cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DECREASES IN SELECTION OF EDIBLE REWARDS BY DISADVANTAGED PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

Laboratory-collected preferences for incentives by children have consistently shown that edible rewards (candy and snacks) are favorite choices (Witryol, 1971). Generally speaking, when intra-tangible incentive comparisons are made, the edibles are pitted against similar-sized and inexpensive items, e.g., trinkets, and the preference test is conducted within a single session. It does not necessarily follow, however, chat the same preference rankings would obrain in free-field settings where larger and seemingly more appealing items, e.g., playing with an electric typewriter, could be employed and where the preference data were collected over a protracted time period. Preference data herein were collected in a day care center during a daily half-hour period known as "Store-Time," which represented a roken-exchange period. Here, adults (reachers and college students), acting as storekeepers, sold a variety of commodities to 16 preschool children whose parents were welfare recipients. The store's currency was dried beans which the children kept with them in specially fitted aprons. The beans (tokens) were earned in a previous classroom period (for correct answers to questions), with 20 beans as the average daily number earned per child. There were four stores opened daily, two of which were novelty or specialty shops and the items sold there, e.g., bean bag throws, cosmetics, electric typewriting, changed from day to day. In the other two stores, the same assorunent of items were sold every day. In one, called Toy-Store, various cosnunes and associated items were sold (cowboy hats and guns, wigs, ties, sunglasses) in addition to high activity items (Tonka trucks, battery operated toys). In the other, called Treat-Store, the majority of items purchased were received later in the day during lunch oc the afternoon snack. Some Treat-Store items were assorted edibles (candies, raisins, peanuts), assorted placemats, vases of flowers, special plates, straws, cups, and the opportunity to ser the table.' In short-term laboratory studies utilizing massed trials, Wltryol ( 1971 ) found that the effects of satiation for reward can be forestalled through the use of competing rewards. Similar advantages due to variety and novelty of reward were expected to obtain, particularly since the trials were spaced and new items were frequently added.
A New Approach Towards Property Nanomeasurements Using In Situ TEM

©2001 Materials Research Society. The original publication is available at: http://www.mrs.org/
Studies on the mechanism of cyhexatin resistance in the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae).

A 100-fold difference in toxicity was obtained when cyhexatin was tested with a slide-dip method on a laboratory-pressured cyhexatin-resistant (ShJp) and susceptible (S) strain of twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. No difference in penetration or metabolism of cyhexatin was observed between the two strains of mites. A 6.5-fold difference in cyhexatin inhibition of oligomycin-sensitive (OS) Mg2+ ATPase activity was found between the two strains of mites. An altered target site appears to be responsible in part for cyhexatin resistance.
Improving Departure Capacity of Major U.S. Airports in Marginal Visual Conditions: Applications of Procedures Using Cockpit Display of Traffic Information

†† This paper describes the need for recovering the loss in the departure capacity at busy airports in the U. S. when meteorological conditions deteriorate below excellent visual conditions. It describes departure operations at The Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL) and the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), and details how the loss of the ability to apply visual separation between departures results in a loss in departure capacity at these airports. It shows that the inability to apply visual separation is tied not just to the meteorological conditions on the airport surface but requires excellent visual conditions well above basic VFR minima with ceilings as high as several thousand feet. The paper provides data on departure delays caused by this loss in departure capacity during less than excellent visual conditions. It identifies a concept for using information displayed on a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) enabled by Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) mode to substitute for direct visual contact with a particular airplane of interest. It shows how CDTI enabled delegated separation (CEDS) may recoup this lost departure capacity in such busy terminal areas down to considerably lower minima and describes the results of recent pilot human-in-the-loop simulations that demonstrate this benefit.
Modifying Vitamin Composition of Eggs: A Review

Abstract Egg vitamin composition is variable and dependant primarily on the vitamin content of the diet of laying and breeding hens. Vitamin A content of eggs responds slowly to dietary vitamin A changes whereas, riboflavin content of eggs responds rapidly to similar changes. Riboflavin reaches a natural maximum content in eggs, while the egg content of vitamin D, pantothenic acid, folacin, biotin, and vitamin B12 responds greatly to increases in the diet level of these vitamins. At one to two times the National Research Council diet requirement levels, transfer efficiency to the egg is very high for vitamin A; it is high for riboflavin, pantothenic acid, biotin, and vitamin B12; it is medium for vitamin D3 and vitamin E; and low for vitamin K1, thiamine, and folacin. This information can assist growers in formulating diets for laying and breeding hens that will enrich egg vitamin content. At the same time, growers can eliminate much of the variability that has been observed in egg vitamin composition.
Physiological competitiveness of autumn olive compared with native woody competitors in open field and forest understory

