cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of learning at the category level when learning a natural concept: will task experience improve its resolution?

Abstract Researchers have recently begun to investigate people's ability to monitor their learning of natural categories. For concept learning tasks, a learner seeks to accurately monitor learning at the category level — i.e., to accurately judge whether exemplars will be correctly classified into the appropriate category on an upcoming test. Our interest was in whether monitoring resolution at the category level would improve as participants gain task experience across multiple study-test blocks, as well as within each block. In four experiments, exemplar birds (e.g., American Goldfinch, Cassin's Finch) paired with each family name (e.g., Finch) were studied, and participants made a judgment of learning (JOL) for each exemplar. Of most interest, before and after studying the exemplars, participants made category learning judgments (CLJs), which involved predicting the likelihood of correctly classifying novel birds into each family. Tests included exemplars that had been studied or exemplars that had not been studied (novel). This procedure was repeated for either one or two additional blocks. The relative accuracy of CLJs did not improve across blocks even when explicit feedback was provided, whereas item-by-item JOL accuracy improved across blocks. Category level resolution did improve from pre-study to post-study on an initial block, but it did not consistently increase within later blocks. The stable accuracy of CLJs across blocks poses a theoretical and empirical challenge for identifying techniques to improve people's ability to judge their learning of natural categories.
Lacritin, a Novel Human Tear Glycoprotein, Promotes Sustained Basal Tearing and Is Well Tolerated

Purpose. Lacritin is a novel human tear glycoprotein that promotes basal tear peroxidase secretion by rat lacrimal acinar cells in vitro. This study investigates whether lacritin is prosecretory when added topically to the ocular surface of normal living rabbits, and if so, what is its efficacy and tolerability versus cyclosporine and artificial tears.
Log-concavity of compound distributions with applications in stochastic optimization

Compound distributions come up in many applications (telecommunication, hydrology, insurance, etc.), where some of the typical problems are of optimization type. The log-concavity property is paramount in these respects to ensure convexity. In this paper, we prove the log-concavity of some compound Poisson and other compound distributions.
Resonance structures in elastic and Raman scattering from microspheres

To study the interactions between Mie scattering and Raman emissions of spherical particles, we measured the Raman spectra together with the elastically scattered light of the excitation source of an evaporating aqueous sodium nitrate droplet. Resonance structures were observed in the temporal profiles of the elastically scattered light and Raman nitrate and water emissions. The resonance structures in these three profiles occurred in a concerted mode but sometimes occurred independently of each other. A model of inelastic scattering by microspheres by Kerker et al. ["Raman and Fluorescent Scattering by Molecules Embedded in Spheres with Radii up to Several Multiples of the Wavelength," Appl. Opt. 18, 1172-1179 (1979); "Lorenz-Mie Scattering by Spheres: Some Newly Recognized Phenomena," Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1, 275-291 (1982); "Inelastic Light Scattering," in Aerosol Microphysics I: Particle Interaction, W. H. Marlow, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1980); "Model for Raman and Fluorescent Scattering by Molecules Embedded in Small Particles," Phys. Rev. A 13, 396-404 (1976)] and the behavior of low order Mie resonances were used to explain the data. This type of data can be used for the determination of chemical compositions of spherical particles.
Increased skeletal muscle acetylcholinesterase activity in porcine malignant hyperthermia

The content and distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the skeletal muscle disorder malignant hyperthermia (MH) was examined. The AChE activity of sarcolemma membranes isolated from MH-susceptible (MHS) swine was increased twofold when compared with normal sarcolemma. The total AChE activity of muscle extracts was also doubled in MHS tissue; however, the relative distribution between low-salt extractable (globular forms) and high-salt extractable (asymmetric forms) AChE activities were similar in MHS and normal muscle. Our results suggest that, for as yet unexplained reasons, both the sarcolemmal and total AChE activity of skeletal muscle is increased in porcine MH.
Intercalating drugs and low temperatures inhibit synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNA in isolated human mitochondria

Mitochondrial DNA transcription in isolated HeLa cell mitochondria faithfullyreproduces the in vivo process. In this system, actinomycin D, proflavine and ethidium bromide preferentially inhibit the formation of ribosomal RNA over that of messenger RNA, strongly supporting independent controls of the two overlapping transcription units involved in their synthesis. The processing step removing the tRNAPhe sequence at the 5′ end of the ribosomal RNA precursor is uniquely sensitive to low temperature, proflavine and ethidium bromide.
Beneficial Effects of Reduced Oxygen Tension and Perfusion in Long‐Term Hematopoietic Culturesa

