cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF PERCEIVED PREDATION RISK ON MALE COURTSHIP AND COPULATORY BEHAVIOR IN THE WOLF SPIDER PARDOSA MILVINA (ARANEAE, LYCOSIDAE)

The wolf spider, Pardosa milvina (Hentz 1844), shows effective antipredator responses in the presence of chemotactile cues (silk and excreta) from a larger wolf spider, Hogna helluo(Walckenaer 1837). We examined the influence of these substratum-borne cues on male P. milvina courtship and copulatory behavior. Forty-one pairs of adult virgin male and female P. milvina were placed on substrates with or without silk and excreta from an adult female H. helluo. Using behavioral observation software (Noldus Observer t 4.1), we recorded time until courtship, courtship duration, and intensity (leg raise and body shake rates). We also measured the total number of matings, the duration of each mating, and the number and rate of successful and failed palpal insertions. While we found no difference between treat- ments in mating success, courtship intensity or duration, there were significant increases in time until courtship and significant decreases in palpal insertion rates under predation risk. Males under predation risk also had significantly more failed palpal insertions than males not under risk. Results suggest that predation risk has a relatively minor impact on courtship displays and mating success, but could potentially impact mate searching, sperm transfer efficiency, or copulatory courtship.
Identifying peer-reviewed journals in clinical medicine.

BACKGROUND: Two directories that contain information about serials also offer lists of thousands of journals identified as peer-reviewed. Librarians generally regard these lists as authoritative. OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical medicine journals on both peer-reviewed lists, measure the extent of discrepancies between these two lists, and determine the cause for these discrepancies. DESIGN: Comparison study. MEASUREMENTS: The extent of the discrepancies were tallied once the author had attempted to control for all extraneous variables. Interviews with the editorial staffs of each directory in regard to procedures for compiling the directories did not produce an explanation for these discrepancies. RESULTS: Nearly half (46%) of the 784 clinical medicine journals were unique to either one directory's list of peer-reviewed journals or the other's, indicating significant discrepancies between the two directories. Specifically, The Serials Directory listed 211 (27%) unique titles and Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory listed 150 (19%) unique titles (total unique titles = 46%). Both directories listed 423 of the same titles (54%). CONCLUSION: Widespread confusion about the actual identities of peer reviewed clinical medicine journals appears to explain the discrepancies between lists in these two periodical directories.
Three-Dimensional Confocal Microscopy Indentation Method for Hydrogel Elasticity Measurement.

The stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in controlling cell functions. As an alternative to the ECM, hydrogels of tunable elasticity are widely used for in vitro cell mechanobiology studies. Therefore, characterizing the Young’s modulus of the hydrogel substrate is crucial. In this paper, we propose a confocal microscopy indentation method for measuring the elasticity of polyacrylamide gel as a model hydrogel. Our new indentation method is based on three-dimensional imaging of the indented gel using confocal microscopy and automated image processing to measure indentation depth from the three-dimensional image stack. We tested and validated our method by indenting polyacrylamide gels of different rigidities with various sphere indentors and by comparing it with the rheometric method. Our measurements show consistent results regardless of the type of the indentors and agree with rheometric measurements. Therefore, the proposed confocal microscopy indentation method can accur...
Approximate dynamic programming with applications in multi-agent systems

This thesis presents the development and implementation of approximate dynamic programming methods used to manage multi-agent systems. The purpose of this thesis is to develop an architectural framework and theoretical methods that enable an autonomous mission system to manage real-time multi-agent operations. To meet this goal, we begin by discussing aspects of the real-time multi-agent mission problem. Next, we formulate this problem as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and present a system architecture designed to improve mission-level functional reliability through system self-awareness and adaptive mission planning. Since most multi-agent mission problems are computationally difficult to solve in real-time, approximation techniques are needed to find policies for these large-scale problems. Thus, we have developed theoretical methods used to find feasible solutions to large-scale optimization problems. More specifically, we investigate methods designed to automatically generate an approximation to the cost-to-go function using basis functions for a given MDP. Next, these techniques are used by an autonomous mission system to manage multi-agent mission scenarios. Simulation results using these methods are provided for a large-scale mission problem. In addition, this thesis presents the implementation of techniques used to manage autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) performing persistent surveillance operations. We present an indoor multi-vehicle testbed called RAVEN (Real-time indoor Autonomous Vehicle test ENvironment) that was developed to study long-duration missions in a controlled environment. The RAVEN's design allows researchers to focus on high-level tasks by autonomously managing the platform's realistic air and ground vehicles during multi-vehicle operations, thus promoting the rapid prototyping of UAV technologies by flight testing new vehicle configurations and algorithms without redesigning vehicle hardware. Finally, using the RAVEN, we present flight test results from autonomous, extended mission tests using the technologies developed in this thesis. Flight results from a 24 hr, fully-autonomous air vehicle flight-recharge test and an autonomous, multi-vehicle extended mission test using small, electric-powered air vehicles are provided. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Capital-labor struggle: the unspoken causes of the crises.

