cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Private Label Brands of Milk on the Structure of Fluid Milk Markets

Abstract Data from fluid milk processors in Kentucky were analyzed to determine the impact of private label brands of milk on the structure of fluid milk markets. Emphasis was given to 1) measuring the initial changes in the number of competitors and market shares with the introduction of a private label brand of milk into a market and 2) management's reaction to the effect of private labels on structure. Managers identified 21 competitors that left seven major market areas following the introduction of a private label brand. Shifts in individual firms’ market shares usually were associated with private labeling. Managers tended to agree that: a) private label accounts are particularly suited to large scale operations, b) private label brands of fluid milk have forced small processors out of markets, c) private labeling is one way for retailers to gain bargaining power, d) private label contracts could provide market stability, and e) there is a high degree of risk attached to private label accounts because of the size of accounts. Introduction of a private label brand of milk into a local market can and likely will influence the structure of that market.
Sex differences in the parental behavior of rodents

The reproductive strategy of many mammalian species that give birth to altricial young involves intense and prolonged care of their offspring. In most cases, the mother provides all nurturance, but in some cases fathers, older siblings, or unrelated conspecifics participate in parental care. The display of these behaviors by animals other than mothers is affected by numerous factors, including their sex. We herein review the literature on similarities and/or differences between male and female laboratory rodents (rats, mice, voles, gerbils, and hamsters) in their parental responsiveness and discuss how the parental behavior of males and females is influenced by hormones, developmental processes, and prior social experiences. Understanding the mechanisms that generate sex differences in the parental responsiveness of rodents may indicate how similar sex differences in parental care are generated in other mammals.
A taxonomy and survey of self-protecting software systems

Self-protecting software systems are a class of autonomic systems capable of detecting and mitigating security threats at runtime. They are growing in importance, as the stovepipe static methods of securing software systems have shown inadequate for the challenges posed by modern software systems. While existing research has made significant progress towards autonomic and adaptive security, gaps and challenges remain. In this paper, we report on an extensive study and analysis of the literature in this area. The crux of our contribution is a comprehensive taxonomy to classify and characterize research efforts in this arena. We also describe our experiences with applying the taxonomy to numerous existing approaches. This has shed light on several challenging issues and resulted in interesting observations that could guide the future research.
Saline versus gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance arthrography of porcine cartilage

Rationale and Objectives. The authors compared saline and dilute gadopentetate dimeglumine as injectants for magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography. Methods. Sixty-three lesions were created on the joint surfaces of six pig patellas. MR arthrography (1.5 T) was performed with the specimens in saline and then in 2 mmol gadopentetate dimeglumine by using fat-saturated two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) sequences. Two musculoskeletal radiologists independently interpreted the images. Results. At 2D MR arthrography, reader 1 performed equally well with saline and gadolinium solutes, whereas reader 2 had better sensitivity with the saline solute (p Conclusion. In this initial evaluation, there was no clear advantage to using gadolinium-enhanced MR arthrography over saline MR arthrography for detecting lesions in porcine hyaline cartilage.
Improved Computation of Balancing Transformations for Aeroservoelastic Models via Time Scale Conversion

Design of modern control laws motivates the creation of state-space models from aeroservoelastic models. Balanced truncation is often used to create reduced-order models. In the present work, a reduced-order model that employs a change in time scale in computing the balancing transformation is developed. The transformation matrix necessary to transform the original aeroservoelastic model is found from the aeroservoelastic model employing the recast time scale. Results from an aeroservoelastic wing and a supersonic transport model are shown, and it is demonstrated that, with an appropriate choice of time scale, the methodology results in greatly improved conditioning for the Lyapunov equations used to find the Gramians employed in the balancing transformation.
Flexible flow shop scheduling with uniform parallel machines

Abstract We consider the multistage flexible flow shop scheduling problem with uniform parallel machines in each stage and the objective of minimizing makespan. We develop a general class of heuristics for this strongly NP-hard problem that extend several well-known heuristics for the corresponding embedded serial flow shop problem, and obtain absolute performance guarantees for heuristics in this class by building on similar absolute performance guarantees for the corresponding serial flow shop heuristics. Our approach is quite robust, since it can extend any heuristic for the serial flow shop problem (with an absolute performance guarantee) to a similar one for the flexible flow shop problem with uniform parallel machines.
Congenital anomaly of the thumb: absent flexor pollicis longus tendon.

A 6-year-old girl with congenital loss of flexion in the right thumb was found to have no flexor pollicis longus tendon. All other median-nerve- innervated structures were present and normal.
The king has...

The installation The King Has... grew out of a desire to explore the ways in which people react to knowing the secrets of others, and if anonymity were guaranteed, the kinds of secrets people would choose to make public.Secrets were gathered from individuals via SMS messaging, printed on wood panels, and mounted at two installation sites, creating ever-growing fields of text.
Is the length of follow-up evaluation in published reports on the treatment of infrainguinal occlusive disease decreasing?

