cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward Gender-aware Health Care Evaluation of an Intervention to Enhance Care for Female Patients in the VA Setting

In response to identified deficits in the provision of health care to female patients, we sought to improve healthcare workers' gender awareness— conceptualized as gender-role ideology, sensitivity, and knowledge related to female patients—through the application of a brief computerized educational intervention. This study, conducted in the Veterans Affairs (VA) health-care setting, involved a pretest—posttest equivalent control group design. We evaluated hypotheses using random coefficients regression, a technique that offers a number of advantages relative to repeated-measures ANOVA. Findings revealed significant improvements in sensitivity and knowledge for participants in the treatment condition compared to the control condition. With several exceptions, the intervention was similarly effective across employee groups.
Transparent Media: Radio, Voice, and Ideologies of Directness in Postdemocratic Nepal

This article explores the ideas of directness and transparency that are fundamental to both the language ideology promoted by FM programs and the media ideology associated with FM radio. Speaking directly about one's desires is also critical to the process of learning to be a self-conscious individual with a complex interior life. Ideas about the direct voice are shaped by the world of international development, the emergence of new media and publics, and the democracy movements in Nepal. Through a focus on a UNICEF-sponsored youth program, I argue that direct speech and the direct voice critically shape radio listeners' subjectivity, creating the ideal neoliberal subject, at the level of the technology's material form and the content of its programs. [voice, radio, transparency, development, neoliberal subjectivity]
Episodic struvite deposits in a Northern Great Plains flyway lake: indicators of mid-Holocene drought?

A series of 34 layers of struvite (hydrous Mg-ammonium-phosphate) were deposited in laminated sediments of Kettle Lake, North Dakota, in the Northern Great Plains, USA. Sedimentologic, mineralogic and nitrogen isotopic evidence suggest that struvite was deposited during nutrient-enriched eutrophication events within a Mg-rich lacustrine environment. The struvite layers are dispersed between 4650 and 8700 cal. yr BP, with particularly high frequency between 8068 and 8700 cal. yr BP. The youngest struvite layer dates to 2734 cal. yr BP. Key features of the struvite-forming events were (a) relatively low water stage and consequent ele- vated water salinity associated with the dry mid Holocene, (b) disappearance of most lakes and wetlands in the region, and (c) focused, but brief, visitations by large populations of migratory waterfowl. The lack of more fre- quent occurrence of struvite is ascribed to the rarity with which this combination of conditions was achieved, in combination with difficulty of preservation for this salt. 15 N isotopes in struvite (mean 7.51‰) are heavy rel- ative to 15 N in sediment and also extremely uniform over time. The isotopes are interpreted to reflect a water- fowl waste source without extensive NH4 volatilizaton. The timing of the struvite events does not closely correspond to century-scale mid-Holocene drought cycles inferred from oscillating aragonite concentrations, although there is a weak preferred occurrence in the humid phase of these cycles. Thus the struvite events are ephemeral prairie features of this generally arid period but tend not to occur at precisely the most arid intervals.
Measuring health status in arthritis ; the arthritis impact measurement scales.

A multidimensional index that measures the health status of individuals with arthritis has been developed. The Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS) are a combination of previously studied and newly created health status scales which assess physical, emotional, and social well-being. The self-administered AIMS questionnaire has been pilot tested in a mixed arthritis population. Results indicate that the instrument is practical and that it generates scalable, reliable, and valid measures of both aggregated and disaggregated health status. The AIMS approach to health status measurement should prove useful for evaluating the outcomes of arthritis treatments and programs.
Sr/Ca Proxy Sea-Surface Temperature Reconstructions from Modern and Holocene Montastraea faveolata Specimens from the Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT Flannery, J.A. and Poore, R.Z., 2013. Sr/Ca proxy sea-surface temperature reconstructions from modern and Holocene Montastraea faveolata specimens from the Dry Tortugas National Park In: Brock, J.C.; Barras, J.A., and Williams, S.J. (eds.), Understanding and Predicting Change in the Coastal Ecosystems of the Northern Gulf of Mexico, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 63, pp. 20–31, Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Sr/Ca ratios from skeletal samples from two Montastraea faveolata corals (one modern, one Holocene, ∼6 Ka) from the Dry Tortugas National Park were measured as a proxy for sea-surface temperature (SST). We sampled coral specimens with a computer- driven triaxial micromilling machine, which yielded an average of 15 homogenous samples per annual growth increment. We regressed Sr/Ca values from resulting powdered samples against a local SST record to obtain a calibration equation of Sr/Ca = -0.0392 SST + 10.205, R = -0.97. The resulting calibration was used to generate ...
Characterization of Electrical and Optical Loss MOCVD Regrown in Interfaces Layer lnGaAs-GaAs Quantum Well Heterostructure Lasers

