cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Status Gender Differences of Newly Admitted Black Nursing Home Residents

OBJECTIVES: To investigate gender differences in health status of newly admitted black nursing home residents on the day following admission. DESIGN: Descriptive and comparative cross-sectional study of black residents drawn from a larger prospective longitudinal study on health and functional status of new nursing home residents interviewed on the first full day after admission. SETTING: Eight southern nursing homes: three not-for-profit, three for-profit, one county government-operated, and one federal government-operated. Homes ranged in size from 110 to 575 beds and were licensed for skilled and intermediate care. PARTICIPANTS: Black nursing home residents (N = 224) aged 60 years and older as admitted sequentially to nursing homes. MEASUREMENTS: Health status was assessed by the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, as a measure of mental status, and the Scaled Outcome Criteria, as a measure of ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs). Morbidity was assessed by the number of medical diagnoses, number of prescribed medications, and the medical diagnoses of hip fracture, dementia, and cancer. Resident classification data assessed the source of entry to the nursing home, payer source, and level of care required. Demographic data assessed included age, education, marital status, and number of living children. RESULTS: Both black men (n = 126) and women (n = 98) newly admitted to the nursing home had health and social deficits. Moreover, women, although not significantly different from men in average age, were more impaired in six of eight ADLs, including grooming, dressing, feeding, ambulating, transferring, and defecating. Women were also less likely to be married. No gender differences were found for five other health status variables, four other demographic variables, five resident classification variables, or five measures of morbidity. CONCLUSION: These data on southern black nursing home residents provide evidence that among older black nursing home residents, women have greater care needs than men. Findings illustrate the need to consider gender in planning nursing home care of black older residents. black women may be at greater risk for health status alterations and require more frequent health status monitoring and intervention.
Book Review: Periodic Materials and Interference Lithography for Photonics, Phononics and Mechanics

This PDF file contains the editorial “Book Review: Periodic Materials and Interference Lithography for Photonics, Phononics and Mechanics” for JNP Vol. 3 Issue 01
Thermal decomposition of neodymium-loaded cation exchange resin☆

Abstract Calcination of Nd3+-form, “Dowex”† 50W-X8 resin in air or oxygen yields Nd2O2SO4 at 600–1000°C and Nd2O3 at 1200°C and above. Pyrolysis in vacuum or nitrogen at 1000°C yields carbon and Nd2O2S. Sulfonic acid groups are reduced by the hydrocarbon matrix at ∼400°C, releasing H2S, CO, and CO2. Resin calcination is proposed for preparing californium and curium oxides from ion exchange eluants. Ion exchange eluant containing Nd (as a stand-in for Cf and Cm) and DTPA was acidified to 0·2M HNO3, Nd was absorbed onto H+-form resin, and the resin was calcined to the pure oxysulfate and to the pure oxide. Both products are porous and will dissolve in hot 0·1 M HNO3.
Spiro versus Planar Transition Structures in the Epoxidation of Simple Alkenes. A Reassessment of the Level of Theory Required

High level ab initio and CASSCF calculations on the transition structure for the peroxyformic acid epoxidation of ethylene have been carried out to distinguish between a spiro versus a planar orientation of the peracid. The optimized spiro CASSCF (12,12)/6-31+G(d,p) transition structure (Figure 1a) is a first-order saddle point that is 4.0 kcal/mol lower in energy than the corresponding planar TS after correction for dynamic correlation [CASSCF(MP2)]. The planar TS is 11.5 kcal/mol higher in energy than an unsymmetrical spiro TS. A RSPT2 (6,6)//CAS(12,12)/6-31G(d) correction also favors the spiro TS by 5.3 kcal/mol. Single-point calculations on the spiro and planar CASSCF (12,12)/6-31+G(d,p) transition structures at the UB3LYP, UQCSD(T)and UBD(T) levels favor the spiro symmetrical TS by 9.0, 7.9, and 5.4 kcal/mol [/6-31+G(d,p)]. The objective choice of the active space is demonstrated to be critical to the transition structure obtained.
Biochemical comparison of virion proteins from five nuclear polyhedrosis viruses infecting plusiine larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract The virions of six isolates of five nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV) infecting plusiine larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were reproducibly separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and fractionation. Purity of the preparations was established by electron microscopy. Virion proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE); each produced 12 distinct polypeptides ranging from 10,300 to 82,900 mw. Qualitative and quantitative differences were found between most of the polypeptide patterns. The singly embedded viron (SEV)-type isolates had two major components with mw in the range of 32,900–35,200; multiply embedded virion (MEV)-type isolates had a major component of ca. 12,500 mw. SEV isolates showed almost no within-group differences, while minor differences were found among the MEV banding patterns in both intensity and presence of certain bands. Capsids and envelopes from MEV had two to four polypeptides with mw between 10,800 and 26,900. The presence of more than one polypeptide and electron microscopy of sample composition suggested that the capsid and envelope are composed of several distinct proteins.
Current status of paclitaxel in the treatment of breast cancer.