The literature on the causes of the current financial and economic crises often fails to consider both the causal role of the conflict between capital and labor, and this conflict's continued effect. This article analyzes the evolution of the conflict and its implications for the distribution of income during the post-World War II period. Especially emphasizing the relationship between the U.S. and European economies, it examines the genesis and development of the governing structures of the Eurozone as determining factors in the increasing gap between capital and labor. The history of the European economic trajectory and the current German financial leadership provide important context for the analysis. Evidence is provided that this conflict between capital and labor is at the roots of the current financial and economic crisis, a thesis has been dramatically underexposed in the current scientific literature.
Executive Function Coaching: Assisting With Transitioning From Secondary to Postsecondary Education

Objective: ADHD is defined as impairment to self-regulatory behavior and executive functioning (EF). Many students with other learning disabilities (LD) also experience EF impairments. With the ris...
Interval 2-tuple Linguistic Fuzzy Multiple Attributes Group Decision-making Based on Connection Variables

According to the uncertainty of interval 2-tuple linguistic evaluation information,by considering the distribution of interval 2-tuple linguistic variables,the 2-tuple linguistic connection variables and the 2-tuple linguistic normal distribution variables are defined. Their operation laws are studied, and the information aggregation operators of 2-tuple linguistic connection variables are presented. Based on fuzzy multiple attribute group decision-making problem with completely unknown weight of interval 2-tuple linguistic variable attributes of decision-making matrix elements,by using the 2-tuple linguistic variable variance of normal distribution,by constructing optimization model to determine optimal attribute weight,the fuzzy multiple attributes group decisionmaking method is proposed based on 2-tuple linguistic connection variable information,and finally numerical example is used to analyze the feasibility and validity of this method.
Detection of X-Disease Mycoplasma-Like Organisms in Plant and Insect Hosts Using Cloned, Disease Specific DNA

DNA was extracted from MLO enriched extracts derived from Colladanus montanus leafhoppers infected with the peach yellow leafroll (PYLR) strain of X-disease. Equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl/ethidium bromide gradients produced two distinct bands. The upper DNA band was removed and sequentially digested with HindIII and EcoR1. The resulting fragments were size fractionated on agarose gels and recovered from the gel using DE 81 cellulose paper. Digested DNA was inserted into the plasmid UC8 and cloned in E. coli (strain JM83). Recombinant clones were screened by colony, dot and Southern blot hybridization using 32P-nick translated DNA extracted from healthy and PYLR infected C. montanus and celery. Cloned, disease specific DNA hybridized with DNA extracted from Vinca major or celery infected with either the PYLR or Green Valley (GV) strain of X-disease but not with healthy plant DNA. Leafhoppers infected with either the PYLR or GV strains of X-disease were readily detected using 32P-nick translated cloned probe, while no hybridization occurred with healthy leafhoppers. PYLR MLOs were readily detected in individual leafhoppers 2 wk after feeding on diseased celery. When tested in groups of ten, the X-disease MLO was detected in leafhoppers after a 1 wk acquisition access period. No hybridization has been detected with aster yellows infected aster or Vinca.
Magna Carta: The rule of law in early common law litigation

Abstract Activist judges are often accused of changing the rule of law into the rule of men. Some Americans are disturbed by U. S. Supreme Court decisions that create new law, invade state sovereignty, and impose recent standards for sexual conduct. The fourteenth century Court of Common Pleas invented the heretical doctrine that judges have the power to change law. The medieval court implemented new rules, ignored the plain meaning of legislation, and undermined Magna Carta guarantees. This paper explains how a head-strong judge seized power, and violated traditional respect for the rule of law. His innovations are discussed in the context of American judicial activism.
Description of the data base

Several advantages of the present study in comparison with previous related work are based upon the richness of the data used. The detail and relative completeness of the data permit a more precise analysis with more meaningful conclusions than has previously been possible.
The Cuban Second Economy in Perspective

He was in his early twenties. Relaxed and playful, he swapped cigarettes and chistes with the three ‘norteamericanos’ who had wandered into that rural town of muddy surf and rocky shoreline on Cuba’s leeward coast.1 He said he served with the Cuban air force in Angola, was proud of his country, and would not leave it for the United States. Yet, with a trace of wistfulness, he told us how fortunate everyone was in the United States to be able to have everything they wanted. He was sceptical of our comment that there were homeless people and people without adequate medical care in the United States.
Impact of poverty and race on pre-end-stage renal disease care among dialysis patients in the United States

