cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
XXXII. A quantitative determination of the anomalous dispersion of sodium vapour in the visible and ultra-violet regions

(1904). XXXII. A quantitative determination of the anomalous dispersion of sodium vapour in the visible and ultra-violet regions. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 8, No. 45, pp. 293-324.
A Longitudinal Study of Psychological Functioning Among Juvenile Offenders A Latent Growth Model Analysis

This study examines a sample of 278 justice-involved juveniles completing at least one of three follow-up interviews as part of a National Institute on Drug Abuse-funded study. Latent growth models...
Laboratory and field cage tests with Bacillus thuringiensis against pink-bollworm larvae☆

Abstract Newly hatched and mature larvae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, were susceptible to spores of Bacillus thuringiensis in lactose dusts and in soil-spore mixtures, respectively. The pupation rate of survivors exposed to the spores as newly hatched larvae was inhibited, and pupal weights decreased with increases in concentration of spores. Application of spores to soil in field cages reduced overwintering populations of pink bollworms about 45%.
Synthesis of well defined polymers by controlled radical polymerization

Abstract : Controlled radical polymerizations can be achieved by using either unimolecular or bimolecular exchange between growing radicals and dormant chains. Dormant chains can be represented as either covalent species or organometallic compounds. Systems based on alkoxyamines, organochromium, organoaluminum compounds, and alkyl iodides are discussed in detail. In many systems, straight semilogarithmic plots indicate a constant number of growing radicals. A linear increase of molecular weights with conversion indicates a constant number of chains capable of growth but being predominantly in the dormant state. Some of these systems can be used in the synthesis of block copolymers and for end-functionalization. (AN)
Incidental discovery of radiopaque pills on abdominal CT in a patient with abdominal pain

We present a case in which a young female ingested several tablets of an over-the-counter cough and cold remedy over the course of a week. Pill fragments were identifiable and incidentally discovered when a CT scan of the abdomen was performed to evaluate the cause of her abdominal pain. Discovery of radiopaque pills on diagnostic imaging studies warrants further history and appropriate testing to rule out a life-threatening ingestion.
Establishing a nursing center: Learning from the literature and the experiences of others

In the midst of health care reform, academic nursing centers are well-positioned as cost-effective health care providers. As practice sites that are integral components of nursing academic units, these centers provide educational experiences for students, practice sites for faculty, nursing services to the community, and settings for nursing research. The success of these centers is determined by their ability to manage seven major issues of implementation: funding, integrating the center into the community, services, marketing, legal and regulatory issues, faculty issues, and research issues. While these issues require considerable attention, it is critical that centers capitalize on the opportunities provided by the current health policy climate.
Sex and race are associated with the absence of epicardial coronary artery obstructive disease at angiography in patients with acute coronary syndromes

Background A substantial minority of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) do not have a diameter stenosis of any major epicardial coronary artery on angiography (“no obstruction at angiography”) of ≥ 50%. We examined the frequency of this finding and its relationship to race and sex. Hypothesis Among patients with myocardial infarction, younger age, female sex and non-white race are associated with the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease at angiography. Methods We reviewed the results of all angiograms performed from May 19, 2006 to September 29, 2006 at 1 private (n = 793) and 1 public (n = 578) urban academic medical center. Charts were reviewed for indication and results of angiography, and for demographics. Results The cohort included 518 patients with ACS. There was no obstruction at angiography in 106 patients (21%), including 48 (18%) of 258 patients with myocardial infarction. Women were more likely to have no obstruction at angiography than men, both in the overall cohort (55/170 women [32%] vs 51/348 men [15%], P < 0.001) and in the subset with MI (29/90 women [32%] vs 19/168 men [11%], P < 0.001). Black patients were more likely to have no obstruction at angiography relative to any other subgroup (24/66 [36%] vs 41/229 [18%] Whites, 31/150 [21%] Hispanics, and 5/58 [9%] Asians, P = 0.001). Among women, Black patients more frequently had no obstruction at angiography compared with other ethnic groups (16/27 [59%] vs 17/59 [29%] Whites, 17/60 [28%] Hispanics, and 3/19 [6%] Asians, P = 0.001). Conclusions A high proportion of a multiethnic sample of patients with ACS were found to have no stenosis ≥ 50% in diameter at coronary angiography. This was particularly common among women and Black patients. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This work was supported by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation. Dr Reynolds is a recipient of the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation Clinical Scientist Development Award. The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
An optimization based approach for cross-layer design in wireless communication networks

