cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Early Look at Building a Social Learning for Sustainability Community of Practice RCE Grand Rapids’ Flagship Project

Grand Rapids is the first United Nations University (UNU) Regional Centre of Expertise (RCE) on education for sustainable development (ESD) in the United States. It builds on the region’s long history and deep foundation in research, planning and problem solving to build a sustainable future. This article explores the concept of RCEs as social learning for sustainability communities of practice in the context of experiences with creating our first flagship project, the City High/Middle Centre for Economicology. This model is used to broach the question of evaluation, indirectly, by suggesting the importance of identifying early indicators of likely success. It closes with six ‘meditations’ that were used to guide the flagship project and which may have wider relevance to the global RCE community.
Transdetermination of Drosophila imaginal discs cultured in vitro

Abstract Imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster undergo transdetermination when cultured in vivo in the abdominal cavity of adult female hosts. We report here that leg discs cultured in vitro , in a recently developed system, also undergo transdetermination. Whether cultured in vivo or in vitro , leg discs produce a similar range of specific transdetermined structures. Moreover, in comparison to discs cultured in vivo , the discs cultured in vitro exhibit a similar correlation between the amount of growth and the total frequency of transdetermination.
Neuroimaging Studies of Amygdala Function in Anxiety Disorders

Neuroimaging research has helped to advance neurobiological models of anxiety disorders. The amygdala is known to play an important role in normal fear conditioning and is implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. The amygdala may also be a target for the beneficial effects of cognitive-behavioral and medication treatments for anxiety disorders. In the current paper, we review neuroimaging research pertaining to the role of the amygdala in anxiety disorders and their treatment. Moreover, we discuss the development of new neuroimaging paradigms for measuring aspects of amygdala function, as well as the function of related brain regions. We conclude that such tools hold great promise for facilitating progress in relevant basic neuroscience as well as clinical research domains.
Optimization of DNA Delivery to A549 Cells Utilizing Non-Viral Vectors 306

Lipid formulations are reported to be less toxic and non-immunogenic when compared to viruses, however they are usually less efficient with a decreased duration of expression. The goal of this investigation was to determine the optimal conditions for gene transfer utilizing the cationic liposomes DMRIE-C and Lipofectamine Plus; and the dendrimer SuperFect. Pre-incubation of DNA for the reporter gene luciferase (Luc) with DMRIE-C allowed stable complex formation. Subsequent addition of serum-containing medium to these stable complexes increased gene expression 100-fold and diminished cellular toxicity 4-fold. The optimal expression of Luc was found at 48h post-transfection (1.75× 108 averaged molecules/ well at 48h compared to 3.77 × 107 averaged molecules/ well at 24h and 5.57 × 107 averaged molecules/ well at 72h). expression at 48h was: Table In conclusion, stable complex formation of liposome or dendrimer with DNA prior to transfection maximizes gene expression by optimizing the amount of liposome-DNA complex presented to the cells. Addition of serum-containing medium following complex formation allows for neutralization of non-complexed vector, resulting in minimal cellular toxicity. We speculate that these findings will allow more efficient expression in vivo.
Medication Use Patterns among Urban Youth Participating in School-Based Asthma Education

Although pharmaceutical management is an integral part of asthma control, few community-based analyses have focused on this aspect of disease management. The primary goal of this analysis was to assess whether participation in the school-based Kickin’ Asthma program improved appropriate asthma medication use among middle school students. A secondary goal was to determine whether improvements in medication use were associated with subsequent improvements in asthma-related symptoms among participating students. Students completed an in-class case-identification questionnaire to determine asthma status. Eligible students were invited to enroll in a school-based asthma curriculum delivered over four sessions by an asthma health educator. Students completed a pre-survey and a 3-month follow-up post-survey that compared symptom frequency and medication use. From 2004 to 2007, 579 participating students completed pre- and post-surveys. Program participation resulted in improvements in appropriate use across all three medication use categories: 20.0% of students initiated appropriate reliever use when “feeling symptoms” (p < 0.001), 41.6% of students reporting inappropriate medication use “before exercise” initiated reliever use (p < 0.001), and 26.5% of students reporting inappropriate medication use when “feeling fine” initiated controller use (p < 0.02). More than half (61.6%) of participants reported fewer symptoms at post-survey. Symptom reduction was not positively associated with improvements in medication use in unadjusted and adjusted analysis, controlling for sex, asthma symptom classification, class attendance, season, and length of follow-up. Participation in a school-based asthma education program significantly improved reliever medication use for symptom relief and prior-to-exercise and controller medication use for maintenance. However, given that symptom reduction was not positively associated with improvement in medication use, pharmaceutical education must be just one part of a comprehensive asthma management agenda that addresses the multifactorial nature of asthma-related morbidity.
MTS1/CDK4I is altered in cell lines derived from primary and metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma

