cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Area-Wide Effect on Oribatid Mites (Acari) Following Application of Lindane for Protection of Lodgepole Pine from Bark Beetle Attack

The effect of lindane on numbers and community structure of oribatid mites was studied in northern Montana. Trees on five O.4-haplots were sprayed with lindane at 5.5 kg/ha (AI) in a simulated operational program to protect lodgepole pine from bark beetles. Sprayed plots and paired control plots were sampled before spray application and five times after treatment over a 2-yr period. Numbers of immature specimens changed more than numbers of adults. Both were Significantly depressed 113 after treatment. Two superfamilies were significantly affected after spraying. Of five measures of community structure, none demonstrated an effect; however, the powers of the statistical tests were quite low. The importance of statistical power in studies of effect of pesticides on nontarget species is discussed. Because the observed effects were short-lived and of relatively small amplitude, we conclude it is unlikely there is a lasting effect on the oribatid community.
Infrared Spectrum of the Hydrated Proton in Water

Reactive molecular dynamics simulations have been utilized to calculate the infrared (IR) spectra of acidic HCl solutions of varying concentration with the goal of achieving a better understanding of the spectral features of the hydrated excess protons in bulk water. To incorporate the essential physics of the hydrated proton, we carried out the simulations using the specialized self-consistent iterative multistate empirical valence bond (SCI-MS-EVB) method, which is a form of multiconfigurational (reactive) molecular dynamics. After the pure water absorption background was removed, the calculated difference spectra are in good agreement with prior experimental results. The continuous broad absorption band in the acidic IR spectrum is, for the first time, interpreted based on the concept of a dynamically distorted Eigen cation, H9O4(+), which has been shown to provide the most accurate description for the charge defect character of the hydrated excess proton in liquid water.
Hemp Support: Evolution in EU Regulation

The European Union holds a place of distinction amongst the industrialized world as measured by its long-term support of the flax and hemp fiber sectors. More recently, EU fiber support has resulted from successful lobbying efforts by groups in France, Belgium and the Netherlands, and by the emergence of new technical applications for flax and hemp fibers. Relative to many other industrialized countries, the EU appears committed to green policies that hold promise of both environmental and social benevolence. However, EU hemp fiber support has encountered difficulties including subsidy chasing (as a result of hemp fiber aid rates higher than that of other row crops), expanded plantings thwarted by low yields, and disputable concerns over illicit marijuana production. After 30 years of hemp aid, fiber support levels have been cut while processing aid has been temporarily granted to bolster progressive industrial applications of short fibers. However, concerns persist that EU agricultural policy co...
Observation of Blocking Effect on Vertical Transmission of HBV

[Objective]To observe the blocking effect of hepatitis B immune globulin combined with hepatitis B vaccine on hepatitis B virus(HBV).[Methods]Statistical description method was adopted to analyze the test data of HBV markers which blocked vertical transmission of HBV to infants in Gongyi City during 2004—2007.[Results]There were 9 kinds of detection mode about the HBV marker in serum of 184 infants who blocked vertical transmission of HBV.The HBV positive rate was 10.87%.The differences of HBsAg positive rates between infants with different gender,or between infants from rural areas and urban areas were not significant.[Conclusion]Combined immunization on HBsAg-positive pregnant women and infants can lower the detection rate of HBsAg positive of infants who blocked HBV vertical transmission,and can minimize the birth rate of infants infected HBV.
Constitutive Equations for Classes of Deformations

In the classical theory of elasticity, the relevant physical properties for an isotropic material are described by stress-strain relations which, in a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system x, take the form
Individual Differences in Multisensory Flavor Perception

Abstract Flavor is perceived differently across individuals. While there are certainly common percepts that all humans can relate to, the degree to which we each experience these sensations from particular foods or objects can vary. Some of this variability comes from differences in our experiences: how familiar we are with, what we have been told about, or the personal value we assign to an item or sensation. However, environment and experience do not explain all of the differences in flavor perception. Biology is a large determinant of the array and intensity of sensations that an individual experiences. Understanding this biological variability can assist in the study of human ingestive behavior and the design of food products. This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge on individual differences in flavor perception, specifically the variation in tactile, chemesthetic, odor, and taste sensations. The genetic or biological roots of these differences are discussed, as well as how these differences may or may not alter food preference and intake.
‘Not of the Flesh but Through the Flesh’: Knowing and Being Known in The Real Thing

