cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogeothermal Studies in New Mexico and Implications for Ground-Water Resources

Subsurface temperatures and heat-flow data provide valuable information on both regional and local ground-water flow patterns. In the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado, heat-flow data are used to estimate basin-scale horizontal flow and predict hydraulic conductivities much higher than values measured in pumping tests or laboratory studies. Along the central Rio Grande rift in the Albuquerque Basin, hot water at depth may be present at a number of locations; however, the hydrogeology is such that warm springs are absent. In south-central New Mexico, along the southern Rio Grande rift, a number of warm springs result from tectonic activity and erosion exposing aquifers which allow deeply-circulating ground water to come near surface. In the Roswell Basin of southeastern New Mexico, recharge to the Pecos River deep aquifer is predicted from depths of ~1,000–1,500 m; in addition a ground-water divide appears present near the Mescalero ridge. On the Llano Estacado downward ground-water movement from the surface is suggested to depths of ~1,000–1,500 m. Along the Rio Grande at Bosque del Apache and Canutillo, and along the Pecos River at Artesia, there appear to be dual-flow systems with river water moving downward to depths of ~50–100 m, while upward flow of ground water occurs from much greater depths. This implies separation of the ground-water systems at these locales, an important ramification regarding the recharge of different zones. The deep pumping at Canutillo appears to have exceeded the natural recharge, and this may well be the case at other locales where pumping depths are below river recharge. Shallow pumping at Canutillo appears to have caused a much greater recharge from the river than was the prepumping case.
Fifty-Year Old and Still Ticking.... An Interview with Emile Zuckerkandl on the 50th Anniversary of the Molecular Clock

In 1962, a young post-doctoral fellow and a prominent Nobel Prize winner, Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling, published a seminal paper that described the relationship between the average number of aminoacid replacements and divergence time, known as the molecular clock (Zuckerkandl and Pauling 1962). Fifty years after the original publication, I was fortunate enough to interview Emile Zuckerkandl. We shared thoughts on his life and the historical events that led to the discovery of the molecular clock.
Distinct conformational states of HIV-1 gp41 are recognized by neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies

A number of antibodies against the membrane-proximal region of HIV-1 gp41 cannot neutralize the virus, despite their high affinity. Now binding studies along with a crystal structure indicate that these non-neutralizing antibodies recognize gp41 in a post-fusion conformation.
Composite Partial Likelihood Estimation Under Length-Biased Sampling, With Application to a Prevalent Cohort Study of Dementia.

The Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA) employed a prevalent cohort design to study survival after onset of dementia, where patients with dementia were sampled and the onset time of dementia was determined retrospectively. The prevalent cohort sampling scheme favors individuals who survive longer. Thus, the observed survival times are subject to length bias. In recent years, there has been a rising interest in developing estimation procedures for prevalent cohort survival data that not only account for length bias but also actually exploit the incidence distribution of the disease to improve efficiency. This article considers semiparametric estimation of the Cox model for the time from dementia onset to death under a stationarity assumption with respect to the disease incidence. Under the stationarity condition, the semiparametric maximum likelihood estimation is expected to be fully efficient yet difficult to perform for statistical practitioners, as the likelihood depends on the baseline hazard fu...
Potential of Biosolids from Shrimp Aquaculture as a Fertilizer in Bell Pepper Production

Shrimp biosolids (SB) have value as a fertilizer for bell pepper production, but maximum yields cannot be expected when SB is used alone. Although bell pepper marketable yield increased linearly wi...
Introduction: Case studies in test validation

Validation studies represent an endangered species. Thirty years ago, it was common to see validation reports in the major journals. In fact, the journal Personnel Psychology had an entire section devoted to validity reports. Today, there are few publicly available validation studies. Personnel Psychology stopped publishing the Validity Informa tion Exchange in the mid 60's. Major research journals stopped accept ing manuscripts describing orthodox validation studies because these studies did not seem to advance the field sufficiently to warrant the space they would take in the journal. The studies were seen as devoted to practice with little enduring value for science. The implication of this disinterest in validation studies is that we know all we need to know about predicting success in jobs. Can this be true? I think not for several reasons. First, the predictors in use have changed substantially. There is less reliance on the general aptitude tests of the 40's and a greater interest in work sample tests, assessment centers, new cognitive ability tests, personality tests, etc. The fact is that the foundation represented by earlier work is a narrow one. Another cause for concern is the nature of work. It has changed substantially and will change still further in the next decade. Machine operator jobs have become machine tending jobs. Secretarial positions have become word processing and data processing positions. The service industry has exploded, creating job titles that did not exist thirty years ago. Still another change is the nature of applicant populations. They are growing more diverse and this trend will continue through at least the next two decades since the aging work population is being replaced with a younger cadre reflecting greater proportions of women, blacks, hispanics, and other traditionally underrepresented groups. In addition,
The root of angiosperm phylogeny inferred from duplicate phytochrome genes.

