cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geographic representation in spatial analysis

Spatial analysis mostly developed in an era when data was scarce and computational power was expensive. Consequently, traditional spatial analysis greatly simplifies its representations of geography. The rise of geographic information science (GISci) and the changing nature of scientific questions at the end of the 20th century suggest a comprehensive re-examination of geographic representation in spatial analysis. This paper reviews the potential for improved representations of geography in spatial analysis. Existing tools in spatial analysis and new tools available from GISci have tremendous potential for bringing more sophisticated representations of geography to the forefront of spatial analysis theory and application.
The Effect of HIV Infection on Phagocytosis and Killing of Staphylococcus aureus by Human Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages

Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) play a central role in host defense against pulmonary infection. The authors studied the number, viability, and ultrastructure of PAM recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage from normal and HIV-infected subjects, and their ability to phagocytose and kill Staphylococcus aureus. PAM from HIV-infected subjects who did not have pneumonia were present in greater numbers and phagocytosed significantly more opsonized Staphylococcus aureus (32.5% and 27.3% for nonsmokers and smokers, respectively) than did PAM from healthy controls (19.5% and 18.2%). In 15 patients with AIDS and pneumonia (due to Pneumocystis carinii in 13/15), viability of PAM and their phagocytic capacity were significantly reduced; in smokers with AIDS and pneumonia, the PAM yield was also dramatically decreased. Killing of S. aureus was similar by PAM from all patient groups. HIV infection was associated with the electron microscopic finding in PAM of extensively ruffled PAM cell-surfaces and ingestion of lymphocytes. Thus, HIV infection stimulates the phagocytic capacity and produces morphologic changes consistent with the possibility that PAM are activated by this retroviral infection. In patients with AIDS who develop pneumonia, especially in smokers, the number, viability and phagocytic capacity of PAM are significantly decreased; our study could not determine whether this diminished activity reflects evolution of the HIV infection or a secondary effect of the pneumonia.
The Effect of Certain Factors upon the Keeping Quality of Butter

Summary The effect of natural milk enzymes, bacteria, acid, and salt upon the keeping quality of butter held at temperatures which might permit the growth of bacteria, has been studied. Five series of butter consisting of five hundred seventy-six samples, made and held under known and carefully controlled conditions, have been examined. The results obtained and the data presented seem to justify the following conclusions: 1.Pasteurization of cream at 165° F. (73.9° C.) for 30 minutes destroys most, if not all, of the harmful natural milk enzymes. 2.All milk enzymes harmful to the keeping quality of the butter were not destroyed by pasteurization of the cream at 145° F. (62.8° C.) for 30 minutes. 3.The action of milk enzymes in butter was retarded little, or none, by salt. 4.The action of milk enzymes in butter was definitely inhibited by pH 4.7, or less. 5.None of the non-spore-producing bacteria, found to be of importance in the spoilage of butter, were able to survive 165° F. (73.9° C.) for 30 minutes. 6.In the absence of other spoilage factors, a direct correlation seems to exist between the number of fat splitting and casein digesting bacteria and the keeping quality of the butter. 7.The well known inhibiting action of acid and salt upon the growth of bacteria in butter was confirmed. 8.The presence of either acid or salt in butter, not containing other spoilage factors considered in this study, resulted, after storage, in a poorer quality butter. 9.The combined deteriorating effect of both acid and salt was shown. 10.As would be expected, all butters examined spoiled more rapidly at the higher holding temperatures.
Rapid and reagentless detection of microbial contamination within meat utilizing a smartphone-based biosensor

Rapid and reagentless detection of microbial contamination within meat utilizing a smartphone-based biosensor
An integrated simulation, Markov decision processes and game theoretic framework for analysis of supply chain competitions

The proposed framework is composed of 1) simulation-based game platform, 2) game solving and analysis module, and 3) Markov decision processes (MDP) module, which are illustrated for a supply chain system under the newsvendor setting through two different phases. At phase 1, the simulation-based game platform is firstly constructed to formulate both the supply chain horizontal and vertical competitions. A novel game solving and analysis procedure is proposed to include 1) strategy refinement, 2) data sampling, 3) gaming solving, and 4) solution quality evaluation. At phase 2, the problem is extended into multi-period setting, in which discrete-time MDP with the discounted criterion is employed. The influences of each agent's competitor decision are incorporated so a stochastic game is formulated, in which a multi-agent reinforcement learning technique is applied as a solution approach. Experimental results demonstrate the system performance, MDP solving effectiveness and efficiency, equilibrium strategies and properties.
Collaboration between NCQA Patient-Centered Medical Homes and specialty behavioral health and medical services