In this talk we study the issue of cross-layer design for rate control in multihop wireless networks. We have developed an optimal cross-layered rate control scheme that jointly computes both the rate allocation and the stabilizing schedule that controls the resources at the underlying layers. However, the scheduling component in this optimal cross-layered rate control scheme has to solve a complex global optimization problem at each time, and is hence too computationally expensive for online implementation. Thus, we study the impact on the performance of cross-layer rate control if the network can only use an imperfect (and potentially distributed) scheduling component that is easier to implement. We study scenarios with both fixed number of users as well as when the number of users change due to arrivals and departures in the system. In each case, we establish desirable results on the performance bounds of cross-layered rate control with imperfect scheduling. Our cross-layered approach provides provably better performance bounds when compared with a layered approach (that does not design rate control and scheduling together). The insights drawn from our analyses also enable us to design a fully distributed cross-layered rate control and scheduling algorithm under a restrictive interference model.
A model for the electric field in lightly doped drain structures

A semi-quantitative model for the lateral channel electric field in LDD MOSFET's has been developed. This model is derived from a quasi-two-dimensional analysis under the assumption of a uniform doping profile. A field reduction factor and voltage improvement, indicating the effectiveness of an LDD design in reducing the peak channel field, are used to compare LDD structures with, without, and with partial gate/drain overlap. Approximate equations have been derived that show the dependencies of the field reduction factor on bias conditions and process parameters. Plots showing the trade-off between, and the process-dependencies of, the field reduction factor/voltage improvement and the series resistance are presented for the three cases. Structures with gate-drain overlap are found to provide greater field reduction than those without the overlap for the same series resistance introduced. This should be considered when comparing the double-diffused and spacer LDD structures. It is shown that gate-drain offset can cause the rise of channel field and substrate current at large gate voltages. This offset is also found to be responsible for nonsaturation of drain current. The model has also been compared with two-dimensional simulation results.
Agglomeration Of Thin Metal Films Used In Solar Conversion Devices

The agglomeration of Ni, Cr, Pt, and Rh films heated in air is discussed. Films of Pt and Rh require -1000°C before agglomeration occurs, whereas films of Cr and Ni require from 300°C to 400°C. This suggests that selective surfaces employing Pt or Rh thermal infrared reflective layers may have a long lifetime at very high temperatures. One such Pt selective surface is briefly described.
Geriatric health maintenance

Objective To highlight articles pertaining to geriatric health maintenance and provide clinicians with current evidence supportive of or opposed to screening or treatment for various diseases and conditions. Method We conducted a computer-assisted search of the relevant medical literature and summarized the results of pertinent studies in the elderly population. Results The geriatric population is progressively increasing in numbers. Unfortunately, no consensus exists about health maintenance in this population. To date, the United States Preventive Services Task Force has made several recommendations about preventive services; however, they did not specifically focus on the geriatric age-group. We outline their guidelines and discuss our clinical practices in a wide variety of encounters with geriatric patients. Conclusion The efficacy of many screening tests and interventions for preventing illness in elderly patients is unclear. As the general population continues to age, further research in this area will be important.
An LMI solution to the robust synthesis problem for multi-rate sampled-data systems

In this paper we address the asynchronous multi-rate sampled-data H"~ synthesis problem. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of a controller achieving the desired performance, and the problem is shown to be equivalent to a convex optimization problem expressed in the form of linear operator inequalities. In the case where the sample and hold rates are synchronous, these operator inequalities reduce to linear matrix inequalities, for which standard numerical software is available.
Can computers be teammates

This study investigated the claim that humans will readily form team relationships with computers. Drawing from the group dynamic literature in human-human interactions, a laboratory experiment (n=56) manipulated identity and interdependence to create team affiliation in a human-computer interaction. The data show that subjects who are told they are interdependent with the computer affiliate with the computer as a team. The data also show that the effects of being in a team with a computer are the same as the effects of being in a team with another human: subjects in the interdependence conditions perceived the computer to be more similar to themselves, saw themselves as more cooperative, were more open to influence from the computer, thought the information from the computer was of higher quality, found the information from the computer friendlier, and conformed more to the computer's information. Subjects in the identity conditions showed neither team affiliation nor the effects of team affiliation.
Report on the Development and Validation of a System for Measuring Literal Comprehension in a Multiple-Choice Cloze Format: Preliminary Factor Analytic Results.

This report summarizes the results of a series of factor analyses of a new test of literal comprehension using a multiple-choice cloze format. These analyses were conducted in the validation of a test designed to measure for the most part a factor of literal comprehension independent of IQ and inferential reading processes, yet marked by certain related types of test items included in standardized and other measures of literal comprehension. In this study, the Multiple-Choice Cloze (MCC) test was administered to a sample of 3,125 students in grades 1–6 in a medium-sized urban school district in conjunction with its annual standardized testing program. Besides the MCC, other measures included in the analyses were an alternate measure of literal comprehension based on Bormuth's wh-item, a measure of passage independence based on wh-items, the Short Form Test of Academic Aptitude, and the California Achievement Test. The factor analytic results support the conclusion that the MCC measures literal comprehensi...
Estimates of Biogenic Methane Production Rates in Deep Marine Sediments at Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia Margin

