cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lamellar instabilities during scanning laser melting of Al–Cu eutectic and hypoeutectic thin films

Abstract Scanning laser melting was employed to investigate directional solidification in Al–Cu thin films, 200 and 500 nm thick. The Al–Cu alloy films, with both eutectic and hypoeutectic compositions, were co-deposited on fused silica substrates by magnetron sputtering. Melting of the films was carried out in air using a CW laser, as a function of the scan velocity, v, up to 5 cm/s. For eutectic films, regular lamellar microstructure was observed over the entire range of velocities studied. Interlamellar spacings, λ, below 50 nm were readily produced. Results were found to be consistent with studies on bulk Al–Cu alloys, obeying the classic steady state lamellar growth relationship, λ2v = K. However, the value of the constant, K is significantly larger in thin films when compared to bulk. This is attributed to constraints on mechanisms for spacing adjustment in two-dimensional eutectic systems. In the hypoeutectic thin films, a complex lamellar structure was observed as the scan velocity was reduced. Regions of straight lamellae, oscillatory lamellae, solitary tilt waves, and recurring extreme lamellar branching events coexisted across the melt track. Fourier analysis was used to quantify the chaotic area fraction of the films. The transition to chaos occurred as the G/v ratio increased, attributed to approaching a re-entrant eutectic-to-dendritic transition from above. Approaches to further refine laser melting in thin eutectic films in order to better control solidification processes are discussed.
Intensive Care Unit Scoring Systems.

Background Illness severity scoring systems are commonly used in critical care. When applied to the populations for whom they were developed and validated, these tools can facilitate mortality prediction and risk stratification, optimize resource use, and improve patient outcomes. Objective To describe the characteristics and applications of the scoring systems most frequently applied to critically ill patients. Methods A literature search was performed using MEDLINE to identify original articles on intensive care unit scoring systems published in the English language from 1980 to 2020. Search terms associated with critical care scoring systems were used alone or in combination to find relevant publications. Results Two types of scoring systems are most frequently applied to critically ill patients: those that predict risk of in-hospital mortality at the time of intensive care unit admission (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, Simplified Acute Physiology Score, and Mortality Probability Models) and those that assess and characterize current degree of organ dysfunction (Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, and Logistic Organ Dysfunction System). This article details these systems' differing features and timing of use, score calculation, patient populations, and comparative performance data. Conclusion Critical care nurses must be aware of the strengths, limitations, and specific characteristics of severity scoring systems commonly used in intensive care unit patients to effectively employ these tools in clinical practice and critically appraise research findings based on their use.
Efficient Block Convolution

This chapter contains sections titled: Motivation Block Data Formulation Block Convolution ]]>
Associations of plasma osteocalcin and fetuin-A with bone mineral density in post-menopausal women (867.16)

In postmenopausal women, decreases in estrogen disrupt the normal balance of bone turnover, increasing bone resorption relative to bone formation. This study investigated the effects of menopausal hormone treatment (MHT) on volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and markers of bone turnover in plasma of healthy, recently-menopausal women. Women (age 52.3±2.3 yrs; n=115) enrolled in the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) were randomized to either: oral conjugated equine estrogen (oCEE), transdermal 17β estradiol (tE2) each with intermittent oral micronized progesterone or placebo (Pl), for 48 months. vBMD was assessed by quantitative computed tomography of the wrist, and plasma levels of osteocalcin (OCN; a bone turnover marker), and of Fetuin-A, a hepatocyte-derived modulator of osteogenesis, were quantified by ELISA. At 48 months, cortical vBMD at the distal radius had decreased by 2.9% in the Pl group, correspondent with an increase above initial plasma OCN (15.0 ng/ml) of 38.5%. MHT attenua...
Influence of myostatin on skeletal muscle plasticity (1102.22)

Goal: to investigate the role of myostatin (Mst) in adult skeletal muscle structure, function and physical performance. We generated the conditional Mst overexpressing transgenic (CMOT) mice in which Mst expression can be switched ON or OFF. Methods: We used mechanical overloading (MO) (bilateral synergist ablation of plantaris muscle) to determine the role of Mst in muscle structure and function in Mst KO (knockout), TG (transgenic), CMOT and WT (wild type) animals. Results: In CMOT mice, Mst level was 5 -10 times higher compared to WT followed by doxycyclin treatment. After 6 weeks of MO surgery, plantaris muscle specific tension was the highest, but not significant in CMOT; muscle mass increased in each groups, the biggest increase (200%) was in Mst TG; total cross sectional area and fiber number had increased with the highest rate (2.3x and 1,4x, respectively) in CMOT. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) was determined, SDH positive fiber number significantly increased in Mst KO and CMOT; the oxidative fibe...
Mechanisms of Fibrinolysis and Basic Principles of Management

