cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flickering images, floating signifiers: optical innovation and visual piety in senegal

ABSTRACTA Sufi movement of Senegal known as the Mouride Way possesses a vibrant visual culture made manifest in all manner of popular, devotional, and healing arts. Portraits of Sheikh Amadou Bamba (1853–1927), the saint around whose writings and life lessons the Mouride movement has been created, appear in every imaginable medium, but all are derived from the only known photograph of Bamba, taken by French colonial authorities in 1913. In 2003, lenticular images of the saint were introduced as an optical technology new to Mourides. Astonishingly enough, one of these shifts from a portrait of Bamba to an image of “the Prophet as a boy,” underscoring their spiritual proximity. This latter picture has been traced back to a photograph of a Tunisian boy taken around 1904 by the Orientalist Rudolph Lehnert and published in a 1914 issue of National Geographic. Despite such history, visual hagiography has it that the portrait was drawn by a sixth-century Syrian monk named Bahira. When Bahira encountered Muhammad...
Magnetotransport properties and subband structure of the two-dimensional hole gas in GaAs-Ga1-xAlxAs heterostructures.

Systematic magnetotransport measurements of two-dimensional holes in various GaAs-${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ As heterostructures are reported. The behavior of a heterojunction and a 200-A\r{} quantum well can be explained on the basis of zero-field spin-split subbands, whereas that of a 100-A\r{} quantum well is consistent with a spin-degenerate ground subband in the absence of a magnetic field. However, in a 50-A\r{} quantum well we found an unusual relation between the filling factor and the spin splitting.
Immune factors influencing the course of infection with Neospora caninum in the murine host.

This paper investigates the role of specific immune factors on the course of infection in genetic knockout (gko) mice infected with 3 different strains of Neospora caninum. Survival time and parasite persistence were examined in interferon-g (IFN- g), tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (TNFR2), interleukin 10 (IL-10), beta 2 microglobulin ( b2M), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS2) gko or wild-type (wt) mice following infection with either pathogenic (NC-1 or NC-2) or attenuated (NCts-8) N. caninum strains. Infection with NC-1 was 100% lethal in IFN-g gko mice, as evidenced by mean survival times of 10-13 days, depending on the challenge dose used. TNFR2 and b2M gko mice infected with NC-1 or NC-2 strain demonstrated partial susceptibility to disease, as evidenced by histopathology and survival curves. TNFR2 or b2M gko mice were not susceptible to infection with NCts-8, on the basis of absence of pathology and lack of mortality. Lack of mortality and minimal histopathology scores demonstrated that NC-1, NC-2, and NCts-8 infections were avirulent in IL-10 and iNOS2 gko mice. Adoptive transfer of immune cells from NCts-8 vaccinated normal syngeneic mice into IFN-g gko mice significantly (P , 0.05) prolonged mean survival times at all 3 challenge doses of NC-1 but failed to protect against mortality. Interestingly, there was a notable change in the tissue tropism of tachyzoites from the lung and brain in immunocompetent wt, TNFR2 gko, IL-10 gko, b2M gko, and iNOS2 gko mice to the liver and spleen in IFN-g gko mice when challenged with N. caninum. On the basis of these results in gko mice, IFN-g is a critical cytokine in the host response against acute neosporosis. Neospora caninumis an apicomplexan parasite that causes a variety of symptoms in several mammalian species. The largest economic cost caused by this parasite is because of abortions in dairy and beef cows. If abortions do not occur, infected off- spring can be born weak or lame or both. Asymptomatic, se- ropositive, replacement calves can lead to maintenance of N. caninum infection in these dairy and beef herds. Because of the close taxonomic relationship between Toxo- plasma gondii and N. caninum, it can be postulated that the same immune cells and soluble mediators important for protec- tion in T. gondii infections (Lee et al., 1999) may play a similar role in host protection against N. caninum. For example, T. gondii infections in interferon-
BEDFORM SPACING FROM DEFECT DYNAMICS

Spacing is a time-varying characteristic of bedform fields deriving from the behavior of defects (ends of crest lines) in the bedform pattern. In a model based on this hypothesis, crest line length is lost and spacing increases because bedform defects, which are smaller in height and faster migrating than surrounding bedform crest lines, merge with larger bedforms as defects migrate through bedform fields. Spacing in large bedform fields asymptotically increases with the logarithm of time as pairs of oppositely facing defects meet and annihilate. Spacing in small bedform fields, such as flumes, exponentially approaches a fixed value as defects are eliminated at the boundaries of the field. Model predictions are compatible with observed spacing of transverse bedforms, ripples formed under waves and linear dunes, calling into question the widespread assumption that bedform spacing approaches a steady-state value characteristic of fluid flow and sediment transport over two-dimensional bedforms.
Teriparatide for Severe Osteoporosis

