cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 4th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems

This volume contains the papers presented at the Fourth IEEE/ACM International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS 2013), which was held with the Cyber- Physical Systems Week in Philadelphia, USA, on 8-11 April 2013. ICCPS has been the flagship conference on cyber-physical systems (CPS) that tightly couple the cyber aspects of computing and communications with the physical aspects of dynamics and engineering. ICCPS, as an integral part of CPS Week, is pleased to be co-located with its sister conferences that focus on various components of CPS including embedded systems, hybrid systems, real-time systems, and wireless sensor networks. ICCPS, this year and in future years, aims to showcase cutting-edge research that spans both the cyber and physical aspects of CPS. In the process, it will bring together engineers from various disciplines and computer scientists to create the scientific foundations, identify new principles, present novel architectures, demonstrate promising applications and enable powerful capabilities of CPS.
Improved reliability of stormwater detention basin performance through water quality data-informed real-time control

Abstract Stormwater detentions basins are designed to capture stormwater to reduce and delay peak flows and to improve water quality. A novel technology proposed to improve basin performance is real-time, active control of the basin outflow, in so-called “smart” stormwater systems. Existing studies demonstrate the performance of active controls that respond in real-time to basin water level, detention time, and rainfall forecast for one or a small number of rainfall events. We hypothesize that the performance of these active controls can be improved by incorporating real-time water quality data into the control algorithm. In addition, we hypothesize that active control performance depends on hydrologic variability, specifically the frequency and intensity of runoff inputs. In this paper, we test these hypotheses using a numerical modeling framework for systems-level reliability analysis of active and passive stormwater basin outflow control using a Monte Carlo method. The analysis is performed using the urban hydrology model EPA-SWMM driven by stochastic rainfall time-series generated from the Modified Bartlett-Lewis Rectangular Pulses Model. Water quality-informed real-time active control algorithms are developed, tested, and shown to display an improvement over traditional, passive (no control) systems and other storage-based active controls for water and pollutant capture. Seasonal and duration curve analysis showed that water level- and water quality- informed control performance varied for different storm return periods and this variability could partly be attributed to the fraction of time the valve is closed. In addition, control performance was sensitive to rainfall variability, generally decreasing as storms become less frequent and more intense. Therefore, control system performance may depend on seasonal and longer time-scale variability in climate and rainfall-runoff processes. We anticipate this study to be a starting point to incorporate theories of reliability to assess detention basin and conveyance network performance under more complex real-time control algorithms and failure modes.
Targeted Clustering of Nonlinearly Transformed Gaussians

In this manuscript we present research which touches upon recent exciting developments in the fields of machine learning, theoretical computer science, and robust statistics. In particular, we focus on model-based nonlinear descriptions of local clustered data. Two main aspects are presented in this chapter. First we introduce a multivariate statistical model consisting of non-linear volume preserving transformations of the multivariate normal. Second, we describe a robust local fitting algorithm for extracting individual non-linearly transformed Gaussian clusters.
The role of estrogen, immune function and aging in heart transplant outcomes.

Abstract Background Aging and loss of estrogen suppress immune function, potentially improving survival after orthotopic heart transplant (OHT). The effect of female aging on OHT outcomes is unknown. Methods Between 1995 and 2015, 41,299 adult OHT recipients (24.3% women) were studied using a retrospective multi-institutional cohort. Patients were stratified by age and gender into premenopausal (18–39 years), perimenopausal (40–49 years), and postmenopausal (≥50 years) groups. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and risk-adjusted models examined gender differences across groups at one, five, and ten years. Results Kaplan-Meier survival was equivalent for postmenopausal women and men, and lower for premenopausal women than men at all time points (p ≤ 0.05). Postmenopausal women had higher risk-adjusted five-year survival than premenopausal women (AOR 1.61, 95% CI 1.15–2.25, p = 0.006). Conclusions Premenopausal women have lower unadjusted survival than men after OHT. Post-menopausal women have significantly better five-year survival than pre-menopausal women. Menopause may contribute to improved survival after OHT.
Characterization of Electrocatalyst

In the process of developing a catalyst, understanding their structure and properties is considered essential as it is obligatory to improve their performance or to resolve a failure issue. Hence, the purpose of this invited chapter is to give a brief summary of various characterization tools specifically, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) technique, Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), UV-visible spectroscopy, Electron microscopy, and Electrochemical techniques, where we discussed the principle, application, and challenges associated with the catalyst characterization. Also, in this chapter, we illustrated the analysis and interpretation of characterization data with an example for better understanding. These perceptive investigations of different characterization tools lead to the establishment of empirical relationships between various factors that govern catalytic activity.
Examining Challenges that Students Face in Learning Organic Chemistry Synthesis

