cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Equivalence Theory of Native Spaces

In this paper some equivalence definitions are given for native spaces which were introduced by Madych and Nelson and have become influential in the theory of radial basis functions. The abstract elements in native spaces are interpreted. Moreover, Weinrich and Iske's theories are unified.
Processing and characterization of a lightweight concrete using cenospheres

A study has been conducted in which a lightweight concrete was processed using ceramic microspheres, known as cenospheres, as a primary aggregate. The mechanical properties, including compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and fracture toughness, were tested and cataloged. It was determined that the addition of high volumes of cenospheres significantly lowered the density of concrete but was also responsible for some strength loss. This strength loss was recovered by improving the interfacial strength between the cenospheres and the cement. The interfacial properties were quantified using interfacial fracture mechanics techniques. These techniques were also employed to find a suitable surface modifier with which to improve this interface. The admixture silica fume and the coupling agent Silane™ were found to be suitable candidates and both performed well in small-scale compression testing. Silica fume was eventually isolated as a prime candidate. The concrete produced with this admixture was tested and compared to a concrete with an equal volume fraction of cenospheres. The addition of silica fume improved the compressive strength of cenosphere concrete by 80%, tensile strength by 35%, flexural strength by 60% and fracture toughness by 41%.
Designing Pascal Solutions: A Case Study Approach

Designing PASCAL Solutions is intended for use as a companion to standard CSI Pascal texts to provide realistic models for problem solving. By working through the case studies, students will leam how to analvze problems and inte6-rate various skills, rather than simply memorizing one skill at a time. Thev will acquire a deeper comprehension of . computer language and will learn how to think like programmers. The text is ideal for students on courses on Foundations of Computer Science and Introduction to Programming (Pascal).
Up-regulation of GLT1 reverses the deficit in cortically evoked striatal ascorbate efflux in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease

A corticostriatal-dependent deficit in the release of ascorbate (AA), an antioxidant vitamin and neuromodulator, occurs concurrently in striatum with dysfunctional GLT1-dependent uptake of glutamate in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD), an autosomal dominant condition characterized by overt corticostriatal dysfunction. To determine if deficient striatal AA release into extracellular fluid is related to altered GLT1 activity in HD, symptomatic R6/2 mice between 6 and 9 weeks of age and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice received single daily injections of 200 mg/kg ceftriaxone, a β-lactam antibiotic that elevates the functional expression of GLT1, or saline vehicle for five consecutive days. On the following day, in vivo voltammetry was coupled with corticostriatal afferent stimulation to monitor evoked release of AA into striatum. In saline-treated mice, we found a marked decrease in evoked extracellular AA in striatum of R6/2 relative to WT. Ceftriaxone, in contrast, restored striatal AA in R6/2 mice to WT levels. In addition, intra-striatal infusion of either the GLT1 inhibitor dihydrokainic acid or dl-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate blocked evoked striatal AA release. Collectively, our results provide compelling evidence for a link between GLT1 activation and release of AA into the striatal extracellular fluid, and suggest that dysfunction of this system is a key component of HD pathophysiology.
An analysis of autopsy brain tissue from infants prenatally exposed to methymercury.

Brains from 32 neonatal autopsies from the Seychelles were examined histologically and analyzed for mercury levels. Six brain regions were sampled : frontal and occipital cortex, temporal cortex with hippocampus, basal ganglia with thalamus, cerebellum, and pons with medulla. Tissue blocks for histology and mercury analysis were taken from opposing faces to provide for correlation of findings. Similar studies were performed on 12 reference neonatal brains from Rochester, New York. No clear-cut developmental abnormality was found, but some brains exhibited low-grade, non-specific destructive changes. Total mercury levels, most of it in the organic form, were elevated in many of the Seychelles specimens. No correlation was demonstrated between mercury levels and degree or type of histologic change. There was considerable variability in total mercury for each anatomic region among the 32 Seychelles cases, as well as from one region to another in individual brains. All values of total mercury were under 300 ppb. Statistical analysis of mean mercury levels for each region demonstrated higher values in deep subcortical nuclei, brain stem, and cerebellum, phylogenetically olderparts of the bra in. When total mercury concentration of each region was paired with all other areas in the same brain and the paired values plotted for the entire group ofbrains, high correlations were obtained for all brain pairs, suggesting a strong concentration-dependent relationship between mercury intake and brain content. Analysis of mercury levels in separately dissected blocks of grey and white matter from 12 specimens revealed no significant differences between grey and white. In comparison with other human developmental studies and with experimental developmental studies in animals, where toxicity has been demonstrated with total mercury brain levels above 1,000 ppb, this study found no evidence of toxicity with in a range of mercury levels below 300 ppb. Submicroscopic changes, subcellular alterations, subtle disturbances in the unfolding of brain architectonics - none of these are excluded with methods used in this report. Further studies of threshold effects of MeHg on fetal brain are essential. That approximately half of the mercury resides in glial elements in white matter reinforces the need to focus attention upon glia as well as neurons during development.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum in Rat Hepatocytes during Glycogen Deposition and Depletion

