cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Data-Driven Avionics Systems: Inferring Failure Modes from Data Streams

Abstract Dynamic Data-Driven Avionics Systems (DDDAS) embody ideas from the Dynamic Data- Driven Application Systems paradigm by creating a data-driven feedback loop that analyzes spatio-temporal data streams coming from aircraft sensors and instruments, looks for errors in the data signaling potential failure modes, and corrects for erroneous data when possible. In case of emergency, DDDAS need to provide enough information about the failure to pilots to support their decision making in real-time. We have developed the PILOTS system, which supports data-error tolerant spatio-temporal stream processing, as an initial step to realize the concept of DDDAS. In this paper, we apply the PILOTS system to actual data from the Tuninter 1153 (TU1153) flight accident in August 2005, where the installation of an incorrect fuel sensor led to a fatal accident. The underweight condition suggesting an incorrect fuel indication for TU1153 is successfully detected with 100% accuracy during cruise flight phases. Adding logical redundancy to avionics through a dynamic data-driven approach can significantly improve the safety of flight.
Modified concentric loop for focused electromagnetic heating of limbs and torsos

An idealized two-dimensional model of modified concentric loop for focused electromagnetic heating of limbs and torsos is considered. In contrast to the uniform current excitation, the scheme has two current nulls diametrically opposite to one another. In this case, the circumferential electric field dose not vanish on the axis, which overcomes the principal criticism of the uniform loop. >
On the Importance of Bandgap Formation in Graphene for Analog Device Applications

We present a study that identifies the ideal bandgap value in graphene devices, e.g., through size quantization in graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), to enable graphene-based high-performance RF applications. When considering a ballistic graphene GNR-LNA, including aspects like stability, gain, power dissipation, and load impedance, our calculations predict a finite bandgap of the order of Eg ≈ 100 meV to be ideally suited. GNR-LNAs with this bandgap, biased at the optimum operating point, are ultrafast (THz) low-noise amplifiers exhibiting performance specs that show considerable advantages over state-of-the-art technologies. The optimum operating point and bandgap range are found by simulating the impact of the bandgap on several device and circuit relevant parameters including transconductance, output resistance, bandwidth, gain, noise figure, and temperature fluctuations. Our findings are believed to be of relevance in particular for graphene-based RF applications.
Blockade of neurokinin-1 receptors in the ventral respiratory column does not affect breathing but alters neurochemical release.

Substance P (SP) and its receptor, neurokinin-1 (NK1R), have been shown to be excitatory modulators of respiratory frequency and to stabilize breathing regularity. Studies in anesthetized mice suggest that tonic activation of NK1Rs is particularly important when other excitatory inputs to the pre-Botzinger complex in the ventral respiratory column (VRC) are attenuated. Consistent with these findings, muscarinic receptor blockade in the VRC of intact goats elicits an increase in breathing frequency associated with increases in SP and serotonin concentrations, suggesting an involvement of these substances in neuromodulator compensation. To gain insight on the contribution to breathing of endogenous SP and NK1R activation, and how NK1R modulates the release of other neurochemicals, we individually dialyzed antagonists to NK1R (133, 267, 500 μM Spantide; 3 mM RP67580) throughout the VRC of awake and sleeping goats. We found that NK1R blockade with either Spantide at any dose or RP67580 had no effect on breathing or regularity. Both antagonists significantly (P < 0.001) increased SP, while RP67580 also increased serotonin and glycine and decreased thyrotropin-releasing hormone concentrations in the dialysate. Taken together, these data support the concept of neuromodulator interdependence, and we believe that the loss of excitatory input from NK1Rs was locally compensated by changes in other neurochemicals.
Juvenile sex offenders and institutional misconduct: the role of thought psychopathology

Background Little is known about the institutional behaviour of incarcerated sex offenders. Aim To study th e relationships between juvenile sex offending, thought psychopathology and institutional misconduct. Method We applied negative binomial regression and Area Under Curve Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUC-ROC) analyses to self-report and records data from institutionalised delinquents (N = 813) committed to the California Youth Authority to explore the links between sex offending and institutional misconduct, controlling for offender demographics, institution, index offence, and self-reported and offi cial criminal history. Results Juvenile sex offending was associated with six forms of institutional misconduct (sexual, general and total misconduct as reviewed by parole board) over 12 and 24 months prior to rating. Two measures of thought psychopathology, which were related to psychosis-like thought, were signifi cantly associated with juvenile sex offender status. These constructs did not, however, mediate the independent predictive effects of adolescent sex offending on institutional misconduct. Conclusion Interventions to help incarcerated young offenders are likely to be particularly important for those with a sex offending history as they are otherwise likely to persist with antisocial behaviours of all kinds within and beyond the institution. Attention to their thought processes may be particularly useful. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Swept-wavelength interferometric analysis of multiport components

