cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformational Analysis of Some Chloro and Bromoalkanes

Abstract Rotational isoraerism has been shown by vibrational spectroscopy to exist in l-chloro-3-methylbutane,1 l-chromo-3-methylbutane,2 2-chloro-4-methylpentane,3,4 2-bromo-4-methylpentane,4 1,3-dichlorobutane,5 and 1,3-dibromobutane.5 In some cases, definite conclusions were drawn concerning the number and identification of the conformers present. In other cases, it was not possible to determine with certainty which conformers exist. Molecular mechanics calculations have now been made for these six compounds in order to obtain additional information about their conformational behavior, including energies and structures of the possible conformers. The calculations were done with the MM2 program written by Allinger and Yuh and converted by Petillo to run on a microcomputer.6
Collaborative teaching pedagogy used in conjunction with a simulation economy

In order to enhance the interest and motivation for students to learn introductory economics, the authors have initiated the creation of a simulation game in which the students are the actors in a self-contained class economy. The students are placed in competitive groups in which they have the role of a firm that produces a good and a household that consumes products. A collaborative learning pedagogy with the simulation was also instituted. Using collected data that measure the impact of this alternative approach, compared to a class taught without the collaborative exercises or the simulation game, it was found that students enjoyed the simulation game and found it worthwhile. Overall, the simulation game and this new approach to teaching introductory economics did not have a negative impact on academic achievement.
Security and Freedom on the Fulcrum

ABSTRACT Counterterrorist arguments that justify the erosion of individual rights frequently depend on the claim a balance can—and should—be struck between security and freedom. But this analogy, under both consequentialist and rights-based analysis, is at best misleading and at worst structurally wrong. Calculations from utility resting on the immediate dangers posed by terrorism do not give appropriate weight to (a) the long-term effects of inroads into individual rights, (such as individual harm, blocked political, social, and legal mechanisms), and (b) precedent-setting in a tightly-interwoven structure of individual rights and state power. Constitutive rules further delimit the types of measures that can be introduced, regardless of the “tradeoffs” considered in balancing security and freedom. In the rights-based realm, arguments related to expanded state powers, distributive justice, and practical effect undermine the analogy.
Cooptation or cooperation: The role of transnational advocacy organizations in the Zapatista movement

Abstract Transnational advocacy networks (TANs) have burgeoned in recent years. Despite their rapid growth and increasing importance, several critical questions remain about relations within TANs. Two perspectives that have emerged have varying understandings about how information, ideas, and norms flow within these networks. The perspectives emphasize both relations and diffusion characterized by either cooptation or cooperation. Hypotheses emerging from these frameworks have not been extensively tested with empirical analyses. This study utilizes a combination of network and regression analyses to examine characteristics contributing to organizational prominence within the Zapatista transnational advocacy network. The analysis finds that locally based, single-issue organizations, as well as English speaking and Western organizations, tend to have increased prominence. I assess the implications of these findings through the lens of advocacy networks as information providers.
A SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI-ITEM SCALES USED IN LOGISTICS RESEARCH

Academic disciplines are strengthened through many years of theoretical research leading to significant knowledge advancements in the field. One primary technique for measuring concepts important for theory development is the use of multi-item scales. This research documents the multi-item scales utilized throughout the history of leading logistics journals. The test results for validity and reliability with respect to each scale are disclosed. Results indicate a need for logistics researchers to continue developing new measures and refining existing measures by employing rigorous methods to establish scales having highly acceptable psychometric properties.
Detecting Mobility for Monitoring Patients with Parkinson’s Disease at Home using RSSI in a Wireless Sensor Network

Abstract e-Healthcare is a popular healthcare application of Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN). Today home monitoring of patients with movement disorders, monitoring of elderly for early fall detection are very popular applications. Our research focuses on one such important application of continuous, non-invasive, and wireless monitoring of the patients with Parkinson's disease, for preventing potential falls and injuries and recording the number of occurrences of Freezing of Gait (FoG) over single or multiple days. We propose a home based monitoring system which involves embedding of wireless sensors in the patient's vicinity, such as in his room. Analyzing the values of RSSI, which is the measure of received signal strength, from these sensor nodes we implement a robust patient's activity monitoring system for early fall determination. Multiple occurrences of FoG can also be monitored with our system, which is not possible to record at the doctor's clinic due to its relation with the degree of consciousness when a person is at the hospital. We also plan to derive different mobility patterns for a person during his/her day's activity and train the system accordingly.
A Theoretical Framework for Multi-Unit Management Development in the 21st Century

Abstract The current study proposes a theoretical framework for the development of multi-unit managers. Chain restaurants that use multi-unit managers as a part of the infrastructure of their operations have been a growing segment of the foodservice industry for the past half century (Muller & Woods, 1994). This segment of managers is growing as the 21st century heralds a continued increase in the number of multi-unit restaurant organizations and thus an increase in the need for numbers of skilled multi-unit operators. The study proposes a model for the development of multi-unit managers through a series of phases that will help develop characteristics for success. It then further proposes a framework for training and development of managers in order to fill the increasing need for multi-unit managers. Implications for practitioners are presented along with a call for further research in this understudied area.
The Endocannabinoid System and Pain

