cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anesthetic care and perioperative complications of children with Morquio syndrome.

Summary Objectives: Our objective was to make recommendations based on our experience and findings from this study regarding the anesthetic care of children with Morquio syndrome (MS). We emphasize information not readily available in the Anesthesiology literature. Aim: To describe the unique nature of difficulties, especially the relationship of the head and neck to airway patency. In addition, we aim to examine 83 intubations performed in 28 patients and report on observed preferences. Background: Much of the available literature in Anesthesiology consists of case reports of single or small groups of cases, many describing a nonhomogenous population inclusive of many mucopolysaccharidoses. Methods/Materials: We retrospectively studied 28 children with MS who underwent 108 surgical procedures at our pediatric hospital, which provides multidisciplinary, comprehensive care to children with skeletal dysplasia. Results: Cervical fusion was performed in 22 of 28 patients in our study. Eight children after cervical fusion became difficult to intubate for subsequent surgical procedures. In addition, we found airway abnormalities including tortuous appearance of the trachea and bronchi, evident on chest radiograph, as a result of the abnormalities in the hyaline cartilage and deposits of glycosaminoglycans. Conclusion: Morquio syndrome results in abnormalities of not only upper airway but also of large airways. Information from 83 intubations of 108 anesthetics (in 28 patients) shows a preference for Glidescope when intubating children with MS. Displacing the tongue anteriorly prior to intubation by manual retraction using a ring forceps or a piece of gauze helps to access the larynx in children with MS.
Plasminogen supports tumor growth through a fibrinogen-dependent mechanism linked to vascular patency

The growth of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) was sustained in plasminogen-deficient mice when transplanted into the dorsal skin but was dramatically suppressed in another anatomic location, the footpad. This unanticipated negative effect of plasminogen deficiency on footpad tumor growth was entirely relieved by superimposing a deficit in fibrinogen. This finding was not simply an unusual feature of LLC tumors—T241 fibrosarcoma growth in the footpad was also restricted by plasminogen deficiency in a fibrinogen-dependent manner. The probable mechanistic basis for suppression of tumor growth was revealed through transmission electron microscopy studies of tumor tissues. Occlusive microvascular thrombi were commonplace within footpad tumors from plasminogen-deficient mice, whereas no such lesions were observed within either dorsal skin tumors from plasminogen-deficient mice or footpad tumors from mice that also lacked fibrinogen. The data infer that tumor growth in the footpad of plasminogen-deficient mice is compromised as a function of the formation and persistence of vaso-occlusive thrombi that limit tumor blood supply. These studies indicate that plasminogen and fibrinogen can serve as critical determinants of tumor growth, but their relative importance is dependent on the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, these studies suggest that one target of plasmin(ogen) relevant to tumor progression in vivo is intravascular fibrin.
Potentiation of PG effects on the intraocular muscles of the cat by inhibition of PG synthesis.

Various PG synthesis inhibitors potentiate the effects of PGE1, E2 and F2α on isolated sphincter, dilator and ciliary muscles of the cat when added to the bath or injected intravenously. Potentiation depends on dose and type of PG synthetase inhibitor. A hypothesis for the potentiation is discussed.
Failure of Differentiation: Part II (Arthrogryposis, Camptodactyly, Clinodactyly, Madelung Deformity, Trigger Finger, and Trigger Thumb)

The term "failure of differentiation" describes the phenotypes of a large number of otherwise unrelated conditions. The six conditions described here (arthrogryposis, camptodactyly, clinodactyly, Madelung deformity, trigger finger, and trigger thumb) are believed to occur because various structures failed to differentiate normally; however, they have neither common features nor a common cause. We have included information about the history and diagnosis of these conditions, the cause (if known), and the current concepts of treatment and expected outcomes.
An Examination of an Ecological Model of Neighborhood Change, Which Employs a Biased Estimation Technique

The problems created by multicollinearity when estimating a single equation least squares model are well-known. This problem is particularly troublesome in ecological research because of the heavy reliance of this field on census data and other secondary data sources. This paper explores one solution to the problem of multicollinearity in ecological research—ridge regression. Using census-tract data from Cleveland, Ohio for the years 1960–1970, an ecological model, known as the tipping-point model, of neighborhood change, was evaluated. It was determined that multicollinearity was a problem. To minimize the detrimental effects of multicollinearity and to facilitate structural interpretation, the model was reestimated with the ridge regression technique. The result was a total mean square error that was significantly smaller than the total variance resulting from an ordinary least squares solution. Hence, the estimates of the coefficients produced by the ridge regression were closer, on the average, to the...
Sparsity based noise removal from low dose scanning electron microscopy images

Scanning electron microscopes are some of the most versatile tools for imaging materials with nanometer resolution. However, images collected at high scan rates to increase throughput and avoid sample damage, suffer from low signalto- noise ratio (SNR) as a result of the Poisson distributed shot noise associated with the electron production and interaction with the surface imaged. The signal is further degraded by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) from the detection electronics. In this work, denoising frameworks are applied to this type of images, taking advantage of their sparsity character, along with a methodology for determining the AWGN. A variance stabilization technique is applied to the raw data followed by a patch-based denoising algorithm. Results are presented both for images with known levels of mixed Poisson-Gaussian noise, and for raw images. The quality of the image reconstruction is assessed based both on the PSNR as well as on measures specific to the application of the data collected. These include accurate identification of objects of interest and structural similarity. High-quality results are recovered from noisy observations collected at short dwell times that avoid sample damage.
Tourette's syndrome: are stimulants safe?

