cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Analysis of Gly-Leu-Gly-Gly-Lys Peptide Dication Structures and Cation-Radical Dissociations Following Electron Transfer: From Electron Attachment to Backbone Cleavage, Ion–Molecule Complexes, and Fragment Separation

Experimental data from ion mobility measurements and electron transfer dissociation were combined with extensive computational analysis of ion structures and dissociation energetics for Gly-Leu-Gly-Gly-Lys cations and cation radicals. Experimental and computational collision cross sections of (GLGGK + 2H)2+ ions pointed to a dominant folding motif that is represented in all low free-energy structures. The local folding motifs were preserved in several fragment ions produced by electron transfer dissociation. Gradient optimizations of (GLGGK + 2H)+• cation-radicals revealed local energy minima corresponding to distonic zwitterionic structures as well as aminoketyl radicals. Both of these structural types can isomerize to low-energy tautomers that are protonated at the radical-containing amide group forming a new type of intermediates, −C•O–NH2+– and −C•(OH)NH2+–, respectively. Extensive mapping with B3LYP, M06-2X, and MP2(frozen core) calculations of the potential energy surface of the ground doublet elect...
First-Line Supervision and Strategic Decision Making Under Compstat and Community Policing:

Compstat and community policing are powerful movements in U.S. police reform. Although different in important respects, both are heralded for being strategic, or strengthening a police organization...
Comparison of the deratization effect to Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus with 4 kinds of bait boxes

Objective To observe the deratization effect in different times for 10,20,30,45 and 60 d to Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus with 4 kinds of bait poison boxes: cement boxes,triangle boxes,trapezoidal boxes with one opening,rectangle boxes with one opening.Methods Carrying out on-the-spot test with bait poisons in 3 rural areas of Linyi city.Corn,wheat bait poisons of 0.05% diphacine-Na,and mixed bait poisons(Corn∶wheat 6∶4) were put respectively into bait boxes.S-100 check was used to evaluate the deratization effect.Results The deratization rate with 4 kinds of bait boxes was progressively ascend as time went on,result as follows,the deratization rate on the 60 th day with corn bait poison in cement boxes and triangle boxes,to Mus musculus were 99.09%and 93.16%,to Rattus norvegicus were 98.67% and 96.06%;with wheat bait poison in cement boxes and triangle boxes,to Mus musculus were 95.83%and 91.09%,to Rattus norvegicus were 97.79% and 97.71%.The deratization rate on the 45 th day with mixed bait in trapezoidal boxes with one opening,rectangle boxes with one opening,and triangle boxes,to Mus musculus were 100.00%,95.60% and 99.81%,to Rattus norvegicus were 91.89,95.85% and 100.00%.Conclusion The deratization effect with 4 kinds of bait poison boxes were very effective.The preventive deratization method with bait boxes must be spread in rural areas.
Shared decision making in the ED: ethical considerations

The process of shared decision making (SDM) is an ethical imperative in the physician-patient relationship, especially in the emergency department (ED), where SDM can present unique challenges because patients and emergency physicians often have no established relationship and decisions about diagnosis, treatment, and disposition are time dependent. SDM should be guided by the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice and the related principle of stewardship of finite resources. The objective of this article is to outline the ethical considerations of SDM in the ED in the context of diagnostic evaluations, therapeutic interventions, disposition decisions, and conflict resolution and to explore strategies for reaching decision consensus. Several cases are presented to highlight the ethical principles in SDM in the ED. SDM is an important approach to diagnostic testing in the ED. Achieving agreement regarding diagnostic evaluations requires a balance of respect for patient autonomy and stewardship of resources. SDM regarding ED therapeutic interventions is an important component of the balance of respect for patient autonomy and beneficence. While respecting patient autonomy, emergency physicians also recognize the importance of the application of professional judgment to achieve the best possible outcome for patients. SDM as an ethical imperative in the context of ED disposition is especially important because of the frequent ambiguity of equipoise in these situations. Unique clinical situations such as pediatric patients or patients who lack decisional capacity merit special consideration.
From History to Historical Remembrance in Holocaust Studies

I explain how the study of the Holocaust of European Jews has shifted since the 1980s from its realities to its remembered legacies. I review a succession of issues about Holocaust memory from the Historians’ Dispute in Germany over the limits of its representation during the 1980s, to strategies of German statesmen to find a symbolic compromise in its official commemorations during the 1990s, to reflections on moral responsibility in the passing of living memory of the Holocaust into written history in our times. I close with discussion of recent work on the globalization of Holocaust remembrance as a historiographical reference in the campaign for human rights in our times.
Enabling high-quality untethered virtual reality

