cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Box–Behnken Designs

Designs for second-order response surface models play an important role in response surface methodologies. The central composite design and Box-Behnken designs have served as popular choices for designs for second-order models when design economy and precise prediction variance are desired. The Box-Behnken design has been widely used in completely randomized experiments, split-plot experiments, and within the robust parameter design setting. This article provides a historical background for the Box-Behnken design, describes its construction, and reviews various contributions in the literature regarding the use of these designs. Keywords: response surface methodology; second-order model; design of experiments
TEM Study of Fracturing in Spherical and Plate-like LiFePO4 Particles

An investigation of fracturing in LiFePO{sub 4} particles as a function of the particle morphology and history is presented. Two types of samples, one subjected to electrochemical cycling and another to chemical delithiation are compared. We observe the formation of micro fractures parallel to low indexed lattice planes in both samples. The fracture surfaces are predominantly parallel to (100) planes in the chemically delithiated powder and (100) and (010) planes in the electrochemically cycled powder. A consideration of the threshold stresses for dislocation glide shows that particle geometry plays an important role in the observed behavior.
On the heating of a field ion microscope specimen

Abstract The temperature distribution in a field ion microscope (FIM) specimen heated simultaneously by thermal radiation, the imaging gas, and an energetic beam of charged particles was calculated in the steady-state approximation employing a realistic model for the FIM specimen. The variation in crosssectional area of the specimen with distance along the shank was taken into full account. The possibility of a temperature change caused by the thermoelastic effect was also considered and shown not to be of importance. The value of δT max (maximum temperature difference along the length of the specimen) was ∼ 2.5 × 10−3 °K at the best image field (4.4 v A−1) for tungsten imaged at 15°K with helium gas. Hence, it was concluded that the act of observing a specimen by field ion microscopy did not perturb appreciably the temperature of the tip. It was also shown that a rather high energy density beam of energetic particles was required to produce a significant value of δT max
Progression of untreated periodontitis as assessed by subtraction radiography.

Crestal interdental bone in 15 untreated subjects with periodontitis was monitored over a 6-month period. Whereas 9% of interdental sites exhibited bone loss, 4% exhibited bone gain. The sites of bone loss were found in 9 of the subjects. 2 subjects demonstrated gain as well as loss, with I subject demonstrating only gain. Pocket depth, gingival index and plaque index values were of little value in predicting bone change seen by subtraction. Results from subtraction radiography are consistent with exacerbation and remission at crestal alveolar bone sites in untreated periodontitis patients.
A toolkit for accessible and respectful engagement in research

Social, scientific, and ethical factors underscore the value of respectfully including people with intellectual/developmental disabilities in research despite significant barriers to their research participation. In pursuit of this goal, we worked with two research advisors with intellectual/developmental disabilities to develop a qualitative study toolkit emphasizing accessibility, flexibility, variety, and responsiveness. The toolkit includes procedures and materials for recruitment, consent, interview locations and questions, breaks, and incentives. We recommend that future research utilizes insights of individuals with intellectual/developmental disabilities in research that impacts their lives, and that researchers systematically improve the use of procedures and toolkits.
A design chain for embedded systems

Today's embedded systems design culture produces custom products from scratch. However, as electronic products become more complex and global competition demands shorter time to market, the industry is moving toward a design process that integrates commodity system-on-chip (SoC) platforms. The article looks at how we go about developing such integration-oriented SoC design flows and evolving a new platform-based design culture.
Triterpenes in organ pipe cactus

Abstract Twelve triterpenes in the lup-20(29)-ene and olean-12-ene series have been isolated from the triterpene glycoside and lipid fractions of organ pipe cactus. Physical properties and chromatographic mobilities of these compounds and some of their derivatives are given and they are arranged in a biosynthetic scheme based on degree of oxidation. Betulinic and oleanolic aldehydes, two of the cactus triterpenes, were also synthesized and fully characterized.
Estimating the lead‐time demand distribution for an autocorrelated demand by the pearson system and a normal approximation

On calcule les quatre premiers moments exacts du temps de realisation L de la demande. On utilise une procedure d'adaptation a une courbe de Pearson pour estimer la distribution de L. On estime des points de reapprovisionnement du stock sur la base du systeme de Pearson et d'une approximation normale
Adequacy of medical school gross anatomy education as perceived by certain postgraduate residency programs and anatomy course directors.

