cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acid-iron waste as a factor affecting the distribution and abundance of zooplankton in the New York Bight: II. Spatial variations in the field and implications for monitoring studies☆

Abstract A study was undertaken in the New York Bight in an effort to understand small scale variations of single species populations and coastal zooplankton communities as they relate to the disposal of acid wastes. Two grids of eight locations each, one day and one night station per location, were placed so that one covered the acid grounds and the other a similar area functioning as a control 9 km to the northeast. Thirty-nine taxonomic categories of zooplankton were counted from oblique net tow samples collected at the 32 stations. Biomass was determined from length measurements of individuals of 24 taxa. Species composition of the samples was typical of neritic waters of the north-east Atlantic coast. The spatial distribution of the majority of the species was markedly aggregated, but no trend was observed which would suggest that the acid wastes were an important factor in shaping the distributions. Species did not show collective agreement as to the area in which a higher average abundance for each occurred; and no significant trends in percent similarity or diversity (Simpson's D and the information theory H ′) were evident. Although Vaccaro et al. (1972) found zooplankton biomass to be approximately 30% higher from the control area than from the acid grounds, comparison of the biomass difference between the two areas on a species by species basis showed that 95% of the overall difference was accounted for by only three species, Pseudocalanus sp. and its copepodids, Calanus finmarchicus copepodids and Temora longicornis . The acid-iron wastes appeared to be a minor factor affecting the distribution and abundance of zooplankton species during the time of this investigation. The laboratory data reported in the preceding paper (Grice et al ., (1973)) support this conclusion. Empirical measures of the variability of single species populations and community indices presented in the text may be useful guides for future surveys or monitoring studies.
Metallic cobalt and iron particles in large and medium pore zeolites: Methods of generation and ferromagnetic resonance characterization

Abstract Spectroscopic studies utilizing photoacoustic electronic spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance and ferromagnetic resonance have been made on the formation of (1) Co metal particles from Co(NH3)3+6 exchanged into Y-zeolite and (2) Fe metal particles from non-framework Fe3+ ions in an aluminoferrisilicate analogue of ZSM-5 zeolite. Decomposition of the Co(NH3)3+6 complex is accompanied by autoreduction to the Co2+ state, observed by EPR at 7 K, but no Co metal is formed. The Co2+ ions migrate from the supercage locations of the parent complexes into the hexagonal prisms and are subsequently very difficult to reduce, even with H2 at 823 K. High-temperature FMR data suggest that the small amount of Co metal particles which are formed exist with the f.c.c. crystal structure yielding g = 2.17 at 508 K, consistent with an empirically calculated value for f.c.c. Co. Hexagonal close-packed Co particles are expected to exhibit much larger magnetic anisotropy than was observed. The Fe3+ ions in the mediumpore pentasil aluminoferrisilicate zeolite can be reduced to the metallic state following either (a) precipitation of the ‘inclusion’ compound, FeIII[FeII(CN)5(NO)], in the zeolite, or (b) generation of superparamagnetic oxidic ferric ion clusters. High temperature FMR data establish that smaller Fe particles can be obtained by the latter method.
Nitrofurazone Disposition by Perfused-Rat-Liver - Effect of Dose Size and Glutathione Depletion

Abstract The disposition of nitrofurazone was studied in the isolated perfused rat liver using a recirculating system. The drug was administered as a bolus in two different doses (3.5 and 14 mg: initial concentrations 0.35 and 1.4mM respectively), and its disappearance was monitored by analyzing perfusate samples at various times. Biliary excretion and bile flow were also measured. In all experiments perfusate disappearance was monoexponential, and no significant difference was found between the two doses ( T 1 2 : 5.34 ± 2.03 and 6.19 ± 1.47 min for 14 and 3.5 mg respectively). Bile flow increased more than 2-fold 5–10 min after administration of the drug and subsequently returned to control levels. The increase in bile flow was dose-related and paralleled the excretion of the parent drug in the bile; however, of the total dose administered, only 0.27 ± 0.04% was excreted unchanged in bile, thus ruling out an osmotic choleresis due to the parent drug. Since nitrofurazone may be excreted in part as a glutathione conjugate, this or other metabolites could have caused an osmotic choleresis. This hypothesis was tested by administering diethylmaleate which causes glutathione depletion. Although the initial bile flow in treated livers was not different from untreated livers, bile flow did not increase after administration of nitrofurazone. In addition, the perfusate half-life of nitrofurazone was increased (18.18 ± 1.30 min, P
Glucose phosphorylation is not rate limiting for accumulation of glycogen from glucose in perfused livers from fasted rats.

