cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Libel Regulatory Analysis

Whenever lawyers and journalists gather to talk about libel, inevitably the first amendment becomes a center of attention. I would not dream of denying its central place in that debate. Nor do I forget that journalists, and the corporations for which they work, have, at the very least, the same freedom-of-speech rights as the rest of us and perhaps more. It is an old academic trick, however, to take a problem that is commonly viewed from one perspective and instead view it from another. Such a switch in perspectives may sometimes lead to ideas and conclusions that would otherwise escape us. Thus, purely for analytical purposes, I would like to begin by considering libel solely from the perspective of government regulation of industry, completely leaving out first amendment perspectives. Obviously my intention is not to slight constitutional protections but only to see if the news industry might learn something from the kinds of regulatory analysis that commentators apply to laws regulating other industries. The much heralded and denounced "explosion" of tort law, whether seen as a greater propensity to sue or a propensity to award higher damages, has taught all of us that tort law is not purely private law that governs only the relations between private persons. It is also public law, an integral part of the regime of government regulation of private enterprise. Thus we may treat libel law as a problem of government regulation of industry and, for the moment, the media as an industry and journalism as a profession. If we do that, we can see why there is so much concern with libel. We live in an era of extensive government regulation of industry. The media are a large industry so we grapple for law to regulate that industry. A number of factors have led people to want more law regulating the media industry. One of the most basic reasons is concentration. There are fewer major daily newspapers than there used to be, and so each is more powerful, particularly in its own local reader area. The three network television news shows, through which an enormous number of persons gain their daily exposure to the news, represent that same kind of concentration. Increases in concentration inevitably lead to increased interest in regulation. With or without the general tort
SLID - A Cost-Effektive and Scalable Limited-Directory Scheme for Cache Coherence

In this paper, we propose a hybrid scheme — dubbed SLiD (Scalable Limited Directory) that combines the good features of the chained directory and limited directory schemes and minimizes the effect of the weak points of each individual scheme, namely the performance penalty in the limited directory when pointer overflow occurs, and the linear latency in the chained directory scheme when performing invalidations due to a write. Moreover, the hybrid scheme provides designers with three structural options for different requirements of performance and implementation cost.
A Framework for Alternative Energy Development: Shifting From Drilling Rigs to Renewables

In the age of $100-a-barrel oil and global warming, the development of sources of alternative energy is a critical component of political and popular discourse. Recently, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 increased funding and tax credits for clean alternative energy. Several projects involving industry and local regulators have been progressing through the planning and development stages. Yet, despite the favorable political and regulatory climate surrounding alternative energy projects, such projects continue to encounter resistance because of projected costs and local “not in my backyard” (NIMBY) concerns. One program which would minimize costs and NIMBY-type reactions is “Rigs to Renewables,” which would place renewable energy stations on obsolete offshore oil rigs. In order to establish an adequate legal and regulatory framework for this program, its creators should incorporate the strengths of the existing “Rigs to Reefs” program, while improving on its weaknesses.
Adsorption of lutein from soybean oil on silicic acid I. Isotherms

Adsorption of lutein from crude soybean oil miscella on dispersed silicic acid resulted in three different Freundlich type isotherms, depending on the amount of adsorbent used. Normally, changing the amount of adsorbent gives a new point on the same isotherm. Further investigation of the lutein adsorption revealed that addition of 1% isopropanol to the hexane solvent and deactivation of the silica acid with water decreased lutein adsorption. Purification of the lutein resulted in increased adsorption, indicating that triglyceride was competing for adsorption sites. The triglyceride competition was confirmed by calculating an adsorption isotherm for triglyceride from crude soybean oil miscella. Use of silicic acid as a column rather than dispersed yielded multiple isotherms for lutein adsorption based on the amount of adsorbent used. Also, lutein adsorption on columns was concentrated at the entrance to the column. Experiments showed that lutein adsorption was not due to partitioning between bound triglyceride and hexane solvent.
Media Training for Psychiatry Residents

Psychiatric residency training programs rarely prepare residents for exposure to the media. Increasingly, however, physicians are called upon to disseminate current knowledge about a wide range of topics pertinent to mental health and illness. The authors describe a model seminar used in a psychiatric residency training program providing residents with skills in effective communication through the mass media. The goal of the seminar is to prepare residents for an important role in public health psychiatry.
What Can We Really Learn from Growth Regressions

International development economists have made strong claims about what causes developing nations to grow. But are the statistical techniques used to assess such causal factors refined enough to justify the claims made? One economist who has done leading work in the field raises serious questions.
Intimate partner violence and the role of socioeconomic indicators in WorldSAFE communities in Chile, Egypt, India and the Philippines.

