cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aladdin: sample return from the moons of Mars

The Aladdin spacecraft was proposed as a Discovery Mission in response to a NASA announcement of opportunity. This spacecraft will visit the enigmatic Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, to obtain samples and return them to Earth. The returned samples, coupled with characterization of their geological contexts, will answer fundamental questions on the origin of these moons: Are they related to primitive outer solar system bodies, or do they share a common origin with Mars? If they are primitive outer solar system bodies, are they vestiges of primitive objects that delivered volatiles and organics to the inner solar system? If they share a common origin with Mars, what do they tell us about the formation of planetary satellites in general? Aladdin uses an innovative technique to sample Phobos and Deimos. The spacecraft will launch projectiles targeted at specific geological units on the satellites' surfaces and collect ejecta excavated by the impact on "flying carpet" at low velocity (/spl sim/1 km/s). Repeated encounters with both moons provide redundant opportunities for sampling. We present an overview of the mission and the details of the model used to calculate the sample yield from Aladdin's "launch and capture" technique.
Experts’ memory: an ERP study of perceptual expertise effects on encoding and recognition

This study examined how perceptual expertise facilitates encoding and recognition. The electroencephalo- gram of car experts and car novices was recorded in the study as well as test phases of a remember/know task with car and bird stimuli. Car expertise influenced performance and event- related potentials (ERPs) for cars but not birds. Experts recognized and "recollected" cars more accurately, while novices had more false alarms. The ERPs provided neural evidence for theoretical assumptions about expert memory. Memory encoding in the study phase was less effortful and more elaborate for experts than novices, as indicated by lower mean amplitudes for subsequently "recollected" cars and by indistinguishable differences due to memory for recollection and familiarity. The parietal old/new effect, a correlate of recollection measured during recognition testing, was only foundforexperts.Theresultsshowthatrefinedperceptualand
The Psychedelic Genes of Maize Redundantly Promote Carbohydrate Export From Leaves

Whole-plant carbohydrate partitioning involves the assimilation of carbon in leaves and its translocation to nonphotosynthetic tissues. This process is fundamental to plant growth and development, but its regulation is poorly understood. To identify genes controlling carbohydrate partitioning, we isolated mutants that are defective in exporting fixed carbon from leaves. Here we describe psychedelic (psc), a new mutant of maize (Zea mays) that is perturbed in carbohydrate partitioning. psc mutants exhibit stable, discrete chlorotic and green regions within their leaves. psc chlorotic tissues hyperaccumulate starch and soluble sugars, while psc green tissues appear comparable to wild-type leaves. The psc chlorotic and green tissue boundaries are usually delineated by larger veins, suggesting that translocation of a mobile compound through the veins may influence the tissue phenotype. psc mutants display altered biomass partitioning, which is consistent with reduced carbohydrate export from leaves to developing tissues. We determined that the psc mutation is unlinked to previously characterized maize leaf carbohydrate hyperaccumulation mutants. Additionally, we found that the psc mutant phenotype is inherited as a recessive, duplicate-factor trait in some inbred lines. Genetic analyses with other maize mutants with variegated leaves and impaired carbohydrate partitioning suggest that Psc defines an independent pathway. Therefore, investigations into the psc mutation have uncovered two previously unknown genes that redundantly function to regulate carbohydrate partitioning in maize.
Plasmablast frequency and trafficking receptor expression are altered in pediatric ulcerative colitis

Background: The incidence of pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic autoinflammatory disease of the colon, is on the rise. Although an increased infiltration of B cells from the peripheral blood into the colon occurs in UC, B-cell trafficking is understudied. We hypothesized that the frequency of circulating plasmablasts (PBs) and their trafficking receptor (TR) expression may be indicative of the location and degree of pathology in pediatric UC. Methods: We conducted multicolor flow cytometry analyses of circulating IgA+/− PBs and IgA+ memory B cells (MBCs) in pediatric UC patients with remission, mild, moderate, and severe state of disease (n = 12), and healthy pediatric (n = 2) and adult donors (n = 11). Results: Compared to healthy donors the average frequency of PBs among total peripheral blood lymphocytes is increased 30-fold during severe UC activity, and positively correlates with Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index score, C-reactive protein level, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. A greater percent of PBs in severe patients express the gut-homing receptors α4β7 and CCR10, and the inflammatory homing molecule P-selectin ligand (P-sel lig). The percent of IgA+ MBCs expressing α4β7, however, is reduced. Furthermore, expression of the small intestine TR CCR9 is decreased on α4β7high PBs, and on α4β7high/CCR10high PBs and MBCs in these patients, consistent with preferential cell targeting to the colon. Conclusions: Peripheral blood PBs with a colon-homing phenotype (α4β7/CCR10/P-sel lig) are elevated in children with severe UC. Screening this B-cell subset may provide a complementary approach in monitoring disease activity or therapeutic efficacy in pediatric UC. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;)
Performance Bounds for Expander-Based Compressed Sensing in Poisson Noise

