cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 80: Loss of Id3 in B Cells Leads to Increased Adipose Tissue T15-IgM and Protects Against Diet-Induced Glucose Intolerance

Background B1 B cells [[Unable to Display Character: –]] the major producers of anti-inflammatory natural T15-IgM antibodies that promote tissue homeostasis [[Unable to Display Character: –]] have been identified in adipose tissue, but their role in adipose tissue response to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is unclear. Our group and others have shown that the helix-loop-helix protein Id3 is a key regulator of B cell function in disease; mice null for Id3 have increased IgM levels and are protected from HFD-induced obesity. In this study, we test the hypothesis that B cell-specific Id3 deletion protects against the consequences of HFD-induced obesity through increased local production of natural IgM antibodies. Methods and Results C57Bl/6 floxed Id3 (Id3fl/fl) and CD19cre/+ mice were crossed to create an Id3fl/fl CD19cre/+ mouse. While these mice had similar body and adipose depot mass as littermate controls after 12 weeks of HFD, they had significantly improved glucose clearance (2hr blood glucose: 314 ± 33 vs. 420 ± 38 mg/dl; n=7-11; p ex vivo secreted significantly more T15-IgM than omental fat from littermate controls (40.0 ± 5.9 vs. 17.5 ± 4.2 U/mg fat; n=3-4; p Conclusions Loss of Id3 expression in B cells leads to elevated B1b B cells and increased local T15-IgM production in omental adipose tissue, along with improved glucose tolerance in mice fed a HFD, suggesting that T15-IgM may protect against the metabolic dysfunction caused by obesity.
FEM simulation of large deformation of copper in the quasi-constrain high-pressure-torsion setup

Abstract High pressure-torsion (HPT) technique is widely used to introduce severe plastic deformation in order to obtain ultrafine-grained materials with improved properties or to enhance the phase transformation which may result in an appearance of new phases. The behavior of the copper sample under pressure and torsion in a quasi-constraint configuration is studied using finite element method (FEM). A complete system of equations for small elastic and large plastic deformations and rotations is presented. Contact friction conditions include combined Coulomb and plastic sliding. The evolution of the distribution of fields of components of the stress tensor, hydrostatic pressure, and equivalent plastic strain are studied. The effects of the critical strain for saturation of strain hardening, m , and different friction conditions are investigated. Strong heterogeneity of the plastic strain both along the radius and thickness of the sample is found, which is not well described by known approximate expressions. Torque-rotation angle response of the sample is not sensitive to the value of m but strongly depends on the friction coefficient between anvil and flash. The main conclusion is that the value of m obtained in literature from HPT (from 4.8 to 20) is highly overestimated and m = 1.57 obtained in a homogeneous compression test should be used.
The Effect of New Mortgage-Underwriting Rule onCommunity (Smaller) Banks’Mortgage Activity

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), government agency created through the Dodd Frank Act, enacted the Ability-to-Repay (ATR) and Qualified Mortgages (QM) rule in January 2014. Using a new survey on Community banks from 2014 and Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Data (HMDA) for the years 2011-2014, I look at the effect of the ATR/QM rule on mortgage origination. From the survey responses, we infer that community banks in the sample expected and increase in compliance costs, and a possible decrease in mortgage origination. However, analysis of the HMDA suggests that the ATR/QM rule has not disrupted community banks mortgage origination.
Dionisio de Halicarnaso y la idea de "crítica de la retórica"

This examination of the critical writings of Dionysius of Halicarnassus hopes to suggest two main things: First, recent arguments about the irrelevance of classical rhetoric to postmodern rhetorical criticism-conceived as a general hermeneutic of "rhetoricality", not only render the notion of "rhetorical criticism" itself increasingly problematic, but also tend to presuppose a simplified (and basically neo-Aristotelian) image of "classical rhetoric" that is unsustainable. Second an more importantly, even as we recognise that ancient rhetoric was oriented toward a discursive realm rather different from that of postmodernity, and without advocating a simplistic "return to Dyonisius", nevertheless it may be argued that Dyonisius still embodies a general paradigm of "rhetorical criticism" that merits our consideration.
19-OR : A COMPARISON OF MFIS WITH FLOW CYTOMETRIC CROSSMATCH OUTCOMES AS A MEANS TO CORRELATE ANTIBODY TESTING WITH VIRTUAL CROSSMATCH PREDICTION

