cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth Characteristics of Cytomegalovirus in Human Fibroblasts with Demonstration of Protein Synthesis Early in Viral Replication

In high-multiplicity infection of human fibroblasts, human cytomegalovirus of WI-38 human diploid cells produced early cell rounding 6 to 24 h after inoculation. This early cell rounding was caused only by inoculation with infectious virions. Inhibitors of protein synthesis, but not DNA inhibitors, prevented this cytopathic effect. Apparently, a new protein is synthesized in infected fibroblasts from about 2 h postinoculation. Infectivity of cell-associated and supernatant infectious virus reached maximal levels at 5 to 7 and 10 days postinoculation, respectively. Synthesis of DNA, infectious virus, complement-fixing antigen, and precipitin antigen all began between 24 and 48 h, with the bulk of synthesis occurring 48 to 96 h postinoculation.
Arene effects on difluoroboron β-diketonate mechanochromic luminescence

Difluoroboron β-diketonate (BF2bdk) dyes display reversible mechanochromic luminescence (ML) in the solid state. A series of BF2bdk dyes with methyl, phenyl, naphthyl and anthracyl groups (i.e. arene substituents and bdk ligands: Me–Ph = mbm, Ph–Ph = dbm, Np–Ph = nbm, An–Ph = abm) were prepared to test the effects of π conjugation length and arene size on ML properties. Solid-state emission spectra were recorded for powders, spin-cast films, and dye coated weighing paper. The materials emit at various wavelengths from blue to red, depending on the conjugation length. Additionally, emission spectra were recorded for smeared solids and their recovery was tracked at room temperature over time. All dyes except for BF2mbm show emission changes upon mechanical perturbation, with increasing π conjugation correlating with more dramatic, redshifted fluorescence, however, their recovery is significantly affected by the aromatic substituents. The thermal and structural properties of the dyes in the solid state were also investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Estimating Models with Binary Dependent Variables: Some Theoretical and Empirical Observations

Many mathematically similar models are being used by business researchers to link binary dependent variables with a set of predictor variables. Typical research results indicate little difference between models in their ability to properly classify observations. But, there appear to be major differences in the interpretation of coefficients resulting from the calibration of these competing models. The empirical results in this article clearly show that when the assumptions underlying binary-dependent-variable techniques are violated, parameter estimates may be misleading. This can be true even when the goodness-of-fit statistics are not substantially affected.
Running Speed Alters the Frequency of Hippocampal Gamma Oscillations

Successful spatial navigation is thought to employ a combination of at least two strategies: the following of landmark cues and path integration. Path integration requires that the brain use the speed and direction of movement in a meaningful way to continuously compute the position of the animal. Indeed, the running speed of rats modulates both the firing rate of neurons and the spectral properties of low frequency, theta oscillations seen in the local field potential (LFP) of the hippocampus, a region important for spatial memory formation. Higher frequency, gamma-band LFP oscillations are usually associated with decision-making, increased attention, and improved reaction times. Here, we show that increased running speed is accompanied by large, systematic increases in the frequency of hippocampal CA1 network oscillations spanning the entire gamma range (30-120 Hz) and beyond. These speed-dependent changes in frequency are seen on both linear tracks and two-dimensional platforms, and are thus independent of the behavioral task. Synchrony between anatomically distant CA1 regions also shifts to higher gamma frequencies as running speed increases. The changes in frequency are strongly correlated with changes in the firing rates of individual interneurons, consistent with models of gamma generation. Our results suggest that as a rat runs faster, there are faster gamma frequency transitions between sequential place cell-assemblies. This may help to preserve the spatial specificity of place cells and spatial memories at vastly different running speeds.
Meeting One's Twin: Perceived Social Closeness and Familiarity:

Perceptions of social closeness and familiarity were assessed among 44 monozygotic (MZA) and 33 dizygotic (DZA) reunited twin pairs, and several individual twins and triplets. Significantly greater MZA than DZA closeness and familiarity were found. Closeness and familiarity ratings for co-twins exceeded those for nonbiological siblings with whom twins were raised. Correlations between perceptions of physical resemblance and social closeness and familiarity were positive and statistically significant. However, most correlations between social relatedness and contact time were non-significant. Associations between social relatedness and similarities in selected behavioral traits were also examined. The findings support various theoretical perspectives anticipating greater affiliation among close relatives than distant relatives.
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): Acetylcholinesterases

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) molecules are attached to the synaptic basal lamina in between the nerve terminal and the receptor-rich postsynaptic membrane. Their function is to terminate neurotransmission by rapidly hydrolyzing acetylcholine released by the motor neurons. Expression of AChE at the neuromuscular synapse has been studied for more than 70 years as a marker for nerve–muscle interactions and was the first synapse-specific protein identified. The AChE molecules are synthesized by the skeletal muscle fibers in a very small region of the sarcoplasm underlying the nerve terminal containing the subsynaptic nuclei. This enzyme is regulated at the transcriptional, translational and posttranslational levels, including assembly with noncatalytic subunits that target it to the synaptic region where it remains attached to the synaptic basal lamina.
I Did Well. Should I Tell? Gender Differences in Children’s Academic Success Disclosures