Today's virtual reality (VR) headsets require a cable connection to a PC or game console. This cable significantly limits the player's mobility and, hence, her VR experience. The high data rate requirement of this link (multiple Gbps) precludes its replacement by WiFi. Thus, in this paper, we focus on using mmWave technology to deliver multi-Gbps wireless communication between VR headsets and their game consoles. We address the two key problems that prevent existing mmWave links from being used in VR systems. First, mmWave signals suffer from a blockage problem, i.e., they operate mainly in line-of-sight and can be blocked by simple obstacles such as the player lifting her hand in front of the headset. Second, mmWave radios use highly directional antennas with very narrow beams; they work only when the transmitter's beam is aligned with the receiver's beam. Any small movement of the headset can break the alignment and stall the data stream. We present MoVR, a novel system that allows mmWave links to sustain high data rates even in the presence of a blockage and mobility. MoVR does this by introducing a smart mmWave mirror and leveraging VR headset tracking information. We implement MoVR and empirically demonstrate its performance using an HTC VR headset.
Stackelberg Solutions for Singular Dynamic Input-Output Models

Abstract The first part of the paper is a short review of the dynamic input-output model of macroeconomic systems. By using the input-output approach, a dynamic input-output model with two control variables is presented. With the appropriate performance objective (such as the consumption-tracking control criterion), a dynamic game model of the macroeconomic system is constructed. In the second part, the Stackelberg strategy concept is introduced to the dynamic game given in the first part. By using the standard variational techniques, the necessary conditions for the existence of open-loop Stackelberg strategy is derived, and the open-loop Stackelberg strategy is given. In addition, an example is provided for illustrating the results of the paper.
All the Kremlin’s men: inside the court of Vladimir Putin

The title of the book is quite self-explanatory; it conveys the unprecedented story of Kremlin’s politics told through testimonies of Putin’s courtiers. Taken this into consideration, it might be u...
The 2016 Presidential Election

Bitecofer recaps the major events of the 2016 general election starting with the party conventions and ending with Donald Trump’s unexpected victory on Election Day. Both party conventions begin mired in speculation about brokered conventions and delegate revolts. As the general election moves on, the Trump campaign is plagued by scandals, most of which are unforced errors by their nominee. Heading into Election Day, Hillary Clinton’s victory is all but guaranteed until the polls close in Florida and the state’s 29 Electoral College votes are added to Donald Trump’s total. With one candidate earning 3 million more popular votes and the other candidate winning the Electoral College, the 2016 presidential election ends with one final unprecedented act.
Order in chaos

New insights continue to emerge into fluid mixing -- a complex process that remains poorly understood. The latest progress comes from experimental investigations of a type of low-speed mixing called chaotic advection, which show that surprisingly stable spatial patterns can arise.
THE STRUCTURE OF ACTIVATED CARBON AND ADSORPTION-EXTENSION BEHAVIOR

When solid porous adsorbents are immersed in fluids which lower their surface free energies, it is mechanically equivalent to subjecting the solid materials of the adsorbents to dilational stresses. These dilational stresses cause changes in the dimensions of the porous adsorbents (adsorption-extension). The magnitudes of the dilational stresses and the changes in dimensions resulting from immersion of the porous adsorbents can be correlated with the relevant adsorption isotherms and with the “pore structures”. The “pore structures” of activated adsorbents are very complex and must be treated as statistical assemblies. For given porosities and “mean pore sizes” wide variations in behavior will accompany wide variations in statistical “dispersion”. Experimental data obtained from an unusually fine-grained zinc chloride activated carbon indicate that the wall thickness of the capillary regions vary by fairly large factors (about eight-fold variation in area) and also that the effective surface potentials of the thick walled (small pore) regions are greater than those of the thinner walled regions.
Circadian regulation of kidney function: finding a role for Bmal1.

Mounting evidence suggests that there is an internal molecular “clock” within the kidney to help maintain normal renal function. Disturbance of the kidney circadian rhythm may pose a threat to wate...
Bioinformatics Challenges and Opportunities

As biomedical research and healthcare continue to progress in the genomic/post genomic era a number of important challenges and opportunities exist in the broad area of biomedical informatics. In the context of this chapter we define bioinformatics as the field that focuses on information, data, and knowledge in the context of biological and biomedical research. The key challenges to bioinformatics essentially all relate to the current flood of raw data, aggregate information, and evolving knowledge arising from the study of the genome and its manifestation. In this chapter we first briefly review the source of this data. We then provide some informatics frameworks for organizing and thinking about challenges and opportunities in bioinformatics. We use then use one informatics framework to illustrate specific challenges from the informatics perspective. As a contrast we provide also an alternate perspective of the challenges and opportunities from the biological point of view. Both perspectives are then illustrated with case studies related to identifying and addressing challenges for bioinformatics in the real world.
On the Concept of Development: Contextualism, relative time, and the role of dialectics