Methane hydrate found in marine sediments is thought to contain gigaton quantities of methane and is considered an important potential fuel source and climate-forcing agent. Much of the methane in hydrates is biogenic, so models that predict the presence and distribution of hydrates require accurate rates of in situ methanogenesis. We estimated the in situ methanogenesis rates in Hydrate Ridge (HR) sediments by coupling experimentally derived minimal rates of methanogenesis to methanogen biomass determinations for discrete locations in the sediment column. When starved in a biomass recycle reactor, Methanoculleus submarinus produced ca. 0.017 fmol methane/cell/day. Quantitative PCR (QPCR) directed at the methyl coenzyme M reductase subunit A gene (mcrA) indicated that 75% of the HR sediments analyzed contained <1,000 methanogens/g. The highest numbers of methanogens were found mostly from sediments <10 m below seafloor. By considering methanogenesis rates for starved methanogens (adjusted to account for in situ temperatures) and the numbers of methanogens at selected depths, we derived an upper estimate of <4.25 fmol methane produced/g sediment/day for the samples with fewer methanogens than the QPCR method could detect. The actual rates could vary depending on the real number of methanogens and various seafloor parameters that influence microbial activity. However, our calculated rate is lower than rates previously reported for such sediments and close to the rate derived using geochemical modeling of the sediments. These data will help to improve models that predict microbial gas generation in marine sediments and determine the potential influence of this source of methane on the global carbon cycle.
An analysis of causes of right axis deviation based partly on endocardial potentials of the hypertrophied right ventricle.

Abstract 1. 1. The physiologic and anatomic reasons for deviation of the electrical axis to the right are reviewed. 2. 2. In certain patients with myocardial infarction, right axis deviation results when the infarct is so oriented that the left arm is in effect a semidirect lead from the cavity of the left ventricle, and is more negative during ventricular excitation than the right arm. 3. 3. Considerations and data are presented which make it doubtful that the hypertrophied right ventricle, except in rare instances, can cause right axis deviation by itself. Rather, it appears to have its dominant effect on the electrocardiogram by changing the position of the heart in the thorax. 4. 4. In certain diseases characterized by a large right ventricle and conditions in the thorax which favor rotation of the heart about its long axis, it is believed that extreme rotation of this organ with almost complete reversal of the electrical fields of the two ventricles in the thorax may occur. 5. 5. When excitation of all the ventricular muscle requires less than 0.1 second, and right axis deviation is accompanied by a late R′ in leads from the right side of the precordium, the deviation and the deflection are probably caused by a delay in propagation of excitation across the free wall of the right ventricle, this delay being distal to the bundle branch. Under such circumstances the R′ may be somewhat exaggerated in size and duration by late components contributed by the base of the right ventricle, particularly if it is hypertrophied.
On-Orbit Passive Thermography

On July 12, 2006, British-born astronaut Piers Sellers became the first person to conduct thermal nondestructive evaluation experiments in space, demonstrating the feasibility of a new tool for detecting damage to the reinforced carbon–carbon (RCC) structures of the Shuttle. This new tool was an extravehicular activity (EVA, or spacewalk) compatible infrared camera developed by NASA engineers. Data was collected both on the wing leading edge of the orbiter and on pre-damaged samples mounted in the Shuttle's cargo bay. A total of 10 infrared movies were collected during the EVA totaling over 250 MB of data. Images were downloaded from the orbiting Shuttle to Johnson Space Center for analysis and processing. Results are shown to be comparable to ground-based thermal inspections performed in the laboratory with the same type of camera and simulated solar heating. The EVA camera system detected flat-bottom holes as small as 2.54 cm in diameter with 50% material loss from the back (hidden) surface in RCC durin...
Mixing in simple models for turbulent diffusion

Simple turbulent diffusive models are proposed as conceptual tools for exploring scenarios involving mixing of stratified flows. Applications include the dynamics of the ocean’s top mixed layer, shear instability, breaking internal waves, and turbulent stirring of sharp interfaces. A novel measure of mixing is developed, based on arguments from statistical physics. It is shown that, under turbulent diffusion, this measure grows, and that there are strong indications that, under stirring, flows tend to settle down at a maximum of this measure, subject to global dynamical constraints. c 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trading computation for bandwidth: reducing communication in distributed control systems using state estimators

Describes a new framework for distributed control systems in which estimators are used at each node to estimate the values of the outputs at the other nodes. The estimated values are then used to compute the control algorithms at each node. When the estimated value deviates from the true value by more than a pre-specified tolerance, the actual value is broadcast to the rest of the system; all of the estimators are then updated to the current value. By using the estimated values instead of true value at every node, a significant saving in the required bandwidth is achieved, allowing large-scale distributed control systems to be implemented effectively. The stability, performance, and expected communication frequency of the reduced communication system are analyzed in detail. Simulation and experimental results validating the effectiveness and communication savings of the framework are also presented.
Vasoconstrictor and vasodilator effects of adenosine in the kidney.

