cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclops: in situ image sensing and interpretation in wireless sensor networks

Despite their increasing sophistication, wireless sensor networks still do not exploit the most powerful of the human senses: vision. Indeed, vision provides humans with unmatched capabilities to distinguish objects and identify their importance. Our work seeks to provide sensor networks with similar capabilities by exploiting emerging, cheap, low-power and small form factor CMOS imaging technology. In fact, we can go beyond the stereo capabilities of human vision, and exploit the large scale of sensor networks to provide multiple, widely different perspectives of the physical phenomena.To this end, we have developed a small camera device called Cyclops that bridges the gap between the computationally constrained wireless sensor nodes such as Motes, and CMOS imagers which, while low power and inexpensive, are nevertheless designed to mate with resource-rich hosts. Cyclops enables development of new class of vision applications that span across wireless sensor network. We describe our hardware and software architecture, its temporal and power characteristics and present some representative applications.
Service Learning: Connecting Citizenship with the Classroom

Service learning is the blending of service and learning goals in such a way that the two reinforce one another. It connects student service with traditional classroom instruction, learning, and reflection. Service learning is a philosophy of education, as well as a service to the community.
The Economic Consequences of Social Policies in the Industrial Countries

This essay will examine the economic consequences of the social policies applied in the industrial countries, with the exception of Japan, which has an institutional structure very much different from that of the other industrial countries. Correspondingly, the essay will concentrate on US-European comparisons.
SPIRAL ARTERIES IN THE HUMAN OVARY

Occasionally it happens that a scientific observation is made only to be forgotten and rediscovered after a long period of time. When it is rediscovered, it may be remembered because its significance is appreciated in the light of newly acquired knowledge. The original discovery in 1774 of the spiral arteries in the human endometrium by William Hunter is a case in point. It was not until Daron rediscovered these structures in the uterus of Macacus rhesus in 1936 that their relation to physiological events of the menstrual cycle began to be appreciated. The recent observation that the arterial supply in the rabbit ovary is derived from a helical vessel of diminishing diameter lying along the hilus of the ovary (Reynolds, 1947a) is a second case in point. The recent literature on the subject of ovarian morphology and physiology contains no generally known reference to the existence and possible function of this structure until 1947 when it became the subject of several studies (Reynolds, 1947).
Palladium-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Cross-Coupling of Baylis-Hillman Adducts and Bimetals: A Novel Method for the Synthesis of Substituted Allylsilanes and Allylgermanes

Cross-coupling reactions between Baylis-Hillman acetate adducts and bimetallic reagents (Si−Si, Ge−Ge) catalyzed by a phosphine-free palladium complex are described. 3-Substituted-2-carbonylallylsilanes and allylgermanes were isolated in high yields. The cross-coupling reactions are regio- and stereoselective.
Externality pricing in club economies

Abstract The paper shows that competitive forces in club economies lead to admission prices that can be decomposed as anonymous linear prices on externality-producing attributes, where each member pays the same amount per unit attribute contributed. The externalities prices are sufficient to cover the costs of services provided within the club. The latter can be interpreted as a variant on the “Henry George Theorem”.
Combined Compression-Torsion Buckling Tests of Laminated Composite Cylindrical Shells

Results are described for six composite test cylinders constructed of either four or six plies of graphite-epox y or boron-epoxy and subjected to combined torsion and compressive loading. All the shells were 15 in. in diam and 15 in. long. The stacking sequence effects exhibited by these thin laminates produced significantly different buckling capacities depending on the direction of torque application. A test technique was developed to define the entire range of torsion/compr ession ratios for each type of shell, and one specimen was used to define each shell type. The interaction between the torsion-compression buckling stresses was shown to be linear except at high percentages of compression stress.
Supersheet functional integration and the interacting Neveu-Schwarz string☆

By extending the string world-sheet to a supersheet, the functional integration formaslism of Mandelstam for the Neveu-Schwarz string is simplified consiiderably. After giving a corrected proof showing this new supersheet formalism to be equivalent to the old formalism of Mandelstam, the tree-level scattering amplitudes for excited Neveu-Schwarzsstrings are calculated in the light-cone gauge. The volume element is evaluated using methods that will be useful in any future multiloop amplitude calculations.
Observation of Phonon Bottleneck in Quantum Dot Electronic Relaxation

Time-resolved differential transmission measurements of self-assembled ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.4}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.6}\mathrm{As}$ quantum dots clearly indicate a phonon bottleneck between the $n\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2$ and $n\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1$ electronic levels. The key to this observation is the generation of electrons in dots where there are no holes so that electron-hole scattering does not mask the bottleneck. We use a simple carrier capture model consisting of two capture configurations to explain the bottleneck signal and offer arguments to rule out other possible sources of the signal.
Recent developments in transonic Euler flow over a circular cylinder