There is increased recognition that more mental health concerns are seen in primary care than any other healthcare setting. The Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) is a significant redesign of primary care, and many of the principles of the PCMH appeal to the usage of a whole person mind-and-body treatment approach that is responsive to all the patient’s needs. This study examined the level of collaboration between National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA)-recognized PCMH primary care practices and outpatient specialty behavioral health services (when compared to other medically oriented specialties). In 2010, a 20-item survey was sent to 238 NCQA PCMHs to learn what they were doing to address behavioral health needs in primary care. A sub-dataset from the survey was analyzed in order to look specifically at referrals, communication, and scheduling-support processes. These data were compared with how the practice responded to similar questions about endocrinology and cardiology. Results from the participating 123 practices revealed that very few practices address behavioral health conditions as they would other medical conditions. This is evidenced by the lack of routinized processes to assist with referrals, communication, and scheduling to outpatient behavioral health services. There appears to be significant opportunity to improve how behavioral health is addressed in the patient-centered medical home.
Stress-Strain Behavior of Geomaterials in Loading Reversal Simulated by Time-Delay Neural Networks

The effectiveness of time-delay artificial neural networks (TDANNs) as highly nonlinear mapping tools for simulation of hysteresis stress-strain (σ-e) response of geomaterials under repeated reversal loading is investigated. A nonlinear recursive simulator containing the developed TDANNs was designed to enable forecasting of complete σ-e curves from the knowledge of only the initial σ-e condition of the tested material. Theoretically-obtained data were used to derive the TDANNs, and simulations were performed to validate the proposed approach. Advantages, limitations, and method of enhancement of the approach are presented.
Effects of chlorpromazine on convulsive responses in developing rats.

Abstract Five litters of rats received various doses of chlorpromazine (CPZ), either at 6, 13, 20, or 29 days after birth, and responses to maximal electroshock stimulation were studied during maturation. Each litter consisted of controls and rats treated with 3, 15, 30, and 60 mg CPZ/kg body wt. The durations of hind limb flexion were generally longer (and the durations of extension were shorter) in rats receiving CPZ either at 6 or 20 days. In rats receiving CPZ at 13 days, the durations of flexion were shorter (and the durations of extension were longer) than those observed in appropriate controls. No changes were observed in 29-day-old CPZ-treated rats. I concluded that CPZ administered to developing rats has both stimulant and depressant effects as assessed by responses to electroshock stimulation. Furthermore, these differential effects of CPZ appear to be age dependent.
Wind-induced reversal in Red Sea circulation☆

Abstract The monsoon reversal in the Red Sea circulation near and above sill depth is described and related to the winds at the sea surface. During winter (October–May), the surface waters flow north, sink in the northern Red Sea, and return to the south as a warm, high-salinity subsurface current that flows out over the shallow sill into the Gulf of Aden. During summer (June–September), the pattern reverses: i.e. the surface waters of the Sea flow south, causing upwelling in the northern Red Sea, while in the southern Red Sea a subsurface inflow over the shallow sill of cool, low-salinity Gulf of Aden water occurs. This reversal in circulation is closely associated with reversals in the monsoon winds acting at the sea surface and the resulting changes in sea level in the southern Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.
QUANTUM STABILIZATION OF A RELATIVISTIC DEGENERATE STAR BEYOND THE CHANDRASEKHAR MASS LIMIT

In contrast to the widely held belief that a degenerate star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel will, if sufficiently massive, unremittingly collapse to a singularity in space (unless the contraction is prevented by some unknown process of quantum gravity acting at the scale of the Planck length), I present a heuristic argument, based on known quantum processes, for the existence of stable equilibrium states of neutron stars and quark stars with macroscopic radii and masses unconstrained by the Chandrasekhar and Oppenheimer–Volkoff limits. The processes that stabilize the star against gravitational contraction involve strong magnetic coupling of the constituent fermions and fermionic pair production at the expense of gravitational potential energy.
The Russian federation and Eurasia's Islamic crescent

it blocked Russian expansion to the south, protected the Russian state's hegemonic position in the north, and helped preserve the territorial integrity of frontline states such as Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan and China. During the post-war period, fortified Soviet frontiers divided the Islamic crescent much as the 'iron curtain' split Europe. Although Gorbachev strove to reduce barriers between the Soviet Union and the outside world, he treated the European and Islamic walls differently. In November 1989 he permitted the German populist rebellion to breach the Berlin wall and accepted German reunification. In late December 1989 another populist rebellion began dismantling Soviet-Iranian border installations that divided the Azeri nation into two states: Soviet or northern Azerbaijan and Iranian or southern Azerbaijan. In January 1990 the Soviet state crushed the Azeri popular rebellion with military force and restored the border. 'Black January' was the bloodiest use of force by the Soviet state against its subjects of the entire Gorbachev era. In November 1992 the Russian Federation and its Central Asian allies intervened
INFORMATION SUPPORT FOR REVERSE LOGISTICS: THE INFLUENCE OF RELATIONSHIP COMMITMENT

The use of reverse logistics systems is becoming more common as firms realize the value that can be reclaimed from returned goods. This study investigates the influence of information systems (IS) support activity on reverse logistics performance, as well as the moderating effects of relationship commitment within reverse logistics arrangements. In a survey of CEOs of U.S. catalog sales electronics companies, information systems support is found to moderately affect two separate performance constructs related to reverse logistics programs. The research also indicates relationship commitment is critical to more fully realizing the value of IS support in reverse logistics arrangements.
Delayed-type skin sensitivity to human encephalitogen in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

