cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the interdependence of routing and data compression in multi-hop sensor networks

We consider a problem of broadcast communication in sensor networks, in which samples of a random field are collected at each node, and the goal is for all nodes to obtain an estimate of the entire field within a prescribed distortion value. The main idea we explore in this paper is that of jointly compressing the data generated by different nodes as this information travels over multiple hops, to eliminate correlations in the representation of the sampled field. Our main contributions are: (a) we obtain, using simple network flow concepts, conditions on the rate/distortion function of the random field, so as to guarantee that any node can obtain the measurements collected at every other node in the network, quantized to within any prescribed distortion value; and (b) we construct a large class of physically-motivated stochastic models for sensor data, for which we are able to prove that the joint rate/distortion function of all the data generated by the whole network grows slower than the bounds found in (a). A truly novel aspect of our work is the tight coupling between routing and source coding, explicitly formulated in a simple and analytically tractable model - to the best of our knowledge, this connection had not been studied before.
Star Catalogs on Punched Cards and Magnetic Tape

In connection with the calibration of the Minitrack satellite tracking stations, the Goddard Space Flight Center has had the contents of a number of star catalogs put on punched cards and magnetic tape. This report discusses the plate data reduction procedures, briefly describes the information on the punched cards and magnetic tape, and calls attention to other applications of the card and tape star catalogs. The Goddard Space Flight Center has offered to prepare duplicate catalogs for qualified organizations.
Diffraction of a shock wave by a compression corner. II - Single Mach reflection

The two-dimensional time-dependent Euler equations which govern the flow field resulting from the interaction of a planar shock with a compression corner are solved for initial conditions which result in single Mach reflection of the incident planar shock. The Euler equations are first transformed to include the self-similarity of the flow field. A second transformation is employed to normalize the distances between the ramp and the reflected shock and between the wall and the Mach stem. The resulting equations in strong conservation-law form are solved using a second-order discontinuity-fitting finite-difference approach. The results are compared with experimental interferograms and existing first-order shock-capturing numerical solutions.
Asymptotic expansions for trace functionals

Abstract We obtain Taylor approximations for functionals V ↦ Tr ( f ( H 0 + V ) ) defined on the bounded self-adjoint operators, where H 0 is a self-adjoint operator with compact resolvent and f is a sufficiently nice scalar function, relaxing assumptions on the operators made in [17] , and derive estimates and representations for the remainders of these approximations.
Parental Incarceration, Child Homelessness, and the Invisible Consequences of Mass Imprisonment

This article presents research on the consequences of mass imprisonment for childhood inequality. I investigate average and race-specific effects of paternal and maternal incarceration on the risk of child homelessness, using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. The results suggest that (1) recent paternal but not maternal incarceration substantially increases the risk of child homelessness, (2) effects are concentrated among African American children, and (3) increases in familial economic hardship and decreases in access to institutional support explain some of the relationship. Taken together, the findings indicate the prison boom was likely a key driver of the growing racial disparities in child homelessness, increasing black-white inequality in this risk by 65 percent since the 1970s. When coupled with the other effects of mass imprisonment on childhood inequality, these results suggest that the prison boom will likely lead to far greater black-white inequality in civic and polit...
Materials science: Dry solution to a sticky problem.

Sticking plasters revolutionized the protection of minor wounds, but they're not ideal for fragile skin. A material that mimics the adhesive properties of certain beetles' feet might provide a solution.
Dust Transport on a Surface in Plasma

Motivated by the long-standing open questions about the physics of electrostatic lunar dust transport, we investigated the dynamics of dust particles on a conducting surface in laboratory plasmas. An initial dust pile was observed to spread to form a dust ring on a biased surface that collects the ions but repels the electrons in the plasma. Dust particles were also observed to deposit on a higher land, indicating a hopping motion. Potential contours were measured above the dust surface to understand the mechanisms of this dust transport process.
Alkylation of carbonyl compounds with dialkylzirconocene complexes promoted by potassium t-butoxide

Abstract Potassium t -butoxide promotes alkylation of non-enolizable ketones and aldehydes by zirconocene dialkyls. The reaction proceeds with loss of cyclopentadienide ion from the metal center.
China and the World Financial Markets 1870-1930: Modern Lessons From Historical Globalization

In this article we review the development of Chinese capital markets over a crucial period in the history of markets worldwide, and place that development in context. Despite fundamental differences between China today and China 100 years ago, it is still important to consider the effects of an imbalance between domestic and international investor markets, and the mismatch between domestic and foreign expectations about investor protection. The lessons of the last century suggest that China today should consider opening Chinese investor access to foreign capital markets in order to equilibrate the level of diversification between foreign and domestic investors. In addition, our analysis suggests that protecting of domestic corporate investor rights is at least as important as protecting foreign investor rights.
Adenosine A1 receptors mediate local anti-nociceptive effects of acupuncture

