cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Therapeutic Effectiveness With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients

With increasing public acceptance of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LCB) individuals, therapists can expect to encounter more opportunities to work with LCB clients. As therapists, we need to be certain that we can provide competent care to this population, which has been poorly served in the past by practitioners taught to view homosexuality as pathological. Most therapists have never received training in working affirmatively with LCB clients. We may be unaware of how the pathological view of homosexuality continues to influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in subtle ways. By becoming more aware of our attitudes toward LCB individuals, and by learning more about issues that many LCB individuals face, we can increase our clinical effectiveness with LCB clients. Key words: psychotherapy, psychotherapist attitudes, homophobia, homosexuality, gay, lesbian, bisexual, sexual orientation.
Effect of D,L-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) enhanced [3H] putrescine uptake on 9L tumor cell growth and colony forming efficiency☆

Abstract Purpose : This study explored the possible use of D,L-α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) to enhance the uptake of [3H] putrescine in order to selectively kill brain tumor cells. Methods and Materials : Gliosarcoma cells (9L) were grown for 4 or 20 day periods in monolayer cultures with or without [3H] putrescine and/or DFMO. Cells in culture incubated for 20 days were replated at 4-day intervals. Cells were counted on a Coulter Electronic Particle Counter and percent viability was determined by eosin dye exclusion. Survival of cells with proliferative capacity was assayed by their colony forming ability and surviving fraction was calculated. The radioactive counts due to [3H] putrescine were measured in 9L cells and in medium and expressed as cpm/100 cells or cpm/ml, respectively. Results : As previously reported (15), DFMO treatment resulted in termination of cell proliferation that was reversible by the addition of exogenous putrescine. Specifically, after 4 days in culture, cell counts in groups exposed to 10 mM DFMO were 55% of those in control groups and addition of 3 mM putrescine reversed the DFMO effects. Uptake of [3H] putrescine into untreated cells increased in proportion to the amount of exogenous putrescine present during 4 days of culture (range 0.01 nmol to 100 nmol) and the presence of DFMO in the medium enhanced the uptake 9 fold throughout these ranges. At activities greater than 100 cpm/100 cells the cell count was reduced to 23 to 48% of control after 4 days in culture. Extending the treatment to 20 days of incubation increased the killing of 9L cells. During the 20-day incubation, control cells increased from 5 × 105 to 13 × 1012 of which 90% were colony forming cells. Treatment with either 25 μCi[3H] putrescine or 1 mM DFMO for 4 days followed by removal of these agents and incubation for an additional 16 days for a total of 20 days resulted in 31 × 108 or 18 × 107 colony forming cells, respectively. Combining [3H] putrescine and DFMO treatments during the first 4 days of the 20 day incubation reduced the colony forming cells to 21 × 105 (surviving fraction to 67%). When the DFMO treatment was present during the entire 20 days, it became cytotoxic since the colony forming cells were reduced to 35 X 103 (surviving fraction was 17%). The combination of the 4-day [3H] putrescine and the 20 day DFMO treatments resulted in only 1200 surviving colony forming cells (surviving fraction was only 2%). Conclusion : DFMO treatment of 9L cells for 20 days resulted in increased uptake of [3H] putrescine, a 1010 fold inhibition of colony forming cells and extensive 9L cell killing relative to untreated controls.
Measuring Perceived Well-Being After Recreational Drumming: An Exploratory Factor Analysis

Evidence suggests that recreational music-making has been shown to decrease stress and increase feelings of wellbeing and empowerment among diverse groups; however, evidence to document the effects has been mixed. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine a measure of well-being, empowerment, and connectedness after a group recreational drumming intervention with social workers. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the construct validity of a measure developed for gauging intrapersonal and interpersonal well-being using a sample of 73 participants who engaged in a 2-hour group recreational drumming program. Factor analysis suggested that intrapersonal and interpersonal well-being were present. Implications for use of the measure with recreational drumming are discussed.
Stop the silent misdiagnosis: patients’ preferences matter

Correct treatment recommendations require accurate diagnosis not only of the medical condition but of patients’ treatment preferences. Al Mulley, Chris Trimble, and Glyn Elwyn outline how to ensure that preferences are not misdiagnosed
Potential applications of fuzzy sets in industrial safety engineering

Abstract This paper discusses potential applications of fuzzy set theory to risk analysis in the area of industrial safety engineering. Vagueness and imprecision in mathematical quantification of risk are equated with fuzziness rather than randomness. The concept of risk evaluation, using linguistic representation of the likelihood of the occurrence of a hazardous event, exposure, and possible consequences of that event, is proposed. The approximate reasoning technique based on fuzzy logic is used to derive fuzzy values of risk.
A new double-moment microphysics parameterization for application in cloud and climate models. Part II: Single-column modeling of arctic clouds