This paper provides performance bounds for compressed sensing in the presence of Poisson noise using expander graphs. The Poisson noise model is appropriate for a variety of applications, including low-light imaging and digital streaming, where the signal-independent and/or bounded noise models used in the compressed sensing literature are no longer applicable. In this paper, we develop a novel sensing paradigm based on expander graphs and propose a maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithm for recovering sparse or compressible signals from Poisson observations. The geometry of the expander graphs and the positivity of the corresponding sensing matrices play a crucial role in establishing the bounds on the signal reconstruction error of the proposed algorithm. We support our results with experimental demonstrations of reconstructing average packet arrival rates and instantaneous packet counts at a router in a communication network, where the arrivals of packets in each flow follow a Poisson process.
Teledermatology & Teledermoscopy: Optimizing Technology & Information by Optimizing Users

The main method of skin cancer detection is direct examination of the skin by a trained professional. There is a shortage of dermatologists, a situation that could influence timely diagnosis and management of skin cancer. Teledermatology and teledermoscopy could overcome some of these barriers. To develop training programs we need to understand how dermatologists view digital skin images. Two dermatologists and 4 residents viewed 20 photographs and dermatoscopic images of benign and malignant lesions while eye position was recorded. They then completed an online training course and returned to repeat the cases. There were some differences in search and diagnoses although more as a function of experience than the online course. Further work is needed but we can characterize visual search in teledermatology settings.
Analyzing human feature learning as nonparametric Bayesian inference

Almost all successful machine learning algorithms and cognitive models require powerful representations capturing the features that are relevant to a particular problem. We draw on recent work in nonparametric Bayesian statistics to define a rational model of human feature learning that forms a featural representation from raw sensory data without pre-specifying the number of features. By comparing how the human perceptual system and our rational model use distributional and category information to infer feature representations, we seek to identify some of the forces that govern the process by which people separate and combine sensory primitives to form features.
Transition Metal Complexes of Cyclic and Open Ozone and Thiozone

Cyclic ozone (O3) has not been isolated so far, despite its computed kinetic persistence. Possibilities of “trapping” this molecule (or the valence-isoelectronic cyclic thiozone, S3) in transition metal complexes are investigated in this paper. Candidates were constructed, first using the 18-electron rule as a guide and then optimizing the structures with the DFT-B3LYP method. A variety of structures result: oxo-peroxo species, di-σ- and π-bonded open ozone complexes, some η1 and η2 cyclic ozone complexes, and a few bona fide η3 cyclic O3 and S3 complexes. MLn fragments suitable for complex formation would need to contain very strong π-acceptor ligands. Nitrosyl ligands were chosen to minimize an energy mismatch between the O3 donor orbitals and the MLn acceptor orbitals. On this basis, the existence of the complexes [S3W(NO)3]3+, [O3M(NO)3]3+ (M = Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Ru, Os), and [S3W(NO)2(CO)]2+ containing cyclic O3 and S3 is suggested. In another approach, facing up to the oxidizing power of O3, potential ...
The impact and outcomes of establishing an integrated interdisciplinary surgical team to care for the diabetic foot

Objective This study aimed to quantify the impact of an integrated diabetic foot surgical service on outcomes and changes in surgical volume and focus. Methods We abstracted registry data from 48 consecutive months at a single institution, evaluating all patients with diabetic foot complications requiring surgery or vascular intervention, and compared outcomes in the 24 months before and after integrating podiatric surgery with vascular surgical limbsalvage service. Results The service performed 2923 operations; 790 (27.0%) were related to treatment of diabetic foot complications in 374 patients. Of these, 502 were classified as non-vascular diabetic foot surgery and 288 were vascular interventions. Urgent surgery was significantly reduced after team implementation (77.7% vs 48.5%, p<0.0001; OR=3.7, 95% CI: 2.4–5.5). The high/low amputation ratio decreased from 0.35 to 0.27 due to an increase in lowlevel (midfoot) amputations (8.2% vs 26.1%, p<0.0001; OR=4.0, 95% CI: 2.0–83.3). A 45.7% reduction in below-knee amputations was realized with a stable above-knee/below-knee amputation ratio (0.73–0.81). One-third of patients required vascular intervention. Vascular reconstructions increased 44.1% following institution of the team. Initial revascularization was endovascular in 70.6% of patients. Repeat endovascular intervention or conversion to open bypass was required in 37.1% of these patients, almost double the reintervention rate of those receiving open bypass first (18.9%). Conclusions Interdisciplinary diabetic foot surgery teams may significantly impact surgery type, with greater focus on proactive and preventive, rather than reactive and ablative, procedures. Although endovascular limb-sparing procedures have become increasingly applicable, open bypass remains critical to success. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New space warping method for the simulation of large-scale macromolecular conformational changes

