cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Annealing-induced-type conversion of GaInNAs

When grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), nominally undoped GaInNAs is commonly observed to have an acceptor concentration of ∼1017 cm−3. However, after annealing in the MOCVD reactor at a temperature of 650 °C, p-type GaInNAs sometimes converts to n type with an electron concentration of ∼1017 cm−3. This n-type material has a slightly higher electron mobility (∼400–450 cm2/V s) than has usually been reported for 1 eV GaInNAs. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy shows significant hydrogen and some carbon contamination of these layers. The type conversion is correlated with both the nitrogen and hydrogen concentration and is relatively insensitive to the choice of growth precursors (trimethylgallium versus triethylgallium, or unsymmetric dimethylhydrazine versus nitrogen trifluoride). The data are consistent with theoretical predictions that the donors arise from a N–H complex. Annealing in the absence of hydrogen reduces the background acceptor concentration, but does not produce an electr...
Correlation between spontaneous preterm birth and mid-trimester maternal serum estriol

AbstractObjective: Elevated third trimester salivary estriol levels have been associated with preterm birth. We evaluated whether maternal estriol concentrations from second trimester serum correlated with preterm delivery.Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 7767 patients evaluated with second trimester aneuploidy screening. Unconjugated serum estriol was measured by immunoassay, expressed as multiples of the median (MoM) for gestational age and evaluated for association with preterm ( 2, as opposed to 6.23% of >34 week deliveries (p = 0.031). There was a direct correlation between level of estriol concentrations and gestational age at time of delivery.Conclusions: Elevated second trimester maternal serum unconjugated estriol is independently associated with...
A comparison of self-report and direct observation of booster seat use in Latino families

Objective To develop a reliable self-report tool for measuring child booster seat use among Latino families. Design Cross-sectional and observational survey of a convenience sample. Setting Five retail stores in King County, Washington. Participants 50 parents of children 4–8 years old that self-identified as Latino or Hispanic. Main exposures Parent-reported measures of how often the child uses a booster seat, if the child used a booster seat on the last trip, how often the child complains about using a booster seat, how often the child asks to not use a booster seat, and how often other families they know use a booster seat. Outcome measure Observed booster seat use by child. Results 26 children (52%) were observed using a booster seat. Parent-reported booster seat use was a poor predictor of observed booster seat use. Although 34 parents reported that their child ‘always’ uses a booster seat, 8 (24%) of these children were not using a booster seat. A logistic model to predict booster seat use had a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 71%, and misclassified 24% of the participants9 observed use. Conclusions Reliance on parent-reported booster seat use significantly overstated observed booster seat use in the study. Among this study population, accurate determination of booster seat use required direct observation.
Engineering a sharp physiological transition state for poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) through structural control

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm), a well-studied, biologically inert polymer that undergoes a sharp aqueous thermal transition at 32 °C, has been a subject of widespread interest for possible biological applications. A major hindrance to its successful application is due to the difficulty of maintaining a sharp transition when the polymer is modified for a physiological transition temperature, especially in isotonic solutions. Current copolymer blends raise the transition temperature but also make the transition significantly broader. We have combined the use of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with tacticity control to synthesize well-defined pNIPAAm that demonstrates sharp transitions under physiological conditions. By selecting a RAFT agent with appropriate end groups, controlling molecular weight, and increasing the racemo diad content, we were able to increase the thermal transition temperature of pure pNIPAAm to a sharp transition at 37.6 °C under isotonic conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Variances for distances between plant sequences

Abstract Phylogenetic trees may be constructed from pairwise distances among the taxonomic units. When the data consist of DNA sequences, appropriate distances can be defined to reflect the mutation model and to have expected values proportional to the time of divergence of the sequences. With the growing amount of sequence data, it is also necessary to incorporate within-species sequence variation into measures of distance between sequences. This additional feature requires attention to be paid to drift and recombination as well as mutation, and greatly increases the difficulty of estimating variances of estimated distances. Numerical resampling seems appropriate. These concepts are illustrated with some sequence data from the Adhl gene from maize and pearl millet.
Methadone and Public Policy

Summary This paper is written for the public health official of a city, state, county, municipality or other political entity faced with a heroin addiction problem which calls for a policy response. It identifies countries, cities or states which have a substantial experience with methadone. In some instances. New York City, for example, this experience spans more than 20 years and in others a much shorter period of time1. The paper also describes the current dilemmas in the field and the new significance and urgency given to the problem of heroin addiction treatment by the spread of AIDS2. The aim of the paper is to give the reader a profile of what can be accomplished with methadone and what problems one may expect. Finally, it refers the reader to the considerable literature on the clinical use of methadone in maintenance and detoxification.
Antibiotic irrigation prophylaxis in the high-risk cesarean section patient

