cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental Health Expenditures: Association With Workplace Incivility and Bullying Among Hospital Patient Care Workers

Objective Bullied workers have poor self-reported mental health; monetary costs of bullying exposure are unknown. We tested associations between bullying and health plan claims for mental health diagnoses. Methods We used data from 793 hospital workers who answered questions about bullying in a survey and subscribed to the group health plan. We used two-part models to test associations between types of incivility/bullying and mental health expenditures. Results Workers experiencing incivility or bullying had greater odds of any mental health claims. Among claimants, unexposed workers spent $792, those experiencing one type of incivility or bullying spent $1557 (P for difference from unexposed = 0.016), those experiencing two types spent $928 (P = 0.503), and those experiencing three types spent $1446 (P = 0.040). Conclusion Workplace incivility and bullying may carry monetary costs to employers, which could be controlled through work environment modification.
Molecular Mechanisms of Pancreatic Lipase and Colipase

A healthy diet includes dietary fats (Carey and Hernell, 1992). Fats provide an important energy source, a vehicle for fat soluble vitamins, and acyl chain precursors for hormones, inflammatory mediators, and cellular membrane components. Fats also improve the palatability of foods and largely govern postprandial satiety, whereas an inadequate supply of dietary fat affects growth and leads to deficiencies of vitamins A, D, E, and K. Long-chain triglycerides contribute 95% of the dietary fats in the average Western diet.
Practical Guide to the Management of Acute and Chronic Pain in the Presence of Drug Tolerance for the Healthcare Practitioner

Background Drug tolerance has been on the rise in recent years worldwide, and consequently, pain management in our population has become challenging. Methods Discussed in this review are commonly abused drugs and considerations for treating acute and chronic pain states in patients with substance disorders. Results After marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco, the most widely abused substances are oxycodone (Oxycontin), diazepam (Valium), and methylphenidate (Ritalin). Urine testing can detect metabolites of drugs used by patients and is useful for assessing drug abuse, medication diversion, and drug interactions. The comprehensive treatment of pain in a patient with addictive disorder or tolerance must address 3 issues: the patient9s addiction, any associated psychiatric conditions, and the patient9s pain. Eliciting a detailed history of drug abuse—illicit drugs as well as prescription drugs—and ascertaining if the patient is currently enrolled in a methadone maintenance program for the treatment of drug addiction is vital. Conclusion Medical observation, supportive care, multidisciplinary pain management, and timely interventions as necessary are the keys to safe outcomes in these patients.
Toward a Component Systems Approach to Emotional Development

During the past decades, theorists and researchers have offered a wide range of perspectives on the nature and development of emotion. Toward one end of a continuum, theorists define emotions in terms of specific patterns of feeling and behavior organized by innate neurological pathways and biological substrates (Ackerman, Abe, & Izard, Chapter 4, this volume; Ekman, 1984; Izard & Malatesta, 1987; Panksepp, Knutson, & Pruitt, Chapter 3, this volume; Tomkins, 1962, 1984). At the other end, theorists suggest that emotions consist of socially constructed syndromes of cognition, feeling, and action (Averill, 1982; Mancuso & Sarbin, Chapter 12, this volume; Oatley, 1992; Shweder, 1994). A component systems approach to emotions (Scherer, 1984, 1994) holds out the possibility of integrating these two diverse traditions. From this view, emotional episodes consist of multiple component processes and systems that mutually regulate each other at the biological, psychological, and sociocultural levels of functioning. In what follows, we elaborate on a component systems approach to emotional development, focusing specifically on the development of pride as a social, self-evaluative emotional experience. Thereafter, we report the results of a preliminary study assessing developmental changes in pride-relevant behavior of infants and toddlers as they interact with their caregivers in achievement-related tasks.
Confirming Relevance: How American and Canadian Archaeologists Are Training Youth and Adults in Archaeology, Heritage Studies, and Community Partnerships

Over the last 25 years there has been a growing momentum for incorporating community outreach into archaeology and heritage studies in Canada and the USA. Innovative programs brought archaeological research to the public through: tours of sites, museum exhibits, traveling exhibits, public lectures, newspaper, magazine articles, and even archaeology programs for television (Jameson 1997; Herscher and McManamon 2000). Initially, these programs were based on what the archaeologist wanted to present to the public not the topics of interest to the public or professionals in allied fields (Jameson and Baugher 2007a: 4). Fortunately, archaeologists are now partnering with nonarchaeologists in order to develop more meaningful public programming in heritage studies (for example, Derry and Malloy 2003; Merriman 2004; Jameson and Baugher 2007b). This interdisciplinary outreach enables archaeologists to work cooperatively with historic preservationists, museum curators, and educators. This cooperative work enhanced both the quality of the public programs and the underlining interdisciplinary research. Even the term “public archaeology,” which used to be synonymous with Cultural Resource Management (CRM), now implies outreach work with and for the public.
ON BOOKS AND READING