A space warping method, facilitating the modeling of large-scale conformational changes in mesoscopic systems, is presented. The method uses a set of “global (or collective) coordinates” that capture overall behavior, in conjunction with the set of atomic coordinates. Application of the space warping method to energy minimization is discussed. Several simulations where the method is used to determine the energy minimizing structures of simple central force systems are analyzed. Comparing the results and behavior of the space warping method to simulations involving atomic coordinates only, it is found that the space warping method scales better with system size and also finds lower minima when the potential energy surface has multiple minima. It is shown that the transformation of [Ala16]+in vacuo from linear to globular is captured efficiently using the space warping method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 484–491, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jcc.10040
The Real Contribution of Added Sugars and Fats to Obesity

Obesity rates in the United States are a function of socioeconomic status. Higher rates are found among groups with lower educational and income levels, among racial and ethnic minorities, and in high-poverty areas. Yet, the relation between obesity, nutrition, and diet continues to be viewed in biologic terms, with the search for likely causes focused on consumption of specific macronutrients, foods, or food groups. Epidemiologic evidence linking diet composition and body weight has mostly relied on ecologic comparisons, time trends, and analyses of cross-sectional studies. Plausible physiologic mechanisms have included the metabolic effects of dietary components, mostly sugars and fats, on regulation of food intake and deposition of body fat. However, the evidence could not have been convincing since the blame for rising obesity rates seems to shift regularly, every 10 years or so, from fats to sugars and then back again. This review demonstrates that much of past epidemiologic research is consistent with a single parsimonious explanation: obesity has been linked repeatedly to consumption of low-cost foods. Refined grains, added sugars, and added fats are inexpensive, good tasting, and convenient. The fact that energy-dense foods (megajoules/kilogram) cost less per megajoule than do nutrient-dense foods means that energy-dense diets are not only cheaper but may be preferentially selected by the lower-income consumer. In other words, the low cost of dietary energy (dollars/megajoule), rather than specific food, beverage, or macronutrient choices, may be the main predictor of population weight gain. Examining past studies of the contribution of added sugars and fats to obesity rates through the prism of food prices and diet costs is the purpose of this review.
Thermogravimetric Thin Aqueous Film Corrosion Studies of Alloy 22; Calcium Chloride Solutions at 150°C and Atmospheric Pressure

The extent of reaction of alloy-22 with limited amounts of aqueous calcium chloride (CaCl{sub 2}) was investigated. Alloy-22 is a highly corrosion-resistant nickel-chromium-molybdenum-tungsten alloy. Specimens were polished to a mirror finish prior to aerosol salt deposition. An aqueous film was formed by deliquescence of deposited CaCl{sub 2} at 150 C and 22.5% relative humidity (RH). The reactant gas was a continuous flow of purified humidified laboratory air. The reaction progress as a function of time was continuously measured in-situ by a micro-balance. An initial weight gain due to deliquescence of the CaCl{sub 2} was observed. A steady weight loss was observed over the next 72 hours, after which no further weight change was observed. During this weight loss, white precipitates formed and the specimen's surface became visibly dry. The precipitate crystals were identified as Ca(OH){sub 2} by post-test Raman spectroscopy; however, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that there was a significant amount of chlorine contained in them.
Collagen Cross-Linking Alterations in Joint Contractures: Changes in the Reducible Cross-Links in Periarticular Connective Tissue Collagen After Nine Weeks of Immobilization

A significant increase in the NaBH4 reducible intermolecular cross-links in the 9 week immobilized rabbit periarticular connective tissue was found. Dihydroxylysinonorleucine, hydroxylysinonorleucine, and histidinohydroxymerodesmosine were the major cross-links which increased during the period of immobilization. No change in the hydroxlysine/lysine ratio between the immobilized and control periarticular connective tissue collagen was detected during the 9 weeks of enforced immobilization of the rabbit knee. Since the collagen mass in the immobilized periarticular connective tissue does not change, or at most is reduced 10%, we suggest that there is an increase in collagen cross-links expressed both in per unit weight of collagen and on the basis of collagen mass per knee due to the lack of physical stress and motion.
Saccharin – How Sweet It Is

Saccharin is a sweet-tasting substance that was discovered in the late nineteenth century. Its use as a food additive has been associated with some controversy for various reasons. It caused bladder cancer in male rats that were exposed to it over two generations, but not in other animal models. It is not metabolized and almost completely excreted, unchanged, in urine. It is approved for use as a food additive in more than 100 nations and is considered a nonnutritive sweetener for its ability to add sweetening without calories or carbohydrates.
Does Sprawl Induce Affordable Housing

The costs of sprawl are well documented, but there are fewer studies of its potential benefits. One such benefit is argued to be the facilitation of the filtering process, resulting in a greater quantity of affordable and available housing for low-income households. While metropolitan area data indicate a positive correlation between sprawl and the supply of affordable housing for very low-income households, regression analysis does not provide evidence for this hypothesis, after controlling for other metropolitan characteristics. The results put into question the argument that sprawl expands housing opportunities for households of all incomes, specifically those who are the poorest.
Identifying the Evaluative Impulse in Local Culture Insights From West African Proverbs

