cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of hydrate formation, plugging and flow properties using a high-pressure viscometer with helical impeller

Slurry transport has become a subject of interest in several industries, including oil and gas. The importance of slurry/solid transport in the oil and gas industry is evident in areas of cuttings transport, sand transport and, lately, hydrates. Hydrate formation, if not properly monitored and controlled, may lead to pipeline blockage. To avoid pipeline blockage and other hydrate formation risks, chemical additives are added to the system. Additives such as anti-agglomerants help improve hydrate transportability by dispersing the formed hydrates into slurries and preventing them from sticking to the pipe wall. This enables transportation of highly concentrated slurries. However, the high hydrate volume fractions (HVF) slurries may exhibit complex rheology. There is therefore a great need to correlate flow properties such as friction factor and viscosity to HVF. Hydrate slurry transport is important whether hydrates are deliberately generated for energy storage purposes or hydrates formed because of the prevailing flow conditions. However, when determining the viscosity of a fluid containing solid particles, the conventional viscometer types such as concentric cylinders and cone and plate are often not suitable. This is because either the narrow gap would not accommodate the particle size or their inability to maintain the particles suspended leading to bed formation. In this work, a high-pressure mixer-type viscometer was used to generate and characterize hydrate slurries. This work aims to generate a significant amount of hydrate slurry characterization data that may be used as basis for better rheometer designs, hydrate slurry flow properties modeling or integration of hydrate transportability into general multiphase modeling. Results showed that intermediate watercuts posed the greatest pipeline plugging risk for all the oils tested. The amount of transportable hydrates increased with oil viscosity. Generally, hydrate slurries generated exhibited shear thinning behavior that increased with increasing hydrate volume fraction. However, the overall rheology of these slurries is a complex function of the oil used, watercut, gas added to the system and hydrate solid fraction. Lowering shear rates for high HVF systems resulted in separation. Results in this work further suggest that hydrate transportation may be possible with minimum risk if anti-agglomerants are used and high enough shear is applied. On the other hand, if no anti-agglomerant is used, severe aggregation may result in flow line plugging.
Living donor postnephrectomy kidney function and recipient graft loss: A dose-response relationship

Development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in living kidney donors is associated with increased graft loss in the recipients of their kidneys. Our goal was to investigate if this relationship was reflected at an earlier stage postdonation, possibly early enough for recipient risk prediction based on donor response to nephrectomy. Using national registry data, we studied 29 464 recipients and their donors from 2008-2016 to determine the association between donor 6-month postnephrectomy estimated GFR (eGFR) and recipient death-censored graft failure (DCGF). We explored donor BMI as an effect modifier, given the association between obesity and hyperfiltration. On average, risk of DCGF increased with each 10 mL/min decrement in postdonation eGFR (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.10, P = .007). The association was attenuated with higher donor BMI (interaction P = .049): recipients from donors with BMI = 20 (aHR 1.12, 95% CI 1.04-1.19, P = .002) and BMI = 25 (aHR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.12, P = .001) had a higher risk of DCGF with each 10 mL/min decrement in postdonation eGFR, whereas recipients from donors with BMI = 30 and BMI = 35 did not have a higher risk. The relationship between postdonation eGFR, donor BMI, and recipient graft loss can inform counseling and management of living donor kidney transplant recipients.
Effect of droplet lifetime on where ions are formed in electrospray ionization

The location of gaseous ion formation in electrospray ionization under native mass spectrometry conditions was investigated using theta emitters with tip diameters between 317 nm and 4.4 μm to produce droplets with lifetimes between 1 and 50 μs. Mass spectra of β-lactoglobulin do not depend on instrument source temperatures between 160 and 300 °C with the smallest tips. A high charge-state distribution is observed for larger tips that produce droplets with lifetimes ≥10 μs and this distribution increases at higher source temperatures. These and other results show that gaseous protein ions originating from the smallest droplets are formed outside of the mass spectrometer whereas the majority of protein ions formed from the larger droplets are formed inside of the mass spectrometer where thermal heating of the droplet and concomitant protein unfolding inside of the droplet occurs. These results show that small emitter tips are advantageous in native mass spectrometry by eliminating effects of thermal destabilization of proteins in droplets inside of the mass spectrometer, eliminating the effects of non-specific protein dimerization and aggregation that can occur in larger droplets that contain more than one protein molecule, and significantly reducing salt adduction.
A fully nonlinear viscohyperelastic model for the brain tissue applicable to dynamic rates

Abstract Understanding the mechanical response of the brain to external loadings is of critical importance in investigating the pathological conditions of this tissue during injurious conditions. Such injurious loadings may occur at high rates, for example among others, during road traffic or sport accidents, falls, or due to explosions. Hence, investigating the injury mechanism and design of protective devices for the brain requires constitutive modeling of this tissue at such rates. Accordingly, this paper is aimed at critically investigating the physical background for viscohyperelastic modeling of the brain tissue with scrutinizing the elastic fields pertinent to large, time dependent deformations, and developing a fully nonlinear multimode Maxwell model that can mathematically explain such deformations. The proposed model can be calibrated using the simple monotonic uniaxial deformation of the sample extracted from the tissue, and does not require additional information from relaxation or creep experiments. The performance of the proposed model is examined using the experimental results of two different studies, which reveals a desirable agreement. The usefulness, limitations, and future developments of the proposed model are discussed in this paper.
Contributions of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

