cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Emergence of Behavior Problems in Young Children With Developmental Delays

Summary of behavior problems status It seems clear that children with devel-opmental disabilities have a greater risk forbehavior problems than do children who aretypically developing, and children with milddelays are at somewhat greater risk over-all. The full range of behavior disorders maybe found in these children, and even youngchildren show an array of difficulties thatinclude oppositionality, anxiety, ADHD, andpoor peer-related social competencies. Chil-dren with mild delays appear to be at great-est risk, as these children have the cognitiveabilities to avail themselves of wider behaviorchoices,andindividualdifferencesinchildrenremain important in determining the degreeand extent of the behavior problems that sur-face. Although behavioral patterns character-istic of children with specific syndromes aregrowing in their popularity as explanations ofproblematic behavior, there are still a num-berofexogenousandendogenousfactorsthatmay be critical to the emergence of behav-ior problems early in children’s lives. Chiefamong these factors are family functioningand newly emerging notions regarding chil-dren’s regulatory competencies.
Accumulation of α-Keto Acids as Essential Components in Cyanide Assimilation by Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11764

Pyruvate (Pyr) and alpha-ketoglutarate (alphaKg) accumulated when cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11764 were cultivated on growth-limiting amounts of ammonia or cyanide and were shown to be responsible for the nonenzymatic removal of cyanide from culture fluids as previously reported (J.-L. Chen and D. A. Kunz, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 156:61-67, 1997). The accumulation of keto acids in the medium paralleled the increase in cyanide-removing activity, with maximal activity (760 micromol of cyanide removed min-1 ml of culture fluid-1) being recovered after 72 h of cultivation, at which time the keto acid concentration was 23 mM. The reaction products that formed between the biologically formed keto acids and cyanide were unambiguously identified as the corresponding cyanohydrins by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Both the Pyr and alpha-Kg cyanohydrins were further metabolized by cell extracts and served also as nitrogenous growth substrates. Radiotracer experiments showed that CO2 (and NH3) were formed as enzymatic conversion products, with the keto acid being regenerated as a coproduct. Evidence that the enzyme responsible for cyanohydrin conversion is cyanide oxygenase, which was shown previously to be required for cyanide utilization, is based on results showing that (i) conversion occurred only when extracts were induced for the enzyme, (ii) conversion was oxygen and reduced-pyridine nucleotide dependent, and (iii) a mutant strain defective in the enzyme was unable to grow when it was provided with the cyanohydrins as a growth substrate. Pyr and alphaKg were further shown to protect cells from cyanide poisoning, and excretion of the two was directly linked to utilization of cyanide as a growth substrate. The results provide the basis for a new mechanism of cyanide detoxification and assimilation in which keto acids play an essential role.
Crystallization and melting of cold-crystallized poly(phenylene sulfide)

In this study, we report the melting behavior of poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS, which has been cold-crystallized from the rubbery amorphous state. We find that the crystallization kinetics are faster for cold-crystallized PPS than for melt-crystallized material, due to formation during quenching of a short-range ordered, but noncrystalline, structure. We observe that the endothermic response of cold-crystallized PPS at a large undercooling consists of a low temperature endotherm, followed by an exothermic region, and by the main higher melting endotherm. The lower melting peak temperature of cold-crystallized PPS increases as the crystallization temperature increases, but the main upper melting peak temperature remains almost the same. The size of the exothermic region is strongly related to the degree of undercooling, and must be taken into account in order properly to determine the degree of crystallinity of the material prior to the scan. When the crystallization time is varied, we see a systematic decrease in the size of the main endotherm, and an increase in size of the lower melting endotherm. This suggests that a portion of the main endothermic response is due to reorganization during the scan. Annealing will not only increase the degree of crystallinity but also improve the crystal perfection; therefore the ability of an annealed sample to reorganize decreases as the annealing time increases. However, an additional third melting peak is seen when a cold-crystallized sample is annealed at high temperature for a sufficiently long residence time. The existence of the third melting peak suggests that more than one kind of distribution of crystal perfection may occur when PPS has been cold-crystallized and subsequently annealed.
Two-dimensional orthogonal variable-spreading-factor codes for multichannel DS-UWB

We propose a recursive algorithm to construct ternary two-dimensional orthogonal variable-spreading-factor (2D OVSF) codes with a tree-structure for multirate multichannel DS-UWB system. The proposed ternary 2D OVSF codes, including binary codes as a special case, have a significantly reduced restriction on code lengths and ensure orthogonality between different code layers. 2D OVSF codes modulated by the same information bit are transmitted over orthogonal channels. We study the BER performance of 2D OVSF code based UWB system in Nakagami fading multipath channels. The results show that, if the orthogonal channels have identical channel coefficients, the system is with zero multiple access interference (MAI). Furthermore, if the sequence length is larger than the number of multipath components, there is no multipath interference.
Image archive evolution at the University of Florida

