cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laser synthesis of bimetallic nanoalloys in the vapor and liquid phases and the magnetic properties of PdM and PtM nanoparticles (M = Fe, Co and Ni).

In this work, we present several examples of the synthesis and characterization of bimetallic nanoparticle alloys using the Laser Vaporization Controlled Condensation (LVCC) method. In the first example, the vapor phase synthesis of Au–Ag, Au–Pd, and Au–Pt nanoparticle alloys are presented. The formation of nanoalloys is concluded from the observation of one plasmon absorption band at a wavelength that varies linearly with the gold mole fraction in the nanoalloy. Both XRD data and HRTEM-EDX data confirm the formation of nanoparticle alloys and not simply mixtures of the two metal nanoparticles. Irradiation of a mixture of Au/Ag nanoparticles dispersed in water with the 532 nm unfocused laser results in efficient alloying while the 1064 nm laser radiation results only in evaporation and size reduction of the unalloyed nanoparticles. Selective absorption of the femtosecond 780 nm radiation by large Au aggregates results in the formation of smaller aggregates with fractal structures, and no evidence for the Au–Ag alloy formation. The synthesis of palladium and platinum nanoparticles alloyed with transition metals such as iron and nickel using the LVCC method is also presented. The alloyed nanoparticles (FePd, FePt, NiPd, NiPt, and FeNi) are found to be superparamagnetic.
A Portable Scene-Aware View Management System for Video-Conferencing

We present a scene recognition framework for a novel automatic view management system in video conferencing. The system aims to provide the best viewpoints to the viewer based on the integration of both audio and video information. Distinguished from previous approaches, our system is aware of the 'scenes' going on, thus applying an appropriate view management policy for different scenarios is made possible. In this paper, we describe the framework of the view management system, with emphasis on the scene recognition based view management and the portability of the system. Preliminary experiments are performed for the evaluation of our approach.
6β‐Hydroxycortisol in random urine samples as an indicator of enzyme induction

6 beta-Hydroxycortisol (6 beta-OHF) is a major cortisol metabolite formed primarily in the hepatic reticulum by mixed-function oxygenases. Changes in 6 beta-OHF may be used to detect enzyme induction by drugs or disease. Excretion of 6 beta-OHF must be corrected for change in urinary free cortisol (FF) excretion to allow for changes in cortisol production. We report the absence of circadian changes in 6 beta-OHF/FF ratios. Thus random measurements of 6 beta-OHF/FF ratios may be used to detect enzyme induction. This approach greatly simplifies noninvasive screening for enzyme induction.
Ab initio modelling: Genesis of crystal structures

Genetic algorithms prove useful to distil a complex quantum mechanical calculation of interatomic interactions down to its simplest mathematical expression. This makes it possible to predict the structure of new compounds from first principles.
DISPLACEMENT OF LEFT KIDNEY SUGGESTING ADRENAL TUMOR

Abstract Several infants with a left suprarenal “cold spot” shown on technetium scintiphotos were also found to have inferior displacement of the left kidney on the urogram. Surgical exploration was considered on the basis of possible adrenal tumor; however, the highly suspicious “lesion” disappeared after gastric deflation, and it was recreated after gastric distention. Review of infant urograms has shown that gastric distention is a common cause of a “normal” low-lying left kidney, in clear distinction to the adult in whom a displaced left kidney frequently shows a pathologic condition.
An American Enterprise Abroad: American Radiator Company in Europe, 1895–1914

Although Singer was the first American manufacturing firm to produce and market extensively in Europe, the American Radiator Company is perhaps more typical of the United States firms that expanded abroad in the nineteenth century. Professor Wilkins documents the evolution of this multinational enterprise and offers her study as a test of recent theories on direct investment abroad.
Ion-beam machining of millimeter scale optics

An ion-beam microcontouring process is developed and implemented for figuring millimeter scale optics. Ion figuring is a noncontact machining technique in which a beam of high-energy ions is directed toward a target substrate to remove material in a predetermined and controlled fashion. Owing to this noncontact mode of material removal, problems associated with tool wear and edge effects, which are common in conventional machining processes, are avoided. Ion-beam figuring is presented as an alternative for the final figuring of small (<1-mm) optical components. The depth of the material removed by an ion beam is a convolution between the ion-beam shape and an ion-beam dwell function, defined over a two-dimensional area of interest. Therefore determination of the beam dwell function from a desired material removal map and a known steady beam shape is a deconvolution process. A wavelet-based algorithm has been developed to model the deconvolution process in which the desired removal contours and ion-beam shapes are synthesized numerically as wavelet expansions. We then mathematically combined these expansions to compute the dwell function or the tool path for controlling the figuring process. Various models have been developed to test the stability of the algorithm and to understand the critical parameters of the figuring process. The figuring system primarily consists of a duo-plasmatron ion source that ionizes argon to generate a focused (∼200-µm FWHM) ion beam. This beam is rastered over the removal surface with a perpendicular set of electrostatic plates controlled by a computer guidance system. Experimental confirmation of ion figuring is demonstrated by machining a one-dimensional sinusoidal depth profile in a prepolished silicon substrate. This profile was figured to within a rms error of 25 nm in one iteration.
Appendix A: A computer and network resource guide to support data sharing