Paclitaxel is a highly active single agent as therapy for previously untreated as well as doxorubicin-refractory metastatic breast cancer, with associated response rates of 62% and 20–48%, respectively. Complete responses with paclitaxel occur chiefly in breast cancer patients whose metastatic disease has not been previously treated with chemotherapy. Early data suggest a possible dose-response relationship for paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer, but the optimal dose has not yet been defined. The optimal duration of infusional paclitaxel treatment is also not yet known. A study of 96-hour infusional paclitaxel in the treatment of doxorubicin- or mitoxantrone- refractory metastatic breast cancer patients has demonstrated a 48% response rate suggesting that prolonged exposures to paclitaxel may offer a therapeutic advantage. Randomized trials of 3- vs 96-hour paclitaxel are ongoing or planned. The relative efficacy of paclitaxel versus standard chemotherapy as front-line or salvage therapy for metastatic breast cancer is currently under study. In addition, two randomized trials are under way in node positive breast cancer patients to study whether treatment with paclitaxel following standard or high dose doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide adjuvant therapy results in improved patient benefit.
Lower Hemi-Continuity, Open Sections, and Convexity: Counter Examples in Infinite Dimensional Spaces

A lower hemi-continuous correspondence with open and convex values in Rn must have open lower sections. This well- known fact has been used to establish the existence of continuous selections, maximal elements, and fixed points of correspondences in various economic applications. Since there is an increasing number of economic models that use correspondences in an infinite-dimensional setting, it is important to know whether or not the above fact remains valid in such applications. The aim of this paper is to show that the above fact no longer holds when Rn is replaced with an infinite-dimensional space. This is accomplished by using the standard orthonormal base in a Hilbert space H to construct two correspondences with values in H equipped with the weak topology. The first correspondence is lower hemi-continuous with open and convex values but does not have open lower sections. The second is a lower hemi-continuous correspondence that fails to have an open graph despite having open and convex upper and lower sections. These counter-examples demonstrate that in an infinite-dimensional setting, it is no longer possible to rely on the geometric properties of a lower hemi-continuous map (the convexity of its sections) to establish the topological properties (open lower sections, open graph) needed in many economic applications.
Evaluation of applicability of tryptic peptide maps for “finger printing” mitochondrial membrane protein preparations

Abstract A background pattern of intense, polar and basic peptides is generated in a mixture of proteins which limits the applicability of “fingerprinting” by peptide maps as a method of establishing homologies among membrane proteins. In addition, it is observed that in such mixtures of proteins the peptide pattern in the “neutral” portion of the map is characterized by a few, weak, tailing peptides which appear on a smeared background of ninhydrin positive material. It is concluded that several types of control maps must be prepared along with maps of membrane fractions if real homologies are to be identified. Application of such control maps to analysis of a sample of mitochondrial membrane protein and a sample of quasicrystalline protein indicated that both of these preparations are disperse mixtures of proteins.
A note on uniqueness in coupled thermoplasticity

Criteria are derived for uniqueness in coupled thermoplasticity. A small strain thermoplastic constitutive model is developed within the framework of the 1965 Green and Naghdi [1] formulation. An energy balance equation is also formulated which accommodates thermal conduction: when plastic flow is suppressed, the equation reduces to the correct thermoelastic relation. For prescribed tractions and heat fluxes on the boundary, criteria are sought under which the solution of the boundary value problem, assumed unique at the current time, remains unique for a sufficiently short time interval. The criteria are in the form of several matrix inequalities. Since the various matrices are at most of rank 6, numerical application of the inequalities poses no significant difficulty.
Postnatal Changes in the Distribution of Succinate Dehydrogenase Activities among Diaphragm Muscle Fibers

The distributions of oxidative capacities among type-identified muscle fibers in the developing cat diaphragm were examined by quantifying succinate dehy- drogenase (SDH) activity using a microdensitometric pro- cedure. Animals were studied during the first six weeks of postnatal development and compared to adults. Muscle fiber SDH activities were initially low during the first 2 postnatal wk, then increased to their highest values be- tween 3 and 6 wk. Thereafter, fiber SDH activities declined to adult values. At each age, the distributions of SDH activities for both type I and I1 fibers were unimodal. Thus, no objective basis exists for subclassifying type I1 fibers based on differences in oxidative capacity. Fibers could be subclassified as type IIA, JIB, or IIC based on the acid pH lability of ATPase staining. In neonates, approximately 90% of all fibers were classified as type IIC. Thereafter, the proportion of IIC fibers decreased while the propor- tions of type I, IIA, and IIB increased. Adult fiber type proportions were reached by 6 wk of age. The SDH activity of type I fibers was generally higher than that of type I1 fibers at all ages, although there was considerable overlap in the distributions of SDH activities among type I and I1 fibers. The SDH activity of type IIC fibers was also higher than that of either type IIA or IIB during development. Only in the adult diaphragm was the SDH activity of type IIA fibers higher than that of type IIB. At no age could type IIA, JIB, or IIC fibers be discriminated based solely on differences in oxidative capacity. (Pediatr Res 29: 586- 593,1991)
A direct solution of the radiative transfer equation: Application to Rayleigh and Mie atmospheres

