cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aromatic residues at the extracellular ends of transmembrane domains 5 and 6 promote ligand activation of the G protein-coupled alpha-factor receptor

The alpha-factor receptor (STE2) stimulates a G protein signaling pathway that promotes mating of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previous random mutagenesis studies implicated residues in the regions near the extracellular ends of the transmembrane domains in ligand activation. In this study, systematic Cys scanning mutagenesis across the ends of transmembrane domains 5 and 6 identified two residues, Phe(204) and Tyr(266), that were important for receptor signaling. These residues play a specific role in responding to alpha-factor since the F204C and Y266C substituted receptors responded to an alternative agonist (novobiocin). To better define the structure of this region, the Cys-substituted mutant receptors were assayed for reactivity with a thiol-specific probe that does not react with membrane-imbedded residues. A drop in reactivity coincided with residues likely to be buried in the membrane. Interestingly, both Phe(204) and Tyr(266) are located very near the interface region. However, these assays predict that Phe(204) is accessible at the surface of the receptor, consistent with the strong defect in binding alpha-factor caused by mutating this residue. In contrast, Tyr(266) was not accessible. This correlates with the ability of Y266C mutant receptors to bind alpha-factor and suggests that this residue is involved in the subsequent triggering of receptor activation. These results highlight the role of aromatic residues near the ends of the transmembrane segments in the alpha-factor receptor, and suggest that similar aromatic residues may play an important role in other G protein-coupled receptors.
Magnetic charge and hyperfine splitting in hydrogen

Abstract The large spatial size of magnetic charges (or dyons) and parity considerations are used to show that in models of the proton based on dyons the hyperfine splitting must be due to the magnetic moment produced by the electric charge. The contributions of the magnetic monopoles cancel, otherwise the proton would have a large electric dipole moment.
Darwinian rivers: evolving stream topographies to match hyporheic residence time distributions

We employed genetic algorithms to investigate the relationship between stream topographies and their associated hyporheic residence time distributions. A hyporheic residence time is the time it takes a water particle to enter the sediments below a stream, travel through the sediment, and re-enter the surface water of the stream. This subsurface journey affects stream chemistry and water quality, and increased knowledge of this process could be helpful in addressing the environmental problems caused by excess nutrients and waterborne pollutants in riverine ecosystems. We used a multi-scale two-dimensional model, lightly adapted from three previous models, to calculate residence time distributions from system characteristics. Our primary goal is the investigation of the "RTD inverse problem" - discovering stream topographies that would generate a specified target residence time distribution (RTD). We used genetic algorithms to evolve the shape of stream topographies (represented by Fourier series) to discover shapes that yield RTDs that closely match the target RTD. Our contributions are: a) the specification of the RTD inverse problem, b) evidence that genetic algorithms provide an effective method for approaching this problem, and c) the discovery of some unanticipated patterns among the evolved topographies. This early work seems promising and should encourage further applications of evolutionary computing in this area, with eventual application to stream restoration projects.
A systematic review of the associations between dose regimens and medication compliance

Background: Previous reviews of the literature on medication compliance have confirmed the inverse relationship between number of daily doses and rate of compliance. However, compliance in most of these studies was based on patient self-report, blood-level monitoring, prescription refills, or pill count data, none of which are as accurate as electronic monitoring (EM). Objective: In this paper, we review studies in which compliance was measured with an EM device to determine the associations between dose frequency and medication compliance. Methods: Articles included in this review were identified through literature searches of MEDLINE®, PsychInfo®, HealthStar, Health & Psychosocial Instruments, and the Cochrane Library using the search terms patient compliance, patient adherence, electronic monitoring, and MEMS (medication event monitoring systems). The review was limited to studies reporting compliance measured by EM devices, the most accurate compliance assessment method to date. Because EM was introduced only in 1986, the literature search was restricted to the years 1986 to 2000. In the identified studies, data were pooled to calculate mean compliance with once-daily, twice-daily, 3-times-daily, and 4-times-daily dosing regimens. Because of heterogeneity in definitions of compliance, 2 major categories of compliance rates were defined: dose-taking (taking the prescribed number of pills each day) and dose-timing (taking pills within the prescribed time frame). Results: A total of 76 studies were identified. Mean dose-taking compliance was 71% ± 17% (range, 34%–97%) and declined as the number of daily doses increased: 1 dose = 79% ± 14%, 2 doses = 69% ± 15%, 3 doses = 65% ± 16%, 4 doses = 51% ± 20% (P < 0.001 among dose schedules). Compliance was significantly higher for once-daily versus 3-times-daily (P = 0.008), once-daily versus 4-times-daily (P < 0.001), and twice-daily versus 4-times-daily regimens (P = 0.001); however, there were no significant differences in compliance between once-daily and twice-daily regimens or between twice-daily and 3-times-daily regimens. In the subset of 14 studies that reported dose-timing results, mean dose-timing compliance was 59% ± 24%; more frequent dosing was associated with lower compliance rates. Conclusions: A review of studies that measured compliance using EM confirmed that the prescribed number of doses per day is inversely related to compliance. Simpler, less frequent dosing regimens resulted in better compliance across a variety of therapeutic classes.
Influence of Climate on the Early Diagenesis of Carbonate Eolianites

