cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micromachined passive phase-change cooler for thermal management of chip-level electronics

Abstract This paper reports an efficient and reliable passive cooling device using phase-change of coolant in response to the needs of chip-level electronics applications in which heat dissipation must be removed as rapidly and continuously as possible. The design of this cooling device was developed with three functional layers including evaporator, wick, and reservoir, which provided enhanced capillary forces, allowing reliable cooling performance without wick dryout and coolant back flows. Cooling performance by the developed system was demonstrated experimentally with a combination of microfabrication techniques and nanomaterial synthesis, showing rapid and efficient heat removal ability by enhanced and extended capillary action during the operation. The chronic dryout limitation in micro cooling devices could be addressed by the proposed thermal system.
Mesh Regularization in Bank-Holst Parallel hp-Adaptive Meshing

In this work, we study mesh regularization in Bank-Holst parallel adaptive paradigm when adaptive enrichment in both h (geometry) and p (degree) is used. The paradigm was first introduced by Bank and Holst in [1–3] and later extended to hp-adaptivity in [5]. In short, the paradigm can be summarized in the following steps.
A Study of Shotgun Pellet Ricochet

A study of shotgun pellet ricochet was conducted with a 12-gauge shotgun with a 457-mm (18-in.) cylinder bore barrel and 00 buckshot, both commonly used by law enforcement agencies. Concrete patio block and concrete road surface were used as intermediate target surfaces because of the common occurrence of these or similar materials in the environment. The shotgun was fired at close range so that a more accurate measurement of the angle of incidence, angle of ricochet, and pattern of shotgun pellet distribution could be obtained than is possible at greater distances. Because of the limited range of impact forces that the intermediate target materials could withstand and still retain their structural integrity, the angles of incidence used during this study were small (below 30° A series of five shots at the nominal angles of incidence of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20° and 25° were fired at each surface. Illustration board, a readily penetrable material, was used as a final target to record the shot pattern of the ricocheted shotgun pellets. The actual values of the angles of incidence, as well as the angles of ricochet, were calculated trigonometrically for each round fired. The centers of mass and the dispersals of the shotgun pellet patterns were also calculated.
Embedded inodes and explicit grouping: exploiting disk bandwidth for small files

Small file performance in most file systems is limited by slowly improving disk access times, even though current file systems improve on-disk locality by allocating related data objects in the same general region. The key insight for why current file systems perform poorly is that locality is insufficient -- exploiting disk bandwidth for small data objects requires that they be placed adjacently. We describe C-FFS (Co-locating Fast File System), which introduces two techniques, embedded inodes and explicit grouping, for exploiting what disks do well (bulk data movement) to avoid what they do poorly (reposition to new locations). With embedded inodes, the inodes for most files are stored in the directory with the corresponding name, removing a physical level of indirection without sacrificing the logical level of indirection. With explicit grouping, the data blocks of multiple small files named by a given directory are allocated adjacently and moved to and from the disk as a unit in most cases. Measurements of our C-FFS implementation show that embedded inodes and explicit grouping have the potential to increase small file throughput (for both reads and writes) by a factor of 5-7 compared to the same file system without these techniques. The improvement comes directly from reducing the number of disk accesses required by an order of magnitude. Preliminary experience with software-development applications shows performance improvements ranging from 10-300 percent.
The current status of dibaryon searches

There appear to be very good reasons why dibaryons should exist, but disappointingly so far there appears to be no experiment in which clear-cut evidence for the existence of any strange or non-strange, narrow or broad dibaryon can be found. The few enhancements which have been found appear to be reasonably explained in terms of thresholds for production of well known baryons in reactions on quasi-free nucleons. However, since there are no simple, a priori reasons why dibaryons should not exist, we must continue to search. What this means is that we have to do even better experiments and look in wider domains of our experimental parameters. Some one of us will find a dibaryon yet. Just give us time (and a few other things)!
Law and Ethics for Today's Journalist: A Concise Guide

To the Reader: An Introduction 1. Courts and the Legal System Sources of American Law State and Federal Courts Types of Law Civil Law and Criminal Law Anatomy of a Lawsuit Court Opinions 2. Ethics, Root and Branch Opportunities Forfeited Success Under a Cloud Classical Ethics Professional Codes of Conduct Concealment and Confidentiality Conflict of Interest 3. Prior Restraint Seditious Libel Declarations of Press Freedom Press Freedom Sustained Prior Restraint Isn't Totally Gone 4. Libel Seditious Libel and Civil Libel New York Times v. Sullivan Public Figures, Too Private Plaintiffs Actual Malice Proved The Wall Street Journal in Error Proof of Libel Defenses to Libel Product Disparagement Internet Libel 5. Invasion of Privacy American Origins Five Privacy Torts Intrusion upon Seclusion Disclosure of Embarrassing Private Facts 6. Less Common Invasion of Privacy Torts False Light Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Appropriation Defenses to Invasion of Privacy Claims Libel Plus Invasion of Privacy 7. Fair Trial v. Free Press Prejudicial Pretrial Publicity Gag Orders Closed Courtrooms Access to Court Documents Cameras in Court Crime Coverage 8. Anonymous Sources and the Journalist's Privilege Federal Law State Law 9. Copyright The Copyright Act Fair Use Digital Millenium Copyright Act On Using Fair Use 10. Access to Government Documents and Meetings Federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) of 1966 Open Meetings Access to Prisons 11. Broadcast Regulation Ownership Rules Content Regulation Cable and Internet Regulation 12. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission Opening Wedge Citizens United and Hillary PACs Super PACs Hard Money and Soft Money 527s "Social Welfare" Organizations Follow the Money 13. The Ethical Journalist Promises, Promises No Government Discrimination Today's Environment
Modeling and Measurement Constraints in Fault Diagnostics for HVAC Systems

