cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational Study of the Reactions of BH2+ with H2, Methane, Ethane, Ethylene, and Acetylene in the Gas Phase

We have studied the potential energy surface for the reactions of BH2+ with H2, methane, ethylene and acetylene at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ//MP2(full)/cc-pVTZ level and the reaction of BH2+ with ethane at the CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p)//MP2(full)/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. A complete survey of the potential energy surfaces is presented and the structures of the stationary points and the mechanisms of these reactions are discussed. The calculations suggest that the products of these reactions are formed by addition and elimination of a hydrogen molecule, effectively activating the carbon−hydrogen bond. Furthermore, theory also suggests that elimination of HD is the sole product in the reaction of BD2+ with ethane; however, H/D scrambling occurs to some extent in the reaction with acetylene whereas it is complete in the reaction with ethylene. Therefore, loss of H2, HD, and D2 is predicted, in agreement with experiments. In addition, elimination of CH4 can also be produced in the reaction of BH2+ with ethane, even wi...
A Class of Linear Codes for Error Control in Byte-per-Card Organized Digital Systems

To improve the reliability of computer memories error-correcting and/or error-detecting codes have been successfully used. To provide for error control in systems organized to have b bits per card a new class of codes for simultaneous error correction and error detection is given.
NEIGHBORHOOD DISORDER AND INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITY CAPACITY: HOW INCIVILITIES INFORM THREE DOMAINS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESSMENT

This article examines contextual models to bring together the disorder and community capacity perspectives, since both are grounded in social (dis)organization theory and cumulative causation. We analyze how individual and neighborhood characteristics, social and physical disorder, and crime affect three individual community capacity outcomes: city quality of life, neighborhood safety, and household moving intentions. The “broken windows” downward spiral suggests that neighborhood incivilities may decrease multiple psychosocial assessments, or, individual community capacities. Consistent with prior research, we find that social and physical disorder decreases all three outcomes. Second, we find that both disorders also mediate neighborhood effects, including socioeconomic status and residential stability. Third, these direct and indirect disorder effects are not altered by prior victimization or neighborhood crime rates. Reducing disorder will, in turn, improve three distinct domains and geographic scales...
Saint-Venant end effects in piezoceramic materials

The stress decay rate and characteristic decay length for anisotropic materials and fiber composites have been intensively investigated. However, those for piezoelectric materials have not been studied. In this paper, we examine the Saint-Venant end effects of piezoceramic materials by considering the problem of a semi-infinite piezoceramic strip polarized in the thickness direction and with applied voltages on the upper and lower surfaces. It is assumed that the gradient of electric potential in the axial direction is much smaller than that in the thickness direction. Thus, the governing equations in terms of the Airy stress function and electric potential function can be uncoupled. The governing equation in terms of the Airy stress function involves only two non-dimensional parameters after non-dimensionalization. Finally, the stress decay rates and characteristic decay lengths for a variety of piezoceramic materials are computed numerically, and their variation with the two non-dimensional parameters is presented.
An Investigation of the Assay of Ascaridol. II The Iodination of Terpenes

The rate of iodine released in the assay of ascaridol was determined. The major portion of the iodine was released within the first minute of the reaction. A slower steady release of iodine was also evidenced. The possibility of iodinating unsaturated hydrocarbons structurally related to ascaridol was investigated. The olefinic linkage in these compounds was not iodinated under the conditions of the official assay for ascaridol. The nonstoichiometric behavior of ascaridol toward the iodide ion cannot be explained by the simple iodination of olefins.
The mammary gland spreading factor in normal pregnant animals.

IN A number of species it has been shown that growth of the mammary gland occurs chiefly during the first half to two-thirds of pregnancy (Turner 1939 a and b, Folley, 1952). The duct system first and later the lobule-alveolar system penetrates into a fatty pad of connective tissue. It was suggested (Elliott and Turner, 1950) that the forward progress of the growing mammary gland would be facilitated if the cells of the endbuds of the ducts, and later the growing side-branches which form the alveoli, produced a spreading factor which acted to break down some component of the connective tissue, possibly the ground substance. A preliminary investigation (Elliott and Turner, 1950), showed that such a spreading factor was present in the mammary glands of pregnant rats and could be extracted and assayed. In the present report, the investigation has been extended to determine if a mammary gland spreading factor such as was found present in the rat glands was present in other species of experimental animals duri...
John Witherspoon and “The Public Interest of Religion”

