cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Multi-Stage Stochastic Programming Approach to the Optimal Surveillance and Control of Emerald Ash Borer in Cities

Emerald ash borer (EAB), a wood-boring insect native to Asia and invading North America, has killed untold millions of high-value ash trees that shade streets, homes, and parks, and caused significant economic damage in cities of the United States. Local actions to reduce damage include surveillance to find EAB and control to slow its spread. We present a multi-stage stochastic mixed-integer programming (M-SMIP) model for the optimization of surveillance, treatment, and removal of ash trees in cities. Decision-dependent uncertainty is modeled by representing surveillance decisions and the realizations of the uncertain infestation parameter contingent upon surveillance as branches in the M-SMIP scenario tree. The objective is to allocate resources to surveillance and control over space and time to maximize public benefits. We develop a new cutting plane algorithm to strengthen the M-SMIP formulation and facilitate optimal solution. We calibrate and validate our model of ash dynamics using seven-years of observational data and apply the optimization model to a possible infestation in Burnsville, Minnesota. Proposed cutting planes improve the solution time by an average of seven times over solving the original M-SMIP model without cutting planes. Our comparative analysis shows that the M-SMIP model outperforms six different heuristic approaches proposed for the management of EAB. Results from optimally solving our M-SMIP model imply that, under a belief of infestation, it is critical to apply surveillance immediately to locate EAB and then prioritize treatment of minimally infested trees followed by removal of highly infested trees.
Comment on “Massive electrodynamics and the magnetic monopoles”

In this paper we correct previous work on magnetic charge plus a photon mass. We show that contrary to previous claims this system has a very simple, closed form solution which is the Dirac string potential multiplied by a exponential decaying part. Interesting features of this solution are discussed, namely, (i) the Dirac string becomes a real feature of the solution, (ii) the breaking of gauge symmetry via the photon mass leads to a breaking of the rotational symmetry of the monopole's magnetic field, (iii) the Dirac quantization condition is potentially altered.
Chapter 10 Imagery and Discovery

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews findings that illustrate the ways in which images may fail us, either because they are ineffective, or because they are effective but insufficient for discovering new information. Several experiments that show the successful use of imagery to synthesize new information are investigated in the chapter. The chapter contains four recommendations that should help increase the understanding of the creative use of imagery. First, the ways in which illustrations and diagrams facilitate problem solving is required to be understood. Second, the research on imagery to include interesting problem-solving tasks needs to be extended. Third, the ways in which imagery can lead to successful problem representations that differ from the more standard, symbolic representations needs to be determined. Fourth, the study of self-reports to include a wider range of creative insights needs to be extended. Improving people's ability to effectively use images will depend on how much an individual learns about the role of imagery in creative thought.
Population dynamics in an age of declining fertility

The population of the world has more than tripled during the twentieth century. The apparatus of technical demography has been fruitfully employed to study the causes and implications of this growth. However, at century’s end, fertility levels in Europe, North America, and East Asia have declined to levels below those necessary for long-term population replacement (United Nations, 1997). The tools of technical demography are also useful for studying growth prospects in low fertility populations, although they have been less frequently used for this purpose. This paper discusses two features of population dynamics in low fertility populations. The first involves a decomposition of the intrinsic rate of natural growth into a fertility and a mortality component. The lesson is that there are sharply “increasing returns” to fertility reductions in terms of their impact on long-term growth rates. A particular absolute decline in the number of children per woman will have larger and larger impacts on the rate of population growth as fertility levels fall. The second lesson is that, with reference to the situation that is or will soon be facing most of the industrialized world, there is a momentum to population decline that is exactly analogous to the better-publicized momentum of population growth. The first lesson merely involves presenting and interpreting some wellestablished formulas. The second takes advantage of several new expressions. Although migration is an additional factor of population growth in lowfertility countries, we choose to focus on fertility and assume that populations are closed to migration.
If We Open the Door, How Long Will They Stay? The Use of Personal Counseling in a Small College.

Abstract The focus of this brief report about one small college's experience in providing personal counseling and psychotherapy to its students is on how the students used the services over their, generally, four years of matriculation. The 404 student users of counseling services from six classes of graduating students had an average number of sessions over their entire college career of 15.5 while the mean number of sessions was 9, and the mode, 1, and the range 1-126. The authors hope this report will serve as a call for more comprehensive surveys to include this new variable.
Organizing the History of Computing

This paper tries to distill some of the 'lessons learned' from the Charles Babbage Institute's quarter-century experience (1980-present) in orga- nizing the history of computing. It draws on the author's (recent) experience as CBI director; conversations with Arthur Norberg, CBI's long-time founding di- rector; and papers delivered at a special symposium appraising CBI's role in computing history, which appeared in the IEEE Annals of the History of Com- puting 29 no. 4 (October-December 2007).
Expression and Use of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Coreceptors by Human Alveolar Macrophages

