cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trehalose and glucose levels in hemolymph of diet-reared, tobacco leaf-reared and parasitized tobacco hornworm larvae*

Abstract o 1. Tobacco hornworms, Manduca sexta , were reared on either tobacco leaves or synthetic diet. 2. Glucose and trehalose levels in the hemolymph were significantly lower in leaf-reared larvae. 3. Levels of trehalose were higher in the earlier part of each stadium. 4. Fourth stadium levels of trehalose were generally greater than fifth stadium levels. 5. Trehalose, but not glucose, levels were lower in diet-reared larvae parasitized by Apanteles congregatus than in unparasitized diet-reared larvae.
The chromatic index of multigraphs of order at most 10

Abstract The maximum of the maximum degree and the “odd set quotients” provides a well-known lower bound φ ( G ) for the chromatic index of a multigraph G . Plantholt proved that if G is a multigraph of order at most 8, its chromatic index equals φ ( G ) and that if G is a multigraph of order 10, the chromatic index of G cannot exceed φ ( G ) + 1. We identify those multigraphs G of order 9 and 10 whose chromatic index equals φ ( G ) + 1, thus completing the determination of the chromatic index of all multigraphs of order at most 10.
Quasi-Synchronous Grammars: Alignment by Soft Projection of Syntactic Dependencies

Many syntactic models in machine translation are channels that transform one tree into another, or synchronous grammars that generate trees in parallel. We present a new model of the translation process: quasi-synchronous grammar (QG). Given a source-language parse tree T1, a QG defines a monolingual grammar that generates translations of T1. The trees T2 allowed by this monolingual grammar are inspired by pieces of substructure in T1 and aligned to T1 at those points. We describe experiments learning quasi-synchronous context-free grammars from bitext. As with other monolingual language models, we evaluate the cross-entropy of QGs on unseen text and show that a better fit to bilingual data is achieved by allowing greater syntactic divergence. When evaluated on a word alignment task, QG matches standard baselines.
Stability of Invariant Subspaces of Quaternion Matrices

A quaternion invariant subspace of a quaternion matrix is said to be stable (in the sense of robustness) if every nearby matrix has an invariant subspace close to the original one. Under mild hypothesis, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for quaternion invariant subspaces to be stable. Other notions of stability of quaternion invariant subspaces are studied as well, and stability criteria developed. Applications to robustness of solutions of certain classes of quaternion matrix equations are given.
Poll shows researchers favor lab animal protection.

In the News of the Week article “Researchers fight plan to regulate mice, birds” (6 Oct., p. [23][1]), David Malakoff portrays animal researchers as being “furious” with a decision by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to add mice, rats, and birds to the list of animals protected under the
ALTERATIONS IN THE CALCIUM LEVEL OF THE BLOOD FOLLOWING SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD

A marked rise and disturbance in equilibrium of the calcium in the blood was brought about by section of the spinal cord in the upper dorsal segment. This reaction, however, was not constant.
Watermarking and ownership problem: a revisit

Watermarking technologies have been envisioned as a potential means for establishing ownership on digital media objects. However, achievable robustness and false-positive rates of the state-of-the-art watermarking techniques raise doubts about applicability of watermarking to ownership problem. With this perspective, we address the security weaknesses common to most watermarking techniques and assess the role of watermarking in construction of ownership assertion systems. We identify the requirements of a watermarking based ownership assertion system. Also, we provide a basic functional outline of a practical version of such a system and identify its potential vulnerabilities. To mitigate these vulnerabilities, we aim at reducing the false positive rate of the watermark detection scheme. For this purpose, we propose embedding multiple watermarks as opposed to single watermark embedding while constraining the embedding distortion. The crux of the proposed method lies in watermark generation which deploys a family of one-way functions. We incorporate the multiple watermark embedding idea with the additive watermarking technique [1] and present results to illustrate the potential of this approach in reducing the false-positive rate of the watermark detection scheme.
The neuroprotective mechanism of 1-(R)-aminoindan, the major metabolite of the anti-parkinsonian drug rasagiline

The anti-parkinsonian drug, rasagiline [N-propargyl-1-(R)-aminoindan; Azilect(R)], is a secondary cyclic benzylamine and indane derivative, which provides irreversible, potent monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibition and possesses neuroprotective and neurorestorative activities. A prospective clinical trial has shown that rasagiline confers significant symptomatic improvement and demonstrated alterations in Parkinson's disease progression. Rasagiline is primarily metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P-450 to form its major metabolite, 1-(R)-aminoindan, a non-amphetamine, weak reversible MAO-B inhibitor compound. Recent studies indicated the potential neuroprotective effect of 1-(R)-aminoindan, suggesting that it may contribute to the overall neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effects of its parent compound, rasagiline. This review article briefly highlights the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective properties of the active metabolite of rasagiline, 1-(R)-aminoindan, supporting the valuable potential of rasagiline for disease modification.
Molecular genetics of race‐specific resistance of cowpea to Striga gesnerioides (Willd.)