Abstract A direct method is given for the solution of the spherical harmonics approximation to the equation of radiative transfer in plane-parallel atmospheres. Although the method is formulated theoretically for non-homogeneous atmospheres with an arbitrary phase function, at present it has only been implemented for homogeneous atmospheres. Test computations performed for Rayleigh and Mie scattering phase functions show that the direct method is unconditionally stable and solves efficiently problems both for optically thin and very thick atmospheres. Timing comparisons with the method of Chandrasekhar for Rayleigh atmospheres and with an integral-equation iterative method for Mie atmospheres are quite favorable to the proposed method.
Marine Debris in Central California: Quantifying Type and Abundance of Beach Litter in Monterey Bay, CA

Abstract Monitoring beach litter is essential for reducing ecological threats towards humans and wildlife. In Monterey Bay, CA information on seasonal and spatial patterns is understudied. Central California’s coastal managers require reliable information on debris abundance, distribution, and type, to support policy aimed at reducing litter. We developed a survey method that allowed for trained citizen scientists to quantify the types and abundance of beach litter. Sampling occurred from July 2009–June 2010. Litter abundance ranged from 0.03 to 17.1 items m−2. Using a mixed model approach, we found season and location have the greatest effect on litter abundance. Styrofoam, the most numerically abundant item, made up 41% of the total amount of litter. Unexpected items included fertilizer pellets. The results of this study provide a baseline on the types and abundance of litter on the central coast and have directly supported policy banning Styrofoam take out containers from local municipalities.
Weakly screened Coulomb interaction and properties of HTSC's

Abstract In order to explain the anisotropy of the energy gap observed in direct photoemission experiments on the basis of the “extended saddle-point singularities” in the electron-energy spectrum lying close to the Fermi level, the assumption is made that the Coulomb interactions are weakly screened, i.e. the Debye screening radius is much larger than the lattice period; this makes the electron interaction anisotropic. Another consequence of this assumption is that at low temperatures the normal-state resistivity is mostly defined by electron-electron scattering, and its temperature dependence is p ∝ T . Some aspects of the model are discussed.
Increased wave break during ventricular fibrillation in the epicardial border zone of hearts with healed myocardial infarction.

Background —The action potential duration (APD) restitution hypothesis of wave break during ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the epicardial border zone (EBZ) of hearts with chronic myocardial infarction is unknown. Methods and Results —VF was induced by rapid pacing, and the EBZ with the two adjoining sites (right ventricle and lateral left ventricle) were sequentially mapped in random order in 7 open-chest anesthetized dogs 6 to 8 weeks after left anterior descending artery occlusion and in 4 control dogs. At each site, 3 seconds of VF was mapped with 477 bipolar electrodes 1.6 mm apart. The number of wave fronts and approximate entropy were significantly ( P P P P 1. Connexin43-positive staining was significantly ( P Conclusions —A selective increase in wave break and alteration of reentry occur in the EBZ during VF in hearts with healed myocardial infarction. Increased wave break in the EBZ is compatible with the action potential duration restitution hypothesis.
Regulation of chemotaxis by the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β

Chemotaxis is an important component of wound healing, development, immunity and metastasis, yet the signalling pathways that mediate chemotaxis are poorly understood. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) acts both as a mitogen and a chemoattractant. Upon stimulation, the tyrosine kinase PDGF receptor-beta (PDGFR-beta) autophosphorylates and forms a complex that includes SII2(Src homology 2)-domain-containing proteins such as the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-gamma, Ras-GTPase-activating protein (GAP), and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase. Specific tyrosine-to-phenylalanine substitutions in the PDGFR-beta can prevent binding of one SH2-domain-containing protein without affecting binding of other receptor-associated proteins. Here we use phospholipase C-gamma and PDGFR-beta mutants to map specific tyrosines involved in both positive and negative regulation of chemotaxis towards the PDGF-BB homodimer. Our results indicate that a delicate balance of migration-promoting (phospholipase C-gamma and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase) and migration-suppressing (GAP) activities are recruited by the PDGFR-beta to drive chemotaxis towards PDGF-BB.
Heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics at themercury-acetonitrile interface for some metal dicarbollide complexes and their metallocene analogs

Summary Heterogeneous electron transfer kinetic parameters obtained by a.c. polarography in the frequency multiplex mode are presented for a series of electrode reactions at the mercury-acetonitrile interface involving cobalt and nickel picomplexes comprised of cyclopentadienide and/or dicarbollide ligands. The Frumkin double-layer correction is applied to the apparent ks-values. Relationships between the kinetic parameters and molecular structure characteristics are discussed.
Is historical institutionalism bunk

