cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychosomatic Medicine and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry in the United States

Psychosomatic medicine in the United States is usually traced to Franz Alexander who utilized psychoanalytic methods on patients with physical diseases and proposed that specific psychological conflicts led to excessive autonomic arousal resulting in symptom formation and tissue damage. Alexander postulated that there were seven diseases that were particularly “psychosomatic” Flanders Dunbar proposed that specific personality profiles conferred vulnerability to psychosomatic disease rather than specific conflicts. Walter Cannon and later Hans Selye elucidated the physiologic response to general stress. George Engel in Rochester, NY developed a stress theory based on conservation-withdrawal and helplessness. The concepts of alexithymia and Type A Behavior were also developed as contributing factors to disease. It became increasingly difficult to differentiate “psychosomatic medicine” from such fields as psychoneuroendocrinology and psychoimmunology. Engel proposed the Biopsychosocial Model as an alternative to the Biomedical Model prevalent in medicine. Consultation-liaison psychiatry, practiced in general hospital settings attempts to understand the biological and psychosocial aspects of patients including the role of genes, early environment, stress, and resilience in illness and health. It became a subspecialty of psychiatry as psychosomatic medicine and then changed the name to consultation-liaison psychiatry 2018. Current research include epigenetics, shortening and lengthening of telomeres, integrated care, placebo effect, etc. Psychiatric education in medical schools often include rotation to CL Service, and a 2 month FTE rotation to CL Service is a requirement in psychiatry residencies, and there are fellowship programs leading to certification in CL Psychiatry. This chapter also discusses training in allied professions as well as CAM.
Conclusion: The Challenge of Degendering the Military

The chapter contrasts mechanisms of exclusion documented in the military’s self-representations over the past five decades with changes that would be required to degender the military’s regime of heteromale privilege. It considers possible effects of technological developments, such as drones and other “unmanned” aerial strategies, which suggest forms of service no longer predicated upon military masculinity. High-tech modes of engagement should eliminate barriers for women that have been grounded in stereotypes about women’s “weakness,” removing the centrality of physical strength from warfare. Yet my examination of military self-representations suggests that technological developments alone will not degender the military. The military’s responses to women’s continuing struggle to attain equal opportunities and treatment within the armed services suggests that far more must be changed to reconstruct the U.S. military as a gender-inclusive organization. The chapter identifies the kinds of institutional transformation that would be required to “degender” the U.S. military.
Remembering and Lamenting Lost Liturgy: The Text and Context of Rites of Durham, c.1593:

The Rites of Durham was written c.1593, and the authorship is uncertain, but is presumed to be a compilation of accounts by one or more of the former monks and clergy who lived through the dissolut...
The Science of Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise

Although there is natural variability in climate when measured over millions or billions of years, the speed of climate change has accelerated as a result of human activity. Globally, the impacts of climate change include an increase in the annual mean surface air temperature and changes in rainfall patterns, with some regions getting more rainstorms and others becoming much drier. At a global scale, these rapid changes could result in regional food shortages triggering a massive amount of human migration, putting stress on food production as well as increasing political instability. In Florida, the impacts of climate change are likely to include flooding associated with sea-level rise, an increase in invasive species, damage to the coral reefs, and increased numbers of damaging hurricanes.
Carotid Stenting and Redo Carotid Endarterectomy in Patient with Bilateral Recurrent Carotid Stenosis with Type III Aortic Arch

A 59-year-old male underwent left carotid endarterectomy in April 2010 for high-grade asymptomatic left internal carotid artery stenosis. He developed high-grade right internal carotid stenosis in 2018. Due to major comorbidities, right carotid artery stenting was preferred. Because of difficulty in engaging shuttle sheath into the right common carotid artery, right carotid stenting could not be performed either by femoral or right radial artery approach. Patient underwent right carotid endarterectomy with patch grafting. He underwent left carotid artery stenting for recurrent left common carotid artery stenosis due to clamp trauma. In 2019, he underwent redo right carotid endarterectomy with vein patch for recurrent right internal carotid artery stenosis. Redo carotid endarterectomy should be considered if carotid artery stenting for recurrent carotid stenosis is technically not feasible.
COVID19 epidemic growth rates have declined since early March in U.S. regions with active hospitalized case surveillance