In light of the many changes that have been made in medical gross anatomy instruction, an attempt was made to determine the adequacy of medical student preparation in gross anatomy upon arrival at a postgraduate residency program and whether the adequacy of preparation had changed in the last 10 years. To address these questions, a survey was mailed to all of the programs in four postgraduate residencies in the United States. This survey requested information about the importance of gross anatomy to the discipline, the adequacy of resident preparation, how today's residents compare to those of 10 years ago, and in what areas they are deficient. Another survey was mailed to all medical school anatomy departments to follow changes in curriculum, teaching methods, curriculum hours, and staffing in gross anatomy. Overall, of the surveys mailed, 79% were returned, 78% from the residency programs, and 81% from the anatomy departments. A majority of the residency programs report that gross anatomy is either extremely important or very important to mastery of their discipline and rank it as the most important basic science. Overall, 57% of the residency program directors felt that residents need a refresher in gross anatomy upon arrival, 29% felt that they were adequately prepared, whereas 14% felt they were seriously lacking. Fifty-six percent of the residency programs indicated that the residents are as prepared as those of 10 years ago, 41% indicated that they are less prepared, and only 4% said that they were better prepared. There were significant differences in the responses between the different residency programs. The residency programs indicated that residents need to arrive more proficient in clinical applications, general knowledge, and cross-sectional applications. Anatomy departments continue to modify their curriculum and teaching methods, decrease the curriculum hours and faculty devoted to gross anatomy, and foresee problems obtaining qualified gross anatomy teachers in the future. Clin. Anat. 12:55–65, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bistable operation of a coupled-resonator vertical-cavity laser diode

Summary form only given. Coupled-resonator vertical-cavity lasers have shown a variety of interesting behavior including dual wavelength operation, picosecond pulse generation, and coupled-cavity modulation. Previous coupled-cavity structures with two active cavities have had current injection into only one cavity. We believe we have fabricated the first active-active coupled-resonator vertical-cavity laser with independent current injection into either active region. We have observed bistable operation in these devices and demonstrate that this behavior can be used as a very efficient switch to modulate the laser intensity. The devices presented in this summary will enable simple and efficient data encoding for future generations of high speed optical data links.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF ACTIVE THORIUM OXIDE FROM THORIUM HYDROXIDE

Abstract The circumstances in the preparation of active thorium oxide which control the properties of the oxide have been investigated for thoria obtained by precipitation and thermal dehydration of the hydroxide. Surface area and crystallite size determinations, as well as some tests of catalytic activity, have been used to characterize the thoria. In addition to the temperature of conversion of the hydroxide to the oxide, the reagent concentrations, methods of mixing and extent of washing in the process of preparing the hydroxide have been found to affect strongly the nature of the resulting oxide. The dehydration of alcohols is found to be much more sensitive to the surface area of the catalyst than is the dehydrogenation.
Metachronous spread of parathyroid carcinoma to a retropharyngeal lymph node.

Background. Parathyroid carcinoma is rare and accounts for approximately 1% of patients with hyperparathyroidism. It is a slowly progressive disease with frequent recurrence and high incidence of local metastasis. Because of the rarity of this tumor, little is known about the pattern of lymph node metastasis. Methods. A case of retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis found 2 years after initial diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma is presented and discussed. Results. A 67-year-old man initially was seen with asymptomatic hypercalcemia, and a 1.7-cm mass was removed along with the left hemithyroid. The mass was found to be parathyroid carcinoma. Serum calcium was again elevated 1 year later, and left neck lymph node dissection revealed an upper jugular lymph node containing parathyroid carcinoma. The patient continued to have an elevated serum calcium level, and a retropharyngeal lymph node was found by MRI and removed the following year. The patient is now without evidence of hyperparathyroidism or recurrent disease at 2-year follow-up. Conclusions. Persistent parathyroid carcinoma is often a clinical challenge because of the difficulty in localizing recurrent tumor. Retropharyngeal lymph nodes should be considered as a possible site of metastasis in patients with parathyroid carcinoma. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head and Neck 25: 000–000, 2003
Effects of bile salts on the solubility and activity of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase in AOT reversed micelles

Abstract The effects of two bile salts, sodium taurocholate (NaTC) and 3-[(3-cholamidylpropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate (CHAPS), on the solubility, stability and catalytic activity of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (YADH) in bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) reversed micelles are reported. Spectroscopic measurements of extrinsic fluorescent probes and intrinsic fluorescent residues of YADH indicate that adding bile salt to AOT reversed micelles changes the relative polarity of the interfacial region and the rotational freedom of the solubilized enzyme. Activity measurements were performed using ethanol as the substrate and β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD) as the coenzyme. YADH activity in the reversed micelles is optimal at pH 8.0 and increases with increasing ω ( ω =[water]/[AOT]), presumably due to larger water pools in the micellar interior. Activity is lower in the AOT micelles than in buffer solution but some activity is regained upon addition of bile salt. Addition of bile salt also increases the stability of YADH in the reversed micelles. Kinetic analysis of the enzymatic reaction data shows that YADH has a lower affinity for ethanol in reversed micelles than in buffer, likely due to partitioning of the ethanol among the different phases in the reversed micellar media. Bile salts increase both the affinity of YADH for ethanol and the reaction velocity in the reversed micelles. The effects of bile salt are attributed primarily to an increase in the size of the water pool in the reversed micelle in the presence of bile salt, which allows the enzyme to assume a more active conformation.
Evaluation of Hallux Interphalangeal Joint Arthroplasty Compared With Nonoperative Treatment of Recalcitrant Hallux Ulceration