Cement types and mineralogy of Pleistocene and Holocene eolianites on the northeastern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula reveal that the late Pleistocene climate in that area was drier than the present one. Pleistocene dune rocks were deposited and lithified under the influence of an arid or semiarid climate in which sparse rainfall inhibited loss of metastable mineralogy, and intense evapotranspiration induced precipitation of finely crystalline calcite cement and caliche. Surficial caliche crusts formed an aquiclude that continues to protect the underlying Pleistocene eolianites from effects of the modern subhumid climate. The more humid and moderate climate of Holocene time has produced eolianites which are losing aragonite and Mg calcite at a relatively fast rate and which are cemented with generally coarser sparry calcite. Calcarenites that undergo early subaerial diagenesis in an arid climate may retain substantial intergranular porosity over long periods of geologic time.
Achievement Versus Failure Intelligence, Education and Career in Seven Female Transexuals

Seven female transexuals were of average or higher intelligence and tended to be relatively superior verbally rather than numerically or in space-form ability. They were well motivated vocationally and tended to achieve vocationally, perhaps in compensation for their psychosexual disability.
Evaluation of potential bloodborne pathogen exposures among body piercers.

(2001). Evaluation of Potential Bloodborne Pathogen Exposures Among Body Piercers. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: Vol. 16, No. 10, pp. 925-935.
52-Year-Old Woman With Hypotension, Hypothyroidism, and Hyponatremia

Resident in Internal Medicine (C.H.B.) and Fellow in Cardiovascular Diseases (A.M.K.), Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Advisor to resident and fellow and Consultant in Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.C.G.). A 52-year-old woman with hypothyroidism presented to the emergency department with nausea, malaise, and hyponatremia. Her illness had begun 3 months previously with increasing generalized weakness, fatigue, insomnia, bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome requiring surgical release, and decreased appetite with a corresponding weight loss of 8 kg. At that time, her thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level was 8.0 mIU/L (reference range, 0.3-5.0 mIU/L), so her physician increased her levothyroxine dosage from 75 mg/d to alternating daily doses of 75 mg and 88 mg. Her symptoms had accelerated during the past 2 weeks and now included constipation, worsening exercise tolerance, and vomiting. She noted that most women in her family have hypothyroidism and that her daughter had just been diagnosed as having granulomatosis with polyangiitis. The patient did not smoke tobacco, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs, had never been incarcerated, had no sick contacts, and had not traveled outside her home state in the Midwest. Because her symptoms had not improved despite treatment during the past 3 months and now had worsened, she sought evaluation in the emergency department. On admission, her temperature was 37 C, and she had orthostatic vital signs. Her supine, sitting, and standing blood pressure and heart rate were 108/68 mm Hg and 79 beats/min, 88/71 mm Hg and 105 beats/min, and 64/39 mm Hg and 64 beats/min, respectively. She was alert and oriented and had a slender body habitus. Her mucous membranes were moist, but she appeared slightly volume depleted because jugular venous pulsations were not visible on examination despite manual pressure applied to her abdomen. Cardiothoracic, neurologic, thyroid, and abdominal examinations yielded normal findings. Her skin appeared slightly hyperpigmented, but there was no buccal or palmar crease hyperpigmentation.
Thoron versus Radon: Comparison of Measured Progeny Aerosol Size Distributions

A review of the literature showed that measurements of the comparative size of radon and thoron progeny have yielded mixed results. On the other hand, a theoretical analysis showed that differences might be expected in certain circumstances. Therefore, we reviewed our archived and recent measurements of radon progeny particle size to see if information on thoron progeny particle size can be extracted. The data reviewed include tests done in our 20 m3 radon test chamber and in three single-family houses in New Jersey. To determine if there were significant differences in the radon and thoron progeny particle size, a Monte Carlo error analysis was carried out on these test data. From these studies we conclude that the difference between radon and thoron progeny particle size is too small to be measured.
Longitudinal study of the carrier testing process for fragile X syndrome: perceptions and coping.