Organic chemistry is the offered after general chemistry and is the course that many find it challenging and difficult. Synthesis is first introduced in organic chemistry I course and is widely considered as one of the topics in which students struggle with and is evident in their performance in the topic. Our method of data collection is a Likert-type and open-ended questionnaire that was distributed at the end organic chemistry I course in an anonymous fashion. The collected data enabled us to examine the challenges students face in learning organic chemistry synthesis. Our findings support the notion that students have many difficulties with multistep organic chemistry synthesis including challenges recalling all of the varied required reactions, the amount of content and topics covered in organic chemistry, conceptual understanding of needed important topics such as mechanisms, acids and bases, nucleophiles and electrophiles, and stereochemistry, and problem-solving competency. Students view organic chemistry synthesis as challenging because of their reliance on memorization of a large number of reactions, reagents, and rules, poor conceptual understanding of the topics, ineffective teaching methods which lacks active learning and student engagement, and the myriad number of possible pathways to solve synthesis problems. Our participants suggest that memorization and rote-learning plays an important role in the learning of multistep organic synthesis, which might cause a hindrance to process of learning and can impede students’ problem-solving ability.
COVID-19 and androgen targeted therapy for prostate cancer patients.

The current pandemic (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health challenge with active development of antiviral drugs and vaccines seeking to reduce its significant disease burden. Early reports have confirmed that transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) are critical targets of SARS-CoV-2 that facilitate viral entry into host cells. TMPRSS2 and ACE2 are expressed in multiple human tissues beyond the lung including the testes where predisposition to SARS-CoV-2 infection may exist. TMPRSS2 is an androgen-responsive gene and its fusion represents one of the most frequent alterations in prostate cancer. Androgen suppression by androgen deprivation therapy and androgen receptor signaling inhibitors form the foundation of prostate cancer treatment. In this review, we highlight the growing evidence in support of androgen regulation of TMPRSS2 and ACE2 and the potential clinical implications of using androgen suppression to downregulate TMPRSS2 to target SARS-CoV-2. We also discuss the future directions and controversies that need to be addressed in order to establish the viability of targeting TMPRSS2 and/or ACE2 through androgen signaling regulation for COVID-19 treatment, particularly its relevance in the context of prostate cancer management.
Requirement for A 1-µm Pore Channel Opening During Perifheral Nerve Regeneration through a Biodegradable Chemical Analog of ECM

A continuing study of preferences of elongating axons and Schwann cells for specific matrix features has revealed an apparently critical structural requirement. Well-defined, chemical analogs of ECM based on a collagen-glycosaminoglycan (CG) copolymer were used to bridge a 10-mm gap between cut ends of the rat sciatic nerve. The nerve stumps and the CG matrix bridging them were ensheathed in a silicone tube. Electrophysiological properties of regenerating motor nerve fibers innervating the plantar flexor muscles were serially monitored over 40 weeks following surgery. The results suggest that functional recovery of motor function requires the presence of an average pore diameter of order 1 µm. These results pose novel questions about the nature of cell-matrix interactions during nerve regeneration.
A phase I study of safety and immunogenicity of survivin long peptide vaccine (SurVaxM) in patients (pts) with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs).

TPS375Background: Metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) have a poor prognosis and there are limited options after first-line treatment with somatostatin analogues (SSA)/chemotherapy. Therefore, n...
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Kidney Transplantation: What Are We Waiting For?

In recent robust randomized control trials (RCTs), sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and ertugliflozin) have been shown to dramatically decrease both kidney and cardiovascular (CV) adverse outcomes in patients with diabetic kidney disease, nondiabetic proteinuric kidney disease, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction—with and without the presence of diabetes (1–6). For decades, both the nephrologist’s and transplant nephrologist’s arsenal for the management of proteinuric kidney disease has been limited to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade (7). Although SGLT2 inhibitors have taken the nephrology community by storm, patients with kidney transplants (KTs) have been notably excluded from large RCTs (8–10). Pathophysiologically, it seems likely they would also benefit from these apparent wonder drugs, particularly as many patients with KT have proteinuric kidney disease or heart failure. Similar to patients with native kidney disease, CV mortality is the leading cause of death in the KT population (11). Is it time to allow patients with KT to benefit from proposed SGLT2 inhibitor mechanisms, including tubuloglomerular feedback restoration, decreased inflammation and fibrosis, and alteration in energy metabolism, that all culminate in improved CV and kidney outcomes (12)? Here, we review the available data for SGLT2 inhibitor use in patients with KTs and discuss potential benefits and risk of their use in this population. Since 2015, sequential RCTs have demonstrated efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in improving both kidney and CV outcomes. A 2020 meta-analysis included six of these RCTs that studied SGLT2 inhibitor use (empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and ertugliflozin) in close to 47,000 patients with diabetes (2). In all of the studies included in the meta-analysis, SGLT2 inhibitor use led to a reduction in heart failure hospitalizations, with empagliflozin being the only drug with significant CV death risk reduction. A reduction in kidney outcomes was seen with all agents …
Carotid-Carotid Transposition for Zone 1 Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair.

