cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuropeptide Y administration into the third ventricle does not increase sucrose or ethanol self-administration but does affect the cortical EEG and increases food intake

Rationale: Several studies have provided indirect evidence that neuropeptide Y (NPY) may play a role in the regulation of ethanol consumption. However, the direct effects of central NPY administration on ethanol drinking are unclear. Objective: This study examined the effects of NPY on ethanol, sucrose, and food consumption as well as its concomitant effects on the cortical EEG. Methods: Wistar rats were implanted with cortical recording electrodes and a cannula in the third ventricle after using a sucrose substitution procedure to establish ethanol self-administration. NPY (0–15 µg/3.0 µl) was infused into the third ventricle prior to drinking sessions, when 10% ethanol (10E), 2% sucrose (2S), 0.5% sucrose (0.5S), or food were available. Behavior and cortical EEG were monitored during the sessions. Results: NPY had no effect on the intake of 10E, 2S, or 0.5S, but NPY (15 µg/3.0 µl) significantly increased food intake. Under baseline drinking conditions, EEG power in the 6–8 Hz range was significantly greater when 2S was consumed compared to 10E. NPY decreased power in the 8–16 Hz range, decreased peak frequency in the 6–8 Hz range, and increased peak frequency in the 32–50 Hz range when 10E or 2S was available. Conclusions: These data suggest that NPY administration into the third ventricle preferentially regulates feeding compared to ethanol or sucrose drinking. In addition, since NPY significantly altered the cortical EEG in the absence of effects on ethanol and sucrose consumption, these data may indicate that NPY's cortical EEG effects are more related to its sedative or anxiolytic properties, rather than any effect on consumption.
The vapour-liquid interface for a Lennard-Jones model of argon-krypton mixtures

We report a molecular dynamics study of the planar vapour-liquid interface for mixtures of Ar and Kr modelled by truncated Lennard-Jones potentials at 115·77 K and at two compositions. The simulations yield the density profiles, surface tension, surface of tension, adsorption, and normal and transverse components of the pressure tensor. Both the Irving-Kirkwood (IK) and Harasima (H) forms of the pressure tensor are calculated. The values of the surface tension calculated by the thermodynamic and mechanical (for both the IK and H pressure tensors) routes are in agreement, but the IK and H pressure tensors yield different values for the surface of tension, as expected. These results are compared with predictions of the mean field theory (MFT) of the interface. The agreement is generally good, the principal differences being due to the fact that the MFT predicts too low a liquid density. The MFT is also used to predict properties of the mixture interface for the full Lennard-Jones potential. For low concentr...
Combined atresiaplasty and tragal reconstruction for microtia and congenital aural atresia: thesis for the American Laryngological, Rhinological, and Otological Society.

Objective: To describe a new technique for combining atresiaplasty with tragal reconstruction by performing the tragal reconstruction with cartilage grafting at the same time as the atresiaplasty for patients with microtia and congenital aural atresia. Hearing and canaloplasty outcomes for this combined technique are reported. Patients: Patients with aural atresia (n = 19) with (n = 16) or without (n = 3) microtia, and a Jahrsdoerfer grade of 6 or higher. Mean age was 8.3 years. Atresiaplasty was performed in 20 ears, with the new combined technique in 15 ears (75%). Methods/Interventions: During the meatoplasty portion of atresiaplasty, the tragus was reconstructed with a cartilage graft and an anteriorly pedicled skin flap. Outcome Measures: Hearing results, complications including canal stenosis, infections, sensorineural hearing loss, and facial nerve injuries. Results: The mean postatresiaplasty pure tone average (PTA) and air bone gap (ABG) were 37.5 and 29.4 dB, respectively. Eleven (55%) of the ears had an ABG of ≤30 dB, and 10 (50%) had speech reception thresholds (SRT) of ≤30 dB. Six ears (30%) had postoperative infections. Revision surgery was performed in four ears (20%) for canal/meatal stenosis, and in six (30%) for conductive hearing loss. Bone Anchored Hearing Aid™ was performed in six patients (30%). There was no sensorineural hearing loss or facial nerve injury. Conclusions: The new combined tragal reconstruction and atresiaplasty technique yielded satisfactory hearing, canal/meatal patency, and cosmetic results, with acceptable rates of complications. This combined tragal reconstruction and atresiaplasty technique is a valuable option in the armamentarium of microtia and atresia surgeons. Laryngoscope, 119:245–254, 2009
Improved theoretical pion-nucleus optical potentials☆

