cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of malignant tissue cells by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Cancer diagnosis and classification is extremely complicated and, for the most part, relies on subjective interpretation of biopsy material. Such methods are laborious and in some cases might result in different results depending on the histopathologist doing the examination. Automated, real-time diagnostic procedures would greatly facilitate cancer diagnosis and classification. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used for the first time to our knowledge to distinguish normal and malignant tumor cells from histological sections. We found that the concentration of trace elements in normal and tumor cells was significantly different. For comparison, the tissue samples were also analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICPES) system. The results from the LIBS measurement and ICPES analysis were in good agreement.
Should California Include Motor Vehicle Fuels in a Greenhouse Gas Cap-and-Trade Program?

This paper considers whether the California Air Resources Board, in implementing regulations to achieve the greenhouse gas reduction goals of the AB32 legislation, should include motor vehicle fuels as part of a cap-and-trade program. Its conclusion is that it is of importance to do so. While this may be relatively uncontroversial on the grounds of first-best economic principles, there are numerous political, administrative and second-best economic reasons that suggest other courses may be preferred. These reasons include compliance and enforcement concerns, the existence of other regulatory programs for the transportation sector, belief that efficiency gains from inclusion would be small, jurisdictional linkage issues, and both political skepticism and agency inexperience with broad market-based regulation. However, consideration of most of these factors strengthens the conclusion. Additionally, a cap-and-trade market with motor vehicle fuels included is necessary to create an important economic competition between the electricity sector and the motor vehicle fuels sector, in which they (and others) vie to see which can most successfully replace ordinary gasoline and diesel with much greener sources. The overall program will be more effective, efficient and equitable with motor vehicle fuels included as part of the cap-and-trade component. This paper is the earlier working paper version of the final paper published in the Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis.
Decomposition and heavy metal dynamics of forest litter in Northwestern Indiana

Abstract The decomposition rate and heavy metal accumulation of litter of three plant species, black oak ( Quercus velutina Lam.), starry false Solomon's-seal ( Smilacina stellata L.) and quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) were determined for undisturbed urban and rural ecosystems in northwestern Indiana. The urban site has been exposed to contamination from industrial and other urban sources for about 100 years. Significantly higher levels of Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu were found in the litter on the urban site compared with the rural site 67 km away. Black oak litter at the rural site had lost twice as much weight as that of the urban site after eleven months. Starry false Solomon's-seal and quaking aspen litter at the rural site had also lost more weight than at the urban site after six and seven months, respectively. All litters had the greatest difference in weight loss between the sites during the autumn and winter months. Heavy metal analysis of the litter in the bags indicated higher initial concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in the litter from the urban site. Quaking aspen litter at both sites had higher concentrations of Zn and Cd than the other two species. All metals increased in concentration as decomposition progressed except for Zn and Cd in quaking aspen at the polluted site. As metals increased over time on the urban site, weight loss of the litters approached zero. This did not occur on the rural site.
Activation of Tsk and Btk tyrosine kinases by G protein beta gamma subunits.

Abstract Tsk/Itk and Btk are members of the pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain-containing tyrosine kinase family. The PH domain has been demonstrated to be able to interact with beta gamma subunits of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) (G beta gamma) and phospholipids. Using cotransfection assays, we show here that the kinase activities of Tsk and Btk are stimulated by certain G beta gamma subunits. Furthermore, using an in vitro reconstitution assay with purified bovine brain G beta gamma subunits and the immunoprecipitated Tsk, we find that Tsk kinase activity is increased by G beta gamma subunits and another membrane factor(s). These results indicate that this family of tyrosine kinases could be an effector of heterotrimeric G proteins.
Irrigation and hydropower

The pairing of irrigation and h y d r o p o w e r in a discussion of progress in the hydrospheric sciences may seem an incongruity. In many ways the use o f water for irrigation or for the generation of electric power is in conflict, the first requiring seasonal use only and the latter a steady supply year around with only daily fluctuations to meet demands. Initially, the water resource projects were single purpose, built and operated to provide irrigation or to generate power. However, to make efficient use of water, both require water control structures involving the same basic scientific principles. Also, in areas of limited water supply, such as the western half of the United States, it soon became evident that water development projects must be multipurpose for the best overall returns. The pioneering work in the application of science to large-scale water control for irrigation and power generation has largely taken place in the large multipurpose water development programs of the West.
Orientational order in dense molecular hydrogen: A first-principles path-integral Monte Carlo calculation.

