cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple acceptors for pheromonal enantiomers on single olfactory cells in the Douglas-fir beetle,Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).

Olfactory perception of pheromonal enantiomers by male and female Douglas-fir beetles,Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was investigated by electrophysiological techniques and behavioral bioassays. Electroantennograms (EAGs) and single-cell responses indicated both sexes to be more responsive to racemic frontalin and the (−)-enantiomer at lower dosages. At higher dosages, little difference was noted in responses to either enantiomer. However, response to the racemic mixture at higher dosages was slightly greater than responses to either enantiomer alone. In laboratory behavioral bioassays, responses to low concentrations of (−)-frontalin and the racemic mixture exceeded response to the (+)-enantiomer alone. At a higher concentration, responses to the racemic mixture or either enantiomer alone did not differ. The results indicate that separate enantiomer-specific acceptors may exist on the same pheromone receptor cell.
Synthesis of the C22-C40 Domain of the Azaspiracids.

An efficient synthesis of the C22–C40 domain of the azaspiracids is described. The synthetic route features a Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi (NHK) coupling and chelation controlled Mukaiyama aldol reaction to access an acyclic intermediate and a double-intramolecular-hetero-Michael addition (DIHMA) to provide the FG-ring system bridged ketal.
Resistance of Blattella germanica to three commonly used insecticides in Baoshan district of Shanghai

Objective To investigate the resistance of Blattella germanica to deltamethrin,propoxur,beta-cypermethrin in Baoshan district of Shanghai in 2010,and give guidance to use insecticides scientifically.Methods The method of contact with chemical insecticides in jar was used.Results The KT50 of field-collected population of B.germanica to deltamethrin,propoxur,beta-cypermethrin were 48.86,25.39 and 34.79 min respectively.The resistance ratios to deltamethrin,propoxur,beta-cypermethrin were 9.18,1.83 and 6.09 respectively.Conclusion The field-collected population of B.germanica from Baoshan district of Shanghai have developed resistance to deltamethrin and beta-cypermethrin,but they are susceptible to propoxur.
Identification and analysis of 2 strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated from food

Objective:To carry out biochemical and PCR identification of Vibrio cholerae firstly isolated from food in shiyan city,know the pathogenic characteristic and toxigenicity,and provide reference for the prevention and control of cholera.Methods:Samples include food(frozen shrimp,pork,chicken and so on) collected from some local market and environmental sewage were detected for V.cholerae.Isolates according with O1 serotype were identified toxigenic genes by PCR methods.Results:Two strains of V.cholerae O1 serotype biotype E1 Tor were isolated from frozen shrimp and raw pork in 52 samples,with positive rate was 3.8%.The result of toxigenic detection indicated that two isolates didn't have ctxA,tcpA,zot and ace genes.Conclusion:Although V.cholerae separated from food were non-toxigenic strains,surveillance should be strengthened to prevent the outbreak and prevalence of cholera due to the appearance of toxigenic V.cholerae.
The effect of early versus late physical maturation on adolescent behavior.

Are the behavioral effects of early versus late maturation short-term or do they influence the whole course of adult life? Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that have probed these interrelationships are reviewed, and stimulating questions posed for future research.
The role of muscle stem cell–niche interactions during aging

Two recent studies have shown that alterations in muscle stem cell–niche interactions during aging underlie the functional decline in regenerative potential. The reconstitution of this communication restores stem cell function and enhances skeletal muscle repair.
Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus differs in Dutch and first generation migrant populations in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: a cross-sectional study.

In the last decade hepatitis E virus (HEV) is increasingly recognized as a cause of acute viral hepatitis in developed countries. HEV is transmitted via the fecal-oral route. In countries like the Netherlands, HEV infection is suspected to be a zoonosis but HEV may also be introduced by migrants. We studied the seroprevalence of HEV among different migrants, mainly Moroccans and Turks, and compared this to that of the native Dutch population in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey of the adult Amsterdam population performed in 2004; the Amsterdam Health Monitor. A total of 1199 plasma samples were tested for IgG-and IgM antibodies to HEV using the Wantai kit according to instructions of the manufacturer. Basic demographic data (gender, age, country of birth, and age at immigration) were used in the analyses. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) serology data were available from a previous study. The total weighted anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence in the overall Amsterdam population was 26.7 %, based on 1199 samples. In the study population (not-weighted) this HEV seroprevalence was 157/426 (36.9 %) for the Dutch participants and it was 161/257 (62.6 %) for Moroccans, 99/296 (33.4 %) for Turks and 42/220 (19.1 %) for other ethnicities. HEV seroprevalence increased significantly with age. First-generation Moroccan migrants (44.0 %) had a significantly higher weighted HEV seroprevalence than the Dutch participants (29.7 %). In the first generation Turks (20.3 %) and first generation migrants from other countries (16.7 %) this weighted seroprevalence was lower, but this was only significant for the ‘other ethnicities’. The median age of migration was significantly higher in the Moroccan and Turkish migrants who were HEV IgG positive versus HEV IgG negative. However, when stratifying for age at time of study, median migration age was only significantly different for HEV sero-status for younger Turks and younger ‘other ethnicities’. HEV IgM antibodies were found in 0.6 % (n = 7) of participants and none were positive for HEV RNA, showing that there were no acute infections. Despite the common route of fecal-oral transmission for both viruses, there was no relation between HEV and HAV seropositivity. Within the multi-ethnical capital city of Amsterdam the HEV seroprevalence in first generation migrant populations differed from each other and from the autochthonous Dutch population. The relation between being HEV seropositive and a higher median age of migration suggests that younger migrants got more often infected in their country of origin than in the Netherlands.
ASSESSMENT of RETINAL BLOOD FLOW in DIABETIC RETINOPATHY USING DOPPLER FOURIER-DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY

Purpose To evaluate retinal blood flow measurements in normal eyes and eyes with varying levels of diabetic retinopathy (DR) using Doppler Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT). Methods Twenty-two eyes of 19 subjects, 10 with severe nonproliferative DR (NPDR) and 12 with proliferative DR (PDR), were compared with 44 eyes of 40 healthy control subjects. All eyes were scanned by RTvue FD-OCT. Color disk photographs and cube/volume scans of the optic nerve head were obtained. Doppler OCT scans and accessory imaging data were imported into Doppler OCT of Retinal Circulation grading software to calculate TRBF and vascular parameters (e.g., venous and arterial cross-sectional area). Measurements were compared between cases and controls using independent t-tests. Results Mean TRBF was 44.98 ± 9.80 (range: 30.18-64.58) µL/minute for normal eyes, 35.80 ± 10.48 (range: 20.69-49.56) µL/minute for eyes with severe NPDR, and 34.79 ± 10.61 (range: 16.77-48.9) µL/minute for eyes with PDR. Mean TRBF was significantly lower in eyes with severe NPDR (P = 0.01) and PDR (P = 0.003) than in normal eyes. Conclusion Total retinal blood flow was significantly lower in eyes with severe NPDR and PDR compared with normal eyes. Retinal blood flow determined by Doppler OCT may be a useful parameter for evaluating patients with DR.
Antiarrhythmic Therapy to Prevent Atrial Fibrillation after Cardiac Surgery

Cardiac surgery and the postoperative state are associated with increased catecholamine levels [1]. Therefore, beta-blockers are logical agents to prevent atrial fibrillation in this setting. Indeed, many trials have shown a benefit with prophylactic beta-blockade [2-9]. However, the data regarding beta-blockers must be interpreted with caution. Some of the apparent benefit of beta-blockers may be explained by beta-blocker withdrawal in patients assigned to placebo. In addition, many of the beta-blocker trials excluded patients with left ventricular dysfunction and obstructive lung disease, and patients undergoing concomitant valvular surgery. Because of the limitations of beta-blockers and because there is a significant incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation despite beta-blocker prophylaxis, other pharmacological approaches to prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation have been investigated.
Loop-Free Convergence With Unordered Updates

This paper studies the feasibility of minimizing convergence delay and forwarding disruption without carrying any additional bits in the IP header, to provide high availability despite link failures in traditional IP networks. Previously proposed mechanisms achieve two of these three objectives by trading off the other objective. For instance, the ordered forwarding information base updates approach may prolong the convergence delay, whereas the SafeGuard scheme requires carrying the path cost in the IP header. As a better alternative, we propose a scheme called fast convergence with fast reroute (FCFR), which combines the features of IP fast rerouting and interface-specific forwarding. We show that FCFR can achieve minimal convergence delay, while ensuring loop-free delivery during convergence, after a single non-partitioning failure in an IP network, without altering the IP header format, making it amenable for immediate deployment.
Intussusception of the appendix mimicking appendicitis during pregnancy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Intussusception occurs when a segment of bowel and its associated mesentery telescopes into the lumen of the adjacent distal bowel. Appendiceal intussusception is a rare form of ileocoloc intussusception, is rarely diagnosed preoperatively, can mimic appendicitis and has not been previously reported during pregnancy. CASE: A 31-year-old gravid woman at 271/7 weeks' gestation presented with symptoms suggestive of acute appendicitis and was found at laparoscopy to have complete appendiceal intussusception. CONCLUSION: The list of causes of abdominal pain in pregnancy is very long, but the presence of right-sided abdominal tenderness with guarding and rebound are highly suggestive of acute appendicitis. Regardless of preoperative imaging, because the morbidity, and even mortality, from appendicitis is the morbidity of delay, early surgical intervention is recommended. This is a case of complete appendiceal intussusception mimicking acute appendicitis, but the treatment of both conditions is appendectomy.
14-3-3z sequesters cytosolic T-bet, upregulating IL-13 levels in TC2 and CD8+ lymphocytes from patients with scleroderma.