Numerical solutions to the Euler equations for transonic flow over a circular cylinder indicate that the inviscid flow separates ahead of the rear stagnation point. This phenomenon and various solutions related to this subject are discussed.
Quantum model of emerging grammars

Abstract A special class of quantum recurrent nets (QRNs) simulating Markov chains with absorbing states is introduced. The absorbing states are exploited for pattern recognition: each class of patterns is attracted to a unique absorbing state. Due to quantum interference of patterns, each combination of patterns acquires its own meaning: it is attracted to a certain combination of absorbing states which is different from those of individual attractions. This fundamentally new effect can be interpreted as formation of a grammar, i.e., a set of rules assigning certain meaning to different combinations of patterns. It appears that there exists a class of unitary operators in which each member gives rise to a different artificial language with associated grammar.
Magnetically Controlled Outflows from Hot Jupiters

Recent observations indicate that some extrasolar planets observed in transit can experience mass loss from their surfaces. Motivated by these findings, this paper considers outflows from hot Jupiters in the regime where the flow is controlled by magnetic fields. Given the mass-loss rates estimated from current observations—and from theoretical arguments—magnetic fields will dominate the flow provided that field strength near the planet is greater than ~1 G, comparable to the surface fields of the Sun and Jupiter. The problem can be separated into an inner regime, near the planet, where the outflow is launched, and an outer regime where the flow follows (primarily) stellar field lines and interacts with the stellar wind. This paper concentrates on the flow in the inner regime. For a dipole planetary field with a spatially constant background contribution, we construct a set of orthogonal coordinates that follow the field lines and determine the corresponding differential operators. Under the assumption of isothermal flow, we analytically find the conditions required for escaping material to pass smoothly through the sonic transition and then estimate the mass outflow rates. These magnetically controlled outflows differ significantly from previous spherical models. The outflow rates are somewhat smaller, typically ~109 g s–1, and the flow is launched primarily from the polar regions of the planet. In addition, if the stellar wind is strong enough, the flow could be reversed and the planet could gain mass from the star.
Solvation Model Dependency of Helix-Coil Transition in Polyalanine

Helix-coil transitions in polyalanine molecules of length 10 are studied by multicanonical Monte Carlo simulations. The solvation effects are included by either a distance-dependent dielectric permittivity or by a term that is proportional to the solvent-accessible surface area of the peptide. We found a strong dependence of the characteristics of the helix-coil transition from the details of the solvation model.
Stockholder and Bondholder Wealth Effects of CEO Incentive Grants

We examine stock and bond price reactions to CEOs’ first stock option and/or restricted stock grants that appear on ExecuComp. We find positive stock price and negative bond price reactions. Changes in CEO pay-performance (delta) and stock volatility (vega) sensitivities relate to the reactions. Stock reactions decrease with the change in delta and increase with the change in vega. Bond reactions are the opposite and depend on the CEO's prior equity ownership. Stockholder and bondholder wealth effects are negatively correlated for grants that cause a large change in the vega of CEO wealth, consistent with aggravated risk-shifting incentives.
Altered Antigen Expression Predicts Outcome in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

Monoclonal antibody UM-A9 identifies an antigen found on the basal surface of epithelial cells and expressed on all of the squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) that we have tested. In a previous study, we showed that cell lines from metastatic or recurrent SCC exhibit stronger expression of the A9 cell membrane antigen than cell lines from the primary tumor of the same donors, suggesting that this marker is associated with tumor progression. Loss of expression in tumor tissue of normal A, B, and H (ABH) blood group antigens has also been linked to clinical behavior in some epithelial cancers. To determine the prognostic significance of these antigen markers, we prospectively evaluated tissue specimens for expression of these markers in a group of 82 consecutive, previously untreated patients with SCC of the head and neck. Three patterns corresponding to strong (pattern 1), intermediate (pattern 2), or weak (pattern 3) A9 antigen expression were observed. Fifty-eight percent of the patients whose tumors had pattern 1 A9 antigen expression and 78% of the patients with loss of blood group antigen had early relapse, compared with only 34% of those with A9 antigen pattern 2 or 3 (P = .042) and 37% of those whose tumors expressed the mature ABH blood group antigen (P = .012). The combination of A9 pattern and ABH blood group antigen expression in tumor tissue was the variable most strongly associated with duration of disease-free survival, even after adjustment for the traditional prognostic factors of tumor site, stage, and TNM classification. Loss of blood group was the most significant single variable associated with early recurrence, but among patients whose tumors retained ABH blood group antigen expression, the A9 pattern distinguished good and poor prognostic groups. To our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate that differences in blood group antigen expression are significantly correlated with disease-free survival in SCC of the head and neck. We have initiated a study (a) to determine the relationship of the A9 antigen and the blood group antigens with clinical response of the tumors and (b) to determine whether these markers should be used as prognostic indicators.
Extending the Versatility of the Hemetsberger-Knittel Indole Synthesis Through Microwave and Flow Chemistry