A quantum-mechanical simulation of orientational order in solid molecular hydrogen is presented, based on path-integral Monte Carlo calculations. The effective potential between nearest-neighbor hydrogen molecules is derived from first-principles total energy calculations, taking full account of the symmetries of the Hamiltonian within a hexagonal close-packed arrangement of the molecule centers. A first-order orientational order transition is found by studying short- and long-range angular correlations and the behavior of the corresponding order parameters. A pressure-temperature phase diagram is constructed and compared to relevant experimental and theoretical results.
Potential curves for Na2+ and resonance charge transfer cross sections

Abstract A model potential method, applied earlier to Li 2 + , is used to calculate the six lowest potential energy curves of Na 2 + . Charge transfer cross sections are calculated for Li + on Li and for Na + on Na and found to be in reasonable agreement with experiment.
A Stochastic Replacement Economic Decision Model

Abstract This paper describes a general model to solve stochastic replacement economy problems. A general probabilistic model to describe the uncertainty about the cash flows of current and future challengers is presented. The model is then expressed as a stochastic replacement problem and solved using Monte Carlo simulation and dynamic programming. The model can consider both finite and infinite horizon times. A numerical example is provided.
Notch and Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ) Signaling Pathways Cooperatively Regulate Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation

Notch and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) play pivotal roles during vascular development and the pathogenesis of vascular disease. The interaction of these two pathways is not fully understood. The present study utilized primary human smooth muscle cells (SMC) to examine molecular cross-talk between TGFβ1 and Notch signaling on contractile gene expression. Activation of Notch signaling using Notch intracellular domain or Jagged1 ligand induced smooth muscle α-actin (SM actin), smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, and calponin1, and the expression of Notch downstream effectors hairy-related transcription factors. Similarly, TGFβ1 treatment of human aortic smooth muscle cells induced SM actin, calponin1, and smooth muscle protein 22-α (SM22α) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Hairy-related transcription factor proteins, which antagonize Notch activity, also suppressed the TGFβ1-induced increase in SMC markers, suggesting a general mechanism of inhibition. We found that Notch and TGFβ1 cooperatively activate SMC marker transcripts and protein through parallel signaling axes. Although the intracellular domain of Notch4 interacted with phosphoSmad2/3 in SMC, this interaction was not observed with Notch1 or Notch2. However, we found that CBF1 co-immunoprecipitated with phosphoSmad2/3, suggesting a mechanism to link canonical Notch signaling to phosphoSmad activity. Indeed, the combination of Notch activation and TGFβ1 treatment led to synergistic activation of a TGFβ-responsive promoter. This increase corresponded to increased levels of phosphoSmad2/3 interaction at Smad consensus binding sites within the SM actin, calponin1, and SM22α promoters. Thus, Notch and TGFβ coordinately induce a molecular and functional contractile phenotype by co-regulation of Smad activity at SMC promoters.
Impact of the Red River catastrophic flood on women giving birth in North Dakota, 1994-2000.

To document changes in birth rates, birth outcomes, and pregnancy risk factors among women giving birth after the 1997 Red River flood in North Dakota. We analyzed detailed county-level birth files pre-disaster (1994–1996) and post-disaster (1997–2000) in North Dakota. Crude birth rates and adjusted fertility rates were calculated. The demographic and pregnancy risk factors were described among women delivering singleton births. Logistic regression was conducted to examine associations between the disaster and low birth weight (<2,500 g), preterm birth (<37 weeks), and small for gestational age infants adjusting for confounders. The crude birth rate and direct-adjusted fertility rate decreased significantly after the disaster in North Dakota. The proportion of women giving birth who were older, non-white, unmarried, and had a higher education increased. Compared to pre-disaster, there were significant increases in the following maternal measures after the disaster: any medical risks (5.1–7.1%), anemia (0.7–1.1%), acute or chronic lung disease (0.4–0.5%), eclampsia (0.3–2.1%), and uterine bleeding (0.3–0.4%). In addition, there was a significant increase in births that were low birth weight (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03–1.21) and preterm (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.03–1.16) after adjusting for maternal characteristics and smoking. Following the flood, there was an increase in medical risks, low birth weight, and preterm delivery among women giving birth in North Dakota. Further research that examines birth outcomes of women following a catastrophic disaster is warranted.
Deletion map of the Escherichia coli K-12 dnaB gene

Twenty-four dnaB alleles have been ordered by deletion mapping of the Escherichia coli K-12 dnaB gene. The position of the alleles had no linear correlation with the known phenotypes of dnaB mutation: fast shut-off, slow shut-off but immediate change in rate, and GroP. The relevance of the deletion map to future studies of the dnaB protein is discussed.
Nephrotoxicity of interferon alfa-ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C.

The nephrotoxicity associated with interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection has not been clearly defined. We describe a patient with chronic hepatitis C infection who developed the nephrotic syndrome during treatment with interferon and ribavirin. Renal biopsy revealed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. She had a virologic and biochemical response to the antiviral therapy, and the nephrotic syndrome improved after termination of antiviral thereapy. We place our case report in context with a review of the literature on nephrotoxicity associated with interferon therapy. Because our patient had no other obvious reason for the nephrotic syndrome, we are postulating that it may be secondary to interferon-ribavirin therapy. The temporal relation between the administration of the drug and the detection of toxic affects (nephrotic syndrome) and subsequent improvement upon withdrawal also supports a causative role for interferon-ribavirin. Although nephrotoxicity is rare, it should be emphasized that it can occur anytime after the start of interferon therapy, and physicians treating patients with chronic hepatitis C must be aware of this idiosyncratic, unpredictable, and potentially serious adverse event.
Isolimonic acid, a new citrus limonoid