After a clot or thrombus is formed, it is normally dissolved by the fibrinolytic system [1,2]. The central enzyme in fibrin lysis is plasmin (Pn), a serine protease derived from its inactive precursor, plasminogen (Plg), by the action of activators. Pn also cleaves a variety of other substrates including extracellular matrix proteins, and activates other proteases and growth factors. As a result, in addition to fibrinolysis, Plg and Pn are involved in a number of other physiologic and pathophysiologic processes such as cell migration, wound healing, inflammation, embryogenesis, ovulation, angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis, and atherosclerosis. Fibrinolysis occurs first by the conversion of Plg to Pn by a Plg activator, primarily on fibrin, and then by the degradation of fibrin by Pn. Any Pn that comes off fibrin is rapidly inactivated by inhibitors. Attachment of Plg and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) to a clot is mediated by the C-terminal lysine residues on fibrin and the specific lysine-binding sites on the Plg and t-PA molecules. There is a complex system of biochemical reactions comprising fibrinolysis and its regulatory mechanisms (Figure 13.1). Most Pn activity is generated on the fibrin fibers after formation of the ternary complex of fibrin, t-PA, and Plg. Because Pn cleaves at lysine residues, the new C-terminal lysines become exposed and provide additional binding sites for Plg and t-PA, as a positive feedback mechanism. As a consequence, the fibrin network is degraded to soluble fibrin degradation products (FDP). There are a number of mechanisms to moderate the activity of the primary profibrinolytic components, such as Plg activator inhibitor-1
Cocaine Upregulates the Dopamine Transporter in Fetal Rhesus Monkey Brain

Cocaine is a highly addictive drug that binds to the dopamine transporter (DAT), inhibits the reuptake of dopamine, and initiates multiple actions within midbrain dopaminergic systems. Using the rhesus monkey, we have investigated the consequences of in utero cocaine exposure on the expression of DAT in the fetal brain. By using the selective DAT ligand [125I]RTI-121 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry, we found that DAT binding sites are highly developed by day 70 of gestation and show a distribution pattern similar to TH. The rank order of specific 3beta-(4-[125I]iodophenyl)tropane-2beta-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester ([125I]RTI-121) binding densities was substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area > putamen > caudate > lateral hypothalamus > accumbens > linear/interfascicular nuclei >/= globus pallidus > prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, we observed that DAT mRNA was differentially expressed within fetal midbrain dopamine neurons with the highest levels detected in the ventral tier of the substantia nigra pars compacta, and the lowest levels in the ventral tegmental area and the linear/interfascicular nuclei. In utero cocaine exposure between days 22 and 70 significantly increased DAT mRNA expression, and the density of [125I]RTI-121 binding sites within midbrain dopamine neurons in the 70-d-old fetus. This increased DAT expression is accompanied by other presynaptic and postsynaptic neuronal changes, which collectively suggest that midbrain dopamine neurons are hypoactive after prolonged cocaine exposure, a state that may be a contributing factor in the development of attention deficit disorders observed in subjects exposed prenatally to cocaine.
Complexities of Resilience: Adaptation and Change within Human Communities of Coastal Louisiana

Coastal ecosystems and particularly deltaic coastal ecosystems are among the most productive in the world, and this certainly is true of coastal Louisiana. Residents have a long history of fishing, hunting, cattle raising, and farming, which means that they have drawn on a diversity of natural resources and engaged in a seasonal round of activities that has limited their vulnerability to loss associated with any one activity. Such resilience among residents of coastal Louisiana increasingly is challenged by a number of factors outside their control such as sea-level rise, increased strength of tropical storms, subsidence, and loss of wetlands due to these and other factors. Local residents have a storehouse of ecological knowledge based on generations of living with storms but are increasingly facing the need to make decisions about strategic retreat from the coast. Strong emotional ties link people to the land and water of coastal Louisiana as well as to their cultural communities. We document how residents of coastal Louisiana are in the process of adapting to changing conditions and identify four different approaches that might be taken by coastal residents in the future.
Structural violence, urban retail food markets, and low birth weight

This paper investigates urban retail food markets and health in Syracuse, New York. A structured observational analysis found that a majority of corner markets do not sell fresh produce or low fat dairy products, but conduct a lively business selling lottery tickets, cigarettes, and liquor. A comparison of census tracts with and without access to supermarkets that sell fresh produce and other healthy food found that pregnant women living in proximity to a supermarket had significantly fewer low birth weight births than other pregnant women regardless of income level.
Low-Speed Aerodynamics – the theoretical aspects

A narrative on the writing of the theoretical aspects of Low-Speed Aerodynamics is presented. Emphasis is placed on material specifically generated for the text and drawn from the author’s educational, teaching and research experience. The close relationship between the classical small-disturbance theories and the modern computational approach to the solution of the incompressible potential flow problem is highlighted. The key subject areas included in the discussion are thin-airfoil theory, exact solutions with complex variables, perturbation methods including matched asymptotic expansions, lifting-line theory and boundary-layer theory, a topic added in the second edition.
An automatic analysis method of utterance and pause lengths and frequencies

Automatic analysis of the lengths and frequencies of utterance and pauses is highly desirable in the study of large amounts of speech produced by pathologic speakers and of interactive speech such as that between mother and child, clinician and client, and teacher and student. This paper describes a microcomputer-based analysis method of utterance and pause lengths and frequencies in connected speech. The instrumentation consists of a rectifier-smoother circuit, an analog-to-digital convertor and an Apple microcomputer. The printouts list utterances and pauses (in milliseconds) in the order of occurrence, and means and standard deviations of the utterances and pauses. The program and the results of reliability and validity tests of this method are described.
CURRENT ATTITUDES ABOUT PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES IN APA APPROVED INTERNSHIP TRAINING CENTERS.