That Tom Stoppard’s plays are neither imprecise nor obscurantist, that his ambiguities are intended neither to dazzle nor confuse but ‘to be precise over a greater range of events’, was perhaps the most signal contribution of Clive James’s 1975 Encounter article: ‘It is the plurality of contexts that concerns Stoppard: ambiguities are just places where contexts join.’1 And in The Real Thing the interstices come between art and life. Stoppard’s attempt, a breathtakingly ambitious one, is to deal at once with what is real in life, what is real in art, and what the real differences are between art and life. The Real Thing endeavours to distinguish the authentic from propagandistic imitations, the liveliness of the right words in the right order from the ham-fisted butchery of language, what endures as the marbled reality in an age that demands the polystyrene, what endures as alabaster when the age demands plaster. But if the real thing exists in life and the real thing exists in art, the differences between life and art remain no less real. Indeed the very form of The Real Thing, opening as it does with a play within a play serves to dramatise the differences between reality and imaginative reality.
CHAPTER 7 – Domains and Supersecondary Structure

The chapter begins by highlighting that while looking at a large complex structure; it is often possible to divide it into smaller units named domains. A domain is a part of the overall structure that usually contains a linear segment of the polypeptide chain folded into a relatively compact region. In a few instances, a domain may be divided into two segments of the primary structure. The chapter refers to two principal ways of observing domains in the crystal structure of proteins and further introduces the idea of supersecondary structures. Supersecondary structure is the combination of elements of secondary structure into a motif that is found repeatedly in different proteins. The chapter concludes that Crystal structures have shown that many proteins are composed of domains. The domains usually have some functional significance. A domain is a compact portion of a globular protein, containing a contiguous segment of the primary sequence. Families of proteins may have homology in one domain and not in another. The chapter also summarizes that supersecondary structure is a term used to describe different combinations of secondary structure. Supersecondary structures are found frequently because they are energetically stable.
Meaning and Analysis

We say of a sentence or a sentence utterance that it is context-sensitive when its truth or falsehood depends on certain elements that only the context of utterance can reveal. Sentence utterances that contain indexical expressions such as ‘here’, ‘now’, ‘yesterday’, ‘she’ or ‘this’ are such that what they mean — and what they refer to — can shift from context to context. What ‘It is windy today’ refers to, that is, the weather on the day it is uttered, at the place it is uttered, will sometimes make it false, sometimes make it true — since it can be uttered on different more or less windy days or in different more or less windy places. By contrast, an utterance of ‘2 + 2 = 4’ is typically considered not to be context-sensitive since it is true no matter what the context in which it is uttered. On Bolzano’s account, context-sensitive sentences are semantically underdetermined: they do not express the proposition that forms their content “completely”. Only sentences that are “eternally” or “immutably” true (or false), that is, only sentences that are not context-sensitive express their content completely in the sense that is relevant to Bolzano. The purpose of analysis in his theory is to reveal the “Sinn” of expressions (cf. 1837, §285, 67).
Data Linkage Strategies to Advance Youth Suicide Prevention

OBJECTIVES Linking national, State, and community data systems, such as those used for medical service billing, to existing data from suicide prevention efforts could facilitate the assessment of longer term outcomes. Our objective was to identify and describe data systems that can be linked to data from studies of youth suicide prevention interventions and to identify analytic approaches to advance youth suicide prevention research. DATA SOURCES We conducted a systematic review to identify studies of suicide prevention interventions and three types of searches to identify data systems providing suicide-related outcomes: (1) a literature search, (2) an environmental scan of gray literature, and (3) a targeted search, through contact with relevant individuals, in six States, two cities, and one tribal community. REVIEW METHODS Two independent reviewers screened all results. Studies and data systems had to be based in the United States; include individuals between 0 and 25 years of age; and include suicide, suicide attempt, or suicide ideation as an outcome. RESULTS Of the 47 studies (described in 59 articles) of suicide prevention interventions identified in our systematic review, only 6 studied outcomes by linking to external data systems and only 12 explored treatment heterogeneity through the effects of moderators such as gender or race/ethnicity. We identified 153 unique and potentially linkable external data systems, 66 of which we classified as "fairly accessible" with data dictionaries available. CONCLUSIONS There is potential for linking existing data systems with suicide prevention efforts to assess the broader and extended impact of suicide prevention interventions. However, sparse availability of data dictionaries and lack of adherence to standard data elements limit the potential utility of linking prevention efforts with data systems.
Electronic carrier motion in PET films

Carrier mobility in polymers has been investigated using various experimental techniques which can be broadly classified into “fast” and “slow” techniques. The distinction is simply made by the time scale of the measurement; microseconds vs. seconds to hours. Reports have shown that these types of techniques yield vastly different mobility values. For example, Hayashi, et al. (1), using 0.1 microsecond pulsed electron beam (EB) excitation, measured electron and hole mobilities of 5 × 10−5 and 5 × 10−4 cm2/Vsec respectively for FEP. Gross, et al. (2), using seconds-long EB pulses, measured corresponding values of 10−16 and 2 × 10−9 cm2/Vsec for this material. In general, the “fast” techniques yield mobility values in the range 10−3 to 10−6 cm2/Vsec while the “slow” techniques yield values in the range 10−9 to 10−13 cm2/Vsec.
Calcium Channels and Oxidative Stress Mediate a Synergistic Disruption of Tight Junctions by Ethanol and Acetaldehyde in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers.

