cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fault-tolerant beacon vector routing for mobile ad hoc networks

This paper presents a new and robust Fault-Tolerant Beacon Vector Routing (BVR) approach with multiple novel improvements. The fault tolerance algorithm NetRec was extended to apply to BVR. The new technique, ManRec, provides fault tolerance in the presence of multiple simultaneous faults. A characteristic of BVR was improved, that helps to route around faulty nodes. This addresses some frequently occurring types of BVR flooding in the case of node failures. In addition, a very useful modification has been made to the original BVR algorithm, that allows the routing algorithm to better route along faulty nodes. This new combined approach improves BVR fault tolerance, reduces flooding in the network, and improves routing success, in the presence of multiple failures. This framework provides excellent results on arbitrary types of network topologies for mobile ad hoc networks. A simulator was developed, to validate the results.
All Pulfrich-like illusions can be explained without joint encoding of motion and disparity.

In the Pulfrich effect, an interocular time delay results in the perception of depth. Two modified versions, the stroboscopic Pulfrich effect and dynamic visual noise with a delay, are generally explained by postulating an early stage of space/timeinseparable filtering, encoding motion and disparity jointly. However, most disparity sensors in monkey V1 do not show joint motion/disparity encoding, and we recently showed that depth perception in the stroboscopic Pulfrich effect is equally compatible with space/time-separable filtering. Here, we demonstrate that this filtering can be implemented with a population of physiologically plausible energy model units. Similar results are obtained whether the neurons are pure disparity sensors (like most V1 neurons) or joint motion/disparity sensors (like MT). We also demonstrate that the dynamic noise stimulus produces correlations between the activity in pure disparity sensors, and in a separate population of pure motion sensors. These correlations are sufficient to explain the percept. Thus, joint encoding of motion and disparity is not required to explain depth perception in Pulfrich-like stimuli: a brain which encoded motion and disparity in entirely separate neuronal pathways could still experience all of these illusions.
The determination of rate of progress of stroke patients through empathy measures of patient and family

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that rate of progress in rehabilitation was associated with empathy between patient and family member. Subjects were in treatment following a stroke and included 20 patients and members of their family. Estimates of empathy were obtained by having each subject and a family member describe themselves and how they thought the other participant member of the family would describe himself or herself. Measures of progress in rehabilitation were obtained from admissions and discharge ratings by occupational and physical therapists. These ratings were compared with the total treatment time to provide an index of the actual rate of progress shown by the patient in treatment. Correlational results showed that improved rates of progress were associated with higher ability of the subjects' in predicting the attitudes of others.
ATOMIC IMAGING OF OXYGEN DESORPTION FROM TUNGSTEN TRIOXIDE

Abstract We report direct observations by high-resolution electron microscopy of oxygen desorption from tungsten trioxide. Clear evidence is found for layer epitaxial growth of metallic tungsten with (110)W|(100)WO 3 and [001]W and [001]WO 3 parallel to the electron beam, consistent with low-energy electron diffraction data on the low-temperature epitaxy of WO 3 on W. W[001] was always observed parallel to the electron beam independent of the surface normal. The results suggest that bulk and surface damage, and displacement processes, are similar.
Incremental genetic K-means algorithm and its application in gene expression data analysis.

Background: In recent years, clustering algorithms have been effectively applied in molecular biology for gene expression data analysis. With the help of clustering algorithms such as K-means, hierarchical clustering, SOM, etc, genes are partitioned into groups based on the similarity between their expression profiles. In this way, functionally related genes are identified. As the amount of laboratory data in molecular biology grows exponentially each year due to advanced technologies such as Microarray, new efficient and effective methods for clustering must be developed to process this growing amount of biological data. Results: In this paper, we propose a new clustering algorithm, Incremental Genetic K-means Algorithm (IGKA). IGKA is an extension to our previously proposed clustering algorithm, the Fast Genetic K-means Algorithm (FGKA). IGKA outperforms FGKA when the mutation probability is small. The main idea of IGKA is to calculate the objective value Total Within-Cluster Variation (TWCV) and to cluster centroids incrementally whenever the mutation probability is small. IGKA inherits the salient feature of FGKA of always converging to the global optimum. C program is freely available at http://database.cs.wayne.edu/proj/FGKA/index.htm. Conclusions: Our experiments indicate that, while the IGKA algorithm has a convergence pattern similar to FGKA, it has a better time performance when the mutation probability decreases to some point. Finally, we used IGKA to cluster a yeast dataset and found that it increased the enrichment of genes of similar function within the cluster.
Peckoltia sabaji, a new species from the Guyana Shield (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

Peckoltia sabaji is described based on specimens from the Guyana Shield regions of the Essequibo, Negro, and Orinoco River drainages of Guyana and Venezuela. Peckoltia sabaji is a member of the loricariid subfamily Hypostominae, tribe Ancistrini. The species differs from nearly all other members of the Hypostominae based on coloration — small spots on the head with spots becoming very large on the posterior part of the body. Those species with a similar coloration either do not have elongated bodies (vs. body very elongate) or have odontodes on the opercle as adults (vs. odontodes on opercle absent, rarely with one or two odontodes in adults).
Measures of space use and association of two unrelated male red wolves in a shared area

