cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A method for estimating bicarbonate buffering of lactic acid during constant work rate exercise

A method to estimate the CO2 derived from buffering lactic acid by HCO3− during constant work rate exercise is described. It utilizes the simultaneous continuous measurement of O2 uptake (\(\dot V\)O2) and CO2 output (\(\dot V\)CO2), and the muscle respiratory quotient (RQm). The CO2 generated from aerobic metabolism of the contracting skeletal muscles was estimated from the product of the exercise-induced increase in \(\dot V\)O2 and RQm calculated from gas exchange. By starting exercise from unloaded cycling, the increase in CO2 stores, not accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in O2 stores, was minimized. The total CO2 and aerobic CO2 outputs and, by difference, the millimoles (mmol) of lactate buffered by HCO3− (corrected for hyperventilation) were estimated. To test this method, ten normal subjects performed cycling exercise at each of two work rates for 6 min, one below the lactic acidosis threshold (LAT) (50 W for all subjects), and the other above the LAT, midway between LAT and peak \(\dot V\)O2 [mean (SD), 144 (48) W]. Hyperventilation had a small effect on the calculation of mmol lactate buffered by HCO3− [6.5 (2.3)% at 6 min in four subjects who hyperventilated]. The mmol of buffer CO2 at 6 min of exercise was highly correlated (r = 0.925, P < 0.001) with the increase in venous blood lactate sampled 2 min into recovery (coefficient of variation = ±0.9 mmol·l−1). The reproducibility between tests done on different days was good. We conclude that the rate of release of CO22 from HCO3− can be estimated from the continuous analysis of simultaneously measured \(\dot V\)CO2, \(\dot V\)O2, and an estimate of muscle substrate.
Age at onset of blindness and the development of the semantics of color names

Abstract Sixteen college students who had been born totally blind, 16 who had been blinded totally at approximately 15 years of age, and 16 who had normal vision were asked to judge the similarities between color names. These judgments were submitted to the multidimensional scaling program INDSCAL. Like the sighted and the adventitiously blind, the congenitally blind yielded a 2-dimensional space in which the color terms formed a circle with the color names ordered in approximately the spectral sequence, red, orange, gold, yellow, green, turquoise, blue, purple, and violet, around the circumference. Contrary to previous research, the present findings suggest that knowledge of color relations can develop in the absence of first-hand experience with color perception.
Flavanones from Lonchocarpus minimiflorus

Abstract Five novel flavanones have been isolated from the leaves of the Costa Rican tree Lonchocarpus minimiflorus , and characterized on the basis of their spectral features. Three of these compounds contain an uncommon prenyl cyclization, new to flavanone chemistry.
Public reaction to the risks of energy technology

Implicit in every government decision on energy technology is a trade-off of a certain amount of risk in return for societal benefits. As a result of growing public concern over such risks, environmental analysts are increasingly being requested not only to describe potential adverse consequences but also to quantify their probability. However, this task is frustrated not only by inadequate experience with, and incomplete knowledge of, the causality of environmental impacts, but also by a disparity between individual and societal views of risk. While the societal view is based on objective risk functions andnet societal benefit, individuals tend to rely on subjective judgment, and consider the distribution as well as the amount of benefit. Thus, environmental “risk assessments,” produced by analysts on behalf of society as a whole, are likely to be quite speculative, and are unlikely to be reliable indicators of the acceptability of risk to the public.
Solidarities Black: Richard Iton's blues archive

This article is a homage and memorial to the intellectual work of African-American studies scholar Richard Iton, who passed away in April 2013. It elaborates the motif of a blues archive to evoke t...
Peers, parents, and partners. Determining the needs of the support person in an abortion clinic.

To ascertain how clinics might better meet the needs of support persons accompanying clients for an abortion, data were gathered through a questionnaire that related 25 statements to Maslow's five categories of need. The expressed needs of each support person were assessed and then compared by three groups designated by their relationship to the abortion client as either female peer, parent, or male partner. Significant differences (P
One-body density matrix for quantum fluids in the diagonal limit.

Recent work has shown that the standard technique for solving the Fermi-hypernetted-chain equations violates certain diagonal limits of the one-body density matrix. The violations are traced to inconsistent treatment of elementary versus nonelementary cluster diagrams. A prescription for correcting this deficiency is proposed and applied to two strongly interacting Fermi quantum liquids, $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and electron-spin-polarized deuterium.
A transformation of self-stabilizing serial model programs for asynchronous parallel computing environments

A transformation of self-stabilizing serial model programs for asynchronous parallel computing environments
Recent QCD results from NuTeV/CCFR Collaboration

Abstract Fermilab experiments CCFR and its successor NuTeV study nucleon structure through deep inelastic scattering of neutrino beams off an iron target. We report on the most recent CCFR measurement of the νN differential cross section and resulting structure functions ΔxF 3 = xF ν 3 − xF ν 3 , and R long = σ L σ T , in the framework of massive charm quark. ΔxF3 in sensitive to strange and charm content of the nucleon. NuTeV's preliminary direct measurement of the strange sea, from dimuon charged-current production, and nucleon charm content probed by neutral-current νN interaction, are also presented.
Dual sedimentation of T2 bacteriophage of Escherichia coli