BACKGROUND Access to nephrology care prior to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is significantly associated with lower rates of morbidity and mortality. We assessed the association of area-level and individual-level indicators of poverty and race/ethnicity on pre-ESRD care provided by nephrologists. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study using the US Renal Data System database, we identified 739 537 patients initiated on maintenance dialysis from 1 January 2007 through 31 December 2012. We assessed the Medicare-Medicaid dual eligibility status as an indicator of individual-level poverty and ZIP code-level median household income (MHI) data obtained from the 2010 US census. We conducted multivariable logistic regression of pre-ESRD nephrology care as the outcome variable. RESULTS Among patients in the lowest area-level MHI quintile, 61.28% received pre-ESRD nephrology care versus 67.68% among those in higher quintiles (P < 0.001). Similarly, the proportions of dual-eligible and nondual-eligible patients who had pre-ESRD nephrology care were 61.49 and 69.84%, respectively (P < 0.001). Patients in the lowest area-level MHI quintile were associated with significantly lower likelihood of pre-ESRD nephrology care (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.86 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85-0.87]) compared with those in higher quintiles. Both African American (AA) and Hispanic patients were significantly less likely to have received pre-ESRD nephrology care [aOR 0.85 (95% CI 0.84-0.86) and aOR 0.72 (95% CI 0.71-0.74), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS Individual- and area-level measures of poverty, AA race and Hispanic ethnicity were independently associated with a lower likelihood of pre-ESRD nephrology care. Efforts to improve pre-ESRD nephrology care may require focusing on the poor and minority groups.
Real-time analysis of antibody binding interactions with immobilized E. coli O157:H7 cells using the BIAcore

The kinetic properties of antibody-antigen reaction and other interacting macromolecules can be analyzed in real-time using the surface plasmon resonance biosensor (BIAcore). The interactions of an antibody against Escherischia coli O157:H7 were studied using immobilized whole cells. The bacterial sensor surface was evaluated with anti-E. coli in a continuous flow system. Regeneration of the sensor surface with guanidine-HCl was more effective than with phosphoric acid and resulted in better binding reproducibility. The determined kinetic values, association and dissociation rate constants, can be used in the development of rapid immuno-techniques. This study also provides the basis to evaluate real-time interactions of macromolecules with immobilized cells.
SMARTGEN: Exposing Server URLs of Mobile Apps With Selective Symbolic Execution

Server URLs including domain names, resource path, and query parameters are important to many security applications such as hidden service identification, malicious website detection, and server vulnerability fuzzing. Unlike traditional desktop web apps in which server URLs are often directly visible, the server URLs of mobile apps are often hidden, only being exposed when the corresponding app code gets executed. Therefore, it is important to automatically analyze the mobile app code to expose the server URLs and enable the security applications with them. We have thus developed SMARTGEN to feature selective symbolic execution for the purpose of automatically generate server request messages to expose the server URLs by extracting and solving user input constraints in mobile apps. Our evaluation with 5,000 top-ranked mobile apps (each with over one million installs) in Google Play shows that with SMARTGEN we are able to reveal 297,780 URLs in total for these apps. We have then submitted all of these exposed URLs to a harmful URL detection service provided by VirusTotal, which further identified 8634 URLs being harmful. Among them, Phising belong to phishing sites, 3,722 malware sites and 3,228 malicious sites (there are 387 overlapped sites between malware and malicious sites).
Ilustración arqueológica en los Andes (1850-1890)

Resumen En terminos generales, es posible trazar en las publicaciones europeas sobre los Andes una trayectoria historica en el curso de cuatro siglos, desde un sistema de representacion que esta intimamente atado – y afiliado – a la palabra escrita, a uno donde las imagenes se convierten en la razon de ser de la publicacion. Esta trayectoria refleja el campo de la arqueologia en si mismo, desde sus origenes en una tradicion de anticuarios dominada por las preocupaciones filologicas durante los siglos XVI y XVII, al siglo XIX, donde las evidencias fotograficas ganan fuerza frente a las escritas. Este documento se centra en el pico de esta trayectoria: los atlas arqueologicos creados entre 1850 y 1890, en particular el trabajo de Wilhelm Reiss y Alphons Stubel y su publicacion en tres volumenes titulada “The necropolis of Ancon in Peru” (“La necropolis de Ancon en el Peru”). El presente estudio analiza el papel de la ilustracion arqueologica en la iluminacion, la difusion y comprension de un pasado pre-inca durante el siglo XIX, y en ultima instancia, como las imagenes dan forma a la construccion del conocimiento.
Age as a prognostic indicator for adjuvant therapy in patients who underwent pancreatic resections for cancer

Abstract Purpose In pancreatic cancer, the greatest increase in survival is attained by surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Although surgical complications and functional status are recognized as independent factors for halting adjuvant therapy in patients that undergo pancreatic resections, other elements may play a role in deciding which patients get treated postoperatively. Here we determined demographic and clinical characteristics of patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, with the primary intent to investigate if age alone affects rates of adjuvant therapy. Methods/Materials National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for patients that underwent surgery for pancreatic cancer. Groups were divided into: adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 17,924) and no adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 12,947). Basic demographics and treatment characteristics were analyzed. Age was compared with an independent means test; other comparisons used Chi-square test of independence. Results There was a statistical difference in age (adjuvant therapy 64.86 ± 9.89 vs. no therapy 67.78 ± 11.22, p Conclusions Regardless of postoperative complications and functional status, age alone appears to affect rates of adjuvant therapy in patients with resected pancreatic cancer. Older patients should be offered tailored regimens that would allow them to complete the intended extent of treatment.
Design and experimental validation of Unilateral Linear Halbach magnet arrays for single-sided magnetic resonance

