cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Syndecan-4: dispensable or indispensable?

Studies examining the role of the cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-4 have yielded a plethora of information regarding its role in both cell-matrix and growth-factor mediated signaling events. Many of the initial conclusions drawn from such research placed syndecan-4 in a keystone position within various signaling pathways though the generation of syndecan-4 null mice have surprised many in the field by indicating otherwise. These contradictory results place researchers in the frustrating and yet exhilarating position of still asking the question, "What role does syndecan-4 play in life?"
Clinical significance of the qualification of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance: An analysis on the basis of histologic diagnoses

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the significance of further qualification of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in routine Papanicolaou smears. Study Design: A retrospective medical records review was conducted on 316 women whose Papanicolaou smears yielded diagnoses of either atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance suggestive of the presence of an intraepithelial lesion or atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance suggestive of a reactive process. Results: The overall incidence of a squamous intraepithelial lesion (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades I, II, and III) was higher in the group with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance suggestive of the presence of an intraepithelial lesion than in the group with results suggestive of a reactive process (41.1% vs 22.3%; P = .0344). Women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance suggestive of the presence of an intraepithelial lesion were 9.7 times more likely to have high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III) develop than were women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance suggestive of a reactive process (95% confidence interval, 1.26-74.64). The incidence of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion was higher among women ≤35 years old than among women >35 years old (17.8% vs 6.3%; P = .0378). Conclusion: Women with a diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance suggestive of the presence of an intraepithelial lesion are more likely to have intraepithelial lesions develop than are those with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance suggestive of a reactive process. Aggressive evaluation of cases of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance suggestive of the presence of an intraepithelial lesion with colposcopy and cervical biopsies may be appropriate. Age should be considered as an independent factor in the plan of management. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:885-90.)
Monoclonal antibodies to ThB detect close linkage of Ly-6 and a gene regulating ThB expression.

We have generated three hybridomas producing rat monoclonal antibodies to a surface antigen, ThB, that is shared by murine B lymphocytes and approximately 50 percent of murine thymocytes. These antibodies, produced by immunizations with MOPC-104E cells, appear to recognize the same antigen that was previously detected by rabbit and goat antisera to MOPC-104E cells (Yutoku et al. 1974, Yutoku et al. 1976). Using these antibodies, we have studied a genetic polymorphism that is associated with the level of ThB expression on B lymphocytes but not with the antigen's expression on thymocytes. We present evidence that this trait is controlled by one gene, Thb, which we find to be very closely linked to the gene or genes controlling the Ly-6, Ly-8, DAG, and Ala 1 antigen(s). While the latter four antigens were described as markers on mature T (or activated T and B) lymphocytes, ThB is restricted to immature thymocytes and all B cells. ThB is not expressed on kidney, although some investigators (McKenzie et al. 1977 a, Halloran et al. 1978) report Ly-6 expression on that tissue. SJL/J, C57BL/10JHz, DBA/2J, and AKR/J are among the mouse strains carrying the Thbh allele, while BALB/cN, CBA/J, C3H.SW/SnHz, and A/J carry the Thb1 allele. The ThB antigen has not yet been identified as a glycoprotein after cell-surface iodination, NP-40 solubilization, and immunoprecipitation.
Is caloric restriction associated with development of eating-disorder symptoms? Results from the CALERIE trial.

Objective This study tested a secondary hypothesis of the CALERIE trial (Heilbronn et al., 2006) that a 12-month period of intentional dietary restriction would be associated with an increase in eating disorder symptoms. Design To test this hypothesis, 48 overweight adults were randomly assigned to four treatment arms in a 12-month study: (1) 25% calorie restriction, (2) 12.5% calorie restriction and 12.5% increased energy expenditure by structured exercise, (3) low-calorie diet, and (4) healthy diet (no-calorie restriction). Main outcome measures Primary outcome measures for the study were changes in: eating disorder symptoms, mood, dietary restraint, body weight, and energy balance. Results All three dietary restriction arms were associated with increased dietary restraint and negative energy balance, but not with increased ED symptoms or other harmful psychological effects. Participants in the three calorie restriction arms lost significant amounts of body weight. The psychological and behavioral effects were maintained during a 6-month follow-up period. Conclusion These results did not support the hypothesis that caloric restriction causes increased eating disorder symptoms in overweight adults. In general, caloric restriction had either benign or beneficial psychological and behavioral effects.
Where Is “Community” in Community-Based Forestry?

Community-based forestry and community-based natural resource management have become increasingly common terms in both the scientific and popular press. However, as with so many other concepts currently in vogue, rarely do studies invoking them incorporate either a grounded theoretical understanding or practical inclusion of the central term: community. Community emerges through communication and interaction among people who care about each other and the place they live. In its purest form, community is marked by its multiple and often conflicting perspectives. This article draws upon recent research experience with the Ford Foundation's community-based forestry initiative to illustrate the importance of solidly framing community in order to successfully link forest ecosystem management with community well-being.
The enhanced radiation response of in vitro tumor models to insulin.