Abstract An approach which makes the first order pion-nucleus optical potential theoretically sound is presented. This study should permit higher order improvements to the potential to be more meaningful and the nuclear structure information extracted from pi-nucleus scattering to be more reliable. Based on multiple scattering theory, three optical potentials are constructed and studied in momentum space. These models are the popular Kisslinger potential, the local “Laplacian” potential, and an “improved off-shell potential;” the latter one is derived from absorptive separable pion-nucleon potentials which exactly reproduce on-shell πN scattering. By working in momentum space and explicitly including πN resonances and off-shell effects in the definition of the optical potential, the approach described here is capable of handling any number of pi-nucleon partial waves, is applicable over a very wide energy region, is based on a physical model for off-shell behavior, and is extended easily to include higher order effects. The optical potentials are inserted into two different relativistic wave equations to determine the total cross section and elastic differential cross section for pi-nucleus scattering. It is found that the various models for off-shell πN scattering determine significantly different πC 12 scattering, with the improved off-shell model preferred on theoretical grounds. Also discussed is the importance of properly transforming πN scattering to the pi-nucleus c.m. system, the origin of the shift in the peak position of the π − C total cross section, and the reason for the increased diffractive nature of the differential cross section at 180 MeV.
The fate of dissolved dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in seawater: tracer studies using 35S-DMSP

Abstract The algal osmolyte dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is distributed globally in the marine euphotic zone, where it represents a major form of reduced sulfur. Previous investigations of DMSP cycling have focused mainly on its degradation to the volatile sulfur species dimethylsulfide (DMS) and little is known about the other possible fates of the sulfur. In this study 35 S-DMSP was used to trace the biogeochemical fate of sulfur in the natural pool of dissolved DMSP in seawater. Dissolved 35 S-DMSP added to seawater was degraded within hours, with the 35 S partitioning into three major, relatively stable, operational pools: particulates, dissolved non-volatile degradation products (DNVS), and volatiles. The mean values for partitioning of DMSP obtained from 20 different seawater incubations were (in terms of sulfur): particulates (33%; range 6–85%;); DNVS (46%; range 21–74%); and volatiles (9%; range 2–21%). Oceanic water samples had lower incorporation of DMSP-S into particulates and higher incorporation into DNVS as compared with coastal-shelf samples. Transient accumulation of untransformed 35 S-DMSP in bacteria accounted for some of the particulate 35 S, but most of the cell-associated DMSP was rapidly transformed and the sulfur incorporated into relatively stable macromolecules. 35 S-labeled DNVS accumulated steadily during DMSP metabolism and approximately half of this pool was confirmed to be sulfate, implying that oxidation of DMSP-sulfur takes place on time scales of minutes to hours. Volatile products were produced rapidly from 35 S-DMSP, but most were consumed within 1–3 h. Experiments showed that methanethiol (MeSH) was the major volatile compound produced from tracer DMSP, with longer-lived DMS formed in lower amounts. Tracer additions of 35 S-MeSH to seawater resulted in incorporation of sulfur into cellular macromolecules and DNVS, suggesting MeSH was an intermediate in the conversion of DMSP into these pools. Experiments with 35 S-DMS revealed that turnover of DMS was much slower than for DMSP or MeSH, and the retention of the DMS-sulfur in particles was only a minor fraction of the total amount metabolized. The majority of the 35 S-DMS was transformed into DNVS including sulfate. Temperature and DMSP concentration significantly affected the partitioning of sulfur during DMSP degradation, with lower temperatures and higher substrate concentrations causing a shift from particulate into volatile and non-volatile dissolved products. Our work demonstrates that natural turnover of dissolved DMSP results in minor net production of sulfur gases, and substantial production of previously unrecognized products (particulate and dissolved non-volatile sulfur). The main fates of DMSP are tied to assimilation and oxidation of the reduced sulfur by microorganisms, both of which may act as important controls on the production of climatically active DMS.
Databases and the future of clinical trials in bladder cancer

As clinical trials continue to expand and evolve to include a wider range of collected information, the amount and variety of information available to clinical researchers has concurrently grown. This article describes a range of means to address this complexity and to accommodate the collection, storage, and integration of this information based on current approaches in biomedical informatics. By reviewing these current approaches, and drawing examples from actual practice within the clinical informatics community, a range of potential solutions and their potential impacts are discussed.
Balancing exercise and food intake with lactation to promote post-partum weight loss

Excess weight gain during pregnancy and post-partum weight retention are risk factors for obesity. While many studies report average weight retained from pregnancy is only 0·5-3·0 kg; between 14 and 20% of women are 5 kg heavier at 6-18 months post-partum than they were before pregnancy. Among normal-weight women, lactation usually promotes weight loss to a moderate extent, but not among those with BMI≥35 kg/m2. While exercise and energy restriction may promote weight loss during lactation, their effect on milk volume and composition and, consequently, infant growth must be considered. The effect of exercise on lactation performance has been investigated. Moderate aerobic exercise of 45 min/d, 5 d/week improved cardiovascular fitness, plasma lipids and insulin response; however, it did not promote post-partum weight loss. Breast milk volume and composition were not affected. The effect of exercise with energy restriction in overweight women on the growth of their infants has also been studied. At 1 month post-partum, women restricted their energy intake by 2092 kJ/d and exercised 45 min/d, 4 d/week for 10 weeks. Women in the diet and exercise group lost more weight than the control group (4·8 (sd 1·7) kg v. 0·8 (sd 2·3) kg); however, there were no differences in infant growth. Based on the current evidence, it is recommended that once lactation is established, overweight women may restrict their energy intake by 2092 kJ/d and exercise aerobically 4 d/week to promote a weight loss of 0·5 kg/week.
The θ-model in quantum corrections to classical confinement