The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids has been the topic of extensive investigation following the discovery of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands. Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands are present at supraspinal, spinal and peripheral levels. Cannabinoids suppress behavioral responses to noxious stimulation and suppress nociceptive processing through activation of cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptor subtypes. Endocannabinoids, the brain's own cannabis-like substances, share the same molecular target as Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive component in cannabis. Endocannabinoids serve as synaptic circuit breakers and regulate multiple physiological and pathological conditions, e.g. regulation of food intake, immunomodulation, inflammation, analgesia, cancer, addictive behavior, epilepsy and others. This review will focus on uncovering the roles of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, the two best characterized endocannabinoids identified to date, in controlling nociceptive responding. The roles of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, released under physiological conditions, in modulating nociceptive responding at different levels of the neuraxis will be emphasized in this review. Effects of modulation of endocannabinoid levels through inhibition of endocannabinoid hydrolysis and uptake is also compared with effects of exogenous administration of synthetic endocannabinoids in acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Finally, the therapeutic potential of the endocannabinoid signaling system is discussed in the context of identifying novel pharmacotherapies for the treatment of pain.
Potentials associated with recurrent Markov renewal processes

Abstract In [1] and more recently in [2], Chapters III and VII, Spitzer constructs potentials for a particular class of recurrent Markov chains (M.C.'s), namely, the class of recurrent random walks on the n-dimensional lattice of integers (n = 1 or 2). In [3], [4], and [5], Kemeny and Snell construct a potential theory for arbitrary recurrent M.C.'s. Orey [6] has characterized potential kernels for recurrent M.C.'s. The potentials and kernels studied in these papers have properties which are analogous to those defined for transient M.C.'s. This paper extends the results of Kemeny and Snell to Markov renewal processes (MRP's). Section 1 contains a brief discussion of MRP's in general, a definition of the class of MRP's to be studied in this paper, and a summary of some needed relationships proved in other papers [7–10]. Section 2 contains some preliminary lemmas. In Section 3, a potential of functions is defined for the semi-Markov process (S-MP) associated with the MRP. The concept of a left-normal MRP is introduced and its relationship with a certain potential kernel is discussed. Section 4 contains applications of these results to the important case of a continuous parameter Markov chain (c.p.M.C.). Results are also obtained by means of “duality” for the potential of σ-finite signed measures defined for a c.p.M.C. In Section 5, a potential of functions is defined for an associated three-dimensional Markov process. Section 6 contains several miscellaneous results which have applications to previous sections. The MRP's considered are assumed to be irreducible, recurrent, nonlattice, and to satisfy hypothesis A (see below) unless otherwise specified. The nonlattice assumption causes no loss in generality, the lattice case (into which Kemeny and Snell's work falls) being handled by restricting t to take on only such values as are multiples of the span.
Comparison of methods for the deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the surface of coal stack ash

Abstract Two methods for the deposition of organic pollutants on the surface of environmental particulates are compared: the common shury-spike method and a method presented herein termed the “suspension method.” Higher extraction efficiencies resulting from the slurry-spike method indicated that the slurry-spike method forced the adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the weaker binding sites. Also, with the suspension method, it was shown that the resulting surface concentration of PAHs on coal stack ash can be controlled by adjusting the solution concentration of the PAHs.
Economic Charges for Environmental Protection: Ocean Dumping Fees

Justifications for a system of fees for ocean dumping become clearer in an age of declining federal expenditures for environmental programs and anticipated increases in ocean dumping. A charge system could act as an effective regulatory tool to encourage sound waste disposal practices. The ocean dumping context also provides an opportunity to test the concept of economic disincentives on a national scale and provide Congress with valuable information on the effectiveness of pollution charges. A number of administrative, political, and legal questions require answers before a charge system can be implemented, but there is evidence that it would be feasible. It will be necessary to pay close attention to how the charge is characterized to avoid legal problems.
Structural Studies of a Non-Stoichiometric Channel Hydrate Using High Resolution X-ray Powder Diffraction, Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Moisture Sorption Methods

ABSTRACT Structural investigations of a nonstoichiometric hydrate, AMG 222 tosylate, a DPP‐IV inhibitor in clinical development for type II diabetes, were performed using a multitechnique approach. The moisture sorption isotherm is in good agreement with a simple Langmuir model, suggesting that the hydrate water is located in well‐defined crystallographic sites, which become vacant during dehydration. Crystal structures of AMG 222 tosylate at ambient and dry conditions were determined from high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction using the direct space method. On the basis of these crystal structures, hydrated water is located in channels formed by the drug framework. Upon dehydration, an isostructural dehydrate is formed with the channels remaining void and accessible to water for rehydration. Kitaigorodskii packing coefficients of the solid between relative humidity of 0% and 90% indicate that the equilibrium form of AMG 222 tosylate is the fully hydrated monohydrate. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:2809–2818, 2014
Role of recombination enzymes in mammalian cell survival.

