cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed posthypoxic demyelination Association with arylsulfatase A deficiency and lactic acidosis on proton MR spectroscopy

Delayed demyelination is a rare and poorly understood complication of hypoxic brain injury. A previous case report has suggested an association with mild-to-moderate deficiency of arylsulfatase A. We describe a 36-year-old man who recovered completely from an episode of hypoxia related to drug overdose, and 2 weeks later progressed from a confusional state to deep coma. MRI showed diffuse white matter signal changes, and brain biopsy demonstrated a noninflammatory demyelinating process. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed elevated choline and lactate and reduced N-acetyl aspartate signal in the affected white matter, consistent with demyelination and a shift to anaerobic metabolism. Arylsulfatase A activity from peripheral leukocytes was approximately 50% of normal, consistent with a "pseudodeficiency" phenotype. These findings confirm the hypothesis that relative arylsulfatase A deficiency predisposes susceptible individuals to delayed posthypoxic leukoencephalopathy and implicates lactic acidosis in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
Transparency of the cornea of the eye using photonic band structure methods

Summary form only given. The explanation of transparency in the cornea and opacity in the sclera (the white of the eye) has been debated for many years. In this first application of photonic band structure methods to biological systems, eye tissue is modeled as an ordered array of collagen rods embedded in a water-based background. Although the cornea is not perfectly ordered, and the sclera is appreciably disordered, the use of periodic models for which Maxwell's equations can be solved exactly gives a physical understanding that is both clearer and more soundly based than considering the scattering from a single fiber as the basic building block of a theory, because of the difficulty of combining those single-particle-scattering fields in ways that adequately preserve their interference effects.
Magnetostratigraphy of the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union Formations in northeastern Montana

Magnetostratigraphic evaluation of a well-exposed stratigraphic section in northeastern Montana has been undertaken to expand upon and better understand the timing of the Hell Creek and Fort Union Formations and the biological processes recorded within them. Characteristic remanent magnetizations show clear magnetostratigraphic patterning of chrons C28n, C28r, C29n, C29r, C30n, and possibly C30r. Differentially corrected global positioning system coordinates, including elevation, were recorded at each sample site, allowing the magnetostratigraphic framework to be precisely relocated in the fi eld and traced laterally across the landscape. In this way, important chronologic boundaries such as the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary can be projected into or above topography of the surrounding region. Localities in Montana that have been sampled for fossil studies were mapped and correlated to the same stratigraphic sections as the magnetostratigraphy, and so they can be compared directly to the geomagnetic polarity time scale. The new magnetostratigraphy can also be used to relate to other basins of Cretaceous and Paleogene age using information independent from biostratigraphic zonation, making it possible to directly compare the composition of coeval faunas from signifi cantly different latitudes.
Popular Education: An Appropriate Educational Strategy for Community-Based Organizations.

Advice for establishing popular education programs, an adult education strategy particularly relevant to community-based organizations, rests on an understanding of the components of popular education and how they function.
“Making a square fit into a circle”: Researchers’ experiences reusing qualitative data

Although researchers have shown their skepticism of qualitative data reuse due to the epistemological issues, interest in qualitative data reuse has continuously grown. Discussions regarding qualitative data sharing and reuse have also been very active, especially in Europe and Australia. Compared with efforts in other countries, the discussions do not seem to be as prominent in the United States, in spite of a long history of data-depositing and -curating practices and researchers’ reusing qualitative data in some disciplines. This research aims to explore qualitative researchers’ experiences reusing data in the field of social science in US, which have not been empirically addressed yet. The preliminary results from the in-depth interviews with qualitative researchers who have used secondary data are presented, along with the barriers or hindrances to reusing qualitative data and the keys to successful data reuse.
Afterword: reciprocating the hospitality of these pages

In accepting the hospitable invitation to respond to this collection, I draw out the themes of ambiguity and potential danger that hospitality entails for all parties. The vast cultural range of case studies, extending even to the role of mosquitoes in human habitations, perhaps owes something to the capacity of hospitality to enable translation among vastly different levels of social organization. But that is only one dimension of its besetting ambiguity, which can disrupt social certainties of many kinds. In particular, it subverts facile distinctions between disinterested and self-serving actions, and it allows skilled social actors to draw sometimes unexpected degrees of agency from the irony that ritualistic manners and affectations of intimacy both make possible. Resume Dans ma reponse a l'aimable (et hospitaliere) invitation de postfacer ce recueil, je reviendrai sur les themes de l'ambiguite et du danger potentiel que l'hospitalite recele pour toutes les parties. La vaste portee culturelle de ces etudes de cas, qui s'etend meme jusqu'au role des moustiques dans les habitations humaines, s'explique peut-etre en partie par la capacite de l'hospitalitea se manifester a des niveaux tres differents de l'organisation sociale. Ce n'est la, cependant, qu'une dimension de son etonnante ambiguite, capable d'ebranler de nombreuses certitudes sociales. Elle peut, en particulier, subvertir les distinctions faciles entre les actes desinteresses et egoistes, et permet aux acteurs sociaux competents d'identifier des niveaux d'agenceite parfois inattendus dans l'ironie rendue possible aussi bien par les gestes ritualises que par les affectations d'intimite.
Preventing Sexual Transmission of HIV

The risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission during sexual activity is dependent on the infectivity of the HIV-positive individual and the susceptibility of the uninfected partner. HIV is most often transmitted during periods of high HIV load, but factors such as the type of sexual activity and the innate and genetic defenses of the uninfected partner exert a strong influence on the risk of transmission. Certain factors, such as coinfection with other sexually transmitted diseases or the presence of genital lesions in either sexual partner, amplify the risk of transmission that is predicted on the basis of sexual contact alone. In the absence of more-reliable options, such as a vaccine, factors that define HIV infectivity and susceptibility and factors that amplify the risk of HIV transmission, may serve as critical targets for containment of the HIV epidemic.
Effect of beta-sitosterol on regression of hyperlipemia and increased plasma coagulability in the chicken.

Summary1. A cholesterol-induced hyperlipemia was fully counteracted (reduced to normal levels) by feeding beta-sitosterol.2. The decreased plasma clotting times associated with a hyperlipemia returned to control values when a normal lipid level was attained.3. An inverse relationship was demonstrated between plasma clotting time in presence of Russell's viper venom and degree of lipemia; i.e., a hyperlipemia resulted in decreased plasma clotting time, and vice versa. 4. Addition of 4% beta-sitosterol to the diet prevented or reversed an increased lipid and cholesterol concentration in liver and aorta.
Chemoprevention with special reference to inherited colorectal cancer

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) is a model for the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in several respects. One important area in which FAP serves as a model is chemoprevention. Early prevention trials mainly utilized micronutrients and were largely unsuccessful in preventing or causing regression of adenomas. A new era was ushered in by the recognition that antiarthritic doses of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID), sulindac, could actually induce regression of colorectal adenomas in patients with FAP. Follow-up studies showed positive but variable long-term efficacy for colorectal adenomas, but sulindac appears to lack significant benefit in regressing duodenal adenomas or preventing initial occurrence of adenomas in APC mutation carriers. Due to the well-known side effects of traditional NSAIDs, selective COX-2 inhibitors have been studied rather extensively. Celecoxib has shown benefit in regressing colorectal adenomas and appears to have some duodenal activity as well. Rofecoxib, in smaller trials, showed efficacy as well. However, the entire field of NSAID research in chemoprevention is undergoing reexamination in light of recent demonstration of cardiovascular toxicity in nonfamilial or sporadic adenoma prevention trials. Whether NSAIDs will have a significant future in FAP chemoprevention will depend on a sober assessment of risks and benefits. These same issues will likely foster a more intensive search for new agents. FAP will undoubtedly continue to have a lead role in the testing of new agents, both in the interest of FAP management as such, and in anticipation of trials in nonfamilial adenomas, a problem with even greater societal impact. The historical development of chemoprevention in FAP will be presented, with an emphasis on issues of trial design.
A Pair of Mouse KRAB Zinc Finger Proteins Modulates Multiple Indicators of Female Reproduction

Kruppel-associated box-zinc finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs) are the largest class of transcriptional regulators in mammals, yet few have been assigned biological roles. Cloning the genes underlying the regulator of sex-limitation (rsl) phenotype, in which the normally male-specific sex-limited protein (SLP) is expressed in female mice, identified two KRAB-ZFPs, Rsl1 and Rsl2, as influencing sexually dimorphic liver gene expression. Combined absence of both repressors in rsl mice leads to increased expression in female liver of major urinary proteins (MUPs) and certain enzymes of steroid metabolism, as well as SLP. We hypothesized that this altered gene expression might affect reproductive physiology in rsl females. Urinary MUP (uMUP) concentration varied with the estrous cycle in both wt and rsl females but was consistently higher in rsl urine. A behavioral odor test revealed that wild-type (wt) males preferred rsl to wt females, possibly due to elevated uMUPs providing greater pheromone presentation. To ascribe activity to Rsl1, Rsl2, or both, the genes were individually expressed as liver-specific transgenes. RSL2 overexpression accentuated uMUP fluctuations across the estrous cycle, whereas RSL1 overexpression did not. In addition, puberty onset, as indicated by vaginal opening (VO), occurred 2 days earlier in rsl females, and excess RSL2, but not RSL1, restored VO timing to wt. Hence, transcriptional repression by RSL in liver modifies female mouse reproduction via targets that likely impact both hormonal and pheromonal cues. The large and rapidly diversifying KRAB-ZFP family may modulate biological processes, including reproduction, to confer individual differences that may isolate populations and ultimately lead to speciation.
Variation in woody plant δ13C along a topoedaphic gradient in a subtropical savanna parkland

Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract d 13 C values of C3 plants are indicators of plant carbon-water relations that integrate plant responses to environmental conditions. However, few studies have quantified spatial variation in plant d 13 C at the landscape scale. We determined variation in leaf d 13 C, leaf nitrogen per leaf area (Narea), and specific leaf area (SLA) in April and August 2005 for all individuals of three common woody species within a 308 9 12-m belt transect spanning an upland-lowland topoedaphic gradient in a subtropical savanna in southern Texas. Clay content, available soil moisture, and soil total N were all negatively correlated with elevation. The d 13 C values of Prosopis glandulosa (deciduous N2-fixing tree legume), Condalia hookeri (evergreen shrub), and Zanthoxylum fagara (evergreen shrub) leaves increased 1-4% with decreasing elevation, with the d 13 C value of P. glandulosa leaves being 1-3% higher than those of the two shrub species. Contrary to theory and results from previous studies, d 13 C values were highest where soil water was most available, suggesting that some other variable was overriding or interacting with water availability. Leaf Narea was positively correlated with leaf d 13 C of all species (p \ 0.01) and appeared to exert the strongest control over d 13 C along this topoedaphic gradi- ent. Since leaf Narea is positively related to photosynthetic capacity, plants with high leaf Narea are likely to have low pI/pa ratios and therefore higher d 13 C values, assuming stomatal conductance is constant. Specific leaf area was not correlated significantly with leaf d 13 C. Following a pro- gressive growing season drought in July/August, leaf d 13 C decreased. The lower d 13 C in August may reflect the accumulation of 13 C-depleted epicuticular leaf wax. We suggest control of leaf d 13 C along this topoedaphic gradient
Risk of serious cardiac events in older adults using antipsychotic agents.

Abstract Background Antipsychotic agents can lead to severe cardiovascular adverse events due to multiple mechanisms involving electrophysiologic and metabolic effects. Few epidemiologic studies have evaluated the risk of serious cardiovascular-related events in typical and atypical antipsychotic users. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the risk of serious cardiac events in older adults taking typical antipsychotics with those taking atypical antipsychotics. Methods Prescription and medical information were derived from the IMS LifeLink Health Plan Claims database. The study involved a retrospective cohort of older adults (≥50 years) taking atypical or typical antipsychotics from July 1, 2000, to December 31, 2007. The primary outcome measure was hospitalization or emergency room visit due to serious cardiac events, including thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and ventricular arrhythmias within 1 year after the index date. The 2 groups were matched on a propensity score to minimize the baseline differences between the groups. Survival analysis was conducted on the matched cohort to assess the risk of serious cardiovascular events in typical versus atypical users. Results A total of 5580 patients were selected in each antipsychotic users group after propensity score matching. Serious cardiac events were found in 666 (11.9 %) atypical antipsychotic users and 698 (12.4%) typical antipsychotic users. Survival analysis revealed that typical antipsychotic users were at increased risk of serious cardiovascular events compared with atypical antipsychotic users (hazard ratio = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.04–1.40) after controlling for other factors. Conclusions Moderate increases in risk of serious cardiac events are associated with older adults using typical antipsychotic agents compared with atypical users. Health care professionals should carefully evaluate the benefit/risk ratio of antipsychotic agents before prescribing these agents to a vulnerable population.
The Syncytial Drosophila Embryo as a Mechanically Excitable Medium

Mitosis in the early syncytial Drosophila embryo is highly correlated in space and time, as manifested in mitotic wavefronts that propagate across the embryo. In this paper we investigate the idea that the embryo can be considered a mechanically-excitable medium, and that mitotic wavefronts can be understood as nonlinear wavefronts that propagate through this medium. We study the wavefronts via both image analysis of confocal microscopy videos and theoretical models. We find that the mitotic waves travel across the embryo at a well-defined speed that decreases with replication cycle. We find two markers of the wavefront in each cycle, corresponding to the onsets of metaphase and anaphase. Each of these onsets is followed by displacements of the nuclei that obey the same wavefront pattern. To understand the mitotic wavefronts theoretically we analyze wavefront propagation in excitable media. We study two classes of models, one with biochemical signaling and one with mechanical signaling. We find that the dependence of wavefront speed on cycle number is most naturally explained by mechanical signaling, and that the entire process suggests a scenario in which biochemical and mechanical signaling are coupled.
Valuing and Rewarding Ecosystem Services From Rangelands

On the Ground Ecosystem services are the wide array of benefits that people gain from natural ecosystems but many are not paid for nor is their future supply guaranteed. Many attempts are being made to define, measure, and value these natural services in order to secure their future—many of these methods are theoretical. Finding practical ways to reward land managers for providing elevated levels of services and protecting the capacity of range resources to provide those services is a challenge—theory well precedes practice. Range landscapes typically encompass heterogeneous ecological units dominated by native vegetation and have the capacity to provide different levels of ecosystem services depending on both site features and local management. Ecological Site Descriptions are potentially valuable for organizing information related to management options to achieve ecosystem service objectives and provide benchmarks for stewardship rewards or compliance expectations.
TANOR: A Tool for Accelerating N-Body Simulations on Reconfigurable Platform

