cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eutrophication and the macroscope

It is important to view eutrophication as an increase in the supply of organic matter to an ecosystem rather than as a simple problem of nutrient pollution. This emphasizes that eutrophication is a fundamental change in the energetic base that may propagate through the system in various ways and produce a variety of changes. Some of these changes may be desirable (e.g., increased secondary production) and some may not (e.g., hypoxia). Defining eutrophication in terms of changing nutrient concentrations or chlorophyll levels or species composition confuses symptoms with the underlying phenomenon. While nutrient enrichment is the most common cause of eutrophication, it is not the only one. As recent and ongoing nutrient reductions make an impact in the coastal waters of the wealthier nations, we will see an increasing number of systems in which primary production is decreasing. This reduction in the supply of organic matter is here defined as oligotrophication, a phenomenon now well documented in lakes. So far, there has been little appreciation of this limnological study by coastal marine ecologists or managers, but there is much we can learn from it. The great ecologist H.T. Odum long argued that we need ‘macroscopes’ to help ecologists see the problems they study as they are embedded in the larger scales of nature and society. Marine eutrophication (and oligotrophication) is a perfect example of a problem that must be studied with a view toward the larger scales as well as toward the microscopic details. While much of the hardware (e.g., satellite imagery) for the mythical macroscope has been developed in the last 30 years, many ecologists and managers still look at eutrophication as a local problem linked to local sources of nutrient enrichment. Such a parochial view isolates eutrophication from its long intellectual history—a history that is linked to the development of our understanding of production in coastal waters. It also neglects the intellectual richness and complexity of eutrophication. One example of the importance of the macroscopic view is the emerging importance of climate-induced changes in phenology and the consequences of changing phenology on productivity. These changes may lead to eutrophication or oligotrophication. Climate changes may also exacerbate or alleviate conditions such as hypoxia that are associated with eutrophication. Seeing eutrophication in the macroscopic view is important for understanding and managing the phenomenon.
POLLINATION INTENSITY AND POTENTIAL SEED SET IN PASSIFLORA VITIFOLIA

Initial seed set and fruit set were pollen-limited in a Costa Rican population of Passiflora vitifolia, a self-incompatible species with 200–350 ovules per flower. Pollination intensity was measured by counting the number of allogamous pollen grains on stigmas of the large one-day flowers. Hand-pollinations demonstrated that 25–50 pollen grains are required for fruit set, and >450 are needed for maximum seed set, with a pollen:seed ratio of about 1.6:1.0. Hummingbirds (Phaethornis superciliosus) delivered sufficient allogamous pollen for maximum seed set to only 28% of the flowers examined. Naturally pollinated flowers yielded fewer fruits and fewer seeds per fruit than those pollinated by hand. Most pollen transferred by humming-birds was self-incompatible; emasculated flowers yielded higher seed set than flowers with intact anthers. Visitation rates did not provide a good index of effective pollination. There were significant differences in ovule number, maximum seed set, and maximum per cent seed set among individual vines. More than half of an individual's flowers failed to set fruit, whether pollinated by birds or by hand. In this population, maximum reproductive potential may be limited by maternal resources for fruit development, but seed set varies with pollination intensity. Pollen-limited seed set may be a disadvantage of self-incompatibility, especially in species with many-seeded fruits.
Formation of New Polymorphs of Acridine Using Dicarboxylic Acids as Crystallization Templates in Solution

Two new polymorphic structures of acridine have been prepared using terephthalic and cis,trans-muconic acid as templates in a supersaturated phase to affect the nucleation process and crystal growth of acridine by hydrogen-bonding and π−π interactions. Isothermal evaporation of a solution of acridine in ethanol afforded a single crystal structure consisting of V-shaped arrangements of dimeric acridine π-stacks (acridine II), whereas the template-assisted crystallization approach resulted in the formation of the new polymorphs acridine VI and VII exhibiting less regular packing motifs.
Uniform shallow arches of minimum weight and minimum maximum deflection

The present paper serves several purposes. Besides presenting closed-form solutions to the problems in the title, it serves to illustrate the deduction of existence and nonexistence of solutions in this context, to point out some of the more or less known inadequacies of these design criteria and, finally, to provide the basis for a comparison with the natural structural shapes of shallow arches presented in another reference. The minimum weight and minimum maximum deflection criteria both yield, as one possible optimal design, an arch on the verge of failure. This is consequence of the fully-stressed design aspects of these criteria which, in this case, correspond to the maximum possible axial load. However, meaningful results are obtained for a prescribed axial load in the minimum weight problem and for a given weight in the minimum of the maximum deflection problem.
The effects of monetary targeting on business activity and financial market stability in the United Kingdom

Abstract This paper utilizes a vector autoregressive modelling technique to test which of the UK monetary aggregates (M0, M1, or £M3) is more appropriate as an intermediate target for the Bank of England. The empirical results suggest that M0 is the most suitable choice, and that £M3 is not. As to M1, the results are less straightforward, and imply that M1 may be useful for addressing policy concerns over the external balance. Other implications of the results are distilled and analyzed in the paper.
The interconnectedness among auxiliary benefits and supporting practices within the Quality Function Deployment process

