cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Large European, US and Japanese Firms Use Their Web Sites To Communicate Their Mission?

Abstract While many firms have developed web sites, very little is known about how these sites are being used to communicate business strategy-related information to various constituencies. The purpose of this study was to examine whether large European, Japanese, and United States firms use their web sites to communicate their mission statements to stakeholders. The study found that mission-type statements can eventually be found on 66.7 per cent of the web sites of European firms, 50 per cent of Japanese firms, and 66.3 per cent of US firms. However, fewer than 10 per cent of companies, regardless of region, include mission statements on customer, employee, investor, or supplier pages.
Critical magnetic properties of Fe-Cr alloys

Abstract Detailed magnetization-field-temperature measurements on Cr-rich Fe-Cr alloys near their ferromagnetic Curie points reveal anomalous values for the critical exponents. From the values for the critical coefficients, it is deduced that the alloys are giant-moment systems, similar to PdFe and NiRh.
Measurement of the Temperature Dependence of Silicon Recombination Lifetimes

Lifetime spectroscopy is a valuable tool in a number of silicon-based technologies. Currently, lifetime measurement is the most sensitive diagnostic for identification of lowlevel metal impurities in silicon by using the ratio of high-injection to low-injection lifetime. When a single impurity dominates recombination, the lifetime as a function of injection level provides a measure of the defect concentration. Another measurement parameter, that has not been commonly used, is the lifetime as a function of temperature. Temperaturedependent lifetime analysis leads to a better understanding of trapping-delayed recombination rates, trapping and recombination center energy levels and activation energies, temperaturedependent capture cross sections, and surface or grain boundary recombination or trapping effects. A contactless measurement technique has been developed that provides the sample’s recombination lifetime over a temperature range from 80 K to 300 K. A sample is coupled to the measurement circuitry that is placed into a Dewar where it is cooled by liquid nitrogen. Lifetimes are then measured as the sample is allowed to warm to room temperature. Data will be shown on these variable-temperature lifetime measurements, which have been made on silicon wafer material ranging from high-quality float-zone-grown wafers to low-cost polycrystalline materials used in photovoltaics.
METALLOPURPURINS and LIGHT: EFFECT ON TRANSPLANTABLE RAT BLADDER TUMORS and MURINE SKIN

Purpurins are modified chlorins with photodynamic properties. Their strong absorption in the red region of the visible spectrum makes them candidates for use in photodynamic cancer therapy. A series of metal derivatives of the free base purpurins have been synthesized and shown to cause tumor necrosis in transplantable tumors when exposed to visible light. In the following set of experiments, the effects of two metallo-derivatives (tin and zinc) of two purpurins, octaethylpurpurin (NT2) and etiopurpurin (ET2), and light on the N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide transplantable tumors in Fischer CDF(F344)/CrlBr rats were studied. The photodynamic activity was assessed by a short term assay using tumor dry weight 12 days after purpurin-PDT as a criterion of response. From these experiments it appears that SnET2 greater than SnNT2 greater than ZnET2 greater than ZnNT2 in photodynamic activity. SnET2 was further characterized by attempting to determine the time interval after systemic injection at which maximum therapeutic effect occurred. These studies shown that 24 h after metallopurpurin injection was the optimum time for treatment of tumors with visible light. In a final set of experiments, the effect of solar light on the skin of hairless mice injected with SnET2 was found to be much less injurious than with hematoporphyrin derivative.
Stress in the emergency department clerical staff.

Abstract Clerical staff are vital for the effective management of the emergency department. A survey of emergency department clerks was conducted to determine the prevalence and types of stress in their jobs. Forty-six of fifty surveys were completed and returned. Seventy-six percent of the respondents rated their job in the “extremely stressful” range. Stress was a factor responsible for job absenteeism in 24% of the respondents. Most agreed that physician education is necessary.
Effects of ethanol feeding on liver, kidney and jejunal membranes of micropigs

The micropig model of chronic alcoholism was used to study the relationship of lipid composition and physical properties in three different tissue membranes from the same animals. Ethanol feeding reduced membrane anisotropy, as measured with the diphenylhexatriene probe, in liver plasma and kidney brush-border membranes but not in jejunal brushborder membranes. Preincubation with ethanol reduced anisotropy in each of the three control membranes, whereas all three membranes from the ethanol-fed group were relatively tolerant to the acute effect of ethanol. In liver and kidney membranes, ethanol feeding increased levels of linoleic (18:2ω6) acid and decreased levels of arachidonic (20:4ω6) and docosahexaenoic (22:6ω3) acids and their specific double-bond positions, consistent with reduced activities of Δ6 and Δ5 fatty acid desaturases. In liver and kidney membranes, anisotropy parameters and the acute effect of ethanol correlated inversely with levels of linoleic acid and directly with levels of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids and their specific double bonds. Levels of docosahexaenoic acid correlated with the acute effect of ethanol in all three membranes. Phospholipid fatty acid profiles were similar in jejunal brush-border membranes and terminal bile samples, suggesting that the effects of ethanol on jejunal fatty acids and physical properties are modulated by intraluminal biliary phospholipids. The effect of ethanol on anisotropy could not be attributed to changes in membrane cholesterol/phospholipid ratios. These studies affirm the value of this new animal model of chronic alcoholism and provide comprehensive evidence for the central role of fatty acid desaturation in the membrane-associated effects of ethanol exposure. (HEPATOLOGY 1994;19:1229–1240.)
Where I Live Is How I Work