EXPERIMENTAL allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an auto-immune disease in which an animal develops delayed or cellular hypersensitivity to its own central nervous system (CNS). Several groups of investigators have recently succeeded in isolating and, to a large extent, purifying the encephalitogenic constituent of the CNS. Studies of guinea-pig, rabbit, bovine, and human CNS extracts indicate that the antigenic substance is a highly basic, water soluble protein of low molecular weight which is a constituent of myelin1–5. When emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant and injected intradermally into guinea-pigs, microgram amounts of CNS basic protein regularly induce acute EAE.
Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced neutrophil chemiluminescence by FeLV

Receptor-mediated activation is accompanied by phospholipid metabolism and by calcium fluctuation resulting in a chemiluminescence (CL) response in the neutrophil. This pathway involves activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and the NADPH oxidase. Artificial stimulants such as phorbol esters, specifically 12-O-tetradecanylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), circumvent the receptor-mediated pathway and activate PKC resulting in a measurable CL response. Neutrophils from feline leukemia virus (FeLV) exposed cats were tested for their ability to generate a TPA-induced CL response. As compared to the non-FeLV-exposed specific-pathogen-free (SPF) control cat neutrophil CL responses, both viremic and nonviremic FeLV-exposed cats showed significant decreases in their CL responsiveness. Neither ultraviolet light-inactivated FeLV (UV-FeLV) nor protein components (FeLV-p15E and FeLV-p27) caused a significant decrease in the CL responses of the SPF cat neutrophils. The suppressed TPA-induced CL response from FeLV-infected cats may involve an intracellular mechanism not affected in vitro by exposure of the neutrophil to the virus or viral components.
EFFECT OF PATTERNED AUDITORY STIMULATION ON AUTOKINETIC MOTION.

Summary.-In an autokineuc situation Ss reported significantly more changes in direction of movement when viewing was paired with more rather than less highly patterned auditory stimulation. This intermodal effecr diminished on Trial 2. Goldstein (1939, p. 118) has suggested that "an organism responds, at first, to any stimulus acting upon it, by a taming-to movement toward the stimulus source." We suggest that this involuntary tzlr?zing-to movement, as toward a sudden sound, entails an initial coordination of all sensory and motor activity with a salient stimulus source. Thus, even if nothing can be seen in the direction of the sound, the ocular-motor system may be thought of as "turned toward" and thus actively engaged with the stimulus. This formulation provides a useful basis for explaining and testing certain intermodal effects. For example, the finding (Miller, Werner, & Wapner, 1958) that "ascending" and "descending" gliding tones are accompanied, respectively, by upward or downward autokinetic motion can then be understood as a consequence of an ocular-motor "rurning toward" salient auditory input followed by visual search for an event which fits the sound. We assume that complex auditory patterns are more salient and thus more likely to induce correlative visual experience than less complex auditory stimulation. Further, if the "turning-toward" notion is accurate, intermodal activity should be more striking when the auditory input first occurs than when it is redundant. Method.-The measure of correlative visual activity was the number of autokinetic shifts in direction reported by S on 2 60-sec. trials during each of 4 randomly assigned auditory conditions: (a) no tone, S viewed a pinpoint of light without auditory stimulation; (b) monotone, S viewed the light and heard a 60-sec. monotone; (c) low complexiry, S viewed the light and heard a 4/4 beat, each repeated pattern consisting of three quarter notes and a quarter rest for each measure; and (d) high complexity, S viewed the light and heard a 4/4 beat, each repeated pattern consisting of a triplet, a dotted eighth note, an eighth note, and a quarter rest. Total number of changes in direction were recorded by S'c pressing a telegraph key located on the left arm rest of his chair and connected to an automatic counter. Hence, 5 on the counter indicated that S had seen 5 directional shifts in 60-sec. Of the 26 Montana State University students 13 were males and 13 females. Their ages ranged from 17 to 29 yr. (M = 19.5).
Selecting the number of imputed datasets when using multiple imputation for missing data and disclosure limitation

Multiple imputation can handle missing data and disclosure limitation simultaneously. First, fill in the missing data to generate m completed datasets, then replace confidential values in each completed dataset with r imputations. I investigate how to select m and r.
In vivo tensile behavior of a four‐bundle hamstring graft as a replacement for the anterior cruciate ligament