Abstract Single-sided NMR has the potential for broad utility and has found applications in healthcare, materials analysis, food quality assurance, and the oil and gas industry. These sensors require a remote, strong, uniform magnetic field to perform high sensitivity measurements. We demonstrate a new permanent magnet geometry, the Unilateral Linear Halbach, that combines design principles from “sweet-spot” and linear Halbach magnets to achieve this goal through more efficient use of magnetic flux. We perform sensitivity analysis using numerical simulations to produce a framework for Unilateral Linear Halbach design and assess tradeoffs between design parameters. Additionally, the use of hundreds of small, discrete magnets within the assembly allows for a tunable design, improved robustness to variability in magnetization strength, and increased safety during construction. Experimental validation using a prototype magnet shows close agreement with the simulated magnetic field. The Unilateral Linear Halbach magnet increases the sensitivity, portability, and versatility of single-sided NMR.
CTCG: Charge-trap based camouflaged gates for reverse engineering prevention

Reverse Engineering (RE) of Intellectual Property (IP) has become increasingly more efficient with sophisticated imaging and probing techniques. Gate camouflaging is a well-known technique used to prevent an adversary from deciphering the chip design and stealing the IP. Several flavors of camouflaging have been previously proposed to thwart RE such as, dummy vias and threshold voltage modulation. However, these techniques are either costly or remain vulnerable to backside probing and sophisticated optical attacks. In this paper, we propose a charge — trap based approach of designing camouflaged circuits, which are resilient to backside probing and optical RE. The camouflaging relies on trapped charges at the gate oxide of the camouflaged gate. It does not require any process change and does not leave any layout-level clue. We propose two multi-function dynamic Charge-Trap-based Camouflaged Gates (CTCG) namely, CTCG2 and CTCG4 that can assume 2 and 4 different logic personalities, respectively. We leverage this camouflaging technique to design an n-stage domino-logic implementation. We perform area, power and delay analysis of CTCG and compare with existing camouflaging techniques. Simulation results show an average delay overhead of 2X, leakage overhead of 3.5X, total power overhead of 2.2X and area overhead of 7.4X with respect to standard dynamic gates. Since CTCG overhead is high and may suffer from leakage of trapped charges if process is not optimized carefully, we propose to replace the charge-trap circuit with a Non-Volatile Ferroelectric FET (NV-FeFET). Simulation results of NV-FeFET based CTCG show an average delay overhead of 1. 7X, leakage overhead of 0.6X, total power overhead of 0.9X and area overhead of 2.3X with respect to standard dynamic gates.
Under the Rainbow Flag: Webbing Global Gay Identities

This essay analyzes contemporary global and local constructions of gay identities on World Wide Web sites. The authors rely on core cultural symbol analysis and visual imagery content analysis in their rhetorical-critical examination of texts and images. Three heavily trafficked, U.S.-domained Web sites are analyzed first, acknowledging the hegemonic positioning of U.S. cultural space as a physical, ideological, and cyber realm that enables the coming out process but also a realm in which cultural imperialism and commodification of “other” experiences reign. By comparing and contrasting the analyses of these sites with gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender sites originating in Mainland China, Japan, and Germany, the authors document both the transformative and empowering aspects of transnational identity constructions and the dynamics of localized constructions that take part in, support, negotiate, and resist such global constructions.
Uninhibited Urethral Relaxation

Uninhibited urethral relaxation is a rare form of incontinence which may complicate urethral instability. The International Continence Society defines this as a variant of urethral instability. In one large series it was found to be the sole cause of incontinence in 0.3% of cases. It is a condition where the urethra relaxes in the absence of a bladder contraction and results in urinary leakage.
The Future of Boron in Medicinal Chemistry: Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications

Because of its unique electronic structure, boron has special properties useful in designing new diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Specifically, boron’s strong Lewis acidity and ability to undergo fission under neutron bombardment form the foundation for boron-containing compounds to be developed as inhibitors of hydrolytic enzymes, chemosensors and artificial receptors for carbohydrates and other Lewis bases, and boron neutron capture agents. A number of boron-containing compounds have been evaluated in animal and human studies for diagnostics and therapeutic applications. One compound in particular, Velcade, has been approved as an anticancer agent. This chapter highlights some of the most significant contributions in the field.
Translating research to policy at the NCSE 2017 symposium “Microbiology of the Built Environment: Implications for Health and Design”

Here, we summarize a symposium entitled “Microbiology of the Built Environment: Implications for Health and Design” that was presented at the National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE) 17th National Conference and Global Forum in January 2017. We covered topics including indoor microbial exposures and childhood asthma, the influence of hospital design on neonatal development, the role of the microbiome in our premise (i.e., building) plumbing systems, antibiotic resistance, and quantitative microbial risk assessment. This symposium engaged the broader scientific and policy communities in a discussion to increase awareness of this critical research area and translate findings to practice.
Development of a Clinical Teaching Evaluation and Feedback Tool for Faculty.