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires, in addition to CD4, coreceptors of the CC or CXC chemokine families for productive infection of T cells and cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. Based on the hypothesis that coreceptor expression on alveolar macrophages (AM) may influence HIV-1 infection of AM in the lung, this study analyzes the expression and utilization of HIV-1 coreceptors on AM of healthy individuals. AM were productively infected with five different primary isolates of HIV-1. Levels of surface expression of CCR5, CXCR4, and CD4 were low compared to those of blood monocytes, but CCR3 was not detectable. mRNA for CCR5, CXCR4, CCR2, and CCR3 were all detectable, but to varying degrees and with variability among donors. Expression of CCR5, CXCR4, and CCR2 mRNA was downregulated following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast, secretion of the chemokines RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β was upregulated with LPS stimulation. Interestingly, HIV-1 replication was diminished following LPS stimulation. Infection of AM with HIV-1 in the presence of the CC chemokines demonstrated blocking of infection. Together, these studies demonstrate that AM can be infected by a variety of primary HIV-1 isolates, AM express a variety of chemokine receptors, the dominant coreceptor used for HIV entry into AM is CCR5, the expression of these receptors is dependent on the state of activation of AM, and the ability of HIV-1 to infect AM may be modulated by expression of the chemokine receptors and by chemokines per se.
RERC on improved wheelchair technology

The Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center (RERC) on Improved Wheelchair Mobility at the University of Pittsburgh officially began on August 1, 1993. This article summarizes the scope of the research, training, information dissemination, technology transfer plans and activities of the RERC, and highlights the progress made during the first year. Emphasis has been given to those activities that will have a short term impact on the lives of persons with disabilities. Funding for the RERC on Wheelchair Technology is from a center grant award from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR).
Performance of a handset-assisted positioning method for GSM

This paper illustrates the performance of a mobile positioning technique applicable to a GSM network. The technique relies on the time-of-arrival estimation of some known signals. An improved version of a standard estimator is proposed in order to mitigate the effect of multipath propagation, and its performance is illustrated through simulations in various environments. A mobile station monitoring the broadcast carrier of several base stations uses this algorithm to estimate the pseudo-ranges between itself and the transmitters. These measurements are then fed to a fixing algorithm to deliver an estimate of the mobile position. The performance of the positioning method is assessed in some typical urban, suburban and rural environments. It shows promising results for the deployment of location-based applications.
A data priority reload technique for real-time main memory databases

A data priority reload algorithm is proposed for real time main memory database systems that allows transaction processing to be resumed before the entire database is recovered from a system failure. Transaction execution priority, reload priority and reload preemption are taken into account during the reload process; this enables transactions with high execution priorities to have more opportunities to meet their deadlines and thus enhances the overall system performance. This algorithm also gives temporal data a higher reload priority than persistent data so that many temporal data can be used before losing their validity, which in turn minimizes the number of transactions aborted or delayed due to invalid data access. Based on the simulation results obtained, we can draw the following conclusions: the data priority reload algorithm provides a significant performance improvement over the conventional reload approach; whether the efficiency of different reload algorithms is crucial to the overall performance mainly depends on the system load, database size and system failure rate; the key factors of the design of real time MMDB reload algorithms are system unavailability, transaction execution priority, and reload threshold. In order to derive an efficient reload scheme, these factors must be studied carefully.
Catholic moral teaching, medically assisted nutrition and hydration and the vegetative state

A wide range of medical, legal and ethical opinion regarding withholding or withdrawing medically assisted nutrition and hydration (ANH) from vegetative state (VS) and persistent vegetative state patients (PVS) has been presented in professional journals over the past twenty years. This article concerns the moral aspects of this debate as it has developed within the Catholic Church, especially in the United States. It presents traditional Catholic teaching about the extent and limits of the moral obligation to employ medical means in the preservation of human life, and examines how this teaching applies to the specific question of supplying ANH to PVS patients. It provides a critique of two contradictory views on the morality of discontinuing ANH for PVS patients presented by Catholic theologians. It examines the teaching of Pope John Paul II, who identifies ANH as a natural means of preserving life that must be maintained as long as it preserves the patient's life or alleviates his suffering. Finally, it discusses the practical implications this papal teaching has for the treatment of PVS patients in all Catholic health care facilities.
A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI)

Abstract A transformation technique is presented to minimize soil brightness influences from spectral vegetation indices involving red and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Graphically, the transformation involves a shifting of the origin of reflectance spectra plotted in NIR-red wavelength space to account for first-order soil-vegetation interactions and differential red and NIR flux extinction through vegetated canopies. For cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. var DPI-70) and range grass (Eragrosticslehmanniana Nees) canopies, underlain with different soil backgrounds, the transformation nearly eliminated soil-induced variations in vegetation indices. A physical basis for the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) is subsequently presented. The SAVI was found to be an important step toward the establishment of simple °lobal” that can describe dynamic soil-vegetation systems from remotely sensed data.
Computer-aided calibration of X-probes using a look-up table

A simple method for the computer-aided calibration of an X-probe is described. This method requires the X-probe to be pitched in the free-stream at several velocities. From the corresponding output voltages, a calibration look-up table can be generated. The technique requires fewer assumptions than traditional methods based on King's law.
Vertical variability of aerosol backscatter from an airborne-focused continuous-wave CO2 lidar at 9.1-microm wavelength.