Background: The literature documenting the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on health and injury does not provide a clear consensus on how to account for socioeconomic indicators in population and health outcome studies across countries. The World Studies of Abuse in the Family Environment (WorldSAFE) consortium conducted a series of population-based, multi-stage probability sampling cross-sectional surveys in selected communities in five countries from 1997 to 2003 that allows for the examination of the relationship of SES with current physical and psychological intimate partner violence (IPV). Methods: Women aged 15–49 years (n = 3975) from six urban low- and middle-income communities participating in the WorldSAFE consortium were interviewed. Using a standardized instrument, the following SES indicators were collected: dwelling ownership, land ownership, number of rooms in the house along with number of residents, toilet facilities, ownership of 13 specific individual/household items, current wo...
Tool wear modeling using abductive networks

A tool wear model based on Abductive Networks, which consists of a network of `polynomial' nodes, is described. The model relates the cutting parameters, components of the cutting force, and machining time to flank wear. Thus real time measurements of the cutting force can be used to monitor the machining process. The model is obtained by a training process in which the connectivity between the network's nodes and the polynomial coefficients of each node are determined by optimizing a performance criteria. Actual wear measurements of coated and uncoated carbide inserts were used for training and evaluating the established model.
Early afferent activity from the facet joint after painful trauma to its capsule potentiates neuronal excitability and glutamate signaling in the spinal cord

Cervical facet joint injury induces persistent pain and central sensitization. Preventing the peripheral neuronal signals that initiate sensitization attenuates neuropathic pain. Yet, there is no clear relationship among facet joint afferent activity, development of central sensitization, and pain, which may be hindering effective treatments for this pain syndrome. This study investigates how afferent activity from the injured cervical facet joint affects induction of behavioral sensitivity and central sensitization. Intra-articular bupivacaine was administered to transiently suppress afferent activity immediately or 4 days after facet injury. Mechanical hyperalgesia was monitored after injury, and spinal neuronal hyperexcitability and spinal expression of proteins that promote neuronal excitability were measured on day 7. Facet injury with saline vehicle treatment induced significant mechanical hyperalgesia (P < .027), dorsal horn neuronal hyperexcitability (P < .026), upregulation of pERK1/2, pNR1, mGluR5, GLAST, and GFAP, and downregulation of GLT1 (P < .032). However, intra-articular bupivacaine immediately after injury significantly attenuated hyperalgesia (P < .0001), neuronal hyperexcitability (P < .004), and dysregulation of excitatory signaling proteins (P < .049). In contrast, intra-articular bupivacaine at day 4 had no effect on these outcomes. Silencing afferent activity during the development of neuronal hyperexcitability (4 hours, 8 hours, 1 day) attenuated hyperalgesia and neuronal hyperexcitability (P < .045) only for the treatment given 4 hours after injury. This study suggests that early afferent activity from the injured facet induces development of spinal sensitization via spinal excitatory glutamatergic signaling. Peripheral intervention blocking afferent activity is effective only over a short period of time early after injury and before spinal modifications develop, and is independent of modulating spinal glial activation.
A PRIVATE NETWORK OF SOCIAL CONTROL: INSURANCE INVESTIGATION UNITS*

Fraud investigation units have sprung up within insurance companies across the United States to counter corporate losses due to fraud and the restrictions imposed on the industry by government regulations. This paper looks at the birth, operating strategies, and effectiveness of these units in three automobile insurance companies in Massachusetts. Because fraud cases are rarely brought to court, these units operate as a kind of private police. They exchange information with the public police and other companies and circumvent judicial control, often using investigative procedures which would render the evidence they collect inadmissible in court. Recent legislation has strengthened their power and cut off avenues of redress once available to wronged policyholders.
A Walk in the Woods: Reply to Carnochan, First, Lang, & Warshaw

I'd like to thank Elsa First and Drs. Peter Carnochan, Jo Lang, and Susan Warshaw for taking the time to so thoughtfully read and discuss this case. I am equally grateful to Dr. Chris Bonovitz, thi...
Ladar-based terrain cover classification

An autonomous vehicle driving in a densely vegetated environment needs to be able to discriminate between obstacles (such as rocks) and penetrable vegetation (such as tall grass). We propose a technique for terrain cover classification based on the statistical analysis of the range data produced by a single-axis laser rangefinder (ladar). We first present theoretical models for the range distribution in the presence of homogeneously distributed grass and of obstacles partially occluded by grass. We then validate our results with real-world cases, and propose a simple algorithm to robustly discriminate between vegetation and obstacles based on the local statistical analysis of the range data.
Port-Site Metastasis: The Influence of Biology

Abstract Objective: Several surgical and technical mechanisms have been proposed for the development of port-site metastasis, but the influence of tumor and host biologic factors has not been emphasized. We present a case of a pelvic chordoma that metastasized to a prior laparoscopic radical nephrectomy port-site. Methods: A 62-year-old woman underwent laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) for a pT1b grade 3 renal cell carcinoma, followed 6 weeks later by resection of a sacral chordoma. The incisions and areas of dissection for the two procedures were discontinuous. Results: Eight months following the LRN she developed a nodule in one of the laparoscopic port-sites. The port-site metastasis was treated with wide surgical resection, which was confirmed as metastatic chordoma on histologic examination. Conclusion: Based on the chronological sequence and physical distance between surgical sites, only biological factors could have contributed to this port-site metastasis. This unusual case highlights the important role that tumor and host biologic mechanisms play in the development of port-site metastasis.
Management of high grade bladder cancer: a multidisciplinary approach.

