cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐E‐T‐334: Dosimetric Impacts of Organ at Risk (OAR) Contour Errors in Prostate Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) Planning: A Sensitivity Study

Purpose: To investigate the dosimetric impacts of OAR contour errors in prostate VMAT planning with a sensitivity analysis method. Methods: Ten randomly selected prostate VMAT patients were used to simulate OAR contour error in rectum and bladder. For each OAR 12 even spaced contour control points were selected in every three slices. For each simulation, only one of the control points was simulated to move inwards or outwards by up to 6 voxels and coordinates of adjacent voxels to that moving control point were moved accordingly with a 3D-spline smooth function. An in-house software was used to predict OARs dosimetric endpoints based on geometric relationship between PTV and OAR. In this study, the V75, V70, V65, V60 of rectum and V80, V75, V70, V65 of bladder with and without perturbed contours were calculated and compared. Results: The percentage of OAR dose volume difference around the reference OAR contours were plotted as iso-error lines overlaid on CT images. The significant difference was shown in OAR contours adjacent to the PTV where high dose gradient exists. When one of the 12 points adjacent to the PTV moved up to 6 voxels, maximum errors of 1.99%, 2.46%, 2.89%, and 3.19% were found in V75, V70, V65, and V60 of the rectum, and 1.59%, 1.67%, 1.87%, and 1.90% were found in V80, V75, V70, and V65 of the bladder, respectively. Conclusion: We can quantify the dosimetric impact of OAR contouring error by evaluating the percentage of OAR dose volume changes in prostate VMAT planning. For the adaptive radiation therapy, the iso-error lines can provide the planner a guideline that which portion of contour needed to be checked carefully because dosimetric sensitivity of contour errors are different for different part of contours.
Representational structures for cognitive space: Trees, ordered trees and semi-lattices

During the past twenty years, numerous researchers and papers have discussed inclusion of a hierarchical component to the cognitive representation of spatial knowledge. However, such discussion has occurred without serious consideration of alternative representations. This paper examines the nature of hierarchical representation for spatial representations, in detail, and considers several alternative representational schemes, including ordered trees and semi-lattices. In addition, differences between these representations are demonstrated by mapping two sample datasets onto a variety of representations.
CATALASE ACTIVITY IN LEPTOSPIRA

Rao, P. J. (University of Illinois, Urbana), A. D. Larson, and C. D. Cox. Catalase activity in Leptospira. J. Bacteriol. 88:1045–1048. 1964.—A number of serotypes of Leptospira were found to possess catalase activity, although considerable variation in activity existed among various serotypes. Catalase activity of L. pomona was reduced by inhibitors commonly employed for arresting catalase activity in other biological systems. Catalase activity was increased three to five times by growing cultures under conditions of oxygen availability; however, aeration had no beneficial effect on total viable cell crop. The relationship of oxygen to metabolism and future studies on virulence of the leptospirae is discussed.
Theoretical Functions with Special Forms

In this chapter one final proposal for using set-theoretic predicates to make empirical claims is considered. The motivation for considering this proposal is provided by examples of situations in which we apparently “postulate” or “hypothesize” that theoretical functions have some special form in certain applications of a theory. It appears that a logical reconstruction of theories with such claims will require something more than claims of form (3). The proposal for dealing with such theories is roughly this. A number of predicates are employed, all of them defined by restrictions of the definition of the same basic predicate. These predicates are used to construct a sentence which says that there are theoretical functions which make all intended applications models for the basic predicate, make some designated sub-sets of intended applications models for the “restrictions” of this basic predicate, and satisfy certain constraints. The “restrictions” of the basic predicate are to characterize various special forms that the theoretical function is hypothesized to have. This claim is regarded as the central empirical claim of the theory.
Ensembles of Least Squares Classifiers with Randomized Kernels

For the recent NIPS-2003 feature selection challenge we studied ensembles of regularized least squares classifiers (RLSC). We showed that stochastic ensembles of simple least squares kernel classifiers give the same level of accuracy as the best single RLSC. Results achieved were ranked among the best at the challenge. We also showed that performance of a single RLSC is much more sensitive to the choice of kernel width than that of an ensemble. As a continuation of this work we demonstrate that stochastic ensembles of least squares classifiers with randomized kernel widths and OOB-post-processing often outperform the best single RLSC, and require practically no parameter tuning. We used the same set of very high dimensional classification problems presented at the NIPS challenge. Fast exploratory Random Forests were applied for variable filtering first.
Synthesis and structure assignments of cis‐ and trans‐2‐(diethylaminomethyl)cyclohexanols

