cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Uncertainty Quantification Framework for Studying the Effect of Spatial Heterogeneity in Reservoir Permeability on CO2 Sequestration

A new uncertainty quantification framework is adopted for carbon sequestration to evaluate the effect of spatial heterogeneity of reservoir permeability on CO2 migration. Sequential Gaussian simulation is used to generate multiple realizations of permeability fields with various spatial statistical attributes. In order to deal with the computational difficulties, the following ideas/approaches are integrated. First, different efficient sampling approaches (probabilistic collocation, quasi-Monte Carlo, and adaptive sampling) are used to reduce the number of forward calculations, explore effectively the parameter space, and quantify the input uncertainty. Second, a scalable numerical simulator, extreme-scale Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases, is adopted as the forward modeling simulator for CO2 migration. The framework has the capability to quantify input uncertainty, generate exploratory samples effectively, perform scalable numerical simulations, visualize output uncertainty, and evaluate input-output relationships. The framework is demonstrated with a given CO2 injection scenario in heterogeneous sandstone reservoirs. Results show that geostatistical parameters for permeability have different impacts on CO2 plume radius: the mean parameter has positive effects at the top layers, but affects the bottom layers negatively. The variance generally has a positive effect on the plume radius at all layers, particularly at middle layers, where the transport of CO2 is highly influenced by the subsurface heterogeneity structure. The anisotropy ratio has weak impacts on the plume radius, but affects the shape of the CO2 plume.
Selected bibliography on labor in Japan

A senior American historian once told me that there were hardly any books on Japanese labor. His perception was understandable; indeed, there have been far too few English language books on labor and the working-class in Japan. Yet, I was chagrined to discover that he, along with many other labor historians, have based their understanding of Japan on a very small number of books published in the 1980s. This selected bibliography, organized in reverse chronology, lists no books published earlier than 1990. Regrettably, the two dozen-plus books listed still reflect the majority of English language scholarship, and the only way to get a good bead on the field still is to read the Japanese literature. Years of intensive language study not withstanding – a path that I strongly encourage all current and future graduate students to consider – I hope the following book list will provide a solid base of recent scholarship for those wishing to broaden their understanding of the history of work and labor in the first non-Western industrialized nation. By a quick survey of titles in this list, most readers easily will recognize many tropes made standard by scholarship on labor in Europe, Australia and the USA. Not all the books selected, however, necessarily fall into the conventional rubric of labor history. James Roberson’s and Nobue Suzuki’s Men and Masculinity in Contemporary Japan, for example, is an edited collection of essays examining the extent to which popular notions of the Japanese ‘salaryman’ have over-determined how many Japanese men themselves think of their lives as male while-collar workers and family men. Yuko Ogasawara’s Office Ladies and Salaried Men, however, examines the extent to which pink-collar workers navigate a workplace structured to discourage their advancement by acollectively working (in a distinctly white-collar variation on John Scott’s theory of peasant foot-dragging) to bolster, or undermine, the careers of the salaryman generally credited with Japan’s postwar economic success. Readers also will note the number of works on women and labor. This is in part the result of my particular interests as a labor historian and also is due to a specific trend in English language studies of Japanese labor since 1990. Indeed, the past 15 years of scholarship have shown how the story of industrialization in Japan can be told through the experiences of the wage-earning women who, until 1930, comprised the majority of Japan’s factory workers. This list starts and ends with works on female textile workers, and I think there is no better way to understand the history of work and labor in Japan as well as the trajectory taken by scholars in the field.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 converts farnesal into farnesoic acid in the corpora allata of mosquitoes

The juvenile hormones (JHs) play a central role in insect reproduction, development and behavior. Interrupting JH biosynthesis has long been considered a promising strategy for the development of target-specific insecticides. Using a combination of RNAi, in vivo and in vitro studies we characterized the last unknown biosynthetic enzyme of the JH pathway, a fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (AaALDH3) that oxidizes farnesal into farnesoic acid (FA) in the corpora allata (CA) of mosquitoes. The AaALDH3 is structurally and functionally a NAD(+)-dependent class 3 ALDH showing tissue- and developmental-stage-specific splice variants. Members of the ALDH3 family play critical roles in the development of cancer and Sjogren-Larsson syndrome in humans, but have not been studies in groups other than mammals. Using a newly developed assay utilizing fluorescent tags, we demonstrated that AaALDH3 activity, as well as the concentrations of farnesol, farnesal and FA were different in CA of sugar and blood-fed females. In CA of blood-fed females the low catalytic activity of AaALDH3 limited the flux of precursors and caused a remarkable increase in the pool of farnesal with a decrease in FA and JH synthesis. The accumulation of the potentially toxic farnesal stimulated the activity of a reductase that converted farnesal back into farnesol, resulting in farnesol leaking out of the CA. Our studies indicated AaALDH3 plays a key role in the regulation of JH synthesis in blood-fed females and mosquitoes seem to have developed a "trade-off" system to balance the key role of farnesal as a JH precursor with its potential toxicity.
Educating Engineers in the US for a Global Workforce

