cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innervation of the human upper primary dentition: Implications for understanding tooth initiation and rethinking growth and eruption patterns

Recent comparisons of humans with apes and early fossil hominids have prompted renewed interest in the study of sequences of dental growth and development. Such comparisons, however, rely on certain assumptions about tooth development and dental homology and the biological reality of distinguishing “deciduous” from “permanent” teeth. In light of earlier suggestions by Schwartz that there might be a correlation between nerves and the stem progenitors of tooth classes, and thus between nerve branch number and number of tooth classes, we studied a large sample of ∼ 3 month fetuses to elucidate the nature of nerve branching patterns and the development of the primary dentition (i.e., the “deciduous” incisors, canine, and molars, and the first “permanent” molar). Contrary to expectation, variation in nerve branch patterning was the rule. If nerve fibers do have a role in tooth development, it can only be at the time of initiation, with definitive innervation occurring late in tooth development. In taking into consideration the entire span of tooth development—from initiation to innervation to eruption—and the process by which successional teeth arise (each from the external dental epithelium of a predecessor tooth), we suggest that dividing tooth growth and eruption into patterns of the “deciduous” teeth vs. those of the “permanent” is artificial and that a more meaningful approach would be the study of the entire dentition.
Influence of control selection in genome-wide association studies: the example of diabetes in the Framingham Heart Study

Epidemiologic study designs represent a major challenge for genome-wide association studies. Most such studies to date have selected controls from the pool of participants without the disease of interest at the end of the study time. These choices can lead to biased estimates of exposure effects. Using data from the Framingham Heart Study (Genetic Analysis Workshop 16 Problem 2), we evaluate the impact on genetic association estimates for designs with control selection based on status at the end of a study (case exclusion (CE) sampling) to control selection based on incidence density (ID) sampling, when controls are selected from the pool of participants who are disease-free at the time a case is diagnosed. Cases are defined as those diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We estimated odds ratios for 18 previously confirmed T2D variants using 189 cases selected by ID sampling and using 231 cases selected by CE sampling. We found none of these single-nucleotide polymorphisms to be significantly associated with T2D using either design. Because these empirical analyses were based on a small number of cases and on single-nucleotide polymorphisms with likely small effect sizes, we supplemented this work with simulated data sets of 500 cases from each strategies across a variety of allele frequencies and effect sizes. In our simulated datasets, we show ID sampling to be less biased than CE, although CE shows apparent increased power due to the upward bias of point estimates. We conclude that ID sampling is an appropriate option for genome-wide association studies.
Revised interpretation of the Na I EUV absorption spectrum

Spectral data for neutral sodium were recently compiled by Sansonetti (2008 J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37 1659). In that compilation, some of the energy levels of the 2p53snl configurations were quoted from the studies of the absorption spectrum in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) region, while others were quoted from beam-foil and laser-spectroscopy studies of emission in the visible region. These two sets of data partially overlap. However, in Sansonetti (2008) the energy levels observed in both types of studies were not recognized as being the same entities and were listed as different quantum states, interpreted in different coupling schemes. In addition, the analysis of the absorption spectrum was based on an oversimplified theoretical model and is incomplete. The present work identifies the energy levels commonly observed in absorption and emission studies and provides a consistent description of the 2p53snl energy levels. As a result, about a hundred energy levels are revised. In particular, the connection of the quartet level system with the ground state is firmly established based on absorption studies.
An Iterative Method for Computation of Generalized Inverse and Matrix Rank

A method for computing the generalized inverse A+ and the associated projections AA+ and A+A for any matrix A is developed It is also shown that the trace of a sequence of approximations to AA+ (or A+A) converges to the rank of A. Finally, examples are given showing the computation of the generalized inverse and rank.
Toward Monte Carlo Simulation-Based Mechanistic-Empirical Prediction of Asphalt Pavement Performance

The mechanistic-empirical study of pavement performance requires that immediate pavement responses due to tire loading be mechanistically computed for pavement structures, and the long-term pavement performance be related to the computed pavement responses. The problem becomes very complicated when variability is considered for loading, pavement and environmental conditions. A Monte Carlo simulation-based mechanistic-empirical pavement design/analysis procedure was verified in this study. The complex tire-pavement interaction was more realistically handled and computed using finite element models and measured tire-pavement contact stress data. The computation time problem involved in pavement response computations was resolved by using a computationally efficient method that relates critical pavement responses to tire loading and pavement structural conditions. In the Monte Carlo simulation, different truck classes were drawn from the truck population empirically based on actual traffic volume data. Axle load spectra were characterized by actual axle load data collected at a weigh-in-motion site. Results from a survey of truck configurations were used to describe the distribution of truck tire pressure. Pavement structural parameters and relationships between material moduli and environmental conditions were obtained from the Long-Term Pavement Performance data. The distress models developed in National Cooperative Highway Research Program Project 1–37A were employed to predict pavement performance. The simulation study estimates the effects of increased tire pressure and steering axle load on a typical pavement structure for 2 million truck passes. The Monte Carlo simulation method and models used in this study can provide useful experience for the development of future flexible pavement design and analysis procedures.
Formation and function of the lytic NK-cell immunological synapse

