cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adrenergic Receptors in Alzheimer’s Disease Brain: Selective Increases in the Cerebella of Aggressive Patients

In this study, the distribution and concentration of β1, β2, and α2adrenergic receptors were examined in the frontal cortex, hypothalamus, and cerebellum of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and age-matched control human brains by receptor autoradiography. The purpose of this study was to detect changes in adrenergic receptor concentrations in key areas of the brain known to affect behavior. For these studies, [125I]iodopindolol ([125I]IPIN) was used to visualize total β adrenergic sites (with ICI-89,406 and ICI-118,551 as subtype-selective antagonists to visualize β2 and β1receptors, respectively). [3H]UK-14,304 was used to localize the α2 sites. Essentially no significant difference in adrenergic receptor concentration was found between total AD cases taken together and control patients. It was found, however, that there were important distinctions within the AD group when cases were subdivided according to the presence or absence of aggression, agitation, and disruptive behavior. Aggressive AD patients had markedly increased (by ∼70%) concentrations of α2 receptors in the cerebellar cortex compared with nonaggressive patients with similar levels of cognitive deficit. The levels of cerebellar α2receptors in aggressive AD patients were slightly above the healthy elderly controls, suggesting that these receptors are preserved and perhaps increased in this subgroup of AD. β1 And β2 adrenergic receptors of the cerebellar cortex showed smaller but significant (∼25%) increases in concentration in aggressive AD subjects versus both nonaggressive AD patients and controls. No significant differences were found in adrenergic receptor concentrations within the frontal cortex or hypothalamus. These results point out the importance of distinguishing behavioral subgroups of AD when looking for specific neurochemical changes. These autoradiographic results may reflect the importance of the cerebellum in behavioral control.
Tuning Transport Properties of Nanofluidic Devices with Local Charge Inversion

Nanotubes can selectively conduct ions across membranes to make ionic devices with transport characteristics similar to biological ion channels and semiconductor electron devices. Depending on the surface charge profile of the nanopore, ohmic resistors, rectifiers, and diodes can be made. Here we show that a uniformly charged conical nanopore can have all these transport properties by changing the ion species and their concentrations on each side of the membrane. Moreover, the cation versus anion selectivity of the pores can be changed. We find that polyvalent cations like Ca2+ and the trivalent cobalt sepulchrate produce localized charge inversion to change the effective pore surface charge profile from negative to positive. These effects are reversible so that the transport and selectivity characteristics of ionic devices can be tuned, much as the gate voltage tunes the properties of a semiconductor.
Auger analysis of Si sputtered with Ar+ ions in an F2 ambient

Abstract Ar + ion sputtering of undoped polycrystalline Si films in an F 2 ambient has been studied using in-situ Auger electron spectroscopy. An enhancement to the physical sputtering yield was observed at all energies from 300 to 2000 eV with an Ar + ion beam current of 10 microA/cm 2 and F 2 pressure of 3.2 × 10 −5 Torr. The enhancement increased at higher energies, while the F surface coverage decreased. A second order mass balance model is proposed to explain the F coverage and sputter yield data. At a fixed ion energy, the chemical yield appears to be proportional to the square of the F surface coverage.
The Costs of Diversity in Religious Organizations: An In-depth Case Study

A significant body of literature has documented and explained the racial and ethnic homogeneity of volunteer organizations, including religious ones. This paper seeks to break new ground by beginning to examine ethnically diverse religious organizations. In this study we ask: What are the personal costs of being in a multiethnic religious organization, and are these costs borne disproportionately by any specific groups of people? Drawing on macrostructural theories of intergroup relations and social psychological principles, we hypothesize that minority groups (in size and power) within ethnically mixed congregations will disproportionately bear costs compared to the majority group. We test our hypotheses using a case study congregation, conducting in-depth interviews with 22 members and 4 former members of the congregation. We also conduct a network analysis with 38 members of the congregation. We conclude that the same social dynamics that tend to produce internal homogeneity in volunteer organizations also produce high personal costs of belonging to multiethnic religious organizations. This is an important finding because it leads to the larger question of how multiethnic religious organizations survive despite these costs
Stimulation of membrane-bound guanylate cyclase activity by 17-beta estradiol

Estrogen is known to exert both long-term genomic and short-term nongenomic actions. The long-term genomic actions of estrogen are mediated by the binding of estrogen to its cytoplasmic/nuclear receptor that subsequently triggers the transcription of target genes. In contrast, little is known about the molecular basis of the nongenomic actions of estrogen. We have found that 17-beta estradiol activates membrane-bound guanylate cyclase and enhances atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-stimulated guanylate cyclase activity in PC12 cell membranes. Membrane-bound guanylate cyclase, GC-A, contains an extracellular ANF-binding domain and an intracellular kinase-like domain plus catalytic domain. The kinase-like domain plus the catalytic domain of guanylate cyclase (GC-kc) can be expressed in E. Coli and functionally renatured. 17-beta estradiol also activates the bacteria expressed GC-kc, indicating that 17-beta estradiol can directly interact with membrane-bound guanylate cyclase. These results demonstrate that 17-beta estradiol exerts a non-genomic action on membrane-bound guanylate cyclase.
DEUTERON STRIPPING ON DEFORMED NUCLEI.

