cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epinephrine Autoinjector Prescribing Trends: An Outpatient Population-Based Study in Olmsted County, Minnesota

Background The prescribing pattern of epinephrine over time is an indicator of the secular trend of anaphylaxis. However, it is not well known in a population level in the United States. Objective To evaluate the trend of prescriptions for epinephrine autoinjectors in Olmsted County, Minn, residents. Methods Outpatient prescriptions for epinephrine were identified among residents of Olmsted County, Minn, between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2010. We used the first prescription per patient per year, and the first prescription per patient during the study period to calculate incidence rates. Incidence rates per 100,000 person-years were calculated using patients prescribed epinephrine per year as the numerator and age- and sex-specific counts of the population of Olmsted County as the denominator. The relationships of age group, sex, and year of prescription with incidence rates were assessed by fitting Poisson regression models using the SAS procedure GENMOD. Results The overall incidence rate of epinephrine autoinjector prescriptions during the study period was 757 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval: 740-774). The prescription rates per patient per year increased over time, with an annual rate of increase of 8% (P Conclusions The overall rate of epinephrine autoinjector prescriptions increased, but the rate of first-time prescriptions was stable from 2005 to 2010. In childhood, boys were more likely to receive a prescription than girls, but this reversed in later ages.
PENICILLIUM PERITONITIS IN A CAPO PATIENT

Penicillium peritonitis developed in a CAPD patient who employed poor sterile technique in performing exchanges. Previous antibiotic therapy may have played a contributing role. Physicians caring f...
Real-World Performance of Paclitaxel Drug-Eluting Bare Metal Stenting (Zilver PTX) for the Treatment of Femoropopliteal Occlusive Disease.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and predictors of stent failure of paclitaxel drug-eluting stents for the treatment of femoropopliteal disease. Methods A retrospective review of clinical and angiographic data was performed for patients treated for femoropopliteal disease with the Zilver PTX (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN) stent by a single operator between 2012 and 2015 at a tertiary referral center. Clinical grading was determined by both Rutherford classification and the Society for Vascular Surgery's Wound, Ischemia, and Foot Infection (WIFi) scoring system, and lesions were classified anatomically by the TransAtlantic Intersociety Consensus (TASC) II criteria. Treated lesions included those with prior in-stent restenosis and long-segment disease. Primary clinical end points were stent failure, need for reintervention, and major adverse limb events (MALE). Kaplan–Meier methods and Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate factors affecting outcomes. Results Zilver PTX stents were placed in 52 limbs among 46 patients (71.1% male, mean age 72.6 years) with a median follow-up of 11.1 (range 1–26) months. Limbs were treated for life-disabling claudication in 76.9% and critical limb ischemia in 23.1%. Disease severity was highly variable, with 21 (40.4%) limbs with TASC C or D lesions and 16 (30.7%) treated for restenosis after prior endovascular treatment. During follow-up, 6 (12.7%) limbs experienced loss of stent patency (5 occlusions, one >50% restenosis). Four limbs underwent target lesion revascularization, 2 required open bypass, 2 underwent thrombolysis, and no patients required major amputation. Primary patency was 88.9%, 81.6%, and 81.6% at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively. Treated lesion length (hazard ratio [HR] 4.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14–21.75) was the only independent predictor of patency loss. Freedom from target lesion revascularization at 6, 12, and 18 months was 94.2%, 87.8%, and 87.8%, respectively. Freedom from MALE (composite of thrombolysis, major amputation, and bypass operation) was 97.5%, 90.9%, and 79.6% at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively. Chronic renal insufficiency was the only factor that trended toward increased risk of MALE (HR 9.92, 95% CI 0.86–113.35) within a multivariate model. Conclusions Our real-world experience supports the continued use of the Zilver PTX for the treatment of both de novo lesions and lesions with prior endovascular revascularization in the femoropopliteal segment. Routine follow-up between 6 and 12 months postoperatively is essential for detecting early restenosis and guiding reintervention. Careful attention when treating complex lesions and long-segment disease remains important for selecting the optimal revascularization strategy for individual patients and optimizing stent patency.
Characterization of a Clostridium beijerinckii spo0A mutant and its application for butyl butyrate production