An analysis of duplicate phytochrome genes (PHYA and PHYC) is used to root the angiosperms, thereby avoiding the inclusion of highly diverged outgroup sequences. The results unambiguously place the root near Amborella (one species, New Caledonia) and resolve water lilies (Nymphaeales, ∼70 species, cosmopolitan), followed by Austrobaileya (one species, Australia), as early branches. These findings bear directly on the interpretation of morphological evolution and diversification within angiosperms.
BORC, a Multisubunit Complex that Regulates Lysosome Positioning

The positioning of lysosomes within the cytoplasm is emerging as a critical determinant of many lysosomal functions. Here we report the identification of a multisubunit complex named BORC that regulates lysosome positioning. BORC comprises eight subunits, some of which are shared with the BLOC-1 complex involved in the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles, and the others of which are products of previously uncharacterized open reading frames. BORC associates peripherally with the lysosomal membrane, where it functions to recruit the small GTPase Arl8. This initiates a chain of interactions that promotes the kinesin-dependent movement of lysosomes toward the plus ends of microtubules in the peripheral cytoplasm. Interference with BORC or other components of this pathway results in collapse of the lysosomal population into the pericentriolar region. In turn, this causes reduced cell spreading and migration, highlighting the importance of BORC-dependent centrifugal transport for non-degradative functions of lysosomes.
Lowest Electronic Excited States of Poly(para-cyclobutadienylenecyclopentadienylcobalt)butadiynylene

of several modes results from two or more electronic transitions. These data show that the C-C triple bonds experience significant excited-state distortion in at least one of these transitions. However, we also find that several other vibration modes exhibit significant enhancement upon electronic excitation. These changes are consistent with a charge-transfer assignment for one of the lowest energy singlet excited states between a nonbonding butadiene-centered orbital and an antibonding conjugated orbital. Because of metal involvement in the nonbonding orbital, this transition has significant MLCT character. A second transition is suggested that may be localized on the metal complex portion of the molecules.
Coherent detection of radar targets in a non-gaussian background

The problem of detecting radar targets against a background of coherent, correlated, non-Gaussian clutter is studied with a two-step procedure. In the first step, the structure of the amplitude and the multivariate probability density functions (pdfs) describing the statistical properties of the clutter is derived. The starting point for this derivation is the basic scattering problem, and the statistics are obtained from an extension of the central limit theorem (CLT). This extension leads to modeling the clutter amplitude statistics by a mixture of Rayleigh distributions. The end product of the first step is a multidimensional pdf in the form of a Gaussian mixture, which is then used in step 2. The aim of step 2 is to derive both the optimal and a suboptimal detection structure for detecting radar targets in this type of clutter. Some performance results for the new detection processor are also given. >
Characterization of Plasma-Deposited Amorphous Carbon Films *

Thin carbon films of approx.600 A have been deposited on Si wafers by striking an rf discharge in gas mixtures of hydrogen and methane. The deposition rate increased with increasing methane fraction. The peak rate was approx.1 A/sec at an applied power density of 0.4 W cm/sup -2/. The films, with an average density of 2.54 gm cm/sup -3/, are amorphous in nature but exhibit broad diffraction maxima corresponding to interplanar spacings of 2.05A and 1.15A. Measurements of hydrogen concentration in the films showed that the hydrogen at. % increased from 30% to 40% as the hydrogen fraction in the feed gas increased. By using a D/sub 2/-CH/sub 4/, we were also able to deduce that hydrogen molecules can be a large source of hydrogen trapped in the films.
Troubleshooting Poor Reproductive Performance in Large Herds

When veterinary scholars and students discuss factors involved in diagnosing a disease or condition, they often speak in terms of examining individual animals. Like most veterinarians, this author was trained to examine an individual animal, make a diagnosis, and prescribe appropriate therapy. But when a health condition involves a herd, the diagnostic process becomes complex and convoluted because of the interplay of determinants such as nutrition, housing and environment, diseases, management, and employee protocols. This certainly is true when examining a dairy herd set back by inefficient reproductive performance—one of the greatest challenges to a veterinarian’s diagnostic skills. This article inventories and examines many of the parameters that should be considered when investigating poor reproductive performance of a herd. Succeeding articles in this issue continue the discussion in greater depth. Interview the herd manager and key individuals Regardless of the sincerity, commitment, and skill of the investigator, the evaluation will likely fail without the wholehearted support of the herd’s owner and manager. Oftentimes, the solution to reproductive inefficiency requires significant changes by the management. Seldom will a vaccination program or an additional nutrient ‘‘make it all better.’’ Continuing follow-up is almost always necessary, either by the principal investigator or an attending veterinarian, on-site or through regular visits, to monitor implemented management changes and pregnancy examinations. Weekly
Use of green fluorescent protein for visualization of cell-specific gene expression and subcellular protein localization during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis

We report the use of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) of Aequorea victoria to visualize cell-specific gene expression and protein subcellular localization during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Sporangia bearing the gene (gfp) for the green fluorescent protein fused to genes under the control of the sporulation transcription factor sigma F exhibited a forespore-specific pattern of fluorescence. Forespore-specific fluorescence could be detected with fusions to promoters that are utilized with low (csfB) and high (sspE-2G) efficiency by sigma F-containing RNA polymerase. Conversely, a mother cell-specific pattern of fluorescence was observed in sporangia bearing a transcriptional fusion of gfp to a spore coat protein gene (cotE) under the control of sigma E and an in-frame fusion to a regulatory gene (gerE) under the control of sigma K. An in-frame fusion of gfp to cotE demonstrated that GFP can also be used to visualize protein subcellular localization. In sporangia producing the CotE-GFP fusion protein, fluorescence was found to localize around the developing spore, and this localization was dependent upon SpoIVA, a morphogenetic protein known to determine proper localization of CotE.
The impact of firm corporate political activity and media viability on obtaining contracts

Competing for, and being awarded, a government contract is a highly competitive context, even for firms that already have established political ties. As such, many firms actively invest in corporate political activity (CPA) to influence legislators and bureaucratic decision makers, regarding the granting of contracts. However, it remains unclear as to what types of CPA result in the rewarding of government contracts, and under what conditions this relationship is likely to occur. Consequently, this study examines not only the CPA-contract relationship, but also assesses the impact of media visibility (and the impact of public scrutiny) on this relationship. Using frameworks drawn from resource dependency, political marketplace, and sub- government theories, hypotheses are developed and tested. Results indicate that, for both defense and civilian contracts, CPA is positively associated with being awarded contracts as well as the financial amount of the contracts. Media visibility negatively moderates the C...
Cancer chemoprevention with dietary isothiocyanates mature for clinical translational research

Inverse association between dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables and cancer risk observed in population-based case-control studies is partly attributable to structurally simple but mechanistically complex phytochemicals with an isothiocyanate (–N=C=S) functional group. Cancer protective role for dietary isothiocyanates (ITCs) is substantiated by preclinical studies in rodent models. A common feature of many naturally occurring ITCs relates to their ability to cause growth arrest and cell death selectively in cancer cells. At the same time, evidence continues to accumulate to suggest that even subtle change in chemical structure of the ITCs can have a profound effect on their activity and mechanism of action. Existing mechanistic paradigm stipulates that ITCs may not only prevent cancer initiation by altering carcinogen metabolism but also inhibit post-initiation cancer development by suppressing many processes relevant to tumor progression, including cellular proliferation, neoangiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and self-renewal of cancer stem cells. Moreover, the ITCs are known to suppress diverse oncogenic signaling pathways often hyperactive in human cancers (e.g. nuclear factor-κB, hormone receptors, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) to elicit cancer chemopreventive response. However, more recent studies highlight potential adverse effect of Notch activation by ITCs on their ability to inhibit migration of cancer cells. Mechanisms underlying ITC-mediated modulation of carcinogen metabolism, growth arrest, and cell death have been reviewed extensively. This article provides a perspective on bench-cage-bedside evidence supporting cancer chemopreventive role for some of the most promising ITCs. Structure–activity relationship and mechanistic complexity in the context of cancer chemoprevention with ITCs is also highlighted.
Nutritive Value of Six Commercial Sorghum Grain Hybrids

Abstract SEVERAL studies have been conducted to determine the effects of hybridization on protein content and quality. Bressani and Mertz (1958) found varietal differences in amino acid composition of corn, but only small differences in 13 sorghum grain hybrids. Waggle et al. (1967) found that protein in sorghum grain samples containing 8.3, 10.5, and 12.1% protein was similar in amino acid composition. The performance of chicks was not affected by protein levels when grain was fed on an isonitrogenous basis. However, high-protein grain produced significantly more grain than low-protein grain when formulated in diets of equal quantities of grain and soybean meal. In 1944 Heller and Sieglinger showed considerable variation in the protein content of different sorghum grain varieties. Virupaksha and Sastry (1969) observed large variations in the protein content of non-hybrid varieties of sorghum grain. They found lysine to be negatively correlated to the protein content of the grain. Deyoe…
A descent algorithm for the optimal control of constrained nonlinear switched dynamical systems