Clinicians commonly encounter children with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the tic disorder Tourette’s syndrome. The pharmacologic treatment of children with this particular combination of conditions has been problematic because of long-standing warnings against using psychostimulants due to concerns about worsening tics. The basis for these warnings was anecdotal clinical observations. A recent group of placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trials have consistently shown that certain stimulants, particularly methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine, are effective, well tolerated, and safe when administered to treat ADHD in children with tics. Methylphenidate appears to be the best-tolerated stimulant compound, with tics often lessening during treatment.
Increased Neurotoxicity Following Concurrent Exposure to Pyridostigmine Bromide, DEET, and Chlorpyrifos

The operating environment of the service personnel during the Persian Gulf War involved psychological, biological, and chemical elements including exposure to pesticides such as the insect repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) and the insecticide chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloropyridinyl phosphorothioate) and to pyridostigmine bromide (PB,3-dimethylaminocarbonyloxy-N-methylpyridinium bromide) that was administered as a prophylactic agent against possible nerve gas attack. The present study was designed to determine the toxicity produced by individual or coexposure of hens 5 days/week for 2 months to 5 mg PB/kg/day in water, by gavage; 500 mg DEET/kg/day, neat, sc; and 10 mg chlorpyrifos kg/day in corn oil, sc. Coexposure to various binary treatments produced greater neurotoxicity than that caused by individual exposures and was characterized by severe neurologic deficit and neuropathological alterations. Also, neurotoxicity was further enhanced following concurrent administration of the three chemicals. Severe inhibition of plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity was produced in hens treated with PB (activity 17% of control) compared to those treated with chlorpyrifos (activity 51% of control) or DEET (activity 83% of control). BuChE inhibition was further increased in binary and tertiary treatment groups compared to individual treatment groups. In contrast, a significant inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was produced in hens administered chlorpyrifos alone (activity 67% of control), while those given chlorpyrifos in combination with other compounds exhibited a significant inhibition of brain AChE activity ranging from 43 to 76%. Brain neurotoxicity target esterase (NTE) was not inhibited in any of the individual treatment groups or PB/DEET, but was significantly inhibited and had activity expressed as a percentage of control in groups administered combined chlorpyrifos with PB of 73% or DEET of 74% and in the tertiary treatment group of 71%. We hypothesize that test compounds may compete for xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the liver and blood and may also compromise the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, leading to an increase in their "effective concentrations" in the nervous system to levels equivalent to the toxic doses of individual compounds. This is consistent with the present observation of increases in (1) the inhibition of brain AChE and NTE, (2) the extent of neurologic dysfunction, and (3) the severity and frequency of neuropathologic lesions in the combined treatment groups compared to those administered individual compounds.
The effects of single instance, multiple instance, and general case training on generalized vending machine use by moderately and severely handicapped students.

Abstract This report provides an experimental analysis of generalized vending machine use by six moderately or severely retarded high school students. Dependent variables were training trials to criterion and performance on 10 nontrained "generalization" vending machines. A multiple-baseline design across subjects was used to compare three strategies for teaching generalized vending machine use. Training occurred with (a) a single vending machine, (b) three similar machines, or (c) three machines that sampled the range of stimulus and response variation in a defined class of vending machines. Results indicated that the third approach was the most effective method of obtaining generalized responding. Methodological implications for the experimental analysis of generalization and programmatic implications for teaching generalized behaviors are discussed.
A developmental analysis of everyday topology in unschooled straw weavers

Two studies are summarized on the development of topological concepts in unschooled child straw weavers from rural communities in northeastern Brazil. Study 1 is an analysis of videotaped observations of everyday teaching interactions in which expert weavers taught a targeted weaving pattern to novices. Study 2 is an analysis of weavers' topological understandings, contrasting weavers of different age levels (5 to 15 years) and weavers with age-matched non-weavers. Results of Study 1 showed that experts presented more topological information more often in demonstrations of weaving actions than in verbalizations concerned with weaving actions or verbalizations of weaving patterns; in their communications, experts tended to accommodate to learners' difficulties. In Study 2, weavers showed greater skill with increasing age and were more able to construct homeomorphic patterns for novel weaves than age-matched non-weavers. Despite their expertise, weavers performed poorly on tasks that required them to verbalize how to weave known patterns. The results suggest that weavers' generally represented topological knowledge in sensorimotor action schemes (e.g. folding under, pushing through, separating) that could be generally adapted to weaving new patterns or known patterns with new materials. The results point to the importance of investigating the various possible semiotic forms that mediate teacher-learner interactions and children's representations in everyday problem solving.
The decay phase of solar flare events