Academic institutions throughout the world are called upon to prepare engineers to meet challenges as defined by industry, a nation, or the world. They shoulder a significant portion of the responsibility for defining the content, designing the delivery, and providing pathways to experiential learning. Each institution develops curricula to educate its students using the resources and talents at its disposable, and within the culture in which it is situated. The blend of diverse approaches is a strength. There are, however, some elements that are becoming increasingly important for all programs. Preparing students for a global workforce is one such component. Similar to other aspects of engineering education, the manner in which individual institutions address global preparedness is not, nor should it be, uniform. This paper summarizes current engineering enrollment trends in the United States, and discusses some viable strategies to prepare students in the US to enter a global workforce.
Experimental Output-Input Behavior For Optical Oscillator With Instability And Short Feedback

Through use of an acousto-optic modulator in a feedbackicircuit having an instability and a short carrier round trip time, an optical oscillator has been constructed. The frequency and character of this oscillation is very sensitively dependent on the position of the detector for the 1st order diffraction, as well as on amplifier balance, and on the total cavity round trip time. Under certain conditions the termination and reinstatement of the oscillation (with its modulation) are initiated by the slightest perturbations of the diffracted laser beam. By continuous monitoring of the signal which energizes the acousto-optic modulator and the oscillatory signal of the first order diffraction, the use of the X/Y mode on a digital oscilloscope provides the instantaneous output vs input data fc2r this instability. These data agree in detail with the complex theoretical predictions of previous work.
Topology of Extinction and Endangerment of Native Fishes in the Pacific Northwest and California (U.S.A.)

Recent studies have provided a broad data base on extinction and endangerment of species, subspecies, and dis- tinct populations of inland fishes in western North America Development of a synoptic, regional-scale image of extinc- tion and risk of extinction is complicated by the small size and linear distribution of fluvial aquatic habitats and by interspecific variation in areal extent of populations. I de- veloped a regional map of extinction-risk isopleths based on the number of extinct and persistently declining species in drainage basins of thePacificNorthwest and California This topological synthesis is useful for delineating and monitor- ing areas of historic and ongoing loss of aquatic biodiver- sity, and for relating losses to pattems of land use and hab- itat modification, climate, hydrology, and geomorphology.
Simulations of atomic processes at semiconductor surfaces: General method and chemisorption on GaAs(110).

Recently we introduced a technique for realistic simulations of atomic motion in systems with covalent or metallic bonding. The technique involves the Hellmann-Feynman theorem, novel Green's-function methods, and integration in the complex energy plane. In principle, it is exact, so that one can use a self-consistent Hamiltonian and even include many-body effects. Here we provide some refinements of this general technique which simplify its use in practical calculations. We also describe an approximate version that employs a tight-binding Hamiltonian and repulsive potential. Representative simulations are shown for atoms of groups I--VII chemisorbing on the (110) surface of GaAs.
Synaptic linkages between corticomotoneuronal cells affecting forelimb muscles in behaving primates.

To elucidate the cortical circuitry controlling primate forelimb muscles we investigated the synaptic interactions between neighboring motor cortex cells that had postspike output effects in target muscles. In monkeys generating isometric ramp-and-hold wrist torques, pairs of cortical cells were recorded simultaneously with independent electrodes and corticomotoneuronal (“CM”) cells were identified by their postspike effects on target forelimb muscles in spike-triggered averages (SpTAs) of electromyographs (EMGs). The response patterns of the cells were determined in response-aligned averages and their synaptic interactions were identified by cross-correlograms of action potentials. The possibility that synchronized firing between cortical cells could mediate spike-correlated effects in the SpTA of EMG was examined in several ways. Sixty-two pairs consisted of one CM cell and a non-CM cell; 15 of these had correlogram peaks of the same magnitude as that of other pairs, but the synchrony peaks did not mediate any postspike effect from the non-CM cell. Twelve pairs of simultaneously recorded CM cells were cross-correlated. Half had features (usually synchrony peaks) in their cross-correlograms and the cells of these pairs also shared some target muscles in common. The other half had flat correlograms and, in most of these pairs, the CM cells affected different muscles. The latter group included pairs of CM cells that facilitated synergistic muscles. These results indicate that common synaptic input specifically affects CM cells that have overlapping muscle fields. Reconstruction of the cortical locations of CM cells affecting 12 different muscles showed a wide and overlapping distribution of cortical colonies of forelimb muscles.
Correlates of attitudes toward euthanasia.

