cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modified Intramuscular Transposition of the Ulnar Nerve

The ulnar nerve passes posterior to the medial epicondyle and experiences longitudinal strain when subjected to elbow flexion. Furthermore, Osborne's ligament and the arcade of fibers between the 2 heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris (Osborne's fascia) compress the nerve during elbow flexion with narrowing of the cubital tunnel passageway. Some patients experience the added element of nerve subluxation over the posterior edge of the epicondyle. When changes to daytime ergonomic behavior and sleep posture prove insufficient to relieve a patient's symptoms, surgical treatment is warranted. A range of procedures exists from simple decompression, to medial epicondylectomy, to anterior transposition. Transposition has been the most widely used method of treatment with the final position of the nerve lying subcutaneous, intramuscular, or submuscular. Each of the transposition methods has proponents with a variety of arguments made in favor of specific aspects of the surgery. This article presents a form of anterior transposition that seeks to draw the best elements from previously reported techniques with the goal of optimizing results.
Probing Cellular Function in the Living Retina with Adaptive Optics

Abstract (35 Word Limit) High resolution fluorescence imaging of the living mouse, monkey, and human eye with adaptive optics can reveal functional activity in single cells throughout the retina.
AFM Study of Nucleation and Void Formation in SiC Carbonization of Si

In this paper the nucleation mechanisms for SiC thin film growth are studied by rapid thermal CVD and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The nucleation mode was found to be strongly dependent on the hydrocarbon partial pressure in the gas stream, for a fixed reaction time. In the case of three-dimensional (island) growth at low precursor concentration, cross-sectional SEM micrographs indicate that no voids are present at the center of each nucleus (or island). Voids begin to form when two neighboring nuclei come in contact. AFM has shown that trenches are present in the Si substrate around each isolated nucleus. The trench depth increases with the diameter of the island. AFM analysis of films grown for a nominal reaction time of 1 sec at different propane concentrations indicates that: (1) SiC grain size and surface roughness decreases with increasing propane concentration; (2) SiC grain density increases with increasing propane concentration. Based on the above evidence, the following nucleation mechanism is proposed: (a) the initial nucleation density is determined by the precursor concentration in the reaction gas; b) each nucleus grows larger, both laterally and vertically, by consuming Si around it; (c) voids are formed when nuclei grow large enough to come in contact, and not at the original nucleation sites.
Looking for a win-win solution. Editorial on " Acute care surgery in the USA - The orthopaedic conflict"

I read with interest the editorial by Dr. Babu, which was based upon his brief elective experience at my home institution (Massachusetts General Hospital). First of all, let me state that at the MGH we have one of the best models of collaboration between the general trauma and orthopedic trauma services that you will find anywhere. This close relationship is based upon mutual trust, respect, and an unwavering commitment to do what is in the best interest of our patients. Individual surgeons from both services are not only professional colleagues but also close friends who clearly understand that they bring very different but complimentary strengths to this relationship. In reality, poly-trauma patients with severe pelvic fractures, mangled extremities, combined orthopedic and vascular injuries, large soft tissue defects, or other associated lethal injuries to the brain, spinal cord or solid organs, require a team (not an individual surgeon) to deliver the appropriate care. In fact, United States arguably has one of the best trauma systems in the world. Injured patients receive coordinated, seamless, and expertise-driven service, delivered by an integrated system that spans the entire spectrum of care (prevention, pre-hospital care, acute management, and rehabilitation). We enjoy a large network of trauma centers that are carefullyaccredited and certified according to strict guideline. 1 Development of trauma systems has placed the care of the severely injured patients into the hands of specialists, with a dramatic improvement in outcomes. 2
High osmotic stress behavior of hyaluronate and heparin

Using polyethylene glycol and dextran as osmotic stressing agents, the concentrations of hyaluronate and heparin were measured as a function of osmotic pressure II over the range of 0.03 to nearly 50 atmospheres. The experimental results were analyzed in terms of the Donnan osmotic pressure, the virial expansion, and Flory's first neighbor interaction parameter. In addition, II was looked at as a function of the reciprocal cube root of the concentration, which represents an average intermonomer spacing at high concentrations. The decay lengths in the so-called hydration region were found to be around 2.6 A and negligibly salt dependent. In the electrostatically dominated region the decay lengths were found to be dependent on the ionic strength, but not simply so. The osmotic compressibilities were also calculated, and were compared to compressibility data of corneal stroma and articular cartilage. These latter compressibilities were close to those for the pure hyaluronate and heparin, strengthening the evidence that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are largely responsible for connective tissue compressibility. Higher compressibilities for previously reported GAG data is thought to be related to the protein content of those samples.
Chromium-removal processes during groundwater remediation by a zerovalent iron permeable reactive barrier.