One searches in vain among the American founders for a figure who better represented the intertwining of politics and religion than the Rev. John Witherspoon (1723-1794). Largely forgotten today, Witherspoon was, as James Hutson puts it, a "colossus" in his day2: nationally eminent politician and lone clerical signer of the Declaration of Independence, perhaps the most influential clergyman in America, and president of the College of New Jersey at Princeton for more than a quarter century. In each of these roles Witherspoon was outstanding, and taken together they mark him off as "an incredible . . . figure in the growth of America."3 John Adams (never one to suffer fools gladly) judged Witherspoon not only a "clear, sensible" preacher, but "as high a Son of Liberty, as any Man in America."4 Given Witherspoon's unique status among the founders as clergy man-politician, this article rehearses his careers in politics and religion
Compensatory growth of the ovaries, adrenal glands and kidneys in blinded, anosmic rats

Chez les rats qui ont subi une ablation de la glande pineale, la presence simultanee de perte de vue et d'anosmie empechent la croissance compensatoire de l'ovaire chez la femelle et celle des glandes surrenales chez la mâle. Une hypertrophie du rein provoquee experimentalement apres une nephrectomie unilaterale n'est pas modifiee par la perte de vue et l'anosmie.
X-ray fluorescence analysis of heterogeneous material: Effects of geometry and secondary fluorescence

Abstract Some simple mathematical models for X-ray fluorescence anayzers, including two new ones, are derived here by a simple unified method. Variable geometry and secondary fluorescence are added to these models for greater rigor. The various models with and without these modifications are evaluated using experimental data. The addition of variable geometry and secondary fluorescence are shown to make significant improvement in the models.
Free-Response and Card-Sort Techniques for Assessing Cognitive Content: Two Studies concerning Their Stability, Validity, and Utility

Free-response and card-sort techniques are criticized as to their application to investigating cognitive content. Two studies are presented which examine the validity and reliability of these two t...
A NEW PACKAGING METHOD FOR PEANUTS AND PECANS

An economical method for packaging low-moisture peanuts and pecans for long-term storage is presented. The method utilizes the CO2 adsorption properties of these commodities and involves placing them in plastic pouches impervious to air and CO2, flushing them with CO2 and then heat-sealing the pouches. CO2 is adsorbed into the pores of the commodities forming vacuums inside the pouches. Both shelled, raw and shelled, roasted and blanched peanuts were protected from any significant deterioration of flavor and other quality factors for 12 months; pecans were protected for 27 wk and roasted salted-in-the-shell peanuts were protected for 4 months. This method of packaging protects perishable commodities for extended periods of time, is inexpensive and requires little energy.
Stray Grain Formation in Welds of Single-Crystal Ni-Base Superalloy CMSX-4

Autogenous welds on the single-crystal (SX) alloy CMSX-4 were prepared over a wide range of welding parameters and processes to investigate the formation and behavior of stray grains (SGs). The quantity and location of SGs in the welds were analyzed by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). Heat- and fluid-flow modeling was conducted to understand the influence of welding parameters on the local solidification conditions and resultant SG formation tendency. The results indicate that constitutional supercooling and SG formation are generally reduced in low-power, high-travel-speed welds. Because of the complex effect of travel speed on temperature gradient and solidification velocity, the worst conditions for SG formation in alloy CMSX-4 for the conditions examined here occur at intermediate travel speeds of ~6 mm/s. These findings were corroborated with heat-transfer/fluid-flow modeling simulations that were coupled with SG predictions. These calculations also indicate that SG formation will be greatest where different regions of dendrite growth intersect, due to the so-called off-axis heat flow. For a given set of welding conditions, the amount of SGs will also vary with substrate orientation. This effect is attributed to differences in the number and location of dendrite growth intersection regions within the melt pool that occur with changes in substrate orientation.
Total Ionizing Dose (TID) Tests on Non-Volatile Memories: Flash and MRAM

We report on TID tests of magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), and advanced 4 Gbit flash memories from three manufacturers. Both in-situ and biased interval irradiations were used to characterize the response of the total accumulated dose failures.
Regular copolyamides. IV. Characterization of membrane morphology

Asymmetric copolyoxamide films prepared via a solution-casting/gelation process have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, small-angle light scattering, and measurements of surface area and hydrophilicity. The polymer selected for study is a regular copolyamide prepared from N,N-bis(2-aminoethyl) oxamide and isophthaloyl chloride, and shows promise as a membrane material for desalination by reverse osmosis. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a unique capillary structure in films cast from N,N-dimethylacetamide-LiCl mixtures, plus a variety of structures in trifluoroacetic acid-cast membranes. Light-scattering experiments on water-swollen films have substantiated microscopic observations of desiccated samples; the gel structures of the copolyoxamide films do not appear to suffer severe collapse on dehydration. Measurements of surface area and water sorption have been conducted in an attempt to assess membrane-water interaction.
A study of single-link robots fabricated from orthotropic composite materials