Many studies have shown that energy savings of five to fifteen percent are achievable in commercial buildings by detecting and correcting building faults, and optimizing building control systems. However, in spite of good progress in developing tools for determining HVAC diagnostics, methods to detect faults in HVAC systems are still generally undeveloped. Most approaches use numerical filtering or parameter estimation methods to compare data from energy meters and building sensors to predictions from mathematical or statistical models. They are effective when models are relatively accurate and data contain few errors. In this paper, we address the case where models are imperfect and data are variable, uncertain, and can contain error. We apply a Bayesian updating approach that is systematic in managing and accounting for most forms of model and data errors. The proposed method uses both knowledge of first principle modeling and empirical results to analyze the system performance within the boundaries defined by practical constraints. We demonstrate the approach by detecting faults in commercial buildingair handling units. We find that the limitations that exist in air handling unit diagnostics due to practical constraints can generally be effectively addressed through the proposed approach.
kountry: A Stata utility for merging cross-country data from multiple sources

This article describes kountry, a data-management command that can be used to translate one country-coding scheme into another, to recode country names into a “standardized form”, and to generate geographic-region variables. Users can build a custom dictionary through a helper command, kountryadd, that “teaches” kountry new name variations. The dictionary can be protected from an accidental overwriting through two helper commands: kountrybackup and kountryrestore.
Image Texture Analysis Techniques - a Survey

This paper contains a survey of image texture analysis techniques. Three broad classes of methods are discussed: pixel-based, local-feature based and region-based. The pixelbased models include grey level cooccurrence matrices, difference histograms and energy-measures. The local feature-based models mostly rely on edges as local features and include Marr’s primal sketch model and a generalization of cooccurrence matrices. Region-based models include a region-growing model and a topographic model which treats the texture image as a digital terrain model.
Effect of gas composition on Si 2 N 2 O formation in the Si-C-N-O system

Formation of silicon oxynitride was observed during silicon nitride whisker synthesis from silica, carbon and nitrogen. The silicon oxynitride formation was limited to a bottom area of the charged powders and found both in whisker and powder. The possible reason for this localized Si2N2O formation is analysed, based on the effect of gas phase composition on the phase stability among β-Si3N4, β-SiC and Si2N2O. The phase stability is closely related to the % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSGbaeaaca% WGWbWaaSbaaSqaaGqaaiaa-nfacaWFPbGaa83taaqabaaakeaacaWG% WbWaaSbaaSqaaiaa-5eadaWgaaadbaGaa8Nmaaqabaaaleqaaaaaaa% a!3CA0! $${{p_{SiO} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{p_{SiO} } {p_{N_2 } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {p_{N_2 } }}$$ ratio in the gas phase. To suppress Si2N2O formation, the % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSGbaeaaca% WGWbWaaSbaaSqaaGqaaiaa-nfacaWFPbGaa83taaqabaaakeaacaWG% WbWaaSbaaSqaaiaa-5eadaWgaaadbaGaa8Nmaaqabaaaleqaaaaaaa% a!3CA0! $${{p_{SiO} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{p_{SiO} } {p_{N_2 } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {p_{N_2 } }}$$ ratio must be lower than that of the phase boundary in the Si2N4/Si2N2O equilibrium, whereas it must be higher than that of the phase boundary in the SiC/Si2N2O equilibrium. The formation of silicon oxynitride during silicon nitride whisker formation was caused most likely by fluctuation in the % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSGbaeaaca% WGWbWaaSbaaSqaaGqaaiaa-nfacaWFPbGaa83taaqabaaakeaacaWG% WbWaaSbaaSqaaiaa-5eadaWgaaadbaGaa8Nmaaqabaaaleqaaaaaaa% a!3CA0! $${{p_{SiO} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{p_{SiO} } {p_{N_2 } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {p_{N_2 } }}$$ ratio in the gas phase surrounding the lower area.
Confusion Confounded A Teacher Tries to Use Research Results to Teach Math

The federal rules for evaluating specific learning disabilities include a "significant discrepancy" in mathematical calculation as one descriptor. Mathematics is a critical basic skill much neglected by researchers. A survey of articles regarding teaching mathematics to the handicapped found the conclusions to be reflections of the educational theory held by each writer. Confronted by conflicting, impractical, or worthless "expert" opinion, classroom teachers must rely on an eclectic and pragmatic approach.
“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing

This essay calls for a fresh critical approach to the topic of censorship, suggesting that anticensorship efforts, while important and necessary, function much like literary prizing. The analysis draws especially on James English’s recent study The Economy of Prestige. There are two central arguments: first, that the librarian ethic of “selection”––introduced by Lester Asheim in 1953 as a counterpoint to censorship––has contributed to the unfortunate construction of the censor as a “moron”; and second, that anticensorship efforts more generally tend toward uncritical canon-making, attributing value to books simply because they’ve been censored or (more typically) challenged.
Student Pharmacist, Pharmacy Resident, and Graduate Student Perceptions of Social Interactions With Faculty Members

Objective. To describe the perceptions of student pharmacists, graduate students, and pharmacy residents regarding social situations involving students or residents and faculty members at public and private universities.Methods. Focus groups of student pharmacists, graduate students, and pharmacy residents were formed at 2 pharmacy schools. Given 3 scenarios, participants indicated if they thought any boundaries had been violated and why. Responses were grouped into similar categories and frequencies were determined.Results. Compared with private university students or pharmacy residents, student pharmacists at a public university were more likely to think “friending” on Facebook violated a boundary. No participants considered reasonable consumption of alcohol in social settings a violation. “Tagging” faculty members in photos on Facebook was thought to be less problematic, but most participants stated they would be conscious of what they were posting.Conclusions. The social interactions between faculty m...
Mechanical stimulation of neurites generates an inward current in putative aortic baroreceptor neurons in vitro

Abstract We investigated the responses of putative aortic baroreceptor neurons to mechanical stimulation of their processes. Putative aortic baroreceptor neurons were identified by applying the carbocyanine dye DiI to the adventitia of the aortic arch of anesthetized rats. After at least 1 week, the nodose ganglia were removed and the neurons were cultured. Within 2–3 days, neurite outgrowth was evident on many neurons. The soma was voltage-clamped using whole cell patch clamp techniques while the neurites were deformed with pneumatic ejection of bath solution at 5–15 psi using a glass pipette (7–15 μ m) positioned at least 50 μ m from the neurite. Mechanical stimulation induced an inward current in 15 out of 17 putative aortic baroreceptor neurons. The magnitude of the current was related to the intensity of stimulation. The current was blocked by 20 μ M gadolinium ( n =11), a reported blocker of mechanically sensitive ion channels, or by incubating the cells overnight in 10 μ M phalloidin, which binds to actin filaments ( n =5). We conclude that mechanical deformation of neurites of putative baroreceptor neurons activates a mechanosensitive inward current in the soma and that the cytoskeletal actin filaments are involved in the generation of this current.
"A Scramble for Freight": The Politics of Collaboration along and across the Railway Tracks of Korea under Japanese Rule

New interpretations constantly grow around a familiar story, like life along colonial railways. From the vast plains of America to the subcontinent of India, scholars have noted, railroads played a pivotal role in inscribing power on uncharted terrain. They facilitated conquest, opened lands for settlement, and fueled the colonial extractive economy. And railroads were more than mere “tools of empire.” From missionaries and administrators in the field to interlocutors in the distant metropole, Europeans celebrated railroads and their locomotives as vehicles of their “civilizing mission” on the benighted colonial frontier. Not only did railroads reshape local lands into well-ordered spaces of production, they also remade their non-European dwellers by uplifting them from their alleged state of cultural decline. An instrument of progress, industry, and rationality, the railroad was the personification of the model colonizer: it captured lands as well as the minds of their inhabitants, not by brute force but by the sheer power of modernity (see figure 1).
50 Years of business computing: LEO to Linux

Abstract The "LEO story" is a remarkable example of innovation by users in computing technology (defined here to include both computer hardware and software). Indeed, the development of LEO I and the subsequent history of the LEO product line illustrate a number of important themes that have characterized much of the history of computing technology and innovation since the 1940s. The LEO story highlights other important characteristics of the history of innovation in computing technology, including the complex roles of government funding and university research; the frequent failure of technically advanced products to enjoy commercial success; the importance for commercial success in business computing of firm-level capabilities in related technologies; and the interaction between organizational and technological change in the adoption of business computing systems. This paper surveys these themes as they appear in the history of LEO's development and commercialization and as they have influenced the broader history of computing.
The nature of the lowest excited state and photosubstitution reactivity of tetracarbonyl-1,10-phenanthrolinetungsten(0) and related complexes

