cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urbanization, personal income, and physical quality of life: The case of Kenya

This paper addresses a variety of methodological, theoretical, and historical problems associated with previous research on urbanization and development in Kenya. The first part of the paper discusses several general theories of Third World urbanization and development. Next, these perspectives are examined within the context of recent historical circumstances in Kenya. The final part of the paper presents an entirely new quantitative study of urbanization and development in Kenya. It improves on earlier research by using (1) data fromall urban regions of the country, (2) a statistical model that testschange over time, and (3) several new variables. Overall, the analysis shows that both the causes and effects of urbanization are more complex than what was indicated in previous studies. The quantitative findings can be explained by reference to various theoretical and historical concerns discussed in the paper.
Transformation-toughening in partially-stabilized zirconia (PSZ)

Abstract The significant fracture toughness of optimally-fabricated partially-stabilized zirconia (PSZ) is due to mechanical energy absorption in the vicinity of the tip of a propagating crack due to stressinduced phase transformations occurring within metastable precipitates. Eshelby's transformed-inclusion analysis has been used to model the transformation toughening: a transformation zone is calculated from an energy balance approach, the size of this zone determining the mechanical energy dissipated during crack propagation. The increase in apparent fracture surface energy predicted by the model is in tolerable agreement with experiment, although the model does not account for multiparticle interactions, interfacial energy changes, and transformation-induced twinning.
Solution of three-dimensional inviscid rotational flows in a curved duct

_ _. . .. . Application of a finite element algorithm for the solution of three-dimensi.onal steady Euler equation is prcsented. This method involves a CIebsch transformation of the velocity vector, where the Euler equations are written in terms of the Clebsch variables. nre solved hy using a relaxation scheme rather than employinp the time-dependent Euler equations. Tn this paper, the Formulation for three-dimenThe convergence characteristics of the so lu t ion schrmr and the nppllcatton o f boundary condl t i o n s arc discussed. for thc curved d u c t experiment of Staiiitz, et al., [I] numerical results are presented demonstrating the accuracy and applicubility of the solution scheme. The resulting equations sionnl steady, Isaencrpetlc flows is presented.
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence 73: acid–base properties, electrochemistry, and electrogenerated chemiluminescence of neutral red in acetonitrile

Abstract We characterized the acid–base properties, electrochemistry, and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of neutral red in acetonitrile (MeCN). To determine the acid–base properties, the basic form (NR) of neutral red was prepared and titrated with anhydrous HClO 4 , yielding p K a = 6.5 in MeCN. NR showed three irreversible electrochemical oxidations and a one-electron reversible reduction. However, the acid form (NRH + ) was reduced at more positive potentials than NR in a two-electron transfer reaction. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) was used as a co-reactant to generate ECL on reduction of NR because it produces a strong oxidizing agent ( C 6 H 5 CO 2 ) on reduction. A high concentration of BPO quenched ECL. NRH + did not produce ECL because its reduction was by the transfer of two electrons and the energy available in the ECL reaction was not sufficient to generate an excited state. However, the NR ECL showed a maximum intensity at 610 nm, which corresponds to the λ max of NRH + fluorescence rather than that of NR. The ECL intensity of NR depended strongly on the concentration of NR, BPO, and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The integrated ECL intensity of NR, compared with that of Ru ( bpy ) 3 2 + , yielded a relative ECL intensity ratio, I NR / I Ru(II) of ∼0.05.
Predictors of chronic pelvic pain in an urban population of women with symptoms and signs of pelvic inflammatory disease

Objective:The objective of this study was to assess the risk profile for chronic pelvic pain (CPP) after pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).Study:Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess risk factors for CPP in a longitudinal study of 780 predominately black, urban women with clinically su
Observations on the treatment of autochthonous tumors in mice with an enterovirus and cyclophosphamide

Significant remissions in autochthonous mammary tumors in A/Strong mice were effected in 45% of treated animals with a vaccine prepared with an enterovirus plus cyclophosphamide. Three methods of vaccine preparation were examined. Only one was effective although all three contained viable viruses. The data are consistent with the interpretation that the effective vaccine stimulated the host reticuloendothelial (RE) system differentially so that partial destruction with cyclophosphamide resulted in the reprograming of the RE system in favor of host control.
Electrically pumped two-dimensional Bragg grating lasers

We demonstrate electrically pumped InGaAsP two-dimensional Bragg grating (2DBG) lasers with two line defects. The 2DBG structure uses a weak 2D index perturbation surface grating to control the optical modes in the plane of the wafer. Measurements of the 2DBG lasers show that modal control in both the longitudinal and transverse directions is due to the gratings and defects. The 2DBG lasers are promising candidates for single-mode, high power, and high efficiency large-area lasers.
Patent foramen ovale associated with carcinoid heart disease