The salience of international market regulation for the study of world politics should no longer be in dispute. The proximate cause of the September 2008 Lehman Brothers bankruptcy was a cross-bord...
Interferometric Studies of Growth Kinetics and Surface Morphology in Macromolecular Crystal Growth: Canavalin, Thaumatin, and Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus

Abstract In situ laser Michelson interferometry was utilized to investigate mechanisms of growth and surface morphology in protein and virus crystallization, These included plant proteins canavalin and thaumatin and turnip yellow mosaic virus. The experimental apparatus allowed us to obtain interferometric patterns and investigate growth kinetics from growing macromolecular crystals as small as 20 μm. For the crystallization of canavalin, dislocations are the sources of growth steps on the surfaces. Supersaturation and time dependencies of the normal growth rates, tangential growth step velocities, and the slopes of the dislocation hillocks were measured. The kinetic coefficient β (rate of incorporation of protein molecules into the growing crystal) was estimated for canavalin to be 9 × 10 -4 cm/sec. This is among the first estimates of such fundamental kinetic parameters for macromolecular crystallization. The change in the activities of dislocation sources under different growth conditions was also analyzed. Michelson interferometry was clearly demonstrated to be a useful tool for quantitative studies of macromolecular crystal growth.
NMDA receptor–dependent signaling pathways that underlie amyloid β-protein disruption of LTP in the hippocampus

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly population, is characterized by the hippocampal deposition of fibrils formed by amyloid beta-protein (A beta), a 40- to 42-amino-acid peptide. The folding of A beta into neurotoxic oligomeric, protofibrillar, and fibrillar assemblies is believed to mediate the key pathologic event in AD. The hippocampus is especially susceptible in AD and early degenerative symptoms include significant deficits in the performance of hippocampal-dependent cognitive abilities such as spatial learning and memory. Transgenic mouse models of AD that express C-terminal segments or mutant variants of amyloid precursor protein, the protein from which A beta is derived, exhibit age-dependent spatial memory impairment and attenuated long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions. Recent experimental evidence suggests that A beta disturbs N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-dependent LTP induction in the CA1 and DG both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, these studies suggest that A beta specifically interferes with several major signaling pathways downstream of the NMDA receptor, including the Ca(2+)-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), protein phosphatase 1, and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). The influence of A beta on each of these downstream effectors of NMDA is reviewed in this article. Additionally, other mechanisms of LTP modulation, such as A beta attenuation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor currents, are briefly discussed.
Perspectives on the future of educational technology

This study was conducted to determine the opinions of a broad-based sample of educational technology professionals and students about the future of our field. A nationwide sample of 268 university personnel (faculty members, doctoral students, and master's students) and trainers completed a Likert-type survey that contained 30 items covering six topic areas: Educational Technology and Learning Theory, Instructional Design Models, Technology and Individualized Instruction, Advances in Technology, Educational Technology and Schools, and Employment and Job Opportunities. The overall results reveal that educational technologists have a positive outlook toward the future of our field. Opinions were most positive in the areas of Educational Technology and Learning Theory, Employment and Job Opportunities, and Technology and Individualized Instruction, and were least positive in the area of Advances in Technology. There were numerous significant differences of opinion on individual items across the four respondent groups, with the greatest number of differences occurring between faculty members and master's students.
Magnetic disk architecture yielding improved retrieval and update performance

We describe an integrated disk and file design, called IIS, and present algorithms for processing operations using this design. The operations include sequential and random retrieval, range queries, insertion, deletion, and get next record. We analyze the disk space requirements of IIS files, and the primary memory requirements. We analyze the time requirements for the various operations and give results for some examples. We show that IIS files provide 1-access random retrieval with a small transfer time, very fast sequential retrieval, efficient insertion and deletion, good storage utilization, and low primary memory requirements. We show that the IIS design is potentially superior to other popular file organizations for a wide range of realistic applications using modern technology.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dual-mode optical-frequency discriminator

A dual-mode optical-frequency discriminator is described. Its operation is based on the fact that beam modes in a wave-beam resonator (focused Fabry-Perot) are degenerative modes. This degeneracy is removed by placing a birefringent crystal in the resonator to shift the resonant frequencies of two perpendicularly polarised modes. The desired discriminator response is obtained by detecting each mode separately and then taking the difference of each detector response. Measurements on a dual-mode discriminator are also described.
Isotope effects associated with the anaerobic oxidation of sulfide by the purple photosynthetic bacterium, Chromatium vinosum

Small inverse isotope effects of 1–3‰ were consistently observed for the oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur during anaerobic photometabolism by Chromatium vinosum. The inverse fractionation can be accounted for by an equilibrium isotope effect between H2S and HS−, and may indicate that C. vinosum (and other photosynthetic bacteria) utilizes H2S rather than HS− as the substrate during sulfide oxidation.
Regional simulations of highway and transit ITS: Travel, emissions, and economic welfare effects