Growth of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells found in the MNC fraction of human cord blood was evaluated under atmospheres containing reduced (5%) and normal (20%) oxygen tension. Reduced oxygen tension increased total cell numbers by as much as 5-fold in cord blood suspension cultures, but this effect was less pronounced in cultures containing an irradiated bone marrow stromal cell layer. However, reduced oxygen tension resulted in a substantial increase in both the number and frequency of colony-forming cells observed in both types of LTHC studied. Under low oxygen, CFU-C progenitor cell numbers were as much as 10-fold higher. Finally, reduced oxygen tension slowed the rate of irradiated stromal layer degeneration, as judged by cell counts and microscopic examination. These results indicate that low oxygen, which better approximates the in vivo environment, enhances the growth and maintenance of human stromal and progenitor cells in vitro. These low oxygen findings were then applied to a murine model LTHC perfusion system. In this system, irradiated 3T3 stromal layer integrity was improved under low oxygen and was substantially further improved with continuous medium perfusion. Cell counts and flow cytometry analysis indicated that the total cell production and the production of immature cells from murine bone marrow MNC on irradiated 3T3 cells were significantly enhanced under low oxygen with perfusion. After three weeks of culture, a 24-fold higher number of Thy1.2lo F4/80- MAC1- cells (indicative of murine stem and progenitor cells) was observed in the perfusion system as compared with static culture under ambient oxygen.
Temporal artery biopsy in a dermatologic surgery practice

Background. A positive temporal artery biopsy (TAB) is essential to the diagnosis of temporal arteritis. Both this relatively common disease and its prolonged treatment with corticosteroids are associated with serious sequelae. Therefore, accurate and timely diagnosis is critical. The dermatologic surgery literature lacks a description of this straightforward surgical technique, as TABs are most often performed by ophthalmologists. Objective. As a service to our rheumatology department we began performing TABs on a same-day on-call basis in July 1996. Methods. We have performed 45 TABs in a 22-month period using a simple, safe, time-efficient technique. We review the surgical anatomy and danger zone of the temporal region and potential complications. We describe the biopsy technique which aims at safely obtaining a greater than 2 cm segment of a peripheral branch of the superficial temporal artery (STA), identified preoperatively by doppler ultrasonography. Results. The procedure was performed on the day requested in all cases. Intraoperative time ranged from 20 to 40 minutes. TAB established the diagnosis of temporal arteritis in 8 of 44 biopsies (18%) and in 7 of 35 patients (20%), including 1 of 9 patients in whom we performed bilateral TAB. One patient was diagnosed with small-vessel polyarteritis nodosa by TAB. The mean formalin-fixed length of the arterial specimen was 2.2 cm. The length did not vary between positive and negative specimens. There were no complications and the cosmetic results were excellent. Conclusion. TAB is a quick, safe, straightforward, and gratifying office procedure which dermatologic surgeons are very qualified to perform.
PROSTATE BIOPSY FOLLOWING A POSITIVE SCREEN IN THE PROSTATE, LUNG, COLORECTAL AND OVARIAN CANCER SCREENING TRIAL

ABSTRACTPurpose:: The benefit of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) screening for prostate cancer is under evaluation in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Followup of positive screens in PLCO is done by subject personal physicians and it is outside of trial control. We describe the pattern of prostate biopsy in men with positive screens in PLCO.Materials and Methods:: We examined all men with positive baseline PSA or DRE screens and men with positive post-baseline screens occurring by December 2000.Results:: Of 2,717 men with positive PSA (greater than 4 ng/ml) at baseline 41% and 64% underwent biopsy within 1 and 3 years, respectively. A screening PSA of 7 to 10 and greater than 10 ng/ml at baseline was associated with significantly higher biopsy rates (HR 1.9 and 2.6, respectively) compared to PSA 4 to 7 ng/ml. The 1,793 in men whom the first positive PSA was after baseline had a lower overall biopsy rate (50% within 3 years). Fur...
Flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels

Flow boiling heat transfer to water in microchannels is experimentally investigated. The dimensions of the microchannels considered are 275 X 636 and 406X1063 μm 2 . The experiments are conducted at inlet water temperatures in the range of 67-95°C and mass fluxes of 221-1283 kg/m 2 s. The maximum heat flux investigated in the tests is 129 W/cm 2 and the maximum exit quality is 0.2. Convective boiling heat transfer coefficients are measured and compared to predictions from existing correlations for larger channels. While an existing correlation was found to provide satisfactory prediction of the heat transfer coefficient in subcooled boiling in microchannels, saturated boiling was not well predicted by the correlations for macrochannels. A new superposition model is developed to correlate the heat transfer data in the saturated boiling regime in microchannel flows. In this model, specific features of flow boiling in microchannels are incorporated while deriving analytical solutions for the convection enhancement factor and nucleate boiling suppression factor. Good agreement with the experimental measurements indicates that this model is suitable for use in analyzing boiling heat transfer in microchannel flows.
Health-Related Quality of Life of Older Native American Primary Care Patients