Adenosine is an ATP breakdown product that in most vessels causes vasodilatation and that contributes to the metabolic control of organ perfusion, i.e., to the match between oxygen demand and oxyge...
Reestablishment of cell polarity of rat hepatocytes in primary culture

The cell–basement membrane interaction is an important determinant of epithelial cell polarity. Although hepatocytes in situ are polarized, no morphologically identifiable basement membrane is found at their basal surface. However, several studies have demonstrated immunoreactivity to basement membrane proteins in the space of Disse, indicating the existence of an extracellular matrix, albeit of low density. Therefore we hypothesized that the interaction of hepatocytes with this matrix may determine their polarity and asked whether a basement membrane–like substrate could reestablish hepatocyte polarity in vitro. For this purpose, established monolayers of primary rat hepatocytes were cultured overlaid with a basement membrane–like matrix extracted from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm mouse tumor, mimicking thus the in situ tissue architecture. The hepatocytes in this culture configuration, unlike hepatocytes in classic cultures, developed distinct membrane domains, as demonstrated by the reformation of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, Mg2+-ATPase-positive bile canalicular networks and intercellular gap junctions immunolocalized to the lateral membrane with antibodies to connexin 32. The actin cytoskeleton of these cells reorganized into pericanalicular webs, and no accumulation of “stress” filaments was found beneath the membrane facing the medium. Golgi complexes appeared to be preferentially located in mitochondria-poor pericanalicular cytoplasm, indicating the polarized distribution of these organelles. Together, these data indicate that a basement membrane–like substrate present between hepatocytes and nutrient medium restores the polarity of these cells in culture. Extrapolation of these findings to the intact liver suggests that the matrix in Disse's space governs the development of hepatocyte polarity. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;18:198–205).
A 0–900° low-loss miniaturized reflective-type CMOS phase shifter using Active inductors

this paper presents a fully integrated reflective-type phase shifter (RTPS) using active inductors in 0.18°m CMOS technology. Due to employing active inductors, the proposed phase shifter is extremely compact and has very low loss. It has an insertion loss better than 1.5 dB which is lower than the loss of other reported integrated RTPS (∼ 7–20 dB) on CMOS. The active phase shifter is capable of providing 0-900° phase shift, while having matching better than 14 dB in the operating bandwidth of 2.3 – 2.5 GHz. The phase shifter consumes 12–13.5 mW from a 1.8 V power supply. The estimated area (≪ 0.2 mm2) shows this phase shifter is the smallest CMOS RTPS reported.
K-means clustering of proportional data using L1 distance

We present a new L1-distance-based k-means clustering algorithm to address the challenge of clustering high-dimensional proportional vectors. The new algorithm explicitly incorporates proportionality constraints in the computation of the cluster centroids, resulting in reduced L1 error rates. We compare the new method to two competing methods, an approximate L1-distance k-means algorithm, where the centroid is estimated using cluster means, and a median L1 k-means algorithm, where the centroid is estimated using cluster medians, with proportionality constraints imposed by normalization in a second step. Application to clustering of projects based on distribution of labor hours by skill illustrates the advantages of the new algorithm.
Phase modulated fiber-optic link with high dynamic range

In this paper we present results of a coherent fiber-optic, phase modulated link using a photonic phase locked loop phase demodulator. The focus is obtaining high spurious free dynamic range (SFDR). We demonstrated experimentally an SFDR of 135 dB•Hz2/3. In addition, an optimized PM link design with a target SFDR of 147 dB•Hz2/3 was also addressed.
Acute symptoms associated with asphalt fume exposure among road pavers.

Background Although asphalt fume is a recognized irritant, previous studies of acute symptoms during asphalt paving have produced inconsistent results. Between 1994 and 1997, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) evaluated workers at seven sites in six states. Methods NIOSH (a) measured exposures of asphalt paving workers to total (TP) and benzene-soluble particulate (BSP), polycyclic aromatic compounds, and other substances; (b) administered symptom questionnaires pre-shift, every 2 hr during the shift, and post-shift to asphalt exposed and nonexposed workers; and (c) measured peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of asphalt paving workers when they completed a symptom questionnaire. Results Full-shift time-weighted average exposures to TP and BSP ranged from 0.01 to 1.30 mg/m3 and 0.01 to 0.82 mg/m3, respectively. Most BSP concentrations were <0.50 mg/m3. Asphalt workers had a higher occurrence rate of throat irritation than nonexposed workers [13% vs. 4%, odds ratio (OR) = 4.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–13]. TP, as a continuous variable, was associated with eye (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.12–1.60) and throat (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.06–1.85) symptoms. With TP dichotomous at 0.5 mg/m3, the ORs and 95% CIs for eye and throat symptoms were 7.5 (1.1–50) and 15 (2.3–103), respectively. BSP, dichotomous at 0.3 mg/m3, was associated with irritant (eye, nose, or throat) symptoms (OR = 11, 95% CI: 1.5–84). One worker, a smoker, had PEFR-defined bronchial lability, which did not coincide with respiratory symptoms. Conclusions Irritant symptoms were associated with TP and BSP concentrations at or below 0.5 mg/m3. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:728–739, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Radiotracer Imaging of Peripheral Vascular Disease

