cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fetal and Postnatal Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Unilateral Cystic Renal Dysplasia in a Neonate with Tuberous Sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is an autosomal dominant condition associated with mutations in the TSC1 and/or TSC2 genes. Clinical manifestations are multisystemic, and they often include lesions in the brain, skin, heart, kidneys, and bones. TSC2 gene mutations can be seen concomitantly with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease gene mutations. We present a case of a fetus with prenatal diagnosis of TS that had unique asymmetrical distribution of renal cystic disease. We describe the extensive work up with both fetal and neonatal magnetic resonance imaging with correlating images of the unilateral polycystic renal disease in addition to typical TS brain findings.
Teratocarcinomas and mammalian embryogenesis

In the last decade there has emerged an appreciation of the remarkable similarity between the cells that give rise to teratocarcinomas in mice and the cells that give rise to the developing mouse embryo. The resemblance is so close that in certain instances the tumor stem cells can join with their embryonic counterparts and develop into a completely normal mouse. The availability of stem cell lines isolated from mouse teratocarcinomas has made possible a number of new biochemical, immunological, and genetic approahes to the study of early mammalian development.
Flow control with vorticity

The purpose of this paper is to show how small, submerged vortex generators can be used for adjusting the flow pattern in open-channel flows. The vortex generators are vanes or foils installed on the channel bottom in certain configurations. Their height is typically 0.2 to 0.5 times flow depth, their length is about 2 to 3 times their height, and their angle with the flow between 15° and 30°. Described are the adjustments of the flow field effected by a single vane, a vane pair, and several vanes arranged in arrays along one side of the channel. Experimental data are used to develop formulas for calculating the flow adjustments across a channel having vane arrays along one side.
Automated HITS to LASAR translation: Application, evaluation, opportunities, and obstacles

HITS (Hierarchical Integrated Test Simulator) and LASAR (Logic Automated Stimulus And Response) are two software platforms used for simulating digital circuits, determining their operation under specified faulty conditions, and judging the percentage of user-specified faults that are uniquely detected given a user-specified set of digital input patterns. These software platforms also generate files that may be imported onto automated test equipment (ATE) to allow the simulated input patterns to be applied to actual digital circuits and facilitate the detection of actual circuit faults. HITS is natively utilized on a variety of now-obsolete ATE systems and is, itself, obsolete. LASAR, on the other hand, is more technologically capable, manufacturer-supported, and utilized on myriad modern ATE systems. The need to migrate existing test application hardware and software from obsolete ATE systems that utilize HITS to supportable ATE systems that utilize LASAR presents the opportunity to simplify the migration effort by devising a method to automatically translate the simulation source data from HITS format into LASAR format.
Advances in solid-state modelocked lasers: generation and amplification of sub-20-femtosecond pulses

By optimizing the intracavity dispersion compensation in a self mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser, we have generated pulses of less than 11 fs in duration. Dispersion within the laser cavity can be reduced by using a short highly-doped Ti:sapphire crystal and a prism glass which reduces third-order dispersion. Amplifier design which reduce third order dispersion have also been tested, and we have demonstrated stretching an 11 fs pulse by a factor of 1000, followed by recompression of 20 fs pulse duration. Our results demonstrate that the exceptionally broad bandwidth of Ti:sapphire can be utilized to generate pulses shorter than has been possible with any other type of laser material to date.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Climate-related variations in denitrification in the Arabian Sea from sediment 15N/14N ratios

DENITRIFICATION—the process by which nitrate is reduced to gaseous nitrogen species (usually N2 or N2O)—is the dominant mechanism for removal of fixed nitrogen from the biosphere. In the oceans, denitrification is mediated by bacteria in suboxic environments and, by controlling the supply of fixed nitrogen, is an important limiting factor for marine productivity1–3. Denitrification produces substantial 15N enrichment in subsurface nitrate4–6, which is reflected in the isotopic composition of sinking particulate nitrogen7; sediment 15N/14N ratios in regions with suboxic water columns may therefore provide a record of past changes in denitrification intensity. Here we report nitrogen isotope data for sediment cores from three sites in the Arabian Sea. At all three sites we find large, near-synchronous downcore variations in 15N/14N, which are best explained by regional changes in the isotopic composition of subsurface nitrate, and hence denitrification. Moreover, these variations are synchronous with Milankovitch cycles, thereby establishing a link with climate. We argue that these large, climate-linked variations, in a region that contributes significantly to global marine denitrification, are likely to have perturbed marine biogeo-chemical cycles during the Late Quaternary period.
Compressive strength, fluoride release and recharge of fluoride-releasing materials.