Acupuncture is an invasive procedure commonly used to relieve pain. Acupuncture is practiced worldwide, despite difficulties in reconciling its principles with evidence-based medicine. We found that adenosine, a neuromodulator with anti-nociceptive properties, was released during acupuncture in mice and that its anti-nociceptive actions required adenosine A1 receptor expression. Direct injection of an adenosine A1 receptor agonist replicated the analgesic effect of acupuncture. Inhibition of enzymes involved in adenosine degradation potentiated the acupuncture-elicited increase in adenosine, as well as its anti-nociceptive effect. These observations indicate that adenosine mediates the effects of acupuncture and that interfering with adenosine metabolism may prolong the clinical benefit of acupuncture.
Bounds on the Complex Zeros of (Di)Chromatic Polynomials and Potts-Model Partition Functions

We show that there exist universal constants C(r) < ∞ such that, for all loopless graphs G of maximum degree ≤ r, the zeros (real or complex) of the chromatic polynomial PG(q) lie in the disc ∣q∣ < C(r). Furthermore, C(r) ≤ 7.963907r. This result is a corollary of a more general result on the zeros of the Potts-model partition function ZG(q, {ve}) in the complex antiferromagnetic regime ∣1 + ve∣ ≤ 1. The proof is based on a transformation of the Whitney–Tutte–Fortuin–Kasteleyn representation of ZG(q, {ve}) to a polymer gas, followed by verification of the Dobrushin–Kotecký–Preiss condition for nonvanishing of a polymer-model partition function. We also show that, for all loopless graphs G of second-largest degree ≤ r, the zeros of PG(q) lie in the disc ∣q∣ < C(r) + 1. Along the way, I give a simple proof of a generalized (multivariate) Brown–Colbourn conjecture on the zeros of the reliability polynomial for the special case of series-parallel graphs.
Lower Bounds in Real Algebraic Geometry and Orientability of Real Toric Varieties

The real solutions to a system of sparse polynomial equations may be realized as a fiber of a projection map from a toric variety. When the toric variety is orientable, the degree of this map is a lower bound for the number of real solutions to the system of equations. We strengthen previous work by characterizing when the toric variety is orientable. This is based on work of Nakayama and Nishimura, who characterized the orientability of smooth real toric varieties.
Generation of a broadband continuum with high spectral coherence in tapered single-mode optical fibers

A significant input wavelength dependent variation of the supercontinuum mutual spectral coherence is observed for the first time using the delayed pulse method, and conditions for generating a highly coherent and broadband supercontinuum are established.
Surgery description of colored knots

The pair .K;/ consisting of a knot K S 3 and a surjective map from the knot group onto a dihedral group of order 2p for p an odd integer is said to be a p ‐colored knot. In [14], D Moskovich conjectures that there are exactly p equivalence classes of p ‐colored knots up to surgery along unknots in the kernel of the coloring. He shows that for pD 3 and 5 the conjecture holds and that for any odd p there are at least p distinct classes, but gives no general upper bound. We show that there are at most 2p equivalence classes for any odd p . T Cochran, A Gerges and K Orr, in [3], define invariants of the surgery equivalence class of a closed 3‐manifold M in the context of bordism. By taking M to be 0‐framed surgery of S 3 along K we may define Moskovich’s colored untying invariant in the same way as the Cochran‐Gerges‐Orr invariants. This bordism definition of the colored untying invariant will be then used to establish the upper bound as well as to obtain a complete invariant of p ‐colored knot surgery equivalence. 57M25; 57M27, 55N22, 57M12
Work Units and Income Inequality: The Effect of Market Transition in Urban China

Author(s): Wu, Xiaogang | Abstract: Nee's market transition theory claims that redistributive power will decline and returns to human capital will increase as state socialist economies are transformed into market economies. However, many other scholars have discovered that either the influence of redistributive power persists or returns to human capital decline. In this paper, I analyze the effect of marketization on individuals= income inequality in urban China as mediated by work units, which are classified into three types: Low Profit State Firms (LPFs), High Profit State Firms (HPFs), and Market Firm (MFs). LPFs are farthest from the market, HPFs are closer to the market and MFs have to be completely exposed to market conditions. Results based on two urban survey data sets show that while the influence of redistributive power declines, returns to human capital do not monotonically increase, as market transition theory predicts. Although returns to human capital are higher in the market sector than in the state sector, the effects of education on earnings are weaker in HPFs than LPFs within the state sector. The inconsistency is attributed to the effects of bonuses that are equally distributed among employees in HPFs.
Enantioselective conjugate addition of alkenylboronic acids to indole-appended enones.