Spo0A is a master regulator that governs the metabolic shift of solventogenic Clostridium species such as Clostridium beijerinckii. Its disruption can thus potentially cause a significant alteration of cellular physiology as well as metabolic patterns. To investigate the specific effect of spo0A disruption in C. beijerinckii, a spo0A mutant of C. beijerinckii was characterized in this study. In a batch fermentation with pH control at 6.5, the spo0A mutant accumulated butyrate and butanol up to 8.96 g/L and 3.32 g/L, respectively from 60 g/L glucose. Noticing the unique phenotype of the spo0A mutant accumulating both butyrate and butanol at significant concentrations, we decided to use the spo0A mutant for the production of butyl butyrate that can be formed by the condensation of butyrate and butanol during the ABE fermentation in the presence of the enzyme lipase. Butyl butyrate is a value-added chemical that has numerous uses in the food and fragrance industry. Moreover, butyl butyrate as a biofuel is compatible with Jet A-1 aviation kerosene and used for biodiesel enrichment. In an initial trial of small-scale extractive batch fermentation using hexadecane as the extractant with supplementation of lipase CalB, the spo0A mutant was subjected to acid crash due to the butyrate accumulation, and thus produced only 98 mg/L butyl butyrate. To alleviate the butyrate toxicity, the biphasic medium was supplemented with 10 g/L CaCO3 and 5 g/L butanol. The butyl butyrate production was then increased up to 2.73 g/L in the hexadecane layer. When continuous agitation was performed to enhance the esterification and extraction of butyl butyrate, 3.32 g/L butyl butyrate was obtained in the hexadecane layer. In this study, we successfully demonstrated the use of the C. beijerinckii spo0A mutant for the butyl butyrate production through the simultaneous ABE fermentation, condensation, and extraction. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 106-112. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
T-bet Over-Expression in T Cells from Patients with Aplastic Anemia.

Abstract Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is a bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by immune-mediated destruction of hematopoietic stem cells. T cells from patients with AA overproduce IFN-γ, a cytokine that inhibits hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and induces Fas-mediated apoptosis; stem cell depletion results in marrow hypoplasia and peripheral blood pancytopenia. In T cells, regulation of IFN-γ production occurs primarily at the level of transcription. A proximal site of the IFN-γ gene (−75 to −45bp of the IFN-γ promoter) is a binding site for different transcription factors including NFAT, AP-1, ATF, CREB, and T-bet. T-bet is a member of the T-box family of transcription factors, this family contains a highly conserved DNA binding domain, the T-box, that binds to a specific sequence in the promoter of different genes, including the IFN-γ promoter. T-bet is found in Th1 but not in Th2 cells and is the key regulator of Th1 development and function (Rengarajan et al., Immunol Today 2000; 21: 479). The inducible expression of T-bet is mediated in part by Itk kinase (Sjabo et al., Science 2005; 307: 430). In the present study, we examined T-bet protein levels in T cells from patients with AA. Samples from 17 of 20 patients examined (85%) by immunoblot showed increased T-bet protein levels in unstimulated T cells compared to normal controls (p = 0.0001). Normal controls showed undetectable T-bet protein levels in unstimulated T cells but T-bet expression was induced after 24 hrs of stimulation with PMA and ionomycin. In electrophoretical mobility shift assays, we observed increased T-bet binding to the proximal site of the IFN-γ promoter in T cells from patients with AA; no binding was detected in unstimulated T cells from healthy controls, but binding was present after stimulation for at least 24 hrs. T-bet protein levels correlated with disease activity. Patients with increased T-bet protein levels showed increased intracellular IFN-g levels compared to controls, as detected by flow cytometry (p
Low-affinity CD4+ T cells are major responders in the primary immune response

A robust primary immune response has been correlated with the precursor number of antigen-specific T cells, as identified using peptide MHCII tetramers. However, these tetramers identify only the highest-affinity T cells. Here we show the entire CD4+ T-cell repertoire, inclusive of low-affinity T cells missed by tetramers, using a T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling reporter and micropipette assay to quantify naive precursors and expanded populations. In vivo limiting dilution assays reveal hundreds more precursor T cells than previously thought, with higher-affinity tetramer-positive T cells, comprising only 5-30% of the total antigen-specific naive repertoire. Lower-affinity T cells maintain their predominance as the primary immune response progresses, with no enhancement of survival of T cells with high-affinity TCRs. These findings demonstrate that affinity for antigen does not control CD4+ T-cell entry into the primary immune response, as a diverse range in affinity is maintained from precursor through peak of T-cell expansion.
Estimates and trace formulas for unitary and resolvent comparable perturbations

Abstract We prove estimates for Schatten norms of multiple operator integrals with symbols arising from Fourier series and, as a consequence, derive higher order trace formulas for functions given by absolutely convergent Fourier series of unitary operators and for rational functions bounded on the real line of resolvent comparable self-adjoint operators. These results substantially extend the main results of [12] , [14] , [13] , where the estimates were proved for multiple operator integrals with symbols arising from polynomials, the trace formulas in the unitary case for analytic functions on the unit disc, and the trace formulas in the resolvent comparable self-adjoint case for rational functions bounded and analytic in the lower half-plane. Our results rely crucially on an algebraic approach to symbols of multiple operator integrals developed in this paper to replace the prior restrictive analytic approach of [12] .
Institutional Mission Education as a Form of Teaching