The MTS1/CDK4I gene encodes a 16 kDa cyclin kinase inhibitor and maps to chromosome 9p21. Previous studies have suggested the presence of a major tumour suppressor gene at this locus which may be inactivated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). To determine the status of this gene in human primary and metastatic HNSCC, we examined the locus and its transcript for abnormalities by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Out of 14 cell lines studied, four had lost only exon 1, one had lost only exon 2, three had lost both exons 1 and 2, and none of the remaining six lines expressed a normal p16 mRNA. These latter six cell lines expressed p16 transcripts that had suffered deletions ranging in size from 2-16 base pairs. In each case, deletions led to a change of reading frame. Furthermore, in two cases abnormalities in the MTS1/CDK4I gene were identical in cells derived from metastatic tumours as compared to cells derived independently from the corresponding primary tumour. The identical nature of mutations observed in primary tumours and metastases derived from the same patient provides strong evidence that inactivation of p16 function was an in vivo event.
In situ determination of porewater gases by underwater flow‐through membrane inlet mass spectrometry

An underwater membrane introduction mass spectrometer was deployed in permeable sandy sediment on the Georgia continental shelf (depth = 27 m) to measure in situ dissolved gas concentrations in sediment porewaters. Over a 54-h period, 30 profiles (up to 18 cm deep) were sampled using an automated sediment probe coupled with an underwater positive displacement syringe pump. Porewater was analyzed with a flow-through membrane assembly at constant sample flow rate (0.35 mL/min) and membrane temperature (45°C). Calibration was performed on-site using ambient seawater equilibrated with gas standards. Measurements of methane, nitrogen, argon, oxygen, and carbon dioxide concentrations were used to produce depth-time contours and demonstrate the dynamics of dissolved gases in the porewater. Profiles indicated a well-oxygenated surface layer (1 to 2 cm depth) and anoxia below −3 to −5 cm. Elevated concentrations of methane below the oxycline reveal active methanogenesis in shelf sands despite low (0.05%) organic carbon content. Chemocline depth and sediment ripple height were correlated, suggesting that the porewater environment is controlled by advection-driven interactions between boundary-layer flow and bottom topography. By coupling in situ concentration profiles to independent estimates of sediment-water exchange, it was estimated that maximal oxygen consumption at this site occurs > 2 cm below the interface. Oxygen consumption at this site is estimated as 2.3 mmol m−2 d−1 based on combined dissolved profiles and advection estimates. Raw data and data analysis scripts (Matlab) are available electronically in a Web Appendix.
Channeling effect for low energy ion implantation in Si

Abstract Ion implantation is one of the most important processes in semiconductor device fabrication. Due to the crystalline nature of Si, channeling of implanted ions occurs during this process. Modern devices become smaller and shallower and therefore require ion implantation at lower energies. The effect of channeling on ion implantation becomes a significant problem for low energy ion implantation. The critical angle for axial and planar channeling increases with decreasing energy. This corresponds to an increased probability for channeling with lowering of ion energy. The industry approach to avoid the channeling problem is to employ a tilt angle of 7° between the ion implantation direction and the surface normal. We approach the problem by mapping major crystalline axes and planes near the [100] surface normal. Our analysis indicates that a 7° tilt is not an optimum selection in channeling reduction. Tilt angles in the range 5° to 6° combined with 7° ± 0.5° rotation from the (100) plane are better selections for the reduction of the channeling effect. The range of suitable angles is a function of the implantation energy. Implantations of boron along well specified crystallographic directions have been carried out by careful alignment and the resulting boron profiles measured by SIMS.
T cell-antigen-presenting cell interactions visualized in vivo in a model of antigen-specific inflammation.

Abstract Videomicroscopy is being used increasingly to characterize the interaction of T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) within lymphatic tissues but has not been reported, to our knowledge, at sites of inflammation. We employed intravital videomicroscopy to study an anterior uveitis model using DO11.10 T cells and ovalbumin (OVA). T cell movement in iris was consistent with a random walk independent of the presence of recognized antigen and had a lateral speed slower than T cells in lymph node. Lingering of T cells adjacent to APCs suggested that they were physically interacting. This apparent contact demonstrated antigen specificity when comparing results from DO11.10 cells with OVA versus bovine serum albumin (BSA) loaded APCs but not when comparing results from OVA-loaded APCs with DO11.10 versus HA clonotype 6.5 T cells. Further studies with this model system should clarify the contribution of T cell–APC communication at a site of inflammation, infection, or immunization.
Ebola haemorrhagic fever: experimental infection of monkeys

Experimental infection of rhesus and vervet monkeys with Ebola virus produced a uniformly fatal illness. The course of the disease resembled that found in man with weight loss, anorexia, fever, haemorrhages and skin rash being frequently seen. Viraemia was obvious within two days of infection and persisted until death which occurred between days five and eight. Virus was found in high concentrations in several organs but particularly in the liver, spleen, and lungs.
Criminalizing Consequences of Sanctions: Embargo Busting and Its Legacy