Let us begin this commentary with a story. There once lived a deeply religious and philosophical man named Qoheleth who decided to reflect on one of the ultimate questions confronting humanity: what is the meaning of life? Initially, Qoheleth despaired. He realized that one generation arises on the scene, plays out its part, and dies, only to be replaced by another generation. Only the world, it seemed, stayed forever. He found no comfort in the thought that death was the end. No, there had to be something else, some reason for existence that transcended death. A live dog did not have to be better off than a dead lion. All memory of people did not have to be lost. So, one by one Qoheleth considered potential reasons for or meanings of life. He rejected the hypotheses of money, power, and possessions as being empty — those who had them still lacked something essential. Finally, he decided that love was the only meaning that fit; love is the reason for living. Love gives life purpose. And the ultimate love — universal, noncontingent love — is the ultimate goal of life.
The Bottom Line: Decisions in Business and Economics

As a general rule, business decisions are easier to analyze than most. The goals are generally clearly defined (maximizing profits, minimizing costs); reliable information is often available (the size of potential markets, the effect of advertising on sales); and the causal relationship between what you do and what ultimately happens, is clearer. But for all of that, many decisions are made by the “seat of one’s pants.”
Systems analysis of the liver transcriptome in adult male zebrafish exposed to the non-ionic surfactant nonylphenol.

Abstract Nonylphenol (NP) arises from the environmental degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates. It is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant and has been detected at levels up to 167 nM in rivers in the United States. NP is an endocrine disruptor (ED) that can act as an agonist for estrogen receptors. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework defines an adverse outcome as the causal result of a series of molecular initiating events (MIEs) and key events (KEs) that lead to altered phenotypes. This study examined the liver transcriptome after a 21 day exposure to NP and 17β-estradiol (E2) by exploiting the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a systems toxicology model. The goal of this study was to tease out non-estrogenic genomic signatures associated with NP exposure using DNA microarray and RNA sequencing. Our experimental design included E2 as a positive and potent estrogenic control in order to effectively compare and contrast the 2 compounds. This approach allowed us to identify hepatic transcriptomic perturbations that could serve as MIEs for adverse health outcomes in response to NP. Our results revealed that exposure to NP was associated with differential expression (DE) of genes associated with the development of steatosis, disruption of metabolism, altered immune response, and metabolism of reactive oxygen species, further highlighting NP as a chemical of emerging concern (CEC).
TennisEye: tennis ball speed estimation using a racket-mounted motion sensor

Aggressive tennis shots with high ball speed are the key factor in winning a tennis match. Today's tennis players are increasingly focused on improving ball speed. As a result, in recent tennis tournaments, records of tennis shot speeds are broken again and again. The traditional method for calculating the tennis ball speed uses multiple high-speed cameras and computer vision technology. This method is very expensive and hard to set up. Another way to calculate the tennis ball speed is to use motion sensors, which are lower cost and easier to set up. In this paper, we propose an approach for tennis ball speed estimation based on a racket-mounted motion sensor. We divide the tennis strokes into three categories: serve, groundstroke, and volley. For a serve, a regression model is proposed to estimate the ball speed. For a groundstroke or volley, two models are proposed: a regression model and a physical model. We use the physical model to estimate the ball speed for advanced players and the regression model for beginner players. Under the leave-one-subject-out cross-validation test, evaluation results show that TennisEye is 10.8% more accurate than the state-of-the-art work. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing →Ubiquitous computing; Mobile computing; Mobile devices;
Thermal hydraulics modeling of On-line refueling for the Advanced High Temperature Reactor (AHTR)

Abstract As part of the effort to move forward the Fluoride salt-cooled High-temperature Reactor (FHR) technology, the Advanced High Temperature Reactor (AHTR) is being developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and several other institutions. Due to its plank fuel design and inherently low heavy metal loading, which challenges fuel utilization, online refueling is considered as an option for improving the economic viability of this reactor. This work presents the thermal hydraulic modeling of the online refueling for the AHTR. Analyses at the single channel and fuel assembly level have been performed in order to develop a model of the reactor. The reactor modeling has been integrated with CFD studies for characterizing the steady state conditions and the refueling transient. The simulations of the transient have been complemented by the analysis of the stability of the refueling operation. This work demonstrates the viability of online refueling from a thermal hydraulic standpoint and develops a modeling approach for this type of operational transient.
A Study on Switch Block Patterns for Tileable FPGA Routing Architectures

