cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Enclosure of America

Legal memory in the United States has largely forgotten that most of America's landscape was open to public use well into the nineteenth century. Up until the Civil War and even after, landowners in many regions could exclude the public only from lands that they took the time and expense either to fence or cultivate. In the eyes of many, the public held affirmative use rights in these open lands; the landowner's desire to exclude was irrelevant. This paper explores the range of public uses of lands in early America. It considers how and why enclosure occurred and why historians and legal scholars have largely overlooked this chapter in American history. The answers have to do with shifting ideas about the "right to property," with the diminishing force of natural law, with narrowing ideas of liberty, and with ongoing economic and social change, particularly the coming of industrialization and its growing demand for wage labor. On top of these explanations was a general failure of defenders of the open countryside to find legal ways to talk about and structure the public's use rights. Many states were willing to set aside the common law of trespass, and did so for generations. Yet, defenders of the open countryside never produced an alternative legal vocabulary to protect these public use rights, except in specific, narrow circumstances; they never found a way to incorporate these public use rights into enduring law. Influential judges and treatise writers, largely urban and Eastern, viewed public rural-land rights with contempt. Their interpretation of the situation gained ascendancy by the late nineteenth century, and it has prevailed ever since.
An iterative routing/assignment method for anticipatory real-time route guidance

Anticipatory route guidance in traffic networks is based on time-dependent fastest path calculation requiring forecasts of link travel time over a time horizon. These forecasts would be produced by a traffic assignment procedure, which must take into account the behavior of anticipatory vehicles seeking user-optimal route guidance. Thus a conceptual feedback loop occurs. We implement this feedback loop iteratively using simulation for the assignment phase. When the iteration terminates with a fixed-point assignment, user-optimality is achieved. We study the benefits accrued by individual anticipatory vehicles and the system as a whole, as a function of the proportion of vehicles which have anticipatory route guidance, i.e. the market penetration. We observe individual and system benefits at market penetrations up to 40% or higher.
Abstract T P356: Predictors of Depression 6 Months After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background: Functional outcome is of increasing importance among survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Depression is commonly reported after stroke and may play a significant role in functional recovery after SAH. Our goal was to determine the prevalence and predictors of depression among survivors of SAH at 6 months. Methods: Six-month follow up data was analyzed from a cohort study of SAH patients at a tertiary care center. With IRB approval and consent, patients completed serial 6-month outcome assessments including the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Independent predictors of poor functional (mRS>2) and mood outcomes (HADS≥10) were determined using univariate and multivariate statistics. Results: Of 247 subjects (74% female, mean age 55), 7% had poor functional outcome. Depression was reported in 17%. Poor functional outcome was significantly associated with a longer hospitalization (mean 26 days, p=0.02), placement of an EVD and VP shunt (p=0.008 & 0.02) and antibiotic use (p=0.001). Depression was significantly associated with poor functional outcome, prior history of depression, and vasospasm (p=0.001, 0.004 & 0.05). Depression showed a trend in those who received an EVD, ventilator, and antibiotics. Depression was not significantly associated with treatment modality. Multivariate logistic analyses demonstrated that poor functional outcome (OR=5.25, CI=1.44-19.10, p=0.01), history of depression (OR=7.66, CI=1.87-31.45, p=0.005), and vasospasm (OR=2.65, CI=1.04-6.75, p=0.04) remain significant predictors of depression, however, EVD, ventilator, antibiotics, and Hunt Hess Grade are not significant. Conclusion: Depression is not uncommon after SAH, and highly associated with poor neurological recovery at 6 months. Risk factors for development of depression include prior history of depression and cerebral vasospasm. Based on these results, we recommend screening for depression and consideration for early treatment for patients at highest risk after SAH.
Hotspotting: Principles and properties of a plate tectonic Hough transform

“Hotspotting” is a geometric technique used to assess the self-consistency of absolute plate motion models under the assumption of fixed hot spots. Geometric data constraints (typically seamount locations) and the plate motion model are used to determine the optimal locations of hot spots; in a self-consistent model these should match the assigned hot spot locations. While self-consistency is a desirable model attribute, it is not sufficient by itself to guarantee a geologically meaningful model. Hotspotting is the study of seafloor flow lines and may be considered a pattern recognition algorithm similar to the Hough transform. Flow line analysis can yield insight into the importance of particular geometric constraints and yield age predictions for undated features. Hotspotting cannot easily be used to derive improved rotation parameters but instead is used in concert with methods that determine plate motions to ensure the aforementioned self-consistency.
Desperate Passage: The Donner Party's Perilous Journey West – By Ethan Rarick

This study of the Donner party is a comprehensive description and narrative of the experiences of the group of emigrants traveling to California led by George Donner in 1846–1847. The book is suita...
The Treatment of Gender in Community Psychology Research

The order of authorship does not reflect authors’ relative contributions, which are inseparable.
Subunits of the extracellular hemoglobin of Marphysa sanguinea