Aim The development and refinement of new assays for HLA antibody detection are leading the way for the virtual crossmatch. Assays such as Luminex™, allow for the simultaneous detection of HLA Class I and class II antibodies and the ability to distinguish them through the use of multiplex platforms. The sensitivity of these solid phase assays provides an accurate assessment of a patient’s sensitization status and the identification of HLA antigens that specifically target them. Methods In August 2012, a pilot study was initiated within the framework of the International Cell Exchange to provide a means to correlate antibody testing and virtual crossmatch predication through the comparison of MFI data with crossmatch outcome. A group of 11 leading laboratories tested 2 cells against 4 unknown sera. T and B Flow crossmatch results along with class I and class II single antigen IgG results were reported to UCLA for analysis. For each cell/serum combination, coefficient of variations (%CV) were calculated using the 11 center-specific MFI and MESF values. MFI and MESF values were compared using standard linear regression. Results For T cell outcomes, %CV was greater for MESF values (median %CV = 59%) than MFI values (median %CV = 23%), P Conclusions Our results suggest that results from MFI values can be used to accurately predict the results of both T and B flow cytometric crossmatches. Incorporation of solid phase assays into proficiency testing surveys based on flow cytometric crossmatch tests should be considered.
Fetal Lung Maturation and the Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on fetal lung maturation and the respiratory distress syndrome. The morbidity and potential for survival of the prematurely delivered infant is often dependent on the extent of pulmonary maturation. Satisfactory pulmonary function requires sufficient anatomic development such that gas exchange surfaces are adequate, surfactant is present in amounts sufficient to provide alveolar stability, and neuromuscular function and respiratory control are adequate to sustain an effective ventilatory effort. Lung maturity in the human is normally present after 34–36 weeks' gestational age; however, clinical experience indicates that the human infant can occasionally survive with adequate gas exchange after about 25 weeks' gestational age. This potential asynchrony of at least 10 weeks between functional pulmonary maturity and the gestational age represents possibly the greatest variance in the timing of maturation that occurs during human fetal development. The chapter also reviews the anatomy of lung development and discusses surfactant metabolism, pharmacological agents that affect the lung, and tests of lung maturity.
Increased Frequency of Skin-to-Skin Contact Is Associated with Enhanced Vagal Tone and Improved Health Outcomes in Preterm Neonates.

Objective An estimation of the individual's ability to cope with environmental adversity, that is, stress resiliency, can be extrapolated by measuring cardiac vagal tone, that is, high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV); indeed, higher HF-HRV is associated with health and developmental advantages for preterm neonates. Previous studies show skin-to-skin contact (SSC) improves stress resiliency; however, linkages between SSC and HF-HRV on outcomes have not been assessed. We aimed to test the hypothesis that increased SSC frequency would enhance HF-HRV, reduce neonatal morbidity, and improve developmental outcomes. Study Design Weekly electrocardiograms and clinical data were obtained from 101 preterm neonates. SSC frequency was determined from the electronic medical record. Results At postnatal week 1, frequency of SSC and HF-HRV were positively correlated (p =.02); further, multiple stepwise regressions showed higher HF-HRV and SSC predicted reduced days on ventilation and oxygen, and shorter hospital stay (p Conclusion Higher SSC frequency was associated with increased HF-HRV during the first postnatal week. SSC and HF-HRV uniquely predicted diminished neonatal morbidity throughout hospitalization. Additionally, HF-HRV uniquely predicted earlier PMA at discharge. Augmenting SSC early in life enhances stress resiliency and improves health outcomes.
A Shared-Memory Algorithm for Updating Tree-Based Properties of Large Dynamic Networks

n this paper, we present a network-based template for analyzing large-scale dynamic data. Specifically, we present a novel shared-memory parallel algorithm for updating treebased structures, including connected components (CC) and the minimum spanning tree (MST) on dynamic networks. We propose a rooted tree-based data structure to store the edges that are most relevant to the analysis. Our algorithm is based on updating the information stored in this rooted tree.n this paper, we present a network-based template for analyzing large-scale dynamic data. Specifically, we present a novel shared-memory parallel algorithm for updating tree-based structures, including connected components (CC) and the minimum spanning tree (MST) on dynamic networks. We propose a rooted tree-based data structure to store the edges that are most relevant to the analysis. Our algorithm is based on updating the information stored in this rooted tree.I
The Classroom Application of Behavior Modification Principles for Multiply Handicapped Blind Students

Three studies of multiply handicapped blind students enrolled in a special class located in a residential school for visually handicapped children are reported. The application of behavior modifica...
Understanding the Therapeutic Potential of Bone Marrow Stem Cell Therapy in Ischemic Stroke

Despite advances in clinical management, ischemic stroke remains one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Stem cell transplantation therapy is emerging as a promising solution to this problem. Ischemic stroke leads to the death of neurons and the surrounding glial cells, leaving patients with significant disabilities. Stem cell therapy has been proven effective in several preclinical studies of induced ischemic stroke, demonstrating neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and improved neural plasticity in animal models. Bone marrow–derived stem cells have shown particular promise in this regard, leading to their application in clinical trials that demonstrated safety and feasibility with limited efficacy. Here, we highlight the potential benefits of cell transplantation therapy for ischemic stroke and review potential mechanisms of action and delivery. We also examine the results of completed clinical trials and the scientific roadblocks that have prevented them from demonstrating greater efficacy. While progress in the clinic has been limited, the future of stem cell therapy is promising. There is still debate as to the methods and applications that would most improve the efficacy of stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke and we review proposed solutions that would address these issues and improve therapeutic designs for future studies.
Antenna Array Geometries for Directional Wireless Networks

