG functionality allows download of the entire dataset in XML format for further knowledge discovery and analytics. This study represents an instructive use case of utilizing this functionality for identifying patient representation disparities in stem cell RCTs. The goal of this study was to determine the racial and ethnic composition of stem cell clinical trials and to identify potential disparities in minority representation. The clinical trial registration portal ClinicalTrials.gov was queried to identify stem cell trials and to compare their racial and ethnic composition to the US population data. Based on our analysis of 248 available trials, we have concluded that not all races and ethnicities are adequately represented in US stem cell trials; thus, concerted efforts are warranted for more inclusive representation of minorities in future stem cell trials.
Efforts towards Rh(II)-catalyzed N-alkoxyazomethine ylide generation: Disparate reactivities of O-tethered α-diazo keto and -β-ketoester oximes

Abstract Azomethine ylide [3 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions are among the most powerful and well-studied chemical transformations to construct five-membered nitrogen-containing frameworks. However, cycloadditions of azomethine ylides bearing N-alkoxy substituents have largely been overlooked. This has been the case despite the potential for (1) accessing heterocycles with good regio- and diastereocontrol, (2) the presence of a cleavable tether which can be manipulated downstream via N–O bond cleavage, and (3) the promise of interesting structural diversity. Herein, we describe our efforts toward dirhodium-catalyzed intramolecular N-alkoxyazomethine ylide generation from α-diazoketo and -β-ketoester oximes and the disparate reactivities observed.
GREEN BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM) AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY: UNIVERSITY OF CANADA, THE NEW ADMINISTRATIVE CAPITAL, CAIRO, EGYPT

As a result of the political and economic developments taking place in Egypt to keep peace with other countries, the New Administrative Capital City is a beginning to achieve progress not only economically and socially but also environmentally. The project depends on meeting the user’s social, cultural and economic needs without harming the surrounding natural environment and by using renewable energy to achieve the principles of sustainability and green architecture.The aim of this research is to study the design and the effect of the New Administrative Capital City in economic and environmental, and how it achieves sustainability through urban design and detailed design. Also, discusses the different views of the project either positive or negative, with clear responses to negative views. Finally, it shows how could the New Administrative Capital City could be as a model to any designer want to create sustainable and ecofriendly city.
Using claws to compare reproduction, stress and diet of female bearded and ringed seals in the Bering and Chukchi seas, Alaska, between 1953-1968 and 1998-2014.

Rapid climate warming is decreasing sea ice thickness, extent and duration. Marine mammals such as bearded (Erignathus barbatus) and ringed (Pusa hispida) seals, which use sea ice for pupping, molting and resting, may be negatively affected. Claws from bearded and ringed seals store up to 14 and 12 years of sequential analyte data, respectively. These data can be used to compare reproduction, stress and diet across decades. In this study, we compare progesterone, cortisol and carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in female bearded and ringed seals during 1953-1968 (pre-1968, a period prior to sea ice decline) to 1998-2014 (post-1998, a period during sea ice decline). When comparing these periods, bearded seals had statistically higher cortisol concentrations post-1998, and for both species δ13C was more negative post-1998, while progesterone and δ15N did not change. There was a positive relationship between progesterone and cortisol Z-scores for both species, except for ringed seals post-1998. There was a negative relationship between cortisol Z-scores and δ13C for bearded seals evident in post-1998 indicating that higher cortisol Z-scores are associated with more negative δ13C in bearded seals in recent years. This negative relationship between cortisol and δ13C in bearded seals suggests a shift to higher prey diversity, possibly due to changes in sea ice in the Pacific Arctic evident post 1998. Progesterone Z-scores corresponded to expected differences among non-pregnant, unimplanted, implanted and post-partum individuals. Using these data, pregnancy history was determined for reproductive years for each individual female sampled, which could allow for yearly pregnancy rates to be calculated given a large enough representative sample of the population. These results combine decades of observational studies with hormones and stable isotopes to infer changes in reproduction, stress and diet, as well as the connection between these life history parameters.
Erm Effects on Currency Spot and Futures Markets