Ethanol is metabolized into acetaldehyde in most tissues. In this study, we investigated the synergistic effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the tight junction integrity in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Expression of alcohol dehydrogenase sensitized Caco-2 cells to ethanol-induced tight junction disruption and barrier dysfunction, whereas aldehyde dehydrogenase attenuated acetaldehyde-induced tight junction disruption. Ethanol up to 150 mM did not affect tight junction integrity or barrier function, but it dose-dependently increased acetaldehyde-mediated tight junction disruption and barrier dysfunction. Src kinase and MLCK inhibitors blocked this synergistic effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on tight junction. Ethanol and acetaldehyde caused a rapid and synergistic elevation of intracellular calcium. Calcium depletion by BAPTA or Ca2+-free medium blocked ethanol and acetaldehyde-induced barrier dysfunction and tight junction disruption. Diltiazem and selective knockdown of TRPV6 or CaV1.3 channels, by shRNA blocked ethanol and acetaldehyde-induced tight junction disruption and barrier dysfunction. Ethanol and acetaldehyde induced a rapid and synergistic increase in reactive oxygen species by a calcium-dependent mechanism. N-acetyl-L-cysteine and cyclosporine A, blocked ethanol and acetaldehyde-induced barrier dysfunction and tight junction disruption. These results demonstrate that ethanol and acetaldehyde synergistically disrupt tight junctions by a mechanism involving calcium, oxidative stress, Src kinase and MLCK.
Mediated Storytelling Practices and Productions: Archival Bodies of Affective Evidences

Video abstract Through hands-on work collecting digital video oral histories for the Arizona Queer Archives, bodies and bodies of knowledge in ongoing affective states of simultaneous becoming and unbecoming can be observed and encountered. Both interviewing and storytelling techniques in select oral histories are considered here to stress the salient and affective processes of mediation and (un)becoming that unfold in front of and behind the camera as part of the production of digital archival stories and subsequent access to streaming technologies. In order to explore the details of archival production, the oral history interview is understood here as a space of both intimate and public storytelling—an affective assemblage. This paper introduces archives as affective multimodalities that work to tenderly hold and structure bodies, technologies, and stories especially as these come together and apart in states of (un)becoming.
Energy Migration and Energy Transfer in GdB3O6:Bi,Tb

In recent years Gd3+ compounds were studied not only because of the fundamental interest in these compounds, but also for their practical use as lamp phosphors. Measurements on GdB306:Bi, Tb were performed to elucidate the energy transfer and energy migration mechanisms that occur in this material. Spectral measurements and measurements on the temperature dependence of the Gd3+ emission show that at least two Gd3+ traps are present. A shallow one (~80 cm-l) and a deep one (~500 cm-l). Decay measurements of the Gd3+ emission and the Tb3+ emission show that the energy migration among the Gd3+ ions on the 3-dimensional Gd3+ sublattice is of the fast diffusion type, not only at 290K but also at 4.5K.
Force-matched empirical potential for martensitic transitions and plastic deformation in Ti-Nb alloys

A force-matched spline-based empirical potential based on the modified embedded-atom method is fit to an extensive database of highly converged density functional theory calculations for titanium-niobium alloys with an evolutionary algorithm. Consistency with experiment and existing models is verified through calculations of structural, elastic, and thermal properties. The potential is used to study the effects of alloying on elastic properties, the martensite phase of Ti-rich alloys, and the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\beta}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\omega}$ transformations. Stress- and temperature-induced martensitic transitions are demonstrated in Ti-25 at. % Nb by NPT simulation. Last, the effect of alloying on screw dislocations in hcp-Ti and bcc-Nb is analyzed at 5 at. % solute content with the fitted potential.
Detection and Identification of Psilocybe cubensis DNA Using a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction High Resolution Melt Assay.

Psilocybe cubensis,or“magic mushroom,” is the most common species of fungus with psychedelic characteristics. Two primer sets were designed to target Psilocybe DNA using web-based software and NBCI gene sequences. DNA was extracted from eighteen samples, including twelve mushroom species, using the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit. The DNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primers and a master mix containing either a SYBR Green I, RadiantTM Green, or LCGreen Plus intercalating dye; amplicon size was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR assays were tested for amplifiability, specificity, reproducibility, robustness, sensitivity, and multiplexing with primers that target marijuana. The observed high resolution melt (HRM) temperatures for primer sets 1 and 7 were 78.85 +_ 0.31°C and 73.22 +- 0.61°C, respectively, using SYBR Green I dye and 81.67+- 0.06°C and 76.04 +- 0.11°C, respectively, using RadiantTM Green dye.
IDEALS AND IDEALISM

