cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Corruption in China 'Out of Control'? A Comparison with the U.S. In Historical Perspective

This paper compares corruption in China over the past 15 years with corruption in the U.S. between 1870 and 1930, periods that are roughly comparable in terms of real income per capita. Corruption indicators for both countries and both periods are constructed by tracking corruption news in prominent U.S. newspapers. Several robustness checks confirm the reliability of the constructed corruption indices for both countries. The comparison indicates that corruption in the U.S. in the early 1870s — when it’s real income per capita was about $2,800 (in 2005 dollars) — was 7 to 9 times higher than China’s corruption level in 1996, the corresponding year in terms of income per capita. By the time the U.S. reached $7,500 in 1928 — approximately equivalent to China’s real income per capita in 2009 — corruption was similar in both countries. The findings imply that, while corruption in China is an issue that merits attention, it is not at alarmingly high levels, compared to the U.S. historical experience. The paper further argues that the corruption and development experiences of both the U.S. and China appear to be consistent with the “life-cycle” theory of corruption — rising at the early stages of development, and declining after modernization has taken place. Hence, as China continues its development process, corruption will likely decline.
Material Behavior of Two High Grade Pipe Steels Under Different Triaxility Levels

Particular geometries and loading conditions may have important effects on the stress fields of a given component promoting complex triaxial stress states and modifying the hydrostatic stress level. The yield condition of a ductile material is represented by the von Mises stress. However, the triaxial stress states have important effects on material toughness and ductility. This work presents a study of the effects of stress concentrators (different triaxial stress states) on material rupture. The aim is to determine the effects of hydrostatic stresses on the strain at failure in two low alloy high strength mill steels employed in field well and linepipe applications. Cylindrical specimens with different notch radius were tested to obtain different hydrostatic to von Mises stress ratios during tensile tests (h = σh /σVM ). The considered notch radii were 2.0, 0.8, 0.4 and 0.25 mm. The notched specimens were loaded in tension and applied load vs. reduction of transversal area data were recorded during the tests. Numerical simulations of the tensile tests allow reproducing the test in the numerical model and calculating the stress and strains fields during each stage of the applied loading. Finally, tables of strain at failure vs. stress triaxiality are obtained for both steels that allow determining the most appropriate material for critical applications.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Understanding the current population survey's insurance estimates and the Medicaid 'undercount'.

ABSTRACT: The widely cited Census Bureau estimates of the number of uninsured people, based on the Current Population Survey, probably overstate the number of uninsured people. This is because of a...
Semantic memory: Searching for attributes vs searching for names.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether searching for a word that has a particular attribute (a fruit that is yellow) involves a different process than searching for a word whose name has a particular form (a fruit whose name begins with “p”). Ss saw category nouns paired with adjectives or letter restrictors presented on a series of blocked trials and a series of mixed trials. The Ss had to produce a word that fell in the space defined by the noun and the restricting adjective or letter. RT was fastest when trials were blocked and when a letter followed the presentation of the noun. This finding suggested the existence of two retrieval plans that can be executed when S has knowledge of the forthcoming type of item.
Soybean Cultivars Evaluated for Resistance to Mexican Bean Beetle in Southern Indiana

Consistent significant difference in defoliation of field plantings by Epilachna varivestis Mulsant in southern Indiana were found among 7 commercial soybean cultivars and a plant introduction in 1974 and 1975. The ascending order of defoliation percentages of the 8 cultivalS were: PI 80837 (13), ‘Kent’ (20), ‘Culter 71’ (21), ‘Calland’ (21), ‘Williams’ (24), ‘Wooedworth’ (27), ‘Wayne’ (27), and ‘Bonus’ (32). Significant difference in weight of pupae reared on different cultivars were found in the laboratory and field. Soybean defoliation was greater (4 of 6 tests) in the generation of the Mexican bean beetle when the cultivars were in the vegetative stages than in the 2nd generation when the planets were in the reproductive stages. Differences in pupal weight varied between locations, although no significant differences in survival or development time were found. There was a significant correlation between pupal weight and developmental time (r3 = 0.81) at the 0.05 level in the laboratory, however, pupal weight did not correlate well with developmental time or percentage defoliation in the field.
Biological implications of cell fusion

Until recently, cells were thought to be integral and discrete components of tissues, and their state was determined by cell differentiation. However, under some conditions, stem cells or their progeny can fuse with cells of other types, mixing cytoplasmic and even genetic material of different (heterotypic) origins. The fusion of heterotypic cells could be of central importance for development, repair of tissues and the pathogenesis of disease.
Bank- and Float-Angler Perceptions of Use Levels on the Madison River, Montana

Abstract Recreational fishery management is a complex and challenging task that requires both biological and behavioral data. In this study, I examined bank- and float-angler perceptions of use levels and satisfaction on the Madison River, Montana, and outlined a methodological approach for estimating angler-defined sociological carrying capacity. Estimates of this carrying capacity were derived from a comparison of angler expectations and desires for observing other anglers, and approximated an acceptable range of observations rather than a single, absolute number. Results suggested that the methodology has the potential to provide behavioral information for inclusion into the fishery management process.
Affective Neuroscience: Amygdala's Role in Experiencing Fear