To review innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and their role in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The immune system consists of the innate and adaptive response. Until the recognition of ILCs, chronic inflammatory diseases were characterized by cytokines linked only to T helper cells. However, these immune responses are now described more broadly to include contributions from both the innate and adaptive immunity. In CRS, focus had been on ILC2s in CRS with nasal polyps. These studies also highlight the importance of epithelial cell–derived cytokines in coordinating these responses. In addition to indirect crosstalk via cytokines, ILCs and T helper cells can utilize the OX40/OX40 ligand and major histocompatibility complex class II pathways to directly interact and coordinate responses. In addition to T helper cells, ILCs contribute to the inflammatory response associated with CRS. The understanding of these cells along with pathways that activate and perpetuate these cells leads to new potential therapeutic targets for CRS treatment.
Field-based Measurement of Sleep: Agreement between Six Commercial Activity Monitors and a Validated Accelerometer

Objective: To examine agreement between multiple commercial activity monitors (CAMs) and a validated actigraph to measure sleep.Methods: Thirty adults without sleep disorders wore an Actiwatch Spec...
Special Issue on Gender Identity and Expression and Sexual Orientation (LGBTQ+) in the Public and Nonprofit Contexts

When I was a graduate student, in the early 2000s, a well-meaning senior faculty member urged me not to write a dissertation related to “gay rights.” He convinced me that a dissertation on environm...
Electric Multipole Fields of Higher-Dimensional Massive Bodies

It was shown in a recent paper [J. Math. Phys. (N.Y.) 60, 102502 (2019)JMAPAQ0022-248810.1063/1.5124502] that slowly lowering an electric charge into a Schwarzschild-Tangherlini (ST) black hole endows the final state with electric multipole fields, which implies that the final-state geometry is not Reissner-Nordstrom-Tangherlini in nature. This conclusion departs from the four-dimensional case in which the no-hair theorem (NHT) requires the final state to be a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole. To better understand this discrepancy clearly requires a deeper understanding of the origin of the multipole hair in the higher-dimensional case. In this paper, we advance the conjecture that charged, static, and asymptotically flat higher-dimensional black holes can acquire electric multipole hair only after they form. This supposition derives from studying the asymptotic behavior of the field of a multipole charge onto which a massive and hyperspherical shell with an exterior ST geometry is collapsing. In the mathematical limit as the shell approaches its ST radius, we find that the multipole fields (except the monopole) vanish. This implies that the only information of an arbitrary (but finite) charge distribution inside the collapsing shell that is available to an asymptotic observer is the total electric charge. Our results yield considerable insight into how higher-dimensional black holes acquire electric multipole hair, and also imply that, in four dimensions, the fadeaway of multipole moments during gravitational collapse is not strictly because of the NHT.
CHAPTER 3 – The Esophagus

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the histology and physiology of the esophagus. It also presents the clinical study of esophagus. The squamous epithelium of the esophagus differs strikingly from the columnar epithelium of the remainder of the alimentary canal. There are also far fewer mucosal glands in the esophagus than in the stomach and intestine. The esophagus can be considered to be a peristaltic tube with a tonically contracted sphincteric zone at each end. The upper esophageal sphincter is an area of high pressure at rest interposed between the pharynx wherein pressure is atmospheric and the body of the esophagus whose intraluminal pressure is equal to the intrathoracic pressure. This sphincter prevents the passage of air into the esophagus with inspiration. This chapter also discusses many prominent esophageal diseases that are primarily neuromuscular in origin. To varying degrees, they can result from overactivity or underactivity of the upper and lower sphincters and of the body of the esophagus either singly or in combination. The most prominent symptoms of esophageal disease are difficulty on swallowing or after swallowing (dysphagia), pain on or after swallowing (odynophagia), heartburn (pyrosis) eitherspontaneous or postprandial, belching, and bleeding. Loss of blood may be manifest dramatically by vomiting (hematemesis), altered blood in the stools causing a black discoloration (melena), or occult bleeding with resultant anemia. Each of these symptoms may occur singly or in concert with others. Loss of weight and strength may also be ancillary symptoms of esophageal disease.
Attitude Toward the Color Blue: An ""Ideal"" Ideal Marker Variable

Researchers often turn to post hoc statistical techniques to identify common method variance (CMV) in same source data, and one viable option is to use a marker variable. The choice of marker varia...
Profiling of atmospheric turbulence from dual-camera time-lapse imagery of a LED array