Abstract Autumn olive ( Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) is an invasive shrub known to flourish in abandoned farm fields, road sides and less so in forest understories. Autumn olive is categorized as a shade tolerant plant. The objectives of this research were to describe the rate of autumn olive (AO) advancement in open field and forest understory habitats and to evaluate the leaf-level physiological basis by which AO gains competitive advantage over native woody plants in these two different plant communities. The area invaded by AO in forest understory increased by 26% during a two-year period. More impressively, the density of AO increased six-fold from low (>6 m to the nearest AO plant) to high density (AO plants within 3 m of one another) during the same period. Net assimilation rate of AO was among the fastest of five woody species in the high light intensity field habitat, equal to black cherry and hawthorn, but superior to gray dogwood and black walnut. In the light-limited forest understory, however, AO fixed carbon dioxide at two to three times the rate of the four other co-habiting woody species. The higher net assimilation rate was consistently correlated with leaf chlorophyll content but not water or light use efficiencies in both field and forest environments. While trait plasticity in response to varying light environments is well known, these results demonstrate that AO invasion traits cannot be viewed simply as a species-level property rather they vary in the two different plant community assemblages. The ability of AO to fix nitrogen may contribute to its high net assimilation rate, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency across habitats. These results strongly support the high prioritization of AO control in forest understory habitats for restorative investment because of its competitive physiological traits and rapid rate of encroachment.
Application of Robot-assistant endoscopic surgery

As an important minimally invasive surgery technology, recently endoscopic surgery applies abroadly in every surgery field. However, at the same time, many disadvantages of it have appeared. Appearance of surgery robot provides a new approach for perfecting current endoscopic surgery with the advantages of precision, dependability and intelligentization. Introducing the current state in detail from two sides of surgery robot's composition and clinical application and evaluating its advantages and disadvantages in this article.
Properties of dorsal root unmedullated fibers on the two sides of the ganglion.

As an aid in the interpretation of the physiological properties of unmedullated nerve fibers, particularly those having their cells of origin in the dorsal root ganglia, more precise information about their morphology has been acquired through employment of the electron microscope. The appearance of the fibers in the skin nerves is described, with special reference to the structure of their sheaths; and a notation is made about the bearing of the axon-sheath relationship on the biophysical mechanism of conduction (p. 714). There is no basic difference between the sheath systems of the d.r.C and the s.C fibers. Attention is called to a point of similarity between the sheaths of unmyelinated and myelinated axons (p. 715). An assessment was made of the likelihood of interaction between the fibers. In action potentials showing temporal dispersion at several distances, the elevations appeared in their calculated positions. A model of a group of Schwann sheaths was constructed from successive electron microscope sections, showing that the lengths of the sheath branches are short in comparison with the wave lengths of the action potentials. Supported by these and other considerations, the argument is strongly in favor of the conclusion that among d.r.C fibers, as in other fibers, there is no cross-excitation between the axons. A new analysis of the size distribution of the fibers in a sural nerve was made from electron microscope pictures; and from the measurements the action potential was constructed. The result confirmed the view, previously expressed, that the velocities of conduction in the fibers can be precisely accounted for by multiplying the diameters by a constant. In the dorsal roots, the striking change that takes place in the appearance of the fibers and their disposition in the Schwann sheaths can be seen in Fig. 11. The axons partake of the special properties of the peripheral branches, which necessitated the creation of the subdivision of d.r.C fibers. But, their diameters are much smaller. At a set of reduced conduction velocities the configuration of the compound action potential in the nerves is repeated in the roots, with the root velocities still conforming to the size-velocity rule derived from nerve axons.
Robust Hydroxide Ion Conducting Poly(biphenyl alkylene)s for Alkaline Fuel Cell Membranes

High molecular weight, quaternary ammonium-tethered poly(biphenyl alkylene)s without alkaline labile C–O bonds were synthesized via acid-catalyzed polycondensation reactions for the first time. Ion-exchange capacity was conveniently controlled by adjusting the feed ratio of two ketone monomers in the polymerization. The resultant anion exchange membranes showed high hydroxide ion conductivity up to 120 mS/cm and excellent alkaline stability at 80 °C. This study provides a new synthetic strategy for the preparation of anion exchange membranes with robust fuel cell performance and excellent stability.
Effects of cows grazing toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue or novel endophyte-infected tall fescue in late gestation on cow performance, reproduction, and progeny growth performance and carcass characteristics.

