cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The seasonal incidence of coccidial infections in cattle of different ages in South Dakota (USA).

Summary A total of 823 faecal samples from 270 head of cattle, mainly replacemnt heifers, were examined for Eimeria spp. during nine months in cattle from six ranches of the mid-western part of South Dakota (USA). Prevalence of bovine coccidia for the replacement heifers was relatively low in June and August while the most oocysts were eliminated in October. Faecal samples from immature animals showed higher numbers of oocysts per gram of faeces than those from mature animals. Of the total of samples examined, 450 (54.7%) were positive for Eimeria spp. Oocysts of Eimeria bovis were found in 45.9% of the samples; E. alabamensis, 32.7%; E. canadensis, 13.1%; E. auburnensis, 11.8%; E. subspherica, 11.6%; E. zurnii, 8.8%; E. ellipsoidalis, 8.5%; E. bukidnonensis, 6.8% and E. cylindrica, 1.0%. Zusammenfassung Das saisonale Vorkommen von Coccidien-Infektionen bei Rindern verschiedener Altersstufen in Sud-Dakota (USA) Uber neun Monate wurden insgesamt 823 Kotproben von 270 Rindern, hauptsachlich zugekaufte Jungrinder, auf Eimeria spp. untersucht. Die Tiere stammten von sechs verschiedenen Farmen im mittelwestlichen Teil von South Dakota (USA). Wahrend der Monate Juni und August wurden relativ wenig bovine Coccidien bei diesen Tieren gefunden. Die hochste Oocysten-Ausscheidung erfolgte im Oktober, die niedrigste im August. In den Kotproben von Jungtieren wurde eine hohere Zahl von Oocysten pro Gramm Kot ermittelt als in den Proben von alteren Tieren. Von der Gesamtzahl der untersuchten Proben waren 450 (54.7%) positiv fur Eimeria spp. Der Prozentsatz von Eimeria bovis Oocysten betrug 45,9%; E. alabamensis, 32,7%; E. canadensis, 13,1%; E. auburnensis, 11,8%; E. subspherica, 11,6%; E. zurnii, 8,8%; E. ellipsoidalis, 8,5%; E. bukidnonensis, 6,8% und E. cylindrica 1,0%.
Human glycoprotein hormone production in human-human and human-mouse somatic cell hybrids

Abstract The production of both protein and steroid hormones was studied utilizing somatic cell hybrids formed with human choriocarcinoma cells. The human JEG-3 cell line produced the species and organ-specific hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), the steroid hormone progesterone, and converted 19-carbon steroids to estrogens. Hybrids formed with human VA-2 cells, mouse Cl 1D cells and mouse 3T3-4EF cells had detectable hCG synthesis in 20 of 41 total clones. There was no detectable progesterone or 19-carbon aromatization to estrogens in any hybrids. These data demonstrate that the differentiated function of human protein hormone production can be retained in inter- and intra-specific somatic cell hybrids. These results also suggest that protein hormone production can occur independently of steroid production in these cells of placental origin.
Lyapunov-based design of resilient mixed MSE-dissipative-type state observers for a class of nonlinear systems and general performance criteria

A class of continuous-time nonlinear system and measurement equations having locally incrementally conic nonlinearities and finite energy disturbances is considered. A Lyapunov-based resilient mixed mean square error (MSE)-dissipative-type state observer design approach is presented, which guarantees the satisfaction of MSE-type estimation error performance together with a variety of dissipative performance criteria ranging from H∞ to passivity of various types. Linear matrix inequalities are used in the feasibility study of the solution. Some simulation examples are included to illustrate and provide support to the effectiveness of the proposed design methodology.
INFLUENCE OF STRANGE MALES ON IMPLANTATION IN THE DEERMOUSE.

Abstract Relative success of implantation was evaluated in 355 inseminated deermouse females which had been exposed to different types and numbers of males during the 24–48-hour postinsemination period. Exposure to a single deermouse male decreased the incidence of implantation regardless of whether the male was confined in a small holding cage or free to contact the female. The incidence of pregnancy blockage was independent of the number of males to which a female was simultaneously exposed when 1, 2, or 4 males were placed as a group in a female's cage. Exposure to C57BL 10J males resulted in fewer blocked pregnancies than did exposure to strange deermouse males.
A one-step process for fabrication of carbon-carbon composites

Abstract A one-step preparation of carbon-fiber-carbon-matrix composites has been developed, using a new aromatic diacetylene oligomer as a precursor for the matrix. The oligomer gives 95% carbon yield at 650°C, which permits a major simplification in the current method used for fabrication of carbon-carbon composites. The one-step process includes conventional hot pressing in an inert atmosphere. The carbon composite samples demonstrated good mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy showed good wetting of the fibers by the carbon matrix at fracture surfaces.
The use of o-nitrophenyl β-d-galactoside for the synthesis of galactosyl oligosaccharides☆