This paper reports the results of a longitudinal study of women at-risk to inherit the fragile X mutation. It addresses 1) how upsetting the women perceived their carrier information to be, 2) how serious a problem they perceive fragile X syndrome to be, and 3) descriptions of feelings about the carrier testing process. The study sample consisted of 42 women (20 carriers and 22 non-carriers). There were two measurement times (just prior to carrier testing and after learning actual carrier status). The measures used were a Fragile X Visual Analog Scale and a structured interview. At time 1, being at-risk was reported to be upsetting and fragile X syndrome was perceived to be a serious problem. For the women found to be carriers there was no change from time 1 to time 2 on any of the items. Significant change occurred in the non-carriers. They were significantly less upset at time 2 after receiving the results of their carrier test than at time 1. They also perceived fragile X syndrome to be a more serious problem than they did at time 1 and a more serious problem than the carriers at time 2. Themes found included concerns that carrier status for fragile X syndrome presented a barrier for having healthy biological children and concern for children's and grandchildren's adaptation to their own carrier status. Coping behaviors were activated to manage the emotions related to these concerns. The coping behaviors identified were minimization, acceptance of the possibility of being a carrier, a sense of being able to deal with the outcome of the carrier test, positive comparison, problem solving, and positive interpretation. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effects of Interesting Examples and Topic Familiarity on Text Comprehension, Attention, and Reading Speed

Abstract The subjects were college students, 16 recruited from senior-level psychology classes and 8 from senior-level civil engineering classes. Each subject read two short excerpts from psychology texts and two from civil engineering. Each excerpt was about a concept and its attributes and was rewritten in two ways: one with generic examples and one with interesting examples. Generic examples were written without unnecessary detail and emphasized parallel semantic relationships. Interesting examples had dimensions of narrativity, vividness, and important life themes. Comprehension was measured with 12 true/false questions per excerpt, and attention was measured as secondary task reaction time. The subjects also answered questions about their familiarity with the concepts and the interestingness of the excerpts. Interesting examples increased attention, reading speed, and reported interest. Familiar topics increased comprehension, reading speed, and reported interest and topic familiarity. The results su...
Editing and translation of ribosomal protein S13 transcripts: unedited translation products are not detectable in maize mitochondria

Maize mitochondrial transcripts for the ribosomal protein S13 gene (rps13) have six C- to -U editing sites, and each nucleotide conversion causes a change in the amino acid specified by the effected codons. Sequence analysis of 30 cDNA clones indicated that 73% of the cDNAS were edited at all six sites and 3% were completely unedited. Antibodies were produced against synthetic peptides that corresponded to unedited or edited translation products at editing sites V and VI (80% and 83% edited, respectively). Antibody preparations were purified that selectively recognized the edited or unedited forms of the epitope. The antibody preparations were highly sensitive to the amino-acid residue encoded at editing site VI, but relatively insensitive to the residue encoded at editing site V. Immunological analyses demonstrated that the edited translation product accumulated as a ribosomal protein, but that the unedited translation product was not detected in the mitochondrion, in the ribosomal fraction, or in a post-ribosomal supernatant. These results, taken together with other studies which demonstrated that incompletely edited transcripts are incorporated into polyribosomes, suggest that incompletely edited transcripts may be translated, but polypeptides encoded by incompletely edited RNAs may be unstable and, consequently, fail to accumulate.
Periodontal Therapy: Prospects for the Future*

Prior to the 1950s, periodontitis was treated mostly by tooth exfoliation or extraction, and that is still the predominant treatment for most of the world's populations today. Debridement of the root surface by scaling and root planing came into relatively common use in the first half of the present century and has become the central feature held in common by all currently-used forms of periodontal therapy. Until the 1980s, the most commonly-used treatment consisted of scaling and root planing, followed by resective surgery aimed at achieving zero pocket depth. During the 1980s, data were obtained demonstrating that the thoroughness of root debridement and subgingival infection control, not the presence or absence or periodontal pockets, is the major determinant of successful periodontal therapy, and non-surgical therapy became a commonlyused treatment. Neither resective surgery nor non-surgical therapy results in significant regeneration of periodontal attachment. With the realization that periodontitis is an infectious process, the use of antibiotics and other anti-infective agents came into common use as adjuncts to other standard therapies. An understanding of the pathways by which the soft and calcified tissues of the periodontium are destroyed has led to the likelihood of widespread future use of the non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory family of drugs to suppress alveolar bone destruction by blocking prostaglandin production, and to the use of chemically-modified tetracyclines that chelate divalent cations and thereby block tissue destruction by the metalloproteinases. Recent data clearly show that regeneration of the previously-destroyed periodontal attachment tissues is biologically possible, and regeneration has become the goal of therapy for the 1990s. Use of osteoconductive and osteoinductive graft materials can, under favorable conditions, induce roughly 60% to 70% regeneration of bone lesion height or volume with concomitant improvement in the clinical conditions. Regeneration by grafting may be further enhanced by use of barrier membranes that exclude gingival fibroblasts and epithelium from the healing site. Still further enhancement seems to be possible by local application of various growth factors, although studies in this important area are now only in their infancy. The future of periodontal therapy is exceedingly bright. It seems likely that we may be able to achieve nearly complete regeneration of periodontal attachment at many, although not all, sites through the use of root debridement and anti-infective and anti-inflammatory drugs and agents that inhibit metalloproteinases to arrest progress of disease and resolve the inflammatory process, followed by the combined use of graft material, barrier membranes, and growth factors to induce regeneration of periodontal attachment tissues. J Periodontol 1993; 64:744-753.
The effects of care and economics on nursing practice