Abstract We consider a generalization of the θ-model due to Chodos and show that the property of classical permanent confinement is absent after quantization.
Salience of Handedness in the Spontaneous Self-Concept:

The distinctiveness postulate regarding selective perception implies that an aspect of a complex stimulus is likely to be noticed in direct proportion to its distinctiveness in the environment in which it is perceived. An implied prediction tested in the present study is that handedness is more salient in the self-concepts of left-handers than of right-handers. The spontaneous self-concept was measured in two different populations by open-ended “Tell us about yourself” questions. In each group, a significantly greater proportion of left- than right-handers mentioned their handedness as part of their self-concepts.
The asymptotic distribution of the one-sided kolmogorov-smirnov statistic for truncated data

The asymptotic distribution function for the one-sided Kolmogorov-Smimov statistic is derived in the case of truncated data. A comparison is made of the one-sided percentage points and the two-sided percentage points of Koziol and Byar.
Light scattering from dilute diblock copolymers in semidilute homopolymer solutions

Abstract We investigate the small-angle light scattering from dilute polystyrene (PS)-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) diblock copolymers in semidilute isorefractive PDMS/tetrahydrofuran (THF) solutions. We compare the results with those obtained on PS/PDMS homopolymer mixtures and analyse the data quantitatively in terms of the only available theoretical results based on the mean-field approach. We also obtain measurements of diffusion coefficients of probe PS molecules and probe PS-PDMS diblock molecules in semidilute PDMS/THF solutions by dynamic light scattering and show the different coupling that occurs between the probe molecule and the semidilute matrix.
Indentation hardness testing of rock

The indentation testing was used for characterisation of hardness of rock materials. During the test, an indentor under applied load penetrated into the rock surface forming a crater. The testing procedure was developed to be in line with other ISRM Suggested Methods. The results show that standardised indentation testing allows for characterisation of mechanical properties of rock and that there is a relationship between the value of the indentation hardens index and the uniaxial compressive strength. The value of the calculated index was used to classify the hardness of rock.
Drop-catch behaviour is play in herring gulls, Larus argentatus

Behaviours with no apparent adaptive function are sometimes described as play without rigorous testing of alternative explanations. One such behaviour is the repeated dropping and catching of objects by birds. We observed drop-catch behaviour by herring gulls over 3 years at a site where the birds frequently dropped clams to break them on hard surfaces below. We tested unique suites of predictions from three hypotheses, that the drop-catch behaviour is play, that it functions to expose potential kleptoparasites, or that it serves to reposition clams before foraging drops. We tested data from 72 drop-catch series and 504 typical foraging drop series to determine which suite of predictions most closely matched our observations. As predicted if the behaviour were play, drop-catches were performed more by younger birds, not necessarily over a hard substrate, and sometimes with nonfood objects. Clams that were subjected to drop-catches were generally not repositioned or eaten. These results suggest a motivation for drop-catching that is distinct from foraging. Finally, drop-catches were more frequent when it was warm and when there were high winds, also consistent with the play hypothesis. Drop-catch behaviour closely matched the predictions of the play hypothesis and we were able to reject the two alternative explanations.
Treatment of malignant nondysgerminomatous germ cell tumors of the ovary with vinblastine, bleomycin, and cisplatin.

Fifteen patients with malignant nondysgerminomatous germ cell tumors of the ovary seen at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston, were treated wit! a combination of vinblastine, bleomycin, and cisplatin (VBP). All pqtients underwent initial surgery: biopsy alone in 'one patient, unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in ten patients, and'bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with or without hysterectomy in four patients. Seven patients received VBP as primary postoperative therapy. One patient died of progressive disease at 15 months following diagnosis. The other six patients are alive without evidence of disease 9 to 47 months from the time of diagnosis. Eight patients received VBP as second-line treatment; three patients had a complete reSponse to therapy and are surviving disease-free 41 to 71 mopths from the time of diagnosis. Four patients treated secondarily had a partial response; three of these patients subsequently developed progressive disease and died, while ole patient survived after undergoing salvage therapy with an etoposide-containing regimen. One patient had no discernible response to VBP therapy and died. The VBP regimen represents an aggressive, moderately toxic, shortterm combination regimen that has promising activity against malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary. Cancer 57:1731-1737, 1986. ALIGNANT GERM CELL tumors Comprise less than
Transfer of qualitative skill analysis ability to similar sport-specific skills.

