cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Monitoring Approaches for Power Plants

Modern state-of-the-art fatigue monitoring approaches gain in importance not only as part of the ageing management of nuclear power plant components but also in the context of conventional power plants and renewables such as wind power plants. Consequently, lots of operators have to deal with demanding security requirements to ensure the safe operation of power plants and to cope with plant lifetime extension (PLEX) related issues.AREVA disposes of a long tradition in the development of fatigue and structural health monitoring solutions. Nuclear and conventional power plant applications require the qualified assessment of measured thermo-mechanical loads. The methodology is transferable to mechanical loading conditions such as those of wind energy plants. The core challenge is the identification and qualified processing of realistic load-time histories. The related methodological requirements will be explained in detail.In terms of the nuclear industry, the ageing management of power plant components is nowadays a main issue for all actors: states, regulatory agencies, operators, designers or suppliants. As regards fatigue assessment of nuclear components stringent safety standards imply the consideration of new parameters in the framework of the fatigue analysis process:• new design fatigue curves, consideration of environmental fatigue (EAF) parameters and• stratification effects.In this general context AREVA developed the integral approach AREVA Fatigue Calculation (AFC) with new tools and methods in order to live up to operators’ expectations: Simplified Fatigue Estimation (SFE), Fast Fatigue Evaluation (FFE) and Detailed Fatigue Check (DFC). Based on real measured thermal loads and superposed mechanical loads the Fast Fatigue Evaluation (FFE) process allows a highly automated and reliable data processing to evaluate cumulative usage factors of mechanical components. Calculation and management of results are performed within the fatigue assessment software FAMOSi (FAatigue MOnitoring System integrated), thus impact of operating cycles on components in terms of stress and fatigue usage can be taken into account in order to plan optimized decisions relating to the plant operation or maintenance activities.This paper mainly describes the fatigue and structural health methodologies developed within the AREVA Fatigue Concept (AFC).Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Toxicity of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Lung Cancer Cells

With the fast development of nanotechnology, the nanomaterials start to cause people's attention for potential toxic effect. In this paper, the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress caused by 20-nm cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles in cultured human lung cancer cells was investigated. The sulforhodamine B method was employed to assess cell viability after exposure to 3.5, 10.5, and 23.3 microg/ml of CeO2 nanoparticles for 24, 48, and 72 h. Cell viability decreased significantly as a function of nanoparticle dose and exposure time. Indicators of oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, including total reactive oxygen species, glutathione, malondialdehyde, alpha-tocopherol, and lactate dehydrogenase, were quantitatively assessed. It is concluded from the results that free radicals generated by exposure to 3.5 to 23.3 microg/ml CeO2 nanoparticles produce significant oxidative stress in the cells, as reflected by reduced glutathione and alpha-tocopherol levels; the toxic effects of CeO2 nanoparticles are dose dependent and time dependent; elevated oxidative stress increases the production of malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase, which are indicators of lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage, respectively.
The Effects of Elastic Fiber Protein Insufficiency and Treatment on the Modulus of Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells

Elastic fibers are critical for the mechanical function of the large arteries. Mechanical effects of elastic fiber protein deficiency have been investigated in whole arteries, but not in isolated smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The elastic moduli of SMCs from elastin (Eln-/-) and fibulin-4 (Fbln4-/-) knockout mice were measured using atomic force microscopy. Compared to control SMCs, the modulus of Eln-/- SMCs is reduced by 40%, but is unchanged in Fbln4-/- SMCs. The Eln-/- SMC modulus is rescued by soluble or α elastin treatment. Altered gene expression, specifically of calponin, suggests that SMC phenotypic modulation may be responsible for the modulus changes.
Majority Vote and Decision Template Based Ensemble Classifiers Trained on Event Related Potentials for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease

With the rapid increase in the population of elderly individuals affected by Alzheimer's disease, the need for an accurate, inexpensive and non-intrusive diagnostic biomarker that can be made available to community healthcare providers presents itself as a major public health concern. The feasibility of EEG as such a biomarker has gained a renewed attention as several recent studies, including our previous efforts, reported promising results. In this paper we present our preliminary results on using wavelet coefficients of event related potentials along with an ensemble of classifiers combined with majority vote and decision templates.
Concepts and techniques: active electronics and computers in safety-critical accelerator operation