Abstract Incorporation of Glc and Fru into glycogen was measured in perfused livers from 24-h fasted rats using [6-3H]Glc and [U-14C]Fru. For the initial 20 min, livers were perfused with low Glc (2 mM) to deplete hepatic glycogen and were perfused for the following 30 min with various combinations of Glc and Fru. With constant Fru (2 mM), increasing perfusate Glc increased the relative contribution of Glc carbons to glycogen (7.2 +/- 0.4, 34.9 +/- 2.8, and 59.1 +/- 2.7% at 2, 10, and 20 mM Glc, respectively; n = 5 for each). During perfusion with substrate levels seen during refeeding (10 mM Glc, 1.8 mumol/g/min gluconeogenic flux from 2 mM Fru), Fru provided 54.7 +/- 2.7% of the carbons for glycogen, while Glc provided only 34.9 +/- 2.8%, consistent with in vivo estimations. However, the estimated rate of Glc phosphorylation was at least 1.10 +/- 0.11 mumol/g/min, which exceeded by at least 4-fold the glycogen accumulation rate (0.28 +/- 0.04 mumol of glucose/g/min). The total rate of glucose 6-phosphate supply via Glc phosphorylation and gluconeogenesis (2.9 mumol/g/min) exceeded reported in vivo rates of glycogen accumulation during refeeding. Thus, in perfused livers of 24-h fasted rats there is an apparent redundancy in glucose 6-phosphate supply. These results suggest that the rate-limiting step for hepatic glycogen accumulation during refeeding is located between glucose 6-phosphate and glycogen, rather than at the step of Glc phosphorylation or in the gluconeogenic pathway.
SOLAR INFLUENCES ON HOLOCENE TREELINE ALTITUDE VARIABILITY IN THE SIERRA NEVADA

Studies utilizing treeline altitude and growth variability over time contribute to our understanding of the timing and magnitude of Holocene climate change and the response of alpine treelines to this change. Analysis of treeline annual growth at a site in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, indicates that much of the past climate variability on timescales of centuries to millennia during the Holocene may be attributed to periodic changes in solar irradiance. Analysis of treeline-altitude variation in the Sierra Nevada and White Mountains of California suggests that this periodic change is superimposed on a generally decreasing temperature trend over the past 5000 years. This has led to a general stepped decrease in treeline altitude in both areas with treeline falling significantly following downturns in reconstructed solar activity levels and stabilizing rather than rising during upturns in solar activity. Treeline-altitude decrease generally lags changes in solar radiation by 400 to 500 years, sugg...
Teaching financial literacy: a survey of community‐based educators

A nationwide online survey of financial educators in adult community-based financial education programmes in the US was conducted to examine teaching beliefs, related curriculum and teaching strategies used to reach underserved populations. A transformative learning theoretical framework was used to discover how financial education engages learners in relation to their own lives. Survey findings indicate in community-based settings financial educators are largely White, female, college educated and with multiple years of experience; believe their role is to provide expert information to help learners make informed financial choices; and often adapt published materials to reflect the life circumstances of learners. Learners are more racially diverse than educators, most having attended high school, who identify their own financial need to attend the programmes. Programmes do not often target specific groups, are frequently free and can take place in a variety of face-to-face settings. Implications indicate best practices for financial educators require inclusive, culturally responsive pedagogies.
A Professional Development Model to Promote Internet Integration into P-12 Teachers' Practice: A Mixed Methods Study

ABSTRACT This mixed method study reports long-term effects of a staff development model on P-12 teachers' instructional practices and dispositions regarding Internet integration into teaching. The model design was guided by participants' varying professional developmental levels and their values and beliefs about teaching and learning. A survey, administered at three checkpoints over a three-year period, yielded quantitative data regarding participants' concerns about the curricular innovation. Qualitative data, gathered through interviews conducted with a sample of the participants, contributed to understanding, from the participants' perspective, changes they perceived in their teaching practices as a result of the staff development. Elements of the model most instrumental in effecting changes were identified. Results support the recommendation for teacher-centered staff development that includes critical characteristics to effect and sustain change in teacher practice. These features must emanate from ...
Regularized restoration for two dimensional band-limited signals

In this paper the ill-posedness of restoring lost samples is discussed in the two dimensional case. The restoration algorithm by Shannon's Sampling Theorem is analyzed. A regularized restoring algorithm for two dimensional band-limited signals is presented. The convergence of the regularized restoring algorithm is studied and compared with the restoration algorithm by Shannon's sampling theorem in the two dimensional case.
Thermodynamic analysis of the short range order strengthening in FeNiCrN austenite

