cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Access control systems: from host-centric to network-centric computing

In this paper, we review the important theoretical models of computer access control systems. Using the IBM Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS) operating system as the example, we show how the principles expressed in these models can be implemented. The roots of user authentication and access control on MVS are examined, tracing the convergence of the requirement for controls with the development of appropriate software. The paper also highlights security and auditing features unique to the host-centric computing model and discusses how these existing technologies might be applied to the security problems presented by the newer networking computing models. Finally, we look to the future and suggest the environment that will result when the host-centric computing model for security and access control is interoperated with the networking computing models.
An information flow technique for category related evoked potentials

A general mathematical technique is developed for information flow among various subsystems of a system when two or more classes of stimuli are presented to the system. The technique is validated by various simulation studies and then applied to a brain system. The usefulness of the technique is demonstrated for visual event related potentials (ERPs) obtained from human subjects suffering from phobias. The stimuli are briefly flashed words and phrases. The world classes are pleasant, unpleasant, conscious, and unconscious. It demonstrated that the information flow is suppressed under supraliminal presentation of the unconscious class, but is strong under subliminal presentation. The technique has the potential of being an objective indicator of conflictual relationships in these patients. The principle of the technique can be applied to any system in which interactions among subsystems are to be analyzed. >
Effect of Hepatic Insufficiency on 5-Fluorocytosine Concentrations in Serum

Hepatic function failed to influence serum concentrations of the antifungal agent 5-fluorocytosine when the drug was given intravenously to rabbits with CCl 4 -induced hepatic insufficiency or orally to a patient with postnecrotic cirrhosis.
Influence of amount and degradability of protein on production of milk and milk components by lactating Holstein cows

Forty-one multiparous cows were utilized in a completely randomized design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the amount and degradability of dietary CP on production of milk and milk components. The TMR contained 25% alfalfa haylage, 25% corn silage, and 50% concentrate to provide either 16.4 or 19.4% CP with a calculated ruminal degradability of 55 or 70%. Intakes of DM, ADF, and NDF and BW were not different among treatments. Production of milk, 4% FCM, fat, CP, and SNF was not affected by amount or degradability of dietary CP. Milk CP percentage was not affected significantly by amount or degradability of CP. Milk fat percentage was increased by the diet that was high in ruminally undegradable protein (2.90 and 3.12; low and high ruminally undegradable protein, respectively). These data suggest that synthesis of milk and milk components was not limited by a shortage of AA or that the different dietary sources of supplemental CP did not alter AA availability.
An extended relational document retrieval model

Abstract Relational Data Base Management Systems offer a commercially available tool with which to build effective document retrieval systems. The full potential of the relational model for supporting the kind of ad hoc inquiry characteristic of document retrieval has only recently been explored. In addition, commercially available relational DBMS's also provide effective tools for managing document data bases by providing facilities for, inter alia , concurrency control, data migration and reorganization routines, authorization mechanisms, enforcement of integrity constraints, dynamic data definition, etc. This article will present a relational logical model to support a sophisticated document retrieval system in which flexible forms of inferential and associative searching can be performed. Examples of ad hoc inquiry will be presented in SQL. Several problems of particular importance to document retrieval will be discussed, including the importance of Conjunctive Normal Form in query formulation, unique aspects of document retrieval storage and processing overhead, and techniques for reducing the size of storage without severely impacting retrieval effectiveness.
Volume reabsorption by the loop of Henle: a micropuncture study.

The observed extension of glomerulo-tubular balance beyond the proximal tubule is thought to be due either to flow dependent reabsorption by non-accessible proximal segments and pars recta, or to osmotic volume flow out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
A practical, enantioselective synthetic route to a key precursor to the tetracycline antibiotics.

A practical, enantioselective synthetic route to a key precursor to the tetracycline antibiotics is reported. The route proceeds in nine steps (21% yield) from the commercial substance methyl 3-hydroxy-5-isoxazolecarboxylate. Key steps in the route involve enantioselective addition of divinylzinc to 3-benzyloxy-5-isoxazolecarboxaldehyde and an endo-selective intramolecular furan Diels−Alder cycloaddition reaction. The route described has provided more than 40 g of chromatographically pure 1 with 93% ee.
Controlled flooding in disconnected sparse mobile networks

The incredible growth in the capabilities and functionality of mobile devices has enabled new applications and network architectures to emerge. Due to the potential for node mobility, along with significant node heterogeneity, characteristics such as very large delays, intermittent links, and high link error rates pose a new set of network challenges. Along with these challenges, end-to-end paths are assumed not to exist and message relay approaches are often adopted. While message flooding is a simple and robust solution for such cases, its cost in terms of network resource consumption is unaffordable. In this paper, we focus on the evaluation of different controlled message flooding schemes over disconnected sparse mobile networks. We study the effect of these schemes on message delay, network resource consumption, and neighbor discovery overhead. Our simulations show that our schemes can save substantial network resources while incurring a negligible increase in the message delivery delay. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thioredoxin reductase from Thermoplasma acidophilum: a new twist on redox regulation.

Thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) regulate the intracellular redox environment by using NADPH to provide reducing equivalents for thioredoxins (Trxs). Here we present the cloning and biochemical characterization of a putative TrxR (Ta0984) and a putative Trx (Ta0866) from Thermoplasma acidophilum. Our data identify Ta0866 as a Trx through its capacity to reduce insulin and be reduced by Escherichia coli TrxR in a NADPH-dependent manner. Our data also establish Ta0984 as a TrxR due to its ability to reduce T. acidophilum Trx (taTrx), although not in a NADPH- or NADH-dependent manner. To explore the apparent inability of taTrxR to use NADPH or NADH as a reductant, we carried out a complete electrochemical characterization, which suggests that redox potential is not the source of this nonreactivity [Hamill et al. (2008) Biochemistry 47, 9738−9746]. Turning to crystallographic analysis, a 2.35 A resolution structure of taTrxR, also presented here, shows that despite the overall structural similarity to the well-...
Adult-to-neonate lung transplantation: Anatomic considerations

Abstract Babies born with severe pulmonary hypoplasia are unsai-vageable despite maximal therapy including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Using ECMO as a bridge to transplantation, reduced-size lung grafts (pulmonary lobe or segment) could expand the pool of cadaver donors and may allow for HLA-matched living-related transplants. We tested this concept first in the piglet model and developed the technical maneuvers necessary to perform lobar and segmental lung transplants from adult pigs into neonatal piglets. Prior to clinical application, a systematic evaluation of anatomic considerations for reduced-size human lung transplantation was needed. A series of human adult and neonatal cadaver thoracic dissections were performed to determine the adult pulmonary lobe or segment with the proper size, orientation, and vascular and bronchial anatomy for use as a neonatal lung transplant. The adult right middle lobe (RML) is the best candidate for neonatal left lung replacement. The adult RML, once removed, can be rotated 180° around its superior-inferior axis and the vessels and bronchus align well in the left chest of the neonate. The RML may require further reduction to fit into the neonatal left chest. Selective arterial perfusion of the RML showed the anterior segment to be a near-perfect match for fit and anatomy. This technique may eventually permit living-related lung transplantation.
A Pilot Study Comparing Toluidine Blue and Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining of Basal Cell and Squamous Cell Carcinoma during Mohs Surgery

background Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) is the most common stain used for Mohs frozen sections. Toluidine blue (T-blue) is a metachromatic stain that has been frequently utilized for this purpose. objective To compare the cytologic and stromal staining patterns of each stain for Mohs frozen sections of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. results T-blue revealed stromal change associated with the presence of BCC and SCC. H&E provided more prominent visibility of individual cell keratinization and necrosis, which are common features seen in SCC. conclusion We found T-blue to be fast and effective in identifying mucopolysaccharides in stroma associated with basal cell carcinoma. For this reason, T-blue is our preferred stain for BCCs, while H&E can provide greater ease of identification of histologic features of SCCs.
Control of an amplifying wave on an infinite continuum

Previous work on the space-sampled feedback control of continuum instabilities in flowing systems is extended. When the continuum over which control is desired is many wavelengths long, it is often convenient to construct the control system of many sampling stations, each approximately one wavelength in size. The stability of such a system is discussed, and a new type of instability is found which does not appear when the system is small in terms of a wavelength.
Genetic diversity in Micronesian Island populations of the tropical tree Campnosperma brevipetiolata (Anacardiaceae)

Tropical plant species have been the focus of considerable attention in regard to their potential economic and social importance in the face of rapidly diminishing biodiversity in the tropics. Pacific Island species represent an even more fragile resource because different island populations are widely scattered and overall population sizes are small. We examined the distribution of genetic variation in Campnosperma brevipetiolata (Anacardiaceae), an upland rainforest tree species that is of potential use for both lumber and reforestation efforts in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). Seeds were collected from multiple populations on four island groups in the Caroline Islands (Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap in the FSM; and the Republic of Palau) and subjected to an electrophoretic analysis involving four polymorphic genetic loci. We hypothesized that variation on these islands would decrease with increasing distance from the presumed Indo-Malayan source of these island floras. Indeed, we found a trend of decreasing variation from west to east indicated by the mean number of alleles per locus (A = 1.50-1.33), effective number of alleles per locus (A, = 1.14-1.12) and mean genetic diversity (He = 0.1230.107). We also found little genetic differentiation among the islands (Fp, = 0.174) and among subpopulations within islands (Fsp = 0.047), indicating that either there are high levels of gene flow among the islands by seed dispersal or that these populations have not been established long enough for divergence to have occurred. The lack of divergence among islands observed for Campnosperma brevipetiolata suggests that germplasm sampled from any one island population would be a suitable starting point for plant breeding or reforestation efforts.
Non-linear static–dynamic finite element formulation for composite shells