Atmospheric aerosol backscatter measurements taken with a continuous-wave focused Doppler lidar at 9.1-µm wavelength were obtained over western North America and the Pacific Ocean from 13 to 26 September 1995 as part of a NASA airborne mission. Backscatter variability was measured for ∼52 flight hours, covering an equivalent horizontal distance of ∼30,000 km in the troposphere. Some quasi-vertical backscatter profiles were also obtained during various ascents and descents at altitudes that ranged from ∼0.1 to 12 km. Similarities and differences for aerosol loading over land and ocean were observed. A midtropospheric aerosol backscatter background mode near 3 × 10-11 to 1 × 10-10 m-1 sr-1 was obtained, which is consistent with those of previous airborne and ground-based data sets.
Quantum open string theory with manifest closed string factorization

Abstract We present a quantum theory of covariant open and closed strings that satisfies manifestly the full BV master equation. The classical action includes interacting open strings and free closed strings. All open-closed string self-interactions appear at the quantum level. The string diagrams, arising from a new minimal area problem, make all amplitudes manifestly factorizable in every open and closed string channel. As by-products we obtain a global closed string symmetry of classical open string theory, and a gauge invariant action for open strings propagating in closed string backgrounds.
The effect of exercise on coronary blood flow, myocardial oxygen consumption and cardiac efficiency in man.

It has been known that exercise causes an increase in the coronary blood flow in animals. The present work has been carried out to study the effect of exercise on coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption of the human heart in vivo. The results indicate that the heart responds to the increased load of exercise with a rise in coronary blood flow. Since the arteriovenous coronary oxygen difference shows little change, the increase in oxygen consumption of the heart muscle is primarily the result of an increased coronary blood flow. As the cardiac work rises more than the myocardial oxygen consumption, the left ventricular efficiency increases. The response of the failing heart muscle to acute increases in load produced by exercise does not differ from that of the normal heart or of the isolated heart.
Language Planning for Naming and its Socio-cultural Connotations: A Case Study in Taiwan

Names function as a people's cultural heritage that links the present to the past. Hence I propose that a comprehensive study of LP for naming needs to take into account socio-political context critically. My discussion of the case of Taiwan covers two social domains affected by LP for naming. In the public domain, I examine the change in the linguistic landscape of placenames in Taiwan. In the private domain, I review how people are affected by policies concerning personal names. I also include some examples of bottom-up analysis in addition to the more common top-down analysis of LP.
Dual-track versus single-track sell-outs: An empirical analysis of competing harvest strategies ☆

Abstract We investigate two non-traditional harvest strategies for selling a privately-held company. Dual-track private firms file for an IPO while also courting acquirers. These firms withdraw the IPO to be taken over. Dual-track public firms complete an IPO and are taken over shortly thereafter. Examining 679 takeovers from 1995–2004, we find private dual-track sell-outs earn a 22–26% higher premium and dual-track public sell-outs earn an 18–21% higher premium than single-track sell-outs. Larger, VC-backed, prestigious underwritten, and bubble-year firms have a higher propensity to take the dual-track path. The implication is that entrepreneurs may increase their harvest value by using a dual-track strategy.
Binding and elution of EGTA to anion exchange columns: implications for study of (Ca+Mg)-ATPase inhibitors.

Abstract EGTA bound to DEAE-Sephadex and DEAE-cellulose at low ionic strength in the presence and absence of applied protein. It remained bound when the column was washed at low ionic strength, but was eluted as the ionic strength was increased. The amount of EGTA recovered at high ionic strength was 60 to 90% of that applied to the column. At the peak of its elution, the concentration of EGTA in the eluted fractions was 25 mM, over 10-fold higher than the concentration of EGTA applied to the column. Eluted fractions containing EGTA inhibited the (Ca + Mg)-ATPase by two mechanisms: (1) by chelating the Ca and (2) by affecting activity even when the free Ca was held constant. We suggest that at least some of the inhibitory effects previously attributed to a cytoplasmic inhibitor of the (Ca + Mg)-ATPase may in fact be due to contaminating amounts of EGTA.
Biopsy of the pigmented lesion-When and how