Abstract The effect of nitrogen-induced short range order and its change during plastic deformation on the plastic flow behavior of FeNiCrN austenite has been studied using a statistical thermodynamics model. The results show that the short range order makes a significant contribution to the strength of austenite, and that the reduction in its degree due to the passage of dislocations on the same slip plane can account for the occurrence of planar slip in the austenite with nitrogen. An analysis of the thermally activated behavior of the dislocation motion was conducted in order to quantify the temperature dependence of yield stress. It is found that, while the short range order gives rise to a somewhat larger temperature dependence of yield stress relative to that found in the conventional f.c.c. metallic materials, it still can not fully account for the measured values in the FeNiCrN austenite.
Synthesis of 4-hydroxy-2-methylisocarbostyril-3-carboxanilides

A procedure for preparing the title compounds is reported. These compounds represent the first 2-substituted-4-hydroxyisocarbostyrils, a structural type which could not be obtained by N-alkylation of the previously known 2H-4-hydroxyisocarbostyril. Although 3-carboxanilides in this series could not be made by aminolysis of the corresponding 3-ester, they were successfully prepared from 4-hydroxy-2-methylisocarbostyril using aryl isocyanates and sodium hydride in hexamethylphosphoramide as solvent. Evidence is presented for an enolic (“4-hydroxy”) form of the title compounds and preference for O-alkylation was observed. Contrary to previous reports, data was obtained to support the enolic structure of the previously known 4-hydroxyisocarbostyril.
Finding the Right Metaphor: Restructuring, Realigning, and Repackaging Today’s Research Libraries

To change from collection-centric to user-centered re- search libraries and to survive in tough economic times, libraries face 2 major challenges: 1st, libraries need to change how they are viewedbytheirconstituenciessotheyareseenasindispensable;and 2nd, libraries need to help the librarians and staff change their own mental models of their roles to remain relevant in these changing times. Metaphors are one way to help people connect terms in new ways so they develop new images of those terms. For more than 100 years, libraries have used metaphors to seek connections that will help people see libraries as something other than warehouses for books. This article will explore various metaphors being used in the library field and how these metaphors can help libraries introduce change to improve their chances of receiving the support needed to survive.
Increases in Medicare Prescription Drug Plan Costs Attributable to Psychotropic Medications

Objective Older patients may regard some medications, particularly psychotropic medications, as discretionary compared with what they perceive as more "essential" nonpsychiatric medications. Patients' concerns about psychotropic medication costs under Medicare Part D may reinforce these impressions. Design The authors examined which Medicare prescription drug plans (PDPs) would be least expensive for beneficiaries considering the costs of 1) all medications; and 2) only nonpsychiatric medications. Setting The authors collected data from the PDP online comparison tool provided by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Participants Hypothetical Medicare beneficiaries. Measurements The authors examined four clinical scenarios from older outpatients with both chronic medical and psychiatric conditions (including psychosis, bipolar disorder, depression, and dementia with behavioral disturbances). Results The authors examined data from all 160 plans available in CMS PDP regions in May 2007. There were frequent discrepancies in the least expensive PDPs within region, depending on considering the costs of all medications, or just nonpsychiatric medications. In the clinical scenarios, patients selecting a PDP based on nonpsychiatric medications alone would pick an unnecessarily more expensive plan 74%–100% of the time (when they took any brand name medication), suggesting that excluding psychiatric medications from PDP choices may be excessively costly. However, brand name psychotropic medications significantly increased the costs of the least expensive plans. The latter finding might persuade patients to avoid taking needed psychiatric medication due to cost. Conclusion This research highlights the complexity that patients with psychiatric and cognitive disorders face when choosing a Medicare PDP. Policymakers and clinicians should be aware of the tradeoffs that beneficiaries with psychiatric disorders face when making PDP plan choices.
Gonorrhea among drug users : An Alaskan versus a national sample

The study described here investigates the replicability of gender-specific risk profiles for gonorrhea based on an Alaskan sample compared to a U.S. national sample of drug users at risk for HIV infection. The Alaska sample (interviewed at a field station in Anchorage, Alaska; N=1,049) and the national sample (interviewed at 18 sites other than Alaska; N=17,619) consisted of cocaine smokers and injection drug users not in drug treatment. A history of gonorrhea infection was self-reported and coded as ever or never. The Anchorage and national risk profile for men included the following factors: (a) history of intranasal or parenteral cocaine use, (b) being black versus nonblack, (c) being older, (d) income from illegal activity, and (e) history of amphetamine use. The Anchorage and national risk profiles for women included the following factors: (a) trading sex for money, (b) being Native American versus non-Native American, and (c) trading sex for drugs. The Anchorage model for women included perceived homelessness as a factor, but it was not retained in the national model. The extent of the replicability of these models illustrates the generalizability of Alaskan findings to other U.S. drug-using populations. The authors also discuss the implications of these findings for disease prevention.
Image rotation in plane-mirror optical systems