Abstract The new double-moment microphysics scheme described in Part I of this paper is implemented into a single-column model to simulate clouds and radiation observed during the period 1 April–15 May 1998 of the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) and First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment–Arctic Clouds Experiment (FIRE–ACE) field projects. Mean predicted cloud boundaries and total cloud fraction compare reasonably well with observations. Cloud phase partitioning, which is crucial in determining the surface radiative fluxes, is fairly similar to ground-based retrievals. However, the fraction of time that liquid is present in the column is somewhat underpredicted, leading to small biases in the downwelling shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes at the surface. Results using the new scheme are compared to parallel simulations using other microphysics parameterizations of varying complexity. The predicted liquid water path and cloud phase is significantly...
Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events

The Devonian Period was characterized by major changes in both the terrestrial biosphere, e.g. the evolution of trees and seed plants and the appearance of multi-storied forests, and in the marine biosphere, e.g. an extended biotic crisis that decimated tropical marine benthos, especially the stromatoporoid-tabulate coral reef community. Teleconnections between these terrestrial and marine events are poorly understood, but a key may lie in the role of soils as a geochemical interface between the lithosphere and atmosphere/hydrosphere, and the role of land plants in mediating weathering processes at this interface. The effectiveness of terrestrial floras in weathering was significantly enhanced as a consequence of increases in the size and geographic extent of vascular land plants during the Devonian. In this regard, the most important palaeobotanical innovations were (1) arborescence (tree stature), which increased maximum depths of root penetration and rhizoturbation, and (2) the seed habit, which freed land plants from reproductive dependence on moist lowland habitats and allowed colonization of drier upland and primary successional areas. These developments resulted in a transient intensification of pedogenesis (soil formation) and to large increases in the thickness and areal extent of soils. Enhanced chemical weathering may have led to increased riverine nutrient fluxes that promoted development of eutrophic conditions in epicontinental seaways, resulting in algal blooms, widespread bottomwater anoxia, and high sedimentary organic carbon fluxes. Long-term effects included drawdown of atmospheric pCO2 and global cooling, leading to a brief Late Devonian glaciation, which set the stage for icehouse conditions during the Permo-Carboniferous. This model provides a framework for understanding links between early land plant evolution and coeval marine anoxic and biotic events, but further testing of Devonian terrestrial-marine teleconnections is needed.
rbcL sequence divergence and phylogenetic relationships in Saxifragaceae sensu lato.

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships are often poorly understood at higher taxonomic levels (family and above) despite intensive morphological analysis. An excellent example is Saxifragaceae sensu lato, which represents one of the major phylogenetic problems in angiosperms at higher taxonomic levels. As originally defined, the family is a heterogeneous assemblage of herbaceous and woody taxa comprising 15 subfamilies. Although more recent classifications fundamentally modified this scheme, little agreement exists regarding the circumscription, taxonomic rank, or relationships of these subfamilies. The recurrent discrepancies in taxonomic treatments of the Saxifragaceae prompted an investigation of the power of chloroplast gene sequences to resolve phylogenetic relationships within this family and between the Saxifragaceae and other major plant lineages. Sequence data from the gene rbcL (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, large subunit) reveal that (i) Saxifragaceae sensu lato is at least paraphyletic, and probably polyphyletic, (ii) the genera Parnassia and Brexia are only distantly related to other members of Saxifragaceae, and (iii) representatives of the Solanaceae (subclass Asteridae) appear more closely related to Saxifragaceae (subclass Rosidase) than traditionally maintained. These data illustrate the value of chloroplast gene sequence data in resolving genetic, and hence phylogenetic, relationships among members of the most taxonomically complex groups.
Bayesian sample size determination for binary regression with a misclassified covariate and no gold standard

Covariate misclassification is a common problem in epidemiology, genetics, and other biomedical areas. Because this form of misclassification is known to bias estimators, accounting for it at the design stage is of high importance. In this paper, we extend on previous work applied to response misclassification by developing a Bayesian approach to sample size determination for a covariate misclassification model with no gold standard. Our procedure considers both conditionally independent tests and tests in which dependence exists between classifiers. We specifically consider a Bayesian power criterion for the sample size determination scheme, and we demonstrate the improvement in model power for our dual classifier approach compared to a naive single classifier approach.
Electropolymerization of m-cresol in the presence of trimethylamine

The feasibility of anodic electropolymerization of metacresol (mC) in the presence of trimethylamine (TMA) was demonstrated on a platinum electrode in acetonitrile (AN), tetrahydrofuran (THF), n, n-dimethyl formamide (DMF) and methanol (MeOH) solutions. In DMF and McOH, due to the adsorption of TMA on the electrode, the electropolymerization occurs in the vicinity of the electrode rather than on the electrode surface. The coatings obtained have poor corrosion inhibition characteristics. But in AN and THF, thin coatings were obtained on the electrode as mC is preferentially adsorbed rather than TMA and, subsequently, the electropolymerization takes place on the electrode surface. The polymers obtained have remarkable corrosion protection and thermal stability. The polymers contain C-O-C linkages and have no troublesome nitrogen content.
Dynamical Characterization and Stabilization of Large Gravity-Tractor Designs