OBJECTIVETo review the pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, safety, therapeutic controversies, administration, patient counseling, and formulary recommendations for teriparatide (rDNA origin).DATA SOURCESA MEDLINE search (1966–May 2003) of articles using the key words parathyroid hormone and osteoporosis, parathyroid hormone and fracture, and teriparatide was conducted to identify relevant literature in the English language. Additional references were obtained from bibliographies of those articles. Some clinical trial data not yet published were obtained from the manufacturer.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONAll articles obtained from the data sources were reviewed; all data deemed relevant were included.DATA SYNTHESISTeriparatide, recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1–34) [rhPTH (1–34)], is the first anabolic agent to treat postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and men with idiopathic or hypogonadal osteoporosis who are at high risk for osteoporotic fracture. Dail...
Local synteny and codon usage contribute to asymmetric sequence divergence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene duplicates

Duplicated genes frequently experience asymmetric rates of sequence evolution. Relaxed selective constraints and positive selection have both been invoked to explain the observation that one paralog within a gene-duplicate pair exhibits an accelerated rate of sequence evolution. In the majority of studies where asymmetric divergence has been established, there is no indication as to which gene copy, ancestral or derived, is evolving more rapidly. In this study we investigated the effect of local synteny (gene-neighborhood conservation) and codon usage on the sequence evolution of gene duplicates in the S. cerevisiae genome. We further distinguish the gene duplicates into those that originated from a whole-genome duplication (WGD) event (ohnologs) versus small-scale duplications (SSD) to determine if there exist any differences in their patterns of sequence evolution. For SSD pairs, the derived copy evolves faster than the ancestral copy. However, there is no relationship between rate asymmetry and synteny conservation (ancestral-like versus derived-like) in ohnologs. mRNA abundance and optimal codon usage as measured by the CAI is lower in the derived SSD copies relative to ancestral paralogs. Moreover, in the case of ohnologs, the faster-evolving copy has lower CAI and lowered expression. Together, these results suggest that relaxation of selection for codon usage and gene expression contribute to rate asymmetry in the evolution of duplicated genes and that in SSD pairs, the relaxation of selection stems from the loss of ancestral regulatory information in the derived copy.
Unusual coexistence of bilateral keratoconus and optic disc pit: a case report.

PURPOSE. To report the unknown coexistence of bilateral optic disc pit and keratoconus. METHODS. A 23-year-old man with bilateral keratoconus underwent complete ophthalmology screening, with an unexpected detection of undiagnosed optic disc pit in both eyes. Computerized corneal topography (CT), Orbscan, corneal pachometry, endothelial microscopy, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination were performed. RESULTS. The corneal CT showed a keratoconus pattern in both eyes, evolved in the right eye with a minimum corneal pachometry of 336 µm in the right eye and 405 µm in the left eye. Mean endothelial cell density was 1937 cells/mm2 in the right eye and 1912 cells/mm 2 in the left eye. The OCT scans showed the presence of the disc pit in both eyes with a normal macular thickness and profile in the right eye, and in the left eye an augmented retinal thickness in the nasal macular zone due to retinal oedema and schisis, with an initial detachment of the neuroepithelium in the parapapillary area starting from the optic pit. C ONCLUSIONS. This is the first clinical report of bilateral optic disc pit and keratoconus. Further investigations will be necessary to assess if there is a possible pathogenetic correlation between these two ocular pathologies or if this is an unusual coexistence of separate entities. (Eur J Ophthalmol 2008; 18: 134-7) K EY WORDS. Computerized corneal topography, Keratoconus, Optical coherence tomography, Op
Late Quaternary arid/humid cycles in the Mojave Desert and western Great Basin of North America

Abstract This paper discusses the late Quaternary environmental changes that occurred in the drylands of western North America, with particular emphasis on the aeolian/lacustrine record from the Mojave Desert. The Basin and Range Province (which includes the Great Basin and the Mojave, Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts), the primary physiographic region within the North American arid zone, is characterized by a wide variety of landforms within a predominantly endoreic, block-faulted, tectonic setting. In these closed drainage basins, lacustrine and aeolian geomorphic features and sediments, have provided some of the best records for deciphering environmental changes. About 100 of the basins contained lakes during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). At larger temporal scales (Milankovitch, Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles), lake levels seem to be well correlated with large-scale atmospheric circulation controls, such as the higher lake stands associated with wetter than present conditions in the southwestern drylands during the LGM. On the other hand, aeolian deposition was highly episodic during late Quaternary time and is believed to be largely controlled by variations in sediment supply and production, storage and transport capacity.
Measurement of inherent noise in EDA tools