The synthesis of cis- and trans-2-(diethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexanols and their structural assignments by NMR using the shift reagent Eu(dpm)3 are described. The correlation of the induced shifts with the equation Δν = K(3 cos2θ – 1)r−3, assuming an EuO distance of 2·4 A and θ less than 30°, suggests that the interactions are pseudocontact. The values of K are 452 and 420 for the two cyclohexanols, respectively.
Anesthetic Management of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: General Versus Regional Anesthesia

u AKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY (TC) is a newly described cardiac syndrome characterized by an acute nset of reversible left ventricular dysfunction associated ith emotional and physical stress.1-3 It may initially present n the perioperative period with pulmonary edema, electroardiographic (ECG) changes, elevation of cardiac enzymes, nd cardiogenic shock.4-9 The perioperative management of atients with known TC undergoing surgery has not been escribed. The authors report a patient presenting with pulonary edema after general anesthesia and tracheal extubaion. The subsequent perioperative anesthetic management f this patient during the second and third surgical proceures using regional anesthesia without complications is lso described. Adequate -blockade is a strategy for the reatment of patients with TC. Regional anesthesia may be resented as a good alternative to general anesthesia in these hallenging patients.
Novel Hedgehog pathway targets against basal cell carcinoma

The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays a key role in directing growth and patterning during embryonic development and is required in vertebrates for the normal development of many structures, including the neural tube, axial skeleton, skin, and hair. Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway in adult tissue is associated with the development of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), medulloblastoma, and a subset of pancreatic, gastrointestinal, and other cancers. This review will provide an overview of what is known about the mechanisms by which activation of Hedgehog signaling leads to the development of BCCs and will review two recent papers suggesting that agents that modulate sterol levels might influence the Hh pathway. Thus, sterols may be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of BCCs, and readily available agents such as statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) or vitamin D might be helpful in reducing BCC incidence.
Launching of guided waves in a photorefractive polymer by two-beam coupling.

We report the launching of guided waves in a slab waveguide made from a photorefractive polymer. The guided modes are launched when we optically pump the surface of the waveguide. The coupling efficiency increases when the angle of incidence and the power of the pump are increased. Also, the rise time decreases when the pump power is increased.
Improved Path Flow Estimator for Origin–Destination Trip Tables:

Path flow estimator (PFE) is a one-stage network observer that can estimate path flows and path travel times from traffic counts in a transportation network. Because a unique set of path flows is readily available from the PFE, a trip table can be estimated by simply adding up flows on all the paths connecting individual origin-destination (O-D) pairs. In this paper, the effects of the number and locations of traffic counts on the quality of the O-D trip table estimated by PFE are examined. The set-covering model, studied in the location theory, is applied to determine the minimum number of traffic counts and their corresponding locations required to observe the total demand of the study network. Next, the effects of the error bounds used in PFE to handle the inconsistency problem of traffic counts are examined, and a heuristic using the Lagrange multipliers to facilitate the adjustment of such error bounds is provided. Numerical results show that PFE can correctly estimate the total demand of the study a...
Insuring “Our Common Future?” Dangerous Climate Change and the Biopolitics of Environmental Security

Dire warnings on the “dangers” of climate change are reinvigorating past debates over environmental security. However, one strain of this debate is exceeding the state-based logics of security found in more conventional environmental security approaches. The UNFCCC's goal of avoiding “dangerous climate change” that, inter alia, threatens sustainable development has inspired volumes of research on climate change mitigation and adaptation, and has increasingly become incorporated into World Bank and UN development programmes. However, much of this research has yet to examine the cultural and political effects of framing climate change through the loaded language of security. As a result, there has been little critical analysis of the emergence of a variety of disaster risk management and insurance-based adaptation strategies that attempt to offer security against the effects of dangerous climate change. This article articulates the insights of critical environmental security studies with recent research on ...
Campus children's centers: Two decades of ferment

Abstract Born in the '70s, the field of campus children's centers is moving along a developmental continuum. Katz's constructs of the developmental stages of teachers serves as a route to map the path of the movement. Each stage and its attending needs and recommendations is briefly discussed. The periods are located in a national context in order to bring attention to the importance of the ecological nature of that development.
The unusual sedimentary rock record of the Early Triassic: A case study from the southwestern United States

Abstract Sedimentary systems, as well as the earth's biota, changed dramatically following the end-Permian mass extinction. This global sedimentological transformation is reflected in the widespread occurrence of flat-pebble conglomerates, subtidal wrinkle structures, microbialites, and carbonate seafloor fans in various Lower Triassic sections. As a case study, a facies analysis of the Lower Triassic Virgin Limestone Member of the Moenkopi Formation and the Middle and Upper Members of the Union Wash Formation, southwestern United States was conducted and all unusual facies were documented within a palaeoenvironmental framework. The occurrence of the flat-pebble conglomerates and wrinkle structures is significant because these reflect a long-term reduction in vertical bioturbation. In the case of the subtidal microbialites and carbonate seafloor fans, their formation is linked to an increase in alkalinity. The presence of these facies in the uppermost Lower Triassic strata of the southwestern United States indicates that reduced levels of infaunal bioturbation as well as (and perhaps a consequence of) unusual ocean chemistry extended for 5–6 million years after the end-Permian mass extinction, suggesting that depositional environments as well as the biota were significantly affected by the extinction event.
Ureteral injuries in colonic surgery