The dissociation of the extracellular hemoglobin of Marphysa sanguinea was investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). 1. 1. The unreduced hemoglobin dissociated into several subunits whose approx. mol. masses were: 13,000 (subunit 1), 19,000 (subunit 2), 24,000 (subunit 3), 30,000 (subunit 4), 44,000 (subunit 5), 48,000 (subunit 6) and 55,000 (subunit 7). 2. 2. The reduced hemoglobin dissociated into several subunits: two with mol. masses of 13,000 and 15,000 (I,II) and three of 27,000–36,000 (III–V). 3. 3. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE demonstrated that subunit 1 produced subunit 1, subunits 2 and 3 produced subunits III and IV, respectively, and subunits 4, 5, 6 and 7 produced subunits II and V. 4. 4. The dissociation of Marphysa sanguinea was compared with that of other annelid extracellular hemoglobins.
Superfluid density and the Drude weight of the Hubbard model.

We study the superfluid density and the Drude weight of the Hubbard model by investigating two different limiting behaviors of the current-current correlation function. These quantities provide criteria which allow one to distinguish between superconducting, metallic, and insulating ground states of an interacting many-body system. Monte Carlo calculations are performed to study these quantities.
Relationship of reproduction and evolutionary computation to analytical modeling of the ecological genetics of inducible defenses

The authors cite a theoretical model developed by biologists, the phenotypic model, in order to understand the evolution of inducible defenses. Induced defense in the acorn barnacle against attack by a predatory snail provides a context to anchor the descriptions of the model. The authors describe a computer simulation for the evolution of induced defense in barnacles, adding additional detail to the model's parameters in order to achieve a more biologically realistic simulation. Four more simulations are described, which combine evolutionary computation algorithms with new reproduction methods suggested by natural observations of snails and barnacles. The results of the five simulations are compared with the mathematical model and with each other.
ROLE OF THE BILAYER-BILAYER INTERACTION ON THE RIPPLE STRUCTURE OF SUPPORTED BILAYERS IN SOLUTION

We have developed a method to prepare supported double bilayers made of phospholipids to facilitate in-solution studies of the bilayer−bilayer interaction of biologically relevant model membranes. It is found that a ripple structure, with an average wavelength of 27 nm, appears at room temperature in the double-bilayer region only. Some large ripples, of an average wavelength of 53 nm, are also observed on the double-bilayer region and are extremely soft and flexible. These experimental observations demonstrate that the bilayer−bilayer interaction may play a role to induce the formation of the ripple structure in our system. We also found that the formation of the ripple structure takes a few minutes or less while cooling to room temperature, and the relaxation of the ripple structure takes over 10 h at room temperature or 4 °C.
The effect of combining low- and high-frequency passbands on consonant recognition in the hearing impaired.

A comparison was made of the effect on consonant-recognition scores when a low-frequency passband and a high-frequency passband were presented to either the same ear or opposite ears of hearing-imp...
Radiation‐induced polymerizations in continuous stirred‐tank reactors

A theoretical study of the performance characteristics of continuous stirred-tank reactors when used to conduct radiation-induced polymerizations is presented. The effects on conversion and molecular weight distribution of the interaction of radiation attenuation, chemical kinetics, and mixing are examined for initiation by ultraviolet light and by Co60 gamma radiation.
Psychological reaction to infertility.

44 individuals (22 couples) who unsuccessfully had sought medical assistance for infertility and had made application to adopt were tested for their psychological reactions to infertility. On a specially designed version of the Semantic Differential subjects' reaction to infertility was neutral or a strong positive or negative evaluation was absent. Data from the Adjective Check List indicated subjects characterized themselves as not intraceptive and defensive. Earlier literature on the psychological reactions to infertility indicated subjects react overtly with feelings of disappointment and despair. Discrepancy in findings between this writer's data and earlier findings appears to be related to the lapse of time between subjects' discovering their infertility and their response to research questionnaires. An initial reaction to infertility may be so painful for individuals wanting children that a denial of these feelings occurs. After parenthood has been achieved such as through adoption, subjects often...
Litteratura Gratia Litteraturae

THE excellence of a snowman resides not in the wonder of snow, nor in the degree of nudity suggested, nor in the fidelity of the features to those of a politically significant person, but in the skill with which the sculptor has fashioned his material. True, Michelangelo would choose to hew his figures out of the marble of Carrara, rather than pat them together with the mud of the Po or Tiber. Undoubtedly, La Maja nuda has wider human appeal than La Maja vestida. And a spate of books about a Winston Churchill or a John F. Kennedy confirms yet again the fact that some subjects are welcomed more warmly than others. One awaits with trepidation the appearance of a book with some such title as I Was Churchill's Dentist.
Morphogenesis of Drosophila pupal wings in vitro