Interference of indirect transition amplitudes with the direct transition amplitude for deuteron stripping on deformed nuclei is investigated. The indirect transitions that are considered are those that arise via intermediate rotational excitations of the target and product nuclei. These indirect transitions are introduced by generalizing the initial and final distorted waves so that they include inelastic amplitudes. A straight-forward coupled-channel treatment of the generalized distorted waves is described. However, a quantitative investigation of the coupled-channel formulation is not attempted because of the enormous numerical difficulties that such a procedure would present. Instead, the rotational motion of the target is treated adiabatically; thereby, in principle, inelastic amplitudes in all rotational channels are accounted for simultaneously. Further simplification is achieved by treating the coupling of the rotational coordinates to the projectile coordinates only to first order. Calculations are performed for deuteron stripping on ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$ and ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$. The calculations indicate that: (a) the indirect amplitudes are small; (b) the indirect amplitudes are affected more strongly by intermediate excitations in the deuteron channel than by intermediate excitations in the proton channel; (c) the indirect amplitudes generally flatten the angular distributions of the reaction protons; and (d) the ratio of the strength of the indirect transitions to that of the direct transition is fairly independent of the mass of the target. Although the spin-orbit force is neglected, the theory predicts a $J$ dependence in the angular distributions that is significant at all angles. The indirect stripping amplitudes are small; however, they produce measurable effects in the differential cross section when they add coherently to the direct amplitude. The most dramatic effects of the indirect amplitudes are changes of the angular distributions of the reaction protons. In addition, the calculated spectroscopic coefficients are changed by a significant amount when the indirect amplitudes are taken into account.
Difficulties for the evolution of pure states into mixed states

Motivated by Hawking's proposal that the quantum-mechanical density matrix ϱ obeys an equation more general than the Schrodinger equation, we study the general properties of evolution equations for ϱ. We argue that any more general equation for ϱ violates either locality or energy-momentum conservation.
High-resolution correlation

In the basic correlation process a sequence of time-lag-indexed correlation coefficients are computed as the inner or dot product of segments of two signals. The time-lag(s) for which the magnitude of the correlation coefficient sequence is maximized is the estimated relative time delay of the two signals. For discrete sampled signals, the delay estimated in this manner is quantized with the same relative accuracy as the clock used in sampling the signals. In addition, the correlation coefficients are real if the input signals are real. There have been many methods proposed to estimate signal delay to more accuracy than the sample interval of the digitizer clock, with some success. These methods include interpolation of the correlation coefficients, estimation of the signal delay from the group delay function, and beam forming techniques, such as the MUSIC algorithm. For spectral estimation, techniques based on phase differentiation have been popular, but these techniques have apparently not been applied to the correlation problem . We propose a phase based delay estimation method (PBDEM) based on the phase of the correlation function that provides a significant improvement of the accuracy of time delay estimation. In the process, the standard correlation function is first calculated. A time lag error function is then calculated from the correlation phase and is used to interpolate the correlation function. The signal delay is shown to be accurately estimated as the zero crossing of the correlation phase near the index of the peak correlation magnitude. This process is nearly as fast as the conventional correlation function on which it is based. For real valued signals, a simple modification is provided, which results in the same correlation accuracy as is obtained for complex valued signals.
A CRITIQUE OF CONVENTIONAL EXPLANATION OF LABOR MARKET, CONDITIONS FOR EMPLOYED BLACKS*

Historically, the pattern of black employment has differed considerably from the pattern of white employment. In addition, the U.S. economy has undergone structural changes such that service sector employment has increased at a faster pace than has employment in other sectors. While employed blacks have made some occupational advances in non-service areas (e.g., manufacturing), the employed work force is heavily concentrated in low wage occupations in the service sector. Neo-classical analyses of the pattern of black employment do not consider the significance of these structural changes. Segmentation theorists do consider these changes but downgrade the importance of the service sector. This paper draws attention to the overwhelming importance of the service sector in explaining the structure of black employment in the last twenty years.
Growth of Trichinella spiralis (Nematoda) muscle larvae in the rat.

Dans le present travail, on a constate que le taux d'accroissement deTrichinella spiralis dans le muscle strie du rat est tres variable et offre un processus discontinu.
Metropolitan influences on migration into poor and nonpoor neighborhoods

Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and three decennial U.S. censuses are used to examine the influence of metropolitan-area characteristics on black and white households' propensity to move into poor versus nonpoor neighborhoods. We find that a nontrivial portion of the variance in the odds of moving to a poor rather to a nonpoor neighborhood exists between metropolitan areas. Net of established individual-level predictors of inter-neighborhood migration, black and white households are more likely to move to a poor or extremely poor tract rather than to a nonpoor tract in metropolitan areas containing many poor neighborhoods and a paucity of recently-built housing in nonpoor areas. Blacks are especially likely to move to a poor tract in metropolitan areas characterized by high levels of racial residential segregation and in which poor tracts have a sizeable concentration of blacks. White households are more likely to move to a poor than to a nonpoor tract in metropolitan areas that have comparatively few African Americans.
TRANSITION PROBABILITIES FOR LOW-LYING STATES IN $sup 92$Nb.