The purpose of this study was to measure the in vivo tensile behavior of a double-looped semitendinosus and gracilis graft used to reconstruct a torn anterior cruciate ligament in the human knee. In 14 subjects, intraoperative tension was measured for each of the four graft bundles during passive motion from 0 to 90 degrees of flexion. Two hypotheses were tested: (a) the peak tension carried by each of the four bundles was equal during passive motion, and (b) the mechanics of the bundles mimicked the functional bands of the native anterior cruciate ligament. The total tension was also calculated and used to determine strength requirements for fixation devices. The peak tensions of the four bundles during passive motion were not equal; however, enough tension was present in each bundle that load-sharing occurred between bundles. The pattern of tension between the anterior and posterior bundles mimicked the reciprocating load-sharing behavior of the functional bands of the native anterior cruciate ligament. Reciprocal tensile behavior was consistently achieved with the use of a single femoral tunnel centered on the most isometric line without the need for two separate femoral sockets. The maximum total tension was 296 N; this was nearly equal to the strength of one commonly used fixation device.
Mega-sized concerns from the nano-sized world: the intersection of nano- and environmental ethics

As rapid advances in nanotechnology are made, we must set guidelines to balance the interests of both human beneficiaries and the environment by combining nanoethics and environmental ethics. In this paper, I reject Leopoldian holism as a practical environmental ethic with which to gauge nanotechnologies because, as a nonanthropocentric ethic, it does not value the humans who will actually use the ethic. Weak anthropocentrism is suggested as a reasonable alternative to ethics without a substantial human interest, as it treats nonhuman interests as human interests. I also establish the precautionary principle as a useful situational guideline for decision makers. Finally, I examine existing and potential applications of nanotechnology, including water purification, agriculture, mining, energy, and pollutant removal, from the perspective of weak anthropocentrism using the precautionary principle.
Do the chain rules for matrix functions hold without commutativity

This article shows that the commutativity condition [A(t), A′(t)] = 0 is often not necessary to guarantee the chain rules for matrix functions: and where A(t) is a square matrix of differentiable functions and f is an analytic function. A further question on the chain rules is presented and discussed.
Fluoxetine in depressed patients with renal failure and in depressed patients with normal kidney function

Nine depressed patients with normal kidney function and seven depressed patients with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis were treated with open-label fluoxetine 20 mg/day in an 8-week study. The study was designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine during repeated administration and to acquire preliminary data regarding the effectiveness of this antidepressant in a population undergoing hemodialysis. Six patients in each group completed the study. Of these, five patients undergoing hemodialysis and five patients with normal renal function experienced moderate to marked improvement in their depression. Side effects were equal and minor in both groups, indicating that fluoxetine is safe in patients with renal impairment. The mean +/- standard deviation steady-state plasma concentrations of the sum of fluoxetine plus its metabolite norfluoxetine for patients completing 8 weeks (N = 6, both groups) were comparable for the patients undergoing hemodialysis (253 +/- 61 ng/ml) and those with normal kidney function (218 +/- 122 ng/ml; t = 1.5, df = 70, p > 0.13). These data suggest that the efficacy of fluoxetine in patients with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis is comparable to that in patients with normal kidney function. These data further suggest that renal failure and the process of hemodialysis do not materially alter the pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine or its major metabolite norfluoxetine.
The Interactive Roles of Parenting, Emotion Regulation and Executive Functioning in Moral Reasoning during Middle Childhood

We examined mother–child co-operative behaviour, children's emotion regulation and executive function, as well as combinations of these factors, as predictors of moral reasoning in 89 10-year-old children. Dyadic co-operation was coded from videotaped observations of laboratory puzzle and speech tasks. Emotion regulation was derived from maternal report, and executive functioning was assessed with the Tower of London task. Moral reasoning was coded during mother–child conversations about morally ambiguous, peer-conflict situations. Two significant interactions indicated that children from more co-operative dyads who also had higher executive function skills had higher moral reasoning scores than other children, and children lower in both emotion regulation and executive function had lower moral reasoning scores than other children. The results contribute to the literature on the multiple and interactive levels of influence on moral reasoning in childhood.
Large-Eddy Simulation Inflow Conditions for Coupling with Reynolds-Averaged Flow Solvers

Hybrid approaches using a combination of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approaches and large eddy simulations (LES) have become increasingly popular. One way to construct a hybrid approach is to apply separate flow solvers to components of a complex system and to exchange information at the interfaces of the domains. For the LES flow solver, boundary conditions then have to be defined on the basis of the Reynolds-averaged flow statistics delivered by a RANS flow solver. This is a challenge, which also arises, for instance, when defining LES inflow conditions from experimental data. The problem for the coupled RANS-LES computations is further complicated by the fact that the mean flow statistics at the interface may vary in time and are not known a priori but only from the RANS solution. The present study defines a method to provide LES inflow conditions through auxiliary, a priori LES computations, where an LES inflow database is generated. The database is modified to account for the unsteadiness of the interface flow statistics
Economic-balance hybrid LCA extended with uncertainty analysis: case study of a laptop computer