Abstract Absorption and emission spectral studies of M(CO) 4 L complexes (M = Cr Mo, W; L = 2,2′-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 5-CH 3 -, 5-Cl-, 5-Br-, 5-NO 2 -1,10-phenanthroline) have been carried out and reveal that the lowest excited state in every case is charge-transfer (CT) in character, M→ CT in absorption, and in no case do the ligand field (LF) excited states cross below the CT state. Minimum energies of the LF states have been established by the spectroscopic study of cis -bis(pyridine)- and cis -bis(aliphatic amine)-tetracarbonylmetal(0) complexes which all have LF lowest excited states for M = Mo, W. For the M(CO) 4 L complexes emission is detectable for M = Mo or W and occurs in the range 14.40-15.66 kK with lifetimes of 7.9-13.3 μsec and quantum yields of 0.02–0.09 all in EPA solution at 77 K. For the bis-pyridine and -aliphatic amine complexes emission occurs only from the W complexes and is of the order of 3.0–4.0 kK higher in energy than for the M(CO) 4 L complexes. Photosubstitution of pyridine is efficient in cis -W(CO) 4 (py) 2 (py = pyridine): Φ 436nm = 0.23; Φ 405nm = 0.27; and Φ 366nm = 0.23. The M(CO) 4 L complexes have strongly wavelength dependent, but modest, quantum yields for CO substitution and show that the lowest CT state is unreactive. Typical values for CO substitution for M = W and L = 1,10-phenanthroline are: Φ 436nm = 1.6 × 10 −4 ; Φ 405nm = 1.2 × 10 −3 ; Φ 366nm = 9.2 × 10 −3 ; and Φ 313nm = 2.2 × 10 −2 .
Diagnosis of histoplasmosis in urine cytology: reactive urothelial changes, a diagnostic pitfall. Case report and literature review of urinary tract infections.

Histoplasmosis not uncommonly causes systemic infection, particularly in immunocompromised patients. In systemic infection, the urinary tract is often involved, although the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in urine cytologic specimens has never been reported. Urinary tract histoplasmosis may present with gross hematuria, raising clinical suspicion for malignancy. The index case presented with intermittent gross hematuria, suprapubic pain, significant weight loss, hoarse voice, and a painful tongue ulcer. Examination of the patient revealed an ulcerated tongue lesion, an anal ulcer, a polypoid lesion on the vocal cord, and cystoscopic examination of the urinary bladder revealed erythematous patchy areas. Surgical biopsy sections from the vocal cord and tongue lesion were diagnostic of histoplasma infection. Urine cytologic examination showed atypical urothelial cells suspicious for malignancy. However, fungal stains performed on the urine specimen showed histoplasma organisms. We conclude that with a high index of suspicion, and the use of special stains, histoplasma organisms can be identified in urine.
Understanding the role of adsorption in the reaction of cyclopentadiene with an immobilized dienophile

This paper presents a kinetic characterization for the Diels−Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with 2-mercaptobenzoquinone chemisorbed to a gold substrate. Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the rate of the reaction because the quinone undergoes a reversible two-electron reduction but the product of reaction is not electroactive. Reactions were performed in 1:1 THF:H2O (2 mM phosphate and 70 mM NaCl, pH = 7.4) and monitored by voltammetric scanning between −120 and −20 mV. The rate of loss in peak current correlated with the rate of Diels−Alder reaction and was described well by an exponential decay in agreement with the pseudo-first-order kinetics expected with the high concentration of cyclopentadiene relative to quinone. The first-order rate constants, however, did not increase linearly with the concentration of diene as would be expected for a second-order bimolecular reaction. Instead, the first-order rate constants reached a limiting value with higher concentrations of cyclopentadiene. The k...
Electrical stimulation for enhancing strength and related characteristics of human denervated skeletal muscle

Abstract Background: Electrical stimulation for enhancing performance characteristics of denervated human muscle has received little attention in the peer-reviewed literature. Objective: The purpose of this brief, descriptive review is to provide a critical appraisal and synthesis of the literature on the use of electrical stimulation for strengthening denervated human muscle, contrasting it with the use of electrical stimulation for neurological weakness or paralysis (due to spinal cord injury) when the peripheral nerve pathways are intact. A review of relevant electro- and neurophysiology will be discussed. Major findings: Beneficial effects of electrical stimulation of denervated muscle have been found for morphologic and ultrastructural characteristics including size, composition, and organization to almost normal muscle characteristics. Force output has also been reported to increase, but to levels far less than those of normal muscles. There has also been evidence of reinnervation of denervated musc...
XAFS Characterization of Copper Contamination in the Unsaturated and Saturated Zones of a Soil Profile

The fate of heavy-metal contaminants in the environment, and the design and success of remediation strategies at hazardous waste sites depend on the chemical speciation of the contaminants. The objective of this study was to determine the molecular-scale chemical form (species) of heavy metals in different zones of a contaminated soil having a shallow ground water table. Copper in the unsaturated surface horizon and the water-saturated and partially-saturated subsurface horizons of a disturbed soil from the lower eastern coastal plain of North Carolina was characterized using XAFS spectroscopy. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) data showed that the dominant form of Cu(II) bonding ranged from Cu-S in the deeper soil zones to Cu-O in the shallowest zone. The results suggest that the surface and subsurface horizons will respond differently to remediation treatments.
Was Proposition 4 Really a Tax Reduction Mirage?A Correction and Reinterpretation of Previous Findings

An earlier study published in this Journal by Cebula and Chevlin finds that the passage of a tax-expenditure limitation (TEL) statute in all of the 50 states would not have resulted in a reduction in the per capita levels of both spending and taxes. The present study takes issue with this finding. In particular, using the same data as Cebula and Chevlin, it is demonstrated here that, by applying the formula for statistically significant means, the existence of Proposition 4 or its equivalent in each of the 50 states would have, in theory, resulted in a statistically significant reduction in both per capita nominal state plus local government spending and taxes.
Surgery for colorectal carcinoma.