Very little is known regarding the effects of cow exposure to toxic ergot alkaloids in late gestation and the subsequent, long-term effects on progeny. Therefore, the objectives were to determine the effects of grazing toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue () or novel endophyte-infected tall fescue during late gestation on cow BW, BCS, hair coat score (HCS), respiration rates, milk production, and reproduction and on growth performance and carcass characteristics of progeny. Eighty gestating, Angus × Simmental cows (age = 6.68 ± 0.32 yr; 588 ± 16 kg initial BW; initial BCS = 5.66 ± 0.28) were stratified by initial BW and allocated into 8 pasture groups (10 cows/group) with 4 groups per treatment. Each group was allotted to 1 of 2 grazing treatments: toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue ('Kentucky-31'; E+) or novel endophyte-infected tall fescue ('Jesup MaxQ'; NOV). Cows were placed on grazing treatments at 110 ± 6 d prepartum (May 28, 2014) and remained on treatment until the end of the calving period (October 8, 2014; 23 ± 6 d postpartum). Cow BW and BCS did not diverge ( ≥ 0.15) at any time point among grazing treatments. However, cows grazing E+ had increased ( 0.06 to ≤0.10) to have increased BW at 70 ± 6 d of age, 205 d (adjusted weaning BW), and throughout the postweaning calf grazing period. Despite a tendency for BW to differ throughout the postweaning calf grazing period, finishing phase performance and carcass characteristics of progeny did not differ ( ≥ 0.20) between dam grazing treatment. In conclusion, results indicate that by the time progeny enter the feedlot and are finished on a high-grain diet, any fetal programming effects are minimal.
Cavity-enhanced light emission from an electrically-driven van der Waals heterostructures

We demonstrate a novel light source, based on a photonic crystal cavity integrated van der Waals light emitting diode, which can be operated at room temperature with fast modulation speed.
The Two-Way Relationship Between Residual Stress and Fatigue/Fracture

Most mechanicians are aware that residual stresses affect fatigue and fracture. Few are aware of the full extent of the effects residual stress have on myriad aspects of those and other structural processes AND of the reverse relationship: fracture concepts are hugely intertwined with residual stress measurements. This talk first reviews the straightforward effect that residual stress has: it acts just like an external load and, depending on the sign, accelerates or retards failure processes. The talk then describes one exemplar less well-known effect: residual stress can make it very difficult to measure true material properties like fracture toughness. The talk then describes the influence of fracture concepts, most notably the mode I stress intensity factor K I , on residual stress measurement. A short and elegant derivation reveals that incremental slitting measurement strain data can be converted to residual stress profiles using a K I analysis and a conceptually simple calibration factor that is independent of the stress distribution. The talk next shows that several error sources for slitting and contour method stress measurements can be directly correlated with the K I caused by residual stress. The talk then lays out Bueckner’s superposition principle, the most powerful but misunderstood and mistrusted tool for analyzing stress fields around cracks. Originally developed for fracture mechanics, Bueckner’s is used to calculate the K I from residual stresses and to calculate calibration coefficients for hole drilling and slitting. More notably, the contour method for measuring residual stress is a direct experimental embodiment of Bueckner’s principle. In fact, we review an experimental demonstration that misfit measurements between mating fracture surfaces can be used to calculate the residual stresses that existed prior to the fracture.
Fun and Games: The Joy of Poisoning in Children’s Literature

This chapter analyzes approaches to poisoning found in children’s literature. Poisoning is traditionally associated with women; however, children’s literature also associates food poisoning with men who cook, using poison to symbolize the danger of transgressing traditional gender norms. However, authors such as Roald Dahl, J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman use the figures of the boy cook and the boy poisoner to highlight modern boys’ changing relationship to food norms and, through food and poison, to larger cultural standards, thus questioning the limitations of traditional masculinity. In doing so, these authors transform poison itself from a symbol of evil into a symbol of positive transgression and healthy rebellion.
Factors Predicting Hospital Length of Stay Following Pharyngeal Flap for Velopharyngeal Insufficiency.

Objective:Routine hospital admission following pharyngeal flap (PF) to correct velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) is the standard at most hospitals. Nevertheless, there is increasing resistance from third-party providers to approve stays longer than a “short stay” (23-hour) observation period. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate length of stay (LOS) and document potential influencing factors following PF.Design:Retrospective chart review. Demographic and perioperative data were collected, and statistical analyses were performed to determine associations with hospital length of stay (LOS). Readiness for discharge was determined by oral intake, analgesic requirement, and respiratory status.Setting:Tertiary care children’s hospitalParticipants:All patients undergoing PF for VPI between 1990 and 2014.Outcome measures:(1) LOS, (2) % satisfying all discharge criteria within a 23-hour observational time frame.Results:Seventy-five patients were studied, with an average age of 6.8 years. Mean LOS was ...
Reactive Power and Voltage Control Issues in Electric Power Systems

This chapter was prepared primarily for “non power” engineers to introduce reactive power and voltage control concepts, and to identify several issues that remain as research challenges in this area. It begins with basic definitions and information on reactive power, and then focuses on problems that have been known for many years and have surfaced recently in power system operations. These problems are described in the framework of traditional security analysis used in control centers throughout the world. The research challenges identify areas where collaboration between power systems engineers and applied mathematicians could yield major advances in power system reliability.
Apology as Self-Repair

