cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-amplification of electrons emitted from surfaces in plasmas with E × B fields

Emission from surfaces is known to cause enhanced wall heating and enhanced energy loss from plasma electrons. When E × B fields are present, emitted electrons are heated by the drift motion and cause enhanced transport along E. All emission effects are normally predicted to reach a maximum when the sheath becomes space-charge limited because any ‘additional’ emitted electrons return to the wall. But the returning electrons are also heated in the E × B drift, further enhancing transport, and return to the wall with extra energy, further enhancing the energy flux. Returning electrons can gain enough energy to induce secondaries, thereby self-amplifying to higher intensities. This newly analyzed mechanism could affect the wall heating, transport and global energy balance under certain conditions. Theory and simulations are presented.
Dispersal and Winter Survival of the Pear Psylla

Dispersal of adult Psylla pyricola Foerster was heavy in the preoverwintering and over wintering generations. Adults departed and entered pear orchards in large numbers at heights up to 4 m, the maximum height studied. Populations up to 258,000/ha were detected in leaf duff during late fall, but few remained in the spring. Tillage of the leaf duff in late fall destroyed a disproportionate number of predators, with minimal impact on over wintering P. pyricola .
Bond Dissociation Energies of C10 and C18 Methyl Esters from Local Multireference Averaged-Coupled Pair Functional Theory

We previously developed a fast, local, reduced scaling Cholesky-decomposed multireference averaged-coupled pair functional (CD-LMRACPF2) method, which takes advantage of the locality of dynamic correlation and numerical approximations such as Cholesky decomposition and integral screening. Motivated by the desire to study large biodiesel methyl ester molecules, here we validate CD-LMRACPF2 for the computation of bond dissociation energies (BDEs) in a suite of oxygenated molecules, and show that the low-cost method is very accurate compared to the conventional variant. We then demonstrate the power of CD-LMRACPF2 for fast and accurate computation of energies of molecules containing up to 13 second-row atoms within a polarized triple-ζ (cc-pVTZ) basis set. We use biodiesel methyl esters as a chemically interesting model system and furnish BDEs of C10 and C18 methyl esters, with the latter performed within a cc-pVDZ basis set. We describe trends in the BDEs and explain how structural (isomeric) differences af...
Perceptions Related to Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Caucasian College Males

Among younger adults, risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is higher among men than women. Young adult males in college engage in multiple behaviors that are associated with CVD risk. Although researchers have previously explored perceptions of factors related to hypertension in African American college males, surprisingly little is known about perceptions of CVD risk in Caucasian college males. A better understanding of these perceptions may be helpful in creating interventions to improve cardiovascular health in college men. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore Caucasian male college students' perceptions of CVD risk. A qualitative descriptive study using semistructured, individual interviews was conducted using a sample of 10 undergraduate Caucasian males in college (mean age 20 years) free of CVD and not enrolled in a health-related major. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for themes using content analysis. The data reflected two primary themes regarding perceptions related to cardiovascular risk: barriers to implementing healthy lifestyle choices and impact of behaviors on CVD risk. Barriers to implementing healthy lifestyles included availability of unhealthy foods, time constraints, convenience, social influences, and ignoring long-term consequences of behaviors. Students primarily emphasized the importance of diet and physical activity in reducing CVD risk. Future research should focus on interventions to overcome college-specific barriers to engaging in healthy behaviors among men.
THE IMPROVEMENT OF REGULAR SOLUTION MODEL BASED ON GENETIC ALGORITHM AND NEURAL NETWORK AND ITS APPLICATION IN BINARY SLAG SYSTEMS

A real solution activity model was introduced by improving the components inter- action energy in regular solution model with genetic algorithm (GA) and neural network (NN) and the activities of components in MnO-SiO_2 and CaO-Al_2O_3 binary systems were estimated by this model.Due to the different properties between real solution and regular solution,it is proved that the interaction energyΩ_(ij) is the function of temperature and composition,andΩ_(ij)≠Ω_(ji) at the same temperature and composition.With the comparison of results received by calculation and previous studies,the improved model has a high nonlinear fitting capability,so it can be used to accurately predict the activity of solution component.
Time relationship between blood pressure rise and the development of diabetic nephropathy.