Abstract No Abstract Available. Stenographic transcript of an address delivered before the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Edward H. Angle Society of Orthodontia, New London, Connecticut, June 29, 1928.
Identifying nonlinear variation patterns with deep autoencoders

AbstractThe discovery of nonlinear variation patterns in high-dimensional profile data is an important task in many quality control and manufacturing settings. We present an automated method for discovering nonlinear variation patterns using deep autoencoders. The approach provides a functional mapping from a low-dimensional representation to the original spatially-dense feature space of the profile data that is both interpretable and efficient with respect to preserving information. We compare our deep autoencoder approach to several other methods for discovering variation patterns in profile data. Our results indicate that deep autoencoders consistently outperform the alternative approaches in reproducing the original profiles from the learned variation sources.
Atonalism, Nietzsche and Gravity's Rainbow : Pynchon's Use of German Music History and Culture

Henry-Louis de la Grange, a scholar of Gustav Mahler's life and works, tells us that an "early plan of the Fourth Symphony, put together some time before that symphony was composed … contained a 'Scherzo in D major' entitled 'Die Welt ohne Schwere' ('The World Without Gravity')" (2.800). Given this suggestive title, any reader well trained by Pynchon to see connections and affiliations in the most trivial detail may recall the dialogue between Saure Bummer and Gustav Schlabone in Gravity's Rainbow and wonder whether Gustav's given name is meant to evoke Mahler's, and wonder also whether the song's words, if any exist, have some relevance to Pynchon's novel. Any account of the German dialectic in music that Schlabone trumpets would surely include Mahler, a contemporary of Strauss and a composer much admired by Schonberg for taking German music the first steps away from tonality, deploying dissonances first initiated by Wagner (Friedrich 167). La Grange describes the fruitful period in which Mahler wrote a series of songs including "Die Welt ohne Schwere," but he says nothing about the song's words. The instrumental music itself, according to La Grange, became the fourth movement of Mahler's Fifth Symphony.
Validation of the entrustable professional activities for new pharmacy graduates.

Purpose The face validity of the core entrustable professional activities (EPAs) for new pharmacy graduates published by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) in 2017 was evaluated. Methods A 28-item questionnaire was sent to experienced pharmacy practitioners affiliated with 4 schools of pharmacy. In addition to demographic information about education, training, credentials, and practice setting, participants were asked whether each EPA statement was pertinent to pharmacy practice and an expected activity that all pharmacists should be able to perform. Questions regarding the secondary attributes of the EPA statements examined whether each activity is observable, is measurable, is transferable to multiple practice settings, and integrates multiple competencies. Results The questionnaire was distributed to 137 eligible participants, and 71 usable survey responses were received. Participants consistently agreed (≥75% agreement) that the 15 EPA statements for new pharmacy graduates describe activities that are pertinent to pharmacy practice and that pharmacists are expected to perform. A consistent level of agreement was observed regardless of the preceptor’s employment with a college or school, board certification status, or completion of postgraduate training, and no statistical differences in level of agreement were found based on these attributes. There was consistent agreement (≥60%) across geographic regions. No statistical differences in agreement were found between acute care practitioners and ambulatory care practitioners. Conclusion A survey suggested that the core EPAs developed and vetted by AACP have face validity and are believed by experienced pharmacy preceptor-practitioners to be pertinent to pharmacy practice and to describe activities that all pharmacists should be able to competently perform.
Within-individual variation in sexual displays: Signal or noise?

Male sexual displays are variable within individuals, but we know very little about how this variation in signal production affects animal communication. Within-individual variation does not appear to signal male quality as a potential mate and may simply obscure mean male trait values. Female treefrogs nevertheless prefer males who produce consistent signals of male quality but may not be able to express this preference in dense breeding aggregations, which produce high levels of chorus noise.
Coping style as a protective factor for emotional consequences of structural neuropathology in multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: In people with multiple sclerosis (MS), depression symptoms could be a direct consequence of neuropathological processes or a secondary consequence of coping with debilitating illness...
Hybrid diagrams

Hybrid systems provide a formal model for physical systems controlled by discrete-state controllers. To help with the design of correct controllers, we present a methodology that enables the verification of linear-time temporal logic properties of general, non-linear hybrid systems. The methodology is based on the deductive transformation and algorithmic checking of hybrid diagrams.Hybrid diagrams are graphs whose vertices and edges are labeled with first-order assertions; they represent system abstractions, together with the progress properties that have been proved about them. The verification process begins with the automatic construction of an initial diagram, whose behavior coincides with that of the hybrid system. The proof of a specification is constructed by applying a series of diagram transformations to this initial diagram. The transformations preserve behavior containment, and the aim of the transformations is to obtain a diagram that can be algorithmically shown to satisfy the specification. Whenever the algorithmic check of a diagram fails, the check returns guidance for the further transformation of the diagram, or indications about possible counterexamples to the specification.We present four rules for transforming diagrams: each rule enables the study of a certain class of temporal logic properties. While some rules can be applied unconditionally, others require the proof of first-order verification conditions. We prove that the rules lead to the first verification methodology for general hybrid systems that is complete (relative to first-order reasoning) for proving specifications expressed in first-order linear-time temporal logic, provided no temporal operator appears in the scope of a quantifier.
Wide local excision prior to sentinel lymph node biopsy for primary melanoma of the head and neck.