Abstract The effects of epitaxial regrowth on the electrical and optical properties of semiconductor lasers are investigated. Threshold current density and differential quantum efficiency versus cavity length for several companion uninterrupted and regrown structures are analyzed self-consistently to separately quantify the electrical and optical properties of the epitaxial regrowth interface and the initial regrown material. A reduction in internal quantum efficiency for regrown lasers indicates increased nonradiative carrier recombination at the regrowth interface. Increases in the internal loss indicate increased photon absorption in the initial regrown material.
Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates: lessons learned in a high-stakes, high-volume medical performance examination

The Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates has been conducting a high-stakes, high-volume Clinical Skills Assessment for over one year and has assessed several thousand candidates. In the process, a great deal has been learned about the demands of testing in such a demanding environment.These lessons may be of benefit to those embarking on similar assessment programs.
Bacterial Glycosidases and Degradation of Glycoconjugates in the Human Gut

When examining the molecular pathogenesis of gastrointestinal infections investigators should realize that colon contents contain a variety of hydrolases including proteases, phospholipases, and glycosidases. Their action on cell surface and surface-related structures in the intestine presumably influence both normal and pathological host-microbial associations. This is especially true of intralumenal glycosidases, since oligosaccharide moieties of cell membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins appear to have roles as molecular recognition sites for bacterial attachment (1) while those of mucin glycoproteins confer the viscoelastic gel properties to the overlying mucus layer (I. Carlstedt, this symposium) which is a habitat for some kinds of enteric bacteria (2).
It's not just obstructive sleep apnea.

A 61-year-old man with a diagnosis of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm of the skin presented to our institution for induction chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. His wife reported snoring for many years, with suddenworsening in the past threemonths and associatedwith witnessed apneas in the past month. Sleep medicine service was consulted because of an abnormal overnight oximetry study that showed severe oscillatory desaturations suggesting severe sleep-disordered breathing (Fig. 1). Physical examination was unremarkable. There was no significant weight change in the preceding year. His medications remained unchanged. As the signs and symptoms were very suspicious for an otorhinolaryngology process, the patient underwent a computerized tomography (CT) scan (Fig. 2A) and positron emission tomography (PET) scan with 2-deoxy-2[fluorine-18]fluoroD-glucose integrated with CT (18F-FDG PET/CT) of the head and neck (Fig. 2B). The scans demonstrated multiple lymph nodes and enlarged palatine tonsils withmarked upper airway narrowing thought to be secondary to metastasis from his blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm of the skin. He was treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and a repeat overnight oximetry showed resolution of his sleep-disordered breathing (Fig. 3). The patient will return to have further workup for his sleepdisordered breathing after completing his chemotherapy treatment. 2. Image analysis
Automated Continuous Respiratory Quotient Test

Determination of instantaneous continuous respiratory quotient (RQ) of a single breath has been proposed by Wagner and colleagues1 as a non-invasive method of assessing ventilation perfusion (V/Q) abnormalities. To perform the calculations of continuous RQ, air flow and expired carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen must be recorded during a single breath. We sampled each signal 25 times per second and then used the following formula to calculate RQ at each sample interval.
Caveolin-1 regulation of BCL-2 in paclitaxel-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 2273 Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers afflicting woman in the U.S. In 2007, approximately 240,000 new cases of breast cancers will be diagnosed. Taxanes are chemotherapeutic drugs, e.g. paclitaxel (Taxol), that are potent anti-tumor agents that repress the dynamic instability of microtubles and arrest cell cycle. Although, paclitaxel is a potent chemotherapy drug, it is non-specific. Moreover, cancer cells can develop resistance to these drugs over time and this remains a major problem in therapy. Caveolin1 (CAV1) is an integral membrane protein that forms the structural foundation of caveolae. CAV1 is not just localized to the plasma membrane but is also found in the cytoplasm and other organelles including the mitochondrial membrane. The role of CAV1 varies in different cancers, however in breast cancer, CAV1 has an anti-tumorigenic effect. Our laboratory has shown that treatment of breast cancer cell lines with paclitaxel results in up-regulation of CAV1 and an increase in mitochondrial membrane permeability. BCL-2 plays an anti-apoptotic role in breast cancer. A primary role of BCL-2 is to stabilize the mitochondrial membrane. BCL-2 is also an integral membrane protein that will promote tumorigenesis by preventing cell death. BCL-2 is regulated via phosphorylation at a Ser70 residue causing it to lose its anti-apoptotic activity. We have previously shown that Ser70 phosphorylation, and hence inactivation of BCL-2, is more readily induced by paclitaxel in MCF7 cells that overexpress wild-type CAV1 (wt-CAV1) versus in MCF7 cells expressing the empty vector (EV). Thus, we hypothesize that increased mitochondrial permeability, and therefore, apoptosis is mediated by CAV1 regulation of BCL-2 following paclitaxel treatment in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Western blot analysis has shown that expression of wtCAV1 in MCF7 cells decreases the expression of BCL-2 compared to MCF7-EV. We show that in MCF7-wtCAV1 cells, relative mRNA levels of BCL-2 do not increase as in MCF7-EV cells following paclitaxel treatment. Decreased levels of BCL-2 in MCF7-wtCAV1 cells correlate with increased sensitivity to paclitaxel. We show that both CAV1 and BCL-2 are localized in the mitochondria in the MCF-wtCAV1 cells. By immunoprecipitation from whole cell lysates, we show that BCL-2 forms a complex with CAV1 when treated with 10 nM paclitaxel. Thus, our study shows a relationship between CAV1 and BCL-2 in paclitaxel induced mitochondrial permeability. Future studies will focus on measuring co-localization of CAV1 and BCL-2 in the mitochondria and determine what role CAV1 plays in the regulation of transcription of BCL-2. Our results will help accentuate our knowledge of chemotherapeutic drug targets that can increase the efficacy-to-toxicity ratio in breast cancer patients.
Kinetics Of Charge Generation During Formation Of Hf And Zr Silicate Dielectrics