Abstract For T2 bacteriophage, diffusion coefficients of 3.25·10−8 cm2/sec and 2.63·10−8 cm2/sec were obtained in pH 5 and pH 7 buffers, respectively. The transition limits for dual sedimentation encompass approximately one-half pH units, with a central value at about pH 6.1. Sedimenting the virus from a medium of one pH directly into a second medium of greater density and different pH has indicated that the sedimentation rate change is quite sharp and complete within a few minutes after passing through the interface. s5/D5 differs significantly from s7/D7 but not enough to represent one-to-one aggregation. It is, therefore, assumed that the molecular weight is the same at pH 7 and pH 5. It follows from this assumption and the experimental results that fs7/fs5 is significantly greater than fD7/fD5. A model has been found which can account for all of these facts. It is assumed that at pH 5 the particle is tadpole-shaped but that at pH 7 it projects thin filaments laterally from the tail. Such filaments have been demonstrated with the electron microscope. Calculations of friction coefficients made for complex ellipsoidal models approximating the actual models discussed above yield results consistent with the experimental observations, if it is assumed that the particles are oriented randomly during diffusion but sediment in the direction of their longest axis.
The metabolism of nickel-63 carbonyl

Abstract The distribution and excretion of 63Ni were measured in rats after administration of 63Ni(CO)4 in LD50 dosages by inhalation and by intravenous injection. 63Ni(CO)4 was detected in the expired air for 6 hours after injection (mean=38% of the administered dose), demonstrating that the lung is a major route for excretion of Ni(CO)4. During the 4 days after injection, urinary excretion of 63Ni averaged 31% of the administered dose, and fecal excretion averaged 2%. The concentrations of 63Ni in various organs and tissues were measured at intervals after exposure to 63Ni(CO)4. At 1 hour, 48% of blood 63Ni was present in the erythrocytes, compared with only 8% in the erythrocytes at 6 hours. The translocation of 63Ni from erythrocytes to plasma correlated with the disappearance of Ni(CO)4 from the blood, as detected by gas chromatography. At 6 hours, 63Ni in blood serum was predominantly bound to albumin. At 24 hours, 63Ni in lung and liver homogenates was partially bound to RNA, DNA, and protein. In lung and liver homogenates, the distribution of 63Ni in the nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and supernatant fractions was approximately proportional to the dry weights of the respective fractions.
Platelet-collagen adhesion-membrane fluidity and the development of high affinity adhesion through multiple interacting sites

Abstract Multiple, linked interactions between the platelet surface and collagen fibershave been implicated in the initiation of platelet secretion and subsequent aggregation. The formation of such multiple simultaneous interactions could give rise to high affinity adhesion of platelets to collagen even though the affinity of the individual interactions may be much weaker. This concept has been tested by measuring the adhesion of platelets to collagen under conditions which could effect the formation of multiple interactions. Adhesion is markedly diminished at 4°C but not at 23 or 37°C. Metabolic inhibitors such as 2-deoxyglucose and Antimycin A do not inhibit adhesion although they virtually abolish subsequent aggregation. Brief formaldehyde fixation of platelets greatly reduces adhesion. These results are consistent with the concept that the formation of multiple linked interactions between the platelet surface and collagen are important in platelet-collagen adhesion and that mobility of platelet membrane components is required for the clustering of these interactions in focussed regions on the platelet surface.
Coagulation inhibitors in the treatment of sepsis.

Despite advances in supportive care, sepsis and septic shock continue to be major causes of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. The lack of efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with sepsis has shifted interest toward developing alternative treatments. The observation that clotting system activation may in part underlie the physiological derangements of sepsis has resulted in efforts to target the clotting cascade as a therapeutic strategy. Anticoagulants have been shown to ameliorate physiological derangements and improve survival in animal sepsis models. Three agents have undergone extensive study in humans: recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC, drotrecogin-α), antithrombin III (ATIII) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). While a recent Phase III study of rhAPC suggests a survival benefit in patients with sepsis, major concerns about this trial include the manner in which the study was conducted, the potential toxicity of rhAPC and the questionable efficacy of th...
The shell game: analytic problems in archaeological mollusc quantification

Abstract MNI calculations for archaeological molluscs that rely on counts of non-repetitive elements (NREs) are popular for their analytic speed and efficiency. Yet the reliability of this approach as compared to ‘traditionally’ calculated MNI has not been explored. Here, I examine these approaches using data from the Caribbean coastal midden site of Grand Bay, Carriacou. Results suggest that an NRE-based approach to MNI calculation can be unreliable under certain circumstances. In addition, dependence on the NRE-based method may hinder the integration of invertebrate with vertebrate data, obscuring a holistic understanding of prehistoric diet and resource exploitation. These findings are discussed in relation to practical constraints and fulfillment of zooarchaeological goals.
Binding of [3H]heparin to human plasma low density lipoprotein.