Summary A new neuropsychological study of a rare patient provides novel evidence that amygdala lesions can virtually abolish the experience of fear, illuminating neurobiological mechanisms of fear experience.
Controllability of entanglement by mode structure in a cavity quantum electrodynamics system

It is shown that the entanglement and the purity of corresponding density operator of two initially entangled qubits passing through the separate cavities can be controlled by the mode structures of the electric fields sustained in the cavities. Cavity mode structure can be used as a controlling parameter to realize the quantum gate operation and in preparing graph states.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for hepatic artery thrombosis following liver transplantation: Current concepts

This article presents the case of an infant who underwent an orthotopic liver transplant and then developed hepatic artery thrombosis that was detected on routine post-operative right upper quadrant ultrasound. Alteplase (TPA) failed to open the artery, so the child received systemic heparin and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy. After six HBO treatments, the hepatic artery had recanalized and his liver function tests had returned to normal or near normal. There were no complications to the HBO therapy, and 1 yr after the transplant, the child's liver is functioning well. The present study discusses the beneficial effects of HBO therapy and the proposed mechanisms for its favorable results. In our patient, systemic heparin and HBO therapy prevented liver failure and need for retransplantation.
The predators of insects

. 1. Insect–insectivore trophic relations were reviewed using presence–absence data from sixty-one invertebrate-dominated food webs and fifteen food webs from Briand's (1983) original forty web collection. From counts of prey links in higher taxa (orders, classes, phyla), six phyla and thirteen classes of non-insect insectivores and fourteen orders of insect predators and prey were found. 2. Detritus-based habitats (phytotelmata, felled logs, carcasses, dungpads) harboured fewer orders of insects, that interact with other insects, than webs from grazer-based (host plants, some galls) and mixed-based systems (aquatic webs). Consumer–resource networks of higher insect taxa in these webs shared several features found in some species-level biological networks: the trend was towards few pairs of strong asymmetrical links, several weak links and many null interactions. 3. From counts of insect predator–insect prey links, hymenopterans as terrestrial predators and parasitoids interacted with the most number of higher insect taxa. Hymenopterans were also linked as prey more often than other terrestrial insects. In freshwater habitats, plecopterans were linked as predators more often than other aquatic taxa, whereas dipterans were listed as prey more often than other insects. 4. Dipterans were linked in the diets of non-insect insectivores from seven of eight common taxonomic classes. Arachnids were identified as insect predators by food web researchers in the largest number of webs, followed by passerine birds and cyprinodont fishes. From analysis of prey links at the ordinal level, predaceous insects were less polyphagous than other predators (other ectotherms and endotherms). 5. Analysis of chain lengths, as expected, showed that insect prey occupied mostly lowermost trophic levels, non-insect insectivores were found mostly at uppermost trophic levels, and predaceous insects were found mostly at intermediate trophic levels across most habitats. 6. This analysis offers evidence that insects are not just occupying intermediate trophic levels in some communities. Indeed, some taxa feed at the upper ends of long food chains, for example eupelmids in galls, staphylinids in carcasses, and perlid plecopterans in streams.
Management of complications after total shoulder arthroplasty

The outcomes of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) for painful arthritis of the glenohumeral joint are excellent with significant improvement in pain and function. Increased use of total shoulder arthroplasty over the past decade has led to identification of common complications. Although the complication rate is low, accurate and timely diagnosis, appropriate management, and implementation of methods for prevention are critical to a successful long-term outcome. The most common complications include infection, glenoid and humeral component loosening, rotator cuff tear, periprosthetic fracture, and neurologic injury. The purpose of this review is to outline the best practices for diagnosing, managing, and preventing these complications.
Divergent synthesis of triazine dendrimers using a trimethylene-dipiperidine linker that increases efficiency, simplifies analysis, and improves product solubility.

To combine benefits stemming from the high nucleophilicity of piperidine and the flexibility afforded by aliphatic triamine linkers, a trimethylene-dipiperidine linker has been used to synthesize triazine dendrimers using a divergent route. The cyclic, secondary amine of the linker reacts with monochlorotriazine monomer units, 1, leading to a dendrimer growth strategy that requires two-steps-per-generation. This strategy reduces the number of steps required for synthesis by 50%. The new linker also reduces complexity in the NMR spectra because rotational isomerism observed in linkers with primary amines is not present. In addition, the final products contain no interior hydrogen-bond donating groups. The high solubility observed in organic solvents for protected dendrimers is attributed to this factor and the inherent flexibility provided by the linker. Gas phase simulation suggests that globular structure emerges after generation three, whereafter the core of the dendrimer is effectively shielded from solvent.
Time-domain dielectric spectroscopy of apples