Recombination between homologous DNA sequences occurs in all organisms and the exchange of information is critical for the survival of the species. Homologous recombination provides an effective means of generating genomic diversity that is so important for the evolution of different species. In higher organisms, chromosome pairing and recombination events occur in meiosis and there is a significant amount of information to the effect that failure of these processes would lead to abnormal chromosomal segregation. Therefore, it is conceivable that mutations in critical genes involved in meiotic recombination in mammals would lead to abnormalities in meiosis leading to the failure of such animals to reproduce properly. In this issue, Tsuzuki and colleagues (1) report on the generation of mice that are heterozygous for a null mutation in the Rad5l gene. When the heterozygotes are interbred, they fail to produce mice that are homozygous for the mutation. They also show that embryos that are RadS1 deficient die at the earliest stages of development and they propose that the Rad5l gene product is essential for somatic cell growth and survival. We will briefly review the properties of recombination proteins in different organisms and discuss the significance of the observations reported by Tsuzuki et al. (1).
Light scatter from polysilicon and aluminum surfaces and comparison with surface-roughness statistics by atomic force microscopy

Optical-scatter measurements from polysilicon and aluminum surfaces were performed by using 632.8-nm illumination at 45 deg and 488-nm illumination at 76.8 deg. Scatter was recorded up to 60 deg from the specular beam by using a concentric ring photodetector. The results are compared with surface statistics derived from atomic force microscopy. Quantitative predictions of the scatter were derived from power spectral density curves and angle-resolved-scattering theory. The agreement was fair for polysilicon samples with rms surface roughnesses of ∼18 and 42 nm and aluminum with 17-nm rms roughness but poor for other samples. The discrepancy is attributed primarily to internal scatter within the measuring instrument.
The enzymology of a viral genome packaging motor is influenced by the assembly state of the motor subunits.

Terminase enzymes are responsible for the excision of a single genome from a concatemeric precursor (genome maturation) and concomitant packaging of DNA into the capsid shell. Here, we demonstrate ...
Irreducible sign k-potent sign pattern matrices

Abstract The sign pattern matrix A is called sign k -potent if k is the smallest positive integer such that A k+1 =A. The structure of irreducible, sign k -potent pattern matrices was characterized by Stuart et al. (J. Stuart, C. Eschenbach, S. Kirkland, Linear Algebra Appl. 294 (1999) 85–92). We extend those results to the reducible case, providing necessary conditions that characterize the structure of each off-diagonal block of the Frobenius normal form of a reducible, sign k -potent matrix.
Electrochemical oxidation of 6- and 7-hydroxypteridine and 6,7-dihydroxypteridine at the pyrolytic graphite electrode

Summary Over the pH range 2.3–10, 6-hydroxypteridine is oxidized electrochemically at the PGE by way of two voltammetric peaks. The first, least positive, peak is due to a 2 e –2H + oxidation to 6,7-dihydroxypteridine. In very acidic solution (2 M H 2 SO 4 ), 7-hydroxypteridine also gives two voltammetric peaks. Again the first, least positive, peak is a 2 e –2H + oxidation to 6,7-dihydroxypteridine. The second, more positive, peaks of both compounds are due to electrochemical oxidation of 6,7-dihydroxypteridine which occurs over the pH range of 2.3–9. Under voltammetric conditions this peak is due to a 2 e –2H + oxidation to a di-imine of 6,7-dihydroxypteridine that very rapidly hydrates to a diol. Under conditions of controlled potential electrolysis, however, the oxidation involves transfer of approximately 6 e . Under the latter conditions the initial electrode product, the bridgehead diol of 6,7-dihydroxypteridine under goes rearrangement, further oxidation and hydrolysis yielding as final products, tetraketopiperazine, oxamide, urea, oxamic acid, ammonia, formaldehyde, formic acid and CO 2 . The electrochemical and related chemical reactions were studied by d.c. polarography, cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry, coulometry, and macroscale electrolysis followed by product isolation and identification, and radioisotope tracer techniques.
The Predispositions of Westerners in Treating Chinese History and Civilization

(1957). The Predispositions of Westerners in Treating Chinese History and Civilization. The Historian: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 307-327.
Solar cycle variations of heliospheric magnetic flux

