cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructure of synapses in the first-evolved nervous systems.

The phylum Cnidaria represents the first group of animals to evolve a recognizable nervous system. A comparison of the ultrastructural features of synaptic loci in animals representing all four classes of the cnidaria has provided an overview of the first-evolved synapses that can be compared morphologically to synapses in higher forms. Synapses in these watery jellylike animals with unmyelinated axons are sparse and difficult to fix well. However, we now have sufficient evidence to define an early synapse as one with paired electron dense plasma membranes separated by a 13–25 nm gap containing intracleft filaments and with vesicles on one or both sides of the synaptic cleft. The vesicles are of three types: dense-cored, clear, and opaque. Neuromuscular synapses resemble neuronal synapses and lack the postsynaptic specializations of higher animals. However, some coelenterates, such as the jellyfishChrysaora, have a postsynaptic cisterna in the muscle. Neuromuscular and neuronematocyte synapses can have either clear or dense-cored vesicles. Opaque vesicles at two-way interneuronal synapses and at neuromuscular synapses in the oral sphincter muscle of sea anemones can be labelled with antisera to the neuropeptides Antho-RFamide (Antho-Arg-Phe-NH2) and Antho-RWamides (Antho-Arg-Trp-NH2) I and II, respectively. That suggests that neuropeptides evolved as neurotransmitters early in the animal kingdom. The basic differences between first evolved synapses and synapses of higher animals are the lack of postjunctional folds at neuromuscular synapses and the presence of fewer and somewhat larger synaptic vesicles, generally containing granular cores, in the more primitive animals.
Gauging prescriptivism in writing handbooks

Although handbooks (those often used as references in business and industry) tend to adhere to traditional usage prescriptions, it is clear that they cannot possibly all display the same degree of prescriptivism. Likewise, people who select handbooks, whether they are writing instructors or professional writers, differ in how much importance they invest in following traditional prescriptions. What is needed, then, is a method to match handbooks to users, enabling writing professionals to select a reference that reflects their views on the importance of adhering to traditional rules. Toward this end, this article describes a study of the level of prescriptiveness of 14 handbooks and provides a method based on this study for gauging the prescriptiveness of other handbooks. This study supports W.E. Meyers' (1995) findings in that it suggests prescriptive usage entries are still prevalent in handbooks. However, handbooks do display some variation in their prescriptiveness, and their prescriptiveness can be gauged by analyzing a sample of ten usage items.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma From Epidemiology to Prevention: Translating Knowledge into Practice

The epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by dynamic temporal trends, several major established (i.e., HCV, HBV, alcohol) and emerging (i.e., diabetes, obesity, NAFLD) risk factors. Epidemiologic studies and clinical trials have identified additional demographic, clinical, pharmacological, genetic and life style factors that further affect or modify the likelihood of HCC and can be used in clinical practice to identify at-risk patients (i.e., risk stratification or prognostic algorithms) that can be targeted for prevention and early detection programs. These studies have also paved the way toward several well established preventive measures including HBV vaccination, HBV treatment, HCV treatment and HCC surveillance, and potential chemoprevention using statins, metformin or coffee. However, the effectiveness of HCC prevention in clinical practice and at the population level has lagged behind due to patient, provider, system, and societal factors. The Quality in the Continuum of Cancer Care model provides a framework for evaluating the HCC prevention processes, including potential failures that create a gap between efficacy and effectiveness.
Inappropriate mucin production in gall bladder metaplasia and neoplasia–an immunohistological study

This study demonstrates the presence of three antigens in glandular metaplasia occurring in patients with cholecystitis and cholelithiasis: specifically carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), large intestinal mucin antigen (LIMA) and small intestinal mucin antigen (SIMA). These antigens could not be detected in normal gall bladder mucosa or in squamous metaplasia of the gall bladder. The occurrence of the three intestine-associated antigens in three carcinomas was irregular. In one mucinous carcinoma, only SIMA could be demonstrated. In one adenocarcinoma, SIMA was present in small areas of mucinous change, whilst CEA was present in the non-mucinous malignant tissue. In a mixed mucinous and non-mucinous adenocarcinoma with widespread dissemination, the three antigens were present both in the primary tumour and the metastases. These observations suggest that all forms of glandular metaplasia of the gall bladder are intestinal in nature and at least a proportion of gall bladder carcinomas are of an intestinal type. Finally they provide further immunological evidence that glandular metaplasia of the gall bladder should be considered a pre-malignant condition.
The effect of ritonavir on human CYP2B6 catalytic activity: heme modification contributes to the mechanism-based inactivation of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 by ritonavir.