Abstract Ureteral injury during colonic surgery has am incidence of 0.3 to 6 per cent. The site of injury occurs at the level of ligature of the inferior mesenteric vessels during mobilization of the sigimoid, during division of the lateral rectal ligaments, and during reperitonealization of the pelvis. Techniques of prophylaxis, intraoperative diagnosis, and postoperative diagnosis are described. The main controversy in management between inoncdiate definitive repair versus initial urinary diversion with delayed repair is discussed.
Rapid turnover proteins as nutritional indicators

Many of the commonly employed nutritional parameters are inadequate indices of malnutrition since they are relatively nonspecific, focused on depletion, have limited validity, and do not always reflect improvements after repletion. Recent studies have focused on the rapid turnover proteins (RTP), particularly thyroxin-binding prealbumin (TBPA) and retinol-binding protein (RBP) as more sensitive indicators of malnutrition. Twenty patients with protein-calorie malnutrition who were given total parenteral nutrition were evaluated by routine nutritional parameters and rapid turnover protein assays for comparison.
Which questions remain unanswered following the successful development of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma

Investigation of the effects of various antiangiogenic agents in the therapy of solid tumors has been a dominant theme in oncology for the past decade. Hepatocellular carcinoma has joined the short list of tumor types for which single-agent antiangiogenic therapy has shown clear clinical benefit. Here we discuss the findings of a multicenter, phase III trial by Llovet et al., which compared overall survival, time to symptomatic progression, and time to radiologic progression in 602 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who received either sorafenib (n= 299) or placebo (n = 303). This study showed that patients treated with sorafenib had approximately 3 months longer overall survival and time to radiologic progression compared with patients who received placebo. For optimal clinical application, elucidation of the tumor-specific and patient-specific factors that identify the subpopulation of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who will derive the greatest benefit from antiangiogenic therapies such as sorafenib is of critical importance.
Adenosine in the mammalian heart: nothing to get excited about

Until quite recently, the cardiodepressant actions of adenosine were widely accepted. A nucleoside that produces negative chronotropic and ionotropic effects, adenosine, has been used clinically as the drug of choice for terminating supraventricular (atrioventricular node) tachycardia and is likely to play an important part in regulating arrhythmogenic activity as an endogenous antiarrhythmic metabolite. Despite this, recent experimental data, particularly resulting from in vitro studies using animal models, have shown a paradoxical excitable action of adenosine in the heart. In this article, Amir Pelleg and Steven Kutalek present the reasons why they continue to believe that any excitatory actions of adenosine in the heart are clinically irrelevant.
Protective effect of riboflavin on the toxicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene in rats.

SummaryThe carcinogen, 2-acetylaminofluorene, produced a riboflavin deficiency in rats, reducing the liver riboflavin below control values. Increasing the riboflavin content of the diet prevented the appearance of the deficiency, keeping the liver riboflavin at normal levels. In the absence of protein in the diet, however, the increased riboflavin did not prevent the development of the deficiency.
A study of the glycemic response in patients with biliary tract disease

1. Cholelithiasis, in non-diabetic patients, is a comparatively frequent cause of a disturbed carbohydrate metabolism.
The microwave spectrum and conformation of hydroxyacetone: The influence of hydrogen bonding on the barrier to internal rotation of the methyl group

The microwave spectra of hydroxyacetone and its—OD isotopic form have been observed and analyzed. The data show conclusively that the molecule adopts a hydrogen-bonded conformation with planar heavy atoms. For the normal species the rotational constants have the values (in MHz): A = 10069.410 ± 0.057, B = 3810.412 ± 0.008, C = 2864.883 ± 0.004. Torsional splittings produced by the methyl group yielded the value of the threefold barrier, 193 ± 10 cal mole−1. This barrier is significantly lower than that of closely related molecules, and a simple theoretical model suggests that the low value is at least partly the result of the intramolecular hydrogen bond.
Age-related hypermineralization in the female proximal human femur.

Hip fracture incidence increases exponentially with age in virtually every human population that has been studied. In spite of this, relatively few studies have examined age-related changes in the metaphyseal cortex of the proximal femur. The present study investigates cortical aging changes in the female proximal femur, with particular reference to regions of hypermineralization. Thirty-three femora from Caucasian females were obtained at autopsy and analyzed using backscattered electron imaging. Variations in hypermineralized tissue area, cortical bone area, and porosity were quantified with standard stereological methods. Cortical width was quantified with digital calipers. Gender differences were examined by statistical comparison with previously published results. Hypermineralized tissue volume was significantly (P , 0.001) greater in elderly individuals. Hypermineralized tissue preferentially appeared near ligamentous or tendinous insertion sites, suggesting the hypermineralized tissue may be a calcified fibrocartilage. Cortical width significantly (P , 0.001) decreased with age and porosity significantly (P , 0.001) increased with age, however the changes were site-specific. The femoral neck and intertrochanteric cortices had a smaller change in cortical width and porosity with age than the diaphysis, but the femoral neck and intertrochanteric cortices had a larger increase in hypermineralized tissue. Comparison with previous data suggests that cortical aging in the proximal femur is similar between males and females and is unlikely to explain the higher incidence of fracture in females. However, the data strongly indicates that age-related changes in the femoral diaphysis cannot be directly extrapolated to either the femoral neck or intertrochanteric cortices. Anat Rec 255:202‐211, 1999. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Complete integrability in statistical mechanics and the Yang-Baxter equations

