cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the discrete adjoints of adaptive time stepping algorithms

We investigate the behavior of adaptive time stepping numerical algorithms under the reverse mode of automatic differentiation (AD). By differentiating the time step controller and the error estimator of the original algorithm, reverse mode AD generates spurious adjoint derivatives of the time steps. The resulting discrete adjoint models become inconsistent with the adjoint ODE, and yield incorrect derivatives. To regain consistency, one has to cancel out the contributions of the non-physical derivatives in the discrete adjoint model. We demonstrate that the discrete adjoint models of one-step, explicit adaptive algorithms, such as the Runge-Kutta schemes, can be made consistent with their continuous counterparts using simple code modifications. Furthermore, we extend the analysis to cover second order adjoint models derived through an extra forward mode differentiation of the discrete adjoint code. Several numerical examples support the mathematical derivations.
40 Gbit/s all-optical XOR using a fiber-based folded ultrafast nonlinear interferometer

Summary form only given. We have shown all-optical XOR at data rates as high as 40 Gbit/s using a novel experimental setup which allows bit error-rate testing of the pseudo-random XOR pattern at the output of the switch. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest demonstrated rate for XOR operation on two fully-loaded pseudo-random binary streams. The folded UNI incorporating a Faraday mirror reduces polarization instabilities and provides stable performance in an all-fiber switch. Because of the high-speed nonlinear refractive index in fiber, we expect that this logic gate will readily scale to higher data rates.
Location cache: a low-power L2 cache system

While set-associative caches incur fewer misses than direct-mapped caches, they typically have slower hit times and higher power consumption, when multiple tag and data banks are probed in parallel. This paper presents the location cache structure which significantly reduces the power consumption for large set-associative caches. We propose to use a small cache, called location cache to store the location of future cache references. If there is a hit in the location cache, the supported cache is accessed as a direct-mapped cache. Otherwise, the supported cache is referenced as a conventional set-associative cache. The worst case access latency of the location cache system is the same as that of a conventional cache. The location cache is virtually indexed so that operations on it can be performed in parallel with the TLB address translation. These advantages make it ideal for L2 cache systems where traditional way-predication strategies perform poorly. We used the CACTI cache model to evaluate the power consumption and access latency of proposed cache architecture. Simplescalar CPU simulator was used to produce final results. It is shown that the proposed location cache architecture is power-efficient. In the simulated cache configurations, up-to 47% of cache accessing energy and 25% of average cache access latency can be reduced.
Evidence for Enhanced Eddy Mixing at Middepth in the Southern Ocean

Abstract Satellite altimetric observations of the ocean reveal surface pressure patterns in the core of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) that propagate downstream (eastward) but slower than the mean surface current by about 25%. The authors argue that these observations are suggestive of baroclinically unstable waves that have a steering level at a depth of about 1 km. Detailed linear stability calculations using a hydrographic atlas indeed reveal a steering level in the ACC near the depth implied by the altimetric observations. Calculations using a nonlinear model forced by the mean shear and stratification observed close to the core of the ACC, coinciding with a position where mooring data and direct eddy flux measurements are available, reveal a similar picture, albeit with added details. When eddy fluxes are allowed to adjust the mean state, computed eddy kinetic energy and eddy stress are close to observed magnitudes with steering levels between 1 and 1.5 km, broadly consistent with observatio...
Assessing Meteorological Variable and Process Relationships to Modeled PM2.5 Ammonium Nitrate and Ammonium Sulfate in the Central United States

Abstract Many counties are required to submit an emissions control plan to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to reduce concentrations of particulate matter of less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), which are dominated by ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate in the central United States. These control scenarios are simulated with photochemical models, which use emissions and meteorological variables to simulate PM2.5 formation, transport, and deposition. A monitor study was established in the central United States to measure simultaneously the PM2.5 sulfate ion, nitrate ion, ammonium ion, and chemical precursor species sulfur dioxide, nitric acid, and ammonia during 2004. These data, combined with nearby meteorological observations, provide an opportunity to assess whether meteorological variables or deposition processes may introduce systematic biases in PM2.5 ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate predictions. Skill in estimating total wet deposition is assessed by comparing model output with Natio...
Text Leveling and Little Books in First-Grade Reading.

In this study, we investigated the reliability of two current approaches for estimating text difficulty at the firstgrade level: the Scale for Text Accessibility and Support (STAS-1) and the Fountas/Pinnell system. We analyzed the performance of 105 first-grade students in texts leveled using these systems in the areas of rate, accuracy, and fluency. Students read these texts under three support conditions: sight reading, read-aloud (modeled), and previewed. The predictive validity of the two rating scales was supported by the performance data. Statistically significant effects were found for the various support conditions. Further, our analysis suggests potential benchmarks for first-grade performance: 95% accuracy; 80 words per minute; and a fluency rating of 3 (on a 1–5 scale).
Unexpected neuroimaging abnormalities in patients with apparent C8 radiculopathy: broadening the clinical spectrum.