Author(s): Dehon, Erin; Robertson, Ellen; Barnard, Marie; Gunalda, Jonah; Puskarich, Michael | Abstract: Introduction: Formative evaluations of clinical teaching for emergency medicine (EM) faculty are limited. The goal of this study was to develop a behaviorally-based tool for evaluating and providing feedback to EM faculty based on their clinical teaching skills during a shift. Methods: We used a three-phase structured development process. Phase 1 used the nominal group technique with a group of faculty first and then with residents to generate potential evaluation items. Phase 2 included separate focus groups and used a modified Delphi technique with faculty and residents, as well as a group of experts to evaluate the items generated in Phase 1. Following this, residents classified the items into novice, intermediate, and advanced educator skills. Once items were determined for inclusion and subsequently ranked they were built into the tool by the investigators (Phase 3). Results: The final instrument, the “Faculty Shift Card,” is a behaviorally-anchored evaluation and feedback tool used to facilitate feedback to EM faculty about their teaching skills during a shift. The tool has four domains: teaching clinical decision-making; teaching interpersonal skills; teaching procedural skills; and general teaching strategies. Each domain contains novice, intermediate, and advanced sections with 2-5 concrete examples for each level of performance. Conclusion: This structured process resulted in a well-grounded and systematically developed evaluation tool for EM faculty that can provide real-time actionable feedback to faculty and support improved clinical teaching.
Oral Democracy : Deliberation in Indian Village Assemblies

Oral Democracy studies citizens' voices in civic and political deliberations in India's gram sabhas (village assemblies), the largest deliberative institution in human history. It analyses nearly three hundred transcripts of gram sabhas, sampled within the framework of a natural experiment, allowing the authors to study how state policy affects the quality of discourse, citizens' discursive performances and state enactments embodied by elected leaders and public officials. By drawing out the varieties of speech apparent in citizen and state interactions, their analysis shows that citizens' oral participation in development and governance can be improved by strengthening deliberative spaces through policy. Even in conditions of high inequality and illiteracy, gram sabhas can create discursive equality by developing the 'oral competence' of citizens and establishing a space in which they can articulate their interests. The authors develop the concept of 'oral democracy' to aid the understanding of deliberative systems in non-Western and developing countries. This title is also available as Open Access.
A Silk-Expressed Pectin Methylesterase Confers Cross-Incompatibility Between Wild and Domesticated Strains of Zea mays

Abstract Despite being members of the same species, some strains of wild teosinte maintain themselves as a distinct breeding population by blocking fertilization by pollen from neighboring maize plants. These teosinte strains may be in the process of evolving into a separate species, since reproductive barriers that block gene flow are critical components in speciation. This trait is conferred by the Teosinte crossing barrier1-s (Tcb1-s) haplotype, making Tcb1 a speciation gene candidate. Tcb1-s contains a female gene that blocks non-self-type pollen and a male function that enables self-type pollen to overcome that block. The Tcb1-female gene encodes a Pectin Methylesterase, implying that modification of the pollen cell wall by the pistil is a key mechanism by which these teosinte females reject foreign (but closely related) pollen. One sentence summary The Tcb1-female gene encodes a Pectin Methylesterase that in teosinte silks prevents fertilization by maize pollen.
Roles of the Transcription Factors Sfl2 and Efg1 in White-Opaque Switching in a/α Strains of Candida albicans.

ABSTRACT Candida albicans remains the most pervasive fungal pathogen colonizing humans. The majority of isolates from hosts are heterozygous at the mating type locus (MTLa/α), and a third of these have recently been shown to be capable of switching to the opaque phenotype. Here we have investigated the roles of two transcription factors (TFs) Sfl2 and Efg1, in repressing switching in a/α strains. Deleting either gene results in the capacity of a/α cells to switch to opaque en masse under facilitating environmental conditions, which include N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) as the carbon source, physiological temperature (37°C), and high CO2 (5%). These conditions are similar to those in the host. Our results further reveal that while glucose is a repressor of sfl2Δ and efg1Δ switching, GlcNAc is an inducer. Finally, we show that when GlcNAc is the carbon source, and the temperature is low (25°C), the efg1Δ mutants, but not the sfl2Δ mutants, form a tiny, elongate cell, which differentiates into an opaque cell when transferred to conditions optimal for a/α switching. These results demonstrate that at least two TFs, Sfl2 and Efg1, repress switching in a/α cells and that a/α strains with either an sfl2Δ or efg1Δ mutation can switch en masse but only under physiological conditions. The role of opaque a/α cells in commensalism and pathogenesis must, therefore, be investigated. IMPORTANCE More than 95% of Candida albicans strains isolated from humans are MTLa/α, and approximately a third of these can undergo the white-to-opaque transition. Therefore, besides being a requirement for MTL-homozygous strains to mate, the opaque phenotype very likely plays a role in the commensalism and pathogenesis of nonmating, a/α populations colonizing humans.
Folate and Vitamins B6 and B12