There is growing evidence that individuals frequently share good news with others and that these positive event disclosures can predict positive affective outcomes. In the current study, we tested hypotheses regarding gender differences in one type of positive event disclosure: children’s willingness to disclose academic successes to friends. Participants were 524 children living in the Midwestern United States. The sample was divided into two age groups: middle childhood and early adolescence. Consistent with hypotheses, girls were more likely than boys to disclose academic successes to friends. Also consistent with hypotheses, this gender difference was mediated by gender differences in perceived norms and perceived responses. Specifically, girls’ greater willingness to disclose academic successes to friends was partially explained by girls’ greater sense that academic success disclosures are normative and – especially among early adolescents – by girls’ greater sense that academic success disclosures will be met with supportive responses. Contrary to predictions, this gender difference was not mediated by prosocial goals. Although these findings may run contrary to the notion that girls are more likely than boys to adopt a modest self-presentation style, they are consistent with evidence that girls’ friendships are more likely than boys’ to be characterized by features (e.g., validation) that would facilitate positive event disclosures and with evidence that boys are more likely than girls to demonstrate a devaluing of academic achievement and effort. Future research will be important in better understanding how parent, teacher, and peer socialization processes interact to contribute to children’s decision-making regarding academic success disclosures.
Oncoviral proteins as cellular antigens.

This review will be concerned with immunological recognition of proteins encoded by oncoviruses and the biological consequences of this recognition. We shall discuss virion structural proteins and variants of these gene products which do not actually reside on virions, as well as proteins specified by cellular genes which have become incorporated into oncoviral genomes and can cause the malignant transformation of host cells. A number of the proteins in question are to be found on the surface of cells. This circumstance is connected with the capacity of the viruses to bud from the plasma membrane, and, in the case of some transformation-related viral proteins, may have to do with the phenotype of transformation. Cell-surface location makes a protein an efficient antigen, provides a point of attack for immune surveillance mechanisms defending against malignancy, and facilitates serological analysis in vitro.
Adaptive particle filtering in data assimilation of wildfire spread simulation

Data assimilation techniques can be used to improve the estimation of the wildfire spread simulation by assimilating the real time data into the simulation models, such as sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods. The standard SMC methods employ the same number of particles and don't utilize the runtime state inference particle convergence characterization information during the execution of the algorithm. Therefore, a large number of particles are required to ensure that the particles can converge to the true posterior of the system state. For such large-scale spatial temporal systems as wildfire spread simulation, the system's state is large and its behaviors are heterogeneous in various areas. This heterogeneous and dynamic behavior makes the uncertainty of state inference dynamically change. In this paper, we design the adaptive particle filtering algorithm to dynamically adjust the number of particles based on the quantified uncertainty of state inference, thus to achieve more efficient simulation results.
Shear-Dependent Rolling on von Willebrand Factor of Mammalian Cells Expressing the Platelet Glycoprotein Ib-IX-V Complex

Mural thrombi form on exposed arterial subendothelium by a two-step process of platelet adhesion and aggregation. At high shear stresses such as are found in stenotic arteries, both steps are mediated by von Willebrand factor (vWF). Platelets initially adhere on vWF affixed to the subendothelial matrix through the glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex. To examine the role of the GP Ib-IX-V complex under dynamic conditions, we modeled initial platelet adhesion at shear stresses ranging from 2 to 40 dyn/cm2 using vWF-coated glass slides, mammalian cells expressing full or partial GP Ib-IX-V complexes, and a parallel plate flow chamber with phase contrast video microscopy and digital image processing. Mammalian cells expressing the full complex tethered and rolled on the vWF substrate, whereas control cells did not. The rolling was completely inhibited by the monoclonal GP Ib antibody, AK2, or the vWF antibody, 5D2, both shown previously to block vWF-dependent platelet aggregation. Other GP Ib antibodies, WM23 and SZ2, did not significantly change the number or mean velocity of rolling cells. At low levels of GP Ib surface expression, cells expressing the full complex rolled slower than cells expressing the complex without GP V, indicating that GP V strengthens the interactions with the vWF surface under these conditions. Preshearing vWF for 5 minutes at 40 dyn/cm2 immediately before introducing cells into the chamber did not significantly change the number or the mean velocity of rolling cells. Inhibiting sulfation of the tyrosine residues within the GP Ib subunit reduced the number but did not change the mean velocity of the rolling cells. Our results indicate that, under the conditions of these experiments, bonds between vWF and GP Ib constantly form and break under fluid shear stress. Additionally, our results suggest that GP Ib-IX-V complexes behave like selectin receptors in their ability to mediate smooth rolling while cells maintain continuous surface contact. Such a mechanism, in vivo, would allow platelets to slow down and eventually arrest on the blood vessel wall. The system described provides a valuable approach for investigating the structure-function relationship of individual receptors and ligands in the process of platelet adhesion and thrombosis.
Tensor completion via optimization on the product of matrix manifolds

