cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution state fluxionality and thermolysis reactions of bimetallic single source precursors for I-III-VI chalcopyrite materials

Abstract Complexes of the type (PPh3)2M(μ-SEt)2E(SEt)2 (M = Cu, Ag; E = Al, Ga, In) are effective and versatile molecular precursors for bimetallic and mixed MES2 chalcopyrite nanomaterials. In solution at room temperature, these compounds exhibit spectroscopic characteristics inconsistent with their cyclic solid state structures, and variable temperature NMR investigations in this report show that this discrepancy is a result of rapid exchange of thiolate groups between bridging and terminal positions. These experiments show that the exchange is unimolecular and does not involve phosphine dissociation or free thiol. Exchange rates are not strongly affected by thiolate electronic properties or the identity of E, but are significantly slower for more sterically demanding phosphine and thiolate ligands. Data are consistent with a simple turnstyle exchange mechanism involving dissociation of one bridging thiolate ligand from M, although crossover studies suggest that full ionic dissociation (into [(PPh3)2M][E(SEt)4]) is also facile, and that dissociation into neutral fragments (PPh3)2MSEt + E(SEt)3 may proceed at higher temperatures. Additional investigation of the solution state thermolyses of the same complexes demonstrates that the processes above do not correlate to their decomposition behavior, as thermal sensitivity is most strongly effected by thiolate electronic properties, and likely depends most strongly on cleavage of C S bonds.
Amino acid regulation of synthesis of ribonucleic acid and protein in the liver of rats

Weanling (23-day-old) rats were fed on either a low-protein diet (6% casein) or a diet containing an adequate amount of protein (18% casein) for 28 days. Hepatic cells from animals fed on the deficient diet were characterized by markedly lower concentrations of protein and RNA in all cellular fractions as compared with cells from control rats. The bound rRNA fraction was decreased to the greatest degree, whereas the free ribosomal concentrations were only slightly less than in control animals. A good correlation was observed between the rate of hepatic protein synthesis in vivo and the cellular protein content of the liver. Rates of protein synthesis both in vivo and in vitro were directly correlated with the hepatic concentration of individual free amino acids that are essential for protein synthesis. The decreased protein-synthetic ability of the ribosomes from the liver of protein-deprived rats was related to a decrease in the number of active ribosomes and heavy polyribosomes. The lower ribosomal content of the hepatocytes was correlated with the decreased concentration of essential free amino acids. In the protein-deprived rats, the rate of accumulation of newly synthesized cytoplasmic rRNA was markedly decreased compared with control animals. From these results it was concluded that amino acids regulate protein synthesis (1) by affecting the number of ribosomes that actively synthesize protein and (2) by inhibiting the rate of synthesis of new ribosomes. Both of these processes may involve the synthesis of proteins with a rapid rate of turnover.
Prior Pelvic Surgery

A history of pelvic surgery has been a source of concern when considering a patient for vaginal hysterectomy. Postsurgical scarring and adhesions may produce relative fixation of the uterus or adherence of the urinary or intestinal tract with resultant predisposition to injury. The nature and relative risk of problems associated with some of the commonly encountered prior pelvic operations are discussed. Some methods of transvaginally managing a variety of potentially complicated postsurgical changes are described. When good uterine mobility and other anatomic factors favorable for vaginal hysterectomy are present, significant difficulties related to the prior pelvic surgery are unlikely. A cautious approach is of course warranted.
Congenital Disease of the Aortic Arch: Coarctation and Arch Anomalies

Coarctation ■ Evaluation of upper versus lower extremity blood pressure is an important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of coarctation. Systolic blood pressure of upper extremities greater than that of lower extremities merits further diagnostic workup (limited to moderate evidence). ■ Associated cardiovascular anomalies are common in patients with coarctation and impact the presenting clinical symptoms, the age of clinical presentation, and the clinical outcome (moderate evidence). ■ In newborns and infants with appropriate acoustic window, echocardiogram is the study of choice with sensitivity >90% (limited to moderate evidence). ■ In older children, contrast-enhanced MR angiography (MRA) is superior to transthoracic echocardiography and other MR imaging techniques for the diagnosis of congenital coarctation and obstructive aortic arch anomalies (moderate to strong evidence). ■ CT angiography (CTA) offers comparative performance to MRA and can be used for the diagnosis and surgical planning when MRA is not available or is contraindicated (limited evidence). ■ Conventional angiography is no longer routinely used for diagnosing coarctation but is reserved for endovascular treatment with balloon angioplasty or stent placement (limited evidence).
Steroid Receptor Characterization and Measurement

A complete understanding of the relationship between steroid receptor binding and the mechanism of hormone action depends on valid characterization and accurate measurement of steroid receptors. In this chapter the criteria and methods by which this can be accomplished are discussed. These provide the necessary background for the studies that will be presented in subsequent chapters and represent an expression of previous work published on this topic (Clark and Peck, 1977d, 1978a).
An overlooked alliance: using human factors engineering to reduce patient harm