Summary A questionnaire designed to investigate opinions about the quality of training, responsibilities in teaching, and the attitudinal climate about projective techniques was mailed to the Director of Training at all APA approved internship settings in the United States. Eight-five per cent returned the questionnaires, and the results were classified and analyzed. The majority preferred basic Rorschach training prior to the internship, opposed survey courses as a substitute for solid foundation in one or two projective techniques, and objected to any reduction in semester hours exposure to these methods. Trainees themselves were reported to have shown a sharp drop in using projective techniques in research. The findings did not support the idea that there has been a substantial increase in the use of non-projective methods in clinical settings. Attention was given to opposing points of view about these methods. A plea was made for a re-evaluation of our training goals and for decisions which project re...
Ideal Schottky diodes on passivated silicon

Because of the complicated electronic and metallurgical properties of the metal-semiconductor interface, there is much controversy about the theoretical interpretation of experimental results on Schottky barrier heights. We present a new approch of barrier height measurements on a prototypical clean, abrupt and noninteracting system consisting of mercury contacts to hydrogen-passivated silicon surfaces. The resulting barrier to p-silicon is 0.9 V, totally at variance with all results presented for silicon Schottky barriers fabricated by standard metal deposition techniques. We believe this to be the first report in the limit of noninteracting metal contacts to silicon.
A method of achieving positive pressure in a fire resistance furnace

Positive pressure may be developed at any level in a furnace by locating the flue outlet below instead of above that level and by restricting the area of the flue outlet. Maintaining a constant air supply to the burners is often desirable. Various safety factors are of great importance.
Motivations for rule compliance in support of forest health: replication and extension.

Abstract This study replicates and extends research conducted in 2008. Based on a random sample of 800 campers who used Wisconsin state parks and forests in 2010, it confirms that calculated, normative, and social motivations are all important determinants of firewood movement rule compliance, a context where regulatees have primarily sporadic short-term interests, and where costs of compliance and non-compliance are both low. The study uses bi-variate statistical tests and recursive partitioning (standard and conditional permutation random forests) for analysis, and discusses findings from the perspective of a natural resources regulator of activities in multiple domains (e.g., business and recreational uses of forests in both rural and urban settings). It demonstrates how knowledge of motivations for compliance can inform two integrative research and analysis frameworks – motivational postures and social marketing, and discusses how affect and social norms may be utilized to improve regulator effectiveness.
Pulmonary Vascular Impedance and Recipient Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension Following Cardiac Transplantation

Study objectives Recipient chronic pulmonary hypertension (CPH), secondary to long-standing congestive heart failure, represents a significant risk factor for right ventricular (RV) dysfunction following orthotopic cardiac transplantation (TX). This study was designed to characterize the changes occurring in pulmonary hemodynamics, pre-TX and post-TX, using Fourier analysis, a canine model of bicaval TX, and monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP)-induced recipient CPH. Design Prospective, controlled study. Setting Experimental laboratory. Participants Twenty adult male mongrel dogs (23 to 26 kg). Interventions Recipients underwent pulmonary artery injection of 3 mg/kg MCTP 4 months pre-TX. On the day of TX, donor hearts were instrumented with an ultrasonic flow probe and micromanometers. Harmonic derivation of functional data was achieved with Fourier analysis. Measurements and results At the time of TX, significant increases were observed in the mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance of recipient animals in comparison to donors, which were further significantly increased following the termination of cardiopulmonary bypass. Significant increases were also observed in the input resistance, characteristic impedance, and RV hydraulic power post-TX compared to pre-TX, and occurred in association with a significant decrease in the transpulmonary efficiency. Conclusions In the setting of MCTP-induced recipient CPH donor hearts were exposed to significant alterations in cardiopulmonary hemodynamics following bicaval TX. Pulmonary blood flow is maintained by a significantly higher energy expenditure by the RV, but at a lower level of efficiency. This experimental model may provide a useful means by which to evaluate therapeutic options to better manage cardiopulmonary hemodynamics in order to prevent RV failure following TX in the setting of recipient CPH.
Definition of fetal asphyxia.

