cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Widespread increases in malondialdehyde immunoreactivity in dopamine-rich and dopamine-poor regions of rat brain following multiple, high doses of methamphetamine.

Treatment with multiple high doses of methamphetamine (METH) can induce oxidative damage, including dopamine (DA)-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, which may contribute to the neurotoxic damage of monoamine neurons and long-term depletion of DA in the caudate putamen (CPu) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation by ROS, is commonly used as a marker of oxidative damage and treatment with multiple high doses of METH increases MDA reactivity in the CPu of humans and experimental animals. Recent data indicate that MDA itself may contribute to the destruction of DA neurons, as MDA causes the accumulation of toxic intermediates of DA metabolism via its chemical modification of the enzymes necessary for the breakdown of DA. However, it has been shown that in human METH abusers there is also increased MDA reactivity in the frontal cortex, which receives relatively fewer DA afferents than the CPu. These data suggest that METH may induce neuronal damage regardless of the regional density of DA or origin of DA input. The goal of the current study was to examine the modification of proteins by MDA in the DA-rich nigrostriatal and mesoaccumbal systems, as well as the less DA-dense cortex and hippocampus following a neurotoxic regimen of METH treatment. Animals were treated with METH (10 mg/kg) every 2h for 6h, sacrificed one week later, and examined using immunocytochemistry for changes in MDA-adducted proteins. Multiple, high doses of METH significantly increased MDA immunoreactivity (MDA-ir) in the CPu, SNpc, cortex and hippocampus. Multiple METH administration also increased MDA-ir in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Our data indicate that multiple METH treatment can induce persistent and widespread neuronal damage that may not necessarily be limited to the nigrostriatal DA system.
Finite crystal elasticity of carbon nanotubes based on the exponential Cauchy-Born rule

A finite deformation continuum theory is derived from interatomic potentials for the analysis of the mechanics of carbon nanotubes. This nonlinear elastic theory is based on an extension of the Cauchy-Born rule called the exponential Cauchy-Born rule. The continuum object replacing the graphene sheet is a surface without thickness. The method systematically addresses both the characterization of the small strain elasticity of nanotubes and the simulation at large strains. Elastic moduli are explicitly expressed in terms of the functional form of the interatomic potential. The expression for the flexural stiffness of graphene sheets, which cannot be obtained from standard crystal elasticity, is derived. We also show that simulations with the continuum model combined with the finite element method agree very well with zero temperature atomistic calculations involving severe deformations.
Rotational-vibrational coupling in the Skyrme-soliton model for baryons

We investigate the low-lying rotational and vibrational excitations in the Skyrme-Witten model for baryons. The rotational and vibrational motions are found to be strongly coupled, qualitatively changing the decoupled spectrum, so as to produce reasonable agreement with the observed low-lying spectrum.
Efficient rounding of sampling allocations

Abstract It is shown that for rounding fractional sampling allocations to integers, the rounding method of Jefferson maximizes an efficiency coefficient that is motivated by variance minimization.
Instrument design for the Mars atmospheric and volatile evolution mission

The MARS Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission was selected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in 2008 for development of the second Mars Scout Mission. The mission is on schedule for a November 2013 launch from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Strong evidence exists for liquid water at the surface of Mars, in its early history, but not today, suggests dramatic climate change. The instrument package manifested for MAVEN will provide the data required to determine the impact on climate due to atmospheric loss to space. MAVEN will accomplish this by measuring the structure, composition, and variability of all regions from which escape occurs, and will sample all local solar times and most latitudes. This paper provides an overview of MAVEN's science, the driving science requirements as they relate to the instrument selection and design, and the design of the instrument complement that will enable the science. Finally, the technical challenges involved in the instrument development and how they have been resolved and / or mitigated to date will be presented.
A Variation on a Nonparametric Clustering Method

A single modification to a mode-seeking clustering algorithm proposed by Koontz, Narendra, and Fukunaga is shown to generate a novel clustering and to provide an indication of cluster stability. The modified method should provide better clusterings for ``uniform, touching'' clusters than the original, although the original should work better than the modified method for ``touching Gaussian'' clusters. Suitable ranges for the clustering parameters of both methods are investigated. Since the modification requires changing only one line of the original algorithm, two clusterings can be obtained for the price of one coding.
A study of the supraorbital nerve

