cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analysis of policy options for high-definition television

Abstract There is an urgent need in the USA for a cohesive policy regarding high-definition television (HDTV) because world leadership in technology is at stake and foreign competitors, especially the Japanese, are pushing ahead with implimentation. This article compares the leading digital and analog HDTV standards, and offers a plan for government support of the technology in the USA.
A practical approach to accelerated stress testing for avionics products

Accelerated stress testing (AST) is a powerful design tool that can provide a company with a distinct advantage over those who do not practice this discipline. If AST is incorporated early in the lifecycle, large gains in reliability and lower warranty repair costs can be expected. These in turn create greater customer goodwill and strengthen a company's position within its respective industry. The initial capital investment that is required to perform AST can seem costly, however, the cost required to increase a product's reliability once it has been fielded can be orders of magnitude greater than the initial investment to implement AST. This paper outlines a test philosophy developed to overcome a small sample size while applying adequate stress levels in a manner that precipitates defects without overstressing the product too early in the test process.
Principle of maximum entropy and irreversible processes

Abstract More than twenty years have passed since E.T. Jaynes pioneered the information-theoretic approach to the foundations of statistical mechanics. In the intervening period numerous applications have been worked out and new insights developed into traditional problems. Although the natural extension of these ideas to nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and irreversible processes has also been formulated, and both theory and applications have been considerably developed, much of this work has not appeared in the open literature. Yet the basic ideas and consequent theory seem to have an extraordinary unifying and illuminating effect on the foundations of the many-body problem, as well as providing a transparent conceptual basis from which to view various groups of problems not previously formulated in a particularly sharp way. The aim of this review is to summarize these developments in the context of the principle of maximum entropy.
Anomaly Detection in Hyperspectral Imagery: A Comparison of Methods Using Seasonal Data

The use of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology to support a variety of civilian, commercial, and military remote sensing applications, is growing. The rich spectral information present in HSI allows for more accurate ground cover identification and classification than with panchromatic or multispectral imagery. One class of problems where hyperspectral images can be exploited, even when no a priori information about a particular ground cover class is available, is anomaly detection. Here spectral outliers (anomalies) are detected based on how well each hyperpixel (spectral irradiance vector for a given pixel position) fits within some background statistical model. Spectral anomalies may correspond to areas of interest in a given scene. In this work, we compare several anomaly detectors found in the literature in novel experiments. In particular, we study the performance of the anomaly detectors in detecting several man-made painted panels in a natural background using visible/near-infrared hyperspectral imagery. The data have been collected over the course of a nine month period, allowing us to test the robustness of the anomaly detectors with seasonal change. The detectors considered include the simple Gaussian anomaly detector, a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) anomaly detector, and the cluster-based anomaly detector (CBAD). We examine the effect of the number of components for the GMM and the number of clusters for the CBAD. Our preliminary results suggest that the use of a CBAD yields the best results for our data.
The politics of public space: “Un espacio liberado” under the big top

This essay explores the proclamation of a “liberated space” as deployed by artists and activists of the NUDEC, Nuevo Nuevo Circo (New New Circus) in Caracas. Operating from a former bullring, these artists collectively interpret and define their terms for liberation, in part through an anti-bullfighting campaign centered on humanism as a political assertion in a venue for the arts. By examining the work of NUDEC in relation to the politics of public space during the first decade of the twenty-first century, certain parallels can be drawn between the New New Circus and the nation.
DNA repair synthesis in guinea pig pancreatic slices following in vitro exposure to N-nitrosomethylurethane.

The incorporation of thymidine into DNA in the presence of hydroxyurea (HU) by guinea pig pancreatic slices following exposure to N-nitrosomethylurethane (NMUT) was used to follow DNA repair synthesis. HU was used to suppress normal replicative DNA synthesis. Slices from the duodenal segment of the pancreas were exposed for periods of 15 to 90 min to NMUT at concentrations of 2 to 20 mM, then incubated in tritiated thymidine (3H]-TdR) free of carcinogen, and radioactivity in DNA was determined. NMUT induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in HU-insensitive thymidine incorporation. This stimulated incorporation, which could be attributed to repair synthesis, occurred immediately following the treatment and was largely complete within 3 h.
Tezcatlipoca neoplatónico y las correspondencias ocultas del amor

Cien anos despues de la conquista, los sujetos nahuas del centro de Mexico mantenian vivas la sensibilidad y vision de un mundo saturado de correspondencias preternaturales y fuerzas ocultas meticu...
Beamspace MU-MIMO for high-density gigabit small cell access at millimeter-wave frequencies