Abstract A dynamic model for single-link robotic arms fabricated from orthotropic composite materials is presented. The equations of motion are derived using Hamilton's principle and include the coupling between the rigid body motion and elastic motion. An optimal controller is designed for rest-to-rest maneuvers without large starting or stopping transients and with minimum residual vibration. Computer simulated results presented for aluminum, steel, graphite/epoxy, and boron/epoxy indicate that the motion-induced vibration is significantly less for the composite robotic arms as well as substantial savings in energy. Furthermore, it is seen that the magnitude of the control spillover effects, an issue of great concern in designing control systems for flexible structures, is very small for the composite robotic arms.
Automated, adaptive guidance for K-12 education

Abstract This paper distinguishes features of automated adaptive guidance used in K-12 instructional settings and recommends directions for design. We use meta-analysis to synthesize 24 independent comparisons between automated adaptive guidance and guidance provided during typical teacher-led instruction, and 29 comparisons that isolate the effects of specific adaptive guidance design features in computer-based instruction. We find automated adaptive guidance to be significantly more effective than guidance provided in typical instruction, particularly for students with low prior knowledge. Automated adaptive guidance is most effective when students are generating and integrating ideas (e.g. writing essays, making concept diagrams) as opposed to selecting from the given options. Guidance that promoted self-monitoring was more likely to improve learning outcomes than guidance that addressed only content knowledge. Our findings have implications for researchers who investigate K-12 teaching and learning, designers who create and refine instructional materials using automated guidance, and practitioners who deliver or customize instruction featuring automated guidance.
USING THE SPATIAL AND SPECTRAL PRECISION OF SATELLITE IMAGERY TO PREDICT WILDLIFE OCCURRENCE PATTERNS

We investigated the potential of using unclassified spectral data for predicting the distribution of three bird species over a ¨400,000 ha region of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula using Landsat ETM+ imagery and 433 locations sampled for birds through point count surveys. These species, Black-throated Green Warbler, Nashville Warbler, and Ovenbird, were known to be associated with forest understory features during breeding. We examined the influences of varying two spatially explicit classification parameters on prediction accuracy: 1) the window size used to average spectral values in signature creation and 2) the threshold distance required for bird detections to be counted as present. Two accuracy measurements, proportion correctly classified (PCC) and Kappa, of maps predicting species’ occurrences were calculated with ground data not used during classification. Maps were validated for all three species with Kappa values >0.3 and PCC >0.6. However, PCC provided little information other than a summary of sample plot frequencies used to classify species’ presence and absence. Comparisons with rule-based maps created using the approach of Gap Analysis showed that spectral information predicted the occurrence of these species that use forest subcanopy components better than could be done using known land cover associations (Kappa values 0.1 to 0.3 higher than Gap Analysis maps). Accuracy statistics for each species were affected in different ways by the detection distance of point count surveys used to stratify plots into presence and absence classes. Moderate-to-large detection distances (100 m and 180 m) best classified maps of Blackthroated Green Warbler and Nashville Warbler occurrences, while moderate detection distances (50 m and 100 m), which ignored remote observations, provided the best source of information for classification of Ovenbird occurrence. Window sizes used in signature creation also influenced accuracy statistics but to a lesser extent. Highest Kappa values of majority maps were typically obtained using moderate window sizes of 9 to 13 pixels (0.8 to 1.2 ha), which are representative of the study species territory sizes. The accuracy of wildlife occurrence maps classified from spectral data will therefore differ given the species of interest, the spatial precision of occurrence records used as ground references and the number of pixels included in spectral signatures. For these reasons, a quantitative examination is warranted to determine how subjective decisions made during image classifications affect prediction accuracies.
Evaluation of hematological, chemistry and blood gas values in dogs receiving hemoglobin glutamer‐200

Objective: To evaluate the degree of interference that administration of hemoglobin glutamer-200 (Hb-200) caused for complete blood counts (CBC), biochemical profiles, cooximetry, and point of care (POC) testing in healthy dogs. Design: Prospective, longitudinal experimental study. Setting: Veterinary medical teaching hospital. Animals: Six purpose-bred research hounds. Interventions: Dogs were administered FDA-approved hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (Hb-200) intravenously at 7.5 mL/kg over 2 hours. Arterial and venous blood samples were obtained before administration (Time 0) and at 3, 8, 14, 26, 50, 74, 98, 122, and 146 hours following administration. Measurements and main results: No adverse health effects were observed in any of the dogs. Characteristic mucous membrane, serum, and plasma color changes occurred following administration of Hb-200. Laboratory values that were significantly lower than baseline included packed cell volume, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, creatinine, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Laboratory values that were significantly greater than baseline included mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, arterial pH, arterial total carbon dioxide, arterial bicarbonate, amylase, albumin, total protein, globulin, calcium, phosphorous, total bilirubin, carboxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin. All values returned to baseline by the completion of the 146-hour monitoring period. Conclusions: In normal dogs, administration of Hb-200 resulted in statistically significant changes in multiple laboratory parameters; however, these changes are not likely to be clinically significant in the care of critically ill dogs.
An overview of the Gas Analysis Modeling System (GAMS)