This chapter discusses many of the books that are likely to be helpful to young men who are starting on their lifework in the fields of gastro-enterology and gastro-intestinal physiology. To get some idea of the gastro-enterology of the fathers, the student will do well to look through the English translation of Ewald's lectures, Ewald's book (translated by Manges), and the books of Boas (translated by Basch), Cohnheim (translated by Fulton), Nothnagel, and Hemmeter. A fine account of the pioneering work done on the roentgenology of the digestive tract of man is to be found in Groedel's article in volume VII of “Lehmann's Medical Atlases” published in 1909. The early literature on the roentgenology of the stomach and bowel can be got at with the help of Gocht's bibliography. The American student will want to look through Beaumont's book on gastric juice, and he will read Myer's “Life of Beaumont” and some of the articles that have been written about the “backwoods physiologist.”
Conformational Ensembles Exhibit Extensive Molecular Recognition Features.

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are important for signaling and regulatory pathways. In contrast to folded proteins, they sample a diverse conformational space. IDPs have residue ranges wi...
Comparing bacterial, fungal, and human cell concentrations with rapid adenosine triphosphate measurements for indicating microbial surface contamination.

Background The goal of this study was to test for associations between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and microbial concentrations on desk surfaces in school classrooms. Methods ATP bioluminescence and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) techniques were employed to measure total bacterial, fungal, and human cell concentrations on 66 high-traffic desks spread across 9 schools: 3 in Connecticut (CT) and 6 in Oklahoma (OK). In CT, 6 samples were taken from each desk, 1 precleaning and 5 postcleaning (after 30 minutes, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 21 days). In OK, samples were taken immediately before and after cleaning each desk. Results Based on simple linear regression analyses, ATP values were good predictors of microbial concentrations (r = 0.8, P = .003) in both CT school postcleaning samples and OK pre- and postcleaning samples (r = 0.7, P = .00002). However, biomass reductions measured after cleaning were 1.5-2 times greater when measured by ATP than by qPCR (P = .007). Conclusions Overall, ATP bioluminescence measurements correlate with qPCR-based surface measurements on school desks but may overestimate the physical removal of bacteria and fungi due to cleaning.
Fiscal Decentralization or Centralization: Diverging Paths of Chinese Cities

If fiscal decentralization promotes growth, why do some regions decentralize more than others? This article identifies the growing divergence of fiscal centralization among Chinese cities and explains it in a public finance framework. It argues that fiscal decentralization and its economy-liberalizing effect entail significant short-term fiscal risk. The more a locality relies on uncompetitive business ownership for fiscal revenue, the less likely fiscal decentralization is to occur. This article compiles a dataset of 20 provincial capitals between 1999 and 2016 to test for the connection between a city’s tax base and its fiscal centralization level. It then pairs two “most similar” cities to trace how fiscal security concerns drove their fiscal and economic policies apart. This article adds a micro-level perspective to the literature on fiscal federalism. By pointing out the fiscal constraints confronting local governments, it offers a new angle to understand the different growth paths of Chinese cities.
Newton Sketch: A Near Linear-Time Optimization Algorithm with Linear-Quadratic Convergence

We propose a randomized second-order method for optimization known as the Newton sketch: it is based on performing an approximate Newton step using a randomly projected Hessian. For self-concordant functions, we prove that the algorithm has superlinear convergence with exponentially high probability, with convergence and complexity guarantees that are independent of condition numbers and related problem-dependent quantities. Given a suitable initialization, similar guarantees also hold for strongly convex and smooth objectives without self-concordance. When implemented using randomized projections based on a subsampled Hadamard basis, the algorithm typically has substantially lower complexity than Newton's method. We also describe extensions of our methods to programs involving convex constraints that are equipped with self-concordant barriers. We discuss and illustrate applications to linear programs, quadratic programs with convex constraints, logistic regression, and other generalized linear models, as...
Effects of chromium supplementation on body composition, human and animal health, and insulin and glucose metabolism.

Purpose of review Chromium(III) has been proposed to have a nutritional or pharmacological role in changing body composition and improving symptoms of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and related conditions although the mode of action of Cr(III) at a molecular level has failed to be elucidated. This review details the current status of studies into Cr(III) supplementation. Recent findings Clinical trials, meta-analyses and systematic reviews have failed to demonstrate clinically significant effects from Cr(III) supplementation on body composition or symptoms of insulin resistance and related conditions in humans and farm animals. Although new Cr(III) supplements continue to appear in the scientific literature, studies have failed to elucidate the mechanism of chromium action at a molecular level. Conflicting results on a role of transferrin in Cr(III) transport and detoxification have appeared. Summary Cr(III) supplementation cannot currently be recommended in humans or farm animals. Further studies are required to probe the mechanism of Cr(III) action in increasing insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in rodent models of insulin resistance and diabetes, with particular attention being turned to a potential role of transferrin in Cr(III) transport and detoxification.
Video Structure Meaning

