cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On adiabatic shear bands in rigid-plastic materials

An analysis is made of a solution obtained by Coleman and Hodgdon in their theory of strain localization in rigid-plastic materials that soften on deformation. It is observed that the solution implies that certain properties of the strain distribution across a shear band should be essentially independent of material parameters and stress level. Among the implications of this type is a general relation which one can use to express the strain at the center of a shear band in terms of the mean strain in the band and the strain outside the band. Theoretical temperature and displacement fields are compared with experimental observations of shear-band formation reported by Costin, Crisman, Hawley, and Duffy for torsional deformation of cold rolled mild steel at ballistic rates.
Suppression of RNA Recognition by Toll-like Receptors: The Impact of Nucleoside Modification and the Evolutionary Origin of RNA

DNA and RNA stimulate the mammalian innate immune system through activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). DNA containing methylated CpG motifs, however, is not stimulatory. Selected nucleosides in naturally occurring RNA are also methylated or otherwise modified, but the immunomodulatory effects of these alterations remain untested. We show that RNA signals through human TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8, but incorporation of modified nucleosides m5C, m6A, m5U, s2U, or pseudouridine ablates activity. Dendritic cells (DCs) exposed to such modified RNA express significantly less cytokines and activation markers than those treated with unmodified RNA. DCs and TLR-expressing cells are potently activated by bacterial and mitochondrial RNA, but not by mammalian total RNA, which is abundant in modified nucleosides. We conclude that nucleoside modifications suppress the potential of RNA to activate DCs. The innate immune system may therefore detect RNA lacking nucleoside modification as a means of selectively responding to bacteria or necrotic tissue.
Nanoscale clusters in the high performance thermoelectric AgPbmSbTem+2

The local structure of the AgPb{sub m}SbTe{sub m+2} series of thermoelectric materials has been studied using the atomic pair distribution function (PDF) method. Three candidate-models were attempted for the structure of this class of materials using either a one- or a two-phase modeling procedure. Combining modeling the PDF with HRTEM data we show that AgPb{sub m}SbTe{sub m+2} contains nanoscale inclusions with composition close to AgPb{sub 3}SbTe{sub 5} randomly embedded in a PbTe matrix.
Solution methods for a class of linear and nonlinear diffusion—reaction equations with mixed boundary conditions

Abstract Numerical approximation methods for the solution of the steady-state isothermal diffusion—reaction equation in two-space dimensions having discontinu
Effects of pulse strength and pulse duration on in vitro DNA electromobility

Interstitial transport of DNA is a rate-limiting step in electric field-mediated gene delivery in vivo. Interstitial transport of macromolecules, such as plasmid DNA, over a distance of several cell layers, is inefficient due to small diffusion coefficient and inadequate convection. Therefore, we explored electric field as a novel driving force for interstitial transport of plasmid DNA. In this study, agarose gels were used to mimic the interstitium in tissues as they had been well characterized and could be prepared reproducibly. We measured the electrophoretic movements of fluorescently labeled plasmid DNA in agarose gels with three different concentrations (1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0%) subjected to electric pulses at three different field strengths (100, 200 and 400 V/cm) and four different pulse durations (10, 50, 75, 99 ms). We observed that: (1) shorter pulses (10 ms) were not as efficient as longer pulses in facilitating plasmid transport through agarose gels; (2) plasmid electromobility reached a plateau at longer pulse durations; and (3) plasmid electromobility increased with applied electric energy, up to a threshold, in all three gels. These data suggested that both pulse strength and duration needed to be adequately high for efficient plasmid transport through extracellular matrix. We also found that electric field was better than concentration gradient of DNA as a driving force for interstitial transport of plasmid DNA.
Effect of line radiation on precursor ionization

Line radiation effect on precursor ionization of partially singly ionized monatomic gas with three energy levels, considering collisions between species
Compact nanomechanical plasmonic phase modulators

Researchers exploit the strong dependence of gap-plasmon phase velocity on gap width to make a compact phase-modulator. An electromechanically variable gap size enables a 23-μm-long non-resonant modulator with moderate losses.
Applying Combinatorial Testing to the Siemens Suite

Combinatorial testing has attracted a lot of attention from both industry and academia. A number of reports suggest that combinatorial testing can be effective for practical applications. However, there are few systematic, controlled studies on the effectiveness of combinatorial testing. In particular, input parameter modeling is a key step in the combinatorial testing process. But most studies do not report the details of the modeling process. In this paper, we report an experiment that applies combinatorial testing to the Siemens suite. The Siemens suite has been used as a benchmark to evaluate the effectiveness of many testing techniques. Each program in the suite has a number of faulty versions. The effectiveness of combinatorial testing is measured in terms of the number of faulty versions that are detected. The experimental results show that combinatorial testing is effective in terms of detecting most of the faulty versions with a small number of tests. In addition, we report the details of our modeling process, which we hope to shed some lights on this critical, yet often ignored step, in the combinatorial testing process.
Healthcare Inequalities in Paediatric Respiratory Diseases