A detailed description of the anatomical relationships of the supraorbital nerve as it courses across the forehead and under the scalp cannot be found in most anatomy textbooks, and illustrations of the nerve beyond the superior orbital rim frequently misrepresent its course. Because the supraorbital nerve is a structure at risk in many plastic surgical techniques, the plastic surgeon would benefit from a clearer understanding of its anatomy and function. The supraorbital nerve was studied anatomically in 12 (24 half-head) fresh cadaver specimens, and its sensory distribution was studied in 30 living subjects using selective nerve blocks. Beyond the orbital rim, the supraorbital nerve has two consistently present divisions : (1) a superficial (medial) division that passes over the frontalis muscle, providing sensory supply to the forehead skin and only to the anterior margin of the scalp in 90 percent of the study subjects ; and (2) a deep (lateral) division that runs cephalad across the lateral forehead between the galea aponeurotica and the pericranium as the sensory nerve to the frontoparietal scalp. When a forehead lift is performed, injury to this deep division causes most of the distressful sequelae of scalp numbness and paresthesia. Unlike the superficial division, the course of the deep division in all cadaver specimens and its sensory distribution in all living volunteer subjects was consistent. This study has application for any procedure requiring scalp or forehead incisions, such as the forehead lift and the endoscopic facial techniques. With preoperative planning, scalp incisions may be placed to avoid the superficial supraorbital nerve branches and preserve the deep division of the supraorbital nerve. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 96 : 564, 1995.)
Reduction of compartment compliance increases venous flow pulsatility and lowers apparent vascular compliance: Implications for cerebral blood flow hemodynamics

Abstract The global compliance of a fixed-volume, incompressible compartment may play a significant role in determining the inherent vascular compliance. For the intracranial compartment, we propose that the free-displacement of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) directly relates to cerebral vascular compliance. To test this hypothesis, an in vivo surrogate intracranial compartment was made by enclosing a rabbit's kidney within a rigid, fluid-filled container. Opening/closing a port atop the box modulated the free flow of box fluid (open-box state). We observed that the pulsatility of the renal venous outflow increased in response to hampering the free flow of fluid in-and-out of the container (closed-box state). To associate the observed pulsatility changes with the compliance changes, a parametric method was proposed for the computation of the apparent compliance ( C app ) of the whole renal vascular system. The calculated C app for each experiment's closed-box state was favorably compared to a time-domain compliance assessment method at the mean heart rate. In addition, it was revealed that C app in the open-box state was greater than that in the closed-box state only when the calculations were performed at frequencies lower than the heart rate and closer to the ventilation rate. These experimental results support the concept that the vessel compliance of vascular systems enclosed within a rigid compartment is a function of the global compartment compliance.
Recent progress in testing, characterization and protection for CDM ESD events

This paper reviews the progress in testing standards, characterization methods as well as protection techniques against the Charge Device Model (CDM) ESD event. The paper also discusses recent development trends in this field.
Stimulated emission from relativistic electrons passing through a spatially periodic transverse magnetic field

Stimulated emission from a relativistic beam of electrons passing through a spatially periodic right-hand circularly polarized magnetic field is considered. The amplification is found to be due to a ponderomotive bunching of the electrons. The effect is completely classical and for an infinite interaction distance a dispersion relation, which takes into account space-charge effects, describing the scattered field is derived. Conditions on the pump field amplitude, beam density, and momentum spread of the beam for emission from individual electrons to occur or for emission from plasma oscillations to occur are examined. Also, emission from individual electrons over a finite interaction distance is considered and gain is determined for distances less than an $e$-folding length.
The demographic roots of European xenophobia

The standard theories to account for large migrations across national borders rely on a rational model of behaviour, to analyse reasons for a group of people to leave their homes and for another country to welcome or to reject them. It is proposed here that such a model needs to be supplemented by an examination of irrational factors – either against a people’s own economic interests, or as the products of their unconscious processes – that underlie the current xenophobia of European countries, which are erecting new barriers to immigrants because a dramatic shift in their demography threatens to undermine support for ‘welfare state’ social measures. Up to now migrations have been analysed in terms of economic forces that draw immigrants to countries offering better opportunities, or of political threats that drive refugees to seek security in an open society. In past centuries, Europe was both a source of emigration to destinations such as North America and a recipient of immigrants from lands to the eas...
Chondromyxoid fibroma of rib with a novel chromosomal translocation: a report of four additional cases at unusual sites

Chondromyxoid fibromas (CMFs) are rare benign chondroid/myxoid matrix-producing tumors that occur in metaphyses of long tubular bones, and very rarely in small bones of hands and feet. Flat bone involvement is even more uncommon. Prior cytogenetic analyses have identified complex abnormalities involving chromosome 6 in the majority of cases. A search for CMF over an 8-year period (1999–2006) from the surgical pathology files of our institution yielded 16 cases. Four cases occurred in relatively unusual regions, three from the small bones of distal extremities and one from the rib. The rib lesion wassubmitted forroutinecytogenetic analysis. Radiographic studies revealed that all four lesions were well-defined expansile radiolucent lesions which expanded the bony cortices with lobulated margins, sclerotic rim, septation, and no calcification. Morphologically, all four lesions showed typical features of CMF and had low proliferative index with Ki-67. Cytogenetic analysis on the rib lesion revealed a novel chromosomal translocation, t(1;5)(p13;p13). None of the four patients had a recurrence after a mean duration of follow-up of 24 months. CMF originating in unusual locations should be distinguished from chondrosarcomas, especially on small biopsies, and should be included in the differential diagnosis. As previously noted in the literature, the cells can be positive for actin but unlike conventional chondroid neoplasms can be negative for S-100. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing a novel chromosomal translocation, t(1;5)(p13;p13) in CMF.
THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF VALUES AND CONTEMPORARY CIVILIZATION