The constant challenge for nurse executives is to provide a caring element for the practice of nursing and the care of patients. While nurses have always viewed human caring as the most important element in nursing, economic issues are challenging the current vision of human care. In this article, the author describes a research project which examined human care and economics in the hospital nursing environment.
Free Vibrations of Unsymmetrically Laminated Anisotropic Plates with Clamped Edges

A linear analysis is presented for determining the natural frequen cies of vibration of laminated anisotropic rectangular plates. The plate may consist of an arbitrary number of thin orthotropic layers, the major material-symmetry axis of each layer oriented arbitrarily with respect to the longer plate edge. An approximate solution is obtained by the Rayleigh-Ritz energy method. Numerical results are presented for fully clamped boundary conditions and compared with experimental results for symmetrically and unsymmetrically laminated plates.
Anaerobic degradation of aromatic amino acids by the hyperthermophilic archaeon Ferroglobus placidus.

Ferroglobus placidus was discovered to oxidize completely the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan when Fe(III) oxide was provided as an electron acceptor. This property had not been reported previously for a hyperthermophilic archaeon. It appeared that F. placidus follows a pathway for phenylalanine and tryptophan degradation similar to that of mesophilic nitrate-reducing bacteria, Thauera aromatica and Aromatoleum aromaticum EbN1. Phenylacetate, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate and indole-3-acetate were formed during anaerobic degradation of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, respectively. Candidate genes for enzymes involved in the anaerobic oxidation of phenylalanine to phenylacetate (phenylalanine transaminase, phenylpyruvate decarboxylase and phenylacetaldehyde : ferredoxin oxidoreductase) were identified in the F. placidus genome. In addition, transcription of candidate genes for the anaerobic phenylacetate degradation, benzoyl-CoA degradation and glutaryl-CoA degradation pathways was significantly upregulated in microarray and quantitative real-time-PCR studies comparing phenylacetate-grown cells with acetate-grown cells. These results suggested that the general strategies for anaerobic degradation of aromatic amino acids are highly conserved amongst bacteria and archaea living in both mesophilic and hyperthermophilic environments. They also provided insights into the diverse metabolism of Archaeoglobaceae species living in hyperthermophilic environments.
Vibrational spectroscopic and ab initio molecular orbital studies of the normal and 13C-labelled trifluoromethanesulfonate anion

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra of both normal and 13 C-labelled tetrabutylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate) [Bu 4 N·CF 3 SO 3 ] and mercury triflate Hg(CF 3 SO 3 ) 2 were recorded at room temperature. The observed isotopic frequency shifts and bandwidths in the vibrational spectra of the triflate anion were taken into account in the assignments of the vibrational modes of the triflate anion. These assignments were supported by ab initio Hartree—Fock self-consistent field (HF-SCF) calculations of vibrational frequencies and normal modes for the triflate anion.
The Flying Nun and Post-Vatican II Catholicism

(1991). The Flying Nun and Post-Vatican II Catholicism. Journal of Popular Film and Television: Vol. 19, The Catholic Imagination in Popular Film and Television, pp. 72-80.
Absolute differential cross sections for direct scattering of keV O+ ions by He, H2, N2, and O2

[i] Accurate atomic scattering cross sections are essential for modeling energetic particle precipitation into the upper atmosphere. Here, measurements of absolute differential cross sections for direct scattering of O + ions by He, H 2 , N 2 , and O 2 are reported. The measured cross sections include contributions from both elastic and inelastic scattering processes. Data are presented for 0.5-, 1.5-, and 5-keV projectile energies over the laboratory angular range 0.22°-4.68°. Additionally, a simple numerical technique is used to estimate the scattering cross sections for He, N 2 , and O 2 at 0.1 keV. At a given energy, the cross sections for different targets exhibit a high degree of similarity in both amplitude and angular dependence. This observation suggests that the cross sections for targets such as O and H, which are much more difficult to study in the laboratory and for which measurements are not available, may be approximated by an average of the data presented here.
Evidence to Support the Pike's Peak Model: The UA Geropsychology Education Program

