cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization-based Design of Plant-Friendly Input Signals for Model-on-Demand Estimation and Model Predictive Control

The design of constrained, "plant-friendly" multisine input signals that optimize a geometric discrepancy criterion arising from Weyl's theorem is examined in this paper. Such signals are meaningful for data-centric estimation and control methods, where uniform coverage of the output state-space contributes greatly to good performance. The optimization problem includes a search for both the Fourier coefficients and phases in the multisine signal, resulting in a uniformly distributed output signal that achieves a desirable balance between high and low gain directions, an important consideration when identifying strongly interactive multivariable systems. The solution involves very little user intervention and has significant benefits compared to multisine signals that minimize crest factor. The usefulness of this problem formulation is shown by applying it to a case study involving composition control of a binary distillation column.
MORPHOLOGICAL, ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND RHEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SOY AND COTTONSEED FLOURS TEXTURIZED BY EXTRUSION AND NONEXTRUSION PROCESSING

Texturized protein products were produced from defatted soy and glandless cottonseed flours by extrusion and nonextrusion processes. Scanning electron microscope photomicrographs showed that the surface morphology of both types of texturized products were similar and it was concluded that both processes were successfully used to create texture in the raw materials. However, rheological data indicated that the nonextrusion process produced a product which had significantly higher Ln stress and resilience values. The difference in Ln stress and resilience between the extrusion texturized products and their non-extrusion counterparts is due to the differences in the ultrastructural arrangement of protein and insoluble carbohydrate components of the respective products. Based on the above, it is postulated that the working and kneading of the extrusion screw is not a prerequisite for the formation of texture.
Dietary selenium as a modulator of PCB 126-induced hepatotoxicity in male Sprague Dawley rats

Homeostasis of selenium (Se), a critical antioxidant incorporated into amino acids and enzymes, is disrupted by exposure to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists. Here we examined the importance of dietary Se in preventing the toxicity of the most toxic polychlorinated biphenyl congener, 3,3#,4,4#,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), a potent AhR agonist. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a modified AIN-93 diet with differing dietary Se levels (0.02, 0.2, and 2 ppm). Following 3 weeks of acclimatization, rats from each dietary group were given a single ip injection of corn oil (vehicle), 0.2, 1, or 5 mmol/kg body weight PCB 126, followed 2 weeks later by euthanasia. PCB exposure caused dosedependent increases in liver weight and at the highest PCB 126 dose decreases in whole body weight gains. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP1A1) activity was significantly increased even at the lowest dose of PCB 126, indicating potent AhR activation. PCB exposure diminished hepatic Se levels in a dose-dependent manner, and this was accompanied by diminished Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity. Both these effects were partially mitigated by Se supplementation. Conversely, thioredoxin (Trx) reductase activity and Trx oxidation state, although significantly diminished in the lowest dietary Se groups, were not affected by PCB exposure. In addition, PCB 126‐induced changes in hepatic copper, iron, manganese, and zinc were observed. These results demonstrate that supplemental dietary Se was not able to completely prevent the toxicity caused by PCB 126 but was able to increase moderately the levels of several key antioxidants, thereby maintaining them roughly at normal levels.
Transactions: A New Look at Services Sector Foreign Direct Investment in Asia

This paper presents new micro-level data consisting of individual greenfield investment projects and mergers and acquisitions as a source for detailed analysis of services sector cross-border investment flows among the Asian Development Bank (ADB) regional membership in Asia. The new transactional foreign direct investment (FDI) data are methodologically distinct from traditional BPM5-compliant FDI data but found to yield generally comparable aggregates, when compared with the latest available International Monetary Fund (IMF) data from the Comprehensive Direct Investment Survey for the ADB regional membership. The services sectors are found to receive considerably larger amounts of foreign investment, when compared with the Asian region's manufacturing and raw materials sectors. OECD countries account for roughly three-quarters of total recorded inward services sector FDI of about $2 trillion, relatively evenly split between the United States, the EU-27, and regional OECD-level-income countries. The presence of sizable regional "upward flowing" services sector investments into OECD-level-income economies is verified. Preliminary policy conclusions are drawn based on the new transactional FDI data results concerning prospects for regional services sector liberalization, threshold income levels for inward services sector FDI, upward-flowing regional services FDI, and preferred modes of services sector investments.
Terrestrial-based radiation upsets: a cautionary tale

