cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project: a lesson on inaccurate media coverage and the importance of prevention advocacy.

PROGRESS IN PREVENTIONOver the past 20 years, there have been signiﬁ-cant advances in prevention research. A particularlyfruitful area of research concerns the developmentand testing of school-based approaches for prevent-ing the use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs. Asevidence of the efﬁcacy of school-based preventionapproaches has accumulated, efforts to disseminateinformation about what actually works have beenlaunched by several government agencies. Notableamong these are dissemination initiatives by theNational Institutes of Health, the Centers forDisease Control, the Center for Substance AbusePrevention, the Ofﬁce of Juvenile Justice and Delin-quency Prevention, and the U.S. Department ofEducation.These efforts are intended to move the ﬁeld ofprevention from research to action, and capitalizeon the progress in prevention research by translatinglessonslearnedfromthatresearchintomoreeffectiveprevention practice. The ultimate goal of promotingthe use of evidence-based prevention approaches, ofcourse, is to reduce the prevalence of substance usebehaviors and the adverse health consequences asso-ciated with them.Despite these important dissemination efforts,however, relatively few schools appear to have adop-ted any of the evidence-based prevention approaches
Clinical Considerations in Using Growth Hormone Therapy in Growth Hormone Deficiency

Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy has been the standard medical practice for 50 years in treating GH-deficient patients. When recombinant human GH became available around the mid-1980s, daily GH injections via the subcutaneous route started. The GH dosage corresponds to the daily spontaneous secretion (e.g. 20-30 microg/kg body weight in the prepubertal stage; 2-4 times during puberty). Since the growth process is long, the effects of therapeutic strategies can only be observed many years later. Reports of long-term results show that, over the decades, there is a trend towards diagnosing/treating younger patients and that they are less GH-deficient and not as short as patients in the past. Today about 80-90% of these patients attain normal height. We have proposed that the customary 'fixed-dose wait-and-see' approach should be relinquished in favor of an adaptive strategy of dosing which focuses on the individual responsiveness of each patient. The prediction models derived from observations of large cohorts of patients have become essential in determining the responsiveness. This approach not only optimizes the outcomes but also the cost of treatment. Further efforts are needed to incorporate the existing evidence into the diagnostic procedure and treatment of GH deficiency.
On the importance of getting even: A study of the origins and intention of revenge

Abstract This essay is an abbreviated study of revenge; its ubiquity, its function in maintaining biological and psychological order, balance and stability of one's sense of self, and its place with respect to a community's laws, religions and culture. Also commented on are its connections to feelings of spite, envy and guilt, and to the concepts of fairness, justice and harmony.
Data Drought, Data Flood

Dead Pool . Lake Powell, Global Warming, and the Future of Water in the West. By James Lawrence Powell . University of California Press, Berkeley, 2008. 298 pp. $27.50, £19.95. ISBN 9780520254770. Powell discusses how drought, dams, and climate change threaten to produce a long-term water resources crisis in the American West.
Fowl Cholera Immunization in Turkeys III. Significance of Market Quality in the Evaluation of Fowl Cholera Vaccines

Turkeys vaccinated with various experimental vaccines and a commerical bacterin for fowl cholera and surviving an artificially induced epornitic were killed, and their carcasses were examined for wholesomeness. It was evident that, if the “fitness for human consumption” judgement was considered in addition to mortality, efficacy ratings of the various vaccines changed. This suggests that the “fitness for human consumption” factor be considered in future evaluation of biologicals for use in meat-producing birds.
Single fault masking logic designs with error correcting codes

Triple modular redundancy (TMR) has been the most popular method in reliable logic designs due to a single fault masking capability. However, the reliability of a TMR design can be improved only by enhancing the reliabilities of the components. This paper examines the use of error correcting codes in reliable logic design. The goal is to provide an equivalent single fault masking capability as that of TMR scheme. Further, by reducing the level of hardware redundancy, a higher reliability can be achieved. Design examples are given to illustrate the key issues in single fault masking logic designs with error correcting codes. Reliabilities of different single fault masking carry lookahead adder designs are also examined.
Chronic extensor mechanism insufficiency in total knee arthroplasty (TKA)

Chronic insufficiency of the knee extensor mechanism is a very challenging pathology to treat. An insufficient extensor mechanism negatively affects implant survival and patient outcomes. The causes of insufficiency can be several, and the surgeon has to be prepared to manage them intraoperatively and postoperatively. Various reconstructive techniques have been proposed, but traditional results in patients with a total knee arthroplasty are usually inferior to those patients with native knee joints. It is of primary importance to understand the anatomy, and tailor the correct treatment to the patient.
Parenting Stress as a Mediator Between Childhood ADHD and Early Adult Female Outcomes.