Following the rapid growth of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) sizes, the regularity of architectures has become a critical feature, leading to the development of millionof-LUT devices. While the routing architecture plays a dominant role in the area, delay and power of modern FPGAs, most of previously published works focus on improving the routability and performance of FPGAs while very few studied tileable (highly-regular) routing architectures. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis between tileable and popular nontileable FPGAs considering modern routing architectures. First, we upgrade VPR to generate tileable routing architecture, which can support different switch block patterns for (1) the routing tracks that start/end in a tile and (2) the routing tracks that pass through a tile. Then, we evaluate the performance of mixed switch blocks patterns in the context of a Stratix IV-like FPGA architecture, by considering the most representative patterns, i.e., Subset, Universal and Wilton. Experimental results show that averaged over the MCNC and VTR benchmarks, when compared to the well-optimized non-tileable architectures, the tileable architectures can improve the minimum routable channel width by 13% and area-delay product by 2%. In particular, our results showed that in the context of tileable FPGA, a mix of Universal and Wilton switch block patterns lead to the best tradeoff in area, delay and routability, while Wilton switch block was the best choice in non-tileable FPGAs.
Nutrition-Focused Physical Examination and Assessment in Chronic Kidney Disease

The initial Medicare Conditions for Coverage for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were available in 1976 directing registered dietitian/nutritionists (RDN) to perform a nutrition-focused physical examination (NFPE) as part of their assessment. However, most NFPE practices by the RDN began with the introduction of the subjective global assessment (SGA) in the 1980s. It was not until the 1990s that the NFPE became more widely used in assessment practices and was introduced into the nutrition care process in 2003. Components of the NFPE were first included in the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics’ (Academy) 2012 Revised Standards of Practice in Nutrition Care and Standards of Practice/Standards of Professional Performance (SOP/SOPP) for RDNs that are now part of the SOP/SOPP for RDNs in both adult and pediatric populations. The revised 2014 SOP/SOPP for RDNs in Nephrology Nutrition also contain the required NFPE core standards of practice indicators for NFPE.
In Vivo Estimates of Liver Metabolic Flux Assessed by 13C-Propionate and 13C-Lactate Are Impacted by Tracer Recycling and Equilibrium Assumptions.

Summary Isotope-based assessment of metabolic flux is achieved through a judicious balance of measurements and assumptions. Recent publications debate the validity of key assumptions used to model stable isotope labeling of liver metabolism in vivo. Here, we examine the controversy surrounding estimates of liver citric acid cycle and gluconeogenesis fluxes using a flexible modeling platform that enables rigorous testing of standard assumptions. Fasted C57BL/6J mice are infused with [13C3]lactate or [13C3]propionate isotopes, and hepatic fluxes are regressed using models with gradually increasing complexity and relaxed assumptions. We confirm that liver pyruvate cycling fluxes are incongruent between different 13C tracers in models with conventional assumptions. When models are expanded to include more labeling measurements and fewer constraining assumptions, however, liver pyruvate cycling is significant, and inconsistencies in hepatic flux estimates using [13C3]lactate and [13C3]propionate isotopes emanate, in part, from peripheral tracer recycling and incomplete isotope equilibration within the citric acid cycle.
Coordinated Movement for Prosthesis Reference Trajectory Generation: Temporal Factors and Attention

Data-driven gait prediction can provide a reference trajectory for a wide variety of simple and complex movements captured in the training data. Coordinated Movement (CM) is a data-driven approach that maps movements of the body to movements of target joints, such as the ankle and knee. We have previously shown that the performance of CM for complex activities can be improved by adding more training data. In this paper we demonstrate that performance can also be improved by 1) including a history of the target joint angles as inputs to the model and 2) dynamic reallocation of the importance of the inputs over time using a neural network technique called Attention. These modifications are applicable when additional training data is limited. We also observe that Attention can follow important events in gait over time, adding interpretability to the system.
Considerations for Pediatric Retirement from Athletics Following Repetitive Concussive Traumatic Brain Injury: Incorporating the Right to an Open Future

Guidance regarding the decision to remove an adolescent from athletic competition immediately following an acute concussive injury and the safe return of play in the short term is widely accepted and supported by clinical evidence, local institutional policies, and state and federal laws. There is considerably less guidance regarding the decision to permanently retire an adolescent athlete for medical reasons due to concussive injuries. In this article, we discuss the clinical and non-clinical considerations that should guide clinicians in discussions regarding the adolescent athlete’s permanent retirement by emphasizing the ethical obligation to protect the child’s right to an open future as possibly determinative in otherwise ambiguous cases.
Neighboring Disability in Medieval Literature

This article brings together Critical Disability Studies and the ethics of neighboring to examine not only the intimate alterity of disabled figures in medieval literature, but also how nonnormativ...
Conversations in Community Change: Voices from the Field