Abstract The binding of [3H]heparin to human plasma lipoproteins was measured using a gel filtration assay on columns of Ultrogel AcA 54. [3H]Heparin formed a soluble complex with low density lipoprotein (LDL) as evidenced by the appearance of a new radioactive peak emerging at the void volume where the lipoproteins elute. Free heparin on the other hand was retarded on this column and eluted at a later volume. Heparin binding to LDL could also be demonstrated on columns of Sepharose 4B, in which case two included peaks of 3H were observed to elute in the area of LDL and of heparin. [3H]Heparin did not bind to either high or very low density lipoproteins as determined by the gel filtration assay. The binding of the [3H]heparin to LDL was proportional to both the concentration of LDL and of heparin and both showed saturation kinetics. Cations were not necessary for binding, nor was binding inhibited by EDTA. LDL showed a marked specificity for heparin. Thus, the binding of [3H]heparin to LDL was strongly inhibited by the addition of unlabeled heparin, while other glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and dermatan sulfate were not effective inhibitors except at very high concentrations. Salts, especially K2HPO4 and (NH4)2SO4, also inhibited binding when added at concentrations of 10 m m or higher suggesting an ionic interaction between heparin and LDL. The pH optimum for binding was between 7.5 and 8.5 but binding fell off markedly above pH 9.0. The [3H]heparin was heterogeneous and could be separated into four fractions on columns of Sephadex G-75. When these fractions were tested for binding to LDL, only the high molecular weight fraction bound to any significant extent. LDL was treated with reagents used to selectively modify basic amino acid residues, and the effect of these treatments on heparin binding was examined. Thus, ethoxyformic anhydride was used for histidine modification, acetic anhydride and succinic anhydride for lysines and cyclohexanedione for arginine residues. In each case there was a significant loss in heparin binding suggesting that various basic amino acids are involved in binding and/or that basic amino acids are necessary to maintain the proper conformation of LDL.
Cholesterol Metabolism in Gonadectomized Rats

In studies in which tissue concentrations of cholesterol and total lipids were determined in male and female rats fed a control diet containing fat, the effects of gonadectomy were much smaller than in animals fed a fat-free diet in which gonadectomy tended to reverse the sex differences observed in these lipid values. Other phases of lipid metabolism were shown to be sex-linked as well. Gonadectomy resulted in decreased synthesis of cholesterol in rat liver slices and changes in the fatty acid composition of cholesterol esters in the liver.
Drug interactions with amiodarone

There are a number of important drug interactions with amiodarone. This agent appears to have a marked effect on the kinetics of some commonly used cardiovascular drugs, such as warfarin, digoxin, quinidine, and procainamide, and has dynamic interactions with others, such as the beta blockers and some calcium antagonists. Bleeding has been reported, apparently caused by a potentiation of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin by amiodarone. Torsades de pointes has been observed when quinidine, propafenone, or mexiletine is given together with amiodarone. Furthermore, amiodarone may interact with beta-blocking agents and some of the calcium antagonists to produce symptomatic sinus bradycardia and sinus arrest, especially in a latent or overt sick sinus syndrome. During surgery, amiodarone may induce hypotension and an atropine-resistant bradycardia, possibly by interacting with anesthetic agents. A knowledge of the time of onset, extent, duration, and possible mechanisms of the interactions of amiodarone with other cardioactive drugs is still incomplete, but further studies are of great therapeutic importance.
Primary Scientific Publication and the Federal Government: The nation's principal supporter of research has a major responsibility toward publication of results.

The federal government, as the nation's largest supporter of scientific research, is also its greatest producer and user of scientific information. That this properly and necessarily involves it deeply in the publication of the results of research, government and non-government, is underlined in the following pair of paragraphs from a recently issued report of the President's Science Advisory Committee ( 16 ).
Hémorragie postopératoire précoce après résection de la première cote pour syndrome du défilé thoraco-brachial vasculaire

Rationnelle La thrombose et l'embolisation sont les complications les plus frequentes liees aux formes vasculaires du syndrome du defile thoracique (SDTBV). Par consequent, la chirurgie pour ces conditions exige l'equilibrage soigneux de l'anti-coagulation et de l'hemostase. Notre but est d'identifier la gestion postoperatoire optimale d'anti-coagulation de ces patients. Methodes Une base de donnees prospective des patients consecutifs qui se sont presentes a notre etablissement avec le diagnostic de syndrome du defile thoraco-brachial a ete examinee de 1996 a 2010 a la recherche de cas d'hemorragie postoperatoire. Tous les cas veineux ont ete traites par resection par voie axillaire de la premiere cote suivie de phlebographie postoperatoire et d'angioplastie percutanee si necessaire. Tous les cas arteriels ont ete initialement traites par thrombolyse, puis decompression par voie axillaire avec resection de la premiere cote et de la cote cervicale et reparation arterielle concomitante si necessaire. Resultats Au cours de la periode d'etude, 423 patients diagnostiques avec le syndrome du defile thoraco-brachial ont subi 551 procedures. Parmi ceux-ci, 108 avaient un SDTBV (12 arteriels et 96 veineux). L'âge moyen des patients dans la cohorte etait de 33,7 ± 11,5 ans, avec 53 femmes et 55 hommes. Une hemorragie postoperatoire s'est produite chez quatre patients (4%) : trois cas veineux et un cas arteriel. Trois patients ont eu besoin d'un drainage thoracique (volume moyen de sang draine : 800 ml) et une chirurgie thoracoscopique video-assistee a ete necessaire chez deux patients pour decortication. L'âge, le sexe, l'anti-coagulation preoperatoire, l'intervalle thrombolyse chirurgie, la duree d'intervention, et la perte de sang per operatoire n'ont eu aucun effet sur le risque de saignement. Aucune hemorragie ne s'est produite chez les patients traites par coumadine postoperatoire seule (82 patients) ou sans anticoagulant (24 patients). Les quatre cas d'hemorragie se sont produits seulement chez des patients traites par heparine de bas poids moleculaire postoperatoire (HBPM ; 14 patients ; p Conclusion L'hemorragie postoperatoire n'est pas une complication commune de la resection de la premiere cote pour SDTBV. Dans notre experience, elle s'est produite exclusivement chez les patients recevant des HBPM en postoperatoire. Les HBPM postoperatoires devraient etre employees avec prudence chez les patients avec SDTBV.
The conquest of the Incas

