cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competitions in Layered Ruthenates: Ferromagnetism versus Antiferromagnetism and Triplet versus Singlet Pairing

Involvement of O in magnetism leads to ferromagnetic fluctuations in ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{RuO}}_{4}$, while $\mathrm{Ca}{}_{2}{\mathrm{RuO}}_{4}$ is antiferromagnetic, suggesting a possibility of antiferromagnetic fluctuations in ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{RuO}}_{4}$ as well. Our calculations show that the ferro- and antiferromagnetic fluctuations coexist, leading to an instability in ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}{\mathrm{RuO}}_{4}$ and to a competition between $p$- and $d$-wave superconductivities in ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{RuO}}_{4}$. The antiferromagnetism is due to the nesting, with $\mathbf{Q}\ensuremath{\approx}(2\ensuremath{\pi}/3a,2\ensuremath{\pi}/3a,0)$. The $p$-wave state is more stable than the $d$-wave one except in close vicinity of the magnetic instability. The $d$-wave state has a vanishing gap in one out of three bands; in the $p$ channel it is comparable in all three bands.
ULTRASONIC SURFACE WAVE DETECTION TECHNIQUES IN FRACTURE MECHANICS

This paper is concerned with recent applications of ultrasonic acoustic waves to characterizing fatigue-crack propagations in “part-through-crack” (PTC) specimens.
Cell Permeability: a Factor in the Biotin-Oleate Relationship in Lactobacillus arabinosus II. Effect of Oleic Acid and Other Surfactants on Free Biotin Uptake

Bound biotin-saturated cells were incubated in the presence of biotin and glucose (37 C, pH 7.5) with or without oleic acid, Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80, Aerosol OT, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Triton X-100, Non-Ion-Ox, and Haemo-Sol. With low concentrations (up to 5 μg/ml) and short reaction times (up to 10 min), oleic acid stimulated free biotin accumulation. Increased concentrations (10 to 50 μg/ml) or reaction times (10 to 30 min) caused progressive reductions in uptake or increased release of previously accumulated vitamin. Combination of Tween 40 (1 mg/ml) with oleic acid (up to 50 μg/ml) detoxified oleic acid and stimulated free biotin uptake. Oleic acid (5 μg/ml or more) reduced cell viability, an effect which was overcome by Tween 40. All other surfactants tested stimulated free biotin accumulation at sublethal concentrations. Aerosol OT and SDS exhibited the same degree of stimulatory activity as detoxified oleic acid; however, at concentrations higher than 200 μm, a rapid decrease in vitamin accumulation was observed which paralleled that caused by increased oleic acid concentrations. The results suggest that oleic acid and other surfactants affect the permeability of cells of Lactobacillus plantarum (formerly called L. arabinosus) in a similar manner.
Turnover of Protein and Ribonucleic Acid in Synaptic Subcellular Fractions from Rat Brain

Abstract The time courses of the radioactive labels in subcellular fractions from cerebral cortex of mature rats following intraventricular injection of 14C-orotate and 3H-leucine were followed from 4 hours to 12 weeks. Special attention was directed to fractions obtained from nerve endings by sucrose gradient centrifugation. After initial transients, the declines in radioactive labels usually followed first order kinetics from 2 to 12 weeks. Within experimental error, the τ values for RNA in all fractions except the nuclear were the same, i.e. 12 ± 1 days. The value of τ in days for protein labels included: mitochondria, 20; synaptic vesicles, 21; synaptic membranes, 21; nerve ending soluble protein, 22; cell body soluble, 16; ribosomes, 12. The nuclei included long lived components (τ g 40 days) of both RNA and protein. These results indicate that both synaptic vesicles and the adjacent membranes are in a dynamic steady state with respect to protein synthesis, but there is no evidence that vesicles are appreciably broken down as a consequence of electrical activity of the neurons.
Neuropsychiatry of Huntington's disease

Psychiatric manifestations are an integral part of Huntington's disease. They may be divided into those syndromes which resemble idiopathic disorders, but for which HD patients may be particularly at risk, those constellations which are peculiar to HD and related conditions, such as the executive dysfunction syndrome, and those symptoms that can truly be regarded as nonspecific, such as delirium. Most of these problems are believed to arise from subcortical neuropathologic changes. Major depression is a common psychiatric diagnosis, but the executive dysfunction syndrome, a difficult-to-define condition characterized by often simultaneous apathy and disinhibition, may be even more widespread. There are no large controlled studies of psychiatric treatments in HD, but case series, anecdotal reports, and clinical experience indicate that many of these syndromes respond readily to treatment. Further study of the neuropsychiatry of HD may help to reveal the underpinnings of psychiatric conditions found in the general population.
Relativistic motion in a constant field and the schott energy

The Lorentz-Dirac equation of motion for a particle moving in a uniform magnetic field is solved in a form consistent with the idea of Bhabha that the physical solutions be continuous functions of the interaction constant when the value of the constant approaches zero. Using this solution, we show explicitly how the Schott energy plays an essential role in the energy balance characterizing the motion. Similar considerations for the Schott energy are shown to apply in the case of motion in a uniform electric field. An approximate expression for the Schott energy associated with a particle moving in an arbitrary constant field is derived.
No-free-lunch result for interval and fuzzy computing: when bounds are unusually good, their computation is unusually slow