Background IL-13–producing CD8 + T cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2–driven inflammatory human conditions. We have shown that CD8 + IL-13 + cells play a critical role in cutaneous fibrosis, the most characteristic feature of systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying production of IL-13 and other type 2 cytokines by CD8 + T cells remain unclear. Objective We sought to establish the molecular basis of IL-13 overproduction by CD8 + T cells from patients with SSc, focusing on T-bet modulation of GATA-3 activity, which we showed to underlie IL-13 overproduction in CD8 + IL-13 + cells from patients with SSc. Methods Biochemical and biophysical methods were used to determine the expression and association of T-bet, GATA-3, and regulatory factors in CD8 + T cells isolated from the blood and lesional skin of patients with SSc with severe skin thickening. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis determined GATA-3 binding to the IL-13 promoter. ImageStream analysis and confocal microscopy visualized the subcellular localization of T-bet and GATA-3. Transcript levels were decreased by small interfering RNAs. Results Interaction of T-bet with the adaptor protein 14-3-3z in the cytosol of CD8 + T cells from patients with SSc reduces T-bet translocation into the nucleus and its ability to associate with GATA-3, allowing more GATA-3 to bind to the IL-13 promoter and inducing IL-13 upregulation. Strikingly, we show that this mechanism is also found during type 2 polarization of CD8 + T cells (T C 2) from healthy donors. Conclusions We identified a novel molecular mechanism underlying type 2 cytokine production by CD8 + T cells, revealing a more complete picture of the complex pathway leading to SSc disease pathogenesis.
Mechanical Testing of Elevated Temperature PMC, Metallic, and CMC Coupons

A cornerstone of structural integrity is the proper use and characterization of structural materials. Improper materials characterization or use of a material system outside its designed use range (intentionally or unintentionally) can have perilous results for structural integrity. As gas turbine engines and other applications drive toward higher operating temperatures for structural elements, the materials characterization and design allowable generation activities become increasingly difficult. We discuss elevated temperature testing requirements and the development of testing solutions aligned with these requirements. Mechanical testing systems for elevated temperature testing for polymeric matrix composites (PMCs), metallics, and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) were developed. Test capability for temperatures as high as 1500 °C was demonstrated. The development of these systems will be briefly reviewed with particular focus on design aspects, system performance, and general usability of a system targeting testing of cylindrical metallic specimens at temperatures up to 1200 °C.
Unitarity of loop diagrams for the ghostlike 1 / ( k 2 − M 1 2 ) − 1 / ( k 2 − M 2 2 ) propagator

With fourth-order derivative theories leading to propagators of the generic ghostlike $1/({k}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{1}^{2})\ensuremath{-}1/({k}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{2}^{2})$ form, it would appear that such theories have negative norm ghost states and are not unitary. However on constructing the associated quantum Hilbert space for the free theory that would produce such a propagator, Bender and Mannheim found that the Hamiltonian of the free theory is not Hermitian but is instead $PT$ symmetric, and that there are in fact no negative norm ghost states, with all Hilbert space norms being both positive and preserved in time. Even though perturbative radiative corrections cannot change the signature of a Hilbert space inner product, nonetheless it is not immediately apparent how such a ghostlike propagator would not then lead to negative probability contributions in loop diagrams. Here we obtain the relevant Feynman rules and show that all states obtained in cutting intermediate lines in loop diagrams have positive norm. Also we show that due to the specific way that unitarity (conservation of probability) is implemented in the theory, negative signatured discontinuities across cuts in loop diagrams are canceled by a novel and unanticipated contribution of the states in which tree approximation (no loop) graphs are calculated, an effect that is foreign to standard Hermitian theories. Perturbatively then, the fourth-order derivative theory with propagator $1/({k}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{1}^{2})\ensuremath{-}1/({k}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{2}^{2})$ is viable. Implications of our results for the pure massless $1/{k}^{4}$ propagator are also discussed.
LSH-SAMPLING BREAKS THE COMPUTATIONAL CHICKEN-AND-EGG LOOP IN ADAPTIVE STOCHASTIC GRADIENT ESTIMATION

Stochastic Gradient Descent or SGD is the most popular optimization algorithm for large-scale problems. SGD estimates the gradient by uniform sampling with sample size one. There have been several other works that suggest faster epoch wise convergence by using weighted non-uniform sampling for better gradient estimates. Unfortunately, the per-iteration cost of maintaining this adaptive distribution for gradient estimation is more than calculating the full gradient. As a result, the false impression of faster convergence in iterations leads to slower convergence in time, which we call a chicken-and-egg loop. In this paper, we break this barrier by providing the first demonstration of a sampling scheme, which leads to superior gradient estimation, while keeping the sampling cost per iteration similar to that of the uniform sampling. Such an algorithm is possible due to the sampling view of Locality Sensitive Hashing (LSH), which came to light recently. As a consequence of superior and fast estimation, we reduce the running time of all existing gradient descent algorithms. We demonstrate the benefits of our proposal on both SGD and AdaGrad.
Supramolecular self-assembly of bacteriochlorophyll c molecules in aerosolized droplets to synthesize biomimetic chlorosomes.