Abstract The compressive strength, fluoride releases and recharge profiles of 15 commercial fluoride-releasing restorative materials have been studied. The materials include glass ionomers (Fuji IX, Ketac Molar, Ketac Silver, and Miracle Mix), resin-modified glass ionomers (Fuji II LC Improved, Photac-Fil, and Vitremer), compomers (Compoglass, Dyract AP, F2000, and Hytac) and composite resins (Ariston pHc, Solitaire, Surefil and Tetric Ceram). A negative linear correlation was found between the compressive strength and fluoride release (r2=0.7741), i.e., restorative materials with high fluoride release have lower mechanical properties. The fluoride-releasing ability can be partially regenerated or recharged by using a topical fluoride agent. In general, materials with higher initial fluoride release have higher recharge capability (r2=0.7088). Five equations have been used in curve fitting to describe the cumulative fluoride release from different materials. The equation [ F ] c =[ F ] I (1− e −bt )+β t best describes the cumulative fluoride release for most glass ionomers, resin-modified glass ionomers, and some high fluoride-releasing compomers and composites, whereas [F]c=[F]I/(t1/2+t)+αt best describes the cumulative fluoride release for most compomers and composite resins. The clinic applications of different fluoride-releasing materials have also been discussed.
Numerical Simulation of Reflecting Structures via Solution of the 2D Helmholtz Equation

Waveguiding structures that generate reflections are currently modeled by a number of different methods, most of which are of very limited generality. Of these methods, only the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method1 has been shown to be useful over a wide class of structures. Unfortunately, this technique is very costly in terms of computer resources, thus limiting its utility. In this paper we model such structures by iterative solution of the normalized scalar Helmholtz Equation.
Rush venom immunotherapy program for honeybee sting sensitivity

Abstract The clinical and immunological effects of honeybee venom (HBV) immunotherapy were studied in 20 HBV-sensitive patients. Patients were treated once monthly in a hospital setting by "rush" immunotherapy; we aimed for a maximum single dose of 200 μg. One patient withdrew shortly after beginning therapy. Eleven patients required epinephrine during treatment for reversal of anaphylaxis. Patients who tolerated maximum doses were readmitted one month later for deliberate honeybee sting challenges. Stings were tolerated by 11 of 19 patients; 5 of the remaining 8 required epinephrine therapy. Twelve of 16 patients achieved long-term protection as determined by deliberate stings; 4 of 16 achieved partial protection. Three additional patients, who were treatment failures, were switched to weekly immunotherapy. IgE antibodies to HBV and phospholipase A (PLA) rose shortly after immunotherapy was begun and in many patients remained elevated above baseline values. Serum IgG antibodies to PLA rose steadily during therapy; there was no absolute level of IgG antibody which was protective for all patients. Although satisfactory long-term clinical results were achieved for most patients, the frequency of systemic reactions during the rush immunization caused us to abandon this form of treatment in favor of a once-weekly outpatient injection program.
Zur Kenntnis des Acetylen‐dimagnesium‐dibromides

Die analytische Untersuchung des als atherfreies Ol beschriebenen Acetylen-dimagnesium-dibromides (gleiches gilt fur das -dijodid) zeigt, das auch diese durch ihre Schwerloslichkeit in Ather sich auszeichnende Grignard-Verbindung als Atherat erhalten wird. Ein auch bei wechselnden Darstellungsbedingungen stets gefundener Gehalt an Athylmagnesiumbromid liefert eine schlussige Erklarung fur unerwunschte Seitenreaktionen bei der Verwendung von BrMgCCMgBr zur Synthese polymerer Derivate.
Strophanthidin-induced sodium efflux.

The external cation dependence of a strophanthidin-induced Na efflux in dialysed axons was examined. In the presence of strophanthidin the replacement of external Na with choline produced no appreciable changes in Na efflux, whereas the replacement of external Na with Mg brought about a large and reversible reduction. In the absence of external Ca the absolute magnitude of the reduction in Na efflux seen in Mg seawater was the same regardless of the ATP content of the axons; this reduction was similar to that observed in the presence of external calcium in low ATP axons. The present results, together with others already reported in the literature, suggest that the strophanthidin-induced Na efflux represents the outward component of an exchange of ions in which internal Na is exchanged for external monovalent cations.
Common strontium concentrations of mineralized tissues from marine and sweet water animals

1. 1. Strontium was determined in shell and bone of aquatic animals whose normal habitat is marine or sweet water. 2. 2. Sweet-water clam (Lasmigona), crayfish (Procambarus) and fishes (Ictiobus and Stizostedion) contain between 0·30 and 2·1 mg Sr/g calcium. Marine pelecypods (Venus and Crassostrea), Crustacea (Homarus and Paralithodes) and fishes (Platichthys and Neomaenis) contain between 3·4 and 16·5 mg Sr/g calcium. 3. 3. The ration of Sr : Ca in ossified tissues to Sr : Ca in water is essentially constant for marine- and sweet-water animals within a class. 4. 4. Discriminatio fo strontium relative to calcium is greatest for pelecypods and fishes and is least for Crustacea.
AN APPLICATION OF THE STAPLE THEORY TO SONORA, MEXICO*