Objectives Carotid-carotid bypass is the standard technique for cervical aortic arch debranching to maintain left common carotid artery perfusion with zone I thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), while left-to-right carotid-carotid transposition (CCT) has been described as an autologous alternative. We report on our center's experience with CCT in the setting of zone I TEVAR. This is the only published series of this technique. Methods All patients who underwent CCT, defined by CPT code 35509, between 2017 and 2020 were identified at our tertiary care center. Patient demographics, indications for CCT, complications specific to CCT, operative details, post-operative course, and outcomes were retrospectively reviewed. Results A total of 13 patients underwent CCT prior to zone 1 TEVAR. The indications for intervention were thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms and dissections secondary to hypertension (n = 10), Marfan syndrome (n = 2), and Turner syndrome with aneurysmal degeneration of previous coarctation repair (n = 1). There was a high incidence of preexisting hypertension (92%), malnutrition (69%), and smoking (61%) in this cohort. Operative intervention was performed on both an elective (n = 7, 54%) and an urgent (n = 6, 46%) basis. Complications directly related to CCT included transient unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve deficit (n = 1, 7.7%). There were no cerebrovascular events, surgical site infections, or procedure-related mortalities. All transpositions with follow-up imaging were patent without stenosis or thrombosis (average 7.2 months, n = 10). There were no late complications related to CCT. Conclusions CCT is a safe and autologous alternative to carotid-carotid bypass for left common carotid artery revascularization with zone I TEVAR.
Cascaded particle accelerators reach new energy

The successful demonstration of two-stage acceleration driven by terahertz pulses bodes well for the future development of compact, efficient particle accelerators.
Risks and rewards of increasing patient access to medical records in clinical ophthalmology using OpenNotes

Background The implementation of OpenNotes and corresponding increase in patient access to medical records requires thorough assessment of the risks and benefits of note-sharing. Ophthalmology notes are unique among medical records in that they extensively utilize non-standardized abbreviations and drawings; they are often indecipherable even to highly-educated clinicians outside of ophthalmology. No studies to date have assessed ophthalmologist perceptions of OpenNotes. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from 4/28 to 5/12/2016. A survey was distributed to 30 clinicians (25 ophthalmologists, three optometrists, two nurses) in the University of Colorado's Department of Ophthalmology to evaluate provider attitudes towards granting patients access to online medical records. Results Many clinicians felt patients would have difficulty understanding their records and may be unnecessarily alarmed or offended by them. Some clinicians worried their workload would increase and feared having to change the way they document. Perceived benefits of OpenNotes included improving patient understanding of their medical conditions, strengthening patient-physician trust, and enhancing patient care. Many perceived risks and benefits of note-sharing were associated with conceptions of the ideal clinician-patient relationship. Conclusions Clinicians in ophthalmology perceived both benefits and consequences of increasing patient access to ophthalmic records, and there were significant correlations between these perceptions and their conceptions of the clinician-patient relationship. This is the first study to assess potential ophthalmology provider attitudes toward sharing ophthalmic records. Although limited in sample size and power, this study demonstrates some ways patient-accessible ophthalmic records can affect the clinical practice of ophthalmology and emphasizes the unique challenges of OpenNotes in ophthalmology.
Synaptic interactions of retrogradely labeled genioglossus motoneurons with substance P-like immunoreactive terminals in the cat: a double labeling immunoelectron microscopic study

The genioglossus muscle (GM) is the principal protruder of the tongue and comprises a major portion of the caudal body of the tongue. The position of the GM is a major determinant of upper airway resistance. Our laboratory is interested in identifying the neurochemical microcircuitry of functionally identified hypoglossal motoneurons. We have found that substance P (SP) makes synaptic contacts with hypoglossal motoneurons that innervate intrinsic tongue muscles [1] in the cat. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether there are synaptic interactions between motoneurons that innervate the GM and SP-immunoreactive nerve terminals utilizing double labeling immunoelectron microscopy. Cholera toxinB conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CTB-HRP) was injected into the right GM of three cats. Two days later, the animals were deeply anesthetized and perfused with an acrolein/paraformaldehyde mixture. Cells containing CTB-HRP were labeled with a histochemical reaction utilizing tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the chromogen. TMB forms a crystalline reaction product that is very distinct at the electron microscopic level. The tissues were then processed for immunocytochemistry using an antiserum against SP. The chromogen used in this case, diaminobenzidine, yields an amorphous reaction product. At the light microscopic level, retrogradely labeled cells were observed primarily ipsilaterally to the injection site. These neurons were located predominantly in the ventral and ventrolateral portions of the nucleus primarily at the level of the area postrema. At the electron microscopic level, numerous SP-labeled terminals were observed some of which made synaptic contacts with retrogradely labeled GM's. SP terminals formed synapses with retrogradely labeled dendrites and perikarya. SP-labeled terminals also synapsed on unlabeled dendrites. These are the first ultrastructural studies demonstrating synaptic interactions between hypoglossal motoneurons that innervate an extrinsic tongue muscle and SP nerve terminals. These studies demonstrate that motoneurons that innervate the GM are modulated by SP and that SP appears to play a role in the control of tongue movement and GM activity.
Experimenting with Territoriality: Pan-European Music License and the Persistence of Old Paradigms