Low-lying states in $^{92}\mathrm{Nb}$ have been studied using the $^{92}\mathrm{Zr}(p,n\ensuremath{\gamma})^{92}\mathrm{Nb}$ reaction at ${E}_{p}=6.3$ MeV. A $\mathrm{Ge}(\mathrm{Li}) \ensuremath{\gamma}$ spectrum was measured in coincidence with neutrons to identify low-lying states and their $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transitions. The mean lifetime of the 357-keV state was measured as $\ensuremath{\tau}=2.73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09$ nsec by a neutron-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ delayed-coincidence technique. The mean lifetime of the 227-keV ${2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state obtained from a $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ delayed-coincidence measurement is $\ensuremath{\tau}=6.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7$ \ensuremath{\mu}sec. An upper limit of $\ensuremath{\tau}l~0.8$ nsec was measured for the mean lifetime of the 501-keV state. These lifetime results and observed $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transitions established for the predicted $[\ensuremath{\pi},{\frac{9}{2}}^{+}][\ensuremath{\nu}(2{d}_{\frac{5}{2}})]{J}^{+}$ configuration the level sequence ${7}^{+}$, ${2}^{+}$, ${3}^{+}$, ${5}^{+}$, ${4}^{+}$, ${6}^{+}$. A $B(E2)=50.9 {e}^{2} {\mathrm{F}}^{4}$ was deduced for the ${5}^{+}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow}${7}^{+}$ (357\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 keV) transition from the lifetime of the 357-keV state; effective $E2$ charges for the mass-90 region are compared. The lifetime of the ${2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ state implies an $E1$ hindrance of ${10}^{7}$ for the ${2}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{2}^{+}(227\ensuremath{\rightarrow}135 \mathrm{keV}) \ensuremath{\gamma}$ transition relative to single-particle estimates.
Humanized mice: novel model for studying mechanisms of human immune-based therapies

The lack of relevant animal models is the major bottleneck for understanding human immunology and immunopathology. In the last few years, a novel model of humanized mouse has been successfully employed to investigate some of the most critical questions in human immunology. We have set up and tested in our laboratory the latest technology for generating mice with a human immune system by reconstituting newborn immunodeficient NOD/SCID-γc−/− mice with human fetal liver-derived hematopoietic stem cells. These humanized mice have been deemed most competent as human models in a thorough comparative study with other humanized mouse technologies. Lymphocytes in these mice are of human origin while other hematopoietic cells are chimeric, partly of mouse and partly of human origin. We demonstrate that human CD8 T lymphocytes in humanized mice are fully responsive to our novel cell-based secreted heat shock protein gp96HIV-Ig vaccine. We also show that the gp96HIV-Ig vaccine induces powerful mucosal immune responses in the rectum and the vagina, which are thought to be required for protection from HIV infection. We posit the hypothesis that vaccine approaches tested in humanized mouse models can generate data rapidly, economically and with great flexibility (genetic manipulations are possible), to be subsequently tested in larger nonhuman primate models and humans.
Enhancement of news photos

Abstract An image processing system for the enhancement and manipulation of news photographs is described. Capabilities implemented include cropping, enlarging, insertion of captions, unsharp masking, and arbitrary tone scale modifications. Primary advantages of this system include the reduction of processing time, greater flexibility and increased fidelity.
The orbiting solar laboratory

Abstract The Orbiting Solar Laboratory (OSL) is an unmanned NASA space mission which will place a relatively large aperture (1.0 m) solar telescope for optical and near-ultraviolet wavelengths into a slowly precessing polar orbit, such that the spacecraft will see continuous illumination by sunlight for about 260 days per year. Focal-plane instrumentation for this telescope will produce images and spectra from 220–1000 nm with an angular resolution of about 0.13 arcsec at 500 nm. Polarization analysis will allow detailed studies of solar magnetic fields at high resolution. The spacecraft will also carry co-observing instruments to observe at ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths with sub-arcsecond resolution. The long duration of this mission will permit thorough study of many solar phenomena whose physical behavior is rooted in small-scale dynamical processes. Complemented by a new generation of ground-based solar instrumentation, OSL will revolutionize our observational understanding of MHD processes in the solar atmosphere. The OSL mission now holds the position as the only 1992 new-start candidate in the current NASA five-year strategic plan. Based on a 1992 startup, OSL is scheduled for launch in 1997.
Surge of neurophysiological activity in the dying brain

