cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of bacteriophage Felix01, HL18 and HL03 to reduce Salmonella enterica Typhimurium burden in mice

Multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are of increasing concern in the food industry and on the farm. While these strains are becoming increasingly resistant to commonly used antimicrobial agents, they remain sensitive to killing by their natural predators, bacteriophage. Bacteriophage are able kill MDR strains of Salmonella in vitro. We have recently tested the ability of a well-known salmonella bacteriophage, Felix 01 and two recently isolated phage (HL03 and HL18) to reduce the Salmonella Typhimurium burden in orally challenged, susceptible mice. When each of the phage was given at the same time as the oral Salmonella challenge, they significantly reduced the Salmonella burden in the treated mice. This lowering of Salmonella load occurred when the phage were given at a 1:10, 1:50 and 1:100 MOI when compared to the bacterial challenge dose. Interestingly, of the three phage tested (Felix, HL03 and HL18), only the last phage, HL18 was effective when given an hour before or an hour after Salmonella challenge. Felix01 and HL03 were both ineffective when given an hour before or an hour after challenge, but consistently lowered the bacterial burden in these mice when given at the same time as the challenge dose. These data indicate that bacteriophage-based therapy may be an alternative to antibiotic-based treatments to lower the Salmonella levels in swine and potentially limit the spread of Salmonella during transport and lairage of swine prior to slaughter.
Ritual as Therapy, Therapy as Ritual

Summary This article comments on the relationship between ritual and therapy with an exploration of two rituals, one from public life and one from clinical practice. Part one focuses on the bar/bat mitzvah ritual (coming-of-age ceremony for 13 year old Jewish adolescents) as a naturally occurring “therapeutic opportunity,” and part two, on the way several leading therapists have used variations on the theme of ritual ceremony to create their unique formats for therapy. In particular, Michael White's use of Barbara Myerhoff's (1986) idea of “definitional ceremony,” and Lynn Hoffman's use of Tom Andersen's (1987) “reflecting team” idea are highlighted. An illustrative case story is presented and the article ends with a review of parallels between ritual and therapy.
The GRACE Model

The Geriatric Resources for Assessment and Care of Elders (GRACE) model was originally developed to improve the quality of care for vulnerable older adults. The goal of the GRACE model was to optimize health and functional status, decrease excess healthcare use, and prevent long-term nursing home placement. GRACE built on the lessons learned from prior efforts to improve the care of older adults and added several new features, including integration of the geriatrics team within the primary care environment, in-home assessment and care management by a nurse practitioner and social worker team, and integration with affiliated pharmacy, mental health, home health, and community-based services. A randomized controlled trial of the GRACE intervention demonstrated that at 2 years the intervention group compared to the control group had higher quality of life, better quality of care, and fewer emergency department visits. Fewer hospitalizations and lower acute care costs were seen in a high-risk group. Following completion of the randomized controlled trial, the GRACE model has been successfully implemented within diverse healthcare systems while consistently showing positive results, such as reduction in acute care services utilization and high patient and physician satisfaction. As a result of growing interest in the GRACE model, the GRACE Training and Resource Center was established to provide training and technical assistance to organizations and healthcare systems desiring to implement the model now referred to as GRACE Team Care™. The GRACE Training and Resource Center offers a variety of training programs, consultative assistance, and web-based tools to assist with program implementation, evaluation and sustainability.
Análisis de los significados de estudiantes universitarios indígenas en torno a su proceso de inclusión a la educación superior

El articulo ahonda en procesos de inclusion de estudiantes indigenas en educacion terciaria, problematizando la necesidad de avanzar hacia un paradigma intercultural, cuestionando las condiciones actuales de la educacion superior. El objetivo del estudio fue comprender y describir los fenomenos de inclusion e interculturalidad contenidos en la experiencia de cuatro estudiantes universitarios indigenas, dos pertenecientes al Pueblo Aymara y dos del Pueblo Mapuche. El estudio se abordo desde una metodologia cualitativa, siendo un estudio de casos multiples, mediante el analisis de los significados que estos construyeron en su experiencia universitaria. Los hallazgos indican que no existiria un real proceso de inclusion de estos, sino mas bien de exclusion en tanto no existe un reconocimiento cultural en el espacio educativo. Se discute la necesidad de proyectar nuevas tendencias que profundicen y enriquezcan la vinculacion de la Educacion Superior con los Pueblos Indigenas, superando el etnocentrismo hacia un conocimiento no colonizante.
A robust neural network scheme for constant false alarm rate processing for target detection in clutter environment

The authors present a novel neural network-based CFAR detection scheme (referred to as NN-CFAR scheme) that offers a robust performance in the face of loss of reference cells. This scheme employs a multilayer feedforward neural network trained by the error backpropagation approach using the optimal detector as the teacher.
Technophilic Hubris and Espionage Styles during the Cold War

ABSTRACT During the Cold War the United States developed an espionage style that reflected its love affair with technology (technophilia) whereas the Soviet Union and the East Bloc continued a tradition of using humans to collect intelligence. This essay places the origins and development of these espionage styles during the Cold War in historical and social context, and assesses their strengths and weaknesses by drawing on examples from particular cases. While the United States won the Cold War, the East Bloc won the spy wars because of a more effective espionage style. I conclude with some reflections on the uses of history for future policy, and suggest areas for further study.
Expansion of 1D polarized superfluids: the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov state reveals itself.