Abstract For over a century, motion pictures have entertained us, occasionally educated us, and even served a few specialized fields of study. Now, however, with the precipitous drop in prices and ...
Who’s the Victim Here? The Role of Gender, Social Norms, and Heteronormativity in the IPV Gender Symmetry Debate

Intimate partner violence (IPV) has historically been perceived, and thus examined and explained, as a violent act perpetrated against women by men. However, self-report surveys indicate that heterosexual and gay males, as well as lesbians, experience IPV at similar rates as heterosexual women. The question of whether IPV victimization is experienced symmetrically, by both women and men, is more difficult to answer than the data would suggest. Many barriers prevent the reporting of IPV such as gender role expectations and heteronormative views of relationships. The Feminist Theory explains IPV as a form of power and control used to reinforce a patriarchal society, which explains a male-dominant or masculine perception of perpetrators. Other theories, such as Johnson’s Typology, suggest that the violence seen in IPV is bilateral in direction—or that both partners act as perpetrators and victims—which may explain gender-symmetry in IPV. To examine the question of gender symmetry in IPV, this chapter will describe the fundamental beliefs underlying the perceptions of relationships, partner and gender-roles, and the social norms that create our perceptions of IPV.
“Bear One Another’s Burdens”: a Church and a Community in Transformation

In caring for, welcoming, and advocating for families, faith communities have historically played a significant role in protecting children from maltreatment. Indeed, the concept of hospitality, a sacred duty to care for families who are less familiar to us just as we care for our own, is fundamental to most major faith traditions. This commitment to hospitality made faith communities ideal partners in Strong Communities for Children, a community-based child maltreatment prevention initiative first implemented in parts of three counties in South Carolina. This article provides an overview of the roles that faith communities played in the initiative and then describes the transformation undergone by one congregation as it deepened its engagement with Strong Communities and its efforts to prevent child maltreatment within its walls and in the broader community.
Gender and race interact to influence survival disparities in head and neck cancer.

Abstract Gender and race disparities in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HSNCC) survival are independently well documented, but no prior studies have examined the joint effect of these factors on HSNCC outcomes. We aim to comprehensively estimate the effect of gender and race on overall survival in HNSCC. We constructed a retrospective cohort from the National Cancer Database for primary HNSCC of the larynx, hypopharynx, oral cavity, and oropharynx from 2010 to 2015. We used Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regressions to calculate hazard ratios adjusting for treatment type, age, insurance, staging classifications, and comorbidities. Oral cavity cancer was significantly more common among Hispanic and White females compared to other sites. Female non-oropharyngeal HNSCC cases had better five-year overall survival than males (56.3% versus 54.4%, respectively), though Black females (52.8%) had poorer survival than both White (56.2%) and Hispanic (57.9%) males. There were significant differences in oropharyngeal cancer by HPV status. Notably, Black females with HPV-positive oropharyngeal OPSCC had far worse survival than any other race and gender group. These results persisted even when adjusting for potential mediating factors. Clearly gender is a significant prognosticator for HNSCC and has meaningful interactions with race. The distinct site distributions across gender and race reveal important insights into HNSCC among females. Taking into account these gender disparities while considering race is essential to providing appropriate care to head and neck patients and accurately counselling these individuals on prognosis and outcomes.
Dropout Prediction Variation Estimation Using Neuron Activation Strength.

It is well-known DNNs would generate different prediction results even given the same model configuration and training dataset. As a result, it becomes more and more important to study prediction variation, i.e. the variation of the predictions on a given input example, in neural network models. Dropout has been commonly used in various applications to quantify prediction variations. However, using dropout in practice can be expensive as it requires running dropout inference many times to estimate prediction variation. In this paper, we study how to estimate dropout prediction variation in a resource-efficient manner. In particular, we demonstrate that we can use neuron activation strength to estimate dropout prediction variation under different dropout settings and on a variety of tasks using three large datasets, MovieLens, Criteo, and EMNIST. Our approach provides an inference-once alternative to estimate dropout prediction variation as an auxiliary task when the main prediction model is served. Moreover, we show that using activation strength features from a subset of neural network layers can be sufficient to achieve similar variation estimation performance compared to using activation features from all layers. This can provide further resource reduction for variation estimation.
Varieties of Hope: An Anthology of Oregon Prose

This wide-ranging anthology of speeches, essays, and works of biography, history, and journalism profiles the Oregon experience.
Field Emission Studies of Surface Diffusion of Adsorbates

The field emission microscope, invented by E. W. Muller in 1937, has proved to be remarkably useful for studying the diffusion of adsorbed atoms or molecules on metal surfaces. Two quite distinct but complementary ways of using it for this purpose exist, namely shadowing and the measurement of current fluctuations. The former provides information on overall diffusion behavior in a very graphic way; the latter focuses more narrowly on diffusion under very well-defined conditions on a single crystal plane. This article will give a very brief review of the salient features of the field emission microscope, describe the shadowing and fluctuation methods, and will present some results obtained with them. These, more than any discussion, will give the reader a feeling for the strengths and weaknesses of the two methods.
Pseudogap in one dimension

