cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design Optimization of a Controllable Camber Rotor Airfoil

A conformable airfoil is proposed as an alternative to trailing-edge flaps used for active helicopter vibration reduction through high-frequency changes in camber. The design consists of several compliant mechanisms of predetermined topology that are placed serially within the airfoil along the chord, aft of the leading-edge spar. A shape optimization approach is used to design the compliant mechanisms, in which the objective is to maximize trailing-edge deflection while minimizing airfoil deflections due to aerodynamic loads. Solutions were obtained using a sequential linear programming method coupled with a finite element analysis. An optimized shape is predicted to achieve a trailing-edge deflection of ±6.0 mm or a ±4.6- deg equivalent flap deflection angle using the tip deflection objective. Results indicate that the deflection is dependent on the amount of passive material allowed and the objective function used. The aerodynamic loads are found to cause only small deformations in comparison with those caused by the actuation. Prototype fabrication and bench-top tests demonstrated that rotor airfoil camber is controllable using the proposed concept.
Encapsulation of inorganic particles via miniemulsion polymerization. II. Preparation and characterization of styrene miniemulsion droplets containing TiO2 particles

The encapsulation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles via styrene miniemulsion polymerization requires two successive dispersion steps. First, the TiO2 particles must be successfully dispersed in the monomer phase. Second, this phase must be dispersed in an aqueous surfactant solution to form stable submicron droplets. The oil/water interface between the droplets and the aqueous phase can be affected not only by the surfactant used but also the components present in the oil phase. Interfacial tensions between the phases were measured. The presence of insufficient or excess stabilizer both reduced the interfacial tensions. This was attributed to migration of the partially covered hydrophilic TiO2 particles or the excess OLOA 370 stabilizer (polybutene–succinimide pentamine) to the oil/water interface. The free surfactant in the aqueous phase and the average droplet size of the miniemulsions were characterized as a function of the process variables. The presence of TiO2 particles within the droplets limited the ability of the process to reduce the droplet size although miniemulsion droplets in the size range of 150–200 nm were still obtained for subsequent polymerizations. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 4431–4440, 2000
The Influencing of Fibers on the Concrete Used to Nuclear Waste Container

To ensure the carrying safety and long-term durability of nuclear waste, using orthogonal mix proportion design and incorporating steel, polypropylene hybrid fiber, fly ash or steel fiber solely in the concrete, then flexural properties and impermeability tests are carried out respectively in normal temperature and after being heated to 150°C. By the gradation and variance analysis, the quantification of effects which the different kinds of admixtures and their incorporation had toughness and impermeability of concrete had been done: The bond force of steel fiber A which is more longer and with the type of sheared thread and concrete is better, the effect of crack-resistance and toughening is all better when pre-and post heated; As the addition of the fiber mixing amount, the bending property basically present the tendency enhanced for hybrid steel fiber A and B; The factors play a strengthened role in impermeability height of concrete with the increase of fiber’s content, for the order of effect: A> C> D> B. When the time for heating is longer than 17 days, the impermeability of steel fiber concrete SP-10 is stronger than high-strength concrete SP-13, therefore, the hybrid steel fiber (A , B) concrete is fit for container for nuclear waste.
Getting carried away: a note showing baseline observation carried forward (BOCF) results can be calculated from published complete-cases results.

Getting carried away: a note showing baseline observation carried forward (BOCF) results can be calculated from published complete-cases results
Rejuvenation of KAr systems for minerals in the Taiwan Mountain Belt

The late Mesozoic amphibolites and granitic rocks in the basement complex of the Taiwan Mountain Belt are overprinted by late Tertiary greenschist facies metamorphism. The KAr isotope systems of late Mesozoic horn-blende, muscovite, biotite and microcline have been reset by this metamorphic event, as reflected in three systematic variations: (1) a regional decrease in40Ar/39Ar dates with increasing metamorphic overprinting, (2) a unique sequence of decreasing dates among minerals (i.e., hornblende > muscovite > biotite > microcline) in the same sample or within closely spaced samples, and (3) a positive correlation between the grain-size fractions and their40Ar/39Ar dates (e.g., smaller grain-size fractions of a given mineral yield younger dates). In the lower greenschist facies area, hornblendes and coarse-grained muscovites still retain most of their radiogenic argon and display fairly flat40Ar/39Ar age spectra with plateau dates of 82–95 Ma which record a rapid cooling during the Nanao Orogeny, a late Mesozoic tectonothermal event. In contrast, all microclines are completely reset and yield young plateau dates of ∼ 1.6 and ∼ 1.7 Ma, reflecting the rapid uplift associated with the Penglai Orogeny. Most of the partially reset minerals (e.g., muscovites from the upper greenschist facies area and biotites from the lower greenschist facies area) yield geologically meaningless40Ar/39Ar integrated dates that fall between the ages of the two tectonothermal events and exhibit disturbed age spectra which are caused mainly by mixing of argon released from two generations of phases (excess argon and partial argon loss). After isolating possible recrystallization and mixing effects, the regional variation in the40Ar/39Ar dates for the earlier generation phases could be simulated by a volume diffusion model coupled with a thermal model for the Taiwan Mountain Belt.
Combined Optimal Design and Control With Application to an Electric DC Motor