Abstract o-Nitrophenyl β- d -galactoside was found to serve as a donor of galactosyl units in enzymic transgalactosylation to d -galactose and d -arabinose. The oligosaccharides produced in the reactions were isolated by chromatographic procedures, and structural information on the compounds was obtained. Two oligosaccharides were characterized as 3-β- d -galactopyranosyl- d -arabinose and 6-β- d -galactopyranosyl- d -galactose. Tentative structures, 5-β- d -galactopyranosyl- d -arabinofuranose and 3-β- d -galactopyranosyl- d -galactose, were assigned to two other oligosaccharides. A new chromatographic procedure termed column-paper chromatography was found to be effective for separating compounds with small differences in Rf values.
The E-Coach transition support computer telephony implementation study: Protocol of a randomized trial

Abstract Background Patients requiring complex care are at high risk during the transition from one setting of care to another. Effective interventions to support care transitions have been designed but are very resource intensive. Telemonitoring has been considered as an approach to enhance care transition support, but many telemonitoring systems require special equipment or web-based interfaces to interact with patients and caregivers. Methods/design In this paper we report our protocol for developing and testing E-Coach, an interactive voice response (IVR)-enhanced care transition intervention that monitors patients at home using their personal phone. The elements described include 1) development of an IVR monitoring system that will be based on Coleman's four pillars of care transition support; 2) development of a web-based “dashboard” of IVR responses that alert care transition nurses (CTN) of patient/caregiver concerns after discharge and allow documentation by the CTN when patients/caregivers are called; 3) pilot testing of the IVR system by patients and providers with refinement of the system based on patient/provider input; and 4) a pragmatic protocol for formal testing through a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the E-Coach intervention in congestive heart failure (CHF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients admitted to a large tertiary hospital. Trial Registration: CT.gov#: NCT01135381 .
Petrology and geochemistry of plagiogranite in the Canyon Mountain ophiolite, Oregon

Plagiogranites in the Canyon Mountain ophiolite, Oregon, include a wide range of rock types ranging from diorite to trondhjemite. The plagiogranites are mostly concentrated as an intrusive sill swarm at the top of a section of gabbroic cumulates. The plagiogranites are typically low in K2O and high in Na2O, and are enriched 10–20 times chondrites in REE, and overlap with abundances in basic rocks from Canyon Mountain. All samples of plagiogranite are relatively depleted in LREE, with more silicic samples characterized by a slightly lesser degree of LREE depletion. Total REE content is not consistently correlated with contents of major and other trace elements. Fractional crystallization of basaltic magma may give rise to plagiogranites; however this model applied to Canyon Mountain plagiogranites is discounted because of the significant volume of plagiogranites relative to basic rocks, and the complete overlap of REE abundances of the basic rocks and the plagiogranites. The latter is also a major reason for rejecting the hypothesis of silicate liquid immiscibility in the generation of the plagiogranites. Field observations coupled with major-element and trace element chemistry lend support to a model by which the plagiogranites were produced by partial melting of basic rocks under hydrous conditions. REE data for the plagiogranites were used in calculations to delimit source REE contents. Relevant parameters in the calculations were estimated from experimentally determined phase relations of basalt under hydrous conditions. The resulting calculated source patterns are similar to those of basic rocks in ophiolites and oceanic settings, and suggest boundary conditions for the model. Partial melting as suggested for the Canyon Mountain plagiogranites probably occurred at relatively shallow depths (i.e., total pressures less than 5 kb).
Supersonic meteorology of Io: Sublimation-driven flow of SO2

The horizontal flow of SO_2 gas from day side to night side of Io is calculated. The surface is assumed to be covered by a frost whose vapor pressure at the subsolar point is orders of magnitude larger than that on the night side. Temperature of the frost is controlled by radiation. The flow is hydrostatic and turbulent, with velocity and entropy per particle independent of height. The vertically integrated conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy are solved for atmospheric pressure, temperature, and horizontal velocity as functions of solar zenith angle. Formulas from boundary layer theory govern the interaction between atmosphere and surface. The flow becomes supersonic as it expands away from the subsolar point, as in the theory of rocket nozzles and the solar wind. Within 35° of the subsolar point atmospheric pressure is less than the frost vapor pressure, and the frost sublimes. Elsewhere, atmospheric pressure is greater than the frost vapor pressure, and the frost condenses. The two pressures seldom differ by more than a factor of 2. The sublimation rate at the subsolar point is proportional to the frost vapor pressure, which is a sensitive function of temperature. For a subsolar temperature of 130°K, the sublimation rate is 10^(15) molecules/cm^2/sec. Diurnally averaged sublimation rates at the equator are comparable to the 0.1 cm/year resurfacing rate required for burial of impact craters. At the poles where both the vapor pressures and atmospheric pressures are low, the condensation rates are 100 times smaller. Surface pressures near the terminator are generally too low to account for the ionosphere discovered by Pioneer 10. The possibility of a noncondensable gas in addition to SO_2 must be seriously considered.
Correlation of Whistlers and Lightning Flashes by Direct Aural and Visual Observation