A variety of technological resources are available to facilitate data sharing. This appendix highlights a number of software programs and Internet addresses that should prove useful in helping researchers enhance their data-sharing capabilities.
Probationary Americans: Contemporary Immigration Policies and the Shaping of Asian American Communities

Probationary Americans examines contemporary immigration rules and how they affect the make-up of immigrant communities. The authors' key argument is that immigration policies place race and class as important criteria for gaining entry to the United States, and in doing so, alter the makeup of America's immigrant communities.
DNA binding by the KP repressor protein inhibits P-element transposase activity in vitro.

P elements are a family of mobile DNA elements found in Drosophila . P‐element transposition is tightly regulated, and P‐element‐encoded repressor proteins are responsible for inhibiting transposition in vivo . To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which one of these repressors, the KP protein, inhibits transposition, a variety of mutant KP proteins were prepared and tested for their biochemical activities. The repressor activities of the wild‐type and mutant KP proteins were tested in vitro using several different assays for P‐element transposase activity. These studies indicate that the site‐specific DNA‐binding activity of the KP protein is essential for repressing transposase activity. The DNA‐binding domain of the KP repressor protein is also shared with the transposase protein and resides in the N‐terminal 88 amino acids. Within this region, there is a C 2 HC putative metal‐binding motif that is required for site‐specific DNA binding. In vitro the KP protein inhibits transposition by competing with the transposase enzyme for DNA‐binding sites near the P‐element termini.
Anatomy of the Thoracic Outlet

The term "thoracic outlet" is the area between the neck and shoulder, over the top of the thorax, and under the clavicle. Knowledge of thoracic outlet anatomy and the four major areas of compression is cardinal for the surgeon to perform thoracic outlet syndrome decompression without injuring major structures, having a minimal number of complications, and avoiding malpractice litigation.
Bayesian Design of Single-arm Phase II Clinical Trials with Continuous Monitoring

Background Bayesian designs are increasingly used to conduct phase II clinical trials. However, stopping boundaries in most Bayesian designs are defined from posterior credible intervals. The use of designs based on posterior credible intervals results in a loss of efficiency when compared to formal stopping rules based on Bayesian hypothesis tests. Such designs also introduce an unnecessary element of subjectivity in the interpretation of trial results.Methods We derive a new class of Bayesian designs based on formal hypothesis tests. The prior densities used to define the alternative hypotheses in these tests assign no mass to parameter values that are consistent with the null hypotheses and are called nonlocal alternative prior densities.Results We show that Bayesian designs based on hypothesis tests and nonlocal alternative prior densities are more efficient than common Bayesian designs based on posterior credible intervals and common frequentist designs. In contrast to trial designs based on Bayesian...
Abstract 545: Heat Shock Protein 90 (eHsp90): A novel modulator of the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Prostate Cancer (PCa) is one of the most lethal diseases afflicting men. Although early cancer detection and treatment is often curative, subsequent metastatic spread of tumor cells renders the disease untreatable. Treatment failure is also due to a poor understanding of the contribution of the tumor microenvironment to disease progression. We find that a number of PCa cells secrete heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90) acts in a manner distinct from the intracellular chaperone and possesses ‘chaperokine’ properties. The ability of chaperones to buffer against cellular stress and promote survival of malignant cells led us investigate the potential role of eHsp90 in PCa progression. Interestingly, we find that eHsp90 expression correlates with PCa aggressiveness. Consistently, the more aggressive and metastatic PCa cells exhibit several fold higher eHsp90 secretion relative to their weakly tumorigenic matched counterparts. Interference with this pathway by antibody or drug-mediated neutralization dramatically impaired tumor cell migration. Concomitant with inhibition of eHsp90, the activation of several critical downstream signaling mediators of cell motility were attenuated. The multifunctional receptor LRP-1 (LDL-receptor Related protein-1) has been proposed as the receptor for eHsp90. The silencing of LRP1 dramatically suppressed PCa signaling and cell migration. The ability of LRP1 knockdown to recapitulate the drug dependent inhibition of eHsp90 strongly supports the requirement for an Hsp90-LRP1 signaling axis in PCa progression. A major component of the solid tumor microenvironment is the stromal fibroblast, which acts to potentiate both tumor growth and metastatic spread. Addition of Hsp90 to prostate stromal fibroblasts, which do not secrete Hsp90 protein, potently stimulates ERK activation and cell motility, demonstrating that the eHsp90 chaperokine possess paracrine effects upon the tumor stroma and induces properties associated with a reactive phenotype. The ability of eHsp90 to induce both ERK activation and cell motility was inhibited by an MMP inhibitor, suggesting that eHsp90 dependent modulation of MMP activity is a requirement for its downstream effects on stromal signaling and cell motility. Our data implicate that eHsp90 secretion may represent a critical component of PCa aggressiveness via its ability to initiate multiple signaling events in stromal fibroblasts that enable these cell to further drive tumor growth. Our studies raise the possibility that approaches designed to curtail eHsp90 activity may be a useful strategy to intercept tumor-stromal dynamic signaling, which is predicted to have a favorable impact upon the progression of prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 545.
A multibeam reconnaissance of the Tonga Trench axis and its intersection with the Louisville guyot chain