The Dartmouth Primary Care COOP Charts are used to characterize the health-related quality of life of patients in five clinics operated by the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. A profile of COOP scores for older Native American patients is presented, as well as the relationships of COOP scores with selected health-related and sociodemographic variables, a partial assessment of construct validity. Data are from a nonprobability sample of adult patients surveyed in 1995 and 1997. This article reports on 157 patients age 55 to 87. More limitations were reported in relation to physical function, bodily pain, and health perceptions. Fewer limitations were reported in social activities and social support. Correlations among COOP dimensions were similar to other studies of chronic disease patients. There was substantial, although partial, agreement between expected and observed relationships, particularly for the health variables. The easily administered COOP charts can improve communication across barriers of class,...
Matrix and whole‐rock fractionations in the Acfer 094 type 3.0 ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite

Abstract– We used the electron microprobe to study matrix in the ungrouped type 3.0 carbonaceous chondrite Acfer 094 using 7 × 7-point, focused-beam arrays; data points attributable to mineral clasts were discarded. The grid areas show resolvable differences in composition, but differences are less pronounced than we observed in studies of CR2 LaPaz Icefield (LAP) 02342 (Wasson and Rubin [2009]) and CO3.0 Allan Hills A77307 (Brearley [1993]). A key question is why Acfer shows an anomalously uniform composition of matrix compared with these other carbonaceous chondrites. Both whole-rock and matrix samples of Acfer 094 show enhancements of Ca and K; it appears that these reflect contamination during hot desert weathering. By contrast, the whole-rock abundance of Na is low. Although weathering effects are responsible for some fractionations, it appears that nebular effects are also resolvable in matrix compositions in Acfer 094. As with LAP 02342, we infer that the observed differences among different areas were inherited from the solar nebula and may have been carried by porous chondrules that experienced low (about 20%) degrees of melting. Acfer 094 has been comminuted by one or more impact events that may also have caused volatile loss. Thus, despite preserving evidence (e.g., an exceptionally high content of presolar SiC) implying a high degree of pristinity, Acfer 094 is far from pristine in other respects. This evidence of comminution and an O-isotopic composition similar to values measured in metamorphosed CM chondrites suggest that Acfer was hydrated before being outgassed by the inferred impact event. Convection within the plume associated with the impact event probably also contributed to the homogenization of the Acfer 094 matrix.
Maximum Freezing Degree-Days as a Winter Severity Index for the Great Lakes, 1897–1977

Abstract General regional and temporal trends in maximum freezing degree-days (FDD's) are identified for the shore zone of the Great Lakes Basin for the 80 winter periods 1897–1977. The cumulative frequency distribution of FDD's at cub of 25 locations is used to define winter severity for the 80 winters. Graphs, contour maps and tabulations are used to summarize and portray the spatial and temporal distribution of FDD's and mild and severe winter categories of winter severity.
Irreversible inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase by phenyldiazene, autoxidizing phenylhydrazine and related materials

Abstract Phenylhydrazine at micromolar levels is a potent inactivator of native soybean lipoxygenase-1 in aerobic base. Autoxidation of phenylhydrazine is responsible for the irreversible inhibition. The effect of O 2 , pH, and purity indicate that inactivation is caused by an intermediate which is formed, but then destroyed, during phenylhydrazine autoxidation. Identification of this material as phenyldiazene follows from direct spectroscopic studies and from comparison of its behavior with authentic phenyldiazene generated both by stoichiometric ferricyanide oxidation of phenylhydrazine and by generation from methyl phenylazoformate. The kinetics of inactivation by phenyldiazene which is generated by each of these methods behave much like many other inhibition systems, and agree quite well with each other. Values of the constants were determined and are compared to other lipoxygenase inhibitors. The effect on lipoxygenase of a range of materials with functionalities related to phenylhydrazine and to phenyldiazene on lipoxygenase was surveyed. It is shown that oleate protects the enzyme as expected for an active site reaction. Finally, it was found that the Fe(III) enzyme is dramatically more sensitive to phenyldiazene, reacting at a very high rate to give inactivation. Large excess of 13- L s -linoleyl hydroperoxide (product) does not reactivate the enzyme, so the reaction is not simply formation of Fe(II) enzyme.
Atomic data from the Iron Project LIX. New radiative transition probabilities for Fe IV including fine structure

We present new calculations for transition probabilities of Fe IV, with much more extensive datasets than heretofore available, for a variety of astrophysical applications. The large-scale close coupling R-matrix calculations yield 1,798 LS bound states with n ≤ 11 and l ≤ 9, and corresponding 138 121 dipole allowed transitions in the form of oscillator strengths f , line strengths S ,a nd A-coe ffficients. This represents the largest R-matrix dataset in LS coupling for any ion under either the Opacity Project or the Iron Project. Through algebraic transformation of the LS multiplets, a total of 712 120 dipole allowed fine structure transitions for Fe IV are obtained. Observed transition energies, whenever available, are used together with the energy independent line strengths to derive the f -a nd theA-values for improved accuray; the adopted algorithm used calculated energies for the remainder. Present results show significantly better accuracy for the important low-lying states than previous calculations. Monochromatic and mean opacities for Fe IV are computed and compared with those obtained using the Opacity Project data. We find differences which could have important consequences for several astrophysical applications involving low ionization stages of iron.
Preparation and Properties of Spinel Made by Vapor Transport and Diffusion in the System MgO-Al2O3