An enantioselective addition of alkenylboronic acids and alkynylboronic esters to unprotected indole-appended enones is reported. This transformation proceeds with high enantioselectivity and high product yields via the use of catalytic amounts of 3,3′-bis(pentafluorophenyl)-BINOL and Mg(Ot-Bu)2. A range of α-branched indole derivatives are available from the transformation.
Incomplete Lineage Sorting: Consistent Phylogeny Estimation from Multiple Loci

We introduce a simple computationally efficient algorithm for reconstructing phylogenies from multiple gene trees in the presence of incomplete lineage sorting, that is, when the topology of the gene trees may differ from that of the species tree. We show that our technique is statistically consistent under standard stochastic assumptions, that is, it returns the correct tree given sufficiently many unlinked loci. We also show that it can tolerate moderate estimation errors.
High-Permittivity Temperature-Stable Ceramic Dielectrics with Low Microwave Loss

The compounds SrZrO3 and CaZrO3 combine high permittivity with low loss and positive temperature coefficient of permittivity. Temperature-stable materials were produced by forming solid solutions between these zirconates and zirconates or titanates having negative coefficients. The properties of temperature-stable compositions in the systems Ca(Zr,Ti)O3 and (Ba,Sr)(Zr,Ti)O3 were investigated. At 4 GHz the relative permittivities were from 29 to 35 and the loss tangents from 3 to 11×10−4. Both permittivity and microwave loss increased as the principal alkaline-earth ion was changed from Ca to Sr to Ba, but the higher losses could be reduced by adding ∼1 mol% Nb or Ta. Dense fine-grained ceramics with the properties required for microwave applications were prepared.
FAR-ULTRAVIOLET OBSERVATIONS OF THE CIRCUMSTELLAR GAS IN THE 2 ANDROMEDAE SYSTEM

The A5 star β Pictoris is a possible young planetary system and has the best-studied circumstellar disk. Our visible and ultraviolet observations of 2 Andromedae indicated that this A3 star has β Pictoris–like gas infall. We present the far-ultraviolet spectrum (905–1195 A) of 2 And we obtained with the NASA-CNES-CSA Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). Unlike β Pic, 2 And's FUSE spectrum does not show strong chromospheric emission lines from C III and O VI. However, 2 And's FUSE spectrum contains many nonphotospheric lines that allow us to probe the circumstellar gas. For example, between 1120 and 1140 A, we detected several Fe III absorption lines arising from hyperfine levels of ground state, which cannot be formed in the interstellar medium. These lines are good diagnostics of the circumstellar gas. We also detected circumstellar Fe II, Cr III, Mn III, and O I (1D) lines. The simultaneous presence of these species suggests that the circumstellar environment of 2 And could include regions with different temperatures and densities.
Spacings around an order statistic

We determine the joint limiting distribution of adjacent spacings around a central, intermediate, or an extreme order statistic $$X_{k:n}$$ of a random sample of size $$n$$ from a continuous distribution $$F$$ . For central and intermediate cases, normalized spacings in the left and right neighborhoods are asymptotically i.i.d. exponential random variables. The associated independent Poisson arrival processes are independent of $$X_{k:n}$$ . For an extreme $$X_{k:n}$$ , the asymptotic independence property of spacings fails for $$F$$ in the domain of attraction of Frechet and Weibull ( $$\alpha \ne 1$$ ) distributions. This work also provides additional insight into the limiting distribution for the number of observations around $$X_{k:n}$$ for all three cases.
A virtual environment for protective relaying evaluation and testing

Protective relaying is a fundamental discipline of power system engineering. At Georgia Tech, we offer three courses that cover protective relaying: an undergraduate course that devotes one-third of the semester on relaying, a graduate course entitled "Power System Protection," and a three-and-a-half-day short course for practicing engineers. To maximize student understanding and training on the concepts, theory, and technology associated with protective relaying, we have developed a number of educational tools, all wrapped in a virtual environment. The virtual environment includes a) a power system simulator, b) a simulator of instrumentation for protective relaying with visualization and animation modules, c) specific protective relay models with visualization and animation modules, and d) interfaces to hardware so that testing of actual relaying equipment can be performed. We refer to this set of software as the "virtual power system." The virtual power system permits the in-depth coverage of the protective relaying concepts in minimum time and maximizes student understanding. The tool is not used in a passive way. Indeed, the students actively participate with well-designed projects such as a) design and implementation of multifunctional relays, b) relay testing for specific disturbances, etc. The paper describes the virtual power system organization and "engines," such as solver, visualization, and animation of protective relays, etc. It also discusses the utilization of this tool in the courses via specific application examples and student assignments.
Contraction of Dark Matter Halos in Response to Condensation of Baryons

The cooling of baryons in the centers of dark matter halos leads to a more concentrated dark matter distribution. This effect has traditionally been calculated using the model of adiabatic contraction, which assumes spherical symmetry, while in hierarchical formation scenarios halos grow via multiple violent mergers. We test the adiabatic contraction model in high-resolution cosmological simulations and find that the dissipation of gas indeed increases the density of dark matter and steepens its radial profile compared to the case without cooling. Although the standard model systematically overpredicts the increase of dark matter density, a simple modification of the assumed invariant from M(r)r to M( )r, where is the orbit-averaged particle position, reproduces the simulated profiles within 10%.
Models for truthful online double auctions