Background Previous wide local excision prior to sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) may have the potential to disrupt lymphatic channels, thus incorrectly identifying the sentinel node. The purpose of this study was to investigate: (1) regional recurrence rates of prior wide local excision compared to other biopsy techniques and (2) survival outcomes in patients with melanoma of the head and neck. Methods Between the years 2000 and 2016, 391 cases were reviewed with a median follow-up time of 30 months in a large tertiary care center. Biopsy practices included shave, punch, wide local excision, and narrow margin excisional/Mohs, and associations with time to local or regional relapse and death from melanoma were evaluated. Main outcomes included identification of sentinel lymph nodes, overall survival, and melanoma-specific survival. Results Of the 391 patients, biopsy patterns were as follows: 77 (19%) unknown biopsy, 30 (8%) prior wide local excision (WLE), 105 (27%) narrow margin excisional biopsy, 69 (18%) punch biopsy, and 110 (28%) shave biopsy. SLNB was successfully identified in all 30 patients whom had a prior WLE. There were 50 regional recurrences in the neck and 27 local recurrences with the median (IQR) at 1.2 years and 1.0 years, respectively. Multivariable associations of type of prior biopsy, depth of invasion, and nodal status with time to regional recurrence, local recurrence, overall survival, and melanoma-specific survival were not significantly different. Conclusions Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma of the head and neck can be successfully performed in patients after previous wide local excision.
Reproductive surgery and in vitro fertilization: the future reevaluated

A crisis is occurring in that reproductive endocrinologists are not doing the surgeries that are a part of their discipline. We list those procedures as a blueprint for training reproductive endocrinologists.
How deep can the straw go

Aquifers and groundwater resources are a critical lifeline for billions of people. Drilling deeper wells is one adaptive strategy to lower groundwater, but uncertainty plagues every aspect of dynamic aquifer systems.
Biomechanical Contribution of the Alar Ligaments to Upper Cervical Stability

Abstract Acute and chronic whiplash-associated disorders pose a significant healthcare burden due to chronic pain, which is associated with upper cervical instability resulting from ligamentous injury. No standard measure exists for diagnosing alar ligament injury and imaging findings vary widely. Multiple physical examination maneuvers are used to diagnose alar ligament injury including the C2 Spinous Kick, Flexion-Rotation, and Bending-Rotation tests. The objective of the current study was to determine the mechanical contribution of the alar ligaments to upper cervical stability and quantify the biomechanical changes seen during simulated clinical examinations after alar ligament injury. Eight cadaveric C0-C3 specimens were evaluated using a robotic testing system. Range of motion and moment at the end of intact specimen replay were the primary outcomes. Clinical examinations were simulated by rotation through two axes as performed during physical examination. Intact, unilateral and bilateral alar ligament injury states were tested. Unilateral alar ligament injury led to significant increases in lateral bending (12.0 ± 7.2%, p
Primum Non Nocere: Beneficent Deception

The use of the blameless medical excuse in organ transplantation is intended to provide an immediate shield against strong pressures that reluctant potential donors might feel to go through with living organ donation. The excuse elaborates a substantially false or exaggerated anatomical or physiological reason why the potential donor is not a good candidate for donation medically. Thus it is intended to protect reluctant potential donors' privacy and confidentiality by masking from the potential organ recipient the fact that they do not wish to go through with the donation. However, because the excuse involves the presentation of that which is false as true, it puts transplant physicians in the position of engaging in - or at least being complicit in - the intentional deception of patients. This paper considers various ethical and legal issues that may arise from of the use of such deception in the context of organ transplantation.
The Pound Seizure Controversy: A Suggested Compromise in the Use of Impounded Animals for Research and Education

Impounded animals that were once pets are used for research and education purposes throughout the nation. Many states have pound seizure laws that allow institutions to demand pound animals for research and education purposes. This Article outlines the history of these contentious laws, examines the arguments for and against pound seizure, and proposes a compromise allowing the limited use of pound animals under certain regulated conditions.
A non-canonical feedforward pathway for computing odor identity