Borjigin et al. (1) describe recordings from electrodes implanted in rat brains that were made during and after cardiac arrest in rats. The surprising and unexplained 30-s surge in electrical coherence and connectivity certainly merits further study, but the authors’ suggestion that this transient electrical surge has implications for near-death experiences in humans seems premature to us.
General‐purpose inverse kinematics transformations for robotic manipulators

Real-time robot control requires efficient inverse kinematics transformations to compute the temporal evolution of the joint coordinates from the motion of the end-effector. The development of a coherent, general-purpose framework, incorporating position, velocity and acceleration transformations, is the theme of this paper. In this framework, the computational requirements of a new inverse kinematic algorithm are delineated. The algorithm is applicable to serial (open-chain) manipulators with arbitrary axes of motion. Comparative evaluations of the computational cost of the algorithm demonstrate its efficacy and feasibility for real-time applications.
Acoustic streaming in micro-scale cylindrical channels

Abstract The focus of this work is to extend the theory of boundary layer induced acoustic streaming to include cylindrical geometries and to highlight the effects of boundary layer induced streaming on flow velocities in micro-scale channels. The work presented here includes the development of a model for streaming in a cylindrical channel by a method of successive approximations. The validity of this model is established by comparison with a well-established model for streaming between parallel plates of infinite extent. This is followed by a discussion on the importance of employing a cylindrical solution including boundary layer induced streaming for the analysis of streaming in micro-scale channels.
The Involvement of GABA-Transaminase in the Blood-Brain Barrier to Radiolabelled GABA*

The involvement of GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) in the blood-brain barrier to GABA was investigated using a sensitive radiotracer technique which allows measurement of tracer permeation as a cerebrovascular permeability-area product, PA. In Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to peripheral GABA-T inhibition and occlusion of hepatic circulation, chromatographic (TLC) analysis together with lyophylized plasma samples showed the radioactivity measured in brain parenchyma was derived from the permeation of unchanged [3H] GABA and not its blood-borne metabolites. Permeation (PA) of i.v. injected [3H] GABA was poor in all brain regions examined. Pretreatment of these rats with various compounds known to inhibit endothelial GABA-T activity did not cause any increased permeation of [3H] GABA into the brain. These results suggest that the poor permeation of GABA into the rat brain is unrelated to the activity of GABA-T at endothelial sites.
EFFECT OF EIGHTEEN NORMAL ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS ON GROWTH OF LUPINUS ALBUS

Comparative pharmacology and toxicology of various alcohols have been the subject of investigation on the part of many writers. Most of the work on this subject, however, has been confined to the first five members of the aliphatic series, namely, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and amyl alcohols and almost entirely to the primary alcohols in cases where several chemical isomers are known. The more important literature on the subject is quoted in a paper by one of the writers, which deals with the relative toxicity of some aliphatic alcohols with especial reference to their isomers (I920). In that investigation it was found that the first five members of the aliphatic series increase in toxicity with their molecular weight and also that the secondary are less toxic than the primary alcohols for animal tissues and whole animals. Practically all pharmacological work with alcohols has hitherto been of a zoopharmacological nature; that is, studied on animal organisms. The effects of alcohols on living plants have been but little investigated. The present writers have made a comparative study of the pharmacology and toxicology of a long series of primary aliphatic alcohols on both zo6pharmacological and phytopharmacological test objects. A brief account of the results obtained with plants is presented herewith.
Sectoral employment shares: A comparative systems context

Abstract This paper presents estimation results for a reduced-form equation that is formulated to explain variation in relative sectoral employment shares of agriculture, industry, and services between market and socialist countries. Covariance analysis is employed to test for parameter constancy between the types of economic systems and over time. The results indicate that while the same variables influence sectoral employment shares in both types of economic systems, the parameter coefficients of the reduced-form equations vary between market and socialist economies, and intertemporally. Additionally, estimates of the gaps between “normal” and actual shares are presented for socialist countries for all three sectors.
Material characterization of high Sn-content, compressively-strained GeSn epitaxial films after rapid thermal processing

Abstract We report on the characterization of high Sn-content (∼10% Sn) GeSn films grown on (001) Ge/Si substrates using reduced-pressure chemical vapor deposition. Pseudomorphic 30 nm GeSn films were grown on relaxed Ge buffers, exhibit a smooth surface, and display strong photoluminescence (PL) with cavity-resonance fringes from the Ge buffer. Additional luminescence studies confirm that the measured PL originates from the GeSn film. A study on the effects of rapid thermal annealing is presented along with evidence of Sn surface segregation and formation of surface nanodots for anneals at 450 °C and above. Anneals at 400 °C for up to 500 s showed little change in PL intensity or material properties, which suggest that a critical temperature exists for post-growth thermal-processing of high Sn-content, compressively-strained GeSn films.
An order topologyfor finitely generated free monoids