An account of the conquest of the Incas by the Spanish. From the first small band of Spanish adventurers to enter the mighty Inca empire to the execution of the last Inca 40 years later, this book tells a story of bloodshed, rebellion and extermination.
On-line mass spectrometric investigation of the peroxidase-catalysed oxidation of uric acid☆

Abstract The enzymatic and electrochemical oxidation pathways of uric acid were determined on-line with thermospray—tandem mass spectrometry. Products and intermediates formed as a result of electrooxidation were monitored as the electrode potential was varied. Electrochemical results served as a model for the enzymatic studies. In fact, electrochemical studies were essential for elucidating the structures of intermediates because of the high conversion efficiencies in electrooxidation. Products and intermediates formed as a result of enzymatic oxidation of uric acid were monitored as the reaction time was varied. When the enzymatic oxidation of uric acid with peroxidase and H2O2 was studied, the same intermediates and products were observed as in the electrochemical oxidation. The tandem mass spectrometric results provide convincing evidence that the primary intermediate produced during both the enzymatic and electrochemical oxidation of uric acid has a quinonoid diimine structure. The primary intermediate can follow three distinct reaction pathways to produce the identified final products. The final enzymatic and electrochemical oxidation products observed in these studies were urea, CO2, alloxan, alloxan monohydrate, allantoin, 5-hydroxyhydantoin-5-carboxamide and parabanic acid.
Basis set and correlation effects in the calculation of selenium NMR shieldings

Abstract Accurate ab initio GIAo calculations of 77Se chemical shielding in SeH2, SeHCH3 and Se(CH3)2 are reported. The calculations closely reproduce the experimental relative chemical shifts of these molecules. The extension of the basis sets with p, d and f functions on the selenium atom improves the chemical shifts at the SCF level values, but quantitativeness is only achieved at the MP2 level. The effect of conformation on the chemical shieldings is also discussed.
Emotion and memory in nostalgia sport tourism: examining the attraction to postmodern ballparks through an interdisciplinary lens

Nostalgia sport tourism, one of Gibson's [1998. Sport tourism: A critical analysis of research. Sport Management Review, 1, 45–76] three forms of sport tourism, appears to have received little scholarly attention in contrast to active sport tourism and event sport tourism [Fairley, S. (2003). In search of relived social experience: Group-based nostalgia sport tourism. Journal of Sport Management, 17, 284–304; Gibson, H. J. (2002). Sport tourism at a crossroad? Considerations for the future. In S. Gammon & J. Kurtzman (Eds.), Sport tourism: Principles and practice (pp. 123–140). Eastbourne: Leisure Studies Association; Gibson, H. J. (2003). Sport tourism: An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Sport Management, 17, 205–213; Ritchie, B. W., & Adair, D. (2004). Sport tourism: An introduction and overview. In B. W. Ritchie & D. Adair (Eds.), Sport tourism: Interrelationships, impacts and issues (pp. 1–29). Buffalo, NY: Channel View]. Despite this apparent lack of research relative to the other two d...
A note on the generalized Fofonoff modes in a β-plane channel and their stabilities

Abstract A class of generalized Fofonoff modes, both barotropic and baroclinic, are found in a β-plane channel presumably to model the circumpolar ocean in the presence of a bottom ridge. These generalized Fofonoff modes share many dynamic features with those in closed basins. Conserved quantities are employed to show that these generalized Fofonoff modes, like those in closed basins, are stable with respect to finite amplitude perturbations.
Iron chelate inducible iron/manganese toxicity in zonal geranium

Abstract Leaf symptoms of a physiological disorder of cutting geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum L.H. Bailey ‘Aurora') were induced with FeDTPA treatments ranging from 0.02 mM (1 ppm) to 1.12 mM (60 ppm) applied to a soilless peat‐based medium. Symptoms included marginal/nterveinal chlorosis that progressed to marginalAnterveinal necrosis and in extreme cases whole leaf necrosis. Iron (Fe) concentration increased with increasing FeDTPA level in both symptom and asymptom tissues. Within the same FeDTPA treatments symptom tissue had higher concentration of Fe and manganese (Mn) than asymptom tissue. Manganese in symptom tissue decreased as FeDTPA level increased; whereas Mn concentration of asymptom tissue were similar among all FeDTPA treatments. Preplant addition of dolomite to maintain medium pH within the range of 5.8–6.2 lowered Fe and Mn concentration in both symptom and asymptom tissue and medium leachates; however, liquid dolomite drenches during the crop cycle had little effect on tissue Fe and Mn. T...
Profit, productivity, and profit-sharing