Abstract Background There is increasing pressure for the rapid development and implementation of new techniques and procedures. This study examined whether or not there has been a trend toward increasingly short follow-up times for studies evaluating the treatment of lower-extremity occlusive disease. Methods A search was performed of PubMed using the term “femoropopliteal occlusive disease” from 1976 to 2006. Reports describing the open and/or endovascular treatment of femoropopliteal occlusive disease were classified according to the number of patients, method of treatment, and follow-up time. Results A total of 103 of the 435 reports met the inclusion criteria. Average follow-up times from 1976 to 1986 were a mean of 43.3 months and a median of 38.8 months, from 1986 to 1996 were a mean of 32.4 months and a median of 16.9 months, from 1996 to 2006 were a mean of 22.6 months and a median of 16.5 months. Conclusions The number of reports on femoropopliteal occlusive disease treatment has increased. The length of follow-up period was 2- to 3-fold longer for reports on open procedures compared with those on endovascular procedures. Whether length of follow-up evaluation and reporting intervals should be standardized warrants further investigation.
Basaltic vitrophyre 15597 - An undifferentiated melt sample.

The vitrophyric nature and textural appearance of the Apollo 15 sample 15597, and the unusual compositions of its pigeonite centers and chromites, as well as the extreme chemical zonation of its pyroxenes, give strong evidence that this rock arrived on the lunar surface in an entirely liquid state. It may represent a 'primitive melt,' or at least a precursor from which mare lavas were derived.
Revisiting the Scarface Legacy: The Victim/Offender Relationship and Mariel Homicides in Miami

By incorporating the direct impact of ethnicity and immigration on crime, this article isthe first to use multivariate methods to compare and contrast Mariel to Afro-Caribbean, African American, and non-Mariel Latino homicides in a predominately immigrant city. In the current study, Mariels were overinvolved in acquaintance homicides, but little evidence surfaced that they were disproportionately involved in stranger homicides or were unusually violent, both dominant themes in popular stereotypes. In fact, an analysis of homicide event narratives verified the mundane nature of Mariel homicides, implying that the legacy of Scarface is not the Mariel killer but the Mariel Myth.
Advances in Perioperative Management

There has been great progress in perioperative management modalities and technologies aimed at improving patient care and safety. This issue includes very important articles in this field. An article by R. Gharabawy et al. discusses the efficacy of ambulatory nerve catheters. The study was done on a large number of patients and showed the safety and feasibility of placing catheters on an outpatient basis. The use of ambulatory nerve catheters aims at reducing admission costs and improving pain control and thus patient satisfaction. Another paper by L.-E. Kang et al. discusses the outcomes related to the use of different cuff pressures of supraglottic airways during abdominal laparoscopic surgeries. This article confirms the safety of using the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in these surgeries. An article by I. Son et al. presents a double blind randomized controlled trial of the effect of sufentanil administration on remifentanil-based anesthesia during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. In the article by T. Gaszynska et al. the efficacy of endotracheal intubation using Levitan FPS optical stylet versus LaryFlex video laryngoscope in morbidly obese patients is compared. There have been a lot of advances in airway management in anesthesia, which is not surprising, as intubation/airway management can be life-threatening. It is very important to have multiple modalities available to avoid complications during intubation. Another article by E. Gaszynska et al. reviews a very important topic: satisfaction among anesthesiologists, a critical factor in ensuring better patient outcome. Aside from technology and equipment, we must pay attention to the human element. The article by N. Mehta et al., “A review of intraoperative goal-directed therapy using arterial waveform analysis for assessment of cardiac output,” considers also noninvasive monitoring. Such technology is rapidly becoming the standard of care for fluid replacement. The article by S.-H. Kim et al. is a double blind randomized controlled trial that shows that total intravenous anesthesia with high-dose remifentanil does not aggravate postoperative nausea and vomiting and pain, when compared with low doses. Alaa Abd-Elsayed Elizabeth Frost Ehab Farag
Sensitive assays for hepatitis a antibodies

Two commercial assay kits for detecting antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) have been modified in order to increase their sensitivity. These modifications are made by less dilution of the test serum, in the case of Abbott HAVAB-M assay, or by an increase in the volumetric ratio of the test serum to the labeled anti-HAV in the case of the Abbott HAVAB assay. These modifications result in 5- to 20-fold increases in test sensitivity and enable the detection of anti-HAV at 2-3 weeks following vaccination. The earlier detection of anti-HAV is important to vaccine development in assuring the presence of antibody levels in travelers sooner after vaccination.
Spatial dynamics and substrate impacts of recreational snorkelers and SCUBA divers in Hawaiian Marine Protected Areas

