cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photochemical Products of Benzyl Benzoate: Possible Formation of Skin Allergens

Benzyl benzoate, which has been used in consumer products as a fragrance ingredient, was exposed to sunlight for 11 days in ethanol solutions in the presence of atmospheric oxygen with and without the photosensitizer naphthalene or acetophenone. Light of wavelength longer than 300 nm was expected to promote the photochemical reactions in the samples. Thirty-five products from the exposed samples were isolated and identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Major products were the nine compounds produced from the benzoyl radical, including the skin allergens benzaldehyde and benzoic acid.
Formation of photochemical air pollution in central California 2. Impact of revised emissions on Eulerian model predictions

[1] Attempts to characterize ozone formation as sensitive to either volatile organic compounds (VOC) or NOx within a region oversimplify a problem that shows spatial and temporal variation. California's Central Valley has some of the highest ozone levels in the country and a rapidly growing population, and air quality problems in this region can be influenced by interbasin transport of ozone and its precursors. An Eulerian photochemical airshed model is applied to the region for the period 3–6 August 1990. This episode spans a weekend, and the emission inventory incorporates revised motor vehicle emissions with day-specific activity patterns. Compared with the baseline inventory, the revised inventory contains higher VOC and lower NOx emissions from motor vehicles and different temporal patterns of these emissions. Revised estimates of biogenic emissions are greatly reduced. The baseline emission inventory used in previous modeling efforts appears to contain compensating errors, with high biogenic emissions making up for low motor vehicle emissions of VOC. Results suggest that heavily urbanized areas around and downwind of the San Francisco Bay and Sacramento are VOC-sensitive, while the more rural areas are NOx-sensitive. Ozone formation in the San Joaquin Valley, where progress in reducing ambient ozone concentrations has been slow, exhibits sensitivity to emissions of both VOC and NOx, and is influenced by emissions from the San Francisco Bay Area during this modeling episode.
Electron Magnetic Resonance of the Tyrosyl Radical in Ribonucleotide Reductase from Escherichia coli

The spin density distribution of the Y122 tyrosyl radical in the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli has been determined. Incorporation of isotopically labeled tyrosine into the protein has allowed us to measure the 17O hyperfine coupling by using EPR, giving a direct measure of the tyrosine phenol oxygen spin density, 0.29 ± 0.02. The hyperfine tensors of six protons of the radical have been determined by using ENDOR. Magnetic field selection allows a determination of the orientation of the hyperfine tensors relative to the g tensor. Electron−nuclear−nuclear triple resonance has been applied to establish the relative signs of three hyperfine couplings. These measurements give a more precise and more accurate picture of the spin density distribution in a protein tyrosyl radical than has been available previously. The 17O hyperfine splitting in tyrosyl radicals in aqueous glasses has also been measured. The differences in hyperfine couplings indicate that addition of a hydrogen bon...
Asymptotic analysis of stress waves in inhomogeneous elastic solids.

The effects of material inhomogeneity on elastic waves generated in a solid by impulsive loading of the surface are investigated. Where the variation in the material properties is sufficiently smooth, a geometric optics asymptotic solution, which is valid for impulsive loads of sufficiently short time duration, is used. A comparison is made, using a one-dimensional problem, of the asymptotic solution and a computer solution in which the material was approximated by layers of homogeneous properties. Three-dimensional problems also are considered with the asymptotic method. It is shown that small transverse gradients of material properties in a problem that appears to be essentially one dimensional can cause the formation of caustics (i.e., regions of high stress intensification) which are completely absent from the one-dimensional solution.
Characterization of bacteriophage T4 Band D RNA, a low-molecular-weight RNA of unknown function☆

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of T4 band D RNA, a stable RNA species encoded by bacteriophage T4, has been deduced from analysis of the 32 P-labeled RNA and comparison with the DNA sequence of the T4 genome in the region encoding the RNA. The sequence is: pA-U-G-A-G-A-A-A-C-C-G-G-G-U-C-G-C-U-A-C-C-G-G-U-A-A-G-U-C-G-U-C-G-G-A-C-U-G-A-U-G-G-U-U-C-C-C-U-G-A-G-U-A-A-G-G-A-A-U-U-G-C-G-U-U-A-A-U-A-A -U-C-U-U-U-G-C-G-U-U-U-A-U-U-G-A-U-G-C-C-C-U-C-U-U-A-C-A-U-C-A-C-A-G-C-A-G-A-A-A-C-G-G-C-G-C-A-C-C-A OH . Band D RNA is 120 nucleotides long, and contains no modified nucleotides. The sequence can be arranged in a secondary structure consistent with the results of limited digestion with nuclease S1, but shows no striking similarities to tRNAs. While a biological function for band D RNA is unknown, similar molecules are encoded by bacteriophages T2 and T6, indicating that the molecule has been preserved during evolution. This retention may reflect a significant function for the RNA.
Competitive interaction in plant populations exposed to supplementary ultraviolet-B radiation.