AbstractThis article examines how the field of religious education informs religiously based colleges and universities as they teach about their institutional missions. A discussion of the audiences, languages, and the temporal orientations of institutional mission education is intended to provide insights and parameters as mission offices chart their futures and justify their purposes to diverse constituencies. Particular attention is given to current challenges, namely the unjust structures and practices that have shaped institutions and their missions. Utilizing examples from his home institution, the author argues for a “present approach” to mission education.
Data management plans, the missing perspective

The National Institutes of Health requires data sharing plans for projects with over five hundred thousand dollars in direct costs in a single year and has recently released a new guidance on rigor and reproducibility in grant applications. The National Science Foundation outright requires Data Management Plans (DMPs) as part of applications for funding. However, there is no general and definitive list of topics that should be covered in a DMP for a research project. We identified and reviewed DMP requirements from research funders. Forty-three DMP topics were identified. The review uncovered inconsistent requirements for written DMPs as well as high variability in required or suggested DMP topics among funder requirements. DMP requirements were found to emphasize post-publication data sharing rather than upstream activities that impact data quality, provide traceability or support reproducibility. With the emphasis equalized, the forty-three identified topics can aid Data Managers in systematically generating comprehensive DMPs that support research project planning and funding application evaluation as well as data management conduct and post-publication data sharing.
In Vivo Recording of Neural and Behavioral Correlates of Anesthesia Induction, Reversal, and Euthanasia in Cephalopod Molluscs.

Cephalopod molluscs are among the most behaviorally and neurologically complex invertebrates. As they are now included in research animal welfare regulations in many countries, humane and effective anesthesia is required during invasive procedures. However, currently there is no evidence that agents believed to act as anesthetics produce effects beyond immobility. In this study we demonstrate, for the first time, that two of the most commonly used agents in cephalopod general anesthesia, magnesium chloride and ethanol, are capable of producing strong and reversible blockade of afferent and efferent neural signal; thus they are genuine anesthetics, rather than simply sedating agents that render animals immobile but not insensible. Additionally, we demonstrate that injected magnesium chloride and lidocaine are effective local anesthetic agents. This represents a considerable advance for cephalopod welfare. Using a reversible, minimally invasive recording procedure, we measured activity in the pallial nerve of cuttlefish (Sepia bandensis) and octopus (Abdopus aculeatus, Octopus bocki), during induction and reversal for five putative general anesthetic and two local anesthetic agents. We describe the temporal relationship between loss of behavioral responses (immobility), loss of efferent neural signal (loss of ‘consciousness’) and loss of afferent neural signal (anesthesia) for general anesthesia, and loss of afferent signal for local anesthesia. Both ethanol and magnesium chloride were effective as bath-applied general anesthetics, causing immobility, complete loss of behavioral responsiveness and complete loss of afferent and efferent neural signal. Cold seawater, diethyl ether and MS-222 (tricaine) were ineffective. Subcutaneous injection of either lidocaine or magnesium chloride blocked behavioral and neural responses to pinch in the injected area, and we conclude that both are effective local anesthetic agents for cephalopods. Lastly, we demonstrate that a standard euthanasia protocol – immersion in isotonic magnesium chloride followed by surgical decerebration – produced no behavioral response and no neural activity during surgical euthanasia. Based on these data, we conclude that both magnesium chloride and ethanol can function as general anesthetic agents, and lidocaine and magnesium chloride can function as local anesthetic agents for cephalopod molluscs. □
Role of Observational Errors in Optimum Interpolation Analysis

The theory of optimum interpolation analysis is presented, with emphasis on the role that observational errors have in the analysis scheme. It is shown that an estimate of the root-mean-square observational error is required and also that the correlations between errors of observations, if nonzero, must be specified. Methods of determining these quantities from observational data statistics are discussed and examples shown. Finally, error-checking routines that either accept or reject data are described. It is pointed out that care should be exercised when checking for errors so that good and useful data are not inadvertently rejected.
The vaginal eukaryotic DNA virome and preterm birth

Background Despite decades of attempts to link infectious agents to preterm birth, an exact causative microbe or community of microbes remains elusive. Culture-independent sequencing of vaginal bacterial communities demonstrates community characteristics are associated with preterm birth, although none are specific enough to apply clinically. Viruses are important components of the vaginal microbiome and have dynamic relationships with vaginal bacterial communities. We hypothesized that vaginal eukaryotic DNA viral communities (the “vaginal virome”) either alone or in the context of bacterial communities are associated with preterm birth. Objective The objective of this study was to use high-throughput sequencing to examine the vaginal eukaryotic DNA virome in a cohort of pregnant women and examine associations between vaginal community characteristics and preterm birth. Study Design This is a nested case-control study within a prospective cohort study of women with singleton pregnancies, not on supplemental progesterone, and without cervical cerclage in situ. Serial midvaginal swabs were obtained at routine prenatal visits. DNA was extracted, bacterial communities were characterized by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, and eukaryotic viral communities were characterized by enrichment of viral nucleic acid with the ViroCap targeted sequence capture panel followed by nucleic acid sequencing. Viral communities were analyzed according to presence/absence of viruses, diversity, dynamics over time, and association with bacterial community data obtained from the same specimens. Results Sixty subjects contributed 128 vaginal swabs longitudinally across pregnancy. In all, 24 patients delivered preterm. Participants were predominantly African American (65%). Six families of eukaryotic DNA viruses were detected in the vaginal samples. At least 1 virus was detected in 80% of women. No specific virus or group of viruses was associated with preterm delivery. Higher viral richness was significantly associated with preterm delivery in the full group and in the African American subgroup ( P = .0005 and P = .0003, respectively). Having both high bacterial diversity and high viral diversity in the first trimester was associated with the highest risk for preterm birth. Conclusion Higher vaginal viral diversity is associated with preterm birth. Changes in vaginal virome diversity appear similar to changes in the vaginal bacterial microbiome over pregnancy, suggesting that underlying physiology of pregnancy may regulate both bacterial and viral communities.
Creative Circuits with Deaf Students