EXTENDING the theoretical work of Eckersley1, and combining it with extensive experimental observations, Storey deduced that whistlers result from the energy of very low frequency radiated by lightning flashes, propagated up to great heights along the flux of the Earth's magnetic field and down again to the ground at the geomagnetically symmetrical place in the opposite hemisphere, taking a second or two to make this very long trip. The lower frequencies travel more slowly than the high, so that the original impulse is spread out into a swish or whistler of descending pitch when it is received2.
Synthesis, Structure, Spectroscopy, and Reactivity of Thiapentadienyl-Cobalt-Phosphine Complexes(1)

The first examples of thiapentadienyl-cobalt complexes have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Treatment of (Cl)Co(PMe3)3 with potassium thiapentadienide yields a dimetallic product, 1, which is held together by two bridging thiapentadienyl ligands, one of which possesses a cis internal double bond and the other a trans internal double bond. Treatment of 1 with carbon monoxide breaks apart the cluster, producing a mixture of (5-η1-cis-5-thiapentadienyl)Co(PMe3)2(CO)2 (cis-2) and its trans isomer (trans-2). cis-2 can be made independently by reacting (Cl)Co(PMe3)2(CO)2 with potassium thiapentadienide. In contrast, treatment of (Cl)Co(PMe3)3 with lithium 2,3-dimethyl-5-thiapentadienide generates a trimetallic product, 3. This species is held together by four bridging thiapentadienyl ligands, all possessing trans internal double bonds. In compound 3, the central cobalt is a Co(II) center, produced through a disproportionation reaction, while the two terminal cobalts are Co(I) centers. Treatment...
More Than One Way To Sense Chemicals

“Every way makes my gain...” Othello, Act V, Scene I Sensing various chemicals in the environment and responding to changes in their concentrations is a fundamental property of a living cell. It is especially important for unicellular organisms that constantly interact with the environment.
Fluorescence line-narrowing spectroscopy in the study of chemical carcinogenesis

A laser spectroscopic technique known as 'fluorescence line narrowing spectroscopy' (FLNS) provides an unprecedented level of detail in the study of cellular macromolecular damage to DNA due to chemical reactions in vitro and in vivo with organic carcinogens. The reactions are believed to be the first step in the induction of tumors. Different stereoisomers of the metabolite benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) which binds to DNA bases and the same stereoisomers in different DNA site configurations can be directly distinguished. By comparing BPDE adducts formed from synthetic polynucleotides of specific base composition, insights into the nature of BPDE-DNA adduct structure types can be obtained. It is shown that FLNS can be used to study metabolic pathways and DNA damage routes from benzo[a]pyrene and 7,12- dimethylbenzanthracene. BPDE-human hemoglobin adducts can also be identified. Due to its high sensitivity and superior selectivity, FLNS could be the basis for a practical and reliable body burden assessment methodology.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fluorogen-Activating Proteins as Biosensors of Cell-Surface Proteins in Living Cells

This study explores the general utility of a new class of biosensor that allows one to selectively visualize molecules of a chosen membrane protein that are at the cell surface. These biosensors make use of recently described bipartite fluoromodules comprised of a fluorogen-activating protein (FAP) and a small molecule (fluorogen) whose fluorescence increases dramatically when noncovalently bound by the FAP (Szent-Gyorgyi et al., Nat Biotechnol 2010;00:000-000).
On the problem of finding minimal programs for tables

In this paper we give a very weak axiom for the “length of a program,” Q(z) . Without assuming that Q(z) is partial recursive, we then prove a rather surprising result: that for some integer m , there is a finite repertoire of programs which contains the shortest programs for a set of characteristic functions whose domains are of cardinality m , but which is such that the problem of passing from a table for one of these characteristic functions to its shortest program in the repertoire is unsolvable.
The ecology of avian influenza virus in wild birds: What does this mean for poultry?

As natural hosts for avian influenza virus (AIV), wild birds, particularly aquatic birds, are the primary reservoir for transmission of AIV to domestic poultry. Therefore, understanding the dissemination and maintenance of AIV in wild birds is important for understanding the factors that contribute to transmission of AIV from wild birds to poultry. However, relatively little is known about the ecology of the virus in wild birds, and the depth of data are inconsistent worldwide. Also, the biology of the virus itself is very important, because AIV is highly adaptable to different hosts and likely to the environment as well. Some insight may be gained from the Asian H5N1 highly pathogenic AIV lineage, because surveillance for this virus has increased considerably in wild birds worldwide since 2005. Also, numerous species that have not previously been represented in AIV testing have been included in surveillance for the Asian H5N1 highly pathogenic AIV, allowing for a more complete understanding of the distribution of AIV in wild birds.
Moral and Ethical Considerations in Karl Marx's Robust Vision of the Future Society

In several previous papers, the present author has examined Marx's view of the future, post‐capitalist society, but without systematic consideration of moral or ethical issues (Elliott, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1986; Elliott and Scott, 1986). In recent papers, moral and ethical dimensions of Marx's critique of capitalist society have been studied (Elliott, 1986a, 1987). This article endeavours to link and synthesise these two lines of inquiry by expressly identifying moral and ethical aspects of Marx's vision of the future society and connecting those considerations to his socio‐economic and socio‐historical perspective on capitalism.
Comparison of multireference configuration interaction potential energy surfaces for H + O2 → HO2: the effect of internal contraction