Changes in plant growth and competitive balance between pairs of competing species were documented as a result of supplementary ultraviolet-B radiation (principally in the 290–315 nm waveband) under field conditions. This component of the terrestrial solar spectrum would be intensified if the atmospheric ozone layer were reduced. A method for calculating and statistically analyzing relative crowding coefficients was developed and used to evaluate the competitive status of the species pairs sown in a modified replacement series. The effect of the supplementary UV-B irradiance was generally detrimental to plant growth, and was reflected in decreased leaf area, biomass, height and density as well as changes in competitive balance for various species. For some species, interspecific competition apparently accentuated the effect of the UV-B radiation, while more intense intraspecific competition may have had the same effect for other species. A few species when grown in a situation of more severe mutual interspecific competition exhibited enhanced growth under the UV-B radiation treatment. This, however, was usually associated with a detrimental effect of the radiation on its competitor and thus was likely the result of its improved competitive circumstance rather than a beneficial physiological effect of the radiation.
Acceptance Does Not Entail Belief

Many philosophers have defended the claim that acceptance and belief are different types of mental states, or, at the very least, that there are ways of accepting propositions that are distinct fro...
Fibrin Glue: An Effective Hemostatic Agent for Nonsaturable Intraoperative Bleeding

Bleeding is sometimes difficult to control during cardiac operations because of bleeding diathesis or poor tissue quality. A simple method that can control such bleeding is described.
Continuity of care: A Nursing Needs Assessment Instrument

Based on testing of the Uniform Needs Assessment Instrument (UNAI), a nursing needs assessment tool for adult hospitalized patients was integrated into nursing practice. Some content and format changes to the UNAI occurred as a result of the research process. The revised assessment form is called the Nursing Needs Assessment Instrument (NNAI). Community providers, including nursing home and home health care personnel, use the NNAI to derive necessary admission data for assessing patients, planning care, and communicating with other staff regarding patient needs. Instituting an evidence-based practice change in hospital discharge forms enables the next care provider to consistently meet the patient's continuing needs.
Evidence for the association of protein 4.1 immunoreactive forms with neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease brains

Abstract The formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and paired-helical filaments (PHFs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) reflects a major disorganization of the cytoskeleton. The role of the neuronal membrane skeleton in the development of these abnormalities has not previously been investigated. In this study, we used 9 antibodies raised against the erythrocyte membrane skeleton protein 4.1 (P4.1) for immunocytochemical and immunoblot analyses to investigate whether or not the brain homologues of this protein were constituents of NFTs or PHFs. Our results show that 7 of the 9 monospecific antibodies against the human and pig erythrocyte P4.1 stained NFTs in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of AD brains. The P4.1 antibodies used here did not cross-react with tau protein isolated from AD brain, and preabsorption of these antibodies with tau protein did not cause loss of NFT staining. In age-matched control brains, these P4.1 antibodies stained neuronal cell bodies or nuclei. Six of the antibodies also stained isolated NFTs but the SDS-insoluble NFTswwere immunostained only by two of the P4.1 antibodies. By using inositol hexaphosphate affinity chromatography and immunoblot analysis, we identified a 68-kDa protein as the most likely brain analogue of P4.1. When SDS-extracted proteins from the isolated NFTs were immunoblotted, a 50-kDa band was immunostained. The 68-kDa and 50-kDa proteins were not stained by tau protein and neurofilament subunit NF-H antibodies, that strongly stained NFTs. We conclude that brain protein 4.1 isoform(s) are constituents of NFTs in AD.
Practical Synthesis of (1s,4s)-4-(Methylamino)-1′H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,3′-furo[3,4-c]pyridin]-1′-one

A practical and scalable process for the preparation of (1s,4s)-4-(methylamino)-1′H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,3′-furo[3,4-c]pyridin]-1′-one 2a, a highly functionalized and potentially useful building block for pharmaceutical research is described. The material is prepared via an efficient two-step sequence from readily available materials and is isolated as a single diastereomer in high chemical purity.
Design considerations for polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography with a single input polarization state

Using a generalized design for a polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) system with a single input polarization state (SIPS), we prove the existence of an infinitely large design space over which it is possible to develop simple PS-OCT systems that yield closed form expressions for birefringence. Through simulation and experiment, we validate this analysis by demonstrating new configurations for PS-OCT systems, and present guidelines for the general design of such systems in light of their inherent inaccuracies. After accounting for systemic errors, alternative designs exhibit similar performance on average to the traditional SIPS PS-OCT system. This analysis could be extended to systems with multiple input polarization states and could usher in a new generation of PS-OCT systems optimally designed to probe specific birefringent samples with high accuracy.
Gold: an allergen of growing significance.