Identifying that health inequalities exist is not enough; nor does the knowledge that a patient has a high-risk genotype or comes from a higher risk socioeconomic background does not, by itself, help the patient. To thoroughly examine the origins of health disparities, a broad view of environmental and molecular influences must be included. As these factors are identified, it is important to focus on interventions that can change outcomes for patients. Tools for education, community involvement, literacy, and environmental safety need to be developed, tested and disseminated. The basic science of health disparities must move forward in a coordinated fashion by structuring research that is an integrated effort between basic sciences, clinical medicine and include all traditionally underserved communities. Only through these collaborations can we hope to eliminate health inequalities in the future.
Occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in Worcester, Massachusetts, before, during, and after the terrorists attacks in New York City and Washington, DC, on 11 September 2001

The Worcester Heart Attack Study is an ongoing population-based investigation examining changes over time in the incidence and case-fatality rates of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in residents of metropolitan Worcester, Massachusetts. Using this large population-based database of patients with independently validated AMI, we examined the impact of the September 11th tragedy on the occurrence rates of AMI in residents of greater Worcester presenting to all area hospitals during 2001 compared with rates in the previous 10 years.
Friedrich Hayek's Moral Science

. F. A. Hayek's defense and analysis of the liberal state built on rule of law is both a moral and a scientific enterprise. The author shows that Hayek favors rule of law because it seeks to protect moral agency. It is procedurally rather than morally restrictive because men cannot easily know moral truth. Markets are included in Hayek's analysis not because they produce wealth but because they promote moral agency.
A trigonal bipyramidal uranyl amido complex: synthesis and structural characterization of [Na(THF)2][UO2(N(SiMe3)2)3].

The synthesis and structural characterization of a rare example of a uranyl complex possessing three equatorial ligands, [M(THF)2][UO2(N(SiMe3)2)3] (3a, M = Na; 3b, M = K), are described. The sodium salt 3a is prepared by protonolysis of [Na(THF)2]2[UO2(N(SiMe3)2)4], whereas the potassium salt 3b is obtained via a metathesis reaction of uranyl chloride UO2Cl2(THF)2 (4) with 3 equiv of K[N(SiMe3)2]. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of 3a revealed a trigonal-bipyramidal geometry about uranium, formed by two axial oxo and three equatorial amido ligands, with average UO and U−N bond distances of 1.796(5) and 2.310(4) A, respectively. One of the oxo ligands is also coordinated to the sodium counterion. 1H NMR spectroscopic studies indicate that THF adds reversibly as a ligand to 3 to expand the trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The degree to which the coordination sphere in 3 is electronically satisfied with only three amido donors is suggested by (1) the reversible THF coordination, (2) a modest elongati...
The role of hydrogen-exposure temperature on the mechanical properties of hydrogen-cycled palladium

Changes in the mechanical properties of palladium that has undergone a cycle of hydride formation and decomposition in the temperature range 323–623 K have been characterized. The results show that at all temperatures studied cycling increases the strength and hardness of palladium while decreasing ductility, compared to well-annealed palladium. The extent of the changes in mechanical properties has been found to be essentially independent of cycling temperature up to 473 K and dependent on cycling temperature above 473 K.
Lacrimal and Instilled Fluid Dynamics in Rabbit Eyes

Drainage of an instilled drug solution away from the eye is responsible for a considerable loss of drug and, hence, affects the biological activity of drugs in the eye. The rate of this drainage is related to the volume of drug solution instilled and increases with increasing volume. A demonstration of the influence of this solution drainage on drug activity is presented using miosis studies in albino rabbits. It is shown that over a range of 5–50 μl. of instilled volumes, using various concentrations of pilocarpine nitrate so that the total amount of drug instilled at each volume is the same, there is a fourfold change in the area under the pupillary diameter-time curves. A simple isotopic technique, using radioactive technetium-adsorbed colloid, was developed and utilized in this study to determine lacrimal volume and turnover rate of lacrimal fluid as well as to evaluate drainage of instilled solutions in albino rabbits. By using both a sampling and a nonsampling technique with the tech-netium colloid, it is shown that unanesthetized rabbits have a lacrimal volume of 7.5 ± 2.5 μl. whereas anesthetized rabbits have a slightly larger volume of 12.0 ± 2.5 μl. In addition, lacrimal fluid turnover rate in unanesthetized rabbits is approximately 0.53 μl./min., with a range of 0.47–0.66 μl./min., while in anesthetized animals it is negligibly small or absent. Drainage loss of instilled solutions was also determined and analyzed. It is shown that the loss of instilled solution via drainage is first order with respect to time. The apparent first-order rate constant in unanesthetized rabbits contains a volume-dependent and a volume-independent term, whereas in anesthetized rabbits the apparent rate constant is independent of volume instilled. A discussion of the meaning of these results as related to the mechanism of fluid drainage from the eye is presented. A comparison of the present studies in rabbits to expected behavior in humans is made. It is suggested that drainage rates of instilled solutions in humans should be larger than those of rabbits; therefore, to maximize activity of drugs in humans, the drop size of ophthalmic delivery systems ought to be reduced from its present 50–75-μl. size to at most a 5- or 10-μl. drop.
Error Bounds for Numerical Inversion of a Probability Characteristic Function

