cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association Between Race, Depression, and Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence in a Low-Income Population with HIV Infection

Background Racial disparities exist in many aspects of HIV/AIDS. Comorbid depression adds to the complexity of disease management. However, prior research does not clearly show an association between race and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, or depression and adherence. It is also not known whether the co-existence of depression modifies any racial differences that may exist.
A functional switch from lung cancer resistance to susceptibility at the Pas1 locus in Kras2LA2 mice.

Pulmonary adenoma susceptibility 1 (Pas1) is the major mouse lung cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 6 (ref. 1). Kras2 is a common target of somatic mutation in chemically induced mouse lung tumors2,3 and is a candidate Pas1 gene4. M. spretus mice (SPRET/Ei) carry a Pas1 resistance haplotype for chemically induced lung tumors5. We demonstrate that the SPRET/Ei Pas1 allele is switched from resistance to susceptibility by fixation of the parental origin of the mutant Kras2 allele. This switch correlates with low expression of endogenous Kras2 in SPRET/Ei. We propose that the Pas1 modifier effect is due to Kras2, and that a sensitive balance between the expression levels of wild-type and mutant alleles determines lung tumor susceptibility. These data demonstrate that cancer predisposition should also be considered in the context of somatic events and could have major implications for the design of human association studies to identify cancer susceptibility genes.
Interleukin-2 and interleukin-7 augment the cytolytic activity and expand the antitumor killing spectrum of α CD3-induced activated killer cells: potential use in the immunotherapy of non-immunogenic tumors

This study investigates the effect of different cytokines on the growth and antitumor activity of the α CD3-induced killer cells CD3-AK, and the potential of the use of CD3-AK cells in cancer immunotherapy. Eight cytokines were tested. Only three (interleukin-2, -4 and -7) were able to support the growth of CD3-AK cells, which selectively killed different tumor targets of diversified origin. Culturing in interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-7 alone could maintain the growth of CD3-AK cells for 6 – 8 days. Only IL-2 could maintain long-term growth, but further addition of IL-4 exerted an inhibitory effect, which terminated the cell growth in 2 weeks. In contrast, despite the fact that IL-7 inhibited the proliferation of CD3-AK cells cultured in IL-2, as determined by [3H]thymidine uptake, the recovery of viable cells was not reduced. In 10 days, CD3-AK cells cultured in IL-2 alone or IL-2 plus IL-7 increased 160- or 176-fold respectively. There is an inverse relationship between the in vitro growth ability and Fas expression on the CD3-AK cells. Further, IL-7 increased the cytolytic activity of the CD3-AK cells two- to threefold. CD3-AK cells could be maintained in IL-2 or IL-2 plus IL-7 for 60 – 240 days or more. The long-term-cultured CD3-AK cells not only possessed a high level of cytolytic activity, but also showed a wide spectrum of killing with different tumor targets; the normally “resistant” targets, such as EL-4 lymphoma, fibrosarcoma, or melanoma, became susceptible. When the in vivo antitumor activity of the CD3-AK cells against a non-immunogenic tumor, EL-4, was tested by tumor-neutralization experiments, we found that only the long-term-cultured cells gave significant protection, with those maintained in both IL-2 and IL-7 giving the highest degree of protection. Thus, these long-term-cultured CD3-AK cells may have the potential to be used for immunotherapy of a variety of tumors whatever their immunogenicity.
An Association between Freshwater Sponges and the Zebra Mussel in a Southern Lake Michigan Harbor

ABSTRACT Freshwater sponges (Spongillidae) were evaluated in a southern Lake Michigan harbor to determine whether preferences existed for attachment sites. Sponges were enumerated that were growing epifaunally on zebra mussel shells and directly on the associated iron revetment wall surrounding a portion of the harbor. Adult colonies of sponges were non-randomly distributed and found in close association with zebra mussel shells. The mechanism for this biotic interaction is unknown. However, this is another example of benthic restructuring of native fauna precipitated by the non-indigenous zebra mussel.
Factors in Consistency between Attitudes and Behavior: Implications for Policies and Programs

The paper deals with the factors which affect contraceptive attitudes, behaviors, and the relationship between the two. The analysis is based upon original survey data from 2,446 women in Venezuela and related literature. The results suggest that both positive attitudes and contraceptive accessibility are major determinants of contraception but at the aggregate level neither has a decisive advantage over the other. The three best predictors of contraceptive use are: specific contraceptive attitudes, social support, and accessibility of contraceptives. Their impacts on behavior are direct and additive; however, their impacts vary significantly by education and number of living children. In general attitude change strategy is more effective with younger women while improving accessibility affects older women more often. Implications for policy and programs are presented.
Consonant Confusions in Patients with Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Confusion matrices were obtained for 22 patients on four sets of nonsense syllables, using a forced‐choice procedure. Each syllable set considered of 16 consonants in combination with the vowels /i,a,u/ either in CV or VC form. Syllables were presented at a comfortable listening level approximately 40 dB above the audiologic SRT. Over‐all performance varied as a function of syllable set, vowel, and hearing loss. The confusions were analyzed by two multidimensional scaling procedures, MDSCAL and IND‐SCAL. In addition, an iterative feature analysis of transmitted information was performed, in which the feature system of Miller and Nicely and Chomsky and Halle were compared. [Research supported by grants from SRS and NINDS.]
Alterations of RNA metabolism in sea urchin embryos by an inhibitor of protein synthesis initiation