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) listed the red wolf (Canis rufus) as an endangered species in 1967 and began a recovery program in 1973 (USFWS 1989). By that time, however, the red wolf had already been extirpated from most of its range (McCarley and Carley 1979). Only 1 wild population of red wolves currently exists, reintroduced in 1987 to the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge (ARNWR) in northeastern North Carolina, U.S.A. (USFWS 1989). Most research on the red wolf has addressed its status as a species (e.g., Wayne and Jenks 1991; Wilson et al. 2000; Kyle et al. 2006; Murray and Waits 2007). Ecological studies have been limited by small sample sizes or duration (Mauney 2005; Hinton 2006; Chadwick et al. 2010; Hinton and Chamberlain 2010) or by VHF telemetry data collection that is infrequent and limited to daytime observations (Phillips et al. 2003). Although GPS and VHF radio collars are used to monitor the population, intra-group spatial relationships are largely undocumented. Red wolves form groups consisting of the breeding pair and their sexually immature offspring (Phillips et al. 2003) and offspring from previous years have been observed as helpers at the den (Sparkman et al. 2010). Unrelated wolves of the same gender have not been previously reported in the same group. In this study, 2 unrelated male red wolves using a shared area were monitored 5 times per day for 12 months using GPS collars. The purpose was to determine if the non-breeding male was a member of the group composed of the breeding male and his mate, an uncollared female. We hypothesized that association between the males would be high if the non-breeder was a member of the group, whereas there would be no significant association if the nonbreeder was simply using the same area. If the unrelated non-breeder was a group member, this represents a unique pack composition that has not been studied in this species. Methods
Treatment of Mammary Duct Fistula by Fistulectomy and Saucerization

This study was designed to assess the efficacy and long-term outcome of fistulectomy and saucerization for treatment of mammary duct fistulae. Mammary fistula is a chronic condition that represents the final step in what has been termed "mammary duct associated inflammatory disease sequence." The treatment is primarily surgical and may include healing by secondary intention or primary closure with or without antibiotics. Reported series are small and often include variable surgical strategies applied without consistency. A consecutive series of 53 patients who had 59 mammary duct fistulae were treated by fistulectomy with saucerization. The median age was 32 years. Wounds were allowed to heal by secondary intention and antibiotics were not used. We reviewed the case records to establish the incidence of recurrent fistula and the time to complete healing. The long-term cosmetic outcome was determined by a postal survey. After a median follow-up of 6 years there had been no relapse in 92%. There was significant delay in healing in six cases (range: 10 to 30 weeks). Thirty-eight patients (83%) gave a definite history of regularly smoking between 10 and 20 cigarettes a day. Two thirds of the patients were either pleased or satisfied with the final cosmetic result of the surgery, but more than 90% said that it left them with some distortion of the nipple. Fistulectomy and saucerization achieves long-term cure in the majority of patients with mammary duct fistula, but it results in some degree of distortion of the nipple. The strong relationship between smoking and the occurrence of mammary duct fistulae is again demonstrated.
Identical Frequency Correlations of two Irrotational Force Fields of a Nearly Spherical Planet

Summary Formulas for comparing the identical frequencies of two irrotational force fields of a nearly spherical planet are given. Such comparisons are extremely useful in sever a1 geophysical studies.
Low molecular weight protamine as an efficient and nontoxic gene carrier: in vitro study.

Background The structural similarity between low molecular weight protamine (LMWP), prepared by enzymatic digestion of protamine, and HIV-TAT protein transduction peptide suggested the feasibility of LMWP as an efficient carrier for delivering therapeutic genes while alleviating the cytotoxicity of currently employed gene carriers. Methods LMWP was prepared by enzymatic digestion of protamine with thermolysine. The prepared LMWP peptide and TAT peptide, as well as their complexes with plasmid DNA (pDNA), were examined for cellular uptake behaviors by using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. The complexation of pDNA and LMWP was monitored by gel retardation test as well as size and zeta potential measurements, and was then further assessed by DNase I protection assay. The transfection efficiency of pDNA/LMWP was examined by varying the pDNA content and charge ratio in the complex, and then compared with that of pDNA/PEI. Cytotoxicity induced by pDNA/LMWP and pDNA/PEI was also examined. Results Prepared LMWP showed similar transcellular localization behavior and kinetics to those of TAT, and efficiently transferred the pDNA into nucleus and cytoplasm in a short time period. The size and zeta potential of the pDNA/LMWP complex were 120 nm and 30 mV, respectively, which were adequately suitable for cellular uptake. After forming the complex, LMWP appeared to effectively protect pDNA against DNase I attack. The pDNA/LMWP complex showed significantly enhanced gene transfer than both naked pDNA and the pDNA/PEI complex, while exhibiting a markedly reduced cytotoxicity than that of the pDNA/PEI complex. Conclusions The present study suggested that LMWP could be a useful and safe tool for enhancing delivery of bioactive molecules and therapeutic DNA products into cells when applied in gene therapy. Copyright  2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Political paranoia v. political realism: on distinguishing between bogus conspiracy theories and genuine conspiratorial politics