Given the characteristic function of a continuous real random variable, it is possible to construct a finite Fourier series that approximates the density over any specified finite interval. This series converges in mean square if the density decays faster than |x|-1 and the characteristic function decays faster than |t|-1/2; it converges in minimax if the density decays faster than |x|-1 and the characteristic function decays faster than |t|-1. It is also possible to construct a finite Fourier series for the distribution function that has arbitrarily small maximum error over any finite interval provided that the characteristic function decays as $|t|^{-\beta}$ for some $\beta>0$ and that either the distribution or the density decays (to 0 or 1, as appropriate) as $|x|^{-\alpha}$ for some $\alpha>1$; these conditions are weak enough to include most continuous distributions of practical interest. Explicit error bounds can be obtained directly from the characteristic function, without prior knowledge of either the distribution or density, making these series useful for numerical inversion.
Studies on the mechanism by which D-amino acids block cell wall synthesis.

Abstract Radioactive D -methionine is incorporated into the phenol-insoluble cell wall fraction of Alcaligenes fecalis . Incorporation occurs in the presence of chloramphenicol and of large amounts of L -methionine, unlike incorporation into other cell fractions. The incorporations of D -methionine into the cell wall increases with increasing medium concentration to a maximum at the concentration which also induces spheroplasts. Incorporation ceases when induction has taken place. The time course of incorporation shows that it is limited by some process other than synthesis of new cell material. The data have been taken as evidence that incorporation of D -methionine into the phenol-insoluble cell wall fraction is responsible for spheroplast induction. On the basis of the evidence, the hypothesis is put forward for the role of a “primer” molecule in cell wall synthesis. The general implications of such a primer system are discussed.
Perturbation analysis of general LP models: A unified approach to sensitivity, parametric, tolerance, and more-for-less analysis

This paper develops an alternative approach to postoptimality analysis for general linear programming (LP) problems that provides a simple framework for the analysis of any single or simultaneous change of right-hand side (RHS) or cost coefficient terms for which the current basis remains optimal by solving the nominal LP problem with perturbed RHS terms. Postoptimality analysis of a row or column of the matrix coefficients is also discussed. The goal is a theoretical unification, as well as an advancement in the practical implementation of postoptimality analysis. Some common applications, such as ordinary sensitivity, the 100% rule, and parametric analysis, as well as extensions of recent developments such as tolerance analysis and the more-for-less paradox, are discussed in the context of numerical examples.
VALIDATION OF CARTILAGE DAMAGE INDEX WITH JOINT SPACE WIDTH AND STATIC ALIGNMENT

0.77 (0.68,0.84)* 0.35 (0.17,0.51)* Tibia CDI (Baseline) 0.75 (0.64,0.82)* 0.20 (0.00,0.38)* Tibiofemoral CDI (Baseline) 0.82 (0.74,0.88)* 0.30 (0.11,0.46)* Femur CDI (Change) 0.34 (0.15,0.50)* 0.25 (0.06,0.43)* Tibia CDI (Change) 0.33 (0.14,0.49)* 0.33 (0.15,0.50)* Tibia CDI (Change) 0.40 (0.22,0.55)* 0.33 (0.14,0.49)*
Photochemical synthesis of biomolecules under anoxic conditions

The long-wavelength UV anoxic photosynthesis of uracil, various sugars (including deoxyribose and glycoaldehyde), amino acids, and other organic photoproducts is reported. The reactions were conducted in a mixture of water, calcium carbonate, hydrazine, and formaldehyde which were subjected to 24 hr or 72 hr radiation. Product yields were greatest when the hydrazine/formaldehyde ratio was one, and when the reactant concentrations were low. These data suggest that organic products can be formed in variety from those amounts of formaldehyde and hydazine precursors which are themselves formed under anoxic UV photochemical conditions.
Auditory Neurophysiologic Responses and Discrimination Deficits in Children with Learning Problems

Children with learning problems often cannot discriminate rapid acoustic changes that occur in speech. In this study of normal children and children with learning problems, impaired behavioral discrimination of a rapid speech change (/dalpha/versus/galpha/) was correlated with diminished magnitude of an electrophysiologic measure that is not dependent on attention or a voluntary response. The ability of children with learning problems to discriminate another rapid speech change (/balpha/versus/walpha/) also was reflected in the neurophysiology. These results indicate that some children's discrimination deficits originate in the auditory pathway before conscious perception and have implications for differential diagnosis and targeted therapeutic strategies for children with learning disabilities and attention disorders.
Seasonal, annual, and treatment-induced variation in available nitrogen pools and nitrogen-cycling processes in soils of two Douglas-fir stands