An adequate operation for colorectal carcinoma involves removal of the primary tumor and wide excision of the mesentery with its contained regional lymph nodes and lymphovascular pathways. Enker and DeCosse state that radical resection, i.e., total mesenteric lymphadenectomy encompassing the origins of the complete arterial blood supply to an affected bowel segment has proved to be a rewarding operation in terms of survival in cancer patients. In patients with positive lymph nodes, radical resection is associated with twice the five-year survival rate achieved by more limited operations that spare the root of the mesentery. Details of the various surgical approaches to the resection of colorectal cancer are presented.
Carotid sinus hypersensitivity: Beneficial effects of dual-chamber pacing

Abstract Three types of carotid sinus (CS) syndrome have been described: cardioinhibitory, vasodepressor and mixed. For the treatment of symptomatic patients with associated significant cardioinhibition, permanent ventricular demand pacing systems are often implanted. Even with this pacing modality, some patients remain symptomatic because of continued (and at times aggravated) vasodepression. This study assesses the effects of loss of atrial preloading and orthostasis after carotid massage in patients with CS hypersensitivity. Eleven patients were studied using constant intra-arterial pressure measurements during either ventricular (VVI) or atrioventricular sequential (DVI) pacing in both supine or upright positions. The measurements performed included the magnitude of decrease in arterial blood pressure (BP), the rate of decrease of BP and the percent change in BP from baseline values. After carotid massage, all 11 patients had greater hemodynamic change with the VVl than DVI pacing mode, whether in the supine or upright position. The decreases in systolic BP were: DVI (supine) 29 mm Hg, VVI (supine) 48 mm Hg, DVI (upright) 37 mm Hg, and VVI (upright) 59 mm Hg (mean group values, p
Ultraviolet-photoemission and electron-energy-loss spectroscopic studies of /sup 99/Tc

Angle-integrated ultraviolet-photoemission and reflection electron-energy-loss spectra have been obtained for /sup 99/Tc for the first time. The photoemission energy distribution curves are in semiquantitative agreement with the calculated density of states. The work function of this material was found to be 5.0 +- 0.5 eV. The volume and surface plasmons are at 25.0 +- 0.5 and 20.7 +- 0.5 eV, respectively. A lower plasma oscillation is observed at 9.5 +- 0.5 eV. N/sub I/ and N/sub II,III/ ionization energies obtained are in good agreement with x-ray measurements. Comparisons of /sup 99/Tc properties to those of other transition metals in period 5 are also given.
Advantages of deuterium modification of nitroxide spin labels for biological epr studies

Abstract The spin label, perdeuterio-N-(1-oxy 1-2,2,6,6-tetramenthyl-4-piperidinyl)maleimide (DMSL) was synthesized and its EPR and saturation transfer EPR spectra were compared to those of the hydrogen analogue, HMSL- The labels were studied as freely tumbling entities and also bound to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Significant gains in spectral resolution and detectability were observed for DMSL relative to HMSL.
Exposure to sub-concussive head injury in boxing and other sports

AbstractBackground: Current characterizations of chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI) in boxing, football and other sports are reviewed in the context of the history of research on sub-concussive brain trauma in athletes.Methods: The utility of exposure models for understanding CTBI in boxers is examined and concerns regarding the paucity of findings supportive of an exposure model for CTBI in football players are discussed.Results and conclusions: Recommendations for development of exposure models for sport-specific phenotypic characterizations of CTBI are presented.
Inhaling H(2)ope

Cardiac arrest is a precarious state between life and death that has many diverse causes. Despite increased public awareness, rapid administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and improved access to automated external defibrillators (AEDs), only a fraction of individuals survive longer
Geography Instructional Materials for Standards-Based Education

Abstract In order to establish standards-based education in K-12 geography in the United States, we must 1) develop strong instructional materials, 2) train teachers to use those materials, and 3) ensure adoption of the materials by providing curricular guidance, especially linking materials and teacher training to the reform movement for standards-based education. Three geography instructional materials-development projects support the new geography standards and offer alternatives to the current patterns of classroom use of traditional textbooks and idiosyncratic fugitive activities. GIGI, ARGUS, and GEOLinks represent steps in the evolution of geography materials development in the United States.
Chromosome Stability of Plants Regenerated from Mesophyll Protoplasts of Nicotiana Species