The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating role of parenting stress (both parental distress and stress due to dysfunctional interactions in the mother–daughter relationship [PSDI]) in the link between childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) status and several important young adult outcomes. The diverse sample comprised 140 girls with ADHD and 88 age- and ethnicity-matched comparisons, evaluated at ages 6–12 years and followed prospectively for five years (M age = 14.2) and 10 years (M age = 19.6). The PSDI experienced by a mother during her daughter's adolescence mediated the link between her daughter's childhood ADHD status and adult externalizing and internalizing symptoms. PSDI also mediated the link between ADHD status and young adult nonsuicidal self-injury and had an indirect effect in the relation between childhood ADHD and young adult depressive symptoms. The mediating role of PSDI with respect to internalizing symptoms and depressive symptoms remained in place even wh...
Wave propagation in damaged composite materials

Abstract A continuum theory for elastic wave propagation in three-dimensional composite materials with imperfect bonding between the phases is presented. The theory provides the dispersion relations for harmonic wave propagation, and the dynamic response of the composite to impulsive loadings. Long-fiber and periodically bilaminated composites are obtained by a proper selection of some geometrical parameters. Furthermore, perfect contact, perfect lubrication and complete debonding of the constituents are obtained as special cases. The effects of periodic distribution of cracks in solids, and of damage in composite laminates on propagating elastic waves are presented.
Molecules for intramolecular recognition. 2. Synthesis and structures of dinaphthyl- and arylnaphthylethynes.

Three new tetrasubstituted diaryl alkynes have been prepared via palladium-catalyzed coupling of aromatic alkynes with aryl iodides. These molecules show strong absorption and fluorescence. Single crystal X-ray analysis reveals that the rings are on parallel planes.
Are letter codes always activated

This investigation assesses whether a word’s constituent-letter codes are activated when whole-word processing is encouraged, as well as when letter processing is encouraged. In Experiments 1 and 2, word primes were followed by a target item that had to be named. The target was a word, a constituent letter that had appeared in the prime, or a nonconstituent letter that had not appeared in the prime. The measure of constituent-letter activation was the difference in letter-naming latency between constituent and nonconstituent letters. Presumably, if constituent letters are named faster, letters are being activated by the words in which they appear. To encourage either whole-word or letter analysis during the processing of the priming word, the proportion of word versus letter targets was systematically varied. When the proportion heavily favored letter targets, constituent letters were named faster than their nonconstituent controls. However, a constituent-letter (vs. a nonconstituent-letter) advantage was not obtained when the proportion favored word targets. Experiment 3 replicated the effect with a priming task that required a discrimination response, instead of a naming response. Thus the results suggested that the activation of constituent-letter codes need not take place during the processing of words, but occurs only when letter analysis is stressed by the task.
An assay procedure for mescaline and its determination in rat brain, liver and plasma.

Eine Schnellmethode zur Bestimmung von Meskalin in Geweben und biologischen Flussigkeiten wird beschrieben. Nach der Injektion (40 mg/kg, i.p.) sinken die Konzentrationen von Meskalin in Leber und Plasma wahrend der folgenden 2 h rasch ab, wahrend die Verbindung im Gehirn (ca. 1,5 μg/g) bis zu 3,5 h unverandert verbleibt. Ein Vergleich zwischen Meskalin und zwei verwandten Verbindungen wurde angestellt.
Critical issues in nephrology

Renal and electrolyte problems are common in patients in the ICU. Several advances that occurred in the recent past have been incorporated in the diagnosis and management of these disorders and were reviewed in this article. Unfortunately, many important questions remain unanswered, especially in the area of ARF, where new therapies are anxiously awaited to make the transition from bench to bedside. Better studies are sorely needed to define the best approach to dialysis in patients who have ARF.
North American blastomycosis.

Abstract North American blastomycosis (Gilchrist's disease) in a granulomatous, infectious disease caused by the fungus, Blastomyces dermatitidis (Gilchrist and Stokes, 1898). The malady, in its cutaneous form, was first described by Gilchrist 1 in 1894. A few years later, together with Stokes, he was able to isolate and culture that causative organisms which he designated as B. dermatitibis . 23 The first description of the disease in its systemic form was made by Walker and Montgomery 4 in 1902. The first reports by Gilchrist were followed by an era of confusion during which the disease was confounded with other entities, particularly cryptococcosis and candidiasis, all caused by morphologically similar budding organisms. Nineteen new names were suggested for the causative fungus. During the last two decades, however, a clearer picture of the disease process has emerged, particularly as a result of studies by the Duke Medical School group, headed by Smith, Martin, and Conant. Numerous clinical and laboratory reports have contributed significantly to a fuller understanding of the disease, but there are still some fundamental question to be answered. Excellent review articles on North American blastomycosis are available.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Nonhealing Cutaneous Wounds