Abstract The following two articles conclude a two-part feature on the present and future states of qualitative analysis in physical education. In the January issue, after an introduction by feature editor Jean Reeve, Victor Pinheiro offered specific advice on the use of skill criteria sheets in elementary school, while Craig Morrison discussed the various factors that can lead physical education specialists to different, sometimes contradictory analyses of student movement.
Load Scenarios Influence Fluid Absorption of Polyethylene

Wear of total joint replacements is determined gravimetrically in simulator studies. A mix of bovine serum, distilled water, and additives is intended to replicate the lubrication conditions in-vivo. Weight gain due to fluid absorption during testing of UHMWPE components is corrected using a load soak station. In this study six sets of UHMWPE pins were tested for their fluid soak behavior. The samples were subjected to three different loading scenarios while being submersed in two types of commonly used lubricants. After two million cycles or 23.1 days, respectively, the different fluids lead to significantly different soaking results. Test groups that were dynamically loaded gained more weight than unloaded or statically loaded samples. The results suggest that dynamically loaded soak control stations are required during wear testing of UHMWPE components. Otherwise the fluid uptake masks the wear measurement, especially for new polyethylene materials with low wear rates. Furthermore, an agreement on detailed lubricant specifications is desirable.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Circadian rhythmicity in serotonin transporter knockout mice

Abstract Aims Serotonin transporter knockout (5-HTT KO) mice exhibit elevated basal extracellular serotonin, increased depressive-like behaviors and increased rapid eye movement sleep. Because abnormalities of circadian rhythms are associated with mood disorders, we tested the hypothesis that 5-HTT KO mice would have altered circadian rhythmicity. Main methods Homecage locomotor activity was recorded in wild-type (WT) and KO mice under a standard 12:12 light–dark cycle. After 4 weeks of recording, mice received a one-hour light pulse at circadian time (CT) 14 and then were kept under constant darkness for 3 weeks. Key findings There were no significant differences in amplitude, period, acrophase or total home cage locomotor activity between WT and KO mice during the 12:12 light–dark cycle or during constant darkness. The mean phase delay to a CT 14 light pulse was significantly attenuated in KO compared to WT mice. Significance Acute increases in serotonin have been reported to attenuate photic phase shifts. The current study demonstrates that this effect is maintained in the face of a lifelong absence of 5-HTT.
Helpful to you is useful to me: The use and interpretation of social voting

Social voting plays a key role in the organization of user-contributed content; readers are asked to indicate what they “like” or find “helpful,” with collected votes then used to prioritize valued content. Despite the popularity of these mechanisms, little is known as to how users employ and interpret this feedback. We conducted a study in which participants researched items at two review communities, keeping lists of reviews they found helpful and not. We observed their behaviors and asked them to rate reviews on several dimensions. We found consensus that helpful contributions are clearly written, relevant to users' needs, and express an appropriate amount of information. We also observed that users relied on others' judgments, attending to the most helpful content. We discuss implications, when users behave as though what is helpful to others is helpful to them.
Detection of poly(I):poly(C12U), mismatched double-stranded RNA, by rapid solution hybridization: blood values after intravenous infusion.

A rapid solution hybridization technique has been developed for estimating blood concentrations of poly(I):poly(C12U), a high molecular weight bioactive double-stranded RNA. Samples were prepared by mixing 100 microL of blood with, 165 microL of 6 M guanidine thiocyanate (GuSCN) and 0.16 M EDTA pH 8.0, and freezing. Hybridizations were carried out with a [3H]poly(C) probe in 3 M GuSCN for 10 min at 37 degrees C. Ribonuclease-resistant hybrids were collected by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and filtration. Validation studies demonstrated minor interassay variance; the assay was accurate in the range 0.1 to 10 ng poly(I):poly(C12U). Thirty-one blood samples from 15 patients were collected and prepared before and immediately after an average 35 min intravenous infusion of 40-500 mg poly(I):poly(C12U). Postadministration values averaged 48% (s.d. 23%) of the theoretical maximum (range 20-102%). These results confirm previous observations of rapid elimination kinetics of poly(I):poly(C12U) in patients.
The Impact of Boundary Conditions on Surface Curvature Measurements of Polypropylene Mesh in Response to Uniaxial Loading