The natural killer (NK)-cell immunological synapse is the dynamic interface formed between an NK cell and its target cell. Formation of the NK-cell immunological synapse involves several distinct stages, from the initiation of contact with a target cell to the directed delivery of lytic-granule contents for target-cell lysis. Progression through the individual stages is regulated, and this tight regulation underlies the precision with which NK cells select and kill susceptible target cells (including virally infected cells and cancerous cells) that they encounter during their routine surveillance of the body.
DEVELOPMENT OF CONFLICT -FREE, UNRESTRICTED CLIMBS FOR A TERMINAL AREA DEPARTURE TOOL

The Expedite Departure Path (EDP) is a decision support tool being developed at NASA Ames Research Center aimed at providing Terminal Area Radar Approach Control (TRACON) Traffic Management Coordinators (TMCs) with pertinent departure traffic loading and scheduling information and radar controllers with advisories for tac tical control of terminal area departure traffic. One of the proposed features of EDP is to provide departure controllers with the ability to perform unrestricted climbs where procedures typically restrict departures below incoming arrival traffic streams . The potential benefits of this feature include reductions in time -to -climb, fuel burn, and aircraft noise impact to the surrounding communities. This paper focuses on the issue of unrestricted climb in congested terminal areas and describes the modeli ng and simulation of such climbs. First, flight data of departures in TRACON airspace were analyzed to estimate the level of uncertainties in climb trajectory prediction. Second, the existing Trajectory Synthesizer (TS) module of the Center -TRACON Automa tion System (CTAS) was modified to generate trajectories that closely model actual aircraft climb profiles and terminal airspace procedures. Third, an algorithm was applied to predict conflicts between trajectories of departure and arrival aircraft and to determine if an unrestricted climb is advisable. Controller -in -the loop simulations were performed to validate the feasibility of the algorithm and evaluate human factors. Lastly, a future application of a conflict probability estimation method for EDP was examined.
The first Gore-Tex femoral-popliteal bypass

In scientific investigation, “Who’s on First” is often an ongoing debate when it comes to medical discoveries and scientific priority. Surgeons embrace the idea of being first to perform an operation, particularly if history later shines upon it a favorable light. Is it important to be first? The Olympic games initiated by ancient Greeks made heroes out of those who came in first in an event. In a presentation to the 25th Anniversary Veith Symposium on “Firsts” in Vascular Surgery: Who Did What “First,” Rich gave the subject an in-depth examination. He found that history is replete with claims of first. Many of these claims were associated with controversy. Firsts in vascular surgery are numerous. It is generally acknowledged that William Harvey was the first to discover circulation. The Chinese, however, claimed they discovered the concept of blood circulation some 2000 years before Harvey. Similarly, coronary arteriosclerosis is often regarded as a Western disease, yet a recent report has found coronary arteriosclerotic disease existed in China >2200 years ago. Besides “first operations,” there are also “famous operations.” Harold Ellis, in his book Famous Operations, divided the “famous operation” into three types: type I is the breakthrough operation. A type II operation may be insignificant itself, but it marks the introduction of some important point in surgical technique. Finally, the type III operation depends entirely on the patient; the operation itself may be routine, but the patient is a famous person, thus an operation, an act between the surgeon and the patient, does carry extra meaning and significance. Among all first operations, none can surpass the “blue baby” operation by Blalock and Taussig, performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital on November 29, 1944. To qualify as a first operation, DeBakey emphasized that the
Noise due to interaction of inlet turbulence with isolated stators and rotors

Abstract The problem of sound generation due to free stream turbulence incident on a rotor or stator row is studied analytically. A linearized analysis is carried out with the blade rows being modeled as a cascade of flat plates. Only the dipole effect is considered. Expressions are obtained for the intensity spectrum of noise radiated upstream and downstream. The turbulence is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic and stationary (weak), and characterized by a longitudinal velocity-correlation function of type exp (− r / L ). The sound spectrum is found to depend on the intensity of turbulent kinetic energy incident on the row, axial flow Mach number M a , wheel tip Mach number M t row solidity σ, and most importantly on the ratio of the length scale L of the turbulence to the transverse spacing D between the blades. The spectra for rotors are sharply peaked at the blade-passage frequency and its higher harmonics so long as L / D exceeds about 0·5. Below these values of L / D the spectra start broadening noticeably. Also for rotors, the sound power levels themselves increase with decreasing L / D . The spectra for stators simply exhibit the dominant turbulent frequency. Noise levels for scattering by a rotor are higher than for those by a stator.
Generation of Phosphorescent Triplet States via Photoinduced Electron Transfer: Energy and Electron Transfer Dynamics in Pt Porphyrin–Rhodamine B Dyads