The mechanism-based inactivation of human CYP2B6 by ritonavir (RTV) in a reconstituted system was investigated. The inactivation is time, concentration, and NADPH dependent and exhibits a KI of 0.9 μM, a kinact of 0.05 min−1, and a partition ratio of approximately 3. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis showed that the protonated molecular ion of RTV exhibits an m/z at 721 and its two major metabolites are an oxidation product with MH+ at m/z 737 and a deacylated product with MH+ at m/z 580. Inactivation of CYP2B6 by incubation with 10 μM RTV for 10 min resulted in an approximately 50% loss of catalytic activity and native heme, but no modification of the apoprotein was observed. RTV was found to be a potent mixed-type reversible inhibitor (Ki = 0.33 μM) and a type II ligand (spectral dissociation constant-Ks = 0.85 μM) of CYP2B6. Although previous studies have demonstrated that RTV is a potent mechanism-based inactivator of CYP3A4, the molecular mechanism responsible for the inactivation has not been determined. Here, we provide evidence that RTV inactivation of CYP3A4 is due to heme destruction with the formation of a heme-protein adduct. Similar to CYP2B6, there is no significant modification of the apoprotein. Furthermore, LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that both CYP3A4 and human liver microsomes form an RTV-glutathione conjugate having a MH+ at m/z 858 during metabolism of RTV, suggesting the formation of an isocyanate intermediate leading to formation of the conjugate.
Application of wireless technology to retailing at drive-through facilities

A voiceless ordering system for the drive-through facility of the fast-food industry has been proposed and implemented. To be integrated with the existing audio-based system, tracking of the customer's position in the ordering queue needs to be automated by proper sensing devices while the information contents of the order are being transmitted to the order taking register. These are accomplished by Bluetooth sensor function and Wi-Fi application on the mobile device respectively. Descriptions of the system architecture and user interface are presented. The implemented system can be adapted to other retailing functions such as grocery purchase and pharmacy transactions.
Dissimilar numerical responses of macroinvertebrates to disturbance from drying and predatory sunfish

Summary Disturbances caused by drying can eliminate fully aquatic organisms and alter wetland communities. However, the net effects of pulsed drying followed by re-wetting on populations of benthic macroinvertebrates with greater tolerance to drying have been poorly studied. We quantified the population responses of two large macroinvertebrates, dragonflies (a number of species; Family: Libellulidae) and a crayfish (Procambarus fallax), to variable drying history and predatory sunfish (Family: Centrarchidae) in experimental subtropical wetlands. To simulate naturally occurring combinations of drying and sunfish presence, the experimental treatments included a drying and re-wetting sequence that either eliminated sunfish or did not, with a third treatment of continuously flooded conditions with sunfish present. The activity of adult dragonflies was similar over all experimental wetlands, but larval density after 6 months was highest in continuously flooded wetlands (with sunfish) and some species (Erythemis simplicicollis, Celithemis eponina) were absent from wetlands that experienced drying. There was no evidence that sunfish limited larval density. After 6 months, overall crayfish biomass was greatest in wetlands that had dried and lacked sunfish. Crayfish density was similar in all wetlands, but individual crayfish body mass (g) was greatest in wetlands that lacked sunfish. Because of sunfish predation, few crayfish survived to full juvenile size. In the presence of sunfish, drying did not affect crayfish biomass or individual body mass. The abundance of libellulid dragonfly larvae was indirectly reduced by the drying. In wetlands where submerged vegetation was reduced by drying, we suggest that libellulid populations were limited by a small-bodied fish (Gambusia holbrooki). In contrast, survival of juvenile crayfish was directly limited by sunfish, and therefore, crayfish (but not libellulid) populations could be temporarily enhanced by drying events when and where sunfish populations are reduced.
Hepatobiliary Complications of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Several hepatobiliary abnormalities have been described in association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), small duct PSC, chronic hepatitis, cryptogenic cirrhosis, cholangiocarcinoma, and cholelithiasis. PSC is the most common biliary condition in patients with IBD, with an incidence ranging from 2.5% to 7.5%. PSC usually progresses insidiously and eventually leads to cirrhosis independent of inflammatory bowel disease activity. There is a very high incidence of cholangiocarcinoma and an elevated risk for developing colon cancer in patients with PSC. Medical therapy has not proven successful in slowing disease progression or prolonging survival. Treatment of symptoms due to cholestasis, such as pruritis and steatorrhea, is an important aspect of the medical care of patients with PSC. Our preferred treatment of pruritis due to cholestasis is with bile acid binding exchange resins, such as cholestyramine or colestipol. Endoscopic manipulation is recommended for treating complications of recurrent cholangitis or worsening jaundice in the setting of a dominant stricture, but endoscopic approaches have not been conclusively demonstrated to improve survival or decrease the need for liver transplantation. Liver transplantation remains the only effective treatment of advanced PSC, and should be considered in patients with complications of cirrhosis or intractable pruritis or fatigue.
Intra-thoracic rheumatoid arthritis: Imaging spectrum of typical findings and treatment related complications