The ELF (extremely low frequency) dielectric properties of apples are measured using time-domain dielectric spectroscopy. A voltage step is applied to the outer pair of a four-electrode array inserted in an apple. voltages in the vicinities of the electrodes and the current flowing through the apple are sampled under microcomputer control during polarization and depolarization. Fourier transformation of the variation of the bulk conductance with time yields the dielectric spectrum. Approximate power-law behavior is observed for the capacitance and dielectric loss for 1 >
Human platelet phenol sulphotransferase: Assay procedure, substrate and tissue correlations

Procedures for the precise assay of human platelet phenol sulphotransferase activity were determined. The coefficient of variation of the assay was 5.8% when the enzyme activity was expressed per 108 platelets, and was 9.4% when it was expressed per mg soluble platelet protein. Mean platelet phenol sulphotransferase (PST) activity in samples from 102 randomly selected adults was 1.2 ± 0.4 units/108 platelets (mean ± S.D.), with a range from 0.2 to 2.9. The mean activity for umbilical cord blood platelet PST was 0.93 ± 0.3 units/108 platelets (mean ± S.D., n = 27). The substrate used routinely for the assay was 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG). There was a significant correlation between the formation of MHPG sulfate by individual platelet preparations and the formation of sulfated product with each of the following substrates: tyramine (r = 0.92, n = 21); dopamine (r = 0.82, n = 16); 5-hydroxytryptamine (r = 0.94, n = 20); acetaminophen (r = 0.77, n = 17); and alphamethyldopa (r = 0.77, n = 17) (p < 0.001 foreach). Platelet PST activity correlated significantly with human renal cortex PST activity (r = 0.54, n = 20, p < 0.02). The correlation coefficient between platelet PST activity and jejunal mucosal enzyme activity in eight patients was 0.67. These results raise the possibility that human platelet PST activity measured with MHPG as substrate might reflect the enzyme activity in other tissues and the degree of sulfate conjugation of a variety of substrates.
Specific learning disabilities

Abstract Our society's commitment to equal educational opportunities for all children has led to an expansion of services for exceptional children. One of the newest and probably the most controversial service is under the rubric of “specific learning disabilities.”; This article will: (1) describe how the concept and term evolved, (2) give the essential differentiating characteristics of a learning disabled child, and (3) discuss the methods of remediation.
Demographic analyses of organophosphate-resistant and susceptible strains of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, on three cotton cultivars

Laboratory experiments were conducted using organophosphate-resistant and susceptible strains of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, to assess age-specific vital rates in individually-held adults, and development and survival in preadults on three cotton cultivars at 27 ± 1 °C, 50 ± 10% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D). Female whiteflies lived longer than males, with a maximum life expectancy of 29 days. Heaviest egg laying occurred at ages between 7 and 18 days when individual whiteflies laid > 10 eggs/day. Greenhouse whitefly populations doubled weekly, with stable age distribution of 63% eggs, 28% larvae, 5% pupae, and 4% adults. Analysis of various life history parameters that combine aspects of survival, developmental rates, and fecundity indicated no consistent differences in reproductive fitness between the two greenhouse whitefly strains. Of the three cotton cultivars tested, Pima S-6 was most susceptible, Acala SJ-2 was intermediate and Gumbo 500 was most resistant to greenhouse whitefly. Resistance of Gumbo 500 was expressed as slower developmental rates, reduced survival to adulthood, lower reproductive rates, and lower intrinsic rate of increase.
Digital curation for public sector professionals

This tutorial will expose government professionals to the foundations, considerations and functions of digital curation. Governance activities at all levels are increasingly carried out through digital information. Democratic processes, operational efficiencies, accountability, compliance with records laws, and active engagement with citizen all require professionals in the public sector to serve as responsible stewards of digital information. Despite the great relevance of digital curation concepts, skills and innovations to government, public sector professionals may often be unaware of these connections. This two-hour ICEGOV tutorial is an effort to address this gap by exposing public servants to the latest digital curation concepts, research and tools.
Formation of saline and sodic soils and their reclamation

Abstract This review summarizes general information on salt‐affected soils and factors influencing their formation and reclamation. It describes the interrelationships between salinity, irrigation, drainage, and crops. Saline soils are emphasized due to their predominance.
Dielectrophoretic Separation of Microparticles in Curved Microchannels

Particle (both biological and synthetic) separation is important for a wide range of applications in industry, biology, and medicine. In microfluidic devices particles have been separated based on either extrinsic labels (e.g., fluorescence- and magnetic-activated sorting) or intrinsic properties (e.g., size, charge, density, etc.). The latter may take place in a batchwise or continuous-flow process. The batch-process separation typically includes filtration, chromatography, and electrophoresis. In the continuous-flow separation, an external force field (e.g., acoustic, electrical, magnetic, and optical, etc.) acts on particles at an angle to the flow direction and deflects them to different flow paths [1]. Here we introduce a continuous particle separation technique in electrokinetic flow through curved microchannels. This separation results from the cross-stream dielectrophoretic motion induced by channel curvatures [2]. It eliminates the use of in-channel micro-electrodes or micro-obstacles that are required in present dielectrophoresis-based particle separation techniques [3].Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Scientific highlights from the Society for Investigative Dermatology 2010 Annual Meeting.