The three methods presented for calculating the image rotation of any plane-mirror optical system are based on a novel optical kinematic construction, the 'line-of-sight' reference frame (LOSRF). By using the LOSRF, image rotation due to fixed or movable mirrors, derotation mirrors, and vehicle orientation is calculated precisely. The first two of the methods yield the total image rotation angle irrespective of the source of the rotation, while the last furnishes the amount of rotation imparted to the system by each of its components; total image rotation is the sum of these individual rotation angles.
Embryonic staging series for the beach spawning, terrestrially incubating California grunion Leuresthes tenuiswith comparisons to other Atherinomorpha

California grunion Leuresthes tenuis synchronize spawning with tidal cycles, so the embryos incubate in a terrestrial environment, delay hatching until cued by a specific environmental trigger, and may extend incubation for up to an additional four weeks. These adaptations, however, do not appear to alter the morphology or sequence of early developmental stages as compared to other Atherinomorph fishes in the Orders Beloniformes and Cyprinodontiformes. Embryonic development is described in a series of 30 stages based on morphology observed by light microscopy. Stages are placed in five periods: zygote and cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation and organogenesis, and hatching competence. Embryos from a southern population of L. tenuis in Los Angeles are compared with embryos found > 560 km north in San Francisco Bay. Northern L. tenuis embryos developed more slowly at several stages than southern embryos and reached hatching competence later, but both locations maintained synchrony with the tidal cycle for both spawning and hatching. The variation in rates of development and stage at hatching readiness are forms of developmental heterochrony that may be associated with evolutionary adaptation or morphological plasticity within this highly successful clade.
Pseudoacromegaly induced by the long-term use of minoxidil

Acromegaly is an endocrine disorder caused by chronic excessive growth hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. Significant disfiguring changes occur as a result of bone, cartilage, and soft tissue hypertrophy, including the thickening of the skin, coarsening of facial features, and cutis verticis gyrata. Pseudoacromegaly, on the other hand, is the presence of similar acromegaloid features in the absence of elevated growth hormone or insulin-like growth factor levels. We present a patient with pseudoacromegaly that resulted from the long-term use of minoxidil at an unusually high dose. This is the first case report of pseudoacromegaly as a side effect of minoxidil use.
Influenza A virus attenuation by codon deoptimization of the NS gene for vaccine development

ABSTRACT Influenza viral infection represents a serious public health problem that causes contagious respiratory disease, which is most effectively prevented through vaccination to reduce transmission and future infection. The nonstructural (NS) gene of influenza A virus encodes an mRNA transcript that is alternatively spliced to express two viral proteins, the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) and the nuclear export protein (NEP). The importance of the NS gene of influenza A virus for viral replication and virulence has been well described and represents an attractive target to generate live attenuated influenza viruses with vaccine potential. Considering that most amino acids can be synthesized from several synonymous codons, this study employed the use of misrepresented mammalian codons (codon deoptimization) for the de novo synthesis of a viral NS RNA segment based on influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) (PR8) virus. We generated three different recombinant influenza PR8 viruses containing codon-deoptimized synonymous mutations in coding regions comprising the entire NS gene or the mRNA corresponding to the individual viral protein NS1 or NEP, without modifying the respective splicing and packaging signals of the viral segment. The fitness of these synthetic viruses was attenuated in vivo , while they retained immunogenicity, conferring both homologous and heterologous protection against influenza A virus challenges. These results indicate that influenza viruses can be effectively attenuated by synonymous codon deoptimization of the NS gene and open the possibility of their use as a safe vaccine to prevent infections with these important human pathogens. IMPORTANCE Vaccination serves as the best therapeutic option to protect humans against influenza viral infections. However, the efficacy of current influenza vaccines is suboptimal, and novel approaches are necessary for the prevention of disease cause by this important human respiratory pathogen. The nonstructural (NS) gene of influenza virus encodes both the multifunctional nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), essential for innate immune evasion, and the nuclear export protein (NEP), required for the nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins and for timing of the virus life cycle. Here, we have generated a recombinant influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) (PR8) virus containing a codon-deoptimized NS segment that is attenuated in vivo yet retains immunogenicity and protection efficacy against homologous and heterologous influenza virus challenges. These results open the exciting possibility of using this NS codon deoptimization methodology alone or in combination with other approaches for the future development of vaccine candidates to prevent influenza viral infections.
Glomerulosclerosis in Type 2 (non0insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: relationship to glycaemia in the University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP)