The biopsy lies at the heart of the management of the suspected melanocytic neoplasm. Dermatologists are the ideal physicians to examine patients with suspect melanocytic lesions and an understanding of when and how to perform a biopsy is vital. Various algorithms have been formulated to allow for facilitation of the clinical examination, including the ABCDE rule, the Glasgow 7-point checklist, and the "ugly duckling" sign. Along with this, dermoscopy can increase the sensitivity of diagnosis. Proper training regarding dermatoscopy is essential, especially with algorithms such as the Menzies method, the 7-point checklist, and pattern analysis. Digital photography and digital dermatoscopy allows for surveillance of suspect nevi or patients with multiple nevi. For neoplasms suspected of being melanoma, an excision for diagnosis with 1- to 3-mm borders is ideal, although a shave, punch, or other incisional biopsy can be performed in special circumstances. Finally, research has allowed for promising technologies including gene profiling of tape-stripped samples along with automated software analysis of digital dermatoscopic images.
Racial differences in primary and repeat lower extremity amputation: results from a multihospital study.

Objective African Americans have a much higher risk of major (above- or below-knee) lower extremity amputation and a lower rate of limb-preserving vascular surgery or angioplasty than white patients. This article analyzes two potential pathways for racial disparities: primary amputation, defined as a major amputation performed without any prior attempt at revascularization, and repeat amputation, defined as a major amputation subsequent to a previous through-foot or major amputation. Methods Randomly selected medical records were reviewed for 248 African American, 30 Hispanic, and 235 white or other-race patients undergoing above- or below-knee amputation between 1995 and 2003 at three Chicago teaching hospitals. Chronic disease prevalence and severity, preadmission functional status, clinical presentation, and vascular history were used to test the risk-adjusted effect of race and ethnicity on rates of primary and repeat amputation. Results Controlling for demographic, functional, chronic disease, and clinical characteristics, African American patients were 1.7 times more likely to have undergone both primary (P = .01) and repeat (P = .03) amputation than white or other-race amputees. Race remained a significant independent risk factor even after controlling for the higher severity of illness, greater disability, and more complex presentation of African American amputees. Conclusions Higher rates of primary and repeat amputation for African American patients at study hospitals, which all have significant vascular surgery capacity and an aggressive policy of limb salvage, suggest that these rates may be even higher at less well equipped institutions. Improving access to primary and preventive care for lower-income patients could reduce amputation rates among African Americans.
AN ELECTRONIC HABITUATION CHIP

Habituation is a biological behavior allowing non-critical information to be disregarded enabling more processing resources for critical tasks. This requires the ability to determine if a signal is novel or not. We have implemented habituation adaptation in a small mixed signal circuit. A software simulation is used to demonstrate the ability of habituation to eliminate a stuck-at 1 error from succeeding stages of processing. Experimental test results are shown illustrating the habituation response.
In‐plane compression of constrained preforms

Preforms constructed from a plain-weave, glass fabric were compressed in-plane within a fixture that mimicked the constraints of a closed mold. Typically, a gap was left between the bottom of the preform and the floor of the fixture; upon Initial compression, the preform slid within the fixture, which allowed the friction between the preform and the fixture wall to be measured. The preform began to compress as it contacted the floor of the fixture. The deformation was proportional to the applied stress until a critical stress was reached. Above this stress, the preform sustained damage in the form if localized buckling and a corresponding decrease in mechanical integrity. The in-plane compressive behavior varied with system parameters, such as preform geometry, fabric orientation, and clamping stress and was shown to be strongly dependent on friction of the preform against the fixture wall. A model was developed to describe the contribution of preform friction with the fixture wall to the in-plane compressive behavior of constrained preforms.
Glucose stimulation of heart phosphorylase phosphatase activity in vitro and in vivo.

To determine the mechanism of the glucose stimulation, glucose or glucose-6-phospate was added to dilute heart extracts in the presence or absence of AMP. The intracellular glucose, tissue glucose-6-phosphate, and tissue AMP concentrations were also determined in 24-h starved animals given glucose; 24-h starved animals given insulin as well as diabetic starved and diabetic starved insulin-treated animals were also studied.
Automated volumetry at CT colonography: a phantom study.

Rationale and objectives To assess the performance of a computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithm for measuring polyp-like structures on CT colonography (CTC) images of a phantom. Materials and methods We constructed a Plexiglas phantom to which we affixed a series of idealized Plexiglas polyp-like objects, including spheres and hemispheres. We imaged the phantom in a four-channel detector CT scanner at a 1.3 mm slice thickness with a reconstruction interval of 0.6 mm, using combinations of 100 mAs, 30 mAs, horizontal and vertical orientation. For each set of CT images, the interior surface of the phantom was segmented. The CAD algorithm was applied to the resulting surface to identify the polypoid regions of interest and to calculate their volume and maximum linear dimension. Calculated values were then compared with actual values to yield percent error in each measurement. Results The mean error in volume for the subgroups of spheres and hemispheres was 3% and 5% respectively. Mean error in linear dimension was approximately 2% for both shape subgroups. All CAD-calculated values were closely correlated with their respective actual values. Parameter selection did not significantly affect the accuracy of the calculated measurements. Conclusions Our CAD software accurately measured the greatest linear dimension and the volume of each of the polyp-like structures in our phantom. Results were largely independent of phantom orientation and the CT exposure factors.
Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in orthotopic liver transplantation in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