Approximately 1,500 researchers, representing more than 30 countries, attended the 70th Annual Meeting of the Society for Investigative Dermatology* to exchange information and ideas in the fields of dermatology and cutaneous biology. The nearly 900 oral and poster presentations of both basic and clinical research on such diverse topics as microbial diversity, cell signaling, epidermal development, disease pathogenesis, translational medicine, immunology, viruses, and vaccines highlighted the diversity and advancement of the field of dermatological research that is supported by the Society for Investigative Dermatology. The following discussion of selected research presentations from the meeting illustrates not only the excellence in research in this field but also the breadth of information shared at this conference. We regret that, owing to space limitations, many excellent presentations are not mentioned here; however, meeting abstracts are available in print and online (J Invest Dermatol 130 (Supplement 1), April 2010).
The Challenge of Detecting Minimal Hearing Loss in Audiometric Surveys

Purpose This tutorial provides framework and context for understanding the complex interaction of hearing measurement methodology and cohort social factors, as well as their relation to approaches to data interpretation and identification of minimal hearing loss (HL) in audiometric surveys. Method Pertinent archival studies were reviewed, and an original analysis on U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) audiometric survey data from children (ages 6–19) was performed. Conclusion The definition of an otologically normal individual, the pass–fail criterion representing the upper limit of the range of normal hearing, and the quality of the audiometry affect the percentage of persons who are falsely identified as having a minimal HL. An upper limit of normal hearing of 15 dB HL yields an unacceptably high false-positive rate, particularly when the more variable higher audiometric frequencies are examined. When air-conduction thresholds are assessed in isolation to estimate potential noise damag...
Coarse- and fine-particle atmospheric nitrate and HNO3(g) in Claremont, California, during the 1985 nitrogen species methods comparison study

Abstract Coarse (⩾ 1.5 μm) and fine (⩾ 1.5 μm) atmospheric particle nitrate were measured along with HNO3 (g) in 40 consecutive periods over the 8 days of the 1985 Nitrogen Species Methods Comparison Study in Claremont, California, in September 1985. HNO3(g)and fine-particle nitrate both showed pronounced (~ 10-fold) diurnal variations, with a mid-morning peak in the case of fine-particle nitrate and a mid-afternoon peak in the case of HNO3 (g). Coarse-particle nitrate showed relatively little diurnal variation. Time-average values over the whole experiment for HNO3(g), fine nitrate, and coarse nitrate were, respectively, 114, 128 and 114 nanomole m−3.
A note on the effect of within‐strain sample sizes on QTL mapping in recombinant inbred strain studies

This note explores the effect of within-strain sample sizes on the correlations between a phenotype and a molecular-genetic marker in a battery of inbred strains. It is shown that the maximum correlation possible between a molecular marker and a behavioral or neuronal phenotype equals the additive-genetic correlation. How close the strain correlation will approach the additive-genetic correlation depends only on heritability and within-strain sample sizes. The equations derived can be used to optimize designs of studies attempting to localize Quantitative Trait Loci utilizing Recombinant Inbred Strains, provided information about the heritability of the character under study is available.
Cellular automaton rules for solving the milne problem

Abstract A methodology for deriving cellular automaton rules to solve radiation transport problems is developed. Calculations using these rules to solve the Milne problem in cartesian geometry show good agreement with the exact solution.
The Phosphorylation Status of Nuclear NF-ΚB Determines Its Association with CBP/p300 or HDAC-1

Abstract Homodimers of the NF-ΚB p50 subunit are transcriptionally repressive in cells, whereas they can promote transcription in vitro, suggesting that their endogenous effects are mediated by association with other factors. We now demonstrate that transcriptionally inactive nuclear NF-ΚB in resting cells consists of homodimers of either p65 or p50 complexed with the histone deacetylase HDAC-1. Only the p50-HDAC-1 complexes bind to DNA and suppress NF-ΚB-dependent gene expression in unstimulated cells. Appropriate stimulation causes nuclear localization of NF-ΚB complexes containing phosphorylated p65 that associates with CBP and displaces the p50-HDAC-1 complexes. Our results demonstrate that phosphorylation of p65 determines whether it associates with either CBP or HDAC-1, ensuring that only p65 entering the nucleus from cytoplasmic NF-ΚB:IΚB complexes can activate transcription.
FTIR characterization of amorphous uranyl-silicates ☆