The role of primary exports in the economic development of a country or region has been subject to much debate. The “staple theory” has been proposed as an explanation of the beneficial effect of primary exports on the economic development of Canada and the United States. However, one authority argues that the staple theory is applicable only to the special case of a new underpopulated country. This paper shows that primary exports have stimulated development in the state of Sonora, Mexico. Data showing the increase in primary production and exports between 1950 and 1960 are linked to the increase in manufacturing employment in industries producing inputs for primary production, industries processing primary products, and industries producing products to satisfy increases in final demand. The role of government policies, institutional arrangements, and the nature of the production functions for primary products are examined in an effort to determine the impact of primary exports on manufacturing activity. This study illustrates that the staple theory provides insight into the development or lack of development of all countries exporting primary products. L'IMPORTANCE DES EXPLOITATIONS DE BASE DANS LE DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMQUE: ľAPPLICATION DE LA “THEORIE DES DENREES PRINCIPALES” DANS ľETAT DE SONORA AU MEXIQUE - Le role des exportations de base dans le developpement economique ďun pays ou ďune region a fait le sujet de bien des debats, La “theorie des denrees principales” a ete proposee comme une explication de ľeffet avantageux des exportations de base sur le developpement economique du Canada et des Etats-Unis. Toutefois, une autorite pretend que la theorie des denrees principales ne s'applique qu'au cas particulier ďun nouveau pays sous-peuple. Le present expose demontre quelles exportations de baseont stimulile developpement de ľetal de Sonora au Mexique. Des donnees indiquant ľaugmen tation de la production et des exportations de base entre 1950 et 1960 sont liees aľavance de ľemploi manufacturier dans les industries produisant des intrants pour la production de base, pour les industries qui preparent des produits de base et pour les industries qui produisent des marchandises pour satisfaire aux demandes accrues de produits finis. Le role des politique! gouvemementales, des accords institutionnels et la nature des fonctions de la production pour les produits de base sont examines afin de determiner ľeffet des exportations de base sur ľactivite manufacturiere. Cette etude demontre que la theorie des denrees principales fournit un apercu du developpement ou du manque de developpement des pays qui exponent des produits de base.
Comparing the Behavior of Homogeneous vs. Fluid Filled Solid Headforms Under Blunt Impact Loading Conditions

A single point acceleration measurement at the center of gravity (C.G) of the rigid headform has been typically used to assess the head injuries under the blunt loading conditions. The head protective equipment (e.g. Helmets) used in sports, vehicles and defense fields are developed and tested based on this single point acceleration. This raises two critical questions; 1) can a homogeneous rigid headform represent the heterogeneous skull-brain complex; 2) If not, which is the critical point of measurement in the compliant headform. To answer these questions, compliant (acrylic gel complex) and rigid (aluminum body) head surrogates with an identical mass are subjected to similar blunt loading conditions. Target surfaces of different stiffness and an impact velocity of 1 m/s are employed to evaluate the critical difference in the head surrogates. Acceleration (C.G) and shell strain (impact location) in the compliant surrogate and acceleration (C.G) and the impact force in the rigid surrogate are experimentally measured. Experimental and computational studies illustrate that the acceleration field in the gel-filled case varies from coup to counter-coup region; however, the acceleration field in the rigid headform is uniform. The variation in the acceleration field is influenced by the shell deformation that in turn depends on the stiffness of the target surface. In deformable target surfaces, the acceleration and head injury criterion (HIC) values are higher in the compliant surrogate than the rigid surrogate; the effect is reversed for rigid target surfaces.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Erosion and soil productivity in Australia and New Zealand

Soil erosion assumes a different form in Australia and New Zealand. Sheet, rill and gully erosion are common in eastern Australia and wind erosion in the dry cropland areas. In New Zealand, mass movement dominates the erosion landscape but other kinds, including wind erosion, do occur. It is unclear how much of the mass movement is a natural phenomenon and how much is human-induced. In either case, it causes long-term reductions in soil productivity. A landmark analysis of the soil productivity loss due to land degradation was conducted by the Australian state of New South Wales. Water erosion was a greater problem than wind erosion, but soil structure deterioration was more costly than either kind of erosion.
Marriage, Social Inequality, and Women's Contact with Their Natal Families in Alliance Societies: Two Tamang Examples