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is an atherosclerotic disease affecting the lower extremities, resulting in skeletal muscle ischemia, intermittent claudication, and, in more severe stages of disease, limb amputation and death. The evaluation of therapy in this patient population can be challenging, as the standard clinical indices are insensitive to assessment of regional alterations in skeletal muscle physiology. Radiotracer imaging of the lower extremities with techniques such as PET and SPECT can provide a noninvasive quantitative technique for the evaluation of the pathophysiology associated with PVD and may complement clinical indices and other imaging approaches. This review discusses the progress in radiotracer-based evaluation of PVD and highlights recent advancements in molecular imaging with potential for clinical application.
Buildup factors and dose around a 137Cs source in the presence of inhomogeneities.

The effect of inhomogeneities on dose near a gamma‐ray source has been investigated. Experimental measurements were made with a 1 3 7Cs source in a polystyrene phantom at a distance of 5 cm from the source. Inhomogeneities consisted of 2‐cm‐thick slabs interposed between the source and the plane of measurement. Dose correction factors (DCF) for 2‐cm‐thick aluminum, bone, lung, and air have been determined. Our results show that for 1 3 7Cs source the dose correction factors are of the order of 3% to 8%. A theoretical model for calculation of dose correction factor in brachytherapy in the presence of inhomogeneities has been developed. The model calculates DCF using buildup factors for the water‐equivalent path between the source and the point of calculation. Good agreement was found between calculations and experimental measurements.
Factor Income Distribution in the United States During the 1920's: A Reexamination of Fact and Theory

The traditional economic history of the 1920's emphasizes the importance of changes in the structure of the American economy. It is argued that three structural changes—monopoly power, technical change, and income distribution—tainted the prosperity of the twenties. The main features of this explanation are easily summarized. Rapid advances in technology reduced the costs of producing output. At the same time corporate monopoly power was increasing thereby restricting the tendency for output prices to fall. In the presence of weak labor unions, the interaction of technical change and monopoly power had the result of increasing “profits” relative to “wages.” The shift in the distribution of income not only favored owners of capital but it also created an imbalance between investment and consumption. Consumption expenditures could not keep pace with investment expenditures and this tendency towards underconsumption, in turn, was one reason for the onset of the Great Depression.
Non‐Neutrality of the Proposed Resource Super Profits Tax

I explain my disagreement with Professor Lund regarding the non-neutrality of the proposed Resource Super Profits Tax. I find that, when assets are sold by a firm to another firm or when an exit decision is made between shutting down or selling the project, that distortions from the Resource Super Profits Tax occur. Previous analysis of cash flow taxes did not analyse the effects of assets sales under uncertainty.
Computer simulation of power line harmonics or conducted emission generated by 6-pulse and 12-pulse rectifiers

The simulation of the rectifier circuits in a SPICE model is described, and the distorted line current waveforms and the spectrum of harmonic currents are shown. A reduction of harmonic content from the theoretical percentage was determined when the source impedance and the leakage inductance of a transformer are considered. The 12-pulse rectifier with 16.6% source reactance could reduce the 11th harmonic to 2.5%, which is less than MIL-STD-461 requirement. >
Rationale for Inhibition of the Hedgehog Pathway Paracrine Loop in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

The role of hedgehog pathway in the biology of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is an emerging area of investigation and provides a novel field for treatment intervention. Recent studies have shown the activation of the hedgehog pathway in pancreatic cancer. Despite the initial assumption of an autocrine mechanism, it seems that the hedgehog pathway contributes to the molecular conversation between tumor and its microenvironment through a paracrine loop. Furthermore, members of the hedgehog pathway crosstalk with other pathways; they regulate tumor angiogenesis and are associated with cancer stem cells. In addition, there is preclinical evidence about the efficiency of hedgehog inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo and the first clinical trials with those compounds in the treatment of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, are already under way. Image: Sonic hedgehog (SHH) ligand is produced from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells and acts mainly in a paracrine way to release SMO from PTCH control, in the tumor microenvironment
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Investment in Economically Developing Countries