Control over generation and dynamics of excited electronic states is fundamental to their utilization in all areas of technology. We present the first example of multichromophoric systems in which emissive triplet states are generated via a pathway involving photoinduced electron transfer (ET), as opposed to local intrachromophoric processes. In model dyads, PtP–Phn–pRhB+ (1–3, n = 1–3), comprising platinum(II) meso-tetraarylporphyrin (PtP) and Rhodamine B piperazine derivative (pRhB+), linked by oligo-p-phenylene bridges (Phn), upon selective excitation of pRhB+ at a frequency below that of the lowest allowed transition of PtP, room-temperature T1→S0 phosphorescence of PtP was observed. The pathway leading to the emissive PtP triplet state includes excitation of pRhB+, ET with formation of the singlet radical pair, intersystem crossing within that pair, and subsequent radical recombination. Because of the close proximity of the triplet energy levels of PtP and pRhB+, reversible triplet–triplet (TT) energ...
Microglia in the giant cell encephalitis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: proliferation, infection and fusion

The autopsied brains of three homosexual men with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), progressive encephalopathy and widespread multinucleated giant cell encephalitis were investigated by lectin and immunohistochemical methods to ascertain the cellular distribution of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) core protein, p25. Abundant viral antigen was present in all brains, limited to perivascular macrophages, microglial and multinucleated cells, some bearing elongated cytoplasmic processes. The multinucleated cells were consistently labelled by the lectinRicinus communis agglutinin-1, a marker for microglia, which demonstrated processbearing variants of these cells. The prominent staining of microglia for viral antigen and the morphological suggestion that they fuse with other microglia and/or macrophages to form the multinucleated cells characteristic of HIV encephalitis indicate that microglia are probably direct targets of HIV infection and serve to propagate and amplify this retroviral encephalitis.
Studying the causes of kidney disease in humans: A review of methodologic obstacles and possible solutions

Until recently, epidemiology has contributed little to the understanding of kidney disease etiology. In the past, the immediate need for therapy eclipsed the longer-term need to develop preventive strategies. As a result, kidney disease epidemiology lacked sufficient institutional and financial support. These difficulties are being progressively (albeit yet incompletely) resolved. Other obstacles pertained to research methods. The need for large cohort studies to investigate a relatively uncommon outcome can be overcome by the use of alternative study designs, such as nonconcurrent prospective studies or case control studies. Unfortunately, other methodologic obstacles remain. These include (1) lack of sensitive markers of early renal insufficiency for use in general populations, (2) variations in access to end-stage renal disease therapy, (3) uncertainty regarding cause-of-death certification in persons with kidney diseases, (4) ambiguous criteria for diagnosing specific renal diseases, (5) lack of independence between risk factor assessments and kidney disease definition, (6) inconsistent risk factor assessments, and (7) inadequate conceptual models for causation of kidney failure. We suggest a global framework, including (1) defining rigorous diagnostic criteria for renal diseases, (2) conducting etiologic studies of "all-cause" end-stage renal disease, (3) systematically collecting data on risk factors for renal injury, and (5) distinguishing between initiators and promoters of renal insufficiency and between proximate and distal risk factors. These suggestions aim to foster a multidisciplinary debate on etiologic research on renal diseases. Identification of modifiable risk factors may provide a basis for effective preventive interventions.
Gratitude and parents' rights over their children's religious upbringing

Although most parents claim their children owe them obligations of gratitude, there has been no attempt to analyze gratitude as a basis for parental rights over children's religious upbringing. Parents' provision of benefits to their children in an altruistic fashion requires that children ought normally to honor parental requests that they participate in religious rituals and attend sectarian education. However, the limits on parental altruism and the self‐defeating nature of extreme demands for requital of gratitude suggest that gratitude is not a sufficiently strong basis to justify the rights of parents to prevent their children's exposure to religious beliefs inconsistent with their own. The state acts consistently with children's obligation of gratitude when it offers an education providing children the right to exit their religious communities, but not when it seeks to promote radical religious autonomy.
Skinner Wasn't a Software Engineer

The author describes several different techniques for doing software development research--for example, testing the value of a new tool or technique. He describes the comparative group experiment, the field study, the case study, and the single-subject experiment, and he advocates that more people try using the last approach.
Prevention of corrosion-related failures in condensers and feedwater heaters

The common alloys used for tubing in power plant feedwater heaters and condensers are identified and the major corrosion problems encountered in these components are described. The frequency of failure and failure modes in both components are shown to be alloy specific. Some corrosion problems are shown to be controllable through minor design modifications in the equipment and others through judicious selection of alloys. In condensers, alloy selection is most effective when based on tube location. In feedwater heaters, strict control of water quality is shown to be necessary with most alloys to minimize corrosion problems. Benefits of some auxiliary techniques for preventing corrosion attack on condenser tubes also are discussed. These include coating and cathodic protection of the tube sheet and cooling water intake screens.
Autoimmune pancreatitis: a guide for the histopathologist

