cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early growth responsive gene (Egr)-1 expression correlates with cardiac allograft rejection.

Background. Early growth response factor (Egr)-1 is a transcription factor induced by inflammatory cytokines that regulates the expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, other genes pertinent to inflammatory, and proliferative pathologies. Its expression in allografted tissue and role in the pathogenesis of graft rejection has not been explored. The goal of this work is to determine whether Egr- 1 expression could be used as a surrogate marker of cardiac allograft rejection. Methods. Egr-1 protein expression was analyzed in endomyocardial biopsies of different rejection grades by immunohistochemistry. Egr- mRNA expression was analyzed in 106 biopsies from 11 transplant patients by semiquantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Egr-1 was also analyzed in coronary arteries from patients with coronary artery vasculopathy (CAV) by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results. No expression of Egr-1 protein was observed in grade 0 biopsies by immunohistochemistry. Strong nuclear Egr- I was noted in leukocytes and cardiac myocytes in grade 3 biopsies. A clear pattern emerged where 20% (6/30), 34% (20/58), 22% (2/9), and 89%(8/9) of International Society For Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 0, 1, 2, and 3 biopsies were positive for Egr-1 mRNA. There was a significant (P<0.005) relationship between Egr-1 mRNA expression and rejection grade in endomyocardial biopsies. The calculated odds ratio indicates that a biopsy has a 2.18% greater probability of Egr-1 expression per increasing grade of rejection. Egr-1 was also up-regulated in vascular cells in coronary arteries from patients with CAV. Conclusions. In consideration of its role as a transcription factor for genes involved in pathologic processes, Egr-1 expression in endomyocardial biopsies may act as a surrogate marker of cardiac allograft rejection.
Expert system for claim management in construction projects

Abstract Construction owners and contractors involved in contract claims and disputes have been exploring and actively using alternate dispute resolution methods in the last ten to fifteen years. They have been experimenting with methods that are faster, more economical, impartial, convenient, and private. The development of arbitration, followed later by mediation and the most recent yet untested method of ‘turbo-mediation’ is a clear indication of this desire. As a response to this need, this paper explores the possibility of developing a knowledge-based expert system for claim management. It proposes to use forensic scheduling concepts in developing an expert system that can prevent and resolve time-related construction disputes. A theoretical framework for the development of such an expert system is presented. Developments in artificial intelligence and computer hardware are considered to be significant enough to make the development of such an expert system a feasible alternative to existing methods.
Altered activities of branchial and renal Na/K- and Mg-ATPases in cold-acclimated goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Abstract 1. 1. Cold-acclimated (1°C) goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) branchial Na/K-ATPase activity was elevated 100% while renal Na/K-ATPase activity was not significantly affected compared with warm-acclimated (20°C) goldfish. 2. 2. Cold-acclimated goldfish branchial and renal Mg-ATPase activity was reduced 18 and 30% on a per mg protein basis, respectively. 3. 3. Renal Na/K-ATPase activity was 4.6- and 1.6-fold greater than gill in cold- and warm-acclimated fish, respectively. 4. 4. The elevated branchial Na/K-ATPase activity and the unchanged renal Na/K ATPase activity are consistent with the maintenance of the reduced blood ion level in cold-acclimated goldfish.
Stimulation of intestinal secretion in vitro by culture filtrates of Escherichia coli.

Cell-free supernatant fluid from cultures of a strain of Escherichia coli isolated from a patient with cholera-like diarrhea was tested in the intestine of rabbits. When ileal loops were exposed to supernates from E. coli cultures for 1 hr and then placed in a flux chamber, normal absorption of sodium was inhibited and secretion of chloride ion appeared as a new process. These changes were the same as those seen after exposure to cholera enterotoxin. It is known that the changes in ion flux caused by these toxins are identical with those produced by agents that increase intestinal levels of adenosine-3':5' -monophosphate (cAMP). Cholera toxin stimulates production of adenyl cyclase and raises levels of cAMP. It is speculated that enterotoxin of E. coli acts by a similar mechanism.
Optical-resolution photoacoustic endomicroscopy in vivo

Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has become a major experimental tool of photoacoustic tomography, with unique imaging capabilities for various biological applications. However, conventional imaging systems are all table-top embodiments, which preclude their use in internal organs. In this study, by applying the OR-PAM concept to our recently developed endoscopic technique, called photoacoustic endoscopy (PAE), we created an optical-resolution photoacoustic endomicroscopy (OR-PAEM) system, which enables internal organ imaging with a much finer resolution than conventional acoustic-resolution PAE systems. OR-PAEM has potential preclinical and clinical applications using either endogenous or exogenous contrast agents.
Amphiphilic light-emitting dendrons with oligo(phenylene vinylene) branches and oligo(ethylene oxide) terminal chains