Abstract Microwave, flow and combination methodologies have been applied to the synthesis of a number of substituted indoles. Based on the Hemetsberger–Knittel (HK) process, modifications allow formation of products rapidly and in high yield. Adapting the methodology allows formation of 2-unsubstituted indoles and derivatives, and a route to analogs of the antitumor agent PLX-4032 is demonstrated. The utility of the HK substrates is further demonstrated through bioconjugation and subsequent ring closure and via Huisgen type [3+2] cycloaddition chemistry, allowing formation of peptide adducts which can be subsequently labeled with fluorine tags.
Experimental study of the scour of a sandy river‐bed by clear and by muddy water

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the difference in the scour produced in a bed of fine sand by muddy water, as contrasted with clear water, in attempted simulation of the conditions existing in the Colorado River below the site of the Boulder Dam before and after construction. A tilting-flume 40 feet long, 20 inches wide, and 18 inches high was used for the experiments. The sand-bed was eight feet long. Sand from the Colorado River was used, as well as local coarser sands. The suspended load of the River was simulated by Georgia kaolin, comparable in particle-size with the suspended load of the River.
Intramolecular Fe(II)-Catalyzed N–O or N–N Bond Formation from Aryl Azides

Iron(II) bromide catalyzes the transformation of aryl and vinyl azides with ketone or methyl oxime substituents into 2,1-benzisoxazoles, indazoles, or pyrazoles through the formation of an N−O or N−N bond. This transformation tolerates a variety of different functional groups to facilitate access to a range of benzisoxazoles or indazoles. The unreactivity of the Z-methyloxime indicates that N-heterocycle formation occurs through a nucleophilic attack of the ketone or oxime onto an activated planar iron azide complex.
Three-Dimensional Sector Design with Optimal Number of Sectors

The concept of dynamic sector design suggests a strategic approach to ease air traffic congestion, which is predicted to become a serious problem in the national airspace system by 2025. Considerable research has been conducted to address the sectorization problem. In previous work, an approach that combines the Voronoi diagrams, Genetic Algorithms (GA), and the iterative deepening algorithm was proposed. However, as originally formulated, the number of sectors used was predefined and only two-dimensional partitions were allowed, which constrained the method's ability to achieve good designs. The current work extends the earlier Voronoi-based method by treating the number of sectors as an additional decision variable, allowing 3D partitions, and developing more comprehensive costs.
The selection of an instruction language

Synopsis: the selection of instruction sets for recently developed computers indicates a trend towards more complex instructions than were used in early stored program computers. Instruction formats for several machines are cited. More complex instructions make possible shorter programs with a gain in speed and storage space.
Differential Complexes in Continuum Mechanics

We study some differential complexes in continuum mechanics that involve both symmetric and non-symmetric second-order tensors. In particular, we show that the tensorial analogue of the standard grad-curl-div complex can simultaneously describe the kinematics and the kinetics of motion of a continuum. The relation between this complex and the de Rham complex allows one to readily derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for the compatibility of displacement gradient and the existence of stress functions on non-contractible bodies.We also derive the local compatibility equations in terms of the Green deformation tensor for motions of 2D and 3D bodies, and shells in curved ambient spaces with constant curvatures.
Equilibrium and efficiency under pure entitlement systems

Two types of answer have been given to the question of how government should contribute to the happiness of its citizens. One is that it should take a direct (and perhaps coercive) role in the pursuit of optimality or efficiency. The other is that it should indirectly promote voluntary cooperation among its citizens by providing procedural justice to them (e.g., enforcement of property rights). This paper addresses the question of how cooperative equilibria of a "minimal government" (one which guarantees rights but which does not make direct allocative decisions) would compare with social states which are Pareto efficient for its citizens. Specifically it examines whether or not such a government would be unbiased (i.e., whether every Pareto-efficient social state would be possible to support as a cooperative equilibrium) in an environment where its citizens might impose externalities on one another. Unbiasedness of equilibrium could be interpreted to mean that under ideal circumstances (i.e., that cooperative outcomes would in fact be achieved) a minimal government would be procedurally fair. However, unbiasedness would also imply that such a government could not guarantee an egalitarian distribution of wealth, or any other feature except Pareto efficiency, in an equilibrium social state.
Effects of protein and fluid consumption upon plasma volume and circulating protein in the rat.