One of the oldest problems in the study of dynamical systems is the calculation of an optimal control. Though the determination of a numerical solution for the general non-convex optimal control problem for hybrid systems has been pursued relentlessly to date, it has proven difficult, since it demands nominal mode scheduling. In this paper, we calculate a numerical solution to the optimal control problem for a constrained switched nonlinear dynamical system with a running and final cost. The control parameter has a discrete component, the sequence of modes, and two continuous components, the duration of each mode and the continuous input while in each mode. To overcome the complexity posed by the discrete optimization problem, we propose a bi-level hierarchical optimization algorithm: at the higher level, the algorithm updates the mode sequence by using a single-mode variation technique, and at the lower level, the algorithm considers a fixed mode sequence and minimizes the cost functional over the continuous components. Numerical examples detail the potential of our proposed methodology.
Development of a high-power magnicon amplifier at 11.424 GHz

Summary form only given, as follows. The magnicon is a deflection-modulated microwave amplifier tube that is being developed as a prototype rf source for the proposed TeV Next Linear Collider. We present a progress report on a new 11.424-GHz repetitively-pulsed magnicon using a thermionic electron gun that is being assembled at the naval research laboratory in a joint experiment with Omega-P, Inc. This new magnicon makes use of an advanced high-convergence pierce-type electron gun that was fabricated by Litton Electron Devices and is designed to produce a 500-keV, 210-A, 1.5-mm-diameter electron beam. The gun is driven by a 1-/spl mu/sec, 10-Hz modulator. A matching 7-kG, 20-cm-bore water-cooled magnet was fabricated for the experiment at the Budker Institute. Tests of the electron gun are scheduled to begin in January 1998, and will include measurements of beam diameter as a function of axial position using a set of movable graphite apertures. The magnicon circuit has been optimized for maximum output efficiency, and minimum surface rf fields. A circuit design has been developed with a predicted efficiency of 65%, yielding an output power of 68 MW and a gain of 62 dB. Test drive, deflection, and output cavities have been built and characterized by cold testing, and engineering is under way on a set of high vacuum, bakable cavities for the experiment. The first tests of the new magnicon design should take place during 1998.
Continuous joint measurement and entanglement of qubits in remote cavities

We present a first-principles theoretical analysis of the entanglement of two superconducting qubits in spatially separated microwave cavities by a sequential (cascaded) probe of the two cavities with a coherent mode, that provides a full characterization of both the continuous measurement induced dynamics and the entanglement generation. We use the SLH formalism to derive the full quantum master equation for the coupled qubits and cavities system, within the rotating wave and dispersive approximations, and conditioned equations for the cavity fields. We then develop effective stochastic master equations for the dynamics of the qubit system in both a polaronic reference frame and a reduced representation within the laboratory frame. We compare simulations with and analyze tradeoffs between these two representations, including the onset of a non-Markovian regime for simulations in the reduced representation. We provide conditions for ensuring persistence of entanglement and show that using shaped pulses enables these conditions to be met at all times under general experimental conditions. The resulting entanglement is shown to be robust with respect to measurement imperfections and loss channels. We also study the effects of qubit driving and relaxation dynamics during a weak measurement, as a prelude to modeling measurement-based feedback control in this cascaded system.
Smolt size in relation to age at first maturity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): the role of lacustrine habitat

Back-calculated growth and size of Atlantic salmon smolts were compared in two groups of river systems in Newfoundland. One group consisted of rivers dominated by lacustrine habitats while the other had rivers characterized by fluvial habitats. Back-calculated length at each age and smolt size was significantly higher for the rivers dominated by lacustrine habitats. Associated with this was a lower proportion of maiden large salmon in adult returns. These findings are discussed in relation to density in fresh water, environmental conditions at sea, and life-history strategy.
Four Ages of Our Relationship with the Reality: An Educationalist Perspective.

In this article, I try to make sense conventional notions of ‘premodernism’, ‘modernism’ and ‘postmodernism’ as ways of relating to reality, and apply them to education. I argue for the additional notion of ‘neo-premodernism’ to make sense of recent attempts to engineer social reality. Each of these four approaches coexists and constitutes the four ages: the age of prayer (premodernism), the age of reason (modernism), the age of social engineering (neo-premodernism) and the age of responsibility (postmodernism). I try to trace these ages in modern schooling and critically analyze their consequences and the power relations between teachers and students.
Cost-sensitive boosting in software quality modeling