Understanding charged defects in high dielectric constant insulators is a critical challenge for advanced devices. We have formed thin Zr and Hf silicates by oxidation of thin metal films sputtered on clean Si(100) and studied the effect of oxidation time (15 to 300s) and temperature (600 or 900°C) on the flatband voltage using capacitance vs. voltage measurements. We find that the thermal budget during oxidation and the type of oxidizing agent (slow vs. fast) affect the amount of fixed charge in the film significantly. Oxidation of 0.8nm of Zr metal on Si at 600°C in N2O for 15s results in EOT=1.2nm and a shift in the flatband voltage by ∼-0.2V indicating generation of positive fixed charge. Oxidation of similar films for 300s result in EOT=2.8nm and shift of the flatband voltage by ∼-0.95V. Hf films oxidized in N2O also show increased concentrations of fixed charge for longer oxidation times. By comparison, Si oxidized in the same environment does not show this extent of flatband voltage shift. A significantly reduced charge generation rate is observed for Hf oxidation under low O2 partial pressure. Extended oxidations (up to 1h) result in increased EOT and a slight decrease in the charged defect state density. Forming Gas Anneal (FGA) results in partial neutralization of the charge. FGA after the Al gate deposition also leads to significant decrease of the EOT (from 2.7 to 2.1nm) indicating significant reaction of the film with the gate metal. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for thin films indicates formation of Zr and Hf-silicates. However, for thick Hf films the low O2 oxidation process results in less silicon incorporation in the film as compared to films oxidized in N2O. Results suggest that understanding oxidation mechanisms will be important in isolating andcontrollingfixedchargeinhigh-kdielectrics.
Recent advances in control of sedation

Abstract Procedural sedation is commonly employed in endoscopic procedures, and increasingly uses propofol. The use of propofol is commonly restricted to anesthesia providers, and this may increase the cost of care. Administration of propofol requires a special set of skills to deal with the variability of patient response and the consequences of improper dosing. This has stoked interest in the use of automated systems to reduce manpower costs associated with propofol. This article examines why propofol poses challenges for human control, and how various automated systems have been used to address these challenges. We examine target-controlled infusions, patient-controlled sedation, the SEDASYS System, and optimized ramp induction. The article emphasizes on how the various approaches deal with the range of variability in propofol response. No single system is capable of dealing with all patients without some human supervision and intervention.
Septal vein symmetry: implications for endoscopic septum pellucidotomy.

Background Endosopic septum pellucidotomy is used for treating patients with unilateral and specific types of bilateral hydrocephalus. The ideal location for septostomy is controversial; however, an avascular region is preferred. Objective As the septal veins (SVs) are viewed only from one side, we studied the symmetry of the SVs in an attempt to define a safe area for septostomy. Methods Sixteen cadaver brains were dissected. The septum pellucidum was exposed bilaterally and divided into 3 regions. SVs of both sides were evaluated according to number, size, distribution, and location relative to common markers on both sides. Results Each side included 1 to 7 large veins (mean ± standard deviation, 2.3 ± 1.4), 0 to 3 small veins (2.05 ± 1.73), and a total of 2 to 7 veins (4.35 ± 1.53). Of the large veins, 88% were located in the anterior septal region (anterior to the foramen of Monro). Among the 10 brains that were extensively dissected, 90% had asymmetric SVs (either in the number of large veins or in the existence of any veins) in at least 1 of the septal regions, and 50% of brains had asymmetric SVs in the anterior region. Conclusion Distribution of the SVs is asymmetric in most cases. We recommend septostomy be performed at the anterior area of the middle septal region, at the level of the foramen of Monro, mid-height between the corpus callosum and fornix. Careful evaluation of preoperative images and thorough coagulation at the septostomy site are essential to avoid injury to a contralateral large SV.
People-Technology-Ecosystem Integration: A Framework to Ensure Regional Interoperability for Safety, Sustainability, and Resilience of Interdependent Energy, Water, and Seafood Sources in the (Persian) Gulf.