Due to the difficult nature of successfully launching new products, many firms have implemented Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) initiatives within their organisations. One well-known tool within DFSS is Quality Function Deployment (QFD), which is a structured methodology for translating customer needs into technical design requirements. The QFD methodology and its benefits are well-known, yet little has been discussed in the literature concerning how the qualitative benefits of QFD interact to create successful project outcomes and what specific tools support these achievements. The auxiliary benefits discussed here include the promotion of teamwork, provision of documentation, improved communication, deeper understanding of the design problem, increased effectiveness of the decision-making process and improved design creativity. In this paper, a model is developed to show the interconnections among these benefits and the implications of this model are discussed.
Acid Extrusion from Human Spermatozoa Is Mediated by Flagellar Voltage-Gated Proton Channel

Human spermatozoa are quiescent in the male reproductive system and must undergo activation once introduced into the female reproductive tract. This process is known to require alkalinization of sperm cytoplasm, but the mechanism responsible for transmembrane proton extrusion has remained unknown because of the inability to measure membrane conductance in human sperm. Here, by successfully patch clamping human spermatozoa, we show that proton channel Hv1 is their dominant proton conductance. Hv1 is confined to the principal piece of the sperm flagellum, where it is expressed at unusually high density. Robust flagellar Hv1-dependent proton conductance is activated by membrane depolarization, an alkaline extracellular environment, endocannabinoid anandamide, and removal of extracellular zinc, a potent Hv1 blocker. Hv1 allows only outward transport of protons and is therefore dedicated to inducing intracellular alkalinization and activating spermatozoa. The importance of Hv1 for sperm activation makes it an attractive target for controlling male fertility.
How not to read an EEG: introductory statements.

Misdiagnosis is a major public health issue. However, it is impossible to eliminate diagnostic error from the treatment decision-making process.1 Neurologic conditions, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, are at risk for missed, delayed, and wrong diagnoses.2 For patients with seizures, up to 30% referred to epilepsy monitoring units are ultimately discovered to have an alternate diagnosis.3,4 A significant number of patients identified with psychogenic nonepileptic events have had at least one EEG that was misinterpreted as abnormal.4 Seizure-related histories are sometimes nebulous and incomplete. Therefore, over-reliance on the EEG may occur to help exclude a diagnosis, support a diagnosis, or render treatment for epilepsy.5 While a misinterpreted EEG is a well-known problem in epilepsy management,6 some electrographic patterns are difficult to discern even in expert hands.7 An interictal spike is the hallmark of epilepsy, yet it has been referred to as an “EEG chameleon” because it is often incompletely evident.8 Therefore, definitive statements regarding the epileptic origin of a “spell” are possible only when seizures are recorded on the EEG. Without recording a seizure, the EEG is only supportive when diagnosing epilepsy. However, the supportive nature of an interictal EEG is only valid if clear interictal epileptiform discharges (IED) are encountered. When overidentified IED are reported, the misinterpretation of the EEG often goes unchallenged until ictal recordings are performed.
Anticoagulant therapy in peripheral vascular disease.

The anticoagulant drugs, heparin and dicumarol, have been of great value in the prevrention and treatment of peripheral thromboembolic disease. The use of both drugs requires individualization of dosage based on the results of the appropriate tests of their effect on coagulation. The risk of bleeding is very small if heparin and dicumarol are properly used. New anticoagulant drugs are being studied and evaluated clinically in an effort to increase even further the effectiveness and safety of anticoagulant therapy.
Stimulators of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) inhibit seawater- but not cAMP-induced oocyte maturation in a marine worm: Implications for interactions between cAMP and AMPK signaling.

Previous studies have shown that elevations in intraoocytic cAMP prevent mammalian oocytes from maturing, whereas cAMP degradation allows these oocytes to begin maturation, as evidenced by the onset of oocyte nuclear disassembly (=“germinal vesicle breakdown”, GVBD). Moreover, such cAMP degradation not only reduces cAMP levels but also generates AMP, which in turn can stimulate AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), a well-documented inducer of GVBD in mice. Alternatively, in some marine invertebrates, intraoocytic cAMP triggers, rather than blocks, GVBD, and whether AMPK up- or downregulates maturation in these species has not been tested. Thus, AMPK was monitored in the nemertean worm Cerebratulus during GVBD stimulated by seawater (SW) or cAMP elevators. In oocytes lacking surrounding follicle cells, AMPK activity was initially elevated in immature oocytes but subsequently reduced during SW- or cAMP-induced GVBD, given that the catalytic α-subunit of AMPK in maturing oocytes displayed a decreased stimulatory phosphorylation at T172 and an increased inhibitory phosphorylation at S485/491. Accordingly, AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a known target of active AMPK, also declined during maturation. Moreover, treatments with either ice-cold calcium-free seawater (CaFSW) or AMPK agonists dissolved in SW maintained AMPK activity and inhibited GVBD. Conversely, adding cAMP elevators to CaFSW- or SW-solutions of AMPK activators restored GVBD while promoting S485/491 phosphorylation and AMPK deactivation. Collectively, such findings not only demonstrate for the first time that intraoocytic AMPK can block GVBD in the absence of surrounding follicle cells, but these results also provide evidence for a novel GVBD-regulating mechanism involving AMPK deactivation by cAMP-mediated S485/491 phosphorylation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 497–510, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Utilization of a Continuous Streptococcal Surface to Measure Interbacterial Adherence in vitro and in vivo