The Virginia Tech Institute for Policy and Governance launched an experiment in 2011 called the Community Voices initiative. Community Voices was a student-led group devoted to bringing graduate students and faculty from diverse backgrounds into thoughtful dialogue with leaders who have devoted their professional lives to spurring or assisting with community change. This book is the product of those conversations. Conversations in Community Change features 12 interviews conducted by members of Community Voices, since renamed the Community Change Collaborative (CCC). The interviewees are leaders who have worked in many different contexts across the public, nonprofit, and for-profit sectors to instigate meaningful change (democratic social, political and economic) in their communities. The animating idea behind these interviews is that those in search of peaceful democratic social change, especially amidst ongoing economic and social dislocation, have much to learn from one another within the United States and internationally, and at all levels of governance. Among the topics and initiatives discussed in the book: - Efforts to secure civil and human rights for groups that have historically experienced discrimination, - How food system pioneers are seeking to make alternatives to the present corporate-dominated food production framework real for growers and consumers alike, - How the arts can open up new public and private spaces to permit reconsideration of otherwise dominant assumptions and thinking, - The social exigencies created by capitalism’s constant economic dislocation and roiling, Ultimately, readers will come away from the book with a fuller appreciation for the complexities of democratic change—and the need for modesty, patience, and perseverance among those who would seek to lead or encourage such efforts. The MARC records for VT Publishing books can be downloaded here .
Targeted delivery of cytotoxic proteins to prostate cancer via conjugation to small molecule urea-based PSMA inhibitors

Prostate cancer cells are characterized by a remarkably low proliferative rate and the production of high levels of prostate-specific proteases. Protein-based toxins are attractive candidates for prostate cancer therapy because they kill cells via proliferation-independent mechanisms. However, the non-specific cytotoxicity of these potent cytotoxins must be redirected to avoid toxicity to normal tissues. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) is membrane-bound carboxypeptidase that is highly expressed by prostate cancer cells. Potent dipeptide PSMA inhibitors have been developed that can selectively deliver and concentrate imaging agents within prostate cancer cells based on continuous PSMA internalization and endosomal cycling. On this basis, we conjugated a PSMA inhibitor to the apoptosis-inducing human protease Granzyme B and the potent Pseudomonas exotoxin protein toxin fragment, PE35. We assessed selective PSMA binding and entrance into tumor cell to induce cell death. We demonstrated these agents selectively bound to PSMA and became internalized. PSMA-targeted PE35 toxin was selectively toxic to PSMA producing cells in vitro. Intratumoral and intravenous administration of this toxin produced marked tumor killing of PSMA-producing xenografts with minimal host toxicity. These studies demonstrate that urea-based PSMA inhibitors represent a simpler, less expensive alternative to antibodies as a means to deliver cytotoxic proteins to prostate cancer cells.
Dielectric Polymers Tolerant to Electric Field and Temperature Extremes: Integration of Phenomenology, Informatics, and Experimental Validation.

Flexible polymer dielectrics tolerant to electric field and temperature extremes are urgently needed for a spectrum of electrical and electronic applications. Given the complexity of the dielectric breakdown mechanism and the vast chemical space of polymers, the discovery of suitable candidates is nontrivial. We have laid the foundation for a systematic search of the polymer chemical space, which starts with "gold-standard" experimental measurements and data on the temperature-dependent breakdown strength (Ebd) for a benchmark set of commercial dielectric polymer films. Phenomenological guidelines are derived from this data set on easily accessible properties (or "proxies") that are correlated with Ebd. Screening criteria based on these proxy properties (e.g., band gap, charge injection barrier, and cohesive energy density) and other necessary characteristics (e.g., a high glass transition temperature to maintain the thermal stability and a high dielectric constant for high energy density) were then setup. These criteria, along with machine learning models of these properties, were used to screen polymers candidates from a candidate list of more than 13 000 previously synthesized polymers, followed by experimental validation of some of the screened candidates. These efforts have led to the creation of a consistent and high-quality data set of temperature-dependent Ebd, and the identification of screening criteria, chemical design rules, and a list of optimal polymer candidates for high-temperature and high-energy-density capacitor applications, thus demonstrating the power of an integrated and informatics-based philosophy for rational materials design.
Fast response of Amazon rivers to Quaternary climate cycles

Large alluvial rivers transport water and sediment across continents and shape lowland landscapes. Repeated glacial cycles have dominated Earth’s recent climate, but it is unclear whether these riv...
Comparing Characteristics and Postoperative Outcomes of Hysterectomy for Endometriosis Versus Other Benign Indications: A NSQIP Study

Study Objective Endometriosis is known to cause mild to significant intra-abdominal adhesions, theoretically making surgical procedures more challenging. However, little comparative surgical outcomes data is available. Design The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (ACS-NSQIP) database was searched from 2018 to 2019 for all total hysterectomies. Hysterectomies for malignant conditions, emergent cases, and cases with pre-operative morbidity were excluded. Univariate comparisons were made between patients with hysterectomies for endometriosis vs other benign indications (abnormal bleeding, leiomyoma, prolapse, and pelvic pain). Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between primary outcomes and hysterectomy indication, with covariates in the adjusted model including age, race, ethnicity and surgical route. Setting Within 30 days post operative. Patients or Participants Patients undergoing hysterectomy 18-55 years old. Interventions Hysterectomy. Measurements and Main Results A total of 29,742 women underwent hysterectomies, of which 3,596 (12.1%) were performed for endometriosis. Patients undergoing hysterectomy for endometriosis were statistically likely to be younger, predominately white, and had lower BMI. They were also more likely to have had prior abdominal surgery, prior pelvic surgery, undergo a laparoscopic approach, and undergo lysis of adhesions (all p Conclusion Patients undergoing hysterectomy for endometriosis were more likely to experience major morbidity and deep surgical site infection compared to patients with other benign indications.
Multi-omics analysis of spatially distinct stromal cells reveals tumor-induced O-glycosylation of the CDK4-pRB axis in fibroblasts at the invasive tumor edge.