Abstract Data from a national survey conducted in 1977 were examined to identify correlates of attitudes toward euthanasia and suicide for terminally ill persons. The results indicated that race, religious participation, and attitudes toward freedom of expression were directly associated with such attitudes. It was also found that regional variations in such attitudes could be explained by the degree of urbanization of geographic regions.
Radio Signals with Large Relative Bandwidth for Over-the-Horizon Radar and Spread-Spectrum Communications

It is known that radio signals must have a small relative frequency bandwidth if structures and circuits resonating with sinusoidal functions are to be used for radiation and reception. This paper develops concepts showing that a small relative frequency bandwidth is also required for the use of amplitude or frequency modulation of sinusoidal radio carriers in the usual form. However, it is easy to modify the usual methods of amplitude and frequency modulation for signals with large relative frequency bandwidth. The primary application of such methods is for over-the-horizon radar and spread-spectrum communications in the short-wave region where the desired relative frequency bandwidths are neither small (in the order of 0.01 or less) nor close to 1.
DamIP: a novel method to identify DNA binding sites in vivo.

Identifying binding sites and target genes of transcription factors is a major biologic problem. The most commonly used current technique, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), is dependent on a high quality antibody for each protein of interest, which is not always available, and is also cumbersome, involving sequential cross-linking and reversal of cross-linking. We have developed a novel strategy to study protein DNA binding sites in vivo, which we term DamIP. By tethering a mutant form of E. coli DNA adenine methyltransferase to the target protein, the fusion protein introduces N-6-adenosine methylation to sequences proximal to the protein binding sites. DNA fragments with this modification, which is absent in eukaryotes, are detected using an antibody directed against methylated adenosine. For an initial test of the method we used human estrogen receptor α (hERα), one of the best studied transcription factors. We found that expression of Dam-hERα fusion proteins in MCF-7 cells introduces adenosine methylation near a series of known direct hERα binding sites. Specific methylation tags are also found at indirect hERα binding sites, including both primary binding sites for the ER interactors AP-1 and SP1, and promoters that are activated by upstream ER bound enhancers. DamIP provides a new tool for the study of DNA interacting protein function in vivo.
Hydration of DNA: take 2

Abstract The concept that water is an integral part of DNA continues to receive further validation as solution measurements show that the grooves have some form of structured water. New methods are now emerging that are paving the way for molecular interpretations of thermodynamic data.
Quality of life among hypertensive patients with a diuretic background who are taking atenolol and enalapril.

The cardioselective β-blocker atenolol and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril were compared for efficacy, safety, and quality-of-life factors in 30 patients with hypertension whose hypertension was inadequately controlled with diuretic alone. Atenolol (50 to 100 mg once a day) and enalapril (2.5 to 40 mg once a day), combined with hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg once a day), had similar levels of efficacy and safety. A comprehensive battery of psychologic assessments for quality of life was administered, including measures of anxiety, depression, psychiatric symptoms, memory, and psychomotor function. These five conceptually based clusters were first analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance procedures, followed by univariate analyses of the individual variables composing each domain. In general, neither atenolol nor enalapril was associated with major changes in psychologic functioning. The only data cluster with a statistically significant change was memory function, primarily as a result of lower scores of the digit span (backward) test, for atenolol relative to enalapril. These preliminary findings suggest that atenolol and enalapril have comparable degrees of efficacy and safety, with no major disparities in quality-of-life effects, for hypertensive patients with a history of taking diuretics and this sort of quality-of-life assessment can be performed during trials of antihypertensive drugs. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1990) 48, 447–454; doi:10.1038/clpt.1990.174
Effect of drugs on survival time from scorpion envenomation

Androctonus australis venom at various dilutions was administered to matched groups of mice and the effects on survival time and number determined for various classes of therapeutic agents. Meperidine and other narcotics were consistently deleterious to envenomed animals as were alcohol and calcium acetylsalicylate carbamide. Neither corticosteroids nor muscle relaxants were beneficial. With tran-quilizing agents, meprobamate tended to increase survival time, while reserpine markedly curtailed survival.
A Qualitative Study of the Effect of a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Therapists Who Treat Survivors of Sexual Abuse

Abstract This qualitative study explored the effect of a history of sexual abuse on therapists who work with survivors of childhood sexual abuse. A comparison was made between experienced therapists who reported such a history and those who did not. Themes relating to vicarious traumatization (VT) were examined as well as data relating to positive self-transformation (PST), a category relating to enduring change in therapists of a positive nature. No notable differences were evident between groups with regard to VT or PST. Overall similarities were more striking than differences in the two groups examined in this study. This result is consistent with some empirical literature but contradicts some other studies. Therapists' experience with trauma work, and similarities between patients' and therapists' trauma histories, appear to be important factors in evaluating the impact on therapists in their work with sexual abuse survivors. Experienced therapists with a childhood sexual abuse history do not appear t...
Population genomic analysis of outcrossing and recombination in yeast.

