cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Burn unit care of Stevens Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis: A survey

Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) is a systemic disease that can be associated with debilitating acute and chronic complications across multiple organ systems. As patients with acute SJS/TEN are often treated in a burn intensive care unit (BICU), we surveyed burn centers across the United States to determine their approach to the care of these patients. The goal of our study was to identify best practices and possible variations in the care of patients with acute SJS/TEN. We demonstrate that the method of diagnosis, use of systemic therapies, and involvement of subspecialists varied significantly between burn centers. Beyond supportive care provided to every patient, our data highlights a lack of standardization in the acute care of patients with SJS/TEN. A comprehensive guideline for the care of patients with acute SJS/TEN is indicated.
Exploring the topology of dynamical reconstructions

Abstract Computing the state-space topology of a dynamical system from scalar data requires accurate reconstruction of those dynamics and construction of an appropriate simplicial complex from the results. The reconstruction process involves a number of free parameters and the computation of homology for a large number of simplices can be expensive. This paper is a study of how to compute the homology efficiently and effectively without a full (diffeomorphic) reconstruction. Using trajectories from the classic Lorenz system, we reconstruct the dynamics using the method of delays, then build a simplicial complex whose vertices are a small subset of the data: the “witness complex”. Surprisingly, we find that the witness complex correctly resolves the homology of the underlying invariant set from noisy samples of that set even if the reconstruction dimension is well below the thresholds for assuring topological conjugacy between the true and reconstructed dynamics that are specified in the embedding theorems. We conjecture that this is because the requirements for reconstructing homology are less stringent: a homeomorphism is sufficient—as opposed to a diffeomorphism, as is necessary for the full dynamics. We provide preliminary evidence that a homeomorphism, in the form of a delay-coordinate reconstruction map, may exist at a lower dimension than that required to achieve an embedding.
The Locus of Corporate Scienter

With no uniform jurisprudential roadmap, courts in civil securities fraud lawsuits have been applying widely divergent assumptions and methods for locating a defendant corporation’s scienter. This article posits a new conceptualization of corporate scienter in the 10(b) setting, built upon the history, philosophical foundations, and evolution of corporate states of mind in the area of criminal law, a context that has necessarily seen various approaches to corporate scienter develop and flourish. Based on this new construct, the article proposes a rule that places in the locus of scienter a group of corporate agents whose personal scienter, by virtue of their participation in or link to the 10(b) misrepresentation or omission, is indicative of the corporation’s. More importantly, the proposed rule recognizes the influence of corporate personality in the perpetration of wrongdoing and presumes that a corporation can be found to possess scienter of its own – temporally and physically independent from that of its constituent agents.
Shoulder Pain After Definitive Lung Radiotherapy

A man in his 70s with a history of rheumatoid arthritis and a 50-pack-year smoking history presented with a worsening unproductive cough. Chest radiography identified a right lung nodule, with complete workup revealing a T2aN0M0 right upper lobe non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) measuring 4.3 × 2.9 cm. A clinically significant cardiac history precluded the option of surgery. He was treated with a definitive accelerated hypofractionated course of radiotherapy to a total of dose 60 Gy in 8 fractions. Acute toxic effects were not observed, with the exception of minor fatigue that resolved 1 month after treatment. A surveillance computed tomographic (CT) scan obtained at 3 months demonstrated that the right upper lobe tumor had decreased by 1 cm in all dimensions, and at this time the patient denied any new symptoms, including pain. Approximately 5 months after treatment, he awakened with abrupt onset of severe right shoulder pain. The pain was sharp, constant, and localized to his right scapula and ultimately progressed to the point of radiating down the extensor surface of his arm ending at his elbow. He denied paresthesias, weakness, or any inciting events that could have led to its onset. His primary care physician obtained a CT scan, followed 2 days later by a magnetic resonance image (MRI) of his right shoulder (Figure 1). T2-weighted MRI D T1-weighted MRI with gadolinium C T1-weighted MRI without contrast B CT without contrast A
Students' Use of Slope Conceptualizations When Reasoning about the Line of Best Fit.