Chronic wounds remain a major challenge in modern medicine and represent a significant burden, affecting not only physical and mental health, but also productivity, health care expenditure, and long-term morbidity. Even under optimal conditions, the healing process leads to fibrosis or scar. One promising solution, cell therapy, involves the transplantation of progenitor/stem cells to patients through local or systemic delivery, and offers a novel approach to many chronic diseases, including nonhealing wounds. Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent, adult progenitor cells of great interest because of their unique immunologic properties and regenerative potential. A variety of preclinical and clinical studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells may have a useful role in wound-healing and tissue-engineering strategies and both aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. Recent advances in stem cell immunobiology can offer insight into the multiple mechanisms through which mesenchymal stem cells could affect underlying pathophysiologic processes associated with nonhealing mesenchymal stem cells. Critical evaluation of the current literature is necessary for understanding how mesenchymal stem cells could potentially revolutionize our approach to skin and soft-tissue defects and designing clinical trials to address their role in wound repair and regeneration.
The natural history of adults with asymptomatic, hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis

The natural history of asymptomatic, hemodynamically significant, valvular aortic stenosis in adults was documented. Of 471 patients with aortic stenosis identified by Doppler echocardiography (peak systolic flow velocity greater than or equal to 4 m/s) from January 1984 through August 1987, 143 were asymptomatic and had isolated valvular aortic stenosis. Thirty patients underwent aortic valve intervention within 3 months (group 1); the remaining 113 patients did not have an intervention within 3 months (group 2). Follow-up information was available for all patients; the mean duration of follow-up study was 20 months (range 6 to 48). Three cardiac events occurred in the 30 group 1 patients after operation (two deaths, one reoperation). Among the 113 group 2 patients, three had cardiac death presumed to be a result of the aortic stenosis; all three developed symptoms at least 3 months before death. The actuarial probability of remaining free of symptoms of angina, dyspnea or syncope for group 2 was 86% at 1 year and 62% at 2 years. For this group, the 1 and 2 year probabilities of remaining free of cardiac events, including aortic valve intervention or cardiac death, were 93% and 74%, respectively. Of all clinical and echocardiographic variables (group 2), only Doppler flow velocity (p = 0.004) and ejection fraction (p = 0.01) were independent predictors of subsequent cardiac events. Among the 44 patients (groups 1 and 2) with a flow velocity greater than or equal to 4.5 m/s, the relative risk of sustaining a cardiac event (by Cox regression analysis) was 4.9 (p = 0.004).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Formation of silicided, ultra-shallow junctions using low thermal budget processing

The tradeoffs involved in alternative processes for the formation of ultra shallow junctions are described. Low energy implantation, preamorphization to eliminate channeling and low thermal budget processing are adequate to form junctions that are 0.1 to 0.3μm deep. For junctions less than about 100 nm, however, the enhanced diffusion resulting from the amorphization implant reduces its benefits. Athermal diffusion can result in considerable junction motion even when low thermal budget processing is used. Junctions this shallow typically require silicide or metal cladding to reduce the sheet resistance; however, the dopant redistribution associated with siliciding pre-existing junctions increases the contact resistance which diminishes the potential benefit of silicidation. In addition, high leakage can result from excessive silicon consumption. While the use of silicide as a diffusion source can overcome some of the limitations of silicided junctions, this technique can be especially hindered by slow dopant diffusion or compound formation in the silicide and by the limited thermal stability of the silicide. One outstanding issue associated with silicide diffusion sources is understanding the seemingly enhanced diffusivity of dopant in the silicon.
CONCENTRATION OF MAGNESIUM IN TISSUES OF THE DOG.

SummaryThe content of magnesium in 73 different tissues and body fluids of the dog was determined by flame photometry. The heart, skeletal muscle, glands, veins, epididymis, and cornea had the highest concentrations of magnesium among the soft tissue. Bone had the highest concentration of magnesium among all tissues examined. Collagenous tissue manifested the greatest variations among the dogs. The values obtained by this method were higher than those previously reported for chemical methods. The procedure of acid digestion is satisfactory for flame-photometric determination of magnesium in tissue and the flame-photometric method is sufficiently simple and accurate for general application.
Business decisions and managerial risk; a note on the decision analysis approach

Abstract A difficult lesson for managers to learn is the importance of evaluating risk in financial decision-making. Risk associated with the substitution of debt for equity in the firm's capital structure is a determining factor in financial decision-making. In this paper, an instructive model incorporating the structure of decision analysis is developed in order that managers may visualize clearly the monetary loss and gain associated with different debt to equity ratios. This model in turn permits the interpretation of risk in monetary terms.
New views of the Moon, edited by Bradley L. Jolliff, Mark A. Wieczorek, Charles K. Shearer, and Clive R. Neal