Definition of fetal asphyxia To the Editors: I enjoyed reading the article on umbilical blood acid-base studies in the March 1990 issue (Johnson JWC, Richards DS, Wagaman RA. The case for routine umbilical blood acid-base studies at delivery. AMJ OBSTET GYNECOL 1990;162:621-5). I concur with their opinions. I do have one question: How do they define "fetal asphyxia"? They point out that acid-base measurements are superior to Apgar score, fetal heart rate monitoring, neurologic development, and meconium staining in diagnosing asphyxia, but how low does the pH have to be? Below 7.20? Below 7.00? Is a buffer base of <34 mmollL sufficient? On page 622 they state that fetal asphyxia is "hypoxia and acidosis." I agree. How low does the P02 have to be? <22 mm Hg? Is an infant with a P02 of 0 automatically suffering from asphyxia? They state that "umbilical blood acid-base studies are the only scientific, objective measure of fetal asphyxia ... " What is the scientific, objective acid-base definition of asphyxia? Richard B. Clark, MD Departments of Anesthesiology and Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Mail Slot 515, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199
A phase I study of bortezomib and temozolomide in patients with advanced solid tumors

Purpose The primary objective was to determine the maximum tolerated doses (MTDs) of the combination of bortezomib and temozolomide in patients with solid tumors. The secondary objective was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of bortezomib with and without concurrent hepatic enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants (HEIAs).
Acetylated Polyamines in Lungs from Rats with Monocrotaline-Induced Pneumotoxicity

Multiple lines of evidence implicate the polyamines, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in the lung injury and hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease produced in rats by the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline. While increases in lung polyamine content evoked by monocrotaline can be attributed in part to induction of the two rate-limiting enzymes in de novo polyamine synthesis, ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, little attention has been paid to the role that catabolic interconversion processes might play in lung polyamine accumulation. Accordingly, the present study evaluated dose (10-60 mg/kg)- and time (0-21 days)-dependent effects of monocrotaline on lung contents of acetylated polyamines and on the activity of spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase (SAT), the enzyme affecting spermidine acetylation. A single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline produced dose- and time-dependent increases in the lung content of N1-acetylspermidine. Neither N1-acetylspermine nor N1-acetylputrescine could be detected in lungs from control rats or from rats treated with monocrotaline. SAT activity also was increased in monocrotaline-treated rat lungs in a dose- and time-dependent manner that was closely related to increases in the lung burden of N1-acetylspermidine. As expected, monocrotaline also caused dose- and time-dependent elevations in the lung contents of the primary polyamines, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. Right ventricular hypertrophy, an index of sustained pulmonary hypertension, did not develop in animals treated with 10 or 20 mg/kg monocrotaline despite elevations in the lung contents of putrescine and N1-acetylspermidine and increases in the activity of SAT. In contrast, 30 and 60 mg/kg monocrotaline provoked right ventricular hypertrophy accompanied by elevations in the primary polyamines, N1-acetyl spermidine and SAT activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The virus-specific intracellular RNA species of two murine coronaviruses: MHV-A59 and MHV-JHM

Abstract Seven virus-specific, polyadenylated RNA species have been identified in mouse cells infected with the murine coronaviruses MHV-A59 (A59V) or MHV-JHM (JHMV). MHV-infected 17CL·1 cells were labeled with [ 32 P]orthophosphate in the presence of actinomycin D and the cytoplasmic RNA was extracted and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. These RNA species range in size from 6.3 × 10 5 to 6.1 × 10 6 daltons. The A59V and JHMV-specific RNAs have identical molecular weights and comigrate in agarose gels. The largest intracellular RNA species is identical to RNA isolated from purified virions, as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and oligonucleotide fingerprint studies of ribonuclease T 1 digests. Oligonucleotide fingerprints of the six subgenomic RNAS show that the sequences they contain are present in virion RNA, confirming their virus-specific nature. The fingerprinting studies also demonstrate that the six subgenomic RNA species make up a nested set. The sequences present in each RNA species are also present in all larger RNA species. These larger RNAs also contain additional sequences consistent with their greater size. The subgenomic RNAs fulfull many of the criteria for mRNAs. Possible mechanisms for generating these RNAs are discussed.
The Supreme Court and the "Integrity of the Public Service" An Interpretation

In a series of public employment cases over the past decade the Supreme Court has routinely defined the government's interest in public employment as maintaining the "integrity of the public service" and the "efficiency of the public service." These phrases are powerful metaphors articulating fundamental expectations about the public service, yet they have no accepted meaning in statute or judicial construction. A review of the Court's use of these phrases suggests that since the 1880s, they have been employed to represent varying and occasionally inconsistent visions of the public service. The analysis presented suggests that the Supreme Court's vision of the "integrity of the public service" guides its determination of public employees' constitutional rights and that, with a few notable exceptions, the Court in the late 20th century has been much more solicitous of the government's assertion of its efficiency interests than of public employees' assertions of constitutional rights in the employment context.
Viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract.