We present a method for tensor completion using optimization on low-rank matrix manifolds. Our notion of tensor-rank is based on the recently proposed framework of tensor- Singular Value Decomposition (t-SVD) in [1], [2]. In contrast to convex optimization methods used in [1] that operate in a high-dimensional space, in the manifold setting, one works directly in the reduced dimensionality space and is thus able to significantly reduce the computational costs [3], [4]. In this paper we focus on 3-D data and under the tensor algebraic framework of [1], [2] we show that a 3-D tensor of fixed tubal-rank can be seen as an element of the product manifold of fixed low-rank matrices in the Fourier domain. The tensor completion problem then reduces to finding the best approximation to the sampled data on this product manifold. Further, for 3-D data we consider and compare recovery performance under two approaches. In the first approach one samples entire mode-3 fibers of the tensor, which we refer to as tubal-sampling. The second approach employs element-wise sampling and we simply refer to this method as sampling. For these two types of sampling approaches, we present simulation results for surveillance video data and show that recovery under random sampling has better performance compared to the random tubal-sampling.
Silicon NanowireBased Nonvolatile Memory Cells: Progress and Prospects

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction A brief review of nanowire-based NVM cells Silicon nanowire-based NVM Conclusions and future prospects
Work–Family Balance Choices of Women Working in Kenyan Universities

The proportion of women working in the formal sector in Sub-Saharan Africa has increased in recent years. The kinship networks are weakening, leading to a decline in the traditional forms of suppor...
CROSSING BOUNDARIES: Authority, Knowledge, and Experience in the Autobiography Vida y Sucesos de lo Monjo Alférez

In Vida y sucesos de la Monja Alferez, seventeenth-century Basque nun Catalina de Erauso escapes from a convent, thereafter dressing as a man and pursuing adventure in Spain and the New World. As a cross-dressing soldier, Erauso's experience allows her authority as the first-person narrator of her own story. This essay analyzes the “yo” of Erauso's narrative, exploring her agency in narrating her own story.
Analysis of Transnational Farm Land Tenure Transactions and Trend of Formulating Relevant International Rules

Sustainable agricultural investment is the basic measure to ensure the world's food security. As the global grain price goes up,agricultural investment is heating up again. The accompanying transnational land tenure transactions and the corresponding international rules have become major concerns of global food security governance. This article examines the latest dynamics in transnational agricultural investment through analyzing the status quo of transnational land tenure transactions and the trend of formulating relevant international rules,which can be the reference for China to participate in international agricultural economic activities. Studies show that in the new round of agricultural investment boom,the investment subject remains traditional agricultural investors including the U. S.,EU and Japan. Emerging countries have smaller investment scale but attract much attention from international community. New investment activities have witnessed violations of local residents' land tenure rights. Thus,transnational land tenure transactions face numerous disputes. To facilitate the orderly agricultural investment,international institutions centered around FAO are striving to improve farm land tenure governance and formulate the transaction rules,and have formed the "Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land,Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security"after long-time international negotiations. Another relevant rule,"Principles for Responsible Investment in Agriculture and Food Systems",is under negotiation. The two rules are to solve two aspects of the same problem with the former one aiming at the institutional arrangement of domestic land tenure governance and the latter one at specific agricultural investment activities. Their goal is the same:to strengthen the land tenure governance of developing countries and protect the property rights of farmers,particularly small-scale farmers,so as to ensure comprehensive food security. The newly-released international rule of land tenure transaction raises the access threshold to agricultural investment,but provides a sound institutional and law environment and reduces uncertainties of agricultural investment. In this context,Chinese agricultural enterprises should make proper adjustments to go out and adapt to the new investment environment.
Critical Transnational Pedagogy

In this chapter I put forth the notion of a new critical pedagogy, one that leads in a struggle to distinguish between the neoliberal globalization (a term akin to colonization and infused with a harnessing of human capital as its own) and that of the affirming idea of transnational education.
Head Model for Impact Tolerance

A human head model has been developed which may be useful in the study of impact attenuation of motor vehicle components and for possible use on an anthropomorphic dummy in vehicle crash studies. The model has a 1 piece self skinning urethane foam skull which is cast from a stiff rubber mold made by a slightly modified human skull, a silicon gel filled cranial cavity and a silicon rubber coated skin simulating cover. A solid silicon rubber rudimentary neck is held onto the head by means of a steel strand cable attached at the foramen magnum.
Localized Corrosion of Mild Steel in Marginally Sour Environments