Article-at-a-Glance Background Although human factors engineering (HFE) is considered only in relationship to the design of medical devices or information systems technology, human factors issues arise in many aspects of work in health care organizations. HFE Analysis In one scenario, the resuscitation stretcher would not pass through the ED door closest to radiology. Many clinical work spaces were never formally designed for the work currently being performed in them; instead, they were adapted from existing space originally designed for a different use. In a second scenario, infusion pump malfunction was not apparent. The patient experienced a near miss secondary to poor design; users thought that the infusion pump had been turned off when it was not. Recommendations Health care can significantly benefit from the incorporation of HFE into the workplace. Introductory classes in medical and nursing schools on HFE will assist students in detecting HFE-related issues, making them less likely to suffer with them or overlook them once in clinical practice. More extensive training for patient safety and risk managers, that is, at a minimum, a certificate-level course from an HFE program, would enhance case and root cause analyses since these issues are rarely factored in. Conclusion Collaboration with HFE experts and use of HFE principles may not make health care foolproof, but it will make it less dependent on improvisation and ingenuity to protect patients from the system's vulnerabilities.
STERILITY AND FERTILITY OF INTERSPECIFIC MAMMALIAN HYBRIDS

The term Hybrid, according to the Oxford dictionary, was first used in 1601 to describe the offspring of a tame sow and a wild boar, hence also a half-breed. More specifically, hybrids are the results of crosses between different animal species and best known for their utility are the mule and the hinny, the offspring of horse × donkey matings. Hybridization between different mammalian species has been described to occur in nature but much more commonly it is the result of intentional breeding programs or it has occurred in zoos where sexual experience of various species living in the same enclosure is limited to members of other species. Descriptions of numerous hybrids have been accumulated in the admirable collective review by Gray (1954). In addition, this monograph gathers some information on attempted but unsuccessful hybridization and, also, it gives the limited information available on the fertility of these crosses.
Advances in aquatic insect systematics and biodiversity in the Neotropics: introduction

ABSTRACTThe Neotropical Region or Neotropics, contains vast expanses of rain forest and river systems representing some of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on Earth, but much of its residen...
Abstract 2881: Antiproliferative effect of copper complex of clotam in neuroblastoma cell lines

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in infants and young children. NB often metastasizes to lymph nodes and bone marrow. When compared to low or intermediate risk tumors, high risk neuroblastoma (HRNB) is more aggressive with low (40-50%) 5 year survival rates. Furthermore, current intensive treatment methods induce higher toxicity and side effects. In search of identifying less-toxic agents to induce anti-cancer activity in NB cells, our group reported the anti-cancer activity of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Clotam (TA) using HRNB cell lines potentially inhibiting the transcription factor, Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and an inhibitor of apoptosis protein, survivin. Recently, our laboratories tested a copper complex of TA (Cu-TA) using 12 cell lines and found that Cu-TA’s IC50 values were 30-80% lower when compared to TA. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of SH-SY 5Y, LA1-55n and SMS-KCNR cells in the presence of vehicle (Dimethyl sulfoxide) or TA or Cu-TA using CellTiter-Glo kit and determined the IC50 values using SigmaPlot software. The effect of TA or Cu-TA on apoptosis and cell cycle phase distribution was evaluated by flow cytometry using Annexin-V and Propidium Iodide kits respectively. The characterization and stability of the Cu-TA was also determined. SH SY5Y and SMS-KCNR cells were treated with IC50 values of TA or Cu-TA and the expression of Sp1 and survivin was measured by qPCR and Western blot analysis. The results showed that while both TA and Cu-TA inhibited NB cell growth, Cu-TA’s IC50 values were 60-70% less than TA. The inhibition of NB cells with Cu-TA was accompanied by induced apoptotic cell population and cell cycle arrest at G2M phase. Western blot and qPCR results confirmed that Cu-TA inhibited the expression of both Sp1 and survivin with predominant effect on SMS-KCNR cells. These results demonstrate that Cu-TA is more effective than TA for inhibiting Sp1 and survivin in NB cells, which was consistent with the anti-proliferative activity against NB cells. Since TA and Cu-TA are less toxic than standard chemotherapeutic agents, employing these agents for the treatment of pediatric malignancies could be useful. Eventually, combination of Cu-TA and chemotherapeutic agents will be tested. If Cu-TA sensitizes NB cells to chemotherapy, it will help to address the issues associated with the side effects of chemotherapy. Citation Format: Yazmin Hernandez, Sarah Sarah Grebennikov, Emily Zakhary, Ashni Dudhia, Rajasekhar Maram, Diego Casanova, Umesh T. Sankpal, W. Paul Bowman, Deondra T. Brown, Jaya Chhabra, Alvin A. Holder, Riyaz M. Basha. Antiproliferative effect of copper complex of clotam in neuroblastoma cell lines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2881.
An Unusual Case of Reversible Heart Failure with Apparent Mobitz Ii Atrioventricular Block in a Teenage Male

