cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soil organic C and N pools under long-term pasture management in the Southern Piedmont USA

Soil organic matter pools under contrasting long-term management systems provide insight into potentials for sequestering soil C, sustaining soil fertility and functioning of the soil‐atmospheric interface. We compared soil C and N pools (total, particulate and microbial) under pastures (1) varying due to harvest technique (grazing or haying), species composition (cool- or warm-season), stand age and previous land use and (2) in comparison with other land uses. Grazed tall fescue-common bermudagrass pasture (20 yr old) had greater soil organic C (31%), total N (34%), particulate organic C (66%), particulate organic N (2.4 fold) and soil microbial biomass C (28%) at a depth of 0‐200 mm than adjacent land in conservation-tillage cropland (24 yr old). Soil organic C and total N at a depth of 0‐200 mm averaged 3800 and 294 g m ˇ2 , respectively, under grazed bermudagrass and 3112 and 219 g m ˇ2 , respectively, under hayed bermudagrass. A chronosequence of grazed tall fescue suggested soil organic N sequestration rates of 7.3, 4.4 and 0.6 g m ˇ2 yr ˇ1 to a depth of 200 mm during 0‐10, 10‐30 and 30‐50 yr, respectively. Soil C storage under long-term grazed tall fescue was 85 to 88% of that under forest, whereas soil N storage was 77 to 90% greater under grazed tall fescue than under forest. Properly grazed pastures in the Southern Piedmont USA have great potential to restore natural soil fertility, sequester soil organic C and N and increase soil biological activity. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Relationship of scapular neck length to scapular notching after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty by use of plain radiographs.

Background: Scapular notching in reverse shoulder arthroplasty appears to be a multifactorial problem related to both implant and patient factors. There are well-established guidelines for implant position. Recent cadaveric studies have illustrated anatomic factors that need further consideration. Scapular neck length and inferior glenoid tubercle morphology may be major factors predicting scapular notching. Methods: From 2 institutions, we reviewed 3 years of patient radiographs for reverse shoulder arthroplasty, including all reverse shoulder arthroplasties at least 12 months from surgery. We used true anterior-posterior radiographs, both preoperatively and postoperatively, and focused on the ‘‘ideal’’ positioning of the glenosphere: at or below the inferior margin of the glenoid, and neutral or slight inferior tilt. Radiographs were reviewed by 2 independent surgeons. Glenoid articular surface height was measured along with scapular neck length and notching presence. Results: Of 64 sets of radiographs reviewed, 50 met inclusion criteria. Notching was present in only 25 (50%) of the sets. The mean scapular neck length was 8.9 mm with a neck:surface ratio of 0.23 in the notching present group and 12.1 mm with a neck:surface ratio of 0.32 in the notching absent group. Significance was reached with both scapular neck length and neck:surface ratio (P ¼ .0012 and P ¼ .0006, respectively). Conclusions: There is a high degree of significance that patient anatomy does play a role in the occurrence of notching. Surgeons may consider lateralizing the glenosphere in patients with a scapular neck length of less than 9 mm measured on a true anteroposterior radiograph. Level of evidence: Anatomy Study, Imaging. 2014 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.
Ordering the "crush zone" Geopolitical games in post-Cold War Eastern Europe.

(1999). Ordering the ‘crush zone’: Geopolitical games in post‐cold war eastern Europe. Geopolitics: Vol. 4, Geopolitics at the end of the Twentieth Century, pp. 34-56.
Reducing the cost of regression testing by semantics guided test case selection

Software maintainers are faced with the task of regression testing: retesting a modified program on a (large) number of test cases. The cost of regression testing can be reduced if old test cases and old test results can be reused. Reuse avoids the costly construction of new test cases and the unproductive rerunning of existing test cases when it can be guaranteed that the modified and original programs will produce the same results. An algorithm that uses language semantics to provide such a guarantee is presented. This algorithm uses semantic (not syntactic) differences and similarities between the old and new programs. The algorithm is based on the notion of common execution patterns, which is the interprocedural extension of equivalent execution patterns. Program components with common execution patterns are computed using a new type of interprocedural slice called a calling context slice. Whereas an interprocedural slice includes the program components necessary to capture all possible executions of a statement, a calling context slice includes only those program components necessary to capture the execution of a statement in a particular calling context (i.e., a particular call to the procedure).
An Experiment to Measure Electron-Ion Temperature Relaxation in a Dense Plasma

Summary form only given. Current theoretical approaches to temperature relaxation, which can be categorized as binary-collision and many-body approaches, disagree. Existing experimental evidence infers a lower relaxation rate compared to the binary-collision approach, but is insufficient to determine which approach is correct. We present the most recent results from an experiment aimed at obtaining the temperature relaxation rate between ions and electrons in a dense, strongly coupled plasma by directly measuring the temperature of each component. The plasma is formed by heating a gas jet with a 10 ps laser pulse. The electrons are preferentially heated by the short pulse laser (Te ~ 100 eV), while the ions, after undergoing very rapid (sub-ps time-scale) disorder-induced heating, should only reach a temperature of 10-15 eV. This results in a strongly coupled ion plasma with an ion-ion coupling parameter Gammaii ~ 3-5. We plan to measure the electron and ion temperatures of the resulting plasma independently during and after heating, using collective Thomson scattering for electrons and a high-resolution x-ray spectrometer for the ions (measuring Doppler-broadened absorption lines).
Two Thousand and What? Anthropological Moments and Methods for the Next Century