We study the expansion dynamics of a one-dimensional polarized Fermi gas after its sudden release from confinement using both the mean-field Bogoliubov--de Gennes and the numerically unbiased time-evolving block decimation methods. Our results show that experimentally observable spin density modulations, directly related to the presence of a Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov state, develop during the expansion of the cloud. Our work therefore provides a robust theoretical proposal for the detection of this long-sought state.
The Impact of a National Tobacco Education Campaign on State-Specific Quitline Calls.

Abstract Purpose. The ads from the first federally funded national tobacco education campaign, Tips From Former Smokers (Tips), considerably increased quitline calls nationwide. This study evaluates the effect of Tips on state-specific quitline calls. Design. Precampaign, during-campaign, and postcampaign comparison; regression modeling. Setting. All fifty states as well as the District of Columbia. Subjects. Calls to state quitlines. Intervention. Tips. Measures. Tips campaign exposure was measured by gross rating points (GRPs). Calls to quitline's 1-800-QUIT-NOW were assigned to markets in each state based on their area codes. Analysis. Multivariate regression was used to assess the relationship between calls to state quitlines and media market-level Tips GRPs, while controlling for market and area code characteristics. Results. Nationally, every 100 Tips GRPs per week at the market level was associated with an average of 45 additional quitline calls in each area code (β = 44.65, p < .001). Tips GRPs we...
Compression of nonlinearly chirped optical pulses using interferometers

Typical pulse compression experiments reduce the duration of an optical pulse by passing it first through a single-mode fiber and then a grating-pair compressor. The Ideal grating-pair compressor is adjusted so that a pulse passing through it encounters a phase ϕc(ω) which exactly cancels the phase of the pulse emerging from the fiber ϕ(ω) thereby maximizing the peak intensity of the pulse.1 Usually, ϕc(ω) is well approximated by a quadratic function for grating pairs1 or Gires-Tournois interferometers (GTIs).2 However, at high-power levels or very short-pulse durations, the pulse bandwidth is large enough that cubic-order dispersion and shock-effect terms in fiber propa-gation3 and the cubic-phase term of the grating- pair compressor4 become important Nonlinear chirping of the optical pulse has been shown for the former case.3
Critical factors for active transportation to school among low-income and minority students. Evidence from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey.

Background Walking to school may be an important source of daily physical activity in children’s lives, and government agencies are supporting programs to encourage walking to school (e.g., Safe Routes to School and the CDC’s KidsWalk programs). However, little research has looked at differences in behavior across racial/ethnic and income groups. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey to document rates of walking and biking to school among low-income and minority youth in the U.S. (N=14,553). Binary models of the decision to use active transport to school were developed to simultaneously adjust for trip, individual, household, and neighborhood correlates. All analyses were conducted in 2007. Results The data showed that low-income and minority groups, particularly blacks and Hispanics, use active travel modes to get to school at much higher rates than whites or higher-income students. However, racial variation in travel patterns is removed by controlling for household income, vehicle access, distance between home and school, and residential density. Conclusions Active transportation to school may be an important strategy to increase and maintain physical activity levels for low-income and minority youth. Current policy interventions such as Safe Routes to School have the opportunity to provide benefits for low-income and minority students who are the most likely to walk to school.
A multicenter study of anticoagulation parameters when using heparin and warfarin.

• Anticoagulation with heparin and warfarin is used in the treatment of several diseases including cerebrovascular disease. While the most effective therapeutic range of anticoagulation is unclear, some investigators have found an increased risk of bleeding complications with more intense anticoagulation. Recent studies have suggested that lower levels of anticoagulation may be as efficacious as high levels but with a reduced incidence of bleeding complications. In order to better assess the anticoagulation parameters used by neurologists and house officers, we performed a questionnaire survey at six major medical centers. Responses were obtained from 30 attending neurologists and 52 house officers. Attending physicians and house officers selected mean partial thromboplastin times of 57.7 s and 63.3 s, respectively. The mean prothrombin time (PT) was 21.0 s for attending neurologists and 19.4 s for house officers. The average PT ratio was 1.82 for attending neurologists and 1.69 for house officers. Forty percent of attending neurologists and 17.7% of house officers specified PT ratios of 2.0 or greater. These results indicate that many physicians may be using warfarin in dosages above recommended guidelines.
Tonic immobility and the serotonergic system in chickens: differential blockade of receptors by cyproheptadine and cinanserin.