Pastoral and practical theology have been criticized for psychologizing and individualizing religious experience and thus reinforcing the gender, race and class biases of theology. This article suggests some ways scholars in this field should attend more carefully to social analysis. I owe much of my understanding of social analysis to my colleague, Toinette Eugene, womanist scholar, whose articles on appropriation and reciprocity were published as "On 'Difference' and the Dream of Pluralist Feminism," and "To Be of Use" (Eugene, 1992). All scholars of the church write out of particular situations that define their interests and purposes. For example, in the current debate over homosexuality and ordination, the heterosexual majority hopes to consolidate its power and control in the church by eliminating the enormous gay and lesbian creativity currently being expressed in every field today. All of us have interests, whether acknowledged or not, that determine the various positions we put forth for consideration by others. If the ideas we articulate become normative, then our economic and social status in the church will be improved. However, the demands of truth and justice mean that we must acknowledge our motives and desires so they can be accurately evaluated by others. In this short paper, originally written for the American Academy of Religion, I try to acknowledge some of the tensions between my conscious moral principles and my implicit social and material interests in the hope that all of us can engage in this level of discussion as practical theologians. The conscious moral foundation of my research can be expressed in the following two principles. The first principle is our need to recognize
Coflow: a networking abstraction for cluster applications

Cluster computing applications -- frameworks like MapReduce and user-facing applications like search platforms -- have application-level requirements and higher-level abstractions to express them. However, there exists no networking abstraction that can take advantage of the rich semantics readily available from these data parallel applications.We propose coflow, a networking abstraction to express the communication requirements of prevalent data parallel programming paradigms. Coflows make it easier for the applications to convey their communication semantics to the network, which in turn enables the network to better optimize common communication patterns.
Early Autobiographical Memories are Mostly Nonverbal and Their Development is More Likely Continuous Than Discrete

Nelson in 1993 hypothesized that autobiographical memories have a discrete onset sometime during the third year of life as memories become verbally shared as narratives, whereas Pillemer and White suggested in 1989 that autobiographical memory develops continuously and language enables communication. Analysis of first memories recalled by 40 students showed 92.5% were nonverbal and 90% involved knowledge about oneself, which is consistent with development being continuous
Antifungal pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: understanding the implications for antifungal drug resistance

Pharmacodynamics (PDs) describe the relationship between drug exposure and outcome. The drug exposures in these analyses are most commonly expressed in a variety of pharmacokinetic terms. The outcome of interest with anti-infective therapy is either microbiologic resolution or a clinical surrogate of treatment efficacy. An in vitro measure of drug potency, such as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is also frequently considered in this relationship. Examination of the relationships among drug pharmacokinetics, MIC, and efficacy has provided a framework for choice of antifungal drug and dose. These analyses provide a PD target for drug class/organism combinations. The PD target can be useful for defining the upper MIC limit for a drug-dosing regimen that would be expected to result in treatment efficacy. The PD target can be used to optimize dosing regimens and to aid in defining susceptibility breakpoints.
Zeolite Growth in Nonionic Microemulsions: Synthesis of Hierarchically Structured Zeolite Particles

The synthesis of silicalite-1 in nonionic microemulsions is explored. The work presented here is a systematic study showing how parameters such as synthesis temperature, microemulsion composition, and surfactant identity impact the formation and growth of silicalite-1. The work demonstrates the possibility of using microemulsions to manipulate the shape and size of silicalite-1 materials, growing both spheres and high-aspect ratio platelets. In both cases, these large particles are robust aggregates of small submicron particles that are stable to calcination. The size of the primary particles is adjustable based on the synthesis temperature, whereas the size of the large aggregates is adjustable based on the silicalite-1 content of the mixture. On the basis of the results presented, a mechanism is proposed illustrating the role of both the confined space presented by the microemulsion as well as the importance of the surfactant−silicate interactions leading to the formation of the large aggregates. The re...
Endoscopic Vein Harvest in Lower-Extremity Bypass—Is It Preferable to Prosthetic Bypass or Standard Vein Harvest?