Patients with chronic diabetes can develop plantar hallux ulcerations secondary to neuropathy, increased pressure, and deformity. The present retrospective study evaluated the efficacy of hallux interphalangeal joint (HIPJ) arthroplasty to address recalcitrant ulceration. Two groups of patients with diabetes were compared: a surgical group of 13 patients and a nonsurgical standard therapy group of 13 patients. The patients in the surgical group underwent HIPJ arthroplasty. All the patients in the standard therapy group received local wound care and offloading. The mean duration of follow-up was 19.5 (range 1.2 to 47.9) months, and the mean age was 55 ± 13.0 years. Statistical significance was found in the surgical group for faster time to healing (3.5 weeks [2.5, 4.25] vs 9 weeks [2, 17.29], p = .033) and lower incidence of ulcer recurrence (8% ± 7.69 vs 54% ± 53.85, p = .031). There were also fewer amputations in the surgical group (0% ± 0 vs 38% ± 38.6, p = .063). To our knowledge, only 1 other published study has evaluated HIPJ arthroplasty as a treatment of recalcitrant hallux ulceration. The present study adds comparison data from a nonoperative standard therapy group and found that HIPJ arthroplasty is an effective curative treatment option to address chronic plantar hallux ulcerations in diabetic patients with neuropathy.
Single-Conformation Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectroscopy of Model Synthetic Foldamers: β-Peptides Ac-β3-hPhe-NHMe and Ac-β3-hTyr-NHMe

The conformational preferences and infrared and ultraviolet spectral signatures of two model beta-peptides, Ac-beta3-hPhe-NHMe (1) and Ac-beta3-hTyr-NHMe (2), have been explored under jet-cooled, isolated molecule conditions. The mass-resolved, resonant two-photon ionization spectra of the two molecules were recorded in the region of the S0-S1 origin of the phenyl or phenol ring substituents, respectively. UV-UV hole-burning spectroscopy was used to determine that two conformations of 1 are present, with the transitions due to conformer A, with S0-S1 origin at 34431 cm(-1), being almost 20 times larger than those due to conformer B, with S0-S1 origin at 34404 cm(-1). Only one conformation of 2 was observed. Resonant ion-dip infrared spectroscopy provided single-conformation infrared spectra in the 3300-3700 cm(-1) region. The spectra of conformer A of both molecules have H-bonded and free amide NH stretch infrared transitions at 3400 and 3488 cm(-1), respectively, while conformer B of 1 possesses bands at 3417 and 3454 cm(-1). For comparison with experiment, full optimizations of all low-lying minima of 1 were carried out at the DFT B3LYP/6-31+G* and RIMP2/aug-cc-pVDZ levels of theory, and single point MP2/6-31+G* calculations at the DFT geometries. On the basis of the comparison with previous studies in solution and the calculated results, conformer A of 1 and 2 were assigned to a C6 conformer, while conformer B of 1 was assigned to a unique C8 structure with a weak intramolecular H-bond. The reasons for the preference for C6 over C8 structures and the presence of only two conformations in the jet-cooled spectrum are discussed in light of the predictions from calculations.
Carbon nanosheet buckypaper: A graphene-carbon nanotube hybrid material for enhanced supercapacitor performance

Abstract Carbon nanosheets (CNS) are a graphene-based material with unique properties to improve both the speed and energy storage capability of electrochemical capacitors. In this study we employ CNS to demonstrate the fastest known response time of any electrochemical capacitor, with a turn-on frequency of 36 kHz exceeding that of Al electrolytic capacitors. Further we introduce a new hybrid material, “CNS-buckypaper”, i.e. CNS deposited onto freestanding buckypaper made from single-walled carbon nanotubes. Conformal deposition was achieved on ∼3 μm diameter nanotube bundles (or ropes) along the surface of the buckypaper which enabled a significant (∼4×) improvement in specific capacitance (from 60 to 230 F g −1 ) compared to as-produced buckypaper. We also discuss the synthesis, characterization, and integration of ultra-fast CNS-Ni current collectors and CNS-buckypaper electrodes into single and multi-cell supercapacitor devices. The packaged devices show high pulse-power performance at moderate energy density (∼1 Wh kg −1 at 22 kW kg −1 ) indicating potential for insertion into double-layer capacitor markets.
An examination of the in vivo distribution of brain hexokinase between the cytosol and the outer mitochondrial membrane.