Summary1. Drastic changes in protein, fluid, and salt consumption do not produce striking changes in blood and plasma volumes of the rat, over the periods studied. 2. Increased fluid consumption produced an increase of about 10% in total blood volume and plasma volume at the end of 17 hours, only when salt consumption was simultaneously increased. 3. A high protein diet increased blood and plasma volumes slightly at the end of 7 days, but did not appreciably alter the serum protein concentration. 4. All protein-deficient diets reduced the total circulating protein by 15-20% at the end of 7 days.
Turning Down the Heat: Design and Mechanism in Solid-State Synthesis

Solid-state compounds have historically been prepared through high-temperature solid-solid reactions. New mechanistic understanding of these reactions suggests possible routes to metastable compositions and structures as well as to thermodynamically stable, low-temperature phases that decompose at higher temperatures. Intermediate-temperature synthetic techniques, including flux and hydrothermal methods, as well as low-temperature intercalation and coordination reactions, have recently been developed and have been used to prepare unprecedented materials with interesting electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. The trend in modern solid-state synthesis resembles increasingly the approach used in small-molecule chemistry, in the sense that attention to reaction mechanism and the use of molecular building blocks result in an ability to prepare new materials of designed structure.
Tracer Interaction Effects during Partitioning Tracer Tests for NAPL Detection

Partitioning tracer tests have been used in laboratory studies and field investigations to quantify the amount of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) within porous media. While co-tracer interactions and partitioning nonlinearities have been considered by others, there are no reports of such effects during actual partitioning tracer tests. In this study, tracer partitioning was examined in static batch systems and dynamic column experiments using 2,3-dimethyl-2-butanol and 1-hexanol as partitioning tracers and trichloroethylene as the NAPL. Co-tracer effects resulted in nonlinear partitioning of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butanol in batch tests, and this nonlinearity increased with increasing tracer concentrations. Column experiments were conducted with these same tracers, and nonlinear tracer partitioning associated with co-tracer effects resulted in underestimation of NAPL mass in systems where tracer slugs larger than 0.68 pore volumes were used. If linear partitioning were assumed, a priori analysis suggested that non...
Distributed processing of problem-solving applications for farmers

Intercomputer data communication via modem and telephone promises to have an important impact on rural areas. Unattended and inexpensive late-night communication has the potential for providing routine, noninterruptive, and rapid information interchange. An application of intercomputer communication to reduce the cost of using remote timesharing services has been experimentally developed at North Dakota State University (NDSU). An agricultural problem-solving program from the AGNET system in Nebraska has been split into three parts: interactive input of user data, computation of results, and production of an output report. The interactive input is then carried out on a computer near the user, eliminating interactive long-distance communication costs. The data collected are transmitted to the AGNET timesharing machine for calculation. The transmission, including login, is rapidly carried out by the local machine, using a protocol interpreter developed at NDSU. The results of the calculations are then transmitted back in compact form to the user's machine, where they are formatted and displayed. Only a minute of connect time to AGNET is required instead of half an hour. The protocol interpreter used to do this is described in some detail. Such splitting of functions between computers promises to allow high-quality problem-solving services to be provided on central machines, with personal or local machines providing interactive input and printed output services.
Three-dimensional numerical investigation of gravitational and solutal effects in a cylindrical cell

Three-dimensional numerical computations of natural convection in a cylindrical ampoule (L/R = 4) are presented for a gallium doped germanium melt. The ampoule is maintained at isothermal end conditions and the g vector is orientated at an angle 7 with the horizontal cylinder axis. Detailed velocity, temperature, and concentration field distributions are presented for different gravity levels and for a range of inclination angles (0 < 7 < 180 deg)» For terrestrial conditions (l£o, where £o is Earth gravity), complex, multicellular flow is found to occur for 0 < y < 180 deg. The strong convection results in significant isotherm distortions and enhanced heat transfer. As the gravity level is reduced to 10~3£o, the overall convection strength decays but the three-dimensional, multicellular flow persists causing appreciable mass transfer. For a further reduction in the gravity level to 10~ 5£<^ the system thermal characteristics approach purely diffusive conditions. Flow, thermal, and solutal distributions are presented in the principal, orthogonal, and cross-sectipnal planes; and the average system heat and mass transfer are calculated.
Toward a higher-spin dual of interacting field theories

We show explicitly how the exact renormalization group equation of interacting vector models in the large N limit can be mapped into certain higher-spin equations of motion. The equations of motion are generalized to incorporate a multiparticle extension of the higher-spin algebra, which reflects the “multitrace” nature of the interactions in the dual field theory from the holographic point of view.
Laboratory study of the dynamics of Jovian-type vortices