Abstract Low doses of serotonin potentiated immobility durations in 2 1 2 -week-old chickens (Gallus gallus) while high doses attenuated the response. Cyproheptadine, a serotonergic antagonist, eliminated increases generated by low doses of serotonin and reduced durations in control subjects, but had no effect on the attenuation produced by high doses of the the drug. Cinanserin, another serotonergic blocker, also eliminated the potentiation generated by low doses of serotonin and partially reduced the attenuation caused by high doses, but had no effect on immobility durations in control animals. Larger doses of cinanserin eliminated the attenuation produced by high doses of serotonin and increased durations in control subjects. Results are discussed in terms of the differential blockade of various serotonin receptors.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Myocarditis

A 19-year-old man presented with new onset fatigue and dyspnea. The results of the physical examination were unremarkable. ECG was unremarkable for any ischemic changes. Echocardiography demonstrated severe global hypokinesis with an ejection fraction of 15% to 25%. Laboratory workup was remarkable for a troponin I level of 1.56, brain natriuretic peptide of 2249, white blood cell count of 32 000, C-reactive protein of 13, and creatine kinase of 156. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated no significant coronary artery disease, a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 3 mm Hg, and cardiac index …
Male and female responses to species-specific coloration in darters (Percidae: Etheostoma)

Male secondary sexual traits often comprise multiple components and can function in different contexts. Male signals can target females for mating, males for aggression, and may also function in interspecific interactions. In darter fishes (Percidae: Etheostoma), male nuptial coloration is a multicomponent secondary sexual signal. Females are known to respond to this signal in both intra- and interspecific contexts; they prefer conspecific over heterospecific coloration and prefer a particular colour variant within species. We also have shown that two components of this complex signal (colour and pattern) are each sufficient, in isolation, to attract females. Here, we demonstrate that males also respond to variation in nuptial coloration. Males of two sympatric species showed an association preference for motorized models with conspecific over heterospecific coloration. We also sought to determine whether colour or pattern presides over the other in its influence on female and male behaviour. Using model fish representing conspecific colour (hue) with mismatched heterospecific patterning (and vice versa), we asked whether either sex preferred one element over the other. Female and male Etheostoma barrenense preferred models showing conspecific male coloration in a heterospecific pattern. In contrast, neither male nor female Etheostoma zonale showed a preference for models displaying conspecific colour or conspecific pattern. We speculate that colour may be under stronger sexual selection than pattern in E. barrenense, whereas colour and pattern may be equally important social cues for E. zonale.
Catheter ablation of the accessory pathways of the Solff-Parkinson-White syndrome and its variants

The basis of arrhythmias in the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome and its variants is the presence of accessory atrioventricular connections. Those variants include the concealed form of the WPW syndrome, the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia, and Mahaim preexcitation. In all forms of symptomatic WPW syndrome, catheter ablation of the accessory atrioventricular connections using radiofrequency current has become the treatment of choice. This review traces the development of this therapy, outlines the basics of the technique, summarizes the results reported in the largest series, indicate remaining areas of controversy, and discusses the indications and limitations of radiofrequency ablation therapy.
The clinical approach to alexithymia: A review

Abstract Since development of the concept of alexithymia about a decade ago, there has been considerable discussion of the extent to which it is a medical or a social and cultural phenomenon. However, it becomes a medical problem when it interferes with treatment, especially as alexithymic patients tend to somatize in lieu of experiencing psychic conflict. This review describes the relationship of alexithymia to psychosomatic illness, socioeconomic and cultural factors, and possible anatomicophysiologic features. Alexithymia per se should be distinguished from other conditions, such as simple denial and repression, the psychic numbing that may follow catastrophe, and primary affective disorders. Previous treatment approaches are assessed, and recommended therapeutic strategy is presented.
Variant properties of bovine liver 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase; its β-decarboxylase activity, lack of substrate stereospecificity, and structural requirements for binding substrate analogs

1. 1. 2-Keto-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase (2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate glyoxylatelyase; reaction: 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate ⇋ pyruvate + glyoxylate) catalyzes the cleavage and the formation of both optical isomers of 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate at the same rate and to the same extent. 2. 2. The specificity of azomethine (Schiff base) formation with this enzyme was studied. Of some forty compounds tested, inactivation in the presence of NaBH4 occurs (in order of decreasing effectiveness) with 2-keto-4-hydroxy-4-methylglutarate, 2-ketoglutarate, 2-keto-4-hydroxybutyrate, 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, 2-keto-4,5-dihydroxyvalerate, 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate, and 5-keto-4-deoxyglucarate (among 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate analogs); only with bromopyruvate and 2-ketobutyrate (among pyruvate analogs); and also with glyoxal, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and glycolaldehyde (glyoxylate analogs). In this regard, therefore, a high degree of specificity is shown for pyruvate but not for glyoxylate; this aldolase is also quite specific for analogs of 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate having a pyruvate-like structure on one end of the molecule. 3. 3. 2-Keto-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase actually catalyzes the cleavage of only 2-keto-4,5-dihydroxyvalerate, 2-keto-4-hydroxy-4-methylglutarate, 5-keto-4-deoxyglucarate, 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate, and 2-keto-4-hydroxybutyrate at 33%, 8%, 3%, 2% and 1%, respectively, the rate of 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate cleavage. For certain substrate analogs, therefore, there is a dissociation of azomatheine formation from a concurrent cleavage of that compound. 4. 4. In addition, this purified aldolase was found to catalyze the β-decarboxylation of oxaloacetate at 50% the rate of 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate cleavage.
Immediately loaded implants in a patient with involuntary mandibular movements: A clinical report