In the design and optimization of artifacts requiring both mechanical and control design, the process is typically divided and performed in separate steps. The physical structure is designed first, a control strategy is selected, and the actual controller is then designed. This article examines how this separation could affect the overall system design and how the combination of the separate problems into a single decision model could improve the overall design, using an electric DC motor as a case study. The combination is challenging since the two problems often have different design criteria, decision objectives, and mathematical model properties. Furthermore, the two problems are often fully coupled in that the physical structure depends on the controller and the controller depends on the physical structure. A Pareto analysis is suggested as a rigorous way to compare a variety of design scenaria.
A corticosteroid-induced flare of psoriasis. How to control or, better yet, avoid.

(1999). A corticosteroid-induced flare of psoriasis. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 106, No. 7, pp. 31-32.
Abstract 3278: Mitochondria derived from breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells confer oncogenic properties in the normal breast epithelial nuclear background

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Previous reports showing somatic mitochondrial DNA alterations, the reduction of respiratory chain function, and the essential roles of mitochondria in apoptosis and autophagy, have implicated that mitochondria are vital in cancer development. To study the contribution of cancer mitochondria to tumor properties, the major effects from the nucleus must be removed. We developed an in vitro transmitochondrial cybrid system, in which, mitochondria derived from normal breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A) or breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) were fused with ρ0 nuclear donor cells derived from immortalized normal breast epithelial A1N4 cells. Studies of these cybrids showed reduced respiratory chain activities, ATP synthesis rates, and oxygen consumption, in 231/A1N4 cybrids compared to 10A/A1N4 cybrids. In addition, higher production of ROS and lactate were also noted. These results suggested that cancer mitochondria had reduced oxidative energy production function. With the same normal breast epithelial nuclear background, cybrids containing cancer mitochondria exhibited higher expression of oncogenes and growth factors than cybrids containing mitochondria derived from non-cancer epithelial cells (MCF-10A). The 231/A1N4 cybrid cells lost growth contact inhibition, had higher ability to form colonies, and were more resistant to serum starvation compared to 10A/A1N4 cybrids, supporting the hypothesis that mitochondria derived from cancer cells contribute to tumor properties even in the normal nuclear background. These studies provide useful insights to the cross-talk between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of altered mitochondria to normal cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3278.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Prolactin Modulation of Early Luteal Function and Luteinizing Hormone Receptor-Binding Activity in Cultured Human Granulosa-Luteal Cells*

These studies were undertaken to explore the roles of both hCG and PRL in the modulation of early luteal function in the human. Human granulosa-luteal cells isolated during cycles stimulated by human menopausal gonadotropin hCG were obtained at the time of follicle aspiration and cultured to determine the effects of hCG and PRL on both progesterone and hCG receptor binding. Progesterone production by hCG-stimulated granulosa-luteal cells was increased 3.5-fold over unstimulated levels after 120 h, with maximal stimulation at hCG concentrations greater than 1 IU/ml. [125I]hCG binding to granulosa luteal cells was increased 3-fold in cells cultured with hCG (10 IU/ml) after both 48 h (P less than 0.03) and 96 h (P less than 0.02) in culture. hCG (1 IU/ml) stimulated a significant increase in progesterone production above basal levels after 72 h of culture, which continued to increase until 96 h of culture; 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone (20 alpha-OH progesterone) production also was increased by hCG (1 IU/ml) at 72 h of culture, but unlike progesterone production, showed no further increase. In both the presence and absence of hCG, granulosa-luteal cells cultured with PRL (100 ng/ml) produced significantly more 20 alpha-OH progesterone (P less than 0.04 and P less than 0.02, respectively) after several days than cells cultured without PRL. In addition, progesterone production in the presence of hCG (10 IU/ml) decreased significantly (P less than 0.04) as 20 alpha-OH progesterone levels increased. Equivalent amounts of [125I]hCG were bound by human granulosa-luteal cells cultured with and without PRL (100 ng/ml). These results show that cultured human granulosa-luteal cells are responsive to hCG, with parallel increases in both progesterone production and [125I]hCG receptor binding. The presence of PRL (100 ng/ml) had no effect on [125I]hCG binding. In both the presence and absence of hCG, PRL resulted in an increase in 20 alpha-OH progesterone production and, in the presence of hCG (10 IU/ml), a decrease in progesterone production after several days in culture.
Microtechniques for the determination of nanomolar concentrations of trace elements in 10 ml of sediment porewater