Forest-floor and 0–10 cm depth mineral soil horizons in two stands of Douglas fir were sampled for available NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N, N-mineralization potentials, and nitrification potentials for 2 years. The plots in each stand were sampled for 1 year, treated with either ammonium sulfate, carbohydrate (sawdust-sucrose), irrigation, carbohydrate plus irrigation, or no treatment (control), and then sampled for 1 year following treatment. In general, the direction of change following the treatments was the same for both the forest-floor and the mineral soils. Fertilization increased the NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N pools, nitrification potential, and N-mineralization potential, while treatment with carbohydrate decreased all of these characteristics. Irrigation generally increased NH4 +-N pools, nitrification potential, and N-mineralization potential, but decreased these characteristics in the soil at one site. Irrigation plus carbohydrate gave similar results to those of carbohydrate alone. Treatments altered pool sizes and/or potentials, but did not reduce within-year variance in any of these characteristics. Distinct seasonal patterns occurred in all measurements, suggesting that control of short-term variation in N-transformation processes is by factors which are dynamic in nature.
Evidence for a Supermassive Black Hole in NGC 3115

Stellar rotation velocities and velocity dispersions along the major and minor axes of the edge-on S0 galaxy NGC 3115 have been measured in effective seeing σ * =0″.42-0″.69 with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Also, V-band surface photometry has been obtained in seeing σ * =0″.33-0″.48. The kinematic data show an unresolved rise in rotation velocity to V=165±4 km s −1 at 2″ and a 62% increase in velocity dispersion at r<2″. The central dispersion, σ=295±9 km s −1 , is well above the scatter in the Faber-Jackson correlation between σ and bulge luminosity
The effect of age on the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol and its GABA A receptor mediation in cynomolgus monkeys

Rationale Excessive alcohol consumption is less common among aged compared to young adults, with aged adults showing greater sensitivity to many behavioral effects of ethanol.
Fault Detection and Isolation of Retarded Time-Delay Systems Using a Geometric Approach

Abstract This paper investigates development of Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) filters for retarded time-delay systems. A bank of residual generators is designed based on the linear geometric approach so that each residual is affected by one fault and is decoupled from the others while the H ∞ norm of the transfer function between the disturbance and the residual signals are less that a prespecified value. Simulation results presented in the paper demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed FDI algorithm.
The Word of God As Event

HE "word of Yahweh" is the primary category of the prophetic experience and an appreciation of its meaning and significance is basic to the understanding of the message and work of the prophets as channels of the revelation of God. God may choose to reveal himself in many and varied ways, but it is only through the word that this becomes meaningful to us. The prophet is primarily the bearer of the word of Yahweh because in him the action of God is not undifferentiated power and ambiguous spirituality for Yahweh is brought into personal relationship with men through the intelligible word.
Mineral balance in horses fed two supplemental silicon sources

Numerous studies suggest that silicon (Si) supplementation is beneficial for mineral metabolism and bone health. Mineral balance studies have not been performed in horses to determine how these supplements affect absorption of other minerals. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the effects of two different Si supplements on mineral absorption and retention in horses. Eight geldings were randomly placed in one of two groups: control (CO) or supplemental Si, which was provided by one of two supplements. The first, sodium aluminium silicate (SA), contains a bioavailable form of Si and is high in aluminium (Al). The second supplement contains oligomeric orthosilicic acid (OSA). All horses received textured feed and ad libitum access to hay. Supplemented horses received either 200 g of SA or 28.6 ml of OSA per day. Following a 10-day adaptation period, the horses underwent a 3-day total collection. Blood samples were taken on days 0 and 13. The two balance studies were conducted 4 months apart to reduce carryover effects. Intakes of Al and Si were greater with SA supplementation (p < 0.05). Sodium aluminium silicate increased faecal and urinary Si excretion (p < 0.05). Calcium retention and apparent digestion were increased by SA (p < 0.05). It also maintained plasma Si compared with the CO which tended to have a decrease in plasma Si (p = 0.08). Supplemental OSA increased retention of Ca and B (p < 0.05) and apparent digestion of B (p < 0.01). Orthosilicic acid tended to increase Si retention (p = 0.054), apparent digestion (p < 0.065), and also increased plasma Si. Both supplements were able to alter Ca retention and B metabolism, however, only OSA was able to alter Si retention, digestibility and plasma concentration. Orthosilicic acid, an Si supplement without substantial Al, appears to be a viable option for Si supplementation as it increased Si retention and digestibility.
SEIZURE ACTIVITY INVOLVED IN THE UP-REGULATION OF BDNF mRNA EXPRESSION BY ACTIVATION OF CENTRAL Mu OPIOID RECEPTORS