In a hydrogen atmosphere, MgO was vaporized by heating MgO (periclase) in the range 1500° to 1900° C, and the vapor products diffused into Al2O3 (sapphire) to form a uniform outer layer of spinel on all surfaces. At 1900°C. a spinel layer 48 mils thick could be obtained in 16 hours. The rates of spinel formation were determined and the activation energy was calculated to be about 100 kcal. per mole. In the spinel layer, the lattice constant, Vickers hardness, and the refractive index varied from the outer surface to the inner boundary in a fairly uniform manner, indicating a continuous change in composition from 1MgO: 1Al2O3 to 1MgO: 2–3Al2O3. In conversion to spinel a volume increase of 47% over that of the original sapphire took place. Transparent clear shapes of spinel such as disks and rods were obtained from clear sapphire and from translucent polycrystalline alumina. Clear rods of spinel with polished ends acted as thin lenses, round rods as convex lenses, and flat rods as planocylindrical lenses owing to the increase in refractive index from the outer surface to the inner central portion. Objects made of opaque polycrystalline alumina were also converted to spinel. The MgO periclase blocks were etched in the hydrogen atmosphere, and the vapor products of Al2O3 entered the MgO to form tiny spinel droplets in an opalescent border. In an oxidizing atmosphere, spinel was formed only on the surface of the sapphire directly in contact with periclase, in the range 1500° to 1900°C.
Clinical Spanish use and language proficiency testing among pediatric residents.

PurposeTo describe patterns of clinical Spanish use by pediatric residents, and to compare self-assessment of language proficiency against an objective language test.MethodIn 2010, the authors e-mailed a survey to all 247 pediatric residents at three institutions, inviting those with any level of Sp
Isoflurane modulates cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetics by selectively attenuating respiratory complexes

Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury but volatile anesthetics (VA) may alter mitochondrial function to trigger cardioprotection. We hypothesized that the VA isoflurane (ISO) mediates cardioprotection in part by altering the function of several respiratory and transport proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). To test this we used fluorescence spectrophotometry to measure the effects of ISO (0, 0.5, 1, 2mM) on the time-course of interlinked mitochondrial bioenergetic variables during states 2, 3 and 4 respiration in the presence of either complex I substrate K(+)-pyruvate/malate (PM) or complex II substrate K(+)-succinate (SUC) at physiological levels of extra-matrix free Ca(2+) (~200nM) and Na(+) (10mM). To mimic ISO effects on mitochondrial functions and to clearly delineate the possible ISO targets, the observed actions of ISO were interpreted by comparing effects of ISO to those elicited by low concentrations of inhibitors that act at each respiratory complex, e.g. rotenone (ROT) at complex I or antimycin A (AA) at complex III. Our conclusions are based primarily on the similar responses of ISO and titrated concentrations of ETC. inhibitors during state 3. We found that with the substrate PM, ISO and ROT similarly decreased the magnitude of state 3 NADH oxidation and increased the duration of state 3 NADH oxidation, ΔΨm depolarization, and respiration in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas with substrate SUC, ISO and ROT decreased the duration of state 3 NADH oxidation, ΔΨm depolarization and respiration. Unlike AA, ISO reduced the magnitude of state 3 NADH oxidation with PM or SUC as substrate. With substrate SUC, after complete block of complex I with ROT, ISO and AA similarly increased the duration of state 3 ΔΨm depolarization and respiration. This study provides a mechanistic understanding in how ISO alters mitochondrial function in a way that may lead to cardioprotection.
Likelihood-based representation of epistemic uncertainty due to sparse point data and/or interval data

This paper presents a likelihood-based methodology for a probabilistic representation of a stochastic quantity for which only sparse point data and/or interval data may be available. The likelihood function is evaluated from the probability density function (PDF) for sparse point data and the cumulative distribution function for interval data. The full likelihood function is used in this paper to calculate the entire PDF of the distribution parameters. The uncertainty in the distribution parameters is integrated to calculate a single PDF for the quantity of interest. The approach is then extended to non-parametric PDFs, wherein the entire distribution can be discretized at a finite number of points and the probability density values at these points can be inferred using the principle of maximum likelihood, thus avoiding the assumption of any particular distribution. The proposed approach is demonstrated with challenge problems from the Sandia Epistemic Uncertainty Workshop and the results are compared with those of previous studies that pursued different approaches to represent and propagate interval description of input uncertainty.
Catholicism(s), State Terrorism and Secularisation in Argentina