Abstract The unique properties of chlorosomes, arising out of the self-assembled bateriochlorophyll (BChl) c structure, have made them attractive for use in solar cells. In this work, we have demonstrated the self-assembly of BChl c in aerosolized droplets to mimic naturally occurring chlorosomes. We compare two different methods for self-assembly of BChl c, one using a single-solvent and the other using two-solvents, and demonstrate the superiority of the two-solvent method. Results show that the self-assembled BChl c sprayed at different concentrations resulted in a varying red shift of 69–75 nm in absorption spectrum compared to the solution, which has peak at 668 nm corresponding to the monomeric BChl c. The sample fluoresces at 780 nm indicating a quality of self-assembly comparable to that observed in naturally occurring chlorosomes. In order to mimic chlorosomes, solution containing BChl c, BChl a, lipids and carotenes in same proportion as in chlorosomes is sprayed. The resulting self-assembly has an absorption peak at 750 nm, shifted by 82 nm compared to that of monomers and the fluorescence peak at 790 nm. Thus in presence of lipids and carotenes, both the absorption and fluorescence peaks are red shifted. Further, using grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), we characterized the deposited films, and the 2D X-ray scattering patterns of sample clearly indicate the distinct lamellar structure as present in chlorosomes. The results of this work provide new insights into self-assembly in aerosolized droplets, which can be used for assembling a wide range of molecules.
The Motion Compensation Hypothesis

Motion compensation is the defining factor of both MPEG and H.261/H.263 compression standards. Without it, these techniques would not achieve compression ratios anywhere close to their current range.
Application of Seismic Inverse Methods to Mapping of Subsurface Fractures

The purpose of seismic inverse methods is to map the interior of the earth from observed responses to signals transmitted into the earth. The terms, “map” and “signal,” must be taken in the context of the model of signal propagation being used. The methods to be discussed, here, use elasto-dynamic sources — electro-mechanical transducers, airguns or explosives — as signal generators. Observations are usually made relatively near the source so that mode conversion can be neglected and the problem can be modelled as one of acoustic wave propagation. A further simplifying assumption is that the density is constant. Consequently, “mapping” is reduced to determining the soundspeed from the near “backscatter” response of an acoustic source.
Phonon scattering effects from point and extended defects on thermal conductivity studied via ion irradiation of crystals with self-impurities

Fundamental theories predict that reductions in thermal conductivity from point and extended defects can arise due to phonon scattering with localized strain fields. To experimentally determine how these strain fields impact phonon scattering mechanisms, we employ ion irradiation as a controlled means of introducing strain and assorted defects into the lattice. In particular, we observe the reduction in thermal conductivity of intrinsic natural silicon after self-irradiation with two different silicon isotopes, $^{28}\mathrm{Si}^{+}$ and $^{29}\mathrm{Si}^{+}$. Irradiating with an isotope with a nearly identical atomic mass as the majority of the host lattice produces a damage profile lacking mass impurities and allows us to assess the role of phonon scattering with local strain fields on the thermal conductivity. Our results demonstrate that point defects will decrease the thermal conductivity more so than spatially extended defect structures assuming the same volumetric defect concentrations due to the larger strain per defect that arises in spatially separated point defects. With thermal conductivity models using density functional theory, we show that for a given defect concentration, the type of defect (i.e., point vs extended) plays a negligible role in reducing the thermal conductivity compared to the strain per defect in a given volume.
PM Synchronous Motor Induced Vibration

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are widely used in the industry. Radial dynamic forces arise when the rotor is eccentrically located relative to the geometric center of the stator due to electromagnetic (EM) fields in the motor. A possibly deleterious effect of this may be unwanted vibrations. A second effect of the EM field is a negative stiffness which tends to pull the rotor away from the stator center. This stiffness can shift rotor natural frequencies, especially in systems that have relatively low bearing or shaft stiffness, i.e. in some magnetic bearing applications. Resonance may occur when a natural frequency is shifted into an excitation frequency, i.e. from imbalance or the dynamic forces resulting from the eccentric motor. Most prior studies modeled the eccentric force with a simplified analytical model neglecting iron saturation and accounting only for the fundamental component of the radial air gap flux density. An improved approach is presented here utilizing the finite element method (FEM) to perform dynamic, electromagnetic field analysis of PMSMs with rotor eccentricity. Both radial and tangential airgap flux densities and eccentric forces are considered. The example illustrates how a rotor resonance can occur due to its negative stiffness shifted natural frequency coinciding with a forcing frequency produced by the eccentrically operated PMSM.
“Presenting Our Perspective”: Recontextualizing Youths’ Experiences of Hypercriminalization Through Media Production:

In this study, we examine how youth use media production to represent, (de)legitimate, and reimagine their experiences of hypercriminalization—the pervasive complex of social practices such as raci...
Phylogeography of a widespread eastern North American shrub, Viburnum lantanoides.