Learning experiences regarding the line of best fit are typically students’ first encounters with the fundamental topic of statistical association. Students bring with them into these learning experiences prior knowledge and experiences about mathematical lines and their properties, namely slope. This study investigated the role students’ conceptions of slope play in their conceptualization of the line of best fit and approaches to placing it informally (i.e., by eye). Task-based interviews concerning the meaning and placement of the line of best fit conducted with seven grade 8 students were analyzed for this study. The results showed that students’ conceptualizations of slope can play a significant role in their reasoning about the line of best fit, in both productive and unproductive ways. Analysis of associations between slope conceptualizations and students’ criteria for placing the line, accuracy of the placed line, and meaning of the line of best fit are presented. The discussion highlights implications of the study for the teaching of lines in both mathematical and statistical settings.
FoxO1: A Conductor of Insulin Signaling to Glucose and Lipid Metabolism

Excessive hepatic glucose production and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion contributes to the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia—two pathological traits that are intertwined in insulin resistant subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes. To date, the molecular basis that links insulin resistance to hepatic overproduction of glucose and VLDL is poorly understood. Preclinical and clinical investigation leads to the characterization of the forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) as a significant transcription factor that integrates insulin signaling to hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. FoxO1 is abundantly expressed in the liver and its transcription activity is tightly regulated by insulin. Insulin inhibits FoxO1 activity via a distinct mechanism by altering its subcellular redistribution. Insulin signaling bifurcates at FoxO1 in the liver to govern two metabolic pathways, namely gluconeogenesis and VLDL assembly. This effect helps synchronize hepatic insulin signaling to simultaneously adjust the rates of hepatic glucose production and VLDL secretion in response to nutrient availability. Such FoxO1-dependent mechanism seems pivotal for the liver to rapidly adapt to metabolic shift between fasting to feeding states for maintaining normal glucose and lipid homeostasis. In this article, we center our review on the role of FoxO1 in the liver. We provide mechanistic insights into how FoxO1 orchestrates insulin action on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy individuals, and how FoxO1 dysregulation, resulting from insulin resistance, contributes to the dual pathogenesis of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Finally, we discuss whether FoxO1 is a potential therapeutic target for improving blood glucose and lipid profiles in insulin resistant subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Molecular dynamics in supercooled P-Se liquids near the glass transition: results from 31P NMR spectroscopy.

The structure of phosphorus selenide glasses with compositions close to the P4Se3 stoichiometry with and without doping with a few atom % Ge has been investigated with Raman and 31P NMR spectroscopic techniques. The results indicate that the structure of these glasses consists predominantly of P4Se3 cage molecules. However, in spite of this structural similarity, doping with Ge results in a remarkably large increase in Tg. The dynamical behavior of the constituent P4Se3 molecules in the Ge-free composition is investigated with a 31P NMR hole-burning technique in the supercooled liquid state. These molecules perform large angle rotational reorientations near and above the glass transition with time scales similar to those expected for shear relaxation. Such coupling between molecular rotation and shear relaxation processes near Tg is reminiscent of the dynamical behavior of organic molecular glass-forming liquids. However, this behavior is in stark contrast with the large temporal decoupling between molecu...
CARBON DIOXIDE EFFECTS ON MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILITY.

SummaryRat myocardial preparations were stimulated to contract at one per second in an oxygenated Ringer's solution. The effects of 0%, 2% and 5% CO2 on the magnitude of the isometric developed tension were studied during a 3-hour experimental period. It was noted that muscles aerated with a gas mixture containing 2% CO2 revealed not only a constant developed tension but also a small variation in contractile response during the experiments. The detrimental effects of the other percentages of CO2 on the developed tension were not immediately evident.
The Effects of Media Effects: Third-Person Effects, the Influence of Presumed Media Influence, and Evaluations of Media Companies

Prior research in the third-person effects domain has shown that people who believe in harmful media effects are more willing to engage in preventive or accommodative strategies, such as censorship. This research extends that supposition by testing a thus-far unstudied strategy: negative evaluations of media companies. Results show that an overall belief in harmful media effects is connected to negative evaluations of the media companies potentially responsible for those effects. The third-person perceptual gap is not related to these negative evaluations of media companies, suggesting important differences between third-person effects research and influence of presumed media influence research.
Human Papillomaviruses: Research Priorities for the Next Decade

Human papillomaviruses are the causative agents of cervical, anal as well as many oropharyngeal cancers. While prophylactic vaccines have been developed, uptake is low in the US and other Western countries, and access is limited in less developed countries. A number of areas are emerging as critical for future study. These include investigation of the mechanisms regulating infection and progression to cancer at both cervical and oropharyngeal sites as these appear to be distinct. HPV-induced cancers also may be susceptible to immune therapy, revealing opportunities for treating advanced cervical disease and reducing the morbidity of treatments for oropharyngeal cancers. We believe these areas are critical focal points for HPV cancer research in the next decade.
Leaders, Followers, and Free Riders: An Empirical Test of Variation in Corporate Political Involvement

This study extended previous empirical work on corporate political activity by examining corporate involvement with the U.S. International Trade Commission. Our findings suggest that organizational...
Chinese Christian Literature:the Writing Process