Abstract Three non-linear finite element formulations for a composite shell are discussed. They are the simplified large rotation (SLR), the large displacement large rotation (LDLR), and the Jaumann analysis of general shells (JAGS). The SLR and the LDLR theories are based on total Lagrangian approach, and the JAGS is based on a co-rotational approach. Both the SLR and LDLR theories represent the in-plane strains exactly the same as Green's strain–displacement relations, whereas, only linear displacement terms are used to represent the transverse shear strain. However, a higher order kinematic through the thickness assumption is used in the SLR theory, which leads to parabolic transverse shear stress distribution compared to a first order kinematic through the thickness relationship used in the LDLR theory that leads to linear transverse shear stress distribution. Furthermore, the LDLR theory uses an Euler-like angle in the kinematics to account for the large displacement and rotation. The JAGS theory decomposes the deformation into stretches and rigid body rotations, where an orthogonal coordinate system translates and rotates with the deformed infinitesimal volume element. The Jaumann stresses and strains are used. Layer-wise stretching and shear warping through the thickness functions are used to model the three-dimensional behavior of the shell, where displacement and stress continuities are enforced along the ply interfaces. The kinematic behavior is related to the original undeformed coordinate system using the global displacements and their derivatives. Numerical analyses of composite shells are performed to compare the three theories. The commercial code ABAQUS is also used in this investigation as a comparison.
A pregnant dilemma: primary hyperparathyroidism due to parathyromatosis in pregnancy.

Objective: To describe an exceedingly rare case of parathyromatosis in pregnancy and the limited medical treatment options available for such cases that are refractory to surgery.Methods: Case pres...
Long-term survival after Kasai's operation for biliary atresia

Long-term survival of biliary atresia patients after Kasai hepaticoportoenterostomy is being increasingly reported. Prognostic factors indicative of a favorable long-term outcome consist of: (1) early age at operation; (2) bilirubin excretion of at least 6 mg daily 1 month after operation; (3) favorable hepatic histology at the time of operation; and (4) low incidence of postoperative cholangitis. Jaundice-free long-term survival is now attained in from one-fourth to one-third of patients undergoing Kasai hepaticoportoenterostomy by experienced surgeons in the Western hemisphere. In many long-term survivors there is normalization of liver function, improvement in hepatic histology, and resolution of the complications of portal hypertension. Most patients in this category have made a normal adjustment to their disease and lead active adolescent and adult lives.
Structure‐Molar Refraction Relationships of Alkylsilanes Using Empirically‐Modified First Order Molecular Connectivity Indices

Two empirically-modified first order molecular connectivity indices, which reflect either the larger covalent radius of silicon compared to carbon or the longer silicon-carbon bond length compared to the carbon-carbon bond length, were calculated for 115 alkylsilanes. The correlation of molar refraction with these empirically-modified first order molecular connectivity indices was found to be excellent. It is shown that these empirically-modified molecular connectivity indices give a significantly more satisfactory prediction of molar refraction for a mixed set of alkanes and alkylsilanes than does the simple first order molecular connectivity index or the first order molecular connectivity index derived from molar refraction data.
Victimization surveys and the accuracy and reliability of official crime data in developing countriesPublications received

Abstract The accuracy and reliability of official crime data are always suspect because knowledge of crime depends on the independent decision made by each victim of whether or not to report her/his experiences to the police. Victimization surveys allow estimates of degrees of inaccuracy, but such research is rarely done in developing countries. The little research done on victimization and the police in developing countries shows that levels of nonreporting, reasons for nonreporting, and relations between the public and the police to whom one would report are vastly different among developing countries and between developing and developed countries. One cannot assume, therefore, that the impact of victim behavior on the accuracy and reliability of official data will be similar across countries.
Interfacial fracture strength and toughness of copper/epoxy-resin interfaces

Abstract We present results examining the interfacial fracture toughness of Cu2O/epoxy-resin interfaces, which is an important parameter in microelectronic packaging design. Tensiometer measurements of the epoxy-resin surface energy together with contact angle measurements of epoxy-resin/Cu2O wetting yield an estimate of the thermodynamic work of adhesion of 0.074 Jm−2. Double cleavage drilled compression (DCDC) and pull test samples were used to evaluate the critical stress intensity and strain energy release rate for interface fracture and found to be 0.05 MPa-m1/2 and 1.4 Jm−2. These sample geometries yielded only interface failure with no trace of fracture occurring in either the copper or the epoxy-resin component. The difference between the values of the thermodynamic work of adhesion and the critical strain energy release rate is attributed to plastic processes most likely occurring in the copper layer of the sandwich sample configuration of the DCDC sample.
Effect of Experimental Surgery on Mandibular Growth in Syrian Hamsters