Abstract The presence of insulin during the irradiation of plateau phase baby hamster kidney, Chinese hamster ovary, Ehrlich tumor, human oral carcinoma, human laryngealcarcinoma, and V-79 cells improved radiation response. Insulin was also found to enhance the radiation response of multiceli V-79 spheroids. The radiosensitizing effect of insulin is both time and concentration dependent. Additional studies indicate that glucagon-free insulin and the insulin mimicking tripeptide, glyeyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-acetate, also sensitize plateau phase cultures of V-79 cells to radiation.
Deformations of Piezothermoelastic Laminates with Internal Electrodes

Deformations of multi-eleciroded laminates under thermoelectromechanical loads are studied. An asymptotic formulation is derived to reduce the three-dimensional problem to a hierarchy of two-dimensional equations and is examined by comparing the present results with an exact solution. New results are given by using the asymptotic scheme for ceramic multilayer actuators with interdigital electrodes.
Leptomeningeal metastases in the MRI era

# {#article-title-2} To the Editor: I commend Clarke et al.1 for their report on the utility of MRI in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastases (LM). Other studies have also indicated the value of MRI in this diagnosis.2 Clark et al. did not include the method of determining imaging site: brain vs spine. The presumption is that patient symptoms and signs determine which segment of the CNS is imaged. In addition, the authors did not detail the MRI radiographic findings that were utilized as representing probable LM.3 Only 25% of patients underwent neuraxis imaging despite the recognition that LM is a diffuse disease affecting brain and spine. Complete neuraxis imaging may increase the diagnostic yield of radiographic probable LM. Adding CNS segments to the MRI protocol increases the probability of finding evidence for LM. Furthermore, did positive …
Effects of growth regulator and genotype on production of wheat and triticale polyhaploids from anther culture.

Homozygous doubled-haploid plantlets derived from anther culture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) are useful breeding materials. However, efficiency of an-drogenesis needs improvement. We used media (basic components, are the same as 85DI2) each containing one of the seven auxins [2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5–T), P-chloraphenoxyacetic acid (pCPA), 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), indole-3-butrytic acid (IBA), indole-3-acctic acid (IAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as a control] in combination with 6-furturyl-aminopurine (kinetin). In addition, each of the four cytokinins [6-benzylaminopurine (6-HA), 2-isopenlylnyl adenine (2-ip), 6-(4-hydroxy-3-meihylbut-2-enylamino) purinc (zeatin), and kinetin as a control] was tested in combination with 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Anthers containing microsporcs at miduninucleatc stage from live wheat cultivars (Angus, Centurk, Chris, K.itt, and Pavon 76) and two octoploid trilicale lines (T81, T82) were tested mainly for callus induction and polyhaploid production on each of the 11 media. The cultivar × medium interaction was not significant, When averaged over all growth regulators, Pavon was (he best cultivar which produced 14.4 % calli and 23 % polyhaploid plantlets. Averaged over all cultivars, the medium containing 2, 4-U produced the highest calli (13.9 %). Undifferentiated calli were regenerated on 87T1 medium, which contained IAA (1 mg/1) and kinetin (2 mg/1).
Convergence of a Regularization Method for Creeping Flow of a Bingham Material About a Rigid Sphere

Abstract Creeping flow around a solid sphere is solved numerically using two regularized constitutive equations that approximate a Bingham material. The yield surface cannot be easily established from contours of the yield stress obtained with finite values of the regularization parameter due to numerical constraints. The outer yield surface can be estimated from the values of the normalized second invariant of the deformation rate that are invariant with respect to the regularization parameter, and the limiting solution for creeping flow of a Bingham material about a rigid sphere appears to be achieved.
The role of epigenetics in plant adaptation