Abstract Introduction Optimal pandemic monitoring and management requires unbiased and regionally specific estimates of disease incidence and epidemic growth. Methods I estimated growth rates and doubling times across a 22-week period of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic using hospital admissions incidence data collected through the US CDC COVID-NET surveillance program which operates in 98 U.S. counties located in 13 states. I cross validated the growth measures using mortality incidence data for the same regions and time periods. Results Between March 1 and August 8, 2020, two distinct waves of epidemic activity occurred. During the first wave in the COVID-NET monitoring regions, the harmonic mean of the maximum weekly growth rate was 534% (Median: 575; Range: 250 to 2250) and this maximum occurred in the second or third week of March in different regions. The harmonic mean of the minimum doubling time occurred with maximum growth rate and was 0.35 weeks (Median 0.36 weeks; Range: 0.22 to 0.55 weeks). The harmonic mean of the maximum incidence rate during the first wave of the epidemic was 8.5 hospital admissions per 100,000 people per week (Median: 9.2, Range: 4 to 40.5) and the peak of epidemic infection transmission associated with this maximum occurred on or before March 27, 2020 in eight of the 13 regions. Dividing the 22-week observed period into four intervals, the harmonic mean of the weekly hospitalization incidence rate was highest during the second interval (4.6 hospitalizations per week per 100,000), then fell during the third and fourth intervals. Growth rates declined from 101 percent per week in the first interval to 2.5 percent per week in the last. Doubling time have lengthened from 3/5th of a week in the first interval to 12.5 weeks in the last. Period by period, the cumulative incidence has grown primarily in a linear mode. The mean cumulative incidence of hospitalizations on Aug 8th, 2020 in the COVID-NET regions is 96 hospitalizations per 100,000. Regions which experienced the highest maximum weekly incidence rates or greatest cumulative incidence rates in the first wave, generally, but not uniformly, observed the lower incidence rates in the second wave. Growth measures calculated based on mortality incidence data corroborate these findings. Conclusions Declining epidemic growth rates of SARS-COV-2 infection appeared in early March in the first observations of nationwide hospital admissions surveillance program in multiple U.S. regions. A sizable fraction of the U.S. population may have been infected in a cryptic February epidemic acceleration phase. To more accurately monitor epidemic trends and inform pandemic mitigation planning going forward, the US CDC needs measures of epidemic disease incidence that better reflect clinical disease and account for large variations in case ascertainment strategies over time.
Objective Robot-Based Measures of Cognitive and Motor Function in Patients with Stroke and HIV

The effects of HIV-related cognitive impairment on motor recovery after stroke are poorly understood. A barrier to understanding this is quantitative measures to assess both cognitive and motor function in a rehabilitation setting. In this paper, we present preliminary data collected from a sample of stroke and HIV-stroke subjects on robot-based metrics that relate to cognitive and motor clinical scores. Additionally, we explore representing the dominant and non-dominant limb performance in a single laterality index metric. Our results show that this is a feasible approach to stratifying stroke and HIV-stroke patients with varying levels of cognitive and motor impairment by functional level to develop more targeted neurorehabilitation strategies in the future.
Faceted Search on Amazon Data using Naïve Bayes Approach

Facets can allow the user to interactively search in online webshops, e-commerce websites, and digital libraries. Faceted search in E-commerce websites is a challenging task. After successful identification of facets, the quality of information retrieval results improves drastically. Experiments about faceted search on E-commerce domain by taking into account research done on Amazon webpages corpus data words. The main task is to detect facets using text classification methods namely the Naive Bayes method. In this paper, the primary focus is on accomplish information retrieval using faceted search for boosting the searching results to find the desired product with the help of large data set of words using K-Means, Term Frequency, Naive Bayes approach collectively as a hybrid approach. In this work Naive Bayes technique are used on Amazon text words to develop and detect faceted search results using Python language. To classify the text words random forest, machine learning algorithms have been used for faceted search. Results of experiments show that the use of this hybrid approach of faceted search in Amazon webpages data words using Naive Bayes will enhance the accuracy by 90.55% on corpus data irrespective of Random Forest model results.
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 1749–1832

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was born on August 28, 1749, in Frankfurt, Germany, to a lawyer and the daughter of the mayor of Frankfurt. He studied law in Leipzig and Strasbourg (France). Based on his early fame as a poet and novelist, Goethe, at age 26, was invited by the 18-year-old Duke of Sachsen-Weimar to join his court as an advisor. He moved to Weimar where he remained until his death on March 22, 1832.
Density evolution after shock release from laser-driven polystyrene (CH) targets in inertial confinement fusion

The evolution of the plasma density in the rarefaction wave formed after a laser-driven shock is released from a CH foil was measured using optical interferometry. It was found that the plasma density profile is very sensitive to the conditions at the back surface of the foil before the shock release. Dedicated experiments demonstrated that radiation preheat by coronal x rays caused early expansion of the back surface and faster expansion of the rarefaction wave. Radiation-hydrodynamics simulations with accurate modeling of radiation preheat from the plasma corona are in good agreement with the experimental results. The early expansion of material interfaces due to coronal x-ray preheat must be evaluated in designing and interpreting laser-driven inertial confinement fusion experiments.
Cryptochromes-Mediated Inhibition of the CRL4 Cop1 -Complex Assembly Defines an Evolutionary Conserved Signaling Mechanism