Introduction: C8-root impingement by C7/T1 lesions on neuroimaging studies is not consistently observed in C8 radiculopathy. We hypothesized that C7 or T1 root lesions (with a pre- or postfixed plexus) or cervical myelopathy might explain some “C8 radiculopathies” without C8 root compression. Methods: Retrospective analysis of cervical neuroimaging in 31 consecutive patients with EMG-confirmed C8 radiculopathy. Results: Five patients (16%) had C8-root compression at C7/T1. Of those without C8-root compression, 5 (16%) had C7-root compression at C6/7, one (3%) had T1-root compression at T1/T2, 7 (23%) had cervical cord compression at or above the C6/7 level, 4 (13%) had intramedullary cervical lesions, and 9 (29%) had mild or nonspecific findings. Conclusions: C8 radiculopathy without C8-root compression may be due to C7-root compression in the setting of a “prefixed” brachial plexus, upper cervical cord compression with vascular compromise of the distal cervical spinal cord (“myelopathic hand”), or intramedullary cervical cord lesions. Muscle Nerve 45: 859–865, 2012
Conjugated Polymers Containing Pendant Terpyridine Complexes as Photoactive Sensors

We have synthesized a novel conjugated polymer containing terpyridine receptors. This conjugated, polymer-based fluorescent chemosensory system exhibits unusually high sensitivity toward transition metal ions (:_10−9 M). The fluorescence quenching response of the terpyridine containing conjugated polymer to transition metal ions is related to a facile energy migration in which energy from absorption of a photon, can migrate through the conjugated polymer system and be quenched by trapping sites. Terpyridine receptors can readily bind to transition metal ions and create a low lying Metal to Ligand Charge Transfer (MLCT) state which can act as an excitation trap.
Seven Cold Cities: The Milonga of Vitor Ramil

This article analyzes popular composer Vitor Ramil's work in the musical genre of milonga. The article argues that the structural syncopation of the rhythmic cell in milonga brings leveza, or lightness, to the music, one of the qualities Ramil identifies as guiding principles in his "aesthetics of cold." The article places Ramil's exploration of milonga in the context of his long, varied and continuously evolving career.
Mother–Child Relationship Quality Among Adolescents and Adults With Autism

Abstract The mother–child relationship in families of 202 adolescents and adults with an autism spectrum disorder living at home and its association with maternal caregiving gains and strains were examined. Findings indicate a wide range of variability in the quality of the mother–child relationship, although most were characterized as positive across multiple measures. Characteristics of the son or daughter with autism (less severe maladaptive behaviors, better health, and less social impairments) and characteristics of the mother (lower levels of pessimism) were predictive of more positive mother–child relationships. In turn, specific aspects of the mother–child relationship (greater positive affect and warmth), along with other child and maternal characteristics, predicted fewer maternal caregiving strains and, to a lesser extent, greater caregiving gains.
Simulation and Analysis of Mission Capability Degrades Due to Supply for the B-1 Bomber

This research develops a discrete event simulation to investigate factors that affect key Air Force (AF) metrics for gauging the health of the AF spares supply chain and the impact on maintaining the mission capability of individual weapon systems. We focus on the unscheduled maintenance actions at a single air base for a single weapon system – the B-1 Bomber. A notional fleet of 16 aircraft at a single air base is modeled based on historical supply and maintenance data. To identify and quantify the effects of various factors, an experimental design is used for analyzing the output of our high-level discrete event simulation. This exploration shows we successfully capture several factors that significantly impact the key metrics used for the B-1 and have the potential to significantly increase mission capability for this weapon system.
Chromatium flavocytochrome c: kinetics of reduction of the heme subunit, and the flavocytochrome c-mitochondrial cytochrome c complex.