This study is an investigation of the effect of profit-sharing on labor productivity. When monitoring labor performance is costly for management, a regular wage/salary contract is insufficient to induce profit-maximizing behavior from the worker. The authors demonstrate that when this profit-maximizing behavior can be induced only through profit-sharing, a linear profit-sharing program will increase productivity and the welfare of both management and labor. The benefit from profit-sharing is increasing up to the point where the utility of additional income is offset by the negative utility of extraordinary effort (working harder or providing higher quality work). The income effect, i.e., the change in negative utility of extraordinary effort given a change in income, can potentially either increase or decrease the point at which the income-effort tradeoff-reaches zero.
Potassium Phosphite Mixed with Other Fungicides Reduces Yield Loss to Downy Mildew on Collard

Downy mildew of collard occurs frequently in the southeastern United States, and fungicides have become an essential part of economical control strategies for the disease. Fungicides were evaluated in 2007 and 2008 either alone or combined with a reduced rate (2 pt/acre) of potassium phosphite. Two formulations of potassium phosphite also were tested alone at the full rate (4 pt/acre). Presidio, Presidio plus Pro-Phyt (2007) or K-Phite (2008), K-Phite, Amistar plus ProPhyt, and Aliette reduced downy mildew severity at the final rating and also reduced AUDPC over the two years. Presidio plus potassium phosphite and Amistar plus ProPhyt increased the weight of healthy leaves and stems over the water control and also increased economic return calculated after fungicide and other production costs were subtracted from the crop value. The yields with Ranman, Sonata, and Presidio applied in combination with potassium phosphite were 16% greater than with the fungicides applied alone. Potassium phosphite may be useful in a tank-mix with other fungicides applied to collard to prevent yield loss to downy mildew.
Personal Reaction Scale for College and Noncollege Adults: Its Development and Factorial Validity

The Personal Reaction Scale (PRS) was developed as a paper-and-pencil test for college and non-college adults to measure their locus of control perceptions. The 79-item PRS was administered to women college students (n = 150), their mothers (n = 105) and fathers (n = 88), and parents of 20 preschool-age children. Responses of 382 subjects were factor analysed to yield six factors: Fate, Social Self, Personal Self, Self-Determination, Luck, and Powerlessness. Reliability estimates based on use of the usual Spearman-Brown formula, were computed for each factor for total variance (range = .39 to .84) and for unique variance (range = .34 to .75). The low intercorrelations among factors (range = .36 to -.32) offer support for uniqueness of each factor, and suggest that the locus of control construct is not a single concept but rather multidimensional in nature. Furthermore, even though relationships were evident between the responses of parents and children, it seems that the locus of control construct is eith...
Models for matrix-assisted desorption by a laser-pulse

Abstract Although there is no complete quantitative description of matrix-assisted desorption of biomolecules, the qualitative picture given by most workers is roughly the same. Based on such a picture, progress on a quantitative description can be made using a framework in which specific physical quantities can be extracted from the data. Such a framework is given here for the total (ablation) yield and for the matrix or analyte molecular ion yields, and the effect of averaging over a gaussian laser profile is evaluated. It is seen that the dependence of the yield on fluence near threshold can be used to distinguish between ejection models, and the incident angle dependence of the yield can be used to determine whether ejection occurs in response to the initial energy density distribution or whether a transport process affects the ejection efficiency. It is also seen that the shift in value of the threshold fluence between matrix molecule ejection and ion ejection is due to the difference in the energy barriers to ejection. This shift is used to estimate the energy per ion for matrix ion formation and ejection to be ≈:1.5 to 2 eV. Finally, the relationship between the depth of origin of the analyte ions and the threshold dependence of the yield is considered. In the appendix the relationships of the excitation and ejection parameters to those physical quantities determining the plume are described, as is a simple physical model for MALDI.
Real-time fluorescent image analysis of DNA spot hybridization kinetics to assess microarray spot heterogeneity

Current microarray assay technology predominately uses fluorescence as a detectable signal end point. This study assessed real-time in situ surface hybridization capture kinetics for single printed DNA microspots on solid array surfaces using fluorescence. The influence of the DNA target and probe cyanine dye position on oligo-DNA duplex formation behavior was compared in solution versus surface-hybridized single DNA printed spots using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis. Fluorophore Cy3/Cy5 fluorescence intensities were analyzed both through the printed hybridized DNA spot thickness and radially across single-spot surfaces. Confocal single-spot imaging shows that real-time in situ hybridization kinetics with constant target concentrations changes as a function of the printed probe density. Target-specific imaging in single spots exhibits a heterogeneous printed probe radial density that influences hybridization spatially and temporally via radial hemispherical diffusion of dye-labeled target from the outside edge of the spot to the interior. FRET of the surface-captured target occurs irrespective of the probe/target fluorophore position, resulting from excess printed probe density and spot thickness. Both heterogeneous probe density distributions in printed spots and the fluorophore position on short DNA oligomers influence duplex formation kinetics, hybridization efficiencies, and overall fluorescence intensity end points in surface-capture formats. This analysis is important to understanding, controlling, and quantifying the array assay signal essential to reliable application of the surface-capture format.
Quasi-multiplication and polynomial sequences