During the 19th and early 20th centuries,Protestant missionary societies engaged in extensive evangelistic efforts in China.One important aspect of this missionary endeavor is the translation of foreign Christian literature into Chinese.The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions(ABCFM) in particular engaged in significant translation work,often availing the help of Chinese assistants.Using materials from ABCFM currently archived in the Harvard-Yenching Library collection,this paper discusses the importance of the Chinese assistants in the process of translating key works into Chinese.These Chinese assistants,writing as anonymous and obscure authors,exerted more significant influence on the character of the translated works as compared to the expertise of the missionaries themselves.The impact of the Chinese assistants' versatility in translating key works provides an opportunity to discuss the writing process of Chinese Christian literature,its idiosyncrasies as a literary genre,and its influence to the beginnings of the modern Chinese literature.
Metal Shadowing for Electron Microscopy

Metal shadowing of bacteria, viruses, isolated molecules, and macromolecular assemblies is another high-resolution method for observing the ultrastructure of biological specimens. The actual procedure for producing a metal shadow is relatively simple; a heavy metal is evaporated from a source at an oblique angle to the specimen. The metal atoms pile up on the surfaces that face the source, but the surfaces away from the source are shielded and receive little metal deposit, creating a "shadow." However, the process of producing biological specimens that are suitable for metal shadowing can be very complex. There are a whole host of specimen preparation techniques that can precede metal shadowing, and all provide superior preservation in comparison to air drying, a required step in negative staining procedures. The physical forces present during air drying (i.e., surface tension of the water-air interface) will literally crush most biological specimens as they dry. In this chapter I explain the development of and procedures for the production of biological specimens from macromolecular assemblies (e.g., DNA and RNA), purified isolated molecules (e.g., proteins), and isolated viruses and bacteria preparations suitable for metal shadowing. A variation on this basic technique is to rotate the specimen during the metal deposition to produce a high-resolution three-dimensional rendering of the specimen.
Observation on the effects of microwave to kill bed bug and its eggs in the train bedding

Objective To observe the effects of microwave insect- killing device to kill bugs and eggs hidden in the depth of the passenger train bedding. Method Field test. Results Set the microwave power 4KW at least2 min,bugs and eggs deep in the bedding can be completely killed. Conclusions The effects of microwave to kill bugs and eggs in the train bedding is good,has the widespread application prospect.
Prediction of the frequencies of restriction endonuclease recognition sequences using di- and mononucleotide frequencies

The calculation of probabilities of nucleotide sequences from the frequencies of dinucleotides is described. The dinucleotide and mononucleotide frequencies used can be obtained from nearest neighbor analysis or from databank sequences. If dinucleotide and mononucleotide frequencies from nearest neighbor analysis are used, probabilities for oligonucleotides can be calculated for genomes in which there is little or no sequence data. Within a given genome, a broad range of probabilities for hexanucleotide palindromes with the same base composition is predicted and shown (14).
Trapianto di intestino e traslocazione batterica.

Infections, sepsis and multiple organ failure syndrome are associated with high morbidity and mortality in human and experimental small bowel transplantation (SBTx). These complications are attributed to bacterial translocation demonstrated in animal and human studies. Bacterial translocation (BT) is defined as the passage of viable bacteria from the intestinal lumen to other tissues or organs. BT has been associated with different clinical and experimental situations, hemorrhagic shock, trauma, bowel obstruction, immunodepression, total parenteral nutrition, antibiotics. Although BT has been investigated in several small and large animal models of SBTx, precise information on the mechanisms involved are not available. It is possible that the operative procedure by itself may promote BT for the interaction of a number of factors such as preservation, ischemia/reperfusion, abnormal motility, lymphatic disruption and aberrant systemic venous drainage, acute or chronic rejection and antibiotic therapy. Furthermore, the potent immunosuppressive therapy used in these patients may augment the deleterious effects caused by BT. In this review we examined the existing literature concerning BT with particular regard to intestinal transplantation, to better understand the alterations in the symbiotic relationship between immunocompromised host and his gut microflora after SBTx.
An analysis of the effect of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function on remote sensing imagery accuracy from Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (SUASs) are increasingly being utilized for remote sensing applications due to their low-cost availability and potential for the collection of high-resolution on-demand aerial imagery. However, the field is still maturing, and there remains many questions on the accuracy and the validity of the data collected. While many researchers have investigated means of improving calibrations and data collection techniques, there are other sources of error that require investigation. In this paper, two unique characteristics of SUAS remote sensing are analyzed as potential sources of error: the use of wide field-of-view (FOV) imaging sensors and solar motion during one or more data collection flights. Both of these characteristics are related to the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), a description of light reflection as a function of illumination direction and observer viewing angles. The wide FOV of many imaging equipment creates an inherent radial variation in viewing angle, and the solar motion creates a non-static illumination source. The results of this paper indicates that these two factors have significant contributions to errors and should not be assumed to be negligible.
Metric System in Reinforced Concrete Design and Construction