Abstract Microtechniques were incorporated with trace metal clean techniques to determine nanomolar concentrations of Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in small (2–10 ml) aliquots of sediment porewater. This involved a liquid-liquid preconcentration with organic chelators (APDC and DDDC) coupled with analyses by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The preconcentration was quantitative with recovery efficiencies between 96% and 100% and calculated extraction efficiencies between 90% and 104%. Procedural blanks were 0.95% of the Ag, 0.33% of the Cd, 0.24% of the Cu, 0.12% of the Ni, and ≤0.05% of the Co, Fe, Pb, and Zn concentrations in 10 ml aliquots of an internal reference porewater material. Therefore, these techniques are suitable for measuring ambient concentrations of trace metals in sediment porewater.
Construction of well-defined multifunctional dendrimers using a trifunctional core

A simple synthetic strategy was developed for the synthesis of well-defined multifunctional poly(amide)-based dendrimers using a trifunctional core.
Writing a research article: advice to beginners

Writing research papers does not come naturally to most of us. The typical research paper is a highly codified rhetorical form [1,2]. Knowledge of the rules—some explicit, others implied—goes a long way toward writing a paper that will get accepted in a peer-reviewed journal. A good research paper addresses a specific research question. The research question—or study objective or main research hypothesis—is the central organizing principle of the paper. Whatever relates to the research question belongs in the paper; the rest doesn’t. This is perhaps obvious when the paper reports on a well planned research project. However, in applied domains such as quality improvement, some papers are written based on projects that were undertaken for operational reasons, and not with the primary aim of producing new knowledge. In such cases, authors should define the main research question a posteriori and design the paper around it. Generally, only one main research question should be addressed in a paper (secondary but related questions are allowed). If a project allows you to explore several distinct research questions, write several papers. For instance, if you measured the impact of obtaining written consent on patient satisfaction at a specialized clinic using a newly developed questionnaire, …
Molecular Characterization of Barley β-Glucans by Size-Exclusion Chromatography with Multiple-Angle Laser Light Scattering and Other Detectors

ABSTRACT Molecular characteristics were determined for mixed-linkage (1→3) (1→4)-β-d-glucans (β-glucans) extracted from Azhul, Crystal, Waxbar, and Prowashonupana barleys. β-Glucans in extracts (with or without α-amylase, protease, hemicellulase, or xylanase treatment) were separated from other components by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography and detected with multiple-angle laser light scattering, refractive index, and fluorometry following postrefractive index treatment with Calcofluor. Pretreatment of barley with 70% ethanol (80°C, 4 hr) reduced β-glucanase activity by ~20%. Hot-alcohol treatment also reduced β-glucan extraction at 23 and 65°C by 42 and 14%, respectively. Molecular weights of β-glucans in the first water extract were generally higher than in succeeding water and alkali extracts. Weight average molecular weights ranged from 0.44 × 106 to 2.34 × 106 g/mol after α-amylase treatment to remove interfering starch. Interference due to pentosans was not demonstrated using enzyme tr...
Fulvestrant in Women With Advanced Breast Cancer After Progression on Prior Aromatase Inhibitor Therapy: North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial N0032

Purpose Fulvestrant is an antiestrogen that leads to estrogen receptor degradation and has demonstrated efficacy in breast cancer patients who have had disease recurrence or progression after tamoxifen. This study was designed to examine the efficacy and toxicity of fulvestrant in patients with disease progression on a third-generation aromatase inhibitor (AI). Patients and Methods A one-stage phase II trial was conducted in postmenopausal women with measurable disease by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria who experienced disease progression after treatment with a third-generation AI and, at most, one additional hormonal agent. Tumors must have been estrogen receptor and/or progesterone receptor positive. The primary end point was objective response rate, and secondary end points were time to disease progression, survival, duration of response, and toxicity. Results Eighty patients were enrolled, and three were ineligible. Characteristics of the 77 eligible patients included median age ...
Application of loglinear models to informetric phenomena

Abstract Informetrics deals with the search for regularities in data associated with the production and use of recorded information. Most of the methods used in the past implicitly assume that the variables of importance are quantitative in form. Yet much relevant data is categorical. In this paper we point out the existence of techniques for analyzing such data. Examples of informetric phenomena for which these techniques are important are given, and one, involving the book purchasing pattern of a group of libraries, is studied in detail.
Prospects and Perils of Fiscal Impact Analysis