This paper presents an outreach program, designed and delivered by undergraduate engineering students, to introduce Deaf middle and high school students to engineering concepts through a creative circuitry program. Over the course of four weekly two-hour Creative Circuits workshops, students ages 10 to 14 years old worked on projects exploring basic circuitry and programing concepts using Squishy Circuits, Scratch, MaKey MaKey and E-textile learning tools. Instruction was given to the students in American Sign Language with the help of written communication. The team of undergraduate engineering students will present the content of these workshops, reflections by the undergraduate instructing team, and suggestions for running similar programs.
Design Requirements for Collaborative Writing Tools for Distributed Work Over the Internet

This paper proposes requirements necessary for designing future collaborative writing tools to support distributed work teams on the Internet.Requirements are proposed from literature, and then compared to previous and existing CW tools such as Microsoft Word(TM). Because no tool adequately addresses the needs of distributed CW teams, a new CW tool called Collaboratus is proposed and reviewed.
Tumor immunology in domestic animals.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses tumor immunology in domestic animals. Localization of tumor antigens can be internal or on the cell membrane. The internally located tumor antigens can be antigenic only when the cells are destroyed or if the antigen is secreted as a soluble product. The tumor antigens located on the cell membrane are antigenic on intact cells unless they are masked in some way. Cell surface antigens are relatively stable but they are not fixed structures, and they can migrate or be endocytosed or shed in certain circumstances. The ability of a tumor to elicit a specific immune response in the host of origin or in syngeneic normal individuals is its immunogenic capacity. Two classes of tumor antigens can give rise to immunogenicity: (1) tumor-specific antigens and (2) tumor-associated antigens. Many antigens expressed by tumor cells are also expressed by the normal cells from which they arise. Tumor viruses occur in many species, and they can be DNA containing or RNA containing. The immune response to virus-induced tumor antigens can be mediated by thymus-dependent lymphocytes, as in the case of polyomavirus, or by antibody.
Security issues of Grid resource management

Secure management of Grid resources presents many challenges. This chapter will examine the security requirements that are essential to Grids and some of the software that is available to meet them. We will discuss how well these security tools have been utilized and review, some of the existing and proposed security standards that may be the foundations of the next generation of Grid security tools.
An Analysis of Placement and Exit Patterns of Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders.

The authors analyzed student data from the U.S. Department of Education's Annual Reports to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act to assess patterns and ...
Specificity in the interaction of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channel types with Ca2+-dependent afterhyperpolarizations in magnocellular supraoptic neurons.

Despite the importance of afterhyperpolarization (AHP) mechanisms for regulating firing behavior of oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons of supraoptic nucleus, which types of high-voltage-act...
Cryogenic Electron Microscopy for Characterizing and Diagnosing Batteries

Summary Most battery materials are beam sensitive, especially after cycling, which can be hardly characterized by electron microscopy (EM) with a high-energy beam. Inspired by structural biology, cryogenic EM (cryo-EM) offers a way to preserve the native state and image the battery materials at the nano/atomic scale. In this perspective, we highlight strategies on how to preserve the pristine intrinsic information of battery materials in terms of sample preparation, transformation, and imaging. Some key technical breakthroughs for the development of the cryo-EM are briefly illustrated to demonstrate its working principles. Recent achievements on cryo-EM characterization of battery materials are reviewed, especially Li metal. These profound observations demonstrate the increasing essential role of cryo-EM on diagnosing and characterizing the chemical, morphological, and atomic structure of battery materials. The new insights and knowledge obtained through this emerging new toolset will benefit the battery research field tremendously.
Sketching a Map of the Storylets Design Space

Linear and branching narrative structures are widespread in games, but limited in their dynamism and expressiveness. We consider the alternative storylets model of interactive narrative content, in which a game’s narrative is assembled from a database of discrete, reorderable narrative “chunks” or “modules” known as storylets. This paper represents a first attempt to map out the design space of storylet-based narrative systems in games. We define the common elements of storylet-based systems; categorize such systems along several distinct dimensions; and survey implementations of such systems in existing games.
Serving Students with Special Needs: A Practical Guide for Administrators