Non-cardiac thoracic manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cause significant morbidity and mortality among RA patients. Essentially all anatomic compartments in the chest can be affected including the pleura, pulmonary parenchyma, airway, and vasculature. In addition, treatment-related complications and opportunistic infections are not uncommon. Accurate diagnosis of intra-thoracic disease in an RA patient can be difficult as the radiologic findings may be nonspecific and many of these conditions may coexist. This review article serves to highlight the multitude of RA-related intra-thoracic pathological processes, emphasize differential diagnosis, diagnostic conundrums and discuss how tailoring of CT imaging and image-guided biopsy plays a key role in the management of RA-related pulmonary disease.
Use of Nematode-Trapping Fungi as a Biological Control in Grazing Livestock

Abstract Potential for anthelmintic resistance as well as increasing concerns about chemical residues in livestock products and the environment pose serious threats to the future of chemo-therapeutic control of animal parasitic nematodes in grazing livestock. Nematophagous fungi, such as Duddingtonia flagrans, show promise as a potential biological control of parasitic nematodes in grazing animals. Our objective was to examine the scientific literature regarding the use of nematophagous fungi as a biological control of parasitic nematodes, to summarize completed work, and to explore the potential for further research on the potential efficacy and acceptance as a biological control for parasitic nematodes in grazing livestock. Research to date has shown that D. flagrans survives passage through the gastrointestinal tract and is able to trap and destroy free-living stages of parasitic nematodes in manure, reducing fecal egg counts in grazing livestock by 55 to 100% over the course of a grazing season. The D. flagrans fungus could be incorporated as part of a feed supplement or incorporated into feed blocks for grazing ruminants and horses and for freeroaming pigs. Additional work is necessary in the U.S. to evaluate the efficacy of D. flagrans as a biological control for parasitic nematodes, particularly under the varied climatic conditions found throughout the country.
Guanylyl Cyclases A and B Are Asymmetric Dimers That Are Allosterically Activated by ATP Binding to the Catalytic Domain

It is not known how natriuretic peptides and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activate guanylyl cyclase A (GC-A) and GC-B, which generate the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate. We determined that natriuretic peptides increased the maximum rate of these enzymes >10-fold in a positive cooperative manner in the absence of ATP. In the absence of natriuretic peptides, ATP shifted substrate-velocity profiles from cooperative to linear but did not increase the affinity of GCs for the substrate guanosine triphosphate (GTP) since the Michaelis constant was unchanged. However, in the presence of natriuretic peptides, ATP competed with GTP for binding to an allosteric site, which enhanced the activation of GCs by decreasing the Michaelis constant. Thus, natriuretic peptide binding was required for communication of the allosteric activation signal to the catalytic site. The ability of ATP to activate GCs decreased and enzyme potency (a measure of sensitivity to stimulation) increased with increasing GTP concentrations. Point mutations in the purine-binding site of the catalytic domain abolished GC activity but not allosteric activation. Coexpression of inactive mutants produced half the activity expected for symmetric catalytic dimers. 2′-Deoxy-ATP and 2′-deoxy-GTP were poor allosteric activators, but 2′-deoxy-GTP was an effective substrate, consistent with distinct binding requirements for the allosteric and catalytic sites. We conclude that membrane GC domains are asymmetric homodimers with distinct and reciprocally regulated catalytic and allosteric sites that bind to GTP and ATP, respectively. These data define a new membrane GC activation model and provide evidence of a previously unidentified GC drug interaction site.
Deterioration of slot stress control materials on generator stator conductors by non-mechanical mechanisms

Long-term aging experiments conducted to examine mechanisms which could degrade a stator conductor slot stress control system are described. Models consisting of two conductor bars in a short length of core, single conductor bars, and other arrangements were used to investigate the development of slot discharge and compare the performances of various materials. Damage was found to start in the junction region between the slot stress control and endwinding stress control layer. Removal of the low-conductivity paint at the junction region led to surface discharge, which caused the consequent further erosion of the paint and led to complete removal of the slot stress control layer. The cause of the initial removal of paint is thought to be the action of ozone on the binding resin used in the paint. The ozone arose from discharge on bars in the test vessel or on an endwinding stress control layer. An improved version of the paint was shown to perform well, but the best results have been obtained with a low-conductivity molded tape layer. Such damage did not appear to develop in a hydrogen atmosphere. >
A method for multiple crack growth in brittle materials without remeshing

