cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uses of Results of Regional Climate Model Experiments for Impacts and Adaptation Studies: the Example of NARCCAP

We assess the use of the output of the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program’s (NARCCAP) regional climate model simulations for future climate impacts and adaptation studies. Over 30 publications have appeared across a wide range of impacts areas, such as hydrology, human health, wild fire risk, and species distributions. The main value of NARCCAP for the impacts researchers was allowing them to explore the effect of the uncertainty of spatial scale of scenarios on their impacts calculations. For example, several studies found that the variability across the higher resolution simulations had as much effect as using output from different global climate models, when applied to their impacts models. We determined the three main reasons the authors used the NARCCAP datasets: the higher spatial resolution (and the assumption of the attendant added value), the availability of many (53) variables at high temporal resolution (3 hourly), and the fact that the dataset was developed for use in impacts studies. This last refers to the issue of confidence in the information being provided based on the motivations and expertise of the providers.
Thyroid cancer: surgery for the primary tumor.

Summary Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for most patients who present with thyroid cancer. The surgeon must select an appropriate procedure based upon pre operative factors such as tumor histology, extent of primary disease, the presence of regional or distant metastases, associated disease in the contralateral thyroid lobe and the potential for post operative adjuvant therapy. Preservation of the vital structures in the central neck, including the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves and the parathyroid glands is critical as is the maintenance of absolute hemostasis. In this review article we describe the management of Well Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (WDTC) presenting as a solitary nodule, WDTC in a background of multinodular disease and the management of WDTC presenting as advanced local disease. We go onto discuss the impact that regional and distant metastases have on the choice of surgical approach. The focus of this article is WDTC, however the principles of management of the primary in medullary and anaplastic carcinoma are also discussed.
p-wave superconductivity in Sr2RuO4

There is accumulating evidence that the superconductivity of recently discoveredSr 2 Ru0 4 is of p-wave and nonunitary. After a brief introduction on experiments so far done onSr 2 Ru0 4 we will describe the effect of impurities and some properties of the vortex state in p-wave superconductors. A possible relevance of the present model for the superconductivity of organic superconductors in Bechgaard salts(TMTSF) 2 Xwith X =Cl0 4i PF 6 etc. is also briefly described.
Endothelium-derived factors of veins: Implications in development of venous disease

Vascular endothelia release paracrine factors which affect aggregation of platelets and the tone and proliferation of the underlying smooth muscle. These endothelium-derived factors are released in response to two limbs of Virchow's triad: (1) substances associated with the coagulation cascade, and (2) changes in blood flow. Therefore, dysfunction of the venous endothelium could contribute to development of deep venous thrombosis and structural disease of the venous wall.
TLR7 drives accumulation of ABCs and autoantibody production in autoimmune-prone mice.

Although autoantibodies are the hallmarks of most autoimmune diseases, the mechanisms by which autoreactive B cells are generated and accumulate are still poorly understood. Overexpression of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) that recognizes single-stranded RNAs has been implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), although the cellular mechanism by which this receptor drives the disease is unknown. We recently identified a population of CD11c+ age-associated B cells (ABCs) which is driven by TLR7 signaling, secretes autoantibodies and appears in autoimmune-prone mice by the time of onset of autoimmunity. Mice lacking the Mer receptor develop autoantibodies and splenomegaly similar to other mouse models of SLE. Here, we show that Mer−/− mice that lack TLR7 fail to develop anti-chromatin IgG antibodies, perhaps because they also fail to develop ABCs. Moreover, depletion of CD11c+ ABCs from Mer−/− mice leads to rapid reduction in autoantibodies. Together, these data strongly suggest that ABCs and/or their descendants are the primary source of autoantibodies in Mer−/− mice and that TLR7 signaling is crucial for accumulation of ABCs and development of autoantibodies. These data demonstrate for the first time that TLR7, and not TLR9, is responsible for generation of anti-chromatin IgG antibodies in Mer−/− mice.
Lumbar lordosis and pars interarticularis fractures: a case-control study

Objective The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between lumbar lordosis and pars interarticularis fractures.
Coherent Communication of Classical Messages

We define coherent communication in terms of a simple primitive, show it is equivalent to the ability to send a classical message with a unitary or isometric operation, and use it to relate other resources in quantum information theory. Using coherent communication, we are able to generalize superdense coding to prepare arbitrary quantum states instead of only classical messages. We also derive single-letter formulas for the classical and quantum capacities of a bipartite unitary gate assisted by an arbitrary fixed amount of entanglement per use.
Choice for signaled over unsignaled shock as a function of signal length.

