cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The transcriptional activation domain of VP16 is required for efficient infection and establishment of latency by HSV-1 in the murine peripheral and central nervous systems.

The herpes simplex virus (HSV) transactivator VP16 is a structural component of the virion that activates immediate-early viral gene expression. The HSV-1 mutant in1814, which contains a 12-bp insertion that compromises the transcriptional function of VP16, replicated to a low level if at all in the trigeminal ganglia of mice (I. Steiner, J. G. Spivack, S. L. Deshmane, C. I. Ace, C. M. Preston, and N. W. Fraser (1990). J. Virol. 64, 1630-1638; Valyi-Nagy et al., unpublished data). However, in1814 did establish a latent infection in the ganglia after corneal inoculation from which it could be reactivated. In this study, several HSV-1 strains were constructed with deletions in the VP16 transcriptional activation domain. These viruses were viable in cell culture, although some were significantly reduced in their ability to initiate infection. A deletion mutant completely lacking the activation domain of VP16 (RP5) was unable to replicate to any detectable level or to efficiently establish latent infections in the peripheral and central nervous systems of immunocompetent mice. However, similar to in1814, RP5 formed a slowly progressing persistent infection in immunocompromised nude mice. Thus RP5 is severely neuroattenuated in the murine model of HSV infection. However, the activation domain of VP16 is not essential for replication in the nervous system, since we observed a slow progressive infection persisting in the absence of an immune response.
From a Distance: Marginalization of the Poor in Television Ads for Goodwill Industries

ABSTRACT An ideological analysis was performed on 20 television advertisements created in 2001 for Goodwill Industries of Central Indiana, an affiliate of Goodwill Industries International, one of the nation's most respected charities. Goodwill's advertising strategy suggests that the donation process shown in the ads is how charity should be viewed: a sanitary experience completely removed from those who benefit from the charitable act and thus different from experiences with charities that bring the donor closer to the poor. The ads suggest that the shoppers want the satisfaction, not to mention the congratulations, that comes with the charitable act. The closest the viewer gets to the poor is in the character of the Goodwill driver. While the ads are not necessarily aimed at poor individuals, the driver's presence suggests to them the value of working hard so that they keep their jobs and stay off of welfare. Donors and shoppers in the ads never come in direct contact with him. The poor can be kept at ...
Myosin structure: Does the tail wag the dog?

Previous crystal structures of the myosin head have shown two different conformations, postulated to be the beginning and the end of the actomyosin power stroke. A new crystal structure reveals a dramatically different conformation; but how does this conformation fit into the force-generating cycle of actomyosin interactions?
Promyelocytic leukemia protein controls cell migration in response to hydrogen peroxide and insulin-like growth factor-1.

Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) was originally identified as part of a chromosomal translocation that contributes to the development of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Since its discovery, PML has been found to play diverse roles in different cellular processes. Notably, PML has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity that supports its role as a tumor suppressor. We have previously shown that the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 is able to affect cell proliferation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated cell death through modulation of the steady-state levels of PML. We have extended these studies to show that the interaction between PML and Pin1 is targeted by multiple extracellular signals in the cell. We show that H2O2 up-regulates and IGF-1 down-regulates PML expression in a Pin1-dependent manner. Interestingly, we found that H2O2- and IGF-1-mediated alteration in PML accumulation regulate MDA-MB-231 cell migration. Furthermore, we show that the control of cell migration by PML, and thus H2O2 and IGF-1, results from PML-dependent decreased expression of integrin β1 (ITGB1). Knockdown of Pin1 leads to decreased cell migration, lower levels of ITGB1 expression and resistance to IGF-1- and H2O2-induced changes in cell migration and ITGB1 expression. Taken together, our work identifies PML as a common target for H2O2 and IGF-1 and supports a novel tumor suppressive role for PML in controlling cell migration through the expression of ITGB1.
Induction of mitosis in mature neurons in central nervous system by sustained depolarization

DNA synthesis and mitosis have been induced in vitro in fully differentiated neurons from the central nervous system by depolarization with a variety of agents that produce a sustained rise in the intracellular sodium ion concentration and a decrease in the potassium ion concentration. Depolarization was followed in less than 1 hour by an increase in RNA synthesis and in 3 hours by initiation of DNA synthesis. Apparently normal nuclear mitosis ensued, but cytokinesis was not completed in most cells; this resulted in the formation of binucleate neurons. The daughter nuclei each contained the same amount of DNA as the diploid preinduction parental neurons; this implies that true mitogenic replication was induced.
Material property measurements of micromechanical polysilicon beams