cs .c om In the battlefield of Urologic Oncology, we face two distinct enemies. First, typically on the frontline, we are confronted with low-risk variants of urologic cancers that carry high prevalence and low risk of mortality. The management of lowgrade noninvasive bladder cancers, small incidental renal masses, and low-risk prostate cancers inundates our practice, but carries confusing, conflicted goals. In the case of lowrisk cancers, we wish to limit detection to those cancers that are truly harmful, reduce anxiety in our patients, limit treatment while minimizing the cost of surveillance, and avoid the morbidity of unnecessary treatment. We treat the low-risk cancer most often, but, in doing so, we rarely improve longevity. On the second line, often buried at a distant back end of the battlefield, we face our true nemesis, the lethal cancer. Most of us who do this for a living entered Urologic Oncology to save lives, but the lives that need saving are often beyond our grasp. In confronting lethal malignancies, we have learned that single-modality approaches generally fail. The use of multimodal therapy is pervasive in solid tumor oncology, but has been slow to infiltrate our own battle tactics in Urologic Oncology. Testis cancer may be the best example of success achieved through multimodal approach, and importantly, by introducing systemic therapy to
Screening--a privilege not a right.

Screening is a mechanism to reduce the burden of disease in either the individual or the community or both. While the detection of most treatable disease usually promises elements of benefit to both the individual and the community, it does not necessarily follow that all disease detection has such dual benefit or indeed any benefit at all. The recognition and consequent removal from society of the leper in the absence of any effective treatment of leprosy was scarcely beneficial to the individual; at the other extreme, the detection and surgical treatment of a malignant tumor in an elderly retired man is an economic cost rather than a benefit to the community at large. Without available effective action against a disease, its early detection or prediction is of no benefit to anyone and may add substantial cost in terms of psychological distress to the cost of detection and palliative therapy. In an era of increasing public involvement in the general provision of medical care, it seems useful to divide screening procedures into those directed primarily toward reducing the impact of hazards which threaten the population as a whole, and those directed toward hazards which threaten individual members of the population. An approach to classification along these lines appears in Table I. Screening programs focused on control of infections, genetic disorders, and social hazards promise greater benefit to the community at large than to the individuals screened. Specific examples are chosen to illustrate horizontal transmission of disease, vertical transmission of disease, and threats to groups of the population who find themselves within the sphere of influence of a limited number of diseased or subversive individuals. The screened individuals benefit more than their community when screening programs are directed to the control of conditions which cause disability, distress, or death with minimal embarrassment of community resources. The extent to which a community or nation derives economic benefit from the application of effective screening procedures depends upon the extent to which society bears the cost of medical and health care and the living expenses of the disabled. The cost to a comprehensively planned system can be reduced by measures which limit skilled manpower demands, maximize technical assistance, and reduce the incidence, duration, and severity of disease. Table II classifies screening procedures into types on the basis of four characteristics and provides one or more examples of each. The procedures are first divided into those designed to detect actual disease and those designed
CXCR4-Dependent Infection of CD8+, but Not CD4+, Lymphocytes by a Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate

We recently isolated from an infant an X4-syncytium-inducing (SI) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variant (92US143-T8) that was able to infect CD8+ lymphocytes independently of CD4. Although it was CD4 independent, the 92US143-T8 isolate also maintained the ability to infect CD4+ cells. In the present study, we investigated the role of CXCR4 in the infection of CD4+ and CD8+ cells by this primary isolate. The expression of CXCR4 was down modulated in CD8+ lymphocytes after infection with the 93US143-T8 isolate. Infection of CD8+ lymphocytes by the 93US143-T8 isolate was prevented by treatment with AMD3100, a specific antagonist for CXCR4, indicating CXCR4-dependent infection. Interestingly, AMD3100 treatment had no inhibitory role in the infection of purified CD4+ lymphocytes by the same isolate. Furthermore, AMD3100 treatment failed to prevent infection of known CD4+ CXCR4+ T-cell lines (MT-2 and CEM) by the 93US143-T8 isolate. In fact, virus replication in the CD4+ cells was often enhanced in the presence of AMD3100. Viruses produced from the infected CD4+ cells in the presence of AMD3100 maintained an unchanged envelope genotype and an SI phenotype. For the first time, these results provide evidence of CXCR4-dependent infection of CD8+ lymphocytes by a primary HIV-1 isolate. This study also shows a different mode of infection for the CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes by the same HIV-1 variant. Finally, our findings suggest that a more careful evaluation is necessary before the random use of AMD3100 as a new entry inhibitor in patients harboring SI HIV-1 strains.
Frequency and causes of vaccine wastage.