Premise of the study There have been relatively few phylogeographic studies of eastern North American plants, especially of animal-dispersed shrubby species, and this leaves a significant gap in our understanding of how such species were affected by glacial events. Here, we analyzed the phylogeography of the widespread understory shrub Viburnum lantanoides. Methods We generated RADseq data and paleoclimatic species distribution models (SDMs) to identify the locations of refugia where V. lantanoides may have survived the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and how its range expanded as glaciers receded. Key results Genetic diversity falls off with increasing latitude and longitude, indicating that range expansion likely occurred via serial founder events from southern source populations. Samples from the southern Appalachians form a grade, while those from the north form a clade, suggesting that a single genetic lineage recolonized the north. SDMs indicate that V. lantanoides probably survived the LGM in refugia on the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain and/or the interior Gulf Coastal Plain. Conclusions Our analyses indicate that V. lantanoides survived the LGM in refugia south of the glacier but north of the extensive refugium along the Gulf Coast. Following the LGM, a single population expanded northward along the Appalachian Mountains and eventually into eastern Canada. The patterns observed here suggest that range expansion occurred in a stepwise manner, similar to postglacial dynamics observed in a number of European plant species.
Areas of High Shear Show Sparing of Lipid Deposition in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits with Constricted Aortas

The influence of altered local hemodynamics on fatty streak development in rabbits fed high cholesterol diets was investigated. An aortic coarctation was created in the abdominal aorta of six rabbits by placing a partially constricting gold band (1 7 mm x 10 mm) around the aorta between the renal arteries and aortic bifurcation. The abdominal aorta 1–2 cm proximal to the obstruction showed lipid deposition involving 35 ±7% (mean SEM) of the luminal surface. The aorta 1–2 cm distal to the obstruction showed lipid deposition involving 18±5% of the surface. Within the narrowed portion of the aorta, significantly less lipid deposition occurred than either proximally or distally (5±2% (P < 0.01). Fatty streak development, therefore, appeared to be inhibited in regions of relatively high wall shear. This suggests that some early step in the process of lipid accumulation may be affected by local fluid dynamics.
Treatment of Wilson Disease

Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism that causes hepatic, neurologic, and psychiatric abnormalities. The ATP7B gene is impaired causing elevated levels of copper in the liver as well as other tissues. The diagnosis should be suspected in juveniles and adults with liver or neurologic manifestations. Diagnostic evaluation includes checking serum ceruloplasmin, 24-h urine for copper, ophthalmologic evaluation for Kayser-Fleischer rings, and possible liver biopsy. Medical treatment includes the copper chelators, penicillamine, and trientine, as well as zinc. Wilson disease is a treatable disorder that requires lifelong treatment.
Diversifying geoscience: Earth Science Week 2019

No one should be excluded from the geosciences. The more people who are included in exploration geophysics and related fields, the richer the profession becomes. That is just one of the reasons Ear...
Modeling the Use of Mixed Methods–Grounded Theory: Developing Scales for a New Measurement Model:

Mixed methods–grounded theory (MM–GT) has emerged as a promising methodology that intersects the value of mixed methods with rigorous qualitative design. However, recent reviews have found that MM–...
Compliance with marine mammal protection: Focus groups reveal factors in commercial fishermen's decisions

Abstract In researching non-compliance with use of an acoustical device (a pinger), required under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) to protect harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Northeast U.S., focus group research provided insight on facets of non-compliance not previously considered. This method of group interview can reveal individuals' knowledge and perceptions of the legitimacy of a problem, process and solution along with social (including legitimacy) and economic factors, and cultural norms that can influence compliance or other decisions. In addition, each participant filled out a short survey on topics we already expected to be of interest. We investigate how these factors from the focus group discussion and the survey influence a fisherman's decision to comply with marine mammal regulations. Prior to the focus groups we expected participants to either fully comply or not comply at all with pinger requirements. By using multi-method research, we found that there was a third group that included fishermen that mostly complied but eliminated one mandatory pinger for safety reasons. Using harbor porpoise as a case study, we provide insight on approaches to improve compliance, a key component of a successful management plan designed to reduce marine mammal bycatch in commercial fisheries.
Translating the Transcriptome: Sex Differences in the Mechanisms of Depression and Stress, Revisited

The past decade has produced a plethora of studies examining sex differences in the transcriptional profiles of stress and mood disorders. As we move forward from accepting the existence of extensive molecular sex differences in the brain to exploring the purpose of these sex differences, our approach must become more systemic and less reductionist. Earlier studies have examined specific brain regions and/or cell types. To use this knowledge to develop the next generation of personalized medicine, we need to comprehend how transcriptional changes across the brain and/or the body relate to each other. We provide an overview of the relationships between baseline and depression/stress-related transcriptional sex differences and explore contributions of preclinically identified mechanisms and their impacts on behavior.
Examining Individualism in College Student Retention Theory and Practice: Transitioning from Student Integration to Institutional Adjustment