Early prediction of the quality of software modules prior to software testing and operations can yield great benefits to the software development teams, especially those of high-assurance and mission-critical systems. Such an estimation allows effective use of the testing resources to improve the modules of the software system that need it most and achieve high reliability. To achieve high reliability, by the means of predictive methods, several tools are available. Software classification models provide a prediction of the class of a module, i.e., fault-prone or not fault-prone. Recent advances in the data mining field allow to improve individual classifiers (models) by using the combined decision from multiple classifiers. This paper presents a couple of algorithms using the concept of combined classification. The algorithms provided useful models for software quality modeling. A comprehensive comparative evaluation of the boosting and cost-boosting algorithms is presented. We demonstrate how the use of boosting algorithms (original and cost-sensitive) meets many of the specific requirements for software quality modeling. C4.5 decision trees and decision stumps were used to evaluate these algorithms with two large-scale case studies of industrial software systems.
Bioinformatics for Biological Researchers—Using Online Modalities

We present here a paradigm for online bioinformatics education, geared primarily towards bioinformatics applications, and currently tested in a graduate level bioinformatics course. This course is targeted to students and researchers whose primary research and education interests are experimental and who need bioinformatics to supplement their knowledge base and aid their research endeavors. We discuss the types of bioinformatics course content, materials and tools that biological and other science graduate students need and focus on methods for presenting this content in an online mode. Two methods of presentations are discussed: (1) video-captures of the demonstrations of bioinformatics web or stand-alone applications are edited to highlight salient aspects of the resources; (2) presentations that synchronize the videos of the lectures with the accompanying slide-shows. The aim of this type of education is to help users not only within the educational context but also to supplement their research. The psycho-ergonomic factors associated with such content creation as well as usage are also discussed.
Behavioral Aspects of Transportation, Travel and Traffic

While problems of transportation could be considered to represent a specific environmental issue, and could thus have been included in the previous chapter, several reasons dictate a separate chapter for this topic. First, the field includes not only work on attitudes and behavior change strategies related to transportation use, but also research on the psychological impacts of travel and traffic, and other responses to transportation environments, considered as a particular type of setting. Thus the topic of transportation serves as a bridge between the preceding chapter and those to follow, which deal with specific environmental settings. Furthermore, the behavioral study of transportation has become identified as a special area of applied psychology; it encompasses the efforts of specialists in human factors, in economic behavior and decision theory, and others in related areas, and has thus become differentiated from both the study of environmental problems in general and from that of other specific environmental settings.
Miłosz, wojna i poezja cywilna

Milosz, war and civilian poetry The article addresses the reaction of the Polish population during Second World War towards the military resistance to the occupier. The author offers a case study of the life choices of Czeslaw Milosz, the poet. Considering them hopeless and counterproductive, Milosz decided not to participate in military actions. He had no confidence in the Polish government in exile and its military decisions. Instead, the poet concentrated on writing and publishing; he also criticized what he viewed as unjustified sacrifice of life in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. His attitude was criticized then, and today continues to be a source of attacks against the poet. The article analyses the logic of national solidarity in the times of foreign occupation and the arguments of the poet’s critics. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that Milosz’s stand was beneficial not only for himself but also for the community as a whole.
Food, temperature and endurance: effects of food deprivation on the thermal sensitivity of physiological performance

Summary Studies of thermal ecology and physiology (e.g. the change in performance with temperature) provide critical data for predicting the potential responses of ectothermic organisms to climate change. Projected modification of current ambient temperature in the future is expected to result in shifts in whole-organismal performance, which could lead to a diminishment in individual fitness, resulting in demographic collapse. The anticipated responses of ectothermic organisms to climate change focus on the direct effects of temperature and neglect other potential concomitant changes to the environment. Climate models forecast dramatic alteration in precipitation patterns, which in some regions will lead to prolonged drought. Rising temperatures coupled with decreased rainfall will disrupt patterns of net primary productivity and as a consequence alter the prey base and seasonal food availability. Individuals exposed to lower food availability are expected to adjust thermoregulatory behaviour to reduce their daily energetic expenditures. The consequences of fasting in lizards have received scant attention; consequently, we examined the effects of alteration in food availability on both preferred body temperatures in a thermal gradient and the thermal sensitivity of locomotor performance in the lizard Urosaurus ornatus. We experimentally manipulated food access to two groups of lizards and compared thermal preference and thermal performance curves. We found distinct shifts in preferred body temperature and locomotor performance when food availability is restricted. Fasted lizards exhibited reduced preferred body temperatures compared to fed lizards. The position and shape of thermal performance curves differed between fasted and fed lizards. Fasted lizards had lower optimal temperatures of performance and wider thermal performance breadths than fed lizards. Restricted access to food resources leads to thermal biological patterns favouring lower temperatures. Lizards with low food access may be restricted to shaded regions of their habitat, unable to cope with the stressful situation of activity at warmer temperatures, and thus be at a selective disadvantage for procuring energetic or reproductive opportunities. By characterizing the interaction between thermal physiology and food availability, our study provides more clarification regarding the bioenergetic pressures likely to affect lizards in warmer environments. A lay summary is available for this article.
PRTR and Risk Communication