In plants, Cryptochromes are photoreceptors that negatively regulate CRL4Cop1 (Cul4-RING ubiquitin ligase and its substrate receptor Cop1). In mammals, Cryptochromes are core components of the circadian clock and repressors of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Moreover, mammalian Cryptochromes lost their ability to interact with Cop1, suggesting that they are unable to inhibit CRL4Cop1. Contrary to this assumption, we found that mammalian Cryptochromes are also negative regulators of CRL4Cop1 and through this mechanism they repress the GR transcriptional network both in cultured cells and in mouse liver. Mechanistically, Cryptochromes inactivate Cop1 by interacting with Det1, a specific subunit of the mammalian CRL4Cop1 complex. Through this interaction, the ability of Cop1 to join the CRL4 complex is inhibited; therefore, its substrates accumulate. Thus, the interaction between Cryptochromes and Det1 in mammals mirrors the interaction between Cryptochromes and Cop1 in planta, pointing to a common ancestor in which the cryptochrome-Cop1 axis originated.
AI-assisted Biology: Predict the Conditional Probability Distributions from Noisy Measurements

Abstract The relationship between the genotype, defined as the set of genetic information encoded in the DNA, and the phenotype, defined as the macroscopic realization of that information, is still unclear. The emergence of a specific phenotype may be linked not only to gene expression, but also to environmental perturbations and experimental conditions. Moreover, even genetically identical cells in identical environments may display a variety of phenotypes. This imposes a big challenge in building traditional supervised machine learning models that can only predict determined phenotypic parameters or categories per specific genetic and/or environmental conditions as inputs. Furthermore, biological noise has been proven to play a crucial role in gene regulation mechanisms. The prediction of the average value of a given phenotype is not always sufficient to fully characterize a given biological system. In this study, we develop a deep learning algorithm that can predict the conditional probability distribution of a phenotype of interest with a small number of observations per input condition. The key innovation of this study is that the deep neural network automatically generates the probability distributions based on only few (10 or less) noisy measurements for each input condition, with no prior knowledge or assumption of the probability distributions. This is extremely useful for exploring unknown biological systems with limited measurements for each input condition, which is linked not only to a better quantitative understanding of biological systems, but also to the design of new ones, as it is in the case of synthetic biology and cellular engineering.
Character Impeachment Evidence: The Asymmetrical Interaction between Personality and Situation

In an interesting and useful Essay in the Duke Law Journal on character impeachment evidence, Professor H. Richard Uviller commented on my own Article on the subject.' Because I am flattered by the attention, I am not particularly upset by my failure to persuade Professor Uviller, nor by his apparent failure to understand my argument. I do wish, however, that he had not misstated my argument in such a way as to render it stupid and make me appear ignorant of what that learned barrister Horace Rumpole calls "the golden thread" of common law criminal jurisprudence-the presumption of innocence.2 Ironically, I believe that Professor Uviller does not disagree with the principal conclusion of my Article-that character impeachment evidence of criminal defendants ought to be excluded. Moreover, although he comments sarcastically on the analytical approach my Article takes, I suspect that, if he focused more closely on it, he might find it more palatable than he recognizes because the key elements of my approach may be found in his own Article.
Chromatic Transformations in Nineteenth-Century Music

Foreword Ian Bent Acknowledgements 1. Common-tone tonality 2. Three examples of functional chromatic mediant relations in Schubert 3. Key harmonic systems and notions of third relations from Rameau to Hauptmann 4. Hugo Riemann 5. Twentieth-century theory and chromatic third relations 6. Riemann's legacy and transformation theories 7. A chromatic transformation system 8. Chromatic mediant relations in musical contexts 9. Five analyses Bibliography Index Compositions cited.
Hitler's War in the East. A Critical Assessment, by Rolf-Dieter Mueller and Gerd Ueberschaer

No aspect of the Second World War has experienced more significant development in the past 15 years than the Eastern Front. The growing availability of Soviet archives and the expanded analytical a...
Influence of electron-electron collisions on electron energy distributions and transport in inductively coupled plasmas

Summary form only given, as follows. The trend towards using high-plasma density low gas pressure sources in materials processing has resulted in renewed interest in electron transport in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharges. Although the partial ionization in these devices can be large the electron energy distribution (EED) is generally nonMaxwellian as a result of the power being deposited in a nonuniform and non-linear fashion. As a consequence, a kinetic approach is required to properly resolve electron energy transport. In this paper we report on a computational investigation of the influence of electron-electron collisions on EEDs and electron transport in ICPs. New algorithms for electron-electron collisions have been developed and implemented into the Electron Monte Carlo Simulation of the two-dimensional Hybrid Plasma Equipment model which iterates through modules to obtain a converged solution.
The Basic Aerodynamics Research Tunnel - A facility dedicated to code validation

Computational fluid dynamics code validation requirements are discussed together with the need for close interaction between experiment and code development. Code validation experiments require a great deal of data and for the experiments to be successful, a highly-productive research facility is required. A description is provided of the NASA Langley Basic Aerodynamics Research Tunnel (BART); especially the instrumentation and experimental techniques that make the facility ideally suited to code validation experiments. Results are presented from recent tests which illustrate the techniques used in BART.
The role of GABAA receptors in the subsensitivity of Purkinje neurons to GABA in genetic epilepsy prone rats