Data on Tamang ever married and cohabiting women from Timling and Sangila villages in Nepal were gathered during 1987-88. The data provided the basis for the examination of the relationships between family background womens nonfamilial life course experiences and interfamilial relationships and natal home visits for a week longer during the first marriage year. Interfamilial measures were taken as the exchange of cloth from the groom to the wifes family the kinship relations before the marriage womens autonomy in choice of first spouse and the landholding of families at marriage. Womens nonfamilial experiences might be living with some independence from family before marriage. Natal family background pertained to the labor force activity of parents before the marriage. The control variable was the distance between the natal and marital household. The brief review of the literature suggests that womans kin ties before marriage are related to their social standing and security and inequalities in relationships in kinship societies. Community characteristics are provided. the analysis adds to the literature on anthropological contributions to demographic theory general social theory and cross-societal comparisons. The results confirm that interfamilial relationships have an important impact on the nature of womens ties to their natal families. The contextual differences between the two villages change the nature and significance of these relationships. The analysis emphasizes social precesses rather than static normative constructs. Findings indicated that there were weak community level influences for parents labor force experiences; i.e. Timling did not have a weaker relationship than in Sangila. There was a significant positive relationship between natal home visits and parental work even after the marriage process and interfamilial relationships were taken into account. Findings also showed that nonfamilial experiences were the primary causal link in Sangila although autonomous spousal choice was in the right direction. In the agricultural community of Timling autonomy increased the likelihood of visits. The expectation was confirmed that there would be strong relationships between landholding and home visits in Timling and a weak or null relationship in Sangila. The highest likelihood of home visits was associated with matrilateral cross-cousin marriages in both settings.
Zeeman effects in the hyperfine structure of atomic iodine photodissociation laser emission.

Abstract Hyperfine structure has been observed in laser emission from CF3I and C2F5I photodissociation lasers. Constant magnetic fields affect the time behavior of the emission by changing the relative gains of the hyperfine transitions. Time-varying fields usually present in photodissociation lasers further complicate the emission.
Predicting within-family variability in juvenile height growth of Salix based upon similarity among parental AFLP fingerprints.

Willow is being developed as a crop for biomass plantations in the Northeast and North-central United States, but has only recently been the subject of controlled breeding to generate improved genotypes. Maximizing variability among progeny within full-sib families produced by controlled pollination may increase the probability of producing willow clones exhibiting desirable extreme phenotypes. Yet, predicting combinations of parents yielding highly variable progeny is not currently possible. Controlled pollinations were completed among 15 Salix eriocephala clones and the resulting progeny were vegetatively propagated and planted in a greenhouse progeny test. Heights of rooted cuttings were measured after 4 months of growth. Genetic similarity among parents was estimated based on 77 polymorphic AFLP bands. Strong negative correlation (r = –0.88) was detected between mean female-parent similarity indices and the standard deviation of height among half-sib progeny from those females. Parent combinations that had relatively low similarity indices tended to produce progeny that had greater variability in height. This negative relationship suggests that AFLP fingerprints of S. eriocephala parents may be useful for predicting parent combinations that will yield families with large variability.
Cervical spine injuries in the athlete

Special considerations must be brought into play when the physician is consulted about when to allow an athlete to return to play following injury. This is especially true for brain and spinal cord injury. Although it is generally best to be on the conservative side, being too reticent about allowing any athlete to return may be very detrimental to the athlete and/or the entire team. Therefore, it behooves the sports physician to be circumspect with regard to not only the type of injury the athlete has suffered but also the nature, duration, and the repetitive aspects of the trauma along with the inherent strengths of any player. This article will provide the sports physician with criteria for making sound decisions regarding return to competition after cervical spine injury and "functional" cervical spinal stenosis.
Adaptive hydrogenerator governor tuning with a genetic algorithm

An important aspect of a good control algorithm is robustness with respect to changing plant parameters. Adaptive control strategies attempt to address the robustness issue by optimizing control parameters as changes occur in the plant. This paper investigates the genetic algorithm as one possible means of adaptively optimizing the gains of a proportional-plus-integral hydrogenerator governor. Previous work has shown that the genetic algorithm can effectively optimize the control parameters for a fixed plant. An enhanced version of the genetic algorithm, using the notions of diploidy and dominance, can be used to address the robustness issue. Here, changes in the conduit time constant as well as load constant are considered. It is shown that the genetic algorithm can effectively follow changes in the plant parameters, producing optimal control parameters in an adaptive environment. >
Radar Remote Sensing in Biology

Radar's potential as a sensor for surveys of natural and cultivated vegetation has recently been demonstrated in a preliminary way. Its combination of fine resolution from long distances with a virtual independence of weather and time of day makes radar particularly attractive for wide area surveys that must be performed quickly. Aircraft radar can effectively image a much wider swath of territory than other aircraft-borne sensors. This advantage, however, does not carry over into spacecraft radar, where the swath possible with optical sensors is much more than it is at aircraft altitudes. Radars with characteristics suitable for vegetation surveys have been developed for military reconnaissance in the past two decades. Because most of the images produced in the past by these radars have not been available to the scientific community, their potential for vegetation surveys is not recognized widely. Recently, however, many such images have been released and a few research programs have begun to document the potential of radar for vegetation studies. The kind of radar that will undoubtedly receive most application in plant geography (and perhaps even ecology) studies is side-looking airborne radar (SLAR). Such radar produces a continuous-strip image that looks much like a continuous strip photograph taken from a very high altitude. Unlike the photograph, however, the area imaged is not beneath the aircraft, but rather extends from a short distance out to the
Gurgling Breath Sounds May Predict Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

