cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What do you do when the network is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude faster than the backplane bus

The prototype high performance switching system will connect several different types of machines with widely varying clock and internal bus speeds. At one end of the range we have a CRAY YMP and a CRAY XMP with a high performance parallel interface (HIPPI). At the other end there are many SUN 3/260 VME bus machines. In between there are various flavors of MAC IIs. This presents a substantial speed matching problem. The CRAY HIPPI channel speed is 100 MB/s. The SUN VME bus speed is approximately 1 MB/s with bursts to 13 MB/s, the MAC II NU-BUS obtains about the same speed. So what do you do when the network is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude faster than the internal bus? The short answer is use big packets and even bigger buffers. This paper expands on that theme and describes the approach LLNL and Ancor Communications took in the case of the SUN VMEbus machine.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The world status of the Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulata

The Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulata is prominent in avian conservation because of its high value as the traditional quarry of falconers in Arabia and western Asia; such hunting has often been blamed for severely reducing population levels especially in Arabia, Pakistan and Morocco. This paper reviews current knowledge of the world status of the Houbara Bustard in each of the 31 range states where it has occurred within the last 10 years. On the basis of the evidence available, the overall population is estimated to be between 49,000 and 62,000 birds, made up of 700–750 birds in the Canary Islands, around 10,000 in Africa, and the remainder in the Middle East and Asia (especially Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan). Numbers have apparently declined greatly during this century because of agricultural intensification and other land use changes, often exacerbated by hunting and trapping. Evaluation of the population status and trends against the current Red List criteria of IUCN indicate that the Canary Islands subspecies C. u. fuertaventurae is Vulnerable, while the subspecies C. u. undulata and C. u. macqueenii (as well as the whole species population) could probably also qualify for listing as Vulnerable but it is more appropriate to consider them “Near threatened” for the time being.
SPGrid: a sparse paged grid structure applied to adaptive smoke simulation

We introduce a new method for fluid simulation on high-resolution adaptive grids which rivals the throughput and parallelism potential of methods based on uniform grids. Our enabling contribution is SPGrid, a new data structure for compact storage and efficient stream processing of sparsely populated uniform Cartesian grids. SPGrid leverages the extensive hardware acceleration mechanisms inherent in the x86 Virtual Memory Management system to deliver sequential and stencil access bandwidth comparable to dense uniform grids. Second, we eschew tree-based adaptive data structures in favor of storing simulation variables in a pyramid of sparsely populated uniform grids, thus avoiding the cost of indirect memory access associated with pointer-based representations. We show how the costliest algorithmic kernels of fluid simulation can be implemented as a composition of two kernel types: (a) stencil operations on a single sparse uniform grid, and (b) structured data transfers between adjacent levels of resolution, even when modeling non-graded octrees. Finally, we demonstrate an adaptive multigrid-preconditioned Conjugate Gradient solver that achieves resolution-independent convergence rates while admitting a lightweight implementation with a modest memory footprint. Our method is complemented by a new interpolation scheme that reduces dissipative effects and simplifies dynamic grid adaptation. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method in end-to-end simulations of smoke flow.
Isotopic evidence for chemosynthesis‐based nutrition of macrobenthos: The lightness of being at Pacific methane seeps

The importance of chemosynthetic nutritional pathways was examined for macrofaunal invertebrates (.300 mm) from methane seeps in the Gulf of Alaska (4,413‐4,443 m), on the Oregon margin (590 m), and on the northern California slope [Eel River margin] (520 m) by use of natural abundance stable isotopic data. Seep macrofauna exhibited lighter d 13 C and d 15 N values than those in nonseep sediments, but isotopic signatures varied among seep sites. Macrofaunal isotopic signatures indicated chemosynthetically fixed carbon sources with a significant contribution from methane-derived carbon (MDC) in macrofauna from sediments of pogonophoran fields (averaged 13
Numerical simulation of interstitial electrotransport in metals

Abstract Numerical simulation results are presented for the time evolution of the interstitial concentration profile in a metal subject to an applied potential difference. Simulation results are presented for five simple theoretical models of the interstitial electrotransport: a dilute solution or ideal gas model, two non-interacting lattice gas models, and two interacting lattice gas models. The last four involve concentration-dependent electrical mobilities and diffusion coefficients. Both uniform and step function initial concentration profiles are considered. The results indicate both qualitative and quantitative differences in the time evolution of the concentration profiles, which should permit experimental discrimination among the different models. The results also suggest that a combination of measurements involving both uniform and step function initial profiles would permit a more complete characterization of the system than measurements involving only one type of initial profile.
Scalable Electromagnetic Scattering Calculations on the SGI Origin 2000