Bernard Williams (1981) briefly discusses agent regret in his broader account of moral luck. The present paper first outlines one way to develop Williams’s notion with reference to the unintended harm; it then suggests that agent regret can be counteracted by externalizing the action that caused unintended harm, in Harry Frankfurt’s (1988a, b) sense of externalization; and then the present paper argues that apology is a mechanism by which a person can externalize an offending action/effect—in that way counteracting agent regret (and possibly, though this is a further empirical point not defended here, mitigating the psychological effects). This function for apology—self-repair—is different from others described in the literature, which address the role of apology in repairing relationships. The present paper describes a nonfictional example, that of a veteran of the U.S. war in Iraq who contacts a family gravely injured by him and his combat unit; the veteran is motivated to contact the family to apologize. The example serves as a prototypical case of agent regret. The example is taken from a recent literature on the clinical psychology of (what that literature calls) self-inflicted “moral injury”; categorizing this example of moral injury as agent regret also helps broaden our understanding of moral injury as a philosophical category and as a psychological phenomenon.
Frank Meyer: Fusionist as Federalist

Frank S. Meyer played a central role in defining the post-war American conservative movement. Through his writings and political activities, he defined and defended an ideological "fusion" of traditional conservative principles and libertarian political beliefs. While concerned with maintenance of an objective moral order and the pursuit of virtue in the individual, Meyer argued that the freedom of the person is the central and primary end of political society. The American system of government, with its horizontal and vertical separations of power, came closer than any political system in history to providing the protection for individual liberties necessary for the effective pursuit of virtue. Federalism was particularly important as it could forestall the centralization of government power. Virtue, to have any meaning, had to be freely chosen, but providing for individual freedom provided no guarantee that individuals would pursue virtuous ends. By the same token, federalism and the separation of powers did not guarantee that state governments would adopt wise or moral policies, as the history of the civil rights struggle attests. Nonetheless, Meyer believed federalism was essential if individual freedom was to endure.
Compiling plan operators from domains expressed in qualitative process theory

The study of Qualitative Physics has concentrated on expressing qualitatively how the physical world behaves. Qualitative Physics systems accept partial descriptions of the world and output the possible changes that can occur. These systems currently assume that the world is left untouched by human or robot agents, limiting them to certain types of problem solving. For instance, a stateof-the-art qualitative physics system can diagnose faulty electrical circuits but can not construct plans to rewire circuits to change their behavior. This paper describes an approach to planning in physical domains and a working implementation which integrates Forbus' Qualitative Process Engine (QPE) with a temporal interval-based planner. The approach involves compiling QPE expressions describing a physical domain into a set of operators and rules of the planner. The planner can then construct plans involving processes, existence of individuals, and changes in quantities. We describe how the compilation is performed, the types derivable plans, and current limitations in our approach.
Predictive role of PI-RADSv2 and ADC parameters in differentiating Gleason pattern 3 + 4 and 4 + 3 prostate cancer

To compare the predictive roles of qualitative (PI-RADSv2) and quantitative assessment (ADC metrics), in differentiating Gleason pattern (GP) 3 + 4 from the more aggressive GP 4 + 3 prostate cancer (PCa) using radical prostatectomy (RP) specimen as the reference standard. We retrospectively identified treatment-naive peripheral (PZ) and transitional zone (TZ) Gleason Score 7 PCa patients who underwent multiparametric 3T prostate MRI (DWI with b value of 0,1400 and where unavailable, 0,500) and subsequent RP from 2011 to 2015. For each lesion identified on MRI, a PI-RADSv2 score was assigned by a radiologist blinded to pathology data. A PI-RADSv2 score ≤ 3 was defined as “low risk,” a PI-RADSv2 score ≥ 4 as “high risk” for clinically significant PCa. Mean tumor ADC (ADCT), ADC of adjacent normal tissue (ADCN), and ADCratio (ADCT/ADCN) were calculated. Stepwise regression analysis using tumor location, ADCT and ADCratio, b value, low vs. high PI-RADSv2 score was performed to differentiate GP 3 + 4 from 4 + 3. 119 out of 645 cases initially identified met eligibility requirements. 76 lesions were GP 3 + 4, 43 were 4 + 3. ADCratio was significantly different between the two GP groups (p = 0.001). PI-RADSv2 score (“low” vs. “high”) was not significantly different between the two GP groups (p = 0.17). Regression analysis selected ADCT (p = 0.03) and ADCratio (p = 0.0007) as best predictors to differentiate GP 4 + 3 from 3 + 4. Estimated sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the predictive model in differentiating GP 4 + 3 from 3 + 4 were 37, 82, and 66%, respectively. ADC metrics could differentiate GP 3 + 4 from 4 + 3 PCa with high specificity and moderate accuracy while PI-RADSv2, did not differentiate between these patterns.
A cavity depth sensitized Rossiter mode formula

