cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Valuation of environmental improvements in continuous time with mortality and morbidity effects

Abstract We present a model for valuing environmental improvements in continuous time, for individuals that can be either healthy (H) or ill (I), with constant transition between the states and constant mortality rates in each state, when environmental quality affects welfare, mortality and morbidity. The values in states H and I, VSL(H) and VSL(I), are derived from two Bellman dynamic programming equations. The individual's valuation of (small) instantaneous environmental changes, and of permanent environmental changes (“environmental investments”), are shown to depend on both VSL(H) and VSL(I), for each of the states H and I. We show that VSL(I) may exceed VSL(H), and the value of environmental improvements in the ill state may exceed those in the healthy state, in particular for short-lasting illness and when the marginal value of consumption is lower in state I than in state H.
DIATOM MINERALIZATION OK SILICIC ACID. I Si(OH)4 TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS IN NAVICULA PELLICULOSA

SUMMARY Silicic acid transport was studied in the photosynthetic diatom Navicula pelliculosa (Breb.) Hilse using [68Ge] germanic acid (68Ge(OH)4) as a tracer of silicic acid (Si(OH)4). The initial uptake rate of Si(OH)4 was dependent on cell number, pH, temperature, light and was promoted by certain monovalent cations in the medium. Na+ was more effective than K+, whereas Li+ and NH+4 were ineffective at promoting uptake. Uncouplers and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation and of photophosphorylation reduced uptake by 40–99% of control values. Uptake was also especially sensitive to the sulfhydryl blocking agents at 10−5 M and to the ionophorous compound valinomycin (10−7 M) which inhibited uptake by 82%. The Si(OH)4 transport system displayed Michaelis-Menten-type saturation kinetics with kinetic parameters of KS= 4.4 p. mol Si(OH)4· 1−1, Vmax= 334 pmol Si(OH)4· 106 cells−1· min−1. Calculations of the acid soluble silicic acid pool size based on 60 s uptake at 20 μM Si(OH)4 suggested that intracellular levels of Si could reach 20 mM and as much as 5 mM could exist as free silicic acid, representing maintenance of a 250-fold concentration gradient compared with the medium. Efflux from preloaded cells was dependent on temperature and the Si(OH)4 concentration of the external medium. In the presence of 100 μMM “cold” Si(OH)4, approximately 30% of the Si(OH)4 in preloaded cells was exchanged in 20 min. The initial uptake rate of Si(OH)4 in logarithmic phase cells was constant, but the uptake rate increased in a linear fashion for 6 h in stationary phase cells. These results suggest that the first step in silica mineralization by diatoms is the active transmembrane transport of Si(OH)4 by an energy dependent, saturable, membrane-carrier mechanism which requires the monovalent cations Na+ and K+ and is sensitive to sulfhydryl blocking agents. Silicic acid transport activity also appears to be regulated during different growth stages of the diatom.
"Sex-ratio" condition: unusual mechanisms in bark beetles.

Although males and females occur in similar frequency in the broods of most scolytid beetles, certain individuals of several species produce offspring highly aberrant in the ratio of sexes-all or mostly female. In some instances this condition reflects gynogenesis (parthenogenesis stimulated by mating); in others, a maternally transmitted factor.
Parasites lost? An overlooked hypothesis for the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies in amphibians.

Abstract: Amphibians exhibit the greatest diversity of reproductive strategies of all tetrapod vertebrates. While authors have traditionally attributed the evolution of these strategies to factors such as complex topography, unpredictable larval environments, and predation on larvae and eggs, support for any of these hypotheses has been limited. Importantly, most authors have ignored parasites, including unicellular pathogens and multicellular parasites, as selective agents capable of influencing amphibian evolution. Insights in disease transmission, amphibian immunity, and their interaction with various life histories require that we consider parasites to be selective pressures in our exploration of the evolution of amphibian reproductive strategies. I review recent findings and describe how these principles converge to form a novel conceptual hypothesis for the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies in amphibians. I offer some specific predictions and recommend that parasites be considered wit...
On the validity of measuring brand images by rating concepts and free associations

This article provides a validity assessment of measuring brand image by free association using newly developed Web-based tools. Nomological validity is assessed by testing causal effects as predicted by a causal model for brand commitment when brand image is measured by rating free associations. Three sets of data were collected to assess validity: (1) traditional questionnaire to measure the construct indirectly with multiple indicators, (2) traditional questionnaire with direct construct assessment and (3) a virtual ideation session with direct construct assessment. Estimable causal effects were identified by Pearl's ‘back-door’ criterion; the nomological network was found to be valid: select causal predictions of the brand commitment model held in all three measurement conditions. Measuring brand image by rating concepts and free associations show promise in better understanding consumers’ brand images and brand equity, as well as in manager's efforts at brand positioning and repositioning. Brand image as traditionally measured by free association is labor intensive, time consuming and expensive. New Internet tools such as dialogr.com show promise of alleviating these impediments and of delivering a deeper understanding of what consumers think and how they feel about brands.
(α, d) reactions on N14 and Li6

Angular distributions of the emergent deuterons from the reactions Li/ sup 6/( alpha ,d)Be/sup 8/and N/sup 14/( alpha ,d)O/sup 16/ were obtain ed for an incident alpha-particle energy of 43 Mev. The experiment was performed in the 60-in. scattering chamber, the deuterons being selected by a system employing a double NaI(Tl) crystal dctector. The distributions, which cover the angular range between approximately 15 and 90 in the center-of-mass system, exhibit oscillatory behavior and forward peaking. Attempts to fit the data were made. In the case of N/sup 14/ a satisfactory fit can be obtained using spherical Bessel functions. Inclusion of some heavy-panticle stripping improves the fit to the data. In the case of Li/sup 6/ it was not possible to obtain a satisfactory fit. (auth)
The natural history of temporal variant frontotemporal dementia.