Studies from the University of Florida indicate that up to 5.7 TeraBytes of uncompressed image data must be stored per year if the radiology department was totally digital. During four years of experience in archiving all clinical CT and MR images, the archive design has been improved to provide reliable and consistent operation. While the acquisition performance has been adequate, initial design deficiencies have limited retrieval performance. An enhanced version of the image archive is currently under development which will substantially increase the capacity and performance for both acquisition and retrieval.
Extracellular Poly(ADP-Ribose) Is a Pro-inflammatory Signal for Macrophages

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) synthesizes poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), an essential post-translational modification whose function is important in many cellular processes including DNA damage signaling, cell death, and inflammation. All known PAR biology is intracellular, but we suspected it might also play a role in cell-to-cell communication during inflammation. We found that PAR activated cytokine release in human and mouse macrophages, a hallmark of innate immune activation, and determined structure-activity relationships. PAR was rapidly internalized by murine macrophages, while the monomer, ADP-ribose, was not. Inhibitors of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 signaling blocked macrophage responses to PAR, and PAR induced TLR2 and TLR4 signaling in reporter cell lines suggesting it was recognized by these TLRs, much like bacterial pathogens. We propose that PAR acts as an extracellular damage associated molecular pattern that drives inflammatory signaling.
The Effects of Craniofacial Deformity, Chronic Illness, and Physical Handicaps on Patient and Familial Adjustment

Millions of American children and their families cope with physical handicaps, deformities, and chronic illnesses each year. In fact, it has been estimated that fully 10% of children experience a serious, chronic health problem or handicap (Pless, 1968). Beyond the physical demands such problems entail, children’s psychological adjustments to rigorous treatment regimens, prolonged uncertainties, a diminished quality of life, educational obstacles, and recurrent disruptions of family and peer relations are important challenges to the mental health and pediatric systems (Haggerty, Roghmann, & Pless, 1975).
Treatment of Oralfacial clefts by state-affiliated craniofacial centers and cleft palate clinics

BACKGROUND: Oralfacial clefting (OFC) disorders require expedient evaluation and treatment to obtain optimal outcome. In Florida, there is a statewide program targeted to the care of infants with OFC. We therefore sought to determine statewide referral and treatment patterns of children born with OFC identified through the Florida Birth Defects Registry. METHODS: Using data for 1996 and 1997 and ICD-9 CM codes 749.00 - 749.25, we identified 539 OFC cases. All cases were matched with the evaluation and treatment records of the statewide Children’s Medical Services’ (CMS) craniofacial centers (CFC) and cleft palate clinics (CPC). The likelihood of CMS contact was examined with respect to demographic and other descriptive data characterizing the OFC cases. RESULTS: 42% (227/539) of OFC cases were evaluated at or known to the CFC or CPC. Children with cleft lip and palate were more likely to have had contact than were those with cleft lip or cleft palate alone. The CFC and CPC programs were most likely to provide evaluation between age 2 months and 3 years. Of 12 counties with occurrences of more than 15 OFC cases, 2 had significantly lower contact rates, suggesting possible problems in accessibility or reporting of services. CONCLUSIONS: Statewide Birth Defect Registry data can be used in collaboration with statewide treatment programs to gain insight into referral patterns and provision of services. Factors influencing access to services and quality of care, though not addressed by this study, could be prospectively incorporated into such a project. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:643– 646, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Automatic detection of internal queues and stages in message processing systems

Complex applications today involve multiple processes, multiple threads of control, distributed processing, thread pools, event handling, messages. The behaviors and misbehaviors of these nondeterministic, message-based systems are difficult to capture and understand. The typical approach is to trace the behavior of the systems and track how the different incoming messages are processed throughout the system. While messages between processes can be captured automatically at the network or library level, tracing the message processing within a system, which is often more complex and error-prone, requires the programmer to manually instrument the code by identifying the different message handlers, thread states, processing stages, and shared queues accurately and completely. In this paper we show how dynamic analysis can be used to automatically identify the transactions, stages and shared queues in Java programs as a prelude to trace-based comprehension.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Enhance Candida albicans Sensitivity to Azoles and Related Antifungals: Correlation with Reduction in CDR and ERG Upregulation