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a distinct form of pancreatitis with a characteristic histological appearance. Clinically and radiologically, many of these patients show enlargement of pancreas and pancreatic duct/bile duct strictures, thus mimicking pancreatic carcinoma. There are 2 forms of the disease: (1) type 1 AIP characterized by storiform type fibrosis, obliterative phlebitis, and elevated numbers of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) positive plasma cells, typically >50 per high-power field, and, (2) type 2 AIP characterized by granulocytic epithelial lesions and only occasional IgG4-bearing plasma cells, typically <10 per high-power field. The type 1 variant of AIP is the pancreatic manifestation of IgG4-related disease, thus both pancreatic and extrapancreatic recurrences are common. The type 2 variant is unrelated to IgG4-related disease, and disease recurrence is uncommon. Both forms of the disease show a swift response to immunosuppressive therapy. This review highlights the clinical and pathological differences between the 2 forms of AIP. We also review guidelines that assist in distinguishing AIP from its closest mimic, pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Holograms recorded with red light in dye sensitized dichromated gelatin

Abstract We have found that phase holograms can be recorded with He—Ne laser light in dye sensitized dichromated gelatin. This material has excellent resolution, and refractive index changes up to 0.02 have been observed. The sensitivity of dye sensitized dichromated gelatin at 633 nm is about five times less than of dichromated gelatin at 488 nm.
Comparison of assays for gap junctional communication using human embryocarcinoma cells exposed to dieldrin

Abstract Several assays were compared for their ability to detect inhibition of gap junctional communication in human embryocarcinoma cells exposed to the pesticide dieldrin. Included in this evaluation was a recently developed assay based on the transfer of the fluorescent dye derived metabolically from 5(and 6)-carboxy-2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. This assay was compared to assays for fluorescence return after photobleaching (FRAP), transfer of Lucifer yellow after scrape-loading, autoradiographic visualization of [ 3 H ]- uridine nucleotide transfer, and metabolic coupling of 6-thioguanine (6-TG) metabolites. The scrape-loading assay was the most sensitive assay, detecting inhibition of junctional communication at all concentrations tested. Additionally, the scrape-loading assay provided the clearest demonstration of concentration-dependent inhibition of junctional communication, although the [ 3 H]uridine assay also showed significant concentration-related effects. The 5(and 6)-carboxy-2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and 6-TG metabolic coupling assays detected significant inhibition at the two highest concentrations of dieldrin only. The FRAP assay also detected substantial inhibition at the two highest concentrations only. These results show that scrapeloading is the most sensitive assay of those compared in this study for the detection of inhibited junctional communication. Furthermore, compared to the other assays evaluated, the newly developed 5(and 6)-carboxy-2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay is at least as sensitive, yet less cumbersome, less expensive, and more rapid. Finally, the results show that each of these assays was easily applied to embryonic cells, suggesting that they may be useful for evaluating disruption of junctional communication in embryonic cell cultures.
Modes of isolated, severe convective storm formation along the dryline

Abstract Patterns of the formation of isolated, severe convective storms along the dryline in the southern plains of the United States during the spring over a 16-year period were determined from an examination of the evolution of radar echoes as depicted by WSR-57 microfilm data. It was found that in the first 30 min after the first echo, more than half of the radar echoes evolved into isolated storms as isolated cells from the start; others developed either from a pair of cells, from a line segment, from a cluster of cells, from the merger of mature cells, or from a squall line. Proximity soundings were constructed from both standard and special soundings, and from standard surface data. It was found that the estimated convective available potential energy and vertical shear are characteristic of the environment of supercell storms. The average time lag between the first echo and the first occurrence of severe weather of any type, or tornadoes alone, was approximately 2 h. There were no significant diff...
Heterogeneity among early quail neural crest cells

In vitro analysis has shown that early migratory quail neural crest cells from the trunk region give rise to 3 types of clonal progeny: clones consisting entirely of melanocytes; clones containing both melanocytes and adrenergic neurons; and clones containing adrenergic neurons as the only differentiated phenotype. These 3 types of clonal progeny could either be the products of distinct subpopulations of progenitor cells or the descendants of one population of pluripotent progenitor cells which, for some reason, often express only one differentiative option. To distinguish between these two possibilities, we probed the plasma membranes of early migratory quail neural crest cells in sparse secondary cultures with the fluorescent dye, merocyanine 540. Progenitors of melanocytes were less sensitive to merocyanine 540-mediated photosensitization than cells giving rise to adrenergic neurons or mixed progeny. Minor differences in the response to merocyanine 540-mediated photosensitization were found between the progenitors of adrenergic neurons and mixed progeny. These results demonstrate that early migratory neural crest cells from the trunk region are a heterogeneous population and that the different types of clonal progeny are the descendants of distinct subpopulations of progenitor cells.
Bladder symptoms 1 year after abdominal sacrocolpopexy with and without Burch colposuspension in women without preoperative stress incontinence symptoms