With improvements in the surgical technique for orthotopic liver transplantation, patients with significant underlying systemic disease are considered candidates for transplantation, thus increasing the complexity of the medical management of these patients and necessitating additional monitoring in order to minimize the anesthetic risk. We describe the anesthetic management of orthotopic liver transplantation for a patient with severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and mitral insufficiency. In this case, transesophageal echocardiography proved useful in the management of the postreperfusion period of the surgical procedure.
33 EVIDENCE FOR “LOU Km” AND “HIGH Km” SOLUBLE 5‘- NUCLEOTIDASES IN HUMAN TISSUES AND RAT LIVER

33 EVIDENCE FOR “LOU Km” AND “HIGH Km” SOLUBLE 5‘- NUCLEOTIDASES IN HUMAN TISSUES AND RAT LIVER
Functional consequences of the SHP-1 defect in motheaten viable mice: role of NF-kappa B

To define the functional consequences of the src-homology domain-1 protein (SHP-1) defect, we examined cytokine production and NF-kappa B activity in motheaten viable (Mev) mice. We found elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in Mev mice sera and cultured B and T cells compared to littermate control adult mice. The levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) detected in Mev sera and activated Mev T cells were decreased, but IL-2 receptor expression was increased. We then evaluated the activity of NF-kappa B and found that this protein is highly expressed in Mev B and T cells. To determine if NF-kappa B had a role in causing the elevated levels of cytokines in Mev mice, we treated activated Mev T cells with an NF-kappa B decoy and found that cell culture treatment with the decoy resulted in significant reduction of the secretion of IL-6, GM-CSF, and TNF, but not IFN-gamma. Therefore, our data show that Mev mice secrete elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, which can be mediators in the development of the Mev clinical disorder, and that NF-kappa B has an important role in this process, impacting upon the regulation of the immune response.
Cloning of Rat and Mouse P2Y Purinoceptors

Abstract The cellular responses to ATP are mediated by specific high-affinity receptors designated as P 2 purinoceptors, five subclasses of which have been defined pharmacologically - P 2X , P 2Y , P 2U , P 2T , and P 2Z . A cDNA clone encoding a rat P 2Y purinoceptor was isolated from an insulinoma cDNA library. The 373-amino acid rat P 2Y purinoceptor sequence has 85.7% and 37.8% identity with chicken P 2Y and rat P 2U purinoceptors, respectively. The sequence of the mouse P 2Y purinoceptor was also determined and there was 97.1% amino acid identity with the corresponding rat sequence. RNA blotting studies showed that rat P 2Y purinoceptor mRNA was expressed at variable levels in many tissues including heart, brain, spleen, lung, liver, skeletal muscle and kidney, although it was not detected in testis. The cloned rat P 2Y purinoceptor was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and possessed the properties expected for this receptor subtype.
An unstructured mathematical model for growth of Pleurotus ostreatus on lignocellulosic material in solid-state fermentation systems

Inedible plant material, generated in a Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS), should be recycled preferably by bioregenerative methods that utilize enzymes or micro-organisms. This material consists of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin with the lignin fraction representing a recalcitrant component that is not readily treated by enzymatic methods. Consequently, the white-rot fungus,Pleurotus ostreatus, is attractive since it effectively degrades lignin and produces edible mushrooms. This work describes an unstructured model for the growth ofP. ostreatus in a solid-state fermentation system using lignocellulosic plant materials fromBrassica napus (rapeseed) as a substrate at three different particle sizes. A logistic function model based on area was found to fit the surface growth of the mycelium on the solid substrate with respect to time, whereas a model based on diameter, alone, did not fit the data as well. The difference between the two measures of growth was also evident for mycelial growth in a bioreactor designed to facilitate a slow flowrate of air through the 1.5 cm thick mat of lignocellulosic biomass particles. The result is consistent with the concept of competition of the mycelium for the substrate that surrounds it, rather than just substrate that is immediately available to single cells. This approach provides a quantitative measure ofP. ostreatus growth on lignocellulosic biomass in a solid-state fermentation system. The experimental data show that the best growth is obtained for the largest particles (1 cm) of the lignocellulosic substrate.
Identity of β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase activities in rat liver lysosomes

