cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Backhouse, Bateman, the Post Keynesians, and the General Theory-An Examination of their Failure to Understand the Languages of English and Mathematics when Attempting to Read and Understand the General Theory

Backhouse and Bateman attempt to evaluate Keynes’s written words in the General Theory concerning his view of how useful mathematical analysis is in economics. They simply lack the basic tools needed to accomplish the task. This failure , however ,is not an isolated one. The same failure is pandemic among Post Keynesians, Institutionalists , and economists who accept the work in decision theory of Ramsey, de Finetti ,Savage, M. Friedman or J. Tobin. Their understanding of what mathematics is is limited to the linearity, additivity, and complementarity assumptions accepted in quantitative analysis/econometrics classes that underlie the manipulation of decision trees and tree diagrams when applying the purely mathematical laws of the calculus of probabilities upon which Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) theory is built. Keynes, correctly, viewed this type of mathematical modeling to be a very special case of a much, much ,more general, nonlinear, non- additive approach to mathematical modeling that leads directly to Keynes’s indeterminate, interval valued approach to probability based on Boole.It is interesting that Backhouse and Bateman apparently now acknowledge the superiority of Keynes’s imprecise view concerning the application of formal mathematical analysis in economics. This, of course ,represents a rejection of Ramsey’s precise, exact, numerical approach to specifying probabilities and means that Bateman has capitulated to Keynes after 30 years of making the opposite claim.Keynes’s major condition for full employment in chapter 21 of the General Theory, that e=1, follows directly from Keynes’s major result from chapter 26 of the A Treatise on Probability, that w, the weight of the evidence, must equal 1 in order for precise numerical probabilities or probability density functions to be specified.
Disaster Preparedness in Homeless Residential Organizations in Los Angeles County: Identifying Needs, Assessing Gaps

AbstractCommunity-based organizations (CBOs) are essential to supporting homeless populations during disasters, yet little is known about their preparedness and ability to support their vulnerable clients. This qualitative study evaluated the perceptions of Los Angeles nonprofit homeless residential service providers regarding the likely impacts of a disaster on their clients and operations, the barriers they face in disaster planning, and their suggested solutions to facilitate preparedness within their sector. Twelve semistructured interviews were conducted with executive staff and emergency planners from six organizations serving people experiencing homelessness. Respondents reported significant barriers to both postdisaster services and collaboration with emergency management. They indicated both a need for and interest in technical assistance and training to develop their disaster capabilities. These concerns suggest that a multisector effort, including homeless-service organizations, their funders, ...
Genetic Erosion of Phoenix dactylifera L.: Perceptible, Probable, or Possible

Genetic diversity of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) encompasses genetic differences among and within species, subspecies, populations, cultivars, and individual clones in traditional oases and plantations. Components of this diversity can be estimated, throughout the tree’s ontogeny, at the phenotypic, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels using quantitative, qualitative, and ecological parameters. Due to recent extensive expansion of its cultivation in plantations, P. dactylifera, as a species, may not be immediately threatened by genetic erosion in spite of documented isolated cases where some oasis agroecosystems passed ecological thresholds, leading to irreversible changes in the ecosystem and the loss of valuable genetic resources and associated ecosystem services. However, threats to genetic diversity increased during the last ~30 years partly due to the introduction of improved mass propagation methods of a limited number of elite date palm cultivars to the exclusion of many others; this widespread practice may have led to genetic vulnerability of the species to biotic (e.g., red palm weevil [(Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)] and Bayoud, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis) and abiotic (e.g., drought, heat, sand encroachment, desertification, aquifer depletion, and salinity) stresses, especially in view of climate change. Selecting a small number of resistant cultivars to biotic stresses is a further threat to the diversity of the species if the resistance to a particular disease or insect proved to be short lived because of changing climatic conditions or through a change in the virulence of the pest. Traditional propagation using offshoots of elite cultivars having desirable fruit quality traits may lead to the confinement of these cultivars to certain oases; its impact on genetic diversity will, most certainly, be influenced by plant quarantine regulations and the ease with which date palm propagules can be moved between oases, plantations, countries, and regions of the world; whereas the current massive propagation of a few elite date palm cultivars using tissue culture and other mass propagation methods, at the expense of less popular but genetically valuable adapted cultivars, may exacerbate the problem of genetic erosion. In order to combat potential genetic erosion, in-depth understanding of genetic diversity and genetic structure of the species’ gene pool complex, which have been shaped and greatly altered by human and natural selection, clonal propagation, and spatiotemporal exchange of germplasm, is indispensable. This chapter will present a comprehensive assessment of the factors with tangible or potential impact on date palm genetic diversity; appropriate research methodologies to quantify and partition genetic diversity; and strategies that can be implemented at the oasis, plantation, regional, and global levels, to enhance sustainable use and conservation of maximum genetic diversity and combat genetic erosion in the date palm.
A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN THE GRASSHOPPER ARPHIA CONSPERSA.