The variety of chemical substances is enormous, and in this country alone tens of thousands of them are said to be in distribution. It is difficult to assess the toxicity of these chemicals or control them via regulations. The Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) is expected to become a comprehensive measure for managing not only hazardous chemicals but also chemicals which are suspected to be hazardous in nature.The Kanagawa prefectural government conducted PRTR pilot studies in 1997 and 1998 at the request of the Environment Agency of Japan. The targets of the pilot studies were 176 materials, including 3 unintentionally synthesized chemicals, such as a dioxin.The most labor-intensive task for industries estimating the quantity of emissions involved specifying the chemicals being targeted from among all the chemicals they deal with. The volume of targeted chemicals contained in the wastes was one of the most important types of data, yet was not always available. Therefore, each industry should solve these problems before the PRTR Law is implemented.Under the PRTR, data on chemical release from industries will be made public. We need to make good use of the data to engage in effective communication among administrative agencies, industries and citizens regarding risk, and to reduce the environmental burden on local communities. The Kanagawa prefectural government aims at playing an important role in introducing a system to mitigate chemical risks within local environments through the use of PRTR data.
Relative vs. Absolute Rating

Making relative and absolute judgments of alternatives is compared.Relative judgments, following Saaty's procedure, require that each possible pair of conditions be compared. The subject indicates ...
Renal excretion of carbon dioxide and ammonia by the alligator.

SummaryThe NH3 and C02 produced by the kidney in normal well hydrated alligators accounts for over 2/3 of the osmotic pressure of the urine. Since the volume of urine required to excrete the non-volatile cations and anions is normally low, NH3 and CO2 production by the kidney appears to have a diuretic function. In dehydration, NH3 and CO2 production decreases, but the quantity of extracellular electrolytes excreted remains essentially the same as in well hydrated animals. Ammonia and CO2 also function in acid and base conservation. In inorganic anion excretion, CO2 production is decreased, whereas in cation excretion NH3 production is decreased. Due to the urine “osmolar ceiling” NH3 and CO2 are decreased to “make room” for any injected cations and anions. Hydration or the injection of non-osmotic diuretics appears to be the only stimulus to increased NH3 and CO2 production, the blood or urine pH playing no detectable part in this mechanism. Since the greatest amount of urinary NH3 appears in well hydrat...
The Two Mirandas

Although the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Miranda v. Arizona purported to set forth a clear, bright-line rule, numerous difficult subsidiary issues have developed in the past fifty years. These include: (1) what is custody?; (2) what is interrogation?; (3) when are the Miranda rights successfully waived?; (4) when are the Miranda rights successfully invoked?; (5) should the indirect fruits of unwarned interrogation, such as physical evidence and later warned statements, be admissible?; (6) should the products of unwarned interrogation be admissible for impeachment?; and (7) are there any exceptions to the Miranda rule? The Court’s decisions resolving these issues have often not been a model of clarity. Sometimes, a majority of the Court cannot even agree on a single rationale.Much of this confusion stems directly from a central ambiguity in the Miranda decision itself, for the Court in that case tried to do two things at once: prescribe concrete guidelines for police during custodial interrogation, and provide similarly clear benchmarks for courts in determining the admissibility of statements taken during those interrogations. Thus, there is a “police conduct model” of Miranda, by which Miranda requires the exclusion of unwarned statements, as with exclusion of evidence in the Fourth Amendment context, as the penalty for police failure to follow the rules of interrogation. But there is also an “admissibility model” of Miranda, by which exclusion of unwarned statements follows from treating those statements as presumptively compelled and therefore inadmissible under the Self-Incrimination Clause. In essence, then, there are really two Mirandas: Miranda as a prescription for police conduct and Miranda as regulator of the admissibility of statements. And these two readings are sometimes in serious tension with one another, leading to the muddled case law that exists on the seven subsidiary issues identified above. Until the Court definitively decides which Miranda is the “real” Miranda, the doctrine will continue to be riddled with confusion.
A Case of Tracheal Hemangioma Manifested Massive Hemoptysis

Hemangioma is benign tumor that represent an fail in development of the vascular system, network or retiform stage. As with hemangioma elsewhere, spontaneous regression may occur. Histologically capillary hemangioma has a diagnostic lobular arrangement of capillaries and almost all of them are located in nasal or oral mucous membranes. But, as we know, there is no report of hemangioma located in the trachea in Korea, so we report a case of tracheal hemangioma which was manifested massive hemoptysis.
Determination of apramycin in swine kidney tissue by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