Serving Students with Special Needs provides administrators with essential knowledge about the requirements for special education services, as well as practical steps to ensure legal compliance and appropriate services for students with special needs. Each chapter includes basic information followed by specific suggestions or steps. This brief, easily applied, and highly practical guide covers: Instruction, including differentiated instruction and universal design for learning Assessment, including accommodations and modifications and response to intervention (RTI) Developing multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) Student progress monitoring and using large data sets to inform decision making Mediation, due process hearings, and litigation Systems management and positive behavioral intervention supports (PBIS) Scenarios are presented along with suggested responses and solutions. Serving Students with Special Needs has been specifically developed to provide administrators with practical suggestions to quickly and effectively implement appropriate special education practices.
Scalable fermionic error correction in Majorana surface codes

Quantum computers based on Majorana fermions offer intrinsic robustness due to the topological nature of these quasiparticles. However, active quantum error correction is still necessary in order to perform fully protected quantum gates and reliably store information due to the presence of unwanted errors, such as quasiparticle poisoning. Here, the authors demonstrate that using networks of interacting Majorana particles achieves a higher error tolerance than traditional qubit-based quantum computers, thereby offering potential advantages for large-scale quantum information processing.
Parsing clinical text using the state-of-the-art deep learning based parsers: a systematic comparison.

A shareable repository of clinical notes is critical for advancing natural language processing (NLP) research, and therefore a goal of many NLP researchers is to create a shareable repository of clinical notes, that has breadth (from multiple institutions) as well as depth (as much individual data as possible). We aimed to assess the degree to which individuals would be willing to contribute their health data to such a repository. A compact e-survey probed willingness to share demographic and clinical data categories. Participants were faculty, staff, and students in two geographically diverse major medical centers (Utah and New York). Such a sample could be expected to respond like a typical potential participant from the general public who is given complete and fully informed consent about the pros and cons of participating in a research study. 2140 respondents completed the surveys. 56% of respondents were “somewhat/definitely willing” to share clinical data with identifiers, while 89% of respondents were “somewhat (17%) /definitely willing (72%)” to share without identifiers. Results were consistent across gender, age, and education, but there were some differences by geographical region. Individuals were most reluctant (50–74%) sharing mental health, substance abuse, and domestic violence data. We conclude that a substantial fraction of potential patient participants, once educated about risks and benefits, would be willing to donate de-identified clinical data to a shared research repository. A slight majority even would be willing to share absent de-identification, suggesting that perceptions about data misuse are not a major concern. Such a repository of clinical notes should be invaluable for clinical NLP research and advancement.
Tau antibody chimerization alters its charge and binding, thereby reducing its cellular uptake and efficacy.

Abstract Background Bringing antibodies from pre-clinical studies to human trials requires humanization, but this process may alter properties that are crucial for efficacy. Since pathological tau protein is primarily intraneuronal in Alzheimer's disease, the most efficacious antibodies should work both intra- and extracellularly. Thus, changes which impact uptake or antibody binding will affect antibody efficacy. Methods Initially, we examined four tau mouse monoclonal antibodies with naturally differing charges. We quantified their neuronal uptake, and efficacy in preventing toxicity and pathological seeding induced by human-derived pathological tau. Later, we generated a human chimeric 4E6 (h4E6), an antibody with well documented efficacy in multiple tauopathy models. We compared the uptake and efficacy of unmodified and chimeric antibodies in neuronal and differentiated neuroblastoma cultures. Further, we analyzed tau binding using ELISA assays. Findings Neuronal uptake of tau antibodies and their efficacy strongly depends on antibody charge. Additionally, their ability to prevent tau toxicity and seeding of tau pathology does not necessarily go together. Particularly, chimerization of 4E6 increased its charge from 6.5 to 9.6, which blocked its uptake into human and mouse cells. Furthermore, h4E6 had altered binding characteristics despite intact binding sites, compared to the mouse antibody. Importantly, these changes in uptake and binding substantially decreased its efficacy in preventing tau toxicity, although under certain conditions it did prevent pathological seeding of tau. Conclusions These results indicate that efficacy of chimeric/humanized tau antibodies should be thoroughly characterized prior to clinical trials, which may require further engineering to maintain or improve their therapeutic potential. Fund National Institutes of Health (NS077239, AG032611, R24OD18340, R24OD018339 and RR027990, Alzheimer's Association (2016-NIRG-397228) and Blas Frangione Foundation.
Cytosine but not adenine base editor generates mutations in mice