The aims of this article are to explore the diversity of Catholic reactions facing state terror in Cordoba, Argentina, during the 1970s and to analyse how different Catholic groups redefined their relations with the State in the public sphere. To do that, I will use case study methodology applied to the kidnapping of an American priest and five seminarians. I will show how religious beliefs shape to some extent how Catholic social actors respond to political events. Different understandings of Catholicism produced different responses to state terror.
On the location and orientation of the South Pacific Convergence Zone

Three semi-permanent cloud bands exist in the Southern Hemisphere extending southeastward from the equator, through the tropics, and into the subtropics. The most prominent of these features occurs in the South Pacific and is referred to as the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). Similar bands, with less intensity, exist in the South Indian and Atlantic oceans. We attempt to explain the physical mechanisms that promote the diagonal orientation of the SPCZ and the processes that determine the timescales of its variability. It is argued that the slowly varying sea surface temperature patterns produce upper tropospheric wind fields that vary substantially in longitude. Regions where 200 hPa zonal winds decrease with longitude (i.e., negative zonal stretching deformation, or $$ {{\partial \overline{U} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\partial \overline{U} } {\partial x}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\partial x}} < 0 $$ ) reduce the group speed of the eastward propagating synoptic (3–6 day period) Rossby waves and locally increase the wave energy density. Such a region of wave accumulation occurs in the vicinity of the SPCZ, thus providing a physical basis for the diagonal orientation and earlier observations that the zone acts as a “graveyard” of propagating synoptic disturbances. In essence, $$ {{\partial \overline{U} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\partial \overline{U} } {\partial x}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\partial x}} = 0 $$ demarks the boundary of the graveyard while regions where $$ {{\partial \overline{U} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\partial \overline{U} } {\partial x}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\partial x}} < 0 $$ denote the graveyard itself. Composites of the life cycles of synoptic waves confirm this hypothesis. From the graveyard hypothesis comes a more general theory accounting for the SPCZ’s spatial orientation and its longer term variability influenced by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), or alternatively, the changing background SST associated with different phases of ENSO.
Influence of defects on elastic gate tunneling currents through ultrathin SiO2gate oxides: predictions from microscopic models

Abstract We study theoretically the influence of neutral oxygen vacancies on the magnitude of elastic tunneling currents through the ultrathin (1.3 nm) gate oxide of a prototypical metal-oxide field-effect transistor with a channel length of 50 nm. For the calculation of the gate currents, we have used transmission coefficients obtained from three-dimensional semiempirical tight-binding calculations for a model Si–SiO 2 –Si junction, and electron distribution functions based on full-band Monte-Carlo transport simulations. The positions of the atoms in the junction were determined by first-principles density-functional calculations. It is found that the gate currents increase significantly (by typically one to three orders of magnitude) in the presence of vacancies having a density around 10 12 cm − 2 , provided that the resonant energy levels lie less than 1 eV above the Si conduction band edge.
House staff supervision and working hours : implications of regulatory change in New York State

In July 1989, New York State adopted new rules that limit the hours worked by residents and mandate continuous, on-site supervision of junior residents. In addition, all New York hospitals must provide 24-hour coverage for intravenous, phlebotomy, and messenger/transporter services. This article examines the impact of New York's landmark changes on hospital staffing, graduate medical education, the demand for ancillary personnel, and hospital expenditures. Based on a statewide survey, the results indicate that implementation of these rules would require hospitals to hire an additional 5358 full-time equivalent personnel at a yearly cost that would exceed $358 million. The broader implications of these rules on financing graduate training are also explored. ( JAMA . 1990;263:3177-3181)
Role of Tilted Adhesion Fibrils (Setae) in the Adhesion and Locomotion of Gecko-like Systems†

Geckos are super climbers: they can readily and rapidly stick to almost any surface, whether hydrophilic or hydrophobic, rough or smooth, in dry or wet conditions, and detach with equal rapidity within tens of milliseconds. In this paper, we discuss the rapid switching between the strong adhesion/friction (attached) state and zero adhesion/friction (detached) state, and present a finite element analysis of gecko setae in terms of their adhesion and friction forces. The analysis shows why the asymmetric, naturally curved setae with a directional tilt play a crucial role in the gecko's articulation mechanism, consistent with recent experimental studies of gecko setal arrays. We derive guidelines for designing synthetic versions of gecko adhesive pads, and propose a design for a "gecko-inspired" adhesive surface consisting of arrays of curved, asymmetric, and directionally oriented microfibrils, attached to a semirigid backing, and suggest a method for its actuation.
The development of a geospatial data Grid by integrating OGC Web services with Globus-based Grid technology