The GABA receptor subtype mediating responses of cerebellar Purkinje neurons to the neurotransmitter was evaluated and compared in GEPR-9 vs. nonepileptic, genetic control GEPR-NE rats. Quantitative analysis of responses to microiontophoretically applied GABA, muscimol and baclofen indicated that the inhibitory action of GABA on cerebellar Purkinje neurons was mediated by GABAA receptors since muscimol produced responses similar to those of GABA and baclofen was without substantial electrophysiological action. In addition, Purkinje neurons in GEPR-9 animals showed a similar reduced sensitivity to both GABA and muscimol. Radioligand binding studies using the GABAA receptor selective ligand, [3H]muscimol, and the benzodiazepine receptor selective ligand, [3H]flunitrazepam, were conducted on cerebellar and cortical homogenates from GEPR 9, GEPR-NE and Sprague-Dawley rats. No differences in the Kd or Bmax for these ligands among the three groups studied were observed. The lack of significant changes in the Kd and Bmax for these two ligands in the cerebellum suggests that the mechanism for the observed subsensitivity to GABA in the GEPR 9 rat lies beyond the level of the receptor, perhaps at the signal transduction process for GABA mediated inhibitory responses.
Effects of irrigation and sulphur application on soybeans grown on a Norfolk Loamy sand

Abstract Plant sulphur deficiencies may develop in the Coastal Plain of Southeastern United States because of the humid climate and low soil sulfate levels. This study was conducted to evaluate the interactive effect of irrigation and sulphur fertilization on dry matter accumulation, yield, and sulphur content of Bragg (Glycine Max (L.) Merr) soybeans grown on a Norfolk loamy sand (Typic Paleudult). Rainfall distribution was sufficient to prevent plant moisture stress until the late flowering stage, but a subsequent drought during the pod fill stage resulted in an 86% yield increase due to irrigation. Dry matter accumulation was also increased by 26% during the seed development stage with irrigation. Sulphur fertilization had no significant effect on soybean yield or dry matter accumulation. However, sulphur concentration in soybean leaves and stems were significantly higher in the sulphur‐amended plots during the vegetative growth stage. Neither irrigation nor applied sulphur affected soybean protein or ...
Ponderomotive and sideband coupling effects of ion‐cyclotron heating on interchange stability

Two‐fluid theory is used to calculate the nonlinear effect of a finite‐amplitude ion‐cyclotron wave on the simple interchange stability of a magnetically confined plasma. The ion‐cyclotron wave nonlinearly modifies interchange stability through ponderomotive effects and coupling to sidebands of the ion‐cyclotron wave. Nonlinear stability criteria for flute modes are derived. The nonuniformity and polarization of the ion‐cyclotron wave significantly influence the results. A theoretical explanation for recent experimental observations in axisymmetric mirror and tandem mirror plasmas of reduced levels of magnetohydrodynamic activity in the presence of ion‐cyclotron resonant heating remains elusive.
Ontogeny of levels of neural organization: the righting reflex as a model.

Abstract The hierarchy of neural control of a reflex pattern was examined by determining the effect on the righting reflex of transections of the brain stem at various times during emergence of the response shortly after birth in the rat. It was found that the reflex was not visibly impaired with transections as low as middle of the medulla, provided that the cuts were made early in its emergent phase, i.e., 3–4 days after birth. As the reflex developed toward perfection during the next 3–4 days, the cuts had to be made progressively more rostrally to avoid severe impairment, until by 8–10 days righting attempts were rendered ineffective by any cut caudal to the inferior colliculus. In contrast, if the animals were kept alive for 3–4 days after postcollicular transection in the early emergent stage, the reflex activity progressed to nearly normal effectiveness by age 7–8 days. The combined data are interpreted as indicating that the “center” of organization of the reflex emerges a few days postnatally in low pons and medulla, and during development it becomes dependent upon but not replaced by more rostral systems such as the mesencephalic righting center.
Antinociceptive action of intrathecal neurotensin in mice

Neurotensin has been demonstrated to be analgesic in rodents. This study used intrathecal injection of neurotensin in unanesthetized mice to evaluate the effect of the peptide at the spinal level on unconditioned behavior. Intrathecal administration of neurotensin produced dose-related inhibition of locomotor activity and of the response elicited by subcutaneous hypertonic saline. The effects of the peptide in the tail flick assay were variable and it produced no inhibition of the behavioral response to intrathecal substance P. The results indicate that neurotensin antinociception at the spinal level does not result from locomotor impairment, may be somewhat selective for chemically induced pain, and may be mediated by a presynaptic action on primary afferent fibers.
Electron Spin Polarization in Photosynthetic Models: Chlorophyll a Mediated Photoreduction of 1,4‐Benzoquinone

The observation of Chemically Induced Dynamic Electron Spin Polarization (CIDEP) is reported for the chlorophyll a cation radical and 1,4-benzosemiquinone anion generated by laser flash photolysis of ethanolic solutions of chlorophyll a and benzoquinone. The signs of the polarizations exhibited by the radicals are consistent with the predominant operation of the Triplet Mechanism for CIDEP. Chemical decay for the photoinduced radicals occurs by recombination via reverse electron transfer (Kt ∼ 2.9×0.8×109 M−1s−1).
Genes and gene expression modules associated with caloric restriction and aging in the laboratory mouse.