[1] We extend previous studies of BR, the radial component of the heliospheric magnetic field and a measure of heliospheric magnetic flux, to include the maximum in cycle 23 so that most of 4 cycles are covered. Solar rotation averages reveal that BR systematically increases from a minimum value at sunspot minimum to a maximum value during the declining phase. This increase is interrupted by a temporary decrease associated with the disappearance and reversal of the Sun's polar cap fields. We examine variations in BR and field strength, B, and find a close correspondence consistent with the Parker model when allowance is made for the ever-present fluctuations in the heliospheric magnetic field. The solar cycle variation in BR and B is consistent with the widely accepted model of the solar field in which bipolar sunspot fields emerging at solar maximum are responsible for the erosion and reversal of the polar cap fields. Although the solar cycle change in heliospheric magnetic flux is less than a factor of 2, it is very large compared with the average flux transported into the heliosphere by an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME). If the increases in B and BR at solar maximum are attributed to closed ICME fields, several hundred ICMEs must connect to the Sun for about two solar rotations before disconnecting, consistent with a recent model that attributes the increase in heliospheric flux at solar maximum to ICMEs. Future studies must distinguish between the open and closed topologies in order to evaluate their relative contributions.
Comparing aquatic and terrestrial grazing ecosystems: is the grass really greener?

‘Grazing ecosystem’ is typically used to describe terrestrial ecosystems with high densities of mammalian herbivores such as the Serengeti in East Africa or the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in North America. These abundant, large herbivores determine plant community dynamics and ecosystem processes. The general concepts that define grazing ecosystems also aptly describe many aquatic ecosystems, including coral reefs, seagrass beds, and lakes, where herbivores such as parrotfishes, turtles, and zooplankton have strong impacts on ecosystem processes. Here, I compare the ecology of grazing ecosystems in search of common concepts that transcend the terrestrial-aquatic boundary. Specifically, I evaluate: 1) the feedbacks between herbivory and primary production, 2) the roles of herbivore richness and facilitation, 3) how predators and diet quality shape patterns of herbivory, and 4) how altering herbivory mediates alternative states.
Composition and Structure of the Cd- and S-Terminated CdS{0001}-(1 × 1) Surfaces

The surface termination, composition, and structure of the Cd-terminated CdS{0001}-(1 × 1) and S-terminated CdS{0001}-(1 × 1) surfaces have been determined using time-of-flight scattering and reco...
Surface requirements for electrostatic direct energy converters

Abstract There are two major electrostatic direct energy converter concepts which will be discussed from the point of view of the surfaces. One is the Venetian blind concept and the other is the periodic electrostatic focusing concept. They are both of the direct collector type. Fluxes of D+, T+, He++, electrons, and X-rays are given. Design consideration due to thermionic emission, secondary electron emission, and radiation cooling are discussed. A detailed discussion is devoted to breakdown physics, the voltages and electric field strengths that can be employed, and how surface deterioration may affect voltage holding due to He++ bombardment blistering.
HILBERT SPACES OF TEMPERED DISTRIBUTIONS, HERMITE EXPANSIONS AND SEQUENCE SPACES

Although it is well-known that tempered distributions on ℝ n can be expanded into series of Herrnite functions, it does not seem to be known, however, that expansions of this type are accessible through the elementary concept of orthonorma! expansions in Hilbert space. This approach is developed here complementing previous work on a Hilbert space approach to distributions. The basis of the development is the observation that the Hermite functions are a complete orthogonal set in each space of a certain scale of Sobolev type Hilbert spaces associated with the family of differential operators defined by Here Ф denotes a smooth function with compact support. The setting is first developed in the one-dimensional case. By use of the usual multi-index notation this can be extended to the higher-dimensional case. As applications various imbedding results are derived. The paper concludes with a characterization of tempered distributions by convergent Hermite expansions.
Energy and Momentum Transfer in Air Shocks

A series of one-dimensional studies is presented to reveal basic aspects of momentum and energy transfer to plates in air blasts. Intense air waves are initiated as either an isolated propagating wave or by the sudden release of a highly compressed air layer. Wave momentum is determined in terms of the energy characterizing the compressed layer. The interaction of intense waves with freestanding plates is computed with emphasis on the momentum and/or energy transferred to the plate. A simple conjecture, backed by numerical simulations, is put forward related to the momentum transmitted to massive plates. The role of the standoff distance between the compressed air layer and the plate is elucidated. Throughout, dimensionless parameters are selected to highlight the most important groups of parameters and to reduce parametric dependencies to the extent possible.
Growing inhomogeneities in cosmological Goldstone modes

Abstract We examine the evolution of initial inhomogeneities in a Goldstone field in an expanding Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe. We find subhorizon inhomogeneities grow, relative to the homogeneous state. This stems not from growing fluctuations — which simply redshift — but from rapid ( ϱ ∼ a −6 ) decay of the homogeneous state. We show how Goldstone modes escape assumptions — some inapplicable, some ill-founded — underpinning conventional analyses of cosmological fluctuations. Finally, we reconcile our analysis to standard cosmology, noting that the Goldstone evolution is essentially decoupled and dynamical.
MODEL ESTIMATES OF REGIONAL NITRIC OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM SOILS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