Book Review: New Views of the Moon, B. L. Jollif, M. A. Wieczorek, C. K. Shearer, C. R. Neal (Eds.). Mineralogical Society of America (2006).
Fluid models of integrated traffic and multipath routing

In this paper we consider a stochastic model describing the varying number of flows in a network. This model features flows of two types, namely file transfers (with fixed volume) and streaming traffic (with fixed duration), and extends the model of Key, Massoulie, Bain and Kelly [27] by allowing more general bandwidth allocation criteria. We analyse the dynamics of the system under a fluid scaling, and show Lyapunov stability of the fluid limits under a natural stability condition. We provide natural interpretations of the fixed points of these fluid limits. We then compare the fluid dynamics of file transfers under (i) balanced multipath routing and (ii) parallel, uncoordinated routing. We show that for identical traffic demands, parallel uncoordinated routing can be unstable while balanced multipath routing is stable. Finally, we identify multi-dimensional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes as second-order approximations to the first-order fluid limit dynamics.
The German communists in disarray

The early 1990s find German communism in the throes of a crisis. Only the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), which no longer defines itself as communist, but as a left‐wing socialist party, is of any political relevance as an electoral and parliamentary force. The German Communist Party (DKP), which did not merge with the PDS after Germany was united, has been badly battered by the collapse of communism in the GDR and is an almost irrelevant political factor. Other splinter groups and sects such as Trotskyist, anarchist and autonomist groups are isolated and of no political influence. The unsuccessful August 1991 coup d'etat in the Soviet Union, as well as Gorbachev's move to dissolve the CPSU, took the German communists by surprise and called their own existence into question.
The chemical dynamics of NO and reactive nitrogen oxides: a practical guide.

Nitric oxide has emerged as one of the most important and diverse players in physiology. This small diatomic radical stunned researchers because of its existence and unique biological properties in human physiology. Over the last two decades it was found that NO often has fickle behavior in pathophysiological mechanisms. Where benefiting the host in one case yet inducing and augmenting injury in another. This has lead to confusion in is NO good or bad? Much of the answers to this dichotomy lies in the chemistry of NO and its related nitrogen oxide species. To help understand the complex chemistry with perspective to biology, a discussion on the chemical biology of NO is useful. The chemical biology defines the relevant chemical reaction of NO and nitrogen monoxide in the context of the biological conditions. We discuss in this article the chemistry of nitrogen oxide with different types of biological motifs. Reaction of NO with metal complexes and radicals require low concentration, where formation of reactive nitrogen oxide species require considerably higher amounts and generally are isolated to specific microenvironments in vivo. Though many reactive nitrogen oxide species are formed from chemical reactions with NO, there are several which appear to not require NO to be present, HNO and NO2. These two species have unique physiological effects and represent additional complexity to this biological picture. From this discussion, a picture can be formed concerning the possible chemical dynamics, which can be plausible in different biological mechanisms.
Assessing Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) signal contamination within small aliquots and single grain measurements utilizing the composition test

Abstract Quartz in tectonically active regions can suffer from signal contamination when utilized for Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating. Typically, these environments bring quartz-bearing bedrock to the surface, which erodes and enters geomorphic systems with little fluvial reworking, resulting in dim OSL signal response. Conversely, feldspars often have an inherently brighter signal, even among bedrock or freshly eroded samples. Environments with dim quartz can be difficult to date as the signal contribution from errant feldspars may dominate the measured signal. Further, immature sediments may retain mineral inclusions within quartz grains that would have been physically or chemically eroded in more mature sediments. Previously, we presented a signal composition test which utilizes thermal quenching and IR bleaching susceptibility to assess the purity of a quartz sample. Additional measurements have been made, looking at the systematics of how small volumes of feldspar can affect the results of aliquots analyzed with this composition test. Further, different feldspar samples have been assessed for their response to the composition test and chemical compositions were determined using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Finally, we present a single grain protocol for the composition test.
Measuring Muslim Integration in Europe

The European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (established by the Council of Europe in 1997) has warned that anti-terrorism security measures risk disrupting the task of integrating Muslim communities in EU member states. 1 Without reliable statistics, the effects of these measures are difficult to assess. Fears of Muslim radicalization and “cultural conflict” can then be exploited to justify just such measures. Despite these acknowledged concerns research on the situation of Muslims in western democracies relies on “mostly ‘proxy’ data, referring to nationality and ethnicity.” 2 The European Commission has initiated an effort toward “the systematic production of harmonized Community statistics,” with a long-term view to improving knowledge of the socioeconomic integration of immigrants and there are moves towards an EU-wide benchmarking system. 3 An examination of data on the situation of Muslims in the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Britain provided in this paper finds that these data are n...
Radiographic examination of the abnormal temporomandibular joint