The University of Alabama's Graduate Geropsychology Education program (GGE) was conceived and implemented in the years prior to the design of the Pike's Peak Model (PPM) of geropsychology training. The GGE program provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the PPM, and this paper outlines the GGE program in the framework of the model. Three primary goals defined the GGE program: recruitment and retention of students in the geropsychology program, a doctoral level interdisciplinary class, and a set of clinical rotations in urban and rural sites. Outcomes were promising, indicating that geropsychology students were able to provide services with positive outcomes to underserved older adults in primary care settings and in a legal clinic, students from several disciplines rated the course very highly, and psychology students indicated that they were likely to continue in the field of geriatric care. Participating students have gone on to careers in geropsychology. Findings from this program support the design of the Pike's Peak Model, and provide support for broader implementation of similar training programs.
Cytokines and lipopolysaccharides induce inducible nitric oxide synthase but not enzyme activity in adult rat cardiomyocytes

There is evidence that nitric oxide (NO) formation in adult cardiomyocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is not commensurate with iNOS levels. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) is a key factor in the stabilization and NO production by iNOS homodimer. Thus we hypothesized that BH(4) is a limiting factor for NO production in adult cardiomyocytes in response to LPS and cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1, IFN-gamma alone, or mixed). It was verified that LPS and cytokines induced iNOS expression which did not translate into increased nitrite or [(14)C]citrulline production. This response coincided with defective BH(4) synthesis and low GTP cyclohydrolase activity. Furthermore, supplementation with BH(4) and ascorbate failed to increase iNOS activity. This effect was related to preferential accumulation of BH(2) rather than BH(4) in these cells. Uncoupled iNOS activity in stimulated cells was examined using mitochondrial aconitase activity as an endogenous marker of superoxide anion radical (O(2)(-)) formation, and found not to be significantly inhibited. 2-Hydroxyethidium also was not significantly increased. We conclude that adult cardiomyocytes are an unlikely source of NO and O(2)(-) in inflammatory conditions. This finding adds a new and unexpected layer of complexity to our understanding of the responses of the adult heart to inflammation.
Modeling ultraviolet-B radiation in a maize canopy

A decrease in stratospheric ozone may result in a serious threat to plants, since biologically active short-wavelength ultraviolet-B (UVB 280-320 nm) radiation will increase even with a relatively small decrease in ozone. Experimental work has shown that various cultivars and species respond to UVB in different ways. To determine the physiological effects on plants of any increases in UVB radiation, the irradiances at the potential sensitive plant surface need to be known. Numerical models are needed to calculate UVB irradiance. This paper compares spatially and temporally averaged measurements of UVB canopy transmittance (Tcanopy, irradiance below canopy/irradiance above canopy) to that predicted by three models. Maize was selected as the canopy for the study because direct measurements of leaf area and leaf angle distribution are manageable. The models can be applied to other plants including urban trees, though other methods of characterizing leaf area and angle distributions generally would be used. Using measurements of canopy parameters as inputs to the numerical scheme, the models attempt to simulate the UVB Tcanopy that the UVB sensors measure. The purpose of this paper is: (1) to describe the models developed for calculating UVB irradiances (as measured by UVB Tcanopy) at given positions in maize canopies; and (2) to report the results of experimental tests of the models.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impact of transgenic viral resistance on seed potato certification.

It was nearly 100 years ago that the decline in quality and yield observed in potato crops was attributed to the accumulation of pathogens in seed tubers saved from one field generation to the next. As a direct result of this realization, seed potato certification programs have been initiated throughout the world. While these programs have different administrative structures and employ various methodologies, they are all dedicated to the primary goal of producing a sufficient volume of high quality seed tubers as free from disease causing organisms as possible. Viral diseases are especially problematic because they have serious economic affects and their physical and biological properties make them difficult to control. Until recently, certification programs have relied on methodologies including the use of virus-free material obtained from tissue culture, strict adherence to practices that minimize the mechanical and insect spread of virus, physical inspection of seed increase plots to identify and minimize the number of virus-infected plants, and the increase of seed materials for only a limited number of years to insure that any infected materials are “flushed out” of the system. Approximately 10 years ago, it was first observed that virus resistance can be obtained by using transformation techniques to insert viral genes into the genome of plants. Subsequently, researchers in private and public laboratories have shown that potato plants produced in this way are highly resistant or immune to several viral diseases. The effect that the deployment of these materials may have on the seed potato certification process is the subject of this paper.
An algorithm for finding the shortest sailing distance from any maritime navigable point to a designated port

Many simulations and deployment analyses use networks to evaluate ship paths at sea. Ships are constrained to travel along links between specified nodes. When ships may need to change their destination while at sea, the network path can deviate significantly from an actual shortest path. Additionally, when it is desired to initialize simulation data from actual ship positions, ships must move to a node to use the network. By triangulating open navigable water areas, a shortest path from all points at sea to selected ports can be calculated. A Delaunay triangulation of the open areas can be calculated in O(n log n). Using the Delaunay triangulation, the shortest path triangulation from a point (port) can be calculated in O(nk) where n is the number of points specifying the sea-land border and @k is the number of islands. The resulting data can provide distance from any point on the sea surface to the port in O(1) time when the triangle containing the point is known, or in O(n2) if the triangle must be determined.
Magnetotransport through an antidot lattice in GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs heterostructures.