Abstract The kinetics of reduction of Chromatium vinosum flavocytochrome c heme subunit by exogenous flavin neutral semiquinones generated by laser flash photolysis have been investigated. Unlike the holoprotein, the isolated heme subunit was appreciably reactive with lumiflavin neutral semiquinone. The measured rate constant for the reaction (2.7 × 107 m −1 s−1) was comparable to those of c-type cytochromes having similar redox potentials. The ionic strength dependence of the reaction with FMN neutral radical indicated that the heme subunit had a small negative charge at the site of reduction. Taken together, these results suggest that the active site of the heme subunit is buried on complexation with the flavin subunit in the holoprotein. Horse cytochrome c formed a strong complex with Chromatium, but not Chlorobium, flavocytochrome c. Possible physiological electron acceptors such as HiPIP, cytochrome c′, and cytochrome c-555 apparently did not bind to the flavocytochromes c. The rate constant for reduction by lumiflavin radical of horse cytochrome c complexed to flavocytochrome c was about twofold smaller than for reduction of horse cytochrome c alone. Flavocytochrome c was itself unreactive with exogenous flavin semiquinones. The ionic strength dependence of the reduction of the complex by FMN radical was also smaller than for horse cytochrome c in the absence of flavocytochrome c. Sulfite, which forms an adduct with the protein-bound FAD (FAD is bound in an 8-α-S-cysteinyl linkage), did not affect the reduction of horse cytochrome c in its complex with flavocytochrome c. We conclude that horse cytochrome c is reduced directly by exogenous flavins in its complex with flavocytochrome c, although the kinetics are slightly modified. These results are not unlike observations made with complexes of mitochondrial cytochrome c with cytochrome oxidase or cytochrome b5.
Talent, creativity and regional economic performance: the case of China

This paper investigates the geographic distribution of talent and its associations with innovation, entrepreneurship and regional economic performance in China. Two types of talent are examined: human capital in terms of the educational attainment and the creative class in terms of the occupational skill. Explanatory variables of the talent distribution cover both market factors (jobs and wage levels) and non-market factors (amenities, openness and the university). The results of correlation analysis and multivariate analysis show that the university is the single most important factor that affects the talent distribution in China. Wage levels, service amenities and openness also contribute to talent attraction but to different extents. Furthermore, human capital outweighing the creative class exhibits positive effects on innovation, entrepreneurship and regional economic performance. Openness presents a direct influence not only on talent stock, but on innovation and regional economic performance as well. Explanations of empirical results in the Chinese context are offered.
Migration areas and effective delayed neutron fractions by critical experiments

Abstract Migration areas and effective delayed neutron fractions are measured in critical assemblies of slightly enriched uranium rods in light water. The fuel consists of uranium rods, enriched to 1·3 per cent 235U, 4 ft long, 0·387 in diameter and clad in aluminium. Water to uranium volume ratios of 2 : 1, 3 : 1 and 4 : 1 are investigated. Migration areas are measured by observing the effect of fuel rod changes and boron poison in the water, separately and combined, on the excess reactivity. The analysis yields a value of M2 which depends on the delayed neutron parameters, and one which is independent of them. Values of M2 obtained by these methods are compared with those obtained earlier by sub-critical methods. A value of the effective delayed neutron fraction, γβ, in these assemblies is derived from the effect of uniform boron poison on the reactor periods. An average value of 00069 ±0·0001 is obtained for the three assemblies.
The Changing Nature of the Israeli Reserve Forces: Present Crises and Future Challenges

The Israeli reservists played a major role in the protest movements that developed after the 1973 War and the First Lebanon War (1982–85). In other cases, debates about moral and political issues within the Israeli political system included petitions and rallies conducted by groups of reservists. How can scholars explain the special standing of the Israeli reservists within Israeli society? Why, during the 1970s and the 1980s, did the protests of the reservists lead to significant changes in the Israeli political and social arena, while this was not the case in the aftermath of the Second Lebanon War? The article explores these dilemmas by presenting different facets of the Israeli reserve army and its role in civil–military relations in Israel. The rationale for the establishment of the reserve army in Israel is discussed and is followed by an analysis of the changes the reserve forces have gone through since the establishment of the state.
Trace element concentrations in surface estuarine and marine sediments along the Mississippi Gulf Coast following Hurricane Katrina

Hurricanes are relatively frequent eco- logical disturbances that may cause potentially long-term impacts to the coastal environment. Hurricane Katrina hit the Mississippi Gulf Coast in August 2005, and caused a storm surge with the potential to change the trace element con- tent of coastal surface sediments. In this study, surface estuarine and marine sediments were col- lected monthly following the storm from ten sites along the Mississippi Gulf Coast (Mobile
Adversity and resilience: A synthesis of international research:

Children and adolescents worldwide experience a variety of adversities that have the potential to disrupt typical development. However, some of these individuals exhibit resilience, evidencing normal development in the face of adversity. Here we review research on these constructs of risk, adversity, and resilience; synthesize international research on factors that may serve to protect children and adolescents from the negative effects of adversity at the individual, family, school, community, and cultural levels; and provide future implications for research on this topic, highlighting the unique contributions of the subsequent articles in this special issue, each of which contributes to an understanding of resilience processes in non-Western populations. Although some general trends in resilience and protection may extend beyond national borders, resilience is also strongly influenced by culture and context; therefore, it is important to advance a research agenda that recognizes the unique protective inf...
AIDS survey methodology with black Americans