We describe the FastScatTM program for electromagnetic scattering calculations and its parallel implementation on the SGI Origin 2000. FastScat recently computed the radar cross section of a sphere having an area of 45,239\lambda2 to high accuracy in about a day. This is contrasted with a result for an 354\lambda2 sphere reported at Supercomputing '92. Taking both size and accuracy into account, the FastScat result represents an improvement in solution time of over nine orders of magnitude. This improvement was due to systematically focusing on several issues that impact the scalability of electromagnetic scattering calculations.
Inhibition of Heat-Induced Browning of Milk by L-Cysteine

Abstract Milk was heated at 121 C for varying times to produce a browning reaction. L -Cysteine and L -cystine were added at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.04%. Browning was measured by a trypsin digestion procedure and with a color-difference meter. L -Cystine failed to inhibit browning of milk, whereas L -cysteine was inhibitory to browning at concentrations as low as 0.01%. L -Cysteine (free base) was preferred to L-cysteine hydrochloride, since the hydrochloride produced an objectionable sulfide flavor upon heating.
Everolimus: A New Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitor for the Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma

ObjectiveTo review clinical trials and main characteristics of everolimus, with focus on treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma.Data Sources:Pertinent data were identified primarily through a search of MEDLINE and PubMed (1966-November 2010) using the primary search terms everolimus, RAD001, renal cell carcinoma, and mTOR inhibitors.Study Selection And Data Extraction:Studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of everolimus in patients with cancer were evaluated, including Phase 1, 2, and 3 trials. Preference was given to Phase 2 and 3 studies evaluating use of everolimus in patients with renal cell carcinoma.Data Synthesis:Everolimus is an oral mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor approved for the management of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma who progressed on tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Actions of everolimus within the mTOR pathway result in decreased protein synthesis and cell cycle arrest, as well as decreased angiogenesis. A usual starting dose for patients with renal...
Interactive learning of the acoustic properties of household objects

Human beings can perceive object properties such as size, weight, and material type based solely on the sounds that the objects make when an action is performed on them. In order to be successful, the household robots of the near future must also be capable of learning and reasoning about the acoustic properties of everyday objects. Such an ability would allow a robot to detect and classify various interactions with objects that occur outside of the robot's field of view. This paper presents a framework that allows a robot to infer the object and the type of behavioral interaction performed with it from the sounds generated by the object during the interaction. The framework is evaluated on a 7-d.o.f. Barrett WAM robot which performs grasping, shaking, dropping, pushing and tapping behaviors on 36 different household objects. The results show that the robot can learn models that can be used to recognize objects (and behaviors performed on objects) from the sounds generated during the interaction. In addition, the robot can use the learned models to estimate the similarity between two objects in terms of their acoustic properties.
Generating spectral-efficient duobinary data format from silicon ring resonator modulators

Two types of ultra-small silicon microring-based duobinary modulators are proposed and compared. Required drive voltage is as low as 0.77 volt. at 10 Gb/s. Extinction ratio is > 15 dB.
THE EFFECT OF PHENOXYBENZAMINE AND OF TOLAZOLINE ON THE RESPONSE TO SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION

The effect of phenoxybenzamine has been determined on the physiological response to sympathetic stimulation in two preparations, the rabbit isolated ileum and the guinea-pig isolated vas deferens. In both preparations phenoxybenzamine increased the response to stimulation of low frequency, the response being inhibitory in the one and motor in the other. This increase was large. As the stimulus frequency was raised, phenoxybenzamine caused a progressively smaller increase in the response, and at high frequencies phenoxybenzamine decreased the response. These observations agree with those of earlier workers who showed that antiadrenaline substances have more than one property. They not only block the motor effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline, but at the same time they may increase the response to sympathetic stimulation. The observations which have been made are not consistent with the interpretation which has been placed by others on the effect of phenoxybenzamine on the amount of noradrenaline appearing in the splenic vein following sympathetic stimulation; this interpretation assumes that phenoxybenzamine will decrease the response to sympathetic stimulation at low frequency. The mode of action of phenoxybenzamine is discussed, and fresh evidence that it has an anticholinesterase action is given.
Seasonal P uptake by corn under no‐till and conventional‐till management

Abstract This study was conducted to measure season‐long uptake of P by corn grown under no‐till and conventional‐till management at three levels of P supply‐low, adequate, and high as defined by grain yield‐to test the feasibility of using whole‐plant P uptake as an indicator of the P supply in soil; and to calibrate soil P extractable with both Mehlich No. 1 (HC1 + H2SO4) and Mehlich No. 2 (HC1 + H2SO4 + NH4F) versus whole‐plant P uptake over the response region. Rates of P uptake were essentially linear over about 10 weeks of the growing season. P uptake rates were consistently higher under no till than conventional till, and these uptake rate differences were magnified under low moisture conditions. The critical P uptake rate for corn on this Matapeake soil was between 25 and 30 mg P/plant/week. Rates below these resulted in significant grain yield reductions in a good growth year. The soil P extractant containing F was a more consistant indicator of soil P sufficiency.
Hardness as Randomness: A Survey of Universal Derandomization*