Algorithm-architecture co-exploration is hindered by the lack of efficient tools. As a consequence, designers are currently able to explore only a limited set of points in the whole design space. Therefore, a tool that can allow fast exploration of algorithmic and architectural tradeoffs in an automated manner is highly desired. In this paper, we describe TANOR an automated tool targeted for designing hardware accelerators for the class of N-body interaction problems. The design flow, starting from a high level (MATLAB) description, configures the entire system automatically. We describe the design of TANOR and demonstrate the effectiveness and adaptability of our tool using three different target applications, namely, the gravitational kernel used in astrophysics, the gaussian kernel common in image processing applications, and a force calculation kernel applied in molecular dynamics. Our results demonstrate that TANOR generates hardware accelerator that are competitive with existing custom accelerator.
Reservoir Screening for EOR Potential for the Western North Slope, Alaska

The Western North Slope of Alaska is an oil-rich zone located in the Colville river unit close to the Eastern boundary of National Petroleum Reserve Alaska. With an objective to find better enhanced oil recovery solutions and improve recoveries, four reservoirs from the Western North Slope were screened for different enhanced oil recovery methods to find the most suitable option. Based on the initial screening, gas injection was found to be the preferred method. This was followed by the determination of optimum injection gas compositions for Western North Slope reservoirs and their rank, thereby developing a new ranking methodology for gas flooding projects. The work was accomplished via a combination of two custom developed Excel spreadsheets for the determination of minimum miscibility pressure and enrichment respectively and several numerical experiments carried out using a compositional reservoir simulator, the results of which were applied for parametric ranking of the four Western North Slope reserv...
Monaural Spectral Contrast Mechanism for Neural Sensitivity to Sound Direction in the Medial Geniculate Body of the Cat

Imig, Thomas J., Pierre Poirier, W. Andrew Irons, and Frank K. Samson. Monaural spectral contrast mechanism for neural sensitivity to sound direction in the medial geniculate body of the cat. J. Ne...
CT Evaluation of Chest Pain: Acute Coronary Syndrome and Acute Aortic Syndrome

Chest pain is a common presenting symptom among patients visiting emergency departments (EDs) in the US and is responsible for over 5.5 million visits annually second only to abdominal pain [1]. However, the number of patients ultimately diagnosed with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), either ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI), unstable angina, or a non-ST elevation MI, is <20% [2]. The prevalence of acute aortic chest pain is one to two orders of magnitude less than chest pain due to ACS [3]. For every 130 patients with ACS, there is only one patient with an aortic cause of chest pain.
Temporal Properties of Chronic Cochlear Electrical Stimulation Determine Temporal Resolution of Neurons in Cat Inferior Colliculus

As cochlear implants have become increasingly successful in the rehabilitation of adults with profound hearing impairment, the number of pediatric implant subjects has increased. We have developed ...
Total and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E in the serum and nasal mucosa of a nonallergic population.

Background There has been a growing interest in measuring allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) directly from the nasal mucosal epithelium of individuals with sinonasal disease. However, there is currently no normative data with which to estimate sensitivity, specificity, and the appropriate positive cutoff level for new testing methods. Methods Twenty individuals with no history of sinonasal disease or food allergies underwent serum IgE testing and nasal mucosal brush biopsy (MBB) testing for total and sIgE to 7 common airborne allergens and 1 food allergen. The correlation between sIgE in serum and nasal samples was determined at both the 0.10-kU/L and 0.35-kU/L positive cutoff levels. Results sIgE at the 0.35-kU/L cutoff level was detected for at least 1 allergen in 7 of 20 (35%) participants in both the serum and nose. At the 0.10-kU/L cutoff level, 8 of 20 (40%) and 19 of 20 (95%) participants had sIgE to at least 1 allergen in the serum and nose, respectively. At the 0.35-kU/L cutoff level, total serum IgE levels were significantly higher when at least 1 allergen was detected in the nose (p = 0.01). There was a strong association between sIgE in the serum and nasal mucosa (p < 0.0001) at both cutoff levels. Conclusion The significant association between serum and nasal samples for both total and sIgE suggests that nasal IgE and serum IgE are not independent of one another. Understanding levels of IgE in the nonallergic population will help answer the questions surrounding sensitization as new diagnostic tests for locally-present IgE become available.
Metabolism of Concanavalin A-Affinity Molecular Variants of Alpha-Fetoprotein in Rats

Serum half-lives of unfractionated rat alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), concanavalin A (Con A)-nonreactive AFP, and Con A-reactive AFP in normal 45- to 55-day-old male and female F344 rats were determined to be 19 hours. No significant differences were seen between the half-lives of unfractionated AFP and either of the two Con A-affinity molecular variants of AFP studied. No evidence of interconversion of the Con A-affinity AFP variants during 24 hours in the circulation was found. These results supported the conclusion that the proportions of Con A-affinity molecular variants of AFP in the sera of fetal, newborn, and hematoma-bearing rats result from differences in the relative synthesis rates of the two variants.
Ingestible Biosensors for Real-Time Medical Adherence Monitoring: MyTMed

