cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interference Cancellation for MAC Using Quantized Feedback

When two users transmit signals to a common receiver, one can design precoders to cancel the interference for each user, if each user knows all the channel information perfectly. Also the diversity for each user is full. However, in practice, perfect channel information is not available. In this chapter, we design precoders for two users with two transmit antennas and one receiver with two receive antennas using quantized feedback. We propose to construct codebook using Grassmannian line packing. By choosing precoders from the codebook properly, our proposed scheme can cancel the interference for each user. Also we analytically prove that our system can achieve full diversity for each user. Then we extend our scheme to any number of transmit and receive antennas. Simulation results confirm our analytical proof and show that our scheme can serve as a bridge between a system with no feedback and a system with perfect feedback.
From Fundamental Theories to Quantum Coherences in Electron Transfer

Photoinduced electron transfer (ET) is a cornerstone of energy transduction from light to chemistry. The past decade has seen tremendous advances in the possible role of quantum coherent effects in the light-initiated energy and ET processes in chemical, biological, and materials systems. The prevalence of such coherence effects holds a promise to increase the efficiency and robustness of transport even in the face of energetic or structural disorder. A primary motive of this Perspective is to work out how to think about “coherence” in ET reactions. We will discuss how the interplay of basic parameters governing ET reactions—like electronic coupling, interactions with the environment, and intramolecular high-frequency quantum vibrations—impact coherences. This includes revisiting the insights from the seminal work on the theory of ET and time-resolved measurements on coherent dynamics to explore the role of coherences in ET reactions. We conclude by suggesting that in addition to optical spectroscopies, v...
Financial Hardship and Quality of Life among African American and White Cancer Survivors: The Role of Limiting Care Due to Cost.

Background: Financial hardship is common among cancer survivors and is associated with both limiting care due to cost and with poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL). This study estimates the association between limiting care due to cost and HRQOL in a diverse population of cancer survivors and tests whether limiting care mediates the association between financial hardship and HRQOL. Methods: We used data from 988 participants (579 African American, 409 white) in the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors (ROCS) pilot, a hospital-based cohort of breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer survivors. We assessed associations between financial hardship, limiting care, and HRQOL [measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—General (FACT-G)] using linear regression and mediation analysis controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and cancer-related variables. Results: FACT-G scores were 4.2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.0–6.4] points lower among survivors who reported financial hardship compared with those who did not in adjusted models. Limiting care due to cost was associated with a −7.8 (95% CI, −5.1 to −10.5) point difference in FACT-G scores. Limiting care due to cost explained 40.5% (95% CI, 25.5%–92.7%) of the association between financial hardship and HRQOL overall, and 50.5% (95% CI, 29.1%–188.1%) of the association for African American survivors. Conclusions: Financial hardship and limiting care due to cost are both associated with lower HRQOL among diverse cancer survivors, and this association is partially explained by limiting care due to cost. Impact: Actions to ensure patients with cancer can access appropriate care could lessen the impact of financial hardship on HRQOL.
Recurrence and Long-Term Survival Following Segmental Colectomy for Right-Sided Colon Cancer in 813 Patients: A Single-Institution Study

Controversy exists regarding optimal surgical approach to right-sided colon cancer due to increasing complete mesocolic excision outcome data; yet, scarce long-term surgical and oncologic outcome data from high-volume centers following right segmental resections without complete mesocolic excision make comparisons difficult to interpret. We report long-term outcomes following standard mesocolic excision for right-sided colon adenocarcinoma. A retrospective review of a prospective database was conducted of all consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for a right-sided colon adenocarcinoma between 2000 and 2007. Demographics, oncologic, operative, and pathologic details are reported. Primary endpoints consisted of overall survival and recurrence. Patients with stage IV and recurrent disease were excluded. Eight hundred thirteen patients were identified. Majority of tumors were stage II (n = 318, 39%). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 228 patients (28%). Recurrence was observed in 97 patients (12%), at median 1.3 years. Recurrence was most commonly distant (n = 73, 9%). At median follow-up 7.3 years, 5- and 10-year overall survival was 72.4%, and 48.6%, respectively. Five- and 10-year disease-free survival was 67% and 45.8%, respectively. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that TNM stage was a significant predictor of recurrence. For disease-free survival, T stage, and N stage were significant on multivariate analysis. Multivariable predictors of overall survival included age, number of lymph nodes removed, N stage, and adjuvant chemotherapy use. Excellent long-term outcomes from a large cohort of patients with non-metastatic, right colon adenocarcinoma treated by segmental colectomy without complete mesocolic excision are reported. The majority of recurrences were distant.
Detroit 139: Archaeology and the Future-Making of a Post- Industrial City

The future-making efforts currently unfolding in Detroit have direct implications on the extent to which the city’s pasts will be included in the narratives of generations to come. This essay evaluates current tensions between developers and preservation-oriented stakeholders. In doing so, it lays the groundwork for considering how archaeological initiatives and anthropological treatments of heritage might fit within revitalization efforts. Examples of grassroots, community-led projects undertaken by archaeologists and local partners demonstrate the potential for archaeology to contribute to the maintenance of community heritage and the shape of the city’s future.
The effects of immigration restriction laws on immigrant segregation in the early twentieth century U.S.