The upsurge in the use of economic sanctions in the post-Cold War era has prompted much scholarly and policy debate over their effectiveness and humanitarian consequences. Remarkably little attention, however, has been devoted to their criminalizing consequences and legacy for the post-sanctions period. In this article, I develop an analytical framework identifying and categorizing the potential criminalizing effects of sanctions across place (within and around the targeted country) and time (during and after the sanctions period), and apply and evaluate this framework through an in-depth examination of the case of Yugoslavia. For comparative leverage and to assess the applicability of the argument beyond the Yugoslavia case, the analysis is briefly extended to other cases both within and outside the Balkans (Croatia and Iraq). The article suggests that sanctions can unintentionally contribute to the criminalization of the state, economy, and civil society of both the targeted country and its immediate neighbors, fostering a symbiosis between political leaders, organized crime, and transnational smuggling networks. This symbiosis, in turn, can persist beyond the lifting of sanctions, contributing to corruption and crime and undermining the rule of law. The article is one of the first efforts to integrate the study of sanctions and transnational crime, and suggests that the criminalized collateral damage from sanctions and its post-sanctions legacy should be made a more central part of the evaluation of sanctions.
Spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibit supersensitivity to the hypertensive and hyperthermic effects of thyrotropin releasing hormone

The effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on colonic temperature and systolic blood pressure of age-matched spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats was determined. Administration of TRH produced dose-dependent increases in body temperature and systolic blood pressure. TRH-induced changes in both responses were of greater magnitude in SHR rats compared to WKY rats. The results provide the first evidence that SHR rats exhibit supersensitivity to non-neuroendocrinological effects of TRH and that TRH may play a role in the pathophysiology of elevated blood pressure.
Inhibition of Ets-1 DNA Binding and Ternary Complex Formation between Ets-1, NF-κB, and DNA by a Designed DNA-binding Ligand *

Sequence-specific pyrrole-imidazole polyamides can be designed to interfere with transcription factor binding and to regulate gene expression, both in vitro and in living cells. Polyamides bound adjacent to the recognition sites for TBP, Ets-1, and LEF-1 in the human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1), long terminal repeat inhibited transcription in cell-free assays and viral replication in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The DNA binding activity of the transcription factor Ets-1 is specifically inhibited by a polyamide bound in the minor groove. Ets-1 is a member of the winged-helix-turn-helix family of transcription factors and binds DNA through a recognition helix bound in the major groove with additional phosphate contacts on either side of this major groove interaction. The inhibitory polyamide possibly interferes with phosphate contacts made by Ets-1, by occupying the adjacent minor groove. Full-length Ets-1 binds the HIV-1 enhancer through cooperative interactions with the p50 subunit of NF-kappaB, and the Ets-inhibitory polyamide also blocks formation of ternary Ets-1. NF-kappaB.DNA complexes on the HIV-1 enhancer. A polyamide bound adjacent to the recognition site for NF-kappaB also inhibits NF-kappaB binding and ternary complex formation. These results broaden the application range of minor groove-binding polyamides and demonstrate that these DNA ligands are powerful inhibitors of DNA-binding proteins that predominantly use major groove contacts and of cooperative protein-DNA ternary complexes.
Deficts and interest rates: A nonparamertic analysis

Numerous studies analyzing the relationship between federal budget deficits and short-term interest rates have generated conflicting results. This study investigates the relationship between monthly treasury borrowing and the monthly change in the nominal three-month T-bill rate. Employing two nonparametric correlation tests, this study concludes that significant contemporaneous correlation exists between treasury borrowing and interest rate changes. Additionally, this study finds evidence of a treasury reaction function, in that treasury borrowing is inversely related to the previous months interest rate change.
MBus: an ultra-low power interconnect bus for next generation nanopower systems

As we show in this paper, I/O has become the limiting factor in scaling down size and power toward the goal of invisible computing. Achieving this goal will require composing optimized and specialized---yet reusable---components with an interconnect that permits tiny, ultra-low power systems. In contrast to today's interconnects which are limited by power-hungry pull-ups or high-overhead chip-select lines, our approach provides a superset of common bus features but at lower power, with fixed area and pin count, using fully synthesizable logic, and with surprisingly low protocol overhead. We present MBus, a new 4-pin, 22.6 pJ/bit/chip chip-to-chip interconnect made of two "shoot-through" rings. MBus facilitates ultra-low power system operation by implementing automatic power-gating of each chip in the system, easing the integration of active, inactive, and activating circuits on a single die. In addition, we introduce a new bus primitive: power oblivious communication, which guarantees message reception regardless of the recipient's power state when a message is sent. This disentangles power management from communication, greatly simplifying the creation of viable, modular, and heterogeneous systems that operate on the order of nanowatts. To evaluate the viability, power, performance, overhead, and scalability of our design, we build both hardware and software implementations of MBus and show its seamless operation across two FPGAs and twelve custom chips from three different semiconductor processes. A three-chip, 2.2mm3 MBus system draws 8nW of total system standby power and uses only 22.6 pJ/bit/chip for communication. This is the lowest power for any system bus with MBus's feature set.
Group strategies with black alcoholics

Abstract The cultural styles of Blacks in general and the drinking patterns of Black alcoholics in particular favor the use of group modalities as effective treatment. A variety of these approaches is presented.
3D mapping of somatotopic reorganization with small animal functional MRI