Abstract A depth sensitized Rossiter mode expression for compressible resonant cavity flows is derived based on simple shear layer and acoustic concepts. The physics-based result is compared to relevant experiment measurements and empirical models and shows reasonable agreement. Though simple, the cavity depth sensitized Rossiter mode estimate demonstrates the connection between shear layer flow and cavity acoustics; moreover, the model provides a useful analytically-based validation metric for detailed resonant cavity simulations.
GenSample: A Genetic Algorithm for Oversampling in Imbalanced Datasets

Imbalanced datasets are ubiquitous. Classification performance on imbalanced datasets is generally poor for the minority class as the classifier cannot learn decision boundaries well. However, in sensitive applications like fraud detection, medical diagnosis, and spam identification, it is extremely important to classify the minority instances correctly. In this paper, we present a novel technique based on genetic algorithms, GenSample, for oversampling the minority class in imbalanced datasets. GenSample decides the rate of oversampling a minority example by taking into account the difficulty in learning that example, along with the performance improvement achieved by oversampling it. This technique terminates the oversampling process when the performance of the classifier begins to deteriorate. Consequently, it produces synthetic data only as long as a performance boost is obtained. The algorithm was tested on 9 real-world imbalanced datasets of varying sizes and imbalance ratios. It achieved the highest F-Score on 8 out of 9 datasets, confirming its ability to better handle imbalanced data compared to other existing methodologies.
Shock, Not Blood Pressure or Shock Index, Determines the Need for Thoracic Damage Control Following Penetrating Trauma.

Background Damage control laparotomy has increased survival for critically injured patient with penetrating abdominal trauma. There has been a slower adoption of a damage control strategy for thoracic trauma despite the considerable mortality associated with emergent thoracotomy for patients in profound shock. We postulated admission physiology, not blood pressure or shock index, would identify patients who would benefit from thoracic damage control. Study design Retrospective trauma registry review from 2002 to 2017 at a busy, urban trauma center. Three hundred one patients with penetrating thoracic trauma operated on within 6 h of admission were identified. Of those 66 (21.9%) required thoracic damage control and comprise the study population. Results Compared with the non-damage control group, the 66 damage control patients had significantly higher Injury Severity Score, chest Abbreviated Injury Scale, lactate and base deficit, and lower pH and temperature. In addition, the damage control thoracic surgery group had significantly more gunshot wounds, transfusions, concomitant laparotomies, vasoactive infusions, and shorter time to the operating room. Notably, however, there were no significant differences in admission systolic blood pressure or shock index between the groups. Once normal physiology was restored, chest closure was performed 1.7 (0.7) days after the index operation. Mortality for thoracic damage was 15.2%, significantly higher than the 4.3% in the non-damage control group. Over two-thirds of damage control deaths occurred prior to chest closure. Conclusions Mortality in this series of severely injured, profoundly physiologically altered patients undergoing thoracic damage control is substantially lower than previously reported. Rather than relying on blood pressure and shock index, early recognition of shock identifies patients in whom thoracic damage control is beneficial.
Spatial and temporal patterns of environmental DNA detection to inform sampling protocols in lentic and lotic systems.

The development of efficient sampling protocols for the capture of environmental DNA (eDNA) could greatly help improve accuracy of occupancy monitoring for species that are difficult to detect. However, the process of developing a protocol in situ is complicated for rare species by the fact that animal locations are often unknown. We tested sampling designs in lake and stream systems to determine the most effective eDNA sampling protocols for two rare species: the Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog (Rana sierrae) and the foothill yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii). We varied water volume, spatial sampling, and seasonal timing in lakes and streams; in lakes we also tested multiple filter types. We found that filtering 2 L versus 1 L increased the odds of detection in streams 5.42X (95% CI: 3.2-9.19X) in our protocol, from a probability of 0.51-0.85 per technical replicate. Lake sample volumes were limited by filter clogging, and we found no effect of volume or filter type. Sampling later in the season increased the odds of detection in streams by 1.96X for every 30 days (95% CI: 1.3-2.97X) but there was no effect for lakes. Spatial autocorrelation of the quantity of yellow-legged frog eDNA captured in streams ceased between 100 and 200 m, indicating that sampling at close intervals is important.
Insecta, Ephemeroptera: range extensions and new state records from far western Montana, U.S.A.