Background: The temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia (tvFTD) features asymmetric anterior temporal/amygdala degeneration as well as ventromedial frontal, insular, and inferoposterior temporal involvement. Left temporal atrophy has been linked to loss of semantic knowledge, whereas behavioral symptoms dominate the right temporal variant. Objective: To investigate the first symptoms and the timing of subsequent symptoms in patients with left versus right tvFTD. Methods: Twenty-six patients with tvFTD were identified. Six had right > left temporal atrophy (right temporal lobe variant [RTLV]) and were matched with six having comparable left > right temporal atrophy (left temporal lobe variant [LTLV]). Clinical records were reviewed to generate individualized symptom chronologies. Results: In all patients, first symptoms involved semantics (4/6 LTLV, 1/6 RTLV), behavior (4/6 RTLV, 1/6 LTLV), or both (1 LTLV, 1 RTLV). Semantic loss began with anomia, word-finding difficulties, and repetitive speech, whereas the early behavioral syndrome was characterized by emotional distance, irritability, and disruption of physiologic drives (sleep, appetite, libido). After an average of 3 years, patients developed whichever of the two initial syndromes—semantic or behavioral—that they lacked at onset. A third stage, 5 to 7 years from onset, saw the emergence of disinhibition, compulsions, impaired face recognition, altered food preference, and weight gain. Compulsions in LTLV were directed toward visual, nonverbal stimuli, whereas patients with RTLV were drawn to games with words and symbols. Conclusions: The temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia follows a characteristic cognitive and behavioral progression that suggests early spread from one anterior temporal lobe to the other. Later symptoms implicate ventromedial frontal, insular, and inferoposterior temporal regions, but their precise anatomic correlates await confirmation.
Isolation of [{HB(Me2pz)3}MoO2(OC6H4S)]2, a binuclear Mo(VI) complex containing a disulfide bond

Abstract Aerial recrystallization of the mononuclear molybdenum(V) complex {HB(Me 2 pz) 3 }MoO(OC 6 H 4 - o -S) produced the novel binuclear Mo(VI) complex [{HB(Me 2 pz) 3 }MoO 2 (OC 6 H 4 - o -S)] 2 which contains a disulfide bond. The dimer crystallizes as the dioxane solvate in the space group C 2/ c with cell parameters a =23.46(2), b =11.100(4), c =21.571(8) A, β=104.23(4)°, Z =4. Final R w =0.062 (2236 reflections with F o >3σ( F o ), 301 variable parameters). The dimer contains two crystallographically identical distorted octahedral MoO 2 2+ centers. One face of each octahedron is occupied by two oxo ligands and a phenolate oxygen atom; the opposite face is occupied by three nitrogens of the HB(Me 2 pz) 3 − ligand. The two Mo(VI) centers of the dimers are linked by a disulfide bond formed upon oxidation of the 2-mercaptophenolate ligand of the original molybdenum(V) compound.
Newer concepts of cancer of the colon and rectum: similarities between human and experimentally induced tumors of the large intestine.

Several points of similarity between human colorectal adenomatous polyps and those induced in rats have been discussed. Morphologically and in distribution, the polyps and carcinomas bore a resemblance to the point of being nearly indistinguishable. One point in deviation was the absence of metastases. Different methods of dosing have altered the frequency of occurrence of the tumors and, in the case of oophorectomy, the distribution. The variations may well be relevant to the epidemiologic differences in human colonic tumors, in relation to diet and exposure to possible carcinogenic agents, for example.
Dermatophytosis of the scalp: Incidence, immune response, and epidemiology

Tinea capitis remains a common infection among the pediatric population of North America. The ‘gray patch’ Microsporum audouinii infections of the 1950's have been supplanted by the ‘black dot’ ringworm of Trichophyton tonsurans. The clinical presentation of T. tonsurans infection is quite variable and may be related to specific host T-lymphocyte response. This dermatophytosis is most frequently incurred from contact with an infected child either directly or via a variety of fomites. Current studies indicate that an asymptomatic adult carrier state may also exist which could contribute to the morbidity of this mycosis.
Fast detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) from headspace using planar solid-phase microextraction (PSPME) coupled to an IMS detector

Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is a high explosive synthesized from easily available reactants making it accessible for illicit uses. In this study, fast detection of TATP is achieved using a novel planar solid-phase microextraction (PSPME) as a preconcentration and sampling device for headspace analysis offering improved sensitivity and reduced sampling time over the conventional fiber-based solid-phase microextraction (SPME) when followed by ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) detection. Quantitation and comparison of the retention capabilities of PSPME as compared to the commercially available SPME were determined using TATP standards and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for SPME analysis and a commercial IMS with no instrumental modification for PSPME. Static and dynamic headspace extractions were used and compared for PSPME extractions, in which low milligram quantities of TATP were detected within 30 s of static mode sampling and less than 5 s in the dynamic mode sampling for PSPME–IMS.
A microfabricated paper-based microbial fuel cell