Gold moved into the limelight of medical literature thanks to the anti-inflammatory activity and effectiveness of gold compounds in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, but more recently also because of the growing incidence of hypersensitivity induced by it which is expressed in cutaneous and mucosal reactions. This review discusses dermatotoxicity associated with gold. In some countries gold has moved into second place as allergen, following nickel. Such recognition is mainly due to improved diagnostic methods and to its inclusion in routine dermal patch testing. Some unconventional manifestations of hypersensitivity are associated with use patterns which involve intimate contact with the metal as a component of jewellery. In-depth analysis of the growing number of cases of allergy has revealed various immunological idiosyncrasies as being characteristic of this metal. These include late reactions to challenge, extraordinary persistence of clinical effects, formation of intracutaneous nodules and immunogenic granuloma unresponsive to conventional steroid therapy, the occurrence of eczema at sites distant from the site of contact, and flare-ups of eczema upon systemic provocation with allergen which are characteristic of drug induced allergy. These manifestations demand investigations at the molecular level of the unusual mechanisms of action involved.
The Determinants of Formal and Informal Volunteering: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey

Using data from the 2009 American Time Use Survey, this study examines to what extent time spent in major life domains such as education, paid work, domestic work, and religion is associated with individuals’ decisions to volunteer formally and informally. Consistent with earlier studies of volunteering behavior, this study finds that time spent on market and domestic works is significantly and negatively associated with both formal and informal volunteering, though in slightly different ways. Meanwhile, time spent on educational and religious activities is significantly and positively associated with only formal volunteering but not informal volunteering. Moreover, the study finds that the two forms of volunteering are complements rather than substitutes. Implications of these and other-related findings for integrating the literatures on decisions about formal and informal volunteering are discussed.
Partial query resolution for animation authoring

Animations are a part of multimedia and techniques such as motion mapping and inverse kinematics aid in reusing models and motion sequences to create new animations. This reuse approach is facilitated by the use of content-based retrieval techniques that often require fuzzy query resolution. Most fuzzy query resolution approaches work on all the attributes of the query to minimize the database access cost thus resulting in an unsatisfactory result set. It turns out that the query resolution can be carried out in a partial manner to achieve user satisfactory results and aid in easy authoring. In this article, we present two partial fuzzy query resolution approaches, one that results in high-quality animations and the other that produces results with decreasing number of satisfied conditions in the query.
Programs for high risk adolescents: What works?

Abstract This paper reviews the effectiveness of two types of programs aimed at teenage pregnancy and childbearing: (1) programs to prevent pregnancy or parenthood and (2) programs to ameliorate its negative consequences, among those who have become parents. There are two types of programs aimed at prevention: The first aims to delay the start of sexual activity among youth. While preventing pregnancy by delaying sexual activity has the largest potential payoff, only a few such programs have demonstrated positive results. This chapter reviews the results of those that have been evaluated. The second type of prevention program aims to prevent pregnancy by providing counseling, education, or services to increase the use of contraception among sexually active teenagers. More numerous and well-evaluated are the many programs which target pregnant or parenting teenagers for prenatal and postnatal medical assistance, for counseling, for continued assistance with parenting, and for social and economic aid to enable the teenager to continue with schooling and/or prepare for employment. From these demonstration programs we are learning more about what works and what does not for different types of teenagers and for their children.
Biochemical studies of the ascitic fluid in hepatic cirrhosis.

scITic FLVlD appears frequently in the course of cirrhosis of the liver. Th is complicat ion is generally considered to be present in 50-80 per cent of cases of cirrhosis and is found most often in cirrhosis of the "at rophic type." Numerous etiologic factors have been suggested to explain the pathogenesis of ascites in cirrhotic patients. T h e principal ones are felt to be: portal hypertension, 1 hypoa lbuminemia , 2 alterations of electrolyte metabolism (secondary hyperaldosteronism),.~ alterations in the metabol ism of ant idiuret ic hormone, 4 and obstruction of lymphat ic flow. ~ Each of these factors may play a par t in the product ion of ascites, but it is not possible, in practice, to conclude which is the principal one. Biochemical studies of the ascitic fluid of cirrhotic subjects demonstrate it to be poor in proteins and to behave like a transudate. 6, 7 In comparative electrophoretic studies of serum and ascitic fluid in patients with hepatic cirrhosis, it has been found that the protein fractions of each are alike qualitatively. 8, 9 A recent paper 1° has emphasized the quant i ta t ive relationships between the protein fractions of ascitic fluid and those of serum. These relationships may be helpful in distinguishing between the various types of ascites. Unti l recently most studies have been concerned with these prote in relationships; however, few workers have studied other components of ascitic fluid. 11, 12 In the investigation to be described in this article, we studied protein, bi l irubin, inorganic phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase in ascitic fluid in cirrhotic patients and a t tempted to establish a correlation between them and their respective serum values, hoping thereby to obtain a bet ter unders tanding of the nature of the ascitic fluid formed.
Real-Time Imaging of Biological Tissues using High Resolution Line-Scanning Optical Coherence Microscopy