Abstract These studies addressed the question of the in vivo distribution of rat brain hexokinase (HK), and whether physiologically relevant changes in the glycolytic rate are accompanied by changes in the distribution of HK. Homogenates of fresh tissue showed only 11–15% of the overt (assayable without added detergent) HK to be soluble (found in high-speed centrifugation supernatant fractions) when homogenization was begun within 15–20 s of sacrifice. Freeze-blown rat brain tissue also was used, coupled with a new technique wherein it was homogenized as it thawed in a buffered sucrose solution containing 1 m m EDTA. In tissue sampled 15 min (anesthetized) or 60 min (waking) after ip Nembutal injection (40 mg/kg), 23% of the overt HK and 79% of the total lactate dehydrogenase were soluble. The average phosphocreatine content of these and similar homogenates had decreased only 23% from in vivo levels, while ATP had decreased by 65%, due to the combined effects of a high level of endogenous ATPase, chelation of Mg2+ by EDTA, and the greater stability of MgATP2− relative to MgADP1−. These data indicated that the tissue experienced, at most, the equivalent of 6 s of complete ischemia prior to the completion of homogenization. Synaptosomes derived from rat and chicken cerebra were incubated at 37 °C in a physiological salt solution containing 10 m m glucose. Addition of veratridine has been shown to stimulate glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation two- to threefold (H. T. Kyriazi and R. E. Basford (1986) J. Neurochem., in press) , but did not alter the HK distribution, as 21% was found in the supernatant fractions of both control and veratridine-stimulated synaptosomes treated with digitonin. These results indicate that in brain tissue, large net movements of HK on and off the outer mitochondrial membrane do not occur, and thus play no role in the regulation of glycolysis.
Assessment of rolling walkers used by older adults in senior-living communities.

Aim: Rolling walkers (RW) are among the most common ambulatory devices used in senior-living communities. However, many observational studies have associated RW use with an increased risk of falling. Studies on how older RW users obtain and use their RW are lacking. Therefore, this study's purpose was to provide information about RW use that can aid clinical professionals in understanding how to educate RW users. Methods: Data was gathered from 158 RW users (≥65 years old) who had used their RW for an approximate mean of 24 months. Assessment utilized questionnaires, inspections and demonstrations. Results: Almost 80% of all participants obtained an RW without consultation with a medical professional (61% through their own means; 19% through medical professionals without receiving instruction or demonstration). The most common misuse was incorrect RW height (55%). Maintenance problems were observed in approximately 17% of the RW. All users admitted that their walkers had not been rechecked by medical professionals since they had obtained them. Forward-leaning posture was apparent in participants during static standing (40%) and during ambulation (50%). Forward-leaning posture during ambulation seemed to be more problematic in causing falls. Conclusion: Lack to consult a medical professional when obtaining an RW, incorrect RW height, poor RW maintenance and forward-leaning posture were problems commonly identified. This knowledge could assist medical professionals in implementing strategies to address these problems.
Productivity of High-Level Languages on Reconfigurable Computers: An HPC Perspective

Productivity on high-performance reconfigurable computers (HPRCs) is becoming a concern given the complexity of today's applications and development flows. Furthermore, the plethora of options from which application developers need to select their development environments has recently become another productivity obstacle. High-level languages (HLLs) for developing reconfigurable computing applications trade performance with ease-of-use. However, it is hard to know in a general sense how much performance one is giving up and how much ease-of-use he/she is gaining. More importantly, given the lack of standards and the uncertainty generated by sales literature, it is very hard to know the real differences that exist among different high-level programming paradigms. In order to do so, one needs a classification of HLLs programming models from a general high-performance computing (HPC) perspective. In this work, we consider a number of representative high-level tools that were selected to represent imperative programming, functional programming and graphical programming, and thereby demonstrate the applicability of our methodology. It will be shown that in spite of the disparity in concepts behind those tools, our methodology will be able to uncover the basic differences among them and assess their comparative productivity in terms of performance, and ease-of-use.
Activity as a function of genetic variables and opportunity for exploration

Mice of C57BL/6 and CF1 strains, and their hybrids, were tested for amount of investigatory and locomotor activity in a runway in terms of object contacts and light beam interruptions, respectively. CF1 Ss exhibited higher levels of both types of activity than C57 Ss. Hybrids were similar to CF1s with respect to amount of locomotor activity, but most resembled C57s in terms of the shape of their activity curves. Hybrid Ss maintained a higher level of object contact activity than either of the other groups.
Effect of human albumin administration on clinical outcome and hospital cost in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Object. Human albumin is used to induce hypervolemia (central venous pressure [CVP] > 8 mm Hg) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Unfortunately, human albumin may increase the mortality rate in critically ill patients; because of this, its use became restricted in the authors' hospital in May 1999. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of human albumin on outcome and cost in patients with SAH before and after this restriction was put into place. Methods. All patients with aneurysmal SAH who were admitted to the authors' institution between May 1998 and May 2000 were studied. Basic demographic information, dosage of human albumin given, length of stay, and the incidence of in-hospital deaths and complications were collected. The authors obtained Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores at 3 months after SAH (good outcome, GOS ≥ 4). Data were analyzed using t-test and chi-square analysis. Logistic regression was used to identify independent associations between use of human albumin and outcome. The...
Response to Letter Regarding Article “Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis: Implications for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement”