Summary Leaf mesophyll protoplasts have been isolated and cultured from four species of Nicotiana: N. langsdorfii , N. nesophila , N. repanda , and N. stocktonii . The three species of the section Repandae are valuable for somatic hybridization experimentation as each species is resistant to numerous plant diseases. Plants have been obtained from all species examined when co-cultured with protoplasts of N. tabacum . Vegetative and floral morphology and chromosome number of all regenerated plants were normal.
Physical properties of polyamide 6/metallocene isotactic polypropylene conjugated filaments

Polyamide 6 (PA 6) and metallocene isotactic polypropylene (m-iPP) polymers were extruded (in proportions of 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75) from two melt twin-screw extruders to prepare three PA 6/m-iPP conjugated filaments. This study investigated the physical properties of PA 6/m-iPP conjugated filaments with gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, potentiometry, rheometry, density-gradient measurements, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, extension stress–strain measurements, and scanning electron microscopy. The flow behavior of PA 6/m-iPP polyblended polymers exhibited negative-deviation blends, and a 50/50 PA 6/m-iPP blend showed the minimum value of the melt viscosity. The experimental results from differential scanning calorimetry indicated that PA 6 and m-iPP molecules formed an immiscible system. The tenacity of the PA 6/m-iPP conjugated filaments decreased initially and then increased as the m-iPP content increased. The crystallinities and densities of the PA 6/m-iPP conjugated filaments had a linear relationship with the blend ratio. Morphological observations revealed that the blends had a dispersed-phase structure. A pore/fiber morphology of a larger size (from 0.5 to 3 μm in diameter) was observed after a formic acid (PA 6 was moved)/xylene (m-iPP was moved) treatment on the cross section of a PA 6/m-iPP conjugated filament. PA 6 and m-iPP polymers were proved to be an incompatible system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1471–1476, 2006
The Decline of America’s Soft Power in the United Nations

To what extent does anti-Americanism precipitate a decline in America’s soft power? Nye postulates a negative relationship, presenting substantial implications for the U.S. national interest. In this paper, I test Nye’s hypothesis through an examination of America’s political influence within the United Nations. Using a fixed effects model, I regress voting alignment within the UN General Assembly (UNGA) on cross-national, aggregate public opinion toward the United States from 1985 to 2007. Controlling for foreign aid received and alliances with the United States, I find a statistically significant, positive relationship between favorable attitudes toward the United States and voting alignment within the UNGA on overall plenary votes and those votes for which the U.S. lobbies other UN-member states extensively. At the same time, controlling for temporal effects, states are far less supportive of U.S. interests in the UN throughout the tenure of President George W. Bush, capturing the effect of “anti-Bushism” in addition to anti-Americanism. The results of this study shed light on an emerging area of the literature that not only studies the sources of anti-Americanism, but also its consequences.
The measurement of carbon-13 chemical-shift anisotropy using several liquid-crystal solvents

Abstract Proton-decoupled carbon-13 NMR spectra of benzene in a number of liquid-crystal solutions using the solvents ZLI 1167, NP I565 TNC, EBBA, and their mixtures were measured. The carbon-13 chemical-shift anisotropy (Δσ) of benzene was calculated from the data of each solvent and from the combined data of all three solvents and the mixtures. When the experimental value of isotropic chemical shift was used to calculate Δσ, the results of all systems agreed with each other to within 1 ppm. The validity of using the combined data from several liquid-crystal solvents with different ordering characteristics has been established. The chemical-shift anisotropy for benzene obtained by this way is Δσ = −182.9 ± 0.2 ppm.
Otolith elemental fingerprints distinguish Atlantic cod spawning areas in Newfoundland and Labrador

We used laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to analyse the otolith composition of four key spawning aggregations of cod in Newfoundland and Labrador waters in inshore, offshore, north and south locations. A group-specific fingerprint was established for each spawning location, using the elemental ratios of Mg, Mn, Sr, and Ba to Ca and fish growth rates. The fingerprint differed among groups but showed some variations through time. Cod of three cohorts collected in two consecutive years were correctly assigned to their spawning group with 66% accuracy and increased to 78% when inshore spawning areas were merged. Our findings suggest that otolith signatures coupled with growth rates have potential to enable tracking of cod movements over time, identification of distribution shifts that may occur with changing climate, and potentially determine the contribution of each spawning group to fisheries.
Enzymatic synthesis of 5‐3H‐indole‐3‐acetic acid and 5‐3H‐indole‐3‐acetyl‐myo‐inositol from 5‐3H‐L‐tryptophan

Labeled 1-tryptophan is converted to indole-3-acetamide and then to indole-3-acetic acid by enzymes from Pseudomonas savastanoi. Labeled indole-3-acetic acid can be converted to indole-3-acetyl-1-0-β-D-glucose and to indole-3-acetyl-myo-inositol by enzymes from kernels of Zeamays sweet corn.
ELMR: lightweight mobile health records