This study looked at two research questions: Are economically developing countries spending a comparable percentage of their budgets, compared to industrialized nations, on ICT investment? What ICT investment framework should economically developing countries use to spur economic activities? We used annual telecommunication investment (ATI) as percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a surrogate for telecommunication investment budget allocation in a country. Ten year data from the 2005 World Telecommunication Indicator Database by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) were used for analysis. Our findings indicate that the percentage of GDP allocation by economically developing countries is comparable to, and in many cases higher than, that of industrialize d nations. This paper argues that even after spending a higher proportion of their GDP on ICT investments, economically developing countries are not investing enough money to realize economic benefits that derive from those investments. We propose a new framework, community focused ICT investment instead of individual focused ICT investment, to spur economic activities in economically developing countries.
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene (DPYD) polymorphism among Caucasian and non-Caucasian patients with 5-FU- and capecitabine-related toxicity using full sequencing of DPYD.

Background: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the degradation of pyrimidine base, and plays a pivotal role in the pharmacogenetic syndrome of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Deficiency of DPD activity leads to severe toxicities, even death, following administration of 5-FU. Several studies have demonstrated that molecular defects of the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene (DPYD) lead to the deficiency of DPD activity and cause this pharmacogenetic syndrome. We present the analysis of DPYD genotyping in untreated Caucasian patients (control group) and Caucasian patients with 5-FU/CAP-related grade 3/4 toxicities (toxicity group) who underwent a capecitabine TheraGuide 5-FU testing. Patients and Methods: Full sequencing of DPYD was performed in the Myriad Genetic Laboratories, Inc. as part of TheraGuide 5-FU test. Results: Among 227 patients from the toxicity group, 27 (12%) had deleterious mutations in DPYD: twelve (5%) had IVS14 +1 G>A, eleven (5%) had D949V and four (2%) had other mutations. Only 7/192 (4%) patients from the control group had DPYD genotype abnormalities: two (1%) had IVS14 +1 G>A, four (2%) had D949V and one (1%) had other mutation. Genotype abnormalities were observed more frequently in the toxicity group (p=0.001). Among 65 patients with toxicities due to capecitabine, nine (14%) had mutated DPYD, which was more frequent than in the control group (p=0.006). Conclusion: Mutated DPYD is frequently observed in Caucasian patients who experience toxicities while receiving 5-FU/capecitabine. Screening of patients for DPYD mutations prior to administration of 5-FU/capecitabine using new pharmacogenetic testing methods, may help for identify those patients who are at greatest risk for adverse effects, allowing a more individualized approach to their chemotherapy management. As many as one in three patients receiving 5-FU/capecitabine experience dose-limiting toxicities including diarrhea, hand- foot syndrome (HFS), mucositis and myelosupression (1). Deficiency of DPD , a rate-limiting enzyme in 5-FU catabolism, can lead to life-threatening complications (2). DPD deficiency was found to be related to >40 sequence variations in DPYD (3). Known deleterious mutations explain only a limited proportion of adverse events due to 5- FU. Full sequence analysis of the DPYD gene increases sensitivity by 20% vs. simple identification of two most common deleterious mutations (IVS14 +1 G>A, D949V) (4). Pre-treatment detection could prevent serious, potentially lethal side effects (5). The current report presents results of an analysis of DPYD genotyping for untreated Caucasian patients (control group) and Caucasian patients with 5-FU/capecitabine-related grade 3/4 toxicities (toxicity group) who underwentTheraGuide 5- FU testing.
Sport Participation and Adolescent Deviance: A Logistic Analysis

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship be tween sport participation and school defined deviance in eighth grade adolescents. Building upon the previous sport participa tion literature and utilizing Hirschi's social bond theory to in form variable selection procedures, analysis of the relationship is measured with mediating student, family, and school vari ables extracted from the National Education Longitudinal Sur vey. After a brief discussion of the previous sport participation literature, theoretical framework used, methodology, research design, and measures, the results reveal sport participation had a slight impact upon adolescent deviance. The analysis supports the ideas that there are statistically significant differ ences between athletes and non-athletes in regards to certain characteristics (informed by social bond theory) that influence deviant behavior. In addition, logistic regression shows that while sport participation does have a moderate impact upon adolescent deviance, it could be other social bond characteris tics, such as family characteristics, have a greater impact upon deviant behavior. Current research limitations and future di rections are discussed.
Dose broadening due to target position variability during fractionated breath-held radiation therapy.