Problem: Professional planners have used fiscal impact analysis (FIA) to assist in land use decision making for over three decades; yet, not since the late 1970s has research examined how practicing planners use the tool or how accurate this planning analysis technique is in everyday practice. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand how practicing planners use FIA today, how FIA informs current planning debates, and how sensitive FIA projections are to underlying assumptions. Methods: We surveyed planning directors across the country on their use of FIA, following up with interviews in 10 cases. We also applied standard FIA to a hypothetical mixed-use development in seven cities in Wisconsin to assess the sensitivity of FIA projections to assumptions about the local mix of residential and nonresidential development. Results and conclusions: Our survey and interview results show that planners deem FIA an important tool. Our sensitivity analysis allowing plausible variation in a key parameter sh...
Long-term facilitation of amphetamine-induced rotational behavior and striatal dopamine release produced by a single exposure to amphetamine: Sex differences

Amphetamine (AMPH)-induced rotational behavior in non-lesioned rats and AMPH-stimulated dopamine (DA) release from striatal tissue fragments in vitro were used to study the long-term effects of a single injection of AMPH on activity in the mesostriatal DA system. A single injection of a low dose of AMPH (1.25 mg/kg) greatly enhanced the rotational behavior produced by a second injection of AMPH given 3-4 weeks later in intact female, ovariectomized female and castrated male rats. The effect of AMPH pretreatment in intact males differed from that in the other groups. When only 7-8 days separated the two test sessions both intact male and female rats showed sensitization of rotational behavior, but the magnitude of the change was greater in females. In addition, a single injection of 1.25 mg/kg of AMPH in vivo produced a long-lasting (3-5 weeks) enhancement of AMPH-stimulated DA release from striatal tissue in vitro. It is suggested that: (1) repeated injections of AMPH are not necessary to produce a long-lasting facilitation of behaviors mediated by the mesostriatal DA system; (2) gender and/or hormonal state influences the development of long-term changes in the mesostriatal DA system; and (3) changes in DA release from presynaptic terminals may contribute to the behavioral sensitization produced by stimulant drugs. The phenomena reported here may provide complementary in vitro and in vivo models for studying neuroplasticity in brain DA systems.
Temperature differentially affects adenosine triphosphatase activity in Hsc70 orthologs from Antarctic and New Zealand notothenioid fishes

To test the temperature sensitivity of molecular chaperones in poikilothermic animals, we purified the molec- ular chaperone Hsc70 from 2 closely related notothenioid fishes—the Antarctic species Trematomus bernacchii and the temperate New Zealand species Notothenia angustata—and characterized the effect of temperature on Hsc70 adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. Hsc70 ATPase activity was measured using (a- 32 P)-adenosine triphos- phate (ATP)-based in vitro assays followed by separation of adenylates by thin-layer chromatography. For both spe- cies, a significant increase in Hsc70 ATPase activity was observed across a range of temperatures that was ecologically relevant for each respective species. Hsc70 from T bernacchii hydrolyzed 2-fold more ATP than did N angustata Hsc70 at 08C, suggesting that the Antarctic molecular chaperone may be adapted to function more efficiently at extreme cold temperatures. In addition, Q10 measurements indicate differential temperature sensitivity of the ATPase activity of Hsc70 from these differentially adapted fish that correlates with the temperature niche inhabited by each species. Hsc70 from T bernacchii was relatively temperature insensitive, as indicated by Q10 values calculated near 1.0 across each tem- perature range measured. In the case of Hsc70 purified fromN angustata ,Q 10 values indicated thermal sensitivity across the temperature range of 08 Ct o 108C, with a Q10 of 2.714. However, Hsc70 from both T bernacchii and N angustata exhibited unusually high thermal stabilities with ATPase activity at temperatures that far exceeded temper- atures encountered by these fish in nature. Overall, as evidenced by in vitro ATP hydrolysis, Hsc70 fromT bernacchii and N angustata displayed biochemical characteristics that were supportive of molecular chaperone function at eco- logically relevant temperatures.
Simplified and Efficient Quantification of Low-abundance Proteins at Very High Multiplex via Targeted Mass Spectrometry

Liquid chromatography–multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-MRM-MS) of plasma that has been depleted of abundant proteins and fractionated at the peptide level into six to eight fractions is a proven method for quantifying proteins present at low nanogram-per-milliliter levels. A drawback of fraction-MRM is the increased analysis time due to the generation of multiple fractions per biological sample. We now report that the use of heated, long, fused silica columns (>30 cm) packed with 1.9 μm of packing material can reduce or eliminate the need for fractionation prior to LC-MRM-MS without a significant loss of sensitivity or precision relative to fraction-MRM. We empirically determined the optimal column length, temperature, gradient duration, and sample load for such assays and used these conditions to study detection sensitivity and assay precision. In addition to increased peak capacity, longer columns packed with smaller beads tolerated a 4- to 6-fold increase in analyte load without a loss of robustness or reproducibility. The longer columns also provided a 4-fold improvement in median limit-of-quantitation values with increased assay precision relative to the standard 12 cm columns packed with 3 μm material. Overall, the optimized chromatography provided an approximately 3-fold increase in analysis throughput with excellent robustness and less than a 2-fold reduction in quantitative sensitivity relative to fraction-MRM. The value of the system for increased multiplexing was demonstrated by the ability to configure an 800-plex MRM-MS assay, run in a single analysis, comprising 2400 transitions with retention time scheduling to monitor 400 unlabeled and heavy labeled peptide pairs.
«Father knows best» and «The Cosby show»: nostalgia and the sitcom tradition

