cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Frequency of Claw Loss in the Crayfish Procambarus charkii

— The incidence of claw loss in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii was surveyed in two ponds. Pond 1 contained rice forage, and crayfish were trapped and removed three times per week. Pond C48 contained no supplemental forage, and no trapping occurred in the pond. In March claw loss in both ponds was similar with 87–91% of the population having both claws intact. Males and females showed no difference in the incidence of claw loss in either ponds. By May the abundant rice forage present in pond 1 during March had been depleted; however, the physical appearance of pond C48 changed little. In May claw loss was greater in pond 1 than pond C48; both males and females in pond 1 had a higher incidence of claw loss (increasing from 13% to 37%) than those in pond C48 (increasing from 9% to 17%). Claw loss in pond C48 males did not increase significantly; however, female claw loss increased approximately two-fold. In May hepatopancreas water content was significantly higher for crayfish from pond 1 when compared to pond C48, suggesting lower energy reserves. During times of environmental stress, such as decreased food availability, decreased structure, low oxygen or temperature extremes, regeneration may influence energy allocation to growth and possibly reproduction, especially if energy reserves are low. Thus, information on the incidence of claw loss and energy reserves in crayfish exposed to different pond conditions may be useful in the design of management strategies.
High-temperature phase behavior in the Rb3H(SO4)2–RbHSO4 pseudo-binary system and the new compound Rb5H3(SO4)4

The high temperature behavior of the pseudo-binary system Rb_3H(SO_4)_2–RbHSO_4 has been investigated through a combination of thermal analysis, high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction and high-temperature electrical impedance measurements. The studies reveal the existence of a new high-conductivity phase, Rb_5H_3(SO_4)_4, that becomes stable at a temperature between 25 and 140 °C and is isostructural to a recently reported trigonal phase of Cs_5H_3(SO_4)_4 [M. Sakashita, et al., Solid State Ionics (2007) 178 1262–1267]. Refinement of the Rb structure in space group P3–m at 160 °C yields a = 5.9298(2) A, c = 14.4736(6) A, V = 440.74(3) A^3, with Z = 1 and ρ = 3.0691(2) Mg/m^3. At 185 °C the compound undergoes an apparently polymorphic transformation with a heat of transition of 14.9 kJ/mol and a slight additional increase in conductivity. No further anomalies are observed up to the highest measurement temperature of 220 °C. Compositions rich in Rb_3H(SO_4)_2 relative to Rb_5H_3(SO_4)_4 show, in addition to the polymorphic transformation of the latter, the disproportionation reaction of the former into Rb_2SO_4 and Rb_5H_3(SO_4)_4 at 205 °C. Compositions rich in RbHSO_4 display an additional conductivity anomaly at 170 °C, which is tentatively assigned to a polymorphic transformation in RbHSO_4.
Algorithm Development For Neural Networks

ABSTRACT This paper is concerned with the development of algorithms for solving optimiza­ tion problems with a network of artificial neurons. Although there is no notion of step-by-step sequencing in a neural network, it is possible to develop tools and techniques for interconnecting a network of neurons so that it will achieve stable states corresponding to possible solutions of a problem. An approach to implementing an important class of constraints in a network of artificial neurons is presented and illustrated by developing a solution to a resource allocation problem. 1. A neural network is a collection of highly-interconnected, simple analog process­ ing elements that mimic biological neurons. Although neural networks are greatly sim­ plified models of biological neural systems, they possess computational properties that are applicable to a variety of problems including speech and image processing, pattern recognition, cognitive information processing and combinatorial optimization.Neural computing relies upon massive parallelism and a high degree of connectivity among simple analog processors and therefore represents a radical departure from the von Neumann architecture. Unlike von Neumann machines, neural computations have no notion of step-by-step sequencing. Instead, computations result from the collective emergent behavior of a dynamical system of analog elements. While neural elements can assume continuous values between 0 and 1 as the computation progresses, they are usually designed to settle eventually into binary-valued states which collectively correspond to problem solutions. Neural networks, therefore, bear little resemblance to the analog processing that was popular in the 1950's.Much current research in neural networks is directed toward exploring their poten­ tial to produce intelligent behavior. The use of neural networks to produce intelli­ gent behavior has already been demonstrated in a variety of areas such as feature extraction and pattern classification. An equally important application of neural net­ works, pioneered by Hopfield and Tank,l>2 is the solution of optimization problems by simultaneously evaluating multiple competing hypotheses. Neural networks can rapidly produce good, though not necessarily optimal, solutions to such problems3.4.
Fitting's Invariants and a Theorem of Grauert