This paper addresses the problem of stabilizing and regulating, to a desired reference, the attitude and position of large gravity-tractor spacecraft relative to near-Earth objects to be deflected from Earth impact. We analyze gravity tractors constructed in both the previously proposed pendulum configuration and a novel bar configuration. These interact with the deflection target through mutual gravitational potential, such that the system has fully coupled rotational and translational dynamics. The target body is represented by increasingly more realistic models (sphere, oblate spheroid, general triaxial ellipsoid, and polyhedral mesh). For the simplest of these, an eigenstructure-based controller is detailed, followed by an energy-based controller for the more general target representations, with additional dissipative feedback used in each case. It is demonstrated with theory and simulation results that both the pendulum and novel bar gravity tractors are suitably controlled to the most desirable precessing downtrack-towing-direction vector using these controller designs. They are robust in the presence of realistic perturbations and the effects of full geometric detail for both the natural and artificial bodies. Further, this paper introduces important performance metrics for gravity-tractor system design, which quantify the difficulty of control for each case. Based on this, some prior claims made to the effect that because the gravity tractor does not need to physically connect with the asteroid, there is no need for prior knowledge of the asteroid's shape, composition, rotation rate, etc., appear to be incorrect.
Behaviors That College Women Label as Stalking or Harassment

Stalking is a significant public health and criminal justice issue. Lack of clarity exists about which behaviors constitute stalking or harassment. This study sought to understand behaviors that co...
Quantitative overdesign of chemical processes

Overdesign is applied to chemical processes to account for expected variations in the design data or design conditions. These variables must be treated quantitatively in order to design a process that is certain to perform adequately. Process dependability is introduced as a means of quantifying variable process behavior. Overdesign using the dependability criterion is a stochastic optimization problem. An example problem with three stochastic variables and two design variables is presented to illustrate these procedures.
Hybrid Literacies: The Case of a Quechua Community in the Andes

Drawing on data from an ethnographic study in a Quechua rural community in the Peruvian Andes, this article examines hybrid literacy practices among bilingual rural speakers in the context of the household and the community. I examine the coexistence of two types of textual practices that operate side by side, at times integrated in the same activity. Hybrid literacies in this Andean community challenge narrow views of literacy, because they include diverse media of communication. [Peru, Quechua language, Indigenous education, literacy, communities]
Simulation of keV particle bombardment of covalent materials: An investigation of the yield dependence on incidence angle

Abstract The dependence of the yield, Y , of ejected particles on the angle of incidence θ is investigated for the keV particle bombardment of Si by molecular dynamics simulations using many-body potentials to describe the atom/atom interactions and a Moliere potential to describe the ion/atom interactions. Results are presented for the Si{110} and the dimer reconstructed Si{100}(2 × 1) surfaces. For Ar bombardment of the Si{0110} surface at 1 and 5 keV the Y - θ curve has a number of peaks and troughs, which is a characteristic of many crystal surfaces. It is shown how the peaks and troughs can be explained by examining the interaction of the incoming ions with atoms in the surface layers. The dominant peaks in the yields as a function of incidence angle for bombardment at 1 and 5 keV are shown to agree with the shadow cone model proposed by Chang and Winograd [1]. The predictions of this model are compared with the full molecular dynamics simulations and its limitations are discussed. For the Si{100}(2 × 1) surface and bombardment at 1 keV, crystalline structural information was absent from the Y - θ curve whose form was characteristic of experimental measurements for amorphous Si. The calculated Y - θ curve showed some evidence of surface structure at 5 keV but the peaks in the curve could not he explained in terms of shadow cone yield enhancement.
Collisional and radiative excitation transfers in Kr-Xe mixtures: Emissions from the Xe(3P1) resonant level and the Xe first continuum region.

Time-dependent and time-independent measurements of emissions from Xe in Kr-Xe mixtures are reported. Kr host gas pressure was varied from 100 to 900 Torr, and Xe impurities were varied from 1% to 10% of total Kr pressure. This work has shown that the Xe${(}^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{1}$) resonant state is depopulated by collisions with both Xe and Kr ground-state atoms. In particular, a two-body quenching rate of 10 $^{4}\mathrm{P}_{\mathrm{Xe}}$+2100${\mathit{P}}_{\mathrm{Kr}}$ is reported. This two-body rate is assigned to represent a collisional transition to the Xe${(}^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{2}$) metastable state. A three-body rate of 97${\mathit{P}}_{\mathrm{Xe}}$${\mathit{P}}_{\mathrm{Kr}}$+7${\mathit{P}}_{\mathrm{Kr}}^{2}$ was also found. The rate 7${\mathit{P}}_{\mathrm{Kr}}^{2}$ is assigned to represent the formation of (KrXe${)}^{\mathrm{*}}$ molecules, while the rate 97${\mathit{P}}_{\mathrm{Xe}}$${\mathit{P}}_{\mathrm{Kr}}$ represents either formation of ${\mathrm{Xe}}_{2}^{\mathrm{*}}$(${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{u}}^{+}$) or (XeKr${)}^{\mathrm{*}}$. Time-dependent measurements made in the Xe first continuum region at about 1500 \AA{} indicate that these emissions follow the Xe${(}^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{1}$) state.
The largest land mammal