We report a paper-based microbial fuel cell (MFC) generating a maximum power of 5.5 μW/cm2. The MFC features (1) a paper-based proton exchange membrane by infiltrating sulfonated sodium polystyrene sulfonate and (2) micro-fabricated paper chambers by patterning hydrophobic barriers of photoresist. Once a sample was added to the device, a current of 74 μA generated without any startup time. This paper-based MFC has the advantages of ease of use, low production cost, and high portability. The voltage produced was increased by 1.9× when two MFC devices were linked in series while operating lifetime was significantly enhanced in parallel.
Communicating with Faculty, Staff, and Students Using Library Blogs: Results from a Survey of Academic Health Sciences Libraries

This study investigated use and management of blogs in academic health sciences libraries. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected with a questionnaire distributed to bloggers and administrators representing 22 libraries self-identified as using blogs to publish library newsletters. Perceived barriers to use of blogs included lack of patron awareness and technical issues. Blogs were viewed as easy to use by librarians and blogs are used to promote licensed resources. Blogs do not replace other interactions with librarians, but in the future, could be used to develop a community, provide tools for learning, and increase visibility of the library.
Second-order matching in the restricted three-body problem (smallμ)

Elliptic orbits around the large primary are matched to hyperbolas, osculating at closest approach, around the small primary of the circular restricted three-body problem. The distance of closest approach to the small primary is assumed to be of the same order as the mass-ratio μ of small to large primary. The dependence of the hyperbola on initial conditions for the elliptic orbit is carried to second order jointly in μ and in the variations of the initial conditions, which are three-dimensional rather than two-dimensional.
A discussion of the Xα statistical exchange approach for atoms and molecules

Abstract The Xα statistical exchange approach has been applied to He + , H, H + 2 and H 2 . The results indicate that, within the Xα method, (1) neither the occupied nor the unoccupied (virtual) orbitals experience a potential due to the remaining ( N −1) electrons; (2) the non-spin-polarized Xα method is not appropriate for open-shell systems; and (3) molecules do not necessarily dissociate to the correct separated atom limit. A comparison is made between these Xα results and the corresponding Hartree—Fock results.
The phosphates of IIIAB iron meteorites

Thirteen phosphate minerals are found in IIIAB iron meteorites. Four of these (sarcopside, graftonite, johnsomervilleite, and galileiite) constitute the majority of occurrences. The IIIB iron meteorites are confined to occurrences of only these four phosphates. The IIIA iron meteorites may contain one or more of these four phases; they may also contain other rarer phosphates, and silica (in two instances) and a silicate rock (in one instance). Thus, the IIIA lithophile chemistry is more varied than that of the IIIB meteorites. Based on petrographic relations, sarcopside appears to be the first phosphate to form. Graftonite is probably formed by recrystallization of sarcopside. Johnsomervilleite and galileiite exsolved as enclaves in sarcopside or graftonite at lower temperatures, although some of these also nucleated as separate crystals. The IIIAB phosphates are carriers of a group of incompatible lithophile elements: Fe, Mn, Na, Ca, and K, and, rarely, Mg as well as Pb. These elements (and 0) were concentrated in a residual, S-rich liquid during igneous fractional crystallization of the IIIAB core mass. The phosphates formed by oxidation of P as the core solidified and excluded 0, which increased its partial pressure in the residual liquid. The trace siderophile trends in bulk IIIAB metal are paralleled by a mineralogical trend of the phosphate minerals that formed. For IIIAB meteorites with low-Ir contents in the metal, the phosphates are mainly Fe-Mn phases; at intermediate Ir values, more Na-bearing phosphates appear; at the highest Ir values, the rarer Na-, K-, Mg-, Cr-, and Pb- bearing phosphates appear. The absence of significant amounts of Mg, Si, Al, and Ti suggest depletion of these elements in the core by the overlying mantle.
The word ‘geology’

Summary Although the history of the word ‘geology’ has often been referred to by those interested in the development of the science, that history has never been fully traced. An endeavor is made to do so here, taking the story at least as far as 1813, by which time the basic word had unquestionably been established in its modern form and meaning. Various claims as to who first gave the science its present name are also briefly examined.
SSR mapping and confirmation of soybean QTL from PI 437654 conditioning resistance to reniform nematode