Acute gastroenteritis is common in adults. It can occur in institutional epidemics or epidemics of food-borne illness; in these cases, caliciviruses are the major cause of the condition. When acute gastroenteritis occurs in nonepidemic form, its causes are less clear. It may be due to caliciviruses or to the less common serotypes of childhood gastroenteritis viruses, such as rotavirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus. The pathogenesis of acute viral gastroenteritis is not completely understood. Old evidence suggests that mild villus damage is responsible, but new evidence indicates that active secretion and motility disturbance may be involved in the production of symptoms. Five common viruses can remain latent in gastrointestinal tissues and produce disease many years after initial infection. Two major herpesviruses, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus, cause ulcerative disease of the gastrointestinal tract. This disease occurs in healthy persons but is more common and more severe in immunocompromised patients. Three other viruses — Epstein-Barr virus, human papilloma virus, and human herpesvirus-8 — are implicated in benign and malignant proliferative diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Epstein-Barr virus has been associated with immunoproliferative disease after transplantation and may also cause small-bowel and colonic lymphoma in healthy adults. It causes most AIDS-related lymphomas. Human papillomaviruses cause anorectal condyloma and anal cancer. Human herpesvirus-8 causes gastrointestinal Kaposi sarcoma.
Formation of cyclopentadienyl radical from the gas-phase pyrolysis of hydroquinone, catechol, and phenol.

The formation of radicals from the gas-phase pyrolysis of hydroquinone, catechol, and phenol over a temperature range of 400−750 °C was studied using the technique of low-temperature matrix isolation electron paramagnetic resonance (LTMI EPR). Cooling the reactor effluent from pyrolysis in a nitrogen carrier gas to 77 K produces a cryogenic matrix that exhibits poorly resolved EPR spectra. However, using carbon dioxide as a carrier gas formed a matrix that, upon annealing by slowly raising the matrix temperature followed by rapid recooling to 77 K, yielded more resolved, identifiable spectra. Annealed spectra of all three samples resulted in the generation of EPR spectra above 700 °C with 6 lines, hyperfine splitting constant ∼6.0 G, and peak to peak width ∼3 G that was readily assignable, based on comparison to the literature and theoretical calculations, as that of cyclopentadienyl radical. Pyrolysis at temperatures below 700 °C generated a carbon dioxide matrix isolation spectrum with a high g-value (>...
Electric Field Effects on the Equilibrium and Small Signal Stabilization of Electrofluidized Beds

A continuum analysis is developed of electric field coupling to a charge-free fluidized bed of polarizable particles, with the electric field at an arbitrary angle to the gas flow. The electric force density and stress tensor is derived from the principle of virtual work and includes polarization and electrostriction forces but neglects Coulombic free charge forces. Effective medium theory for various particle structures derives the effective bed permittivity as a function of particle voidage and is used with the energy method to derive the electric. force density acting on the particles. Necessary force-free boundary conditions at the top free surface of the bed are developed. A linear stability analysis is used to find the conditions for electric field stabilization. Experiments with Rochelle salt show elimination of bubbling with collinear electric field and flow but never complete stabilization with crossed field and flow as predicted by the analysis. There is qualitative agreement between the stability analysis and measurements. Numerical differences are attributed to particle viscosity, which was not included in the fluid model.
Managing Disappearing Liver Metastases Following Chemotherapy

Liver metastases that can no longer be identified on radiographic images after chemotherapy are termed disappearing metastases. This most commonly occurs in patients with multifocal bilobar metastases of differing size who are extensively treated with chemotherapy. The most effective treatment for disappearing liver metastases is prevention, through the use of high-quality pretreatment imaging, early involvement of a liver surgeon, and limitation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to as few cycles as are needed for the metastases to become resectable. If a treated metastasis cannot be identified on CT, then MRI should be used to confirm a true disappearance. As the disappearance of a metastasis does not necessarily signify a pathologic complete response at that site, when possible, resection of liver metastases should include all sites that initially contained disease. If this is not possible, then these patients can be considered for other local therapies and should be followed closely for disease recurrence.
Effects of thymol on mushroom tyrosinase-catalyzed melanin formation.

The novel inhibitory mechanism of thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) on dopachrome formation by mushroom tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) was identified. The UV–vis spectrum and oxygen consumption assays...
Are boundary extension and representational momentum related

Boundary extension (BE) is misremembering more of a particular scene than actually presented. Representational momentum (RM) is misremembering the final position of a moving object as further along its implied trajectory. There is a sense in which both BE and RM are predictions, and the current experiments explore the possibility that these are related phenomena. We showed participants single photographs to measure baseline BE, and then approach sequences and measured BE and RM. We found significant BE and RM, and a significant interaction between baseline BE and BE following an approach sequence, but no interaction with RM. The initial evidence suggests that BE and RM are separate processes, and that BE (the establishing of spatial layout) occurs before RM (the continuation of movement) within a scene.
The reinforcing value of alcohol in a drinking to cope paradigm