Cell-to-cell interactions are essential for the formation of dental plaque. A continuous layer of Streptococcus sanguis SA-1 cells fixed to a solid surface has been used to evaluate interactions among this bacterium, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Streptococcus sobrinus. S. sanguis cells were attached to a Falcon 3001 tissue culture plates or bovine enamel chips, coated with a biological adhesive. Scanning electron microscopy of the chips showed the streptococci as a contiguous surface. Radiolabeled bacteria were used to measure a second-species interbacterial adherence to the streptococcal-coated culture plates. Strains of H. parainfluenzae known to coaggregate (strain HP-28) and not to coaggregate (strains HP-42 and HP-80), in suspension with S. sanguis strain SA-1, were studied for adherence. Ten-fold-higher numbers of coaggregating strain HP-28 adhered in vitro to the streptococcal layer than did the non-coaggregating strains. S. sobrinus strain 6715 did not show appreciable adherence to the S. sangu...
Control of Endogenous Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity by Energy-Linked Pyridine Nucleotide Reduction in Mitochondria

Control of Endogenous Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity by Energy-Linked Pyridine Nucleotide Reduction in Mitochondria
Thermal stresses in aluminum 6061 and nylon 66 long fiber thermoplastic (LFT) composite joint in a tailcone

The present paper involves a metal/polymer joint in a tailcone in a kinetic energy penetrator (KEP), one of the ammunition types used by the military. It is currently made of aluminum 7075 alloy, which could be partly replaced by long fiber thermoplastic (LFT) composite. Two different types of aluminum insert geometries were considered, viz., beaded and threaded. Thermal stresses set in during cooling of the tailcone from the processing temperature mainly because of the difference in the values of coefficients of thermal expansion and differential cooling between the aluminum and the LFT composite. Finite element (FE) modeling was done to predict the temperature profile during the cooling of the tailcone from the processing temperature. FE results showed that the LFT composite part of the tailcone cooled faster than the aluminum insert. Experimental verification of this temperature profile was obtained by infrared (IR) thermography. Based on the temperature profile, thermal stresses at the metal/LFT composite interface were estimated using an FE model. Different magnitudes of thermal stresses were present at the aluminum/LFT composite interface owing to the nature of distribution of fibers around the insert. Magnitude of thermal stresses in the case of a beaded insert was approximately 2.5 MPa whereas in the case of a threaded insert, it was approximately 12 MPa.
GENE TRANSFER AMPLIFICATION, AND AN ANALYSIS OF MUTANTS IN THE UMP SYNTHASE GENE: 49

To isolate clones of the human UMP synthase gene, we have produced an amplified, human secondary transformant for the human UMP synthase gene using DNA mediated gene transfer and drug resistance to azauridine. The secondary transformant has 35-fold increased levels of ODCase and 10-fold amplification of human Alu sequences. We are presently cloning DNA from an amplified secondary transformant to isolate human genomic clones for the UMP synthase gene using human Alu sequences as markers for the gene. We have isolated a series of CHO mutants in UMP synthase: a) deficient in UMP synthase enzyme activity; b) revertants of the deficient mutants; and c) mutants with amplified UMP synthase enzyme activity. Analysis of a series of CHO mutants deficient in UMP synthase using Southern blots with a rat cDNA probe (kindly provided by D. Parker Suttle) suggests that no gross rearrangements or deletions are responsible for the enzyme deficiencies. CHO cells selected for resistance to azauridine and pyrazofurin have 35-fold elevated levels of UMP synthase enzyme activity with 10-fold UMP synthase gene amplification and 10-fold elevated UMP synthase mRNA levels. We are presently analyzing UMP synthase mRNA levels in the UMP synthase mutants and determining if there is transcriptional regulation of the UMP synthase gene. This work was supported by NIH (1F32 7086-1) and March of Dimes (1-744). This is ERICR contribution #563.
Photopolarimetry from Voyager 2; Preliminary Results on Saturn, Titan, and the Rings

The Voyager 2 photopolarimeter was reprogrammed prior to the August 1981 Saturn encounter to perform orthogonal-polarization, two-color measurements on Saturn, Titan, and the rings. Saturn's atmosphere has ultraviolet limb brightening in the mid-latitudes and pronounced polar darkening north of 65 deg N. Titan's opaque atmosphere shows strong positive polarization at all phase angles (2.7 deg to 154 deg), and no single-size spherical particle model appears to fit the data. A single radial stellar occultation of the darkened, shadowed rings indicated a ring thickness of less than 200 meters at several locations and clear evidence for density waves caused by satellite resonances. Multiple, very narrow strands of material were found in the Encke division and within the brightest single strand of the F ring.
A Robust and Scalable Neuromorphic Communication System by Combining Synaptic Time Multiplexing and MIMO-OFDM