1. 1.|Subcellular distribution studies of rat liver β-glucosidase (β-d-glucosidase glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) and β-xylosidase (β-d-xyloside xylohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.37), using p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside as a substrate, respectively, show these enzyme activities to be localized in the lysosomes. The β-glucosidase to β-xylosidase ratio in all subcellular fractions is constant. 2. 2.|Both of the activities are more than 80% bound to the lysosomal membrane. 3. 3.|Maximum hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside occurs at pH 5.2. The Kmwith p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside is I.45 mM and with p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside it is 4.05 mM. 4. 4.|Glucono-(I→4)-lactone, a specific competitive inhibitor of β-glucosidase, inhibited the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside with a Ki of 1.7 mM. p-Chloromercuribenzoate also inhibits both the activities with a Ki of 12.5 μM. 5. 5.|The pH stability of the two activities at 37, 50, and 60° is similar. 6. 6.|Both the activities are eluted from DEAE-cellulose by 0.122–0.155 M NaCl. 7. 7.|The results of these studies strongly support the conclusion that a single enzyme is responsible for both of the activities.
Monotone operators and dentability

P.S. Kenderov has shown that every monotone operator on an Asplund Banach space is continuous on a dense Gδ subset of the interior of its domain. We prove a general result which yields as special cases both Kenderov's Theorem and a theorem of Collier on the Frechet differentiability of weak* lower semicontinuous convex functions.
Analytical expressions for intermodulation distortion of a MESFET small-signal amplifier using the nonlinear Volterra series

Abstract Using the nonlinear Volterra series representation, analytical expressions for the third-order intermodulation distortion power and intercept point for a MESFET small-signal amplifier are derived when its equivalent circuit is bilateral and includes the gate-to-drain capacitance ( C gd ) explicitly as a nonlinear element. Previously developed analytical expressions treated C gd as a linear element or incorporated it as a part of gate-to-source and drain-to-source capacitances ( C gs and C ds ). These new analytical expressions are then compared with experimental data and good agreement is obtained. The analytical expressions are also used to study the variation of intermodulation distortion with input power and frequency, and the effect of the individual nonlinear elements in the MESFET’s equivalent circuit.
Strategies for modelling kinetic interactions in complex mixtures : Monte Carlo algorithms for MIMD parallel architectures

Abstract The parallel implementation of Monte Carlo reaction models for kinetically coupled reaction systems is discussed in the context of a BBN TC2000 MIMD architecture. A comparatively simple Rice—Herzfeld co-pyrolysis reaction scheme is utilized to develop four modelling strategies encompassing “full system”, “partial system”, “fixed-time”, and “variable-time” simulation approaches. The parallel efficiency of the partial system approaches was good. The partial system variable-time algorithm was then applied to simulate the pyrolysis of a complex petroleum resid to demonstrate the scale-up characteristics of the parallel algorithms. The resulting parallel efficiency was excellent (> 90%). These results indicate that the Monte Carlo modelling approach is sufficiently robust to handle kinetically coupled systems, and that the approach is highly parallel.
Stages of axonal regeneration following optic nerve crush in goldfish: contrasting effects of conditioning nerve lesions and intraocular acetoxycycloheximide injections.

The progress of axonal outgrowth after a crush lesion of the goldfish optic nerve can be determined by examining longitudinal silverstained sections at selected intervals. The outgrowth of leading axons proceeded at 0.46 mm/day after an initial delay of 4.2 days. Out-growth can be rapidly characterized by differentiating among a series of qualitatively different stages. In the sprouting (S) phase of regeneration, stage S1 of defined by the presence of isolated axonal sprouts reaching into the crush zone, and stage S2 by bundles of sprouts in the crush zone. In the elongation (E) phase of regeneration, stage E1 is defined by bundles that bridge the crush zone, stage E2 by bundles that reach the optic chiasm, and stage E3 by bundles that reach the level of the hypothalamus. During normal regeneration, stage E2 was attained 7–9 days after the crush (testing lesion), and stage E3 at 11 days. However, if the testing lesion had been preceded by a similar (conditioning) lesion 2 weeks earlier, stage E2 was reached at 3 days and stage E3 at 5 days. Conversely, when a protein synthesis inhibitor (acetoxycycloheximide) was injected into the right eye daily from the 5th through 9th day after a testing lesion, the injected side lagged 1–2 stages behind the contralateral control side in nerves examined on the 10th day.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF GAIN SCORES

Szirnmary.-Wdliams and Zimmerman in 1998, when considering the reliabiljty and validity of gain scores (g), proposed that combinations of prerest and posttest parameters favoring high reliabhty of gains are more hkely in practice than are unfavorable combinations. It is argued here that this is an empirical question and that no support was given for their position. Furrher, those auchors made a potentially misleading statement about the validity of the gain score. A final point is offered, namely.
Perfusion affects the tissue developmental patterns of human mesenchymal stem cells in 3D scaffolds

