cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning by doing—teaching systematic review methods in 8 weeks

Objective The objective of this paper is to describe the course “Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis” at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Methods A distinct feature of our course is a group project in which students, assigned to multi-disciplinary groups, conduct a systematic review. In-class sessions comprise didactic lectures, hands-on exercises, demonstrations, discussion, and group work. Students also work outside of class to complete the systematic review. Students evaluated the course at the end of the term. We also surveyed students from 2004 to 2012 to learn more about the long-term impact of the course. Results The course has been offered to more than 800 students since 1995. In our view, aspects that worked well include the hands-on approach, students working in a multidisciplinary group, intensive interaction with the teaching team, moving to an online approach, and continuous updates of the course content. A persistent issue is the constraint of time. 193 of 211 (91%) survey participants reported that the course is currently useful or as having an impact on their work. Conclusions Our experiences have led us to remain committed to a hands-on approach. Our course serves as a bridge between classroom learning and real-world practice, and provides an example of teaching systematic review. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction of process modeling using Rockwell Arena

This paper describes the introduction of business process modeling and disaster simulation to graduate students using Rockwell Arena software in the summer of 2007. Students in a Public Administration course were asked to model and simulate a local event of a bird flu virus transmissible between humans. The assignment was successful in helping students realize the role of modeling and simulation in planning. Student responses to the assignment were variable. The author reflects upon the experience and offers suggestions to others who may want to use Arena to introduce students in computer science and information systems courses to business process modeling and simulations.
Constitutional Qualms Concerning: Government Restrictions on Tobacco Product Advertising

This Article evaluates the constitutionality of a representative series of congressional proposals to limit tobacco advertising. Federal legislation codifying the tobacco settlement included possible restrictions on outdoor advertising, a prohibition on the use of cartoon images, permitting only tombstone format for advertisements in publications that target a youth audience, a prohibition on the sale or gift of promotional items bearing tobacco product names or logos, a ban on industry sponsorship of sporting and other cultural events, and restrictions on Internet promotions. The Author suggests that upon seeking to prevent tobacco companies from encouraging illegal tobacco use by minors, the FDA's advertising restrictions, and any comparable legislation enacted by Congress, limits a broad category of commercial speech. The Article concludes that the enormous congressional and public support for the important goals of the legislation, combined with the still flexible constitutional protection for commercial speech, suggests that the advertising restrictions would, in the end, withstand constitutional scrutiny and to some extent, reduce adolescent tobacco use.
Femoral Loads Measured by a Six-Axis Load Cell

A six-axis femoral load cell was designed, fabricated, calibrated and tested in an anthropomorphic test device (ATD) upper leg. It has linear characteristics with adequate output and dynamic response. Its output compared well with that of load cells mounted behind a knee bolster which was impacted by an ATD instrumented with this load cell. Although the axial load was found to be well below the present limit of FMVSS208, the bending moments were found to be high.
The Brain and Behavior: Diencephalon: hypothalamus and epithalamus

Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is the region of the mammalian brain that is most important in the coordination of behaviors essential for the maintenance and continuation of the species. Although the hypothalamus occupies only about 0.15% of the volume of the human brain, it plays a major role in the regulation and release of hormones from the pituitary gland, maintenance of body temperature, and organization of goal-seeking behaviors such as feeding, drinking, mating, and aggression. It is the primary center for the control of autonomic function. It is also the region of the brain that is essential for behavioral adjustments to changes in the internal or external environment (Figure 8.1). The hypothalamus is a very old structure with striking similarity between humans and lower animals. It is made up of a number of nuclei and scattered cell groups. Some hypothalamic cell groups control specific functions (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, etc.) through the coordinated action of short intrahypothalamic connections. Other nuclei operate by projections to structures outside the confines of the hypothalamus. Anatomical and behavioral considerations The hypothalamus lies on either side of the walls of the third ventricle below the level of the hypothalamic sulcus (Figure 8.2, see Figures 9.2, 9.3, and 14.6). It is bounded in front (rostrally) by the lamina terminalis and optic chiasm, laterally by the optic tracts, and behind by the mamillary bodies. Some hypothalamic nuclei are continuous across the floor of the third ventricle.
Exploring the signaling function of idiosyncratic deals and their interaction

Abstract By adopting signaling theory as the overarching framework and integrating self-determination theory, we examined the signaling function of task i-deals, financial i-deals, and their interaction. Across three studies with varying measures, we found that task i-deals, independently and jointly with financial i-deals, conveyed a positive message regarding competence in that they were positively related to recipients’ competence need satisfaction. In turn, competence need satisfaction positively related to organizational citizenship behaviors. The competence-signaling function of task i-deals and task-financial i-deals interaction remained significant even after accounting for leader–member exchange, organization-based self-esteem, and perceived organizational support. Financial i-deals, however, did not exhibit a competence-signaling function. The current research sheds light on the signaling function of i-deals and their interaction, and provides guidance on the practice of granting one or multiple types of i-deals.
TinkerNet: a low-cost and ready-to-deploy networking laboratory platform