Etablir une comparaison entre les deux feuilletons televises americains « Father Knows Best » et « Le Cosby Show » peut apparaitre inutile, voire saugrenu. Que peuvent avoir en commun ces deux series, sachant que l'une date des annees 1950-60, s'adresse a une population blanche et dont le message, emprunt de McCarthisme, s'oppose avant tout au mouvement des droits civils. Les points communs portent sur des representations ideales de la famille nucleaire « normale », vivant dans l'abondance, avec peu de contacts avec le monde exterieur, et donc peu de pressions de pairs. Cette comparaison souleve, en fait, la question de la veritable nature et fonction de ces comedies de situation
When are assets complementary? star scientists, strategic alliances, and innovation in the pharmaceutical industry

To answer the question of when are assets complementary, we investigate specific resource combinations along the value chain, focusing on two mechanisms that are central to combining resources for innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: recruitment and retention of star scientists, and 2) engagement in strategic alliances. We propose that resource combinations that focus on the same parts of the value chain are substitutes due to knowledge redundancies. Conversely, we hypothesize that resource combinations that link different parts of the value chain are complements due to integration of nonredundant knowledge. To test these hypotheses, we empirically track the innovative performance of 108 global pharmaceutical firms over three decades (1974–2003). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Usable access control for the World Wide Web

While publishing content on the World Wide Web has moved within reach of the nontechnical mainstream, controlling access to published content still requires expertise in Web server configuration, public-key certification, and a variety of access control mechanisms. Lack of such expertise results in unnecessary exposure of content published by nonexperts, or force cautious nonexperts to leave their content off-line. Recent research has focused on making access control systems more flexible and powerful, but not on making them easier to use. We propose a usable access control systems for the World Wide Web, i.e., a system that is easy to use both for content providers (who want to protect their content from unauthorized access) and (authorized) content consumers (who want hassle-free access to such protected content). Our system is constructed with judicious use of conventional building blocks, such as access control lists and public-key certificates. We point out peculiarities in existing software that make it unnecessarily hard to achieve our goal of usable access control, and assess the security provided by our usable system.
Detection of the PAX8-PPARγ Fusion Protein in Thyroid Tumors

Nobody wants to get cancer, but if you have to, thyroid cancer is a good one to get because of its excellent prognosis. Still, there is plenty of room for improvement in the current approaches to the diagnosis and therapy of this disease. Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. The American Cancer Society estimates 37 000 new cases of thyroid cancer were diagnosed in the US in 2008. The National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database indicates that nearly 400 000 living Americans have a history of thyroid cancer and that 1 in every 127 Americans will be diagnosed with thyroid cancer during his or her lifetime. The vast majority of cases are so-called differentiated thyroid cancers, which are characterized histologically as papillary or follicular tumors. Although follicular cancers comprise only 10%–15% of thyroid cancers, they are of special interest for several reasons. First, it is not possible to distinguish follicular carcinomas from adenomas by biopsy. These tumors must be surgically removed to determine whether they are malignant, and approximately 80% of follicular neoplasms turn out to be benign. This situation contrasts with that for papillary thyroid cancers, which generally are straightforward to diagnose by fine-needle biopsy. Second, follicular thyroid cancers are more prone than papillary cancers to form distant (lung) metastases and are less prone to spread locally to neck lymph nodes. Thus, the detection of recurrences at an early, localized stage is more difficult. For both papillary and follicular thyroid cancers, there is no effective chemotherapy for patients not cured by the standard therapies of surgery and radioiodine. Thyroid cancers usually are associated with specific genetic abnormalities. For example, close to half of papillary carcinomas have an activating mutation of the kinase BRAF (1). Activating RAS mutations, or gene fusions that cause inappropriate activation …
Ka-Band SiGe HBT Low Phase Imbalance Differential 3-Bit Variable Gain LNA

This letter presents the design and implementation of a differential Ka-band variable gain low noise amplifier (VG-LNA) with low insertion phase imbalance. The VG-LNA is based on a 0.12 mum SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor process, and the gain variation is achieved using bias current steering. The measured VG-LNA gain at 32-34 GHz is 9-20 dB with eight different linear-in-magnitude gain states, and with a noise figure of 3.4-4.3 dB. The measured rms phase imbalance is < 2.5deg at 26-40 GHz for all gain states and this is achieved using a novel compensating resistor in the bias network. The VG-LNA consumes 33 mW (13.5 mA, 2.5 V) and the input 1-dB gain compression point is -27 dBm. The chip size is 0.13 mm2 without pads.
Temperature Limits, Ratings, and Natural Cooling Procedures for Avionic Equipment and Parts