Abstract Ambient-temperature environments in which dissolved silica and U(VI) are present may lack the conditions necessary to readily form crystalline uranyl-silicate phases; however amorphous phases, as defined by the absence of well-defined Bragg reflections in powder X-ray diffraction patterns, are kinetically favored when solution saturation levels are appropriate. Such amorphous uranyl-silicates may be related to the crystalline phases predicted to be thermodynamically stable and influence the mobility of U in the environment. To investigate amorphous uranyl-silicates and their relation to crystalline phases we precipitated solids from solutions containing 0.05 M UO 2 (ClO 4 ) 2 and 0.1 M Na 2 SiO 3 adjusted to pH values from 2.2 to 9 and allowed the precipitates to age in their mother liquors for approximately 6 weeks at 22 °C. We compared the chemical composition, X-ray diffraction patterns, and Fourier transform infrared spectra of the precipitates to those of the crystalline phases predicted by thermodynamic modeling. The precipitates were amorphous with U:Si ratios of 0.8 ± 0.1. Their FTIR spectra revealed changes in the UO 2 2+ and SiO 4 4− vibrations as a function of pH that are consistent with a shift in mid-range structural linkages from those similar to soddyite to those more like Na-boltwoodite. Structural H 2 O, OH, and SiO 3 OH 3− vibrations do not change as a function of pH and are consistent with a mixture of soddyite-like and Na-boltwoodite-like features. Six weeks of aging at ambient temperature is enough time for the precipitate structures to rearrange and adopt mid-range structural linkages characteristic of crystalline phases predicted by thermodynamic modeling.
Muon spin relaxation studies in strongly correlated electron systems

Abstract We describe recent progress of muon spin relaxation (μSR) studies in heavy-fermion (HF) and other strongly correlated electron systems. Measurements of the magnetic field penetration depth λ in HF superconductors UPt 3 , URu 2 Si 2 , UPd 2 Al 3 and U 2 PtC 2 have revealed that these systems are characterized by large ratios T c / T F = 0.1−0.01 of T c vs Fermi temperature T F derived from λ. This feature is common to high- T c cuprate and other exotic superconductors. Zero-field μSR studies of magnetic order have elucidated a cross-over from spin glass ordering to nonmagnetic ground states in the ‘quadrupolar Kondo regime’ of (Y 1− x U x )Pd 3 , and also suggested a possibility of incommensurate spin-density-wave (SDW) ordering in UNi 2 Al 3 .
The relationship of psychological type to computer aptitude, attitudes, and behavior

Abstract Based on a review of research on the relationship of personality factors to human-computer interaction, Pocius (1991) concluded that there was little evidence for a relationship between Jungian psychological types and programming aptitude and mixed evidence regarding psychological type and computer-related attitudes. However, the studies on which Pocius based this conclusion suffered from a number of methodological flaws, including small sample sizes and restricted samples. In the present study, data from 471 introductory psychology students revealed that some dimensions of psychological type were related to computer aptitude, attitudes, and behavior, with psychological type interacting with participant sex in two instances. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Optical routers: introduction to the feature issue

This feature issue of the Journal of Optical Networking addresses a broad scope of enabling technologies, architectures, and systems designed for next-generation optical routers.
The gene for the RNA component of the mitochondrial RNA-processing endoribonuclease is located on human chromosome 9p and on mouse chromosome 4.

Abstract Mitochondrial RNA-processing endoribonuclease (RNAase MRP) has the capacity to cleave mitochondrial RNA complementary to the light strand of the displacement loop at a unique site. The enzyme is a ribonucleoprotein whose RNA component is a nuclear gene product. The 5′ flanking region of the primary transcript has control elements characteristic of RNA polymerase II transcription, and the coding region has features of RNA polymerase III transcription signals. The RNA associated with RNAase MRP is the first known RNA encoded by a single-copy gene in the nucleus and believed to be imported into mitochondria. The gene (RMRP) for this RNA component of RNAase MRP was assigned to human chromosome 9 and mouse chromosome 4 by Southern blot analyses of 11 human × rodent hybrids and 11 mouse × rodent hybrids with probe pHM1.0 and probe pSP270, respectively. In situ hybridization of probe pHSTU300 to normal human chromosomes revealed 29 of 100 cells with label on 9p and 9.6% of 302 silver grains located at 9p21-p12.
MPI Advisor: a Minimal Overhead Tool for MPI Library Performance Tuning