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in hepatic glycogen metabolism. Data are reviewed from several types of experiments which allowed study of the participation of SER in glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. SER functions in both synthesis and degradation of hepatic glycogen. The development of SER follows a cyclic pattern: proliferation of the organelle occurs during early stages of glycogen deposition and remains associated with glycogen particles throughout all stages of deposition of the carbohydrate until high or maximum quantities of glycogen are accumulated by the cell. At this point SER decreases to very low levels in hepatocytes. During depletion of glycogen, SER again proliferates and shows a close relationship to the remaining glycogen particles in hepatocytes. An abundance of SER is present in hepatocytes throughout all stages of glycogen depletion until the cell is devoid of glycogen granules. At this point SER decreases to low values but nevertheless is present in small quantities. Much attention should be given in future work to obtaining pure SER membranes from livers of rats under precisely controlled metabolic conditions and assaying these membranes for various enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism.
Study on Topology Control in Body Area Network

Body Area Networks (BANs) are considered as the key building blocks for the emerging application of upcoming generation of networks that would be extended towards the wearable technology as well as the Internet of Things. Starting from the traditional network scenarios to today's advanced network infrastructure, BANs have played a very significant role in developing the computer network industry and specifically the medical sector as well. This paper/ article describe several composite research-based approaches for Topology Control (TC) for BANs while considering the network performance. TC considered being major network parameters that profoundly influence different network metrics including the network traffic. Also we discuss on different BAN topologies that should be selected according to the foreseen medical application and the deployment environment. TC techniques have been widely used in Wireless Sensor Network (BANs are one kind of sensor network) so as to reduce the energy consumption, to extend the network operational time, to reduce radio interference and to prove a positive effect on the network traffic carrying capacity etc. In this paper, we also state several problems that are related to the topology control particularly in BANs environment and outline how TC largely influences several parameters on network performances. Our survey also explains about how TC techniques can be intelligently used to enhance and increase the network performance in BANs according to relevant medical application.
A cautionary note regarding long-term sequelae of biologic glue.

Postoperative hemorrhage remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity after repair of acute aortic dissection. Accordingly, there has been great interest in the development and application of biologic hemostatic tissue sealants for use during this and other aortic surgical procedures. Among these agents, BioGlue (Cryolife, Inc, Kennesaw, Ga) appears remarkably effective and has rapidly gained wide acceptance. However, because it is composed of 45% (wt/vol) purified bovine albumin and 10% (wt/vol) glutaraldehyde in a 4:1 ratio, we have been concerned that it might not be completely innocuous. We have recently encountered a case of late anastomotic pseudoaneurysm potentially related to the use of BioGlue.
Deriving disciplinary structures : some new methods, models, and an illustration with accounting

This study demonstrates the use of two microcomputer based extensions of cocitation clustering, and content analysis to derive a disciplinary structure. The use of an independent data source and multiple discriminant analysis as a validation tool is also demonstrated. One extension of cocitation clustering is a form of non-hierarchical single-link clustering, and the second is sequential cocitation threshold stepping. These extensions can be used to cluster cocitations and syntactically represent cluster structure in the form of a dendogram. This structure can be given semantic content through the use of content analysis. The Research Markets Model of the behavior of research scholars provides a framework within which the heterogeneity and homogeneity apparent in the structure of scholarly disciplines is interpreted
Are Baccalaureate Level Social Workers Who Graduate from Accredited BSW Programs Prepared to Enter into Positions Working in Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Programs

Abstract BSW-level social workers have high rates of employment in alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment centers (Sun, 2001). To investigate whether BSW programs provide course work in the area of substance abuse, this exploratory study was undertaken. All CSWE Accredited BSW Programs listed in the Directory of Colleges and Universities with Accredited Social Work Degree Programs (August 1999) were surveyed to see if they provide the educational training that would assist social workers in the substance abuse field. Results from the 426 BSW programs surveyed indicated that only 25% of the programs [n = 107] offered one or more courses in substance abuse. Suggestions are provided to address this lack of content in BSW programs.
Pulmonary lymphomas simulating lymphomatoid granulomatosis.