Abstract Isolimonic acid was isolated as its methyl ester from seeds of Citrus aurantium , C. reticulata and C. paradisi , and its structure was determined by 1 H and 13 C NMR. The isomeric limonoid ichangin was also isolated from C. aurantium and C. paradisi .
Interference and facilitation from partners in the development of interdependence within romantic relationships

To clarify how interdependence develops, we employ Berscheid's (1983) emotional investment perspective to illuminate the ways intimacy maps onto interference and facilitation from romantic partners. We conducted a cross-sectional, self-report study involving 498 individuals. As anticipated, we found a small nonlinear association between intimacy and interference from partners, a positive association between intimacy and facilitation from partners, and an interaction between intimacy and influence from partners that predicted interference. Notably, however, intimacy did not interact with influence to predict facilitation. Interference and facilitation were positively correlated at the bivariate level and negatively correlated when influence was covaried. We discuss how our findings characterize developing interdependence across the life span of courtship.
Hedonic hunger: a new dimension of appetite?

An increasing proportion of human food consumption appears to be driven by pleasure, not just by the need for calories. In addition to its effects on body mass and health, the food environment in affluent societies may be creating an appetitive counterpart to the psychological effects of other hedonically-driven activities such as drug use and compulsive gambling. This phenomenon is referred to here as “hedonic hunger.” Animal literature is reviewed indicating that brain-based homeostatic and hedonic eating motives overlap but are nonetheless dissociable. In humans there is evidence that obese individuals prefer and consume high palatability foods more than those of normal weight. Among normal weight individuals it has long been assumed that the appetitive anomalies associated with restrained eating are due to diet-induced challenges to the homeostatic system, but we review evidence suggesting that they more likely stem from hedonic hunger (i.e., eating less than wanted rather than less than needed). Finally, a recently-developed measure (the Power of Food Scale; PFS) of individual differences in appetitive responsiveness to rewarding properties of the food environment is described. Preliminary evidence indicates that the PFS is reliable and valid and is related to clinically-relevant variables such as food cravings and binge eating. This measure, combined with environmental manipulations of food availability and palatability, may constitute a useful approach to studying hedonic hunger.
A Unique Scyllarid Phyllosoma Larva From the Straits of Florida (Decapoda, Palinuridea)

Eine ungewohnliche Phyllosomalarve eines scyllariden Hummers, welche im Plankton der "Straits of Florida" gefunden worden ist, wird beschrieben und abgebildet. Die 10,8 mm lange Larve ist insofern einmalig, als sie einen gutentwickelten 5. Pereiopoden besitzt mit einem setosen Exopoden und ein breitbasiges Abdomen. Die letztgenannte strukturelle Eigenartigkeit ist nur von Phyllosoma-larven des Genus Scyllarus bekannt. Die gegenwartigen Informationen erlauben noch nicht einmal eine provisorische Identifikation. Es besteht jedoch die Moglichkeit, das die Larve zu Scyllarus faxoni gehort.
Water Temperature in Inland, Low-Salinity Shrimp Ponds in Alabama

Water temperature in eight ponds and air temperatures were monitored at 2-h intervals during the 2010 growing season at an inland, low-salinity shrimp farm in Alabama. There was a high correlation (P < 0.01) between mean daily air and water temperatures; pond water usually averaged 3° to 4°C warmer than air. Monthly mean water temperatures among eight ponds differed by 3.40°C in May and by 2.83°C in September, but there was less than 1°C difference among ponds in June, July, and August. Differences in temperature among ponds were not related to pond water surface:volume ratio, but in July and September there was a negative correlation (P < 0.05) with increasing aeration rate. Negative correlations (P < 0.05) between average water temperature over the entire culture period and survival and production of Pacific white shrimp, Litopeneaus vannamei, possibly resulted from variation in crop duration and were not causal. Nevertheless, differences in water temperature among ponds in May and September were great ...
Mutagenicity of fractions of cigarette smoke condensate in Neurospora crassa and Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract The mutagenicities of selected fractions of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) were studied in Neurospora crassa for the presence of direct-acting mutagens. CSCs from the University of Kentucky Reference Cigarette 1R1 were assayed in a forward-mutation test at the adenine-3 ( ad-3 ) region in resting conidia of a 2-component heterokaryon. Direct-acting mutagenic activity was found in an enriched polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (EPAH) fraction and in a basic fraction (Swain 5). No direct-acting mutagenic activity was detected in an acidic fraction (Swain 8), although it was highly toxic to resting conidia. The EPAH fraction also was tested in the presence of S9 mix prepared from Aroclor-1254-induced rat liver. It was found to be mutagenic, but higher doses were required than in the absence of S9 mix. In addition, the mutagenicities of CSC and 10 fractions of CSC were investigated in Salmonella typhimurium TA1538 by the incorporation and preincubation methods. In general, preincubation did not enhance the mutagenicities of the fractions, and the two rankings of mutagenic potency of the condensates that were obtained by the two methods were not significantly different. This is the first report of the presence of potent direct-acting mutagenicity in the EPAH and Swain 5 fractions of CSC.
Performance of random forest when SNPs are in linkage disequilibrium