Case Report: A 19-year-old male presented with a three-year history of tachycardia and occasional lightheadedness but no limitations in activities. He denied substance use and took no medications. His vital signs and physical exam were age-appropriate except for a heart rate of 118 bpm. Initial EKG appeared to show only sinus tachycardia, though with slightly rightward P- and R-wave axes of 99 and 97 degrees, respectively. Echocardiogram demonstrated normal cardiac anatomy but global systolic and diastolic dysfunction with an ejection fraction of 45%. He underwent patch ambulatory rhythm monitoring (ZioPatch®) that revealed a heart rate range of 22 – 226 bpm with frequent …
Impact-Driven Regression Test Selection for Mainframe Business Systems

Software testing is particularly expensive in the case of legacy systems involving mainframes. At the same time these systems are critical to many large enterprises and they are perpetually in costly maintenance. For example, even small changes to the system usually lead to an end-to-end regression test. Also, due to the age of legacy systems there is a lack of essential knowledge (e.g. component inter-dependence) and this results in comprehensive system tests that have to be conducted in production environments. This is called the “retest-all” approach and is done to ensure confidence in the functioning of the system. But this approach is also impractical primarily due to: a) resource needs, and b) user stories generated within the agile processes that require changes to the system at an ever-faster pace. The research reported here is aimed at reducing the required regression testing and the costs associated with the system and its assets. The improvements are achieved by identifying only those tests needed by assets changes and others that are ‘impacted’. The impact analysis leverages modern static code analysis tools such as Rational Asset Analyzer and dedicated test environments for mainframes. We show that by using impact analysis on a real-world mainframe application the test savings can be about 34%.
Shared Visions of Design and Law in Professional Education

Two pressures are pushing law schools into new realms of teaching: the need to evolve beyond the Langdellian case method to transfer lawyering skills combined with a contraction in enrollment and revenue. Introspection and ad hoc solutions have failed to bring large-scale change at the right price.The academy has long considered adapting other professions’ programs, such as medicine and business, but these changes would require a fundamental restructuring of legal academia, and perhaps part of the legal profession itself. The design professions, however, offer a more evolutionary option.This article reintroduces the legal academy to the learning environment of professional designers: the contemporary studio. Studio courses could provide the balance of theory and practice that the academy and the profession now seek.Law and design share creative problem-solving methods. Urban planners, landscape architects, engineers, architects, industrial designers, and lawyers all have the power to liberate people and to intervene in systemic problems by removing barriers and shifting resources. Yet the professions teach their crafts in vastly different ways.The intensive and powerful studio environment teaches students to create and communicate solutions to complex problems. The primary value of a legal studio would be to release students’ creativity within both the practical and the theoretical realms. The studio inherently fosters almost all of the core lawyering skills and should appeal to social justice activists as much as transactional gurus; a studio could, in fact, ask students to engage in both conversations.For law schools that want to engage students in self-exploration and creativity in a safe zone before they step into a world of obstacles, the studio is an excellent option. Conceptually, the “legal studio” approach would fall between a clinic and a seminar, with elements of simulations, skills courses, and other teaching variations. The method would allow students to explore, without harm to clients or the students’ own careers. In this setting, professors and students could work together to expand scholarship, to reconnect practicing lawyers to law schools, to practice on an academic schedule (not that of the courts), and to help fund the education received.
Aging and Sex Effects on Mastication Performance in Healthy, Nondysphagic, Community-Dwelling Adults

Purpose This study investigated the impact of age and sex on mastication performance in healthy, nondysphagic, community-dwelling adults as observed during videofluoroscopy. Method Videofluoroscopic swallowing study imaging and mastication performance metrics (cycles, duration) were used to evaluate 185 healthy individuals (102 women, 83 men) aged 21-89 years. Results A significant effect of age on mastication cycles was not observed; however, a significant but weak effect of age on mastication duration was found. Female participants were observed to have significantly more mastication cycles and longer mastication durations compared to male participants. Three behavioral patterns of mastication performance emerged. Conclusions The results of this study contribute to normative data of mastication performance. An individual's sex was found to have a significant effect on mastication performance, although, in contrast to previous studies, age was not observed to significantly alter mastication performance. Differences in study methodologies likely explain the latter finding.
Approach and application of industry software to structural investigations in the subsurface of Mercury's thrust fault-related landforms