Chemical-induced seizures up-regulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of endogenous opioids preferentially activating μ opioid receptor (MOR) could also increase BDNF mRNA expression. The aim of this study was to determine to what extent i.c.v. administration of synthetic MOR-selective agonists in rats can modulate both seizure activity and up-regulation of BDNF mRNA expression. Effects and potencies of i.c.v. administration of morphine and [d-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO), were directly investigated by scoring behavioral seizures and measuring BDNF mRNA expression. In addition, effects of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and antiepileptic drugs, diazepam, phenobarbital, and valproate, on i.c.v. MOR agonist-induced behavioral seizures and up-regulation of BDNF mRNA expression were determined. A single i.c.v. administration of morphine (10–100 μg) or DAMGO (0.15–1.5 μg) dose-dependently elicited behavioral seizures and increased BDNF mRNA expression in the widespread brain regions. However, s.c. administration of MOR agonists neither produced behavioral seizures nor increased BDNF mRNA expression. Pretreatment with naloxone 1 mg/kg significantly reduced behavioral seizure scores and the up-regulation of BDNF mRNA expression elicited by i.c.v. morphine or DAMGO. Similarly, diazepam 10 mg/kg and phenobarbital 40 mg/kg significantly blocked i.c.v. MOR agonist-induced actions. Pretreatment with valproate 300 mg/kg only attenuated behavioral seizures, but it did not affect morphine-induced increase of BDNF mRNA expression. This study provides supporting evidence that seizure activity plays an important role in the up-regulation of BDNF mRNA expression elicited by central MOR activation and that decreased inhibitory action of GABAergic system through the modulation on GABA receptor synaptic function by central MOR activation is involved in its regulation of BDNF mRNA expression.
A gold–silicon potential fitted to the binary phase diagram

We develop an empirical interatomic potential model for the gold–silicon binary system that is fitted to the experimental phase diagram. The model is constructed on the basis of the modified embedded-atom-method formalism and its binary phase diagram is computed by efficient free energy methods. The eutectic temperature and eutectic composition of the model match well with the experimental values. We expect the model to be useful for atomistic simulations of gold-catalyzed growth of silicon nanowires.
Response of rat kidney Na+ -K+ -activated adenosine triphosphatase to sodium deprivation.

SummaryStudies demonstrating the effect of low salt intake on the activity of Na+-K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase in the rat kidney have been described. The results indicated that no detectable changes in the level of this enzyme occurred.
Development of a best practice model for the implementation of RFID in a healthcare environment

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems are used in healthcare organizations to improve efficiency and further system transparency by tracking assets, staff and patients While the organizations currently doing business in this field have their own methods to implement their technology the need remains for an unbiased, researched implementation method. A best practice model for RFID implementation was developed free of vendor specific rhetoric. While not intended to be a step-by-step solution, the best practice model comprises information gathered through a national survey of 24 implemented and 22 non-implemented facilities. Extensive research provides implementing organizations a framework to follow in order to successfully, and in the most cost effectively implement RFID. Concepts such as inclusion of a larger champion - multiple spearheading departments - spectrum analysis, and previous wireless system leverage all play a role in the best practice model. Understanding any one of these concepts individually may be of little use, but oversight as a whole and understanding the system in concert with the environment can lend to a more effective implementation.
Power MOS automotive electronics

Two power technologies, bipolar and MOS, with several variations in both technologies are evaluated for use in such automotive applications as lamps, motors, solenoids, heaters, ignition coils, voltage regulators, and displays. To determine which MOS technology variant will be most cost effective in a specific application, broad guidelines are given for the end user. Power MOS is constantly being improved, with lower r/sub DS/(ON) area products and big improvements in safe operating area. Power MOS has the potential of being more cost effective than BiMOS and has a much higher-current-handling capability. Because BiMOS is a mature technology, it tends to be more cost effective in some low-current applications. However, it is expected that new systems being developed will design-in power MOS. New power packages are also being developed for high-current and high-temperature applications. >
Self‐Assembling Phenylpropyl Ether Dendronized Helical Polyphenylacetylenes

The first example of a self-assembling phenylpropyl ether based dendronized polymer has been reported and its preferred helical handedness has been determined. Dendronized polymer poly(10) and its nondendritic analogue poly(8) are high-cis-content polyphenylacetylenes (PPAs) prepared by using [Rh(nbd)Cl]2/NEt3 (nbd: 2,5-norbornadiene). Both polymers possess a stereocenter in their side chain, which selects a preferred helical handedness. Based on negative exciton chirality observed in the CD spectra of poly(10), we have designated this molecule as a right-handed helical polymer, which persists over a wide temperature range. Poly(10) self-organizes into both and Φh lattices in bulk. The -to-Φh transition is associated with thermoreversible cis-cisoidal to cis-transoidal isomerization of the helical PPA, accompanied by a dramatic decrease in the column diameter and a decrease in the π-stacking correlation length along the column. A model for the right-handed helical dendronized PPA has been proposed wherein dendrons from adjacent column strata interdigitate to effectively fill space.
Reaction of preschool children to the birth of a sibling