Enucleation of the incisor germinal center and extraction of molars in the mandibles of young hamsters produced a significant decrease in the size of the mandibular body, loss of normal occlusion, and a shift of the mandibular body medially and cranially. Condylectomies mainly affected the length of the mandible and were closely related to loss of the articular cartilage and impairment of ramal growth.
Graph matching by graduated assignment

A new algorithm for graph matching, which uses graduated assignment is presented, along with experimental results demonstrating large improvements in speed and accuracy over previous techniques. The softassign, a novel constraint satisfaction technique, is applied to a new graph matching energy function that uses a robust, sparse distance measure between the links of the two graphs. The softassign, which has emerged out of the neural network/statistical physics framework enforces two-way (assignment) constraints without the use of penalty terms. The algorithm's low order computational complexity [0(lm), where l and m are the number of links in the two graphs] compares favorably with most competing approaches. The method, not restricted to any special class of graph, is applied to subgraph isomorphism, weighted graph matching, and attributed relational graph matching. Experiments on graphs generated from images and on randomly generated graphs, including benchmarks against a relation labeling algorithm and an algorithm employing Potts glass dynamics are reported. Over twenty-five thousand experiments were conducted. No comparable results have been reported by any other graph matching algorithm before in the research literature.
Effect of massage therapy on pain, anxiety, and tension after cardiac surgery: A randomized study

Integrative therapies such as massage have gained support as interventions that improve the overall patient experience during hospitalization. Cardiac surgery patients undergo long procedures and commonly have postoperative back and shoulder pain, anxiety, and tension. Given the promising effects of massage therapy for alleviation of pain, tension, and anxiety, we studied the efficacy and feasibility of massage therapy delivered in the postoperative cardiovascular surgery setting. Patients were randomized to receive a massage or to have quiet relaxation time (control). In total, 113 patients completed the study (massage, n=62; control, n=51). Patients receiving massage therapy had significantly decreased pain, anxiety, and tension. Patients were highly satisfied with the intervention, and no major barriers to implementing massage therapy were identified. Massage therapy may be an important component of the healing experience for patients after cardiovascular surgery.
Africa’s Industrialization Debate: A Critical Analysis

In the article, the author examines the debates that have permeated Africa's quest to catch-up with the more developed countries of the North. It is noteworthy that since independence, Africa's industrialization process seemed to be a state-centric affair. In other words, the state has been the central player in Africa's industrialization process. At independence, of course, many factors favored or called for state dominance as well as state-driven industrialization process. Yet a bad political culture, weak political and social institutions, poor leadership and bad governance seem to have contributed to this failure from within. However, the fact still remains that at the beginning of the 21 st century, African countries do hold a lot of potential in terms of human and material resources that would enable them compete favorably with the more industrialized countries of Europe, North America and Asia-Pacific. Key words: Industrialization, Africa, politics, underdevelopment
Novel Roles for the Rho Subfamily of GTP‐Binding Proteins in Succinate‐Induced Insulin Secretion from βTC3 Cells: Further Evidence in Support of the Succinate Mechanism of Insulin Release

We have previously demonstrated regulatory roles for Rho subfamily of G-proteins in glucose- and calcium-induced insulin secretion. Herein, we examined regulation by these proteins of insulin secretion from betaTC3 cells elicited by mitochondrial fuels, such as the succinic acid methyl ester (SAME). Preincubation of these cells with Clostridium difficile toxin-B (200 ng/mL), which monoglucosylates and inactivates Cdc42 and Rac1, markedly decreased (> 70%) SAME-induced insulin secretion. Furthermore, exposure of betaTC3 cells to GGTI-2147 (20 microM), a selective inhibitor of the requisite prenylation of Rac1 and Cdc42, significantly reduced (> 80%) SAME-induced insulin release, suggesting that post-translational prenylation of these proteins is necessary for SAME-induced insulin release. Western blot analysis indicated localization of Cdc42, Rac1, and Ras in the beta cell mitochondrial fraction. Confocal microscopy revealed a modest, but inconsistent, increase in the association of either Rac1 or Cdc42 with Mitotracker, a mitochondrial marker, following exposure to SAME. These data suggest that activation of preexisting intramitochondrial Rac1 and Cdc42 may be sufficient to regulate SAME-induced insulin secretion. Together, our findings support a role for G-proteins in insulin secretion at a step dependent on mitochondrial metabolism. They also identify mevalonate-derived, isoprenoid modified Rho G-proteins as specific signaling molecules in recently proposed succinate mechanism of insulin release.
Optimal‐order convergence rates for Eulerian‐Lagrangian localized adjoint methods for reactive transport and contamination in groundwater