Attention to cultural competence has significantly increased in the human services over the last two decades. Evaluators have long had similar concerns and have made a more concentrated effort in r...
The Assessment of Attitudes Toward Individuals With Disabilities in the Workplace

The authors conducted 2 studies to develop and test measures that assess beliefs about what constitutes a disability, affective reactions to working with individuals with disabilities, and beliefs about the reasonableness of workplace accommodations, in general and within the context of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA). The results of these 2 studies showed substantial differences in what was considered to be a disability. In general, more physical and sensory-motor conditions were considered disabilities than were psychological conditions. Furthermore, the conditions believed to be disabilities did not necessarily match what is covered by the ADA. Gender and experience with individuals who are disabled were also found to predict affective reactions and the reasonableness of accommodations. Implications for organizations are discussed.
ASSOCIATION OF DISOMIC CHROMOSOME LOSS WITH EMS-INDUCED CONVERSION IN YEAST

ABSTRACT Experimental tests with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae of a previously proposed model suggesting a causal relationship between disomic chromosome loss ( n + 1 → n ) and centromere-adjacent mitotic gene conversion were performed. Disomic haploid cells heteroallelic at two loci on the left arm of chromosome III were exposed to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) under nonlethal conditions; EMS-induced prototrophic gene convertants were selected and tested for coincident chromosome loss. The principal results are: (1) The frequency of chromosome loss among EMS-induced gene convertants selected to arise near the centromere is markedly enhanced over basal levels and remains constant, independent of EMS exposure. There is little such enhancement among EMS-induced convertants selected to arise far from the centromere. (2) Chromosome loss is almost completely associated with induced conversion of the centromere-proximal allele at the centromere-adjacent heteroallelic locus. This result is identical to (and confirms) results found previously for spontaneous loss-associated conversion. (3) The conversion polarity at the centromere-adjacent locus among unselected (nonloss-associated) induced or spontaneous mitotic convertants is identical to that among meiotic convertants and markedly favors the contromere-distal allele. These findings are wholly consistent with, and strengthen, the hypothesis that structural involvement of centromeric regions in nearby recombinational events may interfere with proper segregational function and lead to mitotic chromosome loss.
Oscillating Flow and Heat Transfer of Single Phase in Capillary Tubes

For an operating OHP, as shown in Fig. 3.1, when heat is added to the evaporator section, the heat is transferred from the wall to the working fluid inside by evaporation and forced convection. The thermally excited oscillating motion carries the heat to the condenser section where the heat is rejected by condensation and forced convection. During the heat transfer process from the evaporator to the condenser, while some of the heat is transferred through the phase changer heat transfer, i.e., the evaporation heat transfer in the evaporator and the condensation heat transfer in the condenser, most of the heat is transferred by thermally excited convection, i.e., the forced convection heat transfer from the wall to the working fluid in the evaporator and from the working fluid to the wall in the condenser. For an OHP, fluid inside should be formed as a train of liquid plugs and vapor bubbles. Liquid plugs and vapor bubbles are separated distinctly. The heat transfer process due to the thermally excited oscillating motion in an OHP is similar to the forced convection of a single phase oscillating flow either between the liquid phase and wall or between the vapor phase and wall. Therefore, in this chapter, single phase oscillating flow and its heat transfer process will be introduced. First, the concepts of reciprocating and pulsating flow are presented; fluid flow and heat transfer of fully developed and developing laminar oscillating flows in a pipe are then discussed; and finally, fluid flow and heat transfer of turbulent pulsating flow will be introduced.
Development of Desktop Multipurpose Grinding Machine for Educational Purposes

Abstract Given the growing popularity of the maker movement, it is proposed that affordable machine tools may be desirable for both teaching purposes in universities and high schools and use at home by Do It Yourself enthusiasts. For the concept to become a reality, it is necessary that the machine tool can be easily assembled and disassembled by an end-user (e.g. student or hobbyist) and can adapt to changing projects or machining requirements. In this paper the concept and initial development of such a desktop multipurpose machine tool is reported. Through the use of modular robot modules, it is demonstrated that a machine can be converted from an outer diameter grinding to freeform grinding configuration in approximately 15 minutes. The initial prototype machine will be used to demonstrate concepts such as miniaturization, multi-functionality, and re-configurability for machine tools to undergraduate and high school students.
Postpartum hemorrhage: a continuing challenge

Obstetric hemorrhage remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many postpartum hemorrhages (PPHs) do not have identifiable risk factors; maternity units should therefore have obstetric hemorrhageprotocols in place for all parturients as every pregnancy has the potential to be complicated by hemorrhage. This review will examine the epidemiology of PPH as well as current recommendations for key elements in obstetric hemorrhage protocols. Recent advances in hematologic management of PPH will be also be reviewed, including: (1) recognition of hypofibrinogenemia as a risk factor for severe PPH, (2) use of antifibrinolytic therapy, and (3) strategies for fibrinogen replacement therapy.
Abstract C73: Differences in UPR signaling in ER+ breast cancer between African American and Caucasian women