Two decades ago, Sadovskii found an exact solution for a model describing a pseudogap in electron energy spectrum (introduced by Lee, Rice, and Anderson). The discovery of a pseudogap in high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors has revived interest in his exact solution. I review the model with the emphasis on physical content, point out an error in the original Sadovskii solution, and explain which problem he actually solved. A recent incorporation of Sadovskii's ideas into a description of ``hot spots'' on the Fermi surface in cuprate superconductors (Schmalian, Pines, and Stojkovi\ifmmode \acute{c}\else \'{c}\fi{}) is briefly discussed.
Danger of Contamination in Chromatographically Prepared Arginine-rich Histone

Abstract Cell nuclei prepared from mammary gland were contaminated to various extents with cytoplasm. Histones extracted by acid from such nuclear preparations contained nonhistone protein, the amount of which increased dramatically as cytoplasmic contamination increased. Reasonably pure nuclei could be obtained by sedimentation through dense sucrose or treatment with detergent. Even when these purified nuclei were used, the arginine-rich histone prepared by elution from Amberlite IRC-50 with guanidinium chloride contained contaminants which could be detected and measured by amino acid analysis. The contamination was substantially reduced by modifying the histone isolation procedure to include stepwise extraction at decreasing pH values or prior treatment of the crude deoxyribonucleoprotein with organic solvents.
Bacteriology of Manganese Nodules: II. Manganese Oxidation by Cell-free Extract from a Manganese Nodule Bacterium

A cell-free extract from Arthrobacter 37, isolated from a manganese nodule from the Atlantic Ocean, exhibited enzymatic activity which accelerated manganese accretion to synthetic Mn-Fe oxide as well as to crushed manganese nodule. The reaction required oxygen and was inhibited by HgCl2 and p-chloromercuribenzoate but not by Atebrine dihydrochloride. The rate of enzymatic action depended on the concentration of cell-free extract used. The enzymatic activity had a temperature optimum around 17.5 C and was destroyed by heating at 100 C. The amount of heat required for inactivation depended on the amount of nucleic acid in the preparation. In the cell-free extract, unlike the whole-cell preparation, peptone could not substitute for NaHCO3 in the reaction mixture. An enzyme-containing protein fraction and a nucleic acid fraction could be separated from cell extract by gel filtration, when prepared in 3% NaCl but not in seawater. The nucleic acid fraction was not required for enzymatic activity.
Neonatal mouse protection against infection with multiple group B streptococcal (GBS) serotypes by maternal immunization with a tetravalent GBS polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine

Most cases of neonatal sepsis and meningitis caused by group B streptococci (GBS) are attributable to one of four major capsular serotypes: Ia, Ib, II, or III. Because resistance to infection with GBS has been correlated with the presence of serum antibodies to the type-specific capsular polysaccharides in both experimental animals and human neonates, efforts have been made to elicit protective immunity with GBS capsular polysaccharide vaccines. However, the GBS capsular polysaccharides alone are not highly immunogenic in either animals or human volunteers. Therefore, we and other investigators have attempted to enhance immunogenicity by coupling individual capsular polysaccharides to a carrier protein. Here we report the synthesis and immunogenicity in rabbits of a GBS type Ib polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid vaccine prepared by the direct, covalent attachment of tetanus toxoid to a selected number of sialic acid residues on the type-specific polysaccharide. In addition, the Ib polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine was combined with similar tetanus toxoid conjugates of GBS type Ia, II, and III polysaccharides to form a tetravalent GBS conjugate vaccine. Protective efficacy of the GBS tetravalent conjugate vaccine was demonstrated in a mouse maternal immunization-neonatal challenge model of GBS infection. The results support testing in human subjects of a multivalent GBS conjugate vaccine of this design, with the eventual goal of protecting newborns against GBS infection.
Regulation of cholesterol synthesis by plasma lipoproteins from patients with abetalipoproteinemia

Despite a complete lack of apoprotein B-containing lipoproteins from the plasma of patients with abetalipoproteinemia, rates of cholesterol synthesis measured in vivo or in freshly isolated cells in vitro are not markedly elevated. These observations suggest that other lipoprotein particles present in the plasma of patients with abetalipoproteinemia may regulate cellular cholesterol synthesis in this disorder. In the present report we have studied the effects of lipoprotein fractions from plasma of normal subjects, patients with abetalipoproteinemia, and a patient with Type III hyperlipoproteinemia on cholesterol synthesis in cultured human fibroblasts. LDL from normal subjects or the HDL2 fraction from the plasma of patients with abetalipoproteinemia were effective inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis (greater than 75% inhibition at 20 micrograms protein/ml) whereas HDL3 from normal or abetalipoproteinemia plasma stimulated cholesterol synthesis. Rates of cholesterol synthesis in fibroblasts from a patient with receptor-negative homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia were only minimally reduced by prior incubation in media containing either normal LDL or HDL2 from the plasma of a patient with abetalipoproteinemia. We conclude that lipoproteins present in the HDL2 fraction of plasma from patients with abetalipoproteinemia (which are relatively rich in apoprotein E) are effective regulators of cholesterol synthesis in normal human fibroblasts and that this regulation is mediated by an interaction of these lipoproteins with the LDL (B, E) receptor. These in vitro findings may explain why rates of cholesterol synthesis are not markedly elevated in patients with abetalipoproteinemia studied in vivo.
Update for users of the Cornell sequence analysis package.