This note represents a considerable step towards rectifying that situation by providing new record data for species collected in the far western Rocky Mountain region of Montana. The exact study area to which our new data apply includes all of Montana west of the Continental Divide, and all of Glacier National Park, which in the north extends both west and east of the Continental Divide (Figure 1). Thus, locales in the Montana records herein are from Deer Lodge, Flathead, Glacier, Granite, Lake, Lewis and Clark, Lincoln, Mineral, Missoula, Powell, Ravalli, Sanders, and Silver Bow Counties. We contribute new Montana record data for 38 species. Previously, 49 species were known from western Montana based on published data, with Traver (1934; 1935) being the major provider of previous records.
Tailoring 3D Buckling and Post Contact in Microlattice Metamaterials

Mechanical metamaterials have been established as the paragons of enhanced mechanical performance, due to their properties inherited by their architected microstructure. The rapid progress in additive manufacturing has enabled the fabrication of complex geometries even at the microscale, with nanoscale features. For the case of ultra-light, ultra-stiff mechanical metamaterials, the high stiffness and increased energy dissipation is associated with the controlled buckling and subsequent post contact of the lattice members. In addition, architected defects, scaled up in the microscale, inspired by the structural defects in the crystal structure, have accomplished tailoring the plasticity mechanisms and localized deformation in a similar manner as slip planes through dislocation motion and vacancies in bulk crystalline materials. This chapter will focus on the design principles that must be addressed to effectively fabricate novel geometries possessing these intrinsic properties. These principles will be instantiated through the design of intertwined microlattices, inspired by crystal in-growth mechanisms, and architected 3D vacancies, inspired by crystal defects. All of the structures were fabricated through multiphoton lithography, the most suitable technique for fabrication of complex geometries at the micrometer-nanometer length scale. Through finite element analysis and nanoindentation experiments, we delineate how the mechanical behavior is manifested and can be tailored.
Cortical expression of prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) is not increased in experimental traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND Cerebral cortical expression of the pituitary hormones prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) have reported in ischemic damage. Both hormones may be involved in vascular tone regulation and angiogenesis, and growth hormone is thought to be neuroprotective while prolactin stimulates astrogliosis. METHODS We examined expression of prolactin, growth hormone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) using tissue microarray technology in the controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). FINDINGS No increased expression of these hormones was seen. CONCLUSIONS Unlike ischemia, traumatic brain injury does not result in up-regulation of the pituitary hormones PRL and GH in cerebral cortex.
The Most Logical Approach to Improve CAR T Cell Therapy.

Combinational antigen recognition is the most logical way to improve the safety of cancer therapy. CAR T cells therapy, combined with synthetic biology, protein engineering, and bioinformatics, can perform advanced computations to enhance tumor targeting specificity.
Erased: Why Faculty Sexual Misconduct Is Prevalent and How We Could Prevent It.

The issue of faculty sexual misconduct is pervasive within academia, and more specifically, our public affairs graduate programs. At least 13% of women in academia experience sexual harassment by a...
Should You Believe Wikipedia?: Online Communities and the Construction of Knowledge

As we interact online we are creating new kinds of knowledge and community. How are these communities formed? How do we know whether to trust them as sources of information? In other words, Should we believe Wikipedia? This book explores what community is, what knowledge is, how the internet facilitates new kinds of community, and how knowledge is shaped through online collaboration and conversation. Along the way the author tackles issues such as how we represent ourselves online and how this shapes how we interact, why there is so much bad behavior online and what we can do about it. And the most important question of all: What can we as internet users and designers do to help the internet to bring out the best in us all?
Feeding: An Ecological Approach

Publisher Summary Physiological and ecological approaches to comparative studies of feeding behavior have a common basis in energy regulation. This chapter describes energetic determinants of general costs and benefits functions, provides evidence for food choice, meal patterns, and resource exploitation as determined by the economics of energetic costs and benefits. The chapter focuses on nectar feeding birds, due to the extent to which costs and benefits can be specified. The theories discussed in the chapter suggests that organisms should maximize benefits from feeding relative to costs measured, probably, as the rate of net energy gain subject to biologically important constraints. Although, benefit and cost models are very rewarding hypotheses for examining feeding behavior, the number of direct quantitative tests is limited. There are some qualitative tests of the models; but, as the similarity between the predictions of the Werner and Hall and the O’Brien et al. models indicate, the tests must be carefully designed and quantitatively assessed. These two models differ primarily in emphasis on underlying mechanisms of item choice, and it reveals the important possibility that feeding behavior may not be regularly optimized at a single maximum. The ability of an organism to move between maxima will depend on the characteristics of the intervening minima as well as the absolute levels of the maxima.
Moral economies and the cold chain

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the spread of what we now know as the cold chain sparked controversy in both Europe and North America. This article examines popular distrust of early refrigerated transport and storage in light of larger debates about how best to procure good food at a fair price. Expanding on E. P. Thompson's concept of moral economy, the article shows that refrigeration proved controversial not simply because it helped de-localize and industrialize food supply. It also challenged norms that had previously governed trade in perishables, especially those concerning transparency, naturalness and freshness.
Integrating Logic Programming and Equational Specification of Abstract Data Types