Recent advances in Stereotactic Radiosurgery/Conformal Radiotherapy have made it possible to deliver surgically precise radiation therapy to small lesions while preserving the surrounding tissue. However, because of physiologic motion, the application of conformal radiotherapy to extra-cranial tumors is, at present, geared toward slowing the progression of disease rather than obtaining a cure. At the University of Rochester, we are investigating the use of patient breath-holding to reduce respiratory-derived motion in fractional radiotherapy. The primary targeting problem then becomes the small variation in tumor location over repeated breath-holds. This paper describes the effects of residual target position uncertainty on the dose distribution observed by small extra-cranial tumors and their neighboring tissues during fractional radiation treatment using breath holding. We employ two computational methods to study these effects: numerical analysis via Monte Carlo simulation and analytical computation using three-dimensional convolution. These methods are demonstrated on a 2-arc, 10-fraction treatment plan used to treat a representative lungtumor in a human subject. In the same human subject, the variability in position of a representative lungtumor was measured over repeated end-expiration breath-holds using volumetric imaging. For the 7×7×10 mm margin used to treat this 12 mm diameter tumor and the measured target position variability, we demonstrated that the entire tumor volume was irradiated to at least 48 Gy—well above the tumoricidal threshold. The advantages, in terms of minimizing the volume of surrounding lungtissue that is radiated to high dose during treatment, of using end-expiration breath holding compared with end-inspiration breath-holding are demonstrated using representative tumor size and position variability parameters. It is hoped that these results will ultimately lead to improved, if not curative, treatment for small (5–20 mm diameter) lung, liver, and other extra-cranial lesions.
Cryogenic Testing at the SSC String Test Facility

A multipurpose cryogenic testing facility was constructed and became operational in 1986 at Fermilab. It consists of a standard Tevatron satellite refrigerator and 450 liter subcooling dewar housed within a building adjacent to a Tevatron refrigerator. A 11 m by 15 m high bay contains power supplies necessary to power Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) magnets, a cryogenic feedcan to interface the refrigerator to the magnet string, and an area for testing Tevatron components. Currently, a 120 m, 4 m diameter tunnel has been constructed off the high bay to house a half cell of SSC Design D magnets. Capabilities have made to extend the tunnel up to 1 km in length.
Cardiac sympathetic afferent sensitivity is enhanced in heart failure

A previous study from this laboratory has shown that cardiac sympathetic afferent stimulation by epicardial application of bradykinin (BK) and capsaicin was significantly enhanced in the dog with e...
Almost Periodic Elliptic Equations: Sub- and Super-solutions

The method of sub- and super-solutions is a classical tool in the theory of second-order differential equations. It is known that this method does not have a direct extension to almost periodic equations. We show that if an almost periodic second-order semi-linear elliptic equation possesses an ordered pair of almost periodic sub- and super-solutions, then very many equations in the envelope have either almost automorphic solutions, or Besicovitch almost periodic solutions. In addition, we provide an application to almost periodically forced pendulum equations.
The Hopeful Art: Teaching Sustainable Economics

Teaching sustainable economics requires a critique of the role of economies in contributing to or detracting from a high quality of life as well as sustainable resource use. While this critique necessarily includes discussion of contemporary growth-oriented economic theory and misleading notions of efficiency, it must also bring to the fore the ways our ideas about what economies do are based upon problematic and destructive assumptions likely to make their way into new approaches to sustainable development if they are not revealed and challenged. In particular, we must disentangle notions of well-being and the good life from the consumption of things and instead focus on provisioning and nonmaterial aspects of development, including community, human relationships, secure livelihood, local skills, resilience, creative expression, equity, and appropriate and sustainable relationships to nature and other living things, none of which should be understood as “side effects” of actual or potential economic systems. This chapter discusses the author’s experience of teaching these difficult ideas to US undergraduates in classes on sustainable development and makes recommendations for using what she has learned in these and other educational contexts.
Inheritance of virulence in Fusarium circinatum, the cause of pitch canker in pines

Wildtype strains of Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker, were crossed to obtain an F₁ generation. Progeny of this cross were tested for virulence by inoculating Pinus radiata seedlings, and were found to induce a wide range of lesion lengths. Two strains from the F₁ generation that induced long lesions (= high virulence) were used as parents to produce an F₂ generation, followed by a second round of selection for high virulence to obtain an F₃ generation. Mean lesion lengths were not significantly different between the three generations (P ≥ 0.196). A parallel set of crosses was performed to select for low virulence by using progeny in the F₁ and F₂ generations that induced short lesions as parents for F₂ and F₃ generations, respectively. In this case, both rounds of selection resulted in a significant reduction in mean lesion length, from 33.8 ± 0.8 mm in the F₁ generation, to 19.7 ± 0.7 and 12.9 ± 0.7 mm in the F₂ and F₃ generations, respectively. Thus it is apparent that F. circinatum retains the genetic capacity for avirulence to pines, which could reflect a lack of strong selection for virulence in nature. Progeny of a cross between high and low virulence parents manifested nearly continuous variation in lesion lengths, consistent with virulence being a quantitatively inherited trait. Based on this cross, broad‐sense heritability (H²) was determined to be 0.74, which suggests that virulence is under strong genetic control.
Abstract 295: IDO drives tumor-promoting, pathogenic inflammation in lung