This article tells the story of what could have been an interesting and important shift in our approach to territoriality in the digitalized world. Europe had the chance to be the cradle of an unprecedented copyright experience – the creation of a quasi pan- continental license in the music field – but it might have lost that opportunity in the midst of non-binding recommendations and resolutions. This article argues this loss is due to the overreaching persistence of old paradigms, namely the principle of territoriality.
Prevalence of multiple chronic disease risk factors: 2001 National Health Interview Survey

Abstract Background Four common factors—cigarette smoking, risky drinking of alcoholic beverages, physical inactivity, and overweight—contribute substantially to chronic disease prevalence. Methods We used data from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey to provide an up-to-date picture of multiple risk factor prevalence and clustering in the U.S. population. We conducted a multinomial logit analysis to examine the independent association between each covariate and the dependent ordinal risk factor variable with three levels (none or one risk factor, two risk factors, and three or four risk factors). Results Seventeen percent of the sample of 29,183 subjects had three or more risk factors. For the entire sample, the mean number of risk factors was 1.68 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.66–1.70). Many demographic and health factors were significantly associated with the mean number of risk factors including gender, age, ethnic/racial categories, education, martial status, presence of chronic diseases, level of mental distress, country of birth, and presence and type of health insurance. Using the risk factor score as the ordinal dependent variable, adjusted odds for having a risk score of three or four versus zero or one were as follows: men aged Conclusions Our analyses confirm earlier reports of the high prevalence of multiple, clustered behavioral risk factors and underline the challenge this presents for primary care and public health systems.
Some Theoretical Comparisons of Negative Binomial and Zero-Inflated Poisson Distributions

In this article, we compare the zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) and negative binomial (NB) distributions based on three most important criteria: the probability of zero, the mean value, and the variance. Our results show that with same mean value and variance, the ZIP distribution always has a larger probability of zeros; with same mean value and probability of zeros, the NB distribution always has a larger variance; and with same variance and probability of zeros, the ZIP distribution always has a larger mean value. We also study the properties of Vuong test in model selection in three cases by simulations.
A QUANTUM MECHANICAL STUDY OF STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC DILUTION EFFECTS IN PARAMAGNETIC CHEMICAL EXCHANGE SATURATION TRANSFER AGENTS

We present a computational study of the effect of chemical modifications of the meta and para substituents in the coordinating pendant arm of a modified 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N, N’, N’’, N’’’-tetraamide (DOTAM) ligand on the Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) signal. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is currently one of the most widely used techniques available. MRI has led to a new class of pharmaceuticals termed imagining or contrast agents. These agents usually work by incorporating lanthanide metals such as Gadolinium (Gd) and Europium (Eu). This allows the contrast agents to take advantage of the paramagnetic properties of the metals, which in turn enhances the signal detectable by MRI. The effect of simple electron-withdrawing (e.g., nitro) and electron-donating (e.g., methyl) substituents chemically attached to a modified chelate arm (pendant arm) is quantified by charge transfer interactions in the coordinated water-chelate system computed from quantum mechanics. This study attempts to reveal the origin of the substituent effect on the CEST signal and the electronic structure of the complex. We find that the extent of Charge Transfer (CT) depends on orbital orientations and overlaps. However, CT interactions occur simultaneously from all arms, which causes a dilution effect with respect to the pendant arm.
Evolution of hot plasma in flares

This review discusses, in particular, X-ray manifestations of the development of hot flare plasma during the cooling phase of flares. In a preexisting coronal configuration, a small flare source can excite much larger coronal loops and arches, of which only the footpoints become visible if their density is low, or their whole structures can be seen if density is high enough. “Flaring arches”, through which both cool and, hot plasma flows from the primary flare source to a secondary footpoint, are the most spectacular phenomena of this kind. In other cases the flaring loops did not exist before, but have been newly formed during the flare process. These are the “eruptive flares”, in which the preflare field lines are first disrupted and subsequently reconnect. The main part of this review is devoted to the development of hot plasma in this particular kind of flaring structures. It is emphasized that X-ray observations of growing systems of loops in eruptive flares, and giant arches following these flares high in the corona, require large fields of view pointed for several hours at the active region in which the flare occurred. This makes their observations with SOLAR-A rather difficult, but one should realize that SOLAR-A represents the only means for studying these coronal components of the most important solar flares until, at least, the end of this century.
Habitat structure and prey composition generate contrasting effects on carotenoid-based coloration of great tit Parus major nestlings