This paper describes a novel architecture for enabling robust and efficient neuromorphic communication. The architecture combines two concepts: 1) synaptic time multiplexing (STM) that trades space for speed of processing to create an intragroup communication approach that is firing rate independent and offers more flexibility in connectivity than cross-bar architectures and 2) a wired multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communication with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) techniques to enable a robust and efficient intergroup communication for neuromorphic systems. The MIMO-OFDM concept for the proposed architecture was analyzed by simulating large-scale spiking neural network architecture. Analysis shows that the neuromorphic system with MIMO-OFDM exhibits robust and efficient communication while operating in real time with a high bit rate. Through combining STM with MIMO-OFDM techniques, the resulting system offers a flexible and scalable connectivity as well as a power and area efficient solution for the implementation of very large-scale spiking neural architectures in hardware.
Deterioration of stored culture media as monitored by a sperm motility bioassay.

A hamster sperm motility bioassay was used to monitor medium quality during storage. The media studied were (1) LT-PVA, a modified Tyrode's solution; (2) TLP-PVA, a defined medium that supports hamster sperm motility but does not support capacitation; and (3) TALP-PVA (TLP-PVA+serum albumin), which supports hamster sperm survival and capacitation. Each medium was stored at 5 and −20°C and tested every two weeks. All of the media deteriorated with increased storage time, but at different rates (TLP-PVA > TL-PVA > TALP-PVA). The deterioration of the media correlated with an increase in pH during storage, probably due to a loss of CO2 and bicarbonate. Albumin, added after storage, was able to rescue frozen TL-PVA.
Indanyl Carbenicillin in Urinary Tract Infections. A Report of Early Clinical Experience in Spain

SummaryIn a multi-centre study conducted by 158 doctors in all regions of Spain, 782 patients with various urinary infections were treated orally using indanyl carbenicillin as the sole antibiotic agent. The majority (94%) were adult out-patients; 57% were women and 43 % men. Diagnoses included cystitis, pyelitis, cystopyelitis, pyelonephritis, urethritis, prostatitis, and lithiasis with concomitant infection. There were also some cases of non-specific asymptomatic bacteriuria, acute, chronic or recurrent in character.Of 389 bacterial strains isolated from 318 cultures, the predominant organisms were E. coli (45%), Proteus (17.4%). and Pseudomonas (6%). Overall response to treatment was good in 85%, of patients (89%, in acute and 80%, in chronic cases).In general, tolerance to indanyl carbenicillin was good and the side-effects seen in 9.9%, of cases were limited mainly to the gastro-intestinal tract. In only 8 of the 782 patients did the side-effects necessitate interruption of treatment. The incidence o...
Design of electrically small, pattern reconfigurable Yagi antenna

An electrically small, pattern reconfigurable Yagi antenna is designed, fabricated and measured. Two directors are located on the two opposite sides of the driver. A pin diode is used on the bottom of the director to switch the beam pattern. The measured maximum realised gain of the antenna is 8.5 dB and the front-to-back ratio is 7 dB.
Spectral measurement of the nonlinear refractive index in ZnSe using self-bending of a pulsed laser beam

The nonlinear refractive-index (n2) spectrum of ZnSe near the band gap (λgap ~ 450 nm) at 77 K was measured for the first time to our knowledge by using self-bending of a pulsed laser beam. The maximum nonlinearity, n2 ~ 1.9 × 10−8 cm2/W, measured by us is anomalously large, which cannot be explained by conventional thermally induced band-gap shrinkage.
Hydrated vs. freeze-dried human acellular dermal matrix for hernia repair: a comparison in a rabbit model

Abdominal wall hernias commonly occur following laparotomy. Biologic grafts are used to treat these hernias due to their biocompatibility and their ability to serve as a matrix for tissue regeneration and remodeling. Freeze-dried human acellular dermal matrices (F-HADMs) have been shown to be effective in abdominal wall defect repair. Hydrated human acellular dermal matrices (H-HADMs) have not been previously evaluated. This study evaluates H-HADM and F-HADM in the repair of abdominal wall hernias in the rabbit. Thirty-six 3–4-kg New Zealand white rabbits underwent laparotomy with the creation of a hernia. After defect reperitonealization, the animals underwent hernia repair with H-HADM, F-HADM, or primary repair. Within each group, four animals were survived for 4, 8, and 20 weeks. The outcomes evaluated included recurrences, adhesions, histology, immunohistochemistry, and tensiometry. Thirty-five animals underwent abdominal wall hernia repair. One animal in the F-HADM group developed a recurrent hernia. No significant difference was demonstrated in adhesion scores between the H-HADM (0.75) and F-HADM (0.83) groups. Tensiometry demonstrated no differences in the forces required to disrupt the graft from the native fascia between H-HADM and F-HADM at any time point. H-HADM demonstrated fewer white blood cells (WBC) and eosinophils (EOS) per high-powered field (hpf) than F-HADM at 4 weeks (144 WBC/hpf vs. 534 WBC/hpf, P < 0.05; 87 EOS/hpf vs. 304 EOS/hpf, P < 0.05) and 8 weeks (104 WBC/hpf vs. 314 WBC/hpf, P < 0.05; 41 EOS/hpf vs. 149 EOS/hpf, P < 0.05). At 20 weeks, there was no difference in WBC or EOS (134 WBC/hpf vs. 144 WBC/hpf, P = NS; 86 EOS/hpf vs. 104 EOS/hpf, P = NS). Immunohistochemistry for CD31 demonstrated no difference in vascularity at any time point. H-HADM and F-HADM demonstrate comparable results in abdominal wall hernia treatment in a rabbit model. With both grafts, the weakest area of the repair occurs at the graft and native fascia interface. Hernia repairs with H-HADM and F-HADM demonstrate similar incidences of adhesions and tensile strength characteristics. H-HADM demonstrates a reduced inflammatory response at 4 and 8 weeks compared to F-HADM. Both H-HADM and F-HADM demonstrate similar amounts of vascular ingrowth.
Neutral lipids of frog and rat rod outer segments.