Through orders-of-magnitude larger bandwidths and small wavelengths that enable high-dimensional multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) operation, millimeter-wave (mm-wave) systems operating from 30–300 GHz provide a unique opportunity for meeting the exploding capacity demands on wireless networks. Previously, the performance of multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) precoders that exploit the concept of beamspace MIMO (B-MIMO) communication - multiplexing data onto orthogonal spatial beams - was explored for access points (APs) equipped with n-dimensional uniform linear arrays (ULAs). It was shown that APs using reduced complexity B-MIMO transceivers achieve near-optimal performance with complexity that tracks the number of mobile stations (MSs). In this paper we explore the application of the reduced complexity B-MIMO transceivers to APs equipped with uniform planar arrays (UPAs) serving small cells. First, we apply B-MIMO theory to develop a framework for analyzing the small cell in terms of the orthogonal beam footprints. We then examine the effect of several parameters on the system performance and demonstrate that the low-complexity transceivers enable 1000s of Gigabit/s aggregate rates in mm-wave small cells serving hundreds of MSs.
A MAPKK Kinase Gene Regulates Extra-Embryonic Cell Fate in Arabidopsis

The Arabidopsis zygote divides asymmetrically into an embryonic apical cell and a basal cell with mostly extra-embryonic fate. This fundamental asymmetry sets the stage for further embryonic development, but the events mediating it are poorly understood. We have identified a MAPKK kinase gene, named YODA, that promotes extra-embryonic cell fates in the basal lineage. In loss-of-function mutants, the zygote does not elongate properly, and the cells of the basal lineage are eventually incorporated into the embryo instead of differentiating the extra-embryonic suspensor. Gain-of-function alleles cause exaggerated growth of the suspensor and can suppress embryonic development to a degree where no recognizable proembryo is formed. Our results imply that a MAP kinase cascade acts as a molecular switch promoting extra-embryonic fate.
An experimental study of liquid-phase turbulent diffusion: Part II. Calculation of local turbulent mass transfer coefficients in the turbulent wake of a cylinder

Turbulent mass-transfer coefficients were calculated from concentration profiles obtained in the wake of a hollow cylinder having a porous wall through which a solution of electrolyte was flowing. These coefficients are presented as functions of the turbulence intensity and the width of the transport region. This paper is a continuation of the previous report on this subject and utilizes the results presented earlier.
A Combined Wormlike-Chain and Bead Model for Dynamic Simulations of Long Linear DNA

A carefully parameterized and tested simulation procedure for studying the dynamic properties of long linear DNA, based on a representation that combines features of both wormlike-chain and bead models, is presented. Our goals are to verify the model parameters and protocols with respect to all relevant experimental data and equilibrium simulations, to choose the most efficient algorithms, and to test different approximations that increase the speed of the computations. The energy of the linear model chain includes stretching, bending, and electrostatic components. Beads are associated with each vertex of the chain in order to specify the hydrodynamic properties of the DNA. The value of the stretching rigidity constant is chosen to achieve a compromise between the efficiency of the dynamic simulations (since the timestep depends on the stretching constant) and realistic modeling of the DNA (i.e., small deviations of the input contour length); the bead hydrodynamic radius is set to yield agreement with known values of the translational diffusion coefficient. By comparing results from both a first- and a second-order Brownian dynamics algorithm, we find that the two schemes give reasonable accuracy for integration timesteps in the range 200Â?500 ps. However, the greater accuracy of the second-order algorithm permits timesteps of 600 ps to be used for better accuracy than the 300 ps used in the first-order method. We develop a more efficient second-order algorithm for our model by eliminating the auxiliary calculations of the translational diffusion tensor at each timestep. This treatment does not sacrifice accuracy and reduces the required CPU time by about 50%. We also show that an appropriate monitoring of the chain topology ensures essentially no intrachain crossing. The model details are assessed by comparing simulation-generated equilibrium and dynamic properties with results of Monte Carlo simulations for short linear DNA (300, 600 base pairs) and with experimental results. Very good agreement is obtained with Monte Carlo results for distributions of the end-to-end distance, bond lengths, bond angles between adjacent links, and translational diffusion measurements. Additionally, comparison of translational diffusion coefficients with experimentally-measured values for DNA chains (of 367, 762, 1010, 2311 base pairs) shows excellent agreement as well. This lends confidence to the predictive ability of our model and sets the groundwork for further work on circular DNA. We conclude with results of such a predictive measurement, the autocorrelation time, for the end-to-end distance and the bending angle as a function of DNA length. Rotational diffusion measurements for different DNA lengths (300 to 2311 base pairs) are also presented.
Monolithic integration of a widely tunable laser and an electro-absorption modulator

Widely tunable lasers are essential components for a wide variety of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and packet switching network architectures.
Information-theoretic aspects of adaptive multicoding for uncertainty tolerance on CDMA fading channels

We consider the problem of adaptive modulation and receiver design for DS-CDMA fading channels with imperfect channel state information. The goal is to adapt the geometry of the signal constellation within the subspace spanned by a small number of spreading codes (multicoding) in order to maximize throughput, minimize power consumption, or control bit error rate in the presence of uncertainty regarding instantaneous channel state information. We study two possible cost functions based on J-divergence and investigate their relationship to effective system capacity via bounds on the mutual information between the channel input and output given an estimate of the channel state information. The bounds will be used in future analytical and simulation studies to evaluate the performance improvement associated with the proposed adaptive modulation scheme.
Wave Solder Parameter Optimisation Using A Statistical Experimental Design