TinkerNet1 was developed as a low-cost platform for teaching bottom-up, hands-on networking at the undergraduate level. Using "throw away" PCs, cheap components, and free software, TinkerNet enables students to build their own networking stack from Ethernet up to TCP or UDP, and to have their packets actually transmitted on the wire. Since nothing is emulated, standard networking tools such as packet sniffers may be used to test student generated traffic from a host located on the TinkerNet network. Over the past summer TinkerNet has matured and advanced thanks to an NSF deployment grant. This paper discusses TinkerNet design, development, and availability.
Repression of Manduca sexta ferritin synthesis by IRP1/IRE interaction.

Mammalian ferritin subunit synthesis is controlled at the translational level by the iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1)/iron responsive element (IRE) interaction. Insect haemolymph ferritin subunit messages have an IRE in the 5′-untranslated region (UTR). We have shown that recombinant M. sexta IRP1 represses the in vitro translation of both the heavy and light chain ferritin subunits from this species without altering transcription. Deletion of either the 5′-UTR or the IRE from the mRNA abolishes IRP1 repression. Our studies indicated that the translational control of ferritin synthesis by IRP/IRE interaction could occur in insects in a manner similar to that of mammals. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the control of insect ferritin synthesis by IRP1/IRE interaction. Furthermore, this is the first indication that the synthesis of a secreted ferritin subunit can also be controlled in this manner.
Orthopaedic surgery advances resulting from World War II.

The United States' effort in World War II was of unprecedented scale in both human endeavor and cost. United States Army hospitals treated 599,724 patients who were wounded in action, and approximately 67.1% of them had extremity wounds1. In addition, 68,207 members of the United States Marines and 37,778 members of the United States Navy were reported as wounded in action2. As a result of the tremendous number of casualties, this war provided a catalyst for advancements in medical care. Advancements in the specialty of orthopaedic surgery came with a heavy price. Some lessons were hard learned in the hostile environment of the battlefield and were intensified by a paucity of medical supplies and limited experience. Other advances emerged from timely prospective analysis and retrospective review. We present a representative summary of major orthopaedic surgery advancements in fracture care, wound management, amputation rehabilitation, antibiotics, and leadership, all of which were the consequence of World War II and continue to influence patient care. External fixation was developed during the 1930s as a method to stabilize fractures3. During the early part of the war, American casualties treated with this technique in a stable environment had favorable outcomes. Shaar et al.4,5 treated patients (ninety-one closed fractures and seventeen open fractures) in the United States Navy with the Stader external fixator and reported good results. These results could not be duplicated, however, among war casualties treated overseas in an austere environment. Hampton6 reported that external fixation was used for a small number of patients in a relatively stable environment of general hospitals in the Mediterranean theater of operations. Of twenty-five patients with fractures that were treated with external fixation at the Seventeenth General Hospital in Italy, five (20%) had complications. The initial use of …
Cross Border Mergers and Acquisitions in Emerging Markets: The Stock Market Valuation of Corporate Control

Using a database that covers all transactions that involve a developed-market acquirer and an emerging-market target from 1988-2002, this paper studies the stock market's reaction to acquisition announcements in emerging markets. The evidence suggests that the stock market anticipates significant value creation from cross border acquisitions of emerging market targets. Panel data estimations show that, on average, monthly returns for target firms increase by 5.05 to 6.68 percent in alternative specifications when a cross border acquisition is announced, while acquirer returns increase, on average, by 1.65 to 3.05 percent. The benefits of the acquisitions stem from the transfer of majority control from emerging market targets to developed market acquirers. Overall, the results suggest that the boom in cross border mergers and acquisitions in emerging markets in the late 1990s led to substantial gains for shareholders of both acquiring and target firms.
Comparison of a gel microcolumn assay with the conventional tube test for red blood cell alloantibody titration.

BACKGROUND: Titration is a semiquantitative method used to estimate red blood cell (RBC) alloantibody reactivity. The conventional tube test (CTT) technique is the traditional method for performing titration studies. The gel microcolumn assay (GMA) is also a sensitive method to detect RBC alloantibodies. The aim of this study was to compare a GMA with the CTT technique in the performance of Rh and K alloantibody titration. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Patient serum samples that contained an RBC alloantibody with a singular specificity were identified by routine blood bank workflow. Parallel titration studies were performed on these samples by both the CTT method and a GMA (ID-Micro Typing System anti-IgG gel card, Micro Typing Systems, Inc., an Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics Company). RESULTS: Forty-eight samples were included, including 11 anti-D, five anti-c, 13 anti-E, one anti-C, three anti-e, and 15 anti-K. Overall, the two methods generated identical results in 21 of 48 samples. For 42 samples (87.5%) the two methods generated results that were within one serial dilution, and for the remaining six samples, results were within two dilutions. CONCLUSION: GMA systems may perform comparably to the CTT in titrating alloantibodies to Rh and Kell antigens.
Enhancing Consultee Problem‐Solving Skills in Consultative Interactions