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death amongst ethnic minorities. African American women between the ages of 40 and 50 are associated with higher rate of mortality due to breast cancer compared to Caucasian women. Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) subtype is the most common amongst all races. However, amongst those with ER+ breast cancer, African American women face a higher mortality rate compared to Caucasian women. We hypothesize that this higher mortality in African American women is potentially due to increased drug resistance to anti-estrogen therapy and disease progression to either inherent or acquired resistance to endocrine therapy. Despite the clinical advances with anti-estrogen agent, tamoxifen, many women experience recurrence. We have shown that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays an important role in anti-estrogen sensitivity through the unfolded protein response (UPR), a stress response for cellular self-preservation. The UPR pathway consists of three known pathways that eventually lead to either apoptosis (cell death) or autophagy (“self-eating”); PERK, ATF6 and IRE1a. We will investigate the potential difference between these signaling receptors and downstream signaling proteins affiliated with the UPR pathway between African American and Caucasian American ER+ breast cancer from public databases. Understanding whether the UPR is differently regulated in different ethnic background of women may help uncover why mortality in African American women with ER+ breast cancer has a higher mortality rate. Citation Format: Ahreej E. Eltayeb, Ayesha N. Shajahan-Haq, Krupesh Dave, Robert Clarke. Differences in UPR signaling in ER+ breast cancer between African American and Caucasian women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C73. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-C73
Predicting Sector Capacity for TFM Decision Support

En route sector congestion exists when the air traffic demand on an en route sector exceeds the sector capacity. A metric of sector capacity is needed that (1) is a good approximation of the amount of traffic that can be effectively handled in the sector, (2) can be predicted at look-ahead times of 30 minutes to several hours, and (3) can include the impact of convective weather on available capacity. This paper presents a novel approach to predicting sector capacity for airspace congestion management. First, a set of primary flow patterns for each sector of interest is identified through cluster analysis. Second, the sector capacity for each pattern is established based on observed system performance transition behavior. Finally, future sector capacity for a given prediction look-ahead time can be predicted through pattern recognition. Quantifying sector capacity as a function of traffic flow pattern also provides a basis for capturing weather impact on sector capacity.
81 COUMADIN-INDUCED SKIN NECROSIS WITH LOW-DOSE COUMADIN.

A 79-year-old African American lady was admitted to the university hospital in March of 2005 after she presented with complaints of generalized weakness and dyspnea on exertion with daily activities around her household for a week. She had a past medical history of an aortic valve replacement with a St. Jude9s metallic valve, a coronary bypass operation both done in March of 2004; in addition to having atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, she was found to be tachycardic with a heart rate of 126 beats/min that was irregularly irregular and noted to have an aortic valve click. She was also found to have poor oral hygiene. The rest of her history and physical exam were unremarkable. Laboratory examination revealed a sodium of 130 mEq/L, chloride of 98 meq/L, BUN of 21 mEq/L, and creatinine of 1.6 mEq/L that was her baseline. Her white count was elevated at 11.4 3 103 /μL with a differential of 85% polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 10% lymphocytes, and 5% monocytes. An ECG confirmed atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response. Echocardiogram revealed a vegetation on the aortic valve. Her heart rate was controlled and volume replaced with isotonic saline. Blood cultures grew Streptococcus bovis in 4 bottles and she was started on a 6-week course of primaxin and gentamicin for endocarditis. Vancomycin was substituted for gentamicin due to acute renal failure. She has been on Aggrenox since her valve replacement surgery, but it was decided to optimize her anticoagulation with Coumadin, so she was started at 5 mg daily. Coverage with full-dose low-molecular-weight heparin was held secondary to risks related to her endocarditis. She received two doses of Coumadin and it was held on the third day secondary to a supratherapeutic INR. On day 5, her INR peaked at 9.4 and later that evening an area of discoloration and darkening was noticed on her right breast consistent with Coumadin-induced skin necrosis. This was confirmed by skin biopsy. She was treated with vitamin K 10 mg subcutaneously and 2 units of fresh frozen plasma. The area of skin necrosis did not worsen and progressively healed without requiring any further intervention. Protein C and S levels were proportionately reduced with factor VII, suggesting no protein C/S deficiency prior to therapy. Aspirin and clopidogel were used from this point onward for anticoagulation. This patient illustrates a case of Coumadin skin necrosis that occurred with low-dose Coumadin in the absence of any known factor deficiency.
SELF IDENTITY AND REFERENT OTHERS.