Unique substantive and methodological issues are involved in conducting survey research on sexual and HIV risk related behaviors among Americans of African descent. Problem conceptualization, sampling, design of instruments, mode of data collection, interviewer/respondent characteristics, community resistance, and data analysis and interpretation are discussed. The lack of survey research on sensitive health issues is noted. Possible methods for addressing these issues are drawn from the experiences of the authors in conducting national research on the general and at risk Black community populations. It is concluded that attention to these issues can substantially improve the quality of research on AIDS related behaviors in Black communities. Finally, it is suggested that behavioral theories and sophisticated methodological and analytic approaches, sensitive to the special cultural dimensions of racial/ethnic life in the United States, would contribute substantially to the scientific armamentarium needed to successfully meet the challenge of the AIDS epidemic.
Tensile and Shear Properties of Laminated Ceramic Matrix Composites

Symmetric (0°/90°) composite laminates consisting of SiC fibers in a lithifum aluminosilicate matrix have been tested intension and flexure. The various modes of damage, consisting of matrix cracks, delamination cracks, and fiber bundle failure, have been examined and related to features of the stress-strain curves. The materials exhibit a relatively lower shear strength (20 MPa), measured in flexure, than tensile strength (200 MPa), because of the formation of matrix microcracks. The stress-strain characteristics of the laminates are shown to be predictable, based on strength measurements obtained on the individual laminate layers, in conjunction with knowledge of the residual stresses.
Edges and the In-Between

"Edges and the In-Between" analyzes the phenomenon of the in-between in terms of the space (or better, place) that is found in the midst of edges. These edges are of two sorts, borders and boundaries, but the latter are favored in the case of the in-between, which is a realm or region of indeterminate extent where things and events are located and where inhabitation occurs. A comparison with Heidegger shows the in-between to be itself situated between "Earth" and "World" as well as among its own boundaried edges. The primary example examined here is art, especially painting; but the application of the model of the in-between is much broader than this, as future writings on this topic by the author will attempt to demonstrate.
Surrealism in Facing the Earthquake Risk

The possibility of a violent ground motion in a population center poses multiple threats to the safety and continuity of society. It has to be met on multiple planes including the political and the economical. It is not an exaggeration to claim that the construction trades in many parts of the world understood the threat only in twentieth century. In many towns and cities in seismic zones, a strong ground motion can destroy 10 % or more of the existing buildings. To locate the vulnerable, it is necessary to investigate all. If this study is to be done in detail using codified criteria, it may involve an investment that would be unacceptable to a political system that seldom appreciates the risk. That condition constrains the engineering effort to the minimal and requires a procedure that has to be simple and transparent. Above all, data acquisition needs to be within the reach of workers without technical degrees. The paper investigates such a procedure, the Hassan Index, using available information from five earthquake events and finds it imperfect but useful.
Impact of Safety-Engineered Devices on the Incidence of Occupational Blood and Body Fluid Exposures Among Healthcare Personnel in an Academic Facility, 2000-2014.

BACKGROUND Legislative actions and advanced technologies, particularly dissemination of safety-engineered devices, have aided in protecting healthcare personnel from occupational blood and body fluid exposures (BBFE). OBJECTIVE To investigate the trends in BBFE among healthcare personnel over 15 years and the impact of safety-engineered devices on the incidence of percutaneous injuries as well as features of injuries associated with these devices. METHODS Retrospective cohort study at University of North Carolina Hospitals, a tertiary care academic facility. Data on BBFE in healthcare personnel were extracted from Occupational Health Service records (2000–2014). Exposures associated with safety-engineered and conventional devices were compared. Generalized linear models were applied to measure the annual incidence rate difference by exposure type over time. RESULTS A total of 4,300 BBFE, including 3,318 percutaneous injuries (77%), were reported. The incidence rate for overall BBFE was significantly reduced during 2000–2014 (incidence rate difference, 1.72; P=.0003). The incidence rate for percutaneous injuries was also dramatically reduced during 2001–2006 (incidence rate difference, 1.37; P=.0079) but was less changed during 2006–2014. Percutaneous injuries associated with safety-engineered devices accounted for 27% of all BBFE. BBFE was most commonly due to injecting through skin, placing intravenous catheters, and blood drawing. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed significant overall reduction in BBFE and percutaneous injuries likely due in part to the impact of safety-engineered devices but also identified that a considerable proportion of percutaneous injuries is now associated with these devices. Additional prevention strategies are needed to further reduce percutaneous injuries and improve design of safety-engineered devices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:497–504
A produção de material didático para o ensino de História