Objectives To determine whether gurgling sounds heard during speech or quiet breathing, with or without a stethoscope over the glottis, predict hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). Methods All patients admitted to the respiratory or general medicine ward of a 350-bed community teaching hospital were eligible. Patients were examined each day, and those who had upper airway gurgling, heard with or without the stethoscope, during breathing or speech at any point during admission were noted. Assuming an overall incidence of HAP (>48 h after admission) of 5% to 10% and estimated incidence of 30% to 50% in patients with gurgle, 20 patients with gurgle and 60 patients without gurgle, matched on the same day and ward of admission, were included in the study. Demographic, physiologic, and outcome variables were compared using univariate and multivariate techniques to ascertain whether gurgling is independently associated with HAP, rate of transfer to ICU, and inhospital mortality. Results Twenty patients with gurgle were compared with 60 patients without gurgle. Patients with gurgle were older (78.5 vs 65.2 y; P Conclusions Gurgling sounds heard during quiet breathing or speech are independently associated with HAP.
Direct and Indirect Effects for Neighborhood-Based Clustered and Longitudinal Data

Definitions of direct and indirect effects are given for settings in which individuals are clustered in groups or neighborhoods and in which treatments are administered at the group level. A particular intervention may affect individual outcomes both through its effect on the individual and by changing the group or neighborhood itself. Identification conditions are given for controlled direct effects and for natural direct and indirect effects. The interpretation of these identification conditions are discussed within the context of neighborhood research and multilevel modeling. Interventions at a single point in time and time-varying interventions are both considered. The definition of direct and indirect effects requires certain stability or no-interference conditions; some discussion is given as to how these no-interference conditions can be relaxed.
Decentralized credit and monetary exchange without public record keeping

We relax a standard assumption on the matching technology in a search model of money. In particular, agents may remain in a long-term partnership as long as it is in their self-interest.With this simple modification, it is possible to support self-enforcing, intertemporal trade which resembles credit without a public record keeping device. We examine conditions for coexistence of currency and credit and the welfare gains/losses associated with the introduction of money.
NaI(Tl)-Ge(Li) Coincidence Gamma-Ray Spectrometry for Radionuclide Analysis of Environmental Samples

A multi-parameter NaI(Tl)-Ge(Li) coincidence gamma-ray spectrometry system has been developed for the analysis of environmental samples from nuclear power industry radioactive effluents. Several detector configurations have been evaluated. Data acquisition is by buffer storage of the ADC output and final recording of each event in list mode on magnetic tape. A 16K computer and a 4096 channel, pulse height analyzer are used for accumulation of spectra from the data on magnetic tape. Display and software routines aid in the analysis of the spectral data. The system has been used to study environmental radiochemical analysis problems.
Multidomain gunn diodes

A technique for obtaining multidomain operation of Gunn diodes is proposed. Device impedance is increased, leading to large potential increases in output power. The precision required of the doping profile has been estimated by simulation and appears to be within the capabilities of molecular beam epitaxy. Estimates of output power, taking thermal effects into account, indicate that in many cases an N-domain diode can produce N2 times as much power as a single-domain diode. For example, it should be possible to obtain 1.8 W from a three-domain device oscillating at 30 GHz.
Gradient-index binocular objective design.

A two-element binocular objective with one axial gradient-index element was designed and compared with a three-element homogeneous objective. The index was constrained so that the gradient could be fabricated.
Studies on the toxicity of hexachlorophene in the rat.

Abstract Acute and subacute toxic effects of hexachlorophene (HCP) were studied in Wistar rats. The ip LD50 of HCP ranged between 21.8 mg/kg in mature rats and 40.0 mg/kg in weanlings. The oral LD50 varied similarly with age from 57.6 to 87.0 mg/kg, respectively. HCP was slightly less toxic to male rats than to females. Signs of intoxication were general lethargy, posterior paralysis, increased respiration rate, hyperthermia and diarrhea. Maximum body temperatures were attained approximately 1.5 hr after ip injection. In subacute studies, HCP was fed to weanling rats at dietary concentrations from 12.5 to 400 ppm HCP for a 16-week period. Animals on the 400 ppm diet, ingesting an average of 28.9 mg HCP/kg/day, developed severe posterior paralysis during the first few days of the study, and died within 10 days. No drug related mortality was observed in the other groups. Paralysis was also observed initially in rats fed the 200 ppm HCP diet (average intake 23.6 mg/kg/day) but by the second week, these animals had apparently recovered. Rats fed diets containing 100 and 200 ppm HCP (average intake 7.73 and 14.9 mg/kg/day) developed significant histopathologic changes in the brain, characterized by extensive vacuolization and edema of the myelinated areas. Significant growth depression and reduced plasma alkaline phosphatase activities were also found at 8 and 16 weeks in rats receiving the 200 ppm diet. The minimum “no effect” intake of HCP under the conditions of this study was between 3.7 mg/kg/day and something less than 7.7 mg/kg/day.
Autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus

Autoantibody diversification to a variety of autoantigens is a hallmark for systemic autoimmunity. SLE represents a prototype. In this article the roots of the important questions probed by the Kunkel laboratory in SLE research are traced. Data from the recent animal work by the laboratory of Shu Man Fu are summarized to emphasize the importance of further exploration of autoantibody specificities in lupus with a special emphasis on nephritis and to suggest a broader perspective regarding lupus autoantibody reactivities in addition to those against nuclear components.
Rapid barium removal in the Delaware estuary

Abstract Six profiles of dissolved barium covering the entire salinity range of the Delaware River and Bay estuary from March through September 1996 were collected and analyzed. The profiles are similar to one another in both shape and magnitude except for one attribute. A sudden (≤24 days), nearly complete (>90%) removal of dissolved Ba in midestuary occurs in mid-May followed by an 80% recovery in early June. This removal appears to be temporally and spatially coupled to the end of the spring bloom. Based on such episodic behavior, and on recent work with flocculation of diatom exudates, we conclude that the Ba depletion is caused by barite precipitation in the estuary during the late stages of the bloom. This would imply that lower estuary and inner coastal margin sediments associated with eutrophic estuaries receive a seasonal pulse of barite. The suddenness of this event also implies that sedimentary barite is strongly influenced by high productivity events. Comparison of the riverine Ba concentration with the effective riverine end member after desorptive barium release yields an estimated 30–40 nM Ba available from the suspended sediments as they enter the estuary. This estimate is supported by excess barium in unfiltered samples over filtered samples taken from the river and also by calculations done elsewhere.
Complement C1q expression induced by Aβ in rat hippocampal organotypic slice cultures

Amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) is a major component of senile plaques, one of the principle pathological features in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Fibrillar Abeta has been shown to bind C1 via C1q, the recognition component of the classical complement pathway, resulting in the activation of the complement pathway, thereby initiating an inflammatory cascade in the brain. C1q has also been shown to enhance phagocytic activities of microglia, which could benefit in clearance of apoptotic cells or cellular debris. To begin to define the role of C1q in tissue injury mediated by Abeta, we assessed the appearance of C1q in hippocampal slice cultures treated with freshly solubilized or fibrillar Abeta 1-42. Here we demonstrate a dose- and time-dependent uptake of exogenously applied Abeta by pyramidal neurons in organotypic slice cultures from rat hippocampus. Importantly, when slices were immunostained with antibody against rat C1q, a distinct reactivity for C1q in cells within the neuronal cell layer of cornu ammonis (CA) of hippocampus, primarily the CA1/CA2, was observed in the Abeta-treated slices. No such immunoreactivity was detected in untreated cultures or upon addition of control peptides. ELISA assays also showed an increase in C1q in tissue extracts from slices of the treated group. Similarly, the mRNA level of C1q in slices was increased within 24 h after Abeta treatment. These data demonstrate that upon exposure to Abeta, C1q is expressed in neurons in this organotypic system. The induction of C1q may be an early, perhaps beneficial, tissue or cellular response to injury triggered by particular pathogenic stimuli.
Interplay of Network Position and Peer Substance Use in Early Adolescent Cigarette, Alcohol, and Marijuana Use:

Network position (isolate , member, liaison), peer-group substance use, and their interaction were examined as predictors of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use in a sample of 163 urban sixth, seventh, and eighth graders.Two measures of peer substance use were compared: one based on social network analysis (SNA), the other on perceptions of use. Results varied by substance. For cigarettes, network position and the interaction between position and peer-group use predicted use in the model using SNA to measure peer use. Liaisons were most likely to smoke, but isolates’ and members’ smoking was significantly associated with peer smoking. For alcohol, perceptions of peer-group alcohol use predicted individual use. For marijuana, peer-group use and the interaction between position and peer use predicted use, regardless of measure. Liaisons’ marijuana use was significantly associated with peer use. The importance of SNA for understanding peer factors in adolescent substance use is discussed.
Minimal incision aortic surgery: a competitive alternative to endovascular and standard open aortic repair

Endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms (EVAR) has established an important role in the practice of vascular surgery. However, currently available devices have demonstrated unpredictable patterns of clinical and mechanical failure, raising valid concern about long-term durability. Alternative less invasive modifications of standard open repair, such as minimal incision aortic surgery (MIAS), provide important treatment alternatives for younger healthy patients and high-risk patients with aneurysms that do not qualify for EVAR because of anatomic limitations. MIAS is cost efficient, durable, requires no costly equipment, and can be performed by currently trained vascular surgeons.
Modification of asymmetric polysulfone membranes by mild surface fluorination Part II. Characterizationof the fluorinated surface