We appreciate the interest in our article1 shown by Dr Khawaja and colleagues. We agree that the majority of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) are performed in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) who are undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in the context of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and not acute coronary syndromes. We stratified our data by distinct clinical subgroups based on the indication for PCI and found no difference in the 30-day mortality after PCI among patients with and without AS and with unstable angina (5 of 105 [5%] vs 11 of 185 [6%], respectively; P =0.67), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (3 of 48 [6%] vs 7 of 90 [8%], respectively; P =0.74), and ST …
Effect of specimen size on fatigue crack growth rate in AISI 4340 steel

Abstract An investigation has been carried out to study the influence of specimen size parameters (thickness, with and aspect ratio) on fatigue crack growth rate. Compact tension specimens with a TL orientation, prepared from aircraft quality AISI 4340 steel and heat treated to a yield strength level of 1000 MPa, were used. All testing was done at a constant δ K level. The investigation demonstrates that specimen thickness and width have no significant influence on fatigue crack growth rate for AISI 4340 steel. On the other hand, fatigue crack growth rate was found to increase marginally at high aspect ratios ( a/W 0.55). Paris constants C and m were also evaluated.
Adenomyosis in the Adolescent Population: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Background This report presents a rare cause of dysmenorrhea in the adolescent female and the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T2 weighted sequence in the identification of adenomyosis. Case Two adolescents who presented with persistent pelvic pain in the absence of outflow tract obstruction or biopsy confirmed endometriosis had MRI-findings consistent with adenomyosis. Summary and Conclusion In the adolescent female presenting with persistent dysmenorrhea, a diagnosis of adenomyosis is rare but should remain a possibility as one considers the differential diagnosis.
Variable obligations and enduring commands

Recemment, Edward Wierenga a defendu une version de la theorie de commande divine contre ce qu'il appelle l'objection pas de changements. L'A. se propose de montrer que Wierenga a echoue a fonder sa theorie de rejet de la these du changement du statut moral d'une action avec le temps. En realite, l'A. pense que cette these du changement est la bonne car les statuts normatifs peuvent changer avec le temps. Il developpe ensuite une argumentation sur la compatibilite entre la theorie de la commande divine et une forme de changement ce qui permet d'eliminer le probleme original de Wierenga
Surgical Management of Ebstein’s Anomaly in the Adult

Ebstein's anomaly is a rare cardiac malformation that affects the tricuspid valve, right ventricle, and right atrioventricular junction. These anatomical and functional abnormalities cause important tricuspid regurgitation that results in right atrial and right ventricular dilatation and atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Diagnosis is made by echocardiography. Operation includes tricuspid valve repair or replacement, closure of any interatrial communications, and appropriate antiarrhythmia procedures. Repair of Ebstein's anomaly eliminates right-to-left intracardiac shunting, improves exercise tolerance and functional class, and reduces supraventricular arrhythmias. In addition, quality of life and longevity are improved.
Effects of ethanol on EEG spectra of the intact brain and isolated forebrain.

Abstract The effects of ethanol on the frontoparietal EEG were studied in acutely prepared immobilized cats. Animals with intact brains as well as isolated forebrain preparations (telencephalon and diencephalon intact; brain stem detached by means of a precollicular transection) were investigated. Taped EEG samples of 17 sec duration selected and digitized by a Classic LINC computer. Frequency spectra were computed for frequencies from 0–29 Hz, using the Cooley-Tukey algorithm. In animals with intact brains, intravenous ethanol injections (0.08 g/kg/min) consistently induced a decrease in higher EEG frequencies and an increase of energy in the lower frequency band. The shift toward lower EEG frequencies was also observed in precollicular preparations under the influence of ethanol. Whereas the effect of ethanol on the EEG in the intact brain could be sufficiently explained by its depressant action on the reticular activating system of the brain stem, the profound ethanol-induced changes of the EEG in precollicular preparations provide a basis for the assumption that ethanol also exerts a direct influence upon certain structures of the forebrain.
Doppleron-catalyzed Bragg resonances in atom optics.

A novel scheme to achieve large-angle atomic diffraction by standing-wave fields is proposed. It uses a high-order Doppleron resonance as a catalyst to speed up a high-order Bragg resonance by orders of magnitude. This effect occurs when the atom–field frequency detuning is such that the Bragg resonance and the Doppleron resonance become degenerate.
Altered infant feeding patterns in boys with acquired nonsyndromic cryptorchidism.