We survey recent developments in the study of probabilistic complexity classes. While the evidence seems to support the conjecture that probabilism can be deterministic ally simulated with relatively low overhead, i.e., that P = BPP, it also indicates that this may be a difficult question to resolve. In fact, proving that probalistic algorithms have non-trivial deterministic simulations is basically equivalent to proving circuit lower bounds, either in the algebraic or Boolean models.
What to Learn from Near Misses: An Inductive Learning Approach to Credit Risk Assessment

This paper presents a new dimension of inductive learning for credit risk analysis based on the specific impact of Type I and Type II credit errors on the accuracy of the learning process. A Dynamic Updating Process is proposed to refine the credit granting decision over time and therefore improve the accuracy of the learning process. The new dimension is tested on credit files of small Belgian businesses. Results indicate an improvement of the learning process in terms of predictive accuracy, stability, and conceptual validity of the final decision tree.
VarSifter: visualizing and analyzing exome-scale sequence variation data on a desktop computer.

Summary: VarSifter is a graphical software tool for desktop computers that allows investigators of varying computational skills to easily and quickly sort, filter, and sift through sequence variation data. A variety of filters and a custom query framework allow filtering based on any combination of sample and annotation information. By simplifying visualization and analyses of exome-scale sequence variation data, this program will help bring the power and promise of massively-parallel DNA sequencing to a broader group of researchers. Availability and Implementation: VarSifter is written in Java, and is freely available in source and binary versions, along with a User Guide, at http://research.nhgri.nih.gov/software/VarSifter/. Contact: vog.hin.liam@nikillum Supplementary Information: Additional figures and methods available online at the journal's website.
Novel MYBL1 Gene Rearrangements with Recurrent MYBL1–NFIB Fusions in Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas Lacking t(6;9) Translocations

Purpose: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an indolent salivary gland malignancy, characterized by t(6;9) translocations and MYB – NFIB gene fusions in approximately 50% of the tumors. The genetic alterations underlying t(6;9)-negative and t(6;9)-positive/ MYB–NFIB fusion–negative ACC remain unknown. To uncover the genetic alterations in ACC lacking the canonical translocation and fusion transcript and identify new abnormalities in translocation positive tumors. Experimental Design: We performed whole-genome sequencing in 21 salivary ACCs and conducted targeted molecular analyses in a validation set (81 patients). Microarray gene-expression data were also analyzed to explore the biologic differences between fusion positive and negative tumors. Results: We identified a novel MYBL1–NFIB gene fusion as a result of t(8;9) translocation and multiple rearrangements in the MYBL1 gene in 35% of the t(6;9)-negative ACCs. All MYBL1 alterations involved deletion of the C-terminal negative regulatory domain and were associated with high MYBL1 expression. Reciprocal MYB and MYBL1 expression was consistently found in ACCs. In addition, 5′- NFIB fusions that did not involve MYB / MYBL1 genes were identified in a subset of t(6;9)-positive/fusion-negative tumors. We also delineated distinct gene-expression profiles in ACCs associated with the length of the MYB or MYBL1 fusions, suggesting a biologic importance of the C-terminal part of these fusions. Conclusions: Our study defines new molecular subclasses of ACC characterized by MYBL1 rearrangements and 5′- NFIB gene fusions. Clin Cancer Res; 22(3); 725–33. ©2015 AACR .
Building reliable and efficient data transfer and processing pipelines: Research Articles

Scientific distributed applications have an increasing need to process and move large amounts of data across wide area networks. Existing systems either closely couple computation and data movement, or they require substantial human involvement during the end-to-end process. We propose a framework that enables scientists to build reliable and efficient data transfer and processing pipelines. Our framework provides a universal interface to different data transfer protocols and storage systems. It has sophisticated flow control and recovers automatically from network, storage system, software and hardware failures. We successfully used data pipelines to replicate and process three terabytes of DPOSS astronomy image dataset and several terabytes of WCER educational video dataset. In both cases, the entire process was performed without any human intervention and the data pipeline recovered automatically from various failures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting via SILAR-deposited Ti-doped hematite thin films with an FeOOH overlayer

Hematite (α-Fe2O3) has been intensely investigated for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, but diffusion of metal atoms from underlying layers often obscures the nature of improvements induced by intentional dopants and overlayers. Here we provide insight into the effects of Ti doping and FeOOH overlayers using hematite films with well-controlled, uniform doping profiles fabricated by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) followed by annealing at 600 °C. An optimum Ti concentration of 4.2% in the film doubled overall charge separation efficiency to 20% compared to undoped hematite by enhancing band bending. With Ti, carriers generated within 3 nm of the depletion region were separated with near-unity efficiency. Moreover, Ti improved interfacial hole transfer efficiency from 1.0 mA cm−2 at 1.50 VRHE, which are competitive with champion planar hematite films. The approach for fabrication and analysis reported here can be applied to a wide range of materials to improve fundamental understanding and performance of PEC systems.
Acoustic Sensitivity of the European Corn Borer Moth, Ostrinia nubilalis