With advancing semiconductor technology and exponentially growing design complexities, predictability of design tools becomes an important part of a stable top-down design process. Prediction of individual tool solution quality enables designers to use tools to achieve best solutions within prescribed resources, thus reducing design cycle time. However, as EDA tools become more complex, they become less predictable. One factor in the loss of predictability is inherent noise in both algorithms and how the algorithms are invoked. In this work, we seek to identify sources of noise in EDA tools, and analyze the effects of these noise sources on design quality. Our specific contributions are: (i) we propose new behavior criteria for tools with respect to the existence and management of noise; (ii) we compile and categorize possible perturbations in the tool use model or tool architecture that can be sources of noise; and (iii) we assess the behavior of industry place and route tools with respect to these criteria and noise sources. While the behavior criteria give some guidelines for and characterize the stability of tools, we are not recommending that tools be immune from input perturbations. Rather, the categorization of noise allows us to better understand how tools will or should behave; this may eventually enable improved tool predictors that consider inherent tool noise.
Enhanced fixed-priority scheduling with (m,k)-firm guarantee

Studies the problem of scheduling task sets with (m,k) constraints. In our approach, jobs of each task are partitioned into two sets: mandatory and optional. Mandatory jobs are scheduled according to their pre-defined priorities, while optional jobs are assigned to the lowest priority. We show that finding the optimal partition as well as determining the schedulability of the resultant task set are both NP-hard problems. A new technique, based on the general Chinese remainder theorem, is proposed to quantify the interference among tasks, which is then used to derive two partitioning approaches. Furthermore, a sufficient condition is presented to predict, in polynomial time, the schedulability of mandatory jobs. We prove that our partitions are never worse than those obtained in previous work. Experimental results also show significant improvement achieved by our approaches.
Prediction of oxidoreductase-catalyzed reactions based on atomic properties of metabolites

Motivation: Our knowledge of metabolism is far from complete, and the gaps in our knowledge are being revealed by metabolomic detection of small-molecules not previously known to exist in cells. An important challenge is to determine the reactions in which these compounds participate, which can lead to the identification of gene products responsible for novel metabolic pathways. To address this challenge, we investigate how machine learning can be used to predict potential substrates and products of oxidoreductase-catalyzed reactions. Results: We examined 1956 oxidation/reduction reactions in the KEGG database. The vast majority of these reactions (1626) can be divided into 12 subclasses, each of which is marked by a particular type of functional group transformation. For a given transformation, the local structures of reaction centers in substrates and products can be characterized by patterns. These patterns are not unique to reactants but are widely distributed among KEGG metabolites. To distinguish reactants from non-reactants, we trained classifiers (linear-kernel Support Vector Machines) using negative and positive examples. The input to a classifier is a set of atomic features that can be determined from the 2D chemical structure of a compound. Depending on the subclass of reaction, the accuracy of prediction for positives (negatives) is 64 to 93% (44 to 92%) when asking if a compound is a substrate and 71 to 98% (50 to 92%) when asking if a compound is a product. Sensitivity analysis reveals that this performance is robust to variations of the training data. Our results suggest that metabolic connectivity can be predicted with reasonable accuracy from the presence or absence of local structural motifs in compounds and their readily calculated atomic features. Availability: Classifiers reported here can be used freely for noncommercial purposes via a Java program available upon request. Contact: wish@lanl.gov Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Resource sharing in an enhanced rate-based execution model

A theory of resource sharing in a mixed system with hard real-time and non-real-time processing requirements is presented. The real-time processing is modeled as rate-based execution (RBE) tasks whose resource needs are known in advance. The non-real-time processing is modeled as aperiodic requests and dynamically mapped to weight-based variable rate execution tasks. The resource sharing requirements of the aperiodic requests are unknown a priori and only become known when a critical section is reached. A scheduling algorithm that supports resource sharing without deadlock in such a mixed system is presented with a sufficient off-line schedulability condition.
Managing Social Insects of Urban Importance

Social insects have a tremendous economic and social impact on urban communities. The rapid urbanization of the world has dramatically increased the incidence of urban pests. Human commerce has resulted in the spread of urban invasive species worldwide such that various species are now common to many major urban centers. We aim to highlight those social behaviors that can be exploited to control these pests with the minimal use of pesticides. Their cryptic behavior often prohibits the direct treatment of colonies. However, foraging and recruitment are essential aspects of their social behavior and expose workers to traps, baits, and pesticide applications. The advent of new chemistries has revolutionized the pest management strategies used to control them. In recent years, there has been an increased environmental awareness, especially in the urban community. Advances in molecular and microbial agents promise additional tools in developing integrated pest management programs against social insects.
Test-Access Solutions for Three-Dimensional SOCs

We present a design technique for providing test access to 3D core-based SOCs under constraints on the number of TSVs and the TAM bitwidth. The associated optimization method is based on a combination of integer linear programming, LP-relaxation, and randomized rounding. Simulation results are presented for the ITC 02 SOC Test Benchmarks and the test times are compared to that obtained when methods developed earlier for two-dimensional ICs are applied to 3D ICs.
Numerical Solutions for Stochastic Differential Games With Regime Switching