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., is an important warm-season legume grown primarily in the semi-arid tropics. The majority of cowpea is grown by subsistence farmers in West and Central sub-Saharan Africa, where its grain and leaves are valued as human food and its stover is used for animal forage. Like all crop plants, cowpea is subject to yield losses resulting from a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the important biotic constraints to cowpea production is parasitism by the root hemiparasitic weeds Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) [witchweed] and Alectra vogelii (Benth.). At least seven races of S. gesnerioides have been identified within the cowpea-growing regions of West Africa, based on host differential response and genetic diversity analysis. Several race-specific resistance genes have been identified and located to one of two linkage groups (LG1 and LG6) of the current cowpea genetic map. Molecular markers associated with race-specific resistance genes have been identified, and several sequence-confirmed amplified regions (SCARs) have been developed for use in marker-assisted selection and breeding strategies for rapid cowpea improvement. The mechanism of race-specific resistance in the cowpea-Striga interaction has also been examined, with several genes involved in phytohormone and general disease resistance signaling transduction observed to be differentially expressed in resistant and susceptible phenotypes. Results suggest that PR5 expression may be a useful marker of Striga infection, and that salicylic acid signaling appears to play a role in the cowpea-Striga interaction.
Organizing for powerlessness. A critical perspective on psychodynamics and dysfunctionality.

Develops a critical perspective on organizations and psychoanalysis. Following a brief review of various strands of psychoanalytic theorizing about organizations, argues that psychoanalysis can make an important contribution both to recognizing and to restoring the human subject in the organization. However, psychoanalysis also runs the risk of becoming complicitous with the larger context of domination that structures and governs organizations, unless it explicitly acknowledges and incorporates this context. Discusses the importance of acknowledging relations of power, recognizing the normalization of dysfunctionality in organizations, and moving away from individualizing issues of emotion, resistance and control.
Testing mean reversion in financial market volatility: Evidence from S&P 500 index futures

This article presents a comprehensive study of continuous time GARCH (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic) modeling with the thintailed normal and the fat-tailed Student's-t and generalized error distributions (GED). The study measures the degree of mean reversion in financial market volatility based on the relationship between discrete-time GARCH and continuoustime diffusion models. The convergence results based on the aforementioned distribution functions are shown to have similar implications for testing mean reversion in stochastic volatility. Alternative models are compared in terms of their ability to capture mean-reverting behavior of futures market volatility. The empirical evidence obtained from the S&P 500 index futures indicates that the conditional variance, log-variance, and standard deviation of futures returns are pulled back to some long-run average level over time. The study also compares the performance of alternative GARCH models with normal, Student's- t, and GED density in terms of their power to predict one-day-ahead realized volatility of index futures returns and provides some implications for pricing futures options. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:1–33, 2008
Abstract B117: Methylseleninic acid inhibits HIF-1α in hormone refractory prostate cancer cells in vitro

Abstracts: Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research 2008 B117 There is a need to prevent the recurrence of the residual hormone refractory prostate cancer following a radical prostectomy. Till date, the approaches to effectively control the recurrence are not successful. To use an alternative strategy, we investigated the efficacy of methylseleninic acid (MSeA), a potent selenium compound, to inhibit growth of hormone refractory prostate adenocarcinoma (PAIII) cells. These PAIII cells were derived from a metastatic prostate tumor produced spontaneously in a Lobund-Wistar (LW) rat. Our results demonstrate that MSeA inhibits PAIII cell growth in vitro as measured by MTT assay and it induces apoptosis in these cells in a dose-dependent manner as evidenced by PARP-cleavage. Additionally, markers of survival and proliferation (p-AKT, PCNA) are reduced in PAIII cells in a dose-dependent treatment by MSeA. One of the key factors involved in progression of androgen independent prostate cancers, Aurora-B kinase is decreased in MSeA-treated PAIII cells. Hypoxia is a key regulatory factor in prostate cancer and compromised oxygenation of tumor tissue plays a role in the aggressive nature of PAIII tumors in LW rats. In MSeA-treated PAIII cells, the nuclear hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α) levels are decreased in a dose-dependent manner. We have further verified reduction in weights of subcutaneous tumors produced by PAIII cells pre-treated with MSeA in LW rats. The current study illustrates the efficacy of MSeA in controlling growth of hormone refractory prostate cancer in vitro . Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B117.
Insights on the Evolutionary Conservation of Mating-Type HMG Domains are Revealed using Multiple Homology Models