Medication nonadherence complicates the management and treatment of chronic disease. Nonadherence to medications is associated with significant mortality, accelerated disease progression, and increased health care costs. My/Treatment/Medication (MyTMed) is a novel adherence monitoring system that obtains direct measures of medication adherence/nonadherence. MyTMed consists of 1) a "digital pill" with a radiofrequency emitter that activates on contact with gastric pH, 2) a relay Hub that captures the radiofrequency signal and transmits it to 3) a cloud based server that connects patient and physicians via a bidirectional interface. In our increasingly mobile world, MyTMed is able to provide medication ingestion data and deliver interventions in real time that support adherence. We describe the patientcentered design of MyTMed as well as the behavioral theory supporting the interface architecture.
Erythroblastosis fetalis due to factor c(hr'); a practical method for investigating sensitization to Rh subgroup factors.

Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn) is a disease wherein the clinical laboratory attains special achievement, inasmuch as the diagnosis, prognosis, and prescription for therapy may be provided by means of laboratory procedures. As a matter of fact, a great deal may be accomplished prior to the birth of the patient. Thus, it seems worthwhile to re-emphasize 2 points that are pertinent to this problem in the average clinical laboratory: 1. The staff of the laboratory should be prepared for a practical solution to the problem when the disease is the result of factors other than D(Rh0). Allen 1 estimated that AB, K, c, E, and C factors account for approximately 20 per cent of all instances of erythroblastosis fetalis. Recent papers u indicate that ABOincompatibility may be the cause of erythroblastosis fetalis more frequently than previously recognized, but most of these patients have only a slight degree of disease that might be overlooked. Even the obvious clinical cases pose a vexing diagnostic problem that will not be discussed in this paper. 2. The cross-matching procedure should include technics that enable detection of incompatibilities of minor groups. This is highly important, owing to the fact that the routine procedures for typing usually include the identification of only 3 of at least 16 blood factors that are clinically significant, and cross-matching is relied upon for the detection of incompatibility from the other factors. This paper deals with a case of erythroblastosis fetalis that resulted from sensitization to c(hr') factor; a delay in accurate diagnosis and adequate therapy was attributable to the use of an unreliable cross-matching technic that is used rather commonly. Further studies with methods that may be used in the average clinical laboratory revealed that sensitization to c(hr') factor was the underlying cause of the erythroblastosis.
Monitoring and Assessment of Chemical Pollution of Foods in Chengdu in 2007

Objective By monitoring heavy metal and food additive contained in the food in Chengdu,to get the pollution status of heavy metal and usage status of food additive in the food,identify the food that might be polluted,so as to provide scientific basis for municipal government of Chengdu to make food safety strategy and build food safety system.Method Periodical monitoring spots of chemical pollutants in 20 districts of Chengdu have been established,and with principle of random sampling,grain,bulk cooked meat,cooked soybean product,bulk cake,aquatic product,preserved egg and pork were sampled for detecting lead,cad- mium,nitrite,dehydroacetic acid and propionate in them according to national standards.Results There were 1 004 samples for detecting,The qualification rate of lead in the food was 95.6%,in which,the quali- fication rate of grain was the lowest(80%).The qualification rate of cadmium in the food was 96.1%,while, the qualification rate of aquatic products was the lowest (93.2%).The qualification rate of nitrite in bulk cooked meat was 89.9%.The qualification rate of dehydroacetic acid in fermented bean curd was only 78.9%,and qualification rate of propionate in bulk cake was 100%.Conclusion The level of lead in the food seriously exceeds the standard limit,and the level of residue nitrite in bulk cooked meat exceeds the standard limit.The new food additive such as dehydroacetic acid,is seriously overused.It is recommended that the related departments should strengthen detection and supervision to grain,bulk cooked meat,and all kinds of new food additives.
Novel anti-brain tumor cytotoxins specific for cancer cells.

The vast majority of brain cancers (gliomas) express a receptor (R) for interleukin 13 (IL13). In order to achieve specific targeting of the IL13R in gliomas, we have mutagenized human (h) IL13. The mutation was made to alter IL13 interaction with the shared functional IL13/4 normal tissue receptor, but not with the glioma-associated receptor. We have thus produced MIL13.E13K (glutamic acid at position 13 changed to lysine) and fused it to derivatives of Pseudomonas exotoxin A. The hlL13.E13K-based cytotoxins are less active on normal cells and thus less toxic, and are better antitumor agents compared with the cytotoxins containing nonmutagenized hlL13.
Comparison of Planning in 10kV and 20kV Distribution Voltage