The experience of becoming and having a sibling is a common situation for many preschool children. In order to clarify the implications of such an event for the older preschool child, the authors have surveyed the literature and interviewed a series of fami- lies where there was a second or third birth. This is a preliminary communication where a broad overview of the many variables in- volved is sought. Varied techniques for preparing the older preschool sibling were observed, as were varied coping mechanisms employed by the older child in adjusting to the change in his family status. Fourteen variables are discussed, and suggestions are made for fur- ther research.
A side-by-side comparison of carbon dioxide resurfacing lasers for the treatment of rhytides

Abstract Background: The use of cutaneous resurfacing lasers to treat rhytides is widely accepted. Several carbon dioxide lasers, many using fundamentally different technologies, are available. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the results obtained and side effects after treating rhytides with 3 different carbon dioxide resurfacing lasers. Methods: We performed a randomized, blinded, prospective study wherein 16 subjects had either periorbital or perioral rhytides resurfaced with 1 of 3 carbon dioxide lasers on either side of the face. Results: We were unable to demonstrate any significant differences in improvement in rhytides, patient satisfaction, posttreatment erythema, or other side effects. Conclusion: Our results suggest that operator technique and patient selection are more important factors than laser type with respect to outcome. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:547-53.)
Assembling the “Empire of Morality”: State Building Strategies in Catholic Ecuador, 1861–1875

This article studies the efforts of the Ecuadorian government between 1861 and 1875 to construct a “truly catholic nation”. It examines the implementation and engagement of centralized initiatives of morality and religiosity, and reflects on its implications for the repositioning of state-society boundaries. Specifically, it considers the government's efforts after 1869 to centrally coordinate the institutions of municipal government and Church, and to redeploy them for national moralizing ends. It assesses the substantial achievements and limits of this model for strengthening state power and for disseminating “national” meanings of citizenship and progress.
Moment Analysis of the Time-Dependent Transmission of a Step-Function Input of a Radioactive Gas through an Adsorber Bed

Abstract The time-dependent concentration of a radioactive gas at the outlet of an adsorber bed for a step change in the input concentration is analyzed by the method of moments. This moment analysis yields analytical expressions for calculating the kinetic parameters of a gas adsorbed on a porous solid in terms of observables from a time-dependent transmission curve. Transmission is the ratio of the adsorbate outlet concentration to that at the inlet. The three non-equilibrium parameters are the longitudinal diffusion coefficient, the solid-phase diffusion coefficient, and the interfacial mass-transfer coefficient. Three quantities that can be extracted in principle from an experimental transmission curve are the equilibrium transmission, the average residence (or propagation) time, and the first-moment relative to the propagation time. The propagation time for a radioactive gas is given by the time integral of one minus the transmission (expressed as a fraction of the steady-state transmission). The ste...
Estimation of red cell flow in microvessels: Consequences of the Baker-Wayland spatial averaging model

The dual sensor cross-correlation method of H. Wayland and P.C. Johnson [1967), J. Appl. Physiol. 22, 333-337) has become a standard technique for determining the velocity of red blood cells (RBCs) in glass tubes and blood vessels. M. Baker and H. Wayland [1974), Microvasc. Res. 7, 131-143) found that under a variety of conditions the ratio of dual sensor velocity at the centerline of a glass tube to the blood velocity averaged over the lumen was close to 1.6. They provided an explanation of this factor based on spatial averaging of RBC velocity vertically through the tube as well as laterally across the face of the sensor. Their spatial averaging model could also account for the apparent blunting of RBC velocity profiles determined with the dual sensor technique. We used Baker and Wayland's spatial averaging model to calculate how the above velocity ratio depends on sensor size. A nonlinear relation between the velocity ratio and sensor size was found such that the velocity ratio varied from 1.6 to 1.33 as the ratio of sensor width to vessel or tube diameter was varied from 0 to 1. These results also hold for vessels or tubes of elliptic cross section. Some investigators have found that the velocity of red cells near the walls of blood vessels can be a substantial fraction of centerline velocity which suggests that RBC velocity distributions can be blunter than a Poiseuille distribution. We repeated the above calculation for blunted parabolic profiles and we found that the velocity ratio ranged from 1 for plug flow to 1.6 for Poiseuille flow. These calculations show that reliable estimates of RBC flow from dual sensor centerline velocity measurements require one to take into account the relative size of the sensor and blood vessel diameter as well as the bluntness of the RBC velocity distribution.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XXIV. Role of Women Psychologists in the History of Psychology in the South:

Survey data on the personal career history and the history of the academic department with which they were affiliated are summarized for 33 women psychologist respondents. The results showed that w...
Implementing Service Learning in Pre-service Teacher Coursework

Service learning remains a topic of interest in higher education. It has become more prevalent in teacher preparation programs with the intent of providing the opportunity for pre-service teachers to become engaged with individuals who have different life experiences than their own. Lessons can be learned through a review of the literature and the examination of existing models of service learning, including an honest discussion of the advantages and potential barriers for all stakeholders.
Synthesis of most polyene natural product motifs using just 12 building blocks and one coupling reaction