Abstract This paper is an overview of the March 1984 version of the Gas Analysis Modeling System (GAMS), the detailed natural gas market model used by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) to analyze the U.S. natural gas markets.
Alzheimers disease is not associated with the hypertension genetic risk factors PLA2 or G protein β3, either independently or interactively with apolipoprotein e

Growing evidence suggests that hypertension and Alzheimers disease (AD) may share a common etiology. To evaluate the contribution to AD of genetic factors associated with hypertension, we genotyped clinic and community-based AD cases and controls for polymorphisms within the pancreatic PLA2 gene and the G protein β3 subunit gene, both of which are located on chromosome 12. Our results do not support an independent association between either of these genes and AD. We further assessed the possibility that either of these genes may interact with the apolipoprotein E gene, a known risk factor for hypertension and AD, on predicting AD. We were unable to find statistical interaction between either the pancreatic PLA2 or Gβ3 genes and the apolipoprotein E gene on risk for AD. These results do not support a shared genetic etiology between hypertension and AD. Possibly, a clinical association between these diseases could be due to pathophysiologic interactions. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 88:465–468, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tay-Sachs and the abortion controversy.

Tay-Sachs disease is a fatal recessive genetic disorder that effects the central nervous system of Ashkenazi Jewish infants. The disease is incurable. The only method of prevention is screening for heterozygotes with subsequent amniocentesis for at-risk couples and abortion of the genetically doomed infants. Genetic screening and abortion are complex ethical issues that bridge the worlds of religion and science and challenge the dynamic halachic reasoning of the Jewish people. This work examines the debate surrounding the abortion controversy, with special emphasis on the subjective biases inherent in debates of this type.
HOMEOTRANSPLANTATION AND AUTOTRANSPLANTATION OF THE SPLEEN IN RABBITS : III. FURTHER DATA ON GROWTH, PERMANENCE, EFFECT OF AGE, AND PARTIAL OR COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE SPLEEN.

No instance of survival of spleen homeografts beyond the usual taking and persistence for 1 or 2 weeks common to most homeografts has been observed, although the possible advantages of consanguinity, age, and splenectomy were fully utilized. This is in sharp contrast to thyroid, sex gland, and adrenal cortex homeografts, with which one may expect 10 per cent to survive the 30 day period. It suggests that spleen is a stronger antigen and excites a greater degree of immunity more quickly. With autografts survival and growth are the rule, and failures are due to technical errors. Age is an important factor in the growth of autografts. The younger the rabbit the more growth is aided. This beneficial effect decreases gradually and becomes negligible after sexual maturity. Removal of the spleen is a powerful stimulus to the growth of transplants. The effect varies inversely with the age and usually is negligible after sexual maturity. The influence of age and splenectomy suggests that the spleen is most important in early life and after sexual maturity is either unimportant or its functions may readily be assumed by other tissues (hematopoietic). Anatomically the spleen is a highly complex structure, but biologically all the major elements of the spleen are simple as indicated by the uniform and marked regenerative capacity. There is a tendency for grafts to involute or atrophy with age, and grafts made in old rabbits without removal of the spleen may undergo complete atrophy. Grafts made in young rabbits, accompanied by splenectomy, have been observed for more than 3 years and may be said to be permanent. There is some evidence that subcutaneous autografts react to infections in the same way as the intact spleen.
Social context of postsuicide bereavement

Abstract In this study, the experiences of survivors of suicide during the first 9 months after the suicide death of a family member were explored. In-depth semistructured interviews with 35 adult survivors of suicide were conducted an average of 5.8 months post-suicide. Subjects were queried regarding the nature of their social relationships, including perceived social support received from others. Sixty-nine percent of the subjects reported experiencing strong social support, while 26% reported at least one experience of perceived stigmatization related to the suicide. Nearly all subjects reported role uncertainty in themselves as to how they should behave as a survivor of suicide and also perceived others as uncomfortable and unsure in their responses toward them.
Analysis of Non-Response in a Prospective Study of Depression in Los Angeles County