Geospatial science is the science and art of acquiring, archiving, manipulating, analyzing, communicating, modeling with, and utilizing spatially explicit data for understanding physical, chemical, biological, and social systems on the Earth's surface or near the surface. In order to share distributed geospatial resources and facilitate the interoperability, the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), an industry–government–academia consortium, has developed a set of widely accepted Web-based interoperability standards and protocols. Grid is the technology enabling resource sharing and coordinated problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations. Geospatial Grid is an extension and application of Grid technology in the geospatial discipline. This paper discusses problems associated with directly using Globus-based Grid technology in the geospatial disciplines, the needs for geospatial Grids, and the features of geospatial Grids. Then, the paper presents a research project that develops and deploys a geospatial Grid through integrating Web-based geospatial interoperability standards and technology developed by OGC with Globus-based Grid technology. The geospatial Grid technology developed by this project makes the interoperable, personalized, on-demand data access and services a reality at large geospatial data archives. Such a technology can significantly reduce problems associated with archiving, manipulating, analyzing, and utilizing large volumes of geospatial data at distributed locations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrinsic motivation and sustained art activity among male fine and applied artists

Abstract: Studies of fine artists (e.g., painters, sculptors, photographers) indicate that many experience intrinsic motivation. However, questions can be raised about whether intrinsic motivation can be sustained over time. Because economic support for art is sporadic, meager, or nonexistent, many fine artists shift from one unrelated job to another—exhibiting a fluid career pattern. Such a career pattern would be difficult to withstand for any prolonged period of time because of economic uncertainties, familial pressures, and social status. The present study compared the responses of fine artists in fluid careers (n = 6) with those of applied artists in stable careers (n = 6) regarding whether and why they produce art (at the start of mid‐life). Both groups were queried 18–20 years after attending art school together. A content analysis and chi‐square test revealed that the fine artists were significantly more likely than the applied artists to offer intrinsic motives as an explanation for why they prod...
Alternative methods for restoring gastrointestinal continuity after gastric resection for carcinoma

Abstract The chief factors of safety in carrying out gastric resection for carcinoma are: (1) preparation of the patient for operation, (2) use of the most innocuous type of anesthesia, (3) complete removal of the diseased area of the stomach, (4) proper technic in the operation itself, (5) scrupulous cleanliness, (6) restoration of continuity following removal and (7) after care. The methods of reuniting the stomach and duodenum are: (1) anastomosis of the entire end of the stomach and the end of the duodenum, (2) closure of the end of the duodenum followed by anastomosis of the end of the stomach and the second portion of the duodenum, (3) closure of part of the end of the stomach and anastomosis of its open portion with either the end or side of the duodenum. Segmental resection is probably the simplest and safest method of removing a gastric cancer. Local excision alone for carcinoma of the stomach should be attempted only under exceptional circumstances. In by far the greater number of gastric resections, the Billroth II procedure or one of its modifications is the operation of choice. The general principles of anastomosis are based on general surgical principles: 1. 1. Hemorrhage should be controlled. 2. 2. Approximation should be accurate. 3. 3. Folds at the edge of the stomach should be avoided. 4. 4. There should be no tension from suture lines. 5. 5. Suture material should include some permanent suture, such as silk or linen. 6. 6. Resection should be done sufficiently far from the growth that anastomosis is made in healthy tissue. 7. 7. At the angles of anastomosis, approximation of the intestine and the stomach should extend well beyond the actual opening. Operation should be performed as early as possible in the course of the disease.
Constraining the Sensitivity of Regional Climate with the Use of Historical Observations

Abstract A novel method is presented for calculating how sensitive regional climate is to radiative forcings, based on global surface temperature observations. Forcings that originate in both the region of interest and outside of it are taken into account. It is found that the transient temperature sensitivity parameter (β, defined as the observed temperature response per unit forcing) can be better constrained for 50°S–25°N than for the rest of the globe. The average β in this region is 0.35°C (W m−2)−1. The models used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) 1% yr−1 CO2 increase experiment exhibit a β in this region that, on average, is higher by 35%. The results show that for 50°S–25°N β may provide a more valuable constraint for model evaluation than global mean climate sensitivity.
Cultural Issues in Couple Therapy

Abstract There is scant literature in couples and family therapy about the impact of culture in couple therapy. This paper reviews current literature in counseling, multicultural counseling, family therapy, and gender and cultural studies to provide an overview of the significant and pertinent issues related to culture and the couple therapy setting. The paper reviews several aspects of culture including race and ethnicity, gender, social class, and sexual orientation. While by no means a complete review of these issues as they relate to couple therapy, this paper attempts to provide an opening to future dialogue and discourse in this area of clinical interest.
Luminescence line shape of amorphous hydrogenated carbon and silicon