Abstract An inhibitor of the initiation of protein synthesis, 2-(4 methyl -2,6 dinitroanilino )-N- methyl propionamide, (MDMP), inhibits incorporation of amino acids by 85–95% without altering the rate of incorporation of uridine into sea-urchin-hatched blastula embryos. Since the inhibition is readily reversible up to at least 90 min after addition, extensive secondary effects are unlikely. Newly synthesized RNA accumulates in polyribosome-like structures in amount and with a size distribution very similar to the control. The polyadenylation of total, cytoplasmic and polyribosomal RNA are only slightly different from the controls. While the size distribution of 9-S to approx. 30-S RNA is about the same, there is relatively less low molecular weight RNA (approx. 4-S). There is also a greater accumulation of >30- S RNA in the cytoplasm of treated embryos due either to leakage and/or improper processing of nuclear RNA. The latter possibility is consistent with the decrease in 4-S RNA which is a presumed degradation product of nuclear HnRNA. While the initial rate of RNA synthesis and much of the accumulation of RNA in polyribosomes are not affected, the inhibition of protein synthesis per se or a secondary effect of MDMP results in altered patterns of RNA transport and processing.
Uncertainty in Calculations of Net Primary Production for Grasslands

Net primary production (NPP) is a fundamental characteristic of all ecosystems and foundational to understanding the fluxes of energy and nutrients. Because NPP cannot be measured directly, researchers use field-measured surrogates as input variables in various equations designed to estimate ‘true NPP’. This has led to considerable debate concerning which equations most accurately estimate ‘true NPP’. This debate has influenced efforts to assess NPP in grasslands, with researchers often advocating more complex equations to avoid underestimation. However, this approach ignores the increase in statistical error associated with NPP estimates as a greater number of parameters and more complex mathematical functions are introduced into the equation. Using published grassland data and Monte Carlo simulation techniques, we assessed the relative variability in NPP estimates obtained using six different NPP estimation equations that varied in both the number of parameters and intricacy of mathematical operations. Our results indicated that more complex equations may result in greater uncertainty without reducing the probability of underestimation. The amount of uncertainty associated with estimates of NPP was influenced by the number of parameters as well as the variability in the data and the nature of the mathematical operations. For example, due to greater variability in the field-measured belowground data than aboveground data, estimates of belowground NPP tended to have more uncertainty than estimates of aboveground NPP. An analysis in which the input data were standardized allowed us to isolate the details of the calculations from the variability in the data in assessing the propagation of uncertainty. This analysis made clear that equations with product terms have the potential to magnify the uncertainty of the inputs in the estimates of NPP although this relationship was complicated by interactions with data variability and number of parameters. Our results suggest that more complex NPP estimation equations can increase uncertainty without necessarily reducing risk of underestimation. Because estimates can never be tested by comparison to “true NPP”, we recommend that researchers include an assessment of propagation of statistical error when evaluating the ‘best’ estimation method.
Racial differences in endothelial function in postmenopausal women.

Abstract Objective Racial differences in cardiovascular mortality among women remain largely unexplained. Preliminary data suggest that African American and Caucasian differences in endothelial function may parallel differential cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in women. To further study differences in endothelial function between African American and Caucasian women, we analyzed measures of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in women enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). Methods and results Brachial artery FMD was measured in the fasting state using established ultrasound techniques in 1330 Caucasian and 297 African American female participants in CHS (mean age 78.4 ± 4.4 years). General linear models were used to compare FMD between African American and Caucasian women after adjusting for baseline brachial diameter, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist/hip ratio, age, education, income level; use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers, nitroglycerin, estrogens and lipid-lowering drugs; and presence of clinical or subclinical disease. Adjusted absolute change and percent change in brachial artery diameter was significantly reduced in African American women compared with Caucasian women ( P P = .0002, respectively). Similar results were found when the women were stratified by history of CVD (− CVD, P = .02; + CVD, P = .001) and CVD or subclinical vascular disease (− disease, P = .01, + disease, P = .03). Conclusions In this cohort, brachial artery FMD was lower in African American women compared to Caucasian women, and this difference persisted after adjustment by multivariable analysis. The increased CVD risk in African American women may be related to impaired endothelial function. It remains to be determined whether African American women may uniquely benefit by interventions designed to improve endothelial health.
Elastic Scattering of 1.2-BeV/ c Muons from Hydrogen