ABSTRACT Twenty cases of malignant lymphoma presenting in the lung and 10 cases with secondary pulmonary involvement were studied. All cases shared the feature of prominent vascular infiltration by lymphoid cells, and in the 20 cases presenting with pulmonary involvement, this feature led to confusion with lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Both the primary and secondary lymphomas showed similar histologie features including vascular infiltration, extensive necrosis, and foci of a histologically polymorphous and benign infiltrate. The diagnosis of lymphoma was based on the identification of monomorphous foci of atypical lymphoid cells except in the cases of Hodgkin's disease. The malignant cells were occasionally focal and microscopic and surrounded by an extensive histologically benign infiltrate. Examination of several blocks was often required in such cases before a diagnosis of lymphoma could be made. The clinical and radiologie findings at presentation were nonspecific. Radiologie findings included unilateral or bilateral nodules and infiltrates. The prognosis of the 20 patients who presented with pulmonary lymphoma was poor; half were dead in less than 2 years.
What does enrollment in a MOOC mean

In 2012, when MOOCs became largely known, media reports were fascinated with the big number of enrollments. The number 150,000 students was mentioned for both Stanford's Artificial Intelligence course and MIT's Circuits and Electronics, to be later followed by the underwhelming completion rates, that often are in the single digit percentages. But what kind of enrollment do these large numbers really show? We try to answer this question by breaking this number into its components, while comparing two successive iterations of the same MOOC offered on the edX platform.
Tools for monitoring, visualizing, and refining collections of noisy documents

Developing better systems for document image analysis requires understanding errors, their sources, and their effects. The interactions between various processing steps are complex, with details that can be obscured by the statistical methods that are employed in many cases. In this paper, we describe tools we are building to help the user view and understand the results of common document analysis procedures. Unlike existing platforms for ground-truthing page images, our system also allows users to visualize the results of automated error analyses. Recognition errors can be corrected interactively, with the effort to do so recorded as a measure that is useful in performance evaluation.Beyond this functionality for exploring error behavior, we consider how such tools could be designed to improve the quality of collections of badly recognized documents incrementally as users interact with them on a regular basis. We conclude by discussing topics for future research.
Identification and characterization of neogenin, a DCC -related gene

DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer), a candidate tumor suppressor gene located in chromosome band 18q21.2, encodes a transmembrane protein of 1447 amino acids. Neogenin, a protein with nearly 50% amino acid identity to DCC, was recently identified because of its dynamic expression in the developing nervous system and gastrointestinal tract of the chicken. To explore a role for the human neogenin (NGN) gene in cancer, we have isolated cDNAs for two alternatively spliced forms of NGN, encoding proteins of 1461 and 1408 amino acids. Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies (FISH) localized NGN in chromosome band 15q22, a region infrequently affected by alterations in cancer. NGN transcripts of about 7.5 and 5.5 kb were detected in all adult tissues studied. In contrast to the frequent loss of DCC expression, no alterations in NGN expression were observed in more than 50 cancers studied, including glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, colorectal, breast, cervical and pancreatic cancer cell lines and xenografts. Based on their sequence conservation and similar expression during development, DCC and NGN may have related functions. However, the chromosomal location and ubiquitous expression of NGN in various human tumors suggest it is infrequently altered in cancer.
Thermal Analysis of Sliding Contact in Systems With Rotary Motion

Many devices involve sliding contact where a rotating component slides over a stationary component. Examples include disk brakes, cam/valve lifters, and laboratory pin-on-disk machines. An essential feature of these devices is that a wear track forms on the rotating component that is cyclically exposed to frictional heating, temperature fluctuations, and enhanced chemical film formation. The objective of this paper is to develop a theoretical model and solution methodology to examine the thermal effects produced by friction between sliding contacts in systems with rotary motion. A new methodology based on a combination of control volume finite difference and the cellular automata concepts is developed. The method involves a cascading sequence of simple, explicit rules of evaluation, rather than complicated partial differential equations. Results using the general model developed in this study are presented in dimensionless form to show the importance of critical operating parameters. Implications for applications such as disk brake and cam/valve lifters are suggested.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
An Interactionist Perspective on Organisational Adaptation

Existing theory is extended to develop a more comprehensive typology of organisational adaptation, from an interactionist perspective. Social learning theory is drawn on to present a reciprocal model stressing the continuous, multi‐directional interaction between strategic choice, environment and an organisation's behaviour.
SECM investigation of corrosion inhibition by tungstate- and vanadate-doped polypyrrole/aluminum flake composite coatings on AA2024-T3

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) experiments were performed over defects on AA2024-T3 samples coated with an epoxy-based composite containing aluminum flakes covered with either tungstate- or vanadate-doped polypyrrole. The SECM probe was scanned laterally over the defect with the probe potential set to either reduce dissolved oxygen (redox competition mode) or oxidize ferrocenemethanol (feedback mode). Scans were performed over several days of immersion in naturally aerated KCl/ferrocenemethanol solution and results from three different composite coatings were obtained. Coatings containing the as-received aluminum flakes with no polypyrrole showed high levels of corrosion and corrosion product buildup, while those coatings containing polypyrrole-covered flakes showed depletion of dissolved O2 over the scribe, but with no concomitant buildup of corrosion product. The results support a corrosion control mechanism that combines galvanic coupling between the polypyrrole and the aluminum flakes, anodic passivation of the substrate, and inhibitor release into the defect. SEM/EDX was utilized to provide evidence of corrosion product formation and the release of dopant ions.
Monazite Th-Pb age depth profiling