Problems with terrestrial-based neutron radiation from cosmic rays have become more commonplace. While the incident rate from neutron radiation is lower than space-based radiation, physics, system design and system locations have combined to make systems increasingly vulnerable to terrestrial radiation. FPGA systems are particularly sensitive to neutron radiation, as the FPGAs, microprocessors and memory are all sensitive to upsets. We are interested in reconfigurable supercomputers, which need to be highly reliable and highly available despite being very sensitive to radiation. In this paper, we estimate the error rate for FPGAs, memory, and microprocessors so that predictions for the sensitivity of the Cray XD1 reconfigurable supercomputer can be made. We also present possible mitigation methods that are appropriate for neutron radiation upset rates.
Left Ventricular Mass and Geometry and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose— Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a risk factor for cardiovascular events, but its effect on ischemic stroke risk is established mainly in whites. The effect of LV geometry on stroke risk has not been defined. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether LVH and LV geometry are independently associated with increased ischemic stroke risk in a multiethnic population. Methods— A population-based case-control study was conducted on 394 patients with first ischemic stroke and 413 age-, sex-, and race-ethnicity-matched community control subjects. LV mass was measured by transthoracic echocardiography. LV geometric patterns (normal, concentric remodeling, concentric or eccentric hypertrophy) were identified. Stroke risk associated with LVH and different LV geometric patterns was assessed by conditional logistic regression analysis in the overall group and age, sex, and race-ethnic strata, with adjustment for established stroke risk factors. Results— Concentric hypertrophy car...
Receptive field properties in the cat's area 17 in the absence of on-center geniculate input

Most neurons of area 17 in the cat respond to both light and dark stimuli, and it is often assumed that these responses originate from the on-center and off-center cells, respectively, of the lateral geniculate nucleus. This has not been demonstrated experimentally, however. Whether the on and off pathways make unique contributions to some of the response properties characteristic of visual cortex, such as orientation selectivity, is also unknown. The aim of these experiments was to investigate these questions by inactivating the retinogeniculate on pathway. In cats in which D,L-2-amino-4- phosphonobutyric acid (APB) had been injected into one eye, we found that, in the geniculate layers driven by that eye, there were no cells with on-center responses (Horton, J. C., and H. Sherk (1984) J. Neurosci. 4: 374–380). The on pathway appeared to have been inactivated. To see how cortical receptive fields were affected, we examined 184 binocular cells in area 17 contralateral to the injected eye. Each cell still had a normal receptive field in the ipsilateral eye, and we compared the cell's response properties in that eye with those in the eye injected with APB to assess the drug's effects. Overall responsiveness in the injected eye was severely reduced, and responses to the onset of stationary light stimuli were almost entirely abolished. Responses to moving light edges were weak or absent in most cells but still strong in a few; simple cells tended to have more vigorous light edge responses than complex cells. The general reduction in responsiveness, and the specific reduction in light edge responses, indicated that the on and off pathways both contribute (directly or indirectly) to the responses of most cells in area 17. The remaining responses to light edges we think originated mainly from the on- surrounds of off-center geniculate cells. Responses to moving dark edges were somewhat depressed compared to those in the normal eye. There was, however, no systematic change in direction selectivity and no reduction in specificity for orientation or length. In general, receptive field properties remained surprisingly normal despite the conspicuous reduction in responsiveness.
COMBINED EFFECTS OF SHRIMP SIZE AND DIETARY PROTEIN SOURCE ON THE GROWTH OF Penaeus setiferus AND P. vannamei

Three size classes of juvenile Penaeus setiferus (average wet weight = 0.08, 0.99, and 3.82 g) and P. vannamei (average wet weight = 0.12, 1.39, and 4.72 g) were kept 3 weeks in indoor tanks at 28°C, and each of 3 isonitrogenous (28% protein) experimental diets were fed to each size class. Shrimp meal of a basal experimental diet was replaced by fish protein hydrolysate, soybean meal, and cotton seed meal to achieve animal:plant (A:P) protein ratios of 1:1.5, 0.9:1, and 1.5:1 in the 3 diets. Penaeus vannamei grew faster than P. setiferus given the same diets. For both species, A:P ratios of food improved growth for all 3 size categories of shrimp. This effect was significantly greater in the small animals than in the medium or larger-sized ones. Thus, the quality of diet needed to achieve maximum growth appears to be size dependent, smaller shrimp being more dependent than larger ones on animal protein. Results also indicated that the two larger size classes of P. setiferus require higher animal protein in their feed for maximum growth than do similar size classes of P. vannamei.
Understanding family legacy in family health concerns

Family legacy stories recover an understanding of family health that has become marginalized in the predominant ways that family health is studied in the family disciplines. This article describes what family legacy means for family and family member health concerns, activities, and practices in their everyday life. Six families with school-age children took part in an interpretive study of health practices and concerns in families. Five to six in-depth family group interviews were conducted with each family using semistructured, open-ended questions. All families had meaningful family legacy stories that set up health concerns and shaped health practices, activities, and habits. A paradigm case exemplifies how a family may extend, flee from, and/or reshape family-of-origin legacies in their family of progeny. Exploring and acknowledging family legacy recognizes a rich part of family life and can enhance the nurse’s and family’s understanding of family health and related practices, activities, and habits.
Pheromone-induced polarization is dependent on the Fus3p MAPK acting through the formin Bni1p