Abstract In this paper we give a differential formulation of the Yang-Baxter equations. The concept of “exactly solvable” for lattice models is related to the Frobenius concept of complete integrability. These ideas are illustrated in the context of the Baxter model.
Predicted critical behavior near the superconducting phase transition

Abstract The critical temperature region is much larger in an alloy than in a pure superconductor. It may become of the order of 0.1% of Tc. Here the penetration depth squared, the diamagnetic susceptibility and the d.c. conductivity are predicted to vary as |T−T c | -2 3 .
2-Seleno-1-alkylbenzimidazoles and their diselenides: Synthesis and structural characterization of a 2-seleno-1-methylbenzimidazole complex of mercury

Abstract 2-Seleno-1-methylbenzimidazole, H(sebenzimMe), can be synthesized from 1-methylbenzimidazole by sequential treatment with (i) BunLi, (ii) elemental selenium and (iii) HCl(aq). This method is also applicable to the synthesis of 2-seleno-1-t-butylbenzimidazole, H( sebenzim Bu t ). Single crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopic data demonstrate that H(sebenzimMe) and H( sebenzim Bu t ) exist as the selone rather than the selenol tautomers, which is in accord with the results of density functional theory (B3LYP) calculations. The data also indicate that the selone is best represented as a C+–Se− zwitterion rather than as a C Se doubly bonded species. Aerobic oxidation of H(sebenzimMe) and H( sebenzim Bu t ) in the presence of Et3N yields the diselenides, (sebenzimMe)2 and ( sebenzim Bu t )2. In addition, H(sebenzimMe) reacts with HgCl2 to give [H(sebenzimMe)]2HgCl2, the first structurally characterized example of a 2-seleno-1-alkylimidazole mercury complex.
Reduction of emotional responses as a function of verbal satiation and paired-associate techniques

Verbal satiation of emotional words was combined with paired-associate procedures to reduce the subjective and physiological response intensity. Satiation effects occurred with the verbal satiation techniques alone and were further enhanced by the associative procedures. The emotional words were paired with counteracting emotional response associates (CRA group), and with personally provided response associates (PRA group). The types of associates did not produce different results. Counteracting associates appeared to yield the best long-term satiation effects.
Heterometal cubane-type WFe3S4 and related clusters trigonally symmetrized with hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate

Abstract The scope of formation and structures of tungsten–iron–sulfur clusters has been explored using reactions based on [(Tp*)WS3]1− (1) as the ultimate precursor. The reaction system 1/FeCl2/NaSEt/S affords the cubane cluster [(Tp*)WFe3S4Cl3]1− (2), which with NaSEt is converted to [(Tp*)WFe3S4(SEt)3]1− (3).Clusters 2 and 3 contain the cubane [WFe3(μ3-S)4]3+ core.Complex 1 with FeCl2/NaSEt forms [(Tp*)WFe2S3Cl2(SEt)]1− (4) with the cuboidal [WFe2(μ2-S)2(μ3-S)(μ2-SR)]2+ core.Treatment of 2 with excess Et3P yields the edge-bridged double [(Tp*)2W2Fe6S8(PEt3)4] (5) with the [W2Fe6(μ3-S)6(μ4-S)2] core. Reaction of 2 with excess Et 3 P / BH 4 - / HS - leads a mixture of products, from which [(Tp*)2W2Fe5S9Na(SH)(MeCN)]3−(6) was identified.This cluster, as closely related [(Tp)2Mo2Fe6S9(SH)2]3−, exhibits a core topology [W2Fe5Na(μ2-S)2(μ3-S)6(μ6-S)] very similar to the PN cluster of nitrogenase. All reactions were carried out in acetonitrile. The structures of 2–6 were established crystallographically as Et4N+ salts. In the cubane series, substitution of tungsten for molybdenum decreases the [MFe3S4]3+/2+ redox potential by ca. 0.20 V but has a negligible effect on electron distribution. This work expands the small set of previously known weak-field W–Fe–S clusters, demonstrates the existence of tungsten-containing edge-bridged double cubanes and clusters with the PN core topology, and introduces a new cuboidal core structure as found in 4 (Tp = hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate, Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate).
Potassium Regulation of the NaK-ATPase Pump Currents in Mammalian Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Adult skeletal muscles express two Na,K-ATPase isoforms, α1 and α2. α2, the sole isoform expressed in the transverse tubules, comprises up to 90% of total Na,K-ATPase. α2 in resting muscle operates well below its maximum turnover rate; but is rapidly stimulated, by yet unknown mechanisms, during muscle contraction, helping maintaining excitation and resist fatigue. We tested the hypothesis that α2 activity may be regulated by extracellular K over the physiological range of K concentrations that occur in the t-tubules. Na,K-ATPase driven current (Ipump) was measured in enzymatically isolated FDB fibers voltage clamped at −90 mV using a two microlectrode amplifier. Ipump was identified as a ouabain- and temperature-sensitive outward current activated by Ko in fibers rendered electrically passive. Intracellular solutions (filling both electrodes) contained (mM): 1EGTA, 0.5CaCl2, 5MgCl2, 20MOPS, 5gluthathion-H2, 90K-asparte, and 5ATP-Na2, 5-phosphocreatine-Na2, and 30Na-aspartate to promote forward pump cycling. External solutions contained (mM): 2CaCl2, 1MgCl2, 10glucose, 10MOPS; and inversely varying amounts of KCl (0-40) and NaCL (154-114) to maintain osmolarity. TTX (400nM), nifedipine (20 μM), Ba (1mM) and 9-anthracene-carboxilic-acid (200μM) were added to block main ionic currents. All solutions had pH=7.4 and 300mOmal/kgH2O. Ipump was activated in a concentration-dependent manner by raising [K]o from 0 to 40mM, and eliminated by washing out K. Ipump was prevented by pretreatment with 10μM ouabain or inhibited by addition of ouabain, and was steeply temperature-dependent. Maximal Ipump vs. [K]o was fitted to obtain the Km for pump activation by K. Results demonstrate that α2 in skeletal muscle is regulated by changes in extracellular K over tens of mM, suggesting that this isoform is adapted to respond to expected demands of Na/K transport in the t-tubules during sustained activity. (Supported by the National institutes of Health, USA)
Consistent mesh tying methods for topologically distinct discretized surfaces in non‐linear solid mechanics