The significant capabilities of the ion microprobe for thermochronometric investigations of geologic materials remain largely unexploited. Whereas {sup 208}Pb/{sup 232}Th spot analysis allows {approximately} 10-mm-scale imaging of Pb loss profiles or overgrowths in sectioned monazite grains, the spatial resolution offered by depth profiling into the surface region of natural crystals is more than two orders of magnitude higher. The authors document here the ability of the high-resolution ion microprobe to detect {sup 208}Pb/{sup 232}Th age differences of < 1 m.y. with better than 0.05 {micro}m depth resolution in the outer micron of Tertiary monazites from the hanging wall of the Himalayan Main Central thrust. Age gradients on this scale are inaccessible to ion microprobe spot analysis or conventional thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Interpretation of the near-surface {sup 208}Pb distributions with available monazite Pb diffusion data illustrates the potential of the approach for recovering continuous, high-temperature thermal history information not previously available.
The effects of chronic haloperidol administration on GABA receptor binding.

The effect of chronic administration of haloperidol for 30 days and its subsequent withdrawal for 0,4 and 8 days on the binding of [3H]-GABA and [3H]-muscimol to GABA binding sites in rat brain membranes obtained from six discrete regions of the brain and spinal cord was investigated. The chronic administration of haloperidol resulted in a marked increase in the number of GABA binding sites within the substantia nigra, but did not affect GABA binding sites in other regions of rat brain or spinal cord. The increase in GABA binding sites in the substantia nigra was evident for at least 4 days following termination of haloperidol treatment; however, 8 days following withdrawal from haloperidol, when dopaminergic supersensitivity had become maximally expressed, the number of GABA binding sites in the substantia nigra had declined and was the same as that observed in the control rats. These observations suggest that blockade of dopamine receptors in the striatum by haloperidol results in a compensatory decrease in the activity of the GABAergic strionigral system that leads to an increase in the number of GABA binding sites within the substantia nigra. This increase in the number of GABA binding sites is gradually reversed when dopamine is again allowed to interact with its receptors.
Implications of Reflected Appraisals of Interpersonal Insecurity for Suspicion and Power

In three studies, the authors tested a model positing that chronically insecure individuals often believe that their relationship partners view them as highly insecure. In turn, because of expectations regarding the social consequences of expressing insecurities, these reflected appraisals of insecurity are thought to predict suspicion of partners' authenticity and feelings of powerlessness within relationships. Results supported these predictions. Self-esteem, attachment anxiety, neuroticism, proclivity for anger, and proclivity for hurt feelings predicted reflected appraisals of insecurity independently of whether partners detected insecurity. In turn, chronically insecure participants were suspicious of their partners' authenticity and felt powerless in their relationships partly because they believed they were viewed as insecure. This research suggests that beliefs that one is perceived as insecure, even when they are misguided, can partially explain interpersonal cognitions associated with actually being insecure.
Effects of predation and disturbance on the population growth and dynamics of the polychaete Capitella capitata (Type I)

Populations of the polychaete Capitella capitata (Type I) were cultured in the laboratory under constant conditions and subjected to two intensities of density-independent exploitation (12 and 23% of the population removed per week) over an 81- to 85-week period (September 1981 to May 1983). Density-independent exploitation reduced the amplitude of the oscillations but did not stabilize the populations. An additional pair of populations were cultured in a similar manner except that they were subjected to a daily physical disturbance of their sediment habitat. In these trays C. capitata established moderately stable low level populations in spite of the continuous disturbance of their habitat. The data suggest that C. capitata are unlikely to maintain an equilibrium population, except for short periods of time or when subjected to intense density-dependent effects. Exploitation by a predator may not stabilize its prey population unless the prey can respond in a density-dependent fashion to prey population growth.
Glucose Modulates Basement Membrane Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 via Alterations in Endothelial Cell Permeability

The effects of glucose extremes on vascular physiology and endothelial cell function have been examined across a range of time scales. Not unexpectedly, chronic glucose exposure induces long term tissue effects. Yet short term exposure can also impose lasting consequences. The persistence of vascular pathology after euglycemic restoration further suggests a glucose exposure memory. Slow turnover reservoirs such as basement membrane are candidates for prolongation of acute events. We hypothesized that glucose-induced vascular dysfunction is related to altered vasoactive compound handling within the endothelial cell-basement membrane co-regulatory unit. Endothelial cell basement membrane-associated fibroblast growth factor-2 increased linearly with culture glucose within days of elevated glucose exposure. Surprisingly, basement membrane fibroblast growth factor-2 binding kinetics remained unchanged. The glucose-induced increase in basement membrane fibroblast growth factor-2 was instead related to enhanced endothelial cell fibroblast growth factor-2 release and permeability. Cellular fibroblast growth factor-2 release occurred concomitant with apoptosis but was not blocked by caspase inhibitors. These data suggest that release was associated with sub-lethal early apoptotic cell membrane damage, perhaps related to reactive oxygen species formation. High glucose basement membrane in turn enhanced endothelial cell proliferation in a fibroblast growth factor-2-dependent manner. We now show that glucose-induced alterations in endothelial cell function promote changes in basement membrane composition, and these changes further affect endothelial cell function. These data highlight the interrelationship of cell and basement membrane in pathological conditions such as hyperglycemia. These phenomena may explain long term effects on the endothelium of short term exposure to glucose extremes.
High-Frequency-Link-Based Grid-Tied PV System With Small DC-Link Capacitor and Low-Frequency Ripple-Free Maximum Power Point Tracking