Two hundred twenty-three women who underwent cesarean section delivery were studied to assess the effectiveness of operative antibiotic irrigation in preventing postoperative uterine infection. Patients were prospectively randomized into high-risk and low-risk groups according to length of labor, and received irrigation with either a 2 gm solution of cefamandole or normal saline solution, or no irrigation. Infection rates of 48.6% and 54.8% were observed in high-risk patients given either saline solution or no irrigation, respectively. Three of 27 high-risk patients (11.1%) given antibiotic irrigation developed metritis. The authors find this method of preventing infection to be advantageous in terms of both efficacy and minimization of antibiotic exposure.
Estimation of Project Completion Time and Factors Analysis for Concurrent Engineering Project Management: A Simulation Approach:

In concurrent engineering projects, tasks are usually interdependent among each other that require much iteration before completion where the critical path method/program evaluation and review technique (CPM/PERT) may not be applicable to help estimate the project duration. In addition, carrying out a large-scaled project in a dynamic environment has to deal with various factors at the same time. When estimating the project completion time, previous research often focused on one subject of interest and assumed the other factors causing little effect on the overall project duration. The objective of this article is to develop a research framework to help estimate the project completion time and analyze the major factors that affect the estimation for complex concurrent engineering projects. The framework consists of three major components: (1) data collection, where the needed data for simulation are prepared including project task structure, task relations, and quantified team member characteristics; (2) simulation, where tasks are dynamically assigned to the appropriate members/engineers according to each member's knowledge level of the task, teamwork capability, work schedule availability, and learning curve improvement; and (3) data analysis, where significant factors to the project completion time are studied by the ANOVA analysis based on the simulation results. The effectiveness of our framework and the simulation model is demonstrated by an illustrative example.
Probing the Conformation and Orientation of Adsorbed Protein Using Monoclonal Antibodies: Cytochrome c3 Films on a Mercury Electrode

A novel use of monoclonal antibodies to probe adsorbed protein conformation is described. Previous electrochemical studies (Zhang, D. B. et al. Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 3873−3881) described the charac...
Age-related differences in performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting test: A meta-analytic review

Two meta-analyses investigating age-related differences in performance on a popular measure of executive function, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), are reported. The 1st meta-analysis examined age-related changes in performance for the number of categories achieved, and the 2nd meta-analysis examined performance for the number of perseverative errors committed. Results indicated that robust age differences were present on both measures. Further analysis of moderator variables revealed reliable effects of education and test version on both measures, whereas test modality led to marginally significant differences in effect sizes obtained only for the number of categories achieved. Findings are discussed along with current accounts of age differences in performance of the WCST.
Effect of compositional stress on impurity doping of crystals

Abstract Theoretical calculations have shown that compositional stresses can greatly affect the course of impurity doping during crystal growth. The computer results were compared with experimental anomalies reported in the prior literature. In addition, it was found that compositional stress effects interact with perturbations having other origins. This interaction may lead to oscillations in the doping level.
Lack of evidence for an increase in interleukin-6 expression in adult murine bone, bone marrow, and marrow stromal cell cultures after ovariectomy

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been implicated as a mediator of postmenopausal bone loss. In vitro studies of bone and bone marrow cells have suggested that estrogen regulates bone turnover by controlling the production of IL-6, a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. To investigate this hypothesis in an in vivo model, we examined the effect of ovariectomy or estrogen replacement on IL-6 mRNA and protein expression in adult mouse bone and bone marrow in vivo and in marrow stromal cell cultures. Eight-week-old CD-1 mice were sham-operated (SHAM), ovariectomized (OVX), or ovariectomized and subcutaneously implanted with 21-day slow-release pellets containing 10 micrograms of 17 beta-estradiol (O + E). Placebo pellets were implanted in the SHAM and OVX mice. Uterine weights at 1, 2, or 3 weeks after surgery were significantly decreased (68-76%) in OVX animals compared with SHAM or O + E. In mice sacrificed at 1 or 3 weeks after surgery, we found by nonquantitative reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), that SHAM, OVX, and O + E calvariae (CALV) constitutively expressed IL-6 mRNA. In contrast, IL-6 mRNA was either barely detectable or absent in the tibia (TIB) and bone marrow (BM). In the mice sacrificed 3 weeks after surgery, we determined by quantitative RT-PCR that IL-6 mRNA in the CALV from the OVX and O + E groups were decreased by 81 and 92%, respectively, compared with SHAM. IL-6 protein levels in the flushed bone marrow (BMSups) were detectable and were not significantly different among the groups. In bone marrow cells that were cultured for 1 week, basal levels of IL-6 protein were low and did not differ significantly among the SHAM, OVX, or O + E groups sacrificed 1, 2, or 3 weeks after surgery. After the addition of hrIL-1 alpha, IL-6 protein levels increased 100- to 1300-fold over control. IL-6 levels in cells from animals sacrificed 2 weeks after surgery were significantly lower in the hrIL-1 alpha-stimulated OVX and O + E groups than in hrIL-1 alpha-stimulated SHAM cell cultures. In conclusion, in this model we could find no increase in IL-6 production with in vivo estrogen withdrawal in calvaria, long bones, bone marrow, or marrow stromal cell cultures. If increases in IL-6 expression are involved in the effects of estrogen withdrawal on bone, the magnitude of these changes are relatively small and below the limits of detection of the assays that we employed.
Dynamic compliance matrix of rigid strip footing bonded to a viscoelastic cross anisotropic halfspace