Carotenoid-based coloration of nestling plumage is generally considered a reliable signal of quality and has consistently been related to habitat structure. The main hypothesis proposed to explain this correlation is that high quality habitats contain high quality food, which in return affects the expression of carotenoid-based plumage. It therefore assumes that, at the population level, the link between habitat structure and food composition is consistent and more relevant than inter-individual differences in foraging ability or parental investment. In addition, it is assumed by default that food and habitat produce concordant effects on nestling coloration. In this work we evaluated habitat structure and prey composition in addition to several measures of parental investment. We investigated their relative effect on carotenoid-based plumage coloration (lightness, chroma and hue) of great tit Parus major nestlings. We found a low correlation between carotenoid-based coloration of nestlings and that of their parents. Nestling coloration, especially lightness and chroma, increased with the intake of more spiders. The time of breeding was positively correlated with lightness and chroma and negatively correlated with hue. Finally, the maturity of oak trees surrounding nest-boxes correlated negatively with lightness, and the size of all tree species surrounding nest-boxes correlated positively with hue of chick plumage. Our findings support the view that habitat structure and prey composition may produce divergent effects on feather pigmentation, and that prey proportions and variables related to parental investment should be assessed when considering carotenoid-based coloration of chicks. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113, 547–555.
10,000-km enhanced long-haul transmission of 1.15-Tb/s superchannel using SSMF only

We report the first 10,000 km transmission for a 1-Tb/s superchannel at Nyquist rate. The insertion of remote Raman amplifiers at mid-span increased system reach by 67% while maintaining system robustness against additional amplifier failures.
Checking Satisfiability by Dependency Sequents

We introduce a new algorithm for checking satisfiability based on a calculus of Dependency sequents (D-sequents). Given a CNF formula F(X), a D-sequent is a record stating that under a partial assignment a set of variables of X is redundant in formula \exists{X}[F]. The D-sequent calculus is based on operation join that forms a new D-sequent from two existing D-sequents. The new algorithm solves the quantified version of SAT. That is, given a satisfiable formula F, it, in general, does not produce an assignment satisfying F. The new algorithm is called DS-QSAT where DS stands for Dependency Sequent and Q for Quantified. Importantly, a DPLL-like procedure is only a special case of DS-QSAT where a very restricted kind of D-sequents is used. We argue that this restriction a) adversely affects scalability of SAT-solvers and b) is caused by looking for an explicit satisfying assignment rather than just proving satisfiability. We give experimental results substantiating these claims.
Entering into a Collaborative Search for Meaning with Gay and Lesbian Youth in Out-of-Home Care: An Empowerment-Based Model for Training Child Welfare Professionals

Utilizing an empowerment-based approach, which incorporates self-identified gay and lesbian youths and openly gay and lesbian child welfare professionals as collaborative partners in the process, this article offers a model for training child welfare professionals to work more effectively with gay and lesbian youth in out-of-home care. This three hour training model empowers the gay and lesbian youth, whose voices have been subjugated, to emerge as the experts in training child welfare professionals to more competently and responsively address and meet their needs.
Large magnetoresistance at room temperature in ferromagnetic thin film tunnel junctions.

Ferromagnetic-insulator-ferromagnetic tunneling has been measured in CoFe $/$A${\mathrm{l}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ $/$Co or NiFe junctions. At 295, 77, and 4.2 K the fractional change in junction resistance with magnetic field, $\ensuremath{\Delta}R/R$, is 11.8%, 20%, and 24%, respectively. The value at 4.2 K is consistent with Julliere's model based on the spin polarization of the conduction electrons of the magnetic films. $\ensuremath{\Delta}R/R$ changes little with a small voltage bias, whereas it decreases significantly at higher bias $(g0.1\mathrm{V})$, in qualitative agreement with Slonczewski's model. These junctions have potential use as low-power field sensors and memory elements.
Intensity of the biostimulatory effect of bulls on resumption of ovulatory activity in primiparous, suckled, beef cows.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate postpartum resumption of ovulatory cycles in primiparous, suckled beef cows exposed to close physical contact or limited, fenceline contact with mature bulls. The hypotheses tested were that proportions of cows cycling and intervals from the start of exposure to resumption of ovulatory cycles did not differ among cows exposed to close physical contact; exposed to limited, fenceline contact; or not exposed to bulls. Angus×Hereford cows were assigned randomly to be exposed to close physical contact (experiment 1 (Exp. 1), BE; n =14); limited, fenceline contact (Exp. 2, BEFL; n =22); or not exposed (Exps. 1 and 2, NE; n =37) to mature bulls beginning 59 days (Exp. 1) and 68 days (Exp. 2) after calving (day 0 in each experiment, respectively). In Exps. 1 and 2, anovular cows were exposed or not exposed to biostimulatory stimuli of bulls for 35 and 42 days, respectively. An increase in progesterone concentrations that exceeded 1.0ng/mL in three consecutive samples was used as evidence of resumption of luteal function in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, the presence of a corpus luteum in an ovary, assessed by ultrasonography, was used as evidence of resumption of luteal function. Percentage of cows that resumed luteal activity by the end of the Exp. 1 was greater ( P 0.05) for BE cows than for NE cows, whereas proportions of BEFL cows did not differ ( P >0.10) between BE or NE cows in Exp. 2. Interval from the start of the exposure period to resumption of luteal activity was shorter ( P P P P >0.10) from that NE cows. We conclude that the response of anovular, primiparous cows to the biostimulatory effect of bulls may depend on the intensity of exposure (frequency of exposure, duration of exposure, and quantity of stimuli) of pheromonal stimuli produced by bulls.
Capacity expansion and operational planning for regional water-resource systems