Abstract Two cases of the carcinoid syndrome with valvular disease of the heart showed a reductior in arterial oxygen saturation due to right to left shunt. In one case, necropsy revealed a functionally patent foramen ovale as the cause for the shunt; in the other case a presumptive clinical diagnosis of patent foramen ovale was made. Because the right a trial pressure is elevated by the tricuspid lesion, a right atrial to left atrial pressure gradient develops, which forces open an anatomically patent (but functionally closed) foramen ovale to permit a right to left shunt. During symptom-free periods, pulmonary function in the carcinoid syndrome may be normal or show data consistent with obstructive disease which are ameliorated by bronchodilator therapy.
Articulating the signs of danger: Lay experiences of post-Chernobyl radiation risks and effects

This essay examines lay experiences of radiation—the hazard imperceptible with unaided senses—and how these experiences are shaped. Analysis is conducted on the basis of participant observation and...
INFERENCE ABOUT POPULATION ATTRIBUTABLE RISK FROM CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES

The population attributable risk (PAR) is defined as the fraction of all cases of a disease in a population due to exposure to a given risk factor. The data collected in cross-sectional surveys are used to test a formula of standard error of PAR from which a 95% confidence interval for PAR may be deduced.
Avances en la investigación de inmunoterapias contra las drogas de abuso

Introduction: Immunological therapies, either with vaccines (active immunization) or with antibodies (passive immunization), are being actively investigated in the management of complications of drug abuse. Objetive: To review the current state of research development of immunotherapies against nicotine, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine and phencyclidine (PCP) with an emphasis on the clinical aspects. Method: Review the literature about the topic. Results: So far, immunotherapies evaluated in humans appear to be safe from a medical standpoint and effective. This mechanism prevents the activation of brain reinforcement mechanisms associated with the addictive effects of drugs and, eventually, the extinction of the drug addiction. Conclusion: In theory, vaccines could also be useful in preventing the development of addiction as well as to prevent the relapse of drug use. Currently, vaccines are
A Higher-Order Method for Dynamic Optimization of a Class of Linear Systems

This paper deals with optimization of a class of linear dynamic systems with n states and m control inputs, commanded to move between two fixed states in a prescribed final time. This problem is solved conventionally using Lagrange's multipliers and it is well known that the optimal solution satisfies 2n first-order linear differential equations in the state and Lagrange multiplier variables. In this paper, a new procedure for dynamic optimization is presented that does not use Lagrange multipliers. In this new procedure applied to a class of linear systems with controllability index p = (n/m ), optimal solution satisfies m differential equations of order 2p. The boundary conditions on these m variables are computed in terms of higher derivatives (up to p - 1) at the initial and final time. These higher-order differential equations are solved using classical weighted residual methods, methods relatively unknown to controls community but extremely popular with researchers in mechanics. This new procedure for dynamic optimization, higher order necessary condition solved by weighted residual method, is computationally more efficient compared to other conventional procedures, offering benefits for real-time applications.
Testing single-index restrictions with a focus on average derivatives

Abstract This paper considers a situation where the violation of a single-index restriction is a concern only to the extent that it causes bias to the estimates of the average derivatives. We propose a method to construct tests that concentrate their asymptotic powers upon only such interesting alternatives. The test has a χ 1 2 limiting distribution under the null hypothesis, and even accommodates the case where the parameter estimates have a convergence rate slower than n as in the case of maximum score estimation. The testing procedure can be easily modified when the main interest lies in average increment effects of binary covariates, multivariate average derivatives or linear restrictions other than those of average derivatives. Results from Monte Carlo experiments show that the asymptotic theory is a reasonable approximation of the finite-sample distributions and an application of our methods to female labor market participation illustrates the importance of this non-omnibus approach.
Theoretical X-Ray Transition Energies and Fluorescence Yields for Multiply-Ionized Oxygen

Theoretical x-ray transition energies and multiplet partial fluoresence yields are presented for various oxygen ions with a single K-shell vacancy.
Aspirin can potentiate the temporary hearing loss induced by intense sounds.

Abstract Aspirin is known to produce a reversible loss of hearing that can be as great as 40 dB, depending upon the dose and the individual subject. Here we show that aspirin-induced losses exacerbate the temporary hearing loss induced by exposure to intense sound. Exposures that ordinarily produce about 14 dB of temporary threshold shift (TTS) will produce about 18–27 dB of TTS if the listener has been taking 3.9 g of aspirin for the past two days or more. A lesser dose or a shorter duration of use produces a smaller, or no, increment in temporary hearing loss. This greater TTS, and an apparent prolongation of recovery from exposure, make chronic aspirin use ill-advised for people routinely exposed to intense sounds. Exposure: 2500 Hz, 10 min, varying intensity. TTS frequency: 3550 Hz. Psychophysical method: 2IFC, adaptive.
Performance and kinetics study for low-temperature SCR of NO with NH3 over MnOx–CeO2 catalyst