Abstract The emergence of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on the global stage as a design and policy tool increases the importance of assessing and managing uncertainty. This article develops and implements uncertainty methods for hybrid LCA. Hybrid LCA combines a bottom–up construction of the supply-chain based on facility-level data on material/energy use with a top–down economic input–output (EIO) model to account for processes for which direct data were unavailable. For the bottom–up part of the LCA, we account for variability in process and usage pattern data by developing parameter ranges. For the EIO side we develop a method to assess price uncertainty. These methods are explored through a case study examining energy use and carbon dioxide emissions of manufacturing and use of a laptop computer, a 2001 Dell Inspiron 2500. Results show that manufacturing the computer requires 3010–4340 MJ of primary energy, 52–67% less than the energy to make a desktop computer, and emits 227–270 kg CO2. The manufacturing phase represents 62–70% of total primary energy of manufacturing and operation. This indicates, as for desktop computers, that mitigating manufacturing energy use, for example through extending lifespan, can be an important strategy to manage the life cycle energy of laptop computers. Results also indicate that truncation error from excluded processes in the bottom–up process model is significant, perhaps particularly so due to complex supply chains of information technology products.
Trimethyl phosphite as a trap for alkoxy radicals formed from the ring opening of oxiranylcarbinyl radicals. Conversion to alkenes. Mechanistic applications to the study of C-C versus C-O ring cleavage

Trimethyl phosphite, (MeO)(3)P, is introduced as an efficient and selective trap in oxiranylcarbinyl radical (2) systems, formed from haloepoxides 8-13 under thermal AIBN/n-Bu(3)SnH conditions at about 80 degrees C. Initially, the transformations of 8-13, in the absence of phosphite, to allyl alcohol 7 and/or vinyl ether 5 were measured quantitatively (Table 1). Structural variations in the intermediate oxiranylcarbinyl (2), allyloxy (3), and vinyloxycarbinyl (4) radicals involve influences of the thermodynamics and kinetics of the C-O (2 --> 3, k(1)) and C-C (2 --> 4, k(2)) radical scission processes and readily account for the changes in the amounts of product vinyl ether (5) and allyl alcohol (7) formed. Added (MeO)(3)P is inert to vinyloxycarbinyl radical 4 and selectively and rapidly traps allyloxy radical 3, diverting it to trimethyl phosphate and allyl radical 6. Allyl radicals (6) dimerize or are trapped by n-Bu(3)SnH to give alkenes, formed from haloepoxides 8, 9, and 13 in 69-95% yields. Intermediate vinyloxycarbinyl radicals (4), in the presence or absence of (MeO)(3)P, are trapped by n-Bu(3)SnH to give vinyl ethers (5). The concentrations of (MeO)(3)P and n-Bu(3)SnH were varied independently, and the amounts of phosphate, vinyl ether (5), and/or alkene from haloepoxides 10, 11, and 13 were carefully monitored. The results reflect readily understood influences of changes in the structures of radicals 2-4, particularly as they influence the C-O (k(1)) and C-C (k(2)) cleavages of intermediate oxiranylcarbinyl radical 2 and their reverse (k(-1), k(-2)). Diversion by (MeO)(3)P of allyloxy radicals (3) from haloepoxides 11 and 12 fulfills a prior prediction that under conditions closer to kinetic control, products of C-O scission, not just those of C-C scission, may result. Thus, for oxiranylcarbinyl radicals from haloepoxides 11, 12, and 13, C-O scission (k(1), 2 --> 3) competes readily with C-C cleavage (k(2), 2 --> 4), even though C-C scission is favored thermodynamically.
The development of economic self‐sufficiency among former welfare recipients: lessons learned from Wisconsin’s welfare to work program

In 1996, the US Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, changing the culture of welfare from a system of dependency to one of personal responsibility and economic self-sufficiency through workplace participation. Through the expert views of case managers and area employers of Wisconsin, this research sought to identify the problems and barriers to self-sufficiency among former welfare recipients and other low-income workers and the effectiveness of services and programs available to address these barriers. The study found situational barriers, education and learning experience barriers, personal issues and disabilities to impede the development of low-income workers. The services found to promote the development of economic self-sufficiency among former welfare recipients were support services, educational and learning programs, employer intervention services and counseling services. The findings suggest that these services could be expanded and made more effective through the collaborative efforts of welfare reform agencies, employers, educational institutions and community-based organizations.
Location and characterization of partial discharge sites in shielded power cables

An instrument capable of detecting and locating partial discharge sites and faults in shielded power cables was developed on behalf of a group of US electric utilities. The instrument uses state-of-the-art electronic hardware and advanced digital signal processing techniques. The partial discharge signals are reconstructed using the cable traveling wave characteristics (transfer function), and noise is reduced both through choice of hardware and by modern signal enhancement techniques. An adjunct instrument was also developed to correlate the location of a partial discharge site along the cable to the position along the surface of the cable burial trench. The principle and the implementation of the instrumentation package are described, and results obtained in the laboratory on a 175 m, 15 kV URD cable are discussed. >
Chlorpromazine in chronic schizophrenic women: Its effect on thyroid and liver function in relation to serum cholesterol concentration

In a controlled clinical trial, fifty-three chronic schizophrenic female subjects were treated with either chlorpromazine (N = 35) or placebo (N = 18). The mean serum cholesterol concentration increased by 8 mg per 100 ml in the chlorpromazine group while declining 30 mg per 100 ml in the placebo group. The adjusted mean difference in the analysis of covariance (26 mg per 100 ml) was statistically significant and in general agreement with previous findings attributing hypercholesterolemic activity to chlorpromazine. Thyroid and liver function in this group of patients remained relatively undisturbed and did not account for the cholesterol changes.
Phase II trial to evaluate gemcitabine and etoposide for locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer.