Histone acetylation and deacetylation play important roles in eukaryotic gene regulation. Several histone deacetylase (HDA) inhibitors have been characterized, including trichostatin A (TSA), apicidin, and sodium butyrate. We tested their effects on Candida albicans in vitro growth, heat sensitivity, and germ tube formation; minimal effects were observed. However, there was a dramatic effect of TSA on C. albicans sensitivity to the azoles fluconazole, itraconazole, and miconazole. Similar effects were observed with other HDA inhibitors and with the antifungals terbinafine and fenpropimorph, which target, as do azoles, enzymes in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. In contrast, HDA inhibitors had minimal effect on the activities of amphotericin B, flucytosine, and echinocandin, which have unrelated targets. Specifically, addition of 3 micro g of TSA/ml lowered the itraconazole MIC for five susceptible C. albicans isolates an average of 2.7-fold at 24 h, but this increased to >200-fold at 48 h. Thus, the primary effect of TSA was a reduction in azole trailing. TSA also enhanced itraconazole activity against Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis but had no effect with four less related yeast species. To examine the molecular basis for these effects, we studied expression of ERG genes (encoding azole and terbinafine targets) and CDR/MDR1 genes (encoding multidrug transporters) in C. albicans cells treated with fluconazole or terbinafine with or without TSA. Both antifungals induced to various levels the expression of ERG1, ERG11, CDR1, and CDR2; addition of TSA reduced this upregulation 50 to 100%. This most likely explains the inhibition of azole and terbinafine trailing by TSA and, more generally, provides evidence that trailing is mediated by upregulation of target enzymes and multidrug transporters.
Melanin standard method: particle description.

Melanin isolated from the ink sac of Sepia officinalis (Sepia melanin) has been proposed as a standard for natural eumelanin. There are no standard methods for the isolation, purification, and storage of melanins. Mild methods designed to preserve the native composition and structure of melanin are needed. The specific aim of the present work, using Sepia melanin, was to develop a mild and generally applicable protocol for the isolation and purification of melanins. It is well established that melanin polymers contain a large number of free carboxylic acid residues. These anionic residues are responsible for the cation exchange properties observed for melanins. Heating melanins with hydrochloric acid at reflux has been demonstrated to lead to extensive decarboxylation. Indeed, heat alone has been shown to cause decarboxylation, and care must be exercised to avoid such conditions. By analogy with cation exchange resins, melanins should be isolated and named according to the associated counterion (e.g., Sepia melanin--K+ form). The method reported here avoided extremes in pH and temperature, and was designed to yield melanin in the K+ form. Physical disaggregation of particulate melanin using a wet milling step was also found to facilitate removal of significant quantities of adsorbed protein. The following physical parameters were used to monitor the purification and to characterize the resultant melanin: pH, conductance, particle size, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
Pattern formation and traveling waves in myxobacteria: Theory and modeling

Recent experiments have provided new quantitative measurements of the rippling phenomenon in fields of developing myxobacteria cells. These measurements have enabled us to develop a mathematical model for the ripple phenomenon on the basis of the biochemistry of the C-signaling system, whereby individuals signal by direct cell contact. The model quantitatively reproduces all of the experimental observations and illustrates how intracellular dynamics, contact-mediated intercellular communication, and cell motility can coordinate to produce collective behavior. This pattern of waves is qualitatively different from that observed in other social organisms, especially Dictyostelium discoideum, which depend on diffusible morphogens.
Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain from glyphosate tolerant corn

The current study presents the results of a 13 week feeding study in rats with grain from Roundup Ready® corn which is tolerant to the herbicide glyphosate. Herbicide tolerance was accomplished through the introduction of cp4 epsps coding sequences into the corn genome for in planta production of CP4 EPSPS enzymes. Unlike related corn EPSPS enzymes, CP4 EPSPS enzymes are not inhibited by the herbicide glyphosate. Purina TestDiets formulated Roundup Ready corn grain into rodent diets at levels of 11 and 33% (w/w). The responses of rats fed diets containing Roundup Ready corn grain were compared to that of rats fed diets containing non-transgenic grain (controls). All diets were nutritionally balanced and conformed to Purina Mills, Inc. specifications for Certified LabDiet 5002. There were 400 rats in the study divided into 10 groups of 20 rats/sex/group. Overall health, body weight, food consumption, clinical pathology parameters (hematology, blood chemistry, urinalysis), organ weights, gross and microscopic appearance of tissues were comparable between groups fed diets containing Roundup Ready and control corn grain. This study complements extensive agronomic, compositional and farm animal feeding studies with Roundup Ready corn grain, confirming it is as safe and nutritious as existing commercial corn hybrids.
The Air Quality Impacts of Road Closures Associated with the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston

The Democratic National Convention (DNC) in Boston, Massachusetts in 2004 provided an opportunity to evaluate the impacts of a localized and short-term but potentially significant change in traffic patterns on air quality, and to determine the optimal monitoring approach to address events of this nature. It was anticipated that the road closures associated with the DNC would both influence the overall air pollution level and the distribution of concentrations across the city, through shifts in traffic patterns. To capture these effects, we placed passive nitrogen dioxide badges at 40 sites around metropolitan Boston before, during, and after the DNC, with the goal of capturing the array of hypothesized impacts. In addition, we continuously measured elemental carbon at three sites, and gathered continuous air pollution data from US EPA fixed-site monitors and traffic count data from the Massachusetts Highway Department. There were significant reductions in traffic volume on the highway with closures north of Boston, with relatively little change along other highways, indicating a more isolated traffic reduction rather than an across-the-board decrease. For our nitrogen dioxide samples, while there was a relatively small change in mean concentrations, there was significant heterogeneity across sites, which corresponded with our a priori classifications of road segments. The median ratio of nitrogen dioxide concentrations during the DNC relative to non-DNC sampling periods was 0.58 at sites with hypothesized traffic reductions, versus 0.88 for sites with no changes hypothesized and 1.15 for sites with hypothesized traffic increases. Continuous monitors measured slightly lower concentrations of elemental carbon and nitrogen dioxide during road closure periods at monitors proximate to closed highway segments, but not for PM2.5 or further from major highways. We conclude that there was a small but measurable influence of DNC-related road closures on air quality patterns in the Boston area, and that a low-cost monitoring study combining passive badges for spatial heterogeneity and continuous monitors for temporal heterogeneity can provide useful insight for community air quality assessments.
HISTAMINE RELEASE DURING THE ADMINISTRATION OF ATRACURIUM OR VECURONIUM IN CHILDREN

The histamine releasing potential of equivalent bolus doses of atracurium 0.6 mg kg−1 or vecuronium 0.12 mg kg−1 was evaluated in 20 children anaesthetized with halothane. Blood samples were obtained before, and at 2 and 5 min after the administration of the neuromuscular blocker. The twitch response to 0.15Hz was also evaluated. None of the 10 patients receiving vecuronium had a significant increase in plasma histamine concentration. In two of the 10 children receiving atracurium, the plasma histamine concentration increased markedly, but without any apparent clinical manifestations. Recovery of neuromuscular function (to 95% twitch height) after vecuronium 0.12 mg kg−1 was faster than after atracurium 0.6 mg kg−1 (P
Finding linear building-blocks for RTL synthesis of polynomial datapaths with fixed-size bit-vectors

Polynomial computations over fixed-size bit-vectors are found in many practical datapath designs. For efficient RTL synthesis, it is important to identify good decompositions of the polynomial into smaller/simpler units. Symbolic computer algebra algorithms and tools have been used for this purpose. However, fixed-size (m) bit-vector arithmetic is polynomial algebra over the finite integer ring Z2m, which is a non-unique factorization domain (non-UFD). While non-UFDs provide an extra freedom to search for decompositions, they complicate polynomial manipulation as traditional division-based algorithms are inapplicable. This paper presents new mathematical concepts for polynomial decomposition over Z2m, for RTL synthesis over fixed-size m-bit vectors. Given a polynomial, we identify a specific set of linear expressions and compute the Grobner bases of their ideal (over non-UFD Z2m) using syzygies. This basis serves as good building-blocks for the given computation. A decomposition is identified by subsequent Grobner basis reduction. Experimental results demonstrate significant area savings due to our approach, as compared against contemporary datapath synthesis techniques.
Integrated analysis of transcript profiling and protein sequence data.

Transcript profiling can be used to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in ageing and cancer. A recent study of human gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) with mutations in the KIT gene, Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 8624 exemplifies a common type of investigation. cDNA microarrays were used to generate measurements for 1987 clones in two types of tissues: 13 KIT mutation-positive GISTs and 6 spindle cell tumours from locations outside the gastrointestinal tract. Statistical problems associated with such two-class, high-dimensional profiling data include simultaneous classification and relevant feature identification, probabilistic clustering and protein sequence family modelling. Here, the GIST data were reexamined using specific solutions to these problems, namely sparse hyperplanes, naive Bayes models and profile hidden Markov models respectively. The integrated analysis of molecular profiling and sequence data highlighted 6 clones that may be of clinical and experimental interest. The protein encoded by one of these putative biomarkers defined a novel protein family present in diverse eucarya. The family may be involved in chromosome segregation and/or stability. One family member is a potential biomarker identified recently from a retrospective analysis of transcript profiles for sporadic breast cancer samples from patients with poor and good prognosis, Signal Process. (in press).
Effect of Peanut Plant Fungal Infection on Oviposition Preference by Spodoptera exigua and on Host-Searching Behavior by Cotesia marginiventris

In the current study, we tested the effect of peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. (Leguminoseae), stem infection by the white mold fungus, Sclerotium rolfsii Saccodes (Basidiomycetes), on the oviposition preference of beet armyworms (BAW), Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and on the host-searching behavior by a BAW larval parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris. We found that, in choice tests, adult BAW oviposited more on white mold-infected plants than on healthy plants. We also found evidence that this preference is mediated by plant volatiles and other biochemical changes in plant chemistry caused by fungal infection. When plants were exposed to BAW feeding, the parasitoid C. marginiventris landed more frequently on infected than on healthy plants. We conducted wind tunnel choice experiments to determine whether the more frequent landing by the wasps was mediated by the volatiles emitted by healthy and white mold-infected plants in response to BAW damage. In these wind tunnel experiments, wasps were more responsive to volatiles from plants infected with the white mold compared with healthy ones, when both types of plants were exposed to damaged by BAW caterpillars. Thus, white mold-infected peanut plants were preferred by BAW for oviposition, but, when damaged by BAW larvae, infected plants were also more attractive to one of the BAW natural enemies. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the effect of pathogen-induced biochemical changes in plants on parasitoid behavior has been evaluated.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Leukocyte Telomere Length: An Analysis of NHANES 1999–2002