Abstract The problem of determining the response of a rigid strip footing bonded to the surface of a viscoelastic cross-anisotropic halfspace is considered. The footing is subjected to vertical, shear and moment forces harmonically varying with time and uniformly distributed across the longitudinal axis, so that plane strain conditions prevail. The solution is based on a transformation that uncouples the wave equations in closed-form and formulates the mixed boundary condition in terms of the Green's functions for the halfspace. Characteristic results, presented in the form of dynamic compliances as functions of frequency, demonstrate the importance of the degree of cross-anisotropy and of the internal soil damping on the response.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Guidelines and Asthma Management Practices Among Inner-City Pediatric Primary Care Providers

Background and objective Most surveys of pediatric outpatient asthma management obtain information from parents and caregivers. Studies based on surveys of primary health-care providers are sparse. Suboptimal outpatient management may play a role in the high hospitalization rates among inner-city asthmatic children. Asthma management practices were compared between hospital-based and community-based primary care providers (PCPs). Adherence to National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) guidelines was evaluated, along with practices not clearly defined in the guidelines such as use of oral cough medicines and albuterol suspension. Design/methods An 8-point questionnaire was administered to 48 community-based and 32 hospital-based PCPs practicing in inner-city neighborhoods. The questionnaire addressed three "positive" practices (classification of asthma severity, use of asthma action plan, and use of a spacer) and three "negative" practices (use of cough syrup, use of albuterol suspension, and preferential use of leukotriene modifiers instead of inhaled corticosteroids as the first line of preventive therapy). Response options were as follows: never, rarely, sometimes, and always, scored from 0 to 3. The two physician groups were compared on score means for the positive and negative practices using a t test with statistical significance set at p Results Overall, the rate of adherence to the positive practices was high, with no significant difference between the two groups. Negative practices, while present in both the groups, were reported significantly more often by the community-based group, particularly the use of cough suppressants and albuterol suspension. Conclusions Greater emphasis is needed to increase the awareness among PCPs of the NHLBI guideline recommendations, as suboptimal outpatient asthma management may contribute to the disproportionately higher hospitalization rates among inner-city asthmatic children. Clarification on the use of potentially harmful medications and those of doubtful value need to be incorporated in the guidelines. The extent to which these negative practices contribute to the elevated pediatric hospitalization rates warrants further investigation.
Multi-leader coordination algorithm for networks with switching topology and quantized information

This paper analyzes the stability and convergence properties of a proportional-integral protocol for coordination of a network of agents with dynamic information flow and quantized information exchange. In the setup adopted, each agent is only required to exchange its coordination state with its neighboring agents, and the desired reference rate is only available to a group of leaders. We show that the integral term of the protocol allows the agents to learn the reference rate, rather than have it available a priori, and also provides disturbance rejection capabilities. The paper addresses the case where the graph that captures the underlying network topology is not connected during some interval of time or even fails to be connected at all times.
Genome-wide analysis of TNF-alpha response in pigs challenged with porcine circovirus 2b.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with a role in activating adaptive immunity to viral infections. By inhibiting the capacity of plasmacytoid dendritic cells to produce interferon-α and TNF-α, porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) limits the maturation of myeloid dendritic cells and impairs their ability to recognize viral and bacterial antigens. Previously, we reported QTL for viremia and immune response in PCV2-infected pigs. In this study, we analyzed phenotypic and genetic relationships between TNF-α protein levels, a potential indicator of predisposition to PCV2 co-infection, and PCV2 susceptibility. Following experimental challenge with PCV2b, TNF-α reached the peak at 21 days post-infection (dpi), at which time a difference was observed between pigs that expressed extreme variation in viremia and growth (P 0.22), viremia (14-21 dpi, P > 0.29) and viral load (r = 0.31, P < 0.0001). Characterization of the QTL regions uncovered genes that could influence variation in TNF-α levels as well as T- and B-cell development, which can affect disease susceptibility.
CONFLICTING VIEWS ON THE EFFECT OF OLD‐AGE AND SURVIVORS INSURANCE ON RETIREMENT