Objective:The aim of this study is to identify the interdependencies of human and organizational subsystems of multiple complex, safety-sensitive technological systems and their interoperability in the context of sustainability and resilience of an ecosystem.Background:Recent technological disasters with severe environmental impact are attributed to human factors and safety culture causes. One of the most populous and environmentally sensitive regions in the world, the (Persian) Gulf, is on the confluence of an exponentially growing number of two industries—nuclear power and seawater desalination plants—that is changing its land- and seascape.Method:Building upon Rasmussen’s model, a macrosystem integrative framework, based on the broader context of human factors, is developed, which can be considered in this context as a “meta-ergonomics” paradigm, for the analysis of interactions, design of interoperability, and integration of decisions of major actors whose actions can affect safety and sustainability ...
Long-term drug administration in the adult zebrafish using oral gavage for cancer preclinical studies

Zebrafish are a major model for chemical genetics, and most studies use embryos when investigating small molecules that cause interesting phenotypes or that can rescue disease models. Limited studies have dosed adults with small molecules by means of water-borne exposure or injection techniques. Challenges in the form of drug delivery-related trauma and anesthesia-related toxicity have excluded the adult zebrafish from long-term drug efficacy studies. Here, we introduce a novel anesthetic combination of MS-222 and isoflurane to an oral gavage technique for a non-toxic, non-invasive and long-term drug administration platform. As a proof of principle, we established drug efficacy of the FDA-approved BRAFV600E inhibitor, Vemurafenib, in adult zebrafish harboring BRAFV600E melanoma tumors. In the model, adult casper zebrafish intraperitoneally transplanted with a zebrafish melanoma cell line (ZMEL1) and exposed to daily sub-lethal dosing at 100 mg/kg of Vemurafenib for 2 weeks via oral gavage resulted in an average 65% decrease in tumor burden and a 15% mortality rate. In contrast, Vemurafenib-resistant ZMEL1 cell lines, generated in culture from low-dose drug exposure for 4 months, did not respond to the oral gavage treatment regimen. Similarly, this drug treatment regimen can be applied for treatment of primary melanoma tumors in the zebrafish. Taken together, we developed an effective long-term drug treatment system that will allow the adult zebrafish to be used to identify more effective anti-melanoma combination therapies and opens up possibilities for treating adult models of other diseases.
The large Aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana in California (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

This paper reports the first outbreak of the large aspen tortrix Choristoneura conflictana (Walker), in 1960 in stands of quaking aspen in the Warner Mountains of northeastern California. Before 1960 this defoliator was rarely collected in the State since it first was found here in 1922. Previous California records are summarized, the current outbreak described, and brief notes on life history are given.
Runway Length as a Determinant of Self-Control in Rats

Rats tested in a two-lane runway were given a choice between 1 (45 mg) food pellet delivered immediately upon goal box entry and 4 food pellets delivered 8 seconds after goal box entry. The smaller, but immediately available, reinforcer was preferred when the runway length was 40 cm. However, at a runway length of 240 cm, preference shifted to the larger, but more delayed, reinforcer. Results of this study are similar to those of prior investigations in which temporal distance to reward was manipulated directly.
Real-time cache management for multi-core virtualization

Real-time virtualization techniques have been investigated with the primary goal of consolidating multiple real-time systems onto a single hardware platform while ensuring timing predictability. However, a shared last-level cache (LLC) on recent multi-core platforms can easily hamper timing predictability due to the resulting temporal interference among consolidated workloads. Since such interference caused by the LLC is highly variable and may have not even existed in legacy systems to be consolidated, it poses a significant challenge for real-time virtualization. In this paper, we propose a real-time cache management framework for multi-core virtualization. Our framework introduces two hypervisor-level techniques, vLLC and vColoring, that enable the cache allocation of individual tasks running in a virtual machine (VM), which is not achievable by the current state of the art. Our framework also provides a cache management scheme that determines cache allocation to tasks, designs VMs in a cache-aware manner, and minimizes the aggregated utilization of VMs to be consolidated. As a proof of concept, we implemented vLLC and vColoring in the KVM hypervisor running on x86 and ARM multi-core platforms. Experimental results with three different guest OSs, namely Linux/RK, vanilla Linux and MS Windows Embedded, show that our techniques can effectively control the cache allocation of tasks in VMs. Our cache management scheme yields a significant utilization benefit compared to other approaches.
Accurate Prediction of One-Dimensional Protein Structure Features Using SPINE-X