Selected empirical research on consultative problem solving is reviewed. Although there is general support for the effectiveness of consultation in resolving a variety of presenting problems and in improving consultees' skills for solving future problems, there is a need for additional methods to facilitate the process. Direct training of consultees in behavior management, communication, and consultation process skills is advocated as one means of attaining this goal.
Identification of Two Major F2 Isoprostanes, 8,12-Iso- and 5-epi-8,12-Iso-isoprostane F2α-VI, in Human Urine

Isoprostanes (iPs) are nonenzymatic, free radical-derived compounds isomeric with enzymatically formed eicosanoids such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. One group formed by the auto-oxidation of arachidonic acid, the F2-iPs, consists of four classes of isomers of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). They are relatively abundant in human urine. This fact, along with their chemical stability and excellent characteristics for quantitation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, has made them attractive indices of oxidative stress in humans. We developed a specific assay using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the first identified F2-iP, iPF2α-III (previously called 8-iso-PGF2α or 8-epi-PGF2α), which demonstrated the utility of monitoring a specific isomer. Recently, we described an assay for another isomer, iPF2α-VI, which is present in urine in greater concentration than iPF2α-III and which is particularly amenable to quantitation. We now describe the identification in human urine of two more isomers, 8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI and 5-epi-8,12-iso-iPF2α-VI, using high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. These compounds are each present in ∼5-fold greater concentrations than iPF2α-VI (∼20-fold greater than iPF2α-III). They share the unique chemical characteristics of class VI compounds, which make them attractive targets for quantitation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and immunoassay development.
12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) directly inhibits spontaneous immunoglobulin secretion by in vivo antigen-induced human lymphoblastoid B cells.

Tetanus toxoid (Tet) booster immunization induces the transient appearance in the circulation of lymphoblastoid (LB) B cells which spontaneously produce anti-tetanus toxoid IgG antibody (IgG-Tet) during a 3-dayin vitro culture. In this study we have examined the effects of TPA on the ability of LB cells to secrete antibody and have found that as little as 10 ng/ml of TPA provoked a marked inhibition of the induced LB cells' IgG-Tet production. This inhibitory effect was observed only when TPA was added early in the culture and could be achieved by pretreating the B cells with TPA for as little as 1 hr. Only marginal inhibition of IgG-Tet production was observed if the addition of TPA was delayed 14–24 hr. The TPA inhibition was not mediated by contaminant T cells as the addition of increasing numbers of T cells to LB cell cultures proportionally reversed the TPA inhibitory effect. Likewise, the inhibition of antibody synthesis was not due to a monocyte-dependent mechanism since (1) substantial depletion of adherent cells did not reverse the inhibition of antibody synthesis, (2) the addition of a monocyte-enriched population to monocyte-depleted B cells did not enhance, but in fact partially reversed, the inhibition caused by TPA, and (3) the addition of monocyte populations pretreated with TPA to monocyte-depleted B-cell fractions did not inhibit subsequent IgG-Tet production by the LB cells.
Transumbilical gelport access technique for performing single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS)

Introduction Single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) is an area of active research within general surgery.
Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD) of Poly(alkyl acrylates): A Kinetic Model

In a two-part investigation, an experimental study and a kinetic model analysis of the initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) of alkyl acrylate polymers are described. In this second part, a kinetic model was developed to examine the reaction mechanisms of iCVD polymerization. The model incorporated surface polymerization events of initiation, propagation, and termination as well as primary radical termination and recombination. By using a multiresponse parameter estimation procedure based on minimizing a determinant criterion, the model fitted closely to experimental data on butyl acrylate iCVD that measured the effect of a change in monomer surface concentration on both the rate of polymerization and polymer molecular weight. Model propagation and termination rate coefficients, 15 540 and 0.98 × 106 L/mol·s, respectively, matched well with those of liquid-phase butyl acrylate radical polymerization, 15 460 and 106 L/mol·s, respectively. The model captured the linear dependencies of rate and molecula...
Worldwide Population Variation and Haplotype Analysis at the Serotonin Transporter Gene SLC6A4 and Implications for Association Studies