Online double auctions (DAs) model a dynamic two-sided matching problem with private information and self-interest, and are relevant for dynamic resource and task allocation problems. We present a general method to design truthful DAs, such that no agent can benefit from misreporting its arrival time, duration, or value. The family of DAs is parameterized by a pricing rule, and includes a generalization of McAfee's truthful DA to this dynamic setting. We present an empirical study, in which we study the allocative-surplus and agent surplus for a number of different DAs. Our results illustrate that dynamic pricing rules are important to provide good market efficiency for markets with high volatility or low volume.
Cash Transfers, Children and the Crisis : Protecting Current and Future Investments

Developing countries have responded to the multiple shocks from the food, fuel and finance crises of 2008-2009 with a mix of responses aimed at both mitigating the immediate impacts of the crises on households (and particularly children), and protecting future investments in human capital. While some countries have introduced new safety net programs, others have modified and/or expanded existing ones. Since many countries have introduced conditional cash transfers (CCTs) in recent years, these programs have been used as an important starting point for a response. This paper aims to describe how conditional cash transfers have been used by different countries to respond to the crises (e.g. by expanding coverage and/or increasing benefit amounts), distill lessons about their effectiveness as crisis-response programs, identify design features that can facilitate their ability to respond to transient poverty shocks, and assess how they can complement other safety net programs.
IPv6: Mobility Management and Roaming between IPv6 and IPv4

Mobility is becoming ubiquitous now-a-days; there have been tremendous advances in the next generation mobile communication systems recently, thereby, engendering the need to support all the advancements arising from new theories, algorithms, architectures, standards and protocols. Mobility management has been a growing concern in IPv6 with numerous problems originating from roaming between IPv6 access networks and IPv4 access networks owing to ever-growing research. This paper attempts to succinctly address the enhancement(s) required for IPv6 mobility management protocols for future access networks. Further, the solutions for roaming issues between IPv6 and IPv4 networks have also been highlighted.
Estimating the Size of Online Social Networks

The huge size of online social networks (OSNs) makes it prohibitively expensive to precisely measure any properties which require the knowledge of the entire graph. To estimate the size of an OSN, i.e., the number of users an OSN has, this paper introduces two estimators using widely available OSN functionalities/services. The first estimator is a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) based on uniform sampling. An O(logn) algorithm is developed to solve the estimator, which is 70 times faster than the naive linear probing algorithm in our experiments. The second estimator is based on random walkers and we generalize it to estimate other graph properties. In-depth evaluations are conducted on six real OSNs to show the bias and variance of these two estimators. Our analysis addresses the challenges and pitfalls when developing and implementing such estimators for OSNs.
A consideration of the barrier for carbocation-nucleophile combination reactions

1. Introduction 1536 2. Origin and Nature of the Kinetic Barrier to the Addition of Nucleophiles to Carbocations 1536 2.1. Polar and resonance substituent effects 1536 2.2. Description of the barrier--part 1 1540 2.3. Solvent effects 1541 3. Substituent Effects on the Barrier Height 1543 3.1. Reaction coordinate profiles 1543 3.2. Resonance effects 1545 3.3. Polar effects 1546 3.4. Imbalance and the principle of nonperfect synchronization 1546 3.5. Ground state effects 1550 3.6. or-Oxygen and 0t-sulfur substituent effects 1555 3.7. Description of the barrier--part 2 1557 4. Reactivity-Selectivity Relationships 1558 4.1. Simple relationships between carbocation lifetime and nucleophile selectivity 1559 4.2. The appearance of Hammond effects 1562 4.3. General base catalysis 1565 5. Solvent Effects on Carbocation Reactivity 1567 1535
A note on coalgebras and presheaves

We show that the category of coalgebras of a wide-pullback preserving endofunctor on a category of presheaves is itself a category of presheaves. This illustrates a connection between Jacobs' temporal logic of coalgebras and Ghilardi and Meloni's presheaf semantics for temporal modalities.
Regioselective Arene Halogenation using the FAD‐Dependent Halogenase RebH

Co-expression of the halogenase RebH with GroEL/ES and fusion of the flavin reductase RebF to MBP enabled production of both enzymes on scales sufficient for preparative regioselective oxidative halogenation of arenes. The activity and selectivity of RebH contrast with those reported for PrnA, a structurally homologous halogenase, which provided a narrower substrate scope and only enabled halogenation of unnatural substrates at their most electronically activated positions.
Accounting for Primary and Secondary Demand Effects with Aggregate Data