The speckled rangeland grasshopper, Arphia conspersa Scudder (Acrididae; Oedipodinae) ranges from Alaska and northern Canada to northern Mexico, and from California to the central Great Plains (Strohecker et al., 1968; Vickery, 1967; Helfer, 1953). Its altitudinal range is also quite wide, being from less than 1,000 m above sea level to nearly 4,000 m in the southern portion of the range (Alexander and Hilliard, 1969). Over this entire area the animal is springbrooded, the actual time of adult emergence being dependent on the onset of spring and final melt of winter snow. The distribution pattern of A. conspersa within this extensive geographic and topographic range is highly discontinuous, owing to its narrow habitat preferences and distinctive behavior patterns (Alexander and Hilliard, 1969; Willey and Willey, 1967, 1969,1971). Ecologically, the species is limited to shortgrass prairies and forest or brushland openings, areas in which the animal's primary food sources, narrow-leaved grasses, are found interspersed with numerous small spaces of bare ground which are necessary for the performance of courtship rituals. Hence, dense forest, tall grass meadows, and xeric scrubland are uninhabited by A. conspersa, while ecotonal habitats, such as roadside meadows and old logged areas, may be slowly colonized (Willey and Willey, 1971). Moderately grazed pastures can also support large populations. Within such a habitat structure, A. con-
Cdc42, but not RhoA, regulates cyclin D1 expression in bovine tracheal myocytes

We previously demonstrated that Rac1 increased cyclin D1 promoter activity in an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-independent, antioxidant-sensitive manner. Here, we examined the regulat...
An Iron Electrocatalyst for Selective Reduction of CO2 to Formate in Water: Including Thermochemical Insights

C–H bond formation with CO2 to selectively form products such as formate (HCOO–) is an important step in harnessing CO2 emissions as a carbon-neutral or carbon-negative renewable energy source. In this report, we show that the iron carbonyl cluster, [Fe4N(CO)12]−, is an electrocatalyst for the selective reduction of CO2 to formate in water (pH 5–13). With low applied overpotential (230–440 mV), formate is produced with a high current density of 4 mA cm–2 and 96% Faradaic efficiency. These metrics, combined with the long lifetime of the catalyst (>24 h), and the use of the Earth-abundant material iron, are advances in catalyst performance relative to previously reported homogeneous and heterogeneous formate-producing electrocatalysts. We further characterized the mechanism of catalysis by [Fe4N(CO)12]− using cyclic voltammetry, and structurally characterized a key reaction intermediate, the reduced hydride [HFe4N(CO)12]−. In addition, thermochemical measurements performed using infrared spectroelectrochemi...
Efficient, precise-restartable program execution on future multicores

Parallel programming for multicore-based systems and their dynamically changing operating environments pose significant challenges to everyday programmers in the effort to improve productivity and to achieve error-free, efficient execution of their programs. We presented a model that meets these challenges better than other approaches by using statically-sequential programs and performing their dynamically controlled dataflow execution.
OPIATE BINDING AND CEREBROSIDE SULFATES IN BRAIN AND LUNG OF DEVELOPING CHICK

Summary The development and distribution of stereospecific opiate binding vas investigated in neural and non-neural tissues in the chick. Substantial levels of high-affinity, stereospecific binding of 3H-etorphine was found in the lung. Opiate binding in this tissue, however, was transient, reaching a maximum by day-18 of incubation and disappearing by the time of hatching. Premature lung is known to transiently synthesize large amounts of sphingosine-containing precursors of surfactant lipids. Since cerebroside sulfates are sphingosine-containing lipids capable of stereospecific binding of opiates, we investigated the possible association of opiate binding with this class of lipids. Our analysis of binding levels and cerebroside sulfate content in membrane fractions from seven neural tissues and from lung did not show a correlation between these two factors. However, while their presence in cell membranes is not sufficient for opiate binding, it is not excluded that cerebroside sulfates may be an integral part of the receptor.
hLARP7 C-terminal domain contains an xRRM that binds the 3′ hairpin of 7SK RNA