In this article a method is given for embedding a finitely generated free monoid as a dense subset of the unit interval. This gives an order topology for the monoid such that the submonoids generated by an important class of maximal codes occur as “thick” subsets.
Rapid transport of radioactivity in goldfish optic nerve following injections of labelled glucosamine

Abstract Tritiated glucosamine injected into the goldfish eye is incorporated into acid-insoluble and chloroform-methanol-extractable materials which are rapidly transported through the optic nerve to the contralateral optic tectum. TCA-soluble material is also transported. Glucosamine incorporation is inhibited by acetoxycycloheximide. In contrast to the labeling of both rapidly transported and slowly transported proteins by amino acids, glucosamine labels only the fast component. This suggests that labeling with amino sugars may be a specific way of demonstrating fast axoplasmic transport.
Low dimensional III-V compound semiconductor structures

Material incompatibilities among dissimilar group III-V compound semiconductors (III-V CSs) often place limits on combining epitaxial thin films, however low-dimensional epitaxial structures (e.g., quantum dots and nanowires) demonstrate coherent growth even on incompatible surfaces. First, InAs QDs grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs are described. Two-dimensional to three-dimensional morphological transition, lateral size evolution and vertical alignment of InAs QDs in a single and multiple stacks will be illustrated. Second, InP nanowires grown on non-single crystalline surfaces by metal organic chemical vapor deposition are described with the view toward applications where III-V CSs are functionally integrated onto various material platforms.
Acute results, complications, and effect of lesion characteristics on outcome with the solid-state, pulsed-wave, mid-infrared laser angioplasty system: Final multicenter registry report

Background and Objective The solid-state, mid-infrared holmium:YAG laser (2.1 μm wavelength) is a relatively new percutaneous device that has recently been evaluated in a multicenter study. Because of its unique wavelength and photoacoustic effects on atherosclerotic plaques, this laser may be useful in treatment of symptomatic patients with coronary artery disease. This study sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of mid-infrared laser angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery lesions. Patients and Methods Laser angioplasty was performed on 2,038 atherosclerotic lesions in 1,862 consecutive patients with a mean age of 61 ± 11 years. Clinical indications included unstable angina (69%), stable angina (20%), acute infarction (6%), and positive exercise test (5%). Complex lesion morphology included eccentricity (62%), thrombus (30%), total occlusion (27%), long lesions (14%), and saphenous vein grafts (11%). Results This laser catheter alone successfully reduced stenosis (>20%) in 87% of lesions. With adjunct balloon angioplasty, 93% procedural success was achieved. The presence of thrombus within the target lesion was a predictor of procedural success (OR = 2.0 [95% confidence interval 2.0, 4.0], P = .04). Bifurcation lesions (OR = 0.5 [95% confidence interval 0.2, 1.0], P = .05) and severe tortuosity of the treated vessel (OR = 0.4 [95% confidence interval 0.2, 0.9], P = .02) were identified as significant predictors of decreased laser success. Calcium within the lesion was associated with reduced procedural success (OR = 0.57 [95% confidence interval 0.34, 0.97], P = .03), and calcified lesions required significantly more energy pulses than noncalcified lesions (119 ± 91 pulses vs. 101 ± 86 pulses, respectively, P = .0002). Complications included in-hospital bypass surgery 2.5%, Q-wave myocardial infarction 1.2%, and death 0.8%. Perforation occurred in 2.2% of patients; major dissection in 5.8% of patients, and spasm in 12% of patients. No predictor of major complications was identified. Six-month angiographic restenosis was documented in 54% of patients, and clinical restenosis occurred in 34% of patients. Conclusion Mid-infrared laser has a safety profile similar to that of other debulking devices. This laser may be useful in select patients presenting with acute ischemic syndromes associated with intracoronary thrombus; however, like other coronary lasers, it is limited by the need for adjunctive balloon angioplasty and/or stenting to achieve adequate final luminal diameter. No beneficial effects on reducing 6-month restenosis rates were observed. Lasers Surg. Med. 22:228–239, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effective Teacher Training at the Autism Institute in the People's Republic of China.

This article presents research that was conducted at the Autism Institute, an organization serving children with autism and their families in the People's Republic of China. The article examines and highlights aspects of the teacher training model at the Autism Institute that have led to the preparation of highly qualified, enthusiastic, and knowledgeable teachers of children with autism. Results of the research indicated that teacher education was highly valued at this organization, and teachers were seen as the most important part of the organization. Teachers received ongoing, systematic and specific on-the-job instruction. One of the most important features of this organization regarding teacher training was found to be the relationships between upper level staff, including instructional leaders, and newer classroom teachers. These relationships were positive and based on mutual understanding and respect, and this has impacted the nature and success of teacher training. Implications for practice are d...
Language habits and detection in very short-term memory