Abstract We have recently synthesized new amphiphilic light-emitting dendrons with oligo(phenylene vinylene) core–branches and oligo(ethylene oxide) terminal chains (designated as: OPPV-d-OPEO). Due to the amphiphilic properties arising from the large difference in solubility between the two components, unique concentration- and temperature-dependent photoluminescence emissions were observed for aqueous solutions of the amphiphilic conjugated dendrons. The synthesis and amphiphilic behaviour of the OPPV-d-OPEO in solution are reported in this paper. Effects of the amphiphilic behavior on fluorescence emissions of the dendrons are discussed.
The redundancy of ribosomal and transfer RNA genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract DNA-RNA hybridization studies have been performed to determine the number of 4, 18 and 26 s RNA cistrons present in purified nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . It is found that 0.8% of the nuclear DNA hybridizes with 18 s RNA and 1.6% with 26 s RNA. Between 0.064 and 0.08% of the nuclear DNA is complementary to transfer RNA. No hybridization is observed between mitochondrial DNA and the three classes of cytoplasmic RNA. Assuming a genome size of yeast nuclear DNA of 1.25 × 10 10 daltons, the hybridization data correspond to 140 cistrons for ribosomal RNA and to 320 to 400 cistrons for transfer RNA. With the possible exception of a minor homology between 18 and 26 s ribosomal RNA, the competition experiments indicate that there are separate cistrons for all three classes of RNA. The significance of these findings to the continuous synthesis of ribosomal RNA during the cell cycle of yeast is discussed.
Stentless Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve Replacement After a Homograft Root Replacement: Toronto SPV Implantation After a Homograft Root

Stentless bioprosthetic valves for the aortic position offer excellent hemodynamic characteristics, making them an attractive choice ahead of other valve prostheses. We present a unique case in which a patient underwent aortic valve replacement with a stentless porcine valve and mitral valve repair for severe aortic and mitral regurgitation 1 year after a homograft root replacement for acute aortic endocarditis. The rationale for our approach is outlined in the context of current surgical trends.
Plated Wire Content-Addressable Memories with Bit-Steering Technique

This report describes a new concept of content-addressable memory (CAM) implemented with plated wires and the bit-steering technique. The 5-mil plated wires are insulated with a thin (0.2 to 0.3 mil) coat of polyurethane, and imbedded in a copper plane. A memory array is formed by means of a simple orthogonal arrangement of plated wires and an overlay of copper straps. Because of the low loop impedance (2 to 5 ohms depending on the design but uniform to within ± 5 percent for a given design) formed between an insulated plated wire and the copper plane, a loop current of the order of 30 mA can be generated by pulsing a pair of straps. This current is used to transfer information from one bit position to another bit along the same plated wire. Consequently, logic manipulations can be performed within the memory array. The resolve operation is executed in the array where a binary address tree is stored. The addresses of matched words are obtained via the sieving action of the tree. With a complementary address tree added to this resolve area, the addressed READ/WRITE operations are executed by first searching for the given address and then READ/WRITE on the matched word. The search cycle time of a CAM of 4096 words, 40 bits per word, is estimated to be about 1 to 2 ?s, based upon experimental results. The resolve time is about 1.5 ?s for any one of the 4096 addresses.
The oxidation of C14-labeled glucose and lactate by the rabbit cornea.

Abstract The glucose oxidation of whole cornea was studied, using C 14 -labeled glucose and lactate. In addition, the effects of large metabolic pools on the radiochemical yield were observed. The results indicate that the citric acid cycle is active and confirm the importance of the shunt pathway. Denuded cornea retains one-third of its ability to oxidize lactate but loses 90 % of its capacity to oxidize glucose. Evidence is presented which indicates that the cornea may metabolize both glucose and lactate simultaneously.
Getting to know the criminal class in nineteenth century England

(1990). Getting to know the criminal class in nineteenth century England. Nineteenth-Century Contexts: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 33-54.
HEAVY CHAIN DISEASES

The recent elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins, and the more precise immunologic and chemical characterization of the proteins produced by patients with proliferative disorders of plasma cells and lymphocytes have led to a clearer understanding of the biosynthetic alterations accompanying them. Consequently, these disorders are now frequently classified on the basis of the products of the neoplastic cells. Thus, multiple myeloma is now defined by the type of proteins produced (G,A,D and E myeloma), and the biosynthetic processes in myeloma and macroglobulinemia are described either as balanced synthesis of heavy (H) and light (L) chains resulting in only a . . .
Emerging standards at ∼10 Gbps for wireline communications and associated integrated circuit design and validation

We first review the signaling and jitter requirements for emerging high-speed wireline communication standards at ∼10 Gbps, including CEI 11G, XLAUI/CAUI, XFI, and SFP+. We then present an FPGA transceiver architecture and subsystem/circuit blocks for clocking and timing generation, transmitter buffer, and receiver CDR and DFE, all designed and manufactured with 40-nm process node. Lastly, we present the signal/jitter transmitter output and receiver-tolerance measurement results at 10.3125 Gbps, with an ultra-low random jitter at ∼550 fs.
Modeling of Nanoscale Morphology of Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene) on a ZnO (101̅0) Surface

We report detailed ab initio calculations of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) on top of a ZnO (1010) surface. We studied different absorption sites and orientations. We found that the P3HT chain prefers to lay along the dimer row direction of the ZnO surface. We also found strong coupling between the P3HT molecule and the ZnO substrate in the conduction band states, while minimum coupling in the valence band states.
Secretory diarrhea following a dog bite