Abstract Assessing the frequency of vaccine wastage and the relative magnitude of its various causes may help to target efforts to reduce these losses and to husband funds for increasingly expensive vaccines. Methods : As a preliminary overview of wastage in the United States, 64 public-sector state and local health department immunization programs were polled in 1998 and 1999 for wastage recording practices. Actual wastage data were collected from a non-random subset of five states. Data on returns of wasted vaccine to manufacturers were analyzed from routine national biologics surveillance and from an ad-hoc survey. Excise tax credit requests for such returns between 1994 and 1999 were reviewed. Results : Rates of wastage among the five states ranged from about 1 to 5% in 1998, with an overall rate of 2.6% among 57 immunization programs in 1999. Categories of wastage used by the health departments varied widely, with overlapping classifications. The major causes appeared to be refrigeration (cold chain) lapses, followed by expiration. Overall rates of vaccine returns varied up to 8% by manufacturer, and from 1 to 50% by vaccine type, with higher return rates generally found for lesser-used vaccines. Conclusions : If these wastage estimates of 1–5% applied nationally, in 1998 there would have been approximately US$ 6–31 million worth of unused vaccine in the public sector alone. The two most common forms of wastage reveal the potential value of developing vaccines with improved heat stability and longer shelf lives. We propose six main classifications of vaccine wastage for use in routine monitoring and reporting.
Investigation of anode configurations and fuel mixtures on the performance of direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs)

Abstract A variety of anode configurations and fuel mixtures were evaluated in a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) which was composed of a planar 8 mol% Y2O3-ZrO2 (YSZ) electrolyte with a multilayer (La0.6Sr0.4)0.98(Co0.2Fe0.8)1O3 − δ . (LSCF) cathode. A Gd-ceria (GDC) catalyst layer was deposited onto the anode side with various levels of porosity. The fuel composition consisted of solid carbon black mixed with various amounts and compositions of Li, Na, K, and Ba carbonate eutectics. The anode performance was characterized in terms of structure (porosity), catalysts, carbonate content, and carbon composition in the anodic mixture through voltage–current–power density and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, which directly assessed the change in charge transfer resistance in anode as function of alterations in the anode. The best performance was 85 mW cm −2 at 800 °C with a cell combining dense-porous GDC anodic structure and 6 vol% Li–K carbonate mixture loading in the anodic chamber. The polarization of this anode configuration was 0.15 Ω cm2 at 800 °C compared to 50.3 Ω cm 2 displayed by a bare YSZ electrolyte. Post-mortem characterization by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy showed no effect of carbonate corrosion in the YSZ electrolyte over the time frame of experiments.
NASA—has its biological groundwork for a trip to Mars improved?

In a 1991 editorial in The FASEB Journal, Robert W. Krauss commented on a recent report of the Presidential Advisory Committee on the Future of the U.S. Space Program (Augustine report). He concluded that, although a manned mission to Mars with life sciences as the priority was endorsed by the Committee, it failed to deal realistically with one huge gap; biological sciences have never been given high priority. According to Krauss, this left a void that will cripple, perhaps fatally, any early effort to ensure long-term survival on any mission of extended duration. The gap included insufficient flight time for fundamental biological space research and insufficient funds. Krauss expressed his opinions 15 years ago. Have we better knowledge of space biology now? This question becomes more acute now that President George W. Bush recently proposed a manned return to the moon by 2015 or 2020, with the moon to become our staging post for manned missions to Mars. Will we be ready so soon? A review of the progress...
The Role of Language in Academic and Social Transition of Haitian Children and Their Parents to Urban U.S. Schools

Abstract This study explores the role that language plays in the academic and social transition of Haitian children and parents to urban U.S. schools across multiple school settings, demographic groups, and languages. Semistructured individual interviews and focus groups were conducted with groups of 12 Haitian American teachers, 12 Haitian parents of grade school children, and 12 Haitian students who had gone to school both in Haiti and in the US. Using the theoretical constructs of linguistic identity and actor networks, we describe three themes that emerged from our analysis of language use: (1) an affinity for multiple languages, (2) a desire to be multicultural, and (3) a responsibility to help others in the community. These themes point to potent bridges for aiding Haitian students as they adapt to urban U.S. schools, as well as indicating sources of potential linguistic and cultural conflict.
Artist Intentions and Audience Response in Theatre for Young Audiences.

This article discusses the relationship between the intentions of adult artists who create works of theatre for young audiences and the responses of young people who view those performances. It reviews the results of a mixed-methods case study conducted with middle school students who viewed a production of Y. York's Getting Near to Baby. The young spectators sometimes responded to themes in the play the way that the artists envisioned they would; at other times, they did not; and in some instances, they responded to themes the artists did not envision at all. The data suggest little correlation between artists' investment in conveying particular ideas and young audience members' responses to those ideas. Rather, the nature of the ideas and the ways in which they are presented seem more likely to influence audience response.
Randomized study of epinephrine versus methoxamine in prehospital ventricular fibrillation.