Deaminase base editing has emerged as a tool to install or correct point mutations in the genomes of living cells in a wide range of organisms and its ultimate success therapeutically depends on its accuracy. Here we have investigated the fidelity of cytosine base editor 4 (BE4) and adenine base editor (ABE) in mouse embryos using unbiased whole genome sequencing of a family-based trio cohort. We demonstrate that BE4-edited mice carry an excess of single-nucleotide variants and deletions compared to ABE-edited mice and controls.
Eleni Orfanidou, Bencie Woll & Gary Morgan (eds.), Research methods in sign language studies: A practical guide

This article reviews Research methods in sign language studies: A practical guide € 81.30978-1-118-27141-4€ 35.00978-1-118-27142-1€ 31.99978-1-118-34596-2
Some Causes of Interstitial Lung Disease

Common causes of the different types of patterns of interstitial lung diseases are discussed, including autoimmune disease, environmental exposure, and idiopathic causes. Pathophysiologic etiologies and risk factors are stressed. The imaging findings in each of the patterns of interstitial lung disease are also highlighted. Mimics are discussed, and a differential diagnosis is populated for common radiographic findings.
Understanding Graduating Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellow Priorities for Career Pathways and Faculty Recruitment for Academic or Community Emergency Departments.

Objectives Factors influencing the employment of pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellows in a career in academic medicine versus community emergency department (ED) settings have not previously been explored. The purpose of this study was to explore PEM fellows' priorities in selecting jobs and to identify factors that influence their decisions regarding career choices through a multicenter, qualitative approach. We also explored program directors' beliefs about graduates' job selection priorities. Methods This was a cross-sectional study among a convenience sample of PEM fellows and PEM fellowship program directors and/or associate program directors in the United States. The data were collected in 2017, using a qualitative methodology known as free listing. The fellows and program directors were solicited through the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Emergency Medicine. Using content analysis, all free-listing responses from participant samples were categorized into 14 distinct groupings. Thematic saturation was achieved, and member checking was performed to ensure trustworthiness. Results A sample of 63 fellows from six geographically diverse programs and 41 program and/or associate program directors were surveyed. Location, schedule/work-life balance and compensation were the most frequently cited factors taken into consideration for employment; these are not specific to PEM as a career choice. Other factors included patient population and ED resources. When deciding between academic and community employment, similar areas for the PEM physician emerged on both sides of the dichotomy: work-life balance, clinical hours, burnout, and acuity/patient complexity. Conclusions There are universal factors that PEM physicians consider when choosing employment. The information elicited from this exploratory technique can inform content for national survey or other qualitative work to achieve richer descriptions of reported items and dichotomies to guide fellow recruitment and retention strategies.
Structural distortion and incommensurate noncollinear magnetism in EuAg 4 As 2

Layered pnictide materials have provided a fruitful platform to study various emergent phenomena, including superconductivity, magnetism, charge density waves, etc. Here we report the observation of structural distortion and noncollinear magnetism in layered pnictide ${\mathrm{EuAg}}_{4}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ via transport, magnetization, single crystal x-ray, and neutron diffraction data. ${\mathrm{EuAg}}_{4}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ single crystal shows a structural distortion at 120 K, where two sets of superlattice peaks with the propagation vectors of ${q}_{1}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$(0, 0.25, 0.5) and ${q}_{2}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$(0.25, 0, 1) emerge. Between 9--15 K, the hexagonal ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$ sublattice enters an unpinned incommensurate magnetic state, with magnetic Bragg reflections pictured as circular sectors. Below 9 K, it orders in an incommensurate noncollinear antiferromagnetic state with a well-defined propagation wavevector of (0, 0.1, 0.12) and a very rare magnetic structure, which is helical along the $c$ axis and cycloidal along the $b$ axis with a moment of 6.4 ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}/{\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$. Furthermore, rich magnetic phases under magnetic fields, large magnetoresistance, and strong coupling between charge carriers and magnetism in ${\mathrm{EuAg}}_{4}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ are revealed.
Inducing pollution prevention adoption: effectiveness of the 33/50 voluntary environmental program

The Environmental Protection Agency has encouraged voluntary efforts at pollution prevention by facilities through participation in voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) such as the 33/50 program to reduce toxic releases. This paper examines the effectiveness of the 33/50 program in the adoption of pollution prevention practices and disentangles the effect of adoption from that of program participation on releases of 33/50 chemicals. Using facility-specific panel data and controlling for the endogeneity of program participation and pollution prevention adoption, we find that program participants were 38% more likely to adopt pollution prevention practices than non-participants. Program participants who adopted pollution prevention practices reduced their 33/50 releases by 52% compared to facilities that neither participated nor adopted pollution prevention. This indicates that VEPs that emphasize pollution prevention can play a complementary role in reducing toxic releases.
The polarized mind in context: Interdisciplinary approaches to the psychology of political polarization.