On several examples from interval and fuzzy computations and from related areas, we show that when the results of data processing are unusually good, their computation is unusually complex. This makes us think that there should be an analog of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle well known in quantum mechanics: when we an unusually beneficial situation in terms of results, it is not as perfect in terms of computations leading to these results. In short, nothing is perfect.
Magnesium, inflammation, and obesity in chronic disease

About 60% of adults in the United States do not consume the estimated average requirement for magnesium, but widespread pathological conditions attributed to magnesium deficiency have not been reported. Nevertheless, low magnesium status has been associated with numerous pathological conditions characterized as having a chronic inflammatory stress component. In humans, deficient magnesium intakes are mostly marginal to moderate (approximately 50% to <100% of the recommended dietary allowance). Animal experiments indicate that signs of marginal-to-moderate magnesium deficiency can be compensated or exacerbated by other factors influencing inflammatory and oxidative stress; recent studies suggest a similar happening in humans. This suggestion may have significance in obesity, which is characterized as having a chronic low-grade inflammation component and an increased incidence of a low magnesium status. Marginal-to-moderate magnesium deficiency through exacerbating chronic inflammatory stress may be contributing significantly to the occurrence of chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, and cancer.
An integrated confocal and magnetic resonance microscope for observing living cells

We have combined a confocal fluorescence optical microscope and a magnetic resonance microscope into one instrument to image simultaneously a living cell system. The high spatial resolution confocal and high spectral resolution magnetic resonance microscope produces a set of closely linked, complementary images. To enhance the value of this image set, we have also developed a statistical method, local linear modeling, to predict a high spatial resolution magnetic resonance image from the confocal optical and magnetic resonance image pair. This high spatial, high spectral resolution image offers insights not available in images obtained from separate studies, nor available in the viewing the image pair as is. This paper presents first results from application of this instrument and local linear modeling, a statistical prediction technique, to a calibration phantom and a Xenopus laevis oocyte cluster.
The electron distribution in vanadium

Abstract It is shown that thr apparent, disrrepanry for b.c.r. vanadium inrtal between the large charge density and small rnornenturn density anisot, ropies ran be resolved by contracting the 3d triply-degenerate radial wavefunctions which point, towards the nearest neighbours and expanding the 3d doubly-degenerate radial yavefunctions which point towa.rds the second-nearest, neighbours.
Degradation of proteins by guinea pig intestinal enzymes

Abstract Insulin, insulin B-chain, albumin and azoalbumin were used as model proteins to evaluate the proteolytic activity of different gastrointestinal tract sections in guinea pigs. Brush border membrane enzymes and luminal enzymes (supernatant and pellet) were isolated from the small intestine and colon of guinea pigs and the cleavage of the above mentioned proteins studied. The results clearly indicate that small intestine brush border and luminal enzymes possess a higher proteolytic activity compared to the colon. The total proteolytic activity of the small intestine toward insulin and insulin B chain was 4.4 and 12 times greater, respectively, than of the colon. The degradation patterns of insulin and insulin B chain cleavage by small intestinal luminal enzymes at about 50% degradation were compared with those of chymotrypsin, trypsin and elastase. While the insulin degradation occurred by all three enzymes, the insulin B chain was predominantly cleaved by trypsin. The degradation rate of unfolded proteins, i.e., insulin B chain and azoalbumin was much faster than the degradation rates of insulin and albumin, both with luminal and brush border membrane enzymes. The results obtained support the hypothesis that the colon demonstrates decreased enzymatic activity (compared to SI) and is a route for possible oral administration of protein drugs.
Deprivation/enhancement fantasy patterns in children.

Summary.-Previous studies have shown that females tell stories that change from negative experiences (deprivation) to positive experiences (enhancement) and males tell stories that change in the opposite direction. The current study examines this phenomenon in children using a different story-telling procedure. Results were not consistent with those of previous studies. Studies by May (1966, 1969, 1971) have shown that females tell stories that show a movement from a negative experience (deprivation) ro a positive experience (enhancement), while males tell stories with reverse movement. One study examined children's stories and found these sex differences in deprivation/enhancement patterns in fifth graders but not in kindergarteners through third graders (Cramer & Bryson, 1973). Freud (1933) believed that women have to repress their aggression and that this repression results in erotic destructive tendencies which he termed feminine masochism. Deutsch (1944) elaborated on Freud's theory of ferninine masochism. Deutsch's theory states that the female's fantasy is divided into two parts. The first is the masochistic part, in which sexual tension is produced, and the second is termed the amorous act, which supplies the delights of love. Deutsch believed that this masochistic-amorous pattern is a necessary aspect of the woman's being. May (1966) theorized that the female's fantasy pattern will elicit this masochistic-amorous pattern which he describes as deprivation followed by enhancement. May (1966) drew upon Murray's (1955) ascension-descension cycle in describing the male's fantasy pattern. Murray believed that the male wishes to overcome gravity or be a success (ascension) but has an underlying fear of falling or failing (descension). This is what May used as his basis for suggesting that males will show an enhancement-deprivation fantasy pattern. May (1971) used two stimulus pictures. The first depicted a male and female circus performer swinging on trapezes, and the second a child running in a field with a bird soaring overhead. Cramer and Bryson (1973) used these two pictures plus Card 1 and Card 17BM from the TAT. The present study examined deprivation/enhancement patterns in children using a differ
Alpha manganese and the frank kasper phases