Abstract Neutral lipids of rod outer segments (ROS) from frog and rat comprise roughly 10 mol% of the total lipids and consist of free sterol, free fatty acids, and 1,2-diglycerides, but contain no detectable sterol esters or triglycerides. Expressed as nmol per mg ROS protein, the levels of both free fatty acids and free sterol are higher in the rat than in the frog, whereas the diglycerides in frogs are about four times higher than in rats. The level of 22:6ω3 in the free fatty acids fraction of the frog is twice that of the rat, although the level of 22:6ω3 in both the frog and rat free fatty acids is lower than in any of the glycerolipids. The diglyceride fraction from both animals consists almost entirely of two molecular species: in the frog, the C-38 and C-40 type predominate in a molar distribution of 52 and 42% respectively, whereas in the rat, the C-36 and C-38 types are most abundant in a molar distribution of 28 and 60%, respectively. Comparison of the diglyceride fatty acid and molecular species compositions with those of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid led to the suggestion that ROS diglycerides are derived from phosphatidylinositol.
Design and implementation of a multicarrier spread spectrum communication system

In this paper, we present a novel multicarrier spread spectrum (MC-SS) system based on filter bank theory. We refer to our system as filter bank MC-SS (FB-MC-SS). The system parameters that lend themselves to an efficient implementation are identified, and the relevant signal processing blocks are accordingly developed. The developed FB-MC-SS system is realized on a software radio platform and the experimental results are compared against those of its direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) counterpart. Our experiments demonstrate a variety of jamming conditions where FB-MC-SS outperforms the conventional DS-SS by a significant margin.
Reduction of Dental Decay in Rampant Caries Individuals Following Short-Term Kanamycin Treatment:

A week of kanamycin gel treatment before and after the placement of dental restorations, compared to a placebo gel treatment, significantly reduced the levels of cultivable bacteria, S mutans and S sanguis, in the plaque samples collected immediately after the completion of the gel treatments, and was associated with a 46% reduction in new carious surfaces in the 14- to 37-month period following the gel treatment.
Effects of Information Sequence and Irrelevant Distractor Information When Using a Computer-based Decision Aid*

Computer-based decision aids are intended to support and improve human judgments. Frequently, the largest portion of the design effort is devoted to the technical aspects of the system; behavioral aspects are often overlooked. As a result, the decision aid may be ineffective. An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of two information structure variables that theoretically affect judgments: information sequence and irrelevant distractor information. Auditor subjects made continuing existence judgments for client-banks after interacting with one of four alternative decision aids. The decision aids are modifications of a system developed by an international CPA firm. Judgments were predicted to be more accurate when: (1) diagnostic information is presented late rather than early in the information sequence and (2) when no irrelevant distractor information is presented. Further, judgment confidence was predicted to be unrelated to either information sequence or irrelevant distractor information. The experimental data support all three predictions.
Prevalence and severity of valvular aortic stenosis determined by Doppler echocardiography and its association with echocardiographic and electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and physical signs of aortic stenosis in elderly patients.

Calcific deposits in the aortic valve are common in elderly persons and may lead to valvular aortic stenosis (AS).1–3 We performed a prospective study to determine the prevalence and severity of valvular AS by Doppler echocardiography and its association with echocardiographic and electrocardiographic left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and with physical signs of AS in unselected elderly patients in a long-term health care facility.
Sleep deprivation in rats with preoptic/anterior hypothalamic lesions.