Recently, reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira) has been recognized to be a major problem on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the southern USA. Planting reniform nematode-resistant soybean cultivars is the most cost effective control method. With restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. had previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) on linkage group B1 (LG-B1) and another on LG-L associated with reniform nematode resistance in a cross between 'BSR101' and PI 437654. In this study, we refined the QTL locations and identified additional QTL conditioning resistance to reniform nematode in a population of 228 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a cross of BSR101 x PI 437654. A QTL (R 2 = 21%) conditioning reniform reproductive index (RI) was found on LG-L and was flanked by Sat_184 and Satt513. Two other QTL were identified, one on LG-B1 (R 2 = 16%) and the other on LG-G (R 2 = 8%). These two QTL acted in an epistatic manner with lines homozygous for PI 437654 alleles at both QTL providing the lowest reniform RI. The 31 RILs from BSR101 x PI 437654 that were homozygous for the PI 437654 alleles at Satt513, Satt359, and Sat_168 averaged 1077 reniform eggs and juveniles (RI = 0.63), while the 33 RILs homozygous for the BSR101 alleles averaged 10606 (RI = 6.24). By screening the RILs population of 'Prichard' x 'Anand' we confirmed that the QTL on LG-G and-B1 conditioned reniform RI.
Self-aligned line-space pattern customization with directed self-assembly graphoepitaxy at 24nm pitch

A viable pattern customization strategy is a critical to continue fin pitch scaling. Analysis shows that a self-aligned customization scheme will be required for fin pitch scaling beyond 20nm. In this paper, we explore scaling of the Tone-Inverted Grapho-Epitaxy technique with 24nm pitch PS-b-PMMA polymer to create groups of fins with self-aligned spaces in between. We discuss material selection, self-aligned customization, and etch processes to form 24-nm-pitch fins on silicon on insulator substrates. We demonstrate two-dimensional pattern customization at 24nm pitch, confirming scalability of this approach. FinFET device integration results at both 28 and 24 nm pitches shows a promising path for continued fin pitch scaling.
Perpendicular recording near 100 Gb/in/sup 2/

Theoretical analyses have projected perpendicular recording capable of achieving ultimate areal densities greater than longitudinal recording systems. For perpendicular recording to supplant longitudinal recording, laboratory demonstrations will need to be made which intercept or exceed the areal densities achieved by state-of-the-art longitudinal recording demonstrations. Recent demonstrations have come close to eliminating the gap between these technologies. In this paper, recording experiments at areal densities in the 60 to 100 Gb/in/sup 2/ range will be described. It will be shown that the head field from conventional single-pole writers is not well localized to the data track and that if the media do not have sufficiently high nucleation thresholds, this fringe field will gradually erase data on the adjacent track if the track pitch is too aggressive. Extension of this technology to densities of the order of 1 Tb/in/sup 2/ will require heads that reduce the extent of the fringe field without sacrificing available on-track field.
ENHANCED SECOND-HARMONIC GENERATION IN MEDIA WITH A WEAK PERIODICITY

First-order multiple-scale perturbation theory is used to derive a set of coupled-mode equations valid for electromagnetic-wave propagation in a weakly periodic, nonlinear medium with periodicity on the order of a wavelength. We apply this to a problem where the medium has a ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}$ response and find that the second-harmonic signal generated is enhanced when the fundamental is tuned near the band edge. Results are given for a possible experiment with optical fibers.
Efficient broadcast on hypercubes with wormhole and e-cube routings

We consider the problem of broadcasting on an n-dimensional hypercube with wormhole e-cube routing, intermediate reception capability, and one-port communication. We give an algorithm, optimal to within a multiplicative constant, that broadcasts in this model in Θ(n/log2(n+1)) routing steps. We also give routing algorithms that achieve tight time bounds for n-cubes where n ≤ 6.
Melampsora Leaf Rust of Willow Causing a Stem Canker in Minnesota

In June 2000, during a routine examination of native willow (Salix sp.) growing in northwestern Minnesota, several plants were observed with multiple stem cankers. The cankers, some reaching 6 cm in length, were found on 1- to 3-year-old wood. Within the canker, the bark was blistered in several areas, exposing urediniospores averaging 15 × 24 μm. Although all North American willow leaf rusts are now included in the collective species Melampsora epitea, the spores fit the description of M. paradoxa (syn. M. bigelowii) (1). While evidence of previous sporulating cankers was present on older wood, no symptoms of leaf rust were present on the foliage in the area. Similarly, evidence of overwintering of M. bigelowii on young willow stems has been reported in Michigan (2). Willow species and cultivars used in biomass plantings need to be screened for rust resistance to local rust populations as the presence of a leaf rust infecting stems could become damaging to cultivated willow. For this reason, revision of the willow rust species and determination of their distribution and host range should be undertaken. References: (1) J. C. Arthur. 1962. Manual of the Rusts in United States and Canada, Hafner Publishing, New York. (2) J. R. Weir and E. E. Hubert. Phytopathology 8:55, 1918.
Women’s Land Rights and Children’s Human Capital in Vietnam

Summary Vietnam’s 1993 Land Law created a land market by granting households land-use rights which could be exchanged, leased, and mortgaged. Using a matched household sample from Vietnam’s 2004 and 2008 Household Living Standards Survey, this study analyzes whether land titling for women led to improvements in child health and education. Results indicate that female-only held land-use rights decreased the incidence of illness among children, increased their health insurance coverage, raised school enrollment, and reallocated household expenditures toward food and away from alcohol and tobacco. These effects were almost all stronger than in households with male-only or jointly-held land-use rights.
VORTEX FORMATION BY SUCCESSIVE THERMALS: A NUMERICAL SIMULATION

Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate, by means of numerical simulation experiments, the complex interactions between consecutive toroidally circulating buoyant elements (thermals) when these occur in either rotating or nonrotating environments. The study includes both the vortex formation process and the effect that this process has on the properties of the one or more buoyant elements involved in the interaction. A numerical model of a self-developing thermal of the Ogura type was modified to include tangential accelerations and a provision for injecting a second thermal into the field of a previous one. Computer outputs are obtained at several times during the evolution of both solitary thermals and two types of successive thermals, released at intervals of 2 and 7 min. These were also performed for three different magnitudes of pre-existing vorticity, comparable to magnitudes measured in the vicinity of thunderstorms. The results of the complex interactions are illustrated in the pat...
Computing Education: Beyond the Classroom

Computing is the new literacy, and teaching computing in a world where computers are ubiquitous demands new techniques and contexts for learning. As these evolve, so too will the student profile.
Acute postoperative endophthalmitis caused by Actinomyces neuii

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe a case of acute postoperative endophthalmitis caused by Actinomyces neuii after uncomplicated phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implant. METHODS: Interventional case report. A 58-year-old male underwent phacoemulsification, right eye, with posterior chamber intraocular lens implant. On postoperative day 6, he presented with pain, redness, and decreased visual acuity, right eye, and was found to have endophthalmitis. RESULTS: Vitreous cultures revealed the gram-positive, anaerobe Actinomyces neuii . After appropriate intraocular, periocular, topical, and systemic therapy, the infection cleared, but the vision of the patient never improved as a result of a central vein occlusion. CONCLUSION: Actinomyces species can rarely cause postoperative endophthalmitis, and it should be considered in cases of severe postoperative intraocular inflammation.
Improved technique for detection of gas-phase molecular ions by laser absorption spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Molecular ions play an important and often dominant role In the gaseous media in which theyoccur, even when present In very small quantities. Ion densities are typically lower than densities ofexcited neutrals, often by orders of magnitude. Conventional laser spectroscopy must deal with thestrong Interfering signal from excited neutrals. One widely used technique for detecting Ions IsvelocIty-modulated spectroscopy. A gas-phase dIscharge is driven by an audlofrequency power supply, Impressing a modulation upon the ion velocity distributIon. A laser beam traverses the discharge and falls upon a detector, whose signal Is demodulated by a lock-In amplifier. The velocity- modulation technique enhances the Ion signal and suppresses the interfering signal. However, thetechnique is plagued by a coherent background signal, arising from electrical pick-up or fluorescencefrom the discharge. Variation in the background can obscure the desired signal. This paper describesan Improvement in the velocity-modulated technique that suppresses the background. A double-modulation technique Is used, in which low-frequency amplitude modulation of the laser beam Iscombined with conventional velocity-modulation spectroscopy. Two lock-in amplifiers are used Inseries. This suppresses the background by several orders of magnitude.
Computational Study of the Effects of Particle Size, Particle Injection Configuration, and Operating Pressure Gradient on Turbulent Dispersion of Spherical Micron-Sized Particles in a Generic Mockup Aircraft Cabin

Computational study of dispersion of particles is one way to evaluate the spread of contaminants and viruses amongst occupants of an enclosure, such as an aircraft cabin. In this investigation, the turbulent dispersion of particles in a ventilated generic cabin is studied. The generic cabin resembles one-half of a Boeing 767-300 aircraft cabin. In the first phase, the turbulent dispersion of particles injected through stainless steel straight vertical tube is simulated. A Lagrangian approach is used to predict the particle concentration in specified monitoring location inside the cabin. The steady RANS solutions for the airflow velocity data are used to initialize the particle-tracking calculations through the Discrete Phase Model (DPM). To calculate the effects of turbulence on the dispersion behavior of particles, a Discrete Random Walk (DRW) model is employed. The particle concentration field under steady-state, zero-gauge-pressure conditions for 3 μm and 10 μm spherical liquid particles are calculated. Through the comparisons between the measured and the calculated particle concentration data for the two examined sizes of mono-disperse particles, the effect of particle size on distribution behavior of micron-sized particles is investigated and discussed. In the second phase, in order to reduce the effect of initial injection velocity for 10 μm particles on their distribution, the straight injection tube is replaced by a cone diffuser while maintaining the upstream primary flow conditions. Using the same RANS model and under the new particle injection configuration, the characteristics of turbulent airflow in the cabin are found to be very similar to those of turbulent airflow without particle injection. A grid independency study is performed for the airflow velocity data prior to validation of the particle distribution results. The steady-state DPM simulations are performed initially for the zero-gauge-pressure condition and then the effect of pressurizing the cabin on particle distribution is investigated by increasing the gauge-pressure up to 0.025 inches of water. Through a detailed study, carried out to obtain an optimum number for the number of tries in the DRW, it is realized that the optimum number of tries is 175 for both cases of pressurized and non-pressurized cabin.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Low Energy X-Ray Spectra Measured with a Mercuric Iodide Energy Dispersive Spectrometer in a Scanning Electron Microscope

A mercuric iodide energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer, with Peltier cooling provided for the detector and input field effect transistor, has been developed and tested in a scanning electron microscope. X-ray spectra were obtained with the 15 keV electron beam. An energy resolution of 225 eV (FWHM) for Mn-K? at 5.9 keV and 195 eV (FWHM) for Mg-K line at 1.25 keV has been measured. Overall system noise level was 175 eV (FWHM). The detector system characterization with a carbon target demonstrated good energy sensitivity at low energies and lack of significant spectral artifacts at higher energies.
On scaling in the projectile-fragmentation regime at cosmic-ray energies