Background Genetic and environmental factors likely influence susceptibility to nonsyndromic cryptorchidism, a common disease presenting at birth or in later childhood. We compared cases and controls to define differential risk factors for congenital vs. acquired cryptorchidism.
A crack length control scheme for solving nonlinear finite element equations in stable and unstable delamination propagation analysis

An automatic incremental solution algorithm for nonlinear static finite element analysis of delamination propagation problems is presented. This load–displacement–constraint method iterates in the load displacement space utilizing the Newton–Raphson method, allowing to trace out the complete equilibrium path. The procedure can calculate pre- and post-critical responses of bi-dimensional problems, ranging from stable delamination growth to structural collapse by unstable growth or delamination buckling with arbitrarily sharp snap-back instabilities. Benchmark solution examples of established composite materials structural problems illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
Identification of Drug-Related Cognitive Impairment in Older Individuals: Challenge Studies With Diphenhydramine

The authors tested the use of repeated cognitive measures to identify those older individuals who experience cognitive decline after administration of a centrally acting medication. Subjects were 30 medically stable, older volunteers, mean age 71.4. Administration was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover "challenge" from baseline to placebo, 50 mg, or 75 mg of diphenhydramine. More patients exhibited significant cognitive decrements after 75 mg of diphenhydramine than after placebo on the Buschke Selective Reminding Test Total Recall and the Trails B test. Data were consistent with models based on prediction intervals. Quantitative algorithms using prediction equations can characterize the normal limits of within-subject variability and define excessive cognitive change in elderly subjects, showing promise for use in monitoring patients to identify those who experience mild cognitive toxicity from prescribed medications.
Dynamic Scaling for Service Oriented Applications: Implications of Virtual Machine Placement on IaaS Clouds

Abstraction of physical hardware using infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) clouds leads to the simplistic view that resources are homogeneous and that infinite scaling is possible with linear increases in performance. Support for autonomic scaling of multi-tier service oriented applications requires determination of when, what, and where to scale. "When" is addressed by hotspot detection schemes using techniques including performance modeling and time series analysis. "What" relates to determining the quantity and size of new resources to provision. "Where" involves identification of the best location(s) to provision new resources. In this paper we investigate primarily "where" new infrastructure should be provisioned, and secondly "what" the infrastructure should be. Dynamic scaling of infrastructure for service oriented applications requires rapid response to changes in demand to meet application quality-of-service requirements. We investigate the performance and resource cost implications of VM placement when dynamically scaling server infrastructure of service oriented applications. We evaluate dynamic scaling in the context of providing modeling-as-a-service for two environmental science models.
Expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells using a non‐infectious Sindbis virus expression vector

Genomic RNA was transcribed in vitro from the non-infectious Sindbis (SIN) virus expression vector (pTRCAT) and introduced into C6/36 (Aedes albopictus) cells by liposome-mediated transfections. The chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) polypeptide expressed within cells was detected by an indirect immunofluorescent assay directly into 24-well polystyrene tissue culture plates. Approximately 1 in 1000 C6/36 cells showed fluorescence when the transfection was optimized. CAT enzyme activity was also assayed; in C6/36 cells CAT expression was detected as early as 8 h after transfection, peaked at 24 h, and could still be detected at 7 days. At 24 h posttransfection each transfected C6/36 cell was calculated to express 1.3 x 10(7) CAT polypeptides.
History dependent quantum walk on the cycle with an unbalanced coin

Abstract Recently, a new model of quantum walk, utilizing recycled coins, was introduced; however little is yet known about its properties. In this paper, we study its behavior on the cycle graph. In particular, we will consider its time averaged distribution and how it is affected by the walk’s “memory parameter”—a real parameter, between zero and eight, which affects the walk’s coin flip operator. Despite an infinite number of different parameters, our analysis provides evidence that only a few produce non-uniform behavior. Our analysis also shows that the initial state, and cycle size modulo four all affect the behavior of this walk. We also prove an interesting relationship between the recycled coin model and a different memory-based quantum walk recently proposed.
Neurologic sequelae following the imported fire ant sting

Abstract Four cases are described in which neurologic disturbances are the presenting symptoms after the imported fire ant (IFA) sting. The neurologic sequelae include focal motor and grand mat seizures and a mononeuropathy. The possible pathogenesis of these disorders is discussed.
Photoluminescence in Chemical Vapor Deposited ZnS: insight into electronic defects

Photoluminescence spectra taken from chemical vapor deposited (CVD) ZnS are shown to exhibit sub-band-gap emission bands characteristic of isoelectronic oxygen defects. The emission spectra vary spatially with position and orientation with respect to the major axis of CVD growth. These data suggest that a complex set of defects exist in the band gap of CVD ZnS whose structural nature is highly dependent upon local deposition and growth conditions, contributing to inherent heterogeneity in optical behavior throughout the material.
Miniature Devices in the Wild: Modeling Molecular Communication in Complex Extracellular Spaces