During mating, budding yeast cells reorient growth toward the highest concentration of pheromone. Bni1p, a formin homologue, is required for this polarized growth by facilitating cortical actin cable assembly. Fus3p, a pheromone-activated MAP kinase, is required for pheromone signaling and cell fusion. We show that Fus3p phosphorylates Bni1p in vitro, and phosphorylation of Bni1p in vivo during the pheromone response is dependent on Fus3p. fus3 mutants exhibited multiple phenotypes similar to bni1 mutants, including defects in actin and cell polarization, as well as Kar9p and cytoplasmic microtubule localization. Disruption of the interaction between Fus3p and the receptor-associated Gα subunit caused similar mutant phenotypes. After pheromone treatment, Bni1p-GFP and Spa2p failed to localize to the cortex of fus3 mutants, and cell wall growth became completely unpolarized. Bni1p overexpression suppressed the actin assembly, cell polarization, and cell fusion defects. These data suggest a model wherein activated Fus3p is recruited back to the cortex, where it activates Bni1p to promote polarization and cell fusion.
The hypocretin/orexin antagonist almorexant promotes sleep without impairment of performance in rats.

The hypocretin receptor (HcrtR) antagonist almorexant (ALM) has potent hypnotic actions but little is known about neurocognitive performance in the presence of ALM. HcrtR antagonists are hypothesized to induce sleep by disfacilitation of wake-promoting systems whereas GABAA receptor modulators such as zolpidem (ZOL) induce sleep through general inhibition of neural activity. To test the hypothesis that less functional impairment results from HcrtR antagonist-induced sleep, we evaluated the performance of rats in the Morris Water Maze in the presence of ALM vs. ZOL. Performance in spatial reference memory (SRM) and spatial working memory (SWM) tasks were assessed during the dark period after equipotent sleep-promoting doses (100 mg/kg, po) following undisturbed and sleep deprivation (SD) conditions. ALM-treated rats were indistinguishable from vehicle (VEH)-treated rats for all SRM performance measures (distance travelled, latency to enter, time within, and number of entries into, the target quadrant) after both the undisturbed and 6 h SD conditions. In contrast, rats administered ZOL showed impairments in all parameters measured compared to VEH or ALM in the undisturbed conditions. Following SD, ZOL-treated rats also showed impairments in all measures. ALM-treated rats were similar to VEH-treated rats for all SWM measures (velocity, time to locate the platform and success rate at finding the platform within 60 s) after both the undisturbed and SD conditions. In contrast, ZOL-treated rats showed impairments in velocity and in the time to locate the platform. Importantly, ZOL rats only completed the task 23-50% of the time while ALM and VEH rats completed the task 79-100% of the time. Thus, following equipotent sleep-promoting doses, ZOL impaired rats in both memory tasks while ALM rats performed at levels comparable to VEH rats. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that less impairment results from HcrtR antagonism than from GABAA-induced inhibition.
A Bigger Piece of the Pie? State Corrections Spending and the Politics of Social Order

The dramatic increase in American state prison populations during the past three decades has sparked considerable research interest. Empirical research has most often examined changes in prison admissions or populations, but few studies have considered shifts in state corrections budgets. This study examines variation in annual, state-level corrections expenditures as a proportion of state expenditures from 1980 to 1998, drawing together existing theoretical arguments about criminal punishment under a common rubric that focuses on state responsibility for the maintenance of social order and the need for state officials to maintain office through popular election. From this view, partisan politics, economic and racial threats, citizen preferences, fiscal considerations, policy priorities, and crime are important explanations of corrections spending because they affect strategies for maintaining social order, garnering votes, and maintaining political office. Findings generally support this perspective. Par...
Tracking in hyper-spectral data

This paper builds on previous presentations of the histogram probabilistic multi-hypothesis tracking (H-PM,HT) algorithm. The histogram model used in H-PMHT is extended to treat hyper-spectral data, i.e., data in which each spatial cell has spectral content. The general case in which each measurement scan consists of a multidimensional array of intensity values (e.g., the "data-cube" of hyper-spectral imaging systems) is treated. This data array is interpreted as a spatial-spectral histogram. Direct application of H-PMHT to such data would track local energy peaks in the spatial-spectral domain; however, this approach is sub-optimal when the spatial track is of principle interest and the energy source has significant spectral extent. Spectral H-PMHT assumes that the spectral characteristics of the sources are known and available in simple non-parametric forms. The additional structure of the spatial-spectral signal model is presented, followed by an outline of the Spectral H-PMHT algorithm. The improvement in spatial tracking due to the inclusion of spectral information is demonstrated using simulated intensity data on bearing-frequency cells.
Insulin rapidly inhibits insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 gene expression in H4-II-E rat hepatoma cells.

The insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are thought to determine the distribution of IGF-I and IGF-II between the blood and tissue compartments and to modulate their biological activities. A dynamic metabolic role for one of the IGFBPs, IGFBP-1, is suggested by the fact that plasma IGFBP-1 was increased after fasting and diabetes and rapidly decreased by refeeding or insulin treatment, respectively. IGFBP-1 mRNA also is increased in the livers of diabetic rats and decreased by insulin treatment. To understand the molecular basis for this regulation, we have examined the effects of insulin on IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-1 mRNA in the H4-II-E cell line derived from the well differentiated H35 rat hepatoma. IGFBP-1, identified by ligand blotting and immunoblotting, is the major IGFBP in H4-II-E cells. Incubation of H4-II-E cells with insulin for 24 h decreased IGFBP-1 in the culture medium by ∼50%. Inhibition was observed at physiological concentrations of insulin (ED50, <0.5 nm), but not at higher co...
The relationship of body image to body mass index and binge eating: the role of cross-situational body image dissatisfaction versus situational reactivity.

Summary.—Although body image is often conceptualized as a trait, there is growing recognition of situational influences. It was hypothesized that college women whose body image was more reactive to situational influences would be more likely to experience adverse weight-related outcomes, including obesity and binge eating behavior. In a pilot study, vignettes were rated to yield a range of situational body image ratings, and the three vignettes that captured the full range (lowest, median, and highest ratings) were used in the main study. In the main study, 138 female undergraduates (M = 19.5 yr., SD = 1.9; 74.6% “White or Caucasian”) completed a survey that included the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised. They also provided Body Image State Scale ratings in response to three vignettes drawn from the pilot study. Body image “reactivity” was defined as the range over which body image scores varied for a given participant (standard deviation of the means). Contrary to predictions, overall b...
Limited adhesion of biodegradable microspheres to E- and P-selectin under flow.

In a variety of disease settings the expression of the endothelial selectins E- and P-selectin appears to be increased. This feature makes these molecules attractive targets around which to design directed drug-delivery schemes. One possible approach for achieving such delivery is to use polymeric biodegradable microspheres bearing a humanized monoclonal antibody (MAb) for E- and P-selectin, MAb HuEP5C7.g2. Perhaps the simplest technique for “coupling” HuEP5C7.g2 to the microspheres is via nonspecific adsorption. Previous studies suggest, however, that the adsorption of proteins onto microspheres fabricated in the presence of a stabilizer such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is limited. It is unclear to what extent this limited level of adsorbed HuEP5C7.g2 would be able to support adhesion to E- and P-selectin under flow conditions. To explore this issue, we prepared microspheres from the biodegradable polymer, poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL), using a single emulsion process and PVA as a stabilizer. We then incubated the PCL microspheres with HuEP5C7.g2 and studied the adhesion of the resulting HuEP5C7.g2 microspheres to E- and P-selectin under in vitro flow conditions. We found that the HuEP5C7.g2 PCL microspheres exhibit specific adhesion to Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing P-selectin (CHO-P) and 4-h IL-1β–activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). In contrast, HuEP5C7.g2 PCL microspheres exhibit little adhesion to parental CHO cells or unactivated HUVEC. The attachment efficiency to the selectin substrates was quite low, with appreciable attachment occurring only at low shear (0.3 dyn/cm2). Other supporting data strongly suggest that the limited attachment efficiency is due to a low level of HuEP5C7.g2 adsorbed to the PCL microspheres. Although the attachment was limited, a significant percentage of the HuEP5C7.g2 PCL microspheres were able to remain adherent at relatively high shear (8 dyn/cm2). Combined, our data suggest that HuEP5C7.g2 PCL microspheres exhibit selective limited adhesion to cellular substrate expressing E- and P-selectin. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 500–509, 2001.
Dropwise condensation phenomena

Dropwise condensation of water vapor on long vertical tubes was investigated as to in situ cleaning and promoting techniques for a variety of tube materials. Excess promoter on the tube surface significantly reduces heat transfer but appears to be slowly removed by draining. Measured steamside heat transfer coefficients for copper, gold, Admiralty, Cu-Ni 90-10, and Monel tubes are adequately correlated by the theory of Mikic (1969) modifide to include the effect of wall thickness. A photographic study revealed that falling drops are elongated into rivulets on long vertical surfaces. Short (< 65 mm) rivulets and small, barely visible drops over most of the area are evidence of excellent dropwise condensation.
Proteolytic Processing of the Astrovirus Capsid