First identified as a mediator of acquired immune tolerance of the ‘foreign’ fetus from maternal immunity, the tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme IDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) has since been implicated in tumor escape from the host immune system. Insight into the intricate role of IDO in the classical DMBA/TPA skin carcinogenesis model suggested that inflammatory tumor environments can induce IDO production resulting in de novo tumor development. In the genetically deficient model of IDO, mice show resistance to tumor formation. This provided a basis for our current studies exploring the importance of IDO in the microenvironment of the lung. To this end, we have investigated both primary tumor formation and metastatic disease in the lungs of IDO-deficient mice using the KRAS-induced lung adenocarcinoma and the metastatic 4T1 breast cancer models. Elevation of the inflammatory cytokine IL6 was associated with tumor outgrowth in the lungs in both models but was greatly attenuated with the loss of IDO, consistent with the in vitro demonstration that IDO activity markedly potentiates IL6 production. MDSCs (myeloid derived suppressor cells) exhibited reduced T cell suppressive activity when isolated from tumor-bearing, IDO-deficient animals that could be rescued by ectopic production of IL6 in the tumor. IL6 production could likewise reverse the pulmonary metastasis resistance exhibited by IDO-deficient mice. Interestingly, while there is a clear role of the immune system in lung tumor and metastatic outgrowth, IDO-deficient mice appear to have reduced vascularization in the lung which may partly contribute to reduced tumor formation. Together, these findings genetically validate IDO as a therapeutic target in the settings of pulmonary cancer and metastasis and establish the importance of IDO as a driver of IL6 production and MDSC function. Furthermore, the correlation of IDO to angiogenesis may be a new insight into the role of this enzyme in cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 295. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-295
A Novel Donor Risk Scoring System to Predict 1-Year Mortality in Pediatric Heart Transplantation

s S103 3 (n = 4/48 (8.3%); p = 0.02), and most recent era of transplantation (2006-2014) (n = 92/2544 (3.6%); p < 0.0001). Donor and recipient age, donor echo function and ischemic time were all not predictive of MCS. In a logistic multivariable regression analysis, factors predicting MCS within 30 days were more recent era (O.R. 1.43 (1.31 1.56), p < 0.0001) and CHD (O.R. 2.06 (1.33 3.17), p = 0.001). Conclusion: MCS has historically been uncommon following pediatric heart transplant, although it is becoming more widely used, particularly early posttransplant. Patients with a diagnosis of congenital heart disease were twice as likely to need MCS early post-transplant compared to those with cardiomyopathy. Need for MCS later post-transplant was associated with a greater need for re-transplant.
The Practice and Reflection on the Standardized Training of Pediatric Residents

The standardized training for pediatric resident is a necessary route to promote the ability of clinical and make them grow up,and it is very important to the medical quality promotion and development of a hospital.By analyzing the practical problems on the standardized training of pediatric residents in our hospital,we put forward the countermeasures to further improve pediatric residents standardized training.
MR EVALUATION OF THE PERICARDIUM AND CARDIAC MALIGNANCIES

The pericardium and cardiac malignancies are well visualized on MR imaging because of the superb contrast resolution and multiplanar capability of the technique. This article highlights some of the clinical uses of MR imaging in evaluating the pericardium and cardiac lesions and provides comparison with echocardiography and CT scan. Specific diseases that are described include pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis, neoplastic pericardial disease, congenital abnormalities of the pericardium, benign, malignant and metastatic cardiac tumors, and paracardiac masses. This article discusses the impact of newer MR techniques such as cine MR imaging on the assessment of pericardial disease and cardiac lesions.
Oncodevelopmental expression and structure of alkaline phosphatase genes.

Alkaline phosphatases (APs) are members of a multigene family, that in humans include four different genes. Their wide distribution in nature, ranging from bacteria to man, indicates that APs are involved in fundamental biochemical processes. Information on the primary structure of eukaryotic APs is accumulating very rapidly. There is a high degree of similarity between the eukaryotic APs and Escherichia coli AP. Structural comparisons with the E. coli enzyme have helped identify those residues that may participate in the active site pocket, as well as predict functional-structural features unique to eukaryotic APs. The general structure of the AP genes has now been revealed through the cloning of the germ cell AP gene in humans. The entire nucleotide sequence of the gene reveals the existence of 11 exons interrupted by 10 small introns. Elucidation of the mechanism of regulation and tissue-specific expression of AP genes will be highly relevant to understanding the re-expression of these enzymes in testicular and ovarian tumors. Two vitally important developmental processes, i.e., germ cell differentiation and early embryogenesis, provide experimentally accessible models to attempt to unravel the elusive function of APs.