A Seabeam reconnaissance of 1200 km of the deep sediment-starved axis of Tonga Trench delineated the fine-scale relief at the outcrop of a subduction zone generally characterized by tectonic erosion rather than accretion. The commonest axial cross-section has a steep (12°) irregular inner slope intersecting the thinly sedimented surface of Mesozoic ocean crust, which dips under it at 5–6°. There is little or no intervening turbidite fill, but small lenses interpreted as debris deposits occur at the foot of parts of the inner slope that lack basins or benches which elsewhere obstruct downslope sediment transport. The oceanic slope is severely broken by parallel but slightly sinuous fractures induced by bending of the plate, and entry of outer-slope grabens into the subduction zone is confirmed to be a morphologically and tectonically important process. Arrival of oceanic seamounts and volcanic ridges at the trench outer slope and axis affects the fracture pattern of the oceanic plate, the depth of the temporarily plugged axis, and the relief of the lower inner slope. Subduction of the Louisville guyot chain, or of the extensive hotspot swell and thick sediment apron that surrounds it, has important regional effects as well, shoaling 400 km of trench axis and causing development of a small accretionary prism with trench-slope basins. Because the intersection point of the hot-spot chain has moved rapidly south along the trench, structural changes that occur in the wake of guyot-chain subduction can also be inferred: accretion at the inner slope is followed by rapid tectonic erosion, which unroofs a wider strip of downgoing lithosphere and thereby deepens the trench axis. The longitudinal profile of axial depths, made locally irregular by the collision of medium-scale volcanic and tectonic relief on the oceanic plate, also has a step near 18.5° S, where there is a regional depth difference in the oceanic crust entering the trench.
Overlapping protein-encoding genes in Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1.

The annotated genome sequences of prokaryotes seldom include overlapping genes encoded opposite each other by the same stretch of DNA. However, antisense transcription is becoming recognized as a widespread phenomenon in eukaryotes, and examples have been linked to important biological processes. Pseudomonas fluorescens inhabits aquatic and terrestrial environments, and can be regarded as an environmental generalist. The genetic basis for this ecological success is not well understood. In a previous search for soil-induced genes in P. fluorescens Pf0-1, ten antisense genes were discovered. These were termed ‘cryptic’ genes, as they had escaped detection by gene-hunting algorithms, and lacked easily recognizable promoters. In this communication, we designate such genes as ‘non-predicted’ or ‘hidden’. Using reverse transcription PCR, we show that at each of six non-predicted gene loci chosen for study, transcription occurs from both ‘sense’ and ‘antisense’ DNA strands. Further, at least one of these hidden antisense genes, iiv14, encodes a protein, as does the sense transcript, both identified by poly-histidine tags on the C-terminus of the proteins. Mutational and complementation studies showed that this novel antisense gene was important for efficient colonization of soil, and multiple copies in the wildtype host improved the speed of soil colonization. Introduction of a stop codon early in the gene eliminated complementation, further implicating the protein in colonization of soil. We therefore designate iiv14 “cosA”. These data suggest that, as is the case with eukaryotes, some bacterial genomes are more densely coded than currently recognized.
Microbiology of bile in patients with cholangitis or cholestasis with and without plastic biliary endoprosthesis