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used by humans for millennia to make wine, beer and bread1. More recently, it became a key model organism for studies of eukaryotic biology and for genomic analysis2. However, relatively little is known about the natural lifestyle and population genetics of yeast3. One major question is whether genetically diverse yeast strains mate and recombine in the wild. We developed a method to infer the evolutionary history of a species from genome sequences of multiple individuals and applied it to whole-genome sequence data from three strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae2,4 and the sister species Saccharomyces paradoxus5. We observed a pattern of sequence variation among yeast strains in which ancestral recombination events lead to a mosaic of segments with shared genealogy. Based on sequence divergence and the inferred median size of shared segments (∼2,000 bp), we estimated that although any two strains have undergone approximately 16 million cell divisions since their last common ancestor, only 314 outcrossing events have occurred during this time (roughly one every 50,000 divisions). Local correlations in polymorphism rates indicate that linkage disequilibrium in yeast should extend over kilobases. Our results provide the initial foundation for population studies of association between genotype and phenotype in S. cerevisiae.
Note: Advancement in tip etching for preparation of tunable size scanning tunneling microscopy tips

The two aspects of a scanning tunneling microscopy tip, the macroscopic profile and the nanoscale apex, can be tailored by controlling the tension during electrochemical etching and the solution-electrode contact area via acetone vapor. The apex diameter is shown to be proportional to the square root of the tension, and is demonstrated over apex diameters of 150-500 nm. The apex was found to be created in four distinct shapes where a secondary etching can reshape the tip into a single geometry. Improvement in tip height and stability of the profile are demonstrated versus a non-acetone fabrication control.
On the accuracy of demand point solutions to the planar, Manhattan metric, p -median problem, with and without barriers to travel

Abstract This paper examines the accuracy of demand point solutions to the planar, Manhattan metric, p-median problem, both with and without impenetrable barriers to travel. In the absence of barriers to travel, we show that tight worst case bounds are achieved by moving the facilities to their closest demand point. In the presence of barriers, we show that similar tight worst case bounds are achieved when the set of demand points is augmented with the set of barrier intersection candidate points. We report computational experiments for: 1. (a) random locations and random weights; 2. (b) clustered locations and spatially autocorrelated weights; and 3. (c) clustered locations and spatially autocorrelated weights with impenetrable barriers to travel. Our empirical findings are gathered from: 1. (a) census tract data from Buffalo, New York; and 2. (b) census tract data from Buffalo, with natural barriers to travel. Our conclusions show that: 1. (a) restricting facility location to demand points is an excellent approximation in the absence of barriers to travel; and 2. (b) the set of demand points should be augmented with the set of barrier intersection candidate points to preserve the overall quality of the solution in the presence of barriers to travel.
Infection of cultured human pancreatic B cells with reovirus type 3

The capacity of reovirus type 3 to infect insulin-producing B cells was studied in human pancreatic cell cultures. Antibody to reovirus was labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and antibody to insulin was labelled with tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate. By using a double-labelled immunofluorescent antibody technique, it was shown that only about 6% of the insulin-containing human B cells in culture became infected when inoculated with unpassaged reovirus type 3. However, by repeated passage of the virus in human pancreatic B cell cultures, the percentage of infected B cells increased to 27%, and the virus titre in cultures rose from 8.0× 104 pfu/ml in the first passage, to 4.9×106 pfu/ml in the 5th passage. As measured by radioimmunoassay, the intracellular immunoreactive insulin began to decrease at 24 h after infection. This decrease roughly paralleled the increase in virus titre. In contrast, there was relatively little change in immunoreactive insulin in cultures inoculated with unpassaged reovirus type 3. These studies show that the ability of reovirus type 3 to infect human B cells is enhanced by serial passage in human pancreatic cell cultures and that the infection resulted in the destruction of B cells and release of insulin.
Mediation and moderation of hypnotic and cognitive‐behavioural pain reduction

The mediator function of response expectancies and the moderator function of hypnotic and non-hypnotic imaginative suggestibility were evaluated in the analogue treatment of pain. One hundred and sixty-seven participants previously assessed for hypnotic and imaginative suggestibility were randomly assigned to distraction, cognitive-behavioural package (i.e., Stress Inoculation Training), hypnotic cognitive-behavioural package, hypnotic analgesia suggestion, placebo control, or no-treatment control conditions. The four ‘active’ treatments reduced pain more than the no-treatment control condition. There was no statistical difference in effectiveness between these four treatments, but only the cognitive-behavioural package reduced pain more than the placebo control condition. Response expectancies partially mediated the effects of treatment on pain. Imaginative suggestibility, defined as a generalized tendency to respond to imaginative suggestions delivered outside of hypnosis, moderated the effects of the cognitive-behavioural package. Contrary to prediction, neither hypnotic suggestibility, nor hypnotizability (operationalized as hypnotic suggestibility with imaginative suggestibility statistically controlled) moderated the effects of the hypnotic treatments. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Identification of a New Presenilin-dependent ζ-Cleavage Site within the Transmembrane Domain of Amyloid Precursor Protein