Fabrication- and measurement-induced stresses in surface micromachined structures are investigated by wafer-level probing of electrostatically actuated polysilicon test structures fabricated by the MUMPs process of MCNC. The test structures are based on M-Test, an electrostatic pull-in approach for monitoring process uniformity and reproducibility, and, when used in conjunction with suitable geometric data, for measuring material properties. The sensitivity of the pull-in technique reveals that the simple step of placing the die on a vacuum probe station can significantly affect the measured results. The presence of strain gradients in the polysilicon and compliant structural supports for the beams makes the modeling more complex than for ideal geometries, but with appropriate adjustments to the models, and with knowledge of the strain gradient obtained from cantilever tip deflection as a function of beam length, the technique enables a measurement of the elastic modulus and the fabrication-induced residual stress.
Making the rules and breaking the rules: the political origins of corporate corruption in the new economy

Recent scandals at companies like Enron and WorldCom have pointed to the systemic origins of many corporate frauds. This paper advances the argument that behind those scandals were strategic political actions that changed the regulatory and legal environment in which those firms operated and created criminogenic institutional frameworks that facilitated acts of corporate corruption. Three case studies involving (1) the California energy crisis of the late 1990's, (2) the regulation of energy derivatives, and (3) accounting treatments of stock options, are presented to illustrate how markets and the rules that govern them are the products of political processes and how they can create motivations and opportunities for corporate fraud. The implications these case studies have for the study of corporate crime and corruption are discussed.
Is a Palpable Pulse Always Restored During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Patient With a Left Ventricular Assist Device

End-stage heart failure patients are being supported with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVAD) in increasing numbers. The severe physiologic and pharmacologic derangements associated with end-stage heart failure therapies predispose these patients to delirium. During a delirious episode, a patient may inadvertently disconnect CF-LVAD equipment, which may have dangerous consequences. Unfortunately, it is not yet routine to use readily available clinical monitoring tools to allow early detection of delirium in this high-risk population. The authors present a case of acute hyperactive delirium leading to pump power disconnection and cardiopulmonary arrest occurring 7 days after CF-LVAD implantation. The case highlights the need for delirium awareness in the cardiovascular intensive care unit and the unique challenges associated with resuscitation of CF-LVAD patients. The authors propose that cardiovascular intensive care unit patients undergo at least twice daily delirium monitoring and provide a novel resuscitation algorithm for patients who have CF-LVADs.
EFFECT OF DRYING ON PECTIN MADE FROM LIME AND LEMON POMACE

Samples of approximately 350 kg of commercially leached lime and lemon peel were dried in a pilot plant direct fired rotary dryer with inlet air temperatures of 370, 425 and 535°C, yielding dried pectin pomace with a final moisture content of 15–20, 8–12 and 3–7%, respectively. Pectin was extracted from laboratory leached, undried peel, each of the above dried samples, and commercially leached and dried samples. From fresh peel leached in the laboratory, we found a 65.6 and 55.9% yield of 150 grade pectin on a dry weight basis for lime and lemon, respectively. Drying lemon peel to final moistures of 15–20, 8–12 and 3–7% resulted in yields of 41.1, 41.1 and 25%, respectively. Dehydration of lime peel to 3–7% moisture decreased the yield to 37%. Similar losses were found in commercially dried pectin pomace. A separate experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of drying on pectin yield from fresh, unleached lemon peel. Unleached peel was successfully dried by mixing 1 part unleached peel with 2.5 parts of dry leached peel. There was a slight loss in the percentage yield of pectin 23.3 and 21.8, but not much change in the jelly grade 230 and 232 between the dry leached and dry unleached peel, respectively.
Effects of Blocked versus Random Practice by Mentally Retarded Subjects on Learning a Novel Skill

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of different practice conditions on mentally retarded subjects learning a novel task. 20 subjects with a mean IQ of 51.82 were randomly assigned to one of two practice conditions. The first group practiced at three different speeds (60, 30, and 15 rpm) on the pursuit rotor using a block arrangement in which each speed was practiced for five consecutive trials of 20 sec. duration before practicing at the next speed. The second group used random practice performing 15 trials of the pursuit rotor so three speeds were randomly distributed over the 15 trials. Both groups on the next day performed 15 trials of 20 sec. duration on the pursuit rotor at the transfer speed of 45 rpm. Analysis showed no significant differences among practice conditions which provided 10 min. of experience prior to test.
Poly-HEMA as a drug delivery device for in vitro neural networks on micro-electrode arrays.

Delivery of pharmacological agents in vitro can often be a difficult, time consuming and costly process. In this paper, we describe an economical method for in vitro delivery using a hydrogel of poly hydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHEMA) that can absorb up to 50% of its weight of any water-solubilized pharmacological agent. This agent will then passively diffuse into surrounding media upon application in vitro. An in vitro test of PHEMA as a drug delivery device was conducted using dissociated rat-cortical neurons cultured on micro-electrode arrays. These micro-electrode arrays permit the real-time measurement of neural activity at 60 different sites across a network of neurons. Neural activity was compared during the application of PHEMA saturated with cell culture media and PHEMA saturated with bicuculline, a widely used pharmacological agent with stereotypical effects on neural activity patterns. Application of PHEMA saturated with bicuculline produced a gradual increase in concentration in vitro. When the minimum effective concentration of bicuculline was reached, which was found to be 0.59 µM using the diffusion properties of PHEMA, it produced the rapid almost periodic synchronized bursting characteristically associated with this agent. In contrast, the application of PHEMA saturated in culture media alone had no effect on neural activity reinforcing its inherent inert properties. Since PHEMA is nontoxic, can be molded into a variety of shapes, quickly manufactured in any laboratory and is inexpensive to produce, the material represents a promising alternative to drug delivery systems on the market today.
Conscious Sedation: Reality or Myth?