This work presents a new technique for joining dissimilar meshes in non-linear finite element analysis, with the novel result that the adjoining surfaces do not need to be spatially coincident for patch tests to be passed. The work builds in some sense on results previously presented by Dohrmann et al. (International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1991; 40:1205), but considerably generalizes upon the results presented there. Most importantly, it is shown that consistency of the tied finite element formulation may be achieved such that implementation of element formulations is not affected, through the use of a three-field variational principle applied over the contacting region. A key conclusion of the work is that although the approach advocated bears some resemblance to mortar element schemes for contact analysis (see, for example, McDevitt and Laursen, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2000; 48:1525), a straightforward application of a mortaring scheme is not sufficient to guarantee patch test passage when dissimilar meshing of curved surfaces leads to local open volumes (or overlaps) between tied surfaces in their reference configurations. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated through a number of numerical examples performed within a matrix-free non-linear equation solving framework. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Information-theoretic Bell inequalities.

We formulate information-theoretic Bell inequalities, which apply to any pair of widely separated physical systems. If local realism holds, the two systems must carry information consistent with the inequalities. Two spin-$s$ particles in a state of zero total spin violate these information Bell inequalities.
Renal Complications in Oncologic Patients

Acute renal failure (ARF) can be one of the many complications associated with malignancy and, unfortunately, often harbors a worse prognosis for the afflicted patient. Insult to the kidneys can occur for a variety of reasons in the oncologic patient. This article focuses on several of these etiologies, such as tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), which are unique threats faced by the oncologic patient.
Elucidation of the 3-O-deacylase gene, pagL, required for the removal of primary β-hydroxy fatty acid from the lipid A in the nitrogen-fixing endosymbiont Rhizobium etli CE3

Until now, the gene responsible for the 3-O-deacylation of lipid A among nitrogen-fixing endosymbionts has not been characterized. Several Gram-negative animal pathogens such as Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bordetella bronchiseptica contain an outer membrane 3-O-deacylase (PagL) that has been implicated in host immune evasion. The role of 3-O-deacylated lipid A among nitrogen-fixing endosymbionts, plant endophytes, and plant pathogens has not been studied. However, D'Haeze et al. (D'Haeze, W., Leoff, C., Freshour, G., Noel, K. D., and Carlson, R. W. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 17101–17113) reported that the lipopolysaccharide from Rhizobium etli CE3 bacteroids isolated from host bean root nodules contained exclusively tetraacylated lipid A that lacked a lipid A β-hydroxymyristyl residue, an observation that is consistent with the possibility of PagL activity being important in symbiosis. A putative pagL gene was identified in the R. etli genome sequence. With this information, we created a pagL− mutant strain derived from R. etli CE3. Using mass spectrometry, we demonstrated that the mutant lacks 3-O-deacylated lipid A. The parent and mutant LPS were very similar as determined by gel electrophoresis and glycosyl composition analysis using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. However, fatty acid analysis showed that the mutant lipid A contained larger amounts of β-hydroxypentadecanoic acid than that of the parent. Furthermore, the mutant was adversely affected in establishing symbiosis with its host, Phaseolus vulgaris.
Complex band structures of crystalline solids: An eigenvalue method