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is defined as the descent of the pelvic organs into the vaginal canal. POP is a widespread condition among women, with a 7% lifetime risk for a single operation1. For surgical treatment, polypropylene mesh is often implanted to restore support to the pelvic organs. However, up to 20% of those who undergo surgery with mesh will require repeat operations for recurrent symptoms or complications2. One of the most common complications is mesh erosion3. Erosion is characterized by degeneration of the native vaginal tissue in contact with the mesh, resulting in the mesh migrating through the vagina. Though the cause of mesh erosion is undefined, surgeons have described this complication by the appearance of mesh “contraction”, “buckling”, “wrinkling”, and/or “bunching”. Some have even described this as an “accordion effect”.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Overlay metrology productivity and stability enhancements using an offline recipe database manager (RDM)

Tool cost of ownership and manufacturing productivity continue to be key factors in equipment selection discussions. Products that differentiate themselves by maximizing tool utilization and minimizing engineering resources make the best economic impact in a time of increasing fab capital costs. This paper will demonstrate the use of a single off-line recipe database manager (RDM) in conjunction with multiple optical misregistration measurement tools for the purpose of misregistration recipe creation and management in a high volume ASIC manufacturing line. A strategy for minimizing the number of recipe elements and the amount of time required to create and maintain all recipes will be discussed. Data will be presented which demonstrates significant reduction in tool time required for recipe setup, leading directly to increased tool availability for production use. In addition, the RDM allows for standardization of misregistration measurement setup for similar process levels across multiple product devices within a single product family. Data will be shown demonstrating TIS stability and consistency as a result of the standardized setup. Future work, including fully automated recipe creation via CAD output data would be discussed.
Verapamil therapy in variant angina pectoris refractory to nitrates

Abstract Conventional therapy including nitrates, beta blockers, and surgical bypass has proved to be generally unsatisfactory in patients with variant angina of suspected vasospastic etiology. Recent evidence regarding the role of calcium in the pathogenesis of vascular smooth muscle spasm prompted an open study of the clinical effects of verapamil in seven patients with recurrent rest angina refractory to nitrates. The patients studied met strict clinical ECG and angiographic criteria for vasospastic angina. All patients has rapid (within 24 hours) and complete (without recurrence of symptoms) chronic response to oral verapamil therapy. The pharmacology of verapamil relating to the pathogenesis of vasospastic angina is delineated and guidelines for the clinical application of the agent are presented.
The Development, Implementation, and Changes in Engineering Courses, at a Large State University, Sponsored Through an NSF Coalition

Since 1988, with support from the Foundation Coalition, one of the Engineering Education Coalitions supported by the National Science Foundation, the Dwight Look College of Engineering has invested considerable time and energy in renewing its sophomore engineering courses. The excitement which accompanies the receipt of a large NSF funded program results in an initial enthusiasm and energy that is contagious for both faculty and students. The initial results of a “pilot” program are almost always improved course content, better student attitudes, better retention, etc. However, when the rush wears off and the new courses have to be institutionalized, what happens? What can be learned from consistent, long-term efforts to assess and improve the sophomore engineering science courses? This paper focuses on the introductory sophomore materials science course, Principles of Materials Engineering (ENGR 213). Using data collected from students and evaluation of student performance as measured by course grades and a standardized test, the authors will examine what has been learned since the inception of the course.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Ionic Properties of Membrane Association by Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins: The Case for Univalency†

Ionic properties of membrane interaction by prothrombin, protein Z, and other vitamin K-dependent proteins were studied to determine the relevance of a monovalent membrane contact mechanism between...
High-detectivity (>1*10/sup 10/ cm square root Hz/W), InAsSb strained-layer superlattice, photovoltaic infrared detector

A high-detectivity infrared photodiode grown using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is discussed. It consisted of a p-'i'-n device embedded in an InAs/sub 0.15/Sb/sub 0.85//InSb strained-layer superlattice (SLS) with equal 150 AA-thick layers. The SLS was grown on top of a thick, composition-graded In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/Sb (x=1.0-0.9) strain-relief buffer on an InSb substrate. The p- and n-type dopants were Be and Se, respectively. The doping level in the 'i' region represents the background doping level in the MBE system. The surface passivated device exhibited detectivities >or=1*10/sup 10/ cm square root Hz/W at wavelengths >
Imaging of bilateral ureteropelvic junction laceration from blunt trauma

Bilateral ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) injury from blunt abdominal trauma is rare, with only seven previously reported cases, all of which were complete avulsions. Early and delayed computed tomography (CT) for visualization of the nephrographic and excretory renal phases, respectively, is essential to distinguish parenchymal from collecting system injury. Once UPJ injury is detected by CT, differentiation between laceration and avulsion is mandatory since laceration is treated nonoperatively, whereas avulsion requires surgical repair. In addition to CT, intravenous pyelography (IVP) or retrograde pyelography may be required for full characterization of the injury. Retrograde pyelography may permit better opacification of the ureters than IVP, enabling the urologist to determine whether stent placement is necessary. We report the first case of bilateral UPJ laceration secondary to blunt abdominal trauma and the imaging studies necessary to make the diagnosis.
The detection and identification of synthetic steroids in horse urine.