Solar flare radiation data from Pioneer spacecraft, detailing anisotropy, heliocentric longitude gradients, decay time constants and energy spectra
Redox studies of subunit interactivity in aerobic ribonucleotide reductase from escherichia coli

Abstract Ribonucleotide reductase is a heterodimeric (α2β2) allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, an essential step in DNA biosynthesis and repair. In the enzymatically active form aerobic Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase is a complex of homodimeric R1 and R2 proteins. We use electrochemical studies of the dinuclear center to clarify the interplay of subunit interaction, the binding of allosteric effectors and substrate selectivity. Our studies show for the first time that electrochemical reduction of active R2 generates a distinct Met form of the diiron cluster, with a midpoint potential (-163 ± 3 mV) different from that of R2Met produced by hydroxyurea (-115 ± 2 mV). The redox potentials of both Met forms experience negative shifts when measured in the presence of R1, becoming -223 ± 6 and -226 ± 3 mV, respectively, demonstrating that R1-triggered conformational changes favor one configuration of the diiron cluster. We show that the association of a substrate analog and specificity effector (dGDP/dTTP or GMP/dTTP) with R1 regulates the redox properties of the diiron centers in R2. Their midpoint potential in the complex shifts to -192 ± 2 mV for dGDP/dTTP and to -203 ± 3 mV for GMP/dTTP. In contrast, reduction potential measurements show that the diiron cluster is not affected by ATP (0.35–1.45 mm) and dATP (0.3–0.6 mm) binding to R1. Binding of these effectors to the R1-R2 complex does not perturb the normal docking modes between R1 and R2 as similar redox shifts are observed for ATP or dATP associated with the R1-R2 complex.
La domesticación de los urbanitas en el Guayaquil contemporáneo

Esta pieza etnografica discute la construccion de “sujetos regenerados”, una forma de subjetividad politica que forma parte del proceso de renovacion urbana implantado por la administracion local de Guayaquil desde hace algo mas de un lustro. El objeto de estudio es un curso del programa municipal de aprendizaje a distancia (“Aprendamos: una oportunidad para superarnos”) destinado a fomentar conceptos de “ciudadania para todos”. Al enmarcarse como un dispositivo complementario a los cambios promovidos por la renovacion urbana, dicho programa constituye un mecanismo para promover una ideologia de la participacion ciudadana cuya principal agenda es despolitizar a los sujetos mediante el disciplinamiento de su mirada sobre la ciudad en terminos de ambitos de accion, conflicto y cambio claramente delimitados alrededor de la persona, la familia y el barrio. La investigacion de campo fue realizada entre junio, agosto y septiembre de 2006.
Why that now?” two kinds of conversational meaning∗

In conversational analysis, the meaning of an utterance‐in‐conversation is the hearing given to the utterance by the participants, as displayed in their responses. This orientation to participants is very clear in conversational analytic studies and quite consistent with an interactional approach. What is perhaps less clear is that there is another way, within the framework of conversational analysis, of arriving at interpretations of utterances. These latter interpretations are referred to here as “conversationally grounded analyst's interpretations,” and they may be quite distinct from participant hearings. An exchange during a family therapy session is examined in detail to illustrate the notion of an analyst's interpretation. Finally, the usefulness of such a concept in the analysis of conversation is discussed.
Light-induced reorientation in the purple membrane.

Reorientation of bacteriorhodopsin in the native purple membrane was studied by time-resolved linear dichroism spectroscopy (TRLD) over the millisecond time regime. The time responses observed in TRLD are distinctly different from the isotropic transient absorption (TA) at wavelengths in the range 550–590 nm, where the bacteriorhodopsin ground state absorbs. In contrast, the TA and TRLD responses have nearly identical time dependence at 410 and 690 nm, where the intermediates M and O, respectively, principally contribute. These results demonstrate ground-state bacteriorhodopsin reorientation triggered by the photocycle. The TRLD and TA data are analyzed to test models for reorientational motion. Rotational diffusion of ground-state bacteriorhodopsin cannot account for the details of the data. Rather, the results are shown to be consistent with a reversible reorientation of "spectator" (nonexcited) members of the bacteriorhodopsin trimer in the purple membrane in response to the photocycling member of the trimer. This response may be associated with cooperativity in the trimer.
A Single, Continuous Function for Slope Steepness Influence on Soil Loss

Recently proposed relationships for the effect of slope steepness on soil loss by water are linear functions of the sine of the slope angle. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) uses two such functions: one for slopes 9%. Recent research indicates that yet a different linear function is necessary for slopes greater than approximately 22%. The objective of this study was to develop a single slope steepness function that is representative of the data for all slopes. The resultant equation takes the form of a logistic function. It closely follows the RUSLE relationships for the slope steepness factor for slopes up to 22%, and also fits existing data for slopes greater than those from which the RUSLE relationships were derived.
Impact of radiosurgical management of geriatric patients with brain metastases: Clinical and quality of life outcomes.