Turbulence distribution along a path is estimated from differential motion of pairs of LEDs on a target board, sensed by a single camera and between two cameras. The method is compared to point measurements from sonic anemometers.
How to Save a Limb: Identification of Pyoderma Gangrenosum

We report the case of a 67-year-old woman with a painful expanding ulcer on the left leg of 2 months' duration that initially was diagnosed as a skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) with plans for surgical debridement. Upon dermatologic consultation, surgery was canceled due to the possible diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) and risk of pathergy. Notable features of this patient included a history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), poor response to antibiotics, chronicity, lack of signs of sepsis, potential complications of surgical intervention, and ultimately a response to immunosuppressive agents.
Multicultural Aspects of Names and Naming in the United States

This chapter has a three-fold purpose: (1) to define the notion of multiculturalism and its relation to naming practices in the United States; (2) to discuss and define anthroponyms (surnames and forenames) and (3) to identify and examine extant U.S. government databases of anthroponyms (surnames and forenames) to determine their value in establishing the nature of multiculturalism in the United States.
The Corruption Defense to Recognition of a Foreign Judgment: A Cautionary Note

The American Law Institute’s proposed federal statute provides various defenses to recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments.1 This comment focuses on the proposed new corruption defense: “A foreign judgment shall not be recognized or enforced in a court in the United States if the party resisting recognition or enforcement establishes that: . . . the judgment was rendered in circumstances that raise substantial and justifiable doubt about the integrity of the rendering court with respect to the judgment in question.”2 The proposed statutory text is accompanied by a comment that:
Science in Isolation: American Marine Geophysics Research, 1950-1968

The emergence of plate tectonics theory during the 1960s stemmed from large-scale efforts to investigate the sea floor and to interpret results in terms of a horizontally mobile crust. Many scientists, particularly those within the Soviet bloc, refused to accept the new ideas about the earth. Most authors fault the conservative Soviet scientific leadership for halting the progress of geophysics in the East. By contrast, this article examines facets of the Western scientific community that begin to explain both the exclusion of Soviet scientists from participating in the “plate tectonics revolution” and also the meteoric success of the theory in the West.
Reward Region Responsivity Predicts Future Weight Gain and Moderating Effects of the TaqIA Allele.

Because no large prospective study has investigated neural vulnerability factors that predict future weight gain, we tested whether neural response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food and monetary reward predicted body fat gain over a 3-year follow-up in healthy-weight adolescent humans and whether the TaqIA polymorphism moderates these relations. A total of 153 adolescents completed fMRI paradigms assessing response to these events; body fat was assessed annually over follow-up. Elevated orbitofrontal cortex response to cues signaling impending milkshake receipt predicted future body fat gain ( r = 0.32), which is a novel finding that provides support for the incentive sensitization theory of obesity. Neural response to receipt and anticipated receipt of monetary reward did not predict body fat gain, which has not been tested previously. Replicating an earlier finding (Stice et al., 2008a), elevated caudate response to milkshake receipt predicted body fat gain for adolescents with a genetic propensity for greater dopamine signaling by virtue of possessing the TaqIA A2/A2 allele, but lower caudate response predicted body fat gain for adolescents with a genetic propensity for less dopamine signaling by virtue of possessing a TaqIA A1 allele, though this interaction was only marginal [ p -value TaqIA allele status (odds ratio = 2.7), similarly moderated the relation of caudate response to milkshake receipt to future body fat gain, which is another novel finding. The former interaction implies that too much or too little dopamine signaling and reward region responsivity increases risk for overeating, suggesting qualitatively distinct reward surfeit and reward deficit pathways to obesity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Because no large prospective study has investigated neural vulnerability factors that predict future weight gain we tested whether neural response to receipt and anticipated receipt of palatable food and monetary reward predicted body fat gain over 3-year follow-up in healthy-weight adolescent humans and whether the TaqIA polymorphism moderates these relations. Elevated reward activation in response to food cues predicted future body fat gain. Elevated reward response to food receipt predicted body fat gain for adolescents with a TaqIA A2/A2 allele and lower reward response predicted body fat gain for those with a TaqIA A1 allele. Results imply that too much or too little dopamine signaling and reward region responsivity increases risk for overeating.
Extending the Four Russian Algorithm to Compute the Edit Script in Linear Space

Computing the edit distancebetween two strings is one of the most fundamental problems in computer science. The standard dynamic programming based algorithm computes the edit distanceand edit scriptin O(n2) time and space. Often the edit scriptis of more importance than the value of the edit distance. The Four Russian Algorithm [1] computes the edit distancein O(n2/logn) time but does not address how to compute edit scriptwithin that runtime. Hirschberg [2] gave an algorithm to compute edit scriptin linear space but the runtime remained O(n2). In this paper we present algorithms that compute both the edit scriptand edit distancein $O(\frac{n^2}{\log n})$ time using O(n) space.
Multivalent random walkers: a model for deoxyribozyme walkers