Overwhelming sepsis is rarely complicated by secretory diarrhea. We present a case of fulminant sepsis associated with dermatologic manifestations, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and a severe secretory diarrhea that has not previously been described. This followed a dog bite, and the patient was otherwise healthy. The combination of septic shock, skin lesions, and DIC occurring after a dog bite has been attributed to dysgonic fermentor 2 organisms, now calledCapnocytophaga canimorsus, but none were cultured in this case (7). Dysgonic fermentor-2 may be a new cause of secretory diarrhea and should be considered in the differential
Entanglement measures and quantum channels

Like the coherent information, the entanglement of formation may be used as a measure of the quantum information sent over a channel. These measures are related, and share the property of giving necessary and sufficient conditions for perfect quantum error correction.
Laser channels after percutaneous transmyocardial revascularization

A62-year-old Brazilian white woman with a history of diabetes mellitus had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting to the left anterior descending coronary artery and right coronary artery in 1991. Four years later, she developed recurrent symptoms of angina; angiography revealed occlusion of both saphenous vein grafts. Her native circumflex system remained patent, but her native left anterior descending and …
A Purkinje cell specific GoLoco domain protein, L7/Pcp-2, modulates receptor-mediated inhibition of Cav2.1 Ca2+ channels in a dose-dependent manner.

Abstract L7/Pcp-2 is a GoLoco domain protein encoded by a Purkinje cell dendritic mRNA. Although biochemical interactions of GoLoco proteins with Gα o and Gα i are well documented, little is known about effector function modulation resulting from these interactions. The P-type Ca 2+ channels might be physiological effectors of L7 because (1) they are the major voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channels (VDCC) that modulate Purkinje cell output and (2) they are regulated by G i/o proteins. As a first step towards validating this hypothesis and to further understand the possible physiological effect of L7 protein and its two isoforms, we have coexpressed Ca v 2.1 channels and κ-opioid receptors (KORs) with varying amounts of L7A or L7B in Xenopus oocytes and measured ionic currents by two-electrode voltage clamping. Without receptor activation L7 did not alter the Ca 2+ channel activity. With tonic and weak activation of the receptors, however, the Ca 2+ channels were inhibited by 40–50%. This inhibition was enhanced by low, but dampened by high, expression levels of L7A and L7B and differences were observed between the two isoforms. The enhancing effect of L7 was occluded by overexpression of Gβγ, whereas the disinhibition was antagonized by overexpression of Gα o . We propose that L7 differentially affects the Gα and Gβγ arms of receptor-induced G i/o signaling in a concentration-dependent manner, through which it increases the dynamic range of regulation of P/Q-type Ca 2+ channels by G i/o protein-coupled receptors. This provides a framework for designing further experiments to determine how dendritic local fluctuations in L7 protein levels might influence signal processing in Purkinje cells.
Biological agent sensing integrated circuit (BASIC): A new CMOS magnetic biosensor system

In this paper, the design of a biological sensor is proposed in order to rapidly test for the presence of potential pathologic and bioterrorism agents (zoonotic microorganisms) both in specimens as well as in the environment. The sensor uses an electromagnetic detection mechanism to measure changes in the number of magnetically tagged microorganisms which are placed at the surface of an integrated circuit (IC) chip. Measured magnetic effects are transformed into electronic signals used to count the number and type of organisms present. The whole system is integrated on single chip, which makes the sensor small-sized, portable, high speed, and low cost. This novel design of the sensor head achieves ultra-sensitivity with simulation results indicating a preliminary maximum error of 2.6%. Design refinements promise to reduce this error even further.
Catching the wave

The author describes his career from leaving the Israeli Army in the summer of 1950 to date. He describes his work in optics during this time. He expresses his surprise by the wonderful and exciting opportunities afforded to him by the study of waves. Particularly exciting he feels was, and still is, the opportunity to surf these waves together with the very talented graduate students at the unique setting and ambience of his (scientific) home for 36 years - Caltech.
Modelling car drivers as believable autonomous agents for a traffic control training game

In the context of a training game for road traffic controllers, we discuss issues related to representing and implementing car drivers and their interaction with the driving environment to achieve behavior that fits the definition of believable agents. Drivers are implemented as autonomous agents with a set of individualized characteristics describing “driver personality” that affect their reaction time, tendencies for speeding, etc. Such autonomous agents interact with other cars, obstacles, traffic signals and traffic controllers — who can change traffic patterns — and serve to support simple and believable game simulation and allow instructors to create interesting and representative training units.
Finite-precision analysis of a covariance algorithm for least squares FIR filtering and AR modeling