Objective The objective of the study was to examine changes in bladder symptoms 1 year after abdominal sacrocolpopexy (ASC) with vs without Burch colposuspension. Study Design Women without stress urinary incontinence (SUI) symptoms undergoing ASC were randomized to receive or not receive Burch. One year later, irritative, obstructive, and SUI symptoms were assessed in 305 women using Urogenital Distress Inventory subscales. A composite "stress endpoint" combined SUI symptoms, positive stress test, and retreatment. Results In all women, the mean irritative score decreased from 19.6 ± 16.3 (mean ± SD) to 9.1 ± 10.6; for obstructive symptoms, from 34.8 ± 21.0 to 6.3 ± 10.4 (both P P = .048) and fulfilled the stress endpoint (25.0% vs 40.1%, P = .012). Conclusion ASC reduced bothersome irritative and obstructive symptoms. Prophylactic Burch reduced stress and urge incontinence.
Effect of ammonia on static fatigue of silica glass

Abstract Various chemicals including water, ammonia, formamide and hydrazine are known to cause slow crack growth in silica glass. Static fatigue of freshly abraded silica glass with sharp cracks and hot water-treated silica glass with blunt cracks was investigated in both ammonia and water. It was found that the fatigue behavior of silica glass in ammonia is similar to that in water; strong fatigue was observed in both environments for hot-water reacted samples, as well as for freshly abraded samples. This is in contrast to formamide which can cause fatigue in the freshly abraded samples but not in hot water-treated samples. The ability of water and ammonia to cause the static fatigue in the treated samples was attributed to their ability to enter into glass under stress and to initiate a sharp crack at a sub-critical stress.
Selective Decay of Enstrophy and the Excitation of Barotropic Waves in a Channel

Abstract If the momentum, energy and circulation of a fluid in a periodic, quasi-geostrophic, β-plane channel are specified, then there is a minimum enstrophy implied. This minimum enstrophy flow is obtained using the calculus of variations and is found to be also a solution of the quasi-geostrophic equations. It is either a parallel flow or a finite-amplitude Rossby wave, depending on the aspect ratio of the channel and the amount of energy and momentum within it. The most geophysically relevant case is a channel whose zonal length is substantially greater than its meridional breadth. In this instance the form of the minimum enstrophy solution is decided by the ratio of the energy to the squared momentum. When this parameter is below a Critical value one has a parallel flow, while if this value is exceeded, the minimum enstrophy, solution is a Rossby wave. Heuristic arguments based on the enstrophy cascade in two-dimensional turbulence suggest a “selective decay hypothesis”. This is that scale-selective ...
The delta F508 mutation in cystic fibrosis and impact on sinus development.

BackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) patients often have widespread inflammatory paranasal sinus disease with an increased incidence of frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid hypoplasia. The most common geneti...
From Obsession to Betrayal: The Life and Art of Pablo Picasso

With the exception of his physical size, everything about Pablo Picasso was larger than life. He was one of the richest and most productive and prolific artists that ever lived. Picasso's artwork, long recognized for its sensual and erotic content, became the single most revealing indicator of his ardent emotional and sexual life. So too, Picasso's personal life became defined by passionate intrigue, infidelity and melodrama. This paper will review the nature of Picasso's most intimate personal relationships through the portraits and stories of eight important women in his life; two wives, five mistresses and one granddaughter. Psychological theories familiar to sex addiction professionals will be considered as a means for understanding the connections between Picasso's childhood and the patterns of sexual excess and relationship dysfunction evidenced in his adult relationships.
Structural Phase Transition in a Solid Electrolyte

The phase transition at 208 K in the solid electrolyte RbAg41S has been investigated through the measurement of the specific heat and the optical birefringence. The specific heat data yield (α = α' = 0.14 ± 0.01 and A+/A- = 0.46 ± 0.0 1, indicating that the transition is king-like. The birefringence is found to have a critical exponent 0 = 0.36 f 0.03 which is also consistent with Ising-like behavior, and is linear in the order parameter. A model is developed for this material in which next-neighbor pairs of equivalent Ag-sites are coupled to more distant pairs by means of optical phonons in a manner similar to materials showing cooperative Jahn-Teller phase transitions. The Ising nature of the phase transition and the linear coupling of the birefringence to the order parameter through the strain-optic tensor follow from the model. Recent observation1 of the softening of the C44 elastic constant can also be explained with this model.
Neocortical propagation in temporal lobe spike foci on magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography

Propagation of the neuronal population of the interictal epileptic spike was quantified in 5 patients with complex partial epilepsy arising from temporal lobe using electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography. During the spike complex in each patient there was a spike at the deep sphenoidal electrode and a spike at the superficial scalp electrode on spontaneous electroencephalography. In each patient the sphenoidal spike had a different peak latency than the scalp spike, consistent with spike propagation. Electroencephalography was used to trigger two magnetoencephalographic averages of stereotyped spikes during the sphenoidal peak and the scalp peak. Magnetoencephalography discriminated the centers of two cortical spike populations at different latencies, showing deeper localization with sphenoidal trigger and more superficial localization with scalp trigger in each patient (p less than 0.05). Latency differences and propagation distances of spikes were consistent with the conduction velocity of corticocortical fibers. Noninvasive estimates of the cortical surface area of the spikes agreed with estimates obtained by electrocorticography over temporal neocortex. These findings indicate propagation of neuronal populations active during human interictal spikes between deep and superficial cortex of temporal lobe, likely by monosynaptic or oligosynaptic pathways. This interictal system appears to be partly independent of the hippocampal interictal system in complex partial epilepsy.
Accuracy of head ultrasound for the detection of intracranial hemorrhage in preterm neonates: comparison with brain MRI and susceptibility-weighted imaging

Summary Objectives To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of head ultrasound (HUS) in the detection of intracranial hemorrhage in premature neonates compared with brain MRI using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI). Material and methods Ultrasound (US) and MRI scans of the brain using SWI in premature neonates were retrospectively evaluated for grade I–III germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH), periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI), intra-axial hemorrhage other than PVHI, extra-axial hemorrhage in each cerebral hemisphere and cerebellar hemorrhage in each cerebellar hemisphere. The impact of these hemorrhagic findings on short-term clinical management was also reviewed. Results Twelve neonates (mean age: 9.8 days; range: 3–23 days) with a mean gestational age of 32.8 weeks (range: 29.6–35.4 weeks) were included in the study. HUS had high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (93.3%) in detecting grade III GMH using SWI as a reference, but poor sensitivity (0%) in the detection of intraventricular hemorrhage with normal-sized ventricles (grade II GMH). US was not sensitive in detecting either small cerebellar or extra-axial hemorrhage. Conclusion HUS was highly sensitive and specific in the evaluation of grade III GMH, whereas SWI was superior to HUS in detecting small intra-axial or extra-axial hemorrhage, and had no impact on short-term management. Given the low cost, lack of radiation and advantages of bedside evaluation, HUS should continue to be the first line of imaging for brain injury in the evaluation of premature neonates with suspected intracranial hemorrhage. However, the usefulness of SWI for predicting long-term neurological outcomes has yet to be determined.
Hemodynamic–morphological discriminant models for intracranial aneurysm rupture remain stable with increasing sample size

Background We previously established three logistic regression models for discriminating intracranial aneurysm rupture status based on morphological and hemodynamic analysis of 119 aneurysms. In this study, we tested if these models would remain stable with increasing sample size, and investigated sample sizes required for various confidence levels (CIs). Methods We augmented our previous dataset of 119 aneurysms into a new dataset of 204 samples by collecting an additional 85 consecutive aneurysms, on which we performed flow simulation and calculated morphological and hemodynamic parameters, as done previously. We performed univariate significance tests on these parameters, and multivariate logistic regression on significant parameters. The new regression models were compared against the original models. Receiver operating characteristics analysis was applied to compare the performance of regression models. Furthermore, we performed regression analysis based on bootstrapping resampling statistical simulations to explore how many aneurysm cases were required to generate stable models. Results Univariate tests of the 204 aneurysms generated an identical list of significant morphological and hemodynamic parameters as previously (from the analysis of 119 cases). Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis produced three parsimonious predictive models that were almost identical to the previous ones, with model coefficients that had narrower CIs than the original ones. Bootstrapping showed that 10%, 5%, 2%, and 1% convergence levels of CI required 120, 200, 500, and 900 aneurysms, respectively. Conclusions Our original hemodynamic–morphological rupture prediction models are stable and improve with increasing sample size. Results from resampling statistical simulations provide guidance for designing future large multi-population studies.
Featherweight X10: a core calculus for async-finish parallelism

We present a core calculus with two of X10's key constructs for parallelism, namely async and finish. Our calculus forms a convenient basis for type systems and static analyses for languages with async-finish parallelism, and for tractable proofs of correctness. For example, we give a short proof of the deadlock-freedom theorem of Saraswat and Jagadeesan. Our main contribution is a type system that solves the open problem of context-sensitive may-happen-in-parallel analysis for languages with async-finish parallelism. We prove the correctness of our type system and we report experimental results of performing type inference on 13,000 lines of X10 code. Our analysis runs in polynomial time, takes a total of 28 seconds on our benchmarks, and produces a low number of false positives, which suggests that our analysis is a good basis for other analyses such as race detectors.
Axisymmetric thermal stress in a thin circular disk by the method of matched asymptotic expansions

Abstract Using the method of matched asymptotic expansions, a solution is constructed for thin disks with stress-free edges which consists of an analytical solution in the interior and a boundary layer correction. The analytical solution is shown to be accurate to order (h/a)2 compared to unity, and is that given by the classical theory of thin plates. There is no boundary layer in the case of a clamped disk, so that the thin plate solution is valid throughout. The solution of the boundary layer equations was obtained numerically by solving the finite difference form of the governing equations using an iterative scheme called “Dynamic Relaxation”.
Wavelet distortion correction due to domain conversion