ABSTRACT Scholars and intellectuals often fail to pay sufficient attention to the historical and political importance of conspiratorial politics, that is, real-world covert and clandestine activities. This is primarily because they rarely make an effort to distinguish conceptually between such activities, which are a regular if not omnipresent feature of national and international politics, and bogus ‘conspiracy theories’, elaborate fantasies that purport to show that various sinister, powerful groups with evil intentions, operating behind the scenes, are secretly controlling the course of world events. Bale's purpose is to provide a clear analytical distinction between actual conspiratorial politics and ‘conspiracy theories’ in the pejorative sense of that term, and to suggest that research methods appropriate to investigating and analysing the former have long been available. In a world full of secret services, surreptitious pressure groups, criminal cartels and terrorist organizations, academics can no...
A comment on superspace Bianchi identities and six-dimensional spacetime

Abstract We investigate the Bianchi identities for a superspace with a six-dimensional spacetime, under the assumption of certain superspace kinematic constraints. It is shown that these constraints lead to the supergravity theory recently discussed by Breitenlohner and Kabelschacht. However, we conclude that the resulting theory is consistent only if the curvature scalar of the six-dimensional spacetime vanishes.
Regulation of ER-phagy by a Ypt/Rab GTPase module

Accumulation of misfolded proteins on intracellular membranes has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. One cellular pathway that clears such aggregates is endoplasmic reticulum autophagy (ER-phagy), a selective autophagy pathway that delivers excess ER to the lysosome for degradation. Not much is known about the regulation of ER-phagy. The conserved Ypt/Rab GTPases regulate all membrane trafficking events in eukaryotic cells. We recently showed that a Ypt module, consisting of Ypt1 and autophagy-specific upstream activator and downstream effector, regulates the onset of selective autophagy in yeast. Here we show that this module acts at the ER. Autophagy-specific mutations in its components cause accumulation of excess membrane proteins on aberrant ER structures and induction of ER stress. This accumulation is due to a block in transport of these membranes to the lysosome, where they are normally cleared. These findings establish a role for an autophagy-specific Ypt1 module in the regulation of ER-phagy. Moreover, because Ypt1 is a known key regulator of ER-to-Golgi transport, these findings establish a second role for Ypt1 at the ER. We therefore propose that individual Ypt/Rabs, in the context of distinct modules, can coordinate alternative trafficking steps from one cellular compartment to different destinations.
Nanofabrication and Characterization of Subwavelength Metamaterials for Negative-index Propagation at Near-infrared Wavelengths

We describe the nanofabrication for subwavelength optical metamaterials with negative-index propagation at wavelengths near 900 nm. Experimental and theoretical results are discussed.
Anxiety, advice, and the ability to discern: Feeling anxious motivates individuals to seek and use advice.

Across 8 experiments, the influence of anxiety on advice seeking and advice taking is described. Anxious individuals are found to be more likely to seek and rely on advice than are those in a neutral emotional state (Experiment 1), but this pattern of results does not generalize to other negatively valenced emotions (Experiment 2). The relationships between anxiety and advice seeking and anxiety and advice taking are mediated by self-confidence; anxiety lowers self-confidence, which increases advice seeking and reliance upon advice (Experiment 3). Although anxiety also impairs information processing, impaired information processing does not mediate the relationship between anxiety and advice taking (Experiment 4). Finally, anxious individuals are found to fail to discriminate between good and bad advice (Experiments 5a-5c), and between advice from advisors with and without a conflict of interest (Experiment 6).
Suppression of the coffee-ring effect by shape-dependent capillary interactions

When a drop of liquid dries on a solid surface, its suspended particulate matter is deposited in ring-like fashion. This phenomenon, known as the coffee-ring effect, is familiar to anyone who has observed a drop of coffee dry. During the drying process, drop edges become pinned to the substrate, and capillary flow outward from the centre of the drop brings suspended particles to the edge as evaporation proceeds. After evaporation, suspended particles are left highly concentrated along the original drop edge. The coffee-ring effect is manifested in systems with diverse constituents, ranging from large colloids to nanoparticles and individual molecules. In fact--despite the many practical applications for uniform coatings in printing, biology and complex assembly-the ubiquitous nature of the effect has made it difficult to avoid. Here we show experimentally that the shape of the suspended particles is important and can be used to eliminate the coffee-ring effect: ellipsoidal particles are deposited uniformly during evaporation. The anisotropic shape of the particles significantly deforms interfaces, producing strong interparticle capillary interactions. Thus, after the ellipsoids are carried to the air-water interface by the same outward flow that causes the coffee-ring effect for spheres, strong long-ranged interparticle attractions between ellipsoids lead to the formation of loosely packed or arrested structures on the air-water interface. These structures prevent the suspended particles from reaching the drop edge and ensure uniform deposition. Interestingly, under appropriate conditions, suspensions of spheres mixed with a small number of ellipsoids also produce uniform deposition. Thus, particle shape provides a convenient parameter to control the deposition of particles, without modification of particle or solvent chemistry.
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 CLEAVAGE AND PACKAGING PROTEINS UL15 AND UL28 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH B BUT NOT C CAPSIDS DURING PACKAGING