We have developed an in vitro culture system which supports the differentiation of Drosophila pupal wings. Cultured wings develop marginal bristles and wing veins, and wing cells form a single prehair at their distal vertex at the appropriate developmental stages. We have tested two molecules with well defined activities to determine the usefulness of this system for applying pharmacological approaches to wing differentiation. Cycloheximide (CY) is a small molecule which inhibits protein synthesis. We found that 50 nM CY rapidly blocks all stages of wing differentiation without lowering cell viability. Chitinase is an enzyme which cleaves chitin polymers and is involved in normal cuticle apolysis. Chitinase applied prior to 28 h apf caused a contraction of the wing without affecting the general wing pattern. We have detected connections between the epithelium and pupal cuticle that are presumably targets of chitinase and are necessary for maintaining normal tissue shape during morphogenesis. Later in development exposure to chitinase caused a loss of normal prehair and bristle polarity, and high doses resulted in a severe disruption of the actin cytoskeleton.
Assessing the completeness of a job analysis procedure

The current research analyzed employee perceptions of the completeness of a self-report, point-factor job evaluation system. Complementary qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to identify characteristics of jobs, characteristics of employees, and characteristics of the job evaluation procedure that affected employee perceptions of the system. Analyses indicated that the job evaluation instrument might describe some classes of jobs more completely than others. Situations where job evaluation is particularly problematic are identified and discussed.
Tracking and orbit determination strategies for the AMPTE mission set

The three-spacecraft AMPTE mission set to be Delta-launched in August 1984 will become the first highly-elliptical Earth orbiters to be supported by the Deep Space Network. Orbit accuracies for the transponder-equipped CCE and IRM spacecraft are defined using coherent doppler and range, non-coherent doppler, and angles. Required navigation accuracies for both spacecraft are met using coherent doppler, and while the use of range enhances the achievable accuracy, it is not a required radio metric data type. Use of non-coherent doppler and angles shows that the IRM navigation accuracy requirements can also be met using listen-only antennas, although this requires an accurate estimate of the doppler bias.
Effect of Recombinant Soluble P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 on Leukocyte-Endothelium Interaction In Vivo Role in Rat Traumatic Shock

Abstract —Traumatic shock induces profound pathophysiological alterations and initiates inflammatory reactions in many tissues, thus resulting in acute multiple organ damage (eg, intestine, pancreas, and liver). In the rat, Noble-Collip drum trauma increases P-selectin expression on the vascular endothelium as a result of loss of endothelium-derived NO. Here we postulated that blockade of the earliest steps in leukocyte adhesion (ie, leukocyte rolling) via administration of a recombinant soluble form of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1; the recombinant soluble form is rsPSGL.Ig) would attenuate selectin-mediated events observed in the rat during traumatic shock. Using intravital microscopy of the rat mesenteric microvasculature, we found that intravenous infusion of rsPSGL.Ig significantly inhibited leukocyte-endothelium interaction (ie, leukocyte rolling, adherence, and transmigration) induced by traumatic shock as well as by activation of the microvascular endothelium with 50 μmol/L N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. Immunohistochemical detection of P-selectin on the mesenteric venular endothelial surface demonstrated that rsPSGL.Ig functionally neutralizes effects of P-selectin on the endothelial cell surface rather than attenuating P-selectin expression. Systemic administration of rsPSGL.Ig to traumatized rats prolonged survival time and survival rate, significantly attenuating ileal myeloperoxidase activity and significantly preserving mesenteric endothelial function. Furthermore, PSGL-1 mRNA levels were significantly increased in the blood of traumatized rats and were reduced after systemic administration of rsPSGL.Ig. Thus, soluble recombinant forms of PSGL-1 are able to ameliorate acute shock states by suppressing selectin-mediated leukocyte-endothelium interaction at both the functional and molecular levels.
Bilingual Education for Global Citizenship: Creating an Integrated Language/Culture Curriculum for Mandarin/English Students

The rapid expansion of K-8 Mandarin/English bilingual programs in United States public schools presents both serious educational challenges and a timely opportunity for anthropologists to engage in important curricular research and development. This article describes a long-term project that began with ethnographic research on cultural instruction in diverse Mandarin/English bilingual programs followed by collaborative work with K-8 Chinese teachers to develop an innovative, age appropriate, integrated language/culture curricular framework that enhances language proficiency while addressing issues of student motivation and retention.
Respiratory illness in the Dominican Republic: what are the predictors for health services utilization of young children?