Abstract Here is an hierarchical approach aimed at coordinating several different mathematical models in order to achieve optimal regional management of water resources and related land. The overall hierarchical model is based on the assumption that projects have two different types of water (fresh and irrigation) and a power capacity. The system's objective is to meet fresh-water, irrigation-water and power demands while maximizing the present value of the net benefits for the entire region. The hierarchical model structure consists of two levels and the following decisions are made: 1. (1) A project construction sequence which meets given water and power demands at minimum cost for a planning time horizon, T ( T = 30 years). 2. (2) The resource allocation policies which yield the greatest return while meeting all demands. Water and power demands are assumed to be functions of water and power prices, respectively. Thus, the return and cost will be functions of water and power prices. The lower level of the model uses the solution of a dynamic programming to generate the return and cost for various values of the water and power prices. Then regression analysis yields the return and cost as explicit functions of the water and power prices. At the higher level the empirical functions, generated by the lower level are solved for the optimal prices.
Co‐amendment with halogenated compounds enhances anaerobic microbial dechlorination of 1,2,3,4‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin and 1,2,3,4‐tetrachlorodibenzofuran in estuarine sediments

Halogenated coamendments enhanced dechlorination of 31 microM of spiked 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TeCDD) and 49 microM of spiked 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TeCDF) in sediments from San Diego Bay (CA, USA) and Tuckerton (NJ, USA). Dechlorination of 1,2,3,4-TeCDD occurred to a greater extent under methanogenic than under sulfate-reducing conditions. The most effective stimulation of 1,2,3,4-TeCDD dechlorination occurred with coamendment of 25 microM of 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene (TeCB), 2,3,4,5-tetrachloroanisole (TeCA), 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol, or 2',3',4'-trichloroacetophenone plus 500 microM lactate and 500 microM propionate as electron donors. The 1,2,3,4-TeCDD dechlorination was evident after three months and sequentially produced mainly 1,2,4-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 1,3-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and 2-monochlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (MCDD). Monobromophenols (2-bromo-, 3-bromo-, and 4-bromophenol), monochlorophenols (2-chloro-, 3-chloro-, and 4-chlorophenol), 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobenzoate, or electron donors alone stimulated less 1,2,3,4-TeCDD dechlorination, with activity apparent only after six months. The 1,2,3,4-TeCDD dechlorination produced 50 mol % 2-MCDD after six months in sediments from the more contaminated Graving Dock and Paleta Creek sites in San Diego Bay. The 1,2,3,4-TeCDD dechlorination by sediments from the less contaminated Shelter Island site in San Diego Bay and in pristine Tuckerton sediments did not produce 2-MCDD. Dechlorination of 1,2,3,4-TeCDF to tri- and dichlorinated daughter products was significantly enhanced by TeCB and TeCA. These results suggest that halogenated aromatic compounds with structural similarity to 1,2,3,4-TeCDD/F stimulate bacteria with the ability to dechlorinate chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furans.
Low Temperature Diamond Deposition On Glass

Diamond films by chemical vapor deposition have good potential for optical application only if transparent films can be produced. Thin diamond films were deposited on silicon, lead glass, MgO, fused silica and soda-lime silica at low temperatures (<500°C) by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Low temperatures were achieved either by lowering microwave powers and pressures or by remoting the plasma. The deposited films were either white and transluscent or highly transparent depending on the different gas mixtures being used. The effect of gas composition on diamond formation will be discussed. Raman peak shifts of 2 to 8 cm-1 were observed due to the strain in the film. The exact temperature of the growth surface is uncertain as measurements were made only of the substrate bulk. Estimated temperatures were reported by careful calibration.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluating the Effect of State Regulation of Federally Licensed Firearm Dealers on Firearm Homicide