Abstract A series of manganese–cerium oxide catalysts were prepared by different methods and used for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO x with ammonia in the presence of excess O 2 . The Mn–Ce–O x catalysts showed high activities. The experimental results showed that the best Mn–Ce mixed-oxide catalyst yielded nearly 100% NO conversion at 120 °C at a high space velocity of 42,000 h −1 . As the manganese content was increased from zero to 30% (i.e., the molar ratio of Mn/(Mn+Ce)), NO conversion increased significantly, but decreased at higher manganese contents. The most active catalyst was obtained with a molar Mn/(Mn+Ce) ratio of 0.3. The effect of the calcination temperature was also investigated and the optimum calcination temperature was 650 °C. These catalysts are substantially more active than all other catalysts reported in the literature. SO 2 and H 2 O (at high concentrations) have slight effects on the SCR activity. From a steady-state kinetics study, it was found that the low-temperature SCR reaction was zero order with respect to NH 3 and first order with respect to NO. Compared with the other catalysts reported for low-temperature SCR of NO with ammonia, based on the first-order rate constants, the MnO x –CeO 2 catalyst was several times more active than other catalysts reported in the literature. Only N 2 rather than N 2 O was found in the product when the temperature was below 150 °C. At higher temperatures, trace amounts of N 2 O were detected.
A new approach to some nonlinear fluid dynamics problems

Abstract The fluid equations for two-dimensional electron-ion turbulence in the collision dominated regime are reformulated in terms of potentials. External magnetic and gravitational fields are included as well as electron-ion collisions and collisions with neutrals. The utility of the technique in connection with some ionospheric turbulence problems is briefly discussed.
358 Integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine Into Primary Care Practice

Background: Complimentary and alternative medicine is used by millions of people to supplement Western medicine practices or in some cultures, substitute for Western medicine. It is imperative that pediatric nurses be knowledgeable concerning health beliefs and practices of the populations they serve. The Asian population continues to grow and immigrants often maintain health beliefs and illness management strategies from their culture. Purpose: This poster or presentation will describe a unique educational experience between Yale University and Hong Kong Polytechnic University to offer graduate nursing students a comprehensive didactic course and skills laboratory experience in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Description: The objectives of the course were to have students compare theories of health and well-being, disease and illness, between Chinese and Western societies, identify how TCM is currently integrated into health care in China and develop beginning skills in traditional Chinese assessment and treatment modalities. Students had opportunities to visit diagnostic skills centers, integrative health clinics, and herbal dispensaries in addition to attending daily lectures. Findings: Pictures of the educational program and reflections of the eight APRN students who participated in 2010 will be presented. Students were fascinated by the complexity and relevance of the ancient Chinese philosophy of health and illness and were able to identify ways of integrating this knowledge into practice in the United States. Summary: Traditional Chinese health care practices are commonly used and nursing health care providers must be more sensitive to their use and aware of cultural safety in integration with Western medicine.
Attraction of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, to alanine and its suppression by copper

Preference responses of zebrafish to 10−3, 10−4 and 10−5M alanine (Ala) were concentration- dependent. Behavioural responses to copper (Cu) and Cu + Ala mixtures were also assessed. Zebrafish avoided 100 and 10 μg Cu l−1, but not 1 μg l−1. Mixtures of 10−3 m Ala+ 100 μg Cu l−1 and 10 4 M Ala + 10 μg Cu 1−1 were avoided as intensely as was Cu alone. Responses to 10−3 M Ala + 10 or 1 μg Cu l−1 and 10 4 M Ala +1 μg Cu l−1 did not differ statistically from controls (no detectable preference or avoidance). These results demonstrate, firstly, that a concentration of a pollutant avoided by itself (10 μg Cu l−1) may not be avoided when encountered with an attractant chemical stimulus (Ala) and may suppress the preference for an attractant stimulus, and secondly, that a concentration of a pollutant not avoided by itself and not considered deleterious (1 μg Cu l−1) suppresses attraction to Ala (an important constituent of prey odours for many fishes).
Diazepam, behavior, and aging: increased sensitivity or lower baseline performance?

Cognitive performance, psychomotor skills, and subjective reactions to diazepam and placebo were compared in 12 healthy, well-educated subjects in three age groups: 19–28, 40–45, and 61–73 years old. With only minor exceptions, the changes in performance caused by diazepam and age differences were statistically additive and non-interacting. Diazepam did not act synergistically in older individuals; the decrements in performance were about the same in all age groups. Baseline performance decreased with increasing age; middle-aged subjects performed more like older than younger subjects. A variety of tasks exhibited similar effects of aging and diazepam, i.e., when performance declined with increasing age, it was also reduced by diazepam.
The relationship between perceived and actual physical fitness: a meta-analysis.