Cell phones are increasingly being used as common clients for a wide suite of distributed, database-centric healthcare applications in developing regions. This is particularly true for rural developing regions where the bulk of the healthcare is handled by health workers due to lack of doctors; the widespread availability of cellular services have made mobile devices as an important computing platform for enabling healthcare applications for these health workers. Unfortunately, the current SQL model for distributed client/server systems is far too heavy-weight for these applications, particularly in light of the high communications cost and extremely limited data transmission capacity available in these environments. In this demonstration, we describe the Efficient Lightweight Mobile Records (ELMR) system that provides a practical and lightweight database access protocol for accessing and updating records remotely from mobile devices under an extremely bandwidth and cost-constrained Short Messaging Service (SMS) channel comprising of 140 byte packets. We have implemented ELMR using the RMS functionality in J2ME, and integrated it into an HIV treatment application we are developing for use by African health workers.
Musical Talents and Foreign Language Learning Ability

A RECENT review by Pimsleur, Mosberg, and Morrison (1962) reported over forty research studies pertaining to the factors within a student which bear upon his ability to learn a foreign language. One of the major sub-headings of that review was devoted to studies dealing specifically with the relationship of the ability for discriminating pitch to that for learning a foreign language. Studies by Dexter and Omwake (1934), Dexter (1934), Dorcus, Mount, and Jones (1952), and Pimsleur, Stockwell, and Comrey (1962) were reported to have resulted in correlation coefficients ranging from .00 to .639 between pitch discrimination and various criterion measures of achievement in several
Hematoporphyrin phototherapy of cancer

Hematoporphyrin phototherapy of cancer is a new modality for cancer diagnosis and treatment that is currently undergoing clinical trials worldwide. A variety of tumors have been studied, e.g., breast (mostly recurrent skin), lung, bladder, eye, head and neck, gynecological and brain. The most success to date has been with lung and the gynecological tract. Cell and animal studies are being conducted to elucidate the basic photobiological mechanisms involved, as well as the histopathological events associated with tumor destruction. Although major questions remain to be resolved, hematoporphyrin phototherapy is an exciting new therapeutic modality for the treatment of cancer, especially in sites where the unique features of lasers and fiber optics are advantageous.
Peripartum Pleural Effusions

Excerpt To the editor: I read with interest the article by Hughson and associates (1) about their common radiographic finding of pleural effusion in women within 24 hours of childbirth, but the aut...
Mechanics of growing materials

Abstract Assuming the constitutive equations in the form proposed by Noll for the so-called linear hygrosteric materials, systematization and generalization of the solutions known for a class of three-dimensional problems are made. The behavior of an infinitely long hollow cylinder subject to an internal uniform pressure, in the presence of mass sources acting in the material, is analysed in some detail.
Teaching criminal justice through the social inquiry method

Alternative teaching methods are becoming increasingly popular among college teachers. Lecturing does not always provide the best approach to learning. Alternative methods exist, which involve students in active learning. The social inquiry method of teaching is one way of seeking change in the classroom pedagogy. This method employs interactive stages of inquiry, examination, and conclusion, and provides the motivation often missing with less active teaching styles. In this paper we introduce the applicability of the social inquiry method to criminal justice classrooms.
Exchange Rate Flexibility and the Speed of Adjustment

The purpose of this paper is to provide some empirical justification for the supposition that speed adjustment of actual rese rves to a desired level is postitively related to the degree of excha nge rate flexibility. This is done in two alternative ways. First, th e speed of adjustment is estimated for both fixed- and floating-rate periods and it is shown that for most countries its estimates are hig her for the later period. Second, using cross-country regression anal ysis, it is shown that measure of exchange-rate flexibility exerts si gnificantly positive effect on the speed of adjustment of reserves. Copyright 1988 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG
Exact ellipsometric measurement of thickness and optical properties of a thin light-absorbing film without auxiliary measurements

Abstract It is shown, by exploring film optics, that the thickness and optical constants (refractive and absorption indices) of a light absorbing film can be determined from optical measurements alone made by an ellipsometer without the necessity of an auxiliary non-optical measurement. Use is made of an extra equation, relating the intensity of the reflected light to the three parameters pertaining to the film, in addition to the equations used in conventional ellipsometry. A surface film on cobalt in the state of electrochemically induced passivity was analyzed using this approach.
Distinguishing between extra‐ and intracellular iron in marine phytoplankton.