Abstract One-carbon metabolism (OCM) encompasses a group of biochemical reactions involving the folate coenzymes, vitamin B6 (B6), and vitamin B12 (B12). As with other vitamins, folate is an essential nutrient because humans cannot synthesize this molecule and strictly depend on diet for its proper supply. The folate coenzymes are critical for fundamental cellular processes such as nucleic acid biosynthesis, DNA repair, amino acid biogenesis, and cellular methylation. Therefore, insufficient folate intake, as well as deficiency of folate pathways, are associated with increased risk for certain diseases, most notably neural tube defects (NTDs). The status of one-carbon metabolic pathways is commonly assessed by measurements of plasma levels of folate and homocysteine, as well as the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)–S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio. Although plasma metabolites are well-established biomarkers of the vitamin status, accurate disease diagnosis and appropriate prevention and treatment should consider that the intracellular vitamin status is modified depending on individual genetic polymorphisms. Because the OCM pathways display numerous genetic polymorphisms, optimal intakes of folate and associated vitamins within populations will vary owing to variations within relevant genes. Individuals with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions (ins), or deletions (del) in genes related to folate metabolism may have increased susceptibility to certain diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer disease, and dementia.
Acid–Base Disorders: General Considerations and Evaluation

The assessment of an acid–base disorder by three methods was discussed in Chap. 3. In this and other chapters, we follow the physiologic method for evaluation of an acid–base disorder. In Chap. 1, we stated that a change in plasma [HCO3−] results in a metabolic acid–base disturbance, whereas a change in arterial pCO2 results in a respiratory acid–base disorder. Clinically, four primary acid–base disorders can be recognized: (1) metabolic acidosis, (2) metabolic alkalosis, (3) respiratory acidosis, and (4) respiratory alkalosis. Values for an arterial blood gas (ABG) for each primary acid–base disorder are shown in Table 4.1. Table 4.2 shows the terminology that is useful to a clinician in the analysis of an acid–base disorder.
A Loop-Wiring Technique for Volarly Displaced Distal Radius Fractures With Small Thin Volar Marginal Fragments

Volarly displaced distal radius fractures (VD-DRFs) with small thin volar marginal fragments (VMFs) are challenging to treat with conventional volar locking plates (VLPs) alone. Several alternative surgical options have been reported to treat these fractures, including wire-loop fixation, spring-wire fixation, hook plates, headless compression screws, and tension-band wiring, but the optimal method is yet to be determined. We have devised a surgical treatment for these fractures, entitled the "loop-wiring method" in which VMFs are anatomically reduced and 2 0.043-inch K-wires are drilled through the volar tip of the fragment and introduced into the dorsal cortex. Two bone tunnels are then made with a 0.039-inch K-wire, before a 0.028-inch soft wire is passed from the volar to the dorsal side and tightened over the dorsal cortex. After a fracture at the volar rim, even if properly reduced, compression stress is continuously generated on the volar cortical side of the fracture site and tension is generated on the articular side, which leads to VMF displacement, articular surface widening, and carpal subluxation. The loop-wiring technique applies compressive pressure securely to the articular side of the fracture site as well as to the whole fracture site and may be advantageous in terms of secure fixation of small thin volar marginal fragments, stability of the carpus, and bone healing.
How the House Sues

The House of Representatives is suing, more than ever before. But how does the House actually initiate lawsuits? For decades, the House authorized litigation through full chamber votes. Yet recently the House has delegated to its Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group (BLAG) — a five-member body composed of the Speaker, Majority Leader and Whip, and Minority Leader and Whip — authority to initiate suit on the House’s behalf. That delegation raises novel questions at the intersection of Articles I and III, and all of the House’s currently-pending, BLAG-initiated suits rest on its legality. It is also entirely unstudied. This Article is the first to analyze the history, practice, and lawfulness of the House’s delegation of litigating authority to BLAG. It finds BLAG is likely constitutional under Article I’s Rulemaking Clause. And in any event, it concludes that BLAG’s constitutionality may pose a nonjusticiable political question. In so doing, this Article aims to open a dialogue over this critical, overlooked actor in American public law.
The immigrant mental health advantage in the US among ethnic minority and other groups: Findings and potential mechanisms

Abstract This chapter will address the prevalence of mental disorders among the ethnic minority groups (African American, Latinx, and Asian American) in the United States according to immigration status. We will utilize the most current psychiatric epidemiology studies to characterize the prevalence of mental disorders in these groups, and describe the possible mechanisms accounting for the apparent advantage for foreign-born individuals for the ethnic minority and other groups. We will utilize Black Americans as a case example to illustrate how various mechanisms influence psychopathology among immigrant groups.
Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: Expectancies of use and alcohol-related negative consequences among a young adult sample.