When electrophysiological techniques were used to determine the acoustic sensitivity of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae) moths, the tympanic organ was found to be served by 2 acoustic (A) cells, one about 20 decibels (db) more sensitive than the other, and by 1 nonacoustic (B) cell with a spike rate of 50–100 per sec. The tympanic organ detected frequencies of 14–100 kilohertz (kHz) at 90 and 75 db, respectively, but the moths were most sensitive to frequencies of 25 and 60 kHz and slightly less sensitive to those between. Pulse trains of 25-kHz frequencies caused more moths to show the avoidance response than trains of 20, 30, or 50 kHz at sound levels of 80–90 db at 1 meter.
Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization of Postcombustion CO2 Capture for Variable Feed Concentration and Flow Rate. 2. Pressure Swing Adsorption and Vacuum Swing Adsorption Processes

This paper reports studies on CO2 capture technologies and presents the mathematical modeling, simulation, and optimization of adsorption-based process alternatives, namely, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and vacuum swing adsorption (VSA). Each technology includes feed dehydration, capture of at least 90% of CO2 from the feed, and compression to almost pure CO2 for sequestration at 150 bar. Each process alternative is optimized over a range of feed CO2 compositions and flow rates. A superstructure of alternatives is developed to select the optimum dehydration strategy for feed to each process. A four-step process with pressurization, adsorption in multiple columns packed with 13X zeolite, N2 purging, and product recovery at moderate to low vacuum is configured. A nonlinear algebraic and partial differential equation (NAPDE) based nonisothermal adsorption model is used, which is fully discretized and solved via a kriging model. Explicit expressions for costs as functions of feed flow rate and CO2 composit...
Processing of alnico permanent magnets by advanced directional solidification methods

Abstract Advanced directional solidification methods have been used to produce large (>15 cm length) castings of Alnico permanent magnets with highly oriented columnar microstructures. In combination with subsequent thermomagnetic and draw thermal treatment, this method was used to enable the high coercivity, high-Titanium Alnico composition of 39% Co, 29.5% Fe, 14% Ni, 7.5% Ti, 7% Al, 3% Cu (wt%) to have an intrinsic coercivity (Hci) of 2.0 kOe, a remanence (Br) of 10.2 kG, and an energy product (BH)max of 10.9 MGOe. These properties compare favorably to typical properties for the commercial Alnico 9. Directional solidification of higher Ti compositions yielded anisotropic columnar grained microstructures if high heat extraction rates through the mold surface of at least 200 kW/m2 were attained. This was achieved through the use of a thin walled (5 mm thick) high thermal conductivity SiC shell mold extracted from a molten Sn bath at a withdrawal rate of at least 200 mm/h. However, higher Ti compositions did not result in further increases in magnet performance. Images of the microstructures collected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveal a majority α phase with inclusions of secondary αγ phase. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that the α phase has a spinodally decomposed microstructure of FeCo-rich needles in a NiAl-rich matrix. In the 7.5% Ti composition the diameter distribution of the FeCo needles was bimodal with the majority having diameters of approximately 50 nm with a small fraction having diameters of approximately 10 nm. The needles formed a mosaic pattern and were elongated along one 〈001〉 crystal direction (parallel to the field used during magnetic annealing). Cu precipitates were observed between the needles. Regions of abnormal spinodal morphology appeared to correlate with secondary phase precipitates. The presence of these abnormalities did not prevent the material from displaying superior magnetic properties in the 7.5% Ti composition. Higher Ti compositions did not display the preferred spinodal microstructure, explaining their inferior magnetic properties.
Time Is Power: The Noninstitutional Sources of Stability in Autocracies

Is personal power hereditable in autocracies? Given the discretion that autocrats often have to alter the formal rules of the game, personal power is key for understanding political development in nondemocracies. However, recent scholarship has ignored this question. To fill this gap we exploit the random timing of natural deaths for a set of European monarchs to show that leaders with longer tenures tended to be succeeded by their sons and had successors that were less frequently deposed and less likely to face parliamentary constraints. We show that the effect of tenure on successor deposal is at least as large as the one associated with succession orders—an institution that has received recent attention in the literature. Our results are consistent with a theoretical account we develop wherein leaders accumulate political power the longer they are in office, which then determines patterns of succession, stability, and institutional development in autocracies.
Does the pressor response to ischemic exercise improve blood flow to contracting muscles in humans