Efforts to reduce tropospheric ozone (03) pollution in the southeastern United States by reducing emissions of volatile organic compounds have had only modest success, and attention is now being drawn to sources of nitrogen oxide (NO), which is the other major precursor of photochemical production of 03. Emissions of nitric oxide (NO) from the soils of this region are poorly known. In this study, we adapt the CASA model of terrestrial-ecosystem productivity and trace-gas emissions to make spatially gridded, month- ly estimates of NO emissions from soils for a nine-state region of the southeastern United States. Gridded input data layers to the model include temperature, precipitation, solar surface radiation, soil texture, land cover, fertilizer sales by county, and normalized-dif- ference vegetation index. Total N gas emissions are modeled as proportional to the rates of gross N mineralization and fertilizer N input. The relative proportional emissions of NO, N20, and N2 are determined by soil water content. The model estimates 126 x 109 g NO- N/yr emitted from soils for the entire nine-state area. Agricultural soils emit two-thirds of the total but cover only -17% of the land area. Highest NO emissions occur along the cultivated Mississippi River corridor, southern Alabama-Georgia, and the Carolina coastal plain. Simulated emissions fall within the range of commonly reported values for temperate forests and cultivated fields, and the regional estimates are probably accurate within a factor of 2. Compared to NO, emissions from industrial, transportation, and utility sectors, soil emissions are -10% of total regional emissions. However, the soil source could be a significant fraction of local NO, in rural agricultural areas, where emissions from fertilized fields usually range from 300 to 900 mg NO-N.m-2 yr-Q. Fertilizer management could be an effective 03-abatement strategy in some rural agricultural areas, although this possibility and general uncertainties in the soil source of NO should not be grounds to delay other 03-abatement strategies for the much larger, nonsoil NO, sources in the region.
Infant long-term memory for associations formed during mere exposure.

Abstract We previously found that young infants spontaneously associate stimuli that they merely see together. Using a sensory preconditioning paradigm with 6- and 9-month-olds, we asked how long such associations remain latent before being forgotten and what exposure conditions affect their persistence. Groups were preexposed to two puppets for 1 h/day for 2 days, 1 h on 1 day, or 1 h on 1 day in two sessions; 1–27 days later, target actions were modeled on one puppet, and infants were tested with the other puppet 1 day later. The longest delay after which infants imitated the actions on the other puppet defined how long they remembered the association. The data revealed that the preexposure regimen determined retention. Regardless of exposure time, both ages remembered the association longer after two sessions, and younger infants remembered longer than older infants – for 4 weeks – after two 30-min sessions on 1 day.
Electron paramagnetic resonance investigations of a kinetically competent intermediate formed in ribonucleotide reduction: Evidence for a thiyl radical-cob(II)alamin interaction

The ribonucleoside triphosphate reductase (RTPR) from Lactobacillus leichmannii requires adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor to catalyze the conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides. RTPR has previously been shown to catalyze the homolytic cleavage of the carbon−cobalt bond of AdoCbl, and the resulting paramagnetic species has been characterized by rapid freeze-quench EPR spectroscopy (Orme-Johnson, W. H.; Beinert, H.; Blakley, R. L. J. Biol. Chem. 1974, 249, 2338−2343. Licht, S.; Gerfen, G. J.; Stubbe, J. Science 1996, 271, 477−481). This study presents simulations of X- and Q-band EPR spectra of this intermediate. Modeling this species as a thiyl radical coupled to cob(II)alamin by electron-electron exchange and dipolar interactions yields reasonable fits to spectra obtained at both microwave frequencies, whereas simulations that employ a single-spin model do not. This modeling provides support for the intermediacy of a thiyl radical in this system. The techniques employed here may prove gener...
Treatment of Hypertension in Older Patients: An Updated Look at the Role of Calcium Antagonists

Hypertension is common in adults aged 60 years or older. Apart from age, hypertension is the most powerful predictor of cardiovascular end-organ damage and its associated morbidity and mortality. Although diastolic blood pressure is regarded as an important risk factor, it is now clear that systolic blood pressure, especially prevalent among older adults, is a better predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Fewer than 30% of hypertensive patients have blood pressure levels controlled to <140/90 mm Hg as recommended by current guidelines. Controlled trials have demonstrated the benefits of lowering blood pressure for all hypertensive individuals, including those aged 65 years or older. Calcium antagonists of the dihydropyridine subclass, which include nifedipine, amlodipine, felodipine, and nitrendipine, as well as other drug classes, are potent antihypertensive agents that may be suitable for treatment of hypertension in older adults. However, as with all antihypertensive agents, adverse effects may limit their use; peripheral edema is particularly troublesome for dihydropyridines. Newer dihydropyridine calcium antagonists expected to be approved for use soon, including lercanidipine and lacidipine, have been associated with efficacy comparable to currently available calcium antagonists but with a lower incidence of adverse effects, especially ankle edema. Antihypertensive agents with improved tolerability profiles offer the potential for improved blood pressure control.
Alternative Translational Products and Cryptic T Cell Epitopes: Expecting the Unexpected