Caloric restriction (CR) counters deleterious effects of aging and, for most mouse genotypes, increases mean and maximum lifespan. Previous analyses of microarray data have identified gene expression responses to CR that are shared among multiple mouse tissues, including the activation of anti-oxidant, tumor suppressor and anti-inflammatory pathways. These analyses have provided useful research directions, but have been restricted to a limited number of tissues, and have focused on individual genes, rather than whole-genome transcriptional networks. Furthermore, CR is thought to oppose age-associated gene expression patterns, but detailed statistical investigations of this hypothesis have not been carried out. Systemic effects of CR and aging were identified by examining transcriptional responses to CR in 17 mouse tissue types, as well as responses to aging in 22 tissues. CR broadly induced the expression of genes known to inhibit oxidative stress (e.g., Mt1, Mt2), inflammation (e.g., Nfkbia, Timp3) and tumorigenesis (e.g., Txnip, Zbtb16). Additionally, a network-based investigation revealed that CR regulates a large co-expression module containing genes associated with the metabolism and splicing of mRNA (e.g., Cpsf6, Sfpq, Sfrs18). The effects of aging were, to a considerable degree, similar among groups of co-expressed genes. Age-related gene expression patterns characteristic of most mouse tissues were identified, including up regulation of granulin (Grn) and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1). The transcriptional association between CR and aging varied at different levels of analysis. With respect to gene subsets associated with certain biological processes (e.g., immunity and inflammation), CR opposed age-associated expression patterns. However, among all genes, global transcriptional effects of CR were only weakly related to those of aging. The study of aging, and of interventions thought to combat aging, has much to gain from data-driven and unbiased genomic investigations. Expression patterns identified in this analysis characterize a generalized response of mammalian cells to CR and/or aging. These patterns may be of importance in determining effects of CR on overall lifespan, or as factors that underlie age-related disease. The association between CR and aging warrants further study, but most evidence indicates that CR does not induce a genome-wide "reversal" of age-associated gene expression patterns.
Non-linear evolution of a non-axisymmetric disc instability

On utilise un code hydrodynamique a difference finie pour calculer l'evolution non lineaire dependante du temps de modes instables sans symetrie axiale dans un tore etroit orbitant autour d'un trou noir
Proton-HZE-Particle Sequential Dual-Beam Exposures Increase Anchorage-Independent Growth Frequencies in Primary Human Fibroblasts

Abstract Zhou, G., Bennett, P. V., Cutter, N. C. and Sutherland, B. M. Proton-HZE-Particle Sequential Dual-Beam Exposures Increase Anchorage-Independent Growth Frequencies in Primary Human Fibroblasts. Radiat. Res. 166, 488–494 (2006). The radiation field in deep space contains high levels of high-energy protons and substantially lower levels of high-atomic-number, high-energy (HZE) particles. Calculations indicate that cellular nuclei of human space travelers will be hit during a 3-year Mars mission by ∼400 protons and ∼0.4 HZE particles. Thus most cells in astronauts will be hit by a proton(s) before being hit by an HZE particle. To investigate effects of dual ion irradiations on human cells, we irradiated primary human neonatal fibroblasts with protons (1 GeV/nucleon, 20 cGy) followed from 2.5 min to 48 h later by iron or titanium ions (1 GeV/nucleon, 20 cGy) and then measured clonogenic survival and frequency of anchorage-independent growth. This frequency depends on the interval between hydrogen- and...
Spatial gradients in ecohydrologic properties within a pinyon-juniper ecosystem

The influence of woody vegetation and biological soil crusts on infiltration capacity is one of the several uncertainties associated with the ecohydrologic effects of woody plant encroachment into arid and semi-arid land systems. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) and pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) on subcanopy and intercanopy ecohydrologic properties. We measured soil sorptivity, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity [K(h)], soil water content (SWC), and water repellency along radial line transects from under Juniperus and Pinus trees into the centre of the intercanopy space between trees. In the subcanopy, litter mounds, hydrophobic soils, and roots all appear to contribute to preferential flow to below-surface soils via wetted patches. For both Juniperus and Pinus, K(h) was significantly lower in the subcanopy than the intercanopy average; however, line transect measurements did not show distinct boundaries in K(h) between the two regions. K(h) increased by eight-fold across a gradient extending outward from near the edge of the canopy to approximately 2 times the canopy radius (CR). This suggests that the influence of these species on hydrologic properties extends significantly into the intercanopy region. Analysis of biological soil crust cover within the intercanopy showed that beyond the gradient zone, increasing structural development of biological soil crust was associated with increased K(h). Furthermore, these results indicate that the distance from the canopy and direction should be considered in the assessment and modelling of woody plant and biological soil crust influence on infiltration capacity.
OXYGEN EFFECT IN SURVIVAL OF Dictyostelium discoideum TREATED WITH NEAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