Changes in self identity (self concept) were measured with bipolar adjective rating scales, and these changes were related to similar ratings provided by group members. The major proposition is that the individual's self identity (and his self evaluation) is dependent upon his subjectively held version of the peer group's actual ratings of him, i.e., self identity is a function of subjective public identity, which is, in turn, a function of objective public identity. Changes in self identity were found to follow this pattern; but, as predicted, these changes were dependent upon (a) the differential importance of various peers for the individual; (b) the extent to which peer perceptions were communicated to him; and (c) the individual's degree of involvement in the group.
Convergence of Functions

Major convergence concepts for sequences of real-valued functions will be considered in this chapter. We have already met four convergence concepts so far (viz., pointwise, uniform, almost everywhere, and convergence in L p ). These are reviewed and compared in this section. Further concepts, namely, convergence in measure, uniform almost everywhere, and almost uniform convergence, will be discussed and compared in subsequent sections.
Normal mode theory for electron-beam plasma amplification

When an electron beam is passed through a plasma and modulated by a high frequency signal, there will be modes of propagation along the beam plasma system which have large growth rates. This phenomenon was first demonstrated by Boyd, Field, and Gould [1]. Since that time, the modes of a finite beam passing through a finite plasma column in the presence of a finite magnetic field have been analysed by Bogdanov et al [2] and Allen et al [3, 4].
Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Redox-Relay Heck Arylation of 1,1-Disubstituted Homoallylic Alcohols

An enantioselective redox-relay oxidative Heck arylation of 1,1-disubstituted alkenes to construct β-stereocenters was developed using a new pyridyl-oxazoline ligand. Various 1,2-diaryl carbonyl compounds were readily obtained in moderate yield and good to excellent enantioselectivity. Additionally, analysis of the reaction outcomes using multidimensional correlations revealed that enantioselectivity is tied to specific electronic features of the 1,1-disubstituted alkenol and the extent of polarizability of the ligand.
Abstract 120: Reversal of Nox 4-Induced Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Restores Their Capacity to Augment Postischemic Neovascularization in db/db Mice

Rationale: We have recently shown that experimental type 2 diabetes (db/db mouse) restricts mesenchymal stem cell’ (MSCs) differentiation capacity through a hyperinsulinemia-dependent induction of Nox 4 expression that promotes adipocytic and inhibits endothelial cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. We also showed that transplantation of type 2 diabetic MSCs into wild type (WT) recipients reduced post-ischemic neovascularization significantly below that of WT recipients receiving WT MSCs. Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that pretreatment of db/db MSCs with siRNA Nox4 prior to their transplantation and infusion 24 hrs after the induction of hindlimb ischemia restores their differentiation capacity in vivo and rescues their impaired capacity to promote neovascularization in wild type mice. Methods and Results: To reverse oxidative stress in db/db MSCs, we knockdown NOX 4 expression by a siRNA under in vitro conditions. In vitro inhibition of Nox 4 expression of db/db MSCs significantly increased their differentiation capacity towards endothelial cells and reduced their propensity to differentiate into adipocytes. Db/db MSCs also showed significantly increased tubular formation ability after Nox 4 knockdown. We transplanted NOX 4 siRNA transduced db/db MSCs into WT recipients 24 hours after induction of hindlimb ischemia. Blood flow recovery was measured at different time points by laser Doppler scanning. Reversal of oxidative stress in db/db MSCs by pretreatment with Nox4 siRNA prior to transplantation reversed their impaired capacity to augment post-ischemic neovascularization as evidenced by blood flow recovery that increased to that of WT mice. In addition, knockdown of NOX 4 expression in db/db MSCs also increased collateral artery diameter and capillary density by 50%. Conclusions: Pretreatment of db/db MSCs with siRNA against Nox 4 significantly increased their differentiation capacity towards endothelial cells rather than adipocytes and also their capacity to augment neovascularization after induction of hindlimb ischemia. Reversal of MSC oxidant stress induced by type 2 diabetes might permit greater leverage of the therapeutic potential of MSC transplantation to treat cardiovascular diseases.
The complement system: an evolution in progress.

The complement system, which consists of three independent but interacting pathways, constitutes a powerful arm of innate immunity. Its major function is to recognize and destroy pathogenic microorganisms as well as eliminate modified self-antigens. Although it is a fine-tuned system with innate capacity to discriminate self from non-self as well as danger from non-danger signals, an unwarranted activation can nonetheless occur and cause tissue destruction. To prevent such activation, specific regulators present both in plasma and on the cell surface tightly control it. Data accumulated over the past four decades have also shown that the complement system is capable of not only cross-talk with the activation cascades of plasma––i.e. blood coagulation, contact activation, and the kinin/kallikrein system––but also serving as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. It is for these reasons that the various activation steps of the complement system have been recently targeted for therapy to treat diseases in which the role of complement is beyond doubt. This trend will certainly continue for years to come, especially as novel concepts guiding the field into areas never contemplated before are continuing to be discovered.
P070 A post-transplant chimerism study protocol that incoporated both STR and QPCR methods