The RHIC requires an extensive Access Control System to protect personnel from radiation, oxygen deficiency and electrical hazards. In addition, the complicated nature of operation of the collider as part of a complex of other accelerators necessitates the use of active electronic measurement circuitry to ensure compliance with established operational safety limits. Solutions were devised which permit the use of modern computer and interconnection technology for safety-critical applications, while preserving and enhancing, tried and proven protection methods. In addition a set of Guidelines, regarding required performance for accelerator safety systems and a handbook of design criteria and rules were developed to assist future system designers and to provide a framework for internal review and regulation. This paper is offered in the hope and belief that many of the techniques developed as part of the Access and Operational Safety systems designed for RHIC (and other recently completed large research accelerators) may be directly applicable to smaller research and clinical treatment facilities. Because of the relatively short length of this paper, I will concentrate on four topics: novel features of our system design; potentially useful applications of probability theory empowered by these system concepts: a listing of configuration control and design approaches, which when followed, will enable one to design high reliability hardware and systems (to meet required functionality); software design concepts and approaches. >
The pervasive effects of argument length on inductive reasoning

Three experiments examined the influence of argument length on plausibility judgements, in a category-based induction task. The general results were that when arguments were logically invalid they ...
Backward second-harmonic generation in periodically poled lithium niobate

For periodically poled LiNbO3 with a 3.3-μm domain period we observed backward second-harmonic generation using nanosecond laser pulses. We measured phase-matching spectra at the 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th orders of the spatial grating. The peak wavelength of each order is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction. The quadratic dependence of the backward second-harmonic output pulse energy on the pump pulse energy was confirmed in our experiments. The quadratic dependence of the conversion efficiency on the domain length was also confirmed. Using nanosecond pulses, we achieved a maximum conversion efficiency of 0.296% for the 16th-order grating.
Current Clinical Practice of Speech-Language Pathologists who Treat Individuals with Aphasia: A Grounded Theory Study

Little is known about the current practices of speech-language pathologists working with people with aphasia in rehabilitation settings, or to what extent speech-language pathologists incorporate evidence for aphasia in clinical practice. This systematic grounded theory study described how speech-language pathologists treating individuals with aphasia understood the major processes of their current practice. Ten speech-language pathologists were interviewed. A theory emerged demonstrating a process of connecting with patients with aphasia to meet their communication needs to develop treatment strategies. This process evolved as the clinician gained experience from empirical evidence, client perspectives, and clinical expertise. During their graduate programs, participants obtained knowledge related to evidence-based practice but reported difficulty implementing evidence during actual practice. Participants reported limited time to locate and read literature. Understanding the process speech-language pathologists used to select treatment for people with aphasia may influence the role of evidence in clinical practice.
Self-antigen–specific CD8+ T cell precursor frequency determines the quality of the antitumor immune response

A primary goal of cancer immunotherapy is to improve the naturally occurring, but weak, immune response to tumors. Ineffective responses to cancer vaccines may be caused, in part, by low numbers of self-reactive lymphocytes surviving negative selection. Here, we estimated the frequency of CD8+ T cells recognizing a self-antigen to be <0.0001% (∼1 in 1 million CD8+ T cells), which is so low as to preclude a strong immune response in some mice. Supplementing this repertoire with naive antigen-specific cells increased vaccine-elicited tumor immunity and autoimmunity, but a threshold was reached whereby the transfer of increased numbers of antigen-specific cells impaired functional benefit, most likely because of intraclonal competition in the irradiated host. We show that cells primed at precursor frequencies below this competitive threshold proliferate more, acquire polyfunctionality, and eradicate tumors more effectively. This work demonstrates the functional relevance of CD8+ T cell precursor frequency to tumor immunity and autoimmunity. Transferring optimized numbers of naive tumor-specific T cells, followed by in vivo activation, is a new approach that can be applied to human cancer immunotherapy. Further, precursor frequency as an isolated variable can be exploited to augment efficacy of clinical vaccine strategies designed to activate any antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.
Publications, Citations, and Impact Factors of Leading Investigators in Critical Care Medicine

INTRODUCTION: Critical care medicine research is reported in major medical journals that can be accessed via computerized search engines such as PubMed (National Library of Medicine) or Web of Science (Thomson ISI [Institute for Scientific Information]). The crediting of report citations to specific journals or individuals is a rapidly developing and highly controversial evaluative process. METHODS: We conducted a citation analysis to measure the research and publication accomplishments of critical care medicine investigators, by tallying their numbers of published reports and numbers of citations to their reports. Major investigators were identified from the author indexes of major critical care medicine publications. From the Web of Science the number of publications and citations of their works were determined for 224 investigators for the period 1997 through August 2003. We calculated the individual researcher9s “impact factor” by dividing the number of citations (made by other researchers to a given researcher9s reports) by the number of articles that researcher had published. To estimate which countries are producing the most research on mechanical ventilation, we studied the abstract books from the 2001, 2002, and 2003 American Thoracic Society annual international conferences and tallied the numbers of posters (pertaining to mechanical ventilation) from the various countries. We then calculated a “country factor” as the number of posters per million population of the source country. RESULTS: We considered 44,576 citations in 3,755 publications. Using criteria selected to recognize original works, JL Vincent published the greatest number of reports (129). MA Matthay received the most citations (2,056). GU Meduri had the highest impact factor (25.32). There was a balance between the number of leading investigators from Europe and North America. Relative to its population size, Canada warrants leadership acknowledgment in critical care medicine, considering its number of leading investigators and poster presentations. CONCLUSIONS: From criteria selected to attribute original work to specific authors we identified 20 leading critical care medicine investigators, as measured by number of publications, citations, and impact factors. We also report a country factor based on posters (on mechanical ventilation) presented at the 2001-2003 international conferences of the American Thoracic Society.
New bone formation using fibrin rich block with concentrated growth factors in maxillary sinus augmentation