In the course of the proof of Grauert's Theorem (or the Exchange Principle) (see [3], p. 63) one considers the following situation. Assume that R is a noetherian ring and suppose X. is a complex of projective and finitely generated R-modules. For an R-module M which is finitely generated, set Tp(M)= Hp(X.®RM). If x is a prime ideal of R, denote by k(x) the local field Rx/xRx and set dv(x)=dimk(x~[Tp(k(x)) ]. Theorem 7.6.9 of [3] shows that dp(.) is an upper semi-continuous function which is constructible. Furthermore, if R is reduced, then dp(.) is continuous if and only if Tp(.) is exact. In particular dimk~) Torp(M, k(x)) is upper semi-continuous and construetible. This paper consists of two sections. In the first section we give a simple proof of the theorem mentioned above in which we remove the neotherian condition on R. In the second section we introduce a slight variation of Fitting's invariants in order to discuss the case of the function Torp(M, k(.)). We use these invariants to construct a module Np such that dimk~x)k(x)®RN p = dimk~x~ Torp(M, k(x)) for each prime ideal x in R. Thus dimkt.)Torp(M, k(.)) is slightly better than constructible; if j is an integer, then the set of x in Spec(R) where dimk~ Torp(M, k (x))=j is locally closed. § 1. Throughout this paper the rings discussed will be assumed to be commutative with 1, and they will be assumed to be reduced and to have connected spectrum. In general they are not assumed to be noetherian. Suppose that M is a finitely generated R-module. In [2] Fitting introduced ideals f(j;M) associated to M as follows: assume O--.K~F--.M~O is an exact sequence of R-modules such that F is free on a basis f(1) ..... f(n), and assume that K is generated by n elements k(a)= ~ a(aj)f(j) (~ in some indexing set). The ideal f(j; M) 1 is generated by the (n-j)x (n-j) subdeterminants of the matrix (a(gt)). Ifj > n, set f(j; M)= (1). It is easy to show that the f(j; M) are independent of the choice of F. If h: R~S is a ring homomorphism, then f(j;SQRM)=Sh(f(j;M)). In [6] we introduced the module
Retardation time measurements on replicating Bacillus subtilis chromosomes: Effect of EDTA concentration

Abstract We have found that high concentrations of EDTA (greater than 0.024 M) are necessary to produce large, constant numbers of intact replicating Bacillus subtilis chromosomes in lysates of log phase cells. The retardation time of replicating chromosomes in log phase cell lysates is about double that for chromosomes in stationary phase cell lysates, thus making measurement of retardation time a sensitive way to detect and study replicating chromosomes. A theory is developed to predict retardation times for many possible models of DNA replication. The retardation time data on log phase cells is sufficient to eliminate many replication models, but many possibilities remain.
Direct detection and identification of acid-fast bacteria from smear-positive broth cultures using a pyrosequencing method

Broth culture is a standard method for detection of acid-fast bacteria (AFB) (e.g., Mycobacterium and Nocardia) from patient specimens. Direct nucleic acid-based identification from smear-positive broths expedites the infectious disease diagnosis. We developed and evaluated the performance of a pyrogram-based technique (direct-broth-pyrosequencing [DBP]) to identify AFB directly from smear-positive broths. One hundred thirteen AFB-positive broths from patient specimens were tested. Bacterial DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced using the PyroMark ID system. The DBP method correctly identified the AFB species/group in 109 (97%) of the 113 broths, including 15 Mycobacterium species and 4 Nocardia species. Three broths that yielded indeterminate results were found to be AFB-AFB mixed broths and required purified colonies on solid media for definite identification. The 4th broth was repeatedly identified by sequencing to be Mycobacterium intracellulare, even though the organism was not isolated and the AccuProbe was negative. This method did not identify the AFB organisms from broths containing 2 AFB organisms, but did not produce false identification. No cross-reaction was observed when AFB-positive broths were spiked with non-AFB microorganisms, indicating that the DBP method was specific to AFB. The DBP method gives rapid (within 8 h), accurate AFB identification directly from broth cultures and provides another useful AFB identification tool in a clinical laboratory.
The anorexigenic effect of sustained-release dexedrine preparations.

A new type of Dexedrine preparation (“Spansule≓ sustained-release capsules) which allows a gradual release of the drug and thus maintains a sustained therapeutic effect throughout the day has been investigated. It has been determined that: 1. Sustained-release capsules of Dexedrine are as effective an anorexigenic agent as unmodified Dexedrine taken in divided dosage. 2. There is no increase in the incidence of undesirable side effects caused by maintaining a sustained drug effect throughout the day.
Autoregressive self-tuning feedback control of the Hénon map

This paper describes a method based on self-feedback for controlling both chaotic and nonchaotic forms of the H\'enon map with and without additive Gaussian white noise. We describe a nonlinear self-tuning controller that makes use of a feedback reference signal and a linear autoregressive formulation for the gain. This controller is effective at stabilizing the map to a variety of fixed point or period-two orbits. We contrast our approach with the method of Ott, Grebogi, and Yorke [Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1196 (1990)] which has been used to control some chaotic processes and recently, some nonchaotic, stochastic ones.
Strategies for the manufacture of resistant starch