Discrete choice models of aggregate demand, such as the random coefficients logit, can handle large differentiated products categories parsimoniously while still providing flexible substitution patterns. However, the discrete choice assumption may not be appropriate for many categories in which we expect consumers may purchase more than one unit of the selected item. We derive the aggregate demand system corresponding to a discrete/continuous household-level model of demand. We also propose a method-of-simulated-moments procedure that provides consistent estimates of the structural parameters when only aggregate data are available. The procedure also enables the researcher to control both for the potential endogeneity of marketing variables as well as potential heterogeneity in consumer tastes. Using our aggregate estimates, we can measure the decomposition of price elasticities into incidence, brand choice, and purchase quantity components. We also propose several empirical tests to assess the validity of the discrete/continuous demand system versus that of the logit model. In several simulation experiments, we demonstrate the robustness of this model across datasets in which quantity choices may or may not be important. Our empirical calibration to store-level data in the refrigerated orange juice category indicates a considerable improvement in fit of the observed aggregate sales using the discrete/continuous model.
Allocation of Global Import Demand among the World's Largest Economies: Implications for Developing Countries

The study implies that coffee producing countries will be worse off with the expansion of exports. Hence, we suggest that they pursue new marketing strategies that involve market segmentation, value-adding activities, and strengthening local and global organizations to establish direct market links with consumers and stabilize prices.
Transition metal complexes meet the rylenes

This Perspective highlights an emerging area of metal–organic chromophore science related to the photochemistry and photophysics of coordination compounds and organometallic structures covalently tethered to rylene (naphthalene-cored) imide and diimide scaffolds. This combination of molecules renders highly colourful structures producing an array of excited state behaviour and in some instances strongly aggregated self-assembled metal–organic architectures.
Disagreement and the Stock Market

Over the last 20 years, the field of behavioral finance has grown from a startup operation into a mature enterprise, with well-developed bodies of of both theory and empirical evidence. On the empirical side, the benchmark null hypothesis is that one should not be able to forecast a stock's return with anything other than measures of its riskiness, such as its beta. This hypothesis embodies the familiar idea that any other form of predictability would represent a profitable trading rule and hence a free lunch to investors. Yet in a striking rejection of this null, a large catalog of variables with no apparent connection to risk has been shown to forecast stock returns, both in the time series and the cross-section. Many of these results have been replicated in a variety of samples and have stood up sufficiently well that they are generally considered to be established facts. One prominent set of patterns from the cross-section has to do with mediumterm momentum and post-earnings drift in returns. These describe the tendency for stocks that have had unusually high past returns or good earnings news to continue to deliver relatively strong returns over the subsequent six to twelve months (and vice-versa for stocks with low past returns or bad earnings news). Early work in this area includes Jegadeesh and Titman (1993) on momentum and Bernard and Thomas (1989, 1990) on post-earnings drift. Another well-established pattern is longer-run fundamental reversion-the tendency for "glamour" stocks with high ratios of market value to earnings, cashflows, or book value to deliver weak returns over the subsequent several years (and vice-versa for "value" stocks with low ratios of market value to fundamentals). Standard references for this
Measurement of Surface-Wave Statistics

The motion of the ocean's surface is a random process describable in a statistical sense. In recent years there has been a significant improvement in the availability of instrumentati on to measure the surface parameters, particularly in the short-gravity-wave and capillary-wave regimes. This paper will review the state-of-the-art of surface-wave measurement techniques, emphasizing the advantages and drawbacks of each technique.
Delayed Nerve Repair Is Associated With Diminished Neuroenhancement by FK506

Objectives/Hypothesis The immunosuppressive agent FK506 has been shown in many studies to enhance nerve regeneration and to accelerate functional recovery after immediate nerve repair. However, in clinical practice the diagnosis and treatment of patients with peripheral nerve injuries is often delayed. The study investigated whether FK506 would retain its neuroregenerative properties when nerve repair and initiation of FK506 therapy were delayed for 7 days. Study Design In vivo laboratory study. Methods Thirty-two Lewis rats underwent tibial nerve transection and were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: immediate repair with FK506 treatment, immediate repair without FK506 treatment, 7-day delayed repair with FK506 treatment, and 7-day delayed repair without FK506 treatment. Treated animals received daily subcutaneous injections of 2 mg/kg FK506. Serial walking track measurements were performed at 14, 16, and 18 days after nerve repair. On day 18 after repair, peripheral nerves were injected with a fluorescent tracer for retrograde labeling. On day 21, peripheral nerves and spinal cords were harvested for histomorphometric analysis and motor neuron cell body counts, respectively. Results Animals that underwent immediate repair with FK506 had significantly higher fiber counts and percentages of nerve than the other three groups (P < .05) but did not show statistically significant earlier functional recovery. The remaining three groups had intermediate levels of nerve regeneration that were not significantly different. Retrograde abled motor neurons counts were decreased in animals with delayed nerve repair that received no FK506 (P < .05). Conclusion In a rat tibial nerve transection model, the neuroregenerative effects of FK506 diminished markedly when repair and initiation of FK506 therapy were delayed by 7 days.
Stereoselective access to substituted enediyne building blocks