There are few in vivo noninvasive methods to study neuroplasticity in animal brains. Functional MRI (fMRI) has been developed for animal brain mapping, but few fMRI studies have analyzed functional alteration due to plasticity in animal models. One major limitation is that fMRI maps are characterized by statistical parametric mapping making the apparent boundary dependent on the statistical threshold used. Here, we developed a method to characterize the location of center-of-mass in fMRI maps that is shown not to be sensitive to statistical threshold. Utilizing centers-of-mass as anchor points to fit the spatial distribution of the BOLD response enabled quantitative group analysis of altered boundaries of functional somatosensory maps. This approach was used to study cortical reorganization in the rat primary somatosensory cortex (S1) after sensory deprivation to the barrel cortex by follicle ablation (F.A.). FMRI demonstrated an enlarged nose S1 representation in the 3D somatotopic functional maps. This result clearly demonstrates that fMRI enables the spatial mapping of functional changes that can characterize multiple regions of S1 cortex and still be sensitive to changes due to plasticity.
Rathke's cleft cysts: review of natural history and surgical outcomes.

Rathke’s cleft cysts (RCCs), also known as pars intermedia cysts, represent benign lesions formed from remnants of the embryologic Rathke’s pouch. Commonly asymptomatic, they are identified in nearly 1 in 6 healthy volunteers undergoing brain imaging. When symptomatic, they can cause headaches, endocrine dysfunction, and, rarely, visual disturbances. A systematic review of the published English literature was performed focusing on large modern case series of RCCs to describe their natural history, clinicopathologic features, radiographic features, and surgical outcomes, including rates of recurrence. The natural history of asymptomatic RCCs is one of slow growth, suggesting that observation through serial magnetic resonance imaging is appropriate for smaller asymptomatic RCCs. Symptomatic RCCs can be treated by surgical resection with low morbidity, usually through an endonasal transsphenoidal corridor using either a microscope or an endoscope. Surgical treatment frequently provides symptomatic relief of headaches and visual disturbances, and sometimes even improves endocrine dysfunction. Rates of recurrence after surgical treatment range from 16 to 18 % in large series, and higher rates of recurrence are associated with suprasellar location, inflammation and reactive squamous metaplasia in the cyst wall, superinfection of the cyst, and use of a fat graft into the cyst cavity.
Cleopatra's necklace and the aesthetics of osculatory growth

This paper provides an introduction to simple techniques for visualizing a large class of intricate shapes generated by osculatory packing of cylinders and spheres.
Low-lying isovector collective states and the interacting-boson model.

Isovector low-lying collective ${2}^{+}$ states are studied in the Samarium isotopes in terms of the interacting-boson model. On the basis of E2 transition data, it is pointed out that the ${2}_{3}^{+}$ states of $^{148}$,150Sm are isovector. The first calculation including different proton and neutron boson charges is reported for the E2 transitions ${0}_{1}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${2}_{1}^{+}$. ${2}_{2}^{+}$, and ${2}_{3}^{+}$ of $^{148154}\mathrm{Sm}$, giving rise to the first comprehensive agreement with experiment. Some predictions of B(M1) values are presented for further confirmation of the isovector properties.
Transgressive Questions about Child Soldiers

As the issue of child soldiers has elbowed its way into public consciousness and what Best (1990) refers to as the “social problems marketplace,” it has both challenged the ubiquitous Norman Rockwell/Anne Geddes depiction of children as cute and raised complicated questions about child agency. Yet because research on the topic is easily entangled with either moral condemnation or political persuasion, it has become one of those safe political advocacies (like literacy) that First Ladies and celebrities like to adopt. Who could be against teaching people to read or for child soldiers? This reviewer would argue, however, that in the right hands the issue is more usefully framed in terms of the global politics of age and in international decisions that define childhood through rules about child labor, marriage, sex, and reproduction. Given recent media attention to child soldiers, it is no surprise that there are several new books on the subject, among them Armies of Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terror by David Rosen, and Children at War by P. W. Singer. Rosen, a professor of anthropology and law, takes an historical approach; his analysis is based on archival research, interviews and ethnographic data. He begins by arguing that the narratives of humanitarian organizations, the main source of current information about child soldiers, mythologize the past. The line between civilian and warrior, adult and child, he contends, has never been strictly adhered to during wartime. Indeed, prior to becoming soldiers, many children are peacetime participants in political and quasi-militaristic youth movements. Of course there are few people who
Favorable hemodynamic effects of magnesium sulfate in preeclampsia