We discuss various semantics of many-sorted logic programs with equality both from the viewpoint of algebraic specifications as well as from the viewpoint of logic programming. We define model-theoretic semantics based on initial models, least generalized Herbrand models and a least fixpoint construction, and we investigate proof-theoretic semantics based on resolution and unification modulo a set of conditional equations. Generalizing ordinary SLD derivations, we introduce so-called SLDE derivations and SLDE trees and study their correctness and completeness properties. We define a translation of logic programs LPE with equality into equivalent logic programs LPo with empty equational part such that LPE satisfies a goal G if and only if LPo satisfies G.
Currents without borders

Following the discovery of superconductivity at liquid-nitrogen temperatures, the idea of making ‘superwires’ soon ran into problems. Structural impurities remain the main obstacle, but a high dose of calcium may be the answer.
The Future of Laboratory Work Lab-On-Chip Device: An Overview

The technology of carrying out laboratory operations using scaled down Lab-On-a-Chip (LOC) device is really appealing. The whole laboratory being reduced into a small chip. The time taken to analyze a reaction can be reduced through volume reduction of the reagents used; the distinctive behavior of liquids at the nano scale allows increased control of molecular interactions and concentrations. The cost of reagents and the chemical waste amounts can also be very much reduced through the use of this technology. The LOCs also provide for the analysis of samples at the point of need instead of a centralized laboratory. The main aim of this research is to review about a newly device known as the Lab-on-chip device. This research was carried out to study and well understand all the aspects of this device, including its history, advantages, disadvantages, where it is applied and the challenges. It is evident that with the development of Lab on Chip devices, everything becomes better and easier. Even though the technology is at its initial stages of development, it proves to be very efficient. This clearly shows how much more will be achieved with continual development in this field.
Mechanisms of Bortezomib resistance in selected Bortezomib-resistant DLD1 cell line

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 619 Proteasome inhibitors have exhibited strong antitumor activity against a wide range of malignancies. Moreover, Bortezomib (PS-341), a specific proteasome inhibitor, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. However, a clinical phase II trial showed that only 35% of patients with relapsed refractory multiple myeloma responded to Bortezomib, but the other 65% of patients did not response to this agent, suggesting that resistance to proteasome inhibitors may impede clinical use of these agents. In this study, to characterize mechanisms of this resistance and further develop strategies to overcome it, we selected a Bortezomib-resistant cell line by repeated treatment of DLD1 cells with Bortezomib and name it DLD1-PS-341-R cells. DLD1 cells are very sensitive to Bortezomib and the cell viability were below 5 % 24 hours after treatment with 25 nM of Bortezomib, while DLD1-PS-341-R cells are quite resistant to Bortezomib and the cell viability were over 80 % 24 hours after treatment with 200 nM of Bortezomib. Compared with DLD1 cells, DLD1-PS-341-R cells did not show G2/M phase arrest and dramatic Bik accumulation after treatment with Bortezomib. Subsequent study showed that, despite the same concentration of treatment, DLD1-PS-341-R cells had lower intracellular concentrations of Bortezomib than DLD1 cells had. Our results suggest that lower intracellular concentrations of Bortezomib in DLD1-PS-341-R cells, rather than deregulation of Bortezomib-induced cell cycle and apoptosis signaling pathways, may account for Bortezomib resistance in DLD1-PS-341-R cells.
Optical limiting materials in the high-fluence regime

Summary form only given. The aim of the present paper is to identify some of optical processes that occur in the high-fluence regime. Optical limiting, nonlinear transmission, and z-scan measurements are reported in the visible region of the spectrum. The contributions of nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction to the limiting were separately determined. Modeling the nonlinear absorption results with three-, four-, and five-level models suggest that both exciton-exciton annihilation and higher-order nonlinear absorption processes make important contributions to optical limiting. The higher order processes were found to contribute substantially to limiting in lead tetrakis(cumyl-phenoxy)phthalocyanine.
FLUVIAL ENVIRONMENTS | Terrace Sequences

Fluvial terraces have been studied and dated along tectonically active and inactive plate margins at multiple sites around the world, revealing that bedrock incision and strath terrace formations keep pace with bedrock uplift, leading to graded long-stream profiles over tens of thousands of years. Climate change associated with glacial–interglacial cycles provokes different responses in nonglacial fluvial systems, with some streams aggrading and others degrading during cold glacial periods. Aggradation is particularly surprising for coastal streams during the Last Glacial Maximum, when sea level was about 120 m lower than during interglacial warm periods. The role of climate versus sea level in driving rates of river erosion and offshore sediment deposition has been studied from offshore sedimentary records as well, and it is likely that continued studies of terraces will reveal new insights into the links between climate, sea level, river erosion, and offshore sedimentation.
Improving Employment Outcomes and Community Integration for Veterans with Disabilities