We point out that three is a non-negligible electromagnetic contribution to the projectile-fragmentation regime in inelastic nucleon-air collisions at cosmic-ray energies. This must be subtracted before conclusions can be drawn concerning the hypothesis of limiting fragmentation in hadronic (nucleon-nucleon) collisions.
Cognitive Control Links Alcohol Use, Trait Disinhibition, and Reduced Cognitive Capacity: Evidence for Medial Prefrontal Cortex Dysregulation during Reward-Seeking Behavior

Background Guided by the prediction of response-outcome theory of cognitive control (Alexander and Brown, 2010a), the present study examined reward-seeking medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity as a common neuro-functional marker of excessive alcohol consumption, trait disinhibition, and reduced cognitive capacity; all of which have shown consistent patterns of covariation in previous psychometric research (e.g., Bogg and Finn, 2010).
The mitotic peptidyl‐prolyl isomerase, Pin1, interacts with Cdc25 and Plx1

The cis/trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, Pin1, is a regulator of mitosis that is well conserved from yeast to man. Here we demonstrate that depletion of Pin1-binding proteins from Xenopus egg extracts results in hyperphosphorylation and inactivation of the key mitotic regulator, Cdc2/cyclin B. We show biochemically that this phenotype is a consequence of Pin1 interaction with critical upstream regulators of Cdc2/cyclin B, including the Cdc2-directed phosphatase, Cdc25, and its known regulator, Plx1. Although Pin1 could interact with Plx1 during interphase and mitosis, only the phosphorylated, mitotically active form of Cdc25 was able to bind Pin1, an event we have recapitulated using in vitro phosphorylated Cdc25. Taken together, these data suggest that Pin1 may modulate cell cycle control through interaction with Cdc25 and its activator, Plx1.
Language Description, Language Prescription and Language Planning

SOMMAIREDescription, Prescription, et Planification LinguistiquesCet article considere le paradoxe apparent qui accompagne les efforts des linguistes qui tentent d'influencer, deliberement et systematiquement, le comportement linguistique d'une communaute, tout en s'efforcant d'eviter une accusation de prescriptivisme. La nature fortement normative de la grammaire traditionelle est comparee au relativisme linguistique qui caracterise une grande partie des etudes sociolinguistiques recentes. Un compromis est considere comme indispensable car la planification linguistique ne peut pas etre entierement libre de jugements de valeurs. Le besoin d'une modernisation rapide dans les nations emergentes exige que le comportement linguistique ne soit pas laisse entierement a des forces naturelles. Les linguistes descriptivistes ont un role a jouer dans ce processus a condition qu'ils ne s'associent pas a des projets gouvernementaux moralement reprehensibles. Il est a la fois possible et necessaire d'atteindre un equilibre entre la promotion d'unites economiques viables et la preservation de la diversite linguistique. En collaboration avec les chercheurs en sciences sociales et les autorites gouvernementales, les linguistes sont les plus a meme de mener a bien la tâche de planification linguistique.RESUMOLingva priskribo, lingva preskribo kaj lingva planadoLa aŭtoro konsideras la sajnan paradokson malantaŭ la celoj de lingvistoj, kiuj penas influi, intence kaj sisteme, la lingvan konduton de komunumo, dume klopodante eviti akuzojn pri preskribismo. La artikolo komparas la normigan karakteron de tradicia gramatiko kun la lingva relativismo, kiu karakterizas multajn lastatempajn socilingvistikajn esplorojn, kaj taksas kom-promison neevitebla car lingvoplanado ne povas kaj ne devas esti sen valoroj. La bezono de rapida modernigo en evoluantaj nacioj postulas, ke oni ne lasu lingvan konduton pure kaj nure al naturaj fortoj. Priskribaj lingvistoj havas sian rolon en la procedo, kondice ke ili ne ligu sin al morale kondamnindaj registaraj projektoj. Oni devas trovi ekvilibron inter apogo de viv-kapablaj ekonomiaj unuoj kaj konservado de lingva diverseco. Kunlabore kun socisciencistoj kaj registaraj instancoj, lingvistoj estas unike kvalifikitaj al sukcesa plenumado de la lingvo-plana tasko.
Income taxes and urban spatial structure

Abstract This paper examines the impact of an income tax in a monocentric city where households equilibriate their allocation of time between work, commuting, and leisure. An increase in the income tax rate lowers the implicit value of time, and hence transportation costs. “Compensated equilibrium” comparative statics analysis shows that under certain conditions, this results in a larger, more dispersed urban area, with lower land rents at the city center and less population within any given distance from the center. The welfare effect of an income tax rate change is also studied, and an expression for the marginal excess burden is derived. The income tax produces welfare losses both because it induces substitution in favor of leisure and in favor of travel—the latter accompanied by excessive spatial dispersion and consumption of space. The marginal excess burden depends not only on the compensated demand elasticity for leisure, but also on that for space. Finally, the problem of benefit measurement for transportation projects in this tax-distorted spatial economy is examined. Benefit measures should be deflated to adjust for the fact that further transportation improvements lead to reduction of land use intensity, exacerbating the problem of spatial resource misallocation in an already excessively dispersed urban area.
Rolling Contact Fatigue Type Analysis of Rolling Bearing by XRD and TEM