Abstract Intermolecular coupling-elimination of disubstituted propargyl bromides gives rise to differentiallysubstituted 3-hexen-1,5-diynes with E:Z selectivity as high as 100:1. Application of the methodology in the synthesis of key nanomaterial building blocks is demonstrated.
The Combination of Methyl Radicals: Photolysis of Acetone at Low Pressures

The kinetics of the photo-decomposition of acetone at low pressures (20 to 0$\cdot $2 mm) are consistent with the participation of a third body in the recombination of methyl radicals. Various added gases increase the relative rate of formation of ethane; approximate values, relative to acetone, are given for their efficiencies in deactivating excited ethane molecules by collision. The rate of spontaneous redissociation of the activated complex is less than 6 $\times $ 10$^{7}$ s$^{-1}$ at 520 degrees K, and increases with temperature.
Fast construction of nanosecond level snapshots of financial markets

The goal of this project is to rapidly construct an order-by-order level snapshot of financial markets with nanosecond resolution time stamps. We are particularly interested in understanding the impact of high-frequency traders on the security, stability, and fairness of these markets. In this paper, we describe our computational approach, the optimizations that were applied to improve the performance of the software by a factor of more than 125×, and the new capabilities that can be enabled using a combination of fast algorithms and XSEDE resources. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CVD Diamonds in the BaBar Radiation Monitoring System

To prevent excessive radiation damage to its Silicon Vertex Tracker, the BaBar experiment at SLAC uses a radiation monitoring and protection system that triggers a beam abort whenever radiation levels are anomalously high. The existing system, which employs large area Si PIN diodes as radiation sensors, has become increasingly difficult to operate due to radiation damage. We have studied CVD diamond sensors as a potential alternative for these silicon sensors. Two diamond sensors have been routinely used since their installation in the Vertex Tracker in August 2002. The experience with these sensors and a variety of tests in the laboratory have shown CVD diamonds to be a viable solution for dosimetry in high radiation environments. However, our studies have also revealed surprising side-effects.
Food Product Proliferation: A Market Structure Analysis

The frequent introduction of avowedly novel products is a common marketing strategy of leading food manufacturers. Over half of all new packaged consumer goods are foods or beverages, yet little is known about the amounts, patterns, and causes of product proliferation. Alternative definitions and analytical models of product proliferation are reviewed, focusing on those derived from Hotelling spatial-equilibrium theory. A simple regression model is used to test the relationship of market structure to the number of new food products introduced. The results verify that food product proliferation is a mode of industry conduct arising from markets characterized by differentiated oligopoly.
Hypergraph Markov Operators, Eigenvalues and Approximation Algorithms

The celebrated Cheeger's Inequality [AM85,a86] establishes a bound on the expansion of a graph via its spectrum. This inequality is central to a rich spectral theory of graphs, based on studying the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the adjacency matrix (and other related matrices) of graphs. It has remained open to define a suitable spectral model for hypergraphs whose spectra can be used to estimate various combinatorial properties of the hypergraph. In this paper we introduce a new hypergraph Laplacian operator generalizing the Laplacian matrix of graphs. Our operator can be viewed as the gradient operator applied to a certain natural quadratic form for hypergraphs. We show that various hypergraph parameters (for e.g. expansion, diameter, etc) can be bounded using this operator's eigenvalues. We study the heat diffusion process associated with this Laplacian operator, and bound its parameters in terms of its spectra. All our results are generalizations of the corresponding results for graphs.We show that there can be no linear operator for hypergraphs whose spectra captures hypergraph expansion in a Cheeger-like manner. Our Laplacian operator is non-linear, and thus computing its eigenvalues exactly is intractable. For any k, we give a polynomial time algorithm to compute an approximation to the kth smallest eigenvalue of the operator. We show that this approximation factor is optimal under the SSE hypothesis (introduced by [RS10]) for constant values of k.Finally, using the factor preserving reduction from vertex expansion in graphs to hypergraph expansion, we show that all our results for hypergraphs extend to vertex expansion in graphs.
The Legacy of Fear: Is Fear Impacting Fatal and Non-Fatal Drowning of African American Children?

African American children’s rates for fatal and non-fatal drowning events are alarmingly elevated, with some age groups having three times the rate as compared to White peers. Adequate swimming skills are considered a protective agent toward the prevention of drowning, but marginalized youth report limited swimming ability. This research examined minority children’s and parents/caregivers’ fear of drowning as a possible variable associated with limited swimming ability. Results confirmed that there were significant racial differences concerning the fear of drowning, and adolescent African American females were notably more likely to fear drowning while swimming than any other group. The “fear of drowning” responses by parents/ caregivers of minority children were also significantly different from their White counterparts.
Multi-grid domain decomposition approach for solution of Navier-Stokes equations in primitive variable form