The occurrence of depression in a probability sample of 1003 Los Angeles County adults was measured in a 1979-80 prospective cohort study. The primary measure of depression was the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Of the original 1003 adults, 893 were successfully re-interviewed at a second time period (reasons for not being interviewed originally and at the second time period are given). Demographic data on those not re-interviewed are contrasted with data from those who did respond. The mean depression level and percentage classified as depressed at the first interview were higher in non-respondents than in respondents to the second interview. Techniques are given for assessing whether discontinued participation is due to exposure or disease factors. For this study, it was shown that dropping out of the study was mainly due to exposure (or demographic) factors and not to depression as such. Two methods for estimating the level of disease at the second time period for respondents and dropouts are illustrated.
Short-term recognition memory impairment is associated with decreased expression of FK506 binding protein 51 in the aged mouse brain

Evidence suggests that increased glucocorti- coid receptor (GR) signaling may contribute to cogni- tive decline with age. We hypothesized that alterations in GR signaling pathway molecules, FK506 binding protein (FKBP) 51 and FKBP52, were associated with memory impairment in aged mice. We used the single- trial object recognition test to measure short-term memory in 18 aged mice compared to 22 young mice, and employed quantitative immunohistochemistry to assess cellular expression of those three proteins in the frontal cortex, hippocampal CA1, and dentate gyrus. Values of the discrimination ratio (DR, a measure of novelty preference) in aged mice were significantly lower than those in young mice (mean 0.54 vs. 0.67, p= 0.003, t test). Aged mice with DR below 0.54 were considered impaired (n=9). In the three neuroanatomic regions studied, the immunoreactivity normalized to the area measured (IRn) for GR was significantly increased in aged mice regardless of their task performance compared to young mice (p<0.005), as was the FKBP52 IRn (p<0.007,U test). In the frontal cortex and CA1, the FKBP51 IRn was significantly lower in impaired aged mice than in unimpaired aged mice (p<0.01 and <0.05, respectively) and in young mice (p<0.05 and <0.01, respectively, Dunn's post hoc test). In aged mice, the frontal cortex FKBP51 IRn correlated directly with DR (rs=0.68,p=0.002, Spear- man rank correlation). These observations suggest that recognition memory impairment in aged mice is associated with decreased FKBP51 expression that may promote GR-mediated glucocorticoid signaling to a greater extent than in unimpaired aged mice.
Terahertz electromagnetic pulses as probes for transient velocity overshoot in GaAs and Si

Ultrafast dynamics of the transient velocity overshoot in GaAs and Si have been studied through the use of measurements of radiated and guided terahertz pulses whose time-domain waveforms are proportional to the acceleration and the velocity of carriers, respectively. These measurements have been compared with each other and also with a Monte Carlo simulation. The field-dependent free-space and guided waveforms are qualitatively consistent with Monte Carlo calculations. By correlation of the calculated velocities with a sampling gate function the observed ratio of peak-to-steady-state velocities is found to be in reasonable quantitative agreement. Also, by detecting the free-space radiation from a Si p-i-n structure, we have made the first, to our knowledge, direct experimental observation of transient velocity overshoot in Si.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN ISCHEMIA SEVERITY IN PATIENTS REFERRED FOR STRESS IMAGING STUDIES: SCREENING DATA FROM THE ISCHEMIA TRIAL

Patients with moderate or severe ischemia have a heightened risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Geographic variation in the proportion of stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and echocardiography (echo) with at least moderate ischemia is unknown. De-identified monthly MPI
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION-A PLACE HOLDER: INTRODUCTION TO PAPERS IN THIS ISSUE

Abstract Biodiversity conservation in the US Pacific Northwest is gaining new attention as large reserves are recognized as not being a panacea for protection of all rare species. In February 2005, a workshop at Oregon State University, held in conjunction with the joint annual meetings of the Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology and the Oregon Chapter of the Wildlife Society, focused on key topics of concern relative to the advancement of biodiversity conservation in the region. Articles in this issue of Northwestern Naturalist provide overviews of these topics. As an introduction, I describe the origin of conservation biology at another conference 25 y ago and 2 key developments occurring in intervening years—the definition of “biodiversity” and the need to advance and integrate several socioeconomic aspects of the discipline. Both of these developments support the concept of conservation biology as a “place holder”.
Thoracoscopy in the cat: An up-and-coming diagnostic and therapeutic procedure

Practical relevance:Thoracoscopy provides a minimally invasive means of diagnosis and offers many important benefits when compared with open thoracotomy.Clinical challenges:The expense of the equipment, the steep learning curve required to gain proficiency in thoracoscopic surgery, and the limitations imposed by the feline thoracic cavity, in terms of working and viewing space, are some of the challenges that have limited its uptake to date. However, it is envisaged that it will increase as a technique in feline medicine, in much the same way as laparoscopy has.Audience:This article is directed at veterinarians currently performing open thoracic surgery and the associated aftercare who concurrently are adept at endoscopic surgery.Evidence base:The article draws on the small body of literature that is available on thoracoscopy in cats, which includes reports of its use for evaluation and management of undiagnosed pleural effusion, lung lobe torsion, persistent right aortic arch and chylothorax.
Differential Effects of Acute Stress on Anticipatory and Consummatory Phases of Reward Processing