Ethnography and Human Development: Context and Meaning in Social Inquiry. Richard Jessor. Anne Colby, and Richard A. Shweder, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. 516 pp Interpretive Anthropology: Ethnographic Practices for the 21st Century. Norman K. Denzin. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997. 325 pp.
On Cliff's Formula, the Kaiser-Guttman Rule, and the Number of Factors:

Cliff (1988) has presented a formula for the reliability of a principal component which is different from my long-known formula (Kaiser, 1957, 1991) for coefficient alpha of a principal component. ...
Ontology-based reasoning for context-aware radios: insights and findings from prototype development

This paper describes reasoning and inference mechanisms and the initial experience gained from a preliminary software prototype that can exploit contextual knowledge to dynamically access the electromagnetic spectrum. The proposed architecture draws from semantic Web technologies, such as ontological reasoning, to enable radio cognition consisting of an awareness of the environment (context) and the ability to make decisions and act, two fundamental elements of cognition. Such a cognitive or context-aware radio can access the spectrum more effectively and enable new services and systems
Neuroptera and Megaloptera—Lacewings, Hellgrammites, etc.—Collected on and Near Plummers Island, Maryland in 2004 and 2005

ABSTRACT During 2004–2006 insects were collected on or adjacent to Plummers Island, Montgomery County, Maryland by a number of techniques. Most neuropteroids were attracted to an ultraviolet light trap, but some were taken in Malaise traps operated during the season in 2005 and early 2006. Sixteen species of neuropteroids were identified from this material; they belong to 6 families and 14 genera. Although the samples included most of the megalopteran genera and species that are known from the region, the Neu-roptera were poorly represented. Five families almost assuredly present on the Island were not found. Most of the documented species are rather widely distributed over North America and none is considered endangered.
Rockmore on analytic pragmatism

This article responds critically to Tom Rockmore's essay "On Classical and Neo-Analytic Forms of Pragmatism," which appeared in Metaphilosophy in 2005. Rockmore charges analytic pragmatism with having a conflicted epistemology, relying on incoherent appropriations of Hegel, and maintaining an unpragmatic commitment to metaphysical realism. We rebut these charges by arguing that what Rockmore sees as conflicted in analytic pragmatist epistemology is simply fallibilism, that appropriations of Hegel needn't be as global as Rockmore claims, and that commitments to metaphysical realism need not disqualify philosophers from being pragmatists.
Lactational response of dairy cows to diets varying in ruminal solubilities of carbohydrate and crude protein.

Abstract Sixty high producing Holstein cows were randomly assigned in a 3 × 2 factorial to evaluate three sources of carbohydrates that differed in solubility and degradability (corn, barley, and dried whey) with two sources of CP solubility (soybean meal and urea) during wk 4 through 14 postpartum. Total mixed diets, formulated to be isonitrogenous at 16% CP, contained (DM basis) 40% corn silage, 10% chopped alfalfa hay, and 50% of the respective concentrate mix. Milk production (32.8, 31.5, and 31.3 kg/d) was highest for cows fed corn, whereas 4% FCM (30.0, 27.9, and 29.5 kg/d) was similar for cows fed corn and dried whey and lower for cows fed barley. Percentages of fat (3.37, 3.36, and 3.51) and protein (3.05, 3.00, and 2.98) were similar for cows fed all carbohydrate sources. Solubility of protein (soybean meal versus urea) did not affect production of milk (32.2 and 31.5 kg/d) and 4% FCM (29.4, and 28.9 kg/d). Intake of DM was lowest for cows fed barley (20.4, 18.8, and 20.5 kg/d), and intakes were similar (19.9 and 19.9 kg/d) for cows fed soybean meal and urea. Providing sources of carbohydrates in the diet that are more soluble and degradable (i.e., barley or dried whey) did not give the expected increase in utilization of a highly soluble CP source (urea) for milk production.
High- vs Low-Intensity Inspiratory Muscle Interval Training in Patients with COPD