One part of putting a new wave solder machine into service is determining the optimum settings for the machine's operating parameters. Generally this is done on the basis of ‘common’ knowledge or by simply using whatever settings were used on the old machine. In this case, a full factorial statistical experiment was designed and performed to determine the optimum settings for conveyor speed, board topside temperature and solder pot temperature. Using this technique it was possible to determine the size and shape of the optimum processing ‘window’ by constructing contour plots from the data. The experiment was repeated for a different assembly to determine the sensitivity of the parameter settings to board thickness and component density.
Super high estradiol response to gonadotropin stimulation in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization.

The likelihood of establishment of a term pregnancy from in vitro fertilization (IVF) is related to the estradiol (E2) pattern and peak level. To examine the influence of super high E2 peak levels (>-2000 pg/ml), we reviewed the clinical outcomes of all IVF cycles with follicular phase E2 levels >2000 pg/ml from May 1982 through June 1987. Among 1651 IVF cycles initiated during this time, 102 cycles (6.2%) had super high E2 levels. Twenty-seven of these cycles occurred in 34 IVF attempts in 12 women. Stimulation was performed with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) in 96 cycles and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in 6 cycles. A mean of 9.3±0.7 oocytes per cycle was recovered, of which 5.5±0.5 fertilized and underwent cleavage. In 11 cycles, with a mean of 6.8 oocytes recovered, none fertilized. Polyploid fertilization occurred in 23 of 90 cycles (25.6%), and 40 of 558 fertilized oocytes (7.2%). From these cycles, 10 clinical pregnancies (9.8%) have resulted: 6 pregnancies in 59 cycles with luteal-phase progesterone support (10.2%) and 4 pregnancies in 31 cycles without luteal-phase progesterone support (12.9%). Among the 1549 cycles with peak E2 levels <-2000 pg/ml, 143 (9.2%) resulted in clinical pregnancies. We conclude that there is a small subset of patients who will have super high E2 responses to gonadotropin stimulation and that there is a tendency to stimulate repetitively in this fashion. With regard to pregnancy outcome (1) pregnancy rates are not elevated in this sub-group of high E2 responses, and (2) there does not appear to be an advantage of luteal-phase progesterone support in these super high E2 cycles.
Definitive radiotherapy in the management of chemodectomas arising in the temporal bone, carotid body, and glomus vagale.

Purpose To evaluate the results of treatment for 71 patients with 80 chemodectomas of the temporal bone, carotid body, or glomus vagale who were treated with radiation therapy (RT) alone (72 tumors in 71 patients) or subtotal resection and RT (8 tumors) at the University of Florida between 1968 and 1998. Methods and Materials Sixty-six lesions were previously untreated, whereas 14 had undergone prior treatment (surgery, 11 lesions; RT, 1 lesion; or both, 2 lesions) and were treated for locally recurrent disease. All three patients who received prior RT had been treated at other institutions. Patients had minimum follow-up times as follows: 2 years, 66 patients (93%); 5 years, 53 patients (75%); 10 years, 37 patients (52%); 15 years, 29 patients (41%); 20 years, 18 patients (25%); 25 years, 12 patients (17%); and 30 years, 4 patients (6%). Results There were five local recurrences at 2.6 years, 4.6 years, 5.3 years, 8.3 years, and 18.8 years, respectively. Four were in glomus jugulare tumors and one was a carotid body tumor. Two of the four patients with glomus jugulare failures were salvaged, one with stereotactic radiosurgery and one with surgery and postoperative RT at another institution. Two of the five recurrences had been treated previously at other institutions with RT and/or surgery. Treatment for a third recurrence was discontinued, against medical advice, before receiving the prescribed dose. There were, therefore, only 2 failures in 65 previously untreated lesions receiving the prescribed course of RT. The overall crude local control rate for all 80 lesions was 94%, with an ultimate local control rate of 96% after salvage treatment. The incidence of treatment-related complications was low. Conclusions Irradiation offers a high probability of tumor control with relatively minimal risks for patients with chemodectomas of the temporal bone and neck. There were no severe treatment complications. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 363–371, 2001.
Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection of the Female Genital Tract

Four of the seven human herpesviruses are recognized to replicate in the female genital tract and may be transmissible to sexual partners and newborn infants. Several of these viruses have also been implicated in the etiology of various human cancers, including tumors of epithelial cell origin. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a newly identified herpesvirus that causes exanthem subitum. The pathogenicity of HHV-6 within the genital tract is largely unexplored. Acellular vaginal secretions from 29 women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic were examined for the presence of HHV-6 DNA sequences by polymerase chain reaction. Three samples (10%) were consistently positive for HHV-6 DNA. Since HHV-6 DNA is shed in the genital tract of some women, it is possible that infectious virus is transmissible through sexual contact and to newborn infants by perinatal spread.
Improved qualitative screening test for cystinuria and homocystinuria.