A producao de material didatico para as aulas de historia remete a discussao sobre as praticas de ensino e de aprendizagem. O recurso e/ou material didatico precisa ser pensado atraves da abordagem da construcao do conhecimento historico, nao se limitando a uma pratica de transmissao deste conhecimento. Assim, o significado do material didatico e sua producao centram-se na ideia de criar uma relacao entre o aprendizado e a construcao de um determinado referencial explicativo para determinados processos historicos. Atraves de exemplos de experiencias praticos, este estudo objetiva estabelecer a relacao entre a pratica da construcao do conhecimento e as abordagens teoricas sobre o mesmo.
Theoretical Modeling of Thermoelectricity in Bi Nanowires

Bismuth as a semimetal is not a good thermoelectric material in bulk form because of the approximate cancellation between the electron and hole contributions. However, quantum confinement can be introduced by making Bi nanowires to move the lowest conduction subband edge up and the highest valence subband edge down to get a one-dimensional (1D) semiconductor at some critical wire diameter dc. A theoretical model based on the basic band structure of bulk Bi is developed to predict the dependence of these quantities on wire diameter and on the crystalline orientation of the bismuth nanowires. Numerical modeling is performed for trigonal, binary and bisectrix crystal orientations. By carefully tailoring the Bi wire diameter and carrier concentration, substantial enhancement in the thermoelectric figure of merit is expected for small nanowire diameters.
From can to Dawg: Rendering Calzavara's Dialectal Poetry for Italophone and Anglophone Readers

This article suggests a new strategy for the translation of Italian dialectal literature, using the poem Can, written in Trevisan by Ernesto Calzavara, as a case study. After offering a brief bio-bibliographical description of Calzavara, this manuscript summarizes the history of the translation of Italian dialect poetry in the Anglo-American world, paying particular attention to those translators who have treaded new ground by making use of a trilingual format (dialect, Italian, English), and those who have focused their efforts on works authored in Venetian dialects. The most innovative aspect of this study is the co-authors' decision to translate a Trevisan poem into Southern American vernacular.
Neuropsychological analysis of an idiot savant: a case study

Although biological etiologies and diffuse anatomical changes have been provided as plausible explanations for the unusual behaviors observed in idiot savants, no neuropsychological case studies or explanations for these behaviors are found in the literature. We present a case in which the "diagnosis" of idiot savant was based on historical, clinical, and test data. To assess his calendar abilities, this individual was subsequently tested over a period of six months on his ability to determine the day of the week across approximately 1,000 years. For a period of approximately 100 years he was 100% accurate. The neuropsychological tests revealed marked deficits in all areas with performance generally in the lower 1-5th percentile of the population (e.g., Full Scale Intelligence Quotient [FSIQ] = 54). Tests of attention yielded the best scores although still deficient. General learning, coding, and executive function tests proved to be challenging. In contrast, tests of visuo-motor abilities were only of moderate difficulty for the individual. These findings are considered within the theoretical framework of Rimland (autism) and Squyres (memory).
Does Age Affect Master Chess

SUMMARY Data of World Championship chess matches and of the personal tournament performances of certain chess masters have been examined from the point of view of the players' ages. The author concludes that these data do not indicate that the mental capabilities of professional chess players are adversely affected by advancing age. Interpretations of the data are suggested and other considerations are mentioned. 1. THE PROBLEM THE effect of age on the capabilities of the physical sportsman is well known. Forty is an effective ceiling in most physical sports and the year by year progress of over-40 athletes is followed with interest everywhere in the world. The effect of age on the capabilities of the mental sportsman is less clear, and opinions differ as to whether the physical effects of ageing in any way affect a man's mental prowess, and if so, how. One mental sport well worth examination is chess. When a chess player reaches a certain well-recognized, excellent standard of play, he is called a "master" in the chess world. The data we shall present below in examining the question raised come from the world of "master chess". In the soccer or baseball world the equivalent standard would be "professional soccer" or "professional baseball". We shall consider two types of data: (a) the results of all matches played by the World Chess Champions against challengers 1858-1961, and the ages of the participants; (b) the performances of recognized masters, including World Champions, in tournaments throughout their lives. A portion of these data previously appeared elsewhere (Rubin, 1960). The subsequent analysis, however, like the portion of data, appears inadequate.
An Algorithm for Reducing the Complexity of Interaction Networks.

We present an algorithm for reducing the size and complexity of the Interaction Network, a data structure used for storing solution paths explored by students in open-ended multi-step problem solving environments. Our method reduces the number of edges and nodes of an Interaction Network by an average of 90% while still accounting for 40% of actions performed by students, and preserves the most frequent half of solution paths. We compare our method to two other approaches and demonstrate why it is more effective at reducing the size of large Interaction Networks.
Respiratory nuclei share synaptic connectivity with pontine reticular regions regulating REM sleep

Injection of cholinomimetics into the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) of intact, unanesthetized cat causes a rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-like state and respiratory depression. The mPRF...
Applications in Mathematical Finance

This chapter presents an introduction to mathematical finance. After a short review of financial instruments we introduce various models, including, Black-Scholes model, stochastic volatility models and jump diffusion models, and apply the methods described in previous chapters to SABR model and Heston model.
The Full Spectrum of Biomedical Informatics Research and Education at OHSU.