This paper is concerned with numerical methods for stochastic differential games of regime-switching diffusions. Numerical methods using Markov chain approximation techniques are developed. A new proof of the existence of a saddle point for the stochastic differential game is provided. This new proof enables us to treat certain systems with nonseparable (in controls) structure. Convergence of the algorithms is derived by means of weak convergence methods. In addition, examples are also provided for demonstration purposes.
Targeting of HIV-1 Antigens for Rapid Intracellular Degradation Enhances Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) Recognition and the Induction of De Novo CTL Responses In Vivo After Immunization

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have the ability to recognize and eliminate virally infected cells before new virions are produced within that cell. Therefore, a rapid and vigorous CD8+ CTL response, induced by vaccination, can, in principle, prevent disseminated infection in vaccinated individuals who are exposed to the relevant virus. There has thus been interest in novel vaccine strategies that will enhance the induction of CD8+ CTLs. In this study, we have tested the hypothesis that targeting an antigen to undergo more efficient processing by the class I processing pathway will elicit a more vigorous CD8+ CTL response against that antigen. Targeting a type I transmembrane protein, the HIV-1 envelope (env) protein, for expression in the cytoplasm, rather than allowing its normal co-translational translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum, sensitized target cells expressing this mutant more rapidly for lysis by an env-specific CTL clone. Additionally, a greatly enhanced de novo env-specific CTL response was induced in vivo after immunization of mice with recombinant vaccinia vectors expressing the cytoplasmic env mutant. Similarly, targeting a cytoplasmic protein, HIV-1 nef, to undergo rapid cytoplasmic degradation induced a greatly enhanced de novo nef-specific CD8+ CTL response in vivo after immunization of mice with either recombinant vaccinia vectors or DNA expression plasmids expressing the degradation targeted nef mutant. The targeting of viral antigens for rapid cytoplasmic degradation represents a novel and highly effective vaccine strategy for the induction of enhanced de novo CTL responses in vivo.
Accuracy of a disability instrument to identify workers likely to develop upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders.

Background Work related upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) result in substantial disability, and expense. Identifying workers or jobs with high risk can trigger intervention before workers are injured or the condition worsens.
Optimal motion primitives for a 5 DOF experimental hopper

We describe a technique to generate motion segments, for a Luxo hopping robot by solving an optimal control problem using exact analytic gradients of the cost function. Analytic gradients are required to solve the optimal control problem reliably; obtaining them is made possible by a hybrid recursive algorithm that calculates the system dynamics and its exact derivatives. Each motion segment, or primitive, is determined by a unique cost function, so that a complete movement is created from the robot model, the customized optimal control problem, and the objective function, without need for detailed path planning by a person. Once the primitives are generated, they are used to control an experimental robot as it performs the motion in the primitive. The problem formulation takes into account limitations such as torque and velocity limits of the motors on the experimental robot.
Angiographic detection of cerebral cavernous malformations with C-arm cone beam CT imaging in three patients

Cerebral cavernous malformations (CMs) are typically not seen during conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and are therefore classically referred to as angiographically occult malformations. We present three cases in which DSA with selective intra-arterial contrast injection in the common carotid artery and C-arm cone beam CT imaging was able to demonstrate a CM. In addition, an associated developmental venous anomaly (DVA) was present in all three cases, although detected by MRI in only one of them. In light of this finding, we suspect that the incidence of DVA associated with CM is probably higher than previously reported.
Learning to Predict: An Inductive Approach

The ability to predict the future in a given domain can be acquired by discovering empirically from experience certain temporal patterns that tend to repeat unerringly. Previous works in time series analysis allow one to make quantitative predictions on the likely values of certain linear variables. Since certain types of knowledge are better expressed in symbolic forms, making qualitative predictions based on symbolic representations require a different approach. A domain independent methodology called TIM (Time-based Inductive Machine) for discovering potentially uncertain temporal patterns from real time observations using the technique of inductive inference is described here.
Modulation of Carboxypeptidase Processing Enzyme Activity

Regulation of peptide hormone biosynthesis can occur at several cellular levels: transcription of the peptide hormone gene, RNA processing, translation of the mature mRNA, and posttranslational processing of the precursor form of the peptide. Among these steps, the role of the posttranslational processing enzymes in the control of peptide hormone formation has not yet been determined. These enzymes represent an important potential point of regulation, since it is at this step that the biologically inactive peptide hormone precursor is converted to its final smaller biologically active form.
Strengthening the Public Health Work Is A Necessary Axialogical Tropism for Ensuring the Human Health

Public health a concern to everyone, however, some issues on the public health are yet the global problems. For a long period, the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China and the World Health Organization (WHO) have always been paying much attention to the public health service and showing much concern for the people’s life and health. At the same time, they made great claims and expectations upon the human health quality. WHO defined health as “ a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity ” . It is also carries the meaning that ones used to describe “ psychosomatic health” . To have good psychosomatic health, we must strengthen the research, administration and service on the public health work. This article mainly discusses the present situations, issues and harmfulness that existed in the field of the public health, and puts forward the author’s personal opinions on some unhealthy lifestyles and how to strengthen the public health work .
Correlation of MMP-1 and PAR1 expression with epithelial ovarian cancer invasiveness