Abstract Background: Cholangitis is a frequent complication of biliary stents. Empiric antibiotic selection is primarily based on bile cultures obtained from patients undergoing surgery and few data are available with respect to ERCP and biliary stents. This study analyzed the microbiology of bile and the antibiotic sensitivities of the organisms identified in patients presenting with clinical cholangitis or cholestasis. Methods: All bile cultures collected during ERCP from January 1994 to January 2000 were identified by using an ERCP database. Results: One hundred eighty cultures from 160 patients (mean age 55 years, range 6-94 years) were identified. Sixty-nine specimens were collected at ERCPs performed in patients with no biliary stent in place (group 1). One hundred eleven specimens were obtained from patients with a biliary stent in situ (group 2). The primary diagnoses for patients in groups 1 and 2 were as follows, respectively: malignant bile duct obstruction (25 and 85), choledocholithiasis (16 and 2), benign biliary strictures (6 and 18), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (8 and 0), and miscellaneous (14 and 6). There were 38 positive bile cultures in group 1 (55%) and 109 positive cultures in group 2 (98%; p p Escherichia coli was the most common organism found in group 1 (17%); Enterococcus the most common in group 2 (31%). Among patients with positive bile cultures, bacteremia was more frequent in group 2 patients (46% vs. 21%; p Enterococci . Conclusion: In patients with cholangitis associated with biliary obstruction, the antibiotic selected initially should be active against gram-negative bacilli. Use of quinolones is recommended because these agents effectively penetrate an obstructed biliary tree and can be administered orally. Enterococci and polymicrobial infections are found more commonly in patients with a biliary stent than those without a stent. Pending definitive biliary decompression, patients with sepsis and those who do not quickly respond to treatment with a quinolone may benefit from the addition of antibiotic coverage against gram-positive organisms, targeted against Enterococci . (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:885-9.)
ADPase activity of isolated perfused rat lung.

Abstract More than 90% of 3H-ADP was metabolized following bolus injection into rat isolated perfused lungs. The major metabolite was inosine, with lesser amounts of adenosine and AMP. The mean pulmonary transit time for the radioactivity associated with ADP and its metabolites was the same as that for the vascular marker 14C-dextran, indicating that ADP is metabolized by enzymes in the pulmonary vessel walls. The metabolism of 3H-ADP was apparently unaffected by the simultaneous injection of prostacyclin or by continuous infusion of indomethacin or aspirin. 3H-ADP was similarly metabolized by the lung following continuous infusion, although relatively higher amounts of adenosine were observed. The metabolism of ADP by the lung represents biological inactivation since over 95% of the platelet-aggregatory activity of ADP was lost on passage through the lung.
Alignment performance versus mark quality

A procedure is described for preparing relief alignment marks with precisely degraded quality that are then used to calibrate alignment performance. Alignment degrades with mark quality, eventually failing when the marks are no longer found. Using conventional processes it is difficult to accurately find this threshold and virtually impossible to experimentally establish the functional relationship between alignment mark quality and alignment precision. Marks that simulate a full range of process conditions, including planarization and granularity, are formed utilizing the continuous tone relief response of I-line photoresist to (lambda) equals 248 nm dose, thereby avoiding the complication of fabricating wafers through selective steps of the actual semiconductor manufacturing process. The usual box in box overlay measurement problem, caused by boxes formed by different processes, is avoided by printing high contrast overlay evaluation structures regardless of the alignment mark quality. Overlay is measured and plotted as a function of mark quality and the lithography engineer knows precisely the condition of the alignment system. For example; it is easily established by direct measurement the alignment system's ability to control magnification as the relief of the alignment marks change.
Collection History and Comparison of the Interactions of the Goldspotted Oak Borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), with Host Oaks in Southern California and Southeastern Arizona, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT An invasive population of the goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is colonizing and killing three species of oaks in San Diego Co., California. However, the interactions of A. auroguttatus with oaks in its native range in southeastern Arizona have not been recorded. We present a complete inventory of the North and Central American collection records of A. auroguttatus and Agrilus coxalis Waterhouse from the literature and from a survey of the holdings of 27 museum and personal collections. We also discuss the relationship between this collection history and the behavior of A. auroguttatus as an intracontinental invasive species. Surveys of native populations of A. auroguttatus in oak forest stands from four mountain ranges in southeastern Arizona revealed injury patterns on Emory oak, Quercus emoryi Torrey, and silverleaf oak, Quercus hypoleucoides A. Camus, similar to those observed on other “red” oaks in California. No damage was observed on “white” ...
Reliability of base isolation for the protection of critical equipment from earthquake hazards

As the number of critical facilities such as data centers, Internet collocation facilities, hospitals, and air traffic control centers continues to grow, the sensitivity of expensive vibration sensitive equipment in these facilities to earthquake hazards is becoming a pressing concern. This paper addresses the seismic risk analysis of critical facilities by specifying the required reliability of components of vibration isolation systems for an improved performance and reliability of isolated sub-systems with respect to earthquake hazards. A four-story structure representing a critical facility with an isolation floor at the second floor level, carrying a computer rack, representing shock and vibration sensitive equipment, is considered in order to study the reliability requirements of isolation system components for the protection of the critical equipment from earthquake hazards. Including uncertainties such as isolation system characteristics, i.e. isolation stiffness and isolation damping, eccentricity in the superstructure, and ground motion characteristics along with 3D models subjected to bi-directional ground motions, allows us to represent the nature of the problem in a realistic way. Because of the complexity of the system and the analysis, and the difficulty of completely describing the probabilistic characteristics of the whole process analytically, the Monte Carlo simulation technique is used to determine probability distributions and failure probabilities.
Molecular and functional maturation of the murine cardiac conduction system.