1. Jeffrey L. Koh, MD* 2. Tonya Palermo, PhD† 1. *Associate Professor and Chief, Division of Pediatric Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore 2. †Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Psychiatry, Department of Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Define conscious sedation in contrast to deep sedation and general anesthesia. 2. Know the recommended level of observation and monitoring for a patient undergoing conscious sedation and how to prepare for adverse events. 3. Name the indications and contraindications for conscious sedation. 4. Discuss the process for choosing pharmacologic or behavioral intervention options for procedural pain and distress. 5. Describe the indications and possible adverse effects for commonly used pharmacologic interventions. 6. Identify simple behavioral interventions for decreasing procedural distress and anxiety. Clinicians have differing definitions of conscious sedation. Many hope to benefit from the perceived safety of a conscious yet cooperative patient but actually expect a deeply sedated patient who does not move. It is important, therefore, to start with the definitions stated in the literature. In 1992, the Committee on Drugs of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) released its original “Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients During and After Sedation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures.” In these guidelines, conscious sedation was defined as a stage of sedation that permits appropriate response by the patient to physical stimulation or verbal command. Although the intention of the Committee was for conscious sedation to be viewed as a minimal state of sedation, this concept was believed to be unclear. Therefore, in 2002, an addendum was published, in part, to clarify the continuum of sedation. In this addendum, the terminology of the American Society of Anesthesiologists’ (ASA) “Practice Guidelines for Sedation and Analgesia for Non-Anesthesiologists” was adopted, and conscious sedation was redefined as being moderate sedation/analgesia. At this level of sedation, the patient should have a decreased level of consciousness but be able to be aroused easily. An even lesser degree of sedation is acknowledged by both guidelines and has been given the term “minimal …
Kindergarten children's social-cognitive status as a predictor of first-grade success

Social-cognitive aspects of children's kindergarten experience were used to predict children's success in first grade; success was defined in terms of achievement, a personality measure, and behavior with peers. Kindergarten children attending a public elementary school were observed on their school playground during recess for 2 years. Seventy-five percent of the variance in their first-grade achievement was predicted with measures of kindergarten achievement, object play, and peer interaction. Furthermore, aspects of first-grade children's personality disorders and aggressive behavior were predicted by kindergarten popularity. Results are discussed in terms of the developmental transition at 5 to 7 years of age and of the effects of social relationships on cognition.
Sexuality in later life: opportunity for reflections for healthcare providers

The theme of sexuality of older adults is rarely addressed by the healthcare professionals. In this brief overview, the authors offer some thoughts in regards to the sexuality of older adults, demonstrate that the sexuality is a lifelong need and illustrate the effect that different societal attitudes have so far on the behavior practiced by seniors in the expression of sexuality and intimacy. The authors provide several exercises to assist healthcare providers in assessing their position on the topic of sexuality in later life.
Capsule commentary on Davydow et al., neuropsychiatric disorders and potentially preventable hospitalizations in a prospective cohort study of older Americans.

This study by Davydow et al.1 uses the Health and Retirement Study to examine the relationship between depression and cognitive impairment and preventable hospitalizations among older adults. The investigators find that older adults with these neuropsychiatric disorders, and especially those with both depression and cognitive impairment, have higher rates of hospital admission for ambulatory care sensitive conditions and higher rates of readmission for a number of common conditions. They conclude that there is a need to develop strategies to reduce hospitalizations in older adults with depression and cognitive impairment. Although it is true that, all other things equal, reducing hospitalizations is good, there is some risk in pursuing this as a goal. A better goal is to improve the value of healthcare delivered to these patients, with value defined as health outcomes achieved per dollar spent.2–4 Hospitalizations are easy to measure and an important component of health care costs. But reducing hospitalizations only improves value if outcomes also improve (or remain unchanged) and the cost of the intervention does not exceed the cost savings from reduced hospitalizations. Two important outcomes, quality of life and independence, are identified by the authors. For older adults with depression, another outcome might be depressive symptoms. For those with cognitive impairment, other outcomes might be physical and cognitive function. For both groups, costs should include both direct medical expenditures as well as caregiver costs. The authors have provided a service by bringing to our attention the presence of a group of older adults at risk for generating large health care costs. But the right next step is not to develop interventions to reduce hospitalizations or some other measure of cost. The right next step is the development of interventions to improve value. The move from volume to value in US healthcare is underway5; researchers should embrace this shift by conducting studies that identify value, not just costs, as the primary outcome.
Residents’ medical information needs in clinic: are they being met?