Abstract Historical efforts to model structures underlying planetary tectonic landforms have prioritized characterizing the dips, depths, and orientations of faults. Vertical displacement of rock along faults has been assumed to produce observed positive topography. Model-derived fault parameters and values for fault displacement and strain have been estimated, and these estimates have then been used to describe strain accumulated within regions of a planet or within entire planetary lithospheres. Previous modeling efforts have used finite element methods to reproduce topography associated with structure-related landforms, with acceptable models being determined through statistical best-fit testing. The approach presented in this work describes how software originally designed for industrial applications can be used in combination with the interpretation of topography and imagery to inform our understanding of the subsurface complexity of structures including faults and folds through a case study of ten structures in a smooth plains unit on Mercury. A detailed approach is provided for three-dimensional modeling of subsurface faults and folds, working with qualitative and semi-quantitative criteria for acceptable or successful models, and using those models to determine the relative importance of faulting and folding on topographic development. Through these details, this work seeks to break through the black box often associated with modeling, with the potential to support genuinely reproducible research.
Human Gut Bacterial Metabolism Drives Th17 Activation and Colitis

Bacterial activation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells exacerbates mouse models of autoimmune disease, yet the relevant human-associated bacteria for Th17-driven disease remain elusive. Here, we show the prevalent human gut Actinobacterium Eggerthella lenta induces intestinal Th17 activation by upregulating interleukin (IL)-17 expression through a cell- and antigen-independent mechanism. E. lenta is enriched in inflammatory bowel disease patients and worsens colitis severity in a Rorc-dependent manner. We exploited natural E. lenta strain-level variation to identify a bacterial enzyme (Cardiac glycoside reductase 2, Cgr2) necessary and sufficient to induce IL-17a. The cgr2 gene is enriched in the gut microbiomes of autoimmune subjects and correlates with disease severity. Finally, we leveraged the sensitivity of Cgr2 to dietary arginine to prevent E. lenta-induced intestinal inflammation. Together, these results expand the mechanisms through which bacteria shape mucosal immunity and support a role of human gut bacterial metabolism in driving Th17-dependent autoimmune diseases.
Do Video Games Predict an Early Advanced Capacity to Learn Interventional Radiology Skills

Purpose:To elucidate the relationship between video game (VG) play and interventional radiology (IR) technical skills in medical students.Materials and Methods:Twenty medical students recruited at ...
Very-High-Pressure Burning Rates of Aluminized and Nonaluminized AP/HTPB-Composite Propellants

To further characterize the roles of aluminum and ammonium perchlorate (AP) characteristics in ammonium perchlorate/R45-M hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (AP/HTPB)–composite propellants, aluminiz...
Murder on Mansion Hill: Encouraging Collaborative Group Storytelling to Improve Motivational Aspects of Literacy Using Gameplay and Arts-Based Techniques

Literacy is a complex term that involves an array of intertwined processes, including motivation. Students who lack this internal willingness often fail to engage with books and other literacy-related content, which in turn negatively affects their learning outcomes. Though several arts-based strategies have been shown to improve students’ involvement in reading, these approaches can be difficult and time consuming to implement. Murder on Mansion Hill is a digital tabletop game designed to weave together literacy-improving creative techniques such as storytelling, collage, and co-design in a cohesive manner. By blending these strategies with the motivational benefits of gameplay, Mansion Hill encourages players to take a highly active role in developing and sharing imaginative narratives, helping them to view stories as an enjoyable and rewarding outlet they can share with friends. After a series of improvements made through player feedback, players felt the game helped them overcome fear of judgment, engage with narrative in new multimodal ways, and bond with peers.
YIVO and the Making of Modern Jewish Culture: Scholarship for the Yiddish Nation

This book is the first history of YIVO, the original center for Yiddish scholarship. Founded by a group of Eastern European intellectuals after World War I, YIVO became both the apex of secular Yiddish culture and the premier institution of Diaspora Nationalism, which fought for Jewish rights throughout the world at a time of rising anti-Semitism. From its headquarters in Vilna, Lithuania, YIVO tried to balance scholarly objectivity with its commitment to the Jewish masses. Using newly recovered documents that were believed destroyed by Hitler and Stalin, Cecile Esther Kuznitz tells for the first time the compelling story of how these scholars built a world-renowned institution despite dire poverty and anti-Semitism. She raises new questions about the relationship between Jewish cultural and political work, and analyzes how nationalism arises outside of state power.
Gender Violence in the European Union Member States: Evolving Protections for Migrant Victims

Migrant domestic violence victims in the European Union that lack legal immigration status are extremely vulnerable. That this need should be addressed has been recognized through international and regional agreements that apply to all European Union member states. This article explores the types of protections that European Union member states have put in place through an examination of four country case studies. The article concludes that while these states have been obliged to put in place systems that offer protections, in practice, significant incongruities exist, a sentiment bolstered by a recent report issued by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women in which she remarked that the high levels of domestic violence have not "led to the adoption of necessary solutions that are coherent and sustainable, and which would lead to the elimination of all forms of violence against all women."
Segmented broadcasting and distributed caching for mobile wireless environments