Solid-phase associations of chromium were examined in core materials collected from a full-scale, zerovalent iron permeable reactive barrier (PRB) at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center located near Elizabeth City, NC. The PRB was installed in 1996 to treat groundwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium. After eight years of operation, the PRB remains effective at reducing concentrations of Cr from average values >1500 μg L-1 in groundwater hydraulically upgradient of the PRB to values <1 μg L-1 in groundwater within and hydraulically downgradient of the PRB. Chromium removal from groundwater occurs at the leading edge of the PRB and also within the aquifer immediately upgradient of the PRB. These regions also witness the greatest amount of secondary mineral formation due to steep geochemical gradients that result from the corrosion of zerovalent iron. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy indicated that chromium is predominantly in the trivalent oxidation state, confirming that red...
A role for granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the regulation of CD8+ T cell responses to rabies virus

Inflammatory cytokines have a significant role in altering the innate and adaptive arms of immune responses. Here, we analyzed the effect of GM-CSF on a RABV-vaccine vector co-expressing HIV-1 Gag. To this end, we immunized mice with RABV expressing HIV-1 Gag and GM-CSF and analyzed the primary and recall CD8+ T cell responses. We observed a statistically significant increase in antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the spleen and draining lymph nodes in response to GM-CSF. Despite the increase in APCs, the primary and memory anti HIV-1 CD8+ T cell response was significantly lower. This was partly likely due to lower levels of proliferation in the spleen. Animals treated with GM-CSF neutralizing antibodies restored the CD8+ T cell response. These data define a role of GM-CSF expression, in the regulation of the CD8+ T cell immune responses against RABV and has implications in the use of GM-CSF as a molecular adjuvant in vaccine development.
Flap tearing during lift-flap laser in situ keratomileusis retreatment.

A flap tear occurred during laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) retreatment using a flap-lifting technique in 1 eye of 2 patients 4 to 5 months after the primary procedure. In the first case, the tear occurred in a decentered, standard thickness flap (168 μm) in a location close to the corneal limbus and limbal vessels. In the second case, the tear occurred in a well-centered thin flap (116 μm) that involved a peripheral corneal pannus. The false track was identified early, and central extension of the tear was averted. After the flap was successfully dissected, retreatment was performed without further complications. This report suggests that flaps with margins near the limbus or a corneal pannus may be prone to an earlier and stronger healing process at the edge that may lead to a flap tear during LASIK retreatment. This may be of increasing importance because of the trend toward larger flap diameters.
Current Antenna Near-Field Measurement Research at the Georgia Institute of Technology

Current progress in antenna near-field measurement techniques is presented. Emphasis is given to probe compensation for the spherical measurement system and to correction for probe position error in the planar measurement system. Also discussed are the recent design, implementation and validation of a cylindrical near-field range.
Transition metal ion complexes of thiosemicarbazones derived from 2-acetylpyridine. Part 3. The 3-hexamethyleneimine derivative

Metal ion complexes of the thiosemicarbazone, 3-hexamethyleneimine-3-thiocarboxylic acid-2-[1-(2-pyridyl)-ethylidene]hydrazide (HLhexim) have been prepared and spectrally characterized. HLhexim coordinates primarily as the deprotonated tridentate ligand (i.e., pyridylN, azomethineN, and thione sulphur). The air oxidised cobalt(III) complex, [Co(LHexim)2] (BF4), was isolated from the preparation with cobalt(II) tetrafluoroborate, but other cobalt(II) salts yielded tetrahedral cobalt(II) compounds. Planar nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes were isolated from preparations with halide salts. Significant differences in the spectral properties of the various complexes are observed when compared to other thiosemicarbazones prepared from 2-acetylpyridine.
Speckle-Tracking 2-Dimensional Strain Echocardiography: A New Noninvasive Imaging Tool to Evaluate Acute Rejection in Cardiac Transplantation

Background There remains no reliable non-invasive method to detect cardiac transplant rejection. Recently, speckle-tracking 2-dimensional strain echocardiography (2DSE) was shown to be sensitive in the early detection of myocardial dysfunction in various models of cardiomyopathy. We aim to determine if 2DSE-derived functional indices can detect cardiac transplant rejection. Methods Heterotopic rat cardiac transplantation was performed in histocompatible isografts or histoincompatible allografts. Histologic rejection scores were determined. Short-axis, mid-left ventricular (LV) echocardiography was performed on Day 6 after transplantation. Conventional measures of function were measured, (including LV fractional shortening and ejection fraction) as well as 2DSE parameters. Results Despite class IIIB rejection in allografts and no rejection in isografts, there was no difference between isografts vs allografts in fractional shortening (15% ± 3% vs 12% ± 3%) or ejection fraction (36% ± 5% vs 26% ± 6%; both not significant). In contrast, 2DSE revealed decreases between isografts and allografts in global radial strain (12.6% ± 5.6% vs 1.1% ± 0.2%, p p p Conclusions Systolic strain imaging using 2DSE differentiates myocardial function between experimental cardiac transplant rejection in allografts and non-rejection in isografts. Therefore, 2DSE may be useful in early non-invasive detection of transplant rejection.
Functional Assessment and Intervention by Nursing Assistants in Hospice and Palliative Care Inpatient Care Settings: A Quality Improvement Pilot Study