Abstract The rhythmic heartbeat reflects a highly coordinated electrical wave, initiated and propagated throughout the myocardium by the specialized cardiac conduction system (CCS). Conduction system abnormalities affect millions of individuals, with symptoms from merely bothersome palpitations to fainting or even sudden death. Despite years of investigation, knowledge of the genes and molecules that direct CCS development and function are incomplete. In 1977, Viragh and Challice published the first in a series of articles describing the morphologic development of the murine CCS. The framework established by those reports now can be revisited in light of recent data. Imaging the developing CCS—using genetically engineered mice combined with functional assays, including optical mapping of cardiac electrical excitation—reveal some of the earliest events in CCS formation and function. These findings build on the experiments of Viragh and Challice, leading to a more integrated picture of conduction system development in the mammalian embryo.
Influence of a Gas-Filled Cavity of Complex Shape on Stresses in the Vicinity of a Neighboring Crack

We solve the problem of modeling of the stress-strain state in an infinite, elastic, isotropic body containing a crack and a gas-filled cavity of any shape by the boundary-element method. A system of six boundary integral equations for the components of displacements on the surface of the cavity and the jumps of displacements on the surface of the crack is obtained. We find the stress intensity factors on the contour of a circular plane crack depending on its location relative to the cavity, the shape of the cavity, and internal pressure in the cavity.
Amorphous magnetic materials for bubble domain and magneto-optics application

Magnetic bubble domains have been found in rare earth intermetallic systems with GdCo alloys, as an example. Films prepared by sputtering are found to be amorphous with perpendicular anisotropy. The GdCo system will support magnetic domains in a wide variety of compositions and the magnetic bubble domains are readily varied in diameter. The use of these amorphous systems is shown to be substrate independent. The amorphous magnetic system is described and domain size variations with film composition are shown. These materials are also useful magneto-optic materials with excellent signal to noise characteristics.
A frustration effect with adult humans

In two investigations, the relationship of delays in response opportunity to response latencies was examined. On the basis of a generalized drive approach it was expected that the longer the delays, the greater the frustration, and that consequently the response latencies would be reduced. It was further hypothesized that the frustration effect would be enhanced for Internal locus of control subjects relative to Externals. Although statistically significant relationships between delays in opportunity to respond and response latencies were found, the pattern of the results did not appear to support a generalized drive interpretation of the effects. Consequently, the relationship between partial reward and response latencies that had been previously interpreted as a frustration effect by Libb and Serum (1974) was examined in a third experiment. Again, the results were supportive of specific factors other than a generalized frustration effect.
Optimal decentralized control in the random access multipacket channel

A decentralized control algorithm is sought that maximizes the stability region of the infinite-user slotted multipacket channel and is easily implementable. To this end, the perfect state information case in which the stations can use the instantaneous value of the backlog to compute the retransmission probability is studied first. The vest throughput possible for a decentralized control protocol is obtained, as well as an algorithm that achieves it. These results are then applied to derive a control scheme when the backlog is unknown, which is the case of practical relevance. This scheme, based on a binary feedback, is shown to be optimal, given some restrictions on the channel multipacket reception capability. >
Frequency correlates on the auditory cortex of the cat brain.

Abstract Response contours were constructed from measurements of evoked potentials for pure-tone stimuli, 15 to 35 db above threshold, using cats. The following criteria were used: response amplitude, initial latency, and peak latency. Wave shape was also examined. Widespread cortical response was obtained from pure tones. The point of maximal response was found either in AI or in AII for different cats. There were several cases of areas of large response which clearly extended through AI into AII. An examination of the response contours between cats as a function of frequency disclosed that the overlap was greater than the difference between the areas of maximum response. In addition, the distribution of points of largest response was not an orderly function of frequency. An examination of wave shape and response latency failed to provide a more orderly arrangement of frequency loci. Neither correlation between response amplitude and initial time nor the correlation between response amplitude and peak time was particularly large. The question is raised as to which measurement provides the “best fit” for the organization of the auditory cortex.
Determination of near wake shear layer by shock expansion method for axisymmetric slender body

Abstract This paper shows how the shock expansion theory can be applied to determine the shear layer, which is part of the near wake of an axisymmetric slender body flying at hypersonic speed. Previous investigators have shown that this flow region can be described by neglecting transport properties and thus applying the method of characteristics. This paper shows that the same flow pattern can be computed, to a reasonable degree of accuracy, by further neglecting one family of characteristics. Hence the overall structure of the shear layer is due to an expansion around the corner followed by a recompression due to axisymmetric forces, where the entropy is constant along each streamline. Furthermore, the characteristics coalesce after the neck and form a trailing shock. Numerical computations using this method are straightforward and fast.
Inertial confinement fusion experiments with OMEGA-A 30-kJ, 60-beam UV laser