Although CD8 T cell epitopes have been studied extensively, often overlooked are unconventional cryptic epitopes generated from nontraditional sources of peptides/proteins and/or mechanisms of translation. In this review, we discuss alternative reading frame epitopes, both mechanistically and also in terms of their physiologic importance in the induction of antiviral and antitumor CTL responses. Issues of the influence of cryptic translational products on foreign and self-Ag diversity, thymic selection, and the T cell repertoire; disease pathogenesis; and approaches to vaccine design are discussed in context of the potentially large impact of unconventional epitopes on T cell immunity.
Parents' Involvement in Children's Schooling: A Multidimensional Conceptualization and Motivational Model

This study had 2 goals. The first was to examine a multidimensional conceptualization of parent involvement in children's schooling, defined as the allocation of resources to the child's school endeavors. A second goal was to evaluate a model in which children's motivational resources (i.e., perceived competence, control understanding, and self-regulation) are mediators between parent involvement and children's school performance. 300 11-14-year-old children and their teachers participated. Factor analyses of a set of parent involvement measures supported the hypothesized 3 dimensions of parent involvement: behavior, intellectual/cognitive, and personal. Path analyses revealed indirect effects of mother behavior and intellectual/cognitive involvement on school performance through perceived competence and control understanding, and indirect effects of father behavior on school performance through perceived competence. The results argue against a unidimensional understanding of parent involvement and support the view of the child as an active constructor of his or her school experience.
Tempo relationships between duple and triple time in the sixteenth century

One of the most challenging problems in the performance of sixteenth-century music is the interpretation of tempo relationships between passages of duple and triple time. After c. 1520 binary signatures became standard for most pieces, and ternary passages within them were notated as sesquialtera or triple proportions. The signs of these proportions ostensibly specify precise tempo relationships between the binary and ternary passages, but in practice they could be interpreted in a variety of ways depending on time, place and musical context, as well as on the notation itself.
Uncertainties in Episodic Ozone Modeling Stemming from Uncertainties in the Meteorological Fields

This paper examines the uncertainty associated with photochemical modeling using the Variable-Grid Urban Airshed Model (UAM-V) with two different prognostic meteorological models. The meteorological fields for ozone episodes that occurred during 17‐20 June, 12‐15 July, and 30 July‐2 August in the summer of 1995 were derived from two meteorological models, the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) and the Fifth-Generation Pennsylvania State University‐National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). The simulated ozone concentrations from the two photochemical modeling systems, namely, RAMS/ UAM-V and MM5/UAM-V, are compared with each other and with ozone observations from several monitoring sites in the eastern United States. The overall results indicate that neither modeling system performs significantly better than the other in reproducing the observed ozone concentrations. The results reveal that there is a significant variability, about 20% at the 95% level of confidence, in the modeled 1-h ozone concentration maxima from one modeling system to the other for a given episode. The model-to-model variability in the simulated ozone levels is for most part attributable to the unsystematic type of errors. The directionality for emission controls (i.e., NOx versus VOC sensitivity) is also evaluated with UAM-V using hypothetical emission reductions. The results reveal that not only the improvement in ozone but also the VOC-sensitive and NOx-sensitive regimes are influenced by the differences in the meteorological fields. Both modeling systems indicate that a large portion of the eastern United States is NOx limited, but there are model-to-model and episode-to-episode differences at individual grid cells regarding the efficacy of emission reductions.
The Dialectics of "Disputatiousness" and "Rice‐Eating Money": Class Confrontation and Gendered Imaginaries among Chinese Men in West Malaysia

Chinese owners of Malaysian truck transport firms characterized Chinese drivers in 1979-80 labor disputes as "disputatious," "cheating," and making "rice-eating money." They presented themselves as a stigmatized, besieged, ethnic-trading minority. My later fieldwork from 1985-92 revealed that drivers used an embodied pedagogy of learning through labor to critique owners' accounts and their own exploitation, even though as "crude" men they shared with "mannered" owners male-specific mobilities vis-a-vis Chinese women. Reflections on these fieldwork findings challenge prevailing discursive and post-Marxist turns within ethnography. [diaspora Chinese, Southeast Asia, strategic totalization, embodied pedagogies, class analysis, gender, ethnic politics]
Feeding tactics of a behaviorally plastic predator, summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus)

article i nfo In a series of laboratory experiments, the feeding behaviors of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) were examined in response to squid and fish prey. Attack and capture tactics were evaluated for their influence on capture success, handling time, and prey-type selectivity. The ambush tactic was the primary behavior (50.6%) used to attack squid. Secondary attack types included active pursuit (42.7%) and stalking (6.7%). Regardless of the prey species targeted or the type of attack employed, summer flounder were equally efficient in capturing prey; capture success rates ranged from 50%-83%. The majority of prey were swallowed in a headfirst orientation (55.3% of squid), however swallow alignment did not significantly affect handling time. Approach times during ambush attacks were greater overall in comparison to active attacks, and relative prey size significantly affected capture times. Despite additional costs in handling time, summer flounder actively selected for mummichogs (Fundulus spp.) (attack rate (attacks per minute)=0.11) over longfin squid (Loligo pealeii) (0.08) and Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) (0.02). Differential attack rates favoring mummichogs suggests a preference towards demersal prey. In the presence of relatively large, fast- moving, and pelagic prey, summer flounder used a greater diversity of attack tactics than have been observed previously under controlled conditions. The behavioral plasticity exhibited by summer flounder is likely mediated by prey behavior and local availability of prey resources in inshore and offshore environments.
A spatially distributed energy balance snowmelt model for application in mountain basins