A numerically stable, fast, order-recursive algorithm for solving the covariance problem in signal modeling is described. The propagation of finite arithmetic errors as well as data acquisition errors is studied in detail. First, linearization of the main algorithmic recursions is carried out. Then, a suitable transformation converts the resulting state equations of the accumulated errors into their residual form. Subsequently, bounds for the residuals are computed. The derivation of these bounds depends heavily on the Levinson type structure of the algorithm and the low displacement rank of the problem. The main result is that the algorithm is weakly numerically stable. The proposed order-recursive algorithm is subsequently utilized as a block adaptive method. Its performance is also demonstrated by long run simulations. >
Metastatic tumor cells adhere preferentially to the extracellular matrix underlying vascular endothelial cells

Two metastatic cell lines, mouse B16-Fl melanoma and human Hs939 melanoma, were examined for their abilities to adhere to confluent vascular endothelial cell monolayers and to the underlying endothelial extracellular matrix. Tumor cells attached slowly to the endothelial cell monolayers while they adhered rapidly to isolated extracellular matrix. When analyzed by poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulfate solutions, the extracellular matrix was shown to be primarily composed of a protein of identical migration and molecular weight to fibronectin. Tumor-cell adhesion to fibronectin-coated polyvinyl surfaces mimicked the rapid rate of attachment of tumor cells to extracellular matrix, and tumor cells adherent to either extracellular matrix or fibronectin-coated polyvinyl dishes adopted an unusual, highly spread and flattened morphology with numerous small projections. These results suggest that fibronectin associated with the endothelial basement membrane may be, in part, responsible for establishing an adhesive gradient that could be important in malignant cell extravasation.
Crime and Race: A Plea for New Ideas

A review of the economics of crime literature provides an unsatisfactory explanation of the higher crime rates among African Americans compared to crime rates for whites in the US. This address challenges economists, particularly African American economists, to come up with new and credible ideas to explain the observed crime differential that could influence policies to decrease crime in the African American community.
Connectedness percolation in monodisperse rod systems: clustering effects

A model is presented that examines the impact of local clustering upon the percolation behaviour of interpenetrable rod-like particles. The percolation threshold, as well as percolation and backbone probabilities, are evaluated as functions of the particle aspect ratio and degree of clustering by way of an analogy to a lattice site percolation problem. The formation of local, physically connected cliques of particles is shown to raise the percolation threshold whilst reducing the percolation and backbone fractions for a fixed volume fraction of particles.
The effect of anti-hypertensive drug treatment on brown adipocyte diameter and locule distribution in rats

Abstract 1. To determine the effects of sympathoplegic anti-hypertensive drug treatment on brown adipose tissue morphology, groups of adult male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneous hypertensive (SHR) rats were orally administered a solution containing 2.3 μM reserpine, 0.5 M hydralazine and 1.68 mM hydrochlorothiazide ad libitum or tap water and brown adipocyte diameter and extent of fat loculization were determined 3 weeks later. 2. Pulse rates of rats were significantly greater in SHR than WKY and were unaffected by treatment, while drug treatment resulted in significant decreases in mean arterial pressure of both groups at the end of the study. 3. Mean adipocyte diameters were smaller in untreated SHR than WKY and drug treatment of both groups was associated with increases in adipocyte diameter and cytological change from physiologically more active to less active cells. 4. These drug-induced alterations in BAT morphology area consistent with decreased sympathetic activity and suggest that thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue may be pharmacologically modified, thereby altering an animal's capacity for energy expenditure.
Agricultural growth and "trickle-down" reconsidered: evidence from rural India.

This paper analyses the legacy of the ‘green revolution’ in rural India, going beyond the economic sphere to take into account the comprehensive impact of State-guided development strategies on the lives of ordinary people. Based on information collected during fieldwork in North India, it aims to provide a more finely differentiated picture ofthe nature andramifications of the ‘green revolution’ in the countryside, as well as giving making suggestions for future policy reform. The first section situates the ‘green revolution’ strategy in the broader politicaleconomic context. The second (and more detailed) part addresses some of the contradictionsthe gap between increases in production and growing landlessness and rural poverty- with illustrations from a village case-study.
THE SHORTEST POSSIBLE LENGTH OF THE LONGEST IMPLICATIONAL AXIOM

A four-valued matrix is presented which validates all theorems of the implicational fragment, IF, of the classical sentential calculus in which at most two distinct sentence letters occur. The Wajsberg/Diamond-McKinsley Theorem for IF follows as a corollary: every complete set of axioms (with substitution and detachment as rules) must include at least one containing occurrences of three or more distinct sentence letters.
Comparison of Vacuum Chamber Tested Biporous Wicks With Thermal Ground Plane Testing

Investigation of bi-porous wicks has yielded an effective method for increasing surface heat transfer when the heat flux is high. It was further found that addition of a mono-porous layer on the heated surface significantly reduced the heated wall surface temperature. These bi-layer wicks were designed for use in 3″ ×5″ heat spreading devices called Thermal Ground Planes (TGP) in order to transfer heat from a 1 cm2 source. In this work we will investigate the performance of a biporous wick with a monoporous layer in various test set-ups to show the versatility of this heat pipe-substrate. Tests were performed at UCLA and at Advanced Cooling Technologies (ACT) to investigate the wick. Experiments at UCLA were conducted in a vacuum chamber setup to isolate the performance of the wick whereas at ACT the wick lined the evaporator side of a TGP. In order to more closely simulate the operating conditions in a TGP and characterize the vapor spacing parameter, some tests at UCLA were performed with a restrictor plate above the wick similar to the space above the wick in the TGP. The data collected using both these experiments showed similar trends of performance as a function of the spacing above the wick. The motivation of this paper is then to validate that the two testing methods provide similar results while independently addressing different parameters.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Prediction models for multi-dimensional power-performance optimization on many cores