Regular two-dimensional arrays of antidots with periodicities in the range of 200--500 nm are prepared in GaAs-${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As heterostructures by means of Ga-focused ion-beam implantation. Transport measurements at low magnetic fields reveal a strong negative magnetoresistance originating from the localization of the electrons in the potential valleys between antidots. The low-temperature mobilities of the carriers deduced from the B=0 resistance are in the range of 1000--30 000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V s. Under illumination mobility changes by more than a factor of 20 can be achieved. For high magnetic fields well-defined Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations and quantum Hall plateaus are observed. Close to B=0 a very small structure in the magnetoresistance occurs reflecting the commensurability of the cyclotron diameter and the periodicity of the antidot array.
Distinguishing science from pseudoscience in school psychology: Science and scientific thinking as safeguards against human error

Like many domains of professional psychology, school psychology continues to struggle with the problem of distinguishing scientific from pseudoscientific and otherwise questionable clinical practices. We review evidence for the scientist-practitioner gap in school psychology and provide a user-friendly primer on science and scientific thinking for school psychologists. Specifically, we (a) outline basic principles of scientific thinking, (b) delineate widespread cognitive errors that can contribute to belief in pseudoscientific practices within school psychology and allied professions, (c) provide a list of 10 key warning signs of pseudoscience, illustrated by contemporary examples from school psychology and allied disciplines, and (d) offer 10 user-friendly prescriptions designed to encourage scientific thinking among school psychology practitioners and researchers. We argue that scientific thinking, although fallible, is ultimately school psychologists' best safeguard against a host of errors in thinking.
Leg ulcers due to miscellaneous causes

Abstract Leg ulcers represent a defect in the integrity of the skin and the underlying structures of the lower extremeties, extending from the thigh to the toes. Such ulceration can be associated with a number of dermatologic diseases. It is unlikely that any of the entities discussed in this chapter can create an ulcer de novo. When the leg or foot is traumatized or the circulation comprised, the area becomes that much more susceptible to ulceration. The trauma can take the form of digging with an instrument, scratching with nails, bumping into furniture, or falling against objects. Social and cultural aspects also play a role. Sitting on chairs and allowing the feet to dangle or reach the floor at a 90 ° angle, as is common in Western civilization, contributes to the problem. For example, Beduins, whose homes are not Westernized, rarely develop ulcers, although such diseases as diabetes mellitus, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia are not rare. Sitting on the feet and praying five times a day may increase the circulation of the lower extremities and make them less susceptible to trauma (Lestringant GG. Personal communication, 1989).
Comparative Trial of Carbenicillin and Ampicillin Therapy for Purulent Meningitis

Abstract A randomized therapeutic trial of carbenicillin (CB) or ampicillin (AMP) in purulent meningitis was performed in 86 pediatric and adult patients (41 Haemophilus influenzae, 22 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 13 Neisseria meningitidis, and 10 of unknown etiology). All isolates, incuding H. influenzae, were susceptible to CB and AMP. Median cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibiotic concentrations were 0.85 and 1.60 μg/ml for CB and AMP, respectively, during administration of daily doses of 400 mg/kg and 0.65 and 0.45 μg/ml, respectively, on daily doses of 200 mg/kg. Higher CSF concentrations, up to a median concentration of 4.5 μg/ml, were observed in patients with CSF protein concentrations ≥75 mg/100 ml. Clinical responses were equivalent on either antibiotic regimen. Among AMP patients (45), 8 had significant residua and 3 died; among CB patients (41), 5 had residua and none died. However, 38% of H. influenzae patients treated with CB had positive CSF cultures on day 1 follow-up lumbar punctures, compared with only 5.8% of AMP patients with H. influenzae. The significance of a delay of CSF sterilization among CB-treated patients is unknown, since there was no correlation between persistence of hemophilus organisms and the frequency of adverse outcome. AMP and CB are equivalent for the treatment of bacterial meningitis due to susceptible organisms.
Non-physiological mineral deposition in vitro by primary human osteoblasts under osteogenic conditions

The pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) provides the unique opportunity to derive tissue specific cells, an ability of particular interest in regenerative medicine. In the study of bone regeneration, there is interest in directing hESCs to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which under the appropriate conditions gives rise to mineral-producing osteoblasts. To evaluate the efficiency of such a process and cellular functionality, standard in vitro mineralization tests are employed to determine the cells' ability to generate a mineralized matrix. To guide the cells in these tests from their progenitor state to functional osteoblasts, osteogenic supplements must be provided in culture. However, it is critical to discern between physiological (cell-mediated) and non-physiological mineralization in vitro. Here, we investigated the mineralization pattern of human osteoprogenitor cells in the presence of varying concentrations of the common osteogenic supplements fetal bovine serum, s-glycerol phosphate, and dexamethasone.
Design of the Cassini tour trajectory in the Saturnian system