This study determined the effect of a high vs low resistive inspiratory muscle interval training protocol on inspiratory muscle strength (Pimax), incremental inspiratory threshold loading (Pitl), inspiratory muscle endurance (IE), and 12-minute distance test (12 MD) in severely impaired patients with COPD. We used a double-blind, two-group, repeated-measure design. Group 1 (n=12) received supervised high resistive loading at approximately 52 percent Pimax and group 2 (n=8) received supervised low resistive loading at approximately 22 percent Pimax. All subjects trained three times weekly (progressing from 5 min per session in week 1 to 18 min per session in week 12) for 12 weeks. After three practice sessions, measures of Pimax, Pitl, IE, and 12 MD were taken at baseline, at 4-week intervals, and within 72 h of completing the protocol. Group 1 showed significant improvement in all four dependent variables while group 2 improved in Pitl, IE, and 12 MD. The results suggest there is no significant difference between high and low resistive interval training in more severely impaired patients with COPD.
The Ethnic Dimension of Religious Extremism and Terrorism in Central Asia

This is an author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication following peer review. The publisher version is available on its site.
Continuous-time DSPs, analog/digital computers and other mixed-domain circuits

This paper reviews our recent research, involving circuits and systems which mix domains traditionally kept separate. Several examples are given, including continuous-time digital signal processors and mixed analog/digital computers. It is argued that by mixing domains one can have advantages which would not otherwise be possible.
Bump heat sink technology - A novel assembly technology suitable for power HBTs

A novel assembly technique, bump heat sink (BHS), suitable for compound semiconductor power HBTs is proposed and demonstrated. In this technique, the heat generated in the transistor junction is effectively conducted away through a gold bump which is located on the top of each transistor unit. Using this technique, power transistors are demonstrated with power added efficiencies /spl eta//sub add/ of 74%, 66% and 61% for 5.0 W, 8.0 W and 10.0 W output CW, respectively, at 0.9 GHz with V/sub cc/=6 V. A three-stage HBT MMIC power amplifier for GSM class 4 is also demonstrated with /spl eta//sub add/ >55% at V/sub cc/=4 V CW operation. >
Developing a Campus Copyright Education Program : Conquering the Challenge

Abstract Digital delivery of course materials creates many questions relating to copyright, permission and institutional liability. As a result, Brigham Young University established an office dedicated to promoting copyright education, securing permissions and copyright compliance. After countless hours of research, reading, meetings and attending copyright conferences, several learning tools were developed. The tools include an official university copyright policy, an online tutorial, a resource manual for faculty, a website and databases to process requests for copyright permission requests. Faculty, staff and students now use the services and tools. Copyright ignorance and institutional liability have been reduced.
Mahajangasuchus insignis (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) Cranial Anatomy And New Data On The Origin Of The Eusuchian-Style Palate

Abstract New material of the fossil crocodyliform taxon Mahajangasuchus insignis from the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation is described. The holotype lacked cranial remains but the new material includes an almost complete skull as well as at least two additional partial skulls. These new specimens add important information and allow us to diagnose Mahajangasuchus insignis as a derived mesoeucrocodylian crocodyliform distinguished by the following combination of characters (autapomorphies indicated with an asterisk): broad platyrostral snout; laterally compressed and serrated teeth; dorsally arched mandible; prominent caudofemoralis flange on femur; surangular with prominent lateral expansion anterior to glenoid fossa; supraocciptial excludes the parietal from occipital margin; massive choanal septum*; anterior margins of choanal septum contact ventral lamina of pterygoid, enclosing internal choanae*; strongly arched jugal with depression below orbit*; three prominent ridges running longitudinally on d...
Tolerance Tests of Co-Feeding Cl2 and H2S Impurities in Biogas on a Ni-YSZ Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Biogas is a renewable resource which comes from numerous sources, such as biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste and energy crops. It is a variable mixture of CH4 , CO2 , N2 and other gases. Ni-YSZ cermet is commonly used as the anode of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) because it has excellent electrochemical performance and is cost effective. It can utilize not only hydrogen fuel, but also a clean synthesized biogas mixture of varying CH4 and CO2 concentrations with steam (H2 O) and air (O2 ). However, trace impurities, such as H2 S, Cl2 , and F2 in biogas may cause degradation of cell performance. In this work, Ni-CeO2 coated Ni-YSZ anode-supported cells were exposed to two different compositions of synthesized biogases (biogas) with 100 ppm Cl2 under a constant current load at 850°C. The electrochemical performance was evaluated periodically using standard electrochemical methods. 20 ppm H2 S impurity was also added to the fuel stream during the Cl2 impurity testing and its effect was noted. Post-mortem analyses of the SOFC anode were performed using XRD, SEM and XPS. The results show that Cl2 did not cause any electrochemical degradation of the cell during the 200 h test. However, after adding 20 ppm H2 S, the cell started to degrade and eventually lost all its performance. The experimental data showed that 100 ppm Cl2 impurity in the fuel gas can postpone the degradation caused by addition of the H2 S impurity.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A general interactive model for B cell activation