Accurate prediction of protein secondary structure and other one-dimensional structure features is essential for accurate sequence alignment, three-dimensional structure modeling, and function prediction. SPINE-X is a software package to predict secondary structure as well as accessible surface area and dihedral angles ϕ and ψ. For secondary structure SPINE-X achieves an accuracy of between 81 and 84 % depending on the dataset and choice of tests. The Pearson correlation coefficient for accessible surface area prediction is 0.75 and the mean absolute error from the ϕ and ψ dihedral angles are 20∘ and 33∘, respectively. The source code and a Linux executables for SPINE-X are available from Research and Information Systems at http://mamiris.com .
Influence of multispecies biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Desulfovibrio vulgaris on the corrosion of cast iron

Abstract The impact of biofilm formation and bacterial solutions of Desulfovibrio vulgaris (a sulfate reducing bacteria, SRB) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1, denitrifying bacteria) on the corrosion of cast iron was assessed and compared in this study. Corrosion experiments were separately conducted in respective culture media (in-situ) and in 3.5% NaCl (ex-situ, pH 4). The extent of cast iron corrosion diminishes in the co-presence of PAO1 and SRB compared to SRB alone. However, patchy and scanty biofilms of PAO1 did not protect the surface in 3.5% NaCl solution compared to SRB biofilms.
Black Hairy Tongue: Predisposing Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign condition commonly found among people who smoke, have poor oral hygiene, are immunocompromised, or have a medical condition limiting their ability to practice good oral hygiene. Though this condition is harmless, patients need to be educated on etiology as many common medications are associated with this condition. Patients being placed on certain antibiotics or antipsychotics should be educated on the importance of good oral hygiene or cessation of habits that promote BHT. Similarly, those with medical conditions increasing the risk for the development of BHT should schedule routine visits with their dentist or dental hygienist. Prognosis is good, and treatment consists of gentle brushing of the tongue, but many anecdotal reports exist demonstrating the use of medications or other products to treat this condition. This review addresses the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathophysiology, etiology, histology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of BHT and lists all of the medications reported to cause this condition.
First demonstration of the fast-to-slow corrector current shift in the NSLS-II storage ring

Abstract To realize the full benefits of the high brightness and ultra-small beam sizes of NSLS-II, it is essential that the photon beams are exceedingly stable. In the circumstances of implementing local bumps, changing ID gaps, and long term drifting, the fast orbit feedback (FOFB) requires shifting the fast corrector strengths to the slow correctors to prevent the fast corrector saturation and to make the beam orbit stable in the sub-micron level. As the result, a reliable and precise technique of fast-to-slow corrector strength shift has been developed and tested at NSLS-II. This technique is based on the fast corrector response to the slow corrector change when the FOFB is on. In this article, the shift technique is described and the result of proof-of-principle experiment carried out at NSLS-II is presented. The maximum fast corrector current was reduced from greater than 0.45 A to less than 0.04 A with the orbit perturbation within ± 1 μ m.
Thermophysical Properties of Methane: Virial Coefficients, Vapor and Melting Pressures

For use in the computation of thermodynamic properties in gaseous and liquid states at T < 300 K there are given concise descriptions of the properties named in the title. Numerous published data on methane are combined with some new analytical expressions which give more acceptable behavior than previously could have been achieved.
Transcriptome analysis of pig intestinal cell monolayers infected with Cryptosporidium parvum asexual stages

Human cryptosporidiosis is caused primarily by two species of apicomplexan protozoa, Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis. In cultured cell monolayers, the parasite undergoes two generations of asexual multiplication (merogony). However, the proportion of parasites completing the life-cycle is low and insufficient to sustain continuous propagation. Due to the intracellular location of meronts and later life-cycle stages, oocyst and sporozoites are the only forms of the parasite that can readily be isolated. Research on the replicating forms of Cryptosporidium parasites and their interaction with the host cell remains challenging. Based on an RNA-Seq analysis of monolayers of pig epithelial cells infected with C. parvum, here we report on the impact of merogony on the host’s gene regulation. Analysis of the transcriptome of infected and uninfected monolayers demonstrates a significant impact of the infection on host cell gene expression. A total of 813 genes were differentially expressed. Functional terms significantly altered in response to infection include phosphoprotein, RNA binding and acetylation. Upregulation of cell cycle pathways indicates an increase in mitosis. Notably absent from differentially enriched functional categories are stress- and apoptosis-related functions. The comparison of the combined host-parasite transcriptome reveals that C. parvum gene expression is less diverse than the host cell transcriptome and is highly enriched for genes encoding ribosomal functions, such as ribosomal proteins. These results indicate that C. parvum infection significantly changes host biological functions and provide new insight into gene functions driving early C. parvum intracellular development.
Anesthesia for MRI and CT