SUMMARY A method for modelling the growth of multiple cracks in linear elastic media is presented. Both homogeneous and inhomogeneous materials are considered. The method uses the extended finite element method for arbitrary discontinuities and does not require remeshing as the cracks grow; the method also treats the junction of cracks. The crack geometries are arbitrary with respect to the mesh and are described by vector level sets. The overall response of the structure is obtained until complete failure. A stability analysis of competitive cracks tips is performed. The method is applied to bodies in plane strain or plane stress and to unit cells with 2‐10 growing cracks (although the method does not limit the number of cracks). It is shown to be efficient and accurate for crack coalescence and percolation problems. Copyright ! 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple Cracking of Unidirectional and Cross‐PlyCeramic Matrix Composites

This paper examines the multiple cracking behavior of unidirectional and cross-ply ceramic matrix composites. For unidirectional composites, a model of concentric cylinders with finite crack spacing and debonding length is introduced. Stresses in the fiber and matrix are found and then applied to predict the composite moduli. Using an energy balance method, critical stresses for matrix cracking initiation are predicted. Effects of interfacial shear stress, debonding length and bonding energy on the critical stress are studied. All the three composite systems examined show that the critical stress for the completely debonded case is lower than that for the perfectly bonded case. For cross-ply composites, an extensive study has been made for the transverse cracking in 90° plies and the matrix cracking in 0° plies. One transverse cracking and four matrix cracking modes are studied, and closed-form solutions of the critical stresses are obtained. The results indicate that the case of combined matrix and transverse crackings with associated fiber/matrix interfacial sliding in the 0° plies gives the lowest critical stress for matrix cracking. The theoretical predictions are compared with experimental data of SiC/CAS cross-ply composites; both results demonstrated that an increase in the transverse ply thickness reduces the critical stress for matrix cracking in the longitudinal plies. The effects of fiber volume fraction and fiber modulus on the critical stress have been quantified. Thermal residual stresses are included in the analysis.
Osteoid osteoma: painful enlargement of the second toe

Osteoid osteomas involving the phalanges of the toes are a rare occurrence. We report a case of an osteoid osteoma of the distal phalanx of the second toe which was treated successfully with surgical excision. Although soft-tissue swelling with a typical clinical history is suggestive of the diagnosis, differentiation from subacute infection is subtle and may ultimately depend on tissue analysis.
Inferring Dynamic Height Variations from Acoustic Travel Time in the Pacific Ocean

Using climatological atlas data and historical hydrographic data, the relationship between dynamic height anomaly ΔD and acoustic round-trip travel time τ in the Pacific Ocean is investigated. A tight, linear relation is found in a region centered on the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension. In this region, the slopem of the relation is approximately −50 dyn m s−1, about equal to the value expected for first-baroclinicmode response and twice as large as the value form in the Gulf Stream region of the Atlantic Ocean. The value ofm in the Pacific generally increases in magnitude towards the south and with increasing depth to which the integrals for ΔD and τ are carried. It is changed only slightly by correcting for the temperature and salinity march of the seasons in the surface layer. The Kuroshio region is established as one in which the record of τ from an inverted echo sounder can be interpreted reliably in terms of ΔD. An inverted echo sounder can also be used in this way in a number of other regions of the Pacific, although the available hydrographic data sets are too sparse to establish their boundaries clearly.
Etiology and epidemiology

The cause of rheumatic fever varies according to the framework in which it is viewed. Within the customary biomedical framework, it is caused by the group A beta-hemolytic streptococci and more specifically by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections of the throat. In a sociomedical framework, rheumatic fever is “caused” by poverty, more specifically by overcrowded housing and inadequate public health. Both frameworks are useful: physicians and other health workers are able to control the disease even in unfavorable environmental conditions; epidemiologists and historians, and even political activists, on the other hand, can understand the variations of rheumatic fever incidence over time and place, and thereby bring it down by improving standards of living and health care.
Permanent-magnet helicon sources and arrays: a new type of RF plasma

Helicon discharges are known for their ability to produce high densities of partially ionized plasma, their efficiency arising from an unusual mechanism of RF coupling. However, the requirement of a dc magnetic field has prevented their wide acceptance in industry. The use of permanent magnets greatly simplifies helicon sources, and arrays of small sources extends the use of helicons to the processing of large substrates. An eight-tube array was designed and constructed, and its density uniformity measured in a 53 × 165 cm chamber. Three innovations involved a) the remote field of ring magnets, b) a low-field density peak, and c) rf power distribution. High-density plasmas uniform over large areas requires compatibility in all three areas.
Potential Liability of Governments for Failure to Prepare for Climate Change