The invasive leading edge represents a potential gateway for tumor metastasis. The role of fibroblasts from the tumor edge in promoting cancer invasion and metastasis has not been comprehensively elucidated. We hypothesize that crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) results in activation of key biological pathways depending on their position in the tumor (edge vs core). Here we highlight phenotypic differences between tumor-adjacent-fibroblasts (TAF) from the invasive edge and tumor core fibroblasts (TCF) from the tumor core, established from human lung adenocarcinomas. A multi-omics approach that includes genomics, proteomics, and O-glycoproteomics was used to characterize crosstalk between TAFs and cancer cells. These analyses showed that O-glycosylation, an essential post-translational modification resulting from sugar metabolism, alters key biological pathways including the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (CDK4-pRB) axis in the stroma and indirectly modulates pro-invasive features of cancer cells. In summary, the O-glycoproteome represents a new consideration for important biological processes involved in tumor-stroma crosstalk and a potential avenue to improve the anti-cancer efficacy of CDK4 inhibitors.
Track and Field in a Program of Physical Education for Girls

(1942). Track and Field in a Program of Physical Education for Girls. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 89-109.
Teflon AF Materials.

The unique combination of chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability, high fractional free volume, low refractive index, low surface energy, and wide optical transparency has led to growing interest in Teflon Amorphous Fluoropolymers (AFs) for a wide spectrum of applications ranging from chemical separations and sensors to bioassay platforms. New opportunities arise from the incorporation of nanoscale materials in Teflon AFs. In this chapter, we highlight fractional free volume – the most important property of Teflon AFs – with the aim of clarifying the unique transport behavior through Teflon AF membranes. We then review state-of-the-art developments based on Teflon AF platforms by focusing on the chemistry behind the applications.
On Abstract Wiener Measure

In a recent paper, Sato [6] has shown that for every Gaussian measure n on a real separable or reflexive Banach space (X , ‖ • ‖) there exists a separable closed sub-space X〵 of X such that and is the σ-extension of the canonical Gaussian cylinder measure of a real separable Hilbert space such that the norm is contiunous on and is dense in The main purpose of this note is to prove that ‖ • ‖ x〵 is measurable (and not merely continuous) on .
Theory of algebraic invariants

Preface Introduction Part I. The Elements of Invariant Theory: 1. The forms 2. The linear transformation 3. The concept of an invariant 4. Properties of invariants and covariants 5. The operation symbols D and D 6. The smallest system of conditions for the determination of the invariants and covariants 7. The number of invariants of degree g 8. The invariants and covariants of degree two and three 9. Simultaneous invariants and covariants 10. Covariants of covariants 11. The invariants and covariants as functions of the roots 12. The invariants and covariants as functions of the one-sided derivatives 13. The symbolic representation of invariants and covariants Part II. The Theory of Invariant Fields: 14. Proof of the finitenesss of the full invariant system via representation by root differences 15. A generalizable proof for the finiteness of the full invariant system 16. The system of invariants I I1, I2, ..., Ik 17. The vanishing of the invariants 18. The ternary nullform 19. The finiteness of the number of irreducible syzygies and of the syzygy chain 20. The inflection point problem for plane curves of order three 21. The generalization of invariant theory 22. Observations about new types of coordinates.
Simulation of A∼2A1←X∼2E laser excitation spectrum of CH3O and CD3O

Abstract A theoretical calculation of the laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectrum from X ∼ 2 E → A ∼ 2 A 1 is carried out for CH3O and CD3O using a transition dipole moment surface expanded up to second order. The vibronic form of these operators is obtained using symmetry arguments. The A ∼ 2 A 1 vibrational levels are calculated using Van Vleck perturbation theory, and the latter is used to adjust harmonic constants of the potential to match experimental fundamentals. The CH3O fit force field is tested on CD3O. For both molecules the transition energies are well reproduced, but there are systematic differences between experimental and theoretical intensities. The origins of these differences are discussed.
Interactivity and Computer-Based Instruction