To further characterize the nature of proteolytic processing of the astrovirus capsid, we infected Caco-2 cells with a high multiplicity of astrovirus without trypsin in the presence of 5 to 10% fetal calf serum. These infections were characterized by pulse-chase labeling with [35S]Smethionine, electron microscopy, gel electrophoresis of purified viral particles, and analysis of infectivity of such particles with and without added trypsin. Pulse-chase experiments showed that the astrovirus capsid protein was initially translated as an approximately 87-kDa protein. The 87-kDa capsid protein was rapidly converted intracellularly to a 79-kDa form which was found in smaller amounts in the cell supernatant. Purification by differential centrifugation yielded particles that appeared quite similar to trypsin-grown astrovirus particles by negatively stained electron microscopy. These particles were antigenically distinct from trypsin-treated virions as demonstrated by their various reactions with monoclonal antibodies in a solid-phase immunoassay. The purified trypsin-free particles were mainly composed of the 79-kDa capsid protein which was found to have an amino terminus at residue 71 of the entire open reading frame 2 (ORF2) product. The cleavage site was identified in a highly conserved region of the astrovirus ORF2 product. These trypsin-free particles were minimally infectious in cultured Caco-2 cells but became highly infectious (10(5)-fold increase) after trypsin but not chymotrypsin treatment. This trypsin-enhanced infectivity correlated with conversion of the 79-kDa capsid protein to three smaller peptides of approximately 34, 29, and 26 kDa.
Estimation of Microwave and Infrared Spectral Parameters of Some Molecular Ions from Ab-Initio Electronic Structure Calculations

The observation of the microwave spectra of new molecular ions has been a principal objective of the author’s research program for a long time. Successful detection of the spectrum of a new ionic species may lead to a precise determination of its molecular structure, allow radioastronomical observation of it in the interstellar medium, and/or provide useful spectroscopic probes of the dynamics of plasmas in which it may be located. To search over a sufficiently wide spectral range at high enough sensitivity to detect a new ion, however, is a tedious task, which may require weeks of effort. To minimize this experimental burden accurate advance predictions of molecular geometric structures and thus rotational constants (reciprocals of moments of inertia) are highly desirable. With the computer facilities and public programming packages that are currently available we have found that ab initio calculations of sufficient quality to be very useful in this regard are quite practical. In this paper we will briefly describe results that we have obtained for several molecular cations and anions of interest using the Gaussian 82 programs of Pople and coworkers1 with rather large basis sets and extensive treatment of electron correlation. The emphasis has been (1) to employ calculations that were of the highest quality that seemed practical, (2) to calculate all the spectroscopic constants, e.g., vibration-rotation interaction and anharmonicity, from the molecular potential function, and (3) to use identical calculations on known systems (typically neutrals) for calibration purposes to the maximum extent possible.
Differential Diagnosis of Leukocoria

Leukocoria is the most common presenting sign of intraocular retinoblastoma in developed countries [1]. The asymmetric white pupil light reflex may be noted on photographs, in dimly lit environments by the family, or by a general pediatrician at a well-child visit [2]. An abnormal pupil reflex is also frequently observed in several pediatric ocular conditions including cataract (Fig. 2.1), and it is important to clinically differentiate retinoblastoma from simulating diagnoses (Table 2.1). Directed by the available demographic and historical data, a comprehensive clinical and ultrasound examination in the office is usually sufficient to make the correct diagnosis. Occasionally, an examination under anesthesia may be necessary to distinguish retinoblastoma from simulating conditions, such as Coats’s disease, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), retinal dysplasia, or astrocytic hamartoma. Clinical findings associated with the commonly diagnosed conditions are summarized in the following section (Table 2.2) [3–5].
Aggregation and Dissemination Issues in Patent Pools

In this forthcoming book chapter, I classify antitrust issues concerning patent pools as either dissemination issues or aggregation issues, and suggest that this classification provides a simple rubric under which to organize the antitrust analysis of patent pools. Dissemination issues focus on the terms under which third parties can take licenses from the pool; the question is whether those terms and related pool licensing practices are anticompetitive. Aggregation issues focus on the fact of combining patents within a pool; the question here is whether combining particular patents in a pooling arrangement adversely impacts competition. In the first part of the chapter, I briefly survey cases that have featured patent pooling dissemination issues. Those cases have dominated the patent pooling jurisprudence, and the associated commentary. But those cases have surprisingly little to tell us today. I then turn to aggregation issues. I argue that aggregation issues are more important for the modern patent pooling regulation, but less tractable, and less developed in the case law. To approach aggregation issues in patent pools, antitrust decisionmakers should borrow the framework from tying cases. Within that framework, decisionmakers might employ the related doctrines of blocking patents and essential patents. However, the antitrust approach to those doctrines has been markedly superficial, as I demonstrate by examining some of the patent claims that were at issue in selected important cases. Despite the increasing attention being given to these doctrines, I remain skeptical that they can be developed into successful policy instruments in the regulation of patent pools.
Integrated circuits and thermal issues: A primer