The effects of the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) of 1991-1993 on currency markets are examined. It is shown that the mechanism has led to a regime shift going from the 1980s to the 1990s. The floating exchange rates of the 1980s are associated with the forward premium puzzle (FPP) in spot markets. Furthermore, the futures-spot basis does have explanatory power on futures returns, which violates the expectations hypothesis. In the 1990s the FPP is diminished and uncovered interest parity holds in spot markets and futures returns cannot be explained by the basis. Therefore, the main contribution of this article is that the ERM has reduced currency risk premium volatility and thus validated the expectations hypothesis in both spot and futures markets.
Generic object recognition using form & function

The Knowledge Primitives From Knowledge Primitives to Functional Properties From Functional Properties to Category Definitions Flow of Control in Reasoning About Object Shape Recognition Results from Completely Known 3-D Shapes Recognition Results from Partial 3-D Shape Information Discussion.
Plasmodium falciparum Breath Metabolomics (Breathomics) Analysis as a Non-Invasive Practical Method to Diagnose Malaria in Pediatric

Children under 5 years of age are particularly vulnerable to malaria. Malaria has caused 445,000 deaths worldwide. Currently, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are the fastest method to diagnose malaria. However, there are limitations that exist such as low sensitivity in detecting infections with low parasitemia. Practical, non-invasive and high ability tests to detect parasite are needed to find specific biomarkers for P. falciparum infection to determine the potential of P. falciparum 4 thioether in breathomics analysis by GC-MS as a practical non-invasive method in diagnosing malaria in pediatrics. Literature reviews from Google Scholar and ProQuest were published no later than the last 5 years. The concept of breathomics is that the breath’s volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile is altered when the health condition changes. Breath samples from individuals infected with P. falciparum malaria were taken by exhalation. Through GC-MS analysis, it was found that 4 thioether compounds (allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), 1-methylthio-propane, (Z) -1-methylthio-1-propene and (E) -1-methylthio-1-propene) underwent a significant change in concentration during the infection. Based on experiments conducted on mice and humans, the breathomics method is known to be able to detect parasitemia levels up to <100 parasites/µL, has a sensitivity level of about 71% to 91% and a specificity of about 75% to 94%. The discovery of 4 thioether compounds by GC-MS is a strong indication of malaria, because it has the potential for high sensitivity and specificity, and the detection power exceeds the ability of RDTs.
The Functional Role of Sphingosine Kinase 2

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid molecule that is present in all eukaryotic cells and plays key roles in various extracellular, cytosolic, and nuclear signaling pathways. Two sphingosine kinase isoforms, sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) and sphingosine kinase 2 (SPHK2), synthesize S1P by phosphorylating sphingosine. While SPHK1 is a cytoplasmic kinase, SPHK2 is localized to the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. The SPHK2/S1P pathway regulates transcription, telomere maintenance, mitochondrial respiration, among many other processes. SPHK2 is under investigation as a target for treating many age-associated conditions, such as cancer, stroke, and neurodegeneration. In this review, we will focus on the role of SPHK2 in health and disease.
The Transformation Journey, or: Why Now?

Opening the second part of the book, which focuses on replacing sustainability-as-usual with a new, desired mode, this chapter examines the question of “why now?” contemplating why this point in time (the early 2020s) could be an inflection point for corporate sustainability. Looking at the broader environment in which companies operate, this chapter lays out key economic, social, and environmental trends and events that have led to this point, with a particular focus on the multiple crises that took place in 2020 and potentially made it a pivotal year. I then consider these trends and events as part of a transformation trajectory, using Moore et al.’s four-phase process of a deliberate transformation in a social-ecological system. Based on this framework, I make the case that we are already in the early stages of a transformative change, which is driven by a convergence of social and economic pressures, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the climate crisis. Looking forward, three potential pathways for transformation are presented: fixing, reforming, or revolutionizing the system.
Broadband Electrically-Small VLF/LF Transmitter via Time-Varying Antenna Properties