Abstract Chronic total sleep deprivation (TSD) of rats by the disk-over-water method reliably produces initial increases and subsequent decreases in waking intraperitoneal ( T ip ) and hypothalamic ( T hy ) temperatures, progressive increases in energy expenditure, skin lesions on the tail and plantar surfaces, debilitated appearance, and eventual death. We investigated the possible role of the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus (POAH) in the mediation of the TSD effects by comparing these effects in POAH-lesioned and unlesioned rats. Bilateral POAH lesions sufficient in size to impair homeothermic responses to changes in ambient temperature did not produce TSD-like temperature changes under baseline ambient temperatures of 28–29°C, implying that the thermoregulatory changes produced by TSD do not result from impairment of the lesioned area. However, the possibility remains that the TSD effects are mediated by damage to POAH areas that were not lesioned. During TSD, lesioned and unlesioned rats showed similar progressive increases in energy expenditure, but the lesioned rats showed earlier, steeper, and eventually greater declines in T ip and T hy . This result suggests that in unlesioned rats the POAH may counter-regulate against, and thereby attenuate, the reduction in heat retention caused by TSD. This failure of regulation in lesioned rats is consistent with their impaired response to ambient temperature change and implies that, in unlesioned rats, some POAH thermoregulatory mechanisms continue to function normally during TSD. Lesioned rats did not show the characteristic TSD-induced early increases in T ip and T hy . This result could imply either that heat retention was so compromised that body temperatures did not rise in spite of a TSD-induced increases in thermoregulatory setpoint, or that the setpoint increase in unlesioned rats is POAH-mediated. Notwithstanding the greater T ip and T hy declines in lesioned rats, they survived the TSD procedure longer than the unlesioned rats, thus supporting previous indications that death did not result from hypothermia.
Variation among developmental dyslexics: evidence from a printed-word-learning task.

Abstract A word-learning task was used to investigate variation among developmental dyslexics classified as phonological and surface dyslexics. Dyslexic children and chronological age (CA)- and reading level (RL)-matched normal readers were taught to pronounce novel nonsense words such as veep. Words were assigned either a regular (e.g., “veep”) or an irregular (e.g., “vip”) pronunciation. Phonological dyslexics learned both regular and exception words more slowly than the normal readers and, unlike the other groups, did not show a regular-word advantage. Surface dyslexics also learned regular and exception words more slowly than the CA group, consistent with a specific problem in mastering arbitrary item-specific pronunciations, but their performance resembled that of the RL group. The results parallel earlier findings from Manis,Seidenberg, Doi, McBride-Chang, & Petersen [Cognition 58 (1996) 157–195] indicating that surface dyslexics and phonological dyslexics have a different profile of reading deficits, with surface dyslexics resembling younger normal readers and phonological dyslexics showing a specific phonological deficit. Models of reading and reading disability need to account for the heterogeneity in reading processes among dyslexic children.
Vibrational spectra of ethyl iodedes

Abstract The infrared spectra of CH3CH2I, CD3CH2I, and CH3CD2I of the vapors and the solids at 170°C have been recorded from 4000-200 cm−1. The Raman spectra of the liquids and vapors have also been recorded and depolarization values have been measured. Assignment of the eighteen fundamental vibrations has been based on depolarization values, band contours, group-frequency correlations, and normal coordinate calculations. A critical discussion of the CH stretching assignments in CH3CH2X molecules is presented.
Bioactive Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Responses to Intravenous Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Boys With Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism*

To test the hypothesis that exogenous pulsatile administration of GnRH will increase serum bioactive FSH (bFSH) levels, we studied four boys with suspected idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). These boys presumably secreted relatively little GnRH. By virtue of their low baseline serum gonadotropin levels yet responsive pituitary gonadotrophs, these boys with IHH proved to be an excellent clinical model to test this hypothesis. Administration of GnRH (0.025 μg/kg·dose) iv at 1- or 2-h intervals for 3–5 days resulted in an increase in serum bFSH after 91% of the GnRH doses. Serum immunoreactive FSH (iFSH) and LH (iLH) levels increased after 42% and 64% of the GnRH doses, respectively. Ninety percent of the iLH responses were concordant with bFSH responses, but only 33% of the iLH responses were concordant with iFSH responses. The serum bFSH responses occurred consistently within 20 min after GnRH administration and resulted in an increased serum bioactive to immunoreactive FSH ratio. By 60 min, s...
Mitigating DNS DoS attacks

This paper considers DoS attacks on DNS wherein attackers flood the nameservers of a zone to disrupt resolution of resource records belonging to the zone and consequently, any of its sub-zones. We propose a minor change in the caching behavior of DNS resolvers that can significantly alleviate the impact of such attacks. In our proposal, DNS resolvers do not completely evict cached resource records whose TTL has expired; rather, such resource records are stored in a separate "stale cache". If, during the resolution of a query, a resolver does not receive any response from the nameservers that are responsible for authoritatively answering the query, it can use the information stored in the stale cache to answer the query. In effect, the stale cache is the part of the global DNS database that has been accessed by the resolver and represents an insurance policy that the resolver uses only when the relevant DNS servers are unavailable. We analyze a 65-day DNS trace to quantify the benefits of a stale cache under different attack scenarios. Further, while the proposed change to DNS resolvers also changes DNS semantics, we argue that it does not adversely impact any of the fundamental DNS characteristics such as the autonomy of zone operators and hence, is a very simple and practical candidate for mitigating the impact of DoS attacks on DNS.
The Brink of Change: Gender in Technology-Rich Collaborative Learning Environments.