A comparison is presented of uncontracted multireference singles and doubles configuration interaction (MRCI) and internally contracted MRCI potential energy surfaces for the reaction \( {\mathrm H}\left( {^2 {\mathrm S}} \right) + {\mathrm O}_2 \left( {^3 \Sigma _{g}^ - } \right) \to {\mathrm H}{\mathrm O}_2 \left( {^2 {\mathrm A}^{\prime\prime}} \right) \). It is found that internal contraction leads to significant differences in the reaction kinetics relative to the uncontracted calculations.
Altered Localization of the δ Subunit of the GABAA Receptor in the Thalamus of α4 Subunit Knockout Mice

The α4 subunit of the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) is highly expressed in the thalamus where receptors containing the α4 and δ subunits are major mediators of tonic inhibition. The α4 subunit also exhibits considerable plasticity in a number of physiological and pathological conditions, raising questions about the expression of remaining GABAAR subunits when the α4 subunit is absent. Immunohistochemical studies of an α4 subunit knockout (KO) mouse revealed a substantial decrease in δ subunit expression in the ventrobasal nucleus of the thalamus as well as other forebrain regions where the α4 subunit is normally expressed. In contrast, several subunits associated primarily with phasic inhibition, including the α1 and γ2 subunits, were moderately increased. Intracellular localization of the δ subunit was also altered. While δ subunit labeling was decreased within the neuropil, some labeling remained in the cell bodies of many neurons in the ventrobasal nucleus. Confocal microscopy demonstrated co-localization of this labeling with an endoplasmic reticulum marker, and electron microscopy demonstrated increased immunogold labeling near the endoplasmic reticulum in the α4 KO mouse. These results emphasize the strong partnership of the δ and α4 subunit in the thalamus and suggest that the α4 subunit of the GABAAR plays a critical role in trafficking of the δ subunit to the neuronal surface. The findings also suggest that previously observed reductions in tonic inhibition in the α4 subunit KO mouse are likely to be related to alterations in δ subunit expression, in addition to loss of the α4 subunit.
Chronic nicotine exposure augments renal oxidative stress and injury through transcriptional activation of p66shc

Background Chronic nicotine (Ch-NIC) exposure exacerbates ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced oxidative stress and acute kidney injury (AKI), and mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultured renal proximal tubule cells (RPTCs). Because Ser36-phosphorylated p66shc modulates mitochondrial ROS production and injury of RPTCs, we hypothesized that Ch-NIC exacerbates AKI by increasing stress-induced phosphorylation of p66shc.
Reducing network latency using subpages in a global memory environment

New high-speed networks greatly encourage the use of network memory as a cache for virtual memory and file pages, thereby reducing the need for disk access. Because pages are the fundamental transfer and access units in remote memory systems, page size is a key performance factor. Recently, page sizes of modern processors have been increasing in order to provide more TLB coverage and amortize disk access costs. Unfortunately, for high-speed networks, small transfers are needed to provide low latency. This trend in page size is thus at odds with the use of network memory on high-speed networks.This paper studies the use of subpages as a means of reducing transfer size and latency in a remote-memory environment. Using trace-driven simulation, we show how and why subpages reduce latency and improve performance of programs using network memory. Our results show that memory-intensive applications execute up to 1.8 times faster when executing with 1K-byte subpages, when compared to the same applications using full 8K-byte pages in the global memory system. Those same applications using 1K-byte subpages execute up to 4 times faster than they would using the disk for backing store. Using a prototype implementation on the DEC Alpha and AN2 network, we demonstrate how subpages can reduce remote-memory fault time; e.g., our prototype is able to satisfy a fault on a 1K subpage stored in remote memory in 0.5 milliseconds, one third the time of a full page.
Performance, energy, and thermal considerations for SMT and CMP architectures

Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) and chip multiprocessing (CMP) both allow a chip to achieve greater throughput, but their relative energy-efficiency and thermal properties are still poorly understood. This paper uses Turandot, PowerTimer, and HotSpot to explore this design space for a POWER4/POWER5-like core. For an equal-area comparison with this style of core, we find CMP to be superior in terms of performance and energy-efficiency for CPU-bound benchmarks, but SMT to be superior for memory-bound benchmarks due to a larger L2 cache. Although both exhibit similar peak operating temperatures and thermal management overheads, the mechanism by which SMT and CMP heat up are quite different. More specifically, SMT heating is primarily caused by localized heating in certain key structures, CMP heating is mainly caused by the global impact of increased energy output. Because of this difference in heat up mechanism, we found that the best thermal management technique is also different for SMT and CMP Indeed, non-DVS localized thermal-management can outperform DVS for SMT. Finally, we show that CMP and SMT scales differently as the contribution of leakage power grows, with CMP suffering from higher leakage due to the second core's higher temperature and the exponential temperature-dependence of subthreshold leakage.
Current gain dependence on subcollector and etch-stop doping in InGaP/GaAs HBTs