A general method for calculating the complex band structures of solids is presented. This method is adaptable to the pseudopotential, full-zone $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{k}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}$, and tight-binding formalisms. The basic idea is to express the total Hamiltonian of the bulk material as a polynomial in a simple analytic function of the wave vector perpendicular to a given plane. A companion matrix associated with this polynomial is constructed, and then diagonalized. The resulting eigenvalues and eigenvectors give rise to the complex band structure and the evanescent Bloch states. Using these evanescent states, the bulk Green's function for fixed $\overline{k}$ (wave vector parallel to the given plane) can be obtained from a simple analytic expression; thus the study of electronic properties associated with a planar defect in the solid is facilitated. For illustrative purposes, we present the complex band structure of Si calculated within the three different schemes and compare them. We also compute the bulk Green's function (with fixed $\overline{k}$) and find the surface states for the ideal Si (100), (111), and (110) faces within the tight-binding formalism.
Identifying reinforcers in skill acquisition studies involving participants with autism: Procedures reported from 2005 to 2009

Abstract This study examined the methods reportedly used to identify reinforcers in 97 skill acquisition studies involving people with autism published from 2005 through 2009. Results indicated that 32 of the 97 studies (33%) provided such information. Interviews with persons familiar with participants (e.g., parents, teachers) were the most-used techniques, followed in order by asking participants what they preferred, observing participants in their natural environment, and conducting formal preference assessments. Although effective reinforcers appear to have been used in each of the studies, the failure of many articles to describe how those stimuli were identified may make it difficult for practitioners and researchers to replicate the interventions. Future publications would benefit from the inclusion of clear and detailed specifications of the procedures used to isolate reinforcers.
Self-Excited Oscillations in Sliding With a Constant Friction Coefficient—A Simple Model

The sliding of two surfaces with respect to each other involves many interacting phenomena. In this paper a simple model is presented for the dynamic interaction of two sliding surfaces. This model consists of a beam on elastic foundation acted upon by a series of moving linear springs, where the springs represent the asperities on one of the surfaces. The coefficient of friction is constant. Although a nominally steady-state solution exists, an analysis of the dynamic problem indicates that the steady solution is dynamically unstable for any finite speed. Eigenvalues with positive real parts give rise to self-excited motion which continues to increase with time. These self-excited oscillations can lead either to partial loss-of-contact or to stick-slip. The mechanism responsible for the instability is a result of the interaction of certain complex modes of vibration (which result from the moving springs) with the friction force of the moving springs. It is expected that these vibrations play a role in the behavior of sliding members with dry friction.
Boron-oxygen polyanion in the crystal structure of tunellite

The crystal structure of tunellite, SrO·3B2O3·4H2O, with infinite sheets of composition n[B6O9(OH)2]2-, has cations and water molecules in the spaces within the sheets. Adjacent sheets are held together by hydrogen bonding through the water molecules. The boron-oxygen polyanions provide the first example in hydrated borate crystals of one oxygen linked to three borons.
Comparative Analysis between Recycled and Newly Manufactured Carpets

Because of society's push to recycle plastics, to examine degradation properties of landfill items, and to use “green” materials in the interior design area, carpets must be investigated to these issues. This study examined the physical characteristics plus appearance retention factors associated with recycled nylon and polyester carpets as compared to newly manufactured carpets following testing using the Tetrapod Walker and soiling. Statistical design of project was completely randomized with a 2 × 2 × 3 (Carpet Type × Method × Test Group) factorial structure. ANOVA and MANOVA were followed by a protected LSD program at 5% for mean separation. The results of this study show that the recycled polyester carpet is a viable choice by interior designers and consumers because it, as compared to the other carpet types, exhibited less color change, maintained original tufts per inch2, and experienced a greater percent compression and recovery of yarn structures due to Tetrapod Walker use and soiling.
Simultaneous low level treadmill exercise and intravenous dipyridamole stress thallium imaging

Intravenous dipyridamole-thallium imaging unmasks ischemia in patients unable to exercise adequately. However, some of these patients can perform limited exercise, which, if added, may provide useful information. Treadmill exercise combined with dipyridamole-thallium imaging was performed in 100 patients and results compared with those of 100 other blindly age- and sex-matched patients who received dipyridamole alone. Exercise began after completion of the dipyridamole infusion. Mean +/- 1 standard deviation peak heart rate (109 +/- 19 vs 83 +/- 12 beats/min, p less than 0.0001) and peak systolic and diastolic blood pressure (146 +/- 28/77 +/- 14 vs 125 +/- 24/68 +/- 11 mm Hg, p less than 0.0001) were higher in the exercise group compared with the nonexercise group. There was no difference in the occurrence of chest pain, but more patients in the exercise group developed ST-segment depression (26 vs 12%, p less than 0.0001). The exercise group had fewer noncardiac side effects (4 vs 12%, p less than 0.01) and a higher target (heart) to background (liver) count ratio (2.1 +/- 0.7 vs 1.2 +/- 0.3; p less than 0.01), due to fewer liver counts. There were no deaths, myocardial infarctions or sustained arrhythmias in either group. Combined treadmill exercise and dipyridamole testing is safe, associated with fewer noncardiac side effects, a higher target to background ratio and a higher incidence of clinical electrocardiographic ischemia than dipyridamole alone. Therefore, it is recommended whenever possible.
Morphogenesis and ultrastructure inDictyostelium