Localized corrosion has been a challenge for the integrity of mild steel pipelines, specifically at operating conditions where a trace amount of H2S is present alongside CO2 at lower temperatures. The presence of H2S will lead to the formation of a protective iron sulfide layer that will decrease the general corrosion rate; however, a trace amount of H2S may only form a partially protective mackinawite layer that could result in localized corrosion. In the current study, mild steel specimens (API 5L X65) were exposed to a 1 wt% NaCl solution sparged at 0.096 MPa pCO2 and 15 ×10−6 MPa or less pH2S (≤150 ppm H2S/CO2). At pH 5.0 and 30°C the bulk solution was undersaturated with respect to iron sulfide—mackinawite and iron carbonate. At these marginally sour conditions, a H2S/CO2 threshold of approximately 100 ppm was deduced, below which localized corrosion happened. No localized corrosion occurred for the same environmental conditions when H2S/CO2 ratio was above 100 ppm or when there was no H2S present.
Lung Diseases of the Elderly: Cellular Mechanisms

Natural lung aging is characterized by molecular and cellular changes in multiple lung cell populations. These changes include shorter telomeres, increased expression of cellular senescence markers, increased DNA damage, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and stem cell exhaustion. Aging, combined with the loss of protective repair processes, correlates with the development and incidence of chronic respiratory diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ultimately, it is the interplay of age-related changes in biology and the subsequent responses to environmental exposures that largely define the physiology and clinical course of the aging lung.
Microsatellite primers for the cryptic species of the moss Hamatocaulis vernicosus and methods for their quick barcoding

Hamatocaulis vernicosus (Mitt.) Hedenas is a pleurocarpous moss assigned to the family Scorpidiaceae (Ignatov & Ignatova, 2004). It is confined to the threatened habitat of rich fens, which has suf...
Characterization of pER371-based Streptococcus thermophilus-Escherichia coli shuttle vectors

Native plasmid of Streptococcus thermophilus ST137, pER371 (2.7 kb) linearized at various unique restriction sites was individually subcloned into Escherichia coli plasmid pUC19 to generate the pUER-series recombinants. A selection cassette consisting of chloramphenicol- and erythromycin-resistance genes was spliced into each construct to generate the pMEU shuttle vectors. Electrotransformation of Streptococcus thermophilus with these vectors showed that a ca. 1.7 kb BstEII/ BanII fragment is essential for plasmid replication. A shuttle vector, pMEU149-1 (5.3 kb), was constructed using the minimally required fragment for replication. A chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ( cat) gene was successfully expressed in the ultimate S. thermophilus host by using pMEU149-1. Cloning vectors derived from pER371 should provide valuable alternative gene delivery vehicles for the genetic engineering of lactic acid bacteria.
The Cluster Problem and Preliminary Ideas

There exist many situations in scientific and business investigations in which the technique which has come to be called cluster analysis is applicable. In order to avoid specialization to perhaps a few fields of application we will discuss the technique from a general and perhaps somewhat abstract approach in this chapter and give what we consider interesting applications in a later chapter.
From independence to interconnection — A review of AI technology applied in energy systems

The development of diversified energy structures, distributed energy scheduling models and active participation ability of users, leads to a rapid movement toward energy system in which different energy carriers and systems interact together in a synergistic way. This energy development will face many challenges with the requirements of big data processing capability, professional skill, distributed collaboration and realtime monitoring for the energy system that demands an intelligent and flexible tool to realize the smart energy. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has become a focus because of its better performance. This paper proposed a classification method that incorporates the intelligence of an independent energy unit (IEU) and the intelligence among interconnected energy units (IEUS) to review the development of AI technology in energy systems. The dominant structures of IEU can be considered from three aspects including perception, decision and implementation to study the optimal strategy for AI methods utilized in IEU. And considering the interaction relationship of IEUS, the AI applied for it can be described by the coordinated relationship and adversarial relationship problems to achieve consensus. By discussing the AI technologies and the potentials of AI in the energy system, some suggestions are presented to improve intelligent technologies for sustainable energy systems in the future.
Wave-induced particle precipitation into the ionosphere from the inner magnetosphere