Various problems in the regional modeling of ITS are discussed. We then review previous research on the effects of ITS highway and transit technologies on travel and emissions, and critique these studies. Then, we outline our past research methods and findings and describe the weaknesses of these studies. This review is followed by descriptions of two recent projects, one simulating automated freeways and one simulating advanced transit technologies. These two types of technologies pose substantial and different sets of problems for modelers. We describe the economic welfare model we adapted and applied in these projects. We conclude with an outline of our current modeling improvements and how these relate to the other advancements being made in related modeling areas.
Microinjection of the nonhistone chromosomal protein hmg1 into bovine fibroblasts and hela cells

Abstract The nonhistone chromosomal protein HMG1 associated rapidly with the nuclei of HeLa cells and bovine fibroblasts following its introduction into the cytoplasm by red cell-mediated microinjection. A number of non-nuclear proteins, on the other hand, failed to concentrate in HeLa or bovine fibroblast nuclei. Autoradiography of thin sections showed that 125 1-labeled HMG1 localized within nuclei, and further established that it remained associated with metaphase chromosomes at mitosis. When uninjected HeLa cells were fused with 125 l-HMG1-injected HeLa cells, the labeled molecules equilibrated between nuclei within 12 hr. Similar results were obtained with bovine fibroblasts, indicating that a dynamic equilibrium exists between HMG1 and chromatin within living cells. Electrophoresis of 125 l-HMG1 retrieved from HeLa cells or bovine fibroblasts up to 48 hr after injection showed that more than 80% of the molecules were intact. Autoradiographic analysis of cells fixed over a period of several days after injection produced apparent half-lives for 125 l-HMG1 of 80 hr in HeLa cells and 100 hr in bovine fibroblasts.
Tissue-plasminogen activator is induced as an immediate-early gene during seizure, kindling and long-term potentiation.

THE requirement of protein and messenger RNA synthesis for long-term memory1,2 suggests that neural activity induced by learning initiates a cascade of gene expression3. Here we use differential screening to identify five immediate–early genes induced by neuronal activity. One of these is tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA), an extracellular serine protease, which is induced with different spatial patterns in the brain by three activity-dependent events: (1) convulsive seizure increases expression of tPA in the whole brain; (2) stimulation of the perforant path produces an epileptiform after-discharge that ultimately leads to kindling increases the levels of tPA throughout the hippocampus bilaterally; and (3) brief high-frequency stimulation of the perforant path that produces long-term potentiation (LTP) causes an NMDA (N -methyl-D-aspartate) receptor-mediated increase in the levels of tPA mRNA which is restricted to the granule cells of the ipsilateral dentate gyrus. As release of tPA is correlated with morphological differentiation4–6, the increased expression of tPA may play a role in the structural changes that accompany activity-dependent plasticity7–10.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs and the Adoption of Health-Related Technologies for Older Adults

Technologies are being developed and promoted with the aim of improving the health and quality of life of older adults, but often without analyzing or planning around the human needs of users. Abraham Maslow’s model of the hierarchy of needs proposes that people seek to satisfy progressively higher human needs, starting with physical needs like food and shelter, and advancing through safety and security, belonging and love, esteem, and self-actualization. Each of these levels of need has relevance for aging-related technologies. Lack of attention to user needs may be one factor that explains the limited adoption of many aging-related technologies. It is important to consider the users’ current levels of need, the different needs of patients and caregivers, the degrees of behavioral change expected at different levels of need, and the unintended consequences of technologies. Insights from Maslow’s model can help developers, researchers, providers, and consumers in the process of producing, evaluating, recommending, and purchasing technologies for older adults. One particular challenge is that assistive technologies may undermine esteem needs by limiting independence. Scales to measure levels of need can help characterize which needs are most relevant for different individuals, and can be used to ensure that technologies address users’ needs.
Canonical Floquet theory

Classical Floquet theory is reviewed with careful attention to the case of repeated eigenvalues common in Hamiltonian systems. Floquet theory generates a canonical transformation to modal variables if the periodic matrix can be made symplectic at the initial time. It is shown that this symplectic normalization can always be carried out, again with careful attention to the degenerate case. The periodic modal vectors and canonical modal variables can always be chosen to be purely real. It is possible to introduce real valued action-angle variables for all modes. Physical interpretation of the canonical degenerate normal modal variables are offered. Finally, it is shown that this transformation enables canonical perturbation theory to be carried out using Floquet modal variables.
Neuronal cells are deficient in loading peptides onto MHC class I molecules.