Broadcast data dissemination is well-suited for mobile wireless environments, where bandwidth is scarce, and mutual interference must be minimized. However, broadcasting monopolizes the medium, precluding clients from performing any other communication. We address this problem in two ways. First, we segment the server broadcast, with intervening periods of silence, during which the wireless devices may communicate. Second, we reduce the average access delay for clients using a novel cooperative caching scheme. Our scheme is fully decentralized, and uses information available locally at the client. Our results show that our model prevents the server from monopolizing the medium, and that our caching strategy reduces client access delays significantly.
Future Directions in Research Regarding Attitudes Toward Immigrants

Immigration became a political concern after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Since then, states are implementing legislation that targets immigrant groups. In response, researchers have begun to investigate the consequences of immigration policies in the United States. For this special issue of Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, the editors compiled a series of articles that highlight how the new political dynamics are influencing the lives of immigrants, often in reaction to Arizona SB 1070. This commentary summarizes the key topics discussed in the series of articles and provides suggestions for new research. It is proposed that prejudice towards immigrants is now “allowed” by the new social norms and that such prejudice produces new questions rarely addressed in the literature. The realities that some immigrants bring to the country (like reduced homicide rates) contrast the political rhetoric, and those distinctions provide great opportunities for research. In addition, the change brought about by large immigrant populations can influence self-perceptions of what many Americans consider the national identity, which is also rarely studied. This special issue provides a great step in this research endeavor, and it is proposed that there are multiple possible paths to productive research regarding prejudice towards immigrants.
Hazards of using hypertonic saline for therapeutic abortion

Abstract Some of the complications associated with the intrauterine instillation of hypertonic saline, as reported in the literature, are discussed. Two case reports from the experience at The Johns Hopkins Hospital are presented illustrating the possibility of hypotensive and apneic episodes with this procedure. Possible etiologic mechanisms are reviewed based upon published reports as well as recent animal experimentation carried out by 2 of the authors (J. W. C. J. and N. L. S.). The currently employed technique is described, with emphasis on those precautions which would seemingly prevent these complications.
Formation of Ribosylthymine in Escherichia coli STUDIES ON PULSE LABELING WITH THYMINE AND THYMIDINE

Abstract Ribosylthymine (identified by paper chromatography with authentic ribosylthymine in five different solvents) is formed in thymine-requiring mutants of Escherichia coli provided with thymine or thymidine. Ribosylthymine was not detected in DNA pulse-labeled with thymidine, and attempts to demonstrate phosphorylation of ribosylthymine in cell extracts were unsuccessful. Ribosylthymine in the culture medium (20 µg per ml) inhibits growth and thymine uptake, whereas deoxyribonucleosides facilitate thymine uptake. Thymidine is utilized by cells in preference to and more efficiently than thymine; however, thymidine in the medium is very rapidly broken down to thymine. Some properties of an host cell reactivation-deficient and thymine-requiring mutant of E. coli (HF 4704) relevant to its use in studies of DNA biosynthesis are reported; in particular, it belongs to a class of mutants that are thymine-requiring at 37°, but not at 30°.
Adaptive kernel methods for CDMA systems

This paper discusses a new adaptive learning approach for code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. The author extends the previous work of Gong et al. (1999) where they applied support vector machines (SVM) for CDMA signal recovery using a modified version of SVM based on a mean squared error criterion called least squares SVM. The least squares SVM solution is found by solving a set of linear equations. An advantage of this formulation is that the algorithm can be implemented adaptively online. The least squares SVM solutions are compared via simulations to other conventional CDMA receivers and found to have comparable performance to standard SVM solutions. The least squares SVM are promising as they offer simple methods of realizing nonlinear receivers, can be implemented adaptively, and can work in time-varying environments that are typical for wireless communications.
Power flow control with Distributed Flexible AC Transmission System (D-FACTS) devices

Distributed Flexible AC Transmission System (D-FACTS) devices offer many potential benefits to power system operations. This paper illustrates the flexibility of control that is achievable with D-FACTS devices. The impact of installing D-FACTS devices is examined by studying the sensitivities of power system quantities such as voltage magnitude, voltage angle, bus power injections, line power flows, and real power losses with respect to line impedance. Sensitivities enable us to quantify the amount of control D-FACTS devices offer to the system. Independently controllable lines are selected for power flow control, and appropriate locations to install D-FACTS devices for line flow control are determined. Then, D-FACTS device settings are selected to achieve desired line flow objectives.
Circular balanced repeated measurements designs

The concept of a circular design is defined and when proper balance for various effects is assumed, its universal optimality is proved over the class of all designs with the same set of parameters, Such designs are shown to minimize the variance of the best linear unbiased estimators of contrasts of residual and direct effects over the class of equireplicated designs. All models assume first order residual effects and are of a circular nature. The proofs are presented in a unified manner for several models at a time. They are based on certain matrix domination which occurs when parameters are eliminated from a linear modelj this latter fact is proved for a general linear model.
Approximate likelihood for large irregularly spaced spatial data.