A novel line-scanning optical coherence microscope with 2 mum times 3 mum resolution (transverse times axial), 250 mum times 250 mum field of view, and 90 dB sensitivity is presented for real time, cellular level imaging.
The Collaborative Cross as a Resource for Modeling Human Disease: CC011/Unc, a New Mouse Model for Spontaneous Colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune-mediated condition driven by improper responses to intestinal microflora in the context of environmental and genetic background. GWAS in humans have identified many loci associated with IBD, but animal models are valuable for dissecting the underlying molecular mechanisms, characterizing environmental and genetic contributions and developing treatments. Mouse models rely on interventions such as chemical treatment or introduction of an infectious agent to induce disease. Here, we describe a new model for IBD in which the disease develops spontaneously in 20-week-old mice in the absence of known murine pathogens. The model is part of the Collaborative Cross and came to our attention due to a high incidence of rectal prolapse in an incompletely inbred line. Necropsies revealed a profound proliferative colitis with variable degrees of ulceration and vasculitis, splenomegaly and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes with no discernible anomalies of other organ systems. Phenotypic characterization of the CC011/Unc mice with homozygosity ranging from 94.1 to 99.8 % suggested that the trait was fixed and acted recessively in crosses to the colitis-resistant C57BL/6J inbred strain. Using a QTL approach, we identified four loci, Ccc1, Ccc2,Ccc3 and Ccc4 on chromosomes 12, 14, 1 and 8 that collectively explain 27.7 % of the phenotypic variation. Surprisingly, we also found that minute levels of residual heterozygosity in CC011/Unc have significant impact on the phenotype. This work demonstrates the utility of the CC as a source of models of human disease that arises through new combinations of alleles at susceptibility loci. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00335-013-9499-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Coping styles in heart failure patients with depressive symptoms

Objective Elevated depressive symptoms have been linked to poorer prognosis in heart failure (HF) patients. Our objective was to identify coping styles associated with depressive symptoms in HF patients.
The effects of fluoridated water on rat urine and tissue cAMP levels.

Abstract Male Wistar rats were fed a fluoride deficient diet ( parts 10 6 F ), and either distilled water or fluoridated water (1.0 parts/106). By week 3, the control group had urinary excretions of 106 ± 5 nmol cAMP/day (mean ± SEM) whereas the experimental group excreted 129 ± 6 nmol cAMP/day. After 111 days, the control group excreted 270 ± 26 nmol cAMP/day compared to 600 ± 78 nmol cAMP/day for the experimental group. Body weight, food and water consumption, urine volume, and urinary creatinine and phosphate levels were not significantly different between the two groups. Tissue cAMP levels were determined after 4, 6 and 16 weeks. By week 4, the rats receiving the fluoridated water had significantly higher levels of cAMP in the liver (113 per cent) tibia (130 per cent), femur (89 per cent) and heart (35 per cent). At week 6, the liver (119 per cent), tibia (296 per cent), heart (168 per cent), kidney (73 per cent) and submandibular gland (27 per cent) had significantly higher levels of cAMP. By week 16, the liver, femur, kidney and submandibular gland continued to have elevated levels of cAMP. Liver glycolytic metabolites were determined after 6 weeks, and the results suggested a decrease in pyruvate kinase activity.
Examination of the hexamethylenetetramine procedure for separation of thorium from rare earths and for determination of thorium

An examination has been made of the efficiency of the gravimetric reagent hexamethylenetetramine in the separation of thorium from rare earths and in the determination of thorium. Losses to the filtrate, beaker and filter paper are evaluated as well as the extent of rare earth and other contamination of the thorium hydroxide precipitate. When hydroxylamine is used as the reducing agent to keep cerium in the tervalent state, excellent separations are obtained. The efficacy of the reagent is offset by the loss of small amounts of thorium to the precipitation vessel, the scavenging properties of the precipitate for silica and the difficulty in evaluating a true reagent blank.
A Risk-based Global Coordination System in a Distributed Product Development Environment for Collaborative Design, Part II, Application:

This is the first of a two-part paper introducing a risk-based global coordination system in a distributed environment for collaborative design. Part I presents the basic concepts and a theoretical framework, and Part II describes the implementation and practical application to a National Science Foundation supported collaborative network. In a distributed environment, local negotiations within a stakeholder group (intra-stakeholder) and global negotiations among stakeholders (inter-stakeholder) co-exist. Strategic support is necessary to facilitate the integrative negotiation at the both intra- and inter- levels for effective distributed decision making. The challenge is that the distributed stakeholders have different subjective risk perceptions, interpretations and evaluations, which can be inconsistent and incoherent from a global perspective, and thus create considerable barriers for effective negotiation and coordination. Our approach is to (1) understand and capture heterogeneous risk evaluations a...
Interactions between non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutations: phenotypes and mechanisms.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antiretroviral regimens that combine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have consistently been the most effective regimens for the initial treatment of HIV-1 infection. Such combinations have been manufactured in several fixed-dose combinations and are the most commonly used treatments worldwide. The success of these regimens may partly be a result of the synergistic manner in which the two classes of compounds inhibit the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase enzyme. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple synergistic effects have been described in the mechanisms and pathways of drug resistance. This review outlines what is currently known about the interactions between nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance. SUMMARY These synergistic interactions are likely to be the driving force behind the potency and durability of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor/non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor combinations used in clinical practice.
Carcinoma of the trachea. Clinicopathologic study of 41 cases