Immediately loaded implant prostheses have been used to successfully rehabilitate completely edentulous arches. Risk factors for successful treatment have not included involuntary mandibular movements. The treatment was completed on a patient with a history of neuroleptic medications who had remaining mandibular teeth extracted and then developed involuntary mandibular movements. The patient was dissatisfied with a mandibular removable prosthesis and wanted a fixed prosthesis. The immediate implant loading of a complete arch fixed prosthesis was delivered, and the patient lost 3 of the 6 implants. The patient continued to have problems with her definitive prostheses as the symptoms of her involuntary mandibular movements worsened.
Lipids of cultured hepatoma cells: VII. Structural analyses of glycerolipids in minimal deviation hepatoma 7288C.

Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and triglycerides were isolated from minimal deviation hepatoma 7288C cells cultured as monolayers to confluency in roller flasks containing Swim's 77 medium supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum, plus 20%, 10%, or 5% bovine serum. Fatty acid distribution at each position of glycerol was determined for the 3 glycerolipid classes, and carbon number distributions of triglycerides and diglycerides derived from phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were quantitated by high temperature gas liquid chromatography. Fatty acid composition was only marginally affected by the level of bovine serum in the culture medium. Percentage composition of fatty acids esterified at each position of the 3 glycerolipids was different, indicating a nonrandom distribution of acyl groups in triglycerides and the 2 diacyl phosphatides. The carbon number distribution of diglycerides derived from phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine was different, and neither carbon number distribution agreed with the calculated 1-random, 2-random diacyl distribution, thus indicating pairing of certain acids in the diglycerides derived from these phospholipid classes. The determined triglyceride carbon number distributions did not show complete agreement with those calculated, assuming a 1-random, 2-random, 3-random type of fatty acyl distribution, suggesting preferential pairing of some acids in this lipid class. The 1-, 2-diglycerides derived from phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and triglycerides differed, indicating either selectivity in utilization of diglyceride species in biosynthesis of these glycerolipids, or modification of glycerolipids after their initial synthesis.
Geology of the Malawi Rift: kinematic and tectonosedimentary background to the Chiwondo Beds, northern Malawi

Abstract Kinematic analysis of Neogene and Quaternary faults demonstrates that the direction of extension in the Malawi Rift rotated from east-northeast to southeast. Rift development commenced at about 8·6 Ma with normal faulting causing erosion and re-sedimentation of Mesozoic deposits and formation of half-grabens bounded by northwest-, north-, and northeast-striking normal faults. Continued normal faulting led to block faulting and basin subsidence which created a riverine system and eventually formed a rift lake (Palaeo-Lake Malawi). Based on the onshore sedimentary record an age of 4·5 to 4·0 Ma appears likely for initial lacustrine sedimentation. This phase of normal faulting is largely responsible for the present-day basin morphology of Lake Malawi. A major change in fault kinematics and also in the sedimentation pattern occurred due to rotation of the principal extension and shortening axes, probably between 0·2 Ma. As a result, the structural pattern inherited from the first rifting phase was no longer suitably oriented to accommodate extensional deformation and strike-slip faulting became more important. The strike-slip regime may have caused uplift and erosion of the lake sediments and of basement ridges within the rift and along the rift flanks in regions of local transpression, but also created local sedimentary basins due to transtension. Older faults that show mainly the first deformation increment are restricted to the outermost parts of the rift. Toward the center, the faults depict an increase in strike slip components of movement, suggesting deformation propagation toward the rift center, which results in a narrowing of the active rift environments with time.
Modulation detection interference with two-component masker modulators

Thresholds were measured for detecting amplitude modulation of a single tonal carrier in the presence of modulated maskers. The masker modulator contained either one or two sinusoidal components. As found in previous studies, there was a detrimental effect of masker modulation on the detection of probe modulation. Interference was obtained with a 4-Hz separation between the two components of the masker modulator with the probe modulated at the 4-Hz beat rate. The amount of interference obtained with the two-component masker modulator was greater than that produced by the individual components of the masker modulator. The amount of interference increased with the depth of the masker-modulator beating and the number of masker carriers. The interference due to beating of the masker-modulator components was reduced when the beat rate was increased from 4 to 10 Hz. Results obtained with two-component masker modulators indicate a masking effect not predicted by a spectral representation of the probe and masker envelopes.
Agrarian Philosophy and Ecological Ethics