As we move to higher carrier frequencies, directional wireless networks using planar arrays with many antenna elements will become common. Directional radios have been implemented using a variety of antenna array geometries. While it is clear that the optimal choice of array geometry is effected by the physical extent of the network space, there has been limited study of the interaction of array geometry and system performance under the realistic assumption of a finite operating space. In this study, we examine antenna array geometries in directional wireless networks and their effect on interference using probabilistic analysis. We treat the nodes as having a uniform distribution in a given physical space and calculate the expected interference. We observe that linear antenna arrays, independent of position, perform significantly better than other rectangular antenna array geometries given a fixed number of antennas.
An analysis of employment patterns of domestic migrants and immigrants in a Rustbelt city: A study of Buffalo‐Niagara Falls

This study evaluates employment patterns of domestic migrants and immigrants and also explores the role of ethnic niching for Asian and African American recent arrivals in the context of local structural transformation (e.g., the shift from manufacturing to services). Employment patterns are examined for industry‐occupation groups using the 5% Public Use Micro Sample of the 2000 U.S. Decennial Census and the 2006–2010 of the American Community Survey. The study area is a Rustbelt city that has suffered from population loss: the Buffalo‐Niagara Falls MSA. Location quotients and shift‐share analysis are used to classify employment shifts into four industry‐occupation groups: growing, transforming, declining, and emerging. Logistic regressions are estimated to identify the role of various demographic factors and ethnic niches on the employment of recent arrivals in the above four industry‐occupation groups. The results show that the employment of recent arrivals vary by migration status and ethnicity. The role of ethnic niches is especially important in declining industry‐occupation groups. The analytical framework can be used to understand where and how migrants, both domestic and immigrants, find work. Future studies can focus on the pros and cons of ethnic niching (e.g., barriers to suitable jobs, ethnic entrepreneurship through niche experience) as structural transformation continues across U.S. regions, especially with new technologies.
Understandingand Advancing Bifacial Thin Film SolarCells

Because bifacial solar cells increase the power generated per area, their market share is projected to increase over the next decade. While silicon technologies have implemented bifacial technology...
Abundances of Planetary Nebulae in the Outer Disk of M31

We present spectroscopic observations and chemical abundances of 16 planetary nebulae (PNe) in the outer disk of M31. The [O III] ?4363 line is detected in all objects, allowing a direct measurement of the nebular temperature essential for accurate abundance determinations. Our results show that the abundances in these M31 PNe display the same correlations and general behaviors as Type?II PNe in the Milky Way. We also calculate photoionization models to derive estimates of central star properties. From these we infer that our sample PNe, all near the bright-end cutoff of the planetary nebula luminosity function, originated from stars near 2 M ?. Finally, under the assumption that these PNe are located in M31's disk, we plot the oxygen abundance gradient, which appears shallower than the gradient in the Milky Way.
Medical Leave of Absence

Leave of absence (LOA) or medical leave of absence (MLOA) has special implications in today’s competitive world and warrants special attention in any discussion of transitional age youth (TAY) mental health. The impact of such leaves in terms of offering support and scaffolding the return to school or work can be enormous. This chapter defines and describes leaves of absence in university settings and discusses the role of the legal system. Finally, the authors provide a brief synopsis of the results of a survey on looking at MLOA policies at select universities across different regions of the USA.
Myofiber injury induces capillary disruption and regeneration of disorganized microvascular networks

Myofibers regenerate following injury, however the microvasculature must also recover to restore skeletal muscle function. We aimed to define the nature of microvascular damage and repair during skeletal muscle injury and regeneration induced by BaCl2. To test the hypothesis that microvascular disruption occurred secondary to myofiber injury in mice, isolated microvessels were exposed to BaCl2 or the myotoxin was injected into the gluteus maximus (GM) muscle. In isolated microvessels, BaCl2 depolarized smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells while increasing [Ca2+]i, but did not elicit cell death. At 1 day post injury (dpi) of the GM, capillary fragmentation coincided with myofiber degeneration while arteriolar and venular networks remained intact; neutrophil depletion before injury did not prevent capillary damage. Perfused capillary networks reformed by 5 dpi in association with more terminal arterioles and were dilated through 10 dpi; with no change in microvascular area or branch point number in regenerating networks, fewer capillaries aligned with myofibers and capillary networks were no longer organized into microvascular units. By 21 dpi, capillary orientation and organization had nearly recovered to that in uninjured GM. We conclude that following their disruption secondary to myofiber damage, capillaries regenerate as disorganized networks that remodel while regenerated myofibers mature.
US Democracy as the Model for the Next New World: Forming an Even “More Perfect Union” in Outer Space