Miniature devices voyaging inside the human body for diagnostic and drug delivery purposes is no longer a wild dream. At the very heart of such an endeavor lies the capability of miniature devices like synthetic cells and microrobots to achieve complex tasks collectively by exchanging information molecules. Towards this end, we model the spatiotemporal dynamics of the molecular transport process in complex extracellular spaces (ECSs) such that the signaling delay can be accurately predicted. More precisely, we use parameters like ECS volume fraction, tortuosity, and cross-section area of diffusion paths to capture the physicochemical features of the ECS. Based on these parameters, we propose a new algorithm to calculate the directional diffusion coefficient, which is then used in an effective diffusion equation to describe the molecular transport process across the region of interest. Our modeling results show good agreement with detailed 3D simulations in complex ECSs, while the classical diffusion and previous approaches fail to capture the heterogeneity and directionality of the transport process. Consequently, the proposed approach represents a major step towards characterizing the interaction of cooperative miniature devices that can achieve complex tasks via diffusion-based molecular communication.
The influence of channel bed disturbance on algal biomass in a Colorado mountain stream

The effects of channel bed disturbance on benthic chlorophyll a accrual were examined in three reaches of the Williams Fork River, CO, USA. A field calibrated multidimensional hydraulic model was used for estimation of shear-stress distributions. Sediment grain size was used to determine the critical shear stress for bed movement. Disturbance at a given location is defined as the percentage of time during the growing season that the bed sediment is in motion. This metric was compared with periphyton biomass accrual. Growth control factors including temperature, grazing intensity, nutrient concentrations, and irradiance also were measured. Disturbance mapping showed that the common concept of bed disturbance as a byproduct of high-flow events is overly simplistic. In the Williams Fork, bed movement occurs constantly over certain portions of the bed, even at low flows. There is a continuum of bed movement, expressed as percentage of the bed in motion, extending from low to high flows. Periphyton biomass accumulated exponentially in all study reaches but accumulation rates were inversely proportional to local disturbance. Periphyton biomass increased by approximately three orders of magnitude across the three reaches, but failed to reach a plateau. A combination of moderate grazing rates, low-nutrient concentrations, moderately impaired solar irradiance, and, most importantly, low temperatures explains the failure of periphyton biomass to reach a plateau. This study shows that the control of periphyton biomass may be explained in streams by bed disturbance over the growing season plus the separate, superimposed on influence of population growth rate control factors. Copyright  2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aerosol Salt Particle Deposition on Metals Exposed to Marine Environments: A Study Related to Marine Atmospheric Corrosion

The characterization and corrosive effect of marine salt particles and seawater droplets that naturally deposited onto carbon steel and pure zinc that were exposed to marine test sites were studied. Most of the salt particles had diameters ranging from approximately 2–10 μm, and varied in their composition ranging from almost pure NaCl or KCl to mixtures of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2. The differences in composition may depend on whether the seawater droplets dehydrate, crystallize, and fragment while airborne, or if they deposit as liquid droplets prior to crystallizing. The deposition of salt particles also decreased as the wind velocity decreased. The initial stage of marine atmospheric corrosion of the carbon steel and pure zinc induced by the salt deposition was also investigated. On the carbon steel substrate, NaCl-containing seawater droplets smaller than approximately 30 μm could not initiate corrosion even after 30 minutes of exposure; whereas, droplets larger than approximately 30 μm induced corrosion within approximately 30 minutes with lepidocrocite as the corrosion product. Corrosion initiated on the pure zinc samples under droplets of all sizes within 30 minutes. On the zinc samples, simonkollite formed in the central anodic region; whereas, hydrozincite formed in the peripheral cathodic region. © 2014 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.071405jes] All rights reserved.
Associations of cardiovascular risk factors, carotid intima-media thickness and left ventricular mass with inter-adventitial diameters of the common carotid artery: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background Common carotid artery inter-adventitial diameter (IAD) and intima-media thickness (IMT) are measurable by ultrasound. IAD may be associated with left ventricular mass (LV mass) while IMT is a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. It is not clear if IAD is associated with LV mass after accounting for IMT and traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
Characterization and Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity of Cerium- and Iron-Doped Titanium Dioxide Sol−Gel Materials

Cerium- and iron-based titanium dioxide catalysts are made at varying concentrations and cured at different temperatures to develop a new class of photocatalysts that displays catalytic activity for volatile organic compound destruction when irradiated with visible light. These catalysts are characterized using X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, UV−vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and BET surface area analyses. The potential of these catalysts to destroy indoor air volatile organics is evaluated using a tubular reactor flow channel with visible light irradiated interior surfaces through which air contaminated with toluene, decane, ethanol, acetaldehyde, or linalool is reacted. It was found that both cerium- and iron-doped titania have lower band-gap energy than pure titania and can be activated with visible light. The anatase and rutile phase transitions of these doped titania is however similar to pure titania and is unaffected by dopants. The crystalinity is however altered and crystal sizes ...
Expansion of Primitive Human Hematopoietic Progenitors in a Perfusion Bioreactor System with IL-3, IL-6, and Stem Cell Factor