The 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) sequesters and inactivates the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), an essential eukaryotic mRNA transcription factor. The human La-related protein group 7 (hLARP7) is a constitutive component of the 7SK snRNP and localizes to the 3' terminus of the 7SK long noncoding RNA. hLARP7, and in particular its C-terminal domain (CTD), is essential for 7SK RNA stability and assembly with P-TEFb. The hLARP7 N-terminal La module binds and protects the 3' end from degradation, but the structural and functional role of its CTD is unclear. We report the solution NMR structure of the hLARP7 CTD and show that this domain contains an xRRM, a class of atypical RRM first identified in the Tetrahymena thermophila telomerase LARP7 protein p65. The xRRM binds the 3' end of 7SK RNA at the top of stem-loop 4 (SL4) and interacts with both unpaired and base-paired nucleotides. This study confirms that the xRRM is general to the LARP7 family of proteins and defines the binding site for hLARP7 on the 7SK RNA, providing insight into function.
Selenocysteine as a Latent Bioorthogonal Electrophilic Probe for Deubiquitylating Enzymes

Deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) remove ubiquitin (Ub) from various cellular proteins and render eukaryotic ubiquitylation a dynamic process. The misregulation of protein ubiquitylation is associated with many human diseases, and there is an urgent need to identify specific DUBs associated with therapeutically relevant targets of Ub. We report the development of two facile selenocysteine-based strategies to generate the DUB probe dehydroalanine (Dha). Optimized oxidative or alkylative elimination of Se yielded Dha at the C-terminus of Ub. The high utility of alkylative elimination, which is compatible with multiple thiols in Ub targets, was demonstrated by generating a probe derived from the Ub ligase tripartite motif protein 25 (TRIM-25). Successful capture of the TRIM-25-associated DUB, ubiquitin-specific protease 15, demonstrated the versatility of our chemical strategy for identifying target-specific DUBs.
Attachment and emotion regulation in middle childhood: changes in affect and vagal tone during a social stress task

In middle childhood, more securely attached children show better emotion regulation when assessed as general tendencies (e.g. coping style), but studies looking at emotion in response to specific s...
Use of Electricity to Sedate Lake Trout for Intracoelomic Implantation of Electronic Transmitters

AbstractUse of telemetry data to inform fisheries conservation and management is becoming increasingly common; as such, fish typically must be sedated before surgical implantation of transmitters into the coelom. Given that no widely available, immediate-release chemical sedative currently exists in North America, we investigated the feasibility of using electricity to sedate Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush long enough for an experienced surgeon to implant an electronic transmitter (i.e., 180 s). Specifically, our study objectives were to determine (1) whether some combination of electrical waveform characteristics (i.e., duty cycle, frequency, voltage, and pulse type) could sedate Lake Trout for at least 180 s; and (2) whether Lake Trout that were sequentially exposed to continuous DC and pulsed DC had greater rates of spinal injury and short-term mortality than control fish. A Portable Electrosedation System unit was used to sedate hatchery and wild Lake Trout. Dual-frequency pulsed-DC and two-stage app...
Static detection of asymptotic resource side-channel vulnerabilities in web applications

Web applications can leak confidential user information due to the presence of unintended side-channel vulnerabilities in code. One particularly subtle class of side-channel vulnerabilities arises due to resource usage imbalances along different execution paths of a program. Such side-channel vulnerabilities are especially severe if the resource usage imbalance is asymptotic. In particular, if the resource usage is constant along one branch but asymptotically dependent on user input along another branch, the attacker can arbitrarily inflate the program's input to amplify differences in resource usage, with the goal of inferring confidential user data. This paper formalizes the notion of asymptotic resource side-channels and presents a lightweight static analysis algorithm for automatically detecting such vulnerabilities in web applications. Based on these ideas, we have developed a tool called SCANNER for detecting resource-related side-channel vulnerabilities in PHP applications. SCANNER has found 18 zero-day security vulnerabilities in 10 different web applications and reports only 2 false positives. The vulnerabilities uncovered by SCANNER can be exploited using cross-site search attacks to extract various kinds of confidential information, such as a user's medications or purchase history.
Entropic, Enthalpic, and Kinetic Aspects of Interfacial Nanocrystal Superlattice Assembly and Attachment

The combination of self-assembly and directed attachment of colloidal nanocrystals at fluid interfaces presents a scientifically interesting and technologically important research challenge. Remarkable strides have been made in the synthesis of polyhedral nanocrystals with precisely defined shapes and their self-assembly into highly ordered superstructures. We discuss the interplay of entropic and enthalpic driving forces and the kinetic aspects of interfacial self-assembly and attachment. We present in situ parallel small-angle X-ray scattering measurements and emerging insights into the complex choreography of interfacial transport processes involved in the formation of highly ordered epitaxially connected nanocrystal solids. New understanding emerging from in situ measurements provides process control and design principles for the selective formation of specific superlattice polymorphs. We discuss outstanding challenges that must be resolved to translate know-how from controlled assembly and attachment...
Late Pleistocene mammoth trackway from Fossil Lake, Oregon