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be correlated due to linkage disequilibrium (LD). Association studies look for both direct and indirect associations with disease loci. In a Random Forest (RF) analysis, correlation between a true risk SNP and SNPs in LD may lead to diminished variable importance for the true risk SNP. One approach to address this problem is to select SNPs in linkage equilibrium (LE) for analysis. Here, we explore alternative methods for dealing with SNPs in LD: change the tree-building algorithm by building each tree in an RF only with SNPs in LE, modify the importance measure (IM), and use haplotypes instead of SNPs to build a RF. We evaluated the performance of our alternative methods by simulation of a spectrum of complex genetics models. When a haplotype rather than an individual SNP is the risk factor, we find that the original Random Forest method performed on SNPs provides good performance. When individual, genotyped SNPs are the risk factors, we find that the stronger the genetic effect, the stronger the effect LD has on the performance of the original RF. A revised importance measure used with the original RF is relatively robust to LD among SNPs; this revised importance measure used with the revised RF is sometimes inflated. Overall, we find that the revised importance measure used with the original RF is the best choice when the genetic model and the number of SNPs in LD with risk SNPs are unknown. For the haplotype-based method, under a multiplicative heterogeneity model, we observed a decrease in the performance of RF with increasing LD among the SNPs in the haplotype. Our results suggest that by strategically revising the Random Forest method tree-building or importance measure calculation, power can increase when LD exists between SNPs. We conclude that the revised Random Forest method performed on SNPs offers an advantage of not requiring genotype phase, making it a viable tool for use in the context of thousands of SNPs, such as candidate gene studies and follow-up of top candidates from genome wide association studies.
Developing elementary science skills: Instructional effectiveness and path independence

Abstract We explore the immediate and longer term consequences of different types of instruction about a central topic in middle school science: the “Control of Variables Strategy” (CVS). CVS represents the procedural and conceptual basis for designing simple, unconfounded experiments, such that unambiguous causal inferences can be made. CVS appears to be what has been called a “developmentally-secondary” process, because even though infants and pre-schoolers can make simple causal inferences from data, middle school children do poorly at CVS unless they receive instruction on this important topic in the science curriculum. In this study, 72 third, fourth, and fifth-grade students were taught CVS via two instructional methods located at extreme points on the direct-to-discovery spectrum with respect to the amount of guidance, information, support, teacher control, and feedback provided during training. Our design included near- and far-transfer measures (at 1 week, 3 months and 3 years). There were two primary outcomes, both of which replicated and partially extended earlier work by Klahr and Nigam (2004) [Klahr, D., & Nigam, M. (2004). The equivalence of learning paths in early science instruction: Effects of direct instruction and discovery learning. Psychological Science, 15, 661–667] First, at each of the three grade levels, many more children learned CVS in the explicit condition than in the exploration condition. Second, but equally important, what students learned was a better predictor of far transfer than the way that they learned.
The hydrothermal chemistry of fluoride in seawater