PHILOSOPHERS tell us that there have been four main approaches to the problem of value: the Platonic view that values are "eternal objects"; the position of subjectivism or of radical ethical relativity; the assumption held in common by certain Marxists, logical positivists, and "linguistic" philosophers that judgments of value are merely "emotional" or "verbal" assertions altogether removed from the categories of truth and falsity; the naturalistic approach which holds that values are accessible to the same methods of enquiry and canons of validity applied to all forms of empirical knowledge. This last view oriented the work of the Values Project of the Laboratory of Social Relations of Harvard University. Behavioral science may as well resign itself to shallow descriptivism unless it can create the concepts and the methods and techniques required for dealing with statements of value and with non-verbal acts influenced bv such abstract standards. Otherwise explanation and prediction will be impossible except at the levels of reflexive behavior, reactions under conditions of extreme physiological stress, and sheer statistical conformance to cultural patterns. For human beings do not respond to stimuli or to a stimulus-field as machines respond to the pressing of a lever. In addition to the human organism and its environment (including other people), there is a third factor, an intervening variable which is not directly observable but is ever present. This is the total apperceptive mass which each of us develops both as a result of our strictly personal experiences and by virtue of our participation in a specific society and in particular sub-groups of that society. Only exceptionally do we react in any literal sense to stimuli as they might be correctly described in physical and physiological terms. Rather, we react to our interpretations of stimuli. These interpretations are derived in considerable part from our culture and from each person's specific experiences in that culture. Human beings, like other animals, try to maintain their lives, to survive in the struggle for existence. But the human animal complicates his efforts to survive by the use of ideas and symbols. Always and everywhere men say "This is good" and "That is bad." "This is better and that is worse." "This is to be sought and that avoided." "This is preferable to that." Such evaluation is not restricted to what is deemed beneficial or injurious in terms of survival and adjustment. All cultures have their categorical imperatives that go beyond existence and pleasure. Few of us as individuals are content with the mere continuation of physical existence. As Simone de Beauvoir says:
Care of the dying doctor: on the other end of the stethoscope.

The challenges of caring for a dying doctor reflect both common issues in helping the terminally ill and unique problems in working with a physician-patient. The dying doctor must deal with a familiar environment and set of problems from a radically different perspective and must negotiate overlapping and conflicting personal and professional roles. Some of the cardinal virtues of physicians—professional identity, expertise, perfectionism, selflessness, and stoicism—may pose both strengths and liabilities in the patient's role. The treating physicians may also encounter new strains in caring for a colleague. They must guard against both overinvolvement and underinvolvement, and, as with all dying persons, they must serve as a guide through unfamiliar territory for dying patient and family—a companion who is not afraid to listen to or explore the most upsetting matters, a person who can speak frankly when others may be ignoring "the horse on the dining room table." The case of Dr B, an internist dying of myelofibrosis and congestive heart failure, whose son is also a physician, offers the reader the opportunity to reflect on these challenges and to draw lessons about how to best care for fellow physicians at a time of great need. We suggest strategies for negotiating the patient-physician relationship when the patient is also a physician.
Hierarchical Factor Patterns on the WISC as Related to Areas of Learning Deficit

Initial and 4-yr. follow-up findings on 62 learning disabled boys and 31 matched controls indicated that level and hierarchy of WISC factor scores (verbal reasoning, spatial reasoning, and sequential memory) were related to degree and pervasiveness of basic skill retardation. Of particular significance were scores on the sequential memory factor and the Information subtest. While students with deficits on these tests and deficiencies in mathematics, reading or in other areas, generally cannot or will not employ strategies for memorization and problem solving, they do learn adequately those meaningful (to them) life skills which can be achieved non-deliberately and without resort to strategies. The most successful students appear to use such strategies as chunking, elaboration, rehearsal, and rearrangement to encode new information, and, perhaps just as important, they are willing to try alternative approaches to problem solving when the initial attempt fails.
Effect of transverse electric field on nyquist noise

Abstract According to Nyquist's theorem, in the low frequency limit, the thermal noise voltage spectrum can be written as Sv(f) = 4 kTR. Based on this, we can define, RNyquist = Sc(f)/4 kT as the Nyquist resistance of the sample. We can also define the observed zero bias resistance of a sample as R observed = lim V →o (V/I) (V/I). It is common practice to substitute Robserved for RNyquist in order to estimate the thermal noise. It will be shown that this substitution is not always valid in MOSFETs, and that the data obtained by Takagi and van der Ziel can be explained in this manner.
Modeling of turbulent buoyant flow and heat transfer in liquid metals