Abstract Virally infected neurons avoid destruction by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) by failing to express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. Like neurons in vivo and in primary culture, the OBL21 neuronal cell line expressed barely detectable levels of MHC class I molecules. This correlated with very low levels of mRNAs for the MHC class I heavy chains (αC). OBL21 cells also fail to provide MHC class I molecules with the peptides necessary for their efficient assembly and transport to the cell surface. This function can be restored by treatment with interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The mRNA for peptide transporters HAM1 and HAM2 was not detectable in OBL21 neuronal cells, but was induced by IFN-γ treatment. Hence, the ability of neurons to evade CTL-mediated killing results from expression at low levels of the MHC class I αC, the peptide transporters HAM1 and HAM2, and possibly other genes of the peptide-loading machinery.
Cultivation in vitro of cells derived from a human osteosarcoma

A cell line was derived from an osteosarcoma. Cells grew to high population density in liquid medium and formed colonies in agar medium. The cell line consisted of polygonal or fusiform cells resembling the cells of the original tumor. No collagen fibers or calcium apatite microcrystals could be demonstrated in the cultured cells by electron microscopy nor were virus particles detected. Isoenzyme studies of the cell line revealed the “B” band of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Chromosome studies of the cell line revealed a range of stem line number from 58 to 65; chromosome counts ranged from 47 to 183. Some cells had marker chromosome of varied morphology and some had minute chromosomes. Chromosome breaks were found in 30.5% of the cells.
The patterns of clinical care in radiation therapy in the United States

Results of the first nationwide evaluation of radiation therapy in the United States with respect to its quality and accessibility are presented. The Patterns of Care Study (PCS) is financially supported by the National Cancer Institute and has served as a model for other oncology-related disciplines. The PCS has determined criteria by which to evaluate radiation therapy care in 10 disease sites in which curative radiation therapy plays a major role. The sampling design identified the institution to be surveyed and included all types of practice in the U.S. This paper examines results related to carcinomas of the cervix, larynx and prostate.
Giving Up (on) Rights? The Future of Rights and the Project of Radical Democracy

Debate over the theory of rights has recently reemerged, with a confrontation between postfoundational writings that challenge the very discourse of rights and Habermasians (and others) who insist on the foundational centrality of rights. This article will not enter such a debate directly, but rather will try to take seriously that challenge itself. The article asks what, exactly, is at stake in an argument for or against rights and queries whether this challenge to rights discourse entails giving up on rights as a tool of political leverage. In responding to such questions I indicate a future for rights and rights discourse, one found within the project of radical democracy. I not only insist that we cannot abandon the discourse of rights in contemporary theory and politics, but also go on to suggest that sustaining and reinvigorating the discourse of rights requires a significant displacement of that discourse from the dominant terms of liberalism and toward those of radical democracy.
Analysis of Tubulin Isotypes and Mutations from Taxol-Resistant Cells by Combined Isoelectrofocusing and Mass Spectrometry†

Six human α-tubulin and seven human β-tubulin isotypes, each of which can undergo posttranslational modifications, have been detected by the reverse transcriptase−polymerase chain reaction. This repertoire of tubulin isotypes plays a role in development and in the building of specialized microtubule-based structures. In cell lines, the relationship between resistance to microtubule-interacting drugs and altered tubulin isotype expression profiles is often established by quantitation of cDNA and/or Western blot analysis. Tubulin mutations in major isotypes are detected by sequencing cDNA, but more analysis of expression of tubulin mutations at the protein level, to assess their role in drug resistance, is needed. We utilized a Taxol-based purification and high-resolution isoelectrofocusing combined with a mass spectrometry-based analysis of tubulin. This approach has allowed the separation and relative quantitation of tubulin isotypes having a difference in isoelectric point values of 0.01, without the nee...
Novel Applications of the Methyltrioxorhenium/Hydrogen Peroxide Catalytic System

In the presence of catalytic amounts of MTO, methyltrioxorhenium, methyl trimethylsilyl ketene acetals are oxidized with urea hydrogen peroxide to afford a-hydroxy and a-siloxy esters. On treatment with potassium fluoride, the a-hydroxy esters are obtained in high yields. Introduction Lead(IV) carboxylates,^ hypervalent iodine,^ metachioroperbenzoic add (MCPBA)^ and dimethyidioxirane (DMDO)^ can be used to oxidize esters via their ketene acetals to a-hydroxy carbonyl compounds. Catalytic reagents are manganese'^'salen complexes with various oxidants^ and cobalt^ or nickel(II)^ complexes with oxygen. Few
Effect of rapid correction of hyponatremia on the blood-brain barrier of rats

Brain demyelination sometimes follows rapid correction of hyponatremia, especially if the hyponatremia is chronic. During correction brain water decreases and the brain shrinks. The present study examined whether such shrinkage might be sufficient to disrupt the tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier. Barrier intactness was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging and intravenous gadolinium contrast administration. Hypertonic saline infusion rapidly increased the plasma sodium concentration and caused barrier disruption more frequently in chronic than in acute hyponatremic rats. Similar increases in plasma sodium concentration did not disrupt the barrier in normonatremic rats. The disruption appeared to be due to altered plasma osmolality since infusion of hypertonic mannitol, which raised plasma osmolality without changing the plasma sodium concentration, disrupted the barrier in hyponatremic but not normonatremic rats. Moreover, the osmotic threshold for barrier disruption was lowest in chronic hyponatremia, intermediate in acute hyponatremia, and highest in normonatremia. The greater susceptibility to osmotic disruption in chronic hyponatremia suggests that blood-brain barrier disruption may play a significant role in causing the demyelination sometimes found following too rapid correction of hyponatremia, possibly through exposure of oligodendrocytes to plasma macromolecules such as complement.
A full set of langatate high-temperature acoustic wave constants: elastic, piezoelectric, dielectric constants up to 900°c