Abstract The Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) experimental program supports the US inertial confinement fusion (ICF) effort by investigating the requirements for attaining ignition using direct drive targets. The primary tool for this research is OMEGA, a 60-beam, 351-nm, Nd:glass laser with an on-target energy capability in excess of 30 kJ. The laser is designed to ultimately achieve an irradiation uniformity of ∼1% on direct-drive capsules with shaped laser pulses (dynamic range>400:1). In addition, OMEGA provides unique capabilities for irradiating indirect-drive targets. This paper reports on a number of recent laser enhancements, including a new design for distributed phase plates (DPPs), two-dimensional smoothing by spectral dispersion (2-D SSD), distributed polarization rotators (DPRs) and laser pulse shaping. A variety of spherical-implosion, planar-target, and indirect-drive experiments attest to the versatility of the OMEGA laser. A key result is the highest thermonuclear yield (10 14 neutrons) and yield efficiency (1% of scientific breakeven) ever attained in laser fusion experiments.
Why minimal is not optimal: driving the mammalian cell cycle--and drug discovery--with a physiologic CDK control network.

Progression through the eukaryotic cell division cycle is governed by the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). For a CDK to become active it must (1) bind a positive regulatory subunit (cyclin) and (2) be phosphorylated on its activation (T) loop. In metazoans, multiple CDK catalytic subunits, each with a distinct set of preferred cyclin partners, regulate the cell cycle, but it has been difficult to assign functions to individual CDKs in vivo. Biochemical analyses and experiments with dominant-negative alleles suggested that specific CDK/cyclin complexes regulate different events, but genetic loss of interphase CDKs (Cdk2, -4 and -6), alone or in combination, did not block proliferation of cells in culture. These knockout and knockdown studies suggested redundancy or plasticity built into the CDK network but did not address whether there was true redundancy in normal cells with a full complement of CDKs. Here, we discuss recent work that took a chemical-genetic approach to reveal that the activity of a genetically non-essential CDK, Cdk2, is required for cell proliferation when normal cyclin pairing is maintained. These results have implications for the systems-level organization of the cell cycle, for regulation of the restriction point and G₁/S transition and for efforts to target Cdk2 therapeutically in human cancers.
Relapse in Guillain‐Barré syndrome after treatment with human immune globulin

Seven adult patients received human immune globulin intravenously as initial therapy for Guillain-Barre syndrome. Although all patients initially stabilized or improved, five patients deteriorated 1 to 16 days after completion of treatment. In all five patients, clinical worsening included loss of at least one functional grade together with a decreased forced vital capacity. We subsequently treated each patient with a course of plasma exchange, which led to varying degrees of clinical improvement in four. In contrast to previously reported relapse rates for Guillain-Barre syndrome, our experience suggests that clinically significant relapses may occur in patients more often following human immune globulin therapy than after either plasma exchange or no therapy.
Stable and efficient electroluminescence from a porous silicon‐based bipolar device

A complete process compatible with conventional Si technology has been developed in order to produce a bipolar light‐emitting device. This device consists of a layer of light‐emitting porous silicon annealed at high temperature (800–900 °C) sandwiched between a p‐type Si wafer and a highly doped (n+) polycrystalline Si film. The properties of the electroluminescence (EL) strongly depend on the annealing conditions. Under direct bias, EL is detected at voltages of ∼2 V and current densities J∼1 mA/cm2. The maximum EL intensity is 1 mW/cm2 and the EL can be modulated by a square wave current pulse with frequencies ν≥1 MHz. No degradation has been observed during 1 month of pulsed operation.
Cancer mortality, aging, and patterns of comorbidity in the United States: 1968 to 1986.

Cancer is often reported as contributing to the risk of noncancer causes of death. The age variation of these reports was studied using U.S. data on all causes of death listed on death certificates for 1968 to 1986. The occurrence of cancer as a nonunderlying cause of death increased with age and was higher for treatable and slowly growing tumor types. These patterns persisted even if the cancer manifested changes in occurrence. Nonunderlying occurrences were highest in the 85 to 94 age group and were correlated with cancer survival. This suggests increased importance of cancer as a cause of death and a comorbid condition among oldest-old persons. The high rate of occurrence as an associated cause of death suggests that if life expectancy increases due to declines in circulatory and other chronic disease mortality, cancer could become the preeminent cause of death in the United States.
Advances in Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: Instrumentation, Methods, and Applications

Abstract Electrothermal atomization (ETA) atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) offers high sensitivity quantitative analysis of a wide variety of samples for metals. Following an introduction to this instrumental method, recent developments in instrumentation, methods of sample preparation, and significant applications are reviewed, illustrating significant developments. The focus of this review is on the practical application of ETA‐AAS for real sample analysis.
Cryptic coloration as a predator avoidance strategy in seagrass arrow shrimp colormorphs