A new multi-grid (two-grid) pseudospectral element method has been carried out for solution of incompressible flow in terms of primitive variable formulation. The main objective of the proposed method is to apply the multi-grid technique solving the incompressible flow problems associated with three commonly encountered multi-grid environments. In domain decomposition terminology, it includes (I) partially overlapped subdomains, each of which has same types of grids; (II) partially overlapped subdomains, each of which has different types of grids; (III) local adaptive subdomains fully overlapped with the original computational domain (composite grids). The approach for flow problems, complex geometry or not, is to first divide the computational domain into a number of subdomains with the inter-overlapping area (partially or fully overlapped). In categories I and II, the fine-grid or coarse-grid subdomains can be defined by their representation, while in category III the fine-grid or coarse-grid subdomains are defined as usual. Next, implement the Schwarz Alternating Procedure (SAP) to exchange the data among subdomains, where the coarse-grid correction is used to remove the high frequency error that occurs when the data interpolation from the fine-grid subdomain to the coarse-grid subdomain is conducted. The strategy behind the coarse-grid correction is to adopt the operator of the divergence of velocity field, which intrinsically links the pressure equation, into this process. The solution of each subdomain can be efficiently solved by the direct (or iterative) eigenfunction expansion technique or preconditioned method with the least storage requirement, i.e. O(N2) in 2-D. Numerical results of (i) driven cavity flow (Re = 100,400) with Cartesian grids (category I) in each subdomain, (ii) driven cavity flow (Re = 3200) with local adaptive grids (category III) in each subdomain, and (iii) flow over a cylinder (Re = 250) with ‘O’ grids in one subdomain and Cartesian grids in another (category II) will be presented in the paper to account for the versatility of the proposed multi-grid method.
The affine part of the Picard scheme

We describe the maximal torus and maximal unipotent subgroup of the Picard variety of a proper scheme over a perfect field.
Stable manifolds of holomorphic diffeomorphisms

We consider stable manifolds of a holomorphic diffeomorphism of a complex manifold. Using a conjugation of the dynamics to a (non-stationary) polynomial normal form, we show that typical stable manifolds are biholomorphic to complex Euclidean space.
Multi-class, multi-resource advance scheduling with no-shows, cancellations and overbooking

We investigate a class of scheduling problems where dynamically and stochastically arriving appointment requests are either rejected or booked for future slots. A customer may cancel an appointment. A customer who does not cancel may fail to show up. The planner may overbook appointments to mitigate the detrimental effects of cancellations and no-shows. A customer needs multiple renewable resources. The system receives a reward for providing service; and incurs costs for rejecting requests, appointment delays, and overtime. Customers are heterogeneous in all problem parameters. We provide a Markov decision process (MDP) formulation of these problems. Exact solution of this MDP is intractable. We show that this MDP has a weakly coupled structure that enables us to apply an approximate dynamic programming method rooted in Lagrangian relaxation, affine value function approximation, and constraint generation. We compare this method with a myopic scheduling heuristic on eighteen hundred problem instances. Our experiments show that there is a statistically significant difference in the performance of the two methods in 77% of these instances. Of these statistically significant instances, the Lagrangian method outperforms the myopic method in 97% of the instances. HighlightsProposes a large class of advance scheduling problems with no-shows, cancellations, and overbooking.Provides a Markov decision process model for these problems and shows that it is weakly coupled.Applies an approximate dynamic programming approach rooted in Lagrangian relaxation.
Robust cut-cell algorithms for DSMC implementations employing multi-level Cartesian grids

Abstract Robust cut-cell algorithms are detailed for general multi-level Cartesian grid direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) implementations. Different approaches for each component of the cut-cell algorithms are elaborated and compared, based on time efficiency, robustness, and ease of implementation. Special situations that arise in sorting the surface triangles, calculating the cut-cell volume, and identifying multiple cut-volumes contained in a single Cartesian cell, are handled by the algorithms, and their effects on the overall simulation results are analyzed using test cases. Three-dimensional DSMC simulations are conducted for a Mach number 20.2 N2 gas flowing over a Planetary Probe geometry showing good agreement with experimental heat flux measurements. Rarefied flow over a geometry resembling the MIR Space Station is also conducted, to demonstrate the ability of the proposed cut-cell algorithms to handle complex geometries. The time required to cut the surface meshes from the background Cartesian grids and to calculate the volume of the resulting cut-cells is found to be comparable to the time cost for one DSMC simulation time step for cases considered.
Palladium-Catalyzed Alkylation of Aryl C−H Bonds with sp3 Organotin Reagents Using Benzoquinone as a Crucial Promoter

The combination of directed C−H activation, batch-wise addition of tetraalkyltin reagents, and rate enhancement by benzoquinone and microwave irradiation provides a promising strategy for the direct coupling of C−H bonds with organometallic reagents. A variety of tetraalkyltins were coupled to C−H bonds to give the alkylated products in good yields by using 5 mol % Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst. Benzoquinone was shown to be essential for the C−H activation when substrates containing non-π-conjugated chelating groups are used. Monitoring the formation and reductive elimination of the Pd(Ar)(Me)L2 complex also revealed that benzoquinone promotes the reductive elimination step. Microwave irradiation enhances the reaction rate drastically. The versatility of this protocol was demonstrated by using substrates containing either oxazoline or pyridine as directing groups.
Disentangling access and view amenities in access-restricted coastal residential communities.