Diagnosis of TMJ complaints is a complex and difficult task. To better define treatment procedures a firm diagnosis must be established. Radiographs are an aid in confirming diagnosis of TMJ abnormalities. This article has discussed six basic TMJ abnormalities and suggested the optimal radiographic technique for confirming each specific abnormality. Because transmission techniques can only confirm radiographic changes, emission techniques should be considered to evaluate TMJ pathologic activity in early disease prior to definitive bony change. The following can be concluded: 1. In specific TMJ abnormalities, specific emission or transmission radiographs are useful for confirmation. Early definition of all TMJ osseous activity is better defined by emission techniques; while chronic disturbances cause structure change, which is best seen in transmission techniques. 2. Superimposition, angular distortion, reproducibility, and definition of cartilaginous structures (for example, the meniscus) are limitations of transmission techniques. These limitations can be improved by tomography, cephalometric-corrected tomography, computer-assisted tomography, and arthrography of the TMJ. 3. In emission technology structural definition as seen in transmission techniques is lost, while visualization of bone reactivity as seen in early disease is gained.
Linear behavior of a near-field optical scanning system

A hybrid finite-difference time-domain and angular-spectrum propagation modeling technique is used to study the imaging properties of a near-field optical scanning system with dielectric samples. The model is used to calculate system transfer functions based on scanning sinusoidal gratings of various spatial periods or on scanning a straight edge and then taking a derivative and a Fourier transform. Results from these two methods are in good agreement. A square-wave grating is simulated by linear addition of component sine-wave grating images that are weighted by the transfer function. The image generated by this method agrees well with an image generated by direct use of the hybrid model. In the region of parameter space investigated with the model, the near-field optical scanning system exhibits nearly linear behavior. The region of linear operation depends on the index of the sample and on the probe-to-sample spacing.
Yto Barrada: Tangier's Changing Cosmopolitanisms

This article looks at French-Moroccan artist Yto Barrada's artwork and her role at the Cinematheque de Tanger (CdT) in response to the mutating cosmopolitanisms of contemporary Tangier, Morocco. The article focuses on her projects A Life Full of Holes: The Strait Project, Iris Tingitana , and "Palm Project" in relation to the tight border with Spain and the new focus on development in Tangier. The CdT, an artists' project cofounded and currently directed by Barrada, is read as a response to questions posed by Barrada's personal work and particularly within the context of the city's contemporary development.
Memory for Relevant and Irrelevant Information: Evidence for Deficient Inhibitory Processes in Language/ Learning Disabled Children

The present study examined whether language/learning disabled children have greater difficulty than nondisabled children suppressing information that becomes irrelevant during a sentence processing and memory task. During study trials, children were asked to predict and remember the terminal nouns for a series of sentences that highly constrained a terminal noun. For half of the study trials (fillers) the child's prediction was confirmed by presenting the child with the expected ending (e.g., "Butterflies fly by flapping their . . . wings."). For the remaining study trials (critical trials), however, the sentence ending expected by the child was disconfirmed with a low-probability ending (target noun). Thus, when presented with the sentence, "We made a sandwich with peanut butter and . . . ," the child's prediction ("jelly") was disconfirmed with a different ending ("bananas"). Memory for the disconfirmed and target nouns of critical study trials were subsequently tested implicitly with a new sentence-completion task. In this case, memory for disconfirmed and target nouns that had been associated with individual study sentences were measured in terms of priming effects. The analysis of priming effects indicated that language/learning disabled children experienced greater difficulty than nondisabled children inhibiting the activation of irrelevant information (disconfirmed nouns) and sustaining the activation of relevant information (target nouns) during a verbal memory task. These results were discussed in terms of their implications for some of the memory and language difficulties of language/learning disabled children.
A visual assay to monitor purification of cell surface antigens reacting with monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract We have developed a visual microtiter assay to detect solubilized cell-surface antigens which react with monoclonal antibodies. The assay depends on the ability of adsorbed monoclonal antibody to bind target cells to microtiter V wells, and the inhibition of binding by antigen. We have used this assay to follow a 600-fold purification of the human lymphocyte differentiation antigen 3A1 extracted from HSB-2 cells. Antigen 3A1 is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 40, 000 daltons.
Intraoperative real-time monitoring of brain stem facial evoked response (BFER)†