Gamma-secretase cleavage of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) is crucial in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease, because it is the decisive step in the formation of the C terminus of beta-amyloid protein (Abeta). To better understand the molecular events involved in gamma-secretase cleavage of APP, in this study we report the identification of a new intracellular long Abeta species containing residues 1-46 (Abeta46), which led to the identification of a novel zeta-cleavage site between the known gamma- and epsilon-cleavage sites within the transmembrane domain of APP. Our data clearly demonstrate that the new zeta-cleavage is a presenilin-dependent event. It is also noted that the new zeta-cleavage site at Abeta46 is the APP717 mutation site. Furthermore, we show that the new zeta-cleavage is inhibited by gamma-secretase inhibitors known as transition state analogs but less affected by inhibitors known as non-transition state gamma-secretase inhibitors. Thus, the identification of Abeta46 establishes a system to determine the specificity or the preference of the known gamma-secretase inhibitors by examining their effects on the formation or turnover of Abeta46.
The road less traveled Cross-cultural, international experiential learning

Social work faculty and students from a university in the southeastern US participated in a 21-day exchange program with a university in Mexico. The experience involved 10 days of language and cultural immersion, concurrent exposure to social service agencies, and an additional week of visits to regional social work campuses. Goals included developing bilingual, culturally competent social workers. Objective measures for cultural competence showed gains in scores which were supported by qualitative data gathered through the use of journals. Results indicated gains in cultural competence with many gains for future efforts.
Teaching Social Skills to People with Autism

The treatment of social skills deficits remains one of the most challenging areas in meeting the needs of people with autism. Difficulties in understanding social stimuli, in initiating and responding to social bids, and in appreciating the affect that is intrinsic to social interactions can be baffling for people with autism. Researchers and practitioners of applied behavior analysis have tried a variety of strategies for teaching social skills. This article examines a range of useful procedures for teaching social skills to people with autism, including skills that are adult mediated, peer mediated, and child-with-autism mediated. The authors also consider the potential of classwide interventions in inclusive settings, pivotal response training, and the use of scripts to teach social initiations.
Enhanced Proportional-Derivative Control of a Micro Quadcopter

This paper studies the design of an enhanced proportional-derivative (PD) controller to improve the transient response of a micro quadrotor helicopter (quadcopter). In particular, the controller minimizes the effect of disturbances by considering the orientation and rotation of the platform. A dynamics model is developed for an experimental micro quadcopter platform, and simulation results are presented that compare the proposed enhanced PD controller to a standard PD controller. Results show a 50% reduction in the peak response and a 45% reduction in the settling time, demonstrating the effectiveness of the controller.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Risk factors for endoparasitism in dogs: retrospective case-control study of 6578 veterinary teaching hospital cases

Objectives:The diagnostic utility of routine faecal examinations can be greatly enhanced through an appreciation of risk factors most commonly associated with endoparasitism. Methods:From a sample of 6578 canine patients presenting to a veterinary teaching hospital between 1996 and 2006, this study used univariate and multi-variable techniques to examine putative signalment, medical history and demographic factors predisposing dogs to intestinal parasites. Results:Age and median household income were the strongest predictors of endoparasitism. The odds of a patient being diagnosed with endoparasites were 0·82 times smaller for every 1 year increase in age (OR=0·82, 95% CI: 0·80 to 0·84) and for every $10,000 increase in median household income, the odds were 0·86 times lower (OR=0·86, 95% CI: 0·83 to 0·89). The variables gender, neuter status, month of diagnosis, admitting clinical service and primary diagnosis were not significant predictors. Animals that were presented for underlying medical conditions were less likely to have parasites and the presence of diarrhoea was associated with 76% lower odds of endoparasitism compared to healthy animals (OR=0·76, 95% CI: 0·64 to 0·90). Clinical Significance:Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for parasites in younger patients that live in high population density and low income neighbourhoods.
Prognostic Equations for Cloud Fraction and Liquid Water, and Their Relation to Filtered Density Functions

This paper derives prognostic equations for cloud fraction and specific liquid water content. Such equations are carried by host models in order to provide more accurate forcing of microphysical and radiative parameterizations. The starting point of the derivations is a prognostic equation for the filtered density function (FDF) of a moisture variable. The FDF is the probability density function (PDF) of subgrid (i.e., filtered) fluctuations. The resulting equations for cloud fraction and liquid water contain unclosed terms. Many of these terms can be closed if the relevant joint FDF is known. In addition, there emerge from the derivation two dissipation terms that are not closed even if the FDF of moisture is known. These dissipation terms do not appear in equations for conserved variables such as total water content. The paper then compares various closures in the literature for turbulent flux, source, and dissipative mixing terms. Intuition suggests that dissipative mixing cannot usually increase liquid water content but that dissipative mixing can sometimes increase cloud fraction. The paper discusses two closures for dissipative mixing: one is based on the linear mean-square estimation (LMSE) model, and the other is due to Tiedtke. The LSME model permits cloud fraction to increase, as expected, but the Tiedtke model does not.
Water immersion optical lithography for 45-nm node