Abstract A laboratory experiment on a turbulent shear flow in a rapidly rotating annulus yields vortices with many properties of jovian vortices, including their spontaneous formation and persistence, the merger of vortices of like sign, and particle trapping. When the fluid is strongly forced (Reynolds number ⪆ 10 4 ), a wide zone of nearly uniform potential vorticity forms, and vortices successively merge until only a single dominate vortex remains. In the less turbulent flow of a weakly forced fluid, the zone of uniform potential vorticity is narrower and multiple vortex states are found. These observations are compared to numerical simulations and to related experiments as well as to jovian vortices.
A method for the construction of minimum-redundancy codes

An optimum method of coding an ensemble of messages consisting of a finite number of members is developed. A minimum-redundancy code is one constructed in such a way that the average number of coding digits per message is minimized.
Asymptotics of reaction–diffusion fronts with one static and one diffusing reactant

Abstract The long-time behavior of a reaction–diffusion front between one static (e.g. porous solid) reactant A and one initially separated diffusing reactant B is analyzed for the mean-field reaction-rate density R ( ρ A , ρ B )= kρ A m ρ B n . A uniformly valid asymptotic approximation is constructed from matched self-similar solutions in a “reaction front” (of width w ∼ t α , where R ∼ t β enters the dominant balance) and a “diffusion layer” (of width W ∼ t 1/2 , where R is negligible). The limiting solution exists if and only if m , n ≥1, in which case the scaling exponents are uniquely given by α =( m −1)/2( m +1) and β = m /( m +1). In the diffusion layer, the common ad hoc approximation of neglecting reactions is given mathematical justification, and the exact transient decay of the reaction rate is derived. The physical effects of higher-order kinetics ( m , n >1), such as the broadening of the reaction front and the slowing of transients, are also discussed.
Unionization and International Market Share Rivalry: A Paradox

Two exporting firms (domestic and foreign) are considered which are symmetric in all respects except that one is unionized while the other faces a competitive labor market. Under free trade the unionized firm has the lower market share. Paradoxically, in the policy equilibrium, the unionized firm has the larger market share. Consequently, the nation hosting the unionized firm has the higher welfare level.
Rationalized evaluation subgroups of a map II: Quillen models and adjoint maps

Abstract We identify the long exact sequence induced on rational homotopy groups by the evaluation map ω : map ( X , Y ; f ) → Y , and in particular the rationalization of the evaluation subgroups of f , in terms of derivations of Quillen models and adjoint maps. We consider a generalization of a question of Gottlieb within the context of rational homotopy theory. We also study the rationalization of the G -sequence of a map. In a separate result of independent interest, we give an explicit Quillen minimal model of a product A × X , in the case in which A is a rational co- H -space.
Examination of Case Law (2007-2008) Regarding Autism Spectrum Disorder and Violations of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Using the LexisNexis database, the authors examined 99 court cases on students—who were 3–21 years of age and with various forms of autism spectrum disorder—between 2007 and 2008. The authors coded and analyzed procedural and substantive violations to the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act and the provision of a Free and Appropriate Public Education using chi-square analyses. They compared results with earlier studies conducted from 2002 to 2004, which yielded relatively evenly split decisions between parents and school districts. Results indicate that school districts currently prevail at a 2:1 ratio over parents and that more outcomes result in split decisions (ties) with regard to overall outcome between the two parties than were reported in previous studies.
Incorporating load dependent servers in approximate mean value analysis

Queueing network performance modelling technology has made tremendous strides in recent years. Two of the most important developments in facilitating the modelling of large and complex systems are hierarchical modelling, in which a single load dependent server is used as a surrogate for a subsystem, and approximate mean value analysis, in which reliable approximate solutions of separable models are efficiently obtained. Unfortunately, there has been no successful marriage of these two developments; that is, existing algorithms for approximate mean value analysis do not accommodate load dependent servers reliably.This paper presents a successful technique for incorporating load dependent servers in approximate mean value analysis. We consider multiple class models in which the service rate of each load dependent server is a function of the queue length at that server. In other words, load dependent center k delivers “service units” at a total rate of f
Responsibility, Authority, and the Community of Moral Agents in Domestic and International Criminal Law

Antony Duff argues that the criminal law’s characteristic function is to hold people responsible. It only has the authority to do this when the person who is called to account, and those who call her to account, share some prior relationship. In systems of domestic criminal law, this relationship is co-citizenship. The polity is the relevant community. In international criminal law, the relevant community is simply the moral community of humanity. I am sympathetic to his community-based analysis, but argue that the moral community must play a greater role in the domestic case and that the collection of individual political communities must play a greater role in the international case.
Quantum information processing with trapped electrons and superconducting electronics