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are advanced imaging technologies that offer unique diagnostic options for our patients. Due to the high clinical utility of these modalities, the demand for these scans is surging, and these scanner suites are increasingly busy at all hours. Many patients needing MRI or CT scans will require anesthesia services, due to young age, disability, developmental delay, pain, or claustrophobia. MRI and CT locations are potentially challenging environments in which to provide safe anesthetic patient care, due to their remote locations and unique hazards such as strong magnetic fields, ionizing radiation, thermal injuries, and contrast agents. This chapter presents background concepts, safety guidelines, and practical anesthesia options that will facilitate safe and efficient anesthetic care of pediatric and adult patients in these unusual imaging environments. Table 25.1 provides a summary of anesthesia considerations in patients undergoing MRI and CT imaging.
Global Spatial and Temporal Variation of Cd:P in Euphotic Zone Particulates

Author(s): Bourne, HL; Bishop, JKB; Lam, PJ; Ohnemus, DC | Abstract: Concentrations of Cd and P were determined in particle samples collected using the multiple unit large volume in situ filtration system (MULVFS) from 50 profiles at 34 different locations throughout the Atlantic, Pacific, and Southern Oceans since 1991. Consistent methodology has been used. This data set of Cd:P in size fractionated particles gives insight into the processes that lead to differences in regional Cd:P particle values as well as how the formation and remineralization of these particles lead to dissolved deep water ratios that increase from the North Atlantic to the North Pacific. With large spatial and temporal variation, this data set allows us to study the effects of an El Nino, upwelling, large-scale in situ Fe fertilization, low-oxygen conditions, and seasonal variation on the Cd:P in particles. Overall, Cd:P tends to be higher (~1–2nmmol/mol) in particles gathered in biologically dynamic waters and is much lower (typically ~0.1nmmol/mol) in oligotrophic regions. Using multiple linear regression analysis, we investigate how euphotic zone parameters important to photosynthesis including nitrate, phosphate, silicate, temperature, and euphotic zone depth affect the Cd:P ratio in particles. Using the results of the analysis, we create global seasonal maps of predicted particulate Cd:P distributions. We find that three factors—local dissolved nitrate, silicate concentrations, and euphotic zone depth—can predict 59% of the variation in particulate Cd:P. We verified our projections using in situ filtration samples collected during GEOTRACES expeditions GA03 (North Atlantic) and GP16 (South Pacific).
Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy: Excitation temperatures experienced by analyte species

Abstract Spatially resolved, radical excitation temperature distributions experienced by analyte species injected into the axial channel of a toroidally shaped, inductively coupled argon plasma are presented. Typical axial temperatures experienced by the thermometric species (FeI) ranged from 6500 K to 5500 K in the analytical zone of 15–25 mm above the load coil. A comparison of temperatures calculated with different sets of transition probabilities is also given.
The Value of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem Services

Abstract Coastal wetlands, which are some of the most heavily used and threatened natural systems globally, are rapidly disappearing. At the core of this problem is the failure to consider the various values, or benefits, provided by coastal wetlands when deciding on their current and future development and use. The role of economic valuation is to measure explicitly any resulting gains or losses in human welfare from these changes in benefits. These values can then be used to guide the necessary changes in coastal policies and management to control the human drivers of ecosystem change. Although valuing ecosystem goods and services of coastal wetlands seems straightforward, in practice there are a number of challenges to overcome. The biggest challenge is inadequate knowledge to link changes in ecosystem structure and function to the production of valuable goods and services, especially for those that are nonmarketed. A review of 80 coastal wetland valuation studies indicates that, although there is interest in the overall benefits of these important ecosystems, there is a need to have more studies of a wider range of ecosystem goods and services. Moreover, geographical coverage could be improved. There is also a need to make progress in two important areas: how spatial considerations are becoming increasingly important in valuing coastal wetland services and how unique insights can be gained from valuing certain coastal wetland services as part of a broader marine seascape.
Development and clinical outcomes of an endoscopic submucosal dissection fellowship program: early united states experience.