At least seven viral genes encode proteins (UL6, UL15, UL17, UL25, UL28, UL32, and UL33) that are required for DNA cleavage and packaging of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA. Sequence analysis reveals that UL15 shares homology with gp17, the large catalytic subunit of the bacteriophage T4 terminase. Thus, UL15 may play a direct role in the cleavage of viral DNA replication intermediates into monomers. In this study, we asked whether UL15 and other cleavage and packaging proteins could be detected in capsids isolated from infected cells. Consistent with previous studies showing that UL6 and UL25 are minor protein constituents of the capsids, we detected these proteins in both B and C capsids. In contrast, the previously identified full-length version (81 kDa) of UL15 was found predominantly in B capsids and in much smaller amounts in C capsids. In addition, the UL28 protein was found predominantly in B but not C capsids in a distribution similar to that of the 81-kDa version of UL15. These results suggest that UL28 and the 81-kDa form of UL15 are transiently associated with capsid intermediates during the packaging process. Surprisingly, however, a previously unidentified 87-kDa form of UL15 was found in the B and C capsids and in virions. Analysis of cells infected with mutants individually lacking UL6, UL15, UL25, UL28, or UL32 demonstrates that the lack of one cleavage and packaging protein does not affect the expression of the others. Furthermore, this analysis, together with guanidine HCl extraction analysis of purified capsids, indicates that UL6, UL25, and UL28 are able to associate with B capsids in the absence of other DNA cleavage and packaging proteins. On the other hand, the two UL15-related proteins (81 and 87 kDa) do not associate efficiently with B capsids in cells infected with UL6 and UL28 mutants. These results suggest that the ability of the UL15-related proteins to bind to B capsids may be mediated through interactions with UL6 and UL28.
Monitoring Bladder Temperatures in the OR

ABSTRACT Temperature monitoring via the urinary bladder has become common in the OR, often replacing monitoring at the rectal site. A systematic, integrated review and synthesis of the literature was undertaken to assess the validity of using the urinary bladder as a site for temperature measurement in the OR. During steady thermal states, bladder temperature performed well, providing temperatures similar to those of core sites. In contrast, poor performance was demonstrated during rapid thermal changes, such as during the rapid cooling and rewarming phases of cardiopulmonary bypass. At such times, a significant lag in response rate at the bladder site was noted by multiple investigators. This delayed responsiveness during thermally dynamic states, however, may provide information regarding the adequacy of rewarming during bypass at sites intermediate between the core and periphery. Limited research indicates that urinary bladder temperature may be influenced by urine flow rate, and additional research is required in this area. The cost effectiveness of this method of temperature measurement requires investigation as well. AORN J 76 (Sept 2002) 467–489.
NETBAGs: a network-based clustering approach with gene signatures for cancer subtyping analysis

Aim: To evaluate gene signature and network-based approach for cancer subtyping and classification. Materials & methods: Here we introduced NETwork Based clustering Approach with Gene signatures (NETBAGs) algorithm, which clustered samples based on gene signatures and identified molecular markers based on their significantly expressed gene network profiles. Results: Applying NETBAGs to multiple independent breast cancer datasets, we demonstrated that the clustering results were highly associated with the clinical subtypes and clearly revealed the genomic diversity of breast cancer samples. Conclusion: NETBAGs algorithm is able to classify samples by their genomic signatures into clinically significant phenotypes so that potential biomarkers can be identified. The approach may contribute to cancer research and clinical study of complex diseases.
Basic Statistics and Pharmaceutical Statistical Applications

This is the third edition of the book but apparently (Ziegel, 2001) is the 12th revision of a manual developed in 1973 to serve as a reference for graduate students. Several reviews published on th...
Nutrient Enrichment in integrated Broiler Production Systems