Mainstream environmental ethics grew out of an approach to value that was rooted in a particular conception of rationality and rational choice. As weaknesses in this approach have become more evident, environmental philosophers have experimented with both virtue ethics and with pragmatism as alternative starting points for developing a more truly ecological orientation to environmental philosophy. However, it is possible to see both virtue ethics and pragmatism as emerging from older philosophical traditions that are here characterized as “agrarian.” Agrarian philosophy stresses the role of nature, soil and climate in the formation of moral character as well as social and political institutions. As such, reaching back to the agrarian tradition may provide a way to move forward with both virtue oriented themes as well as pragmatist themes in developing ecological ethics.
Evaluation of a parent‐designed programme to support tooth brushing of infants and young children

Objectives This study developed and tested an intervention to help parents establish a routine of brushing their young children's teeth twice a day. Methods Community-based participatory research methods were used to engage parents in the design of the intervention to maximize its relevance and acceptability to others. Input was obtained by interviews and focus groups. The resulting intervention was four 90-min small-group sessions that provided educational information, direct instruction, practice and peer-to-peer problem-solving. A pre- to post-non-randomized design was used to evaluate the intervention's effect to increase or maintain parents' twice daily brushing. Results Intervention participants were 67 primary caregivers of children under six years of age. Of the 67 initial participants, 50 completed a post-intervention questionnaire administered 4 to 8 weeks following the intervention. The proportion of parents who reported brushing their young children's teeth twice a day increased significantly from 59 per cent prior to the intervention to 89 per cent post-intervention (McNemar's X2 = 10.71, P = 0.002). There were concomitant and statistically significant increases over the study period in parents' confidence for brushing twice a day, attitudes about the importance of brushing and their self-efficacy for tooth brushing. Parents' knowledge of children's oral health, assessed by a 15-item scale developed for this study (‘Things to Know About Baby Teeth’), also increased significantly. Conclusions Twice daily tooth brushing is a low-cost, effective strategy to reduce the risk of childhood caries. As demonstrated here, community-based efforts can help parents achieve this important health behaviour.
Reproductive Biology of Steller Sea Lions in the Gulf of Alaska

Reproductive biology of Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus ) in the Gulf of Alaska was studied between 1975 and 1979 by examination of reproductive tracts, estimation of ages from dental annuli, and observations at rookeries and hauling areas. Timing of key reproductive events was: 1) birth, mid-May to mid-July; 2) breeding, late-May to mid- or late-July; and 3) implantation, late-September and October. The female-pup bond usually was 1 year, however, 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old animals occasionally were seen to suckle females. Some males became sexually mature by 3 years and all were sexually mature by 8 years. Mature males had seasonal spermatogenic activity with abundant epididymal spermatozoa from late April through July. Initial ovulations and pregnancies occurred between 2 and 8 years of age. The average age at first ovulation was 4.6 ±0.8 years (95% confidence limits) and first pregnancy 4.9 ± 1.2 years. Ovulation rates ranged from 26% at 3 years to 100% for animals ≤6 years. Incidence of pregnancy ranged from 20% at 3 years to 87% for females 8 to 20 years. Prenatal mortality between implantation and birth was estimated at 4.7% per month. The annual birth rate of full-term pups was estimated to be about 63% for sexually mature females.
Two-phase pressure drop with twisted-tape swirl generators

Abstract An experimental study has been conducted to determine the effect of twisted-tape swirl generators on adiabatic and diabatic two-phase flow pressure drops in vertical straight tubes. Tape-twist ratios (length for 180° twist/inside tube diameter) of 3.94, 8.94, and 13.92 were tested with R-113 over a range of pressures, mass velocities, qualities, and heat fluxes. Empty tube refcrence data were successfully predicted with a correlation from the literature. The twisted tape data were successfully correlated by using the hydraulic diameter and a single-phase swirl flow friction factor in the empty tube correlation. Data from the literature also were predicted well with this correlation.
Differential gene expression in Phaseolus vulgaris I locus NILs challenged with Bean common mosaic virus.

The Phaseolus vulgaris I locus-Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV; Potyviridae) pathosystem is of critical importance to bean geneticists, breeders and pathologists because of the worldwide distribution of both the virus and germplasm containing this resistance gene. In order to learn more about the molecular responses characteristic of this resistance gene, a cDNA-AFLP screen was conducted on homozygous NILs of P. vulgaris variety ‘Black Turtle Soup’ (BT), containing either the I locus allele for resistance (BTII) or susceptibility (BTii) to BCMV. Eight conditions were compared in a factorial analysis: BTII versus BTii; mock inoculated versus BCMV inoculated; 26 versus 34°C. Transcripts induced in response to viral infection and that were further responsive to temperature, genotype or both were isolated and cloned. Sequence analysis of the resultant clones revealed several classes of putative genes, including transcription-related and signal transduction-related genes. Review of disease resistance literature suggests further avenues of research involving the candidates isolated in this screen.
What Predicts Breastfeeding Intention in Mexican-American and Non-Hispanic White Women? Evidence from a National Survey