A quantitative model of the B lymphocyte triggering apparatus is proposed in which mitogen receptors and surface immunoglobulins are described as allosteric proteins that interact with mitogens and antigens. An equation is derived that describes the activation of a cell as a function of the states of these receptors as defined by ligand and receptor concentrations, ligand receptor equilibrium constants, and receptor allosteric constants. We analyze the model and show that different parameter sets will actually generate a description of the one-nonspecific-signal model, the matrix model, or the two-signal model of B cell triggering. We suggest that our general interactive model provides a useful conceptual approach to studies of B cell activation because it encompasses other available models that are individually consistent with some experiments, but mutually exclusive to each other. A companion paper describes a series of experiments that verify the consistency of the general model.
Directional escape strategy by the striped plateau lizard (Sceloporus virgatus): turning to direct escape away from predators at variable escape angles

A prey’s orientation to a predator’s approach path affects risk of fleeing straight ahead. By turning to flee closer to straight away from the predator before fleeing, prey can reduce risk. Laboratory studies suggest that escape angles should lead away from predators and be unpredictable. I studied orientation, turn, and escape angles and in a study of striped plateau lizards, Sceloporus virgatus. Lizards fled away from a predator, but often not straight away. Escape angles were variable and bimodally distributed: one mode was straight away for distancing prey from predator and one was near 90°, which maintains ability to monitor the predator or requires turning by the predator. Turn angles increased as orientation shifted toward the predator. Escape angle was closer to straight away when turn angle was larger, but turning did not fully compensate for degree of orientation toward the predator. Directional escape strategies of diverse prey are compared.
Population Structure and Gene Flow

Population structure is a means of quantifying the extent to which individuals within a species share a common evolutionary and reproductive history. Though populations may be defined in many ways, an evolutionary definition uses information on allele and genotype frequencies to infer the history of movement and isolation among samples of individuals. When there is ‘structure’ – distinct populations – they may have distinct traits or interactions with the environment.
The Syntax and Semantics of Prenominals: Construction or Composition?

Although the adjunct–complement dichotomy has long been recognized in traditional Chinese linguistic study for the analysis of clausal and verb-phrase structure, research on nominal structure has t...
Fluorescent in situ hybridization and cytogenetic studies of trisomy 12 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Cytogenetic studies (CG) of 475 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cases showed trisomy 12 in 6.1% or 26% of patients with abnormal karyotypes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detected trisomy 12 in 35% of 117 CLL patients. Only 34.6% of cases detected by FISH were detected by CG. Twelve patients had low levels of trisomic cells (4% to 11%) relative to clonal B cells (47.5% to 86%), suggestive of clonal evolution. Untreated patients with trisomy 12 were predominantly male (P < .05) and had an increased incidence of splenomegaly (P < .03). Patients with trisomy 12 were more likely to be previously treated and had advanced Binet stage compared with those without trisomy 12. The median survival was shorter in patients with trisomy 12 (7.8 years) and patients with other chromosomal abnormalities without trisomy 12 by FISH (5.5 years) than in patients with diploid karyotypes (14.4 years). The response to fludarabine was similar to that of patients with diploid karyotypes, but there was a trend for earlier disease progression. FISH detected residual disease in all patients with trisomy 12 in complete (n = 6) or partial remission (n = 4). As few as 1 trisomic cell in 5,000 was detected by performing FISH on fluorescence-activated cell sorter-sorted cells. Trisomy 12 was absent in T cells in patients with trisomy 12. We conclude that FISH identifies trisomy 12 approximately 2.6 times more often than CG, readily identifies minimal residual disease, and predicts for a shorter median survival.
Drug Discovery and Development for Reward Disorders: Views from Government

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses government's outlook in the drug discovery and development for reward disorders. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is the world's largest research institution dedicated to funding research on drugs of abuse, prevention of drug abuse, and treatment of substance abuse disorders. The Division of Pharmacotherapies and Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse (DPMC) initiated a discovery and development program in 1990. The initial program intended to perform standardized tests and clinical studies to facilitate the discovery and development of addiction medications and to facilitate the involvement of the pharmaceutical industry and academia. The primary objective of this discovery program was to discover putative medications for the treatment of cocaine dependence. The structure, objectives, and testing scheme of the NIDA drug discovery programs have changed as a result of the maturing of the science and efforts to improve efficiency. Medication targets have expanded and relapse prevention has become the number one focus. The motivation for Federal involvement in the development of medications for the treatment of addictive disorders is from a public health viewpoint. They are heavily invested in the treatment of addictive disorders and views new medications to treat these disorders as a way to expand treatment and improve the public health of the United States.
Electric Circuits and Devices

In this chapter, nonlinear circuits that include resistors, inductors, capacitors, and memristors (RLCM) are discussed. Analysis of the individual elements is followed by the examination of basic circuit mathematical models and theorems. RLCM circuit dynamic models are constructed using Lagrange formulation based on the generalized Euler–Lagrange equations of Noble and Sewell [157].
Mucopolysaccharidosis: MRI Study

Characteristic changes in the MRI of 2 brothers with mucopolysaccharidosis type I are reported from the Departments of Paediatrics, Neuroradiology and Neurology, University of Ancona, Italy.
MID-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF DIVERGENT PEG GLENOID COMPONENTS IN TOTAL SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY

Background Glenoid component aseptic loosening is the most common source of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) revision. In an attempt to strengthen cemented glenoid component fixation, divergent pegged glenoids were designed. Divergent peg creation was intended to increase cement purchase and provide resistance to component rocking. Methods Thirty-four patients who underwent divergent peg TSA had data collected prospectively. The data from these patients was retrospectively reviewed, primarily for radiographic evidence of glenoid component loosening. The endpoint was defined as the need for revision secondary to glenoid loosening. Secondary outcome measures such as SPADI (shoulder pain and disability index), active forward elevation, abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation were also collected. Data was obtained preoperatively and at the following postoperative intervals: 3 months, 6 months, and yearly. The last available postoperative radiographs were also reviewed and graded on a modified Franklin glenoid lucency scale described by Lazarus et al. Results The mean follow-up was 5.6 years ± 2.44 (range, 2–10 years). Of the 34 patients in the study, 20 patients had radiographs available for review. Radiographs showed complete lucency around one or less pegs in 14/20 patients (grade 0–2). Six out of twenty glenoids had complete radiolucency around two or more pegs with gross loosening seen in one shoulder (grade 3–5). No secondary surgery was performed in any patients. Significant improvements were seen in active elevation 30.2 degrees ±44.3 (p=0.043) at the last follow up. Improvement was also seen in internal rotation of 4.3 levels ± 4.9 (p=0.016) at the last follow-up. The mean postoperative SPADI score decreased by 48.1 points (p=0.039). Conclusions Patients with divergent pegged glenoid TSA showed significant improvement in postoperative shoulder elevation, internal rotation, and SPADI scores at final follow-up. No patients underwent revision. However, there were a significant number of patients with radiolucency seen around 2 or more pegs.
Briquetting and carbonization of biomass products for the sustainable productions of activated carbons

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Amelia M. Kiddle, Mexico's relationship with Latin America during the Cárdenas era

In this important new monograph, Amelia M. Kiddle shows how President Lazaro Cardenas used cultural diplomacy to advance the ideas of the socially progressive Mexican constitution throughout Centra...
An exploration of the changes in the international comparison program’s global economic landscape

Abstract The Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rates from the 2011 round of the International Comparison Program (ICP) imply some dramatic revisions to price levels and real incomes across the world as compared to the prior 2005 round. This has important implications for many cross-country comparisons, including measures of poverty and inequality. Without presuming that either round is better methodologically, the paper tries to help the community of ICP users better understand the economic factors underlying the estimated changes in price levels across countries. Differences in domestic inflation rates have played a role, as expected. Two other factors are identified. The excess sensitivity to changes in market exchange rates suggests that the PPPs may put higher weight on internationally traded goods than do domestic deflators. Additionally, faster growing countries have seen a steeper rise in their PPP relative to market exchange rates; this can be explained by a tendency for wage increases in growing economies to lead to a higher price level. Together these factors account for over 70% of the variance in PPP changes even ignoring methodological changes. However, an independent downward drift in price levels is also evident, concentrated in the ICP’s Asia region. A possible explanation lies in the Asia region’s greater success (relative to other regions) in removing urban bias in the price surveys.
An unusual manifestation of olfactory neuroblastoma.

A 62-year-old woman presented with an 11-month history of worsening nasal symptoms of rhinorrhoea, anosmia, nasal congestion and intermittent epistaxis. MRI revealed a large mass in the upper nasal vault. Biopsy of the mass revealed an olfactory neuroblastoma. While waiting resection, she acutely developed severe proximal muscle weakness, lethargy and lower extremity oedema. Blood glucose was elevated, and hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis was noted. Elevated serum cortisol level of 95.7 µg/dL (8.7–22.4 µg/dL) and markedly elevated 24-hour urinary cortisol level of 6962.3 µg/24 hours (4.0–50.0 µg/24 hours) with concurrent adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) level of 171 pg/mL (6–58 pg/mL) were suggestive of an ACTH-dependent source of hypercortisolism. A subsequent positive high-dose dexamethasone suppression test was consistent with ectopic ACTH production. She underwent near-total resection of the right nasal mass followed by radiotherapy, resulting in complete resolution of signs and symptoms of cortisol excess.
The role of ancestral phenotypic plasticity in evolutionary diversification: population density effects in horned beetles

Plasticity's role in shaping phenotypic diversification continues to receive considerable attention. One especially debated issue concerns the significance of genetic accommodation in diversification, and the proposed role of ancestrally plastic responses in facilitating or biasing subsequent genetically canalized differentiation among taxa. Here, we investigated whether pre-existing plasticity in response to variation in population density present in the ancestral Mediterranean range of the bull-headed dung beetle Onthophagus taurus may have mediated previously documented rapid canalized divergences among descendent exotic populations that have been subject to dramatically different levels of competition for mates and resources in the field. We focused on two maternal behavioural traits, two life history traits and two morphological traits. We find that (1) Mediterranean O. taurus exhibited plasticity in response to adult densities for four of our six focal traits; (2) in two of those, plastic responses matched the direction of canalized divergences among natural populations; and (3) the presence and direction of plasticity appeared unrelated to trait type. More generally, our results provide partial support for the hypothesis that evolution by genetic accommodation could have contributed to the very early stages of population differentiation in a subset of traits in O. taurus.
The ins and outs of an 'outside-in' view of allergies: atopic dermatitis and allergy prevention.