— Fluence-response survival curves have been measured for the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum exposed to near ultraviolet radiation. Data were obtained for a wild type strain and three UV-sensitive mutant strains in exponential growth phase. Fluences for 10% survival (F10) are about 1 MJ m−2 for cells irradiated in saline solution saturated with nitrogen. When air is bubbled through the saline, the Fm values are only one third as large. Strain HPS50, which is the strain most sensitive to gamma radiation and to 254 nm UV, also exhibits the greatest sensitivity to near UV. However, the difference in sensitivity to near UV between wild type and mutant strains is small compared to other physical and chemical agents known to damage DNA.
Today's Transfer Students: Who Are They?

The author used statewide databases to examine a sample of students who transferred from North Carolina's community colleges to its public universities in 1993. Identified by social security numbers, students were classified by program codes as college transfer or technical students. The two groups were compared using a variety of demographic and academic variables. Students from technical programs constituted 30% of the students who transferred from North Carolina community colleges to public four-year institutions. Twice as many Black students transferred from technical programs as from college transfer programs. Technical students earned slightly higher grades after transfer than designated college transfer students, but students who transferred from college transfer curricula had higher persistence rates.
The Effect of Li2O Content on the Electrochemical Performance of β (β′′)-Al2O3

The β (β′′)-Al2O3 powder is prepared by solid phase reaction method, which is sintered inside the powder in MoSi2 electric resistance furnace at 1600°C after isostatic pressing. The experimental result shows that the addition of Li2O can greatly decrease the resistivity of β (β′′)-Al2O3 electrolyte and when the mass fraction of Li2O is 0.8~0.9%, the resistivity of β (β′′)-Al2O3 electrolyte can reach 4~5(Ω•cm)-1.
Geocenter variations caused by atmosphere, ocean and surface ground water

The geocenter variations reflect the global scale mass redistribution and the interaction between the solid Earth and the mass load. Determination of the geocenter variations due to surface mass load from various geophysical sources places constraints on the variations of the origin of terrestrial reference frame, and provides the expected range of variations for space-geodesy. Our results suggest that on the time scale from 30 days to 10 years the primary variability of geocenter variations from atmosphere, ocean and surface ground water occurs on the annual and semiannual scales. The lumped sum of these surface mass load induced geocenter variations is within 1 cm level.
The Future of Multilocus Linkage Analysis

Current limitations and needs of linkage analysis are discussed. Possible future developments in analysis methods and computer implementation are outlined.
Communities Versus Networks: The Implications on Innovation and Social Change

In literature about knowledge management and sociology of innovation, the concepts of community and network are often superimposed if not used in an undifferentiated way. This deprives them of part of their heuristic power. In this article, the two concepts are revisited under a common framework of reference: placing them at the two extremes of a continuum of the different possible relationships (hetero directed vs. self-directed) between an agent and the environment in which it operates. Communities are social containers for incremental innovation, whereas networks are the place for boundary-spanning learning and as a consequence, for radical innovation.
From Fantasy to Action Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions (MCII) Improves Academic Performance in Children

The current intervention tested whether a metacognitive self-regulatory strategy of goal pursuit can help economically disadvantaged children convert positive thoughts and images about their future into effective action. Mental contrasting with implementation intentions (MCII) entails mental contrasting a desired future with relevant obstacles of reality and forming implementation intentions (if-then plans) specifying when and where to overcome those obstacles. Seventy-seven fifth graders from an urban middle school were randomly assigned to learn either MCII or a Positive Thinking control strategy. Compared to children in the control condition, children taught how to apply MCII to their academic wishes and concerns significantly improved their report card grades (η2 = .07), attendance (η2 = .05), and conduct (η2 = .07). These findings suggest that MCII holds considerable promise for helping disadvantaged middle school children improve their academic performance.
Microbiologic calcification: bone mineral and bacteria.

The literature in the field is not extensive. Even so, elements of confusion have already appeared. For example, in a few papers we find the term "bacterial (or mierobiologie) mineralization". To the soil bacteriologist "bacterial mineralizat ion" is the bacterial degradat ion of organic mat te r to simple salts. Wi th priori ty established, therefore, bacterial mineralization should not be used interchangeably with bacterial calcification. Non-precise terminology as well as insupportable interpretations frequently occur as a new field of s tudy grows. Perhaps, in addition to our s tated objective, a short review at this early stage will help minimize these unnecessary by-products of progress. Calcium phosphate precipitation can occur in the immediate external environmerit of a bacterial cell as a result of alteration of tha t environment by the cell. HUTCH~SO~ (1961) detected minute crystals of a "complex calcium phosphate" in old cultures of a coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The crystals formed in the colonies on any medium tha t gave good growth. Serial s tudy of cultures in liquid medium showed tha t a pH rise invariably preceded crystal format ion in the mueoid material at the fluid surface. HUTCHISON believed tha t the pH elevation alone was responsible for crystallization. He noted tha t crystals were usually absent in areas of dense growth on a solid medium. However, crystals did occur in the medium below the colonies. He reasoned, " . . . with a heavy g r o w t h . . , and a rapid generalized p H (rise), precipitation of phosphates takes place in the medium before the const i tuent ions can diffuse into the bacterial growth."
Reading Men Differently: Alternative Portrayals of Masculinity in Contemporary Young Adult Fiction