Abstract Behavior of Columbian mammoths (Mammuthus columbi) is revealed by a newly discovered trackway at the Pleistocene locality of Fossil Lake, Oregon. Our 8 by 20 m excavation of the mammoth trackway found 117 tracks, including one 20-m-long adult trail, partial trackways of 3 additional adults, a yearling and a baby all heading generally west. The tracks are in the Marble Bluff biotite tuff (43.2 cal ka), which forms a surface horizon to the Pogani silty clay loam paleosol (Natrargid), with a cracked surface and a columnar-structured, subsurface (Bn) horizon, like soils under desert soda pans with alkali shrubland. Directly below is the Yada silty clay paleosol (Xeroll) with crumb textured surface (A) horizon like grassland soils. The Pasiwa loam (Psamment) is a thin brown siltstone, with sparse roots and burrows of lake-margin early successional vegetation. The Pui sandy loam (Aquent) is well-bedded tuff and sand (A) with subhorizontal calcareous rhizomes and adventitious roots, like those of lake-margin tule reeds (Schoenoplectus acutus). Columbian mammoths may have moved like modern elephants with infants in matriarchal groups through landscapes of sagebrush and grassland, and this trackway includes a limping female attended by concerned juveniles. Grassland paleosols common in the Fossil Lake Formation, are now rare in the same region, perhaps related to extinction of proboscidean and equine grazers.
Accelerations from wearable accelerometers reflect knee loading during running after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Abstract Background Following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, individuals exhibit sagittal plane knee loading deficits as they underload their injured limb during running. These between-limb biomechanical differences are difficult to clinically detect. Wearable accelerometers may aid in the development of early rehabilitation programs to improve symmetrical loading. This study aimed to identify whether segment accelerations from wearable accelerometers can predict knee loading asymmetry in an anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed population. Methods 14 individuals 5-months post-anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction performed self-selected speed running. Data were collected concurrently using a marker-based motion system and accelerometers positioned on participants' shanks and thighs. Stepwise linear regression was used to determine predictive value of accelerometer data on biomechanical variables. Finding Shank acceleration was not predictive of any biomechanical variable. Between-limb differences in thigh axial acceleration explained 30% of the variance in between-limb differences in knee power absorption (p = 0.045), suggesting that accelerometers placed on proximal joint segments may provide information regarding knee loading asymmetry. Between-limb differences in thigh axial acceleration also explained 38% of the variance in between-limb differences in ground reaction force (p = 0.002). Interpretation These relationships indicate that accelerations from wearable accelerometers may provide some useful information regarding knee loading during running in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
The Structure and Function of Monocytes and Macrophages

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the more recent advances in the biology and chemistry of the blood monocytes and tissue macrophages and mechanisms of immunological importance. The mononuclear phagocytes that comprise the reticuloendothelial system represent a large, widely distributed and morphologically heterogeneous group of cells. Originating from the mesoderm during embryogenesis they form a part of all tissues and are particularly prominent in the bone marrow, liver, spleen, connective tissues, serous cavities, and blood. They are involved in diverse functions, related in large measure to their endocytic activities and to the intracytoplasmic digestion that is a consequence of their heterophagic function. Much of the work on the metabolism of the monocytes and macrophages represents ancillary information obtained through the study of the functional attributes of the cell. Relatively few investigators have examined the properties of the blood monocyte because of the difficulties of obtaining large enough samples. The more mature macrophage derives energy from both glycolytic and respiratory pathways. Aerobic glycolysis is active and a Pasteur Effect is seen in exudate macrophages.
Longitudinal Patterns of Centralization and Development: Testing Theories of Governmental Organization

In attempting to cope with the challenges of modernization, government officials are urged by specialists in development and comparative administration to manipulate the organization of public activity. Prescriptions for altering the public sector usually advocate one of two simple but contradictory options: centralization or decentralization. Adopting one or the other of these administrative arrangements reputedly yields important benefits which have system-wide impact on the course of development.' Unfortunately, no a priori principle exists to guide the choice between these sharply divergent alternatives. The present study was designed to compare the consequences of these organizational strategies in order to evaluate their utility as developmental courses of public action. The argument for centralization emphasizes its greater productive capabilities. Because centralization permits the extraction, coordination, and utilization of resources nationwide, a centralized government presumably can provide greater levels of public goods in contrast to a decentralized one.2 However, reliance on central coordination often results in a
Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test in healthy women 50-79 years old.