The purpose of this study was to determine in humans 1) the gain for the reflex pressor response that occurs when perfusion pressure to rhythmically contracting muscles is reduced and 2) whether the pressor response improves blood flow to the contracting muscles. Six normal subjects performed light, moderate, and heavy rhythmic forearm contractions (30/min) with the forearm enclosed in a Plexiglas box. Pressure in the box was increased 10 mmHg each minute up to 50 mmHg to reduce transmural pressure in the arterial system of the forearm. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured continuously. During light exercise no reflex increase in MAP occurred until box pressure was 50 mmHg. During moderate and heavy exercise MAP began to increase with only 10- to 20-mmHg increases in box pressure. The slope of this increase was 3.5–3.9 mmHg per 10 mmHg of box pressure (approximately 60% of that in dogs). In a further study on six subjects a deep vein draining the active forearm muscles was cannulated and deep venous O2 saturation measured to assess how a 50-mmHg increase in box pressure and subsequent reflex increase in MAP altered blood flow to the contracting muscles during heavy rhythmic exercise. The increase in box pressure reduced blood flow to contracting forearm muscles by 20–25% and was followed by a 19-mmHg increase in MAP that did not appear to improve perfusion of the active muscles. This finding was unexpected, because studies in dogs suggest that the pressor response to rhythmic exercise with restricted muscle blood flow can improve perfusion of the active muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Continuum theories for composite materials

Continuum mechanics application to elastic composite materials, investigating plane deformation of reinforced medium
Public Perspectives Toward the Sexual Behavior of an Individual With Dementia Residing in Long-Term Care.

Objective: This study examines public perspectives toward sexual behavior within a heterosexually married couple in which one individual has dementia and resides in a long-term care facility. Method: Respondents included 318 adults in the Southern United States. Paired sample t tests were used to understand how the diagnosis of dementia statistically influenced participants’ responses, and a logistic regression model was used to understand how a vignette character’s sex and respondent characteristics influenced attitudes. Results: Fifty-eight percent of respondents believed that a sexual relationship should be permitted for an adult with dementia, and t tests revealed that dementia had a statistical effect on participants’ responses. Sex of the vignette character was not a predictor of attitudes. Participant’s qualitative rationales are offered for additional insight. Discussion: Respondents who felt that a couple should not engage in a sexual relationship commonly cited consent-related issues as their pr...
In-situ probing of coupled atomic restructuring and metallicity of oxide heterointerfaces induced by polar adsorbates

Microscopic understanding of the surface-controlled conductivity of the two dimensional electron gas at complex oxide interfaces is crucial for developing functional interfaces. We observe conductivity and structural modification using in-situ synchrotron surface x-ray diffraction as the surface of a model LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (001) heterostructure is changed by polar adsorbates. We find that polar adsorbate-induced interfacial metallicity reduces polar distortions in the LaAlO3 layer. First-principles density functional theory calculations show that surface dipoles introduced by polar adsorbates lead to additional charge transfer and the reduction of polar displacements in the LaAlO3 layer, consistent with the experimental observations. Our study supports that internal structural deformations controlling functionalities can be driven without the application of direct electrical or thermal bias and offers a route to tuning interfacial properties. These results also highlight the important role of in-situ x-ray s...
On Process-Based Drawings

This drawing is process based. It is neither an abstraction nor a representation. Rather it is situated in an approach that places its desire on the slow emergence of figure from field. The boundar...
A NOTE ON A SUPPOSED CRITICISM OF AN ANDERSON–GOODMAN TEST IN MARKOV CHAIN ANALYSIS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a note on a supposed criticism of an Anderson–Goodman test in Markov chain analysis. A table of transition counts can be used to test the hypothesis that first-order Markov memory is absent. When there are no structural zeros in the table of transition counts, there can be the usual number of degrees of freedom associated with the unmodified test. When cross-classifications have structural zeros, the Anderson–Goodman test can be modified accordingly; however, Hiscott fails to make this modification. To compare the observed transition counts with the corresponding estimated expected counts, the chi-square statistic, based upon the likelihood ratio, is used. The chi-square values for the modified test should replace those obtained for the unmodified test.
Vibrational Predissociation of van der Waals Molecules and Intermolecular Potential Energy Surfaces

Historically, spectroscopic experiments have been primarily responsible for defining structures and potential energy surfaces of chemically bonded molecules. These experimental results and the theoretical models of quantum chemistry have been worked up together to give us the detailed understanding of the chemical bond that we now have. In the last decade this history is being rerun, but now the objects of study are van der Waals molecules. Spectroscopy on these weakly bound complexes, produced at low temperatures where their stability is favored, has yielded structures and, often with the help of scattering experiments, rather complete intermolecular potential energy surface mappings. The structures that have been found are often surprising since for van der Waals molecules we do not have the reliable guides for geometries that we have for chemically bonded molecules.
Second Partner Review: An Experimental Investigation