Power has become a primary concern for HPC systems. Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) and dynamic concurrency throttling (DCT) are two software tools (or knobs) for reducing the dynamic power consumption of HPC systems. To date, few works have considered the synergistic integration of DVFS and DCT in performance-constrained systems, and, to the best of our knowledge, no prior research has developed application-aware simultaneous DVFS and DCT controllers in real systems and parallel programming frameworks. We present a multi-dimensional, online performance predictor, which we deploy to address the problem of simultaneous runtime optimization of DVFS and DCT on multi-core systems. We present results from an implementation of the predictor in a runtime library linked to the Intel OpenMP environment and running on an actual dual-processor quad-core system. We show that our predictor derives near-optimal settings of the power-aware program adaptation knobs that we consider. Our overall framework achieves significant reductions in energy (19% mean) and ED2 (40% mean), through simultaneous power savings (6% mean) and performance improvements (14% mean). We also find that our framework outperforms earlier solutions that adapt only DVFS or DCT, as well as one that sequentially applies DCT then DVFS. Further, our results indicate that prediction-based schemes for runtime adaptation compare favorably and typically improve upon heuristic search-based approaches in both performance and energy savings.
A BASIS FOR ALLOREACTIVITY : MHC HELICAL RESIDUES BROADEN PEPTIDE RECOGNITION BY THE TCR

Abstract The high frequency of alloreactive T cells is a major hindrance for transplantation; however, the molecular basis for alloreactivity remains elusive. We examined the I-E p alloreactivity of a well-characterized Hb(64-76)/I-E k –specific murine T cell. Using a combinatorial peptide library approach, we identified a highly stimulatory alloepitope mimic and observed that the recognition of the central TCR contact residues (P3 and P5) was much more flexible than that seen with Hb(64-76)/I-E k , but still specific. Therefore, alloreactive T cells can recognize a self-peptide/MHC surface; however, the allogeneic MHC molecule changes the recognition requirements for the central region of the peptide, allowing a more diverse repertoire of ligands to be recognized.
Supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles for solar-thermal energy

Abstract Of the mechanisms to improve efficiency for solar-thermal power plants, one of the most effective ways to improve overall efficiency is through power cycle improvements. As increases in operating temperature continue to be pursued, supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles begin to look more attractive despite the development costs of this technology. Further, supercritical CO2 Brayton has application in many areas of power generation beyond that for solar energy alone. One challenge particular to solar-thermal power generation is the transient nature of the solar resource. This work illustrates the behavior of developmental Brayton turbomachinery in response to a fluctuating thermal input, much like the short-term transients experienced in solar environments. Thermal input to the cycle was cut by 50% and 100% for short durations while the system power and conditions were monitored. It has been shown that despite these fluctuations, the thermal mass in the system effectively enables the Brayton cycle to continue to run for short periods until the thermal input can recover. For systems where significant thermal energy storage is included in the plant design, these transients can be mitigated by storage; a comparison of short- and long-term storage approaches on system efficiency is provided. Also, included in this work is a data set for stable supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle operation that is used to benchmark computer modeling. With a benchmarked model, specific improvements to the cycle are interrogated to identify the resulting impact on cycle efficiency and loss mechanisms. Status of key issues remaining to be addressed for adoption of supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles in solar-thermal systems is provided in an effort to expose areas of necessary research.
The genome biogeography of Hibiscus L. section Furcaria DC

Hibiscus L. section Furcaria DC. (Malvaceae) is a natural group of more than 100 known species, many of which are handsome ornamentals with large, showy, delicate flowers. This group includes the fiber, food, and medicinal plants kenaf, H. cannabinus L., and roselle, H. sabdariffa L. The basic chromosome number is x = 18. In nature are found diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, octoploid, and decaploid taxa. This group displays a remarkable amount of genome diversity, as shown by cytological analysis of 140 hybrid combinations from over 60,000 crosses. At least 13 genomes are present: A, B, C, D, E, G, H, J, P, R, V, X, and Y. Subsaharan Africa is the center of genome diversity; nine of the 13 genomes are represented in African taxa, and nine of the 10 confirmed diploid species occur in Africa. Five (possibly six) genomes reside in extant diploids. The G genome (or a modified G genome) is widely distributed. Found in only one diploid species in Africa, it is found also in African tetraploid and African and Indian octoploid species, in New World tetraploid and decaploid species, and in Australian hexaploid species. The G-genome apparently was widely dispersed and differentiated, followed by hybridization, subsequent chromosome doubling, and radiation. The A, B, X, and Y genomes, on the other hand, are confined mainly to Africa, with a few taxa in Asia, and apparently are the products of a later round of hybridization and allopolyploidy.
X-ray observations of the Seyfert 1 galaxies AKN 120 and MCG 8-11-11