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) developed in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds are significantly affected by culture conditions. We hypothesized that the hydrodynamic forces generated in perfusion bioreactors significantly affected hMSC functionality in 3D scaffolds by shaping the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. In this study, hMSCs were grown in 3D poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) scaffolds in static and a parallel perfusion system under similar initial conditions for up to 35 days. Results demonstrated that even at very low media velocities (O [10(-4) cm/sec]), perfusion cultures affected the ability of hMSCs to form an organized ECM network as illustrated by the immunostaining of collagen I and laminin fibrous structure. The change in the ECM microenvironment consequently influenced the nuclear shape. The hMSCs grown at the lower surface of static culture displayed a 15.2 times higher nuclear elongation than those at the upper surface, whereas cells grown in the perfusion bioreactor displayed uniform spherical nuclei on both surfaces. The difference in ECM organization and nuclear morphology associated with gene expression and differentiation characteristics of hMSCs. The cells exhibited lower CFU-F colony forming ability and decreased expressions of stem-cell genes of Rex-1 and Oct-4, implying a less primitive stem-cell phenotype was maintained in the perfusion culture relative to the static culture conditions. The significantly higher expression level of osteonectin gene in the perfusion culture at day 28 indicated an upregulation of osteogenic ability of hMSCs. The study highlights the critical role of dynamic culture conditions on 3D hMSC construct development and properties.
Economic and political limits to growth

Abstract Man is a peculiarly economic and politicised species. Despite ideological variations, his social, political, and economic environment exists in as delicate a balance as does the natural environment. Each change induced by man in either the human or natural environment involves complex trade-offs between more and less desirable objectives
Yielding in ethylene/methacrylic acid ionomers

Abstract Ethylene/methacrylic acid (E/MAA) ionomers exhibit a complex morphology – consisting of polyethylene crystals, amorphous polymer segments and ionic aggregates – as well as pronounced differences in mechanical properties compared with the E/MAA copolymers from which they are derived. Here, we illuminate the microstructural origins of the changes in one such property – the yield stress – imparted to E/MAA by partial neutralization with sodium. The yield stress reflects contributions from both polyethylene crystal plasticity and incomplete mechanical relaxation of the ion-containing amorphous phase; the amorphous phase, in turn, consists of ion-rich aggregates and ion-poor domains, with widely separated relaxation rates. The inability of the amorphous material immediately surrounding the ionic aggregates to relax, except at extremely low strain rates, greatly increases the yield stress of the ionomers. Only a minor fraction of the E/MAA groups must be neutralized to create ion-rich aggregates, and thus to achieve the limiting yield stress behavior. The slow growth of thin polyethylene crystals also has a marked influence; as they form after quenching from the melt, these secondary crystals bridge the gaps between the locally-vitrified amorphous regions, leading to a large increase in yield stress.
Abstract P5-14-03: Breast cancer screening and follow-up of abnormal mammogram results: A population-based study comparing results from an urban university cancer center to a national database.

Background: To improve access to screening, the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) was developed through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to provide low-income, and uninsured underserved women access to timely breast and cervical cancer screening and diagnostic services. This population-based study investigates the demographics and diagnostic outcomes of women who underwent breast cancer screening through this program established at an urban university cancer center compared to data obtained from the national program database. Methods: The Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson (KCC) launched its screening program with resources from the CDC, the State of Pennsylvania, and the Susan G. Komen Foundation in 2008. The core of the program is staff lead by a Social Worker/Navigator who connects patients to education and screening services, institutional information and guidance, and follow-up to minimize barriers to access, lessen dropout, and ensure follow-through for timely diagnosis and treatment. Working with our Community-Based partner organizations, uninsured and underinsured women in Philadelphia are able to seamlessly travel from education and screening through to treatment and support. All KCC patients evaluated through this program from 2008–2011 were included and records of the NBCCDP database 2006–2010 for this study and analyses. Results: KCC has a substantially larger African American (54.44% vs. 13.8%), smaller Hispanic (8.59% vs. 27.6%), larger percentage of abnormal mammograms (25.96% vs. 14%), higher breast cancer diagnosed per mammogram (2.13 vs 1.0) and a much younger population than the national cohort. Fewer than 1% of KCC patients have been lost to follow-up. Conclusions: The KCC Breast and Cervical Screening and Treatment Program Services reaches a highly vulnerable and at-risk population, has a higher abnormal mammogram and breast cancer detection rate, and a higher continued participation rate than the national cohort. The Social/Worker/Navigator has a distinct role in providing follow-up for abnormal findings to minimize no-shows by providing creative problem-solving, support, counseling, finding resources to minimize barriers, and contributes significantly to the ease of operation and the continued participation of patients in the program. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-14-03.
A Comparison of Young Children's Relationships with Mothers and Teachers.