We quantified spatial dynamics and substrate impacts of snorkelers and SCUBA divers within four Hawaiian MPAs to determine: (1) whether coral reefs in these areas are being damaged by recreational activities, and (2) how damage might be mitigated. Observers secretly followed snorkelers and SCUBA divers, and used handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) units to record their geographic tracks and substrate contacts. Most activities occurred within relatively small, well-defined areas associated with access points. Despite heavy use, recreation impact was low at Hawaiian MPAs because most fragile corals occurred below the maximum depth of the dominant recreational activity (snorkeling). SCUBA diving was only common at one MPA with physically durable benthic habitats. GPS tracking provided useful insights into how recreational impacts to MPAs could be reduced. General topography could be used to predict where visitors will go, and designated access points could be used to focus substrate contact away from fragile habitats.
Are disclosures about bank derivatives and employee stock options ‘value-relevant’?

Abstract The papers by Venkatachalam (1996) and Aboody (1996) provide some interesting evidence on issues that are important to accounting regulators as well as accounting academics. However, for econometric as well as economic reasons, there are limits to what we can learn from this type of research (cross-sectional ‘levels’ studies). Careful attention to methodological issues in this type of research design can reduce, but likely will not eliminate, these interpretational difficulties.
Product formation in tetrazole photolysis

Abstract NMR and 15 N-labelling techniques have been used to investigate the photolysis of 5-phenyl-tetrazole ( 1 ). Nitrogen is expelled exclusively from positions 3 and 4 of the tetrazole ring. As a consequence of H-bonding, 1,2-dihydro-3,6-diphenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine ( 2 ) is formed in high yield. Other tetrazoles behave in a similar manner. Photolysis of 2 gave 3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazole ( 3 ) and benzonitrile. A photo-induced valence isomerization, followed by photo and thermal steps, is suggested to account for 3 . Benzonitrile results from photodecomposition of 3,6-diphenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine ( 8a ) a general reaction of s -tetrazines. v -Triazole formation in the photolysis of 2,5-diphenyltetrazole is also discussed.
Cohesion and the biological activity of bacteriophage lambda DNA.

The two ends of a molecule of gl DNA cohere to each other specifically and reversibly. A closed molecule of λ DNA, one in which the two ends have cohered, has a much lowered biological activity toward helper-infected bacteria. The molecule regains full activity when the cohered ends are separated. Restoration of activity has been used to measure the opening of closed molecules as a function of temperature. Broken molecules of λ DNA also lose most, if not all, of their activity when they cohere. Again the lost activity is regained when the cohered ends are separated. Thus, while the low activity of closed molecules might be explained by the absence of ends of any sort, the low activity of cohered broken molecules must be explained by the absence of free cohesive ends, since cohered broken molecules have ends. If a free cohesive end is required for biological activity, then fragments arising from the interior of molecules which have suffered two or more breaks would not be active. Activity would be an indication of linkage to a cohesive end. When molecules of λ DNA are broken into six pieces, activity of the marker iλ can no longer be detected but the marker pairs susAsusB and susQsusR retain their activity. This is taken to mean that susA and susB are linked to one cohesive end, that susQ and susR are linked to the other, but that iλ is more than one-sixth the length of the molecule away from either one. Since the cohesive sites are at the ends of the molecule, the observed pattern of activity is taken to mean that the sequence of the DNA of a mature λ particle is congruent (or colinear) with the vegetative, rather than the prophage, recombination map.
Thin germanium-carbon alloy layers grown directly on silicon for metal-oxide-semiconductor device applications

We report the growth and characterization of thin (<35nm) germanium-carbon alloy (Ge1−xCx) layers grown directly on Si by ultrahigh-vacuum chemical vapor deposition, with capacitance-voltage and leakage characteristics of the first high-κ/metal gate metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors fabricated on Ge1−xCx. The Ge1−xCx layers have an average C concentration of approximately 1at.% and were obtained using the reaction of CH3GeH3 and GeH4 at a deposition pressure of 5mTorr and growth temperature of 450°C. The Ge1−xCx films were characterized by secondary ion mass spectrometry, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. A modified etch pit technique was used to calculate the threading dislocation density. The x-ray diffraction results showed that the Ge1−xCx layers were partially relaxed. The fabricated MOS capacitors exhibited well-behaved electrical characteristics, demonstrating the feasibility of Ge1−xCx layers on Si for future high-carrier-mob...
Redesign of adhesively bonded box beam sections for improved impact performance

Abstract The effect of section design on the impact performance of bonded box beam sections is discussed and the results of tests carried out on redesigned sections are presented. Weldbonding, even at wide weld pitches, was found to improve collapse stability whilst varying the thicknesses of the beam's closing plate and bondline appeared to have little effect. Attempts to induce stable collapse with initiators were encouraging and modifications to the section geometry produced a wide range of results, some of which showed enormous improvements over the standard top hat design. The interpratation of these results in terms of energy absorption and vehicle kinematics is discussed.
The interleukin-2 receptor on malignant cells: a target for diagnosis and therapy.