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4361 Objectives: Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) is a unique G protein-coupled receptor that has been proposed to be involved in the invasive and metastatic processes of carcinomas. MMP-1 was recently found to be a new PAR1 agonist instead of thrombin in breast cancer cells and activation of PAR1 by MMP-1 promotes breast cancer invasion. However, the expression and function of PAR1 in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains unclear. In this study, we examined the expression of MMP-1 and PAR1 in carcinoma and normal ovarian cell lines and evaluated the correlation of their expression to EOC invasiveness. Additionally, we proposed to investigate a potential link between MMP1-PAR1 activation and lysphosphatidic acid (LPA), a naturally occurring phospholipid that promotes ovarian cancer invasion. Methods: The mRNA expression of PAR1 and MMP-1 were analyzed by real time RT-PCR in three EOC cell lines (DOV13, OVCA429, and R182), an immortalized normal ovarian epithelium (IOSE-29) and breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Total and active MMP-1 was measured by ELISA in conditioned medium. Cell invasiveness was determined by Matrigel invasion assay in vitro. Results: PAR1 expression is significantly higher in all ovarian cell lines tested than in MCF-7 cells; with R182, IOSE-29, OVCA429, and DOV13 cells showing a 23–, 86–, 95–, and 99–fold increase, respectively, in mRNA expression as compared to MCF-7. Even though the levels of PAR1 expression are similar in normal (IOSE-29) and malignant ovarian epithelium (DOV13 and OVCA429), the expression of MMP-1 in DOV13 cells is significantly higher than in IOSE-29 (38-fold) and OVCA429 (237-fold) cells ( P <0.05). With the lowest PAR1 expression among all ovarian cell lines tested, R182 has the highest levels of MMP-1 expression and activation as measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. Our results from the Matrigel invasion assay showed that not PAR1 expression alone, but MMP-1 and PAR1 expression combined correlated with the invasiveness of ovarian cell lines tested. DOV13 was the most invasive cell line, showing a 1-fold increase of invasion compared to IOSE-29, 40-fold to R182, and 112-fold to OVCA429 ( P <0.05). When used as a chemoattractant, MMP-1 (0.1 nM) significantly induced a 5.2 fold increase of invasion through matrigel in DOV13 cells as compared to vehicle control (P<0.001). In addition, LPA (20 μM) significantly induced the expression of MMP-1 by appoximate 2-fold in DOV13 cells. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the co-expression of MMP-1 and PAR1 correlated with ovarian epithelial invasiveness and PAR1 expression appeared to be a prerequisite for EOC cell invasion. The effect of LPA on MMP-1 expression in DOV13 cells suggests that LPA may induce EOC invasion directly or indirectly through the MMP-1-PAR1 axis activation.
Network Estimation in Cognition-Empowered Wireless Networks

An approach to parametric identification of the transmission processes of the terminals in a wireless network is proposed, presenting a tradeoff between accuracy of capturing the temporal dependencies in observations of transmission processes and the time complexity of the estimation procedure. The maximum likelihood estimator is built for an approximation of the true likelihood function for the observed network activity. A complex network where terminals store packets in a finite buffer and implement a backoff-based random channel access protocol is considered. Minimal information is available for observation to the cognitive terminals, in the form of energy readings mapped to the number of transmitting nodes in each time instant. The entanglement of the transmission processes induced by interference and the filtering effect of packet buffering make this task particularly difficult. It is shown how, based on the estimated parameters, the cognitive terminals, operating in the same channel resource, can predict the transmission trajectories of the other nodes and devise smart transmission strategies controlling the interference generated to the network.
Early Management of the Postpneumonectomy Space

A contemporary presentation of the methods of early management of the postpneumonectomy space stresses anatomic and physiological principles. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed.
Crystal structures of three substituted pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecanes

The crystal structures of three compounds formed via ultimate nucleophilic attack of unsaturated hydrocarbon fragments are reported. Geometries of the bis(vinyl)-, mono(vinyl), and bis(ethynyl)-substituted PCU species are unexceptional. The crystal structures are dictated by the availability of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Abstract P021: The Combined Effects of Elevated Intrarenal Ang Ii and Blood Pressure Causes Greater Renal Injury in the Non-clipped Kidneys in 2k1c Rats