During a period of 33 years, 41 patients with primary carcinoma of the trachea were treated at Memorial and James Ewing Hospitals. Thirty of these patients had epidermoid carcinoma, 7 had adenoid cystic carcinoma, and 4 had mucus-secreting adenocarcinoma. In view of the cryptic symptomatology, tracheal carcinoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with chronic cough, hemoptysis, and negative chest roentgenogram. The prognosis of tracheal carcinoma appears to depend mainly upon size and histologic type of the primary tumor. The prognosis of epidermoid and mucus-secreting adenocarcinoma appears to be grave. Less than 25 percent of the patients with epidermoid carcinoma survived one year or longer. Adenoid cystic carcinoma carried a much better prognosis, however. These tumors have a slow and insidious course, usually recur, and metastasize several years after initial treatment. Small tracheal tumors can be treated either by endoscopic excision or partial resection of the trachea. In the case of extensive localized disease, the combination of surgery and irradiation is the treatment of choice.
Posterior intercostal artery tortuosity and collateral branch points: a cadaveric study.

Publications report observing tortuosity in the posterior intercostal arteries of elderly patients. Studies also describe the size and course of the collateral intercostal arteries. This information is clinically significant when performing thoracentesis and video-assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS). To the best of our knowledge, no studies have examined arterial tortuosity or described collateral artery origins relative to boney landmarks. The purpose of this study was to define a safe surgical zone for thoracic access using palpable external boney landmarks. Three-hundred forty-eight intercostal spaces (3 rd – 8 th ) of 29 male and female embalmed cadavers were dissected from the vertebral body to the mid-axillary line to observe the posterior intercostal artery and its collateral branch. The origins of the collateral intercostal arteries relative to the midline of thoracic spinous processes were measured. Mild to moderate tortuosity (arterial curves covering 25-50% of the intercostal space) was observed in at least one posterior intercostal artery in the majority of cadavers. The origins of the collateral intercostal arteries were variable relative to the midline. Additional collateral intercostal arteries distal to the primary collateral branch were observed, most commonly in the 5 th intercostal space, which is used in VATS and thoracentesis. Tortuosity is common in the third through eighth posterior intercostal arteries, especially in individuals over the age of 60. Given the findings of this study, we recommend that any procedure involving placement of a surgical instrument into these intercostal spaces do so at least 120 mm lateral to the midline of the spinous processes. We also recommend pre-procedure ultrasound (intercostals scan) of the posterior and collateral intercostal arteries when performing non-emergent thoracentesis and video-assisted thorascopic surgery, particularly in patients over 60 years of age.
Measuring Success in the Redevelopment of Former Military Bases: Evidence from a Case Study of the Truman Annex in Key West, Florida:

Analysts argue that former military bases can be successfully redeveloped and that local economies can recover. Community leaders, however, remain unconvinced and continue to resist base closures. This article considers whether the argument for the economic feasibility of base reuse can be made stronger using case studies. A case study of the redevelopment of the Truman Annex in Key West, Florida, is presented, and its findings are compared with the results of survey and county-based control group analyses. Policy recommendations for communities facing base closures are outlined, including targeting federal resources to “at risk” communities, developing technical expertise within local government, and creating more effective mechanisms for public participation.
Williams college student course survey form: Instructor modified version