Abstract Several immigration restriction laws, passed in the background of anti-immigration populism in the early 1920s, put an end to the period of “open borders” in the U.S. In this paper, I use the linked county sample in the early twentieth century to examine how immigration restriction laws led to different trends in segregation across groups. Difference-in-difference estimations show that all immigrant groups followed similar trends in segregation before the passage of immigration laws; afterwards, segregation among immigrants from more restricted countries declined relative to segregation among immigrants from less restricted countries. I then construct linked census samples at the individual level, and study mechanisms behind de-segregation. I find two possible mechanisms: (a) limitations on new arrivals; (b) selection on return migration. Further analyses suggest that de-segregation might not benefit immigrants’ socioeconomic assimilation.
What do we know about the fossil record of pinnipeds? A historiographical investigation

The fossil record of pinnipeds (seals, fur seals and walruses) is globally distributed, spanning from the late Oligocene to the Holocene. This record shows a complex evolutionary history that could...
A Survey of Applicant Views Regarding the Neurosurgical Fellowship Application Process.

Objective The process of fellowship selection remains unclear and heterogeneous among subspecialties in neurosurgery. We surveyed neurosurgical residents applying for subspecialty fellowships about their experiences to evaluate the process and find areas for improvement. Methods We distributed an online, nationwide survey to 153 U.S. neurosurgical residents (postgraduate years 5–7) identified via the American Association of Neurological Surgeons resident database. Results Sixty-nine residents responded to the survey, representing a variety of subspecialties. Most residents applied for 2–5 programs (45%) and completed 2–5 interviews (45%). The primary methods of finding fellowships were via word of mouth (68%) and faculty mentors (67%), followed by Web sites and reaching out to fellowship directors (54%) and online database searching (46%). Although many residents applied for fellowships in postgraduate year 5 of training (39%), there was significant variability in times for interviews and offer letters. Most residents accepted their first offer (75%). Most respondents (93%) believed that national neurosurgical societies should help improve the fellowship application process, with reasons including a common application and due dates (29%), fellowship database with program details (29%), and improved coordination of interviews (23%). Regarding a nationalized match system, residents were roughly split among opposed (38.6%), neutral (26.3%), and supportive (35.1%). Conclusions These survey results suggested that the neurosurgical fellowship application process could be improved by a common application, public listing of programs, standardized dates for application, and improved coordination of interviews. Residents are generally supportive of having an improved organization of the match and/or a national fellowship match.
Arctic curves of the octahedron equation

We study the octahedron relation (also known as the A? T-system), obeyed in particular by the partition function for dimer coverings of the Aztec Diamond graph. For a suitable class of doubly periodic initial conditions, we find exact solutions with a particularly simple factorized form. For these, we show that the density function that measures the average dimer occupation of a face of the Aztec graph, obeys a system of linear recursion relations with periodic coefficients. This allows us to explore the thermodynamic limit of the corresponding dimer models and to derive exact ?arctic? curves separating the various phases of the system.
Expanding Research on the School-to-Prison Pipeline: Examining the Relationships between Suspension, Expulsion, and Recidivism among Justice-Involved Youth:

Limited research has examined the associations between different forms of school exclusion and offending, and variation in these associations according to age of first exclusionary event, among jus...
The associations of Latino/a racial status and neighborhood discrimination to alcohol use and psychological distress

Minority Stress Theory posits that discrimination is associated with negative mental health outcomes; however, the location of the perceived discrimination may matter. This study examines whether r...
Downstream dumping

This paper estimates an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for downstream river water pollution including income per capita and its square of the upstream country as explanatory variables. Economic growth in the upstream country increases pollution levels in the downstream country, suggesting stricter environmental regulations must be placed on upstream countries to prevent pollution in the downstream country.
Determinants of dairy farmers’ likelihood of climate change adaptation in the Thrace Region of Turkey