Experimental data suggest that a pure alpha-agonist, such as methoxamine, may improve the outcome of patients in ventricular fibrillation. A double-blind, randomized, prospective study was conducted in a paramedic system comparing the use of methoxamine with epinephrine in enhancing conversion of ventricular fibrillation while otherwise following American Heart Association protocols. One hundred two patients in ventricular fibrillation not responding to initial defibrillations with a pulsatile rhythm were randomized into one of two groups, each containing 51 patients. Equipressor doses of epinephrine (0.5 mg) and methoxamine (5 mg) were given intravenously and repeated according to American Heart Association guidelines. The mean age, sex ratio, and mean paramedic response times were comparable for the two groups. The mean time at scene until conversion was 22 ± 10 minutes for methoxamine and 17 ± 7 minutes for epinephrine ( P = NS). The methoxamine group received 3.1 ± 1.4 doses as compared with 2.8 ± 1.3 doses for the epinephrine group ( P = NS). Conversion rate, defined as the percentage of patients who developed a pulse during resuscitation, was 27.5% for the methoxamine group and 49.0% for the epinephrine group ( P ⩽ .03). Successful resuscitation, defined as the conveyance of a patient to an emergency department with a pulse and rhythm, was 17.7% for the methoxamine group and 39.2% for the epinephrine group ( P ⩽ .02). Save rate, defined as the percentage of patients discharged alive after hospitalization, was 7.8% for the methoxamine group and 19.6% for the epinephrine group ( P ⩽ .07). At the doses studied, the use of epinephrine results in a significantly higher rate of successful conversion and resuscitation compared with methoxamine. Although a trend toward greater survival with the use of epinephrine is seen, the rate of survival is not significantly different from that of methoxamine.
Entrepreneurship in macroeconomics

This paper reviews the main studies on entrepreneurship conducted during the past two decades that are relevant for the understanding of various macroeconomic issues. I organize the discussion by distinguishing three groups of contributions. The first group includes studies whose main purpose is to understand the factors that affect the decision to become an entrepreneur. The second group includes studies that look at the aggregate and distributional implications of entrepreneurship for savings and investment. The third group deals with issues of economic development and growth.
A Review Of The Tripudia quadrifera (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Species Complex

Specimens comprising the species Tripudia quadrifera (Zeller) and Tripudia grapholithoides (Moschler) were discovered to contain six new species: Tripudia rectangula, n. sp., from the eastern United States; Tripudia paraplesia, n. sp., from eastern Mexico; Tripudia flavibrunnea, n. sp., from Mexico, Guatemala, and the Dominican Republic; Tripudia lamina, n. sp., from eastern Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, Venezuela, and Ecuador; Tripudia furcula, n. sp., from El Salvador and Honduras; and Tripudia fabrilium, n. sp., from Pernambuco, Brazil. Adults and male and female genitalia are illustrated. Known collection sites of all species are mapped. Keys to the male and female genitalia are provided, as this is the only reliable way to separate these species.
Plasmonic laser antenna

The authors have demonstrated a surface plasmon device composed of a resonant optical antenna integrated on the facet of a commercial diode laser, termed a plasmonic laser antenna. This device generates enhanced and spatially confined optical near fields. Spot sizes of a few tens of nanometers have been measured at a wavelength ∼0.8μm. This device can be implemented in a wide variety of semiconductor lasers emitting in spectral regions ranging from the visible to the far infrared, including quantum cascade lasers. It is potentially useful in many applications including near-field optical microscopes, optical data storage, and heat-assisted magnetic recording.
Early identification and retrieval or deletion of human lymphocyte subpopulations responding to influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus challenge.

Differences in immune responses of human mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) have been demonstrated following exposure in vitro to influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In the current studies, we sought to identify early differences in reactive subpopulations that emerge from within the heterogeneous resting MNL pool after challenge. MNL were sham-exposed or exposed to influenza virus or RSV, separated, and retrieved by countercurrent centrifugal elutriation after 3 d. Exposure to influenza virus caused a relative decline in the number of large MNL, but an increase in small lymphocytes. Large cells that remained included primitive lymphoblasts, rare plasma cells, and typical lymphocytes of progressively greater volume. Exposure to RSV increased the number of large MNL, but diminished the number of small lymphocytes. The subpopulation of large cells consisted of atypical and large granular lymphocytes. Furthermore, deletion of the latter large, reactive lymphocytes led to abrogation of an RSV-specific proliferative response upon subsequent challenge. Thus, the specific and different subpopulations reactive after infectious virus challenge could be identified, retrieved, and manipulated without dependence ona priori, phenotypic markers.
Reaction of Thianthrene Cation Radical with Diarylmercurials. Search for Single Electron Transfer Is Elusive