A majority of parallel applications executed on HPC clusters use MPI for communication between processes. Most users treat MPI as a black box, executing their programs using the cluster's default settings. While the default settings perform adequately for many cases, it is well known that optimizing the MPI environment can significantly improve application performance. Although the existing optimization tools are effective when used by performance experts, they require deep knowledge of MPI library behavior and the underlying hardware architecture in which the application will be executed. Therefore, an easy-to-use tool that provides recommendations for configuring the MPI environment to optimize application performance is highly desirable. This paper addresses this need by presenting an easy-to-use methodology and tool, named MPI Advisor, that requires just a single execution of the input application to characterize its predominant communication behavior and determine the MPI configuration that may enhance its performance on the target combination of MPI library and hardware architecture. Currently, MPI Advisor provides recommendations that address the four most commonly occurring MPI-related performance bottlenecks, which are related to the choice of: 1) point-to-point protocol (eager vs. rendezvous), 2) collective communication algorithm, 3) MPI tasks-to-cores mapping, and 4) Infiniband transport protocol. The performance gains obtained by implementing the recommended optimizations in the case studies presented in this paper range from a few percent to more than 40%. Specifically, using this tool, we were able to improve the performance of HPCG with MVAPICH2 on four nodes of the Stampede cluster from 6.9 GFLOP/s to 10.1 GFLOP/s. Since the tool provides application-specific recommendations, it also informs the user about correct usage of MPI.
Never just a game: The language of sport on and off the court

In this issue of the Journal of Multicultural Discourses, the lead article by John Van Sterkenburg provides a crucial intervention that points to the global role of sport as a pedagogy of race, cit...
Conjoining Emulation and Network Simulators on Linux Multiprocessors

Conjoinment of emulation and simulation in virtual time requires that emulated execution bursts be ascribed a duration in virtual time, and that emulated execution and simulation executions be coordinated within this common virtual time basis. This paper shows how an open source tool TimeKeeper for coordinating emulations in virtual time can be integrated with three different existing software emulations/simulations: CORE, ns-3, and S3F. We describe for each of these the modifications made to the tools to support this integration, and examine experiments designed to assess the accuracy of the combined models. Timekeeper permits much tighter sychronization emulation and simulation than has ever been achieved before.
Pressure-Scanned Echelle Grating plus Fabry-Perot Stellar Spectrophotometer.

A photoelectric stellar spectrophotometer, with 0.3-A resolution, for use near Hα (6563 A) is described. A Fabry-Perot etalon and an echelle grating are simultaneously pressure-scanned. The Fabry-Perot can be bypassed and the grating system used alone to obtain narrow-band (4.89-A) Hα indices, in which case the pressure system allows the necessary radial velocity corrections to be made conveniently.
Gap solitons and the nonlinear optical response of superlattices.

We study theoretically the transmission of radiation through superlattices of finite length, where the dielectric constant of one film in each unit cell contains a term linear in the local field intensity. When such a system is illuminated with radiation with frequency in a stop gap, increasing power can switch it from a state with low transmissivity to a state with transmissivity of unity. Gap solitons play a key role in the phenomenon.
Building Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities: Continual Learning in the New Information Landscape

ABSTRACT Traditionally, librarians have gained new knowledge by traveling to conferences sponsored by professional associations. While these events remain useful opportunities for learning, they are no longer sufficient. All library staff members are expected to continually learn new skills, stay in touch with trends, and incorporate new technology into their work. Continual learning must be woven into the library organization in order to be successful but, with time and budget restraints, this can be a challenge. Fortunately, new opportunities for learning are widely available and these can be supported at an administrative level through job descriptions, evaluations, and organizational culture.
From fractions to proportional reasoning: a cognitive schemes of operation approach

Abstract Four seventh grade students participated in a constructivist teaching experiment in which manipulatives within a computer microworld were used to solve fractional reasoning tasks followed by tasks that involve concepts of rate, ratio and proportion. Through a retrospective analysis of video tapes, their thinking processes were analyzed from the perspective of the types of cognitive schemes of operation used as they engaged in the given problem situations. One result of the study indicates that the modifications of the students’ available schemes of operation when solving the fractional reasoning tasks formed a basis for the cognitive schemes of operation used in their solutions of tasks involving proportionality.
Characteristics of glycogen synthase activity in the oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin

Abstract 1. 1. Glycogen synthase I and D activities were found in homogenates of oyster adductor muscle and digestive diverticula. 2. 2. Upon starvation the ratio of GSI/GS(I + D) increased in both tissues in summer animals. 3. 3. Kinetic characteristics of the purified enzyme from the adductor muscle were found to be: Km(UDPG) = 0.86 mM, Ka(G6P) = 0.15 mM for the D form of the enzyme; Km(UDPG) = 7.09 mM for the I form of the enzyme. 4. 4. Addition of glucose to muscle homogenates resulted in increases in the GSI/GS(I + D) ratio within 10 min.
Genetic and Functional Analyses of the mob Operon on Conjugative Transposon CTn341 from Bacteroides spp.