Endoscopic saphenous vein harvest (EVH) was compared with prosthetic bypass (PB) and open vein harvest (OVH) to determine its impact on short-term complications and long-term patency in lower-extermity bypass(LEB). Thirty-six patients underwent PB, 19 patients underwent OVH, and 33 patients underwent EVH between March 2003 and July 2004 There were statistically significant differences in the incidence of coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension among the three groups. Sixty-five percent of total procedures (57/88) were performed for limb salvage. Sixty-eight percent of EVH patient, 79% of OVH patients, and 58% of PB patients underwent bypass for ischemic rest pain or limb salvage. Total 30-day complications or death occurred in 3% EVH , 15.8% OVH, and 16.7% PB (p =0.14). Mean length of stay was 5 days for PB,8 days for OVH and 7 days for EVH (p = 0.39). Mean follow up was 11.5 ± 7.8 months (range-1–30) with a median of 11 months. Thirty-day overall complication rates clinically were less in the EVH group than in the OVH and PB groups. One-year patency and limb salvage were similar in all groups. Length of stay was equivalent in all groups. EVH is a perferred method for saphenous vein harvest because of a decrease in the incidence of perioperative complications and equivalent length of stay and one-year patency.
PAUL A. GRAYBURN, MD, on Percutaneous Mitral Repair With the MitraClip™ Device: A Conversation With the Editor

Paul Grayburn did his general cardiology fellowship under the tutelage of Dr. Anthony N. DeMaria at the University of Kentucky from 1984 to 1986, followed by a year of interventional cardiology training with Dr. David C. Booth. In 1988, he was recruited to the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School by Dr. James T. Willerson, where he served on the faculty for 15 years. During that time, he was director of the echocardiography laboratories at the University of Texas Southwestern and chief of cardiology at the Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, where he also practiced interventional cardiology. In 2002, Dr. Grayburn moved to Baylor University Medical Center to accept the Paul J. Thomas Chair in Cardiology Research and Education. He has published more than 260 articles, mainly in peer-reviewed medical journals. He has served as an associate editor of The American Journal of Cardiology since 1997. He is on the editorial boards of Circulation, the Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Imaging, and Heart. Dr. Grayburn currently serves on the Publications Committee for the Endovascular Edge-toEdge Repair Study (EVEREST) II and the Core Lab Committee and Steering Committee of the Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH) trial. He has held a National Institutes of Health K24 grant for mentoring junior faculty members and an R01 grant, “Functional Mitral Regurgitation in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy,” for 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of the mechanisms of functional mitral regurgitation (MR) in the STICH trial. He has served on multiple committees for the American Society of Echocardiography, including the Task Force for Quantitation of Valvular Regurgitation. He is currently the principal investigator for the MitraClip (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois) studies at Baylor Health Care System and co-investigator for the Cardiothoracic Surgery Network Trials on MR. Dr. Grayburn’s background in interventional cardiology and echocardiography, including intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during surgical mitral valve repair, give him a unique insight into percutaneous mitral valve therapies. William Clifford Roberts, MD (hereafter Roberts): Dr. Grayburn, I appreciate your coming to my house for our discussion. It is March 24, 2011. You have been involved with percutaneous mitral valve repair for a number of years?
Closing gaps in edges and surfaces

Abstract A new method is presented which robustly deals with errors in edge detector output. Based on the concept of a chamfer map, the method closes gaps while preserving edge structure and maintains surface connectedness correctly. The technique has been implemented in two and three dimensions and is compared with published morphological techniques.
Meaningful linkage practices: Challenges and opportunities

A combination of strategies that bridge inpatient and outpatient settings and involvefamilies as part of the treatment effort build a stronger continuum of care.
On establishing the genetic basis of mental disease

Abstract Many of the recent studies reporting genetic linkages for mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and manic depression have been retracted. The authors of this article argue that the fundamental reason for the difficulties in this research field lies in the strongly held preconceived belief that the primary cause of these illnesses is in fact genetic. All scientists hold preconceived ideas. However, such ideas are more likely to result in erroneous conclusions in the study of human behavior than in other more ‘objective' research areas. Moreover, it is especially important that researchers studying human behavior be aware of their biases and learn to compensate for them because of the social consequences of their work.
Postprocedural peak systolic blood flow measurements correlate with the need for stent reintervention at 12 months.