Discourse on developing outer space for human habitation fails to look beyond the initial technological, legal and political obstacles. Once humankind is able to establish a viable settlement, beyond the International Space Station (ISS), there are bound to be conflicts and tensions in a new society comprised of people from diverse nations, and ethno cultural, linguistic and religious backgrounds. The core spacefaring community is already highly diverse. Considering major past conflicts, it is naive to ignore the possibility of future conflict and tensions in a newer, “new world”. This paper uses an interdisciplinary approach blending political science, sociology, discursive psychology and critical discourse analysis, arguing that to look into “the future of human spaceflight” necessitates that we peep beyond the international legal framework, and capture a glimpse of how social, political and economic hierarchies of power might arise, once we “get there”.
Discoverer: automatic protocol reverse engineering from network traces

Application-level protocol specifications are useful for many security applications, including intrusion prevention and detection that performs deep packet inspection and traffic normalization, and penetration testing that generates network inputs to an application to uncover potential vulnerabilities. However, current practice in deriving protocol specifications is mostly manual. In this paper, we present Discoverer, a tool for automatically reverse engineering the protocol message formats of an application from its network trace. A key property of Discoverer is that it operates in a protocol-independent fashion by inferring protocol idioms commonly seen in message formats of many application-level protocols. We evaluated the efficacy of Discoverer over one text protocol (HTTP) and two binary protocols (RPC and CIFS/SMB) by comparing our inferred formats with true formats obtained from Ethereal [5]. For all three protocols, more than 90% of our inferred formats correspond to exactly one true format; one true format is reflected in five inferred formats on average; our inferred formats cover over 95% of messages, which belong to 30-40% of true formats observed in the trace.
Genetic analysis workshop II: Further consideration of segregation and linkage analyses in problem 3

We analyzed disease-marker associations in Problem 3 for the Genetic Analysis Workshop II, using PAP for segregation analysis and LIPED for linkage analysis. In this report we present aspects of our analyses that are not reported in the summary [MacCluer et al, 1984]. Certain features that we added to the running of LIPED to facilitate the analysis are discussed. Furthermore, we tested for Mendelian transmission in the hypothetical trait locus and we calculated modified relative risks for marker-trait genotypes. Some of the problems involved in analyzing complex associations among loci are discussed.
gamma-Aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) agonists down-regulate GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor polypeptides from the surface of chick cortical neurons.

Abstract The impermeant SH-cleavable reagent, 125I-labeled 3,3'-dithiopropionyl 1-sulfosuccinimidyl 1'-glycyltyrosine (DPSgt) and specific immunoprecipitation were used to quantitate gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor polypeptides with domains exposed on the surface of chick cortical neurons. The 125I label incorporated into 50- and 53-kDa receptor subunits was completely removed by washing the cells with glutathione (GSH) buffer. A single dose of 100 microns GABA or GABA agonist was added to the neurons, and after 5 days in culture the cells were washed and labeled with 125I-DPSgt. This treatment with GABA or isoguvacine reduced the level of the receptor 125I-labeled subunits by 50-60%, while the reduction by 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol was less than 17%. The subunit down-regulation by agonist was prevented by the GABAA antagonist 3 alpha-hydroxy-16-imino-5 beta-17-aza-androstan-11-one (R5135). Direct iodination of membranes isolated from treated cells revealed a similar loss of subunits, indicating that the down-regulated polypeptides are not retained intracellularly. Furthermore, the level of intracellular [3H]flunitrazepam binding (per mg of protein) did not change significantly during chronic GABA treatment, while the fraction of intracellular binding rose from 7% to 15% of the total, owing to a decline in surface binding. The fate of the surface subunits during acute agonist exposure was examined by labeling intact neurons with 125I-DPSgt at 0 degrees C, incubating with GABA for 2-4 h at 37 degrees C and then washing with GSH buffer. Of the 50-53-kDa receptor peptides originally on the surface, 16 +/- 2% became protected from GSH during the 2-h GABA treatment. This sequestration was not found in cells incubated without GABA, with GABA + R5135, or with GABA at 0 degree C. A consistently lower level of sequestered subunits was recovered after a 4- versus 2-h GABA treatment at 37 degrees C, suggesting polypeptide degradation. Overall, the results indicate that GABAA receptor sequestration and subsequent degradation play an important role in agonist-dependent down-regulation.
A Novel Asynchronous Parallelism Scheme for First-Order Logic

We present a new parallelization technique designed to speed the solution of first-order inference problems by detecting and pruning unnecessary search. Our technique, called nagging, is naturally fault tolerant and relatively robust in the presence of high communication latency. As a result, it is well suited to execution on a network of loosely-coupled processors. Our implementation has been tested on as many as 100 workstations and exhibits encouraging scaling properties. In this paper, we introduce nagging in the context of existing work on parallel search for logical inference, present an informal analysis of its operation, and present some empirical results for our PTTP-style prototype.
Getting photonics technology into the marketplace-OIDA's market and technology roadmap