Prior studies suggest that tumor cell lines harboring RAS mutations display remarkable sensitivity to gemcitabine and etoposide. In a phase II clinical trial of patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer, we evaluated the response rate to a combination of these drugs. Forty chemo-naive patients with nonresectable and histologically confirmed pancreatic cancer were accrued. Patients received gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) (days 1 and 8) and etoposide 80 mg/m(2) (days 8, 9, and 10; 21-day cycle). The primary end point was radiological response rate. Secondary objectives were determination of overall survival, response duration (time to progression), quality of life, toxicity, and CA 19-9 biomarker response. In 35 evaluable patients, 10 exhibited a radiological partial response and 12 had stable disease in response to treatment. Twenty patients exhibited a >20% decrease in CA 19-9 biomarker levels. Median overall survival was 6.7 months for all patients (40) and 7.2 months for evaluable patients (35). Notably, four patients survived for longer than 1 year, with two patients surviving for more than 2 years. Median time to progression for evaluable patients was 3.1 months. The median overall survival for locally advanced patients was 8.8 months and 6.75 months for metastatic patients. One-year survival was 10% for all patients and 11.4% for evaluable patients. Quality of life improved in 12 patients and remained stable in 3 of the evaluable patients. The primary dose-limiting toxicities were hematologic toxicity and fatigue. These results show that the gemcitabine and etoposide combination is generally well-tolerated and exhibits a response rate similar to other published studies.
Dynamic SIMS ion microscopy imaging of individual bacterial cells for studies of isotopically labeled molecules

Abstract A CAMECA IMS-3f SIMS ion microscope instrument capable of 500 nm spatial resolution was used for imaging single bacterial cells in the soil treated with 13C-labeled phenol in desired treatments. After formaldehyde fixation, the soil samples containing bacterial cells were smeared on the silicon substrate. The O2+ primary ion beam was used for the detection of negative secondary ions. Images of individual bacterial cells were recorded on a CCD camera in masses 24, 25, 26, and 27 signals. The respective mass images represented contributions from the molecular ions of interest, for example 24(12C2)−, 25(13C12C)−, 26(12C14N)−, 27(13C14N)−, as well as interfering mass species associated with a particular mass. However, in cells treated with 13C-labeled phenol the enhancement of signals in masses 25 and 27 images due to increased signals of 25(13C12C)− and 27(13C14N)−, respectively, unequivocally indicated the presence of 13C-labeled phenol in bacterial cells in direct comparison to the samples treated only with unlabeled phenol. The ratio images of masses 25/24 and 27/26 from individual cells revealed a cell-to-cell heterogeneity in the labeling with 13C-phenol. This study indicates that the ion microscope can be applied effectively for studies of labeled molecules in microbiology and biogeochemistry.
TEM study of the transformation of augite to sodic pyroxene in eclogitized ferrogabbro

Transmission and analytical electron microscopy has been used to study relicts of augite that occur in various stages of transformation to sodic pyroxene. The augite relicts are characterized by a hatching produced by two sets of former “001” exsolution lamellae that possess high dislocation densities and were altered completely to sodic pyroxene, even where the augite matrix is still fresh. With further alteration, the sodic pyroxene in these “001” lamellae recrystallized and grew into the augite matrix, resulting in irregular lamellae that consist of subgrains having low dislocation densities. Needles and thin (100) lamellae of sodic pyroxene developed on the “001” lamellae. Alteration of the augite matrix proceeded by growth of areas with defects (dislocations, stacking faults). All sodic pyroxenes in these microstructures have the same orientation as the precursor augite, indicating a topotactic reaction mechanism. The reactions occurred at roughly constant Si and mainly involved replacement of Ca and Mg by Na and Al. Dislocations may have played a prominent role in the transformation by acting as diffusion pathways and by migrating into untransformed augite, leaving sodic pyroxene in their wake. At the grain boundaries of the augite, discrete grains of sodic pyroxene formed without any fixed orientation relation with the augite, consistent with a non-topotactic reaction. The predominance of the topotactic reaction inside the augite over the non-topotactic grain-boundary reaction is attributed to the scarcity of fluids during eclogite metamorphism.
Ab initio many-body perturbation-theoretic study of small potassium clusters.