Anhedonia is one of the core symptoms of depression and has been linked to blunted responses to rewarding stimuli in striatal regions. Stress, a key vulnerability factor for depression, has been shown to induce anhedonic behavior, including reduced reward responsiveness in both animals and humans, but the brain processes associated with these effects remain largely unknown in humans. Emerging evidence suggests that stress has dissociable effects on distinct components of reward processing, as it has been found to potentiate motivation/'wanting' during the anticipatory phase but reduce reward responsiveness/'liking' during the consummatory phase. To examine the impact of stress on reward processing, we used a monetary incentive delay (MID) task and an acute stress manipulation (negative performance feedback) in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Fifteen healthy participants performed the MID task under no-stress and stress conditions. We hypothesized that stress would have dissociable effects on the anticipatory and consummatory phases in reward-related brain regions. Specifically, we expected reduced striatal responsiveness during reward consumption (mirroring patterns previously observed in clinical depression) and increased striatal activation during reward anticipation consistent with non-human findings. Supporting our hypotheses, significant Phase (Anticipation/Consumption)×Stress (Stress/No-stress) interactions emerged in the putamen, nucleus accumbens, caudate and amygdala. Post hoc tests revealed that stress increased striatal and amygdalar activation during anticipation but decreased striatal activation during consumption. Importantly, stress-induced striatal blunting was similar to the profile observed in clinical depression under baseline (no-stress) conditions in prior studies. Given that stress is a pivotal vulnerability factor for depression, these results offer insight to better understand the etiology of this prevalent disorder.
Blocking of spatial control by landmarks in rats.

We investigated spatial blocking among landmarks in an open-field foraging task in rats. In Phase 1, rats were presented with A+ trials during which landmark (LM) A signaled the location of hidden food. In Phase 2, rats were given AX+ trials in which LM X served as a redundant spatial cue to the location of food. Additionally, BY+ trials were given as a within-subjects overshadowing-control procedure. At test, rats received nonreinforced presentations of LM X and LM Y on separate trials. Rats took longer to find the training goal location in the presence of LM X than of LM Y, thereby demonstrating that spatial control by LM X was blocked by prior learning with LM A. This constitutes the first evidence in rats for spatial blocking of one proximal landmark by another—approximating a conventional blocking design.
Inter-domain traffic engineering as bi-level network flow optimization

In this work, we study the inter-domain traffic engineering problem with the perspective of attaining socially optimal flows across the Internet. In accordance with the two-level (intra- and inter-AS) hierarchy that naturally exists in the Internet architecture, we use bi-level network flow decomposition to derive inter-domain traffic engineering solutions that do not require ISPs to reveal their intra-domain topologies in their information exchange with each other. The distributed solutions that we obtain through convex optimization techniques require ASes to exchange destination-specific rate information across the inter-domain links (i.e., between adjacent gateway routers belonging to different ASes), and determining the intra-domain traffic rates between the edge-routers based on the state of congestion of the edge-nodes in the AS, and the cost of traffic routing through the AS which in turn depends on the AS's intra-domain routing/traffic engineering conditions. We investigate the optimality and convergence properties of these solutions through simulations on networks generated using realistic inter- and intra-domain topology models.
EFFECT OF APOLIPOPROTEIN E PHENOTYPE ON DIET-INDUCED LOWERING OF PLASMA LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL

The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) has recommended that dietary total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake be reduced to
Growth of V2O3 thin films on a-plane (110) and c-plane (001) sapphire via pulsed-laser deposition

We report the direct deposition of epitaxial 215-nm-thick vanadium sesquioxide (V2O3) films on a- and c-plane sapphire substrates from powder-pressed V2O3 targets via pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) in an evacuated deposition chamber devoid of O2. The films were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). XPS measurements confirmed that the stoichiometry of the powder was conserved in the films. XRD patterns together with XAFS measurements proved that V2O3 was epitaxial on the a-sapphire substrate with epitaxial relation (110)film//(110)substrate, and the results are consistent with the epitaxy on the c-plane substrate as well. The room-temperature resistivities of V2O3 films on a- and c-plane substrates were 1.49 × 10−4 and 3.00 × 10−5 Ω m, respectively. The higher resistivities of the films compared to bulk V2O3 might be attributed to thermal stresses resulting from difference in thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) of the films and the substrates.
Nursing Ethics at Hadamar