Abstract Starch not hydrolyzed in the small intestine is considered to be enzyme-resistant starch (RS). Because individuals differ in their ability to digest starch, there is no absolute distinction between RS and digestible starch. A method for in vitro determination of RS should be validated using a human population average value. In any starch material, the constituent molecules will have a range of susceptibility to amylolytic activity in vitro . For a starch or starch-containing ingredient it is possible to alter this range by judicious selection of processing conditions to increase the proportion that tests as RS. The starch material will also have a range of thermal stabilities before and after processing, which may or may not reflect the range of susceptibility to hydrolysis. The manufacture of RS may be thought of as enhancement of the proportion of the starch that tests as RS. To compare the effect of different processing schemes, it is critical to stipulate the method used to estimate RS content. This review focuses on strategies for increasing the proportion of types 2 and 3 RS in a starch-containing ingredient. Special emphasis is given to increasing RS levels of granular starch.
An update on anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders

Purpose of reviewAnxiety is one of the most common co-occurring psychiatric conditions in youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). This article reviews recent evidence as well as earlier relevant studies regarding the characteristics, assessment, and treatment of anxiety in youth with ASD.Recent
Test-Retest Reliability for the Marital Attitude Scale

Abstract The Marital Attitude Scale (MAS) was developed by Braaten and Rosen (1998) to overcome shortcomings found in earlier marital attitude scales. This article reports test-retest reliability for the MAS. Two hundred and six participants were surveyed for this study. Of these participants, 113 were introductory psychology students and 93 were students in a child psychology course. Participants completed the 23 item MAS on two occasions, separated by six weeks. Responses from 77 males and 129 females with a mean age of 19.85 were examined using Pearson-product-moment correlation analysis. This analysis revealed a test-retest reliability of .85.
Regional variation in survival following the diagnosis of cancer

Recent studies have documented substantial geographical variation in patterns of treatment of cancer and other diseases. Because cancer treatment is not uniform nationwide, survival following the diagnosis of cancer might also be expected to vary geographically. Survival data from the nine population-based registries in the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program were analyzed for cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, lung, breast, uterus, ovary, prostate, and bladder (n = 401,861). The patients included all non-Hispanic white patients diagnosed with cancer of one of the selected sites during 1983-1991. Regional variation in crude five-year survival rates across the nine SEER areas was most marked for cancers of the uterus and prostate. For uterine cancer, for example, five-year survival ranged from 73.2% in Connecticut to 84.0% in Hawaii. Less marked variation was observed for cancers of the colon, rectum, and breast. For cancers of the bladder, ovary, stomach, and lung, survival rates five years after diagnosis were relatively invariant across the SEER areas. Observed differences in survival rates, although statistically significant, were relatively modest from the standpoint of the practicing physician. Nonetheless, the general pattern of regional variation was unchanged after adjustment for sex, age, stage, and surgical treatment and when analysis was limited to patients younger than 70 years, who would be anticipated to have the least comorbidity.
FeCO3 layer evolution for API 5L X52 steel in carbon dioxide-saturated NaCl brine in the presence of 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride

Abstract The FeCO 3 layer evolution process for API 5L X52 carbon steel in CO 2 -saturated NaCl brine in the presence of 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid was characterized using electrochemical techniques. Four layer-formation stages were described: active-adsorption, porous layer, compact layer-formation, and the compact layer state. The ionic liquid slowed the layering process by influencing both crystal precipitation and structural changes. Two models were developed to account for the interfacial evolution: the first model considered the balance of positive and negative charges at the interface of the metal and electrolyte in blank solution, while the second one considered the layer coverage and evolution with the imidazolium compound.
Adatom mobility on the surface planes of a simple metal

Abstract An approach using the Density Functional Approximation, which had in an earlier paper been applied to the binding of an adatom to a jellium metal (rs = 4a0), has been extended to a partially structured metal surface by introducing a layer of surface atoms to replace an equivalent layer of jellium. The model has been used to estimate the adatom motion energies over several quite close packed planes for a simple surface. An important preliminary step was to determine the general electron density contours for each surface by a simple variational method. The ensuing shielding charge distributions have an important bearing on the adatom motion energy. Adatom energies were calculated at three positions: (1) A above a surface atom, (2) B above a bridge position between two surface atoms and (3) C above a central position between three or four neighboring atoms. The motion energy was taken to be EB − EC. As might have been expected this quantity was larger for the less closely packed planes, although it was always quite small due to the nature of the metal — large rS, small ion core and typical s-p binding. To a rather surprising degree the strength of the shielding charge, the energies and the positions of the adatoms proved to be quite smooth functions of a parameter chosen to measure the close packing of the surface, namely the square of the interplanar distance divided by the surface area per atom.
Trace analysis of natural alloys by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): application to archeological native silverartifacts