Bacteroides are Gram-negative anaerobes indigenous to the intestinal tract of humans, and they are important opportunistic pathogens. Mobile genetic elements, such as conjugative transposons (CTns), have contributed to an increase in antibiotic resistance in these organisms. CTns are self-transmissible elements that belong to the superfamily of integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs). CTn341 is 52 kb; it encodes tetracycline resistance and its transfer is induced by tetracycline. The mobilization region of CTn341 was shown to be comprised of a three-gene operon, mobABC, and the transfer origin, oriT. The three genes code for a nicking accessory protein, a relaxase, and a VirD4-like coupling protein, respectively. The Mob proteins were predicted to mediate the formation of the relaxosome complex, nick DNA at the oriT, and shuttle the DNA/protein complex to the mating-pore apparatus. The results of mutational studies indicated that the three genes are required for maximal transfer of CTn341. Mob gene transcription was induced by tetracycline, and this regulation was mediated through the two-component regulatory system, RteAB. The oriT region of CTn341 was located within 100 bp of mobA, and a putative Bacteroides consensus nicking site was observed within this region. Mutation of the putative nick site resulted in a loss of transfer. This study demonstrated a role of the mobilization region for transfer of Bacteroides CTns and that tetracycline induction occurs for the mob gene operon, as for the tra gene operon(s), as shown previously.
THE EFFECT OF THE ORIENTATIONS OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE ELECTRON MEAN ENERGY AND DRIFT VELOCITY IN A PARTIALLY IONIZED GAS

The present investigation attempts to analyze the influence of the orientations of the imposed magnetic and electric fields on the mean electron energy and drift velocity. For this purpose, the electron velocity distribution function relating to the presence of the external fields with arbitrary orientations is first studied. The analysis is based on the Lorentz approximation and it is assumed that the electron velocity distribution is deter­mined essentially by the electron-atom collisions. The mean electron energy is discussed for two different cases: (1) contant mean free path and (2) constant collision time. In the case of constant collision time, the drift velocity as well as the electron current density is calculated. The Hall conductivity is expressed in a general form which depends upon the direction of the magnetic field with respect to the electrical field. Besides this, an additional com­ponent of the current is theoretically observed; in general, it vanishes if the magnetic field is either parallel or perpendicular to the electric field.
Quantifying Temporal and Spatial Correlation of Failure Events for Proactive Management

Networked computing systems continue to grow in scale and in the complexity of their components and interactions. Component failures become norms instead of exceptions in these environments. Moreover, failure events exhibit strong correlations in time and space domain. In this paper, we develop a spherical covariance model with an adjustable timescale parameter to quantify the temporal correlation and a stochastic model to characterize spatial correlation. The models are further extended to take into account the information of application allocation to discover more correlations among failure instances. We cluster failure events based on their correlations and predict their future occurrences. Experimental results on a production coalition system, the Wayne State Grid, show the offline and online predictions by our predicting system can forecast 72.7% to 85.3% of the failure occurrences and capture failure correlations in cluster coalition environment.
LSynD: Localized Synopsis Diffusion

Wireless sensor networks represent an extremely fast-growing emerging technology, but still suffer from several limitations. The state of the art in sensor networks focuses on optimizing the existing protocols to address the two main challenges affecting the sensors: failures and energy consumption. Our contributions in this paper include: analyzing most relevant protocols that attempt to address these two problems, presenting methods to achieve local reconstruction for a sensor network that uses multi-path routing and proposing a new protocol, called LSynD, an extension of the Tributaries and Deltas approach. LSynD achieves a faster, more localized and energy efficient reconstruction than its predecessor protocols by creating multiple adaptive multi-path routing regions
Dynamic stability threshold in high-performance internal-tin Nb3Sn superconductors for high field magnets

Modern Nb3Sn strands can now exceed 3000 A mm−2 critical current density Jc at 4.2 K and 12 T within the non-copper area. However, the aggressive reaction used to achieve this performance causes the Nb3Sn filaments to coalesce into a single large, continuous ring of superconductor, and also allows tin to penetrate through diffusion barriers and alloy with the copper stabilizer. This results in a lack of adiabatic stability, due to the combination of high Jc and large superconductor diameter, and a strong reduction of dynamic stability, due to the reduction of the copper's thermal conductivity. Under these circumstances, flux jumps at low fields are inevitable, and the associated heat release could propagate along the conductor in a quench. In magnets, this means that quenches could be initiated in low-field regions at currents well below the designed operating current. We show that by limiting the final reaction duration, it is possible to keep the quench current density above Jc, thus ensuring flux-jump recovery along the entire magnet load line. For the example studied, keeping the residual resistivity ratio above ensures safe operation. This was achieved for final reactions of 40 h or less, instead of the typical 72–200 h. Surprisingly, the performance penalty was small: a 24 h final reaction reached >90% of the highest Jc obtained. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy in a SEM did not reveal any detectable tin in the copper for stable strands, but in unstable strands as much as 4% Sn was found in the copper between sub-elements, suggesting that the contamination is rather local. The thermal conductivity of the stabilizer should then vary strongly with distance from the sub-element pack to the strand perimeter, complicating stability analyses.
Single particle beam dynamics in Boomerang

We describe simulations of the beam dynamics in the storage ring (Boomerang), a 3-GeV third-generation light source being designed for the Australian Synchrotron Project. The simulations were performed with the code Goemon. They form the basis for design specifications for storage ring components (apertures, alignment tolerances, magnet quality, etc.), and for determining performance characteristics such as coupling and beam lifetime.
The Big Picture: Why Democracies Need Journalistic Excellence