상악 무치악 구치부는 하악골에 비해 불량한 골질을 가 지며, 함기화된 상악동, 발치 후의 치조골 흡수로 인하여 임플란트 식립 시 성공률이 낮은 부위이다. 이러한 상악 무치악 구치부의 수직적 한계를 극복하기 위하여 상악동 외측벽에서 접근한 골 이식술은 수십 년간 성공적인 술식 으로 사용되어왔다. 골 이식재가 발전함에 따라 여러 종류의 골 이식재를 사 용하여 성공적으로 골 재생을 보인 연구가 많이 보고되고 있다. 그러나 일부 이종골 및 합성골은 골 이식재 자체의 흡수가 지연되어 신생골이 생겨날 공간에 골 이식재가 잔 존하면서 신생골의 형성을 오히려 저해한다는 연구가 보 고가 있다. 따라서 상악동 골 이식술이 발전함에 따라 골 이식의 패러다임은 어떠한 골 이식재를 사용하는가에서 골 이식재를 사용하지 않아도 골 재생이 이루어질 수 있다 는 것으로 변화하고 있다. 이런 패러다임의 변화에 근거 하여 골 이식재 사용없이 상악동 막을 거상하는 것 만으로 도 성공적인 골 재생을 이룬 동물 실험과 임상 연구가 발표 되었으며, 환자의 정맥혈을 상악동 막 하방에 이식하거 나 골 이식재 대신에 흔히 사용하는 젤라틴 스폰지만을 이 식하여 성공적으로 골 재생이 일어난 동물 실험과 임상적 연구가발표되었다. 박 인 숙 705-718 대구광역시남구대명4동 3056-6번지 대구가톨릭대학병원치과구강악안면외과 In-Sook Park Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center 3056-6 Daemyung-4 dong, Nam-gu, Daegu, 705-718, Korea TEL: +82-53-650-4291 FAX: +82-53-622-7067 E-mail: ispark@cu.ac.kr 성장 인자가 농축된 Fibrin rich block을 이용한 상악동 거상술에서의 신생골 형성에 관한 연구
A Life-Course Approach to the Study of Victimization and Offending Behaviors

Abstract Research generated from the life-course perspective has consistently documented a curvilinear relationship between age and offending, yet very little research has employed a life-course approach to investigate the relationship between age and victimization over time. We address this gap in the literature by using data from three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Specifically, based on Sampson and Laub's (1993) contention that the presence of adult social bonds decreases the likelihood of criminal activity in adulthood, we examine whether two adult social bonds—marriage and employment—are associated with desistance from delinquent involvement and whether these same bonds are associated with a reduction in the odds of victimization. The theoretical and policy implications of this research are discussed.
A randomized, controlled evaluation of early intervention: the Born to Learn curriculum

Background This study addressed the need for studies of the efficacy of the Born to Learn (BTL) curriculum. Methods Based on random assignment, 227 families of infants received the BTL curriculum conducted in monthly home visits, and 237 families received general child development education only. Results The BTL curriculum resulted in higher mastery motivation (task competence) at 36 months (P < 0.05) and greater effects for children from low (P < 0.01) versus high socio-economic status on mastery motivation and cognitive development at 24 months. No effects were found on a wide range of other developmental outcomes. Conclusion Future studies should document the BTL curriculum effectiveness in diverse settings and samples.
Exploring ethical approaches to evaluate future technology scenarios

The integration of technology into the workplace has resulted in a long trend of changing working conditions, from agriculture to today’s growing “knowledge economy.” This latest development depends on information technology, which may continue to evolve through eventual convergence with nanotechnology and biotechnology. Knowledge work places more emphasis on an expanded skill set, as opposed to the smaller set of specialized skills typically needed in an industrial economy. Future technological progress might lead to further enhancement of human potential or to even greater inequality (individual and national) in income distribution, generating even larger pressures toward the divisions in society. This is illustrated by recently proposed scenarios of accelerated and logistic growth of technological progress. In an attempt to understand these dynamics, a simple model is constructed to clarify a possible relationship between technology and social systems. The model, based on the technology maturation proc...
A theory of turbulence in stratified fluids