The Earth inner magnetosphere is a donut-shape large reservoir of magnetized plasma, energetic particles (keV – MeV), and various plasma waves. Plasma waves play important roles in the Earth’s magnetosphere. Plasma waves with very low frequency (VLF) of $\sim$ kHz and ultra low frequency (ULF) of $\sim$ Hz, can interact with energetic electrons and ions trapped in the magnetic field in the magnetosphere at approximately 3 – 10 Earth radii. Thus, these waves can change pitch-angle (angle to the magnetic field line in momentum space) and result in charged particle precipitation into the ionosphere and upper atmosphere. This can in turn cause charged-particle-impact ionization and change ionospheric densities and conductivities [e.g., 1]. Here we comprehensively study charged particle precipitation from the inner magnetosphere into ionosphere and their effects. We simulate ion and electron dynamics in the inner magnetosphere during moderate and strong storms, using the CIMI/BATS-R-US model [2, 3], which solve the bounce-averaged Boltzmann’ transport and magnetohydrodynamics equations including quasi-linear wave-particle interactions. We also simulate ion and electron precipitation into the mid-latitude ionosphere and estimate their impact on the ionosphere calculating ionospheric chemistry and conductivity, which affects magnetosphere-ionsphere coupled current system and Joule heating in the ionsphere.
Maternal hair cortisol levels as a novel predictor of neonatal abstinence syndrome severity: A pilot feasibility study.

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) after in-utero opioid exposure remains a poorly understood condition with multiple factors contributing to severity. Exposure to maternal stress may be one contributing factor. Hair cortisol measurement represents a novel technique for assessing prenatal stress. In this pilot study, the association between maternal hair cortisol levels and NAS severity was examined in 70 postpartum women with opioid use disorder within 72 hr of delivery. Infants were monitored for NAS and treated according to institutional protocol. Forty-four (63%) of the infants were pharmacologically treated for NAS, with a mean length of hospital stay (LOS) for all infants of 14.2 (SD 9.0) days. The mean cortisol level in the mothers was 131.8 pg/mg (SD 124.7). In bivariate analysis, higher maternal hair cortisol levels were associated with shorter infant LOS (R = -.26, p = .03) and fewer infant opioid treatment days (R = -.28, p = .02). Results were no longer statistically significant in regression models after adjusting for maternal opioid and smoking. In conclusion, we demonstrated the feasibility of hair cortisol assaying within the first few days after delivery in mothers with opioid use disorder as a novel marker for NAS. The findings suggest that maternal stress may impact the severity of infant opioid withdrawal.
Duodenectomy with jejunal advancement and reimplantation of the ampulla of Vater for recurrent right colon cancer: A case report

Abstract Background Local or regional recurrence of colon or rectal cancer frequently occurs if there is a positive margin of resection or spillage of cancer cells during the operation. Methods The clinical course of a patient with right colon cancer recurrent within the resection site and on the anterior aspect of the duodenum was reviewed. Results Resection of recurrent right colon cancer was accomplished by subtotal duodenectomy. Reconstruction was with jejunal advancement and reimplantation of the ampulla of Vater. No postoperative complications occurred and palliation was excellent. Conclusions Prevention of recurrent right colon cancer is an import consideration for primary resection. However, if this duodenum is involved by recurrence, techniques for resection exist.
Use of naltrexone in treating opioid use disorder in pregnancy

Background The mainstay of the management of opioid use disorder in pregnancy is with methadone or buprenorphine medication-assisted treatment. Methadone and buprenorphine are opioid agonist drugs. Naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, is also a medication-assisted treatment option; however, to date, only a few retrospective studies have reported its use in pregnancy. Objective Our study objective was to evaluate prospectively obstetric and newborn outcomes and the maternal/fetal effects of the use of naltrexone as a medication-assisted treatment in pregnant patients with opioid use disorder. Study Design We performed a prospective cohort study collecting data on all pregnant women who were treated with naltrexone medication-assisted treatment compared with pregnant women who were treated with methadone or buprenorphine medication-assisted treatment. Based on a sample size calculation, it was determined that for a power of 90, a minimum of 160 study participants (80 in each group) was needed with an alpha of .01 and an expected 60% rate of newborn infants who were treated for neonatal abstinence syndrome in the methadone or buprenorphine medication-assisted treatment group compared with a 30% rate in the naltrexone medication-assisted treatment group. In a random subset of 20 maternal/newborn dyads, blood levels for naltrexone and 6-beta-naltrexol (an active metabolite) were analyzed at delivery. Results A total of 230 patients were studied: 121 patients with naltrexone medication-assisted treatment compared with 109 patients with methadone or buprenorphine medication-assisted treatment. No differences between groups were seen regarding demographics, the use of comedications/drugs, or obstetric outcomes. For newborn outcomes, the rate of neonatal abstinence syndrome in neonates >34 weeks gestation was significantly lower in the naltrexone medication-assisted treatment group (10/119 [8.4%] vs 79/105 [75.2%]; P 60 hours before delivery. Conclusion These study data demonstrate that, in pregnant women who choose to completely detoxify off opioid drugs during gestation, naltrexone, as a continued form of medication-assisted treatment, is a viable option for some pregnant patients who experience opioid use disorder. Naltrexone crosses the placenta, and maternal and fetal levels are concordant. Because naltrexone clears quickly from the maternal circulation, this rapid clearance needs to be addressed with patients. This is important because maternal relapse could occur in a short time-period if the oral drug is discontinued without the knowledge of their healthcare providers. Nonetheless, the drug is well-tolerated by both mother and fetus, and newborn infants do not experience symptoms of neonatal abstinence syndrome if naltrexone medication-assisted treatment is maintained to delivery.
Long-Term Assessment of Alternative Strategies for the Restoration of Floodplain Forest in the Presence of an Invasive Grass, Phalaris arundinacea