We demonstrate a novel technique for characterization of multiport devices. Using this technique, we simultaneously characterize all four ports of an arrayed waveguide grating. The technique is described and experimental results are presented, including measurements of group delay, differential group delay, insertion loss, and polarization-dependent loss.
EPITAXIAL GROWTH OF FCC TI FILMS ON AL(001) SURFACES

High-energy ion scattering (HEIS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) were used to study the growth of thin Ti films on Al(001) surfaces. The Al surface peak area in the backscattered ion spectrum of MeV He{sup +} ions, incident along the [00{bar 1}] direction, was used to monitor the atomic structure of the Ti films during growth. An initial decrease in the area was observed indicating epitaxial film growth. This decrease continued up to a critical film thickness of about 5.5 ML, after which point the structure of the film changed. Titanium films 3, 5, and 9 ML thick were characterized using XPD in the {ital same} chamber. Both the HEIS and XPD results show that the Ti films grow with an fcc structure on Al(001). A tetragonal distortion of 2.4{percent} in the fcc Ti film was measured using ions incident along the [10{bar 1}] direction. Although there is a general similarity of fcc Ti growth on both Al(001) and Al(110), the submonolayer growth regime does show differences for the two surfaces. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Integrin-linked kinase affects signaling pathways and migration in thyroid cancer cells and is a potential therapeutic target.

Background Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a serine-threonine kinase that regulates interactions between the cell and the extracellular matrix. In many cancers, overexpression of ILK leads to increased cell proliferation, motility, and invasion. We hypothesized that ILK functions as a regulator of viability and migration in thyroid cancer cells. Methods Eleven human thyroid cancer cell lines were screened for ILK protein expression. The cell lines with the greatest expression were treated with either ILK small interfering RNA (siRNA) or a novel ILK inhibitor, T315, and the effects were evaluated via Western blot and migration assay. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assays were performed to assess cell viability. Results siRNA against ILK decreased phosphorylation of downstream effectors Akt and MLC, as well as decreased migration. Treatment with T315 showed a dose-related decrease in both Akt and MLC phosphorylation, as well as decreased migration. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assays showed T315 to have an half maximal inhibitory concentration of less than 1 μM in cell lines with high ILK expression. Conclusion ILK is expressed differentially in thyroid cancer cell lines. Both ILK siRNA and T315 inhibit motility of thyroid cancer cell lines, and T315 is shown to be cytotoxic at low concentrations. Altogether, our study suggests that ILK may represent an important kinase in aggressive thyroid cancers.
Optical electric-field enhancement at a metal surface arising from surface-plasmon excitation.

Surface plasmons can be excited on a metal by an external plane-wave beam through the use of prism or grating couplers or by introducing roughness. This can enhance the electric field at the surface compared with that in the incident beam, and it has been suggested that this effect is an important aspect of surface-enhanced Raman scattering. A general upper limit for this field enhancement is derived on the basis of energy conservation. Numerical results are given for Ag, Au, and Cu. With a perfect coupler on a Ag surface, the maximum increase of the square of the electric field in the 2–3-eV range is ≅300. On randomly roughened surfaces, the estimated enhancements are of the order of unity.
Toward harmonising WHO International Classifications: a nursing perspective

The WHO Family of International Classifications (FIC) provides a suite of health classifications to promote data exchange and comparisons worldwide. The International Classification of Functioning, Disabilities and Health (ICF) and the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) are part of WHO-FIC. This study was designed to examine to what extent the ICF and ICNP could be mapped to facilitate unambiguous communication across health settings and professionals. A total of 946 concepts from ICF were mapped to ICNP primitive concepts. Lexical matches generated by machine were examined to find false positive or additional semantic equivalence. Although the semantic mapping increased the number of exact and partial matches by 13%, only less than half of ICF concepts (46%) were able to be mapped to ICNP concepts. ICF concepts were more granular than ICNP concepts in the area of human functioning and body structures. Major challenges in mapping the two classifications resulted from differences in the terminology structure, concept representation and content specificity. A reference terminology model was useful to the mapping effort. The study findings support ongoing advancement in the area of harmonisation of healthcare terminologies. Applications that blend the use of ICF and ICNP concepts in practice should be further tested.
Reduction of Cocaine Self-Administration and D3 Receptor-Mediated Behavior by Two Novel Dopamine D3 Receptor-Selective Partial Agonists, OS-3-106 and WW-III-55

Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R)-selective compounds may be useful medications for cocaine dependence. In this study, we identified two novel arylamide phenylpiperazines, OS-3-106 and WW-III-55, as partial agonists at the D3R in the adenylyl cyclase inhibition assay. OS-3-106 and WW-III-55 have 115- and 862-fold D3R:D2 receptor (D2R) binding selectivity, respectively. We investigated their effects (0, 3, 5.6, or 10 mg/kg) on operant responding by using a multiple variable-interval (VI) 60-second schedule that alternated components with sucrose reinforcement and components with intravenous cocaine reinforcement (0.375 mg/kg). Additionally, we evaluated the effect of OS-3-106 (10 mg/kg) on the dose-response function of cocaine self-administration and the effect of WW-III-55 (0–5.6 mg/kg) on a progressive ratio schedule with either cocaine or sucrose reinforcement. Both compounds were also examined for effects on locomotion and yawning induced by a D3R agonist. OS-3-106 decreased cocaine and sucrose reinforcement rates, increased latency to first response for cocaine but not sucrose, and downshifted the cocaine self-administration dose-response function. WW-III-55 did not affect cocaine self-administration on the multiple-variable interval schedule, but it reduced cocaine and sucrose intake on the progressive ratio schedule. Both compounds reduced locomotion at doses that reduced responding, and both compounds attenuated yawning induced by low doses of 7-OH-DPAT (a D3R-mediated behavior), but neither affected yawning on the descending limb of the 7-OH-DPAT dose-response function (a D2R-mediated behavior). Therefore, both compounds blocked a D3R-mediated behavior. However, OS-3-106 was more effective in reducing cocaine self-administration. These findings support D3Rs, and possibly D2Rs, as targets for medications aimed at reducing the motivation to seek cocaine.
Measuring Price Discrimination and Steering on E-commerce Web Sites

Today, many e-commerce websites personalize their content, including Netflix (movie recommendations), Amazon (product suggestions), and Yelp (business reviews). In many cases, personalization provides advantages for users: for example, when a user searches for an ambiguous query such as ``router,'' Amazon may be able to suggest the woodworking tool instead of the networking device. However, personalization on e-commerce sites may also be used to the user's disadvantage by manipulating the products shown (price steering) or by customizing the prices of products (price discrimination). Unfortunately, today, we lack the tools and techniques necessary to be able to detect such behavior. In this paper, we make three contributions towards addressing this problem. First, we develop a methodology for accurately measuring when price steering and discrimination occur and implement it for a variety of e-commerce web sites. While it may seem conceptually simple to detect differences between users' results, accurately attributing these differences to price discrimination and steering requires correctly addressing a number of sources of noise. Second, we use the accounts and cookies of over 300 real-world users to detect price steering and discrimination on 16 popular e-commerce sites. We find evidence for some form of personalization on nine of these e-commerce sites. Third, we investigate the effect of user behaviors on personalization. We create fake accounts to simulate different user features including web browser/OS choice, owning an account, and history of purchased or viewed products. Overall, we find numerous instances of price steering and discrimination on a variety of top e-commerce sites.
Identification of single copy nuclear DNA markers for North American pit vipers.

We describe 18 single copy nuclear DNA loci (10 loci cloned from a Sistrurus catenatus catenatus genomic library and eight intron-based loci amplified using conserved primers) that detect sequence variation in species from all genera (Sistrurus, Agkistrodon and Crotalus) of North American pit viper snakes. These loci (mean size in bp ± SE: 433 ± 51) show large numbers of phylogenetically informative sites across species (mean + SE: 10.2 ± 1.5), but limited variation within subspecies suggesting that they will be most useful for multilocus species-level phylogenetic analyses in these snakes.
Defining optimal body iron

The major liabilities of Fe lack include defects in psychomotor development in infants, impaired educational performance in schoolchildren, increased perinatal morbidity, and impaired work capacity. Few if any of the relevant investigations have demonstrated these abnormalities in the absence of anaemia. Consequently, adequate Fe nutrition can be defined as a normal haemoglobin concentration. On the other hand, optimal Fe nutrition should be regarded as sufficient body Fe to avoid any limitation in tissue Fe supply, termed Fe-deficient erythropoiesis. A variety of laboratory measurements have been used to identify this milder form of Fe deficiency, including serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, mean corpuscular volume, and more recently the concentration of the soluble fragment of transferrin receptor in serum. Recent studies indicate that the serum transferrin receptor is the preferred measurement, because enhanced synthesis of the transferrin receptor represent the initial cellular response to a declining Fe supply. Moreover, unlike other methods, it is not affected by chronic inflammation or infection which are often confused with Fe deficiency. In an otherwise normal healthy population the transferrin receptor: ferritin value provides a useful quantitative index of body Fe over a wide spectrum of Fe status, ranging from Fe repletion to Fe-deficiency anaemia. It is concluded that optimal Fe nutrition is best defined as a normal haemoglobin, serum ferritin and transferrin receptor concentration.
Coupling of Ion Binding and Conformational Equilibrium in Na+-Driven Secondary Active Transporters