College student retention and completion rates correlate with the production of societal benefits such as community engagement, human capital, diverse campus communities, and social mobility. While ideas vary, most contemporary retention practices and strategies rely on foundational studies that focus on individualism, the student-institution relationship, and inhibiting factors to student integration into a collegiate environment. This meta-synthesis examines the individualistic nature of foundational historic and contemporary retention theories and practices as well as recommends a collectivist, culturally-responsive alternative paradigm for retention theory and strategy development moving forward.
Digital Lifestyle Medicine: Designing, Delivering, and Scaling for Impact

Digital Lifestyle Medicine (DLM) is a consumer-centric model of care which elevates the importance of daily behaviors in preventing and reversing chronic disease using virtual and digital modalitie...
Parameter Estimation and Hypothesis Testing

The task of determining probabilities is generally referred to as statistics. Statistics analyzes evidence, observations, data or samples. These samples are regarded as realizations of random variables. Regarding a sample as a realization of a random variable is the basic assumption of statistics. A major sub-discipline of statistics is statistical inference. It provides methods of how to infer properties of the assumed underlying probability distribution from the sample. Other sub-disciplines deal with problems such as what constitutes a good sampling strategy and an appropriate probability model. Given a probability model that is characterized by a set of parameters, statistical inference addresses two main problems: the estimation of parameters and the testing of hypotheses about these parameters.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Three patients, 6, 14, and 15 years old, survived an acute illness that closely resembled thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The children were closely monitored with coagulation studies and, in addition, kinetic measurements of platelets and fibrinogen were performed. These studies provided no evidence that either heparin or aspirin and dipyridamole influenced the course of the disease. The possible benefit of corticosteroid therapy could not be evaluated. Significant increases in titers to Coxsackie B viruses developed in two of the patients.
Modulation of excitation-contraction coupling by isoproterenol in cardiomyocytes with controlled SR Ca2+ load and Ca2+ current trigger.

Cardiac Ca2+ transients are enhanced by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). However, PKA-dependent modulation of ryanodine receptor (RyR) function in intact cells is difficult to measure, because PKA simultaneously increases Ca2+ current (ICa), SR Ca2+ uptake and SR Ca2+ loading (which independently increase SR Ca2+ release). We measured ICa and SR Ca2+ release ± 1 μm isoproterenol (ISO; isoprenaline) in voltage-clamped ventricular myocytes of rabbits and transgenic mice (expressing only non-phosphorylatable phospholamban). This mouse model helps control for any effect of ISO-enhanced SR uptake on observed release, but the two species produced essentially identical results. SR Ca2+ load and ICa were adjusted by conditioning. We thus evaluated PKA effects on SR Ca2+ release at constant SR Ca2+ load and ICa trigger (with constant unitary ICa). The amount of SR Ca2+ release increased as a function of either ICa or SR Ca2+ load, but ISO did not alter the relationships (measured as gain or fractional release). This was true over a wide range of SR Ca2+ load and ICa. However, the maximal rate of SR Ca2+ release was ∼50% faster with ISO (at most loads and ICa levels). We conclude that the isolated effect of PKA on SR Ca2+ release is an increase in maximal rate of release and faster turn-off of release (such that integrated SR Ca2+ release is unchanged). The increased amount of SR Ca2+ release normally seen with ISO depends primarily on increased ICa trigger and SR Ca2+ load, whereas faster release kinetics may be the main result of RyR phosphorylation.
Stimulation of arginine transport in osmotically shocked Escherichia coli W cells by purified arginine-binding protein fractions.

Abstract Cold osmotic shock treatment of early stationary phase Escherichia coli W cells reduced the capacity for arginine uptake and accumulation by about 25%. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the shock fluid separated four protein-containing fractions having relatively specific arginine-binding activity. The reduced transport activity of shocked cells was partially restored by two of these purified protein fractions (I and III). The degree of restoration was linear between 5 and 10 µg per ml for Fraction I; above 10 µg per ml there was a marked reduction in the extent of stimulation. For Fraction III restoration of the initial rate (15 sec) was a curvilinear function of the protein concentration from 5 to 40 µg per ml. The degree of restoration of the steady state level of uptake (5 min) hardly changed within this protein concentration range. Fractions I and III have identical dissociation constants for arginine, the values ranging from 0.5 to 1 x 10-6 m. 14C-Arginine was not metabolized by concentrated crude shock protein. The material bound by this protein solution and by purified Fractions I and III was found to have the same Rf value as free arginine. Analysis of the intracellular pool radioactivity after exposure of shocked cells to 14C-arginine and to 14C-arginine plus optimal concentrations of Fractions I and III (in the presence of 4 x 10-3 m amineoxyacetic acid) showed that the bulk of the radioactivity (∼90%) remained in arginine, thereby showing that these proteins stimulate the arginine accumulation process. The proteins are specific in binding and stimulating the transport of arginine. They bound little or no lysine and canavanine and did not stimulate the transport of lysine in shocked cells. These data suggest that cold osmotic shock treatment of E. coli W releases proteins which may participate in the accumulation of arginine by these cells, and that these proteins are not capable of functioning in the accumulation of lysine.
Abstract 16992: The Impact of Pulmonary Insufficiency on Patients with Surgically Repaired Pulmonary Stenosis vs. Tetralogy of Fallot by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance

Background: Patients with repaired pulmonary stenosis (PS) and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) both develop pulmonary insufficiency (PI) leading to right ventricular (RV) dilatation and dysfunction. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) plays a key role in determining timing of pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) in TOF, but it is unclear whether these criteria can be extrapolated to patients with PS. We aimed to compare the differential effect of pulmonary insufficiency on RV volume and systolic and diastolic function in patients with surgically repaired PS and TOF. Methods: All patients with surgically repaired PS, undergoing CMR from 2007-2013, were matched 1:2 by age and pulmonary regurgitant fraction with TOF patients. Patients with prior PVR were excluded. Right and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic volume (EDV), and presence of end-diastolic forward flow in the pulmonary artery (EDFF) were compared. Using feature tracking software (Tomtec, Unterschleissheim, Germany), RV longitudinal s...
(Re)scaling Governance of Skilled Migration in Europe: Divergence, Harmonisation, and Contestation

The European Commission has attempted to create a common European migration policy since the mid-1980s. It has made progress in the harmonisation of asylum and family law, and the Schengen agreement has opened internal borders within the European Union (EU). But the commission's attempts to establish common admission standards for non-EU labour migrants met with considerable opposition from member states. This paper investigates the construction, negotiations, and contestations of scales of decision-making power in Europe, especially regarding skilled migrants. The paper first provides a short historical overview of initiatives of the European Commission to streamline migration policies across the EU, followed by a case study of the (re)scaling of the European Blue Card. The European Commission designed this initiative to attract more skilled workers to the EU. Several EU member states rejected the initial proposal to safeguard their sovereign decision-making power. The findings of this case study indicate that the scale of the nation state remains powerful in the admission of non-EU workers and that institutions at higher geographical scales do not necessarily dominate lower scales. The findings also show that overlapping and intertwining scales of decision-making power hamper efforts to create a common European skilled migration policy. The newly adopted Lisbon Treaty may supersede these scales and facilitate more far-reaching skilled migration policies. The findings of this paper contribute to debates about the rescaling of decision-making power in the EU and the changing roles of nation states, institutions, and supranational organisations in the governance of skilled migration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthocyanidins and related compounds—XIII : Hydrogen peroxide oxidation of flavylium salts

Abstract In aqueous acetic acid solutions flavylium salts, which are unsubstituted at position 3, are oxidized by hydrogen peroxide to (±):threo keto diols of type VIa. Sodium borohydride reduction of these oxidation products yields 2,3-trans-3,4-trans-flavan-3,4-diols.
Mechanical Verification of a Generalized Protocol for Byzantine Fault Tolerant Clock Synchronization

Schneider [Sch87] generalizes a number of protocols for Byzantine fault-tolerant clock synchronization and presents a uniform proof for their correctness. We present a mechanical verification of Schneider's protocol leading to several significant clarifications and revisions. The verification was carried out with the Ehdm system [RvHO91] developed at the SRI Computer Science Laboratory. The mechanically checked proofs include the verification that the egocentric mean function used in Lamport and Melliar-Smith's Interactive Convergence Algorithm [LMS85] satisfies the requirements of Schneider's protocol. Our mechanical verification raises a number of issues regarding the verification of fault-tolerant, distributed, real-time protocols that are germane to the design of a special-purpose logic for such problems.
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics in Aerospace Structures

The usage history of aerospace structures may include cyclic loads of either constant or varying amplitude, fluctuations in temperature, or a corrosive environment. This section deals with the effects of cyclic loads, which lead to material degradation over time, due to the initiation and growth of cracks; this degradation can eventually result in failure (fatigue). Thus, a reliable prediction of component fatigue life is critical to aircraft safety. This is even more important as the average age of the world's transport fleet continues to rise. This section provides a general overview of the approaches, based on fracture mechanics, which have been developed to arrive at an estimate of fatigue life or at an inspection interval (damage tolerance) with the goal of ensuring component safety. Keywords: fatigue; fracture; safe-life; damage tolerance; fail-safe; cyclic; energy release rate; modes I, II and III; stress intensity factors; cohesive zone
Breaking elongation distributions of single fibres

The breaking elongation distributions of cotton, regenerated cellulose and polyester fibres have been investigated. The distributions of the cotton fibres are positively skewed whereas those of the regenerated cellulose fibres are negatively skewed. All of these distributions have longer tails than normal distributions. Although being approximately symmetric, the distributions of the polyester fibres also show longer tails than normal distributions. A mixture of Gaussian and Lorenzian functions is suggested for the resolutions of the symmetric distributions. For the asymmetric distributions with positive skewness, Gamma functions provide the best fit for their distributions. A mixture of Normal and Gumbel (largest or smallest) can also provide close curve-fittings to the asymmetric distributions with negative skewness as well as positive skewness.
Neuroimaging Contributions to the Understanding of Discourse Processes