We describe a new approach to transmitting broadband signals from electrically-small antennas (ESAs), with a focus on lower frequencies where ESA limitations are most pronounced. ESAs traditionally suffer from a stringent tradeoff between bandwidth and efficiency that is caused by a high reactive input impedance. Conventional resonant matching networks can reduce this impedance to improve efficiency, but at the cost of having a narrow operational bandwidth and often a large physical structure. Here, we propose a time-varying matching technique that removes the need for resonant-matching entirely. Our concept is to rapidly vary the conductivity of the antenna in order to prevent reflections from returning to the antenna feed, effectively making the antenna non-reciprocal so that it appears infinitely long and is therefore matched to the characteristic impedance of the surrounding transmission line. An ESA with such a matching scheme would be able to radiate over a wider bandwidth since the matching occurs in the time domain. This technique would be particularly useful for generating VLF/LF waves, which are uniquely suited for many applications such as long-range and underwater communication. We present the theory of operation for such an antenna as well as results from numerical modeling which suggest improved performance over that of a conventional ESA.
Written Exposure Therapy for Suicide in a Psychiatric Inpatient Unit: A Case Series

Abstract Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at an elevated risk of suicide. For patients hospitalized for suicide risk, psychosocial treatment and stabilization are routinely offered; however, the availability of evidence-based, manualized therapeutic interventions for PTSD is sparse. Typically, the short duration of hospitalization makes it difficult to accommodate evidence-based, trauma-focused treatments. This article presents the clinical course of four active-duty service members with PTSD who were hospitalized in a psychiatric inpatient unit for acute suicide risk and treated with Written Exposure Therapy for Suicide (WET-S). WET-S is a brief, five-session therapy based upon Written Exposure Therapy and augmented with Crisis Response Planning for Suicide Prevention. Both posttraumatic stress symptoms and suicidal ideation were reduced from pre- to posttreatment for three of the four patients treated. WET-S shows promise as a manualized therapeutic intervention that can be delivered on an inpatient psychiatric unit.
Spinning Molecules, Spinning Spins: Modulation of an Electron Spin Exchange Interaction in a Highly Anisotropic Hyperfine Field

An investigation of spin and conformational dynamics in a series of symmetric Cu-Cu porphyrin dimer solutions is presented using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Previous spectral simulations focused on the isotropic exchange interaction (J avg) between the Cu centers. In this work, an additional line broadening parameter (J mod) is explored in detail via variable temperature X-band EPR in liquid solution for several different structures. The J mod phenomenon is due to fluctuations in the spin exchange interaction caused by conformational motion of the porphyrin planes. The J mod parameter scales with the inverse of the rotational barriers that determine the Boltzmann-weighted torsional angle distribution between neighboring porphyrin planes. Arrhenius plots allow for extraction of the activation energies for rotation, which are 5.77, 2.84, and 5.31 kJ/mol for ethyne-bridged (porphinato)copper(II)-(porphinato)copper(II), butadiyne-bridged (porphinato)copper(II)-(porphinato)copper(II), and ethyne-bridged (porphinato)copper(II)-(porphinato)zinc(II)-(porphinato)copper(II) complexes, respectively. DFT calculations of these torsional barriers match well with the experimental results. This is the first report of a J mod analysis within a highly anisotropic hyperfine field and demonstrates the utility of the theory for extraction of dynamic information.
Symbolic Regression via Neural-Guided Genetic Programming Population Seeding

Symbolic regression is the process of identifying mathematical expressions that fit observed output from a black-box process. It is a discrete optimization problem generally believed to be NP-hard. Prior approaches to solving the problem include neural-guided search (e.g. using reinforcement learning) and genetic programming. In this work, we introduce a hybrid neural-guided/genetic programming approach to symbolic regression and other combinatorial optimization problems. We propose a neural-guided component used to seed the starting population of a random restart genetic programming component, gradually learning better starting populations. On a number of common benchmark tasks to recover underlying expressions from a dataset, our method recovers 65% more expressions than a recently published top-performing model using the same experimental setup. We demonstrate that running many genetic programming generations without interdependence on the neural-guided component performs better for symbolic regression than alternative formulations where the two are more strongly coupled. Finally, we introduce a new set of 22 symbolic regression benchmark problems with increased difficulty over existing benchmarks. Source code is provided at www.github.com/brendenpetersen/deep-symbolic-optimization.
Book Review: Global Justice, Christology and Christian Ethics:

Global Justice, Christology and Christian Ethics. By Lisa Sowie Cahill. New Studies in Christian Ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. xiv + 314 pp. $104.99 (cloth).This thoroughgoing book carefully builds an argument that a Christian ethic of global justice must be rooted in Christology. Cahill notes that, with "mixed trepidation and courage," she set out to question convictions about Christ, church, and politics, while hoping for a "productive critique" (p. 28). As if that were not a full project, she seeks "to give biblical and logical reasons for Christian commitment to justice, to show why action is necessarily a criterion of authentic Christian theology, and to give ground for Christian hope that change in violent structures really is possible" (p. 1). All in all, Global Justice, Christology and Christian Ethics successfully meets these challenges and is well worth the reader's careful attention.Foregrounding what is at stake, Cahill provides a full account of sin and evil. In discussing this reality, she begins with creation, exploring biblical narratives such as the fall and that of Abraham, Sarah, and Hagar. She reads these stories carefully and critically. Finally, she turns to Job. After examining Gods response to Job, she notes that "to be in relation to God is to be in relation with one another," which is the central message of the creation narrative (p. 73).The several chapters on Christology would serve well as a collegiate or graduate level primer. She begins by arguing that the biblical narratives of Jesus' life, death, and resurrection shape Christian ethics, and that his ministry provides content to salvation. As a result, Cahill carefully situates Jesus of Nazareth in his historical context, noting that he was an apocalyptic prophet for the reign of God who was particularly inclusive of the poor, women, and Gentiles. Next, Cahill seeks to reconcile Word and Spirit Christologies, "showing their essential connection and validation in the practical Christian life" (p. 132). She then shows how these theories are both compat- ible and mutually informative, which creates a picture of Jesus Christ who is both Word-incarnate and animated by the Spirit. This section also includes an analysis of the teachings of the Councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon. Noting that Nicaea and Chalcedon accept paradox, she suggests that multiplicity is the only true answer in Christology. Her arguments for holding multiple Christologies in tension-as well as her similar argument about soteriologies-are an important contribution. …
Agroterrorism, Biological Crimes, and Biological Warfare Targeting Animal Agriculture

This chapter deals with the history of agroterrorism, biological crimes, and biological warfare directed toward animal agriculture, specifically horses, cattle (both beef and dairy), swine, sheep, goats, and poultry. A recent investigative report concludes that it was an ambitious and well-planned program, conducted on three continents, but that the success of the attacks was questionable. In a very recent excellent investigative report on the introduction of rabbit calicivirus disease into New Zealand, Steve Goldstein offers a serious, thorough review of agroterrorism and biological crimes. The animal pathogens and the species affected that are most often mentioned as being the most important as potential agroterrorism attack agents are, for cattle, foot-and-mouth disease virus and rinderpest virus; for swine, foot-and-mouth disease virus, classical swine fever virus, and African swine fever virus; and for poultry, avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus. With U.S. government funding and attention focused on countering biological weapons targeted at humans, agencies and groups are just now becoming aware of the threat posed by agroterrorism and biological warfare directed against the nation's animals and crops. The current laws that authorize investigations of potential terrorism rest on assumptions that may be misaligned for preventing and punishing agroterrorism. The biocrimal acts and the consequent economic impact clearly demonstrate that agriculture can be the target of an economically devastating terrorist or criminal attack.
High-performance chiral displacement chromatographic separations in the normal-phase mode: I. Retention and adsorption studies of potential displacers developed for the Pirkle-type naphthylalanine silica stationary phase