Abstract This paper reports some additions and improvements to the Cornell sequence analysis package for microcomputers (Fristensky, Lis, and Wu, 1982, Nucleic Acids Res. 10, 6451-6463).
Analysis of rat brain microdialysate by gas chromatography—high-resolution selected-ion monitoring mass spectrometry

Abstract Gas chromatography—high-resolution selected-ion monitoring mass spectrometry was used to analyze catecholamine metabolites in rat brain microdialysate. Dialysate samples were collected in vials containing stable isotope analogues of homovanillic acid (HVA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) and analyzed as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. The metabolite levels were monitored at 20-min intervals throughout the time course of the experiment, beginning immediately after surgery and implantation of the dialysis probe and ending 4 h after amphetamine treatment. The levels of HVA were observed to decrease after amphetamine treatment, while those of MHPG and 5HIAA did not change significantly.
Existence of strong Lagrange duals to certain optimal power flows

In this paper, we consider the non-convex optimal power flow (OPF) problem. We apply the recently proposed continuous-time gradient dynamics approach to solve OPFs and study their convergence properties. This approach is appealing because it has a naturally distributed structure. We numerically show, for a three-bus OPF example, that the gradient dynamics locally converges to a saddle point (the primal dual optimum by definition) for the associated Lagrangian, whereas the semi-definite programming (SDP) dual approach yields a non-zero duality gap. This suggests that there are certain OPFs for which strong Lagrange duality holds, although their SDP duals fail to maintain a zero duality gap.
A statistical analysis of the handling characteristics of certain sporting arms: frontier regression, the moment of inertia, and the radius of gyration

This article applies composed error frontier regression techniques to estimate the minimal moments of inertia and radii of gyration for a unique and varied sample of shotguns. We find that minimum inertia depends on weight, center of gravity, length of pull, and barrel length, but not on gauge, action type, or number of barrels. Curiously, minimal radii of gyration does not depend on barrel length, suggesting that the constraints on these two related but non-identical measures of handling are significantly different despite their high correlation. We also provide evidence in support of G. T. Garwood's claim that a lower inertia, other things equal, is a market-validated characteristic associated with quality.
Endoscopic Ultrasound Staging of Stenotic Esophageal Cancers May Be Unnecessary to Determine the Need for Neoadjuvant Therapy

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is an essential component of preoperative staging for esophageal cancer and is used to determine which patients should proceed to primary surgical resection or receive neoadjuvant therapy prior to surgery. However, when the EUS scope cannot traverse a tumor, the role of pre-dilatation is controversial due to the risk of perforation. A retrospective review was conducted of all patients with esophageal tumor stenosis that could not accommodate the EUS scope who then proceeded with primary esophagectomy. The pathology results were classified based on the revised seventh edition American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system. A total of 27 patients met inclusion criteria. The majority of tumors were T3 (24/27, 89 %). There were no stage I tumors, 15 % (4/27) were stage II, 81 % (22/27) were stage III, and 4 % (1/27) were stage IV due to a resected solitary lung metastasis. Tumors that cannot be assessed with an EUS scope due to tumor stenosis will have locally advanced disease in the majority of cases. In these situations, pre-dilatation of the tumor with EUS staging should be omitted when considering the risk of potential esophageal perforation and the patients should be referred for neoadjuvant therapy.
A new x-actuator design for dual bending/twisting control of wings

Recent development of smart structures and structronic systems has demonstrated the technology in many engineering applications. Active structural control of aircraft wings or helicopter blades (e.g., shapes, flaps, leading and/or trailing edges) can significantly enhance the aerodynamic efficiency and flight maneuverability of high-performance airplanes and helicopters. This paper is to evaluate the dual bending and torsion vibration control effects of an X-actuator configuration reconfigured from a parallel configuration. The finite element (FE) formulation of a new FE using the layerwise constant shear angle theory is reviewed and the derived governing equations are discussed. Bending and torsion control effects of plates are studied using the FE method and also demonstrated via laboratory experiments. The FE and experimental results both suggest the X-actuator is effective for both bending and torsion control of plates.
Thermo-luminescent dosimeter evaluation of extra-target dose in intensity modulated sequential tomotherapy for pancreatic cancer

The proximity of abdominal tumors to non-target organs has motivated exploration of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), with its demonstrated capability to create conformal dose gradients, in abdominal tumors. However, substantial extra-target dose may be observed to radiosensitive organs remote from the treatment field.We present dosimetric data from two patients receiving abdominal IMRT using a sequential tomotherapy technique, demonstrating substantial dose to extra-target organs.
Mood's Theorem, Deming's kp Rule, and the Death of Acceptance Sampling

Mood's theorem is often invoked to explain the futility of acceptance sampling. This use of Mood's theorem assumes implicity that the process proportion nonconforming is known, an assumption that holds rarely, if ever, in practice. Deming's kp rule, for..
Fractal Analysis and Fractography: What Can we Learn that’s New?