Abstract Objective Energy drinks are a popular mixer with alcohol among college-aged young adults. Few studies to date have examined the relationships between expectancies of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) use, AmED use and AmED-related negative consequences. Methods Eighty college-aged young adults were surveyed regarding their alcohol and AmED use, related negative consequences and AmED expectancies. Associations were assessed using chi-square tests and Cramer's V. A simple mediational model also was used to explore the potential relationships between AmED expectancies, AmED use and AmED-related negative consequences. Results AmED use was associated with more types of related negative consequences than heavy alcohol use alone, and where AmED use and heavy alcohol use were mutually associated with a related negative consequence, the strength of association was stronger for AmED use. While several AmED-related negative consequences were associated with AmED expectancies, unwanted sexual contact and getting into a verbal argument were associated with the greatest number of expectancies. The mediational model identified a statistically significant indirect effect of AmED expectancies on AmED-related negative consequences mediated by AmED use. Conclusions The study results contribute to the evidence that AmED use may confer additional risk for related negative consequences beyond heavy alcohol use and suggest that AmED expectancies may have a role in AmED use, which, in turn, is associated with AmED-related negative consequences. AmED expectancies may be targets for intervention to reduce AmED use considering the possible subsequent related negative consequences, especially those involving negative interpersonal experiences.
Closing the pre and in‐service gap: Perceptions and implementation of the IPA during student teaching

This research explored the experiences of nine preservice teacher candidates of Spanish in world language teacher education programs at two higher education institutions implementing the Integrated Performance Assessment (IPA) as Student Teachers (ST), as well as perceptions of seven Cooperating Teachers (CTs) and the University Field Supervisor. This qualitative, multiple‐case study included data from interviews, focus groups, and classroom observations. Four themes emerged from the data analysis: (a) STs’ preparation and CT's familiarity with the IPA; (b) STs’ implementation of IPA and CTs’ reactions; (c) impact of clinical experience on STs and CTs' pedagogical beliefs; and (d) professional development needs. The article concludes with recommendations for world language teacher certification programs and professional development opportunities for in‐service, CTs.
Evolutionary Epistemology, Social Epistemology, and the Demic Structure of Science

One of the principal difficulties in assessing Science as aProcess (Hull 1988) is determining the relationship between the various elements of Hull's theory. In particular, it is hard to understand precisely how conceptual selection is related to Hull's account of the social dynamics of science. This essay aims to clarify the relation between these aspects of his theory by examining his discussion of the``demic structure'' of science. I conclude that the social account cando significant explanatory work independently of the selectionistaccount. Further, I maintain that Hull's treatment of the demicstructure of science points us toward an important set of issues insocial epistemology. If my reading of Science as a Process iscorrect, then most of Hull's critics (e.g., those who focus solelyon his account of conceptual selection) have ignored promisingaspects of his theory.
Realität im Untergrund

Es war der Summer of Love in New York und John Clauser war in einen Raum des Goddard Institute for Space Studies in der 112. Strase eingepfercht und arbeitete daran, dem altesten Licht des Universums Geheimnisse zu entlocken. Clauser versuchte, die gerade neu entdeckte kosmische Mikrowellenhintergrundstrahlung, ein Echo des Urknalls, zu messen. Es war eine schwierige und muhsame Arbeit an der vordersten Front der Wissenschaft. Doch eines Tages im Jahr 1967 machte Clauser eine ganz andere Entdeckung. In der Bibliothek stolperte er uber ein Journal mit dem seltsamen Namen Physics Physique Fizika. Fasziniert schlug er es auf, und ein Beitrag fiel ihm ins Auge: "On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradoxon" von einem gewissen J. S. Bell.
Gastroenteritis Care in the US and Canada: Can Comparative Analysis Improve Resource Use?

* Abbreviations: AGE — : acute gastroenteritis aOR — : adjusted odds ratio CI — : confidence interval ED — : emergency department IV — : intravenous ORT — : oral rehydration therapy PCP — : primary care physician Acute gastroenteritis (AGE), the most common cause of dehydration in infants and children, accounts for 1.5 million annual outpatient visits and 10% of all pediatric hospital admissions.1–3 Although severely ill children may require intravenous (IV) rehydration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for children with mild to moderate dehydration is to use oral rehydration therapy (ORT).1,3 ORT has many benefits when compared with IV rehydration: lower cost, eliminated need for an IV catheter to be placed, shortened emergency department (ED) and hospital stays, improved parental satisfaction, and empowered parents to continue therapy at home.1,3,4 Additionally, a meta-analysis comparing ORT with IV rehydration revealed low risk of treatment failure for ORT (<5%).4 Despite these advantages, IV rehydration is still commonly used for mild to moderate dehydration in AGE, with wide interinstitutional and interprovider practice variation.5,6 In this issue of Pediatrics , Freedman et al compare resource use and outcomes among children with AGE enrolled in 1 of 2 ED-based randomized controlled trials of probiotics conducted by the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied … Address correspondence to Alexandra H. Baker, MD, Boston Children’s Hospital, Main 1 Emergency, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: alexandra.baker{at}childrens.harvard.edu
Targeting COVID Vaccine Hesitancy in Rural Communities in Tennessee: Implications for Extending the COVID-19 Pandemic in the South