Abstract Turbulent natural convection in a cavity filled with low Prandtl number fluids is investigated. The cavity is either heated from below and cooled from above or heated differentially and the other connecting walls are assumed to be thermally insulated. Direct numerical simulations, and two- and three-dimensional low Reynolds number k −e turbulence models are used. It is shown that the turbulent Prandtl number equal to one or slightly greater than one produces useful results, regardless of the value of molecular Prandtl number. A correlation is suggested for the Nusselt number as a function of Ra Pr (Boussinesq number) for natural convection in a differentially heated cavity. The flow becomes turbulent for Ra Pr > 4.8 × 10 3 .
Elastic properties of Pu metal and Pu-Ga alloys

We present elastic properties, theoretical and experimental, of Pu metal and Pu-Ga ({delta}) alloys together with ab initio equilibrium equation-of-state for these systems. For the theoretical treatment we employ density-functional theory in conjunction with spin-orbit coupling and orbital polarization for the metal and coherent-potential approximation for the alloys. Pu and Pu-Ga alloys are also investigated experimentally using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. We show that orbital correlations become more important proceeding from {alpha} {yields} {beta} {yields} {gamma} plutonium, thus suggesting increasing f-electron correlation (localization). For the {delta}-Pu-Ga alloys we find a softening with larger Ga content, i.e., atomic volume, bulk modulus, and elastic constants, suggest a weakened chemical bonding with addition of Ga. Our measurements confirm qualitatively the theory but uncertainties remain when comparing the model with experiments.
Back and forth error compensation and correction methods for removing errors induced by uneven gradients of the level set function

We propose a method that significantly improves the accuracy of the level set method and could be of value for numerical solutions of differential equations in general. Level set methods use a level set function, usually an approximate signed distance function, Φ to represent the interface as the zero set of Φ. When Φ is advanced to the next time level by an advection equation, its new zero level set will represent the new interface position. But the non-zero curvature of the interface will result in uneven gradients of the level set function which induces extra numerical error. Instead of attempting to reduce this error directly, we update the level set function Φ forward in time and then backward to get another copy of the level set function, say Φ1 ċ Φ1 and Φ should have been equal if there were no numerical error. Therefore Φ - Φ1 provides us the information of error induced by uneven gradients and this information can be used to compensate Φ before updating Φ forward again in time.
Designs within disorder : Franklin D. Roosevelt, the economists, and the shaping of American economic policy, 1933-1945

Preface Guide to abbreviations in citations of sources Prologue 1. Stage setting in the presidential campaign of 1932 2. Curtain raising in the first hundred days 3. Deployments in the second half of 1933 4. Rethinking the structuralist agenda (I): the fate of NRA, 1934-5 5. Rethinking the structuralist agenda (II): the fate of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, 1934-6 6. Rethinking macroeconomic strategies, 1934-6 7. Shock tremors and their repercussions, 1937-8 8. Toward a new 'official model,' 1939-40 9. Designs for the management of an economy at war 10. Designs for the postwar world Epilogue Bibliographical note Index.
Automatic classification of computed tomography slices into anatomic regions

We propose a computationally efficient and effective analysis technique to classify X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) images into four anatomic regions: neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. The proposed technique divides a single scan (performed with a single bolus of contrast) into multiple anatomic regions that can be stored in separate electronic folders for each region. Our CT analysis technique extracts relevant features from the image slices and classifies the images into the four anatomic regions using a multilayer perceptron network. The technique is tested on a number of CT images and shown to result in an acceptable level of classification performance.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reliability and Validity of the Adult Reading History Questionnaire

The reliability and validity of a revised version of Finucci's (1982) Reading History Questionnaire was examined in two adult samples. One sample included 84 adults from an ongoing study of familial dyslexia, and a second sample was composed of parents of 107 children from a longitudinal study of reading development. Internal consistency was demonstrated by Cronbach's alphas of .94 and .92 in the two samples. Test-retest reliability was demonstrated by significant correlations (.87 and .84 in the two samples) over several years between an earlier and revised form of the questionnaire. Validity was demonstrated via (a) correlations between the questionnaire score and reading measures (rs = .57-.70), (b) the results of a discriminant function analysis that used questionnaire scores to predict reading disability diagnosis, and (c) the finding that the questionnaire had substantial incremental validity in predicting reading skill in a hierarchical regression analysis that first entered IQ and SES. These results indicated that the questionnaire is both reliable and valid.
Prevention of phosphate-induced progression of uremia in rats by 3-phosphocitric acid.