Subjects chose between signaled and unsignaled shock conditions while signal length was varied between .5 and 2.0 seconds in steps of .5 seconds in both ascending and descending series. Preference for the signaled condition failed to develop initially for five of six subjects when signals were .5 or 1.0 seconds but became strong for all subjects when signals were 2.0 seconds (ascending series). Preference declined when signals were shortened, but for most subjects this decline was small (descending series). Since discriminable shock-free periods were present in the signaled condition at all signal lengths, these results suggest that safety may not be a sufficient condition for preference to develop for signaled shock.
Analysis of the Seasonal Mortality of the Cabbage Looper in North Carolina

Age-specific life tables were constructed for populations of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), on collards. The rapid population buildup in the 3rd generation was due to low mortality of large larvae during the 2nd generation. The principle mortality agent affecting large larvae during the late generations was a nuclear polyhedrosis virus, although other factors, including the tachinid voria ruralis (Fallen), were involved. Field and laboratory experiments indicated that successful overwintering of the cabbage looper in interior North Carolina was improbable.
The development of gender-related behavior in females following prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES).

Abstract Animal research has shown that diethylstilbestrol (DES) present during the sensitive developmental periods of the hypothalamus and adjacent areas of the brain affects the development of sex-dimorphic brain structures and subsequent behavior. To test for corresponding behavioral effects in humans, 30 women with a history of prenatal DES exposure were contrasted with 30 unexposed women who had been referred to the same clinic for a colposcopic examination because of an abnormal Pap smear. Gender-role behavior of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood was assessed by means of a semistructured interview, the Gender Role Assessment Schedule-Adult, and the Bem Sex Role Inventory. The mothers of these women were interviewed about their daughters with the “mother form” of the same interview schedule. The results suggest that DES women show less orientation toward parenting than the controls. There were no consistent group differences in other domains of gender-role behavior.
Management of atypical cranial meningiomas, part 1: predictors of recurrence and the role of adjuvant radiation after gross total resection.

BACKGROUND Indications for external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for atypical meningiomas (AMs) remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To analyze features associated with recurrence in AM patients after gross total resection (GTR) and to assess the relative benefit of EBRT in a retrospective cohort study. METHODS One hundred fifty-one primary AMs after GTR (88 female patients; median follow-up, 45.0 months) were examined for possible predictors of recurrence (age, sex, location, volume, bone involvement, brain invasion). The Fisher exact and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to analyze the association between these predictors and use of EBRT. The impact on recurrence for these predictors and EBRT was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. RESULTS Of 151 patients, 13 (8.6%) experienced recurrence after GTR (median, 47.0 months). Multivariate analysis identified elevated mitotic index (P = .007) and brain invasion (P = .002) as predictors of recurrence. Larger volume (P = .96) was not associated with recurrence but was more likely to prompt EBRT (P = .001). Recurrences occurred in 11 of 112 with GTR (9.8%; median, 44 months) and 2 of 39 with GTR/EBRT (5.1%; median, 133 months). The 2-, 5-, and 10-year progression-free survival rates after GTR vs GTR/EBRT were 97%, 86%, and 68% vs 100%, 100%, and 78%. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated no difference in progression-free survival or overall survival after GTR vs GTR/EBRT (P = .8, P > .99). CONCLUSION Brain invasion and high mitotic rates may predict recurrence. After GTR of AMs, EBRT appears not to affect progression-free survival and overall survival, suggesting that observation rather than EBRT may be indicated after GTR.
The relationship between managerial motivation, leadership, nurse outcomes and patient satisfaction

This ex-post facto/correlational study examines the relationships among the following variables: nurse manager motivation for power, achievement and affiliation (N=19), managerial leadership behaviors, staff nurse outcomes of job satisfaction, productivity and organizational commitment (N=221) and patient satisfaction (N=299). Results show that managerial motivation for power is negatively correlated with manager use of leadership behaviors and staff nurse job satisfaction but positively correlated with patient satisfaction. Managerial motivation for achievement is positively correlated with use of leadership behaviors as well as nurse job satisfaction, productivity and organizational commitment, and generally to patient satisfaction. Managerial motivation for affiliation reveals few significant positive or negative relationships with other variables. The researcher concludes that both power and achievement motivation of the manager influence staff and patient outcomes in health care in the 1990s. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
7-Ketocholesterol induces inflammation and angiogenesis in vivo: a novel rat model.