In 1998, a 6.1-ha wetland restoration project along the Rock River, IL, USA was designed to test five afforestation methods on former agricultural land, including planting bareroot trees, balled-and-burlapped trees, seedlings, acorns, or allowing natural regeneration. Fifteen years later, we assessed vegetation at the site to determine the effectiveness of alternative strategies and compare treatments to an adjacent floodplain forest. We also compared the cost of treatments to determine whether long-term restoration outcomes justified initial costs. After 15 years, lower cost treatments (acorn plantings and passive restoration) were dominated by dense reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) with sparse trees, whereas higher cost treatments (bareroot and balled-and-burlapped tree plantings) had developed closed tree canopies, and tended to have greater plant species richness, tree basal area, and density of stems >7.5-cm diameter. For every additional $10,000 per ha spent on restoration, predicted richness increased by 1 species per 250-m2 plot, predicted P. arundinacea biomass decreased by 61 g m−2, and predicted tree basal area increased by 3 m2 ha−1. Although some studies have indicated that passive regeneration alone is effective for afforestation, restoration of floodplains in the presence of P. arundinacea will require a more intensive approach.
Interethnic conflict in Jonglei State, South Sudan: Emerging ethnic hatred between the Lou Nuer and the Murle

This article analyses the escalation of interethnic confl icts between the Lou Nuer and the Murle in Jonglei State of South Sudan. Historically, interethnic confl icts in Jonglei were best described as environmental confl icts, in which multiple ethnic groups competed over scarce resources for cattle grazing. Cattle raiding was commonly committed. The global climate change exacerbated resource scarcity, which contributed to intensifying the confl icts and developing ethnic cleavage. The type of confl ict drastically shifted from resource-driven to identity-driven confl ict after the 2005 government-led civilian disarmament, which increased the existing security dilemma. In the recent confl icts, there have been clear demonstrations of ethnic hatred in both sides, and arguably the tactics used amounted to acts of genocide. The article ends with some implications drawn from the Jonglei case on post-confl ict reform of the security sector and management of multiple identities.
Allosteric Activators of Protein Phosphatase 2A Display Broad Antitumor Activity Mediated by Dephosphorylation of MYBL2

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) enzymes can suppress tumors, but they are often inactivated in human cancers overexpressing inhibitory proteins. Here, we identify a class of small-molecule iHAPs (improved heterocyclic activators of PP2A) that kill leukemia cells by allosterically assembling a specific heterotrimeric PP2A holoenzyme consisting of PPP2R1A (scaffold), PPP2R5E (B56e, regulatory), and PPP2CA (catalytic) subunits. One compound, iHAP1, activates this complex but does not inhibit dopamine receptor D2, a mediator of neurologic toxicity induced by perphenazine and related neuroleptics. The PP2A complex activated by iHAP1 dephosphorylates the MYBL2 transcription factor on Ser241, causing irreversible arrest of leukemia and other cancer cells in prometaphase. In contrast, SMAPs, a separate class of compounds, activate PP2A holoenzymes containing a different regulatory subunit, do not dephosphorylate MYBL2, and arrest tumor cells in G1 phase. Our findings demonstrate that small molecules can serve as allosteric switches to activate distinct PP2A complexes with unique substrates.
Impact of state-level cannabis legalization on poly use of alcohol and cannabis in the United States, 2004-2017.

Abstract Background Cannabis policy has shifted toward legalization in many parts of the United States (US). While attention has been focused on whether legalization will lead to changes in cannabis use, it is conceivable that legalization will also affect use of substances that individuals frequently use with cannabis. This study assessed whether cannabis legalization impacted the prevalence of poly use of cannabis and alcohol from 2004 to 2017 and estimated the prevalence of cannabis and alcohol poly use in 2017. Methods Public and restricted-use data from the US 2004–2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were analyzed. Data on past-month cannabis and alcohol use were assessed each year. Cannabis legalization was determined by the presence or absence of medical marijuana laws (MML) and recreational marijuana laws (RML) in each state. Difference-in-difference approach was used to estimate the association of MML and RML on cannabis and alcohol use overall and by sociodemographic subgroups (e.g., age, income, education). Results Between 2004 and 2017, poly use of cannabis and alcohol increased while alcohol-only use decreased. MML were associated with increases in poly use only among adults over age 50 and among those with higher annual incomes and higher education, while RML were associated with increases in poly use broadly among adults across sociodemographic groups. Conclusions Legalization of cannabis was associated with increases in cannabis-alcohol poly use in the US. RML were associated with increases across demographics, while the impact of MML was more limited to certain sociodemographic groups.
Quantifying causality in data science with quasi-experiments