Abstract PURPOSE: Little is known about how often residents encounter unanswered clinical questions in their training. This knowledge would facilitate the development of curricula to help residents practice evidence-based medicine. This study was conducted to determine the frequency, characteristics, and pursuit of residents' clinical questions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Residents in a university-based primary care internal medicine program were observed in two hospital-based teaching clinics. Residents were interviewed after each patient encounter to determine whether they had any remaining clinical questions. At the end of each clinic session, they recorded their level of agreement with a series of statements about factors that were expected to motivate residents to seek the answers to each question. One week later, residents were contacted to determine if they had pursued these questions. RESULTS: Sixty-four residents were interviewed after 401 (99%) of 404 patient encounters. They identified 280 new questions, approximately 2 questions for every 3 patients. The most common types of questions were related to therapy (38%) or diagnosis (27%). The residents were subsequently contacted about 277 (99%) of their questions. Of these, only 80 (29%) were pursued, most commonly by consulting textbooks (31%), original articles (21%), or attending physicians (17%). In a multivariable analysis, belief that the patient expected the answer (odds ratio [OR] = 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3 to 4.0, P = 0.004) and fear of malpractice exposure (OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.0 to 4.3, P = 0.05) were associated with information pursuit. Lack of time (60%) and forgetting the question (29%) were the most frequent reasons for failing to pursue a question. CONCLUSION: Residents frequently encountered new clinical questions in the outpatient clinic, but infrequently answered them. Efforts to demonstrate the feasibility of timely searches, remind them of their questions, and reinforce the exigency (educational if not clinical) of all questions may reclaim missed opportunities for self-directed learning.
Potential space: creativity, resistance, and resiliency in the face of racism.

An amended version of Winnicott's concept of potential space is used to depict and understand the creativity, resilience, and resistance of African Americans facing the pervasive realities of social oppression, marginalization, and alienation linked to white racism. In particular, I argue that familial-communal potential space functions to confirm, secure, and maintain subjective and intersubjective experiences of being persons—unique, valued, inviolable, and agentic subjects—over and against the depersonalization of racism.
Sequence and characterization of the gcpE gene of Escherichia coli.

In Escherichia coli, the gene gcpE encodes a protein of unknown function and lies immediately upstream of the hisS gene for histidyl-tRNA synthetase. The nucleic acid sequence of gcpE predicts an open reading frame for a protein of 40 681 Da. The probable transcription terminator of gcpE overlaps the hisS promoter. Haploid cells containing a disrupted gcpE could not be obtained, suggesting that the gcpE gene is essential.
How can we construct abelian Galois extensions of basic number elds

Recall the almost tautological—but very useful—way we have of dealing with an irreducible polynomial over a field. For example, in the case of X5 −X + 1, irreducible over the rational field Q, we happily adjoin a root to our base field by merely forming L := the quotient of the polynomial ring Q[X] modulo the ideal generated by X5−X + 1. Then L is a field (of algebraic numbers) and the image of X is indeed a root of X5 −X + 1 in L.
A new piece in the diabetes puzzle.

Increased levels of circulating triglyceride and free fatty acids are common features of diabetic dyslipidemia. Positional cloning has led to the identification of a liver-derived protein, angiopoietin-like protein 3, that is largely responsible for diabetic dyslipidemia in an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Can the Library Contribute Value to the Campus Culture for Learning

Abstract What value can academic and research libraries contribute to the campus culture for learning? How can these value contributions be measured? This paper offers the campus culture for learning as a new frame of reference for measuring the library's contribution to learning. It examines various means of assessing the role a library plays in a campus learning culture. It identifies related outcome assessment goals, and the means of measuring performance are suggested.
Density Matrix Renormalization Group Study of the Striped Phase in the 2D t − J Model

Using the density matrix renormalization group, we study the 2D $t\ensuremath{-}J$ model at a hole doping of $x\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\frac{1}{8}$ on clusters as large as $19\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8$. We find a striped phase consistent with recent neutron scattering experiments. We find that bond-centered and site-centered stripes have nearly the same energy, suggesting that in the absence of pinning effects the domain walls can fluctuate.
Performance comparison of equalization and low-pass coding for volume holographic data storage

As densities of holographic storage increase, ISI and noise begin to severely limit data fidelity. The problem of ISI can be alleviated through at least two different techniques namely, equalization and low-pass encoding of the data. We study the relative merits of the two methods and quantify their benefit from a density improvement standpoint.
Ion-interaction chromatography: a study of the distribution of n-alkylammonium ions on an ODS-2 column