A new X-ray source, H0523-00, with the optically variable Seyfert 1 galaxy AKN 120 is identified. The source has a 2-10 keV X-ray flux of 2 x 10 to the -11th ergs/sq cm s which corresponds to a 2-10 keV X-ray luminosity of 10 to the 44th ergs/s. X-ray observations over a 1.5 year time span combined with contemporaneous optical photometry show a decrease in the optical with no corresponding decrease in the X-ray. In contrast, similar observations of MCG 8-11-11 show a contemporaneous decrease in optical and X-ray fluxes. It is noted that the infrared and X-ray spectral slopes for these two objects are similar, with the optical being steeper by roughly one unit.
Injuries during orotracheal intubation using the Glidescope® video laryngoscope

Results : Six patients sustained injury to the oropharynx during attempted orotracheal intubation using the Glidescope® video laryngoscope. Injuries were more commonly found to be right-sided. Five of the six patients’ injuries were identified intraoperatively. Three patients required closure of the soft tissue injuries. One of the six patients received an unplanned tracheostomy tube due to significant oropharyngeal bleeding and inability to successfully perform a traditional orotracheal intubation. Other than the need for a tracheostomy in one patient, there were no long-term complications from these injuries.
Nursing management of the infant with an intraoral appliance

A recently developed intraoral device is being used for infants who require orotracheal and orogastric intubation. The purpose of the appliance is to prevent complications associated with long-term intubation, such as palatal groove formation, acquired cleft palate, defective primary dentition, and chronic irritation of the airway. The nursing care required for an infant with this intraoral appliance is described. The procedure for daily removal of the appliance, oral hygiene, and assessment of the oral cavity is presented. Other nursing interventions addressed include provision of non-nutritive sucking, initiation of oral feedings, and parent teaching and support.
The ‘Value’ of Europe: The Political Economy of Culture in the European Community

During the 1970s and 1980s the “cultural sector” became one of the primary motors for wealth creation in the European Community. At the European and national scales, a group of actors helped transform Europe's vast array of practices and services (tourism, heritage, books, audio-visual products, etc.) into “cultural industries” and pushed the EC to develop a common cultural policy to support these industries. Documenting these changes at the European scale, I argue that the perceived impact of cultural policy for particular national economic competitiveness was also significant. Italian MEPs and members of Italy's national government were especially important, as they fought to protect the country's historical heritage and promote tourism. France pushed the strongest and I show how that country's efforts were primarily intended to protect its audio-visual and publishing industries from the EC internal market's liberalisation policies, which were vocally supported by Britain because they would have served ...
RECOMBINANT EXPRESSION OF THE BRUSH BORDER MYOSIN I HEAVY CHAIN

Although the specific functions of myosin I motors are not known, their localization to membrane structures suggests a function in membrane motility. Different myosin I isoforms in the same cell or in different cells can possess different localizations. To determine if the localization and biochemical activity of the best-characterized mammalian myosin I, chicken intestinal epithelium brush border myosin I, was dependent on determinants of the membrane or actin cytoskeleton specific to epithelial cells, we transfected the cDNA for the heavy chain of this myosin into COS cells. Transient transfection of COS cells with the chicken brush border myosin I heavy chain resulted in the production of recombinant myosin I. Recombinant brush border myosin I localized to protrusions of the plasma membrane, particularly at spreading cell edges, and also to unknown cytoplasmic structures. Some cells expressing particularly high levels of brush border myosin I possessed a highly irregular surface. Recombinant brush border myosin I purified from COS cells bound to actin filaments in an ATP-dependent manner and decorated actin filaments to form a characteristic appearance. The recombinant myosin also catalyzed calcium-sensitive, actin-activated MgATPase activity similar to that of the native enzyme. Thus, any cellular factor required for the general membrane localization or biochemical activity of brush border myosin I is present in COS cells as well as intestinal epithelium.
Section 5 of the FTC Act: principles of navigation

Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Act prohibits ‘unfair methods of competition’ (UMC), including conduct that violates either the antitrust laws or Section 5 standing alone. Although it has existed for nearly 100 years, the FTC has never issued any formal guidance on its Section 5 enforcement policy. Relying on commonly used regulatory principles, this article identifies six criteria that the FTC should satisfy in pursuing any standalone Section 5 enforcement. First, the FTC should use its UMC authority only in cases of substantial harm to competition. Second, the FTC should pursue a UMC violation only where there is no procompetitive justification for the challenged conduct or where such conduct results in harm to competition that is disproportionate to its benefits. Third, in using its UMC authority, the FTC should avoid or minimize conflict with other institutions, including most notably the Department of Justice. Fourth, UMC enforcement must be grounded in robust economic evidence regarding the anticompetitive effects of the challenged conduct. Fifth, prior to pursuing a UMC violation, the agency should consider using its many non-enforcement tools to address the perceived competitive problem. Finally, the agency should provide clear guidance and minimize uncertainty in the UMC area.
Measuring the fine structure constant using multiphoton atom interferometry