Many U.S. military veterans have mental and physical disabilities that can increase their risk of substance abuse, social isolation, unemployment, and homelessness. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have made it urgently necessary to address these issues once again as the nation faces “the largest wave of returning veterans with disabilities in recent history.” One in four veterans of these conflicts reports a service-connected disability, and unemployment among the youngest subset of veterans is particularly high. Veterans with disabilities need quality programs to help them get on a path to work and reintegrate into their communities. But there is limited evidence about what interventions can effectively help them do so. Past research suggests that symptoms and impairments explain only a part of what prevents people with disabilities from working, and that people with disabilities’ own beliefs and attitudes about their conditions often keep them from gainful employment. Similarly, researchers at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) have suggested in personal interviews that disabled veterans’ attitudes and beliefs about disability present at least as big a barrier to their ability to return to work as their actual physical or mental conditions. Drawing on its experience in disability, behavioral, and employment research, MDRC began testing the Progressive Goal Attainment Program (PGAP) for Veterans in 2012, in collaboration with the VA Connecticut Healthcare System. PGAP is a behavioral intervention for people struggling with a wide range of physical and mental health conditions. The program complements clinical services for the treatment of disabilities by specifically targeting psychological and social behaviors that contribute to pain, disability, and inactivity. The goal is to help those with disabilities resume daily activities and get them on a path to work.The PGAP demonstration in the VA Connecticut Healthcare System was designed to explore how feasible it is to implement the program in a veteran service setting. In the coming year MDRC will also test PGAP for Veterans in several locations in Houston, Texas, including the VA hospital and two local community providers.
Using Cognates to Investigate Cross-Language Competition in Second Language Processing

Perfect, T. J., & Hanley, R. (1992). The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Do experimenter-presented interlopers have any effect? Comition, 45, 55-75. Porte, G. (2003). English from a distance: Code-mixing and blending in the LI output of long-term resident overseas EFL teachers. In V. Cook (Ed.), Effects of the second language on the first (pp. 103-119). Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. Reason, J. T., & Lucas, D. (1984). Using cognitive diaries to investigate naturally occurring memory blocks. In J. E. Harris 8c P. E. Morris (Eds.), Everyday memory, actions, and absent-mindedness (pp. 53-69) . London: Academic Press. Schwartz, B. L. (2002). Tip-of-the-tongue-states: Phenomenology, mechanism, and lexical retrieval Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
SU-E-T-56: A Novel Approach to Computing Expected Value and Variance of Point Dose From Non-Gated Radiotherapy Delivery

Purpose: Randomness in patient internal organ motion phase at the beginning of non-gated radiotherapy delivery may introduce uncertainty to dose received by the patient. Concerns of this dose deviation from the planned one has motivated many researchers to study this phenomenon although unified theoretical framework for computing it is still missing. This study was conducted to develop such framework for analyzing the effect. Methods: Two reasonable assumptions were made: a) patient internal organ motion is stationary and periodic; b) no special arrangement is made to start a non -gated radiotherapy delivery at any specific phase of patient internal organ motion. A statistical ensemble was formed consisting of patient’s non-gated radiotherapy deliveries at all equally possible initial organ motion phases. To characterize the patient received dose, statistical ensemble average method is employed to derive formulae for two variables: expected value and variance of dose received by a patient internal point from a non-gated radiotherapy delivery. Fourier Series was utilized to facilitate our analysis. Results: According to our formulae, the two variables can be computed from non-gated radiotherapy generated dose rate time sequences at the point’s corresponding locations on fixed phase 3D CT images sampled evenly in time over one patient internal organ motion period. The expected value of point dose is simply the average of the doses to the point’s corresponding locations on the fixed phase CT images. The variance can be determined by time integration in terms of Fourier Series coefficients of the dose rate time sequences on the same fixed phase 3D CT images. Conclusion: Given a non-gated radiotherapy delivery plan and patient’s 4D CT study, our novel approach can predict the expected value and variance of patient radiation dose. We expect it to play a significant role in determining both quality and robustness of patient non-gated radiotherapy plan.
Image Based Acquisition and Tracking for Multi-Access Laser Communications

Long-range laser communications links offer many potential advantages to satellite communications systems including high bandwidth, security, and a small physical footprint. However, the establishment of a laser communications link can be very difficult and time consuming due to the extremely small beam divergences and stringent platform stability requirements inherent to lasercom systems. Most of the difficulty lies in the first step of actually painting the partner terminal with a laser spot or detecting said spot due to large uncertainties, terminal vibrations and jitter, bright optical backgrounds and clutter. A detailed physical and statistical model of this first detection process has been developed and verified against computer simulations using representative background images to ensure the success of this critical first step in the acquisition process, enabling future designers to have some confidence that their terminals will be able to acquire.