The adverse effects of climate change on agricultural production systems threaten food security. In terms of dairy farming, it affects milk yield, quality, animal health, growth, reproduction, forage crops and rangelands. These effects are not only technically, but also socio-economically important, and adaptation is necessary to minimise losses. In this context, the purposes of this research are threefold. The first is to demonstrate how dairy farmers in the Thrace region are affected by climate change; the second is to investigate the adaptation methods they use to minimise farm-level negative effects and finally, to analyse the farm and farmer specific factors that determine the likelihood of adaptation. A total of 140 interviews with dairy farmers were carried out and logistic regression was used to investigate factors affecting their adaptation behaviour. One-third of the farmers changed the feed ration and using supplementary nutrients, while one-fourth of them used cooling systems. The logistic regression model showed that whether the farmer has non-agricultural income, education level, farm-scale, knowledge of climate change and whether children work in the farm were statistically significant factors for adaptation. In conclusion, extension services are recommended to inform smallholder farmers and raise awareness for adaptation by the middle-aged and elderly farmers.
3D Virtual Reality Volumetric Imaging Review in Cancer Patients’ Understanding and Education of their Disease and Treatment

Purpose/Objective(s) Cancer patients often struggle to understand their own disease, symptoms, therapy and treatment-related toxicities with current educational methods. Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to intuitively convey abstract, complex information. Patients’ review and interaction of their own imaging in 3D may improve comprehension. This study aimed to assess the impact of using VR with cancer patients and their caregivers. Materials/Methods In a single arm prospectively accrued mixed-method study during clinical visits in radiation oncology, 38 cancer patients and caregivers were shown their own 2D planer medical imaging on a computer screen followed by a 3D VR volumetric review of diagnostic imaging and radiation targets. Participants completed pre- and post-VR Likert scale questionnaires and interviews. Survey analysis utilized Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Interview data was analyzed qualitatively. Results Patient ages ranged from 11-95 years old with a median of 5 months from diagnosis to VR. Participants typically noted poor comprehension using standard educational tools in clinical visits. 2D imaging review was reported as challenging to interpret, confusing and nonintuitive. Quantitatively, patient and caregiver understanding of their own disease/tumor improved significantly from pre-VR (mean 5.6) to post-VR (mean 9.2; P Conclusion Current educational strategies for cancer patients need improvement. In this prospective study, 3D VR imaging review was shown to be more effective in conveying and contextualizing complex information regarding tumor anatomical spatial relationships by substantially improving understanding over currently utilized methods. VR was patients’ most preferred and top-rated educational tool. These findings warrant evaluation of VR as a next generation educational tool in cancer patient consultations.
Neuroscience and Multilingualism

1. Assembling the pieces, the neuroscience disciplines essential for the study of language and brain 2. Building the basis, linguistic contributions to a theory of language and their relevance to the study of language and brain 3. Neuroscience applications to the study of multilingualism 4. Exploring the boundaries of cognitive linguistics and neurolinguistics: re-imagining cross-cultural contributions 5. Imaging technologies in the study of multilingualism: focus on BOLD fMRI 6. Reassembling the pieces: languages and brains.
Indications for Spinal Osteotomy

Spinal osteotomy can be undertaken in a pediatric or adult patient who presents with spinal deformity in one or more planes and requires release or destabilizing procedures (osteotomies/resection) to achieve the desired correction [1–3]. It can be performed from the posterior or anterior approach or as combined anterior/posterior procedures in a single or staged fashion [4, 5]. Common indications include spinal decompensation or malalignment, progressive deformity, pseudarthrosis in a previously fused spine, and crankshaft occurring in pediatric patient. Posterior only osteotomy procedures have become popular techniques and can be limited to the posterior elements as in the Smith-Petersen, as a three-column osteotomy technique as in pedicle subtraction osteotomy or posterior vertebral column resection [6, 7]. The need for combined anterior posterior procedures is dictated by whether anterior instrumentation needs to be removed prior to posterior approach or if anterior insufficiency exists after a posterior osteotomy procedure and anterior fusion is needed to optimize the fusion. Cases illustrative of the different indications for spinal osteotomy are presented in this chapter to elucidate the rationale for each osteotomy technique and why each is suited for the particular deformity presented therein.
31P NMR of DNA.

Publisher Summary With the tremendous increase in sensitivity and pulse sequence capabilities in modern Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT NMR) spectrometers, 31 P NMR spectroscopy of nucleic acids grew dramatically during the 1980s. This chapter describes methods for obtaining one- and two-dimensional 31 P NMR spectra of DNA as well as the interpretation of 31 P chemical shifts and coupling constants and their application to nucleic acid structure. 31 P NMR has developed as a powerful probe of the structure and dynamics of DNA and DNA fragments in solution. The concomitant development of sequence-specific two-dimensional 1 H/ 1 H and 1 H/ 31 P NMR assignment methodologies and higher-field spectrometers has made the study of the 31 P NMR spectrum of modest size oligonucleotides possible. One of the main reasons for assigning 31 P resonances of oligonucleotides is to obtain information on the conformation of the phosphodiester backbone. The internucleotide linkage is defined by six torsional angles from one phosphate atom to the next along the DNA backbone. Theoretical studies have shown that the conformations of two of the six torsional angles appear to be most important in determining 31 P chemical shifts.
Paracelsus's Conception of Seeds: Rethinking Paracelsus's Ideas of Body and Matter