Respiratory illness and diarrhoea continue to be the leading causes of paediatric morbidity and mortality in the Dominican Republic. An important first step in alleviating this disease burden is to understand patterns and predictors of health services utilization for these conditions. This study examines the predictors of (a) health services utilization, and (b) public versus private sector use, for respiratory illness in the under-five population in the Dominican Republic. The DHS-2 dataset (1991) was utilized for analysis. Logistic regression models for predicting use and non-use, and for predicting private versus public sector use, were constructed using the Andersen Behavioural Model as the conceptual framework. Our findings indicate that sex, location and possession index quartile are factors that influence the decision to seek care or not for respiratory illness in under-fives. In contrast, the choice between the public and private sector is determined by location and insurance status. From the policy perspective, if the Dominican Republic were to undertake steps to increase private insurance coverage, our results indicate that this would lead to increased utilization of private sector providers for respiratory illness by children having private insurance, but would not have an impact on overall utilization (i.e. use vs. non-use). On the other hand, one of the ways to deliver cost-effective interventions by the publicly financed system would be to improve facilities in the rural areas.
Improving Satellite-Based Rainfall Accumulation Estimates Using Spaceborne Surface Soil Moisture Retrievals

Over land, remotely sensed surface soil moisture and rainfall accumulation retrievals contain complementary information that can be exploited for the mutual benefit of both product types. Here, a Kalman filtering‐based tool is developed that utilizes a time series of spaceborne surface soil moisture retrievals to enhance short-term (2- to 10-day) satellite-based rainfall accumulation products. Using ground rain gauge data as a validation source, and a soil moisture product derived from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer aboard the NASA Aqua satellite, the approach is evaluated over the contiguous United States. Results demonstrate that, for areas of low to moderate vegetation cover density, the procedure is capable of improving short-term rainfall accumulation estimates extracted from a variety of satellite-based rainfall products. The approach is especially effective for correcting rainfall accumulation estimates derived without the aidofground-based raingauge observations. Special emphasisis placed ondemonstrating that the approachcan be applied in continental areas lacking ground-based observations and/or long-term satellite data records.
Comments on USGS draft science strategies

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is seeking comments on a number of the agency's draft 10-year science strategies, including those for USGS core science systems, energy and minerals, environmental health, ecosystems, natural hazards, and water. The deadline for providing comments is 1 September. To review and comment on the draft strategies, see http://www.usgs.gov/start_with_science/index.php.
Vibrational spectra of 2,2-difluoropropane

Infrared spectra of CH3CF2CH3 in the vapor and liquid states and the Raman spectrum of the solid have been obtained and a vibrational assignment has been made with the aid of normal coordinate calculations. The calculations indicate considerable mixing in the a1 species of the CF2 stretch, CH3 rock, C-C-C stretch, and CF2 bend, and in the b2 species of the CF2 stretch and CH3 rock.
Influence of relationship strengths to network structures in social network

Social network provide detailed records of human communication patterns, offering convenient way to information spreading and explore the structure of social networks. Here we provide a model to examine the relationship strengths of social network users, allowing us to simultaneously study diffident structure of social network. We observe a coupling between users' relationship strengths and network's structure, with the consequence that in some kind of social network the structure fall apart following a phase transition if the weak ties are removed, but in another kind of social network the structure is robust. We find that in the information exchanged social networks, removing the weak ties have little influence on the information spreading, while in the relationship of social network, removing the weak ties have significant influence on the information spreading.
Transesophageal echocardiographic spectrum of calcific mitral abnormalities in patients with end-stage renal disease.

This report provides a morphological description of atypical and unusual mitral and submitral calcifications in patients with end-stage renal disease. The use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) with enhanced image quality and resolution has made possible a detailed evaluation of the distribution and echocardiographic morphology of mitral calcification in end-stage renal disease. To our knowledge, there has been no such prior report with TEE. Our TEE observations reveal that in addition to the common well known posterior mitral annulus calcification, the following varieties of calcification also exist: basal calcification of both mitral leaflets with sparing of free edges, calcification in the intervalvular fibrosa region, and small calcific excrescences at the bases of both mitral leaflets. These abnormalities have previously received little or no attention. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 17, January 2000)
Synthesis and structure of new bismuth containing oxychlorides: BiSr3O3Cl3 and BiCa3O3Cl3

A new bismuth strontium oxychloride BiSr 3 O 3 Cl 3 has been synthesized and structurally characterized from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (#62) with a =6.687(2) A, b =11.4618(8) A, c =11.565(2) A, V =886,4(3) A 3 , and Z =4. From the formula weight of 626.20, the density is calculated to be 4.693 g/cm 3 . The structure of BiSr 3 O 3 Cl 3 can be described as a layered structure arranged in sequence Cl/Sr-O/Bi-Sr-O-Cl/Sr-O/Cl along the b axis. The Bi-Sr-O-Cl layer is unique among all the known bismuth oxyhalides in that oxygen and halide are mixed in one layer. Two types of Sr atom and one type of Bi atom are found. Strontium of the Sr-O layer is coordinated by three O atoms with Sr-O distances ranging from 2.404(7) to 2.557(6) A and by five Cl atoms with Sr-Cl distances from 3.010(2) to 3.394(3) A. Strontium of the Bi-Sr-O-Cl layer is coordinated to three oxygen atoms with Sr-O distances in the range of 2.419(8) to 2.505(6) A and to six chlorine atoms with Sr-Cl distances in the range 2.922(3) to 3.796(4) A. The Bi atom is coordinated by three O atoms and two Cl atoms with Bi-O bond lengths ranging from 2.062(8) to 2.071(6) A and Bi-Cl bond lengths of 3.472(3) A. The isostructural compound BiCa 3 O 3 Cl 3 was also synthesized; the cell dimensions from single crystal data are a =6.383(3) A, b =10.803(3) A, and c =11.422(3) A.
Novel Test Method for Ultimate Hoop-Strain Characterization in FRP Jackets