Objectives Recent trials have shown that whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) can worsen performance status, particularly in the geriatric population. We reviewed our institutional experience with geriatric patients (> 70 years) with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery (SRS) to determine clinical and quality of life (QOL) outcomes. Methods Between 7/2000 and 1/2013, a retrospective review was performed on 467 patients treated with SRS (114 geriatric patients). Overall survival (OS), cause of death, and WBRT were evaluated. A retrospective review of geriatric patients was performed with assessments of Karnofsky performance score (KPS, N=69), mini-mental status examinations (MMSE, N=39), and Spitzer QOL (SQOL, N=39) at initial interview, 6, and 12 months after SRS. Repeated Measures ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in quality of life values. Kaplan-Meier analysis estimated survival and time to WBRT. Results Geriatric patients had a shorter OS compared to non-geriatric patients (p<0.035). Fewer patients in the geriatric cohort received whole brain (p<0.001) or subsequent Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GKRS) (p<0.025). No difference was seen in neurologic death rates (p<0.4). In geriatric patients, SQOL declined from 0 to 6 months (mean 6.5 to 5.9, respectively, p<0.02) and 0 to 12 months (mean 6.5 and 5.6, respectively, p<0.03). KPS and MMSE scores did not change over time. Grade 3 or 4 toxicity was 9% in geriatric patients. There was no grade 5 toxicity. Conclusion Geriatric patients tolerate GKRS without a significant decline in KPS or MMSE and with acceptable toxicity profile. SRS also spares a significant proportion of geriatric patients from WBRT, and its associated toxicities.
Ionic currents of smooth muscle cells isolated from the ctenophore Mnemiopsis.

The ionic currents of smooth muscle cells isolated from the ctenophore Mnemiopsis were examined by using conventional two-electrode voltage clamp and whole-cell patch clamping methods. Several separable currents were identified. These include: (1) a transient and (2) a steady-state voltage-activated inward current; both are tetrodotoxin (TTX) and saxitoxin (STX) insensitive, partly reduced by decreasing external Ca$^{2+}$ or Na$^{+}$ or by addition of 5 mM Co$^{2+}$, D-600 or verapamil and are totally blocked with 5 mM Cd$^{2+}$; (3) an early, transient, cation-dependent, outward K$^{+}$ current (I$\_{\text{KCa/Na}}$); (4) a transient, voltage-activated, outward K$^{+}$ current provisionally identified as I$\_{\text{A}}$; (5) a delayed, steady-state, voltage-activated outward K$^{+}$ current (I$_{\text{K}}$) and (6) a late, transient, outward K$^{+}$ current which is blocked by Cd$^{2+}$ and evident only during long voltage pulses. Despite their phylogenic origin, most of these currents are similar to currents identified in many vertebrate smooth and cardiac muscle preparations, and other excitable cells in higher animals.
Spatial frames of reference preferences in Juchitán Zapotec

Abstract This article reports on spatial frames of reference (FoRs) preferences in Juchiteco (Zapotec, Otomanguean). The data show that speakers exhibit a strong preference for the absolute and object-centered FoRs, both observer-independent, and overall disfavor most other FoR types. Of particular interest is the limited use of the relative (observer-dependent) FoR. This is relevant in a language such as Juchiteco, which has a productive meronymic (part-naming) system, as it supports the hypothesis put forth by the Spatial Language and Cognition in Mesoamerica project that productive meronymy correlates with a bias against the use of the relative FoR.
Iris pigmentation and fractionated reaction and reflex time

Recent investigations indicate that an iris pigmentation-motor behavior exists, but may be limited to the reaction time component of a motor task. The absence of differences in peripheral nervous conduction (Wolf and Landers, 1978) suggests that a central nervous system mechanism may be operating, possibly dependent on the characteristics of neuromelanin or catecholamine turnover. Experiment 1 tested this notion by fractionating simple reaction time into the premotor and motor components by electromyography. ANOVA revealed that dark-eyed subjects had faster total reaction times and premotor times, but only the premotor time component approached significance (p < 0.07). Experiment 2 fractionated patellar reflex time of light-eyed and dark-eyed subjects into reflex lagency and motor components. There were no eye color differences for any of the reflex time measures. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 support a central nervous system explanation for the iris pigmentation-reaction time phenomenon.
Projections from bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, dorsomedial nucleus: implications for cerebral hemisphere integration of neuroendocrine, autonomic, and drinking responses.

The overall projection pattern of a tiny bed nuclei of the stria terminalis anteromedial group differentiation, the dorsomedial nucleus (BSTdm), was analyzed with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin anterograde pathway tracing method in rats. Many brain regions receive a relatively moderate to strong input from the BSTdm. They fall into eight general categories: humeral sensory-related (subfornical organ and median preoptic nucleus, involved in initiating drinking behavior and salt appetite), neuroendocrine system (magnocellular: oxytocin, vasopressin; parvicellular: gonadotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone), central autonomic control network (central amygdalar nucleus, BST anterolateral group, descending paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, retrochiasmatic area, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, Barrington's nucleus), hypothalamic visceromotor pattern-generator network (five of six known components), behavior control column (ingestive: descending paraventricular nucleus; reproductive: lateral medial preoptic nucleus; defensive: anterior hypothalamic nucleus; foraging: ventral tegmental area, along with interconnected nucleus accumbens and substantia innominata), orofacial motor control (retrorubral area), thalamocortical feedback loops (paraventricular, central medial, intermediodorsal, and medial mediodorsal nuclei; nucleus reuniens), and behavioral state control (subparaventricular zone, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, supramammillary nucleus, lateral habenula, and raphe nuclei). This pattern of axonal projections, and what little is known of its inputs suggest that the BSTdm is part of a striatopallidal differentiation involved in coordinating the homeostatic and behavioral responses associated thirst and salt appetite, although clearly it may relate them to other functions as well. The BSTdm generates the densest known inputs directly to the neuroendocrine system from any part of the cerebral hemispheres. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:75–107, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Incorporation of selenium into rat liver ribosomes.