The DC current gain dependence of InGaP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) on subcollector and etch-stop doping is examined. Samples of InGaP/GaAs HBTs having various combinations of subcollector doping and etch-stop doping are grown, and large area 60 /spl mu/m/spl times/60 (/spl mu/) HBTs are then fabricated for DC characterization. It is found that the DC current gain has a strong dependence on the doping concentration in the subcollector and the subcollector etch-stop. Maximum gain is achieved when the subcollector is doped at 6/spl sim/7/spl times/10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/ while the subcollector etch-stop is doped either above 6/spl times/10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/ (current gain/sheet resistance ratio, /spl beta//R/sub b/=0.435 at I/sub c/=1 mA) or below 3.5/spl times/10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/ (/spl beta//R/sub b/=0.426/spl sim/0.438 at I/sub c/=1 mA). The data show that it is not necessary to heavily dope the subcollector etch-stop to reduce the conduction barrier and to obtain high current gain. The high current gain obtained with the low InGaP etch-stop doping concentration is attributed to the reduction of the effective energy barrier thickness due to band bending at the heterojunction between the InGaP etch-stop and the GaAs subcollector. These results show that the /spl beta//R/sub b/ of InGaP/GaAs HBTs can improve as much as 69% with the optimized doping concentration in subcollector and subcollector etch-stop.
C. elegans Locomotory Rate Is Modulated by the Environment through a Dopaminergic Pathway and by Experience through a Serotonergic Pathway

Caenorhabditis elegans modulates its locomotory rate in response to its food, bacteria, in two ways. First, well-fed wild-type animals move more slowly in the presence of bacteria than in the absence of bacteria. This basal slowing response is mediated by a dopamine-containing neural circuit that senses a mechanical attribute of bacteria and may be an adaptive mechanism that increases the amount of time animals spend in the presence of food. Second, food-deprived wild-type animals, when transferred to bacteria, display a dramatically enhanced slowing response that ensures that the animals do not leave their newly encountered source of food. This experience-dependent response is mediated by serotonergic neurotransmission and is potentiated by fluoxetine (Prozac). The basal and enhanced slowing responses are distinct and separable neuromodulatory components of a genetically tractable paradigm of behavioral plasticity.
The Nature of Covalent Complexes of Phosphoproteins with Collagen in the Bovine Dentin Matrix

The bovine dentin matrix still contains some non-collagenous proteins after thorough extraction and decalcification. These have been obtained following digestion of the matrix by cyanogen bromide. Peptides containing non-collagenous portions were isolated by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose columns and fractionated on hydroxyapatite columns. Several fractions were obtained. The principal component was a complex between a highly-phosphorylated serine-aspartic acid-rich protein and a collagen peptide. These collagenous and non-collagenous moieties could not be separated from each other even under highly dissociative solvent conditions. After digestion with collagenase, the resulting phosphoprotein fraction still contained a few residues of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, and an enhanced content of pro-line, compared to the equivalent directly extractable phosphophoryn of the matrix. These data were interpreted as indicating that the phosphophoryn which is not extractable in 0.5M ethylenediami...
Device scaling and application trends for over 200GHz SiGe HBTs

We discuss issues and solutions for scaling of SiGe HBT devices through f/sub T/ = 350GHz. Trends in peak f/sub T/ current density J/sub CP/ and avalanche multiplication M-I are shown for devices with f/sub T/ ranging from 50GHz to 350GHz, and discussed in the context of device operation and reliability. The over 10/spl times/ current density increase observed across this f/sub T/ range may be managed by reducing emitter width and maintaining a low device thermal resistance. We show that the over 20/spl times/ avalanche current increase must be accompanied by a reduction in base resistance to maintain sufficiently high instability voltage. We also discuss the degradation from avalanche hot carriers and find this acceptable looking forward. From the circuit point of view, reversal in base current resulting from avalanche must be managed in the model and in the circuit design.
On some properties of variable size simple random sampling and a limit theorem

This paper introduces a sampling plan for finite populations herein called “variable size simple random sampling” and compares properties of estimators based on it with results from the usual fixed size simple random sampling without replacement. Necessary and sufficient conditions (in the spirit of Hajek (1960)) for the limiting distribution of the sample total (or sample mean) to be normal are given.
A new class of nature-inspired algorithms for self-adaptive peer-to-peer computing