The literature explaining the sharp drop in labor force participation of the elderly in recent decades is examined. Several recent studies made by economists outside the Social Security Administration have found the impact of OASI to be much more important than was found by surveys made within the social security system. An examination of census and manpower data lends support to the view that OASI has had an important role in encouraging retirement at earlier ages. The drop in labor force participation among the elderly has impeded government efforts to improve the economic condition of elderly persons.
Simulation of Water- and Vapor-Dominated Hydrothermal Reservoirs

A two-dimensional (areal), two-phase (steam-water) model for the numerical simulation of both water- and vapor-dominated hydrothermal reservoirs describes transport of heat and flow of compressed water, steam-water mixtures, and superheated steam in a porous medium. The continuity equations for steam and for water are combined, and, assuming that capillary pressure is negligible and that conditions of local thermal equilibrium prevail, are reduced to two nonlinear partial differential equations in which the dependent variables are fluid pressure and enthalpy. The mass transfer (vaporization) terms are also eliminated when the continuity equations are combined. The two partial differential equations are solved simultaneously using a Galerkin-finite element technique for the spatial terms and finite-difference techniques for the temporal terms. The model is applied to example problems consisting of a hypothetical hot-water reservoir and a hypothetical two-phase reservoir. Model calculations are compared with calculations from other numerical work involving a finite-element model that is restricted to the flow of compressed water, and a finite-difference model that is restricted to the vapor-pressure curve (steam-water mixtures). This numerical model can be used to evaluate both types of reservoirs.
UNDERSTANDING THE ORIGINS OF MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: THE LINGUISTIC NICHE HYPOTHESIS

Human language is unparalleled in both its expressive capacity and its diversity. What accounts for the enormous diversity of human languages [13]? Recent evidence suggests that the structure of languages may be shaped by the social and demographic environment in which the languages are learned and used. In an analysis of over 2000 languages Lupyan and Dale [25] demonstrated that socio-demographic variables, such as population size, significantly predicted the complexity of inflectional morphology. Languages spoken by smaller populations tend to employ more complex inflectional systems. Languages spoken by larger populations tend to avoid complex morphological paradigms, employing lexical constructions instead. This relationship may exist because of how language learning takes place in these different social contexts [44, 45]. In a smaller population, a tightly-knit social group combined with exclusive or almost exclusive language acquisition by infants permits accumulation of complex inflectional forms. In larger populations, adult language learning and more extensive cross-group interactions produce pressures that lead to morphological simplification. In the current paper, we explore this learning-based hypothesis in two ways. First, we develop an agent-based simulation that serves as a simple existence proof: As adult interaction increases, languages lose inflections. Second, we carry out a correlational study showing that English-speaking adults who had more interaction with non-native speakers as children showed a relative preference for over-regularized (i.e. morphologically simpler) forms. The results of the simulation and experiment lend support to the linguistic niche hypothesis: Languages may vary in the ways they do in part due to different social environments in which they are learned and used. In short, languages adapt to the learning constraints and biases of their learners.
Distal penetration of proton beams: the effects of air gaps between compensating bolus and patient

These Monte Carlo studies have shown that, if the distal end of range of the proton beam is to be tailored tightly to the target volume, sophisticated treatment planning programs, beam delivery and patient immobilisation techniques have to be developed and details, such as having the compensating bolus fit snugly to the patient's surface, have to be considered. Although the magnitudes of the effects reported here are specific to the components and beam quality in this Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory proton beam line, the principles are general and apply to all heavy charged particle beams. Thus, in the design of a proton beam delivery system, every effort should be made to allow the beam-modifying devices to get very close to the patient or to devise some other means to minimise the separation of patient and bolus.
Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics for the Cardiologist

Victor J. Dzau, Choong-Chin Liew, eds 308 pages. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, Inc; 2007. $149.95. ISBN 1-4051-3394-5 The power of Mendelian genetics to address the complexity of cardiovascular biology has been apparent since pioneering work unraveled the causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and the long-QT syndrome. With the completion of the Human Genome Project, an increasing number of novel unbiased technologies have emerged, including expression profiling, proteomics, and metabolomics. As genetic and genomic techniques begin to enter translational research and even clinical practice, it is becoming increasingly important for cardiologists to be aware of the unique capabilities and limitations of these approaches to understanding disease. The recent wave of genome-wide association studies and the burgeoning field of regenerative medicine have not only emphasized the need for fluency in the language of modern biology, but also have highlighted a need for a major investment in patient-oriented research as investigators grapple with developing new phenotypes and evaluating innovative potential therapies. …
IBM 3081 processor unit: design considerations and design process