Abstract Three families of potential displacers have been designed and synthesized for use with the Pirkle-type naphthylalanine silica stationary phases operated in the normal-phase mode. The displacers contain a π-acid head group (3,5-dinitrobenzoate, 3,5-dinitrobenzamide or 3,5-dinitrophenylcarbamate groups), an H-bonding mid-section (CO and/or NH groups) and a solubility adjusting tail section ( n -alkyl groups). By varying the length of the alkyl chain between methyl and tetracosanyl, a large number of homologous compounds were synthesized in each family. The capacity factors of the homologues were measured in n -hexane—tetrahydrofuran eluents; the k ′ values vary regularly with both the tetrahydrofuran concentration of the eluent and the length of the alkyl chain. The individual excess adsorption isotherms of the homologues were also determined and the isotherm parameters were correlated with the length of the alkyl chain. Because the capacity factors and the adsorption strengths of these compounds cover a broad range, they can serve as displacers in a variety of normal-phase chiral displacement chromatographic separations.
Hangin' ten: The common-pool resource problem of surfing

Surfers face a common-pool resource problem, similar to that faced by fishers. Although the ocean shore is a common-pool resource, each wave is a private good. Coordination is essential if a surfers' dilemma is to be avoided. I model this situation as a two-person, two stage game. I show that for many cases the subgame perfect equilibrium is socially optimal. In other cases, the equilibrium is not optimal. I argue that for these cases a surfers' etiquette has evolved in response to this dilemma. A first-to-the curl, first-in-right rule ameliorates but does not fully resolve the dilemma. In addition, a locals-only policy, a policy in violation of the surfers' etiquette, may be a rational response to a growth of inexperienced surfers on the waves.
What Got You Here Won't Get You There: How Successful People Become Even More Successful

Perhaps one small flaw – a behaviour you barely even recognise – is the only thing that's keeping you from where you want to be. It may be that the very characteristic that you believe got you where you are – like the drive to win at all costs – is what’s holding you back. As this book explains, people often do well in spite of certain habits rather than because of them – and need a "to stop" list rather than one listing what “to do”. Marshall Goldsmith’s expertise is in helping global leaders overcome their unconscious annoying habits and become more successful. His one-on-one coaching comes with a six-figure price tag – but in this book you get his great advice for much less. Recently named as one of the world’s five most-respected executive coaches by Forbes, he has worked with over 100 major CEOs and their management teams at the world’s top businesses. His clients include corporations such as Goldman Sachs, Glaxo SmithKline, Johnson and Johnson and GE.
Detection and Quantification of Environmental Pollutants

With increasing concern over chemicals that are potential health hazards at low levels, determination of limits of detection and quantification have undergone considerable scrutiny. Most traditional detection limit (DL) estimators suffer from extensive statistical and/or conceptual limitations. In this article, traditional detection and quantification limit estimators are described and critically evaluated. Methods are categorized into decision limits, DLs and quantification limits. The methods are further categorized into single concentration design versus calibration design methodologies. While the single concentration design methods are useful for fixing ideas and clarifying definitions they are shown to be extremely limited in practice since dependence of variability on concentration can be neither estimated nor incorporated. Calibration-based detection and quantification limit estimators are described, compared, and contrasted. Discussion of nonconstant variance, multiple future detection decisions and simultaneous control of Type I and II errors is provided. The various methods are illustrated using real data and experimental design issues for DL studies discussed.
Cognitive distortions, coping behavior, and depression in college students.

Abstract The goals of this research were to develop a measure of cognitive distortions (the Interpretation Inventory**) and a measure of depression-coping strategies (the Active Checklist) and also to explore the relationship of cognitive distortions and coping strategies to depression in college students. In a normal sample of 241 female and 175 male undergraduates, scores on the Interpretation Inventory were highly related to scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (p < .0001). Also significant was the main effect of helpful coping strategies (p < .02) and the interaction of helpful coping strategies and Interpretation Inventory scores on Beck depression scores (p < .004). Coping strategies were related to depression only among students with high levels of cognitive distortions. In a sample of 36 female and 19 male college students from a university mental health service, the Interpretation Inventory was again highly related to Beck scores (p < .0001), although coping strategies were not. The implicatio...
Macrophage-Specific TLR2 Signaling Mediates Pathogen-Induced TNF-Dependent Inflammatory Oral Bone Loss