We present, and evaluate benefits of, a design methodology for translating natural phenomena represented as mathematical models, into novel, self-adaptive, peer-to-peer (p2p) distributed computing algorithms (protocols). Concretely, our first contribution is a set of techniques to translate discrete sequence equations (also known as difference equations) into new p2p protocols called sequence protocols. Sequence protocols are self-adaptive, scalable, and fault-tolerant, with applicability in p2p settings like Grids. A sequence protocol is a set of probabilistic local and message-passing actions for each process. These actions are translated from terms in a set of source sequence equations. Individual processes do not simulate the source sequence equations completely. Instead, each process executes probabilistic local and message passing actions, so that the emergent round-to-round behavior of the sequence protocol in a p2p system can be probabilistically predicted by the source sequence equations. The article's second contribution is the design and evaluation of a set of sequence protocols for detection of two global triggers in a distributed system: threshold detection and interval detection. This article's third contribution is a new self-adaptive Grid computing protocol called HoneyAdapt. HoneyAdapt is derived from sequence equations modeling adaptive bee foraging behavior in nature. HoneyAdapt is intended for Grid applications that allow Grid clients, at run-time, a choice of algorithms for executing chunks of the application's dataset. HoneyAdapt tells each Grid client how to adaptively select at run-time, for each chunk it receives, a good algorithm for computing the chunk—this selection is based on continuous feedback from other clients. Finally, we design a variant of HoneyAdapt, called HoneySort, for application to Grid parallelized sorting settings using the master-worker paradigm. Our evaluation of these contributions consists of mathematical analysis, large-scale trace-based simulation results, and experimental results from a HoneySort deployment.
Mild traumatic brain injury and ADHD: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.

Objective: This study investigated the association between mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and ADHD, which increases risk of injuries and accidents. Method: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that examined the relationship between mTBI and ADHD. Results: Five studies, comprising 3,023 mTBI patients and 9,716 controls, fit our a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria. A meta-analysis found a significant association between ADHD and mTBI, which was significant when limited to studies that reported on ADHD subsequent to mTBI and when the direction of the association was not specified, but not for studies that reported mTBI subsequent to ADHD. Heterogeneity of effect size and publication biases were not evident. Conclusion: The literature documents a significant association between mTBI and ADHD. Further clarification of the relationship and direction of effect between mTBI and ADHD and treatment implications could have large clinical, scientific, and public health implications.
Functional programming and theorem proving for undergraduates: a progress report

For the past five years, the University of Oklahoma has used the ACL2 theorem prover for a year-long sequence on software engineering. The goal of the course is to introduce students to functional programming with "Applicative Common Lisp" (ACL) and to expose them to defect recognition at all levels, including unit testing, randomized testing of conjectures, and formal theorem proving in "a Computational Logic" (ACL2).Following Page's example, Northeastern University has experimented with the introduction of ACL2 into the freshman curriculum for the past two years. Northeastern's goal is to supplement an introductory course on functional program design with a course on logic and theorem proving that integrates the topic with programming projects.This paper reports on our joint project's progress. On the technical side, the paper presents the Scheme-based integrated development environment, its run-time environment for functional GUI programming, and its support for different forms of testing. On the experience side, the paper summarizes the introduction of these tools into the courses, the reaction of industrial observers of Oklahoma's software engineering course, and the feedback from a first outreach workshop.
Femtosecond waveform transfer from 800 nm to 400 nm wavelength by type II second harmonic generation

We demonstrate for the first time a pulse shape frequency transfer scheme using type II second harmonic generation (SHG). Our technique allows general control of both the intensity and phase profiles of the output waveform.
State estimation with sampling offsets in Wide Area Measurement Systems

An implicit assumption made in studies on state estimation is that the time and frequency at which these measurements are taken is consistent across all the distributed sensing sites. For instance, in the literatures on Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) deployed in the power grid, where the sensors equipped with Global Positioning Signals (GPS), the sensing sites are deemed capable to provide perfectly synchronous readings at the various sampling sites. The validity of the assumption may need to be re-examined with the recent advancements in decentralized state estimation algorithms. Importantly, when there are timing offsets between sampling devices, the effects on the measurement system's performance can be catastrophic. The prevalent point of view is to either study the resulting error, or to resort to Kalman filtering for aligning the measurements. Taking on this view typically requires additional information about the underlying state. In this paper, we revisit the problem of state estimation and propose a new model for data acquisition under asynchronous sampling. The key idea is to apply sampling theory and to exploit the redundancy in the spatial sampling to interpolate the system state. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for identifiability of the time offsets and propose an algorithm for the joint regression on state and timing offsets. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is shown by numerical simulations.
Identification of Arabidopsis mutants with altered glucosinolate profiles based on isothiocyanate bioactivity

Glucosinolates are a diverse class of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing secondary metabolites. They are rapidly hydrolyzed on tissue disruption to a number of biologically active compounds that are increasingly attracting interest as anticarcinogenic phytochemicals and crop protectants. Several glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates are potent chemopreventive agents that favorably modulate carcinogen metabolism in mammals. Methylsulfinylalkyl isothiocyanates, in particular the 4-methylsulfinylbutyl derivative, are selective and potent inducers of mammalian detoxification enzymes such as quinone reductase (QR). Cruciferous plants including Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyhn, synthesize methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates, which are derived from methionine. Using a colorimetric assay for QR activity in murine hepatoma cells and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of desulfoglucosinolates, we have demonstrated a strong positive correlation between leaf QR inducer potency and leaf content of methionine-derived glucosinolates in various A. thaliana ecotypes and available glucosinolate mutants. In a molecular genetic approach to glucosinolate biosynthesis, we screened 3000 chemically mutagenized M2 plants of the Columbia ecotype for altered leaf QR inducer potency. Subsequent HPLC analysis of progeny of putative mutants identified six lines with significant and heritable changes in leaf glucosinolate content and composition. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Flybrella : A device to attract and kill house flies