MATα1 works in coordination with MCM1 and other transcriptional regulatory proteins (ie. STE11) to activate transcription of α-specific genes and ultimately determine yeast cells mating type. Although structural knowledge exist for MCM1, MATα2 and MATa1, for MATα1 and all other mating-type homologues of MATα1, they are non-existent. Recent studies have suggested that the highly conserved alpha-domain of MATα1 belongs to the HMG family of DNA binding proteins. Analysis of 27 HMG domain structures in the Protein Data Bank allowed us to make theoretical predictions on the structure of the HMG domain of MATα1. A highly conserved α-helix required for DNA binding in all HMG domains and shares 50% homology to the structure of Lef-1/DNA. A base specific interaction using a conserved arginine is not seen in current HMG structures determined to date but is predicted in our models. Ultimately we hope that the model structures will yield further insight on the evolution of the HMG and the α-domain. Attempts to determine the structure of MATα_HMG domain by X-ray crystallography are currently being pursued and will also be discussed.
SCF Hartree-Fock results for elements with two open shells and the elements francium to nobelium

Abstract Hartree-Fock calculations of the electronic structure and energies of the elements from hydrogen to lawrencium were made. Exchange terms were included without approximation. The calculations were done with the configuration average energy stationary to first order. Results are presented here for the ground state configurations of elements Cr, Cu, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, La, Ce, Gd, Pt, and Au (all but Pd have two open shells), and for the elements Z = 87 to Z = 102; also included are results for neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, and mercury. The results consist of total average energy; one-electron eigenvalues and I(nl) energies; two-electron interaction energy integrals Fk, Gk; radial expectation values, the radii of orbital principal maxima, the radial wavefunctions, and a constant suitable for obtaining wavefunctions at very small radii.
NOS1AP variant associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes in calcium channel blocker users in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study

Aims/hypothesis To validate the reported association between rs10494366 in NOS1AP (the gene encoding nitric oxide synthase-1 adaptor protein) and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in calcium channel blocker (CCB) users and to identify additional NOS1AP variants associated with type 2 diabetes risk.
Divergent mechanisms of frost-hardiness in two populations of the gall fly, Eurosta solidaginsis

Abstract Two populations of the gall fly Eurosta solidaginsis utilize different strategies to endure seasonal exposure to temperatures below freezing. Both populations are freezing tolerant. In north temperate populations, supercooling points rise from −10.2°C to −6.2°C following exposures to temperatures below freezing. This level is maintained throughout winter and ensures frequent and prolonged periods of tissue freezing. South temperate populations depress the supercooling point to −14.2°C during autumn and early winter, and this depression precludes extracellular ice formation during periods of supra-optimal temperature fluctuations. During mid-winter, supercooling points rise to the same level as in northern groups. Both populations accumulate three principal cryoprotective agents following first frost exposures (glycerol, sorbitol and trehalose). Cryoprotectants levels do not peak in northern populations until 4–6 weeks after first frost. In southern populations the accumulation profile is characterized by a high initial rate of synthesis, a protective overshoot and pronounced seasonal fluctuations. The relative survival advantages of each strategy are discussed.
Galectins and urological cancer.

Galectins are a family of proteins defined by their affinity for β-galactoside and by their conserved sequence. Each galectins exhibits a specific expression pattern in various tissues and their expression is regulated during development. Their expression is altered in many types of cancers and non-cancerous disorders. They interact with glycoproteins in both extracellular and intracellular milieu and regulate various biological phenomenon including cell growth, cell differentiation, cell adhesion, and apoptosis. A series of experimental and clinical evidences have been reported to support correlation between galectin expressions and neoplastic transformation. The recent findings show that expressions of galectins are elevated with neoplastic progression in certain malignancies, and therefore, galectins are expected to serve as reliable tumor markers. In this review, we describe the expression and role of galectins in urological cancers and their clinical applications for diagnostic and therapeutic use. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Maintaining the Coffee Canopy: Understanding Change and Continuity in Central Veracruz

This paper examines land-use changes and continuities following historic price declines and withdrawal of government support for coffee cultivation in Veracruz, Mexico. A time series analysis of satellite imagery from the municipalities of Xico and Coatepec was carried out to assess changes in one of Latin America’s oldest coffee-producing regions. Two case study communities were selected for in-depth assessment, including semi-structured interviews, household surveys and participant observation. This study demonstrates while small parcels were converted to new land-uses, 82 % of coffee/forest remained intact during the height of the global coffee crisis. I document how smallholders maintained historic agro-ecological spaces in the wake of destabilizing economic reforms. I argue cultural identity and access to new livelihood options combine to subsidize reproduction of coffee forests on the landscape.
Strategy for the maximum extraction of information generated from combinatorial experimentation of Co-doped ZnO thin films

Abstract By expanding our level of understanding of structure–processing–property relationships through a data-mining methodology, this study demonstrates how to remove obstructions in complex high-throughput (HT) data analyses for developing new transparent conducting oxides. The demonstration is performed with principal component analysis (PCA) as an exploratory data analysis tool in the context of Co-doped ZnO (Co:ZnO) thin films generated from combinatorial HT syntheses. With the use of minimal available information, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and their corresponding processing conditions, PCA enabled effective detection of pervasive changes in intensity and peak shifts as a function of composition, processing or a combination of both. These identifications are nearly impossible to detect via normal data interpretation methods. It was also possible to identify abnormal XRD patterns, unusual composition arrays (i.e. libraries), key chemistries in compositional arrays and critical peak occurrences.
How do bubbles enter a capillary