Eulerian–Langrangian localized adjoint methods (ELLAM) were developed to solve convection–diffusion–reaction equations governing contaminant transport in groundwater flowing through a porous medium, subject to various combinations of boundary conditions. In this article, we prove optimal-order error estimates and some superconvergence results for the ELLAM schemes. In contrast to many existing estimates for a variety of numerical methods, which often contain the temporal derivatives of the exact solution, our error estimates contain the total derivatives of the exact solution but do not involve any temporal derivatives of the exact solution. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Defining a Corporate-Wide Software Process

Texas Instruments has been defining and installing a corporate-wide software process for nearly three years. We have learned first hand some of the difficulties of modeling a software process intended for widespread use. For example, processes can be modeled in many ways and at many levels; terminology is more important than we thought; tailoring imposes additional restrictions on the process model; and endusers come in many flavors with varying documentation and training requirements. This paper summarizes some of oul' experiences. I. INTRODUCTION In early 1989, Texas Instruments began a corporate-wide software improvement thrust. This thrust was manifested at three levels in the company: corporate, operating group, and software project. The major job of the corporate effort was to define a preferred software engineering process for use throughout the company. This task was staffed by a team representing all major operating groups. Other corporate level tasks included coordination of and participation in nine SEI assessments, assistance with the formation of software improvement teams in each of the major operating groups, and work with pilot projects. The operating level software improvement teams actually performed the SEI assessments, devised operating procedures, and developed specific action plans for software improvement within their respective business entities. At the project level, pilot projects began to apply the procedures and processes and quality improvement teams were started to carry out continuous process improvement. This paper focuses on the corporate level effort to define a software process. Texas Instruments is a highly diversified electronics-based company. Major operating entities participate in such businesses as semiconductor devices, computer systems, military electronics, information systems, computer aided software engineering tools for business applications, factory automation, and consumer electronics products. This diversity made it necessary for us to face problems that a more focused organization might be able to ignore.
Lives lived together and apart: A mother and daughter talk fifteen years later

Synopsis Drawing on story-telling conventions, a mother and daughter engage in an intimate conversation about the effects of divorce, family reconfiguration and maternal absence on a woman, her dependent child and the mother–adult child relationship. In choosing this autonarrative approach, mother and adult daughter wrote a moment in their personal history that privileges subjectivity, reflexivity and voice. Their subsequent analysis of the narrative revealed that the mother's story became the plot line for the daughter's story with both storylines formed, in part, in relation to the reconstitution of the family. The narrative challenges the familiar dramatic–traumatic script of divorce and the persistent, if unfounded, assumption that children (especially daughters) are negatively affected by maternal absence during their formative years. The narrative also highlights the gendered and naturalizing discourse of maternal obligation and responsibilities as well as the relational work between mother and daughter. Poignantly revealed are the fluidity of perspectives, shifting points of tension, and the subtle back and forth negotiation of talk about divorce, reconstitution of family, nonresidential mothering and the impact of these conflicts on their lives together and apart, then and now.
Ribonucleic acid synthesis in cells infected with herpes simplex virus. I. Patterns of ribonucleic acid synthesis in productively infected cells.

HEp-2 cells were pulse-labeled at different times after infection with herpes simplex virus, and nuclear ribonucleic acid (RNA) and cytoplasmic RNA were examined. The data showed the following: (i) Analysis by acrylamide gel electrophoresis of cytoplasmic RNA of cells infected at high multiplicities [80 to 200 plaque-forming units (PFU)/cell] revealed that ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis falls to less than 10% of control (uninfected cell) values by 5 hr after infection. The synthesis of 4 S RNA also declined but not as rapidly, and at its lowest level it was still 20% of control values. At lower multiplicities (20 PFU), the rate of inhibition was slower than at high multiplicities. However, at all multiplicities the rates of inhibition of 18 S and 28 S rRNA remained identical and higher than that of 4 S RNA. (ii) Analysis of nuclear RNA of cells infected at high multiplicities by sucrose density gradient centrifugation showed that the synthesis and methylation of 45 S rRNA precursor continued at a reduced but significant rate (ca. 30% of control values) at times after infection when no radioactive uridine was incorporated or could be chased into 28 S and 18 S rRNA. This indicates that the inhibition of rRNA synthesis after herpesvirus infection is a result of two processes: a decrease in the rate of synthesis of 45 S RNA and a decrease in the rate of processing of that 45 S RNA that is synthesized. (iii) Hybridization of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA of infected cells with herpesvirus DNA revealed that a significant proportion of the total viral RNA in the nucleus has a sedimentation coefficient of 50 S or greater. The sedimentation coefficient of virus-specific RNA associated with cytoplasmic polyribosomes is smaller with a maximum at 16 S to 20 S , but there is some rapidly sedimenting RNA (> 28 S ) here too. (iv) Finally, there was leakage of low-molecular weight (4 S ) RNA from infected cells, the leakage being approximately three-fold that of uninfected cells by approximately 5 hr after infection.
Circadian phase-shifting effects of a laboratory environment: a clinical trial with bright and dim light