Converted-wave (PS) data, when converted to PP time, develop time- and location-varying compression of the seismic wavelet due to a variable subsurface γ (γ=Vp∕Vs) . The time-dependent compression distorts the wavelet in a seismic trace. The lack of a consistent seismic wavelet in a domain-converted PS volume can eventually lead to an erroneous joint PP/PS inversion result. Depth-converted seismic data also have wavelet distortion due to velocity-dependent wavelet stretch. A high value of seismic velocity produces more stretch in a seismic wavelet than a low value. Variable wavelet stretch renders the depth data unsuitable for attribute analysis. A filtering scheme is proposed that corrects for distortion in seismic wavelets due to domain conversions (PS to PP time and time-to-depth) of seismic data in an amplitude-preserving manner. The method uses a Fourier scaling theorem to predict the seismic wavelet in the converted domain and calculates a shaping filter for each time/depth sample that corrects for ...
A dual 4-bit, 1.5 Gs/s analog to digital converter

A dual 4-bit analog-to-digital converter with Nyquist operation to 1.5 Gs/s and -29 dBc distortion at 1 GHz is presented. An integral digital-to-analog converter was included to observe the performance of the quantizer front end, and also to let the chip be used in a dual-rank digitizer. >
Phenomenology in the Critical Ontology of Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950)

The right and the need to include Nicolai Hartmann in an account of the Phenomenological Movement are by no means beyond dispute. His inclusion will have to be justified by his actual significance for the development of the Movement, regardless of his own ambivalent relationship to it. In any event, the widespread picture of Hartmann as one of the central figures in the Phenomenological Movement badly needs revision in the light of the ascertainable facts.
The origin of neutron stars in binary systems.

Article de synthese traitant des mecanismes de formation des binaires contenant une etoile a neutrons
Unpredictability in the Etiology of Behavioral Deviations

There is an aphorism that is applicable to scientists from Newton to Einstein: namely, that the vistas we survey were rendered visible only because we stood on the shoulders of giants—whom we soon forget. How infrequently we mention Fabre or Von Fritsch when we’re talking about ethology. In neurophysiology, Walter Cannon is similarly neglected. My own greatest teacher, Adolph Meyer, is rarely mentioned by psychiatrists. Fortunately, in Russia this is not true. When I visited the Neuropsychiatric Institute in Moscow, there was hardly a speaker—Snezhnevsky, Lebedev, Schirina, Vartanian—who did not pay tribute to the aged Dr. Anokhin, who sat beside me. May I suggest that we here pay similar tribute to Academician Anokhin, who should have been here in my place?
Renin and vasopressin responses to graded reductions in atrial pressure in conscious dogs

Hypovolemia activates reflexes that stimulate secretion of renin and arginine vasopressin (AVP). A large body of evidence, obtained mainly in anesthetized preparations, supports the hypothesis that unloading cardiac receptors stimulates increases in plasma AVP and renin activity (PRA). We have observed significant increases in PRA before any change in either mean arterial pressure (MAP) or pulse pressure in conscious dogs undergoing continuous hemorrhage; however, plasma AVP did not change until there was a significant fall in MAP. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that cardiac receptors cause reflex stimulation of renin but not AVP secretion. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that a decrease in atrial pressure alone is sufficient to stimulate an increase in plasma AVP and PRA. Graded thoracic inferior vena caval constriction (TIVCC) was used to reduce atrial pressure in four steps without altering MAP in conscious dogs. In a fifth step, TIVCC was increased to cause a fall in MAP. A reduction in left atrial pressure (LAP) of 4.2 +/- 0.9 mmHg was accompanied by a significant (P < 0.05) increase in PRA from a control value of 0.4 +/- 0.1 ng angiotensin I (ANG I).ml-1.3 h-1 to 1.1 +/- 0.2 ng ANG I.ml-1.3 h-1 but no change in plasma AVP (from 1.0 +/- 0.1 to 1.2 +/- 0.2 pg/ml) or MAP (from 85 +/- 5 mmHg to 86 +/- 4 mmHg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Tilts, strains, and ground-water levels near an earth fissure in the Mimbres Basin, New Mexico

Vertical deflection profiles derived from microradian-sensitivity tiltmeter data collected over a 1 yr period suggest that an earth fissure in the subsiding Mimbres Basin is located near the inflection point of an evolving surficial fold of infinitesimal amplitude. Water levels beneath the study site also fell steadily during the period of observation. Calculated curvature profiles, which reflect the sign and relative magnitude of fiber strain along the ground surface, further imply that the fissure was within a zone of contraction throughout the study period. Observed fissure-perpendicular tilts and the location of the fissure at an inflection point rather than along an anticlinal crest are consistent with a mode II fracture (shearing mode crack or fault) rather than a mode I fracture (opening mode crack or joint). Tilting parallel to the fissure further suggests a component of mode III (tearing-mode crack) displacement during the study period. Thus, the three-dimensional displacement, strain, and stress fields around the fissure were considerably more complicated than those suggested by previous fissure monitoring studies and suggest that the fissure may have been formed in compression as a shear crack rather than in tension as an extensional crack. On the basis of the occurrence of right steps in the trace of the fissure, we speculate that our data may reflect contraction across one of the steps as a consequence of left-lateral slip along the fissure.
Magnetic Fluctuations in Individual Superparamagnetic Particles