This paper proposes a grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system consisting of modular current-fed dual-active-bridge (CF-DAB) dc–dc converter with cascaded multilevel inverter. The proposed converter allows a small dc-link capacitor in the three-phase wye-connected PV system; therefore, the system reliability can be improved by replacing electrolytic capacitors with film capacitors. The low-frequency ripple-free maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is also realized in the proposed converter. First of all, to minimize the influence resulting from reduced capacitance, a dc-link voltage synchronizing control is developed. Then, a detailed design of power mitigation control based on CF-DAB dynamic model is presented to prevent the large low-frequency voltage variation propagating from the dc-link to PV side. Finally, a novel variable step-size MPPT algorithm is proposed to ensure not only high MPPT efficiency, but also fast maximum power extraction under rapid irradiation change. A downscaled 5-kW PV converter module with a small dc-link capacitor was built in the laboratory with the proposed control and MPPT algorithm, and experimental results are given to validate the converter performance.
Implementing neural nets on non-ideal analog hardware

We consider the implementation of high capacity Ho-Kashyap associative processors on non- ideal optical and analog VLSI systems. Processor non-idealities considered include quantization, non-uniform beam illumination, and nonlinear device characteristics. New training-out techniques to overcome these non-idealities are advanced. We obtain optimal performance in the presence of stochastic noise by proper selection of the processor parameter (sigma) syn. We derive important results that allow us to a priori determine the optimal value of (sigma) syn and the expected recall accuracy P'c without having to simulate the specific processor. We present a new algorithm that allow us to achieve storage near the theoretical maximum capacity (2N, where N is the dimensionality of the input vector) with excellent recall accuracy. Optical laboratory results are included. We achieved storage of 1.5 N with recall accuracy P'c >= 95% with input noise of standard deviation (omega) 1 equals 0.02 present and with optical analog components with 5 bit input accuracy and 8 bit memory matrix accuracy. With higher accuracy analog VLSI components (10 bit input accuracy and 11 bit weight accuracy), we achieve storage of 1.75 N with P'c equals 96.43%.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Elastic stability and the zero moment condition

The work presented in this paper is concerned with the zero moment stability theory of Beatty. We find that while the zero moment condition can be justified as a possible aid in the analysis of certainspecific problems, we also indicate that this condition should not be considered as a general and primitive restriction on stability theory at the foundation level.
Mercury toxicity in livers of northern pike (Esox lucius) from Isle Royale, USA

Abstract Many laboratory studies have documented that mercury can be toxic to fish, but it is largely unknown if mercury is toxic to fish in their natural environments. The objective of our study was to investigate the toxic effects of mercury on northern pike (Esox lucius) at Isle Royale, Michigan. In 124 northern pike from eight inland lakes, concentrations of total mercury in skin-on fillets ranged from 0.069 to 0.622 μg/g wet mass (wet wt). Concentrations of total mercury in livers increased exponentially compared with concentrations in fillets, to a maximum of 3.1 μg/g wet wt. Methylmercury constituted a majority of the mercury in livers with total mercury concentrations 0.5 μg/g wet wt. Liver color (absorbance at 400 nm) varied among northern pike and was positively related to liver total mercury concentration. The pigment causing variation in liver color was identified as lipofuscin, which results from lipid peroxidation of membranous organelles. An analysis of covariance revealed lipofuscin accumulation was primarily associated with mercury exposure, and this association obscured any normal accumulation from aging. We also documented decreased lipid reserves in livers and poor condition factors of northern pike with high liver total mercury concentrations. Our results suggest (i) northern pike at Isle Royale are experiencing toxicity at concentrations of total mercury common for northern pike and other piscivorous fish elsewhere in North America and (ii) liver color may be useful for indicating mercury exposure and effects in northern pike at Isle Royale and possibly other aquatic ecosystems and other fish species.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (traumatic war neurosis) and concurrent psychiatric illness among Australian Vietnam veterans. A controlled study.