Diarylmercurials (Ar 2 Hg) with Ar = p -tolyl Ib , o -tolyl Ic , p -anisyl Id and 2-allyloxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl Ie , reacted with thianthrene cation radical perchlorate (Th .+ ClO 4 - ) in two stoichiometric ratios: 2 : 1 and 4 : 1 (Th .+ ClO 4 - /Ar 2 Hg). In the 2 : 1 ratio the products were the 5-arylthianthreniumyl perchlorates IIb - IIe , thianthrene (Th) and ArHg + ClO 4 - (assayed as ArHgCl, III ) in quantitative yields. In the 4 : 1 ratio reaction with ArHg + occurred, too, and the products were IIb - IIe , Th, the complex Th 3 Hg(ClO 4 ) 2 and HgO (after workup). In contrast, Ph 2 Hg ( Ia ) did not react beyond the 2 : 1 stoichiometry. In the reactions with Ie , no evidence for formation and cyclization of free 2-allyloxy-4,5-dimethylphenyl radical was found. Reaction of and product formation from these arylmercurials, therefore, does not occur in single electron transfer steps that lead to free aryl radicals. Instead electron transfer appears to occur within a complex of Ar 2 Hg with Th .+ from which II and other products are subsequently formed.
The Control System for the Stanford Linear Accelerator

The control system for the accelerator has been shaped by a number of influences: the length of the machine, the noise environment, the multiple beam concept and the desirability of single-operator or computer
Expression of an ovalbumin-specific Vβ8.2 TCR transgene inhibits collagen arthritis in B10.Q mice

Previous studies have illustrated the importance of T cells bearing alpha beta TCRs in the induction and development of collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. However, the scope of TCR usage in CIA has yet to be clearly defined. Given the inherent diversity of the TCR repertoire, the relative flexibility of the arthritogenic TCR repertoire specific for type II collagen (CII) is not clear. Therefore, we chose to examine the influence of a highly skewed TCR repertoire on CIA. Arthritis susceptible B10.Q (H-2q) mice were mated with C57L (H-2b) animals expressing an ovalbumin-specific V beta 8.2 TCR transgene (Tg) and Tg+ offspring were further backcrossed to B10.Q. Homozygous H-2q/q, V beta 8.2 Tg+ mice displayed a high level of V beta 8.2+ T cells in peripheral blood. However, expression of some endogenous V beta TCR, such as V beta 14, was still detected. Upon immunization with bovine CII in adjuvant, V beta 8.2 Tg+ mice were highly resistant to CIA when compared with Tg- littermates. Analysis of sera demonstrated a marked reduction in antibody specific for homologous mouse CII as well as heterologous bovine CII in Tg+ animals. Interestingly, V beta 8.2 Tg+ mice still mounted good antibody responses following immunization with human thyroglobulin, indicating that the skewed TCR repertoire affected anti-CII but not antithyroglobulin responses. Thus, our findings show that constraints placed on the TCR repertoire inhibit pathogenic responses against CII and suggest that in H-2q mice the arthritogenic TCR repertoire bears only limited flexibility.
Dry Needling Alters Trigger Points in the Upper Trapezius Muscle and Reduces Pain in Subjects With Chronic Myofascial Pain

Abstract Objective To determine whether dry needling of an active myofascial trigger point (MTrP) reduces pain and alters the status of the trigger point to either a non–spontaneously tender nodule or its resolution. Design A prospective, nonrandomized, controlled, interventional clinical study. Setting University campus. Participants A total of 56 subjects with neck or shoulder girdle pain of more than 3 months duration and active MTrPs were recruited from a campus-wide volunteer sample. Of these, 52 completed the study (23 male and 33 female). Their mean age was 35.8 years. Interventions Three weekly dry needling treatments of a single active MTrP. Main Outcome Measures Primary Outcomes: Baseline and posttreatment evaluations of pain using a verbal analogue scale, the Brief Pain Inventory, and the status of the MTrP as determined by digital palpation. Trigger points were rated as active (spontaneously painful), latent (requiring palpation to reproduce the characteristic pain), or resolved (no palpable nodule). Secondary Outcomes Profile of Mood States, Oswestry Disability Index, and Short Form 36 scores, and cervical range of motion. Results Primary outcomes: A total of 41 subjects had a change in trigger point status from active to latent or resolved, and 11 subjects had no change ( P P P = .001 and P = 21, respectively); in pain pressure threshold in subjects with unilateral/bilateral MTrPs, ( P = .006 and P = .012, respectively); improvement in the SF-36 mental health and physical functioning subscale scores ( P = .019 and P = .03), respectively; and a decrease in the Oswestry Disability Index score ( P = .003). Conclusions Dry needling reduces pain and changes MTrP status. Change in trigger point status is associated with a statistically and clinically significant reduction in pain. Reduction of pain is associated with improved mood, function, and level of disability.
GOSPEL: A Neuroprotective Protein that Binds to GAPDH upon S-Nitrosylation