Abstract A series of hydrothermal experiments were performed at temperatures from 150–350°C (500 bars) to assess the effect of temperature on the solubility of F in seawater. Changes in dissolved F were measured along with pH and the major element chemistry of seawater. The major element chemistry of seawater changes with temperature owing to homogeneous nucleation and precipitation of carbonate, sulfate, and hydroxyl-sulfate minerals. Thus, to identify better the role such minerals play on F variability, predicted and measured changes in major elements were assessed simultaneously with temperature dependent changes in dissolved F. Dissolved F was observed to decrease at temperatures from 150–250°C. At temperatures greater than 250°C, however, dissolved F concentration increased and at 300°C, F achieved a concentration equivalent to that of unaltered seawater. This suggests that a F-rich mineral precipitates at temperatures in the vicinity of 250°C, and then entirely dissolves at temperatures greater than 250°C. Temperature dependent changes in dissolved F are best accounted for by 2F− ⇔ CO3−2 and F− ⇔ OHt¯ exchange between the fluid and magnesium carbonate and magnesium-hydroxide-sulfate-hydrate (MHSH) phases, respectively. At 250°C, F(-aq)− and MgF(aq)+ dominate the distribution of F-bearing aqueous species, while at temperatures greater than this, HF(aq)° dominates. Thus, the sharp decrease in F(aq)− ion activity at temperatures ≥ 250°C, may account for the dissolution of F-bearing minerals. Results from the seawater heating experiments show that F is a particularly reactive element and precipitates as a component in a number of different minerals over a range of temperatures. Reactions of this sort likely occur during seawater recharge of subseafloor hydrothermal systems and limit the amount of seawater derived F which can participate in alteration processes at relatively deep crustal levels. Results of thermodynamic calculations, however, indicate that rock-fluid interaction processes, especially at low to moderate temperatures, can also provide sinks for F in the form of fluor-components in basalt alteration phases, such as F-talc. Considering the tendency of F to partition into the fluid with increasing temperature, the relative absence of F in hot spring fluids suggests the existence of phases with unusually strong affinity for F in subseafloor reaction zones at mid-ocean ridges. Additional experiments are needed to confirm results of theoretical calculations involving F partitioning during fluid-mineral equilibria at elevated temperatures and pressures.
Increased aggression in males in transgenic Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Behavioural and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia encompass a wide range of neuropsychiatric disturbances which coincide with progressing cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Physical aggression and agitation, which occurs in 20-65% of AD patients, is physically and emotionally stressful, not only to patients but also to immediate family and caregivers. The exact mechanisms underlying the increased aggressive behaviour in AD has yet to be elucidated. We used a transgenic mouse model, denoted Tg2576, which over-expresses a mutated human amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene implicated in familial AD, to investigate aggressive behaviour of males at the stage of amyloid beta pathology preceding overt amyloid plaque deposition in the brain. The aggressive behaviour of transgenic and non-transgenic littermate males was evaluated in a standard resident-intruder test in which an isolated resident male responded aggressively toward an experimentally naive intruder male of A/J strain. We showed that 7-month-old Tg2576 resident males demonstrated significantly higher and unchanged level of aggression towards intruder males during 3 consecutive encounters as compared to their non-transgenic littermate counterparts. These results validate further the Tg2576 mouse model of AD underscoring its usefulness in studying non-mnemonic changes in behaviour related to the disease.
Corrigendum to “Experimental pain sensitivity differs as a function of clinical pain severity in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis” [Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2013;21:1243–1252]

Corrigendum to “Experimental pain sensitivity differs as a function of clinical pain severity in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis” [Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2013;21:1243e1252] C.D. King y *, K.T. Sibille y, B.R. Goodin z, Y. Cruz-Almeida y, T.L. Glover y x, E. Bartley y, J.L. Riley y, M.S. Herbert k, A. Sotolongo k, J. Schmidt k, B.J. Fessler k, D.T. Redden {, R. Staud #, L.A. Bradley k, R.B. Fillingim y
Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging of acute ischemic stroke.

T HE FUNDAMENTAL physiological abnormality in ischemic stroke is a failure of cerebral perfusion. Information on cerebral perfusion provided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is thus of great potential value. By definition, perfusion means capillary-level blood flow or tissue blood flow. Two broad categories of techniques exist for assessing cerebral perfusion in acute ischemia with MRI. The first of these is dynamic susceptibility contrast imaging. The second and currently infrequently used technique is spin tagging (also called arterial spin labeling). Although spin tagging has the advantage of not needing any contrast injection, it currently has a lower signal to noise ratio than the contrast-based techniques. Furthermore, approaches that involve multislice imaging with spin tagging still need refinement.
Effects of vertebral mobilization and manipulation on kinematics of the thoracolumbar region.

Objective—To measure passive spinal movements induced during dorsoventral mobilization and evaluate effects of induced pain and spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) on passive vertebral mobility in standing horses. Animals—10 healthy adult horses. Procedures—Baseline vertical displacements, applied force, stiffness, and frequency of the oscillations were measured during dorsoventral spinal mobilization at 5 thoracolumbar intervertebral sites. As a model for back pain, fixation pins were temporarily implanted into the dorsal spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae at 2 of the intervertebral sites. Vertebral variables were recorded again after pin placement and treadmill locomotion. In a random-ized crossover study, horses were allocated to control and treatment interventions, separated by a 7-day washout period.The SMT consisted of high-velocity, low-amplitude thrusts applied to the 3 non–pin-placement sites. Control horses received no treatment. Results—The amplitudes of vertical displacement increased from ...
Baroclinic tidal generation in the Kauai Channel inferred from high-frequency radio Doppler current meters

Abstract A data-assimilating three-dimensional primitive equations model is used in conjunction with high-frequency radio Doppler current data to infer tidal conversion during two 3-month periods in Kauai Channel, Hawaii. It is estimated that the M 2 barotropic tide loses energy at rates of 1.1 and 1.2 GW during these periods, values 25% lower than predicted with the prior model. Of this total conversion rate, approximately 85% exits the model domain to enter the deep ocean as a coherent propagating internal tide. Although the inferred tidal currents differ in detail during the 3-month periods, the domain-averaged tidal energetics do not. The tidal solutions obtained by the data-assimilative model do not exactly satisfy the primitive equations dynamics since a residual forcing is permitted in the horizontal momentum and mass conservation equations. An analysis of these residuals indicates that they are consistent with the expected amplitude of tidal-mesoscale interactions; however, the residual forcing in the mass equation, which represents refraction by the mesoscale buoyancy field, is much too small. An attempt to reconcile the forcing residuals with known processes suggests, by elimination, that tidal-mesoscale interactions are of leading-order significance and should be included in future analysis of baroclinic tidal energy budgets.
CHARRED WOOD STIMULATED GERMINATION OF TWO FIRE‐FOLLOWING HERBS OF THE CALIFORNIA CHAPARRAL AND THE ROLE OF HEMICELLULOSE