Depression, anxiety, irritability with unpredictable explosions of aggressive behaviour, impulsivity, suicidal actions and substance abuse have been repeatedly observed among ex-servicemen from World War II in psychiatric treatment settings. In the most recent American Psychiatric Association classification of mental disorders the category of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was introduced, replacing the earlier Traumatic War Neurosis and the above cluster of symptoms were included as associated features of this disorder. Two recent uncontrolled studies on U.S. Vietnam veterans receiving psychiatric care supported the linkage of PTSD with these abnormalities. However, the present controlled study found these associated features occurred with equal frequencies among one group of psychiatrically hospitalised Australian Vietnam veterans with PTSD and another group not so afflicted. Reservations, then, should be harboured about ascribing all the presented psychopathology and behavioural abnormalities of ex-servicemen to the stress of their war service.
Patterning of copper for multilevel metallization: reactive ion etching and chemical-mechanical polishing

Copper has been suggested as a desirable alternative for aluminum in future multilevel-metal ULSI circuits. The use of copper as an interconnect material will require, as one of the critical steps, the development of a highly accurate and manufacturable patterning method. Two possible approaches to this problem are the subtractive patterning of the metal by reactive ion etching and producing inlaid metal patterns by chemical-mechanical polishing. A general overview of issues involved with these two methods is presented. Recent work in the dry etching of copper is then reviewed, with particular reference to the use of halogen-based plasmas. The rather low volatility of the resulting etch products generally requires a substrate temperature above 200°C, but submicron-resolution patterning is feasible with a high-temperature-stable mask. Various approaches to lowering the etching temperature are examined. Additionally, recent work on the chemical-mechanical polishing of copper is discussed, and examples of the fabrication of inlaid metal structures are given. In conclusion, a brief comparison of the two patterning methods is made, with a view on their future application.
Reducing Unnecessary Handovers: Call Admission Control Mechanism between WiMAX and Femtocells

Femtocells are capable of providing services in shadowed areas of the WiMAX macrocell (cell coverage enhancement) and can relieve traffic from the macrocell networks, reduce infrastructure costs for the network operators, allow for network capacity increase, and provide needed service quality in an indoor environment. However, conventional handover methods cannot support a good enough performance under different mobility patterns and dynamic network conditions. This work introduces an appropriate call admission control and proposes a resource management scheme that significantly reduces unnecessary handovers. Simulation results are shown to validate our performance predictions.
Quantification with a dedicated breast PET/CT scanner

Purpose: Dedicated breast PET/CT is expected to have utility in local staging, surgical planning, monitoring of therapy response, and detection of residual disease for breast cancer. Quantitative metrics will be integral to several such applications. The authors present a validation of fully 3D data correction schemes for a custom built dedicated breast PET/CT (DbPET/CT) scanner via 18F-FDG phantom scans. Methods: A component-based normalization was implemented, live-time was estimated with a multicomponent model, and a variance reduced randoms estimate was computed from delayed coincidences. Attenuation factors were calculated by using a CT based segmentation scheme while scatter was computed using a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method. As no performance standard currently exists for breast PET systems, custom performance tests were created based on prior patient imaging results. Count-rate linearity for live-time and randoms corrections was measured with a decay experiment for a solid polyethylene cylinder phantom with an offset line source. A MC simulation was used to validate attenuation correction, a multicompartment phantom with asymmetric activity distribution provided an assessment of scatter correction, and image uniformity after geometric and detector normalization was measured from a high count scan of a uniform cylinder phantom. Raw data were reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP) after Fourier rebinning. To quantify performance absolute activity concentrations, contrast recovery coefficients and image uniformity were calculated through region of interest analysis. Results: The most significant source of error was attributed to mispositioning of events due to pile-up, presenting in count-related axial and transaxial nonuniformities that were not corrected for with the normalization method used here. Within the range of singles counts observed during clinical trials residual error after applying all corrections was comparable to that of a commercial whole body PET/CT system. Conclusions: The results suggest that DbPET/CT is capable of producing quantitative images under the operating conditions expected during patient imaging.
Facing the Consequences: Examining a Workaround Outcomes-Based Model

ABSTRACT: Increasingly, organizations are adopting Enterprise Systems (ES) in an effort to increase productivity and reduce costs. Unfortunately, system-wide implementations such as these often fail to produce the outcomes desired by those that champion them. One noted reason for unsuccessful ES utilization rests in “workarounds”—the deviation or circumvention of the ES by users (employees) of the system. Our research question asks, “How do the outcomes of a workaround impact the downstream user and the system overall?” We assert that the motivation or why workarounds are employed is not as important as the outcomes these workarounds create. Using qualitative data from a longitudinal field study of a large organization in the U.S. Midwest, we categorize workarounds based on the outcomes they generate and consider the resultant effects these workaround outcomes have for the downstream user. In particular, we explore how workaround outcomes impact the effectiveness of accounting functions.
The Role of Predictor Courses and Teams on Individual Student Success

Research suggests that diverse environments enhance conscious modes of thought, resulting in greater intellectual engagement and active thinking. Ordinal and multinomial logistic regression results indicate that accounting courses and business law classes are useful predictors of subsequent performance. Odds ratio estimates indicate that students who perform poorly in these predictor classes are more than four times as likely to perform poorly in subsequent classes. Academic and gender diversity were not found to be significantly related to student performance.
The occurrence of nicotinic acid mononucleotide in yeast.