As governments turn a blind eye to the accumulating risks of climate change, do they expose themselves to potential legal liability? This paper explores three possible legal claims against state and local governments for their failure to prepare for climate change. Specifically, the paper addresses potential claims sounding in negligence, fraud, and takings, describing the benefits and challenges of each theory. The paper explores ways to overcome a government’s claim of sovereign immunity in the context of a negligence claim, noting in particular the common government waiver of immunity for claims arising out of dangerous conditions of government owned property. The paper describes the challenges of bringing a claim for fraud where officials intentionally obscure relevant information about climate change risks, including the sovereign immunity defense as well as difficulties proving causation and intent in this context. Finally, the paper explores claims for just compensation where a government causes property to be damaged or destroyed through its failure to prevent the impacts of climate change, and concludes that this type of suit is the most promising of the three.
VCSEL-pumped passively Q-switched monolithic solid-state lasers

High power 808 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays were used to end-pump diffusion-bonded composite laser rods consisting of an Nd:YAG gain medium and a Cr:YAG saturable absorber. The laser pulse energy, q-switch delay time, and optical efficiency of a passively Q-switched monolithic solid state laser in a compact rugged package were measured as a function of VCSEL power for various heatsink temperatures. Up to 19 mJ laser pulse energy was produced with 13% optical efficiency.
Leisure: A Human Right

This article articulates a strong rationale for identifying leisure as a human right. The rationale begins by describing a moral vision in which leisure is a primary and crucial contributor to flourishing, the telos or life-goal of human beings. The relationship between the two constructs, specifically that leisure is necessary for flourishing to occur, justifies designating leisure as a right. Additionally, justice and phronesis are explored because the two virtues play important roles in protecting and promoting people's enjoyment of leisure. The article concludes by formally calling upon the therapeutic recreation profession to serve as a just institution with a focus on ensuring all people enjoy their entitlement to leisure.
Ultrasonic Wave-assisted Extraction of Polysaccharide from Radix platycodonis

Objective: Effects of ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction on Radix platycdonis polysaccharide were studied. The optimal extract conditions were confirmed. Methods: Effects of each factor on polysaccharide were studied through single factor test, and then the optimal ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction conditions were confirmed through orthogonal test. Results: The optimal ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction conditions are as follows: ratio of solution to materiol (V/W) 45.33～47.90, temperature 75 ℃, power 162～180 W, time 37～39 min. On these conditions the extraction rate of polysaccharide is more than 35%. Conclusion: Ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction can benefit for polysaccharide extraction.
Construction and Risk Assessment of Biosafety in Pathogens Laboratory

The biosafety of laboratory involves in many subjects and fields,and it is a work with strong practicality and operation.As laboratory's biosafety and the related scientific research developing fast in China,the laboratory staff's knowledge about biological safety should be enriched and the skills of practices should be improved."The Technical Specification for Construction of Biosafety Laboratory "is a very important,practical and standard document of constructing biosafety laboratory in China."General Biosafety Guidelines for Microorganism and Biological Medical Laboratories" and "General Biosafety Requirements for Laboratory" which made detailed standards for laboratory's installations of different safety levels,are the major basis for construction and transformation of biosafety laboratory."Regulations on Biosafety Administration in Pathogenic Microbiology Laboratory "and " General Biosafety Requirements for Laboratory" are also the important basis for managing the activities and making rules and regulations of biosafety laboratory.The implementation of laboratory biosafety risk assessment,determination of laboratory's grade and individual protective equipment,and development of related operation rules and emergency measures can reduce or avoid the incident of laboratory infection.The safety of laboratory is associated with management.Only the strict management and standard operation can ensure the safe operation of laboratory.
Managing sequence data.

Nucleotide and protein sequences are the foundation for all bioinformatics tools and resources. Researchers can analyze these sequences to discover genes or predict the function of their products. The INSDC (International Nucleotide Sequence Database-DDBJ/ENA/GenBank + SRA) is an international, centralized primary sequence resource that is freely available on the Internet. This database contains all publicly available nucleotide and derived protein sequences. This chapter discusses the structure and history of the nucleotide sequence database resources built at NCBI, provides information on how to submit sequences to the databases, and explains how to access the sequence data.
Preparation for professional practice. What do we need

Home health care has been portrayed as a specialty that is overdue for acknowledgment and integration in courses, practicum, faculty preparation, and learning resource development on both the undergraduate and graduate levels. The growing numbers of master's programs announcing a home health care component are creating a diversity of preparation outcomes. The level of knowledge and breadth of perspective demanded by the clinician, manager, and administrator in home care is complex and requires concentrated program development on the master's level and a strong integration of content and practicum experience for undergraduate students. Education must know its product line and be sensitive to the persistent trends and demands of the consumers of its graduates. Agencies must communicate the need for adequate preparation to the educational setting. A collaborative approach in resolving the supply and demand cycle for nurses capable of operating in and directing the resources of agencies can result in enhanced client outcomes in the home health industry.
Heidegger on Transforming the Circumspect Activity of Spatial Thought