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) induce the expression of the proto-oncogene c-myc which has a role in cellular growth and proliferation programs. The c-myc up-regulates the telomerase reverse transcriptase which adds the telomeres repeating sequences to the chromosomal ends to compensate for the progressive loss of telomeric sequence. We performed multivariate linear regression to analyze the association of PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran with leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in the adult population (n = 2413) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. LTL was natural log-transformed and the results were re-transformed and presented as percent differences. Individuals in the 3rd and 4th quartiles of the sum of PCBs were associated with 8.33% (95% CI: 4.08-13.88) and 11.63% (95% CI: 6.18-17.35) longer LTLs, respectively, compared with the lowest quartile, with evidence of a dose-response relationship (p-trend < 0.01). The association of the sum PCBs with longer LTL was found in both sexes. Additionally, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran and 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin were associated with longer LTL. The age independent association between longer LTL and environmental exposures to PCBs, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran and 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin may support a role as tumor promoter of these compounds. Further studies to evaluate the effect of these compounds on LTL are needed to more fully understand the implications of our finding.
Families of nearly ordinary Eisenstein series on unitary groups

We use the doubling method to construct p-adic L-functions and families of nearly ordinary Klingen Eisenstein series from nearly ordinary cusp forms on unitary groups of signature (r,s) and Hecke characters, and prove the constant terms of these Eisenstein series are divisible by the p-adic L-function, following earlier constructions of Eischen, Harris, Li, Skinner and Urban. We also make preliminary computations for the Fourier–Jacobi coefficients of the Eisenstein series. This provides a framework to do Iwasawa theory for cusp forms on unitary groups.
Regional Eddy Vorticity Transport and the Equilibrium Vorticity Budgets of a Numerical Model Ocean Circulation

A mean vorticity budget analysis is presented of Holland's (1978) numerical ocean general circulation experiment. The stable budgets are compared with classical circulation theory to emphasize the ways in which the mesoscale motions of the model alter (or leave unaltered) classical vorticity balances. The basinwide meridional transports of vorticity by the mean flow and by the mesoscale flow in the mean are evaluated to establish the role(s) of the mesoscale in the larger scale equilibrium vorticity transports. The vorticity equation for this model fluid system is presented and the budget analysis method is described. Vorticity budgets over the selected regions and on a larger scale are given, and a summary of budget results is provided along with remarks about the utility of this type of analysis.
Production and assessment of cleaved monomode fiber ends

Several monomode fiber measurement techniques and installation procedures, in particular fusion splicing, require the preparation of clean planar fiber ends which are perpendicular to the fiber axis to within 1°.1 Cleaving provides the fastest, simplest, and cheapest means of producing suitable ends provided an adequate success rate can be guaranteed. Optimization of cleaving tool design and operating parameters, is, therefore, essential, and this In turn must be based on a detailed investigation and understanding of the entire cleaving process. Fracture propagates through fused silica in a plane normal to the local stress field.2 Thus control of this field, especially prevention of asymmetrical nonaxial stress components prior to and during fracture, is of central importance.
Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) currently affect approximately 2% of all organ allograft recipients. This problem has increased in magnitude in recent years both because of newly available powerful immunosuppressive agents and the steady increase in the number of organs transplanted. In 1990 more than 20,000 allogeneic organ transplants were performed in the United States. Although individual pathologists are unlikely to acquire a broad experience with PTLDs, they are likely to encounter occasional cases in the course of their routine practice. Furthermore, because PTLDs may occur months or even years after transplantation," the challenge of diagnosis is not confined to pathologists in health care facilities directly engaged in organ transplantation. It is essential that posttransplantation proliferative disorders be recognized early, because they can often be cured with appropriate therapy. Without accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment, these disorders are potentially rapidly fatal." The pathologist with little experience with PTLDs will often render an erroneous diagnosis of lymphoma, applying the criteria for the diagnosis of conventional lymphomas occurring in nonimmunocompromised patients. Lymphoproliferative disorders occurring in association with immunosuppression, however, are unique. They have a predilection for extranodal sites, a varied morphologic appearance, a strong and probably causal association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, frequent absence of immunophenotypic or genotypic''' evidence of monoclonality, and a poor response to the cytolytic chemotherapeutic or irradiation regimens used for lymphoma." Although these features are shared to some extent by tumors occurring in patients with either congenital or acquired immunode-
Adjoint-Based Optimal Control of a Mach 1.3 Turbulent Jet for Noise Reduction