Our aims were to examine the influence of different bright light schedules on mood, sleep, and circadian organization in older adults (n = 60, ages 60–79 years) with insomnia and/or depression, contrasting with responses of young, healthy controls (n = 30, ages 20–40 years). Volunteers were assessed for one week in their home environments. Urine was collected over two 24-hour periods to establish baseline acrophase of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) excretion. Immediately following home recording, volunteers spent five nights and four days in the laboratory. Sleep periods were fixed at eight hours in darkness, consistent with the volunteers' usual sleep periods. Volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three light treatments (four hours per day) within the wake period: (A) two hours of 3,000 lux at 1–3 hours and 13–15 hours after arising; (B) four hours of 3,000 lux at 6–10 hours after arising; (C) four hours of dim placebo light at 6–10 hours after arising. Lighting was 50 lux during the remainder of wakefulness. The resulting aMT6s acrophase was determined during the final 30 hours in the laboratory. Neither mood nor total melatonin excretion differed significantly by treatment. For the three light treatments, significant and similar phase-response plots were found, indicating that the shift in aMT6s acrophase was dependent upon the circadian time of treatment. The changes in circadian timing were not significantly correlated to changes in sleep or mood. The trial failed to demonstrate photoperiodic effects. The results suggest that even low levels of illumination and/or fixed timing of behavior had significant phase-shifting effects.
Metformin Pharmacogenomics: Biomarkers to Mechanisms

Pharmacogenomics is the study of the contribution of inheritance to variation in drug response—variation that can range from a loss of the desired therapeutic effect at one end of the spectrum to an adverse drug reaction at the other (1,2). The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) recently sponsored a workshop on the pharmacogenomics of metformin, the most widely prescribed drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Metformin displays wide variation in efficacy and occasional serious adverse reactions (3). A report of that workshop is published in this issue (4). Pawlyk et al. (4) provide an overview of the current status of metformin pharmacogenomics as well as insight into the current state of pharmacogenomics as a discipline. Pharmacogenomic information is increasingly being implemented clinically and is being used to adjust drug dosage or to avoid adverse drug reactions (5). At the same time, pharmacogenomic research has moved from a focus on the contribution of genetics to variation in processes that we already understand—for example, drug metabolism and known drug target(s)—to also become a …
THE LEXICAL SEMANTICS OF COMPARATIVE EXPRESSIONS IN A MULTI-LEVEL SEMANTIC PROCESSOR

Comparative expressions (CEs) such as "bigger than" and "more oranges than" are highly ambiguous, and their meaning is context dependent. Thus, they pose problems for the semantic interpretation algorithms typically used in natural language database interfaces. We focus on the comparison attribute ambiguities that occur with CEs. To resolve these ambiguities our natural language interface interacts with the user, finding out which of the possible interpretations was intended. Our multi-level semantic processor facilitates this interaction by recognizing the occurrence of comparison attribute ambiguity and then calculating and presenting a list of candidate comparison attributes from which the user may choose.
Chemical denaturation and elevated folding temperatures are required for wild-type activity and stability of recombinant Methanococcus jannaschii 20S proteasome.

The 20S proteasome from the extreme thermophile Methanococcus jannaschii (Mj) was purified and sequenced to facilitate production of the recombinant proteasome in E. coli. The recombinant proteasome remained in solution at a purity level of 80–85% (according to SDS PAGE) following incubation of cell lysates at 70°C. Temperature–activity profiles indicated that the temperature optima of the wild-type and recombinant enzymes differed substantially, with optimal activities occurring at 119°C and 95°C, respectively. To ameliorate this discrepancy, two recombinant enzyme preparations were produced, each of which included denaturation of the proteasome by 4 M urea followed by high-temperature (85°C) dialysis. The wild-type temperature optimum was restored, but only if proteasome subunits were denatured and refolded prior to assembly (a preparation designated as α & β). In contrast, when proteasome assembly preceded denaturation (designated α + β) the optimum temperature was raised to a lesser degree. Moreover, the α & β and α + β preparations had apparent thermal half-lives at 114°C of 54.2 and 26.2 min, respectively, and the thermostability of the less stable enzyme was more sensitive to a reduction in pH. Attainment of wild-type activity and stability thus required the proper folding of both the α- and β-subunits prior to proteasome assembly. Consistent with this behavior, dual-scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements revealed differences in the reassembly efficiency of the two proteasome preparations. The ability to produce structural conformers with dramatically different thermal optima and thermostabilities may facilitate the determination of molecular forces and structural motifs responsible for enzyme thermostablity and high-temperature activity.
Ctr2 regulates biogenesis of a cleaved form of mammalian Ctr1 metal transporter lacking the copper- and cisplatin-binding ecto-domain