Recent work in the field of plant epigenetics is adding to a growing understanding of how epigenetic variation can be an important source of phenotypic variation in natural populations. Therefore, it has the potential to play a major role in adaptation to environmental change. Most epigenetic variation is reset between generations, however, in some instances environmentally-induced epigenetic variation can result in heritable phenotypic plasticity that invokes Lamarkian-like inheritance. Epigenetic variation can also be the result of random epimutations that can have both higher mutation and reversal rates than DNA sequence mutations. We discuss several examples documenting epigenetic variation in wild populations. We also discuss laboratory studies that investigate the rate of epimutations and reversals, and how that has been incorporated into evolutionary theory. We suggest that modern evolutionary theory will benefit from the incorporation of epigenetics, but it is not in need of a complete revision, as has been suggested.
Effectiveness of prompted voiding in treating urinary incontinence in cognitively impaired homebound older adults.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the short-term effectiveness of prompted voiding (PV) in cognitively impaired homebound older adults. Design: This was a prospective, controlled exploratory study with a cross-over design where usual care controls crossed-over to the intervention following an 8-week observation period. Setting: Adults aged 60 years and older with urinary incontinence and who met Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services criteria for being homebound were referred to the study by home care nurses from 2 large Medicare-approved home health agencies in a large metropolitan county in southwestern Pennsylvania. Nineteen cognitively impaired older adults were randomly assigned to either the PV intervention or a usual care attention control group. Measures: Measures used included structured continence and medical histories, Older American Research and Service Physical and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scales, Folstein Mini Mental State Examination, Clock Drawing Test, Geriatric Depression Scale, Performance-Based Toileting Assessment, bladder diaries, and physical examination. Results: Nineteen subjects were randomly assigned to a PV (n = 9) or delayed attention-control group (n = 10). Treatment subjects with complete pretreatment and posttreatment data (n = 6) experienced a mean 60% reduction in daytime incontinent episodes compared with a mean 37% reduction among control subjects (n = 10). Following the control phase, subjects crossed over to the treatment protocol. A total of 15 subjects completed the PV protocol. Among all subjects completing the treatment protocol, there was a 22% reduction in daytime incontinent episodes compared with true baseline (immediately following the control phase for those crossing over from the control group). Conclusions: The PV intervention resulted in clinically significant reductions in urinary incontinence for many of the participants, which may be achievable for many cognitively impaired homebound older adults. (J WOCN 2002;29:252-65.)
Chemical cytometry quantitates superoxide levels in the mitochondrial matrix of single myoblasts.

Triphenylphosphonium hydroethidine (TPP-HE) is a membrane-permeable probe that reacts with superoxide and forms hydroxytriphenylphosphonium ethidium (OH-TPP-E+), a fluorescent product that has been previously used in qualitative measurements of superoxide production. In order to develop quantitative methods to measure superoxide, it is necessary to take into consideration the principles that drive TPP-HE accumulation into various subcellular compartments. In the mitochondria matrix, TPP-HE accumulation depends on the mitochondrial membrane potential, which varies from cell to cell. Here we address this issue by including rhodamine 123 (R123) as an internal mitochondrial membrane potential calibrant in chemical cytometry experiments. After loading with TPP-HE and R123, a single cell is lysed within a separation capillary and its contents are separated and detected by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection (MEKC-LIF). Using theoretical arguments, we show t...
Polymyositis Associated With Severe Interstitial Lung Disease: Remission After Three Doses of IV Immunoglobulin

Interstitial lung disease associated with polymyositis/dermatomyositis (ILD-PM/DM) often confers a poor prognosis, and optimal treatment of this condition is not well defined. This report describes a 63-year-old man with severe ILD-PM/DM who presented with 5 months of progressive dyspnea and weakness. He had an initial carbon-monoxide-diffusing capacity of 35% predicted and a creatine kinase level of 2,112 U/L. After three monthly doses of immunoglobulin at 2 gm/kg IV, he has sustained clinical remission for > 2 years. IV immunoglobulin has not previously been studied as a first-line agent for rheumatologic diseases, and it is currently used as a salvage therapy. However, if IV immunoglobulin is capable of inducing sustained remission after brief use as a treatment, as demonstrated in this patient, especially in the setting of significant pulmonary involvement, then it merits further consideration for investigation as a first-line therapeutic agent.
MutualCast: A Serverless Peer-to-Peer Multiparty Real-Time Audio Conferencing System

We describe MutualCast, a serverless peer-to-peer (P2P) multiparty real-time audio conferencing system. In MutualCast, the peers form a fully connected clique. During the conferencing session, each peer takes turn to mix and redeliver the compressed audio. The audios are split into frames, and the number of frames mixed and redelivered by a certain peer is proportional to the available resource of the peer, e.g., the upload bandwidth or the computation power. MutualCast balances the serving load (network bandwidth and computation power) needed for the mixing among all participant peers. It enables a multiparty conferencing session without any powerful server
The German Empire, 1871–1914: Reflections on the Direction of Recent Research

This rather brief essay represents an attempt to raise a problem relating to the direction that much of recent research on Imperial Germany has taken. The deliberations that follow emerge from a renewed and quite extensive reading of the secondary literature on the history of the German Empire that I undertook in connection with my contribution to the 1806–1918 volume of the 10th edition of Gebhardt's Handbuch der Deutschen Geschichte, edited by Jurgen Kocka. Although my research interests had moved into other fields of German and European history following my work on the sociopolitical history of the Wilhelmian period, I confess that, like so many fellow historians, I continue to be fascinated by those decades before 1914. So, even if I have not been back to the archives, I have been trying to follow the no doubt rich “post-Bielefeld” output of what are by now at least two consecutive generations of younger scholars in this field.
Discussion of ¿The competitive effects of US decimalization: Evidence from the US-listed Canadian stocks¿ by Oppenheimer and Sabherwal