ABSTRACTThe Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (LQ-YBT), a measure of dynamic balance used in young adults, has not been adequately studied in older women. We determined the reliability, normative values, and relationships to other balance measures for LQ-YBT in women aged 50–79 years. Interrater reliability was strong, and test-retest reliability was moderate to strong. Results by decade showed women 50–59 years had significantly better scores than both older groups. There were moderate positive correlations between single leg stance, gait speed, and LQ-YBT composite score. LQ-YBT may be used as a dynamic balance assessment in healthy older women.
The Design and Development of a Tabletop Kibble Balance at NIST

A global paradigm shift to redefine the International System of Units (SI) from a system based on seven fundamental units to seven fundamental constants is well under way. More specifically, the unit of mass, the kilogram, will be realized via a fixed value of the Planck constant $h$ and a Kibble balance (KB) serves as a method of achieving this. Over the past few decades, national metrology institutes around the world have invested in developing KBs, the majority aimed at realizing the unit of mass at the I-kg level with uncertainties on the order of a few parts in 108. However, upon fixing the Planck constant, mass can be directly realized at any level, deeming the kilogram only a historically unique benchmark. At the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a tabletop-sized Kibble balance (KIBB-gI) designed to operate at the gram-level range with uncertainties on the order of a few parts in 106 is currently under development.
Impact of Child Abuse Clinical Pathways on Skeletal Survey Performance in High-Risk Infants

Abstract Objective We sought: 1) to examine the association between the presence of a child abuse pathway and the odds of skeletal survey performance in infants with injuries associated with high risk of abuse and 2) to determine whether pathway presence decreased disparities in skeletal survey performance.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ Methods In this retrospective study of children Results Among 2085 included cases 55% were male, 69% had public insurance, and 64% were white. Fifty-eight percent presented to a hospital when a pathway was present. Skeletal surveys were performed in 86% of children between 0 and 5 months and 73% of children 6–11 months. In our regression model, adjusted for covariates (age, race, insurance, injury) the presence of a child abuse pathway in a hospital was associated with greater odds of skeletal survey performance (odds ratio [OR], 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–2.08). Children with public insurance had greater odds of receiving a skeletal survey (OR 2.75, 95% CI 2.11–3.52) despite presence of pathway.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ Conclusions When a child abuse clinical pathway was present, children with injuries associated with a high risk of abuse had a greater odds of receiving a skeletal survey. Differences in skeletal survey performance exist between infants with public vs. private insurance regardless of a pathway.
Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction with and without Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy

Objectives:The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the primary soft-tissue restraint against lateral patellar displacement. Surgery to address MPFL incompetence is the current gold standard fo...
Dementia Behavior Management

Behavioral disturbances and agitation can be among the most distressing symptoms of dementia, affecting the safety and well-being of both the patient and caregivers. While non-pharmacologic approaches are always first-line management, behavioral disturbances may be profound enough to demand pharmacologic management to allow a patient to remain at home. This case illustrates the role of the interdisciplinary home-based medical care team, the importance of educating family and paid caregivers, indications to consider initiation of pharmacologic therapy, and various therapeutic options that may be considered by providers.
The Correlation of Private, Religious Devotional Practices and Marital Adjustment

An attempt is made to determine the impact of private religious devotional practices on marriage adjustment or failure. A sample consisting of 208 couples selected from four major Christian religio...
Solution of Buckling Problems by Reduction Method

A solution by the reduction method is presented for the buckling problem of an orthotropic rectangular plate uniformly compressed in the horizontal direction with one side clamped and the other side simply supported, and with three types of end supports. By the reduction method, the buckling problem of a plate is reduced to the problem of an isotropic bar that is in a state of vibration and tension. As a result of this reduction, a simple equation for the calculation of the nondimensional buckling coefficient is derived, and the numerical values of this coefficient are calculated. Results of the calculations are presented in tables and graphs for three types of end supports. Comparison shows the results to be in good agreement with the exact values.
Wave structure and velocity in vertical upward annular two-phase flow

Abstract The knowledge of wave structure and velocity is of great importance to the prediction of annular two-phase flow phenomena. Given that most existing experimental studies focus on the low liquid flow rate, the goal of this study is to extend the understanding of wave characteristics to high liquid flow rate annular flow, i.e. wispy annular flow. Conductance film thickness probes have been used to measure the film structure of upward annular flow at a high temporal resolution. The inlet superficial gas velocity ranges from 10 m/s to 30 m/s and the range of inlet superficial liquid velocity is from 0.06 m/s to 2 m/s. Important parameters including average film thickness, wave height, base film thickness, wave frequency, wave velocity, and interfacial shear stress are measured and analyzed. Existing models for predicting these parameters are comprehensively reviewed and evaluated using the new data. The evaluation results indicate that although these models are developed for annular flow with low liquid flow rates, some of them can also be used in wispy annular flow with reasonable prediction accuracy, except for wave velocity models. The measured wave velocity in wispy annular flow is significantly higher than that in typical annular flow. A new correlation for wispy annular flow wave velocity is developed based on the new data.
Inherently and Conditionally Essential Protein Catabolism Genes of Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Proteases are critical virulence determinants of Porphyromonas gingivalis, an emerging Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and arthritis pathogen and established agent of periodontitis. Transposon sequencing has been employed to define the core essential genome of this bacterium and genes conditionally essential in multiple environments – abscess formation; epithelial colonization; and cigarette smoke toxin exposure; as well as to elucidate genes required for iron acquisition and a functional type 9 secretion system. Validated and predicted protein catabolism genes identified include a combination of established virulence factors and a larger set of seemingly more mundane proteolytic genes. The functions and relevance of genes that share essentiality in multiple disease-relevant conditions are examined. These common stress-related genes may represent particularly attractive therapeutic targets for the control of P. gingivalis infections.
Current Practices and Updates in Neonatal Resuscitation