Abstract Although a lower limit to size of land mammals, about 2·5 g, was established over 30 years ago, no definite upper limit has been proposed. The largest mammal known to have lived on land was the Baluchitherium, with a body mass of about 20 000 kg. In this paper, I show that gravity imposes an upper limit to size of land mammals. This limit results from the metabolic cost of gravity, which increases with body mass; therefore, the larger the body mass of an animal the smaller is the gravitational field intensity that can be tolerated by the animal. From data on gravitational tolerance of a number of mammalian species, it is shown that the size of the land mammal that can not tolerate more than terrestrial gravity is approximately 20 000 kg.
Occupancy of adenosine receptors on human neutrophils inhibits respiratory burst stimulated by ingestion of complement-coated particles and occupancy of chemoattractant but not Fc receptors

Chemoattractants are generated at inflammatory loci that not only induce neutrophils (PMNs) to leave the vasculature but also stimulate PMNs to release potentially toxic agents (e.g., H2O2, O2- or OH). We have recently demonstrated that endothelium releases adenosine which, when bound to a specific receptor on the PMN surface, inhibits release of toxic oxygen metabolites from stimulated PMN. To determine whether occupancy of adenosine receptors modulates generation and release of oxygen metabolites, we have studied the effect of 2-chloroadenosine on O2- generation and O2 consumption in response to opsonized zymosan particles (STZ) and immune complexes (IC). 2-Chloroadenosine inhibits, in a dose-dependent fashion, O2- generation by neutrophils that have been exposed to C3b-coated particles (STZ). Inhibition of O2- generation is similar in the presence or absence of cytochalasin B (IC50 = 53 +/- 19 and 16 +/- 5 nM, respectively, P = NS). Since occupancy of adenosine receptors might inhibit only externalization but not generation of oxygen metabolites, we studied the effect of 2-chloroadenosine on oxygen consumption by activated neutrophils. 2-Chloroadenosine inhibited O2 consumption stimulated by STZ and the surrogate bacterial chemoattractant FMLP; however, inhibition of O2 consumption varied with the presence or absence of cytochalasin B. In contrast, when neutrophils were stimulated by immune complexes, 2-chloroadenosine only minimally inhibited O2- release and O2 consumption (10 +/- 5 and 5 +/- 4% inhibition, respectively). Thus, occupancy of adenosine receptors inhibits O2 consumption in parallel with inhibition of O2- release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
AutoASC - a system for automatic acquisition of sense tagged corpora

Many natural language processing tasks, such as word sense disambiguation, knowledge acquisition, information retrieval, use semantically tagged corpora. Till recently, these corpus-based systems relied on text manually annotated with semantic tags; but the massive human intervention in this process has become a serious impediment in building robust systems. In this paper, we present AutoASC, a system which automatically acquires sense tagged corpora. It is based on (1) the information provided in WordNet, particularly the word definitions found within the glosses and (2) the information gathered from Internet using existing search engines. The system was tested on a set of 46 concepts, for which 2071 example sentences have been acquired; for these, a precision of 87% was observed.
Corrigendum to "Non-diffeomorphic registration of brain tumor images by simulating tissue loss and tumor growth" [NeuroImage 46 (2009) 762-774] (DOI:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.051)

Corrigendum Corrigendum to “Non-diffeomorphic registration of brain tumor images by simulating tissue loss and tumor growth” [NeuroImage 46 (2009) 762–774] Evangelia I. Zacharaki ⁎, Cosmina S. Hogea , Dinggang Shen , George Biros , Christos Davatzikos a a Section of Biomedical Image Analysis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA b Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science and Engineering Division, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
The myth of literacy relapse: Literacy retention among Moroccan primary school leavers☆

Abstract The issue of literacy retention is central to the educational policy concerning of most developing countries. It has been variously suggested that 4–6 years of primary education may serve as an inoculation against ‘relapse’ into illiteracy in the Third World. This paper reports on one of the first longitudinal studies designed to address this question, by investigating the nature of literacy and cognitive retention in a sample of 72 adolescents two years following fifth grade departure from primary school in Morocco. The present study found that these school leavers, when reassessed two years later, showed a significant increase in performance in first literacy (Arabic), modest gains in second literacy (French), no change in cognitive skills, and a decrement in math skill. Furthermore, urban leavers gained more literacy than rural leavers, and girls more than boys. The present findings do not support the hypothesis of literacy ‘relapse’ or loss of academic/cognitive skills after five grades of primary schooling. It was also found that girls retained more academic skills than boys, but were much less likely to be employed, a finding which calls into question certain claims about the impact of schooled knowledge and literacy on employment in developing countries.
Fixture optimization for sheet panel assembly considering welding gun variations