Prevention of phosphate-induced progression of uremia in rats by 3-phosphocitric acid. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered uremic by surgical removal of 70% of functioning renal mass. This produced a rapid threefold rise in serum creatinine to 0.87 ± 0.067 (SEM) mg/dl at 2 weeks postoperatively which declined subsequently to a value of 0.64 ± 0.06 (SEM) and remained stable thereafter for an additional 4 weeks in animals maintained on a diet with normal phosphate content. Increase of dietary phosphate content to 2.2% at 2 weeks after surgery produced a significant and progressive increase in serum creatinine to values fourfold higher than the mean values in comparable partially nephrectomized control animals maintained on a diet with normal phosphate content (P Prevention de la progression de l'uremie induite par des phosphates chez des rats par de l'acide 3-phosphocitrique. Des rats mâles Sprague-Dawley ont ete rendus uremiques par l'ablation chirurgicale de 70% de leur masse fonctionnelle renale. Cela a entraine rapidement le triplement de leur creatinine serique a 0,87 ± 0,067 (SEM) mg/dl deux semaines apres l'intervention, qui s'est ensuite abaissee a 0,64 ± 0,06 (SEM) et est restee stable pendant quatre semaines chez des animaux recevant un regime ayant un contenu normal en phosphates. L'augmentation du phosphate alimentaire a 2,2% deux semaines apres la chirurgie a entraine une augmentation progressive et significative de la creatinine serique a des valeurs quatre fois plus fortes que les valeurs moyennes chez des animaux partiellement nephrectomises controles recevant un regime contenant une quantite de phosphates normale (P
Carbon Dioxide Fixation and Mitotic Poisons

VARIOUS categories of compounds have been classified as ‘mitotic poisons’ in the belief that the action mimicked that of a standard compound, such as colchicine. In some cases, such as the halogenated benzenes, it was known that these substances were not completely equivalent since, for example, they did not produce polyploidy.1. The mechanism suggested whereby some substances were effective as poisons was interference with protein sulphydryl groups in particular and with carbohydrate metabolism in general2. It was of interest to test this hypothesis by determination of the extent of inhibition of reversible carbon dioxide fixation.
Innovation in therapeutics development at the NCATS.

Never before has there been such a sense of urgency to rethink the way in which therapeutics are discovered and developed. Drug development has grown less efficient with every passing year (http://www.phrma.org; Scannell et al, 2012), at the same time as fundamental understanding of human biology in health and disease has exploded. For example, the number of diseases with an identified molecular basis is fast approaching 5000, but the vast majority of these have no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapy (http://www.omim.org/statistics/geneMap). Neuroscience has been particularly affected by these trends, such that, although advances in our understanding of neural development, plasticity, and circuitry were being celebrated at the end of the Decade of the Brain in 2010, many large and small pharmaceutical companies were abandoning neuroscience because of the high rate of failure in neuropsychiatric drug development. In part to address these problems in therapeutic development, the NIH commissioned its Science Management Review Board (SMRB) to study the problems in translation and recommend changes to the NIH structure to address them. In response to the SMRB's report (http://smrb.od.nih.gov/documents/reports/TMAT_122010.pdf), NIH proposed the creation of a new Center at NIH that would address the scientific and operational roadblocks to translational efficiency. On 23 December 2011, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) was created through the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, (P.L. 112-74), which amended the Public Health Service (PHS) Act to include the NCATS. The mission of the Center is to create and test innovative methods, strategies, and technologies that enhance the development, testing, and implementation of interventions that improve human health. The NCATS is focused on what is common among diseases and the translational process, to identify and disseminate general principles that will accelerate translation of fundamental discoveries into tangible improvements in human health.
A Metal Bridge between Two Enzyme Families 3-DEOXY-d-MANNO-OCTULOSONATE-8-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE FROM AQUIFEX AEOLICUS REQUIRES A DIVALENT METAL FOR ACTIVITY

Abstract The enzymes 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid-8-phosphate synthase (KDO8PS) and 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonic acid-7-phosphate synthase (DAHPS) catalyze analogous condensation reactions between phosphoenolpyruvate and d-arabinose 5-phosphate ord-erythrose 4-phosphate, respectively. While several similarities exist between the two enzymatic reactions, classic studies on the Escherichia coli enzymes have established that DAHPS is a metalloenzyme, whereas KDO8PS has no metal requirement. Here, we demonstrate that KDO8PS from Aquifex aeolicus, representing only the second member of the KDO8PS family to be characterized in detail, is a metalloenzyme. The recombinant KDO8PS, as isolated, displays an absorption band at 505 nm and contains approximately 0.4 and 0.2–0.3 eq of zinc and iron, respectively, per enzyme subunit. EDTA inactivates the enzyme in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and eliminates the absorption at 505 nm. The addition of Cu2+ to KDO8PS produces an intense absorption at 375 nm, while neither Co2+ nor Ni2+ produce such an effect. The EDTA-treated enzyme is reactivated by a wide range of divalent metal ions including Ca2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ and is reversibly inhibited by higher concentrations (>1 mm) of certain metals. Analysis of several metal forms of the enzyme by plasma mass spectrometry suggests that the enzyme preferentially binds one, two, or four metal ions per tetramer. These observations strongly suggest that A. aeolicus KDO8PS is a metalloenzyme in vivo and point to a previously unrecognized relationship between the KDO8PS and DAHPS families.
A century and a half of modern neurology, a decade of the brain, and the millennium.