Abstract A cell-free system with washed rat liver ribosomes was used to study the metabolic pathway of the incorporation of selenium into rat liver ribosomes. It was found with the system used that the manner in which l -seleno-75 methionine and dl -seleno-75 cystine were incorporated into ribosomes was different from that of 75 SeO 3 2− . The incorporation of either inorganic or organic selenium into ribosomes is dependent upon ATP as well as the cell sap. It is suggested that the pathway of incorporation of selenium into ribosomes may be accomplished either enzymically or by an exchange reaction, or by a combination of both.
High-resolution stratigraphy and correlation of Cambrian strata using carbon isotopes: An example from the southern Appalachians, USA

This study presents an example of using well-constrained stratigraphic trends in carbon isotope composition of marine carbonate deposits as a tool for high-resolution correlation of successions that lack prominent biomarkers. A large, positive carbon isotope excursion is recorded within the Steptoean (Furongian, Upper Cambrian) strata of the southern Appalachians in Tennessee. A coeval excursion (also known as SPICE) has been reported for the western United States (the Great Basin area), China, Kazakhstan, and Australia, indicating that this is a global phenomenon. The anatomy of this excursion was determined through extensive sampling of homogenous micrite and dolomicrite from strata at the Thorn Hill locality in northeastern Tennessee. The δ13C values show an increase from the upper Nolichucky Shale into the overlying Maynardville Formation (Conasauga Group). The most positive δ13C values (+4 to +5 ‰ VPDB) correspond to the transition between the Maynardville and the Copper Ridge Dolomite (Knox Group). The δ13C values decline in the lower part of the Copper Ridge. This characteristic carbon isotope record is compared with the δ13C record from the Lee Valley locality, which is about 30 km away and contains a coeval succession of strata that represent similar carbonate platform depositional environments. A comparison of the δ13C records shows a remarkable similarity and provides the means for detailed correlation of these two stratigraphic successions. Next the results are compared with those from the Tazewell locality, which is in the northwesternmost outcrop belt of lower Paleozoic rocks in Tennessee. This section is separated from the Thorn Hill and Lee Valley sections by three thrust faults and is truncated at the base by a thrust fault. The strata at the Tazewell locality differ from those at Thorn Hill and Lee Valley in that they were deposited more closely to the carbonate platform margin. Despite these differences, carbon isotope records proved very useful for correlation among the three successions. The results of this study encourage application of similar approaches in correlation of Steptoean strata at more widely spaced outcrops within and beyond the Appalachian basin.
Possibilities of logically equivalent expressions

If A is logically equivalent to B, it is not necessary that #(A) = p(B). This technical note proves, however, that if A is in CNF, there exists some logically equivalent DNF, B, such that p(A) = #(B). © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Converging evidence for attentional influences on the orthographic word form in child dyslexics

Abstract Initial confirmatory factor analyses showed that parental ratings of 209 children and youth with dyslexia in a family genetics study loaded onto factors for Inattention (Self-Regulation of Covert Attention based on two indicators—Focused and Goal-Directed Attention) and Hyperactivity (Overt Behavior based on two indicators—Motor Control and Inhibition); neither indicator is correlated with age. Structural equation modeling then evaluated a multi-level neural architecture with Covert Attention and Overt Behavior at one level, Word-Level Language Processes (Orthographic, Phonological, and Rapid Automatic Naming) at a second level, and Reading and Writing Achievement at a third level. Covert Attention, but not Overt Behavior, was significantly related to factors for orthographic coding of written words and rapid naming of orthographic stimuli, but not to the phonological coding factor for aural words. These orthographic, rapid naming, and phonological factors had significant paths to reading and writing outcomes, but the Covert Attention factor had links to reading and writing outcomes only through the mediating orthographic and rapid naming factors. Treatment and brain imaging studies provided converging evidence that attention may exert greater effects on orthographic word form than phonological word form. The neurolinguistic significance for a complex brain system, modeled at different levels of analysis, is that non-language processes such as attention may exert distal influences even though language exerts direct proximal influences on reading and writing outcomes; this claim is supported by recent physiological findings about the role of fast visual system as an attention gating mechanism in processing letter sequences. The educational significance is that instruction should direct dyslexic's attention to the orthographic units within written words to facilitate the translating of orthographic into phonological word forms.
Application of Seismic Refraction Tomography in Karst Terrane