Summary The ultrastructure of the slime moldDictyostelium discoideum during development was investigated. It was revealed that a spore vesicle (SV) appeared which is specific for prespore and mature spore cells and was never found in prestalk cells. The SV disappear upon germination of the spores and reappear in the aggregate during prespore differentiation. Consequently, SV and a prespore vacuole (PV) discovered by Hohl and Hamamoto, (1969) served as specific cell markers which provided an opportunity to study the factors affecting the differentiation or redifferentiation of the cells. It was determined that during normal differentiation of prespore cells in the late aggregate the PV are synthesized first followed by the SV. This sequential appearance of PV and SV also occurred during the redifferentiation of isolated prestalk cells into prespore cells, a finding that suggests the genome is transcribed sequentially during morphogenesis. Prespore cell isolates redifferentiated prestalk cells which no longer contained PV or SV. Experiments with actinomycin D on normal aggregates and on prestalk cell isolates revealed that both PV and SV formation was inhibited. Thus, the synthesis of these components appear to depend upon DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Additional experiments revealed that prestalk isolates, although mechanically disorganized, could resynthesize prespore cells with SV and PV, but could not differentiate mature spores. The research emphasizes the existence of a relationship between cell differentiation and morphogenesis and suggests that mature spore differentiation depends upon an interaction with differentiating prestalk cells during culmination.
Divorce Mediation: An Introduction

This chapter is an introduction to a form of intervention designed to counter the detrimental effects of the adversary legal system—divorce mediation. Following a history of the movement, the author discusses differences between mediation and marital and family psychotherapy. The different types of mediation services currently being offered are described. Mediation is evaluated in terms of who uses the services and factors affecting utilization; the effectiveness of mediation; client, dispute, and mediator factors related to mediation success; and client satisfaction. The limitations of mediation, as well as its promise, are also delineated.
The Fermilab Central Computing Facility architectural model

Abstract The goal of the current Central Computing Upgrade at Fermilab is to create a computing enviroment that maximizes total productivity, particularly for high energy physics analysis. The Computing Department and the Next Computer Acquisition Committee decided upon a model which includes five components: an interactive front-end, a LargeScale Scientific Computer (LSSC, a mainframe computing engine), a microprocessor farm system, a file server, and workstations. With the exception of the file server, all segments of this model are currently in production: a VAX/VMS cluster interactive front-end, an Amdahl VM computing engine, ACP farms, and (primary) VMS workstations. This paper will discuss the implemetation of the Fermilab Central Computing Facility Architectural Model. Implications for Code Management in such a heterogeneous environment, including issues such as modularity and centrality, will be considered. Special emphasis will be placed on connectivity and communications between the front-end, LSSC, and workstations, as practiced at Fermilab.
An Analytical Modeling Framework for Piezoelectric-Based Microcantilever Actuator/Sensor With Thermal Effects Consideration

In many surface science applications, piezoelctrically-actuated based micro-machines offer outstanding opportunity to detect topography of substrate in the scale of nano-meter. As the tip scan the surface of the sample, the laser beam deflected from the end of cantilever provide information related to nanoscale surface texture. However, application of laser beam to detect deflection of microcantilever beam will raise the local temperature of cantilever. This results in the resonance frequency shift due to the change in the effective stiffness of micro-beam. Therefore, studying the thermal effects on the microbeam is crucial when designing and employing microcantilever. In this study, a new modeling framework is presented for piezoelectrically driven atomic force microscopy (AFM). The piezoelectric layers are used as actuator and sensor attached on the top and bottom side of the cantilever. In our model, the local thermal effect due to laser beam has been also taken into account. The Hamilton’s principle is used to derive the governing equations.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The Authority of Competence and Quality as Extrinsic

John Stuart Mill's hedonism is notoriously ambiguous. The most important ambiguity concerns his reliance on an axiologically significant notion of quality of pleasure. In this paper, I seek to explore one corner of the higher pleasures doctrine, in particular, what sort of property quality is. I argue that the only acceptable interpretation of the higher pleasures doctrine treats quality as a property that is (a) independent of the preferences of competent judges, (b) non-phenomenal and (c) extrinsic to individual higher quality pleasures. My argument for this view will focus on an interpretation of Mill's competent judges test: only such an interpretation of pleasurable quality can explain the peculiar trust Mill imparts in these judges when it comes to the nature of human well-being.
Measuring individuals' priorities for national goals: A methodology and empirical example