Accumulation of 7-Ketocholesterol (7KCh) in lipid deposits has been implicated in a variety of chronic diseases including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and age-related macular degeneration. 7KCh is known to be pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic to various types of cultured cells but little is known about its effects in vivo. In this study we have investigated the effects of 7KCh in vivo by implanting biodegradable wafers into the anterior chamber of the rat eye. The wafers were prepared using a mixture of two biodegradable polymers with different amounts of 7KCh. The 7KCh-containing implants induced massive angiogenesis and inflammation. By contrast, no angiogenesis and very little inflammation were observed with cholesterol-containing implants. The neovessel growth was monitored by fluorescein angiography. Neovessels were observed 4 days post implantation and peaked between 7 to 10 days. The angiography and isolectin IB4 labeling demonstrated that the neovessels originated from the limbus and grew through the cornea. Immunolabeling with anti-CD68 suggested that the 7KCh-containing implants had extensive macrophage infiltration as well as other cell types. A significant increase in VEGF was also observed in 7KCh-containing implants by fluorescent immunolabeling and by immunoblot of the aqueous humor (AH). Direct measurement of VEGF, IL-1β and GRO/KC demonstrated a marked elevation of these factors in the AH of the 7KCh-implants. In summary this study demonstrates two important things: 1) 7KCh is pro-angiogenic and pro–inflammatory in vivo and 2) implants containing 7KCh may be used to create a novel angiogenesis model in rats.
Politics, power and prevention: The People's Republic of China case

Abstract The article emphasizes the play of political power as a dimension of crime prevention and the special relevance of that relationship to the People's Republic of China. Prevention is embedded in the PRC macro-control system, which uses all elements of power in managing deviants and nondeviants simultaneously. The Maoist ideology has been sustained through “political education” that takes advantage of the traditional cultural acceptance of intervention before a legally-defined criminal act has been committed. Recent developments in the PRC, however, suggest that the macro-control props of political education are being weakened, as indicated by the recent resort to crime control methods. It appears that, although the uniqueness of the Chinese sociocultural system must be recognized, the PRC regime faces some of the problems faced by western societies that must share power in endeavoring to implement prevention programs.
Time to prostate-specific antigen nadir independently predicts overall survival in patients who have metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer treated with androgen-deprivation therapy

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the kinetics of PSA decline after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) initiation and overall survival (OS) in men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC).
Implementation of spectroscopic critical dimension (SCD) (TM) for gate CD control and stepper characterization

Smaller device dimensions and tighter process control windows have created a need for CD metrology tools having higher levels of precision and accuracy. Furthermore, the need to detect and measure changes in feature profiles is becoming critical to in-line process control and stepper evaluation for sub-0.18μm technology. Spectroscopic CD (SCD ) is an optical metrology technique that can address these needs. This work describes the use of a spectroscopic CD metrology tool to measure and characterize a sub-0.18μm gate level focus and exposure matrix. The spectroscopic CD tool is used to characterize the focus and exposure windows for the process. The results include comparison to the established in-line CD-SEM, as well as a cross-section SEM. Repeatability and long-term stability data from a gate level nominal process are also presented.
Rethinking reactive halogen budgets in the midlatitude lower stratosphere

Current stratospheric models have difficulties in fully explaining the observed midlatitude ozone depletion in the lowermost stratosphere, particularly near the tropopause. Such models assume that only long-lived source gases provide significant contributions to the stratospheric halogen budget, while all the short-lived compounds are removed in the troposphere, the products being rained out. Here we show this assumption to be flawed. Using bromine species as an example, we show that in the lowermost stratosphere, where the observed midlatitude ozone trend maximizes, bromoform (CHBr3) alone likely contributes more inorganic bromine than all the conventional long-lived sources (halons and methyl bromide) combined.
Detection of single letters and letters in words with changing vs unchanging mask characters

With a forced-choice procedure and tachistoscopic displays, accuracy of identification was compared for letters presented alone vs the same letters embedded in words or in nonword letter strings. The advantage for single letters over letters embedded in words or nonwords was found to depend jointly upon characteristics of the pre- and postmasks and change vs no change in mask characters in nontarget locations at the onset of single letter displays.
The Distribution of Sums of I.I.D. Pareto Random Variables with Arbitrary Shape Parameter

Laplace transforms are used to derive an exact expression for the cdf of the sum of n i.i.d. Pareto random variables with common pdf f(x) = (α/β)(1 + x/β)−α−1 for x > 0, where α > 0 and is not an integer, and β > 0. An attractive feature of this expression is that it involves an integral of non oscillating real-valued functions on the positive real line. Examples of values of cdfs are provided and are compared to those determined via simulations.
The concentration of particulate carbohydrate in a region of the West Africa upwelling zone during March, 1974

Abstract Particulate matter was analyzed for carbohydrates off the coast of West Africa during a period of upwelling. Samples were analyzed for total, or dilute-acid soluble, dilute-alkali soluble and residual carbohydrate by the phenol-sulphuric acid technique. Concentrations of total carbohydrate in the area were intermediate between those previously reported for estuarine and open-ocean regions. Except for nearshore areas, where windblown sand discolored in the seawater, total carbohydrate in surface waters was directly proportional to chlorophyll a concentrations. Thus, living phytoplankton contributed a significant part of the carbohydrate. Dilute-acid fractions were generally 30 to 50% of the total carbohydrate in the surface waters along a transect offshore; in the deepest samples taken this fraction accounded for 15 to 25% of total carbohydrate. The dilute-alkali fraction was less than the dilute-acid fraction, accounting for ca 30% of the total carbohydrate in surface waters and usually 15% in deeper samples. The residual fraction generally increased with depth and accounted for more than 50% of the total carbohydrate in surface and deepest samples. The proportion of carbohydrate in living phytoplankton is discussed in relation to other analyses in upwelling areas and open ocean regions.
Self-organized Criticality and Its Application in Power System Collapse Prevention