This study assessed the impact of a nursing assistant-led functional intervention in an urban hospice. Thirty-three patients participated. A physical therapist trained 4 nursing assistants to assess 4 basic functional activities at admission and discharge and to provide daily activity training to intervention group participants. Control group participants were assessed at admission and discharge and received the usual standard of care. Both groups improved. The intervention group participants demonstrated significant improvement in the Timed up and Go test as well as their self-reported ability to achieve goals on the Patient-Specific Functional Scale. Control group participants made significant improvements in the ability to move from supine to sit in bed. These findings suggest that nursing assistants can provide activity-based assessment and intervention leading to improved function among patients in hospice.
Oligomerization state influences the degradation rate of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase.

Abstract The steady-state level of the resident endoplasmic reticulum protein, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), is regulated, in part, by accelerated degradation in response to excess sterols or mevalonate. Previous studies of a chimeric protein (HM-Gal) composed of the membrane domain of HMGR fused to Escherichia coli β-galactosidase, as a replacement of the normal HMGR cytosolic domain, have shown that the regulated degradation of this chimeric protein, HM-Gal, is identical to that of HMGR (Chun, K. T., Bar-Nun, S., and Simoni, R. D. (1990)J. Biol. Chem. 265, 22004–22010; Skalnik, D. G., Narita, H., Kent, C., and Simoni, R. D. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 6836–6841). Since the cytosolic domain can be replaced with β-galactosidase without effect on regulated degradation, it has been assumed that the cytosolic domain was not important to this process and also that the membrane domain of HMGR was both necessary and sufficient for regulated degradation. In contrast to our previous results with HM-Gal, we observed in this study that replacement of the cytosolic domain of HMGR with various heterologous proteins can have an effect on the regulated degradation, and the effect correlates with the oligomeric state of the replacement cytosolic protein. Chimeric proteins that are oligomeric in structure are relatively stable, and those that are monomeric are unstable. To test the hypothesis that the oligomeric state of the cytosolic domain of HMGR influences degradation, we use an “inducible” system for altering the oligomeric state of a protein in vivo. Using a chimeric protein that contains the membrane domain of HMGR fused to three copies of FK506-binding protein 12, we were able to induce oligomerization by addition of a “double-headed” FK506-like “dimerizer” drug (AP1510) and to monitor the degradation rate of both the monomeric form and the drug-induced oligomeric form of the protein. We show that this chimeric protein, HM-3FKBP, is unstable in the monomeric state and is stabilized by AP1510-induced oligomerization. We also examined the degradation rate of HMGR as a function of concentrations within the cell. HMGR is a functional dimer; therefore, its oligomeric state and, we predict, its degradation rate should be concentration-dependent. We observed that it is degraded more rapidly at lower concentrations.
Determining the financial feasibility of privatized military housing initiatives with DSS-delivered quantitative models

Abstract The armed services must provide their personnel with acceptable housing at minimum cost within the vicinity of military installations. To help achieve these housing objectives, the Department of Defense (DoD) has entered into experimental joint ventures with private developers to construct attractive housing on military installation property. To support the analysis of the joint ventures, the DoD needed quantitative models that would help officials evaluate the feasibility of the housing projects. A decision support system, called the Housing Revitalization Support Office System (HRSOS), has been developed to deliver the necessary models. A key component of HRSOS is a collection of econometric, project occupancy, and simulation models that determine a project's financial outcomes. This paper describes the models, their role in the joint venture evaluation process, and the decision support system used to deliver the analyses and reports to DoD officials. The paper also presents the benefits from using the model and discusses the implications for public finance and military housing management. Scope and purpose Historically, military housing has been acquired, maintained, and managed through the Department of Defense with public funds. The process has become quite expensive, and military personnel and officials have not always been satisfied with the resulting accommodations. To rectify the situation, the Department of Defense (DoD) established an agency, called the Housing Revitalization Support Office (HRSO), to develop innovative privatization initiatives that would improve the quality of military housing and reduce government expenditures for the accommodations. A decision support system, called the Housing Revitalization Support Office System (HRSO), has been developed to help government officials evaluate, among other things, the financial feasibility of the privatization initiatives. This paper presents the system and its underlying econometric and simulation models, examines the economic and management benefits from using the system, and discusses the implications for public finance and military housing management. The HRSOS situation represents a new application for operations research and other quantitative methodologies. In addition, it further illustrates how such methodologies can be delivered effectively to non-technical managers through decision support systems.
Identification of Volatile Off-flavors in Reduced-fat Cheddar Cheeses Containing Lecithin