We describe a parametric frequency conversion scheme for trapped charged particles, which enables a coherent interface between atomic and solid-state quantum systems. The scheme uses geometric nonlinearities of the potential of coupling electrodes near a trapped particle, and can be implemented using standard charged-particle traps. Our scheme does not rely on actively driven solid-state devices, and is hence largely immune to noise in such devices. We present a toolbox which can be used to build electron-based quantum information processing platforms, as well as quantum hybrid platforms using trapped electrons and superconducting electronics.
Analytical study of multimode competition

Abstract A theoretical analysis of the multimode competition problem in a FEL is presented. For the three-mode problem the system is mathematically described by a set of three coupled differential equations. The coupling coefficients in the equations are obtained from a perturbation expansion of the current driving the FEL. The only asymptotically stable solutions are single-mode. Then a system of any number of modes is studied. In this case also only single-mode solutions are asymptotically stable.
The impact of individual differences on learning with an educational game and a traditional ITS

Educational games have the potential to provide motivating, effective training; however, the efficacy of these systems is unclear, and evaluations often fail to identify the relative impact of individual differences on learning outcomes. The current study aims to address these issues by comparing the learning gains from an educational game iSTART-ME and an intelligent tutoring system iSTART. High-school students n = 125 received comprehension strategy training from the two systems, and results indicated that both training environments yielded significantly better scores on post-test performance and learning measures than students assigned to a time-delayed control condition. Additionally, for both training conditions, students with a low prior 'commitment to reading' exhibited the highest performance improvements. Overall, results indicate that educational games can produce learning equivalent to intelligent tutoring systems, and that this training can provide a means to overcome initial deficits for students with a low 'commitment to reading'.
TWO PSEUDOBULGES IN THE “BOXY BULGE” GALAXY NGC 5746

Galaxy formation and growth under the {Lambda}CDM paradigm is expected to proceed in a hierarchical, bottom-up fashion by which small galaxies grow into large galaxies; this mechanism leaves behind large 'classical bulges' kinematically distinct from 'pseudobulges' grown by internal, secular processes. We use archival data (Spitzer Space Telescope 3.6 {mu}m wavelength, Hubble Space Telescope H-band, Two Micron All Sky Survey K{sub s} -band, and Sloan Digital Sky Survey gri-band) to measure composite minor- and major-axis surface brightness profiles of the almost-edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 5746. These light profiles span a large range of radii and surface brightnesses to reveal an inner, high surface brightness stellar component that is distinct from the well-known boxy bulge. It is well fitted by Sersic functions with indices n = 0.99 {+-} 0.08 and 1.17 {+-} 0.24 along the minor and major axes, respectively. Since n < 2, we conclude that this innermost component is a secularly evolved pseudobulge that is distinct from the boxy pseudobulge. This inner pseudobulge makes up 0.136 {+-} 0.019 of the total light of the galaxy. It is therefore considerably less luminous than the boxy structure, which is now understood to be a bar seen nearly end-on. The infrared imagerymore » shows further evidence for secular evolution in the form of a bright inner ring of inner radius 9.1 kpc and width 1.6 kpc. NGC 5746 is therefore a giant, pure-disk SB(r)bc galaxy with no sign of a merger-built bulge. We do not understand how such galaxies form in a {Lambda}CDM universe.« less
GADGET: a toolkit for optimization-based approaches to interface and display generation

Recent work is beginning to reveal the potential of numerical optimization as an approach to generating interfaces and displays. Optimization-based approaches can often allow a mix of independent goals and constraints to be blended in ways that are difficult to describe algorithmically. While optimization-based techniques appear to offer several potential advantages, further research in this area is hampered by the lack of appropriate tools. Optimization toolkits do exist, but they typically require substantial specialized knowledge because they have been designed for traditional optimization problems.GADGET is an experimental toolkit to support optimization as an approach to interface and display generation. GADGET provides three core abstractions, initializers, iterations, and evaluations. An initializer creates an initial solution to be optimized, based on an existing algorithm or randomly. Iterations are responsible for transforming one potential solution into another, typically using methods that are at least partially random. Finally, evaluations are used for judging the different notions of goodness in a solution. Together with a evaluation standardization framework, support for generic properties integrated with an efficient lazy evaluation framework, and a library of reusable iterations and evaluations, the abstractions provided by GADGET simplify the development of optimization-based approaches to interface and display generation.
High-quality LEO growth and characterization of GaN films on Al2O3 and Si substrates