Target letters in briefly presented word displays are known to be better detected than when they are presented in anagram arrangements of the words’ letters. Target detection may have been higher for word displays either because Ss identified the words and then determined if a word possessed the target or because, in word displays, Ss could anticipate letters from the transitional probabilities (TRP) of letters in the language (TRP hypothesis). Detection in Experiment I was identical for words and for pseudowords, stimuli which were meaningless rearrangements of the words’ letters but which presented the words’ level of interletter TRP. Randomly rearranged displays, with lower TRP values, yielded lower detection rates. Experiment II showed that detection increased with TRP levels in nonword displays. The results support the TRP hypothesis and thus are consistent with a serial-scanning process in very short-term memory, but are also consistent with a special variant of a parallel process.
Helical postbuckling configuration of a weightless column under the action of an axial load

The helical postbuckled configuration of a weightless, circular column confined within a cylinder was used by Lubinski et al. in 1962 to develop frequently applied equations describing the deformation of oilfield tubing. This paper presents an extension of their work in the form of another expression for the relation between applied force and helical pitch in the buckled state. Based on simple laboratory experiments and stability arguments it appears that the previous force-pitch equation applies during load application and the one given in this paper applies during unloading.
Normal Embryonic Development of the Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy)

Abstract This paper documents the gross normal embryonic development of the muskellunge, Esox masquinongy, from fertilization until hatching with preserved specimens. Eggs were incubated at 13 C and samples taken every hour during the first 20 hr of incubation and every 6 hr thereafter until hatching on the 13th day. Line drawings illustrate development.
Modulation of purine synthesis and phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate content in human fibroblasts at different population doublings

Human diploid fibroblasts of embryonic origin which display the limited lifespan phenomenon, respond to purine base deprivation with a large accumulation of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate when studied at early population doubling levels. This suggests that the purine salvage enzymes are the main consumers of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in such cells. There is a strong positive correlation between the rate of de novo purine synthesis and the phosphoribosylpyrophosphate content, consistent with its role in the first and rate-limiting reaction of de novo purine synthesis. With increasing population doublings, the cells become less responsive to purine base deprivation; the phosphoribosylpyrophosphate does not increase significantly and a lower rate of de novo purine synthesis is observed. As the rate of cell replication decreases with serial passages, it becomes apparent that such cells appropriately adjust the concentration of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, thereby controlling the rate of purine synthesis according to their needs for cellular growth.
Novel application of chemical cold packs for treatment of exercise-induced hyperthermia: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective Heat-related illness is a common disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite no proven efficacy, application of chemical cold packs (CCP) to the skin overlying the large vessels of the neck, groin, and axillae is a traditional recommended cooling modality. The study objective was to compare the cooling rates of CCP applied to these traditional areas vs the glabrous skin surfaces of the cheeks, palms, and soles in exercise-induced hyperthermia. Methods Ten healthy adult male volunteers walked on a treadmill in a heated room (40° ± 0.5°C) while wearing insulated military overgarments until their esophageal temperatures (T es ) reached 39.2°C. Each participant had three heat stress trials on separate days: no treatment followed by randomly ordered traditional (neck, groin, and axillae) cooling and glabrous skin cooling. Results With no treatment, T es remained stable after the first 5 minutes of the heat trial (ΔT es = 0.12° ± 0.07°C/10 min). Traditional cooling followed a linear decline (ΔT es = 0.17° ± 0.04°C/10 min; P es = 0.30° ± 0.06°C/10 min; P P Conclusions Application of CCP to glabrous skin surfaces was more effective for treating exercise-induced heat stress than the traditional CCP cooling intervention. This novel cooling technique may be beneficial as an adjunctive treatment for heat-related illness in the prehospital environment.
Quantitative assessment of future development of cooper/silver resources in the Kootenai National Forest, Idaho/Montana: Part I-Estimation of the copper and silver endowments

Faced with an ever-increasing diversity of demand for the use of public lands, managers and planners are turning more often to a multiple-use approach to meet those demands. This approach requires the uses to be mutually compatible and to utilize the more valuable attributes or resource values of the land. Therefore, it is imperative that planners be provided with all available information on attribute and resource values in a timely fashion and in a format that facilitates a comparative evaluation.
Consonant discrimination by seven year olds: A pilot study

Speech discrimination by four seven-year olds was tested on three consecutive days using a forced choice procedure. Ss determined whether pairs of initial consonants were the same or different. Degree of contrast between initial consonants ranged from zero to five distinctive features. Pairs differing by one distinctive feature yield the most errors. Some distinctive features contribute more to discriminability than others, and within a feature category some pairs are more discriminate than others.
Stationary Properties of a Two-Echelon Inventory Model for Low Demand Items

This paper considers a two-echelon inventory model for consumable or repairable parts in which the first-echelon facilities use one-for-one replenishment policies and the second-echelon facility uses a continuous-review s, S policy. Repair may be accomplished at all facilities. Repair and transportation times are assumed to be deterministic, and the failure processes that generate demands are assumed to be Poisson. The paper derives exact expressions for the stationary distributions of stock on hand, stock in repair, and backlogged demand at each facility, and indicates how these expressions may be utilized for optimization purposes.
Community and social capital : What is the difference?