The purpose of our study was to meta-analytically estimate the relationship between actual and perceived fitness, and variables that may moderate this relationship (i.e., gender, age, and perceived fitness measure). Computer, hand, and journal literature searches identified 53 potential studies. On review, 28 of these studies met the inclusion criteria of having a perceived and actual (i.e., objective) measure of physical fitness. Using random effects modeling procedures, we found a medium mean effect size of .38 (N = 33 independent effect sizes, p < .001, Fail-Safe N = 4,654). Moderator analyses revealed that younger people had more accurate estimates of their fitness, and standardized perceived fitness measures had significantly larger effect sizes than unstandardized perceived fitness measures. In summary, men and women of all ages accurately perceived their fitness level, with larger effects evidenced for younger people and for studies that used standardized perceived fitness measures. Unfortunately, ...
Nosocomial infections in the ICU: the growing importance of antibiotic-resistant pathogens.

Patients hospitalized in ICUs are 5 to 10 times more likely to acquire nosocomial infections than other hospital patients. The frequency of infections at different anatomic sites and the risk of infection vary by the type of ICU, and the frequency of specific pathogens varies by infection site. Contributing to the seriousness of nosocomial infections, especially in ICUs, is the increasing incidence of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Prevention and control strategies have focused on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacilli, among others. An effective infection control program includes a surveillance system, proper handwashing, appropriate patient isolation, prompt evaluation and intervention when an outbreak occurs, adherence to standard guidelines on disinfection and sterilization, and an occupational health program for health-care providers. Studies have shown that patients infected with resistant strains of bacteria are more likely than control patients to have received prior antimicrobials, and hospital areas that have the highest prevalence of resistance also have the highest rates of antibiotic use. For these reasons, programs to prevent or control the development of resistant organisms often focus on the overuse or inappropriate use of antibiotics, for example, by restriction of widely used broad-spectrum antibiotics (eg, third-generation cephalosporins) and vancomycin. Other approaches are to rotate antibiotics used for empiric therapy and use combinations of drugs from different classes.
Ordering and Disordering Processes in Cu 3 Au. I

Data are reported which describe the isothermal change of Young's modulus with time in a single crystal of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Au following a sudden change in temperature below the critical temperature when a specimen is initially in various states of equilibrium long-range order. The results are compared with a modification of the kinetic theory of ordering and disordering proposed by Rothstein and Dienes. It appears that both processes proceed in two distinct but merging stages, one of which is described well by the theory in each case. The other is plausibly ascribed to the growth and dissolution of isolated clusters of disordered atoms, similar to those deduced by Chipman from x-ray evidence. Phenomena observed in the immediate neighborhood of the critical temperature occur when these clusters are sufficiently large and numerous to be contiguous.
Did the distribution of health insurance in China continue to grow less equitable in the nineties? Results from a longitudinal survey

This paper examines changes in the distribution of health insurance across socioeconomic groups in China over the 1989-1997 period. The analysis is based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), a unique micro-level longitudinal survey of households in eight Chinese provinces. Findings indicate that while aggregate insurance coverage rates in the sample changed little over this period, certain previously noted differences in coverage rates across socioeconomic groups narrowed significantly. These findings bring into question the presumption that continued market-oriented reform would lead to increased differences in coverage across those groups. The results, in fact, suggest exactly the opposite, that as the market oriented changes have occurred important disparities in health insurance coverage have been reduced. If these reductions are occurring there are important implications for policy. The groups normally targeted for equity reasons seem to be making progress over time but continued improvements are needed for these groups to reach the levels of coverage enjoyed by more fortunate subgroups.
Feed Particle Size as a Factor Affecting Performance of Turkey Poults

Abstract Preliminary studies in our laboratory have indicated that the use of pellets or granular type feed in starting poults produced faster growth than mash alone. Under certain conditions there was a tendency toward cannibalism among the poults fed on pellets or granular feed. The purpose of the present study was to investigate various methods of using a pelleted or granular type feed which would promote maximum growth and minimize the danger of cannibalism. METHODS In this study six methods of feeding pellets and granular type feed were compared with mash feeding in starting turkey poults. A standard commercial 24% protein turkey starter formula was used. The methods of feeding are shown in Table I. The birds used were day-old Broad Breasted Bronze poults. Birds were random selected and lotted thirty per lot in replicate pens of fifteen each. For the first three weeks they were brooded in commercial electric battery . . .
Kohlenstoff-Fäden und deren Verwendung in Verbundwerkstoffen†