This paper uses experimental economic methods to test the effects of second-partner reviews and the availability of sampling information on the competence and independence reflected in the engagement partner's audit reports. The results support the hypotheses, which are based on the analytical predictions of Matsumura and Tucker (1995). Reporting bias was reduced, but not eliminated, by adding second-partner reviews and/or the availability of additional sample information. One unexpected result was that second partners, whose incentive scheme was designed to promote unbiased reporting, exhibited reporting bias, and, in one cell, exhibited more bias than the "biased" engagement partner they were monitoring. When not subject to second-partner reviews, engagement partners were strategic in their reporting, but not in their sampling decisions. With the introduction of second-partner reviews, the situation reversed. The effects of client pressure became evident in sampling, but were less pronounced in reporting.
Development of industrial network forensics lessons

Most forensic investigators are trained to recognize abusive network behavior in conventional information systems, but they may not know how to detect anomalous traffic patterns in industrial control systems (ICS) that manage critical infrastructure services. We have developed and laboratory-tested hands-on teaching material to introduce students to forensics investigation of intrusions on an industrial network. Rather than using prototypes of ICS components, our approach utilizes commercial industrial products to provide students a more realistic simulation of an ICS network. The lessons cover four different types of attacks and the corresponding post-incident network data analysis.
The journey to CAR T cell therapy: the pediatric and young adult experience with relapsed or refractory B-ALL

Outcomes of pediatric and young adult patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have improved significantly in the past few decades. Treatment advances have provided 5-year survival rates ranging from 78 to 91% depending on the age at diagnosis. However, approximately 2–3% of patients will present with refractory disease that is unresponsive to chemotherapy, and 10–15% of patients will relapse. Outcomes post-relapse show significantly reduced 5-year survival rates that continue to decrease with each subsequent relapse. Despite our increased understanding of risk factors and disease predictors, treatment strategies for patients with relapsed or refractory (r/r) disease, including variations of chemotherapy and stem cell transplant, remain ineffective for many patients. To improve outcomes of patients with r/r disease, immunotherapies targeting specific B cell antigens are being developed. Tisagenlecleucel is an autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for patients with refractory leukemia or those with second or later relapse. In this treatment strategy, a patient’s own T cells are transduced to express an anti-CD19 CAR that, when reintroduced into the patient, directs specific binding and killing of CD19+ B cells. In a phase 2, single-arm, multicenter, global study, tisagenlecleucel resulted in a remission rate of 81% in pediatric and adolescent patients with r/r B cell ALL. This review article summarizes four typical cases of pediatric and adolescent r/r B-cell ALL, focusing on the patient’s journey from initial diagnosis to treatment with CAR T cell therapy.
Optimal Placement and Dispatch of LV-SVCs to Improve Distribution Circuit Performance

In this paper, a two-stage optimization framework is proposed for optimal placement and centralized real-time control of low-voltage static var compensators (LV-SVCs) in unbalanced distribution circuits to achieve feeder level benefits namely voltage regulation and energy loss minimization. The number, locations, and the optimal real-time reactive power injections from the LV-SVCs are determined from a proposed three-phase unbalanced ac optimal power flow (ACOPF). The ACOPF is formulated as a multi-objective optimization with operating constraints written in rectangular coordinates. The resulting nonlinear nonconvex problem is solved using the predictor-corrector primal-dual interior point method. The proposed approach is scalable for application to large distribution circuits, treats the constraints of physical space limitations effectively, and can take advantage of communication capabilities of LV-SVCs for centralized real-time control. The benefits of the proposed real-time control of LV-SVCs as compared to their operation with local autonomous voltage-based distributed control is demonstrated. The results show that, the proposed approach addresses the LV-SVC placement and control problem effectively to minimize energy losses while maintaining the voltage regulation.
Getting a Lawyer While Black: A Field Experiment

In this Article, I present new evidence that African-Americans face unique impediments in obtaining access to counsel. Using a randomized audit design, I show that those with black-sounding names receive only half the responses of those with white-sounding names regarding requests for legal representation. I design a larger, follow-up experiment to evaluate variations on the theory of “statistical discrimination,” that lawyers are merely responding to economically-relevant signals correlated with race. I find no evidence supporting the expectations of the statistical discrimination theory, but some evidence that racial preferences matter. I conclude by presenting a more nuanced theory of racialized service rationing that is consistent with the body of experimental evidence presented and is supported by observational data. I discuss the implications of these theories for potential policy responses, including debates about affirmative action and the size of the legal profession.
Proportion of Retinopathy of Prematurity That Was Treated across Regions in the United States.