The results of adequate cooling of electronic parts are gains in part life and reliability. An engineering compromise between ideal electronic part temperature and the thermal point of diminishing return must be evaluated not only with respect to desired life, but also in terms of the electronic circuit and cooling efficiencies. This paper outlines the flow of heat within, through, and from heat producing electronic parts in terms of internal thermal limitations, part surface and environmental ratings, and cooling indices. Natural heat flow design data pertinent to conduction cooling of heat sources, tube shields, the placement and mounting of parts, and ?sink connectors? are presented.
Electronic access to information and the privacy paradox: rethinking practical obscurity and its impact on electronic freedom of information

This article addresses the U.S. Supreme Court's formulation of "practical obscurity" in Reporters Committee v. Department of Justice, a seminal case interpreting the U.S. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). By examining lower federal court opinions interpreting Reporters Committee and by analyzing the effects of the Court's opinion on the implementation of the privacy exemptions of the FOIA, this article finds that the Court's opinion has greatly narrowed the scope of the FOIA and limited the power of the FOIA to democratize electronic information. Exemptions from the presumption of disclosure inherent in the FOIA were designed to balance the public's right to know against other competing interests. Historically, courts have balanced the public interest in disclosure against privacy interests when weighing privacy claims made under the FOIA. The Department of Justice argued for a change in this analysis, however, and in Reporters Committee successfully urged the adoption of a narrower definition of disclosable records. This new analysis expands the scope of privacy under the FOIA while it restricts the scope of acceptable public interest argurnents in favor of disclosure. This article demonstrates how the Court's decision in Reporters Committee-specifically, its formulation of practical obscurity as a value worth protecting-holds far-reaching implications for federal access law and for FOI laws around the world.
Thickness determination of SmCo films on silicon substrates utilizing X-ray diffraction

This paper presents a nondestructive measurement technique for the determination of the film thicknesses of Co and SmCo based magnetic films deposited by sputtering on single-crystal silicon (100) substrates. X-ray diffraction of Cu Kα radiation has been used to measure the intensity of the (400) reflection from bare silicon substrates and as attenuated by sputter coated Co and SmCo based films on Si substrates. A four-axis research diffractometer allowed the substrate orientation to be fine adjusted to maximize the (400) diffraction intensity. The thickness of SmCo based films was in a range from 0.05 to 5 μm. Co film thicknesses on Si could be measured to a few tens of nanometers. The accuracy of the thickness measurements depends on the effective mass attenuation coefficient of the film material. For the materials considered, the thicknesses determined by the X-ray attenuation method agree within at least several percent to values determined by other methods.
Generating a Lexicon Without a Language Model: Do Words for Number Count?

Abstract Homesigns are communication systems created by deaf individuals without access to conventional linguistic input. To investigate how homesign gestures for number function in short-term memory compared to homesign gestures for objects, actions, or attributes, we conducted memory span tasks with adult homesigners in Nicaragua, and with comparison groups of unschooled hearing Spanish speakers and deaf Nicaraguan Sign Language signers. There was no difference between groups in recall of gestures or words for objects, actions or attributes; homesign gestures therefore can function as word units in short-term memory. However, homesigners showed poorer recall of numbers than the other groups. Unlike the other groups, increasing the numerical value of the to-be-remembered quantities negatively affected recall in homesigners, but not controls. When developed without linguistic input, gestures for number do not seem to function as summaries of the cardinal values of the sets ( four ), but rather as indexes of items within a set ( one–one–one–one ).
Multisensor fusion for target tracking using sequential monte carlo methods

In this paper, we consider the problems of centralized and distributed multisensor filtering from a Bayesian perspective. We present sequential Monte Carlo algorithms for obtaining complete posterior distributions from individual sensor measurements and from individual sensor posterior distributions, respectively. In the latter case, the individual posterior distributions are approximated as Gaussian distributions, where the information being communicated by the sensors are the statistics of the distributions. The posterior distributions obtained by a centralized algorithm are computed either by the fusing of the likelihoods or by combining the moments of the individual sensor posterior distributions. The proposed algorithms are applied to two problems of target tracking (a) using bearings only measurements and (b) using multimodal sensor data. For the problems, we provide the root mean square errors, and for problem (a), we compare them with the posterior Cramer-Rao lower bounds
Association of Common Origin of the Carotid Arteries with Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery

Common origin of the carotid arteries (COCA) is a common pattern of aortic arch vessels and is the single most common cause of tracheobronchial compression by a congenital cardiovascular anomaly. By no means all affected patients are symptomatic. Symptoms may range from recurrent pulmonary infections and "noisy respiration" to stridor and apneic spells. In our study of patients with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) we found a highly significant association of COCA with ALCAPA (85%), although no patient with ALCAPA in this study had evidence of tracheal stenosis documented in the hospital chart. As COCA is easily correctable, we suggest consideration of COCA during evaluation and surgery of patients with ALCAPA so that, if the patient also has symptoms possibly related to COCA, the artery can be suspended from the posterior wall of the sternum.
Crosslinking chemistry and network structure in organic coatings. I. Cure of melamine formaldehyde/acrylic copolymer films

Crosslinking chemistry and network formation in hydroxy and carboxy functional acrylic copolymer resins cured with representative melamine-formaldehyde crosslinking agents have been studied by infrared spectroscopy. Network formation in these systems is dominated by two reactions, the condensation of the hydroxy (or carboxy) functionality of the acrylic resin with melamine alkoxy groups to form acrylic-melamine crosslinks, and the condensation of melamine hydroxy groups to form melamine-melamine crosslinks. The extents of these reactions have been studied as functions of acrylic resin composition, melamine type and concentration, and cure time and temperature. For melamines with just methoxy functionality, the extent of formation of acrylic-melamine crosslinks increased steadily with cure temperature. For melamines with substantial hydroxy functionality, the extent of formation of acrylic-melamine crosslinks increased rapidly then leveled off with increasing cure temperature. The formation of melamine-melamine crosslinks increased slowly with increasing cure temperature. From these data and a statistical model, effective crosslink densities were calculated. The crosslink densities correlated well with solvent resistance.
Mechanisms of enhanced shock-induced arrhythmogenesis in the rabbit heart with healed myocardial infarction.

Shock-induced vulnerability and defibrillation have been mostly studied in structurally normal hearts. However, defibrillation therapy is normally applied to patients with diseased hearts, frequent...
Rediscovering Central Asia

The term ‘Central Asia’ has been in use for 150 years, yet it is only since the collapse of the Soviet Union and, more recently, growth in awareness and concern about international terrorism, particularly in the USA, that the countries of Central Asia have become significant players on the international political stage. Denis Sinor describes the historical, cultural and linguistic backgrounds of the newly independent republics of the area: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kirgizstan.
A Segmentation Model for Partial Run-Time Reconfiguration

Reconfigurable computing systems have been gaining rising attention. Such systems adapt the overall system to the underlying applications at run-time. However, due to the limited reconfigurable resources, not all needed functionalities can be implemented in the same time. Previous work has considered swapping hardware functions on either a function-by-function basis or by reconfiguring the whole chip. In our previous work we have proposed a configuration management technique based on grouping related functions into fixed size blocks (pages). Pages are swapped in and out as necessary during application execution. However, paging can introduce physical artificial constraints on the grouping decision. In this work, we propose a more general virtual-memory-like technique. This technique discovers related functions and groups them into variable size blocks (segments). This, in addition to block replacement strategies can exploit both spatial and temporal processing locality simultaneously. Simulations, as well as emulation have been performed using the Cray XD1 reconfigurable computer. Results have shown that the proposed model can provide several folds of speed-up over previous techniques.
A tunable microwave plasma photonic crystal filter

The integration of gaseous plasma elements into a microwave photonic crystal band gap cavity structure allows for active tuning of the device. An alumina rod array microwave photonic crystal waveguide resonator is simulated and characterized through finite difference time domain methods. A gaseous plasma element is integrated into the cavity structure and the effect of plasma density on the transmission properties of the structure is investigated. We show, through both simulations and experiments, that the permittivity of the plasma can be adjusted to shift the peak resonance to allow for both switching and tunability of transmission. The experimentally measured peak shifts in transmission are compared to those simulated and the electron density of the gaseous plasma element is calculated and compared to values determined from the measured discharge current density.
The Human Infant in Studies of Lateralization of Function

For a long time, study of the human infant has been recognized as a window into human nature. The infant’s role in theories about vision and perception are perhaps the most familiar, but the infant has played a conspicuous role as well in theories about handedness and lateral specialization of the brain. To begin this section of the book on historical perspectives and new directions in the study of the ontogeny of lateralization, I shall describe the infant’s role in early theories, those, by and large, developed in the 19th century and before. We shall see that many of the general themes of this early work figure in the current theory and research to be discussed in the following chapters.
Electro-Osmosis Chemistry and Water Quality

Electro-osmosis (E-O) is an effective method for stabilizing fine grained soils; the process has been used for man years for stabilizing cut slopes and embankments, and for dewatering foundations. Electo-osmotic slope stabilization is accomplished by reversing the direction of water flow away from the face of a slope. This directional change is achieved by placing anodes on the face of a slope and well pint cathodes at a distance of 10 ft-15 ft from the slope. A direct current is induced between electodes.
Heritage Site Visitation and Attitudes toward African American Heritage Preservation An Investigation of North Carolina Residents