Approximately 40% of Tennesseans are vaccinated fully, due mainly to higher vaccination levels within urban counties. Significantly lower rates are observed in rural counties. Surveys suggest COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is entrenched mostly among individuals identifying as white, rural, Republican, and evangelical Christian. Rural counties represent 70 of the total 95 counties in Tennessee, and vaccine hesitancy signifies an immediate public health crisis likely to extend the COVID-19 pandemic. Tennessee is a microcosm of the pandemic’s condition in the Southern U.S. Unvaccinated communities are the greatest contributors of new COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Rural Tennesseans have a long history of cultural conservatism, poor health literacy, and distrust of government and medical establishments and are more susceptible to misinformation and conspiracy theories. Development of novel strategies to increase vaccine acceptance is essential. Here, I examine the basis of COVID-19 following SARS-CoV-2 infection and summarize the pandemic’s extent in the South, current vaccination rates and efforts across Tennessee, and underlying factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy. Finally, I discuss specific strategies to combat COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. We must develop novel strategies that go beyond financial incentives, proven ineffective toward vaccinations. Successful strategies for vaccine acceptance of rural Tennesseans could increase acceptance among unvaccinated rural U.S. populations.
Computer Vision User Entity Behavior Analytics.

Insider threats are costly, hard to detect, and unfortunately rising in occurrence. Seeking to improve detection of such threats, we develop novel techniques to enable us to extract powerful features, generate high quality image encodings, and augment attack vectors for greater classification power. Combined, they form Computer Vision User and Entity Behavior Analytics, a detection system designed from the ground up to improve upon advancements in academia and mitigate the issues that prevent the usage of advanced models in industry. The proposed system beats state-of-art methods used in academia and as well as in industry.
International Students' Confidence and Academic Success.

Research shows that the international student population is showing significant growth. This article deals with issues affecting a growing international student population. Studies show that foreign students are encountering difficulties in social adaptability, language barriers, academic ability, and financial need. There is evidence that a correlation exists among a sense of self-efficacy and each of these four issues. This study includes quantitative analysis of 137 students’ responses to a questionnaire addressing each of these issues that constitute their total resources. Data show that international students attending a mid-western university who scored high on confidence levels in completing their programs of study also scored high on the confidence of their resources. Analysis revealed that students who scored low in confidence for completing their programs of study also scored low on their confidence of these four aforementioned issues.
Serum leptin and its adipose gene expression during pubertal development, the estrous cycle, and different seasons in cattle

Circulating concentrations of leptin and IGF-I, leptin gene expression, and serum binding of [ 125 I]ovine leptin in cattle during pubertal development, as well as leptin gene expression and circulating concentrations of leptin during the estrous cycle and different calendar seasons, were investigated. Multivariate regression analysis was utilized to evaluate temporal changes in BW, leptin mRNA, and serum concentrations of IGF-I and leptin normalized to the week of puberty (Exp. 1). Body weight accounted for most of the variation associated with the onset of puberty in the full regression model (R 2 = 0.99; P < 0.01). However, serum leptin was closely related to changes in BW (r = 0.85; P < 0.02) and in the absence of BW was most predictive of pubertal onset (r 2 = 0.73; P < 0.01). Mean concentrations of leptin increased (P < 0.0001) linearly from 16 wk before until the wk of pubertal ovulation in yearling heifers reaching sexual maturation from early spring to midsummer. Leptin mRNA transformed to a percent of the value at puberty increased (P < 0.02) as puberty approached, but serum leptin and leptin mRNA values were not well correlated. We found no evidence of leptin-binding proteins in serum of developing heifers. Combined mean serum concentrations of IGF-I (ng/mL) during periods III and IV (-9 wk to wk of puberty; 216.6 ± 9) were 21% higher (P < 0.0001) than combined mean concentrations of IGF-I during periods I and II (-19 to wk of puberty; 193 ± 10). In mature heifers and cows (Exp. 2), serum leptin tended to decrease (P = 0.10) during the late luteal/early follicular phase of the estrous cycle, which corresponded to a reduction (P < 0.03) in adipocyte leptin gene expression. In mature ovariectomized cows, serum concentrations of leptin increased (P < 0.001) by 34% from early winter to the summer solstice and remained unchanged throughout the remainder of the year (Exp. 3). Results from these studies indicate that marked increases in both circulating leptin and leptin gene expression occur in developing heifers during pubertal development and are associated with increases in serum IGF-I and BW. Seasonal effects on circulating leptin observed in mature cows from winter to summer could also plausibly account for a portion of the prepubertal rise in serum leptin observed in heifers.