L'augmentation de la tension arterielle est-elle presente chez les diabetiques insulino-dependants avec microalbuminurie avant le developpement de la nephropathie? L'augmentation de l'excretion urinaire d'albumine precede l'augmentation de la tension arterielle et la nephropathie diabetique precede l'hypertension arterielle chez les diabetiques insulino-dependants
Pedagogical Model for Introducing Promotion Budgeting

This paper presents a useful teaching tool for introducing the basics of promotional budgeting
The Birth of Cities in Ancient West Asia

In what amounts to the blink of an eye in the history of humanity, we have become city dwellers. At the start of human existence, everyone moved; all human groups were hunters and foragers who moved seasonally, following the annual cycles of plants and animals. This pattern prevailed for millions of years. In West Asia, groups began staying in one place for some or all of the year only about 15,000 years ago. By 5000 years ago, cities had appeared. Today, the majority of humans on earth live in urban settlements. It was the most dramatic and rapid transition in human history. Where did it start, and how did it happen?
Ellipsoidal and Spherical Composite Shells

In this Chapter, the methods and equations developed in Chapter 17 for orthotropic thin shells of revolution including transverse shear deformation, thermal loadings, and thermal thickening will be applied to ellipsoidal shells of revolution. This will be accomplished by considering the homogeneous and particular solutions separately.
Techniques of Cell Labeling: An Overview

Over the past few decades the use of blood cells labeled with radioactive substances has become increasingly popular. The aims of investigations have changed from the study of cell origin to the study of cell kinetics in health and disease and to the use of radiolabeled cells as a non-invasive diagnostic modality. Changed with the times are also the techniques of labeling blood cells with radioactive substances. The importance of techniques lies not only in the efficacy by which the blood cells are labeled but also in the ease by which the procedure is performed. The efficacy, the ease of procedure, and the use of nontoxic substances greatly add to the prevention of cell injury and to the preservation of cell pathophysiologic function.
DEVELOPMENT OF COLD RECOMBINANTS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS AS LIVE VIRUS VACCINES

ABSTRACT Cold-adapted (ca) recombinants of influenza viruses were derived, characterized and evaluated in vitro , and in an animal model (ferrets) before use in man as live virus vaccines. The vaccine candidates were found to be attenuated and immunogenic. A set of genetic markers, cold-adaptation (ca) and temperature-sensitivity (ts) were identified which correlated with the level of attenuation. Genetic stability of cold recombinants was proven after administration to ferrets and man. The gene compositions of the vaccine strains were determined, related to the parental types and to the degree of attenuation. Identification of the attenuating lesions has not been fully realized. However, repeatedly the data from in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that cold recombinants (CR) with six genes derived from the cold mutant and the two surface genes from the wild type parent, were predictably attenuated. In these cold recombinants, the ca marker was generally a more reliable indicator of attenuation. Thus, clones having different cut-off temperatures from 37°-39° were equally avirulent in man. In addition, clones which appear to have reverted to (ts + ) in the MDCK cell line are still attenuated and retained the ca and ts markers when evaluated in primary chick kidney cells. Thus, it can be stated that laboratory criteria are at hand to screen the level of attenuation of candidate live influenza virus vaccine for man. Cold recombinant vaccines of influenza virus with six genes from the cold mutants, appear to be the ideal vaccine candidates for use in man.
GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF HUDSON RIVER SILTS

A geologic profile is presented of the river silt deposit which is almost crescent shaped in cross section. Bedrock is very high near the bulkhead lines. The observation was made that the most representative values of strength and preconsolidation pressure, as determined by shear and consolidation tests respectively, are the higher ones. The silts are actually inorganic clays of high plasticity. Recent deposits are black in color and are unconsolidated while the deeper deposits are gray and overconsolidated. The material is very sensitive, with a sensitivity ratio from 10 to 15. The ratio between the undrained shear strength and maximum past pressure was found to be 0.25. Shear strength data and Atterberg limits for different borings (illustrated in a figure) indicate that the river silts are very weak and very compressible. The gray river silts have natural moisture contents that range from 50 percent to 80 percent while that of black river silts range from 80 percent to 200 percent. With natural moisture contents near the liquid limit, these soils are quite sensitive to remolding.
Organizations of food redistribution and rescue.

Abstract Objective Food insecurity affects 13.4% of the USA population, despite the fact that 30–40% of all food is deposited in a landfill. Food rescue nutrition is the process of redistribution of surplus food to the impoverished. The aim of this study is to document the extent of involvement of organizations in food rescue nutrition. Study design In this cross-sectional study, a survey about organizations involved in food rescue nutrition was developed, validated, and then tested. Method Directors of 100 organizations involved in food rescue nutrition from eight Southwestern States in the USA participated in this research. Results These organizations provided an average of 2 million kg of food to more than 40,000 clients each month. Food assistance programs had an average of eight workers and 3081 volunteers. In addition to food, these organizations provided other services such as clothing, clinical, and childcare. The agencies encountered several challenges, including lack of resources that resulted in reducing food portions and turning away clients. Conclusions The extent of involvement of community-based programs in food rescue nutrition was strong in eight Southwestern states in the USA. Organizations involved in food redistribution helped alleviate food insecurity in their clients. Sustainability of these charitable networks was dependent on availability of resources and sufficient volunteers. Health professionals should encourage these organizations by providing support through donations of time, money, and/or food.
Sexual Assertiveness Skills and Sexual Decision-Making in Adolescent Girls: Randomized Controlled Trial of an Online Program