Efforts to change the U.S. measurement units to the metric system have been under way for quite a while. This chapter briefly discusses this matter as it relates to reinforced concrete structure design and construction. We present a few examples using this system of units so that you will better understand how to make the conversions.
Weak and Strong Tie Relationships

Over the past 40 years interpersonal communication researchers have often focused on stronger, more highly developed social relationships at the expense of weaker, less developed relationships. Weak ties are characterized as less frequent, less intimate, less developed relationships that are often contextually bound. Weak ties make distinctive contributions to fundamental processes including social comparison, social support, the diffusion of new ideas and information, and large-scale collective action. Keywords: communication networks; computer-mediated communication; interpersonal communication; relational communication; social networks
The End of the End of History

On December 25 of this year we will mark 25 years since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Many in Russia and the West were optimistic about the seeming imminent integration of Russia into a Western...
Dynamic connection of wearable computers to companion devices using near-field radio

Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Bristol and the University of Bristol Department of Computer Science are engaged in an initiative to explore the design, technology and use of wearable computers. We describe a way of connecting a wearable computer to companion devices such as displays or cameras using near-field radio technology. The short-range nature of near-field radio allows relatively high data rates (300 kbps-1 Mbit), low power consumption and the interpretation of gestures as configuration requests.
Copulas Constructed from Diagonal Sections

If C is a copula, then its diagonal section is the function δ given by δ(t) = C(t, t). It follows that (i) δ(1) = 1; (ii) 0 ≤ δ(t 2) - δ(t 1) ≤ 2(t 2 - t 1) for all t 1, t 2 in [0,1] with t 1 ≤ t 2; and (iii) δ(t) ≤ t for all t in [0,1]. If δ is any function satisfying (i)-(iii), does there exist a copula C whose diagonal section is δ? We answer this question affirmatively by constructing copulas we call diagonal copulas: K(u, υ) = min(u, υ, (1/2)[δ(u) + δ(υ)]). We also present examples, investigate some dependence properties of random variables which have diagonal copulas, and answer an open question about tail dependence in bivariate copulas posed by H. Joe.
Retirement Income Showdown: Risk Pooling vs. Risk Premium

The retirement income showdown regards finding the most efficient approach for meeting retirement spending goals: obtaining mortality credits through risk pooling with an income annuity, or investing for upside growth through the stock risk premium. Analyzing the question involves understanding how clients view a hierarchy of retirement goals related to spending, liquidity and legacy. Client attitudes toward longevity risk aversion also matter: how fearful is the client of outliving their investment portfolio? Risk pooling offers a unique source of returns not available from an investment portfolio: those in the risk pool who experience shorter lives subsidize the payments to those in the pool who experience longer lives (mortality credits). Risk pooling may provide a cheaper way to meet a spending goal, leaving more assets to cover contingencies and support legacy. The primary advantage of an investments-only strategy is that it can support greater legacy in the short-term compared to a partial-annuitization strategy that uses risk pooling to meet spending goals and investments to meet liquidity and legacy goals. Risk averse retirees, though, may feel obligated to earmark a larger portion of their portfolio to spending goals, which leaves less true liquidity, while also exposing the spending goal to the risk of portfolio depletion. The advantages of risk pooling include a contractual guarantee to support lifetime spending, the ability to meet spending goals with a smaller portion of assets that creates greater true liquidity for the retirement income plan, and the potential to support a larger legacy in the event of a long life.
Racial Differences in Perceptions of Air Pollution Health Risk: Does Environmental Exposure Matter?

This article extends environmental risk perception research by exploring how potential health risk from exposure to industrial and vehicular air pollutants, as well as other contextual and socio-demographic factors, influence racial/ethnic differences in air pollution health risk perception. Our study site is the Greater Houston metropolitan area, Texas, USA—a racially/ethnically diverse area facing high levels of exposure to pollutants from both industrial and transportation sources. We integrate primary household-level survey data with estimates of excess cancer risk from ambient exposure to industrial and on-road mobile source emissions of air toxics obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Statistical analysis is based on multivariate generalized estimation equation models which account for geographic clustering of surveyed households. Our results reveal significantly higher risk perceptions for non-Hispanic Black residents and those exposed to greater cancer risk from industrial pollutants, and also indicate that gender influences the relationship between race/ethnicity and air pollution risk perception. These findings highlight the need to incorporate measures of environmental health risk exposure in future analysis of social disparities in risk perception.
Global health training among U.S. residency specialties: a systematic literature review.