In secondary active transporters, the electrochemical potential of ions across the membrane is used to fuel the “uphill” translocation of the substrate via the alternating access mechanism. The mechanism of this crucial coupling, however, remains unclear, despite significant recent experimental and computational studies. Mhp1, Na+/Benzyl-hydantoin transporter, has become a key model for the secondary active transporters sharing the LeuT-fold topology. In the present study, we employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the impact of Na+-binding on the structure and dynamics of Mhp1 in multiple functional states and on the transition between them. Microsecond-long equilibrium MD simulations suggest that Na+ binding stabilizes the substrate-binding conformation in the outward-facing (OF) state, thereby conferring high affinity for substrate binding. Furthermore, the results of a special-protocol time-dependent biased simulation and subsequent free energy calculation for state transition, illustrate that Na+ binding can increase the free energy barrier along the OF-IF transition. All the results suggest that cation binding reshapes the free-energy landscape of the ion/protein complex, thereby shifting the conformational preference toward a specific OF structure, which is favorable for substrate-binding. The increased substrate affinity provided by Na+ binding will facilitate capturing the substrate from its low-concentration environment by the transporter. The results, therefore, provide a deeper and more comprehensive understanding for the ion-coupling mechanism of secondary active transporters.
Egg-Citing Advances in Generating Primordial Germ Cells in the Laboratory

The cornerstone of reproductive fitness is the ability to generate functional haploid germ cells. One of the most common causes of male factor infertility is abnormal germ cell differentiation resulting in azoospermia or oligospermia. In females, the most common cause of infertility involves ovulatory dysfunction, with one important category being the quality and quantity of the oocyte reserve. Evaluating the molecular events involved in establishing the oocyte reserve, and formation of spermatogonial stem cells is challenging because these events are completed before birth. Therefore, understanding early germ cell differentiation requires the establishment and validation of new and innovative laboratory models that begin at the embryonic stage. One of the most promising, yet still emerging technologies aimed at directly addressing germ cell differentiation involves the use of pluripotent stem cells to generate germ cells in vitro (Figure 1).
External Tandem Target System for Efficient Production of Short-Lived Positron Emitting Radionuclides

Recent developments in radiopharmaceutical chemistry allow the incorporation of short-lived, positron-emitting radionuclides into a variety of compounds which when used with a positron emission tomograph provide a means of monitoring physiological disorders by a standard technique. To effectively meet the increased "in-house" clinical demands while maintaining a production schedule, a tandem target was designed and has been installed for the simultaneous "on-line" preparation of oxygen-15 labelled compounds such as CO215, H2O15; and nitrogen-13 labelled compounds such as 13NH3, 13N2O, and 13N2. The processing time required for the synthesis of the nitrogen-13 products as compared to the essentially instantaneous formation of oxygen-15 labelled compounds has provided the necessary time delay for clinical utilization. The characteristics of this external tandem target system as well as the automation for the dual processing will be presented.
FLIGHT PHYSIOLOGY OF INTERMEDIATE-SIZED FRUIT BATS (PTEROPODIDAE)

Up to eight physiological parameters were measured on members of four species of fruit bats with a size range of 0.188-0.650 kg as they flew in a wind tunnel. Regression lines were calculated for the relationships between body masses of bats and their power inputs (P 1 ), heart and respiratory rates. These were compared to similar relationships for flying birds. Respiratory evaporation dissipated only 10% of the heat produced. At ambient temperatures (T a ) above 15°C, heat loss was facilitated by vasodilation of feet and wing membranes, but this mechanism became less effective at high T a when thermal differential between wings and air was reduced. Bats are apparently unable to increase greatly their respiratory evaporation, and overheated at T a of 25–30°C. At low T a ) the flight ability of two bats was reduced, suggesting that reduced coordination or even freezing of wings might be a general problem for bats flying at T a close to 0°C. The endurance of three bats was so much greater near the middle of their speed ranges that the maximum flight distances ought to be achieved at these velocities, even though the cost of transport would be lower at higher speeds. Endurance at an airspeed was proportional to the relative power input (P i /P i,min ) raised to the power of −7.45; flying at a speed that raised P i /P i,min by 10% reduced endurance by half.
Molecular biology of bovine virus diarrhoea virus.

Summary: Our understanding of the molecular biology of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) has greatly increased over the past several years. The development of monoclonal antibodies (MAB's) has identified a key antigen of BVDV while at the same time providing evidence for considerable variation in this protein. MAB's, particularly those directed against the p80 protein, can be developed for use in diagnostic tests while others may be useful in molecular epidemiological studies of BVDV. The successful cloning of BVDV and hog cholera virus can provide nucleic acid probes for use in routine diagnostic testing, for use in pathogenesis studies and for the detection of BVDV contamination in biological materials. With the identification of the key antigens of BVDV and its molecular cloning, the future holds the promise of vectored vaccines which can provide the efficacy of modified-live vaccines with the safety of killed vaccines. However, much work still must be done to define the significance of the antigenic variation of BVDV as it relates to providing protection for the developing fetus.
Traumatic tracheal diverticulum corrected with resection and anastomosis during one-lung ventilation and total intravenous anesthesia in a cat.