We propose a stochastic model for molecular transport at the nanoscale that describes the motion of two-dimensional molecular assemblies called multivalent random walkers (MVRWs). This walker model is an abstract description of the motion of multipedal molecular assemblies, called molecular spiders, which use deoxyribozyme legs to move over a surface covered with substrate DNA molecules, cleaving them to produce shorter product DNA molecules as they go. In this model a walker has a rigid inert body and several flexible enzymatic legs. A walker moves over a surface of fixed chemical sites. Each site has one of several molecular species displayed, and walker legs can bind to and unbind from these sites to move over the surface. Additionally, the enzymatic activity of the legs allows them to catalyze irreversible chemical changes to the sites, thereby permanently modifying the state of the surface. We describe a MVRW system as a continuous-time Markov process, where all state transitions in the process correspond to chemical reactions of the legs with the sites. We model the kinetics of the leg reactions by considering the constrained diffusion of the walker body and unattached leg. Through kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, we show that the irreversibility of the enzymatic action of the legs can bias the motion of walkers and cause them to move superdiffusively over significant distances.
Health risk assessment for radium discharged in produced waters

Produced water generated during the production of oil and gas can contain enhanced levels of radium. This naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) is discharged into freshwater streams, estuarine, coastal and outer continental shelf waters. Large volumes of produced waters are discharged to coastal waters along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana. The Gulf of Mexico is an important producer of fish and shellfish, and there is concern that radium discharged to coastal Louisiana could contaminate fish and shellfish used by people for food, and present a significant increase in cancer risk. This paper describes a screening-level assessment of the potential cancer risks posed by radium discharged to coastal Louisiana in oil-field produced waters. This screening analysis was performed to determine if a more comprehensive and realistic assessment is necessary, and because of the conservative assumptions embedded in the analysis overestimates the risk associated with the discharge of radium in produced waters. Two isotopes of radium (Ra-226 and Ra-228) are the radionuclides of most concern in produced water in terms of potential human health effects.
Mechanisms of nitric oxide-mediated neurotoxicity in primary brain cultures

In addition to mediating several physiological functions, nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the cytotoxicities observed following activation of macrophages or excess stimulation of neurons by glutamate. We extend our previous observations of glutamate-stimulated, NO-mediated neurotoxicity in primary cultures of rat fetal cortical, striatal, and hippocampal neurons. Neurotoxicity elicited by either NMDA or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) exhibits a similar concentration-effect relationship and time course. The concentration-effect curve of NMDA-induced neurotoxicity is shifted to the right in the presence of nitro-L-arginine and farther to the right in arginine-free media. The rank order of potency of several NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors in preventing neurotoxicity is the same as the rank order of these compounds in inhibiting NOS, and this inhibition is stereospecific. NMDA neurotoxicity is also prevented by flavoprotein inhibitors and calmodulin inhibitors, fitting with the roles of flavoproteins and calmodulin as NOS regulators. 8-Bromo-cGMP and guanylyl cyclase inhibitors do not affect neurotoxicity, while superoxide dismutase attenuates neurotoxicity. NOS neurons appear to be the source of neurotoxic NO in culture, as lesions of these neurons with 20 microM quisqualate diminish subsequent NMDA neurotoxicity. Moreover, NMDA neurotoxicity develops over time in culture coincident with the expression of NOS. Immunohistochemical localization of NOS in cultures and intact brain demonstrates widespread distribution of the cell processes suggesting that NOS neurons contact the majority of cortical neurons and so could mediate widespread neurotoxicity.
Design sensitivity analysis of nonlinear structures using endochronic constitutive model

The continuum formulation for design sensitivity analysis incorporating the unified endochronic constitutive model described in Part 1 is discretized and implemented using the standard isoparametric finite element procedure. Only the total Lagrangian approach is investigated since it has been concluded to be surperior to the updated Lagrangian approach. Solution of the sensitivity equation and its convergence criterion are reported. Several cases of a ten-member truss under static and dynamic loads are investigated for sensitivity verification for both nonshape and shape design problems. It is concluded that the incremental solution procedure for design sensitivity analysis of history dependent nonlinear problems can give quite accurate sensitivities. However, the equation of motion, constitutive equations and the sensitivity equations must be integrated very accurately. Thus small increments are generally needed and the computational effort for such problems can be substantial.
Patient preference for physician discussion and practice of spirituality