Abstract The test for cystinuria is improved by substituting borohydride for cyanide as a reducing agent.
Modulation of Active Site Picosecond Dynamics in Mutant Forms of a Thermophilic Alcohol Dehydrogenase (HT-ADH)

Previous kinetic and solvent-exchange data have suggested that an Arrhenius break observed at 30oC is attributed to a shift in the equilibrium populations of inactive and active microstates accompanied with a change in protein flexibility [1,2]. We employed time-correlated single photon counting to investigate the statistical nature of the fluorescence dynamics as a function of temperature in ht-ADH. Two single-tryptophan variants were used as reporter probes; Trp87 is fortuitously located at the active site and Trp167 is a surface tryptophan >25A from the catalytic center. The temperature dependence of the time-resolved Stokes shifts reveal that the active site Trp contains highly temperature-dependent relaxation dynamics while the surface Trp is virtually temperature-independent. Though no break is observed that correlates to catalysis, such results are discussed in the context of slower, more global dynamics as a major contributor to catalytic behavior. Using both single-Trp variants, Ala was then introduced to Tyr25 at the dimer interface and Val260 within the cofactor binding site. Such alterations were previously shown to either eliminate or exacerbate the magnitude of the temperature break, respectively [3,4]. The fluorescence dynamics reveal that the temperature-dependent dynamics at Trp87 are drastically altered relative to its wild-type counterpart, while Trp167 shows minor differences. Such results are discussed in the context of an altered conformational landscape that further corroborates an equilibration process occurring more slowly than the ps-timescale.[1] Kohen, A., et al (1999) Nature, 399, 496-499.[2] Liang, Z. X., et al (2004) PNAS, 101, 9556-9561.[3] Nagel, Z. D., et al (2011) PNAS, 108, 10520-10525.[4] Nagel, Z. D., et al (2013) JBC, 288, 14807-14097.
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis from a proteolytic enzyme.

Background Subtilisins are proteolytic enzymes of bacterial origin found in detergents. They are high-molecular-weight antigens and have been implicated in allergic rhinitis and asthma. Objective This report describes a case of extrinsic allergic alveolitis due to subtilisins in a liquid cleaner. Methods Clinical, radiologic, and serologic information were used to make the diagnosis. Case Report A 53-year-old woman developed respiratory symptoms while working with a cleaner containing subtilisins. Her symptoms intensified in the work environment and improved away from work. A computed tomography scan demonstrated alveolar and interstitial infiltrates with subsequent scarring. A pulmonary function study revealed a restrictive pattern with diminished diffusion capacity. Bronchoalveolar lavage showed lymphocytosis and all cultures were negative. Precipitating antibodies to the enzyme were found in the patient's serum. Her symptoms improved once she changed her occupation. Conclusions The combination of the patient's clinical history, physical, laboratory, and radiologic findings support the diagnosis of extrinsic allergic alveolitis from the enzyme contained in the cleaner.
Hybrid superprism with low insertion losses and suppressed cross-talk.

We demonstrate with the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method that an adiabatic transition in a superprism with an interface along the [1 [overline 2]] direction enhances the transmission through the superprism to more than 90% (–0.5 dB) over the wavelength range 1.47–1.68 µm, including the telecommunication C and L bands. We also show that diffraction governed by a quasinegative index of refraction inside the superprism can be used to obtain nearly transform-limited beam widths at the output of the superprism. The reduction of the beam width at the output suppresses cross-talk and greatly enhances the achievable frequency resolution of the superprism.
Comparative effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and progesterone on estrogenic responses in rats

Abstract The relative activities of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and progesterone were determined in the 25 day old female Long Evans rats. Both 2,3,7,8-TCDD and progesterone treatment result in significant decreases in nuclear and cytosolic progesterone and estrogen receptor (PR and ER). The major difference between the two compounds is associated with the relative persistence of the effects of 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Using an in vitro uterine strip assay, similar effects on ER and PR levels were observed following 2,3,7,8-TCDD treatment on the uteri. Protein and RNA synthesis inhibitors, namely puromycin, cycloheximide and actinomycin D were preincubated with the uteri prior to progesterone or 2,3,7,8-TCDD treatment. Previous studies by Leavitt and coworkers suggested that progesterone-induced decreases in nuclear ER levels were dependent on both RNA and protein synthesis. With 2,3,7,8-TCDD, the protein synthesis inhibitors did not prevent the observed decreases in ER and PR levels, whereas the RNA synthesis inhibitor actinomycin D inhibited the effects of 2,3,7,8-TCDD on uterine ER and PR levels. These results suggest that the mechanism of 2,3,7,8-TCDD-mediated decreases in ER and PR levels is different from that of progesterone.
Search for effect of longitudinally polarized protons on optically active amino acids

The influence of irradiation by longitudinally polarized protons on the differential decomposition of amino acid is investigated in a test of the Vester Ulbricht hypothesis that L-amino acids were produced in preference to the D isomers on the primitive earth due to the effects of parity violation in beta decay. Samples of DL-leucine were irradiated with protons of both positive and negative longitudinal polarization, then analyzed by gas chromatography. Despite advantages of higher polarization, lower velocity and higher ionization density of protons with respect to electrons, proton irradation is found to lead to no detectable asymmetries in DL-leucine degradation, even at 50% gross degradation.
Detection of cytotoxic non-HL-A antisera.