Abstract Background Alcohol use is often regarded as a means of coping with sadness and distress. The present research was conducted to explore the relation between negative mood and the reinforcing value of alcohol, while clarifying the role of coping motives. Methods Participants with a history of recent alcohol use (N = 44; 72% female) attended a laboratory session and were randomly assigned to either a negative (n = 22) or a neutral (n = 22) mood condition. A manipulation check confirmed that participants in the negative mood condition, but not the neutral mood condition, displayed a significant increase in negative affect. The multiple choice procedure (MCP) was used to measure the reinforcing value of alcohol after the mood manipulation. Results Regression models employing the MCP crossover point as the dependent variable and mood condition (neutral or negative) and drinking to cope as predictors indicated that a model with an interaction term accounted for the most variance. Conclusions These results suggest that the relation between mood and the reinforcing value of alcohol is moderated by drinking to cope, and help clarify the conditions under which drinking to cope may lead to negative outcomes.
Trace Metal Determination in 'Marsh' Grapefruit Peel by Automated Fast Sequential Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Abstract Major trace elements (K, Ca, Mg, P, Na), minor trace minerals (B, Sr, Mo, Fe, Cu, Ni, Ba, Zn, Mn, Al, Cr, Sn, Rb), and ultra trace metals (Ti, V, Co, Li) in fresh ‘Marsh’ grapefruit peel samples collected during two consecutive seasons (1981–82 and 1982–83) were determined by an automated fast sequential multielement spectrometer using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) as an excitation source for Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES). Among the major elements K showed a range of 2000–3200 ppm with a significant difference of concentration fluctuations in both seasons. Within the ultra trace metal group, concentrations were found at constant levels for both periods. In the minor trace group, elements such as Sr, Mo, Fe, Cu, Ni, Ba, Al, and Cr showed slight concentration differences during the 1981–82 season when compared to the 1982–83 period.
Propanal synthesis from aqueous propylene glycol/hydrogen peroxide on a Ru/alumina catalyst

Abstract The conversion of polyol materials, including 1,2-diols, into higher commodity chemicals is actively being pursued by many researchers. Here we report the production of propanal from aqueous propylene glycol and hydrogen peroxide using a Ru/alumina catalyst. Experiments were conducted by adding up to four peroxide equivalents under steady-state reflux conditions at 371 K. The product propanal and its subsequent reaction product with substrate, 1,3-dioxolane-2-ethyl-4-methyl, was observed to be an intermediate achieving a maximum concentration of 3% of substrate. Buffering using Mg(OH) 2 at pH ∼ 10 resulted in propanal formation, whereas buffering at similar pH using Na 2 HPO 4 did not, from which we propose that magnesium acts as a promoter in the reaction. The mechanism appears to be a dehydration to enol, followed by rearrangement to product. Experiments utilizing Ru/carbon did not yield any propanol suggesting that the acidic sites of alumina aid the dehydration reaction. To our knowledge, this represents the first time hydrogen peroxide has been used in an alcohol dehydration reaction.
The Effect of Three Organic Additives on the Structure and Growth of Electrodeposited Copper: An In-Situ Scanning Probe Microscopy Study

The growth morphology of copper crystallites and the influence of tris-aminophenyl and benzothiazolium (BT) derivatives, have been studied in-situ using scanning probe microscopy (SPM). We have examined the very initial stages of deposition, following copper nucleation at defects in the substrate, up until the formation of relatively thick copper layers. The substrates onto which bulk copper was deposited were Au(111) precovered with UPD copper. Additive BT-B was the most effective at surpressing the perpendicular growth of the copper crystallites and favoured instead their lateral spreading. 2-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)-6-methylbenzothiazole (BT-A) and crystal violet only showed effective surpression of the crystallites vertical growth for low deposition rates from very dilute Cu2+ solutions. In the case of the quasi-2D growth, layer deposition occurred via a “birth-and-spread” mechanism, with defects in the underlying layer providing favourable nucleation sites for the next one. A pronounced substrate effect was seen in the case of copper deposition under effective additive influence. In this case the first quasi-two-dimensional copper layer reached a thickness equivalent to between 4-7 monolayers, while subsequent 2-D layers were typically one monolayer high. Models for the copper electrocrystallization, in the absence and presence of additives, are proposed. The importance of 2-D nucleation in determining the crystallites external shape is discussed.
The Effect of Teaching Methods on Examination Performance and Attitudes in an Introductory Financial Accounting Course

Abstract This article describes a study in which a group-Socratic teaching method and an interactive lecture style were compared for their effect on students' examination performance in an introductory financial accounting course. The effect of teaching method on students' attitudes toward the accounting profession and the course was also analyzed. An ANOVA design was used to test for differences between experimental and control groups of undergraduate students. The results provide no evidence that either method of instruction results in significantly higher scores on examinations; nor was there any statistically significant difference in attitudes toward the accounting profession or the course.
TH‐E‐M100E‐07: The Impact of Procedure‐Induced Edema On Cell Survival and Tumor Control Probability in Permanent Prostate Brachytherapy Using 131Cs Radioactive Source