A full set of langatate (LGT) elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric constants with their respective temperature coefficients up to 900°C is presented, and the relevance of the dielectric and piezoelectric constants and temperature coefficients are discussed with respect to predicted and measured high-temperature SAW propagation properties. The set of constants allows for high-temperature acoustic wave (AW) propagation studies and device design. The dielectric constants and polarization and conductive losses were extracted by impedance spectroscopy of parallel-plate capacitors. The measured dielectric constants at high temperatures were combined with previously measured LGT expansion coefficients and used to determine the elastic and piezoelectric constants using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) measurements at temperatures up to 900°C. The extracted LGT piezoelectric constants and temperature coefficients show that e11 and e14 change by up to 62% and 77%, respectively, for the entire 25°C to 900°C range when compared with room-temperature values. The LGT high-temperature constants and temperature coefficients were verified by comparing measured and predicted phase velocities (vp) and temperature coefficients of delay (TCD) of SAW delay lines fabricated along 6 orientations in the LGT plane (90°, 23°, Ψ) up to 900°C. For the 6 tested orientations, the predicted SAW vp agree within 0.2% of the measured vp on average and the calculated TCD is within 9.6 ppm/°C of the measured value on average over the temperature range of 25°C to 900°C. By including the temperature dependence of both dielectric and piezoelectric constants, the average discrepancies between predicted and measured SAW properties were reduced, on average: 77% for vp, 13% for TCD, and 63% for the turn-over temperatures analyzed.
Some approximate tests for repeated measurement designs

Four approximate tests are considered for repeated measurement designs in which observations are multivariate normal with arbitrary covariance matrices. In these tests traditional within-subject mean square ratios are compared with critical values derived fromF distributions with adjusted degrees of freedom. Two of them—the ∈ approximate and the improved general approximate (IGA) tests—behave adequately in terms of Type I error. Generally, the IGA test functions better than the ∈ approximate test, however the latter involves less computations. In regards to power, the IGA test may compete with one multivariate procedure when the assumptions of the latter are tenable.
Inertial Current in Lake Ontario, Winter 1972–73 (IFYGL)

Abstract Nearly four months of continuous current and temperature data, taking during the 1972–73 winter depths of about 15 and 75 m in Lake Ontario, have been analyzed for evidence of inertial oscillations. The data, collected as part of the International Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL), were obtained at nine stations: one near midlake, about 40 km from shore, and in about 140 m of water; the other eight spaced around the lake, about 50 km apart, 12 km from shore and in 100 m of water. Inertial currents occurred in episodes lasting less than 5 days and had speeds less than 15 cm s−1. At the midlake and easternmost stations, the inertial currents accounted for as much as 10% (on average) of the total current variance. Some inertial events in midlake had no counterpart nearer shore. In contrast, a lakewide episode of inertial currents was induced by a storm during a two to three week period of vertical stratification. The average hodographs during the stratified period, calculated from bandpassed sh...
Novel antimony cluster displaying a quadruply bridging chloride. X-Ray crystal structure of {[Fe(η-C5H5)2]2[Sb4Cl12O]}2·2C6H6

The product of the reaction between SbCl3 and Fe(η-C5H5)2 in benzene is shown by X-ray crystallography to possess an octameric unit [Sb4Cl12O]24–, with terminal and bridging chloride groups and bridging oxo-groups; the ferricenium cations are shown to adopt the eclipsed configurations.
Investor Reaction to Firm Environmental Management Reputation

Environmental awareness has grown substantially over the last two decades. The present research study examines investor reaction to signals of environmental management (EM) reputation. Employing event study methodology, we track returns for the top 100 firms and the bottom 100 firms on the Newsweek Green Rankings from 2009. We find support for our hypotheses that the market responds positively to the firms receiving favorable recognition for EM and negatively to the firms receiving unfavorable recognition. In addition, we have added to the current literature by examining one specific component of social performance (EM) and its relationship with market valuation in an effort to better understand the construct as a whole.
Hormonal induction of hepatic mitochondrial ornithine/citrulline transporter mRNA

The urea cycle, which involves enzymes located in both the mitochondrion and cytoplasm, requires transport of ornithine and citrulline across the mitochondrial membrane by the ornithine/citrulline antiporter ORNT1. Expression of the urea cycle enzymes can change dramatically in response to hormones, but it is not known whether ORNT1 expression also is hormonally regulated. This study therefore tested the hypothesis that ORNT1 mRNA levels in hepatocytes are induced by cAMP and glucocorticoid as are the urea cycle enzyme mRNAs. ORNT1 mRNA was rapidly induced by a cAMP analog and dexamethasone in cultured rat hepatocytes and there was a strong synergistic response to a combination of these agents. Ongoing protein synthesis was required for induction of ORNT1 mRNA by dexamethasone but not by cAMP, suggesting that the dexamethasone response required an accessory factor. Thus, hormonal regulation of ORNT1 mRNA in hepatocytes is coordinated with that of mRNAs encoding the urea cycle enzymes.
Reductive Elimination and Dissociative β-Hydride Abstraction from Pt(IV) Hydroxide and Methoxide Complexes