To outline our current neonatal resuscitation practices and discuss changes that have occurred in the field since the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) guidelines were published in 2015. There have been interesting developments in delayed cord clamping, heart rate assessments, and oxygen delivery. New developments continue to emerge in the field of neonatal resuscitation, some of which have been adopted into mainstream practice, while others still require more research to establish efficacy and safety.
Ultrasonic vibration-assisted laser directed energy deposition in-situ synthesis of NiTi alloys: Effects on microstructure and mechanical properties

Abstract Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) alloys have the unique shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity, good damping capacity, good corrosion resistance, and excellent biomechanical compatibility. These properties make NiTi alloys attractive in industries like automobile, aerospace, medical device, etc. However, it’s difficult to fabricate and machine NiTi alloys due to their rapid work-hardening property and pseudoelasticity. Traditional manufacturing methods, such as casting and powder metallurgy, show disadvantages of high cost, time-consuming, and limitations in fabrication of parts with complex geometry. In order to reduce or solve these problems, laser additive manufacturing (LAM) methods have been applied for the fabrication of NiTi alloys. Among the LAM methods, laser directed energy deposition (DED) in-situ synthesis of NiTi alloys from the premixed Ni and Ti powders shows its unique advantages of cost-effectiveness and flexibility in altering NiTi alloys’ phase transformation and mechanical properties. However, heterogeneous microstructures and the formation of secondary phases are two crucial issues that impede the application of laser DED to in-situ synthesis NiTi alloys. Ultrasonic vibration has pronounced effects on liquid materials solidification processes, which could be utilized in homogenizing the microstructure and reducing the secondary phase of laser DED in-situ synthesized NiTi alloys. This paper, for the first time, reports in-situ synthesis of NiTi alloys by laser DED with ultrasonic vibration assistance. The effects of ultrasonic vibration on microstructure properties (microstructure homogeneity, internal defects, elemental composition, grain size, and phase constituents) and mechanical properties (pseudoelasticity, microhardness, and Young’s modulus) have been investigated.
Filament Channel Formation via Magnetic Helicity Condensation

A major unexplained feature of the solar atmosphere is the accumulation of magnetic shear in the form of filament channels at photospheric polarity inversion lines (PILs). In addition to free energy, this shear represents magnetic helicity, which is conserved under reconnection. In this paper we address the problem of filament channel formation and show how filaments acquire their shear and magnetic helicity. The results of three-dimensional (3D) simulations using the Adaptively Refined Magnetohydrodynamics Solver are presented. Our findings support the model of filament channel formation by magnetic helicity condensation that was developed by Antiochos. We consider the small-scale photospheric twisting of a quasi-potential flux system that is bounded by a PIL and contains a coronal hole (CH). The magnetic helicity injected by the small-scale photospheric motions is shown to inverse cascade up to the largest allowable scales that define the closed flux system: the PIL and the CH. This process produces field lines that are both sheared and smooth, and are sheared in opposite senses at the PIL and the CH. The accumulated helicity and shear flux are shown to be in excellent quantitative agreement with the helicity condensation model. We present a detailed analysis of the simulations, including comparisons of our analytical and numerical results, and discuss their implications for observations.
Adjuvant therapy following induction therapy and surgery improves survival in N2-positive non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate treatment strategies and factors influencing overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in resectable, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with mediastinal (N2) lymph node metastasis. METHODS All patients undergoing surgery for NSCLC with N2 disease between 2006 and 2016 were included. Treatment approaches included surgery only, neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery, surgery followed by adjuvant therapy, and neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery and adjuvant therapy (triple therapy). Patient clinical and pathologic data were retrospectively collected. RESULTS A total of 281 patients were included in the study. In total, 209 patients had neoadjuvant therapy, 47.4% of which went on to received additional adjuvant therapy. The pathologic complete response rate was 12.9%. The treatment strategy which included triple therapy was isolated as a significant contributor to improved OS and DFS. Nodal downstaging (N0) after induction therapy conferred an OS benefit (38.3% vs. 15.6%, p = .03). Patients with single-station N2 disease experienced higher DFS. Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy completion rates were higher at the end of the study period compared to the beginning (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Patients who undergo neoadjuvant therapy for N2-positive NSCLC may benefit from additional adjuvant therapy. Single-station N2 disease confers higher DFS. VATS completion rates for lobectomy increase as experience increases.
Innate Lymphoid Cells and Celiac Disease: Current Perspective.