The distribution of n-alkylammonium ions on a Whatman ODS-2 reversed-phase column was investigated. It was found that only about 24% of the retained n-alkylammonium ions act as ion-pairing reagents on the column surface. Approximately 76% of the n-alkylammonium ions are electrostatically interacting with the deprotonated surface silanols.
Plasticity in ploidy: a generalized response to stress

Endoreduplication, the replication of the genome without mitosis, leads to an increase in the cellular ploidy of an organism over its lifetime, a condition termed 'endopolyploidy'. Endopolyploidy is thought to play significant roles in physiology and development through cellular, metabolic, and genetic effects. While the occurrence of endopolyploidy has been observed widely across taxa, studies have only recently begun to characterize and manipulate endopolyploidy with a focus on its ecological and evolutionary importance. No compilation of these examples implicating endoreduplication as a generalized response to stress has thus far been made, despite the growing evidence supporting this notion. We review here the recent literature of stress-induced endopolyploidy and suggest that plants employ endoreduplication as an adaptive, plastic response to mitigate the effects of stress.
L-Glutamine and Transforming Growth Factor-α Enhance Recovery of Monoacylglycerol Acyltransferase and Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Activity in Porcine Postischemic Ileum

Recovery of the ability to digest and absorb lipids is essential to the maintenance of normal nutrition in infants with bowel damage. Two intrinsic microsomal enzymes, monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), catalyze the major pathway for intestinal triacylglycerol biosynthesis. This study describes the effects of intestinal ischemia on epithelial DGAT and MGAT activities and their recovery in response to two luminal treatments: L-glutamine (Gln), the primary intestinal fuel, and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), a mitogenic hormone similar to epidermal growth factor present in breast milk. Ischemic damage and recovery were analyzed in mucosa from Thiry-Vella loops in the mid-ileum of 7-wk-old pigs. Loops were subjected to 2-h occlusion of local mesenteric arteries, followed by 6 or 72 h of recovery in the presence of luminal glucose (control), Gln, or TGF-alpha. Ischemic tissue followed by 6-h recovery exhibited an approximate 50% decrease in both MGAT and DGAT activities compared with nonischemic loop tissue. At 72 h, MGAT and DGAT recovery in Gln plus TGF-alpha-treated loops was significantly greater than their corresponding 6-h peak damage levels (p < 0.05). From 6 to 72 h, MGAT increased 4-fold and DGAT increased 3.6-fold after Gln plus TGF-alpha treatment. With other treatments, MGAT and DGAT activities increased <2.5-fold from 6 to 72 h. This study shows that intestinal MGAT and DGAT activities decrease after ischemic damage, yet recover rapidly in bowel exposed to Gln and/or TGF-alpha. By stimulating the rate of recovery of the villi and lipid synthesizing enzymes, these treatments could improve the efficacy of enteral feeding in infants recovering from bowel damage.
The Analysis of an Access Control Strategy in the Mixture of Wide- and Narrow-Band Traffic in ISDN

A two-side moving-boundary access control strategy is studied in this paper. It will integrate two types of traffic onto a TDM frame. Both analytic modeling and numerical examples are presented. The analysis may provide some helpful insight for the future development of ISDN user access interfaces.
Regional Isostasy over the Oceans

IMPORTANT evidence that the isostatic compensation over ocean areas is regional, and not local, is furnished by the remarkable series of gravity measurements around the world made by Meinesz in a Dutch submarine, the results of which have just been published by the Geodetic Commission of Holland (“Determination de la Pesanteur en Mer,” Delft, 1928).
Maximizing Morphologic Data from Lung Biopsies from Normal and Asthmatic Humans

Obtaining lung biopsies from human patients is important because information gained from studies of the lung cells, tissue, and molecules is useful for both diagnosis and research. Because of their value these specimens should be handled carefully and analyzed with the best procedures available. Two morphologic techniques, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization, are particularly useful because they are sensitive and yield highly specific information. When combined with analysis of mRNAs by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, biochemical and morphologic data can be obtained from these small specimens. Multidisciplinary approaches such as these are proving to be very promising approaches to understanding asthma.
Variability in Late Cretaceous climate and deep waters: evidence from stable isotopes

Abstract Strong climatic and temperature fluctuations mark the Late Campanian and Maastrichtian as indicated by stable isotope records from the equatorial Pacific (Site 463) and middle and high latitude South Atlantic (Sites 525, 689 and 690). The first major global cooling decreased intermediate water temperatures (IWT) by 5–6°C between 73–70 Ma. At the same time, sea surface temperature (SST) decreased by 4–5°C in middle and high latitudes. Intermediate waters (IW) temporarily warmed by 2°C in low and middle latitudes between 70–68.5 Ma. Global cooling resumed between 68.5–65.5 Ma when IWT decreased by 3–4°C and SST by 5°C in middle latitudes. About 450 ka before the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary rapid global warming increased IWT and SST by 3–4°C, though SST in the tropics changed little. During the last 200 ka of the Maastrichtian, climate cooled rapidly with IWT and SST decreasing by 2–3°C. During the global cooling at 71–70 Ma and possibly at 67–65.5 Ma, the sources of cold intermediate waters in the equatorial Pacific, Indo-Pacific and South Atlantic were derived from the high latitude North Pacific. In contrast, during the global climate warming between 65.2–65.4 Ma, the middle latitude South Atlantic was closest to the source of IW production and implies that the low latitude Tethys played a major role in global climate change. Climate changes, sea-level fluctuations and associated restricted seaways appear to be the most likely mechanisms for the alternating sources of IW production.
Impact of Chlorinated Water Exposure on Contaminant Transport and Surface and Bulk Properties of High-Density Polyethylene and Cross-Linked Polyethylene Potable Water Pipes