We demonstrate the utility of the inorganic reductant titanium (III) complexed by citrate and EDTA as a reagent for rapidly dissolving extracellular iron at pH 8 without causing cell breakage or toxicity. The method allows an experimental distinction to be made between extra- and intracellular iron, even in the presence of large quantities of precipitated iron hydroxides
Prospectives on computer science: twenty-five years of observations

I learned to program on the IBM 650 at the University of Georgia during the winter quarter of 1961. Things have not changed as much as you might think; the same arguments, the same documentation problems, the same equipment problems, the same programming problems, etc., are still with us.In spite of all of the innovations, any new innovation seems to require just as much effort to implement now as it did then. The arguments for usually involve that the computer will save us time and money, the arguments against usually involve that we have never done it that way and/or it might cost me my job.System and program documentation is still a mess; we are trying to use a LISP system written in about 1981. Where the documentation was taken from another system which was written in about 1970. — the university that prepared the LISP interpreter tell us they no longer have any interest in working on the project as they have more interesting things to do. The flight to the micro computer probably has more to do with the ability to change vendors/programs/documentation than cost, although cost is always a consideration.We even have the same equipment problems — too costly and too small. A computer center director at a major university once told me that, regardless of how big and fast a computer he got, within three weeks, it was no longer big enough, and certainly not fast enough.We still find it difficult to teach people to program, so we have tried to develop systems requiring no programming. People, bless them, keep thinking up problems for which programs are needed — sometimes even in Assembly Language, which I have heard all these years would be eliminated.So, for those of us who like to program, to work with new languages, to work with new machines, Hackers all, will never have a problem with having something interesting to do. It hasn't changed in the last twenty-five years and it will not change in the next twenty-five. He will always be driving our equipment, our languages, and our programs to the limit. Pay no attention to the Prophets of Doom — they are always wrong.
Ethical Issues On Campus: Responding to Student Complaints of Liberal Bias in the Classroom

In a number of recent reports, conservative students enrolled in college courses from various disciplines have complained about having their political views and values ridiculed by liberal professors. Some have even asserted that their grades have been lowered and their participation in academic programs hindered because of professors' political bias. These students have found a strong champion in conservative activists like David Horowitz and his organization "Students for Academic Freedom," which advocates that state legislatures should adopt an "Academic Bill of Rights" to protect students from biased academics. Opponents claim that these students and their supporters refuse to consider the validity of perspectives and ideas that differ from their own, and that their legislative proposals will restrict academic freedom and a classroom environment that fosters open and critical dialogue.
Social isolation as a punishment procedure: A controlled study☆☆☆

Abstract Contingent social isolation was investigated as a punishment procedure for the disruptive behavior of emotionally disturbed children in a classroom setting. The methodological limitations of previous studies were outlined, and alternatives adopted. Within a reversal and multiple baseline design, contingent social isolation was found to be an effective and relatively specific punisher. By introducing a new observation procedure, “pseudo-timeout”, it was determined that the punishing effect of social isolation was not attributable to observation artifact. A means for resolving the terminological confusion in the present use of timeout and social isolation was recommended.
On the use of caffeine as a contrast booster for BOLD fMRI studies.

Abstract This study explored the possible use of caffeine as an agent to improve the BOLD (blood oxygen level-dependent) signal response in fMRI. Previous research has demonstrated that caffeine has the ability to reset the level of coupling between blood flow and neuronal activity. In the present study, it has been shown that caffeine causes a decrease in cerebral perfusion by as much as 13.2% without a change in performance. Caffeine is a cerebral vasoconstrictor that causes an increase in the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin and thus a decrease in the BOLD baseline resting signal by 4.4%. During activation, the vasculature responds from below-normal baseline levels with a normal increase in blood flow and volume, resulting in an overall increase in the BOLD contrast. This increase can be as large as 22–37% during the performance of a visually cued motor task. The benefit of such a large increase in the BOLD contrast could be used to improve the image resolution, the acquisition scheme, or the task design of fMRI experiments. Caffeine has the potential to be used as a contrast booster for fMRI experiments.
Estimation of the fractional coverage of rainfall in climate models

The fraction of the grid cell area covered by rainfall, mu, is an essential parameter in descriptions of land surface hydrology in climate models. A simple procedure is presented for estimating this fraction, based on extensive observations of storm areas and rainfall volumes. Storm area and rainfall volume are often linearly related; this relation can be used to compute the storm area from the volume of rainfall simulated by a climate model. A formula is developed for computing mu, which describes the dependence of the fractional coverage of rainfall on the season of the year, the geographical region, rainfall volume, and the spatial and temporal resolution of the model. The new formula is applied in computing mu over the Amazon region. Significant temporal variability in the fractional coverage of rainfall is demonstrated. The implications of this variability for the modeling of land surface hydrology in climate models are discussed.
Random symmetry-breaking fields and the XY model

The two-dimensional classical $\mathrm{XY}$ model in a random $p$-fold symmetry-breaking field is studied using the replica method. For $pg2\sqrt{2}$ an $\mathrm{XY}$ like phase exists at intermediate values of temperature and weak field. For $p\ensuremath{\le}4$ we are able to describe the transition into the low-temperature glassy continuation of the paramagnetic phase, while for $pg4$ the results suggest the transition may be first order, driven by the unbinding of vortices. Several new fixed points and lines are found in the replicated Kosterlitz-Thouless-type recursion relations corresponding to these various transitions. The method we use considers $n$ coupled $\mathrm{XY}$ models from which we construct a Coulomb gas with $\frac{n(n\ensuremath{-}1)}{2}$ types of ($n\ensuremath{-}1$)-dimensional vector charges.