Abstract Volatile components of 6 mo. 33% reduced-fat Cheddar cheeses and reduced-fat cheeses containing deoiled granular soy lecithin, ca 2 g/100 g of cheese, were isolated by vacuum distillation-solvent extraction. Extracts were separated into neutral/basic and acidic fractions. Volatile constituents in each fraction were analyzed by gas chromatography/olfactometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A side-by-side comparison of neutral/basic fractions from the two cheeses revealed many alkanals, alkenals, and dienals present when the lecithin was added. Among these, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal (fatty/sweet), (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal (corn chip/stale/hay), (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (fatty/fried), and (E)-2-nonenal (stale/bitter) were detected at high odor intensities. Based on the quantitative data, (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal were the main compounds contributing to the off-flavors in reduced-fat Cheddar cheeses when lecithin was added.
Mechanisms of apoptosis by the tyrphostin AG957 in hematopoietic cells

Abstract AG957 (NSC 654705) is a tyrphostin tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been demonstrated previously to induce growth arrest in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells by inhibiting p210 bcr–abl kinase activity and by stabilizing the association of p210 bcr–abl kinase with its signaling adaptor molecules, Shc and Grb2. In previous studies, it has been demonstrated that AG957-associated down-regulation of bcr–abl activates the cytochrome c /Apaf-1/caspase-9 pathway and induces apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia blasts and progenitor cells. While AG957 has been purported to have specificity for the p210 bcr–abl kinase, antiproliferative effects of AG957 in normal T-lymphocytes and bcr–abl negative leukemia cells suggest that other targets, such as c-CBL, may be substrates. In this study, we explored the mechanisms of AG957-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis in the p210 bcr–abl negative leukemia cell lines Nalm-6 and Jurkat, and demonstrate that AG957-mediated apoptosis is associated with altered phosphorylation of Akt and BAD, which destabilizes the Bcl-xL/BAD complex and releases the block to apoptosis. We, therefore, propose that AG957 induces apoptosis in bcr–abl negative hematopoietic cells by affecting the phosphorylation state of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt.
The Case(s) of Gordon Allport

ABSTRACT Gordon Allport has frequently been criticized for advocating the use of idiographic studies but undertaking only one such study himself. This article describes Allport's work on the case of Marion Taylor, an unpublished study that clearly contributed to his later work on the case method. The unfinished Taylor case materials suggest that Ada Allport was an important collaborator in Allport's work with individual cases. The case of Taylor is compared with the later case of Jenny Masterson using Allport's rules for the preparation of case studies in order to shed light on Allport's ambivalence regarding case studies.
Reduction of triceps muscle force after shortening of the distal humerus: A computational model

Bone deficiency resulting in shortening of the distal humerus may occur after fractures, treatment of nonunions, or revision of total elbow arthroplasty. A biomechanical model of the triceps muscle and tendon was used to investigate the effect of distal humeral shortening on triceps force production. The analysis indicated that shortening of the distal humerus primarily influences the media head of the triceps, which contributes most to elbow extension strength in extended elbow positions. In a posture of 30 degrees elbow flexion, shortening the distal humerus by 1, 2, and 3 cm reduced the extension strength by 17%, 40%, and 63%, respectively. At 90 degrees of flexion, strength was reduced by 11%, 15%, and 21%, respectively. This result suggests that shortening the humerus by 1 cm may be well tolerated, but shortening by 2 or more cm may cause a significant reduction in triceps force. This would be particularly important in patients requiring terminal extension strength for weight bearing.
Poly(A)-binding protein binds to the non-polyadenylated 3' untranslated region of dengue virus and modulates translation efficiency.

Poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) is a key player in mRNA circularization and translation initiation of polyadenylated mRNAs. It simultaneously binds the 3′ poly(A) tail of an mRNA and eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G), which forms part of the translation initiation complex assembling at the 5′end, thus circularizing the RNA molecule and enhancing translation initiation. Here, we report the binding of PABP to the non-polyadenylated 3′end of dengue virus (DENV) RNA. PABP binds the DENV 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) internally, upstream of the conserved 3′stem–loop near the two dumb-bell structures, and can be displaced by poly(A) RNA. The PABP-specific translation inhibitor PABP-interacting protein 2 (Paip2) interferes with the DENV 3′UTR–PABP interaction, and in vitro translation of DENV reporter RNAs in baby hamster kidney cell extracts is inhibited by Paip2 in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings show an expanded translation mechanism for PABP, binding to a viral RNA lacking a terminal poly(A) tail.
The mRNA encoding elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α) is a major transcript at the midblastula transition in Xenopus

Abstract A Xenopus laevis gastrula cDNA library has been screened in order to identify sequences that are expressed early in development. We find that the mRNA encoding translation elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α) is synthesized in very large amounts in the early embryo. Transcription of EF-1α mRNA commences at the midblastula transition (MBT), and new EF-1α protein is synthesized very soon after this, as determined by the association of EF-1α mRNA with polysomes. The nucleotide sequence of a full-length EF-1α cDNA clone and the deduced amino acid sequence of Xenopus EF-1α protein are presented.
MAGNETO-THERMAL INSTABILITIES IN AN ORGANIC SUPERCONDUCTOR