We report the lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) of GaN films on (00.1) Al2O3 and (111) Si substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The LEO on Si substrates was possible after achieving quasi monocrystalline GaN template films on (111) Si substrates. X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to assess the quality of the LEO films. Lateral growth rates more than 5 times as high as vertical growth rates were achieved for both LEO growths of GaN on sapphire and silicon substrates.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Banking in a Matching Model of Money and Capital

We introduce banks in a model of money and capital with trading frictions. Banks offer demand deposit contracts and hold primary assets to maximize depositors’ utility. If banks’ operating costs are small, banks reallocate liquidity eliminating idle balances and improving the allocation. At moderate costs, idle balances are reduced but not eliminated. At larger costs, banks are redundant. A central bank policy of paying interest on bank reserves can reverse inflation's distortionary effects, and increase welfare, but only when costs are small. The threshold levels of banks’ costs increase with inflation, suggesting inflation and banks’ utilization are positively associated.
3D vegetation structure extraction from lidar remote sensing

Large footprint (15m-25m diameter) lidar records the full lidar energy return (lidar waveform), when laser energy penetrates into vegetation canopy. The full lidar waveforms are directly linked with the three-dimensional characterization of vegetation structure. Recently studies on vegetation structure parameter retrievals from large foot-print lidar found direct relationships between vegetation structure parameters such as tree height, stem diameter, above ground biomass and full lidar waveforms. But these studies are mainly limited to empirical studies and these relationships vary for different sites. To better understand the link between large foot print lidar waveforms and vegetation structure parameters, we applied a vegetation Geometric-Optical and Radiative Transfer (GORT) model to simulate vegetation lidar waveforms with 3-D vegetation structure parameters as inputs. We evaluated the performance of the GORT model in conifer forests using the data collected by Scanning Lidar Imager of Canopies by Echo Recovery (SLICER) and found that GORT simulates large-footprint vegetation lidar waveforms well. To better retrieve 3-D vegetation structure parameters, we investigate the sensitivity of waveforms to GORT input parameters. Our analysis shows that lidar waveforms is most sensitive to the tree density, then to the foliage density and the least to the tree size. A stochastic inversion method will be implemented for inversion.
The ultrafast East Pacific Rise: instability of the plate boundary and implications for accretionary processes

The Pacific–Nazca plate boundary evolves continuously through the frequent, rapid propagation of ridge segments and through the growth or abandonment of microplates. Propagation events can initiate at overlapping spreading centres only a few kilometres wide as well as within large transform faults. This instability of the ultrafast East Pacific Rise (EPR) probably results from the presence of a hot, thin lithosphere in the axial region, coupled with a melt supply that may be temporally or spatially variable. It indicates that along–axis magma transport can be efficient at rates corresponding to propagation rates, up to 1000 mm yr -1 . To a first–order, the tectonic segmentation of the ridge correlates with along–axis variations of the axial morphology and other physical parameters suggesting a diminished magmatic budget near offsets larger than a few kilometres. A similar correlation between axial segmentation and variations in physical characteristics at the Mid–Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is commonly interpreted to indicate that mantle upwelling is focused near mid–segment at slow–spreading ridges (three dimensional). Accordingly, mantle upwelling may be focused at discrete intervals along the ultrafast EPR. However, fluctuations of the along–axis characteristics are considerably more subdued at the EPR than at the MAR. This has been interpreted to reflect smoothing of the structural variations by efficient transport within the shallow crust and upper mantle of the material brought up through focused upwelling. Alternatively, it has been argued that mantle flow is essentially uniform along–axis (two dimensional) at the faster spreading centres. It is proposed here that the actual pattern of mantle flow along the EPR combines aspects of both models. Fast spreading centres may be supplied by vertical mantle flow nearly continuously along–axis, but the intensity of this upwelling can fluctuate both temporally and spatially, hence favouring along–axis transport away from the magmatically most robust areas.
Why markets make mistakes

Purpose – Many models of markets are based on assumptions of rationality, transparency, efficiency, and homogeneity in various combinations. This paper aims to explain why markets routinely and repeatedly make “mistakes” that are inconsistent with these simplifying assumptions.Design/methodology/approach – System dynamics models are used to show how misestimating demand growth, allowing financial discipline to lapse, unrealistic business planning, and misperception of technology trajectories can produce disastrously wrong business decisions. Examples are drawn from airlines, telecommunications, IT, aerospace, energy, and media.Findings – The undesirable outcomes can include vicious cycles of investment and profitability, market bubbles, accelerated commoditization, excessive investment in dead‐end technologies, giving up on a product that becomes a huge success, waiting too long to reinvent legacy companies, and changes in market leadership. Differentiating transient phenomena from the longer term trends,...
Non‐equilibrium ionization model for stellar cluster winds and its application