Abstract Broiler litter (manure plus bedding) represents the single largest waste by-product generated by the broiler industry. In 1990, 5.86 billion broilers were produced in the United States (National Agricultural Statistic Service, USDA). On a dry-weight basis, using averages cited in the present paper for litter (1.0 metric ton per 1,000 broilers per flock) and nutrient composition (3.88% total N, 4.25% P2 O5, and 2.68% K2 O), the total annual United States broiler nutrient production is estimated at 227,368, 249,050, and 157,048 metric tons of N, P2 O5, and K2 O, respectively. However, there are substantial variations in both litter production rates and composition values among reports that can greatly influence these estimates. Litter rates and values are influenced by amount and type of bedding, frequency of removal, broiler market weights, nutrition and feed utilization efficiency, and numerous management factors. Understanding these sources of variability is helpful in the implementation of strategies for litter enrichment. In the future, a totally integrated approach may be necessary for the production of litter that is designed for specific applications and markets.
Advances in regional anesthesia for outpatients.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will bring to the reader's attention recent developments in the literature regarding regional anesthesia in the outpatient setting, and allow the reader to evaluate whether these developments are appropriate for inclusion in clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS The most stimulating developments in the area of regional anesthesia for outpatients revolve around the use of continuous analgesic therapy for outpatients after discharge. This is reflected in recent publications describing the use of continuous catheters for peripheral nerve blockade using portable pumps to provide 48-72 h of postoperative analgesia. These devices have raised the hope of opioid-free pain relief for virtually the entire duration of postsurgical pain in the outpatient setting. There are also increasing numbers of suggestions on ways to improve the quality of spinal anesthesia in the outpatient setting, particularly by using lower doses of lidocaine to reduce the problem of transient neurologic symptoms after spinal blockade. Several authors have investigated the cost implications of regional techniques in the outpatient setting, and have concluded that they are very competitive with the general anesthetic techniques that are frequently employed. SUMMARY Recent publications suggest additional ways to add regional anesthesia techniques to outpatient surgical practice, particularly with the promise of extensive postoperative pain relief for the ambulatory surgery patient.
Solutions for Two-Dimensional Instabilities of Ice Surfaces Uniformly Wetted by Thin Films

Solutions are presented for the interaction between a cold airstream and a growing ice surface. The ice is uniformly wetted by a thin water lm created by the impact of small water droplets. The cold airstream causes an instability of the ice surface, leading to roughness elements whose size and shape are controlled primarily by the level of supercooling. Properties of the roughness are examined in two dimensions.
ADAPTATION AND SPECIALIZATION IN A TWO-RESOURCE ENVIRONMENT IN DROSOPHILA SPECIES.

We assayed two components of performance (development time and survivorship), on food medium with and without ethanol, in laboratory populations of Drosophila simulans and D. melanogaster for which ethanol-medium was a novel food resource. These assays were done before and after 12 generations of rearing in either one-(regular medium only) or two-resource (regular medium and ethanol medium) environments. Initially, D. simulans was highly susceptible to ethanol, whereas D. melanogaster was relatively unaffected. After 12 generations in the two-resource environment, D. simulans showed significantly improved mean performance on ethanol medium; mean performance of D. melanogaster did not significantly change. Variation among families for both traits was higher on ethanol medium in D. simulans. Variation in D. melanogaster was not significantly affected by ethanol level, suggesting that resource quality was more important than novelty per se. In both species, the least variation was seen in populations after 12 generations in the two-resource environment. For development time in D. simulans, the decrease in variation was largely due to reduced variation within families, suggesting the evolution of canalization. Development time on the two media was not negatively correlated. In D. simulans, correlations measured before and after the experiment were not heterogeneous, suggesting that trade-offs in performance did not block diet expansion. In D. melanogaster, cor- relations became significantly less positive after 12 generations in the two-resource environment, supporting the view that correlations between performance on different resources may become less positive over time through selection.
Retrospective Review of 95 Renal Cell Carcinomas Considering New Classification and Emerging Concepts

Introduction: Current classification of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is outlined in the 2004 World Health Organization monograph. The diagnostic concepts continue advancing to keep up with the development of targeted therapies. In this study, we reviewed 95 cases diagnosed as RCC from 1998 to 2005. The study compared the new diagnoses with the original ones to determine …
Determination of urinary iodine by kit with the thermostatic sand bath digestion

Objective:To establish a kit method for determination of urinary iodine with thermostatic sand bath digestion.Methods: To determine urinary iodine using the national standard kit after the thermostatic sand bath digestion.Results: The minimal detection limit of the method was 4.5 μg/L,while the linear correlation coefficient was-0.9994.The iodine contents of 6 parallel determinations of urinary iodine standard material were 73.0 μg/L,175 μg/L and 206 μg/L,and standard deviation values were 2.1%,1.1%,2.9% respectively and relative standard deviations were 3.1%,1.9% and 2.0% respectively;Recoveries were from 96.0% to 100%.There was no significant difference between determination of 100 urine samples and the national standard measurement method.Conclusion: The method is simple,accurate,reliable and suitable for common laboratories.
Production Situation of Oil Crop in Gansu Province and Its Development Strategy