Significantly new challenges were presented for the design of the 3081 Processor Unit since it was the first IBM large system implemented in LSI technology. Solutions had to be found for a new set of problems in order to achieve the required product objectives while maintaining an acceptable development cost and schedule. In this paper, the design aspects and the characteristics of the 3081 Processor Unit are described and the tradeoffs that were made due to the implementation of LSI are presented. A design strategy was chosen that included tradeoffs covering the areas of machine organization, performance level, implementation costs, testing and servicing aids, and development schedules. An innovative verification effort was introduced into the design process, capitalizing on a hardware flowcharting discipline and rigorous design rules. On the basis of this development experience, some thoughts concerning VLSI implementations are explored.
Electromagnetic form factors in the Skyrme model

The electric and magnetic form factors for the nucleon and the $N\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}$ transition are computed in the semiclassical approximation to the Skyrme model and compared with phenomenological dipole parametrizations. A model-independent relation between the magnetic form factors is obtained. The transverse electric transition form factor is identically zero in this approximation, while the longitudinal form factor is nonzero.
Correlates of Anxiety Symptoms in Physically Disabled Older Women

Objective The authors describe characteristics that are associated with chronic anxiety symptoms and examine the use of anxiolytic and antidepressant medications in physically disabled women with and without symptoms of anxiety. Methods Participants were 791 physically disabled women age 65+ years who participated in the Women's Health and Aging Study for 2–3 years. Anxiety symptoms were measured with four questions from the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, and women were categorized as having no anxiety, intermittent anxiety, and chronic anxiety symptoms. Health-related characteristics, medications, physical functioning, physical activity, and psychosocial variables were also measured. Results Forty-nine percent of women reported no anxiety symptoms; 41% reported intermittent symptoms; and 10% reported chronic symptoms of anxiety. Depressive symptoms and lack of emotional support were significant correlates of intermittent anxiety symptoms, whereas depressive symptoms, negative life events, and lack of emotional support were significant correlates of chronic anxiety symptoms. Over the course of 3 years, 20.3% of women with no anxiety, 33.0% of women with intermittent anxiety, and 48.7% of women with chronic anxiety symptoms took anxiolytic and/or antidepressant medications. Conclusion Anxiety symptoms are common among disabled older women. Psychosocial variables were significantly different in women with intermittent or chronic anxiety symptoms, versus women without anxiety.
Regional distributions of noradrenaline and dopamine in marmoset monkey brain

Abstract 1. 1. The regional distribution of noradrenaline and dopamine in adult marmoset brains were determined by fluorimetric assay. 2. 2. Noradrenaline was localized within the general areas of the midbrain and hypothalamus. 3. 3. Dopamine had a wider distribution throughout the brain but was predominantly localized within the areas of the caudate nucleus and basal ganglia. 4. 4. This distribution was consistent with that reported for other mammals. 5. 5. No differences were noted when the values were grouped according to sex.
Catalan Triangulations of the Möbius Band

A Catalan triangulation of the Mobius band is an abstract simplicial complex triangulating the Mobius band which uses no interior vertices, and has vertices labelled 1, 2, ?, n in order as one traverses the boundary. We prove two results about the structure of this set, analogous to well-known results for Catalan triangulations of the disk. The first is a generating function for Catalan triangulations of M having n vertices, and the second is that any two such triangulations are connected by a sequence of diagonal-flips.
Perceived social support among depressed elderly, middle-aged, and young-adult samples: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.

Abstract Background: A number of studies have concluded that the perceived quality of support is more strongly associated with mental health than with the actual structure of personal networks. This study examined clinical, historical, and phenomenological variables associated cross-sectionally and longitudinally with perceived social support. Methods: Participants included elderly, middle-aged, and young-adult depressed samples derived from the Duke Clinical Research Center for the Study of Depression in Late Life. Results: Cross-sectional multivariate analyses revealed that perceived social support was: (1) for the elderly associated with pessimistic thinking, being divorced, having strange ideas, the degree of social interaction, and instrumental support; (2) for middle-age associated with dysthymia, divorce, pessimistic thoughts, social interaction, and instrumental support; and (3) among young adults with instrumental support only. Longitudinal multivariate analyses indicated that only perceived social support at Time 1 predicted perceived social support 1 year later among elderly and middle-aged subjects, whereas only instrumental support predicted perceived social support 1 year later among the young-adult sample. Limitations: The small number of subjects among the young-adult sample limit conclusions regarding this group. In addition, only patients provided data. Future studies should consider using multiple informants to enhance the accuracy of reported social support. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that in addition to whatever else they do for depressed patients, clinicians must endeavor to address relationship or social support difficulties, especially in the elderly .
Photoaffinity labeling of the tight ADP binding site of the chloroplast coupling factor one (CF1): The effect on the CF1-ATPase activity