Abstract Purpose Duplex surveillance of arterial stents has focused on detecting in-stent restenosis. Although velocity is commonly reported, that differs from blood flow, and patency of arterial prostheses is flow-dependent. Preliminary evaluation was performed to determine if postprocedure peak systolic blood flow (PSF) through stents correlates with rate of repeat intervention at 12 months. Materials and Methods Retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing arterial stent placement was performed. Demographics, comorbidities, stent size, postprocedure duplex information, and repeat intervention rates were recorded. PSF was calculated by using peak systolic velocity (PSV) and stent dimensions. Results Consecutive stents ( N = 35) were placed in 27 patients (mean age, 72.6 y ± 14). Twenty stents were free from repeat intervention (FR) and 15 required repeat intervention (RR) at 12 months. There was a significant difference between FR and RR groups with respect to initial in-stent PSV and PSF (92.5 cm/s for FR vs 43.7 cm/s for RR [ P P Conclusions PSF from an initial postprocedure duplex study accurately correlates with need for repeat stent intervention at 12 months. PSV had a lower sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. This preliminary finding must be confirmed by prospective studies in individual vascular beds and larger patient populations. A new approach to stent surveillance is suggested.
Selection of scientific periodicals in an industrial research library

A study of citations of scientific periodicals in technical reports prepared by the staff of an industrial research laboratory indicates that there exists a Bradford set of periodicals for a multidisciplinary library, and that the size and contents of the set have at least short-term stability. The effect on library coverage of varying the extent to which the Bradford set is held was determined. A discard policy based upon a single aging factor does not appear to be very well suited to a multidisciplinary library.
Lifelong learning in the digital age: A content analysis of recent research on participation

This paper presents results from a cross-disciplinary content analysis of 185 recent research articles, published between 2008 and 2013. These papers examined factors affecting adult participation in lifelong learning, based on the availability and use of Internet-based and face-to-face modes of learning. Articles were written by scholars from 39 countries, including the European Union (EU), United States (U.S.), Canada, Australia, and, to a lesser extent, from developing and newly industrialized countries, such as Mexico, Brazil, China, and Taiwan. Despite widespread assumptions as to online learning’s potential and promise, articles focused on traditional face-to-face learning and training modes more than Internet-based modes. Seven thematic research areas were identified from the dataset: four major and three emerging themes. Key findings from 40 studies about the adult participation in learning in the workplace and community-based programs are highlighted. These papers present broad and deep investigations about diverse groups of lifelong learners previously unstudied, while equity issues pertaining to access and availability of training and learning opportunities are addressed. Directions for future research are identified and discussed.
Dynamic restructuring of databases with generation data structures

Most logical database restructuring schemes require a complete pass through the database for reformatting. Our approach is to leave the database in situ and to permit a mixture (several generations) of structures to co-exist. Each generation of structure is described in a Generation Data Structure Schema, which has a generic structure of its own. A Restructuring Data Definition Language is proposed for describing the evolution from one schema to the next. Steps toward implementation are discussed.
Three microtubule severing enzymes contribute to the “Pacman-flux” machinery that moves chromosomes

Chromosomes move toward mitotic spindle poles by a Pacman-flux mechanism linked to microtubule depolymerization: chromosomes actively depolymerize attached microtubule plus ends (Pacman) while being reeled in to spindle poles by the continual poleward flow of tubulin subunits driven by minus-end depolymerization (flux). We report that Pacman-flux in Drosophila melanogaster incorporates the activities of three different microtubule severing enzymes, Spastin, Fidgetin, and Katanin. Spastin and Fidgetin are utilized to stimulate microtubule minus-end depolymerization and flux. Both proteins concentrate at centrosomes, where they catalyze the turnover of γ-tubulin, consistent with the hypothesis that they exert their influence by releasing stabilizing γ-tubulin ring complexes from minus ends. In contrast, Katanin appears to function primarily on anaphase chromosomes, where it stimulates microtubule plus-end depolymerization and Pacman-based chromatid motility. Collectively, these findings reveal novel and significant roles for microtubule severing within the spindle and broaden our understanding of the molecular machinery used to move chromosomes.
Mars: A contamination potential?

Three regions on Mars, Solis Lacus, Noachis-Hellespontus, and the Syrtis Major border areas, would appear to have generally less hostile environments than at the Viking lander sites. Significant soil moisture may extend to within about 1 cm of the surface. Water vapor pressures within the pore spaces may be near saturation, and brines may be physically segregated from pockets of relatively pure H2O. Temperatures reach above 0 C during southern spring and summer, with peak temperatures reaching +22 C. These regions should contain fewer oxidants, and primary synthesis of organics may occur. The potential for contamination of these sites by microbes transported from existing spacecraft should be assessed. The adequacy of proposed new planetary protection procedures for possible future United States Mars Surface Sample Return missions should also be assessed in light of these findings.
Paradoxes of Transnational Civil Societies under Neoliberalism: The Coalition for Justice in the Maquiladoras

A variety of social movements are coalescing into transnational networks that oppose the polarizing in-equalities, unaccountable corporate power, and declining social and environmental health of free trade. In the process of sharing grievances and resources, many movements are forging cross-border networks and shaping the beginnings of transnational civil societies. This research discusses one network and its efforts to build a transnational civil society, the Coalition for Justice in the Maquiladoras (CJM), a coalition endeavoring to reform exploitative labor relations in Mexico's export processing sector. Using thirty extended interviews, movement documents, and notes from participant observation from 1996 to 2002, the research analyzes the problems and possibilities of transnational movement coalitions as they struggle for reform. Borrowing from scholarship on transnational social movements and coalition building, this research makes two contributions. First, liberal capitalism paradoxically both enables the growth and limits the power of democratic development in transnational civil societies, like national civil societies before it. Second, despite the fact that the CJM has yet to overcome internal disunity and external forces of social control, it shows how coalition building creates transnational cultures of solidarity that inspire movement networks to survive and explore new opportunities for social change.
The paradox of myocardial ischemia and necrosis in young women with normal coronary anteriograms. Relation to abnormal hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation.