Objective This report describes the clinical findings and diagnostic images of a traumatic intrathoracic tracheal avulsion with a tracheal diverticulum in a cat. Furthermore, a complete description of the tracheal resection and anastomosis using one-lung ventilation (OLV) with total and partial intravenous anesthesia is made. Case Summary A 3-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat weighing 6.8 kg was presented to the University Teaching Hospital for evaluation of increased respiratory noise 3 months following unknown trauma. Approximately 12 weeks prior to presentation, the cat had been seen by the primary care veterinarian for respiratory distress. At that time, the cat had undergone a tracheal ballooning procedure for a distal tracheal stricture diagnosed by tracheoscopy. The tracheal ballooning had provided only temporary relief. At presentation to our institution, the cat had increased respiratory effort with harsh upper airway noise auscultated during thoracic examination. The remainder of the physical examination was normal. Diagnostics included a tracheoscopy and a thoracic computed tomographic examination. The cat was diagnosed with tracheal avulsion, pseudotrachea with a tracheal diverticulum, and stenosis of the avulsed tracheal ends. Surgical correction of the tracheal stricture via a thoracotomy was performed using OLV with total and partial intravenous anesthesia. The cat recovered uneventfully and at last follow-up was active and doing well. Unique Information Provided This case report describes OLV using standard anesthesia equipment that is available at most private practices. Furthermore, this case describes the computed tomographic images of the intrathoracic tracheal avulsion and offers a positive outcome for tracheal resection and anastomosis.
Effects of Low Concentrations of Docosahexaenoic Acid on the Structure and Phase Behavior of Model Lipid Membranes.

In this paper we report an X-ray diffraction study on the phase behavior of binary lipid mixtures of 1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DHA-PE) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) at low concentrations below 5.0 mol% DHA-PE. Our results show that DHA-PE induces phase separation into a DHA rich liquid crystalline (Lα) phase and a DHA poor gel (Lβ′) phase at overall DHA-PE concentrations as low as 0.1 mol%. In addition, we find that the structure of the Lβ′ phase, from which the DHA-PE molecules are largely excluded, is modified in the phase-separated state at low DHA-PE concentrations, with a decrease in bilayer thickness of 1.34 nm for 0.1 mol% at room temperature, compared to pure DPPC bilayers. This result is contrary to that seen in similar studies on mono-unsaturated lipids where an increase in bilayer thickness is observed. The surprising effect of such low DHA-PE concentrations on membrane structure may be important in understanding the role of highly polyunsaturated lipids in biological membrane-based structures and similar artificial surfactant systems.
A case for virtualizing the electric utility in cloud data centers

Since energy-related costs make up an increasingly significant component of overall costs for data centers run by cloud providers, it is important that these costs be propagated to their tenants in ways that are fair and promote workload modulation that is aligned with overall cost-efficacy. We argue that there exists a big gap in how electric utilities charge data centers for their energy consumption (on the one hand) and the pricing interface exposed by cloud providers to their tenants (on the other). Whereas electric utilities employ complex features such as peak-based, time-varying, or tiered (load-dependent) pricing schemes, cloud providers charge tenants based on IT abstractions. This gap can create shortcomings such as unfairness in how tenants are charged and may also hinder overall cost-effective resource allocation. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose a novel idea of a virtual electric utility (VEU) that cloud providers should expose to individual tenants (in addition to their existing IT-based offerings). We discuss initial ideas underlying VEUs and challenges that must be addressed to turn them into a practical idea whose merits can be systematically explored.
Efficient fiber to waveguide coupling structure for optical systems integration using grayscale lithography

Silicon photonics is an area of active research and commercial interest due in part to its leveraging of the existing mature fabrication processes and infrastructure of the CMOS integrated circuit industry. Its suitability for use at the telecom wavelengths, low cost, and compact devices enhance the value of silicon for photonics applications. One critical issue that continues to be investigated is the efficient coupling of optical signals between the outside world and the photonic chip, which is hampered by the large optical mode mismatch between the glass fiber and high index contrast silicon waveguide. We introduce a new device that enables efficient coupling from the fiber to single mode silicon waveguide called the vertical J-coupler, so named in reference to its parabolic shape. Grayscale lithography is used to fabricate the three-dimensional topology of the coupler, enabled by the high energy beam sensitive (HEBS) glass grayscale photomask. The principle of operation is total internal reflection, which is inherently polarization insensitive and broadband. Electro-magnetic simulations validate the efficient operation of the device while experimental results demonstrate its successful operation in coupling light into the silicon waveguide.
Barbiturate-induced coma to protect against cerebral ischemia and increased intracranial pressure

The use of barbiturates to induce coma as a means of extending the period of reversible cerebral ischemia is reviewed. Barbiturate use in patients who had had strokes or were undergoing aneurysm surgery was initially encouraging. In uncontrolled feasibility trials in patients with cardiopulmonary arrest or in deep coma, 40 patients received 10 mg/kg thiopental sodium by i.v. push followed by 20 mg/kg thiopental sodium i.v. over the next 30 minutes; 60% of these patients regained consciousness. In a subgroup of 22 patients who had ischemia normally associated with a 90% mortality rate, 14 recovered completely. In the largest clinical trial, 45 patients with severe head injury and elevated intracranial pressure received 3--5 mg/kg pentobarbital over 10--20 minutes. A serum barbiturate level of 2.5--4.0 mg/dl was maintained for 14 days, and 30% of these patients recovered but with neurologic deficits. Other results in stroke and drowning victims were not as encouraging. It is concluded that barbiturate therapy is beneficial in the lowering of intracranial pressure. Focal and global cerebral ischemia have been shown amenable to barbiturate therapy in isolated cases. The prophylactic use of barbiturates in surgical procedures requiring focal cerebral anoxia appears to be beneficial. Controlled trials of the use of barbiturate-induced coma are clearly indicated.
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and high spin-polarization ratio in epitaxial Fe-N thin films