Abstract A mechanism was developed explaining why bubbles can enter a capillary of diameter smaller than the diameter of the bubble. A cocurrent flow of liquid creates a hydrodynamic pressure field that deforms the bubble surface and promotes the formation of a saddle-like interface near the capillary mouth. A mechanistic model for the bubble to deform is given. Even small bubbles would not enter the capillary if there is no flow of liquid. Bubbles of a diameter larger than the diameter of a capillary—or the side of a capillary of square cross section—can be forced to enter the capillary only if there is a cocurrent flow of liquid. A high-speed video imaging system was used to record interesting aspects of this phenomenon. On the average, the entire process for the bubble to enter the capillary lasts less than 200 ms. This problem has interesting applications in two-phase flows inside ceramic monoliths, the flow of foams inside porous media and in the flow of blood into capillary vessels.
A comparison of polynomial approximations and artificial neural nets as response surfaces

Artificial neural nets and polynomial approximations were used to develop response surfaces for several test problems. Based on the number of functional evaluations required to build the approximations and the number of undetermined parameters associated with the approximations, the performance of the two types of approximations was found to be comparable. A rule of thumb is developed for determining the number of nodes to be used on a hidden layer of an artificial neural net and the number of designs needed to train an approximation is discussed.
Infrared Multiphoton Excitation of Small Molecules

The collisionless infrared multiphoton excitation of small molecules, OCS, SO2, NO2 and DN3 is discussed. Despite the small absorbance of IR photons by these molecules, evidence for the population of highly excited vibronic levels below the dissociation threshold is obtained. Multiphoton dissociation is observed, as well. The average number of photons absorbed and dissociation yields depend predominately on the laser intensity. High order multiphoton processes couple the ground vibrational level with the quasicontinuum of excited levels below and above the dissociation threshold.
Exogenous surfactant decreases oxygenation in Escherichia coli endotoxin-treated neonatal piglets.

Abnormalities of pulmonary surfactant function have been described in association with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Because gram-negative sepsis is a common cause of ARDS, we treated neonatal piglets with Escherichia coli endotoxin to create a neonatal ARDS model. We hypothesized that under these conditions administration of exogenous surfactant would improve pulmonary function. Study groups included: control (n = 8), Exosurfk (5 mL/kg. 13.5 mg phospholipid/mL, n = 7), Survantak (4 mL/kg. 25 mg phospholipid/mL, n = 6), and saline (5 mL/kg, n = 6). E. coli endotoxin 12 μg/kg was infused over 30 min and resulted in significant pulmonary and hemodynamic abnormalities, histopathologic evidence of nonhomogeneous lung injury, and elevated protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage washings. Neither Exosurfk nor Survantak ameliorated the pulmonary effects of endotoxin. Instead, there was a prolonged decrease in arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and dynamic lung compliance after administration of surfactant and saline. Distribution of a bolus of Exosurfk was uneven throughout the lung. We conclude that in this neonatal piglet model of ARDS, bolus surfactant administration had a detrimental effect on oxygenation and pulmonary function. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996; 22:376–386. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Isolation of two initiation factors that can partially reverse the inhibition of protein synthesis due to hemin deficiency or the hemin-controlled translational repressor in rabbit reticulocyte lysates☆

Abstract The high salt wash of rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes contains two separate factors which can partially reverse the inhibition of polypeptide chain initiation that results when reticulocyte lysate is incubated in the absence of hemin. These two factors, termed initiation factor (IF) 1 and IF-2, have been separated from each other by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose and then further purified on hydroxyapatite. IF-1 forms a GTP-dependent complex with methionyl-tRNA f that is retained on Millipore filters. When these factors are added to a system containing reconstituted, salt-extracted ribosomes, IF-1 promotes the binding of methionyl-tRNA f to the 40 S subunit, whereas IF-2 promotes the formation of 80 S initiation complexes from 40 S complexes. Addition of small amounts of one factor and a saturating level of the other to the unfractionated lysate and incubation in the absence of hemin produce an additive stimulation of protein synthesis. Each factor can also partially reverse the inhibitory effect of the hemin-controlled translational repressor. The implication of these findings for the mechanism of hemin control of protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates is discussed.
New universal definition of myocardial infarction: global implications, applicability, and need for flexibility.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a pathological process but a clinical entity. For a pathologist, the presence of myocardial necrosis is fundamental to the detection of MI, but a clinician is usually fortunate to detect this condition in the living. Ideally, MI has to have ischemic source of injury, and for want of definite evidence of ischemia, clinical diagnosis of MI always remains presumptive and indirect. There are mimickers and associated comorbidities, which introduce uncertainty in diagnosis. Hence, early, accurate, and consistent diagnosis of MI remains a challenge despite discovery of cardiomyocyte-specific biomarkers. Elevated levels of troponin indicate myocardial injury, but not the mechanism of injury. Although uniform availability of the means to detect and define MI across the globe remains a challenge, the definition has implications for epidemiology, disease monitoring, content of registries, clinical research studies, clinical trials, quality assurance, economic analysis, medicolegal disputes, and estimation of healthcare costs [1].
Nightside detached auroras due to precipitating protons/ions during intense magnetic storms