Aim To monitor post-stem cell transplant chimerism status, most clinical laboratories use commercial kits for short tandem repeat (STR) or quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). We present a protocol that combines both systems to maximize monitoring performance. Methods PowerPlex Fusion STR kit (Promega) was used to genotype 22 autosomal STR markers. Donor (%) was assigned as an average from five informative loci (Types 1 and 2). Fragment analysis used 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) and GeneMapper software (Thermo Fisher Scientific). KMRType kit (GenDx) was used for genotyping 29 insertion/deletion markers (4-color multiplex) on QuantStudio 12K Flex Real-Time PCR instrument (Thermo Fisher). Two informative loci (insertion in recipient -deletion in donor) selected were used to determine minor allele (%) (one-color) by KMRTrack kit (GenDx) on the Roche LightCycler480 Real-Time PCR instrument (KMRTrack). The average from the two loci was assigned as minor allele (%). Results The average number of STR informative loci for a patient-donor pair was 18.3 (range: 16–21) for unrelated (N = 30) and 9.0 (range: 6–16) for related (N = 30). The number of qPCR informative loci was 6.0 (range: 4–9) for unrelated (N = 28) and 3.5 (range: 3–4) for related (N = 2). In qPCR, sensitivity increases when more DNA is used per reaction and surpasses STR sensitivity of 3–5% when >2 ng DNA is used per reaction. We validated the qPCR method using 183 different donor-recipient-marker combinations and 14 ng whole blood DNA/reaction, which achieved sensitivity of 0.5%. Correlation coefficient (r) of intended % donor (mixed DNA) vs. assay-determined was 0.999 by STR (N = 12 for range: 5–95% donor) and 0.91 by qPCR (range: 0.5–10% minor allele). Average %CV was similar at low minor allele range; STR (29.6% for 5% donor detection) vs. qPCR (average 27.8% for detecting 0.5%–10% minor allele). At high minor allele range, %CV decreased for STR (CV Conclusions The combination of STR and qPCR can improve a post-transplant monitoring protocol. STR (higher precision) is used immediately after transplantation when high recipient (minor) alleles are present. Testing will be switched to qPCR (higher sensitivity) once complete chimerism is achieved.
Nucleation and Growth Kinetics for Combined Cooling and Antisolvent Crystallization in a Mixed-Suspension, Mixed-Product Removal System: Estimating Solvent Dependency

Combined cooling and antisolvent crystallization is a critical unit operation in pharmaceutical manufacturing, especially for heat-sensitive or poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients. The model-based design of these systems relies on the accuracy of the underlying growth and nucleation kinetic parameters. Unlike temperature where these kinetic parameters are well-known to follow an Arrhenius relation, their dependency on solvent composition still remains unclear, especially in continuous mixed-suspension, mixed-product removal (MSMPR) systems. In this paper, we use population balance modeling coupled with nonlinear regression to estimate growth and nucleation parameters as a function of both temperature and solvent composition. As solvent composition increases from 44 vol % to 66 vol % solvent, both growth and nucleation rates were observed to decrease monotonically with their values reduced by almost one-third. It was also shown that, if the solvent dependency is ignored, the yield can be overp...
Social Modeling: A Psychological-Theological Perspective:

This article presents the main theoretical conceptualizations of learning by imitation, research pertaining to modeling influence, scriptual references to learning by example, and an evaluation of ...
A computer vision approach for the load time history estimation of lively individuals and crowds

Abstract A computer vision approach for measuring the load time history due to individuals and crowds jumping and bobbing is investigated. The method comprises of tracking the displacement trajectories of individuals and crowds using optical flow based algorithms followed by generating force time histories. Laboratory experiments, in which individuals and groups perform jumping at regular beats and songs on a force platform and on a grandstand simulator, are conducted. The estimated trajectories are compared directly with conventional sensors as well as indirectly with responses acquired from finite element models. The method is further validated via a field demonstration. Limitations of the method and future work for improvement are discussed. The proposed methods along with their applications on a real structure, and findings from a laboratory grandstand simulator that can accommodate experiments for groups of different sizes and structural configurations show great promise for computer vision based load modeling. In this sense, the study is taking an important step in support of creating a database for crowd loading that is needed as it is pointed out in the literature.
Cloning of Double-Stranded cDNA

The structural and functional characteristics of specialized eukaryotic cells depend on the production of specific proteins by regulated differential expression of only a portion of the genetic information. It seems that a fundamental part of this process in eukaryotes (as in prokaryotes) is regulation at the level of transscription, although control mechanisms could operate at any step in the flow of genetic information.
Adulterating Hair, Oral Fluid, and Sweat Specimens for Drug Testing