In 2-kidney 1-clip (2K1C) hypertension, intrarenal angiotensin II (Ang II) levels are increased in both kidneys, which are often implicated in the further augmentation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system and the development of hypertension and kidney injury. We recently reported that angiotensinogen (AGT) expression and secretion are increased only in the non-clipped kidneys (NCK). These findings provide the basis for the hypothesis that elevated Ang II levels, augmented AGT, and high arteriolar pressure in NCK synergistically cause greater kidney injury. Accordingly, we compared the degrees of kidney injury between clipped kidneys (CK) and NCK using a 2K1C model that maintains normal renal blood flow and GFR in the CK. Left kidneys of male rats were clipped for 21 days. Histological and immunohistological analyses were performed on both the CK and NCK. Twenty glomeruli and 20 microscope fields in the cortex and the medulla were examined for each group. The PAS-positive area in the glomeruli was higher in NCK compared with sham (33.9 ± 0.89 vs. 12.4 ± 0.51%) and CK (vs. 15.1 ± 0.58%). Similarly, the Masson's trichrome-positive area in the medullary region was greater in NCK compared with sham (2.21 ± 0.10 vs. 1.32 ± 0.05%) and CK (vs. 1.67 ± 0.10%), but the changes were not observed in the interstitial tissue of the cortex. Immunoreactivity for CD68, a marker of the macrophage and monocyte levels, was higher in NCK compared with sham (0.72 ± 0.07 vs. 0.36 ± 0.04%), but similar to that in CK. In contrast, accumulation of the immune cells in the glomeruli was greater in NCK compared with sham (8.99 ± 0.69 vs. 3.46 ± 0.46%) and CK (vs. 3.08 ± 0.24%). The proliferating cell nuclear antigen levels, a marker of cell proliferation, were greater in NCK (3.49 ± 0.09 %) but not in the CK. Levels of vimentin, a cell transformation and regeneration marker, were also higher in NCK compared with CK and sham. Increased vascular wall thickness (α-SMA) was observed in both kidneys. These results indicate that pathological factors associated with the high blood pressure are required for the development of renal injury in the 2K1C model including glomerular expansion, medullary fibrosis, immune cell infiltration in glomeruli and cell proliferation/transformation.
Customs, Comfort and Class

I was 30 before I left the United States for the first time. A dissertation requirement and a grant sent me to London where the British Library became home for over a year. On the morning after touching down at Gatwick Airport, I realized the significance of breakfast for national identity. With tray in hand, I stood beside another jet-lagged American who seemed as suspicious as I was of the fare spread before us in Crosby Hall’s famous Tudor dining room. The sight of baked beans, porridge and boiled eggs in egg cups made us feel more American than ever and less hungry than usual at breakfast time. Toast would be safest, we thought, until a most peculiar rack appeared containing six equidistant pieces standing soldier-like, and too cold to butter. Months later after I had crossed the Channel, I realized that our taste buds were not the only ones particularly patriotic first thing in the morning. When trying to book accommodations at tourist information offices, I was sometimes asked whether I preferred to stay at a place catering for Americans, English or some other national group. When I inquired what distinguished one place from another, I was told mainly breakfast, because tourists typically were least willing to deviate from their familiar eating habits during the morning meal.
Software Reuse Knowledge Map

The term Software Reuse can be defined as a process of developing software systems from existing ones, instead of creating them from scratch [2, 3, 4, 5]. In many software engineering disciplines, systems are designed by recomposing existing software components that have been used in other systems. It has become a topic of renewed interest in the software community because of its potential benefits, which include increased product quality, decreased product cost and schedule. Software is rarely built completely from scratch. To a great extent, existing software documents (source code, design documents, etc.) are copied and adapted to fit new requirements. Software engineering is focused more on original development. However, it is now recognized that to create better software in a time efficient and cost effective way, we may need to adopt a design process that is based on systematic software reuse factors. This paper aims at applying Software Stability Model (SSM) approach towards creating a model for Unified Software Reuse that is applicable in all scenarios and diverse domains. The software stability notion ensures high reuse ability, stability and a more design efficient model, which is domain independent too. The key contribution of this Paper is to present an idea of having a stable analysis pattern listing the Enduring business themes (EBTs) and Business Objectives (BOs) involved in the area of Unified Software Reuse. Such a generic model can further be applied to any possible scenario. .
Bridging the Gap: Geriatric Telepsychiatry Consultations to a Rural PACE Program

The older adult population is growing. Limited numbers and access to trained geriatric psychiatrists hinder access to timely and appropriate geriatric mental health care, particularly in rural areas. Programs for All-Inclusive Care of the Elderly (PACE) provide person-centered care to nursing home-eligible community-dwelling elderly, in whom mental health conditions including dementia and depression are highly prevalent. However, access to mental health care across PACE programs remains an under-resourced need. Telepsychiatry, the exchange of health care-related information and delivery of psychiatric services using videoconferencing technology (VCT) from a distance is one vehicle to reduce this barrier. The Institute of Medicine has identified the importance of telehealth technologies to enhance access to and quality care for older adults, particularly those in rural areas of the USA. This report describes the development and implementation of a geriatric telepsychiatry consultation service between an academic medical center and a rural PACE program.
Micrometer scale lithium niobate electro-optic modulators

We demonstrate electro-optic modulation on a monolithic lithium niobate nanophotonic platform up to 40 Gb/s. We show electro-optic efficiency as high as 7 pm/V in microresonators and half-wave voltage length product as low as 2 Vcm in micro-Mach-Zehnder interferometers.
Evaluation of a strategy for enrolling the families of critically ill patients in research using limited human resources.