Interactivity is one of the most important factors in the design and development of effective computer-based instructional materials. The following article describes this instructional component, its overall purpose in various learning environments, benefits that can be gained from its utilization, and its specific use within computer-based instruction. A number of strategies are also provided to assist instructional designers in their utilization of this significant program element.
The Surprisingly Complex Case for Disclosure of Contributions and Expenditures Funding Sham Issue Advocacy

In the seemingly endless debate between supporters and detractors of campaign finance limits, one thing both sides seemed to have agreed upon is the need for effective disclosure of campaign contributions and expenditures. However, consensus on the need for disclosure appears to be crumbling. This article considers the constitutionality of disclosure of contributions and expenditures used to fund sham "issue advocacy," that is electioneering advertisements that avoid words of "express advocacy" like "Vote for Smith." Sham issue advocacy has exploded in recent years, and is generally not subject to disclosure under federal or state law. This article explains why legislation that directly targets sham issue advocacy faces constitutional challenges and considers how those constitutional problems perhaps may be solved. Disclosure laws have the best chance of passing constitutional muster if they contain clear standards for disclosure that are not overly burdensome. Even such laws, however, run a risk of unconstitutionality on overbreadth grounds, because they will regulate some speech that is not unambiguously related to the election. I argue however, that such overbreadth can be limited to a very small number of cases, and, as minimized, such disclosure laws should be upheld as constitutional. In the end, anything but a rule allowing disclosure of sham issue advocacy will seriously hamper meaningful campaign finance regulation. Thus, it is worth every effort to craft constitutional disclosure laws.
In vivo, three‐dimensional microscopy of trabecular bone

Osteoporosis, which is correlated with low bone mass and increased bone fragility, is responsible for about 1.2 million fractures per year in the United States. We have used the three-dimensional (3-D), X-ray tomographic microscope to image the trabecular bone architecture of the proximal tibias of six Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo. Three of these rats were then ovariectomized to induce estrogen depletion, and three remained as controls. Five weeks later, the tibias were reimaged. The ovariectomized rats lost approximately 65% of their trabecular bone volume as compared with an insignificant change in the control rats. The connectivity density of the trabecular bone, as measured by the Euler characteristic, was linearly correlated with trabecular bone volume, even in the ovariectomized rats. Hypoestrogenemic bone loss manifested itself in greatly reduced connectivity and fewer trabecular elements, but not in thinning of trabeculae. The ability to microscopically image sequential changes in the 3-D architecture of trabecular bone in vivo will allow exploration of the earliest stages of hypoestrogenemic bone loss and to more rapidly test the effectiveness of new clinical treatments for this major public health problem.
Strain relaxation mechanisms and local structural changes in Si 1 − x Ge x alloys

In this work, we address issues pertinent to the understanding of the structural and electronic properties of ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$ alloys, namely, (i) how does the lattice constant mismatch between bulk Si and bulk Ge manifest itself in the alloy system? and (ii) what are the relevant strain release mechanisms? To provide answers to these questions, we have carried out an in-depth study of the changes in the local geometric and electronic structures arising from the strain relaxation in ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$ alloys. We first compute the optimized lattice constant for different compositions (x) by fully relaxing the system and by minimizing the total energy with respect to the lattice constant at each composition, using an ab initio molecular dynamics scheme. The optimized lattice constant, while exhibiting a general trend of linear dependence on the composition (Vegard's law), shows a negative deviation from Vegard's law in the vicinity of $x=0.5.$ We delineate the mechanisms responsible for each one of the above features. We show that the radial-strain relaxation through bond stretching is responsible for the overall trend of linear dependence of the lattice constant on the composition. On the other hand, the negative deviation from Vegard's law is shown to arise from the angular-strain relaxation. More specifically, the combined effect of the local bond-angle deviations from the tetrahedral angle and the magnitudes of the corresponding peaks for the partial-angle distribution function determines the negative deviation from Vegard's law. The electronic origin of the changes in the local geometric structure due to strain relaxation is also presented in this work. In particular, the correlation between the bond charges and the bond-lengths for Si-Si, Ge-Ge, and Si-Ge pairs in ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$ alloys for different compositions is explicitly shown. Our calculation of the average coordination number as a function of composition indicates a random occupation of Si and Ge on the lattice sites, suggesting that Si and Ge atoms are fully miscible in the alloy system.
Enzymology of RNA cap synthesis

The 5' guanine-N7 methyl cap is unique to cellular and viral messenger RNA (mRNA) and is the first co-transcriptional modification of mRNA. The mRNA cap plays a pivotal role in mRNA biogenesis and stability, and is essential for efficient splicing, mRNA export, and translation. Capping occurs by a series of three enzymatic reactions that results in formation of N7-methyl guanosine linked through a 5'-5' inverted triphosphate bridge to the first nucleotide of a nascent transcript. Capping of cellular mRNA occurs co-transcriptionally and in vivo requires that the capping apparatus be physically associated with the RNA polymerase II elongation complex. Certain capped mRNAs undergo further methylation to generate distinct cap structures. Although mRNA capping is conserved among viruses and eukaryotes, some viruses have adopted strategies for capping mRNA that are distinct from the cellular mRNA capping pathway.
Global protein synthesis in human trophoblast is resistant to inhibition by hypoxia.