Models of market microstructure tell us that a spread is necessary to compensate market makers for order processing costs, inventory risk, and adverse selection. Since entry into market making is relatively easy on the Nasdaq dealer market, and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) specialist faces competition from public liquidity suppliers as well as from regional exchanges, competition should at least theoretically lead to spreads that are just large enough to cover these costs. This is, of course, provided that spreads are free to adjust to reflect the economic costs of providing liquidity. However, to economize on negotiation costs between buyers and sellers, equity markets have traditionally stipulated a minimum tick size. A minimum tick size reduces the ability of the spread to adjust downwards, potentially resulting in excess trading costs and excess profits to market makers. 2 While the tick size in US equity markets had remained one-eighth since the founding of the NYSE in 1792, 3 the costs for providing liquidity had come down considerably by the end of the 1990s, both due to technological innovation, improved access to information, and improved liquidity. It was clear that a tick size of one-eighth of a dollar was too large. In 1996, the US Congress issued a mandate
Weak Convergence and Rate of Convergence of MIMO Capacity Random Variable

Recent works on the distribution function of the capacity of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) and semicorrelated narrowband channels show that the outage capacity computed using a Gaussian approximation is close to the true outage capacity even for few antennas. Motivated by physical scattering considerations, we study a multi-antenna channel model with independent entries that are not necessarily identically distributed and show the weak convergence of capacity to a Gaussian random variable. The channel model considered in this paper subsumes well-studied cases like the i.i.d. and separable correlation models and thus we generalize previous results on weak convergence of multi-antenna capacity. Using recent results from random matrix theory, we also study the rate of convergence of ergodic capacity of i.i.d. channels to its limit value. Employing a well-known conjecture from random matrix theory, we establish tight results for the rate of convergence and show a dependence of this rate on signal-to-noise ratio
Using a Graph-Based Approach for Discovering Cybercrime

The ability to mine data represented as a graph has become important in several domains for detecting various structural patterns. One important area of data mining is anomaly detection, but little work has been done in terms of detecting anomalies in graph based data. While there has been some work that has used statistical metrics and conditional entropy measurements, the results have been limited to certain types of anomalies. In this paper we present a graph based approach to uncovering anomalies in applications containing information representing possible cybercrime activity: network activity and employee movements. We use three algorithms for the purpose of detecting anomalies in all three types of possible graph changes: label modifications, vertex/edge insertions and vertex/edge deletions. Each of our algorithms focuses on one of these anomalous types and uses the minimum description length principle to discover those substructure instances that contain anomalous entities and relationships. We then show the usefulness of applying these graph theoretic approaches to discovering anomalies in a real world type domain, the Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST) mini challenge involving badge and network traffic. In addition, we present the results of this approach on synthetic graphs of varying sizes, in order to demonstrate the applicability of this approach as a real world application.
Far infrared bandpass filters and measurements on a reciprocal grid.

Transmittance and reflectance measurements on wirecloth and electroformed metallic meshes are presented in the region 0.01 ≤ λ/d ≤ 5. The results were obtained under equal geometric optical conditions with a vacuum grating spectrometer. The measurements are used for the construction of a transmission bandpass filter in the wavenumber region ν > 18 cm−1. In order to be able to construct a bandpass filter in the entire far ir, a reciprocal grid is investigated and found to be suitable as a transmission low pass filter characterized only by geometrical parameters.
Convective thermal instabilities in the wake of the migrating Mendocino Triple Junction, California

Whether the high seismic-velocity anomalies in the upper mantle under California represent cold downwelling mantle flow or fragments of the subducted Farallon plate has important implications for mantle dynamics related to the tectonic history of western North America. We investigate the former possibility by simulating the time-dependent thermal evolution in the asthenosphere beneath California, in the wake of the migrating Mendocino triple junction (MTJ), using a two-dimensional model that represents a transect parallel to the direction of the MTJ migration. For viscosity within the typical range for the asthenosphere beneath active tectonic regions (1×1018 – 2×1019 Pa s), our model predicts vigorous small-scale convection characterized by periodic formation of cold downwelling flows near the southern edge of the migrating Gorda plate. Within the relevant time frame, the predicted convective thermal structures are comparable to the major mantle features shown by seismic imaging.
Transabdominal near infrared oximetry of hypoxic stress in fetal sheep brain in utero