We recently reported a cell death cascade whereby cellular stressors activate nitric oxide formation leading to S-nitrosylation of GAPDH that binds to Siah and translocates to the nucleus. The nuclear GAPDH/Siah complex augments p300/CBP-associated acetylation of nuclear proteins, including p53, which mediate cell death. We report a 52 kDa cytosolic protein, GOSPEL, which physiologically binds GAPDH, in competition with Siah, retaining GAPDH in the cytosol and preventing its nuclear translocation. GOSPEL is neuroprotective, as its overexpression prevents NMDA-glutamate excitotoxicity while its depletion enhances death in primary neuron cultures. S-nitrosylation of GOSPEL at cysteine 47 enhances GAPDH-GOSPEL binding and the neuroprotective actions of GOSPEL. In intact mice, virally delivered GOSPEL selectively diminishes NMDA neurotoxicity. Thus, GOSPEL may physiologically regulate the viability of neurons and other cells.
Impact of Channel Geometry on Two-Phase Flow Heat Transfer Characteristics of Refrigerants in Microchannel Heat Exchangers

Microchannel surfaces, often machined to 20 to 1000 μm in width and depth, are employed in high-heat-flux applications. However, a large number of variables control the two-phase flow, heat transfer coefficient. The pressure, the surface heat flux, and the mass flux significantly affect the thermal transport. Experiments were conducted on a setup that was built for testing microchannel heat exchangers, The parameters considered in the study are power input: 20 to 300 W, volume flow rate: 35 to 300 ml/min, quality: 0 to 0.5, inlet subcooling: 5 to 15°C. The results indicate that the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop are functions of the flow qualify the mass flux, and, of course, the heat flux and the related surface superheat. The heat transfer coefficient decreases from a value of 12,000 W/m 2 -K to 9000 W/m 2 -K at 80°C, when the wall superheat is increased from 10 to 80°C. The coefficient decreases by 30 percent when the exit vapor quality is increased from 0.01 to 0.65.
Theory discovery from data with mixed quantifiers

Convergent realists desire scientific methods that converge reliably to informative, true theories over a wide range of theoretical possibilities. Much attention has been paid to the problem of induction from quantifier-free data. In this paper, we employ the techniques of formal learning theory and model theory to explore the reliable inference of theories from data containing alternating quantifiers. We obtain a hierarchy of inductive problems depending on the quantifier prefix complexity of the formulas that constitute the data, and we provide bounds relating the quantifier prefix complexity of the data to the quantifier prefix complexity of the theories that can be reliably inferred from such data without background knowledge. We also examine the question whether there are theories with mixed quantifiers that can be reliably inferred with closed, universal formulas in the data, but not without.
Efficient loading of a magnetic waveguide on an atom chip

We demonstrate efficient loading of neutral atoms into a magnetic waveguide produced by the magnetic fields of microfabricated current-carrying conductors. The lithographically patterned conductors on this ``atom chip'' can be used to make a variety of guiding and trapping structures for manipulating cold atoms and Bose-Einstein condensates. A three-chamber vacuum apparatus collects atoms in a magneto-optical trap, precools them via evaporative cooling, and delivers them to the final chamber containing the atom chip. We describe in detail how the precooled atomic cloud is transferred from a macroscopic magnetic Ioffe-Pritchard trap to the microscopic magnetic waveguide on the atom chip $21\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ away. Permanent magnets provide a confining two-dimensional quadrupole field to guide the atoms between the two chambers while longitudinally the cloud is allowed to freely expand during the transfer. Strategically placed coils are used to control the longitudinal size and speed of the atomic cloud as it is loaded on the atom chip.
“A Land Outside Space, an Expanse without Distances”: Amitav Ghosh, Kamila Shamsie, and the Maps of Memory

Maps have long been invoked as allegedly objective representations of shared memory, and both imperial and postcolonial authorities have endeavored to either invent or affirm a community's past thr...
Role of Endosomes and Lysosomes in Human Disease

In addition to their roles in normal cell physiology, endocytic processes play a key role in many diseases. In this review, three diseases are discussed as examples of the role of endocytic processes in disease. The uptake of cholesterol via LDL is central to our understanding of atherosclerosis, and the study of this disease led to many of the key breakthroughs in understanding receptor-mediated endocytosis. Alzheimer's disease is a growing burden as the population ages. Endosomes and lysosomes play important but only partially understood roles in both the formation and the degradation of the amyloid fibrils that are associated with Alzheimer's disease. Inherited lysosomal storage diseases are individually rare, but collectively they affect many individuals. Recent advances are leading to improved enzyme replacement therapy and are also leading to small-molecule drugs to treat some of these diseases.
Stroke care: a method for measuring compliance with AHCPR guidelines.