The tenets of fractography are well known. The principles of fractal geometry have been applied to fracture surfaces for several decades. How these two fields can be used in a synergistic manner eludes many. The key element in discovering that a fracture surface is fractal is that the features we observe with the naked or aided eye also occur at the atomic scale! Thus, we should be able to interpret the mirror, mist and hackle boundaries in terms of atomic bond breaking. I will present a consistent hypothesis for relating the bond breaking process at the atomic scale to the features we all observe on the fracture surface of materials. I suggest these can be related through one equation: 2 = E a0 D*, where  is the fracture energy, E is the elastic modulus, a0 is a characteristic dimension related to the structure of the material, and D* is the fractal dimensional increment. In turn, D* = c/r1 for which c is the crack size and r1 is the mirror mist boundary radius. Thus, the energy expended in fracture at the atomic scale is encoded on the fracture surface features we observe. The novel combination of fractography, fracture mechanics and fractal geometry can be combined to create a powerful tool for forensic analysis, research investigations and production analyses.
Transport of Long-Mean-Free-Path Electrons in Laser-Fusion Plasmas

The Fokker-Planck kinetic equation for suprathermal electrons which are confined in a spherical plasma by the sheath potential and collide with colder denser electrons and ions is investigated. In the region where the collisional mean free path, $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, is longer than the spatial scale length, $L$, the kinetic equation is reduced by averaging it along an orbit between reflections by the sheath. The electrons are seen to diffuse in impact parameter relative to the plasma core while slowing down in velocity. The resulting heat flow scales as $(\frac{L}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}){n}_{\mathrm{sth}}m{{v}_{\mathrm{sth}}}^{3}$.
A mouse cDNA encoding a protein with zinc-fingers and a KRAB domain shows similarity to human profilaggrin

As part of our efforts to understand transcriptional regulation in the vertebrate eye lens, we have isolated a clone that encodes a zinc finger (Zf) protein from a newborn mouse lens cDNA library. Corresponding message for this protein is detectable in the lens, liver, heart, kidney, spleen and brain of newborn mice. A longer cDNA containing the complete ORF for the same protein was isolated from an adult mouse testis library. A conceptual translation of the testis cDNA sequence produces a 555-amino-acid (aa) protein that contains nine C-terminal Zf and an N-terminal domain found in a subset of C2H2 Zf, the Kruppel-associated box (KRAB). The aa sequence located between the KRAB domain and the Zf shows an unexpected similarity to human profilaggrin, a protein expressed in differentiating epidermal cells. Sequences that hybridize to this cDNA are detectable in ten other mammalian species.
Fire detection using time series analysis of source temperatures

The evaluation of a near-infrared fire detector using standard test fires is presented. The spectral radiation intensities incident on the fire detector are continuously measured at two near-infrared wavelengths (900 and 1000 nm), and a time series of apparent source temperatures is obtained from these measurements. The power spectral density and the probability density function of the apparent source temperatures are sufficient to determine the presence of a fire in the vicinity of the detector. The detector can also indicate the presence of a fire in an adjoining room from the radiation which is incident on it due to reflections from common building materials.
Effect of potassium carriers and phosphate— Potash ratios on the yield and quality of potatoes grown in organic soils

Field experiments were established to study yields and quality of potatoes as affected by (1) sulfatevs chloride as potash carrier; (2) the effect of different phosphate-potash ratio fertilizers in the production of potatoes grown in organic soils.
A Multisensor Comparison of Ocean Wave Frequency Spectra from a Research Vessel during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment

AbstractObtaining accurate measurements of wave statistics from research vessels remains a challenge due to the platform motion. One principal correction is the removal of ship heave and Doppler effects from point measurements. Here, open-ocean wave measurements were collected using a laser altimeter, a Doppler radar microwave sensor, a radar-based system, and inertial measurement units. Multiple instruments were deployed to capture the low- and high-frequency sea surface displacements. Doppler and motion correction algorithms were applied to obtain a full 1D (0.035–1.3 ± 0.2 Hz) wave spectrum. The radar-based system combined with the laser altimeter provided the optimal low- and high-frequency combination, producing a frequency spectrum in the range from 0.035 to 1.2 Hz for cruising speeds ≤3 m s−1 with a spectral rolloff of f−4 Hz and noise floor of −20/−30 dB. While on station, the significant wave height estimates were comparable within 10%–15% among instrumentation. Discrepancies in the total energy ...
OP28.10: Fetal body lymphatic malformation: ultrasound underestimates the extent of infiltration