Kidney tissue of acceptable quality was available from autopsies of 55 patients who had been followed prospectively for 3 to 15 years as participants in the University Group Diabetes Program, a study of vascular disease in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Slides were prepared for light microscopic reading by uniform histologic techniques, and then were randomly intermixed and coded with tissues identically prepared from matched nondiabetic subjects (morphologic controls). After independent review by three morphologists, the results were tabulated and assigned to one of four diagnostic groups: 1) typical diabetic nodular glomerulosclerosis; 2) mesangial changes suggestive of diabetes (diffuse lesion); 3) non-diabetic renal disease; 4) normal for age. Of the diabetic cases 31% (17 of 55) were found to show nodular glomerulosclerosis, and another 47% (26 of 55) showed suggestive changes; none of the morphologic control slides was read as showing nodular glomerulosclerosis, but some were judged to show suggestive mesangial (diffuse) changes. Although only 4 of the 17 diabetic patients with nodules had died of uraemia, many had hypertension, which may have contributed to their deaths from vascular disease. The patients with nodular glomerular changes also showed, on the average, the highest blood glucose levels during life. Type 2 diabetes in later life appears to be associated with a high risk for typical tissue changes of diabetic kidney damage, which may contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality and may be present before azotaemia and qualitative proteinuria have been recognized.
Polystoma cuvieri n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae), a parasite of the urinary bladder of the leptodactylid frog Physalaemus cuvieri in Paraguay.

A new species of polystomatid monogenean, Polystoma cuvieri, is described from the urinary bladder of the leptodactylid frog Physalaemus cuvieri Fitzinger in Paraguay. This new species possesses a reticulated intestine and hamuli of about 350 ,m long. The closest species is Polystoma napoensis Vaucher, 1987, described from Osteocephalus spp. in Ecuador. The Paraguayan material is distinguished by the blade size of the hamuli. The hamuli blades appear to be useful in Polystoma systematics.
CROSS-SECTION MEASUREMENT NEAR 50 Bev

An experiment to measure the cross section for high-energy cosmic-ray protons and neutrons to interact with the Fe nucleus has been carried out at 3250 m elevation. The detector had a relatively good energy resolution, and was designed to select nucleons in the vicinity of 50 Bev. The purpose was to obtain a single interaction cross section with good accuracy in order to compare it with results obtained with accelerators in the 1- to 5-Bev region. This comparison yields a value for the elementary meson-production cross section [the average of $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{pp})$ and $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{np})$] near 50 Bev. The Fe results are: neutrons, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{Fe}}=0.61\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$ barn; protons, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{Fe}}=0.61\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ barn. The corresponding average nucleon-nucleon "inelastic" (presumably meson production) cross section is ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{nucleon}}=21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4$ millibarns.
Long-term effect of diuretic-based therapy on fatal outcomes in subjects with isolated systolic hypertension with and without diabetes

Diuretic-based antihypertensive therapy is associated with the development of diabetes but with improved clinical outcomes. It has been proposed that the duration of clinical trials has been too short to detect the adverse effects of diabetes. We assessed the long-term mortality rate of subjects in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (n = 4,732) who were randomized to stepped-care therapy with 12.5 to 25.0 mg/day of chlorthalidone or matching placebo. If blood pressure remained above the goal, atenolol or matching placebo was added. At a mean follow-up of 14.3 years, cardiovascular (CV) mortality rate was significantly lower in the chlorthalidone group (19%) than in the placebo group (22%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.854, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.751 to 0.972). Diabetes at baseline (n = 799) was associated with increased CV mortality rate (adjusted HR 1.659, 95% CI 1.413 to 1.949) and total mortality rate (adjusted HR 1.510, 95% CI 1.347 to 1.693). Diabetes that developed during the trial among subjects on placebo (n = 169) was also associated with increased CV adverse outcome (adjusted HR 1.562, 95% CI 1.117 to 2.184) and total mortality rate (adjusted HR 1.348, 95% CI 1.051 to 1.727). However, diabetes that developed among subjects during diuretic therapy (n = 258) did not have significant associations with CV mortality rate (adjusted HR 1.043, 95% CI 0.745 to 1.459) or total mortality rate (adjusted HR 1.151, 95% CI 0.925 to 1.433). Diuretic treatment in subjects who had diabetes was strongly associated with lower long-term CV mortality rate (adjusted HR 0.688, 95% CI 0.526 to 0.848) and total mortality rate (adjusted HR 0.805, 95% CI 0.680 to 0.952). Thus, chlorthalidone-based treatment improved long-term outcomes, especially among subjects who had diabetes. Subjects who had diabetes associated with chlorthalidone had no significant increase in CV events and had a better prognosis than did those who had preexisting diabetes.
Decrease in brain glucose in anoxia in spite of elevated plasma glucose levels.