24-photon Bragg diffraction of matter waves by light pulses increases the splitting between the arms of Ramsey-Borde or Mach-Zehnder atom interferometers, leading to up to 144-fold sensitivity. Simultaneous conjugate interferometers reject noise.
Aerosol airmass type mapping over the Urban Mexico City region from space-based multi-angle imaging

Abstract. Using Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and sub-orbital measurements from the 2006 INTEX-B/MILAGRO field campaign, in this study we explore MISR's ability to map different aerosol air mass types over the Mexico City metropolitan area. The aerosol air mass distinctions are based on shape, size and single scattering albedo retrievals from the MISR Research Aerosol Retrieval algorithm. In this region, the research algorithm identifies dust-dominated aerosol mixtures based on non-spherical particle shape, whereas spherical biomass burning and urban pollution particles are distinguished by particle size. Two distinct aerosol air mass types based on retrieved particle microphysical properties, and four spatially distributed aerosol air masses, are identified in the MISR data on 6 March 2006. The aerosol air mass type identification results are supported by coincident, airborne high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) measurements. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) gradients are also consistent between the MISR and sub-orbital measurements, but particles having single-scattering albedo of a0.7 at 558 nm must be included in the retrieval algorithm to produce good absolute AOD comparisons over pollution-dominated aerosol air masses. The MISR standard V22 AOD product, at 17.6 km resolution, captures the observed AOD gradients qualitatively, but retrievals at this coarse spatial scale and with limited spherical absorbing particle options underestimate AOD and do not retrieve particle properties adequately over this complex urban region. However, we demonstrate how AOD and aerosol type mapping can be accomplished with MISR data over complex urban regions, provided the retrieval is performed at sufficiently high spatial resolution, and with a rich enough set of aerosol components and mixtures.
Adsorption of Diisocyanides on Gold

Four known diisocyanides, 1,6-diisocyanohexane (1), 1,12-diisocyanododecane (2), 1,4-phenylenediisocyanide (3), 4,4‘-biphenyldiisocyanide (4), and two new diisocyanides, 4,4‘ ‘-p-terphenyldiisocyanide (5) and 1,4-di(4-isocyanophenylacetelynyl)-2-ethylbenzene (6), were used to prepare self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold. The SAMs were characterized by ellipsometry, by measurement of the advancing water droplet contact angle, and by reflection absorption infrared (RAIR) spectroscopy. SAMs prepared from the diisocyanides 1 and 2, which have a flexible alkyl chain between the two isocyanide end groups, were found to form monolayer films in which both isocyanide groups are bound to the surface. SAMs prepared from the diisocyanides 3−6, which have rigid aryl or phenylethynyl structures between the two isocyanide end groups, were found to bind to gold through one CN group. Analyses of the RAIR spectra of these SAMs are consistent with surface selection rules for adsorbates that are oriented with their long ...
The role of tumor necrosis factor-α in acute endotoxin-induced hepatotoxicity in ethanol-fed rats

An in vivo model of ethanol ingestion in rats was used to examine tumor necrosis factor-alpha production after intravenous injection with lipopolysaccharide or saline solution. Four groups of 125-gm male Sprague-Dawley rats were given one of the following four diets: liquid ethanol diet (ethanol, 36% of calories), liquid control diet, chow ad libitum or control liquid diet pair-fed to match calories consumed by ethanol-fed rats. After 6 wk of diet, all rats were injected with 1 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide or 0.9% saline. AST concentrations in the ethanol-lipopolysaccharide group (388 +/- 54 U/ml) were significantly increased compared with those in control-saline, ethanol-saline and control-lipopolysaccharide groups (166 +/- 23, 166 +/- 18, 219 +/- 47; p < 0.01). Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations for the ethanol-LPS group (3,990 +/- 624 pg/ml) were increased compared with those in control-saline (87 +/- 18), ethanol-saline (68 +/- 24) and control-LPS (695 +/- 165) groups (p < 0.001). A strong correlation was seen between serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and AST concentrations (r = 0.91, p < 0.001). Treatment with lipopolysaccharide also increased transcriptional levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-specific mRNA from hepatic Kupffer cells isolated from rats fed the long-term ethanol diet by a factor of 3 compared with control rats. From these data, we conclude that long-term ethanol administration sensitized hepatic Kupffer cells to secrete high levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha after lipopolysaccharide injection. Increased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations correlated directly with increased levels of serum transaminase, which may have reflected hepatic injury.
Local Intracerebral Administration of Paclitaxel with the Paclimer ® Delivery System: Toxicity Study in a Canine Model