An effort is made to understand turbulence in fluid systems like the oceans and atmosphere in which the Richardson number is generally large. Toward this end, a theory is developed for turbulent flow over a flat plate which is moved and cooled in such a way as to produce constant vertical fluxes of momentum and heat. The theory indicates that in a co-ordinate system fixed in the plate the mean velocity increases linearly with height z above a turbulent boundary layer and the mean density decreases as z3, so that the Richardson number is large far from the plate. Near the plate, the results reduce to those of Monin & Obukhov.The curvature of the density profile is essential in the formulation of the theory. When the curvature is negative, a volume of fluid, thoroughly mixed by turbulence, will tend to flatten out at a new level well above the original centre of mass, thereby transporting heat downward. When the curvature is positive a mixed volume of fluid will tend to fall a similar distance, again transporting heat downward. A well-mixed volume of fluid will also tend to rise when the density profile is linear, but this rise is negligible on the basis of the Boussinesq approximation. The interchange of fluid of different, mean horizontal speeds in the formation of the turbulent patch transfers momentum. As the mixing in the patch destroys the mean velocity shear locally, kinetic energy is transferred from mean motion to disturbed motion. The turbulence can arise in spite of the high Richardson number because the precise variations of mean density and mean velocity mentioned above permit wave energy to propagate from the turbulent boundary layer to the whole region above the plate. At the levels of reflexion, where the amplitudes become large, wave-breaking and turbulence will tend to develop.The relationship between the curvature of the density profile and the transfer of heat suggests that the density gradient near the level of a point of inflexion of the density curve (in general cases of stratified, shearing flow) will increase locally as time goes on. There will also be a tendency to increase the shear through the action of local wave stresses. If this results in a progressive reduction in Richardson number, an ultimate outbreak of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability will occur. The resulting sporadic turbulence will transfer heat (and momentum) through the level of the inflexion point. This mechanism for the appearance of regions of low Richardson number is offered as a possible explanation for the formation of the surfaces of strong density and velocity differences observed in the oceans and atmosphere, and for the turbulence that appears on these surfaces.
Soils and landscape evolution of eolian plains: the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico

Holliday, V.T., 1990. Soils and landscape evolution of eolian plains: the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico. In: P.L.K. Knuepfer and L.D. McFadden (Editors), Soils and Landscape Evolution. Geomorphology, 3:489-515. Sheets of eolian sediment cover many areas of the earth's surface, sand seas, dune fields, and loess sheets being the best known examples of such features. Less well known are deposits of sandy, eolian sediment forming extensive plains. An excellent example of such a region is the semi-arid Southern High Plains (northwest Texas and eastern New Mexico). The level landscape of the area was created by depositon of multiple, extensive (,~ 80,000 km 2) sheets of eolian sediment (Biackwater Draw Formation) over the past 1.4+ Ma. This deposit grades from sandy (southwest) to silty and clayey (northeast) and is up to 27 m thick. Surface soils (at least 30,000 and possibly 120,000 years old) are well developed (5YR hues, agrillic horizons, 1-2 m thick with prismatic structure, Stage II-III calcic horizons) and are generally Paleustolls and Paleustalfs, with some Paleargids and Haplargids. Morphologic variation is due mainly to textural variation of the eolian parent material, although locally thickness of the parent material and wind erosion and cumulization are important factors, and locally slight variation in effective precipitation may be significant. The Blackwater Draw Formation contains as many as six well-developed buried soils, each formed in individual layers of eolian sediment, similar to or more strongly expressed (2.SYR hues, higher illuvial clay content) than the regional surface soils. The presence of the buried soils indicates that sedimentation was episodic and separated by long periods of relative landscape stability. Eolian processes also appear to have been important during the periods of stability and pedogenesis by providing clayey, calcareous dust that was added to the soil, promoting formation of the argillic and calcic horizons. The sedimentologic and pedologic uniformity of the deposit suggests that the regional environment has not varied significantly during the Quaternary except for periods of increased sedimentation or wind deflation. Underlying the Blackwater Draw Formation is an Upper Tertiary deposit (up to 36 m thick) of eolian sand, silt, and clay (Ogallala Formation). This deposit contains buried soils very similar to those in the Blackwater Draw Formation, suggesting that the geomorphic processes that created the Quaternary landscape of the Southern High Plains began to operate in the late Tertiary, perhaps as much as 11 million years ago.
Incremental approaches to covering uninsured children: design and policy issues.