Abstract Sensory systems rely on statistical regularities in the experienced inputs to either group disparate stimuli, or parse them into separate categories1,2. While considerable progress has been made in understanding invariant object recognition in the visual system3–5, how this is implemented by olfactory neural circuits remains an open question6–10. The current leading model states that odor identity is primarily computed in the piriform cortex, drawing from mitral cell (MC) input6–9,11. Surprisingly, the role of tufted cells (TC)12–16, the other principal cell-type of the olfactory bulb (OB) in decoding odor identity, and their dependence on cortical feedback, has been overlooked. Tufted cells preferentially project to the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) and olfactory striatum, while mitral cells strongly innervate the piriform cortex (PC). Here we show that classifiers based on the population activity of tufted cells successfully decode both odor identity and intensity across a large concentration range. In these computations, tufted cells substantially outperform mitral cells, and are largely unaffected by silencing of cortical feedback. Further, cortical feedback from AON controls preferentially the gain of tufted cell odor representations, while PC feedback specifically restructures mitral cell responses, matching biases in feedforward connectivity. Leveraging cell-type specific analyses, we identify a non-canonical feedforward pathway for odor recognition and discrimination mediated by the tufted cells, and propose that OB target areas, other than the piriform cortex, such as AON and olfactory striatum, are well-positioned to compute odor identity.
From soldier to spectacle: Africans and the langar procession in Hyderabad

In this article I explore the role of Africans in the Nizam of Hyderabad’s armed forces at the end of the nineteenth century. In particular I focus on their representation in newspaper and eye-witn...
Segmentation of Temporal Bone Anatomy for Patient-Specific Virtual Reality Simulation.

Objectives:Virtual reality (VR) simulation for patient-specific pre-surgical planning and rehearsal requires accurate segmentation of key surgical landmark structures such as the facial nerve, ossi...
Transgender Rights: From Obama to Trump: by Susan Gluck Mezey, New York, NY, Routledge, 2019, 222 pp., $34.36 (paperback), ISBN: 9780815359401

The US Supreme Court’s 2015 decision holding same-sex marriage to be a constitutional right was the high point of a decades-long movement by lesbians and gay men for legal equality and social accep...
Determining investigatory levels of friction with crash modelling

Friction is a property of the pavement that provides vehicles with grip to change speed and direction. When the available friction is reduced through the polishing action of traffic, the risk of cr...
On the small size of liquid-disordered + liquid-ordered nanodomains.

Abstract Four-component phase diagrams reveal that Liquid-disordered + liquid-ordered (Ld + Lo) nanodomains are exclusively found adjacent to a three-phase region, and so cannot be a one-phase microemulsion. Of importance for understanding biological membranes, a small change in lipid bilayer composition can change the size of these coexisting phase domains hundreds of fold, between tens of nanometers and microns. Nanodomain diameter, measured from small angle neutron scattering, is in the range 15–35 nm, consistent with stabilization by repulsive dipole fields. Ld/Lo line tension controls the Ld + Lo domain size transition. Other than size, chemical and physical properties of the phase domains do not seem to change during the transition. Unfavorable lipid-lipid pairwise interactions, rather than phase thickness mismatch, seem to be the main reason for Ld + Lo immiscibility. Pairwise interactions of cholesterol-phospholipid seem to be favorable, whereas pairwise interactions of high-melting phospholipid with low-melting phospholipid are unfavorable. Measured Ld/Lo line tension, like the phase separation, is created mainly by unfavorable lipid-lipid pairwise interactions. Lipid dipole-dipole repulsion opposes these unfavorable lipid-lipid pairwise interactions and thus, in a sense, is the reason that nanodomains form. Bilayer physical and chemical properties measured from macroscopic domains of coexisting Ld + Lo phases should be good approximations for the properties of coexisting nanoscopic domains.
Does Innovation Matter for Export in China's Rural Enterprises? Empirical Evidences from Jiangsu

This study examines the relationship between technological innovation and export, using data obtained through surveys of enterprises in three counties of Jiangsu, China. It reveals that most rural enterprises in Jiangsu are oriented toward China's domestic market and there exists significant geographic difference regarding export probability and intensity. It also finds that most rural enterprises are not very innovative measured by multiple indicators. Innovation does not seem to have significant impacts on export (either probability or intensity) in rural enterprises of Jiangsu. The most significant factors contributing to export probability of rural enterprises include presence of imported equipments in the enterprises and their size. However, no variable well explains export intensity among rural enterprises. It is recommended that more studies be conducted to better understand the export behaviors and mechanisms of rural enterprises in developing countries.
Lessons from the pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of quantitative literacy--for policy makers and the public at large. While all aspects of numeracy have been shown relevant to the past year, our need for broader statistical literacy appear particularly pressing. Pandemic experiences may motivate greater interest in developing numeracy skills. © 2021, National Numeracy Network. All rights reserved.
Mirizzi Syndrome