FLYBRELLA is a lightweight inexpensive trap that can be suspended like an upside-down umbrella in prominent locations where house flies, Musca domestica L., rest. It consists of a solid, cylindrical backbone to which is attached a perforated transparent tube, or baffle, with a commercial sugar/toxicant strip affixed inside. Centered directly beneath the tube and also attached to the backbone is a 10-cm-diameter inverted opaque plastic cone. House flies readily enter the tube, feed on the fast-acting toxicant, and then fall directly down the tube where they are collected in and concealed by the cone. The cone may be emptied easily through a capped opening in the bottom. In paired indoor tests, the efficacy of the commercial sugar/toxicant strip was increased significantly by the individual addition of several other attractant materials. Variants of the original design were tested, including a more efficient design featuring two concentric tubes with offset perforations. The toxicant strip may be easily removed and/or replaced when desired.
Flow-through catalytic membrane reactors for the destruction of a chemical warfare simulant: Dynamic performance aspects

Abstract A model was developed to describe the dynamic performance of a flow-through catalytic membrane reactor (FTCMR) used for the destruction of a chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulant, specifically dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). For such a reactor, after a certain time period during which it provides full protection, its performance begins to decline, as manifested by a gradual decline in the thermocatalytic destruction rate of the DMMP and discernible changes in the membrane's throughput. The model ascribes these phenomena to changes in the catalytically active membrane surface area and in the accessible membrane pore volume, which are brought upon by the deposition of phosphorous-containing by-products of the DMMP's thermocatalytic decomposition reaction. Such a hypothesis is supported by experimental data for both fresh and aged membranes that substantiate significant losses in surface area and pore volume, and indicate the presence of phosphorous in the aged membranes. The model was used to fit the experimental data from a FTCMR operating under a total flow-through (100% stage-cut) mode of operation, and was shown to describe well the experimental data. In addition, the model was utilized in a predictive mode to describe the performance of a FTCMR employing another membrane from the same batch and catalytically activated under the same procedure, but operating under different operating conditions (0% stage-cut). The model was shown to provide an adequate fit to the experimental data. Following such validation, the model has been used to gain further insight into the impact of the various reactor parameters on FTCMR performance. Its use has, subsequently, led to the development of a novel reactor configuration that significantly expands the operating performance window of the FTCMR for the thermocatalytic CWA destruction.
Husbandry and Breeding in the Octodon degu (Molina 1782)

The Octodon degu is a native rodent species from South America, which lives in colonies with a well-structured social organization grouping of 5-10 young and 2-5 adult animals sharing a burrow system. They show a temperature-dependent diurnal-crepuscular activity pattern. In nature they rarely survive 2 yr, mostly because of predation. However, in captivity, females reproduce for 4-4.5 yr, and both sexes live for 5-7 yr. Males remain fertile until death. Some care is required to maintain healthy degus, particularly breeding females. Here we describe husbandry and breeding guidelines from the experience of the University of Michigan degu colony. With the husbandry practices described here, 90% of pups born in our colony reach maturity (6 mo of age), and no diarrheal diseases are apparent in our adult population.
Microhabitat selection by Peromyscus leucopus

Etude menee du 24 mai au 9 sept. 1980 dans la Kingma Agricultural Research Farm, New Hampshire et precisant quelles sont les variables de l'environnement controlant le choix de l'habitat, choix qui, chez cette espece, presente une plasticite comportementale
Agreement Between Questions About Behavior Function, the Motivation Assessment Scale, Functional Assessment Interview, and Brief Functional Analysis of Children’s Challenging Behaviors

Indirect and direct assessments are widely used to measure the function of challenging behaviors of children in clinical settings. The current study involved comparing results from indirect assessments in identifying the functions of challenging behaviors of 24 children, i.e., Questions About Behavi
37 SUITABILIITY OF SERUM FREE MEDIA FOR FETAL THYMIC ORGAN CULTURE