It is possible to extend optical lithography by using immersion imaging methods. Historically, the application of immersion optics to microlithography has not been seriously pursued because of the alternative solutions available. As the challenges of shorter wavelength become increasingly difficult, immersion imaging becomes more feasible. We present results from research into 193nm excimer laser immersion lithography at extreme propagation angles (such as those produces with strong OAI and PSM). This is being carried out in a fluid that is most compatible in a manufacturable process, namely water. By designing a system around the optical properties of water, we are able to image with wavelengths down to 193nm. Measured absorption is below 0.50 cm -1 at 185nm and below 0.05 cm -1 at 193nm. Furthermore, through the development of oblique angle imaging, numerical apertures approaching 1.0 in air and 1.44 in water are feasible. The refractive index of water at 193nm (1.44) allows for exploration of the following: 1. k 1 values approaching 0.17 and optical lithography approaching 35nm. 2. Polarization effects at oblique angles (extreme NA). 3. Immersion and photoresist interactions with polarization. 4. Immersion fluid composition, temperature, flow, and micro-bubble influence on optical properties (index, absorption, aberration, birefringence). 5. Mechanical requirements for imaging, scanning, and wafer transport in a water media. 6. Synthesizing conventional projection imaging via interferometric imaging.
Indexing the web - a challenge for supercomputers

Since January 2002, the Google search engine has been powering an average of 150 million web searches a day, with a peark of over 2000 searches per second. These searches are performed over an index of over 2 billion documents, over 300 million images, and over 700 million Usenet messages. To guarantee fast user response time, Google performs these searches on a cluster of over 10,000 PCs. The main challenages with this architecture are fault-tolerance and the quality of search results. Replication solves the former and the PageRank score is used to advance the latter. The PageRank score is based on an eigenvalue computation of a large matrix that is derived from the web graph and is one of the main contributor to very high quality search results. As Internet use continues to grow, so does the use of the Google search engine. The Google architecture is designed to scale to accommodate the growth in useage as well as the growth of the web.
Lack of a Recommended Dietary Allowance for Copper may be Hazardous to Your Health

The 10th edition of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) did not include an RDA for copper; rather a safe and adequate daily intake was suggested. Criteria, history and uses of RDAs were summarized along with data on dietary intakes, balance and depletion experiments, low (fats and oils, skim milk and yogurt) and high (legumes, mushrooms, nuts and seeds) copper foods and hazards of zinc supplements. Bone disease and cardiovascular disease from diets-low in copper have been studied in animals for decades. Men and women fed diets close to 1 mg of copper per day, amounts quite frequent in the US, responded similarly to deficient animals with reversible, potentially harmful changes in blood pressure control, cholesterol and glucose metabolism, and electrocardiograms. Women supplemented with trace elements including copper experienced beneficial effects on bone density. These data exceed similar data on magnesium, selenium and zinc and are sufficient for establishing an RDA. Ischemic heart disease and osteoporosis are likely consequences of diets low in copper. Numerous anatomical, chemical and physiological similarities between animals deficient in copper and people with ischemic heart disease have been noticed. Association between osteoporosis and low copper status deserves further inquiry. Augmenting low copper diets with high copper foods may be beneficial. Committees that establish RDAs should return to the traditions of the first nine editions and make recommendations that promote health and nutritional welfare, meet functional needs, prevent disease and promote public welfare.
Warm Springs Ran Deep: Friends-and-Neighbors Voting in the U.S. Presidential Elections of 1940 and 1944

The present study extends recent research on friends-and-neighbors voting in presidential elections by examining a unique situation occurring during the presidential elections of 1940 and 1944, both of which were won by incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt. What makes these elections unique is that Roosevelt, who grew up in Hyde Park, New York, contracted polio in 1921, and thereafter spent a large portion of his life in Warm Springs, Georgia, seeking the physical comfort provided by the magnesium-rich, warm-water pools. By the time these elections occurred, many Georgia citizens in and around Meriwether County, wherein Warm Springs is situated, viewed Roosevelt as one of their own. Statistical results from the 1940 and 1944 general elections presented in this study indicate that the home-area effect favoring Roosevelt in Meriwether and contiguous counties averaged a solid 7.8 percentage points across the two presidential elections. This result is even more striking when compared to the smaller home-area effect found for the Duchess County area of New York, which includes Roosevelt’s boyhood home of Hyde Park.
Neural networks-twelve learning algorithms

A review of the 12 major learning algorithms is presented, and an extensive set of references is provided. The models are represented in chronological order from the Perceptron (1957) to the Functional Link Net (1988). >
Biocompatible Carbon Nanotubes Generated by Functionalization with Glycodendrimers