The use of externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates is an effective solution to increase the strength and deformability of reinforced concrete columns. A critical parameter in predicting the ultimate strength of FRP-confined concrete is the ultimate circumferential (i.e., hoop) strain. This paper presents the development of a novel test method aimed at providing reliable experimental measurements of the ultimate hoop strain in FRP circular jackets with different laminate thickness and diameter. The proposed approach simulates the lateral expansion of concrete columns subjected to axial loads by enlisting the property of water (which expands when it changes state of matter from liquid to solid) as a medium to apply an internal hydrostatic pressure on cylindrical glass FRP (GFRP) jacket specimens. The average ultimate hoop strain results from 54 cylindrical GFRP-jacket specimens with different diameter and laminate thickness clearly indicate a lower level of strain than those found in simi...
Reducing Sensitive Survey Response Bias in Research on Adolescents: A Comparison of Web-Based and Paper-and-Pencil Administration

Abstract Purpose. Using the Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (POSIT), the effect of mode of administration on (1) students' willingness to disclose sensitive information and (2) response rates was investigated. Design. A 2 × 2 unequal N factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) design was employed. Mode of administration (paper-and-pencil vs. Web-based) was crossed with grade level (middle vs. high school). Setting. The study was conducted in two middle and two high schools. Subjects. A total of 628 middle and high school students completed the survey. Measures. The POSIT is a self-report measure with 139 yes/no items that identifies stressors in 10 functional areas (e.g., Substance Use). Analysis. An unequal N 2 (mode) × 2 (grade level) factorial ANOVA was employed. Results. No statistically significant differences were found for self-reported risk across modes of administration. Students completing the Web-based version of the survey were four times more likely to skip an item. Conclusio...
A dynamic neural network model of sensorimotor transformations in the leech

Interneurons in leech ganglia receive multiple sensory inputs and make synaptic contacts with many motor neurons. These hidden units coordinate several different behaviors. We used physiological and anatomical constraints to construct a model of the local bending reflex. Dynamic networks were trained on experimentally derived input-output patterns using recurrent backpropagation. Units in the model were modified to include electrical synapses and multiple synaptic time constants. The properties of the hidden units that emerged in the simulations matched those in the leech. The model and data support distributed rather than localist representations in the local bending reflex. These results also explain counterintuitive aspects of the local bending circuitry.
Rethinking the Child Care Sector

This paper challenges traditional models of the child care industry by emphasizing the importance of unpaid family work. Time use surveys provide a means of integrating estimates of its market value into regional planning models. These studies suggest that parental “quality” time with children and paid child care are complements, rather than substitutes, for one another. Quantification of the important family work that parents do can strengthen the case for instituting policies that offer parents more support and flexibility, such as paid family leaves from work and publicly provided child care.
Delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhage and factor VIII deficiency.

Purpose To describe the clinical course of a 52-year-old white man with previously undiagnosed hemophilia who suffered blunt trauma to the right eye with consequent delayed, spontaneous suprachoroidal hemorrhage. Design Observational case report. Methods The patient’s clinical course from the time of trauma to postenucleation is discussed and correlated with B-scan ultrasonography and histopathology. Results The patient developed recurrent hyphemas, delayed choroidal hemorrhage with detachment and eventually loss of the eye. Hematologic evaluation established a diagnosis of mild factor VIII deficiency. Conclusion Despite mild hemophilia, this patient had not experienced any clinically important morbidity until his eye injury. Ophthalmologists should be aware that bleeding disorders such as hemophilia predispose patients to spontaneous intraocular hemorrhage.
The spin 32 state (?) in six-coordinate iron (III). A Mössbauer and EPR investigation

Tris-(4-morpholinecarbodithioato-S,S′) iron (III) (FeM) and its dichloromethane solvate, (FeM·CH2Cl2), have been prepared and their temperature-dependent Mossbauer and EPR spectra have been determined at temperatures between liquid nitrogen and ambient. The Mossbauer spectra of FeM·CH2Cl2 differ considerably from that of FeM and is interpreted in terms of a four-line spectrum at 77 K. The EPR spectra of the two complexes indicate that the lower spin state of FeM·CH2Cl2 populates much more rapidly in the temperature range studied (100–300 K) than does FeM. These results support the postulation of an S = 52 ⇋ S = 12 spin-equilibrium for FeM and a corresponding S = 52 ⇋ S = 32 equilibrium for FeM·CH2Cl2.
Social science in Supreme Court criminal cases and briefs: The actual and potential contribution of social scientists as amici curiae.