Seismic refraction tomography field data were collected on several bridge foundation sites in Pennsylvania, in close proximity to geotechnical boring locations. Profiles determined from these field measurements were plotted against drilling data, and these comparisons revealed the ability of seismic wave velocities to differentiate overburden soil from rock. In addition, foundation construction data were collected at each of the sites and compared with refraction test results determined prior to construction. In particular, top of rock revealed by an excavation, and pile tip elevations at driving refusal, were compared with refraction test results. From these data it appears that seismic wave tomograms can characterize the soil/rock interface, and that it is possible to predict expected design pile lengths based upon a measured P-wave velocity tomogram. It can be concluded from these site comparisons that geophysical techniques such as seismic refraction tomography can provide important additional information to site characterization for bridge foundations in karst terrane. However, these techniques should not be viewed as a replacement, but should be conducted during design stage site investigation to aid selection of borehole locations and other testing needs.
Investigation of giant Kerr nonlinearity in quantum cascade lasers using mid-infrared femtosecond pulses

We study the Kerr nonlinearity of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) by coupling resonant and off-resonant mid-infrared (mid-IR) femtosecond (fs) pulses into an active QCL waveguide. We observe an increase in the spectral width of the transmitted fs pulses as the coupled mid-infrared (mid-IR) pulse power increases. This is explained by the self-phase modulation effect due to the large Kerr nonlinearity of QCL waveguides. We further confirm this effect by observing the intensity dependent far-field profile of the transmitted mid-IR pulses, showing the pulses undergo self-focusing as they propagate through the active QCL due to the intensity dependent refractive index. We experimentally estimate the nonlinear refractive index n2 of a QCL to be ∼8 × 10−9 cm2/W using the far-field beam profile of the transmitted pulses. The finite-difference time-domain simulations of QCL waveguides with Kerr nonlinearity incorporated show similar behavior to the experimental results.
Myelodysplasia: battle in the bone marrow

Innate immune signals and p53 contribute to the 5q– myelodysplastic syndrome, an acquired bone marrow failure disorder (pages 49–58 and 59–66).
New Wavelengths for Some Helium (He i) Lines

New vacuum wavelengths for nine lines of He i in the near ultraviolet and visible regions are given. They were obtained by measurement relative to 5462.2707 A and 4359.5625 A of Hg198i with an evacuated Fabry-Perot interferometer. Liquid-nitrogen cooled helium lamps were used. Interference fringes were obtained for the helium line 5017 A with spacers up to 50 mm in length. The wavelength of this line, which was used as a reference wavelength in some previous work on the Rydberg constant, is found to be 5017.0772±0.0003 A (vac.) relative to the stated values for the two standards.
Synthesis and Antifungal Studies on New Organic Sulfur Compounds

Six derivatives of o -phenylenediamine-bis-dithiocarbamic acid and six derivatives of 4-chloro- o -phenylenediamine-bis-dithiocarbamic acid were prepared. Twelve new compounds, undecylenic acid and ethanol were screened for antimycotic activity against M. Gypseum, M. Canis, T. Rubrum , and T. Mentagrophyte by agar plate, paper-disk technique. All the compounds were more effective than undecylenic acid against all of the organisms with exception of the sodium salts of o -phenylenediamine-bis-dithiocarbamic acid which was more effective only against M. Canis and T. Rubrum .
PARALLEL MATCHING OF 3D ARTICULATED OBJECT RECOGNITION

In dealing with large volume image data, sequential methods usually are too slow and unsatisfactory. This paper introduces a new system employing parallel matching in high-level recognition of 3D articulated objects. A new structural strategy using linear combination and parallel graphic matching techniques is presented for 3D polyhedral objects representable by 2D line-drawings. It solves one of the basic concerns in diffusion tomography complexities, i.e. patterns can be reconstructed through fewer projections, and 3D objects can be recognized by a few learning sample views. It also improves some of the current methods while overcoming their drawbacks. Furthermore, it can distinguish very similar objects and is more accurate than other methods in the literature. An online webpage system for understanding and recognizing 3D objects is also illustrated.
Analysis of Human and Chimpanzee Sperm Swimming Speed in Laser Trapping Experiments

This study compares the velocity distribution of the sperm subpopulation analyzed in laser trapping experiments with that of the entire sperm population. The distributions are found equal for human sperm, yet unequal for chimpanzee sperm.
Color receptors in marine crustaceans: A second spectral class of retinular cell in the compound eyes ofCallinectes andCarcinus