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a lymphokine synthesized by T cells following activation. Resting T cells do not express IL-2 receptors, but receptors are rapidly expressed on T cells following interaction of the antigen-specific T-cell-receptor complex with appropriately processed and presented antigens. Anti-Tac, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the IL-2 receptor, has been used to purify the receptor. The receptor is a 55-kDa glycoprotein comprised of 251 amino acids including a single 19-amino transmembrane domain and a short intracytoplasmic domain composed of 13 amino acids at the carboxy terminus. Normal resting T cells and most leukemic T-cell populations exaimined did not express IL-2 receptors; however, the leukemic cells of all patients with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV-I)-associated adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) expressed the Tac antigen. In HTLV-I-infected cells, the 42-kDa long open reading frame (tat) protein encoded in part by the tat region of HTLV-I may act as a transacting activator that induces transcription of the IL-2-receptor gene, thus providing an explanation for the constant association of HTLV-I infection of lymphoid cells and IL-2-receptor expression. The constant display of large numbers of IL-2 receptors which may be aberrant in the ATL cells may play a role in the uncontrolled growth of these leukemic T cells. Patients with the Tac-positive ATL are being treated with both unmodified and toxin-conjugated forms of anti-Tac monoclonal antibody directed toward this growth factor receptor.
Modelling of Pico satellite network applications to Maritime Interdiction Operations

The successful command and control of Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO) depends heavily upon an organization's communications and network platforms. These platforms must provide effective, efficient, affordable communications among operational and tactical commanders, among globally distributed subject matter expert advisors, and especially, between these two groups. Since 2009, the researchers at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) together with their Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and overseas partners started to explore the benefits of using very small, Picosatellite based, private orbital tactical networking nodes to support expert reachback and coordination in Maritime Interdiction Operations scenarios. Currently the NPS team is assembling the first set of three Picosatellites to be launched during the second half of 2011 for conducting first field trials of MIO reachback via the orbital tactical node. In order to plan and design Picosatellite nodes integration experiments, we've developed the software model of future miniature orbital tactical nodes, which are currently under assembly, using the simulation modeling environment of the Satellite Tool Kit (STK). The paper describes the results of Picosatellite networking nodes simulation as well as analysis of their implementation in MIO scenarios.
Magnetic Analysis of the Uranium-Oxygen System

Magnetic susceptibility measurements have been carried out on the uranium-oxygen system in the composition range of U${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ to U${\mathrm{O}}_{2.67}$. The existence of an antiferromagnetic transition at compositions close to stoichiometric U${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ which had been previously reported by the authors has been confirmed. The data make it possible to define clearly the phase limits of the U${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{U}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ structures and to determine unambiguously that the excess oxygen ions in the nonstoichiometric salts occupy interstitial positions in the lattice.
Exploring challenges in designing and teaching (inter)disciplinary and (inter)cultural programmes in higher education

The articles of this special issue are grounded in a series of epistemological dialogues among the authors over the past two decades. At the centre of these dialogues has been the exploration of ho...
A Novel 68-kDa Adipocyte Protein Phosphorylated on Tyrosine in Response to Insulin and Osmotic Shock

Abstract Osmotic shock can cause insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by inhibiting insulin activation of glucose transport, p70S6 kinase, glycogen synthesis, and lipogenesis. By further investigating the relationship between insulin and hypertonic stress, we have discovered that osmotic shock enhanced by 10-fold the insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of a 68-kDa protein. Phosphorylation by insulin was maximal after 1 min and was saturated with 50–100 nm insulin. The effect of sorbitol was completely reversible by 2.5 min. pp68 was a peripheral protein that was localized to the detergent insoluble fraction of the low density microsomes but was not associated with the cytoskeleton. Stimulation of the p42/44 and the p38 MAP kinase pathways by osmotic shock had no effect on pp68 phosphorylation. Treatment of adipocytes with the phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor phenylarsine oxide also enhanced insulin-activated tyrosine phosphorylation of pp68 suggesting that osmotic shock may increase pp68 phosphorylation by inhibiting a phosphotyrosine phosphatase. Dissociation of pp68 from the low density microsomes with RNase A indicated that pp68 binds to RNA. Failure to immunoprecipitate pp68 using antibodies directed against known 60–70-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins suggest that pp68 may be a novel cellular target that lies downstream of the insulin receptor.
Luck versus Effort Attributions Effect on Reward Allocations to Self and Other