The ideas of community and social capital have received much attention in the last decade, but are plagued by a multitude of conceptualizations, definitions, and operationalizations. This confusion is problematic for both researchers and policymakers trying to use these concepts. While numerous efforts have been made to clarify “social capital” and “community,” too often the two are simply conflated. This paper attempts to distinguish between them by looking at the various ways they are related in concrete examples. Drawn largely from the literature, five examples are offered that together describe the complex interactions of place-based communities and social capital networks. These examples also demonstrate distinctions between community and social capital with regard to boundaries, the qualities of social relations and trust in each, instrumentality, the consequences of one for the other, and issues related to multiple communities in a single place. It is hoped that these distinctions will inform the ongoing efforts to develop unique and useful conceptualizations of these two terms.
Two families of analytic γ-plots and their influence upon homogeneous nucleation kinetics

Abstract The equilibrium shapes corresponding to two different families of γ-plots are constructed. One γ-plot family comprises continuous variations from a sphere to an oblate ellipsoid. This set of γ-plots yields a sharp edge in the corresponding equilibrium shape when its aspect ratio is less than 1 √2 . The other family consists of nephroids of revolution, varied in cross-sectional form from two slightly overlapping near-circles to an ellipse-like morphology. This family exhibits a facet at one boundary orientation in the equilibrium shape. For the analytical expression of the equilibrium shape, the ξ-vector formalism of Cahn and Hoffman is used and found to give results identical to those from the Euler-Lagrange method. The effects of the variations in equilibrium shape within the two families treated upon the principal parameters in the general equation for the time-dependent rate of nucleation are assessed in order to ascertain their relative influence on nucleation kinetics.
How Children Understand Sarcasm: The Role of Context and Intonation

To recognize ironic sarcasm, adults may rely on either of 2 cues: the context in which the utterance is made, or the speaker's intonation. In 2 experiments comparing third graders (8–9 years old), sixth graders (11–12 years old), and adults, we investigated the development of children's ability to use these cues. In the first, children were able to recognize sarcasm when the speakers used sarcastic intonation but failed to do so without the intonation cue, even if the context strongly indicated a nonliteral interpretation. In the second experiment, subjects delivered dialogue with intonation they deemed appropriate—and justified their choices—based on contexts that either suggested sarcasm or not. Young children again appeared largely oblivious to contextually implied sarcasm. These results suggest that children initially depend more heavily on intonation than on context in recognizing sarcasm.
Chloroplast RNA polymerase genes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exhibit an unusual structure and arrangement.

Nucleotide sequence analysis of a 17043 basepair (bp) region of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii plastome indicates the presence of three open reading frames (ORFs) similar to RNA polymerase subunit genes. Two, termed rpoB1 and rpoB2, are homologous to the 5′-and 3′-halves of the Escherichia coli beta subunit gene, respectively. A third, termed rpoC2, is similar to the 3′-half of the bacterial beta' subunit gene. These genes exhibit several unusual features: (1) all three represent chimeric structures in which RNA polymerase gene sequences are juxtaposed in-frame with long sequences of unknown identity; (2) unlike their counterparts in plants and eubacteria, rpoB1 and rpoB2 are separated from rpoC2 by a long (7 kilobase-pair, kbp) region containing genes unrelated to RNA polymerase; (3) DNA homologous to the 5′ half of rpoC (termed rpoC1 in other species) is not present at the 5′ end of rpoC2 and could not be detected in C. reinhardtii chloroplast DNA. RNA expression could not be detected for any of the RNA polymerase genes, suggesting that they are pseudogenes or genes expressed at stages of the C. reinhardtii life-cycle not investigated. The three genes are flanked by GC-rich repeat elements. We suggest that repeat DNA-mediated chloroplast recombination events may have contributed to their unusual arrangement.
It's the Thought That Counts: Examining the Task-dependent Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Executive Function

Abstract Background Prior investigations employing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have shown that stimulation can elicit subsequent improvement on tests of various cognitive abilities, including working memory. While stimulation parameters such as intensity and duration are known to determine the effects of tDCS, the degree to which stimulation effects are influenced by the nature of cognitive activities during stimulation remains unclear. Objective/hypothesis To determine whether manipulating the working memory load of a task performed during stimulation would modulate tDCS-induced enhancement of performance on a different, related measure after stimulation. Methods In two separate but closely related sham-controlled experiments, two groups of healthy subjects underwent anodal tDCS (2 mA) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for 20 min. In Experiment 1, subjects (n = 11) trained on a letter 3Back task during stimulation. In Experiment 2 subjects (n = 11) trained on a letter 1Back task, which resembled the 3Back task but featured a lower working memory load. In both experiments, before and after stimulation, subjects completed an adjusting Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (A-PASAT). Both the experimenter and subjects were blind to stimulation conditions in both experiments. Results Subjects were both faster and more accurate on the A-PASAT task after receiving real tDCS paired with 3Back training (Experiment1) compared to sham+3Back, real+1Back, and sham+1Back conditions. Conclusions The cognitive demands of a task performed during tDCS can influence the effects of tDCS on post-stimulation performance. This finding has direct relevance to the use of tDCS as an investigative tool in cognitive neuroscience and as a therapy.
p38 MAPK mediates COX-2 gene expression by corticosterone in cardiomyocytes