Objectives. To evaluate the efficacy of an interactive, Web-based sexual health program (Health Education and Relationship Training [HEART]) for developing sexual assertiveness skills and enhancing sexual decision-making in adolescent girls.Methods. Participants were 222 tenth-grade girls (mean age = 15.2; 38% White, 29% Hispanic, 25% Black) in the Southeastern United States who were randomized in fall 2015 to the HEART intervention or an attention-matched control. We assessed participants at pretest, immediate posttest, and 4-month follow-up.Results. Both groups had similar demographic and sexual behavior characteristics at pretest. At immediate posttest, girls who completed the HEART program demonstrated better sexual assertiveness skills measured with a behavioral task, higher self-reported assertiveness, intentions to communicate about sexual health, knowledge regarding HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), safer sex norms and attitudes, and condom self-efficacy compared with the control...
Noninvasive assessment of atherosclerosis: studies in man.

Assessment of atherosclerosis using noninvasive techniques is performed in man in two main circumstances. Firstly, in the acutely symptomatic patient where the techniques enable diagnostic images and indices to be obtained. These provide objective data relating to the site and severity of disease and guide the physician in the choice of management. The second and perhaps more important application of these techniques is in the long-term assessment of patients. Most prospective trials of treatments aimed at retarding, preventing, bypassing or reversing disease progression have been conducted, using history and physical examination as the method of determining outcome. Noninvasive techniques now offer a means of quantitating the state of selected vessels and provide a safe and reliable means of repeating the studies and obtaining objective end points.
Solution Approach for Coupled Diffusion-Reaction-Deformation Problems in Anisotropic Materials

A capability to model oxidizing carbon-fiber polyimide matrix composites has evolved over the past number of years at Air Force Research Laboratory [1]. Quoting [1] regarding a unidirectional non-woven fibrous layer, without cracks, “The [finite element model] requires mesh sizes in the 1-μm scale and time increments in 1-s steps. A 200-h oxidation simulation with 100-μm oxidation zone size typically requires problem sizes in the order of 100,000 degrees of freedom (DOF) and 720,000 time steps.” Because of interest in a number of related problem classes including structural component scales, desire to incorporate process restrictions offered by thermodynamics, and the possible involvement of finite deformations, a mixture theory approach was developed by Hall and Rajagopal [2]. The theory is based on two constituents, an anisotropic viscous fluid and an anisotropic hyperelastic solid, which react with each other. The model considers the comparatively simple cases where conversions of species, including the associated masses, linear and angular momenta, energies and entropies, are limited to interchanges between the original fluid and solid.
The Quality Control of Probiotics in Food and Dietary Supplements

Different properties of food probiotics and dietary supplements are discussed in this chapter. Guidelines for the manufacture of probiotics and the current state of federal regulation of probiotics in food products and dietary supplements are described. Good manufacturing guidelines are being put forth at least for dietary supplements. Guidelines and resources are provided to healthcare providers so that they may advise patients about probiotic products.
Dexamethasone Decreases Phagocytosis by Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells In Situ

Purpose To determine the effect of dexamethasone on the phagocytic capacity of the human trabecular meshwork. A decrease in meshwork phagocytosis has been proposed in the pathogenesis of steroid glaucoma. Methods The anterior segments of seven pairs of human eyes were placed in perfusion organ culture. One eye of each pair received dexamethasone, and the fellow eye served as control. After 21 days, latex microspheres labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and coated with antibodies were added to the culture medium. Twenty-four hours later, the eyes were fixed, the trabecular meshworks were treated with a rhodamine-labeled secondary antibody and sectioned, and the number of ingested beads was determined using a laser scanning confocal microscope. Nuclei were counted and used to calculate the phagocytic index of each anterior segment (number of ingested beads divided by number of nuclei). Results Ingested beads appeared green and could be differentiated from noningested beads, which appeared red, using appropriate wavelengths of the laser. Bead ingestion was confirmed with electron microscopy and the use of secondary antibody labeled with horseradish peroxidase. Dexamethasone decreased phagocytosis by 57%, as shown by the fact that trabecular cells in dexamethasone-treated meshworks ingested significantly fewer beads than cells in fellow control meshworks (1.5 +/- 0.6 beads/cell versus 3.5 +/- 1.4 beads/cell; P = 0.008). No evidence of significant migration or loss of trabecular cells was noted; the number of trabecular cells appeared similar in dexamethasone-treated and control meshworks (144 +/- 36 versus 141 +/- 46). Conclusions Dexamethasone inhibits phagocytosis by human trabecular meshwork cells in perfusion organ culture.
The Probability of Aggressive Versus Indolent Histology Based on Renal Tumor Size: Implications for Surveillance and Treatment.