Background Variation at the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4 , has been associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders and could be involved in other health-related phenotypes. Methods To determine the extent of variation at SLC6A4 , we genotyped 23 markers on approximately 2500 individuals from 47 global populations, including the promoter variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) and 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) immediately flanking its variable region (rs25531 and rs25532), the intron 2 VNTR, and 19 additional SNPs. Results We observed several rare alleles at the promoter VNTR (some novel) and population-specific distributions of the reported functional SNPs rs25531, rs25532, and rs6355, as well as two alleles at the intron 2 VNTR. Alleles of interest at the VNTRs occurred on specific haplotype backgrounds. The repeat-number variants at the promoter VNTR and the intron 2 VNTR, as well as the putative functional SNPs, showed ethnic variation in frequencies. The more common alleles at the VNTR polymorphisms show wide geographic distributions, whereas rare alleles at both show more restricted distributions. The derived alleles at the two functional SNPs in the promoter VNTR show restricted distributions and occur primarily on different repeat number alleles. Conclusions Our findings illustrate significant variation worldwide at SLC6A4 and that the functionally implicated alleles at the SNPs rs25531, rs25532, and rs6355 occur on limited haplotypes and vary significantly in global distribution. Association studies at SLC6A4 cannot a priori extrapolate across populations and should account for the multiple polymorphisms with possible functional variation across this locus, rather than focusing solely on one or two polymorphisms as commonly seen.
What Punishment for the Murder of 10,000?

Those who commit crime on a grand scale, numbering their victims in the thousands, seem to pose a special problem both for consequentialist and for non-consequentialist theories of punishment, a problem the International Criminal Court makes practical. This paper argues that at least one non-consequentialist theory of punishment, the fairness theory, can provide a justification of punishment for great crimes. It does so by dividing the question into two parts, the one of proportion which it answers directly, and the other of ‘anchoring points’ which it assigns to a broader theory of enforcement (which may have a non-consequentialist or consequentialist version).
Applied Comparative Effectiveness Researchers Must Measure Learning Rates: A Commentary on Efficiency Articles.

Almost all academic skills deficits can be conceptualized as learning rate problems as students are not failing to learn, but not learning rapidly enough. Thus, when selecting among various possible remedial procedures, educators need an evidence base that indicates which procedure results in the greatest increases in learning rates. Previous research is reviewed that shows how failure to measure learning rates can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the relative effectiveness of interventions. Different procedures for measuring learning rates are described and cautions regarding the interpretation of these learning rate data are provided. The article concludes with a plea for all researchers to include measures of learning rates in their applied studies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spontaneous radiation of free electrons in a nonrelativistic collapse model

One way to solve the long-standing ``measurement''problem in quantum mechanics is to modify Schr\"odinger's equation so that the collapse of a state vector is the result of some intrinsic physical dynamics. The introduction of such collapse dynamics often results in energy nonconservation. In this paper, we first derive a general expression for the rate of change in the expectation value of energy in a general collapse model that supports a linear evolution of the density matrix. In particular, we show, under certain plausible assumptions, that energy nonconservation is an inevitable consequence of collapse. We then work with a specific model, namely, the nonrelativistic continuous spontaneous localization (CSL) model, to derive further consequences of collapse. In CSL, in a nonunitary evolution, a particle interacts with a fluctuating scalar field, leading to the collapse of the state vector. One consequence of this interaction is that a free electron can radiate spontaneously. We calculate the spectrum of this radiation. The result is then compared with the observed upper bound on spontaneous radiation in Ge and a constraint on the parameters of CSL is obtained.
Modeling the simulation execution process with digital objects

Object Oriented Physical Modeling (OOPM), formerly known as MOOSE, and its implementation of behavior multimodels provide an ability to manage arbitrarily complex patterns of behavioral abstraction in web-friendly simulation modeling. In an OOPM mode, one object stands as surrogate for another object, and these surrogates cognitively map to the real world. This `physical object' principle mitigates impact of incomplete knowledge and ambiguity because its real-world metaphors enable model authors to draw on intuition, facilitating reuse and integration, as well as consistency in collaborative efforts. A 3D interface for modeling and simulation visualization, under construction to augment the existing 2D GUI, obeys the physical object principle, providing a means to create, change, reuse, and integrate digital worlds made of digital objects. Implementation includes Distributed Simulation Executive, Digital object MultiModel Language, Digital Object Warehouse, and multimodel Translator. This approach is powerful and its capabilities have steadily grown; however, it has lacked a formal basis which we now provide: we define multimodels, represent digital objects as multimodels, transform multimodels to simulations, demonstrate the correctness of execution sequence of the simulations, and closure under coupling of digital objects. These theoretical results complement and enhance the practical aspects of physical multimodeling.
753 MICROBIOLOGY OF RECURRENT AND CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION

A study was conducted of 274 children who had recurrent acute or chronic otitis media with effusion or both. Forty-five percent of the ears with effusion were found to contain bacteria and 11 percent contained bacteria that were “probable pathogens” (S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and S. pyogenes). Bacteria were also found in 40 percent of the ears without effusions. The type of organism found did not vary with the age of the patient studied or the season of the year. The significance of these bacteria in the etiology of chronic otitis media with effusion remains to be demonstrated.
Cranioplasty for premature metopic suture closure (Trigonocephaly)