Effective federal regulation of firearm dealers has proven difficult. Consequently, many states choose to implement their own regulations. We examined the impact of state-required licensing, record keeping of sales, allowable inspections, and mandatory theft reporting on firearm homicide from 1995 to 2010. We found that lower homicide rates were associated with states that required licensing and inspections. We concluded that firearm dealer regulations might be an effective harm reduction strategy for firearm homicide.
Results of Glomectomy in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Four Year Follow-up Report of 57 Cases

Fifty-seven older men with bronchial asthma and asthmatic bronchitis underwent unilateral removal of the carotid body (glomectomy) for the treatment of bronchospasm. Improvement was assessed at six months and four years by comparing values of one second forced expiratory volumes, need for continued medication and survival. Only eight showed increased FEV1.0 values at six months and only three at the four year follow-up period postglomectomy. All patients continued to require medication for symptoms of bronchospasm. It was concluded that glomectomy did not significantly alter the course of bronchospastic disease in the patients studied.
Experimental Evidence in Support of the Dormant Tumor Cell

When rats were injected intraportally with as few as 50 Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cells aarcoma cells and then examined 5 months later for hepatic tumor growth, none was evident. If, however, 3 months after injection the rats were subjected to repeated laparotomy and liver examination at 7-day intervals, 100 percent had a tumor within a few weeks.
Implicit Theorizing: A Methodological Criticism of the Neo-Cambridge School

I. Distinction between logical and methodological problems, 337. — II. Methodological pattern of a deductive theory, 339. — III. Implicit vs. explicit definitions, 342. — Fundamental limitations of implicit theories, 344. — IV. Examples of implicit theorizing: Joan Robinson's "corrected units," 346. — R. F. Kahn's theory of "ideal output," 347. — J. E. Hicks' generalized concept of elasticity of substitution, 348. — J. M. Keynes' concepts of aggregate supply and demand curves, 349.
Measurement of electrode capacitance in the presence of a faradaic reaction

Abstract (1) The data presented verify that differential double-layer capacitance can be determined in the presence of a Faradaic reaction by measuring the frequency of an alternating current and employing the expression C d1 = i/(4 f Δ E ). (2) Continuous plots proportional to the reciprocal of the double-layer capacitance are obtained directly. The small correction required because of the variation of E with frequency may possibly be eliminated by use of more sophisticated amplifiers. (3) The potential of a pseudocapacitance peak in the capacitance curve indicates what ion (impurity) is present and the potential output from OA 5 is a polarographic measure of its concentration.
Abstract only: DEMOCRACY: a heuristic for polynomial systems of equations over finite fields

This paper presents a heuristic for solving polynomial systems of equations on finite fields larger than GF(2), via stochastic local search (SLS). It was inspired by the SLS-based SAT-solvers G-SAT,Walk-SAT and Tabu-SAT. Called DEMOCRACY, the equations vote on which values for a given variable will satisfy as many as possible of them. Variables, one at a time, are thusly changed from an initial random setting, until all equations are satisfied.
Dynamics of an inclusion complex of chloroform and cryptophane-E: evidence for a strongly anisotropic van der Waals bond.

The motional dynamics of a van der Waals inclusion complex of cryptophane-E and chloroform has been investigated by a combined NMR exchange and relaxation study. The kinetics of exchange of chloroform between the bulk solution and the complex was investigated by means of proton EXSY measurements. The carbon-13 relaxation of the cryptophane-E host and of the bound chloroform guest was analyzed using the Lipari−Szabo “model-free” approach. For interpretation of the carbon-13 relaxation measurements for chloroform, the chemical-exchange process of complex formation and dissociation had to be taken into account in terms of the modified Bloch equations. It was found that the complex behaves as a single molecule without any significant guest chloroform motion inside the host's cavity.
Sympathetic drive to liver and nonhepatic splanchnic tissue during prolonged exercise is increased in diabetes.