Abstract A nucleotide was isolated from water-alcohol extracts of yeast by charcoal adsorption-elution and anion-exchange chromatography. The compound was identified as nicotinic acid mononucleotide.
Strong Covalency-Induced Recombination Centers in Perovskite Solar Cell Material CH3NH3PbI3

Inorganic–organic hybrid perovskites are a new family of solar cell materials, which have recently been used to make solar cells with efficiency approaching 20%. Here, we report the unique defect chemistry of the prototype material, CH3NH3PbI3, based on first-principles calculation. We found that both the Pb cations and I anions in this material exhibit strong covalency as characterized by the formation of Pb dimers and I trimers with strong covalent bonds at some of the intrinsic defects. The Pb dimers and I trimers are only stabilized in a particular charge state with significantly lowered energy, which leads to deep charge-state transition levels within the band gap, in contradiction to a recent proposal that this system has only shallow intrinsic defects. Our results show that, in order to prevent the deep-level defects from being effective recombination centers, the equilibrium carrier concentrations should be controlled so that the Fermi energy is about 0.3 eV away from the band edges. Beyond this r...
Spatial Preferences and Voter Choices in the Dutch Electorate

Voters' preferences for political parties and their choices can be modeled as a set of equations with three endogenous variables: (1) the perceived distance between the voter's ideological position and that of a party; (2) the utility that the voter assigns to a party; and (3) behavior—whether or not a voter votes for a given party. Spatial models of party competition imply that (1) the perceived ideological distance between a voter and a party is a function of the perceived spatial distances between the voter's most preferred point on each electorally relevant issue and the party's position—the greater these distances, the greater the perceived ideological distance; (2) the utility assigned to each party is a function of this ideological distance, as well as the issue distances; and (3) the higher the assigned utility, the higher the probability that a voter votes for a given party, but the greater the ideological and issue distances, the lower this probability. These hypotheses are operationalized and t...
Regulation of estrus and ovulation in mares with progesterone or progesterone and estradiol biodegradable microspheres with or without PGF2α

Abstract A single injection of a microsphere preparation, designed to deliver 1.25 gm progesterone and 100 mg estradiol-17β at a controlled rate, for a duration of 12 to 14 days, produces accurate control of estrus and fertile ovulations in mares. Theatment is followed by PGF 2 α injection 14 days after steroid injection. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether estradiol added to the progesterone treatment or PGF 2 α administered at the end of the steroid treatment regimen, would improve synchronization of estrus and ovulation. A total of 45 cyclic horse mares was randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatment groups as follows: Group 1 (control, n=9) sterile microsphere vehicle + sterile PGF 2 α vehicle 14 days after treatment with microsphere vehicle; Group 2 (n=9) progesterone and estradiol microspheres + PGF 2 α 14 days after treatment with microspheres; Group 3 (n=9) progesterone and estradiol microspheres + PGF 2 α vehicle 14 days after treatment with microspheres; Group 4 (n=9) progesterone + PGF 2 α 14 days after treatment with microspheres; and Group 5 (n=9) progesterone + PGF 2 α vehicle 14 days after treatment with microspheres. Addition of estradiol (P 2 α (P 2 days in duration compared with mares treated with progesterone (78 vs 33%, respectively). Therefore, estradiol and PGF 2 α each appear to reduce variation in days to ovulation while estradiol seems to promote better expression of posttreatment estrous behavior.
Enhanced removal of arsenite from water by a mesoporous hybrid material – Thiol-functionalized silica coated activated alumina

Abstract A novel mesoporous hybrid adsorbent prepared by coating an activated alumina (AA) with a mercaptopropyl-functionalized silica was tested for removal of arsenite [As(III)]. Batch experimental results indicated that the thiol-functionalized AA (AA–SH) had an improved adsorption capacity and an enhanced adsorption rate for As(III) compared with AA. In the pH range from 4 to 11, AA–SH exhibited much higher removal efficiency than AA, and the maximum percent removal appeared at pH 7.0 and 8.5 for AA–SH and AA, respectively. The advantages of the hybrid material were further demonstrated by column filtrations using As(III)-spiked aged tap water and groundwater. Approximately 3200 and 350 bed volumes of spiked tap water containing 300 μg/L of As(III) were filtered by AA–SH and AA at pH 7, respectively, before the effluent arsenic concentration increased to the USEPA MCL of 10 μg/L. In a field column test with actual raw groundwater containing ∼70 μg/L of total arsenic (∼80% as As(III)) and having a pH value of ∼7.3, the breakthrough bed volumes were found to be ∼3100 and ∼800 for the AA–SH and AA, respectively. Batch and column studies also indicated that the AA–SH performed better than or similar to some common adsorbents such as granular ferric oxide (GFO) and granular TiO 2 .
Carbon and nitrogen source nutrition of fumagillin biosynthesis by Aspergillus fumigatus.