Likelihood approaches for large, irregularly spaced spatial datasets are often very difficult, if not infeasible, to implement due to computational limitations. Even when we can assume normality, exact calculations of the likelihood for a Gaussian spatial process observed at n locations requires O(n3) operations. We present a version of Whittle's approximation to the Gaussian log-likelihood for spatial regular lattices with missing values and for irregularly spaced datasets. This method requires O(nlog2n) operations and does not involve calculating determinants. We present simulations and theoretical results to show the benefits and the performance of the spatial likelihood approximation method presented here for spatial irregularly spaced datasets and lattices with missing values. We apply these methods to estimate the spatial structure of sea surface temperatures using satellite data with missing values.
The interactions of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 6-methyl-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran in chick embryo hepatocytes

Abstract Treatment of chick embryo hepatocytes in ovo and in culture with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) resulted in a dose-dependent induction of microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities. Significant induction was observed in the hepatocytes at TCDD doses as low as 10−11 mol/egg (in ovo) and 10−10 m (in culture). In contrast, 6-methyl-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran (MCDF) was a relatively weak inducer of these activities and only 10–20% of the induction responses observed for TCDD were elicited by MCDF at doses of 10−6 mol/egg or 10−7 m in culture. Co-treatment of the chick embryo hepatocytes with TCDD (10−10 mol/egg in ovo; 10−10 m in culture) and different concentrations of MCDF (10−6 to 10−8 mol/egg in ovo and 10−7 and 10−8 m in culture) resulted in minimal inhibition of TCDD-induced enzyme activities in ovo and a 37 to 50% inhibition in culture. The partial antagonist activity of MCDF in the chick embryo hepatocytes in culture paralleled the interactive effects previously reported in rodent liver and transformed rodent cell lines. TCDD (10−7 to 10−10 m ) also caused an accumulation of hepta- and octacarboxyporphyrins in chick embryo hepatocytes (10−7 to 10−9 m ); however, MCDF (10−6 and 10−5 m ) elicited similar responses and MCDF did not significantly decrease the TCDD-induced porphyrogenic response in these cells. These results suggest that chick embryo hepatocytes in culture will serve as a useful model for investigating TCDD-induced gene transcription and the effects and mechanism of action of antagonists.
The irreversible effect of bromodeoxyuridine on chick chondrocytes

Abstract The addition of the thymidine analogue, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU), to cultures of chick sternal chondrocytes resulted in decreased synthesis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Growth curves of control and BrdU-treated cultures revealed that, whereas both exhibit 34 h log-phase generation times, analogue-treated cultures attained a 5-fold greater final cell density than did control cultures. At least 2 days were required for BrdU to reduce maximally the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Calculated on a per plate basis, this response appeared to be minimally reversible 4–8 days after analogue removal. However, when correction was made for cell density, the BrdU effect was irreversible as long as 8 days (three cell generations) after removal of the analogue, although the average cell contained less than 5% of the incorporated BrdU.
Cluster calculations of the electronic states of Cr2+ in GaAs☆

Abstract The electronic states of Cr2+ in GaAs have been calculated using a spin restricted cluster formalism. The results are found to be unsatisfactory. A modified version of crystal field theory in the strong field limit is introduced and substantial improvement in the calculated results is achieved.
Cluster-Assisted Thermal Energy Activation of the H−H σ Bond in H2 by Ground State B+(1S0) Ions: Overcoming a 77 kcal/mol Barrier

Binding energies for the sequential addition of two dihydrogen ligands to ground-state B+(1S0) ions have been measured with use of equilibrium methods. The dissociation energies at 0 K were determi...
Inpatient Management of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia

Illness, particularly when severe, leads to increased concentrations of counter-regulatory factors which induce insulin resistance and predispose patients to stress hyperglycemia. Elevated glucose concentrations are common in hospitalized patients, both those with as well as without recognized diabetes. Substantial data has emerged over the past decade that quality glucose management in these individuals actually improves clinical outcomes. Controlling glucose in this setting is challenging, given the phenotypic variability amongst patients, with fluctuating courses of acute illnesses and unpredictable nutritional schedules. We review the evidence basis that has informed national standards and glucose targets in both critically and non-critically ill patients. In the intensive care setting, insulin infusions are now widely endorsed to quickly achieve and maintain glucose control. On the hospital wards, physiological subcutaneous insulin therapy, incorporating both basal and nutritional components, is emerging as the optimal treatment strategy. The transition to outpatient care is another important aspect of any hospital glycemic management program.
Collision risk posed to the Global Positioning System by disposed upper stages