Freedom of the press is the cornerstone of democracy. But, as countless recent examples of lapsed standards in the press since the Jayson Blair affair have shown, the First Amendment is no guarantee that American journalism will be first-rate. A press in crisis is a democracy endangered, argues Jeffrey Scheuer--cultural critic and author of The Sound Bite Society. In his new book, The Big Picture, Scheuer argues that in order for a democracy to thrive it is not enough for its press simply to be free--the press must be exceptional. This book explores journalistic excellence and its essential relationship with democracy, explaining why democracies depend on it and are only as good as their journalism. In The Big Picture, Scheuer explores journalistic excellence from three broad perspectives. First, from the democratic perspective, he shows how journalism is a core democratic function, and journalistic excellence a core democratic value. Then, from an intellectual perspective, he explores the ways in which journalism addresses basic concepts of truth, knowledge, objectivity, and ideology. Finally, from an institutional perspective, he considers the role and possible future of journalism education, the importance of journalistic independence, and the potential for nonprofit journalism to meet the journalistic needs of a democratic society. In lucid and accessible prose, The Big Picture provocatively demonstrates why we must all be vigilant about the quality of journalism today.
dpy-18 Encodes an α-Subunit of Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase in Caenorhabditis elegans

Collagen is an extracellular matrix (ECM) component encoded by a large multigene family in multicellular animals. Procollagen is post-translationally modified by prolyl-4-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.2) before secretion and participation in ECM formation. Therefore, collagen processing and regulation can be studied by examining this required interaction of prolyl-4-hydroxylase with procollagen. High-resolution polymorphism mapping was used to place the Caenorhabditis elegans dpy-18 gene on the physical map, and we show that it encodes a prolyl-4-hydroxylase alpha catalytic subunit. The Dpy phenotype of dpy-18(e364) amber mutants is more severe when this mutation is in trans to the noncomplementing deficiency tDf7, while the dpy-18(e499) deletion mutant exhibits the same phenotype as dpy-18(e499)/tDf7. Furthermore, dpy-18 RNA interference (RNAi) in wild-type worms results in Dpy progeny, while dpy-18 (RNAi) in dpy-18(e499) mutants does not alter the Dpy phenotype of their progeny. These observations suggest that the dpy-18 null phenotype is Dpy. A dpy-18::gfp promoter fusion construct is expressed throughout the hypodermis within the cells that abundantly produce the cuticle collagens, as well as in certain head and posterior neurons. While prolyl-4-hydroxylase has been studied extensively by biochemical techniques, this is the first report of a mutationally defined prolyl-4-hydroxylase in any animal.
Parallel Computation and Visualization of 3D, Time-Dependent, Thermal Convective Flows

A high-resolution numerical study on parallel systems is reported on three-dimensional (3D), time-dependent, thermal convective flows. Numerical results are obtained for Rayleigh numbers up to 5×107 and for a Prandtl number 0.733 equivalent to that of air, in a cubical enclosure, which is heated differentially at two vertical sidewalls. A parallel implementation of the finite volume method with a multigrid scheme is discussed, and a parallel and distributed visualization system is developed for visualizing the flow. The details of the 3D, time-dependent flow are described. Separations of the flow near the horizontal walls occur, and y-variations of the flow are strong. Periodical flow patterns appear. The 3D solutions for such high Rayleigh number 5×107 become strong convective, time-dependent, and periodical.
Quadrature Solutions for Large Deflection Static Cable Problems

It is shown that solutions to the governing equations for arbitrarily large static deflections of cables obeying any elastic law can be reduced to quadratures for four general types of distributed loadings. These solutions are given in closed form and ways of using them are discussed. It is observed that the final shape can be found without knowledge of the initial shape in three cases and without knowledge of the elastic law in two if the final length of the cable is regarded as known. These latter two cases considerably generalize the classical catenary and parabola solutions.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The conserved 3′ end domain of U6atac snRNA can direct U6 snRNA to the minor spliceosome

U6 and U6atac snRNAs play analogous critical roles in the major U2-dependent and minor U12-dependent spliceosomes, respectively. Previous results have shown that most of the functional cores of these two snRNAs are either highly similar in sequence or functionally interchangeable. Thus, a mechanism must exist to restrict each snRNA to its own spliceosome. Here we show that a chimeric U6 snRNA containing the unique and highly conserved 39 end domain of U6atac snRNA is able to function in vivo in U12-dependent spliceosomal splicing. Function of this chimera required the coexpression of a modified U4atac snRNA; U4 snRNA could not substitute. Partial deletions of this element in vivo, as well as in vitro antisense experiments, showed that the 39 end domain of U6atac snRNA is necessary to direct the U4atac/U6atac.U5 tri-snRNP to the forming U12-dependent spliceosome. In vitro experiments also uncovered a role for U4atac snRNA in this targeting.