This study examined whether reward allocations differ as a function of an external-unstable versus an internal-unstable performance attribution. Male and female college students' attribution for success at a sex-neutral task was set at either luck or effort by individual random assignment. Subjects participated in same-sex dyads but were kept isolated from one another. All received feedback that they had contributed higher input than their partner and had been randomly chosen to apportion a group reward. The primary dependent variable was amount of reward allocated to self As predicted, a significant main effect for attribution type was found whereby subjects allocated more to themselves when they attributed their success to effort than to luck. Under these conditions, the allocation behavior of males and females was similar. The frequency with which allocators employed each of three allocation norms (equity, compromise, equality) also differed as a function of attribution type.
Influence of instabilities on plasma flow around a comet

A multifluid hydrodynamic approximation allowing for the relative motion along the magnetic field of the newly created ions and the original fluid is used to treat the ion-pickup process. Due to the processes characterized by these means, the ion tail of a comet may not be antisolar; the derivation from radial is anticipated to be largest for oxygen due to its ionization at the greatest distances. Other ions, created nearer the comet where flow speed is lower, should have smaller transverse velocities.
Analysis of the sigma filter using robust estimation

In this paper, we first analyze a computationally efficient nonlinear edge-preserving smoothing filter, the sigma filter, in the framework of robust estimation. The sigma filter is nearly W-estimator using the metric trimming influence function with a subtle difference. Based on the analysis, we further develop another form of sigma filter as M-estimator of robust estimation using the same metric trimming influence function. The new form of sigma filter is more suitable for hardware implementation. We also compare the sigma filter with other nonlinear edge-preserving filters such as bilateral filter and median filter, in the framework of robust estimation. Finally, experimental results are reported and discussed.
Development and application of an excitation ratiometric optical pH sensor for bioprocess monitoring.

The development of a fluorescent excitation ratiometric pH sensor (AHQ-PEG) using a novel allylhydroxyquinolinium (AHQ) derivative copolymerized with polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEG) is described. The AHQ-PEG sensor film is shown to be suitable for real-time, noninvasive, continuous, online pH monitoring of bioprocesses. Optical ratiometric measurements are generally more reliable, robust, inexpensive, and insensitive to experimental errors such as fluctuations in the source intensity and fluorophore photobleaching. The sensor AHQ-PEG in deionized water was shown to exhibit two excitation maxima at 375 and 425 nm with a single emission peak at 520 nm. Excitation spectra of AHQ-PEG show a decrease in emission at the 360 nm excitation and an increase at the 420 nm excitation with increasing pH. Accordingly, the ratio of emission at 420:360 nm excitation showed a maximum change between pH 5 and 8 with an apparent pKa of 6.40. The low pKa value is suitable for monitoring the fermentation of most industrially important microorganisms. Additionally, the AHQ-PEG sensor was shown to have minimal sensitivity to ionic strength and temperature. Because AHQ is covalently attached to PEG, the film shows no probe leaching and is sterilizable by steam and alcohol. It shows rapid (∼2 min) and reversible response to pH over many cycles without any photobleaching. Subsequently, the AHQ-PEG sensor film was tested for its suitability in monitoring the pH of S. cereviseae (yeast) fermentation. The observed pH using AHQ-PEG film is in agreement with a conventional glass pH electrode. However, unlike the glass electrode, the present sensor is easily adaptable to noninvasive monitoring of sterilized, closed bioprocess environments without the awkward wire connections that electrodes require. In addition, the AHQ-PEG sensor is easily miniaturized to fit in microwell plates and microbioreactors for high-throughput cell culture applications.
An Efficient Implementation of Conflict Prediction in a Parallel Processor

Two widely different parallel processor approaches to the terminal Air Traffic Control (ATC) problem are considered, and an efficient implementation of the Conflict Prediction (CP) function in a parallel processor whose elements are capable of handling multiple tracks is described. An airspace sectorization scheme which facilitates such an implementation and is compatible with other terminal ATC functions is introduced. Also, considerations which determine the optimal sector size are examined. Finally, an example is presented which shows how the conflict prediction function can be implemented on the parallel processor.
A Japanese boy with Young‐Simpson syndrome

In 1987 Young and Simpson reported a child with hypothyroidism, a congenital heart disease, severe mental retardation and striking facial dysmorphism, including microcephaly, blepharophimosis, bulbous nose, thin lip, low-set ears and micrognathia. This study presents an 8-month-old boy with virtually identical features to those in Young and Simpson's original case. The patient is a sporadic case and his parents are unrelated and phenotypically normal, hence the family data corresponds to any mode of inheritance. This is the first male case reported in the world and the first in Orientals.
Does Men's Positivity Moderate or Mediate the Effects of their Abuse on Women's Relationship Quality?