ABSTRACTBackground: Interest in global health training during residency is increasing. Global health knowledge is also becoming essential for health-care delivery today. Many U.S. residency programs have been incorporating global health training opportunities for their residents. We performed a systematic literature review to evaluate global health training opportunities and challenges among U.S. residency specialties.Methods: We searched PubMed from its earliest dates until October 2015. Articles included were survey results of U.S. program directors on global health training opportunities, and web-based searches of U.S. residency program websites on global health training opportunities. Data extracted included percentage of residency programs offering global health training within a specialty and challenges encountered.Results: Studies were found for twelve U.S. residency specialties. Of the survey based studies, the specialties with the highest percentage of their residency programs offering global hea...
Theoretical maximum for energy from direct and diffuse sunlight

SCHEMES for the conversion of sunlight to useful (electrical, mechanical, chemical) energy all make use of the high spectral temperature of solar radiation relative to the terrestrial ambiance. Some schemes, but not others, also make use of the high directivity of the solar flux. For example, focusing mirror arrays require direct sunlight, while photovoltaic devices are indifferent to the directness or diffuseness of light of a given intensity. In biological systems, photosynthesis evidently makes little use of sunlight directivity, since it is not observed to depend strongly on plant orientation on angular scales as small as half a degree (the size of the Sun); on the other hand, Kevan1 reports some heliotropic, arctic flowers whose corollas are nearly paraboloidal and focus direct (but not diffuse) radiation on the sporophylls.
Enabling Multi-user Controls in Smart Home Devices

The Internet of Things (IoT) devices have expanded into many aspects of everyday life. As these smart home devices grow more popular, security concerns increase. Researchers have modeled the privacy and security threats for smart home devices, but have yet to fully address the problem of unintended user access within the home. Often, smart home devices are purchased by one of the family members and associated with the same family member's account, yet are shared by the entire home. Currently most devices implement a course-grained access control model where someone in the home either has complete access or no access. We provide scenarios that highlight the need for exible authorization control and seamless authentication in IoT devices, especially in multi-user environments. We present design recommendations for IoT device manufacturers to provide fine-grained access control and authentication and describe the challenges to meeting the expectations of all users within a home.
Treatment Seeking among College Students with Comorbid Hazardous Drinking and Elevated Mood/Anxiety Symptoms

Background: Hazardous drinking is prevalent among college students and often comorbid with mood and/or anxiety disorders; however, these disorders frequently go untreated. Prior studies have found ...
Direct Oral Anticoagulant Use in Valvular Heart Disease

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are indicated by the European Medicines Agency and US Food and Drug Administration for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Th...
Decoding the neural signatures of emotions expressed through sound.

Abstract Effective social functioning relies in part on the ability to identify emotions from auditory stimuli and respond appropriately. Previous studies have uncovered brain regions engaged by the affective information conveyed by sound. But some of the acoustical properties of sounds that express certain emotions vary remarkably with the instrument used to produce them, for example the human voice or a violin. Do these brain regions respond in the same way to different emotions regardless of the sound source? To address this question, we had participants (N = 38, 20 females) listen to brief audio excerpts produced by the violin, clarinet, and human voice, each conveying one of three target emotions—happiness, sadness, and fear—while brain activity was measured with fMRI. We used multivoxel pattern analysis to test whether emotion-specific neural responses to the voice could predict emotion-specific neural responses to musical instruments and vice-versa. A whole-brain searchlight analysis revealed that patterns of activity within the primary and secondary auditory cortex, posterior insula, and parietal operculum were predictive of the affective content of sound both within and across instruments. Furthermore, classification accuracy within the anterior insula was correlated with behavioral measures of empathy. The findings suggest that these brain regions carry emotion-specific patterns that generalize across sounds with different acoustical properties. Also, individuals with greater empathic ability have more distinct neural patterns related to perceiving emotions. These results extend previous knowledge regarding how the human brain extracts emotional meaning from auditory stimuli and enables us to understand and connect with others effectively.
An ensemble covariance framework for quantifying forced climate variability and its time of emergence

AbstractClimate variability and its response to increasing greenhouse gases are important considerations for impacts and adaptation. Modeling studies commonly assess projected changes in variabilit...
Evaluating spatially explicit density estimates of unmarked wildlife detected by remote cameras

Remote cameras have become a promising, cost‐effective tool for monitoring wildlife populations. Yet, for species where individuals are indistinguishable, remote cameras’ ability to provide robust and precise density estimates has been limited without the use of invasive marking. Using the American black bear as a model species, we evaluated methods for estimating wildlife densities using remote camera detections of unmarked individuals against estimates from spatial capture–recapture (SCR) models using individual detections. We also tested the effect of incorporating varying proportions of marked individuals on model accuracy and precision. Spatial count (SC) models using unmarked individuals produced estimates of bear density within 0.6% of those from SCR. We extended SC models to incorporate variation in density as a function of land use/land cover, and identified identical relationships between variation in bear densities and housing density as obtained using SCR. Incorporating individual detection data from simultaneous non‐invasive genetic sampling lead to more precise, but biased estimates. Synthesis and applications. Our results identify contexts in which camera count data can be used as an alternative to spatial capture–recapture (SCR) when individual identification is prohibitive. Spatial count models provided an accurate, but less precise replication of spatial capture–recapture density estimates and may provide consistent insights into spatial variation in density. Mixed samples of camera counts and auxiliary individual detections are likely to be of limited use, but fitting spatial count models to populations with partial visual markings could improve their precision.
Towards a Realistic General Continuum Theory of Clustering