The inherent modularity of polypeptides, oligonucleotides and oligosaccharides has been harnessed to achieve generalized synthesis platforms. Importantly, like these other targets, most small-molecule natural products are biosynthesized via iterative coupling of bifunctional building blocks. This suggests that many small molecules also possess inherent modularity commensurate with systematic building block-based construction. Supporting this hypothesis, here we report that the polyene motifs found in >75% of all known polyene natural products can be synthesized using just 12 building blocks and one coupling reaction. Using the same general retrosynthetic algorithm and reaction conditions, this platform enabled both the synthesis of a wide range of polyene frameworks that covered all of this natural-product chemical space and the first total syntheses of the polyene natural products asnipyrone B, physarigin A and neurosporaxanthin b-D-glucopyranoside. Collectively, these results suggest the potential for a more generalized approach to making small molecules in the laboratory.
Relation of age at menarche to race, time period, and anthropometric dimensions: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

Objective. To assess secular trends in menarcheal age between 1973 and 1994 and to determine whether childhood levels of height, weight, and skinfold thicknesses can account for racial (white/black) differ- ences in menarcheal age. Methods. Data from 7 cross-sectional examinations of school-aged children, with menarcheal age obtained through interviews, were used for both cross-sectional (11 218 observations) and longitudinal (n 2058) analy- ses. In the latter analyses, the baseline examination was performed between ages 5.0 and 9.9 years, and the mean follow-up was 6 years. Results. Black girls experienced menarche, on aver- age, 3 months earlier than did white girls (12.3 vs 12.6 years), and during the 20-year study period, the median menarcheal age decreased by approximately 9.5 months among black girls versus approximately 2 months among white girls. As compared with 5- to 9-year-old white girls, black girls were taller and weighed more, characteristics that were predictive of a relatively early (before age 11.0 years) menarche. However, even after adjustment for weight, height, and other characteristics, the rate of early menarche remained 1.4-fold higher among black girls than among white girls. Conclusions. Additional study of the determinants of menarcheal age is needed, as the timing of pubertal mat- uration may influence the risk of various diseases in adulthood. Pediatrics 2002;110(4). URL: http://www. pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/110/4/e43; menarche, obesity, blacks, height, secular trend.
Radiation Oncology Services in the Modern Era: Evolving Patterns of Usage and Payments in the Office Setting for Medicare Patients From 2000 to 2010

The authors conclude that the cost of radiation oncology services increased from 2000 to 2010 not only as a result of IMRT, but also with significant contribution from increased overall complexity of care.
Glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia in adolescent heart transplant recipients

Abstract Background Glucocorticoid-induced cushingoid symptoms, including osteopenia and osteoporosis are well-documented in adult heart transplant recipients (HTR). Bone mineral density (BMD) of the axial skeleton is diminished by 10% to 20% within 60 days after transplantation (Tx) and most adult HTR fulfill World Health Organization criteria for osteoporosis (BMD > 2.5 SD below norm). At present, we do not know whether glucocorticoids have similar deleterious effects in adolescent HTR. Methods To determine the consequences of glucocorticoid immunosuppression on regional bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in adolescent HTR, we studied 19 patients (aged 16 ± 3) at 19 months (group mean) after Tx. We measured BMD (hydroxyapatite g/cm 2 ) of the total body, lumbar spine, and pelvis using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar). Serum levels of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and pyridinoline cross-links were determined by enzyme immunoassay in serum kits. Results The BMD of the lumbar spine (−12%), femur neck (−13%), femur trochanter (−12%), and ward’s triangle (−16%) were significantly ( p p Conclusions Our cross-sectional results demonstrate that BMD of the axial skeleton in adolescent HTR is significantly lower (−10% to 20%) than age-matched norms and that serum biochemical markers of bone metabolism are significantly elevated, suggesting accelerated bone turnover.
Crystallization Kinetics of Olivine-Phyric Shergottites

Crystal size distribution (CSD) and spatial distribution pattern (SDP) analyses are applied to the early crystallizing phases, olivine and pyroxene, in olivine-phyric shergottites (Elephant moraine [EET] 79001A, Dar al Gani [DaG] 476, and dhofar [Dho] 019) from each sampling locality inferred from Mars ejection ages. Trace element zonation patterns (P and Cr) in olivine are also used to characterize the crystallization history of these Martian basalts. Previously reported 2-D CSDs for these meteorites are re-evaluated using a newer stereographically corrected methodology. Kinks in the olivine CSD plots suggest several populations that crystallized under different conditions. CSDs for pyroxene in DaG 476 and EET 79001A reveal single populations that grew under steady-state conditions; pyroxenes in Dho 019 were too intergrown for CSD analysis. Magma chamber residence times of several days for small grains to several months for olivine megacrysts are calculated using the CSD slopes and growth rates inferred from previous experimental data. Phosphorus imaging in olivines in DaG 476 and Dho 019 indicate rapid growth of skeletal, sector-zoned, or patchy cores, probably in response to delayed nucleation, followed by slow growth, and finally rapid dendritic growth with back-filling to form oscillatory zoning in rims. SPD analyses indicate that olivine and pyroxene crystals grew or accumulated in clusters rather than as randomly distributed grains. These data reveal complex solidification histories for Martian basalts, and are generally consistent with the formation at depth of olivine megacryst cores, which were entrained in ascending magmas that crystallized pyroxenes, small olivines, and oscillatory rims on megacrysts.
Neural lateralization of vocal control in a passerine bird. I. Song