A surgical procedure for instant and strong correction of the four factors (midline ridge, narrow bifrontal dimension, backward slant of right and left forehead, recession of frontal bone at supraorbital ridge) contributing to deviate appearance in trigonocephaly is described.
Response to Young and Wolf: goal attainment in urban ecology research

Our critique focuses on the poorly defined key concepts, methodological inconsistencies, circular research design, and over-reaching substantive claims made by Young and Wolf. We suggest that Young and Wolf have provided an assessment of the Urban Ecosystems journal, not of urban ecology as a field. We conclude by identifying questions to guide a bibliometric analysis that focuses on a collaborative and interdisciplinary future of urban ecology (how are participating disciplines contributing to urban ecological research and scholarship; what theories and conceptual frameworks are being used, and how are these theories being tested and modified; and what mixed methodologies are being developed to collect data to address complex urban issues that are inherently interdisciplinary). We take seriously Young and Wolf’s call for a “fundamental discussion as to if and how the intentions of the field have been or need to be updated” and argue that such a discussion requires a more inclusive, rigorous, and meaningful identification of the “core” of urban ecology literature than provided.
Infrared spectra of high polymers. VII. Polyacrylonitrile

The infrared spectrum of polyacrylonitrile has been obtained in the extended region of 70 to 3200 cm.−1 Polarized measurements were made on stretched and rolled specimens in the range of 350 to 3200 cm.−1. An analysis of the spectrum has been made on the basis of an atactic chain configuration, and has been shown to be in agreement with the observed data. Detailed assignments are proposed for all of the absorption bands in the spectrum, being aided by previous studies of high polymer spectra and by approximate normal frequency calculations for the nitrile group.
Functional Human Mitochondrial DNA Polymerase γ Forms a Heterotrimer

Mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ (pol γ) is responsible for replication and repair of mtDNA and is mutated in individuals with genetic disorders such as chronic external ophthalmoplegia and Alpers syndrome. pol γ is also an adventitious target for toxic side effects of several antiviral compounds, and mutation of its proofreading exonuclease leads to accelerated aging in mouse models. We have used a variety of physical and functional approaches to study the interaction of the human pol γ catalytic subunit with both the wild-type accessory factor, pol γB, and a deletion derivative that is unable to dimerize and consequently is impaired in its ability to stimulate processive DNA synthesis. Our studies clearly showed that the functional human holoenzyme contains two subunits of the processivity factor and one catalytic subunit, thereby forming a heterotrimer. The structure of pol γ seems to be variable, ranging from a single catalytic subunit in yeast to a heterodimer in Drosophila and a heterotrimer in mammals.
PREDICTION OF ACHIEVEMENT OF DOCTORAL STUDENTS IN EDUCATION

Summary.-The purpose of this study was to analyze associations among Graduate Record Examination scores, graduate grade point average, and faculty ratings of success for 311 doctoral students in a School of Education. Moderate correlations obtained between examination scores and the criterion variables of faculty ratings and graduate GPAs. Students in the lowest 10% of the examination score range had significantly lower criterion grades and ratings than those in the highest 10%. Examination scores and score combinations are a useful gross screening indicator of potential success for doctoral study in education. Competition for tax dollars and the resulting budgetary constraints on institutions have put universities in the position of having to operate with fewer resources but with no decrease in the number and quahty of graduates. This dilemma, requiring better-prepared graduates at less cost, has created a need for more careful selection of candidates for graduate study. An effective selection process leading to accurate prediction of academic success and graduates who have attained highly developed professional skills is more important than ever, given the present-day limited allocation of resources to universities and society's expectation for very competent professionals. Predictors of academic success have typically been GRE scores, undergraduate GPA, samples of students' writing, letters of reference from faculty who knew the student, number of honors earned, and grades in the students' majors. These predictors, individually or in combination, have been the focus of a number of studies concerning the likelihood of success in graduate study. Studies of the contribution of GRE scores as predictors of academic success in graduate study have led to various results depending upon the particular criterion of success. Graduate grade point average has been a frequently used global criterion of success, but other criteria such as specific course grades, the average grade for clusters of courses, comprehensive exam ratings, number of academic honors earned, or faculty ratings of performance have also been used. These predictors, individually or in combination, were found in a number of studies concerning the likelihood of success in graduate study. In a review of 12 studies of the relationship of GRE scores to GPA, Thacker and Williams (1974) found low to moderate correlations of GRE scores with graduate GPA. Willingham (1974) provided a detailed dis
A metric free electrodynamics with electric and magnetic charges