Estimating causality from observational data is essential in many data science questions but can be a challenging task. Here we review approaches to causality that are popular in econometrics and that exploit (quasi) random variation in existing data, called quasi-experiments, and show how they can be combined with machine learning to answer causal questions within typical data science settings. We also highlight how data scientists can help advance these methods to bring causal estimation to high-dimensional data from medicine, industry and society. While estimating causality from observational data is challenging, quasi-experiments provide causal inference methods with plausible assumptions that can be practical to a range of real-world problems.
Antibiotic Use and Outcomes in Young Children Hospitalized with Uncomplicated Community-Acquired Pneumonia

ABSTRACT Objectives To compare children aged 36 months or younger hospitalized with uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) that are not treated with antibiotics to those treated with antibiotics in terms of clinical features and outcome measures. Methods Administrative data and medical record review were used to identify patients from 3-36 months of age hospitalized from 2011-2019 with uncomplicated CAP. Patients were considered treated if they received antibiotics for more than 2 inpatient days and/or at discharge, and not treated if they received 2 or fewer inpatient days and no antibiotics at discharge. Demographic features, clinical characteristics, radiologic findings, viral testing, illness severity, length of stay and 30-day hospital readmissions were assessed and compared according to antibiotic treatment. Results 322 CAP cases were included. 266/322 (83%) received antibiotics for more than 48 hours and/or at discharge. 56 patients received 2 or fewer inpatient days of antibiotics and no antibiotics at discharge; the majority received no inpatient antibiotics. There were no differences between the two groups in illness severity, length of stay or hospital readmissions. The proportion of patients treated with antibiotics decreased from 88% (2011-2013) to 66% during the most recent years studied (2017-2019). Conclusion There was no difference in outcome of uncomplicated CAP in previously healthy children less than 36 months of age between those treated and not treated with antibiotics. Additional tools are needed to facilitate identification of viral CAP in young children and decrease unnecessary antibiotic use.
Following the Ball: African Soccer Players, Labor Strategies, and Emigration Across the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1949-75

When the great soccer player Eusebio left the field following Portugal’s 2-1 defeat to England in the 1966 World Cup semifinals, he was awash in tears, fiercely clutching his red and green jersey – the national colors of Portugal. Yet, Eusebio was neither born nor grew up in the Iberian nation; instead, a Mozambican, he was one of the many Africans who made their way from Portugal’s colonial territories to the metropole from the late 1940s until the conclusion of the colonial period in 1975 in order to ply their athletic skills. Like Eusebio, many of these African players performed spectacularly on the field, significantly elevating the play of their respective club teams and vaulting the Portuguese national team to unprecedented levels, even as Portugal brutally suppressed a series of nationalist insurgencies in its African territories. This paper examines the experiences of these African soccer players as they attempted to negotiate this politically-charged environment and strove to consolidate their post-athletic futures. I argue that despite the otherwise extraordinary nature of these individuals’ lives, their experiences suggest strong continuities with, and affinities to, well-established African labor strategies, including seeking occupational advice from more senior employees (i.e. fellow players) and engaging in secondary migration in order to improve working and living conditions. Indeed, while many players initially sought to pursue their social improvement objectives on the field, many others subsequently parlayed the ability to travel to Portugal to commence (or continue) their studies and/or to secure long-term employment; both pursuits were intended to safeguard these athletes’ futures beyond the end of their playing days. This paper also contends that the process of cultural assimilation that helped players adjust to their new surroundings commenced in the urban, “colonized spaces” of Africa and, thus, well before they arrived in Portugal. Ultimately, these players’ experiences illuminate the cosmetic and limited nature of the Portuguese dictatorship’s (1926-74) labor and social reforms – even when applied to the nation’s highest-profile wage-earners – but also some of the ways that Africans could creatively, if carefully, exploit opportunities generated by shifts in the social, occupational and political landscape in the waning decades of the Portuguese empire.
Social categories and the differences within: a theoretical call for dynamic analyses

In this theoretical paper, I examine the role and potential alterations to uses of social categories in qualitative research. Categories are socially constructed, imbued with power, and include rac...
Analyzing Syntax: A Lexical-Functional Approach

Buku ini merupakan buku teks yang komprehensif dan mudah dipahami mengenai analisis sintaksis yang didesain bagi pelajar linguistik. Dengan membahas lexical functional grammar , buku ini memberikan gambaran tentang kerangka dalam menganalisa dan menggambarkan struktur grammar, lewat contoh-contoh luas yang diambil dari bahasa-bahasa Eropa dan non-Eropa.nDi samping membangun pemahaman tentang apa yang telah dikaji oleh para linguis tentang bahasa pada umumnya, buku ini sekaligus memberikan penjelasan tentang fitur bahasa individu yang sangat unik. Kendatipun fokus utamanya adalah struktur sintaksis, buku ini juga memberikan perhatian tentang aspek makna, fungsi, dan struktur kata yang relevan terhadap kajian sintaksis.
Social Vision: Functional Forecasting and the Integration of Compound Social Cues.