Existing research into the psychological roots of political polarization centers around two main approaches: one studying cognitive traits that predict susceptibility to holding polarized beliefs and one studying contextual influences that spread and reinforce polarized attitudes. Although both accounts have made valuable progress, political polarization is neither a purely cognitive trait nor a contextual issue. We argue that a new approach aiming to uncover interactions between cognition and context will be fruitful for understanding how polarization arises. Furthermore, recent developments in neuroimaging methods can overcome long-standing issues of measurement and ecological validity to critically help identify in which psychological processing steps-e.g., attention, semantic understanding, emotion-polarization takes hold. This interdisciplinary research agenda can thereby provide new avenues for interventions against the political polarization that plagues democracies around the world. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
TRPV6 Channel Mediates Alcohol-Induced Gut Barrier Dysfunction and Systemic Response

Intestinal epithelial tight junction disruption is a primary contributing factor in alcohol-associated endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and multiple organ damage. Ethanol and acetaldehyde disrupt tight junctions by elevating intracellular Ca2+. Here we identify TRPV6, a Ca2+-permeable channel, as a target to improve alcohol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Ethanol and acetaldehyde elicit TRPV6 ionic currents in Caco-2 cells. Studies in Caco-2 cell monolayers and mouse intestinal organoids show that TRPV6 deficiency or inhibition attenuates ethanol and acetaldehyde-induced Ca2+ influx, tight junction disruption, and barrier dysfunction. Moreover, Trpv6-/- mice are resistant to alcohol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. Photoaffinity labeling of 3-Azibutanol identifies a conserved histidine as a potential alcohol-binding site in TRPV6, and its substitution for alanine in rat TRPV6 reduces ethanol-activated TRPV6 currents. Our findings reveal that TRPV6 is required for alcohol-induced gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation. Thus, molecules that decrease TRPV6 function have the potential to attenuate alcohol-associated endotoxemia and systemic inflammation.
Resting connectivity functional MRI in understanding cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (I3-4A)

OBJECTIVE: To identify neuroanatomical bases of cognitive impairment (CI) in Parkinson9s disease (PD) using resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rcfMRI) combined with neuropsychological assessment. We hypothesize CI to stem from abnormalities not only in frontostriatal network but also in cortico - cortical integration between frontal lobe and occipital - parietal cortex and temporal lobe. BACKGROUND: The exact interaction between striatum and frontal lobe, as well as other cortical areas in mediating CI in PD is unknown. The lack of unified theory for CI substrate in PD hinders advances in its treatment. DESIGN/METHODS: 36 non - demented PD subjects and 10 controls underwent neuropsychological assessment and rcfMRI. PD subjects with normal cognition and PD with CI were identified. A data-driven approach using independent component analysis (ICA) was used to identify the functional connectivity in fronto -striatal system as well as between frontal lobe - parietal cortex - hippocampus which were compared between groups using a dual-regression approach. Additional seed-based analyses using a priori defined regions of interest were used to characterize local changes in intranetwork and internetwork connectivity. RESULTS: ICA results revealed reduced connectivity between the frontostriatal system and left hippocampal region in CI patients, associated with worse performance in attention/executive functions. In line with data-driven results, seed-based analyses mainly revealed reduced connectivity within frontostriatal and frontoparietal correlating with worsening of CI on neuropsychological assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate differential connectivity changes affecting the networks evaluated, which represent widespread changes in connectivity between basal ganglia and different parts of the cortex. The degree of cortical connectivity on rcfMRI could become one of the tools to identify and test already available or new therapeutics for CI in PD. Study Supported by: National Parkinson Foundation Disclosure: Dr. Browner has nothing to disclose.
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor and Stress Stimuli Activate the Jak-STAT Pathway in Retinal Neurons and Glia

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is pleiotrophic for central, peripheral, and sensory neurons. In the mature retina, CNTF treatment enhances survival of retinal ganglion and photoreceptor cells exposed to otherwise lethal perturbation. To understand its mechanism of action in vivo, the adult rat retina was used as a model to investigate CNTF-mediated activation of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (Jak-STAT) and ras-mitogen activated protein kinase (ras-MAPK). Intravitreal injection of Axokine, an analog of CNTF, phosphorylates STAT3 and MAPK and produces delayed upregulation of total STAT3 and STAT1 protein in rat retina. Activated STAT3 is predominantly localized in nuclei of retinal Muller (glial) cells, ganglion cells, and astrocytes, but not in photoreceptors. Although CNTF α-receptor (CNTFRα) mRNA and protein are localized predominantly if not exclusively in retinal neurons, coincident CNTF-mediated STAT3 signaling was observed in both glia and neurons. CNTF-induced activation of Jak-STAT signaling prompted us to investigate STAT3 phosphorylation after a variety of stress-mediated, conditioning stimuli. We show that STAT3 is activated in the retina after exposure to subtoxic bright light, mechanical trauma, and systemic administration of the α2-adrenergic agonist xylazine, all of which have been shown previously to condition photoreceptors to resist light-induced degeneration. These results demonstrate that CNTF directly stimulates Jak-STAT and ras-MAPK cascades in vivo and strongly suggest that STAT3 signaling is an underlying component of neural responsiveness to stress stimuli. The observation that CNTF activates STAT3 in ganglion cells, but not in photoreceptors, suggests that Jak-STAT signaling influences neuronal survival via both direct and indirect modes of action.
A Bonanza of Birthday Bewilderments