This article examines how Paracelsus understands seeds in his notion of corporeality in his early works. In his article, "Invisible Wombs: Rethinking Paracelsus's Concept of Body and Matter" (Ambix 53.2), Dane Thor Daniel classified the Archiodoxen of 1527 as Paracelsus's early work. My essay argues that Archiodoxen demonstrates a development in Paracelsus's thinking, and suggests how Buch von der Gebarung (ca. 1520) and Volumen Paramirum (ca. 1520) represent Paracelsus's human seed theory in its earliest stages. In these works, Paracelsus does not necessarily base his seed theory entirely on scripture, but rather focuses on the relationship between nature and the human seed.
Simplified Method for Rainfall Intensities

Procedures are presented for estimating maximum rainfall amounts for 24 hours with a return period of 10 years from monthly and observation day measurements. Procedures are also presented for converting these values to other rainfall depth- duration amounts. The depth-duration amount varies with the fourth root of the time of duration and the sixth root of the number of years in the return period. Observation-day rainfall is converted to 24-hour values by multiplying by 1.13. Mean monthly rainfall and the maximum monthly values from a 30-year series are used to estimate 10-year return period, 24-hour duration amounts. The 10-year, 24-hour amounts are then used to estimate other depth-duration values. The relationships are good except in protected areas such as for the lee of mountains or in areas surrounded by mountains.
Atomic Spectroscopy in Food Analysis

There are several reasons that can explain why food analysis is a topic of strong interest for a large number of institutes around the world. Consumer demands have increased toward healthier and safer food products produced in environment-friendly conditions. Food manufacturers and food distribution companies have to improve their quality control (QC) of raw materials, manufacturing processes, and end-products to provide safe, healthy, and high-quality products at reasonable price. Evaluation of element (e.g. essential and toxic) contents is an important part of nutrition and health claims made on foods. The methods best suited to meet this task are atomic spectroscopic methods such as atomic absorption, atomic emission, and elemental mass spectrometry (MS). Methods commonly used in the generation of food composition data include flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP/AES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS). FAAS and ICP/AES offer similar detection limits (DLs) (ng mL−1 levels), whereas GFAAS and ICP/MS can provide sub-ng mL−1 detection capability. The choice of a method often depends on detection capability, but ease of use, speed of analysis, and cost must also be considered. ICP/AES, ICP/MS, and more recently GF/AAS offer the advantage of providing simultaneous multielement measurements, making them well suited for the analysis of large numbers of elements in food samples. If one or a few elements are to be determined, less expensive atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) methods might be more suitable. The most critical stage in the development of analytical methods is sample preparation. Samples can be prepared using numerous procedures, but the most useful for a wide range of analytes and sample matrices are based on wet ashing of the sample. In addition to total element determinations, speciation measurements are important to determine the exact chemical form of the element that is present in the sample. As important properties, such as the bioavailability of an element, are dependent on its chemical form (speciation), the development of reliable methods for identification and quantification of trace element species is critical. The most practical difficulty encountered in speciation is to preserve the integrity of the sample and the species of interest during sampling, storage, and sample preparation. Hyphenated techniques, such as the coupling of chromatographic separation and atomic spectroscopic detection, have proven useful for elemental speciation measurements.
The value of expert review in prospective trials of automated assisted screening devices

Previous prospective studies of automated assisted gynecologic screening devices have used a panel of experts for truth determination. We sought to determine the value of this practice. The relative sensitivity of the devices compared with manual screening was calculated using an expert panel for truth determination and compared using likelihood ratios to the relative sensitivity assuming all abnormal cases were truly abnormal. These results show that expert panel review has no significant effect on relative sensitivity at the threshold of ASCUS+ but may have an effect at HSIL+. Trials without expert consensus review may be compared to those with expert consensus review at the threshold of ASCUS+ but may not be reliable at the threshold of HSIL+ without additional confirmatory data. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42: 117–119. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Varicella Vaccine Guidelines

The American Academy of Pediatrics9 (AAP) recommendation1 to administer Varivax to patients lacking reliable histories of varicella infection is important. However, what constitutes a reliable history of previous vanicella infection? Because parents, at times, misinterpret the significance of their children9s rashes; because studies2 suggest that 3% of children may be misdiagnosed as having chickenpox; and, because adolescents are at higher risk for severe complications to chickenpox, I would suggest that, in the 13 years and older age groups, one should err on the side of giving the Varivax immunization.
Seedling Ecology and Restoration of Blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) in the Mojave Desert, United States