Transition metal alloys often form in a group of structures, known as topologically-closepacked, TCP, systems. The TCP phases, which include the o, A15 and Laves systems among others, form in brittle complex structures. In a classic pair of papers Frank and Kasper defined the TCP systems by considering the packing of twelve and higher-fold triangulated coordination polyhedra, the higher-fold ones involving negative disclinations (''major ligands'' in Frank and Kaspers' notation). Frank and Kasper considered the crystal structures allowed subject to two principles: that lines of disclinations extend all the way across the crystal and that planar atomic layers containing certain patterns occur. The Frank-Kasper polyhedra which arise are the (0,0,12), (0,0,12,2), (0,0,12,3) and (0,0,12,4), i.e. there is no thirteen-fold polyhedron since it would appear that a disclination would have to halt at such a site. Frank and Kasper catalogued a number of structures then known, some subsequently observed and others which have yet to be observed. There is a particular problem with the ..cap alpha..Mn structure which is often lumped in with the TCP phases because of the way its occurrence is juxtaposed with them in sequences of transition metal alloys. However, there are MnIII sites which are reported tomore » have the not allowed 13-fold (as well as other sites with allowed 12 and 16-fold) coordination. Pearson has noted that the MnIII sites have a 14th neighbor at a distance which is intermediate between the first and second shells of neighbors and suggested that the MnIII might lie at a severely distorted Frank-Kasper (0,0,12,2) site.« less
Addition of Organocuprates to α-Iodoalkyl Trimethylsilyl Ethers Formed from Aldehydes and Trimethylsilyl Iodide

Abstract Reaction of organocuprates with the α-iodoalkyl trimethylsilyl ethers formed by the addition of trimethylsilyl iodide to aldehydes affords good yields of the secondary alcohols after aqueous work—up.
A Novel Functional Translocator Protein Ligand for Cancer Imaging

The translocator protein (TSPO) is an attractive target for tumor imaging due to its up-regulation in numerous cancer cell types. Here, we report a series of functional TSPO ligands, n-TSPOmbb732, which can be conjugated to a variety of signaling moieties and are widely applicable in TSPO-targeted molecular imaging. Two fluorescent dye-labeled 6-TSPOmbb732 displayed nanomolar binding affinities to TSPO and were successfully imaged in vitro.
Multi-platform RF emitter localization using extremum seeking control

In recent years there has been growing interest in Ad-hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for a variety of indoor applications. Thus, recent developments in communications and RF technology have enabled system concept formulations and designs for low-cost radar systems using state-of-the-art software radio modules. Position-Adaptive radar concepts have been formulated and investigated at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) within the past few years. Adopting a position-adaptive approach to the design of distributed radar systems shows potential for the development of future radar systems that function under new and challenging environments that contain large clutter discretes and require co-functionality within multi-signal RF environments. In this paper, we present the simulation performance analysis on the application aspect. We apply Extremum Seeking Control (ESC) schemes by using the swarm seeking problem, where the goal is to design a control law for each individual sensor that can minimize the error metric by adapting the sensor positions in real-time based on cross-path loss exponents estimates between sensors, thereby minimizing the unknown estimation error. As a result we achieved source seeking and collision avoidance of the entire group of the sensor positions.
A Competitive Test of the M1 (i) and M1 (im) Bargaining Sets

Two game theoretic solution theories, the M1(i) bargaining set and the M1(im) modified bargaining set, were tested competitively in six three-person games with side-payments. Subjects were 90 males who participated in 30 bargaining groups. Results showed that M1(im) is significantly and consistently superior to M1(i) in predicting the distribution of payoffs in these conflicts (p <.01). Results are discussed in terms of the formal differences between the theories.
Some features of the large geomagnetic tides in the horizontal force at Huancayo

The effects of the lunar tide-producing force, so clearly recognizable day by day in the oceanic tides, are veiled in the lower atmosphere by much larger non-tidal movements. Nevertheless, long series of barometric readings have yielded accurate information about the lunar atmospheric tides. Lunar variations have also been found in the geomagnetic force components; they may be called “geomagnetic tides” since these lunar daily magnetic variations ∟ have been linked by the dynamo-theory with tidal motions in the ionosphere. They are the result of a comparatively simple large-scale experiment which is performed daily by the Moon on the Earth and which, involving only gravitational forces, is more easily interpreted than the solar daily variations S, in which magnetic effects of the tidal forces are rather inextricably mixed with those produced by simultaneous daily changes in solar-heat radiation and ionizing power. The study of ∟ yields information about the lunar tidal motions as well as about the changes of total ionization in the ionosphere.
Toxicity of allelochemicals from wild insect-resistant tomatoLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum toCampoletis sonorensis, a parasitoid ofHeliothis zea.