Abstract The application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICS-MS) is demonstrated for the determination of 12 trace elements in archeological native silver artifacts with limits of detection of
Membrane assembly: synthesis and intracellular processing of the vesicular stomatitis viral glycoprotein

The glycoprotein (G) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is synthesized on membrane-bound polyribosomes. Approximately 30 min after its synthesis, it reaches the surface plasma membrane where it is incorporated into budding virus. The first part of this paper focuses on the 2 intracellular, membrane-bound, glycosylated forms of the glycoprotein which are intermediates in its biogenesis. All glycosylation and processing is completed in the smooth microsome fraction before the protein reaches the surface. Next, we turn to the mechanism by which G is synthesized on membrane-bound polyribosomes. All of the G mRNA is bound to membranes, and studies with puromycin suggest that this attachment of G mRNA is mediated by the nascent glycoprotein chain. After its synthesis G is a transmembrane protein with about 30 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus remaining on the cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic reticulum. Since 95% of the glycoprotein, containing the carbohydrate residues, is resistant to attack by external proteases, it appears to be within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum or embedded within the lipid bilayer. Finally, we show that synthesis, glycosylation, and proper asymmetric insertion of G into the ER can be achieved in cell-free extracts. Both glycosylation of G and proper insertion into the ER membrane in this cell-free system require concomitant protein synthesis.
A Canvas of Desire: The Racialized and Sexualized Professor in the Classroom

In the spring of 2003, I taught a course on lesbian and gay social formation in the United States from World War II to the present. As a recently hired assistant professor, since the course was newly developed in specific response to student interest I had high hopes for its success. It was also one way of feeling out the pedagogical and academic atmosphere at a new institution, and I worked very hard on developing the syllabus and insuring that the classroom atmosphere was open, convivial, and responsive. Overall, it was a joy to teach, and I looked forward each week to being in the seminar room with the eighteen engaged, bright, and interested students who had enrolled in the class. Most of my students were lesbians, with a handful of gay men and straight women, all of whom seemed to have a passionate but friendly investment in the course topic. Given the similar sexual orientations of most of the participants, we quickly developed a chummy atmosphere that was sustained throughout the semester, and I felt the course ended well. That is, until I received my student evaluations.
Academic performance, educational aspiration and birth outcomes among adolescent mothers: a national longitudinal study

Maternal educational attainment has been associated with birth outcomes among adult mothers. However, limited research explores whether academic performance and educational aspiration influence birth outcomes among adolescent mothers. Data from Waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) were used. Adolescent girls whose first pregnancy occurred after Wave I, during their adolescence, and ended with a singleton live birth were included. Adolescents’ grade point average (GPA), experience of ever skipping a grade and ever repeating a grade, and their aspiration to attend college were examined as predictors of birth outcomes (birthweight and gestational age; n = 763). Univariate statistics, bivariate analyses and multivariable models were run stratified on race using survey procedures. Among Black adolescents, those who ever skipped a grade had higher offspring’s birthweight. Among non-Black adolescents, ever skipping a grade and higher educational aspiration were associated with higher offspring’s birthweight; ever skipping a grade was also associated with higher gestational age. GPA was not statistically significantly associated with either birth outcome. The addition of smoking during pregnancy and prenatal care visit into the multivariable models did not change these associations. Some indicators of higher academic performance and aspiration are associated with better birth outcomes among adolescents. Investing in improving educational opportunities may improve birth outcomes among teenage mothers.
Marking IL-4-producing cells by knock-in of the IL-4 gene

IL-4 is a cytokine which can be expressed by a number of cell types including Th2 cells, mast cells and a population of CD4+ NK1.1+ NK T cells. Although phenotypic markers exist for identifying each of these cell types, there is at present no known cell surface marker common to all IL-4-producing cells. Using gene targeting in embryonic stem cells, we have modified the IL-4 locus by knock-in of a transmembrane domain to generate mice that express a membrane-bound form of IL-4 (mIL-4). Flow cytometry using an IL-4-specific mAb allowed the detection of IL-secreting Th2 cells, mast cells and NK T cells from mIL-4 mice. Furthermore, the analysis of immune responses in mIL-4 mice following immunization with anti-CD3 and anti-IgD has allowed us to identify distinct subpopulations of IL-4-producing NK T cells. Thus, the expression of IL-4 in a membrane-bound form provides a novel method for the identification and characterization of IL-4-producing cells.
Reduced renal mass hypertension, but not high salt diet, alters skeletal muscle arteriolar distensibility and myogenic responses.