Extract: Anoxia was produced in 34 mice less than 12 hr of age by exposure to N2 at 37° (Po2 less than 5 mm Hg). Although brain glucose levels fell from the normal value of 0.60 ± 0.14 mmol/kg to 0.22 ± 0.04 mmol/kg after 6 min of anoxia, in the livers of the same animals there was a fourfold increase in glucose concentration from 2.61 ± 0.28 mmol/kg to 10.45 ± 0.45. In 22 other animals of the same age plasma glucose levels increased from 3.04 ± 0.03 mm to 5.56 ± 1.09 mm during this interval of anoxia. Further studies concerned the mechanism of this unexpected independence of blood and brain glucose values during anoxia. During the 6 min of anoxia brain lactate increased 7.49 mmol/kg. This increase is more than twice that accounted for by the total decrease in brain glucose and glycogen. One explanation for this finding is an increased uptake of glucose from the blood by the brain. If so, the rate of glucose influx is almost 5 times that reported for newborn mice with an adequate O2 supply. Another possibility is a transport or diffusion of lactate from the blood to the brain. However, a study of the effect of lactate administration on levels of lactate in plasma and brain of 17 newborn mice suggests that permeation of the blood-brain barrier to lactate is a less likely explanation. Inasmuch as glycolysis increases 10-fold in ischemic brain of the neonatal mouse, it appears that brain glucose decreases in these animals because the demand for glucose during anoxia exceeds the supply. Speculation: In experimental animals levels of glucose in plasma are not always an accurate reflection of glucose levels in the brain. This is the case in anesthesia, after chronic administration of hydrocortisone, and in acute salicylate poisoning. The present study is another example of this paradox. During 6 min of anoxia, brain glucose in newborn mice fell 72% despite a doubling of the concentration of glucose in plasma. Because it is generally accepted that a decrease in the brain glucose reserve is potentially serious, it is important to recognize that a normal or even increased blood sugar need not signify adequate cerebral glucose levels. Furthermore, there is some evidence to suggest that, under these circumstances, the administration of glucose may be life saving.
Model-based object classification using unification grammars and abstract representations

The design and implementation of a high level computer vision system which performs object classification is described. General object labelling and functional analysis require models of classes which display a wide range of geometric variations. A large representational gap exists between abstract criteria such as `graspable' and current geometric image descriptions. The vision system developed and described in this work addresses this problem and implements solutions based on a fusion of semantics, unification, and formal language theory. Object models are represented using unification grammars, which provide a framework for the integration of structure and semantics. A methodology for the derivation of symbolic image descriptions capable of interacting with the grammar-based models is described and implemented. A unification-based parser developed for this system achieves object classification by determining if the symbolic image description can be unified with the abstract criteria of an object model. Future research directions are indicated.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Moulting-cycle regulation of haemolymph protein clearance in cockroaches: Possible size-dependent mechanism

Abstract The clearance of exogenously administered proteins from the haemolymph of larval Blatta orientalis was measured during the intermoult and at ecdysis. Two large proteins, radiolabelled B. orientalis larval-specific protein (Mr = 508,000; R s = 68 A ), and E. coli β-galactosidase (Mr = 464,000; RS = 69A) and a smaller protein, radiolabelled bovine serum albumin (Mr = 66,300; R S = 53 A ), were injected into the haemolymph and their clearances measured at various times during the moulting cycle. During the intermoult, [3H]bovine serum albumin was rapidly cleared ( T 1 2 = 4.5 h ) while [14C]larval-specific protein and β-galactosidase showed no detectable depletion from the haemolymph in 49 h. In moulting animals, however, both high-Mr proteins were rapidly cleared (larval-specific protein, T 1 2 = 41 h ; β-galactosidase, T 1 2 = 9.2 h ). The T 1 2 for depletion of endogenous larval-specific protein at moulting is approx. 24 h. These data suggest that cockroach haemolymph proteins remain confined and accumulate within the haemolymph during the intermoult because of their large size, but during moulting the size barrier no longer functions and the haemolymph is depleted of proteins. Neither the size barrier nor the clearance mechanism exhibit pronounced protein specificity since both mechanisms are responsive to foreign proteins as well as homotypic proteins.
Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential With Combined Heat and Power With Distributed Generation Prime Movers

Pending or recently enacted greenhouse gas regulations and mandates are leading to the need for current and feasible GHG reduction solutions including combined heat and power (CHP). Distributed generation using advanced reciprocating engines, gas turbines, microturbines and fuel cells has been shown to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) compared to the U.S. electrical generation mix due to the use of natural gas and high electrical generation efficiencies of these prime movers. Many of these prime movers are also well suited for use in CHP systems which recover heat generated during combustion or energy conversion. CHP increases the total efficiency of the prime mover by recovering waste heat for generating electricity, replacing process steam, hot water for buildings or even cooling via absorption chilling. The increased efficiency of CHP systems further reduces GHG emissions compared to systems which do not recover waste thermal energy. Current GHG mandates within the U.S Federal sector and looming GHG legislation for states puts an emphasis on understanding the GHG reduction potential of such systems. This study compares the GHG savings from various state-of-the- art prime movers. GHG reductions from commercially available prime movers in the 1-5 MW class including, various industrial fuel cells, large and smallmore » gas turbines, micro turbines and reciprocating gas engines with and without CHP are compared to centralized electricity generation including the U.S. mix and the best available technology with natural gas combined cycle power plants. The findings show significant GHG saving potential with the use of CHP. Also provided is an exploration of the accounting methodology for GHG reductions with CHP and the sensitivity of such analyses to electrical generation efficiency, emissions factors and most importantly recoverable heat and thermal recovery efficiency from the CHP system.« less
Urinary stone detection and characterisation with dual-energy CT urography after furosemide intravenous injection: preliminary results