Abstract A double-blind study was carried out on 15 premenopausal women under 40 years of age who showed objective evidence of myocardial ischemia or necrosis as demonstrated by electrocardiogram or enzyme studies, or both. In each, selective coronary arteriography was normal. Three women later died with single or multiple subendocardial infarcts. None had disease of the large or small coronary arteries. None had a predisposing cause of premature coronary artery disease, except that 8 smoked cigarettes and 4 were obese. Abnormal hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation was found in 14 of the 15 women with myocardial ischemia or necrosis. Among 3 who discontinued cigarette smoking, the anomalous dissociation returned to normal within one month of cessation of cigarettes. In the other 5 it remained anomalous. Fifteen age-matched control women were also studied by double-blind technic. Abnormal dissociation was found in the 1 control subject who smoked (more than 12 cigarettes daily for more than 15 years). Selective coronary arteriograms were not performed among women in the control group. The strong correlation between the empiric observation of abnormal hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation and the presence of myocardial ischemia and necrosis with normal coronary arteriograms suggests that there may be a relation. This may be true in view of the high oxygen demands of the myocardium (especially the subendocardium). It is possible that inefficient or slow release of oxygen by hemoglobin could contribute to myocardial ischemia or necrosis. Alternatively, the hemoglobin-oxygen affinity changes may be secondary “stress phenomena.” Electrocardiographic abnormalities occurring at rest during forced hyperventilation appear to aid in predicting the laboratory abnormality. Propranolol is often effective in treating this condition.
Isolates ofColletotrichum gloeosporioides(Teleomorph:Glomerella cingulata) with Different Host Specificities Mate on Northern Jointvetch

Abstract Two isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (teleomorph: Glomerella cingulata ) with different host specificities (one isolate from the leguminous weed northern jointvetch and the other from pecan) that mate on agar media were tested for their ability to cross on northern jointvetch ( Aeschynomene virginica ). Stems of living northern jointvetch plants were inoculated with one of the isolates and, after 1 week, the same sites were inoculated with the other isolate. Inoculated stem pieces were excised, incubated on modified Czapek-Dox agar or moistened sterile filter paper, and monitored for the formation of perithecia with ascospores. Ascospore progeny from crosses on northern jointvetch plants and on agar medium were isolated and compared. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA RFLP markers were used to confirm that outcrossing had occurred in both sets of crosses. In addition, progeny were analyzed for pathogenicity to northern jointvetch and apple ( G. cingulata causes both pecan anthracnose and bitter-rot of apple). None of the progeny were pathogenic to northern jointvetch, but they exhibited varying degrees of pathogenicity to apple fruits. These results indicate that isolates of C. gloeosporioides with different host specificities may be capable of outcrossing on a parental host producing viable, sexually recombinant progeny.
Integrating BIM and gaming for real-time interactive architectural visualization

This paper presents our findings of current applications of computer games in design visualization and education, and our solution to address interoperability between games and building models to enhance architectural visualization and education. We demonstrate our BIM-Game prototype that integrates Building Information Modelling (BIM) and gaming into architectural visualization. Our system supports an innovative Design-Play process that allows designers to play in their own designed environments with the capability for simulations of physical dynamics and user activities. The implementation of this BIM-Game provides a variety of connections among several fields including architecture, engineering, computer science, visualization, and game development. These connections bridge diverse areas such as building modelling, equipment simulation and visualization, character modelling and animation, collision detection, navigation, path planning, materials and lighting, and interaction through game controllers and user interfaces. The paper presents a framework for integrating BIM and games, and a sample experiment of real-time, interactive, and photorealistic walkthrough with a virtual user model to demonstrate the use and the potentials of the framework. We expect this research to extend the study and adaptability of computer games in design education.
Ribosomal RNA turnover in contact inhibited cells.