We examined the effects of a series of predictors on the prepartum intention to breastfeed in both Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women. A national sample included 430 Mexican-American women and 3659 non-Hispanic white women who had a pregnancy in 1988. Prenatal behavioral, sociodemographic, and biomedical information was obtained through the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey. Two dependent variables were constructed to identify significant predictors of breastfeeding intention: exclusive versus partial and bottle-feeding, and exclusive and partial versus bottle-feeding. Results from the multiple logistic regression models indicated that advice to breastfeed at prenatal care was the strongest predictor of intentions in both Mexican-American (OR = 2.15, OR = 1.86) and non-Hispanic white mothers (OR = 2.29, OR = 3.61). In Mexican-Americans the father's being Hispanic was negatively associated with breastfeeding intention (OR = 0.63). In non-Hispanic whites the advice to formula feed at the Women, Infants, and Children's nutrition program was a significant negative predictor of breastfeeding intention (OR = 0.33, for exclusive and partial breastfeeding vs exclusive bottle-feeding). These results have important implications for public health policy and practice.
Spatial interactions in the rhesus monkey retina: a behavioural study using the Westheimer paradigm

For two trained rhesus monkeys, increment thresholds for a small test-spot of 100 ms duration were determined as a function of background size, at 10 retinal eccentricities along the horizontal meridian. Typical ‘Westheimer-functions’ were obtained, i.e. threshold first increases with increasing background size, reaches a maximum, then decreases with further increasing backgrounds and finally reaches a plateau. With increasing retinal eccentricities, the position of the peak of the functions is shifted towards larger background sizes, indicating an increase of perceptive field centre size from 0.25° at 5° eccentricity to 1.5° at 40° eccentricity. The perceptive field centres tend to be slightly smaller in the nasal retina. Total perceptive field sizes, as indicated by the beginnings of the plateaus, increase from about 1° near the fovea to about 3° at 40° eccentricity. The perceptive field centre sizes of two human observers, tested under the same experimental conditions, closely resemble those of the monkeys. The total perceptive fields are larger in the human subjects. The retinal ganglion cells determining threshold in this experiment are most likely the broad-band cells. The agreement between the behaviourally determined perceptive field centre sizes and the receptive field centre sizes of broadband cells (measured by DeMonasterio and Gouras 1975) is excellent. The dendritic fields of P-α-ganglion cells, most likely the morphological substrates of the broad-band cells (Perry, Oehler and Cowey 1984) are somewhat smaller at all eccentricities. The close agreement between monkey and human psychophysical data and between monkey psychophysical and neurophysiological data indicates that the Westheimer paradigm actually provides a tool to study behaviourally the receptive field organization of the human retina.
A generalised test for discrete system stability

In this correspondence we show that by using the continued fraction expansion [8] twice, we can determine whether the discrete system is stable or not and, if yes, the number of real and complex roots appearing inside the unit circle.
Psilocybin as a discriminative stimulus: lack of specificity in an animal behavior model for 'hallucinogens'.

Fifteen rats were trained to discriminate between the tryptamine hallucinogen psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; 1.0 mg/kg) and saline in a two-lever choice task. Dose-response and time-response curves were obtained. The psilocybin cue generalized to psilocin (the dephosphorylated congener of psilocybin) and to the prototypical indoleamine hallucinogen LSD, but not to the phenylethylamine hallucinogen mescaline. These results indicate that the hallucinogenic effects of these drugs in humans may not be identical with their discriminative stimulus functions in animals, and that these four compounds may not be members of a single drug class. The term ‘hallucinogen’ may thus be a misnomer in the context of drug discrimination studies in nonhumans.
On the Spectrum of X-Rays from an Aluminium Target

Aluminium Spectrum.---The object of the research has been to investigate the question whether or not the frequencies of the K series are the highest X-rays frequencies characteristic of a chemical element. Several investigators have found experimental evidence, which they interpret as indicating the existence of characteristic emission or absorption of frequency higher than those in the K series. For aluminium the wave-lengths corresponding to these frequencies are stated to be.37 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm. and.49 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm. The authors of this paper have examined the emission spectrum of aluminium between the wave-lengths.1820 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm. and 1.259 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm. Four small peaks appear on the curves, indicating characteristic radiation at wave-lengths.622 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm.,.705 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm.,.975 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm. and 1.18 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm. The first two belong to the K series of molybdenum, and undoubtedly come from the metallic molybdenum in the Coolidge carthode in the X-ray tube. The last two belong to the L series of lead, and undoubtedly come from the lead screens containing the slits through which the X-rays passed before they reached the X-ray spectrometer.No other peaks appear on the curve, and this leads to the conclusion that, within the range examined, aluminium has no emission lines the intensities of which amount to as much as 2 per cent. of the general radiation in the neighborhood.
Korsgaard on Kant on the Value of Humanity