Accurate ab initio molecular-orbital calculations are performed for small potassium clusters. Many-body perturbation theory has been used to study the effects of electron correlation. Results have been compared with available theoretical and experimental data.
Time for a National Discussion on Immigration

Dans cet article, l'A. appelle a une profonde reflection sur la politique d'immigration americaine depuis les evenements du 11 septembre, et propose un veriable recentrage sur la question de la taille de la population des Etats-Unis quant a ses effets sur l'environnement, l'economie et la consommation
Melancholic Maladies: Paranoid Ethics, Reparative Envy, And Asian American Critique

Using Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior and R. Zamora Linmark's Rolling the R's, this article argues for the theoretical possibilities produced in moving away from Racial Melancholia as a “strong” hermeneutic to analyzing Asian American subjectivity. By deploying other psychoanalytic frames such as Melanie Klein's notion of envy, and returning to scenes in both works that have been read through melancholia, it explores other idealizations Asian Americans practice as they destabilize and negotiate “raced” identity.
Urban sports anglers and Lake Michigan fishery policies

Abstract Over the past few years an unusually intense struggle over the future of the Lake Michigan fishery has occurred in the coastal communities of Racine and Kenosha. This struggle has engaged participants on the local, state, and national levels in the debate over the fishery as it is potentially impacted by the presence of environmental toxins, the rising cost of fish stocking and management, and conflicting user group demands. We describe three cases where urban sports anglers, with the assistance of university based social scientists, participated in state and city public policy decisions. After discussing this research and its policy implications, we propose a general public participation paradigm termed the Reciprocal Development Model.
Psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer in unmarried women

Breast cancer is a significant health problem that can affect many aspects of a woman's life. Although there is growing evidence that women with supportive husbands seem to adjust reasonably well, little is known about the impact of breast cancer among unmarried women. Relationships among primary treatment alternatives, symptom distress, perceived social support, and psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer in 101 unmarried women were investigated using data collected during the late postoperative recovery phase. The women experienced relatively low levels of psychosocial adjustment problems and perceived moderately high levels of social support. Social support and symptom distress each accounted for significant proportions of the variance in psychosocial adjustment, whereas primary treatment alternatives did not. Symptom distress emerged as the variable accounting for the most variance in psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer. Implications for health care providers to facilitate positive adjustment to breast cancer in unmarried women and directions for future studies are suggested.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Eosinophilia and Sterile Shunt Malfunction

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) eosinophilia is a rare finding most often associated with central nervous system inflammatory processes, including parasitic, bacterial, and mycotic infections. It has also been seen as an allergic phenomenon. We have treated two female patients who were full-term infants (following normal pregnancies) born with meningomyeloceles. The meningomyeloceles were closed within 24 hours, and both patients subsequently required ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement at approximately one week of age. At one week and one month, respectively, both patients developed what appeared to be shunt malfunctions. Both patients had elevated CSF white counts containing 34–71% eosinophils (Table). The CSF protein was elevated, and there was some decrease in CSF glucose. CSF gram stain was negative, and cultures were sterile in each case. Neither patient had a Open image in new window peripheral eosinophilia. The patients had no other infections or infestations. Both shunts began to function normally without significant treatment. We speculate that CSF eosinophilia in these patients may have resulted from an allergic response to a foreign material such as suture, surgical glove powder, hair, cotton fibers, antibiotics, or silicone rubber. We feel the most likely candidate for eliciting such an allergic response is the shunt tubing (which was made of silicone rubber). Although medical grade silicone rubber (silicone rubber without additives) has been reported to cause minimal tissue reaction, silicone rubber may elicit local inflammation and, furthermore, it has been shown experimentally to result in both an immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
Rectangular Fixed-Gantry CT Prototype: Combining CNT X-Ray Sources and Accelerated Compressed Sensing-Based Reconstruction

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based multibeam X-ray tubes provide an array of individually controllable X-ray focal spots. The CNT tube allows for flexible placement and distribution of X-ray focal spots in a system. Using a CNT tube, a computed tomography (CT) system with a noncircular geometry and a nonrotating gantry can be created. The noncircular CT geometry can be optimized around a specific imaging problem, utilizing the flexibility of CNT multibeam X-ray tubes to achieve the optimal focal spot distribution for the design constraints of the problem. Iterative reconstruction algorithms provide flexible CT reconstruction to accommodate the noncircular geometry. Compressed sensing-based iterative reconstruction algorithms apply a sparsity constraint to the reconstructed images that can partially account for missing angular coverage due to the noncircular geometry. In this paper, we present a laboratory prototype CT system that uses CNT multibeam X-ray tubes; a rectangular, nonrotating imaging geometry; and an accelerated compressed sensing-based iterative reconstruction algorithm. We apply a total variation minimization as our sparsity constraint. We present the advanced CNT multibeam tubes and show the stability and flexibility of these new tubes. We also present the unique imaging geometry and discuss the design constraints that influenced the specific system design. The reconstruction method is presented along with an overview of the acceleration of the algorithm to near real-time reconstruction. We demonstrate that the prototype reconstructed images have image quality comparable with a conventional CT system. The prototype is optimized for airport checkpoint baggage screening, but the concepts developed may apply to other application-specific CT imaging systems.
Relationship of Elementary and Secondary School Achievement Test Scores To Later Academic Success