Rationale Clinical trials of interventions aimed at the families of intensive care unit (ICU) patients have proliferated but recruitment for these trials can be challenging. Objectives To evaluate a strategy for recruiting families of patients currently being treated in an ICU using limited human resources and time-varying daily screening over 7 consecutive days Methods We screened the Johns Hopkins Hospital medical ICU census 7 days per week to identify eligible family members. We then made daily, in-person attempts to enroll eligible families during a time-varying 2-hour enrollment period until families declined participation, consented, or were no longer eligible. Measurements and main results The primary outcome was the proportion of eligible patients for whom ≥1 family member was enrolled. Secondary outcomes included enrollment of legal healthcare proxies, the consent rate among families approached for enrollment, and success rates for recruiting at different times during the day and week. Among 284 eligible patients, 108 (38%, 95% CI 32%-44%) had ≥1 family member enrolled, and 75 (26%, 95% CI 21%-32%) had their legal healthcare proxy enrolled. Among 117 family members asked to participate, 108 (92%, 95% CI 86%-96%) were enrolled. Patients with versus without an enrolled proxy were more likely to be white (44% vs. 30%, P = .02), live in a zip code with a median income of ≥$100,000 (15% vs. 5%, P = .01), be mechanically ventilated (63% vs. 47%, P = .01), die in the ICU (19% vs. 9%, P = .03), and to have longer ICU stays (median 5.0 vs. 1.8 days, P 90% of approached consented to participate. There are important demographic differences between patients with vs without an enrolled family member.
Tris(μ2-methano­lato)-μ3-oxido-tris­{[(E)-4-chloro-2-({[2-(pyridin-2-yl)eth­yl]imino}­meth­yl)pheno­lato]manganese(III)} perchlorate–di­chloro­methane–diethyl ether (1/1.1/0.9)

In the title compound, [Mn3(C14H12ClN2O)3(CH3O)3O]ClO4·1.1CH2Cl2·0.9C4H10O, the cation consists of a central Mn3O core with μ2-methano­late bridging between adjacent MnIII atoms, thus giving each MnIII atom a mer-O3 coordination environment. Six-coordination for each MnIII atom is provided by the deprotonated Schiff base ligand (E)-4-chloro-2-({[2-(pyridin-2-yl)eth­yl]imino}­meth­yl)phenolate. There are extensive C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl inter­actions, which link the cations, anions, and solvent mol­ecules into a three-dimensional array.
The Effects of Textual Prompting and Reading Fluency on the Acquisition of Intraverbals.

The study examined the effects of textual prompt fading on the acquisition of intraverbals in 3 individuals with developmental disabilities. An alternating treatments design was used to assess the two independent variables. The first independent variable was transfer of stimulus control without component skill fluency. The second independent variable was transfer of stimulus control with component skill fluency, in which participants were taught the textual responses used in the scripts to a level of fluency prior to transfer of stimulus control. The results suggest that transfer of stimulus control was effective for teaching intraverbals and that adding a fluency component resulted in faster acquisition for some participants.
HPV innate immunity.

HPV infections of the epidermis and anogenital tract occur frequently in healthy individuals, and 'high risk' HPV types are a major risk factor for cervical cancer. The first line of defense against HPV is the innate immune system, which provides non specific protection against a variety of pathogens and also enhances the adaptive immune response. However, HPV-infected cells often evade innate immune recognition and elimination. HPV gene expression and release of virus occur in superficial squamous cells where virus antigens are not readily detected, and keratinocytes are not lysed during HPV infection so there is no inflammatory response. In addition, HPV early proteins inhibit specific components of the innate immune system. E6 and E7 inhibit signaling by type I interferons and decrease expression of multiple interferon-inducible genes. E5 and E7 inhibit expression of major histocompatibility complex class I proteins on the cell surface. HPV-infected cells are resistant to lysis by natural killer (NK) cells, but are sensitive to cytokine-activated NK cells. Activated macrophages also kill HPV-infected cells and control malignant development. Thus, innate immunity is important for prevention of HPV infections, but HPV often persists due to evasion or inactivation of innate defenses.
A partially-open inward-facing intermediate conformation of LeuT is associated with Na+ release and substrate transport