CONTACT inhibition of animal cell growth is accompanied by a decreased rate of incorporation of nucleosides into RNA1–3. Contact inhibited cells, however, transport exogenously-supplied nucleosides more slowly than do rapidly growing cells4,5, suggesting that the rate of incorporation of isotopically labelled precursors into total cellular RNA may be a poor measure of the absolute rate of RNA synthesis by these cells. Recently, Emerson6 determined the actual rates of synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and of the rapidly labelled heterogeneous species (HnRNA) by labelling with 3H-adenosine and measuring both the specific activity of the ATP pool and the rate of incorporation of isotope into the various RNA species. He concluded that contact inhibited cells synthesize ribosomal precursor RNA two to four times more slowly than do rapidly growing cells, but that there is little if any reduction in the instantaneous rate of synthesis of HnRNA by the non-growing cells. We have independently reached the same conclusion from simultaneous measurements on the specific radioactivity of the UTP pool and the rate of 3H-uridine incorporation into RNAs (unpublished work of Edlin and myself). However, although synthesis of the 45S precursor to ribosomal RNA is reduced two to four times in contact inhibited cells, the rate of cell multiplication and the rate of rRNA accumulation are reduced ten times. This suggests either “wastage”7 of newly synthesized 45S rRNA precursor, or turnover of ribosomes in contact inhibited cells Two lines of evidence suggest that “wastage” of 45S RNA does not play a significant role in this system. (1) The rate of synthesis of 45S RNA in both growing and contact inhibited cells agrees well with that expected from the observed rates of synthesis of 28S and 18S RNAs (unpublished work of Edlin and myself). Emerson has made similar calculations6. (2) 45S RNA labelled with a 20 min pulse of 3H-uridine is converted in the presence of actinomycin D to 28S and 18S RNAs with the same efficiency (approximately 50%) in both growing and contact inhibited cells. These results indicate that, in order to maintain a balanced complement of ribosomal RNAs, contact inhibited cells must turn over their ribosomes. We present evidence here that rRNA is stable in rapidly growing chick cells, but begins to turn over with a half-life of approximately 35–45 h as cells approach confluence and become contact inhibited.
Enabling an ecosystem of personal behavioral data

Almost every computational system a person interacts with keeps a detailed log of that person's behavior. The possibility of this data promises a breadth of new service opportunities for improving people's lives through deep personalization, tools to manage aspects of their personal wellbeing, and services that support identity construction. However, the way that this data is collected and managed today introduces several challenges that severely limit the utility of this rich data.This thesis maps out a computational ecosystem for personal behavioral data through the design, implementation, and evaluation of Phenom, a web service that factors out common activities in making inferences from personal behavioral data. The primary benefits of Phenom include: a structured process for aggregating and representing user data; support for developing models based on personal behavioral data; and a unified API for accessing inferences made by models within Phenom. To evaluate Phenom for ease of use and versatility, an external set of developers will create example applications with it.
Effects of the Behavior Education Program (BEP) on Office Discipline Referrals of Elementary School Students

The Behavior Education Program (BEP; Crone et al., 2004) is a modified check-in, check-out intervention implemented with students who are at risk for more severe problem behaviors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the BEP on problem behavior with 12 elementary school students. Results indicated that the BEP was implemented with high fidelity, led to a decrease in office discipline referrals for the majority of students who received the intervention, and had high social validity ratings. Limitations of the current study are presented, along with suggestions for future research.
Imaging axonal transport in the rat visual pathway.

A technique was developed for assaying axonal transport in retinal ganglion cells using 2 µl injections of 1% cholera toxin b-subunit conjugated to AlexaFluor488 (CTB). In vivo retinal and post-mortem brain imaging by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and post-mortem microscopy were performed. The transport of CTB was sensitive to colchicine, which disrupts axonal microtubules. The bulk rates of transport were determined to be approximately 80–90 mm/day (anterograde) and 160 mm/day (retrograde). Results demonstrate that axonal transport of CTB can be monitored in vivo in the rodent anterior visual pathway, is dependent on intact microtubules, and occurs by active transport mechanisms.
Lack of relationship of auditory gating defects to negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

Abstract The differences between schizophrenic patients with positive and negative symptoms have been the subject of extensive investigations. Psychophysiologists have proposed that there are elementary auditory sensory processing deficits in schizophrenia, but their prevalence in particular positive or negative subtypes has not been described. Our previous studies have shown that schizophrenics have impaired auditory sensory gating relative to normal controls, as demonstrated by the P50 auditory evoked potential conditioning-testing paradigm. In this paradigm, schizophrenics fail to show the normally expected diminished response to the second or ‘test’ stimulus. In the present study we assessed the possible relationship of this defect to negative symptoms in 20 schizophrenic patients treated with neuroleptics. Nine patients met the Andreasen criteria for predominantly ‘negative schizophrenia’. 12 normal controls with no family history of schizophrenia were also studied electrophysiologically. Negative schizophrenics showed greater impairment than patients without such symptoms on the Trails B test of organic impairment, but there were no differences between groups on electrophysiological measurements of auditory sensory gating. Both schizophrenic groups showed impaired P50 auditory gating compared to normal controls. Both groups of schizophrenics also had a significantly diminished amplitude of the N100 waveform in the conditioning response, compared to normal controls. Auditory sensory processing defects in schizophrenia appear to be independent of negative symptoms.
The effects of chronic ethanol consumption during early pregnancy on conceptus health and uterine function in pigs.