Injury to the facial nerve is of concern in surgery of cerebellopontine angle tumors. The crossed acoustic reflex provides a way to monitor the ipsilateral facial nerve with the auditory stimuli delivered to the contralateral side. Using the method of optimum digital filtering, it is possible to monitor the resulting brain stem facial evoked response (BFER) in real time. This paper presents preliminary experiences in more than 18 such operations monitored using this method. This preliminary study demonstrates a trend for a high (88.8%) correlation between BFER and postoperative facial nerve function. Identical latencies from simultaneous BFER and facial nerve recordings along with findings after facial nerve transection suggest that some portion of the complex BFER waveform derives from facial nerve depolarization.
The lost waterfront of New York

Abstract No integrated municipal policy exists for managing the New York City waterfront. Despite much rhetoric and many proposals to renew the city's coast, the municipal government has done little to improve the city's coastal shoreline. External organizations and citizens’ groups have been largely responsible for efforts to improve the use of the city's coastal resources. This article assesses the role of the city government and analyzes the factors affecting its performance in coastal management. It proposes new policies to foster local initiatives and encourages private and public cooperation in the revitalization of the coast. Given the size and diversity of the city's coast, an incremental strategy may be the most feasible and sensible approach to recapture the city's lost waterfront.
The reliability of exchangeable binary systems

Abstract Assuming that the components of a system are Bernoulli and positive dependent by mixture, we can estimate the reliability of a k-out-of-n:F system, a consecutive k-out-of-n:F system and a circular consecutive k-out-of-n:F system by using canonical moments.
Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression in the Supraoptic Nucleus of Normoosmotic and Hypoosmotic Rats

1. Hypoosmolality produces a dramatic inhibition of vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) gene expression in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). This study examines the effect of sustained hypoosmolality on global gene expression in the OT and VP magnocellular neurons (MCNs) of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS), in order to detect novel genes in this system that might be involved in osmoregulation in the MCNs. 2. For this purpose, we used Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays to analyze the expression of specific genes in laser microdissected rat SONs, and their changes in expression during chronic hypoosmolality. We identified over 40 genes that had three-fold or more greater expression in the SON versus total hypothalamus, and that also changed more than two fold in expression as a result of the chronic hypoosmolar treatment. These genes contained both novel as well as genes previously known to be present in the SON. All of the raw data for the genes that are expressed in the SON and altered by hypoosmolality can be found on the following NINDS website URL address: http://data.ninds.nih.gov/Gainer/Publications.
Bodyweight following lateral hypothalamic lesions: Set point upset by glucose infusions

Rats which had recovered to Stage 3 or 4 following lateral hypothalamic lesions maintained their bodyweight at a chronically lowered level when eating dry food. Continuous, long term intravenous and intragastric water infusions increased food intake and promoted a slow weight gain. Infusions of a similar volume of 30% glucose led to a small reduction in food intake and a rapid weight gain. Four rats doubled their weight during infusion; when the infusions were stopped all lost weight back to their starting level. These results are discussed in terms of the problems they present for lowered set point interpretations in such animals.
Specific activation of microRNA-127 with downregulation of the proto-oncogene BCL6 by chromatin-modifying drugs in human cancer cells

Summary Expression profiling of T24 cells revealed that 17 out of 313 human miRNAs were upregulated more than 3-fold by simultaneous treatment with the chromatin-modifying drugs 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and 4-phenylbutyric acid. One of these, miR-127, is embedded in a CpG island and is highly induced from its own promoter after treatment. miR-127 is usually expressed as part of a miRNA cluster in normal cells but not in cancer cells, suggesting that it is subject to epigenetic silencing. In addition, the proto-oncogene BCL6 , a potential target of miR-127, was translationally downregulated after treatment. These results suggest that DNA demethylation and histone deacetylase inhibition can activate expression of miRNAs that may act as tumor suppressors.
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of 1,3-dichloro-1,3-diazetidine-2,4-dione

Abstract The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of 1,3-dichloro-1,3-diazetidine-2,4-dione are examined theoretically using the Gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. Each of the vibrational modes was assigned to one of six types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (CO stretch, NC stretch, NCl stretch, NCN bend, NCl bend, and CO bend) utilizing the C2h symmetry of the molecule. Uniform scaling factors was derived for each type of motion. Predicted infrared and Raman intensities are reported.
Gauge invariance of hyperfine structure arising from the two-fermion Bethe-Salpeter equation

The hyperfine structure of a system of two fermions of arbitrary masses is considered. Gauge invariance is demonstrated through order m..cap alpha../sup 5/ for a wide class of covariant gauges. The results agree with those previously obtained in the radiation gauge. New calculational techniques are also developed. (AIP)
Improving the uncertainty of photomask linewidth measurements