This article describes citations of social science research evidence in 200 criminal cases decided by the Supreme Court and in the briefs filed by the parties and amici curiae in these cases. It also examines the uses of social science authorities in samples of Supreme Court exclusionary rule and jury decisionmaking cases, and accompanying briefs. The correspondence between the social science references cited in the decisions and the briefs is used as one measure of the brief-writers' contributions to the Court's use of social science materials, and related contributions of the brief-writers are explored, as well. The justices appeared to locate the majority of social science references cited in their opinions without assistance from the briefs, and thus also presumably attempted to evaluate the research evidence on their own. Individuals and organizations with scientific expertise rarely filed amicus briefs in these cases, which may help explain why the Court so frequently was without assistance in locating or examining research evidence. It is suggested that the appellate judiciary's informed use of social science materials would be promoted if more social scientists, and their professional organizations, participated as amici curiae in cases presenting social fact issues within their competence.
Unusual Kinetic and Structural Properties Control Rapid Assembly and Turnover of Actin in the Parasite Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma is a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa, which contains a number of medically important parasites that rely on a highly unusual form of motility termed gliding to actively penetrate their host cells. Parasite actin filaments regulate gliding motility, yet paradoxically filamentous actin is rarely detected in these parasites. To investigate the kinetics of this unusual parasite actin, we expressed TgACT1 in baculovirus and purified it to homogeneity. Biochemical analysis showed that Toxoplasma actin (TgACT1) rapidly polymerized into filaments at a critical concentration that was 3-4-fold lower than conventional actins, yet it failed to copolymerize with mammalian actin. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that TgACT1 filaments were 10 times shorter and less stable than rabbit actin. Phylogenetic comparison of actins revealed a limited number of apicomplexan-specific residues that likely govern the unusual behavior of parasite actin. Molecular modeling identified several key alterations that affect interactions between monomers and that are predicted to destabilize filaments. Our findings suggest that conserved molecular differences in parasite actin favor rapid cycles of assembly and disassembly that govern the unusual form of gliding motility utilized by apicomplexans.
Finding a worldly curriculum: utilizing a cosmopolitan curriculum in a global community

Purpose – Many twenty‐first century academics engaged in the discourse of multicultural issues have misplaced their focus on polemics and platitudes. In the USA, students are not following a curriculum that will help them understand multiculturalism nor are they being given the tools to help shape the global community. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how a cosmopolitan curriculum is able to find new possibilities for students and teachers, in order to develop a better multicultural education. The end result will prepare individuals to become active participants in the global community.Design/methodology/approach – The paper seeks to uncover the theory of cosmopolitanism into the discourse of public school curriculum and with a review of the literature, as well as the application to current global situations, seeks to apply a cosmopolitan curriculum to help the process of globalization.Findings – It is the responsibility of educators to prepare students for a global community; through the curricula...
MILL AND UNIFORM PRICING A COMPARISON

. In this paper we examine profit, price, output and welfare under mill and uniform pricing in a monopolistic spatial market with nonlinear demand, a general consumer distribution function, and a general transportation cost function. We show that if demand is convex (concave) then the optimal uniform price minus the average unit transportation cost is lower (higher) than the optimal mill price, output under uniform pricing is lower (higher) than output under mill pricing, and welfare under uniform pricing is lower (higher) than welfare under mill pricing, provided other respective conditions are satisfied.
Cytochrome P450‐dependent alkoxyphenoxazone dealkylase activity in rat alveolar type II cells: Effect of pretreatment with β‐naphthoflavone

Cytochrome P450-dependent alkoxyphenoxazone dealkylase activity was measured in alveolar type II cells from control and β-naphthoflavone (ip) treated-rats. Type II cells were isolated from collagenase/elastase-digested lung tissue and purified by centrifugal elutriation. The specificity of the cytochrome P450-dependent activity towards four alkoxyphenoxazones (methoxy-, ethoxy-, pentoxy-, and benzyloxyphenoxazone) was measured under conditions that minimized interference by cytosolic conjugating- and NADPH-dependent quinone reductase activities. Ethoxyphenoxazone dealkylase activity was induced 17-fold following β-naphthoflavone treatment and was further characterized by its kinetic parameters and sensitivities toward in vitro inhibitors (Km(app)=0·20 μM, Vmax = 1·74 pmoles resorufin min−1 (106 cells)−1 106 cells; I50 (α-naphthoflavone)=0·025 μM, and I50 (methyrapone) = 72 μM). β-Naphthoflavone pretreatment of the rats did not result in statistically significant changes in methoxy-, pentoxy-, or benzyloxyphenoxazone dealkylase activity of alveolar type II cells, although, a trend towards decrease activity was observed for benzyloxyphenoxazone. β-Naphthoflavone pretreatment had no effect on oxygen consumption of trypan blue exclusion in alveolar type II cells and macrophages, or on alveolar macrophage particle-mediated superoxide release. Furthermore, alveolar macrophage ethoxyphenoxazone dealkylase and benzyloxphenoxazone dealkylase activities were not affected by the β-naththoflavone pretreatment. The results show that exposure to β-naphthoflavone resulted in an increase in type II cell cytochrome P450-dependent ethoxyphenoxazone dealkylase activity but not in other alveolar type II cell or macrophage alkoxyphenoxazone dealkylase activities or in parameters that monitor viability and cell wall integrity.
Early Proterozoic activity on Archean faults in the western Superior province— Evidence from pseudotachylite