[1] Nightside detached auroras (NDA) during intense magnetic storms are studied by using FUV image data from Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED)/Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI), Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE)/FUV, and particle data from DMSP/SSJ/4 instruments. We found that NDA are caused by proton/ion precipitation only. Thin arc-shaped NDA are very likely due to soft (<1 keV) proton/ion precipitation. Thick or patch-shaped NDA are caused by energetic (∼10 keV) proton/ion precipitation. All the cases indicate that the NDA were observed when Dst was less −130 nT. More specifically, the NDA occurred during recovery or the lowest Dst period for each intense storm. The magnetic latitudes of the NDA are between 45° and 55° (L shell: 2.0–3.0). We found that the latitude location of the NDA is quasi-linearly correlated with Dst. The magnetic local time (MLT) of the NDA ranges from 1930 to 0300. All the facts indicate that the source of the NDA is the trapped protons/ions in the ring current. Precipitation of the trapped protons/ions is caused by an interaction between the perpendicularly heated ring current particles and the cold/dense plasma at the plasmapause.
Amino acid sequence of a Ca2+-transporting ATPase from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cross-striated part of the adductor muscle of the deep sea scallop: comparison to serca enzymes of other animals

Abstract The RT PCR approach was used to obtain the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA of a sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium transporting ATPase (SERCA) from the cross-striated (phasic) part of the adductor muscle of the deep sea scallop. Initially, degenerate primers based on consensus sequences among SERCAs and tryptic fragments of the scallop Ca-ATPase were used. The sequence was then extended using homologous primers and the 5′ and 3′ ends of the transcript determined by 5′ and 3′ RACE. The mRNA codes for a polypeptide chain 994 amino acid residues long (coded for by 2982 nucleotides) and has a 195 bp 5′ untranslated region, with a 697 bp 3′ untranslated region. The scallop enzyme shows strongest amino acid similarity to the SERCA enzyme of Loligo, followed by those of Drosophila and Artemia. It resembles the vertebrate SERCA3 in that it does not possess the phospholamban binding motif and so is unlikely to be regulated by protein kinase A mediated signals.
Multi-core design automation challenges

The trend to multi-core chip designs presents new challenges for design automation, while the increased reuse of components may offer solutions. This paper describes some of the key challenges with attention paid to three enablers: a physical architecture to streamline chip integration, the linking of early analysis tools around shared data and an updated verification approach for multi-core designs.
Waning of the aggressive response to male models in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.)

Abstract Territorial three-spined sticklebacks were presented with crude wooden models of conspecific males. The models differed only in the amount of red colour on the anterior ventral surface. Each model was presented for 2 min each day for 12 days. It was found that the amount of red colour did not significantly affect the amount of aggression elicited by the model. The aggressive response (‘biting’) decreased markedly from the high level observed on the initial presentations to a low level of responding at the termination of the experiment.
Borderland Theory as a Conceptual Framework for Comparative Local US and Canadian History

My book From Great Wilderness to Seaway Towns: A Comparative History of Cornwall, Ontario and Massena, New York, 1784-2001 compared the two towns at different historical moments from 1784 to 2001 by utilizing Oscar Martinez’s borderland theory and argued that the shared experiences of Cornwall and Massena’s residents based on their borderland locations lead them to follow comparable patterns of social and economic development. As former American colonists, both area residents wanted to develop towns identical to their former communities. The founders of Cornwall and Massena and their descendants, therefore, challenged national values and beliefs and developed a distinctive society and culture of their own. In contrast to Seymour Lipset who argued that the organizing principles made the two countries different, my research suggests that Louis Hartz was closer to the mark when he stated “the differences between the two countries are less significant than the traits common to both.” To determine the how the lives of Massena and Cornwall residents’ lives were affected by their border locations, I highlighted key events and experiences that caused these men and women to develop common values and beliefs and adhered to the methodology of local historians.
p-Aminophenyl β-cellobioside as an affinity ligand for exo-type cellulases