The structural, mechanical, electrical, and optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have stimulated considerable interest in their biological applications[1-3]. SWNTs have been employed for biosensing[4], imaging[5], intracellular delivery[6], and cancer cell targeting[7, 8]. However, expanded use of SWNTs in living systems will require strategies to diminish their cytotoxicity[9-12]. Thus, surface modifications that mitigate the toxicity of SWNTs while simultaneously enabling specific biological recognition are highly sought after[8,13-17].
An Evaluation of Neotraditional Design's Social Prescription: Postmodern Placebo or Remedy for Suburban Malaise?:

Among the various American postmodern urban design schemes which offer pedestrian propinquity as design synthesis and remedy for suburban malaise, traditional neighbor hood design (TND) bears the i...
The effects of roof reflectance on air temperatures surrounding a rooftop condensing unit

Abstract Recent anecdotal information suggests that “cool” roofs might produce significant energy savings by reducing the temperature of air entering rooftop air-conditioner (RTU) condensers. Unfortunately, measurements to support this claim are not well documented. To overcome this problem, we carried out a set of six rigorous field experiments to determine the effects of roof reflectance on the heating of condenser inlet air by the roof, and to assess the effects of condenser fan operation on the potential recirculation of hot discharge air from the condenser. The experiments involved combinations of two roof conditions (a “hot” roof and then the same roof with a “cool” coating) and three RTU operation modes (condenser fan and compressor both operating, condenser fan operating without the compressor, and condenser fan and compressor both not operating). For each case, we continuously measured outdoor air temperature at 26 locations near and far from the RTU, as well as roof surface temperatures at 2 locations (1 near and 1 far from the RTU), wind speed and direction, and solar radiation. With a “hot” roof and the compressor and condenser fan both operating, the air temperature at the condenser inlet was only 0.3 °C warmer on average during peak solar radiation times compared with a reference located far from the RTU. Applying a “cool” roof coating around the RTU eliminated this small temperature rise. The temperature rise was not significantly different when the condenser fan operated without the compressor, which suggests that hot air discharged by the condensing unit was not recirculated. Based on published relationships for cooling capacity and system power versus condenser inlet air temperature (normalized, respectively, by the capacity and power at the ARI outdoor temperature rating point of 35 °C), the 0.3 °C reduction in inlet air temperature associated with installing a cool roof corresponds to a decrease in RTU energy consumption of about 0.3–0.6% and an increase in EER of about 0.6–0.7%. Energy codes such as ASHRAE Standards 90.1 and 90.2 and California Title 24 already include energy saving credits related to cool roofs. Additional energy savings from reducing condenser inlet air temperature by installing a cool roof would only slightly increase these credits.
Spatio-temporal bandwidth-based acquisition for dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging†

Purpose: To develop a k-space formalism that provides a rationale for the design of variable-rate acquisition schemes for dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). Methods and Materials: The formalism, termed spatiotemporal bandwidth-based (STBB) analysis, is demonstrated using a priori modeling of object and enhancement characteristics typically observed in DCE-MRI of breast tumors. A temporally enhancing lesion is considered as a two-dimensional (2D) space-time object that possesses a corresponding spatio-temporal (ky-kt) energy spectrum. The ky-kt space is segmented based on a threshold such that the total spectral energy in a finite number of k-space samples, constrained by the imaging experiment, is maximized. This thresholded map contains a set of spatial and corresponding temporal sampling prescriptions. These prescriptions are used in designing an acquisition scheme that is adequate for a range of contrast-enhancing breast lesions. The STBB scheme is compared to an equivalent “keyhole” acquisition, in terms of quantification of enhancement rate, K trans , extracellular volume fraction, e, and spatial fidelity. We chose object sizes Npix 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 pixels and enhancement rates K trans 1.5, 1, 0.6, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2 minute –1 , and e was held at 0.3. Results: The STBB scheme results in more accurate estimation of the rate and extracellular volume fraction parameters when the object size is small (two and five pixels) and the enhancement rates are rapid (1.5 and 1 minute –1 ), compared to the keyhole acquisition. The STBB scheme provides higher spatial fidelity for very small objects. For large object and slow enhancements, the keyhole and STBB scheme perform comparably. Conclusion: We have demonstrated an intuitive formalism applicable to DCE-MRI for a set of targeted/anticipated dynamic events as well as spatial features. This formalism can be extended to any dynamic imaging condition, and a corresponding variable-rate acquisition scheme can be designed.
DNA EXTRACTION FROM RESTING EGGS OF THE CLAM SHRIMP EULIMNADIA TEXANA (BRANCHIOPODA: SPINICAUDATA: LIMNADIIDAE)

Abstract Large branchiopod crustaceans inhabiting ephemeral ponds are well adapted to their highly unpredictable habitat with a life cycle that includes a short-lived adult stage and a long-lived, desiccation-resistant egg stage. One well studied large branchiopod is the clam shrimp Eulimnadia texana, an androdioecious species with populations comprised of males and self-compatible hermaphrodites. Likely due to the harsh environments in which the eggs are found, e.g., dry areas with high heat and high irradiation, extraction of DNA from individual eggs for genetic analyses can be problematic. Here we report a number of modifications that we have tested allowing for increased efficiency and success in extracting high quality DNA from the eggs, nauplii, and adults of E. texana that may prove useful for similar studies of other species of large branchiopods.
Unpowered scooter injuries reported to the Consumer Product Safety Commission: 1995-2001.