Kohlenstoffaden stellen eine neuartige Verstarkungskomponente zur Herstellung von hochbelastbaren Verbundwerkstoffen dar. Im Unterschied zu den bekannten Glasfaden besitzen Kohlenstoffaden einen hohen Elastizitatsmodul. Der Einsatz von kohlenstoffadenverstarkten Verbundwerkstoffen (KFK) ist daher dort von Vorteil, wo es auf hohe Steifheit des Werkstoffteiles ankommt. Kohlenstoffaden haben eine Zugfestigkeit von mehr als 200 kp/mm2 und einen E-Modul bis 5 × 104 kp/mm2. Ihre Verarbeitung zu Verbundwerkstoffteilen geschieht in den meisten Fallen nach dem Fadenwickelverfahren. Auch die Herstellung von Verbundwerkstoffen aus Kohlenstoffaden in Faserform ist nach den ublichen Formgebungsverfahren moglich. Es werden Daten uber die Herstellung von Kohlenstoffaden und deren Eigenschaften gegeben sowie die wichtigsten Verarbeitungsverfahren besprochen. Ferner wird ein Bild uber die heutigen Einsatzmoglichkeiten gegeben. Carbon fibres and carbon fibre composite materials. Carbon fibres are a new reinforcement for high performance composite materials. Their most interesting property is the high Young's modulus. The tensile strength of carbon fibres exceeds 200 kp/mm2, the Young's modulus 50,000 kp/mm2. Carbon fibre reinforced plastics are mainly used where high stiffness is needed. In most cases, carbon fibre composite components are manufactured by filament winding burt also by lamination and moulding. Data about the different processes for the production of carbon fibres as well as mechanical properties are given. In addition to the different manufacturing methods of composite materials a survey about the today applications is given.
Systemic lymphangiomatosis: a combined diagnostic approach of lymphangiography and computed tomography

A case of systemic lymphangiomatosis in a child is presented and the literature reviewed. Bipedal lymphangiography confirmed the diagnosis by demonstrating bony accumulation of contrast medium, whereas postlymphangiographic computed tomography gave a more accurate assessment of the full extent of bony and visceral involvement.
Spatial and temporal pyramids for grammatical expression recognition of American sign language

Given that sign language is used as a primary means of communication by as many as two million deaf individuals in the U.S. and as augmentative communication by hearing individuals with a variety of disabilities, the development of robust, real-time sign language recognition technologies would be a major step forward in making computers equally accessible to everyone. However, most research in the field of sign language recognition has focused on the manual component of signs, despite the fact that there is critical grammatical information expressed through facial expressions and head gestures.We propose a novel framework for robust tracking and analysis of facial expression and head gestures, with an application to sign language recognition. We then apply it to recognition with excellent accuracy (≥=95%) of two classes of grammatical expressions, namely wh-questions and negative expressions. Our method is signer-independent and builds on the popular "bag-of-words" model, utilizing spatial pyramids to model facial appearance and temporal pyramids to represent patterns of head pose changes.
Analysis of anomalies in higher space-time dimensions

The anomaly for a dimension $D=2n$ gauge theory is calculated for arbitrary $n\ensuremath{\ge}2$ from the $l$-agon Feynman diagram with $l=(n+1)$. The result is both finite and unique despite the nonrenormalizability of the theory. The contributions of higher polygons to the anomaly are deduced from gauge invariance and Lorentz invariance. The no-anomaly condition in $D=2n$ is the vanishing of a symmetrized trace over $l$ generators written in the fermion representation. It is shown how to compute this trace for totally antisymmetric representations of $\mathrm{SU}(N)$.
Building the new economy: “NewSpace” and state spaceports☆

Abstract This paper analyzes the growth and patterns of development of state spaceports. Five distinct waves of spaceport activity characterize what has occurred since the end of the Cold War. State governments remain interested state spaceports because of their economic potential. The rise of NewSpace perspectives has created new opportunities that were not previously available. Analysis finds that states pursuing this economic development option are likely to confront major difficulties due to changes in technology, markets and the paucity of options. For this reason, the short term perspective is decidedly poor for most stages – only a few will benefit although long term prospects remain optimistic given changes in the economics and technologies encompassed by state spaceports.
Wavelet-based phase classification

Phase analysis has proven to be a useful method of summarizing the time-varying behavior of programs, with uses ranging from reducing simulation time to guiding run-time optimizations. Although phase classification techniques based, on basic block vectors have shown impressive accuracies on SPEC benchmarks, commercial programs remain a significant challenge due to their complex behaviors and multiple threads. Some behaviors, such as L2 cache misses, may have less correlation with the code and therefore are much harder to capture with basic block frequency vectors. Comparing the similarity of two or more intervals requires a good metric, one that is not only fast enough to analyze the full execution of the program, but that is also highly correlated with important performance degrading events (such as L2 misses). We examine the use of many different interval similarity metrics and their uses for program phase analysis across a range of commercial applications and show that there is still significant room for improvement. To address this problem, we introduce a novel wavelet-based phase classification scheme that captures and compares images of memory behavior in two or more dimensions. Over a set of five commercial applications, we show that a wavelet-based scheme can strictly outperform a broad range of prior metrics both in terms of accuracy and overhead.
Grade IV Acromioclavicular Dislocations: Pitfalls in Diagnosis in the Adolescent