In an effort to provide an experimental model for future experiments examining the effect of neuroendocrine hormones on early T cell development, it was questioned whether or not serum free media (SFM) could provide suitable growth conditions for fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC). An initial concern was that the recommended use of a 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) containing media in FTOC may interfere with the analysis of neuroendocrine hormone effects on thymocyte development due to potential cross species reactions of bovine hormones. Defined, serum free assays will permit unequivocal analysis of hormone influence on thymocyte development in vitro. In order to determine the suitability of SFM for FTOC, we have conducted experiments to determine the cellular recovery during the peak of CD4+CD8+ thymocyte expansion in FTOC. Embryonic mouse day 14 fetal thymi were collected and cultured in Costar 6-well Transwell plates for 5 days using Stemspan H3000 SFM (StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada). The cellular contents of each thymic lobe were then counted by a Coulter cell counter and assayed for cellular markers by flow cytometry. The flow cytometry was performed using anti-mouse antibody labels for CD45, CD4, CD8, with gating on the CD45, in order to exclude non-bone marrow derived cells. At FTOC day 5 of culture, the organs cultured in SFM contained 1.0 × 106 cells per lobe, while the cell recovery from the organs cultured in 10% FBS media available in the lab was 3.0 × 105 cells per lobe. Flow cytometry indicated a CD4+CD8+ double positive population of 8.2 × 105 cells per lobe in SFM conditions and 1.0 × 105 cells per lobe in serum containing conditions. The experiment was repeated with similar results. Based on these data, the use of serum free condition in FTOC is permissive for thymocyte development from CD4-CD8- double negative to CD4+CD8+ double positive phenotype. These results indicate that SFM is a suitable substitute for FBS containing media in the FTOC assay. In addition, use of SFM can overcome the need to screen for FBS lots that support FTOC and minimize FBS associated variation in the assay. Future use of SFM in FTOC will allow analysis of the effects of individual neuroendocrine hormones on the development of early T cells, while preventing potential influence by hormones present in FBS containing media.
Characteristics of Electric Sparking Machining of Insulating Ceramics Si_3 N_4

An experimental study is conducted on the characteristics of electric sparking machining of insulating ceramics Si3N4 by using assist electrode method under given experimental conditions. The relations among machining current, pulse width, the pulse width factors, machining speed and surface roughness are obtained.
Anticoagulant, Cholecalciferol, and Bromethalin-Based Rodenticides

Rodenticides continue to be the cause of a significant number of animal poisonings each year. Anticoagulants are the most commonly encountered rodenticides, and poisonings are often successfully managed with vitamin K1 and blood transfusions. However, with the advent of newer cholecalciferol and bromethalin-based rodenticides, therapeutic failures may occur more commonly. Cholecalciferol rodenticides produce severe life-threatening hypercalcemia, which may result in dystrophic mineralization of the kidney, stomach, and other organs. Bromethalin is an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, producing increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Clinical signs of bromethalin poisoning include depression, hind-limb paresis, paralysis, tremors, and, occasionally, seizures. Unlike the case of anticoagulant rodenticides, there is no specific antidote (e.g., vitamin K1) for these newer rodenticides, necessitating more broad-based and often more intensive therapeutic measures.
The effects of anticholinergic drugs, chlorpromazine and LSD-25 on evoked potentials, EEG and behaviour.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effects of anticholinergic drugs, chlorpromazine, and LSD-25 on evoked potentials, electroencephalogram (EEG) and behavior. Anticholinergic drugs administered to animals produce patterns in the EEG of high amplitude, low frequency waves normally associated with sleep; however, these drugs do not produce grossly overt changes in behavior. Wikler as a “pharmacological dissociation between EEG and behavior” described this phenomenon. However, this “dissociation” reported on animal studies has not been substantiated in clinical studies. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to study the effect of three anticholinergic drugs—namely, atropine, hyoscine, and N-methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate—on the EEG and on auditory evoked potentials in cats subjected to different environmental conditions and trained to a conditioned avoidance response. The effects of these drugs have been compared with effects produced by LSD-25 and chlorpromazine.
A Synthetic Ecology Perspective: How Well Does Behavior of Model Organisms in the Laboratory Predict Microbial Activities in Natural Habitats?

In this perspective article we question how well model organisms, the ones that are easy to cultivate in the laboratory and that show robust growth and biomass accumulation, reflect the dynamics and interactions of microbial communities observed in nature. Today’s -omics toolbox allows assessing the genomic potential of microbes in natural environments in a high throughput fashion, and at a strain-level resolution. However, understanding of the details of microbial activities and of the mechanistic bases of community function still requires experimental validation in simplified and fully controlled systems such as synthetic communities. We have studied methane utilization in Lake Washington sediment for a few decades and have identified a number of species genetically equipped for this activity. We have also identified co-occurring satellite species that appear to form functional communities together with the methanotrophs. Here we compare experimental findings from manipulation of natural communities involved in metabolism of methane in this niche with findings from manipulation of synthetic communities assembled in the laboratory of species originating from the same study site, from very simple (two-species) to rather complex (50-species) synthetic communities. We observe some common trends in community dynamics between the two types of communities, toward representation of specific functional guilds. However, we also identify strong discrepancies between the dominant methane oxidizers in synthetic communities compared to natural communities, under similar incubation conditions. These findings highlight the challenges that exist in using the synthetic community approach to modeling dynamics and species interactions in natural communities.
Laboratory assessment of circulating anticoagulants.

Acquired circulating anticoagulants comprise a diverse, complex, and confusing assortment of hemostatic inhibitors. These anticoagulants are divisible into three broad categories: nonspecific inhibitors, multispecific inhibitors, and specific inhibitors. Lupus anticoagulants and certain paraproteins constitute the first group; fibrinogen split products, heparin-like paraproteins, and a few drugs make up the second selective coagulation, and factor inhibitors compose the third.