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between Heidegger’s critique of educational comportment and his analysis of space in Being and Time. It posits that providing an educational corrective to the practice of tacit rational, described as ‘circumspection’ in Being and Time, would provide an opportunity to reorient Dasein toward clearer awareness of the spatial context. A phenomenological approach to education might be framed as a process that reorganizes how changes are anticipated by comported expectations. Addressing conditions of spatial comportment in education reveals that while models of learning illusorily claim to provide infinite opportunities, contingent upon mastery of delimited knowledge, a phenomenological approach to education begins by first delimiting illusions of possibility.
A Review of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a multifactorial etiology. Pediatric schizophrenia consists of early-onset schizophrenia (onset prior to age 18 years) and childhood-onset schizophrenia (onset prior to age 13 years). Adolescence has been established as a critical period for neuronal pruning; hence, with earlier the onset of symptoms, there may be disruption in the normal process of neuronal development, causing impairments with memory, abstract thinking, and emotion regulation. Although the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is 1% in the general population, the incidence of pediatric schizophrenia is rare. Therefore, it is important to effectively evaluate the cause of any psychosis of a child or an adolescent. An accurate history and physical, including a detailed neurological examination, are vitally important, as are pertinent laboratory and imaging tests to rule out the many alternative differential diagnoses that also present with psychotic symptoms. The antipsychotics continue to be significantly more effective than placebo in treating pediatric schizophrenia in combination with psychotherapy, as evidenced by the recent Recover After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) study. However, further study is still needed to better understand causality, improve assessment, and develop a definitive treatment algorithm.
Atypical Presentation of Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis: Diagnosis by Ultrasonography and Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy

AbstractThe diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis may be difficult to make preoperatively. We describe a patient who had a nonfunctioning kidney with a normal collecting system on retrograde pyelography as well as normal angiography and venography. Preoperative diagnosis was xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis by fine needle aspiration biopsy under ultrasonic guidance.
Whole Genome Sequencing for Genomics-Guided Investigations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreaks.

Multi isolate whole genome sequencing and typing for outbreak investigations has become a reality in the post-genomics era. We applied this technology to strains from Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks. These include isolates from seven North America outbreaks, as well as multiple isolates from the same patient and from different infected individuals in the same household. Customized high-resolution bioinformatics sequence typing strategies were developed to assess the core genome and mobilome plasticity. Sequence typing was performed using an in-house single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery and validation pipeline. Discriminatory power becomes of particular importance for the investigation of isolates from outbreaks in which macrogenomic techniques such as pulse-field gel electrophoresis or multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis do not differentiate closely related organisms. We also characterized differences in the phage inventory, allowing us to identify plasticity among outbreak strains that is not detectable at the core genome level. Our comprehensive analysis of the mobilome identified multiple plasmids that have not previously been associated with this lineage. Applied phylogenomics approaches provide strong molecular evidence for exceptionally little heterogeneity of strains within outbreaks and demonstrate the value of intra-cluster comparisons, rather than basing the analysis on archetypal reference strains. Next generation sequencing and whole genome typing strategies provide the technological foundation for genomic epidemiology outbreak investigation utilizing its significantly higher sample throughput, cost efficiency, and phylogenetic relatedness accuracy. These phylogenomics approaches have major public health relevance in translating information from the sequence-based survey to support timely and informed countermeasures. Polymorphisms identified in this work offer robust phylogenetic signals that index both short- and longterm evolution and can complement currently employed typing schemes for outbreak ex- and inclusion, diagnostics, surveillance, and forensic studies.
Photochemistry of Dimeric and Multimetallic Complexes of Second- and Third-Row Transition Metals

This chapter includes the various types of dimeric and multimetallic complexes of the second- and third-row transition metals that have been studied. These complexes include dimers that have bridging ligands, metal-metal bonds, or a combination of both. These dimers are exemplified by the three structural types shown in Figure 4.1. In dimers of type A the metal centers are held together by a single bridging atom or ion, or by a compound that forms a linear three-center arrangement. In these compounds there is no intermetallic bond, and the metal centers are held too far apart for there to be any direct interaction between them. In dimers of type B the metal centers are held together by bridging ligands. In some cases the metal centers are sufficiently closely spaced that there is an intermetallic interaction between them, but there is no metal-metal bond holding them together. In dimers of type C there is a direct intermetallic bond between the metal centers. This intermetallic bonding may take the form of a single, double, triple, or quadruple bond, and the ligands X may be monodentate or bridging. These bridging types are all observed in higher oligomers and multimetallic complexes, although in these cases it can become more difficult to precisely define the type of intermetallic interactions involved.
Beyond the Search for Meaning: A Contemporary Science of the Experience of Meaning in Life