We have developed a self-consistent physical model for superstellar cluster winds based on combining a 1D steady-state adiabatic wind solution and a non-equilibrium ionization calculation. Comparing with the case of collisional ionization equilibrium, we find that the non-equilibrium ionization effect is significant in the regime of a high ratio of energy to mass input rate and manifests in a stronger soft X-ray flux in the inner region of the star cluster. Implementing the model in X-ray data analysis softwares (e.g. xspec) directly facilitates comparisons with X-ray observations. Physical quantities such as the mass and energy input rates of stellar winds can be estimated by fitting observed X-ray spectra. The fitted parameters may then be compared with independent measurements from other wavelengths. Applying our model to the star cluster NGC 3603, we find that the wind accounts for no more than 50 per cent of the total ‘diffuse’ emission, and the derived mass input rate and terminal velocity are comparable to other empirical estimates. The remaining emission most likely originate from numerous low-mass pre-main-sequence stellar objects.
Effect of temperature on wave velocities in sands and sandstones with heavy hydrocarbons

A laboratory investigation was made of the effects of temperature on wave velocities in well cemented Massillon and Boise sandstones and unconsolidated Ottawa sand saturated with heavy hydrocarbons, as well as the dependence of compressional velocities in the hydrocarbons themselves as a function of temperature. The hydrocarbons selected as pore saturants were a commercial paraffin wax, 1-Eicosene, natural heavy crude, and natural tar. The experimental results show that the compressional wave velocities in the hydrocarbons decrease markedly with increasing temperature. In contrast wave velocities in the Massillon and Boise sandstones and unconsolidated Ottawa sand saturated with air or water decrease only little with increasing temperatures. The main reason for the large decreases in rocks with hydrocarbons is the melting of solid hydrocarbons, and high pore pressure. Thermal expansion of the saturants, and possibly thermal cracking of the heavy fractions and vaporization of the light fractions of the hydrocarbons may also contribute. The large decreases of the compressional and shear wave velocities in the hydrocarbon-saturated rocks and sands with temperature, suggest that seismic measurements such as used in seismology or borehole tomography may be very useful in detecting steam fronts in heavy hydrocarbon reservoirs undergoing steam flooding.
Functional Mixed Metal–Organic Frameworks with Metalloligands

Immobilization of functional sites within metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is very important for their ability to recognize small molecules and thus for their functional properties. The metalloligand approach has enabled us to rationally immobilize a variety of different functional sites such as open metal sites, catalytic active metal sites, photoactive metal sites, chiral pore environments, and pores of tunable sizes and curvatures into mixed metal-organic frameworks (M'MOFs). In this Minireview, we highlight some important functional M'MOFs with metalloligands for gas storage and separation, enantioselective separation, heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis, sensing, and as photoactive and nanoscale drug delivery and biomedical imaging materials.
Scanning tunneling potentiometry

In certain problems of electrical transport through condensed matter, it is important to know the potential distribution with microscopic resolution, e.g., at interfaces (Schottky barriers) or pn junctions. Scanning tunneling potentiometry, a new application of scanning tunneling microscopy, is capable of providing this information. The tunnel current is used for simultaneously sensing probe-to-sample distance and local potential. The method was tested with a gold-island metal-insulator-metal structure.
Counting supershort supermultiplets

Abstract We consider multiplet shortening for BPS solitons in N=1 two-dimensional models. Examples of the single-state multiplets were established previously in N =1 Landau–Ginzburg models. The shortening comes at a price of loosing the fermion parity (−1)F due to boundary effects. This implies the disappearance of the boson-fermion classification resulting in abnormal statistics. To count such short multiplets we introduce a new index. We consider the phenomenon of shortening in a broad class of hybrid models which extend the Landau–Ginzburg models to include a nonflat metric on the target space. Our index turns out to be related to the index of the Dirac operator on the soliton moduli space. The latter vanishes in most cases implying the absence of shortening. We also generalize the anomaly in the central charge to take into account the target space metric.
Cyclopentadienone Synthesis by Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Cyclopropenones and Alkynes

The Rh(I)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition of cyclopropenones and alkynes is found to provide a highly efficient and regiocontrolled route to cyclopentadienones (CPDs), building blocks of widespread use in the synthesis of natural and non-natural products, therapeutic leads, polymers, dendrimers, devices, and antigen presenting scaffolds. The versatility of the method is explored with 23 examples representing a wide range of alkyne variations (arylalkyl-, dialkyl-, heteroarylalkyl-) and diaryl- as well as arylalkylcyclopropenones. The reactions often proceed in high yield using minimal catalyst loadings and in all cases examined proceed with high or complete regioselectivity. The reaction is readily scalable to produce gram quantities of cycloadduct and provides a unique and versatile route to CPDs that would be otherwise difficult to obtain.