Adoption of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in the USA is challenging due to limited training opportunities. We describe the development of an ESD fellowship program in the USA and evaluate outcomes of ESD performed during this experience. A 1-year ESD fellowship was implemented under close supervision from a recognized ESD expert. The curriculum was tailored to the trainee based on their background and prior endoscopic training. Under the expert’s discretion, the trainee started by assisting cases and was gradually allowed to begin performing portions of ESD, with increasing difficulty as determined by technical progress, until complete procedures could be performed. Technical characteristics, outcomes, and adverse events were recorded. A total of 72 consecutive ESD cases were performed during the training period, in which the trainee assisted/observed 19 cases, partially performed 18 cases, and mainly performed 26 cases. Mean lesion diameter was 44.5 mm, with 79.2% colorectal cases. The trainee more frequently performed procedures with lower degree of fibrosis (p = 0.016). En bloc, complete, and curative resection was achieved in 84.7, 81.2, and 76.8% of cases, with no significant differences in resection outcomes or adverse events from trainee involvement. ESD can be safely and effectively taught within a 1-year advanced endoscopy fellowship. This was possible in the USA, even with limited gastric lesions, due to a progression focusing on easier portions of complex ESD procedures and advancing as technical progress allowed. Importantly, there was no increase in adverse event rate with trainee involvement in complex ESD cases.
Thermal Kinetics of Aln- + O2 (n = 2-30): Measurable Reactivity of Al13.

Mass-selected aluminum anion clusters, Aln–, were reacted with O2. Rate constants (300 K) for 2 < n < 30 and product branching fractions for 2 < n < 17 are reported. Reactivity is strongly anticorrelated to Aln– electron binding energy (EBE). Al13– reacts more slowly than predicted by EBE but notably is not inert, reacting at a measurable 0.05% efficiency (2.5 ± 1.5 × 10–13 cm3 s–1). Al6– is also an outlier, reacting more slowly than expected after accounting for other factors, suggesting that high symmetry increases stability. Implications of observed Al13– reactivity, contributions of both electronic shell-closing and geometric homogeneity to Aln– resistance to O2 etching, and future directions to more fully unravel the reaction mechanisms are discussed.
Geographic Access to Preexposure Prophylaxis Clinics Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States.

Objectives. To explore US geographic areas with limited access to HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) providers, PrEP deserts.Methods. We sourced publicly listed PrEP providers from a national datab...
Estimating the carbon footprint of the municipal water cycle

This research investigated the embodied energy associated with municipal water use. The feasibility of using a geographic information system model as a framework for sustainability planning was evaluated using data from Loudoun County, Va. The model spatially displays the embodied energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with municipal water and wastewater service. The embodied energy associated with water service depends on the topographic characteristics of the municipality, the efficiency of the water and wastewater treatment systems, and the efficiency of the pumping stations. GHG emissions varied with the embodied-energy and energy-generation characteristics of the power company. Within the study area, the embodied energy associated with customer water use ranged from 4.4 to 7.2 MW·h/mil gal. Customer carbon footprints ranged from 0.01 to 17.93 tons of carbon dioxide per year. The results of this study contribute to the development of a standardized approach for estimating the GHG impact of the municipal water cycle.
Effect of hypnotic suggestion on cognition and craving in smokers.

Abstract Cigarette smoking remains an important public health concern, and novel smoking cessation interventions are needed. Craving for cigarettes is a well-established target for intervention. Recent research has identified cognitive processes associated with craving, such as attentional bias to smoking cues, as targets for intervention. One intervention that may be effective in reducing attentional bias is hypnotic suggestion. Using a counterbalanced within-subjects design in a sample of active smokers (N = 33), this laboratory study examined if hypnotic suggestion can modify attention, assessed by the classic and smoking Stroop tasks, and craving. Hypnotic susceptibility was assessed using the Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. There was no evidence that hypnotic susceptibility moderated the effect of hypnotic suggestion on the classic or smoking Stroop effects. However, hypnotic susceptibility did moderate the effect of hypnotic suggestion on craving, such that hypnotic suggestion reduced craving in individuals with high levels of susceptibility. Further research into the mechanisms by which hypnotic suggestion reduces craving is warranted.
How Human Is Human Connectional Neuroanatomy

The structure of the human brain has been studied extensively. Despite all the knowledge accrued, direct information about connections, from origin to termination, in the human brain is extremely limited. Yet there is a widespread misperception that human connectional neuroanatomy is well-established and validated. In this article, we consider what is known directly about human structural and connectional neuroanatomy. Information on neuroanatomical connections in the human brain is derived largely from studies in non-human experimental models in which the entire connectional pathway, including origins, course, and terminations, is directly visualized. Techniques to examine structural connectivity in the human brain are progressing rapidly; nevertheless, our present understanding of such connectivity is limited largely to data derived from homological comparisons, particularly with non-human primates. We take the position that an in-depth and more precise understanding of human connectional neuroanatomy will be obtained by a systematic application of this homological approach.
Stimulating Reproducible Software Artifacts

Concerns about software-based science reproducibility are ubiquitous throughout the research community as nearly every field of science depends on experiments using computational artifacts. Recently, federally funded research has been mandated releasing data artifacts, but not software and workflow artifacts. Whenever accessible, software artifacts are typically hard to install/use, and experiment workflows are poorly documented and/or ad hoc. This increases the difficulty of replicating results and reusing computational artifacts, slowing down scientific progress. Several software systems have emerged to address this challenge. In this paper, we describe an approach to evaluate these software systems and to determine well they meet needs to replicate and reuse software, data, and workflow artifacts. As an example of the approach, we evaluate our own Occam system.
‘Green responses’ to COVID-19: Europe and the United States diverge yet again

The world is watching again as the once-close relationship between Europe and the United States continues to unravel before our eyes. In this particular instance it involves the vastly differing st...
Genetic background mutations drive neural circuit hyperconnectivity in a fragile X syndrome model.