Although the majority of drug testings are performed using urine specimens, more recently drug testing in alternative specimens such as hair, oral fluid, and sweat have been gaining popularity. One advantage of performing drug testing using these alternative specimens is that it is extremely difficult for the donor to adulterate the specimen as occurs with urine drug testing when the urine collection process is not supervised. Nevertheless, there are commercially available shampoos and hair cleaners which claim to wash out drugs from hair follicles. In addition, mouthwashes are available to pass drug testing using oral fluid specimens. Unlike various urinary adulterants which are effective in masking some drug testing, most of the products marketed for cheating drug tests involving hair, oral fluid, and sweat are ineffective.
Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy of Molecules Adsorbed on Metal Electrodes

The use of Raman and infrared spectroscopy to obtain the vibrational spectra of molecules and ions adsorbed at the metal electrode-aqueous electrolyte interface are described. To obtain Raman spectra, we use surface polaritons and roughness to enhanced spectral intensities. In the infrared, we use Fourier transform and modulated reflection-absorption techniques. Raman results for fatty acids, chloride, and thiocyanate on silver electrodes are presented, together with a combined Raman and infrared study of cyanide adsorbed on silver.
Spatially invariant systems: identification and adaptation

We present a distributed projection algorithm for system identification of spatially invariant systems. Each subsystem communicates only with its immediate neighbor to share its current estimate along with a cumulative improvement index. Based on the cumulative improvement index, the best estimate available is picked in order to carry out the next iterate. For small estimation error, the scheme switches over to a "smart" averaging routine. The proposed algorithm guarantees to bring the local estimates arbitrarily close to one another. Based on this we present a general class of indirect adaptive controllers for spatially invariant systems. The control design is based on certainty-equivalence approach, where at each step system parameters are estimated and the controller is implemented using the estimated parameters. At each estimation stage a modeling error is committed which affects the output of the plant. We show that under suitable assumptions on the rates of variation of the estimated plant, which follow from utilizing the distributed projection algorithm, a globally stable adaptive scheme can be guaranteed.
Transitional Outcomes: Job Satisfaction of Workers with Disabilities Part Two: Satisfaction with Promotions, Pay, Co-Workers, Supervision, and Work Conditions.

Satisfaction with pay, promotions, co-workers, supervision and work conditions of 236 workers with disabilities was examined using the Job Descriptive Index. Workers with disabilities expressed strong dissatisfaction with pay and mild dissatisfaction with promotions. Workers also expressed mild satisfaction with work conditions and high satisfaction with supervision and co-workers. Personal characteristics and transitional experiences were examined as predictors of each area of job satisfaction through model comparison procedures. Analysis revealed that workers who had participated in transition programs that included the best practices of inclusive secondary education, extensive and early vocational education and continuing post-secondary education were more satisfied with the social contexts of their employment (supervision and co-workers) and with the actual work performed. Best practices were not related to satisfaction with payor promotions. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Improving accuracy, precision, detection limits, and sample throughput in prompt gamma-ray activation analysis using cold and thermal neutrons and element ratios

A combination of thermal neutron (TN) and cold neutron (CN) prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA) has been used to lower analytical bias, to improve precision and detection limits, and to reduce sample throughput time. CNPGAA was used to measure element ratios relative to a comparator element, while TNPGAA was used to measure the comparator element. Low-Z elements with normally poor sensitivity (C, N, and S) were measured with expanded uncertainties of < 2% in coal and fuel oil using H as comparator element. Using the combined method, measurements can be made with good counting statistics in a fraction of the time needed for TNPGAA alone, with a 20–30-fold improvement in detection limits.
Redox State Controls Phase Separation of the Yeast Ataxin-2 Protein via Reversible Oxidation of Its Methionine-Rich Low-Complexity Domain

Summary Yeast ataxin-2, also known as Pbp1, senses the activity state of mitochondria in order to regulate TORC1. A domain of Pbp1 required to adapt cells to mitochondrial activity is of low sequence complexity. The low-complexity (LC) domain of Pbp1 forms labile, cross-β polymers that facilitate phase transition of the protein into liquid-like or gel-like states. Phase transition for other LC domains is reliant upon widely distributed aromatic amino acids. In place of tyrosine or phenylalanine residues prototypically used for phase separation, Pbp1 contains 24 similarly disposed methionine residues. Here, we show that the Pbp1 methionine residues are sensitive to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated oxidation in vitro and in living cells. Methionine oxidation melts Pbp1 liquid-like droplets in a manner reversed by methionine sulfoxide reductase enzymes. These observations explain how reversible formation of labile polymers by the Pbp1 LC domain enables the protein to function as a sensor of cellular redox state.
Graphene Modified Plasmonic Guided Mode for CO 2 Detection

We observed broadening of the plasmonic guided modes in gold nanorod arrays by a single layer graphene, which can manifest CO 2 detection. The plasmonic modes enhance absorption by over 35% from 729 to 621 em−1, © 2019 The Author(s)
Potential Mechanisms Driving Mitochondrial Motility Impairments in Developing Iron-Deficient Neurons.

Brain development is highly demanding energetically, requiring neurons to have tightly regulated and highly dynamic metabolic machinery to achieve their ultimately complex cellular architecture. Mi...