This study was conducted to assess whether nonhepatic splanchnic (NHS) and hepatic tissues contribute to the increase in circulating norepinephrine during prolonged exercise, and to determine whether such a response is exaggerated during exercise in the poorly controlled diabetic when the arterial norepinephrine response is excessive. Chronically catheterized (carotid artery, portal vein, and hepatic vein) and instrumented (Doppler flow probes on hepatic artery and portal vein) normal (n = 6) and alloxan-diabetic (n = 5) dogs were studied during rest (30 minutes) and moderate treadmill exercise (150 minutes). Basal plasma glucose of diabetic dogs was threefold that of control dogs. Since epinephrine is not released by splanchnic tissues, NHS and hepatic epinephrine fractional extraction (FX) can be accurately measured. Because epinephrine FX = norepinephrine FX, norepinephrine spillover can be calculated. NHS and hepatic epinephrine FX remained stable during rest and exercise in both control and diabetic dogs. Although basal NHS norepinephrine spillover was not different between the two groups, basal hepatic norepinephrine spillover was lower in the controls (1.1 +/- 0.3 ng/kg . min) compared with the diabetics (3.6 +/- 1.1 ng/kg . min). Although NHS norepinephrine spillover increased with exercise in the normal dog (3.1 +/- 0.6 ng/kg . min at t = 150 minutes), there was no increase in hepatic norepinephrine spillover (1.1 +/- 0.3 ng/kg . min at t = 150 minutes). In contrast, NHS (8.8 +/- 1.6 ng/kg . min at t = 150 minutes) and hepatic (6.9 +/- 1.8 ng/kg . min at t = 150 minutes) norepinephrine spillover were both markedly increased in the diabetic dog to rates approximately threefold and sixfold higher than in the normal dog. These data show that an increase in NHS but not hepatic norepinephrine spillover is a component of the normal response to prolonged exercise. The exaggerated increase in arterial norepinephrine during exercise in the diabetic state is due, in part, to both increased sympathetic drive to the gut and liver. This increase in sympathetic drive to the splanchnic bed may contribute to the deleterious effects of exercise in poorly controlled diabetes.
Growth factor effects on cells of the vascular wall: a survey.

AbstractAcidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF, bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and transforming growth factor type beta (TGFβ) are well-characterized growth regulators. Though there are reports of the effects of some of these factors on vascular cells, variability in the purity of growth factor preparations and differing cell culture conditions make comparison among the results difficult. Thus, a study employing homogeneous preparations of recombinant growth factors on well-characterized cell populations was conducted. Each of the factors was tested for its effect on the proliferation of cells derived from large and small blood vessels: aortic and capillary endothelial cells (EC), smooth muscle cells (SMC) and pericytes. Of the five growth factors only bFGF stimulated the proliferation of both large vessel and microvessel EC; aFGF was mitogenic for microvessel but not large vessel EC. Neither PDGF (AA, BB or AB) nor EGF had any effect on EC growth. T...
Interaction of colchicine with phosphatidylcholine membranes.

EXPERIMENTAL results have suggested that the alkaloid drug colchicine affects the lateral mobility of membrane components1–5. To explain these observations, Wunderlich et al.6 have proposed two alternative hypotheses: the lipophilic drug intercalates into the lipid bilayer in a manner analogous to cholesterol; or colchicine acts by binding to membrane protein. It is well documented that in lipid bilayers of both model and biological membranes, the methylene groups of the lipid fatty acyl chains are more mobile near the chain terminus than near the glycerol backbone of the phospho-lipid, resulting in a gradient of increasing fluidity in the non-polar phase of the bilayer interior7–12. From nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and spin-label electron spin resonance (ESR) studies it has been found that cholesterol, by intercalating between the phospholipid fatty acyl chain, markedly increases the rigidity of the hydrocarbon phase of the bilayer13–19. We present here the results of a detailed spin-label study using phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes to show that, in contrast with cholesterol, colchicine does not detectably change the rigidity of PC bilayers.
Retrospective Analysis of Communication Events - Understanding the Dynamics of Collaborative Multi-Party Discourse

This research is aimed at understanding the dynamics of collaborative multi-party discourse across multiple communication modalities. Before we can truly make significant strides in devising collaborative communication systems, there is a need to understand how typical users utilize computationally supported communications mechanisms such as email, instant messaging, video conferencing, chat rooms, etc., both singularly and in conjunction with traditional means of communication such as face-to-face meetings, telephone calls and postal mail. Attempting to understand an individual's communications profile with access to only a single modality is challenging at best and often futile. Here, we discuss the development of RACE -- Retrospective Analysis of Communications Events -- a test-bed prototype to investigate issues relating to multi-modal multi-party discourse. We also examine future avenues of research for further enhancing our prototype and investigating this area.
Proteinuria and other renal functions in Wilson’s disease

Renal lesions have repeatedly been described in Wilson's disease (WD). We investigated the excretion of total protein, albumin, low (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) proteins, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and calcium, as well as creatinine clearance, in 24-h urine samples of 41 patients with WD aged 6-37 (mean 17) years who had been treated for a period of 0-15 (mean 4.5) years with D-penicillamine (900 mg/day). The amount of all protein excreted was significantly increased compared with controls, 39% of patients presenting with total proteinuria more than two standard deviations from the mean of controls. The changes in protein excretion depended on the duration of treatment. LMW proteinuria was elevated almost exclusively in the first 2 years after the start of treatment, indicating early tubular damage. This is supported by an initially high excretion of beta 2-microglobulin, NAG, and calcium. Increased excretion of HMW proteins, including albumin, persisted over longer periods, which suggests glomerular injury in some patients, possibly related to the use of D-penicillamine. Creatinine clearance remained roughly within normal limits. We propose that renal function should regularly be checked in patients with WD.