Neural circuits are initially assembled during development when neurons synapse with potential partners and later refined as appropriate connections stabilize into mature synapses while inappropriate contacts are eliminated. Disruptions to this synaptogenic process impair connectivity optimization and can cause neurodevelopmental disorders. Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often characterized by synaptic overgrowth, with the maintenance of immature or inappropriate synapses. Such synaptogenic defects can occur through mutation of a single gene, such as fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) loss causing the neurodevelopmental disorder fragile X syndrome (FXS). FXS represents the leading heritable cause of ID and ASD, but many other genes that play roles in ID and ASD have yet to be identified. In a Drosophila FXS disease model, one dfmr150M null mutant stock exhibits previously unreported axonal overgrowths at developmental and mature stages in the giant fiber (GF) escape circuit. These excess axon projections contain both chemical and electrical synapse markers, indicating mixed synaptic connections. Extensive analyses show these supernumerary synapses connect known GF circuit neurons, rather than new, inappropriate partners, indicating hyperconnectivity within the circuit. Despite the striking similarities to well-characterized FXS synaptic defects, this new GF circuit hyperconnectivity phenotype is driven by genetic background mutations in this dfmr150M stock. Similar GF circuit synaptic overgrowth is not observed in independent dfmr1 null alleles. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was combined with whole genome sequencing (WGS) to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to neural circuit hyperconnectivity. The results reveal 8 QTL associated with inappropriate synapse formation and maintenance in the dfmr150M mutant background. Synaptogenesis is a complex, precisely orchestrated neurodevelopmental process with a large cohort of gene products coordinating the connectivity, synaptic strength, and excitatory/inhibitory balance between neuronal partners. This work identifies a number of genetic regions that contain mutations disrupting proper synaptogenesis within a particularly well-mapped neural circuit. These QTL regions contain potential new genes involved in synapse formation and refinement. Given the similarity of the synaptic overgrowth phenotype to known ID and ASD inherited conditions, identifying these genes should increase our understanding of these devastating neurodevelopmental disease states.
Locke on Space and Substance

Locke’s Essay concerning Human Understanding defends the anti-Cartesian doctrine that infinite space independent of corporeal substance is real and penetrated by bodies, i.e. a body always occupies a commensurate part of space. But whereas Gassendi, Newton, and others who hold this sort of doctrine find reasons to say that space is neither a substance nor an accident, Locke entertains the question and declines to answer it on the grounds that our idea of substance is too obscure. In this connection, Locke mounts a vigorous attack on the utility of the idea of substance, urging that use of it has potentially atheistic materialistic consequences. Although scholars usually take this to be nothing more than an occasion to rehearse the contention that substance is something-I-know-not-what, this article argues that the response is directly relevant to his doctrine of space. This is supported in part by tracing the development of this doctrine through the early drafts and travel journals. They argue that space consists of distance relations that must be terminated in the boundaries of bodies. The Essay replaces this with the doctrine that assimilates infinite space with God who must then be somehow extended and penetrable. If space consists of relations terminated in substances, it plainly is not a substance, but if space is constituted by penetrable extension somehow pertaining to God, its substantially is a more complicated question.
Designing and implementing at-scale programs to improve complementary feeding.

Advancing knowledge about how to improve complementary feeding at large scale is a high priority. This article identifies strategies for designing and implementing programs to improve complementary feeding at large scale, drawing on lessons learned from three initiatives: Alive & Thrive, which implemented large-scale programs in 3 countries; a low-burden intervention in Mexico that used scripted messages; and Estrategia Integral de Atencion a la Nutricion, which is introducing large-scale programs tied to Mexico's conditional cash transfer program. These initiatives illustrate different ways of designing and implementing large-scale programs, with lessons about the importance of having partnerships and alliances; well-grounded understanding from research; a public health strategy; scalable program modes and elements; using existing systems where possible; monitoring, learning, and evaluating; and adopting a model aimed at successfully implementing programs at scale. Improving complementary feeding globally is challenging because of the complex behaviors involved, and the development of specific programs geared to complementary feeding is necessary. Designing and implementing such specific programs at large scale is achievable with the intention, commitment, appropriate strategies, and financial support to do so from the outset.