A review of the literature shows that posterior dislocation of the distal clavicle or grade IV acromioclavicular dislocation is an uncommon complication of trauma to the shoulder. It is important to make the proper diagnosis, because, in most cases, a surgical reduction is required, in contrast to grade I, II, and III dislocations, which can be adequately treated without surgery in the adult. The diagnosis may not always be evident on physical examination and may be incorrectly diagnosed if only frontal shoulder radiographic examinations are performed. This problem is more complex in the adolescent and child, in whom the criteria used in adults are not applicable because of the nonossified portions of the joints of the shoulder. This case report demonstrates the need to add an axillary view to the traditional shoulder projections to overcome these pitfalls.
Unsteady thermal boundary layer flow of a non-newtonian fluid over a flat plate

Abstract The transient thermal response of a power law type non-Newtonian, laminar boundary layer flow past a flat plate is investigated. Consideration is given to the case of a step change in surface temperature. The transient heat flux and details of the temperature field are obtained and have been illustrated graphically. The range of Prandtl numbers investigated was 5–1000 while the viscosity index was allowed to vary 0.1–5.0.
Long-Term Changes in the Invertebrates Associated with the Litter of Phragmites australis in a Managed Reedbed

Faunal changes within a managed bed of the common reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin.) were monitored by bi-monthly sampling over 6 years. The reedbed was subject to an annual cycle of summer draw-down and winter reflooding. Water level fluctuations annually result in two distinct communities becoming established, a wet (submersion) community composed of aquatic invertebrates and a dry (exposure) community composed of terrestrial and semi-aquatic taxa. The most numerous family found in the sampling programme was the Chironomidae. Reedbeds are ecotonal wetlands with the fauna being opportunistic resulting principally from range extension of communities in the neighbouring aquatic and terrestrial areas of permanence. Colonization from aquatic refugia following flooding is relatively slow. The alternation annually between the submergence and exposure conditions is highly disruptive and results in low species diversity and a reduction in invertebrate numbers. The high degree of inter-annual variability recorded demonstrates the importance of long-term sampling programmes.
Supported planar lipid bilayers (s-BLMs) as electrochemical biosensors

Abstract This paper presents a description of current research on the use of metal and hydrogel supported bilayer lipid membranes (s-BLMs and sb-BLMs) in the area of biosensor development. Simple and straight-forward experimental techniques for making these types of probes are given in some details. Emphasis is placed on the potential applications of these planar lipid bilayer-based probes. Among the topics covered include ion sensors, antigen–antibody interactions via electrical detection, probes for molecular species, supported BLMs doped with fullerenes and photoelectric effects in C 60 -containing BLMs.
Protein binding, nuclear translocation and biliary secretion of metabolites of 3'-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene during hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.

1. The hepatic content, biliary excretion, cytosolic protein binding and nuclear translocation of metabolites of i.v. administered 14C-3'-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene (3'-methyl-DAB) were investigated in rats at various stages of 2-acetamidofluorene (AAF)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. 2. At nodular and post-nodular stages biliary excretion of radioactive metabolites was decreased, although hepatic content of radioactivity was similar to controls not dosed with AAF. The secretion in bile of a major azo dye binding protein was also decreased at these stages. 3. Binding of dye metabolites to cytosolic proteins was decreased by 40% at nodular and post-nodular stages compared to controls. 4. Translocation in vitro of dye metabolites from cytosol to nucleus at nodular and post-nodular stages was 40% less than that of controls. Since specific soluble proteins control translocation from cytosol into the nucleus (and bile), this decreased binding of metabolites may explain the diminished translocation of carcinogen metabolites into the nucleus.
Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 22-Hydroxyacuminatine

A total synthesis of 22-hydroxyacuminatine, a cytotoxic alkaloid isolated from Camptotheca acuminata, is reported. The key step in the synthesis involves the reaction of 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]quinoline with a brominated phthalide to generate a substituted pentacyclic 12H-5,11a-diazadibenzo[b,h]fluoren-11-one intermediate. Despite its structural resemblance to camptothecin and luotonin A, a biological evaluation of 22-hydroxyacuminatine in a topoisomerase I-deficient cell line P388/CPT45 has confirmed that the observed cytotoxicity is not due to topoisomerase I inhibition, even though 22-hydroxyacuminatine has a hydroxyl group that can theoretically hydrogen bond to Asp533. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that π−π stacking is more important than hydrogen-bonding interactions in determining topoisomerase I inhibitor binding in the ternary cleavage complex.
IS30 activation of an smp'-lacZ gene fusion in Escherichia coli.