Angle and temperature dependent torque magnetization measurements are reported for the organic superconductor κ-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2, at extremely low temperatures (~ Tc/103). Magneto-thermal instabilities are observed in the form of abrupt magnetization (flux) jumps. We carry out an analysis of the temperature and field orientation dependence of these flux jumps based on accepted models for layered type-II superconductors. Using a simple Bean model, we also find a critical current density of 4 × 108A/m2 from the remnant magnetization, in agreement with previous measurements.
High-resolution CT: Normal anatomy, techniques, and pitfalls

High-resolution CT (HRCT) as a technique has shown an increasing role in the evaluation of known or suspected lung disease. To accurately interpret HRCT, an awareness of normal lung and pleural anatomy is essential. Knowledge of optimal HRCT technique is necessary to avoid misinterpretation and increase diagnostic accuracy. In addition, the potential technical and patient-related pitfalls are many. This article discusses normal lung and pleural anatomy, the technique of HRCT, and potential technical and patient-related pitfalls of HRCT.
Motional Stark Effect on Li Vapor Photoabsorption in High Magnetic Fields

Calculation of the motional Stark effect for $B\ensuremath{\sim}50$ kG shows it to become dominant along Rydberg series of light elements at $T\ensuremath{\sim}1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$C before the diamagnetic shift changes the spectrum from Rydberg to Landau type, thus accounting for the $\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ spacing observed in Li. This spacing is preserved when both of the competing effects---motional Stark and Landau modulation---are strong. The spectrum appears to depend critically on the relative position of the thresholds for the onset of the two effects.
A FULLY NONPARAMETRIC TEST FOR ONE‐WAY LAYOUTS

Summary The use of a vector of sign statistics as the basis of a nonparametric test for equality of distributions in one-way layouts is considered. An important feature of this test is its ability to detect a broad range of alternatives, including scale and shape differences. In this scenario, the data consist of several independent measurements on each treatment or subject. Presented here are a finite sample and asymptotic distribution theory for the test statistics and a discussion of a follow-up clustering procedure based on a mixture model approximation. Finally, the methods are illustrated using two examples from the literature.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGION, SELF-ESTEEM, AND DELINQUENCY

ABSTRACT The impact of religious and self-esteem factors on delinquency has received considerable attention. Despite significant contributions, however, few studies have explored whether the combined effects of religion and self-esteem influence crime/delinquency. The present study examines (a) whether religion, self-esteem, and delinquency are interrelated, and (b) whether the interaction of religion and self-esteem, as well as the main effects of these factors, affects delinquency. Through an examination of 15 OLS regression models, the findings are twofold: (a) main effects of religion and self-esteem affect certain forms of delinquency, and (b) the combined effects of religion and self-esteem do not affect delinquency. The impact of religion and self-esteem on delinquency has received considerable attention. Much of this attention, however, has been devoted to one of two relationships: (a) the impact of religion on delinquency, and (b) the impact of self-esteem on delinquency. Although these studies h...
GISP2 Oxygen Isotope Ratios

The GISP2 oxygen isotope record, with its high-resolution detail, yields crucial information on past climate change. The glacial δ18O oscillations of the GISP2 core, with their very fast onsets, are templates of a prototype oscillation of variable duration with an amplitude of 3.9‰. The halfway mark of the cold–warm transition is reached in 2 years; the top is reached in 50 years. The δ18O–time gradient of the leading front is about 7.8‰ per 100 yr. After reaching the top, δ18O slowly declines by −0.14‰ per 100 yr. The duration of δ18O decline varies from a couple of centuries for fast oscillations to about 4000 yr for slower ones. The subsequent δ18O downturn during the warm–cold transition has a δ18O–time gradient of −3.2‰ per 100 yr and lasts about 80 yr.
Effect of glass filler size on the tensile properties and tear strength of polybutadiene

An experimental study of the tensile properties, tear strength, hysteresis, and swelling ratio of model composite elastomeric compounds consisting of polybutadiene filled with glass beads has been carried out as a function of the size of the beads. The diameter of the beads ranged from 25 to 1000 μm and the volume fractions examined were 0.16, 0.092, and 0.048. Mechanical properties of the filled elastomers were functions of the loading (separation distance), the particle size (surface area/volume), and the elastomer-filler systems studied.
Petrogenesis of cataclastic rocks within the San Andreas fault zone of Southern California U.S.A.