Methods: This 4 2 year retrospective study is based on 71 fetuses where termination of pregnancy (TOP) was performed because of a fetal malformation and/or chromosomal anomaly. Only fetuses who had undergone both fetal anatomy scanning and autopsy were included. Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound findings with regard to autopsy findings were calculated. In addition, the fetuses were grouped into four categories depending on the degree of concordance between ultrasound and autopsy. Results: The sensitivity of ultrasound was highest for malformations in the cerebro-spinal and internal organ systems (100% and 91%), while many of the malformations in the cardiovascular and skeletal organ systems were detected only at autopsy (sensitivity of ultrasound 63% and 71%, respectively). The specificity of ultrasound was lowest for the internal and cerebro-spinal organ systems (87% and 89%). There was complete agreement between ultrasound and autopsy findings in 44% of the fetuses and a ‘near match’ in 46%. In 10% of the fetuses, the ultrasound findings were only partially confirmed or not confirmed at all by autopsy. The false positive ultrasound diagnoses were not crucial for the parents decision to terminate the pregnancy. Conclusions: Despite overall good agreement between ultrasound and autopsy findings, the ultrasound examinations were suboptimal for some organ systems. The detection rate was lowest for cardiovascular anomalies. Autopsy often provided important additional information unobserved at ultrasound examination.
Sources of error in screening by flow cytometry for the effects of environmental mutagens

Flow cytometry is often used to detect DNA aneuploidy and mosaicism associated with malignancy or genetic damage. Yet DNA aneuploidy and mosaicism detected by flow cytometry may be more apparent than real. In contrast to the DNA mass observed for blood, the authors consistently found markedly different values and higher variability for DNA mass among other tissues collected from the same animal. Prepared mixtures of blood and other cells generated multiple fluorescence peaks identical to those that might be expected for aneuploid mosaicism. Moreover, analysis of tissues such as feather pulp, which contains a combination of cell types, yielded multiple fluorescence peaks that were not observed when blood alone was analyzed. Thus care should be exercised in classifying DNA values from different tissues as normal or abnormal, because the appearance of supernumerary fluorescence peaks might not always indicate the presence of abnormal cell populations.
REM-enhancing effects of the adrenergic antagonist idazoxan infused into the medial pontine reticular formation of the freely moving cat

Adrenergic input to the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) has been postulated to play an important role in behavioral state control. Previous work has shown that direct microinjections of the alpha 2 agonist clonidine and of norepinephrine into the mPRF suppress the REM phase of sleep. Here, we report that the alpha 2 antagonist idazoxan (IZ) enhances REM-like sleep states in the cat when microinfused into the rostral part of the mPRF at sites where carbachol produced a marked increase in REM. Significant increases in the absolute number of min in REM (70%) were observed over the entire 5 h of recordings and an especially robust increase occurred in the first hour (1000%). Other effects of IZ included increased REM duration and decreased latency to REM onset. These results represent the most marked REM-enhancing effects thus far reported for any antagonist at any brain site.
The effect of voxel size on high-resolution peripheral computed tomography measurements of trabecular and cortical bone microstructure

(Received 29 June 2011; revised 23 November 2011; accepted for publication 9 February 2012;published 16 March 2012)Purpose: Accurate quantiﬁcation of bone microstructure plays a signiﬁcant role in understandingbone mechanics and response to disease or treatment. High-resolution peripheral quantitative com-puted tomography (HR-pQCT) allows for the quantiﬁcation of trabecular and cortical structurein vivo, with the capability of generating images at multiple voxel sizes (41, 82, and 123lm). Theaim of this study was to characterize the effect of voxel size on structural measures of trabecularand cortical bone and to determine accuracy in reference to micro-CT (mCT), the gold standard forbone microstructure quantiﬁcation.Methods: Seventeen radii from human cadaver specimens were imaged at each HR-pQCT voxelsize and subsequently imaged using mCT. Bone density and microstructural assessment was per-formed in both the trabecular and cortical compartments, including cortical porosity quantiﬁcation.Two distinct analysis techniques were applied to the 41lm HR-pQCT data: the standard clinicalindirect analysis and a direct analysis requiring no density or structural model assumptions. Analy-sis parameters were adjusted to enable segmentation and structure extraction at each voxel size.Results: For trabecular microstructural measures, the 41lm HR-pQCT data displayed the strongestcorrelations and smallest errors compared to mCT data. The direct analysis technique applied to the41lm data yielded an additional improvement in accuracy, especially for measures of trabecularthickness. The 123lm data performed poorly, with all microstructural measures either having mod-erate or nonsigniﬁcant correlations with mCT data. Trabecular densitometric measures showedstrong correlations to mCT data across all voxel sizes. Cortical thickness was strongly correlatedwith mCT values across all HR-pQCT voxel sizes. The accuracy of cortical porosity parameters washighly dependent on voxel size; again, the 41lm data was most strongly correlated. Measures ofcortical density and pore diameter at all HR-pQCT voxel sizes had either weak or nonsigniﬁcantcorrelations.Conclusions: This study demonstrates the effect of voxel size on the accuracy of HR-pQCT meas-urements of trabecular and cortical microstructure and presents parameters for HR-pQCT analysisat nonstandard resolutions. For all parameters measured, correlations were strongest at 41lm.Weak correlations for porosity measures indicate that a better understanding of pore structure andresolution dependence is needed.
Photoelectron injection at metal-semiconductor interfaces