Block IIF satellites in the Global Positioning System will be directly inserted into the constellation by the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle. However, the upper stages will not be able to relocate to recommended disposal orbits above the constellation and will remain at least partially in the constellation. The purpose of this study is to determine the collision risk posed to the operational constellation by the disposed upper stages. The analysis includes the effect of the long-term eccentricity growth of the upper-stage disposal orbits. Because eccentricity growth is very sensitive to the initial conditions of the disposal orbit, it is necessary to account for the statistical spread in the initial conditions. This spread is caused by dispersions in launch vehicle and upper-stage maneuvers and by inability to predict the sequence of orbit planes in which disposal will occur. A Monte Carlo procedure was used to quantify this statistical variation. Only one version of the launch vehicle was considered here. Study results include 5-, 50-, and 95-percentile profiles over 200 years of cumulative collision probability and cumulative number of collision avoidance maneuvers that may have to be performed by operational constellation satellites.
Theory of sm1.5Ce0.5sr2Cu2Nbo10: Critical-temperature and doping effects

For Sm1.5Ce0.5Sr2Cu2NbO10, the charge-reservoir oxygen model of superconductivity predicts: (i) Tc≈30 K (vs. the observed ≈28K); (ii) Roughly 1 percent Ni on Cu sites should drive Tc to zero; (iii) The superconductivity originates in the SrO layers; and (iv) The conduction, as with all high-temperature oxide superconductors, is necessarily p-type. The model also explains why this material can superconduct in the presence of the magnetic rare-earth ion Sm and why Gd on Sm sites does not destroy superconductivity, despite structural similarities to Sm2-zCezCuO4 and Gd2-zCezCuO4, although the former superconducts and the latter does not.
Retailer–manufacturer responsibility in the marketing of firearms: exploring the concept of negligent distribution

One of the most divisive, controversial issues confronting Americans today is the regulation of firearms. Statistics pertaining to firearm-related injuries and death in the United States are staggering; approximately 32,000 Americans die annually from gunshot wounds, the vast majority of which can be attributed to handguns. Estimates of the costs of gun-related violence in the United States run as high as $100 billion/year. Not surprisingly, the firearms death rate in the United States is among the highest in the world, and clearly the highest among industrialized nations. To what extent, if any, do manufacturers and retailers share responsibility for harm caused by firearms? Manufacturer/retailer responsibility for firearm-related injuries may be tested under any one or more of a number of legal theories: products liability, public nuisance, and negligence. Of particular interest to marketers and retailers is the assertion that responsibility can be traced to negligent distribution practices. Although negligent distribution has been alleged in a number of key cases, the concept remains ambiguous. What does seem clear is that legal responsibility for injuries and death attributable to handguns has expanded, and negligence in marketing and distribution practices will become a paramount issue shaping the future direction of the firearms industry worldwide.
Turbidity-reducing activity of influenza virus and receptor-destroying enzyme on sheep submandibular mucoid.

A CHARACTERISTIC turbidity develops when polymerized hyaluronic acid is mixed with acidified horse serum; this turbidity, and its destruction by prior incubation with hyaluronidase, is the basis of the turbidity-reducing test for the enzyme1. Solutions of highly purified mucoprotein from the salivary glands of sheep2 also develop turbidity when treated under suitable conditions with acidified horse serum. Moreover, development of turbidity is significantly reduced by previous incubation of the mucoprotein with certain strains of influenza virus, or with the receptor-destroying enzyme of V. cholerae. In this preliminary communication we show that the turbidity-destroying activity of influenza virus is associated with the virus particles themselves, and is presumably a function of the enzymatic properties of the virus3.
Selective vasopressin-1a receptor antagonist prevents brain edema, reduces astrocytic cell swelling and GFAP, V1aR and AQP4 expression after focal traumatic brain injury

A secondary and often lethal consequence of traumatic brain injury is cellular edema that we posit is due to astrocytic swelling caused by transmembrane water fluxes augmented by vasopressin-regulated aquaporin-4 (AQP4). We therefore tested whether vasopressin 1a receptor (V1aR) inhibition would suppress astrocyte AQP4, reduce astrocytic edema, and thereby diminish TBI-induced edematous changes. V1aR inhibition by SR49059 significantly reduced brain edema after cortical contusion injury (CCI) in rat 5h post-injury. Injured-hemisphere brain water content (n=6 animals/group) and astrocytic area (n=3/group) were significantly higher in CCI-vehicle (80.5±0.3%; 18.0±1.4 µm(2)) versus sham groups (78.3±0.1%; 9.5±0.9 µm(2)), and SR49059 blunted CCI-induced increases in brain edema (79.0±0.2%; 9.4±0.8µm(2)). CCI significantly up-regulated GFAP, V1aR and AQP4 protein levels and SR49059 suppressed injury induced up regulation (n=6/group). In CCI-vehicle, sham and CCI-SR49059 groups, GFAP was 1.58±0.04, 0.47±0.02, and 0.81±0.03, respectively; V1aR was 1.00±0.06, 0.45±0.05, and 0.46±0.09; and AQP4 was 2.03±0.34, 0.49±0.04, and 0.92±0.22. Confocal immunohistochemistry gave analogous results. In CCI-vehicle, sham and CCI-SR49059 groups, fluorescence intensity of GFAP was 349±38, 56±5, and 244±30, respectively, V1aR was 601±71, 117.8±14, and 390±76, and AQP4 was 818±117, 158±5, and 458±55 (n=3/group). The results support that edema was predominantly cellular following CCI and documented that V1aR inhibition with SR49059 suppressed injury-induced up regulation of GFAP, V1A and AQP4, blunting edematous changes. Our findings suggest V1aR inhibitors may be potential therapeutic tools to prevent cellular swelling and provide treatment for post-traumatic brain edema.
Size Characterization of Liquid‐Borne Particles by light scattering counters