Abstract Chloroplast thylakoid membranes contain tightly bound ADP which is intimately involved in the mechanism of photophosphorylation. The photoaffinity analog 2-azido-ADP binds tightly to spinach thylakoid membrane-bound coupling factor one (CF1) and, in a manner similar to ADP, inhibits the light-triggered ATPase activity (Czarnecki, J.J., Abbott, M.S. and Selman, B.R. (1983) Eur. J. Biochem. 136, 19–24). Ultraviolet irradiation of thylakoid membranes containing noncovalently, tightly bound 2-azido[β-32P]ADP results in the inactivation of both the methanol-stimulated MgATPase activity of the membrane-bound CF1 and the octylglucoside-dependent MgATPase activity of the solubilized enzyme. There is a linear correlation between the loss of enzyme activity and the covalent incorporation of the photoaffinity analog. Full inactivation of catalytic activity is estimated to occur upon incorporation of 1.07 mol analog and 0.65 mol analog per mol enzyme for the methanol- and octylglucoside-stimulated activities, respectively. Since 2-azido-ADP modifies only the β subunit of the CF1 and since there are probably three β subunits per CF1, these results indicate strong cooperativity among β subunits and between the site of tightly bound nucleotides and the catalytic sites.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Practice: Interventions to Improve High School Completion

In this article, we perform cost-effectiveness analysis on interventions that improve the rate of high school completion. Using the What Works Clearinghouse to select effective interventions, we ca...
Characterization of a Low Molecular Weight Na-K-ATPase Inhibitor of Urinary Origin

ABSTRACT It has been demonstrated that expansion of extracellular fluid volume induces the release of a low-molecular-weight natriuretic and sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase inhibiting hormone (NKAI). In this study, we used a highly purified hormone extracted from pooled hypertensive urines (u-NKAI). Like ouabain, this compound was found to be a potent inhibitor of the sodium-potassium-activated adenosine-triphosphatase and potassium-stimulated paranitrophenyl phosphatase enzyme systems as well as a vasoconstrictor in vitro. In contrast to ouabain, which is a competitive inhibitor of both enzyme systems with respect to potassium, u-NKAI is noncompetitive. Furthermore, u-NKAI differs from ouabain by its lack of cross-reactivity with digoxin antibodies. In addition, whereas ouabain binds to both high-affinity and low-affinity binding sites on the sodium-potassium-activated adenosine-triphosphatase enzyme in the absence of potassium, u-NKAI binds only to the low-affinity binding sites. This study demonstrates that the highly purified u-NKAI, although ouabain-like in certain respects, is not an “endogenous ouabain.”
Developing multimodal intelligent affective interfaces for tele-home health care

Accounting for a patient's emotional state is integral in medical care. Tele-health research attests to the challenge clinicians must overcome in assessing patient emotional state when modalities are limited (J. Adv. Nurs. 36(5) 668). The extra effort involved in addressing this challenge requires attention, skill, and time. Large caseloads may not afford tele-home health-care (tele-HHC) clinicians the time and focus necessary to accurately assess emotional states and trends. Unstructured interviews with experienced tele-HHC providers support the introduction of objective indicators of patients' emotional status in a useful form to enhance patient care. We discuss our contribution to addressing this challenge, which involves building user models not only of the physical characteristics of users--in our case patients--but also models of their emotions. We explain our research in progress on Affective Computing for tele-HHC applications, which includes: developing a system architecture for monitoring and responding to human multimodal affect and emotions via multimedia and empathetic avatars; mapping of physiological signals to emotions and synthesizing the patient's affective information for the health-care provider. Our results using a wireless non-invasive wearable computer to collect physiological signals and mapping these to emotional states show the feasibility of our approach, for which we lastly discuss the future research issues that we have identified.
Retrospectives: American Economists in the Progressive Era on the Minimum Wage

Beginning in 1912, a number of states passed minimum wage legislation that applied exclusively to women and minors. These tentative experiments in economic legislation ended in 1923 when the Supreme Court overturned the District of Columbia's minimum wage law. Remarkably, at this time virtually all professional American economists supported some variety of minimum wage legislation; however, they did not all give the same reasons. This paper briefly examines the context in which this minimum wage legislation was passed and then surveys several of the arguments that American economists gave in support of minimum wage laws.
Pollution-Controlling Innovation in Oligopolistic Industries: Some Comparisons between Patent Races and Research Joint Ventures