Abstract The effects of high salt diet and reduced renal mass hypertension (RRM-HT) on skeletal muscle arteriolar distensibility and myogenic responses were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were enclosed in an air-tight box with the in situ cremaster muscle exteriorized and viewed via television microscopy. Normotensive rats were fed low salt (0.4% NaCl) or high salt (4.0% NaCl) diet and RRM-HT rats were fed high salt diet for 4–6 weeks. With the cremaster muscle superfused with either physiological salt solution (for myogenic responses) or Ca 2+ -free physiological salt solution (for arteriolar distensibility), box pressure (and therefore, intravascular pressure) was increased in 5 mm Hg increments to a maximum of +30 mm Hg. The myogenic responses of arterioles were not altered by high salt diet, but were enhanced with RRM-HT. Arteriolar distensibility was not affected by high salt diet, but was reduced in RRM-HT rats compared to either normotensive rat group. These data suggest that high salt diet does not significantly alter either myogenic responses or the distensibility of rat cremasteric arterioles. However, RRM-HT enhances myogenic responses of these vessels while reducing arteriolar distensibility. The impact of these effects must be taken into account when interpreting data describing alterations in skeletal muscle microvessel reactivity for animals on high salt diet or with RRM hypertension.
Identification of a Novel Isoform of Mouse Dentin Matrix Protein 1: Spatial Expression in Mineralized Tissues†

Dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1) is an acidic phosphoprotein first identified by cDNA cloning from a rat tooth library. Northern blot hybridization of a variety of tissues detected Dmp1 mRNAs only in odontoblasts, suggesting that this protein was odontoblast specific. In situ hybridization studies showed expression of Dmp1 in odontoblasts with transient expression in secretory ameloblasts. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize a mouse Dmp1 cDNA and determine its spatial expression pattern related to other mineralizing tissues. A mouse molar cDNA library was screened with a32P-labeled Dmp1 polymerase chain reaction amplification product in order to isolate a full-length clone. DNA sequence analysis of the largest mouse Dmp1 cDNA (2802 base pairs [bp]) revealed an open reading frame of 1509 nucleotides encoding a 503 amino acid protein with a single polyadenylation signal. Comparison with rat and bovine Dmp1 sequence showed high homology and the identification of a 45 bp (15 amino acid) insert, representing an alternative spliced mRNA. This 45 bp segment was shown to represent a small exon by DNA analysis of a mouse genomic Dmp1 clone. In situ hybridization studies revealed a much broader Dmp1 tissue expression pattern than previously reported. Dmp1 transcripts were detected in the odontoblast and ameloblasts, osteoblasts, and cementoblasts. Our data indicate that Dmp1 is alternatively spliced, and the primary full-length transcript contains a 45 bp insert which is encoded by a small exon. Therefore, Dmp1 is not a tooth-specific protein but rather is expressed in a number of mineralizing tissues including enamel, bone, and cementum.
Thought for application and application with thought: issues in theoretical thinking and practical wisdom.

Both theoretical thinking and practical wisdom are used by health professionals in their clinical practice. Lately, discussion has centered on the abstract phrase “theory–practice gap.” The health profession is not the only discipline that seeks unity in theory and practice issues. Education is also building bridges in this arena. One reoccurring myth is the notion that theory and practice are separate; as a result, this gives a mistaken impression that theory serves no purpose in practice. Discussion of the issues in this paper includes definitions of theoretical thinking and practical wisdom, theoretical and practical knowledge development, and relevance to health professional’s education, practice and science. These issues must be communicated to practitioners, educators and theorists. A collective definition to begin communication is proposed and suggestions are offered for addressing key issues.
Using few-mode fiber to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of DCS flow-oximeter measurements

Single-mode and few-mode fibers are used and compared for exploring the possibility to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) flow-oximeter measurements.
Outcomes After the Palliative Arterial Switch Operation in Neonates With Single-Ventricle Anatomy

Background Newborns with single-ventricle anatomy, transposition of the great arteries, and systemic outflow obstruction are challenging patients most often managed with a Norwood or Damus-Kaye-Stansel (DKS) procedure. The palliative arterial switch operation (pASO) offers the theoretical advantage of avoiding a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt physiology and posterior entrapment of the left pulmonary artery while aligning the single left ventricle with the posterior semilunar valve. Limited outcome data exist for the pASO. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical course of patients after this operation. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all neonates undergoing a pASO at our institution from July 1995 to June 2011. Results Fourteen patients underwent pASO at a median age of 7 days (2–16 days). Primary diagnoses included double-inlet left ventricle (6 patients [43%]), tricuspid atresia (TA) (4 patients [29%]), and other (4 patients [29%]). Concomitant procedures at initial operation included aortic arch reconstruction (13 patients [93%]), pulmonary artery banding (6 patients [43%]), and placement of a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt (1 patient [7%]). Median intensive care unit stay and hospital length of stay were 11 days (4–60 days) and 21 days (9–84), respectively. There were no deaths. All patients had advanced to a bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt (BCPS). Four patients required intervention between the pASO and BCPS procedures: systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt (3 patients [21%]) and pulmonary artery banding revision (1 patient [7%]). Eleven patients had Fontan completion; the remaining 3 patients are candidates for this procedure. At the time of the Fontan operation, 7 (64%) patients required pulmonary artery augmentation. All patients were alive at last follow-up (median, 5 years [3 months–14 years]). At last echocardiographic follow-up (median, 5 years [3 months–10 years]), all patients had normal ventricular function, trivial to mild neoaortic insufficiency, and no left ventricular outflow obstruction. Conclusions The pASO should be considered in neonates with single ventricle, transposition, and systemic outflow obstruction because it affords a favorable anatomic arrangement for long-term palliation, with excellent survival and preserved ventricular function.
Recurrent Compressive Neuropathy of the Median Nerve at the Wrist: Treatment with Autogenous Saphenous Vein Wrapping:

Recurrence of symptoms occurs in a significant number of patients after surgical decompression for carpal tunnel syndrome, and its management is both challenging and difficult. Fifteen patients with recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome were treated with a vein wrapping technique using the autologous saphenous vein. A total of 48 operations had been performed on these patients before wrapping the median nerve with a saphenous vein graft. At a mean follow-up of 43 months all patients reported significant pain relief and improvement in their sensory disturbances. Two-point discrimination and the findings of nerve conduction studies also improved.
Measurement of the mitochondrial membrane potential and pH gradient from the redox poise of the hemes of the bc1 complex.

The redox potentials of the hemes of the mitochondrial bc1 complex are dependent on the proton-motive force due to the energy transduction. This allows the membrane potential and pH gradient components to be calculated from the oxidation state of the hemes measured with multi-wavelength cell spectroscopy. Oxidation states were measured in living RAW 264.7 cells under varying electron flux and membrane potential obtained by a combination of oligomycin and titration with a proton ionophore. A stochastic model of bc1 turnover was used to confirm that the membrane potential and redox potential of the ubiquinone pool could be measured from the redox poise of the b-hemes under physiological conditions assuming the redox couples are in equilibrium. The pH gradient was then calculated from the difference in redox potentials of cytochrome c and ubiquinone pool using the stochastic model to evaluate the ΔG of the bc1 complex. The technique allows absolute quantification of the membrane potential, pH gradient, and proton-motive force without the need for genetic manipulation or exogenous compounds.
Decomposition methods for convolution operators II

This paper begins by reviewing methods recently developed by the authors for the decomposition of twodimensional shift-invariant convolution operators of size (2m + 1) x (2n + 1) into sums and products of 3x3 operators. Results include the fact that every 5x5 operator can be decomposed into the sum and product of at most five 3 x 3 operators and a theorem giving a characterization for those 5 x 5 operators which can be decomposed into the sum and product of at most three 3x3 operators. The focus of the new theorems presented here will center on the problem of extending results valid for shift-invariant operators to non shift-invariant operators. The image algebra developed by G. X. Ritter will provide the setting for this investigation.
Adjuvant endocrine therapy in premenopausal women with breast cancer

Adjuvant endocrine therapy is indicated in almost all women whose tumors show evidence of endocrine responsiveness, defined as the presence of any detectable level of estrogen receptors (ER). Patients with tumors \1 cm in size, without axillary node involvement or other signs of metastatic potential might be spared from adjuvant endocrine therapy [1]. Nevertheless, young women with breast cancer represent a particular therapeutic challenge, among other reasons because breast tumors in young women tend to have higher tumor grade at diagnosis, higher mitotic rate and lymph node involvement, and less hormone receptor expression [2]. Furthermore, in some studies the role of adjuvant therapy is not clear due to the inclusion of patients with ER-negative disease [3]. This review will focus on endocrine therapy for patients younger than 40 years old. Patients between 40 and 50 years old are also a challenge because they may become amenorrheic with chemotherapy. In this specific subgroup of patients, several consensuses have been proposed. Figure 1 summarizes a consensus statement launched by a panel of experts in Spain [4].
Tand om tand

‘Een oog voor een oog en een tand voor een tand’ als juridische vergeldingsregel. Zo staat het in de Bijbel. Maar wat betekende dit in de praktijk, toen en later?
Sliding-Window Superposition Coding for Interference Networks

Superposition coding with successive cancellation decoding for interference channels is investigated as a lowcomplexity alternative to the rate-optimal simultaneous decoding. It is shown that regardless of the number of superposition layers and the code distribution of each layer, the standard rate-splitting scheme by Grant, Rimoldi, Urbanke, and Whiting for multiple access channels fails to achieve the simultaneous decoding inner bound on the capacity region for interference channels. A new coding scheme is proposed that uses coding over multiple blocks and sliding-window decoding. With at most two superposition layers, this scheme achieves the simultaneous decoding inner bound for any two-user-pair interference channels without using high-complexity simultaneous multiuser sequence detection. The proposed coding scheme can be also extended to achieve the performance of simultaneous decoding for general interference networks, including the Han–Kobayashi inner bound.
A case of intracranial hemorrhage caused by combined dabrafenib and trametinib therapy for metastatic melanoma.