Abstract The Cassini mission to Saturn employs a Saturn orbiter and a Titan probe to conduct an intensive investigation of the Saturnian system. The Cassini orbiter flies series of orbits incorporating flybys of the Saturnian satellites called the “satellite tour”. During the tour, the gravitational fields of the satellites are used to modify and control the orbit, targeting from one satellite flyby to the next. The tour trajectory must also be designed to maximize opportunites for science observations, subject to mission-imposed constraints. Tour design studies have been conducted for Cassini to identify trades and strategies for achieving these sometimes conflicting goals. Concepts, strategies, and techniques previously developed for the Galileo mission to Jupiter have been modified, and new ones have been developed, to meet the requirements of the Cassini mission.
The effectiveness of the combination of rituximab and high-dose immunoglobulin in the immunomodulation of sensitized kidney transplant candidates

Kidney transplantation faces many challenges not the least of which is the presence of pre-formed HLA antibodies. At our institution, we have used a combination of methods to immunomodulate sensitized patients. Most recently, this has been attempted with a combination of immunoglobulin (IVIG) and rituximab (Rituxan; Genetech, CA, USA). A total of 31 patients were followed for up to one yr following treatment with IVIG (2 gm/kg on day 1 and day 30) and rituximab (1 g - day 15). Antibody levels were followed serially at designated time points via solid-phase single-antigen beads (SAB) method (One Lambda, Inc., Canoga Park, CA, USA). Concentration of antibodies was based on median fluorescence intensity (MFI). The majority of patients had both class I and class II antibodies (79%). Our results showed that this protocol appeared to be patient and antibody specific. The most pronounced MFI reduction in antibodies occurred within the 30- to 100-d period post-treatment. Calculated panel-reactive antibodies decreased but rebound tended to occur by 104 d after antibody MFI nadir. Because of this rebound, it can be inferred that the patients did not show a durable increase in their potential for transplantation. The search for a more effective method to immunomodulate patients continues.
Long-range order without broken symmetry: Two-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet at zero temperature

We have calculated the probability distribution for staggered magnetization at T=0 for the two-dimensional (2D) antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model (2D AFH) on a series of finite lattices up to 26 sites. We find that the singlet ground state of the 2D AFH possesses long-range magnetic order without broken symmetry. We also study the lowest triplet state and find that it becomes degenerate with the ground state in the thermodynamic limit. This state does exhibit broken symmetry on a finite lattice. The value of the staggered magnetization in the thermodynamic limit is also obtained by extrapolation. We compare our results with the results obtained by other methods and discuss the relevance to the high-${T}_{c}$ superconductive oxide compounds.
Metabolism of β-carotene in the American flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber☆

Abstract 1. 1. American flamingos, Phoenicopterus ruber, denied dietary carotenoids for some 6 months, underwent a decrease of about 86 per cent in their average blood-carotenoid level. 2. 2. Subsequently fed a surplus of β-carotene in their daily diet, the birds voided some excess β-carotene and considerable zeaxanthin in their feces, while accumulating unchanged β-carotene as well as echinenone and preponderantly canthaxanthin in the liver. 3. 3. With the restoration of blood-carotenoid levels on a diet containing β-carotene, the only carotenoids detected therein were echinenone (3–9 per cent of total) and the major fraction, canthaxanthin.
Surgery for common epithelial tumors of the ovary

The objectives of the initial surgical procedure in patients with common epithelial carcinomas of the ovary are determination of the intraabdominal extent of the cancer and the reduction of tumor masses to the smallest residuum before initiating further therapy. Since ovarian cancer is a disease of the entire abdominal cavity, biopsy of selected sites will often detect unsuspected involvement by microscopic foci of metastatic carcinoma. Tumor-reductive surgery resulting in a small tumor residuum before initiating chemotherapy is thought to improve the chances for inducing a complete response. The retroperitoneal operative approach enhances the surgeon's effort to remove tumor bulk. Between July 1, 1972, and September 1, 1978, 104 patients with FIGO Stage III or IV carcinomas of the ovary were treated with melphalan. The conditions of 38 patients were evaluated by second-look laparotomy. This analysis attempts to define tumor-reductive surgery and relates the outcome of the results of the operative procedure to patients treated with melphalan.
A database management system for residency applicant files

An automated system for recording information pertaining to applicants to the Internal Medicine Residency Program at Temple University Hospital was developed in 1983. Major objectives were to improve recordkeeping, filing, communication with applicants, and efficiency of the review committee's process. Reports generated have permitted tracking of the applicant pool throughout the recruiting season and collection of statistics which may be compared with prior years. The capacity of the Residency Office to market the Internal Medicine Residency Program through prompt, accurate, and personal communication with each applicant has been facilitated.
Copper Sources, Metal Production, and Metals Trade in Late Postclassic Mesoamerica