Abstract A modelling of the photoinjection process is developed which permits fitting of the spectral photoresponse of Schottky barriers including the electric field dependence of barrier height and photoresponse by means of two adjustable parameters: the zero field barrier qφ BO and λ 0 the zero temperature mean free path for optical phonon scattering of high energy electrons. The model assumes an image force potential barrier with Thomas-Fermi screening in the metal. Effects of optical phonon scattering and quantum mechanical transmission are convoluted on the Fowler photoelectron supply function. The effects of phonon scattering are frequently large because the ranges in energies associated with the transverse momentum and normal momentum are approximately the amount by which the quantum energy hv exceeds the barrier energy q φ B . At high fields, quantum mechanical tunneling dominates the response when hv qφ B . At low fields, phonon assisted transmission is appreciable for the same quantum energy range. The calculation of the collection probability includes effects of multiple scattering even for electrons that do not lie initially within the cone of acceptance at the barrier maximum. An approach that considers the probability of collection the same as that of reaching the potential maximum without scattering is found to be acceptable only at high fields. Experimental results are reported from oxide-passivated epitaxial Pt x Si-〈111〉 n-type Si Schottky barrier diodes with annular Schottky barrier guard rings measured at temperatures of 90 and 298 K for an electric field range from 5 × 10 3 to 9 × 10 4 V cm . The field, spectral and temperature dependences of the photoresponse data are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions with λ 0 = 110 A at both 90 and 298 K. The zero field barrier height obtained from fitting photoresponse curves at a number of electric fields is also in excellent agreement with I-V and C-V measurements.
The cunning little vixen: Foxo and the cycle of life and death

A screen for increased longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans has identified a transcription factor that programs cells for resistance to oxidative stress, DNA repair and cell cycle control. The mammalian orthologs of this factor are referred to as 'Foxo' for 'Forkhead box', with the second 'o' in the name denoting a subfamily of four members related by sequence. This family of factors is regulated by growth factors, oxidative stress or nutrient deprivation. Thus, it might readily control the inflammatory conflagration associated with infection-driven lymphocyte proliferation. Surprisingly, the first insights into Foxo-mediated immune regulation have instead revealed direct control of highly specialized genes of the adaptive immune system.
Immunohistochemical Method for Detection of Vaccinia Virus

SummaryAn adaptation of the enzyme-conjugated antibody technique for detection of vaccinia virus in tissue cultures was described. Gamma globulin, precipitated from rabbit antiserum, was conjugated to horseradish peroxidase with the aid of the bifunctional reagent FNPS. Vaccinia virus-infected cells on coverslips which were reacted with the enzyme-antibody complex and stained with diaminobenzidine, demonstrated the dark-brown cytoplasmic locatization of the antigen-antibody enzyme complex. Pretreatment with unlabeled antibody blocked the appearance of the cytoplasmic inclusions. The cell preparations were examined by ordinary light microscopy.
The infrared and Raman spectra of CF3CH2I, CF3CH2Br, and CF3CH2F☆☆☆

Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of the molecules CF3CH2F, CF3CH2Br, and CF3CH2I have been observed, and complete assignments of fundamental frequencies have been made. The theory of group vibrations is well illustrated by this series, and conversely, is useful in confirming the assignments.
Sixth order compact scheme combined with multigrid method and extrapolation technique for 2D poisson equation

We develop a sixth order finite difference discretization strategy to solve the two dimensional Poisson equation, which is based on the fourth order compact discretization, multigrid method, Richardson extrapolation technique, and an operator based interpolation scheme. We use multigrid V-Cycle procedure to build our multiscale multigrid algorithm, which is similar to the full multigrid method (FMG). The multigrid computation yields fourth order accurate solution on both the fine grid and the coarse grid. A sixth order accurate coarse grid solution is computed by using the Richardson extrapolation technique. Then we apply our operator based interpolation scheme to compute sixth order accurate solution on the fine grid. Numerical experiments are conducted to show the solution accuracy and the computational efficiency of our new method, compared to Sun-Zhang's sixth order Richardson extrapolation compact (REC) discretization strategy using Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method and the standard fourth order compact difference (FOC) scheme using a multigrid method.