Abstract This paper petrologically characterizes cataclastic rocks derived from four sites within the San Andreas fault zone of southern California. In this area, the fault traverses an extensive plutonic and metamorphic terrane and the principal cataclastic rock formed at these upper crustal levels is unindurated gouge derived from a range of crystalline rocks including diorite, tonalite, granite, aplite, and pegmatite. The mineralogical nature of this gouge is decidedly different from the “clay gouge” reported by Wu (1975) for central California and is essentially a rock flour with a quartz, feldspar, biotite, chlorite, amphibole, epidote and oxide mineralogy representing the milled-down equivalent of the original rock. Clay development is minor (less than 4 wt. %) to nonexistent and is exclusively kaolinite. Alterations involve hematitic oxidation, chlorite alteration on biotite and amphibole, and local introduction of calcite. Electron microprobe analysis showed that in general the major minerals were not reequilibrated with the pressure—temperature regime imposed during cataclasis. Petrochemically, the form of cataclasis that we have investigated is largely an isochemical process. Some hydration occurs but the maximum amount is less than 2.2% added H 2 O. Study of a 375 m deep core from a tonalite pluton adjacent to the fault showed that for Si, Al, Ti, Fe, Mg, Mn, K, Na, Li, Rb, and Ba, no leaching and/or enrichment occurred. Several samples experienced a depletion in Sr during cataclasis while lesser number had an enrichment of Ca (result of calcite veining). Texturally, the fault gouge is not dominated by clay-size material but consists largely of silt and fine sand-sized particles. An intriguing aspect of our work on the drill core is a general decrease in particulate size with depth (and confining pressure) with the predominate shifting sequentially from fine sand to silt-size material. The original fabric of these rocks is commonly not disrupted during the cataclasis. It is evident that the gouge development in these primarily igneous crystalline terranes is largely an in situ process with minimal mixing of rock types. Fabric analyses reveal that brecciation (shattering), not shearing, is the major deformational mechanism at these upper crustal levels.
Subtractive W contact and local interconnect co-integration (CLIC)

The resistivity of W interconnects deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is studied. The impacts of the deposition process and liner film stacks are explored. The results show acceptable resistivity for local interconnect (LI) applications with a linewidth down to 20nm and a wiring pitch down to 60nm. An integration scheme for combining a CVD W contact and local interconnect is explored as a means of providing a compact wiring solution with minimal impact on process complexity. The wiring concept is validated by integrating the local interconnects with trigate transistors.
Zinc transporter ZnT-3 regulates presynaptic Erk1/2 signaling and hippocampus-dependent memory

The physiological role of vesicular zinc at central glutamatergic synapses remains poorly understood. Here we show that mice lacking the synapse-specific vesicular zinc transporter ZnT3 (ZnT3KO mice) have reduced activation of the Erk1/2 MAPK in hippocampal mossy fiber terminals, disinhibition of zinc-sensitive MAPK tyrosine phosphatase activity, and impaired MAPK signaling during hippocampus-dependent learning. Activity-dependent exocytosis is required for the effect of zinc on presynaptic MAPK and phosphatase activity. ZnT3KO mice have complete deficits in contextual discrimination and spatial working memory. Local blockade of zinc or MAPK in the mossy fiber pathway of wild-type mice impairs contextual discrimination. We conclude that ZnT3 is important for zinc homeostasis modulating presynaptic MAPK signaling and is required for hippocampus-dependent memory.
CHROMOSOME DUPLICATION AND THE CELL CYCLE IN LENS EPITHELIUM.

PREVIOUS experiments have shown that a penetrating needle injury to the central area of rabbit lens epithelium in vivo produces a response in which a large number of cells synthesize DNA and divide1. This response begins characteristically at the site of injury and progresses farther and farther away from the wound with time. Experiments have indicated that DNA synthesis is initiated in the cells closest to the wound at about 12–14 h after injury2. Mitosis is first seen at about 24 h after injury. The rate at which the wave of DNA synthesis travels was calculated to be about 17 µ/h. The typical picture obtained at 48 h after injury shows a band of cells which are synthesizing DNA and completely encircle the wound. Another band of mitotic figures is seen encircling the wound and lying between the DNA synthesis band and the injury but close to the DNA synthesis band. Frequently, when the injuries are larger (these can be obtained by using a larger needle) a ‘second wave’ of DNA synthesis and mitosis can be seen.
Molecular mechanisms for corrosion of silica and silicate glasses

Abstract Dissolution, selective leaching, and stress-corrosion cracking are all processes which can degrade the performance of silica and silicate glasses exposed to aqueous environments. Reactions which corrode glass in water include hydration, hydrolysis and condensation, and ion-exchange processes. Techniques such as solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies, pH stat titrations and elemental depth profiling have been used to establish the relative importance of the above reactions on glass degradation as a function of solution pH and composition, temperature and stress level. This paper reviews results obtained for silica, alkali silicate, and alkali boro- and aluminosilicate glasses. For most glasses, the rate at which water enters the glass structure controls the kinetics of the other glass-water reactions, explaining the corrosion characteristics of different glass compositions.
Quantification of fibre polymerization through Fourier space image analysis

Quantification of changes in the total length of randomly oriented and possibly curved lines appearing in an image is a necessity in a wide variety of biological applications. Here, we present an automated approach based upon Fourier space analysis. Scaled, band-pass filtered power spectral densities of greyscale images are integrated to provide a quantitative measurement of the total length of lines of a particular range of thicknesses appearing in an image. A procedure is presented to correct for changes in image intensity. The method is most accurate for two-dimensional processes with fibres that do not occlude one another.
Control of schistosomiasis: the Puerto Rican experience.