Germination of the fire-following chaparral herbs, Emmenanthe penduliflora (Hydrophyllaceae) and Eriophyllum confertiflorum (Asteraceae), previously has been shown to be stimulated by charred wood from the widespread chaparral shrub Adenostoma fasciculatum (Rosaceae). A series of investigations undertaken to clarify this effect gave the following results. Light is not required, but may enhance the response. The effect is not limited to A. fasciculatum but is produced by a wide variety of chaparral and non-chaparral woods. Charring is not necessary; wood heated to 175 C for 30 min produced the same germination stimulation. The stimulatory compound is water soluble, effective within 24 hr exposure and active at 0.04 g/50 cc soil. Germination was stimulated by heated xylan, a hemicellulose, and by heated glucuronic acid, a common side chain of xylan and other hemicelluloses. Heating produced changes in the color and consistency of xylan and glucuronic acid. An oligosaccharin-type molecule is postulated to be produced by heating xylan or other hemicelluloses with glucuronic acid side chains. Previously described oligosaccharins are derived from galactouronic acid and xyloglucan which are structurally and functionally related to compounds tested here.
Research Library Spending on Electronic Scholarly Information Is on the Rise

Les bibliotheques de recherche consacrent une part de plus en plus importantes de leur budget aux ressources electroniques. Un tableau reprenant des donnees fournies par les statistiques de l'ARL (Association of Research Libraries) illustre ces tendances dans les depenses de 1992 a 1999.
The novacode criteria for classification of ECG abnormalities and their clinically significant progression and regression

Electrocardiographic (ECG) manifestations of clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease are used as an important component in the evaluation of clinical trials, and there is an increasing demand for well-defined criteria for clinically significant evolution of ECG abnormalities. The Novacode ECG classification system provides a comprehensive hierarchical set of criteria for prevalent ECG abnormalities and for clinically significant serial ECG changes, both adverse and favorable, as a response to pharmacologic, surgical, and other interventions. These criteria are used to grade Q wave and ischemic abnormalities in order to achieve stable classification of both prevalent and incident myocardial infarctions by minimizing false classifications due to clinically insignificant ECG variations. This approach differs from the traditional Minnesota Code classification system, in which incident events are determined by changes in classification categories, with the application of additional elaborate validation rules to exclude frequent false classifications. Novacode hierarchy is so structured that for each abnormality, a general class is first determined with the simplest possible classification criteria and more specific abnormality subgroups are then classified with more elaborate criteria. This approach will satisfy differing needs of clinical trials for detail in classification. Explicit definition of ECG variables and condition statements for the classification criteria facilitate implementation of the Novacode with computer ECG programs.
Relative Dating of Terraces of the Owens River, Northern Owens Valley, California, and Correlation with Moraines of the Sierra Nevada

In the northern Owens Valley, the Owens River has cut and preserved three terraces uplifted above its modern floodplain. We have analyzed soils and used other relative-dating techniques in order to differentiate the terrace surfaces, to correlate from the terraces to moraines of the eastern Sierra Nevada, and to test the effects of relief and climatic differences on relative-dating results. Most of the relative-dating techniques attempted were successful in differentiating the terraces of the Owens River sequence. In addition, weathering rinds, soil descriptions, and an early Holocene 14 C date for the youngest terrace support correlation of the three terrace levels with the three post-Sherwin-age glacial stages (Tioga, Tahoe, and pre-Tahoe) found in nearby canyons of the Sierra Nevada. Other relative-dating techniques that are commonly employed, however, suggest distinct differences between the terrace and moraine sequences. These differences probably reflect the difference in relief, such that slow erosion of the moraine crests may have retarded soil development relative to the flat terrace surfaces and altered surface-weathering processes. Use of relative-dating analyses to correlate between dissimilar geomorphic systems requires caution but use of a broad range of techniques and absolute-age calibration may make correlation possible.
An Estimator for Some Binary‐Outcome Selection Models Without Exclusion Restrictions

This article provides a new maximum-likelihood estimator for selection models with dichotomous dependent variables when identical factors affect the selection equation and the equation of interest. Such situations arise naturally in game-theoretic models where selection is typically nonrandom and identical explanatory variables influence all decisions under investigation. When identical explanatory variables influence selection and a subsequent outcome of interest, the commonly used Heckman-type estimators identify from distributional assumptions about the residuals alone. When its own identifying assumption is reasonable, the new estimator allows the researcher to avoid the painful choice between identifying from distributional assumptions alone and adding a theoretically unjustified variable to the selection equation in a mistaken attempt to “boost” identification. The article uses Monte Carlo methods to compare the small-sample properties of the estimator with those of the Heckman-type estimator and ordinary probit.
Lipase G-Catalyzed synthesis of monoglycerides in organic solvent and analysis by HPLC