The absolute cross section for the elastic scattering of negative muons from protons was measured over a range of momentum transfers of 450 to 850 MeV/c. The muon beam was formed by decay in flight of Bevatron produced pions and was separated from the pion beam electronically by using four gas-filled threshold \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov counters. A total of 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$ muons were incident on two large liquid hydrogen targets in tandem and gave a total of 56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9 acceptable scattering events, as compared to 48 predicted by the Rosenbluth formula for electromagnetic scattering from protons. A $\ensuremath{\chi}$-square analysis of the scattered events gave agreement at the 75% level for the angular distribution of the data and the theoretical predictions, and gave with 95% confidence ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\le}0.16$ F, where ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is the conventional breakdown parameter. Hence, in this experiment, the behavior of muons scattered from protons at large momentum transfers is indistinguishable from that of electrons.
A radiochemical microassay for aspartate aminotransferase activity in the nervous system

Abstract A radiochemical procedure for measuring aspartate aminotransferase activity in the nervous system is described. The method is based on the exchange of tritium atoms at positions 2 and 3 of l -2,3-[3H]aspartate with water when this amino acid is transaminated in the presence of α-ketoglutarate to form oxaloacetate. The tritiated water is separated from the radiolabeled aspartate by passing the reaction mixture over a cation exchange column. Confirmation that the radioactivity in the product is associated with water was obtained by separating it by anion exchange HPLC and by evaporation. The product formation is linear with time up to 120 min and with tissue in the 0.05- to 10-μg range. The apparent Km for aspartate in the rat brain homogenate is found to be 0.83 m m and that for α-ketoglutarate to be 0.12 m m . Methods that further improve the sensitivity of the assay are also discussed.
Effect of High-Temperature Short-Time Heat Treatments on Some Properties of Milk. II. Inactivation of the Lipase Enzyme

Summary Information was secured on the phosphatase activity of raw milk and the distribution of phosphatase in various milk fractions. The phosphatase is believed to be located to a large extent but not entirely at the fat-serum interface. Separation temperatures up to 120° F. did not appreciably change the distribution of the phosphatase in the cream and skim milk fractions. Separation of heated milks possessing various phosphatase activities showed that the lower the phosphatase activity in the milk the less the difference in the phosphatase activity in the cream over that in the milk. A standard of 1 p.p.m. phenol was selected as satisfactory destruction considering the limits of accuracy of the test and the smallest increase from a practical standpoint in phosphatase activity in cream over that in milk from which this cream was separated. A study was made of the kinetics of phosphatase inactivation by heat, and time-temperature relationships for the inactivation of phosphatase are given over the temperature range of 143 to 185° F. A mathematical solution for time-temperature cycles is given which takes into consideration accumulative effects of heating to the holding temperature in reducing the phosphatase activity to 1 p.p.m. phenol. Data secured with various rates of heating indicated that the mathematical solution is satisfactory for practical use in determining time and temperature necessary to give a negative phosphatase test in milk with various heating methods. It follows that, if the phosphatase test is used as the standard for adequate pasteurization, this mathematical solution can be applied to determine the proper time-temperature conditions.
Cerebral perfusion in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Cerebral perfusion was evaluated in 87 subjects prospectively enrolled in three study groups—healthy controls (HC), patients with insulin resistance (IR) but not with diabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Participants received a comprehensive 8-hour clinical evaluation and arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In order of decreasing significance, an association was found between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and sex, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure (BP), end tidal CO2, and verbal fluency score (R2=0.27, F=5.89, P<0.001). Mean gray-matter CBF in IR was 4.4 mL/100 g per minute lower than in control subjects (P=0.005), with no hypoperfusion in T2DM (P=0.312). Subjects with IR also showed no CO2 relationship (slope=−0.012) in the normocapnic range, in contrast to a strong relationship in healthy brains (slope=0.800) and intermediate response (slope=0.445) in diabetic patients. Since the majority of T2DM but few IR subjects were aggressively treated with blood glucose, cholesterol, and BP lowering medications, our finding could be attributed to the beneficial effect of these drugs.
Shape Commonalization to Develop Common Platform for Product Family

Current market place is highly competitive and frequently changing, to survive companies need to quickly respond to the customers’ requirements. This challenging situation demands a robust platform design and development process to produce variety of products in the shortest possible time. The common components for a set of similar products under a family can be grouped into a common platform. Development of product platform requires measuring the similarity among a set of products. This paper presents an approach to measure the similarity among a set of CAD models of products to develop a common product platform. The measured similarity of geometries can allow designers to identify components that have the potential to be included in the common platform. The degree of similarity is determined by extracting the information and developing a suitable commonality index for a set of CAD models. The commonality index values are then used to determine the common platform for a set of assembly products by developing and calculating the Average Assembly Platform index value. The overall approach is followed by two case studies: Cell Phone casing models and Vacuum Cleaner models.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Short stature in children--diagnostic and therapeutical problems.