. A lymphocytotoxic serum with unknown non-HL-A specificity was shown to detect Lea antigen on the lymphocytes of Le(a+) individuals. Hemagglutinating anti-Lea was present as well. The reactions of both antibodies were in complete agreement when tested against the red cells and lymphocytes of random donors and in family analyses. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies of Lea specificity were observed in five of six samples of anti-Lea sera, but three anti-Leb failed to demonstrate cytotoxic activity. The optimal thermal activity for anti-Lea cytotoxins was 22°C as compared to two examples of cold cytotoxins reactive at 15°C. The possible presence of cytotoxic Lewis antibodies in HL-A typing sera should be considered, particularly when a 22°C phase is empoyed in the technique.
WINTERING GROUNDS OF NORTH AMERICAN HOUSE WRENS AS REVEALED BY BAND RECOVERIES

Abstract We analyzed 2426 records of recoveries of banded House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon) to identify wintering sites of individuals coming from different parts of this species' broad North American breeding range. Records suggest that most birds breeding approximately east of the Appalachian Mountains (n = 6) winter in the far southeastern United States, especially Florida. In contrast, birds breeding west of the Appalachian Mountains (n = 23) into the eastern Great Plains may winter anywhere from South Carolina and Florida west into Texas. It also appears that individuals from the same breeding populations winter in different sites. The few recoveries (n = 4) of birds from breeding sites on the western Great Plains indicate that at least some individuals from this region travel not due south but rather southeast during migration and winter in the eastern half of the southern U.S. No long-distance recoveries have been made of birds from breeding in or west of the Rocky Mountains.
Isoelectronic studies of the 4s4p^3PJ energy levels in the Zn sequence

Screening parameterizations of the spin–orbit and exchange energies are used to systematize available data accurately for the 4s4p configuration in the Zn isoelectronic sequence. Through the availability of precision measurements of the 4s21S0–4s4p1P1 resonance transition, these screening parameterizations are used to make accurate interpolative and extrapolative predictions of the excitation energies of the 4s4p3PJ levels for ions from Ge iii through Ba xxvii These results also provide extrapolative predictions of the magnetic-dipole, electric-quadrupole, and intercombination transitions in this system that sometimes occur in localized diagnostics of high-temperature plasmas.
Examining Youth Hopelessness as an Independent Risk Correlate for Adolescent Delinquency and Violence

Prior research has identified a relationship between youth hopelessness and violence perpetration within specific groups of young people. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between youth hopelessness and violence perpetration in a population-based sample of adolescents. This study is a cross-sectional analysis of data from 136,549 students in the 6th, 9th, and 12th grades responding to the 2007 Minnesota Student Survey. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between hopelessness and youth violence perpetration, including comparison analyses for gender and race/ethnic subgroups as well as adjustment for a measure of poor-low affect. One in four youth (25.1%) reported levels of hopelessness at least enough to bother them in the previous month. Moderate-high levels of hopelessness exhibited a statistically significant independent relationship with a range of violence-related outcomes for youth subgroups: delinquent behavior, weapon carrying on school property, and all forms of self-directed violence. Relationships between hopelessness and interpersonal and intimate partner violence suggest a greater contribution by poor affective functioning for some groups. Interventions designed to reduce youth violence perpetration may benefit from increased strategies to address youth hopelessness as well as youth mental health in general.
Instructional design for training: A case study on educating computer users in complex tasks

The development and implementation of a training program for users of a database accounting system in an R&D laboratory are discussed. The goal of the training program is to instruct these users, account administrators, in complex tasks, such as selecting the right accounting reports for the purposes out of over 120 options or customizing their report data and displays. Usability tests of prior instructions showed that the instructions did not help these users take advantage of database capabilities to perform complex tasks. To help users adapt their system to their complex tasks, this training program will employ cases drawn from actual problems with accounting tasks in the laboratory. Instruction will focus on the match between users' actual task goals and methods and various program capabilities, i.e., strategies for choosing the best of many possible methods, strategies for accessing the information users need and for evaluating choices, and error management.
Novel 5′ Untranslated Region Directed Blockers of Iron-Regulatory Protein-1 Dependent Amyloid Precursor Protein Translation: Implications for Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease

We reported that iron influx drives the translational expression of the neuronal amyloid precursor protein (APP), which has a role in iron efflux. This is via a classic release of repressor interaction of APP mRNA with iron-regulatory protein-1 (IRP1) whereas IRP2 controls the mRNAs encoding the L- and H-subunits of the iron storage protein, ferritin. Here, we identified thirteen potent APP translation blockers that acted selectively towards the uniquely configured iron-responsive element (IRE) RNA stem loop in the 59 untranslated region (UTR) of APP mRNA. These agents were 10-fold less inhibitory of 59UTR sequences of the related prion protein (PrP) mRNA. Western blotting confirmed that the ‘ninth’ small molecule in the series selectively reduced neural APP production in SH-SY5Y cells at picomolar concentrations without affecting viability or the expression of a-synuclein and ferritin. APP blocker-9 (JTR-009), a benzimidazole, reduced the production of toxic Ab in SHSY5Y neuronal cells to a greater extent than other well tolerated APP 59UTR-directed translation blockers, including posiphen, that were shown to limit amyloid burden in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). RNA binding assays demonstrated that JTR-009 operated by preventing IRP1 from binding to the IRE in APP mRNA, while maintaining IRP1 interaction with the H-ferritin IRE RNA stem loop. Thus, JTR-009 constitutively repressed translation driven by APP 59UTR sequences. Calcein staining showed that JTR-009 did not indirectly change iron uptake in neuronal cells suggesting a direct interaction with the APP 59UTR. These studies provide key data to develop small molecules that selectively reduce neural APP and Ab production at 10-fold lower concentrations than related previously characterized translation blockers. Our data evidenced a novel therapeutic strategy of potential impact for people with trisomy of the APP gene on chromosome 21, which is a phenotype long associated with Down syndrome (DS) that can also cause familial Alzheimer’s disease.
The integration of III-V optoelectronics with silicon circuitry

The integration of III-V optoelectronics with silicon circuitry provides the potential for fabricating dense parallel optical interconnects with data links capable of Terabit aggregate data rates. This paper reviews many of the current approaches used for the fabrication of integrated optoelectronic devices and then highlights the performance results. Finally, the applied method is reviewed in greater detail with recent results on VCSEL, MESFET, and photodiode integration presented.
Geographic information technologies, structuration theory, and the world trade center crisis

Advocates of geographic information technologies (GIT) have long claimed significant advantages to bringing a spatially oriented perspective to bear on organizational and policy decision making, however, for a variety of reasons, these advantages have been more difficult to realize in practice than might be supposed. In this article, we argue that awareness and appreciation of the potential value of GIT changed dramatically as a result of the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks on September 11, 2001. We use a structurationist theoretical perspective to show that GITs were “enacted” in a variety of novel ways by social actors thrust together by the demands of the crisis to form interorganizational systems, and we illustrate this process through three extended examples of GIT adaptation and innovation during the crisis. One lasting consequence of this episode is that GITs have moved from serving as a relatively static reference tool to a dynamic decision-making tool for emergency situations. We conclude by suggesting that the crisis was a catalyst for change in the use of GIT and, reciprocally, in the social structures in which GIT will be deployed in the future. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential Adverse Events Between TNF-α Inhibitors and IL-17 Axis Inhibitors for the Treatment of Spondyloarthritis

Availability of biologics, particularly tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors, has revolutionized the treatment of spondyloarthritis (SpA). The main side effect associated with TNF-α inhibitors is increased rate of infection. Despite significant concerns about tolerability and adverse events of TNF-α inhibitors in treatment of SpA, they have stood the test of time with acceptable safety outcomes. However, there is a subset of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) who fail to respond to TNF-α inhibitors, lose efficacy over a period of time, or develop serious adverse events, particularly opportunistic infections. Newer therapeutic options have become available for these patients including interleukin-17 (IL-17) axis antagonists. Their safety data is limited to clinical trials only, with no registry data available as yet. There are no large head-to-head comparative trials between TNF-α inhibitors and IL-17 axis inhibitors. Based on data from clinical trials of relatively limited duration, infection rates are quite similar between these two classes of biologics but there are, as yet, no reports of reactivation of opportunistic infections like tuberculosis with IL-17 axis antagonists. However, pre-screening for tuberculosis and prophylaxis in appropriate candidates is still needed. The current available data have shown no other major discrepancies in the adverse events between TNF-α inhibitors and IL-17 axis inhibitors. More data is needed to effectively determine the comparative safety of TNF-α inhibitors versus IL-17 axis antagonists.
Design techniques for high-speed, high-resolution comparators

Precision techniques for the design of comparators used in high-performance analog-to-digital converters employing parallel conversion stages are described. Following a review of conventional offset cancellation techniques, circuit designs achieving 12-b resolution in both BiCMOS and CMOS 5-V technologies are presented. The BiCMOS comparator consists of a preamplifier followed by two regenerative stages and achieves an offset of 200 mu V at a 10-MHz clock rate while dissipating 1.7 mW. In the CMOS comparator offset cancellation is used in both a single-stage preamplifier and a subsequent latch to achieve an offset of less than 300 mu V at comparison rates as high as 10 MHz, with a power dissipation of 1.8 mW. >
Leukocyte Adhesion Molecules and X-Ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy in Sturge-Weber Disease