Abstract Following the discovery of Schistosomiusis mansoni on the island of Puerto Rico in 1904, studies based on fecal samples were done to determine the extent of the problem. By 1953 a Bilharzia Control Unit had been established within the Puerto Rico Department of Health and a snail control project was instituted in an attempt to disrupt the transmission cycle of the schistosome parasite. Considerable attention was given to the study of the ecologies of transmission foci in order to better understand the interrelationships among people, snails, and schistosomes. During the 1960s the useful but limited method of fecal sampling was replaced by the intradermal skin test using schistosome antigen. Three surveys using the intradermal test had been carried out by 1976. and they revealed a changing pattern in the prevalence of schistosomiasis on the island. The various control programs and social factors responsible for this shift are assessed in terms of their contributions to the total program of control. Unlike many other control programs, the Puerto Rican effort has not stressed chemotherapy but rather has relied on measures such as snail control, improvements in water supplies, and better sanitation. Since the initial intradermal test of 1963, prevalence of schistosomiasis has declined from 12% to approximately 5% in 1976. While undeniably successful, the continuance of snail control as a major factor in the total control program is questionable, as cost analyses indicate that new chemotherapeutic measures might do the job more quickly and cheaply than snail control.
Initial high beta operation of the HBT-EP tokamak

HBT-EP is a new research tokamak designed and built to investigate passive and active feedback techniques to control MHD instabilities. In particular, HBT-EP will be able to test techniques to control fast MHD instabilities occurring at high Troyon-normalized beta, βN ≡ βBa/Ip [Tm/MA], since it is equipped with a thick, close-fitting, and adjustable conducting shell. The major goals of the initial operation of HBT-EP have been the achievement of high beta operation (βN ∼ 3) using only ohmic heating and the observation of MHD instabilities. By using a unique fast startup technique, we have successfully achieved these goals. A variety of MHD phenomena were observed during the high beta operation of HBT-EP. At modest beta (βN ≤ 2), discharges have been maintained for more than 10 msec, and these discharges exhibit saturated resistive instabilities. When βN approaches 3, major disruptions occur preceded by oscillating, growing precursors. During start-up, one or more minor disruptions are usually observed. A 1-D transport code has been used to simulate the evolution of the current profile, and these early minor instabilities are predicted to be double tearing modes. The simulation also reproduces the observed high beta operation when saturated neo-Alcator energy confinement scaling is assumed.
A test of significance for the whitworth distribution

A hypothesis test of whether a sample follows the Whit-worth distribution is described and applied to an example. Its advantages and limitations are also discussed.
Sperm and oocyte communication mechanisms controlling C. elegans fertility

During sexual reproduction in many species, sperm and oocyte secrete diffusible signaling molecules to help orchestrate the biological symphony of fertilization. In the Caenorhabditis elegans gonad, bidirectional signaling between sperm and oocyte is important for guiding sperm to the fertilization site and inducing oocyte maturation. The molecular mechanisms that regulate sperm guidance and oocyte maturation are being delineated. Unexpectedly, these mechanisms are providing insight into human diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, and cancer. Here we review sperm and oocyte communication in C. elegans and discuss relationships to human disorders.
Velocity Modeling to Determine Pore Aspect Ratios of the Haynesville Shale

Summary The Haynesville Shale is productive resource play located in Texas and Louisiana. It produces primarily through enhanced permeability resulting from hydraulic fracturing. Accordingly, it is important to estimate the reservoir properties that influence the elastic and geomechanical properties from seismic data. This work estimates pore shapes, which affect the transport, elastic, and geomechancial properties, from seismic velocity. The effective elastic moduli and velocities of the matrix were calculated using the self-consistent model. The Backus average was used to upscale the high-frequency well log data to the low-frequency seismic scale. Comparisons of calculated velocities from the self-consistent model to upscaled Backus velocities (at 20 Hz and 50 Hz) made it possible to determine pore aspect ratios as a function of depth. The effects of pore-fluid properties were studied by comparing velocities between the self-consistent model and Gassmann substitution for both patchy and uniform fluid satruation. P-wave velocities calculated by the self-consistent model for patchy saturation cases have larger values than those from Gassmann fluid substitution. Estimates of pore aspect ratios for uniform saturation were 0.051 to 0.319 with the average of 0.171. For patchy saturation, the aspect ratios were 0.035 to 0.296 with a mean of 0.145. These results from the patchy case are considered more reasonable values for the Haynesville Shale when considering most likely in situ fluid distributions.
Intervention Research: Pushing Back the Frontiers of Pediatric Psychology

Intervention research in pediatric psychology assumes special importance given continuing pressures to develop and document the efficacy of interventions for pediatric populations. Studies presented in this issue illustrate the need for flexible approaches to intervention research including case studies and randomized trials, comprehensive assessment of health and psychological outcomes, assessment of social validity, identification of moderators of intervention effects, innovative treatment applications and strategies to integrate research and practice. Recommendations to enhance the scientific basis and clinical relevance of intervention research include using case series to document promising methods, collecting data in practice settings, assessing costs versus benefits, defining and assessing quality of psychological interventions, and conducting randomized clinical trials.
Analogue emulation of power system load behaviour