OBJECTIVES Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the leading preventable cause of blindness in children worldwide. Major eye and visual problems are strongly linked to ROP requiring treatment. Objectives of the study are to: (1) evaluate the trends and regional differences in the proportion of treated ROP, (2) describe risk factors, and (3) examine if treated ROP predicts mortality. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective data analysis was conducted using the Kids' Inpatient Database from 1997 to 2012. ROP was categorized into treated ROP (requiring laser photocoagulation or surgical intervention) and nontreated ROP. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Out of 21,955,949 infants ≤ 12 months old, we identified 70,541 cases of ROP and 7,167 (10.2%) were treated. Over time, the proportion of treated ROP decreased (p = < 0.001). While extremely low birth weight infants cared for in the Midwest was associated with treated ROP (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 29.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.64-79.34), black race (aOR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.51-0.64) care for in the birth hospital (aOR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.41-0.48) was protective. Treated ROP was not associated with mortality. CONCLUSION The proportion of ROP that is surgically treated has decreased in the United States; however, there is variability among the different regions. Demographics and clinical practice may have contributed for this variability.
Enhancing Operative Feedback: A Descriptive Trajectory for Surgical Development in Otolaryngology

Objective Developmental frameworks are narrative descriptions of learner performance that may be useful to provide operative feedback tools in surgical education. The authors previously proposed the Technician, Anatomist, Anticipator, Strategist, Executive (TAASE) framework utilizing data collected from general surgeons and conjectured its applicability in other surgical specialties. Here, we construct a developmental framework in otolaryngology using similar techniques, then compare the results to TAASE. Design Ten otolaryngology educators participated in semi-structured, audio-recorded interviews, to explore how otolaryngology faculty characterize surgical learning at different levels of training. Researchers analyzed the transcripts using a thematic analysis approach to build a developmental framework. Results were then qualitatively compared to the TAASE trajectory. Setting Single tertiary academic medical center. Participants Faculty within the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Results Otolaryngology faculty characterized surgical development as an integrated trajectory of technical and cognitive skills progressing from specific operative tasks to a global understanding of patients and procedures largely consistent with stages outlined in the Technician, Anatomist, Anticipator, Strategist, and Executive model. A new theme identified was learner emotions, which may impact learning and hinder or enhance progression along the trajectory. Conclusions Otolaryngology and general surgeons agree upon a common arc to operative maturity reflected by the TAASE trajectory. The TAASE framework may be useful as a tool for intraoperative assessment in otolaryngology to help promote quality feedback. Further research is needed to understand how emotions may influence operative skill development.
Abstract WP382: Cardiac Troponin Assessment in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Presenting Within 4.5 Hours From Last Known Well

Introduction: American Heart Association guidelines recommend obtaining baseline troponin in all acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients to detect an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Yet, data regarding...
Phase II study of nivolumab and ipilimumab for advanced rare genitourinary cancers.

5018Background: Patients with rare genitourinary malignancies (Bladder cancer of variant histologies (BCVH), adrenal tumors, chemotherapy refractory germ cell tumors (CRGCT), penile carcinoma and p...
Detection of Behavioral Anomalies in Medication Adherence Patterns Among Patients With Serious Mental Illness Engaged With a Digital Medicine System.

Background: Adherence to medication is often represented in the form of a success percentage over a period of time. Although noticeable changes to aggregate adherence levels may be indicative of unstable medication behavior, a lack of noticeable changes in aggregate levels over time does not necessarily indicate stability. The ability to detect developing changes in medication-taking behavior under such conditions in real time would allow patients and care teams to make more timely and informed decisions. Objective: This study aims to develop a method capable of identifying shifts in behavioral (medication) patterns at the individual level and subsequently assess the presence of such shifts in retrospective clinical trial data from patients with serious mental illness. Methods: We defined the term adherence volatility as “the degree to which medication ingestion behavior fits expected behavior based on historically observed data” and defined a contextual anomaly system around this concept, leveraging the empirical entropy rate of a stochastic process as the basis for formulating anomaly detection. For the presented methodology, each patient’s evolving behavior is used to dynamically construct the expectation bounds for each future interval, eliminating the need to rely on model training or a static reference sequence. Results: Simulations demonstrated that the presented methodology identifies anomalous behavior patterns even when aggregate adherence levels remain constant and highlight the temporal dependence inherent in these anomalies. Although a given sequence of events may present as anomalous during one period, that sequence should subsequently contribute to future expectations and may not be considered anomalous at a later period—this feature was demonstrated in retrospective clinical trial data. In the same clinical trial data, anomalous behavioral shifts were identified at both high- and low-adherence levels and were spread across the whole treatment regimen, with 77.1% (81/105) of the population demonstrating at least one behavioral anomaly at some point in their treatment. Conclusions: Digital medicine systems offer new opportunities to inform treatment decisions and provide complementary information about medication adherence. This paper introduces the concept of adherence volatility and develops a new type of contextual anomaly detection, which does not require an a priori definition of normal and allows expectations to evolve with shifting behavior, removing the need to rely on training data or static reference sequences. Retrospective analysis from clinical trial data highlights that such an approach could provide new opportunities to meaningfully engage patients about potential shifts in their ingestion behavior; however, this framework is not intended to replace clinical judgment, rather to highlight elements of data that warrant attention. The evidence provided here identifies new areas for research and seems to justify additional explorations in this area.
Relativistic many-body calculation of energies, lifetimes, polarizabilities, and hyperpolarizabilities in Li-like Be+