Purpose of review The skin barrier is a dynamic innate immune organ. This review summarizes the current understanding of how deficiencies associated with atopic dermatitis invite other atopic disorders of the allergic march. Recent findings Atopic dermatitis is characterized by skin barrier defects (such as mutations in filaggrin), intrinsic proallergic T-helper cell 2 immune dysregulation, and skin microbiome alterations. These factors promote the development of food allergy and asthma. Prevention of atopic dermatitis may involve topical emollients and oral probiotic supplementation, while some food allergies can be prevented by early introduction of potential food allergens to at-risk infants. Traditional therapies for atopic dermatitis involve skin hydration, emollients, and anti-inflammatory topical therapies including topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors. Dupilumab is a new and promising targeted biologic medication approved for use in adults with more severe atopic dermatitis; however, additional research is needed to determine whether this medication should be incorporated more broadly into management of severe childhood atopic dermatitis. Summary Atopic dermatitis management involves early diagnosis, skin barrier function support, mitigation of cutaneous inflammation, and concomitant risk stratification for the development of food allergy, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and environmental allergies.
Pathobiology of the Vitreous

Regression of the hyaloid artery and embryonic vascular system of the vitreous (vasa hyaloidea propia) and lens (tunica vasculosa lentis) usually occurs completely and without complications (chapter II-A). Persistence of the hyaloid vascular system occurs in only 3% of full-term infants but in 95% of premature infants (Jones, 1963) and can be associated with prepapillary hemorrhage (Delaney, 1980). Anomalies involving inadequate regression of the embryonic hyaloid vascular system occur in more than 90% of infants born earlier than 36 weeks of gestation and in over 95% of infants weighing less than five pounds at birth (Renz and Vygantas, 1977).
The Complexity of Study Abroad: Stories from Ethnic Minority American Students in China

This study focuses on the experiences of two African American and three Chinese American college students studying in China during the 2013–2014 academic year. Data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitatively, all five students made progress in their Chinese proficiency, measured by test scores, lexical diversity, and total amount of language produced in each conversation. Qualitatively, the following themes emerged: (a) interactions with Chinese people outside the classroom, (b) how the concept of “self” was viewed by the Chinese people, (c) personality factors, and (d) the language progress. The student who did not enjoy the experience as much as the other students was ethnic Chinese with the highest level of Chinese proficiency. The explanation might be a mismatch between her ideal subject position of a successful language learner and the perceived subject position of a local Chinese person. This study provides additional evidence to show that experience abroad is complex and highly individualized. Even students from the same ethnic groups might have different experiences. Factors such as personality, prior cross-cultural experiences, language proficiency, expectations, and self-identification interact with each other in complex ways to influence the students’ experience abroad. Encouraging students to cultivate a more outgoing self in their second language (L2) might help them better take advantage of the study abroad experience.
Eliminating the need for routine monthly postdialysis serum urea nitrogen measurement: A method for monitoring Kt/V and normalized protein catabolic rate using conductivity determined dialyzer clearance

Many dialysis machines can compute dialyzer sodium clearances at multiple time points during a dialysis treatment using conductivity. For a given treatment, the average dialyzer sodium clearance (K), when combined with treatment time (t), and the estimated urea distribution volume (V, usually based on either anthropometry or bioimpedance), can be used to estimate Kt/V, an important measure of hemodialysis adequacy. While this conductivity-derived value for Kt/V correlates moderately with Kt/V calculated from predialysis and postdialysis serum urea nitrogen (SUN) values (urea reduction ratio, URR), the ultrafiltration volume, and session length it is, unfortunately, not sufficiently accurate to replace URR-based Kt/V. Here we underline the potential utility of an alternative method to estimate Kt/V (a variant of a technique originally proposed by Gotch and Levin and their colleagues) using conductivity-derived sodium clearance (K) that does not require routine measurement of the postdialysis SUN but which should closely track Kt/V computed in the usual fashion. The increased accuracy with the new method is explained by the use of a patient-specific value of V, which is an average value calculated from several dialysis sessions where both conductivity dialyzer clearance and predialysis and postdialysis SUN have been measured. Once this patient-specific conductivity/URR-based value for V has been determined, it can be used to calculate Kt/V for subsequent treatments in which conductivity-based dialyzer clearances are measured, but around which predialysis and postdialysis SUN values have not been obtained. (If the predialysis SUN values for such a subsequent treatment are also measured, then a normalized protein catabolic rate that closely tracks the value from conventional urea modeling, can also be determined.) By reducing the number of postdialysis SUN measurements needed to monitor hemodialysis adequacy this new method of estimating Kt/V by conductivity should save staff time and laboratory costs, increase patient and staff safety, and decrease error rates associated with improper postdialysis blood sampling technique.
Simultaneous printing and deformation of microsystems via two-photon lithography and holographic optical tweezers