The concept of quasi-multiplication is used to describe the theory of polynomial sequences, in particular Sheffer and Steffensen sequences.
A Mark of Silence in Malaria Parasites

Gene families in malaria parasites that encode hypervariable surface antigens display mutually exclusive expression that is controlled epigenetically. In this issue, Lopez-Rubio et al. (2009) show that the histone mark H3K9me3 is specifically associated with regulation of expression of these gene families within repressive centers located at the nuclear periphery.
Optical absorption of untreated and laser-irradiated tissues

Room temperature absorption spectra of thin, slices of rat tissue, freshly harvested, have been measured in the ultra-violet to near infra-red range and compared with light absorption in a blood sample. Absorption of various tissue materials showed two strong bands peaking at 430 and 1940 nm with two weak absorption bands at 550 and 1450 nm. Blood shows reduced absorption at all of these wavelengths, but the spectra are strikingly similar to those of solid tissue. Absorption spectra taken from kidney which had been irradiated at 430 nm from a nitrogen laser-pumped tunable dye laser showed a definite decrease in absorption with exposure time at 430 nm with an increase in absorption at 440 nm. This band, the Soret absorption band, is characteristic of deoxygenated haemoglobin. The observed decrease in absorption may be due to photochemical reactions involving these haemoglobin derivatives or due to thermo-mechanical shock effects.
A theory of the Hooge parameters of solid-state devices

Handel's theory of quantum 1/f noise is applied to the Hooge parameters of bipolar transistors and various types of FET's. Very low values for the Hooge parameters α Hn and α Hp for electrons and holes are obtained. For several cases the experimental data seem to agree with the predicted theoretical limit whereas in other cases the mobility 1/f noise is masked by other noise sources. In good GaAs devices the predicted quantum limit for α Hn is reached within a factor 5-10. The theory is also applied to the Hg 1-x Cd x Te materials and devices. Because of the very low effective masses involved, the theory predicts values as high as 2 × 10-4-2 × 10-5, depending on x . What remains presently unexplained are the high values of α H for semiconductor resistors and long p-n diodes.
Structure of a coastal upwelling event observed off Oregon during July 1973

Abstract A few coastal upwelling events occur during summer off the Oregon coast. During one such event in July 1973 the southward wind stress (maximum t′' o ≈ 5dynes cm −2 occured between periods of northward stress. Vertical velocities from hydrographic observations decreased exponentially with distance offshore, producing a zonal scale about 15 km. The time scale for the onset of the mesoscale waas 1 to 3 days. At the surface the wind-generated surface drift was about 50 cm −1 , 45° cum sole to the direction of the wind stress. The wind-drift layer was about 15 m thick and the eddyviscosity coefficient of the turbulent motions within it was about 55 cm 2 s −1 . During the event the Ekman transport computed from wind observations was nearly equal to the measured offshore transport. Several of the observations were compared with recent hypothesis of the dominant processes controlling the dynamics of coastal upwelling.
Wilms' tumor: Changing role of radiation therapy

Wilms' tumor is a highly curable neoplasm. Greater than 90% of all children with this disease can be expected to become long-term survivors. Although radiation therapy (RT) was once the mainstay of nonsurgical treatment, its use has been reduced both in indications and in dosage because of the chemoresponsiveness of the tumor. In the Third National Wilms' Tumor Study (NWTS 3), patients with stage II tumors were shown not to require postoperative RT, and in patients with stage III tumors, 10 Gy was sufficient. In NWTS 5, patients with stage III favorable histology (FH), stage IV FH (with abdominal stage III), and stages II–IV anaplastic and all patients with clear cell sarcoma receive 10 Gy to the abdomen (usually given as 1.8 Gy × 6—total dose 10.8 Gy). Results from the International Society of Paediatric Oncology, in which downstaged patients had a higher incidence of abdominal relapse, and the United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group first Wilms' Tumor Study, in which omission of whole-lung RT led to lowered survival in stage IV patients, suggest caution in further modifications of RT at this time.
Learning About Computers: An Analysis of Information Search and Technology Choice