The carbon and nitrogen source requirements of Aspergillus fumigatus NRRL 2436 for growth and production of the angiogenesis inhibitor fumagillin were studied in chemically defined media. Both carbon and nitrogen sources strongly influenced fumagillin formation. Two out of 29 carbon sources tested interfered with fumagillin biosynthesis. The best combination of two carbon sources was 30 g L−1 xylan and 50 g L−1 mannose. Of fifteen nitrogen sources tested, three ammonium salts (chloride, sulfate, and dibasic phosphate) failed to support fumagillin formation, presumably due to the low pH which developed. The dosage-response study of the best nitrogen source, L-glutamic acid, revealed that 9 g L−1 was optimal. Volumetric production of fumagillin was increased by 15-fold over that in the starting (Peterson-Goldstein) medium as a result of these findings.
Sports Really are Different: The Contest Success Function and the Supply of Talent

The contest success function has not received the attention it deserves in sports economics modeling, and the role of talent supply elasticity has not been fully recognized. We show that both the marginal product of talent in the production of winning and its marginal revenue product depend critically on the elasticity of talent supply and the form of the contest success function. For concave revenues from winning, the marginal revenue product of talent may slope upward so that the stability of equilibrium is lost. Only empirical analysis of the marginal product of talent ultimately will prove decisive on these issues.
L’Autochtone dans Le dernier été des Indiens de Robert Lalonde : ou comment passer de la grande à la petite noirceur

Cet article fait l’analyse du portrait stereotype de l’Autochtone dans Le dernier ete des Indiens. Dans le petit village du narrateur, l’Autochtone est depeint comme un etre primitif, insouciant et amoral; mais pour Michel, l’Amerindien represente la liberte, la vitalite et la sensualite. Cette etude examine le role joue par l’Amerindien dans la redefinition de l’identite nationale au debut de la Revolution tranquille en interrogeant les rapports entre les Quebecois et les peuples autochtones. En effet, en employant la theorie postcoloniale de l’ambivalence de Homi K. Bhabha, cet article propose une nouvelle lecture du roman qui explique le portrait stereotype de l’Autochtone en fonction du besoin ressenti par le sujet quebecois de combler un manque au coeur de sa propre identite. Selon cette perspective, la presence de l’Amerindien permet au romancier de demontrer que le malaise identitaire ressenti par le sujet quebecois ne saurait etre remedie seulement par un redressement de la situation coloniale et de ses sequelles; une remise en question des rapports passes et futurs entre Quebecois et Autochtones s’impose egalement.
1141612823 Effect of recombinant ovine intereferon tau (IFN) on the ovine Mx1 promoter/enhancer region

Ovine Mx1 (oMx1) is expressed in the uterus during the estrous cycle and is strongly up-regulated during early pregnancy in the uterus and peripheral blood leukocytes. Mx proteins are GTPases which are important elements in innate immunity. Our results showed that steroids are required for oMx1 protein induction by IFN in the uterus. To addresses the role of IFN in regulating oMx1 expression, a 2.1 kb fragment containing 1.7 kb of the promoter/enhancer, exon1 and partial intron A was cloned. Serial deletions were prepared along with a clone that contained the 2 promoter-ISREs (-101 & −145) but not the intronic-ISRE (+224). An ovine uterine cell line was transfected with reporter plasmids driven by the oMx1 promoter deletion constructs. The full-length promoter was induced by IFN in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment with 10,000 AVU/mL IFN increased luciferase activity 5- and 10-fold at 3 and 12 hr, respectively. Promoter deletions showed the 2 proximal ISRE (−101 and −145), but not an intronic ISRE (+244), were required for maximal response. Deletion of a distal region (−920 to −715) resulted in decreased luciferase activity (~4-fold). However, subsequent deletion of the −715 to −437 region restored maximal promoter response (~10-fold). Results suggest that regions −920 to −715 and −715 to −437 have positive and negative regulatory element binding sites, respectively. The importance of the 2 proximal ISRE sites for oMx1 promoter activation is consistent with results for the human MxA promoter. An intronic ISRE is present in the human MxA gene, however, this site may not be required for oMx1 promoter activation by IFN. Identifying positive and negative regulatory regions in oMx1 promoter may help elucidate the unique regulation of Mx1 during early pregnancy.
Conspicuous Nationalisms in African Art at the 54th Venice Biennale

This review considers the curatorial strategies employed by each pavilion at the Fifty-Fourth Venice Biennale in 2011 and the ways that they represent national perspectives through themed group exhibitions. The works of individual artists are discussed in terms of their contribution to the curators' intentions. The new pavilions representing Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Haiti brought an influx of artistic positions to Venice but also demonstrated anxiety about under- or misrepresenting their art scenes back home.