Opening a copy of The Mathematical Intelligenceryou may ask yourself uneasily, “What is this anyway—a mathematical journal, or what?” Or you may ask, “Where am I?” Or even “Who am I?” This sense of disorientation is at its most acute when you open to Colin Adams’s column.
Engraftment of chronic myeloid leukemia in SCID mice.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal disorder of primitive hematopoietic stem cells characterized by a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. Animal models of CML would be useful to study the biology and potential therapies in this disease. Mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) which will accept human xenografts have been useful in the study of a variety of human malignancies. CML has been difficult to establish in SCID mice possibly due to the lack of a functioning human stroma and relevant cytokines. To facilitate engraftment we injected cells in matrigel which is a soluble extract of basement membranes; is liquid below 22°C and gels at 37°C. CD34+ myeloid blast crisis cells (2×106) were mixed in matrigel and injected subcutaneously into 10 SCID mice. All mice developed large tumours which spread to the mouse BM and spleen. However the percentage of human cells in the mouse BM and spleen was variable and ranged from 1 to 50 per cent. In contrast chronic phase (CP) CML cells mixed in matrigel did not form subcutaneous tumours and spread to the BM and spleen was detectable by PCR and not macroscopically. Groups of mice were injected with matrigel containing 1–20×107 MNC (2–20×105 CD34+ cells) from five patients with CP CMP. Bcr-abl sequences were detected by RT-PCR in the peripheral blood (PB) of 38/84 (45 per cent) mice at 3–10 weeks following injection of the CML cells but rarely at later time points. In addition, 33/75 (44 per cent) of mice sacrificed between 7 and 35 weeks following injection of CML cells were bcr/abl positive in the bone marrow and 17/70 (24 per cent) were positive in the spleen. Bcr-abl positive human CFU-GM colonies were also cultured from the murine bone marrow of several mice indicating that hematopoietic progenitor cells were able to migrate from the matrigel and engraft in murine hematopoietic organs. Engraftment of CP-CML was more successful in mice given higher numbers of CD34+ cells. Histological examination revealed that myeloid cells grow locally in the matrigel for several weeks, during which time the matrigel is infiltrated by blood vessels which may allow for the migration of CML progenitors to the murine bone marrow. This model system may be useful for studying the role of immunotherapy after allogeneic and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delivery of Survivorship Care by Primary Care Physicians: The Perspective of Breast Cancer Patients

Purpose Most of the 182,460 women diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States this year will become long-term survivors. Helping these women transition from active treatment to survivorship is a challenge that involves both oncologists and primary care physicians (PCPs). This study aims to describe postmenopausal breast cancer survivors' (BCS) perceptions of PCP-related survivorship care. Patients and Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 300 BCSs seen in an outpatient breast oncology clinic at a large university hospital. The primary outcome measure was a seven-item self-reported measure on perceived survivorship care (Cronbach's α = .89). Multivariate regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with perceived care delivery. Results Overall, BCSs rated PCP-related survivorship care as 65 out of 100 (standard deviation = 17). The areas of PCP-related care most strongly endorsed were general care (78%), psychosocial support (73%), and health promotion (73%). Fewer BCSs per...
Patterns Of Development in Late Talkers: Preschool Years

A group of children was identified as “late talkers” (LT) on the basis of small expressive vocabulary size at 20–34 months of age and matched to a group of normally speaking age-mates. The subjects were followed yearly throughout the preschool period in order to track growth in language and related skills. Results showed that although significant improvement in speech and language skill occurred during the preschool period in the late talkers, a substantial minority of children retained deficits throughout the preschool years. By kindergarten age, these children, as a group, scored within, but at the low end of the normal range in terms of reading readiness. Data suggest that the longer a language delay persists into the third year of life, the less the chance of spontaneous recovery during the preschool period. Late talking girls seem to have less chance for spontaneous recovery than do late talking boys. The implications of these findings for making early intervention decisions will be discussed.
Comment on “Thirty Years of Confusion around `Scattering Q'?” by Igor B. Morozov

In his Opinion article, “Thirty Years of Confusion around `Scattering Q'?” in SRL 80 (1) (hereafter referred to as M09), Igor Morozov briefly reviews seismic attenuation studies and criticizes virtually all of them as being based on improper model parameterization and interpretation of results. Morozov is correct in stating that many attenuation studies quantify the effect of wave front expansion on amplitude measurements by the “geometrical spreading term (GST),” which he calls G ( t ) (Equation 1 of M09). However, it is not true that the subsequent attenuation measurements are always conducted using the parameterization of seismic quality factor ( Q ). To the contrary, two quantities have been used for the parameterization: 1) the attenuation coefficient, defined as the amplitude reduction per unit distance ( e.g. , Dwyer et al. 1983), and 2) Q , defined as the inverse of energy loss per wavelength multiplied by the angular frequency. The two quantities are interchangeable and neither implies a favored physical mechanism of attenuation. Some authors further assume a power-law frequency dependence of Q ( f ) = Q fη . The interpretation of the measured …
What Factors Promote Resilience and Protect Against Burnout in First-Year Pediatric and Medicine-Pediatric Residents?

Burnout has high costs for pediatricians and their patients. There is increasing interest in educational interventions to promote resilience and minimize burnout among pediatric trainees. This study tested a conceptual model of factors that might promote resilience and protect against burnout, and which could serve as targets for addressing burnout in pediatric residents. Questionnaires were administered in a cross-sectional survey of (n = 45) first-year pediatric and medicine-pediatric residents. A minority (40%) of residents met one or more criteria for burnout. Physician empathy and emotional intelligence were not significantly correlated with burnout or resilience. Self-compassion and mindfulness were positively associated with resilience and inversely associated with burnout. Thus many residents in this sample endorsed burnout; mindfulness and self-compassion were associated with resilience and may promote resilience and protect against burnout in these trainees. Future studies should explore the impact of training in mindfulness and self-compassion in pediatric trainees.
Two-dimensional IFlR structures using generalized factorizable filters