The application of 20kV distribution voltage and practical experiences have been proved that it can reduce the line losses effectively and save energy remarkably.Before application of 20kV voltage,we should carry to analysis and verification actively.In the paper,the main problems be considered on the comparison of planning in 10kV and 20kV distribution voltage,are scale of construction in the future,security level of power supply,voltage quality,economic benefit and conservation of energy.According to the development tendency of 20kV distribution network,some suggestions are put forward.
The effects of high concentrations of ionic liquid on GB1 protein structure and dynamics probed by high-resolution magic-angle-spinning NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract Ionic liquids have great potential in biological applications and biocatalysis, as some ionic liquids can stabilize proteins and enhance enzyme activity, while others have the opposite effect. However, on the molecular level, probing ionic liquid interactions with proteins, especially in solutions containing high concentrations of ionic liquids, has been challenging. In the present work the 13C, 15N-enriched GB1 model protein was used to demonstrate applicability of high-resolution magic-angle-spinning (HR-MAS) NMR spectroscopy to investigate ionic liquid–protein interactions. Effect of an ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, [C4-mim]Br) on GB1was studied over a wide range of the ionic liquid concentrations (0.6–3.5 M, which corresponds to 10–60% v/v). Interactions between GB1 and [C4-mim]Br were observed from changes in the chemical shifts of the protein backbone as well as the changes in 15N ps-ns dynamics and rotational correlation times. Site-specific interactions between the protein and [C4-mim]Br were assigned using 3D methods under HR-MAS conditions. Thus, HR-MAS NMR is a viable tool that could aid in elucidation of molecular mechanisms of ionic liquid–protein interactions.
Utilization of Mental Health Services and Mental Health Status Among Children Placed in Out-of-Home Care: A Parallel Process Latent Growth Modeling Approach

This longitudinal study examined the parallel trajectories of mental health service use and mental health status among children placed in Florida out-of-home care. The results of growth curve modeling suggested that children with greater mental health problems initially received more mental health services. Initial child mental health status, however, had no effect on subsequent service provision when all outpatient mental health services were included. When specific types of mental health services, such as basic outpatient, targeted case management, and intensive mental health services were examined, results suggested that children with compromised functioning during the baseline period received more intensive mental health services over time. However, this increased provision of intensive mental health services did not improve mental health status, rather it was significantly associated with progressively worse mental health functioning. These findings underscore the need for regular comprehensive mental health assessments focusing on specific needs of the child.
Economic Science and Social Reform

Contemporary Economics theory prescribes “perfect” knowledge and “absolute” freedom from constraint on its economic actors. This triumph of the subjunctive prescription over the indicative description precludes treating Economics as in any way an empirical discipline on the model of the flourishing empirical sciences. Here Economics’ practitioners have fallen into (or retained) pre-modern habits of thought involving, as we have seen, both empirical arbitrariness and mathematical and other theoretical gaffes. Researchers have amassed troves of information and analysis about economic behavior, and this could—should—provide the basis for a socially reforming empirical Economics science stripped off its now omnipresent subjunctive and ideological trappings, as is here explored.
USEPA Case Studies Database for MTBE Remediation

As of January 2002, the USEPA has established a database of 244 MTBE case studies on their website (USEPA, 2002). MTBE remediation case studies spanning the last 10 years are tabulated in the database. The purpose of the database is to provide information and guidance to project managers trying to determine the best approach to managing their MTBE release. The database can be accessed and searched on-line.
A physical model of thermal vacancies within the CALPHAD approach

Abstract A physical model is proposed to enable a unified thermodynamic treatment of the vacancy-bearing solid and the gas. It also solves the long-standing controversy in modeling the vacancies in solids within the CALPHAD approach. The model parameters are related to quantities that can be calculated by first-principles or measured experimentally. The vapor pressure of tungsten is calculated using the proposed model and methods, achieving satisfactory agreement with experimental data. It is pointed out that the site fraction is an order parameter in the present model that can be used to describe sublimation.
Phylogenetic analysis of the SINA/SIAH ubiquitin E3 ligase family in Metazoa