The Escherichia coli serB gene is divergently transcribed from the gene. Six indenpendently isolated IS30 insertions within the 5′ end of the serB strucutral gene resulted in increased expression of an smp'-lacZ gene fusion. DNA sequence analysis of two of the insertions suggests that a promoter was created upon IS30 insertion.
A new configuration for a dipole magnet for use in high energy physics applications

Abstract The magnetic field configuration obtained when an ordinary circular solenoid is skewed looks very promising for use as a dipole magnet. The field inside is uniform and ∫ B d l including end effect is independent of position across the magnet.
Altered Endothelin Receptor Binding in Response to Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition in the Pregnant Rat

The authors evaluate the expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and its receptors in the uterus and placenta during maternal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition. Timed-pregnant rats received L-NAME (2.5 mg/kg/h) or saline from day 14 to 21 of gestation. Uterine and placental tissues collected on day 21 were assayed for preproET-1, ETA, and ETB mRNA expression; localization and expression of ET-1 and receptor proteins; and receptor activity. NOS inhibition did not affect preproET-1 mRNA expression in the placenta or uterus. ETA expression decreased in the uterine free wall, but no other changes in receptor mRNA expression were observed in the uterus or placenta. ET-1 and receptor proteins were unchanged. Placental ETA and ETB receptor binding decreased. Uterine ETA receptor binding decreased in the placental bed. ET-1, a prominent mediator during NOS inhibition, is not of uterine or placental origin. Reduced receptor binding activity is the primary means by which these tissues regulate their response to ET-1 in the setting of NOS inhibition.
Identification of human cell responses to hexavalent chromium

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a recognized environmental toxin with ubiquitous distribution in industrialized societies. Its concentration in ambient air derives from several sources including but not limited to chemical processes, the burning of fossil fuels and the production of cement. It is a food contaminant because of its deposition into bodies of water. The majority of published studies on the effects of Cr(VI) concern animal models and these studies have shown that it can induce a variety of cytotoxic and genotoxic reactions that affect the immune system. In order to identify the specific cellular impact of Cr(VI) on humans, we studied its effect on protein production and gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from both men and women of each major ethnic group including Caucasians, Hispanics, Asians and African-Americans. High-throughput protein profiling using bead-based protein arrays showed a concentration-dependent biphasic effect of Cr(VI) on the expression of many cytokines and chemokines by activated PBMC. High-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis identified several functional families of genes including those involved in immune response, intracellular signaling, cell cycle, apoptosis, RNA transport and binding, organelle organization and biogenesis that were strongly affected by Cr(VI). Cr(VI) suppressed many cellular receptor genes involved in immune response and activated many cell cycle-related and proapoptotic genes. These results defined responses that were unique to Cr(VI). This methodology defined an effective manner for identifying injurious/toxic human exposures to Cr(VI) at the cellular level that may facilitate the identification and monitoring of efficacious treatments for Cr(VI)-related maladies. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Laser fluorescence spectroscopy of sputtered uranium atoms

Abstract Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy was used to study the sputtering of 99.8% 238 U metal foil when bombarded by normally incident 500–3000 eV Ne + , Ar + , Kr + and O 2 + . A three-level atom model of the LIF processes is developed to interpret the observed fluorescent emission from the sputtered species. The model shows that close attention must be paid to the conditions under which the experiment is carried out as well as to details of the collision cascade theory of sputtering. Rigorous analysis shows that when properly applied, LIF can be used to investigate the predictions of sputtering theory as regards energy distributions of sputtered particles and for the determination of sputtering yields. The possibility that thermal emission may occur during sputtering can also be tested using the proposed model. It is shown that the velocity distribution (either the number density or flux density distribution, depending upon the experimental conditions) of the sputtered particles can be determined using the LIF technique and that this information can be used to obtain a description of the basis sputtering mechanisms. These matters are discussed using the U-atom fluorescence measurements as a basis. Both the v -parallel (the exciting laser beam is parallel to target surface) and the v -perpendicular (the laser beam is perpendicular to the target surface) number density velocity distributions were measured using the LIF Doppler shifted absorption frequencies of the sputtered ground state U(1) atoms. The results are compared with the collision cascade sputtering theory using the LIF model presented here. The relative sputtering yields for various incident ions on uranium were also measured for the first time using the LIF technique. A surprisingly high fraction of the sputtered uranium atoms were found to occupy the low lying metastable energy levels of U(I). The population of the sputtered metastable atoms were found approximately to obey a Boltzmann distribution with an effective temperature of (920 ± 100) K.
Inland and marginal seas

Abstract The inland and marginal seas pose some of the most provocative questions of geodynamics. For example in most paleoplate reconstructions of pre-drift geology, the Caribbean plates are not only left out but there appears to be overlap of the major adjacent continental plates as well. Some of the Caribbean plates include a granitic layer, yet only basalt was dredged from apparent crustal exposures of the same plate on the Beata ridge. The Caribbean appears to have been born in the Mesozoic by a process which may have been similar to that which produces the basaltic crust of the Mid-Oceanic Ridge and flanking oceanic basins. The process appears to have been able in this area to produce or implace granitic layers in oceanic crust. The alpine system plunges beneath the eastern Mediterranean in the form of the Mediterranean ridge. There, deformation continues up to and including the Quaternary deposits. The eastern Mediterranean appears to be closing and is probably in the early stages of a new orogeny. Yet the adjacent Tyrrhenian Sea appears to be a slightly extended and collapsed Hercynian Massif which sank to the abyss in Neogene times and is still sinking. In the Philippine Sea, drilling recovered what appears to be basaltic crust of Paleogene age behind the Mariana arc and this suggests yet another variation of the mode of oceanic crustal genesis.
Reproductive Abscission and Yield Response of Soybean to Root and Canopy Competition