OBJECTIVE: To determine patient preferences for addressing religion and spirituality in the medical encounter. DESIGN: Multicenter survey verbally administered by trained research assistants. Survey items included questions on demographics, health status, health care utilization, functional status, spiritual well-being, and patient preference for religious/spiritual involvement in their own medical encounters and in hypothetical medical situations. SETTING: Primary care clinics of 6 academic medical centers in 3 states (NC, Fla, Vt). PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Patients 18 years of age and older who were systematically selected from the waiting rooms of their primary care physicians. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-six patients participated in the study. One third of patients wanted to be asked about their religious beliefs during a routine office visit. Two thirds felt that physicians should be aware of their religious or spiritual beliefs. Patient agreement with physician spiritual interaction increased strongly with the severity of the illness setting, with 19% patient agreement with physician prayer in a routine office visit, 29% agreement in a hospitalized setting, and 50% agreement in a near-death scenario (P<.001). Patient interest in religious or spiritual interaction decreased when the intensity of the interaction moved from a simple discussion of spiritual issues (33% agree) to physician silent prayer (28% agree) to physician prayer with a patient (19% agree; P<.001). Ten percent of patients were willing to give up time spent on medical issues in an office visit setting to discuss religious/spiritual issues with their physician. After controlling for age, gender, marital status, education, spirituality score, and health care utilization, African-American subjects were more likely to accept this time trade-off (odds ratio, 4.9; confidence interval, 2.1 to 11.7). CONCLUSION: Physicians should be aware that a substantial minority of patients desire spiritual interaction in routine office visits. When asked about specific prayer behaviors across a range of clinical scenarios, patient desire for spiritual interaction increased with increasing severity of illness setting and decreased when referring to more-intense spiritual interactions. For most patients, the routine office visit may not be the optimal setting for a physician-patient spiritual dialog.
The Role of the Securitization Process in the Expansion of Subprime Credit

We analyze the structure and attributes of subprime mortgage-backed securitization deals originated between 1997 and 2007. Our data set allows us to link loan-level data for over 6.7 million subprime loans to the securitization deals into which the loans were sold. We show that the securitization process, including the assignment of credit ratings, provided incentives for securitizing banks to purchase loans of poor credit quality in areas with high rates of house price appreciation. Increased demand from the secondary mortgage market for these types of loans appears to have facilitated easier credit in the primary mortgage market. To test this hypothesis, we identify an event which represents an external shock to the relative demand for subprime mortgages in the secondary market. We show that following the SEC’s adoption of rules reducing capital requirements on certain broker dealers in 2004, five large deal underwriters disproportionately increased their purchasing activity relative to competing underwriters in ZIP codes with the highest realized rates of house price appreciation but lower average credit quality. We show that these loans subsequently defaulted at marginally higher rates. Finally, using the event as an instrument, we demonstrate a causal link between the demand for mortgages in the secondary mortgage market and the supply of subprime credit in the primary mortgage market.
Antibody to H(+) V-ATPase subunit E colocalizes with portasomes in alkaline larval midgut of a freshwater mosquito (Aedes aegypti).

The pH profile, gross structure, ultrastructure and immunolabeling of the mosquito (Aedes aegypti) larval midgut are described as a first step in analyzing the role of plasma membrane H(+)V-ATPase in the alkalization of the gut, nutrient uptake and ionic regulation. Binding of an antibody to H(+)V-ATPase subunit E colocalizes with ‘portasomes’ (approximately 10 nm in diameter), which are thought to correspond to the V(1) part of the H(+) V-ATPase. In gastric caeca (pH 8), both antibody-binding sites and portasomes are located apically; in the anterior midgut (pH 10–11), they are located basally; and in the posterior midgut (pH approximately equal to 8) they are again located apically. The hypothesis that the energization of alkalization is mediated by an H(+) V-ATPase is supported by the inability of larvae to maintain the high pH after 72 h in 10 (micro)M bafilomycin B1. Confirming earlier reports, the two principal epithelial cell types are designated as ‘columnar’ and ‘cuboidal’ cells. The apical plasma membranes (microvilli) of epithelial cells in the gastric caeca and basal infoldings of anterior midgut are invaded by mitochondria that lie within approximately 20 nm of the portasome-studded plasma membranes. The colocalization of V-ATPase-immunolabeling sites and portasomes to specific plasma membranes within so-called ‘mitochondria-rich’ cells of gastric caeca and anterior midgut suggests that midgut alkalization in mosquitoes is achieved by molecular mechanisms similar to those that have been described in caterpillars, even though the gross structure of the midgut and the localization of the V-ATPase are dissimilar in the two species. In caterpillars, the high alkalinity is thought to break down dietary tannins, which block nutrient absorption; it may play a similar role in plant-detritus-feeding mosquito larvae. The colocalization of immunolabeling sites and portasomes, together with the presence of long, ‘absorptive-type’ microvilli in the posterior midgut, suggest that the V-ATPase energizes nutrient uptake there.
Effectiveness of intraabdominal packing for intractable surgical hemorrhage in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation

Abstract Objective: To review the outcome and effectiveness of intraabdominal packing at the time of celiotomy. Methods: Charts of cases undergoing intraabdominal packing at the time of primary surgery for intractable hemorrhage between July 1997 and June 2000 were reviewed retrospectively. Twelve cases were identified as the cohort for this study. Univariate analysis was performed for statistical evaluation. Results: The mean age was 48 + 11 years. The index surgical procedures were six debulkings (50%), one pelvic exenteration (8%), two cesarean hysterectomies (17%), two postpartum hemorrhages (17%), and one parasitic leiomyoma (8%). All patients were in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) at the time of packing. The mean estimated blood loss was 4,575 + 2,839 mL (range, 2,000 to 10,000). The mean number of laparotomy sponges placed to control bleeding was 8.0 + 3.1. In three patients, additional packings had to be used to control the bleeding. The mean postoperative stay following the initial packing was 18.5 days (range, 6 to 59), with two deaths resulting from other postoperative complications. Conclusion: In the presence of intractable bleeding caused by DIC, intraabdominal packing is an effective temporizing and lifesaving procedure. All pelvic surgeons should be familiar with this modality.
Effects of Cyproheptadine on Prolactin Synthesis and Release by Normal and Suppressed Pituitary Glands and by Dispersed Pituitary Tumor Cells

Trypsin-dispersed cells obtained from the transplantable PRL-secreting rat pituitary tumor MtTWl5 and normal whole pituitary glands were used to study the mechanism of action of cyproheptadine on the secretion of radioimmunoassayable and newly synthesized [3H]PRL. Cyproheptadine inhibited basal PRL release, whereas dibutyryl cAMP stimulated the in vitro secretion of PRL by these cells. The increase in PRL secretion was blocked by coincubation of the cells with cyproheptadine. No effect of cyproheptadine was observed on the synthesis and release of GH by the pituitary glands. Since serotonin was previously shown to have no direct effect on PRL secretion by the pituitary gland in vitro, the inhibiting effect of cyproheptadine on PRL secretion is probably not mediated by a specific antagonistic action on serotonin receptors on the pituitary lactotroph. The cyproheptadine-mediated inhibition of PRL secretion is also not mediated by activation of the dopamine receptor, because the effect of the drug was not bl...
Photon-induced processes for chemisorbed O2 on Pd(111): effect of light polarization

Abstract The photon-induced desorption and dissociation of O 2 chemisorbed on Pd(111) have been studied using s- and p-polarized light ( h ν = 1.4–5.4 eV). Post-irradiation temperature-programmed-desorption (TPD) measurements have been used to follow the O 2 photodesorption and O 2 photodissociation processes. Both O 2 photodesorption and dissociation are enhanced by p-polarized light compared to s-polarized light.
Selection rules in low energy string effective lagrangians

Selection rules which restrict elementary particle interactions are derived as the low-energy limit of superstring theory. A general mechanism is demonstrated, in four-dimensional string tree-amplitudes, whereby the supersymmetric trilinear Yukawa-like couplings in the effective lagrangian which violate lepton number vanish, terms which otherwise occur naturally in supersymmetric versions of the standard model. Explicit expressions for the vertex operators, and all cubic bosonic couplings involving the Yang-Mills gauge bosons and the graviton, together with the scalar and anti-symmetric tensor components of gravity are given. There are no √2α' corrections to the three-point string tree-amplitudes, a result which eliminates any higher derivative trilinear couplings among these fields in the effective action. In this four-dimensional string theory, expressions are derived for the gravitational coupling constant κ and the Yang-Mills coupling constant gYM in terms of the two string parameters: the universal Regge slope parameter which is the origin of the length scale √2α', and the dimensionless string coupling constant g. We find κ = 12g√2α' and gYM = g.
Parallelizing OODBMS traversals: a performance evaluation

In this paper we describe the design and implementation of ParSets, a means of exploiting parallelism in the SHORE OODBMS. We used ParSets to parallelize the graph traversal portion of the OO7 OODBMS benchmark, and present speedup and scaleup results from parallel SHORE running these traversals on a cluster of commodity workstations connected by a standard ethernet. For some OO7 traversals, SHORE achieved excellent speedup and scaleup; for other OO7 traversals, only marginal speedup and scaleup occurred. The characteristics of these traversals shed light on when the ParSet approach to parallelism can and cannot be applied to speed up an application.
Transport of extracellular l-arginine via cationic amino acid transporter is required during in vivo endothelial nitric oxide production.

In cultured endothelial cells, 70–95% of extracellular l-arginine uptake has been attributed to the cationic amino acid transporter-1 protein (CAT-1). We tested the hypothesis that extracellular l-...
Effect of glass transition temperature of polymers on rheological behavior of alumina suspension and properties of alumina green sheets

The effect of binder systems having the same glass transition temperature (Tg) on rheological behavior and properties of green sheets was investigated in this study. Four polymers were produced by changing the ratio of three monomers, n-BMA (n-Butyl Methacrylate), 2-EHMA (2-Ethyl Hexyl Methacrylate) and MAA (Methacrylic Acid). Tg of polymers were 20.2, 7.1, -2.6 and -9.9 degrees Celsius in a calculation respectively. DOP (Dioctyl Phthalate) was added to former three polymers in order to adjust Tg to -9.9°C degree Celsius by coordinating quantity of addition. These polymers were used as binders for alumina green sheets. As a result, all of the suspensions showed Newtonian Flow behavior, and the quantities of adsorbed polymer to alumina particles were almost the same. The packing degrees of green sheets were more than 58 mass%. As the quantity of DOP in binders increased, the packing degree of green sheet decreased. The tensile stress and strain of green sheets were almost the same value. Judging from thermal decomposition analysis, it was found that the temperature at 50 mass% loss of organic compounds in green sheets were lower than temperature at 50 mass% loss in polymer sheets. In four green sheets, as for the green sheet containing much quantity of DOP, maximum thermolysis speed was observed at the lowest temperature.
The changing 'face' of endocarditis in Kentucky: an increase in tricuspid cases.