The state electric power transmission networks of china is experiencing rapid changes and will continue to be operated closer to a stressed condition in which there is substantial risk of cascading outages and blackouts. Major cascading disturbances, or blackouts of these transmission systems can obviously cause severe damage to our society. Based on the concept of self-organized criticality (SOC) and fractal and by analyzing power system blackouts in China from 1981 to 2002, the characters of SOC of domestic power system blackouts are revealed, and the scale-frequency models for blackouts occurred in nationwide power grid are constructed. For these statistics, it strongly suggests that SOC dynamics may play an important role in the global complex dynamics of power systems.
ROLE OF TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PARADOXICAL LOW FLOW, LOW GRADIENT SEVERE AORTIC STENOSIS DESPITE PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION

Prior studies reported up to 35% of cases of severe aortic stenosis (AS) have paradoxical low flow despite preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (EF). It is unclear if some of these cases were misclassified due to error in left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter. We hypothesized that
The Effect of the Dietary Level of Cottonseed Meal on Hatchability

Abstract FEW experiments have been conducted to determine the value of cottonseed meal in the diets of laying chickens, probably because it is known that it contains substances responsible for olive-colored yolks and pink yolks and whites in stored eggs. It is known that gossypol is the component of cottonseed that causes olive-colored yolks but it apparently is not known if gossypol and the other components of the pigment glands have an adverse effect on the production and hatchability of eggs. Little is known about the feeding value of cottonseed protein— that is, whether cottonseed meal could be used as the only protein concentrate in the diets of laying chickens, or whether it must be supplemented by other protein concentrates if satisfactory results are to be obtained. There are times when cottonseed meal is relatively cheap, and if more information were available about its possible limitations and the methods of correcting . . .
Aluminum distribution in four-rings and six-rings of the faujasite lattice

The distribution of four-rings containing 0, 1, or 2 aluminum ions and the distribution of six-rings containing 0, 1, 2, or 3 lattice aluminum ions as a function of aluminum content was calculated on the basis of the computer procedure for randomly siting aluminum ions in the faujasite lattice. Qualitative agreement with available test data was obtained.
Saxitoxin binding to sodium channels in head extracts from wild-type and tetrodotoxin-sensitive strains of Drosophila melanogaster.

Extracts prepared from heads of Drosophila melanogaster show high-affinity binding (KD = 1.9 nM) of [3H]saxitoxin, a compound known to bind to and block voltage-sensitive sodium channels in other organisms. The interaction between saxitoxin and the Drosophila saxitoxin receptor is non-cooperative and reversible with a half-life of 18.3 s for binding at 4°C. The saturable binding is specifically inhibited by tetrodotoxin with a KI = 0.30 nM. The number of saturable binding sites in the extract is 97 fmol/mg protein. Since approx. 50% of the binding activity is recovered in the extract, the number of binding sites in the head is estimated to be 6.4 fmol/mg head. Nerve conduction in Drosophila larvae is completely blocked after 20 min in a bathing solution containing 200 nM tetrodotoxin. A comparison between the binding and the electrophysiological studies in Drosophila and other organisms suggests that the Drosophila saxitoxin receptor is part of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel involved in the propagation of action potentials. A mutant (ttxs), which is abnormally sensitive to dietary tetrodotoxin, is shown to be indistinguishable from wild type with respect to [3H]saxitoxin-binding properties and physiological sensitivity to tetrodotoxin. These studies provide techniques which can be used to identify mutants with defects in the saxitoxin-binding component of the sodium channel.
GNEIMO Constrained Dynamics Method: A Tool for Protein Structure Refinement and Conformational Changes

Constrained molecular dynamics methods, wherein the high frequency degrees of freedom are placed as hard holonomic constraints in the dynamic model of the protein have been developed several decades ago, but these methods are not used widely. There are several bottlenecks in using these methods, the most formidable being the computational time taken for solving the coupled equations of motion. Spatial operator algebra(SOA) techniques reduces the computational time for solving the equations of motion by two orders of magnitude. We have developed a computational framework called GNEIMO, that uses the SOA techniques combined with all-atom force field and appropriate integrators to solve the constrained equations of motion. The generalized constrained molecular dynamics method GNEIMO, allows the user to “freeze and thaw” torsional degrees of freedom as fit for the problem studied.We will demonstrate the use of GNEIMO method in protein structure refinement of low resolution homology models. Starting from low resolution homology models we observed that the all-torsion GNEIMO method leads to a 2A improvement in RMSD to the crystal structure, while the all-atom molecular dynamics method disrupts the starting model further. The GNEIMO method also showed enrichment in the population density of native-like conformations.We have also tested out the GNEIMO method for studying conformational transitions between two well characterized (crystal structures) conformations of a protein. Long time scale dynamics with GNEIMO on calmodulin and fasciculin shows that the transitions from one conformation to another happen with more facility than with all-atom MD simulations.
An analysis of Guttman's simplex