Fluctuations of the magnetic moment direction of single Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were measured by conductive atomic force microscopy. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles were deposited on an Fe-Pt thin film, and the current through the film and individual particles was detected as a function of time. Due to magnetoresistance in the particle-film system, changes in the particle moment direction lead to different current levels. The effect of magnetic fields between -69 and 153 Oe on the characteristic current levels was used to determine the effective anisotropy of the particle. Magnetoresistance values of 45% were observed.
Kidney transplantation in obese patients

The World Health Organization estimated that in 2014, over 600 million people met criteria for obesity. In 2011, over 30% of individuals undergoing kidney transplant had a body mass index (BMI) 35 kg/m(2) or greater. A number of recent studies have confirmed the relationship between overweight/obesity and important comorbidities in kidney transplant patients. As with non-transplant surgeries, the rate of wound and soft tissue complications are increased following transplant as is the incidence of delayed graft function. These two issues appear to contribute to longer length of stay compared to normal BMI. New onset diabetes after transplant and cardiac outcomes also appear to be increased in the obese population. The impact of obesity on patient survival after kidney transplantation remains controversial, but appears to mirror the impact of extremes of BMI in non-transplant populations. Early experience with (open and laparoscopic) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy support excellent weight loss (in the range of 50%-60% excess weight lost at 1 year), but experts have recommended the need for further studies. Long term nutrient deficiencies remain a concern but in general, these procedures do not appear to adversely impact absorption of immunosuppressive medications. In this study, we review the literature to arrive at a better understanding of the risks related to renal transplantation among individuals with obesity.
CHROMOSOME NUMBER DIFFERENCE IN THE AMPHIBIAN GENUS BUFO: THE BUFO REGULARIS SPECIES GROUP.

The purpose of this paper is to present the karyotypes of several species of Bufo and to point out the evolutionary significance of 20 chromosomes in the Bufo regularis species group. The genus Bufo is comprised of many species which are found on all the principal temperate and tropical land masses with the exception of Madagascar and the Australian Region. It has generally been contended that the diploid chromosome complement for the genus is 22 (Matthey, 1949; Wickbom, 1949; White, 1961). Makino (1951) lists three North American species, one South American species, and three Eurasian species. Since Makino's compendium, there have been a few more species added to the compilation: Bufo valliceps, B. compactilis, B. woodhousei (Hayes, 1933), B. boreais (Sanders and Cross, 1964) in North America; B. d'orbignyi (Saez and Brum, 1960) in South America; B. melanostictus (Natarajan, 1958) in Asia. The species B. compactilis used in Hayes' study is now considered to be B. speciosus (Bogert, 1960), and B. d'orbignyi is considered to be a subspecies of B. granulosus (Gallardo, 1965). All of these species have 22 chromosomes. An exception to this general rule was claimed by Sanders and Cross (1964), who stated that males of B. houstonensis had a complement of 21 chromosomes consisting of metacentric and acrocentric types. It is clear that B. houstonensis has 22 rather than 21 chromosomes, and that none of the chromosomes can be classed as acrocentric (Fig. 1-A). The inclusion of B. houstonensis here serves only to clarify its status as a toad with 22 chromosomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Nectar Feeding by Aedes sollicitans and Its Relation to Gonotrophic Activity

A 50m2 salt marsh study plot was used to determine relative densities of flowering plants and to directly observe Aedes sollicitans nectar feeding. In addition to 190 flower-visiting mosquitoes (103 ♀, 87 ♂), 260 resting and 280 blood-seeking females were collected from the marsh and an inland woodland habitat; specimens were agegraded by the Polovodova method and analyzed for fructose by an anthrone test. There were no significant differences in nectar feeding rates between sexes. Newly-emerged and recently-oviposited mosquitoes nectar-fed from Solidago sempervirens (seaside goldenrod), Achillea millefolium (yarrow), Hieracium pratense (king-devil hawkweed), and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (ox-eye daisy) both at times when these plant hosts were at high and very low relative densities. Mosquito avoidance of other dominant blooming plant species and their selection of plants having lighter-colored flowers suggests that there may be preferences for certain plant hosts. Females nectar fed in all phases of the gonotrophic cycle, but there was a significantly higher rate of recent nectar feeding among females in the salt marsh (avg. 60% positive) than in woodlands (avg. 11%). Greater nectar-feeding activity in salt marshes is probably indicative of the female's need for simple sugars before dispersing inland and/or that nectar sources were more plentiful.