Snowmelt is the principal source for soil moisture, ground-water re-charge, and stream-flow in mountainous regions of the western US, Canada, and other similar regions of the world. Information on the timing, magnitude, and contributing area of melt under variable or changing climate conditions is required for successful water and resource management. A coupled energy and mass-balance model ISNOBAL is used to simulate the development and melting of the seasonal snowcover in several mountain basins in California, Idaho, and Utah. Simulations are done over basins varying from 1 to 2500 km 2 , with simulation periods varying from a few days for the smallest basin, Emerald Lake watershed in California, to multiple snow seasons for the Park City area in Utah. The model is driven by topographically corrected estimates of radiation, temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation. Simulation results in all basins closely match independently measured snow water equivalent, snow depth, or runoA during both the development and depletion of the snowcover. Spatially distributed estimates of snow deposition and melt allow us to better understand the interaction between topographic structure, climate, and moisture availability in mountain basins of the western US. Application of topographically distributed models such as this will lead to improved water resource and watershed management. Copyright # 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apples and Oranges? Classifying Food Retailers in a Midwestern US City Based on the Availability of Fresh Produce

Classifying food retailers is an important step in spatial analyses of food environments for public health research, but current classification methods would benefit from refinement. We classified 94 retailers in Lansing, Michigan, based on the availability of 446 produce items. We compare our classification to groupings based on physical characteristics of stores, which provide indirect information on food availability and are widely used to classify food retailers. We found some justification for 3 commonly used categories (supermarket, grocer, and convenience store). However, additional categories of ethnic food specialist and organic specialist grocers are necessary to summarize variation in food availability, which correlates weakly with physical characteristics of stores.
Structure of Bovine Pancreatic Cholesterol Esterase at 1.6 Å: Novel Structural Features Involved in Lipase Activation†,‡

The structure of pancreatic cholesterol esterase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes a wide variety of dietary lipids, mediates the absorption of cholesterol esters, and is dependent on bile salts for optimal activity, is determined to 1.6 A resolution. A full-length construct, mutated to eliminate two N-linked glycosylation sites (N187Q/N361Q), was expressed in HEK 293 cells. Enzymatic activity assays show that the purified, recombinant, mutant enzyme has activity identical to that of the native, glycosylated enzyme purified from bovine pancreas. The mutant enzyme is monomeric and exhibits improved homogeneity which aided in the growth of well-diffracting crystals. Crystals of the mutant enzyme grew in space group C2, with the following cell dimensions: a = 100.42 A, b = 54.25 A, c = 106.34 A, and β = 104.12°, with a monomer in the asymmetric unit. The high-resolution crystal structure of bovine pancreatic cholesterol esterase (Rcryst = 21.1%; Rfree = 25.0% to 1.6 A resolution) shows an α−β hydrolase fold with a...
On-Chip Combined C-V/I-V Characterization System in 45-nm CMOS Technology

An on-chip system for combined capacitance-voltage (C-V) and current-voltage (I-V) characterization of a large integrated transistor array implemented in a 45-nm bulk CMOS process is presented. On-chip I-V characterization is implemented using a four-point Kelvin measurement technique with 12-bit sub-10 nA current measurement resolution, 10-bit sub-1 mV voltage measurement resolution, and sampling speeds on the order of 100 kHz. C-V characterization is performed using a novel leakage- and parasitics-insensitive charge-based capacitance measurement (CBCM) technique with atto-Farad resolution. The on-chip system is employed in studying both random and systematic sources of quasi-static device variability. For the first time, combined C-V/I-V characterization of circuit-representative devices is demonstrated and used to extract variations in the underlying physical characteristics of the device, including line-edge-roughness (LER) parameters and systematic device length variations across the die.
On linear integrators and differentiators using instantaneous companding

The principle of instantaneous companding, previously proposed for circuits using linear capacitors, is expanded on and extended in four ways: a) necessary conditions for input-output linearity of integrators are derived, b) differentiator circuits are proposed, c) implementations with inductors instead of capacitors are examined, and d) it is shown that, in principle, nonlinear capacitors or inductors can be used while maintaining input-output linearity. >
WCMC-Qatar stem cell research program