Abstract Background While the probability of malignant versus benign histology based on renal tumor size has been described, this alone does not sufficiently inform decision-making in the modern era since indolent malignant tumors can be managed with active surveillance. Objective To characterize the probability of aggressive versus indolent histology based on radiographic tumor size. Design, setting, and participants We evaluated patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy at Mayo Clinic for a pT1-2, pNx/0, M0 solid renal tumor between 1990 and 2010. Pathology was reviewed by one genitourinary pathologist. High-grade clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), high-grade papillary RCC, collecting duct RCC, translocation-associated RCC, hereditary leiomyomatosis RCC, unclassified RCC, and malignant non-RCC tumors were all considered aggressive, as well as any tumors demonstrating coagulative necrosis (except low-grade papillary RCC) or sarcomatoid differentiation. The remaining benign and malignant tumors were considered indolent. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Cancer-specific survival (CSS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the probability of malignant and aggressive histology based on tumor size. Sex-stratified analyses were also performed. Results and limitations Of the 2650 patients included, there were 1860 patients with indolent tumors (300 benign; 1560 malignant) and 790 with aggressive tumors. The 10-yr CSS was 96% for indolent malignant tumors and 81% for aggressive malignant tumors. The predicted percentages of any malignant histology as well as aggressive histology increased with tumor size. Specifically, 2 cm, 3 cm, and 4 cm tumors have an estimated 84%, 87%, and 88% likelihood of malignancy, respectively, and an 18%, 24%, and 29% likelihood of aggressive histology, respectively. For any given tumor size, men had a greater chance of aggressive histology than women. Potential limitations of this observational surgical cohort include selection bias. Conclusions We present tumor size-based estimates of the probability of aggressive histology for renal masses. This information should be useful for initial patient counseling and management. Patient summary Active surveillance is an option for kidney masses, even if they are malignant. Beyond knowing whether the mass is benign or cancer, it is important to know whether or not it is an aggressive tumor. This study presents tumor size-specific and sex-specific estimates of the probability of cancer overall and aggressive cancer among patients with a kidney mass in order to aid with initial decision-making.
Association between Spatial Access to Food Outlets, Frequency of Grocery Shopping, and Objectively-Assessed and Self-Reported Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

Because supermarkets are a critical part of the community food environment, the purpose of this paper is to examine the association between accessibility to the supermarket where participants were surveyed, frequency of shopping at the supermarket, and self-reported and objectively-assessed fruit and vegetable consumption. Accessibility was assessed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) measured distance and multiple versions of the modified Retail Food Environment Index (mRFEI), including a localized road network buffer version. Frequency of shopping was assessed using self-report. The National Cancer Institute Fruit and Vegetable screener was used to calculate daily servings of fruits and vegetables. Skin carotenoids were assessed using the “Veggie Meter™” which utilizes reflection spectroscopy to non-invasively assess skin carotenoids as an objective measure of fruit and vegetable consumption. Bivariate and multivariable statistics were used to examine the associations in RStudio. There was a positive association between skin carotenoids and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children (WIC) and mRFEI scores, suggesting that WIC participation and a healthier food environment were associated with objectively-assessed fruit and vegetable consumption (skin carotenoids). Future research should examine these associations using longitudinal study designs and larger sample sizes.
Evaluating Student Learning Through Collaborative Testing in a Psychiatric Mental Health Course.

BACKGROUND The Institute of Medicine calls for collaboration and encourages nursing education programs to provide opportunities for students to engage in collaborative efforts with members of the healthcare team to improve the practice environment and patient outcomes. Nurse educators strive to provide meaningful learning experiences that garner competence, decision-making, clinical reasoning, and problem-solving. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of collaborative testing on student learning of mental health concepts and to evaluate student perceptions of this learning strategy. METHODS A mixed method research approach was used with students enrolled in a psychiatric mental health class in a baccalaureate nursing program. RESULTS The quantitative research revealed collaborative testing improved student exam scores and the qualitative research revealed the majority of students had a positive perception of collaborative testing. CONCLUSIONS The research findings support the idea that collaborative testing is an active teaching strategy that fosters higher academic success. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Collaborative testing can introduce the nursing student to the process of teamwork, critical thinking, and problem-solving. The development of these attributes will facilitate the student's ability to work collaboratively as a member of the interprofessional healthcare team.
Augmenting Flight Imagery from Aerial Refueling

When collecting real-world imagery, objects in the scene may be occluded by other objects from the perspective of the camera. However, in some circumstances an occluding object is absent from the scene either for practical reasons or the situation renders it infeasible. Utilizing augmented reality techniques, those images can be altered to examine the affect of the object’s occlusion. This project details a novel method for augmenting real images with virtual objects in a virtual environment. Specifically, images from automated aerial refueling (AAR) test flights are augmented with a virtual refueling boom arm, which occludes the receiving aircraft. The occlusion effects of the boom are quantified in order to determine which pixels are not viable for stereo image processing to reduce noise and increase efficiency of estimating aircraft pose from stereo images.
Computer Mouse Use Captures Ataxia and Parkinsonism, Enabling Accurate Measurement and Detection