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of magnesium sulfate in preeclamptic and preterm labor patients. STUDY DESIGN: Fifteen preeclamptic patients at 32.4 ± 3.3 (mean ± SD) weeks' gestation and 11 preterm labor patients (31.3 ± 2.8 weeks) were hemodynamically monitored in the lateral recumbent position by thoracic electrical bioimpedance (BoMed, Irvine, Calif.) before and during high-dose magnesium sulfate bolus and infusion. Cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and stroke index were all recorded at baseline and during magnesium sulfate infusion. All patients received a standard crystalloid infusion. Data analysis continued until the patient received epidural placement or other antihypertensive therapy or was delivered. RESULTS: At baseline the systemic vascular resistance index was 2465 ± 718 F · ohm/m 2 and the cardiac index was 3.6 ± 1.0 L/min/m 2 for the preeclamptic patients. These were significantly different compared with the preterm labor patients, who had a systemic vascular resistance index of 1377 ± 563 F · ohm/m 2 and 4.6 ± 1.2 L/min/m 2 . Magnesium sulfate infusion resulted in a rapid, sustained fall in systemic vascular resistance and a rise in cardiac index in the preeclamptic patient. This effect was evident at least 4 hours after initiation of the bolus and infusion. In the preterm labor patients the hemodynamic effects of magnesium sulfate were minimal and were noted only during the magnesium sulfate bolus. CONCLUSION: Magnesium sulfate infusion appears to have a prolonged hemodynamic effect in the preeclamptic patient. Sustained reduction in systemic vascular resistance and an increase in cardiac index is found in patients with preeclampsia but not in preterm labor.
15N chemical shifts and long-range 1H-15N coupling pathways of selected strychnos alkaloids

The Strychnos alkaloids have been the focal point of considerable synthetic and spectroscopic effort. We now report the 15N chemical shifts and long-range 1H-15N coupling pathways of strychnine, brucine, and holstiine at natural abundance. Long-range coupling pathways were established using a gradient-enhanced HMQC sequence optimized for the observation of 1H-15N long-range couplings.
Micropropagation of valley oak shoots from seedling explants

Main and interactive effects of basal medium and cytokinin concentration on bud and shoot development of micropropagated valley oak explants were examined. Stem segments with axillary buds were placed on BTM (Broad Leaved Tree Medium), GD (Gresshoff-Doy) and WPM (Woody Plant Medium) media supplemented with 0.3, 0.7 and 1.5 mg 1−1 of BAT (6-benzylaminopurine). Overall, BTM and GD media were superior for the micropropagation of this species, and both media promoted development of vigorous and relatively abundant shoots. Conversely, fewer shoots were initiated on WPM medium and those produced were frequently chlorotic. Irrespective of basal medium, the quantity of shoots produced after nine weeks generally increased as the concentration of BAP increased, but rosettes with short internodes and numerous leaves predominated on media supplemented with 0.7 or 1.5 mg 1−1 of BAR Shoots on media with 0.3 mg 1−1 of BAP, however, exhibited the long internodes and two or three leaves per shoot characteristic of typical valley oak sprouts, and were most suitable for subsequent micropropagation procedures.
Lack of improvement in the treatment of hyperlipidemia among patients with type 2 diabetes.

Abstract Purpose We investigated the adequacy of treatment of hyperlipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, and assessed the temporal trends in adherence to published guidelines. Methods We performed a post hoc analysis of 501 patients enrolled in the Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes trial. All patients had fasting lipid profiles at baseline and during the 5 years (1993 to 1998) of the trial. Achieving the National Cholesterol Education Panel's goals for hyperlipidemia management was the primary outcome. Results The percentage of patients with a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level less than 130 mg/dL was 53% (n = 266) at baseline and 54% (n = 270) at the end of 5 years ( P = 0.75). Almost 14% (n = 69) of these patients continued to have an LDL cholesterol level greater than 160 mg/dL at the completion of the study. Only 19% (n = 25) of the 133 patients with known coronary artery disease had an LDL cholesterol level less than 100 mg/dL at baseline, and only 16% (n = 21) achieved this level at the completion of the study ( P = 0.37). Conclusion Although prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes is a public health priority, our results suggest that hyperlipidemia is being treated suboptimally.
Energy use in soy‐bean meat analog manufacture: A comparison with beef

Beef cattle production in the USA required 2200 to 16 000 kcal kg−1 of product and a further 500 kcal kg−1 to process into meat. A typical US production total is 8700 kcal kg−1 at an energy intensity of 1100 × 103 kcal ha−1 of land employed. Typical US soy-bean production has an energy subsidy of 950 kcal kg−1 at an energy intensity of 1500 × 103 kcal ha−1. Soy-bean processing typically requires 710 kcal kg−1 for solvent extraction, 1300 kcal kg−1 for refining and hydrogenation of oil and 760 kcal kg−1 for assembly into a meat analog product. A dried egg albumin binder for the analog, with 40 000 kcal kg−1 energy subsidy, comprises almost half the total subsidy of 2700 kcal kg−1 to a model analog, though comprising only 3% of the ingredient total. A soy-bean isolate based analog would usually require a total of 5200 kcal kg−1. Other land use, input and by-product considerations make beef appear more favourable than the straightforward comparison with the analogs might indicate.
CONSTRUCTION OF A FULL-LENGTH CA2+-SENSITIVE ADENYLYL CYCLASE/AEQUORIN CHIMERA