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the connection with continuum percolation provided by the continuum Potts model. It explains how this connection helps provide computationally useful formulas for the quantities that describe clustering. Concepts of clustering are important in many branches of engineering and all of the physical sciences. Over the past few years, a detailed statistical theory of clustering in disordered materials has been developed by adapting from the molecular theory of liquids notions of association and correlation and powerful approximation techniques. The chapter presents some of these results. It discusses in particular a way to extend a theory of the percolation transition to obtain a general method for calculating the cluster-size distribution. The method includes a scaled-particle theory for the quantity n c ( p ), the mean number density of clusters. Adding an external ghost field allows one to further calculate the cluster-size distribution function. The chapter discusses ongoing development of a theory of ionic clustering in electrolytes based on percolation theory.
Description of Child and Adolescent Beverage and Anthropometric Measures According to Adolescent Beverage Patterns.

Our objective is to retrospectively describe longitudinal beverage intakes and anthropometric measures according to adolescent beverage patterns. Data were collected from Iowa Fluoride Study participants (n = 369) using beverage questionnaires at ages 2–17 years. Weight and height were measured at ages 5, 9, 13 and 17 years. Cluster analyses were used to identify age 13- to 17-year beverage patterns. Treating age and beverage cluster as explanatory factors, sex-specific generalized linear mixed models were used to identify when differences in beverage intakes and anthropometric measures began. Predominant beverage intakes were higher in each of the corresponding clusters by 9–12.5 years; females with high milk intakes during adolescence and males with high 100% juice or sugar-sweetened beverage intakes during adolescence reported higher intakes of that beverage beginning at 2–4.7 years. Females and males in the 100% juice cluster had lower weights than other clusters beginning at 13 years, while females and males in the neutral cluster were shorter beginning at 13 years. Females in the water/sugar-free beverage cluster had higher body mass indices (BMIs) beginning at 9 years. Females and males in the 100% juice cluster had lower BMIs beginning at 5 and 9 years, respectively. Childhood beverage intakes and growth patterns differ according to adolescent beverage patterns.
The Efficacy of Liposomal Bupivacaine in Lumbar Spine Surgery

ABSTRACT Background: Postoperative pain management in spine surgery holds unique challenges. The purpose of this study is to determine if the local anesthetic liposomal bupivacaine (LB) reduces the total opioid requirement in the first 3 days following posterior lumbar decompression and fusion (PLDF) surgery for degenerative spondylosis. Methods: Fifty patients underwent PLDF surgery in a prospective randomized control pilot trial between August 2015 and October 2016 and were equally allocated to either a treatment (LB) or a control (saline) group. Assessments included the 72-hour postoperative opioid requirement normalized to 1 morphine milligram equivalent (MME), visual analog scale (VAS), and hospital length of stay. Results: LB did not significantly alter the 72-hour postoperative opioid requirement compared to saline (11.6 vs. 13.4 MME, P = .40). In a subgroup analysis, there was also no significant difference in opioid consumption among narcotic-naive patients with either LB or saline. Among narcotic tolerant patients, however, opioid consumption was higher with saline than LB (20.6 MME vs. 13.3 MME, P = .048). Additionally, pre- and postoperative VAS scores and hospital length of stay were not significantly different with either LB or saline. Conclusions: In the setting of PLDF surgery, LB injections did not significantly reduce the consumption of opioids in the first 3 postoperative days, nor did the hospital length of stay or VAS pain scores, compared to saline. However, LB could be beneficial in reducing the consumption of opioids in narcotic-tolerant populations. Level of Evidence: 2.
Post)Colonial Science

In this chapter I rely on the work of Sylvia Wynter, Paul Gilroy, and Sandra Harding to demonstrate science always played a role in colonialism and how the work of these scholars develops an alternative view of the connections between science and colonialism in order to create a critique of colonialism but also constructs postcolonial sciences.
A Rapid Way of Fixing Split Skin Grafts Using Cyanoacrylate Resin (Glue Technique)

The split skin grafts are secured conventionally by sutures or staples, painstakingly to the recipient site. Instead, a method of securing the same more easily consuming less time and effort with good cosmetic appearance by using cyanoacrylate resin (glue) has been described here with added advantage of obviating the need for post-op suture or staple removal.
Rational optimization of a monoclonal antibody for simultaneous improvements in its solution properties and biological activity