Monoglycerides were synthesized with Lipase G fromPenicillium sp. as biocatalyst. This enzyme successfully catalyzed the esterification of glycerol with oleic acid (18:1 n-9) or eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA (20:5 n-3) in hexane. Esterification at 40°C for 24 hr resulted in 86.3 mol% and 64.3 mol% incorporation of 18:1 n-9 and 20:5 n-3, respectively. Lipase GC fromGeotrichum candidum was not effective in esterifying the fatty acids under the present experimental conditions. Lipase G was able to incorporate 98.5 mol% and 98.1 mol% of 18:1 n-9 onto glycerol in 24 hr or less at 25°C and 37°C, respectively, in the absence of molecular sieve 4A. The product formed was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a combined evaporative light scattering mass detector (ELSD) and ultraviolet detection at 206 nm. The result of this study demonstrates that Lipase G is capable of incorporating long-chain fatty acids of potential health benefit onto glycerol.
Fitting and Analyzing pH Titration Curves on a Graphing Calculator

The pH titration curve is a well-known figure in chemistry. It is easy to plot this graph from experimental data by measuring pH as a function volume of added titrant; however, there is no simple mathematical equation of expressing pH as a function of titrant volume. The logistic function has been suggested but, as discussed in this paper, it is inadequate for modeling titration curves. Developed in this paper is a piecewise continuous function (with chemically meaningful parameters) of pH versus volume. A program has been written to display this function on a graphing calculator. This program can be used by students (1) to analyze the characteristics of pH titration curves, for example, the derivative and the presence of two inflection points, and (2) to interactively fit experimental titration data that they have collected.
Aurora A Kinase Inhibition Selectively Synergizes with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor through Cytokinesis Failure in T-cell Lymphoma

Purpose:Aurora A kinase (AAK) is expressed exclusively during mitosis, and plays a critical role in centrosome duplication and spindle formation. Alisertib is a highly selective AAK inhibitor that has demonstrated marked clinical activity of alisertib across a spectrum of lymphomas, though particularly in patients with T-cell lymphoma (TCL). We sought to compare and contrast the activity of alisertib in preclinical models of B- and T-cell lymphoma, and identify combinations worthy of clinical study. High throughput screening of pralatrexate, the proteasome inhibitor (ixazomib) and the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (romidepsin) revealed that only romidepsin synergized with alisertib, and only in models of TCL. We discovered that the mechanism of synergy between AAK inhibitors and HDAC inhibitors appears to be mediated through cytokinesis failure. Experimental Design:A high throughput screening approach was employed to identify drugs that were potentially synergistic in combination with alisertib. Live cell imaging was used to explore the mechanistic basis for the drug: drug interaction between alisertib and romidepsin. An in-vivo xenograft TCL model was used to confirm in-vitro results. Results:In vitro, alisertib exhibited concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in B-and TCL cell lines. Alisertib was synergistic with romidepsin in a T-cell specific fashion which was confirmed in vivo. Live cell imaging demonstrated that the combination treatment resulted in profound cytokinesis failure. Conclusions:These data strongly suggest that the combination of alisertib and romidepsin is highly synergistic in TCL through modulation of cytokinesis and merits clinical development.
Evaluating and Improving Transient Error Tolerance of CMOS Digital VLSI Circuits

VLSI circuits are becoming increasingly susceptible to radiation-induced "single event upset (SEU)". This paper focuses on one type of SEU caused by particle strikes inside the combinational logics, called "single event transient (SET)". We study various factors affecting SET effects in CMOS digital circuits and present a static method of analyzing the circuit's SET tolerance. We also propose a heuristic cell resizing process to effectively improve the circuit SET tolerance with limited design overhead. Experimental results have shown that our analysis can accurately evaluate SET effects and the cell resizing process is able to significantly reduce the probability of SETs becoming stable errors with no timing cost and negligible area penalty.
Small lake daytime breezes : Some observational and conceptual evaluations

Abstract The diversity of small lakes' (size <50 km) configurations, sizes, surrounding terrain, and land use combined with relative sparsity of observations complicates the observational evaluation of the lake breezes (LB) that are induced by these lakes. In the present article observational data obtained from available documents, data archives, and special projects were surveyed to suggest characterization of the LB features. The observational survey was complemented by conceptual evaluations. A preliminary generalization of the LB intensity and inland penetration in relation to the surrounding land use was inferred. The conceptual evaluation suggested that for a given lake width the prime factor affecting the LB intensity is the magnitude of the surface sensible heat flux over the surrounding land. Cooling related to the lake water temperature was indicated to have usually a secondary effect on the LB intensity for small lakes. Surface observations implied that the onshore penetration of the LB by the ...
Stereotactic treatment of brain tumors with radioactive implants or external photon beams: radiobiophysical aspects