Small stature has a multitude of causes. Whatever the cause may be, small stature during childhood or during adult life may have a fundamentally negative effect on the development, achievement and well-being of an individual. Therefore, it is a human's right to grow within socially acceptable limits. In contrast to the variability of growth disorders there are only a few medical options for treatment. The few options-like GH-have to be exploited for the benefit of the patients. However, this must be done with the most scrupulous attitude, considering risks, benefits and costs.
Amyloid beta, mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic damage: implications for cognitive decline in aging and Alzheimer's disease

Recent studies of postmortem brains from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and transgenic mouse models of AD suggest that oxidative damage, induced by amyloid β (Aβ), is associated with mitochondria early in AD progression. Aβ and amyloid-precursor protein are known to localize to mitochondrial membranes, block the transport of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins to mitochondria, interact with mitochondrial proteins, disrupt the electron-transport chain, increase reactive oxygen species production, cause mitochondrial damage and prevent neurons from functioning normally. Furthermore, accumulation of Aβ at synaptic terminals might contribute to synaptic damage and cognitive decline in patients with AD. Here, we describe recent studies regarding the roles of Aβ and mitochondrial function in AD progression and particularly in synaptic damage and cognitive decline.
Summary of recent investigations of inlet flow distortion effect on engine stability

A review is presented of recent experimental results, analytical procedures and test techniques employed to evaluate the effects of inlet flow distortion on the stability characteristics of representative afterburning turbofan and turbojet compression systems. Circumferential distortions of pressure and temperature, separately and in combination are considered. Resulting engine sensitivity measurements are compared with predictions based on simplified parallel compressor models and with several distortion descriptor parameters.
An algorithm for uniform random sampling of points in and on a hypersphere

Abstract A new algorithm, based on a set of generalized polar coordinates, is given for uniform random sampling of points in the interior or on the surface of an N-dimensional hypersphere. Computation times are compared for a variety of algorithms on several high-speed computers.
Human action learning via hidden Markov model

To successfully interact with and learn from humans in cooperative modes, robots need a mechanism for recognizing, characterizing, and emulating human skills. In particular, it is our interest to develop the mechanism for recognizing and emulating simple human actions, i.e., a simple activity in a manual operation where no sensory feedback is available. To this end, we have developed a method to model such actions using a hidden Markov model (HMM) representation. We proposed an approach to address two critical problems in action modeling: classifying human action-intent, and learning human skill, for which we elaborated on the method, procedure, and implementation issues in this paper. This work provides a framework for modeling and learning human actions from observations. The approach can be applied to intelligent recognition of manual actions and high-level programming of control input within a supervisory control paradigm, as well as automatic transfer of human skills to robotic systems.
The non-coding B2 RNA binds to the DNA cleft and active-site region of RNA polymerase II.

The B2 family of short interspersed elements is transcribed into non-coding RNA by RNA polymerase III. The ~180 nt B2 RNA has been shown to potently repress mRNA transcription by binding tightly to RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and assembling with it into complexes on promoter DNA, where it keeps the polymerase from properly engaging the promoter DNA. Mammalian Pol II is a ~500 kD complex that contains 12 different protein subunits, providing many possible surfaces for interaction with B2 RNA. We found that the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest Pol II subunit was not required for B2 RNA to bind Pol II and repress transcription in vitro. To identify the surface on Pol II to which the minimal functional region of B2 RNA binds, we coupled multi-step affinity purification, reversible formaldehyde crosslinking, peptide sequencing by mass spectrometry, and analysis of peptide enrichment. The Pol II peptides most highly recovered after crosslinking to B2 RNA mapped to the DNA binding cleft and active site region of Pol II. These studies determine the location of a defined nucleic acid binding site on a large, native, multi-subunit complex and provide insight into the mechanism of transcriptional repression by B2 RNA.
More Than Conquerors: Just War Theory and the Need for a Black Christian Antiwar Movement

AbstractBroadly speaking, the event of President Obama being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize takes on greater significance once we consider how utterly deafening the silence of the Black Church leadership has been on global matters of war and peace for the past decade. Simply put, the Black Church tradition has paid too little attention to the Christian attitudes toward issues of war and peace. Since the start of the twenty-first century, there have been mixed signals regarding the relationship of African Americans and US foreign policy. I will briefly outline the general terms of what is meant by the "just war" tradition. Next, the article will examine the historic circumstances surrounding Revd Dr Martin Luther King Jr's vigorous, yet aborted attempts, to foment a Black Christian antiwar stance in response to the great American military quagmire of his lifetime, the Vietnam War. Towards that end, I want to emphasize how Dr King's "Beyond Vietnam" rhetoric illustrated a helpful framework wherein the Black ...
Glucocorticoid inhibition of precursor incorporation into nuclear RNA of P1798 lymphosarcoma.