Objectives To investigate the added advantage of IV furosemide injection and the subsequent urine dilution in the detection of urinary calculi in the excretory phase of dual-source dual-energy (DE) computed tomography (CT) urography, and to investigate the feasibility of characterising the calculi through diluted urine.
A novel role for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase B cascade in ethanol-induced cellular damage.

Background Alcoholism is a major psychiatric condition at least partly associated with ethanol (EtOH)-induced cell damage. Although brain cell loss has been reported in subjects with alcoholism, the molecular mechanism is unclear. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) reportedly play a role in cellular dysfunction under stressful conditions and might contribute to EtOH-induced cell damage. Methods Expression of GAPDH and MAO B protein was studied in human glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cell lines exposed to physiological concentrations of EtOH. Expression of these proteins was also examined in the prefrontal cortex from human subjects with alcohol dependence and in rats fed with an EtOH diet. Coimmunoprecipitation, subcellular fractionation, and luciferase assay were used to address nuclear GAPDH-mediated MAO B activation. To test the effects of inactivation, RNA interference and pharmacological intervention were used, and cell damage was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) and hydrogen peroxide measurements. Results Ethanol significantly increases levels of GAPDH, especially nuclear GAPDH, and MAO B in neuronal cells as well as in human and rat brains. Nuclear GAPDH interacts with the transcriptional activator, transforming growth factor-β-inducible early gene 2 (TIEG2), and augments TIEG2-mediated MAO B transactivation, which results in cell damage in neuronal cells exposed to EtOH. Knockdown expression of GAPDH or treatment with MAO B inhibitors selegiline (deprenyl) and rasagiline (Azilect) can block this cascade. Conclusions Ethanol-elicited nuclear GAPDH augments TIEG2-mediated MAO B, which might play a role in brain damage in subjects with alcoholism. Compounds that block this cascade are potential candidates for therapeutic strategies.
Convergence Conditions for Nonlinear Programming Algorithms

Conditions which are necessary and sufficient for convergence of a nonlinear programming algorithm are stated. It is also shown that the convergence conditions can be easily applied to most programming algorithms. As examples, algorithms by Arrow, Hurwicz and Uzawa; Cauchy; Frank and Wolfe; and Newton-Raphson are proven to converge by direct application of the convergence conditions. Also the Topkis-Veinott convergence conditions for feasible direction algorithms are shown to be a special case of the conditions stated in this paper.
Intellectual property rights and environmental planning

Abstract Increasingly, public and private concerns throughout the world are seeking ways to tap the knowledge of indigenous peoples concerning their use of the natural environment. An understanding of indigenous knowledge systems related to resource use is seen by many as offering benefits to government planners, commercial enterprises, as well as to academic researchers. In some cases, the collection of this information has led to profitable results through the development and marketing of sites used to expand the “ecotourism” industry. Pharmaceutical companies have also turned to tribal peoples to examine their traditional medicinal uses of botanical and mineral resources in the hopes of developing effective and profitable drug treatments. Since research on indigenous knowledge systems has in some cases led to undesirable results there has also emerged a growing desire among tribal peoples themselves to gain more control over the collection and use of information they have so freely provided in the past. The debate over this control of information has centered on the call to ensure the intellectual property rights for indigenous people over their own traditional cultural knowledge. This short paper briefly describes this issue and the effects this call for intellectual property rights may have on government resource managers and environmental planners.
Voluntary use of online study questions as a function of previous minimal use requirements and learner aptitude

This study investigates voluntary use of online study questions, the relationship of study question use to examination performance, and the relationship of aptitude to study question use following an initial phase during which students either received course points for passing mastery quizzes or for completing a designated number of study questions. The results indicate a) students who first received points for completing study questions later made greater voluntary use of study questions, b) less able readers made less voluntary use of study questions than more able readers, and c) less able readers performed better on course examinations when awarded course points for completing a required number of study questions rather than quizzes.
A facility for measuring electro and photo-pion spectra in a high background environment