Prologue: Although global approaches to covering the uninsured have been rejected in recent years, policy interest in incremental approaches, such as health insurance initiatives for children, has been building. However, as Kenneth Thorpe, an authority in the areas of health care financing, insurance, and reform, explains here, there are many complex, politically sensitive issues that must be addressed in designing and implementing such a plan. The political context within which such a plan is presented also is essential. For example, the Senate recently rejected a proposal by Sens. Edward Kennedy (D-MA) and Orrin Hatch (R-UT) to raise cigarette taxes to fund an expansion of health care coverage for low-income children, not so much because of a lack of support, but rather because of warnings from Republican leaders and President Clinton that passage of the legislation would derail the bipartisan balanced budget plan. As an amendment to the budget plan, the Kennedy-Hatch proposal would effectively have dec...
Interconnect delay estimation models for synthesis and design planning

In this paper we develop a set of interconnect delay estimation models with consideration of various layout optimizations, including optimal wire-sizing (OWS), simultaneous driver and wire sizing (SDWS), and simultaneous buffer insertion/sizing and wire sizing (BISWS). These models have been tested on a wide range of parameters and shown to have about 90% accuracy on average compared with those from running complex optimization algorithms directly followed by HSPICE simulations. Moreover, our models run in constant time in practice. As a result, these simple, fast, yet accurate models are expected to be very useful for a wide variety of purposes, including layout-driven logic and high level synthesis, performance-driven floorplanning, and interconnect planning.
The Possibility of Tax Incentives for Lending To Charitable Organizations

The charitable nonprofit sector is in a state of financial distress. Although Congress has maintained the tax-advantaged status of nonprofit organizations, it has taken no affirmative steps to relieve the crisis. This Current Topic proposes that the federal government help ease the financial burdens of the charitable nonprofit sector by providing a new tax incentive that encourages individuals to lend to charities.1 Such a tax incentive would be an effective means
Elevation of Privilege: Drawing Developers into Threat Modeling

This paper presents Elevation of Privilege, a game designed to draw people who are not security practitioners into the craft of threat modeling. The game uses a variety of techniques to do so in an enticing, supportive and non-threatening way. The subject of security tools for software engineering has not generally been studied carefully. This paper shares the objectives and design of the game, as well as tradeoffs made and lessons learned while building it. It concludes with discussion of other areas where games may help information security professionals reach important goals.
The vertex size-Ramsey number

In this paper, we study an analogue of size-Ramsey numbers for vertex colorings. For a given number of colors? r and a graph? G the vertex size-Ramsey number of G , denoted by R ? v ( G , r ) , is the least number of edges in a graph H with the property that any r -coloring of the vertices of? H yields a monochromatic copy of? G . We observe that ? r ( Δ n ) = R ? v ( G , r ) = O r ( n 2 ) for any G of order? n and maximum degree? Δ , and prove that for some graphs these bounds are tight. On the other hand, we show that even 3-regular graphs can have nonlinear vertex size-Ramsey numbers. Finally, we prove that R ? v ( T , r ) = O r ( Δ 2 n ) for any tree of order n and maximum degree Δ , which is only off by a factor of Δ from the best possible.
Midtown Buzz: Bridging the Gap Between Concepts and Impact in a Civic Computing Initiative

Midtown Buzz is a partnership between Georgia Tech and Midtown Alliance (MA), focusing on engaging urban communities through mobile innovation. Since 2013, we have been collaborating with the Midtown Atlanta community with the goal of transforming the area into an innovation district. This approach provided us with an opportunity to utilize Midtown as a living laboratory for civic computing research. During the two years of this project we have engaged in a participatory design process with diverse stakeholders to explore the needs of people in the Midtown area, and develop new technologies and approaches to address the identified needs. In this paper we discuss the lessons learned regarding the challenges of bridging the gap between concepts and deployable systems that can create positive transformation in a community.
The power of mentoring