The feasibility of transabdominal near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for detecting and quantifying fetal hypoxia in utero is demonstrated in a pregnant ewe model. A frequency domain NIR spectroscopy probe, consisting of two detectors and six sources operating at three wavelengths (675, 786, and 830 nm), was placed on the maternal abdomen directly above the fetal head. Fetal hypoxia was indirectly induced through occlusion of uterine blood flow for ≈3 min. NIR photon diffusion measurements were made during a baseline period, during hypoxia of the fetus, and during recovery. Fetal blood samples were drawn from the fetal brachial artery and jugular veins at several time points during the cycle. Seven hypoxic cycles were induced in a total of five pregnant ewes. The NIR measurements were analyzed by using a two-layer diffusion model to deconvolve the fetal blood saturation from that of the pregnant ewe. Fetal hypoxia was detected. Good agreement was found between fetal blood saturation determined by the transabdominal NIR method and arterial and venous fetal blood saturation quantified from fetal blood samples by using a hemoximeter.
Laser exposure analysis for a near-infrared ocular interferometer

Ocular interferometry has potential value in a variety of ocular measurement applications, including measuring ocular thicknesses, topography of ocular surfaces or the wavefront of the eye. Of particular interest is using interferometry for characterizing corneal shape and irregular corneal features, making this technology attractive due to its inherent accuracy and spatial resolution. A particular challenge of designing an ocular interferometer is determining safe laser exposure levels to the eye, including both the retina and anterior segment. Described here are the laser exposure standards relevant in the interferometer design and the corresponding calculations and results. The results of this work can be used to aid in the design of similar laser-based systems for ocular evaluation.
Right-Dislocation as scrambling

The present paper shows that Right-Dislocation (RD) in Japanese shares a number of characteristics with scrambling, but nonetheless cannot be identified as rightward scrambling. The proposed solution to this apparent contradiction is that there is no direct syntactic movement of the right-dislocated phrase. Rather, the right-dislocated phrase is a remnant of an extra clause which is deleted (or sluiced) after scrambling. It is therefore concluded that RD involves leftward movement (scrambling) and that its rightward effect is only apparent. The proposed analysis is supported by a number of facts that have not previously been reported, including the distribution of adverbs, pronominal coreference, anaphor binding, idiom interpretations and wh-questions. The proposed analysis is also consistent with Kayne’s (1994) proposal that there are no rightward movement processes in syntax.
Release of the Parasitic Wasp, Encarsia lahorensis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), for Control of Citrus Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Gardenia in Alabama

The parasitic wasp Encarsia (=Prospaltella) lahorensis (Howard) was released into citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), populations on gardenia, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, in Birmingham, Huntsville, and Auburn, Ala. Introductions failed in Birmingham and Huntsville, but the wasp became established in Auburn in residential areas and test plots. D. citri populations were dramatically reduced after 1 year, and 3 years after release the insect is not a pest in areas where E. lahorensis is present.
Chronic Viral Infection and Primary Central Nervous System Malignancy

Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors cause significant morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. While some of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of neuro-oncogenesis are known, much less is known about possible epigenetic contributions to disease pathophysiology. Over the last several decades, chronic viral infections have been associated with a number of human malignancies. In primary CNS malignancies, two families of viruses, namely polyomavirus and herpesvirus, have been detected with varied frequencies in a number of pediatric and adult histological tumor subtypes. However, establishing a link between chronic viral infection and primary CNS malignancy has been an area of considerable controversy, due in part to variations in detection frequencies and methodologies used among researchers. Since a latent viral neurotropism can be seen with a variety of viruses and a widespread seropositivity exists among the population, it has been difficult to establish an association between viral infection and CNS malignancy based on epidemiology alone. While direct evidence of a role of viruses in neuro-oncogenesis in humans is lacking, a more plausible hypothesis of neuro-oncomodulation has been proposed. The overall goals of this review are to summarize the many human investigations that have studied viral infection in primary CNS tumors, discuss potential neuro-oncomodulatory mechanisms of viral-associated CNS disease and propose future research directions to establish a more firm association between chronic viral infections and primary CNS malignancies.
Construction, Phenotypic Analysis, and Immunogenicity of a UL5/UL29 Double Deletion Mutant of Herpes Simplex Virus 2

A number of studies have shown that replication-defective mutant strains of herpes simplex virus (HSV) can induce protective immunity in animal systems against wild-type HSV challenge. However, all of those studies used viruses with single mutations. Because multiple, stable mutations provide optimal levels of safety for live vaccines, we felt that additional mutations needed to be engineered into a candidate vaccine strain for HSV-2 and genital herpes. We therefore isolated an HSV-2 strain with deletion mutations in two viral DNA replication protein genes, UL5 and UL29. The resulting double deletion mutant virus strain, dl5-29, fails to form plaques or to give any detectable single cycle yields in normal monkey or human cells. Nevertheless, dl5-29 expresses nearly the same pattern of gene products as the wild-type virus or the single mutant viruses and induces antibody titers in mice that are equivalent to those induced by single deletion mutant viruses. Therefore, it is feasible to isolate a mutant HSV strain with two mutations in essential genes and with an increased level of safety but which is still highly immunogenic.
Heidi Thomann Tewarson. Rahel Levin Varnhagen: The Life and Work of a German Jewish Intellectual. Texts and Contexts. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. 262 pp.