Purpose: Procedure‐induced prostate edema can cause significant changes to the dose delivered by a permanent prostate brachytherapy. The aim of this work was to examine systematically the impact of procedure‐induced edema on the effectiveness of cell kill in permanent prostate brachytherapy using 131 Cs radioactive sources.Method and Materials: The concept of biologically effective dose (BED) was used to quantify the impact of prostate edema on the radiation‐induced cell kill in 131 Cs permanent prostate brachytherapy. The repopulation of surviving cells and the repair of sub‐lethally damaged cells during the protracted dose delivery was modeled by the cell potential doubling time and a repair half‐time, respectively. The procedure‐induced prostate edema and its resolution dynamics was described by a quantitative model reported by Waterman et. el. (Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 41, 1069–1077, 1998). The surviving fraction of cancer cells and the potential tumor control probability was examined over a range of edema magnitudes and resolution half‐lives observed in real patients. Results: When edema was neglected in pre‐implant treatment planning, the BED of an actual implant was found to depend strongly on the edema magnitude, its resolution half‐life, and tumor potential doubling time. For a typical edema with magnitude of 50% and half‐life of 10 days, the edema‐induced reduction in BED was greater than 15% resulting in an increase of cell‐survival by more than one order of magnitude. For larger edemas with magnitude of 90% and half‐life of 20 days, the edema‐induced increase in cell survival was more than two orders of magnitude. Conclusions: Procedure‐induced edema can cause significant reduction in BED and increase in cell survival in 131 Cs permanent prostate brachytherapy. Depending on the initial tumor burden, the increase in cell survival could lead to significant reduction in tumor control probability for patients having moderate and large edemas.
Optimizing efficiency of psychopathology assessment through quantitative modeling: development of a brief form of the Externalizing Spectrum Inventory.

The Externalizing Spectrum Inventory (ESI; Krueger, Markon, Patrick, Benning, & Kramer, 2007) provides for integrated, hierarchical assessment of a broad range of problem behaviors and traits in the domain of deficient impulse control. The ESI assesses traits and problems in this domain through 23 lower order facet scales organized around 3 higher order dimensions, reflecting general disinhibition, callous aggression, and substance abuse. The full-form ESI contains 415 items, and a shorter form would be useful for questionnaire screening studies or multimethod research protocols. In the current work, we employed item response theory and structural modeling methods to create a 160-item brief form (ESI-BF) that provides for efficient measurement of the ESI's lower order facets and quantification of its higher order dimensions either as scale-based factors or as item-based composites. The ESI-BF is recommended for use in research on psychological or neurobiological correlates of problems such as risk-taking, delinquency, aggression, and substance abuse, and studies of general and specific mechanisms that give rise to problems of these kinds. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Low‐Temperature Internal Friction in Deformed Single Crystals of Niobium and Niobium‐Molybdenum Alloys

The low-temperature internal friction spectrum has been measured on single crystals of Nb and Nb-Mo alloys deformed in tension. The α-peak height is found to increase in proportion to the square of the work-hardening stress and, therefore, in direct proportion to the dislocation density. The addition of interstitial impurities or substitutional molybdenum is found to increase the frequency factor of the α-peak without changing the activation energy. The maximum peak height is decreased substantially both by impurities and by decreasing the deformation temperature. It is concluded that the α-peak is similar to the Bordoni peak in f.c.c. metals and is due to either an intrinsic dislocation mechanism (most likely kink nucleation on non-screw dislocations), which is sensitive to impurities, or an extrinsic mechanism in which impurities are more directly involved. Some preliminary observations on the β-peak are also presented. Das Tieftemperatur-Spektrum der inneren Reibung wurde an Nb- und Nb-Mo-Einkristallen gemessen, die durch Zug verformt wurden. Die Hohe des α-Peaks wachst proportional zum Quadrat der Verfestigungsspannung und damit direkt proportional zur Versetzungsdichte. Zusatzliche Fremdatome auf Zwischengitterplatzen oder substitutionell eingebautes Molybdan erhohen den Frequenzfaktor des α-Peaks ohne die Aktivierungsenergie zu andern. Die maximale Hohe des Peaks nimmt sowohl durch Verunreinigungen als auch durch Verringerung der Verformungstemperatur erheblich ab. Es wird gefolgert, das der α-Peak dem Bordoni-Maximum in k.f.z. Metallen ahnlich ist und entweder durch einen inneren Versetzungsmechanismus (am wahrscheinlichsten Keimbildung fur Versetzungssprunge an Nicht-Schraubenversetzungen), der empfindlich gegen Verunreinigungen ist, oder durch einen extrinsic-Mechanismus, bei dem die Verunreinigungen direkter wirken, bedingt wird. Erste Beobachtungen zum β-Peak werden mitgeteilt.
Interactions of the fluorescent anion 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate with membrane charges in human red cell ghosts.