Teacher-child and parent-child relationships show behavioral similarities and differences related to context and relationship quality.
Challenges in acute post-operative pain management

Purpose. The epidemiology of acute post-operative pain is reviewed. Data from retrospective studies of the effectiveness of post-operative pain treatment are summarized. The impact of undertreatment of post-operative pain is discussed. Efficacy, safety, and the potential for error associated with intramuscular, intravenous, and epidural modes of analgesia are reviewed. Summary. Seventy-three million patients undergo surgical procedures each year in the United States. Of these, 80% experience acute post-operative pain, and approximately 20% experience severe pain. Clinical, psychologic, and institutional consequences may arise from inadequate pain management. There is strong evidence that the intermittent intramuscular administration of opioids results in higher rates of both moderate-to-severe and severe pain. Conclusion. There exists a need for interventions that are patient focused and characterized by ease of use, improved adverse-effect and safety profiles, and manageable overall costs.
The Plasma Membrane Is the Site of Selective Phosphatidylserine Oxidation During Apoptosis: Role of Cytochrome c

Phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, a functional end point of apoptosis that triggers phagocytic recognition of dying cells, may be modulated by oxidative stress in biological membranes. We previously observed selective oxidation of PS during apoptosis, but the intracellular location and molecular mechanisms responsible for PS oxidation remain to be described. Peroxidation in individual classes of cellular phospholipids was monitored in whole cells and various subcellular fractions obtained from HL-60 cells undergoing apoptosis in response to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) after metabolic acylation of phospholipids with the oxidation-sensitive fluorescent fatty acid, cis-parinaric acid. Nonrandom selective oxidation of PS was observed in whole cells, as well as in plasma membrane. PS in mitochondria appeared selectively resistant to oxidation during apoptosis. All phospholipids in nuclear membranes appeared resistant to oxidation after t-BuOOH treatment. Selective PS oxidation was accompanied by ...
Brownian motion exhibiting absolute negative mobility.

We consider a single Brownian particle in a spatially symmetric, periodic system far from thermal equilibrium. This setup can be readily realized experimentally. Upon application of an external static force $F$, the average particle velocity is negative for $Fg0$ and positive for $Fl0$ (absolute negative mobility).
Chronic fracture-subluxation of the proximal interphalangeal joint

Reported methods of treatment of chronic fracture-subluxations of the proximal interphalangeal joint require wide dissection and prolonged immobilization and often result in limited motion. Open reduction with minimal dissection, immobilization for 11 days to allow soft-tissue healing, and the early institution of active flexion exercises protected by an extension block splint was done in four patients. The long-term results demonstrate restoration of a stable joint with satisfactory motion and minimal subjective complaints.
The profits and perils of international outsourcing

More and more companies are outsourcing work abroad. This trend is transforming everything from call centers to credit cards. But there are both benefits and dangers for your company. The author investigates how companies are using this strategy today and gives some solid advice to help you choose the right outsourcing model for your particular company. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asymptotic Tracking Control for Spacecraft Formation Flying with Decentralized Collision Avoidance

This paper presents a tracking control scheme for spacecraft formation flying with a decentralized collision-avoidance scheme, using a virtual leader state trajectory. The configuration space for a spacecraft is the Lie group SE(3), which is the set of positions and orientations in three-dimensional Euclidean space. A virtual leader trajectory, in the form of attitude and orbital motion of a virtual satellite, is generated offline. Each spacecraft tracks a desired relative configuration with respect to the virtual leader in an autonomous manner, to achieve the desired formation. The relative configuration between a spacecraft and the virtual leader is described in terms of exponential coordinates on SE(3). A continuous-time feedback tracking control scheme is designed using these exponential coordinates and the relative velocities. A Lyapunov analysis guarantees that the spacecraft asymptotically converge to their desired state trajectories. This tracking control scheme is combined with a decentralized co...
Near-patient blood gas and electrolyte analyses are accurate when performed by non-laboratory-trained individuals.

Objective. The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of a near-patient blood gas and electrolyte analyzer when used by non-laboratory-trained clinicians in the critical care setting.Methods. One hundred eighty-five blood samples (split samples) from 50 intensive care unit patients were analyzed by clinicians in the critical care environment using a near-patient blood gas and electrolyte analyzer (GEM Premier, Mallinckrodt Sensor Systems, Ann Arbor, MI). Near-patient measurements were compared with those obtained by laboratory technologists in an established intensive care unit laboratory.Results. There was good agreement between the near-patient analyzer and the laboratory for pH, $$P_{CO_2 } $$ , sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, and hematocrit. Bias and precision were 0.006 and 0.03 for pH, 0.03 and 0.34 kPa for $$P_{CO_2 } $$ , 0.78 and 2.61 mmol/L for sodium, −0.11 and 0.12 mmol/L for potassium, −0.007 and 0.05 mmol/L for ionized calcium, and −0.99 and 1.33% for hematocrit. Bias between the laboratory instrument and the bedside analyzer was small for PO2 (−0.56 kPa). However, precision between instruments was significantly higher (2.39 kPa for all PO2 values and 1.61 kPa for PO2 ≤ 13 kPa).Conclusions. The test instrument is accurate and reproducible when used in the clinical setting by non-laboratory-trained individuals. Non-laboratory-trained individuals can obtain laboratory results in the near-patient setting comparable to those obtained by trained laboratory technologists.