The aim of this work was to determine if the aging of polyethylene (HDPE, PEX-A and PEX-B) water pipes by exposure to chlorinated water altered polar and nonpolar contaminant diffusivity and solubility by analyzing new, laboratory-aged, and exhumed water- distribution system polyethylene (PE) pipes. After 141 days of aging in pH 6.5 water with 45 mg=L free chlorine, the surface chemistry and bulk properties of PEX-A pipe were unaffected. Carbonyl bonds (σ ¼ 1;713 cm � 1 ) were detected on the surfaces of HDPE and PEX-B pipe, and these oxygenated surfaces became more hydrophilic, resulting in statistically significant increases in diffusion rates. All 10 contaminant and four pipe material combinations had diffusivity increases on average of 50% for polar contaminants and 5% for nonpolar contaminants. Contaminant solubility was slightly increased for aged PEX-A and slightly decreased for PEX-B pipes. Toluene and trichloromethane diffusivity and solubility values for 7- to 25-year-old buried water utility pipes were similar to values for new and laboratory-aged HDPE-based materials. Because chlorinated water exposure alters how polar contaminants interact with aged PE pipes, results of this work should be considered in future health risk assessments, water quality modeling, pipe performance, and service-life considerations. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000366. © 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Proportions in elementary school

Proportion problems were given to pupils in grades 3, 4, and 5. The number structure of the problems was kept at an elementary level and the contexts were varied. The success rates were high, which shows that young children have some understanding of the concept of proportion. Elementary strategies based on addition were often used. Familiarity with the use of ratios in the context, the presence of a mixture, and the use of manipulatives were context variables that influenced performance. The abilities required to solve proportion problems in various contexts were essentially independent from each other. The cognitive characteristics that predict success were found to be different from those that predict use of multiplicative strategies.
Calculation of odd and doubly odd nuclei with skyrme-type forces

Abstract The three-body term in the Skyrme interaction can lead to spin-polarized solutions for odd and doubly odd nuclei. It is shown that by replacing the three-body force by a density-dependent force this polarization is no longer energetically favored. Hartree-Fock calculations for even and odd nuclei with mass numbers 7 ≦ A ≦ 20, where the density-dependent term was used, give very satisfactory results for binding energies and radii.
Hypnosis as Dissociation: Methodological Considerations and Preliminary Findings

Abstract Three criteria are proposed to be met by any experience labelled as “dissociation.” A preliminary experiment is described that illustrates one way in which two of these criteria may be operationalized, and that assesses the relationship between successful performance on the two criteria and hypnotic susceptibility. The results are viewed as consistent with Hilgard's (1977) hypothesis that hypnotic susceptibility and the ability to dissociate are positively related.
Theory of diffuse spectral reflectance of a thick layer of absorbing and scattering particles.

Diffuse spectral reflectance of optically thick cloud and powder layers composed of particles with strong IR resonance, noting effect of particle size
Early secondary prevention with disadvantaged preschool children

A body of research data is reviewed pointing to considerable intellectual lag and nonstandard linguistic abilities among the disadvantaged. While "difference" and "deficit" theorists interpret these findings differently, many observers agree that early educational intervention may be a useful approach to such problems. A series of early intervention programs is reviewed for three young disadvantaged groups: infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Findings from these programs suggest that early intervention helps materially to reduce the intellectual and linguistic problems of the young disadvantaged.
Modeling How a Hurricane Barrier in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, Affects the Hydrodynamics and Residence Times

Two-dimensional hydrodynamic and transport models were used to simulate tidal and subtidal circulation, residence times, and the longitudinal distributions of conservative constituents in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, before and after a hurricane barrier was constructed. The results indicated that the barrier altered circulation patterns in its immediate vicinity and enhanced mixing up to 1.5 km to its north and south. Although the barrier did not significantly affect the longitudinal distributions of conservative constituents, it increased their average residence times in the harbor by up to 30% and their local residence times by 5% to 180%.
Carotid-vertebral digital subtraction angiography--a neurologist's view.