Abstract p -Aminophenyl β-cellobioside (PAPC) is shown to be an effective affinity ligand for the chromatographic fractionation of cellobiohydrolases (CBHs). A crude cellulase preparation from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei served as a representative source of enzymes for this study. Prior to chromatography, PAPC was tethered via its amino functional group to N -hydroxysuccinimide-activated agarose. The resulting affinity matrix specifically retained the CBH component of relatively complex cellulase mixtures. The purity of the resulting CBH preparations, based on measured specific activities, was comparable to that of corresponding enzyme preparations obtained using more traditional thioglycoside-based affinity ligands. The application of PAPC as an affinity ligand illustrates that the tethered ligand associates with the T. reesei CBHs in a catalytically nonproductive mode. In contrast, the free ligand is readily hydrolyzed by T. reesei CBH I.
“New” Sense Organ of Primitive Gastropods

AN array of distance chemoreceptor organs sensitive to the scent of predatory starfish has been found on the ctenidial leaflets of the marine snail Tegula funebralis Adams. Each leaflet has one such organ; a slight swelling of the efferent border of the leaflet near the base marks its position. The swelling is cut across by a notch whose dorsal wall is infolded to form a pocket lying within the swelling. The swelling with its notch and pocket is termed a bursicle (small pouch) (Figs. 1 and 2).
Monitoring Human Rights of Persons in Police Lockups: Potential Role of Community-Based Organizations

Little research has been done about detention conditions in police lockups. Unlike prisons, no system is in place to monitor police lockups in the United States. Yet, research shows that most police abuse issues occur while persons are in police custody. Good practices of community-visiting mechanisms in a few countries show that community-based groups can play an important role in helping to protect the basic human rights of persons in police lockups. This article examines how community organizations can collaborate with civilian review agencies to monitor detention conditions and treatment in police custody in the American context.
Policies and procedures to manage employee Internet abuse

Industry analysts estimate that billions of dollars in lost revenue were attributed to employee Internet abuse. Trends also suggest that lost job productivity and corporate liability have emerged as new workplace concerns due to growth of new online technologies and mobile computing. Such employee Internet misuse creates new management dilemmas on how to respond to incidences of such misuse as well poses network security risks and drains on network bandwidth. Within an organization, it is imperative to ensure that employees are using computing resources effectively and appropriately. Utilizing the previous literature in the field, this paper proposed a revised framework to manage employee Internet abuse. The former model proposed did not account for new digital media and recommended screening applicants for Internet addiction, using more of a clinical test than a job performance test. This new model describes both prevention and intervention methods to address incidents of online misuse in the workplace and refocuses hiring decisions into post-employment training. It also examines the new hiring concerns with the new iGeneration of college graduates and it examines how organizations should best utilize acceptable Internet use policies with clear methods of Internet monitoring to enforce that workers are complying with company policies. This paper also talks about the potential benefits of rehabilitation approaches to manage employees who abuse instead of terminating them to decrease job turnover and improve job retention. Implications for current management practices are also discussed.
MEASURABLE DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORT IN THE GULF OF MEXICO DURING THE OIL SPILL

On April 20, 2010, an oil well cap explosion below the Deepwater Horizon, an off-shore oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico, started the worst human-caused submarine oil spill ever. Though an historic tragedy for the marine ecosystem, the unprecedented monitoring of the spill in real time by satellites and increased modeling of the natural oceanic flows has provided a wealth of data, allowing analysis of the flow dynamics governing the spread of the oil. In this work, we present the results of two computational analyses describing the mixing, mass transport, and flow dynamics of the oil dispersion in the Gulf of Mexico over the first 100 days of the spill. Transfer operator methods are used to determine the spatial partitioning of regions of homogeneous dynamics into almost-invariant sets, and Finite Time Lyapunov Exponents are used to compute pseudo-barriers to the mixing of the oil between these regions. The two methods give complementary results, generating a comprehensive description of the oil flow dynamics over time.
Kinetic flux profiling of nitrogen assimilation in Escherichia coli

We present a new method for probing cellular metabolic fluxes that is based on the kinetics of assimilation of isotope-labeled nutrient into a diversity of downstream metabolites. In the case of nitrogen assimilation, half-maximal labeling of most metabolites occurs in 10–300 s. Fluxes measured on the basis of the kinetics of nitrogen assimilation in exponentially growing E. coli agree well with those fluxes predicted to allow optimal biomass production.
Nursing Practice of Palliative Care with Critically Ill Older Adults

Palliative care is emerging as an alternative care paradigm for critically ill older patients in the critical care setting. Critical care nurses are well positioned to take on a leadership role in reconceptualizing care in the critical care unit, and creating the space and opportunity for palliative care. This article provides information on the practice of palliative care with critically ill older adults along with evidence-based content and resources, allowing critical care nurses to advocate for palliative care in their own work environments accompanied by the necessary resources that will support efficient implementation.
Deconvolution of Compartmental Water Diffusion Coefficients in Yeast-Cell Suspensions Using Combined T1 and Diffusion Measurements