Introduction: Paclitaxel, a microtubule binding agent with potent anti-glioma activity in vitro, exhibits poor penetrance to the CNS when delivered systemically. To minimize toxicity and reach therapeutic concentrations in the CNS, paclitaxel was previously incorporated into biodegradable microspheres (Paclimer®), and the efficacy of Paclimer® was determined in a rat model of malignant glioma. In this study we report the safety of intracranial Paclimer® in a canine dose escalation toxicity study to prepare its translation into clinical scenarios. Methods: Twelve normal beagle dogs underwent a right parieto-occipital craniectomy and were randomized to receive either Paclimer® at 2-mg/kg (n = 5), empty microspheres at 2-mg/kg (n = 1), Paclimer® at 20-mg/kg (n = 5), or empty microspheres at 20-mg/kg (n = 1). Post-operatively, dogs were observed daily for signs of neurotoxicity. Complete blood counts and plasma levels of paclitaxel were obtained weekly. CSF levels and MRI scans were obtained on days14–120. Paclitaxel concentrations were quantified by LC-MS. Results: Animals treated with 20-mg/kg Paclimer® had minimal paclitaxel levels in plasma (range 0–7.84 ng/ml) and CSF (range 0–1.16 ng/ml). Animals treated with 2mg/kg Paclimer® had undetectable levels of paclitaxel in plasma, CSF was not obtained to minimize animal suffering. All animals exhibited normal behavior and weight gain, and were alive post-operatively through the last day of the study (day 60–120) without signs of neurological toxicity. There was no evidence of systemic toxicity or myelosuppression. MR imaging was comparable between Paclimer® animals and controls. Adverse effects included wound infections and a brain abscess, all of which responded to antibiotic therapy, and one ventriculomegaly due to communicating hydrocephalus. Conclusions: Paclimer®-based delivery of paclitaxel is safe for intraparenchymal delivery at the tested doses in normal dogs.
Optimal and Simple, Nearly Optimal Rules for Minimizing the Probability Of Financial Ruin in Retirement

Abstract The increasing risk of poverty in retirement has been well documented; it is projected that current and future retirees’ living expenses will significantly exceed their savings and income. In this paper, we consider a retiree who does not have sufficient wealth and income to fund her future expenses, and we seek the asset allocation that minimizes the probability of financial ruin during her lifetime. Building on the work of Young (2004) and Milevsky, Moore, and Young (2006), under general mortality assumptions, we derive a variational inequality that governs the ruin probability and optimal asset allocation. We explore the qualitative properties of the ruin robability and optimal strategy, present a numerical method for their estimation, and examine their sensitivity to changes in model parameters for specific examples. We then present an easy-to-implement allocation rule and demonstrate via simulation that it yields nearly optimal ruin probability, even under discrete portfolio rebalancing.
Use of preparative isoelectric focusing in a Sephadex gel slab to separate immunizing and growth facilitating moieties in crude 3 M KCl extracts of a murine fibrosarcoma

Crude 3 M KCl extracts of the methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma of C3H/HeJ mice, MCA-F, were demonstrated to contain two fractions, one inducing tumor resistance and the other facilitating the outgrowth of neoplastic cell challenge. In immunoprotection tests in syngeneic C3H/HeJ mice, optimal doses of crude solubilized tumor antigen afforded only a 28% reduction in growth compared with saline-treated controls. When crude extracts were fractionated by preparative isoelectric focusing (pIEF) in a slab of superfine Sephadex G-75, significant biologic activity was demonstrated in two fractions. Fraction (Fr) 1, pI 2.5–3.6, induced potent tumor facilitation, increasing the tumor size by more than 100%, while Fr 15, pI 5.8–6.0, engendered resistance that reduced their respective biological effects to MCA-F, but not the antigenically unrelated MCA-D tumor. Thus 3 M KCl extracts contain at least two biologically active components, one immunoprotective and one tumor-facilitating. Since the weak immunoprotective activity of crude materials may represent the vectorial effect of these antagonistic components, subsequent molecular characterization of both moieties may afford insight into the complex response of hosts toward tumors. Furthermore, TSTA purified by the rapid method of isoelectric focusing may be a more suitable reagent for immunotherapy than the parent crude 3 M KCl extracts by virtue of the absence of facilitating antigens.
Reduction of hot-electron-generated substrate current in sub-100-nm channel length Si MOSFET's

Channel-hot-electron-generated substrate current was measured in MOSFETs with channel lengths down to 0.09 mu m, at room temperature and 77 K, and a reduction of the normalized substrate current was observed for very-short-channel devices. These devices were fabricated using X-ray lithography and had a nonuniformly doped channel. The reduction is attributed to nonlocal effects caused by the finite energy relaxation time. >
Directional magnetization effects in magnetic circular dichroism spectra of Fe

Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra exhibit distinctively different spectral and angular variations that depend strongly on the interacting geometry defined by the propagation vector of the radiation, the direction of magnetization $\mathbf{M},$ and the angle of incidence ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{i}.$ Two extreme cases for MCD measurements around the Fe ${M}_{2,3}$ region, where the magnetization is either parallel (longitudinal geometry) or perpendicular (polar geometry) to the surface, are presented and compared with theoretical predictions based upon the classical Fresnel formalism for reflections. The magnetic properties of Fe were modeled by a frequency-dependent, complex dielectric tensor $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega}).$ Agreement between the model predictions and the reflection MCD measurements performed in both polar and longitudinal geometries demonstrates the validity of this approach.