L'angiographie digitalisee, meme chez les malades avec ischemie symptomatique, devrait toujours etre precedee par le meilleur test non invasif, a savoir l'echographie B a echo pulse
Theory of band broadening during cycling temperature capillary electrophoresis

A two-state transport model is presented for cycling temperature CE. In this high-throughput method of mutation detection, the temperature oscillates in time, causing the DNA to periodically transit between an annealed state and a partially melted (denatured) state. The change in state alters the electrophoretic mobility, and the presence of a mutation changes the temperature dependence of the denaturing/annealing kinetics. Asymptotic formulae for the mean velocity and effective diffusivity (dispersivity) of the DNA are computed by a multiple-time scales scheme in the limit where the DNA have experienced many temperature cycles before reaching the detector. Explicit analytical results are presented for the case where the temperature cycle consists of one interval with irreversible annealing, followed by a second interval with an infinitely fast, irreversible denaturation. The lag in the annealing leads to a reduction in the mean velocity and an enhanced dispersion compared to the idealized case where the DNA respond instantaneously to the changes in temperature, with the dispersion scaling quadratically with the electric field. The predicted plate height scales linearly with the electric field, and the optimal separation resolution is predicted for moderate values of the cycle frequency that allow the DNA to relax during each temperature oscillation.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACCEPTABILITY OF PACKAGED FRANKFURTERS AND EATING QUALITY

Four brands of frankfurters were evaluated for packaging and appearance of product in the package. In both catagories, consumers found significant differences (P 0.05). This suggested that package appearance, product appearance in the package, and/or prior reputation of product or manufacturer may have a major influence on sale of frankfurters which are very similar in organoleptic or cooked color properties. Sex of consumer and frequency of consumption of frankfurters also influenced evaluation of the cooked frankfurters.
Rapping to review: a novel strategy to engage students and summarize course material.

Recent studies indicate that hip-hop can successfully be used as a tool in the K-6 classroom to improve literacy skills ([1][1], [7][2]). Although hip-hop is in its infancy, some educators are using it as a mnemonic device to help students with math and history facts ([8][3]). The use of music as a
Law in the Crisis of Empire: A Sasanian Example

AbstractExcept for a century or so beginning with Alexander’s invasion, one or another Iranian dynasty ruled a vast empire for some 1200 years—and then vanished with disconcerting speed in only a few short years in the aftermath of the Arab invasion. The following remarks attempt an explanation for this rapid demise. In particular, I intend to isolate two important factors that contributed mightily to that process, factors which, in my opinion, are reflected in perhaps the most important document dating from that short period: the so-called Sasanian Lawbook, the Mādiyān ī Hazār Dādestān, the “Book of a Thousand Decisions.” This book reveals the attempts of Sasanian jurists to cope with 1.) a demographic crisis brought on by the constant wars of the sixth century and the Black Plague, and 2.) a crisis of liquidity.
Pedagogical experiences in teaching disciplinary integration: developing integrated frameworks for ecosystem health indicators

Integration of disciplinary knowledge is critical to formulate responses to environmental problems. This paper describes approaches used in a graduate course on integrating analyses of environmental issues. We used seminar and case approaches to promote discussion, risk taking, and development of frameworks. Students developed frameworks to identify indicators of ecosystem health. They moved from creating multidisciplinary lists to diagrams that emphasized relationships among phenomena. We achieved a high level of interaction as students engaged in dialogue and collaboration. Future challenges include establishing bases for critical evaluation of frameworks, identifying factors for choosing pedagogy, and creating a basis for evaluating outcomes.
Interaction of the Substrate Radical and the 5‘-Deoxyadenosine-5‘-Methyl Group in Vitamin B12 Coenzyme-Dependent Ethanolamine Deaminase

The distance and relative orientation of the C5‘ methyl group of 5‘-deoxyadenosine and the substrate radical in vitamin B12 coenzyme-dependent ethanolamine deaminase from Salmonella typhimurium have been characterized by using X-band two-pulse electron spin−echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy in the disordered solid state. The (S)-2-aminopropanol-generated substrate radical catalytic intermediate was prepared by cryotrapping steady-state mixtures of enzyme in which catalytically exchangeable hydrogen sites in the active site had been labeled by previous turnover on 2H4-ethanolamine. Simulation of the time- and frequency-domain ESEEM requires two types of coupled 2H. The strongly coupled 2H has an effective dipole distance (reff) of 2.2 A, and isotropic coupling constant (Aiso) of −0.35 MHz. The weakly coupled 2H has reff = 3.8 A and Aiso = 0 MHz. The best 2H ESEEM time- and frequency-domain simulations are achieved with a model in which the hyperfine couplings arise from one strongly coupled hyd...
Learning versus performance impairments following regional administration of MK-801 into nucleus accumbens and dorsomedial striatum.