I was born a scientist, but becoming one professionally required a little help. Stellar teachers nurtured my love for science and engineering in middle school. Later, after some missteps and struggles in high school, professors at Manchester Community College conspired to change my life course from high school dropout to Ph.D. holder. One of them was my first algebra teacher. On the first day of class, she wrote on the board, “You CAN do math.” “You may not believe that now,” she told us, “but you will by the end of this semester with me.” ![Figure][1] ILLUSTRATION: ROBERT NEUBECKER > “None of this would have been possible without the encouragement I received.” She taught me that I could learn things even if they were hard, and that I didn't need to know them instinctively. When I transferred to the University of Connecticut for my bachelor's degree in molecular and cellular biology, this principle served me well in the 200-person introductory “weed-out” courses. I thought that I would be a technician at a pharmaceutical company after graduation, so I worked in various labs on campus to gain the critical hands-on experience I would need. But my career trajectory took a turn during the last semester of my undergraduate education, when my lab adviser encouraged me to consider going to graduate school for a Ph.D. I hardly even knew what grad school was, but once she opened my eyes to the possibilities, and we came up with a funding strategy, I was hooked on the idea. Getting my Ph.D. was the first step on my circuitous route toward a professional life that I could never have imagined. I did a postdoc and worked on technology transfer and in university administration before starting my own business and management consulting firm, 32ATPs. I entered the political arena with a 1-year appointment as Utah's state science adviser. In this role, I shepherded a precious allotment from the state legislature of 10 million hard-won dollars for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. I then started the R&D arm of 32ATPs and recently cofounded my second startup, EduPaper Products, where I pursue my passion of making STEM education accessible to everyone. None of this would have been possible without the encouragement I received throughout my schooling and in my professional career. Study after study shows that, beginning in early childhood and continuing throughout college, girls are typically discouraged from entering STEM fields, and I was lucky to be an exception. I have worked to pay it forward by acting as a mentor for girls and women in STEM, passing on the advice that has worked for me: I still need advice, too. I stay in touch with many of my mentors, and I find new mentors through state- and federal-level professional services. These days, I worry just as much about giving back to my mentors as I do about learning from them, and I am honored when my grad school mentors ask me for help. Mentorship, I like to say, works up, down, and sideways. [1]: pending:yes
Castration and Ovariectomy on Spontaneous Activity and Ability to Learn.

The present investigation is directed toward the establishment of the relationship between spontaneous activity and the ability to learn, with special reference to castration and ovariectomy, on these processes. This is a preliminary report of the first experiment undertaken to establish the relationship mentioned above.Data were collected from 5 litters containing 35 rats under 50 days of age. The ability of each rat to learn was measured by means of a maze described by Rickey.1 Spontaneous activity was determined by the revolving cage method described by Durrant.2 Fifteen animals were operated in an attempt to modify their activity, while 20 were used as controls. Data were collected with reference to the number of trials required to learn the maze and the number of errors made in so doing. The learning time was recorded in seconds and the spontaneous activity in number of revolutions. Table I shows the data collected up to the present time. The figures presented under “activity” represent the average d...
A Probabilistic Sizing Demonstration of a Flexible Thermal Protection System for a Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator

A probabilistic method for determining the thickness margin of a flexible thermal protection system for a Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator has been developed. A key component in the margin determination process is having an accurate thermal response model. To achieve this, a three step process for correlating the thermal response model to arc jet test data has been developed and demonstrated. A sensitivity study is performed to facilitate the correlation by eliminating insignificant parameters from the process. A series of Monte Carlo simulations are run with the correlated thermal response model to determine the probability of exceeding the bondline temperature. An additional half layer of insulation is added to each Monte Carlo simulation in the series until the probability of exceeding the bondline temperature is within risk limits. Results of the probabilistic sizing process are demonstrated for a hypothetical Earth entry mission and compared to the traditional root sum squared approach for calculating margin. The probabilistic approach produces a lower mass heat shield and also provides an estimate of the probability the bondline temperature limit will be exceeded.
Label‐Free Microfluidic Manipulation of Particles and Cells in Magnetic Liquids

Manipulating particles and cells in magnetic liquids through so-called "negative magnetophoresis" is a new research field. It has resulted in label-free and low-cost manipulation techniques in microfluidic systems and many exciting applications. It is the goal of this review to introduce the fundamental principles of negative magnetophoresis and its recent applications in microfluidic manipulation of particles and cells. We will first discuss the theoretical background of three commonly used specificities of manipulation in magnetic liquids, which include the size, density and magnetic property of particles and cells. We will then review and compare the media used in negative magnetophoresis, which include paramagnetic salt solutions and ferrofluids. Afterwards, we will focus on reviewing existing microfluidic applications of negative magnetophoresis, including separation, focusing, trapping and concentration of particles and cells, determination of cell density, measurement of particles' magnetic susceptibility, and others. We will also examine the need for developing biocompatible magnetic liquids for live cell manipulation and analysis, and its recent progress. Finally, we will conclude this review with a brief outlook for this exciting research field.
Investigation and Control Measures on Acute Occupational Poisoning for 18 Years

[Objective]Through the analysis of 34 cases of acute occupational poisoning from 1991—2008,to study the causes,characteristics and laws of these cases,and provide evidence for developing control measures.[Methods]Collecting field epidemiological data of poisoning accident,the occurrence,industry,the nature of the enterprise,toxicology categories,poisoning places,the causes and rescue were statistically analyzed.[Results]Poisoning accidents showed upward tendency in recent 9 years;most cases occurred in metal smelting industry,and most induced by highly toxic chemicals.More succors poisoned than workers with exposure;the main causes were the lack of safety education and the violation of safety operation regulations.[Conclusion] It is necessary to study the control measures of poisoning accidents induced by highly toxic chemicals of hydrogen sulfide and arsine as well as low toxicity chemicals of Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide with high mortality in hypoxia dangerous operating environment.
Surveillance on schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2004