Understanding disparities in visitation rates to heritage sites and patterns in public support for preservation and remembrance of African American heritage could greatly inform decision-making and management philosophies of park/historic site operators, preservationists, and other entrepreneurs. Informed by critical theory, this study examined heritage site visitation and attitudes toward remembrance and preservation of African American heritage among North Carolina (NC) residents. Telephone interviews were completed by 843 residents investigating their heritage site visitation patterns and support for African American heritage. The results suggest that race, age, education, income, frequency of travel, and voting record impact variation in heritage site visitation among NC residents while race, age, education, the presence of retirees or children in the household, voting record, and identification as a Southerner influenced attitudes toward African American preservation. This study contributes to the cr...
Relationship between the oral contraceptive and folic acid metabolism. Serum folate concentrations.

Abstract A study of women who developed severe megaloblastic anemia while receiving oral contraceptive agents prompted a hematologic investigation of individuals taking such drugs. A group of patients receiving two different oral contraceptives has been evaluated and compared to a control series. No subjects became folate deficient. There does not appear to be any significant relationship between the duration of therapy and the serum folate level. The exact interaction between folic acid and estrogen remains to be determined.
Comparison of the Energy-Level Alignment of Thiolate- and Carbodithiolate-Bound Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold†

This paper presents an experimental study of a carbodithiolate-bound monolayer on gold and finds the electronic structure of this surface to be different from those of thiolate-bound monolayers in important ways. Specifically, self-assembled monolayers formed from benzyl mercaptan and dithiobenzoic acid (molecules identical to each other except for the linker group) chemisorbed on gold are compared. The electronic structure of these modified surfaces was investigated using photoemission spectroscopy and electronic structure calculations. Surfaces covered with monolayers formed from benzyl mercaptan were found to be comparable to other thiolate-bound adsorbates. In contrast, surfaces covered with monolayers formed from dithiobenzoic acid have a markedly different electronic structure; the work function of the such modified surface is lowered by 1.6 eV, as compared to that of a bare gold surface, and the highest occupied π-band lies 1.3−1.6 eV below the Fermi level of the gold surface. Dithiobenzoic acid wa...
"The ABCDs (Autonomy, Boundary Spanning, Common Vision & Design Attitude) of Successful Collaboration"

Collaboration is recognized as a viable strategy for addressing uncertain, complex and wicked problems. However, previous inquiry has not solved an important problem for practitioners − how to over...
Formation of Iron(III) (Hydr)oxides on Polyaspartate- and Alginate-Coated Substrates: Effects of Coating Hydrophilicity and Functional Group

To better understand the transport of contaminants in aqueous environments, we need more accurate information about heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation of iron(III) hydroxide nanoparticles in the presence of organics. We combined synchrotron-based grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and SAXS and other nanoparticle and substrate surface characterization techniques to observe iron(III) (hydr)oxide [10–4 M Fe(NO3)3 in 10 mM NaNO3] precipitation on quartz and on polyaspartate- and alginate-coated glass substrates and in solution (pH = 3.7 ± 0.2). Polyaspartate was determined to be the most negatively charged substrate and quartz the least; however, after 2 h, total nanoparticle volume calculations—from GISAXS—indicate that positively charged precipitation on quartz is twice that of alginate and 10 times higher than on polyaspartate, implying that electrostatics do not govern iron(III) (hydr)oxide nucleation. On the basis of contact angle measurements and surface characterization, we c...
Rapid evidence-based development of mobile medical IoT apps

Mobile medical apps (MMAs) work in close loop with human physiology through sensing and control. As such it is essential for them to achieve intended functionality, without having harmful effects on human physiology, affecting the availability of the service and compromising the privacy of health data. However for a mobile app manufacturer, generating evidences regarding safety, sustainability and security (S3) of MMAs can be time consuming. To accelerate the development of S3 assured MMAs, we propose Health-Dev β tool that takes high level description of MMAs and automatically generates validated code and evidences of safety, security, and sustainability. Using the mobile artificial pancreas medical control application we show that Health-Dev s tool can generate code that satisfies requirements and reduce development time by a factor of 1.8.
A Fine-Grained Evaluation Method for Speech-to-Speech Machine Translation Using Concept Annotations

In this paper we report on a method of evaluating spoken language translation systems that builds upon a task-based evaluation method developed by CMU, but rather than relying on a predefined database of Interchange Format representations of spoken utterances, instead relies on a set of explicitly defined conventions for creating these interlingual representations. Our method also departs from CMU's in its scoring conventions in using a finer-grained approach to scoring (especially scoring of predicates). We have attempted to validate the legitimacy of this approach to speech-to-speech MT evaluation by looking for a relationship between the scores generated by this method, and the scores generated by a series of experiments using naive human judgements of the meaning and quality of MT systems' output.