An NMR method is presented for measuring compartmentspecific water diffusion coefficient (D) values. It uses relaxography, employing an extracellular contrast reagent (CR) to distinguish intracellular (IC) and extracellular (EC) 1 H2O signals by differences in their respective longitudinal (T1) relaxation times. A diffusionweighted inversion-recovery spin-echo (DW-IRSE) pulse sequence was used to acquire IR data sets with systematically and independently varying inversion time (TI) and diffusion-attenuation gradient amplitude (g) values. Implementation of the DW-IRSE technique was demonstrated and validated using yeast cells suspended in 3 mM Gd-DTPA 2− with a wet/dry mass ratio of 3.25 : 1.0. Twodimensional (2D) NMR data were acquired at 2.0 T and analyzed using numerical inverse Laplace transformation (2D- and sequential 1D-ILT) and sequential exponential fitting to yield T1 and water D values. All three methods gave substantial agreement. Exponential fitting, deemed the most accurate and time efficient, yielded T1 : D (relative contribution) values of 304 ms : 0.023 × 10 −5 cm 2 /s (47%) and 65 ms : 1.24 × 10 −5 cm 2 /s (53%) for the IC and EC components, respectively. The compartment-specific D values derived from direct biexponential fitting of diffusion-attenuation data were also in good agreement. Extension of the DW-IRSE method to in vivo models should provide valuable insights into compartment-specific water D changes in response to injury or disease. C � 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)
Mineralogy of a Martian meteorite as determined by Raman spectroscopy

Using the Raman point-count procedure that we anticipate using in planetary surface exploration, we have identified and characterized the major, minor and trace mineral phases in rock chips of a Martian meteorite, EETA 79001. Raman spectra are shown for pyroxene, olivine, maskelynite (shocked, isotropized feldspar), chromite, magnetite, ilmenite, ulvospinel, pyroxferroite, merrillite, apatite, anatase, an Fe sulfide, calcite and hematite. Raman spectra provide information on compositional variations of pyroxene, olivine and FeTiCr oxides and modal proportions of the rock. The maskelynite-free mineral mode obtained on rough rock surfaces is consistent with modes obtained by optical microscopy on a thin section of lithology A of this meteorite. Compositions and variations in compositions of major silicate minerals (pyroxene and olivine) on the basis of Raman peak positions are consistent with those obtained in previous studies by electron probe microanalysis. The variations in composition of the silicate minerals represent different stages of crystallization during the formation of this rock near the Martian surface. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bronchiolitis obliterans in workers exposed to flavoring chemicals.

Purpose of review Medical and environmental surveys at microwave popcorn plants and flavoring production plants have revealed a risk for bronchiolitis obliterans in workers exposed to flavoring chemicals. Workers in other food industries may also be at risk. This review summarizes the available information on disease characteristics and natural history and provides information on workplace characteristics associated with disease development. Recent findings Investigations carried out in flavoring plants in California have identified severely affected current and former workers in four plants. Affected former workers have also been identified at a plant in the Netherlands that manufactured diacetyl, a predominant chemical in butter flavorings which has been implicated as a causal agent for lung disease in microwave popcorn workers. Summary Workers who manufacture or use flavorings can be subjected to repeated intense exposures to flavoring chemicals. Affected workers can progress to severe fixed airways obstruction in as little as 7 months. Since medical treatment is generally ineffective, early identification of affected workers and removal from further exposure, along with control of exposures to protect coworkers, are essential to minimize this hazard.
Sulfur amino acid nutrition of the growing chick: effect of age on the dietary methionine requirement.

Abstract INTRODUCTION THAT the protein requirement of growing animals decreases with increasing age is well documented. Since summation of the individual amino acid requirements totals the protein requirement, it would be expected that amino acid requirements might also decrease with increasing age. This has been demonstrated in the turkey for lysine (Gartley et al., 1950; Kratzer et al., 1955) and methionine (Pepper and Slinger, 1955), in the young chick for lysine (Lewis et al., 1951; Bird, 1953; Schwartz et al., 1958; Zimmerman and Scott, 1965), in the broiler for lysine and sulfur amino acids (Bornstein and Lipstein, 1964, 1966; Bornstein, 1970) and in the rat for several amino acids (Hartsook and Mitchell, 1956; Forbes and Rao, 1959). Zimmerman and Scott (1965) used a crystalline amino acid diet to study the lysine need of growing chicks during the 2nd through the 5th weeks of life. Such a diet provides an ideal tool…
Race and Gender Discrimination in Bargaining for a New Car

More than three hundred paired audits at new-car dealerships reveal that dealers quoted significantly lower prices to white males than to black or female test buyers using identical, scripted bargaining strategies. Ancillary evidence suggests that the dealerships' disparate treatment of women and blacks may be caused by dealers' statistical inferences about consumers' reservation prices, but the data do not strongly support any single theory of discrimination. Copyright 1995 by American Economic Association.
Maintenance therapy with sucralfate in duodenal ulcer: Genuine prevention or accelerated healing of ulcer recurrence?