Objective To study the trends of endemic situation among surveillance sites for schistosoimiasis in Jiangsu from 2000 to 2004.Methods 12 surveillance sites were established,and longitudinal surveillance on endemic situation of schistosomiasis was carried out since 2000.Results The related index of snail was increasing in most of surveillance sites,the area of snail habitats and infected snails habitats of 2004 was increasing by 97.97% and 3.33 times than of 2000,respectively,and the rates of infected snails rose rapidly in marshlands.The infection rates of cattle with Schitosoma janponicum was declining by 50.18% and the average infection rate of human was 0.04%-0.15% with low level.Conclusion Although current control strategies produce satisfactory effects on snail control,it can't keep step with the endemic situation of schistosomiasis.Surveillances should be continued and effectual strategies should be explored to adapt the changes of society and nature environments.
Drug therapy of patients treated in hospitals for duodenal ulcers

Drug therapy in hospitalized patients treated for duodenal ulcer disease was reviewed retrospectively. The information was obtained by the means of a medical audit of patient records indexed by the discharge diagnosis of duodenal ulcers. A total of 485 cases were abstracted. Antacids were found to be the cornerstone of duodenal ulcer drug therapy. Anticholinergic drugs occupied a central role throughout the medical treatment of duodenal ulcers. The investigators identified a need for the dissemination of information concerning the use of anticholinergics in duodenal ulcer patients experiencing the complications of hemorrhage and obstruction.
Variability in Soil Nitrogen Retention Across Forest, Urban, and Agricultural Land Uses

In regions of mixed land use, some ecosystems are sinks for N pollution and others are sources. Yet, beyond this gross characterization, we have little understanding of how adjacent land-use types vary in mechanisms of N cycling and retention. This study assessed the rate and magnitude of soil N retention pathways in forest, urban, and agricultural ecosystems. Soil plots in each land use were labeled with inorganic 15N and cored at 15 min, 2 days, and 20 days following injection. Subsamples were biologically fractionated to differentiate labile and stable pools, while gross N transformations were assessed via the 15N isotope dilution method. Stable soil organic 15N formed rapidly (within 15 min) in all land uses when added as 15NH4 +, and became a proportionally larger sink for inorganic 15N over time. Forests had the lowest gross immobilization rates, but the greatest amount of stable N formation. Rapid retention of NH4 + in forests may be driven by abiotic processes, with root uptake becoming a more important mechanism of retention over time. Urban sites, on the other hand, had the highest gross microbial immobilization rates and highest root N uptake, suggesting that high short-term N retention may be due to rapid biological processing. Agricultural systems, with low root uptake and the lowest stable N formation, had little capacity for retention of added N. These apparently distinct land-use cases can be understood by synthesizing several emerging aspects of N retention theory that (1) distinguish kinetic and capacity N saturation, (2) recognize links between soil C saturation on minerals and N retention, and (3) account for rapid transfers of NH4 + to stable organic pools.
Binding Isotherms and Time Courses Readily from Magnetic Resonance.

Evidence is presented that binding isotherms, simple or biphasic, can be extracted directly from noninterpreted, complex 2D NMR spectra using principal component analysis (PCA) to reveal the largest trend(s) across the series. This approach renders peak picking unnecessary for tracking population changes. In 1:1 binding, the first principal component captures the binding isotherm from NMR-detected titrations in fast, slow, and even intermediate and mixed exchange regimes, as illustrated for phospholigand associations with proteins. Although the sigmoidal shifts and line broadening of intermediate exchange distorts binding isotherms constructed conventionally, applying PCA directly to these spectra along with Pareto scaling overcomes the distortion. Applying PCA to time-domain NMR data also yields binding isotherms from titrations in fast or slow exchange. The algorithm readily extracts from magnetic resonance imaging movie time courses such as breathing and heart rate in chest imaging. Similarly, two-step...
Cisplatin plus gemcitabine (GC) as induction chemotherapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer (HANC)

6073 Background: Cisplatin/infusional 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy is routinely administered as standard induction chemotherapy in advanced HANC. However, the optimum treatment remains to be defined...
Reduced Cholesterol Levels in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease.