Eric Watkins and William Fitzpatrick have recently raised a serious objection to Christine Korsgaard’s interpretation of Kant’s argument for the formula of humanity. If her reading were correct, they contend, then Kant would be making the following implausible claim. The only good reason we have for not treating someone as a mere means is that it would be bad for us if we did so; specifically, it would make it impossible for us to exercise our will. Watkins and Fitzpatrick are correct to say that it would be a mistake to attribute this unattractive view to Kant. However, Korsgaard does not attribute this view to him. Watkins and Fitzpatrick have misunderstood her interpretation of Kant’s argument. Here is their rendering of Korsgaard’s interpretation of the argument in question:
Topological vortex dynamics in axisymmetric viscous flows

The topology of vortex lines and surfaces is examined in incompressible viscous axisymmetric flows with swirl. We argue that the evolving topology of the vorticity field must be examined in terms of axisymmetric vortex surfaces rather than lines, because only the surfaces enjoy structural stability. The meridional cross-sections of these surfaces are the orbits of a dynamical system with the azimuthal circulation being a Hamiltonian H and with time as a bifurcation parameter p. The dependence of H on p is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations; their numerical solutions provide H. The level curves of H establish a time history for the motion of vortex surfaces, so that the circulation they contain remains constant. Equivalently, there exists a virtuaE velocityfield in which the motion of the vortex surfaces is frozen almost everywhere; the exceptions occur at critical points in the phase portrait where the virtual velocity is singular. The separatrices emerging from saddle points partition the phase portrait into islands; each island corresponds to a structurally stable vortex structure. By using the flux of the meridional vorticity field, we obtain a precise definition of reconnection: the transfer of$ux between islands. Local analysis near critical points shows that the virtual velocity (because of its singular behaviour) performs ' cut-and-connect ' of vortex surfaces with the correct rate of circulation transfer - thereby validating the long-standing viscous ' cut-and-connect ' scenario which implicitly assumes that vortex surfaces (and vortex lines) can be followed over a short period of time in a viscous fluid. Bifurcations in the phase portrait represent (contrary to reconnection) changes in the topology of the vorticity field, where islands spontaneously appear or disappear. Often such topology changes are catastrophic, because islands emerge or perish with finite circulation. These and other phenomena are illustrated by direct numerical simulations of vortex rings at a Reynolds number of 800.
Strontium isotopic composition of the Madera Formation (Pennsylvanian) near Albuquerque, New Mexico

Abstract 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of fourteen unaltered limestone and six fossil samples show a range of 0.7066-0.7118 for the depositional water of the Middle to Upper Pennsylvanian Madera Formation. The variation of these 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios may be due to the restricted depositional basin and nature of the source of the Madera Formation. While fossil and limestone samples are equally good for determination of strontium isotopic composition of depositional waters, leaches of calcareous shales contain significant amount of 87 Sr leached from the noncarbonate fraction during acid treatment.
Mass-spectrometric study of the formation, evaporation, and structural properties of doubly charged MgO clusters

Doubly charged (MgO${)}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$ (n=4--172) and (MgO${)}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}^{2+}$ (n=12--24) clusters were produced in a gas-aggregation source and studied by using laser-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The mass spectrum exhibits an interesting dependence on the source conditions, such that it can be changed from one comprised of singly charged clusters to one comprised almost entirely of doubly charged clusters, simply by changing the flow rate of the carrier gas. The abundance of patterns of (MgO${)}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$ clusters shows that the clusters have cubic structures resembling pieces of the MgO fcc crystal lattice, with the most stable structures being cuboids, and cuboids with an O-atom vacancy or complete terrace. The abundances of (MgO${)}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}^{2+}$ clusters can also be explained in terms of cubic structures, but in this case the O-atom vacancies may be occupied by one or two excess electrons, analogous to a solid-state F center. Simple ionic-model calculations of the structures and relative stabilities of (MgO${)}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$ clusters are in good agreement with those inferred from the mass spectra. The (MgO${)}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$ clusters evaporate primarily by losing magnesium and oxygen in equal amounts, similar to the congruent vaporization of solid MgO, yielding clusters of the same series. The mechanism of evaporation is probably a stepwise one in which the movement of atoms or molecules from corners, kinks, and ledges into an adsorbed layer exerts at least partial control over the evaporation rate. At small sizes the doubly charged clusters also appear to undergo Coulomb explosion, in which they fragment to form (MgO${)}_{\mathit{n}}^{+}$ and (MgO${)}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}$ clusters.
Characterization of the terahertz frequency optical constants of montmorillonite