Abstract Integrally-skinned asymmetric polysulfone (PSF) membranes were surface fluorinated under mild treatment conditions, according to one of two strategies: at fluorination times of 1 to 10 min with a constant fluorine feed concentration of 0.02% F2 (by volume), or at concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.15% F2 for a fixed treatment time of 2 min. The fluorinated region was characterized using dynamic contact angle analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was shown that increasing fluorination times from 1to 5 min resulted in increased F/C and O/C ratios in the fluorinated subsurface region and also increased the polar surface energy contribution (λPa at the surface. Longer fluorination times resulted in an apparent decrease in polarity, possibly due to surface damage. For increasing fluorine concentrations at a constant treatment time, the F/C and O/C atomic ratios in the subsurface region increased up to 0.04% F2 and effectively leveled off at higher feed concentrations. At the surface, λsp decreased after reaching a maximum at 0.06 F2. For both treatment strategies the ideal selectivities for certain gas pairs (He or H2 with N2 or CH4) follow trends similar to that of λps. Decreases in selectivity appear to be associated with fluorination damage (surface roughness and damage to the polymer structure), rather than with a change in the chemical nature of the fluorinated skin region.
Clones satisfying the term condition

The term condition considered here is the property of an operation ? that holds iff ? and all of its variants obtained by permuting the variables satisfy (for all x,y,u1,?v1,?)?(x,u1,?) = ?(x,v1?)??(y,u1,?) = ?(y,v)1,?). Clones consisting entirely of operations satisfying this term condition are called TC clones; algebras whose clone of term operations is a TC clone are called TC algebras; varieties such that every algebra in the variety is a TC algebra are called TC varieties. The paper is a systematic study of these notions, giving primary attention to operations and algebras on finite base sets, and to varieties generated by finite algebras. It is proved, among other results, that the number of n-ary TC operations on a k-element set is logarithmically asymptotic to k(k?1)n when n increases without bound and k is held fixed; that there exist only countably many TC clones on any finite set; that the maximal TC clones on a finite set are finite in number (for each set). Some necessary conditions for an algebra to generate a TC variety are given, also some sufficient conditions.
Comparative resource analyses for ethanol produced from corn and sugarcane in different climatic zones

SUMMARY Comparative analysis of resource input for ethanol produced from corn and sugarcane in temperate, dry, and tropical climate zones was conducted. Parameters such as the Net Energy Value (NEV), water requirement, land requirement, carbon dioxide emission with and without impact of changes in land use, and fertilizer released to the environment—as surface runoff for nitrogen and phosphate, were compared for corn and sugarcane ethanol production. The estimates of NEV for corn ethanol varied from −462 to 1757 kJ l−1, while those of sugarcane ethanol were between 16 057 and 17 092 kJ l−1 for the three climatic zones considered in this study. The results of the study also indicate that ethanol produced from sugarcane uses less or comparable amount of resources in contrast to ethanol produced from corn. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acquisition Parameters for Oncologic Imaging with a New SPECT/Multislice CT Scanner

Single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) delivers in a single imaging modality the functional–metabolic information from the SPECT image, combined with the detailed anatomical information from a diagnostic quality CT scanner. In this review, we provide the details for the acquisition, processing, and display of the SPECT, as well as the CT, and the fused SPECT/CT images, with one of the newest devices that combines a dual-headed gamma camera with a multislice CT scanner. Also, we go over the performance characteristics, including the planning and installation requirements for this type of scanners. In addition, we describe what are the current and feasible near-future applications of this new and exciting hybrid imaging modality. The ability to combine an optimized state-of-the-art SPECT image, with resolutions down to 5 mm, with a diagnostic quality CT image—using slices as thin as 1.25 mm—provides a diagnostic advantage that potentially can deliver a more convenient and faster diagnosis, with clinical implications in a significant percentage of patients. This imaging technique has been investigated in a wide range of studies for the oncologic patient, including but not limited to bone scintigraphy, 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphy, lymphoscintigraphy, 67Ga and labeled leukocyte infection imaging, 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine, parathyroid scintigraphy, 131I diagnostic scintigraphy, and 111In ProstaScint, and for planning of radionuclide therapy. Therefore, this evolving and exciting imaging modality will continue to grow and define its place as an integral part of the evaluation of the cancer patient.
Mechanical properties of nano-polycrystalline cBN synthesized by direct conversion sintering under HPHT