Celiac disease (CD) is a common autoimmune disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Although the mechanisms underlying gliadin-mediated activation of adaptive immunity in CD have been well-characterized, regulation of innate immune responses and the functions of certain immune cell populations within the epithelium and lamina propria are not well-understood at present. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are types of innate immune cells that have lymphoid morphology, lack antigen-specific receptors, and play important roles in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and protective immune responses against pathogens. Information regarding the diversity and functions of ILCs in lymphoid organs and at mucosal sites has grown over the past decade, and roles of different ILC subsets in the pathogenesis of some inflammatory intestinal diseases have been proposed. However, our understanding of the contribution of ILCs toward the initiation and progression of CD is still limited. In this review, we discuss current pathophysiological aspects of ILCs within the gastrointestinal tract, findings of recent investigations characterizing ILC alterations in CD and refractory CD, and suggest avenues for future research.
Pharmacotherapy for Weight Loss in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: An Evaluation of Current On- and Off-Label Usage

Lifestyle modifications focused on diet, physical activity, and behavior have only a modest impact on weight reduction in children, adolescents, and young adults (YA) with overweight and obesity. Several anti-obesity medications (AOMs) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use among adult patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥27 kg/m2 and at least one obesity-related illness. However, only two FDA-approved AOMs are available for use in children and adolescents, which leads to the frequent off-label use of adult AOMs among this population. We sought to investigate current prescribing patterns of on- and off-label AOMs across a spectrum of age ranges from school age through to young adulthood and assess …
Vagus nerve stimulation promotes extinction generalization across sensory modalities.

Abstract Traumatic experiences involve complex sensory information, and individuals with trauma-related psychological disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can exhibit abnormal fear to numerous different stimuli that remind them of the trauma. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) enhances extinction of auditory fear conditioning in rat models for PTSD. We recently found that VNS-paired extinction can also promote extinction generalization across different auditory cues. Here we tested whether VNS can enhance extinction of olfactory fear and promote extinction generalization across auditory and olfactory sensory modalities. Male Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with a stimulating cuff on the cervical vagus nerve. Rats then received two days of fear conditioning where olfactory (amyl acetate odor) and auditory (9 kHz tones) stimuli were concomitantly paired with footshock. Twenty-four hours later, rats were given three days of sham or VNS-paired extinction (5 stimulations, 30-sec trains at 0.4 mA) overlapping with presentation of either the olfactory or the auditory stimulus. Two days later, rats were given an extinction retention test where avoidance of the olfactory stimulus or freezing to the auditory stimulus were measured. VNS-paired with exposure to the olfactory stimulus during extinction reduced avoidance of the odor in the retention test. VNS-paired with exposure to the auditory stimulus during extinction also decreased avoidance of the olfactory cue, and VNS paired with exposure to the olfactory stimulus during extinction reduced freezing when the auditory stimulus was presented in the retention test. These results indicate that VNS enhances extinction of olfactory fear and promotes extinction generalization across different sensory modalities. Extinction generalization induced by VNS may therefore improve outcomes of exposure-based therapies.
Social Issues in Contemporary Russia: Women's Rights, Corruption, and Immigration Through Three Sociological Lenses

This article reviews social science research on women's rights, corruption, and immigration in Russia. Intentionally diverse, our selection of topics illustrates how the same three analytical lense...
Mechanical intercellular communication via matrix-borne cell force transmission during vascular network formation

ABSTRACT Intercellular communication is critical to the development and homeostatic function of all tissues. Previous work has shown that cells can communicate mechanically via transmission of cell-generated forces through their surrounding extracellular matrix, but this process is not well understood. Here, we utilized synthetic, electrospun fibrous matrices in conjunction with a microfabrication-based cell patterning approach to examine mechanical intercellular communication (MIC) between endothelial cells (ECs) during the assembly of microvascular networks. We found that cell force-mediated matrix displacements in deformable fibrous matrices underly directional migration of neighboring ECs towards each other prior to the formation of stable cell-cell connections. We also identified a critical role for intracellular calcium signaling mediated by focal adhesion kinase and TRPV4 during MIC that extends to multicellular assembly of vessel-like networks in 3D fibrin hydrogels. The results presented here are critical to the design of biomaterials that support cellular self-assembly for tissue engineering applications.
Magnetostriction of α-RuCl3 Flakes in the Zigzag Phase

Motivated by the possibility of enhanced magnetic fluctuations in exfoliated α-RuCl3 flakes, we study magneto-Raman spectra of exfoliated multilayer α-RuCl3 in out-of-plane magnetic fields of −6 to...
Early functions of the genome of herpesvirus. IV. Fate and translation of immediate-early viral RNA.