A formulation of electrodynamics with both electric and magnetic charges is obtained without introduction of a metric structure into the space-time arena. The field equations and their general solutions are constructed without constitutive assumptions through use of extensions of the calculus of exterior forms. The solutions, being a 2-form field density, and a 2-form field pseudodensity, are given explicitly in terms of a potential 1-form, a potential pseudo 1-form, and the action of a nonlocal homotopy operator H on the electric and magnetic current distributions. The theory is generally covariant and also admit a 4-parameter group of dyality transformations that reduce to a 2-parameter subgroup under the restriction of consistency with the vacuum ether relations. Complete symmetry is obtained between the electric and magnetic effects, both having or not having “strings” depending on the interpretation adopted. A bilinear variational principle is given that yields the field equations, their general solutions, conservation of electric and magnetic charge, and the forces that act on the electric and magnetic current distributions. The forces on each kind of charge are the sum of two forces; the first being the Lorentz force that arises from the free fields, and the second is tentatively identified with the radiation force. The solutions have significantly improved smoothness properties over previous theories and allow the passage of one kind of current through the rays to infinity (strings) generated by either kind of current. Explicit representations of the field vectors E → , H → , B → and D → are also given, together with the forces.
FX Swaps: Implications for Financial and Economic Stability

The proliferation of foreign exchange (FX) swaps as a source of funding and as a hedging tool has focused attention on the role of the FX swap market in the recent crisis. The turbulence in international money markets spilled over into the FX swap market in the second-half of 2007 and into 2008, giving rise to concerns over the ability of banks to roll over their funding requirements and manage their liquidity risk. The turmoil also raised questions about banks' ability to continue their supply of credit to the local economy, as well as the external financing gap it could create. In this paper, we examine the channels through which FX swap transactions could affect a country's financial and economic stability, and highlight the strategies central banks can employ to mitigate market pressures. While not offering any judgment on the instrument itself, we show that the use of FX swaps for funding and hedging purposes is not infallible, especially during periods of market stress.
Magnetoresistance of very pure simple metals

High-magnetic-field anomalies in pure and simple metals such as Al, K, and In are explained in terms of carrier transport along two-dimensional skipping orbit states. Our approach explains in a very simple way the linear magnetoresistance due to grooves and projections at the sample surface. Our approach also provides an explanation for the negative voltages measured in certain geometries.
Endothelium dependency of contractile activity differs in infant and adult vertebral arteries.

Abstract Contractions to serotonin (5-HT) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in infant (0-2 yr) and adult (38-71 yr) vertebral arteries were examined in the presence of either the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin or NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide production. In addition, endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine were characterized in arteries contracted with agonist. The results showed that: (a) Contractions of infant arteries to 5-HT or ET-1 decreased to 44 +/- 8% and 27 +/- 13%, respectively, within 10 min. Indomethacin or removal of endothelium abolished this decreased response, whereas L-NMMA had no effect. (b) Adult arteries produced sustained contractions to 5-HT or ET-1 that were unaffected by indomethacin, endothelium denudation, or L-NMMA. (c) Endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine were greater in infant than adult arteries and were abolished by indomethacin (but not L-NMMA) in infants and L-NMMA (but not indomethacin) in adults. Thus, endothelium-dependent responses in infant arteries are attenuated because of increased prostaglandin activity not observed in adult tissues. Additionally, there is an age-dependent change in the primary mechanism responsible for acetylcholine-induced vasodilation. Apparently, endothelium dependency of acetylcholine-induced relaxation is highly dependent on cyclooxygenase activity in the infant vertebral artery, but in the adult artery, nitric oxide is linked to the vasodilator response.
Comparing the Policy Positions of Supreme Court Justices from Different Periods

T HHE small size of the Supreme Court creates a number of difficulties for analysis of decision making on the Court. One of these difficulties concerns explanation of differences among justices in their voting behavior. The membership of 435 in the House of Representatives allows sophisticated analysis of characteristics associated with individual voting behavior. In contrast, the Supreme Court's membership of 9 largely precludes even the most elementary analysis of such characteristics. Largely for this reason, some students of the Court have undertaken analyses that go beyond the nine justices who sat at a single time to include all the justices who served during a period of several decades. C. Neal Tate (1981) and S. Sidney Ulmer (1986), for instance, have taken this approach in examining relationships between personal background characteristics and voting behavior (see also Handberg 1986). The benefit of this approach in increasing the number of justices to analyze is counterbalanced by a problem of comparability. The most systematic basis for comparisons among justices, and the one that scholars typically use, is their voting support for particular values or types of claims made by litigants. However, since justices who sat during different parts of a period faced different sets of cases, such measures of their voting behavior are not fully comparable. Differences among justices in support for certain claims or values might result from differences in the case stimuli to which they responded rather than from true differences in their policy positions. If one justice supported challenges to government economic regulation more often than another, that difference might stem at least in part from the greater "difficulty" of supporting such challenges in the cases that the second justice faced.
Inhibition of calcium carbonate precipitation in NaCl brines from 25 to 90°C