The right and left hypoglossal nerves provide the motor innervation to the syrinx. The mechanism of song production in the chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs, is inferred from losses of song components following unilateral denervation of the syrinx. Greenwalt ('68) and Stein's ('68) “two-voice” theory of song production is supported. An independent sound source in each bronchus is under the control of the hypoglossal innervation to that side of the syrinx. Since a bird can silence a denervated bronchus, this is probably done by reducing air flow through its bore. Bilateral denervation of the syrinx renders a chaffinch virtually aphonic. The effect of unilateral denervation depends on the stage of vocal development when this operation is conducted, and on whether the right or left hypoglossus is cut. In adult birds section of the left hypoglossus results in the loss of most of the song's components. Section of the right hypoglossus results in the loss of few, if any, components. These losses are irreversible. The same operation in birds in the plastic song stage results in partly reversible changes, so that some of the lost song components can be redeveloped by the intact nerve. When either the right or the left hypoglossus is cut before the bird has started developing its song, normal song will develop under the control of the intact side. These observations are interpreted in terms of neural lateralization of vocal control and loss of motor plasticity. Loss of motor plasticity probably determines the end of the critical period for song learning. It is known that in the chaffinch song develops to match an acquired auditory model or template. The availability of this template is evaluated in the light of song recovery after unilateral hypoglossectomy during the plastic song stage. It is suggested that as song development proceeds, the template is recalled with greater and greater precision. Motor disruption of vocal development may render this template inaccessible.
Pigment epithelium-derived factor supports normal development of photoreceptor neurons and opsin expression after retinal pigment epithelium removal

Dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), its loss, or separation from the underlying neural retina results in severe photoreceptor degeneration. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a glycoprotein with reported neuroprotective and differentiation properties that is secreted in abundance by RPE cells. The "pooling" of PEDF within the interphotoreceptor matrix places this molecule in a prime physical location to affect the underlying neural retina. The purpose of this study was to analyze the morphogenetic activity of PEDF in a model of photoreceptor dysmorphogenesis induced by removal of the RPE. Eyes were dissected from embryonic Xenopus laevis, and the RPE was removed before culturing in medium containing PEDF, PEDF plus anti-PEDF antibodies, or medium alone. Control retinas were maintained with an adherent RPE. Light and electron microscopic analysis was used to examine retinal ultrastructure. Opsin was localized immunocytochemically and quantified as an index of outer segment membranous material and photoreceptor protein expression. Removal of the RPE resulted in an aberrant assembly of photoreceptor outer segments, loss of fine subcellular ultrastructure in photoreceptors, and a reduction in opsin protein levels when compared with control retinas. The addition of PEDF prevented the dysmorphic photoreceptor changes induced by RPE removal. In particular, photoreceptor ultrastructure, outer segment membrane assembly, and steady-state levels of opsin were equivalent to control conditions. Anti-PEDF antibodies completely blocked the morphogenetic activity of PEDF. These results indicate that PEDF is able to mimic the supportive role of the RPE on photoreceptors during the final stages of retinal morphogenesis.
CO2 Mitigation Potential of Mineral Carbonation with Industrial Alkalinity Sources in the United States

The availability of industrial alkalinity sources is investigated to determine their potential for the simultaneous capture and sequestration of CO2 from point-source emissions in the United States. Industrial alkalinity sources investigated include fly ash, cement kiln dust, and iron and steel slag. Their feasibility for mineral carbonation is determined by their relative abundance for CO2 reactivity and their proximity to point-source CO2 emissions. In addition, the available aggregate markets are investigated as possible sinks for mineral carbonation products. We show that in the U.S., industrial alkaline byproducts have the potential to mitigate approximately 7.6 Mt CO2/yr, of which 7.0 Mt CO2/yr are CO2 captured through mineral carbonation and 0.6 Mt CO2/yr are CO2 emissions avoided through reuse as synthetic aggregate (replacing sand and gravel). The emission reductions represent a small share (i.e., 0.1%) of total U.S. CO2 emissions; however, industrial byproducts may represent comparatively low-cost methods for the advancement of mineral carbonation technologies, which may be extended to more abundant yet expensive natural alkalinity sources.