A scheme for the detection of synthetic steroids which could be used in the “doping” of race-horses is described. The method involves extraction from urine into ethyl acetate: ether (1:1) followed by initial two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography using (1) ethyl acetate (2) methylene chloride: dioxan: water (100:50:50). Elution of the ultraviolet absorbing spots for extinction measurements is followed by further one way thin-layer chromatography as free alcohols in amyl acetate: acetone (1:1). Further chromatography of the steroid alcohols in chloroform: ether: water (80:20:0·5) on formamide-impregnated plates and chromatography of the acetates in ether helps to identify the unknown steroid. Additional identification is made by colour reactions with (1) a tetrazolium reagent (2) vanillin: perchloric acid.
Heat capacities of solid poly(amino acids). I. Polyglycine, poly(L‐alanine), and poly(L‐valine)

Heat capacities of polyglycine, poly(L-alanine), and poly(L-valine) were analyzed using approximate group vibrations and fitting of the skeletal vibrations to a two-parameter (Θ1, Θ3) Tarasov function. New experimental data were measured by differential scanning calorimetry in the temperature range of 230–390 K. Good agreement between our experimental data and the calculated data was observed for all three poly(amino acids). Previous investigations showed agreement between calculation and reported experimental data for only limited low temperature ranges. At higher temperatures, discrepancies of up to 55% existed between experiment and calculation. The cause of this discrepancy must be assumed to be experimental error. Recommended experimental data are revised on the basis of this investigation. Computed heat capacities are available for the three biopolymers in the solid state from 0 to 1000 K.
Skeletal effects of aging and menopausal status in female rhesus macaques

To further define the nonhuman primate as a model of the adult human skeleton, we explored the impact of growth, natural menopause, and osteoarthritis on bone mass, serum markers of bone turnover (osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen) and measures of skeletal relevance (PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, total alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, and albumin). Fifty-eight female (aged 4-30 yr) rhesus macaques were defined as growing (G; n = 12; 10 yr old; eumenorrheic, high serum estradiol and low FSH), or postmenopausal (Post; n = 16; amenorrheic for at least 1 yr, with low serum estradiol and high FSH). Total body and posterior-anterior spinal bone masses were lower in G than APre animals (P < 0.05). Post females had lower total body, distal radius, and spinal bone mass than premenopausal animals (P < 0.05). Osteocalcin was higher in Post than APre animals (P < 0.01). Other measures showed no relationship with menopausal status. In older monkeys, spinal osteoarthritis became common, causing increased dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-measured bone mass in the lumbar spinal posterior-anterior projection. In conclusion, after natural menopause, rhesus monkeys have lower bone mass and higher skeletal turnover without alteration of the calcium-vitamin D axis. As such, they are an excellent model of human estrogen-depletion bone loss.
The Focal Adhesion Analysis Server: a web tool for analyzing focal adhesion dynamics

The Focal Adhesion Analysis Server (FAAS) is a web-based implementation of a set of computer vision algorithms designed to quantify the behavior of focal adhesions in cells imaged in 2D cultures. The input consists of one or more images of a labeled focal adhesion protein. The outputs of the system include a range of static and dynamic measurements for the adhesions present in each image as well as how these properties change over time. The user is able to adjust several parameters important for proper focal adhesion identification. This system provides a straightforward tool for the global, unbiased assessment of focal adhesion behavior common in optical microscopy studies. The webserver is available at: http://faas.bme.unc.edu/.
A model for understanding membrane potential using springs

In this report, I present a simple model using springs to conceptualize the relationship between ionic conductances across a cellular membrane and their effect on membrane potential. The equation describing the relationships linking membrane potential, ionic equilibrium potential, and ionic conductance is of similar form to that describing the force generated by a spring as a function of its displacement. The spring analogy is especially useful in helping students to conceptualize the effects of multiple conductances on membrane potential.
Modeling gene-by-environment interaction in comorbid depression with alcohol use disorders via an integrated bioinformatics approach