Abstract The nucleation induction period of CaCO3 in NaCl brines in the absence and presence of scale inhibitors was experimentally measured at temperatures from 25 to 90°C. A semi-empirical mathematical inhibitor model is presented for the CaCO3 scale control in industrial processes based upon nucleation theory and experimental observations. Results show that the minimum inhibitor dosage (Cinh) may be obtained from: Cinh=f(s)/binh log [tinh/t0], where tinh is the inhibition time, e.g., 20 min, t0 is the nucleation induction period in the absence of inhibitors, binh is the inhibitor efficiency, and f(s) is the safety factor, e.g., 2. Important factors for the kinetics of both nucleation and inhibition have been incorporated in this model including the calcite saturation index (SI), temperature (T), and the molar ratio of Ca to HCO3 alkalinity (R). In this paper, model parameters are presented for commonly used inhibitors, including 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic-acid (HEDP) and nitrilotri(methylene phosphonic) acid (NTMP). Results show that HEDP and NTMP are the best inhibitors for calcite scaling in the systems examined.
The effect of material flow and workload on the performance of machine location heuristics

Abstract Depending on the problem structure and routing strategies a machine location problem plays an important role in controlling the material flow of work-in-process in discrete product manufacturing environment. In this paper we investigate the effect of material flow and workload on the performance of heuristics for solving an important design problem for job routing and material flow in a manufacturing system. In this research we first develop a model for workload or traffic intensity between machines in a shop floor and then identify different structures of the problems, especially the data. This measure is then used to evaluate the effect of workload on efficiency of the heuristics to solve machine location problems. Some concluding remarks are made on to the effect of the workload or the traffic intensity of materials within the machine cell on the performance of some known heuristics. Conclusions are also made on the performance measures such as makespan, transporter utilization and machine utilization, depending on the problem and data structures.
Single-Event Upset (SEU) Model Verification and Threshold Determination Using Heavy Ions in a Bipolar Static RAM

Single-Event Upset (SEU) response of a bipolar low-power Schottky-diode-clamped TTL static RAM has been observed using Br ions in the 100-240 MeV energy range and 0 ions in the 20-100 MeV range. These data complete the experimental verification of circuit-simulation SEU modeling for this device. The threshold for onset of SEU has been observed by the variation of energy, ion species and angle of incidence. The results obtained from the computer circuit-simulation modeling and experimental model verification demonstrate a viable methodology for modeling SEU in bipolar integrated circuits.
A technique for collection of particulate organic matter in situ

A technique is described for concentrating and collecting particulate organic matter from water with minimal disturbance. This involves exposing in situ the surface of a Millipore® filter monitor mounted on a simple vacuum flask assembly.
The concept of fractional number among deaf and hard of hearing students

This study investigated deaf and hard-of-hearing students' understanding of the fractional number concept as measured by their ability to determine the order and/or equivalence of two fractional numbers presented in a pair. Analyses focused on the performance and strategies of 10-to-12 and 13-to-16 year old deaf and hard-of-hearing students (N=21) and comparison groups of hearing students (N=26). All students completed 18 fraction items requiring them to indicate which of two fractions presented in a pair was the larger value. On four items, students indicated their strategy. Results showed deaf and hard-of-hearing students performed similarly to younger hearing students in overall performance by fraction type and problem solving strategies. These students had a tendency to order fractions by the values of the counting numbers composing them.
Purification and reconstitution of the bile acid transport system from hepatocyte sinusoidal plasma membranes

Abstract The taurocholic acid transport system from hepatocyte sinusoidal plasma membranes has been studied using proteoliposome reconstitution procedures. Membrane proteins were initially solubilized in Triton X-100. Following detergent removal, the resultant proteins were incorporated into lipid vesicles prepared from soybean phospholipids (asolectin) using sonication and freeze-thaw procedures. The resultant proteoliposomes demonstrated Na + -dependent transport of taurocholic acid which could be inhibited by bile acids. Greatly reduced amounts of taurocholic acid were associated with the phospholipid or membrane proteins alone prior to proteoliposome formation. Membrane proteins were fractionated on an anionic glycocholate-Sepharose 4B affinity column which was prepared by coupling (3 α ,7 α ,12 α -trihydroxy-5 β -cholan-24-oyl)- N α -lysine to activated CH-Sepharose 4B via the e-amino group of lysine resulting in the retention of a free carboxyl group. The adsorbed proteins enriched in components in the 54 kDa zone, which were originally identified by photoaffinity labeling to be components of the bile acid transport system, were also incorporated into liposomes. This vesicle system showed almost a 4-fold increase in Na + -dependent taurocholic acid uptake when compared to proteoliposomes formed from total membrane protein, as well as sensitivity to inhibition by bile acids. These results demonstrate that the bile acid carrier system can be reconstituted in proteoliposomes and that utilizing proteins in the 54 kDa zone leads to a significant enhancement in the transport capacity of the reconstituted system, consistent with the role of 54 kDa protein(s) as component(s) of the bile acid carrier system.
Interleukin-1 β induces the production of an L-arginine-derived relaxing factor from cultured smooth muscle cells from rat aorta