We perform calculations, based on the linear-quadratic model, to assess the biologically effective doses (BED) of tumor and normal tissue in the stereotactic irradiation of brain tumors with either radioactive implants or radiosurgery techniques. Treatment protocols for radiosurgery and radioactive implants, as obtained from the literature, are reviewed and compared. A figure of merit is defined to be the ratio of tumor to normal tissue BED, expressed in units of Gy10/Gy3. These comparisons indicate a clear radiobiological advantage for brachytherapy, unless the radiosurgery is to be delivered in a large number of fractions. The differences in dose uniformity, and in the volume of normal tissue encompassed by the high dose regions, are factors that may also influence clinical results.
Parahydrogen conversion over chromiagel near the Néel point

Parahydrogen conversion rate measurements have been made over amorphous chromiagel, microcrystalline chromiagel, and macrocrystalline α-Cr2O3. The decrease in conversion rate that occurs over α-Cr2O3 as the temperature is raised through the Neel point is also observed over the microcrystalline gel, but not over the amorphous gel. Antiferromagnetic ordering has been shown to be associated with a large increase of conversion rate and this is independent of the increase in rate due to improved accessibility, as crystallinity develops. Magnetic ordering, when it occurs, is present in those catalyst ions accessible to molecular hydrogen and thus, of necessity, on the catalyst surface.
Pericardial effusion in congestive heart failure.

Enlargement of the cardiac silhouetteisa cardinal finding in congestive heart failure. This enlargement is attributed to dilatation of the cardiac chambers which have failed. Abnormally large accumulations of extravascular fluid are also cardinal signs of congestive heart failure. Such fluid may be present beneath the skin, in the peritoneal cavity and in both pleural cavities.Necropsy may disclose a variable increase in pericardialfluidin the presence of cardiac failure.The enlarging cardiac silhouette which develops during congestive failure therefore may be due to both cardiac dilatation and pericardial effusion.Conventional methods of study, including clinical, electrocardiographic and roentgenologic examinations, are not capable of differentiating the role that each of these two may play in contributing to such enlargement. Ang-iocardiography is a definitive method of detecting the presence and frequently the amount of pericardial effusion whether the enclosed cardiac silhouette is normal in size or is enlarged.’ This technique does not appear suitable, however, for routine comparative diagnostic studies because of the amount of roentgen ray exposure, the need for an incision and the need for specialapparatus. The demonstration that intravenous carbon dioxide is a safe method of visualizing right atrial pericardial thickness suggests the use of this procedure as a simple diagnostictestto determine the presence of pericardial effusion when congestive heart failure is present.2
Laser-induced breakout and detonation waves in droplets. I. Experiments

Temporally and spatially resolved plasma emission and stimulated Raman-scattering profiles of water droplets are simultaneously recorded at two selectable wavelengths corresponding to the emission of the resonant and nonresonant sodium, the plasma continuum, the Balmer hydrogen, and the stimulated Raman scattering of water. The propagation speed of the breakout plasma from the droplet shadow face (in the form of a packet) and from the illuminated face is determined. The relative heating of the atoms in the plasma is extracted from the differences between the emission profiles of sodium and hydrogen, which have different electronic energy levels. The plasma response to the multipulse structure of the input laser radiation provides information on plasma shedding and heating for the subsequent pulses and an additional check of the validity of the one-dimensional electrohydrodynamic model, which includes a multipulse input.
On the Ihara Zeta Function of Cones Over Regular Graphs

In this paper we derive a formula of the Ihara zeta function of a cone over a regular graph that involves the spectrum of the adjacency matrix of the cone. We show that the Ihara zeta function and the spectrum of the adjacency matrix of the cone determine each other and we characterize those cones that satisfy the graph theory Riemann hypothesis.
Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Oxygen Poisoning of Paramecium

SUMMARY. A study of the temperature-pressure relationship in oxygen poisoning of Paramecium caudatum was undertaken, as the initial step in defining some of the major factors in in vivo oxygen poisoning. Paramecium was selected because it was relatively simple to culture in a pureline clone, large numbers were readily obtained, and it was large enough to be clearly visible under low magnification. The protozoa were exposed to oxygen pressures of 0 (100%), 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 pounds/inch2 gauge pressure at each of the following temperatures: 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 27°C. Exposure was accomplished in a transparent, high-pressure lucite tank which permitted visual observation with aid of a dissecting microscope. It was found at temperatures above 5°C. that oxygen toxicity varied directly with pressure, but below this temperature, with oxygen tensions of 1–2 atmospheres (absolute), oxygen toxicity varied inversely as the temperature. The possibility is advanced that oxygen may be affecting two cellular processes (perhaps enzymatic), one of which is temperature-limited below 5°C. and would, therefore, decrease the death time as the temperature is decreased. Several experiments performed at 3°C. produced a death time intermediate between results obtained at 1° and 5°C.