Summary form only given. The Optoelectronic Industry Development Association (OIDA) is conducting a 2 year program to develop a roadmap to improve the competitiveness of the North American Optoelectronic Industry. In the first phase of this program (in 1992) an industry consensus view has been developed of the worldwide market opportunities that are expected to total approximately $100 Billion in 20 years. The market areas covered in this program include: computer, communication, consumer, industrial and medical, military and aerospace, and automotive. Phase II of the program is to develop a set of industry consensus critical technology roadmaps during 1993. Major technologies include: displays, optical communications, optical storage, optics in computing, optical materials, and hard copy. This talk will identify the major market opportunities, the critical technologies required, and address some of the key issues required to successfully get technology out of the lab and into the marketplace. >
The least-core of threshold network flow games

Network flow games model domains where a commodity can flow through a network controlled by selfish agents. Threshold Network Flow Games (TNFGs) are a form of such games where an agent coalition wins if it manages to send a flow exceeding a certain threshold between a source and a target vertex. Cooperative game theory predicts the agents' actions in such settings with solutions such as the core, the set of stable distributions of a coalition's gains among its members. However, some games have empty cores, so every distribution is inherently unstable. When the core is empty, one must use a more relaxed notion of stability, such as the least-core. We examine several problems regarding the leastcore in general and restricted TNFGs.
Educating Future Nursing Scientists: Recommendations for Integrating Omics Content in PhD Programs

Preparing the next generation of nursing scientists to conduct high-impact, competitive, sustainable, innovative, and interdisciplinary programs of research requires that the curricula for PhD programs keep pace with emerging areas of knowledge and health care/biomedical science. A field of inquiry that holds great potential to influence our understanding of the underlying biology and mechanisms of health and disease is omics. For the purpose of this article, omics refers to genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, exposomics, microbiomics, and metabolomics. Traditionally, most PhD programs in schools of nursing do not incorporate this content into their core curricula. As part of the Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science's Idea Festival for Nursing Science Education, a work group charged with addressing omics preparation for the next generation of nursing scientists was convened. The purpose of this article is to describe key findings and recommendations from the work group that unanimously and enthusiastically support the incorporation of omics content into the curricula of PhD programs in nursing. The work group also calls to action faculty in schools of nursing to develop strategies to enable students needing immersion in omics science and methods to execute their research goals.
The Evaluation of Crop Plants for Winter Hardiness

Publisher Summary The chapter describes that the plant breeder, agronomist, or horticulturist, in the evaluation of crop plants for winter hardiness, the physical and chemical changes or properties that accompany winter hardiness should be found easily and reliably and to a greater degree in varieties that are winter-hardy than in those that are not. The studies with refrigeration machines have been made in the plants in the hardened condition have been frozen at specified temperatures. Examination of the injury from freezing has given varietal ratings in close conformity with field experience. The electrical conductivity method of estimating injury has been more and more commonly used, especially in horticultural evaluation, because of its convenience and objectivity. In spite of many complications due to diseases before and after hardening and other similar difficulties, winter hardiness in plants has been shown to be remarkably well correlated with tolerance to low temperatures. The chapter presents several methods that have seemed to have promise, and numerous physiological studies have considerably advanced the knowledge of winter hardiness and the hardening process. The parts of this fundamental research have not been applied or appraised adequately by agronomists; an excellent opportunity exists for the development of new and better methods for the evaluation of the winter hardiness of crop plants.
Adrenalectomy induced anorexia in gold thioglucose-treated obese mice: Metabolic and hormonal changes

Adrenalectomy of gold thioglucose (GTG)-treated hyperphagic obese mice had been shown by us earlier to result in anorexia, weight loss, hypoglycemia and subsequent death of all mice. More recent studies suggest that adipose tissue mass may not be the critical determinant of anorexia since a large proportion of GTG-treated non obese (pair-fed to curb obesity) mice when challenged with adrenalectomy also developed anorexia. The aim of the present studies was to determine whether the changes in circulating metabolites, namely, glucose, free fatty acids and hormones, including insulin, glucagon and ACTH, which accompany adrenalectomy, might provide a clue to the causative agent for the onset of anorexia in GTG obese and non obese mice. Accordingly, plasma levels of glucose, free fatty acids, insulin, glucagon and ACTH were measured in GTG-treated obese, non obese and in normal untreated mice following adrenalectomy or a sham operation. Preoperatively, plasma insulin levels were significantly elevated in GTG obese mice whereas plasma glucose, free fatty acids and glucagon levels were not appreciably different than those of untreated controls. Upon adrenalectomy and onset of anorexia, GTG obese mice exhibited a progressive decline in blood glucose and insulin levels; plasma free fatty acids increased precipitously but only after the first day. Plasma glucagon levels declined immediately following adrenalectomy, however, by the 6th day postoperatively they were significantly elevated above the sham operated obese and untreated controls. Prior to adrenalectomy, the pair-fed GTG non obese mice exhibited blood glucose and insulin levels well below the levels of untreated controls and GTG obese mice whereas plasma free fatty acids and glucagon levels were markedly elevated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Classification of diapause status by color phenotype in Lygus hesperus.