Background Objective assessments of movement impairment are needed to support clinical trials and facilitate diagnosis. The objective of the current study was to determine if a rapid web-based computer mouse test (Hevelius) could detect and accurately measure ataxia and parkinsonism. Methods Ninety-five ataxia, 46 parkinsonism, and 29 control participants and 229,017 online participants completed Hevelius. We trained machine-learning models on age-normalized Hevelius features to (1) measure severity and disease progression and (2) distinguish phenotypes from controls and from each other. Results Regression model estimates correlated strongly with clinical scores (from r = 0.66 for UPDRS dominant arm total to r = 0.83 for the Brief Ataxia Rating Scale). A disease change model identified ataxia progression with high sensitivity. Classification models distinguished ataxia or parkinsonism from healthy controls with high sensitivity (≥0.91) and specificity (≥0.90). Conclusions Hevelius produces a granular and accurate motor assessment in a few minutes of mouse use and may be useful as an outcome measure and screening tool. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Tolerance to Self: A Delicate Balance

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses self-tolerance. T-cell receptor (TCR) peptide immunization can modulate the immune response to a self-antigen in different ways depending on factors. In some instances, the same peptide will result in either suppression or enhancement. If downregulation is mediated through activated regulatory T cells, then it is not unreasonable that elimination of such cells might result in upregulation of an anti-self response. There are different classes of interaction. The response to a nonself-antigen leads to an immunity that is clearly delimited and quickly subsides, presumably when the antigen disappears. The response to a self-antigen given in adjuvant also leads to a delimited, acute response that also diminishes presumably when the injected antigen disappears. In this case, one of the antigens, the TCR, which is represented on circulating T cells in the periphery of the animal and is continually replenished, is not eliminated and can chronically restimulate the T cells.
Abstract 115: Hedgehog signaling pathway promotes breast cancer adaptation to hypoxia

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women in the US. Metastasis accounts for the majority of breast cancer-related deaths. Rapidly proliferating primary tumors experience oxygen levels that are lower in comparison to the normal tissue. The proportions of these hypoxic tumor cells in breast cancer strongly correlate to the incidence of metastasis. Around 70% of breast cancers present with bone metastasis. Tumor cells that metastasize to the bone can lead to an imbalance in bone homeostasis, often leading to osteolysis. Our lab has previously reported that the activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, one of the embryonic developmental pathways found to be abnormally activated in breast cancer, leads to increased osteolysis in vivo. The incidence of osteolytic metastasis at the tibio-femoral junction was significantly reduced in the Hh signaling-deficient mice. Since a hypoxic microenvironment is prevalent in bone, it is imperative to understand how Hh signaling drives tumor cell adaptation to hypoxia. The hypoxic tumor microenvironment in the primary tumor might select for metastatic cells that are better able to metastasize to the bone. We hypothesize that Hh signaling enables the adaptation of breast cancer cells to hypoxia and consequently their metastatic potential. Hh signaling can be canonically activated through smoothened (SMO)-dependent activation of the transcriptional regulator GLI. Cellular response to hypoxia is mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). To understand the importance of Hh signaling activation in hypoxic condition, we inhibited the Hh signaling pathway using GLI and SMO inhibitors. Additionally, we knocked-down GLI1 in breast cancer cell lines. We have identified a feed-forward mechanism between Hh signaling and HIF signaling in hypoxic conditions leading to sustained hypoxia response by stabilization of HIF-1α. Future investigations will address the significance of Hh signaling inhibition in a murine model of TNBC. This study will help determine the therapeutic benefit of hedgehog inhibitors in controlling hypoxia-mediated metastasis and tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Tshering D. Lama-Sherpa, Sarah C. Kammerud, Lalita A. Shevde. Hedgehog signaling pathway promotes breast cancer adaptation to hypoxia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 115.
Interactions Between Delia platura and Erwinia amylovora Associated with Insect-Mediated Transmission of Shoot Blight

Erwinia amylovora is a bacterial pathogen of rosaceous plants that can be devastating to commercial apple and pear production worldwide. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production is essential for pathogen...
The soil fauna

Abstract Soil fauna includes earthworms, collembolans, mites, nematodes, and protozoa. These are eukaryotic, heterotrophic, motile organisms that require oxygen for metabolism. Their physical range, habitats, and food resources are constrained by their respective sizes and the availability of pores of appropriate size within the soil. This chapter describes both invertebrate animals that live in the soil and their habitat and additionally examines their activities in the context of the soil foodweb. We focus on the role of soil animals in controlling microbial pathogens, mineralizing nutrients, changing microbial community composition, and enhancing primary production. Like aboveground fauna, the physical structure of the ecosystem places constraints on the activities of the soil fauna, especially in relation to the microflora. As a result of their feeding, burrowing, and movement, the soil fauna also engineer the habitat for the soil microflora, transport beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms, and affect the production of detrital resources from plants.
It's all about the drama!