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is currently developing a photomask linewidth standard (SRM 2059) with a lower expected uncertainty of calibration than the previous NIST standards (SRMs 473, 475, 476). In calibrating these standards, optical simulation modeling has been used to predict the microscope image intensity profiles, which are then compared to the experimental profiles to determine the certified linewidths. Consequently, the total uncertainty in the linewidth calibration is a result of uncertainty components from the optical simulation modeling and uncertainty due to experimental errors or approximations (e.g., tool imaging errors and material characterization errors). Errors of approximation in the simulation model and uncertainty in the parameters used in the model can contribute a large component to the total linewidth uncertainty. We have studied the effects of model parameter variation on measurement uncertainty using several different optical simulation programs that utilize different mathematical techniques. We have also evaluated the effects of chrome edge runout and varying indices of refraction on the linewidth images. There are several experimental parameters that are not ordinarily included in the modeling simulation. For example, the modeling programs assume a uniform illuminating field (e.g., Koehler illumination), ideal optics and perfect optical alignment. In practice, determining whether Koehler illumination has been achieved is difficult, and the optical components and their alignments are never ideal. We will present some techniques for evaluating Koehler illumination and methods to compensate for scattered (flare) light. Any such experimental elements, that are assumed accurate in the modeling, may actually present significant components to the uncertainty and need to be quantitatively estimated. The present state of metrology does not permit the absolute calibration of linewidth standards to the level of uncertainty called for in the semiconductor roadmap. However, there are applications for a linewidth standard and calibration strategies which do not require a NIST certified calibration (e.g., determining measurement precision). In this paper we present various critical elements of a systematic and thorough evaluation of the key components of linewidth uncertainty as well as our methods for evaluating and reducing modeling and experimental uncertainties.
Bipolar disorders, dystonia, and compulsion after dysfunction of the cerebellum, dentatorubrothalamic tract, and substantia nigra

Bipolar disorders occurred in 3 of 15 (20%) subjects after focal cerebellar circuit lesions. Two presented with rapid cycling bipolar disorder and dystonia, including one with a checking compulsion. Lesions included right cerebellar hypoplasia (bipolar disorder), bilateral cerebellar atrophy (rapid cycling unipolar mania and dystonia), and left midbrain pathology (mixed bipolar disorder, dystonia, and compulsion). Bipolar disorders were associated with cerebellar circuit pathology (p = 0.032) and were more prevalent than in population controls (p = 0.004). Diminished cerebellar output (to cortical, thalamic, basal ganglia, limbic, or other circuits) or nigral pars reticulata dysfunction may result in abnormal neuronal oscillation in bipolar disorders, especially rapid-cycling types, or in dystonia. Review of the literature supports the concept of nigral and cerebellar direct and indirect connections with thalamofrontotemporal and basal ganglia circuits in bipolar disorders, dystonia, and compulsions, as well as possible clinical relationships between these disorders.
Bibliometric Models for Management of an Information Store. II. Use as a Function of Age of Material.

The distribution of use of items in a large information store is examined. The findings suggest that a simple exponential distribution is inadequate and that a multi-factor exponential model describes the process of obsolescence more precisely.
Premature chromosome condensation as a predictive indicator of relapse in children and adolescents with acute leukemia: Initial observations

Premature chromosome condensation has been used to determine a proliferative potential index (PPI) in a study of children in leukemia remission at varying times during the disease. Values 35% and greater were considered predictive of relapse. Such values preceded relapse with a mean of 5 months in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients who had previously relapsed and in myeloid leukemia patients. ALL patients followed from diagnosis and children off therapy had fluctuating and false predictive PPI values preceding long courses of continued remission. This study suggests that the PPI as a predictive indicator for relapse may be useful for patients with ALL who have previously relapsed and for patients with myeloid leukemias. Future exploration to further evaluate this mechanism of prediction is to be attempted by investigating the ability to obtain similar and more detailed information through the use of peripheral blood rather than bone marrow samples.
Relation of platelet count to bleeding and vascular complications in patients undergoing coronary angiography

Vascular and bleeding complications are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, limited data are available on the relation between these complications and the platelet count in patients undergoing coronary angiography. We, therefore, performed a retrospective cohort analysis of 3,466 consecutive adults undergoing coronary angiography at a single institution during a 2-year period. The mean + or - SD age was 60 + or - 13 years; 58% of the patients were men, 67% were white, and 27% were black. The mean platelet count was 242 + or - 86 x 10(9)/L. A total of 143 bleeding or vascular complications (4.2%), as defined using the American College of Cardiology CathPCI Registry criteria, a part of the American College of Cardiology National Cardiovascular Disease Registry, occurred. The risk of complications increased with increasing platelet counts. Compared to the quartile with the lowest platelet counts, the odds ratio (OR) for complications was 1.41 for the second quartile (95% confidence interval 0.83 to 2.37, p = 0.20), 1.74 for the third quartile (95% confidence interval 1.04 to 2.93, p = 0.04), and 2.04 for the fourth quartile (95% confidence interval 1.21 to 3.44, p = 0.008). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, percutaneous coronary intervention, and increasing platelet counts were independent predictors of bleeding and vascular complications. When the analysis was limited to the 2,220 patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography without percutaneous coronary intervention, an increasing platelet quartile was a significant predictor of vascular and/or bleeding complications (OR 1.88, p = 0.08; OR 2.48, p = 0.01; OR 2.52, p = 0.01 for the second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively). In conclusion, the baseline platelet count was a strong and independent risk factor for bleeding and vascular complications in patients undergoing coronary angiography.
Traveling Convective Modes in the Sun's Subsurface Shear Layer