Applying a Spearman formula for factor loadings to a variant of the diagonal method, the Guttman simplex model is factored algebraically inton/2 additive factors. The finding that communalities can be discovered such that the rank of a simplex becomesn/2 is contradictory to Guttman's contention that the minimal rank isn — 2. Certain matrices of 4 and 5 variables presented by Guttman as simplexes, can, in general, be considered 2-factor matrices, easily analyzed to simple structure without rotation. One example of 6 variables is factored by the method described to a 3-factor structure.
The effects of food deprivation and the length of the test on muricide in rats.

Abstract Long-Evans hooded rats were divided into three feeding conditions: ad lib, deprivation, or deprivation/ad lib. Approximately one-half of the animals received a 5-min mouse-killing test while the remaining animals received a 20-min, 24-hr mouse-killing test. Results indicate that food deprivation is a powerful determinant of the initiation of mouse killing in rats, but subsequent maintenance of the killing response is less dependent of feeding schedules. The probability of mouse killing is not affected by shifting deprived rats to an ad lib feeding schedule; however, response latencies are significantly increased by this manipulation. In addition, the results of this study indicate the need for future research to determine a standard and optimum mouse-killing test duration.
The Lithuanian preterit in

Abstract The author suggests that, for certain categories of verbs at least, the Baltic preterit in ∗ - ē has nothing to do with the Indo-European ∗ - ē . Rather the Baltic ∗ - ē preterit is an analogical development on the basis of the preterit in ∗ - ā .
Using Ants to Investigate the Environment.

The best place for students to begin to understand complex environmental relationships is in their own back yards. Doing investigations of ants allows students to establish a baseline survey of ant fauna, test the importance of ants in nutrient cycling and soil structure maintenance, and increase their understanding of the environment and their impact on it. The three inquiry-based activities in this article will guide your students to a deeper understanding of ants, ant behaviors and habitats, and the relationship of ants to the study of the environment.
Magnetic hardening in Mn-substituted Pr-Fe-B alloys at cryogenic temperatures

Abstract The structural and magnetic properties of Pr 13 Fe 82− x Mn x B 5 alloys have been studied in a wide temperature range. X-ray diffraction data showed the presence of 2:14:1 phase in all the samples. A maximum coercivity of 30 kOe at 10 K was observed in a sample containing 22% Mn, which dropped rapidly to a value of 8 kOe at 40 K and was negligible at temperatures above 120 K. The coercivity of the Mn-free sample was less than 1 kOe at 10 K. The Curie temperature of the alloys dropped drastically with Mn substitution from 580 to 120 K for the x = 30 sample. Initial magnetization data showed a domain wall pinning like behavior. It is suggested that this domain wall pinning occurs at atomic size defects because of the extremely thin size of domain walls in these alloys.
Children of currently depressed mothers: a STAR*D ancillary study

OBJECTIVE To assess the current and lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children of currently depressed mothers and to assess the association of clinical features of maternal depression (i.e., severity, chronicity, and clinical features) with child psychopathology. Mothers were participants in the STAR*D (Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression) multisite trial, designed to compare effectiveness and acceptability of different treatment options for outpatients with non-psychotic major depressive disorder (MDD). METHOD Treatment-seeking mothers with a current DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD and with at least 1 child 7 to 17 years old were assessed during a major depressive episode (MDE). For each mother, 1 child was assessed (if a mother had more than 1 child, 1 was randomly selected). Maternal features assessed for this study were history of MDEs, severity of current MDE, comorbid conditions, depressive symptom features, and social functioning. Children were assessed for selected psychiatric diagnoses (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version [K-SADS-PL]), psychopathologic symptoms and social functioning (Child Behavior Checklist), and global functioning (Children's Global Assessment Scale). Data were gathered from December 2001 to April 2004. RESULTS A large proportion (72%) of mothers were severely depressed (17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score >/= 22). About a third (34%) of children had a current psychiatric disorder, including disruptive behavior (22%), anxiety (16%), and depressive (10%) disorders. Nearly half (45%) had a lifetime psychiatric disorder, including disruptive behavior (29%), anxiety (20%), and depressive (19%) disorders. Atypical depressive features in the mother were associated with a 3-fold increase in the odds of having a child with depressive (OR = 3.3 [95% CI = 1.2 to 9.5]; p = .02) or anxiety (OR = 2.6 [95% CI = 1.1 to 6.9]; p = .03) disorders. A history of maternal suicide attempts and the presence of comorbid panic disorder with agoraphobia were associated with a 3-fold increase and an 8-fold increase in the odds of depressive disorders in the offspring, respectively. The final model showed significant associations (p </= .05) between the following characteristics of maternal depression and offspring disorders: maternal comorbid panic disorder with agoraphobia and offspring depressive and anxiety disorders, maternal irritable depression and offspring disruptive behavior disorders and any disorder, and maternal substance use disorders and any disorder. CONCLUSIONS Children of mothers in the midst of a current MDE are at high risk for disruptive behavior and anxiety disorders. The elevated risk of psychopathology among children of depressed mothers may recommend assessment of these children when clinically suggested. Children of depressed mothers with comorbid panic disorder with agoraphobia are at high risk for depressive and anxiety disorders and deserve special attention from clinicians.
Constructing a Narrative: The History of Science and Technology in Latin America