The RAS signaling pathway is a pivotal developmental pathway that controls many fundamental biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, movement and apoptosis. Drosophila Seven-IN-Absentia (SINA) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that is the most downstream signaling “gatekeeper” whose biological activity is essential for proper RAS signal transduction. Vertebrate SINA homologs (SIAHs) share a high degree of amino acid identity with that of Drosophila SINA. SINA/SIAH is the most conserved signaling component in the canonical EGFR/RAS/RAF/MAPK signal transduction pathway. Vertebrate SIAH1, 2, and 3 are the three orthologs to invertebrate SINA protein. SINA and SIAH1 orthologs are found in all major taxa of metazoans. These proteins have four conserved functional domains, known as RING (Really Interesting New Gene), SZF (SIAH-type zinc finger), SBS (substrate binding site) and DIMER (Dimerization). In addition to the siah1 gene, most vertebrates encode two additional siah genes (siah2 and siah3) in their genomes. Vertebrate SIAH2 has a highly divergent and extended N-terminal sequence, while its RING, SZF, SBS and DIMER domains maintain high amino acid identity/similarity to that of SIAH1. But unlike vertebrate SIAH1 and SIAH2, SIAH3 lacks a functional RING domain, suggesting that SIAH3 may be an inactive E3 ligase. The SIAH3 subtree exhibits a high degree of amino acid divergence when compared to the SIAH1 and SIAH2 subtrees. We find that SIAH1 and SIAH2 are expressed in all human epithelial cell lines examined thus far, while SIAH3 is only expressed in a limited subset of cancer cell lines. Through phylogenetic analyses of metazoan SINA and SIAH E3 ligases, we identified many invariant and divergent amino acid residues, as well as the evolutionarily conserved functional motifs in this medically relevant gene family. Our phylomedicinal study of this unique metazoan SINA/SIAH protein family has provided invaluable evolution-based support towards future effort to design logical, potent, and durable anti-SIAH-based anticancer strategies against oncogenic K-RAS-driven metastatic human cancers. Thus, this method of evolutionary study should be of interest in cancer biology.
A History of Foot Patrol

This chapter reviews the role of foot beats within the wider context of police patrols. Starting prior to the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, the chapter examines the place of foot beats from Peel’s London to the political era of nineteenth-century big city American policing. It then charts the decline of foot patrols as professionalization takes over US police agencies, when radios and fast cars made walking on foot appear outdated and inefficient. While the rise of experimentation and the growth of the community policing movement heralded a return to foot beats, police executives were often employing foot officers as a replacement for cars on beats too large to effectively police. The end of the chapter points to the next chapter that specifically addresses attempts to measure the effect of smaller, more focused foot patrols in Philadelphia.
Demonstration of a shape memory alloy torque tube-based morphing radiator

Long-distance crewed space exploration will require advanced thermal control systems (TCS) with the ability to handle a wide range of thermal loads. The ability of a TCS to adapt to the thermal environment is described by the turndown ratio. Developing radiators with high turndown ratios is critical for improving TCS technology. This paper describes a novel morphing radiator designed to achieve a high turndown ratio by varying its own radiative view factor and effective emissivity through the use of shape memory alloys (SMAs). This radiator features two SMA torque tubes cantilevered to a rigid fixture. The working fluid is transported within the SMA tubes through an annular flow system. In a cold environment, radiator panels fixed to the free ends of the tubes are oriented vertically in a parallel-plate fashion, where the high-emissivity interior faces have restricted views to the environment and heat rejection is minimized. When the system heats up, the tubes actuate by twisting in opposing directions, bringing the panels to a horizontal position with the interior faces exposed to maximize heat rejection. When the system cools down, the tubes twist in reverse, restoring the panels to the vertical orientation where heat rejection is again minimized. This variable heat rejection system has the potential for achieving higher turndown ratios than those of current state-of-the-art systems. A benchtop prototype has been designed and tested to demonstrate actuation and to explore internal heat transfer effects. Prototype design, testing, and results are herein described.
LADR: low-cost application-level detector for reducing silent output corruptions

Applications running on future high performance computing (HPC) systems are more likely to experience transient faults due to technology scaling trends with respect to higher circuit density, smaller transistor size and near-threshold voltage (NTV) operations. A transient fault could corrupt application state without warning, possibly leading to incorrect application output. Such errors are called silent data corruptions (SDCs).In this paper, we present LADR, a low-cost application-level SDC detector for scientific applications. LADR protects scientific applications from SDCs by watching for data anomalies in their state variables (those of scientific interest). It employs compile-time data-flow analysis to minimize the number of monitored variables, thereby reducing runtime and memory overheads while maintaining a high level of fault coverage with low false positive rates. We evaluated LADR with 4 scientific workloads and results show that LADR achieved
Novel Approaches and Applications of Steroid Hormone Delivery Via Poly(Dimethylsiloxane)

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) has been used to deliver steroid hormones to animals since the 1960’s and commercial poly-(dimethylsiloxane) based delivery systems for estradiol and progestins are currently available. Studies were conducted with androgens to develop poly(dimethylsiloxane) delivery systems that would maintain relatively constant blood testosterone concentrations in ruminant females for six months. All androgens tested passed through the poly(dimethylsiloxane) in vivo at rates proportional to surface area and increased blood testosterone concentrations relatively proportionally to the secretion rate. Implants with testosterone propionate incorporated in poly(dimethylsiloxane): (1) maintained relatively constant blood testosterone concentrations in vivo for six months and maintained more constant blood testosterone concentrations than commercially available implants (nonpoly (dimethylsiloxane) containing testosterone propionate, (2) evoked an anabolic effect in heifers, (3) maintained male sexual behavior in female ruminants and (4) prenatally androgenized female ruminants. The poly(dimethylsiloxane) implants not only facilitated therapy but also enhanced efficacy and in some cases eliminated side effects.
General equilibrium asset pricing model: three applications to land markets