In this paper we extend the idea of interpolated FIR (IFIR) filters to the two-dimensional (2-D) case. IFIR filters make for the reduction of the computational weight, in the one-dimensional (1-D) case as well as in the 2-D case. In the 1-D case, the justification to such a performance advantage rests upon the relationship between filter order, transition bandwidth and minimax errors for equiripple linear-phase filters. Even though no similar relation is known for minimax, optimal multidimensional filters, a qualitatively parallel behaviour is shared by a class of suboptimal filters ("Generalized Factorizable") recently introduced by Chen and Vaidyanathan, for which an efficient implementation exists. In our scheme, we use Generalized Factorizable filters for both the stages of the IFIR structure. An interesting problem peculiar to the multidimensional case is the choice of the sublattice which represents the definition support of the first-stage (shaping) filter. We present a strategy to choose (given the spectral support of the desired frequency response) the optimal sublattice, and to design the second-stage (interpolator) filter in order to achieve low overall computational weight.
Spirometric Impairments in Long-term Insulators: Relationships to Duration of Exposure, Smoking, and Radiographic Abnormalities

A study of 2,611 long-term asbestos insulators was well suited to provide information on (1) the prevalence of Spirometric impairments in a large, well-defined population and (2) the effects of cigarette smoking, radiographic abnormalities, and duration from onset of exposure on pulmonary function. Prevalences are reported by a mutually exclusive classification of impairments (normal, restrictive, obstructive, small airways, and combined) as well as by abnormality of specific spirometric tests (FVC, FEV1/FVC, and midexpiratory time). Only 3 percent of nonsmokers (NS) bad obstruction and 6 percent a decreased FEV1/FVC. Frequency of restriction did not vary by smoking history; it was 31 percent in NS and current smokers (CS) and 34 percent in ex-smokers (XS). Obstruction (present in 17 percent) and combined impairment (in 18 percent) were most common in CS. The FEV1/FVC was decreased in 35 percent of CS and 18 percent of XS. The FVC was decreased in 49 percent of CS, 44 percent of XS, and 33 percent of NS. Normal spirometry was most common when the radiograph was normal (almost half the workers with normal radiographs had normal spirometry). Nevertheless, FVC was reduced in 27 percent of those with normal radiographs and a normal radiograph was seen in 11 percent of workers with restriction. Restrictive and combined impairments were most frequent when both parenchyma and pleura were abnormal. Restriction was more frequent in isolated pleural disease (seen in 34 percent such subjects) than in isolated parenchymal disease (22 percent). The contribution of pleural fibrosis to reduced FVC and of asbestos exposure and smoking both to reduced FVC and to reduced FEV1/FVC was confirmed by regression analysis. That reduced FVC and reduced FEV1/FVC are both more frequent in insulators who have smoked (compared with NS insulators or smokers in the general population) suggests an interaction between asbestos and smoking in producing both these physiologic abnormalities.
Differential expression and function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the urinary bladder epithelium of the rat

It has been previously determined that the epithelial lining of the urinary bladder, or urothelium, expresses two subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that mediate distinct physiological effects in vivo. These effects include inhibition of bladder reflexes through α7 receptors and an excitation of bladder reflexes through α3-containing (α3*) receptors. It is believed that urothelial receptors mediate their effects through modulating the release of neurotransmitters such as ATP that subsequently influence bladder afferent nerve excitability. Therefore, we examined the distribution of nAChRs in the urothelium, as well as their ability to influence the release of the neurotransmitter ATP. Immunofluorescent staining of both whole bladder tissue and primary urothelial cultures from the rat demonstrated that the urothelium contains both α3* and α7 receptors. In primary urothelial cultures, α7 stimulation with choline (10 μM to 1 mM) caused a decrease in basal ATP release while α3* stimulation with cytisine (1–100 μM) caused a concentration-dependent, biphasic response, with low concentrations (1–10 μM) inhibiting release and higher concentrations (50–100 μM) increasing release. These responses were mirrored in an in vitro, whole bladder preparation. In vivo, excitation of bladder reflexes in response to intravesical cytisine (100 μM) is blocked by systemic administration of the purinergic antagonist PPADS (1 or 3 μg kg(−1)). We also examined how each receptor subtype influenced intracellular Ca2+ levels in cultured urothelial cells. nAChR stimulation increased [Ca2+]i through distinct mechanisms: α7 through a ryanodine-sensitive intracellular mechanism and α3* through extracellular influx. In addition, our findings suggest interactions between nAChR subtypes whereby activation of α7 receptors inhibited the response to a subsequent activation of α3* receptors, preventing the increase in [Ca2+]i previously observed. This inhibitory effect appears to be mediated through protein kinase A- or protein kinase C-mediated pathways.
Improving Blood Pressure Control through Provider Education, Provider Alerts, and Patient Education: A Cluster Randomized Trial