The purpose of this work is to enable the simultaneous printing and deformation of polymer microsystems using an integrated two-photon lithography (TPL) and holographic optical tweezers (HOT) approach. This approach is the first of its kind to enable the fabrication of advanced metamaterials, micromechanisms, soft microrobots, and sensors that require embedded strain energy in their constituent compliant elements to achieve their intended behaviors. We introduce a custom-developed photopolymer chemistry that is suitable for near-infrared (NIR) TPL fabrication but remains unreactive in the visible-light regime for HOT-based handling. We facilitated the optimal HOT-based actuation of TPL-fabricated microsystems by advancing a ray-optics-based optical-force simulation tool to work with microbodies of any arbitrary shape. We demonstrate the utility of this integrated system via fabrication of three unique case studies, which could not be achieved using any alternative technologies.
Carrier dynamics and spin–valley–layer effects in bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides

Transition metal dichalcogenides are an interesting class of low dimensional materials in mono- and few-layer form with diverse applications in valleytronic, optoelectronic and quantum devices. Therefore, the general nature of the band-edges and the interplay with valley dynamics is important from a fundamental and technological standpoint. Bilayers introduce interlayer coupling effects which can have a significant impact on the valley polarization. The combined effect of spin-orbit and interlayer coupling can strongly modify the band structure, phonon interactions and overall carrier dynamics in the material. Here we use first-principles calculations of electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions to investigate bilayer MoS2 and WSe2 in both the AA' and AB stacking configurations. We find that in addition to spin-orbit coupling, interlayer interactions present in the two configurations significantly alter the near-band-edge dynamics. Scattering lifetimes and dynamic behavior are highly material-dependent, despite the similarities and typical trends in TMDCs. Additionally, we capture significant differences in dynamics for the AA' and AB stacking configurations, with lifetime values differing by up to an order of magnitude between them for MoS2. Further, we evaluate the valley polarization times and find that maximum lifetimes at room temperature are of the scale of 1 picosecond for WSe2 in the AB orientation. These results present a pathway to understanding complex heterostructure configurations and 'magic angle' physics in TMDCs.
XGobi vs the C2: Results of an experiment comparing data visualization in a 3-D immersive virtual reality environment with a 2-D workstation display

Virtual environments are an emerging technology, which make use of 3-D display devices. Currently very little research into using this new technology for statistical graphics has been done. In association with the Iowa Center for Emerging Manufacturing Technology we have been building a statistical graphics application in the highly immersive C2 environment, called VR-Gobi. This paper describes an experiment conducted to determine if the new technology provides an improved exploratory data analysis environment over traditional workstation graphics environments, such as XGobi. A good analogy comparing the difference between the two environments is that one is like a desk and the other like a room. The visualization tasks we compare between the two environments are detecting clusters, dimensionality and radial sparseness in high-dimensional data, and we also compare the ease of interaction between the computer and human user in the two environments.
Oil and Economic Development in the MENA Region: Why Institutions Matter

This chapter addresses the dilemma facing a number of oil exporting countries that despite the vast oil riches, their economies perform worse than countries with no resource wealth.
Assessment of centrifuge modelling of internal erosion induced by upward flow conditions

A series of centrifuge modelling tests was performed in this study to evaluate the internal erosion induced by upward flow that typically occurs during the initiation phase of backward erosion pipi...
Opioid Prescriptions After Total Joint Arthroplasty

Prescription opioids are commonly prescribed for pain relief after total joint arthroplasty (TJA), yet little is known about the quantity of opioids prescribed after surgery. This study retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 1000 TJAs from April 2014 through September 2015. Postoperative opioid prescriptions were quantified using standardized morphine milligram equivalents (MME). Eighty-four percent of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and 77% of total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients were opioid naive. The median opioid volume of the first prescription for those undergoing TKA was greater than for those undergoing THA (600 vs. 450 MME), as was the proportion of individuals requiring one or more refills (48% vs. 32%). The total volume of opioids after TKA was also higher than for total hip replacement (870 vs. 525 MME). Patients who were not opioid naive were prescribed substantially more opioids than their counterparts after TKA (mean 1593 vs. 1064 MME, p < .001) and THA (mean 1031 vs. 663 MME, p < .001). Decreasing opioid use before surgery may decrease total volume of opioid prescriptions after TJA. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 27(3):231-236, 2018).
MAGNETO-CONVECTION AND LITHIUM AGE ESTIMATES OF THE β PICTORIS MOVING GROUP