Sheet panel assembly in automotive body manufacturing typically involves fixturing (including locating and clamping), joining (especially welding), and unclamping. Research has shown that the choic...
Metabolic responses of the heart in acute myocardial infarction in man

Abstract Acute myocardial infarction evokes a characteristic neurohumoral response: Catecholamine release is increased, plasma contents of free fatty acids and glucose are elevated and glucose tolerance is diminished. To what degree the myocardium participates in this stress response was evaluated by sampling coronary sinus and arterial blood in 50 patients with acute transmural infarction. Studies were initiated an average of 8 hours after the clinical onset of infarction and were continued for up to 60 hours. A total of 173 separate metabolic studies were analyzed. Forty-one percent exhibited a pattern of predominant myocardial free fatty acid uptake (mean extraction ratio 24 percent) in the presence of elevated plasma free fatty acid and glucose contents (respective means 1,181 μmol/liter and 210 mg/100 ml). Myocardial extraction ratios for glucose, lactate and pyruvate were low (respective means 1.1, 4 and 11 percent). Twenty-one percent of the studies revealed normal myocardial metabolism and 18 percent showed enhanced carbohydrate uptake, as evidenced by increased myocardial extractions of lactate and pyruvate (respective means 42 percent) and of glucose (mean 5 percent). Plasma contents of glucose and free fatty acids were lower than in the predominant free fatty acid group (respective means 156 mg/100 ml and 743 μmol/liter). The remaining 20 percent of studies showed high plasma substrate contents and low myocardial substrate uptake suggesting metabolic breakdown. The free fatty acid metabolic pattern was observed in more than 50 percent of the studies performed at the time of or close to the occurrence of important clinical complications. Propranolol, 0.1 mg/kg intravenously, shifted myocardial substrate utilization from free fatty acids toward carbohydrates. The myocardial respiratory quotient increased from an average of 0.79 to 0.88 ( P The study demonstrates that the metabolic patterns of the myocardium are influenced by the systemic response to stress. Beta adrenergic blockade changed substrate utilization of the myocardium, supporting the hypothesis that adrenergic activation plays an important role in these metabolic responses.
Cloning and characterization of a pharmacologically distinct A1 adenosine receptor from guinea pig brain.

Abstract Three full-length cDNA clones encoding the guinea pig A1 adenosine receptor have been isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and low-stringency hybridization screening of a guinea pig brain cDNA library. These three cDNAs, though differing in their 5′ untranslated regions, contain the same open reading frame encoding a 326 amino acid residue protein with seven hydrophobic α-helices long enough to form the transmembrane domains, suggesting that it belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. This protein is highly homologous to the A1 adenosine receptors previously cloned from other species. Pharmacological characterization of this receptor transiently expressed in mammalian cells demonstrates that, despite its high homology to A1 adenosine receptors of other species, the guinea pig A1 adenosine receptor displays a unique pharmacological profile: high affinity for the A1-selective antagonist CPX, yet very low affinity for some A1-selective agonists such as CCPA, CHA and R-PIA. Northern blotting for different guinea pig tissues and in situ hybridization for guinea pig brain sections reveal an abundant and broad distribution of mRNA of this A1 subtype receptor in the brain.
Fair Pricing Law Prompts Most California Hospitals To Adopt Policies To Protect Uninsured Patients From High Charges

Millions of uninsured Americans rely on hospital emergency departments (EDs) for medical care. Throughout the United States, uninsured patients treated in or admitted to the hospital through the ED receive hospital bills based on what hospitals call “billed charges.” These charges are much higher than those paid by insured patients. In 2006 California approved “fair pricing” legislation to protect uninsured patients from having to pay full billed charges. We found that by 2011 most California hospitals had responded to the law by adopting financial assistance policies to make care more affordable for the state’s 6.8 million uninsured people. Ninety-seven percent of California hospitals reported that they offered free care to uninsured patients with incomes at or below 100 percent of the federal poverty level. California’s approach offers a promising policy option to other states seeking to protect the uninsured from receiving bills based on full billed charges.
Full-field time domain optical molecular imaging system

The advent of optical molecular probes has taken optical imaging beyond approaches limited to intrinsic optical contrast mechanisms. Fluorophores are typically used as the source of contrast for optical molecular probes and the field of optical molecular imaging is concerned with measuring and quantifying their in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. Most optical molecular imaging systems are based on Continuous Wave (CW) approaches which enable rapid, full-body imaging of small animals and readily yield images of probe location, however quantification of probe concentration is challenging. Time Domain (TD) approaches, although more expensive and complicated than CW, provide more information to assist in determining the probe location and concentration. Moreover, the TD approach permits access to measuring the fluorophore lifetime which can be indicative of the probe’s environment. Existing TD approaches involve a point source and detector which are sequentially scanned over the sample and can take several minutes to acquire the data compared to the rapid imaging offered by CW. The system presented here employs a high power, near infrared, pulsed laser to provide area illumination and a temporally gated intensified CCD camera to permit area detection in order to enable rapid, full-body, TD optical molecular imaging of small animals in vivo. The system is described and preliminary in vitro and in vivo measurements are presented.
Hierarchical Bayes estimation of mortality rates for disease mapping