Background Inadequate blood pressure control is a persistent gap in quality care. Objective To evaluate provider and patient interventions to improve blood pressure control. Design Cluster randomized, controlled trial. Setting 2 hospital-based and 8 community-based clinics in the Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System. Patients 1341 veterans with essential hypertension cared for by 182 providers. Eligible patients had 2 or more blood pressure measurements greater than 140/90 mm Hg in a 6-month period and were taking a single antihypertensive agent. Intervention Providers who cared for eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive an e-mail with a Web-based link to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) guidelines (provider education); provider education and a patient-specific hypertension computerized alert (provider education and alert); or provider education, hypertension alert, and patient education, in which patients were sent a letter advocating drug adherence, lifestyle modification, and conversations with providers (patient education). Measurements Proportion of patients with a systolic blood pressure less than 140 mm Hg at 6 months; intensification of antihypertensive medication. Results Mean baseline blood pressure was 157/83 mm Hg with no differences between groups (P = 0.105). Six-month follow-up data were available for 975 patients (73%). Patients of providers who were randomly assigned to the patient education group had better blood pressure control (138/75 mm Hg) than those in the provider education and alert or provider education alone groups (146/76 mm Hg and 145/78 mm Hg, respectively). More patients in the patient education group had a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or less compared with those in the provider education or provider education and alert groups (adjusted relative risk for the patient education group compared with the provider education alone group, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.06 to 1.62]; P = 0.012). Limitations Follow-up blood pressure measurements were missing for 27% of study patients. The study could not detect a mechanism by which patient education improved blood pressure control. Conclusions A multifactorial intervention including patient education improved blood pressure control compared with provider education alone.
Replacing global wires with an on-chip network: a power analysis

This paper explores the power implications of replacing global chip wires with an on-chip network. The authors optimized the network links by varying repeater spacing, link pipelining, and voltage scaling, to significantly reduce the energy to send a bit across chip. An analytic model of large chip designs with an on-chip two-dimensional mesh network was developed and the power savings possible in a 70 nm process for two different design points: a circuit-switched ASIC or FPGA design, and a dynamic packet-switched tiled architecture were estimated. For circuit-switched networks, achievable power savings are 35-50% for a mesh with 1 mm links. The packet switched designs use multiplexing and signal encoding to reduce the number of link wires required, but the router overhead limits peak wire power savings to around 20% with optimal tile sizes of around 2 mm.
Biology and description of a bythitid fish from deep-sea thermal vents in the tropical eastern Pacific

Abstract A new fish species of the world-wide genus Bythites (Bythitidae, Ophidiiformes) is based on a gravid female captured in a thermal vent in the Galapagos Rift Zone. No apparent morphological features of adults or larvae account for life in the vent environment. Gill arch structure does not indicate filter feeding. The few fish species living in vents are not representative of ancient groups and are probably recent arrivals. The species is intermediate between the nominal genera Bythites and Abythites ; hence, the latter is considered a junior synonym. The new species differs from its four congeners in its high dorsal, anal, and pectoral fin ray counts and its broad interorbital space. Free sperm and spermozeugmata are present throughout the ovarian tissue. Intra-ovarian larvae have a well-developed yolk sac, large oil globule, and pigmented eyes. Brood size is about 10,000.
Influence of ab initio chemistry models on simulations of the Ionian atmosphere

Abstract There is significant scientific interest in simulating the unique atmospheric conditions on the Jovian moon Io that range from cold surface temperatures to hyperthermal interactions which possibly supply the Jovian plasma torus. The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is well suited to model the rarefied, predominantly SO 2 , Ionian atmosphere. High speed collisions between SO 2 and the hypervelocity O atoms and ions that compose the plasma torus are a significant mechanism in determining the composition of the atmosphere; therefore, high-fidelity modeling of their interactions is crucial to the accuracy of such simulations. Typically, the Total Collision Energy (TCE) model is used to determine molecular dissociation probabilities and the Variable Hard Sphere (VHS) model is used to determine collision cross sections. However, the parameters for each of these baseline models are based on low-temperature experimental data and thus have unknown reliability for the hyperthermal conditions in the Ionian atmosphere. Recently, Molecular Dynamics/Quasi-Classical Trajectory (MD/QCT) studies have been conducted to generate accurate collision and chemistry models for the SO 2 –O collision pair in order to replace the baseline models. However, the influence of MD/QCT models on Ionian simulations compared to the previously used models is not well understood. In this work, 1D simulations are conducted using both the MD/QCT-based and baseline models in order to determine the effect of MD/QCT models on Ionian simulations. It is found that atmospheric structure predictions are highly sensitive to the chemistry and collision models. Specifically, the MD/QCT model predicts approximately half the SO 2 atmospheric dissociation due to O and O + bombardment compared to TCE models, and also predicts a temperature rise due to plasma heating further from the Ionian surface than the existing baseline methodologies. These findings indicate that the accurate MD/QCT chemistry and collision models provide a significant improvement over the baseline models for DSMC simulations of the Ionian atmosphere.