Fields such as Jewish cultural history and women's studies, where interest in nineteenth-century Berlin Jewish literary salon society continues to grow, converge at the emblematic example of Rahel Levin Varnhagen. Heidi Thomann Tewarson's new biography, Rahel Levin Varnhagen: The Life and Work of a German Jewish Intellectual, is the first to address the English reader since Hannah Arendt's recently reissued Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess, originally published in 1957. As such, Tewarson has incorporated the most up-to-date research on this figure and period, otherwise available almost solely in German. Arendt's work has traditionally been read as part biography and part autobiography—as much about identification and coming to terms with Jewish identity as a German Jewish woman intellectual in 1930s Berlin as it is about the salon period. Tewarson has taken a different tack. Rather than focusing on the life of a Jewess per se, Tewarson is interested in the work of an intellectual. What constitutes the legitimate, creative work of an intellectual? And can the term itself be gender-free? These questions, though necessarily tied to Rahel's place outside the literary and cultural mainstream, serve as the main thrust of the book.
Outage probability of an adaptive TDMA satellite access scheme

An adaptive time division multiple access (TDMA) satellite access scheme able to counteract rain attenuation effects is sketched together with the employed prototypes of satellite controller and burst modem. The resulting system, based on the shared resource philosophy, is usable to support a multiplicity of applications in a LAN interconnection environment. Faded links are assisted by choosing the bit rate, the coding rate and the transmitting power level according to the fade level to be computed. A Monte Carlo simulation of the system behavior is carried out to compute the outage probability of each link when operating in Ka band on the Olympus satellite. The shared resource occupancy is investigated. Comparisons are made with systems of the same capacity and without any fade countermeasure. >
Adult religious education

This chapter provides a historical overview of religion and religious education. In addition, it discusses how adult religious education is conducted.
Solution-Processed Memristive Junctions Used in a Threshold Indicator

Inkjet-patterned memristive metal/oxide/metal structures were characterized to infer ionic and electronic transport parameters such as mobility and ion distribution. The conductance change with respect to voltage and time was measured for an individual crossbar junction and for junctions that are connected in series. It was found that continuous dopant redistribution during voltage scans led to a peak in conductance. The mutable conductance of memristive devices was utilized to demonstrate a threshold indicator, in which the crossbar junctions were connected with a piezo sensor input and an electrophoretic display output. The memristive circuit would switch the color of display pixels, depending on the number of input pulses sensed by the piezo. The threshold indicator demonstrates that memristive junctions can be used as integral control switches. It is composed of passive circuit components and does not require an external battery.
Phonotaxis to Amphibian Vocalizations in Culex territans (Diptera: Culicidae)

Culexterritans Walker (Diptera: Culicidae) acquires bloodmeals from amphibian hosts. Females overwinter as inseminated adults and exit diapause in New Jersey when spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer) are calling. We tested the hypothesis that Cx. territans uses amphibian vocal- izations as a long-distance attractant. Two thirds of females oriented toward sound across all exper- iments. Females allowed to orient toward or away from a frog call, bird song, live frog, or control (a plugged in compact disc player) exhibited positive phonotaxis only to the frog call. Females exhibited positive phonotaxis to calls of P. crucifer, Hyla versicolor (northern gray tree frog), Bufo americanus (American toad), andRanaclamitans (green frog), but they were not attracted to calls ofR.catesbeiana (bullfrog),R.sylvatica (wood frog), or control. Multiple regression analysis showed that call frequency is the best predictor for phonotaxis, with pulse duration and call amplitude increasing the attrac- tiveness of the source. When exposed to P. crucifer calls at increasing sound intensity levels, females oriented to calls in the range of 50 Ð75 dB, with particle velocities of 0.02Ð 0.3 mm/s, indicating that phonotaxis occurs at distances 5 m from the source.
Response to treatment in a prospective national infantile spasms cohort

Objective Infantile spasms are seizures associated with a severe epileptic encephalopathy presenting in the first 2 years of life, and optimal treatment continues to be debated. This study evaluates early and sustained response to initial treatments and addresses both clinical remission and electrographic resolution of hypsarrhythmia. Secondarily, it assesses whether response to treatment differs by etiology or developmental status. Methods The National Infantile Spasms Consortium established a multicenter, prospective database enrolling infants with new diagnosis of infantile spasms. Children were considered responders if there was clinical remission and resolution of hypsarrhythmia that was sustained at 3 months after first treatment initiation. Standard treatments of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), oral corticosteroids, and vigabatrin were considered individually, and all other nonstandard therapies were analyzed collectively. Developmental status and etiology were assessed. We compared response rates by treatment group using chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression models. Results Two hundred thirty infants were enrolled from 22 centers. Overall, 46% of children receiving standard therapy responded, compared to only 9% who responded to nonstandard therapy (p Interpretation Response rate varies by treatment choice. Standard therapies should be considered as initial treatment for infantile spasms, including those with impaired development or known structural or genetic/metabolic etiology. ACTH appeared to be more effective than other standard therapies.
Abstract 5201: Erk activation of p21 activated kinase-1 is critical for medulloblastoma migration