Recent studies on adult diapause in the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae), have highlighted the need to identify a reliable external marker for the internal changes that differentiate a normal animal from one that is overwintering. To test the efficacy of a color based discrimination system, L. hesperus of both genders were reared from eggs through day 10 of adulthood under a 10 hour photophase at a constant temperature. They were separated into three color groups (yellow, pale green, dark green), then dissected for diapause categorization based on internal development. Most yellow individuals were in diapause, dark green individuals were not, and pale green ones were mixed. A group of 25 assessors, naive with regard to L. hesperus development, were then asked to use a simplified color criteria (yellow = diapause, green = non-diapause) to estimate the status of a mixture of diapausing and non-diapausing adults of both genders aged two to seven days post-eclosion. After dissection to verify diapause status, assessor accuracy was found to be ineffective for assessing adults of both sexes younger than four days because color differences, which increased with age, were subtle or non-existent at this stage. For four to seven-day-old bugs, 84% of females and 67% of males were correctly categorized, on average. Incorrect assessments in all but the youngest males over-identified diapause, but for females there was no trend in miscategorizations. Overall, the results indicate that diapause status can be adequately discriminated by color assessment, and with greatest accuracy when sampling older females. However, factors other than photoperiod appear to also influence coloration.
Statistics of Titan’s South Polar Tropospheric Clouds

We present the first long-term study of the behavior of the sporadically observed tropospheric clouds recently discovered near Titan's south pole. We find that one or more small individual cloud systems is present in the 70°-80° south region during every night of observation. These clouds account for 0.5%-1% of Titan's 2.0 μm flux, consistent with a global cloud cover fraction of 0.2%-0.6%. Clouds observed over multiple-night observing periods remained nearly fixed in brightness and position with respect to Titan's surface. The continual presence of south polar clouds is consistent with the hypothesis that surface heating during the long period of continuous polar sunlight at the time of Titan's southern summer solstice drives seasonal convection and cloud formation at the pole.
Solvent structure effects in dipole correlation forces

Abstract We have obtained an exact expression for the free energy of electrostatic interaction between two planar layers of orientable dipoles imbedded in a structurable dielectric continuum described by a wave-vector-dependent dielectric response function. We show that the orientable dipoles themselves can be described by a special type of non-local dielectric response. The interaction in the case of non-local solvent coupling is much larger than in the case of ordinary, local dielectric.
Vessel and blood specification override cardiac potential in anterior mesoderm

Organ progenitors arise within organ fields, embryonic territories that are larger than the regions required for organ formation. Little is known about the regulatory pathways that define organ field boundaries and thereby limit organ size. Here we identify a mechanism for restricting heart size through confinement of the developmental potential of the heart field. Via fate mapping in zebrafish, we locate cardiac progenitors within hand2-expressing mesoderm and demonstrate that hand2 potentiates cardiac differentiation within this region. Beyond the rostral boundary of hand2 expression, we find progenitors of vessel and blood lineages. In embryos deficient in vessel and blood specification, rostral mesoderm undergoes a fate transformation and generates ectopic cardiomyocytes. Therefore, induction of vessel and blood specification represses cardiac specification and delimits the capacity of the heart field. This regulatory relationship between cardiovascular pathways suggests strategies for directing progenitor cell differentiation to facilitate cardiac regeneration.
Modeling air–water interface in disordered fibrous media with heterogeneous wettabilities

Considering the balance of mechanical forces across a meniscus anchored to two circular objects, we developed a CPU-friendly semi-analytical algorithm for tracking the instantaneous shape and position of the air–water interface inside microstructures that resemble a collection of disordered parallel cylinders, e.g., a bundle of fibers in a fiber-reinforced composite or microfabricated posts in a microfluidic system. In the context of fluid transport in fibrous media, in particular, the methodology presented in this paper provides a means for producing a relationship between capillary pressure and fluid saturation in media with heterogeneous wettabilities – often needed to predict the rate of fluid transport. In addition, we developed a conversion formulation that allows a capillary pressure–saturation relationship obtained for one combination of contact angles to be used to construct such a relationship for media with different combinations of contact angles, eliminating the need for additional simulations.
The pineal and melatonin: Regulators of circadian function in lower vertebrates

The pineal has been identified as a major circadian pacemaker within the circadian system of a number of lower vertebrates although other pacemaking sites have been implicated as well. The rhythmic synthesis and secretion of the pineal hormone, melatonin, is suggested as the mechanism by which the pineal controls circadian oscillators located elsewhere. Both light and temperature cycles can entrain the pineal melatonin rhythm. The pineal, therefore, acts as a photo and thermoendocrine transducer which functions to synchronize internal cycle with cycles in the environment. A model is presented which portrays the pineal as a major component of a ‘multioscillator’ circadian system and which suggests how these multiple circadian clocks are coupled to each other and to cycles of light and temperature in the external world.
Precipitation hardening in gold-platinum alloys containing small quantities of iron.