This study was designed to contribute to a small but growing body of knowledge on the influence of gender in technology-rich collaborative learning environments. The study examined middle school students’ attitudes towards using computers and working in groups during scientific inquiry. Students’ attitudes towards technology and group work were analyzed using questionnaires. To add depth to the findings from the survey research, the role of gender was also investigated through the analysis of student conversations in the context of two activities: exploring science information on a hypertext text and conducting hands-on investigations. The data suggest that not only are girls and boys are similar with regard to attitudes about computers and group work, but that during collaborative learning activities, girls may actually participate more actively and persistently regardless of the nature of the task.
Tentative Identification of the Reactive Species in the Reaction of Cp2 TiCl2 with Salts of Diacids

Abstract The tentative identification of the reactive species in the condensation of Cp2 TiCl2 with salts of diacids to form titanium polysters is made. The reactive species are believed to be the same for both aqueous solution and interfacial systems, i.e., R -CO2 − and Cp2 Ti2+ with reaction occurring in the aqueous phase. The condensation of Cp2 TiCl2 with disodium terephthalate in interfacial systems occurs via a pseudo-first-order reaction: Rate = K[Cp2 TiCl2] The rate-determining step (s) is believed to be diffusion of CP2 TiCl2 into the aqueous layer and/or hydrolysis of Cp2 TiCl2
Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Varicose veins are a common manifestation of chronic venous disease and affect approximately 25% of adults in the western hemisphere. The historical standard treatment has been surgery, with high ligation and stripping, combined with phlebectomies. In the past decade, alternative treatments such as endovenous ablation of the great saphenous vein (GSV) with laser, radiofrequency ablation, and ultrasonography-guided foam sclerotherapy have gained popularity. Performed as office-based procedures using tumescent local anesthesia, the new minimally invasive techniques have been shown in numerous studies to obliterate the GSV, eliminate reflux, and improve symptoms safely and effectively.
Optimal conditions and sample storage for the determination of H2O2 in marine waters by the scopoletin-horseradish peroxidase fluorometric method.

Abstract The conditions presently in use for the fluorometric determination of H 2 O 2 in marine waters, by reacting H 2 O 2 with scopoletin in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and measuring the quenching of the fluorescence intensity of scopoletin, are not the optimal conditions. Under the optimized conditions of a pH of 8.5–9.5, an excitation wavelength of 390 nm and an emission wavelength of 460, the sensitivity of the method can be increased significantly, by up to more than a factor of 3 and the variations in the sensitivity from sample to sample can be significantly reduced. Furthermore, the samples need not be analyzed immediately after sample collection as presently prescribed. After scopoletin and HRP have been added to a sample immediately after sample collection, the sample may be stored at room temperature in the dark for up to four days before the quenched fluorescence intensity of scopoletin is read.
On the osmotic and activity coefficients of Na2WO4(aq) and Na2MoO4(aq) at the temperature 298.15 K, and the relations between mean activity coefficients of solutes under isopiestic conditions

Abstract Wu et al. (J. Chem. Thermodynamics1990, 22, 35) reported osmotic coefficients for Na2WO4(aq) and Na2MoO4(aq) at T = 298.15 K which were calculated from their isopiestic measurements. They analyzed their results with a variant of the Gibbs-Duhem equation, and from those calculations obtained mean activity coefficients for the two electrolytes. Osmotic coefficients for both have highly anomalous dependences on molality, but no mention of this was made by the authors. The osmotic coefficients exhibit double minima followed by an approach to nearly constant values above molalities m ≈ 2 mol·kg-1. These unusual features appear to be due to the onset of hydrolytic polymerization as the pHs of the solutions decrease as they are diluted, followed by depolymerization at low molalities. A detailed re-examination of these osmotic coefficients indicates that the mean activity coefficients of Wu et al. were incorrectly calculated and are too large by a factor of 1.5. In addition, their calculations involved integration of a function that diverges to -∞ as m→0, which makes values of the integral highly uncertain. Furthermore, the unusual molality dependences of the osmotic coefficient preclude any meaningful extrapolations to infinite dilution, as are require for the calculation of reliable activity coefficients. A detailed analysis is given of the functional relations between the mean activity coefficients of two different solutes in separate solutions at isopiestic equilibrium. It is shown that the integral which appears in one equation, in the form in which it is usually written, has an integrand that diverges to +∞ or -∞ as m→0 for solutes of different charge types. However, that integral can be recast into a different form which has no divergences.
Functional morphology of dewlap extension in the lizard Anolis equestris (Iguanidae).