In the rolling bearing, the flaking caused by rolling contact fatigue is classified into two types: surface originated flaking and subsurface originated flaking. It has been recognized that marked microstructural change can occur in subsurface originated flaking due to rolling contact fatigue. But there are few reports in surface originated flaking about microstructural change. In this study, surface originated flaking caused by rolling contact fatigue was investigated based on microstructural change. Thrust ball bearing and radial ball bearing was used for fatigue test. Simulation of dent originated flaking was carried out using the bearing with artificial dent. Another fatigue test subjected to surface originated flaking was done under shortage of oil film thickness lubrication condition. Microstructural change was measured by X-ray Diffractmetry (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) during fatigue testing. Microstructure of bearing steel used for fatigue test is consisted of martensite with small amount of retained austenite. XRD measurement reveals that the half peak width of martensite and volume fraction of retained austenite decreasing with increasing testing time, and the amount of decrease in these parameter were small in the surface originated flaking compared with subsurface originated flaking when the specimens were flaking. This suggests that surface originated flaking occurs in spite of mild microstructural change. TEM observation about the surface originated flaking shows plastic flow in the surface layer. Especially, it was confirmed that partial recrystallization occurs in the fatigue test under shortage of oil film thickness lubrication condition. But it was also confirmed that degree of recrystallization is lower in the surface originated flaking than subsurface one, and this reasonably explains XRD result. From these results, it was cleared that recrystallizaiton of martensite is differ in degree but not in kind between surface originated flaking and subsurface originated flaking.
Improving aural comprehension in white and in black children. Pictures versus print.

Abstract A total of 128 fourth-grade children verified assertions about three prose passages they had heard. Half of the children were white, from high-status families, and half were black, from low-status families. Within each sample, an independent-groups design was used to appraise the effect of two presentation conditions under each of two conditions of testing. Oral renditions of each passage were accompanied by either pictorial illustrations of text information or printed versions of the text. Previous research on paired-associate learning suggested the hypothesis that pictorial augmentation would be more effective than print. The results confirmed this hypothesis across both populations and both conditions of testing, regardless of the type of assertion verified.
Early Season Grazing by Cattle of Waxy Larkspur (Delphinium glaucescens) in Central Idaho

On the Ground Toxic larkspurs (Delphinium spp.) in western North America are abundant native plants on foothill and mountain rangelands. Previous analysis for toxic alkaloids in waxy larkspur indicated that this plant was highly toxic. However, no information on cattle grazing of waxy larkspur was available. We conducted a small grazing study in spring 2012 near Challis, Idaho, and found that cattle consumed sufficient quantities of waxy larkspur to become poisoned. The risk of death losses by cattle is particularly high because of the very high concentrations of alkaloids in young waxy larkspur plants.
Reexamination of Bengal Fan Model for Turbidites of Frontal Ouachitas: ABSTRACT

The lower member of the Pennsylvanian Atoka Formation outcrops within the frontal Ouachitas of Arkansas. Strata are comprised of turbidites and related deep-marine deposits, which locally exceed 5.5 km (18,000 ft) in structural thickness. Several previous workers have drawn analogies between Ouachita turbidites (or flysch) and the present-day Bengal Fan, located in the eastern Indian Ocean. As a first-order approximation, this model is basically correct, especially in terms of overall tectonic setting. Yet, when examined in detail, there are striking dissimilarities between the frontal Ouachitas and the Bengal Fan. The dimensions of the Bengal Fan are staggering, it measures roughly 1,000 km (620 mi) by 3,000 km (1,860 mi). The main feeder channel is 13 km (8 mi) across and 850 m (2,790 ft) deep. Channels within the mid-fan region are up to 2-3 km (1.2-1.9 mi) in width and 100 m (330 ft) in depth, and some channels maintain continuity for well over 2,000 km (1,240 mi). Rates of vertical sediment accumulation are no more than 75 m/m.y., with isopach data showing only 3.5 km (11,500 ft) of post-Eocene accumulation. Limited sampling also shows rather low sand-mud ratios over much of the fan. Lithofacies data and depositional cycles within the lower Atoka Formation are suggestive of middle-fan, outer-fan, and basin-plain environments. If Atoka channels were as large as those of the Bengal Fan, they certainly remain unrecognized in the rock record. Instead, the entire length of the outcrop belt in Arkansas is less than 250 km (155 mi), and facies changes define a clear east-to-west transition from middle fan to basin plain. Significantly, Atoka sedimentation rates were approximately 10 times higher than Bengal rates. It is evident that the Atoka fan system was much more confined than the Bengal Fan; it probably formed within a narrow, rapidly filling, remnant ocean basin rather than on an unrestricted abyssal floor. End_of_Article - Last_Page 313------------
Adam Smith as globalization theorist