The paper analysied the production situation of main oil crops in city(state)of Gansu province. The result showed that rape had high yield and big area in Qingyang city,Linxia prefecture,Zhangye city,Tianshui city. The flax had high yield and big area in Pingliang city,Qingyang city and Dingxi city. Wuwei city. The sunflower had high yield and big area in Jinchang city,Tianshui city and Qingyang city. The yield per unit of oil crops in 5 city of Hexi were higher than that of other main producing areas. The paper put forward the measures to develop the oil crop production in Gansu province as follows:reasonable regional distribution,accelerating the promotion of new varieties and new techniques;improving production mechanization level;continuing to strengthen the support on policy;actively promoting the development of industrialization.
Is Skewness Preference Evidence for Risk Seeking Behavior? Evidence from the Pricing of VC Backed IPOs

In this paper, we examine how venture capital portfolios with risk averse and risk seeking return characteristics are priced by the representative investor in public equity markets. We find only portfolios with risk seeking return characteristics are associated with a market skewness premium. Also, while the representative investor's aversion to variance risk and skewness preference are positively correlated in the pricing of portfolios with risk seeking return characteristics, they are negatively correlated in the pricing of portfolios with risk averse return characteristics. Our findings (a) show skewness preference is evidence of risk seeking behavior or preferences, and as such is inconsistent with globally concave utility functions; (b) indicate portfolio diversification (aversion to variance risk) can be evidence of risk averse or risk seeking preferences; and (c) establish empirically testable conditions for distinguishing between risk averse and risk seeking preferences.
THE VITAMIN B6--HYDRAZIDE RELATIONSHIP.

Publisher Summary Isoniazid and other hydrazides can induce vitamin B6 deficiency manifestations, especially convulsions and neuritis. These can be prevented by vitamin B6 administration. The probable mechanism responsible is the formation of a pyridoxal-isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) hydrazone. Vitamin B6 may be excreted in this combination or the hydrazone may bind pyridoxal phosphate, preventing it from combining with certain vitamin B6-dependent apoenzymes. Other apoenzymes may have a greater affinity for vitamin B6 phosphate than INH and may not be inhibited at all. Inhibition of pyridoxal kinase may be a very important effect inducing vitamin B6 deficiency. Though very large doses of vitamin B6 may inhibit the effectiveness of INH against the tubercle bacillus, doses of vitamin B6 used in clinical medicine do not seem to interfere with the antituberculous effect of INH in vivo and in vitro.
Conceptualization and Treatment Planning for Effective Helping, by Barbara F. Okun and Karen L. Suyemoto

In social work, the term case conceptualization refers to the process by which we make sense of a client's presenting concerns within the context of a theoretical framework. In other words, it deno...
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Lethal Force by US Police, 2010–2014

Objectives. To update previous examinations of racial/ethnic disparities in the use of lethal force by US police.Methods. I examined online national vital statistics data for deaths assigned an underlying cause of “legal intervention” (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, external-cause-of-injury codes Y35.0–Y35.7, excluding Y35.5 [legal execution]) for the 5-year period 2010 to 2014.Results. Death certificates identified 2285 legal intervention deaths (1.5 per million population per year) from 2010 to 2014. Among males aged 10 years or older, who represented 96% of these deaths, the mortality rate among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic individuals was 2.8 and 1.7 times higher, respectively, than that among White individuals.Conclusions. Substantial racial/ethnic disparities in legal intervention deaths remain an ongoing problem in the United States.
A countermeasure development pipeline

We have developed an integrated pipeline for countermeasure discovery that, under the auspices of the National Institutes of Health Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats network, is one of the few efforts within academia that by design spans the spectrum from discovery to phase I. The successful implementation of this approach for cyanide would enable efficient proof-of-concept studies that would lay the foundation for a generalizable strategy for parallel mechanistic studies and accelerated countermeasure development in the face of new and emerging chemical threats.
The Impact of Aggression on the Relationship Between Betrayal and Belongingness Among U.S. Military Personnel

The suicide rate among U.S. military personnel, particularly within the Army National Guard, is significantly higher than the rate found among the general population. To better understand why the A...
Acute Anuric Renal Failure in an 80-Year-Old Man.

An 80-year-old man with a history of hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and stage 4 chronic kidney disease presented with 2 days of anuria. He felt well until 6 days prior, when he awoke with diffuse muscle cramps following a strenuous day of moving boxes. He subsequently developed oliguria that progressed to anuria. His only medication was omeprazole (20 mg daily). His usual fluid intake had not changed. Physical examination was notable for moist mucous membranes, clear lungs, no lower extremity or periorbital edema, and no jugular venous distension. Examination was otherwise unremarkable. Bladder scan showed 50 mL of urine, which was collected via straight catheterization. Three liters of normal saline was administered, with no further urine production.
The use of Synthes MatrixWAVE bone anchored arch bars for closed treatment of multiple concurrent mandibular fractures