Greenhouse-grown plants of five tomato lines varying in their level of 2-tridecanone-mediated resistance toManduca sexta (L.) andLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) were found to adversely affect larvae ofCampoletis sonorensis (Cameron), a larval endoparasitoid ofHeliothis zea (Boddie), in a manner directly related to their level of resistance. The parasitoid larvae, which emerge as fifth instars from their host and construct a cocoon on the foliage of their hosts' host plant, suffered extensive mortality during cocoon spinning on highly resistant foliage. Mortality was greatest (82%) on the highly resistant plants ofLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum (accession PI 134417) and an F1 backcross [(L. esculentum × PI 134417) × PI 134417] selection. Mortality was intermediate (40 and 28%, respectively) on backcross selections with moderate and low levels of resistance and least (8%) on susceptibleL. esculentum. Removal of the glandular trichomes, which contain 2-tridecanone in their tips, from the foliage eliminated differences in parasitoid mortality among plant lines.
Plasmid-associated virulence factors of non-toxigenic (pX01−) Bacillus anthracis

The anthrax toxins and capsule, encoded by plasmids pX01 and pX02, respectively, are the only known virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis and are considered essential for full virulence. Some B. anthracis strains cured of pX01, such as delta Ames-1, remained virulent for mice. The virulence was partially mediated by pX02, as determined by phage transduction. pX02 plasmids from the delta Ames-1 and Pasteur strains were mutagenized with transposon Tn917 to identify loci associated with virulence. The capsule phenotype, virulence and pX02 restriction pattern of the insertion mutants were characterized. Two mutants that produced no detectable capsule were avirulent. One had a deletion of more than 20 kb, which included the structural genes required for capsule synthesis (cap); the second had an insertion outside of cap. Two mutants with reduced encapsulation had insertions at different sites outside cap and were less virulent, whereas one that was normally encapsulated, but had a high rate of pX02 curing, was unaltered in virulence. Mutants that produced greater amounts of capsule than the parental strain were more virulent, and a few that produced wild-type levels of capsule were less virulent.
Equilibria and kinetics of lac repressor-operator interactions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

We describe the use of gel electrophoresis in studies of equilibrium binding, site distribution, and kinetics of protein-DNA interactions. The method, which we call protein distribution analysis, is simple, sensitive and yields thermodynamically rigorous results. It is particularly well suited to studies of simultaneous binding of several proteins to a single nucleic acid. In studies of the lac repressor-operator interaction, we found that binding to the so-called third operator site (03) is 15-18 fold weaker than operator binding, and that the binding reactions with the first and third operators are uncoupled, implying that there is no communication between the sites. Pseudo-first order dissociation kinetics of the repressor-203 bp operator complex were found to be temperature sensitive, with delta E of 80 kcal mol-1 above 29 degrees C and 26 kcal mol-1 below. The half life of the complex (5 min at 21 degrees C) is shorter than that reported for very high molecular weight operator-containing DNAs, but longer than values reported for much shorter fragments. The binding of lac repressor core to DNA could not be detected by this technique: the maximum binding constant consistent with this finding is 10(5) M-1.
Studies on the carrier function of phosphatidic acid in sodium transport. I. The turnover of phosphatidic acid and phosphoinositide in the avian salt gland on stimulation of secretion.

Incubation of slices of the salt gland of the albatross with acetylcholine, which is the physiological secretogogue for this tissue, led to a 13-fold increase in the rate of incorporation of P32 into phosphatidic acid and a 3-fold increase in the incorporation of P32 and inositol-2-H3 into phosphoinositide. The incorporation of P32 into phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine was increased relatively slightly or not at all. Respiration was doubled. The "phospholipid effect" occurred in the microsome fraction, which is known to contain fragments of the endoplasmic reticulum. The enzymes, diglyceride kinase and phosphatidic acid phosphatase, which catalyze the stimulated turnover of phosphatidic acid in brain cortex, were also found in highest concentration in the microsome fraction. The phosphatides which respond to acetylcholine are bound to protein in the membrane. On the basis of these findings it appears that phosphatidic acid and possibly phosphoinositide participate in sodium transport. A scheme, termed the phosphatidic acid cycle, is presented as a working hypothesis, in which the turnover of phosphatidic acid in the membrane, catalyzed by diglyceride kinase and phosphatidic acid phosphatase, functions as a sodium pump.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

INTRODUCTIONGestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) encom-passes a spectrum of disease arising from uncon-trolled growth of placental trophoblastic tissue,with a spectrum of severity ranging from pre-malignant hydatidiform mole through malignantinvasive mole, choriocarcinoma, placental-sitetrophoblastic tumor (PSTT), and the extremelyrare epithelioid trophoblastic tumor. Early, accu-rate diagnosis of GTD is necessary to avoidmorbidity associated with delayed diagnosisfrom multidrug chemotherapy and surgery. Mosthydatidiform moles are benign, although a smallpercentage maypersist asinvasive moles or prog-ress to choriocarcinoma and PSTT.Pelvic ultrasonography is the initial investigationof choice, as it aids in excluding a normal preg-nancy, detecting the molar pregnancy and, insome cases, assessing the local tumor extent.Routine use of antenatal ultrasonography in earlypregnancy has brought forth a significant changein the most frequently encountered findings ofmolar pregnancy from the classic “cluster ofgrapes” or “snowstorm” appearance to that ofmissed abortion or failed pregnancy. Magneticresonance (MR) imaging of the pelvis better delin-eates the extent of myometrial and extrauterine in-vasion in invasive mole and choriocarcinoma, andcan serve as a problem-solving tool in selectcases. The current cure rate of GTD exceeds
Cholelithiasis, Cholecystectomy, and Liver Disease

OBJECTIVES:Cholelithiasis and fatty liver disease share some important risk factors, such as central obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. We sought to determine whether persons with cholelithiasis or a history of cholecystectomy were more likely to have elevated serum liver enzymes or to devel
The needs assessment in continuing medical education

The needs assessment component of a continuing medical education grant proposal document describes why a specific programme should be developed. Medical writers frequently play a central role in producing the needs assessment as an important first step in the development of an educational activity. By focusing on very specific practice gaps, and highlighting how the programme would help close those gaps, the medical writer plays a critical role in helping accredited sponsors document educational needs, and subsequently obtain funding for the activity.
Digital cinema system using JPEG2000 movie of 8 million pixel resolution

We have developed a prototype digital cinema system that can store, transmit and display extra high quality movies of 8-million pixel resolution, using JPEG2000 coding algorithm. The image quality is 4 times better than HDTV in resolution, and enables us to replace conventional films with digital cinema archives. Using wide-area optical gigabit IP networks, cinema contents are distributed and played back as a video-on-demand (VoD) system. The system consists of three main devices, a video server, a real-time JPEG2000 decoder, and a large-venue LCD projector. All digital movie data are compressed by JPEG2000 and stored in advance. The coded streams of 300~500 Mbps can be continuously transmitted from the PC server using TCP/IP. The decoder can perform the real-time decompression at 24/48 frames per second, using 120 parallel JPEG2000 processing elements. The received streams are expanded into 4.5Gbps raw video signals. The prototype LCD projector uses 3 pieces of 3840×2048 pixel reflective LCD panels (D-ILA) to show RGB 30-bit color movies fed by the decoder. The brightness exceeds 3000 ANSI lumens for a 300-inch screen. The refresh rate is chosen to 96Hz to thoroughly eliminate flickers, while preserving compatibility to cinema movies of 24 frames per second.
Synchronization of chaotic maps through a noisy coupling channel with application to digital communication

While synchronization of coupled chaotic systems has been the subject of intensive research, many issues in this field remain open. Among the most important of these is robustness to channel noise: Can synchronization be guaranteed even if the coupling channel is noisy? This issue is of great significance if coupled chaotic systems are to find use in communications, as has been suggested by some researchers. In this paper, we show that chaotic maps can indeed be synchronized reliably even in the presence of some types of channel noise, simply through the use of thresholding. This synchronization is reliable and rapid enough to be useful in digitally implemented systems with finite precision. We also outline a simple communication scheme using the proposed synchronization method. S1063-651X9900901-0
Determining the sex of neonatal mice (Mus musculus)

Several laboratory investigators have routinely sexed neonatal mice (e.g., Barraclough & Leatham, 1954; Cowley & Wise, 1972; Drickamer, 1974; Haggett & Werboff, 1968; Kennedy & Brown, 1970; Machado, 1957; Vom Saal, Gandelman, & Svare, 1976), but their reports seldom describe the methods used. Moreover, the vast majority of research reports employing manipulations of neonatal mice utilize procedures that suggest an inability to make neonatal gender assessments. For example, the most common published neonatal manipulation involves androgen administration to females. The typical method for neonatally androgenizing females is to treat all newly born animals in a litter with androgen. The control subjects, neonatally treated with the oil vehicle, come from other litters. Female subjects are subsequently separated from males at weaning, when sex determinations are made more easily. The ability to sex neonatal mice is quite useful. Aside from obvious benefits for studies involving neonatal gonadectomy and/or hormone administration, this ability permits a much greater degree of experimental control. For example, if neonatal gender assessments can be made, error variance due to litter effects may be reduced by selective culling of litters and by conterbalanced designs (across treatment groups by split litter). These two techniques are especially relevant when a small number of litters provide the experimental subjects.
Analysis of amalgam cavity design.