For decades the study of social perception was largely compartmentalized by type of social cue: race, gender, emotion, eye gaze, body language, facial expression etc. This was partly due to good scientific practice (e.g., controlling for extraneous variability), and partly due to assumptions that each type of social cue was functionally distinct from others. Herein, we present a functional forecast approach to understanding compound social cue processing that emphasizes the importance of shared social affordances across various cues (see too Adams et al. In The science of social vision, ed. R.B. Adams Jr., N. Ambady, K. Nakayama, and S. Shimojo. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010b; Adams and Nelson In The handbook of social neuroscience, ed. J. Decety and J. Cacioppo. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011; Weisbuch and Adams Social and Personality Psychology Compass 6: 499–514, 2012). We review the traditional theories of emotion and face processing that argued for dissociable and noninteracting pathways (e.g., for specific emotional expressions, gaze, identity cues), as well as more recent evidence for combinatorial processing of social cues. We argue here that early, and presumably reflexive, visual integration of such cues is necessary for adaptive behavioral responding to others. In support of this claim, we review contemporary work that reveals a flexible visual system, one that readily incorporates meaningful contextual influences in even nonsocial visual processing, thereby establishing the functional and neuroanatomical bases necessary for compound social cue integration. Finally, we explicate three likely mechanisms driving such integration. Together, this work implicates a role for cognitive penetrability in visual perceptual abilities that have often been (and in some cases still are) ascribed to direct encapsulated perceptual processes.
Changing Patterns of Acute Psychiatric Hospitalization under a Public Managed Care Program

This study evaluates changes in patterns of acute psychiatric hospitalization under Massachusetts' Medicaid-funded Mental Health and Substance Abuse (MMHSA) carve-out program. The data consists of the Case Mix Database, for FY 1996 and FY 1997, compiled by the states Division of Health Care Finance and Policy, on all acute hospital episodes in the state. Key comparisons involve hospital utilization during the nine months preceding the 1996 implementation of the current expanded carve-out program and the subsequent 15 months of its implementation. Secondary comparisons are made between patients funded by the state's two major Medicaid programs, its behavioral carve-out and its contracted HMOs, as well as with other cohorts. Key variables include demographic and diagnostic measures, length of stay and recidivism, source of referral, insurance, socioeconomic characteristics of zip code of residence, and transfers between programs. Findings include lower than anticipated rates of transfer from the free-care program to the behavioral carve-out program and higher than average and increasing levels of recidivism for patients in the behavioral carve-out program. The final model, based on a Cox regression analysis, correctly predicts 62.9% of the rehospitalization experience, a statistically significant portion of which was attributable to type of insurance coverage. The study also shows that neither the carve-out nor the HMO model of managed care are clearly superior one another
Development of a new client-server architecture for context aware mobile computing

This dissertation studies the context-aware application with its proposed algorithms at client side. The required context-aware infrastructure is discussed in depth to illustrate that such an infrastructure collects the mobile user’s context information, registers service providers, derives mobile user’s current context, distributes user context among context-aware applications, and provides tailored services. The approach proposed tries to strike a balance between the context server and mobile devices. The context acquisition is centralized at the server to ensure the reusability of context information among mobile devices, while context reasoning remains at the application level. Hence, a centralized context acquisition and distributed context reasoning are viewed as a better solution overall. The context-aware search application is designed and implemented at the server side. A new algorithm is proposed to take into consideration the user context profiles. By promoting feedback on the dynamics of the system, any prior user selection is now saved for further analysis such that it may contribute to help the results of a subsequent search. On the basis of these developments at the server side, various solutions are consequently provided at the client side. A proxy software-based component is set up for the purpose of data collection. This research endorses the belief that the proxy at the client side should contain the context reasoning component. Implementation of such a component provides credence to this belief in that the context applications are able to derive the user context profiles. Furthermore, a context cache scheme is implemented to manage the cache on the client device in order to minimize processing requirements and other resources (bandwidth, CPU cycle, power). Java and MySQL platforms are used to implement the proposed architecture and to test scenarios derived from user’s daily activities. To meet the practical demands required of a testing environment without the impositions of a heavy cost for establishing such a comprehensive infrastructure, a software simulation using a free Yahoo search API is provided as a means to evaluate the effectiveness of the design approach in a most realistic way. The integration of Yahoo search engine into the context-aware architecture design proves how context aware application can meet user demands for tailored services and products in and around the user’s environment. The test results show that the overall design is highly effective, providing new features and enriching the mobile user’s experience through a broad scope of potential applications.