Abstract A QD spectrometer for use in high background (γ, π ) experiments is described. The spectrometer has a large solid angle (17 msr) and a short flight path (2.8 m). The experimental techniques employed are described, particularly those used in coping with the high background levels. These include a novel approach to dead time corrections.
DETERMINATION OF MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE IN URINE AND BLOOD

SINCE 1926, sporadic reports have appeared on the presence of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) in mammalian urine and blood. Because many of these studies were performed with inadequate techniques, and because present-day methods make possible the quantitative detection of MSH in minute amounts with an in vitro bioassay method, it was decided to clarify this problem by determining the MSH in the urine and blood of patients with various disorders. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Urinary MSH. Collin and Drouet (1) observed the color change of intact frogs after the injection of human urine. Darkening was produced with urine from patients with pituitary tumors, hyperthyroidism, migraine, and retinal hemorrhage. Positive results also were obtained with the urine of normal females, which was obtained the day prior to, or on the first day of menstruation. Konsuloff (2) used hypophysectomized frogs and found that urine from 9 pregnant women contained large amounts of MSH. He suggested that the demonstration of ...
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis‐like polyarthritis in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (digeorge anomalad/velocardiofacial syndrome/conotruncal anomaly face syndrome)

Objective. To investigate the association of polyarthritis and chromosome 22q11.2 deletions. Methods. Eighty patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome followed up at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were examined for evidence of arthropathy or arthritis. Patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and polyarthritis underwent laboratory evaluations of immunologic function to determine the relationship of their immunodeficiency to the polyarthritis. Results. The prevalence of polyarthritis in patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome was markedly increased over the prevalence of polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) in the general population. All 3 patients with polyarthritis had evidence of impaired T cell function. Two of the patients with polyarthritis also had IgA deficiency. Conclusion. The chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome represents a primary T cell disorder which can be associated with a JRA-like polyarthritis. All 3 patients with polyarthritis had evidence of more extensive immunoregulatory derangements than those typically seen in patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion, and these derangements may have predisposed to the development of polyarthritis.
Response to Azzan Yadin-Israel on Rabbinic Polysemy: Do They “Preach” What They Practice?

The author revisits texts and arguments from his 2007 article in AJS Review 31 no. 1 in response to a “response” by Azzan Yadin-Israel in the April 2014 issue (38, no. 1). The central question is whether the widespread rabbinic textual practices of interpretive polysemy and legal multivocality are the product of the post-amoraic (“stammaitic”) editorial layer of the Babylonian Talmud (Yadin-Israel) or are already evidenced and theologically thematized in the earlier “tannaitic” rabbinic collections from the Land of Israel (Fraade).
Precipitation of alkylbenzene sulfonates with metal ions

The precipitation domains of P-(1-methylnonyl)benzene sulfonate ions with Li/sup +/, Na/sup +/, K/sup +/, Ca/sup 2 +/, Mg/sup 2 +/, Al/sup 3 +/, and La/sup 3 +/ and of Ca/sup 2 +/-P-(hexyloctyl)benzene sulfonate have been determined at constant pH and 25 C. The linear solubility boundaries reverse their slope at the critical micellar concentration of the surfactant. A semiquantitative interpretation of the data is offered. The properties of the solids formed also are described. 18 references.
Fine structure of the developing trout erythrocytes and thrombocytes with special reference to the marginal band and the cytoplasmic organelles.

The cytological changes accompanying the development of red blood cells of trout were studied. These changes appear to parallel closely those seen in the maturation of red blood cells of mammals. Immature erythrocytes of the trout contain mitochondria, Golgi complex, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, centrioles, bundles of microtubules and numerous ribosomes in their cytoplasm. With progressive differentiation and maturation such cells appear to shrink in size, acquire a biconvex ellipsoid form, lose most of their cytoplasmic organelles and concomitantly increase their hemoglobin content. Mitochondrial degradation begins early in the process of maturation and usually consists of the following sequence of morphological changes within them: the appearance of small dense bodies, degeneration of the cristae and the formation of lamellar bodies. Degenerating mitochondria are often observed bulging from the surface of the cell, suggesting that they are in the process of being extruded from it. However, this observation does not preclude the possibility that mitochondria may also be disposed of in situ through the action of lysosomal enzymes. It is suggested that the disappearance of mitochondria and other cytoplasmic organelles contributes to the volumetric shrinkage which accompanies the maturation of trout red blood cells. The existence of an equatorially oriented “marginal band” of microtubules has been confirmed in this material in agreement with studies on other species. A band of microtubules was also observed in trout thrombocytes. It is concluded that the marginal band plays an important role in the maintenance of the flat ellipsoidal shape of these cells as has been suggested by other investigators studying other vertebrate forms.