We have demonstrated a general framework for realizing and modulating perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in a rare-earth-element and heavy-metal-free material system. Using GaAs(001)/Fe(001) template, we have developed a synthesis scheme to produce epitaxial body center tetragonal Fe-N with (001) texture. By varying the N doping concentration, the crystal tetragonality ($c$/$a$) can be tuned in a relatively wide range. It is found that the Fe-N layer developed a strong perpendicular magnetic crystalline anisotropy (MCA) as it approaches the iron nitride interstitial solubility limit. Further annealing significantly improves the MCA due to the formation of chemically ordered Fe${}_{16}$N${}_{2}$. In addition to realizing an MCA up to 10${}^{7}$ erg/cm${}^{3}$, the spin polarization ratio ($P$ \ensuremath{\sim} 0.52), as probed directly by a point-contact Andreev reflection (PCAR) method, even shows a moderate increase in comparison with normal metal Fe ($P$ \ensuremath{\sim} 0.45). These combined properties make this material system a promising candidate for applications in spintronic devices and also potential rare-earth-element free magnets.
ACTH secreting transplantable pituitary tumors.

Summary and ConclusionsTwo pituitary tumors occurring in mice exposed to ionizing irradiation proved readily transplantable causing in the recipients obesity with thymic atrophy, hyperglycemia, polyuria, sometimes with glycosuria, severe lymphocytopenia, and hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that this tumor secretes ACTH. There is lack of evidence of stimulation of any endocrine organ other than the adrenal.
The study of multistage throttle valve in oil well control system

The multistage throttle intelligence control system is a set of complex machine,the electricity and the fluid integration system, which involves many technologies,its essential technology is to control the throttle valve pressure drop to the well the real-time control.The system uses the computer battery solution proportion in closed-loop control,has established the system mathematical model through the research,and the union petroleum gas well controls the related knowledge using the PID control algorithm,moves the throttle valve to the fluid the valve core displacement and the valve pressure drop carries on the quite accurate control.Through the field test indicated this system work steady,the control precision is high,its security,the reliability and the feasibility definitely can satisfy the scene to kill the well the work need.
Analysis of Urine Excretion of Metformin-Glipizide Tablet after Oral Administration in Healthy Human

Objective:To develop methods for determinating the urine level of metformin and glipizide and to study the urinary excretions of drugs in healthy Chinese volunteers after single dose administration.Methods:After metformin urine samples were diluted by mobile phase,the supernatant was injected into the system directly by using Lichrospher ODS column with a mobile phase of 3 mmol/L sodium dodecylsulfate(pH 4):acetonitrile(75:25),and the detected wavelength was 232 nm.Glipizide in urine samples was extracted with ethyl acetate after urine acidation,and separated on Lichrospher ODS column using acetonitrile and 0.1% acetic acid(10 mmol·L-1ammonium acetate)(55:45) as mobile phase.The mass spectrum was performed in the selected anion monitoring mode.Ten health Chinese volunteers were treated with single dose of two metformin-glipizide tablets.The metformin and glipizide concentrations in urine were determined before treatment and 0-2,2-4,4-6,6-8,8-10,10-12,12-16 and 16-24 h after treatment.Results:The inter-day and intra-day precision values were below 10%.In 24 h,the accumulation amounts of metformin and glipizide excreted in urine were(102.5±27.3) mg and(452.2±191.4) μg,respectively,the accumulated excretion rates were(26.27±7.00)% and(9.04±3.83)%,respectively after treatment.Conclusion:The assays(HPLC-MS and HPLC) have been proved to be accurate and sensitive,which can be used in the study of human urinary excretions of glipizide and metformin.
Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures in adults.