This paper draws on the experiences of pre-teens and teenagers and their relationships with reality television. Using the lenses of liquid modernity and critical media literacy, I will examine interactions with reality television, and the ways in which young people construct their own meaning and understanding of different forms of media.
The Use of Non-Rebreather Masks on Top of High-Flow Nasal Cannula at Maximal Settings

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, we frequently were able to support patients with singular, severe COVID-19 pneumonia with high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) with settings of FIO2 0.90 and flows of 60 L/m. When the O2 saturation dropped into the 80s, our respiratory therapist placed non-rebreather masks (NRB) to increase the O2 saturations. Of note, these patients with exceptionally low O2 saturations were surprisingly asymptomatic. In absence of data to support this practice, we collected data on our patients to document the benefit. Methods: Consecutive patients with uncomplicated COVID-19 pneumonia requiring HFNC with settings of FIO2 0.90 and flows of 60 L/m and have not been previously placed on a NRB were eligible for the study. An oximetry recorder was placed on the patient and oximetries were recorded for one hour. A NRB was placed on the patient and oximetries were recorded for another hour. There was an average of 2,000 data points per hour. The oximetry data was downloaded into a database and the average oximetry before and after NRB was calculated. Respiratory rates, heart rates, and perfusion indexes were collected before, at the time, and after the placement of the NRB. Results: For individual patients, there were 8 that had significant differences comparing before vs after. Of these 8, 6 had higher readings after, and 2 had higher readings before. Of the 3 differences that were not significant, all were slightly higher before (see table). The differences of the averages of all before and after patients was 1.79% (P = NS). The figure below shows each patient listed in order with before then after distributions. P-values were calculated using a Wilcoxon two-sample test. Only patient 10 had a dramatic difference. At trial start, his O2 saturation was 92% and his respiratory rate was 24. At NRB placement, his O2 saturation was 88% and at the end the O2 saturation returned to 92% and his respiratory rate was 24. He received appropriate respiratory interventions during his low saturation episodes. The perfusion index did not explain the difference. Conclusions: The addition of a NRB to HFNC did not make a difference from a statistical standpoint, even with the dramatic improvement with patient 10. The improvement in patient 10 was mostly due to appropriate respiratory care interventions, with the NRB having a small role. The overall increase of 1.79 percentage points in O2 saturation is also not clinically important.
ITERATIVE METHODS FOR ACCRETIVE SETS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the iterative methods for accretive sets. It presents a theorem which states that A is a smooth uniformly convex Banach space with a duality mapping that is weakly sequentially continuous at zero, A⊂E × E an accretive set such that cl (DA) is convex, R (I + rA) ⊃ cl (D(A)) for all r > 0, and 0 ∈ R (A)
Recent vectorization and parallelization of ITPACKV

A status report is given on recent work on the vectorization and parallelization of the ITPACKV 2C [4] software. This package has been modified for improved performance on vector supercomputers resulting in a new version called ITPACKV 2D [10] that includes wavefront techniques. The main reason for these changes was to obtain improved vector performance of several methods that did not vectorize in the previous version. Results are also presented on initial efforts at modifying this package to produce a parallel ITPACKV suitable for execution on shared-memory parallel computers with relatively small numbers of processors.
Effects of nonlinear inertial forces on nearshore currents

Abstract A perturbation method is developed to investigate the effects of nonlinear inertial forces on breaking-wave-induced nearshore currents. Obliquely incident waves are considered and the bottom topography varies periodically in the shoreline direction. For simplicity, lateral turbulent mixing is ignored. Numerical examples are given for a specified bottom topography with various angles of incidence and surf zone width. The nearshore currents of interest mainly belong to the meandering type. When the nonlinear terms are included, there appears an advective shift as well as an amplitude reduction in the current pattern.
Cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum L. )

Introduction ... .. .. . .... . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .... . .. .. . 227 History and Occurrence in the United States 227 Description and Growth Habit 228 Habitat .... 229 Phenology .. 230 Viability, Germination, Dispersal, and Longevity of Seed 233 R oot System ... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . 235 Ecological Role 236 In Stable Communities 236 A Component of Deteriorating Ranges 237 Disturbance from Grazing ......... 237 Disturbance from Fire 239 Abandoned Cropland 241 Secondary Succession of Cheatgrass Ranges 242 Grazing Value 245 Grazing Capacity 246 Forage Production 246 Nutritive Value 249 Palatability and Proper Use 250 Soil-Plant Relations 250 Incidence of Smut and Other Disease 252 Opportunity for Control 253 By Burning 253 By Cultivation and Seeding 256 By Use of Chemicals 258 Literature Cited 258
Structural characterization of Al10O6iBu16(μ-H)2, a high aluminum content cluster : Further studies of methylaluminoxane (MAO) and related aluminum complexes