Abstract Background Maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) is an important tool in the treatment of facial fractures and bone-anchored arch bar systems have emerged as treatment options. This study illustrates our experience with the Synthes MatrixWAVE MMF system and the novel application in closed treatment of patients with multiple concurrent mandibular fractures. Methods We enrolled eight patients with concurrent mandibular fractures and treated them with the MatrixWAVE MMF system. The malleable arch bars were fitted and then secured using 6–8 mm screws. The arch bar was and either stretched or compressed to ensure optimal positioning. 24-gauge interdental fixation wiring was placed using the fish loop technique on either side of the fracture to achieve stabilization of the mandible fractures. Results All eight patients were retained in MMF until stable occlusion was achieved with clinical evidence of healing, approximately 4–6 weeks. Post-operative Panorex scans did not reveal any evidence of damage to tooth roots. None of the screws became overly embedded in the mucosa secondary to overgrowth; the arch bars were successfully removed in an outpatient setting without local anesthesia. Conclusions The Synthes MatrixWAVE MMF system has unique features such as prominent screw anchor heads and horizontal malleability unique from other bone anchored arch bars. These features allow for completely closed treatment of patients with multiple concurrent mandible fractures.
Real-time communication for manufacturing cyber-physical systems

The cloud manufacturing yields insights of manufacturing services over cyber space based on integration of advanced manufacturing with cloud computing. However, the different communication standards between the different system levels are main challenges for the integration of them without a conflicting communication. Ethernet appears as the best solution to support all levels for industrial manufacturing systems. Since the synchronous integration is fulfilled, the prerequisite for deciding the overall performance of systems is adaptable real-time communication. This motivates us to study the problem of designing a new real-time communication based on Ethernet standard to enable real-time processing for factory networks, termed Real-Time Ethernet (RTEthernet). The objective is to schedule maximum number of machines transmitting data through a controller in a data transmission window (Coordinated Cycle) as well as guarantee the real-time communication. The problem is called the Maximum Number of Real-time Data Transmission (MNRDT) problem. Two relevant solutions are proposed for addressing the MNRDT problem. Simulation results are provided to show the performance of proposed solutions.
The constraints and affordances of homework reflection forms in community college mathematics

Reflection and self-assessment are key aspects of learning that should be part of the homework process, especially for college students. This article examines student participation in a homework reflection process in community college algebra. Data from two semester-long studies are compared in terms of how the format and content of reflection forms constrain and afford students’ reflection and self-assessment of graded mathematics assignments. The first study revealed that the format of the self-assessment section of the forms constrained student work, as students did not understand how to complete the form, but that additional questions on the form did support reflection, especially the need to use resources and develop understanding of course learning outcomes. This study also revealed that students who participated in the reflection process during the entire semester gave more in-depth reflections and self- critiques than their peers who only participated for part of the semester. The results of the first study were used to redesign reflection forms used in the second study. The redesigned form better supported self-assessment. However, the differences in how students used the form remained. Possibilities for further redesign of the reflection forms are discussed, as well as implications for teaching practice and research.
On Thermodynamic Cycles for Detonation Engines

Detonation engines are considered to potentially yield better performance than existing turbo-engines in terms of improved thermodynamic efficiency, simplicity of manufacture and operation, and high thrust-to-weight or thrust-to-volume ratio, amongst other advantages. Much effort has been put into the development of pulsed detonation engines (PDEs), including thermodynamic cycle analysis. Thermodynamic analysis of PDEs usually makes use of one-dimensional models, based on the Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) and the Zeldovich–von Neumann–Doring (ZND) theories, although increasingly sophisticated techniques, some involving numerical modeling, have also been developed lately. It is now understood that the Humphrey cycle used to model an isochoric cycle underpredicts the performance of a PDE [1]–[4]. The so-called Fickett–Jacobs (FJ) cycle is based on the CJ model. While an improvement over the Humphrey cycle, its reliance on the CJ model means that it fails to account for the physics espoused by the ZND model [1, 2]. In this paper, a discussion of the Humphrey and FJ cycles is given and the proper ZND cycle is suggested. These cycles are illustrated with a hydrogen/air mixture initially at STP. The use of a generic heat release parameter to construct the ZND cycle is provided.
STUDIES OF CONTROLLED REPERFUSION AFTER ISCHEMIA: III. Histochemical studies: Inability of triphenyltetrazolium chloride nonstaining to define tissue necrosis