Abstract Ca2+-sensitive adenylyl cyclases are key integrators of Ca2+ and cAMP signaling. To selectively probe dynamic changes in [Ca2+]i at the plasma membrane where adenylyl cyclases reside, a full-length, Ca2+-inhibitable type VI adenylyl cyclase/aequorin chimera has been constructed by a two-stage polymerase chain reaction method. The expressed adenylyl cyclase/aequorin chimera was appropriately localized to the plasma membrane, as judged by biochemical fractionation and functional analysis. The chimera retained full adenylyl cyclase activity and sensitivity to inhibition by physiological [Ca2+]i elevation. The aequorin portion of the chimeric construct was also capable of measuring changes in [Ca2+] both in vitro and in vivo. When the plasma membrane-tagged aequorin and cytosolic aequorin were compared in their measurement of [Ca2+]i, they showed contrasting sensitivities depending on whether the [Ca2+]i originated from internal stores or capacitative entry. This is the first full-length enzyme-aequorin chimera that retains the full biological properties of both aequorin and a Ca2+-sensitive adenylyl cyclase. This novel chimeric Ca2+ sensor provides the unique ability to directly report the dynamics of [Ca2+]i that regulates this Ca2+-sensitive enzyme under a variety of physiological conditions. Since this chimera is localized to the plasma membrane, it can also be used to assess local changes in [Ca2+]i at the plasma membrane as distinct from global changes in [Ca2+]i within the cytosol.
Positive eigenfunctions for a class of second-order elliptic equations with strong nonlinearity

(1977). Positive eigenfunctions for a class of second-order elliptic equations with strong nonlinearity. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 615-625.
Serum poly(A)polymerase levels in rats during induction of mammary carcinoma with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.

Abstract Levels of activity of poly(A)polymerase (polynucleotide adenylyl transferase), the enzyme responsible for the addition of poly(A) tracts to the 3′-termini of eukaryotic mRNAs were assayed in the serum of rats during induction of mammary carcinoma by intragastric administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene (DMBA, 10 mg/rat). An appreciable rise in the levels of poly(A)polymerase coincided with the growth of palpable DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma, which then dropped sharply 2 weeks later when the tumor incidence reached its peak of 65%.
Algorithmic study on the routing reliability problem

Conventional CMOS devices are facing an increasing number of challenges as the feature sizes scale down. In the meantime, new nanoscale materials, like graphene nanoribbons (GNR), have been shown to have large integration capability, and thus will probably replace CMOS devices in the future. However, in practice, the GNR wire segments can have a connection defective rate. Particularly, each wire segment has a survival probability, and thus has a chance to fail. This makes the routing in traditional ways very unreliable. In this paper, we study the routing reliability problem and propose an algorithm flow to solve it. Given a s-t routing path on a routing graph, we try to reinforce the reliability of the routing path by adding redundant wiring segments in such a way that its survival probability is maximized with a reasonable overhead of routing resources. Our proposed algorithm flow is two-fold: (1) generation of candidate redundancy segment via min-cost max-flow; (2) optimal selection among the candidates by dynamic programming. The results of extensive experiments confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach.
The Construction of (N2S2)Ni−Pd Clusters: A Slant-Chair, a Basket and a C4-Paddlewheel Structure

In pursuit of an analogy between bidentate diphosphane ligands and cis-dithiolato nickel complexes, the easily prepared [bis(mercaptoethane)diazacycloheptane]nickel complex, Ni-1′, has been treated with PdII and NiII sources. With the latter, trinickel species are observed with typical slant-chair structures; for palladium(II) chloride, a basket-type structure is realized in which the floor of the basket is a PdS4 unit and the sides are N2S2 units. One chloride atom is held within the basket at a Pd···Cl distance of 3.26 A. With Pd(NO3)2 as a palladium source, a hexanuclear aggregate in the form of a C4-paddlewheel structure is obtained. In this structure, the N2S2Ni complex serves as a bidentate ligand which bridges two Pd2+ cations at a distance of 3.132 A. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A simple test of the thesis that committee jurisdictions shape corporate PAC contributions

The results presented in the previous section tend to confirm the hypothesis that committee assignments shape the pattern of corporate PAC contributions. This note corroborates existing research on corporate PACs at a significantly lower level of aggregation than the samples on which existing research has been conducted. Further, because a nonparametric test was used (rather than the more standard regressional analysis), these results should increase our confidence that the essential institutions of government affect, and engender responses by, economic agents.
Talk About Embarrassment: Exploring the Taboo- Repression-Denial Hypothesis

Theory and research suggest that, while embarrassment may be intrinsic to social interaction, its expression is taboo. Embarrassment is seen as reflecting social incompetence. As such, members make routine attempts to repress embarrassment in the self and to deny embarrassment to self and others. I call this the taboo-repression-denial hypothesis. However, despite attempts at repression and denial, members reveal embarrassment in a variety of ways, including verbally, paralinguistically/vocally, and facially/bodily. This paper is an initial investigation of emotion denial in verbal discourse. Through an analysis of embarrassment talk and non-embarrassment talk, I discover six features of the verbal context of references to embarrassment which aid in the disguise and denial of feeling: ( 1 ) verbal mitigation; (2) a link between references to embarrassment and mitigation; (3) verbal projection; (4) a link between use of ‘ya know,” embarrassment references, and mitigation; (5) a link between use of “I don’t know,” embarrassment references, and mitigation; and (6) a link between references to embarrassment and laughter. Findings indicate verbal and nonverbal methods of emotion denial, and provide initial support for the taboo-repression-denial hypothesis.
Semantics-based collaborative systems: Combining the advantages of unstructured and structure-based systems