Patient: Male, 50 Final Diagnosis: Intracranial hemorrhage Symptoms: — Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Craniotomy Specialty: Oncology Objective: Adverse events of drug therapy Background: Combination therapy with BRAF V600E inhibitor dabrafenib and MEK inhibitor trametinib significantly improves progression-free survival of patients with BRAF V600-positive metastatic melanoma, but their use can be associated with life-threatening toxicities. We report the case of a patient receiving dabrafenib and trametinib for metastatic melanoma who developed intracranial hemorrhage while on therapy. Combination therapy with dabrafenib and trametinib improves progression-free survival of patients with BRAF V600-positive metastatic melanoma. Nevertheless, it is associated with an increased incidence and severity of any hemorrhagic event. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of intracranial hemorrhage with pathological confirmation. Case Report: We present the case of a 48-year-old man with metastatic melanoma of unknown primary site. He had metastases to the right clavicle, brain, liver, adrenal gland, and the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. He progressed on treatment with alpha-interferon. He was found to have a 4.5-cm mass in the left frontotemporal lobe and underwent gross total resection followed by adjuvant CyberKnife stereotactic irradiation. He was subsequently started on ipilimumab. Treatment was stopped due to kidney injury. He was then placed on dabrafenib and trametinib. He returned for follow-up complaining of severe headache and developed an episode of seizure. MRI showed a large area of edema at the left frontal lobe with midline shift. Emergency craniotomy was performed. Intracranial hemorrhage was found intra-operatively. Pathology from surgery did not find tumor cells, reported as organizing hemorrhage and necrosis with surrounding gliosis; immunohistochemistry for S100 and HMB45 were negative. Conclusions: This case demonstrates the life-threatening adverse effects that can be seen with the newer targeted biological therapies. It is therefore crucial to maintain a high index of suspicion when patients on this combination therapy present with new neurologic symptoms.
Negotiating race and place in the Garifuna Diaspora: Identity formation and transnational grassroots politics in New York City and Honduras

This paper is an exploration of the relations between the politics of identity and the socio‐economic and political processes of the current era of globalization. Using ethnographic material from the transnational grassroots organizations of the Garinagu—an Afro‐Indigenous population living in transnational communities between Central America and the US—I show the multiple ways that they articulate their identity between and among the tropes of “autocthony,” “blackness,” “Hispanic,” “diaspora,” and “nation.” This construction and negotiation of identity is intimately connected to the negotiation of rights vis‐a‐vis nation‐states and international political bodies, where ideologies of race, ethnicity, nation, and citizenship carry with them different implications for rights and belonging. I argue that the complexities of this case point to the uneven processes of globalization, within which the power to define the ideological terrain of economic and political struggles is still profoundly unequal.
A practical and fast iterative algorithm for φ-function computation using DJ graphs

We present a new and practical method of computing φ-function for all variables in a function for Static Single Assignment (SSA) form. The new algorithm is based on computing the Merge set of each node in the control flow graph of a function (a node here represents a basic block and the terms will be used interchangeably). Merge set of a node n is the set of nodes N, where φ-functions may need to be placed if variables are defined in n. It is not necessary for n to have a definition of a variable in it. Thus, the merge set of n is dictated by the underlying structure of the CFG. The new method presented here precomputes the merge set of every node in the CFG using an iterative approach. Later, these merge sets are used to carry out the actual φ-function placement. The advantages are in examples where dense definitions of variables are present (i.e., original definitions of variables---user defined or otherwise, in a majority of basic blocks). Our experience with SSA in the High Level Optimizer (optimization levels pO3/pO4) shows that most examples from the Spec2000 benchmark suite require a high percentage of basic blocks to have their φ points computed. Previous methods of computing the same relied on the dominance frontier (DF) concept, first introduced by Cytron et al. The method presented in this paper gives a new effective iterative solution to the problem. Also, in cases, where the control flow graph does not change, our method does not require any additional computation for new definitions introduced as part of optimizations. We present implementation details with results from Spec2000 benchmarks. Our algorithm runs faster than the existing methods used.
OSMOTIC AND IONIC REGULATION IN AMBYSTOMA TIGRINUM.