We examined the light microscopic and ultrastructural features associated with Sturge-Weber disease, including x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy to evaluate the chemical composition of the mineralized deposits and immunofluorescence microscopy with leukocyte adhesion molecules to examine the blood vessel proliferation further. Two patients (a 17-year-old girl and a 9-month-old boy) with Sturge-Weber disease comprise this series. Mineralized deposits stained strongly positive with von Kossa and negative with Prussian blue. Transmission electron microscopy of tissue removed during a functional hemispherectomy procedure in both cases indicated that most concretions were adjacent to or in the basal lamina of parenchymal vessels; no deposits were observed in leptomeningeal vessels. Energy dispersive spectroscopy of the deposits showed emission peaks corresponding predominantly to calcium, with lesser amounts of phosphorus. Fluorescent monoclonal antibodies to leukocyte adhesion molecules (endothelial cell, vascular cell, and intercellular: ELAM-1, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1) demonstrated strong positive staining of the meningeal vessels with all three antibodies. Cortical vessels were positive only for ICAM-1. Findings based on routine staining and energy dispersive spectroscopy indicate that the mineralized deposits detected in Sturge-Weber disease are composed primarily of calcium phosphate and are located primarily in and adjacent to the vascular basal lamina. There is an aberrant expression of ELAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the meningeal vascular proliferation similar to what is observed with other vascular malformations and tumors. Parenchymal vessel changes may be secondary to the meningeal vascular proliferation.
Democracy and Dispute Resolution: Systems Design and the New Workplace

There has been growing discussion in law reviews and business journals about the so-called new workplace, which is distinguished from the old, in part, by greater employee mobility and job flexibility. This article extends that discussion by exploring the implications of the new workplace for the design of dispute resolution systems. In particular, it argues that the structure and values of the new workplace correspond to the essential values of democratic governance, and that dispute resolution should be integrated into the new workplace in a way that enhances rather than diminishes these core democratic values. As I have articulated in earlier work, these values specifically include personal autonomy, as well as certain political values (participation, accountability, transparency and rationality), legal values (equality and due process), and social capital values (trust in government, social connection and reciprocity). The article further discusses how mediation and arbitration can be integrated into the new workplace in ways that enhances their democratic character, as defined by these dimensions. Finally, it draws upon the organizational behavior and related literatures to provide empirical support for the proposition that more democratic programs can facilitate such traditional management objectives as recruitment and retention, enhanced employee performance, and compliance with corporate rules, policies, and goals.
[3H]spiroperidol binding in normal and denervated carotid bodies

Specific dopamine receptors were studied in freshly dissected, unhomogenized rabbit carotid bodies incubated in [3H]spiroperidol. Total binding and non-specific binding were determined in the absence and presence of 0.2 #M (+)-butaclamol, respectively. Specific binding in normal carotid bodies incubated at near saturating concentrations (0.38 nM) was 1.63 _+ 0.58 pmol/g of tissue. Chronic section of the carotid sinus nerve (14 days) resulted in a 64070 reduction (P < 0.05) in specific binding. We conclude that the majority of specific dopaminergic receptors are located on carotid sinus nerve afferent terminals. The carotid body is a chemosensory organ which reflexly influences heart rate, vasoresistance and pulmonary ventilation. Changes in blood pOE, pCO2 and pH are translated by this organ into appropriate patterns of chemoreceptor discharge on the carotid sinus nerve (see ref. 3). However, the precise cellular and biochemical mechanisms involved in this chemosensory transduction process remain to be fully
PSYCHOLINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CONDUCT PROBLEM BOYS

Abstract Forty‐seven boys identified by their third grade teachers as conduct problems were administered the ITPA and subdivided into three groups on the basis of race and social class: (1) the working class Negro group (N = 21); (2) the working class White group (N = 14); and (3) the middle class White group (N = 12). The total sample (N = 47) performed significantly below the standardization population on Auditory Reception, Visual Memory, Verbal Expression and Grammatic Closure and significantly above on Sound Blending. The working class Negro group did significantly poorer on the ITPA than the other two groups which did not differ significantly from each other. All three subgroups performed significantly below the standardization population on visual sequential memory. This latter result may indicate a non‐verbal learning disability which interferes with learning appropriate social behavior. ∗ Based on the author's doctoral dissertation completed at the University of Illinois under the direction of Dr...
Reactions of Ar′CrCrAr′ with N2O or N3(1-Ad): complete cleavage of the Cr–Cr quintuple interaction

Reaction of Ar'CrCrAr' (Ar' = C(6)H(3)-2,6-(C(6)H(3)-2,6-Pr(i)(2))(2)) with heterocumulene reagents N(2)O or N(3)(1-Ad) resulted in Ar'Cr(micro-O)(2)Cr(O)Ar' or Ar'Cr(micro(2):eta(1),eta(3)-N(3)(1-Ad))CrAr' which have no metal-metal bonding.
Primary malignant melanoma of the common bile duct: a case report and review of the literature.