Expansion of Primitive Human Hematopoietic Progenitors in a Perfusion Bioreactor System with IL-3, IL-6, and Stem Cell Factor
A rigorous matrix approach to site percolation for rectangular two-dimensional grids

This paper presents a rigorous approach to calculate detailed site percolation probabilities in a rectangular n × m grid. The probability of finding a site in a particular grid point is allowed to be a function of the grid point location. It is shown that the exact site percolation probabilities can be obtained via a connectivity matrix. Notions of symbolic algebra further allow the site percolation probabilities to be expressed as polynomials, and their coefficients can be deduced exactly. It is shown that when the probability of finding a site in a grid point is independent of the grid point location, then long-range site percolation diminishes exponentially with the length of the grid, while the coefficient in the exponent is an explicit function of an eigenvalue of the connectivity matrix.
Subaqueous deltaic formation on the Atchafalaya Shelf, Louisiana

The Atchafalaya River in Louisiana shares the third largest drainage basin in the world with the Mississippi River. Sediment cores and seismic profiles were used to examine the development and impact on land accretion of an early-stage subaqueous delta accumulating on the shallow ( 3 cm/year) correspond to the foreset and bottomset region, with rates decreasing to as low as 0.9 cm/year on the shelf topset region and its extension inside Atchafalaya Bay. Seven sedimentary facies are observed in the subaqueous delta, with differences created by degree of biological destruction of physical stratification, which is inversely related to sediment accumulation rate, and by the proximity of an area to the riverine sand source. There is a marked alongshore sediment dispersal pattern observed by the progressive winnowing of sand and coarse silt to the west. There is also a significant increase in shell content in Atchafalaya Bay relative to shelf facies. The resulting sigmoidal clinoform deposit (<3 m thick) more closely resembles strata geometries of subaqueous mud deltas associated with energetic systems (e.g., Amazon, Ganges–Brahmaputra, Fly), than it does the mature Mississippi delta 180 km to the east, albeit on a smaller scale and in shallow water.
SU‐FF‐T‐146: How Monthly QA Affect the IMRT QA Result

Purpose: According to TG 40, film demonstrates the width and length of field between 9.8cm to 10.2 cm are considered acceptable for a 10×10 cm field size. This work is to demonstrate under these two accepted scenarios, how IMRT QA results are affected. Method and Materials: Five IMRT QA plans are generated with each gantry angle set to the nominal angle (down onto phantom surface) and isocenter located at 100cm SAD, depth 10 cm. A 2D diode array MAPCHECK was set up and radiated according to the QA plan. These five QA plans were repeatedly radiated on four different days. The first exposure was done prior to the field adjustment with field size 9.8×9.9 cm for a 10×10 cm field size; the subsequent three measurements were done in three different days after the field adjustment to 10.12×9.9cm. Absolute Measured dose is compared to planned absolute dose for each detector. We also compared the measurement data with the different beam modeling sigma parameter. Results: Prior to the field adjustment, the passing rate for these five QA plans ranged from 42.1% to 78.3 % with 3% Dose difference and 2mm of DTA. The passing rate increased from 64.5% to 91.8% with 3% Dose difference and 3 mm of DTA. Table I present these comparisons. After the field adjustment, the passing rate range from 91.5% to 98.3 % with 3% Dose difference and 2mm of DTA. Table II, III and IV present the comparisons. Conclusion: Even though the field size for 9.8×9.9 cm is acceptable for a 10×10 field size for monthly QA, the consistent reduction of the field size (2mm) all the way to 1×1 dramatically impacts IMRT QA results much more so than the adjusting the sigma parameter on the beam modeling data.
Prolonged blood levels with sustained action PAS.

Abstract 1. Sustained action PAS tablets (Parasal-S.A., 1.0 Gm., sodium free) offer a convenient means of PAS therapy with a high degree of toleration. Acceptance of this drug was excellent since a four gram dose of free PAS consisted of only four tablets. Patients who manifested symptoms of gastrointestinal irritation due to standard PAS preparations tolerated sustained action PAS tablets with minimal, if any, gastrointestinal side-effects. 2. Sustained action PAS tablets, in dosage of four grams (4 tablets) three times daily at six hour intervals, generally provided sustained therapeutically effective PAS blood concentrations for 24 hours. No other PAS preparation, in equivalent dosage, studied to date, produced such sustained 24 hour PAS blood levels. 3. The clinical implications and probable advantages inherent in the use of sustained action PAS, administered concurrently with isoniazid or streptomycin, are believed to be as follows: a) sustained PAS concentrations within the tuberculous lesions; b) sustained and increased biologically active isoniazid levels in the blood and diseased tissues; c) greater inhibition or delay in the emergence of isoniazid or streptomycin resistant bacilli. Sustained action PAS may, therefore, serve to potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of antituberculous combined chemotherapy regimens.