This article provides a general introduction to the historiography of the history of science and technology in Latin America and presents an overview of the field's principal themes, with especial focus on how these have been addressed in English-language historical works. It engages the problems associated with constructing synthetic historical narratives and suggests ways of addressing these by using micro-histories to explain the relationship between the local, the national, and the transnational within the analytical framework afforded by intellectual history, history of science and of technology.
Intelligent multichannel stimulator for the study of cardiac arrhythmias.

An intelligent multichannel stimulator (IMS) has been designed and built for use in a cardiac research environment. The device is capable of measuring and responding to cardiac electrophysiological phenomena in real time with carefully timed and placed electrical stimuli. The system consists of 16 channels of sense/stimulation electronics controlled by a digital signal processor (DSP) data acquisition card and a host computer and can be expanded to include more channels. The DSP allows for powerful and flexible algorithms to be implemented for real-time interaction with the cardiac tissue. Although a number of possible uses can be conceived for such a device, the initial motivation was to improve upon attempts to terminate fibrillation by pacing. The IMS was tested in an open-chest animal model, both in sinus rhythm and during fibrillation. It was shown to be an effective research tool by demonstrating the ability to measure and respond to cardiac activations in real time using complex numerical algorithms and appropriately timed stimuli. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Translocation of the light chain protease by the heavy chain protein-conducting channel

Clostridial botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) inhibit synaptic exocytosis; intoxication requires the di-chain protein to undergo conformational changes in response to pH and redox gradients across the endosomal membrane with consequent formation of a protein-conducting channel by the heavy chain (HC) that translocates the light chain (LC) protease into the cytosol, colocalizing it with the substrate SNARE proteins. We investigate the dynamics of protein-translocation across membranes using a sensitive single-molecule assay to track translocation events with millisecond resolution on lipid bilayers and on membrane patches of Neuro 2A cells. Translocation of BoNT/A LC by the HC is observed in real time as changes of channel conductance: the channel is occluded by the light chain during transit, and open after completion of translocation and release of cargo, acting intriguingly similar to the protein-conducting/translocating channels of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Our findings support the notion of an interdependent, tight interplay between the HC transmembrane chaperone and the LC cargo that prevents LC aggregation and dictates the productive passage of cargo through the channel and completion of translocation.
LATOR: laser astrometric test of relativity

LATOR is a space-based experiment to accurately measure the gravitational deflectional deflection of light. The experiment uses two laser bearing spacecraft at the opposite side of the Sun and a very long baseline heterodyne interferometer to measure the angle at an accuracy of 0.2 uas. Combining this measurement with laser ranging from Earth to both spacecraft, gravitational deflection can be made with an accuracy 5000 times better than previously done and will allow measurements of the second order and frame dragging effects.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fabrication and characterization of single layer and multi-layer anodic alumina membranes

Abstract Porous alumina films containing parallel capillary pores of uniform size were fabricated by anodically oxidizing high purity aluminum films in phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid solutions. These films were formed into membranes by post-oxidation processing that removes unoxidized aluminum as well as a barrier layer of alumina from the base of the pores. Symmetric membranes were made by oxidizing at constant current density conditions. Two layer composite membranes were made by changing current density during the oxidation process. The thickness, pore density and porosity of each membrane were predicted from the relationships between structural characteristics and processing conditions that were developed in previously reported kinetic studies of anodic oxidation of aluminum. Each membrane was then characterized using permeability measurements. The hydraulic permeability of membranes formed in phosphoric acid and the diffusive permeability of membranes formed in sulfuric acid were measured. A comparison of the measured permeability values to those predicted using the structural characteristics calculated using relationships developed in the kinetic studies shows excellent agreement. These results illustrate that porous alumina membranes can be fabricated with transport characteristics that can be predicted from the processing conditions used during membrane formation.
General formulation of four pole parameters for three-dimensional cavities utilizing modal expansion, with special attention to the annular cylinder