As the United States Air Force (USAF) in addition to the rest of DoD and American society become increasingly dependent on smaller, faster, cheaper, higher-performing integrated circuits (IC), digital, technologies that have more functionality, we must not overtook the fact that better-performance does not come without its price. In this paper, we discuss the integrated circuit; solid-state and IC history; IC functionality; IC manufacturing process; and silicon and silicon dioxide heat transfer rates. We discuss customized ICs such as Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). We discuss the Fourier heat equation. We discuss how increasing the numbers of transistors and their support components increases the density relating to the interior of such semiconductor materials. We discuss the purposes of reducing size and weight of an overall system; that the reduction of IC exterior dimension along with an ever increasing need to increase the interior numbers of components and their support mechanisms for performing ever more functions increases internal heat. We discuss how this trend could lead to the generation of higher internal IC temperatures as well as indeterminate states of IC functionalities. We discuss traditional and non-traditional solutions for removing IC heat.
Abstract 4708: Preclinical development of an anti-miR-21 compound for hepatocellular carcinoma

micro-RNA-21 is frequently over-expressed and has been shown to correlate with poor outcome in multiple cancer types. Its genomic locus is amplified in some cancer types and miR-21 is also transactivated by several known cancer drivers (e.g. STAT3 and Ras). We have used a publically available data set from 86 patients to show that miR-21 is over-expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The treatment options for HCC are limited, thus making it the third leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Additional treatments for HCC are greatly needed. We investigated the therapeutic potential of inhibiting miR-21 with chemically modified oligonucleotides known as anti-miRs using models of HCC, including a genetically engineered mouse model of HCC driven by an inducible, activated form of Ras. Short term treatment with the anti-miR led to a reduction in tumor formation. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-21 was clearly demonstrated by analysis of genome wide mRNA expression data from treated versus untreated tumors. This data showed that genes containing the mir-21 octamer sequence were the most significantly over-enriched among up-regulated genes compared to all of the other 65,535 possible octamers. We also determined the effect of long-term anti-miR-21 treatment on the survival in this mouse model of HCC. anti-miR-21 treated mice demonstrated a highly significant survival advantage (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4708. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4708
Asian Americans’ Perception of Direct Salespeople

The purpose of this study is to compare perceptions of direct salespeople among Chinese, Filipino and Japanese shoppers. Data (N=590) were collected via a questionnaire from a convenience sample of 1,000 respondents. Our research shows that Asian Americans generally have negative perceptions about direct salespeople except for a few situations. Implications for marketing and practice are discussed.
Computer Integrated Design and Manufacture of Complex Geometries in Concurrent Engineering

This paper describes the functions of a series of computer programs which facilitate the design and manufacturing process of the aircraft engine turbine blade. One program converts the design parameters into the coordinate points which describe the sectional profile, while another modifies the coordinate points for enhanced CNC machinability. Another computer program enables the examination of the old and new profile designs in the CAD environment, while the final program creates the code for the generation of the solid model of the blade and the tool path. In concurrent engineering, the integrated system performs effectively in providing a bridge between the design and manufacturing functions.
Dual interferometer for dynamic measurement of corneal topography

The cornea is the anterior most surface of the eye and plays a critical role in vision. A thin fluid layer, the tear film, coats the outer surface of the cornea and serves to protect, nourish, and lubricate the cornea. At the same time, the tear film is responsible for creating a smooth continuous surface, where the majority of refraction takes place in the eye. A significant component of vision quality is determined by the shape of the cornea and stability of the tear film. A dual interferometer system for measuring the dynamic corneal topography is designed, built, verified, and qualified by testing on human subjects. The system consists of two coaligned simultaneous phase-shifting polarization-splitting Twyman–Green interferometers. The primary interferometer measures the surface of the tear film while the secondary interferometer tracks the absolute position of the cornea, which provides enough information to reconstruct the absolute shape of the cornea. The results are high-resolution and high-accuracy surface topography measurements of the in vivo tear film and cornea that are captured at standard camera frame rates.
Bis(1-cyanovinyl acetate) Is a Linear Precursor to 3-Oxidopyrylium Ions

Herein we describe the first approach to 3-oxidopyrylium ions from a linear precursor. Heating bis(1-cyanovinyl acetate) in the presence of a trace amount of pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate results in a series of acyl group transfers and an intramolecular cyclization event to form a 3-oxidopyrylium ion that can be trapped by reaction with several dipolarophiles. When treated with dienes, the result is a sequential [5 + 2]/[4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction that provides sp3-rich products of high molecular complexity.
Resisting Throughput Pressures: Physicians’ and Patients’ Strategies to Manage Hospital Discharge

In recent years, quickly discharging patients has become a collective goal at hospitals, as excessive medical workups and extended hospital stays have been associated with unnecessary healthcare spending. Physicians, however, frequently encounter numerous barriers when trying to discharge patients. Presenting ethnographic and interview data collected from September 2010 to September 2013, this paper examines one of the most difficult discharge cases physicians encounter on the internal medicine service at a U.S. teaching hospital: resistant patients-patients and families who refuse to leave the hospital. As physicians try to discharge resistant patients, they are met with conflicting financial and professional incentives. Drawing from the sociological literature on professions, managerialism, and consumerism, I analyze the strategies physicians develop to manage these difficult discharge cases.
Government Spending and Welfare Employment