The sizing accuracy of a commercially available laser optical liquid-borne particle counter is investigated. A calibration study, using aqueous suspensions of non-absorbing, monodisperse, spherical polymer particles, and a study using suspensions of non-spherical polydisperse, alumina particles are conducted. The experimental results from the spherical polymer study show an excellent agreement with the theoretical Mie light scattering calculations. The accuracy of the spherical polymer sizing is shown to be within 20% of the actual size. The alumina particle readings are compared to the readings of four different particle sizing instruments and to scanning electron microscope pictures. Although quantitative comparisons are difficult to make between the instruments, the results show a good agreement for the batch of particles with a narrower size distribution.
Some aspects of neutron single crystal analysis.

Abstract : A comparison is made of applications of neutron and x-ray scattering to single crystal analysis. The statistical convergence of neutron scattering factors in more or less random structures, such as KH2PO4 and NH4Cl, was demonstrated. The coupling of this convergence with the effects of natural thermal oscillation or artificial convergence factors will permit a rather general use of Fourier methods in neutron crystallography. Extinction effects in single crystals were negligible. Neutron scattering data were considered more amenable to algebraic phase-determining methods than x-ray data. Effects on structure analysis of variations of the neutron scattering power for various nuclei are discussed.
Variations in normal sexual development.

Children whose sexual development appears atypical or seems unusually early or late are best considered to have either variations occurring during the process of sexual differentiation or variations in the pattern or process of sexual maturation. Recognizing a case of overt pathology may be relatively easy compared to confidently diagnosing an atypical case as a "normal variant." The recognition of clinical clues of pathologic development, as well as a thorough understanding of typical sexual development, inevitably will aid in the development of such clinical confidence.
Electrical and structural characteristics of non-stoichiometric Cu-based delafossites

Non-stoichiometric CuxGaO2 polycrystalline ceramics were prepared using solid-state synthesis methods and their structural and electrical properties were characterized as a function of x. While single phase delafossite could only be confirmed for the stoichiometric composition, X-ray diffraction results show that the a and c lattice parameters were stable from Cu0.98GaO2 to Cu1.02GaO2. Below x = 0.97, the structure underwent a 0.4% decrease in cell volume. For compositions rich in Cu, the a parameter remained constant while the c parameter shrank at a constant rate. Despite these changes in cell dimensions, the results of current-voltage and impedance spectroscopy measurements indicate that both the conductivity and the activation energy do not vary with x. The absence of a change in electrical properties as well as the formation of secondary phases in non-stoichiometric compositions suggests that CuGaO2 does not allow significant deviations from the ideal CuGaO2 stoichiometry. This implies that the p-type conductivity is fixed by a defect species that does not vary with the Cu stoichiometry.
Proteins of the fat body of non-diapausing and diapausing larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella: Effect of juvenile hormone

Abstract The proteins of the fat body of non-diapausing, pre-diapausing, and newly-diapaused larvae of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella , were examined. Since a low titre of juvenile hormone (JH) is present in the haemolymph throughout the final instar of non-diapausing larvae, the hormone does not appear to stimulate the pre-metamorphic synthesis of proteins. In contrast, the high titre of JH in the haemolymph during the final instar of pre-diapausing larvae appears to stimulate the synthesis of selected proteins. For example, pre-diapausing larvae store in their fat body a low molecular weight protein which has been named the ‘diapause-associated protein’. When non-diapausing larvae were treated topically with C 17 -JH or a JH mimic, from 50 to 70% entered a diapause-like state as fully grown larvae. These hormone-treated larvae accumulated the diapause-associated protein and a high molecular weight protein in their fat bodies. Both of these proteins were shown to be released from the fat body of newly-diapaused larvae in vitro , and may function in the haemolymph during diapause. The high molecular weight protein, isolated from the haemolymph, was shown to contain neutral and polar lipids, including biochromes. Its storage in the fat body and release into the haemolymph may be essential for the transport of lipids during diapause. The fat body proteins of newly-diapaused larvae of the southern cornstalk borer, Diatraea crambidiodes , were also examined electrophoretically. They were found to contain a similar protein pattern to that of D. grandiosella , including the presence of a diapause-associated protein.