We sought to compare the efficacy of sucralfate to placebo for the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence and to determine that the efficacy of sucralfate was due to a true reduction in ulcer prevalence and not due to secondary effects such as analgesic activity or accelerated healing. This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel groups, multicenter clinical study with 254 patients. All patients had a past history of at least two duodenal ulcers with at least one ulcer diagnosed by endoscopic examination 3 months or less before the start of the study. Complete ulcer healing without erosions was required to enter the study. Sucralfate or placebo were dosed as a 1-g tablet twice a day for 4 months, or until ulcer recurrence. Endoscopic examinations once a month and when symptoms developed determined the presence or absence of duodenal ulcers. If a patient developed an ulcer between monthly scheduled visits, the patient was dosed with a 1-g sucralfate tablet twice a day until the next scheduled visit. Statistical analyses of the results determined the efficacy of sucralfate compared with placebo for preventing duodenal ulcer recurrence. Comparisons of therapeutic agents for preventing duodenal ulcers have usually been made by testing for statistical differences in the cumulative rates for all ulcers developed during a follow-up period, regardless of the time of detection. Statistical experts at the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and on the FDA Advisory Panel expressed doubts about clinical study results based on this type of analysis. They suggested three possible mechanisms for reducing the number of observed ulcers: (a) analgesic effects, (b) accelerated healing, and (c) true ulcer prevention. Traditional ulcer analysis could miss recurring ulcers due to an analgesic effect or accelerated healing. Point-prevalence analysis could miss recurring ulcers due to accelerated healing between endoscopic examinations. Maximum ulcer analyses, a novel statistical method, eliminated analgesic effects by regularly scheduled endoscopies and accelerated healing of recurring ulcers by frequent endoscopies and an open-label phase. Maximum ulcer analysis reflects true ulcer recurrence and prevention. Sucralfate was significantly superior to placebo in reducing ulcer prevalence by all analyses. Significance (p less than 0.05) was found at months 3 and 4 for all analyses. All months were significant in the traditional analysis, months 2-4 in point-prevalence analysis, and months 3-4 in the maximal ulcer prevalence analysis. Sucralfate was shown to be effective for the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence by a true reduction in new ulcer development.
Expression of integrin receptors in the human trabecular meshwork.

PURPOSE. To examine the expression of integrin receptors in the human trabecular meshwork. METHODS. The expression of integrins in human tissues was visualized by immunohistochemical staining using integrin-specific antibodies. Immunoprecipitation was performed after biotin labeling of cell surface proteins. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of mRNA species for integrin subunits. RESULTS. Human trabecular meshwork tissues obtained from donors 2 to 65 years old stained positively for integrins a1, a3, a4, a5, a6, av, s1, s3, s4 and s5. The staining was observed mostly around the edges of trabecular beams in association with trabecular meshwork cells. The staining intensity did not appear to vary with donor age. In addition, immunoprecipitation of tissue extracts revealed the presence of integrin a2 and confirmed the absence of s2. Results from polymerase chain reactions were consistent with these findings. CONCLUSIONS. A spectrum of integrin receptors that may ...
Inscribing empire: Guam and the War in the Pacific National Historical Park

National parks form an archipelago of government-run, on-site ‘‘museums,’’ geographic sites of territorial and rhetorical nation-building. The War in the Pacific National Historical Park, which occupies seven parcels of land on the small island of Guam, celebrates the ‘‘freedom’’ that the U.S. brought to the region in World War II. But in fact, this landscape sits at the nexus of several contested territories. Guam was seized in the 1898 SpanisheAmerican Wardthe final wave of American territorial expansiondand experienced 50 years of dictatorship under the U.S. Navy, despite vigorous efforts by islanders to gain citizenship and basic rights. The post-war transformation of the island by the military came at the further expense of local land rights, and the park itself later got caught up in the struggle over federal land ownership. Disagreements within the park service and between the park service and the local people added to the contests. Finally and most importantly, the park-as-text presents a discourse of American military heroism against the Japanese, at the expense of recognition of Chamorro suffering, or of any historical marker tying the indigenous history of Guam into U.S. historical memory. The contradiction between U.S. expansionism and U.S. ideals is apparent in the way the park serves as a colonial tool in this remnant of the American empire. This paper examines the park as a narrative landscape within the fields of contestation that characterize U.S. rule on Guam. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
A Robust Mn Catalyst for H2O2 Disproportionation in Aqueous Solution

The pyridinophane complex [Mn(Py2N2)(H2O)2]2+ catalyses the disproportionation of H2O2 in aqueous solution over a wide pH range. Kinetic investigations reveal an induction period, which is proposed to involve the formation of a hydroperoxo intermediate, as well as evidence for catalyst self-inhibition. A catalytic cycle involving mononuclear intermediates has been proposed. Spectroscopic investigations under turnover conditions are consistent with this proposal and show that the resting state of the catalyst is a mononuclear MnII complex. The robustness of the catalyst is evidenced by its ability to achieve turnover numbers of 58000 in aqueous solution.