Although the biomedical informatics field is small relative to others in the life and health sciences, the breadth of subject domains, types of research, and occupations is vast. The biomedical informatics program at Oregon Health & Science University exemplifies the breadth in the field. At the center of our full spectrum of activities in informatics, however, is a core philosophy of the discipline that drives our research, educational, and other programs. W. Hersh Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology School of Medicine Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR, USA
Coronary microvascular reactivity to adenosine predicts adverse outcome in women evaluated for suspected ischemia results from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) study.

Objectives We investigated whether coronary microvascular dysfunction predicts major adverse outcomes during follow-up among women with signs and symptoms of ischemia. Background Altered coronary reactivity occurs frequently in women evaluated for suspected ischemia, and the endothelium-dependent component is linked with adverse outcomes. Possible links between endothelium-independent microvascular coronary reactivity and adverse outcomes remain uncertain. Methods As part of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute-sponsored WISE (Women9s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation), we investigated relationships between major adverse outcomes and baseline coronary flow reserve (CFR) after intracoronary adenosine in 189 women referred to evaluate suspected ischemia. Results At a mean of 5.4 years, we observed significant associations between CFR and major adverse outcomes (death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospital stay for heart failure). An exploratory receiver-operator characteristic analysis identified CFR Conclusions Among women with suspected ischemia and atherosclerosis risk factors, coronary microvascular reactivity to adenosine significantly improves prediction of major adverse outcomes over angiographic CAD severity and CAD risk factors. These findings suggest that coronary microvessels represent novel targets for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to predict and limit adverse outcomes in women. (Women9s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation [WISE]; NCT00000554)
A Batch-Mode Regularized Multimetric Active Learning Framework for Classification of Hyperspectral Images

Techniques that combine multiple types of features, such as spectral and spatial features, for hyperspectral image classification can often significantly improve the classification accuracy and produce a more reliable thematic map. However, the high dimensionality of the input data and the typically limited quantity of labeled samples are two key challenges that affect classification performance of supervised methods. In order to simultaneously deal with these issues, a regularized multimetric active learning (AL) framework is proposed which consists of three main parts. First, a regularized multimetric learning approach is proposed to jointly learn distinct metrics for different types of features. The regularizer incorporates the unlabeled data based on the neighborhood relationship, which helps avoid overfitting at early stages of AL, when the quantity of training data is particularly small. Then, as AL proceeds, the regularizer is also updated through similarity propagation, thus taking advantage of informative labeled samples. Finally, multiple features are projected into a common feature space, in which a new batch-mode AL strategy combining uncertainty and diversity is utilized in conjunction with k-nearest neighbor classification to enrich the set of labeled samples. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, the experiments were conducted on two benchmark hyperspectral data sets, and the results were compared to those achieved by several other state-of-the-art AL methods.
Visual hallucinations and illusions

Abstract Visual hallucinations and illusions comprise some of the most vivid and sometimes bizarre symptoms in neuro-ophthalmology. Hallucinations are defined as perceptions that occur in the absence of a corresponding external sensory stimulus. Visual hallucinations can be classified as unformed/simple (e.g., dots, flashes, zig-zags) or formed/complex (actual objects or people). In contrast, illusions are misinterpretations of a true sensory stimulus. Visual hallucinations and illusions are generally positive phenomena, in contrast to visual loss, which is a negative phenomenon. The causes of visual hallucinations and illusions can be grouped into several major categories: migraine, release phenomena (in the setting of impaired vision), entoptic (ocular) phenomena, alcohol and drug-related, seizures, neurogenerative disease, central nervous system lesions, psychiatric disease, and narcolepsy. This chapter details the various categories, but first the history, examination, and diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in patients with hallucinations and illusions are reviewed.
Metal-Insulator-Metal Tunneling

In principle, it is easy to perform a tunneling experiment. Imagine the simple DC circuit shown in Fig. 1, consisting of two parallel capacitor plates connected to a battery. There are also an ammeter, a voltmeter, and some resistors in the circuit so that we can measure the current through the capacitor and both measure and vary the voltage applied to the capacitor plates. Normally, we do not expect a DC current to flow between the capacitor plates; however, if the capacitor plates are spaced very close together (on the order of 50 A),we find that a DC current is easily detectable with an ordinary ammeter, and we may get a current—voltage char­acteristic somewhat as shown in Fig. 1. The DC current flowing through the thin insulator between the capacitor plates is a tunneling current.
Myeloablative radiolabeled antibody therapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation for relapsed B cell lymphomas.