Abstract Background Advancements in medical technology and increased life expectancy have been described as contributing to the evolution of endocarditis. We sought to determine whether there has been a change in the incidence, demographics, microbiology, complications, and outcomes of infective endocarditis over a 10-year time span. Methods We screened 28,420 transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiogram reports performed at the Gill Heart Institute for the following indications: fever, masses, emboli (including stroke), sepsis, bacteremia, and endocarditis in 2 time periods: 1999 to 2000 and 2009 to 2010. Data were collected from diagnosed endocarditis cases. Results Overall, 143 cases of infective endocarditis were analyzed (48 in 1999-2000 and 95 in 2009-2010). The endocarditis incidence per number of admissions remained nearly constant at 0.113% for 1999-2000 and 0.148% for 2009-2010 ( P = .153). However, tricuspid valve involvement increased markedly from 6% to 36% ( P P = .002). Valvular complications doubled from 17% to 35% ( P = .031). Septic pulmonary emboli increased from 10% to 25% ( P = .047). Despite these noted differences, inpatient mortality remained unchanged at 25% and 28% ( P = .696) for the 2 time periods, respectively. Conclusions The incidence of endocarditis at the University of Kentucky Medical Center has not changed and mortality remains high, but the "face of endocarditis" in Kentucky has evolved with an increased incidence of tricuspid valve involvement, valvular complications, and embolic events.
Development of an animal model, techniques, and an exposure system to study the effects of asbestos cement dust inhalation.

Abstract An aerosol exposure system and procedures for delivering asbestos cement (AC) dust to the lungs of hamsters are described. Groups of hamsters were exposed to AC aerosol concentrations of 1 and 10 μg/liter, respectively, 3 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 3 and 6 months and were sacrificed for histopathologic examination. One subgroup from both the 1- and the 10-μg/liter exposure group was withdrawn from exposure after 3 months and sacrificed after a 3-month recovery period to determine whether or not some of the histologic changes might be reversible. There was an apparent dose — response relationship between AC exposure and the number of asbestos bodies and small randomly distributed foci of alveolar macrophages. No other treatment-related lesions were observed. The 3-month recovery period had no apparent effect.
Pulmonary function in left ventricular failure, including cardiac asthma.

Unusually comprehensive studies of pulmonary function in hypertensive patients during left ventricular failure and cardiac asthma are presented. These findings are compared to those in mitral stenosis with congestive failure and in pulmonary emphysema with right heart failure. All patients were severely dyspneic and bedridden.
Association Between Insurance Status and Admission Rate for Patients Evaluated in the Emergency Department

Objectives: To determine if differences exist in hospital and intensive care unit (ICU)/operating room admission rates based on health insurance status. Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of data from hospital clinical and financial records for all 2001 emergency department (ED) visits (80,209) to an academic urban hospital. Hospital admission and intensive care unit (ICU)/operating room admissions were analyzed, controlling for triage acuity, primary complaint, diagnosis, diagnosis-related group (DRG) severity, and demographics. Multivariate logistic regression models identified factors associated with hospital admission for underinsured (self-pay and Medicaid) compared with other insured (private health maintenance organization, preferred provider organization, worker's compensation, and Medicare) patients. Results: Compared with the other insured group, underinsured patients were less likely, overall, to be admitted to the hospital (odds ratio [OR], 0.82; 95% CI
Using Air Temperature to Quantitatively Predict the MODIS Fractional Snow Cover Retrieval Errors over the Continental United States