Abstract Four poles for three-dimensional cavities were simulated in terms of eigenfunctions of these cavities, first for general curvilinear co-ordinates, then for the specific example of an annular cylindrical cavity. As an application example, this formulation was applied to an annular cylindrical cavity connected to an anechoic pipe, with a single and a double input. Various responses are illustrated. Many applications come to mind, for example in three-dimensional muffler theory, but application examples were chosen in such a way that they contribute to the understanding of pressure pulsations inside a shell enclosing a refrigeration compressor, with the acoustic input being the suction port of the compressor and the output being the evaporator pipe. The relative locations of input and output ports, pressure distributions in the cavity at resonance condition, and phase cancellations when two input ports are used, are discussed.
Characterization of macromolecular synthesis in the epithelium of cultured rabbit lenses.

The chronological pattern of RNA, DNA, protein synthesis and mitosis has been characterized in the epithelial cells of cultured rabbit lenses. Increments in both RNA and protein synthesis (as reflected by the incorporation of tritiated uridine and tritiated protein hydrolysate) were detected by 7 hr of culture. These macromolecular changes precede and are essential for the initiation of DNA synthesis and mitosis, which commence at 24 and 35 hr, respectively. Lenses exposed to actinomycin D from 0–4 hr fail to enter either DNA synthesis or mitosis, and exhibit a reduced incorporation of tritiated uridine. At intervals beyond 18 hr, the antibiotic has little or no effect on the entrance of the cells into DNA synthesis. Continuous exposure to puromycin also inhibits both DNA synthesis and mitosis and brings about reduction in the increase in the incorporation of tritiated protein hydrolysate that normally accompanies the proliferative response. These macromolecular changes are correlated with recent observations on the fine structure of the cultured lens.
Genes Induced by Reovirus Infection Have a Distinct Modular Cis- Regulatory Architecture

The availability of complete genomes and global gene expression profiling has greatly facilitated analysis of complex genetic regulatory systems. We describe the use of a bioinformatics strategy for analyzing the cis-regulatory design of genes diferentially regulated during viral infection of a target cell. The large-scale transcriptional activity of human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells to reovirus (serotype 3 Abney) infection was measured using the Affymetrix HU-95Av2 gene array. Comparing the 2000 base pairs of 5' upstream sequence for the most differentially expressed genes revealed highly preserved sequence regions, which we call "modules". Higher-order patterns of modules, called "super-modules", were significantly over-represented in the 5' upstream regions of transcriptionally responsive genes. These supermodules contain binding sites for multiple transcription factors and tend to define the role of genes in processes associated with reovirus infection. The supermodular design encodes a cis-regulatory logic for transducing upstream signaling for the control of expression of genes involved in similar biological processes. In the case of reovirus infection, these processes recapitulate the integrated response of cells including signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. The computational strategies described for analyzing gene expression data to discover cis-regulatory features and associating them with pathological processes represents a novel approach to studying the interaction of a pathogen with its target cells.
Effects of Culturally Consistent Counseling Tasks on American and International Student Observers' Perception of Counselor Credibility: A Preliminary Investigation

The researcher investigated the causes of international students' perception of counselor credibility. Student observers viewed two videotapes of simulated counseling that were determined to be significantly different: Tape A was consistent with the Asian lndian client's cultural values; Tape B, with mainstream counseling. The observers, White American students and Asian Indian and South Korean international students, were asked to view Tape A or Tape B and answer Barak and LaCrosse's Counselor Rating Form (CRF). The Asian Indians found the culturally consistent counselor significantly more expert-like and trustworthy than the culturally discrepant counselor. The Asian Indians differed from the Americans on their perceptions of the culturally discrepant counselor.
Secretion Rates and Chemical Composition of Oviduct and Uterine Fluids in Ewes

Oviduct and uterine fluids were collected by cannulation for 33-57 days from three nonpregnant ewes during the breeding season. Secretion rates of oviduct fluids were 1.35 ± 0.08 ml/24 hr from both oviducts during the 4-day period following the onset of estrus, and 0.45 ± 0.04 ml/24 hr during the remainder of the estrous cycle. Secretion rates of uterine fluids during the same two periods were 3.43 ± 1.59 and 0.59 ± 0.31 ml/2 uterine horns/24 hr, respectively. Oviduct fluids contained lower (� < .05) concentrations of dry matter, lipid choline, and glycerophosphoryl choline (GPC) diesterase activity than uterine fluids. Concentrations of protein, glucose, lactate, citrate, and lipid aldehyde did not differ significantly between the two fluids. Concentrations of lipid choline and GPC diesterases increased (� < .05) near estrus in oviduct and uterine fluids. Concentrations of other components did not vary widely between the stages of the estrous cycle, even though secretion rates changed markedly.
Primary radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the pyriform sinus