Taylor's (1991) mobilization-minimization theory of coping with stress provides one perspective to understand counterintuitive findings from research on abuse of women (e.g., many abused women love their partner and report relational satisfaction). Extension of her theory led to the hypothesis that men's affection and caring behavior mediates the effects of their abuse on women's evaluative relational judgments (relational well-being, satisfaction, happiness, and commitment). Using an abused subsample from a larger study of low-income, ethnically diverse women, we tested whether men's positivity (caring behavior, relational satisfaction, and happiness) moderates their abuse (threats and acts of violence and sexual aggression) as suggested by Lloyd (1996) or functions as a mediator. The results of structural equation modeling with 717 African-American, Euro-American, and Mexican-American women indicated that Men's Positivity did not moderate the effects of Men's Abuse on Relational Quality. Partial and com...
Pitching people with an inversion table: Estimates of body orientation are tipped as much as those of visual surfaces

In the current work we investigate people's perception of their own body tilt in the pitch direction. In Experiment 1, we tilted people backward at 1 of 5 different randomly assigned angles using an inversion table. People significantly overestimated the angle at which they were tilted backward at angles from 8° to 45°. The slope of the plotted average overestimates had a gain of 1.46, fitting nicely with previously reported gains of verbal overestimates of visually perceived slant of natural outdoor geographically oriented slopes as well as man-made wooden slopes within and outside of reach in the laboratory. In Experiment 2, we showed participants a 45° line and asked them to indicate when they were positioned at that orientation. Participants again significantly overestimated the angle at which they were tilted backward. This extends work showing that a scale-expanded theory of visual space is multisensory, results in equivalent estimates for both verbal and nonverbal/nonnumeric methods, and can now be expanded to include the perceived orientation of one's own body.
Liquid Crystals for Fast Infrared Laser Switching and Optical Limiting Application

We present the results of several experimental studies of infrared[IR] nonlinear optical responses of aligned nematic liquid crystals, including laser induced molecular reorientation, density-, thermal- and order paramter-changes, optical wave mixing, beam amplification, and interface switching effects. Using lasers in the near-IR [1.55 µm], mid-IR [5 µm] and IR [10.6 µm] spectral regime, the potentials for nonlinear optical applications with cw, millisecond to microsecond lasers are explored.
Public health and the law.

Promoting and protecting the public's health in the United States and abroad are intricately tied to laws and policies. Laws provide support for public health measures, authorize specific actions a...
Selective Depression of Endothelium-Dependent Dilations During Cerebral Ischemia

Background and Purpose Pial arterioles have diverse mechanisms for endothelium-dependent dilations. In mice, different mechanisms or endothelium-derived mediators exist for each of the following dilators: acetylcholine, bradykinin, and calcium ionophore A-23187. This study tests the response to each of these dilators during profound ischemia. The response to sodium nitroprusside, an endothelium-independent dilator, was also tested. Methods In each mouse, ischemia was produced by bilateral carotid artery ligation that reduced cortical blood flow by approximately 90% as determined by laser-Doppler flowmetry. In separate studies of 10 mice each, dilations of pial arterioles to two doses of each dilator were compared before and after 10 minutes of occlusion, with the occlusion continuing during the second set of measurements. The dilator was applied in the suffusate bathing the pial surface exposed at a craniotomy site. Diameters were monitored by in vivo television microscopy and image splitting. Results The...
Growth Of ZnO/MgZnO Superlattice On Sapphire

The optical and structural properties of ZnO/ MgZnO superlattices were investigated by transmission electron microscope, transmission measurement and photoluminescence. The uncoupled wells ranged in thickness from ~30 A to 75 A. Modulation of the Mg content was observed in Z-contrast TEM indicating the alloy composition was periodic. The density of stacking faults in the superlattice was extremely high, however the photoluminescence in the narrowest well case was blue shifted, and substantially brighter than comparable bulk layers of ZnO and MgZnO indicating that the emission was enhanced. Excitonic features were observed in the optical absorption spectra and also revealed that diffusion of Mg from the barrier layers into the well was occurring.
Explorations in lexical sample and all-words lexical substitution

In this paper, we experiment with several techniques to solve the problem of lexical substitution, both in a lexical sample as well as an all-words setting, and compare the benefits of combining multiple lexical resources using both unsupervised and supervised approaches. Overall in the lexical sample setting, the results obtained through the combination of several resources exceed the current state-of-the-art when selecting the best substitute for a given target word, and place second when selecting the top ten substitutes, thus demonstrating the usefulness of the approach. Further, we put forth a novel exploration in all-words lexical substitution and set ground for further explorations of this more generalized setting.
β‐Adrenergic stimulation inhibits calcium efflux and alters the morphology of cultured arterial muscle cells