The platinum(IV) hydroxide and methoxide complexes fac-(dppbz)PtMe3(OR) (dppbz = o-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene; R = H (1), CH3 (2)) have been prepared and characterized. Thermolysis of hydroxide 1 produces (dppbz)PtMe2 (3) and methanol in a rare example of directly observed sp3 carbon−oxygen reductive elimination from a metal center to form an alcohol. Competitive carbon−carbon reductive elimination to form (dppbz)PtMe(OH) (5) and ethane also occurs. In contrast, the major reaction observed upon thermolysis of the methoxide analog 2 is neither carbon−oxygen nor carbon−carbon reductive elimination. Instead, products expected from formal β-hydride elimination followed by carbon−hydrogen reductive elimination are detected. Mechanistic studies suggest the operation of an alternative mechanism to that most commonly accepted for this fundamental reaction; a dissociative β-hydride abstraction pathway is proposed.
The solubility of carbon disulfide vapor in natural aqueous systems

Abstract The solubility of carbon disulfide in water, expressed as the dimensionless ratio of concentration in the vapor phase to that in the liquid, lies between 0.2 and 1.0 over the surface oceanographie temperature range 0–32°C for an aqueous phase concentration of 5× 10 −4 molar . A salt effect of up to 25% is observed on dissolution in 0.5 molar NaCl or coastal seawater. The enthalpy of CS 2 evaporation from natural aqueous solutions is 6–7 kcal mole −1 .
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms: causes, consequences, and controls.

Cyanobacteria are the Earth’s oldest oxygenic photoautotrophs and have had major impacts on shaping its biosphere. Their long evolutionary history (∼3.5 by) has enabled them to adapt to geochemical and climatic changes, and more recently anthropogenic modifications of aquatic environments, including nutrient over-enrichment (eutrophication), water diversions, withdrawals, and salinization. Many cyanobacterial genera exhibit optimal growth rates and bloom potentials at relatively high water temperatures; hence global warming plays a key role in their expansion and persistence. Bloom-forming cyanobacterial taxa can be harmful from environmental, organismal, and human health perspectives by outcompeting beneficial phytoplankton, depleting oxygen upon bloom senescence, and producing a variety of toxic secondary metabolites (e.g., cyanotoxins). How environmental factors impact cyanotoxin production is the subject of ongoing research, but nutrient (N, P and trace metals) supply rates, light, temperature, oxidative stressors, interactions with other biota (bacteria, viruses and animal grazers), and most likely, the combined effects of these factors are all involved. Accordingly, strategies aimed at controlling and mitigating harmful blooms have focused on manipulating these dynamic factors. The applicability and feasibility of various controls and management approaches is discussed for natural waters and drinking water supplies. Strategies based on physical, chemical, and biological manipulations of specific factors show promise; however, a key underlying approach that should be considered in almost all instances is nutrient (both N and P) input reductions; which have been shown to effectively reduce cyanobacterial biomass, and therefore limit health risks and frequencies of hypoxic events.
CIN-ful cancers

Aneuploidy has long been recognized to be a cardinal feature of many neoplasias. However, the role of aneuploidy in tumorigenesis continues to be a matter of debate. We believe that aneuploidy in cancers is the result of chromosomal instability, a process in which dividing cancer cells segregate their chromosomes with decreased fidelity. Here we discuss our definition of chromosomal instability, evidence for its causal role in tumor development, and suggestions regarding the mechanisms that initiate chromosomal instability in cancer cells.
The crystal structure of a magnesium(II) ethyl diglyme complex

Dibromo[1,1′-oxybix[2-ethoxyethane]-O,O′,O″]-(tetrahydrofuran-O) magnesium, C12H26O4MgBr2, crystallizes in space group Pbca witha=7.402(1),b=16.726(2),c=29.248(3) A,V=3620.9(12) A3,Z=8. The structure was refined toR=0.083 andR w =0.055 for 1880 observed reflections. Magnesium is octahedrally coordinated by twocis bromine atoms and four oxygen atoms, three from the meridional ethyl diglyme and one from tetrahydrofuran. The Mg−Br distances are 2.614(3)trans to thf and 2.529(3) Atrans to the central O of the diglyme. The Br−Mg−Br angle is 97.9(1)° and the Mg−O(thf) distance is 2.196(6) A. The O−Mg−O bite angles subtended by the diglyme are 75.3(2) and 75.7(2)°. The Mg−O(ethyl diglyme) distances are 2.127(6), 2.136(6), and 2.090(6) A.