1. Spectral and polarizational sensitivities of dark adapted retinular cells in the ventral regions of the compound eye of the crabsCallinectes andCarcinus have been measured with intracellular recording of responses to flashes of monochromatic light. The majority was maximally sensitive to green light (508 nm,n=108) and showed a mean sensitivity in the blue violet that was higher than expected from a rhodopsin like pigment (Fig. 1). 2. A small number of cells (n = 6) showed a maximum sensitivity to blue light (440 nm) and had a sensitivity function which was considerably wider than a nomogram pigment (Fig. 2). These cells were recorded in the ventral regions of the eye and ERG measurements under selective adaptation revealed statistically significant changes in the relative sensitivities to blue and red stimuli (Figs. 4 and 5). 3. PS values ranged from 1 to 13 when measured in green cells with 508 nm stimuli (n = 69) with the modal value being 3. When PS was tested at 410 nm, 508 nm, and 605 nm in the same cell there was a statistically significant (0.07 log,P < 0.01) elevation of PS in the orange region of the spectrum. 4. The results are discussed in relation to the possibility of color vision in marine crustaceans.
The Differential Geometry of a Continuous Infinitude of Contravariant functional Vectors

1. Introduction. - A general theory of function space affinely connected manifolds has been developed by the author in several publications (2). In this paper I propose to give a number of new results pertaining to the differential geometry and invariant theory of a continuous infinitude of contravariant functional vectors. An application is made of these results to the differential geometry of functional group vectors of infinite groups of functional transformations. It is my intention to publish the complete results and proofs elsewhere.
A mathematical model for the AC impedance of semiconducting electrodes

A mathematical model is developed to calculate the impedance response of a semiconductor electrode to a sinusoidal current perturbation. The model accounts explicitly for electron and hole transport as well as generation and recombination through band-to-band mechanisms and through bulk interband electron acceptors of specified energy. The resistive (real) component of the impedance is shown to be sensitive to the concentration, distribution, and energy level of the bulk sites. The capacitive (imaginary) component, while useful for determining the dopant level and the flat-band potential of the semiconductor, is relatively insensitive to low concentrations of bulk sites.
Anterior Spinal Surgery Involving Variant Vascular Anatomy: A Case Report

Abstract Study Design Case report of an anterior approach to the spine in the setting of variant vascular anatomy. Objective To highlight the importance of evaluating vascular anatomy before anterior lumbar spine surgery. Summary of Background Data A 62-year-old woman with idiopathic scoliosis had thoracolumbar fusion in adolescence and subsequently developed symptomatic sub-adjacent segment breakdown. Vascular complications may be encountered during anterior approaches to the spine. Variation in vascular anatomy may compound the difficulty of an already meticulous dissection. Results A patient with idiopathic scoliosis who had thoracolumbar fusion in adolescence and subsequently developed symptomatic sub-adjacent segment breakdown. She underwent a 2-stage posterior/anterior procedure. During the anterior retroperitoneal approach, an anomalous left inferior vena cava was encountered that required tedious dissection for safe and adequate exposure of the lumbar spine. Conclusions When planning anterior lumbar spine surgery, careful review of the vascular anatomy on imaging should be performed. This will help prepare the surgeon for more complex or anomalous anterior anatomy. If atypical vascular anatomy is identified, consideration of a pathologic cause should be investigated.
Structural and electrical contact properties of LPE growth GaAs doped with indium

We have studied the effects of In doping on the structural and electrical properties of a liquid phase epitaxially (LPE) grown GaAs. The results of surface morphology studies show that macroscopically, a terrace-free area in certain regions can be seen on the surface of a GaAs layer doped with In of 2.4 × 1019 cm3. The full widths at half-maximum (FWHM) of x-ray double crystal rocking curves show that a GaAs epi-layer of good crystalline quality can be obtained by doping In to a concentration up to 4.3 × 1019 cm-3, beyond which a sharp increase in the FWHM is observed. Etch pit density (EPD) study also shows that the dislocation density is reduced by doping the epi-layer with In. At an optimum In concentration, 2.4 × 1019 cm-3, the EPD was reduced by a factor of 20 when measured at the surface of a 9μm thick epi-layer. The I-V characteristics of Au-GaAs Schottky diodes show, for the layer with an optimal In concentration, an ideality factor close to 1.04 over more than seven decades of current. For the same layer, the reverse I-V characteristics are close to an ideal Schottky diode and could be fitted by a theoretical curve, combining the thermionic field emission and thermionic emission. For doping levels higher than 6 × 1019 cm-3, the epitaxial layer quality deteriorated. We report the results obtained from the Nomarski optical microscope, double crystal x-ray rocking curves, etch pit density, forward and reverse I-V characteristics, and the theoretical current transport models.
Energy Input and Output Analysis of four Field Crops in California

Four crops, corn (Zea mays L.), sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) were grown in irrigated plots at the experimental farm of the University of California, Davis, in 1980 and 1981. Six fertilizer N levels ranging from 0 to 280 kg ha−1 were used to estimate the most efficient N input for each of the tested crop in terms of energy input and output analysis. Calculations of cultural energy input costs in relation to potential ethanol yield showed production requirements of: corn 30.9 GJ ha−1, sweet sorghum 30.4 GJ ha−1, fodder beet 49.4 GJ ha−1 and sugarbeet 41.0 GJ ha−1. Highest average energy inputs were for liquid fuels for operations 35%, irrigation 23% and fertilizer nitrogen 19%. Fodder beet had the highest fermentable carbohydrate yield at 13.05 Mg ha−1 followed by sugarbeet at 11.5 Mg ha−1. Sweet sorghum and corn yields were lower at 9.71 and 8.09 Mg ha−1, respectively. Crop production inputs of energy per liter of potential ethanol were: corn 6.42 MJL−1 sweet sorghum 5.25 MJL−1, fodder beet 6.35 MJL−1 and sugarbeet 5.95 MJL−1.
Fe–Ni–Cu–C–S phase relations at high pressures and temperatures – The role of sulfur in carbon storage and diamond stability at mid- to deep-upper mantle