T In a previous laboratory study designed to analyze features of Class II amalgam cavity design,l it was found that restorations placed in cavities having inter-proximal axial retention grooves demonstrated the highest resistance to bulk fracture when compared with restorations of other designs. To test the significance of these results, a subsequent clinical evaluation of two cavity designs was conducted .* One design had no retentive features, whereas the other differed only with respect to the addition of two inter-proximal axial retention grooves placed with a 69L bur. Restorations in this clinical study were placed only in mandibular second premolar where incipient lesions indicated conservative or narrow-width cavity designs. The results showed no evidence of bulk fracture for either of the two designs tested. At the completion of this study, several questions were raised: Would the absence of bulk fracture prevail for restorations in molar teeth, in wide as well as narrow cavity designs, and what would be the influence of different amalgam alloys? In addition, what would be the effect of inter-proximal axial retention grooves on the proximal extrusion of the amalgam restoration out of the cavity preparation? This is a phenomenon commonly attributed to clinically placed amalgam restorations that have been in service a considerable time. The purpose of this study was to resolve these questions by introducing into the experimental design the additional factors of restoring molar teeth, including all cavity preparations regardless of proximal widths, and varying the amalgam alloys. In addition to the recording of the incidence of bulk fracture, proximal extrusion was measured.
Human‐Machine Function Allocation in Manufacturing Systems: A Review

The history, successes, failures and future needs that relate to the allocation of functions to humans and/ or machines in manufacturing environments are presented. The various methodologies that have been proposed for performing function allocation are discussed. The basic process involves matching the capabilities and limitations of the particular human or automated system with the requirements imposed by the manufacturing operation. This process can range from a global, systems approach down to the delineation of specific capabilities of humans and automated systems. Both recent advances and obstacles to the effective allocation of tasks to humans or machines based on the capabilities of each are presented. The current status and the areas where future research and development are needed are discussed.
Solubility in Binary Solvent Systems: Comparison of Predictive Equations Derived from the NIBS Model

Article discussing the solubility in binary solvent systems and a comparison of predictive equations derived from the Nearly Ideal Binary Solvent (NIBS) model.
Curiethérapie dans les sarcomes des tissus mous

Soft tissue sarcomas are rare tumors with a high risk or local recurrence and a risk of distant metastases. Standard treatment advocated is the combination of conservative resection and external radiotherapy. Brachytherapy is an integrated part of the multidisciplinary treatment. Brachytherapy can increase local control with good functional results. Primary exclusive brachytherapy has been used and is effective and safe in high grade sarcomas (randomized trial of MSKCC). Brachytherapy seems to be important as part of the treatment of central localization (shoulder, groin) and sarcomas with positive resection margins, but its relation with external radiotherapy has to be defined. Brachytherapy used with special guidelines allows to obtain an improved local control with an acceptable level of complication.
Exposure-disease continuum for 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (2-CdA), a prototype teratogen: induction of lumbar hernia in the rat and species comparison for the teratogenic responses.

Background The purine analog 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (2-CdA) caused ocular and limb defects in the mouse and rabbit. The current study examined the teratogenic potential of this drug in the rat and compared the adverse developmental outcomes with the other species. Methods Timed-pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of various doses of 2-CdA ranging from 5–60 mg/kg, at gestational day (GD) 9.5 and GD 14. 2-CdA concentrations in maternal serum and embryos were measured by HPLC and termed fetuses were prepared for teratological examination. Results Full-litter resorption was seen in dams receiving 50 mg/kg of 2-CdA at GD 9.5, whereas post-implantation loss was significantly increased and fetal weights significantly reduced at 40 mg/kg. Gross examination of the surviving fetuses revealed microphthalmia, a shortened body trunk and lumbar hernia, manifested by a soft mass protrusion at the lumbar region on one or both sides of the spine. Incidence of these defects increased in a dose-dependent fashion. Histological examination indicated that the hernia was associated with hypoplasia of the body wall, poorly developed skeletal muscle bundles surrounding the vertebral column in the lumbar region, and an absence of the lateral muscle groups that allowed protrusion of the abdominal viscera. The lumbar hernia was generally accompanied by spina bifida, deformed ribs and a wide spectrum of soft tissue-abnormalities that included kidney, genitourinary and heart defects. At GD 14, exposure to 2-CdA at 60 mg/kg produced oligodactyly in one of six litters. Conclusions 2-CdA produced similar ocular defects in the rat and mouse, although the incidence was much lower in the former species. In contrast, the drug-induced lumbar hernia was only seen in the rat. These apparent disparities were not readily explained by species differences in pharmacokinetic parameters. the similarities between the teratological features of 2-CdA-induced lumbar hernia in the rat and the clinical description of lumbocostovertebral syndrome, however, may provide a key to unlock the etiology of this rare birth defect in humans. Teratology 66:6–18, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Broad-band light-emitting diode for 1.4-2.0 μm using variable-composition InGaAs quantum wells

We describe a novel broad-band light-emitting diode employing InGaAs quantum wells with different bandgaps. The device structures were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on InP substrates and consist of three In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As quantum wells (x=0.4, 0.53, and 0.66) imbedded in the p-doped region of an InAlAs p-n junction diode. Electrons injected into the p-region are captured into the wells and recombine with holes to produce radiation at the three bandgap wavelengths. Broad-band emission over a large wavelength range (1.4-2.0 /spl mu/m) is easily achieved with this approach. These novel solid-state sources have a variety of potential applications, for example, in miniature spectrometer and sensor systems. >
Reading‐disabled students with and without comorbid arithmetic, disability