We previously identified that overexpression of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) is associated with metastatic medulloblastoma (MB) and showed that PDGF treatment increases ERK activity and promotes MB cell migration. In this study, we investigated whether ERK regulates Rac1/Pak1 signaling and is critically linked to MB cell migration. Herein we demonstrate that PDGF-BB treatment of MB cells induces concomitant activation of PDGFRβ, MEK1/ ERK, Rac1 and Pak1, but suppresses Rho activity, which together significantly promotes cell migration. Conversely, cells transfected with either PDGFRβ or Pak1 siRNA or treated with an inhibitor of Rac1 (NSC23766) or N-myristoyltransferase-1 (Tris-dipalladium) are unable to activate Rac1 or Pak1 in response to PDGF, and consequently, are unable to undergo PDGF-mediated cell migration. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that either chemical inhibition of MEK/ERK (U0126) or stable downregulation of PDGFRβ by shRNA similarly results in the loss of PDGF-induced ERK phosphorylation and abolishes Rac1/Pak1 activation and cell migration in response to PDGF. However, specific depletion of Pak1 by siRNA has no effect on PDGF-induced ERK phosphorylation, indicating that in MB cells ERK signaling is Pak1-independent, but PDGF-induced migration is dependent on ERK-mediated activation of Pak1. Finally, using tissue microarrays, we detect phosphorylated Pak1 in 53% of medulloblastomas and show that immunopositivity is associated with unfavorable outcome. We conclude that Rac1/Pak1 signaling is critical to MB cell migration and is functionally dependent on PDGFRβ/ERK activity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5201.
Atomistic simulations of electrochemical metallization cells: mechanisms of ultra-fast resistance switching in nanoscale devices

We describe a new method that enables reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of electrochemical processes and apply it to study electrochemical metallization cells (ECMs). The model, called EChemDID, extends the charge equilibration method to capture the effect of external electrochemical potential on partial atomic charges and describes its equilibration over connected metallic structures, on-the-fly, during the MD simulation. We use EChemDID to simulate resistance switching in nanoscale ECMs; these devices consist of an electroactive metal separated from an inactive electrode by an insulator and can be reversibly switched to a low-resistance state by the electrochemical formation of a conducting filament between electrodes. Our structures use Cu as the active electrode and SiO2 as the dielectric and have dimensions at the foreseen limit of scalability of the technology, with a dielectric thickness of approximately 1 nm. We explore the effect of device geometry on switching timescales and find that nanowires with an electroactive shell, where ions migrate towards a smaller inactive electrode core, result in faster switching than planar devices. We observe significant device-to-device variability in switching timescales and intermittent switching for these nanoscale devices. To characterize the evolution in the electronic structure of the dielectric as dissolved metallic ions switch the device, we perform density functional theory calculations on structures obtained from an EChemDID MD simulation. These results confirm the appearance of states around the Fermi energy as the metallic filament bridges the electrodes and show that the metallic ions and not defects in the dielectric contribute to the majority of those states.
Complications of Radical Cystectomy for Carcinoma of the Bladder

A total of 165 consecutive patients underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer, 19 patients without preoperative radiation therapy, 109 patients after planned preoperative radiation therapy and 37 patients after failure of definitive radiation therapy (salvage cystectomy). The operative mortality was 2.4 per cent of the entire group: less than 1 per cent of the 128 patients undergoing cystectomy as primary treatment and 8.1 per cent of the 37 patients undergoing salvage cystectomy. Early complications occurred in 28 per cent of the 165 patients and included wound infeciton, urine leak, ureterointestinal obstruction, small bowel obstruction, intestinal leak, rectal fistual and/or medical complications. Postoperative hospitalization for those patients suffering any complication averaged 27 days compared to the average hospitalization of 12.7 days when no complications occurred. Selective use of the initial perineal approach in male patients who had received more than 6,000 rad and of staged cystectomy after urinary diversion in some high risk patiens, associated with salvage cystectomy, can reduce the postoperative mortality and morbidity significantly. The addition of a meticulous pelvic iliac lymph node dissection did not increase the operative mortality or morbidity compared to simpler procedures. Results of this study support the early aggressive use of single stage radical cystectomy with pelvic iliac lymph node dissection and urinary diversion in the management of patients with bladder cancer.
FLEXIBLY SCREENING FOR MOLECULES INTERACTING WITH PROTEINS