Increases in fire frequency are disrupting many ecological communities not historically subjected to fire. In the southwestern United States, the blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) community is among the most threatened, often replaced by invasive annual grasses after fire. This long-lived shrub is vulnerable because it recruits sporadically, partially due to mast seeding and the absence of a seed bank. The goal of this study was to evaluate if shrub restoration can be enhanced by identifying and ameliorating recruitment limitations. Specifically, we tested the effect of encapsulating seeds in predation-deterring “seed balls.” We also tested the effects of nurse plants and mammalian exclusion cages on seedling emergence, growth, and survivorship. These experiments were conducted in a full-factorial design across three sites differing in elevation. Over 2 years, 13% of all planted seeds emerged and the effect of seed balls was overwhelmingly negative because of low emergence. Nurse plants had overall positive effects at Low Elevation, but negative effects at Mid- and High Elevation. Emergence and survival were highest in caged plots everywhere, and effect sizes increased with elevation. Interactions between the cage and the nurse plant treatments indicated that nurse plants tended to attract mammalian predators, lowering emergence and seedling survivorship, particularly at higher elevations. Findings conform to the stress-gradient hypothesis in that interactions among seedlings and mature plants shifted from facilitation to competition as environmental stress decreased with increasing elevation, suggesting that they are transferable to ecologically similar communities elsewhere. Knowledge of site-specific recruitment limitations can help minimize ineffective restoration efforts.
Real-Time Interactive Self-Modeling Mixture Analysis

A modified algorithm of SIMPLe-to-use Interactive Self-modeling Mixture Analysis (SIMPLISMA) has been developed to build models in real time from ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) data. A real-time LabVIEW virtual instrument (VI) has been developed to continuously acquire data and simultaneously extract spectra and concentration profiles. The concentration profiles indicate changes of the individual component concentrations in the instrument response with respect to sample acquisition time, and the spectra indicate the characteristic peaks of the components with respect to the ion mobility. This display allows subtle changes in the instrument's response and the complete measurement history to be visualized while the spectra are acquired. Modifications concerning pure variable selection and determination of the number of component have been made to the SIMPLISMA algorithm for real-time processing. The VI determined the component number automatically. The time constraints of the real-time algorithm were compared to SIMPLISMA and standard data acquisition.
Light slicing for observation of fluid flows.

Two-dimensional light slicing is obtained by passing a filament of light through a segment of a cylindrical lens. This produces a lamina of light that can be used for 2-D imaging of fluid flows. The method has advantages over shadowgraph, schlieren, and interferometry techniques, since line integration of optical properties along light rays is evaluated only through the section of a thin illuminated lamina. Computer-aided design of the system and a laboratory arrangement are presented. Applications for the examination of transient gas jets are shown.
Dialectical Displacement and Redeployment of Attachments in the Kenotic Mode of Conversion: The Leaving Behind of Anton Boisen in Psychosis

This paper introduces a kenotic theory of conversion that builds from simple attachment to childhood experience of peak states to encompass dialectical stages of development: Priming, Decentering, Reflection, Encounter, Denucleation, Emplacement and Discipline. Thereafter, the dialectical mode gives rise to the mature phase of conversion—the continuing integration of the religious worldview through Metamorphosis and Embassy. The conversion theory is illustrated by an interpretation of a dialectical set of experiences of Anton Boisen. I interpret Anton Boisen’s conversion from a 19th Century Christianity that was wedded to religious and racial manifest destiny to that of a reborn Christian living with the 20th Century’s experience of evangelical and evolutionary universalism. Boisen’s clinical desolations (“psychosis”) and adoption of vocation (“change of allegiance”) suggest his conversion counterposed the instinctual with the higher order ideals he struggled to embody—a dialectical negation of his younger static and triumphalist Christian cultural identity that developed into a more integrated, expansive, and inclusive view of the human family and deepening allegiance to the ordinary, underserved, and growing population of the mentally suffering.
Clinical and immunological perspectives in food sensitivity: A review

The record of man’s relationship to his diet goes back to ancient times, and recorded history has provided many instances in which there have been adverse effects from foods. The OZd Testament has outlined dietary efforts made by the Hebrews to prevent diseases during biblical times. Their laws stated that certain foods were unclean and therefore unfit for consumption. Interdictions were placed upon animals such as reptiles, fish without scales, birds of prey, and “anything that dieth of itself” (Leviticus 11 J-47). Hippocrates was one of the first to record evidence of hypersensitivity with his observation that milk could cause gastric upset and urticaria. 1 Galen (131 to 210 A.D.), the greatest Greek physician after Hippocrates, described a case of allergy to goat’s milk,2 and in the Babylonian Talmud instructions were recorded for a method of treating intestinal egg sensitivity by means of an appropriate preparation of egg white.3 The Middle Ages was a time of superstition and ignorance, during which mankind was beset with several plagues of epidemic diseases. One, ergotism, caused by growth of the fungus, Claviceps purpurea, upon a common rye bread, was characteristic of the times. At least six epidemics were described in France between 944 and 1129 due to contamination of food by this fungus.
The utilization of fecal occult blood testing in the institutionalized elderly.