Triphenyltetrazolium chloride has been used to detect irreversibly damaged tissue after regional ischemia and reperfusion. We used this staining technique in our studies of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion and found that a transmural triphenyltetrazolium chloride nonstaining pattern is not an accurate predictor of myocardial necrosis: functional recovery occurs despite nonstaining. Mongrel dogs (n = 91) were anesthetized and made ischemic by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Regional myocardial function was assessed by means of ultrasonic crystals. Following 2, 4, or 6 hours of ischemia, the ligature was removed, and each heart was reperfused either in the working state or during total bypass with either normal blood or substrate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution of differing composition. The hearts were then removed and incubated in triphenyltetrazolium chloride at 37° C for 20 to 40 minutes. The pattern of nonstaining in the area at risk varied from patchy subendocardial, to confluent subendocardial, to transmural and did not correlate with the recovery of regional contraction following ischemia. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was altered minimally in nonstained muscle, which regained contractile function after 6 hours of ischemia. Fifty-two of sixty-five hearts (80%) showing a transmural nonstaining pattern in the area of ultrasonic crystal placement recovered the capacity to shorten systolically immediately after controlled reperfusion during total vented bypass. These results show that the triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining method does not predict myocardial necrosis and that appropriate reperfusion following 2 to 6 hours of ischemia will result in recovery of myocardial shortening despite transmural nonstaining.
A qualitative study of the importance and etiology of chronic respiratory disease in Alaska native children.

OBJECTIVES To generate new hypotheses about factors that may contribute to chronic respiratory disease in Alaska Native children in rural Alaska. METHODS Qualitative formative research with interviews of community members, village healthcare providers, and referral providers in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta Region of Alaska. RESULTS The respondents identified chronic and acute respiratory illnesses as the most important serious child health problems of the region. They believed that chronic respiratory conditions, especially asthma, were increasing. The most frequently discussed potential contributing factors were smoke, dust, feeding practices, socioeconomic conditions, and mold. The intervention mentioned most frequently that would make the greatest impact was a more timely diagnosis of asthma. CONCLUSIONS Reports of an increase in chronic respiratory problems are parallel with reports of increases in dust and mold in the communities. Further environmental quantitative research is necessary to confirm the importance of these factors. In addition, improved education for identification and treatment of asthma would appear to be beneficial.
Spigelman stage IV duodenal polyposis does not precede most duodenal cancer cases in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis.

Background and Aims The greatest known risk factor for duodenal cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is Spigelman stage (SS) IV duodenal polyposis. Endoscopic surveillance is recommended in FAP patients with SS 0 to IV, and prophylactic duodenectomy should be considered in SS IV. Cancer occurs in patients without SS IV polyposis. We assessed the relationship of SS and other factors with duodenal cancer in FAP. Methods We performed a case-control study on 18 FAP patients with duodenal cancer and 85 randomly selected FAP control subjects with similar age characteristics. Demographic, clinical, and endoscopic features were compared using univariate and logistic regression analyses to assess factors associated with duodenal cancer. Results Fifty-three percent of cases had no SS IV history. SS components positively associated with cancer included duodenal polyp size (77% vs 47%, P = .015), and high-grade dysplasia (HGD; 29% vs 6%, P = .003) but not polyp number or histology. In the papilla, the frequency of tubulovillous or villous histology (80% vs 22%, P Conclusions SS IV polyposis was absent in half of FAP patients with duodenal cancer. Only 2 of 4 SS components (large duodenal polyp size and HGD) were positively associated with duodenal cancer. Advanced pathology of the papilla appears to be an important feature. Revision of SS to emphasize these findings should be considered to better estimate cancer risk.
Low Persistence Rates in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated With Triple Therapy and Adverse Drug Events Associated With Sulfasalazine.

OBJECTIVE Combination treatments for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX) alone include the addition of a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) or the addition of sulfasalazine (SSZ) and hydroxychloroquine to MTX (triple therapy). We compared persistence and adherence rates between these 2 combination therapies in US veterans and report the reasons for discontinuation of combination treatment in these groups. METHODS Using Veteran's Affairs clinical and administrative data from 2006 to 2012, veterans with RA escalating treatment from MTX to MTX-TNFi or triple therapy were examined for a 12-month period after combination initiation. Persistence was defined as treatment without a ≥90-day gap in therapy. Adherence was calculated using the proportion of days covered ≥80% at 12 months. Matching weights-adjusted models were applied to more closely mimic randomization in this study. The reasons that patients discontinued their combination regimens were identified by chart abstraction. RESULTS Full persistence at 1 year was 45% in the MTX-TNFi patients (n = 2,125) and 18% in the triple therapy patients (n = 171) (P < 0.001). Adherence was higher for the MTX-TNFi group (26%) than the triple therapy group (11%) (P < 0.0001). The triple therapy group was associated with significantly more treatment discontinuation, which was most often due to adverse drug events from SSZ. CONCLUSION Differences in persistence and adherence between the MTX-TNFi and triple therapy groups appear to be primarily related to adverse drug events that were most often attributed to SSZ.
Direct acid elution of anionic exchange resins for uranium recovery

An effective elution technique has been developed for recovering uranium from ion exchange resins loaded in the carbonate leaching process. The procedure employs direct elution with acid. In comparison with conventional base elution, the procedure yields eluate of higher uranium concentration, results in a more complete elution, keeps the performance of the ion exchange resin at the fresh stage, reduces acid consumption, eliminates carbonate consumption, and reduces waste for disposal. The technique has been successfully demonstrated in the field and patented. It lends itself to commercialization.