In spite of recent advances in radiation therapy and combination chemotherapy, patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are currently incurable with conventional treatments. Investigators at many institutions, including our own, have studied the potential of supralethal doses of chemoradiotherapy in conjunction with allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation to cure patients with relapsed lymphomas [1–12]. A variety of marrow transplant conditioning regimens have been investigated, including high-dose cyclophosphamide plus total body irradiation (TBI); busulfan plus cyclophosphamide; busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and TBI; TBI and high-dose cytarabine; cyclophosphamide, bis-chloroethyl-nitrosourea (BCNU), and etoposide; and cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and TBI [1–12]. None of these regimens has demonstrated clear superiority. Most regimens yield long-term disease-free survival rates of 40–50% for patients transplanted in early first relapse or second remission and 10–20% for patients transplanted with more advanced disease. Although these results are superior to those achievable with any standard chemotherapeutic approach, over half of the transplanted patients still die of lymphomatous relapse. Further dose escalation to decrease relapse rates is not feasible because of lethal toxicities, such as interstitial lung disease, veno-occlusive disease of the liver, and renal failure, which kill 5–15% of patients treated with existing regimens.
Dilemma of elevated CA 19-9 in biliary pathology

Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) is a tumor marker which has been extensively evaluated and widely utilized primarily in diagnosing and prognosticating pancreaticobiliary malignancies. Levels may be significantly influenced and elevated in cases of benign biliary conditions however, especially in obstructive jaundice, thereby posing difficulty in distinguishing between benign and malignant cholestasis. A myriad of studies have focused on elucidating proper use and interpretation of CA 19-9 in pancreatic cancer as well as in the setting of cholestasis. These studies have demonstrated that many factors influence CA 19-9 values and various methods for interpreting CA 19-9 in obstructive jaundice have been proposed. With improvements in diagnostic imaging, advancements in endoscopic modalities, and likelihood that management will not change based on the results of the test, clinicians should be cautious when ordering CA 19-9 and consider the reasons for measuring the tumor marker.
Super-Convergence: Very Fast Training of Residual Networks Using Large Learning Rates

In this paper, we show a phenomenon, which we named ``super-convergence'', where residual networks can be trained using an order of magnitude fewer iterations than is used with standard training methods. The existence of super-convergence is relevant to understanding why deep networks generalize well. One of the key elements of super-convergence is training with cyclical learning rates and a large maximum learning rate. Furthermore, we present evidence that training with large learning rates improves performance by regularizing the network. In addition, we show that super-convergence provides a greater boost in performance relative to standard training when the amount of labeled training data is limited. We also derive a simplification of the Hessian Free optimization method to compute an estimate of the optimal learning rate. The architectures to replicate this work will be made available upon publication.
Electronic and Combustible Cigarette Use in Adolescence: Links With Adjustment, Delinquency, and Other Substance Use.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to identify proximal links between electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and numerous indicators of adjustment, delinquency, and other substance use in adolescence, beyond prior levels and confounders. Methods The ongoing Millennium Cohort Study is a nationally representative, intergenerational, longitudinal study of children born 2000–2001 in the United Kingdom followed from birth to age 14 years (n = 11,564 adolescents and their parents). A series of ordinary least squares and logistic regressions compared 14-year-old e-cigarette only users to never users and to combustible/dual users on 10 measures of adjustment (school engagement, well-being, and self-esteem), delinquency (theft, vandalism, disorderly conduct, and graffitiing), and other substance use (frequent alcohol use, heavy drinking, and marijuana use). Controls included each outcome variable measured at age 11 years and prospectively assessed parent and child confounders (e.g., parent education, child externalizing and internalizing behaviors, cognitive test scores, gender, and race/ethnicity). Results At age 14 years, e-cigarette only users (approximately 7% of youth) had a higher risk of adolescent adjustment problems, delinquent behavior, and substance use relative to nonusers (75% of youth), but lower risk relative to combustible cigarette/dual users (18% of youth), even after controlling for a host of childhood confounders. Conclusions Positive links shown here between e-cigarette use and poor adjustment, delinquency, and other substance use in adolescence, coupled with accumulating evidence that e-cigarettes substantially increase youths’ likelihood of combustible smoking, indicate that e-cigarettes are part of an emerging pattern of health-risk behaviors and poor adjustment for some youth.
Early Liver Transplantation in Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis.

Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is currently the leading indication for liver transplantation in the United States. Among patients with ALD, those with acute alcoholic hepatitis who do not respond to medical treatment have a 6-month mortality of 70% without transplantation. Despite the high mortality, the majority of patients will not be eligible for transplant, given that most centers follow the 6-month abstinence rule. A handful of centers in Europe and the United States perform early liver transplantation (
Differences in enamel defect expression and enamel growth variables in Macaca fascicularis and Trachypithecus cristatus from Sabah, Borneo

Abstract Linear enamel hypoplasias (LEH) have been used in physical anthropology as stress indicators. While circumstances such as malnutrition and illness certainly disrupt enamel formation, intrinsic features of enamel growth may affect defect expression as well. Variation in enamel growth factors, particularly lateral enamel formation time and the angle that striae of Retzius make with the outer enamel surface, may influence the number and visibility of enamel defects on teeth of different species and sexes. Understanding how such intrinsic factors affect enamel defect expression is critical to interpreting enamel defect differences between hominin species and groups. Here, the number of LEH defects and rates of enamel defect acquisition of two sympatric cercopithecoids (Macaca fascicularis and Trachypithecus cristatus) are compared. Their enamel formation time and perikymata spacing are considered in relation to their expression of defects. Longer lateral enamel formation times are not significantly associated with higher enamel defect counts in these two species or between conspecific sexes. Perikymata spacing (which is sometimes correlated with striae of Retzius angles) does not help to explain species-level differences in number or rate of defect acquisition either. However, the greater number of defects and rate of acquisition in females of both species, coupled with tighter perikymata spacing, suggests a possible role of striae angles influencing defect perceptibility. Significantly more research regarding the role enamel growth variables play in enamel defect expression is required for LEH to be used as an informative stress indicator in bioarchaeology and paleoanthropology.
THE VITAMIN D STATUS OF ASIAN ELEPHANTS ( ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) MANAGED IN A NORTHERN TEMPERATE CLIMATE

Knowledge about the normal metabolism and involvement of vitamin D in elephant calcium homeostasis is essential to understanding the possible role of vitamin D in Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) health, as well as to informing accurate diet formulation. This study provides an evaluation of analytes involved in vitamin D metabolism, in conjunction with dietary intake and ultraviolet light (UV) exposure, in Asian elephants managed in a northern temperate climate. Once monthly, for a total of 12 mo, serum from six adult Asian elephants was analyzed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2D], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], parathyroid hormone (PTH), total calcium (Ca), ionized calcium (iCa), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg). The diet was analyzed monthly for vitamin D, Ca, and P. Monthly average vitamin D-weighted UV daily sums were determined to gauge average UV light exposure within the vitamin D action spectrum. No serum or diet parameters were affected by time or season. Average serum 25(OH)D2 was 7.02 ± 0.85 ng/ml. 25(OH)D3 levels were nondetectable in all samples despite supplementation of the diet with recommended levels of vitamin D3, and UV exposure was at sufficient levels for cutaneous vitamin D synthesis for 6 mo of the year. Levels of 24,25(OH)2D averaged 31.7% higher than 25(OH)D, and average 1,25(OH)2D2 was 11.24 ± 1.04 pg/ml. Values for PTH, Ca, iCa, P, and Mg were within expected ranges for Asian elephants. The information gained from this research expands the knowledge base for these analytes, evaluates 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D for the first time, and provides new information regarding vitamin D metabolism and test interpretation in the Asian elephant.
Personalized accessible wayfinding for people with disabilities through standards and open geospatial platforms in smart cities

Of the many features that smart cities offer, safe and comfortable mobility of pedestrians within the built environment is of particular importance. Safe and comfortable mobility requires that the built environments of smart cities be accessible to all pedestrians, mobility abled and mobility impaired, given their various mobility needs and preferences. This, coupled with advanced technologies such as wayfinding applications, pedestrians can get assistance in finding the best pathways at different locations and times. Wayfinding applications comprise two components, a database component containing accessibility data, and appropriate algorithms that can utilize accessibility data to meet the mobility needs and preferences of all individuals. While wayfinding applications that provide accessibility on both permanent (e.g., steps) and temporary (e.g., snow) pathways are becoming available, there is a gap in current solutions. There are two elements in the gap, one is that the accessibility data used for finding accessible pathways for people with disabilities are not compliant to the widely agreed upon and available standards, another is that the accessibility data are not available in free and open platforms so that they can be used by developers to develop personalized wayfinding applications and services. To fill this gap, in this paper, we propose a new extension in CityGML with accessibility data. We demonstrate the benefits of the new extension by testing various route options within a city. These route options clearly show the differences between commonly (shortest and fastest) requested and produced pathways and accessible pathways that are feasible and preferred by people who are mobility impaired, such as wheelchair users.