We estimate a dynamic model of how consumers learn about and choose between different brands of personal computers (PCs). To estimate the model, we use a panel data set that contains the search and purchase behavior of a set of consumers who were in the market for a PC. The data includes the information sources visited each period, search durations, as well as measures of price expectations and stated attitudes toward the alternatives during the search process. Our model extends recent work on estimation of Bayesian learning models of consumer choice behavior in environments characterized by uncertainty by estimating a model of active learning—i.e., a model in which consumers make optimal sequential decisions about how much information to gather prior to making a purchase. Also, following the suggestion of Manski (2003), we use our data on price expectations to model consumers’ price expectation process, and, following the suggestion of McFadden (1989a), we incorporate the stated brand quality information into our likelihood function, rather than modeling only revealed preference data. Our analysis sheds light on how consumer forward-looking price expectations and the process of learning about quality influence the consumer choice process. A key finding is that estimates of dynamic price elasticities of demand exceed estimates that ignore the expectations effect by roughly 50%. This occurs because our estimated expectations formation process implies that consumers expect mean reversion in price changes. This enhances the impact of a temporary price cut. Finally, while our work focuses specifically on the PC market, the modeling approach we develop here may be useful for studying a wide range of high-tech, high-involvement durable goods markets where active learning is important.
Children's spontaneous and imitative speech: an acoustic-phonetic analysis.

The purpose of this study was to compare the voice onset time of voiced and voiceless stop consonants in children's spontaneous and imitative speech. Ten children (2:3 to 3:8) were recorded produci...
Segmental foot mobility in individuals with and without diabetes and neuropathy

Abstract Background Impairment in intrinsic foot mobility has been identified as an important potential contributor to altered foot function in individuals with diabetes mellitus and neuropathy, however the role of limited foot mobility in gait remains poorly understood. The purpose of our study was to examine segmental foot mobility during gait in subjects with and without diabetes and neuropathy. Methods Segmental foot mobility during gait was examined using a multi-segment kinematic foot model in subjects with diabetes (n = 15) and non-diabetic control subjects (n = 15). Findings Subjects with diabetes showed reduced frontal as well as sagittal plane excursion of the calcaneus relative to the tibia. Decreased excursion of the first metatarsal relative to the calcaneus in the frontal as well as transverse plane was noted in subjects with diabetes. Interpretation Our findings agree with traditional understanding of foot mechanics and shed new light on patterns and magnitude of motion during gait. Calcaneal pronation, noted in early stance in both groups, was reduced in subjects with diabetes and may have important consequences on joints proximal as well as distal to it. Subjects with diabetes showed reduced foot ‘splay’ in early stance, indicated by first metatarsal and forefoot eversion. At terminal stance, decreases in calcaneal plantarflexion, first metatarsal and forefoot supination were noted in subjects with diabetes, suggesting that less supination is required in subjects with diabetes to create a rigid lever. In subjects with diabetes, a greater proportion of midfoot stability may be derived from modified/stiffer soft tissue such as the plantar fascia.
Androgens regulate cell growth, lysosomal hydrolases and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase in mouse aorta.

Abstract The aorta in male mice shows higher activities of several lysosomal hydrolases and of cytochrome c oxidase, an inner mitochondrial membrane enzyme, than in female mice. Orchiectomy abolishes this sex difference, whereas testosterone administration induced an accretion of RNA and protein and elevated activities of lysosomal hydrolases and cytochrome c oxidase. However, the outer mitochondrial membrane enzyme monoamine oxidase is unaffected by sex, orchiectomy or testosterone. Thus, androgens regulate cell growth and enzyme associated with lysosomes and the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Oldhamite in processed oil shale

Abstract Oldhamite has been found exclusively in enstatite-rich stony meteorites. Although discovered in 1870, oldhamite has never before been reported in terrestrial rocks. Oldhamite was identified by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis in spent oil shale from total resource energy extraction (TREE) experiments conducted by the Western Research Institute. This is a process in which two fossil fuel resources, coal and oil shale, are subjected to conditions of coprocessing. The experiments were conducted in a low void retort whereby Green River Formation oil shale was injected with simulated underground coal gasification product gases. Because oldhamite is not encountered in terrestrial rocks, it can be speculated that it formed as a result of sulphur present during the thermal processing of a calcium-rich host material under the extreme reducing conditions of the retort.
Allergies, obesity, other risk factors and survival from pancreatic cancer

Survival from pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains extremely poor, approximately 5% at 5 years. Risk factors include smoking, high body mass index (BMI), family history of pancreatic cancer, and long-standing diabetes; in contrast, allergies are associated with reduced risk. Little is known about associations between these factors and survival. We analyzed overall survival in relation to risk factors for 475 incident cases who took part in a hospital based case-control study. Analyses were conducted separately for those who did (160) and did not (315) undergo tumor resection. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to describe survival according to smoking, BMI, family history, diabetes, and presence of allergies. Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for covariates. There was no association with survival based on smoking, family history, or history of diabetes in either group. Among patients with resection, those with allergies showed nonstatistically significant longer survival, a median of 33.1 months (95% CI: 19.0-52.5) vs. 21.8 months (95% CI: 18.0-33.1), p = 0.25. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.43-1.23), p = 0.23. Among patients without resection, those with self-reported allergies survived significantly longer than those without allergies: 13.3 months (95% CI: 10.6-16.9) compared to 10.4 months (95% CI: 8.8-11.0), p = 0.04, with an adjusted HR of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.49-0.95), p = 0.02. Obesity was nonsignificantly associated with poorer survival, particularly in the resected group (HR = 1.62, 95% CI: 0.76-3.44). The mechanisms underlying the association between history of allergies and improved survival are unknown. These novel results need to be confirmed in other studies.
Taurodeoxycholate Modulates Apical Cl−/OH− Exchange Activity in Caco2 Cells