Copper is an essential catalytic cofactor for enzymatic activities that drive a range of metabolic biochemistry including mitochondrial electron transport, iron mobilization, and peptide hormone maturation. Copper dysregulation is associated with fatal infantile disease, liver, and cardiac dysfunction, neuropathy, and anemia. Here we report that mammals regulate systemic copper acquisition and intracellular mobilization via cleavage of the copper-binding ecto-domain of the copper transporter 1 (Ctr1). Although full-length Ctr1 is critical to drive efficient copper import across the plasma membrane, cleavage of the ecto-domain is required for Ctr1 to mobilize endosomal copper stores. The biogenesis of the truncated form of Ctr1 requires the structurally related, previously enigmatic copper transporter 2 (Ctr2). Ctr2−/− mice are defective in accumulation of truncated Ctr1 and exhibit increased tissue copper levels, and X-ray fluorescence microscopy demonstrates that copper accumulates as intracellular foci. These studies identify a key regulatory mechanism for mammalian copper transport through Ctr2-dependent accumulation of a Ctr1 variant lacking the copper- and cisplatin-binding ecto-domain.
Rubisco activation state decreases with increasing nitrogen content in apple leaves

Based on the curvilinear relationship between leaf nitrogen content and the initial slope of the response of CO(2) assimilation (A:) to intercellular CO(2) concentrations (C:(i)) in apple, it is hypothesized that Rubisco activation state decreases with increasing leaf N content and this decreased activation state accounts for the curvilinear relationship between leaf N and CO(2) assimilation. A range of leaf N content (1.0-5.0 g m(-2)) was achieved by fertilizing bench-grafted Fuji/M.26 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees for 45 d with different N concentrations, using a modified Hoagland's solution. Analysis of A:/C:(i) curves under saturating light indicated that CO(2) assimilation at ambient CO(2) fell within the Rubisco limitation region of the A:/C:(i) curves, regardless of leaf N status. Initial Rubisco activity showed a curvilinear response to leaf N. In contrast, total Rubisco activity increased linearly with increasing leaf N throughout the leaf N range. As a result, Rubisco activation state decreased with increasing leaf N. Both light-saturated CO(2) assimilation at ambient CO(2) and the initial slope of the A:/C:(i) curves were linearly related to initial Rubisco activity, but curvilinearly related to total Rubisco activity. The curvatures in the relationships of both light-saturated CO(2) assimilation at ambient CO(2) and the initial slope of the A:/C:(i) curves with total Rubisco activity were more pronounced than in their relationships with leaf N. This was because the ratio of total Rubisco activity to leaf N increased with increasing leaf N. As leaf N increased, photosynthetic N use efficiency declined with decreasing Rubisco activation state.
Improved recellularization of ex vivo vascular scaffolds using directed transport gradients to modulate ECM remodeling

The regeneration of functional, clinically viable, tissues from acellular ex vivo tissues has been problematic largely due to poor nutrient transport conditions that limit cell migration and integration. Compounding these issues are subcellular pore sizes that necessarily requires extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in order for cells to migrate and regenerate the tissue. The aim of the present work was to create a directed growth environment that allows cells to fully populate an ex vivo-derived vascular scaffold and maintain viability over extended periods. Three different culture conditions using single (one nutrient source) or dual perfusion bioreactor systems (two nutrients sources) were designed to assess the effect of pressure and nutrient gradients under either low (50/30 mmHg) or high (120/80) relative pressure conditions. Human myofibroblasts were seeded to the ablumenal periphery of an ex vivo-derived vascular scaffold using a collagen/hydrogel cell delivery system. After 30 days culture, total cell density was consistent between groups; however, significant variation was noted in cell distribution and construct mechanics as a result of differing perfusion conditions. The most aggressive transport gradient was developed by the single perfusion low-pressure circuits and resulted in a higher proportion of cells migrating across the scaffold toward the vessel lumen (nutrient source). These investigations illustrate the influence of directed nutrient gradients where precisely controlled perfusion conditions significantly affects cell migration, distribution and function, resulting in pronounced effects on construct mechanics during early remodeling events.
High Shear Homogenization of Lignin to Nanolignin and Thermal Stability of Nanolignin‐Polyvinyl Alcohol Blends

A new method to prepare nanolignin using a simple high shear homogenizer is presented. The kraft lignin particles with a broad distribution ranging from large micron- to nano-sized particles were completely homogenized to nanolignin particles with sizes less than 100 nm after 4 h of mechanical shearing. The (13) C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and (31) P NMR analysis showed that there were no major changes in the chemical composition between the starting kraft lignin particles and the nanolignin obtained after 4 h of mechanical treatment. The nanolignin particles did not show any change in molecular weight distribution and polydispersity compared to the original lignin particles. The nanolignin particles when used with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) increased the thermal stability of nanolignin/PVA blends more effectively compared to the original lignin/PVA blends.
An all-electrical floating-gate transmission line model technique for measuring source resistance in heterostructure field-effect transistors