Roger Rosenberg, MD, asked us to outline the greatest triumphs of the century and important research that needs to be addressed. Can we tell? I started neurology training in 1950. Some of the thencurrent technologies disappeared unpredictably, such as pneumoencephalography, direct carotid injections for angiography, frontal lobotomy, fever therapy, and tank respirators. In addition, diseases, such as paralytic poliomyelitis, measles encephalitis, Reye syndrome, and neurosyphilis, disappeared. New technologies came unpredictably, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, interventional neuroradiology, stereotaxic brain surgery, microsurgery, neurointensive care, positive pressure respirators, and antibiotics, arrived unpredictably. Effective drug therapy for previously untreatable diseases replaced the practice pattern Labe Scheinberg, MD, labeled ADiagnose and Adios@. Unpredicted wonders of basic science included the DNA code and molecular genetics, which contributed to clinical research. Reciprocally, investigation of human disease contributed to basic science, for example, prions and prion diseases, triplet repeats, positional cloning, allelic and locus heterogeneity, familial parkinsonism, dementias, motor neuron disease, and brain implants. All this research accelerated during the Decade of the Brain. Unpredicted adverse developments included AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), developmental disorders, age-related neurodegenerative diseases, drug abuse, and diseases of poverty. Which is the most amenable target of research? What have we learned? With the Human Genome Project, we expect to find the gene product for every single-gene disease, but complex inheritance and gene therapy are challenges. In the past, we were not prescient about what was coming or going. We will certainly encounter new unforeseen developments, and the changes will come faster and faster. What a wonderful world it will be!
Using sensor networks and data fusion for early detection of active worms

Identification of an Internet worm is a manual process where security analysts must observe and analyze unusual activity on multiple firewalls, intrusion-detection systems or hosts. A worm might not be positively identified until it already has spread to most of the Internet, eliminating many defensive options. In this paper, we present an automated system that can identify active worms seconds or minutes after they first begin to spread, a necessary precursor to halting the spread of a worm, rather than simply cleaning up afterward. Our implemented system collects ICMP Unreachable messages from instrumented network routers, identifies those patterns of unreachable messages that indicate malicious scanning activity, and then searches for patterns of scanning activity that indicate a propagating worm. In this paper, we examine the problem of active worms, describe our ICMP-based detection system, and present simulation results that illustrate the speed with which it can detect a worm.
Metabolism of Formate in Methanobacterium formicicum

Methanobacterium formicicum strain JF-1 was cultured with formate as the sole energy source in a pH-stat fermentor. Growth was exponential, and both methane production and formate consumption were linear functions of the growth rate. Hydrogen was produced in only trace amounts, and the dissolved H2 concentration of the culture medium was below 1 μM. The effect of temperature or pH on the rate of methane formation was studied with a single fermentor culture in mid-log phase that was grown with formate under standard conditions at 37°C and pH 7.6. Methane formation from formate occurred over the pH range from 6.5 to 8.6, with a maximum at pH 8.0. The maximum temperature of methanogenesis was 56°C. H2 production increased at higher temperatures. Hydrogen and formate were consumed throughout growth when both were present in saturating concentrations. The molar growth yields were 1.2 ± 0.06 g (dry weight) per mol of formate and 4.8 ± 0.24 g (dry weight) per mol of methane. Characteristics were compared for cultures grown with either formate or H2-CO2 as the sole energy source at 37°C and pH 7.6; the molar growth yield for methane of formate cultures was 4.8 g (dry weight) per mol, and that of H2-CO2 cultures was 3.5 g (dry weight) per mol. Both formate and H2-CO2 cultures had low efficiencies of electron transport phosphorylation; formate-cultured cells had greater specific activities of coenzyme F420 than did H2-CO2-grown cultures. Hydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, chromophoric factor F342, and low levels of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase were present in cells cultured with either substrate. Methyl viologen-dependent formate dehydrogenase was found in the soluble fraction from broken cells.
Pediatric submandibular triangle masses: a fifteen-year experience.