LaClair BJ, Reker DM, Duncan PW, Horner RD, Hoenig H: Stroke care: A method for measuring compliance with AHCPR guidelines. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2001;80:235–242.The purpose of this article is to describe a method for converting practice guidelines to measurement criteria. To evaluate the processes
Islam, Vodou, and the Making of the Afro-Atlantic

This paper considers how representations of Islam and Vodou have shaped the ways we understand Atlantic history, relations of power, and the symbolic importance of religion as an interpretive category. It emphasizes the Caribbean region’s trope of cosmopolitanism as a key organizing principle in historiography and theory building, arguing that although cosmopolitanism can be a valuable discursive strategy in self-reflexive constructions of identity, the concept marginalizes or elides Islam and leaves ambivalent space for Africa. The paper calls for re-examining how Muslims and Islam are conceptualized as world historical and Caribbean regional phenomena, and how implicit assumptions inform our analytical vocabulary.
The Interestingness Paradox in Pattern Discovery

Noting that several rule discovery algorithms in data mining can produce a large number of irrelevant or obvious rules from data, there has been substantial research in data mining that addressed the issue of what makes rules truly 'interesting'. This resulted in the development of a number of interestingness measures and algorithms that find all interesting rules from data. However, these approaches have the drawback that many of the discovered rules, while supposed to be interesting by definition, may actually (1) be obvious in that they logically follow from other discovered rules or (2) be expected given some of the other discovered rules and some simple distributional assumptions. In this paper we argue that this is a paradox since rules that are supposed to be interesting, in reality are uninteresting for the above reason. We show that this paradox exists for various popular interestingness measures and present an abstract characterization of an approach to alleviate the paradox. We finally discuss ...
A Preliminary Report on an Attempt to Modify Behavior of Untamed Ponies by Acupuncture

A preliminary study using various acupuncture techniques to modify behavior of untamed ponies was attempted. In five of the seven parameters, the animals' behavioral responses were unaffected by acupuncture treatments. However, substantial improvement of general behavior of the nervous ponies was observed in animals treated with jaw and scutiform points. The results are not conclusive and further testing of acupuncture as a means of modifying animal behavior is desirable.
Immunologic observations on 9 sets of twins either concordant or discordant for SLE.

The influence of genetic and nongenetic factors on abnormalities of the immune response in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied in 9 sets of twins in which one or both twins had SLE. Particular emphasis was placed on contrasting the results between the sibs of 3 monozygotic pairs discordant for clinical SLE. Depression of cell-mediated immunity, determined by lymphocyte blastogenic response to mitogens, was associated with the clinical expression of illness. In contrast, auto-reactive antilymphocyte antibodies and lymphocyte tubuloreticular structures were found in both clinically affected and unaffected subjects and were more prominently associated with the presence of other serologic abnormalities. No evidence of antigens or cell surface determinants unique to affected sibs was encountered.
Activation of bovine bradykininogen by human plasmin

Abstract Incubation of bovine bradykininogen with urokinase-activated human plasmin produces kinin activity as demonstrated on the isolated guinea pig uterus. In terms of specific activity, the activation of bradykininogen appeared to be similar to that obtained with trypsin. A dose-response relationship was evident. It is suggested that direct activation of kininogen by plasmin may constitute another route, apart from the more major kallikrein pathway, in the formation of kinin.
A Model of the Consumer Decision to Seek Legal Redress

A model explaining why Oregon consumers took legal action in consumer disputes when state mediation failed is proposed and empirically tested with path analysis. Although the test shows that this model has a reasonable amount of external validity, a new, revised model is developed which fits the empirical results extremely well. This revised model emphasizes perceived effectiveness and access to court as especially important factors in determining whether a consumer takes legal action.
Amylin mobilizes [Ca2+]i and stimulates the release of pancreatic digestive enzymes from rat acinar AR42J cells: evidence for an exclusive receptor system of amylin.

Abstract Amylin dose-dependently stimulated the secretion of amylase and cholesterol esterase from rat pancreatic acinar AR42J cells. The biochemical basis of this action was investigated using fura-2-loaded AR42J cells. Amylin increased intracellular free calcium, [Ca 2+ ] i , in a dose-dependent manner. The Ca 2+ signal persisted even in Ca 2+ -free medium, suggesting mobilization from intracellular stores rather than influx. Consistently, thapsigargin abolished amylin-induced responses, suggesting that Ca 2+ is released from an inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP 3 )-sensitive pool. This was confirmed by the finding that amylin elevated IP 3 levels. AR42J cells pretreated with amylin did not respond to amylin, suggesting that the receptors mediating this response undergo homologous desensitization. However, pretreatment with related peptides, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and salmon calcitonin, did not diminish [Ca 2+ ] i mobilization by amylin. CGRP and calcitonin also failed to mobilize [Ca 2+ ] i even at 10 μ M . These results suggests that the stimulatory effects of amylin on pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion from AR42J cells are mediated by a G-protein-linked membrane receptor coupled to IP 3 -dependent calcium pools.
Realizing system functions with operational amplifiers

A method is discussed which uses operational amplifiers to realize a system function T(s) whose poles and zeros are independently controlled. When the poles are simple and different, (n + 1) operational amplifiers are required, n of which are used as integrators, plus one that is used as a summing amplifier, where n is the degree of the denominator polynomial. When the poles occur in conjugate complex pairs or when higher order poles exist, more than (n + 1) operational amplifiers are required.