In coastal communities with uniform flood risk, amenity value is comprised of two components – view and access. Having controlled for view, it is assumed that any residual amenity value represents the benefit derived from accessing the beach for leisure/recreational purposes. However, as properties closer to the beach typically have improved viewsheds, the two amenities are highly correlated, and disentangling view and access is problematical. A spatial autoregressive hedonic model captures ease of beach access via a network distance parameter that varies independently from property viewshed, collinearity effects are mitigated, and access and view can be disentangled.
Political Polarization in the American Public

For more than two decades political scientists have discussed rising elite polarization in the United States, but the study of mass polarization did not receive comparable attention until fairly recently. This article surveys the literature on mass polarization. It begins with a discussion of the concept of polarization, then moves to a critical consideration of different kinds of evidence that have been used to study polarization, concluding that much of the evidence presents problems of inference that render conclusions problematic. The most direct evidence—citizens' positions on public policy issues—shows little or no indication of increased mass polarization over the past two to three decades. Party sorting—an increased correlation between policy views and partisan identification—clearly has occurred, although the extent has sometimes been exaggerated. Geographic polarization—the hypothesized tendency of like-minded people to cluster together—remains an open question. To date, there is no conclusive e...
Quantization resolution and limit cycling in digitally controlled PWM converters

This paper discusses the presence of steady-state limit cycles in digitally controlled pulse-width modulation (PWM) converters, and suggests conditions on the control law and the quantization resolution for their elimination. It then introduces single-phase and multi-phase controlled digital dither as a means of increasing the effective resolution of digital PWM (DPWM) modules, allowing for the use of low resolution DPWM units in high regulation accuracy applications. Bounds on the number of bits of dither that can be used in a particular converter are derived. Finally, experimental results confirming the theoretical analysis are presented.
Dark-adapted rod suppression of cone flicker detection: Evaluation of receptoral and postreceptoral interactions

Dark-adapted rods in the area surrounding a luminance-modulated field can suppress flicker detection. However, the characteristics of the interaction between rods and each of the cone types are unclear. To address this issue, the effect that dark-adapted rods have on specific classes of receptoral and postreceptoral signals was determined by measuring the critical fusion frequencies (CFF) for receptoral L-, M-, and S-cone and postreceptoral luminance ([L+M+S] and [L+M+S+Rod]) and chromatic ([L/(L+M)]) signals in the presence of different levels of surrounding rod activity. Stimuli were generated with a two-channel photostimulator that has four primaries for a central field and four primaries for the surround, allowing independent control of rod and cone excitation. Measurements were made either with adaptation to the stimulus field after dark adaptation or during a brief period following light adaptation. The results show that dark-adapted rods maximally suppressed the CFF by ∼6 Hz for L-cone, M-cone, and luminance modulation. Dark-adapted rods, however, did not significantly alter the S-cone CFF. The [L/(L+M)] postreceptoral CFF was slightly suppressed at higher surround illuminances, that is, higher than surround luminances resulting in suppression for L-cone, M-cone, or luminance modulation. We conclude that rod-cone interactions in flicker detection occurred strongly in the magnocellular pathway.
Stock Splits: Evidence from Mutual Funds

Mutual fund splits occur in high-priced funds after unusually high returns. Split factors are related to the deviation of a fund's price from the mean of all fund prices. Post-split prices are below the mean of other funds' prices. Post-'split numbers of shareholders and assets do not increase compared with funds having similar rates of asset growth. However, I find evidence that mutual fund splits bring per account shareholdings back up to normal levels. I argue that signaling, liquidity, and tick size theories do not apply to mutual fund splits.
Nonconscious relationship reactance: When significant others prime opposing goals

Abstract Individuals nonconsciously and unintentionally pursue goals they associate with relationship partners ( Fitzsimons and Bargh, 2003 , Shah, 2003 ). Here, we demonstrate conditions under which individuals nonconsciously and unintentionally reject goals they associate with relationship partners and instead pursue opposing goals. In Experiment 1, participants were subliminally primed with the name of a controlling significant other who had a particular goal for them. Without awareness or intent, participants pursued a goal that directly opposed their significant other’s wishes. In Experiment 2, chronic reactance was shown to moderate this effect: Low-reactant individuals adopted a subliminally primed significant other’s goal, whereas high-reactant individuals pursued an opposing goal. This research suggests that in response to controlling significant others and among chronically reactant individuals, the nonconscious activation of relational representations can automatically elicit oppositional goal pursuits, even when pursuit of an oppositional goal results in a personally suboptimal outcome.