The interaction of the fluorescent anion 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) with erythrocyte membranes was studied as a function of the charges in the membrane. The membrane charges were altered by including in the incubation medium the organic ions tetraphenylboron (TPB−), tetraphenylarsonium (TPA+) and tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) which differ in charge but have similar structure and high affinity for the membrane. TPB− decreases whereas TPA+ and TPP+ increase ANS fluorescence arising from the membrane. The fluorescence changes are accompanied by variations in the affinity and capacity of the membrane for ANS. The fluorescence arising under conditions where all the ANS present is within the membrane (by extrapolation to infinite membrane concentration) does not vary with these ions. Salicylate and SCN− which inhbit anion permeability also decrease ANS fluorescence with no apparent change in quantum yield. These results indicate that ANS exists as an anion in the membrane, associated with the regions involved in ion permeability, and that the concentration of ANS in the membrane is a function of the concentration of all the ions present in the medium and their relative affinities for the membrane. Thus, variations in ANS fluorescence reflect redistributions of the ANS ions following changes in electrostatic interactions with the membrane fixed charges.
Universal Preschool’s Promise: Success in Early Childhood and Beyond

Fueled by a belief that early intervention can prevent a host of educational woes, efforts to provide universal, publicly funded preschool have the potential to radically change the way we think about our commitments and responsibilities in education. We call for the implementation of innovative, universal preschool programs that attend to developmental characteristics of learners, cultural and linguistic diversity, ecosystemic context, and the new mandates on teacher training. Universal preschool has the potential to go far beyond mere “day-care,” as it has the potential to establish the foundation for a lifelong love of learning and optimal social/emotional development. We also advocate for high-quality teacher training to populate preschools with high-quality teachers. If universal preschool is carefully planned and provided, K-12 education stands to benefit substantially.
Erratum to: Is prenatal myo-inositol deficiency a mechanism of CNS injury in galactosemia?

Heading Evidence for myo-inositol deficiency Lines “In high concentrations, galactose-1-phosphate may ... to .... Myo-inositol transporter activity” should read: In high concentrations, galactose-1 phosphate may inhibit myo-inositol recycling in developing neurons following agonist-induced signal transduction events, as it may lead to trapping of myo-inositol as inositol monophosphate. Independently, intracellular galactitol accumulation via osmoregulatory perurbations may reduce myo-inositol transporter activity in fetal neurons.
Toward a cure for osteoporosis: reversal of excessive bone fragility.

While estrogen replacement therapy and calcium supplementation appear to be effective at preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis, therapy for established osteoporosis is far less effective. The reduction of bone fragility should be a goal of a treatment for established osteoporosis. To this end, increases in cortical bone mass by subperiosteal new bone formation may produce the greatest mechanical advantage. Antiresorptive drugs, such as etidronate, have shown potential for reducing the incidence of osteoporotic fracture in the short term, but their ability to produce a long-term benefit may be limited. An alternative approach might be to develop drug therapies that substantially increase cortical bone strength, namely by stimulating periosteal bone formation. Although sodium fluoride has proved to be problematic, there are several other potential osteoporosis therapies. They include treatment with anabolic hormones (e.g. growth hormone and anabolic steroids) and targeted delivery of growth factors. Also, antiresorptive and formation-stimulating drugs might be combined in a new form of ADFR (coherence) therapy where the new acronym means: Activate-Depress-Formation stimulation-Repeat.
Pacific interdecadal variability in this century's sea surface temperatures

Analysis of this century's sea surface temperatures over the Pacific Ocean reveals an interdecadal oscillation with a period of 14-17 years.
U.S. Adults’ Pornography Viewing and Support for Abortion: A Three-Wave Panel Study

Pornography consumption may affect judgments on a wide range of sexual and reproductive topics. The present study hypothesized that the consistent images projected in pornography affect sexual scripts related to abortion judgments. National, three-wave longitudinal data gathered from U.S. adults were employed to examine associations between earlier pornography consumption and subsequent support for abortion. The findings suggested that prior pornography consumption may lead to later support for abortion. This study provides additional evidence of pornography's socializing impact, particularly for the older White segment of the population, and adds to knowledge about what environmental factors influence judgments about abortion. Mechanisms that may explain how pornography viewing shapes support for abortion are discussed.
Lead aVR “net QRS area” as an index of all 6 limb leads: implications for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with edematous states, including heart failure

Contemporary electrocardiogram (ECG) machines measure only leads I and II and calculate online the other 4 limb leads. Consequent to the above, lead aVR could be used as an index of all 6 limb leads, considering its mathematical relationship with leads I and II [aVR = −(I + II)/2]. This was shown recently using top-to-bottom amplitudes (Amps) of QRS complexes in a consecutive series of 100 ECGs (Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009;32:1567-76): aVR vs ∑II aVR vs ∑6limbleads, r = 0.81, P = .00005; and ∑II aVR vs ∑6limbleads, r = −0.76, P = .0005; and ∑I&II vs ∑6limbleads, r = 0.78, P = .0005. It is concluded that aVR net QRS area reflects leads I and II. However, aVR net QRS area underperforms aVR Amp (r = 0.76 vs r = 0.81) as an index of ∑6limbleads. This counterintuitive finding needs to be reexplored in a much larger series of ECGs. Either way, aVR Amp and the aVR net QRS area are both excellent bpoint of careQ indices that could be used in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with edematous states, including heart failure.