Abstract 1. Treatment of corticoid-sensitive P1798 lymphosarcoma-bearing BALB/c mice with 9α-fluoroprednisolone markedly depressed in vivo incorporation of uridine, uracil and guanosine into tumor nuclear RNA (about 50 %), while not affecting that of orotic acid. 2. No effect was observed on in vitro incorporation of uridine, uracil and guanosine following in vivo treatment with 9α-fluoroprednisolone, while the in vitro uptake and utilization of orotic acid were strongly inhibited. 3. In vivo uridine and in vitro orotic acid incorporation into nuclear RNA of corticoid-resistant P1798 lymphosarcoma were only slightly inhibited following administration of 9α-fluoroprednisolone; guanosine incorporation was depressed as much as or even more than in the corticoid-sensitive tumor. 4. These results suggest that glucocorticoid treatment of P1798 lymphosarcoma inhibits the salvage pathway of pyrimidine synthesis rather than the de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides from orotic acid, and that this effect is relevant to tumor regression.
The production of high yields of infectious vesicular stomatitis virus in A. albopictus cells and comparisons with replication in BHK-21 cells

Abstract Yields of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) ranging between 6 × 108 and 3 × 109 PFU/ml were obtained from a clonally derived line (LT C-7) of A. albopictus cells which has been adapted to Eagle's medium. Both with respect to specific infectivity and PFUIHA ratio, VSV grown in A. albopictus cells (VSVA. albo) could not be distinguished from virus grown in BHK cells. VSVA. albo however, contained less G and L protein (relative to N) than did VSVBHK. Although relative to the other viral proteins there was also less G protein in lysates of infected mosquito cells than in BHK cells, relative to the other viral messenger RNAs, the G protein mRNA was more abundant in A. albopictus cells than in BHK cells.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Identification of New Sulfonic Acid Metabolites of Chloroacetanilide Herbicides

The detection of the sulfonic acid metabolites of the chloroacetanilide herbicides acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, propachlor, and, more recently, metolachlor in surface and ground water suggests that a common mechanism for dechlorination exists via the glutathione conjugation pathway. The identification of these herbicides and their metabolites is important due to growing public awareness and concern about pesticide levels in drinking water. Although these herbicides are regulated, little is known about the fate of their metabolites in soil. The sulfonic acid metabolites were synthesized by reaction of the parent compounds with an excess of sodium sulfite. Acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, metolachlor, and propachlor and their sulfonic acid metabolites were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. This paper provides a direct method for the preparation and characterization of these compounds that will be useful in the analysis and study of chloraceta...
The civil rights act of 1991: Death Knell for traditional faculty staffing and pay practices in business schools?

The language in the Civil Rights Act of 1991 relating to “alternative selection practices equally effective in achieving legitimate employment goals” may require business schools to alter their traditional staffing and compensation practices. Because of market conditions, many business schools pay newer faculty members more than faculty members currently on staff. This practice may have an unlawful, discriminatory impact on older faculty. Several nondiscriminatory alternatives that may be equally effective in achieving business schools’ need to employ and compensate competent faculty are examined.
Maximum obtainable power of a carnot combined power plant

Abstract Maximum obtainable power of a combined endoreversible carnot cycle is analyzed. It is found that there is a bound on the obtainable power of real combined cycles. This bound provides a new theoretical criterion for the evaluation of existing combined power generating systems or for influencing the design of future combined heat engines.
Effect of race and ethnicity classification on survey estimates: Anomaly of the weighted totals of American Indians and Alaska Natives.

Racial classification is a paramount concern in data collection and analysis for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) and has far-reaching implications in health research. We examine how different racial classifications affect survey weights and consequently change health-related indicators for the AI/AN population in California. Using a very large random population-based sample of AI/ANs, we compared the impact of three weighting strategies on counts and rates of selected health indicators. We found that different weights examined in this study did not change the percentage estimates of health-related variables for AI/ANs, but did influence the population total estimates dramatically. In survey data, different racial classifications and tabulations of AI/ANs could yield discrepancies in weighted estimates for the AI/AN population. Policy makers need to be aware that the choice of racial classification schemes for this racial-political group can generally influence the data they use for decision making. Language: en
Absolute versus relational responding in children

Abstract Forty fourth-grade school children were trained on a two-choice brightness discrimination task using six different stimulus cards. Testing was done using the same shades of gray slightly rearranged to enable a response one way for a relational discrimination and a response the other way for an absolute-stimulus discrimination. After initial training and testing the Ss received an additional 60 training trials and were retested. The results lend evidence to suggest that the relational vs. absolute-stimulus interpretations of discrimination learning reflect corresponding learning strategies from the Ss habit-family hierarchy.
Torsion test of aluminum in the large strain range