Major transcurrent faults in the Superior province developed in the Late Archean at the close of the Kenoran orogeny. Reactivation of some of these faults late in the Early Proterozoic is indicated by Rb-Sr analyses of pseudotachylite from the Rainy Lake-Seine River and Quetico faults in the Rainy Lake region of Minnesota and Ontario. Fault veins of pseudotachylite and immediately adjacent country rock at two localities yielded subparallel isochrons that are pooled for an age of 1947 ±23 Ma. K-Ar and Rb-Sr biotite ages register earlier regional cooling of the terrane at about 2500 Ma with no evidence of younger thermal overprinting at temperatures exceeding 300 °C. Accordingly, the 1947 ±23 Ma age is interpreted as dating the formation of the pseudotachylite. Reactivation of existing faults at this time was caused by stresses transmitted from margins of the Superior province where compressional tectonic events were occurring.
Parental regulation of central patterns of estrogen receptor α

Reduced levels of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in the medial amygdala (MeA) and bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST) have been hypothesized to play a significant role in the expression of male behaviors associated with monogamy. Therefore, the regulation of ERα could be a critical factor in determining male behavior and the evolution of monogamy. Central expression of ERα immunoreactivity was compared in hybrid offspring from crosses between two phenotypically distinct populations of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Illinois voles (IL) are socially monogamous and display low levels of ERα, while Kansas voles (KN) display some characteristics associated with polygyny and have higher levels of ERα. In offspring from hybrid crosses, the pattern of ERα expression was dependent upon parentage; the two types of hybrid crosses did not produce the same ERα pattern in the offspring. In the BST and MeA, hybrid males expressed ERα patterns consistent with those of males from their mother’s population, while hybrid females had ERα patterns typical of females belonging to their father’s population. The parental-specific patterns of ERα expression are suggestive of genomic imprinting, therefore, the vole ERα (Esr1) gene was cloned and sequenced, and examined for allele-specific expression. Results from this study indicate that while maternal factors may play a major role the expression of ERα in their male offspring, genomic imprinting is unlikely to be involved, suggesting another mechanism is responsible.
Low temperature pyrolyzed cobalt tetramethoxy phenylporphyrin catalyst and its applications as an improved catalyst for metal air batteries

Abstract As an alternative catalyst to replace the expensive platinum-based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in both proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells and metal–air batteries, tetra methoxyphenyl porphyrin cobalt complex, CoTMPP, has drawn much attention in the areas of ORR catalyst synthesis and characterization. In the present work, CoTMPP is investigated at varying temperatures of pyrolysis, ranging from 410 to 810 °C, to determine the optimal temperature of pyrolysis to produce catalysts with desirable properties. Carbon supported pyrolyzed CoTMPP catalyst (CoTMPP/C) was assessed using X-ray diffraction and Raman, a number of varied electrochemical tests, as well as a single cell test. Through these, it has been found that the CoTMPP/C, pyrolyzed at 410 °C, demonstrates superior catalytic activity towards ORR, and has a higher fuel cell performance than the catalysts pyrolyzed at 800 °C, the industry standard pyrolysis temperature. This paper also utilizes scanning auger microscopy (SAM) to accredit the origin of the increased activity to the bond N–C(O), which plays a major role in catalysis and is decomposed at higher temperatures.
Examining the role of partner status in an HIV prevention trial targeting HIV-positive gay and bisexual men: the seropositive urban men’s intervention trial (SUMIT)

The goal of this analysis was to examine whether partner status impacted behavioral outcomes from the Seropositive Urban Men's Intervention Trial (SUMIT). We contrasted sample characteristics of HIV-positive gay and bisexual men with and without main partners and then examined differences in sexual behaviors among men participating in an enhanced HIV prevention intervention compared to those in a standard condition. Logistic regression analyses were performed to differentiate characteristics of men with and without main partners and mixed-model logistic regression analyses were performed to test for intervention effects. Men with main partners showed a greater likelihood of having unprotected anal sex with any partner, although the number of male sexual partners was higher for men without a main partner. SUMIT generally produced few differences in sexual risk behaviors and did not affect several potential mediator variables of the relationship between the intervention and sexual behaviors with main and nonmain partners.
Non-volatile organic analysis of uranium ore concentrates