This study investigated the relationship between achievement test scores on the ITBS and ITED and academic success (high school and college grade point average). The basic population consisted of approximately 2000 students who entered the University of Iowa as freshmen in 1977. Scores on high school achievement tests adminis tered in grades 9, 10, 11, and 12 and on elementary achievement tests administered in grades 4, 6, and 8 were obtained for a sub stantial portion of this population, along with high school and col lege freshman grade point averages (GPAs). Correlations between these achievement test scores and GPAs were similar to those re ported for tests of the college entrance type. This study provides support for the predictive validity of the ITBS and ITED achieve ment test batteries.
Counselors' Levels of Self-Actualization and Prognoses for Their Clients: Further Support for the POI.

The utility of Personal Orientation Inventory as a screening device for drug abuse counselors was explored. Counselors and their clients were administered the POI, after which the clients were rated on a prognostic indicator by their counselors. On the basis of their POI profiles, counselors were split into two groups: high vs. low actualizing. Within each group, clients' POI scores were then correlated with their counselors' prognostic rating. Results indicated that two POI scales (I; Sa) were significantly related to counselors' prognoses in the high-actualizing condition, while no significant correlations were noted in the low-actualizing condition.
Trapping of the putative cationic intermediate in the Morin rearrangement with carbon nucleophiles.

This paper presents reactions in which the putative cationic intermediate in the Morin rearrangement is trapped by aromatic carbon nucleophiles (indoles and furans). For example, reaction of sulfoxide 27 with trifluoroacetic acid in chloroform provides, among other products, indole 29 and indoline 30. The indoline was shown to be in equilibrium with the nine-membered ring bridged indole 31. Other examples of Morin rearrangement−trapping reactions are presented, and mechanisms for these transformations are proposed.
Research implications: an evaluation of residential evacuation practices following a train derailment/oleum spill incident

This research paper outlines the specific elements involved in the evacuation of approximately 3000 residents following a train derailment in the spring of 2002 in a suburban community in the Southeastern United States (USA). The derailment caused the release of an oleum (sulphuric acid) spill/plume. A major focus is the post-accident assessment of the procedures used for the evacuation, including recommended improvements/modifications. These recommendations were designed to improve future compliance with evacuation procedures in residential neighbourhoods.
Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate after radiation seed implantation for adenocarcinoma

We describe a 67-year-old man with a history of Stage B1 adenocarcinoma of the prostate who was treated with iodine-125 implantation in 1985. His prostate-specific antigen values subsequently increased in conjunction with an intraprostatic recurrence. Biopsy revealed primary squamous cell carcinoma arising in the prostate; no adenocarcinomatous elements were noted.
Imaging of peritoneal and mesenteric disease: Key concepts for the clinical radiologist

The abdominal cavity extends from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor, and is lined by a serous membrane known as the peritoneum. The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane in the body, and its surface area is comparable to the surface area of the skin (approximately 2 m2, in adults). Infoldings of the peritoneum suspend the various organs contained in the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum is, therefore, comprised of two layers, a parietal layer lining the abdominal cavity, and a visceral layer enveloping the contained organs. The peritoneal cavity is enclosed between these two layers, and is normally empty, apart from a small amount of physiological fluid. As a result, the normal peritoneal cavity is only a potential space. In men, the space is closed. In women, the fimbriated ends of the Fallopian tubes open into the peritoneal cavity, and provide a potential route of communication with the outside. The peritoneal cavity and the specialized peritoneal infoldings, known as mesenteries, are important disease sites in the abdomen. However, plain radiographs, barium studies, and ultrasound are of limited utility in imaging peritoneal and mesenteric disease. Direct and consistent imaging of such diseases only became possible with the development of computed tomography (CT). Initially, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was of limited utility, because of image degradation by motion artifact. With modern fast MRI sequences, it is now possible to depict many of these peritoneal and mesenteric conditions with an accuracy similar to CT. This review will discuss the normal anatomy and physiology of the peritoneal space and mesenteries, and the related disease processes, with particular emphasis on CT and MRI findings. The review is structured along anatomical lines, because many disease processes in the abdomen are site specific, or spread along anatomical pathways. The radiology of peritoneal malignancy and peritoneal adhesions are discussed separately, because these two conditions are not site specific, and because they are conditions whose imaging features are not always well appreciated. Our aim is to present key anatomical and pathological concepts in the imaging of peritoneal and mesenteric disease. We hope this will facilitate a clearer understanding of the CT and MRI appearance of these diseases, and so enhance the ability of the clinical radiologist to formulate rational differential diagnoses, to understand pathways of disease spread, and to apply greater critical analysis in radiological interpretation. The review is not intended as an encyclopaedic description of peritoneal anatomy and pathology.