Developability considerations should be integrated with lead engineering of antibody drug candidates in interest of their cost effective translations into medicines. To explore feasibility of this imperative, we have performed rational mutagenesis studies on a monoclonal antibody (MAB1) whose development was discontinued owing to manufacturability hurdles. Seven computationally designed variants of MAB1 containing single point (V44K, E59S, E59T and E59Y) and double (V44KE59S, V44KE59T and V44KE59Y) mutations in its light chain were produced in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and purified by using platform processes employed during commercial scale production of monoclonal antibodies. MAB1 and its variants were formulated in the same platform buffer and subjected to a battery of experiments to assess their solution behaviors, and biological activities. Five of the seven (71%) variants of MAB1 demonstrated improved biophysical attributes in multiple experimental testings. Contrary to the commonly expressed reservations about potential biological activity loss upon developability optimizations, the improvements in solution behavior of MAB1 also increased its biological activity up to ~180%. In particular, concentrate-ability and apparent solubility of V44KE59S improved to ~150% and ~160%, respectively. Its diffusion interaction parameter (kD) reduced to 28% and viscosity at ~100 mg/ml decreased to less than half of the corresponding values for MAB1. V44KE59S is also slightly more active and its transfections in CHO cells were more productive. It also degraded slower than MAB1 in three month long 25°C and 40°C formulation stability studies. These results open doors to an exciting realm of structure-based biologic drug design where developability and biological activity can be simultaneously optimized at the molecular engineering stages.
Just in time: Political policy cycles of land reform:

While the political budget cycle literature focuses on the manipulation of existing policies, an analysis of the impact of the passage of redistributive policies themselves remains absent. I conten...
Previving: How Unaffected Women with a BRCA1/2 Mutation Navigate Previvor Identity.

Receiving a positive result for a BRCA1/2 (BRCA) mutation – indicating a high lifetime risk to develop hereditary breast and ovarian cancer – can significantly alter a woman’s identity. BRCA-positi...
Rheological Properties of Yogurt: Effects of Ingredients, Processing and Handling

One of the most beloved of all dairy products, yogurt comes in a multitude of flavors and styles worldwide. There is no one ideal body or texture but a range of appealing rheological properties available in yogurt products, resulting from a complex interplay of microbial cultures, dairy and non-dairy ingredients, processing conditions, and storage and handling practices. This chapter summarizes some of the recent published literature centered on this complex interplay, in particular how these factors impact the rheological and sensory properties of the final yogurt products.
DeepMag+: Sniffing mobile apps in magnetic field through deep learning

Abstract This paper reports a new side-channel attack to smartphones using the unrestricted magnetic sensor data. We demonstrate that attackers can effectively infer the Apps being used on a smartphone with an accuracy of over 80%, through training a deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Various signal processing strategies have been studied for feature extractions, including a tempogram based scheme. Moreover, by further exploiting the unrestricted motion sensor to cluster magnetometer data, the sniffing accuracy can increase to as high as 98%. To mitigate such attacks, we propose a noise injection scheme that can effectively reduce the App sniffing accuracy to only 15% and at the same time has a negligible effect on benign Apps.
Developing metacognitive skills through class activities: what makes students use metacognitive skills?

Metacognitive skills can improve with appropriate instruction, however, educators may not be familiar with these methods of teaching. This study explores what factors influenced students to impleme...
Lung Nodule Diagnosis on 3D Computed Tomography Images Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Abstract This research studies a lung nodule classification problem using 3D computed tomography (CT) images for computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system by applying deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers with a high mortality rate. There is an urgent need to diagnose lung nodules at an early stage to improve the survival rate of lung cancer patients. Through a CAD system, a complementary analysis result can be provided to radiologists to enhance the diagnosis process. The diagnosis performance of conventional CAD systems primarily relies on the results of previous analysis processes, such as nodule segmentation and feature extraction. In this research, the nodule segmentation and feature extraction in CAD system are eliminated by performing an end-to-end classification from raw 3D nodule CT patches using CNNs. Specifically, the state-of-artCNN models, e.g., VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, DenseNet121, MobileNet, Xception, NASNetMobile, and NASNetLarge, are modified to 3D-CNN models and explored on a public CT lung dataset: Lung Image Database Consortium and image database resource initiative (LIDC-IDRI). Experimental results show that DenseNet121 and Xception achieve better results for lung nodule diagnosis regarding accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and area under the curve (AUC).
Inhibition of root dentin demineralization by ion releasing cements.