In Nazi Germany, nurses played pivotal roles in the euthanasia programs in which thousands of civilians were murdered. This article is an analysis of the sociopolitical contexts and specific historically situated discourse used at the 1945 Hadamar Trial in defense of the actions or inactions of three nurses, primarily those of Irmgard Huber. It identifies the major implied and stated premises, supporting evidence, and conclusions of arguments attempting to absolve Huber of guilt. Following critical nursing models, it considers discourse as a window into the publicly presented reasoning of these nurses and into factors that made it possible for nurses in the 20th century to commit murder. The article concludes with a critique of the ethical framework that can be inferred from this discourse and suggests essential components of nursing ethics today.
Knowledge of resources and competitors in human foraging

The allocation of human participants to resources was studied by observing the population dynamics of people interacting in real time within a common virtual world. Resources were distributed in two spatially separated pools with varying relative reinforcement rates (50–50, 65–35, or 80–20). We manipulated whether the participants could see each other and the distribution of the resources. When the participants could see each other but not the resources, the richer pool was underutilized. When the participants could see the resources but not each other, the richer pool was overutilized. In conjunction with prior experiments that correlated the visibility of agents and resources (Goldstone & Ashpole, 2004), these results indicate that participants’ foraging decisions are influenced by both forager and resource information. The results suggest that the presence of a crowd at a resource is a deterring, rather than an attractive, factor. Both fast and slow oscillations in the harvesting rates of the pools across time were revealed by Fourier analyses. The slow waves of crowd migration were most prevalent when the resources were invisible, whereas the fast cycles were most prevalent when the resources were visible and the participants were invisible.
Information and Values in Popular Protests: Costa Rica in 2000

The mass demonstrations in Costa Rica in 2000 opposing a government initiative to deregulate the electricity and telecommunications markets point to the importance of the paths of communication between the people and government leaders to understand mass political mobilisation. This article explains the surprising reaction of the Costa Rican public by focusing on the unwillingness or inability of the policy-makers to articulate their position in a way acceptable to the citizenry, leaving public space under the dominant influence of social organisations that opposed the initiative.
Making a Case for Shared Accountability

Nurse managers are expected to be accountable for staff nurse job satisfaction, including providing cohesive work groups 1,2 and explaining nurses’ organizational roles and helping them to find purpose and meaning in their work. 3 If staff nurses fail to achieve these satisfiers, have nurse managers failed to do their jobs? Is it more appropriate for staff nurses and managers to share the accountability for job satisfaction? The purpose of this article is to present the case for shared accountability. The contrasting (and prevailing) view is the continued burden of staff nurse satisfaction being on managers, with an attendant misguided entitlement of staff nurses.
Technical Challenge of Discrete Suction LFC Vehicles

The drag and propulsive power of suction LFC undersea vehicles can be reduced by factors of 6 and 8, respectively, with accompanying reduction in self generated noise. This dramatic improvement in performance has not yet been demonstrated on an undersea vehicle, primarily because of two technical problems: (1) the prevention of ocean, particle capture on the vehicle surface at the suction aperture inlets; and (2) the development of an economically producible suction hull design. The problem of the ocean particles now appears to be under control, and the hull design/ development problem is being addressed. The novelty of the problems, the search for solutions and the performance gains to be realized all combine to make the development of suction LFC vehicles an exciting technical challenge for the engineer and scientist.
The effect of the polar moiety of lipids on bilayer conductance induced by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.

Bilayer membranes were formed from decane, cholesterol, and three lipids isolated fromStaphylococcus aureus: positively charged lysyl phosphatidylglycerol (LysPG), negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and neutral diglucosyldiglyceride (DiGluDiGly). The uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and 3-t-butyl,5-chloro,2′-chloro,4′-nitrosalicylanilide (S 13), increased the electrical conductance of all three differently charged bilayers. S 13 was found to be the most effective reagent of the known uncouplers in increasing conductance of the bilayers. The conductance induced by uncouplers was investigated as a function of pH and uncoupler concentration. The pH of maximum conductance for each uncoupling agent was dependent on both the uncoupler and the lipid; it was lower for each uncoupler in LysPG and higher in PG compared to DiGluDiGly bilayers. At a pH below the optimum for LysPG, the conductance of the positively charged membrane was 500 times and of the neutral one 10 times higher than that of the negatively charged bilayer at equal uncoupler concentration and pH. Above the pH optimum for DiGluDiGly, the conductance was approximately equal for the positive and neutral membranes, but was lower in PG bilayers. Conductance depended linearly on uncoupler concentration. The bilayer conductance induced by S 13 was entirely due to increased proton permeability in all three lipids. The findings are consistent with the role of uncouplers as “carriers” for protons across the hydrocarbon interior of lipid membranes. The differences in conductance of differently charged lipid bilayers at equal uncoupler concentration, as well as the change of pH optimum of conductance with lipid charge, can be explained in terms of an electrostatic energy contribution of the fixed lipid charges to the distribution of the uncoupler anion between the aqueous and the membrane phases.
State of the art SAW resonators in France