Part I tests the present value model in aggregate and disaggregate land markets, based on the testable restrictions derived from the representative agent dynamic asset pricing model. The hypothesis of cointegration between land prices and rents is formulated and tested by using data on Iowa land prices and rents over the 1950-1986 sample periods. I found mixed evidence in regard to implications of the model. At the aggregate level, there exists evidence of cointegration between land prices and cashrents but not between cropshare rents and land prices. When both types of contracts are considered, there is stronger evidence of a cointegration relationship between land prices and rents. There is less evidence of cointegration at the disaggregate level. One possible explanation of the conflicting results between the aggregate and disaggregate levels is that micro bubbles from local speculation in disaggregate markets are washed out in the aggregate market;Part II investigates spatial market efficiency of land markets. The spatial land markets efficiency hypothesis implies the existence of a long run relationship between land prices in different geographical areas. Long-run equilibrium in relative land prices suggests that a cointegration relationship should exist across markets. The empirical results supported cointegration in one-half of the tests. Stronger evidence that markets have a long run equilibrium relationship was obtained in adjacent markets;Part III examines the risk-return relationships in farmland markets to establish the existence or absence of effects corresponding to the equity puzzle found in financial markets. Two measures of risk, the market beta and the consumption beta, are estimated for two contracts used in farmland markets: the cropshare contract and cashrent contract. The results reveal no significant differences in betas between the two contracts. The low beta estimates indicate that farmland contributes little systematic risk to a well-diversified asset portfolio or a consumption path.
The control of oocyte survival by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Mechanisms that control the survival of oocytes and, by extension, the duration of ovarian function have been identified. However, it is still not clear whether oocyte “quality” is related to survival, nor is the role of the granulosa cells of follicles in follicle survival entirely understood. Here, we consider oocyte-intrinsic and oocyte-extrinsic mechanisms of oocyte loss and argue that developing a better understanding of such physiological events is needed to protect fertility, fecundity, and ovarian function in women.
Thinness and Hyperthinness

Concepts of “small” or in some sense exceptional sets play essential roles in many parts of analysis, probability theory as well as in both classical and probabilistic potential theory. There are many examples: sets of first category, sets of measure zero, polar sets, are all examples of such “small” sets. In many situations one has to compare these sets: although a set of first category is small and so is a set of measure zero, these sets are not the same. In potential theory a concept of “smallness” of a set at a point is of special interest. More precisely, the concept of a set thin at a point is of major interest in potential theory. Originally, this notion arose in classical potential theory in conjuction with Dirichlet problem. Here, the ultimate characterization of regularity is a necessary and sufficient condition due to N. Wiener [7]. THe so-called Wiener’s test gives necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of capacity for a point of a set to be irregular, i.e., for a set to be thin at a point. (See more in [3], [4], [5], [6]).
Traumatic atlanto-occipital dissociation: No longer a death sentence.

Abstract Background Traumatic atlanto-occipital dissociation is considered highly unstable and was once believed to be uniformly fatal. With recent advances in prehospital care, coupled with early diagnosis and stabilization, these injuries are potentially survivable. The aim of this study was to identify potentially modifiable risk factors associated with improved outcomes after a traumatic atlanto-occipital dissociation. Methods Patients with traumatic atlanto-occipital dissociation over a 17-year period were identified and stratified by age, sex, injury severity, and severity of shock. Time to diagnosis, time to and method of stabilization, and mortality were compared. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine which factors were independent predictors of mortality. Results Fifty-two patients were identified with a mean age of 44, an admission Glasgow Coma Score of 8, and an Injury Severity Score of 34; of these 52 patients, 38 (73%) underwent stabilization. Overall mortality was 33%. Of the survivors, 34 patients (97%) were discharged neurologically intact. One patient was discharged with neurologic deficits. Multivariable logistic regression identified admission Glasgow Coma Score (odds ratio 0.7; 95% confidence interval 0.552–0.877) as the only independent predictor of death after traumatic atlanto-occipital dissociation. Conclusion Traumatic atlanto-occipital dissociation remains a rare injury following blunt trauma. Clinical presentation is a predictor of mortality. Prompt diagnosis is crucial in promoting rapid stabilization and improving survivability. Survival to hospital discharge portends improved functional outcome.
Instability in the Skeletally Immature Patient

Skeletally immature patients are at higher risk for acute traumatic patellar dislocation compared to older patients. Evidence suggests that a significant percentage of skeletally immature patients who sustain a patellar dislocation will go on to develop recurrent patellar instability. Management of patellofemoral instability in the skeletally immature patient has a unique set of challenges, both non-operatively with compliance, perception, and expectation and operatively with important and technically challenging physeal considerations. Surgical treatment has shifted away from non-anatomic extensor mechanism realignments to physeal-sparing anatomic reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL). In addition, implant-mediated guided growth can be effective in correcting genu valgum angular deformities in growing patients with associated recurrent patellar dislocations. Proper patient selection and patient-specific surgical technique are essential to ensure best outcomes.