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted on cast and extruded high purity aluminum material under monotonic large strain torsion condition. Both free-end and fixed-end torsions were studied using tubular specimens of different gage lengths (long, medium and short). The experiments used an axial–torsional extensometer. A procedure of calibration for elevated temperature test was determined. The torque versus angle of twist curves were recorded and converted into true shear stress–strain curves by use of the modified Nadai method developed previously by the authors. The axial extension for free-end torsion and the axial stress developed during fixed-end torsion were recorded. The hoop strain was also measured and was found to be approximately 0.8–0.9 times the axial strain when the shear strain is 150%. The effect of specimen geometry was studied. It was found that the long, thick-walled tubular specimen is suitable for torsion test in the large strain range.
Perinatal outcome and amniotic fluid index in the antepartum and intrapartum periods: A meta-analysis

Objective: Our purpose was to perform a meta-analysis of studies on the risks of cesarean delivery for fetal distress, 5-minute Apgar score 5.0 or 5.0 cm. Contingency tables were constructed for each study, and relative risks and standard errors of their logs were calculated. Fixed–effects pooled relative risks were calculated for groups of studies that were homogeneous, whereas random-effects pooled relative risks were calculated for significantly heterogeneous groups of studies. Results: Eighteen reports describing 10,551 patients met our inclusion criteria. An antepartum amniotic fluid index of ≤5.0 cm, in comparison with >5.0 cm, is associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery for fetal distress (pooled relative risk, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-3.4) and an Apgar score of <7 at 5 minutes (pooled relative risk, 5.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.4-11.3). An intrapartum amniotic fluid index of ≤5.0 cm is also associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery for fetal distress (pooled relative risk, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.6) and an Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes (pooled relative risk, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.7). A poor correlation between the amniotic fluid index and neonatal acidosis was noted in the only study that examined this end point. More than 23,000 patients are necessary to demonstrate that the incidence of umbilical arterial pH <7.00 is 1.5 times higher among those with oligohydramnios in labor than among those with adequate amniotic fluid index (α = 0.05; β = 0.2) Conclusions: An antepartum or intrapartum amniotic fluid index of ≤5.0 cm is associated with a significantly increased risk of cesarean delivery for fetal distress and a low Apgar score at 5 minutes. There are few reports linking amniotic fluid index and neonatal acidosis, the only objective assessment of fetal well-being. A multicenter study with sufficient power should be undertaken to demonstrate that a low amniotic fluid index is associated with an umbilical arterial pH <7.00. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1473-8.)
MONSTER, DEMON, WARRIOR: ST. GUTHLAC AND THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THE ANGLO-SAXON FENS

* Abstract: This essay argues that Old English and Latin literature from the eighth to elev- enth centuries reveal the cultural understanding of the swampy English Fens along the eastern coast of the North Sea. This cultural notion defines the Fens as a haunted land- scape and a marginal space suitable only for prisoners, exiles, monsters, and demons. For example, the monster Grendel from the poem Beowulf possesses a hybridized human- animal nature that mimics the tumultuous land/water dynamic of his native fen-dwelling. Throughout the Anglo-Saxon corpus, symbolic fens act as a mythical landscape of un- certainty, danger, and monstrosity, and this cultural subject matter is present most pro- foundly in the historically attested literature of St. Guthlac. This Christian warrior estab- lishes a hermitage in the Fens at Crowland, and through his heroism and religious war- fare, he survives the demons and other terrors of the mysterious landscape and colonizes the Fens as an Anglo-Saxon cultural landscape. The modern town of Crowland in Lincolnshire is a small hamlet of just over three thousand residents that lies ninety-five miles due north of London and twenty miles inland from the Wash, a one hundred and eighty square-mile inlet of the North Sea. A thousand years ago, Crowland sat in the middle of the medieval Fens, a region of swamps, crisscrossing waterways, and small islands that covered about a million acres at its largest extent. The Fens included most of the modern coun- ties of Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire, as well as parts of Norfolk and Suffolk, and large river basins in Bedfordshire and Northampton- shire. 1
Tritope model of restrictive recognition by the TCR.