Two subgroups of learning disabled students, reading disabled only (RD) and reading/arithmetic disabled (RAD), were contrasted at two age levels, 8 to 12 years old and 12 to 17 years old. At both age levels, RAD students were significantly poorer spellers and weaker on the Arithmetic and Coding subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) than RD‐only students. The younger subgroups were also differentiated by four other WISC‐R sub‐tests: Information, Similarities, Comprehension, and Block Design. The adolescent subgroups differed on the new Symbol Search subtest of the WISC‐III. The subgroups did not differ at either age level on phonological skills, memory tasks, naming speed, and picture vocabulary. Nor did they differ on parent ratings of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Evidence is presented that arithmetic disabled children fall relatively further behind with increasing age. A core weakness in reading and arithmetic disability is processing speed, and students wi...
Early Postmortem Injection and Tumble Marination Effects on Broiler Breast Meat Tenderness

Abstract Several processors use inline injection and tumble marination practices to decrease labor costs and product handling. However, the stimulation of this early postmortem (PM) muscle may cause increased toughness. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare marination of early PM meat by using injection, vacuum tumbling, or both to determine their effects on tenderness of broiler breast fillets. Breast fillets from 45 broilers were deboned at 3 h PM and injected, tumbled (30 min, 635 mmHg, 14 rpm), or injected + tumbled with a 10% solution of 0.54%. NaCl + 0.42% sodium tripoly phosphate (STPP). Nonmarinated controls deboned at 3 and 6 h PM were also included. Shear value, sarcomere length, and cook loss were determined on each of the fillets. The control and tumbled fillets had the highest shear value compared with the remaining 3-h treatments. The injected + tumbled and tumbled fillets had the highest cook loss followed by 3-h control and injected treatments. Tumble marination at 3 h PM produced significantly tougher meat then the injection treatment. Experiment 2 was conducted to test marinade penetration through the fillets because penetration could have affected the results of the previous study. Broiler breast fillets were deboned from 60 broilers at 3 h PM and were vacuum tumbled (30 min, 635 mmHg, 14 rpm) with a 15% solution of 0.54% NaCl and 0.42% STPP. We determined shear value and cooked meat moisture of the fillets and sodium ion migration into the fillets. Although there were no significant differences in shear value between control and tumbled fillets, the cooked meat moisture was significantly higher in tumbled fillets when compared with the controls. Sodium ion concentration was significantly higher on the surface (especially the lateral surface) of the fillets when compared with the center, which suggested some uneven distribution.
Nonparametric causal effects based on marginal structural models

Abstract A parametric marginal structural model (PMSM) approach to Causal Inference has been favored since the introduction of MSMs by Robins [1998a. Marginal structural models. In: 1997 Proceedings of the American Statistical Association. American Statistical Association, Alexandria, VA, pp. 1–10]. We propose an alternative, nonparametric MSM (NPMSM) approach that extends the definition of causal parameters of interest and causal effects. This approach is appealing in practice as it does not require correct specification of a parametric model but instead relies on a working model which can be willingly misspecified. We propose a methodology for longitudinal data to generate and estimate so-called NPMSM parameters describing so-called nonparametric causal effects and provide insight on how to interpret these parameters causally in practice. Results are illustrated with a point treatment simulation study. The proposed NPMSM approach to Causal Inference is compared to the more typical PMSM approach and we contribute to the general understanding of PMSM estimation by addressing the issue of PMSM misspecification.
Actinomycin D-associated lesions mimicking DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks detected by alkaline elution in cultured mammalian cells.

Abstract Cultured human fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations of actinomycin D, a DNA intercalating agent, and studied by various alkaline elution techniques for the presence of DNA lesions. DNA-protein crosslinks increased proportionately with increasing actinomycin D, with 1.53 crosslinks/10 6 nucleotides after 5 μg/ml exposure. However, in the single-strand DNA break assay, elution of DNA initially increased as expected with increasing actinomycin D but thereafter decreased, with only 0.09 breaks/10 6 nucleotides detected after 25 μg/ml exposure, suggesting the presence of DNA crosslinking. A standard alkaline elution assay for DNA-DNA crosslinking was performed, and lesions which mimicked such crosslinks were detected, with a relative crosslink frequency of 2.30 after 5 μg/ml exposure. These actinomycin D-associated lesions diappeared when the alkaline elution procedure was modified to include additional proteinase digestion and use of the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the elution buffer, suggesting that they represented undigested DNA-protein crosslinks or nonspecific protein on the filters inhibiting DNA elution. Greater than ten times as many DNA-protein crosslinks were detected in fibroblasts than the number of single-strand DNA breaks after cellular exposure to actinomycin, even after determining breaks using the modified methodology for decreasing cellular protein interference. The data suggest that the actinomycin-DNA complex is associated with the formation of DNA-protein crosslinks which represent lesions other than endonuclease-associated DNA strand scission.
Defect Evolution in Coated Tubes Under Severe Thermal Transients Applied to the ID