Copper ore sources exploited during the Late Postclassic Period (1300 to 1521 CE) were located by means of lead isotope analyses of copper ores from 15 deposits in West Mexico, Oaxaca, and Veracruz and of 171 copper artifacts from nine Mesoamerican archaeological sites in West Mexico and in southern, central, and northeastern Mesoamerica. West Mexican ores provided copper metal for most artifacts from the west Mexican settlements of Atoyac and Urichu, as well as for some artifacts from Aztec towns, Huastec centers, a Maya site, and settlements in Oaxaca and Chiapas. West Mexico was not marginal to Mesoamerican events, but played the primary role in the production and distribution of copper metal and bronze artifacts, one of Mesoamerica's key exotic goods.
Unnatural amino acid incorporation into virus-like particles.

Virus-like particles composed of hepatitis B virus (HBV) or bacteriophage Qβ capsid proteins have been labeled with azide- or alkyne-containing unnatural amino acids by expression in a methionine auxotrophic strain of E. coli. The substitution does not affect the ability of the particles to self-assemble into icosahedral structures indistinguishable from native forms. The azide and alkyne groups were addressed by Cu(I)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition: HBV particles were decomposed by the formation of more than 120 triazole linkages per capsid in a location-dependent manner, whereas Qβ suffered no such instability. The marriage of these well-known techniques of sense-codon reassignment and bioorthogonal chemical coupling provides the capability to construct polyvalent particles displaying a wide variety of functional groups with near-perfect control of spacing.
Exploring salesperson turnover: A causal model

Abstract Considerable attention has been focused on various aspects of salesforce turnover in recent years. However, a formal model of the turnover process for salespeople has yet to be proposed. The objective of the present article was to present a causal model of the turnover process for salespeople. The model is developed using four existing models of turnover behavior. Twelve relationships are proposed and discussed. Research questions for investigation within the context of the turnover model are proposed, and managerial implications of the model are outlined.
A Hydrodynamic Efficiency Parameter as a Novel Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction Diagnostic Metric

Numerous studies have shown that cardiac diastolic dysfunction and diastolic filling play a critical role in dictating overall cardiac health and demonstrated that the filling wave propagation speed is a significant index of the severity of diastolic dysfunction [1, 2]. However, the governing flow physics underlying the relationship between propagation speed and diastolic dysfunction are poorly understood. More importantly, currently there is no reliable metric to allow clinicians the ability to diagnose cardiac dysfunction on the basis of the wave filling speed.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Post-operative apnoea caused by breath-holding spells

After recovery from anaesthesia for a urological procedure a two-and-a-half-year-old child with a history of breath-holding spells became apnoeic and cyanotic in the immediate post-operative period. The pathophysiology of breath-holding as the cause of the apnoea is discussed. Management includes ventilation with oxygen and avoidance of inappropriate treatment with drugs to reverse muscle relaxants or narcotic anesthetics.
Systematic procedure for the calculation of energy eigenvalues for many-boson systems, with application to the polaron problem

A systematic method is developed for treating the eigenvalue problem for certain types of systems of interacting bosons. The method is applied to the polaron problem. The numerical outcome for the polaron self-energy is in good agreement with other reliable calculations in the physically applicable range of weak-to-intermediate coupling.
Automated Part Inspection Using 3D Point Clouds

Ever advancing sensor and measurement technologies continually provide new opportunities for knowledge discovery and quality control (QC) strategies for complex manufacturing systems. One such state-of-the-art measurement technology currently being implemented in industry is the 3D laser scanner, which can rapidly provide millions of data points to represent an entire manufactured part’s surface. This gives 3D laser scanners a significant advantage over competing technologies that typically provide tens or hundreds of data points. Consequently, data collected from 3D laser scanners have a great potential to be used for inspecting parts for surface and feature abnormalities. The current use of 3D point clouds for part inspection falls into two main categories; 1) Extracting feature parameters, which does not complement the nature of 3D point clouds as it wastes valuable data and 2) An ad-hoc manual process where a visual representation of a point cloud (usually as deviations from nominal) is analyzed, which tends to suffer from slow, inefficient, and inconsistent inspection results. Therefore our paper proposes an approach to automate the latter approach to 3D point cloud inspection. The proposed approach uses a newly developed adaptive generalized likelihood ratio (AGLR) technique to identify the most likely size, shape, and magnitude of a potential fault within the point cloud, which transforms the ad-hoc visual inspection approach to a statistically viable automated inspection solution. In order to aid practitioners in designing and implementing an AGLR-based inspection process, our paper also reports the performance of the AGLR with respect to the probability of detecting specific size and magnitude faults in addition to the probability of a false alarms.Copyright © 2013 by ASME