Abstract Constraining the stable form of carbon in the deep mantle is important because carbon has key influence on mantle processes such as partial melting and element mobility, thereby affecting the efficiency of carbon exchange between the endogenic and exogenic reservoirs. In the reduced, mid- to deep-upper mantle, the chief host of deep carbon is expected to be graphite/diamond but in the presence of Fe–Ni alloy melt in the reduced mantle and owing to high solubility of carbon in such alloy phase, diamond may become unstable. To investigate the nature of stable, C-bearing phases in the reduced, mid- to deep-upper mantle, here we have performed experiments to examine the effect of sulfur on the phase relations of the Ni-rich portion of Fe–Ni ± Cu–C–S system, and carbon solubility in the Fe–Ni solid and Fe–Ni–S liquid alloys at 6–8 GPa and 800–1400 °C using a multianvil press. Low-temperature experiments for six starting mixes (Ni/(Fe + Ni) ∼ 0.61, 8–16 wt.% S) contain C-bearing, solid Fe–Ni alloy + Fe–Ni–C–S alloy melt + metastable graphite, and the solid alloy–out boundary is constrained, at 1150–1200 °C at 6 GPa and 900–1000 °C at 8 GPa for S-poor starting mix, and at 1000–1050 °C at 6 GPa and 900–1000 °C at 8 GPa for the S-rich starting mix. The carbon solubility in the liquid alloy significantly diminishes from 2.1 to 0.8 wt.% with sulfur in the melt increasing from 8 to 24 wt.%, irrespective of temperature. We also observed a slight decrease of carbon solubility in the liquid alloy with increasing pressure when alloy liquid contains >∼18 wt.% S, and with decreasing Ni/(Fe + Ni) ratio from 0.65 to ∼0.53. Based on our results, diamond, coexisting with Ni-rich sulfide liquid alloy is expected to be stable in the reduced, alloy-bearing oceanic mantle with C content as low as 20 to 5 ppm for mantle S varying between 100 and 200 ppm. Deep, reduced root of cratonic mantle, on the other hand, is expected to have C distributed among solid alloy, liquid alloy, and diamond for low-S (≤100 ppm S) domains and between liquid alloy and diamond in high-S (≥150 ppm S) domains. Our findings can explain the observation of Ni-rich sulfide and/or Fe–Ni alloy inclusions in diamond and suggest that diamond stability in the alloy-bearing, reduced mantle does not necessarily require excess C supply from recycled, crustal lithologies. Our prediction of diamond stability in the background, depleted upper mantle, owing to the interaction with mantle sulfides, is also consistent with the carbon isotopic composition of peridotitic diamond (δ13C of − 5 ± 1 ‰ ), which suggests no significant input from recycled carbon.
Stereotactic biopsy aided by a computer graphics workstation: experience with 200 consecutive cases.

BACKGROUND The advent of modern computer technology has made it possible to examine not just the target point, but the entire trajectory in planning for stereotactic biopsies. METHODS Two hundred consecutive biopsies were performed by one surgeon, utilizing a computer graphics workstation. The target point, entry point, and complete trajectory were carefully scrutinized and adjusted to minimize potential complications. RESULTS Pathologically abnormal tissue was obtained in 197 cases (98.5%). There was no mortality in this series. Symptomatic hemorrhages occurred in 4 cases (2%). CONCLUSIONS Computer graphics workstations facilitate safe and effective biopsies in virtually any brain area.
High contrast InP/InGaAsP grating MOCVD regrowth using TBA and TBP

High index contrast InGaAsP/InP gratings are useful in the design of next generation photonic integrated circuits. Here, we investigate the process conditions used in the formation of such gratings. We find that the reactive ion etch conditions have a strong influence on the radiative efficiency in the grating region. We also show that the use of a combination of TBP and TBA in the heat-up phase of growth results in a reduction of the group-V exchange in the grating region, thereby increasing the radiative efficiency, while not adversely affecting non-grating regions.
Male intolerance of depression: A review with implications for psychotherapy

Abstract Evidence for sex differences in the experience and expression of depression and in help-seeking behavior and depression coping responses is reviewed. The data support the proposition that depression for many men may be a private experience, unshared with others and possibly also hidden from others, that men attempt to alleviate or remove by their own efforts without external help. The thesis is presented with supporting evidence that men are intolerant of depression because the experience of depression is incompatible with the male sex role and masculine socialization. Evidence is also examined for the punishment of male expression of depression. Consequences of male intolerance of depression and, implications and recommendations for psychotherapy are discussed.
Information physics in cartoons

Landauer's contributions to the physics of information transmission and processing are highlighted by figures and cartoons drawn by himself and others.