Abstract There has been a marked increase in the use of unpowered scooters over the past few years. Along with this, there has been an increase in injuries related to their use. The objective of this study was to review the unpowered scooter-related injury reports compiled by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and to describe the scope and type of injuries sustained. A consecutive case series of injuries sustained by individuals using unpowered scooters between January 1995 and June 2001 was compiled by the CPSC and was made available for review. Data collected included general demographics, date and type of injury, a brief description of the event, treatment, and outcomes. Data are reported using descriptive statistics. During the study period, 469 unique cases of unpowered scooter-related injuries were compiled by the CPSC and reviewed for the present analysis. The median age of those injured was 10 years (range, 1–70 y) with 63% male. Of those injured, 24 (5.1 %) required hospitalization. The most frequent injuries were lacerations (26%), fractures (22%), and contusions (16%). Of interest; 15 deaths were reported. A broad spectrum of injuries was reported to the CPSC related to the use of unpowered scooters. Although most injuries were relatively minor, there were 15 deaths reported. Although most injuries occurred in older children and young adolescents, the very young and adults were not immune from injuries. The risk of injury from unpowered scooters and the need for safety awareness should be stressed to all individuals including the very young and adults.
Validity of clinical and patient ratings of tremor disability among older adults.

Abstract Objective . To evaluate the validity of the clinical tremor disability interview using a performance-based measure, patient ratings of tremor disability, and bedside tremor severity ratings of upper extremity (UE) action/intention (A/I) and postural (P) tremor. Method . Sixteen older adult essential tremor patients (mean age=75.4 years, sd=5.7 years) took part in a study evaluating the validity of clinical and self-rating scales of tremor disability. A neurologist obtained bedside clinical ratings of UE A/I and P tremor of each limb and completed a clinical tremor disability rating. A second investigator, blind to neurological exam results obtained a clinical disability rating using the same measure, patient rated tremor disability ratings and conducted a performance-based disability assessment. Results . Clinical tremor disability ratings were not significantly related to functional performance-based or patient ratings of tremor disability. Bedside clinical ratings of tremor severity also were not associated with clinical or patient-rated tremor disability. Patient ratings were significantly correlated with performance-based ratings. Conclusions . Further research is needed to validate a brief, sensitive clinical rating scale of tremor disability among older adults. Use of bedside ratings of tremor severity may be problematic and possibly estimate tremor disability. Empirical evaluation of differences in rating methods needs to be directly addressed.
Polymerization of propylene by zirconocenium catalysts with different counter‐ions

Propylene was polymerized by binary zirconocenium catalysts derived from rac-ethylene-bis(1-η 5 -indenyl)dimethylzirconium and cation forming agents (C 6 H 5 ) 3 C + (C 6 F 5 ) 4 B - and (C 6 F 5 ) 3 B. Polymerizations were also performed with the ternary systems of Et[Ind] 2 ZrCl 2 , Et 3 Al, and the cation forming agents. The catalyst systems, with the inert noncoordinating counter-ion, (C 6 F 5 ) 4 B - , have much higher activity and stereoselectivity than the ones with the CH 3 B - (C 6 F 5 ) 3 counter-ion
Gunn effect in CdTe

We have been examining the response of n-type CdTe to pulsed electric fields. In our best units, prepared to have a uniform cross section, the current remains ohmic, to good approximation, almost to threshold. Above the threshold field of (13±2) kV/cm well-defined Gunn oscillations are observed with a spike amplitude 35-50 percent of the total current. We estimate a domain drift velocity v_{dd}=7\times10^{6} cm/s, a field outside the domain E_{1} = 7 kV/cm, and a domain field E_{2}\gsim37 kV/cm. After a few nanoseconds of operation, however, current runaway occurs in units showing the spiking mode of oscillation, presumably because of carrier ionization induced by the moving high-field domains.
Elevators for degenerations of PEL structures

We show that the maximal rank of mixed characteristic degenera- tions of abelian varieties parameterized by a PEL-type Shimura variety are the same as the maximal rank of equicharacteristic zero degenerations (of abelian varieties parameterized by the same Shimura variety). As a byproduct, we ob- tain a simple proof of Yasuo Morita's conjecture in 1975 that an abelian variety with additional structures parameterized by a compact PEL-type Shimura va- riety has potential good reductions everywhere.