Although the means of the ages of stars in young groups determined from Li depletion often agree with mean ages determined from Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram isochrones, there are often statistically significant differences in the ages of individual stars determined by the two methods. We find that inclusion of the effects of inhibition of convection due to the presence of magnetic fields leads to consistent ages for the individual stars. We illustrate how age consistency arises by applying our results to the β Pictoris moving group (BPMG). We find that, although magnetic inhibition of convection leads to increased ages from the H-R diagram isochrones for all stars, Li ages are decreased for fully convective M stars and increased for stars with radiative cores. Our consistent age determination for BPMG of 40 Myr is larger than previous determinations by a factor of about two. We have also considered models in which the mixing length ratio is adjusted to give consistent ages. We find that our magneto-convection models, which give quantitative estimates of magnetic field strength, provide a viable alternative to models in which the effects of magnetic fields (and other processes) are accounted for by reducing the mixing length ratio.
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Procedure and Outcomes

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RNYGB), the most commonly performed bariatric (weight loss) operation in the USA, involves two surgical alterations: restriction of gastric volume and diversion of ingested nutrients away from the proximal small intestine. The strength of the RNYGB lies in the hybridization of restriction and bypass into one procedure. The reduction of food intake mediated by restriction is accompanied by dynamic changes in nutrient transport along the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, resultant changes in hormonal profiles constitute one of the first and most important roles of RNYGB. Although the physiological changes contributing to loss of body weight and improvements in obesity-related comorbidities are incompletely understood, the complexities of neurohormonal changes and precise mechanisms resulting in durable weight loss and reduction in associated comorbidities continue to be elucidated. Even though we continue to learn and progress in understanding the intricate interplay between the alimentary tract and neurohormonal axis, the benefits of gastric bypass are clear and well-documented with long-term follow-up results of surgery demonstrating obesity-related mortality and morbidity significantly reduced.
Deficiency of Rbpj Leads to Defective Stress-Induced Hematopoietic Stem Cell Functions and Hif Mediated Activation of Non-canonical Notch Signaling Pathways

Deregulated notch signaling has been associated with human pathobiology. However, functions of notch pathways in hematopoiesis remain incompletely understood. Here, we ablated canonical notch pathways, through genetic deletion of Rbpj, in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Our data identified that loss of canonical notch results in normal adult HSC pool, at steady state conditions. However, HSC maintenance and functions in response to radiation-, chemotherapy-, and cytokine- induced stress were compromised in the absence of canonical notch. Rbpj deficient HSCs exhibit decreased proliferation rates and elevated expression of p57Kip2. Surprisingly, loss of Rbpj resulted in upregulation of key notch target genes and augmented binding of Hes1 to p57 and Gata2 promoters. Further molecular analyses identified an increase in notch activity, elevated expression and nuclear translocation of Hif proteins, and augmented binding of Hif1α to Hes1 promoter in the absence of Rbpj. These studies, for the first time, identify a previously unknown role for non-canonical notch signaling and establish a functional link between Hif and Notch pathways in hematopoiesis.
Review of "Rhetoric technology and the virtues by Jared S. Colton and Steve Holmes," Colton, J. S., & Holmes, S. (2018). Rhetoric, technology, and the virtues. Utah State University Press

Discussions about communication and education have become focused on social justice in recent years, and with good reason. Social justice is at the forefront of many aspects of our daily lives in n...
Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most common acute unilateral optic nerve-related cause of vision loss in people over age 50. Patients usually present with sudden onset of painless vision loss in one eye. Fundoscopy demonstrates optic disc swelling in the affected eye acutely. Risk factors for NAION include diabetes, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, and an anatomically crowded disc. There is no treatment available that has proven efficacious to treat NAION. Therefore, management consists of evaluation for and treatment of underlying risk factors, which could place the patient at risk of NAION in the fellow eye, as well as other systemic complications, in the future.
Characterizing ambient nutrient concentrations and potential warning levels for surface water in natural forested wetlands in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA

Abstract Nearly thirty years ago the U.S. EPA directed states to begin developing water quality standards specific to wetlands; however, progress has been limited. This study presents an overview of ambient wetland water quality and the first step towards the development of numeric nutrient standards for forested wetlands in North Carolina. Water quality samples were collected in 16 natural wetlands across the state for three years. The sites span a range of anthropogenic disturbance. The data was combined with historical data collected at these and other sites from 2005 to 2013. Concentration levels in wetlands without significant anthropogenic disturbance are likely higher than streams for TN, TP, similar for NH4+, and likely lower than streams for NO3–-N. A method developed by the U.S. EPA to establish reference levels was modified to define draft nutrient warning levels that may indicate anthropogenic impacts. These warning levels were calculated as 0.06 mg/L, 0.14 mg/L, 0.34 mg/L and 2.8 mg/L for NO3–-N, NH4+-N, TP and TN, respectively. NO3–-N and NH4+-N concentrations were the best indicators of disturbance. Overall, despite the limitations imposed by the sampling frequency and inherent variability in wetland ecosystems, this research methodology presents a reasonable first attempt at defining nutrient warning levels for undisturbed natural forested wetlands in N.C., and may serve as a starting point in developing numeric nutrient criteria for wetlands.