○ Primary malignant melanoma of the common bile duct is rare. To our knowledge, only 6 cases have been reported previously. The pathologic diagnosis of primary malignant melanoma in extracutaneous sites often requires the use of confirmatory immunohistochemical stains and electron microscopy studies, as well as tests to rule out other possible remote or concurrent primary sites. The presence of junctional activity adjacent to the tumor is another important requisite for the diagnosis of this entity. Nevertheless, absolute exclusion of a metastatic melanoma from an unknown occult site or regressed site is not entirely possible. We describe our observations in a case of primary malignant melanoma of the common bile duct in a 48-year-old man and discuss the criteria for diagnosis of primary melanoma.
Stroke on a Chip: Spatial and Temporal Control of Oxygen for in vitro Brain Slices

A new device docked to a standard off-the-shelf perfusion chamber is used to deliver spatially defined, transient hypoxic conditions to a brain slice. When compared to traditional methods, our diffusion device allows complete spatial and temporal control over the oxygen environment with microscale precision, something that is not possible with any current method. The ability to deliver localized oxygen stimuli to an in vitro model will undoubtedly motivate advances in stroke research, as well as in other tissues where cyclic oxygenation can provide further insight into the behavior of the body.
Derivation and Solution of Elliptic Difference Equations

The basis aims in this chapters are to derive finite difference approximations for certain elliptic differential equations, to study the properties of the associated matrix equations, and to describe rigorous iterative methods for the solution of such matrix equations, In certain cases, the derived properties of the associated matrix equations are sufficiently powerful to allow us to prove rather easily (Theorem 6.2) that these finite difference approximations become more accurate with finer mesh spacings, but results in this area, especially in higher dimensions, require detailed developments which we omit. Rather, in this chapter we concentrate on useful methods for deriving finite difference approximations of boundary-value problems which apply to internal interfaces, which are of interest in reactor physics.
Karst Development In Coastal Plain Sands: A “New” Problem in Foundation Engineering

Settling of a home located on clayey sands of the Plio-Pleistocene Citronelle Formation in Mobile, Alabama was identified as being caused by the incongruent dissolution of kaolinite to form gibbsite. On a molal basis, the transformation causes a volume loss amounting to nearly 35 percent. Sufficient kaolinite is present in the formation to account for small sinkholes in a homeowner9s yard and the settlement of his home. A damage suit was successfully filed by the homeowner against his insurance company for breach of contract because it was shown that he was entitled to compensation under a clause of the contract covering damage caused when “settlement or collapse results from subterranean voids created by the action of water on limestone or similar rock formations.” Arguments are presented to show that the clayey sands are, in fact, undergoing dissolution and, therefore, are behaving similar to limestone by the fact that water was dissolving a mineral and causing the formation of void spaces.
CONGENITAL MACROVESSEL ASSOCIATED WITH CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA AND AN IPSILATERAL INTRACRANIAL VENOUS MALFORMATION.

Congenital retinal macrovessels are large, aberrant blood vessels, which cross the horizontal raphe and are believed to originate from abnormal embryologic development during the 15th and 16th weeks of gestation.1 Most of these malformations are venous, unilateral, asymptomatic, and incidentally discovered. Rarely, complications may develop resulting in decreased visual acuity.1–4 In 1972, Archer et al5 classified retinal arteriovenous malformations into 3 categories with Type I arteriovenous malformations defined as a retinal macrovessel associated with an abnormal intervening capillary bed between the arterial and venous vasculature. Although Archer et al considered retinal macrovessels to be a variant of racemose angiomatosis or the Wyburn–Mason syndrome, to date there have been no cases reported of intracranial arteriovenous malformations in association with a macrovessel. Congenital retinal macrovessels are therefore considered to be isolated vascular malformations of the eye. Here, we report a case of macrovessel complicated by macular edema and associated with an ipsilateral intracranial venous malformation. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a CRM associated with an intracranial vascular malformation.
Too young for attention deficit disorder? Views from preschool.

A review of public-school administrative records and interviews with early-childhood directors from special and regular programs were used to collect information about factors associated with outcomes for young children with attention-deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (AD/HD) in preschool. Special-education preschool administrators and community-based child care and preschool directors differed in their fundamental view of "what works" with preschool AD/HD children, but they agreed in principle on other issues (e.g., public-school providers attested to faith in adult-directed programming; community providers cited child-centered approaches as effective with AD/HD). The records review and interviews indicate that intrinsic program structure, gentle and constant adult help, acceptance of the child, family integrity, gross motor facilities, and attention to comorbidities were seen as positively related to child success. Multiple caregivers, poor understanding of development, failure to foster self-soothing and other personal mastery skills, expectations of perfection, and delegated parenting were identified as negatively related to good outcomes over time for children with AD/HD or similar profiles.