To further ascertain the relative contributions of nucleus accumbens (NAC) and dorsomedial striatum (DS) to cognitive behaviors, the comparative effects in rats of MK-801 microinjections into these regions on a multiple schedule of repeated learning (RL) and performance (P) were examined. The RL component required learning of a new three-member response sequence during each experimental session, while the P component required rote performance of a pre-learned response, thus permitting a more precise delineation of treatment-related cognitive vs. non-cognitive changes. MK-801 decreased overall accuracy in both the RL and P components of the schedule in both brain regions, indicating that in neither NAC nor DS are NMDA receptors exclusively involved in mediating acquisition processes. Decreases in overall accuracy were primarily due to increased perseverative errors which may have been the result of excessively accelerated responding, a type of motoric alteration. MK-801 administered into NAC also resulted in an additional increase in skipping errors at the 2.5 μg dose, a finding which could be consistent with disrupted learning resulting from an inability to encode spatial relationships. Collectively these findings suggest that NAC and DS mediate some behavioral functions in common, but that additional cognitive-related spatial processes are mediated by NAC.
Simple intramolecular model potentials for water

An effective intramolecular potential is presented for use in conjunction with existing three-site models of water. Two commonly used internal geometries were fit to the same form yielding slightly different parametrizations. By including a Urey-Bradley-like term in an otherwise standard molecular mechanics form it was found that the experimental transition frequencies of water monomer can be reproduced accurately. Good qualitative agreements for spectral shifts were subsequently found for the models in condensed-phase applications. Harmonic analysis of clusters indicates good qualitative agreement with experimental environmental shifts in frequencies at low temperatures for these models. This model should be useful for a wide variety of applications including simulations of biopolymers and ionic solutions.
Syntheses with stable isotopes: Acetylene-13C2 and lithium acetylide-13C2 ethylenediamine complex

Acetylene-13C2 has been prepared from carbon-13C dioxide and molten lithium following hydrolisis of the resulting lithium carbide-13C2. The stable ethylenediamine complex of lithium acetylide-13C2 has been obtained from the reaction of acetylene-13C2 with N-lithioethylenediamine.
1392 Monitoring of Serum Vancomycin Levels in Icu Pediatric Patients

Aims: To analyze the results from the clinical monitoring of serum vancomycin levels among ICU pediatric patients. Methods: A retrospective drug utilization evaluation was performed for pediatric patients who received intravenous vancomycin from 1 October 2007 to 31 March 2010. Dosing regimen was 40 mg/kg of body weight. All patients who received vancomycin for more than 72 hours had at least once trough serum concentration documented and were included in the study. Trough levels were obtained on steady state, 30 minutes before administration. Vancomycin concentrations were measured by an immunoassay procedure. Results: A total of 138 samples were collected from 30 patients, aged 3 months to 16 years. Mean trough concentration was 12.9mcg/ml (median: 10.9, range: 0.2 - 46.7). Trough levels were below minimum suggested level of 10mcg/ml in 60 cases (43.5%) and above the upper limit of 15mcg/ml in 42 cases (30.4%). Fourteen of 42 cases (33.3%) with high vancomycin levels were patients with known renal failure and/or under renal replacement, whereas renal failure was documented only in 7 cases (11.9%) with suboptimal levels. Only 26% of serum samples (36 of 138) were in the therapeutic range. Conclusions: Our data suggest only a fourth of the patients had serum levels in therapeutic range and almost half of this population had serum levels below the normal range. The dosing schedule of 40mg/kg/day in children is unlikely to achieve the recommended pharmacodynamic target. Alternative dosing such as 60mg/kg/day or continuous infusion should be considered in order to optimize the therapeutic effect.
Comparison of Solute-Induced Protein Stabilization in Aqueous Solution and in the Frozen and Dried States

Abstract A wide variety of solutes protect isolated proteins during freeze-thawing. These solutes come from chemically dissimilar classes, including sugars, polyols, amino acids, methylamines, and lyotropic salts. The only characteristic that these compounds have in common is that they have all been shown to be preferentially excluded from contact with the surface of proteins in aqueous solution. This interaction of solutes with proteins leads to the stabilization of proteins in nonfrozen aqueous systems. Conversely, those solutes, e.g., urea and guanidine HCl, that bind preferentially with proteins destabilize proteins in solution, and we found that they also enchance the inactivation of enzymes during freeze-thawing. Based on the results of freeze-thawing experiments with lactate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase and a review of the theory of protein stabilization in nonfrozen, aqueous solution, we demonstrated that the cryoprotection afforded to isolated proteins by solutes can be accounted for by the fact that these solutes are preferentially excluded from contact with the protein's surface. In contrast, carbohydrate induced stabilization of labile enzymes during freeze-drying appears to be dependent on hydrogen bonding of the carbonhydrate to the dried protein. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we characterized this interaction and found that under conditions in which the carbohydrate did not hydrogen bond to the protein, no protein stabilization occurred. Thus, for freeze-dried systems, we conclude that certain carbohydrates provide protection to labile enzymes because these solutes serve as water substitutes for the dried protein by satisfying the hydrogen bonding requirements of polar groups on the protein's surface.