Abstract Reduced levels of cholesterol was first reported in African children with sickle cell disease (SCD).More recently similar findings were reported in African American adults with SCD in the United States. Epidemiologic studies have identified a relation between low serum levels of total cholesterol ( Lipid profile and Body Mass Index in Sickle Cell Disease and Controls Sickle Cell* Control* Mean(SD) Mean(SD) Pvalue Age(years) 48±13 46±5 0.73 Total Cholsterol (mg/dL) 135±26 169±30 0.001 LDL(mg/dL) 67±16 90±29 0.01 HDL(mg/dL) 45±15 60±11 0.004 Triglycerides(mg/dL) 113±51 94±47 0.3 Height(cm) 167±7 167±6 0.7 Weight(lbs) 141±27 178±35 0.007 Body Mass Index 23±4 27±4 0.02 *n=15
En Face Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging for the Detection of Nascent Geographic Atrophy

Purpose To determine if en face optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging can identify nascent geographic atrophy (nGA) in eyes with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD). Design Retrospective observational case series. Methods Patients with iAMD from the COMPLETE study at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute were evaluated to determine if nGA was present at baseline and at follow-up using high-density Spectralis OCT B-scans and en face OCT images from the Cirrus OCT instrument. If available, additional en face OCT images and B-scans were analyzed at follow-up times beyond the 52-week period. Results A total of 37 eyes (27 patients) were evaluated for at least 1 year using both B-scans and en face images. Two drusen suspicious for nGA at baseline were identified, but neither druse developed GA after 24 and 62 months of follow-up, respectively. Another druse displayed hypertransmission into the choroid at week 52 on B-scan imaging and was classified as nGA. En face OCT imaging identified this druse as a focal bright area. Drusen breakdown occurred during a follow-up of 39 months. Conclusions En face OCT imaging appeared to be as useful as routine B-scan imaging for identifying areas suspicious for nGA in this population from the COMPLETE Study. Additional longitudinal follow-up of eyes with drusen is needed to determine if en face OCT imaging can replace the evaluation of individual B-scans for the detection of nGA.
Fast architecture exploration with hierarchical trace simulations

Design space of an embedded SoC with configurable IP cores is huge and the architecture exploration is thus time-consuming. Tracedriven simulation is effective for simulation time reduction and various traces have been proposed to reuse simulation results for further explorations. However, the generation and access overheads of traces are significant and cannot be always ignored. This paper presents a systematic approach to integrate multiple traces to reduce the overall exploration time, where a simple model for exploration time estimation is provided for trace selection. In our experiments, 2∼3-order speedup can be simply achieved once the traces are chosen appropriately.
Chronic methamphetamine exposure significantly decreases microglia activation in the arcuate nucleus

Abstract Methamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant drug and its use and abuse necessitates a better understanding of its neurobiobehavioral effects. The acute effects of binge dosing of methamphetamine on the neurons in the CNS are well studied. However, the long-term effects of chronic, low-dose methamphetamine are less well characterized, especially in other cell types and areas outside of the major dopamine pathways. Mice were administered 5 mg/kg/day methamphetamine for ten days and brain tissue was analyzed using histochemistry and image analysis. Increased microglia activity in the striatum confirmed toxic effects of methamphetamine in this brain region using this dosing paradigm. A significant decrease in microglia activity in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus was observed with no effect noted on dopamine neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Given the importance of this area in homeostatic and neuroendocrine regulation, the current study highlights the need to more fully understand the systemic effects of chronic, low-dose methamphetamine use. The novel finding of microglia downregulation after chronic methamphetamine could lead to advances in understanding neuroinflammatory responses towards addiction treatment and protection from psychostimulant-induced neurotoxicity.
On the Concepts of Factor Intensities and the Relation between Commodity Prices and Factor Rewards

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the concepts of factor intensities and the relation between commodity prices and factor rewards. If a competitive economy of the two-commodity and two-factor model is considered, according to the Stolper−Samuelson theorem, a rise in the price of a commodity will bring about a more than proportionate increase in the price of the corresponding intensive factor, while the other (less intensive) factor price must fall. Recently, many economists have tried to generalize the Stolper−Samuelson theorem from the 2 × 2 case to the many-commodity and many-factor case. In the n × n case, Chipman defined the Stolper×Samuelson criteria as follows: (1) the weak Stolper−Samuelson criterion states that there exists an association of goods and factors such that a rise in the price of a good will bring about a more than proportionate increase in the price of the corresponding intensive factor and (2) the strong Stolper−Samuelson criterion states that there exists an association of goods and factors such that a rise in the price of a good will bring about a more than proportionate increase in the price of the corresponding intensive factor and no increase in any of the remaining factor prices.
On Chomsky and the Two Cultures of Statistical Learning

At the Brains, Minds, and Machines symposium held during MIT’s 150th birthday party, Technology Review reports that Prof. Noam Chomsky derided researchers in machine learning who use purely statistical methods to produce behavior that mimics something in the world, but who don’t try to understand the meaning of that behavior. This essay discusses what Chomsky said, speculates on what he might have meant, and tries to determine the truth and importance of his claims.
Race in Kansas

There is no excuse for denying any American citizen his rights. This is not a project to defend discrimination in Kansas. I will try and show that "the values of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century's material wealth and successful competition caused Kansas blacks to determine their process by standards in force for society at large." 1