Recent work from our laboratory found that corticosteroids induce transcriptional activation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene in cardiomyocytes. Here we report that COX-2 gene promoter mutation studies indicate a role of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in corticosterone-induced COX-2 gene expression. Corticosterone causes activation of p38 MAPK and subsequent CREB phosphorylation at serine 133 in cardiomyocytes. The inhibitors of p38 MAPK, SB202190 and SB203580, block corticosterone from inducing CREB phosphorylation and COX-2 gene expression while dominant-negative p38 MAPK or CREB prevents corticosterone from activating COX-2 promoter. Corticosterone does not induce p38 MAPK activation or COX2 expression in cardiac fibroblasts or HEK293 cells transfected with glucocorticoid receptor, suggesting that p38 MAPK activation is cell specific and necessary for corticosterone-induced COX-2 expression in cardiomyocytes. While glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone inhibits COX-2 gene induction by corticosterone, mifepristone fails to inhibit p38 MAPK activation or CREB phosphorylation. In contrast, inhibition of p38 MAPK does not prevent corticosterone from activating glucocorticoid receptor. Our data suggest that two parallel signaling pathways, glucocorticoid receptor and p38 MAPK, act in concert to regulate the expression of COX-2 gene in cardiomyocytes.
Structure and thermoelectric properties of SrBiTe3; 12-fold superstructure caused by distortion of the two-dimensional Te-Nets

The ternary compound, SrBiTe 3 , was prepared by the molten flux method. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pmmn with a=4.665(2)A, b=4.517(2)A, c=16.129A, and Z=2. The compound is composed of a NaCl-type [Bi 2 Te 4 ] 2- layer and a flat square (Te 2 ) 2- net with equal Te-Te distances of 3.24A. The Sr 2+ ions are stabilized between the layers in monocapped square antiprismatic sites. X-ray and electron diffraction studies reveal a 12-fold superstructure due to subtle distortions within the Te net of the compound. The superstructure was refined in the monoclinic space group C2 with a=27.923(5)A, b=32.228(6)A, c=4.5069(9)A, β=90.000(3)°. The compound is a semiconductor with a band gap value of 0.14 eV. It melts incongruently at 613 °C.
Dynamic mechanical testing of the creep and relaxation properties of polyvinylidene fluoride

The paper concerns material testing and characterizations of the time-dependent properties of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a thin film piezoelectric polymer. The study is based on the assumptions of linear viscoelastic theory of hereditary type and time-temperature equivalence principle. A developed experimental program involves quasi-static creep tests and dynamic mechanical tests. The results of this study validate the assumptions of linear viscoelasticity in application to PVDF thin films and provide consistent empirical database regarding the creep and relaxation properties of PVDF in the material directions parallel and perpendicular to the orientation of the aligned molecular chains of the polymer.
Abstract 2296: Identification of novel nuclear receptor targets in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer

Introduction: Estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer has a particularly poor prognosis, and there are limited targeted agents for this subtype. Aims and Methods: To identify nuclear receptor (NR) targets, we did microarray analysis of 227 ER-negative tumors as assessed by immunohistochemistry, and performed hierarchical clustering using 41 NRs, and prediction analysis of microarrays (PAM) across the clustered groups. Cell lines were matched to identified groups using previously published data. Clinical correlations were made using previously published breast cancer datasets. Results and Conclusion: The 41 NRs clustered the tumors into 5 distinct groups. We found that the androgen receptor (AR) was the highest ranked discriminator of these groups followed by ERα. Group 1 (14% of the tumors) was characterized by elevated ERRα and RXR expression. Group 2 (9%) was characterized by higher expression of the orphan receptor NURR1. Group 3 was the largest group (37%), and showed high level expression of PPARα. Group 4 (16%) expressed higher levels of PPARγ. Group 5 (24%) demonstrated particularly high relative expression of AR, and also showed higher expression of ERα and ERRα. We used previously published microarray data to match cell lines to the NR groups using the scoring matrix developed in the PAM analysis. These cell lines are currently being tested for response to NR agonists and antagonists in growth (MTT, soft-agar, mammosphere) and apoptotic assays. We used a previously published microarray data set with long-term follow up information to identify potential differences in outcomes for the different NR subtypes. While we found no significant differences between the groups, the sample size was quite low for each subtype (n∼15 per group). In summary, we have identified several novel ER-negative tumor groups by different expression level of NRs which may contribute to the prediction of breast cancer molecular subtypes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2296. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2296