In support of nuclear safeguards and non-proliferation efforts, Oak Ridge National Laboratory is responsible for characterizing uranium ore concentrate (UOC) samples obtained from two ore mining and milling sites. A sorptive extraction method has been developed for analysis of non-volatile organic compounds that might be used to identify characteristics of the purification process by which uranium was separated from these ores. This method utilizes Gerstel Twister® stir bars coated with polydimethylsiloxane to extract organic components from aqueous media. A slurry of UOC is extracted with the Twister® stir bar in 20 % methanol/80 % water containing deuterated internal hydrocarbon standards. Following extraction of non-volatile organics, the Twister® stir bar is analyzed directly in the inlet of a gas chromatograph fitted with a quadrupole mass spectrometric detector. Results have been consistent and have shown excellent recoveries of internal standards, with the average recovery being 97.5 %. Both qualitative and quantitative differences have been identified between the two sources of UOC utilizing this method. One source contained an increased concentration of amines which commonly are used in the recovery and purification of ores. Amines that were identified in this UOC source include dioctylamine, triisoctylamine, and Alamine® 336, a common industrial complexant. Also, when comparing both sources, the same UOC source contained various decanol and C20 compounds. Based on the results from this study, non-volatile organic analysis of UOC using sorptive extraction with Twister® stir bars and GC–MS is a tool that can be used to facilitate sourcing of unknown UOC.
Effect of centrally administered neurotensin on multiple feeding paradigms

Recent studies have suggested that the tridecapeptide, neurotensin, may be an endogenous satiety factor. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of neurotensin on multiple paradigms known to stimulate feeding. Following a 30 hour starvation period, neurotensin suppressed feeding at the 20 μg and 10 μg dose, but not at the 1 μg dose when compared to saline controls. Norepinephrine (20 μg ICV) induced feeding was suppressed at the 20 μg neurotensin dose but not at the 10 μg or 1 μg dose. In contrast, neurotensin did not suppress muscimol induced feeding at any of the doses. Insulin induced feeding (10 units SC) also was not suppressed by neurotensin. Neurotensin suppressed dynorphin induced feeding at the 20 μg and 10 μg but not at the 1 μg dose. Neurotensin suppressed spontaneous feeding (p<0.01) in vagotomized rats (2.5±0.3 g/2 hr) when compared with saline controls (4.2±0.5 g/2 hr) suggesting that an intact vagus is not necessary for neurotensin's anorectic effect. We conclude that neurotensin may play a role in short-term appetite regulation by a complex interaction with monoamines and neuropeptides, particularly norepinephrine and the kappa opiate agonist, dynorphin.
Fluid and electrolyte disorders in the critically ill

and crystalloid solutions; hazards associated with the administration of hypotonic fluids to hypovolemic patients also will be presented. Critically ill patients can have abnormalities in serum concentrations of sodium, glucose, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium. Because sodium and glucose are the major determinants of serum osmolality, abnormalities in the serum sodium and glucose concentrations will be discussed as disorders of osmolality. We also will review the electrolyte abnormalities, which are common in critically ill patients.
Mechanical restraints as positive reinforcers for aggression

Research suggests that, in some cases, mechanical restraints may function as positive reinforcers. In this study, we conducted a functional analysis of severe aggression exhibited by an individual with a history of wearing arm splints. The results of this functional analysis demonstrated that his aggression was maintained by access to the arm splints. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Historically, mechanical restraints such as arm splints have been used to prevent severe self-injurious behavior (SIB) as well as to minimize the injury that may result from SIB (Griffin, Williams, Stark, Altmeyer, & Mason, 1984; Sturmey, 1999). In many cases, the use of mechanical restraints can function as punishment or extinction (Mazaleski, Iwata, Rodgers, Vollmer, & Zarcone, 1994), which effectively decreases SIB. However, in some cases, prolonged use of mechanical restraints may lead to the restraint becoming a positive reinforcer. For example, Favell, McGimsey, and Jones (1978) used mechanical restraints as part of a differential reinforcement of other (DRO) treatment for severe SIB with three individuals with mental retardation. They found that providing access to the restraint contingent in the absence of SIB for prespecified periods of time resulted in a reduction in SIB. They subsequently showed that an arbitrary response (placing a marble in a box) could be reinforced by access to mechanical restraints. In light of these findings, it is possible that the loss (or removal) of mechanical restraints may lead to increase in problem behavior. That is, if mechanical restraints are a reinforcer, then the loss of the reinforcer may serve as an establishing operation (i.e., deprivation) resulting in an increase in the reinforcer value of the restraint. This in turn may lead to an increase in the future probability of problem behavior that may be associated with access to mechanical restraints. Therefore, the purpose of this
Prolegomena to a Theory of the Sound Pattern of the First Spoken Language

Although it would seem fundamental to the understanding of human beings, there has been virtually no attempt, in modern science, to develop a theory regarding the sound pattern of the first language. As a step towards such a theory, I suggest that ontogeny may recapitulate phylogeny. I propose that the pattern of open/close alternation of the mandible underlying the syllable which first appears in infants at the babbling stage is the missing link in the evolution of speech from ancestral primate vocal signals. In addition, I suggest that the conjoint set of sounds and sound patterns favored in babbling and early words, and in the world's languages, constitutes, in effect, the fossil record of true speech, and I provide a tentative enumeration of this set.