Abstract Much of the literature on pollution-control innovation has focused on normative comparisons of exogenous regulatory policies in light of the incentives they induce on firms′ R&D efforts. In contrast, in the positive analysis below, both R&D incentives and regulatory policy arise endogenously as functions of market structure and external cost differentials. Incentives for pollution-controlling innovation are found to arise from within the industry in a patent race setting when innovation gives the race winner(s) a cost advantage over the other industry members. This cost advantage is shown to come about when innovating firms successfully use their influence to raise their rivals′ costs by bringing about a policy change forcing industry members to internalize pollution externalities. In contrast, an industry-wide research joint venture (RJV) has incentive to collusively prevent development of innovation unless environmental activists are sufficiently strong. This latter result is illustrated by the case U.S. vs Automobile Manufacturers Association, where the Justice Department found evidence that the "big three" used an RJV to slow the introduction of pollution-control innovation.
Stabilizing Smoked Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Tissue after Extraction of Oil

: Alaska salmon oils are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and are highly valued by the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the tissue that remains after oil extraction does not have an established market. Discarded pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) tissues were preserved using a combination of smoke-processing and acidification with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). All samples were analyzed for moisture, protein, ash, and lipid contents. Bacterial cell counts, pH, and lactic acid concentrations were recorded as a measure of LAB viability. Neither raw nor smoked salmon were free from spoilage during 60 d of storage. Only fermented samples successfully stabilized below pH 4.7, while retaining lactic acid concentrations over 15 g/L during storage. When smoked, fermented salmon head tissues were dried, the pH of the resulting high-protein “cracker” was significantly lower than when crackers were prepared only from the smoked (but not fermented) salmon material. Both cracker varieties retained valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids. This research suggests that salmon-head tissues discarded after oil extraction represent a good source of protein and high-value fatty acids in a shelf-stable form. Practical Application: Alaska salmon oils are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and are highly valued by the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the tissue that remains after oil extraction does not have an established market. Material produced from salmon tissue discarded after oil extraction may represent a valuable resource for preparing high-protein crackers and other fish-based food products. In addition to providing a unique smoke-flavoring, the smoked, fermented fish material may also impart antioxidant factors thereby extending the shelf life of the product.
Reflections to projections: The mirror as a proto‐cinematic technology

Through a comparative analysis of ‘The Palace of Illusions,’ a pavilion sponsored by the Saint‐Gobain glass company for the 1900 Exposition and shorts by Auguste and Louis Lumiere screened at the same Exposition, this essay examines how full‐length mirrors and their proliferation throughout urban settings influenced early film. I suggest that large mirrors, those that commonly embellished display windows throughout modern Paris, both prefigured and influenced early cinema, as they framed and spectacularized representations of modern life, as did early moving pictures. Despite great differences between viewing a film and viewing reflections, mirrors directly influenced the style, subject‐matter, and the experience of watching early moving pictures.
Prolactin-inhibiting activity in hypophysial stalk blood and elevation by dopamine

Des moities d'hypophyse incubees dans du plasma de la tige hypophysaire secretent moins de prolactine que les moities complementaires incubees dans du plasma de sang peripherique. Les glandes incubees dans du plasma de la tige hypophysaire de rats traites a la dopamine secretent moins de prolactine que celles incubees dans le plasma des rats temoins. L'activite inhibitrice de la prolactine dans le plasma de la tige hypophysaire peut Etre le resultat d'un facteur particulier, et la secretion de ce facteur serait gouvernee par un mecanisme «dopaminergique».
Clozapine concentrations in brain regions: Relationship to dopamine metabolite increase

Abstract Levels of clozapine in rat striatum and tuberculum olfactorium were quantitated by a gas chromatographic technique. The relationship of the increase in 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in these regions produced by clozapine to the concentration of clozapine was explored. One hour after 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg clozapine i.p. the concentration of drug increased in proportion to the dose and at each dose was similar in striatum and T.O. The percent increase in DOPAC in both areas was related to the clozapine concentration in a typical dose-response manner and was greater in the striatum than the T.O. A relatively high concentration of clozapine (40 μM) was required to produce a half-maximal elevation of DOPAC. Striatal clozapine levels were similar in acutely and chronically treated animals. The concentrations of clozapine in straitum and T.O. reflect the dose injected and do not account for its atypical properties.
Detection of H2 Emission from Mira B in Ultraviolet Spectra from the Hubble Space Telescope

We present ultraviolet spectra of Mira's companion star from the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) instrument on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The companion is generally assumed to be a white dwarf surrounded by an accretion disk fed by Mira's wind, which dominates the UV emission from the system. The STIS UV spectrum is dominated by numerous, narrow H2 lines fluoresced by H I Lyα, which were not detected in any of the numerous observations of Mira B by the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE). The high-temperature lines detected by IUE (e.g., C IV λ1550) still exist in the STIS spectrum but with dramatically lower fluxes. The continuum fluxes in the STIS spectra are also much lower, being more than an order of magnitude lower than ever observed by IUE and also an order of magnitude lower than fluxes observed in more recent HST Faint Object Camera objective prism spectra from 1995. Thus, the accretion rate onto Mira B was apparently much lower when STIS observed the star, and this change altered the character of Mira B's UV spectrum.
Factors Associated with HIV Viral Load in a Respondent Driven Sample in Los Angeles