A new technique for determining the parasitic source resistance in heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) is presented. The new technique is an improvement of the floating-gate transmission line model and uses purely electrical measurements; there is no need to determine any critical lengths optically or by scanning electron microscopy. The technique is demonstrated in In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As/n/sup +/-In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As metal-insulator-doped semiconductor field-effect transistors (MIDFETs). The new technique holds great promise for automated measurements of source resistance in a manufacturing environment. >
Challenging Public Investigative Reports: How to Fight the Hearsay Exception

This paper discusses how attorneys can argue against having government and public reports admitted into evidence at trial that would be damaging to their client. When this paper was done, such reports were admitted via Federal Rule of Evidence 803(8)(C). The authors argue that it is possible to challenge admission of factual findings in public reports despite various court decisions which make this difficult.
Generalized Reordering Rules for Improved SMT

We present a simple yet effective approach to syntactic reordering for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). Instead of solely relying on the top-1 best-matching rule for source sentence preordering, we generalize fully lexicalized rules into partially lexicalized and unlexicalized rules to broaden the rule coverage. Furthermore, , we consider multiple permutations of all the matching rules, and select the final reordering path based on the weighed sum of reordering probabilities of these rules. Our experiments in English-Chinese and English-Japanese translations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach: we observe consistent and significant improvement in translation quality across multiple test sets in both language pairs judged by both humans and automatic metric.
Using Redundancy to Detect Security Anomalies: Towards IoT security attack detectors: The Internet of Things (Ubiquity symposium)

Cyber-attacks and breaches are often detected too late to avoid damage. While "classical" reactive cyber defenses usually work only if we have some prior knowledge about the attack methods and "allowable" patterns, properly constructed redundancy-based anomaly detectors can be more robust and often able to detect even zero day attacks. They are a step toward an oracle that uses knowable behavior of a healthy system to identify abnormalities. In the world of Internet of Things (IoT), security, and anomalous behavior of sensors and other IoT components, will be orders of magnitude more difficult unless we make those elements security aware from the start. In this article we examine the ability of redundancy-based anomaly detectors to recognize some high-risk and difficult to detect attacks on web servers---a likely management interface for many IoT stand-alone elements. In real life, it has taken long, a number of years in some cases, to identify some of the vulnerabilities and related attacks. We discuss practical relevance of the approach in the context of providing high-assurance Web-services that may belong to autonomous IoT applications and devices.
Translational modeling and simulation approaches for molecularly targeted small molecule anticancer agents from bench to bedside

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Recent advances in molecular biology have enabled personalized cancer therapies with molecularly targeted agents (MTAs), which offer a promising future for cancer therapy. Dynamic modeling and simulation (M&S) is a powerful mathematical approach linking drug exposures to pharmacological responses, providing a quantitative assessment of in vivo drug potency. Accordingly, a growing emphasis is being placed upon M&S to quantitatively understand therapeutic exposure-response relationships of MTAs in nonclinical models.Areas covered: An overview of M&S approaches for MTAs in nonclinical models is presented with discussion about mechanistic extrapolation of antitumor efficacy from bench to bedside. Emphasis is placed upon recent advances in M&S approaches linking drug exposures, biomarker responses (e.g. target modulation) and pharmacological outcomes (e.g. antitumor efficacy).Expert opinion: For successful personalized cancer therapies with MTAs, it is critical to mechanistically and quan...
A role for pre-mNK cells in tumor progression

The innate and adaptive immune systems have evolved together to fight infection and cancerous tissues. The innate immune system emerges first with the adaptive immune system following, both ostensibly being bridged by dendritic cells (DC). Recently cells have emerged that possess characteristics of both innate and adaptive immune cell qualities, termed interferon-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs). These cells have an indistinct origin that is not well understood. They appear to have more NK cell attributes than DC but purportedly can regulate the immune system similar to immunoregulatory NK cells. Because of this, they have been renamed pre-mNK cells (pre-mature NK cells). We argue in this commentary that pre-mNK cells may contribute to cancer recurrence.
3D Printing Fumarate Based Polymers

Recently, an inexpensive 3D lithography technique was developed by Professor Nicholas Fang at the University of Illinois where a projector is used in combination with a Microsoft® PowerPoint presentation to expose the liquid negative-tone photoresist 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate in a layer-by-layer fashion. Where Professor Fang initially used this method as a teaching tool, we have used the inexpensive 3D printing technique to create 3D structures of fumarate based polymers. This class of polymers are liquids at room temperature which makes them ideal for the projector based lithography technique when used in combination with the photoinitiator bisphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (BAPO). Furthermore, the fumarate based materials are biocompatible and are suitable candidates for tissue engineering applications.