Beta-adrenoreceptor stimulation with isoproterenol (IP) rapidly and reversibly rounded and arborized smooth muscle cells (SMC) cultured from rat aorta. The arborized SMC remained firmly attached to the substratum via a network of long, dendritelike processes. Arborization of the SMC correlated closely with increases in cellular cAMP produced by IP and a variety of other compounds. The intracellular calcium antagonist 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8) also rounded and arborized the SMC. Antitubulin compounds potently blocked arborized by IP, dibutyryl cAMP, and TMB-8. The release of cell-bound 45Ca2+ was followed in the presence and absence of IP. IP strikingly increased the amount of 45Ca2+ that remained cell bound between 20 and 120 min. Propranolol and colchicine prevented IP from inhibiting the release of cell-bound 45Ca2+. These results suggest that the modulation of Ca2+ transport is involved in the arborization of cultured SMC by cAMP.
A discrete event model of clinical trial enrollment at Eli Lilly and company

Clinical trials constitute large, complex, and resource intensive activities for pharmaceutical companies. Accurate prediction of patient enrollment would represent a major step forward in optimizing clinical trials. Currently models for patient enrollment that are both accurate and fast are not available. We present a discrete event model of the patient enrollment process that is accurate and uses relatively small CPU times. This model is now being used on a regular basis to predict the enrollment of patients for large trials with around 13,000 patients and has led to significant reduction in the time it takes to make these predictions.
An economical and safe procedure to synthesize 2-hydroxy-4-pentynoic acid: A precursor towards ‘clickable’ biodegradable polylactide

2-Hydroxy-4-pentynoic acid (1) is a key intermediate towards ‘clickable’ polylactide which allows for efficient introduction of a broad range of pendant functional groups onto polymers from a single monomer via convenient ‘click’ chemistry with organic azides. The incorporation of various pendant functional groups could effectively tailor the physicochemical properties of polylactide. The reported synthesis of 1 started from propargyl bromide and ethyl glyoxylate. However, both of starting materials are expensive and unstable; especially, propargyl bromide is shock-sensitive and subjected to thermal explosive decomposition, which makes the preparation of 1 impractical with high cost and high risk of explosion. Herein, we report a simple, economical and safe synthetic route to prepare 1 using cheap and commercially available diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate (4) and propargyl alcohol. The desired product 1 was obtained via alkylation of malonate 4 with propargyl tosylate followed by a one-pot four-step sequence of hydrolysis, decarboxylation, diazotization and hydroxylation of propargylic malonate 5 without work-up of any intermediate.
Detecting Node Misbehavior in Ad hoc Networks

Ad hoc networks employ a decentralized unstructured networking model that relies on node cooperation for key network functionalities such as routing and medium access. In this paper, we develop and evaluate a model based on the sequential probability ratio test to characterize how nodes can differentiate between routes that include misbehaving nodes (infected routes) and routes that do not. An advantage of the model is that the number of observations required to evaluate a route need not be determined in advance.
Institutional activism in the early American automobile industry

Abstract A common proposition is that new industries gain constitutive legitimacy through claim making by institutional activists. Yet, neoinstitutional research seldom analyzes the effects of claim making on the formation of new organizations, and how the effect of claim making is moderated by other sources of constitutive legitimacy: advertising, legal recognition, and a policy regime favorable to business. I explore the relationship between claim making by activists and new organization building in a study of the early American automobile industry, when auto clubs organized reliability contests to validate the automobile. The results show that the visibility of reliability contests within the focal state increased foundings of car firms in the state, but that this effect diminished with advertising, legal recognition of the car, and the existence of a business friendly governor in the focal state. Taken together, these results demonstrate that claim making is crucial in the early phase of gaining legitimacy for new industries.
Efficacy of Safety-Engineered Device Implementation in the Prevention of Percutaneous Injuries: A Review of Published Studies

Nearly 6 years have passed since the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act of 2000 was signed into law. We reviewed studies published since 1995 that evaluated the effect of safety-engineered device implementation on rates of percutaneous injury (PI) among health care workers. Criteria for inclusion of studies in the review were as follows: the intervention used to reduce PIs was a needleless system or a device with engineered sharps-injury protection, the outcome measurements included a PI rate, the intervention was evaluated in a defined population with clear comparison groups in clinical settings, and outcomes and denominators used for rate calculations were objectively measured using consistent methodology. All 17 studies reported substantial decreases in device-associated or overall PI rates after device implementation (range of reduction, 22%‐ 100%). The majority of studies ( ) were uncontrolled before-after trials with limited ability to control for confounding n p 12 variables. In addition, implementation of safety-engineered devices was often accompanied by other interventions, and direct measurement of outcomes was not performed. Nevertheless, safety-engineered devices are an important component in PI prevention.
Fundamentals and Practice for Producing Low Nitrogen Steels