This study explored the nature and performance of masculinity as portrayed in three popular young adult novels: two novels featuring male protagonists and one featuring a female protagonist. Drawing on emerging theory and scholarship, researchers view masculinity, like femininity, as a gendered performance, socially scripted but amenable to change, rather than as a fixed set of biologically determined behaviors. In this study, particular attention was paid to the nature, deployment, and consequences of traditional, heterosexual masculinity(ies) evident in the content and in the stylistic details of the novels studied. The analysis suggests that these novels offered more complex renderings of boys' lives, addressed the effects of enforced hegemonic masculinity, and, with the female protagonist, disrupted the connection between males and the performance of masculinity. The study and analysis of these contemporary young adult novels would appear to offer potent sites for the exploration of masculinity for st...
The Cryosistor-A Field-Effect Controlled Impact Ionization Switch

The cryosistor is a new three-terminal device in which the low-temperature (4.2°K) impact ionization of impurities in germanium is controlled by means of the depletion field effect of a reverse-biased p-n junction. Compensated germanium has an inherent bistable voltage-current characteristic at liquid helium temperature. With such a material, bistable switching by means of pulses applied to the gate-junction located between two ohmic contacts is shown to be possible. The critical gate voltages may be calculated from elementary consideration and a wide range of values of the switching voltages, as well as power dissipation, is shown to be possible with suitable choice of material and physical dimensions. The switching speed is basically limited by the ionization and recombination times of the bulk material and may be as fast as a few nsec, depending upon the amplitude of the switching pulse. Possible applications of the device at 4.2°K include computer components such as binary counters, logic functions, and memory arrays, in addition to pulse amplifiers and trigger circuits of the thyratron type. The localized nature of the ionization should permit the construction of a large number of independent cryosistors on a single germanium wafer.
A Novel Approach for Locating the Sites of Drug Action on BK Channels

High-conductance Ca(2+)-and voltage-activated K(+) (Slo1 or BK) channels play key roles in many normal and pathophysiological processes, such as sinoatrial node pacing, blood pressure regulation, neurotransmitter release, autism, and epilepsy. The Slo1 channel can be divided into a trans-membrane core module comprised of the pore gate domain (PGD) surrounded by four voltage sensor (VS domains), and a large cytosolic domain (CTD) which forms an intracellular gating ring. DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), protons, and DiBAC4(3) (bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol) can activate wt BK channels. Our construct of functional Slo1-core channels comprised of the PGD and VS domains without the CTD provides a tool to explore drug target domains of BK channels. In this study, we test the action of DHA, protons, and DiBac4(3) on wt and Slo1-core channels using single-channel and macro-patch recordings to measure channel activity before and after application of activating agents. We found that both DHA and DiBAC4(3) activate Slo1-core channels. This was the case with or without beta1 subunits. These results indicate that DHA and DiBAC4(3) do not require the CTD to activate Slo1 channels. We also found that protons did not activate Slo1-core channels, which directly shows that protons require the CTD for their action, while having little or no direct action on the core of the channel. Our results for DHA and protons are consistent with previous studies using less direct experimental approaches. Our observation that DiBAC4(3) can activate core channels in the absence of the gating ring is a novel. This study is a clear demonstration of the utility of the functional Slo1-core constructs we have developed for locating the sites of action of BK channel enhancers and modulators.
Superoxide and nitric oxide: consequences of varying rates of production and consumption: a theoretical treatment.

Abstract Simple algebraic manipulations and steady state assumptions have been applied to the elucidation of the effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on [NO] and [O 2 − ], and on the rates of production of H 2 O 2 and of ONOO − . The deductions help explain seemingly discordant published results and predictions.
Imaging low-concentration metabolites in the presence of a large background signal