The complete and definitive treatment of patients with Mirizzi syndrome is surgical. The treatment goals are the removal of the gallbladder with the offending stone(s) and the repair of the bile duct defect. A high index of suspicion for early recognition of this condition is paramount to prevent bile duct injury. Biliary anatomy is delineated precisely by preoperative and intraoperative imaging tests. The dissection of the gallbladder is conducted in an antegrade, fundus-first fashion. Extensive dissection of Calot’s triangle is avoided. Instead, the gallbladder is opened, the impacted stone(s) is removed backward, and the confirmation of the presence a cholecystocholedochal fistula is established by direct inspection. A coexistent gallbladder carcinoma is excluded by taking frozen sections. In patients without biliary fistula (Mirizzi type I), simple cholecystectomy suffices to relieve the bile duct obstruction. In patients with biliary fistula (Mirizzi type II), the size of the fistula determines the type of repair. In general, small fistulas are repaired by choledochoplasty using a cuff of gallbladder remnant, whereas large bile duct defects require bilioenteric reconstruction (Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy or choledochoduodenostomy). In patients unfit for surgery, biliary decompression is effectively accomplished by placement of stents using endoscopic or percutaneous techniques. Lithotripsy and removal of the offending stone can also be carried out in patients with Mirizzi type II. In general, nonsurgical treatment of Mirizzi syndrome is incomplete and places the patients on a path of intensive follow-up, multiple procedures, and the risk to continue suffering from complications of symptomatic gallstone disease. However, nonsurgical treatment allows for valuable time to prepare high-risk patients for a more elective and safer operation.
The Capital Structure Puzzle: What are We Missing?

An important piece of the capital structure puzzle has been missing, and it is not a contracting friction. It is recognition that managers do not have sufficient knowledge to optimize capital structure with any real precision. The literature critique in this paper (i) identifies the conceptual sources of the main empirical failures of the leading models of capital structure and (ii) shows how those failures can be repaired by taking into account imperfect managerial knowledge and several other factors. The analysis yields a compact set of principles for thinking about capital structure in an empirically supported way.
Testing the heavy quark effective theory in

Abstract We use the techniques of the heavy quark effective theory, together with recent CLEO analyses, to predict the spectra of the D∗ and D mesons in the semileptonic decays B 0 → D ∗+ e − ν and B 0 D + e − ν
CycleTalk: Data Driven Design of Support for Simulation Based Learning

In this article, we discuss the motivation for a novel style of tutorial dialogue system that emphasizes reflection in a simulation based exploratory learning environment called CyclePad, which was developed in order to offer students practice at design and optimization of thermodynamic cycles. We argue that while typical forms of exploration support offered in simulation based learning environments are meant to encourage the development of good exploration process skills, the instantiation of these typical forms of support in CyclePad are not sufficient, primarily because students don't choose to use them. We present a preliminary cognitive task analysis of design exploration tasks using CyclePad. Using this cognitive task analysis, we analyze data collected in two waves of formal data collection. Finally, we conclude with some system desiderata derived from our analysis as well as discussion of directions for continued experimental investigations related to tutor style.
On programs for prime length FFTs and circular convolution

Describes a set of programs for circular convolution and prime length FFTs that are short, possess great structure, share many computational procedures, and cover a large variety of lengths. The programs make clear the structure of the algorithms and clearly enumerate independent computational branches that can be performed in parallel. Moreover, each of these independent operations is made up of a sequence of sub-operations which can be implemented as vector/parallel operations. This is in contrast with previously existing programs for prime length FFTs: they consist of straight line code, no code is shared between them, and they cannot be easily adapted for vector/parallel implementations. The authors have also developed a program that automatically generates these programs for prime length FFTs.
Aging-related failure rate obtained from bathtub curve data

The bathtub curve (BTC) can be viewed as an experimental reliability “passport” of a population of mass produced devices. This curve considers and reflects the combined effect of two irreversible processes: statistics-related mass-production process and reliability-physics-related degradation (aging) process. The statistics-related process results in a decreasing failure rate with time. The reliability-physics-related process leads to an increasing failure rate. This circumstance explains particularly why the steady-state portion of a BTC is characterized by a more or less constant failure rate. The statistical process can be evaluated theoretically, using a rather simple predictive model. Owing to that and assuming that the two processes are statistically independent one can assess the failure rates associated with the aging process from the BTC data by simply subtracting the predicted ordinates of the statistical process from the experimentally determined BTC ordinates. The cases when the statistical failure rate is distributed in accordance with the Rayleigh law or is normally distributed are used as illustrations of the suggested methodology. In either case it is assumed that effective burn-in has been carried out by the manufacturer, so that the BTC does not contain the infant mortality portion. The developed models can be employed when there is a need to better understand the relative roles of the statistics-related and physics-of-failure-related processes in reliability evaluations of the aerospace electronic and photonic products. The models can be used also beyond the field of aerospace engineering, and even beyond the area of electronics-and-photonics engineering, when there is a need to separate the roles of the two processes in question. One of the challenges in the future work is to determine the probability distributions of actual statistical failure rates for particular electronic, photonic or MEMS products and applications.
Hyperspectral image compression based on adaptive recursive bidirection prediction/JPEG