Abstract In the Theory of Moral Sentiments, Adam Smith observed that we live in a fundamentally conflictual world. Although he held that we are creatures who sympathize, he also observed that our sympathy seems to be constrained by geographical limits. Accordingly, traditional theories of cosmopolitanism were implausible; yet, as a moral philosopher, Smith attempted to reconcile his bleak description of the world with his eagerness for international peace. Smith believed that commercial intercourse among self‐interested nations would emulate sympathy on a global scale, balancing national wealth and international peace without a coercive apparatus to enforce compliance with international law.
Ab Initio Study of the Catalytic Decomposition of Tetrafluoroethylene by Molecular Oxygen

The reaction of tetrafluoroethylene with molecular oxygen was considered as the following three-step process: TFE + O2 → C2F4OO → CF2 + CF2OO → 2CF2 + O2, with the overall reaction being C2F4 + O2 → 2CF2 + O2. The equilibrium geometries and vibrational frequencies were determined for all reactants, products, and transition states, as well as activation energies and reaction enthalpies. Geometries were obtained at the MP2/6-311G(d) level while energies were computed at the MP4SDTQ/6-311G(d)||MP2/6-311G(d) computational level. The •CF2−CF2OO• biradical was characterized for the first time and found to belong to the Cs point group and the 3A‘‘ ground electronic state. The equilibrium geometry for the •CF2OO• biradical, in the 3A state, was determined and found to belong to point group C1. The second step was found to be rate determining with an activation energy of 54.0 kcal/mol. The overall reaction enthalpy of 62.7 kcal/mol agrees well with the experimental value of 66 kcal/mol.
ATTITUDES OF TENNESSEE COLLEGE STUDENTS TOWARD WOMEN

This study examined the associations of college students' attitudes toward women (feminism) and measures of “traditional family ideology,” “authoritarian attitudes,” and “religious fundamentalism” attitudes and beliefs. Data were collected from 377 college students selected with a stratified multistage sampling process from a rural university campus in middle Tennessee. Analyses of variance indicated a marked difference among the male and female students' feminism scores. In addition, students' age, religion, and their mothers' religion and education as well as the “traditional family ideology” and “authoritarian attitudes” scores were strongly related to students' attitudes toward women.
Radiative recombination in MBE-prepared epitaxial Si and Si1-xGex layers

Abstract Examination of near-gap low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) from epitaxial, MBE-prepared Si and Si 1- x Ge x alloys, prepared commensurately to (0 0 1) Si, failed to show either free excitons or dopant- bound-excitons in as-prepared layers. Significant luminescence was, however, successfully induced by the selective introduction of two well-known, and moderately shallow, radiation-damage centers ( I 1 and G ) into these epi-layers. Both centers exhibit alloy broadened spectra which, together with detailed PL intensity vs etch depth, indeed demonstrate that the radiative defects are contained well-within the epitaxial layers.
Nucleotide sequences of the 1B and 1C nonstructural protein mRNAs of human respiratory syncytial virus.

Abstract The genes encoding the 1C and 1B mRNAs of human respiratory syncytial (RS) virus are first in the order of viral transcription and encode nonstructural (NS) proteins of approximate molecular weights 14,000 and 11,000, respectively, estimated by gel electrophoresis. The complete nucleotide sequences of the 1C and 1B mRNAs determined from several full-length cDNA clones are described. The 1C and 1B mRNAs contain 528 and 499 nucleotides, respectively, exclusive of poly(A), and encode proteins of 139 and 124 amino acids. The calculated molecular weights of the predicted NS1C and NS1B proteins are 15,567 and 14,674, respectively. Both mRNA sequences contain the 5′-terminal sequence, 5′ GGGGCAAAU … , and the 3′-terminal sequence, 5′ … AGUUAA(N)1–4-poly(A), that were identified previously as conserved among six other RS viral mRNAs In addition, a dicistronic readthrough RNA having the general structure 5′ 1C mRNA-intergenic sequence-1B mRNA 3′ was identified by dideoxynucleotide sequencing of intracellular poly(A)+ RNA using a DNA primer derived from a 1B-cDNA clone. In the dicistronic RNA, the nucleotide sequences of the 1C and 1B cistrons are separated by, in mRNA sense, four A residues and the intergenic sequence 5′ … CUUAACAGAAGACAAAAAN … 3′ (N represents unidentified nucleotide). The significance of these sequences is discussed.
Environmental changes and national security space programs

Concerns regarding the strategic impacts of environmental change will soon begin to affect space system requirements and budget priorities. Various climate impacts are projected globally in this century. The predicted impacts of these global changes are already becoming hard to ignore, and the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Census Bureau, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, as well as numerous other organizations have identified specific regions and phenomena of significant concern. The focus of this research project is to better understand the impacts of changing climate scenarios on national security issues and requirements, and to explore new mission needs that are arising as a result of changing military priorities, missions, and technologies. Our approach is to cross-reference climate change threats with vulnerable geographic regions, then match existing space-based assets with potentially useful capabilities in suitable orbits (e.g., polar, low-inclination, or geosynchronous) to each regional threat pairing. Several examples of vulnerable regions and threats are: melting ice/opening seas in the Arctic; sea level rise near worldwide coastal military bases and launch facilities; severe storms and flooding in the Gulf Coast and Mississippi River Valley regions. This task will help us determine where there are gaps in capabilities, leading to recommendations for future missions.