Background. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical results of pediatric submandibular triangle masses, with specific attention to neoplastic processes. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 105 patients aged 6 months to 21 years who underwent surgery in the submandibular triangle at a major pediatric tertiary care hospital from 1987 to 2001. Results. One hundred five patients who underwent surgery in the submandibular triangle were included in the study. Twenty patients had neoplastic processes, six of which were of primary salivary origin (two mucoepidermoid carcinomas and four pleomor- phic adenomas). Twenty-four patients underwent excision of in- flamed or infected lymph nodes, and 23 patients underwent excision of inflamed or infected submandibular glands. Thirty-eight patients were included who underwent surgery for sialorrhea or to gain access for another surgical procedure. Complications included tumor recurrence, transient and permanent marginal mandibular nerve weakness, ranula, postoperative fluid collection, and cellulitis. Duration of follow-up ranged from no follow-up to 11 years. Conclusion. Surgical excision of submandibular triangle masses is uncommon. We present our experience with these lesions, with a discussion of diagnosis, surgical indications, and surgical complications. A 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 675-680, 2004
Analysis of the temporal performance of one versus on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography

Our purpose is to generalize the chief conclusion of earlier studies based on complex maize seed extract samples that indicated that at very short times (less than 5 min) the peak capacity of 1D liquid chromatography was better than that of comprehensive, on-line 2D liquid chromatography (LC × LC), but that the LC × LC method begins to out-perform the 1D method at surprisingly short analysis times of only 5-10 min. We call the analysis time at which the peak capacities of 1D and LC × LC become equal the "crossover time." We quantify the importance of various system parameters such as the 1D peak capacity, the second dimension cycle time and second dimension peak capacity, and fractional coverage of the two-dimensional separation space on the crossover time of 1D versus LC × LC chromatography. For ranges of these parameters used in our earlier experimental studies, we believe that crossover times will generally be between 3 and 8 min under optimized on-line LC × LC conditions.
Total synthesis and antitubulin activity of c10 analogues of cryptophycin-24.

The unsubstituted, 3‘-Cl, 4‘-C1, and 3‘,4‘-diCl C10 analogues of cryptophycin-24 were prepared via total synthesis and tested in vitro for cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and multi-drug-resistant MCF-7/...
HIV/AIDS as a Chronic Disease: Emergence From the Plague Model

The reframing of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) from an acute to a chronic disease brought about a different focus for public policy. Now viewed as the end stage of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), AIDS has emerged from the plague model. Many biological and social forces affected this change, including an increased understanding of HIV and its associated disease processes, radical shifts in the composition and needs of those affected by HIV, advances in biomedical technology, and the expansion of health and social services. This article offers an overview of institutional and social responses to the epidemic and discusses the changing social construction of HIV/AIDS as a chronic illness in a historical model. Psychosocial and health care issues within a continuum of care framework are reviewed and implications for future HIV/AIDS care are considered.
Useful scientific theories are useful: A reply to Rouder, Pratte, and Morey (2010)

In a recognition memory experiment, Mickes, Wixted, and Wais (2007) reported that distributional statistics computed from ratings made using a 20-point confidence scale (which showed that the standard deviation of the ratings made to lures was approximately 0.80 times that of the targets) essentially matched the distributional statistics estimated indirectly by fitting a Gaussian signal-detection model to the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC). We argued that the parallel results serve to increase confidence in the Gaussian unequal-variance model of recognition memory. Rouder, Pratte, and Morey (2010) argue that the results are instead uninformative. In their view, parametric models of latent memory strength are not empirically distinguishable. As such, they argue, our conclusions are arbitrary, and parametric ROC analysis should be abandoned. In an attempt to demonstrate the inherent untestability of parametric models, they describe a non-Gaussian equal-variance model that purportedly accounts for our findings just as well as the Gaussian unequal-variance model does. However, we show that their new model—despite being contrived after the fact and in full view of the to-be-explained data—does not account for the results as well as the unequal-variance Gaussian model does. This outcome manifestly demonstrates that parametric models are, in fact, testable. Moreover, the results differentially favor the Gaussian account over the probit model and over several other reasonable distributional forms (such as the Weibull and the lognormal).
The Purple Pitcher Plant as a Spider Oviposition Site

Abstract Spiders' nesting sites may vary depending on species-specific requirements and environmental conditions. I report on the use of leaves of Sarracenia purpurea (Purple Pitcher Plant) as oviposition sites by 5 species of spiders in Virginia and North Carolina. The presence of egg sacs, webbing, and a protective female spider inside the pitchers confirmed the spiders' use of the carnivorous plant trap as a safe and secure nest rather than a deadly mechanism by which many spiders have commonly become victims. I also collected spiders in the surrounding environment to determine if this microhabitat is used by uncommon species or ones that are often found nearby. Almost all spiders found within pitchers of S. purpurea were also found in the surrounding environment, but not at high densities near S. purpurea. The decaying pitchers of S. purpurea may create an ideal home for many spider species in environments where suitable oviposition sites are hard to come by.
Measurements of kinetic parameters in a microfluidic reactor.