Observations reveal that supergranular convective cells on the Sun rotate faster than the plasma on the solar surface. Recent time-distance helioseismology results from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Michelson Doppler Imager suggest that supergranulation has properties of traveling waves. We consider the idea that these properties are related to the steep increase of the angular rotation rate with depth, obtained by helioseismic inversions. The subsurface shear layer causes the convective modes to travel faster than the surface plasma. We calculate the phase speed of unstable modes of convection in the linear approximation for a standard solar model as a function of the velocity gradient in the shear layer. We find that for the helioseismically determined gradient, the calculated phase speed is significantly smaller than the observed speed of the supergranular pattern relative to the surface plasma. This suggests that, while the subsurface shear layer provides a plausible explanation for the wavelike behavior, it is necessary to study nonlinear effects in the dynamics of supergranulation.
Phase II trial of capecitabine in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.

Abstract Purpose. To determine the efficacy and safety of capecitabine in women with inoperable, recurrent, or metastatic squamous cell cervical cancer. Patients and methods. In a phase II IRB approved trial, capecitabine was given at a dosage of 2000 mg/m 2 /day orally in a divided dose daily for 14 days followed by a 7-day rest period. A standard dose modification scheme was used with one allowed dose reduction or dose escalation. National Cancer Institute criteria for progression, response, and toxicity were utilized. Quality of life data were obtained using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale and Functional Assessment for Cancer Therapy, which included a subscale for cervical cancer. Results. Twenty of 23 enrolled patients were evaluable for response. Stable disease was noted in 5 patients, with a median duration of response of 3.5 months (range, 3–6.5 months). No partial or complete responses were seen. Common grade 3 toxicities were fatigue (30.4%); abdominal pain, constipation, hand–foot syndrome, nausea, and vomiting (8.7% each); as well as dyspnea, headache, and coagulopathy (4.3% each). There were no grade 4 toxicities. All patients with previous exposure to infused 5-FU had evidence of progression. No statistically significant changes in quality of life were noted from baseline to post-cycle 2. Conclusion. Single-agent capecitabine in patients with recurrent cervical cancer resulted in no objective responses. Although capecitabine is a well-tolerated regimen, as a single agent, it offers minimal benefit in a poor-prognosis cervical cancer population.
Food intake and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity after hypothalamic estradiol benzoate implants in rats

Abstract Unilateral implants of estradiol benzoate in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) reduced food intake in ovariectomized rats. The implants did not produce cornification of the vaginal epithelium. Furthermore, the reduction in food intake was observed in the absence of changes in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity or cytoplasmic progestin receptor levels. These results suggest that, while estradiol may normally act at both central and peripheral sites to affect food intake and body weight, estrogenic stimulation of just the VMH may be sufficient to reduce food intake in ovariectomized rats.
Application-specific routing scheme for indoor wireless localization systems

The proposed research focuses on the communication in an RF-based indoor wireless localization system. In such a system, wireless badges attached to people or devices report positions to wireless gateway units. Badges have very limited communication, energy, as well as processing capabilities. However, gateways are significantly less constrained by battery than the badges. Wireless gateway units route collected badge information hop-by-hop towards one central unit of the system. We assume that each gateway unit has one transceiver antenna and is able to determine its own relative position in the system. The goal of this research is to develop an application-specific scheme for information routing and topology control among gateway units with maximum reliability, flexibility, adaptability and acceptable latency. We implemented two protocols (a robust one and a traffic-aware one), however, we shall show that for large networks, the use of multiple routing algorithms is beneficial. We assume that the topology control is fully centralized and the central unit is responsible for network management. We simulated the feasibility of the proposed novel two-protocol routing scheme and compared this scheme to a well-known dynamic source routing scheme. We demonstrated noticeable improvements in terms of robustness, traffic-awareness, and throughput. We also showed that the use of multiple protocols in our application-specific wireless indoor localization system will enhance the overall system performance.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Genetic control of hepatocarcinogenesis in C3H mice

(1994). Genetic Control of Hepatocarcinogenesis In C3H Mice. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 26, No. 1-2, pp. 201-208.