We demonstrate that the experimental luminescence line shapes of amorphous hydrogenated carbon and amorphous hydrogenated silicon are in reasonable agreement with a simplified theoretical model of Dunstan and Boulitrop with no adjustable parameters. Further, the low-energy luminescence intensity is proportional to the joint density of states.
On-line wear monitoring using acoustic emission

Abstract On-line estimation of the wear rate of materials subjected to abrasion has been accomplished using acoustic emission (AE) sensing. The energy in the AE signal is directly related to the energy required for material removal in the abrasion process. The technique has been successfully applied to monitoring the wear of magnetic recording head materials using lapping tapes over a wide range of wear rates. A methodology has been developed to calibrate the AE monitoring system on line and to estimate the total wear volume. Such a system provides a very powerful quantitative measurement technique for tribological studies, as well as for on-line machine or process diagnostic applications.
Characterization of drag reduction and degradation effects in the turbulent pipe flow of dilute polymer solutions

Turbulent drag reduction data were obtained at Re = 9000 in a 0.62-cm-I.D. pipe for five Polyox compounds covering a wide range of molecular weights. The concentration dependence of drag reduction was shown to obey an improved form of Virk's drag reduction equation, which was previously applied only to flows in capillary tubes. The efficiency of the drag-reducing polymer additives on a unit concentration basis at infinite dilution was determined by using a characteristic parameter, DRm/[c], for each compound. A linear relationship was found to exist between this parameter and polymer molecular weight. The polymer degradation data were analyzed through use of a variable related to the dissipated energy in the wall region. The polymer molecular weight was found to decrease as a hyperbolic function of the dissipated energy function. By examining the change of molecular weight with respect to this function, a degradation index characteristic of the entire Polyox polymer family was established. This index may be of general application and provide a method by which the shear stability of various species of drag-reducing polymers may be meaningfully compared.
Self interferometric electrical image monitors

Self-interferometric based electrical test patterns are proposed for highly-sensitive systematic projection printing field mapping and production wafer monitoring. The strategy is to adapt the high sensitivity of Pattern-And-Interferometric-Probe monitors for aberrations to electrical testing by means of short loop and within process flow process step sequences. For this application the measurement of the presence or absence of contact sized hole in the resist in a focus-exposure matrix would be replaced by the creation of an electrical open or short in a nominally conducting minimum sized feature. Both double exposure and single exposure test patterns are presented. Detailed image simulations have been used to demonstrate the principles, create layout designs, characterize performance and compare the enhanced sensitivity relative to typical circuit layout features. Sensitivities of 8% of the clear field per 0.01λ RMS have been verified through simulation of the electrical test pattern. Layouts of these patterns have been placed on multiple-student PSM test reticles for future experimental validation.
Regulation of Opioid Receptors by Cocaine

Cocaine is a widely abused psychostimulant. Its direct actions include inhibition of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine reuptake into presynaptic nerve terminals, thereby potentiating the actions of these transmitters in the synapse. A variety of studies have demonstrated that cocaine can also have profound effects on the endogenous opioid system. Compelling evidence points to the importance of mu opioid receptors in human cocaine addiction and craving. Animal studies support these findings and demonstrate that chronic cocaine administration can result in alterations in opioid receptor expression and function as measured by changes in critical signal transduction pathways. This chapter reviews studies on the regulation of opioid receptors as the result of exposure to cocaine.
EEG Spectral Power and Coherence: Differentiating Effects of Spatial–Specific Neuro-Operant Learning (SSNOL) Utilizing LORETA Neurofeedback Training in the Anterior Cingulate and Bilateral Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices

ABSTRACT Introduction. This study investigated differences in topographical spectral power and coherence resulting from Spatial-Specific Neuro-Operant Learning utilizing low-resolution electromagnetic tomographic (LORETA) neurofeedback in three regions of the cortex: the cognitive division of anterior cingulate (AC, BA 32) and right (RPFC) and left (LPFC) dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (BA 8). Method. This study was conducted with 14 nonclinical participants. All completed 20 sessions of LORETA neurofeedback in specific regions of the cortex in which they received visual and auditory reward for increasing 14 to 18 Hz activity in the region of training (ROT). We compared all training rounds for each ROT. Results. There are significant effects resulting from training in each ROT in both spectral power and coherence. Conclusions. Training in the AC appears to elicit activation patterns significantly different from training in both the RPFC and LPFC; similarly, the training in the AC and RPFC influence regi...
Two complex genotypes relevant to the kynurenine pathway and melanotropin function show association with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Prior studies of mRNA expression, protein expression, and pathway metabolite levels have implicated dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway in the etiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Here we investigate whether genes involved in kynurenine pathway regulation might interact with genes that respond to kynurenine metabolites, to enhance risk for these psychiatric phenotypes. Candidate genes were selected from prior studies of genetic association, gene expression profiling and animal models. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in each of six genes, TDO2, HM74, HM74A, MCHR1, MCHR2 and MC5R, was tested for association with phenotype (475 Caucasians, 88 African Americans with schizophrenia; 97 Caucasians, 3 African Americans with bipolar disorder; 191 Caucasian, 49 African American controls). An A allele in HM74 was significantly associated with schizophrenia and with schizophrenia plus bipolar disorder combined, odds ratios (OR) of 1.48, p = 0.011 and 1.50, p= 0.007, respectively. Augmentation of disease risk was found for the complex genotype HM74[A,any] + MCHR1[T,any] + MCHR2[C,any] which conferred an OR maximal for the combined diagnostic category of schizophrenia plus bipolar disorder (1.70, p= 0.003), carried by 30% of the cases. TDO2[CC] + MC5R[G,any] + MCHR2[GC] conferred an OR maximal for schizophrenia alone (4.84, p= 0.005), carried by 8% of schizophrenia cases. The combined risk posed by these related, complex genotypes is greater than any identified single locus and may derive from co-regulation of the kynurenine pathway by interacting genes, a lack of adequate melantropin-controlled sequestration of the kynurenine-derived pigments, or the production of melanotropin receptor ligands through kynurenine metabolism.
Exhaled nitric oxide is associated with severity of pediatric acute asthma exacerbations