Gold-10% platinum alloys with additions of minor amounts of iron exhibits age hardening characteristics. Maximum hardness and maximum hardening rate occurred in gold-10% platinum alloys containing 0.16 wt% iron. Electron microscopy techniques employing replicas of Au-Pt-Fe alloys revealed intragranular and intergranular precipitation phenomena occured in the overaged condition. Electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction methods showed the intergranular phase to be an ordered face-centered cubic structure.
Near-field vector analysis of plasmonic structures enhancement on infrared photodetectors

In this work, we fabricated and compared two complimentary plasmonic structures: the metallic circular disc array and the 2 dimensional subwavelength hole array (2DSHA). The near-field electric-field (E-field) vector distributions of the two different plasmonic structures are analyzed. We also investigated the different plasmonic structure enhancements on quantum dots infrared photodetectors (QDIP). To fully ascertain the plasmonic enhancements in QDIPs, it is crucial to understand the E-field vector distributions in the plasmonic enhanced QDIP and identify their contributions. The E-field vertical extension of different plasmonic structures and their overlap with the quantum dot (QD) active regions are also simulated. Our studies indicate that the overlapping of the E-field vectors with the QD active region is critical to improve the QDIP performance. Detailed results and analysis will be discussed in the paper. We believe that the vector field analysis not only advances the knowledge of E-field components in plasmonic structures and their interaction with the QDs, but also provides the design guidance for high performance plasmonic enhanced optoelectronic devices.
Effect of elevated plasma phenylalanine levels on other amino acids in phenylketonuric and normal subjects.

Many plasma amino acids are found in lower concentrations in patients with untreated phenylketonuria than in normal subjects or in other mentally retarded institutionalized control patients. The concentrations of these amino acids, both essential and nonessential, decreased significantly after infusion of phenylalanine in two phenylketonuric subjects and one normal control. The decrease in the plasma levels could not be accounted for by renal loss.
Optical bistability in a Fabry-Perot quantum-well saturable absorber

Resonant and anti-resonant Fabry-Perot saturable absorbers (FPSA) are MBE grown using Ga0.47In0.53As/InP 7nm and 9nm thick layers to operate in 1550nm. Theoretical simulation and experimental investigation of optical bistability in these FPSA will be presented.
Vaccines against diarrheal diseases

At least 2 million persons succumb annually to enteric infection, and in countless other patients, diarrheal disease aggravates malnutrition and susceptibility to other infections. Prevention of enteric illness by virtue of improved hygiene and provision of sanitation and water treatment is impractical in most developing countries, where morbidity and mortality rates are highest. For this reason, development of vaccines against the most important gastrointestinal infections remains a high priority.
Properties of Addition-Type Silicone Impression Materials

Addition-type silicone impression materials have low dimensional change after setting, low creep, moderately short working time, and are fairly stiff with moderately high resistance to tears after setting.
Ten-year response of bird communities to an operational herbicide–shelterwood treatment in a northern hardwood forest

Abstract Use of herbicides in forestry to direct successional trajectories has raised concerns over possible direct or indirect effects on non-target organisms. We studied the response of forest birds to an operational application of glyphosate and sulfometuron methyl herbicides, using a randomized block design in which half of each 8 ha block received herbicide and the other acted as a control, on shelterwood seed-cut Allegheny hardwood stands in northwestern Pennsylvania. We monitored birds using 50 m radius point counts in two pretreatment years and for 10 years post-treatment (1992–2004). Fences were erected six years after herbicide treatment in response to increased deer browsing at a subset of sites. Avian responses to herbicide treatment varied by nesting guild: we detected no response by cavity-nesters, but documented declines in the shrub-, ground- and canopy-nesting guilds. Responses were short-lived (2–4 years post-treatment), but shrub-nesters did not recover until fencing provided regenerating vegetation respite from browsing. Thus, apparent responses of birds to herbicide were confounded with deer browsing in this study. High species turnover, even within control plots, suggests that avian communities may be assessed more appropriately assessed at larger spatial scales than those used in this study (6.5–8 ha).
The West Philippine Basin and the initiation of subduction, revisited