The arrow shrimp, Tozeuma carolinense, is a highly abundant small crustacean inhabiting seagrass beds along the US southeastern and Gulf coast. These shrimp inhabit the tops of seagrass blades, feeding on epiphytic algae. Despite T. carolinense abundance, it is largely underrepresented in the diets of predatory fish, presumably due to its cryptic morphology and behavior. Here, we quantify the degree of crypsis of green and brown colormorphs of T. carolinense to the visual systems of two potential predators, dichromatic Cynoscion nebulosus and trichromatic Sciaenops ocellatus, using a visual chromatic contrast model. Contrast of shrimp colormorphs viewed against seagrass backgrounds was similar between predators but varied greatly for both colormorphs among the backgrounds. For both dichromatic and trichromatic predators, green morphs produced significantly less contrast than brown morphs on live seagrass, while brown morphs produced significantly less contrast than green morphs on dead seagrass. Each colormorph had at least one complimentary seagrass species against which it would be difficult for fish predators to discriminate. Model predictions were largely borne out in a survey of a natural population of T. carolinense in Tampa Bay, FL (USA), where shrimp were found only in monospecific patches of live Syringodium filiforme, and green morphs significantly outnumbered brown morphs. Although these shrimp do not rely solely on cryptic coloration for predator evasion, the ability of T. carolinense to match its background does minimize visual contrast and likely contributes to their lack of representation in the diets of predatory fish.
Concentration of Magnesium in Human Plasma or Serum

THE investigation of the accuracy of determination of serum magnesium1, criticized by Alcock et al. in the preceding communication, was undertaken to establish the normal serum magnesium concentration on the basis of accepted procedures of analytical chemistry2. The considerations governing this investigation were given in detail. The accuracy of the standards was validated using certified National Bureau of Standards materials; serum magnesium concentration was then measured by two entirely different methods and the same values were obtained; finally, recovery of added standards by both methods approached 100 per cent.
Midkine is regulated by hypoxia and causes pulmonary vascular remodeling

Midkine (MK) is expressed in a precise temporal-spatial pattern during lung morphogenesis; however, its role in pulmonary homeostasis is unknown. Increased MK staining and mRNA expression were observed in the lungs of hypoxia-susceptible CAST/eiJ mice during hypoxia. MK expression was induced by hypoxia in cell lines in vitro. Because the transcription factor hypoxiainducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) modulates cellular responses to hypoxia, we tested whether increased expression of MK in the lung was mediated by HIF-1α. HIF-1α enhanced the transcription of MK, acting on HIF-1α regulatory elements located in the MK gene promoter. Site-directed mutagenesis of the 3′ HIF response element in the MK promoter blocked the stimulatory effects of HIF-1α. To directly assess the role of MK on lung morphogenesis, transgenic mice were generated in which MK was expressed in the respiratory epithelial cells of the developing lung. MK increased muscularization of small pulmonary arteries, increasing α-smooth muscle actin and caldesmon staining and the expression of myocardin. MK directly enhanced the expression of myocardin and the smooth muscle-specific genes α-smooth muscle actin, calponin, and SM-22 in vascular smooth muscle precursor cells. Expression of MK in the respiratory epithelium is regulated by hypoxia and HIF-1α. These data provide a model wherein the respiratory epithelium responds to hypoxia via HIF-1α-dependent regulation of MK, enhancing myocardin expression to influence pulmonary vascular gene expression.
WHY CANNOT POOR COUNTRIES UTILIZE EXISTING KNOWLEDGE? EXPANSION OF FIRMS AND HUMAN CAPITAL ACCUMULATION BY TRAINING

Current growth literature does not explain the inability of poor countries to utilize existing knowledge. This study presents a stylized development model based on firms' expansion through on-the-job training. Since trained workers can supervise and train more workers, a development process in which output and productivity increase up to a full utilization of existing technology is generated. Unlike schooling based models, which require assumption regarding a smaller local stock of knowledge, this study relies on the size of the industrial sector and the limited supply of training opportunities, therefore highlights barriers to development, even when technology and capital are available.
Liquid Loss in Shucked Oyster (Crassostrea virghica) Meats During Ice Storage

East and Gulf coast oysters were processed under Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) requirements, packed in retail size containers and stored on ice for 18 days. At 3-day intervals, containers of oyster meats were tested for free liquid content. Gulf coast oyster meats lost more liquid and in a different pattern during storage than East coast oysters. Seasonal differences in liquid loss were noted in Gulf coast oysters only. Washing oyster meats by blowing in accordance with CFR requirements did not increase liquid loss during the first 9 to 12 days of storage. Liquid loss in Gulf coast oysters was inversely correlated with salt content. Except for oysters with low salt content, most containers of oyster meats did not exceed 15% free liquid during storage.
Flow switching bifurcations on the separation boundary in discontinuous dynamical systems with flow barriers