Comorbidity of Major Depressive Disorder (depression) and Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) is well documented. Depression, AUD, and the comorbidity of depression with AUD show evidence of genetic and environmental influences on susceptibility. We used an integrated bioinformatics approach, mining available data in multiple databases, to develop and refine a model of gene-by-environment interaction consistent with this comorbidity. We established the validity of a genetic model via queries against NCBI databases, identifying and validating TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) and MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase) as candidate genes. We used the PDG-ACE algorithm (Prioritizing Disease Genes by Analysis of Common Elements) to show that TNF and MTHFR share significant commonality and that this commonality is consistent with a response to environmental exposure to ethanol. Finally, we used MetaCore from GeneGo, Inc. to model a gene-by-environment interaction consistent with the data. TNF Alpha Converting Enzyme (TACE) activity is suppressed by ethanol exposure, resulting in reduced TNF signaling. TNF binds to TNF receptors, initiating signal transduction pathways that activate MTHFR expression. MTHFR is an essential enzyme in folate metabolism and reduced folate levels are associated with both AUD and depression. Integrating these pieces of information our model shows how excessive alcohol use would be expected to lead to reduced TNF signaling, reduced MTHFR expression, and increased susceptibility to depression. The proposed model provides a novel hypothesis on the genetic etiology of comorbid depression with AUD, consistent with established clinical and biochemical data. This analysis also provides an example of how an integrated bioinformatics approach can maximize the use of available biomedical data to improve our understanding of complex disease.
Strengthening of the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent in the SODA Reanalysis: Mechanisms, Ocean Dynamics, and Implications

AbstractSeveral recent studies utilizing global climate models predict that the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) will strengthen over the twenty-first century. Here, historical changes in the tropical Pacific are investigated using the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis toward understanding the dynamics and mechanisms that may dictate such a change. Although SODA does not assimilate velocity observations, the seasonal-to-interannual variability of the EUC estimated by SODA corresponds well with moored observations over a ~20-yr common period. Long-term trends in SODA indicate that the EUC core velocity has increased by 16% century−1 and as much as 47% century−1 at fixed locations since the mid-1800s. Diagnosis of the zonal momentum budget in the equatorial Pacific reveals two distinct seasonal mechanisms that explain the EUC strengthening. The first is characterized by strengthening of the western Pacific trade winds and hence oceanic zonal pressure gradient during boreal spring. The se...
Adaption Overhead in Time-Varying Cognitive Radio Channels

The ability to adapt to a changing RF environment is a major feature of cognitive radios. As the interference and noise characteristics change, the radio should be able to select a waveform optimal for a particular scenario. However, more frequent adaptation requires more frequent distribution of radio parameters, increasing the overhead and decreasing available proportion of capacity for transmitting data. This paper presents a basic model for analyzing modulation adaption overhead in a point-to-point cognitive radio link, and simulates a few specific cases of interest. We examine how quickly a radio can adapt without that overhead actually causing worse overall performance. Our major results are as follows: to decrease overhead cognitive engines should be placed at receivers, not transmitters; modulation adaptation in Rayleigh fading environments is only beneficial under high-SNR conditions; the higher the average SNR, the more frequently we can adapt to fading channels and see rate gains; and adaptation to interference channels offers a significant performance gain.
Decreased temperature as a signal for regulation of heat shock protein expression in anoxic brain and heart: focus on “Expression of heat shock proteins in anoxic crucian carp (Carassius carassius): support for cold as a preparatory cue for anoxia”

Editorial focus: Expression of heat shock proteins in anoxic crucian carp (Carassius carassius); support for cold as a preparatory cue for anoxia
Differential effects of trisomy on brain shape and volume in related aneuploid mouse models

Down syndrome (DS) results from inheritance of three copies of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). Individuals with DS have a significantly smaller brain size overall and a disproportionately small cerebellum. The small cerebellum is seen in Ts65Dn mice, which have segmental trisomy for orthologs of about half the genes on Hsa21 and provide a genetic model for DS. While small cerebellar size is well-established in mouse and humans, much less is known about the shape of the brain in trisomy. Here we conduct a morphometric analysis of the whole brain and cerebellum in Ts65Dn mice and show that the differences with euploid littermates are largely a function of volume and not of shape. This is not the case in two aneuploid mouse models that have fewer genes orthologous to Hsa21 than Ts65Dn. Ts1Rhr is trisomic for genes corresponding to the so-called Down syndrome critical region (DSCR), which was purported to contain a dosage sensitive gene or genes responsible for many phenotypes of DS. Ms1Rhr is monosomic for the same segment. These models show effects on cerebellum and overall brain that are different from each other and from Ts65Dn. These models can help to identify the contributions of genes from different regions of the chromosome on this and other aspects of brain development in trisomy.
Molecular genetics of mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA and IIIB: Diagnostic, clinical, and biological implications.