Abstract Due to the vision and foresight of HH Sheikha Mozah Bint Nasser Al-Missned, Qatar is seeing rapid advances in the field of education and research due to the establishment of Education City by Qatar Foundation. Stem cell research is one of the major research areas worldwide and shows significant promise in helping healthcare and medicine reach frontiers never known to mankind before. The setting-up of a stem cell laboratory at WCMC-Qatar places Qatar on the world map in stem cell research. Not only does it ensure Qatar's significant contribution to research, but also lays the foundation for an advanced system where people will have access to world class regenerative medical care. To be able to move forward with cell therapies, and in particular stem cell therapies, in areas as diverse as diabetes, cardio-vascular disease, and neurodegenerative disease, several components need to be established, including routine derivation and maintenance of different types of pluripotent stem cells; banking of these stem cells; differentiation of the different stem cells in different cell types. Stem cell research was one of the first research areas of focus at Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar. Since the establishment of the stem cell biology program we have achieved several milestones, including the establishment of a stem cell biology expertise in Qatar, creating a network of stem cell researchers including clinicians from Hamad Medical Corporation, and establishing international cooperation to answer all forthcoming challenges of regenerative medicine. This talk will focus on the logistics of setting up the stem cell laboratory and the promises in the future that such technology promises.
Time under tension decreased with blood flow–restricted exercise

Summary Objectives: Exercise to failure results in similar muscle protein synthesis responses, independent of intensity. However, low-intensity exercise likely requires more time under tension and those with injuries may be incapable of sustaining the mechanical stress to reach failure. Design: The purpose was to determine whether elastic knee wraps (KW) provide a stimulus to decrease time under tension and overall volume of work while maintaining a similar level of metabolic stress. Methods: Thirteen healthy subjects participated in a randomized crossover study consisting of three trials. The first determined 1 repetition maximum (1RM) on the bilateral leg extension. Subjects were then assigned to a blood flow restriction (BFR) or control (CON) group. After trial 2, subjects crossed over to the opposite trial. KW were placed around the thigh of each leg during BFR. Leg extensions were completed at 30% 1RM until failure. Whole blood lactate (WBL) was taken pre-, post-, and 3 and 5 min postexercise. Heart rate (HR) was measured before, following the first and second sets, and 3 and 5 min postexercise. Results: This study found KW provide a BFR stimulus allowing failure to occur sooner with similar metabolic stress postreperfusion. There were no differences in HR at any time point. Conclusions: These results may benefit populations that cannot sustain the mechanical stress of high-intensity exercise or low-intensity exercise that requires a longer sustained time under tension.
Uranyl Sequestering Agents: Correlation of Properties and Efficacy with Structure for UO22+ Complexes of Linear Tetradentate 1-Methyl-3-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone Ligands1

A rational design of uranyl sequestering agents based on 3-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone ligands has resulted in the first effective agents for mammalian uranyl decorporation. In this study crystal structures of uranyl complexes with four of these agents are compared and correlated with the chemical and biological properties. These hydroxypyridinone ligands bind the uranyl ion in the equator of a pentagonal prism; a solvent molecule fills the fifth coordination site. The tetradentate ligands are composed of two hydroxypyridonate groups connected by a diamine linker via amide coupling. The dihedral angles between two pyridinone ring planes in these complexes differ as the length of linear backbone changes, giving these molecules a ruffled shape. The physical parameters (such as NMR chemical shifts) of the uranyl complexes with tetradentate Me-3,2-HOPO ligands correlate with the length of the diamine linker, as does the in vivo activity. The ligands are amides of 3-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-(1H)-4-carboxypyridone. For L{sup 1} the amine is propane amine. For the tetradentate bis-amides the linker groups are (L{sup 3}) 1,3-diaminopropane, (L{sup 4}) 1,4-diaminobutane, (L{sup 5}) 1,5-diaminopentane. Crystal data: [UO{sub 2}(L{sup 1}){sub 2}{center_dot}DMF], space group, C2/c, cell constants: a = 37.430(8) {angstrom}, b = 7.0808(14) {angstrom}, c = 26.781(5) {angstrom}, {beta} = 130.17(3){degree}, V = 5424(2) {angstrom}{supmore » 3}, Z = 8. [UO{sub 2}L{sup 3}{center_dot}DMSO], Pnma, a = 8.4113(1) {angstrom}, b = 16.0140(3) {angstrom}, c = 16.7339(3) {angstrom}, V = 2254.03(5) {angstrom}{sup 3}, Z = 4. [UO{sub 2}L{sup 4}{center_dot}DMSO]{center_dot}DMSO{center_dot}H{sub 2}O{center_dot}0.5C{sub 6}H{sub 12}, P2{sub 1}/n, a = 26.7382(4) {angstrom}, b = 7.4472(1) {angstrom}, c = 31.4876(2) {angstrom}, V = 6209.05(13) {angstrom}{sup 3}, Z = 8. [UO{sub 2}L{sup 5}{center_dot}DMSO]{center_dot}DMSO, Pnma, a = 7.3808(1) {angstrom}, b = 14.7403(3) {angstrom}, c = 23.134(3) {angstrom}, V = 2516.88(8) {angstrom}{sup 3}, Z = 4.« less