Abstract This paper proposes a new recursive bidirection prediction (RBP)/JPEG method for hyperspectral image compression. The compression is achieved by using this novel RBP scheme for spectral decorrelation followed by the standard JPEG algorithm for coding the resulting decorrelated residual images. The key feature of the new method is that it presents a recursive algorithm to reduce the interband correlation. This algorithm is easy to implement, overcomes the drawbacks of one-sided prediction and coding noise accumulation in DPCM, and also overcomes the disadvantages of computation complexity in the KLT and VQ-based methods. In addition, by combining the RBP scheme with the standard JPEG algorithm, both spectral and spatial correlations inherent in hyperspectral images are exploited. The high compression performances are maintained. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, the computer simulations are conducted on AVIRIS data. The experimental results indicate that the new method provides significant improvement over conventional bidirection prediction (BP) and DPCM for hyperspectral image compression in both objective and subjective measures. While the average compression ratio ( CR ) is increase compared with BP and DPCM, the average signal-to-noise ratio ( SNR ) of the reconstructed images is also increases. The effect of compression on classification is negligible compared with the results of the original image classification.
The Application of Dynamic Synapse Neural Networks on Footstep and Vehicle Recognition

In this paper we report application of biologically based dynamic synapse neural network (DSNN) on perimeter protection. More specifically, the purpose is to protect a fence line from approaching human being and vehicles. We have used geophones to detect seismic signals generated by footsteps and vehicles. While acoustic sensors can be fooled by artificial sounds, fooling geophones by artificial seismic waves is a complicated task. Moreover detecting human footsteps -weak signal to noise ratio -by acoustic waveform is subject to the distance between the sensor and human. Therefore detecting a human's footsteps by employing acoustic information will not be possible unless he/she walks close to the acoustic sensors. Geophones are resonant devices; therefore any vibration in the substrate can generate seismic waveforms which could be very similar to the signature generated by footstep or vehicle. In addition, geophone response is completely substrate dependent, rendering recognition of footsteps or vehicle vs. other vibrations to be a very difficult task. Therefore, in order to have robust and high-confidence classification/detection of a human/ vehicle threats, we have employed the DSNN. The network is trained to extract intrinsic characteristics of the waveform, frame by frame. Then parameters of the network are analyzed by Gaussian mixture models. The results of our study show 88.8% and 86% correct classification rate for the detection of human footsteps and vehicle respectively.
DELAYED APPLICATION OF AURINTRICARBOXYLIC ACID REDUCES GLUTAMATE-INDUCED CORTICAL NEURONAL INJURY

The non-specific endonuclease inhibitor, aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), attenuated glutamate-induced destruction of cultured cortical neurons. In part, this protective effect likely reflected the ability of ATA to produce a slowly developing block of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated inward whole cell current or increase in intracellular free Ca2+. However, ATA also attenuated a high K+-induced increase in intracellular free Ca2+ in the presence of D-aminophosphonovalerate, suggesting that ATA may have a more general effect on Ca2+ homeostasis. In addition, ATA attenuated glutamate neurotoxicity even if added up to 2 hr after completion of glutamate exposure, a time when glutamate antagonists or lipid peroxidation inhibitors are no longer neuroprotective. Involvement of apoptosis in this excitotoxic death is unlikely, as Southern blotting of genomic DNA revealed no evidence of fragmentation, and death was not prevented by inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis. Most likely, ATA interferes with some key downstream consequences of excitotoxic glutamate receptor overactivation. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Study of Time Lag of the Needle Gap

The study of high-voltage, steep-wave-front transients is difficult from the experimental standpoint because of the very short times involved. Due to the improvement which the cathode-ray oscillograph has enjoyed in recent years, a device is now available by the use of which transients occurring in times as short as one-millionth of a second or less may be photographed. In the paper, the authors used an oscillograph developed by Dufour in France, with which a brief study was made of the time lag of needle gaps and of a needle to a plane. A description of the oscillograph is given including a discussion of the method of operation. The photographic film is placed inside the tube so that the electrons impinge directly on the film. The wave is drawn out along a time axis by the combined action of a sweeping motion and a perpendicular oscillating motion imparteat to the electron stream by the action of proper electromagnetic fields. Tests were made with a wave which was nearly perpendicular, reaching its maximam in about one microsecond. Such a wave was obtained by the discharge of a condenser through a suitable circuit. An oscillogram which shows the wave front used is given, and attention is directed to the 20,800-kilocycle oscillation which appears superimposed on the wave front.
Hemorrhagic diathesis with oral symptoms: report of case.

A case of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is reported. Prolonged postextraction hemorrhage should alert the practitioner to the possibility of a systemic hematologic deficiency that requires vigorous treatment. In this instance, systemic corticosteroid therapy was necessary in addition to local hemostatic measures.