Objective: To examine physician use of stool guaiac testing in order to determine indications for testing, how the test was used, and the consequences of a particular test result. Design: Retrospective case series. Setting: Large midwestern inpatient nursing home facility. Patients: All patients with positive fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) and one-third of patients with negative FOBT. Results: In an 18-month period, 916 occult blood tests were performed on 339 patients (37% of the nursing home census). Patients over age 90 were as likely to receive FOBT as those under age 70. Fourteen percent of those tested had at least one positive test. Fifty-eight percent of the patients with positive tests underwent no additional diagnostic testing. No cause for the positive FOBT was found for 68% of patients receiving the test for routine screening. Physician estimates of how frequently they employed FOBT for these patients correlated very poorly with their actual practices (r = .17). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of positive results from FOBT among nursing home patients. In most cases, such results do not cause a change of therapy or result in additional workup. Lack of information on the role of FOBT in nursing home patients contributes to the great diversity in utilization of this test by nursing home physicians.
Effects of early intervention on mental or neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions in children born low birthweight or preterm: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE We conducted a meta-analysis to examine the association between early intervention and mental or neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions of children born low birthweight (LBW) or preterm. METHOD The meta-analysis included 16 studies that yielded 97 effects. Q and I² values were used to determine heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated using Egger's regression intercept test and a funnel plot. RESULTS The association between early intervention and either mental or neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions yielded a significant but small effect size (d = .219, p < .0001). Heterogeneity was statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION Participation in early intervention programs addressing mental or neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions in children born LBW or preterm results in significant improvements in these areas.
Cytotoxic metabolites from the mollusc peronia peronii

Abstract The peroniatriols I (3) and II (4) were isolated from saponified extracts of the mollusc Peronia peronii . The structures were assigned by spectral methods and comparison with the isomeric compound ilikonapyrone (2).
High levels of antiretroviral use and viral suppression among persons in HIV care in the United States, 2010.

Background Contemporary data on patterns of antiretroviral therapy (ART) use in the United States are needed to inform efforts to improve the HIV care cascade. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients in the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems cohort who were in HIV care in 2010 to assess ART use and outcomes, stratified by nadir CD4 count (≤350, 351-500, or >500 cells/mm), demographics, psychiatric diagnoses, substance use, and engagement in continuous care (≥2 visits ≥3 months apart in 2010). Results Of 8633 patients at 7 sites who had ≥1 medical visit and ≥1 viral load in 2010, 94% had ever initiated ART, 89% were on ART, and 70% had an undetectable viral load at the end of 2010. Fifty percent of ART-naive patients had nadir CD4 counts >500 cells per cubic millimeter, but this group comprised just 3% of the total population. Among patients who were ART naive at the time of cohort entry (N = 4637), both ART initiation and viral suppression were strongly associated with nadir CD4 count. Comparing 2009 and 2010, the percentages of patients with viral suppression among those with nadir CD4 counts 351-500 and >500 cells per cubic millimeter were 44% vs. 57% and 25% vs. 33%, respectively. Engagement in care was the only factor consistently associated with ART use and viral suppression across nadir CD4 count strata. Conclusions Our findings suggest that ART use and viral suppression among persons in HIV care may be more common than estimated in some previous studies and increased from 2009 to 2010.
Public Stroke Awareness and Education

Public awareness of stroke is improving. However, public knowledge of acute stroke symptoms and the need to seek immediate medical attention for those symptoms continues to lag despite various educational endeavors. Knowledge of stroke risk factors is better, reflecting an overlap with risk factors for coronary heart disease, but there is still a gap in awareness. Clearly, there is need for additional improvements in educational strategies to the lay public.
Sprayed keratinocyte suspensions accelerate epidermal coverage in a porcine microwound model

Keratinocyte suspensions can potentially treat a variety of epidermal defects, but the mechanism of action has not been fully determined. We developed a porcine model to study the effect of sprayed cell suspensions delivered on small wounds within a meshed autograft. Paired full-thickness surgically excised wounds were covered with a fully expanded 3:1 meshed split-thickness autograft. A keratinocyte cell suspension was sprayed onto half of the wounds at a seeding density of 2.8 x 10(3) cells/cm2; the remaining wounds were sprayed with cell culture medium alone. Histologic analysis at days 5 and 8 showed an increase in average epidermal thickness, confluence, keratin cysts, and blood vessels in the keratinocyte cell suspension group compared with the cell culture medium control group. Wounds sprayed with the cell suspension showed faster and better quality of epithelialization than wounds sprayed with cell culture medium alone.
Parathyroid hormone-like activity in the sera of rats with induced hyperparathyroidism.