Recent advances in the science of meaning in life have taught us a great deal about the nature of the experience of meaning in life, its antecedents and consequences, and its potential functions. Conclusions based on self-report measures of meaning in life indicate that, as might be expected, it is associated with many aspects of positive functioning. However, this research also indicates that the experience of meaning in life may come from unexpectedly quotidian sources, including positive mood and coherent life experiences. Moreover, the experience of meaning in life may be quite a bit more commonplace than is often portrayed. Attending to the emerging science of meaning in life suggests not only potentially surprising conclusions but new directions for research on this important aspect of well-being.
Localization of Biogenic Amines by Fluorescence Microscopy

The first fluorescence microscopic localization of catecholamines was reported by Eranko (1955), who observed a yellow fluorescence of striking intensity in the adrenal medullae of several mammalian species after fixation of the organs in aqueous formaldehyde solutions. The identification of other storage sites for catecholamines and for other biogenic amines by fluorescence microscopy had to await the introduction of tissue processing methods that avoided diffusion of the amines. In 1961 two research groups independently applied the technique of freezing, freeze-drying, and treatment of tissue blocks with formaldehyde vapor: Hillarp and his colleagues demonstrated the histochemical localization of catecholamines in central and peripheral adrenergic nerve terminals (Falck and Torp, 1961; Carlsson et al., 1962; Falck, 1962), while Lagunoff et al. (1961) demonstrated fluorescence of what appeared to be histamine in rat mast cells, although the situation was complicated by the presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine. The latter workers commented on the possibility that both catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine formed fluorescent derivatives after reaction with formaldehyde. The plethora of subsequent publications concerning the adrenergic innervation of central and peripheral tissues is largely attributable to the enthusiasm of the colleagues and students of the late Prof. Hillarp, and has led to a profound clarification of the nature of adrenergic innervation, as well as providing the basis for the electron microscopic study of adrenergic neurons and other monoaminergic systems.
Plastic Surgery Challenges in War Wounded I: Flap-Based Extremity Reconstruction.

Scope and Significance: Reconstruction of traumatic injuries requiring tissue transfer begins with aggressive resuscitation and stabilization. Systematic advances in acute casualty care at the point of injury have improved survival and allowed for increasingly complex treatment before definitive reconstruction at tertiary medical facilities outside the combat zone. As a result, the complexity of the limb salvage algorithm has increased over 14 years of combat activities in Iraq and Afghanistan. Problem: Severe poly-extremity trauma in combat casualties has led to a large number of extremity salvage cases. Advanced reconstructive techniques coupled with regenerative medicine applications have played a critical role in the restoration, recovery, and rehabilitation of functional limb salvage. Translational Relevance: The past 14 years of war trauma have increased our understanding of tissue transfer for extremity reconstruction in the treatment of combat casualties. Injury patterns, flap choice, and reconstr...
Update in Pediatric Neurotrauma

Globally, the incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasing with significant costs and consequences to society. Despite a tremendous research effort, however, there have been few clear, specific advances in the care of patients with severe TBI over the last 25 years. Multicenter randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted to investigate promising potential neuroprotective therapies in TBI, notably for hypothermia and progesterone among others, but none have demonstrated a clear therapeutic benefit. Because of the heterogeneity in age, injury type, and other factors, large-scale, appropriately powered studies are notoriously difficult to undertake in pediatric head injury. There remain few high-level evidence-based treatment recommendations for children with TBI. The increased use of MRI and other advanced imaging modalities may help direct pathoanatomic classification and individualized treatment of head injury in children.
CORE MUSCLE ACTIVATION DURING TRADITIONAL ABDOMINAL EXERCISES: AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHICAL COMPARISON

The purpose of this study was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity of global trunk musculature during common training exercises. Twenty apparently healthy men (age 25.9 ± 5.6 years; height 175.22 ± 8.46 cm; weight 81.28 ± 6.86 kg) and women (age 22.8 ± 1.81 years; height 166.06 ± 8.47 cm; weight 63.03 ± 10.38 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. Surface electrodes were placed on the RA, EO, LSES and RF. Subjects then performed five repetitions of four common abdominal movements (crunch (C), pike (PK), V-up (VUP), and towel pike (TP)). Means (± SD) for the percent maximal voluntary contractions (%MVC) were measured for each participant during each exercise. For the RA, the VUP provided significantly greater activity compared to all other exercises; while PK showed the significantly lowest. In terms of the EO, TP elicited the significantly greatest muscle activation; whereas the C provided the lowest EO values. For the RF, the TP had the greatest activity and C the lowest. Lastly, the C and PK provided significantly lower activity in the LSES compared to the TP and VUP. Results indicate that EMG activity increased during exercises which involved greater ranges of motion, stability demands, and incorporation of body weight resistance (i.e., TP and V-up). Overall, the TP and VUP exercises provided the greatest activation of the examined musculature compared to the standard C and PK. Determining proper movements for the athlete or client can be made based upon the necessary muscular activation levels of the exercises examined within the current manuscript.
Post-violence regime survival and expansion in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan

ABSTRACTKazakhstan’s and Tajikistan’s governments were able to successfully strengthen their reach and their capacity to control the population in the wake of deadly violence against regime opponents. Yet the process of deepening authoritarianism was not a straightforward affair. Both countries expanded their coercive capabilities – they upgraded policing in rural areas to improve intelligence gathering on the local population and predict the rise of any anti-government activities. While doing so, however, leaders of both countries sought to frame their actions as an inclusive process that was sensitive to the grievances of the affected populations and the general public. This article adds to the growing body of literature on authoritarian state responses to insurgency by showing how authoritarian regimes create narratives, engage civil society and look for political advantage to expand the coercive apparatus.
Spinal Intradural Arachnoid Webs Causing Spinal Cord Compression with Inconclusive Preoperative Imaging: A Report of 3 Cases and a Review of the Literature.

Objective Spinal arachnoid webs are a rare variant of spinal arachnoid cysts where 1 or multiple focal membranes of arachnoid tissue obstruct the subarachnoid space. Only 11 prior cases of arachnoid webs have been reported in the literature. We present a series of 3 consecutive cases of arachnoid webs from our institution and review the literature on this rare condition to provide recommendations for its management. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed for 3 consecutive cases of intradural arachnoid webs causing spinal cord compression at our institution, with inconclusive preoperative imaging, treatment with surgical decompression, and resection. There were no external sources of funding. Results Our cases occurred dorsally in the thoracic spine and were associated with syringomyelia. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography myelography, and cine magnetic resonance imaging were inconclusive, and the definitive diagnosis was made with intraoperative ultrasound. Patients underwent laminectomies and resection of arachnoid webs. Unique from prior reports of arachnoid webs, the webs in the present cases were composed of multiple septated longitudinal membranes rather than a transverse band. All patients had improvement of presenting symptoms postoperatively. Conclusions Intradural arachnoid webs causing spinal cord compression are rare. Preoperative imaging may be inconclusive. Because of the septated longitudinal nature of the visualized membranes, we propose a 1-way valve mechanism of cerebrospinal fluid obstruction causing gradual cord compression and resultant syringomyelia.
Strategien zur Behandlung der gastroösophagealen Refluxkrankheit

Die gastroosophageale Refluxkrankheit ist eine weit verbreitete Storung des oberen Gastrointestinaltraktes. Therapeutische Optionen beinhalten Veranderungen des Lebensstiles, medikamentose Therapie und chirurgische Eingriffe. Drei neue Moglichkeiten werden derzeit klinisch erprobt: Injektionstherapie und Radiofrequenztherapie im Bereich des unteren Osophagussphinkters sowie endoskopische Nahverfahren. Die medikamentose Therapie ist zwar bei vielen Patienten effektiv, die Wirksamkeit ist jedoch bei fortgeschrittener Refluxkrankheit begrenzt. Bis zu 70% der Patienten mit Protonenpumpendauertherapie (2×20 mg Omeprazole) sind in der Nacht nicht beschwerdefrei. Fur Patienten, welche die medikamentose Therapie nicht tolerieren, weiterhin Beschwerden haben oder eine lebenslange medikamentose Therapie ablehnen, stehen alternative Therapiemoglichkeiten zur Verfugung. Fur endoskopische Verfahren wie die Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-Injektion, fur das Stretta-Verfahren und fur endoskopische Nahtechniken liegen bislang keine kontrollierten randomisierten Studien vor. Die Dauerhaftigkeit der Verfahren ist nicht bekannt, Follow-up-Daten beschranken sich auf geringe Patientenzahlen und auf kurze Beobachtungszeiten. Weitere limitierende Faktoren fur endoskopische Verfahren sind Motilitatsstorungen des Osophagus, dritt/viertgradige Refluxosophagitis, sowie grose Hiatushernien. Im Gegensatz dazu stellt die laparoskopische Refluxchirurgie ein etabliertes, dauerhaftes Therapieverfahren der GERD dar, ist erwiesenermasen sicher und kosteneffektiv, fuhrt zur Verbesserung der Lebensqualitat und weist nur eine minimale Komplikationsrate auf. Alternative Techniken mussen sich gegenuber den etablierten Verfahren erst einen Platz verdienen.