A 55-year-old woman presents to your office for a refill of her blood pressure medication. She is otherwise healthy and does not take other medications. She states that her older sister has been taking vitamin D and calcium supplements for several years “to keep her bones strong,” and asks whether she should take vitamin D and calcium as well.
Applications of Calorimetry on Polymer Nanocomposites

In this chapter, the application of two commonly used calorimetries, i.e., differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC), will be introduced. DSC is mainly used to study the melting and crystallization behaviors of polymers/polymer nanocomposites. Here, the nanofiller-dependent melting and crystallization behaviors will be emphasized. MCC is employed to evaluate the flammability of polymeric materials and their polymer matrix nanocomposites. The heat release-related parameters are of great significance for determining the fire risks for flammable polymers and will be used to interpret the mechanism for the flammability reduction.
Organizational Buying Behavior in Vendor Selections: A Model of the Uses of Decision Strategies in Evoked Set Selection

A model of organizational buyers’ use of decision strategies is presented and tested. The model depicts the interaction of risk to the buyer in making a selection, the familiarity of the task, and information load on the use of decision strategies. The model deals with only the selection of suppliers to which bids will be sent. The findings provide support for the model and suggest that it is the buyers’ subjective evaluation of the environment that determines the use of compensatory and non-compensatory decision strategies.
From South Texas to the Nation: The Exploitation of Mexican Labor in the Twentieth Century. By John Weber

From South Texas to the Nation: The Exploitation of Mexican Labor in the Twentieth Century . David J. Weber Series in the New Borderlands History. By John Weber. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. xiii + 320 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $34.95.) “Get me more Mexicans!,” South Texas cotton growers, undoubtedly, commanded labor agents since the 1920s, when migrant families absconded northward to work in the sugar beet fields of Colorado. This developed as revolutions emerged on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border in South Texas in the early twentieth century. Consequently, John Weber contends niftily that South Texas growers perfected a model of labor relations ultimately emulated by the nation. This entailed a gross surplus of Mexican workers (both U.S. citizens and nationals of Mexico) stripped of civil and … Frank.barajas{at}csuci.edu
Money and Prices

A very important property of any economy over time is the degree to which it has experienced inflation or deflation of prices, including money wages. Any monetary unit like the dollar is subject to fluctuations in its general purchasing power because of changes in money prices. We try to measure these fluctuations by constructing a price level index or a price deflator (or inflator), of which there are many varieties. There is some dispute among economists that has never quite been resolved as to what the ideal price index should be. One index is calculated by estimating how much money it would take to buy a ‘market basket’ of relevant commodities, corresponding more or less to the relative quantities that are produced or consumed. Other measures have been proposed, but this seems to be the simplest and perhaps the most meaningful. A difficulty arises, however, when deciding which market basket is significant when the relative quantities of commodities actually purchased change over time. The price level index will be different if we take the market basket at the beginning or at the end of the period. When there is a change in the quality of commodities, and when new commodities appear, the task of defining a price level in an exact form becomes virtually impossible and we have to be content with rough measures (Chapter 1).
Rapid Mobilization of Long Term Repopulating Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) with AMD15057, a Small Molecule Inhibitor of VLA4; Synergism with AMD3100 and G-CSF

Background : Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) interact with stromal cells, osteoblasts and matrix proteins in the hematopoietic niche. This interaction plays an important role in HSC trafficking, proliferation and differentiation. Significant data support the roles of both the SDF-1/CXCR4 and the VCAM1-VLA-4 axes in stem cell homing and mobilization. Two recent reports have shown that Natalizumab, an anti-VLA-4 monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, induces mobilization of CD34+ HSC over several days. In the present study we tested the specificity and efficacy of a novel VLA-4 small molecule inhibitor, AMD15057, in murine preclinical studies of normal HSC mobilization. Methods : Fibronectin adhesion assays were performed with Jurkat cells to test the specificity of AMD15057. Ninety-six well plates were coated with fibronectin or BSA and the inhibition of Jurkat cell (VLA-4 +) adhesion by AMD15057 was determined in the presence or absence of PMA activation. To evaluate the mobilization of HSC progenitors, 8 week old 129/B6 F1 mice (n=6 per group, 3 experiments) were left untreated (unmobilized) or treated with AMD15057 (0.1,1,3 mg/kg iv or 3,5,7 mg/ kg sc), AMD3100 (1,3 mg/kg iv or 1,3,5 mg/kg sc), G-CSF (250 mg/kg/d × 5 d) or combinations. Total WBC and CFU-GM were determined at different time points for each mobilization regimen. For long-term competitive repopulation cell assays (LTRC), PBMCs from 3 Ly5.2 + unmobilized or mobilized mice (700uL PB each) were pooled, mixed with 5×10 5 Ly5.1 + BM mononuclear cells (MNC) (3:1 ratio) and injected into lethally irradiated Ly5.1 + /Ly5.2 + compound heterozygote recipient mice. Chimerism was evaluated monthly for 6 months by flow cytometry. Secondary transplants to evaluate long term repopulation activity was performed by injecting lethally irradiated heterozygotes with 10 6 BM pooled MNC from the primary recipients. Results : The adhesion of untreated and PMA treated Jurkat cells to fibronectin coated wells was decreased by 62% (3.2 SD) and 69% (3.4 SD) (p Conclusions : The VCAM1/VLA-4 axis is involved in HSC trafficking. AMD15057 is effective in blocking the interaction between VLA4 and its ligand fibronectin. AMD15057 induces rapid and reversible mobilization of normal progenitors and HSC which have the long term repopulating capacity. Finally, a dramatic synergistic effect was observed when AMD15057 was combined with AMD3100, G-CSF and the combination. The results provide a plausible foundation for replacing G-CSF with small molecule inhibitors of CXCR4 and VLA-4 for rapid and reversible HSC mobilization in humans.
Assessment of Gait Dysfunction in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and REM Behavioral Disorder (P1.052)