Mapping of incidence rates or mortality rates (relative risks) from diseases like cancer and leukemia is of primary importance in an epidemiological study. The usual procedure is to map the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) across different geographical regions. Direct use of SMR may not be worthwhile, particularly for small places, as it does not take into account the high variability for different population sizes over different regions and the spatial patterns of the regions under study. In this paper a hierarchical Bayes approach is presented in smoothing the relative risks and providing the measures of uncertainty associated with these estimates of relative risks.
Re-thinking Consciousness Raising: Citizenship and the Law and Politics of Adoption

Etude de la question de l'adopation et du statut de la mere genitrice dans le cadre d'une reforme du droit de la famille definissant celle-ci comme une entite nucleaire, heterosexuelle et monogame, d'une part, et dans le cadre d'une conception egalitaire du droit de la personne garantissant les conditions de l'individuation, d'autre part. Revendiquant la superiorite de l'identite de citoyen sur le role legal de la femme dans la famille, l'A. defend le feminisme ethique en tant qu'avenement a la conscience d'une raison publique et temoignage d'une experience commune de la feminite
The latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap to replace a defect on the upper arm

Abstract The history and development of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap has been recently reviewed by Schneider et al. (1977) who used it for breast reconstruction. The following case illustrates another use for this remarkably versatile flap.
Cloning and expression analysis of two β-1,3-glucanase genes from Strawberry

We isolated from strawberry (Fragariae x ananassa Duch) a genomic clone of a β-1,3-glucanase gene, designated as FaBG2-2. In addition, a related cDNA clone, designated as FaBG2-3, was also isolated. FaBG2-2 and FaBG2-3 are similar in their coding regions, except that FaBG2-2 does not appear to contain a signal peptide coding sequence. The 5' and 3' flanking regions of FaBG2-2 and FaBG2-3 are differentt. Using real-time PCR, the expression patterns of FaBG2-3 and a previously isolated β-1,3-glucanase gene, FaBG2-1, in strawberry plants infected with Colletotrichum fragariae or Colletotrichum acutatum were analyzed at different time points post-infection. The results showed that expressions of both genes in the leaves of infected plants were induced by the two fungi, but the level of induction was several fold greater with C. fragariae. Comparison of the expression levels of the two genes revealed that the level of FaBG2-3 expression was several hundred to over a thousand fold higher than that of FaBG2-1. Furthermore, the expression levels of the two genes in the leaf, fruit, crown and root of uninfected strawberry plants were analyzed.
Three-dimensional structures of drug-resistant mutants of human rhinovirus 14.

Abstract Mutants of human rhinovirus 14 were isolated and characterized by searching for resistance to compounds that inhibit viral uncoating. The portions of the RNA that code for amino acids that surround the antiviral compound binding site were sequenced. X-ray analysis of two of these mutants, 1188 Val → Leu and 1199 Cys → Tyr, shows that these were single-site substitutions which would sterically hinder drug binding. Differences in the resistance of mutant viruses to various antiviral compounds may be rationalized in terms of the three-dimensional structures of these mutants. Predictions of the structures of mutant rhinovirus 14 with the substitutions 1188 Val → Leu, 1199 Cys → Tyr and 1199 Cys → Trp in VP1 were made using a molecular dynamics technique. The predicted structure of the 1199 Cys → Tyr mutant was consistent with the electron density map, while the 1188 Val → Leu prediction was not. Large (up to 1.4 A) conformational differences between native rhinovirus 14 and the 1199 Cys → Tyr mutant occurred in main-chain atoms near the mutation site. These changes, as well as the orientation of the 1199 tyrosine side-chain, were correctly predicted by the molecular dynamics calculation. The structure of the predicted 1199 Cys → Trp mutation is consistent with the drug-resistant properties of this virus.
Photostability of quantum dots with amphiphilic polymer-based passivation strategies

Quantum dots (QDs) have many appealing properties for biological fluorescence imaging, but exhibit photostabilities that are dependent upon surface passivation to minimize susceptibility to oxygen and light. Here, through spectroscopy and imaging techniques, we compare the photostability of micelle-encapsulated QDs with QDs passivated with either crosslinked amphiphilic polymers or crosslink-free amphiphilic polymers. Both crosslinked and crosslink-free amphiphilic polymer passivation strategies produced QDs with high photoluminescence stability for exposure to light under ambient conditions. In contrast, micelle encapsulation resulted in QDs with photoluminescence emission levels that were highly sensitive to both light exposure and oxygen, exhibiting a reduction of up to 70% in photoluminescence intensity within twenty minutes of exposure. With the addition of reducing agents, the photoluminescence level of the micelle-encapsulated QDs was significantly stabilized. We conclude that amphiphilic polymers provide coatings with considerably higher integrity and stability than micelle encapsulation, reducing the QDs' sensitivities to oxygen and light, both of which are relevant factors in biological imaging applications.
Antioxidant activity of polar lipids from nitrite-treated cooked and processed meats