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) types IIIA, B, C, and D are a group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage diseases caused by mutations in one of four genes which encode enzyme activities required for the lysosomal degradation of heparan sulfate. The progressive lysosomal storage of heparan sulfate eventually results in the clinical onset of disease, which is predominantly characterized by severe central nervous system degeneration. MPS-IIIA and MPS-IIIB involve deficiencies of heparan sulfate sulfamidase (SGSH) and alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU), respectively. Both the SGSH and NAGLU genes have been cloned and characterized, thereby permitting mutation analysis of MPS-IIIA and MPS-IIIB patients. A total of 62 mutations have now been defined for MPS-IIIA consisting of 46 missense/nonsense mutations, 15 small insertions/deletions, and one splice site mutation. A total of 86 mutations have been identified in the NAGLU gene of MPS-IIIB patients; 58 missense/nonsense mutations, 27 insertions/deletions, and one splice site mutation. Most of the identified mutations in the SGSH and NAGLU genes are associated with severe clinical phenotypes. Many of the missense, nonsense, and insertion/deletion mutations have been expressed in mammalian cell lines to permit the characterization of their effects on SGSH and NAGLU activity and intracellular processing and trafficking. For MPS-IIIA and MPS-IIIB many of the reported mutations are unique making screening the general population difficult. However, molecular characterization of MPS-IIIA patients has revealed a high incidence of particular mutations of different geographical origins, which will be beneficial for the molecular diagnosis of MPS-IIIA.
Transverse magnetoresistance of single crystals of potassium

Abstract The transverse magnetoresistance of single crystal potassium has been measured by a probeless technique. The resistance was found to increase linearly with magnetic field in contrast to saturation predicted theoretically. The linear increase seems to be connected with crystalline strain.
EARLY PARENTAL TREATMENT AS A FACTOR IN STUDENTS' DEVELOPMENT'

Summary.-Astin's 1984 theory of student development and Schutz's FIR0 theory provided the basis for an inquiry into the interpersonal dimension of family background for 813 students entering UC Santa Cruz in the Fall of 1984. Analysis of data from Schutz's Perception of Parents and the American Council of Education's Freshman Survey showed early parental treatment to be a distinct factor, indicating the potential usefulness of this as a pretest measure for further research on students' process of adjustment to the college environment.
Stewardship As A Factor In The Financial Performance Of Mutual Funds

Morningstar has assigned a Stewardship grade to 1165 mutual funds. This comprehensive construct can showcase funds that serve as stewards of investor capital and therefore warrant public trust. This study suggests that such funds may also preserve and augment shareholder return.
Modes of Growth and Regeneration

The development of an organism occurs in many ways. These include embryogenesis, compensatory growth, wound healing, and epimorphic regeneration. Some would classify cancer and aging as developmental processes as well. Each of these phenomena may be achieved by a variety of mechanisms, including mitosis, hypertrophy, migration, and differentiation at the cellular level of organization and the synthesis of chemical compounds at the molecular level. Atrophy, dedifferentiation, and molecular degradation are also important components of developmental processes. Even the demise of cells and tissues may be actively programmed into the scenario of development. Thus, the turnover of living material is a fundamental attribute of life. As such, it is as ubiquitous as life itself. Embryogenesis is also universal, at least among metazoan animals. Compensatory growth and wound healing are likewise common properties of virtually all cells, tissues, and organs, albeit to varying degrees of expression.
The Unlikely Persistence of the Legal Services Corporation: The Politics of Bureaucratic Control

The Legal Services Corporation (LSC) was created in 1974 to replace the Office of Economic Opportunity’s (OEO) Legal Services Program through the enactment of the LSC Act. The original act was enacted under a Republican president and a Democratic majority in Congress and since has been subject to extreme budget cuts, zero funding threats, and tighter restrictions to its organizational mandate. Despite all of these challenges, the LSC persists as the single largest grant maker and monitor of the provision of civil legal services to the poor in the United States. While there has been historical work done on the formation of the LSC via the LSC Act, political science has not fully given consideration to the LSC as an interesting case of institutional stickiness. Despite the numerous threats to the LSC’s survival over time, the LSC persists, even through periods of Republican control. When is the LSC limited through restrictions to its mandate, independence, and funding? How does the LSC evolve and who joins coalitions supporting these changes? What reasoning is provided in support of changes? Informed by a bureaucratic control framework, I begin to investigate trends in political attention to the LSC by employing both an overview of the LSC’s political history as well as a new dataset highlighting the content of introductions concerning the LSC.
Fate of allogeneic skin transplantations in a marsupial (Monodelphis domestica)

Previously we reported that the South American gray short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica, had an MHC class-I locus similar to that of eutherian species. In addition to the detection of lymphocyte antigens by cytotoxic antisera, we concluded that this marsupial rejected allogeneic skin grafts, as would be expected of animals with MHC class-I polymorphism. However, this conclusion was based on a limited number of skin transplants that were assayed for only a short period. Here we report the results of 22 reciprocal skin grafts made between individuals of known genetic relationships. On the basis of gross inspection of the grafts and histologic examination, we found that the average time of the onset of graft rejection was about 19 days and that the average time for complete graft rejection was about 31 days. In general, it took longer for the onset of graft rejection among pairs of genetically related animals than among less related animals. These results indicate unequivocally that this marsupial species has a high degree of class-I polymorphism and rejects allogeneic skin transplants in a manner similar to but more slowly than eutherian mammals.