Background: Maternal ethanol consumption impairs fetal health, but it is unclear if this occurs through direct actions on the conceptus or indirectly through effects on the uterus. The objective of this study was to determine if chronic ethanol consumption in swine would impair early embryonic and fetal health either through direct effects on the conceptus or indirect effects on the endometrium. Methods: Four experiments evaluated the effects of chronic ethanol consumption during early pregnancy. Female pigs were fed either 350 ml of 95% ethanol or an isocaloric amount of dextrose at 10 to 14-hr intervals beginning on day 10 after pubertal estrus and continuing until ovariohysterectomy 11 to 35 days after mating. At the second estrus, pigs were mated to a fertile boar that did not consume alcohol. Results: In experiment 1, ethanol consumption increased (p < 0.01) blood alcohol concentrations that peaked 2–3 hr after feeding. In experiment 2, ethanol was detectable in uterine flushings 2 hr after feeding on day 11 of pregnancy and was highly correlated (r= 0.989, p < 0.001) with blood alcohol concentration. In experiment 3, ethanol consumption did not affect endometrial phospholipase C activity on days 11 and 16 of pregnancy but decreased (p < 0.05) basal endometrial prostaglandin F2α production on day 16. However, ethanol consumption did not decrease the number of conceptuses on day 11 or conceptus DNA content on days 11 or 16. In experiment 4, ethanol consumption decreased (p < 0.05) fetal survival rate to 58% versus 85% in dextrose-fed controls on day 35 of pregnancy. For viable conceptuses, ethanol consumption reduced (p < 0.01) fetal weight, fetal crown-rump length, placental weight and volume of placental (chorio-allantoic + amniotic) fluid. Conclusion: These results indicate that chronic ethanol consumption may impair conceptus health directly or indirectly through actions upon the endometrium. Thus, the pig may be a valuable experimental model for studies on the effects of maternal alcohol consumption on conceptus development.
DYNAMICS CALCULATIONS ON BIS(HYDRAZINE) AND BIS(HYDRAZYL) RADICAL CATION INTRAMOLECULAR ELECTRON TRANSFER

Bis(hydrazine) [22/HEX/22] exists principally in the unsymmetrical double nitrogen inversion form at 230 K. UHF/AM1 dynamics calculations starting from the radical cation of the above material and syn and anti [B/TET/B]+, each constrained to have equivalent dinitrogen units so they represent the electron transfer transition states, indicate that many modes (10 or more) contribute to reaching the electron transfer transition state, and that the frequencies involved are predictable from those of the relaxed radical cations. The results were analyzed to give average barrier-crossing frequencies activated at the transition state for electron transfer (〈hνin〉) of 827, 1403, and 1293 cm-1, respectively. A V of 5.0 kcal/mol was obtained from the experimental data for [22/HEX/22]+ when used with the first-order adiabatic energy surface expression (text eq 4), and of 4.7 at 〈hνin〉 = 827 cm-1 using Jortner's single averaged vibronic coupling treatment (text eq 6). These V values are between that estimated using Hus...
Foreign Aid and the Culture of Contracting

We analyze the relationship between foreign aid and the “culture of contracting.” Contracting culture refers to cultural characteristics — trust, respect, level of self-determination, and level of obedience — which allow for impersonal exchange. Theoretically, aid may affect the culture of contracting for better or worse. We empirically analyze this possibility and find that aid generates negative effects on the culture of contracting. The less aid a country receives, the more likely it is to possess a stronger contracting culture. We view our results as identifying another potential unintended consequence of foreign intervention where aid undermines development potential instead of facilitating it.
Particle nucleation and growth in thermal plasmas

Particle nucleation in a thermal plasma reactor occurs as a high-temperature gas undergoes a cooling trajectory. Cooling leads to formation of supersaturated vapours, which causes either homogeneous or ion-induced nucleation. Detailed models have been developed for homogeneous nucleation in a plasma reactor, including discrete-sectional models and moment-type models. The discrete-sectional models are capable of incorporating size-dependent cluster property data as these become available. Calculations in which a one-dimensional cooling trajectory was assumed in a discrete-sectional code indicate that cooling rates play a key role in determining the final particle size. Moment-type models are more computationally efficient, and have been coupled to two-dimensional reactor transport models. A two-dimensional model was compared with experimental results for synthesis of iron particles over a range of conditions in which the volume-mean particle size ranged from roughly 20 nm to 70 nm, with reasonable quantitative agreement for particle size versus reactant feed rate. The major weakness of current models for particle formation in thermal plasmas is the lack of an adequate understanding of ion-induced nucleation. Additionally, there is considerable need for well-characterized experiments in which particle sizes are determined by probe sampling or light scattering.
Cryopreservation of whole blood and isolated lymphocytes for B-cell immortalization