In general, the refining reactions in steelmaking are well understood and most elements can be controlled by the proper slag practice. However, the nitrogen reaction is complex and its content difficult to control. A recently developed model for computing the removal of nitrogen in OSM is presented along with results quantifying the effect of scrap, stirring gas, and oxygen purity. For the EAF, nitrogen is also removed by CO formation by the carbon-oxygen reaction and a model for the rate is presented. However, recent work shows that the CO evolved from DRI comes off in the slag and is not effective in actually removing nitrogen from the atmosphere. Nitrogen control in ladle processing is discussed, including a new model for vacuum tank or ladle degassing for nitrogen.
Stochastic Cooling of Bunched Beams

Numerical simulation studies are presented for transverse and longitudinal stochastic cooling of bunched particle beams. Radio frequency buckets of various shapes (e.g. rectangular, parabolic well, single sinusoidal waveform) are used to investigate the enhancement of phase space cooling by nonlinearities of synchrotron motion. The connection between the notions of Landau damping for instabilities and mixing for stochastic cooling are discussed. In particular, the need for synchrotron frequency spread for both Landau damping and good mixing is seen to be comparable for bunched beams.
An event-driven phytoplankton bloom in southern Lake Michigan observed by satellite.

[1] Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) images from June 1998 show a surprising early summer phytoplankton bloom in southern Lake Michigan that accounted for approximately 25% of the lake's annual gross offshore algal primary production. By combining the satellite imagery with in situ measurements of water temperature and wind velocity we show that the bloom was triggered by a brief wind event that was sufficient to cause substantial vertical mixing even though the lake was already stratified. We conclude that episodic events can have significant effects on the biological state of large lakes and should be included in biogeochemical process models.
Statistical models for assessing the individuality of fingerprints

The problem of fingerprint individuality is as follows: Given a sample fingerprint, what is the probability of finding a sufficiently similar fingerprint in a target population? In this paper, we develop a family of finite mixture models to represent the distribution of minutiae locations and directions in fingerprint images, including clustering tendencies and dependencies in different regions of the fingerprint domain. These models are shown to be a better fit to the observed distribution of minutiae features and give better assessments of fingerprint individuality compared to previous models. Estimates of fingerprint individuality are obtained using the probability of a random correspondence (PRC). For the "12-point match" criteria, a PRC of 9.2/spl times/10/sup -5/ was obtained for the FVC2002 DB1 database when the number of query and template minutiae features both equal 26. The corresponding PRC based on the MSU VERIDICOM database for the same matching criteria is 6.6/spl times/10/sup -4/.
Incidence and prognosis of vascular complications after percutaneous placement of left ventricular assist device

Objective Mechanical assist devices have found an increasingly important role in high-risk interventional cardiac procedures. The Impella (Abiomed Inc, Danvers, Mass) is a percutaneous left ventricular assist device inserted through the femoral artery under fluoroscopic guidance and positioned in the left ventricular cavity. This study was undertaken to assess the incidence of vascular complications and associated morbidity and mortality that can occur with Impella placement. Methods We used a prospective database to review patients who underwent placement of an Impella left ventricular assist device in our tertiary referral center from July 2010 to December 2013. Patient demographics, comorbidities, interventional complications, and 30-day mortality were recorded. Results The study included 90 patients (60% male). Mean age was 66 years (range, 17-97 years). Hypertension was found in 69% of the patients, 37% were diabetic, 57% had a history of tobacco abuse, and 65% had chronic renal insufficiency. The median preprocedure cardiac ejection fraction was 30%. Most (87%) had undergone coronary artery intervention. Cardiogenic shock was documented in 67 patients (74%). The Impella was placed for an average of 1 day (range, 0-5 days). At least one vascular complication occurred in 15 patients (17%). Acute limb ischemia occurred in 12 patients; of whom four required an amputation and six required open or endovascular surgery. Other complications included groin hematomas and one pseudoaneurysm. All-patient 30-day mortality was 50%, which was not significantly associated with vascular complications. Female sex and cardiogenic shock at the time of insertion were associated with vascular complications ( P = .043 and P = .018, respectfully). Conclusions Vascular complications are common with placement of the Impella percutaneous left ventricular assist device (17%) and are related to emergency procedures. Vascular complications in this high-risk patient population frequently lead to withdrawal of care. These data provide quality improvement targets for left ventricular assist device programs.
Influence of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority on Population and Employment Location

The rail system operated by the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) began operating in 1979. As its 20th anniversary nears, how has it influenced land use patterns? Results are mixed. Throughout the Atlanta metropolitan area, the population continues to sprawl outward and MARTA's facilities do not appear to attract large-scale residential development to them. On the other hand, employment also continues to decentralize, and MARTA's rail facilities appear to have attracted employment-based development. As MARTA extends service into the affluent northern tier suburbs, its attractiveness to employment centers and perhaps higher-density residential development should improve. The downside is that MARTA is exhausting its reach because most of the region's new development is outside its jurisdiction.