AbstractUnderstanding and quantifying satellite-based, remotely sensed snow cover uncertainty are critical for its successful utilization. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover errors have been previously recognized to be associated with factors such as cloud contamination, snowpack grain sizes, vegetation cover, and topography; however, the quantitative relationship between the retrieval errors and these factors remains elusive. Joint analysis of the MODIS fractional snow cover (FSC) from Collection 6 (C6) and in situ air temperature and snow water equivalent measurements provides a unique look at the error structure of the MODIS C6 FSC products. Analysis of the MODIS FSC dataset over the period from 2000 to 2005 was undertaken over the continental United States (CONUS) with an extensive observational network. When compared to MODIS Collection 5 (C5) snow cover area, the MODIS C6 FSC product demonstrates a substantial improvement in detecting the presence of snow cover in N...
Real-time, in vivo confocal reflectance microscopy of basal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Background: Real-time, near-infrared confocal laser scanning microscopy may provide a way to diagnose basal cell carcinoma in vivo and might potentially eliminate the need for invasive diagnostic biopsies in the future. Objective: The purpose of this study is to define the in vivo histologic features of basal cell carcinoma by using a high-resolution imaging technique. Methods: Five fair-skinned white patients with 8 basal cell carcinoma lesions were recruited for this study. Near-infrared reflectance confocal microscopy imaging was used to characterize the histologic features of these lesions in vivo. Subsequently, the confocal histologic features were correlated with the corresponding routine hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained sections obtained from invasive biopsies. Results: A uniform population of basal cell carcinoma cells with characteristic elongated nuclei oriented along the same axis was always present. Abundant blood vessels demonstrating prominent tortuosity were seen, as well as prominent, predominantly mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate admixed or in close apposition with basal cell carcinoma cells. Trafficking of leukocytes was visualized in real time. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that near-infrared confocal microscopy may facilitate diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma with the use of in vivo high-resolution confocal features. Accuracy studies to evaluate these in vivo histologic criteria are warranted. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:869-74.)
Stability of a factor-analytic description of smoking behavior.

Three types of human smoking behavior, identified by factor analysis of questionnaire responses, were found to exhibit a stable structure in a series of different populations and environments. Type I smoking behavior is closely related to a personally perceived need for tobacco products. Types II and III are related to psychosocial-sensorimotor rewards and the intensification of pleasure, respectively. The typology is easily detectable and remarkably constant in the following populations: staff, employees, and patients of a teaching hospital in London, England; urbanites and suburbanites of mixed ages in a part of metropolitan Denver, Colorado, U.S.A.; college students in Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A., elderly urbanites and suburbanites in the metropolitan areas of (a) Stockholm, Sweden and (b) Goteborg, Sweden; and the adult children of the Swedish groups (a) and (b).
Lichen Myxedematosus Serum Stimulates Human Skin Fibroblast Proliferation

Serum from patients with lichen myxedematosus, when added to exponentially growing normal human skin fibroblasts, stimulates DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. The degree of response in vitro is correlated with the extent of the disease in vivo and is specific for fibroblasts. The results suggest that there is a systemic factor (or factors) which may play a role in the etiology of diseases affecting the connective tissue.
Molecular aspects of estrogen receptor variants in breast cancer.

Measurements of the estrogen receptor (ER) and the estrogen-induced progesterone receptor (PgR) are used by most clinicians as indicators of both overall prognosis and likelihood of response to endocrine therapy. Patients with ER+/PgR+ tumors have the highest likelihood of response; conversely, patients with ER-/PgR- tumors have the lowest likelihood of response. Unfortunately, most patients treated successfully with endocrine therapy eventually develop endocrine-resistant disease recurrence. In an effort to study potential mechanisms of endocrine resistance, we have studied discordant ER-/PgR+ tumors, in which the normally estrogen-regulated PgR gene is induced in the apparent absence of ER. Our laboratory has previously cloned, from ER-/PgR+ tumors, a variant ER mRNA precisely missing the sequence corresponding to ER exon 5, and has demonstrated that the truncated protein product translated from this variant RNA is capable of constitutively inducing the expression of an estrogen-responsive reporter gene in a yeast expression vector system (Fuqua et al, Cancer Res 51:105-109, 1991). In the present report we describe further experiments to characterize the activity and biological consequences of expression of this variant ER in human breast cancer cells. We have stably transfected MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with a mammalian expression vector for the exon 5 deletion variant ER. These transfected cells produce a truncated ER protein of the expected 40 kDa size. Cells expressing the exon 5 ER deletion variant constitutively express PgR, and manifest increased anchorage-independent colony formation in the absence of estrogen. Furthermore, the anchorage-dependent growth of these cells was not inhibited by the triphenylethylene antiestrogens tamoxifen or 4-hydroxytamoxifen, unlike MCF-7 cells transfected with a control plasmid, which were growth inhibited by both of these compounds. Interestingly, the pure antiestrogen ICI 164,384 did inhibit the growth of exon 5 ER deletion variant-expressing transfectants. The implications of these results with regard to the treatment of tamoxifen-resistant disease are discussed.
Differential Electromagnetic Attacks on a 32-bit Microprocessor Using Software Defined Radios

Side-channel analysis has been used to successfully attack many cryptographic systems. However, to improve trace quality and make collection of side-channel data easier, the attacker typically modifies the target device to add a trigger signal. This trigger implies a very powerful attacker with virtually complete control over the device. This paper describes a method to collect side-channel data using a software defined radio (SDR) in real-time without requiring a collection device trigger. A correlation-based frequency-dependent leakage mapping technique is introduced to evaluate a 32-bit microprocessor, revealing that individual key bytes leak at different frequencies. Key byte-dependent leakage is observed in both SDR collected and triggered oscilloscope-based collections (which serve to validate the SDR data). This research is the first to demonstrate effective differential attack using SDRs. Successful attacks are presented using two SDRs, including a US$20 digital television receiver with modified drivers.