It has been shown that adjoint-based optimization can be used for an effective control of a turbulent flow via circumventing the complexity in turbulence and directly optimizing the controller 1,2 In this study, the adjoint-based optimization is applied to reduce the sound generated by a Mach 1.3 jet and find a corresponding optimal control. A baseline uncontrolled Mach 1.3 jet is accurately simulated by a high-fidelity numerical scheme and compared well with measurements. An acoustically quieter state of the Mach 1.3 jet is found and analyzed in detail. The optimization is ongoing for more noise reduction. A constrained optimization algorithm is formulated to optimize a controller with constraints in space and time, which can be used to satisfy a specific hardware requirement. I. Introduction Turbulent jet noise has defied a simple mechanistic description making noise reduction a trial-and-error effort. The subtlety of the noise source and the complexity of the flow turbulence that generates the sound is the root cause of this difficulty. We have designed means of using adjoint-based optimization to circumvent this complexity and reduce noise directly. Its application to drag reduction in incompressible boundary layers 2 and improved aerodynamic design 3 has recently been extended to the noise reduction of compressible mixing layers 1,4 and a supersonic jet flow. 5 Our most recent effort focused on developing the adjoint-based optimization algorithm using a high-fidelity numerical scheme based upon an overset grid approach. 5 In this study, the uncontrolled Mach 1.3 jet and its noise mitigation using the adjoint-based optimization are discussed in more detail. A database of the simulated jet, including its near-field turbulence and far-field sound, is established and compared with measurements. The initial noise reduction is modest compared to our previous test, 5 but the optimization is ongoing. In our initial formulation, no constraints were included with the result that the optimal control identified is hard or impossible to realize in hardware, and so serves primarily as a means of investigating noise mechanisms and modeling issues. In the present study, we therefore extend the optimization formulation so that the actuator is constrained so that its space and time character corresponds to specific hardware.
Analysis of Disease Death Cause in National Surveillance Sites Located in Anhui Province in 2004

Objective To understand disease death level and characteristic at present so as to provide basis for making countermeasures and improving use of health resources. Methods Surveillance data from 6 national surveillance sites were collected and classified according to ICD-9. Results General mortality was 307.73/100000. 69 cases were infectious disease and maternal and children diseases. 2184 cases were non-infectious disease. 244 cases were injuries. Their death rate was 8.50/100000, 269.15/100000 and 30.07/100000 respectively. Conclusions Changing unhealthy life style and eradicating environment pollution were the key to prevent and control cardiac diseases, malignant tumor, injury, poisoning and respiratory diseases.
Analysis of Renal Mononuclear Phagocytes in Murine Models of SLE

In this chapter we present methods for the isolation and characterization of mononuclear phagocytes from the kidneys of mice with SLE. Activation of these cells is associated with the onset of clinical disease in mice and infiltration with these cells is associated with poor prognosis in humans. Using magnetic beads followed by flow cytometric sorting, pure populations of cells are obtained that are functional in a variety of assays. Sufficient numbers of cells are obtained for genomic characterization. An analysis of the function of these cells should lead to a better understanding of the inflammatory processes that cause renal impairment in SLE and other renal inflammatory diseases.
Micellar Enzymology for Thermal, pH, and Solvent Stability

This chapter describes methods for enzyme stabilization using micellar solutions. Micellar solutions have been shown to increase the thermal stability, as well as the pH and solvent tolerance of enzymes. This field is traditionally referred to as micellar enzymology. This chapter details the use of ionic and nonionic micelles for the stabilization of polyphenol oxidase, lipase, and catalase, although this method could be used with any enzymatic system or enzyme cascade system.
Characteristic Wave Approach as a Complement to Modal Analysis

A finite dimensional approximation of large space structures as distributed parameter systems may lead to a loss of contribution of high frequencies to the dynamic response in the case of impulsive or concentrated loads. As shown in Ref. 1, the unmodelled part of this response can be represented by a system of thin pulses propagating as characteristic waves, while the dynamics of these pulses is described by linear equations with delay argument which complement the conventional finite dimensional model.
Ventilation, indoor air quality, and health in homes undergoing weatherization.

Ventilation standards, health, and indoor air quality have not been adequately examined for residential weatherization. This randomized trial showed how ASHRAE 62-1989 (n=39 houses) and ASHRAE 62.2-2010 (n=42 houses) influenced ventilation rates, moisture balance, indoor air quality, and self-reported physical and mental health outcomes. Average total airflow was nearly twice as high for ASHRAE 62.2-2010 (79 vs. 39 cfm). Volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde and carbon dioxide were all significantly reduced for the newer standard and first-floor radon was marginally lower, but for the older standard, only formaldehyde significantly decreased. Humidity in the ASHRAE 62.2-2010 group was only about half that of the ASHRAE 62-1989 group using the moisture balance metric. Radon was higher in the basement but lower on the first floor for ASHRAE 62.2-2010. Children in each group had fewer headaches, eczema, and skin allergies after weatherization and adults had improvements in psychological distress. Indoor air quality and health improve when weatherization is accompanied by an ASHRAE residential ventilation standard, and the 2010 ASHRAE standard has greater improvements in certain outcomes compared to the 1989 standard. Weatherization, home repair, and energy conservation projects should use the newer ASHRAE standard to improve indoor air quality and health.
Hot Spots Policing: Theoretical Perspectives, Scientific Evidence, and Proper Implementation