The effect of interleukin-1 beta on the production of non-prostanoid vasoactive factors by cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells was investigated. Under bioassay conditions, the perfusate from a column of confluent cells grown on beads and treated with interleukin-1 beta (1 ng/ml for 18 to 24 hr) abolished the contraction of a canine coronary ring without endothelium contracted by phenylephrine (1 microM), while the perfusate from control cells had no effect. The relaxing activity of the perfusate was observed when transit times were increased from 1 sec to 5 min. Nitro L-arginine (100 microM) reversed the relaxations and L-arginine stereoselectively restored the relaxations. Interleukin-1 beta (1 ng/ml) evoked a time-dependent accumulation of cyclic GMP but not cyclic AMP in cultured smooth muscle cells. The transfer of fresh or stored (-70 degrees C) conditioned culture medium from interleukin-1 beta-treated cells but not from control cells, to cultured smooth muscle cells stimulated the production of cyclic GMP. These observations demonstrate that interleukin-1 beta induces the production of transferable factor which relaxes vascular smooth muscle and stimulates the production of cyclic GMP.
Answer to November 2014 Photo Quiz

Answer: Acute bacterial meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. The Gram-positive, lancet-shaped diplococci observed in this specimen are characteristic of Streptococcus pneumoniae. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimen Gram stain result such as this should be promptly relayed to the clinician
Nocturnal boundary layer characteristics and land breeze development in Houston, Texas during TexAQS II

The nocturnal boundary layer in Houston, Texas was studied using a high temporal and vertical resolution tethersonde system on four nights during the Texas Air Quality Study II (TexAQS II) in August and September 2006. The launch site was on the University of Houston campus located approximately 4 km from downtown Houston. Of particular interest was the evolution of the nocturnal surface inversion and the wind flows within the boundary layer. The land–sea breeze oscillation in Houston has important implications for air quality as the cycle can impact ozone concentrations through pollutant advection and recirculation. The results showed that a weakly stable surface inversion averaging in depth between 145 and 200 m AGL formed on each of the experiment nights, typically within 2–3 h after sunset. Tethersonde vertical winds were compared with two other Houston data sets (High Resolution Doppler Lidar and radar wind profiler) from locations near the coastline and good agreement was found, albeit with a temporal lag at the tethersonde site. This comparison revealed development of a land breeze on three nights which began near the coastline and propagated inland both horizontally and vertically with time. The vertical temperature structure was significantly modified on one night at the tethersonde site after the land breeze wind shift, exhibiting near-adiabatic profiles below 100 m AGL.
The effect of geometry on the properties of a dense alumina—carbon/epoxy laminate

Abstract This is a study of the effects of geometry on the properties of a laminate made of dense, thin alumina plates alternating with carbon/epoxy (C/E) prepreg. An advantage of this system is the elimination of the large flaws occurring in fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites which are responsible for the low stresses at first matrix cracking. Previous studies have been restricted to small specimens of simple geometry. In this study attention has been directed to the influences of size. the introduction of notches and a geometry in which a large specimen is formed from a mosaic of small elements. The loss of stiffness with increase of the applied strain is compared to the predictions of a simple one-dimensional, elastic—plastic shear lag theory. Although this model does not account for the branching phenomena observed in experiment, there is good agreement with experiment, suggesting that branching has only a second order influence on mechanical properties.
Implant restoration following removal of an odontogenic keratocyst: a clinical report.

andibular defects can be devastating esthetically, functionally, and psychologically. This report describes the restoration of a partially edentulous mandibular defect using osseointegrated dental implants and an iliac crest bone graft. This prosthodontic care was needed because of the removal of an odontogenic keratocyst. Odontogenic keratocysts can occur at any age, but are usually seen under 40 years of age. There is no sex predilection, with the mandible affected almost twice as often as the maxillae. Radiographically, the lesion may appear unilocular or multilocular. Histol’ogically, the lesion consists of a keratin-producing stratified squamous epithelial lining with focal areas of calcification. The lumen may be filled with a straw-colored fluid, or a thicker creamy liquid. Because of the thin friable nature of the cyst wall, complete eradication of the cyst can be difficult. The recurrence rate has been reported as 13 % to 60 % .I, 2 In April 1986, a 44-year-old man complained of pain, tenderness, and discharge from a swelling in the right side