Polar lipids having considerable antioxidant effect on linoleic acid have been isolated from nitrite-treated, laboratory-cooked ground pork and beef during and after four weeks’ storage at 4 C. The antioxidant activity of these polar lipids is 1.5–3 times greater than that of untreated meats. Antioxidatively active polar lipids have also been found in commercially processed, nitrite-containing meats, including pepperoni, ham, frankfurters and bacon. The antioxidant activity of active polar lipids was stable on storage and partially survived treatment with acids and bases and conversion to methyl esters. Separation of the active polar lipids or the active methyl esters by classes gave no fraction in which the antioxidant activity was highly concentrated; however, it seemed to be more highly associated with the polyunsaturates fraction of the methyl esters. Indications are that more than one antioxidant factor is involved and that at least one is associated with the acyl portion of the polar lipids.
A closer view of an oncoprotein-tumor suppressor interaction

The cellular response to DNA damage is coordinated by the p53 protein. Mdm2, an oncoprotein, inhibits p53 and promotes p53 degradation. A recent high-resolution structure of the Mdm2-p53 complex may aid the design of small molecules to disrupt this interaction, for use in investigating the interaction further and for designing anticancer drugs.
Spatial mismatch in the labor market and racial differences in neighborhood crime

Abstract Results from estimating fixed effects models of neighborhood crime show that an important cause of higher crime in black neighborhoods is the poor job accessibility of black youth. A key result is that access explains 21% of the difference in property crime between black and white neighborhoods.
Trends in hip arthroscopy utilization in the United States.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changing incidence of hip arthroscopy procedures among newly trained surgeons in the United States, the indications for hip arthroscopy, and the reported rate of post-operative complications. Methods The ABOS database was used to evaluate the annual incidence of hip arthroscopy procedures between 2006–2010. Procedures were categorized by indication and type of procedure. The rate of surgical complications was calculated and compared between the published literature and hip arthroscopy procedures performed for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI)/osteoarthritis (OA) and for labral tears among the newly trained surgeon cohort taking the ABOS Part II Board exam. Results The overall incidence of hip arthroscopy procedures performed by ABOS Part II examinees increased by over 600% during the 5-year period under study from approximately 83 in 2006 to 636 in 2010. The incidence of hip arthroscopy for FAI/OA increased steadily over the time period under study, while the incidence of hip arthroscopy for labral tears was variable over time. The rate of surgical complications was 5.9% for hip arthroscopy procedures for a diagnosis of FAI/OA vs. 4.4% for a diagnosis of labral tear ( P =0.36). Conclusions The incidence of hip arthroscopy has increased dramatically over the past 5years, particularly for the indication of FAI/OA. Reported surgical complication rates are relatively low, but appear higher than those rates reported in previously published series. Appropriate indications for hip arthroscopy remain unclear.
Supercritical CO2 Conditions Affecting Extraction of Lipid and Cholesterol from Ground Beef

Ground beef was extracted by supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) with pressure ranging from 103-310 bar at 30-50°C. Higher pressure was needed to increase yield of extracted lipid. The profile of cholesterol content for the fractionated lipid extracted at 172 bar or 310 bar was generally lower in the initial stage of extraction and increased with CO2 used. DSC thermograms indicated that, depending upon extraction conditions, the distribution of lipid components of fractionated samples either shifted toward higher melting temperatures or concentrated those lipids melting between 5-25°C.
High Risk of Subsequent Neoplasms Continues With Extended Follow-Up of Childhood Hodgkin’s Disease: Report From the Late Effects Study Group

Purpose: We present an update of a previously reported Late Effects Study Group cohort of 1,380 children with Hodgkin’s disease (HD) diagnosed between 1955 and 1986 in patients aged 16 years or younger. We describe the pattern and incidence of subsequent neoplasms (SNs) occurring with extended follow-up. Patients and Methods: Median age at diagnosis of HD was 11.7 years (range, 0.3 to 16.9 years) and at last follow-up was 27.8 years. Median length of follow-up was 17.0 years. Results: An additional 103 SNs were ascertained (total SNs = 212). The cohort was at an 18.5-fold increased risk of developing SNs compared with the general population (standardized incidence ratio [SIR], 18.5, 95% CI, 15.6 to 21.7). The cumulative incidence of any second malignancy was 10.6% at 20 years, increasing to 26.3% at 30 years; and of solid malignancies was 7.3% at 20 years, increasing to 23.5% at 30 years. Breast cancer was the most common solid malignancy (SIR, 56.7). Other commonly occurring solid malignancies included t...
Studies on Sparse Array Cortical Modeling and Memory Cognition Duality