One of the persistent issues which welfare policy makers and analysts confront in western industrial nations, particularly in the United States, is the appropriate relationship between public assistance payments and employment. There is a great deal of debate over whether welfare recipients should work or be required to take jobs and whether the government should emphasize training or placement services or create jobs directly. Relatively little concern and attention have been given to the 'roblem of the number of jobs that are actually available in the private sector for recipients who want to work. Although the federal government will plan its spending levels with an eye to the impacts on the employment situation in the country, there has been little effort to examine how various types of spending affect the employment prospects of specific population groups. This paper makes an initial attempt to analyze the differential employment impacts of various kinds of federal spending as they affect the population on welfare. Based on research on the employment characteristics of recipients population and the application of an input-output model developed by the Department of Labor, estimates of increased welfare employment are derived for increases in particular types of federal spending. I. Evolution of AFDC Employment Strategies When Aid to Dependent Children was established in 1935 it was designed to benefit children of families who were effectively outside the labor force. Until 1962 the federal government showed little interest in efforts to increase the labor force activity of AFDC recipients. In 1961 Congress extended AFDC to offer to states the option of including unemployed parents (UP), thus bringing employable males into the program for the first time. *The research for this paper was completed with the assistance of Adriana Stadecker and Hugh Wilkins. The research was supported by a grant from the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Grant No. SRS 18-P-9033211-01.
Comparison of Mutual Awareness in Analog Vs. Digital Control Rooms

Control rooms in nuclear power plants are complex, collaborative working environments rife with potential for human error. As control rooms evolve from analog to digital interfaces, crew communication strategies must change as well. With the increase in automation and the use of digital HMIs, operators no longer rely on large annunciator panels, but have instead moved to personal sitting workstations. The technology shift causes operators to focus only on their screens, reducing interaction between crewmembers. Therefore, the collaboration and coordination of task demands requires greater attention to communication, vigilance and mutual awareness, or collective knowledge of the situation. This paper will investigate, through literature review and expert interviews the impact of the technology shift and identify significant and critical improvements that can be implemented in the main control rooms to increase safety and reliability.
Considering the future of anthropogenic gas-phase organic compound emissions and the increasing influence of non-combustion sources on urban air quality

Abstract. Decades of policy in developed regions has successfully reduced total anthropogenic emissions of gas-phase organic compounds, especially volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with an intentional, sustained focus on motor vehicles and other combustion-related sources. We examine potential secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and ozone formation in our case study megacity (Los Angeles) and demonstrate that non-combustion-related sources now contribute a major fraction of SOA and ozone precursors. Thus, they warrant greater attention beyond indoor environments to resolve large uncertainties in their emissions, oxidation chemistry, and outdoor air quality impacts in cities worldwide. We constrain the magnitude and chemical composition of emissions via several bottom-up approaches using chemical analyses of products, emissions inventory assessments, theoretical calculations of emission timescales, and a survey of consumer product material safety datasheets. We demonstrate that the chemical composition of emissions from consumer products as well as commercial and industrial products, processes, and materials is diverse across and within source subcategories. This leads to wide ranges of SOA and ozone formation potentials that rival other prominent sources, such as motor vehicles. With emission timescales from minutes to years, emission rates and source profiles need to be included, updated, and/or validated in emissions inventories with expected regional and national variability. In particular, intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (IVOCs and SVOCs) are key precursors to SOA, but are excluded or poorly represented in emissions inventories and exempt from emissions targets. We present an expanded framework for classifying VOC, IVOC, and SVOC emissions from this diverse array of sources that emphasizes a life cycle approach over longer timescales and three emission pathways that extend beyond the short-term evaporation of VOCs: (1) solvent evaporation, (2) solute off-gassing, and (3) volatilization of degradation by-products. Furthermore, we find that ambient SOA formed from these non-combustion-related emissions could be misattributed to fossil fuel combustion due to the isotopic signature of their petroleum-based feedstocks.
Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and maternal weight during early pregnancy.