Placental growth and function depend on syncytial cell processes which require the continuing synthesis of cellular proteins. The substantial energy demands of protein synthesis are met primarily from oxidative metabolism. Although the responses of individual proteins produced by the syncytiotrophoblast to oxygen deprivation have been investigated previously, there is no information available on global protein synthesis in syncytiotrophoblast under conditions of hypoxia. These studies were designed to test the hypothesis that syncytial protein synthesis is decreased in a dose-dependent manner by hypoxia. Experiments were performed to measure amino acid incorporation into proteins in primary syncytiotrophoblast cells exposed to oxygen concentrations ranging from 0 to 10%. Compared to cells exposed to normoxia (10% O2), no changes were observed following exposure to 5% or 3% O2, but after exposure to 1% O2, protein synthesis after 24 and 48 h decreased by 24% and 23% and with exposure to 0% O2, by 65% and 50%. As a consequence of these results, we hypothesized that global protein synthesis in conditions of severe hypoxia was being supported by glucose metabolism. Additional experiments were performed therefore to examine the role of glucose in supporting protein synthesis. These demonstrated that at each oxygen concentration there was a significant, decreasing linear trend in protein synthesis as glucose concentration was reduced. Under conditions of near-anoxia and in the absence of glucose, protein synthesis was reduced by >85%. Even under normoxic conditions (defined as 10% O2) and in the presence of oxidative substrates, reductions in glucose were accompanied by decreases in protein synthesis. These experiments demonstrate that syncytiotrophoblast cells are resistant to reductions in protein synthesis at O2 concentrations greater than 1%. This could be explained by our finding that a significant fraction of protein synthesis in the syncytiotrophoblast is sustained by glycolytic metabolism. This suggests that with increasing degrees of chronic hypoxia there is a shift from oxidative to glycolytic pathways, allowing a substantial degree of protein synthesis to be maintained.
Horizontal gene transfer of epigenetic machinery and evolution of parasitism in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and other apicomplexans

The acquisition of complex transcriptional regulatory abilities and epigenetic machinery facilitated the transition of the ancestor of apicomplexans from a free-living organism to an obligate parasite. The ability to control sophisticated gene expression patterns enabled these ancient organisms to evolve several differentiated forms, invade multiple hosts and evade host immunity. How these abilities were acquired remains an outstanding question in protistan biology. In this work, we study SET domain bearing genes that are implicated in mediating immune evasion, invasion and cytoadhesion pathways of modern apicomplexans, including malaria parasites. We provide the first conclusive evidence of a horizontal gene transfer of a Histone H4 Lysine 20 (H4K20) modifier, Set8, from an animal host to the ancestor of apicomplexans. Set8 is known to contribute to the coordinated expression of genes involved in immune evasion in modern apicomplexans. We also show the likely transfer of a H3K36 methyltransferase (Ashr3 from plants), possibly derived from algal endosymbionts. These transfers appear to date to the transition from free-living organisms to parasitism and coincide with the proposed horizontal acquisition of cytoadhesion domains, the O-glycosyltransferase that modifies these domains, and the primary family of transcription factors found in apicomplexan parasites. Notably, phylogenetic support for these conclusions is robust and the genes clearly are dissimilar to SET sequences found in the closely related parasite Perkinsus marinus, and in ciliates, the nearest free-living organisms with complete genome sequences available. Animal and plant sources of epigenetic machinery provide new insights into the evolution of parasitism in apicomplexans. Along with the horizontal transfer of cytoadhesive domains, O-linked glycosylation and key transcription factors, the acquisition of SET domain methyltransferases marks a key transitional event in the evolution to parasitism in this important protozoan lineage.
Properties of 5'-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase in virus induced murine leukemia.

Abstract Virus-induced 5′-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase (ribosylamine 5′-phosphate:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase (glutamate amidating). (EC 2.4.2.14), the first enzyme in purine biosynthesis, was isolated from spleens of mice infected with Friend leukemia virus, purified and certain of its properties were studied. The enzyme, which catalyzes the synthesis of 5′-phosphoribosylamine has a requirement for two substrates: 5′-phosphoribosyl pyropyhosphate as the phosphoribosyl donor, and for a nitrogen containing compound as a source of the amino group of 5′-phosphoribosylamine. Ribose 5-phosphate could not replace 5′ phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. Nitrogen containing compounds found to be substrates were NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4 and glutamine. The enzyme was sensitive to inhibition by purine ribonucleotides. Inhibition was competitive with 5′-ribosyl pyrophosphate and glutamine, but non competitive with respect to NH4Cl.