Abstract The immediate-early viral RNA transcribed from the genome of pseudorabies virus in rabbit kidney cells incubated with cycloheximide from the time of infection is relatively unstable; approximately 50% is lost from the cells after a 2- to 3-hr chase. If cycloheximide is removed from the infected cells, this RNA migrates to the cytoplasm, where it becomes associated with polysomes. Experiments were performed to determine the functions that are specified by immediate-early viral RNA. The virus-induced increase in enzyme activities which precedes the onset of viral DNA synthesis, as well as the virus-induced cytopathic effects that occur during the normal infective process, do not occur shortly after the removal of cycloheximide from these cells. The synthesis of structural viral proteins occurred also, if at all, in small amounts only. The inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis that normally accompanies infection is, however, observed under these conditions.
High-Temperature Superconductors as Electromagnetic Deployment and Support Structures in Spacecraft

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, February 2013.
Register Pressure Sensitive Redundancy Elimination

Redundancy elimination optimizations avoid repeated computation of the same value by computing the value once, saving it in a temporary, and reusing the value from the temporary when it is needed again. Examples of redundancy elimination optimizations include common subexpression elimination, loop invariant code motion and partial redundancy elimination. We demonstrate that the introduction of temporaries to save computed values can result in a significant increase in register pressure. An increase in register pressure may in turn trigger generation of spill code which can more than offset the gains derived from redundancy elimination. While current techniques minimize increases in register pressure, to avoid spill code generation it is instead necessary to ensure that register pressure does not exceed the number of available registers.
Evidence for anti-intellectualism about know-how from a sentence recognition task

An emerging trend in cognitive science is to explore central epistemological questions using psychological methods. Early work in this growing area of research has revealed that epistemologists’ theories of knowledge diverge in various ways from the ways in which ordinary people think of knowledge. Reflecting the practices of epistemology as a whole, the vast majority of these studies have focused on the concept of propositional knowledge, or knowledge-that. Many philosophers, however, have argued that knowing how to do something is importantly different from knowing that something is the case. Hence, in this paper we turn our attention to people’s concept of knowledge-how. We present data from two experiments that employed a sentence recognition task as an implicit measure of conceptual activation. The data from this implicit measure suggest that, contrary to prominent intellectualist theories of know-how, according to which know-how is a species of propositional knowledge, people’s concept of know-how more closely aligns with anti-intellectualism, the view that knowing how to perform some task consists in having the appropriate skills or abilities.
Mutations in cell division cycle genes CDC36 and CDC39 activate the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating pheromone response pathway.

Abstract Conditional mutations in the genes CDC36 and CDC39 cause arrest in the G1 phase of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle at the restrictive temperature. We present evidence that this arrest is a consequence of a mutational activation of the mating pheromone response. cdc36 and cdc39 mutants expressed pheromone-inducible genes in the absence of pheromone and conjugated in the absence of a mating pheromone receptor. On the other hand, cells lacking the G beta subunit or overproducing the G alpha subunit of the transducing G protein that couples the receptor to the pheromone response pathway prevented constitutive activation of the pathway in cdc36 and cdc39 mutants. These epistasis relationships imply that the CDC36 and CDC39 gene products act at the level of the transducing G protein. The CDC36 and CDC39 gene products have a role in cellular processes other than the mating pheromone response. A mating-type heterozygous diploid cell, homozygous for either the cdc36 or cdc39 mutation, does not exhibit the G1 arrest phenotype but arrests asynchronously with respect to the cell cycle. A similar asynchronous arrest was observed in cdc36 and cdc39 cells where the pheromone response pathway had been inactivated by mutations in the transducing G protein. Furthermore, cdc36 and cdc39 mutants, when grown on carbon catabolite-derepressing medium, did not arrest in G1 and did not induce pheromone-specific genes at the restrictive temperature.
Foreign Object Damage in an Oxide/Oxide CMC Subjected to Tensile Preloading

Foreign object damage (FOD) phenomenon of an N720/alumina oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composite (CMC) was determined previously using 1.59 mm-diameter hardened steel ball projectiles using impact velocities ranging from 150 to 350 m/s at a normal incidence angle. Target specimens were impacted under tensile preloading with three different levels of load factors of 0, 30, and 50%. Difference in impact damage between no-preload and pre-load was significant particularly at 350 m/s with the highest load factor of 50%. A fracture mechanics approach was used to predict post-impact strength as a function of load factor and was assessed its applicability using the experimental data.