The flexibility of proteins and their ligands (molecules specifically bound by proteins) has a major influence on the ways they interact. Generally, protein molecules are thought of as primarily rigid structures, with chemically specific and somewhat flexible side chains attached to a main chain of fixed structure. The tendency to think of proteins as rigid is reinforced by the fact that X-ray crystallography, the most widely-used technique for analyzing protein structures at atomic resolution, traps the copies of a protein molecule in the crystalline lattice into a single state. However, as seen in Figure 1, rotatable single bonds in the main as well as side chains of a protein provide significant potential for flexibility (conformational change). For a number of proteins, such as the HIV protease, lysine-arginine-ornithine binding protein, and adenylate kinase, the protein is known to undergo significant conformational change upon binding its natural ligand or drugs designed to inhibit its activity. Flexibility is thus a biologically essential feature of proteins. Despite the importance and widespread interest in characterizing protein flexibility, this remains a challenge both experimentally and computationally (see papers by David Case, Ruben Abagyan, and Mark Gerstein in this volume). Our laboratory’s goal has been to develop computational methods that incorporate realistic modeling of protein flexibility into the design of new ligands for proteins. In collaboration with Jacobs and Thorpe (see accompanying paper), we have shown that graph-theoretic analysis of the covalent and hydrogen-bond networks in proteins using the FIRST algorithm provides an extremely fast way of assessing large-scale flexibility in proteins, e.g., when large, independently folded regions of the protein (domains) are attached by hinge joints, resulting in clamshell-like motion. In the present paper, we review the state of the art in template-based algorithms for analyzing protein–
Sports hernia repair with adductor tenotomy

Sports hernias, or athletic pubalgia, is common in athletes, and primarily involves injury to the fascia, muscles, and tendons of the inguinal region near their insertion onto the pubic bone. However, management varies widely, and rectus and adductor tenotomies have not been adequately described. The purpose of this manuscript is to demonstrate a suture repair and a rectus and adductor longus tenotomy technique for sports hernias. After magnetic-resonance-imaging confirmation of sports hernias with rectus and adductor tendonitis, 22 patients underwent a suture herniorrhaphy with adductor tenotomy. The procedure is performed through a 4-cm incision, and a fascial release of the rectus abdominis and adductor tenotomy is performed to relieve the opposing vector forces on the pubic bone. All 22 patients returned to their respective sports and regained their ability to perform at a high level, including professional status. No further surgery was required. In athletes with MRI confirmation of rectus and adductor longus injuries, tenotomies along with a herniorraphy may improve outcomes. A suture repair to reinforce the inguinal floor prevents mesh-related complications, especially in young athletes.
Cross-Border Bank Branching Under the NAFTA: Public Choice and the Law of Corporate Groups

This Article examines a question left unresolved after the negotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): whether the banks of the member countries should be permitted to engage in the business of banking in the other member countries simply by branching across national borders. Under present law, the United States permits branching subject to extensive restrictions, while Canada and Mexico permit access to their banking markets only by acquisition or establishment of institutions chartered in their countries. While the NAFTA does not provide for unfettered branching across national borders, article 1403(3) of the NAFTA left the issue of cross-border branching open to subsequent negotiation. The question of whether the NAFTA countries should embrace cross-border branching may be informed by the recent U.S. experience in establishing nationwide branching. Just as the debate within the United States was based in part on principles of corporate law, so too should the international debate. Although enterprise principles from the law of corporate groups would weigh in favor of permitting branching as opposed to the more formal corporate structure requirements now in place, the member countries may each find that the existing structure provides their banks with certain non-tariff barriers to trade that they may be reluctant to surrender. In addition, when viewed through a public choice lens, the regulators in each of the countries, and especially the United States, will be reluctant to give up regulatory authority without getting something in return.
Cyclin A2 is an RNA binding protein that controls Mre11 mRNA translation

Cyclin A2 activates the cyclin-dependent kinases Cdk1 and Cdk2 and is expressed at elevated levels from S phase until early mitosis. We found that mutant mice that cannot elevate cyclin A2 are chromosomally unstable and tumor-prone. Underlying the chromosomal instability is a failure to up-regulate the meiotic recombination 11 (Mre11) nuclease in S phase, which leads to impaired resolution of stalled replication forks, insufficient repair of double-stranded DNA breaks, and improper segregation of sister chromosomes. Unexpectedly, cyclin A2 controlled Mre11 abundance through a C-terminal RNA binding domain that selectively and directly binds Mre11 transcripts to mediate polysome loading and translation. These data reveal cyclin A2 as a mechanistically diverse regulator of DNA replication combining multifaceted kinase-dependent functions with a kinase-independent, RNA binding-dependent role that ensures adequate repair of common replication errors.