Abstract The real and imaginary parts of the complex index of refraction of montmorillonite between 0.2 THz and 1.4 THz at room temperature are reported. The optical properties of montmorillonite in this frequency range were experimentally determined using time-domain THz spectroscopy. The index of refraction of montmorillonite is n = 2.19 ± 0.02, and the extinction coefficient is k = 0.10 ± 0.01. Distinct frequency dependencies of the index of refraction and the extinction coefficient are not observed within the uncertainties of the measurements. The index of refraction of montmorillonite is modeled using an effective medium theory. The characterization of the optical constants of montmorillonite in the THz-frequency band suggests the potential of time-domain THz spectroscopy for the in-situ investigation of catalytic properties of montmorillonite at the molecular level.
Recent advances in correlation filter theory and application

Advanced correlation filters (CFs) were introduced over three decades ago to offer distortion-tolerant object recognition and are used in applications such as automatic target recognition (ATR) and biometric recognition. Some of the advances in CF design include minimum average correlation energy (MACE) filters that produce sharp correlations and offer excellent discrimination, optimal tradeoff synthetic discriminant function (OTSDF) filters that allow the filter designer to control the tradeoff between peak sharpness and noise tolerance, maximum average correlation height (MACH) filter that removes correlation peak constraints to reduce filter design complexity and quadratic correlation filters (QCFs) that extend the linear CFs to include second-order nonlinearity. In this paper, we summarize two recent major advances in CF design. First is the introduction of maximum margin correlation filters (MMCFs) that combine the excellent localization properties of CFs with the very good generalization abilities of support vector machines (SVMs). Second is the introduction of zero-aliasing correlation filters (ZACFs) that eliminate the aliasing in CF design due to the circular correlation caused by the use of discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs).
Plasma heating with strong poloidal Ohmic currents

The feasibility of using strong poloidal currents to heat plasmas has been examined experimentally in Tokapole II, operating as a toroidal octupole. The plasma resistivity ranges from that of Spitzer to about 1500 times Spitzer resistivity, as predicted by mirror‐enhanced resistivity theory. This allows large powers (approximately 2 MW) to be coupled to the plasma at modest current levels. However, the confinement time is reduced by the heating, apparently due to a combination of the input power location (near the walls of the vacuum tank) and fluctuation‐enhanced transport.
Pediatric golf-related head injuries.

Objectives Golf-related head injuries constitute an increasingly common mechanism of head trauma in children. We present our experience with 33 pediatric cases of golf-associated head injury, with special emphasis in the type of injury, management strategy, and outcome.
Pulmonary toxicity induced by mitomycin C is highly responsive to glucocorticoids

The authors have studied five cases of biopsy-proven pulmonary toxicity caused by the administration of mitomycin C (M), vincristine, and cisplatin in 64 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. The clinical triad of progressive dyspnea, rales, and pulmonary infiltrates presented in all five cases. In addition, pulmonary function tests showed hypoxemia (four/five), reduced forced vital capacity (three/four), total lung capacity (two/three), and forced expiratory volume (FEV1) (three/four) and very profound reduction in diffusion capacity (three/three). Transbronchial biopsy for tissue examination was necessary to rule out other causes. Characteristics but nonspecific pathologic changes were documented in all five cases. All the patients responded quickly and dramatically to high-dose glucocorticoids with improvement of hypoxia, dyspnea, exercise tolerance, and sense of well being. In three patients the pulmonary infiltrates cleared. However, abrupt stopping or early withdrawal of steroid resulted in aggravation of dyspnea and pulmonary infiltrate in three cases who improved subsequently with escalation of steroid doses. The authors conclude that the treatment of choice for pulmonary toxicity induced by M or M-containing chemotherapy regimens is a high dose of glucocorticoid and discontinuation of M at once when suspicion is raised. Cancer 57:2285–2290, 1986.
General solution and Green function with bifurcation for nonlinear plane stress deformation of a compressible wedge

Abstract Exact stress, strain and displacement fields with closed form are determined for a nonlinear boundary value wedge problem. The compressible wedge experiencing small plane stress deformation is loaded by a concentrated force at its apex and the material is assumed to satisfy the power-law σ E = E 0 e n E where E 0 and n (0 n σ E and e E are the stress and strain intensities, respectively. The results show that bifurcation with three branches occurs when the value of n is close to ν/(1 + ν) where ν is the Poisson ratio. The discontinuity of displacement components and their gradients proves to exist if the solution pertaining to one branch characterized by n = ν /(1 + ν ) is required to satisfy the symmetric and θ-dependence conditions. These phenomena can be ascribed to the property conversion of the governing equation from the elliptic ( n > ν /(1 + ν )) to parabolic ( n = ν /(1 + ν )) or hyperbolic type ( n ν /(1 + ν )). As illustrative examples, the Green functions are ascertained for a half plane subjected to a normal and a shear forces, respectively. It is found that the stress distribution for symmetric problems of the three branches fundamentally differs from each other. For deformation of the elliptic type, two fanlike tensile zones are discovered near the boundary of the half plane loaded by a compressive normal force.