Continuous flow microfluidic reactors that use immobilized components of enzymatic reactions present special challenges in interpretation of kinetic data. This study evaluates the difference between mass-transfer effects and reduced efficiencies of an enzyme reaction. The kinetic properties of immobilized alkaline phosphatase (AP) were measured by the dephosphorylation of 6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl/phosphate to a fluorescent 6,8-difluoro-4-methylumbelliferone. A glass microfluidic chip with an in-channel weir was created for the capture of solid silica microbeads functionalized with enzyme. The input substrate concentrations and flow rates across the bed were varied to probe the flow-dependent transport and kinetic properties of the reaction in the microreactor bed. Unlike previous reactors, substrate was titrated directly over the fixed enzyme bed by controlling the air pressure over the chip reservoirs. The reactor explored substrate conversions from near zero to 100%. The average bed porosity, r...
Patient experience in a coordinated care model featuring diabetes self-management education integrated into the patient-centered medical home.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to gain insight about patient experience of diabetes self-management education in a patient-centered medical home.MethodsSix focus groups consisting of 37 people...
What Services Are Being Offered by Whom?: A Survey of Substance Abuse Programs in New Mexico

ABSTRACT A survey of how services are being provided was completed with 91 substance abuse programs in 30 New Mexico communities. Dominant program philosophies were divided about evenly among disease model, cognitive-behavioral, twelve-step, and other approaches, although eclecticism was evident in the range of views endorsed by individual programs. With the exception of detoxification, services were primarily offered on an outpatient basis, with relatively few programs providing unique services for special populations. Most programs claimed to tailor services to the individual, and described a range of offered treatment and prevention modalities from which services could be matched to clients.
Spatial and temporal dynamics of root exudation: how important is heterogeneity in allelopathic interactions?

Understanding allelopathy has been hindered by the lack of methods available to monitor the dynamics of allelochemicals in the soil. Previous work has demonstrated the feasibility of using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microtubing (silicone tubing microextraction, or STME) to construct sampling devices to monitor the release of lipophilic allelochemicals from plant roots. The objective of this study was to use such sampling devices to intensively monitor thiophene fluxes beneath marigolds over several weeks to gain insight into the magnitude of temporal and spatial het- erogeneity in these fluxes. Marigolds were grown in rhizoboxes (20.5 x 20.5 x 3.0 cm) with 16 individual STME samplers per box. Thiophene sampling and HPLC analysis began 45 days after planting. At the end of the study, roots around each sampler were analyzed by HPLC. Results con- firmed the tremendous spatial and temporal heterogeneity in thiophene production seen in our previous studies. STME probes show that thiophene concentrations generally increase over time; however, these effects were sampling-port specific. When sampling ports were monitored at 12 h intervals, fluxes ateachportrangedfrom0to2,510ngday �1 .Fluxesmeasured over daylight hr averaged 29 % higher than those measured overnight. Fluxes were less than 1 % on average of the total thiophene content of surrounding roots. While the importance of such heterogeneity, or "patchiness", in the root zone has been recognized for soil nutrients, the potential importance in allelopathic interactions has seldom been considered. The reasons for this variability are unclear, but are being investigated. Our results demonstrate that STME can be used as a tool to provide a more finely-resolved picture of allelochemical dynamics in the root zone than has previously been available.
Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation

In current practice, surgical treatment is rarely used in the management of patients with ventricu lar tachycardia, although revascularization can eliminate ischemic substrate, and wide subendocardial scar excision with ventricular aneurysmectomy can cure reentrant monomorphic ventricular tachycardia.1,2 Similarly, catheter-based methods are generally preferred over surgical interruption of supraventricular arrhythmias caused by accessory pathways.3,4 Atrial fibrillation (AF), however, is commonly encountered in patients having cardiac operations, and there has been considerable progress during the last decade in direct surgical treatment of this arrhythmia. This chapter will focus on indications, techniques, and outcomes of surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation.
Echocardiography-guided biventricular pacemaker optimization: role of echo Doppler in hemodynamic assessment and improvement

In spite of improvements in heart failure management and increasing utilization of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), approximately 30–40% of CRT patients remain nonresponders and 50% or more are echocardiographic nonresponders (defined as less than 15% reduction in left ventricular end systolic volume post-CRT). Optimization guided by echocardiography has been studied as one of the methods to improve the nonresponder rate to CRT. Echo-guided biventricular (Biv) pacemaker optimization has been associated with improvement in acute cardiac hemodynamics and improvement in functional class. In this review, the authors discuss various methods to optimize Biv pacemaker by echocardiography, recent advances in pacemaker optimization and the limitations of echocardiography. The authors also demonstrate complex hemodynamic derangements in heart failure via multiple case examples highlighting the role of comprehensive echo Doppler in elucidating cardiac hemodynamics encountered in CRT nonresponders, as well as...