Interplant competition has been shown to influence plant architecture and seed yield. However, the influence of individual root or canopy competition on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield has not been identified. Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of root and canopy competition on abscission of reproductive structures and seed yield of the soybean cultivar Forrest. Plots were established on a Captina silt loam (fine-silty mixed mesic Typic Fragiudults). Treatments were (i) no competition (ii) root competition only (iii) canopy competition only and (iv) both root and canopy (combined) competition. There was no difference among no, root, and canopy competition in the total number of reproductive structures produced and retained in 1985 []
Class provisioning using proportional delay differentiation

We consider the problem of link provisioning in a differentiated services network that offers N classes of service. At the provisioning phase, the network manager configures the link to support the requirements of M distinct traffic types. Each traffic type is specified by an expected arrival rate and an average delay requirement. The objective of the provisioning phase is to jointly determine: the minimum link capacity needed to support the M given traffic types, the nominal class of service for each traffic type, and the appropriate resource allocation between classes. We propose such a class provisioning methodology. Our methodology is based on Proportional Delay Differentiation (PDD) scheduling. The major advantage of PDD scheduling is that it avoids the computation of an explicit bandwidth share for each class. Instead, PDD scheduling determines the order of packet transmissions in order to meet the N-1 ratios of the N target class delays. Having fixed the delay ratios with PDD, we then set the N class delays to their target values adjusting a single knob, which is the link capacity. The methodology is illustrated with examples.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Divergence in intracellular signaling between interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 in human cells localizes to monomeric/dimeric expression of a transcription factor, the lupus autoantigen 70/80, induced by both cytokines.

Lipoxygenases are lipid-peroxidating enzymes that are implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory disorders, membrane remodeling and atheroma formation. Formation of 15-(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [15-(S)-HETE] and lipoxin (LX) A4 in human leukocytes, mediated by15-LOdependent catalysis of arachidonic acid, likely represents a component of endogenous pro-and anti-inflammatory influences that ultimately regulate the extent and severity of inflammatory reactions.
The Brachial Artery Remodels to Maintain Local Shear Stress Despite the Presence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Objective— Under physiological conditions, arteries remodel in response to changes in blood flow to maintain local shear stress. Risk factors and developing atherosclerosis may be associated with maladaptive remodeling that produces relatively large arteries with low levels of shear stress. Recent studies have shown that the brachial artery and other peripheral arteries are enlarged in patients with risk factors and cardiovascular disease, and we tested the hypothesis that this finding represents maladaptive remodeling. Methods and Results— We measured brachial artery diameter and flow by ultrasound and calculated shear stress in a diverse cohort of 1583 subjects (age 53±17 years, 62% male, and 51% with coronary artery disease and/or peripheral arterial disease). In a stepwise linear regression model, age ( P P P P =0.005), and hypercholesterolemia ( P =0.02) were associated with larger brachial diameter. Older age was associated with lower shear stress ( P Conclusions— These findings suggest that enlargement of the brachial artery in the setting of obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerosis reflects adaptive remodeling. The results provide further support for the concept that arterial remodeling is an important homeostatic response that is maintained despite the presence of risk factors and developing atherosclerosis.
A Numerical Method for Optimizing Laser Power in the Irradiation of a 3-D Triple-Layered Cylindrical Skin Structure

It is of interest to research hyperthermia combined with radiation and cytotoxic drugs to enhance the killing of tumors. The crucial problem is to keep surrounding normal tissue below a temperature that will produce harm when heating the tumor tissue. In this study, we develop a numerical model for optimizing laser power in the irradiation of a 3-D triple-layered cylindrical skin structure. The method determines the required laser intensity in order to obtain prespecified temperatures at given locations on the skin surface after a prespecified laser exposure time.
The economic implications of employment rights and practices in the United States

Abstract This paper surveys the major legislated rights of United States workers and provides a framework for comparative research on worker rights. Within seven broad categories the current and evolving status of employment rights and practices is described, along with representative empirical research on the economic effects. While neoclassical economics has a presumption against inalienable worker rights, several cases in which rights may be welfare-enhancing are discussed, with emphasis on potential adverse selection problems in several current policy topics.
Aftercare in Drug Abuse Treatment

Preventing relapse among treated drug abusers is the primary goal of aftercare. This paper identifies posttreatment factors associated with relapse and links these findings to known aftercare approaches. The literature on the effectiveness of these approaches is summarized and limitations in this literature are noted. Promising directions for policy, program development, and research (R&D) in aftercare are described.