Abstract A pulse sequence (CD-CHESS) is described that addresses the challenge of imaging low-concentration metabolites whose chemical shifts are close to that of water. This sequence avoids the problems of the basic che mical- s hift- s elective (CHESS) imaging sequences, which produce an image contaminated by residual signal from the undesired component. Several signal suppression schemes are combined with the basic 2D CHESS imaging sequences and examined using a specially constructed chemical-shift phantom. The degree of suppression for the new enhanced CHESS sequences is compared with that of the basic CHESS sequences and the SUBMERGE-CHESS sequence. The most effective sequence incorporates cw irradiation and soft-pulse saturation with the basic CHESS sequence. The CDCHESS imaging sequence produces a suppression ratio of better than 1000 to 1 when the desired and undesired peaks are 1 ppm apart. The effectiveness of the CD-CHESS sequence is demonstrated by imaging the sugar protons in a phantom composed of 10% (w/v) sucrose in water. The CD-CHESS sequence is used for the selective imaging of sugars in peas, demonstrating that it can be extended to the broad lines normally encountered in biological specimens.
Characterization of carboxylic acid-terminated self-assembled monolayers by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) are used to monitor changes in the ionization of monolayers of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid. When using an anionic redox probe, Fe(CN)6−4, the charge-transfer resistance of the 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid monolayer-modified interface increases in a sigmoidal fashion as the solution is made basic. The opposite effect is observed when using a cationic redox probe. The inflection points of these two titration curves, however, differ when using the different redox probes. This result is taken as being characteristic of the influence that applied potential has on the ionization of the monolayer. The role of substrate potential on the ionization of the monolayer is further investigated by SECM. The SECM measurement monitors the concentration of Ru(NH3)6+3 as the potential of the substrate is varied about the potential of zero charge. For monolayers of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid in solutions buffered near the pKa of the term...
A Time-Sharing Computer Program for the Solution of the Multiple Criteria Problem

This note presents a description of a time-sharing computer program written to implement a man-machine interactive algorithm for the solution of the multiple criteria problem. The interactive algorithm was suggested in a recent paper by Geoffrion, “Vector Maximal Decomposition Programming,” Working Paper No. 164, Western Management Science Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, September 1970. A unique feature of this program is the man-machine dialog which obtains information from the decision-maker through a series of simple, ordinal comparisons.
PEGylation of chitosan for improved solubility and fiber formation via electrospinning

PEG-N-chitosan and PEG-N,O-chitosan were synthesized via reductive amination and acylation of chitosan, respectively. The structures were confirmed by FTIR and H1NMR. The extents of PEGylation increased with reducing chain lengths of either chitosan (Mv = 137–400 kDa) or poly(ethyelene glycol) (PEG, Mn = 500–2 kDa). Water solubility were easily achieved at degree of substitution (DS) as low as 0.2 for either derivtive whereas the PEG-N,O-chitosan at DS = 1.5 was soluble in organic solvents, including CHCl3, DMF, DMSO and THF. None of the aqueous solutions of PEG-N-chitosan or PEG-N,O-chitosan alone could be electrospun into fibers. Electrospinning of PEG550-N,O-chitosan145 at 25% in DMF produced fibrous structure intermixed with beads. The efficiency of fiber formation and the uniformity of fibers were improved by increasing the solution viscosity using a cosolvent or reducing the solution surface tensions with a non-ionic surfactant. Ultra-fine fibers with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 360 nm and an average diameter of 162 nm were efficiently generated from electrospinning of 15% PEG550-N,O-chitosan145 in 75/25 (v/v) THF/DMF cosolvents with 0.5% Triton X-100TM.
J-Integral for Mode I Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics in h, p, k Mathematical and Computational Framework

This paper presents an infrastructure for computations, and computations of J-integral for mode I linear elastic fracture mechanics in h, p, k mathematical and computational framework using finite element formulations based on the Galerkin method with weak form and least squares processes. Since the differential operators in this case are self-adjoint, both Galerkin method with weak form and least square processes yield unconditionally stable computational processes. h, p, k framework permits higher order global differentiability approximations in the finite element processes, which are necessitated by physics, calculus of continuous and differentiable functions, and higher order global differentiability features of the theoretical solutions. The investigations considered in this paper are summarized here: (i) J-integral expression is derived and it is shown that its path independence requires the governing differential equations (GDEs) to be satisfied in the pointwise sense in the numerical process, (ii)...
Fine structure of corpora allata of castes with different rates of juvenile hormone production in the termite Reticulitermes flavipes

The aim of this work is to describe corpora allata (CA) of several castes of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes that have different rates of juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis, with respect to differences in fine structure, volume, and intensity of allatostatin immunoreactivity in their innervation. The castes chosen are workers and their potential derivatives, apterous secondary reproductives and pre-soldiers (the precursors of soldiers). These castes, at the stages chosen, produce JH at low, high and intermediate rates respectively. Hormone production is positively correlated with volume and negatively correlated with intensity of allatostatin immunoreactivity in axons within the glands. Characteristics of fine structure that correlate with increased activity are increase in abundance and width of mitochondria, decrease in ability to fix and visualize smooth endoplasmic reticulum. These features have previously been described for CA of cockroaches and other insects. Glycogen in the CA of all of the castes studied, especially the large amounts in highly active glands of physogastric apterous reproductive females, is the most striking difference between the CA cells of R. flavipes and previously described CA of cockroaches, in which glycogen is absent throughout the reproductive cycles. This suggests that glycogen is an important source of energy for hormone production by termite CA.