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a primary etiological agent of chronic periodontal disease, an infection-driven chronic inflammatory disease that leads to the resorption of tooth-supporting alveolar bone. We previously reported that TLR2 is required for P. gingivalis–induced alveolar bone loss in vivo, and our in vitro work implicated TNF as a key downstream mediator. In this study, we show that TNF-deficient (Tnf−/−) mice are resistant to alveolar bone loss following oral infection with P. gingivalis, and thus establish a central role for TNF in experimental periodontal disease. Using bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMDM) from wild-type and gene-specific knockout mice, we demonstrate that the initial inflammatory response to P. gingivalis in naive macrophages is MyD88 dependent and requires cooperative signaling of TLR2 and TLR4. The ability of P. gingivalis to activate cells via TLR2 or TLR4 was confirmed in TLR2- or TLR4-transformed human embryonic kidney cells. Additional studies using bacterial mutants demonstrated a role for fimbriae in the modulation of TLR-mediated activation of NF-κB. Whereas both TLR2 and TLR4 contributed to TNF production in naive macrophages, P. gingivalis preferentially exploited TLR2 in endotoxin-tolerant BMDM to trigger excessive TNF production. We found that TNF induced surface TLR2 expression and augmented TLR-induced cytokine production in P. gingivalis–stimulated BMDM, establishing a previously unidentified TNF-dependent feedback loop. Adoptive transfer of TLR2-expressing macrophages to TLR2-deficient mice restored the ability of P. gingivalis to induce alveolar bone loss in vivo. Collectively, our results identify a TLR2- and TNF-dependent macrophage-specific mechanism underlying pathogen-induced inflammatory bone loss in vivo.
Predictors of assistive technology abandonment.

Technology abandonment may have serious repercussions for individuals with disabilities and for society. The purpose of this study was to determine how technology users decide to accept or reject assistive devices. Two hundred twenty-seven adults with various disabilities responded to a survey on device selection, acquisition, performance, and use. Results showed that 29.3% of all devices were completely abandoned. Mobility aids were more frequently abandoned than other categories of devices, and abandonment rates were highest during the first year and after 5 years of use. Four factors were significantly related to abandonment—lack of consideration of user opinion in selection, easy device procurement, poor device performance, and change in user needs or priorities. These findings suggest that technology-related policies and services need to emphasize consumer involvement and long-term needs of consumers to reduce device abandonment and enhance consumer satisfaction.
Theoretical analysis of carbon‐13 magnetization transfer for in vivo exchange between α‐ketoglutarate and glutamate

Many enzymes catalyze fast exchange between a small pool and a large pool in vivo. For example, aspartate aminotransferase catalyzes fast exchanges between α-ketoglutarate and glutamate and between oxaloacetate and aspartate, which can be detected using in vivo13C MRS while saturating α-carbons of the keto acids. Unlike in the traditional saturation transfer experiments studied using 31P MRS, the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates α-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate are below the detection limit of in vivo NMR. In this work, a theoretical analysis of the saturation transfer between α-ketoglutarate and glutamate catalyzed by aspartate aminotransferase was presented to examine the requirements for complete saturation of the rapidly turning over α-ketoglutarate pool without affecting the longitudinal magnetization of glutamate. The fast turnover of the small α-ketoglutarate pool also allows a quasi-steady-state approximation of its dynamic longitudinal relaxation. The theoretical analysis provides a useful guide for designing experimental methods to characterize saturation transfer processes associated with fast turning over small pools in vivo. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semantic mediation modelling in the service component design

Semantic mediation is one of the big challenges in this century from scale and complexity. The main objective of mediation is to minimise the architecture gap, and reduce expenses. Achieving this objective requires multi-dimensional approaches including service strategy and integration. Therefore, architecture alignment and coherence are extremely important. We further extend our investigation by using AHP and eigenvalue techniques in component evaluation. Our proposal mainly argues that semantic mediation should not be initiated from the macro architecture; instead we propose that mediation should impact components first, to push semantics strategy directly into the micro process to be synthesised into the service layer.