Abstract Given that the recognition of the allele-specific determinants expressed by MHC-encoded restricting elements (R) is germline encoded and selected, whereas the recognition of peptide (P) is somatically encoded and selected, two different combining sites must be under selection. This necessitates a multiple recognitive single T-cell receptor (TCR) with anti-R and anti-P paratopes that function coordinately to signal restrictive reactivity. The consequences of this ‘two repertoire' postulate provides a concept of TCR structure distinct from that generally accepted at present.
CorMet: a computational, corpus-based conventional metaphor extraction system

CorMet is a corpus-based system for discovering metaphorical mappings between concepts. It does this by finding systematic variations in domain-specific selectional preferences, which are inferred from large, dynamically mined Internet corpora.Metaphors transfer structure from a source domain to a target domain, making some concepts in the target domain metaphorically equivalent to concepts in the source domain. The verbs that select for a concept in the source domain tend to select for its metaphorical equivalent in the target domain. This regularity, detectable with a shallow linguistic analysis, is used to find the metaphorical interconcept mappings, which can then be used to infer the existence of higher-level conventional metaphors.Most other computational metaphor systems use small, hand-coded semantic knowledge bases and work on a few examples. Although CorMet's only knowledge base is WordNet (Fellbaum 1998) it can find the mappings constituting many conventional metaphors and in some cases recognize sentences instantiating those mappings. CorMet is tested on its ability to find a subset of the Master Metaphor List (Lakoff, Espenson, and Schwartz 1991).
Effects of sulfate groups on the adsorption and activity of cellulases on cellulose substrates.

Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with sulfuric acid may leave sulfate groups on its surface that may hinder its biochemical conversion. This study investigates the effects of sulfate groups on cellulase adsorption onto cellulose substrates and the enzymatic hydrolysis of these substrates. Substrates with different sulfate group densities were prepared from H2SO4- and HCl-hydrolyzed and partially and fully desulfated cellulose nanocrystals. Adsorption onto and hydrolysis of the substrates was analyzed by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The surface roughness of the substrates, measured by atomic force microscopy, increased with decreasing sulfate group density, but their surface accessibilities, measured by QCM-D H2O/D2O exchange experiments, were similar. The adsorption of cellulose binding domains onto sulfated substrates decreased with increasing sulfate group density, but the adsorption of cellulases increased. The rate of hydrolysis of sulfated substrates decreas...
The neurobiology of glucocerebrosidase-associated parkinsonism: a positron emission tomography study of dopamine synthesis and regional cerebral blood flow

Mutations in GBA, the gene encoding glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease, are common risk factors for Parkinson disease, as patients with Parkinson disease are over five times more likely to carry GBA mutations than healthy controls. Patients with GBA mutations generally have an earlier onset of Parkinson disease and more cognitive impairment than those without GBA mutations. We investigated whether GBA mutations alter the neurobiology of Parkinson disease, studying brain dopamine synthesis and resting regional cerebral blood flow in 107 subjects (38 women, 69 men). We measured dopamine synthesis with 18F-fluorodopa positron emission tomography, and resting regional cerebral blood flow with H215O positron emission tomography in the wakeful, resting state in four study groups: (i) patients with Parkinson disease and Gaucher disease (n = 7, average age = 56.6 ± 9.2 years); (ii) patients with Parkinson disease without GBA mutations (n = 11, 62.1 ± 7.1 years); (iii) patients with Gaucher disease without parkinsonism, but with a family history of Parkinson disease (n = 14, 52.6 ± 12.4 years); and (iv) healthy GBA-mutation carriers with a family history of Parkinson disease (n = 7, 50.1 ± 18 years). We compared each study group with a matched control group. Data were analysed with region of interest and voxel-based methods. Disease duration and Parkinson disease functional and staging scores were similar in the two groups with parkinsonism, as was striatal dopamine synthesis: both had greatest loss in the caudal striatum (putamen Ki loss: 44 and 42%, respectively), with less reduction in the caudate (20 and 18% loss). However, the group with both Parkinson and Gaucher diseases showed decreased resting regional cerebral blood flow in the lateral parieto-occipital association cortex and precuneus bilaterally. Furthermore, two subjects with Gaucher disease without parkinsonian manifestations showed diminished striatal dopamine. In conclusion, the pattern of dopamine loss in patients with both Parkinson and Gaucher disease was similar to sporadic Parkinson disease, indicating comparable damage in midbrain neurons. However, H215O positron emission tomography studies indicated that these subjects have decreased resting activity in a pattern characteristic of diffuse Lewy body disease. These findings provide insight into the pathophysiology of GBA-associated parkinsonism.
Stability of fluid interfaces of revolution between equal solid circular plates

Abstract A transcendental equation first derived by Howe is solved in order to determine under what conditions a given volume of liquid can form a stable bridge between two given equal coaxial circular plates: the existence of a positive infimum of the set of volumes of stable liquid bridges has been known experimentally for some time. The theory given here is in excellent agreement with such experiments and also predicts the existence of a finite supremum of this set of volumes. The capillary properties of stable liquid bridges are described in some detail; graphs showing capillary pressure—force—volume relations are given.
Identifying models of HVAC systems using semiparametric regression

Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems use a large amount of energy, and so they are an interesting area for efficiency improvements. The focus here is on the use of semiparametric regression to identify models, which are amenable to analysis and control system design, of HVAC systems. This paper briefly describes two testbeds that we have built on the Berkeley campus for modeling and efficient control of HVAC systems, and we use these testbeds as case studies for system identification. The main contribution of this work is that the use of semiparametric regression allows for the estimation of the heating load from occupancy, equipment, and solar heating using only temperature measurements. These estimates are important for building accurate models as well as designing efficient control schemes, and in our other work we have been able to achieve a reduction in energy consumption on a single room testbed using heating load estimation in conjunction with the learning-based model predictive control (LBMPC) technique. Furthermore, this framework is not restrictive to modeling nonlinear HVAC behavior, because we have been able to use this methodology to create hybrid system models that incorporate such nonlinearities.
Fracture analysis of the heat-affected zone in the NESC-1 spinning cylinder experiment

This paper presents updated analyses of the cylinder specimen being used in the international Network for Evaluating Steel Components (NESC) large-scale spinning-cylinder project (NESC-1). The NESC was organized as an international forum to exchange information on procedures for structural integrity assessment, to collaborate on specific projects, and to promote the harmonization of international standards. The objective of the NESC-1 project is to focus on a complete procedure for assessing the structural integrity of aged reactor pressure vessels. A clad cylinder containing through-clad and subclad cracks will be tested under pressurized-thermal shock conditions at AEA Technology, Risley, U.K. Three-dimensional finite-element analyses were carried out to determine the effects of including the cladding heat-affected zone (HAZ) in the models. The cylinder was modeled with inner-surface through-clad cracks having a depth of 74 mm and aspect ratios of 2:1 and 6:1. The cylinder specimen was subjected to centrifugal loading followed by a thermal shock and analyzed with a thermoelastic-plastic material model. The peak K{sub 1} values occurred at the clad/HAZ interface for the 6:1 crack and at the HAZ/base interface for the 2:1 crack. The analytical results indicate that cleavage initiation is likely to be achieved for the 6:1 crack, but questionable formore » the 2:1 crack.« less
Electron and hole in-plane mobilities in HgTe-CdTe superlattices.

Using a recently developed formalism for free-carrier transport in semiconductor superlattices with interacting quantum wells, we have calculated in-plane mobilities for electrons and holes in HgTe-CdTe heterostructures. Details of the highly nonparabolic and anisotropic band structures are fully incorporated into the theory, and the previous treatment of interface roughness scattering in quasi-two-dimensional structures has been generalized to account for superlattices with significant interwell interactions. Our results accurately account for a number of distinctive features in the experimental data, and good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained.
Regulation of Actin Tension in Plant Cells by Kinases and Phosphatases

Changes in the organization and mechanical properties of the actin network within plant and animal cells are primary responses to cell signaling. These changes are suggested to be mediated through the regulation of G/F-actin equilibria, alterations in the amount and/or type of actin-binding proteins, the binding of myosin to F-actin, and the formation of myosin filaments associated with F-actin. In the present communication, the cell optical displacement assay was used to investigate the role of phosphatases and kinases in modifying the tension and organization within the actin network of soybean cells. The results from these biophysical measurements suggest that: (a) calcium-regulated kinases and phosphatases are involved in the regulation of tension, (b) calcium transients induce changes in the tension and organization of the actin network through the stimulation of proteins containing calmodulin-like domains or calcium/calmodulin-dependent regulatory proteins, (c) myosin and/or actin cross-linking proteins may be the principal regulator(s) of tension within the actin network, and (d) these actin cross-linking proteins may be the principal targets of calcium-regulated kinases and phosphatases.
Evaluations of Middle Class and Lower Class Speakers of Standard American and German-Accented English

Male speakers (aged 45-60) of either standard or German-accented American English were presented to middle class Anglo-American undergraduates as individuals belonging to either the lower or middle class. The respondents rated speakers on status, solidarity, and speech dimensions and also completed social distance and belief similarity items. The nonstandard speech style affected listener evaluations negatively on all measures while social class only affected status and speech intelligibility ratings. The lack of predicted interactions indicated that individuals speaking with a German accent were neither more strongly downgraded in the lower class condition nor upgraded in the middle class condition.
Improving the Recognition and Treatment of Cancer-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Life-threatening illness has been identified as a stressor that can precipitate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Major advances in cancer treatment have led to increased survival periods. At the same time, there is a growing awareness of the psychological impact of cancer diagnosis and treatment on the patient. Cancer survivors report that cancer can elicit symptoms of traumatic stress. When cancer-related PTSD is untreated, medical and psychiatric morbidity increase. Despite the prevalence, impact, and morbidity of cancer-related PTSD, access to mental health care in cancer patients remains limited. It is important to increase mental health providers' awareness of cancer-related PTSD, given rising cancer rates and the potential for enhancing quality of life. This article presents an overview of the recognition, diagnosis, management, and follow-up of cancer-related PTSD for the mental health clinician.