[1] New swath bathymetry plus existing geophysical data reveal that the direction of West Philippine Basin (WPB) seafloor spreading rotated 100° counter-clockwise between 49 Ma and 33 Ma. The curvilinear and multi-stranded Mindanao Fracture Zone separates the WPB from the Palau Basin to the south. WPB opening was contemporaneous with, and behind, early Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) subduction, whose arc volcanism began by 50 Ma. This produced over 1000 km of arc parallel spreading (or stretching plus magmatism) in the Mariana segment of the Eocene IBM arc/forearc. The initial IBM subduction cut across, rather than followed, pre-existing structures (remnant arcs, fracture zones and spreading fabric). New models of subduction initiation are required to reproduce such characteristics.
GP-B Systematic Error Determination

We have evaluated the systematic error in the GP-B experiment using five different approaches and estimated the individual contributions of many error sources. The systematic effects we consider include those due to gyroscope torques, gyroscope readout, telescope readout, and guide star proper motion. Effects with an estimated impact on the experiment error larger than 1 mas/yr are discussed in detail. Examples of analyses that bound other sources to less than 1 mas/yr are included to show the range of techniques employed to perform this work. We describe the remaining tasks to complete the systematic error analysis and estimate the total experiment uncertainty.
Release of immunoreactive met-enkephalin by intraventricular beta-endorphin in anesthetized rats.

Abstract The release of immunoreactive met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin from the spinal cord by intraventricular injection of different doses of beta-endorphin was studied using the intrathecal perfusion technique. The intraventricular beta-endorphin elicited the release of immunoreactive met-enkephalin from the spinal cord in a dose dependent manner. Immunoreactive leu-enkephalin in the spinal perfusate was not increased after intraventricular beta-endorphin injection. Both immunoreactive met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin in the spinal cord were not changed by low doses (2–6 μg) of beta-endorphin but were increased markedly by 60–70% after high doses of beta-endorphin (32–64 μg). It is likely that the biosynthesis of enkephalins was also increased after intraventricular beta-endorphin injection. Intraventricular naloxone, 30 μg did not induce any release of immunoreactive met-enkephalin from the spinal cord and did not block the release of immunoreactive met-enkephalin induced by intraventricular beta-endorphin, 15 μg.
Choroidal Neovascularization Associated with Choroidal Nevi

We observed choroidal neovascularization with associated macular detachment in three cases of benign choroidal nevi. Successful obliteration of the neovascular membranes was performed with argon laser photocoagulation with maintenance of good central visual acuity.
Electrical resistivity of Cajon Pass cores at elevated pressures

The electrical resistivity of rock cores recovered from the Cajon Pass hole ranged from 5 to 46 kΩ-m, as determined at pressures to 200 MPa and frequencies of 10-30,000 Hz. The resistivities of cores recovered from depths less than 1.6 km are about one-order of magnitude greater than the in situ resistivity as measured by the deep Laterolog. However, at greater depths, the laboratory resistivities and those from the deep Laterolog are in fairly good agreement. The results suggest that at these depths the fractures, whether mineralized or fluid-filled, are no longer well interconnected.
Clinical and epidemiologic features of invasive group A streptococcal infections in children.

Background: Invasive group A streptococcal infection (IGASI) is a disease of public health importance. The clinical epidemiology of IGASI in children has not been studied extensively in Florida, USA. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiologic features of children hospitalized for IGASI in Florida, USA, during a 4-year period. Methods: Data from a previous retrospective cohort study of IGASI were analyzed. The study subjects were children and adults who had been hospitalized throughout Florida for IGASI between 1996 and 2000 and reported to the Florida Department of Health. A total of 25 patients who were 0 to 17 years of age were identified and included in the current pediatric case series. Results: The median age at the time of admission was 4 years (range, 0.05–17 years). A total of 14 cases (56%) were boys. In total, 18 of the pediatric patients had group A streptococcal bacteremia and three children were diagnosed with group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis. Various antibiotic regimens were used. A total of 33% (7/21) of the patients received clindamycin during their hospital stay. Data on mortality were available for 23 pediatric IGASI cases and 205 adult IGASI cases. The mortality rate was 4.4% in children as compared to 19.5% in adults (Fisher’s two-sided P = 0.087). Conclusions: The low case-fatality in children was consistent with other pediatric series of IGASI.
Cation uptake from bentonite suspensions by excised barley roots

The net uptake of Na, K, or Ca by excised barley roots as influenced by the amount and kind of other cation was studied from bi-ionic and tri-ionic bentonite suspensions.
Internet robotics: transmitting images

This paper presents results from an ongoing collaboration between Wilkes University and the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse in using the Internet for undergraduate education in robotics. An interface has been developed which allows computer science students at UW-La Crosse to control a robotic manipulator on the Wilkes University campus using images transmitted from Wilkes. The focus of this paper is the interface which monitors the image transmission and the control which the student user has over that transmission. An option in the interface allows the user to crop the image to a desired size in order to focus on a specific feature. Results of experiments performed by the joint undergraduate research groups at both institutions in using this component, as well as the associated educational outcomes, are presented here.