The first structurally characterized isobutyl-containing aluminoxane compound is presented. The Al10O6iBu16(μ-H)2 (I) cluster is produced from neat octakis-isobutyltetraluminoxane (Al4O2iBu8) at 80 °C in 6−8 h followed by slow crystallization. The crystal is triclinic (space group P1) with the molecule lying on an inversion center. This aluminoxane contains both nearly linear, 154(2)°, aluminum-bridging hydrides and three-coordinate aluminum sites. Solid-state 27Al magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR experiments were done at 19.6 and 40 T (833 MHz and 1.703 GHz, 1H) and at 30−35 kHz spinning speeds, leading to the determination of the Cq and η values for the two four-coordinate Al sites and a lower limit of Cq for the three-coordinate Al site. Geometry-optimized restricted Hartree−Fock calculations at the double-ζ level of an idealized structure (methyl substituted, D2h geometry) yielded Cq and η in close agreement with experiment; Cq agrees within 3 MHz.
The ALCOR C-band imaging radar

Kwajalein Atoll, resting 9/spl deg/north of the equator and 3,500 km southwest of Hawaii, is the location of the United States Army Kwajalein Missile Range (KMR). KMR assets include a wide variety of radars, optical sensors, telemetry, missile-launch equipment, flight safety, and communications. Its radar suite, in particular, includes several highly sensitive one-of-a-kind systems. The ARPA-Lincoln C-Band Observables Radar (ALCOR) is one of four KMR instrumentation radars located on the island of Roi-Namur. Since ALCOR first began operations in 1970, it has provided C-band beacon and wideband metric and signature observations for a wide variety of range-user requirements. ALCOR has the capability to produce two-dimensional range Doppler images of near-Earth-orbiting and reentering objects. Modifications to ALCOR, its current system architecture, and future direction are described in this paper The authors provide an overview of ALCOR radar waveforms and resolution capabilities. A system description is provided, including the C-band transmitter, receiver, antenna, and digital systems.
Effect of Sodium Acetate on Protease Activity

Abstract Sodium acetate was shown to have a potentiating effect on some proteases in hydrolysis of milk proteins at acid pH values. This effect was minimal in neutral media, and there was an inhibition of the protease activity at alkaline pH values under some conditions. This was manifest at relatively low acetate concentrations. The response was observed for whey proteins in both liquid and agar media, as well as for casein solutions, with or without previous hydrogen peroxide treatment. It was least evident on nonfat dry milk substrate.
Bioinformatics and computing curriculum: a new model for interdisciplinary courses

An interdisciplinary bioinformatics course has been taught at Wake Forest for three semesters. Undergraduate and graduate students from multiple academic specialties are brought together in a single classroom. In addition to focusing on traditional bioinformatics topics, this course concentrates on interdisciplinary collaboration in the in-class exercises and the research-based course project. A team of faculty from complementary disciplines teach the course. Productive communication is one key goal of this course.
Deuterium NMR and Differential Scanning Calorimetric Studies of the Calcium Salts of Rhodium and Iridium Pentadeuterides, Ca2RhD5 and Ca2IrD5

The deuterium NMR spectra of the ternary metal deuterides (TMDs) Ca2RhD5 and Ca2IrD5 show that the disorder is dynamic at room temperature, with barriers to the motion of 31.8 and 39.0 kJ mol-1, re...
Differential effects of locally administered clozapine and haloperidol on dopamine efflux in the rat prefrontal cortex and caudate-putamen.

: Previous research has shown that systemically administered antipsychotic drugs enhance dopamine release from the nigrostriatal and mesocortical dopamine pathways. However, the degree of enhancement differs as a function of the drug used (atypical versus typical antipsychotic) and the dopamine pathway examined. The present studies examined whether these differences result from differential actions of these drugs on dopamine terminal regions. Clozapine or haloperidol was infused locally into the caudate-putamen or prefrontal cortex through reverse microdialysis. Although both drugs increased extracellular dopamine levels, clozapine produced greater effects than haloperidol in the prefrontal cortex, whereas haloperidol produced greater effects in the caudate-putamen. These results suggest that neurochemical differences within dopamine terminal regions may explain the differential actions of antipsychotic drugs on striatal and cortical dopamine release.
Structure of the Chloroplast Ribosome: Novel Domains for Translation Regulation