Upper respiratory symptoms .21 Yes (n 1⁄4 156) 36 (20-56) Fractional excretion of nitric oxide is associated with acute pediatric asthma exacerbation severity as measured by % predicted FEV1 and is greater in African American patients in comparison with white pediatric patients during exacerbations. Knowledge of these associations might inform the use of fractional excretion of nitric oxide before and during acute asthma exacerbations in children. No (n 1⁄4 280) 41 (21-68)
Implicit information retrieval

Abstract In an information retrieval system, many queries depend upon the realization of information implicit in the information base for a satisfactory response. Such problems as the recognition of morphological variation in language, the detection of word or sentence synonymy in context and the determination of simple logical or causal consequences of the information base, all depend to a lesser or greater extent upon information not explicitly available by currently used techniques. We describe-an experimental model for the exploration of “implicit retrieval”. Simple English text is mapped into a formalism suitable for machine inference. The performance of the model will be illustrated with extracts from the Wall Street Journal . Future application of the principles of implicit retrieval to conventional retrieval systems will be briefly discussed.
Utilizing the World Wide Web and the Internet to facilitate learning in large classes

Teaching large classes is often a difficult and unwelcome assignment. A majority of large universities offer a portion of their required freshman classes in lectures of a hundred or more students. There are several problems that a professor must deal with in teaching a large class that are not commonly encountered in small classes. This paper addresses some of these issues, suggests improvements and solutions, and shows some of the results obtained at Purdue University. The Internet and the World Wide Web have proven to be two tools available to instructors to improve communications, shorten response time to questions, and increase overall learning. These tools can be utilized to facilitate communication between the instructional staff and standardize grading and information sharing practices between the staff. In particular, we have utilized network information sharing capabilities to post lecture notes, programs and old exams, as well as provide answers to submitted questions for student use. We have also used this medium to provide teaching assistants with answer keys for assignments and exams. These approaches, which have been tested on over 3000 students, have resulted in a greatly improved student performance on the exams and their perception of the course.
A Surface Spectroscopic Study of Ultra-Thin Ni Films on Mo(110)

The morphology, structures and CO chemisorptive properties of ultra-thin Ni films on a Mo(ll0) surface have been studied using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low energy electron diffraction (LEEDS, temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). It is found that Ni grows layer-by-layer on Mo(ll0) at a sample temperature of 115 K; however, upon annealing to > 600 K, Ni multilayers form three-dimensional clusters. The Ni TPD spectra show two peaks corresponding to desorption from Ni 3D clusters and a 2D uniform monolayer, respectively. Two LEED structures, (8 X 2) and (7 X 21, are observed for Ni/No(llO) and are attributed to Ni overlayers with distorted Ni(ll1) lattices. The (8 X 2) phase is found to transform to the (7 X 2) phase at a Ni coverage of _ 1 monolayer. This phase transition is also observable in the CO IR spectra. CO adsorbed on the (8 x 2) and (7 X 2) Ni structures shows characteristic stretching frequencies at 2087 and 2065 cm-', respectively. In addition, the formation of the Nit7 x 2) structure from disordered Ni is also reflected in the CO IR spectra. The enthalpy difference between the (7 x 2) and the disordered phases is determined to be 3.5 kcal/mol with the (7 x 2) phase being more stable. Upon the deposition of Ni onto CO/Mo(llO) at 80 K, CO is found to spill-over from the MO substrate onto the Ni overlayer resulting in a CO/Ni/Mo(llO) structure. Finally, IR spectra of CO on Ni/Mo(llO) surfaces as a function of CO coverage and annealing temperature are presented and discussed in terms of surface structure and CO mobility.