In recent years, crime scholars and practitioners have pointed to the potential benefits of focusing police crime prevention efforts on crime places. Research suggests that there is significant clustering of crime in small places or “hot spots.” A number of researchers have argued that crime problems can be reduced more efficiently if police officers focused their attention to these deviant places. General deterrence and criminal opportunities theories are often applied to understand the crime control effectiveness of hot spots policing. The available evaluation evidence suggests that hot spots policing generates noteworthy crime reductions and these crime control benefits diffuse into areas immediately surrounding targeted crime hot spots. Moreover, problem-oriented policing interventions seem to generate larger crime control impacts when compared to interventions that simply increase levels of traditional police actions in crime hot spots. To improve their legitimacy in disadvantaged minority neighborhoods, police departments should engage collaborative, community problem-solving approaches to address crime hot spots.
Effect of Calcium Chloride Treatments on Quality Characteristics of Blackberry, Raspberry and Strawberry Fruits After Cold Storage

Post-harvested blackberry, raspberry and strawberry fruits were immediately treated with 1% and 2% calcium chloride by immersion at 20 ± 1°C for 2.5 min and kept for 8 days at 0 ± 0.5°C and relative humidity (RH) 90 ± 5%. The application of calcium did not significantly effect on total titratable acidity, pH and total soluble solids. Maximum weight lost was observed for untreated berries and minimum lost was observed for fruits treated with 2% calcium chloride. After storage, ascorbic acid content was significantly higher in samples of blackberry, raspberry and strawberry fruits subjected to 2% calcium chloride dip. Treatment of blackberry, raspberry and strawberry fruits with calcium chloride had a positive effect on retention of total polyphenols content during the storage period. Depletion of antioxidant capacity of untreated fresh blackberry fruits during 8 days cold storage was 25%; raspberries and strawberries - 34 and 26 % respectively. Whereas depletion of antioxidant activity in the 2% calcium chloride treated samples of these fruits was 8, 22 and 11% respectively. In case of storage of untreated blackberry fruits content of cyanidin-3-O-monoglucoside decreased by 6.33 mg per 100 g of fruit. While, in fruit samples treated with 1 and 2% calcium chloride content of cyanidin-3-O-monoglucoside decreased by 32.06 and 11.35 mg per 100 g of fruit, respectively. Content of pelargonidin 3–O- monoglucoside increased by 2.29 mg per 100 g of the untreated blackberry fruits and by 26.87 and 8.45 mg per 100 g of fruits treated with 1 and 2% calcium chloride respectively. Change of content of cyanidin 3–O- (6 - p – coumaroyl - glucoside) in blackberry fruits was not statistically significant.
Development and validation of a new patient experience tool in patients with serious illness.

Patients with serious chronic illnesses face increasingly complex care and are at risk of poor experience due to a fragmented health system. Most current patient experience tools are not designed to address the unique care aspects of this population and the few that exist are delivered too late in the disease trajectory and are not administered longitudinally which makes them less useful across settings. We developed a new tool designed to address these gaps. The 25 item scale was tested and refined using randomly cross-validated exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Participants were not yet hospice eligible but sick enough to receive benefits of a supportive care approach in the last 2 to 3 years of life. Full information maximum likelihood models were run to confirm the factor structure developed in exploratory analyses. Goodness-of-fit was assessed with the Comparative Fit Index, the Tucker-Lewis Index, and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation. Test-retest reliability was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient and internal consistency of the final scale was examined using Cronbach’s alpha. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three domains — Care Team, Communication, and Care Goals — after removing weak loading and cross loading items. The initial three domain measurement model suggested in the development cohort was tested in the validation cohort and exhibited poor fit X2 (206) = 565.37, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.879; TLI = 0.864; RMSEA = 0.076. After model respecification, including removing one additional item and allowing paths between theoretically plausible error terms, the final 21 item tool exhibited good fit X2 (173) = 295.63, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.958; TLI = 0.949; RMSEA = 0.048. Cronbach’s alpha revealed high reliability of each domain (Care Team = 0.92, Communication = 0.83, Care Goals = 0.77) and the entire scale (α = 0.91). ICC showed adequate test-retest validity (ICC = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.52–0.65) of the full scale. When administered earlier in the chronic illness trajectory, a new patient experience scale focused on care teams across settings, communication, and care goals, displayed strong reliability and performed well psychometrically. This trial ( NCT01746446 ) was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on November 27, 2012 (retrospectively registered).
Cyber attacks: the fog of identity