Objective : To determine if Parkinson’s Disease patients with REM behavioral disorder (RBD) have worse gait abnormalities and freezing of gait when compared to those without RBD. Background: RBD, is considered a prodromal sign of PD. Brainstem nuclei, such as pedunculopontine nucleus and locus coeruleus are known to be involved in the control of REM sleep as well as gait coordination. It has therefore been proposed that PD patients with RBD have more gait disability, with regards to both incidence and severity, as compared to PD patients without RBD. Methods : This is a cross sectional study involving PD patients from the University of Miami Movement Disorders Clinic. RBD was assessed using the RBD questionnaire. Gait parameters were assessed using wireless sensors (Mobility Lab, APDM Inc). In addition, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOG-Q) and Hamilton depression index were administered. Results: 42 PD patients stages 2-3 H&Y completed gait and sleep assessments. Mean age was 66 .1 years, with a mean UPDRS part 3 of 30.2(+/-14). The RBD score was 6.4+/-3.3, mean FOG-Q=12.1(+/- 5.2), mean velocity =0.92 m/s(+/-0.28) and mean stride length 1.04 m(+/-0.26). 24 patients had RBD by questionnaire (score ≥5), with FOG-Q of 12.9 mean velocity of 0.95m/s and stride length of 1.06 m. The non RBD group (n=18) had a mean FOG-Q of 10.9, mean velocity of 1.16m/s and stride length of 1.01 m, however the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: In this study we did not find a correlation between presence of RBD and the severity of gait impairment, as measured by FOG-Q and gait kinematics. We believe a larger sample size may be necessary to show a correlation. In addition, future investigations should include objective measures of RBD utilizing polysomnography in combination with our objective gait testing. Disclosure: Dr. Neimand has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Singer has received personal compensation for activities with Lundbeck Research USA, Inc., Northera, and Allergan. Dr. Luca has nothing to disclose.
Some Ethical Questions for Attorneys Who Initiate Antidumping Actions

The antidumping laws are structurally protectionist. There is no way to construct an antidumping law that is not protectionist. Basically, antidumping laws protect domestic producers at the expense of the general public. They provide a legal means of destroying the property of foreign competitors and making them less able to compete in domestic markets. There are a number of ethical questions that need to be explored in this area. Yet an extensive review of the ethical, economic and legal literature failed to find a single article (with one exception) that addressed these ethical issues. The present paper aims to correct this deficiency in the literature. The paper concludes that an attorney who helps a client initiate an antidumping action is always engaging in unethical conduct.
Drugs or Dancing? Using Real-Time Machine Learning to Classify Streamed “Dabbing” Homograph Tweets

Dabbing is a new and popular method of using marijuana that involves inhaling vapors from heating marijuana concentrates. As the emergence of legal, regulated markets continues in the U. S., it is possible that dabbing marijuana concentrates will gain traction. Dabbing may present new hazards to marijuana users including increased risk of fires from igniting extracts with butane and increased incidence of addiction due to higher concentrations of the psychoactive chemical tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) inhaled when dabbing. Twitter can be used to better understand health behaviors by analyzing conversations around marijuana dabbing, however, collecting relevant tweets is complex given that "dabbing" is also a term used to describe a dance done at sporting events and the process of covering a sneeze. We developed a machine learning algorithm to classify tweets and identify relevant marijuana dabbing (mdab) tweets. We found our classifier to be reliable in differentiating mdab from other dabbing tweets. Machine learning based classifiers have potential for helping public health researchers and practitioners to handle the large volumes of complex Twitter data in order to learn from this new information stream. Our technique, used to solve this particular tweet differentiation problem, is easily applicable to any homograph differentiation problem in tweet space.
Epigenetic Basis of Cancer Health Disparities: Looking Beyond Genetic Differences

Despite efforts at various levels, racial health disparities still exist in cancer patients. These inequalities in incidence and/or clinical outcome can only be explained by a multitude of factors, with genetic basis being one of them. Several investigations have provided convincing evidence to support epigenetic regulation of cancer-associated genes, which results in the differential transcriptome and proteome, and may be linked to a pre-disposition of individuals of certain race/ethnicity to early or more aggressive cancers. Recent technological advancements and the ability to quickly analyze whole genome have aided in these efforts, and owing to their relatively easy detection, methylation events are much well-characterized, than the acetylation events, across human populations. The early trend of investigating a pre-determined set of genes for differential epigenetic regulation is paving way for more unbiased screening. This review summarizes our current understanding of the epigenetic events that have been tied to the racial differences in cancer incidence and mortality. A better understanding of the epigenetics of racial diversity holds promise for the design and execution of novel strategies targeting the human epigenome for reducing the disparity gaps.