During the last three years Thomson has concentrated on producing reliable, low-noise, and high-stability SAW (surface acoustic wave) resonators. A complete resonator analysis was required, one which modeled effects such as transverse modes and intratransducer coupling. Research has yielded typically less than 1 p.p.m./yr aging and unloaded Q-factors higher than 18000 with resonators close to 500 MHz. The first oscillators realized at 320 MHz show a good phase noise spectrum. Standard production techniques coupled with a newly developed multichip all-quartz packaging technique were used in the resonator manufacture. In addition, with use of a finite element analysis, the mechanical structure of the resonator can now be optimized to minimize the accelerometric sensitivity, which is required in military environments. Details on the design, manufacture, and performance of resonators in the 300- and 500-MHz ranges are presented. >
Selection and Life History Traits of Tebufenozide-Resistant Sugarcane Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Varying susceptibility to tebufenozide was recorded in the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), collected from Louisiana sugarcane locations with different selection pressures. Results from diet incorporation bioassays with tebufenozide indicated significant increases in LC50 (3.78-fold) and LC90 (7-fold) values for a colony from Duson (DU), an area with higher selection pressure, compared with a colony from Alexandria (ALEX), an area with no selection pressure. Differences were not detected in LC50 values among colonies from areas where use of tebufenozide was discontinued or rotated with other chemistries. Selections with tebufenozide of DU larvae over 12 generations resulted in a highly resistant colony (DU-R) with 27.1- and 83.3-fold increases in LC50 and LC90 values, respectively. Comparison of pupal weight, days to pupation, and emergence after exposure to an equitoxic (LC20) concentration of tebufenozide revealed a decrease in pupal weight (34 and 33% for males and females, respectively), and an increase in days to pupation (47 and 40% for males and females, respectively), and emergence (43 and 33% for males and females, respectively) for the DU-R colony compared with the parent DU colony. Fecundity of DU-R females decreased to 72 eggs per female compared with 180 (DU) and 261 (ALEX). Egg viability of the ALEX and DU colonies was 61 and 56%, respectively, whereas only 27% of eggs laid by females from the DU-R colony hatched. These results are discussed in terms of their practical implications for control of D. saccharalis in Louisiana sugarcane.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of CO2 Insertion into Ruthenium Hydride Complexes

The ruthenium hydride [RuH(CNN)(dppb)] (1; CNN = 2-aminomethyl-6-tolylpyridine, dppb = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane) reacts rapidly and irreversibly with CO2 under ambient conditions to yield the corresponding Ru formate complex 2. In contrast, the Ru hydride 1 reacts with acetone reversibly to generate the Ru isopropoxide, with the reaction free energy ΔG°298 K = −3.1 kcal/mol measured by 1H NMR in tetrahydrofuran-d8. Density functional theory (DFT), calibrated to the experimentally measured free energies of ketone insertion, was used to evaluate and compare the mechanism and energetics of insertion of acetone and CO2 into the Ru–hydride bond of 1. The calculated reaction coordinate for acetone insertion involves a stepwise outer-sphere dihydrogen transfer to acetone via hydride transfer from the metal and proton transfer from the N–H group on the CNN ligand. In contrast, the lowest energy pathway calculated for CO2 insertion proceeds by an initial Ru–H hydride transfer to CO2 followed by rotation of...
Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: Philip Francis and the ‘country government’

Around the year 1757, a Turkish man, born in Constantinople, educated in Paris, and a former servant of the French East India Company in south India, boarded an English ship in Bombay. This Turk, variously known as Mustafa or Monsieur Raymond, quickly made friends with the English captain of the ship, a Mr Ranier. Mustafa described Ranier as possessing a ‘general benevolence for mankind’, and an ‘uprightness’, virtues that soon seemed to him to be ‘characteristical in the English’. Captain Ranier and Mustafa became friends, partly because, in Mustafa's own words, ‘I had learned his tongue with a rapidity that amazed us both’; with a mediocre dictionary and a bad grammar, I learned enough of English in the nineteen days from Bombay to Balassor, as to delight in Bolingbroke's philosophical works. The English itself is no ways Difficult, and to a man already master of some Latin and French it is a very easy acquisition. The story of a French-educated Turk, on an English ship in the Indian ocean, reading one of the pre-eminent political philosophers of eighteenth-century Britain is a vivid illustration of the dizzying transpositions involved in the expansion of British power in Asia. Mustafa stayed in Bengal, and made a fitful career out of service to high-ranking officers of the English East India Company as they laid the foundations of the British empire in India.