A liquid chromatographic method for determining apramycin in swine kidney tissue is described. Apramycin is extracted from tissue with basic methanol and purified by ion-pair extraction. By using an automated derivatization and injection procedure, the purified extract is derivatized with o-phthaldehyde, separated on a C 18 column, and detected with a fluorescence detector. For fortified kidney samples, between-run coefficients of variation ranged from 4.8 to 7.1% at 1.00 ppm and from 9.6 to 14.3% at 0.50 ppm. Recoveries ranged from 76 to 86%. Standard curves were linear over the range 10-100 ng/mL.
Status of Declining Rate Filtration Design

Declining rate filtration is one of several flow control alternatives available for gravity filtration plants with four or more filters. Experimental and theoretical studies of declining rate filtration have provided the foundation for rational design procedures. This paper presents design procedures for estimating the filter system head needed for a declining rate filtration plant, and to predict the water level variations that will occur during operation. The paper also discusses the choice between inlet versus outlet rate limitation, the choice of type of rate limitation device, and the impact of operation of a declining rate filtration plant below full design load.
Design and FPGA implementation of radix-10 combined division/square root algorithm with limited precision primitives

A combined decimal division/square root scheme using limited-precision multipliers, adders, and table-lookups is presented. The combined algorithm, except in the initialization steps, uses a slightly modified digit-recurrence algorithm for division with limited-precision primitives. We describe the proposed combined division/square root algorithm, a design, and its FPGA implementation on a Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA. We present the cost and delay characteristics for precisions of 7 (single-precision), 8, 14 (double-precision), 16, 24, and 32 decimal digits. The costs range from 1384 to 4066 LUTs with maximum clock frequencies around 68MHz, and latencies ranging from 102 to 485 ns (with unoptimized routing delays). The proposed scheme uses short (2 to 4 digit-wide) operators which leads to compact modules, and may have an advantage at the layout level as well as in power optimization. The proposed approach is general and can be adapted to other higher radix combined division/square root implementations.
Benign lymphoepithelial cyst of unusual location: A case report

Benign lymphoepithelial cysts (LECs) are rare lesions that can be found in the lateral neck or in the parotid glands. A 52-year-old woman presented to our clinic with a slowly growing mass of the l...
Cytomegalovirus Vaccines: Current Status and Future Prospects

Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection can result in severe and permanent neurological injury in newborns, and vaccine development is accordingly a major public health priority. HCMV can also cause disease in solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, and a vaccine would be valuable in prevention of viremia and end-organ disease in these populations. Currently there is no licensed HCMV vaccine, but progress toward this goal has been made in recent clinical trials. A recombinant HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) vaccine has been shown to have some efficacy in prevention of infection in young women and adolescents, and has provided benefit to HCMV-seronegative SOT recipients. Similarly, DNA vaccines based on gB and the immunodominant T-cell target, pp65 (ppUL83), have been shown to reduce viremia in HSCT patients. This review provides an overview of HCMV vaccine candidates in various stages of development, as well as an update on the current status of ongoing clinical trials. Protective correlates of vaccine-induced immunity may be different for pregnant woman and transplant patients. As more knowledge emerges about correlates of protection, the ultimate licensure of HCMV vaccines may reflect the uniqueness of the target populations being immunized.
The effects of yoga training on chest wall expansion and respiratory muscle strength in female subjects

Background: Yoga is a type of exercise with breathing control, which has effect on increased flexibility of muscle, improvement of cardiorespiratory function, and stress reduction. Objective: To determine the effects of yoga training on chest wall expansion and respiratory muscle strength in female subjects. Materials and methods: Twenty-five female participants were recruited in this study. The participants completed a 6-week yoga training consisted of 30 minutes a day for 3 days a week session. The chest wall expansion was measured before and after yoga training by standard tape at the upper, middle, and lower level of thorax. All participants were measured for muscle strength of both maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP). Results: Participants demonstrated a significant increase in mean differences of chest wall expansion after yoga training. The mean differences between pre and post training for the upper, middle, and lower chest wall was 0.89±0.58 cm (p<0.01), 1.27±0.57 cm (p<0.01), and 0.81±0.89 cm (p<0.01), respectively. The MIP and MEP were increased significantly after yoga training (p<0.05). Conclusions: Chest wall expansion and respiratory muscle strength has been improved by undergoing yoga training 30 min/day and 3 days/week for 6 weeks.
164 – Continued Fractions

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on continued fractions applicable to linear second-order ordinary differential equations. A solution in terms of a continued fraction is obtained. By finding a simple recurrence pattern, the logarithmic derivative of the solution to an ordinary differential equation in terms of a continued fraction is expressed. The continued fraction can be extended indefinitely. The partial sums for the continued fraction can also be evaluated. This technique has rarely been extended, with any generality, to any types of differential equations other than linear second-order ordinary differential equations. By taking partial sums of the continued fraction in, successively better approximations may be found.
THE EFFECTS OF LASER IRRADIATION ON MONOLITHIC RESISTORS