This study suggests a methodology for measuring individuals' priorities for national goals on an interval scale and multivariate procedures for interpreting such scale values. The scaling procedure used is a paired comparison paradigm developed by Bechtel. This scaling procedure is outlined and a test-retest procedure developed by Bechtel is discussed. Multivariate analysis of variance, discriminant analysis, and cluster analytic procedures are then outlined for gaining policy insights from the scale value data. Finally, the above methodology is applied to an empirical example carried out in 1970 concerning national priorities for eight possible national goals. Extensions of the technique and further areas of application are proposed.
Time-Resolved Conformational Dynamics in Hydrocarbon Chains

Internal rotation about carbon-carbon bonds allows N,N-dimethyl-2-butanamine (DM2BA) and N,N-dimethyl-3-hexanamine (DM3HA) to assume multiple conformeric structures. We explore the equilibrium composition and dynamics between such conformeric structures using Rydberg fingerprint spectroscopy. Time constants for conformeric interconversion of DM2BA (at 1.79 eV of internal energy) are 19 and 66 ps, and for DM3HA (1.78 eV) 23 and 41 ps. For the first time, a time-resolved and quantitative view of conformational dynamics of flexible hydrocarbon molecules at high temperatures is revealed.
Two types of economic voting: How economic conditions jointly affect vote choice and turnout

Abstract The economic voting literature mostly looks at vote choice, ignoring potential effects on turnout. Studies that do focus on the latter often ignore the former, and come to contradictory conclusions. I develop a model of economic voting that jointly incorporates vote choice and abstention due to alienation or indifference. Analyzing ten elections with validated turnout data and conducting empirically informed simulations, I make two contributions. First, I show that “turnout switching” accounts for up to one third of total economic voting. This second type of economic voting is more common when the number of parties is low and responsibility is dispersed. Second, I show that a bad economy moves some people to abstain while having the opposite effect on others. The aggregate effect is ambiguous and related to macro-conditions in a non-linear way. This explains contradictory findings in the literature.
The effects of neutral capacitance upon the frequency response of bipolar transistors &#8212; Optimum concentration gradient

This report points out the importance of the so-called "neutral capacitance" in determining the frequency response of microwave transistors. A simple model of the emitter-base junction capacitance is also presented which leads to the value of optimum concentration gradient for minimum capacitance of the forward-bias junction.
Hormonal and genetic influences underlying arousal as it drives sex and aggression in animal and human brains.

Abstract Estrogen treatment induces transcription and increases excitability and reproductive behavior. Estrogens provide the structural basis for increased synaptic activity and greater behavior-facilitating output. Administration of progesterone amplifies the effect of estrogens on mating behavior. The role of GnRH is to synchronize reproductive behavior with the ovulatory surge of LH. A causal connection can be charted from one individual gene to human social behavior, but only via six causal links. Glia, meninges and neurons may participate, under the influence of sex hormones, in the direction of sex behavior. Neural and genetic mechanisms for motivation may lead to biological understanding of functions that apply to the most primitive aspects of human mental functioning. With respect to aggression, besides testosterone and its metabolites, serotonergic projections to the forebrain play an important role.
The value, size, and momentum spread during distressed economic periods

Abstract We study the behavior of market risk, value, small cap, and momentum premia under different macro economic scenarios. If these factors are risk factors, then these factors offer high returns to investors at times when the gain (marginal utility) of additional consumption is low (good economic times) and low returns at times when the gain (marginal utility) of additional consumption is high (bad economics times). Our results show that market risk and small cap premia behave more like risk factors while value premium does not. In fact, our results show that a portfolio with a long position in value and a short position in growth is a hedge in the down market and recessionary periods. Our results also show that a momentum premium exists under different economically distressed scenarios we studied.
Multi-Physics Simulations of Fuel Cells Using Multi-Component Modeling

Multi-physics simulations based on multi-component multi-solver modeling approach were performed for high-temperature fuel cells. The developed approach was primarily aimed at the design of complex multi-component engineering systems. It extends the libraries of earlier designed multi-physics system with component classes, which makes it particularly suitable for modeling of fuel cell systems. The C++ based class hierarchy enables simple implementations of different physical models based on general 3D PDE (partial differential equations) solvers, or simplified engineering 1D or 2D models. Simulations of solid-oxide fuel cells were performed using a combined transport solver in multi-species environment. The components included the PEN complex (anode, cathod, electrolyte), air/fuel channels, interconnects, seals and ambient environments. Species concentrations, mass, momentum, energy fluxes were solved for different components. Models for unsteady fluid dynamics of species, heat transport, electrochemistry and electric currents were combined within different components and interfaced for common variables at the inter-component boundaries. The results include distributions of temperature, species concentrations and mass fluxes inside co-flow and cross-flow fuel cells with different number of channels.Copyright © 2005 by ASME