AbstractIn this paper, the flow passability on the separation boundary is investigated in discontinuous dynamic systems with flow barriers. The concepts of the flow barriers in discontinuous dynami...
Gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry of glucosinolate derivatives

Gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry has been found to possess advantages over gas chromatography electron impact mass spectrometry for the structural elucidation of glucosinolates (mustard oil glycosides), separated as the volatile per-trimethylsilyldesulpho derivates. The method has been applied to both mixtures of standard glucosinolates and also to extracts of plant tissue. The technique demonstrates the versatility of mass spectrometry in glucosinolate identification.
Species composition of pea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) primary and secondary parasitoids in Wisconsin

The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), is an important pest of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., in Wisconsin because of its characteristic potential for exponential population growth (Hutchison and Hogg 1984, 1985) and the subsequent damage in both hay quality and quantity inflicted by high populations (Cuperus et al. 1982). In Wisconsin, as in most alfalfa-producing states, there is a vast complex of natural enemies (Hutchison and Hogg 1985) that influence pea aphid population dynamics, including the hymenopteran primary parasitoids from the Aphidiidae. These primary species, however, are also attacked by several secondary parasitoids from the families Megaspilidae, Pteromalidae, and Alloxystidae.
The Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Targets Central Cell Cycle Functions through Transcriptional Repression In vivo

A massive and selective loss of CD4+ memory T cells occurs during the acute phase of immunodeficiency virus infections. The mechanism of this depletion is poorly understood but constitutes a key event with implications for progression. We assessed gene expression of purified T cells in Rhesus Macaques during acute SIVmac239 infection in order to define mechanisms of pathogenesis. We observe a general transcriptional program of over 1,600 interferon-stimulated genes induced in all T cells by the infection. Furthermore, we identify 113 transcriptional changes that are specific to virally infected cells. A striking downregulation of several key cell cycle regulator genes was observed and shared promotor-region E2F binding sites in downregulated genes suggested a targeted transcriptional control of an E2F regulated cell cycle program. In addition, the upregulation of the gene for the fundamental regulator of RNA polymerase II, TAF7, demonstrates that viral interference with the cell cycle and transcriptional regulation programs may be critical components during the establishment of a pathogenic infection in vivo.
Markedness and antonymy

Standard treatments of antonymy regularly state that of a pair of antonyms, one member is marked while the other one is unmarked. Certain semantic and syntactic properties are predicated of the unmarked (or in some cases of the marked) member of the pair. A few examples are given, usually 20 or so, which bear out the predictions.
On video textures generation: A comparison between different dimensionality reduction techniques

Video texture is a new type of medium which can provide a new video with a continuously varying stream of images from a recorded video. It is created by reordering the input video frames in a way which can be played without any visual discontinuity. Recently, a new method of generating video textures has been proposed. It first apply principal components analysis (PCA) to extract signatures or patterns from the original video sequence, and then implement an autoregressive process (AR) model to synthesize new video textures. In this paper, we extend this video texture generation method by comparing PCA with other dimensionality reduction techniques such as probabilistic principal components analysis, kernel principal components analysis, independent component analysis, local linear embedding and Isomap. According to our experiments, these approaches prevail the original approach by providing us video textures with better quality.
FREE-PRODUCT GROUPS, CUNTZ-KRIEGER ALGEBRAS, AND COVARIANT MAPS

A construction is given relating a finitely generated free-product of cyclic groups with a certain Cuntz-Krieger algebra, generalizing the relation between the Choi algebra and 02. It is shown that a certain boundary action of such a group yields a Cuntz-Krieger algebra by the crossed-product construction. Certain compact convex spaces of completely positive mappings associated to a crossed-product algebra are introduced. These are used to generalize a problem of J. Anderson regarding the representation theory of the Choi algebra. An explicit computation of these spaces for the crossed products under study yields a negative answer to this problem.
Towards large-scale sharing of electronic health records of cancer patients

The rising cost of healthcare is one of the major concerns faced by the nation. One way to lower healthcare costs and provide better quality care to patients is through the effective use of Information Technology (IT). Data sharing and collaboration and large-scale management of healthcare data have been identified as important IT challenges to advance the nation's healthcare system. In this paper, we present an overview of the software framework called CDN (Collaborative Data Network) that we are developing for large-scale sharing of electronic health records (EHR). In this on-going effort, we focus on sharing EHRs of cancer patients. Cancer is the second leading cause of deaths in the US. CDN is based on the synergistic combination of peer-to-peer technology and the extensible markup language XML and XQuery. We outline the key challenges that arise when sharing evolving, heterogeneous repositories and processing queries across multiple repositories. We present the novel architecture of CDN to overcome these challenges and discuss our plan for implementation, evaluation, and deployment.