The effects of recrystallization and impurity redistribution during laser annealing are used to change the value of monolithic resistors. A single diffusion type resistor (X j = 0.8 um, R s = 180 Ω/ □) was scanned using various laser parameters. The resistance increased in relation to the laser energy for Q-switch operation but decreased for cw. X-ray topography revealed severe crystalline damage in the scanned regions. To reduce the laser energy necessary to change resistance, an ion-implanted amorphous layer was created at the surface of a thermally annealed, implanted resistor. Scanning the entire second implant region, energy densities of 11 to 23 MW/cm 2 reduced the resistance by 19 to 40%. The TCR was determined to be 1000 ppm/°C and was not affected by laser scanning.
Kinetics of Tracer Efflux from Leaves

I must admit to ambivalent feelings in presuming to address this group on some of the more theoretical aspects of translocation. My approach to translocation is primarily experimental and my contributions to theory have been only modest, to put it generously. To some degree, this is a matter of choice, because I think the most pressing problems for translocation are experimental ones. A theoretical approach, and I am speaking here essentially of a modelling approach, quickly leads to a need for information which is either shaky or or simply non-existent. But one of the most important reasons for this state of affairs is that experimentalists frequently lack a sufficient knowledge of theoretical aspects to make the most useful kind of observations or to appreciate that some required observations have not been made at all. Consequently, I feel that there should be an intimate relationship between experimentation and modelling. For that reason, I’ve had some difficulty in dividing the material into separate presentations. To the degree to which that difficulty becomes apparent, I will have made a point, although I hope that it’s not one that gets overdone.
Tumour recurrence vs radionecrosis: an indication for multitrajectory serial stereotactic biopsies.

External RT has been proved to be an important adjuvant to surgery in the treatment of malignant glioma. It has also been demonstrated, that its effect on survival is dose-dependent, although accompanied by a higher morbidity. Intents to localize the field of high dose RT to the tumour area have been performed with the aim to spare damage of the normal brain tissue. Between August 1983 to December 1987,40 patients with malignant astrocytoma (16 GM, 24 AA) underwent high dose localized hyperfractionated external RT after surgical resection. Patients received 57.6 Gy to the tumour and oedema area associated with a boost localized to the tumour of 7.4, 14.4 or 24 Gy. In the follow-up, 16 patients died with evidence of increase in size of lesion diagnosed by CT/MRI. Since July 1987, 12 patients with recurrence or increase on size of CT/MRI lesion have undergone multitrajectory serial stereotactic biopsies. From the biopsies 8 patients were histologically diagnosed was compatible with radionecrosis. From the 4 recurrences, 2 patients were treated with,125I implants and 1 with new resection. Patients with radionecrosis were treated with corticoides and diuretics, obtaining partial or com]plete remission of symptoms and decrease in size of CT lesion. Undoubtly, Multiplanar/3 D multitrajectory serial stereotactic biopsies play a major role in the follow-up of these patients, and accurate diagnosis need to be established for further treatment therapy. The question remains if these localized boost should be replaced by 3 D Multiplanar stereotactic interstitial radiotherapy boost after surgery and conventional radiotherapy.
Can Managed Care Plans Reliably Infer the Quality of Cardiac Surgeons' Outcomes?

OBJECTIVE To assess whether managed care plans can reliably infer the quality of cardiac surgeons' outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Evaluation of administrative discharge data and reported health plan enrollments. METHODS We analyzed 221,327 coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) admissions performed by 398 cardiac surgeons in 75 state-regulated hospitals in Florida between 1998 and 2006. For our outcomes quality measure, we constructed surgeon-level risk-adjusted mortality rates using demographic and comorbidity data. We also obtained managed care plan enrollments in Florida in 2005 to discern the number of patient outcomes possibly seen by any individual plan. Finally, we constructed a confidence interval around any particular surgeon's CABG outcomes quality and tested whether the surgeon's quality could reliably be found to be worse than benchmarks using normal approximations and exact binomial limits. RESULTS Even if a plan had as high as a 50% share of a county's managed care-insured CABG patients, then of 86 surgeons in the 5 largest counties in Florida, no surgeon could confidently be judged to be of poorer than average quality. CONCLUSIONS In cardiac surgeons' outcomes quality monitoring, individual managed care plans face a "law of small numbers." Insufficient patient volume by contracted surgeons, inadequate variation in outcomes, and low levels of adverse outcomes combine to make true quality almost impossible to infer. Some mitigation may be possible through more effective use of data (more measures and pooling over time) and through more effective interorganizational sharing of data (leveraging specialist society quality data and statewide pooling).