Systems that support collaboration can be classified into three categories based on how they model the objects and user activities involved in the supported collaborations. Unstructured systems such as desktop sharing systems make no assumptions about the objects and user activities. Structured systems such as shared document editors and whiteboards understand and exploit the structure of the shared objects. Semantics-based systems understand and exploit the semantics of the objects and user activities.
No Duty to Warn in California: Now Unambiguously Solely a Duty to Protect

In 2013, legislation went into effect clarifying that the Tarasoff duty in California is now unambiguously solely a duty to protect. Warning the potential victim and the police is not a requirement, but a clinician can obtain immunity from liability by using this safe harbor. In situations in which a therapist believes warning might exacerbate the patient's risk, however, alternative protective actions can satisfy the duty to protect. For a clinician to be found liable, those alternative actions would have to be proven negligent. This flexibility can sometimes be crucial in protecting potential victims and thereby, indirectly, patients from the consequences of dangerous action. Explaining the reasoning for the action chosen should obviate any significant liability risk of doing the right thing, even without immunity. Legislation was enacted in 2007 as an attempt to clarify the requirement, but the revised immunity statute at the time retained the phrase 'duty to warn and protect', which perpetuated the now-eliminated confusion. Correctly understanding the California law is important to avoid having the restored flexibility eroded again by belief in a nonexistent duty to warn. The Tarasoff duty originated in California, but since many other states later established similar duties, the developments in California may have national implications.
Pediatric orbital floor fractures

Purpose To summarize the unique aspects of orbital floor fractures in children with regard to clinical presentation, management, and outcomes. Methods MEDLINE was searched using PubMed for English-language articles on orbital floor fractures in children. All 154 indexed articles pertaining to floor fractures in patients under 18 years of age in PubMed were reviewed. Studies looking at primarily complex fractures and case reports and studies that included pediatric patients but did not analyze them separately were excluded. Overall, 25 studies were included for the review. Results Inferior trapdoor fractures with muscle and soft tissue incarceration are the most common type of orbital fracture in children (27.8%-93%). They often present uniquely with severely restricted extraocular motility and diplopia (44%-100%), nausea and vomiting (14.7-55.6%), and minimal signs of external trauma. The majority of studies (83%) that analyzed time to surgery in relation to outcomes found that children who present early after initial injury and undergo prompt surgical repair appear to recover faster and have better postoperative motility than those receiving delayed treatment. Conclusions Our understanding of pediatric orbital floor fractures continues to evolve. For young patients with symptomatic diplopia with positive forced ductions, soft tissue entrapment confirmed by computed axial tomography, and/or trapdoor fracture plus restricted ocular movement, having surgery within 2-5 days has been shown to result in better postoperative outcomes. It is recommended that surgery be considered within 48 hours of diagnosis. Long-term prospective studies are still needed to further characterize orbital floor fractures in children.
Inside Scoop on Outside Proteins

ABSTRACT Invasion into red blood cells is an essential step in the life cycle of parasites that cause human malaria. Antibodies targeting the key parasite proteins in this process are important for developing a protective immune response. In the current issue, Boyle and colleagues provide a detailed examination of Plasmodium falciparum invasion and specifically illuminate the fate of surface-exposed parasite proteins during and immediately after invasion.
Taxonomies of visual programming and program visualization

There has been great interest recently in systems that use graphics to aid in the programming, debugging, and understanding of computer systems. The terms 'Visual Programming' and 'Program Visualization' have been applied to these systems. This paper attempts to provide more meaning to these terms by giving precise definitions, and then surveys a number of systems that can be classified as providing Visual Programming or Program Visualization. These systems are organized by classifying them into three different taxonomies.
Fluoropyrimidine-associated cardiotoxicity: revisited

Background: The syndrome of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-associated cardiotoxicity remains poorly defined. Patients and methods: We performed a literature review (1969 – 2007) and compiled data derived from 377 evaluable cases out of 448 reported cases. Results: Patient age ranged from 14 to 86 years. Of the patients 65% were 55 years old and the male:female ratio was 1.5:1. The most commonly treated tumors were gastrointestinal (60%), head and neck (22%) and breast (4%). Of the patients 14% had a history of heart disease whereas cardiac risk factors were found in 37%. Mode of administration included: continuous infusion (72%); bolus (22.5%); intermediate infusion (3%); oral (2%); and intraperitoneal (1 patient). The dosages of 5-FU used were < 750 mg/m2/day (36%), 751 – 999 (16%), 1,000 (26%), 1,001 – 1,499 (4%) and 1,500 (16%). Of the patients 54% received 5-FU in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents (cisplatin 44%) whereas 51% received 5-FU alone or with leucovorin. Only 4% patients had undergone pr...
SPIRAL: a client-transparent third-party transfer scheme for network attached disks