Excitation energies of the $ns$, $np$, $nd$, and $nf$ ($n\ensuremath{\le}$ 9) states in Li-like Be${}^{+}$ are evaluated within the framework of relativistic many-body theory. First-, second-, third-, and all-order Coulomb energies and first- and second-order Breit corrections to the energies are calculated. Two alternative treatments of the Breit interaction are investigated. In the first approach, we omit Breit contributions to the Dirac-Fock potential and evaluate Coulomb and Breit-Coulomb corrections through second order perturbatively. In the second approach, we include both Coulomb and Breit contributions on the same footing via the Breit-Dirac-Fock potential and then treat the residual Breit and Coulomb interactions perturbatively. The results obtained from the two approaches are compared and discussed. All-order calculations of reduced matrix elements, oscillator strengths, transition rates, and lifetimes are given for levels up to $n$ = 9. Electric-dipole ($2s--np$), electric-quadrupole ($2s--nd$), and electric-octupole ($2s--nf$) matrix elements are evaluated in order to obtain the corresponding ground-state multipole polarizabilities using the sum-over-states approach. Recommended values are provided for a large number of electric-dipole matrix elements. Scalar and tensor polarizabilities for the $ns$, $n{p}_{1/2}$, $n{p}_{3/2}$, $n{d}_{3/2}$, and $n{d}_{5/2}$ states with $n\ensuremath{\le}9$ are also calculated. The scalar hyperpolarizability for the ground $2s$ state is evaluated and compared with the result of a nonrelativistic calculation.
Development of integrated patient-specific models of the mitral valve and left ventricle: time dependent effects of ischemic mitral valve regurgitation

The mitral valve (MV) regulates blood flow into the left ventricle (LV). In situations where the MV fails to fully close the resulting blood regurgitation into the left atrium causes pulmonary congestion, leading to heart failure and/or stroke. There is now agreement that adjunctive procedures are required to treat IMR, yet there is no consensus regarding the best procedure. There is thus an urgent need for quantitative assessments of MV function to better design surgical solutions. We demonstrate state-of-the-art means to produce patient-specific MV computational models to develop quantitatively optimized devices and procedures for MV repair that incorporate LV geometry.
On Rank Deficiency in Phenotypic Covariance

This paper is concerned with rank deficiency in phenotypic covariance matrices: first to establish it is a problem by measuring it, and then proposing methods to treat for it. Significant rank deficiency can mislead current measures of whole-shape phenotypic integration, because they rely on eigenvalues of the covariance matrix, and highly rank deficient matrices will have a large percentage of meaningless eigenvalues. This paper has three goals. The first is to examine a typical geometric morphometric data set and establish that its covariance matrix is rank deficient. We employ the concept of information, or Shannon, entropy to demonstrate that a sample of dire wolf jaws is highly rank deficient. The different sources of rank deficiency are identified, and include the Generalized Procrustes analysis itself, use of the correlation matrix, insufficient sample size, and phenotypic covariance. Only the last of these is of biological interest. Our second goal is to examine a test case where a change in integration is known, allowing us to document how rank deficiency affects two measures of whole shape integration (eigenvalue standard deviation and standardized generalized variance). This test case utilizes the dire wolf data set from Part 1, and introduces another population that is 5000 years older. Modularity models are generated and tested for both populations, showing that one population is more integrated than the other. We demonstrate that eigenvalue variance characterizes the integration change incorrectly, while the standardized generalized variance lacks sensitivity. Both metrics are impacted by the inclusion of many small eigenvalues arising from rank deficiency of the covariance matrix. We propose a modification of the standardized generalized variance, again based on information entropy, that considers only the eigenvalues carrying non-redundant information. We demonstrate that this metric is successful in identifying the integration change in the test case. The third goal of this paper is to generalize the new metric to the case of arbitrary sample size. This is done by normalizing the new metric to the amount of information present in a permuted covariance matrix. We term the resulting metric the relative dispersion, and it is sample size corrected. As a proof of concept we us the new metric to compare the dire wolf data set from the first part of this paper to a third data set comprising jaws of Smilodon fatalis. We demonstrate that the Smilodon jaw is much more integrated than the dire wolf jaw. Finally, this information entropy-based measures of integration allows comparison of whole shape integration in dense semilandmark environments, allowing characterization of the information content of any given shape, a quantity we term latent dispersion.
Vulnerability, Pleasure, and Animal Rights

The fact that one’s body is never fully one’s own … is the condition of passionate encounter, of desire, of longing, and of those modes of address and addressability … on which the feeling of alive...