Neurotransmitter:sodium symporters (NSS), targets of antidepressants and psychostimulants, clear neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft through sodium (Na+)-coupled transport. Substrate and Na+ are thought to be transported from the extracellular to intracellular space through an alternating access mechanism by coordinated conformational rearrangements in the symporter that alternately expose the binding sites to each side of the membrane. However, the mechanism by which the binding of ligands coordinates conformational changes occurring on opposite sides of the membrane is not well understood. Here, we report the use of single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) techniques to image transitions between distinct conformational states on both the extracellular and intracellular sides of the prokaryotic NSS LeuT, including partially open intermediates associated with transport activity. The nature and functional context of these hitherto unidentified intermediate states shed new light on the allosteric mechanism that couples substrate and Na+ symport by the NSS family through conformational dynamics.
Olfactory processing in bipolar disorder, major depression, and anxiety

OBJECTIVES Although olfactory abnormalities are well established in schizophrenia, considerably less work has examined olfactory performance in other neuropsychiatric conditions. In the current study, we examined odor identification, odor discrimination, detection threshold, and odor hedonic processing performance in individuals with bipolar I disorder (n = 43; n = 13 with psychotic features), bipolar II disorder (n = 48), major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 134), anxiety (n = 48), and no mental disorder (n = 72) who participated in a community-based family study. METHODS Best estimate DSM-IV diagnoses were based on in-depth personal interviews as well as interviews with family members. Olfactory tests were administered during an in-person clinical visit and were compared using robust linear regression adjusting for age, sex, and psychiatric medication use, as well as nicotine use when necessary. RESULTS Compared to controls, odor identification performance was lower among individuals with MDD (b = -1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.50, -0.24) and bipolar I disorder (b = -1.79, 95% CI: -3.51, -0.67). Among the latter group, performance was only reduced among those with psychotic features (b = -3.49, 95% CI: -6.33, -0.65), particularly for pleasant odors (b = -1.46, 95% CI: -2.51, -0.42). Those with MDD showed lower identification accuracy for neutral odors (b = -0.63, 95% CI: -1.20, -0.06). Performances on measures of odor discrimination and detection threshold did not differ by diagnostic group. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings indicate that odor identification difficulties may exist in mood disorders, especially when psychotic features are present. In contrast, the global olfactory dysfunction observed in schizophrenia may not be a feature of other neuropsychiatric conditions.
Template-Driven Computed Tomography Radiation Dose Reporting. Implementation of a Radiology Housestaff Quality Improvement Project

Rationale and Objectives Radiation exposure from medical imaging has received increasing attention in recent years. Ongoing calls to report radiation doses received during radiology studies as a means of recording cumulative exposure and identifying rare over-exposures have culminated in the State of California passing a mandatory reporting requirement effective July 1, 2012. Herein we describe a radiology housestaff-led quality improvement project to track radiation dose reporting a full year prior to state reporting mandates using a template-driven reporting system and our results over the first 12 months of its implementation. Materials and Methods Effective July 2011, all radiology trainees were instructed to use a standard computed tomography (CT) report template that included a CT dose measurement derived from dose information routinely displayed on our picture archiving and communication system. Consecutive reports from July 1, 2011, to June 30, 2012, of patients who underwent CT examinations at our institution were then retrospectively reviewed. Compliance of each study with the reporting requirement was assessed based on the presence or absence of a radiation dose statement within the finalized report. Results A total of 36,217 eligible consecutive CT reports were identified within the review period. Of these, 91.9% reported the radiation dose for the examination, greatly exceeding the initial goal of 80% compliance with the dose reporting requirement. Conclusion Successful reporting of CT radiation doses resulted from template-driven reporting, readily accessible calculation tools to facilitate dose calculation, and minimization of reporting burden on the radiologist a full year prior to state regulatory mandates.
Older Adults' Response to Analgesic Adverse Drug Reactions: A Pilot Study.

Abstract Background: Older adults who take analgesics for chronic pain are at increased risk for adverse drug events (ADEs). Aims/Design: The purpose of this descriptive pilot survey was to examine how older adults self-identify analgesic ADEs, and actions they take in response to analgesic ADEs. Setting/Participants/Methods: Twenty-two community dwelling older adults with chronic pain who reported an analgesic ADE associated with their chronic pain management were interviewed and asked to describe their analgesic related ADE. Written responses were content analyzed. Results: Nineteen opioids were reported by 15, 11 NSAIDs were reported by 8, and acetaminophen was reported by 2 older adults as associated with an ADE. Gastrointestinal ADEs were most common with upset stomach (31.8%) most frequent. Neurological ADEs were also common but more varied with dizziness (27.3%) and headache (13.6%) reported most frequently. A total of 54.5% responded to their ADE by contacting their physician. Three (13.6%) went to the emergency department. A total of 36.4% stopped taking their ADE associated analgesic, 22.7% started taking a different analgesic, and 22.7% started prophylaxis. Three (13.6%) continued their ADE related analgesic. A total of 54.5% reported their symptoms subsided, but 13.6% reported their symptoms remained. Conclusions: A significant number of older adults with chronic pain self-manage their analgesic related ADE without contacting their primary care provider. Analgesic related ADE prevention and management should be discussed during primary care visits to reduce ADEs and enhance pain management outcomes for older adults with chronic pain.