Third-party transfer is a data transfer mechanism where the party initiating the transfer is neither the source nor the sink for the data. In this paper, we present a scheme for supporting third-party transfers on storage systems with network-attached disks (NADs), called SPIRAL. SPIRAL allows NADs to send data directly to clients without going through the server It is transparent to clients and relies only on the linear block interface of the current disks (or the future iSCSI disks). SPIRAL requires no porting of file system or application-level functionality to NADs and requires only simple modifications to server applications. To illustrate our approach, we implemented a prototype system on PCs running Linux. We present experimental results for NFS and HTTP on the prototype to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
A Review of: “Literacy Lessons Designed for Individuals, Part Two: Teaching Procedures, by M. M. Clay

Reading Recovery® is an early literacy intervention program developed by Marie Clay, a developmental psychologist, who showed that the likelihood of failure could be changed for first grade childre...
Heavy-ion irradiation of thulium(III) oxide targets prepared by polymer-assisted deposition

Thulium(III) oxide (Tm{sub 2}O{sub 3}) targets prepared by the polymer-assisted deposition (PAD) method were irradiated by heavy-ion beams to test the method's feasibility for nuclear science applications. Targets were prepared on silicon nitride backings (thickness of 1000 nm, 344 {micro}g/cm{sup 2}) and were irradiated with an {sup 40}Ar beam at laboratory frame energy of {approx}210 MeV (50 particle nA). The root mean squared (RMS) roughness prior to irradiation is 1.1 nm for a {approx}250 nm ({approx}220 {micro}g/cm{sup 2}) Tm{sub 2}O{sub 3} target, and an RMS roughness of 2.0 nm after irradiation was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Scanning electron microscopy of the irradiated target reveals no significant differences in surface homogeneity when compared to imaging prior to irradiation. Target flaking was not observed from monitoring Rutherford scattered particles as a function of time.
Patterns of comorbidity in panic disorder and agoraphobia

Diagnoses of comorbid disorders were determined in a sample of 54 patients with panic disorder as defined in DSM-III-R. The sample was divided into the following three groups: (1) uncomplicated panic disorder (PDU); (2) panic disorder with mild agoraphobia (PDM); and (3) panic disorder with moderate to severe agoraphobia (PDA). In comparison with patients with PDU, patients with PDA had higher comorbidity rates in general, received multiple comorbid diagnoses more frequently, had a higher prevalence of major depression, dysthymia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and scored higher on most measures of self-rated psychopathology. These findings support the notion that PDA may be a disorder essentially different from PDU.
Editorial Dilemma: The Interpolation of 1 Cor 14:34-35 in the Western Manuscripts of D, G and 88:

I argue that the transposition of verses 34 and 35 after verse 40 in western manuscripts D, G and 88, does not strongly support the modern interpolation hypothesis which contends that since there are textual deviations, as well as significant inconsistencies if not contradictions between the content of verses 34 and 35 and the rest of First Corinthians, the verses were inserted into the epistle by post-Pauline editors. I review the "egalitarian interpretation" of 1 Cor 14:34-36, and my earlier arguments against the modern interpolation hypothesis. Assuming the egalitarian interpretation, I suggest the editors of manuscripts D, G and 88, removed verses 34 and 35 from their canonical location at 33/36, and inserted them after verse 40 in order to shelter the silencing and subordination of women from the critique of verse 36 and to positively associate the silencing and subordination of women with Paul's admonition for decency and order. I further argue that the editors assessed that the verses in question w...
Sex differences in Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol metabolism and in vivo pharmacology following acute and repeated dosing in adolescent rats

Mechanisms that may underlie age and sex differences in the pharmacological effects of cannabinoids are relatively unexplored. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether sex differences in metabolism of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), similar to those observed previously in adult rats, also occurred in adolescent rats and might contribute to age and sex differences in its in vivo pharmacology. Male and female adolescent rats were exposed to THC acutely or repeatedly for 10 days. Subsequently, some of the rats were sacrificed and blood and brain levels of THC and one of its metabolites, 11-hydroxy-Δ(9)-THC (11-OH-THC), were measured. Other rats were evaluated in a battery of in vivo tests that are sensitive to cannabinoids. Concentrations of 11-OH-THC in the brains of female adult and adolescent rats exceeded those observed in male conspecifics, particularly after repeated THC administration. In contrast, brain levels of THC did not differ between the sexes. In vivo, acute THC produced dose-related hypothermia, catalepsy and suppression of locomotion in adolescent rats of both sexes, with tolerance developing after repeated administration. With a minor exception, sex differences in THC's effects in the in vivo assays were not apparent. Together with previous findings, the present results suggest that sex differences in pharmacokinetics cannot fully explain the patterns of sex differences (and lack of sex differences) in cannabinoid effects across behaviors. Hormonal and/or pharmacodynamic factors are also likely to play a role.