In this paper we have suggested a sparse three dimensional array model for the brain. Entries of the array are synaptic weights as functions of time. This is a typical four dimensional spatiotemporal model, where each event has three spatial and one temporal dimension. Here we have concentrated on cortical computation over this model. Our model naturally indicates a duality between memory (both working and long term) and cognition, in the sense that they are mutually transformable in either direction. It also gives some support to the notion of grandmother cells [12].
The ecology of peasant communism in India

My purpose in this article is to investigate the agrarian base of Indian communism through the use of statistical data and techniques in which the communist vote over three general elections since 1957 is correlated with 35 ecological variables taken from Indian census data. The results indicate that a few of these variables-particularly those having to do with rural population density and land tenure patterns-explain a significant percentage of the variance in the Indian communist vote. It is further suggested on the basis of statistical data accumulated by other investigators for Indonesia and the Philippines that the same ecological variables are highly correlated with communist strength in other parts of Asia. My explanation for such high correlations is that in many parts of Asia there are cross-cultural demographic and land tenure patterns which are conducive to peasant unrest and, in the absence of non-communist political parties which address themselves to the sources of that unrest, the peasants turn to the communists, who are one of the few organized movements pressing for agrarian reform. Finally, I suggest that in India, and in other parts of Monsoon Asia, there is a link between the cultivation of irrigated food crops, particularly wet-rice on the one hand, and heavy rural population concentrations, tenancy and uneconomic dwarfholdings on the other, and this is why such areas are particularly prone to the peasant unrest on which the communists feed. I am interested in the empirical study of the social base of Indian communism, and of communist parties elsewhere in the world, because I believe that the different social bases of the various parties offer an important insight into comparative communist strength. Yet much of the serious literature on communism has explored communism in a social vacuum. The principal subjects for analysis have been the twists and turns of communist strategy or the relationship between a particular communist party and Moscow or Peking. With a few notable exceptions, the scholarly literature has ignored or glossed over the relationship between commu-
Type of Activity Pacing Instruction Affects Physical Activity Variability in Adults With Symptomatic Knee or Hip Osteoarthritis

Background:In a previous pilot study, the effect of 2 types of activity pacing instruction, general versus tailored, on osteoarthritis symptoms was examined and fatigue improved in the tailored group. Because activity pacing involves instruction on physical activity engagement, we undertook this secondary analysis to examine how pacing instruction affected physical activity patterns. Methods:Thirty-two adults with knee or hip osteoarthritis, stratified by age and gender, received either tailored or general activity pacing instruction. All participants wore an accelerometer for 5 days that measured physical activity and allowed for repeated symptom assessment at baseline and 10-week follow-up. Activity patterns were assessed by examining physical activity variability (standard deviation of 5-day average activity counts per minute), and average activity level (5-day average activity counts per minute). Results:Physical activity variability decreased in the tailored group and increased in the general group. ...
Blockade and recovery of cholinergic transmission in rats treated with hemicholinium 3

Nerve-induced responses of parotid gland and gastrocnemius muscle were reduced by HC-3 (1 mg kg-1) in proportion to the number of stimuli. Contractions by somatic muscle at 100 Hz were abolished after 6.0 X 10(3) stimuli while 14 X 10(3) were applied at 20 Hz before secretion was blocked. As stimulus rate was decreased, blockade of secretion resulted from fewer stimuli but no difference in ACh content was found between stimulated and unstimulated glands. When stimuli were withheld for 1.5 h transmission recovered temporarily; initial secretory flow rate was only 50% of that in untreated controls when stimulation resumed. In both organs, the time during which responses were sustained, however, was much shorter than when the preparations were stimulated initially. After choline, recovery of transmission was dose-dependent: 150 mg kg-1 were required to restore responsiveness to the muscle and the gland comparable to that in HC-3-treated rats stimulated for the first time. Resting recovery, when stimuli are withheld, probably depends upon stored transmitter becoming mobilized rather than on de novo transmitter synthesis because the endogenous choline in plasma is only 1/1000 of that following exogenous choline.
Characterization and optimization of the gain in Nd-doped single-mode fibers

A model of gain in four-level laser fibers involving modal overlaps is presented, together with measurements of the gain near 1060 nm in Nd-doped glass fibers from different manufacturers. The measured fiber gain ranged from 0.2 to 0.42 dB/mW of absorbed pump power. Using their model, the authors show that these differences are quantitatively explained by differences in the degree of confinement provided by the fibers, i.e. by differences in the core size and numerical aperature (NA). This analysis suggests a stimulated emission cross section of 1.0*10/sup -20/ cm/sup 2/ for this transition in a silica-based host. Based on this model, a gain as large as 1 dB/mW, or over twice as much as reported to date, is expected with proper selection of the core dimension and NA. >