Objectives To compare the ability of resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) and bioactive cements to prevent root dentin demineralization. Materials and methods Fifty molars were prepared at the cementum-enamel junction (n = 10) and restored with three bioactive cements (Activa Bioactive Cement, ACT; Ceramir Crown and Bridge, CER; and Theracem, THE), a self-adhesive resin cement (Rely X Unicem 2, UNI), and a RMGI cement (Rely X Luting Plus, LUT). Specimens were cycled for 30 days between a demineralization solution (pH = 4) composed of 0.1 M lactic acid and 3 mM Ca3 (PO4 )2 for 4 hours and a remineralization solution (pH = 7.0) composed of 1.5 mM Ca, 0.9 mM P, and 20 mM Tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane for 20 hours. Specimens were sectioned to 100 μm and evaluated with polarized light microscopy. A line was drawn parallel with the zone of demineralization for each tooth. The areas of "inhibition" (external to the line) were measured as positive values and "wall lesions" (pulpal to the line) were measured as negative areas. Results Significant differences were found between materials for "inhibition/wall lesion" areas in root dentin (P CER (3800 ± 1900), THE (2100 ± 2600), and ACT (1400 ± 700) > UNI (-2000 ± 1700). Conclusions Bioactive cements showed net areas of demineralization inhibition albeit at a lower level than a reference RMGI cement. Clinical significance RMGI or bioactive cements may be indicated for patients at risk of secondary caries around crown margins.
Which vendor is most cited in the hepatic imaging literature

Abstract Purpose When deciding among imaging equipment vendors, one may use a vendor's prevalence in peer-reviewed publications as a measure of their research and development. We sought to determine which vendors, countries, and journals were dominant in hepatic imaging literature of 2018 with respect to magnetic resonance (MR), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound (US). Methods We recorded and analyzed the modality (MR, CT, US), journal, vendor, and authors' country for all original hepatic imaging articles published in 2018 in 29 imaging journals. Results Of 197 MR articles, investigators used Siemens in 98 (50%), General Electric (GE) in 65 (33%), and Philips in 63 (32%). Of 115 CT articles, investigators mentioned Siemens in 55 (48%), GE in 45 (39%), Philips in 25 (22%) and other vendors in 27 (24%). Of 68 ultrasound articles, Siemens dominated with 27 (40%), versus GE with 19 (28%), Philips with 11 (16%), and other vendors with 42 (62%). We found a significant difference in vendor usage for MR, CT, and all modalities (p Conclusion Siemens was the most cited vendor in hepatic imaging literature for all modalities. American institutions and non-American journals published the most hepatic imaging articles.
Queer parents, gendered embodiment and the de-essentialisation of motherhood:

Feminist theorists have long looked to motherhood and mothering behaviour as an important site at which to examine women’s lives, gender inequality and the social construction of gendered instituti...
Academic Writing in the Health Professions: A Comparison of Two Writing-Intensive Course Models Within a CrossDisciplinary Course

Academic writing in higher education has been a long-standing priority, with a greater need for writing supports noted in the past decades (Wingate & Tribble, 2012) and an increasing focus on discipline-specific language in order for students to learn to write and communicate effectively as professionals in their chosen fields (Grzyb et al., 2018). This study examined student learning outcomesin two writingintensive designated health professions courses (Nursing and Public Health). Students completed assignments throughout the semester. One course section required students to turn in a final paper without receiving feedback during the writing process while, in the other course, students received feedback on sections of the final paper throughout the semester. At the final exam stage, students were asked to reflect on their learning experience in the course. At the end of the semester, students submitted their final paper and completed a learning reflection to meet the course requirements. To inform a course revision, student paper and learning reflection narratives were analyzed. Narratives were de-identified and inductively coded by a single coder. First-round coding employed descriptive and in vivo coding to explore the data. The codebook for second-round coding was refined and codes were classified within the headings descriptive, emotion, and value. Findings indicate that students felt they had increased capacity for reflection when feedback was provided throughout the semester. They also felt they benefited from integrating feedback on the credibility of sources, organization, and citations. Integrating feedback and reflection opportunities contributed to greater student learning.
Ion Scattering from Metal Surfaces

An important process during ion bombardment of a metal target is the possible reflection of the impinging ions from the target surface. A summary of the older results has been given by Massey and Burhop [461]. The investigation of this phenomenon requires careful consideration of other processes which occur simultaneously. These include secondary emission of ions (e.g., reflected ions, sputtered ions, desorbed ions), electrons, and neutral particles, and surface effects (e.g., formation of surface layers by the incident particles being adsorbed at the surface and/or trapped in the target lattice [at the higher incident-particle energies], and ionic etching of the surface), which can have a significant effect on the measurements of ion reflection. In particular, it is necessary to distinguish the secondary-emission coefficient R from the ion-reflection coefficient ϱ concepts which are unfortunately used interchangeably by numerous authors (as explained in Section 11.2).