Abstract Using hBN and pBN as starting materials, various types of binderless polycrystalline cBN (BL-PcBN) were synthesized in the pressure range of 8–20 GPa and temperature range of 1300–2400 °C, and their mechanical properties were evaluated. In the synthesis pressure range of 10 GPa and higher, the hardness of BL-PcBN showed a correlation not with the synthesis pressure, but with the synthesis temperature. Binderless polycrystalline cBN synthesized at about 2200 °C exhibited the highest mechanical properties, for both starting materials. Specifically, BL-PcBN(h) (100–300 nm grain size) synthesized from hBN at 10 GPa and 2200 °C showed a hardness of 45 GPa, transverse rupture strength of 1.6 GPa. In contrast, BL-PcBN(p) synthesized from pBN at the same temperature had finer grain size (50–100 nm) and exhibited the same level of hardness but lower strength properties (transverse rupture strength of approx. 1.3 GPa) than BL-PcBN(h). Consequently, the material that exhibited the best mechanical properties was BL-PcBN(h) synthesized at 10 GPa and 2200 °C. A prototype micro ball end mill made of this material was examined in a mirror-like (polished-like) finishing test using high-strength hardened steel. This ball end mill achieved a fine finishing surface with a surface roughness (Ra) of 20 nm or better. The test revealed the high potential of this material for use as a high-precision cutting tool for high strength ferrous materials.
A finiteness condition on subgroups of large derived length

Abstract The authors discuss the class S d ( r ) of groups in which every finitely generated subgroup is either at most r-generated or soluble of derived length at most d. Such groups need not be of finite rank or soluble of derived length at most d in general. A structure theorem is obtained for locally finite, and for certain locally nilpotent, S d ( r ) -groups.
The critical philosophy renewed: The bridge between hermann cohen's early work on kant and later philosophy of science

German supporters of the Kantian philosophy in the late nineteenth century took one of two forks in the road: the fork leading to Baden, and the Southwest School of neo-Kantian philosophy, and the ...
Oral vaccination with microencapsuled strain 19 vaccine confers enhanced protection against Brucella abortus strain 2308 challenge in red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus).

Bison (Bison bison) and elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA), USA, are infected with Brucella abortus, the causative agent of bovine brucellosis, and they serve as a wildlife reservoir for the disease. Bovine brucellosis recently has been transmitted from infected elk to cattle in Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho and has resulted in their loss of brucellosis-free status. An efficacious Brucella vaccine with a delivery system suitable for wildlife would be a valuable tool in a disease prevention and control program. We evaluated Strain 19 (S19) in a sustained release vehicle consisting of alginate microspheres containing live vaccine. In a challenge study using red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) as a model for elk, alginate, a naturally occurring polymer combined with a protein of Fasciola hepatica vitelline protein B was used to microencapsulate S19. Red deer were orally or subcutaneously immunized with 1.5×1010 colony-forming units (CFUs) using microencapsulated S19. Humoral and c...
Temporal scaling of hydraulic head and river base flow and its implication for groundwater recharge

[1] Spectral analyses were conducted for hourly hydraulic head (h) data observed over a 4-year period at seven monitoring wells in the Walnut Creek watershed, Iowa. The log power spectral density of the hydraulic head fluctuations versus log frequency (f) at all seven wells is shown to have a distinct slope or fractal dimension (D), indicating temporal scaling in the time series of water level fluctuations. The fractal dimension of the time series varies from well to well, and the spectrum for the average h over all seven wells has a fractal dimension of 1.46 and Hurst coefficient of 0.54. The log power spectral density of estimated base flow in the Walnut Creek and four other watersheds versus log f is shown to have two distinct slopes with a break in scaling at about 30 days. It is shown that the groundwater recharge process in a basin can be estimated from a head spectrum based on existing theoretical results. Hydraulic head in an aquifer may fluctuate as a fractal in time in response to either a white noise or fractal recharge process, depending on physical parameters (i.e., transmissivity and specific yield) of the aquifer. The recharge process at the Walnut Creek watershed is shown to have a white noise spectrum based on the observed head spectrum.
Timing Randomly Spaced Events Using the Threshold-Voltage Shift in Disordered Semiconductors

This paper discusses the concept of using the threshold-voltage shift in disordered-semiconductor-based thin- film transistors to measure the time of occurrence of randomly spaced events of interest. We call the experimental circuit an "analog clock." The analog clock is shown to be accurate while, at the same time, being simple in design using just one transistor.
Correlation of the paging activity of individual node programs in the SPMD execution mode

We introduce a methodology for the analysis of the paging activity of parallel programs running on massively parallel systems. The methodology includes parallel program monitoring and the analysis of the collected data. We study the correlation of the paging activities of individual node programs in the SPMD execution mode and its effect on scheduling. >
Methadone maintenance and lactation: a review of the literature and current management guidelines.

Methadone offers significant therapeutic benefits to the population of pregnant, opiatedependent women and is currently the treatment of choice for this group. Yet the problem of women who elect to breastfeed while on methadone maintenance frequently vexes providers. Although breast milk offers advantages clearly beneficial to the general population of infants, there is debate about recommending breastfeeding to postpartum women receiving methadone maintenance. Although previous research has shown that amounts of methadone in breast milk appear to be very small, and therefore breastfeeding seems to be safe, women on methadone do not often breastfeed, for a variety of reasons. This article provides an overview of the issues facing providers in treating methadone-maintained women who elect to breastfeed. A comprehensive review of existing literature on the subject is offered, along with clinical advice for practitioners providing care to this population of women and children. J Hum Lact. 20(1):62-71.