We are fascinated by coincidences. A pair of airplane hijackings to Cuba take place within 24 hours of each other, the same machine in a plant breaks down twice within two days while other machines continue to work smoothly, or in your advanced Calculus class of 25 there are two students with the same birthday. The culprit here is the birthday problem, often stated as follows: What is the smallest number of people needed to ensure that the probability of at least two having the same birthday exceeds 50%? Typically three assumptions are made: the birthdays are assumed to be equally likely, independent of one an other, and the possibility of a February 29 birthday is usu ally ignored. The traditional approach to the birthday problem is to consider the complement of the probability of at least one match, i.e., the probability of no matches. There's a good reason for tackling the problem in this apparently back wards way: there are a great number of different types of matches that can happen, there could be a single pair, or two pairs, there could be a triple or four of a kind and a pair. On the other hand, it is straightforward to count the number of ways for there to be no matches. For the first person there are 365 days that could be his birthday, for the second person there are only 364 available days since one day has already been used by the first person, for the third person there are only 363 available days since the first two individuals have already used two days, and so on until the nth person who has 366 n available days. The number of ways to choose n distinct dates from the 365 days of the year is 365 364 363 (366 n). The total number of possible sets of birthdays if we allow duplication is 365w, since each of the n people has 365 available days on which to be born. Together these give the following probability:
A soluble 2,3-oxidosqualene sterol cyclase.

An enzyme catalyzing the anaerobic cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene into lanosterol has been extracted from hog liver microsomes by treatment with deoxycholate. Removal of deoxycholate, delipidation with ether, and ammonium sulfate precipitation yield a soluble 20-fold purified cyclase. No coenzyme requirements could be demonstrated for the cyclization reaction.
The reversible denaturation of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase of Escherichia coli.

RNA polymerase core and holoenzyme isolated from Escherichia coli have been denatured and reconstituted in high yield (70 to 100 %). Ultracentrifugation studies and measurement of tryptophan fluorescence indicate that the reconstituted enzyme has a structure similar to that of the native enzyme. The reconstituted holoenzyme transcribes T7 DNA as efficiently as the native holoenzyme. RNA synthesized by the reconstituted holoenzyme from T7 DNA is transcribed from the biologically correct heavy strand and is similar if not identical with that synthesized by the native holoenzyme in terms of size and ratio of ATP/GTP termini of RNA chains. Under low salt conditions, the reconstituted holoenzyme is capable of interacting with factor p leading to chain termination.
DNA hybridization assay for congenital cytomegalovirus infection

Abstract An in vitro DNA hybridization assay was used to test 281 newborns for congenital infection with cytomegalovirus. The assay utilized an abbreviated method for DNA preparation and a dot blot assay that provided good sensitivity (100%) and specificity (98.9%) when compared with standard tissue culture, yet substantially reduced the total time of analysis. This assay would be a useful adjunct to tissue culture to diagnose newborns with congenital infection with cytomegalovirus.
Synthesis and reactivity of (silox)2R2WO (R = Cl, Me, Et, nPr and nBu; silox = OSitBu3) and (silox)2MO2 (M = Mo and W)

Abstract Addition of Na(silox) (silox = OSitBu3) to Cl4WO afforded (silox)2Cl2WO (3), and subsequent alkylation with appropriate Grignard reagents yielded (silox)2R2WO (4-R; R = Me, Et, nPr, nBu). 4-R adopt distorted trigonal bipyramidal structures with axial silox groups, as implied by the X-ray crystal structure of 4-nBu. New metathetical procedures were utilized in the preparation of (silox)2M(O)2 (M = Mo, 6; W, 7); the addition of Na(silox) to (DME)Cl2M(O)2 (M = Mo, W) in THF afforded the dioxo species. None of the oxo complexes exhibited oxygen atom transfer (OAT) to PMe3. The thermolysis of 4-Et and 4-nBu afforded olefin derivatives (silox)2(ole)WO (5-ole; ole = C2H4, C4H8) as the primary products. Thermal degradation of (silox)2(CD3CH2)2WO (4-CH2CD3) revealed H/D-scrambling among α- and β-positions indicative of reversible β-H-elimination prior to alkane loss. A brief discussion of the lack of OAT is presented.
Hannelore Wass: Death Education—An Enduring Legacy

Hannelore Wass's enduring contribution to the field of thanatology focused on death education In addition to developing a journal initially focused on that topic, Wass also created one of the first text books in the field. This article explores the factors that caused death education to emerge in the late 1960s as well as issues that death education still faces as it continues to evolve.