Bile acid malabsorption has been shown to be associated with diarrhea in cases such as ileal resection Crohn’s disease of the ileum, and radiation enteritis. The mechanisms of bile acid-induced diarrhea are not fully understood. Although the induction of colonic chloride secretion in response to bile acids has been extensively investigated, to date the direct effect of bile acids on intestinal chloride absorption has not been well defined. Therefore, the current studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of bile acids on the apical Cl−/OH− exchange process utilizing Caco2 monolayers as an in vitro cellular model. Cl−/OH− exchange activity was measured as DIDS-sensitive pH gradient-driven 36Cl uptake. The results are summarized as follows: (i) short-term exposure (20 min) of Caco2 cells to taurodeoxycholate (TDC; 200 μM) and glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC; 200 μM) acids significantly inhibited apical Cl−/OH− exchange (by ∼60–70%); (ii) the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM blocked the inhibition by TDC; (iii) the reduction in Cl−/OH− exchange by TDC was reversed by the PKC inhibitor, chelerythrine chloride; (iv) functional and inhibitor studies indicated that TDC induced inhibition of Cl−/OH− exchange was mediated via the activation of the PKCβI isoform; (v) the effect of TDC on apical Cl−/OH− exchange was completely blocked by the PI3 kinase inhibitor LY294002 (5 μM); and (vi) the PKA inhibitor, RpcAMP, had no effect on TDC induced inhibition of Cl−/OH− exchange. In conclusion, our studies provide direct evidence for inhibition of human intestinal apical Cl−/OH− exchange activity by bile acids via Ca2+-, PI3 kinase-, and PKCβI-dependent pathways in Caco2 cells.
Review of USASRDL Satellite Propagation Studies

The U. S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory has been engaged in a series of analyses of satellite radio propagation. Some examples of the observations and their interpretation are given. Details have been published elsewhere in individual reports.
Plant uptake of neptunium-237 and technetium-99 under field conditions

Abstract Plant uptake of 99 Tc freshly added to soils was compared with uptake of 99 Tc ‘aged’ in soil for more than a decade. A combination of alkaline soil and freshly added 99 Tc resulted in elevated uptake into radish foliage (plant/soil concentration ratios ranged from 37 to 46). Neptunium-237 was freshly added to all soils. Neptunium uptake via plant roots into foliage was strongly affected by soil pH. Neptunium uptake was greatest from acidic soils. The observed plant/soil concentration ratios for 237 Np under field conditions were approximately 10 −2 from acidic soils (pH 5·6–5·7) and were comparable to field concentration ratios for 239 Pu, that is 10 −3 , from a basic soil (pH 7·5).
Prevalence of early-onset neonatal infection among newborns of mothers with bacterial infection or colonization: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Although neonatal infections cause a significant proportion of deaths in the first week of life, little is known about the burden of neonatal disease originating from maternal infection or colonization globally. This paper describes the prevalence of vertical transmission – the percentage of newborns with neonatal infection among newborns exposed to maternal infection. We searched Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and WHO Regional Databases for studies of maternal infection, vertical transmission, and neonatal infection. Studies that measured prevalence of bacterial vertical transmission were included. Random effects meta-analyses were used to pool data to calculate prevalence estimates of vertical transmission. 122 studies met the inclusion criteria. Only seven studies (5.7%) were from very high neonatal mortality settings. Considerable heterogeneity existed between studies given the various definitions of infection (lab-confirmed, clinical signs), colonization, and risk factors of infection. The prevalence of early onset neonatal lab-confirmed infection among newborns of mothers with lab-confirmed infection was 17.2% (95%CI 6.5-27.9). The prevalence of neonatal lab-confirmed infection among newborns of colonized mothers was 0% (95% CI 0.0-0.0). The prevalence of neonatal surface colonization among newborns of colonized mothers ranged from 30.9-45.5% depending on the organism. The prevalence of neonatal lab-confirmed infection among newborns of mothers with risk factors (premature rupture of membranes, preterm premature rupture of membranes, prolonged rupture of membranes) ranged from 2.9-19.2% depending on the risk factor. The prevalence of early-onset neonatal infection is high among newborns of mothers with infection or risk factors for infection. More high quality studies are needed particularly in high neonatal mortality settings to accurately estimate the prevalence of early-onset infection among newborns at risk.
Modelling ‘melting’ in macromolecules

Abstract The melting behaviour of polymers was modelled using polyethylene parameters. The model was based on the idea of melting followed by recrystallization and remelting, which can lead to multiple melting peaks. Experimental data is qualitatively fit by the model for changes in heating rate and original lamellar thickness. In addition one can use the model to predict less well documented changes in other parameters. For example predicted changes in the themograms with changes in thickness distribution follow the kind of behaviour that one would anticipate. Theoretical melting curves often show exothermic types of responses, however these exotherms are effectively eliminated from the observed thermogram when the theoretical curve is convoluted with an instrumental broadening function.