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights some key neuroimaging studies of discourse processing. Some of the components of discourse processing revealed by neuroimaging research, like protagonist perspective monitoring, are relatively new to the discourse processing theory. At the same time, there is uncertainty about the reality of these networks and about their anatomical location. Moreover, these networks must function in interaction with somewhat lower level comprehension processes that operate at the lexical and sentence level. Dating back to Broca's and Wernicke's findings on brain-damaged patients with specific language deficits in the late 1800s, psychologists have had some idea of the brain's functioning as a language processing mechanism. Discourse theories become critical in developing the understanding of the cortical discourse processing network. In addition, neuroimaging research has led to the development of several new discourse theories such as the coarse coding theory of right hemisphere processing, the dynamic recruitment of networks in response to text constraints, a Theory of Mind system responsible for awareness of different perspectives, and the spillover of processing to other differential specialized networks in response to capacity utilization.
A large-dimensional factor analysis of the Federal Reserve's large-scale asset purchases

This paper assesses the economy-wide effects of US unconventional monetary policy shocks. A precise identification of the unconventional monetary policy shocks is achieved by imposing zero and sign restrictions on a number of impulse responses from a large-dimensional dynamic factor model. In particular, an unconventional expansionary monetary policy shock is identified as a shock that increases the Federal Reserve's market share of US treasuries and mortgage-backed securities, and leads to an improvement in the real economy and improved credit conditions.I find that an unconventional monetary policy shock significantly drives down the long-term interest rate spread and the credit spread, and improves both the financial market conditions and the commercial and industrial loans activity. Moreover, the impact on the real economy is significant.The roughly $2 trillion purchases of mortgage backed securities by the Federal Reserve Bank avoided a severe downturn according to estimates from a counterfactual analysis.
Phospholipid-stabilized Au-nanoparticles.

This communication outlines a simple two-step approach of modification of 1 nm diameter Au nanoparticles using an aqueous solution of (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphothio-ethanol) phospholipid (PL). Transmission electron microscopy as well as particle size analysis show that, as a result of PL reactions with Au particles, the initial Au nanoparticle size increases to 5 nm. Considering the size of the PL and their ability to form liposomes, 5 nm diameter spheres indicate that the PL bilayer was attached to the surface of Au particles and the PL−Au interactions are facilitated by the presence of thiol functionality. The change of surface electronic properties of PL-stabilized Au particles is manifested by the disappearance of the 217 and 290 nm absorbances due to 5d−6sp transitions in Au, which is likely attributed to the presence of S−H functionalities which increase the free electron density of the particle. As a consequence, two surface plasmons resulting from a collective oscillation of electrons i...
Cooperative, ATP-dependent association of the nucleotide binding cassettes during the catalytic cycle of ATP-binding cassette transporters.

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters harvest the energy present in cellular ATP to drive the translocation of a structurally diverse set of solutes across the membrane barriers of eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes. The positively cooperative ATPase activity (Hill coefficient, 1.7) of a model soluble cassette of known structure, MJ0796, fromMethanococcus jannaschii indicates that at least two binding sites participate in the catalytic reaction. Mutation of the catalytic base in MJ0796, E171Q, produced a cassette that can bind but not efficiently hydrolyze ATP. The equivalent mutation (E179Q) in a homologous cassette, MJ1267, had an identical effect. Both mutant cassettes formed dimers in the presence of ATP but not ADP, indicating that the energy of ATP binding is first coupled to the transport cycle through a domain association reaction. The non-hydrolyzable nucleotides adenosine 5′-(β,γ-imino)triphosphate and adenosine 5′-3-O-(thio)triphosphate were poor analogues of ATP in terms of their ability to promote dimerization. Moreover, inclusion of MgCl2, substitution of KCl for NaCl, or alterations in the polarity of the side chain at the catalytic base all weakened the ATP-dependent dimer, suggesting that electrostatic interactions are critical for the association reaction. Thus, upon hydrolysis of bound ATP and the release of product, both electrostatic and conformational changes drive the cassettes apart, providing a second opportunity to couple free energy changes to the transport reaction.
Tipping the balance of power: the case of Large Scale Systems Integrators and their supply chains

The Large Scale Systems Integrator (LSSI) model of supply chain organisation and management is gaining in popularity as Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) seek gains from distributed innovation and leveraged supplier R&D, all the while maintaining economies of scale at the assembly stage. The LSSI model requires a change in the roles and responsibilities of both OEM and its suppliers. Ultimately, staffing patterns at all levels of the supply chain will need to adapt to changing roles for engineering, design, purchasing, and manufacturing. The success of the LSSI model is based on comprehensive and shared knowledge management responsibilities, coupled with deep technical, customer, and market knowledge that are distributed across the extended enterprise. This disrupts the balance of power in the traditional OEM-led supply chain model, offering opportunities for Tiers 2 and 3 suppliers to gain influence.