A simple method is described for the cryopreservation of 1 ml of whole blood followed by the establishment of immortal B-cell lines (lymphoblasts). In this procedure, lymphocytes are isolated by gradient centrifugation and red cell debris is removed by panning. Transformations are initiated by Epstein-Barr infection of lymphocytes after cryopreservation of whole blood in 10% dimethylsulfoxide (−180° C) for several weeks to 2 yr. The success rate for the establishment of lymphoblasts from 115 samples of frozen whole blood is 83%. This method is compared to a second group of 126 transformations prepared from 5×106 frozen lymphocytes (90%) and a third group of 154 samples using 1×106 fresh lymphocytes (96%). Full transformation is achieved in an average of 31 days and does not vary significantly between the experimental groups. Fluorescence activated cell sorting of thawed cells from whole blood stored at −180° C for as long as 2 yr reveals normal ratios of B and T cells. The results of this study demonstrate that small volumes of blood are adequate for transformation and that whole blood may be stored at −180° C without significant loss of viability. This protocol is particularly useful for the transformation of B-cells from small blood draws and aliquots of stored blood.
From Visiting Professionals to Videoconferences: Using Creative Catalysts to Infuse Environmental Health Sciences Content into the K-12 Curriculum

There are many excellent reasons for including the basics of environmental health sciences, including toxicology, in the topics taught in our nation's K-12 classrooms. In addition to being supported by various state and federal mandates, the teaching of these topics lend itself to the best practices of successful educators, such as integrated teaching, inquiry-based learning, and community-connected schools. Most important, however, is the need to create a well-equipped citizenry to struggle with the issues that arise where human health and the environment intersect; issues that are increasingly urgent, contentions, and complex. While creating curricular materials and offering teacher workshops are excellent ways to bring about change within K-12 classroom, there are other methods to creatively influence what happens in our nation's schools. Two of these approaches have been particulary successful for outreach staff at the Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health (CEEH) at the University of Washing...
A parallel Monte Carlo transport algorithm using a pseudo-random tree to guarantee reproducibility

Abstract We present a parallel Monte Carlo photon transport algorithm that insures the reproducibility of results. The important feature of this parallel implementation is the introduction of a pair of pseudo-random number generators. This pair of generators is structured in such a manner as to insure minimal correlation between the two sequences of pseudo-random numbers produced. We term this structure as a ‘pseudo-random tree’. Using this structure, we are able to reproduce results exactly in a asynchronous parallel processing environment. The algorithm tracks the history of photons as they interact with two carbon cylinders joined end to end. The algorithm was implemented on both a Denelcor HEP and a CRAY X-MP/48. We describe the algorithm and the pseudo-random tree structure and present speedup results of our implementation.
Asymptotic behavior of superprocesses

We investigate the superbrownian motion X in R d with a general (state independent) local branching mechanism ψ. Let q(D) be the total mass which escapes the domain D. We study the asymptotic behavior of q(Dn ) as . As an application, we evaluate the probability that the range of X is compact.
A higher-order sufficient condition for local surjectivity

Soient #7B-H et #7B-N des espaces de Banach reels et f:#7B-H→#7B-N une application telle que f(0)=0 et f est C 1 -Frechet differentiable dans un voisinage ouvert de 0∈#7B-H. On donne une condition suffisante a la surjectivite locale qui peut s'appliquer dans le cas ou Df(0) n'est pas surjective
Requirement for Macrophage Elastase for Cigarette Smoke-Induced Emphysema in Mice

To determine which proteinases are responsible for the lung destruction characteristic of pulmonary emphysema, macrophage elastase–deficient (MME −/− ) mice were subjected to cigarette smoke. In contrast to wild-type mice, MME − / − mice did not have increased numbers of macrophages in their lungs and did not develop emphysema in response to long-term exposure to cigarette smoke. Smoke-exposed MME − / − mice that received monthly intratracheal instillations of monocyte chemoattractant protein–1 showed accumulation of alveolar macrophages but did not develop air space enlargement. Thus, macrophage elastase is probably sufficient for the development of emphysema that results from chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke.
Price elasticity reconsidered: Panel estimation of an agricultural water demand function

[1] Using panel data from a period of water rate reform, this paper estimates the price elasticity of irrigation water demand. Price elasticity is decomposed into the direct effect of water management and the indirect effect of water price on choice of output and irrigation technology. The model is estimated using an instrumental variables strategy to account for the endogeneity of technology and output choices in the water demand equation. Estimation results indicate that the price elasticity of agricultural water demand is −0.79, which is greater than that found in previous studies.