This study used a modified version of the Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations to examine the predisposing, enabling, and need factors associated with detectable viral load (VL). HIV status was measured using saliva and confirmed by blood. Of 797 persons enrolled, 193 were HIV positive and provided VL counts. A hierarchical multivariate logistic regression approach demonstrated that the predisposing factors of homelessness and recent substance abuse, particularly methamphetamine abuse, had a negative association with VL. The negative association of homelessness on VL was weakened with the introduction of enabling and need utilization factors. Mediation analysis indicated homelessness and HIV medication taking significantly associated with methamphetamine use as a predictor of detectable viral load. Guided policy to address substance abuse among those who are HIV positive is needed to improve biological outcomes.
Identification of JAK-STAT Pathways as Important for the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a Hypericum Perforatum Fraction and Bioactive Constituents in Raw 264.7 Mouse Macrophages

Hypericum perforatum extracts have been used to treat diseases, including mild-to-moderate depression and inflammatory conditions. It is particularly important to identify which constituents present in the H. perforatum extracts are responsible for its anti-inflammatory activity since consumers are taking H. perforatum preparations to treat inflammation. We used a combination of four putative bioactive constituents, called the 4-component-system that interacted synergistically to explain the light-activated anti-inflammatory activity of an H. perforatum fraction in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. We also combined the constituents at concentrations detected in the fraction to identify key molecular targets. LPS was used to model an inflammatory response, and the 4-component-system and H. perforatum fraction were used as treatments that inhibited LPS-induced prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages in the studies of gene expression profiles. We used Affymetrix genechips, statistical analysis, and quantitative real-time PCR to identify key gene targets of the 4-component-system and the sub-fraction from an H. perforatum ethanol extract. The H. perforatum sub-fraction, with or without LPS stimulation, affected far more genes than the 4-component-system with and without LPS. Genes involved in Janus kinase, as well as a signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) and eicosanoid pathways were identified that could account for the reduction in PGE(2) observed with both treatments in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Ten genes may be particularly important targets for activity of the 4-component-system and the fraction with LPS stimulation and these genes were involved in inflammatory signaling pathways, namely the JAK-STAT and eicosanoid pathways.
TIME-RESOLVED POLARIZATION SHADOWGRAMS IN TURBID MEDIA

The use of the polarization of light as a parameter to discriminate against multiple-scattered light for transillumination imaging through random scattering media is examined. Time-resolved two-dimensional images of submillimeter test bars immersed in 5-cm-thick Intralipid solutions with different micelle dilutions were measured for two orthogonal polarizations (parallel and perpendicular) of light emerging from the turbid medium by using a picosecond Kerr–Fourier (KF) imaging system. The measured contrast and intensity of parallel-polarized KF shadowgrams decreased as the concentration of the scattering medium was increased, whereas the behavior of the perpendicular-polarized KF shadowgrams varied in an opposite matter to the micelle concentration.
Decision support for the triage of lung transplant recipients on the basis of home-monitoring spirometry and symptom reporting

Purpose The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a computerized rule-based decision support algorithm for nursing triage of potential acute bronchopulmonary events in lung transplant recipients on the basis of home monitoring of spirometry and symptoms. Methods The algorithm automatically separates recipients into 2 groups: those who are stable or improving and those who should be “watched” further because of their potential for developing bronchopulmonary events according to their weekly home-monitoring measurements. A total of 155 recipients (82 females and 73 males) contributed 1944 weekly records for the training (420), testing (786), and prospective evaluation (738) data sets. Weekly records contained daily values of forced expiratory volume at 1 second and respiratory symptoms, which were the inputs for the triage rules. Results Sensitivity and specificity were greater than 90% for the prospective evaluation comparing the computer decision support system with the manual nurse review of the same home-monitoring reports. Conclusions Algorithm performance in identifying lung recipients who should be placed on a “watch” list for the potential to develop acute bronchopulmonary events is comparable to the standard human clinical review of the same weekly home-monitoring data
Robustness and fault tolerance make brains harder to study

Brains increase the survival value of organisms by being robust and fault tolerant. That is, brain circuits continue to operate as the organism needs, even when the circuit properties are significantly perturbed. Kispersky and colleagues, in a recent paper in Neural Systems & Circuits, have found that Granger Causality analysis, an important method used to infer circuit connections from the behavior of neurons within the circuit, is defeated by the mechanisms that give rise to this robustness and fault tolerance.