The effects of severe thermal-transients on coated substrates with indentation-induced, blister type defects were analyzed using finite-element methods. Both explicit and implicit approaches were used depending on the timeframe under scrutiny. For the modeling, an axisymmetric mesh and cohesive zone elements was used to assess the transient thermal- and stress-states and the propensity for fracture related damage and evolution. For all calculations (and when available), temperature dependent thermophysical and elastic properties were used during the analysis. The model also utilized uniform heating across the surface imposed via convective coefficients and a piece-wise linear pressure function. Preliminary results indicated complex interactions between the boundary conditions and their timing and the resulting propensity for damage evolution. Given the need for robust coatings, the modeling procedures developed during this study will have important ramifications for coated tube designs and the evaluation of candidate materials.© 2011 ASME
A Direct Micromechanical Approach toward the Development of Quadratic Stress Gradient Failure Criteria for Textile Composites

Based upon previous results of direct micromechanical method (DMM) analysis of the representative volume element (RVE) of a plain-weave textile composite, two methods for predicting failure envelopes are presented: a parametric ellipse-fitting scheme, and a 27-term quadratic stress-gradient failure criterion. Both include the consideration of micro level stress gradients and effectively predict failure in agreement with the DMM. The parametric ellipse-fitting method was found to agree with DMM results to within a few percent. The quadratic failure criterion was found to agree within 9.3%, but the method is more robust in its ability to predict failure for complex loading cases.
Infrared absorption of small silicon particles with oxide overlayers

The infrared optical absorption coefficient for spherical particles coated with a dielectric mantel and imbedded in a nonabsorbing dielectric medium has been predicted based on calculations of the average dielectric function. The theory represents an extension of the continuum, volume-averaging model of Genzel and Martin. The average dielectric function is calculated, and the consequences are considered for the case of Si-SiO2 dispersed in CsI. The average absorption coefficient is displayed for intrinsic and doped Si spheres with a range of oxide mantel thicknesses. The absorption spectra are seen to be dominated by the absorption of the SiO2, even for very thin layers. Structure is predicted in the average absorption coefficient between 1100 and 1300 cm−1 which has no counterpart in either SiO2 or Si (with or without free carriers). The structures, though different in origin, are reminiscent of the “antiresonance” and nearby high frequency strong absorption previously found only for surface plasmon-surface phonon interactions in small spheres. Der Infrarot-Absorptionskoeffizient von kugelformigen Teilchen mit dielektrischer Oberflachenschicht, eingebettet in einem nichtleitenden Dielektrikum, wird aus Berechnungen der gemittelten dielektrischen Funktion vorhergesagt. Diese Theorie stellt eine Erweiterung des Kontinuumsmodells mit Volumenmittelung von Genzel und Martin dar. Die mittlere dielektrische Funktion wird berechnet und das Ergebnis auf Si-SiO2, dispergiert in CsJ, angewandt. Der mittlere Absorptionskoeffizient fur reines und dotiertes Si wird fur verschiedene Dicken der Oxydschicht dargestellt. Es zeigt sich, das die SiO2-Absorption selbst fur sehr dunne Schichten das Absorptionsspektrum bestimmt. Zwischen 1100 und 1300 cm−1 wird eine Struktur im Absorptionskoeffizienten vorausgesagt, fur die sich weder bei SiO2 noch bei Si (mit oder ohne freie Ladungstrager) ein Gegenstuck findet. Die Strukturen erinnern, obgleich sie anderen Ursprungs sind, an die “Antiresonanz” und ihrer benachbarten hoherfrequenten starken Absorption, die kurzlich fur reine Oberflachenplasmon-Oberflachenphonon-Wechselwirkung in kleinen Kugeln gefunden wurden.
Interference in Identifying Tactile Patterns: Response Competition and Temporal Integration

When two vibrotactile spatial patterns–one target and one nontarget pattern-are presented to the same location, subjects may have difficulty in identifying the target pattern. The difficulty may be in part the result of the target's and nontarget's being processed to the point of evoking competing responses. Subjects err by responding with the nontarget. Target identification may also be interfered with because the target and nontarget form a composite pattern through temporal integration, and subjects are unable to separate the features of the target and nontarget patterns. The present study addressed the issue of whether a response competition explanation of interference is consistent with the existence of temporal integration and the formation of composite patterns. A series of three experiments examined temporal integration and its relationship to response competition. The results indicate that both temporal integration and response competition can occur under similar stimulus conditions, and that bot...
Operant conditioning in the indigo snake

It was demonstrated that indigo snakes can be conditioned to operate a contact relay and press a key. The other major findings were: (1) Water can be an effective positive rein forcer for snakes; (2) the cumulative records of snakes show a step-shaped pattern; (3) snakes can respond at high rates for short periods of time; (4) snakes can sustain an FR4 schedule; and (5) moulting does not completely disrupt the effects of conditioning.