In analogue emulation, a non-linear system model is implemented as a set of reconfigurable analogue circuits. This hardware is actuated, initialised and allowed to settle to a steady state, during which time the user utilises voltage and current measurement devices to observe the system's transient response and static solution. In this study, the authors present the advantages of analogue emulation over digital simulation for fast steady-state and dynamic power system analyses, as required in real-time network operation. They discuss the design, fabrication, construction and testing of a multi-bus power system emulator with focus on a reconfigurable analogue circuit to mimic load. They utilise circuit theory to analyse its operation and present a set of design modifications aimed at improved accuracy.
Phase error corrected 4-bit true time delay module using a cascaded 2 × 2 polymer waveguide switch array

A fully integrated 4-bit true time delay device using polymer optical switches and waveguide delay lines is demonstrated. The fabricated device, which contains five 2x2 thermo-optic switches, has a maximum power consumption of 143 mW and a switching time less than 3 ms. The rf phase error, which is affected by the optical switch cross talk, is also theoretically analyzed and proved to be negligible by experimental results.
Tolerance of Wheat (Poales: Poaceae) Seedlings to Wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae), the subterranean larval stage of the click beetle, are becoming more prevalent in many cropping systems and posing an increasing economic threat to wheat growers in the Pacific Northwest following the cancellation of the insecticide lindane in 2006. Current insecticide seed treatments alone are not adequate for wireworm control. The objective of this study was to evaluate a diverse set of 163 wheat genotypes for tolerance to wireworm feeding. Entries were planted in replicated field trials over 3 yr and evaluated for their performance when grown in the presence of wireworms. Entries were rated based on survival and given a tolerance score. Results indicated that differences exist among wheat genotypes in their level of tolerance to wireworm feeding. In particular, consistently high-ranking genotypes of interest may be ‘BR 18’, ‘Sonalika’, ‘Safed Lerma’, and ‘Hollis’. These genotypes, used in conjunction with other cultural or chemical control methods, may help provide an economic means of controlling wireworms.
Time synchronization over the Internet using an adaptive frequency-locked loop

This paper describes the operation of an algorithm for synchronizing the time of computers using messages transmitted over packet-switched networks such as the Internet. The algorithm configures itself to realize any specified performance level at minimum cost (measured in computer cycles or network bandwidth). If the highest possible accuracy is requested, the performance will be limited by the larger of the instability of the local clock oscillator or the noise in the measurement process between the client and the server; uncertainties of about 8 ms RMS have been obtained using standard workstations and average network connections. Lower accuracy can be realized at substantially lower cost because the cost varies approximately as the inverse of the accuracy squared over a wide range of these parameters. The algorithm makes better use of scarce network bandwidth than previous methods. This improvement is realized by using a pure frequency-locked loop (rather than mixed frequency/phase locking algorithms currently proposed for the NTP) with unequal spacing between calibration cycles. The result is a cleaner separation between network noise and clock noise, which is especially important when the highest possible accuracy is desired. In addition, the algorithm is an improvement over the pure-FLL "Interlock" algorithm described previously because it is self configuring. In addition to supporting an explicit trade-off between cost and accuracy, the algorithm provides better performance than previous methods because it is better able to adapt itself to fluctuations in the asymmetry of the network delay.
An augmented-reality-based real-time panoramic vision system for autonomous navigation

The paper discusses a panoramic vision system for autonomous-navigation purposes. It describes an economic PC-based method for integrating data from multiple camera sources in real time. The views from adjacent cameras are visualized together as a panorama of the scene using a modified correlation-based stitching algorithm. A separate operator is presented with a particular slice of the panorama matching the user's viewing direction. Additionally, a simulated environment is created where the operator can choose to augment the video by simultaneously viewing an artificial three-dimensional (3-D) view of the scene. Potential applications of this system include enhancing quality and range of visual cues, and navigation under hostile circumstances where direct view of the environment is not possible or desirable.
Judgments About Work and the Features of Young Adults’ Jobs:

This study revisits the relationship between adolescent judgments about work and later job characteristics, tackling the twin temporal dimensions of age and history. Drawing on 15 consecutive cohorts of high school seniors, we examine 1) whether adolescents' judgments about work become more strongly predictive of the characteristics of their jobs as they move through their twenties, and 2) whether the relationship between adolescents' judgments about work and their later job characteristics has weakened across cohorts of high school seniors between 1976 and 1990. Findings indicate a limited role of history; the larger life course story of these findings is tied to age. Adolescent judgments about work, measured in the senior year of high school, became more predictive of earnings with age during this period of the life course. They were also most predictive of the level of intrinsic job characteristics at the oldest age we examined, but the pattern was not one of progressive strengthening with age as it was for earnings.