Abstract Background Phthalates are a class of chemicals that may be associated with obesity in non-pregnant populations. Little is known about the association between pregnancy phthalate exposure and maternal obesity. Objective We evaluated the association between early-pregnancy urinary concentrations of specific phthalate metabolites and the distribution of body mass index (BMI, cross-sectional), and early gestational weight gain (GWG, prospective). Methods We measured 1st trimester urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations (median 9.9 weeks gestation) in 347 women from the LIFECODES pregnancy cohort (Boston, MA), who delivered term births. All measures were adjusted for specific-gravity and log-transformed. We used quantile regression to evaluate shifts in the entire outcome distributions, calculating multivariable-adjusted differences in the associations between these phthalate metabolites and BMI and GWG at the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of these anthropometric outcomes. Results Higher concentrations of mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) were associated with a rightward shift of 2.8 kg/m2 at the 75th percentiles of BMI (lowest vs highest quartile, 95% CI: 0.2-5.4) and 1.3 kg at the 75th percentiles of early GWG (lowest vs second quartiles, 95% CI: 0.3-2.4). A significant right-shift in the upper tail of BMI was also observed at higher concentrations of mono-benzyl (MBzP), mono-3-carboxypropyl (MCPP), and a summary measure of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (∑DEHP). ∑DEHP was also associated with lower GWG. Conclusions Certain phthalates may be associated with shifts in maternal obesity measures, with MEP, MBzP, MCPP, and ∑DEHP being cross-sectionally associated with 1st trimester BMI and MEP and ∑DEHP being positively and inversely associated with early GWG, respectively.
In-sensor analytics and energy-aware self-optimization in a wireless sensor node

With the proliferation of distributed sensors and Internet of Thing end-nodes, aggregate data transfer to the back-end servers in the cloud is expected to become prohibitively large which not only results in network congestion, but also high energy expenditure a the sensor nodes. This motivates in-sensor data analytics that can perform context-aware acquisition and processing of data; and transmit data only when required. This paper presents a camera based wireless sensor node with in-sensor computation, wireless communication and end-to-end system optimization. Depending on the amount of information content and the wireless channel quality, the system chooses the minimum-energy operating-point by dynamically adjusting the processing depth (PD) and power ampUfier (PA) gain. We demonstrate a complete end-to-end system and measure 3.7 χ reduction in energy consumption compared to a baseline design where only rudimentary image compression is performed.
Revealing unidentifiable attacks in power systems using angle modulated particle swarm optimization and dormant measurement techniques

The power system is a crucial infrastructure which supports computer systems that affect many aspects of our daily lives, and thus a constant target of hackers' malicious attacks. An unidentifiable attack is a new type of bad data injection attack on power systems that confuses the control center software by manipulating measurement data so that there exist multiple feasible solutions for state estimation and thus no deterministic state estimation solution can be produced. To reveal and defend against this type of attacks, these multiple feasible solutions must be solved in advance. This paper proposes a fast and reliable algorithm to reveal such unidentifiable attacks. The algorithm combines the angle modulated particle swarm optimization (AMPSO) and the dormant measurement technique. The AMPSO is employed to reduce the complex high-dimensional binary search problem defined in discrete space to a simple four-dimensional search problem defined in continuous space; the dormant measurement technique is used to avoid repeated computation of state estimation. Simulation results using the IEEE 14-bus and 30-bus systems show that our proposed method produces multiple feasible solutions fast and reliably.
Survivorship care visits in a high-risk population of breast cancer survivors

Breast cancer survivors face numerous challenges after diagnosis and treatment. Several models have been developed to attempt to improve quality of care. Here, we describe characteristics and outcomes of patients who participated in survivorship visits (SV) at Johns Hopkins (JH). We retrospectively reviewed charts of breast cancer patients who participated in an optional SV 1–3 months after completing locoregional therapy and initial systemic therapy. We report patient demographics, comorbidities, tumor characteristics, treatments, and responses to symptom questionnaires. We compared the characteristics of SV participants to stage I–III analytical cases in the 2010–2015 JH Cancer Registry (JHCR). We identified 87 women with stage I–III breast cancer who participated in SVs from 2010 to 2016. Compared to patients in the JHCR (n = 2942), SV participants were younger, more likely to be African American and more likely to have a higher TNM stage, hormone receptor-negative disease, and HER2-positive disease. They were more likely to have received chemotherapy and radiation therapy. They also have similar recurrence rates despite the SV cohort’s shorter median follow-up time. Among SV participants, the prevalence of comorbidities including peripheral neuropathy, anemia, lymphedema, anxiety, deep vein thrombosis, and depression increased significantly from time of diagnosis to most recent follow-up. Compared to the JHCR cohort, SV participants had higher risk cancers and a high frequency of comorbidities potentially associated with breast cancer and therapy. These high-risk patients may benefit most from specific interventions targeting survivorship care, and their experiences may help improve care delivery models.
Functional Connectivities Are More Informative Than Anatomical Variables in Diagnostic Classification of Autism

Abstract Machine learning techniques have been implemented to reveal brain features that distinguish people with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) from typically developing (TD) peers. However, it r...
Governing through support: Migrant women’s affective labor and government services for migrant workers in South Korea

ABSTRACTA central thread in migration studies is the various forms of state power that produce precarious conditions for migrants in favor of capital mobility and accumulation. The case of South Ko...