A hyperparathyroid condition was induced in rats by feeding a calcium-deficient, vitamin D-free diet. Serum calcium levels were maintained in the 8 to 11 mg.% range during the twenty-day trial. Parathyroid hormone-like activity was assayed by the rise in serum calcium of thyroparathyroidectomized rats following the injection of sera from the hyperparathyroid rats. Parathyroid hormone- like activity was not assayable until the eighth day of the experiment, although serum calcium levels and histological sections of the parathyroid glands and bone indicated that increased activity of the parathyroid glands had occurred by the sixth day of the dietary regime. A comparison of the serum calcium rise in the assay animals induced by the injection of standard parathyroid hormone, with that induced by the injection of serum, allowed an estimation of 20 to 64 units of parathyroid hormone equivalence per cc. of serum from calcium-deficient rats. A graded parathyroid hormone-like response was obtained by varying the a...
Capital structure: perspectives for managers

Understanding capital structure and its practical implications is important to the professional manager regardless of functional area of expertise. The seminal work in the area of capital structure earned the researchers Nobel Prizes. In subsequent years, researchers have provided much additional and very important work on capital structure theory. Decodes capital structure theory and its implications in a manner useful to the practitioner. Explains the conceptual issues, consequences, and implications. Managers face an uncertain world that does not co‐operate with many of the assumptions of theory. Suggests practical strategies for applying capital structure theory to increase firm value. Relates the attendant choices and management of capital structure to the value generation cycle of the company. Includes a section on the important issues in capital structure for companies in emerging and transition economies.
Occipital meningoencephalocele in a preterm neonate.

A preterm (33 weeks) male neonate was born to a 34-year-old mother by caesarean section. The mother had a history of chronic hypertension, type 1 diabetes mellitus, stroke and asthma. Her medications included enoxaparin, insulin, nifedipine, methyldopa, inhaled albuterol and inhaled corticosteroids. She received regular prenatal care. The obstetric ultrasound done at 21 weeks of gestation revealed an occipital encephalocele, measuring ∼3.3×2.0×2.5 cm in size and protruding through a 0.95 cm cranial defect in the occipital area. The baby had a spontaneous cry at birth with Apgar score of 9 and 9 at …
Simulation of Transient Photoconduction in Organic p−n Junction Bilayer Photodiodes

The transient photoconducting behavior of organic p/n bilayer photocells has been investigated in cells constructed with the copolymer, poly(3-butylthiophene-co-ethylenedioxythiophene), as p-type material and a perylene diimide (PV) as the n-type material. The decay rate constant of the transient photocurrent observed after pulsed illumination is independent of the applied electric field, light intensity, and temperature. However, the peak photoresponse was strongly affected by these variables. Simulations of the photoresponse revealed that the peak current depends primarily on the carrier mobility (at a given light intensity), whereas the characteristic decay rate is hardly influenced by the mobility, but depends on the carrier lifetime which is chiefly due to trapping by deep levels.
Sexual satisfaction, perceived availability of alternative partners, and marital quality in newlywed African American couples.

The goal for this project was to examine the manner in which husbands’ and wives’ sexual satisfaction was related to their perceptions of the availability of alternative partners and overall marita...
High Temperature Millimeter Wave Radiometric and Interferometric Measurements of Slag-Refractory Interaction for Application to Coal Gasifiers

Millimeter wave (MMW) radiometry can be used for simultaneous measurement of emissivity and temperature of materials under extreme environments such as in slagging coal gasifiers, where sensors have been identified as a key enabling technology need for process optimization. We present a dual-channel MMW heterodyne radiometer with active interferometric capability that allows simultaneous measurements of sample temperature, emissivity, and flow dynamics. Interferometric capability at 137 GHz is supplied via a probe signal originating from a local oscillator allowing monitoring of sample dynamics such as volume expansion and thickness change. This capability has been used to monitor characteristic behavior between refractories and slag such as slag infiltration, slag melting, viscous flow, foaming, and crucible corrosion by the molten slag. These results show the promise of the MMW system for extracting process parameters from operating slagging coal gasifiers, providing valuable information for process efficiency, control, and increased productivity.
Lack of thrombospondin-1 increases angiogenesis in a model of chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