The dewlap is an extendible flap of skin ordinarily folded under the throat. Lizards, particularly those in the genus Anolis, extend their dewlaps during interactions with conspecifics, other lizards, and potential predators. Dewlap extension is effected by movements of elements of the hyoid apparatus. This paper describes the anatomy of the hyoid and associated musculature in Anolis equestris, a large arboreal lizard with a prominent dewlap. A mechanism for dewlap extension is proposed based on results of morphological and experimental techniques. Specializations of the hyoid skeleton for dewlap extension include elongated second ceratobranchials and highly movable joints between the ceratohyals and the hypohyals and between the first ceratobranchials and the body of the hyoid. A well developed M. ceratohyoideus extends between the ceratohyals and the first ceratobranchials of the hyoid apparatus. During dewlap extension, the hyoid apparatus acts as a first order lever. Contraction of M. ceratohyoideus pulls the ceratohyals posterorly causing the hypohyals and the body of the hyoid to rotate dorsally around the first ceratobranchial/body joints. This movement results in the second ceratobranchials swinging forward and down, unfolding the dewlap. The relative immobility of the first ceratobranchials provides stability to the hyoid apparatus during dewlap extension. A comparison is made of dewlap extension and other hyoid displays.
Homeless in America: Injuries treated in US emergency departments, 2007-2011

Despite being a high-risk population, epidemiological research about injuries among homeless individuals is limited. We sought to describe injury characteristics among individuals identified as homeless in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), and to compare them to age- and sex-matched controls. We searched text narratives for all patients with product-related injuries who presented to NEISS emergency departments from 2007 to 2011 to identify homeless cases (N = 268). A random sample of 2680 age- and sex-matched controls was identified for the same time period. The incident location differed between groups, and the mention of substance use was significantly more common among homeless cases than controls. The body part injured differed significantly between cases and controls for all age groups, with the exception of older adults. Among homeless cases, injuries occurred most frequently to the lower extremities, and sprains/strains, contusions/abrasions and burns were most common. Add...
The small mass assumption applied to the multibody dynamics of motor proteins

This paper presents a multibody dynamics approach to the modeling, simulation and analysis of motor protein dynamic behavior. Usually proteins are modeled as a collection of a small number of particles, oftentimes only two particles, with spring-like connections between them. However, these simple particle models potentially omit interactions and dynamics between the unmodeled particles and the environment that may be important. Multibody dynamics models can be used to address this issue. However, widely used techniques for analyzing particle models may not be applicable to multibody models. Herein the validity of the small mass assumption, which is central to the analysis of particle models, is examined in detail using a simplified multibody model of the molecular motor protein Myosin V.
Recursive least squares background prediction of univariate syndromic surveillance data

Surveillance of univariate syndromic data as a means of potential indicator of developing public health conditions has been used extensively. This paper aims to improve the performance of detecting outbreaks by using a background forecasting algorithm based on the adaptive recursive least squares method combined with a novel treatment of the Day of the Week effect. Previous work by the first author has suggested that univariate recursive least squares analysis of syndromic data can be used to characterize the background upon which a prediction and detection component of a biosurvellance system may be built. An adaptive implementation is used to deal with data non-stationarity. In this paper we develop and implement the RLS method for background estimation of univariate data. The distinctly dissimilar distribution of data for different days of the week, however, can affect filter implementations adversely, and so a novel procedure based on linear transformations of the sorted values of the daily counts is introduced. Seven-days ahead daily predicted counts are used as background estimates. A signal injection procedure is used to examine the integrated algorithm's ability to detect synthetic anomalies in real syndromic time series. We compare the method to a baseline CDC forecasting algorithm known as the W2 method. We present detection results in the form of Receiver Operating Characteristic curve values for four different injected signal to noise ratios using 16 sets of syndromic data. We find improvements in the false alarm probabilities when compared to the baseline W2 background forecasts. The current paper introduces a prediction approach for city-level biosurveillance data streams such as time series of outpatient clinic visits and sales of over-the-counter remedies. This approach uses RLS filters modified by a correction for the weekly patterns often seen in these data series, and a threshold detection algorithm from the residuals of the RLS forecasts. We compare the detection performance of this algorithm to the W2 method recently implemented at CDC. The modified RLS method gives consistently better sensitivity at multiple background alert rates, and we recommend that it should be considered for routine application in bio-surveillance systems.
Colorectal Carcinoma in Indeterminate Colitis

Background: For all the interest in the natural history of colorectal cancer (CRC) in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), surprisingly few data have been published regarding CRC in indeterminate colitis (IC). We present our experience with 15 cases of IC-associated CRC in order to assess their clinicopathological features and to determine their survival rates. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with IC admitted to the Mount Sinai Hospital between 1994 and 2007 and who developed CRC. All patients were operated on and follow-up was complete for all patients to the closing date of study or to the time of death. Results: A total of 19 adenocarcinomas were present in this series. There were 3 patients with multiple cancers; all cancers occurred in segments of colitis. The mean age at onset of IC was 28 years and the average time progression from the IC diagnosis to CRC was 19 years. Dysplasia was detected in 10 of the cases; 3 patients had mucinous tumors. Five patients had stage I tumors; 5 stage II; 4 stage III; 1 stage IV. There were 4 deaths due to CRC. The overall 5-year survival was 42%. Conclusions: CRC in IC shares most of the clinical and pathologic features as well as survival outcomes with CRC that occurs in the most prevalent forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), UC and CD. Surveillance regimens currently used in the other forms of IBD seem applicable to IC patients as well. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009)