Abstract 1. 1. Larval and adult A. tigrinum maintain NaCl balance in artificial pond water even when starved. 2. 2. Sodium is lost in the urine and across the body surface at a mean rate of 1·3 μg-equiv/10 g per hr. Urinary loss represents 60–90 per cent of the total efflux in larvae and 55 per cent of the total in adults. 3. 3. sodium loss is balanced by uptake across the body surface against a large gradient of electrochemical potential. Chloride is also actively transported inward. 4. 4. Osmotic influx of water occurs at the rate of 26 per cent of body weight per day in larvae, 32 per cent of body weight per day in adults. The osmotic steady state is preserved by excretion of an equivalent volume of dilute urine. 5. 5. Sodium and chloride concentrations were lower in adult than in larval urine.
Effect of Growth hormone secretagogue LY444711 on IGF-1, Growth hormone, and cortisol levels in beagle dogs after one and seven daily oral doses

Growth hormone (GH) release involves interaction of somatostatin and an endogenous GH secretagogue (GHS) on the hypothalamus. GH causes release of IGF-1, which acts by negative feedback to restrain subsequent GH release. GH secretagogues produce increases in cortisol. In this study, we determined if compound LY444711 produces sustained elevation of GH and IGF-1 in beagle dogs without sustained alteration of baseline cortisol secretions after one and seven daily doses. Adult male beagle dogs received oral doses of LY444711 at 1 mg/kg/day, or vehicle (10% hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin). Jugular vein blood was collected periodically after one and seven doses, and plasma levels of IGF-1, GH, and cortisol were determined. LY444711 increased IGF-1 levels by approximately 60% over controls after one and seven daily doses. IGF-1 was elevated within 6 h of dosing on Day 1 and remained elevated 24 h postdose. GH levels (AUC) increased approximately 50-fold above controls following a single dose of LY444711. With repeated dosing, GH levels rose to approximately 8-fold over controls. Regardless of the reduction in GH AUC with repeat dosing, sufficient GH was produced to cause sustained IGF-1 elevation after seven doses. LY444711 produced little or no effect on cortisol AUC level after one or seven doses. These data demonstrate that LY444711 functions as a GH secretagogue in dogs, with associated increases in IGF-1 levels and an absence of meaningful increases in cortisol levels. Drug Dev. Res. 49:260–265, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Onset of Vitellogenin Production and Vitellogenesis, and their Relationship to Changes in the Midgut Epithelium and Oocytes in the Tick Dermacentor variabilis

InDermacentor variabilis (Say), the onset of vitellogenin production and vitellogenesis (up-take of vitellogenin into oocytes) began during the rapid-engorgement feeding period. Mating was required for both vitellogenin production and vitellogenesis to complete the tick's life cycle. Complete immunological identity, as measured by Ouchterlony's double diffusion test, existed between vitellogenin from the fat body, midgut and hemolymph, and vitellin from the ovaries and eggs. Antivitellin antibody did not react with host hemoglobin nor with fat body, midgut, and ovary extracts from feeding females prior to rapid engorgement, feeding unmated females, or unfed or fed males. Some unmated females fed for 13 days and then hand-detached from the host eventually began oviposition after going through a preoviposition period. In these ticks, organ extracts from the midgut, fat body and ovary reacted with antivitellin antibody. The presence or absence of presumed vitellogenic cells in the midgut and yolk bodies in oocytes corresponded with the presence or absence of vitellogenin and vitellogenesis as measured by Ouchterlony's test. Presumed vitellogenic cells increased in size during the preoviposition period. These cells reached their greatest size during the time when the most eggs were being produced, and then declined in size toward the end of oviposition. Vitellogenin was deposited directly into developing yolk bodies in oocytes and was not processed through lysosomes. Feeding was the process that initiated the formation of eggshell cuticle. Detachment from the host was required for the initiation of oviposition.
Serial kinematic analysis of canine hind limb joints after unilateral L4-S1 dorsal root ganglionectomy: Insights into locomotor control mechanisms

Following unilateral L4-S1 dorsal root ganglionectomy to deafferent the hind limb, each of six dogs showed increased extension of the ipsilateral hip, knee and ankle joints during most of the gait cycle throughout a 26-week period of observation. The contralateral hind limb joints initially exhibited increased flexion during gait (which presumably compensated for the increased extension of the deafferented limb), but over time contralateral joint extension gradually increased, i.e. the movement of the joints of the contralateral limb progressively began to resemble that of the ipsilateral joints. We suggest that the long-term kinematic changes in both limbs (increased extension) occurred because of neurological changes in spinal cord structure, associated with death of sensory neurons and an associated increase in the influence of descending systems (e.g. vestibulospinal) on motoneurons. These results emphasize the importance of long-term observation of kinematic patterns after experimental induction of neural lesions and indicate that the contralateral limb should not, a priori, be considered a valid control in such studies.
Absolute rate constants for the reactions of O(3P) atoms and OH radicals with SiH4 over the temperature range of 297–438°K

Absolute rate constants for the reaction of SiH4 with O(3P) atoms and OH radicals have been determined over the temperature range 297°–438°K using flash photolysis–NO2 chemiluminescence and flash photolysis–resonance fluorescence techniques, respectively. The Arrhenius expressions obtained are where the error limits in the Arrhenius activation energies are the estimated overall error limits. Rate data for the reactions of SiH4, CH4, and H2S with O(3P), H, and F atoms and with OH, CH3, and CF3 radicals are compared, showing that H2S and SiH4, which have similar bond energies, have reasonably similar reactivities toward these atoms and radicals.