Whether a criminal, warrior, terrorist, or spy, the rise of cyber attacks has created a whole new dimension to cyberspace. Despite the advancement of cyber security systems and multilateral security initiatives, the global electronic marketplace remains vulnerable to grave cyber intrusions. Unlike the war-fighting domains of sea, air, land and space, cyberspace still remains largely undefined. Cyberspace is not a stagnant domain, but rather a fast moving, malleable, omnipresent domain subject to open borders and unilateral attacks. According to national laws and strategies, the definition of a cyber-attack varies widely, creating inconsistencies in interpretation and response. Through empirical research and analysis, this paper attempts to define the various aggressors in cyberspace based on the identity of the attacker and the type, purpose and impact of the attack, and then analyze the applicable policies, laws, and regulations under national and international cyber security frameworks. The purpose of the research is to understand the barriers to the development of international norms of behavior in cyberspace and the challenges faced by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in defining thresholds for a domain with various levels of entry. This paper examines Article 4 and Article 5 of the NATO treaty and Article 51 of the United Nations Charter to identify the problems and challenges of applying the traditional legal regime under this new domain and then offers some recommendations to address these challenges.
Targeting Melanoma with Cancer-Killing Viruses

Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer with ever-increasing incidence. Despite the development in diagnostics and therapies, metastatic melanoma is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a class of novel therapeutic agents for cancer by possessing two closely related properties for tumor reduction: virus-induced lysis of tumor cells and induction of host anti-tumor immune responses. A variety of viruses, either in "natural" or in genetically modified forms, have exhibited a remarkable therapeutic efficacy in regressing melanoma in experimental and/or clinical studies. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of these viruses, which involve manipulating and targeting the abnormalities of melanoma, and can be categorized as enhancing viral tropism, targeting the tumor microenvironment and increasing the innate and adaptive antitumor responses. Additionally, this review describes the "biomarkers" and deregulated pathways of melanoma that are responsible for melanoma initiation, progression and metastasis. Advances in understanding these abnormalities of melanoma have resulted in effective targeted and immuno-therapies, and could potentially be applied for engineering OVs with enhanced oncolytic activity in future.
Do Marital Conflict Behaviors in Response to a Novel Stressor Uniquely Predict Adolescent Outcomes

The goal of this study was to examine whether mothers’ and fathers’ marital conflict behaviors in response to a novel stressor are uniquely predictive of adolescent outcomes. Previous research establishing the detrimental consequences of marital conflict for child outcomes has relied exclusively on assessments of conflict that measure reoccurring or past conflict. From 153 adolescents and/or both of their parents, reports were gathered on marital conflict, adolescent conflict appraisals, parent-adolescent relationship quality, and adolescent adjustment. Couples engaged in two marital problem-solving interaction tasks—one that elicited conflict behaviors by requiring discussion of salient, reoccurring topics of disagreement and one that prompted conflict behaviors by requiring that couples worked together to solve an unfamiliar problem. Results indicated that compared to behaviors during the marital conflict discussion as well as parent-reports of the frequency, intensity, and resolution of typical conflict, conflict behaviors in response to a novel stressor, particularly those displayed by mothers, were uniquely associated with adolescents’ conflict appraisals and dimensions of the parent-adolescent relationship but not adolescent adjustment. Specifically more-negative (relative to positive) conflict behaviors in response to the novel stressor was associated with more-negative adolescent conflict appraisals; mothers’ more-negative conflict behaviors in response to a novel stressor were also linked to adolescents reporting less parental monitoring. In contrast, parent reports of typical marital conflict uniquely predicted conflict property appraisals, the affective quality of mother-adolescent relationships, and adolescent adjustment. Implications for future research elucidating associations between conflict behaviors in response to a novel stressor on children and families are discussed.
Electron scattering mechanisms in n-type epitaxial GaP☆

Charge carrier scattering mechanisms in n-type epitaxial GaP have been examined. An analysis of experimental Hall mobility-temperature curves has been made in terms of polar mode, acoustic mode, ionized impurity, and “space charge” scattering. An upper range on the electron mobility expected at room temperature in epitaxial GaP has been deduced to be between 150 and 174 cm2V-sec. From this work, a value of about 12 eV has been deduced for the deformation potential in epitaxial GaP. The “space charge” factor [NsA] = 10 to ∼5 × 102 where Ns is the number of “space charge” centers and A is the scattering cross-section. Ns is of the order of 1015cm3 and A ∼ 10−13cm2. Good agreement has been found between Hall effect analysis and spectroscopic emission analysis for the concentration of the shallow donor, silicon.
Seeing through the eyes of the perpetrator: A goal-directed function of introjection

This paper proposes that introjection experienced as a traumatic presence has a goal-directed function, subcortically mediated with essential cortical participation. Anticipation of further relatio...