The objective of this study is to report the long-term outcomes of primary radiotherapy (RT) for patients with T1–T2 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the pyriform sinus. Between November 1964 and March 2008, 135 patients with T1–T2 pyriform sinus SCC were treated with primary RT at the University of Florida. Adjuvant chemotherapy was employed in 21 patients (16 %) and 62 patients (46 %) underwent a planned neck dissection. Median follow-up was 3.5 years (range 0.2–24.7 years); median follow-up on living patients was 8.3 years (range 3.8–24.0 years). The 5-year outcomes were as follows: local control, 85 %; regional control, 81 %; local–regional control, 71 %; distant metastasis-free survival, 76 %; cause-specific survival, 62 %; and overall survival, 38 %. The 5-year local control rate was 88 % for T1 cancers and 84 % for those with T2 SCCs (p = 0.5429). Sixteen patients (12 %) experienced severe late complications. Primary RT results in a high probability of cure with a relatively modest risk of severe late complications for patients with T1–T2 SCCs of the pyriform sinus.
Efficient compression and handling of current source model library waveforms

This paper describes a waveform compression technique suitable for the efficient utilization, storage and interchange of the emerging current source model (CSM) based cell libraries. The technique is based on pre-processing of a collection of voltage/current waveforms for the cells in the library and then, constructing an orthogonal time-voltage/time-current waveform basis using singular-value decomposition. Compression is achieved by representing all waveforms as linear combination coefficients of adaptive subset of the basis waveforms. Experimental results indicate that adaptive waveform representation results in higher compression ratios than the waveform representation as a function of fixed set of basis functions. Interpolation and further compression are obtained by representing the coefficients as simple functions of various parameters, e.g., input slew, load capacitance, supply voltage, and temperature. The methods introduced in this paper are tested and validated on several industrial strength libraries, with spectacular compression results.
Comparing averages in time series data

Visualizations often seek to aid viewers in assessing the big picture in the data, that is, to make judgments about aggregate properties of the data. In this paper, we present an empirical study of a representative aggregate judgment task: finding regions of maximum average in a series. We show how a theory of perceptual averaging suggests a visual design other than the typically-used line graph. We describe an experiment that assesses participants' ability to estimate averages and make judgments based on these averages. The experiment confirms that this color encoding significantly outperforms the standard practice. The experiment also provides evidence for a perceptual averaging theory.
Functional Activity of the Corpus Luteum Following Hysterectomy

ABSTRACT The role of the uterus in the maintenance and regression of the corpus luteum was investigated in 7 patients who underwent hysterectomy for leiomyomata. Except in one patient, hysterectomy was performed in the postovulatory phase of the cycle. The patients were evaluated by preoperative and postoperative urinary pregnanediol determination, visual inspection of the ovaries and histologic examination of the endometrium. The data indicate that hysterectomy did not prolong the life span of the corpus luteum in the operative cycle, and cyclic ovarian function occurred after the operation. It appears that, in contrast to the situation in lower species, a uterine luteolytic factor is not involved in regulating the life span of the human corpus luteum. A self-regulatory mechanism in the corpus luteum itself is probably involved in the regression of luteal function in the human.
Head-to-TOE Evaluation of High-Performance Sockets over Protocol Offload Engines

Despite the performance drawbacks of Ethernet, it still possesses a sizable footprint in cluster computing because of its low cost and backward compatibility to existing Ethernet infrastructure. In this paper, we demonstrate that these performance drawbacks can be reduced (and in some cases, arguably eliminated) by coupling TCP offload engines (TOEs) with 10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GigE). Although there exists significant research on individual network technologies such as 10GigE, InfiniBand (IBA), and Myrinet; to the best of our knowledge, there has been no work that compares the capabilities and limitations of these technologies with the recently introduced 10GigE TOEs in a homogeneous experimental testbed. Therefore, we present performance evaluations across 10GigE, IBA, and Myrinet (with identical cluster-compute nodes) in order to enable a coherent comparison with respect to the sockets interface. Specifically, we evaluate the network technologies at two levels: (i) a detailed micro-benchmark evaluation and (ii) an application-level evaluation with sample applications from different domains, including a bio-medical image visualization tool known as the Virtual Microscope, an iso-surface oil reservoir simulator, a cluster file-system known as the parallel virtual file-system (PVFS), and a popular cluster management tool known as Ganglia. In addition to 10GigE's advantage with respect to compatibility to wide-area network infrastructures, e.g., in support of grids, our results show that 10GigE also delivers performance that is comparable to traditional high-speed network technologies such as IBA and Myrinet in a system-area network environment to support clusters and that 10GigE is particularly well-suited for sockets-based applications