Background and aims Vascular abnormalities and expression of pro-angiogenic factors are observed in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In this study, the role of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), an antiangiogenic protein, was analyzed using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model for IBD.
A multiple study investigation of the dimensionality of job involvement

Abstract The purpose of the two studies described in this paper is to validate the dimensionality of the job involvement construct through empirical testing of existing measures. The cumulative results of these studies suggest that job involvement is a unidimensional construct which can be operationalized in terms of one's psychological identification with work. Implications of the results and future research issues are discussed.
Optimized acid release underlayers for 157-nm lithography

As the semiconductor industry moves to sub 193 nm imaging wavelengths the switch to thin film resists with marginal transparency can result in a significant degradation of resist profiles. Tremendous progress has been made recently in lowering the absorbance of 157 nm polymer systems, however etch resistant single layer resists are likely to have absorbance values of 1-2/mm. Current generation EUV resists have even higher absorbance values of 2-3/mm. While the use of thin films mitigates (but does not eliminate) the effect of high resist absorbance the impact of resist footing, notching, and standing waves are exacerbated. Surface effects such as top rounding or surface contamination are also likely to be a significant concern. One way to minimize the effect of non vertical profiles due to high absorbance and/or resist footing is through the use of optimized underlayer/ photoacid generator (PAG) systems. The PAG’s are selected so as to have higher diffusiveness but lower reactivities than the PAGs used in the resist itself in order to have a greater effect on the resist profile. Characterization data will be presented using a high absorbance resist (> 3.0/mm). Lithographic data on this system will be described and imaging data presented showing features down to 90 nm in a resist 120 nm thick.
PHASE BEHAVIOR AND INTERACTIONS OF THE MEMBRANE-PROTEIN BACTERIORHODOPSIN

We present a synchrotron x-ray diffraction study of melting in stacks of two-dimensional crystalline arrays of the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin. Two distinct regimes have been found as a function of the intermembrane distance d. In the “coupled” regime for d , 250 A the temperature sTmd of the melting transition decreases with increasing d, demonstrating the effect of the repulsive membrane interactions on the intramembrane protein ordering. For d . 250 A a “decoupled” regime is found with higher T p m independent of d. Below T p m a solid-liquid-solid reentrant behavior is observed as d is increased. [S0031-9007(99)08795-5]
A survival analysis of clinically significant change in outpatient psychotherapy.

The number of sessions required to produce meaningful change has not been assessed adequately, in spite of its relevance to current clinical practice. Seventy-five clients attending outpatient therapy at a university-affiliated clinic were tracked on a weekly basis using the Outcome Questionnaire (Lambert et al., 1996) in order to determine the number of sessions required to attain clinically significant change (CS). Survival analysis indicated that the median time required to attain CS was 11 sessions. When current data were combined with those from an earlier investigation (Kadera, Lambert, and Andrews, 1996), it was found that clients with higher levels of distress took 8 more sessions to reach a 50% CS recovery level than clients entering with lower levels of distress. At a six-month follow-up, CS gains appeared to have been maintained. Other indices of change also were examined (reliable change, average change per session). The implications of these results for allocating mental-health benefits, such as the number of sessions provided through insurance, are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 875–888, 2001.
Relationship of the clinical course of systemic lupus erythematosus to the presence of circulating lymphocytotoxic antibodies.

The presence of lymphocyte cytotoxic antibodies in sera from patients with SLE was related to the presence of fever and dermatologic, central nervous system and hematologic symptoms. Cytotoxic antibodies correlated inversely with the white blood count and serum complement C3. Possibly, the action of lymphocytotoxic antibodies on cell membranes may lead to complement-mediated cell injury which, in turn, results in release of intracellular contents and nuclear antigens.
Martensitic transformations and the shape memory effect in Ti50Ni10Au40 and Ti50Au50 alloys

Abstract Martensitic transformations in Ti50Ni10Au40 and Ti50Au50 alloys are of the type B2 a3 B19(2H) as found in a Au-47.5%Cd alloy. The Ms temperatures of the Ti50Ni10Au40 and Ti50Au50 alloys are 440°C and 610°C, respectively. The martensite in both alloys is orthorhombic (2H) and identified as a modified B19 structure with secondary layer stacking at ( a 2.60 , 0, c 2 ). The morphology of the martensite is spearlike with ( 1 11)M internal twins. In the Ti50Au50 martensite, (100)M stacking faults and type II twins are also found. Both Ti50Ni10Au40 and Ti50Au50 alloys exhibit a one-way shape memory effect, but not a two-way memory. This may result from the fact that the accumulated “bias” stresses are released when the temperature is raised to above As during the “training” process.