Gene expression in chloroplasts is controlled primarily through the regulation of translation. This regulation allows coordinate expression between the plastid and nuclear genomes, and is responsive to environmental conditions. Despite common ancestry with bacterial translation, chloroplast translation is more complex and involves positive regulatory mRNA elements and a host of requisite protein translation factors that do not have counterparts in bacteria. Previous proteomic analyses of the chloroplast ribosome identified a significant number of chloroplast-unique ribosomal proteins that expand upon a basic bacterial 70S-like composition. In this study, cryo-electron microscopy and single-particle reconstruction were used to calculate the structure of the chloroplast ribosome to a resolution of 15.5 A. Chloroplast-unique proteins are visualized as novel structural additions to a basic bacterial ribosome core. These structures are located at optimal positions on the chloroplast ribosome for interaction with mRNAs during translation initiation. Visualization of these chloroplast-unique structures on the ribosome, combined with mRNA cross-linking, allows us to propose a model for translation initiation in chloroplasts in which chloroplast-unique ribosomal proteins interact with plastid-specific translation factors and RNA elements to facilitate regulated translation of chloroplast mRNAs.
Individual pitch functions and pitch-duration cross-dimensional matching

Eight young adult subjects scaled the auditory dimensions of duration and pitch using a modified method of numerical magnitude balance and adjustment of the stimuli for individual equal-loudness differences. Individual duration and pitch functions for magnitude estimation and for magnitude production fit the power law well. When compared with the revised reel scale and the pitch function obtained by S. S. Stevens and Galanter (Journal of Experimental psychology, 1957,54, 377–411), the group magnitude estimation and magnitude production pitch functions plotted in log-log coordinates showed high degrees of linearity. This was due mostly to the absence of a rollover in the high-frequency range of the continuum. It was hypothesized that pitch may be viewed as a linear function. This hypothesis was further supported when the exponents of the pitch and duration functions were used to predict closely the group exponent of cross-dimension matches.
Modeling Growth in Tissue Expansion

Skin expansion enables the correction of birthmarks, burn injuries, and reconstruction of breasts after tumor removal. The astonishing properties of human skin allow us to implant and inflate a balloon expander next to a defect to grow skin with matching color, texture, hairiness, and thickness while minimizing the risk for rejection and scaring3. In order to grow skin in situ, the balloon expander is placed in a subcutaneous pocket of approximately the expander size and shape, see Figure 1. Inflating the balloon gradually between four to eight weeks after surgery triggers growth by overstretching the skin.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Strategies for better diabetes control in the US

Recent surveys in the US have indicated that 71% of the total diabetes care is delivered by primary care physicians, and that current management practices in terms of the point of initiation of pharmacological treatment fall considerably short of the American Diabetes Association’s recommendations. In part, this delay in initiating treatment is due to a fear of provoking hypoglycaemia, which in itself results from a general avoidance of blood glucose monitoring on the part of patients. As a consequence of this apparent disregard for diabetes care, blood glucose concentrations are not adequately controlled in the US and this is reflected in a high incidence of chronic complications, particularly diabetic neuropathy. This is likely to have major cost implications in the future. In an effort to improve the standard of diabetes care, a number of US authorities have begun producing guidelines for primary care physicians, and in the State of Texas, treatment algorithms that incorporate recommendations based on the current US registration trial data have been developed. These recommendations, which have now been adopted by the State of Texas and form part of the minimum standard of care mandated by the State Department of Health’s Diabetes Council, provide guidance on the selection and use of oral antidiabetic drugs (including sulphonylureas, metformin, troglitazone, repaglinide and acarbose) in patients with type 2 diabetes, both for glycaemic control and for prevention of cardiovascular complications. It is hoped that organised implementation of these treatment algorithms will produce better control of diabetes and its complications than the current ad hoc strategies used by individual practitioners.
Mitochondrial biogenesis during fungal spore germination: Products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in vivo

Abstract Germinated spores of the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae synthesized about eight to ten mitochondrial proteins in the presence of cycloheximide as shown by acrylamidegel electrophoresis of [3H]leucine-labeled, detergent-solubilized mitochondrial extracts. The apparent molecular weights of these proteins (whose synthesis was blocked by chloramphenicol) ranged from 85,100 to 8400. The 8400 molecular weight protein was soluble in chloroform-methanol, while other mitochondrial proteins (including also those proteins synthesized only in the absence of cycloheximide) were insoluble in this solvent system. Treatment of intact mitochondria with trichloroacetic acid before detergent extraction caused conversion of the higher molecular weight radioactivity to the 8400 molecular weight form. Labeling kinetics of 300-min (germinated) spores indicated that the 8400 molecular weight protein was the first to contain [3H]leucine, and with increasing time of incubation the label appeared in the higher molecular weight proteins. The mitochondrial ribosomes of the spores were not active during the first 60 min of germination, although products of the cytoplasmic ribosomes were incorporated into or associated with mitochondria during this interval; during the second 60-min interval of germination, function of mitochondrial ribosomes was observed by synthesis of the 8400 molecular weight, chloroform-methanol-soluble protein. In three subsequent 60-min intervals of germination, radioactivity from [3H]leucine was incorporated into the higher molecular weight proteins. The significance of this mitochondrial protein synthesis in relation to other metabolic activities of the germinating spores is discussed.